bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing and validating advanced divertor solutions on DIII-D for next-step fusion devices
Authors: Guo H.Y. , Hill D.N. , Leonard A.W. , Allen S.L. , Stangeby P.C. , Thomas D. , Unterberg E.A. , Abrams T. , Boedo J. , Briesemeister A.R. , Buchenauer D. , Bykov I. , Canik J.M. , Chrobak C. , Covele B. , Ding R. , Doerner R. , Donovan D. , Du H. , Elder D. , Eldon D. , Lasa A. , Groth M. , Guterl J. , Jarvinen A. , Hinson E. , Kolemen E. , Lasnier C.J. , Lore J. , Makowski M.A. , McLean A. , Meyer B. , Moser A.L. , Nygren R. , Owen L. , Petrie T.W. , Porter G.D. , Rognlien T.D. , Rudakov D. , Sang C.F. , Samuell C. , Si H. , Schmitz O. , Sontag A. , Soukhanovskii V. , Wampler W. , Wang H. , Watkins J.G. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A major challenge facing the design and operation of next-step high-power steady-state fusion devices is to develop a viable divertor solution with order-of-magnitude increases in power handling capability relative to present experience, while having acceptable divertor target plate erosion and being compatible with maintaining good core plasma confinement. A new initiative has been launched on DIII-D to develop the scientific basis for design, installation, and operation of an advanced divertor to evaluate boundary plasma solutions applicable to next step fusion experiments beyond ITER. Developing the scientific basis for fusion reactor divertor solutions must necessarily follow three lines of research, which we plan to pursue in DIII-D: (1) Advance scientific understanding and predictive capability through development and comparison between state-of-the art computational models and enhanced measurements using targeted parametric scans; (2) Develop and validate key divertor design concepts and codes through innovative variations in physical structure and magnetic geometry; (3) Assess candidate materials, determining the implications for core plasma operation and control, and develop mitigation techniques for any deleterious effects, incorporating development of plasma-material interaction models. These efforts will lead to design, installation, and evaluation of an advanced divertor for DIII-D to enable highly dissipative divertor operation at core density (n
e/n
GW), neutral fueling and impurity influx most compatible with high performance plasma scenarios and reactor relevant plasma facing components (PFCs). This paper highlights the current progress and near-term strategies of boundary/PMI research on DIII-D.
On the W7-X divertor performance under detached conditions
Authors: Feng Y. , Beidler C.D. , Geiger J. , Helander P. , Hölbe H. , Maassberg H. , Turkin Y. , Reiter D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We present a theoretical/numerical predictive analysis of the performance of the W7-X island divertor under conditions of detachment characterized by intensive radiation. The analysis is based on EMC3-Eirene simulations and the earlier W7-AS experimental and numerical experience. Carbon is employed as a representative radiator. The associated drawbacks, i.e. core contamination and recycling degradation (reduced recycling flux), are evaluated by determining the carbon density at the last closed flux surface (LCFS) and the neutral pressure in the divertor chamber. Optimum conditions are explored in both configuration and plasma parameter space. This study aims to identify the key geometric/magnetic and plasma parameters that affect the performance of detached plasmas in W7-X. Emphasis is placed on what occurs when the islands are enlarged far beyond the maximum size available in W7-AS and whether an island size limit for optimal detachment operation exists, and why. Further issues addressed are the power removal ability of the W7-X edge islands, potentially limiting factors, compatibility between particle and power exhaust, and particle refueling capability of the recycling neutrals.
Nitric Oxide–Dependent Endothelial Dysfunction and Reduced Arginine Bioavailability in Plasmodium vivax Malaria but No Greater Increase in Intravascular Hemolysis in Severe Disease
Authors: Barber Bridget E. , William Timothy , Grigg Matthew J. , Piera Kim A. , Chen Youwei , Wang Hao , Weinberg J. Brice , Yeo Tsin W. , Anstey Nicholas M. 
Published: September 2016

Background
Pathogenesis of severe Plasmodium vivax malaria is poorly understood. Endothelial dysfunction and reduced nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability characterize severe falciparum malaria, but have not been assessed in severe vivax malaria.

Methods
In patients with severe vivax malaria (n = 9), patients with nonsevere vivax malaria (n = 58), and healthy controls (n = 79), we measured NO-dependent endothelial function by using reactive hyperemia–peripheral arterial tonometry (RH-PAT) and assessed associations with arginine, asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and hemolysis.

Results
The L-arginine level and the L-arginine to ADMA ratio (a measure of L-arginine bioavailability) were reduced in patients with severe vivax malaria and those with nonsevere vivax malaria, compared with healthy controls (median L-arginine level, 65, 66, and 98 µmol/mL, respectively [P = .0001]; median L-arginine to ADMA ratio, 115, 125, and 187, respectively [P = .0001]). Endothelial function was impaired in proportion to disease severity (median RH-PAT index, 1.49, 1.73, and 1.97 in patients with severe vivax malaria, those with nonsevere vivax malaria, and healthy controls, respectively; P = .018) and was associated with the L-arginine to ADMA ratio. While the posttreatment fall in hemoglobin level was greater in severe vivax malaria as compared to nonsevere vivax malaria (2.5 vs 1 g/dL; P = .0001), markers of intravascular hemolysis were not higher in severe disease.

Conclusions
Endothelial function is impaired in nonsevere and severe vivax malaria, is associated with reduced L-arginine bioavailability, and may contribute to microvascular pathogenesis. Severe disease appears to be more associated with extravascular hemolysis than with intravascular hemolysis.
Philosophical Progress
Authors: Gutting Gary 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article begins by reflecting on the Cartesian project of beginning with a skeptically unassailable first truth and from there progressively building up a system of philosophical truths. It then presents a less problematic but similar project associated with contemporary analytic philosophy, noting, however, that it too fails to yield progress in answering the fundamental questions of philosophy. Next, the author examines the idea that philosophy might nonetheless progress in the manner of empirical science, never answering its fundamental questions but generating important intermediary results. Then, giving up the assumption that we need philosophy to ground our pre-philosophical convictions (“philosophical foundationalism”), the author proposes an alternative view of philosophy as providing rigorous theoretical formulations of general pictures, and on this basis, discusses philosophical disagreement, the role of intuitions in philosophy, philosophical knowledge, and the interaction of science and philosophy. Finally, the author presents his conclusions about philosophical progress.
Disagreement in Philosophy
Authors: Kelly Thomas 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article explores the epistemological significance of disagreement in philosophy in the light of some currently prominent theories of disagreement. More specifically, it asks whether the kind of pervasive and intractable disagreement that is characteristic of philosophy warrants a certain kind of skepticism about the subject. Some hold that, given the kind of disagreement found in philosophy, it would be irrational to hold confident views about controversial philosophical questions. According to this line of thought, the rational response to the diversity of opinion within philosophy is that of the philosophical agnostic, who consistently suspends judgment about controversial issues. Against this, it is argued that there is no plausible view about the epistemology of disagreement on which philosophical agnosticism is compelling.
Crossroads Regions
Authors: Scheele Judith 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
While the Sahara was long seen as a barrier between sub-Saharan Africa and the Maghrib, it has more recently been described as a bridge: scholarship has thus focused on trans-Saharan trade and migration. Both images exclude internal Saharan production, consumption, and agency: the “desert” remains an empty space that needs to be crossed and whose history is dictated by outside patterns of movement. This article suggests a different approach. It focuses on the circulation of goods, people, and ideas, traces patterns of internal connectivity, and denotes the close relationship among mobility, outside connections, and the making of place.
Can Clinicians Predict Readmissions? A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Wetherell Matthew , Sweeney Megan , Weingart Saul N. 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Current risk-stratification models insufficiently identify readmission risk.

Setting:
Academic medical center in Boston, MA.

Patients:
One hundred seventy-seven medicine inpatients.

Methods:
We prospectively interviewed clinicians about whether they would be surprised if patients scheduled for discharge were readmitted within 30 days and to identify one patient at the highest risk. Multivariate models examined the impact of clinicians' judgment on readmission.

Results:
The 30-day same-hospital readmission rate was 10.7%. The number of hospitalizations (odds ratio [OR], 1.16; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04–1.30), emergency department visits (1.10, 1.02–1.19), and discharge medications (1.07, 1.00–1.14) were associated with readmission in bivariate models. The negative-predictive value when clinicians would be surprised about a readmission was high (95%).

Conclusion:
Clinicians are better at predicting those not readmitted than those who are.
Automated Detection of Sepsis Using Electronic Medical Record Data: A Systematic Review
Authors: Despins Laurel A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract:
Severe sepsis and septic shock are global issues with high mortality rates. Early recognition and intervention are essential to optimize patient outcomes. Automated detection using electronic medical record (EMR) data can assist this process. This review describes automated sepsis detection using EMR data. PubMed retrieved publications between January 1, 2005 and January 31, 2015. Thirteen studies met study criteria: described an automated detection approach with the potential to detect sepsis or sepsis-related deterioration in real or near-real time; focused on emergency department and hospitalized neonatal, pediatric, or adult patients; and provided performance measures or results indicating the impact of automated sepsis detection. Detection algorithms incorporated systemic inflammatory response and organ dysfunction criteria. Systems in nine studies generated study or care team alerts. Care team alerts did not consistently lead to earlier interventions. Earlier interventions did not consistently translate to improved patient outcomes. Performance measures were inconsistent. Automated sepsis detection is potentially a means to enable early sepsis-related therapy but current performance variability highlights the need for further research.
Outcomes of Pancreatic Islet Allotransplantation Using the Edmonton Protocol at the University of Chicago
Authors: Tekin Zehra , Garfinkel Marc R. , Chon W. James , Schenck Lindsay , Golab Karolina , Savari Omid , Thistlethwaite J. Richard , Philipson Louis H. , Majewski Colleen , Pannain Silvana , Ramachandran Sabarinathan , Rezania Kourosh , Hariprasad Seenu M. , Millis J. Michael , Witkowski Piotr 
Published: September 2016

Objective
The aim of this study was to assess short-term and long-term results of the pancreatic islet transplantation using the Edmonton protocol at the University of Chicago.

Materials and Methods
Nine patients underwent pancreatic islet cell transplantation using the Edmonton Protocol; they were followed up for 10 years after initial islet transplant with up to 3 separate islet infusions. They were given induction treatment using an IL-2R antibody and their maintenance immunosuppression regimen consisted of sirolimus and tacrolimus.

Results
Nine patients received a total of 18 islet infusions. Five patients dropped out in the early phase of the study. Greater than 50% drop-out and noncompliance rate resulted from both poor islet function and recurrent side effects of immunosuppression. The remaining 4 (44%) patients stayed insulin free with intervals for at least over 5 years (cumulative time) after the first transplant. Each of them received 3 infusions, on average 445 000 islet equivalent per transplant. Immunosuppression regimen required multiple adjustments in all patients due to recurrent side effects. In the long-term follow up, kidney function remained stable, and diabetic retinopathy and polyneuropathy did not progress in any of the patients. Patients' panel reactive antibodies remained zero and anti-glutamic acid decarboxylase 65 antibody did not rise after the transplant. Results of metabolic tests including hemoglobin A1c, arginine stimulation, and mixed meal tolerance test were correlated with clinical islet function.

Conclusions
Pancreatic islet transplantation initiated according to Edmonton protocol offered durable long-term insulin-free glycemic control in only highly selected brittle diabetics providing stable control of diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy and without increased sensitization or impaired renal function. Immunosuppression adjustments and close follow-up were critical for patient retention and ultimate success.
The Impact of Migratory Flyways on the Spread of Avian Influenza Virus in North America
Authors: Fourment Mathieu , Darling Aaron E. , Holmes Edward C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWild birds are the major reservoir hosts for influenza A viruses (AIVs) and have been implicated in the emergence of pandemic events in livestock and human populations. Understanding how AIVs spread within and across continents is therefore critical to the development of successful strategies to manage and reduce the impact of influenza outbreaks. In North America many bird species undergo seasonal migratory movements along a North-South axis, thereby fostering opportunities for viruses to spread over long distances. However, the role played by such avian flyways in shaping the genetic structure of AIV populations has proven controversial. To assess the relative contribution of bird migration along flyways to the genetic structure of AIV we performed a large-scale phylogeographic study of viruses sampled in the USA and Canada, involving the analysis of 3805 to 4505 sequences from 36 to 38 geographic localities depending on the gene data set. To assist this we developed a maximum likelihood-based genetic algorithm to explore a wide range of complex spatial models, thereby depicting a more complete picture of the migration network than previous studies. Based on phylogenies estimated from nucleotide data sets, our results show that AIV migration rates within flyways are significantly higher than those between flyways, indicating that the migratory patterns of birds play a key role in pathogen dispersal. These findings provide valuable insights into the evolution, maintenance and transmission of AIVs, in turn allowing the development of improved programs for surveillance and risk assessment.Significance StatementAvian influenza viruses infect a wide variety of wild bird species and represent a potential disease threat to the poultry industry and hence to human and livestock populations. However, the ecological factors that drive the geographic spread and evolution of these viruses are both poorly understood and controversial at the continental scale, particularly the role played by migratory flyways in shaping patterns of virus dispersal. Using a novel phylogeographic analysis of large genomic data sets we show migration flyways act as important transmission barriers to the spread of avian influenza viruses in North America. Hence, these results indicate that the spread of avian influenza virus in wild birds in North America has an element of predictability.
Personalized genetic assessment of age associated Alzheimer’s disease risk
Authors: Desikan Rahul S. , Fan Chun Chieh , Wang Yunpeng , Schork Andrew J. , Cabral Howard J. , Cupples L. Adrienne , Thompson Wesley K. , Besser Lilah , Kukull Walter A. , Holland Dominic , Chen Chi-Hua , Brewer James B. , Karow David S. , Kauppi Karolina , Witoelar Aree , Karch Celeste M. , Bonham Luke W. , Yokoyama Jennifer S. , Rosen Howard J. , Miller Bruce L. , Dillon William P. , Wilson David M. , Hess Christopher P. , Pericak-Vance Margaret , Haines Jonathan L. , Farrer Lindsay A. , Mayeux Richard , Hardy John , Goate Alison M. , Hyman Bradley T. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , McEvoy Linda K. , Andreassen Ole A. , Dale Anders M. ,   for the ADNI and ADGC investigators
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTImportanceIdentifying individuals at risk for developing Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is of utmost importance. Although genetic studies have identifiedAPOEand other AD associated single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), genetic information has not been integrated into an epidemiological framework for personalized risk prediction.ObjectiveTo develop, replicate and validate a novel polygenic hazard score for predicting age-specific risk for AD.SettingMulti-center, multi-cohort genetic and clinical data.ParticipantsWe assessed genetic data from 17,008 AD patients and 37,154 controls from the International Genetics of Alzheimer’s Project (IGAP), and 6,409 AD patients and 9,386 older controls from Phase 1 Alzheimer’s Disease Genetics Consortium (ADGC). As independent replication and validation cohorts, we also evaluated genetic, neuroimaging, neuropathologic, CSF and clinical data from ADGC Phase 2, National Institute of Aging Alzheimer’s Disease Center (NIA ADC) and Alzheimer’s Disease Neuroimaging Initiative (ADNI) (total n = 20,680)Main Outcome(s) and Measure(s)Use the IGAP cohort to first identify AD associated SNPs (at p < 10-5). Next, integrate these AD associated SNPs into a Cox proportional hazards model using ADGC phase 1 genetic data, providing a polygenic hazard score (PHS) for each participant. Combine population based incidence rates, and genotype-derived PHS for each individual to derive estimates of instantaneous risk for developing AD, based on genotype and age. Finally, assess replication and validation of PHS in independent cohorts.ResultsIndividuals in the highest PHS quantiles developed AD at a considerably lower age and had the highest yearly AD incidence rate. AmongAPOEε3/3 individuals, PHS modified expected age of AD onset by more than 10 years between the lowest and highest deciles. In independent cohorts, PHS strongly predicted empirical age of AD onset (p = 1.1 x 10-26), longitudinal progression from normal aging to AD (p = 1.54 x 10-10) and associated with markers of AD neurodegeneration.ConclusionsWe developed, replicated and validated a clinically usable PHS for quantifying individual differences in age-specific risk of AD. BeyondAPOE, polygenic architecture plays an important role in modifying AD risk. Precise quantification of AD genetic risk will be useful for early diagnosis and therapeutic strategies.
Resurrected protein interaction networks reveal the innovation potential of ancient whole genome duplication
Authors: Zhang Zhicheng , Coenen Heleen , Ruelens Philip , Hazarika Rashmi R. , Hindi Tareq Al , Oguis Georgianna K. , van Noort Vera , Geuten Koen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe evolution of plants is characterized by several rounds of ancient whole genome duplication, sometimes closely associated with the origin of large groups of species. A good example is the γ triplication at the origin of core eudicots. Core eudicots comprise about 75% of flowering plants and are characterized by the canalization of reproductive development. To better understand the impact of this genomic event, we studied the protein interaction network of MADS-domain transcription factors, which are key regulators of reproductive development. We accurately inferred, resurrected and tested the interactions of ancestral proteins before and after the triplication and directly compared these ancestral networks to the networks ofArabidopsisand tomato. We find that the γ triplication generated a dramatically innovated network that strongly rewired through the addition of many new interactions. Many of these interactions were established between paralogous proteins and a new interaction partner, establishing new redundancy. Simulations show that both node and edge addition through the triplication were important to maintain modularity in the network. In addition to generating insights into the impact of whole genome duplication and elementary processes involved in network evolution, our data provide a resource for comparative developmental biology in flowering plants.
Challenging spiralling remand in custody rates: what legal and procedural changes can address the trend?
Authors: Sarre Rick 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to draw to the attention of parliamentarians and policy-makers the specific vulnerabilities of applicants for bail that need to be addressed if there are to be any answers to the current malaise.Design/methodology/approachAlmost a quarter of the adult prison population in Australia is made up of persons imprisoned awaiting trial. By looking at current data and recent research findings, the paper reveals that there persists in Australia great unevenness in remand distributions by jurisdiction.FindingsThe paper explains why there are differences in remand rates across Australia and why they are rising and draws from more recent snapshots that complement these findings from comprehensive studies conducted a decade ago.Practical implicationsFurthermore it examines ideas floated in the last decade by academics and practitioners keen to lower remand rates and to bring some uniformity to the process while keeping intact the two key (yet potentially contradictory) aims of the remand in custody system: the safety of the community and the presumption of innocence.Originality/valueThe paper’s findings will appeal to parliamentarians and policy-makers tasked with bringing about law reform in the field, as well as police leaders, correctional advisors and students of the legal process.
Oil windfalls and X-inefficiency: evidence from Brazil
Authors: Postali Fernando Antonio Slaibe 
Published: September 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate whether Brazilian municipalities are losing efficiency when collecting local taxes in response to oil windfalls. In particular, the paper aims to analyze the hypothesis that these grants encourage the benefiting municipalities to collect taxes with excessive administrative costs.Design/methodology/approachThe author estimate a stochastic cost frontier with fixed effects and investigate whether oil revenues impact on the efficiency scores.FindingsThe results reveal that the municipalities benefitting from oil revenues (royalties) reduce their efficiency in collecting taxes in response to such grants, which signals that they generate some type of X-inefficiency in municipal public management.Research limitations/implicationsThe stochastic cost frontier requires the calculation of input prices for public sector.Originality/valueUsing a cost frontier, it is possible to avoid the problem of mixing technical efficiency with unobservable preferences on public goods, as well as to focus on economic efficiency instead of technical one.