bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation and Management of Syncope
Authors: Bindra Paveljit S. , Marchlinski Francis E. , Lin David 
Published: September 2017

Context Syncope is a commonly encountered by primary care physicians and cardiologists. Etiology is frequently not apparent, and patients may undergo unnecessary tests. Treatment must be tailored to the likely etiology. Complexities of diagnosis and treatment often warrant referral to a specialist. Objective To highlight the evolving recommendations for managing syncope in a clinically and cost effective manner. Evidence Acquisition An electronic literature search was undertaken of the Medline database from January 1996 to April 2006, using the Medical Subject Heading syncope, defibrillators, pacemakers, echocardiogram, cardiomyopathy, long QT syndrome, Arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia, and Brugada syndrome. Abstracts and titles were reviewed to identify English-language trials. Bibliographies from the references as well as scientific statements from the Heart Rhythm Society, American Heart Association, and American College of Cardiology were reviewed. Evidence Synthesis A methodical approach to syncope can improve diagnosis, limit testing, and identify patients at risk of fatal outcome. A thorough history, physical exam and electrocardiogram are critical to the initial diagnosis. Presence of heart disease determines the extent of work-up and treatment. A trans-thoracic echocardiogram should be performed in patients with an unclear diagnosis and a positive cardiac history or an abnormal ECG. Ventricular arrhythmias are the most common cause of syncope in patients with structural heart disease. Patients with an ejection fraction less than 30 percent should receive an implantable defibrillator with few exceptions. An electrophysiology study may assist risk stratification in syncopal patients with borderline ventricular function. In patients without structural heart disease, the presence of a well defined arrhythmia syndrome consistent with a genetically determined risk of sudden death must be sought. The 12-lead electrocardiogram, family history and clinical presentation will identify most high-risk patients. Patients without structural heart disease can often be managed conservatively with well defined strategies for preventing neurocardiogenic syncope. Conclusions Managing syncope requires a methodical approach. An understanding of the limitations of the diagnostic tools and treatments is important. Lethal causes of syncope make it imperative to recognize the appropriate timing of referring patients to specialists.
Knowledge, Perceptions, and Communication about Colorectal Cancer Screening among Chinese American Primary Care Physicians
Authors: Liang Wenchi , Chen Mei-Yuh , Ma Grace X. , Mandelblatt Jeanne S. 
Published: September 2017

Objective To assess Chinese American primary care physicians’ knowledge, attitude, and barriers to recommending colorectal cancer (CRC) screening to their Chinese American patients. Methods Chinese American primary care physicians serving Chinese American patients in two metropolitan areas were invited to complete a mailed survey on CRC screening knowledge, attitudes toward shared decision making and CRC screening, and CRC screening recommendation patterns. Results About half of the 56 respondents did not know CRC incidence and mortality figures for Chinese Americans. Those aged 50 and younger, graduating from U.S. medical schools, or working in non-private settings had higher knowledge scores ( p < 0.01). Physicians graduating from U.S. medical schools had more favorable attitudes toward shared decision making ( p < 0.01). Lack of health insurance, inconsistent guidelines, and insufficient time were the most frequently cited barriers to recommending CRC screening. Conclusions Most Chinese American physicians had knowledge, attitude, and communication barriers to making optimal CRC screening recommendations.
Identification of Stroke Mimics in the Emergency Department Setting
Authors: Tobin W. Oliver , Hentz Joseph G. , Bobrow Bentley J. , Demaerschalk Bart M. 
Published: September 2017

Background and Purpose Previous studies have shown a stroke mimic rate of 9%–31%. We aimed to establish the proportion of stroke mimics amongst suspected acute strokes, to clarify the aetiology of stroke mimic and to develop a prediction model to identify stroke mimics. Methods This was a retrospective cohort observational study. Consecutive “stroke alert” patients were identified over nine months in a primary stroke centre. 31 variables were collected. Final diagnosis was defined as “stroke” or “stroke mimic”. Multivariable regression analysis was used to define clinical predictors of stroke mimic. Results 206 patients were reviewed. 22% were classified as stroke mimics. Multivariable scoring did not help in identification of stroke mimics. 99.5% of patients had a neurological diagnosis at final diagnosis. Discussion 22% of patients with suspected acute stroke had a stroke mimic. The aetiology of stroke mimics was varied, with seizure, encephalopathy, syncope and migraine being commonest. Multivariable scoring for identification of stroke mimics is not feasible. 99.5% of patients had a neurological diagnosis. This strengthens the case for the involvement of stroke neurologists/stroke physicians in acute stroke care.
Zahrā Khānūm Tāj al-Salṭana and Mary Wollstonecraft: A Comparative Study of “Memoirs of Tāj al-Salṭana” and “A Vindication of the Rights of Woman”
Authors: Mahmoodi-Bakhtiari Behrooz , Najar Esmaeil 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Less than two centuries since its emergence in the mid-nineteenth century in America, feminism expanded into myriad branches: liberal feminism, socialist feminism, and (most recently) postcolonial feminism, among other things. In Iran, feminism as a collective political movement never came to fruition; however, some have, in different times, advocated for women’s rights in one way or another. This article is a comparative exploration of the life and impact of Mary Wollstonecraft and Zahrā Khānūm Tāj al-Salṭana, the daughter of the Qajar Nāṣir al-Dīn Shāh. Tāj al-Salṭana was the only woman in an Oriental harem who openly articulated her ideas and sounded her identity through a written memoir—the first of its kind. We have delineated her influence in modern Iran and compared it with Mary Wollstonecraft’s feminist vindication in the age of Enlightenment: both women were precursors of feminism in their respective countries. In effect this study engages the neglect experienced by women in their respective milieus in both the age of Enlightenment and the late Qajar dynasty; subsequently the lives and impacts of Wollstonecraft and Tāj al-Salṭana in their contemporary contexts is punctuated.
Psychological Torture: Definition, evaluation and measurement, By Pau Pérez-Sales
Authors: Jaranson Jim 
Published: September 2017

Psychiatrist Pau Pérez-Sales has compiled a masterful and thorough analysis of an ambiguous but extremely important topic using a multidisciplinary approach. The book's objectives are to define torture, to build a theoretical framework for understanding and re-defining torture, to propose operational criteria for research, to propose working criteria for deciding whether a case constitutes torture and, finally, to propose adjustments in the Istanbul Protocol for documentation of torture. The author has accomplished all of these objectives successfully in a book that is well-written and easy to read, even though he draws from the esoteric concepts and language of legal, political, and scientific fields.
Start-up Lost Time and its Effect on Signalized Intersections in Turkey
Authors: Çalışkanelli S. Pelin , Coşkun Atasever Figen , Tanyel Serhan 
Published: September 2017

Start-up lost time is an important parameter in performance of signalized intersections which may in turn depict the effect of behaviour of different drivers for different countries. In this study the parameters affecting the startup lost time in Turkey will be defined and a model will be established to present the relationship between start-up lost time, saturation flow as well as start response time with the behaviour of Turkish drivers. For this purpose, observations were carried out at eight intersections in Turkey. Analyses have shown that saturation headways decrease with the increase in time in start response since the drivers in the 2nd and higher rows of a queue have a longer time to get prepared to discharge. Results also indicated that start-up lost time increases rapidly as cycle time increases, and lower start-up lost time values can be observed in left or right turning lanes.
Model for Predicting Traffic Signs Functional Service Life – The Republic of Croatia Case Study
Authors: Babić Dario , Babić Darko , Macura Dragana 
Published: September 2017

Traffic signs are the basic elements of communication between the relevant road authorities and road users. They manage, regulate, inform and warn road users to ensure their safe movement throughout transport networks. Traffic signs must be timely visible to all traffic participants in all weather and traffic conditions in order to fulfil their function, which means they must have satisfactory retroreflection properties. This paper presents a research of the deterioration of traffic signs retroreflection. The aim of this article is to develop models that will effectively enable predicting the retroreflection of traffic signs and thus optimize the maintenance activities and replacement of road signs to increase road safety. The research included measurements of retroreflection of retroreflective material Classes I and II (white, red and blue colour) and Class III (red and yellow colour). Based on the collected data from the City of Zagreb (Republic of Croatia), the authors developed the models to estimate the functional service life of certain colours and materials used to make traffic signs. Considering that the average coefficient of determination for all the models is between 0.55-0.60, they present an effective tool in the traffic sign maintenance system.
Sexual behavior and practices of adolescent students in the city of Recife, Brazil
Authors: Castro José Flavio De Lima , Araújo Rodrigo Cappato de , Pitangui Ana Carolina Rodarti 
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The adolescent sexuality should not be understood only from the biological point of view; it is necessary to consider the whole social context.Objective: To characterize the adolescents’ behavior and sexual practices , according to sex.Methods: Cross-sectional study with adolescents aged 14 to 19 years registered in the Recife-PE state. A questionnaire with sociodemographic data and sexual behavior was used. The data were analyzed using SPSS, being employed a descriptive analysis and the tests chi-square and Mann-Whitney.Results: The data from 674 adolescents with an average age of 16.07 ± 1.46 years were analyzed. It was verified sexual initiation in 52.9% of boys and 38.7% girls. There was a significant difference between the number of partners (p = 0.001) with the boys showing greater quantitative. The barrier method was the most used in the first (68.8%) and last intercourse (52.2%). There was a significant difference in the first and last intercourse, in use (p = 0.006; p = 0.010) and type of contraceptive method (p= 0.001; p 0.001). Regarding the social network, riends were the most popular. However, it was observed a significant difference (p = 0.026), being the maternal figure more prevalent in girls. There was a significant difference in the absence of sexual initiation (p= 0.001). The lack of opportunity was the most reported condition by boys (52.2%) and marry virgin by the girls (33.9%).Conclusion: Most had already had sexual life, with higher prevalence in males. Regarding the sexual practices and behaviors in most conditions analyzed different values between the sexes were observed, with greater freedom and permissiveness in males.
Constructing three emotion knowledge tests from the invariant measurement approach
Authors: Delgado Ana R. , Prieto Gerardo , Burin Debora I. 
Published: September 2017

Background
Psychological constructionist models like the Conceptual Act Theory (CAT) postulate that complex states such as emotions are composed of basic psychological ingredients that are more clearly respected by the brain than basic emotions. The objective of this study was the construction and initial validation of Emotion Knowledge measures from the CAT frame by means of an invariant measurement approach, the Rasch Model (RM). Psychological distance theory was used to inform item generation.

Methods
Three EK tests—emotion vocabulary (EV), close emotional situations (CES) and far emotional situations (FES)—were constructed and tested with the RM in a community sample of 100 females and 100 males (age range: 18–65), both separately and conjointly.

Results
It was corroborated that data-RM fit was sufficient. Then, the effect of type of test and emotion on Rasch-modelled item difficulty was tested. Significant effects of emotion on EK item difficulty were found, but the only statistically significant difference was that between “happiness” and the remaining emotions; neither type of test, nor interaction effects on EK item difficulty were statistically significant. The testing of gender differences was carried out after corroborating that differential item functioning (DIF) would not be a plausible alternative hypothesis for the results. No statistically significant sex-related differences were found out in EV, CES, FES, or total EK. However, the sign of d indicate that female participants were consistently better than male ones, a result that will be of interest for future meta-analyses.

Discussion
The three EK tests are ready to be used as components of a higher-level measurement process.
Complete Implementation of the Green's Function Based Time Reverse Imaging and Sensitivity Analysis of Reversed Time Tsunami Source Inversion
Authors: Hossen M. J. , Cummins P. R. , Satake K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn recent studies, the Time Reverse Imaging (TRI) method has been implemented in tsunami science to estimate tsunami source models. A TRI algorithm called Green's Function Based Time Reverse Imaging (GFTRI) was previously developed to reconstruct the source model by using source inversion as a guide to appropriately scale time‐reversed images of the tsunami source. In this article, we consider a more complete approach to source inversion using reversed time images of the tsunami source by considering cross correlations among Green's functions. As a consequence, the performance of the method improves significantly. We tested this new algorithm using data from the 2011 Japan tsunami. Our results show that the method is capable of extracting more details of the source and providing excellent waveform fits at all stations, including those not used in the source imaging. We have also studied the sensitivity analysis of reversed time tsunami source inversion and found that the method is less sensitive to the number of stations, once a minimum number of stations is utilized. Moreover, this new approach is able to estimate the tsunami source with reasonable accuracy using data available soon after an earthquake, which indicates that it has potential to be used in both near‐ and far‐field tsunami forecasting.
A Dynamic Model of Mercury's Magnetospheric Magnetic Field
Authors: Korth Haje , Johnson Catherine L. , Philpott Lydia , Tsyganenko Nikolai A. , Anderson Brian J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMercury's solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field environment is highly dynamic, and variations in these external conditions directly control the current systems and magnetic fields inside the planetary magnetosphere. We update our previous static model of Mercury's magnetic field by incorporating variations in the magnetospheric current systems, parameterized as functions of Mercury's heliocentric distance and magnetic activity. The new, dynamic model reproduces the location of the magnetopause current system as a function of systematic pressure variations encountered during Mercury's eccentric orbit, as well as the increase in the cross‐tail current intensity with increasing magnetic activity. Despite the enhancements in the external field parameterization, the residuals between the observed and modeled magnetic field inside the magnetosphere indicate that the dynamic model achieves only a modest overall improvement over the previous static model. The spatial distribution of the residuals in the magnetic field components shows substantial improvement of the model accuracy near the dayside magnetopause. Elsewhere, the large‐scale distribution of the residuals is similar to those of the static model. This result implies either that magnetic activity varies much faster than can be determined from the spacecraft's passage through the magnetosphere or that the residual fields are due to additional external current systems not represented in the model or both. Birkeland currents flowing along magnetic field lines between the magnetosphere and planetary high‐latitude regions have been identified as one such contribution.
Quantifying CO2 Emissions From Individual Power Plants From Space
Authors: Nassar Ray , Hill Timothy G. , McLinden Chris A. , Wunch Debra , Jones Dylan B. A. , Crisp David 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn order to better manage anthropogenic CO2 emissions, improved methods of quantifying emissions are needed at all spatial scales from the national level down to the facility level. Although the Orbiting Carbon Observatory 2 (OCO‐2) satellite was not designed for monitoring power plant emissions, we show that in some cases, CO2 observations from OCO‐2 can be used to quantify daily CO2 emissions from individual middle‐ to large‐sized coal power plants by fitting the data to plume model simulations. Emission estimates for U.S. power plants are within 1–17% of reported daily emission values, enabling application of the approach to international sites that lack detailed emission information. This affirms that a constellation of future CO2 imaging satellites, optimized for point sources, could monitor emissions from individual power plants to support the implementation of climate policies.
Using Noble Gas Measurements to Derive Air‐Sea Process Information and Predict Physical Gas Saturations
Authors: Hamme Roberta C. , Emerson Steven R. , Severinghaus Jeffrey P. , Long Matthew C. , Yashayaev Igor 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDissolved gas distributions are important because they influence oceanic habitats and Earth's climate, yet competing controls by biology and physics make gas distributions challenging to predict. Bubble‐mediated gas exchange, temperature change, and varying atmospheric pressure all push gases away from equilibrium. Here we use new noble gas measurements from the Labrador Sea to demonstrate a technique to quantify physical processes. Our analysis shows that water‐mass formation can be represented by a quasi steady state in which bubble fluxes and cooling push gases away from equilibrium balanced by diffusive gas exchange forcing gases toward equilibrium. We quantify the rates of these physical processes from our measurements, allowing direct comparison to gas exchange parameterizations, and predict the physically driven saturation of other gases. This technique produces predictions that reasonably match N2/Ar observations and demonstrates that physical processes should force SF6 to be ∼6% more supersaturated than CFC‐11 and CFC‐12, impacting ventilation age calculations.
Magnetic field dose effects on different radiation beam geometries for hypofractionated partial breast irradiation
Authors: Kim Anthony , Lim‐Reinders Stephanie , McCann Claire , Ahmad Syed Bilal , Sahgal Arjun , Lee Justin , Keller Brian M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeHypofractionated partial breast irradiation (HPBI) involves treatment to the breast tumor using high doses per fraction. Recent advances in MRI‐Linac solutions have potential in being applied to HPBI due to gains in the soft tissue contrast of MRI; however, there are potentially deleterious effects of the magnetic field on the dose distribution. The purpose of this work is to determine the effects of the magnetic field on the dose distribution for HPBI tumors using a tangential beam arrangement (TAN), 5‐beam intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), and volumetric modulated arc therapy (VMAT).MethodsFive patients who have received HPBI were selected with two patients having bilateral disease resulting in a total of two tumors in this study. Six planning configurations were created using a treatment planning system capable of modeling magnetic field dose effects: TAN, IMRT and VMAT beam geometries, each of these optimized with and without a transverse magnetic field of 1.5 T.ResultsThe heart and lung doses were not statistically significant when comparing plan configurations. The magnetic field had a demonstrated effect on skin dose: for VMAT plans, the skin (defined to a depth of 3 mm) D1cc was elevated by +11% and the V30 by +146%; for IMRT plans, the skin D1cc was increased by +18% and the V30 by +149%. Increasing the number of beam angles (e.g., going from IMRT to VMAT) with the magnetic field on reduced the skin dose.ConclusionThe impact of a magnetic field on HPBI dose distributions was analyzed. The heart and lung doses had clinically negligible effects caused by the magnetic field. The magnetic field increases the skin dose; however, this can be mitigated by increasing the number of beam angles.
Comparison of initial patient setup accuracy between surface imaging and three point localization: A retrospective analysis
Authors: Stanley Dennis N. , McConnell Kristen A. , Kirby Neil , Gutiérrez Alonso N. , Papanikolaou Nikos , Rasmussen Karl 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeHistorically, the process of positioning a patient prior to imaging verification used a set of permanent patient marks, or tattoos, placed subcutaneously. After aligning to these tattoos, plan specific shifts are applied and the position is verified with imaging, such as cone‐beam computed tomography (CBCT). Due to a variety of factors, these marks may deviate from the desired position or it may be hard to align the patient to these marks. Surface‐based imaging systems are an alternative method of verifying initial positioning with the entire skin surface instead of tattoos. The aim of this study was to retrospectively compare the CBCT‐based 3D corrections of patients initially positioned with tattoos against those positioned with the C‐RAD CatalystHD surface imager system.MethodsA total of 6000 individual fractions (600–900 per site per method) were randomly selected and the post‐CBCT 3D corrections were calculated and recorded. For both positioning methods, four common treatment site combinations were evaluated: pelvis/lower extremities, abdomen, chest/upper extremities, and breast. Statistical differences were evaluated using a paired sample Wilcoxon signed‐rank test with significance level of <0.01.ResultsThe average magnitudes of the 3D shift vectors for tattoos were 0.9 ± 0.4 cm, 1.0 ± 0.5 cm, 0.9 ± 0.6 cm and 1.4 ± 0.7 cm for the pelvis/lower extremities, abdomen, chest/upper extremities and breast, respectively. For the CatalystHD, the average magnitude of the 3D shifts for the pelvis/lower extremities, abdomen, chest/upper extremities and breast were 0.6 ± 0.3 cm, 0.5 ± 0.3 cm, 0.5 ± 0.3 cm and 0.6 ± 0.2 cm, respectively. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.01) in the 3D shift vectors were found for all four sites.ConclusionThis study shows that the overall 3D shift corrections for patients initially aligned with the C‐RAD CatalystHD were significantly smaller than those aligned with subcutaneous tattoos. Surface imaging systems can be considered a viable option for initial patient setup and may be preferable to permanent marks for specific clinics and patients.