bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling optical and UV polarization of AGNs
Authors: Rojas Lobos P. A. , Goosmann R. W. , Marin F. , Savić D. 
Published: December 2017

Context. Optical observations cannot resolve the structure of active galactic nuclei (AGN), and a unified model for AGN was inferred mostly from indirect methods, such as spectroscopy and variability studies. Optical reverberation mapping allowed us to constrain the spatial dimension of the broad emission line region and thereby to measure the mass of supermassive black holes. Recently, reverberation was also applied to the polarized signal emerging from different AGN components. In principle, this should allow us to measure the spatial dimensions of the sub-parsec reprocessing media.Aim. We conduct numerical modeling of polarization reverberation and provide theoretical predictions for the polarization time lag induced by different AGN components. The model parameters are adjusted to the observational appearance of the Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 4151.Methods. We modeled scattering-induced polarization and tested different geometries for the circumnuclear dust component. Our tests included the effects of clumpiness and different dust prescriptions. To further extend the model, we also explored the effects of additional ionized winds stretched along the polar direction, and of an equatorial scattering ring that is responsible for the polarization angle observed in pole-on AGN. The simulations were run using a time-dependent version of the STOKES code.Results. Our modeling confirms the previously found polarization characteristics as a function of the observer‘s viewing angle. When the dust adopts a flared-disk geometry, the lags reveal a clear difference between type 1 and type 2 AGN. This distinction is less clear for a torus geometry where the time lag is more sensitive to the geometry and optical depth of the inner surface layers of the funnel. The presence of a scattering equatorial ring and ionized outflows increased the recorded polarization time lags, and the polar outflows smooths out dependence on viewing angle, especially for the higher optical depth of the wind (τ = 0.3).Conclusions. Together with other AGN observables, the polarization time lag places new, independent “seismological” constraints on the inner geometry of AGN. If we conduct time-dependent spectropolarimetric observing campaigns of AGN, this method has a high potential for a census of supermassive black holes.
Testing a double AGN hypothesis for Mrk 273
Authors: Iwasawa K. , U V. , Mazzarella J. M. , Medling A. M. , Sanders D. B. , Evans A. S. 
Published: December 2017

The ultra-luminous infrared galaxy (ULIRG) Mrk 273 contains two infrared nuclei, N and SW, separated by 1 arcsecond. A Chandra observation has identified the SW nucleus as an absorbed X-ray source with NH ~ 4 × 1023 cm−2 but also hinted at the possible presence of a Compton-thick AGN in the N nucleus, where a black hole of ~109 M⊙ is inferred from the ionized gas kinematics. The intrinsic X-ray spectral slope recently measured by NuSTAR is unusually hard (Γ ~ 1.3) for a Seyfert nucleus, for which we seek an alternative explanation. We hypothesize a strongly absorbed X-ray source in N, of which X-ray emission rises steeply above 10 keV, in addition to the known X-ray source in SW, and test it against the NuSTAR data, assuming the standard spectral slope (Γ = 1.9). This double X-ray source model gives a good explanation of the hard continuum spectrum, deep Fe K absorption edge, and strong Fe K line observed in this ULIRG, without invoking the unusual spectral slope required for a single source interpretation. The putative X-ray source in N is found to be absorbed by NH = 1.4+0.7−0.4 × 1024 cm−2. The estimated 2−10 keV luminosity of the N source is 1.3 × 1043 erg s−1, about a factor of 2 larger than that of SW during the NuSTAR observation. Uncorrelated variability above and below 10 keV between the Suzaku and NuSTAR observations appears to support the double source interpretation. Variability in spectral hardness and Fe K line flux between the previous X-ray observations is also consistent with this picture.
Calibration of the island effect: Experimental validation of closed-loop focal plane wavefront control on Subaru/SCExAO
Authors: N’Diaye M. , Martinache F. , Jovanovic N. , Lozi J. , Guyon O. , Norris B. , Ceau A. , Mary D. 
Published: December 2017

Context. Island effect (IE) aberrations are induced by differential pistons, tips, and tilts between neighboring pupil segments on ground-based telescopes, which severely limit the observations of circumstellar environments on the recently deployed exoplanet imagers (e.g., VLT/SPHERE, Gemini/GPI, Subaru/SCExAO) during the best observing conditions. Caused by air temperature gradients at the level of the telescope spiders, these aberrations were recently diagnosed with success on VLT/SPHERE, but so far no complete calibration has been performed to overcome this issue.
Aims. We propose closed-loop focal plane wavefront control based on the asymmetric Fourier pupil wavefront sensor (APF-WFS) to calibrate these aberrations and improve the image quality of exoplanet high-contrast instruments in the presence of the IE.
Methods. Assuming the archetypal four-quadrant aperture geometry in 8 m class telescopes, we describe these aberrations as a sum of the independent modes of piston, tip, and tilt that are distributed in each quadrant of the telescope pupil. We calibrate these modes with the APF-WFS before introducing our wavefront control for closed-loop operation. We perform numerical simulations and then experimental tests on a real system using Subaru/SCExAO to validate our control loop in the laboratory and on-sky.
Results. Closed-loop operation with the APF-WFS enables the compensation for the IE in simulations and in the laboratory for the small aberration regime. Based on a calibration in the near infrared, we observe an improvement of the image quality in the visible range on the SCExAO/VAMPIRES module with a relative increase in the image Strehl ratio of 37%.
Conclusions. Our first IE calibration paves the way for maximizing the science operations of the current exoplanet imagers. Such an approach and its results prove also very promising in light of the Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs) and the presence of similar artifacts with their complex aperture geometry.
2.4 Dehydrogenation
Authors: Kayaki Y. , Ikariya T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter highlights effective dehydrogenation from saturated polar and non-polar molecules, including alcohols, amines, and (functionalized) alkanes, using homogeneous transition-metal complexes as catalysts. In the context of significant advances in molecular catalysts with metal–ligand cooperation as the key dehydrogenation strategy for the promotion of H+ and H− transfer, selected examples of dehydrogenative oxidation in the presence or absence of sacrificial oxidants are reviewed. As synthetic applications of catalytic dehydrogenation, oxidative coupling reactions with alcohols and/or amines are also presented.
1.1.1 Homogeneous Reduction of Alkenes
Authors: Tan X. , Lv H. , Zhang X. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter is focused on recent progress in the asymmetric hydrogenation of substituted alkenes, and the application of this methodology in the construction of a variety of chiral centers. The asymmetric hydrogenation of nonfunctionalized alkenes, α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds, enamides, enols, and other heteroatom-substituted alkenes is covered.
1.6 Catalytic Reduction of Phenols, Alcohols, and Diols
Authors: Tin S. , de Vries J. G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe catalytic deoxygenation of organic molecules has attracted a lot of attention in recent years because of interest in the use of biomass-derived fuels and chemicals. The raw materials used may contain up to 50 wt% of oxygen. In this chapter, some practical methods for the selective catalytic hydrodeoxygenation of phenols and alcohols to give arenes and alkanes, respectively, and the deoxydehydration of diols using hydrogen gas or transfer-hydrogenation methods are described.
Les marges de l’homme en jeu aux limbes du Pacifique
Authors: Mengozzi Chiara 
Published: December 2017

RésuméThe article proposes a new reading ofVendredi ou les limbes du Pacifiquewith the intent to combine Postcolonial and Animal Studies, beyond the common emphasis on the notion of victim, and to resist the allegorical interpretations of the novel. Firstly, I demonstrate that during the “administrated island”, Robinson imposes an order based on the correlation among capitalism, colonialism and Oedipal sexuality, as if humanity as such could be reduced to the features of Western societies. Then, I explore how the novel relocates the boundaries between the human and the nonhuman, challenging the exclusive identification of alterity to a human face. Finally, I focus on the new relation with otherness (both human and animal) experienced by the two characters: a kind of intersubjectivity based on the play, which is a practice that does not presuppose the knowledge of the other and exceeds the traditional categorical antithesis, such as truth/falsity, good/evil, nature/culture.
Examining Exposure Assessment in Shift Work Research: A Study on Depression Among Nurses
Authors: Hall Amy L , Franche Renée-Louise , Koehoorn Mieke 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionCoarse exposure assessment and assignment is a common issue facing epidemiological studies of shift work. Such measures ignore a number of exposure characteristics that may impact on health, increasing the likelihood of biased effect estimates and masked exposure–response relationships. To demonstrate the impacts of exposure assessment precision in shift work research, this study investigated relationships between work schedule and depression in a large survey of Canadian nurses.MethodsThe Canadian 2005 National Survey of the Work and Health of Nurses provided the analytic sample (n = 11450). Relationships between work schedule and depression were assessed using logistic regression models with high, moderate, and low-precision exposure groupings. The high-precision grouping described shift timing and rotation frequency, the moderate-precision grouping described shift timing, and the low-precision grouping described the presence/absence of shift work. Final model estimates were adjusted for the potential confounding effects of demographic and work variables, and bootstrap weights were used to generate sampling variances that accounted for the survey sample design.ResultsThe high-precision exposure grouping model showed the strongest relationships between work schedule and depression, with increased odds ratios [ORs] for rapidly rotating (OR = 1.51, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.91–2.51) and undefined rotating (OR = 1.67, 95% CI = 0.92–3.02) shift workers, and a decreased OR for depression in slow rotating (OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.57–1.08) shift workers. For the low- and moderate-precision exposure grouping models, weak relationships were observed for all work schedule categories (OR range 0.95 to 0.99).ConclusionsFindings from this study support the need to consider and collect the data required for precise and conceptually driven exposure assessment and assignment in future studies of shift work and health. Further research into the effects of shift rotation frequency on depression is also recommended.
A generic workflow for effective sampling of environmental vouchers with UUID assignment and image processing
Authors: Triebel Dagmar , Reichert Wolfgang , Bosert Simone , Feulner Martin , Okach Daniel Osieko , Slimani Abderachid , Rambold Gerhard 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Sampling of biological and environmental vouchers in the field is rather challenging, particularly under adverse habitat conditions and when various activities need to be handled simultaneously. The workflow described here includes five procedural steps, which result in professional sampling and the generation of universally identifiable data. In preparation for the field campaign, sample containers need to be labelled with universally unique identifier (UUID)-QR-codes. At the collection site, labelled containers, sampled material and attached supplementary information are imaged using a GNSS- respectively GPS-enabled smartphone or camera. Image processing, tagging and data storage as CSV text file is subsequently achieved in a field station or laboratory. For this purposes, the newly implemented tool DiversityImageInspector (URL: http://diversityworkbench.net/Portal/DiversityImageInspector) is used. It addresses combined image and data processing in such a context including the extraction of the QR-coded UUID from the image content and the extraction of geodata and time information from the Exif image header. The import of the resulting data files into a relational database or other kind of data management systems is optional but recommended. If applied, the import might be guided by a data transformation tool with compliant schema as described here. The new approach is discussed also with regard to implications for virtual research environments and data publication networks.
Database URL: http://diversityworkbench.net/Portal/DiversityImageInspector
PCOSBase: a manually curated database of polycystic ovarian syndrome
Authors: Afiqah-Aleng Nor , Harun Sarahani , A-Rahman Mohd Rusman Arief , Nor Muhammad Nor Azlan , Mohamed-Hussein Zeti-Azura 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is one of the main causes of infertility and affects 5–20% women of reproductive age. Despite the increased prevalence of PCOS, the mechanisms involved in its pathogenesis and pathophysiology remains unclear. The expansion of omics on studying the mechanisms of PCOS has lead into vast amounts of proteins related to PCOS resulting to a challenge in collating and depositing this deluge of data into one place. A knowledge-based repository named as PCOSBase was developed to systematically store all proteins related to PCOS. These proteins were compiled from various online databases and published expression studies. Rigorous criteria were developed to identify those that were highly related to PCOS. They were manually curated and analysed to provide additional information on gene ontologies, pathways, domains, tissue localizations and diseases that associate with PCOS. Other proteins that might interact with PCOS-related proteins identified from this study were also included. Currently, 8185 PCOS-related proteins were identified and assigned to 13 237 gene ontology vocabulary, 1004 pathways, 7936 domains, 29 disease classes, 1928 diseases, 91 tissues and 320 472 interactions. All publications related to PCOS are also indexed in PCOSBase. Data entries are searchable in the main page, search, browse and datasets tabs. Protein advanced search is provided to search for specific proteins. To date, PCOSBase has the largest collection of PCOS-related proteins. PCOSBase aims to become a self-contained database that can be used to further understand the PCOS pathogenesis and towards the identification of potential PCOS biomarkers.
Database URL: http://pcosbase.org
The safety and efficacy of radiofrequency ablation following endoscopic submucosal dissection for Barrett's neoplasia
Authors: Subramaniam S , Kandiah K , Chedgy F , Meredith P , Longcroft-Wheaton G , Bhandari P 
Published: December 2017

SUMMARY
The current standard of treating early Barrett's neoplasia is resection of visible lesions using endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR) followed by ablative therapy to the Barrett's segment. There is increasing evidence to support the use of endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) where en-bloc resection and lower recurrence rates may be achieved. However, ESD is associated with deep submucosal dissection when compared to EMR. This may increase the risk of complications including stricture formation with subsequent radiofrequency ablation (RFA) therapy. The aim of this study is to compare the safety and efficacy of RFA following EMR and ESD as well as when RFA was used without prior endoscopic resection. The primary outcome measure was complication rates. Clearance of dysplasia (CRD) and clearance of intestinal metaplasia (CRIM) were secondary outcomes. A retrospective analysis of a cohort of 91 patients referred for RFA from a single academic tertiary center was performed. The choice of endoscopic resection method was tailored according to the lesion type and morphology. Focal and circumferential ablation was performed after initial follow up endoscopy postresection. Patients proceeded straight to RFA in the absence of any visible lesions. In this study, the ESD group had a higher proportion of cancers compared to the EMR cohort (74.1% vs. 30.2%, P < 0.01) prior to RFA. All complications post RFA occurred in the groups with previous endoscopic resection. There was no significant difference in the total complication rate (7.4% vs. 9.3%, P = 0.78) and stricture formation rate (3.7% vs. 9.3%, P = 0.38) between the ESD and EMR groups. CRD was achieved in 96.3% in the ESD group, 88.4% in the EMR group, and all patients in the RFA alone group. CRIM rates were similar in the EMR and ESD groups (81.4% vs. 85.2%) but higher in the RFA alone group (90.5%). In conclusion, RFA following ESD is very effective and not associated with an increased risk of complications compared to EMR. This supports the application of RFA in the treatment algorithm of patients undergoing ESD for Barrett's neoplasia.
Cost-effectiveness Analysis of Intraoperative Cell Salvage for Obstetric Hemorrhage
Authors: Lim Grace , Melnyk Vladyslav , Facco Francesca L. , Waters Jonathan H. , Smith Kenneth J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Background
Cost-effectiveness analyses on cell salvage for cesarean delivery to inform national and societal guidelines on obstetric blood management are lacking. This study examined the cost-effectiveness of cell salvage strategies in obstetric hemorrhage from a societal perspective.

Methods
Markov decision analysis modeling compared the cost-effectiveness of three strategies: use of cell salvage for every cesarean delivery, cell salvage use for high-risk cases, and no cell salvage. A societal perspective and lifetime horizon was assumed for the base case of a 26-yr-old primiparous woman presenting for cesarean delivery. Each strategy integrated probabilities of hemorrhage, hysterectomy, transfusion reactions, emergency procedures, and cell salvage utilization; utilities for quality of life; and costs at the societal level. One-way and Monte Carlo probabilistic sensitivity analyses were performed. A threshold of $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained was used as a cost-effectiveness criterion.

Results
Cell salvage use for cases at high risk for hemorrhage was cost-effective (incremental cost-effectiveness ratio, $34,881 per quality-adjusted life-year gained). Routine cell salvage use for all cesarean deliveries was not cost-effective, costing $415,488 per quality-adjusted life-year gained. Results were not sensitive to individual variation of other model parameters. The probabilistic sensitivity analysis showed that at the $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year gained threshold, there is more than 85% likelihood that cell salvage use for cases at high risk for hemorrhage is favorable.

Conclusions
The use of cell salvage for cases at high risk for obstetric hemorrhage is economically reasonable; routine cell salvage use for all cesarean deliveries is not. These findings can inform the development of public policies such as guidelines on management of obstetric hemorrhage.
Antifibrinolytic Therapy and Perioperative Considerations
Authors: Levy Jerrold H. , Koster Andreas , Quinones Quintin J. , Milling Truman J. , Key Nigel S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fibrinolysis is a physiologic component of hemostasis that functions to limit clot formation. However, after trauma or surgery, excessive fibrinolysis may contribute to coagulopathy, bleeding, and inflammatory responses. Antifibrinolytic agents are increasingly used to reduce bleeding, allogeneic blood administration, and adverse clinical outcomes. Tranexamic acid is the agent most extensively studied and used in most countries. This review will explore the role of fibrinolysis as a pathologic mechanism, review the different pharmacologic agents used to inhibit fibrinolysis, and focus on the role of tranexamic acid as a therapeutic agent to reduce bleeding in patients after surgery and trauma.
Ultrasound Diagnosis and Treatment of Breast Lumps after Breast Augmentation with Autologous Fat Grafting
Authors: Shida Masaaki , Chiba Akihiko , Ohashi Masanori , Yamakawa Masayuki 
Published: December 2017

Background:
Breast augmentation with autologous fat has been performed in Japan for over 30 years. However, complications include breast lumps and oil cysts. Such breast lumps greatly reduce patient satisfaction, and are currently difficult to diagnose and treat for many cosmetic surgery clinics. This study aimed to elucidate the effectiveness of ultrasound diagnosis and treatment of patients with breast lumps after breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting.

Methods:
We used diagnostic and therapeutic ultrasound to examine 256 patients with breast lumps between April 2012 and April 2017. We determined the nature, size, and location of the maximal lump. Breast lumps were classified into five types: cystic, complex, solid, calcification, and unclassifiable. The method of treatment (including fine-needle aspiration, VASER liposuction, lumpectomy, and extended lumpectomy) was selected according to the lump type, and the efficacy of treatment was determined by postoperative palpation and ultrasound.

Results:
A total of 198 patients (198/256, 77%) requested treatment. Cystic lumps (79/256, 31%) were treated by fine-needle aspiration. VASER liposuction was used to treat complex (64/256, 25%) and solid lumps (50/256, 19%). Calcification (58/256, 23%) and unclassifiable lumps (5/256, 2%) were removed via periareolar incision. There were no serious complications. In all cases, the lumps were no longer palpable after treatment, and ultrasound showed that they had either contracted or disappeared.

Conclusions:
The appropriate treatment for breast lumps after breast augmentation with autologous fat grafting must be selected according to the nature of the lumps. Ultrasound is essential for diagnosing the breast lump type and determining the best treatment.
Preliminary Work Toward a Transuranic Activity Estimation Method for Rapid Discrimination of Anthropogenic from Transuranic Activity in Alpha Air Samples
Authors: Cope S. Joseph , Hayes Robert B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Radon (222Rn) and thoron (220Rn) progeny (primarily bismuth and polonium) are known interferents when rapid evaluation of transuranic content on air filters is of interest. These complexities stem from the overlapping energies of the progeny alpha particles onto the transuranic region of interest (3–5.5 MeV) where naturally-occurring alpha emitters can overwhelm the spectra. Due to the immediacy of the alpha counting methods employed, coupled with the half-life of thoron progeny dominated by 212Pb (t1/2=10.6 h), a conservative transuranic activity estimate with rigorous uncertainty is being sought. A successful transuranic activity estimation method will incorporate any thoron progeny present on the filter providing 95% confidence decision levels in which a filter may be evaluated for emergency response applications. Twenty-three pairs of samples of various duration having no transuranic content were taken over a 2‐mo period. The resulting filters were counted in a time series before non-linear least squares decay curve fitting was applied to the decay profile. For the samples considered, a transuranic activity estimator decision level was determined at 0.2 Bq for the given geographic location and months analyzed. Validation of this method for other seasonal and geographic regions could provide enhanced emergency response capability when the presence of transuranic activity is suspected.