bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contrasting strategies of hydraulic control in two codominant temperate tree species
Authors: Matheny Ashley M. , Fiorella Richard P. , Bohrer Gil , Poulsen Christopher J. , Morin Timothy H. , Wunderlich Alyssa , Vogel Christoph S. , Curtis Peter S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBiophysical controls on plant water status exist at the leaf, stem, and root levels. Therefore, we pose that hydraulic strategy is a combination of traits governing water use at each of these three levels. We studied sap flux, stem water storage, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and growth of red oaks (Quercus rubra) and red maples (Acer rubrum). These species differ in stomatal hydraulic strategy and xylem architecture and may root at different depths. Stable isotope analysis of xylem water was used to identify root water uptake depth. Oaks were shown to access a deeper water source than maples. During non‐limiting soil moisture conditions, transpiration was greater in maples than in oaks. However, during a soil dry down, transpiration and stem water storage decreased by more than 80% and 28% in maples but only by 31% and 1% in oaks. We suggest that the preferential use of deep water by red oaks allows the species to continue transpiration and growth during soil water limitations. In this case, deeper roots may provide a buffer against drought‐induced mortality. Using 14 years of growth data, we show that maple growth correlates with mean annual soil moisture at 30 cm but oak growth does not. The observed responses of oak and maple to drought were not able to be explained by leaf and xylem physiology alone. We employed the Finite‐difference Ecosystem‐scale Tree Crown Hydrodynamics model version 2 plant hydrodynamics model to demonstrate the influence of root, stem, and leaf controls on tree‐level transpiration. We conclude that all three levels of hydraulic traits are required to define hydraulic strategy.
Predator hunting mode and host plant quality shape attack‐abatement patterns of predation risk in an insect herbivore
Authors: Stephan Jörg G. , Low Matthew , Stenberg Johan A. , Björkman Christer 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGroup formation reduces individual predation risk when the proportion of prey taken per predator encounter declines faster than the increase in group encounter rate (attack‐abatement). Despite attack‐abatement being an important component of group formation ecology, several key aspects have not been empirically studied, that is, interactions with the hunting mode of the predator and how these relationships are modified by local habitat quality. In 79 cage trials, we examined individual egg predation risk in different‐sized egg clutches from the blue willow beetlePhratora vulgatissimafor two predators with different hunting modes (consumption of full group [Orthotylus marginalis] vs. part group [Anthocoris nemorum]). Because these predators also take nutrients from plant sap, we could examine how the quality of alternative food sources (high‐ vs. low‐quality host plant sap) influenced attack‐abatement patterns in the presence of different hunting strategies. For theO. marginalispredator, individual egg predation risk was largely independent of group size. ForA. nemorum, egg predation risk clearly declined with increasing group size. However, approximately one‐third of the grouping benefit was lost to an increase in group detectability. There were clear differences in attack‐abatement patterns between plants with high‐ vs. low‐quality sap. WhenO. marginaliswas the predator, there was no clear change in attack‐abatement in relation to host plant quality. However, forA. nemorumthere was a clear reduction in overall predation risk and a stronger attack‐abatement pattern with increasing group size when plant sap quality increased. This implies that the relative benefits of prey grouping behavior for any species might show diurnal or seasonal changes as other aspects of resource/habitat quality change for the focal predator. Modulation of attack‐abatement by bottom‐up effects such as plant‐based food resources is yet to be incorporated into general theory, despite the ubiquity of omnivorous predators and with omnivory being important for shaping food webs, ecosystem functions, and in biological control. Thus, ongoing refinement of attack‐abatement theory by focusing on bottom‐up vs. top‐down processes could have significant impacts on many important contemporary fields of study.
Sensitivity of coral recruitment to subtle shifts in early community succession
Authors: Doropoulos Christopher , Roff George , Visser Mart‐Simone , Mumby Peter J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCommunity succession following disturbance depends on positive and negative interactions, the strength of which change along environmental gradients. To investigate how early succession affects coral reef recovery, we conducted an 18‐month experiment in Palau, using recruitment tiles and herbivore exclusion cages. One set of reefs has higher wave exposure and had previously undergone a phase shift to macroalgae following a major typhoon, whereas the other set of reefs have lower wave exposure and did not undergo a macroalgal phase shift. Similar successional trajectories were observed at all sites when herbivores were excluded: turf algae dominated early succession, followed by shifts to foliose macroalgae and heterotrophic invertebrates. However, trajectories differed in the presence of herbivores. At low wave exposure reefs, herbivores promoted coralline algae and limited turf and encrusting fleshy algae in crevice microhabitats, facilitating optimal coral recruitment. Under medium wave exposure, relatively higher but still low coverage of turf and encrusting fleshy algae (15–25%) found in crevice microhabitats inhibited coral recruitment, persisting throughout multiple recruitment events. Our results indicate that altered interaction strength in different wave environments following disturbance can drive subtle changes in early succession that cascade to alter secondary succession to coral recruitment and system recovery.
Effects of dispersal and environmental heterogeneity on the replacement and nestedness components of β‐diversity
Authors: Gianuca Andros T. , Declerck Steven A. J. , Lemmens Pieter , De Meester Luc 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTraditionally metacommunity studies have quantified the relative importance of dispersal and environmental processes on observed β‐diversity. Separating β‐diversity into its replacement and nestedness components and linking such patterns to metacommunity drivers can provide richer insights into biodiversity organization across spatial scales. It is often very difficult to measure actual dispersal rates in the field and to define the boundaries of natural metacommunities. To overcome those limitations, we revisited an experimental metacommunity dataset to test the independent and interacting effects of environmental heterogeneity and dispersal on each component of β‐diversity. We show that the balance between the replacement and nestedness components of β‐diversity resulting from eutrophication changes completely depending on dispersal rates. Nutrient enrichment negatively affected local zooplankton diversity and generated a pattern of β‐diversity derived from nestedness in unconnected, environmentally heterogeneous landscapes. Increasing dispersal erased the pattern of nestedness, whereas the replacement component gained importance. In environmentally homogeneous metacommunities, dispersal limitation created community dissimilarity via species replacement whereas the nestedness component remained low and unchanged across dispersal levels. Our study provides novel insights into how environmental heterogeneity and dispersal interact and shape metacommunity structure.
Impact of eplerenone on cardiovascular outcomes in heart failure patients with hypokalaemia
Authors: Rossignol Patrick , Girerd Nicolas , Bakris George , Vardeny Orly , Claggett Brian , McMurray John J.V. , Swedberg Karl , Krum Henry , van Veldhuisen Dirk J. , Shi Harry , Spanyers Sean , Vincent John , Fay Renaud , Lamiral Zohra , Solomon Scott D. , Zannad Faiez , Pitt Bertram 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimsAlthough hypokalaemia is common among patients with heart failure (HF), the prognostic significance of baseline hypokalaemia and hypokalaemia during follow‐up in HF patients receiving a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist (MRA) remains uncertain.Methods and resultsResults of the EMPHASIS‐HF trial in patients (n = 2737) with HF and reduced EF with mild symptoms, randomized to eplerenone or placebo, were analysed with regard to the presence or occurrence of hypokalaemia (serum K+ <4.0 mmol/L) and the risk of cardiovascular death or hospitalization for HF (primary endpoint). Median follow‐up was 21 months. Baseline hypokalaemia and hypokalaemia during follow‐up were common occurrences (19.6% and 40.6%, respectively). Hypokalaemia during follow‐up was associated with worse outcomes in multivariable analyses [hazard ratio (HR) 1.26, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.52, P = 0.01] without evidence of interaction with eplerenone. In contrast, baseline hypokalaemia was associated with outcomes in the placebo group (HR 1.37, 95% CI 1.05–1.79, P = 0.02) but not in the eplerenone group (HR 0.87, 95% CI 0.62–1.23, P = 0.44; P for interaction = 0.04). Concurrently, eplerenone was found to be more protective in patients with baseline hypokalaemia vs. patients without baseline hypokalaemia compared with placebo (HR 0.44, 95% 0.30–0.64, P < 0.0001 vs. 0.69, 95% CI 0.57–0.83, P = 0.0001; P for interaction = 0.04). In patients without baseline hypokalaemia, eplerenone use decreased the rate of hypokalaemia during follow‐up (HR 0.69, 95% CI 0.59–0.80, P < 0.001). A potassium level >4.0 mmol/L at 1 month after randomization mediated 26.0% (0.6–51.4%) of the eplerenone treatment effect (P = 0.04).ConclusionIn HF patients receiving optimal therapy but not treated with eplerenone, baseline hypokalaemia was associated with worse outcomes. Conversely, hypokalaemia amplified the treatment effect of eplerenone.
Changes in fatty acid profile and chemical composition of meagre (Argyrosomus regius) fed with different lipid and selenium levels
Authors: Simões Tiago , Fonseca Sthelio B. , Augusto Ana , Granada Luana , Ozório Rodrigo O.A. , Gonçalves José F.M. , Pascoal Leonardo A.F. , Silva José H.V. , Lemos Marco F.L. 
Published: November 2016

This study aimed to evaluate changes in body composition, specially muscle and liver fatty acid profile in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) fed with different dietary lipid sources and levels, with or without selenium supplementation. Six hundred meagre were fed twice a day, 6 days per week, with eight experimental diets for 60 days. Diets were a combination of fish oil or a vegetable blend (45% linseed + 35% rapeseed + 20% soybean oil), at 12 or 17% of oil and 0 or 1 mg/kg of organic selenium, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. The whole body protein and lipid content were affected by the dietary oil source. Fish oil diets increased long‐chain (LC) PUFAs content in the edible tissues, while vegetable oil‐based diets increased short‐chain (SC) PUFAs. Vegetable oil diet tended to decrease the fish protein content. A higher lipid liver content was observed in meagre fed the vegetable oil blend. The results also suggested the ability of meagre to convert SC‐PUFA to LC‐PUFA when the vegetable oil is included in their diet. The possibility for partial substitution of fish oil by vegetable oil in meagre diets, resulting in lower dependence of fish oil in meagre farming, is also demonstrated here.Practical applications: The growing importance of aquaculture for basic food supply, and the urge for cost‐effective and sustainable feeds that maintain or even increase fish quality, makes the search for alternatives to common feeds a route of upmost importance, as the vegetable oil here addressed. SC‐PUFA and LC‐PUFA contents of the studied tissues increased with diets supplemented with 17% oil level, which may ultimately add more value to this farmed species. These results indicate the possibility of the partial substitution of fish oil by vegetable oil in meagre diets, resulting in lower dependence on fish oil for fish farming.Meagre were fed with different dietary lipid sources and levels, with or without selenium supplementation, in a total of eight experimental diets during 60 days, in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design. Fish oil diet increases HUFAs and vegetable oil diet increases PUFAs in body composition. There is great potential for partial substitution of fish oil by vegetable oil in meagre (Argyrosomus regius) diets, resulting in lower dependence of fish oil in meagre farming.
Double extraction of olive oil in large oil mills of Southern Italy: Effects on extraction efficiency, oil quality, and economy of the process
Authors: Di Giovacchino Luciano , Preziuso Serena Maria , Di Serio Maria Gabriella , Mucciarella Maria Regina , Di Loreto Giuseppina , Lanza Barbara 
Published: November 2016

In recent years, in Italy, some large oil mills, equipped with centrifugal decanter at high loading capacity have adopted the complex diagram of the double extraction of oil and, in addition, have been supplied with suitable machine to recover part of stone fragments from olive pomace with the aim to reduce the costs. Our experimental tests were carried out in a large oil mill, located in Apulia region, which processes olives of Olea europaea L. “Coratina” cultivar by double centrifugation of olive pastes prepared by using the double crushing (millstones and metallic crusher) or the single crushing (metallic crusher). The results showed that the oil yield of the first extraction was high (between 85 and 86%), regardless to the method used for olive crushing. The quality of virgin olive oil of the first extraction was extra virgin with some differences due to the different batches of olives and, in part, also to the used crushing methods. The oil of the second extraction was recovered in a low quantity (0.3 kg/100 kg olives) and its composition was not normal only for the percentage of triterpene dialcohols. The recovery of stone fragments was satisfying (about 0.13 t/t olives) and helped to significantly increase the income of oil mill.Practical applications: The double extraction of oil, by the centrifugation system, and the recovery of SF allow to reduce the costs of olive processing in medium‐big sized oil mills. The second centrifugation, which permits to recover about 3 kg of oil/t of olives, and the recovery of SF, suitable to sell as fuel, allow to increase the income of oil mill.The double extraction of oil, by the centrifugation system and the recovery of olive stone fragments (SF) allow to reduce the costs of olive processing in medium‐big sized oil mills. The second centrifugation, which permits to recover about 3 kg of oil/t of olives, and the recovery of SF, suitable to sell as fuel, allow to increase the income of oil mill.
Lessons for the NFL from Workers’ Compensation
Authors: Diana Richard 
Published: November 2016

In the article “A Proposal to Address NFL Club Doctors’ Conflicts of Interest and to Promote Player Trust,” Glenn Cohen et al. write, “The [NFL's] current structure forces club doctors to have obligations to two parties—the club and the player—and to make difficult judgments about when one party's interests must yield to another's.” I can understand why some might be suspicious about bias in the current NFL medical system, in which the club doctors have a professional duty to put their player‐patients’ best interests first yet are employed by clubs, which have a primary goal of winning football games. It is my opinion, however, that neither the club nor the player needs to be sacrificed. I base this opinion partly on my experience as an NFL player in the early 1980s, partly on several years as team physician for the Boston Red Sox, and partly on my twenty‐three‐years of experience as a physician with the Connecticut Workers’ Compensation medical system, which supposes that physicians can be fair to both workers and employers.
STEAMPUNK SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING: A CASE STUDY OF SUCCESSFUL SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING IN 19TH CENTURY BRITAIN
Authors: Kemp Duncan , Evans Rhianne 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThis article presents a case study of the Great British railway as it developed from over 300 individual railways, through a complex system of systems (SoS) to its eventual integration into a single railway. This evolution took place from the 1830s to the early 1950s. The case study focusses on the critical period from 1840 to 1860 when the railways collaborated to form a system of systems. The article evaluates the effectiveness of three current SoS frameworks at identifying the factors that enabled the SoS to operate. Much like the artistic and literary genre of Steampunk, this case study is a mixture of familiar SoS concepts and approaches in an unfamiliar Victorian setting
SYSTEMS THEORY AS A CONCEPTUAL FOUNDATION FOR SYSTEM OF SYSTEMS ENGINEERING
Authors: Keating Charles B. , Katina Polinpapilinho F. , Bradley Joseph M. , Pyne James C. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTSystems theory (ST) can provide the developing systems of systems engineering (SoSE) field and practice with a strong conceptual foundation. ST is presented as a taken for granted set of axioms and corresponding propositions that explain the phenomena, patterns, and tendencies of complex systems. The results of ST are observable in the behavior and performance of systems. We argue that ST offers a critical grounding for the future development and practice of SoSE. Our exploration examines the necessity, contributions, and implications of ST as an influential conceptual foundation to accelerate and guide SoSE development and practice.
ENGINEERING THE VIRTUAL OR COLLABORATIVE SOS
Authors: Eric Honour 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe largest, most complex, and most prevalent systems of systems (SoS) are virtual or collaborative in nature. In such a SoS, there is no central authority to perform systems engineering. Yet, the virtual or collaborative SoS does grow, adapt, and evolve in response to the needs of the many stakeholders. Changes in the SoS happen because of many changes in the constituent systems (CS), with each change occurring when the CS owners deem it useful to change. The systems engineering activities in the CS can be used to guide and affect the SoS through a collaborative and competitive environment in which each CS systems engineer seeks to optimize the SoS behavior for their own purposes. This requires a different approach to the systems engineering activities, in which greater emphasis is on the higher‐level analysis, architecting, and quantification. This paper describes the modified systems engineering approach, showing how to engineer the SoS from within the scope of a CS.
DESIGNING FOR INTERUSABILITY: METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE SYSTEMS ENGINEER GLEANED THROUGH AN EXPLORATION OF THE CONNECTED FITNESS TECHNOLOGIES SPACE
Authors: Woodrow W. Winchester 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTThe current shift from singular (standalone; non‐connected) product or system design to the design of product ecosystems (interconnected smart or Internet‐of‐things products or devices such as connected fitness technologies) is challenging human‐systems integration activities. Of particular concern is designing for interusability, the user experience (inclusive of the usability) of interconnected systems. While interusability is of growing concern, little concrete design guidance (methods) exists. This paper, through a synthesis of the interdisciplinary work in this emerging area, offers the systems engineer a set of methodological recommendations in designing for interusability that underpin upstream product development process or front‐end development activities. These recommendations, specifically supporting the conceive stage of the generic product development process, include: 1) using robust tools and approaches such as storytelling in understanding & capturing user needs; 2) leveraging appropriate interoperability standards particularly those supporting architectural design; and 3) engaging user experience tools and approaches such as personas, to convey and champion interusability design considerations through downstream product development process activities. Moreover, this paper calls for more active systems engineering and engineering management disciplinary involvement in advancing both an understanding of interusability, and the development of analogous methods and approaches.
FasL and the NKG2D receptor are required for the secretion of the Tag7/PGRP‐S–Hsp70 complex by the cytotoxic CD8+ lymphocytes
Authors: Sashchenko Lidia P. , Romanova Elena A. , Ivanova Olga K. , Sharapova Tatiana N. , Yashin Denis V. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryTag7 (PGRP‐S or PGLYRP1), while possessing an antimicrobial activity, also exhibits an antitumor effect when in complex with the major heat shock protein Hsp70. The cytotoxic Tag7‐Hsp70 complex is secreted by lymphocytes after interaction with the HLA‐negative tumors. Previously, we have shown that IL‐2 induces formation of the CD4+ and CD8+ cytotoxic subpopulations of human lymphocytes, which kill tumor cells through the FasL‐Fas interaction. Here, we show that only the CD8+ T cells are able to secrete the Tag7‐Hsp70 complex. For its secretion the same proteins on the surface of the lymphocytes and target cells, which are involved in the contact lysis, are necessary as well. The interaction of Fas receptor with FasL leads to an activation of the Tag7‐Hsp70 complex in the lymphocyte membrane fraction, and here FasL acts as a receptor that induces intracellular signaling in lymphocytes. An interaction of the MicA stress ligand with the NKG2D receptor is necessary for the release of this cytotoxic complex. It is possible, that CD8+ T lymphocytes interacting with a target cell can both carry out the contact killing of these cells and to secrete the cytotoxic factor. © 2016 IUBMB Life, 69(1):30–36, 2017
Sensitivity and accuracy of hybrid fluorescence‐mediated tomography in deep tissue regions
Authors: Rosenhain Stefanie , Al Rawashdeh Wa'el , Kiessling Fabian , Gremse Felix 
Published: November 2016

Fluorescence‐mediated tomography (FMT) enables noninvasive assessment of the three‐dimensional distribution of near‐infrared fluorescence in mice. The combination with micro‐computed tomography (µCT) provides anatomical data, enabling improved fluorescence reconstruction and image analysis. The aim of our study was to assess sensitivity and accuracy of µCT‐FMT under realistic in vivo conditions in deeply‐seated regions. Accordingly, we acquired fluorescence reflectance images (FRI) and µCT‐FMT scans of mice which were prepared with rectal insertions with different amounts of fluorescent dye. Default and high‐sensitivity scans were acquired and background signal was analyzed for three FMT channels (670 nm, 745 nm, and 790 nm). Analysis was performed for the original and an improved FMT reconstruction using the µCT data.While FRI and the original FMT reconstruction could detect 100 pmol, the improved FMT reconstruction could detect 10 pmol and significantly improved signal localization. By using a finer sampling grid and increasing the exposure time, the sensitivity could be further improved to detect 0.5 pmol. Background signal was highest in the 670 nm channel and most prominent in the gastro‐intestinal tract and in organs with high relative amounts of blood. In conclusion, we show that µCT‐FMT allows sensitive and accurate assessment of fluorescence in deep tissue regions.
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