bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural history: an approach whose time has come, passed, and needs to be resurrected†
Authors: Able Kenneth W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe development of our understanding of fish and other marine fauna, including my own over several decades, has proceeded from basic natural history to ecology and evolution, but we often need to return to natural history to address deficiencies in our attempts to manage fisheries, conserve habitats, and model ecosystems. This resurrection of natural history is still needed because of the complex life history of fish, and many other marine fauna, and the lack of appreciation of shifting baselines in marine environments. These inadequacies are especially evident when we try to address the effects of human influences, e.g. fishing, urbanization, and climate change relative to fisheries management and conservation. A solution lies in the rebirth of natural history studies, especially at “places” such as marine field stations. Long-term monitoring, especially, continues to provide critical insights. All of these approaches are limited by inadequate appreciation and, as a result, funding. The solutions are largely site and investigation specific but would be enhanced by a greater appreciation of the advantages of comprehensive, long-term studies in natural environments, especially with regard to the increasing worldwide emphasis on conservation and habitat restoration.
An individual-based approach to year-class strength estimation
Authors: Thanassekos Stéphane , Latour Robert J. , Fabrizio Mary C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Estimating year-class strength—the number of larvae hatched in a given year—from survey data is key to investigating fish population dynamics. Year-class strength can be estimated from catch-at-age data using catch curves. In practice, most catch-curve assumptions are violated, which can result in spurious estimates of year-class strength. Among the simplifying assumptions is that pooling individuals into annual age-classes provides a representation of the population age structure that is adequate for estimating mortality. This oversimplification is unnecessary when age data are available at finer scales, and can lead to biased results. We present a new method to estimate past year-class strength with a set of equations that apply to each sampled individual. Through the reconstruction of individual histories from hatch to capture, this approach takes full advantage of the individual resolution of survey data, enables the incorporation of the processes that violate catch-curve assumptions, and provides more accurate year-class strength estimates.
Biological Activity of Bacillus thuringiensis in
Drosophila suzukii (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Cossentine J , Robertson M , Xu D 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Whole-culture extracts of Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner strains were assayed against larval and adult Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura), an important invasive pest of many thin-skinned soft fruit crops in North America. Of the 22 serovars tested versus larval D. suzukii , strains of Bacillus thuringiensis var. thuringiensis , kurstaki , thompsoni , bolivia , and pakistani caused high (75 to 100%) first-instar mortalities. Pupal mortality, measured as a failure of adults to emerge, varied with serovar. The first D. suzukii instar was the most susceptible of the three larval instars to B. thuringiensis var. kurstaki HD-1. Larval D. suzukii are shielded from crop treatments, as they develop under the skin of infested fruit, and adults would be a more vulnerable target for an efficacious strain of B. thuringiensis . Only one of the 21 B. thuringiensis serovars, var. thuringiensis , prepared as oral suspensions in sucrose for adult D. suzukii ingestion resulted in significant, albeit low mortality within 7 d. It is not a candidate for use in pest management, as it produces β -exotoxin that is toxic to vertebrates.
Trypanosoma cruzi Infection Prevalence and Bloodmeal Analysis in Triatomine Vectors of Chagas Disease From Rural Peridomestic Locations in Texas, 2013–2014
Authors: Gorchakov Rodion , Trosclair Lillian P. , Wozniak Edward J. , Feria Patricia T. , Garcia Melissa N. , Gunter Sarah M. , Murray Kristy O. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Protozoan pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi (Chagas, 1909) is the etiologic agent of Chagas disease, which affects millions of people in Latin America. Recently, the disease has been gaining attention in Texas and the southern United States. Transmission cycle of the parasite involves alternating infection between insect vectors and vertebrate hosts (including humans, wildlife, and domestic animals). To evaluate vector T. cruzi parasite burden and feeding patterns, we tested triatomine vectors from 23 central, southern, and northeastern counties of Texas. Out of the 68 submitted specimens, the majority were genetically identified as Triatoma gerstaeckeri (Stal, 1859), with a few samples of Triatoma sanguisuga (LeConte, 1855), Triatoma lecticularia (Stal, 1859), Triatoma rubida (Uhler, 1894), and Triatoma protracta woodi (Usinger, 1939). We found almost two-thirds of the submitted insects were polymerase chain reaction-positive for T. cruzi. Bloodmeal sources were determined for most of the insects, and 16 different species of mammals were identified as hosts. The most prevalent type of bloodmeal was human, with over half of these insects found to be positive for T. cruzi. High infection rate of the triatomine vectors combined with high incidence of feeding on humans highlight the importance of Chagas disease surveillance in Texas. With our previous findings of autochthonous transmission of Chagas disease, urgent measures are needed to increase public awareness, vector control in and around homes, and Chagas screening of residents who present with a history of a triatomine exposure.
No sign (yet) of intergalactic globular clusters in the Local Group
Authors: Mackey A. D. , Beasley M. A. , Leaman R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We present Gemini Multi-Object Spectrograph (GMOS) imaging of 12 candidate intergalactic globular clusters (IGCs) in the Local Group, identified in a recent survey of the Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) footprint by di Tullio Zinn & Zinn. Our image quality is sufficiently high, at ∼0.4–0.7 arcsec, that we are able to unambiguously classify all 12 targets as distant galaxies. To reinforce this conclusion we use GMOS images of globular clusters in the M31 halo, taken under very similar conditions, to show that any genuine clusters in the putative IGC sample would be straightforward to distinguish. Based on the stated sensitivity of the di Tullio Zinn & Zinn search algorithm, we conclude that there cannot be a significant number of IGCs with MV ≤ −6 lying unseen in the SDSS area if their properties mirror those of globular clusters in the outskirts of M31 – even a population of 4 would have only a ≈1 per cent chance of non-detection.
Advancements in mass spectrometry-based glycoproteomics and glycomics
Authors: Lu Haojie , Zhang Ying , Yang Pengyuan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Protein N-glycosylation plays a crucial role in a considerable number of important biological processes. Research studies on glycoproteomes and glycomes have already characterized many glycoproteins and glycans associated with cell development, life cycle, and disease progression. Mass spectrometry (MS) is the most powerful tool for identifying biomolecules including glycoproteins and glycans, however, utilizing MS-based approaches to identify glycoproteomes and glycomes is challenging due to the technical difficulties associated with glycosylation analysis. In this review, we summarize the most recent developments in MS-based glycoproteomics and glycomics, including a discussion on the development of analytical methodologies and strategies used to explore the glycoproteome and glycome, as well as noteworthy biological discoveries made in glycoproteome and glycome research. This review places special emphasis on China, where scientists have made sizeable contributions to the literature, as advancements in glycoproteomics and glycomincs are occurring quite rapidly.
The MAXI/GSC Nova-Alert System and results of its first 68 months
Authors: Negoro Hitoshi , Kohama Mitsuhiro , Serino Motoko , Saito Hiroki , Takahashi Tomonori , Miyoshi Sho , Ozawa Hiroshi , Suwa Fumitoshi , Asada Masato , Fukushima Kosuke , Eguchi Satoshi , Kawai Nobuyuki , Kennea Jamie , Mihara Tatehiro , Morii Mikio , Nakahira Satoshi , Ogawa Yuji , Sugawara Aya , Tomida Hiroshi , Ueno Shiro , Ishikawa Masaki , Isobe Naoki , Kawamuro Taiki , Kimura Masashi , Masumitsu Takahiro , Nakagawa Yujin E. , Nakajima Motoki , Sakamoto Takanori , Shidatsu Megumi , Sugizaki Mutsumi , Sugimoto Juri , Suzuki Kazuhiko , Takagi Toshihiro , Tanaka Kazuki , Tsuboi Yohko , Tsunemi Hiroshi , Ueda Yoshihiro , Yamaoka Kazutaka , Yamauchi Makoto , Yoshida Atsumasa , Matsuoka Masaru 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Various transient phenomena on a timescale ranging from seconds to days appear at unexpected sky positions in X-rays. MAXI, Monitor of All-sky X-ray Image, on the International Space Station has been monitoring about 95% of the sky a day and has detected transient objects since 2009 August. Here, we describe quasi-real-time data processing systems of MAXI and a subsequent nova-alert system to find transient objects, and present the capabilities for the nova-alert system to detect transient events with excess fluxes from ≳80 mCrab in a single scan transit to ≳8 mCrab for 4 d, and to send prompt alert information to the world in less than 30 s after the onboard detection of a burst, making the best use of the International Space Station (ISS) real-time network. We also report on highlights of scientific results obtained with the system until the end of the first extended mission phase, 2015 March. Including 15 X-ray novae solely or independently discovered, we have reported on 177 transient phenomena, such as X-ray bursts, outbursts, and state transitions of X-ray binaries and X-ray flares from active stars and blazars, via the Astronomer's Telegram, and on 63 burst phenomena of other types via the Gamma-ray Coordinates Network. We summarize the results of these transient sources and phenomena focusing on the detections with the nova-alert system, and some new transients yet unpublished or requiring attention.
The Location of Peak Upper Trapezius Muscle Activity During Submaximal Contractions is not Associated With the Location of Myofascial Trigger Points
Authors: Barbero Marco , Falla Deborah , Mafodda Luca , Cescon Corrado , Gatti Roberto 
Published: April 2016

Aim:
To apply topographical mapping of the electromyography (EMG) amplitude recorded from the upper trapezius muscle to evaluate the distribution of activity and the location of peak activity during a shoulder elevation task in participants with and without myofascial pain and myofascial trigger points (MTrP) and compare this location with the site of the MTrP.

Materials and Methods:
Thirteen participants with myofascial pain and MTrP in the upper trapezius muscle and 12 asymptomatic individuals participated. High-density surface EMG was recorded from the upper trapezius muscle using a matrix of 64 surface electrodes aligned with an anatomic landmark system (ALS). Each participant performed a shoulder elevation task consisting of a series of 30 s ramped contractions to 15% or 60% of their maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) force. Topographical maps of the EMG average rectified value were computed and the peak EMG amplitude during the ramped contractions was identified and its location determined with respect to the ALS. The location of the MTrP was also determined relative to the ALS and Spearman correlation coefficients were used to examine the relationship between MTrP and peak EMG amplitude location.

Results:
The location of the peak EMG amplitude was significantly (P<0.05) different between groups (participants with pain/MTrP: −0.32±1.2 cm at 15% MVC and −0.35±0.9 cm at 60% MVC relative to the ALS; asymptomatic participants: 1.0±1.3 cm at 15% MVC and 1.3±1.1 cm relative to the ALS). However, no correlation was observed between the position of the MTrP and peak EMG amplitude during the ramped contractions at either force level (15%: r
s=0.039, P=0.9; 60%: r
s=−0.087, P=0.778).

Conclusions:
People with myofascial pain and MTrP displayed a caudal shift of the distribution of upper trapezius muscle activity compared with asymptomatic individuals during a submaximal shoulder elevation task. For the first time, we show that the location of peak muscle activity is not associated with the location of the MTrP.
Somatosensory Test Responses and Physical and Psychological Functioning of Children and Adolescents with Chronic Non-neuropathic Pain
Authors: Lim Shi Wei , Gunaratne Yodithya , Jaaniste Tiina , McCormick Marianne , Champion David 
Published: April 2016

Objectives:
This study was designed to establish preliminary feasibility testing of a set of inherently benign somatosensory stimulus-response tests (to cutaneous and deep stimuli) for bedside or office evaluation of pain disorders in children and adolescents. Associations between, and the relative influence of, cutaneous somatosensory testing (SST) responses, deep SST responses, and psychological factors (depression, pain-related catastrophizing) on pain outcomes (worst pain intensity, pain-related disability) were considered.

Methods:
Sixty participants (6 to 18 y) were recruited from the pediatric chronic pain clinic. SST responses were assessed at the pain site (PS) and control sites to diverse stimuli (static/dynamic touch, punctate pressure, vibration, cool, deep pressure) using Colored Analogue Scales (CAS) with modified anchors. Validated measures of depression, pain-related catastrophizing, and pain-related functional interference were administered.

Results:
Responses at the PS were more frequently hypersensitive than hyposensitive for all SST measures except vibration. Deep pressure responses were the only statistically significant predictor of worst pain intensity. Depression and pain-related catastrophizing accounted for a statistically significant amount of variance of pain-related disability, over and above that which was accounted for by SST responses.

Discussion:
Preliminary feasibility of a set of somatosensory stimulus-response tests for bedside or office evaluation of pain disorders in children and adolescents was established. Deep pressure responses contributed unique information in predicting worst pain intensity but not functional interference. Although cutaneous SST responses at the PSs were frequently abnormal, cutaneous SST responses were not confirmed in this study to have clinical utility, but rather might be centrally mediated epiphenomena.
Effects of γ-Aminobutyric Acid Type A Receptor Modulation by Flumazenil on Emergence from General Anesthesia
Authors: Safavynia Seyed A. , Keating Glenda , Speigel Iris , Fidler Jonathan A. , Kreuzer Matthias , Rye David B. , Jenkins Andrew , García Paul S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAbstract
Flumazenil had a modest effect on accelerating emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. Prolongation of sleep time in the first day after isoflurane anesthesia was significantly reduced by flumazenil. The data suggest that inhibition of γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptors can not only hasten emergence but can mitigate postanesthesia sleep disturbances.

Background
Transitions into conscious states are partially mediated by inactivation of sleep networks and activation of arousal networks. Pharmacologic hastening of emergence from general anesthesia has largely focused on activating subcortical monoaminergic networks, with little attention on antagonizing the γ-aminobutyric acid type A receptor (GABAAR). As the GABAAR mediates the clinical effects of many common general anesthetics, the authors hypothesized that negative GABAAR modulators would hasten emergence, possibly via cortical networks involved in sleep.

Methods
The authors investigated the capacity of the benzodiazepine rescue agent, flumazenil, which had been recently shown to promote wakefulness in hypersomnia patients, to alter emergence. Using an in vivo rodent model and an in vitro GABAAR heterologous expression system, they measured flumazenil’s effects on behavioral, neurophysiologic, and electrophysiologic correlates of emergence from isoflurane anesthesia.

Results
Animals administered intravenous flumazenil (0.4 mg/kg, n = 8) exhibited hastened emergence compared to saline-treated animals (n = 8) at cessation of isoflurane anesthesia. Wake-like electroencephalographic patterns occurred sooner and exhibited more high-frequency electroencephalography power after flumazenil administration (median latency ± median absolute deviation: 290 ± 34 s) compared to saline administration (473 ± 186 s; P = 0.042). Moreover, in flumazenil-treated animals, there was a decreased impact on postanesthesia sleep. In vitro experiments in human embryonic kidney-293T cells demonstrated that flumazenil inhibited isoflurane-mediated GABA current enhancement (n = 34 cells, 88.7 ± 2.42% potentiation at 3 μM). Moreover, flumazenil exhibited weak agonist activity on the GABAAR (n = 10 cells, 10.3 ± 3.96% peak GABA EC20 current at 1 μM).

Conclusions
Flumazenil can modulate emergence from isoflurane anesthesia. The authors highlight the complex role GABAARs play in mediating consciousness and provide mechanistic links between emergence from anesthesia and arousal.
A Retrospective Study of Success, Failure, and Time Needed to Perform Awake Intubation
Authors: Joseph Thomas T. , Gal Jonathan S. , DeMaria Samuel , Lin Hung-Mo , Levine Adam I. , Hyman Jaime B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAbstract
This large retrospective analyses of 1,085 awake intubations performed in an academic hospital revealed that awake fiberoptic intubation added approximately 8 min of time in the operating room compared to asleep intubation techniques. Awake intubation was successfully performed with low failure rate (1%) and low complication rate (1.6%) under hemodynamically stable conditions.

Background
Awake intubation is the standard of care for management of the anticipated difficult airway. The performance of awake intubation may be perceived as complex and time-consuming, potentially leading clinicians to avoid this technique of airway management. This retrospective review of awake intubations at a large academic medical center was performed to determine the average time taken to perform awake intubation, its effects on hemodynamics, and the incidence and characteristics of complications and failure.

Methods
Anesthetic records from 2007 to 2014 were queried for the performance of an awake intubation. Of the 1,085 awake intubations included for analysis, 1,055 involved the use of a flexible bronchoscope. Each awake intubation case was propensity matched with two controls (1:2 ratio), with similar comorbidities and intubations performed after the induction of anesthesia (n = 2,170). The time from entry into the operating room until intubation was compared between groups. The anesthetic records of all patients undergoing awake intubation were also reviewed for failure and complications.

Results
The median time to intubation for patients intubated post induction was 16.0 min (interquartile range: 13 to 22) from entrance into the operating room. The median time to intubation for awake patients was 24.0 min (interquartile range: 19 to 31). The complication rate was 1.6% (17 of 1,085 cases). The most frequent complications observed were mucous plug, endotracheal tube cuff leak, and inadvertent extubation. The failure rate for attempted awake intubation was 1% (n = 10).

Conclusions
Awake intubations have a high rate of success and low rate of serious complications and failure. Awake intubations can be performed safely and rapidly.
Dermal Discolorations and Burns at Neuromonitoring Electrodes in Pediatric Spine Surgery
Authors: Sanders Austin , Andras Lindsay , Lehman Alison , Bridges Nancy , Skaggs David L. 
Published: April 2016

Study Design.
Prospective review of consecutive patients.

Objective.
To evaluate the incidence and raise awareness of electrode discoloration that can occur in the operating room when using neuromonitoring.

Summary of Background Data.
To our knowledge there are no articles that discuss dermal discolorations following spine surgery.

Methods.
Following recognition of dermal discolorations in some patients, a prospective evaluation of all patients undergoing spine surgery with somatosensory-evoked potential and motor-evoked potential neuromonitoring using subdermal needle electrodes was carried out over a 16-month period for quality assurance and improvement.

Results.
A total of 201 consecutive patients with mean age of 14 years (4–25) were prospectively evaluated. Sixteen percent (33/201) had dermal discolorations associated with neuromonitoring. There were no significant differences in mean age (P = 0.624), height (P = 0.308), weight (P = 0.899), or body mass index (P = 0.571) between the patients with and without dermal discolorations. There was also no difference in prevalence of dermal discoloration by diagnosis (P = 0.490) or location of grounding pad and occurrence of dermal discoloration between groups (P = 0.268). The only difference noted was that patients without dermal discoloration had an average monopolar cautery setting of 46.8 W compared to 40.5 W for patients with dermal discolorations (P = 0.042). Of the 33 patients with a dermal discoloration, 27% (9/33) of these were on both the upper and lower extremities, 21% (7/33) on only the upper extremities, and 52% (17/33) on only the lower extremities. None of the dermal discolorations were painful or tender, and all resolved by 6-month follow-up. One patient did not have any dermal discoloration but did experience two full-thickness burns around the electrodes in one leg. The incidence of burns in this series was 0.5% (1/201).

Conclusion.
Dermal discolorations occurred in 16% of patients undergoing neuromonitoring for spine surgery. These common discolorations were painless and resolved by 6 months. More significant burns were uncommon, occurring in less than 1%.

Level of Evidence: 3
Modulation by Central MAPKs/PI3K/sGc of the TNF-α/iNOS-dependent Hypotension and Compromised Cardiac Autonomic Control in Endotoxic Rats
Authors: Sallam Marwa Y. , El-Gowilly Sahar M. , Abdel-Galil Abdel-Galil A. , El-Mas Mahmoud M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract:Reduced blood pressure (BP) and cardiac autonomic activity are early manifestations of endotoxemia. We investigated whether these effects are modulated by central mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and related phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)/soluble guanylate cyclase (sGC) signaling in conscious rats. The effect of pharmacologic inhibition of these molecular substrates on BP, heart rate (HR), and heart rate variability (HRV) responses evoked by intravascular lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (10 mg/kg) were assessed. LPS (1) lowered BP (2) increased HR, (3) reduced time [SD of beat-to-beat intervals (SDNN), and root mean square of successive differences in R-R intervals (rMSSD)], and frequency domain indices of HRV (total power and spectral bands of low and high-frequency), and (4) elevated serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) levels. The inhibition of TNF-α (pentoxifylline) or inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS, aminoguanidine) abolished hemodynamic, HRV, and inflammatory actions of LPS. Intracisternal (i.c.) injection of ODQ (sGC inhibitor), wortmannin (PI3K inhibitor), and SP600125 (MAPKJNKinhibitor) mitigated the hypotensive and tachycardic actions of LPS but failed to affect associated decreases in HRV. MAPKp38inhibition by i.c. SB203580 produced exactly opposite effects. None of the LPS effects was altered after i.c. PD98059 (MAPKERK1/2inhibitor). Overall, central MAPKs/PI3K/sGC pathways variably contribute to the TNF-α/iNOS-dependent reductions in BP and HRV seen during endotoxic shock.