bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Western Marmarica Coastal Survey 2009: preliminary report
Authors: Hulin Linda , Timby Jane , Mutri Giuseppina 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe 2009 season of the Western Marmarica Coastal Survey continued to document the settlement profile of the coastal area east of Tobruk, focussing upon the area around Marsa Lukk. Rock art was documented in the Wadi el-'Ayn and a number of Early-Mid Holocene sites were located there and to the west of Marsa Lukk. The survey continued to locate kiln sites of the Mid-Late Roman period. Two fortified sites were documented, spanning the Late Roman to Early Islamic period.
A Token of Personal Religion brought to Cyrenec.525 BC
Authors: Wright G. R. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper reconsiders a scarab seal inscribed in the Cypriote syllabary and acquired at Cyrene in the mid-nineteenth century by the French consul Vattier de Bourville. The circumstances and period of its acquisition rule out the possibility of forgery, and the scarab is stylistically datable to the late sixth century BC. The flight of Queen Pheretima to Cyprus, and her subsequent return to Cyrene, are suggested as a possible context in which the seal may have arrived at Cyrene—perhaps as a token of personal religion of the queen herself. The seal shows Bes as Master of the Animals, reflecting a fusion of Levantine and Egyptian influences in Cypriote iconography.
Hadrian and the Renewal of Cyrene
Authors: Walker Susan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the impact on Cyrene of the Jewish Revolt of AD 115/6. Cyrene was particularly vulnerable to attack because of its status as regional capital and its inland location. The task of regeneration fell to Hadrian. Besides reconstructing buildings key to the resumption of Roman public life, Hadrian sent colonists to Cyrenaica, and exhorted the surviving population to assume the burden of reconstruction. By the late Antonine era, the population was restored and Cyrene entirely redeveloped in a striking amalgam of the latest fashions in architectural design and a deliberately conservative evocation of the city's Dorian origins.
A late mid-Roman African red slip ware lamp from Sabratha and lamp production at Djilma (central Tunisia)
Authors: Mackensen Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA central Tunisian red slip ware lamp from Sabratha, published by D. M. Bailey in 1994, should be classified as Type Salomonson I/Atlante I. Its discus decoration is a personification of Autumn, a standing female figure with a basket of fruit as a seasonal attribute and a Cupid (Eros) sitting on it. The prototype of the moulded decoration motif appears as an appliqué on a Hayes 171 el-Aouja sigillata jug of C1 quality. The lamp, which probably dates from the third quarter of the third century or the late third century AD, was subjected to chemical analysis and comparison with recently published reference groups from central Tunisian pottery-making centres showed that it was made at the central Tunisian fine-ware potteries at Henchir el Guellal near Djilma. A/D and C1-C4 sigillata as well as Type Atlante IV A, VI B, VII A1, VII A2 and VIII C1a lamps were produced there from about the second quarter of the third century until the mid fifth century AD.
Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the Spring 2002 season
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Bennett Paul , Buzaian Ahmed , Buttrey Ted , Göransson Kristian , Hall Cassian , Kattenberg Alette , Scott Rebecca , Swift Keith , Zimi Eleni 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe fourth season of the current project at Euesperides (Benghazi) took place in Spring 2002. Excavations continued in Areas P, Q and R, accompanied by limited augering work to determine the limits of surviving archaeology to the south of the Sidi Abeid mound. Excavations in Area P revealed part of a courtyard house from the penultimate phase of the site, with a probableandronandgunaikon. Its destruction is dated to after 261 BC. In Area Q work concentrated on the dismantling of street deposits and associated flanking houses from the later phases of the city's life; a soakaway drainage feature under the street was also investigated. The sequence of city wall circuits and their post-abandonment robbing was clarified. In Area R excavations established the structure of the mound of deposits deriving from the production of purple dye fromMurex trunculusshellfish, and its relationship to the robbed-out walls of the courtyard building within which this activity occurred. The processing of ceramic finds underlines the active trading contacts enjoyed by Euesperides, with most of the fine pottery and a fifth of the coarse pottery being imported from overseas, and transport amphorae ranging in origin from the Straits of Gibraltar to the northern Aegean. The coin finds confirm that the city was abandoned after the death of Magas (258/250 BC); and it appears that the Herakles types, common at the site, were minted there under Thibron (323–322/322 BC).
Euesperides (Benghazi): Preliminary report on the spring 2000 season
Authors: Bennett Paul , Wilson Andrew I. , Buzaian Ahmed , Hamilton Kenneth , Thorpe David , Robertson Dale , Zimi Eleni 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper reports on the second season of the new fieldwork at Euesperides (Benghazi). Excavations continued in Areas P (a large building with early Hellenistic mosaics) and Q (an area of streets and buildings built against the line of the Archaic period city wall), and were commenced at a site in the Lower City (Area R), where evidence for purple dye production from the Murex trunculus shellfish was found. In addition, a programme of machine-cut evaluation trenching was carried out in an area to the south of the Sidi Abeid mound to determine the limits of the archaeological area; this showed that occupation deposits continued for some distance to the south-east of the zone formerly considered to have encompassed the city. Geophysical prospection was completed in the Lower City, giving a fuller understanding of the city plan and of manufacturing activities. Preliminary quantification of the fine pottery suggests heavy reliance on imported wares (some 90%) to meet demand for tablewares, and carries important implications for the volume of ancient shipping and trade reaching Euesperides.
Archaic Greek colonies in Libya: historicalvs.archaeological chronologies?
Authors: James Peter 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe presently accepted ceramic chronology places the earliest episodes of Greek colonisation in Libya some three to four decades earlier than the traditional historical dates. A similar offset between the archaeological and historical chronologies can be seen at Naukratis and other Archaic Greek sites. A review of ‘fixed points’ for Archaic dating shows that the balance of evidence now strongly favours a reduction of late seventh to early sixth century BC Greek ceramic chronology by three to four decades. Such a reduction would bring harmony between the archaeological and historical pictures for the founding of the Cyrenaican colonies, restoring confidence in the account given by Herodotus.
A killing in Tripoli (1843): principle and contingency and personal diplomacy
Authors: Pennell C. R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article examines the trial in 1843 and 1844 of Giovanni Battista Caruana, a Maltese, for the murder of a Jew in Tripoli. He was found guilty but was not executed because the victim's impoverished wife agreed to accept compensation. The case took place against the background of the British government's increasing impatience with what they saw as uncontrolled Maltese and Ionian communities, leading to the enactment of the Foreign Jurisdiction Act of 1844. It also demonstrated the importance of the individual authority of the Consul, Hanmer Warrington, and the extent to which consuls' personal objectives and opinions weighed on the development of British policy, and the extent to which Warrington's concern to uphold the law coincided with that of the Pasha of Tripoli, so that the case led to a close identification between the local government and the British consular representative.
Cyrene Papers: The First Report. The Documents
Authors: Uhlenbrock Jaimee P. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOver the course of the last nine years, a large number of documents have come to light that chronicle more fully American interest in Cyrenaica in the 1880s and in the first two decades of this century. The documents mainly pertain to the 1910–1911 archaeological excavation of Cyrene by Richard Norton on behalf of the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston and the Archaeological Institute of America, during the course of which Herbert Fletcher DeCou, staff epigrapher, was fatally shot. But the material also refers to hitherto unnoticed American visits to Cyrenaica for archaeological purposes in 1883 and 1887, as well as the first official American expedition in the spring of 1909. While some of these papers are already well known and also have been the source of several studies regarding the murder of DeCou, most of the material has remained largely unexplored by scholars interested in Cyrenaica. For this reason they are presented here with the expectation that future articles on specific aspects of the Cyrene papers will be forthcoming shortly.
The Fezzan Project 1998: preliminary report on the second season of work
Authors: Mattingly David J. , al-Mashai Mohammed , Aburgheba Hamza , Balcombe Phil , Eastaugh Edward , Gillings Mark , Leone Anna , McLaren Sue , Owen Peter , Peiling Ruth , Reynolds Tim , Stirling Lea , Thomas David , Watson Derek , Wilson Andrew I. , White Kevin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Fezzan Project is investigating the last 10,000 years of human settlement, landscape evolution and climatic change in the Germa region in southern Libya. The second season in February–March 1998 comprised interdisciplinary research in archaeology and geography, centred around excavation and survey work carried out at the site of Old Germa. To date, three phases of mud brick buildings have been partially explored. In addition, wider geomorphological study and archaeological survey and fieldwalking were carried out elsewhere in the Germa/Twesh oasis and around el-Hatiya. Numerous sites were discovered, including a new hillfort of Zinchecra type and several valley centre ‘villages’ of Garamantian/Roman date. Artefactual studies were carried out on pottery and lithics, animal bones and seeds. Further work on the subterranean irrigation features, thefoggaras, have confirmed their pre-Islamic origins.
Appendix – Rock-Carvings at Kharsah Fadel
Authors: Mohamed Fadel Ali 
Published: February 2016

[Dr Fadel was kind enough to provide the information given below at very short notice in two notes, one in English and one in Arabic (which was originally translated for us by Raymond Stock, M.A., Asian and Middle Eastern Department, University of Pennsylvania). The contents of the two notes have been combined here, after helpful discussion with Dr Hafid Walda of King's College London. We look forward to a more complete presentation of this important site in the near future (D.W., J.M.R.).]The rock-carvings which are the subject of this note were found in 1980 when a group of amateur archaeologists from Derna discovered an ancient site near modern Kharsah (in antiquity the small harbour of Chersis, Ptolemy,Geog.IV.2). The group, consisting of Faraj Al-Mzaini, Mustapha Ab-Shiha, Abdulla Ben Umran, Murzook Husain and Salheen Mansuri, observed traces of ancient occuption on the summit of the coastal hill known as Ras el-Gemal (Camel's Head),c. 20 km west of Derna, near the offshore island identifiable as ancient Aphrodisias (S. Stucchi,Architettura Cirenaica[Roma 1975] 108, n. 3), and beside a small wadi bringing water to the sea from the Gebel to the south. On the hill, which is a rocky outcrop full of caves, Mr Ramadan Kwaider, Inspector in Charge of Museums in the Department of Antiquities at Shahat, reported rock-cut representations of animals. They include long-horned cattle, certainly a cow (fig. 5), perhaps a bull, although this may be a Barbary sheep (fig. 6), along with an animal that resembles an elephant, drawn below the cow, at the bottom of the carved area – it is very small, but the space available was very small.
L'iconografia e il culto di Aristeo a Cirene
Authors: Vittozzi Serena Ensoli 
Published: February 2016

Lo studio prende avvio dal rinvenimento di una statuetta fittile nel Santuario cireneo di Apollo sulla Myrtousa, che riproduce un giovane in posizione stante con una cornucopia nel braccio sinistro piegato e appoggiato ad un'erma e con un oggetto nella mano destra portata in basso lungo il fianco (Fig. 1).La terracotta è stata scoperta nel corso dei sondaggi stratigrafici eseguiti sulla fronte del Tempietto di Afrodite, situato sulla Terrazza Inferiore della Myrtousa immediatamente a Nord-Est dei Propilei Greci e ad Est del Donario degli Strateghi (Figg. 2, 11.1–2). Le ricerche, nate come parte del programma di lavoro sul propileo d'ingresso al sacro temenos, sull'area monumentale ad esso circostante e sul percorso della Via Sacra, hanno consentito di precisare la cronologia delle fasi costruttive del tempietto anche in relazione alle successive sistemazioni di questa parte della Terrazza Inferiore.La statuetta, ricomposta da più frammenti, si conserva per un'altezza massima di cm 20 e una larghezza di cm 11,5, mancando della parte inferiore della figura a partire da poco sopra l'articolazione delle ginocchia, di gran parte della mano sinistro con l'attributo, del collo e del corpo squadrato dell'erma (Figg. 1.1–1.4).La figura, nuda, con il mantello avvolto attorno al braccio sinistro, insiste sulla gamba destra, mentre la sinistro è leggermente divaricata e probabilmente in origine era un poco flessa. La testa, dal volto carnoso, da cui emergono i salienti del naso, della piccola bocca e del mento, è vista lievemente di tre quarti verso sinistro. La capigliatura è disposta intorno alla fronte con un addensamento di riccioli lavorati a massa. Sul torso sono ben dis-tinguibili i muscoli pettorali, l'addome con l'ombelico e la linea inguinale con il pube.
Reconstructing the discoveries of Alan Rowe at Cyrene
Authors: Thorn James Copland 
Published: February 2016

Alan Rowe excavated on four campaigns in the Cyrene necropoleis from 1952–1957, but his final publications were incomplete and misleading, and the original records were apparently lost prior to his death in 1968. This is an account of the attempt to re-assess what he found, and of the project to present his discoveries in a more useful form.The importance of Rowe's work is that he was the first person to make an extensive archaeological study of the monuments and tombs of the four necropoleis of Cyrene. His predecessors in the 19th century limited their activities to a few individual tombs mainly around Wadi Haleg Shaloof and Wadi Bel Gadir. The first archaeological excavation this century, undertaken by Richard Norton in 1911 on the western slope of Wadi Haleg Shaloof (Norton 1911, 160), its extent unmatched until Rowe's campaigns forty years later, received only preliminary publication and the material found is mainly lost. The only other archaeological work undertaken in the necropoleis was by Oliverio in 1925 on Tomb N.1, whose artifacts are also now lost, and by Burton Brown who excavated two sarcophagi and a Roman burial in 1947 on the slopes of the Northern Necropolis; the artifacts discovered then have not been seen since publication (Burton Brown 1948, 148–152 figs. I–II). After Rowe's campaigns, Professor Beschi excavated two tombs in 1963 (Beschi 1972, 150–168, 186–196). There has been some survey since, but no formal excavation.
Il Forum–Caesareum di Cirene e la moderna riscoperta
Authors: Luni M. 
Published: February 2016

Agli inizi dell'Ottocento si assiste al sorgere e al diffondersi di particolare interesse da parte di esponenti della cultura e della diplomazia internazionale verso gli imponenti resti archeologici di Cirene e di altre città della Tripolitania e della Cirenaica, che diventano meta di visita. Nella circostanza vengono in genere compilati diari di viaggio e relazioni, spesso illustrati da disegni di monumenti antichi e talvolta anche da preziose carte topografiche in cui sono evidenziate ampie aree di affioramento di ruderi e tracce superstiti di viabilità cittadina ed extraurbana.Si tratta generalmente di documentazione poco omogenea, talvolta occasionale e frutto di osservazioni del tutto personali. Di estrema rilevanza sono comunque i dati che è possibile desumere da questo tipo di ‘fonte’, spesso dovuti allo spirito di osservazione di personaggi dai vasti interessi e anche a casualità, ma sempre assai utili a comprendere il clima di indagine pionieristica della prima metà dell'Ottocento e le tappe decisive della riscoperta di Cirene.La città, per altro, era nota alla cultura storico-archeologica dell'epoca attraverso la documentazione costituita dalle fonti letterarie classiche (una delle prime sintesi è in Thrige, 1819). Esse costituiscono un valido supporto di base che accompagna vari viaggiatori nella ricerca del sito su cui sorgeva Cirene e della sua antica conformazione. Gli appunti di viaggio in seguito vengono ulteriormente elaborati e prendono corpo in opere che hanno avuto in qualche caso ampia fortuna in Europa e che hanno costituito il primo fondamento della moderna conoscenza e del rifiorire degli studi e delle ricerche sulla ‘Atene d'Africa’.
An Inscribed Stone from the Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in the Wadi Belgadir at Cyrene: Cult, Corn and Roman Revenues
Authors: Mohamed Fadel Ali , Reynolds Joyce 
Published: February 2016

In winter 1987–8 Mr Ramadan Kwaider of the Department of Antiquities at Cyrene found a marble block, inscribed on three faces, in die lower levels of the Extramural Sanctuary of Demeter and Kore in the Wadi Belgadir; it had been uncovered by a combination of burrowing foxes and winter rains, and is now, by his prompt action, safe in Cyrene Museum (inv. no. 3480). Our preliminary report on it is awaiting publication inLibya Antiqua; we offer here the three texts, with discussion of some of their points of interest.The history of the block, which was three times re-used, is a vivid reminder of the value of marble at Cyrene, all of it imported and therefore very rarely to be discarded when out of date or damaged, if it could be made to serve another turn. Its findspot solves an uncertainty about the attribution of some other inscriptions to the Wadi Belgadir Sanctuary. More significantly still, it provides a new and suggestive document relating to Roman taxation in Cyrenaica.Only the third and final inscription on the block (Fig. 1) can be said with certainty to belong to the sanctuary. This was cut on a face which measures w. 0.97 m × ht. 0.35 m × d. 0.23 m and was dressed with a claw chisel, but not polished. The letters (ht. average 0.04 m) were lightly cut, rather narrow for their height, in a style dateable approximately to the Hadrianic and early Antonine periods; but although the layout, with quite careful centering, is respectable, the cutting is light so that the letters would only be easily legible if over-painted. The top surface, when the block is in this position, has been hollowed out, presumably for the insertion of the base carrying the statue implied by the text.
Statuette in Calcare da Bu Senab
Authors: Fabbricotti Emanuela 
Published: February 2016

Nel Magazzino del Museo di Cirene vi sono numerose statuette in calcare, purtroppo acefale, rappresentanti uomini e forse donne con in mano offerte o attributi vari. Dovevano, quando intere, raggiungere un'altezza di circa cm. 50/60. Molte sono senza numero d'inventario e quindi senza indicazione della provenienza. Alcune sono immortalate in vecchie lastre fotografiche del magazzino-museo di Barce e provengono da Bu Senab. Riproducono i pezzi come erano dopo il ritrovamento, in condizioni notevolmente migliori. Di questi molti sono oggi scomparsi così come tutte le teste ed alcuni frammenti. Quelle conservate sono: (le descrizioni sono state fatte durante l'esame diretto delle statue e pertanto non sempre corrispondono alle fotografie eseguite dopo il ritrovamento).Nelle vecchie lastre di Barce vi erano altre statuette poi disperse: un togato (Fig. 14), un cavaliere a cavallo (Fig. 15), due personaggi maschili (Figg. 15 e 17) con mantello gettato dietro le spalle (uno dei quali con una pecora accanto), uno con il solito oggetto piegato ad angolo retto (Fig. 18), due con in mano un vitellino (Figg. 19 e 20), due frammenti della parte inferiore di personaggi panneggiati (Figg. 21 e 22), sette teste (Figg. 23–27) (otto con quella del n. 2), molti frammenti di basi con piedi umani (vedi Fig. 13) e zampe caprine ed altri poco leggibili.
Is El Merj the Site of Ancient Barqa?: Current Excavations in Context
Authors: Dore J. N. 
Published: February 2016

Since 1989, the Society for Libyan Studies has been carrying out, in conjunction with the Libyan Department of Antiquities, excavation and fieldwork in El Merj (Dore 1990, 1991, 1992) which is held to be the site of two earlier towns named Barqa (also spelled Barca and Barka), one of medieval date and the other Greek, as also of a Roman-period village. In this paper I wish to review critically the evidence for the identification of El Merj as medieval Barqa.The broad outline of the case is as follows: a town called Barqa is mentioned by a considerable number of medieval authors writing in Arabic. To judge from them the town flourished between the ninth and eleventh centuries AD but declined thereafter. The association of the names Barqa and El Merj with a single site seems to stem from one author, Ibn Sa 'id, writing in the thirteenth century, though even he is tentative in his identification (see below). After the fourteenth century there is a period which is devoid of information. By the eighteenth century the town(s) of Barqa/El Merj had disappeared (i.e. ceased to be inhabited) but local memory preserved the name and location of El Merj because Pacho visited its ruins and recorded the name in 1825 (see below). About twenty years after this a new town called El Merj began to grow up around a castle newly built by the Ottoman authorities on the remains of an earlier town. This town was called Barce by the Italians but reverted to being called El Merj after the second world war, and was finally destroyed by an earthquake in 1963.
Excavation and Fieldwork amongst the Garamantes
Authors: Daniels C. M. 
Published: February 2016

The Garamantes exercised a powerful hold upon the Mediterranean imagination during the early and high Empire (Daniels 1970; Desanges 1962; Merighi 1940; Romanelli 1959; Ruprechtsburger, forthcoming). Remote and beyond the southern limits of the African provinces, they represented the mythical south, only accessible after perilous desert travel; they were inextricably interwoven in people's minds with swarming serpents, fabulous fountains and precious stones, with the silent noon tide of the terrifying desert and such inhuman creatures as men with no voices or no heads, strapfoots, Goat-Pans and Satyrs (Pliny, N.H. 5.1.7).The reality of Roman contact with them was no less exotic. The last entry of all in the Fasti Triumphales (CIL I2, p. 50) on the Arch of Augustus in the Roman Forum commemorates a triumph celebrated on 27th March 734 A.V.C. (19 BC) by L. Cornelius Balbus, ex Africa: below, the stone surface remains rough and no further names follow. But Balbus' honour was much more noteworthy for he was not even a Roman by birth (PIR2 C1331; Thomasson 1960, 11). Like his famous uncle, Caesar's Balbus, he was a full-blooded Spaniard hailing from Cadiz (Gades) — and the only foreigner ever to be accorded a triumph, the Elder Pliny informs us (N.H. 5.5.36). His rise to fame came about through a steadfast devotion to Caesar's cause, for which he was ultimately rewarded by Augustus with consular rank (Velleius 2.51.3), and became Proconsul of Africa in ?20 BC (Syme 1939, 80, 235, 325, 339, 367).