bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
132 Evaluation of a phytogenic feed additive containing garlic, clove, and capsicum oleoresin on the health and performance of newly received, high-risk calves
Authors: Wilson Blake K , Owen Natally , Heldt Jeff S 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Abstract:
The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effects of a phytogenic feed additive (PHYT) on the health and performance of newly-received, high-risk calves. Auction market derived crossbred beef steers and bulls (n = 712; initial body weight; BW = 239 ± 6.8 kg) were stratified by sex, blocked by BW, and randomly allocated to experimental treatments (n = 9 pens per treatment; n = 24 to 29 calves per pen). Experimental treatments included: a control diet (CON), 250 mg · steer⁻¹ · d⁻¹ of PHYT (PHYT250), or 500 mg · steer ⁻¹ · d⁻¹ of PHYT (PHYT500). Pen served as the experimental unit for all dependent variables. Contrasts were performed for PHYT inclusion (PHYT250 and PHYT500 vs. CON). No differences in BW existed between treatments throughout the experiment (P ≥ 0.20; PHYT vs. CON P ≥ 0.11). In the overall model, no differences (P ≥ 0.23) in average daily gain (ADG) existed between CON, PHYT250, or PHYT500. However, when comparing PHTY to the CON, ADG tended to be less in the calves receiving CON from d 0 through d 14 (P = 0.09). No differences in dry matter intake (DMI) existed between treatments throughout the experiment (P ≥ 0.27; PHYT vs. CON P ≥ 0.13). While there was no difference in gain to feed (G:F) in the overall model (P ≥ 0.26), the tendency observed for a difference in ADG from d 0 through d 14 did result in a similar tendency for G:F across the same interval when comparing PHYT to the CON (PHYT vs. CON P ≥ 0.10). A difference was observed in the percentage of steers treated once for bovine respiratory disease (BRD; P = 0.02), with CON being treated more frequently than PHYT500, while PHYT250 was intermediate and similar to both CON and PHYT500. When comparing PHYT to the CON, there was a decrease in the percentage of steers receiving PHYT to be treated once for BRD (P = 0.01). However, there were no differences in either the percentage of steers treated twice for BRD or the in the percentage of total BRD treatments administered (P ≥ 0.29; PHYT vs. CON P ≥ 0.14). The mortality percentage and the percentage of steers removed from the study were not different (P ≥ 0.16; PHYT vs. CON P ≥ 0.14); however, there tended to be more combined mortalities and removals for steers receiving PHYT than the CON (P = 0.08; PHYT vs. CON P = 0.09), with PHYT500 and CON tending to be different, and PHYT250 being intermediate and similar to both PHYT500 and CON. In summary, PHYT did not impact overall performance, but did reduce initial antimicrobial treatments for BRD.
125 Could yeast derivatives change beef cattle water intake in different scenarios?
Authors: Reis William , Bonato Melina A , Pacheco Rodrigo , de Paula Nelcino F , Souza Fernando Augusto 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Adequate water intake is linked to greater dry matter intake, heat loss, and productivity. To measure the water intake of beef cattle reared in groups, two experiments were carried out in Brazil (South East/Middle East) using water throughs coupled with scales (Intergado, Betim, Brazil) and RFID individual identification systems, allowing the recording of individual water intake of animals. In experiment 1, young bulls (n = 96; 105 d on feed - feedlot) were randomly assigned to four treatments: 1) Control, no yeast derivative; 2) AY – 7 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, Autolyzed Yeast grown on sugarcane molasses (RumenYeast, ICC, Brazil); 3) YM – 3 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, yeast rich in soluble Yeast Metabolites; 4) YB – 5 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, Yeast Blend (live Yeast plus autolyzed Yeast). Diets (adaptation, growing, and finishing) x treatments were treated as fixed effects on the complete randomized design. In experiment 2, backgrounding bull calves (n = 32) reared on grazing and 710 g/d of protein supplements (90 d) were randomly assigned to two treatments: 1) Control, no yeast derivative; 2) AY – 7 g·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹, Autolyzed Yeast (RumenYeast), the means were subjected to ANOVA analyses. In both experiments, additives were inserted into the diet (mineral premix or supplement), animals were the experimental unit, and differences were declared significant at P &lt; 0.05. Yeast derivatives increased (P &lt; 0.05) water intake in both experiments (Figure 1). The average increment in water intake (L·animal⁻¹·d⁻¹ was 13.9%. Interestingly, the increment in relation to control was noted for all yeast derivatives and scenarios covered by the experiments (feedlot adaptation diet, feedlot growing diet, feedlot finishing diet, and grazing system). Until now, there seems to be no literature explanation for our findings. However, these results could help to explain the positive effects of yeast derivatives on rumen pH, protein microbial flow, and thermal stress since greater water intake increases the passage rate of rumen fluid and body heat loss. Statistical correlations may not be understood as a cause-consequence link. However, when dealing with a new question, correlations may give us a path to go on and investigate. Malheiros et al. (2023) noted a negative correlation between water intake and rumen dimethylamine. Autolyzed yeast can strongly decrease the concentration of rumen methylamines in cows facing subacute acidosis (Humer et al., 2018). Niacin metabolism should also be investigated since its supplementation enhances cows’ blood niacin levels and water intake. Yeast derivatives are rich in niacin, and autolyzed yeast supplementation can increase blood niacin and body heat loss during summer (Dias et al., 2018), probably increasing water need. In conclusion, yeast derivatives increased the water intake of beef cattle, and this finding adds to the understanding of how yeast derivatives supplementation benefits ruminants.
197 Hepatic mRNA expression of innate and adaptive immune genes in beef steers with divergent residual body weight gain
Authors: Ologunagba Deborah , Idowu Modoluwamu , Taiwo Godstime A , Sidney Taylor S , Treon Emily , Eichie Francisca , Ogunade Ibukun M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Immune function has a pivotal role in dictating the overall health and productivity of cattle. In a proficient immune system, the liver assumes an integral function in detoxification and metabolic processes and contributes substantially to overall production and immunity. In this study, we evaluated the hepatic mRNA expression of genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity in crossbred beef steers with positive or negative residual body weight (BW) gain (RADG). Positive-RADG beef steers (n = 8; RADG = 0.76 kg/d) and negative-RADG beef steers (n = 8; RADG = -0.64 kg/d) were identified from a group of 108 growing crossbred beef steers (average BW = 286 ± 380kg) after a 56-d performance testing period. At the end of the 56-d period, liver tissue samples were collected from the beef steers for RNA extraction and cDNA synthesis. The mRNA expression of 84 genes involved in innate and adaptive immunity were analyzed using pathway-focused PCR-based arrays. The mRNA expression of genes with false discovery rate-adjusted P-values (FDR) ≤ 0.05 and absolute fold change (FC) ≥ 1.2 were determined to be differentially expressed. Out of the 84 genes analyzed, four genes [interleukin (IL)-2, MYD88, CD-80, NFkB-1] were differentially expressed and were all upregulated in positive compared with negative-RADG beef steers. Gene ontology pathway enrichment analysis of the differentially expressed genes revealed that pathways related to positive regulation of IL-17 production, cellular response to lipopolysaccharide, and positive regulation of lymphocyte activation were enriched in the positive-RADG steers (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, our study revealed that positive-RADG beef steers had increased expression of genes and pathways involved in pathogen recognition and initiation of responses to effectively fight off infections while mitigating excess inflammatory reactions compared with negative-RADG steers, which might explain, in part, the improved feed efficiency of these beef animals
196 Metabolic characteristics and truly digestible nutrient supply to dairy cows: Effect of oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type)
Authors: Deng Ganqi , Christensen David , Lardner H (Bart) A , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate effects of oat varieties and types (feed type vs. milling type) on metabolic characteristics, truly digestible nutrient supply, and feed milk value (FMV). Twelve samples [4 varieties (Arborg, Haymaker, Nasser, Summit) × 3 harvested years (2018, 2019, 2020)] were used in this study. The DVE/OEB system and NRC-2001 system were applied to evaluate these parameters. The experiment design was RCBD design (oat varieties as a fixed effect and harvested year as a random block effect). MIXED procedure model of SAS 9.4 was used for statistical analysis, and significance was declared at P &lt; 0.05 and tendency at 0.05 ≤ P &lt; 0.1. Based on the DVE/OEB system, results showed that microbial protein synthesized in the rumen based on available nitrogen (MREN, g/kg DM), microbial protein synthesized in the rumen based on available energy (MREE, g/kg DM), truly absorbed microbial protein in the small intestine (DVME, g/kg DM), truly digested protein in the small intestine (DVE, g/kg DM) and feed milk value (FMV, kg milk /kg feed) of Nasser oat were least in these four varieties although Nasser oat had no significant differences on MREN content with Arborg and Summit oat. Nasser oat had highest endogenous protein loss (ENDP, g/kg DM) and undigested dry matter (UDM, g/kg DM) in these four oat varieties (P &lt; 0.05). Nasser oat also had the largest degraded protein balance (OEB, g/kg DM) value compared with Arborg, Haymaker and Summit oat, and all the OEB values were positive indicating having potential N losses from rumen. There were significant differences in the MREE, DVME, ENDP, UDM, DVE, OEB and FMV between feed oat and milling oat (P &lt; 0.05), and feed oat had larger OEB values than milling oat. Based on the NRC-2001 model, oat varieties had significant impact on microbial protein synthesized in the rumen based on available energy (MCPTDN, g/kg DM), microbial protein synthesized in the rumen based on available protein (MCPRDPNRC, g/kg DM) and truly absorbed microbial protein in the small intestine (AMCP, g/kg DM; P &lt; 0.05). Haymaker oat had higher metabolizable protein (MP) and FMV than Summit oat (P &lt; 0.05), and had similar MP and FMV with Arborg and Nasser oat. As for the oat types, no significant differences were found on all the characteristics between feed type and milling type, and feed oat had better FMV compared with milling oat.
246 The influence of supplemental alfalfa pellet levels on beef cattle grazing winter foothill rangelands
Authors: Hamilton Thomas , Wyffels Sam , Kluth Janessa A , Peterson Jeremiah , Davis Noah G , DelCurto Timothy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study evaluated the influences of graded levels of supplemental alfalfa pellets on beef cattle performance during mid-late gestation of multiparous beef cows. Angus based bred cows (n = 120) were used in an 84-d winter grazing experiment that took place on native foothill rangelands. Cattle were stratified by age and body condition and, within stratum, randomly assigned to one of four treatments: 1) no supplement, 2) cows fed 0.76 kg×d-1 supplement, 3) cows fed 1.52 kgּ d-1 supplement, and 4) cows fed 2.27 kgּ d-1 supplement. Protein supplement fed was a 18% CP alfalfa pellet. Cows were gathered 3-times weekly and provided supplement on a replicated pen basis. Supplement was provided through d 84 and then cows were introduced to a common diet until d 203. Performance data was analyzed as a completely randomized design with linear and quadratic contrasts used for mean separation (reps = 5; n = 6). Body weights (BW) and body condition score (BCS) were recorded every 28-d period throughout the study and at 203 d post calving, calf BW were obtained at birth. A treatment × period interaction was detected for BW change (P &lt; 0.01), where increasing protein supplementation resulted in linear increase in BW gains (P &lt; 0.01) relative to the control treatment, with BW change ranging from -23.6 kg for control cattle to 14.64 kg in the cattle fed the high level of supplementation. BCS change also exhibited a linear response for all four BW periods (P &lt; 0.01) where cattle from the control treatment expressed a -0.49 loss of BCS over the duration of the study while high supplemented cattle-maintained condition only losing 0.02. No difference in calf BW was observed between the control and any supplemental treatments (P = 0.30) with an overall BW average of 38.37 kg. In conclusion, increasing levels of supplemental protein resulted in linear improvements of both BW and BCS of grazing beef cattle during the winter. These differences observed were then maintained throughout d 203 after all cattle were introduced to a common management regime. Birth weights of calves were not affected by the level of protein supplementation.
257 Total degradable and undegradable protein and carbohydrate supply to dairy cows from the newly developed blended fat stimulated feed product in comparison with commercial protein and energy feeds
Authors: Ihsan Umair , Prates Luciana , Newkirk Rex N , Lardner H (Bart) A , Rodríguez Espinosa María E , Yu Peiqiang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objectives of this study were to determine total rumen degradable and undegradable protein and carbohydrate supply to dairy cows from the newly developed value-added blended fat stimulated feed product (BFSFP) in comparison with commercial protein and energy feeds. The new blended fat stimulated feed products with three-batch samples (BFSFP1, BFSFP2, BFSFP3) were developed. Barley grain samples (n = 3) and canola meal samples (n = 3) were obtained from Canadian Feed Research Center. Total rumen degradable and undegradable protein and carbohydrate supply to dairy cows were determined using the updated Cornell Net Carbohydrate and Protein System. The treatment design was a one-way structure. The experimental design was a CRD with feed treatments as a fixed effect. The data were analyzed using the Mixed model procedure of SAS. Tukey method was used for mean separation. The results showed that compared with commercially available energy-rich and protein-rich feeds, the BFSFP had less (P &lt; 0.05) total degradable protein supply to dairy cows (TRDP: 17.0 vs. 23.9, 7.4%DM) and total undegradable protein supply (TRUP: 13.9 vs. 17.8, 5.1%DM) than canola meal and greater than barley grain. For carbohydrate degradable and undegradable supply to dairy cows, the results showed that the BFSFP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) total degradable carbohydrate supply to dairy cows (TRUC) than canola meal and less than barley grain (TRDC: 26.0 vs. 20.8, 56.6%DM, respectively). The BFSFP had greater total undegradable carbohydrate supply (TRUC) than canola meal and barley grain (supply (TRUC: 30.3 vs. 28.7, 26.6%DM, respectively, P = 0.09).
248 Impacts of sprouted barley on the performance and carcass traits in finishing Angus steers
Authors: Crump Zachary C , Alberto Anthony F , Brown Bailee , Roholt Bryce W , Okamoto Lillian , Thornton-Kurth Kara J , Spurling Ryan A , Ward Robert , Blackett Brady , Harding Rob , Ranathunga Sanjeewa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The growing population, coupled with unpredictable weather patterns, demands that livestock producers think innovatively to improve sustainability. Producers are interested in innovative practices and technology, such as controlled environment farming to sprout cereal grains that can be fed to livestock. However, little research has determined the effects of giving these feeds to finishing beef steers. As such, Angus steers (n = 60) were stratified by body weight (BW; 385 kg ± 10.3) to receive two different diets (n = 30/diet). The control (CON) diet was a traditional finishing ration for the region, whereas the other included 20% (dry matter; DM) sprouted barley (SB) in place of corn silage. Animals were fed for 128 d in pens with Vytelle units to measure intake and feeding behavior. On d 0, 30, 60, 90, and 128 BW, ruminal fluid, and ultrasound measurements were taken. Liver score (LS) and typical carcass data were collected from a commercial harvest facility. Statistical analyses used the MIXED procedure of SAS to assess the main effect of diet for all measurements collected over time. Dry matter intake (DMI), feed efficiency (gain to feed; G:F), ruminal volatile fatty acid (VFA) composition, and feeding behavior were run as repeated measures. No differences (P = 0.37) in BW gain were found between steers receiving different diets, but steers receiving SB had decreased (P &lt; 0.0001) DMI throughout the trial compared with CON. This decrease in DMI drove a diet × day effect (P = 0.004) for G:F such that SB had increased (P ≤ 0.04) G:F on d 0 and 60, but no effect (P ≥ 0.52) was observed at d 90 or 128. Steers receiving the CON diet spent more (P &lt; 0.0001) time at the feed bunk than those receiving the SB diet, which supports the observation that steers receiving the CON had an increased DMI. Ruminal pH, total VFA concentration, acetate:propionate, percent propionate, and percent butyrate were each impacted by diet × day (P ≤ 0.007). The only carcass trait impacted by diet was yield grade (YG), where steers receiving the SB diet had an increased (P &lt; 0.03) YG compared with CON. These results demonstrate that replacing corn silage with SB in the ration of finishing steers has some effect on ruminal VFA composition, DMI, G:F, and USDAYG. Due to decreased DMI, SB steers had increased feed efficiency which could potentially have a positive economic impact for producers. However, additional analysis is needed to further determine if these systems are economically viable in a production setting.
247 Interaction between colostrum and milk replacer supply on growth, development and fecal consistency of dairy surplus calves
Authors: Munera Juanita Echeverry , Marti Sonia , Steele Michael A , Devant Maria , Martín-Tereso Javier , Leal Leonel N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study examined the interactions between early life nutrition strategies and their impact on growth, development, and fecal consistency in surplus bull calves. Holstein-Friesian bull calves [n = 120; body weight (BW) = 43.1±3.56 kg] were enrolled. In the first 12 h after birth, calves were fed either 2 L (100 g of IgG) or 6L (300 g of IgG) of colostrum replacer (CR) to obtain either failure (F) or successful (S) transfer of passive immunity, respectively. Upon arrival at the facility, serum IgG concentrations were measured; therefore, F and S calves were identified accordingly and randomly assigned to one of two milk replacer (MR) feeding schemes: Moderate (Mod; ~8 L) or Low (Low; ~4 L). In total, there were 4 treatments resulting from the 2 × 2 factorial design: F-Mod, F-Low, S-Mod, S-Low (n = 30/treatment). Calves were individually housed and fed twice daily until d 42, gradually weaned until d 56, and had free access to straw and water during the study. On d 22, a calf pelleted starter was offered. To evaluate organ and gastroinstetinal tract development, 10 calves/treatment were euthanized at 84 d of age. Other measurements include weekly BW, daily intakes, and daily fecal score until d 21. Data were analyzed by PROC MIXED in SAS accounting for the fixed effects of block, CR, MR, and time, and their interaction. Time entered the model as a repeated statement, and initial BW was used as a covariable when appropriate. Initial BW was not different across treatments, whereas serum IgG was greater in S calves (S = 1,962.9 vs. F = 941.0 mg IgG/dL). During the study, BW was influenced by both CR (P = 0.001) and MR (P &lt; 0.001), where S and Mod calves consistently exhibited greater BW when compared with F and Low calves, respectively. At d 84, Mod calves (F-Mod and S-Mod) were on average 18 kg heavier than Low calves. Similarly, Mod calves exhibited greater fresh tissue weights in the liver, pancreas, spleen, and both the small and large intestines (P &lt; 0.05). Starter intake was influenced by MR (P &lt; 0.001), with Low calves having the greatest intake before and during weaning. However, post-weaning starter intake was greater (P = 0.010) in Mod calves. Fecal consistency was influenced by CR (P = 0.001) and MR (P &lt; 0.001), with S and Low calves having improved fecal consistency. Although no interactions were observed between CR and MR, these findings underscore the importance of considering both colostrum and MR levels in calf nutrition management to optimize growth and improve animal welfare during the early stages of life.
354 Zinc supplementation prior to transit and transit duration effects on feedlot performance and muscle fatigue of beef steers: Part II – Feeding Behavior
Authors: Ortner Brock M , Baumhover Allison M , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , Thomson Daniel U , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study assessed the effects of supplemental Zn on cattle feeding behavior after varying transit duration. Angus crossbred steers (80; 265 ± 18 kg) were used in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Steers were assigned to a dietary Zn treatment (DIET) and transit duration (DUR; d 0): Zn0 (no supplemental Zn) or Zn100 (100 mg Zn/kg DM; supplemented as ZnSO4, starting d -42 relative to transit) and short duration (8H; 8 h transit; 707 km) or long duration (18H; 18 h transit; 1608 km). Steers were fed ad libitum via GrowSafe bunks (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdrie, AB, Canada), and steer was experimental unit (n = 1 bunk/pen; n = 5 steers/pen). On d 0, steers were stratified to trailer compartments across diets. The 8H and 18H groups departed at 1000 and 1300 h and returned at 1800 and 0700 h to pre-transit pens, respectively. Following transit, all steers received Zn100. Utilizing GrowSafe Behavior module, a feed event was characterized as a reading with &lt; 300 s interruption with head down (FE-HD; recorded in seconds) and count (number of HD events). Intake rate (g/s) was feed consumed per FE-HD divided by FE-HD duration. Data for the 6-d post transit were analyzed as a complete randomized design utilizing PROC MIXED of SAS 9.4 (SAS Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) with fixed effects DIET, DUR, and DAY as repeated. Pre-transit values served as a covariate. During the week prior to transit, there was a DUR effect for FE-HD average and intake rate (P ≤ 0.03) where 8H had longer FE-HD but reduced intake rate than 18H. There was also a tendency for Zn100 to consume more feed per FE pre-transit (P = 0.07). Post-transit, both average intake and FE-HD average increased with days post-transit (DAY; P ≤ 0.01). Additionally, a DIET × DUR effect was observed for FE-HD count (P = 0.01) where 100 was greater than 0 within 18H and 0 was greater than 100 in 8H. A tendency for a TRT × DAY effect was noted for FE-HD count (P = 0.07) driven by Zn0 decreasing from d 3 to 4. A DUR × DAY effect (P = 0.02) was also noted for FE-HD count where 18H was greater on d 2, 4, and 5. A DUR × DAY effect was observed for FE-HD average (P = 0.01) driven by a d 3 difference where 8H was greater than 18H. Conversely, a DUR × DAY effect was observed for intake rate (P = 0.01) where 18H was greater on d 2, 3, and 6. These data indicate both transit duration and dietary Zn concentration influenced animal behavior post-transit.