bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reduce beam hardening artifacts of polychromatic X-ray computed tomography by an iterative approximation approach
Authors: Shi Hongli , Yang Zhi , Luo Shuqian 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUND: The beam hardening artifact is one of most important modalities of metal artifact for polychromatic X-ray computed tomography (CT), which can impair the image quality seriously. OBJECTIVE: An iterative approach is proposed to reduce beam hardening artifact caused by metallic components in polychromatic X-ray CT. METHODS: According to Lambert-Beer law, the (detected) projections can be expressed as monotonic nonlinear functions of element geometry projections, which are the theoretical projections produced only by the pixel intensities (image grayscale) of certain element (component). With help of a prior knowledge on spectrum distribution of X-ray beam source and energy-dependent attenuation coefficients, the functions have explicit expressions. Newton-Raphson algorithm is employed to solve the functions. The solutions are named as the synthetical geometry projections, which are the nearly linear weighted sum of element geometry projections with respect to mean of each attenuation coefficient. In this process, the attenuation coefficients are modified to make Newton-Raphson iterative functions satisfy the convergence conditions of fixed pointed iteration(FPI) so that the solutions will approach the true synthetical geometry projections stably. The underlying images are obtained using the projections by general reconstruction algorithms such as the filtered back projection (FBP). The image gray values are adjusted according to the attenuation coefficient means to obtain proper CT numbers. RESULTS: Several examples demonstrate the proposed approach is efficient in reducing beam hardening artifacts and has satisfactory performance in the term of some general criteria. In a simulation example, the normalized root mean square difference (NRMSD) can be reduced 17.52% compared to a newest algorithm. CONCLUSIONS: Since the element geometry projections are free from the effect of beam hardening, the nearly linear weighted sum of them, the synthetical geometry projections, are almost free from the effect of beam hardening. By working out the synthetical geometry projections, the proposed approach becomes quite efficient in reducing beam hardening artifacts.
Un atelier monétaire gaulois près de Poitiers : les Rochereaux à Migné-Auxances (Vienne)
Authors: Adamski Frédéric , Benquet Laurence , Fluzin Philippe , Hiernard Jean , Orengo Lionel , Poirier Philippe , Toledo I Mur Assumpcio , Pernot Michel 
Published: February 2017

Résumé. L’attribution du statut d’atelier monétaire à l’établissement rural de plaine des Rochereaux à Migné-Auxances (Vienne) se fonde sur:
•la découverte de l’espace physique de l’atelier de bronziers, spécialisé dans la fabrication de flans monétaires, associé à des structures
de combustion et à des outils;
•la présence dans les cendres du foyer central de quarante flans monétaires, dont certains sont encore associés en grappe; •une estimation minimale qui conduit à proposer que, à partir d’une seule utilisation des 152 creusets recensés, 15 000 flans
monétaires ont pu être fabriqués;
•les coïncidences entre alliages, modules et poids des flans et des monnaies du site ainsi que la concentration de ce type de monnaies
en territoire picton.
La production des flans et leur très plausible frappe sur place eut lieu entre 130 et 100 av. J.-C. Il est fort possible que le site, situé à 5 km de Poitiers, ait entretenu des liens de dépendance étroits avec cet oppidum.
Divergence and Convergence in the New Zealand Bicultural Model
Authors: David Corinne 
Published: February 2017

Lorsque les gouvernements néo-zélandais se sont orientés vers une politique de réconciliation au début des années 1980, ils cherchèrent à se confronter au problème de la dualité d’une nation née en 1840 de l’alliance de deux peuples : les Maoris et les Britanniques.Peut-être le résultat le plus spectaculaire de ce processus fut-il l’adoption graduelle d’un modèle biculturel qui accordait aux maoris le statut officiel de peuple natif tangata whenua, ceci en vue de restaurer l’unité et l’harmonie tout en promouvant la différence culturelle. Le biculturalisme en Nouvelle Zélande se voulait le signal du passage à une phase de développement post-colonial qui aurait donné une ascendance à la population indigène. Cependant, il a également reflété les tensions et les contradictions de telles orientations politiques, car le contenu pratique en restait vague et les applications hésitantes, de sorte qu’il est resté un sujet polémique dans le débat public. La contestation s’est ravivée lors des dernières élections générales où les diverses factions se sont affrontées avec une pugnacité sans précédent : la priorité donnée à la question Maori y est apparue comme un enjeu central qui déciderait de l’issue du scrutin. Le défi que la nation doit relever reste donc encore à ce jour celui d’une convergence qui préserverait la diversité.
Copies and (Ab)originals: The Problem of Authenticity in Jane Urquhart’s Away (1993)
Authors: Omhovère Claire 
Published: February 2017

Cet article a pour objet la représentation de l’aboriginalité dans Away (1993) de Jane Urquhart. La construction de ce roman repose sur une triple intrigue qui se répète en Irlande puis au Canada au sein d’une même famille irlandaise, de la grande famine à la période contemporaine. Les boucles itératives du récit incitent le lecteur à adopter une lecture analogique, c’est-à-dire à mettre en relation des espaces coloniaux différents comme la spoliation subie par deux populations autochtones : les Irlandais puis les Indiens Ojibway. Les dédoublements ironiques qui fondent l’intrigue nous amènent donc à réfléchir aux fondements des récits, historiques et imaginaires, qui scellent une appartenance territoriale.
Women and Politics in post devolution Scotland
Authors: Thiec Annie 
Published: February 2017

La question de la représentation des femmes fut au cœur du débat public en Ecosse dans les années qui précédèrent la mise en œuvre du projet de dévolution du gouvernement de Tony Blair au lendemain de la victoire travailliste aux élections du 1er mai 1997, comme en témoignent les travaux de la Convention constitutionnelle écossaise dont les propositions donnèrent lieu à deux publications, la première en novembre 1990, ta seconde cinq ans plus tard, qui servit de base au projet du gouvernement travailliste.Contrairement à ce qui se produisit dans le reste du Royaume-Uni, le mouvement des femmes en Ecosse demeura très actif dans les années 80-90, manifestant, outre l’attention portée à des questions telles que celle des violences faites aux femmes, un intérêt particulier pour celle de leur représentation politique. Aussi entendait-il bien être partie prenante dans le débat sur l’avenir constitutionnel de l’Ecosse au sein du Royaume-Uni, estimant en effet que le déficit démocratique dont étaient victimes les électeurs écossais d’une manière générale, puisqu’ils étaient gouvernés depuis 1979 par un parti qu’ils n’avaient pas porté au pouvoir, se doublait d’une seconde injustice en ce qui concernait les femmes, à savoir qu’elles étaient sous-représentées dans la sphère politique.Sur ce point, les résultats des premières élections au Parlement écossais, le 6 mai 1999, suscitèrent un enthousiasme considérable : si la parité hommes-femmes réclamée par les féministes n’était pas atteinte, les 48 femmes élues au Parlement représentaient tout de même 37,2 % de l’ensemble des nouveaux députés, résultat tout à fait remarquable, notamment si l’on compare ce chiffre à celui des femmes siégeant à la Chambre des Communes (18,2 % en 1997). Ces premières élections marquaient-elles le début d’une nouvelle ère dans la représentation politique des femmes ? Au vu des résultats des élections de 2003, la tendance semblait bel et bien se confirmer, et même s’accentuer légèrement (39,5 %), mais lors du dernier scrutin législatif, au mois de mai 2007, l’on a enregistré un fléchissement sensible du nombre de femmes élues à Holyrood (33,3 %).Dix ans après les premières élections au Parlement écossais, qu’en est-il donc de la place des femmes sur la scène politique écossaise ? Le nouveau Parlement leur permet-il de jouer pleinement leur rôle dans le processus politique à égalité avec les hommes ?Cet article s’intéressera dans un premier temps à la participation des femmes dans le débat constitutionnel et à leur influence sur la mise en place du nouveau cadre institutionnel, avant d’examiner dans quelle mesure le nouveau parlement écossais a donné plus de pouvoir aux femmes dans l’élaboration des politiques mises en œuvre et dans le processus décisionnel.
Acceptable Amazons? Female Warriors on the English and French Early Modern Stage
Authors: Rivère de Carles Nathalie 
Published: February 2017

Est-ce qu’une bonne amazone est une amazone morte ? S’inscrivant dans l’étude de cette tradition esthétique qu’est l’amazonomachie, cet article tente de se pencher sur les mécanismes de destruction et de survivance de l’identité féminine dans le cadre de crises politiques et militaires. Par le biais d’une étude croisée de pièces anglaises et françaises ainsi que de textes philosophiques en prose, nous allons montrer le rôle paradoxal attribué aux femmes fortes (femmes soldats et femmes au pouvoir) dans les essais et les arts populaires de la première modernité. Mettant en perspective la représentation et l’identité féminines, nous explorerons les stratégies d’acceptation de la figure emblématique sans cesse resémiotisée de l’Amazone à la Renaissance.
Einfache Modulierung von FLP‐Eigenschaften: ein Phosphanylvinyl‐Grignard‐Reagenz und Ga/P‐ oder In/P2‐basierte frustrierte Lewis‐Paare
Authors: Backs Jana , Lange Merten , Possart Josephine , Wollschläger Agnes , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Uhl Werner 
Published: February 2017

AbstractEin Al/P‐basiertes FLP reagierte mit PhMgCl unter ungewöhnlicher Transmetallierung zu einem Phosphanylvinyl‐Grignard‐Reagenz, das sich hervorragend zur Übertragung der basischen FLP‐Komponente auf andere Lewis‐saure Metallatome eignet und die Synthese Ga/P‐ bzw. In/P2‐basierter FLPs ermöglichte. Das Ga‐FLP zeigte im Vergleich zur entsprechenden Al‐Verbindung eine deutlich veränderte Reaktivität, und die Indiumverbindung führte zur chelatartigen Koordination von Au‐Atomen unter Au‐Cl‐Bindungsaktivierung.
The Nickel‐Pincer Complex in Lactate Racemase Is an Electron Relay and Sink that acts through Proton‐Coupled Electron Transfer
Authors: Wang Binju , Shaik Sason 
Published: February 2017

AbstractQM/MM calculations reveal that the nickel pincer complex in lactate racemase functions as a reversible “single‐center electrode” that accepts and donates back an electron. In this way, it catalyzes the isomerization process d‐lactate⇌l‐lactate through successive proton‐coupled electron‐transfer steps.
Radiation grafting of acrylic acid and N‐vinyl imidazole onto polyethylene films for lead‐ion removal: A two‐dimensional correlation infrared spectroscopy investigation
Authors: Al Lafi Abdul G. , Ajji Z. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTTwo‐dimensional infrared (IR) correlation spectroscopy was used to follow the γ‐radiation grafting of N‐vinyl imidazole (VIm) and acrylic acid onto polyethylene films. Grafting was confirmed by the appearance of new characteristic IR bands at 1715, 1735, 1475, and 1405 cm−1, which were assigned to carboxylic groups and the stretching vibrations of aromatic CN and CN bonds, respectively. The adsorption of lead ions by the grafted polymer increased with the degree of grafting, and it showed a tendency to be altered by both the chemical structure of the matrix polymer and the steric hindrance of Pb2+ ions. The previous two factors decreased the basic chelating group activity, imposed steric constraints on the formation of complexes between the Pb2+ and VIm groups, and controlled the coordination of Pb2+ with the COO− groups. IR spectroscopy combined with two‐dimensional correlation spectroscopy provided a powerful tool for investigating the interactions between heavy metals and functional groups. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44781.
Practices and exploration on competition of molecular biological detection technology among students in food quality and safety major
Authors: Chang Yaning , Peng Yuke , Li Pengfei , Zhuang Yingping 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWith the increasing importance in the application of the molecular biological detection technology in the field of food safety, strengthening education in molecular biology experimental techniques is more necessary for the culture of the students in food quality and safety major. However, molecular biology experiments are not always in curricula of Food quality and safety Majors. This paper introduced a project “competition of molecular biological detection technology for food safety among undergraduate sophomore students in food quality and safety major”, students participating in this project needed to learn the fundamental molecular biology experimental techniques such as the principles of molecular biology experiments and genome extraction, PCR and agarose gel electrophoresis analysis, and then design the experiments in groups to identify the meat species in pork and beef products using molecular biological methods. The students should complete the experimental report after basic experiments, write essays and make a presentation after the end of the designed experiments. This project aims to provide another way for food quality and safety majors to improve their knowledge of molecular biology, especially experimental technology, and enhances them to understand the scientific research activities as well as give them a chance to learn how to write a professional thesis. In addition, in line with the principle of an open laboratory, the project is also open to students in other majors in East China University of Science and Technology, in order to enhance students in other majors to understand the fields of molecular biology and food safety. © 2017 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 45(4):343–350, 2017.
Chitosan/ZIF‐8 Mixed‐Matrix Membranes for Pervaporation Dehydration of Isopropanol
Authors: Fazlifard Sina , Mohammadi Toraj , Bakhtiari Omid 
Published: February 2017

AbstractZeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF‐8) nanoparticles were successfully synthesized and embedded into a chitosan (CS) polymeric matrix to prepare CS/ZIF‐8 mixed‐matrix membranes (MMMs) in order to investigate the effect of ZIF‐8 addition as novel filler on the dehydration performance of the CS polymeric membrane. MMMs were evaluated using pervaporation (PV) dehydration of isopropanol (IPA). The synthesized ZIF‐8 nanoparticles and MMMs were characterized by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and a swelling study. The PV performance of the prepared MMMs with different ZIF‐8 loadings for IPA dehydration was investigated. For the ZIF‐8/CS MMMs, at the optimum loading the total flux increases significantly with low separation factor reduction. The good PV performance of the ZIF‐8‐incorporated CS membranes for dehydration of IPA is demonstrated.
High‐Performance Low‐Platinum Electrode for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells: Pulse Electrodeposition of Pt on Pd/C Nanofiber Mat
Authors: Hong Shaojing , Hou Ming , Zeng Yachao , Shao Zhigang , Yi Baolian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA novel electrode (E−P electrode) with a nanofiber structure and Pd/C@dendritic Pt catalysts is prepared by using electrospinning and pulse electrodeposition (PED) techniques. The maximum power density of the E−P electrode is 1.43‐fold larger than that of the conventional electrode at the same cathode Pt loadings of 0.1 mg cm−1. Owing to the in situ deposition of dendritic Pt on the surface of Pd in the Pd/C nanofiber mat, almost all Pt catalysts are accessible for oxygen. The electronic tuning between Pd and Pt enhances the oxygen reduction reaction activity of Pt catalysts. The large Pt surface area of the E−P electrode mitigates the oxygen‐transport resistance in comparison with that of the conventional electrode. After the accelerated degradation test for 10000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, the maximum power density of the E−P electrode only decreases by 12 %. The long‐term stability of the E−P electrode is ascribed to the Pd/C@dendritic Pt catalysts and nanofiber structure.
Double‐Strand DNA Breaks Induced by Paracyclophane Gold(I) Complexes
Authors: Bestgen Sebastian , Seidl Carmen , Wiesner Thomas , Zimmer Andreas , Falk Martina , Köberle Beate , Austeri Martina , Paradies Jan , Bräse Stefan , Schepers Ute , Roesky Peter W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGold(I) complexes of ClickPhos [2.2]paracyclophane ligands were synthesized in excellent yields and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods as well as X‐ray crystallography. The complexes exhibit a rigid ligand backbone and a triazolyl moiety and were systematically studied with respect to their cytotoxic properties. In combination with the ionic complex [(GemPhos)Au(tht)][ClO4] (tht=tetrahydrothiophene), in which the gold(I) atom exhibits a distorted trigonal coordination sphere of two phosphines and a labile tht ligand, their efficiency in cytotoxicity was investigated in HeLa, MCF7, and HCT116 cells as well as in a zebrafish model. Their cytotoxicity and their mechanisms of action are different and involve apoptosis, necrosis, and DNA damage. The compounds presented herein are potent metal‐based cytostatics displaying LD50 values from 3.5–38 μm in different tumor cell lines and induce double‐strand DNA breaks (DSB) as shown by H2AX phosphorylation (γH2AX) at foci of DSBs.
Processing Binary and Fuzzy Logic by Chaotic Time Series Generated by a Hydrodynamic Photochemical Oscillator
Authors: Gentili Pier Luigi , Giubila Maria Sole , Heron B. Mark 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis work demonstrates the computational power of a hydrodynamic photochemical oscillator based on a photochromic naphthopyran generating aperiodic time series. The chaotic character of the time series is tested by calculating its largest Lyapunov exponent and the correlation dimension of its attractor after building its phase space through the Takens’ theorem. Then, the chaotic dynamic is shown to be suitable to implement all the fundamental Boolean two‐inputs‐one‐output logic gates. Finally, the strategy to implement fuzzy logic systems (FLSs) based on the time series is described. Such FLSs promise to be useful in the field of computational linguistics, which is concerned with the development of artificial intelligent systems able to transform collections of numerical data into natural language texts.
Ultrathin Mesoporous RuCo2O4Nanoflakes: An Advanced Electrode for High‐Performance Asymmetric Supercapacitors
Authors: Dubal Deepak P. , Chodankar Nilesh R. , Holze Rudolf , Kim Do‐Heyoung , Gomez‐Romero Pedro 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA new ruthenium cobalt oxide (RuCo2O4) with a unique marigold‐like nanostructure and excellent performance as an advanced electrode material has been successfully prepared by a simple electrodeposition (potentiodynamic mode) method. The RuCo2O4marigolds consist of numerous clusters of ultrathin mesoporous nanoflakes, leaving a large interspace between them to provide numerous electrochemically active sites. Strikingly, this unique marigold‐like nanostructure provided excellent electrochemical performance in terms of high energy‐storage capacitance (1469 F g−1at 6 A g−1) with excellent rate proficiency and long‐lasting operating cycling stability (ca. 91.3 % capacitance retention after 3000 cycles), confirming that the mesoporous nanoflakes participate in the ultrafast electrochemical reactions. Furthermore, an asymmetric supercapacitor was assembled using RuCo2O4(positive electrode) and activated carbon (negative electrode) with aqueous KOH electrolyte. The asymmetric design allowed an upgraded potential range of 1.4 V, which further provided a good energy density of 32.6 Wh kg−1(1.1 mWh cm−3). More importantly, the cell delivered an energy density of 12.4 Wh kg−1even at a maximum power density of 3.2 kW kg−1, which is noticeably superior to carbon‐based symmetric systems.
Theory on asymmetrical coupled‐parallel‐line transmission and reflection zeros
Authors: Ravelo Blaise 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThis paper treats an innovative methodology on the synthesis mechanism of the coupled‐parallel‐line (CPL) transmission zero (TZ) and reflection zero (RZ). The CPL structure under study is configured as a reflection type distributed arbitrarily loaded stub circuits. On the basis of the equivalent Z‐matrix analysis, the CPL input impedance theoretical model is established. Mathematical analysis is performed to predict accurately the TZ and RZ frequency shifts in function of the CPL physical parameters. The input impedance behavioral model in function of asymmetrical CPL load parameters is determined. The TZ and RZ existence conditions are established. Then, the characteristic equations illustrating the TZ and RZ fundamental formulas in function of the CPL coupling coefficient and characteristic impedances are examined. Furthermore, innovative graphical representations of the TZ and RZ existence conditions in function of the CPL parameter ranges are explored. The developed CPL model was validated with different cases of simulated microstrip proof of concept. As expected, a good correlation between the TZ and RZ frequency shifts from the analytical calculations and simulations is obtained. The developed CPL model is useful for the TZ and RZ frequency shifts fast monitoring during the Radio Frequency (RF)/microwave circuit design phase. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Enhanced active‐feedback frequency compensation with on‐chip‐capacitor reduction feature for amplifiers with large capacitive load
Authors: Lau Ming Wai , Mak Kai Ho , Leung Ka Nang , Guo Jianping , Goh Wang Ling 
Published: February 2017

SummaryA large capacitive load amplifier with enhanced active‐feedback frequency compensation is proposed in this paper. The enhancement is achieved through using a wide‐bandwidth scalar circuit to increase the transconductance of the output stage so that the overall bandwidth of the amplifier can be extended considerably. Implemented in a standard CMOS 130‐nm technology, with a supply of 0.7 V and consuming 27 μA of current, the amplifier drives a load capacitor of 15 nF. No on‐chip resistor is needed; only a 0.91‐pF compensation capacitor is used to maintain stability. The achieved gain‐bandwidth product and phase margin are 1.28 MHz and 66.9°, respectively. Moreover, the slew rate is 0.263 V/μs. The active chip area is 0.0056 mm2. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.