bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Satellite‐derived methane emissions from inundation in Bangladesh
Authors: Peters C. N. , Bennartz R. , Hornberger G. M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe uncertainty in methane (CH4) source strength of rice fields and wetlands is particularly high in South Asia CH4 budgets. We used satellite observations of CH4 column mixing ratios from Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS), Scanning Imaging Absorption Spectrometer for Atmospheric Chartography (SCIAMACHY), and Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) to estimate the contribution of Bangladesh emissions to atmospheric CH4 concentrations. Using satellite‐derived inundation area as a proxy for source area, we developed a simple inverse advection model that estimates average annual CH4 surface fluxes to be 4, 9, and 19 mg CH4 m−2 h−1 in AIRS, SCIAMACHY, and GOSAT, respectively. Despite this variability, our flux estimates varied over a significantly narrower range than reported values for CH4 surface fluxes from a survey of 32 studies reporting ground‐based observations between 0 and 260 mg CH4 m−2 h−1. Upscaling our satellite‐derived surface flux estimates, we estimated total annual CH4 emissions for Bangladesh to be 1.3 ± 3.2, 1.8 ± 2.0, 3.1 ± 1.6 Tg yr−1, depending on the satellite. Our estimates of total emissions are in line with the median of total emission values for Bangladesh reported in earlier studies.
Machine learning algorithms for modeling groundwater level changes in agricultural regions of the U.S.
Authors: Sahoo S. , Russo T. A. , Elliott J. , Foster I. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractClimate, groundwater extraction, and surface water flows have complex nonlinear relationships with groundwater level in agricultural regions. To better understand the relative importance of each driver and predict groundwater level change, we develop a new ensemble modeling framework based on spectral analysis, machine learning, and uncertainty analysis, as an alternative to complex and computationally expensive physical models. We apply and evaluate this new approach in the context of two aquifer systems supporting agricultural production in the United States: the High Plains aquifer (HPA) and the Mississippi River Valley alluvial aquifer (MRVA). We select input data sets by using a combination of mutual information, genetic algorithms, and lag analysis, and then use the selected data sets in a Multilayer Perceptron network architecture to simulate seasonal groundwater level change. As expected, model results suggest that irrigation demand has the highest influence on groundwater level change for a majority of the wells. The subset of groundwater observations not used in model training or cross‐validation correlates strongly (R > 0.8) with model results for 88 and 83% of the wells in the HPA and MRVA, respectively. In both aquifer systems, the error in the modeled cumulative groundwater level change during testing (2003–2012) was less than 2 m over a majority of the area. We conclude that our modeling framework can serve as an alternative approach to simulating groundwater level change and water availability, especially in regions where subsurface properties are unknown.
Silicic lava effusion controlled by the transition from viscous magma flow to friction controlled flow
Authors: Okumura S. , Kozono T. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSilicic magma forms a vertical fault in volcanic conduits via the brittle‐ductile transition. The formation of the fault changes flow type from viscous flow to friction controlled flow. Here we investigate flow dynamics of magma by coupling a one‐dimensional conduit flow model with an experimentally calibrated brittle‐ductile transition. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the length of magma plug at which friction controlled flow becomes the main flow type depends on magma flux, because of crystallization kinetics and the ductile‐brittle transition. At high flux, a short plug forms, because nonequilibrium crystallization inhibits an increase of magma viscosity. This results in the effusion of less viscous lava and large shear stress at the shallow part of the conduit. In contrast, the long plug that forms under low flux cannot maintain large shear stress due to weakness of the magmatic fault, which causes the extrusion of a solidified lava spine.
Lattice Boltzmann simulation of immiscible two‐phase flow with capillary valve effect in porous media
Authors: Xu Zhiyuan , Liu Haihu , Valocchi Albert J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractA new algorithm for imposing the contact angle on solid surfaces is proposed in the Lattice Boltzmann color‐gradient model. The capability and accuracy of this algorithm are validated by simulation of contact angles for a droplet resting on a flat surface and on a cylindrical surface. The color‐gradient model with the proposed contact angle algorithm is then used to study the capillary valve effect in porous media. As a preliminary study, the capillary valve effect is explained by simulating immiscible two‐phase displacement within a single‐pore geometry. It is shown that the capillary valve effect is accurately captured by the present simulations. Further simulations of drainage and imbibition are also conducted to understand the capillary valve effect in an experiment‐matched pore‐network micromodel. The simulated results are found to agree quantitatively with the experimental results reported in literature, except for a few differences which result from the exclusion of contact angle hysteresis in the proposed algorithm.
Comparison of multi‐institutional Varian ProBeam pencil beam scanning proton beam commissioning data
Authors: Langner Ulrich W. , Eley John G. , Dong Lei , Langen Katja 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPurposeCommissioning beam data for proton spot scanning beams are compared for the first two Varian ProBeam sites in the United States, at the Maryland Proton Treatment Center (MPTC) and Scripps Proton Therapy Center (SPTC). In addition, the extent to which beams can be matched between gantry rooms at MPTC is investigated.MethodBeam data for the two sites were acquired with independent dosimetry systems and compared. Integrated depth dose curves (IDDs) were acquired with Bragg peak ion chambers in a 3D water tank for pencil beams at both sites. Spot profiles were acquired at different distances from the isocenter at a gantry angle of 0° as well as a function of gantry angles. Absolute dose calibration was compared between SPTC and the gantries at MPTC. Dosimetric verification of test plans, output as a function of gantry angle, monitor unit (MU) linearity, end effects, dose rate dependence, and plan reproducibility were compared for different gantries at MPTC.ResultsThe IDDs for the two sites were similar, except in the plateau region, where the SPTC data were on average 4.5% higher for lower energies. This increase in the plateau region decreased as energy increased, with no marked difference for energies higher than 180 MeV. Range in water coincided for all energies within 0.5 mm. The sigmas of the spot profiles in air were within 10% agreement at isocenter. This difference increased as detector distance from the isocenter increased. Absolute doses for the gantries measured at both sites were within 1% agreement. Test plans, output as function of gantry angle, MU linearity, end effects, dose rate dependence, and plan reproducibility were all within tolerances given by TG142.ConclusionBeam data for the two sites and between different gantry rooms were well matched.
Comparability of three output prediction models for a compact passively double‐scattered proton therapy system
Authors: Ferguson Sven , Chen Yong , Ferreira Clara , Islam Mohammad , Keeling Vance P , Lau Andy , Ahmad Salahuddin , Jin Hosang 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to investigate comparability of three output prediction models for a compact double‐scattered proton therapy system. Two published output prediction models are commissioned for our Mevion S250 proton therapy system. Model A is a correction‐based model (Sahoo et al., Med Phys, 2008;35(11):5088–5097) and model B is an analytical model which employs a function of r = (R’‐M’)/M’ (Kooy et al., Phys Med Biol, 2005;50:5487–5456) where R’ is defined as depth of distal 100% dose with straggling and M’ is the width between distal 100% dose and proximal 100% dose with straggling instead of the theoretical definition due to more accurate output prediction. The r is converted to ((R‐0.31)‐0.81 × M)/(0.81 × M) with the vendor definition of R (distal 90% dose) and M (distal 90% dose‐to‐proximal 95% dose), where R’ = R‐0.31 (g cm−2) and M’ = 0.81 × M (g cm−2). In addition, a quartic polynomial fit model (model C) mathematically converted from model B is studied. The outputs of 272 sets of R and M covering the 24 double scattering options are measured. Each model's predicted output is compared to the measured output. For the total dataset, the percent difference between predicted (P) and measured (M) outputs ((P‐M)/M × 100%) were within ±3% using the three different models. The average differences (±standard deviation) were −0.13 ± 0.94%, −0.13 ± 1.20%, and −0.22 ± 1.11% for models A, B, and C, respectively. The p‐values of the t‐test were 0.912 (model A vs. B), 0.061 (model A vs. C), and 0.136 (model B vs. C). For all the options, all three models have clinically acceptable predictions. The differences between models A, B, and C are statistically insignificant; however, model A generally has the potential to more accurately predict the output if a larger dataset for commissioning is used. It is concluded that the models can be comparably used for the compact proton therapy system.
A novel radiation protection device based on tungsten functional paper for application in interventional radiology
Authors: Monzen Hajime , Tamura Mikoto , Shimomura Kohei , Onishi Yuichi , Nakayama Shinichi , Fujimoto Takahiro , Matsumoto Kenji , Hanaoka Kohei , Kamomae Takeshi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractTungsten functional paper (TFP), which contains 80% tungsten by weight, has radiation‐shielding properties. We investigated the use of TFP for the protection of operators during interventional or therapeutic angiography. The air kerma rate of scattered radiation from a simulated patient was measured, with and without TFP, using a water‐equivalent phantom and fixed C‐arm fluoroscopy. Measurements were taken at the level of the operator's eye, chest, waist, and knee, with a variable number of TFP sheets used for shielding. A Monte Carlo simulation was also utilized to analyze the dose rate delivered with and without the TFP shielding. In cine mode, when the number of TFP sheets was varied through 1, 2, 3, 5, and 10, the respective reduction in the air kerma rate relative to no TFP shielding was as follows: at eye level, 24.9%, 29.9%, 41.6%, 50.4%, and 56.2%; at chest level, 25.3%, 33.1%, 34.9%, 46.1%, and 44.3%; at waist level, 45.1%, 57.0%, 64.4%, 70.7%, and 75.2%; and at knee level, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.1%, 2.1%, and 2.1%. In fluoroscopy mode, the respective reduction in the air kerma rate relative to no TFP shielding was as follows: at eye level, 24.8%, 30.3%, 34.8%, 51.1%, and 58.5%; at chest level, 25.8%, 33.4%, 35.5%, 45.2%, and 44.4%; at waist level, 44.6%, 56.8%, 64.7%, 71.7%, and 77.2%; and at knee level, 2.2%, 0.0%, 2.2%, 2.8%, and 2.5%. The TFP paper exhibited good radiation‐shielding properties against the scattered radiation encountered in clinical settings, and was shown to have potential application in decreasing the radiation exposure to the operator during interventional radiology.
Synchronization of A Class of Uncertain Chaotic Systems with Lipschitz Nonlinearities Using State‐Feedback Control Design: A Matrix Inequality Approach
Authors: Mobayen Saleh , Tchier Fairouz 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a new state‐feedback stabilization control technique for a class of uncertain chaotic systems with Lipschitz nonlinearity conditions. Based on Lyapunov stabilization theory and the linear matrix inequality (LMI) scheme, a new sufficient condition formulated in the form of LMIs is created for the chaos synchronization of chaotic systems with parametric uncertainties and external disturbances on the slave system. Using Barbalat's lemma, the suggested approach guarantees that the slave system synchronizes to the master system at an asymptotical convergence rate. Meanwhile, a criterion to find the proper feedback gain vector F is also provided. A new continuous‐bounded nonlinear function is introduced to cope with the disturbances and uncertainties and obtain a desired control performance, i.e. small steady‐state error and fast settling time. Several criteria are derived to guarantee the asymptotic and robust stability of the uncertain master–slave systems. Furthermore, the proposed controller is independent of the order of the system's model. Numerical simulation results are displayed with an expected satisfactory performance compared to the available methods.
Increasing the capacity of signalized intersections by allocating exit lanes to turning movements
Authors: Xie Siyang , Jiang Hai 
Published: April 2017

AbstractUnconventional intersection designs have been used to increase the capacity of intersections that are over‐saturated under conventional ones. However, existing unconventional designs typically require extra land space and their effectiveness often depends on drivers' familiarity with the uncommon operating rules. To overcome these challenges, we propose a new unconventional design, where movements that are mutually incompatible under the conventional design can be made compatible of each other by allocating exit lanes to them appropriately, thereby creating opportunities for capacity improvement. We develop a lane‐based capacity optimization model that incorporates the allocation of exit lanes as decision variables. The model is formulated as a Binary Mixed Integer Linear Programming problem, which can be efficiently solved by standard branch‐and‐bound algorithms. Numerical experiments show that significant capacity improvement can be obtained under our design. Besides proposing a new unconventional design, we also contribute to the literature of lane‐based signal optimization methods by providing a novel linear formulation for the latest, yet nonlinear, model described in Wong and Heydecker [Transportation Research Part B 45(4):667–681]. This improvement is methodologically beneficial as linear models are computationally more convenient than nonlinear ones. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Verfärbungen von Sichtbetonflächen
Authors: Fiala Hannes 
Published: April 2017

AbstractEine wesentliche Eigenschaft des Sichtbetons ist die Farbtongleichmäßigkeit, wie sie im Merkblatt Sichtbeton des DBV/BDZ beschrieben ist und für die einzelnen Sichtbetonklassen gefordert wird. Für die optischen Eigenschaften von Flächen gibt es keine neutralen Messverfahren. Farbe und Aussehen werden vom Betrachter stets subjektiv wahrgenommen und beurteilt. Abweichungen von der Farbe und ihrer Gleichmäßigkeit auf der betrachteten Fläche des Bauteils werden als störend empfunden und als Mangel gerügt. Mehrere Probeflächen vor Baubeginn und die Festlegung des Bausolls als Muster stellen eine praktische Lösung dar. Damit wird das Bausoll Sichtbeton eindeutig festgelegt. Eine Fülle von physikalischen und chemischen Einflüssen aus der Betontechnologie, aber auch die Verhältnisse bei der Herstellung führen zu Abweichungen im Farbton und der Farbtongleichmäßigkeit an Oberflächen von Sichtbeton. Das Wissen um ihre Herkunft und Hinweise zur Vermeidung helfen bei der Bauausführung.
Fahrbahnoberflächen – Entwicklungen im Betonstraßenbau
Authors: Becker Christoph , Wieland Marko 
Published: April 2017

Abstract„Mobilität ist zentrale Voraussetzung für wirtschaftliches Wachstum, Beschäftigung und Teilhabe des Einzelnen am gesellschaftlichen Leben” (Leitsatz BMVI). In diesem Kontext nimmt die Straßeninfrastruktur eine Schlüsselrolle ein. Im Straßenbau stehen neben der Steigerung von Widerstandsfähigkeit und Wirtschaftlichkeit seit einigen Jahren insbesondere umwelttechnische Aspekte im Fokus. Hinsichtlich des Lärmschutzes der Bevölkerung stellt u. A. die Reduktion des Reifen‐Fahrbahngeräusches einen Themenschwerpunkt dar. Im Beitrag „Fahrbahnoberflächen – Entwicklungen im Betonstraßenbau” werden zum einen neue Möglichkeiten zur Oberflächentexturierung von Fahrbahndecken mit dichtem Betongefüge und zum anderen der Entwicklungsstand von offenporigen Betonsystemen für den Einsatz auf hochbelasteten Verkehrsflächen vorgestellt.
Optical properties of Eu2+/Eu3+ mixed valence phosphor Ca2SiO2F2:Eu2+/Eu3+
Authors: Xie Mubiao , Zhu Guoxian , Pan Rongkai , Xie Wei 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe Eu2+/Eu3+ mixed valence phosphor Ca2SiO2F2:Eu2+/Eu3+ was prepared using a solid‐state reaction synthesis method in a CO atmosphere, and the optical properties were investigated. The spectroscopic properties revealed that Ca2+ ions were occupied by both Eu2+ and Eu3+ ions in Ca2SiO2F2, and both ions were able to generate their characteristic emissions. A broad 5d → 4f Eu2+ band at ~470 nm and narrow 4f → 4f Eu3+ peaks upon excitation with n‐UV light were observed. The ratio between Eu2+ and Eu3+ emissions changed regularly, and the relative intensity of the red component from Eu3+ became systematically stronger with increasing overall Eu content. As a result, the emission color of these phosphors can be tunable from blue to pink under n‐UV light excitation.
Citation classics in central nervous system inflammatory demyelinating disease
Authors: Kim Jee‐Eun , Park Kang M. , Kim Yerim , Yoon Dae Y. , Bae Jong S. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo identify and analyze the characteristics of the most influential articles about central nervous system (CNS) inflammatory demyelinating disease.Materials and MethodsThe Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) Web of Science database and the 2014 Journal Citation Reports Science Edition were used to retrieve the top 100 cited articles on CNS inflammatory demyelinating disease. The citation numbers, journals, years of publication, authorships, article types, subjects and main issues were analyzed. For neuromyelitis optica (NMO), articles that were cited more than 100 times were regarded as a citation classic and described separately.ResultsThe top 100 cited articles were published between 1972 and 2011 in 13 journals. The highest number of articles (n = 24) was published in Brain, followed by The New England Journal of Medicine (n = 21). The average number of citations was 664 (range 330–3,897), and 64% of the articles were from the United States and the United Kingdom. The majority of the top 100 cited articles were related to multiple sclerosis (n = 87), and only a few articles reported on other topics such as NMO (n = 9), acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (n = 2) and optic neuritis (n = 2). Among the top 100 cited articles, 77% were original articles. Forty‐one citation classics were found for NMO.ConclusionsOur study provides a historical perspective on the research progress on CNS inflammatory demyelinating disease and may serve as a guide for important advances and trends in the field for associated researchers.
Navigating the Rolling Hills of Justice: Mental Disabilities, Employment and the Evolving Jurisprudence of the Americans with Disabilities Act
Authors: Wylonis Lauren , Wylonis Nina T. , Sadoff Robert 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMental illness and disability affect millions of individuals yearly in the U.S. The most important legislation protecting the mentally disabled in the workplace in the U.S. over the last half century has been the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and its associated legislation and guidance. Although the employee should first request reasonable accommodation with the employer, evaluation by a mental health professional is one of the initial steps for individuals who report significant psychiatric symptoms that are impairing their functioning at work in the U.S.. Important regulations and laws in the United States that are essential knowledge to performing thorough mental disability evaluations include the ADA and Americans with Disabilities Act Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA), Social Security Disability, Workers' Compensation, and private disability insurance. These laws differ in applicability and in their definitions of disability. Social Security Disability is applicable to workers who have long‐term impairments regardless of whether the disability arose on or off the job, while Worker's Compensation is specific to persons with work‐related illness and injuries that occur on the job (Reno, Williams, & Sengupta, ). The Social Security definition of a disabled person is a person who is not “able to engage in any substantial gainful activity because of a medically‐determinable physical or mental impairment(s): that is expected to result in death, or that has lasted or is expected to last for a continuous period of at least 12 months” (Social Security Red Book, ). However, the Workers' Compensation definition of what illnesses/injuries are compensated, the level of benefits and who provides the insurance are state‐specific. Due to these differences in definition of disability, it is essential for the mental health professional performing a mental disability evaluation to clarify with the referral source or referring agency which legislation and laws they feel are directly relevant to the specific situation before starting the evaluation. While the ADA and ADA Amendments Act of 2008 have had the greatest impact on the improvement of conditions for mentally disabled individuals in employment over the last 25 years, they have also been the most challenging by far for mental health experts to understand and apply (Cook, ). Interestingly, the ADA has had a much quicker effect on improving access to services for the medically disabled as compared with the mentally disabled in the U.S. (Ullman, Johnsen, Moss, & Burris, ). This article reviews the history and status of current ADA‐ and ADAAA‐related law and employment as well as Canadian disability law and global progress towards universal disability legislation as evidenced by the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High‐fidelity iridal light transport simulations at interactive rates
Authors: Kravchenko Boris , Baranoski Gladimir V. G. , Chen Tenn Francis , Miranda Erik , Van Leeuwen Spencer R. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPredictive light transport models based on first‐principles simulation approaches have been proposed for complex organic materials. The driving force behind these efforts has been the high‐fidelity reproduction of material appearance attributes without one having to rely on the manipulation of ad hoc parameters. These models, however, are usually considered excessively time consuming for rendering and visualization applications requiring interactive rates. In this paper, we propose a strategy to address this open problem with respect to one of the most challenging of these organic materials, namely the human iris. More specifically, starting with the configuration of a predictive iridal light transport model on a parallel‐computing platform, we analyze the sensitivity of iridal appearance attributes to key model running parameters in order to achieve an optimal balance between fidelity and performance. We believe that the proposed strategy represents a step toward the real‐time and predictive synthesis of high‐fidelity iridal images for rendering and visualization applications, and it can be extended to other organic materials.