bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Branched‐chain amino acids differently modulate catabolic and anabolic states in mammals: a pharmacological point of view
Authors: Bifari Francesco , Nisoli Enzo 
Published: September 2016

Substantial evidence has been accumulated suggesting that branched‐chain amino acid (BCAA) supplementation or BCAA‐rich diets have a positive effect on the regulation of body weight, muscle protein synthesis, glucose homeostasis, the ageing process and extend healthspan. Despite these beneficial effects, epidemiological studies have shown that BCAA plasma concentrations and BCAA metabolism are altered in several metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular diseases. In this review article, we present an overview of the current literature on the different effects of BCAAs in health and disease. We also highlight the results showing the most promising therapeutic effects of dietary BCAA supplementation and discuss how BCAAs can trigger different and even opposite effects, depending on the catabolic and anabolic states of the organisms. Moreover, we consider the effects of BCAAs when metabolism is abnormal, in the presence of a mixture of different anabolic and catabolic signals. These unique pharmacodynamic properties may partially explain some of the markedly different effects found in BCAA supplementation studies. To predict accurately these effects, the overall catabolic/anabolic status of patients should be carefully considered. In wider terms, a correct modulation of metabolic disorders would make nutraceutical interventions with BCAAs more effective.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc
Carotenoids: biochemistry, pharmacology and treatment
Authors: Milani Alireza , Basirnejad Marzieh , Shahbazi Sepideh , Bolhassani Azam 
Published: September 2016

Carotenoids and retinoids have several similar biological activities such as antioxidant properties, the inhibition of malignant tumour growth and the induction of apoptosis. Supplementation with carotenoids can affect cell growth and modulate gene expression and immune responses. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between a high carotenoid intake in the diet with a reduced risk of breast, cervical, ovarian, colorectal cancers, and cardiovascular and eye diseases. Cancer chemoprevention by dietary carotenoids involves several mechanisms, including effects on gap junctional intercellular communication, growth factor signalling, cell cycle progression, differentiation‐related proteins, retinoid‐like receptors, antioxidant response element, nuclear receptors, AP‐1 transcriptional complex, the Wnt/β‐catenin pathway and inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, carotenoids can stimulate the proliferation of B‐ and T‐lymphocytes, the activity of macrophages and cytotoxic T‐cells, effector T‐cell function and the production of cytokines. Recently, the beneficial effects of carotenoid‐rich vegetables and fruits in health and in decreasing the risk of certain diseases has been attributed to the major carotenoids, β‐carotene, lycopene, lutein, zeaxanthin, crocin (/crocetin) and curcumin, due to their antioxidant effects. It is thought that carotenoids act in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. In this review, we briefly describe the biological and immunological activities of the main carotenoids used for the treatment of various diseases and their possible mechanisms of action.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Principles of Pharmacological Research of Nutraceuticals. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.11/issuetoc
Cohort‐specific variation in juvenile coho salmon habitat use
Authors: Bradley Catherine , Sethi Suresh Andrew , Ashline Joshua , Gerken Jonathon 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study, we examined summer and fall freshwater rearing habitat use by juvenile coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) in the quickly urbanising Big Lake drainage in south‐central Alaska. Habitat use was assessed by regressing fish count data against habitat survey information across thirty study sites using generalised linear mixed models. Habitat associations were examined by age‐0 and age‐1+ cohorts separately, providing an opportunity to compare habitat use across different juvenile coho salmon life stages during freshwater rearing. Regression results indicated that the age‐0 cohorts were strongly associated with shallow, wide stream reaches with in‐stream vegetation, whereas age‐1+ cohorts were associated with deeper stream reaches. Furthermore, associations between fork length and habitat characteristics suggest cohort‐specific habitat use patterns are distinct from those attributable to fish size. Habitat use information generated from this study is being used to guide optimal fish passage restoration planning in the Big Lake drainage. Evidence for habitat use partitioning by age cohort during freshwater juvenile rearing indicates that pooling age cohorts into a single “juvenile” stage for the purposes of watershed management may mask important habitat use dynamics.
Reproductive resilience: a paradigm shift in understanding spawner‐recruit systems in exploited marine fish
Authors: Lowerre‐Barbieri Susan , DeCelles Greg , Pepin Pierre , Catalán Ignacio A , Muhling Barbara , Erisman Brad , Cadrin Steven X , Alós Josep , Ospina‐Alvarez Andres , Stachura Megan M , Tringali Michael D , Burnsed Sarah Walters , Paris Claire B 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA close relationship between adult abundance and stock productivity may not exist for many marine fish stocks, resulting in concern that the management goal of maximum sustainable yield is either inefficient or risky. Although reproductive success is tightly coupled with adult abundance and fecundity in many terrestrial animals, in exploited marine fish where and when fish spawn and consequent dispersal dynamics may have a greater impact. Here, we propose an eco‐evolutionary perspective, reproductive resilience, to understand connectivity and productivity in marine fish. Reproductive resilience is the capacity of a population to maintain the reproductive success needed to result in long‐term population stability despite disturbances. A stock's reproductive resilience is driven by the underlying traits in its spawner‐recruit system, selected for over evolutionary timescales, and the ecological context within which it is operating. Spawner‐recruit systems are species specific, have both density‐dependent and fitness feedback loops and are made up of fixed, behavioural and ecologically variable traits. They operate over multiple temporal, spatial and biological scales, with trait diversity affecting reproductive resilience at both the population and individual (i.e. portfolio) scales. Models of spawner‐recruit systems fall within three categories: (i) two‐dimensional models (i.e. spawner and recruit); (ii) process‐based biophysical dispersal models which integrate physical and environmental processes into understanding recruitment; and (iii) complex spatially explicit integrated life cycle models. We review these models and their underlying assumptions about reproductive success vs. our emerging mechanistic understanding. We conclude with practical guidelines for integrating reproductive resilience into assessments of population connectivity and stock productivity.
Acidity and organic matter promote abiotic nitric oxide production in drying soils
Authors: Homyak Peter M. , Kamiyama Matthew , Sickman James O. , Schimel Joshua P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSoils are an important source of NO, particularly in dry lands because of trade‐offs that develop between biotic and abiotic NO‐producing processes when soils dry out. Understanding how drier climates may offset the balance of these trade‐offs as soils transition toward more arid states is, therefore, critical to estimating global NO budgets, especially because drylands are expected to increase in size. We measured NO emission pulses after wetting soils from similar lithologies along an altitudinal gradient in the Sierra Nevada, CA, where mean annual precipitation varied from 670 to 1500 mm. Along the gradient, we measured field NO emissions, and used chloroform in the laboratory to reduce microbial activity and partition between biotic and abiotic NO‐producing processes (i.e., chemodenitrification). Field NO emission pulses were lowest in the acidic and SOM‐rich soils (4–72 ng NO‐N m−2 s−1), but were highest in the high‐elevation barren site (~560 ng NO‐N m−2 s−1). In the laboratory, NO emission pulses were up to 19× greater in chloroform‐treated soils than in the controls, and these abiotic pulses increased with elevation as pH decreased (6.2–4.4) and soil organic matter (SOM) increased (18–157 mg C g−1). Drought can shift the balance between the biotic and abiotic processes that produce NO, favoring chemodenitrification during periods when biological processes become stressed. Acidic and SOM‐rich soils, which typically develop under mesic conditions, are most vulnerable to N loss via NO as interactions between pH, SOM, and drought stimulate chemodenitrification.
Inhibition of MicroRNA‐21 induces apoptosis in dermal fibroblasts of patients with systemic sclerosis
Authors: Jafarinejad‐Farsangi Saeideh , Farazmand Ali , Gharibdoost Farhad , Karimizadeh Elham , Noorbakhsh Farshid , Faridani Habibeh , Mahmoudi Mahdi , Jamshidi Ahmad Reza 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundProlonged activation of dermal fibroblasts is the main cause of progressive fibrosis in systemic sclerosis (SSc). It seems that inhibition of apoptosis in SSc fibroblasts deregulates fibrosis. MicroRNA‐21 (miR‐21) is a pro‐fibrotic factor with high expression in lesional areas of SSc skin and fibroblasts.MethodsThe effects of miR‐21 on expression of Bcl‐2 and Bax, two apoptotic genes, in dermal fibroblasts of SSc patients were evaluated using real‐time polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. Apoptotic cells were detected using flow cytometry and Hoechst 33258 staining assays.ResultsOverexpression of miR‐21 using synthetic miR‐21 RNA increased expression of Bcl‐2, an inhibitor of apoptosis, and decreased the Bax : Bcl‐2 expression ratio, a cell fate determinant, in SSc fibroblasts. Antisense inhibition of miR‐21 induced a high rate of apoptosis in SSc fibroblasts. We propose that this may be associated with a decrease in Bcl‐2 expression and a shift in the Bax : Bcl‐2 ratio.ConclusionsAlthough further studies are necessary to determine the underlying apoptotic pathway, we propose that inhibition of miR‐21 in dermal fibroblasts from lesional skin may be useful in harnessing progressive fibrosis in SSc.
A Comparison of the Discoloration Potential for EndoSequence Bioceramic Root Repair Material Fast Set Putty and ProRoot MTA in Human Teeth: An In Vitro Study
Authors: Alsubait S. , Al‐Haidar S. , Al‐Sharyan N. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo compare the discoloration potential of Endosequence Bioceramic Root Repair Material fast set putty (ERRMF) and ProRoot MTA (PMTA) when placed coronally in human extracted teeth over a 4‐month period.MethodologyForty‐eight premolars were sectioned 2 mm below the cementoenamel junction. The pulp chambers were cleaned chemo‐mechanically. The specimens were randomly assigned to three groups: PMTA, ERRMF, and no fill (control). Tooth color was measured spectrophotometrically at six time points: after material placement, after 2, 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks. Data were transformed into Commission Internationale de l'éclairage (CIE) L*a*b* system and color difference values (ΔΕ) were calculated. Specimen images were recorded for each time point. Three random specimens from experimental groups were sectioned longitudinally and examined under a stereomicroscope. For data analyses, we used one‐way analysis of variance with repeated measurements and Tukey's test (α = 0.05).ResultsAt 2 weeks, the ΔE means did not differ significantly between the groups. At 4, 8, 12, and 16 weeks, PMTA group exhibited a significantly higher ΔE compared with the ERRMF and control groups. The ΔE did not differ significantly between the ERRMF and control groups. Teeth restored using PMTA exhibited a visually progressive dark discoloration. The control and ERRMF group specimens exhibited color stability. Sections of PMTA specimens revealed grayish discoloration of the material with dark dentinal staining that was not visible in the ERRMF specimens.ConclusionTeeth restored using PMTA exhibited progressive discoloration, whereas teeth restored with ERRMF maintained color stability over a 4‐month period.Clinical SignificanceThe results found in the present study suggest that PMTA produces tooth discoloration over time, whereas ERRMF does not induce tooth discoloration. Therefore, ERRMF might be an alternative to PMTA, especially for coronal restoration in aesthetic zone teeth. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:59–67, 2017)
Standard and double‐dose intravenous proton pump inhibitor injections for prevention of bleeding after endoscopic resection
Authors: Jung Sung Woo , Kim Seung Young , Choe Jung Wan , Hyun Jong Jin , Jung Young Kul , Koo Ja Seol , Yim Hyung Joon , Lee Sang Woo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackground and AimEndoscopic resection is commonly used to remove gastric neoplasms. However, effective dosing or scheduling of proton pump inhibitors for the prevention of delayed bleeding after endoscopic resection remains unclear.MethodsOne hundred sixty‐six patients with gastric adenoma or early gastric cancer were enrolled. After an endoscopic procedure, each subject was randomly assigned to 40 mg every 24 h (standard dose group) or 40 mg every 12 h (double‐dose group) of intravenous pantoprazole for 48 h. Second‐look endoscopy was performed on day 2 after endoscopic resection to compare signs of rebleeding and ulcer status between the two groups.ResultEighty‐one patients of the standard dose group and 81 of the double‐dose group were analyzed. There were no significant differences in the incidence of delayed bleeding events (1.3% vs 6.2%, P = 0.21) and bleeding ulcer at the second‐look endoscopy (6.2% vs 3.9%, P = 0.69) between standard and double‐dose groups. There were no other significant variables associated with delayed bleeding or bleeding ulcer on second‐look endoscopy.ConclusionsIntravenous pantoprazole 40 mg every 24 h or 12 h for 2 days after endoscopic resection was equally effective for the prevention of delayed bleeding.
A case of dysphagia following botulinum toxin injection for neck rejuvenation
Authors: Phothong Weeranut , Wanitphakdeedecha Rungsima , Keskool Phawin , Manuskiatti Woraphong 
Published: September 2016

SummaryBotulinum toxin type A (BTX‐A) is now extensively employed for cosmetic concerns. Upper face rejuvenation, including glabella frown lines and crow's feet lines, received FDA approval for cosmetic uses. However, other off‐label uses for lower face conditions have been employed for texture and contouring purposes, including masseter hypertrophy and vertical banding of the neck. BTX‐A for rejuvenation of the aging neck is an effective and popular treatment with high patient satisfaction rates. Alleviating the aging appearance of the neck by BTX‐A is the result of denervation of hyperkinetic platysma. Concerning an extensive area of treatment and the relationship of treated muscles with other nearby muscles, dermatologists should be aware of potential adverse effects of the BTX‐A injection. We herein present a case of dysphagia following botulinum toxin injection for the treatment of platysma bands.
Plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics of cefquinome following the administration of multiple doses in horses
Authors: Uney K. , Altan F. , Altan S. , Erol H. , Arican M. , Elmas M. 
Published: September 2016

The plasma and synovial fluid pharmacokinetics and safety of cefquinome, a 2‐amino‐5‐thiazolyl cephalosporin, were determined after multiple intravenous administrations in sixteen healthy horses. Cefquinome was administered to each horse through a slow i.v. injection over 20 min at 1, 2, 4, and 6 mg/kg (n = 4 horses per dose) every 12 h for 7 days (a total of 13 injections). Serial blood and synovial fluid samples were collected during the 12 h after the administration of the first and last doses and were analyzed by a high‐performance liquid chromatography assay. The data were evaluated using noncompartmental pharmacokinetic analyses. The estimated plasma pharmacokinetic parameters were compared with the hypothetical minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values (0.125–2 μg/mL). The plasma and synovial fluid concentrations and area under the concentration–time curves (AUC) of cefquinome showed a dose‐dependent increase. After a first dose of cefquinome, the ranges for the mean plasma half‐life values (2.30–2.41 h), the mean residence time (1.77–2.25 h), the systemic clearance (158–241 mL/h/kg), and the volume of distribution at steady‐state (355–431 mL/kg) were consistent across dose levels and similar to those observed after multiple doses. Cefquinome did not accumulate after multiple doses. Cefquinome penetrated the synovial fluid with AUCsynovial fluid/AUCplasma ratios ranging from 0.57 to 1.37 after first and thirteenth doses, respectively. Cefquinome is well tolerated, with no adverse effects. The percentage of time for which the plasma concentrations were above the MIC was >45% for bacteria, with MIC values of ≤0.25, ≤0.5, and ≤1 μg/mL after the administration of 1, 2, and 4 or 6 mg/kg doses of CFQ at 12‐h intervals, respectively. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal dosage regimes in critically ill patients.
Ectopic expression of a cyanobacterial flavodoxin in creeping bentgrass impacts plant development and confers broad abiotic stress tolerance
Authors: Li Zhigang , Yuan Shuangrong , Jia Haiyan , Gao Fangyuan , Zhou Man , Yuan Ning , Wu Peipei , Hu Qian , Sun Dongfa , Luo Hong 
Published: September 2016

SummaryFlavodoxin (Fld) plays a pivotal role in photosynthetic microorganisms as an alternative electron carrier flavoprotein under adverse environmental conditions. Cyanobacterial Fld has been demonstrated to be able to substitute ferredoxin of higher plants in most electron transfer processes under stressful conditions. We have explored the potential of Fld for use in improving plant stress response in creeping bentgrass (Agrostis stolonifera L.). Overexpression of Fld altered plant growth and development. Most significantly, transgenic plants exhibited drastically enhanced performance under oxidative, drought and heat stress as well as nitrogen (N) starvation, which was associated with higher water retention and cell membrane integrity than wild‐type controls, modified expression of heat‐shock protein genes, production of more reduced thioredoxin, elevated N accumulation and total chlorophyll content as well as up‐regulated expression of nitrite reductase and N transporter genes. Further analysis revealed that the expression of other stress‐related genes was also impacted in Fld‐expressing transgenics. Our data establish a key role of Fld in modulating plant growth and development and plant response to multiple sources of adverse environmental conditions in crop species. This demonstrates the feasibility of manipulating Fld in crop species for genetic engineering of plant stress tolerance.
Optimal plant water economy
Authors: Buckley Thomas N , Sack Lawren , Farquhar Graham D 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIt was shown over 40 years ago that plants maximize carbon gain for a given rate of water loss if stomatal conductance,gs, varies in response to external and internal conditions such that the marginal carbon revenue of water, ∂A/∂E, remains constant over time. This theory has long held promise for understanding the physiological ecology of water use and for informing models of plant‐atmosphere interactions. Full realization of this potential hinges on three questions: (i) Are analytical approximations adequate for applying the theory at diurnal time scales? (ii) At what time scale is it realistic and appropriate to apply the theory? (iii) How shouldgsvary to maximize growth over long time scales? We review the current state of understanding for each of these questions and describe future research frontiers. In particular, we show that analytical solutions represent the theory quite poorly, especially when boundary layer or mesophyll resistances are significant; that diurnal variations in hydraulic conductance may help or hinder maintenance of ∂A/∂E, and the matter requires further study; and that optimal diurnal responses are distinct from optimal long‐term variations ings, which emerge from optimal shifts in carbon partitioning at the whole‐plant scale.
Household siblings and nasal and fecal microbiota in infants
Authors: Hasegawa Kohei , Linnemann Rachel W , Mansbach Jonathan M , Ajami Nadim J , Espinola Janice A , Fiechtner Lauren G , Petrosino Joseph F , Camargo Carlos A 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundEarly‐life exposure to older siblings is associated with a lower risk of asthma. To date, no study has addressed the impact of having siblings on both the airway and fecal microbiota during infancy. The aim of this study was therefore to profile the nasal airway and fecal microbiota in infants, and to examine the association between having siblings and microbiota profile.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional study of 105 healthy infants (aged <1 year). Using 16S rRNA gene sequencing and an unbiased clustering approach to the nasal airway and fecal samples, we identified microbiota profiles and then determined the association between having siblings and microbiome profile.ResultsOverall, the median age was 3.4 months (IQR, 2.0–4.7 months); 43% had siblings in the household. Unbiased clustering of nasal airway microbiota identified three profiles: Moraxella dominant (43%), Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum dominant (36%), and mixed (21%). Infants with siblings were more likely to have a Moraxella‐dominant profile than Corynebacterium/Dolosigranulum‐dominant profile (76% vs 18%), while those without siblings had the opposite pattern (18% vs 50%; P < 0.001, multivariable‐adjusted). Fecal microbiota consisted of three profiles: Bifidobacterium dominant (39%), Escherichia dominant (31%), and Enterobacter dominant (30%). Infants with siblings were more likely to have a Bifidobacterium‐dominant profile than Escherichia‐dominant profile (49% vs 24%) while those without siblings had the opposite pattern (32% vs 37%; P = 0.04, multivariable‐adjusted).ConclusionsIn this cross‐sectional study, infants with siblings were more likely to have a Moraxella‐dominant nasal microbiota profile and Bifidobacterium‐dominant fecal microbiota profile. These findings should facilitate further investigation of the interplay between early‐life environmental exposure, the microbiome, and childhood asthma.