bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Emploi décent et tourisme durable
Authors: Ibourk Aomar , El Alaoui El Wahidi Ali 
Published: August 2016

Depuis son indépendance, le Maroc a accordé au secteur du tourisme une place stratégique dans sa politique de développement, compte tenu de ses effets positifs sur l’économie et la réduction du chômage. Or, ces objectifs attrayants s’accompagnent de répercussions sociales négatives, dues à l’instabilité des emplois et à la faiblesse des salaires caractérisant ce secteur. Ceci éloigne la politique de son objectif, consistant à assurer un travail décent qui garantit aux employés la stabilité, la reconnaissance, la dignité, la sécurité et l’égalité.
En prenant en considération le cadre règlementaire du travail au Maroc et les principes de base régissant la notion de travail décent, cet article a comme objectif de vérifier si les professionnels du tourisme respectent la raison d’être de leur secteur, en l’occurrence la création d’emplois décents et la lutte contre la pauvreté. Cet article se veut une contribution pour dégager quelques éléments de réponse sur la qualité des emplois dans le secteur de l’hôtellerie. Il s’agit d’estimer la fonction des gains pour les employés du secteur selon les caractéristiques individuelles.
L’étude, réalisée auprès de 1 364 employés de l’hôtellerie à Marrakech, met en évidence que la population étudiée souffre encore de la précarité de sa situation et de l’absence de politiques de gestion des ressources humaines orientées vers l’avenir, avec une vision de développement qui garantit le bien-être des populations travaillant dans le secteur de l’hôtellerie.
Repenser l’informalité : la politique, les crises et la ville1
Authors: McFarlane Colin , Rondeau Joëlle 
Published: August 2016

Si l’informalité a été traditionnellement comprise comme un type de formation territoriale ou de catégorie de travail, cet article propose une conceptualisation alternative concevant l’informalité et la formalité en tant que formes de pratiques. L’article examine comment différentes relations de pratiques informelles et formelles rendent possible la planification, le développement et la politique urbains. Il explore également le rapport changeant entre l’informalité et la formalité dans la durée. Pour illustrer le potentiel politique d’une conceptualisation de l’informalité et de la formalité comme pratiques, l’article souligne les répercussions d’une crise urbaine particulière : les inondations liées à la mousson, en 2005, à Mumbai. La dernière partie de l’article propose enfin trois cadres conceptuels pour identifier les relations changeantes des pratiques informelles et formelles : la spéculation, la composition et le bricolage.
Étudier l’État à partir de l’informalité. Répression et résistances autour du commerce informel de carburant1
Authors: Eyebiyi Elieth 
Published: August 2016

Le commerce informel et transfrontalier des produits pétroliers provenant du Nigéria s’est enraciné, au début des années 1990, dans un contexte de crise économique et politique marquant le passage d’un État-providence à un État libéral et de marché. La porosité de la longue bande frontalière et les accointances entre douaniers et contrebandiers ont depuis favorisé l’institutionnalisation sociale et économique d’une activité informelle pourvoyeuse d’emplois et intégratrice de milliers d’exclus, de sans-emplois et de chômeurs au Bénin. Au fil des ans, le commerce informel du carburant de contrebande (le « kpayo ») s’est socialement légitimé, s’est intégré au quotidien des populations béninoises et s’est substitué aux stations-service pratiquant des prix prohibitifs. Les multiples tentatives de l’État central pour l’éradiquer se soldent par des échecs, y compris la dernière campagne démarrée le 17 novembre 2012. Arrestations, saisies, morts et autres drames n’empêchent pas le liquide controversé de couler à flots dans les réservoirs des citoyens et de rester concurrentiel.
À rebours des théories en vogue sur l’informel, ce papier adopte une posture socioanthropologique multicentrée et critique. Il associe l’économique au social et au politique pour interroger à partir de données recueillies au Bénin entre 2012 et 2014, l’action publique contre le « kpayo ». J’examine les représentations, les pratiques (non) officielles et les négociations entre un État régalien désireux de contrôler ses frontières pour augmenter les recettes douanières et un État d’usagers et de contrebandiers déterminés à maintenir coûte que coûte une activité informelle, structurant de manière décisive toute une économie formelle.
L’informalisation du recours à la protection sociale au Canada : le cas des réformes de l’assurance-chômage et du nouveau Tribunal de la sécurité sociale
Authors: Yerochewski Carole , Marotte Hans 
Published: August 2016

En dégradant l’« emploi convenable » que devaient accepter les prestataires « fréquents », la réforme de l’assurance-chômage intervenue en 2012-2013 a suscité de vives réactions, notamment parce qu’elle mettait fin au caractère redistributif de l’assurance-chômage envers les régions marquées par des activités saisonnières. La réforme parallèle des procédures de contestation et d’appel des décisions d’admissibilité, qui a donné lieu à la création du Tribunal de la sécurité sociale, a été moins commentée. Elle a pourtant abouti à une informalisation des possibilités de recours au droit social.Si une telle réforme s’inscrit dans le caractère autoritaire de l’action du gouvernement Harper, au pouvoir jusqu’en 2015, le propos de cet article consiste cependant à souligner la compatibilité de ces réformes avec le nouveau paradigme guidant, dans les pays industrialisés, les réformes de l’État-providence et remettant en cause la notion de droit social (Siegel, 2004). Le processus d’informalisation du droit social apparait dans ce contexte résulter tant de la mise en oeuvre de procédures arbitraires que de l’invisibilisation de ce processus, faute d’être défini comme un problème public.
Effects of yearling, juvenile and adult survival on reef manta ray (Manta alfredi) demography
Authors: Smallegange Isabel M. , van der Ouderaa Isabelle B.C. , Tibiriçá Yara 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe trade in manta ray gill plates has considerably increased over the last two decades. The resulting increases in ray mortality, in addition to mortality caused by by-catch, has caused many ray populations to decrease in size. The aim of this study was to ascertain how yearling and juvenile growth and survival, and adult survival and reproduction affect reef manta ray (Manta alfredi) population change, to increase our understanding of manta ray demography and thereby improve conservation research and measures for these fish.MethodsWe developed a population projection model for reef manta rays, and used published life history data on yearling and juvenile growth and adult reproduction to parameterise the model. Because little is known about reef manta ray yearling and juvenile survival, we conducted our analyses using a range of plausible survival rate values for yearlings, juveniles and adults.ResultsThe model accurately captured observed variation in population growth rate, lifetime reproductive success and cohort generation time in different reef manta ray populations. Our demographic analyses revealed a range of population consequences in response to variation in demographic rates. For example, an increase in yearling or adult survival rates always elicited greater responses in population growth rate, lifetime reproductive success and cohort generation time than the same increase in juvenile survival rate. The population growth rate increased linearly, but lifetime reproductive success and cohort generation time increased at an accelerating rate with increasing yearling or adult survival rates. Hence, even a small increase in survival rate could increase lifetime reproductive success by one pup, and cohort generation time by several years. Elasticity analyses revealed that, depending on survival rate values of all life stages, the population growth rate is either most sensitive to changes in the rate with which juveniles survive but stay juveniles (i.e., do not mature into adults) or to changes in adult survival rate. However, when assessing these results against estimates on population growth and adult survival rates for populations off the coasts of Mozambique and Japan, we found that the population growth rate is predicted to be always most sensitive to changes in the adult survival rate.DiscussionIt is important to gain an in-depth understanding of reef manta ray life histories, particularly of yearling and adult survival rates, as these can influence reef manta ray population dynamics in a variety of ways. For declining populations in particular, it is crucial to know which life stage should be targeted for their conservation. For one such declining population off the coast of Mozambique, adult annual survival rate has the greatest effect on population growth, and by increasing adult survival by protecting adult aggregation sites, this population’s decline could be halted or even reversed.
Alongcoast structure and interannual variability of seasonal midshelf water properties and velocity in the Northern California Current System
Authors: Hickey B. , Geier S. , Kachel N. , Ramp S. , Kosro P. M. , Connolly T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMoored sensors were maintained for ∼5 years on the northern California Current System (CCS) midshelf. The alongcoast sensor array spanned the area of influence of the plume from the Columbia River, several submarine canyons, as well as a coastal promontory where the equatorward coastal jet frequently separates from the shelf. Upwelling‐favorable wind stress magnitude decreases poleward by more than a factor of three over the latitudinal range and shelf width varies by a factor of two. In spite of the alongcoast structure in setting, both seasonal and interannual patterns in subsurface layer water properties were remarkably similar at all sites. Higher in the water column, freshwater forcing was substantial. Because of the near surface freshwater input, seasonal sea surface and subsurface temperatures were almost perfectly out of phase in the northernmost CCS, with a mid water column inversion in winter. Year to year differences in subsurface layer wintertime water properties were similar to spatial and temporal patterns of wind stress variability: little alongcoast structure except in salinity, but pronounced interannual differences strongly related to local wind stress. Summertime wind and subsurface property patterns were the opposite of those in winter: pronounced alongcoast wind stress structure, but little or no alongcoast or interannual variability in water properties, and only a weak relationship to local wind stress. Summertime interannual water property variability, including source waters, was shown to be more consistent with “remote forcing” via larger scale wind stress rather than with local wind stress, particularly in the northernmost CCS.
Conservative transport upscaling based on information of connectivity
Authors: Tyukhova Alina R. , Willmann Matthias 
Published: August 2016

AbstractConnected structures in highly heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields lead to channels and preferential pathways for the main fluid flux and fastest solute particles. Their spatial complement is zones of slow advection, where solutes are delayed, causing tailing of solute breakthrough curves. These delays depend on the inclusion's size and the hydraulic conductivity contrast between inclusion and channel. The interplay between channels and small‐scale low conductivity inclusions leads to anomalous transport at larger scales. We test whether a simple separation of transport processes between channels and inclusions could be used to parameterize an effective transport model accounting for anomalous transport. Effective transport is represented by a multirate mass transfer model (MRMT): fast channel transport is controlled by parameters of the mobile zone, while slow advective delays are controlled by parameters of the mobile‐immobile exchange. We delineate the connected channels and analyze their connectivity followed by characterizing the low conductivity inclusions. We parameterize a MRMT model using connectivity and the statistics of the low permeable inclusions. Finally, we compare the parameterized MRMT with detailed numerical simulations in heterogeneous hydraulic conductivity fields with a clear separation between connected channel network and inclusions. In intermediately connected hydraulic conductivity fields only the cut‐off time of the tails is represented while early and intermediate time behavior is not reproduced. We suggest that an effective model for the latter case should account for additional processes like variability in advective velocity.
The world's biggest gamble
Authors: Rockström Johan , Schellnhuber Hans Joachim , Hoskins Brian , Ramanathan Veerabhadran , Schlosser Peter , Brasseur Guy Pierre , Gaffney Owen , Nobre Carlos , Meinshausen Malte , Rogelj Joeri , Lucht Wolfgang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe scale of the decarbonisation challenge to meet the Paris Agreement is underplayed in the public arena. It will require precipitous emissions reductions within 40 years and a new carbon sink on the scale of the ocean sink. Even then, the world is extremely likely to overshoot. A catastrophic failure of policy, for example, waiting another decade for transformative policy and full commitments to fossil‐free economies, will have irreversible and deleterious repercussions for humanity's remaining time on Earth. Only a global zero carbon roadmap will put the world on a course to phase‐out greenhouse gas emissions and create the essential carbon sinks for Earth‐system stability, without which, world prosperity is not possible.
Tremor and its duration‐amplitude distribution at Popocatépetl volcano, Mexico
Authors: Arámbula‐Mendoza R. , Valdés‐González C. , Varley N. , Reyes‐Pimentel T. A. , Juárez‐García B. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe duration‐amplitude distribution was calculated for the tremor observed at Popocatépetl volcano during episodes of activity in 2000 and 2012–2014. An exponential function was used to obtain a good fit for the duration‐amplitude distribution, and the source of volcanic tremor is probably generated by the transportation of magmatic fluids and its coupling with the host rock within the volcanic conduit. In particular, harmonic tremor has shown large amplitudes, durations, and mean values of amplitude, more than spasmodic or pulsating tremor. This is due to different generation mechanisms: in the case of harmonic tremor, it is produced during magma ascent and lava dome growth, while spasmodic and pulsating tremors are associated with fragmentation of the lava dome and gas emissions. This paper presents the duration‐amplitude distribution as a method to estimate the intensity of the tremor at Popocatépetl, a volcano with the major risk in all Mexico.
High‐temperature deformation of enstatite aggregates
Authors: Bystricky M. , Lawlis J. , Mackwell S. , Heidelbach F. , Raterron P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSynthesized polycrystalline enstatite samples were deformed in a Paterson gas‐medium apparatus at 1200–1300°C, oxygen fugacity buffered at Ni/NiO, and confining pressures of 300 MPa (protoenstatite field) or 450 MPa (orthoenstatite field). At both confining pressures, the mechanical data display a progressive increase of the stress exponent from n = 1 to n~3 with increasing differential stress, suggesting a transition from diffusional to dislocation creep. Nonlinear least squares fits to the high‐stress data yielded dislocation creep flow laws with a stress exponent of 3 and activation energies of 600 and 720 kJ/mol for orthoenstatite and protoenstatite, respectively. Deformed samples were analyzed using optical microscopy and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Microstructures show undulatory extinction and kink bands, evidence of dislocation processes. Crystallographic preferred orientations measured by electron backscatter diffraction are axisymmetric and indicate preferential slip on (100)[001]. Most deformed grains comprise an interlayering of orthoenstatite and clinoenstatite lamellae. While many lamellae may have formed during quenching from run conditions, those in samples deformed in the orthoenstatite field are often bordered by partial [001] dislocations, suggesting transformation due to glide of partial [001] dislocations in (100) planes. Comparison of our orthoenstatite creep law with those for dislocation creep of olivine indicates that orthoenstatite deforms about a factor of 2 slower than olivine at our experimental conditions. However, as orthoenstatite has a higher activation energy and smaller stress exponent than olivine, this strength difference is likely smaller at the higher temperatures and lower stresses expected in much of the upper mantle.
Mesoscale modulation of air‐sea CO2 flux in Drake Passage
Authors: Song Hajoon , Marshall John , Munro David R. , Dutkiewicz Stephanie , Sweeney Colm , McGillicuddy D. J. , Hausmann Ute 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigate the role of mesoscale eddies in modulating air‐sea CO2 flux and associated biogeochemical fields in Drake Passage using in situ observations and an eddy‐resolving numerical model. Both observations and model show a negative correlation between temperature and partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) anomalies at the sea surface in austral summer, indicating that warm/cold anticyclonic/cyclonic eddies take up more/less CO2. In austral winter, in contrast, relationships are reversed: warm/cold anticyclonic/cyclonic eddies are characterized by a positive/negative pCO2 anomaly and more/less CO2 outgassing. It is argued that DIC‐driven effects on pCO2 are greater than temperature effects in austral summer, leading to a negative correlation. In austral winter, however, the reverse is true. An eddy‐centric analysis of the model solution reveals that nitrate and iron respond differently to the same vertical mixing: vertical mixing has a greater impact on iron because its normalized vertical gradient at the base of the surface mixed layer is an order of magnitude greater than that of nitrate.
The effect of Kuroshio Current on nitrate dynamics in the southern East China Sea revealed by nitrate isotopic composition
Authors: Wang Wentao , Yu Zhiming , Song Xiuxian , Wu Zaixing , Yuan Yongquan , Zhou Peng , Cao Xihua 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn spring 2014 (May–June), in the southern East China Sea (ECS) and east of Taiwan, nutrient and isotope samples were collected and analyzed. Also, dissolved oxygen (DO), chlorophyll‐a, and physical parameters were determined. The Kuroshio subsurface water intruded into the ECS and separated into two branches on the continental shelf: the nearshore Kuroshio branch current (NKBC) and the offshore Kuroshio branch current (OKBC). Nitrate concentration in the Kuroshio subsurface water slightly decreased east of Taiwan by assimilation and was supplied by upwelling currents northeast of Taiwan. The variations of DO, nitrate, and nitrogen isotopes in the bottom water showed that continuous nitrification occurred in the NKBC after intrusion into the ECS. This process might contribute to the hypoxia zone near the coast of Zhejiang Province, China. Our results also indicated that internal nitrogen cycles appeared in NKBC since the isotope fractionation ratio of oxygen and nitrogen (18ɛ:15ɛ) in
was 1.40. The
flux and budget were calculated in the NKBC via numerical simulations. It demonstrated that at least ∼0.52 kmol
·s−1 was produced by nitrification from DH9 to DH5 transect, and ∼0.11 kmol
·s−1 was consumed in the DH4 transect. Moreover, according to the Rayleigh model, primary production in most of southern ECS was supported by the intrusion of the Kuroshio subsurface water, causing 5‰ isotope fractionation. In some of nearshore stations which located in the northern investigated area, the assimilated nitrate was contributed from both the NKBC and coastal currents originated from the Changjiang diluted water.
Forcing of recent decadal variability in the Equatorial and North Indian Ocean
Authors: Thompson P. R. , Piecuch C. G. , Merrifield M. A. , McCreary J. P. , Firing E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent decadal sea surface height (SSH) variability across the Equatorial and North Indian Ocean (ENIO, north of 5°S) is spatially coherent and related to a reversal in basin‐scale, upper‐ocean‐temperature trends. Analysis of ocean and forcing fields from a data‐assimilating ocean synthesis (ECCOv4) suggests that two equally important mechanisms of wind‐driven heat redistribution within the Indian Ocean account for a majority of the decadal variability. The first is the Cross‐Equatorial Cell (CEC) forced by zonal wind stress curl at the equator. The wind stress curl variability relates to the strength and position of the Mascarene High, which is influenced by the phase of the Indian Ocean Subtropical Dipole. The second mechanism is deep (700 m) upwelling related to zonal wind stress at the equator that causes deep, cross‐equatorial overturning due to the unique geometry of the basin. The CEC acts to cool the upper ocean throughout most of the first decade of satellite altimetry, while the deep upwelling delays and then amplifies the effect of the CEC on SSH. During the subsequent decade, reversals in the forcing anomalies drive warming of the upper ocean and increasing SSH, with the effect of the deep upwelling leading the CEC.
Effects of the hydraulic conductivity microstructure on macrodispersivity
Authors: Di Dato Mariaines , de Barros Felipe P. J. , Fiori Aldo , Bellin Alberto 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHeterogeneity of the hydraulic properties is one of the main causes of the seemingly random distribution of solute concentration observed in contaminated aquifers, with macrodispersivity providing a global measure of spreading. Earlier studies on transport of solutes in heterogeneous formations, either theoretical or numerical, expressed dispersivity as a function of the geostatistical properties of the hydraulic conductivity K. In most cases, K follows a second‐order statistical characterization, which may not be adequate when heterogeneity is high. In this work, we adopt the Multi‐Indicator Model–Self Consistent Approach (MIMSCA) to compute the longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivity. This methodology enables to model the K field by using geological inclusions of different shapes and orientation (defined here as the microstructure), while replicating the heterogeneous macrostructure obtained by the second‐order statistics. The above scheme attempts to reproduce the effect on macrodispersion of different distribution and orientation of local facies, and for instance it may represent the orientation and spatial features of the layers that are often observed in aquifers. The relevant impact of the microstructure on effective conductivity, longitudinal and transverse macrodispersivities is analyzed and discussed, for both binary and lognormally distributed K fields.
Meter Data Collection, Management, and Analysis
Authors: Wolf Tim 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
With their ability to provide ubiquitous measurement, monitoring, communication and control capabilities, smart meters are much more than the utility's cash register. They are, in effect, sensors for the distribution network, providing critical data and insight to improve grid reliability and efficiency in an age of rapidly expanding distributed energy resources and load volatility. This chapter provides readers with an overview of smart metering technology, insight into its architecture and evolving capabilities, and how utilities are collecting, managing and applying smart meter data to improve grid operations and deliver new programs and services to their customers.