bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing and Developing Exercises to Enhance Capability - A Meta Analytic View
Authors: Varghese Geeva , Coolbaugh Thomas 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
A robust preparedness framework is essential to maximize response effectiveness and safeguard success. Exercises are an integral part of oil spill preparedness and emergency management. Exercises enhance the capability of an organization to respond by validating plans and procedures and seeking affirmations on assumptions and stakeholder expectations. Since planning and preparing for exercises can be costly and time consuming, it is important that lessons learned are accurately captured, widely communicated and implemented in a timely manner so that they can lead to measurable improvements in the way we prepare and respond to incidents.
On average, international Oil Spill Response Organizations (OSRO) may be involved in thirty to forty oil spill response exercises in a given year, ranging from small scale exercises testing communication between various stakeholders to highly complex, multi-agency, multi-jurisdictional scenarios. Participation in multiple exercises in various capacities ranging from planning, designing and facilitation to participation, performance and capability assurance as an Oil Spill Response Organization, presents varied opportunities to view and analyze exercises from both ends of the spectrum, as a planner as well as a participant. A meta-analysis of these exercises offers a unique opportunity to systematically identify recurring areas for improvement and to examine new avenues to explore and test capabilities with operators who have established robust exercise programs. A key outcome of this would be to translate learnings into important enhancements for industry’s collective response and preparedness capability.
This paper presents a meta-analysis view of recent OSRO-industry exercises with a focus on a comparative assessment of specific After Action Reviews (AAR). The purpose is to identify common themes in terms of lessons learned and areas for improvement, especially when designing and planning future exercises. It also considers whether exercises have evolved to incorporate changing response capabilities and realistically testing any increased information requirements of the stakeholder community. Finally, it will also examine how successfully companies have sought out emerging technologies that will positively impact preparedness, response and recovery. It is anticipated that the recommendations put forward from this meta-analysis will assist operators in realizing the full benefits of the time and effort invested in exercise programs.
GROWING SUBJECT MATTER EXPERTS – NATURE VS NURTURE
Authors: Rouse Dave , Wasche Dean , Couch Andrew 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Think of someone you know in the field of spill response who has deep technical expertise in a particular area. Now think about how they got to where they are. Chances are, they have a background in a related field, and stumbled into spill response opportunistically. They found it interesting, and set about investing time and energy in a particular area until they became recognised across the industry as a subject matter expert. If you look at your own career path, you may recognise similarities.
In the ‘nature vs nurture’ argument, this is ‘nature’ - the organic development of an oil spill expert over a long period, reliant on being in the right place, at the right time, many times over. So can an oil spill subject matter expert be nurtured and developed under a form of stewardship programme?
There are no shortcuts to developing deep expertise, but there are efficiencies to be realised. This is especially pertinent in today’s industry backdrop of cost-control and ‘doing more with less’ in the context of succession planning for future expertise. We need a structured, efficient and deliberate framework to build the next generation.
This paper will describe an approach to growing subject matter experts in spill response, which starts with OSRL’s 30-plus years of training oil spill experts, mixes in the best from industry’s graduate and SME development programmes and blends in techniques drawn from the UK’s Royal Military Academy Sandhurst’s officer training programmes and the world of sport psychology.
The approach is underpinned by the principles of andragogy – the method and practice of teaching adult learners – and designed around the distinct capabilities defined in the Tiered Preparedness and Response framework. In practice, the approach combines structured competence-based training, values based leadership, and focussed coaching and mentoring.
It accelerates the development of someone with no spill response experience and provides the building blocks which allow them to become a solid oil spill expert. For those who wish to specialise, it gives pathways and opportunities to achieving deep expertise in niche aspects of our discipline.
We can’t strip out the need to be in the right place, at the right time, time after time… but this approach reduces the role that luck plays in an individual’s journey to become an industry-recognised authority.
Angola Coastal Mapping and Tactics for Oil Spill Response
Authors: Taylor Elliott , Graham Andy , Rios Jose , Huet Jean-Yves , Page-Jones Lindsay , Ivaba Gabriel 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
The Angolan oil and gas industry workgroup (ACEPA-Associação das Companhias de Exploração e Produção de Angola) continues to collaborate in the development and completion of oil spill response initiatives as responsible operators and committed participants in the IMO-IPIECA Global Initiative for West, Central and Southern Africa (GI WACAF). Between 2012–2015, a comprehensive program of oil spill response planning, geodatabase development, mapping, and guides were completed for the entire coast of Angola. Low altitude aerial video surveys that combine oblique imagery and a verbal commentary record were recorded as the foundation for mapping coastal sensitivities, ESI characterization, shore zone and backshore operational definition, and shoreline segmentation. Other information added to the coastal geodatabase includes operational and logistical considerations such as land access and boat launch locations, proposed sites for staging, holding of temporary wastes, industrial and human use (fishing, recreational), and nearshore access constraints. A key aspect of the shoreline mapping effort was to build the information into a stand-alone pre-shoreline cleanup assessment technique (SCAT)-database that provides layered information for each of the 1999 shoreline segments. Digital video and high-resolution oblique aerial photos for 2400 km of coastline are geo-referenced and integrated into the GIS system with viewer software that allows the user to “fly” the shoreline. Shoreline attributes for biological, socioeconomic, and human use were used to rank 117 sensitive sites. The 45 highest priority sensitive sites were surveyed and detailed geographic response plans (GRPs) for site protection strategies and tactics were compiled into two atlases. The comprehensive coastal characterization, segmentation, and priority site protection plans provide the Angola government and oil industry with spill preparedness tools that are world-class.
Thermal Properties and Burning Efficiencies of Crude Oils and Refined Fuel Oil
Authors: van Gelderen Laurens , Alva Ulises Rojas , Mindykowski Pierrick , Jomaas Grunde 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
The thermal properties and burning efficiencies of fresh and weathered crude oils and a refined fuel oil were studied in order to improve the available input data for field ignition systems for the in-situ burning of crude oil on water. The time to ignition, surface temperature upon ignition, heat release rate, burning rate and burning efficiency of two fresh crude oils (DUC, a light crude and Grane, a heavy crude), one fresh refined fuel oil (IFO 180) and weathered DUC (30–40 wt% evaporated and 40 wt% evaporated with 40 vol% water) were tested. Experiments were conducted in a newly designed water-cooled holder for a cone calorimeter under incident heat fluxes of 0, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 kW/m2. The results clearly showed that the weathered oils were the hardest to ignite, with increased ignition times and critical heat fluxes of 5–10 kW/m2. Evaporation and emulsification were shown to be the determining factors increasing the critical heat flux compared to the physical properties of the oils. Boilover was observed for both emulsified DUC and fresh Grane and dominated the energy released by these oils. These results provided further evidence that the boilover phenomenon is correlated to the superheating of relatively volatile components such as water (DUC emulsion) or light hydrocarbons (Grane). Boilovers can thus occur due to inherent properties of the burning oil and should therefore be taken into account in the safety planning of in-situ burning operations. Maximum burning efficiencies of 85–90% were obtained for heat fluxes of 40–50 kW/m2 for the crude oils and 80% at 30 kW/m2 for IFO 180. The heat feedback in large scale fires, however, was estimated to be about 17 kW/m2, for which the burning efficiencies were &lt; 80%. These results indicate that the increased heat feedback to the fuel surface is not the only factor that increases the burning efficiency for large scale fires compared to laboratory experiments. Additional factors such as feeding of surrounding oil into the fire by buoyancy induced wind flows into the hot smoke plume are probably also contributing to these increased burning efficiencies.
Under‐Ice Phytoplankton Blooms Inhibited by Spring Convective Mixing in Refreezing Leads
Authors: Lowry Kate E. , Pickart Robert S. , Selz Virginia , Mills Matthew M. , Pacini Astrid , Lewis Kate M. , Joy‐Warren Hannah L. , Nobre Carolina , van Dijken Gert L. , Grondin Pierre‐Luc , Ferland Joannie , Arrigo Kevin R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSpring phytoplankton growth in polar marine ecosystems is limited by light availability beneath ice‐covered waters, particularly early in the season prior to snowmelt and melt pond formation. Leads of open water increase light transmission to the ice‐covered ocean and are sites of air‐sea exchange. We explore the role of leads in controlling phytoplankton bloom dynamics within the sea ice zone of the Arctic Ocean. Data are presented from spring measurements in the Chukchi Sea during the Study of Under‐ice Blooms In the Chukchi Ecosystem (SUBICE) program in May and June 2014. We observed that fully consolidated sea ice supported modest under‐ice blooms, while waters beneath sea ice with leads had significantly lower phytoplankton biomass, despite high nutrient availability. Through an analysis of hydrographic and biological properties, we attribute this counterintuitive finding to springtime convective mixing in refreezing leads of open water. Our results demonstrate that waters beneath loosely consolidated sea ice (84–95% ice concentration) had weak stratification and were frequently mixed below the critical depth (the depth at which depth‐integrated production balances depth‐integrated respiration). These findings are supported by theoretical model calculations of under‐ice light, primary production, and critical depth at varied lead fractions. The model demonstrates that under‐ice blooms can form even beneath snow‐covered sea ice in the absence of mixing but not in more deeply mixed waters beneath sea ice with refreezing leads. Future estimates of primary production should account for these phytoplankton dynamics in ice‐covered waters.
Electron Dynamics Within the Electron Diffusion Region of Asymmetric Reconnection
Authors: Argall M. R. , Paulson K. , Alm L. , Rager A. , Dorelli J. , Shuster J. , Wang S. , Torbert R. B. , Vaith H. , Dors I. , Chutter M. , Farrugia C. , Burch J. , Pollock C. , Giles B. , Gershman D. , Lavraud B. , Russell C. T. , Strangeway R. , Magnes W. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Khotyaintsev Yu. V. , Ergun R. E. , Ahmadi N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe investigate the agyrotropic nature of electron distribution functions and their substructure to illuminate electron dynamics in a previously reported electron diffusion region (EDR) event. In particular, agyrotropy is examined as a function of energy to reveal detailed finite Larmor radius effects for the first time. It is shown that the previously reported ∼66 eV agyrotropic “crescent” population that has been accelerated as a result of reconnection is evanescent in nature because it mixes with a denser, gyrotopic background. Meanwhile, accelerated agyrotropic populations at 250 and 500 eV are more prominent because the background plasma at those energies is more tenuous. Agyrotropy at 250 and 500 eV is also more persistent than at 66 eV because of finite Larmor radius effects; agyrotropy is observed 2.5 ion inertial lengths from the EDR at 500 eV, but only in close proximity to the EDR at 66 eV. We also observe linearly polarized electrostatic waves leading up to and within the EDR. They have wave normal angles near 90°, and their occurrence and intensity correlate with agyrotropy. Within the EDR, they modulate the flux of 500 eV electrons travelling along the current layer. The net electric field intensifies the reconnection current, resulting in a flow of energy from the fields into the plasma.
Abundance, activity and critical habitat of the striped dolphinStenella coeruleoalbain the Gulf of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea, central Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Carlucci Roberto , Ricci Pasquale , Cipriano Giulia , Fanizza Carmelo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAbundance, density, daily variation in group size, activity and habitat use of the striped dolphin in the Gulf of Taranto (northern Ionian Sea, central Mediterranean Sea) were investigated using data from sightings collected between April 2009 and December 2016 during standardized vessel‐based surveys. Density and abundance were estimated in the survey area by means of conventional distance sampling, resulting in 0.97 specimens/km2(CV = 5.77%; 95% CI = 0.86–1.08 specimens/km2) and 615 specimens (CV = 5.77%; 95% CI = 549–689 specimens), respectively.Group size data were analysed using multivariate methods. The changes in group size, depth and percentage occurrence of activity between daily periods were investigated with non‐parametric tests. The spatio‐temporal distribution of the striped dolphin in each predominant activity was investigated by means of the ordinary Kriging method.Fifteen year‐maps of spatial prediction were produced, allowing the identification of persistent areas. The results delineate a critical habitat of about 150 km2in the northernmost ‘Taranto Valley’ canyon system ranging between 140 and 910 m in depth. This critical habitat was persistently and regularly used by an important estimated population of striped dolphins for their day‐to‐day survival and maintenance in a healthy condition.The intense human use occurring in the area highlights the need for local, national and EU management to set a comprehensive strategy.The establishment of a SPAMI (Specially Protected Area of Mediterranean Importance) as an effective tool for the conservation of the species is suggested. The consequence of establishing a closed area could be reasonably accepted by local concurrent stakeholders. Indeed, limiting access through the establishment of this small closed area would result in the protection of a habitat acting as an ecological refuge for many other pelagic and demersal species of commercial interest, thus favouring their spill over.
Study of Endochondral Ossification in Human Fetalcartilage Anlagen of Metacarpals: Comparative Morphology of Mineral Deposition in Cartilage and in the Periosteal Bone Matrix
Authors: Pazzaglia Ugo E. , Reguzzoni Marcella , Pagani Francesca , Sibilia Valeria , Congiu Terenzio , Salvi Andrea G. , Benetti Anna 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe progression of mineral phase deposition in hypertrophic cartilage and periosteal bone matrix was studied in human metacarpals primary ossification centers before vascular invasion began. This study aimed to provide a morphologic/morphometric comparative analysis of the calcification process in cartilage and periosteal osteoid used as models of endochondral ossification. Thin, sequential sections from the same paraffin inclusions of metacarpal anlagen (gestational age between the 20th and 22nd weeks) were examined with light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, either stained or heat‐deproteinated. This process enabled the analysis of corresponding fields using the different methods. From the initial CaPO4 nucleation in cartilage matrix, calcification progressed increasing the size of focal, globular, randomly distributed deposits (size range 0.5–5 µm), followed by aggregation into polycyclic clusters and finally forming a dense, compact mass of calcified cartilage. At the same time, the early osteoid calcification was characterized by a fine granular pattern (size range 0.1–0.5 µm), which was soon compacted in the layer of the first periosteal lamella. Scanning electron microscopy of heat‐deproteinated sections revealed a rod‐like hydroxyapatite crystallite pattern, with only size differences between the early globular deposits of the two calcifying matrices. The morphology of the early calcium deposits was similar in both cartilage and osteoid, with variations in size and density only. However, integration of the reported data with the actual hypotheses of the mechanisms of Ca concentration suggested that ion transport was linked to the progression of the chondrocyte maturation cycle (with recall of H2O from the matrix) in cartilage, while ions transport was an active process through the cell membrane in osteoid. Other considered factors were the collagen type specificity and the matrix fibrillar texture. Anat Rec, 301:571–580, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Age, Size, and Growth of the Turkish Endemic Frog Pelophylax Caralitanus (Anura: Ranidae)
Authors: Erismis Ugur Cengiz 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTPelophylax caralitanus is a medium‐sized frog that is endemic to the upland Lake District of south‐central Turkey and currently identified as a threatened species as a result of overharvesting and habitat modification. In this report, demographic data are provided for four major lakeside populations of this species based on a skeletochronological analysis of bone growth in large samples of frogs that were captured and released during 2011 and 2013. Adult males (aged 2–9 years) and females (aged 2–10 years) ranged in size from 66 to 105 mm snout‐vent length (SVL) and 65 to 110 mm SVL, respectively, and typically attained sexual maturity in their second (low‐elevation sites) or third (high‐elevation sites) summer of growth following metamorphosis. The four populations exhibited differences in growth rate and age at sexual maturity, which appeared to reflect differences in the average monthly temperature and length of the growth season rather than elevation per se, that is, warmer temperatures and longer growth seasons resulted in smaller adults. All populations had a similar overall age structure, with approximately equal frequencies of individuals in the five age and size classes following maturity. Anat Rec, 301:1224–1234, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Polarized Ends of Human Macula Densa Cells: Ultrastructural Investigation and Morphofunctional Correlations
Authors: Cangiotti Angela Maria , Lorenzi Teresa , Zingaretti Maria Cristina , Fabri Mara , Morroni Manrico 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe morphology of the kidney macula densa (MD) has extensively been investigated in animals, whereas human studies are scanty. We studied the fine structure of human MD cells focusing on their apical and basal ends and correlating structure and function. The MD region was examined by transmission electron microscopy in six renal biopsies from patients with kidney disease. Ultrastructural analysis of MD cells was performed on serial sections. MD cells show two polarized ends. The apical portion is characterized by a single, immotile cilium associated with microvilli; apically, cells are joined by adhering junctions. In the basal portion, the cytoplasm contains small, dense granules and numerous, irregular cytoplasmic projections extending to the adjacent extraglomerular mesangium. The projections often contain small, dense granules. A reticulated basement membrane around MD cells separates them from the extraglomerular mesangium. Although the fact that tissue specimens came from patients with kidney disease mandates extreme caution, ultrastructural examination confirmed that MD cells have sensory features due to the presence of the primary cilium, that they are connected by apical adhering junctions forming a barrier that separates the tubular flow from the interstitium, and that they present numerous basal interdigitations surrounded by a reticulated basement membrane. Conceivably, the latter two features are related to the functional activity of the MD. The small, dense granules in the basal cytoplasm and in cytoplasmic projections are likely related to the paracrine function of MD cells. Anat Rec, 301:922–931, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Morphogenesis of the Middle Ear during Fetal Development as Observed Via Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Ohtsuki Sae , Ishikawa Aoi , Yamada Shigehito , Imai Hirohiko , Matsuda Tetsuya , Takakuwa Tetsuya 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTRecently, our research group has utilized serial histological sections to investigate the morphogenesis of the middle ear, which corresponds to the period of middle ear ossicle (MEO) cartilage formation. However, research regarding middle ear development during the post‐embryonic period has been limited. In the present study, we investigated morphogenesis of the middle ear in human fetuses with a crown‐rump length (CRL) between 37 and 197 mm using high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Our findings indicated that the morphology of the MEOs is similar during fetal development and adulthood; further, growth of the MEOs nearly ceases once a CRL of 150 mm is attained. In each MEO, ossification spreads from a single center. The malleus and Meckel's cartilage could be discriminated in samples exhibiting a CRL of 145 mm based on differences in MRI signal intensity. In samples with a CRL of 86 mm, the tympanic cavity (TC) appeared as a thin yet distinct structure attached to the external auditory meatus at the convex surface. Only the handle of the malleus was covered by the TC, while the incus and stapes contacted the cavity at the region of articulation between the two ossicles only, even after a CRL of 145 mm had been attained. Thus, although the TC increased in both diameter and thickness, coverage did not extend across all three MEOs during the observation period. These data are expected to provide a useful standard for morphogenesis and may aid researchers in distinguishing between normal and abnormal development. Anat Rec, 301:757–764, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals Inc.
Mild‐Base‐Promoted Arylation of (Hetero)Arenes with Anilines
Authors: Monzón Diego M. , Santos Tanausú , Pinacho‐Crisóstomo F. , Martín Víctor S. , Carrillo Romen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTransition metal‐free radical arylation of heteroarenes is achieved at room temperature by simply adding aqueous sodium carbonate to a solution of the corresponding heteroarene and arenediazonium salt, which can even be formed in situ. Such an easy, inexpensive and mild methodology has been optimized and applied to the expeditious modification of interesting molecular cores like naphthylimide or bisthienylcyclopentenes.