bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Elevated ozone reduces photosynthetic carbon gain by accelerating leaf senescence of inbred and hybrid maize in a genotype-specific manner
Authors: Yendrek Craig R. , Erice Gorka , Montes Christopher M. , Tomaz Tiago , Sorgini Crystal A. , Brown Patrick J. , McIntyre Lauren M. , Leakey Andrew D.B. , Ainsworth Elizabeth A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTExposure to elevated tropospheric ozone concentration ([O3]) accelerates leaf senescence in many C3crops. However, the effects of elevated [O3] on C4crops including maize (Zea maysL.) are poorly understood in terms of physiological mechanism and genetic variation in sensitivity. Using Free Air gas Concentration Enrichment (FACE), we investigated the photosynthetic response of 18 diverse maize inbred and hybrid lines to season-long exposure to elevated [O3] (~100 nL L−1) in the field. Gas exchange was measured on the leaf subtending the ear throughout the grain filling period. On average over the lifetime of the leaf, elevated [O3] led to reductions in photosynthetic CO2assimilation of both inbred (-22%) and hybrid (-33%) genotypes. There was significant variation among both inbred and hybrid lines in the sensitivity of photosynthesis to elevated [O3], with some lines showing no change in photosynthesis at elevated [O3]. Based on analysis of inbred line B73, the reduced CO2assimilation at elevated [O3] was associated with accelerated senescence decreasing photosynthetic capacity, and not altered stomatal limitation. These findings across diverse maize genotypes could advance the development of more ozone tolerant maize, and provide experimental data for parameterization and validation of studies modeling how O3impacts crop performance.
CoralSymbiodiniumcommunity composition across the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System is influenced by host species and thermal variability
Authors: Baumann JH , Davies SW , Aichelman HE , Castillo KD 
Published: June 2017

AbstractReef-building corals maintain a symbiotic relationship with dinoflagellate algae of the genusSymbiodiniumand this symbiosis is vital for the survival of the coral holobiont.Symbiodiniumcommunity composition within the coral host has been shown to influence a coral’s ability to resist and recover from stress. A multitude of stressors including ocean warming, ocean acidification, and eutrophication have been linked to global scale decline in coral health and cover in recent decades. Three distinct thermal regimes (highTP, modTP, and lowTP) following an inshore-offshore gradient of declining average temperatures and thermal variation were identified on the Belize Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System (MBRS). Quantitative metabarcoding of the ITS-2 locus was employed to investigate differences and similarities inSymbiodiniumgenetic diversity of the Caribbean coralsSiderastrea siderea,S. radians, andPseudodiploria strigosabetween the three thermal regimes. A total of tenSymbiodinium lineageswere identified across the three coral host species.Siderastrea sidereaassociated with distinctSymbiodiniumcommunities, howeverSymbiodiniumcommunities of its congener,S. radians, andP. strigosa, were more similar to one another. Thermal regime played a role in definingSymbiodiniumcommunities in S. siderea but notS. radiansorP. strigosa. Against expectations,Symbiodinium trenchii, a symbiont known to confer thermal tolerance, was dominant only inS. sidereaat one sampled offshore site and was rare inshore, suggesting that coral thermal tolerance in more thermally variable inshore habitats is achieved through alternative mechanisms. Overall, thermal parameters alone were likely not the only primary drivers ofSymbiodiniumcommunity composition, suggesting that environmental variables unrelated to temperature (i.e., light availability, or nutrients) may play key roles in structuring coral-algal communities in Belize and that the relative importance of these environmental variables may vary by coral host species.
Fluid administration rate for uncontrolled intraabdominal hemorrhage in pigs
Authors: Yanala Ujwal R. , Johanning Jason M. , Pipinos Iraklis I. , High Robin R. , Larsen Gustavo , Velander William H. , Carlson Mark A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundWe hypothesized that slow crystalloid resuscitation would improve blood loss and hemoglobin compared to a rapid resuscitation during uncontrolled hemorrhage.MethodsAnesthetized, splenectomized domestic swine underwent hepatic lobar hemitransection. Lactated Ringers was given at 150 or 20 mL/min IV (rapidvs.slow, respectively, N = 12 per group; limit of 100 mL/kg). Vital sign monitoring and serum testing was done for up to 180 min, followed by necropsy.ResultsSurvival was 7vs.8 out of 12 subjects, rapid vs. slow respectively (p>0.05). The slow group had a less blood loss (1.6 vs. 2.7 L, respectively) and a higher final hemoglobin concentration (6.0 vs. 3.4 g/dL).ConclusionsUsing a fixed volume of crystalloid resuscitation in this porcine model of uncontrolled intraabdominal hemorrhage, a slow IV infusion rate produced less blood loss and a higher hemoglobin level compared to rapid infusion.
Natural selection shaped the rise and fall of passenger pigeon genomic diversity
Authors: Murray Gemma G. R. , Soares André E. R. , Novak Ben J. , Schaefer Nathan K. , Cahill James A. , Baker Allan J. , Demboski John R. , Doll Andrew , Da Fonseca Rute R. , Fulton Tara L. , Gilbert M. Thomas P. , Heintzman Peter D. , Letts Brandon , McIntosh George , O’Connell Brendan L. , Peck Mark , Pipes Marie-Lorraine , Rice Edward S. , Santos Kathryn M. , Sohrweide A. Gregory , Vohr Samuel H. , Corbett-Detig Russell B. , Green Richard E. , Shapiro Beth 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe extinct passenger pigeon was once the most abundant bird in North America, and possibly the world. While theory predicts that large populations will be more genetically diverse and respond more efficiently to selection, passenger pigeon genetic diversity was surprisingly low. To investigate this we analysed 41 mitochondrial and 4 nuclear genomes from passenger pigeons, and 2 genomes from band-tailed pigeons, passenger pigeons’ closest living relatives. We find that passenger pigeons’ large population size allowed for faster adaptive evolution and removal of harmful mutations, but that this drove a huge loss in neutral genetic diversity. These results demonstrate how great an impact selection can have on a vertebrate genome, and invalidate previous results that suggested population instability contributed to this species’ surprisingly rapid extinction.
Interplay between mitochondria and diet mediates pathogen and stress resistance inC. elegans
Authors: Revtovich Alexey V. , Lee Ryan , Kirienko Natalia V. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryDiet is a crucial determinant of organismal biology. Here we demonstrate the dramatic impact of a subtle shift in diet on the ability ofCaenorhabditis elegansto survive pathogenic or abiotic stress. Interestingly, this shift occurs independently of canonical host defense pathways, arising instead from improvements in mitochondrial health. Using a variety of assays, we reveal that the most commonC. elegansfood source (E. coliOP50) results in a vitamin B12 deficiency that compromises mitochondrial homeostasis. Increasing B12 supply by feeding onE. coliHT115 or by supplementing bacterial media with methylcobalamin restored mitochondrial function, even if the bacteria were dead. B12 supplementation also efficiently increased host health without adversely affecting lifespan. Our study forges a molecular link between a dietary deficiency (nutrition/microbiota) and a physiological consequence (host sensitivity), using the host-microbiota-diet framework. The ubiquity of B12 deficiency (~10-40% of US adults) highlights the importance of our findings.
Insm1a regulates motor neuron development in zebrafish
Authors: Gong Jie , Wang Xin , Zhu Chenwen , Dong Xiaohua , Zhang Qinxin , Wang Xiaoning , Duan Xuchu , Qian Fuping , Gao Yu , Zhao Qingshun , Chai Renjie , Liu Dong 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInsulinoma-associated1a (Insm1a) is a zinc-finger transcription factor playing a series of functions in cell formation and differentiation of vertebrate central and peripheral nervous systems and neuroendocrine system. However, its roles on the development of motor neuron have still remained uncovered. Here, we provided evidences thatinsmlawas a vital regulator of motor neuron development and provide a mechanistic understanding of how it contributes to this process. Firstly, we showed the localization ofinsmlain spinal cord and primary motor neurons (PMNs) of zebrafish embryos byin situhybridization and imaging analysis of transgenic reporter lineTg(insmla: mCherry)ntu805. Then we demonstrated that the deficiency ofinsmlain zebrafish larvae lead to the defects of PMNs development, including the reduction of caudal primary motor neurons (CaP) and middle primary motor neurons (MiP), the excessive branching of motor axons, and the disorganized distance between adjacent CaPs. Additionally, knockout ofinsm1impaired motor neuron differentiation in the spinal cord. Locomotion analysis showed thatinsmla-null zebrafish significantly reduced the swimming activity. Furthermore, we proved that theinsmlaloss of function significantly decreased the transcripts levels of botholig2andnkx6.1. Microinjection ofolig2andnkx6.1mRNA rescued the motor neuron defects ininsmladeficient embryos. Taken together, these data indicate thatinsmlaregulates the motor neuron development, at least in part, through modulation of the expressions ofolig2andnkx6.1.
Mammal extinctions and the increasing isolation of humans on the tree of life
Authors: Pavoine Sandrine , Bonsall Michael B. , Davies T. Jonathan , Masi Shelly 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA sixth great mass extinction is ongoing due to the direct and indirect effects of human pressures. However, not all lineages are impacted equally. As humans, we frequently believe that we hold a unique place on Earth. Here, we show that our current impacts on the natural world risk to heighten that expectation. Evolutionary proximity toHomo sapiensemerges as a powerful predictor of extinction risk among mammals. Our analysis shows that the species most closely related toH. sapiensare exposed to a large variety of threat types and that they may also have greater intrinsic sensitivity to threats. Pruning back the tree of life around us will lead to our species being among those with the fewest close relatives. We will erase our evolutionary history, forcing its uniqueness. If no action is taken, we will lose crucial biodiversity for the preservation of Earth ecosystems, and a key reference to what makes us human.
Welfare of zebra finches used in research
Authors: Yamahachi Homare , Zai Anja T. , Tachibana Ryosuke O. , Stepien Anna E. , Rodrigues Diana I. , Cavé-Lopez Sophie , Narula Gagan , Lee Juneseung , Huang Ziqiang , Hörster Heiko , Düring Daniel , Hahnloser Richard H. R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractOver the past 50 years, songbirds have become a valuable model organism for scientists studying vocal communication from its behavioral, hormonal, neuronal, and genetic perspectives. Many advances in our understanding of vocal learning result from research using the zebra finch, a close-ended vocal learner. We review some of the manipulations used in zebra finch research, such as isolate housing, transient/irreversible impairment of hearing/vocal organs, implantation of small devices for chronic electrophysiology, head fixation for imaging, aversive song conditioning using sound playback, and mounting of miniature backpacks for behavioral monitoring. We highlight the use of these manipulations in scientific research, and estimate their impact on animal welfare, based on the literature and on data from our past and ongoing work. The assessment of harm-benefits tradeoffs is a legal prerequisite for animal research in Switzerland. We conclude that a diverse set of known stressors reliably lead to suppressed singing rate, and that by contraposition, increased singing rate may be a useful indicator of welfare. We hope that our study can contribute to answering some of the most burning questions about zebra finch welfare in research on vocal behaviors.
Ludicrous Speed Linear Mixed Models for Genome-Wide Association Studies
Authors: Kadie Carl , Heckerman David 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe have developed Ludicrous Speed Linear Mixed Models, a version of FaST-LMM optimized for the cloud. The approach can perform a genome-wide association analysis on a dataset of one million SNPs across one million individuals at a cost of about 868 CPU days with an elapsed time on the order of two weeks. A Python implementation is available athttps://fastlmm.github.io/.SignificanceIdentifying SNP-phenotype correlations using GWAS is difficult because effect sizes are so small for common, complex diseases. To address this issue, institutions are creating extremely large cohorts with sample sizes on the order of one million. Unfortunately, such cohorts are likely to contain confounding factors such as population structure and family/cryptic relatedness. The linear mixed model (LMM) can often correct for such confounding factors, but is too slow to use even with algebraic speedups known as FaST-LMM. We present a cloud implementation of FaST-LMM, called Ludicrous Speed LMM, that can process one million samples and one million test SNPs in a reasonable amount of time and at a reasonable cost.
Draft genome of the Reindeer (Rangifer tarandus)
Authors: Li Zhipeng , Lin Zeshan , Chen Lei , Ba Hengxing , Yang Yongzhi , Wang Kun , Wang Wen , Qiang Qiu , Li Guangyu 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundReindeer (Rangifer tarandus) is the only fully domesticated species in the Cervidae family, and is the only cervid with a circumpolar distribution. Unlike all other cervids, female reindeer regularly grow cranial appendages (antlers, the defining characteristics of cervids), as well as males. Moreover, reindeer milk contains more protein and less lactose than bovids’ milk. A high quality reference genome of this specie will assist efforts to elucidate these and other important features in the reindeer.FindingsWe obtained 723.2 Gb (Gigabase) of raw reads by an Illumina Hiseq 4000 platform, and a 2.64 Gb final assembly, representing 95.7% of the estimated genome (2.76 Gb according to k-mer analysis), including 92.6% of expected genes according to BUSCO analysis. The contig N50 and scaffold N50 sizes were 89.7 kilo base (kb) and 0.94 mega base (Mb), respectively. We annotated 21,555 protein-coding genes and 1.07 Gb of repetitive sequences by de novo and homology-based prediction. Homology-based searches detected 159 rRNA, 547 miRNA, 1,339 snRNA and 863 tRNA sequences in the genome of R. tarandus. The divergence time between R. tarandus, and ancestors of Bos taurus and Capra hircus, is estimated to be 29.55 million years ago (Mya).ConclusionsOur results provide the first high-quality reference genome for the reindeer, and a valuable resource for studying evolution, domestication and other unusual characteristics of the reindeer.
Tolloid cleavage activates latent GDF8 by priming the pro-complex for dissociation
Authors: Le Viet Q. , Iacob Roxana E. , Tian Yuan , McConaughy William , Jackson Justin , Su Yang , Zhao Bo , Engen John R. , Pirruccello-Straub Michelle , Springer Timothy A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGrowth differentiation factor 8 (GDF8)/Myostatin is a latent TGF­β family member that potently inhibits skeletal muscle growth. Here, we compared the conformation and dynamics of precursor, latent, and Tolloid­cleaved GDF8 pro­complexes to understand structural mechanisms underlying latency and activation of GDF8. Negative stain electron microscopy (EM) of precursor and latent pro­complexes reveals a V­shaped conformation that is unaltered by furin cleavage and sharply contrasts with the ring­like, cross­armed conformation of latent TGF­β1. Surprisingly, Tolloid­cleaved GDF8 does not immediately dissociate, but in EM exhibits structural heterogeneity consistent with partial dissociation. Hydrogen–deuterium exchange was not affected by furin cleavage. In contrast, Tolloid cleavage, in the absence of prodomain–growth factor dissociation, increased exchange in regions that correspond in pro-TGF-β1 to the α1-helix, latency lasso, and β1 strand in the prodomain and to the β6’–7’ strands in the growth factor. Thus, these regions are important in maintaining GDF8 latency. Our results show that Tolloid cleavage activates latent GDF8 by destabilizing specific prodomain–growth factor interfaces and primes the growth factor for release from the prodomain.
Elections, news cycles, and attention to disasters
Authors: Bright Candace Forbes , Bagley Braden 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
Political elections, especially presidential elections, have a tendency to overshadow other events, including disasters. Response to disasters during elections, such as Hurricane Matthew and the Baton Rouge flooding in 2016, are often dependent on attention given to them from the media, as well as prominent political figures and political candidates candidates. The purpose of this paper is to explore how election cycles affect government response to disasters and ultimately demonstrate the dependency of crisis communication on media agenda-setting for presenting saliency of disaster risk and needs.

Design/methodology/approach
Responses from presidential candidates Donald Trump and Hillary Clinton, as well as President Barack Obama, in regards to the Baton Rouge flooding and Hurricane Matthew, were observed using media reports and social media accounts. These results were matched with key events from the presidential election timeline.

Findings
There is a positive relationship between news exposure and attention, and also between attention and civic response. In regards to the 2016 presidential election, news coverage of the release of the Donald Trump-Billy Bush tape distracted national attention from the approach, landfall, and recovery of Hurricane Matthew. Information subsidies provided by the candidates directed the media agenda away from the needs of the communities and individuals impacted by these disasters.

Originality/value
Disasters are often assumed to be value-free because they are “blind to politics.” Here, it is argued that this was not the case in relation to these two disasters. Thus, the authors encouraged more research be conducted to clarify the impact that political elections have on strategic news coverage of disasters and ultimately on disaster response.
Understanding framings and perceptions of spillover
Authors: Lawson Elaine Tweneboah , Ohemeng Fidelia , Ayivor Jesse , Leach Melissa , Waldman Linda , Ntiamoa-Baidu Yaa 
Published: June 2017

Purpose
Bats provide many ecosystem services and have intrinsic value. They also act as host reservoirs for some viruses. Several studies have linked zoonotic diseases to bats, raising questions about the risks bats pose, especially to people living close to bat roosts. Through a series of case studies undertaken in three communities, the purpose of this paper is to explore the various ways in which framings and perceptions of bats can influence a potential spillover of bat-borne viruses to humans in Ghana. It assesses the social, cultural and economic factors that drive human-bat interactions and posits that understanding the socio-economic contexts in which human-bat interactions occur is key to the success of future communication strategies.

Design/methodology/approach
Primary data collection methods included participatory landscape mappings, transect walks, focus group discussions and questionnaire surveys.

Findings
Perceptions of bats vary and are influenced by personal beliefs, the perceived economic benefits derived from bats and the location of bat roosts. Activities that put people at risk include bat hunting, butchering and consumption of poorly prepared bat meat. Those who live and work close to bat roosts, and bat hunters, for example, are more at risk of bat-borne zoonotic disease spillover. Disease risk perceptions were generally low, with high levels of uncertainty, indicating the need for clearer information about personal protective practices.

Originality/value
The results of the study may well inform future risk communication strategies as well as help in developing effective responses to zoonotic disease risk, disease outbreaks and the conservation of bats in communities.
Boldness predicts an individual's position along an exploration–exploitation foraging trade‐off
Authors: Patrick Samantha C. , Pinaud David , Weimerskirch Henri 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Individuals do not have complete information about the environment and therefore they face a trade‐off between gathering information (exploration) and gathering resources (exploitation). Studies have shown individual differences in components of this trade‐off but how stable these strategies are in a population and the intrinsic drivers of these differences is not well understood.

Top marine predators are expected to experience a particularly strong trade‐off as many species have large foraging ranges and their prey often have a patchy distribution. This environment leads these species to exhibit pronounced exploration and exploitation phases but differences between individuals are poorly resolved. Personality differences are known to be important in foraging behaviour but also in the trade‐off between exploration and exploitation. Here we test whether personality predicts an individual exploration–exploitation strategy using wide ranging wandering albatrosses (Diomedea exulans) as a model system.

Using GPS tracking data from 276 wandering albatrosses, we extract foraging parameters indicative of exploration (searching) and exploitation (foraging) and show that foraging effort, time in patch and size of patch are strongly correlated, demonstrating these are indicative of an exploration–exploitation (EE) strategy. Furthermore, we show these are consistent within individuals and appear stable in the population, with no reproductive advantage.

The searching and foraging behaviour of bolder birds placed them towards the exploration end of the trade‐off, whereas shy birds showed greater exploitation. This result provides a mechanism through which individual foraging strategies may emerge. Age and sex affected components of the trade‐off, but not the trade‐off itself, suggesting these factors may drive behavioural compensation to maintain resource acquisition and this was supported by the evidence that there were no fitness consequence of any EE trait nor the trade‐off itself.

These results demonstrate a clear trade‐off between information gathering and exploitation of prey patches, and reveals for the first time that boldness may drive these differences. This provides a mechanism through which widely reported links between personality and foraging may emerge.