bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Economic and hydraulic divergences underpin ecological differentiation in the Bromeliaceae
Authors: Males Jamie , Griffiths Howard 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLeaf economic and hydraulic theories have rarely been applied to the ecological differentiation of speciose herbaceous plant radiations. The role of character trait divergences and network reorganization in the differentiation of the functional types in the megadiverse Neotropical Bromeliaceae was explored by quantifying a range of leaf economic and hydraulic traits in 50 diverse species. Functional types, which are defined by combinations of C3 or Crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthesis, terrestrial or epiphytic habits, and non‐specialized, tank‐forming or atmospheric morphologies, segregated clearly in trait space. Most classical leaf economic relationships were supported, but they were weakened by the presence of succulence. Functional types differed in trait‐network architecture, suggesting that rewiring of trait‐networks caused by innovations in habit and photosynthetic pathway is an important aspect of ecological differentiation. The hydraulic data supported the coupling of leaf hydraulics and gas exchange, but not the hydraulic safety versus efficiency hypothesis, and hinted at an important role for the extra‐xylary compartment in the control of bromeliad leaf hydraulics. Overall, our findings highlight the fundamental importance of structure–function relationships in the generation and maintenance of ecological diversity.
Variation in growth and developmental responses to supraoptimal temperatures near latitudinal range limits of gypsy moth Lymantria dispar (L.), an expanding invasive species
Authors: Thompson Lily M. , Faske Trevor M. , Banahene Nana , Grim Dominique , Agosta Salvatore J. , Parry Dylan , Tobin Patrick C. , Johnson Derek M. , Grayson Kristine L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractVariation in thermal performance within and between populations provides the potential for adaptive responses to increasing temperatures associated with climate change. Organisms experiencing temperatures above their optimum on a thermal performance curve exhibit rapid declines in function and these supraoptimal temperatures can be a critical physiological component of range limits. The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (L.) (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), is one of the best‐documented biological invasions and factors driving its spatial spread are of significant ecological and economic interest. The present study examines gypsy moth sourced from different latitudes across its North American range for sensitivity to high temperature in constant temperature growth chamber experiments. Supraoptimal temperatures result in higher mortality in northern populations compared with populations from the southern range extent (West Virginia and coastal plain of Virginia, U.S.A.). Sublethal effects of high temperature on traits associated with fitness, such as smaller pupal mass, are apparent in northern and West Virginia populations. Overall, the results indicate that populations near the southern limits of the range are less sensitive to high temperatures than northern populations from the established range. However, southern populations are lower performing overall, based on pupal mass and development time, relative to northern populations. This suggests that there may be a trade‐off associated with decreased heat sensitivity in gypsy moth. Understanding how species adapt to thermal limits and possible fitness trade‐offs of heat tolerance represents an important step toward predicting climatically driven changes in species ranges, which is a particularly critical consideration in conservation and invasion ecology.
Trichomonas vaginalis exosome‐like vesicles modify the cytokine profile and reduce inflammation in parasite‐infected mice
Authors: Olmos‐Ortiz L. M. , Barajas‐Mendiola M. A. , Barrios‐Rodiles M. , Castellano L. E. , Arias‐Negrete S. , Avila E. E. , Cuéllar‐Mata P. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryTrichomonas vaginalis (Tv) is a flagellated parasite commonly spread through sexual transmission. This protozoan initiates a severe inflammatory process, inducing nitric oxide, interleukin‐6 (IL‐6), IL‐8, IL‐10, IL‐17 and IL‐22 production by host immune cells. The parasites elicit these responses by releasing surface lipophosphoglycan, small extracellular vesicles (exosomes) and other factors. Tv exosomes are similar to mammalian exosomes and have been implicated in the modulation of IL‐8 secretion by epithelial cells. Here, we report that exosome‐like vesicles from T. vaginalis (Tv‐ELVs) induced a more than 15‐fold increase in IL‐10 expression in RAW264.7 macrophages but only a two fold increase in IL‐6 and TNF‐α expression levels measured by RT‐PCR. Because Tv‐ELVs modulated the macrophage response, we also explored the effect of Tv‐ELVs in a murine model of infection. Pretreatment with Tv‐ELVs significantly increased IL‐10 production as measured in vaginal washes by days 8 and 16 post‐infection. Remarkably, Tv‐ELVs‐pretreated mice exhibited a decrease in IL‐17 production and a significant decrease in vulvar inflammation. In addition, IL‐6 and IL‐13 were decreased during infection. Our results suggest that Tv‐ELVs have an immunomodulatory role on the cytokine profile induced by the parasite and promote a decrease in the inflammatory process in mice infected with T. vaginalis.
Twice‐Weekly Hemodialysis in China: Can It Be A Better Option for Initiation or Maintenance Dialysis Therapy?
Authors: Yan Yucheng , Ramirez Sylvia , Anand Shuchi , Qian Jiaqi , Zuo Li 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCumulative evidence indicates it may be worthwhile revisiting the twice‐weekly hemodialysis (HD) regimen as a valid option for individualized or incremental treatments for selected patients with end‐stage renal disease. In this article, we will review the current evidences on the potential pros and cons of twice‐weekly HD compared to thrice‐weekly HD including China's experience in the practice of twice‐weekly HD. A prudent patient selection and close dialysis adequacy monitoring might be necessary for this medical treatment choice. More randomized prospective controlled studies for the critical evaluation of twice‐weekly dialysis are encouraged.
Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine availability does not alter the adaptations to high‐intensity interval training
Authors: Shannon Christopher E. , Ghasemi Reza , Greenhaff Paul L. , Stephens Francis B. 
Published: March 2017

Increasing skeletal muscle carnitine availability alters muscle metabolism during steady‐state exercise in healthy humans. We investigated whether elevating muscle carnitine, and thereby the acetyl‐group buffering capacity, altered the metabolic and physiological adaptations to 24 weeks of high‐intensity interval training (HIIT) at 100% maximal exercise capacity (Wattmax). Twenty‐one healthy male volunteers (age 23±2 years; BMI 24.2±1.1 kg/m2) performed 2 × 3 minute bouts of cycling exercise at 100% Wattmax, separated by 5 minutes of rest. Fourteen volunteers repeated this protocol following 24 weeks of HIIT and twice‐daily consumption of 80 g carbohydrate (CON) or 3 g l‐carnitine+carbohydrate (CARN). Before HIIT, muscle phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation (P<.0001), glycogenolysis (P<.0005), PDC activation (P<.05), and acetylcarnitine (P<.005) were 2.3‐, 2.1‐, 1.5‐, and 1.5‐fold greater, respectively, in exercise bout two compared to bout 1, while lactate accumulation tended (P<.07) to be 1.5‐fold greater. Following HIIT, muscle free carnitine was 30% greater in CARN vs CON at rest and remained 40% elevated prior to the start of bout 2 (P<.05). Following bout 2, free carnitine content, PCr degradation, glycogenolysis, lactate accumulation, and PDC activation were all similar between CON and CARN, albeit markedly lower than before HIIT. VO2max, Wattmax, and work output were similarly increased in CON and CARN, by 9, 15, and 23% (P<.001). In summary, increased reliance on non‐mitochondrial ATP resynthesis during a second bout of intense exercise is accompanied by increased carnitine acetylation. Augmenting muscle carnitine during 24 weeks of HIIT did not alter this, nor did it enhance muscle metabolic adaptations or performance gains beyond those with HIIT alone.
Merger and Reversal of the Bären and Beeren Vowels: The Role of Salience
Authors: Sloos Marjoleine 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Bären vowel in German is known to be subject to extensive variation, including, for some speakers, a merger with the Beeren vowel. This article investigates the behaviour of the Bären and Beeren vowels in Standard German in Switzerland and Austria. We observe an ongoing merger in Swiss Standard German but an ongoing reversal of such a merger in Austrian Standard German. Independent evidence shows that both varieties (Swiss and Austrian German) accommodate toward the prestige variety in northern Germany. This presents a kind of paradox: why should merger and reversal occur side by side? We attribute these opposite tendencies of merger and reversal to perceptual salience. In the prestige variety, much variation between these two vowels occurs, so Swiss and Austrian speakers are exposed to variable input for both vowels. This paper argues that the vowel that is different from the own variety is perceptually most salient and therefore accommodated to. As for the Swiss speakers, the merger of the Bären and the Beeren vowel is unexpected, therefore salient, hence accommodated to. As for the Austrian speakers, the distinction between the Bären and the Beeren vowel is unexpected, therefore salient, and accommodated to. This leads to the observed, opposite, patterns of change.
Distinguishing the effect of diapir growth on magnetic fabrics of syn‐diapiric overburden rocks: Basque–Cantabrian basin, Northern Spain
Authors: Soto Ruth , Beamud Elisabet , Roca Eduard , Carola Eloi , Almar Ylenia 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAn analysis of Anisotropy of Magnetic Susceptibility was done on Aptian–Albian sediments from the Basque–Cantabrian basin. Samples were collected from 39 sites in the halokinetic sequences of the Bakio, Bermeo, Guernica and Mungia diapirs; 28 sites were sampled close to diapirs, and 11 sites were far from the diapir edges. The magnetic foliation is parallel to bedding, suggesting it reflects depositional and compaction processes, whereas the orientation of magnetic lineation varies. Far from the diapir edges, the magnetic lineation is interpreted as being related to the regional Pyrenean compression. Close to diapir edges, the observed behaviour shows that diapirs, predominantly formed by rigid ophites, have acted as buttresses, with shadow areas at their northern faces being protected from the Pyrenean compression. The high sensitivity of AMS makes it a very useful tool to distinguish deformation in halokinetic sequences related to diapir growth from that related to subsequent compression.
Effect of fluid pressure distribution on the structural evolution of accretionary wedges
Authors: Ruh Jonas B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNumerical experiments on evolving accretionary wedges usually implement predefined weak basal décollements and constant strength parameters for overlying compressed sequences, although fluid pressure ratio, and therefore brittle strength, can vary strongly in sedimentary basins. A two‐dimensional finite difference model with a visco‐elasto‐plastic rheology is used to investigate the influence of different simplified fluid pressure ratio distributions on the structural evolution of accretionary wedge systems. Results show that a linear increase in fluid pressure ratio towards the base leads to toeward‐verging thrust sheets and underplating of strata, while simulations with a predefined décollement form conjugate shear zones supporting box‐fold‐type frontal accretion. Surface tapers are in agreement with the critical wedge theory, which here is modified for cases of varying fluid pressure ratio. Furthermore, the numerical results resemble findings from natural examples of accretionary wedges.
The chloroplast RNA helicase ISE2 is required for multiple chloroplast RNA processing steps in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Bobik Krzysztof , McCray Tyra N. , Ernest Ben , Fernandez Jessica C. , Howell Katharine A. , Lane Thomas , Staton Margaret , Burch‐Smith Tessa M. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryINCREASED SIZE EXCLUSION LIMIT2 (ISE2) is a chloroplast‐localized RNA helicase that is indispensable for proper plant development. Chloroplasts in leaves with reduced ISE2 expression have previously been shown to exhibit reduced thylakoid contents and increased stromal volume, indicative of defective development. It has recently been reported that ISE2 is required for the splicing of group II introns from chloroplast transcripts. The current study extends these findings, and presents evidence for ISE2's role in multiple aspects of chloroplast RNA processing beyond group II intron splicing. Loss of ISE2 from Arabidopsis thaliana leaves resulted in defects in C‐to‐U RNA editing, altered accumulation of chloroplast transcripts and chloroplast‐encoded proteins, and defective processing of chloroplast ribosomal RNAs. Potential ISE2 substrates were identified by RNA immunoprecipitation followed by next‐generation sequencing (RIP‐seq), and the diversity of RNA species identified supports ISE2's involvement in multiple aspects of chloroplast RNA metabolism. Comprehensive phylogenetic analyses revealed that ISE2 is a non‐canonical Ski2‐like RNA helicase that represents a separate sub‐clade unique to green photosynthetic organisms, consistent with its function as an essential protein. Thus ISE2's evolutionary conservation may be explained by its numerous roles in regulating chloroplast gene expression.
Evaluation of the effects of time, temperature, and specimen storage on in vitro lactate concentrations in healthy dogs
Authors: Reich Colin F. , Bach Jonathan F. , Walker Julie M. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundLactate concentrations increase significantly under certain storage conditions, except for when glycolysis‐arresting agents are used. Evaluation of time and storage conditions on heparinized whole blood lactate concentrations without glycolysis‐arresting agents have not been evaluated in dogs.ObjectivesThe purpose of the study was to determine the effects of preanalytic storage conditions on the in vitro concentration of lactate in heparinized canine venous blood specimens.MethodsIn this prospective study, blood collected from 30 healthy dogs was aliquoted and stored under different conditions: anaerobic refrigerated (3°C), aerobic refrigerated, anaerobic room temperature (RT), and aerobic RT. Whole blood lactate was analyzed at 15–25, 30–40, 60–70, and 120–130 minutes from time 0 (T0) under all storage conditions. Percent increases from the T0 specimen were calculated.ResultsThere were significantly increased lactate concentrations at all time points within the anaerobic refrigerated specimens compared to T0, and in the anaerobic RT specimens after 15–25 minutes. The aerobic refrigerated specimens did not have significant changes in lactate when compared to anaerobic refrigerated specimens, while the aerobic RT specimens had significant increases at all time points. Anaerobically refrigerated specimens stored < 40 minutes and aerobically refrigerated specimens stored < 25 minutes had in vitro lactate increases of < 20%.ConclusionsResults support analyzing lactate specimens immediately. If lactate analysis is delayed, anaerobic refrigerated specimens should be analyzed within 40 minutes, and aerobic refrigerated specimens should be analyzed within 25 minutes. Room temperature specimens stored either aerobically or anaerobically should be avoided as lactate concentrations may be falsely increased.
Physical properties of ternary silicide superconductors Li2XSi3 (X = Rh, Os): An ab initio study
Authors: Alam M. A. , Zilani M. A. K. , Parvin F. , Hadi M. A. 
Published: March 2017

An ab initio method, based on the plane wave pseudopotential and the generalized gradient approximation (GGA), is performed to investigate the physical properties such as structural, elastic, electronic and bonding properties of newly synthesized Li2RhSi3 and predicted Li2OsSi3 ternary silicide superconductors for the first time. Both of these compounds are mechanically stable and are brittle in nature. They also have good machinability. Electronic band structures reveal that these compounds have metallic characteristics. They possess complex bonding nature (metallic, covalent and ionic). According to theoretical Vickers hardness, Li2RhSi3 is softer than Li2OsSi3.
Causativisation in Wobzi and other Khroskyabs dialects
Authors: Lai Yunfan 
Published: March 2017

Mainly basing on first hand data, this paper deals with the causative constructions in the Khroskyabs language (Rgyalrongic, Sino-Tibetan), focusing on the Wobzi dialect. Causative prefixes, anti-causative, analytic causative and labile verbs are described. In addition, comparative analyses within Rgyalrongic as well as the Sino-Tibetan family are made. En se basant principalement sur des données de première main, cet article traite des constructions causatives en khroskyabs (langue rgyalronguique, sino-tibétain), en se concentrant sur le dialecte wobzi. Les préfixes causatifs, l’anti-causatif, le causatif analytique et les verbes labiles sont décrits. Des analyses comparatives au sein du rgyalronguique et du sino-tibétain sont également effectuées.
Effects of Vertical Eddy Diffusivity Parameterization on the Evolution of Landfalling Hurricanes
Authors: Zhang Feimin , Pu Zhaoxia 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
As a result of rapid changes in surface conditions when a landfalling hurricane moves from ocean to land, interactions between the hurricane and surface heat and moisture fluxes become essential components of its evolution and dissipation. With a research version of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model (HWRF), this study examines the effects of the vertical eddy diffusivity in the boundary layer on the evolution of three landfalling hurricanes (Dennis, Katrina, and Rita in 2005).
Specifically, the parameterization scheme of eddy diffusivity for momentum Km is adjusted with the modification of the mixed-layer velocity scale in HWRF for both stable and unstable conditions. Results show that the change in the Km parameter leads to improved simulations of hurricane track, intensity, and quantitative precipitation against observations during and after landfall, compared to the simulations with the original Km.
Further diagnosis shows that, compared to original Km, the modified Km produces stronger vertical mixing in the hurricane boundary layer over land, which tends to stabilize the hurricane boundary layer. Consequently, the simulated landfalling hurricanes attenuate effectively with the modified Km, while they mostly inherit their characteristics over the ocean and decay inefficiently with the original Km.
Local Energetic Constraints on Walker Circulation Strength
Authors: Wills Robert C. , Levine Xavier J. , Schneider Tapio 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The weakening of tropical overturning circulations is a robust response to global warming in climate models and observations. However, there remain open questions on the causes of this change and the extent to which this weakening affects individual circulation features such as the Walker circulation. The study presents idealized GCM simulations of a Walker circulation forced by prescribed ocean heat flux convergence in a slab ocean, where the longwave opacity of the atmosphere is varied to simulate a wide range of climates. The weakening of the Walker circulation with warming results from an increase in gross moist stability (GMS), a measure of the tropospheric moist static energy (MSE) stratification, which provides an effective static stability for tropical circulations. Baroclinic mode theory is used to determine changes in GMS in terms of the tropical-mean profiles of temperature and MSE. The GMS increases with warming, owing primarily to the rise in tropopause height, decreasing the sensitivity of the Walker circulation to zonally anomalous net energy input. In the absence of large changes in net energy input, this results in a rapid weakening of the Walker circulation with global warming.
Broadening of Cloud Droplet Spectra through Eddy Hopping: Turbulent Adiabatic Parcel Simulations
Authors: Grabowski Wojciech W. , Abade Gustavo C. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This paper investigates spectral broadening of droplet size distributions through a mechanism referred to as the eddy hopping. The key idea, suggested a quarter century ago, is that droplets arriving at a given location within a turbulent cloud follow different trajectories and thus experience different growth histories and that this leads to a significant spectral broadening. In this study, the adiabatic parcel model with superdroplets is used to contrast droplet growth with and without turbulence. Turbulence inside the parcel is described by two parameters: (i) the dissipation rate of the turbulent kinetic energy ε and (ii) the linear extent of the parcel L. As expected, an adiabatic parcel without turbulence produces extremely narrow droplet spectra. In the turbulent parcel, a stochastic scheme is used to account for vertical velocity fluctuations that lead to local supersaturation fluctuations for each superdroplet. These fluctuations mimic the impact of droplets hopping turbulent eddies in a natural cloud. For L smaller than a few meters, noticeable spectral broadening is possible only for strong turbulence—say, ε &gt; 100 cm2 s−3. For L typical for grid lengths of large-eddy simulation (LES) models (say, L between 10 and 100 m), the impact is significant even with relatively modest turbulence intensities. The impact increases with both L and ε. The representation of eddy hopping developed in this paper can be included in a straightforward way in the subgrid-scale scheme of a Lagrangian LES cloud model and may lead to a significant acceleration of simulated rain development through collision–coalescence.
Improved AIRS Temperature and Moisture Soundings with Local A Priori Information for the 1DVAR Method
Authors: Jang Hyun-Sung , Sohn Byung-Ju , Chun Hyoung-Wook , Li Jun , Weisz Elisabeth 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA moving-window regression technique was developed for obtaining better a priori information for one-dimensional variational (1DVAR) physical retrievals. Using this technique regression coefficients were obtained for a specific geographical 10° × 10° window and for a given season. Then, regionally obtained regression retrievals over East Asia were used as a priori information for physical retrievals. To assess the effect of improved a priori information on the accuracy of the physical retrievals, error statistics of the physical retrievals from clear-sky Atmospheric Infrared Sounder (AIRS) measurements during 4 months of observation (March, June, September, and December of 2010) were compared; the results obtained using new a priori information were compared with those using a priori information from a global set of training data classified into six classes of infrared (IR) window channel brightness temperature. This comparison demonstrated that the moving-window regression method can successfully improve the accuracy of physical retrieval. For temperature, root-mean-square error (RMSE) improvements of 0.1–0.2 and 0.25–0.5 K were achieved over the 150–300- and 900–1000-hPa layers, respectively. For water vapor given as relative humidity, the RMSE was reduced by 1.5%–3.5% above the 300-hPa level and by 0.5%–1% within the 700–950-hPa layer.