bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recognition Decisions From Visual Working Memory Are Mediated by Continuous Latent Strengths
Authors: Ricker Timothy J. , Thiele Jonathan E. , Swagman April R. , Rouder Jeffrey N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMaking recognition decisions often requires us to reference the contents of working memory, the information available for ongoing cognitive processing. As such, understanding how recognition decisions are made when based on the contents of working memory is of critical importance. In this work we examine whether recognition decisions based on the contents of visual working memory follow a continuous decision process of graded information about the correct choice or a discrete decision process reflecting only knowing and guessing. We find a clear pattern in favor of a continuous latent strength model of visual working memory–based decision making, supporting the notion that visual recognition decision processes are impacted by the degree of matching between the contents of working memory and the choices given. Relation to relevant findings and the implications for human information processing more generally are discussed.
Using Predictability for Lexical Segmentation
Authors: Çöltekin Çağrı 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study investigates a strategy based on predictability of consecutive sub‐lexical units in learning to segment a continuous speech stream into lexical units using computational modeling and simulations. Lexical segmentation is one of the early challenges during language acquisition, and it has been studied extensively through psycholinguistic experiments as well as computational methods. However, despite strong empirical evidence, the explicit use of predictability of basic sub‐lexical units in models of segmentation is underexplored. This paper presents an incremental computational model of lexical segmentation for exploring the usefulness of predictability for lexical segmentation. We show that the predictability cue is a strong cue for segmentation. Contrary to earlier reports in the literature, the strategy yields state‐of‐the‐art segmentation performance with an incremental computational model that uses only this particular cue in a cognitively plausible setting. The paper also reports an in‐depth analysis of the model, investigating the conditions affecting the usefulness of the strategy.
Counting up the risks: How common are risk factors for morbidity and mortality in young people with psychosis?
Authors: Hahn Lisa Anne , Mackinnon Andrew , Foley Debra L. , Morgan Vera A. , Waterreus Anna , Watts Gerald F. , Castle David J. , Liu Dennis , Galletly Cherrie A 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundThis study examined the prevalence of risk factors for cardiovascular (CV)‐related morbidity and mortality in young people with psychosis aged 18 to 24 years.MethodsThe study included 132 people aged 18 to 24 years who participated in the 2010 second Australian national survey of people living with psychosis. The 2009 World Health Organisation (WHO) Global Health Risks report was used as a framework to determine which specific risk factors were present in each in these young people. The risk factors assessed in this study were smoking, alcohol use, hypertension, overweight/obesity, physical inactivity, high blood glucose, high cholesterol and poor diet. Each risk factor was defined according to WHO criteria. A count of the total number of risk factors present for each participant was determined. Data for male and female participants were compared.ResultsYoung men had an average of 2.9 (SD 1.2) risk factors. Young women had an average of 2.4 (SD 1.2) risk factors. The most common risk factors were low fruit and vegetable intake (77.9%), cigarette smoking (67.7%), overweight/obesity (55%) and physical inactivity (39.8%). There were no significant differences between men and women in the number of risk factors present, or the prevalence of individual risk factors.ConclusionThis study demonstrated that many of the risk factors that ultimately contribute to disability and premature death are present at an early age in people with psychosis. Preventive measures need to be an integral component of early intervention services for this client population to avert progression to serious CV morbidity and early mortality.
Limitations of serum ferritin to predict liver iron concentration responses to deferasirox therapy in patients with transfusion‐dependent thalassaemia
Authors: Porter John B. , Elalfy Mohsen , Taher Ali , Aydinok Yesim , Lee Szu‐Hee , Sutcharitchan Pranee , El‐Ali Ali , Han Jackie , El‐Beshlawy Amal 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn transfusion‐dependent anaemias, while absolute serum ferritin levels broadly correlate with liver iron concentration (LIC), relationships between trends in these variables are unclear. These relationships are important because serum ferritin changes are often used to adjust or switch chelation regimens when liver magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is unavailable.Objectives and methodsThis post hoc analysis of the EPIC study compared serum ferritin and LIC in 317 patients with transfusion‐dependent thalassaemia before and after 1 yr of deferasirox.ResultsSerum ferritin responses (decreases) occurred in 73% of patients, 80% of whom also have decreased LIC. However, 52% of patients without a serum ferritin response did decrease LIC and by >1 mg Fe/g dw (median 3.9) in 77% of cases. Absolute serum ferritin and LIC values correlated significantly only when serum ferritin was <4000 ng/mL (r = 0.59; P < 0.0001) and not at higher levels (≥4000 ng/mL; r = 0.19). Serum ferritin response was accompanied by decreased LIC in 89% and 70% of cases when serum ferritin was <4000 or ≥4000 ng/mL, respectively.ConclusionsAs serum ferritin non−response was associated with LIC decrease in over half of patients, use of liver MRI may be particularly useful for differentiating true from apparent non‐responders to deferasirox based on serum ferritin trends alone.
In vitro and in vivo effects of a novel dimeric inhibitor of PSD‐95 on excitotoxicity and functional recovery after experimental traumatic brain injury
Authors: Sommer Jens Bak , Bach Anders , Malá Hana , Strømgaard Kristian , Mogensen Jesper , Pickering Darryl S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPSD‐95 inhibitors have been shown to be neuroprotective in stroke, but have only to a very limited extent been evaluated in the treatment of traumatic brain injury (TBI) that has pathophysiological mechanisms in common with stroke. The aims of the current study were to assess the effects of a novel dimeric inhibitor of PSD‐95, UCCB01‐147, on histopathology and long‐term cognitive outcome after controlled cortical impact (CCI) in rats. As excitotoxic cell death is thought to be a prominent part of the pathophysiology of TBI, we also investigated the neuroprotective effects of UCCB01‐147 and related compounds on NMDA‐induced cell death in cultured cortical neurons. Anesthetized rats were given a CCI or sham injury, and were randomized to receive an injection of either UCCB01‐147 (10 mg/kg), the non‐competitive NMDAR‐receptor antagonist MK‐801 (1 mg/kg) or saline immediately after injury. At 2 and 4 weeks post‐trauma, spatial learning and memory were assessed in a water maze, and at 3 months, brains were removed for estimation of lesion volumes. Overall, neither treatment with UCCB01‐147 nor MK‐801 resulted in significant improvements of cognition and histopathology after CCI. Although MK‐801 provided robust neuroprotection against NMDA‐induced toxicity in cultured cortical neurons, UCCB01‐147 failed to reduce cell death and became neurotoxic at high doses. The data suggest potential differential effects of PSD‐95 inhibition in stroke and TBI that should be investigated further in future studies taking important experimental factors such as timing of treatment, dosage, and anesthesia into consideration.
Predicting vegetation type through physiological and environmental interactions with leaf traits: evergreen and deciduous forests in an earth system modeling framework
Authors: Weng Ensheng , Farrior Caroline E. , Dybzinski Ray , Pacala Stephen W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEarth system models are incorporating plant trait diversity into their land components to better predict vegetation dynamics in a changing climate. However, extant plant trait distributions will not allow extrapolations to novel community assemblages in future climates, which will require a mechanistic understanding of the trade‐offs that determine trait diversity. In this study, we show how physiological trade‐offs involving leaf mass per unit area (LMA), leaf lifespan, leaf nitrogen, and leaf respiration may explain the distribution patterns of evergreen and deciduous trees in the temperate and boreal zones based on (1) an evolutionary analysis of a simple mathematical model and (2) simulation experiments of an individual‐based dynamic vegetation model (i.e., LM3‐PPA). The evolutionary analysis shows that these leaf traits set up a trade‐off between carbon‐ and nitrogen‐use efficiency at the scale of individual trees and therefore determine competitively dominant leaf strategies. As soil nitrogen availability increases, the dominant leaf strategy switches from one that is high in nitrogen‐use efficiency to one that is high in carbon‐use efficiency or, equivalently, from high‐LMA/long‐lived leaves (i.e., evergreen) to low‐LMA/short‐lived leaves (i.e., deciduous). In a region of intermediate soil nitrogen availability, the dominant leaf strategy may be either deciduous or evergreen depending on the initial conditions of plant trait abundance (i.e., founder controlled) due to feedbacks of leaf traits on soil nitrogen mineralization through litter quality. Simulated successional patterns by LM3‐PPA from the leaf physiological trade‐offs are consistent with observed successional dynamics of evergreen and deciduous forests at three sites spanning the temperate to boreal zones.
Global loss of avian evolutionary uniqueness in urban areas
Authors: Ibáñez‐Álamo Juan Diego , Rubio Enrique , Benedetti Yanina , Morelli Federico 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUrbanization, one of the most important anthropogenic impacts on Earth, is rapidly expanding worldwide. This expansion of urban land‐covered areas is known to significantly reduce different components of biodiversity. However, the global evidence for this effect is mainly focused on a single diversity measure (species richness) with a few local or regional studies also supporting reductions in functional diversity. We have used birds, an important ecological group that has been used as surrogate for other animals, to investigate the hypothesis that urbanization reduces the global taxonomical and/or evolutionary diversity. We have also explored whether there is evidence supporting that urban bird communities are evolutionarily homogenized worldwide in comparison with nonurban ones by means of using evolutionary distinctiveness (how unique are the species) of bird communities. To our knowledge, this is the first attempt to quantify the effect of urbanization in more than one single diversity measure as well as the first time to look for associations between urbanization and phylogenetic diversity at a large spatial scale. Our findings show a strong and globally consistent reduction in taxonomic diversity in urban areas, which is also synchronized with the evolutionary homogenization of urban bird communities. Despite our general patterns, we found some regional differences in the intensity of the effect of cities on bird species richness or evolutionary distinctiveness, suggesting that conservation efforts should be adapted locally. Our findings might be useful for conservationists and policymakers to minimize the impact of urban development on Earth's biodiversity and help design more realistic conservation strategies.
Integrating mechanistic and empirical model projections to assess climate impacts on tree species distributions in northwestern North America
Authors: Case Michael J. , Lawler Joshua J. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEmpirical and mechanistic models have both been used to assess the potential impacts of climate change on species distributions, and each modeling approach has its strengths and weaknesses. Here, we demonstrate an approach to projecting climate‐driven changes in species distributions that draws on both empirical and mechanistic models. We combined projections from a dynamic global vegetation model (DGVM) that simulates the distributions of biomes based on basic plant functional types with projections from empirical climatic niche models for six tree species in northwestern North America. These integrated model outputs incorporate important biological processes, such as competition, physiological responses of plants to changes in atmospheric CO2 concentrations, and fire, as well as what are likely to be species‐specific climatic constraints. We compared the integrated projections to projections from the empirical climatic niche models alone. Overall, our integrated model outputs projected a greater climate‐driven loss of potentially suitable environmental space than did the empirical climatic niche model outputs alone for the majority of modeled species. Our results also show that refining species distributions with DGVM outputs had large effects on the geographic locations of suitable habitat. We demonstrate one approach to integrating the outputs of mechanistic and empirical niche models to produce bioclimatic projections. But perhaps more importantly, our study reveals the potential for empirical climatic niche models to over‐predict suitable environmental space under future climatic conditions.
Governing kidnap for ransom: Lloyd's as a “private regime”
Authors: Shortland Anja 
Published: November 2016

AbstractKidnap for ransom raises significant governance challenges. In the absence of formal regulation and enforcement, insurers have created an effective private governance regime to facilitate smooth commercial resolutions. Controlling ransoms is paramount: “supernormal” profits for kidnappers create kidnapping booms and undermine the market for insurance. Ransom control requires cooperation, but there are high transactions costs in enforcing a collusive agreement. The Coasean prediction is that a single firm will form to internalize the externalities arising from lax insurance and mismanaged ransom negotiations—or a government must order the market. There is indeed a single source of kidnap insurance: Lloyd's of London. Yet, within the Lloyd's market several insurers compete for business. Lloyd's is a club providing private governance: Its members issue standard contracts, follow the same regime for kidnap resolution, and exchange information to stabilize ransoms. Lloyd's, therefore, combines aspects of Coase's “single firm” and “government” solution to the externalities problem.
The Mamlukization of the Mamluk Sultanate? State Formation and the History of Fifteenth Century Egypt and Syria: Part I — Old Problems and New Trends
Authors: Van Steenbergen Jo , Wing Patrick , D'hulster Kristof 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis is the first of two connected articles that aim to offer a new perspective on the history of late medieval Egypt and Syria, on 15th‐century political history of the so‐called Mamluk Sultanate in particular. Informed by a comparative look at a selection of wider relevant scholarship, we propose to reconsider 15th‐century Syro‐Egyptian political action within the particular framework of a complex process of state formation. This perspective, defined as ‘Mamlukization’, may help to better account for change, and for contemporary laments that “things aren't what they used to be.” In “Part I — Old problems and new trends”, we begin by examining the state of the field of 15th‐century Mamluk political history, before laying out the new perspective of ‘Mamlukization’ in Part II. Part I explains how Mamluk scholarship has only recently managed to overcome a traditional tendency to view the sultanate's political history as a long process of divergence from an idealized system based on military slavery, raising new difficulties. We conclude that there remains a need to replace this decline paradigm with a more useful conceptual framework. If something profound indeed was taking place in the 15th century, something that is not usefully considered “decline,” then what was it?
Relationship of pressure to be thin with gains in body weight and fat mass in adolescents
Authors: Suelter C. S. , Schvey N. , Kelly N. R. , Shanks M. , Thompson K. A. , Mehari R. , Brady S. , Yanovski S. Z. , Melby C. L. , Tanofsky‐Kraff M. , Yanovski J. A. , Shomaker L. B. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundSociocultural pressure to be thin is commonly reported by adolescents; yet, to what extent such pressure is associated with weight gain has not been evaluated longitudinally.ObjectiveExamine whether pressure to be thin was positively associated with weight and fat gain in adolescents.MethodsParticipants were 196 healthy adolescent (age 15 ± 1 years old) girls (65%) and boys of varying weights (BMI 25 ± 7 kg/m2) studied at baseline and 1‐year follow‐up. At baseline, adolescents and their mothers reported pressure to be thin by questionnaire. At baseline and follow‐up, BMI was calculated, and fat mass was assessed with air displacement plethysmography. Multiple regression was used to examine associations between baseline pressure to be thin and 1‐year changes in BMI and fat mass.ResultsAccounting for multiple covariates, including baseline BMI or fat, adolescent‐reported pressure from parents and peers and mother‐reported pressure toward their teen were associated with greater gains in either adolescent BMI or fat (ps < .05). Adolescent weight status was a moderator of multiple effects (ps < .05).ConclusionsParental and peer pressure to be thin were associated with increases in BMI and fat mass during adolescence, particularly in heavier adolescents. Further research is necessary to clarify how this association operates reciprocally and to identify underlying explanatory mechanisms.
Rapid‐access cardiology services: can these reduce the burden of acute chest pain on Australian and New Zealand health services?
Authors: Klimis Harry , Thiagalingam Aravinda , Altman Mikhail , Atkins Emily , Figtree Gemma , Lowe Harry , Cheung Ngai Wah , Kovoor Pramesh , Denniss Alan Robert , Chow Clara K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractChest pain is common and places a significant burden on hospital resources. Many patients with undifferentiated low‐ to intermediate‐risk chest pain are admitted to hospital. Rapid‐access cardiology (RAC) services are hospital co‐located, cardiologist‐led outpatient clinics that provide rapid assessment and immediate management but not long‐term management. This service model is described as part of chest pain management and the National Service Framework for coronary heart disease in the United Kingdom (UK). We review the evidence on the effectiveness, safety and acceptability of RAC services. Our review finds that early assessment in RAC outpatient services of patients with suspected angina, without high‐risk features suspicious of an acute coronary syndrome, is safe, can reduce hospitalisations, is cost effective and has good medical practitioner and patient acceptability. However, the literature is limited in that the evaluation of this model of care has been only in the UK. It is potentially suited to other settings and needs further evaluation in other settings to assess its utility.
Volumetric changes at pontic sites with or without soft tissue grafting: a controlled clinical study with a 10‐year follow‐up
Authors: Bienz Stefan P. , Sailer Irena , Sanz‐Martín Ignacio , Jung Ronald E. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. , Thoma Daniel S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate volumetric changes of soft tissues at pontic sites in patients treated with or without soft tissue grafting over an observation period of 10 years.Materials and MethodsA total of 17 patients receiving a tooth‐borne fixed dental prosthesis (FDP) were enrolled in this study. Nine patients received a subepithelial connective tissue graft (SCTG) at the pontic site (test). Eight patients continued without soft tissue grafting (control). Baseline impressions were taken after delivery of the final FDP and at 10 years. Casts were scanned and digital images were superimposed for volumetric and linear measurements: the mean distance (MD) between the surfaces at the mid‐buccal area, the pontic height (PH) and the ridge width (RW). All comparisons were performed applying the Wilcoxon–Mann–Whitney test.ResultsThe median follow‐up time was 123 months. Median MD between baseline and 10 years was −0.64 mm (Min: −2.39; Max: −0.02) (test) and −0.22 mm (Min: −1.07; Max: 0.06) (control). The change of PH (recession) was −0.33 mm (Min: −0.82; Max: 0.06) (test) and −0.17 mm (Min: −0.8; Max: 0.23) (control). The median differences in RW 1 mm below the crest were −0.62 mm (Min: −1.17; Max: 0.22) (test) and −0.2 mm (Min: −1.9; Max: 0.28) (control). None of the differences between the groups were significant (p > 0.05).ConclusionsLimited by a retrospective study design, pontic sites with or without soft tissue augmentation by means of a SCTG underlie minimal changes over an observation period of 10 years.
Effect of a new treatment protocol called Functional Chewing Training on chewing function in children with cerebral palsy: a double‐blind randomised controlled trial
Authors: Serel Arslan S. , Demir N. , Karaduman A. A. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryCerebral palsy (CP) is a group of permanent sensorimotor impairments. Children with CP have various feeding difficulties including chewing disorder, which may affect their nutritional status. Functional Chewing Training (FuCT) was designed as a holistic approach to improve chewing function by providing postural alignment, sensory and motor training, and food and environmental adjustments. This study aimed to investigate the effect of FuCT on chewing function in children with CP. This study was designed as a double‐blind, randomised controlled trial. Eighty CP children with chewing disorder were randomised and split between the FuCT group (31 males, 19 females; mean age 3·5 ± 1·9 years) and the control group (16 males, 14 females; 3·4 ± 2·3 years) receiving traditional oral motor exercises. Each group received the training programme for 12 weeks with weekly follow‐up and with two evaluations at baseline and end of 12 weeks. Chewing function was evaluated by analysing video recordings and scored with the Karaduman Chewing Performance Scale (KCPS). The Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS) was used to evaluate feeding behaviours of children. A significant improvement was observed in KCPS scores at 12 weeks after training in the FuCT group (P < 0·001), but no change was found in the control group (P = 0·07). A significant improvement was detected in all parameters of BPFAS at 12 weeks after training in the FuCT group (P < 0·001) and in four parameters of BPFAS in the control group (P = 0·02, P = 0·02). FuCT is an effective method to improve chewing function compared with traditional oral motor exercises.