bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptive plasticity of spino-extraocular motor coupling during locomotion in metamorphosing Xenopus
laevis
Authors: von Uckermann Géraldine , Lambert François M. , Combes Denis , Straka Hans , Simmers John 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
During swimming in the amphibian Xenopus laevis, efference copies of rhythmic locomotor commands produced by the spinal central pattern generator (CPG) can drive extraocular motor output appropriate for producing image-stabilizing eye movements to offset the disruptive effects of self-motion. During metamorphosis, X. laevis remodels its locomotor strategy from larval tail-based undulatory movements to bilaterally synchronous hindlimb kicking in the adult. This change in propulsive mode results in head/body motion with entirely different dynamics, necessitating a concomitant switch in compensatory ocular movements from conjugate left–right rotations to non-conjugate convergence during the linear forward acceleration produced during each kick cycle. Here, using semi-intact or isolated brainstem/spinal cord preparations at intermediate metamorphic stages, we monitored bilateral eye motion along with extraocular, spinal axial and limb motor nerve activity during episodes of spontaneous fictive swimming. Our results show a progressive transition in spinal efference copy control of extraocular motor output that remains adapted to offsetting visual disturbances during the combinatorial expression of bimodal propulsion when functional larval and adult locomotor systems co-exist within the same animal. In stages at metamorphic climax, spino-extraocular motor coupling, which previously derived from axial locomotor circuitry alone, can originate from both axial and de novo hindlimb CPGs, although the latter's influence becomes progressively more dominant and eventually exclusive as metamorphosis terminates with tail resorption. Thus, adaptive interactions between locomotor and extraocular motor circuitry allows CPG-driven efference copy signaling to continuously match the changing spatio-temporal requirements for visual image stabilization throughout the transitional period when one propulsive mechanism emerges and replaces another.
Demolding in Ultraviolet Nanoimprinting Assisted by a Nanoscale Lubricating Fluid Layer of Condensed Alternative Chlorofluorocarbon
Authors: Nakagawa Masaru , Kaneko Shu , Ito Shunya 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We demonstrated that demolding in ultraviolet (UV) nanoimprinting was assisted by a nanoscale lubricating fluid layer of a liquefied 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane (PFP) gas. UV-curable Resin A composed of glycerol 1,3-diglycerolate diacrylate with low PFP absorption showed low surface roughness of 22-nm line-and-space imprint patterns with the smallest line edge roughness (LER) value of 3σ = 1.8 nm. As the molar ratio of 1,6-hexanediol diacrylate with large PFP absorption was increased in the UV-curable resin, the morphological characteristics worsened. Although thin cured films of Resin A possessed a large surface free energy of 57.6 mJ m−2, Resin A could be used for step-and-repeat UV nanoimprinting with bare and fluorinated silica molds. Quartz crystal microbalance measurements suggested that a PFP adsorption layer was formed at a film surface of uncured Resin A upon exposure to PFP gas and functioned as a nanoscale lubricating fluid layer during UV nanoimprinting.
Review of Kostis Kornetis' Children of the Dictatorship: Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the "Long 1960s'" in Greece
Authors: Voglis Polymeris 
Published: April 2016

Book review of Kostis Kornetis, <em>Children of the Dictatorship: Student Resistance, Cultural Politics and the 'Long 1960s' in Greece</em>, New York and Oxford: Berghahn Books, 2013. 373 pp.
Care Certificate Standard 11: safeguarding children; and 12: basic life support
Authors: Peate Ian 
Published: April 2016

This article provides an overview of safeguarding children and basic life support, which are the Care Certificate's standards 11 and 12 respectively. Safeguarding children and young people is everyone's responsibility, and the healthcare assistant and the assistant practitioner (HCA and AP) have to play their part in ensuring children and young people are safe. An overview of adult basic life support is provided, emphasising that prompt recognition and appropriate actions can save lives.
APPLYING THE ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS TO OIL SANDS ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE RISK MANAGEMENT
Authors: Roux Izak Johannes , Makrigeorgis Dr. Christos 
Published: April 2016

<p>In 2013, oil companies in Alberta, Canada invested $32 billion in new oil-sands projects. Despite the size of this investment, there is a demonstrable deficiency in the uniformity and understanding of environmental legislation requirements that translate into increased project compliance risks. In this paper, we applied the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to develop a priority list of environmental regulatory compliance risk criteria for oil-sands projects. AHP belongs to the family of multicriteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques that utilizes a pairwise comparison matrix solicited from subject matter experts (SMEs) in the field as input. The overall methodology itself consisted of 4 phases: (1) identification of the initial list of N potential environmental compliance risk criteria and verification of these criteria via a pilot survey; (2) formation of a pairwise comparison survey in the form of an N(N-1)/2 comparison matrix based on the verified criteria; (3) administration of the pairwise comparison matrix to a sample of 16 industry-specific SME’s; and (4) the application of the AHP method using SuperDecisions as a tool on the collected sample to rank the identified risk criteria. Our demonstrated results can potentially inform Alberta oil sands industry leaders about the ranking and utility of specific compliance risks as understood by experts and enable a more focused environmental compliance action to help increase legislative and public trust.</p>
Development and characterization of a formaldehyde-free adhesive from lupine flour, glycerol, and a novel curing agent for particleboard (PB) production
Authors: Huang Jian , Li Kaichang 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A formaldehyde-free adhesive has been developed from defatted lupine flour (defLF), glycerol, and a novel curing agent (CA). The CA was prepared from reactions of epichlorohydrin (ECH) and 3-(dimethylamino)-1-propylamine (DMAPA) and characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR) spectroscopies. The adhesive has a low viscosity of 472 cP at a total solids content (SC) of 60% and could be easily applied onto wood particles for the production of particleboards (PBs). The internal bond (IB) strength, modulus of rupture (MOR), and modulus of elasticity (MOE) of the resulting PBs exceeded the industrial requirements. The adhesive with defLF/glycerol/CA mass ratio of 2:4:3 led to the best overall properties of the resulting PBs. The curing mechanisms of the adhesive were mainly attributed to the reactions between lupine protein and the CA.
Sending laughter around the world
Authors: Peacock Louise 
Published: April 2016

AbstractClowning for refugees, clown performances in refugee camps or conflict zones is a performative practice which has existed for almost 30 years. However, very little academic attention has been paid to performance of this kind. This article, therefore, outlines the history of clowning with refugees (drawing on the practice of Clowns without Borders (CWB), the primary organisation in this field and on the work of other individual clowns). It establishes the key principles which guide this kind of performance, focusing on the practitioners’ emphasis on the therapeutic power of laughter and play, particularly, but not exclusively, for children. Drawing on interviews with practitioners, email questionnaires, videos of clown refugee performance, internet newspaper articles and published material, the techniques and strategies of clown performances in refugee settings are explored through three examples of practical encounters. These case studies (CWB in Lesotho, Circus2Iraq and Mimi the Clown working with the Red Cross in Tunisia) facilitate the exploration of the aims of such work and how such performances might best be evaluated. Whilst the article’s focus is on examining the performative and therapeutic nature of clowning, play and laughter on those who experience clown performances; the fact that such performances take place in difficult and potentially dangerous settings also raises issues in relation to cultural and ethical considerations which are also explored.
In vitro bactericidal activity of Berberis aristata extract against clinical isolates of carbapenem-resistant Escherichia coli
Authors: Thakur Pallavi , Chawla Raman , Narula Alka , Goel Rajeev , Arora Rajesh , Sharma Rakesh Kumar 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background: Berberis aristata is known to contain a variety of phenolic compounds, flavonoids such as quercetin attributing towards its holistic capability of mitigating multidrug resistance.

Methods: B. aristata stem bark extract was prepared and characterized using phytochemical and bioactivity-based fingerprinting. Anti-oxidant and anti-lipid peroxidation profiling was also done in conjunction with in vitro anti-microbial efficacy testing against the test microorganism i. e., New Delhi Metallo-β-lactamase-1 (NDM-1) Escherichia coli.

Results: Aquo-alcoholic (1:1) extract of B. aristata (PTRC-2111-A), containing 3.0±0.02 µg of QUERCETIN/mg of dried extract, exhibited [flavonoid/polyphenol: F/P (quercetin %) ~ 0.16(0.06 %)]. The bioactivity fingerprint profile of PTRC-2111-A included IC50 ratio [DPPH/NOS]=0.064 as functional standardized value having IC50 (DPPH Scavenging)=16±0.5 µg/mL and IC50 (Nitric Oxide Scavenging)=250±0.5 µg/mL respectively. The reducing ability and anti-lipid peroxidation equivalent (extract: standard) of PTRC-2111-A with respect to standard was estimated to be 3.44 (ascorbic acid) and 0.78 (quercetin) respectively. In vitro anti-microbial activity evaluated against sts-09 multidrug-resistant strain of carbapenem-resistant E. coli was found to be 25 µg/mL.

Conclusions: B. aristata was found to contain a number of phytoconstituents, which acts in a synergistic manner to provide significant bactericidal potential against carbapenem-resistant E. coli.
Crystal structure of catena-poly-[aqua(μ2-4,4′-bipyridine-κ2
N:N′)bis(3′,5,5′-tricarboxybiphenyl-2-carboxylato-κ2
O,O′)cadmium(II)], C42H28N2O17Cd
Authors: Xia Wei , Liu Peng-Jun , Li Gui-Juan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
C42H28N2O17Cd, monoclinic, P2/n, a = 11.8533(4) Å, b = 7.1975(3) Å, c = 23.5490(7) Å, β = 115.181(2)°, V = 1818.14(11) Å3, Z = 2, R
gt
(F) = 0.0220, wR
ref
(F
2) = 0.0615, T = 293(2) K.
How to name new chemical elements (IUPAC Recommendations 2016)
Authors: Koppenol Willem H. , Corish John , García-Martínez Javier , Meija Juris , Reedijk Jan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A procedure is proposed to name new chemical elements. After the discovery of a new element is established by the joint IUPAC-IUPAP Working Group, the discoverers are invited to propose a name and a symbol to the IUPAC Inorganic Chemistry Division. Elements can be named after a mythological concept, a mineral, a place or country, a property or a scientist. After examination and acceptance by the Inorganic Chemistry Division, the proposal follows the accepted IUPAC procedure and is then ratified by the Council of IUPAC. This document is a slightly amended version of the 2002 IUPAC Recommendations; the most important change is that the names of all new elements should have an ending that reflects and maintains historical and chemical consistency. This would be in general “-ium” for elements belonging to groups 1–16, i.e. including the f-block elements, “-ine” for elements of group 17 and “-on” for elements of group 18.
Signaling Legitimacy: Self-legitimation by the G8 and the G20 in Times of Competitive Multilateralism
Authors: Gronau Jennifer 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGiven our pluralistic world today, the G8 or rather G7, is an anachronism. How has the club of Western nations managed to prevail over its four decades of existence? This question is even more relevant in the light of the rise of the G20 at the beginning of the financial crisis in 2008. By making use of the concept of self-legitimation, this paper seeks to gain a better understanding of how both informal institutions ended up in a state of coexistence rather than with the replacement of the G8 by the G20. The main argument is that both needed (and still need) to carefully position themselves as distinct from each other in order to prevail and to inspire adherence. By including visual data and examining two informal institutions rather than formalized international organizations, the analysis complements concurrent research on the legitimation efforts of international institutions. The article traces three modes of public self-legitimation: legitimation policies, legitimation talk and nonverbal self-presentation. Based on textual analysis and a reconstruction of ideal-typical summit photographs (1975–2013), this contribution shows how both institutions present themselves as inclusive, accountable managers for the benefit of all. Despite these similarities, a normative as well as a de facto division of labor makes it more likely for today’s G7 to prevail, even in – or even because of – today’s more pluralistic world.
An Evolving Genetic Architecture Interacts with Hill–Robertson Interference to Determine the Benefit of Sex
Authors: Whitlock Alexander O B , Peck Kayla M , Azevedo Ricardo B R , Burch Christina L 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSex is ubiquitous in the natural world, but the nature of its benefits remains controversial. Previous studies have suggested that a major advantage of sex is its ability to eliminate interference between selection on linked mutations, a phenomenon known as Hill–Robertson interference. However, those studies may have missed both important advantages and important disadvantages of sexual reproduction because they did not allow the distributions of mutational effects and interactions (i.e., the genetic architecture) to evolve. Here we investigate how Hill–Robertson interference interacts with an evolving genetic architecture to affect the evolutionary origin and maintenance of sex by simulating evolution in populations of artificial gene networks. We observed a long-term advantage of sex—equilibrium mean fitness of sexual populations exceeded that of asexual populations—that did not depend on population size. We also observed a short-term advantage of sex—sexual modifier mutations readily invaded asexual populations—that increased with population size, as was observed in previous studies. We show that the long- and short-term advantages of sex were both determined by differences between sexual and asexual populations in the evolutionary dynamics of two properties of the genetic architecture: the deleterious mutation rate (Ud) and recombination load (LR). These differences resulted from a combination of selection to minimize LR, which is experienced only by sexuals, and Hill–Robertson interference experienced primarily by asexuals. In contrast to the previous studies, in which Hill–Robertson interference had only a direct impact on the fitness advantages of sex, the impact of Hill–Robertson interference in our simulations was mediated additionally by an indirect impact on the efficiency with which selection acted to reduce Ud.
Inferring the Frequency Spectrum of Derived Variants to Quantify Adaptive Molecular Evolution in Protein-Coding Genes of Drosophila melanogaster
Authors: Keightley Peter D , Campos José L , Booker Tom R , Charlesworth Brian 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Many approaches for inferring adaptive molecular evolution analyze the unfolded site frequency spectrum (SFS), a vector of counts of sites with different numbers of copies of derived alleles in a sample of alleles from a population. Accurate inference of the high-copy-number elements of the SFS is difficult, however, because of misassignment of alleles as derived vs. ancestral. This is a known problem with parsimony using outgroup species. Here we show that the problem is particularly serious if there is variation in the substitution rate among sites brought about by variation in selective constraint levels. We present a new method for inferring the SFS using one or two outgroups that attempts to overcome the problem of misassignment. We show that two outgroups are required for accurate estimation of the SFS if there is substantial variation in selective constraints, which is expected to be the case for nonsynonymous sites in protein-coding genes. We apply the method to estimate unfolded SFSs for synonymous and nonsynonymous sites in a population of Drosophila melanogaster from phase 2 of the Drosophila Population Genomics Project. We use the unfolded spectra to estimate the frequency and strength of advantageous and deleterious mutations and estimate that ∼50% of amino acid substitutions are positively selected but that &lt;0.5% of new amino acid mutations are beneficial, with a scaled selection strength of Nes ≈ 12.
Individual and group‐level job resources and their relationships with individual work engagement
Authors: Füllemann Désirée , Brauchli Rebecca , Jenny Gregor J. , Bauer Georg F. 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesThis study adds a multilevel perspective to the well‐researched individual‐level relationship between job resources and work engagement. In addition, we explored whether individual job resources cluster within work groups because of a shared psychosocial environment and investigated whether a resource‐rich psychosocial work group environment is beneficial for employee engagement over and above the beneficial effect of individual job resources and independent of their variability within groups.MethodsData of 1,219 employees nested in 103 work groups were obtained from a baseline employee survey of a large stress management intervention project implemented in six medium and large‐sized organizations in diverse sectors. A variety of important job resources were assessed and grouped to an overall job resource factor with three subfactors (manager behavior, peer behavior, and task‐related resources). Data were analyzed using multilevel random coefficient modeling.ResultsThe results indicated that job resources cluster within work groups and can be aggregated to a group‐level job resources construct. However, a resource‐rich environment, indicated by high group‐level job resources, did not additionally benefit employee work engagement but on the contrary, was negatively related to it.ConclusionsOn the basis of this unexpected result, replication studies are encouraged and suggestions for future studies on possible underlying within‐group processes are discussed. The study supports the presumed value of integrating work group as a relevant psychosocial environment into the motivational process and indicates a need to further investigate emergent processes involved in aggregation procedures across levels.
Data-oriented parsing with discontinuous constituents and function tags
Authors: Van Cranenburgh Andreas , Scha Remko , Bod Rens 
Published: April 2016

Statistical parsers are e ective but are typically limited to producing projective dependencies or constituents. On the other hand, linguisti- cally rich parsers recognize non-local relations and analyze both form and function phenomena but rely on extensive manual grammar development. We combine advantages of the two by building a statistical parser that produces richer analyses. We investigate new techniques to implement treebank-based parsers that allow for discontinuous constituents. We present two systems. One system is based on a string-rewriting Linear Context-Free Rewriting System (LCFRS), while using a Probabilistic Discontinuous Tree Substitution Grammar (PDTSG) to improve disambiguation performance. Another system encodes the discontinuities in the labels of phrase structure trees, allowing for efficient context-free grammar parsing.The two systems demonstrate that tree fragments as used in tree-substitution grammar improve disambiguation performance while capturing non-local relations on an as-needed basis. Additionally, we present results of models that produce function tags, resulting in a more linguistically adequate model of the data. We report substantial accuracy improvements in discontinuous parsing for German, English, and Dutch, including results on spoken Dutch.
Electromagnetic Measurements for Monitoring Molybdenum Contamination in Near-Surface Survey
Authors: Kanli Ali Ismet , Neducza Boriszlav 
Published: April 2016

<p>We carried out electromagnetic measurements in the vicinity of the near surface molybdenum contamination observed in the “Blue Lagoon” plum located in the north-east of Hungary. The aim of the investigation was to find the origin of the molybdenum pollution, situated in the area, which could be a container or other infrastructure leading to the source of contamination. The field study was conducted in two stages. In the first phase, we gathered electromagnetic data by using GEM-2 type equipment. We derived conductivity and susceptibility maps for each acquired frequency from the electromagnetic data. In the second stage of the field study, GPR data were obtained from 50 MHZ and 450 MHz antennas. In the GPR measurements, we gathered detailed information from GPR depth slices from very shallow depth ranges to deeper parts of the investigated area (from 50cm to 8 m depths). In all results from the measurements executed by the GEM-2 and (50 MHZ and 450 MHz) GPR equipment, there are several clear anomalies are observed in the data for the distribution of molybdenum contamination. Although there are several contaminated zones observed, no clear evidence of the source of contamination was found in the vicinity of the molybdenum pollution peak. </p><p> </p><p> </p><p><strong>Medicione</strong>s<strong> Electromagnéticas para Rastrear la Contaminación de Molibdeno en un Estudio de Superficies</strong></p><p><strong><br /></strong></p><p><strong>Resumen</strong></p>En este estudio se llevaron a cabo mediciones electromagnéticas en las inmediaciones de un foco de contaminación de molibdeno hallado en el "Blue Lagoon", al noreste de Hungría. El propósito de la investigación fue encontrar el origen de la contaminación de molibdeno, detectada en el área, y que podría ser el contenedor u otra infraestructura que lleve a la fuente de polución. El trabajo de campo se llevó a cabo en dos partes. En la primera fase se reunió la información electromagnética a través del equipo GEM-2. De esta forma se obtuvieron mapas de conductividad y susceptibilidad para cada frecuencia adquirida de la información electromagnética. En la segunda fase del estudio de campo se obtuvieron datos del radar de penetración terrestre (GPR, en inglés) con antenas de 50 y de 450 megahercios (MHZ). En las mediciones GPR se recopiló información detallada de las muestras de penetración en un rango desde la superficie a la profundidad en el área de estudio (desde 50 cm a 8 m de profundidad). En todos los resultados de las medidas hechas con los equipos GEM-2 y GPR se encontraron varias anomalías en la distribución de datos de la contaminación por molibdeno. A pesar de que se observaron varias zonas contaminadas, no hay evidencia clara de la fuente de polución encontrada alrededor del pico de contaminación por molibdeno.</p>