bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gold Redox Catalysis through Base‐Initiated Diazonium Decomposition toward Alkene, Alkyne, and Allene Activation
Authors: Dong Boliang , Peng Haihui , Motika Stephen E. , Shi Xiaodong 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe discovery of photoassisted diazonium activation toward gold(I) oxidation greatly extended the scope of gold redox catalysis by avoiding the use of a strong oxidant. Some practical issues that limit the application of this new type of chemistry are the relative low efficiency (long reaction time and low conversion) and the strict reaction condition control that is necessary (degassing and inert reaction environment). Herein, an alternative photofree condition has been developed through Lewis base induced diazonium activation. With this method, an unreactive AuI catalyst was used in combination with Na2CO3 and diazonium salts to produce a AuIII intermediate. The efficient activation of various substrates, including alkyne, alkene and allene was achieved, followed by rapid AuIII reductive elimination, which yielded the C−C coupling products with good to excellent yields. Relative to the previously reported photoactivation method, our approach offered greater efficiency and versatility through faster reaction rates and broader reaction scope. Challenging substrates such as electron rich/neutral allenes, which could not be activated under the photoinitiation conditions (<5 % yield), could be activated to subsequently yield the desired coupling products in good to excellent yield.
Divergent Access to (1,1) and (1,2)‐Azidolactones from Alkenes using Hypervalent Iodine Reagents
Authors: Alazet Sébastien , Le Vaillant Franck , Nicolai Stefano , Courant Thibaut , Waser Jerome 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA versatile synthesis of azidolactones through azidation and cyclization of carboxylic acids onto alkenes has been developed. Based on either photoredox or palladium catalysis, (1,1) and (1,2) azido lactones can be selectively synthesized. The choice of catalyst and benziodoxol(on)e reagent serving as azide source was essential to initiate either a radical or Lewis acid mediated process with divergent outcome. These transformations were carried out under mild conditions using a low catalyst loading and gave access to a large scope of azido lactones.
Cytokeratin‐based assessment of tumour budding in colorectal cancer: analysis in stage II patients and prospective diagnostic experience
Authors: Koelzer Viktor H , Assarzadegan Naziheh , Dawson Heather , Mitrovic Bojana , Grin Andrea , Messenger David E , Kirsch Richard , Riddell Robert H , Lugli Alessandro , Zlobec Inti 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTumour budding in colorectal cancer is an important prognostic factor. A recent consensus conference elaborated recommendations and key issues for future studies, among those the use of pan‐cytokeratin stains, especially in stage II patients. We report the first prospective diagnostic experience using pan‐cytokeratin for tumour budding assessment. Moreover, we evaluate tumour budding using pan‐cytokeratin stains and disease‐free survival (DFS) in stage II patients. To this end, tumour budding on pan‐cytokeratin‐stained sections was evaluated by counting the number of tumour buds in 10 high‐power fields (0.238 mm2), then categorizing counts as low/high‐grade at a cut‐off of 10 buds, in two cohorts. Cohort 1: prospective setting with 236 unselected primary resected colorectal cancers analysed by 17 pathologists during diagnostic routine. Cohort 2: retrospective cohort of 150 stage II patients with information on DFS. In prospective analysis of cohort 1, tumour budding counts correlated with advanced pT, lymph node metastasis, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion (all p < 0.0001), and distant metastasis (p = 0.0128). In cohort 2, tumour budding was an independent predictor of worse DFS using counts [p = 0.037, HR (95% CI): 1.007 (1.0–1.014)] and the low‐grade/high‐grade scoring approach [p = 0.02; HR (95% CI): 3.04 (1.2–7.77), 90.7 versus 73%, respectively]. In conclusion, tumour budding assessed on pan‐cytokeratin slides is feasible in a large pathology institute and leads to expected associations with clinicopathological features. Additionally, it is an independent predictor of poor prognosis in stage II patients and should be considered for risk stratification in future clinical studies.
Population‐based values and abnormalities of the electrocardiogram in the general Dutch population: The LifeLines Cohort Study
Authors: van der Ende M. Yldau , Siland Joylene E. , Snieder Harold , van der Harst Pim , Rienstra Michiel 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundOur aim is to present average values and prevalence of electrocardiographic (ECG) abnormalities among the general Dutch population in the LifeLines Cohort.HypothesisThe ECG values previously studied in the Caucasian population of smaller cohorts will be confirmed with ECG data from LifeLines.Methods
ECG data of 152 180 individuals age 18 to 93 years were available. Individuals with cardiovascular risk factors were excluded to analyze the healthy population. Average values of the ECG for the healthy population were presented as means with 95% and 99% confidence intervals and as medians with first and 99th percentiles.ResultsMedian heart rate was highest in the youngest and oldest individuals of the healthy population. Median duration of P wave, PQ interval, and QRS duration were longer in males compared with females. In contrast, median QT interval corrected for heart rate was higher in females. In general, the above‐mentioned parameters increased with age. The prevalences of ECG abnormalities adjusted for the Dutch population were 0.9% for atrial fibrillation or flutter, 1.4% for premature atrial complexes, 0.5% for myocardial infarction, 2.1% for ventricular premature complexes, 1.0% for left ventricular hypertrophy, 8.1% for P‐R interval >200 ms, and 0.8% for bundle branch block.ConclusionsOur study provides an overview of average values and ECG abnormalities and confirms data of previous smaller studies. In addition, we evaluate the age‐ and sex‐dependent normal limits of the P wave and QRS duration and confirm in detail the frontal plane QRS‐T angle on the ECG.
Typical angina is associated with greater coronary endothelial dysfunction but not abnormal vasodilatory reserve
Authors: AlBadri Ahmed , Leong Derek , Bairey Merz C. Noel , Wei Janet , Handberg Eileen M. , Shufelt Chrisandra L. , Mehta Puja K. , Nelson Michael D. , Thomson Louise E. , Berman Daniel S. , Shaw Leslee J. , Cook‐Wiens Galen , Pepine Carl J. 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundTypical angina (TA) is defined as substernal chest pain precipitated by physical exertion or emotional stress and relieved with rest or nitroglycerin. Women and elderly patients are usually have atypical symptoms both at rest and during stress, often in the setting of nonobstructive coronary artery disease (CAD).HypothesisTo further understand this, we performed subgroup analysis comparing subjects who presented with TA vs nontypical angina (NTA) using baseline data of patients with nonobstructive CAD and coronary microvascular dysfunction (CMD) enrolled in a clinical trial.Methods155 subjects from the RWISE study were divided into 2 groups based on angina characteristics: TA (defined as above) and NTA (angina that does not meet criteria for TA). Coronary reactivity testing (responses to adenosine, acetylcholine, and nitroglycerin), cardiac magnetic resonance–determined myocardial perfusion reserve index (MPRI), baseline Seattle Angina Questionnaire (SAQ), and Duke Activity Status Index (DASI) scores were evaluated.ResultsThe mean age was 55 ± 10 years; Overall, 30% of subjects had TA. Baseline shortness of breath, invasively assessed acetylcholine‐mediated coronary endothelial function, and SAQ score were worse in the TA group (all P < 0.05), whereas adenosine‐mediated coronary flow reserve, MPRI, and DASI score were similar to the NTA group.ConclusionsAmong subjects with CMD and no obstructive CAD, those with TA had more angina pectoris, shortness of breath, and worse quality of life, as well as more severe coronary endothelial dysfunction. Typical angina in the setting of CMD is associated with worse symptom burden and coronary endothelial dysfunction. These results indicate that TA CMD subjects represent a relatively new CAD phenotype for future study and treatment trials.
Mesh‐free based variational level set evolution for breast region segmentation and abnormality detection using mammograms
Authors: Kashyap Kanchan L. , Bajpai Manish K. , Khanna Pritee , Giakos George 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAutomatic segmentation of abnormal region is a crucial task in computer‐aided detection system using mammograms. In this work, an automatic abnormality detection algorithm using mammographic images is proposed. In the preprocessing step, partial differential equation–based variational level set method is used for breast region extraction. The evolution of the level set method is done by applying mesh‐free–based radial basis function (RBF). The limitation of mesh‐based approach is removed by using mesh‐free–based RBF method. The evolution of variational level set function is also done by mesh‐based finite difference method for comparison purpose. Unsharp masking and median filtering is used for mammogram enhancement. Suspicious abnormal regions are segmented by applying fuzzy c‐means clustering. Texture features are extracted from the segmented suspicious regions by computing local binary pattern and dominated rotated local binary pattern (DRLBP). Finally, suspicious regions are classified as normal or abnormal regions by means of support vector machine with linear, multilayer perceptron, radial basis, and polynomial kernel function. The algorithm is validated on 322 sample mammograms of mammographic image analysis society (MIAS) and 500 mammograms from digital database for screening mammography (DDSM) datasets. Proficiency of the algorithm is quantified by using sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy. The highest sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 93.96%, 95.01%, and 94.48%, respectively, are obtained on MIAS dataset using DRLBP feature with RBF kernel function. Whereas, the highest 92.31% sensitivity, 98.45% specificity, and 96.21% accuracy are achieved on DDSM dataset using DRLBP feature with RBF kernel function.
From Two, to Three, to Multi‐Color Switches: Developing AIEgen‐Based Mechanochromic Materials
Authors: Meng Xiao , Chen Changqing , Qi Guangyu , Li Xue , Wang Kai , Zou Bo , Ma Yuguo 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA multi‐color switching mechanochromic aggregation‐induced emission luminogen (AIEgen) whose fluorescence spectra nearly covers the whole visible region was obtained from attaching spiropyran (SP) moiety on tetraphenylethylene (TPE). The covalent attachment of SP to TPE is crucial. It enables the tuning of the fluorescence of SP‐TPE dyads from no color change, to two‐color switching, to three‐color switching under grinding, based on the amorphization of TPE moiety and isomerization of spiropyran moiety. Under quantifiable hydrostatic pressures, the multi‐color switch with wide spectral response region was obtained resulting from distinct pressure thresholds for supramolecular and chemical structural changes. The attached spiropyran helped to enhance the response of the mechanochromic AIEgens to show more fantastic and obvious responses. The multi‐color changes and obvious responses in a wider visible region and an enhancement of fluorescence intensity give this molecule great potential for applications in visual pressure sensors, pressure calibration, etc.
Utility of intraoperative frozen sections for thyroid nodules with prior fine needle aspiration cytology diagnosis
Authors: Roychoudhury Sudarshana , Souza Fabiola , Gimenez Cecilia , Glass Ryan , Cocker Rubina , Chau Karen , Kohn Nina , Das Kasturi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe objective of this study was to evaluate the role of intraoperative frozen section (IFS) in determining the course of surgery in thyroid nodules with a prior fine needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy diagnosis. In addition, reliability of FNA interpretation to guide surgical management without IFS was investigated.Material and MethodsThis is a retrospective study of all patients who had a FNA biopsy, IFS, and final pathology performed on a thyroid nodule over a 9 month period. The extent of surgery at the time of the IFS was recorded. Subsequent change in surgical procedure following the IFS diagnosis was noted in each of the Bethesda diagnostic categories.Results55% of the cases were deferred at IFS overall, with 68 and 86% in Bethesda III and IV categories, respectively. Overall, there was a change in management in 6% of cases.ConclusionsOur study does not support the use of IFS for nodules with prior FNA interpretation of Bethesda II, III, IV and VI as management was not significantly changed. IFS is of value for nodules with prior FNA diagnosis of Bethesda I for interpretation of nodule, and Bethesda V for planning surgery. A confirmatory diagnosis could not be rendered at IFS for lesions with follicular architecture, which comprised most of the cases in Bethesda III and IV.
Linking riparian shade and the legacies of forest management to fish and vertebrate biomass in forested streams
Authors: Kaylor Matthew J. , Warren Dana R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDetermining the factors that limit abundance and biomass of fish is fundamental to effective fisheries management. In streams, pool availability, cover, and habitat complexity often limit fish—particularly salmonids—and many restoration efforts are directed toward addressing physical habitat factors. However, the availability of prey, and the factors that influence prey abundance, can also influence the abundance, biomass, and growth of fish and other consumers. Both habitat and prey availability can be influenced by characteristics of the riparian forest in headwaters. In this study, we evaluate how variables associated with stream habitat, primary production, and macroinvertebrate biomass account for variability in the biomass of cutthroat trout and total vertebrates (fish and salamanders) across a series of paired stream reaches with contrasting forest structure. Each of nine stream pairs consisted of an old‐growth reach and a reach bordered by 40‐ to 60‐yr‐old second‐growth riparian forest. We evaluated relationships between response and explanatory variables for each forest structure type using correlation analysis, regression analysis, andAICc model comparison analyses. We also conducted correlation and regression analyses on within‐stream reach pair differences across the nine study streams. Canopy openness, nitrate concentration, periphyton chlorophyllaaccrual, total invertebrate biomass, predatory invertebrate biomass, cutthroat trout biomass, and total vertebrate biomass were all positively correlated with each other, while temperature was negatively correlated with biotic variables. Within reach pairs, canopy openness emerged as the strongest correlate with top predators, with differences in canopy openness explaining 84% of the variation in vertebrate biomass differences in the paired analysis. Other habitat metrics were poorly correlated with invertebrate, fish, and salamander biomass for all analyses. Overall, these results suggest that for the stream reaches surveyed here, resource availability—as regulated through bottom‐up, autotrophic pathways—is a dominant control on fish and other consumers. This highlights the importance of food resource limitation for fish and top predators in headwater streams, and illustrates how differences in canopy structure can affect bottom‐up drivers of stream food webs.
Calibration of paired watersheds: Utility of moving sums in presence of externalities
Authors: Ssegane Herbert , Amatya Devendra M. , Muwamba Augustine , Chescheir George M. , Appelboom Tim , Tollner E.W. , Nettles Jami E. , Youssef Mohamed A. , Birgand François , Skaggs R.W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHistorically, paired watershed studies have been used to quantify the hydrological effects of land use and management practices by concurrently monitoring 2 similar watersheds during calibration (pretreatment) and post‐treatment periods. This study characterizes seasonal water table and flow response to rainfall during the calibration period and tests a change detection technique of moving sums of recursive residuals (MOSUM) to select calibration periods for each control–treatment watershed pair when the regression coefficients for daily water table elevation were most stable to minimize regression model uncertainty. The control and treatment watersheds were 1 watershed of 3–4‐year‐old intensely managed loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) with natural understory, 1 watershed of 3–4‐year‐old loblolly pine intercropped with switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), 1 watershed of 14–15‐year‐old thinned loblolly pine with natural understory (control), and 1 watershed of switchgrass only. The study period spanned from 2009 to 2012. Silvicultural operational practices during this period acted as external factors, potentially shifting hydrologic calibration relationships between control and treatment watersheds. MOSUM results indicated significant changes in regression parameters due to silvicultural operations and were used to identify stable relationships for water table elevation. None of the calibration relationships developed using this method were significantly different from the classical calibration relationship based on published historical data. We attribute that to the similarity of historical and 2010–2012 leaf area index on control and treatment watersheds as moderated by the emergent vegetation. Although the MOSUM approach does not eliminate the need for true calibration data or replace the classic paired watershed approach, our results show that it may be an effective alternative approach when true data are unavailable, as it minimizes the impacts of external disturbances other than the treatment of interest.
Imaging of Extracellular pH Using Hyperpolarized Molecules
Authors: Hundshammer Christian , Düwel Stephan , Schilling Franz 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMany diseases can overrule natural pH regulatory mechanisms and alter the extracellular pH (pHe). A non‐invasive method that resolves pHe in vivo with high spatial and temporal resolution could therefore improve diagnosis and monitoring of diseases, contributing to the concept of precision medicine. During the last decades, several techniques have been proposed to image pHe non‐invasively. The majority of these methods rely on magnetic resonance because of its good spatial resolution, high penetration depth, non‐ionizing radiation and excellent complimentary soft tissue contrast. Dissolution dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) is an emerging concept to enhance nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) signals by more than four orders of magnitude, making it possible to observe in vivo metabolic processes in real‐time. Here, we summarize and review recent developments in pHe imaging techniques based on hyperpolarization methods and give an overview of recently discovered hyperpolarized pH sensor molecules that have been applied in vitro and in vivo.
Isoflavones and their metabolites influence the milk component synthesis ability of mammary epithelial cells through prolactin/STAT5 signaling
Authors: Tsugami Yusaku , Matsunaga Kota , Suzuki Takahiro , Nishimura Takanori , Kobayashi Ken 
Published: June 2017

ScopeIsoflavones are a class of polyphonic compounds present in legumes and are called phytoestrogens because of their estrogen‐like activity. Estrogen influences the behavior of mammary epithelial cells (MECs) during pregnancy and lactation. In this study, we investigated the direct influences of isoflavones and their metabolites in milk production ability of MECs.Methods and resultsMouse MECs were cultured with prolactin and dexamethasone (glucocorticoid analog) to induce milk production ability. Subsequently, lactating MECs were treated with each isoflavone. Coumestrol, biochanin A, genistein, and formononetin decreased the intracellular and secreted β‐casein. On the other hand, p‐ethylphenol, daidzein, and equol did not significantly influence β‐casein production at any concentration. Coumestrol, biochanin A and genistein down‐regulated the mRNA expression of whey acidic protein (WAP), lactoferrin and α‐lactalbumin. In contrast, p‐ethylphenol, daidzein and equol up‐regulated β‐casein and/or WAP with α‐lactalbumin. Furthermore, coumestrol and genistein down‐regulated the expression of prolactin receptor and signal transducer and activator of transcription 5 (STAT5) accompanied by a decrease in STAT5 phosphorylation.ConclusionIsoflavones and their metabolites influence the milk production ability of MECs through different interactions with prolactin/STAT5 signaling. Simultaneous intake of multiple isoflavones by consumption of legumes may induce promotive or adverse effects on lactating MECs.
Effect of cocoa's theobromine on intestinal microbiota of rats
Authors: Martín‐Peláez Sandra , Camps‐Bossacoma Mariona , Massot‐Cladera Malen , Rigo‐Adrover Mar , Franch Àngels , Pérez‐Cano Francisco J , Castell Margarida 
Published: June 2017

ScopeTo establish the role of cocoa theobromine on gut microbiota composition and fermentation products after cocoa consumption in rats.Methods and resultsLewis rats were fed either a standard diet (RF diet), a diet containing 10% cocoa (CC diet) or a diet including 0.25% theobromine (TB diet) for 15 days. Gut microbiota (fluorescence in situ hybridization coupled to flow cytometry and metagenomics analysis), SCFA and IgA‐coated bacteria were analyzed in fecal samples. CC and TB diets induced lower counts of E. coli whereas TB diet led to lower counts of Bifidobacterium spp., Streptococcus spp. and Clostridium histolyticum‐C. perfingens group compared to RF diet. Metagenomics analysis also revealed a different microbiota pattern among the studied groups. The SCFA content was higher after both CC and TB diets, which was mainly due to enhanced butyric acid production. Furthermore, both diets decreased the proportion of IgA‐coated bacteria.ConclusionCocoa's theobromine plays a relevant role in some effects related to cocoa intake, such as the lower proportion of IgA‐coated bacteria. Moreover, theobromine modifies gut microbiota although other cocoa compounds could also act on intestinal bacteria, attenuating or enhancing the theobromine effects.
Serum carotenoids and colorectal cancer risk: A case‐control study in Guangdong, China
Authors: Huang Jing , Lu Min‐Shan , Fang Yu‐Jing , Xu Ming , Huang Wu‐Qing , Pan Zhi‐Zhong , Chen Yu‐Ming , Zhang Cai‐Xia 
Published: June 2017

ScopePrevious epidemiological studies on the association between circulating carotenoids and the risk of colorectal cancer drew inconclusive conclusions. This study aimed to examine serum carotenoids in relation to colorectal cancer risk in a Chinese population.Methods and resultsOne case‐control study beginning from July 2010, consecutively recruited 538 eligible colorectal cancer cases and 564 age (5‐year interval) and sex frequency‐matched controls. Serum levels of α‐carotene, β‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin, lycopene and lutein/zeaxanthin were detected by HPLC. Unconditional logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence internal (CI) after adjusting for various confounders. Serum levels of α‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin and lycopene were found to be inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. The adjusted ORs of the highest quartile relative to the lowest quartile serum level were 0.49 (95% CIs 0.33–0.72) for α‐carotene, 0.44 (95% CIs 0.29–0.66) for β‐cryptoxanthin, and 0.36 (95% CIs 0.24–0.54) for lycopene, respectively. The association between serum β‐carotene, lutein/zeaxanthin and colorectal cancer risk was not statistically significant.ConclusionThe results indicated that the incidence of colorectal cancer was associated with lower serum levels of α‐carotene, β‐cryptoxanthin and lycopene among Chinese population residing in Guangdong.