bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The nurse's role in palliative care: A qualitative meta‐synthesis
Authors: Sekse Ragnhild Johanne Tveit , Hunskår Irene , Ellingsen Sidsel 
Published: July 2017

Aims and objectivesTo explore how nurses, across various health systems, describe their role in providing palliative care for patients with life‐threatening illnesses.BackgroundDespite the fact that nurses make up the largest group of healthcare professionals, little is known about their role in palliative care, across health services.DesignA qualitative systematic review of studies.MethodsA search was made for relevant articles, published between January 2000–June 2016. Twenty‐eight articles were selected and analysed using thematic synthesis.ResultsThe themes that emerged from the analysis were as follows: Being available, which gave nurses a pivotal role in palliative care and paved the way for Being a coordinator of care for patients and relatives, as well as for other health personnel. Doing what's needed was to handle an enormous breadth of activities, always in a holistic framework of understanding. Being attentively present and dedicated as well as using flexible and nontraditional methods was essential in the role. Standing in demanding situations dealt with lack of time and resources, limited legitimacy, handling ethical dilemmas and being in need of support and knowledge.ConclusionBeing available as well as a coordinator characterises the nurse's role across healthcare systems. The nurse acts as a link between different levels of health care, between different professions and between patient and family, which contribute to ensuring the quality of care to the individual patient. The review illuminates that the basic tenets of care in nursing are also fundamental to the nurse's role in palliative care. To be able to give individually tailored palliative care to patients with life‐threatening illnesses and their relatives, the nurses need all their knowledge of basic nursing. Situations challenge nurses in practical, relational and moral dimensions of care and make demands on their role in a comprehensive way.Relevance to clinical practiceNurses need knowledge and training, guidance and support to fulfil their role.
Risk estimation for biliary tract cancer: Development and validation of a prognostic score
Authors: Schweitzer Nora , Fischer Mareike , Kirstein Martha M. , Berhane Sarah , Kottas Martina , Sinn Marianne , Gonzalez‐Carmona Maria A. , Balta Zeynep , Weismüller Tobias J. , Strassburg Christian P. , Reineke‐Plaaß Tanja , Bektas Hüseyin , Manns Michael P. , Johnson Philip , Weinmann Arndt , Vogel Arndt 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsBiliary tract cancer is a rare tumour entity characterized by a poor prognosis. We aimed to identify prognostic factors and create a prognostic score to estimate survival.MethodsClinical data of the training set, consisting of 569 patients treated from 2000 to 2010 at Hannover Medical School, were analysed. A prognostic model defining three prognostic risk groups was derived from Cox regression analyses. The score was applied and validated in an independent cohort of 557 patients from four different German centres.ResultsMedian overall survival (OS) was 14.5 months. If complete resection was performed, the patients had a significantly improved OS (23.9 months; n=242) as compared to patients with non‐resectable tumours (9.1 months; n=329, P<.0001). Based on univariable and multivariable analyses of clinical data, a prognostic model was created using variables available before treatment. Those were age, metastasis, C‐reactive protein (CRP), international normalized ratio (INR) and bilirubin. The prognostic score distinguished three groups with a median OS of 21.8, 8.6 and 2.6 months respectively. The validation cohort had a median OS of 20.2, 14.0 and 6.5 months respectively. The prognostic impact of the score was independent of the tumour site and of treatment procedures.ConclusionsHere, we identified prognostic factors and propose a prognostic score to estimate survival, which can be applied to all patients independent of tumour site and before initial treatment. Further validation in prospective trials is required.
Targeting fatty acid amide hydrolase and transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 simultaneously to modulate colonic motility and visceral sensation in the mouse: A pharmacological intervention with N‐arachidonoyl‐serotonin (AA‐5‐HT)
Authors: Bashashati M. , Fichna J. , Piscitelli F. , Capasso R. , Izzo A. A. , Sibaev A. , Timmermans J.‐P. , Cenac N. , Vergnolle N. , Di Marzo V. , Storr M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundEndocannabinoid anandamide (AEA) inhibits intestinal motility and visceral pain, but it may also be proalgesic through transient receptor potential vanilloid‐1 (TRPV1). AEA is degraded by fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH). This study explored whether dual inhibition of FAAH and TRPV1 reduces diarrhea and abdominal pain.MethodsImmunostaining was performed on myenteric plexus of the mouse colon. The effects of the dual FAAH/TRPV1 inhibitor AA‐5‐HT on electrically induced contractility, excitatory junction potential (EJP) and fast (f) and slow (s) inhibitory junction potentials (IJP) in the mouse colon, colonic propulsion and visceromotor response (VMR) to rectal distension were studied. The colonic levels of endocannabinoids and fatty acid amides were measured.Key ResultsCB1‐positive neurons exhibited TRPV1; only some TRPV1 positive neurons did not express CB1. CB1 and FAAH did not colocalize. AA‐5‐HT (100 nM‐10 μM) decreased colonic contractility by ~60%; this effect was abolished by TRPV1 antagonist 5′‐IRTX, but not by CB1 antagonist, SR141716. AA‐5‐HT (1 μM‐10 μM) inhibited EJP by ~30% and IJPs by ~50%. The effects of AA‐5‐HT on junction potentials were reversed by SR141716 and 5`‐IRTX. AA‐5‐HT (20 mg/kg; i.p.) inhibited colonic propulsion by ~30%; SR141716 but not 5`‐IRTX reversed this effect. AA‐5‐HT decreased VMR by ~50%‐60%; these effects were not blocked by SR141716 or 5`‐IRTX. AA‐5‐HT increased AEA in the colon.Conclusions and InferencesThe effects of AA‐5‐HT on visceral sensation and colonic motility are differentially mediated by CB1, TRPV1 and non‐CB1/TRPV1 mechanisms, possibly reflecting the distinct neuromodulatory roles of endocannabinoid and endovanilloid FAAH substrates in the mouse intestine.
Insights into the historical assembly of East Asian subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests revealed by the temporal history of the tea family
Authors: Yu Xiang‐Qin , Gao Lian‐Ming , Soltis Douglas E. , Soltis Pamela S. , Yang Jun‐Bo , Fang Liang , Yang Shi‐Xiong , Li De‐Zhu 
Published: July 2017

Summary

Subtropical evergreen broadleaved forests (EBLFs) inhabit large areas of East Asia. Although paleovegetation reconstructions have revealed that the subtropical EBLFs existed in Southwest China during the Miocene, the historical construction of these forests remains poorly known. Here, we used the tea family (Theaceae), a characteristic component of the subtropical EBLFs, to gain new insights into the assembly of this important biome.

Using a robust phylogenetic framework of Theaceae based on plastome and nuclear ribosomal DNA sequence data, the temporal history of the family was reconstructed. Data from other characteristic components of subtropical EBLFs, including Fagaceae, Lauraceae and Magnoliaceae, were also integrated.

Most of the essential elements of the subtropical EBLFs appear to have originated around the Oligocene–Miocene (O–M) boundary. However, small woody lineages (e.g. Camellia, Hartia) from Theaceae were dated to the late Miocene. Accelerated net diversification rates within Theaceae were also detected near the O–M transition period and the late Miocene.

Our results suggest that two independent intensifications of the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) around the O–M boundary and the late Miocene may have facilitated the historical assembly of the subtropical EBLFs in East Asia.
Can culling Barred Owls save a declining Northern Spotted Owl population?
Authors: Bodine Erin N. , Capaldi Alex 
Published: July 2017

AbstractData collected over the past 25 years reveal that Northern Spotted Owls (Strix occidentalis caurina) of the Oregon Coast region are being displaced by invasive Barred Owls (Strix varia). A component of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service recovery plan is studying the culling of Barred Owls from Spotted Owl habitat. Using information theory to perform a model selection, we fit the most parsimonious ordinary differential equation competition model to the data. We then augment the model to incorporate Barred Owl culling and determine the minimum culling rate required to completely eliminate the Barred Owl population and the amount of time required to achieve such an elimination for various culling rates. Our analysis shows that even with culling Barred Owls, there exists no coexistence equilibrium given the current growth and competition parameters.
Incorporating Allee effects into the potential biological removal level
Authors: Haider Humza S. , Oldfield Sarah C. , Tu Tiffany , Moreno Rosa K. , Diffendorfer Jay E. , Eager Eric A. , Erickson Richard A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPotential biological removal (PBR) is an approach used to calculate sustainable harvest and “take” limits for populations. PBR was originally derived assuming logistic growth while ignoring the effects of small population size (i.e., an Allee effect). We derived a version of PBR that includes an Allee effect (i.e., small population size or densities limiting population growth rates). We found that PBR becomes less conservative when it fails to consider an Allee effect. Specifically, sustainable harvest and take levels based upon PBR with an Allee effect were between approximately 51% and 66% of levels based upon PBR without an Allee effect. Managers and biologists using PBR may need to consider the limitations if an Allee effect may be present in the species being modeled.Considerations for ManagementBased upon our finding, management considerations may include:

acknowledging that populations under stress may also be subject to Allee effects;
recognizing limitations of approaches such as PBR when applying them to small populations; and
broadly considering the Allee effects when using population models for natural resource management.
NAD(P)H and Flavin Autofluorescence Correlation with ATP in Rat Livers with Different Metabolic Steady‐State Conditions
Authors: Croce Anna C. , Ferrigno Andrea , Di Pasqua Laura G. , Berardo Clarissa , Bottiroli Giovanni , Vairetti Mariapia 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe monitoring of NAD(P)H and flavin autofluorescence (AF) is at the basis of numerous investigations on energy metabolism. Nevertheless, the ability of these AF biomarkers to accurately represent the energy currency, ATP, is poorly explored. Here, we focused on the AF/ATP correlation in lean and fatty livers with different steady‐state metabolic conditions, achieved after organ isolation, preservation and recovery, in a likely dependence on both liver intrinsic metabolic features and externally induced perturbations. Within these eventual, various conditions, a significant correlation was detected between liver NAD(P)H and flavin AF, measured via fiber‐optic probe, and biochemical ATP data, strengthening AF as biomarker of energy metabolism in steady‐state conditions for wide‐ranging experimental and diagnostic applications.
Rendering the Actually Existing Sharing Economy Visible: Home‐Grown Food and the Pleasure of Sharing
Authors: Jehlička Petr , Daněk Petr 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDespite the unprecedented attention paid to the sharing economy and despite the growing interest in household food production, the non‐market and non‐monetised sharing of home‐grown food – a social practice at the intersection of these two concerns – has so far largely escaped scholars’ attention. The goal of the article is twofold. First, drawing on a large‐scale survey (2058 respondents) and four focus groups conducted in the Czech Republic in 2015, the article shows that in the Global North the sharing of home‐grown food is a surprisingly widespread and economically and environmentally significant practice. Second, the article to some extent aims to break with the research tradition that deems studies conducted in the periphery of the Global North lacking in potential to produce more generally valid insights. It therefore seeks to counter the scripting of Eastern Europe on the margins of the geographies of knowledge production. The article contests the causal link between economic hardship and informal food practices, views these practices as sustainability by outcome rather than intention, and suggests they are compatible with the tenets of alternative food networks. While not perceived as sites of outright resistance to capitalism, these spaces are viewed by practitioners as constituting valuable domains of socially and culturally motivated human interactions, driven by the desire for fresh and healthy food, fulfilling personal hobbies, and the development of enjoyable social ties.
Reflexive Governance, Incorporating Ethics and Changing Understandings of Food Chain Performance
Authors: Kirwan James , Maye Damian , Brunori Gianluca 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis article argues that ethics is a key driver of change in food chain performance. Critically, multiple stakeholder perspectives need to be understood as being legitimate when developing shared norms of what is understood by food supply chain (FSC) performance. To develop this perspective, the article examines the discourses surrounding the performance of FSCs in 12 different national contexts. It develops a multi‐criteria performance matrix (MCPM) composed of 24 attributes that reflect national FSC sustainability discourses. Specifically, it considers the potential role of reflexive governance in encouraging change to the frames by which actors and institutions judge the performance of FSCs. In assessing the links between ethics and reflexive governance, two types of ethical attribute are identified: ‘commonly identified’ attributes, which signify ethical dilemmas routinely discussed yet open to debate and subject to refinement and change; and ‘procedural’ attributes, which describe actions that encourage actors in the FSC to organise and structure themselves so as to more explicitly embody ethical considerations in their activities. The MCPM can be understood as a form of sustainability appraisal, but also as a cognitive tool with which to instigate further deliberation and action, helping to better manage transitions to sustainability within FSCs.
Fair Trade Milk Initiative in Belgium: Bricolage as an Empowering Strategy for Change
Authors: Feyereisen Marlène , Stassart Pierre M. , Mélard François 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn a context of multiple crises, dairy farmers struggle to receive a fair remuneration for their work. This situation led to the creation of fair milk projects in Europe. But fair trade projects often suffer from ambiguous interpretations that place them simultaneously in and against the market. This study focuses on a Belgian milk label in order to analyse how dairy farmers developed a particular strategy to create their own fair milk. Based on semi‐structured interviews and using the multi‐level perspective, we propose that articulating the concepts of lock‐ins, bricolage and ambiguity enables us to analyse the potential of this innovation for the transition of the Belgian dairy system. The study shows that fairness is often a matter of divergent interpretations, and its final actualisation is the product of emergent and negotiated relations. By using bricolage practices, the stakeholders reinforced their capacity to gain market power and act within the system they want to change.
Reflexivity and Learning in System Innovation Processes
Authors: Beers Pieter J. , van Mierlo Barbara 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn‐depth insight into the relationship between reflexivity, learning and reflection is needed to enrich governance approaches for persistent sustainability issues. However, current conceptualisations of reflexivity seem limited for the understanding of system innovation processes – reflexivity remains highly abstract and often gets conflated with reflection, and, by extension, learning. In this article, we critique the concepts reflexivity and learning and then present an exploratory case‐study of greenhouse vegetable production in the Netherlands to examine their relations. Results suggest a shifting compatibility between initiative and context – reflexivity alignment: the extent to which an innovation initiative shares an orientation towards structural change with its institutional setting. Furthermore, learning sometimes appeared to increase reflexivity, as often assumed, but we found evidence of the opposite as well – reflexivity changes preceding learning. Synthesising the results, we posit three archetypal modes that describe the relation between learning in and reflexivity of a system innovation initiative.
Legionnaires' disease in transplant recipients: A 15‐year retrospective study in a tertiary referral center
Authors: Sivagnanam Shobini , Podczervinski Sara , Butler‐Wu Susan M. , Hawkins Vivian , Stednick Zach , Helbert Lois A. , Glover William A. , Whimbey Estella , Duchin Jeffrey , Cheng Guang‐Shing , Pergam Steven A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLegionnaires' disease (LD) can be fatal among high‐risk transplant recipients. To understand the epidemiology of LD, we reviewed 15‐year longitudinal data from a center in Seattle, Washington that cares for both solid organ transplant (SOT) and hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) recipients. We identified all laboratory‐confirmed LD and extracted data on species, diagnostic modalities, clinical presentation, management, and outcomes from medical records. Among 32 patients with LD, transplant recipients made up the majority of diagnoses (22, 69%; SOT 10, HCT 12). Approximately 0.8% of transplant recipients who underwent Legionella‐specific testing were positive. Non‐pneumophila Legionella species (LNLP), which are not detected by urinary antigen test, accounted for half the cases, led by Legionella micdadei (32%). The severity and outcome between Legionella pneumophila and LNLP infections were similar (attributed mortality, 36% vs 27%); all LNLP deaths occurred in transplant recipients with L. micdadei. The clinical and radiological features mimicked other opportunistic pathogens; 32% (n=7) were not on empiric treatment at the time of diagnosis. These data add to the emerging literature describing the importance of LD and highlight the need for both routine Legionella testing on transplant recipients with pulmonary findings and empiric Legionella‐active antibiotic therapy.
Endogenous sequence patterns predispose the repair modes of CRISPR/Cas9‐induced DNA double‐stranded breaks in Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Vu Giang T. H. , Cao Hieu X. , Fauser Friedrich , Reiss Bernd , Puchta Holger , Schubert Ingo 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe possibility to predict the outcome of targeted DNA double‐stranded break (DSB) repair would be desirable for genome editing. Furthermore the consequences of mis‐repair of potentially cell‐lethal DSBs and the underlying pathways are not yet fully understood. Here we study the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas9‐induced mutation spectra at three selected endogenous loci in Arabidopsis thaliana by deep sequencing of long amplicon libraries. Notably, we found sequence‐dependent genomic features that affected the DNA repair outcome. Deletions of 1‐bp to <1000‐bp size and/or very short insertions, deletions >1 kbp (all due to NHEJ) and deletions combined with insertions between 5‐bp to >100 bp [caused by a synthesis‐dependent strand annealing (SDSA)‐like mechanism] occurred most frequently at all three loci. The appearance of single‐stranded annealing events depends on the presence and distance between repeats flanking the DSB. The frequency and size of insertions is increased if a sequence with high similarity to the target site was available in cis. Most deletions were linked to pre‐existing microhomology. Deletion and/or insertion mutations were blunt‐end ligated or via de novo generated microhomology. While most mutation types and, to some degree, their predictability are comparable with animal systems, the broad range of deletion mutations seems to be a peculiar feature of the plant A. thaliana.
Comparison of Plasma and Intrapulmonary Concentrations of Nafithromycin (WCK 4873) in Healthy Adult Subjects
Authors: Rodvold Keith A. , Gotfried Mark H. , Chugh Rakesh , Gupta Mugdha , Friedland H. David , Bhatia Ashima 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

The nafithromycin concentrations in the plasma, epithelial lining fluid (ELF), and alveolar macrophages (AM) of 37 healthy adult subjects were measured following repeated dosing of oral nafithromycin at 800 mg once daily for 3 days. The values of noncompartmental pharmacokinetic (PK) parameters were determined from serial plasma samples collected over a 24-h interval following the first and third oral doses. Each subject underwent one standardized bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) at 3, 6, 9, 12, 24, or 48 h after the third dose of nafithromycin. The mean ± standard deviation values of the plasma PK parameters after the first and third doses included maximum plasma concentrations (
C
max
) of 1.02 ± 0.31 μg/ml and 1.39 ± 0.36 μg/ml, respectively; times to
C
max
of 3.97 ± 1.30 h and 3.69 ± 1.28 h, respectively; clearances of 67.3 ± 21.3 liters/h and 52.4 ± 18.5 liters/h, respectively, and elimination half-lives of 7.7 ± 1.1 h and 9.1 ± 1.7 h, respectively. The values of the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC) from time zero to 24 h postdosing (AUC
0–24
) for nafithromycin based on the mean or median total plasma concentrations at BAL fluid sampling times were 16.2 μg · h/ml. For ELF, the respective AUC
0–24
values based on the mean and median concentrations were 224.1 and 176.3 μg · h/ml, whereas for AM, the respective AUC
0–24
values were 8,538 and 5,894 μg · h/ml. Penetration ratios based on ELF and total plasma AUC
0–24
values based on the mean and median concentrations were 13.8 and 10.9, respectively, whereas the ratios of the AM to total plasma concentrations based on the mean and median concentrations were 527 and 364, respectively. The sustained ELF and AM concentrations for 48 h after the third dose suggest that nafithromycin has the potential to be a useful agent for the treatment of lower respiratory tract infections. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under registration no. NCT02453529.)