bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Article 42
Authors: de Wet Erika 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 42 of the UN Charter, which represents a fundamental innovation with respect to the League of Nations Covenant and its unanimous adoption at the San Francisco Conference where States made forces available to the SC for the purpose of military enforcement. It also discusses States that criticized the United Kingdom, the United States, and France for their abusive interpretation of the mandate to use force in Libya. The chapter recounts the Libya fallout and lingering resentment about the abusive interpretation of the resolutions that preceded the 2003 Iraq invasion, which have made it difficult to adopt any type of measures in relation to any major conflict. It points how the Security Council can opt for Art 42 on the basis of a mere prognosis of the ineffectiveness of other measures.
Article 52
Authors: Walter Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 52 of the UN Charter, which recognizes member States’ freedom to create regional arrangements or agencies. It considers the concept of region and the question of the institutional structures required for an organization to qualify as a regional arrangement or agency as a matter of debate. It also deals with the respective roles of regional organizations and the UN regarding peaceful settlement of international disputes. The chapter addresses the obligations of member States and looks at the relationship between the UN and regional organizations from the perspective of the Security Council. It describes the legal effects of Art 52, which do not extend beyond recognizing that regional security arrangements are compatible with the UN Charter.
Article 53
Authors: Walter Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter reviews Art 53 of the UN Charter, which has the function of regulating the permissibility of enforcement action by regional arrangements or agencies. It mentions the possibility of the Security Council to decide on the necessity of enforcement measures and utilize regional arrangements to carry them out. It also discusses regional arrangements that may decide on the necessity of enforcement measures and seek the SC’s authorization in order to be able to carry them out legally. The chapter covers specific measures with regard to former enemy States. It deals with the relationship between the UN and regional organizations for enforcement action.
Climate Change
Authors: Rajamani Lavanya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes how the international community has been grappling with the complex, polycentric challenge of climate change since the late 1980s. It covers the three instruments the States have negotiated under the auspices of the United Nations: the 1992 UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (FCCC), the 1997 Kyoto Protocol, and the 2015 Paris Agreement. It also traces how the States have experimented with different treaty design and regulatory approaches in response to evolving geo-political imperatives, increasing scientific certainty and gathering popular and political salience of climate change. The chapter provides an overview of international regulatory efforts to address climate change and seeks to answer the question to what extent the UN climate regime is suited to extracting the deep cooperation necessary to address the existential threat of climate change.
Article 58
Authors: Nesi Nicola , Waibel Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 58 of the UN Charter, which is concerned with how to coordinate the policies and activities of specialized agencies with the UN. It considers recommendations as the only tool for coordination mentioned in Art 58. It also covers the principal organs of the UN, the variety of forms that recommendations take in the practice of UN, and the substantive coordination in areas of overlapping competences. The chapter details how Art 58 places the UN in a hierarchically superior position to the specialized agencies, which themselves are international organizations. It explains that the Organization in the practice of the UN under Art 58 refers only to the General Assembly, Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), and the Secretary-General.
Article 59
Authors: Nesi Nicola , Waibel Michael 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Art 59 of the UN Charter, which empowers the UN to initiate negotiations to create new specialized agencies. It points out how the UN has no meaningful obligation to initiate negotiations and in practice retains discretion over when to do so. It also provides a template rooted in multilateralism and cooperation, which may play a greater role in the future. The chapter details how Art 59 is premised on the impossibility and undesirability of the UN being a single, all-encompassing international organization. It looks at the rationale for Art 59 and its initiation of new specialized agencies in order to address the emergence of new challenges that require international cooperation.
Article 63
Authors: Dey Shuvra , Krajewski Markus 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Art 63 of the UN Charter, which contains the instruments through which the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) coordinates the relationship between the Organization and the specialized agencies. It clarifies that paragraph 1 provides the legal basis for formal agreements between the UN and the specialized agencies, while paragraph 2 refers more generally to coordination of activities. It also points out how Art 63 enables the UN to establish the institutional framework constituting the network of international organizations and institutions commonly referred to as the ‘UN family’. The chapter describes various groups of relationship agreements, such as relationship agreements with most specialized agencies in order to establish close relationships.
Article 64
Authors: Klimke Romy , Tietje Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 64 of the UN Charter, which concerns the relationship between the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC) and the specialized agencies, the member States of the UN, and the General Assembly. It notes paragraph 1 of Art 64 that serves to satisfy the informational needs on the part of ECOSOC and also points out that Art 64 is designed to create its preconditions, enabling ECOSOC to carry out the functions assigned to it by Art 63. The chapter emphasizes the importance of Art 64 in coordinating economic and social affairs as a central task of the UN. It outlines the transmission of information by the specialized agencies through regular reporting on their activities that contributes to the quality of ECOSOC’s action and to the overall achievement of the UN’s goals.
Article 66
Authors: Klimke Romy , Tietje Christian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter mentions the inclusion of Art 65 of the UN Charter, which is explained by the intention to round off and summarize the Economic and Social Council’s (ECOSOC) functions and powers under Chapter X. It points out that paragraphs 1 and 3 deal with the nature of ECOSOC’s subordinate relationship to the General Assembly, while paragraph 2 concerns the organizational basis of the UN’s development policy. It also reviews the relationship of ECOSOC and the GA, which has been characterized as a major source of confusion and overlap. The chapter discusses the establishment of the subordination of ECOSOC to the GA by Art 60, which is confirmed by the fact that all the services which ECOSOC performs require approval by the GA. It details how Art 66 (1) expresses the fact that ECOSOC is to perform all functions within its competence, including directly governing their implementation by the GA.
Article 68
Authors: Binder Christina , Hofbauer Jane 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Economic and Social Council’s (ECOSOC) areas of competence and how this relates to its powers under Art 68 of the UN Charter to establish subsidiary organs. It provides an overview of the current subsidiary organs and their general role in aiding ECOSOC in its functions. It also gives an insight into the operational framework of the different types of subsidiary organs which lay the groundwork for the functions and responsibility of those bodies. The chapter includes an outline of reforms directed at the functioning of ECOSOC’s subsidiary bodies. It describes Art 68 as part of ECOSOC’s procedural rules that must be read in conjunction with Art 7 (2), which authorizes the principal organs to establish subsidiary organs.
Article 70
Authors: Chaitidou Eleni , Landwehr Oliver 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter highlights Art 70 of the UN Charter, which deals with a very specific aspect of the relationship of the UN with the specialized agencies. It emphasizes that Art 70 must be read systematically together with other provisions of the UN Charter that determine and specify this relationship. It also details the specification of Art 70 of the Economic and Social Council’s (ECOSOC) power to make arrangements with the specialized agencies concerning reciprocal representation. The chapter describes ECOSOC’s power under Art 70 from a systematic point of view, which is a special manifestation of its general power to conclude relationship agreements. It discusses the reciprocal representation under Art 70 that assists in coordinating the activities of the specialized agencies with those of the UN.
Article 76
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at the provisions of Art 76 of the UN Charter. The Article primarily stipulates the objectives of the international trusteeship system, which form the substantive core of its legal framework. Moreover, Art 76 mentions independence as an alternate objective of trusteeships besides self-government and explicitly refers to human rights. Generally, the objectives of the trusteeship system listed in the provision are comprised of objectives pursuing the interests of the inhabitants of the territories concerned and their objectives in the interest of the international community. The chapter explains how Art 76 establishes a developmental agenda for the advancement and emancipation of the trust territories.
Article 82
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers the provisions of Art 82 of the UN Charter. It defines strategic areas as trust territories for which the supervisory functions incumbent upon the UN were exercised by the Security Council. The concept of strategic areas in trust territories reflects a compromise resulting from two countervailing political objectives of the US government. The chapter clarifies that Art 82 does not prescribe substantive conditions for the establishment of a strategic area. It looks at the Pacific Islands as a strategic area, citing that it was the only trust territory designated as a whole as a strategic area on a proposal by the United States.
Article 84
Authors: Goldmann Matthias 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores Art 84 of the UN Charter. It explains that trusteeship agreements contained provisions corresponding to Art 84, clarifying that the military clauses were of no importance for the maintenance of international peace. Moreover, the provision originated in a proposal by the United Kingdom and Australia to remove restrictions on the fortification of trust territories formerly applicable to class B mandates under Art 22(5) of the League Covenant. In any event, Art 84 does not prohibit using conscripts for non-military labour. The chapter mentions the use of volunteer forces from the trust territories being limited to the defence of the trust territory or adjacent trust territories.
Article 92
Authors: d‘Argent Pierre 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Art 92 of the UN Charter. It introduces the International Court of Justice as the principal judicial organ of the United Nations. The ICJ functions in accordance with its Statute, which is based on the Statute of the Permanent Court of International Justice and forms an integral part of the present Charter. The chapter looks into the ICJ as an organ of the United Nations before detailing its organization and jurisdiction. It also provides an overview of the historical development of the ICJ’s establishment and an outline of the ICJ’s procedures.
Article 94
Authors: d‘Argent Pierre 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter covers Art 94 of the UN Charter. Article 94 is divided into two paragraphs which both address the issue of compliance with a decision of the International Court of Justice (ICJ). While the first paragraph is primarily concerned with the obligation to comply with decisions, the second paragraph is concerned with the enforcement of judgments in the absence of voluntary compliance. The chapter discusses the historical development of the provision, which highlights the execution of decisions of international courts and tribunals as a central issue. It discusses the competence and action of the Security Council in the case of non-compliance with a judgment by the ICJ.
Article 95
Authors: Pulkowski Dirk 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Art 95 of the Charter of the UN. It explains how Art 95 expresses the long-standing principle that States have the free choice of means for peacefully settling their international disputes. The freedom of choice between arbitration and judicial settlement was a constant at all stages of the elaboration of the Charter provisions about the peaceful settlement of disputes. The chapter notes that the practice of international dispute settlement since 1945 has been characterized by a high degree of institutional diversity. The chapter also looks at the courts and tribunals in the international dispute-settlement architecture.
Article 96
Authors: Lagrange Evelyne , Oellers-Frahm Karin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter elaborates on the provisions in Art 96 of the UN Charter. It starts with the historical and functional developments of Art 96, which involves the possibility for the Permanent Court of International Justice (PCIJ) to deliver non-binding judicial statements on legal questions, although a State can only request an advisory opinion through an organ authorized under Art 96 of the Charter. The chapter then discusses the main jurisdictional and procedural issues concerned with the provision. It notes how the International Court of Justice remained faithful to the original function of the advisory proceedings principally conceived of as a mechanism for the implementation of the UN Charter.
Article 97
Authors: Chesterman Simon 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at Art 97 of the UN Charter which is focused on the structure of the UN Secretariat, which comprises a Secretary-General and the staff needed by the Organization. The General Assembly handles the appointment of the Secretary-General on the recommendation of the Security Council. Article 97 defines the Secretary-General as the ‘chief administrative officer’ of the United Nations Organization. The Secretary-General and the Secretary have two distinct roles: one is as a service staff to facilitate the effective functioning of the UN as a continuously operating organization and the other is to administer the Organization in such a way as to advance its stated goals. The chapter then elaborates on the Preparatory Commission of the UN concluding that the Charter has assigned six groups of functions which can be grouped into broad categories of the administrative and political functions of the Secretary-General.
Article 102
Authors: Martens Ernst 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the provisions in Art 102 of the UN Charter. It starts with the origins of Art 102, which include the modality of the provision’s application and the League of Nations. The Article’s first section outlines the framework primarily concerned with the registration and publication of treaties and international agreements and the prohibition in Art 102(2) of invoking an unregistered treaty. The chapter explains that the sanctions provided for in Art 102 (2) have barely played any role in the practice of UN organs, although on various occasions they have had to deal with unregistered agreements.
Article 106
Authors: Couzigou Irène 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses transitional security arrangements in line with Art 106 of the UN Charter. It expounds on the early views and drafting of Art 106, which involved the Dumbarton Oaks Proposals and the San Francisco Conference. Article 106 became legally and politically irrelevant following the proposal in the Sixth Committee of the General Assembly; however, repealing Art 106 would have been too cumbersome and would not essentially have affected the status quo. The chapter considers how Art 106 was applied for the missions of the UN, such as the outbreak of the Korean War and the peacekeeping operations in Congo.
Article 111
Authors: Kotzur Markus 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Art 111 of the Charter of the UN. It provides an overview of the law, language, and Charter of the United Nations by considering its historical development and legal significance. Language enables and empowers, while international law depends on its ability to articulate existing transformative commitment in the language of rights and duties. The procedure of deposition plays a significant role in the administration of multilateral treaties as it designates a central recipient for all instruments of ratification. The chapter notes the possibility of increasing the number of authentic languages of the United Nations in order to improve the technical facilities of fast translation and to adapt to changes in international law in line with the twenty-first century’s globalized world.
Hip Instability in Children With Spinal Muscular Atrophy: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Krajewski Kellen T. , Coomer Wade , Gerk Alexis , Miller Scott C. , Kwok Cosmo , Pan Zhaoxing , Oleszek Joyce L. , Stratton Anne T. , Chang Frank , De Sayan 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
Hip subluxation and dislocation are known problems for children with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). Medical complexity of these children typically results in absence of monitoring and intervention for pathologic hips. Patterns of hip migration and acetabular morphology in SMA have not been described. This study examines the natural progression of hip instability across all types of SMA in a pediatric population.

Methods:
Following institutional review board approval, a retrospective chart review of all children with SMA at our institution was performed. All x-rays taken before the age of 18 years containing adequate projections of the pelvis were measured for Reimer migration index (MI), acetabular depth ratio (ADR), and acetabular index (AI). Demographics and clinical data were collected including use of nusinersen, ambulatory status, contractures, and hip pain. Linear mixed effects model was fit to serial MI measures of individual hips with fixed effects consisting of SMA type, age at x-ray, and their interaction. ADR and AI measures were similarly modeled following conversion of raw values to z-scores based on the model developed by Novais et al Slope indicated rate of measure change as a function of age.

Results:
Forty-five children (22 males) with SMA types 1 to 3 were included in this retrospective study. Six children were classified as type 1, 25 were type 2, and 14 were type 3. The interaction of age by SMA type was statistically significant (P=0.01), indicating a difference in the rate of hip subluxation between the 3 SMA types as measured by MI. By age 4, MI values were different from one another across all 3 groups (P<0.01). ADR decreased with age across all SMA types. The slopes of ADR regression lines were negative and statistically significant between the 3 groups (P=0.002). AI values were higher for all types of SMA, which is the opposite of expected in normal hips.

Conclusions:
Hip subluxation occurs across all SMA types, most rapidly in SMA type 1. Regression lines of ADR and AI compared with those seen in unaffected populations suggest hips in children with SMA demonstrate a difference in morphology of the acetabulum and do not follow normal adaptive remodeling. As treatments advance and the population of SMA patients becomes more mobile, there is an increased need to monitor hip instability in children with SMA, thus making orthopaedic management an important consideration.
Racial Equity in Family Approach for Patients Medically Suitable for Deceased Organ Donation*
Authors: Rodrigue James R. , Schold Jesse D. , Glazier Alexandra , Mone Tom D. , Hasz Richard D. , Dils Dorrie , Grandas Jill , Orlowski Jeffrey , Gill Santokh , Prinz Jennifer 
Published: September 2024

OBJECTIVES:
To conduct a contemporary analysis of the association between family approach of medically suitable potential organ donors and race/ethnicity.

DESIGN:
Retrospective review of data collected prospectively by Organ Procurement Organizations (OPOs).

SETTING:
Ten OPOs representing eight regions of the Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network and 26% of all deceased donor organs recovered in the United States.

SUBJECTS:
All hospitalized patients on mechanical ventilation and referred to OPOs as potential donors from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2022.

INTERVENTIONS:
None.

MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS:
OPOs provided data on referral year, race, sex, donor registration status, screening determination, donation medical suitability, donation type (brain death, circulatory death), and family approach. We evaluated factors associated with family approach to discuss donation using descriptive statistics and multivariable logistic models. Of 255,429 total cases, 138,622 (54%) were screened-in for further evaluation, with variation by race/ethnicity (50% White, 60% Black, 69% Hispanic, and 60% Asian). Among those screened-in, 31,253 (23%) were medically suitable for donation, with modest variation by race/ethnicity (22% White, 26% Black, 23% Hispanic, and 21% Asian). Family approach rate by OPOs of medically suitable cases was 94% (n = 29,315), which did not vary by race/ethnicity (94% White, 93% Black, 95% Hispanic, and 95% Asian). Family approach by OPOs was lower for circulatory death (95%) vs. brain death (97%) cases but showed minimal differences in approach rate based on race/ethnicity between medically suitable patients with different death pathways. In contrast, donor registration status of medically suitable potential donors was highly variable by race/ethnicity (37% overall; 45% White, 21% Black, 29% Hispanic, and 25% Asian). Multivariable models indicated no significant difference of family approach between White and Black (odds ratio [OR], 1.09; 95% CI, 0.95–1.24) or Asian (OR, 1.23; 95% CI, 0.95–1.60) patients.

CONCLUSIONS:
Findings indicate racial equity in OPO family approach rates among patients who were medically suitable for organ donation.