bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a Full Porcine Finite Element Model for Blast Induced TBI Using a Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian Approach
Authors: Tan X. Gary , Saunders Robert N. , Bagchi Amit 
Published: January 2018

Current understanding of blast induced traumatic brain injury (TBI) mechanisms is incomplete and limits the development of protective and therapeutic measures. Animal testing has been used as a surrogate for human testing. The correlation of animals to human responses is not well understood with a limited set of experimental data, because of ethical concerns and cost of live animal tests. The validated computational animal models can be used to supplement and improve the granularity of available data at a significantly reduced cost.
A whole-body porcine high-fidelity computational model was developed based on the image data. The hyper-viscoelastic model was used for soft tissues to capture the rate dependence and large strain nonlinearity of the material. The shock wave interaction with a porcine subject in a shock tube was simulated using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models, via a combination of 1-D, 2-D and 3-D numerical techniques. The shock wave loads were applied to the exterior of the porcine finite element (FE) model to simulate the pressure wave transmission through the body and capture its biomechanical response. The CFD and FE problems are solved using the explicit Eulerian and Lagrangian solvers, respectively, in the DoD Open Source code CoBi.
The computational models were validated by comparing the simulation results with experimental data at specific instrumented locations. The predicted brain tissue stress-strain fields were used to determine the areas susceptible to blast induced TBI by using published mechanical injury thresholds. The validated porcine model can be used to better understand TBI and how injury in animals corresponds to injury in humans. The coupled Eurlerian and Lagrangian approaches developed in this paper can be extended to other simulations to improve the solution accuracy.
Method for Producing Three-Dimensional Designs in Film Insert Molding
Authors: Fujii Shoko , Aoyama Hideki , Mori Yukio , Azagami Youichi , Harada Syouji 
Published: January 2018

Plastic is an important material in product design because it easily transforms, is very light, and has multifarious structural characteristics. Nevertheless, it gives the customer the impression of a cheap product. Therefore, decorative techniques are often applied to plastic products. Decorative techniques can improve the appearance of a plastic product while making use of its beneficial characteristics. At present, film insert molding method is predominantly used in decorating plastic products.
In general, a designer creates a three-dimensional design but the film insert molding method uses a two-dimensional pattern. Thus, it is difficult to reproduce a three-dimensional design with a two-dimensional film; no study has been conducted on the reproduction of three-dimensional design using film insert molding method to-date.
The objective of this study is to develop a design generation method to reproduce a three-dimensional design with a two-dimensional film pattern. The effectiveness of the proposed method is experimentally validated.
Developing a Borehole Miner Extendible-Nozzle Sluicer for Radioactive Waste Dislodging and Retrieval From Underground Storage Tanks
Authors: Bamberger Judith Ann , Pease Leonard F. , Enderlin Carl W. 
Published: January 2018

Radioactive waste resulting from production of weapons is stored at five U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) locations. The waste characteristics range from fluid to sludge to granular salts with radiation levels exceeding 10,000 rad/h.
Innovative tools are used to remotely remove the solidified radioactive waste from underground storage tanks. When available, commercial systems are evaluated for waste dislodging and retrieval applications. A waste dislodging and sluicing system developed to dislodge and fracture deposits of ore in underground mining, called a borehole miner, was evaluated by Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) and Waterjet Technology, Inc., for removing solidified nuclear waste stored in underground tanks. This compact system may be installed in tanks via small diameter risers and has the capability to both dislodge and retrieve in a single unit. The borehole miner arm includes an extendible nozzle that operates at high pressure using either water or slurry as the dislodging fluid, while providing a focused high-pressure jet to dislodge solidified material. The sluicer nozzle is attached to a retractable arm that can extend and angle to enhance dislodging in specific areas of the tank by changing the standoff distance.
This paper describes the borehole miner system and presents results of experiments to evaluate its ability to dislodge solidified saltcake and sludge materials. Tests were conducted with a stationary jet to evaluate the potential to develop an extendible-nozzle borehole miner system for deployment to dislodge radioactive saltcake and sludge wastes stored in underground storage tanks. The tests were successful and identified ranges of parameters for jet diameter and standoff distance applicable for waste remediation. For saltcake simulants, erosion models were developed that represent the data.
Flow Resistance Characteristics of a Specific Fuel RP-3 in Helical Tubes at Supercritical Pressure With Uniform Heat Flux
Authors: Zhang Nan , Fu Yanchen , Huang Haoran , Wen Jie , Te Nigeer 
Published: January 2018

The flow resistance characteristics of aviation kerosene RP-3 in horizontal helical tubes at the supercritical pressure under heating condition are investigated. Both pressure drop and friction factor were examined under uniform heat flux of 50kW/m2−300kW/m2, mass flux from 786kg/m2s to 1375kg/m2s, and helical diameter from 20mm to 40mm. The influence of viscous factors on the resistance is analyzed to explore flow characteristics in a helical tube and provide a reference for the design of heat exchangers.
Friction factor decreases with the increase of heat flux at low inlet temperatures 323K and 423K. It is explained that the viscosity changes more dramatically than the density. When the fluid inlet temperature is 523K and the fluid mean temperature Tb is close to pseudo-critical temperature, frictional flow resistance becomes significantly larger Tpc due to huge variations in thermal properties in the radical direction. The effect of centrifugal force makes the friction factor decline slowly. The friction factor goes up with the enlargement of mass flux when Tb>0.81Tpc. This phenomenon is caused by the larger radial velocity gradient under the large mass flux. Different helical diameters play the leading roles for the bending flow in the tubes.
Evaluating Forced Versus Natural Convection for Solar Concentrating Hybrid Photovoltaic-Thermoelectric Power Systems Made From Small Up-Cycled Satellite Dishes
Authors: Alamri Said , Alamri Turki , Almutairi Saud , Akbar Muhammad K. , Hadi Fatemeh , Traum Matthew J. 
Published: January 2018

Design processes and analytical modeling are presented showing creation of a low-cost concentrating photovoltaic-thermoelectric (PV/TE) hybrid power system for research and laboratory teaching built using a small upcycled satellite dish. Today, concentrated solar hybrid PV/TE systems are drawing significant research attention and funding investment. However, the literature lacks examples of how this cutting-edge energy technology can be made accessible at low cost for STEAEM education at universities, vocational institutions, and high schools. By applying Energy Engineering Laboratory Module (EELM™) design principles and pedagogy, a process is presented to make this technology easily accessible at low cost.
The concentrating solar hybrid PV/TE system presented here is divided into four subsystems: 1) a concentrator, 2) a PV/TE generator, 3) data acquisition, and 4) a cooling system. The key engineering decisions governing the design for each sub-system are described. In addition, a thermodynamic analysis is presented to predict the on-sun steady-state temperature profile of the PV/TE generator at the focus of the concentrator and to determine how much electrical power it will produce.
The concentrator used is a salvaged miniature satellite dish, which is coated with mirrored tape to reflect sunlight upon a focal point. Scavenged at no cost, the satellite dish is a sectioned paraboloid of rotation offset from the vertex and the axis of symmetry. However, which paraboloid section the dish represents is unknown. A technique is presented to find the focal point and to use this information to correctly position a shadow-casting gnomon to ensure proper on-sun alignment. A method to experimentally confirm the focal location and size the PV is also provided.
A key research question for solar concentrating hybrid PV/TE power systems at this size scale is whether it is better to actively cool the TE cold side via forced convection or simply allow cooling via natural convection. The thermodynamic heat balance analysis presented to address this question finds that while forced convection does better cool the PV module, increasing its efficiency and power output, the parasitic energy expenditure of the cooling fan far exceeds the additional power produced. It is therefore more beneficial to rely on natural convection on the TE cold side to maximize power production of the overall PV/TE module.
Two experimental apparatuses were built consisting of a PV module backed by TE generators and instrumented with thermocouples to determine the internal temperature gradient while multi-meters read steady-state PV and TE power output. A halogen lamp placed at various distances from this array approximates concentrated sunlight, which is measured via pyranometer. These experiments validate conclusions drawn from the theoretical model.
Visco-Anisotropic Hyperelastic Finite Element Analysis of Knee Joint Considering Deformation Induced Anisotropy Evolution of Meniscus
Authors: Eguchi Tsuyoshi , Tomita Yoshihiro , Yamamoto Koji , Morita Yusuke , Nakamachi Eiji 
Published: January 2018

Recently, the observation technology of micro structure has made great progress, and then collagen fiber orientation of meniscus can be measured accurately. This makes it possible to evaluate the stress in knee joint by considering the collagen fiber orientations at the micro scale. In this study, we developed visco-isotropic/anisotropic hyperelastic constitutive equations (Iso-VHE/Aniso-VHE) for menisci, which can reflect the initial collagen fiber orientations and their deformation induced rotations. Subsequently, we constructed a finite element (FE) model of normal human knee joint by using the magnetic resonance (MR) tomography images. The FE analysis with the proposed constitutive equations and FE model clarifies the reinforcement effect of collagen fibers on mechanical characteristics of knee joint.
Our computational prediction clarified that the stress concentration occurred on the contact parts of articular cartilages of femur and tibia, which met the tendency of the experimental results. Furthermore, the maximum compressive stresses evaluated by Aniso-VHE always showed a lower value as compared with Iso-VHE. This suggested that the anisotropy of meniscal collagen fibers relieved the stress concentration and lowered the maximum value. Therefore, our proposed FE analysis was proved to have a potential to reveal the functions of meniscus and knee joint.
Efficiency and Critical Velocity Analysis of Gravitational Separator Through CFD Simulation
Authors: Zhu Haiwen , Zhu Jianjun , Zhang Jiecheng , Zhang Hong-Quan 
Published: January 2018

Oil and gas producing rates have increased rapidly with the development of shale oil and fracturing technology. Besides, advances in horizontal wells have increased the slugging issue, especially in complex geometry wells. Therefore, Artificial lift systems, especially rod-pumps and electrical submersible pumps, always suffer from associated gas and require an economical way to avoid problems like gas lock, gas pound, gas interference and slugging. Among all kinds of the downhole separator, and the gravitational separator are the most economical devices, which can handle severe slugging problems.
The rule of thumb liquid maximum downward velocity for the gravitational separator is 0.6 in/s [13, 14]. However, the criterion needs to be improved by considering pressure, temperature and fluid properties. This article first uses CFD simulations to validate the critical liquid velocity and then obtains pressure field, velocity profile, gas distribution and sensitivity factors under complicated field situations. The results could be used to develop an empirical or even a mechanistic efficiency prediction model in the future.
In this paper, 2-D simulation is first utilized to study the critical separation velocity and effective parameters. Comparing with Stokes’ law, the simulation shows density, and surface tension have a strong effect of critical separation velocity, while viscosity has lower influence. Then extended 2-D simulations are conducted on different inner tube to annulus connection geometry, which shows a strong effect on separation efficiency. Later on, 3-D CFD simulations are generated based on a newly designed separator by TUALP and an existing design from the Don-Nan separator. Simulations are used to validate 2-D conclusion and illustrate the improvement of the new design.
Modeling and Experimentation of a Ribbed Caudal Fin for Aquatic Robots
Authors: Rios Oscar , Amini Ardavan , Murakami Hidenori 
Published: January 2018

Presented in this study is a mathematical model and preliminary experimental results of a ribbed caudal fin to be used in an aquatic robot. The ribbed caudal fin is comprised of two thin beams separated by ribbed sectionals as it tapers towards the fin. By oscillating the ribbed caudal fin, the aquatic robot can achieve forward propulsion and maneuver around its environment. The fully enclosed system allows for the aquatic robot to have very little effect on marine life and fully blend into its respective environment. Because of these advantages, there are many applications including surveillance, sensing, and detection.
Because the caudal fin actuator has very thin side walls, Kirchhoff-Love’s large deformation beam theory is applicable for the large deformation of the fish-fin actuator. In the model, it is critical to accurately model the curvature of beams. To this end, C1 beam elements for thin beams are developed by specializing the shear-deformable beam elements, developed by the authors, based upon Reissner’s shear-deformable nonlinear beam model. Furthermore, preliminary experiments on the ribbed fin are presented to supplement the FE model.
Tutoring Experiences in PBL of Industrial Engineering and Management Program: Teachers vs Students
Authors: Alves Anabela C. , Moreira Francisco , Leão Celina P. , Teixeira Senhorinha 
Published: January 2018

Teamwork tutors are one of the characteristic elements of the Project-Based Learning (PBL) methodology. PBL is considered to be an active learning methodology that involves the students in their own learning, by promoting the development of a large interdisciplinary project. The project runs typically over one full semester, or longer, and it is supported by a number of Project Supporting Courses (PSC) that teach and also applies its own contents aligned with project objectives. A set of activities, tasks and milestones are planned for each team so that the project objectives are accrued, with the aid of a tutor that follows the normal development and reports on its progress.
This paper discusses the role of the tutor from both sides: students’ and teachers’ tutors, and students in their first year of the Integrated Master in Industrial Engineering and Management program at the University of Minho. A total of thirteen tutors (four teachers and nine third year students) tutored six teams of students. Two on-line questionnaires were used to collect: 1) the perspectives of the tutored students with a total of 38 questions; 2) the perspectives of the tutors with a total of 22 questions. It was interesting to note that almost all students that answered to the questionnaire enjoyed having an older student tutoring them. The students’ tutors also enjoyed and they all had a good tutorship experience, being a special opportunity to help the first year colleagues.
Minimizing Weld Variation Effects Using Permutation Genetic Algorithms and Virtual Locator Trimming
Authors: Forslund Anders , Lorin Samuel , Lindkvist Lars , Wärmefjord Kristina , Söderberg Rikard 
Published: January 2018

The mass production paradigm strives for uniformity, and for assembly operations to be identical for each individual product. To accommodate geometric variation between individual parts in such a process, tolerances are introduced into the design. However, for certain assembly operations this method can yield suboptimal quality. For instance, in welded assemblies, geometric variation in ingoing parts can significantly impair quality. When parts misalign in interfaces, excessive clamping force must be applied, resulting in additional residual stresses in the welded assemblies. This problem may not always be cost-effective to address simply by tightening tolerances. Therefore, under new paradigm of mass customization, the manufacturing approach can be adapted on an individual level. Since parts in welded assemblies are not easily disassembled and reused, interchangeability is not a relevant concern. This recognition means that each welded assembly can be adapted individually for the specific idiosyncrasies of ingoing parts.
This paper focuses on two specific mass customization techniques; permutation genetic algorithms to assemble nominally identical parts, and virtual locator trimming. Based on these techniques, a six-step method is proposed, aimed at minimizing thing effects of geometric variation. The six steps are nominal reference point optimization, permutation GA configuration optimization, virtual locator trimming, clamping, welding simulation, and fatigue life evaluation. A case study is presented which focuses on one specific product; the turbine rear structure of a commercial turbofan engine.
Using this simulation approach, the effects of using permutation genetic algorithms and virtual locator trimming to reduce variation are evaluated.
The results show that both methods significantly reduce seam variation. However, virtual locator trimming is far more effective in the test case presented, since it virtually eliminates seam variation. This can be attributed to the orthogonality in fixturing. Seam variation is linked to weldability, which in turn has significant impact on estimated fatigue life. These results underscore the potential of virtual trimming and genetic algorithms in manufacturing, as a means both to reduce cost and increase functional quality.
Effect of Time and Acid Concentration on Metal Extraction From Galvanic Sludges
Authors: Vilarinho Cândida , Teixeira José , Araújo Jorge , Carvalho Joana 
Published: January 2018

Galvanic sludge is a solid waste produced by the surface treatment industry, classified as hazardous because of their high concentration of heavy metals, which in its final destination is disposed in waste disposal facilities, with economic costs to the holders. Through hydrometallurgical processing, it is possible to extract valuable metals, with low costs involved, while the hazardous level of the residue is reduced.
In the present work, the heap leaching method was studied as a solution to the treatment of these residues, which in order to consist in a valuable option, processing and operation costs must be kept as low as possible. For the experimental testing, a closed loop lixiviation column for hydrometallurgical treatment of galvanic sludge with possibility of continuous flow of the leachate (and static process as well) was constructed, simulating the heap leaching process. The galvanic waste in study, delivered by a local surface treatment company, was both chemically and physically characterized, proving to be rich in valuable metals like Nickel, Chromium and Copper.
The waste material was characterized both for physical parameters (grain size) and chemical composition.
The lixiviation trials, with a maximum duration of 1 week, were conducted. The influence upon the extraction rate of metals such as Nickel, Chromium and Copper, of parameters such as the concentration of the leaching agent (sulfuric acid) and time were tested. In order to quantify the leachate circulation effect, a static trial was conducted as well. Extraction rates of 35.5 % of Nickel, 14% of Copper and 13.6 % of Chromium were obtained after 6 hours in a dynamic trial, with 100 g/L sulfuric acid solution concentration. The acid consumption rate was correlated with the metal extraction.
Finally, the results were compared with others obtained in previous galvanic sludge agitation lixiviation and laterites heap leaching works.
Review of Risk and Assessment of Safety for Powered Conveyor Systems
Authors: Kupkovits Robert , Kennedy Eugenia , Kornuta Jeffrey A. 
Published: January 2018

Conveyor systems are common mechanical handling equipment used throughout many industries to transport materials in various directions — horizontally, vertically, at an angle or around curves — and at various heights including floor-mounted and overhead systems. There are many types of conveyors including both powered and non-powered. Each type of conveyor presents its own unique sets of hazards. Although conveyors reduce injuries associated with manual material handling tasks, they can present a different set of hazards to those installing, operating or maintaining them. These hazards are typically associated with the powered mechanical motion of belts, shafts, sprockets, chains and various other subcomponents. Many industry standards are currently in use for conveyors, such as ASME B20.1, Safety Standard for Conveyors and Related Equipment. These industry standards address safe practices in the design, construction, installation, operation and maintenance of conveyor equipment.
This paper will focus on identifying and defining the hazards associated with powered conveyor systems, reviewing workplace injury data for powered conveyors and comparing with data for nonpowered conveyors to better understand the trends, quantifying many of the risks associated with conveyors, and exploring and discussing the engineering and administrative controls currently available to address these hazards. A brief look at recent updates to some of the relevant standards will be presented to guide the discussion.