bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aneurysmal Bone Cyst of the Skull
Authors: Ameli N.O. , Abbassioun K. , Azod A. , Saleh H. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAneurysmal bone cysts rarely affect the skull. Thirty-six cases including four reported in this paper are reviewed. The condition usually affects children and young adults and progresses rapidly. It may result in raised intracranial or intraorbital pressure. Complete excision of the mass is the treatment of choice, but if not feasible curettage followed by low dose radiotherapy is effective. As the prognosis in this condition is good, prompt diagnosis and early treatment are of utmost importance.
New Intraventricular Catheter for Volume Pressure Response Measurements
Authors: Gorecki John , Saunders Fraser 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTMeasurements of the volume-pressure response (VPR) to determine the relative position of a patient on the graphic volume-pressure curve have been used to derive clinically useful information. One reason that these measurements have not been used more frequently has been the fear of introducing infection into the ventricular system. We have designed an intraventricular catheter that allows repeated VPR measurements and reduces the risk of infection.
Behaviour Correlates of Neurotransmitter Activity
Authors: Poirier Louis J. , Bédard Paul J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTMost disorders of motor activity including disturbances of muscle tone and of locomotor activity observed in patients with neurological disorders have been reproduced experimentally in animals. Most motor disorders of the extrapyramidal type including those associated with Parkinson’s disease and choreiform and athetoid involuntary movements, have been reproduced exclusively in primates. This is most likely related to the highly complex organization of the extrapyramidal and related nervous mechanisms subserving the corresponding peculiar type of motor control in the primate brain. Other types of motor disturbances including cervical and trunkal dystonias, ataxia, hypotonicity, spasticity and intention tremor, however, have been successfully induced in various mammalian species. The latter types of motor disorders are related to disturbances of central nervous mechanisms which show similar patterns in the brains of different animal species. Histopathological and neurochemical changes associated with extrapyramidal disorders have been discovered and more precisely determined as a consequence of the development of new technical approaches. Therefore numerous morphological, physiological and neurochemical data concerning the extrapyramidal system are now available but a better knowledge of their precise and subtle interrelationship is greatly needed in order to develop more efficient therapeutic procedures.
Pharmacological and Biochemical Evidence for the Existence of Two Categories of Dopamine Receptor
Authors: Kebabian J.W. , Beaulieu M. , Itoh Y. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTEvidence supporting the validity of the ‘two dopamine receptor’ hypothesis is presented. The availability of the ‘first generation’ of selective agonists and antagonists of the D-1 and the D-2 dopamine receptors provides pharmacological support for the hypothesis. The demonstration that stimulation of the D-2 receptor either inhibits or has no effect upon adenylate cyclase activity while stimulation of the D-1 receptor enhances cAMP formation provides biochemical support for the hypothesis. Finally, binding assays demonstrating two affinity states for the D-1 and the D-2 receptors are briefly discussed.
Defective Utilization of Sensory Input as the Basis for Bradykinesia, Rigidity and Decreased Movement Repertoire in Parkinson’s Disease: A Hypothesis
Authors: Tatton W.G. , Eastman M.J. , Bedingham W. , Verrier M.C. , Bruce I.C. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTFrom a review of the anatomical relationships and single unit activity in the components of the basal ganglia related to limb movement, it is concluded that the major outflow from basal ganglia circuits is via the motor cortex (area 4). Recent results of recording from area 4 neurons revealed that they preferentially “encode” the higher derivatives of movement, i.e. acceleration and jerk. In the parkinsonian (PK) patient and in the monkeys treated with l-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP), EMG responses to imposed loads show a markedly increased gain of the “M2” component which depends upon the integrity of area 4 and which correlates with the severity of PK rigidity.The above observations are considered, along with those of others (demonstrating prolonged movement times, a decreased “repertoire” of voluntary movements fractionation of voluntary movements’, inability in tracking movements without visual input, and failure to improve performance in PK’s) in relation to a model of the interactions between sensory input and motor programs. Using this model, it is hypothesized that the above PK movement deficits, as well as rigidity, can be accounted for by abnormal processing of the mechanoreceptor sensory input utilized in the generation and execution of movements. The MPTP treated monkey is suggested as a model in which to directly test the hypothesis.
The Neurotoxicity of 1-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine in the Monkey and Man
Authors: Stanley Burns R. , Markey Sanford P. , Phillips Jere M. , Chiueh Chuang C. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTl-Methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) selectively destroys dopaminergic neurons in the pars compacta of the substantia nigra (A8 and A9 cells). MPTP or its metabolite enters nerve cells at the level of their terminals in the caudate nucleus and putamen leading to a disturbance in axoplasmic flow and retrograde degeneration. The species-dependent neurotoxicity of MPTP (primate vs. rodent) suggests that a biochemical property of the cell related to neuromelanin may be important in the mechanism of cell injury.
Central Dopaminergic Pathways in Hemiparkinsonism Examined by Positron Emission Tomography
Authors: Garnett E.S. , Nahmias C. , Firnau G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT[18F] 6-fluoro-L-dopa and positron emission tomography has been used to study intracerebral dopamine distribution in five control subjects and six patients with hemiparkinsonism. In the control subjects striatal, frontal and cingulate accumulations were clearly seen. In addition 18F concentrated in the region of the insula and the parietal lobe.In the patients striatal accumulation 18F was reduced in the contralateral striatum, especially in the putamen. The uniformity of distribution of 18F in the striatum on the side of the parkinsonian signs was also irregular. This finding is consonant with the suggestion that intracerebral compensatory mechanisms prevent the manifestation of intracerebral dopamine deficiency from becoming obvious until a late stage of the disease.
Should Levodopa Therapy Be Started Early or Late?
Authors: Muenter Manfred D. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTClinical and experimental evidence suggests that, in Parkinson’s disease, the late-occurring fluctuations in response to levodopa therapy are due to progression of the disease rather than to the therapy. Therefore, treatment with carbidopa/levodopa should be started early, because postponement does not provide patients with added benefits but deprives them of the most satisfying period of the therapeutic response.
Bromocriptine in Parkinson’s Disease: Results Obtained With High and Low Dose Therapy
Authors: David Grimes J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe results obtained with high and low dose bromocriptine therapy were compared in a review assessing the per cent of patients showing improvement (not taking account of the extent of improvement). It is concluded that the response rate with low dose bromocriptine is as good as that obtained with high dose therapy for both de novo and levodopa treated patients. The incidence of adverse effects is similar in the high and low dose treatment groups: More levodopa reduction results in a higher daily bromocriptine requirement. A statistical analysis of 61 bromocriptine-levodopa treated patients showed no positive correlation between bromocriptine dose and severity or duration of Parkinson’s disease.
Cross Correlation Studies in Primate Motor Cortex: Event Related Correlation
Authors: Murphy John T. , Kwan Hon C. , Wong Yiu C. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:Simultaneous extracellular unit recordings were made from each cell of 237 pairs in two awake monkeys, during a voluntary reaching movement of the forelimb. The cells were located in contralateral precentral cortex and functionally coupled to single forelimb joints, as indicated by intracortical microstimulation and passive sensory stimulation. Cross correlation analysis showed that 72 of these pairs exhibited significant event-related correlation over periods of up to 780 ms, comparable to and coincident with the forelimb movement. Spatial analysis showed that such correlation extended across contiguous portions of all four forelimb joint zones of precentral cortex, over distances up to 3.5 mm. No preferred direction of correlation was observed. The data confirm the previously described nested organization of the forelimb area of precentral cortex. Findings are discussed in terms of mechanisms by which columns of neurons in motor cortex participate in the reaching movement.
A Double-blind Controlled Pilot Study of Plasma Exchange versus Sham Apheresis in Chronic Progressive Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Gordon P.A. , Carroll D.J. , Etches W.S. , Jeffrey V. , Marsh L. , Morrice B.L. , Olmstead D. , Warren K.G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:Twenty patients with chronically progressive multiple sclerosis (MS) were randomised in a double-blind controlled study to assess the efficacy of plasma exchange therapy. All patients were immunosuppressed with prednisone and azathioprine and underwent either plasma exchange or sham apheresis. The 10 patients in each group were similar in age, sex, duration of disease and degree of disability. Clinical and laboratory responses were assessed immediately following the course of exchange or sham therapy, and 3 to 6 months later, by individuals blinded to the type of therapy administered. Although modest improvement was suggested on clinical examination in 7 of 10 patients exchanged and 3 of the 10 sham treated group, this was transient and was not accompanied by any change in disability status scores. No differences in abnormal laboratory investigations were demonstrable between the two patient groups following therapy. We conclude that plasma exchange therapy using this protocol is unlikely to be of clinical benefit as an adjunct in the management of chronically progressive M.S.
Efficacy of Phenobarbital in Neonatal Seizures
Authors: Orman C.B. Van , Darwish H.Z. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:A retrospective study of neonatal seizures in a tertiary care neonatal intensive care unit determined a 3.2% incidence, and confirmed the relatively poor efficacy of the traditional anticonvulsants phenobarbital and phenytoin. Only 33% responded to an initial adequate loading dose of phenobarbital, while 56% responded to either or both anticonvulsants. Although multifocal clonic seizures were most common (42%), tonic seizures were next in freqency (30%). Tonic seizures which did not respond to phenobarbital responded quite poorly to the addition of phenytoin compared to other seizure types. Tonic seizures may be the result of brainstem release phenomena and require a different strategy for management. Among nonresponders in this study, there was a 56% mortality rate but only 33% of responders died. There is a critical need for studies to find more efficacious agents than phenobarbital and phenytoin to treat seizures in the newborn.
Clinical Sub-Groups of Multiple Sclerosis in Relation to HLA: DR Alleles as Possible Markers of Disease Progression
Authors: Duquette Pierre , Décary Francine , Pleines Juliana , Boivin Denise , Lamoureux Gilles , Cosgrove James B.R. , Lapierre Yves 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:We have examined the distribution of HLA antigens in 70 multiple sclerosis (MS) patients divided in three groups defined according to clinical criteria: benign MS, severe MS, cerebellar MS. We have found a significant association between severe MS and HLA-DR2, and between benign MS of more than 15 years of evolution and HLA-DR3. We review previous work along the same line and conclude that the association of HLA antigens with “clinical subgroups of MS” could indicate a genetically based heterogeneity of the disease and offer help in establishing a prognosis.
The Early Development of Neuroscience in Canada
Authors: Jasper Herbert H. 
Published: July 2016

A review of some of my personal recollections and research into the early development of neuroscience in Canada seems particularly appropriate at this time since we have just celebrated the 50th anniversary of the founding of the Montreal Neurological Institute which not only played a leading role in the early development of neuroscience in Canada, but also had considerable impact upon the development of both clinical and basic neuroscience throughout the world. The concept of the fusion of all the varied disciplines concerned with studies of the nervous system into one integrated “neuroscience” as we know it today in the Society for Neuroscience was not known when Dr. Penfield established the Montreal Neurological Institute with this in mind. He recruited colleagues in neurochemistry, neurophysiology, neuroanatomy, pathology, and neuropsychology to work in close association with clinical neurologists and neurosurgeons. Fellows were attracted from many countries for training in all of these disciplines and shared his dream of an integrated neuroscience aimed at a better understanding of the function of the nervous system underlying behaviour and mental function and more rational treatment of neurological diseases.The inspiration, enthusiasm, and tireless determination of Dr. Penfield during the difficult times for the initial few years and during the most productive years of rapid growth following World War II, helped develop the Institute into a leading centre for research and training of neuroscientists in Canada, and also served as a catalyst for the rapid development of neuroscience in other centres throughout Canada and the United States. As one of my French colleagues has expressed it, the Institute was the “mother house” of neuroscience in Canada. It soon became a truly international institute of worldwide reknown.
The Medical Treatment of the Hypersecreting Pituitary Gland
Authors: Corenblum Bernard 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:Pituitary adenomas may produce local endocrine and neurological effects, as well as systemic metabolic complications due to hormonal hypersecretion. Medical therapy with pharmacological agents has been developed and is based on the neurotransmitter regulation of normal pituitary hormonal secretion. 189 patients with secretory pituitary adenomas underwent medical therapy for the hypersecretory state. 156 of these were prolactin-secreting adenomas, 16 of which were in males. The response of bromocriptine was almost universal with lowering of serum prolactin and reversal of the clinical symptoms, as well as tumor shrinkage of most large adenomas with suprasellar extension. 23 patients with acromegaly were treated with bromocriptine, with 11 noting clinical improvement, and decreased tumor size in two. Five patients with Cushing’s disease were treated with cyproheptadine, with only one showing a biochemical and clinical improvement. Two patients with Nelson’s syndrome each had progressive tumor growth stabilized with cyproheptadine and bromocriptine in one, and sodium valproate in the other. There appears to be a role for medical therapy in the majority of prolactin-secreting pituitary tumors, some growth hormone secreting pituitary tumors, and selected adrenocorticotropin secreting-pituitary tumors.
Spontaneous Intracerebral Haemorrhage: An Analysis of Factors Affecting Prognosis
Authors: Dixon A.A. , Holness R.O. , Howes W.J. , Garner J.B. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:A retrospective study of 100 patients with spontaneous intracerebral haemorrhage was carried out, to identify clinical factors which have a predictive value for outcome. Numerical equivalents for the admission level of consciousness (the Glasgow Coma Scale), ventricular rupture, partial pressure of oxygen in the blood, the electrocardiogram, clot location, and clot size were combined into equations predicting outcome. The best single parameter for prediction was the Glasgow Coma Scale.
Primary Diffuse Leptomeningeal Gliomatosis
Authors: Bailey Peter , Robitaille Yves 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT:A review of the literature on primary diffuse meningeal gliomatosis (DMG) yielded three cases and we report a fourth. DMG is a syndrome characterized by extensive basal and spinal chronic meningitis with mental confusion, headaches, diplopia, papilledema and cranial nerve palsies. The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has a markedly elevated protein content, moderate mononuclear pleocytosis and a normal or low glucose. This picture invariably leads to the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculous or fungal meningitis despite persistently negative cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures. Reaction of exfoliated CSF cells with glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) immunoperoxidase labelled antibody is suggested as a diagnostic tool. A basal meningeal biopsy appears to be the only alternative diagnostic approach.
The Role of Humoral Mediators in Migraine Headache
Authors: Fanchamps A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe classical vascular mechanism of migraine attacks demonstrated by Wolff — intracranial vasoconstriction during the prodromal stage and passive vasodilatation of extracranial arteries during the painful phase — has been confirmed by modern methods. Arterial distension is, however, not sufficient to explain the origin of the pain: to give rise to an acute migraineous pain, it must be associated with a lowered pain threshold of the receptors situated in the wall of the affected vessels. A number of humoral factors — plasmakinin, serotonin, histamine — intervene in the chain of events that culminates in migraine headache.At the start of the attack, the blood platelets release serotonin, the mast cells in the affected area release histamine and proteolytic enzymes that split plasmakininogens to form plas-makinins. Free serotonin and histamine increase capillary permeability and favor transudation of plasmakinin into the vessel walls andperivascular tissues. The combined effect of serotonin and plasmakinin on the vessel wall receptors reduces their pain threshold. On the other hand, the bulk of the released serotonin is excreted as 5-HIAA, and plasma serotonin falls. Since serotonin has a constricting effect on the extracranial arteries and a dilating one on the capillaries, the fall in its plasma level induces hypotonia of these arteries and capillary constriction, which results in a passive distension of the arterial walls. The two factors necessary for the production of pain are thus present: a low pain threshold and vascular distension. In addition to these three main humoral mediators, the part played by tyramine in migraine of alimentary origin, the precipitating effect of estrogen decrease in mentrual migraine and the hypothetical role of prostaglan-dins and prolactin are discussed.
The Effects of Partial Chronic Denervation on Forearm Metabolism
Authors: Karpati George , Klassen Gerald , Tanser Paul 
Published: July 2016

SummaryEffects of chronic denervation uponin vivoforearm metabolism were studied in six patients and six controls. The diagnosis was amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in four patients, the neuronal form of Charcot-Marie Tooth disease in one patient, and an unclassified chronic disease of the lower motor neurons in one patient. In all cases the forearm muscles showed clinical weakness and electrical evidence of denervation, while muscle biopsy from a proximal muscle of the upper limb showed typical denervation atrophy. At rest there was increased oxygen utilization and lactate output as well as a tendency for increased uptake of glucose and long chain fatty acids from arterial blood per 100 ml of f orear m tissue. During exercise the abnormally high lactate output increased further. An increased arterial lactate concentration was present during rest and exercise. Oxidation of fatty acids was not impaired. It is suggested that these abnormalities are consistent with an augmented utilization of blood borne fuels at rest by denervated muscles. A concurrent regional ischemia of muscles during rest and exercise, possibly due to defective autoregulation of skeletal muscle blood flow, may exlain the abnormally high lactate generation.
A Cluster of Friedreich's Ataxia in Rimouski, Québec
Authors: Bouchard J.P. , Barbeau A. , Bouchard R. , Paquet M. , Bouchard R.W. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWe described a cluster of 8 independent sibships of Friedreich's ataxia in the ShFabien parish of Rimouski and have shown that they are all related within 6 generations. The study of this geographic and genetic isolate permitted the investigation of certain unusual features of the disease such as constant myopia, delayed reaction times to pain, flexor spasms, anda rapid evolution.
Regional Distribution of Amino Acids in Friedreich's Ataxia Brains
Authors: Huxtable R. , Azari J. , Reisine T. , Johnson P. , Yamamura H. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe distribution of amino acids in two Friedreich's ataxia brains is compared to 4 control brains. Glutamate and G A BA were decreased in the ce r ebe l-lar hemispheres and/or in the vermis. Taurine concentrations were uniformly elevated throughout the areas studied. Taurine /glutamate and taurine/ GABA ratios were consistently elevated in Friedreich's ataxia brains, whereas glutamate/ glutaminę ratios were consistently decreased (with normal glutaminę concentrations).
Fatty Acid Profile of Major Lipid Classes in Plasma Lipoproteins of Patients with Friedreich's Ataxia — Demonstration of a Low Linoleic Acid Content most evident in the Cholesterol-Ester Fraction
Authors: Davignon Jean , Huang Y.S. , Wolf J.P. , Barbeau A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryStudies were undertaken to further characterize plasma lipids and lipoprotein abnormalities in Friedreich's ataxia. The high density lipoprotein (HDL) apo AI/All ratio was quantitated by densitometry and found to be normal. The free to esterified cholesterol ratio in HDL was lower in Friedreich's ataxia because of a reduction in the amount of free cholesterol in this lipoprotein class. The fatty acid profile of the cholesteryl-ester (CE) fraction was markedly deficient in linoleic acid (18:2) in both total plasma and HDL· There was a compensatory increase in saturated acids. The HDL phospholipid (PL) fraction also showed a reduction in the proportion of 18:2 with a concomitant increase in stearic (18:0) and oleic acid (18:1) while the HDL triglycéride (TG) fraction showed only an increase in palmi t oleic (16:1) and oleic acids. Feeding of soya lecithin rich in 18:2 failed to increase significantly the 18:2 content of HDL-CE and HDL-PL but lowered the percentage of 16:1 and 18:1 in all 3 lipid classes of HDL. Although the total plasma CE fatty acid profile was perturbed in Friedreich's Ataxia, total plasma PL and TG fatty acid patterns were unaffected. Among the plasma lipoprotein fatty acid profiles, that of the low density lipoprotein (LDL) was most affected, then that of the HDL. The very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) fatty acid composition showed an increase in 16:1 and a decrease in 18:2 which were entirely corrected by lecithin feeding. These results suggest the existence of a metabolic defect in the incorporation of 18:2 into chylomicron phospholipids within the intestinal mucosa.