bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Information-theoretic approach to quantifying currency risk
Authors: Fiedor Paweł , Hołda Artur 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to present a framework enriching currency risk analyses based on information theory.

Design/methodology/approach
– Information-theoretic measures of predictability (entropy rate) and co-dependence (mutual information) are used to enhance existing methods of analysing and measuring currency risk.

Findings
– The currency exchange rates have varying degrees of predictability, which should be accounted for in currency risk analyses. In case of baskets of currencies, a network approach rooted in portfolio theory may be useful.

Research limitations/implications
– The currency exchange rate time series must be discretised for the information-theoretic analysis (although the results are robust). An agent-based simulation may be a necessary further study to show what the impact of accounting for predictability in managing currency risk is.

Practical implications
– Practical analyses measuring currency risk should take predictability of currency rate changes into account wherever the currency exposure is actively managed.

Originality/value
– The paper introduces predictability into measuring currency risk, which has previously been ignored, despite the nature of the risk being inherently tied to uncertainty of the currency rate changes. The paper also introduces a portfolio theory-based approach to quantifying currency risk, which accounts for non-linear co-dependence in the currency markets.
The impact of auditing strategies on insurers’ profitability
Authors: Müller Katja , Schmeiser Hato , Wagner Joël 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper paper is to study effective measures in dealing with the phenomenon of insurance claims’ fraud. In fact, fraud is one of the major industry concerns. It occurs in all classes of insurance and accounts for a substantial portion of indemnity payments each year.Design/methodology/approach– This paper develops a model framework based on a costly state verification setting in which – while policyholders observe the amount of loss privately – the insurance company can decide to audit incoming claims at some cost. The aim is to derive optimal auditing strategies from the insurance company’s perspective while maintaining contract attractiveness to policyholders willing to adhere to the insurance relationship. The possibility for each stakeholder to adapt its behavioral strategy over the course of several periods is taken into account. Using a numerical approach based on Monte Carlo simulations, the impact of different parameterizations on the optimal auditing range by means of a sensitivity analysis is illustrated and analyzed.Findings– The central outcome of the model is an auditing range which selects those claims which should be subject to verification.Practical implications– This paper comes to the conclusion that, given some constant cost per audit, it is optimal to verify the accuracy of claims from the mid-value segment. Furthermore, it can be shown that while the option to adapt one’s strategy might be favorable from the insurance company perspective, it has a negative impact on the policyholders’ position. This disproves the common belief that adapting the defrauding strategy with the help of signals from service providers would be advantageous.Originality/value– This paper extends the stand of literature on costly state verification and gives indications for optimal auditing strategies in industry practice.
Does risk affect capital structure adjustments?
Authors: Rashid Abdul 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to theorize that if risk affects costs and benefits of capital structure adjustments, then it should affect the speed at which firms adjust their leverage toward the target. To investigate this hypothesis, the author empirically examines the role of firm-specific and macroeconomic risk on firms’ capital structure adjustments.

Design/methodology/approach
– The author augments the standard reduced-form partial adjustment model of capital structure by incorporating firm-specific and macroeconomic risk. The two-step robust system-generalized method of moments (GMM) estimator is used to estimate the proposed model for a large panel of UK manufacturing firms. An unbalanced annual panel data set covering the period from 1981 to 2009 is utilized for empirical analysis.

Findings
– The estimated adjustment speeds indicate that both firm-specific risk and macroeconomic risk significantly affect the speed at which firms adjust their capital structure toward the target. In particular, the author shows that firms adjust their leverage faster toward the target when firm-specific risk is relatively low. This is perhaps because firms face lower costs of adjustment when both firm-specific and macroeconomic risks are low. Overall, the paper provides evidence that different levels and different types of risk exert asymmetric effects on capital structure adjustments.

Practical implications
– The results presented in this paper suggest that managers have to carefully consider both the overall state of the economy and the solvency of their own business activities when making their financing decisions. The results also help in explaining why firms time equity and debt markets.

Originality/value
– The paper significantly adds to our understanding of asymmetries in adjustment speed across firms and over times. The paper can also be useful to understand why firms would not aggressively act to offset the effects of changes in the market value of equity or gains and losses in earnings.
Constructing professional and organisational fields
Authors: Gurney Robert 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to fill an apparent gap in the literature addressing issues of leadership and change – the development and activities of constructing and leading sports sciences and medicine professions, and similarly, the construction and leadership of multidisciplinary/inter-disciplinary organisations that practice sports sciences and medicine.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study incorporated explorations through conducting both interviews and survey questionnaires with members of Sports Medicine Australia (SMA). The interviews (qualitative) were semi-structured and asked questions addressing what changed, why change and how change was implemented.

Findings
– The health sciences and medicine professions moving to specialised sports sciences and medicine disciplines and SMA, evolved through forces driving the need for change (legitimacy, resource dependency, positioning and core competencies).

Practical implications
– The knowledge developed from understanding activities of change that traditional professions conducted to become specialised Disciplines and parallel changes in a single Discipline organisation evolving to an umbrella organisation (SMA), comprised a membership of specialised Disciplines, can act as a catalyst for inquiry by other professional and organisational groups.

Originality/value
– The findings of this study contributes to the literature investigating change in professional and organisations fields. More specifically, this study promotes inquiry into leadership practices of sports sciences and medicine, as contributors to the field of health services.
Measuring communication competence and effectiveness of ASHAs (accredited social health activist) in their leadership role at rural settings of Uttar Pradesh (India)
Authors: Shrivastava Archana , Srivastava Arun 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– This paper aims to find out accredited social health activists’ (ASHA) communication competence and effectiveness while working as leaders with groups in the rural setting. ASHA, as the “first point of contact” for pregnant women in rural areas, plays a significant role in building awareness and disseminating key information at critical times (e.g. antenatal and post-natal period), promotes healthy maternal and newborn care practices and facilitates identification and referral of maternal and newborn complications. ASHA plays critical role of a leader in bridging the gap between health system and community. In the entire process, effective communication competency is the key to her effectiveness.Design/methodology/approach– The study adopts seven items from the farmers communication (FACOM) scale of communication measures developed by Udai Pareek and Y.P Singh. Preliminary editing of the items was done keeping certain points in mind such as the items should not be judgemental, should be acts of behaviour, should be observable and should be simple. This scale was adopted for the study, as it was designed to measure farmers’ communication competence and suited the context. The evaluation criteria included the seven essential elements of communication identified in the FACOM scale.Findings– Results from the study identified a need to sensitise ASHAs on the critical role of effective communication and need for investing more in building her capacity for health communication. The trainings being imparted to ASHAs have to be strengthened in terms of communication skills. They should focus upon developing all three variables of communication skills equally and integrating them to get desired results.Research limitations/implications– The study was conducted in one state while the programme is running across the country. The sample size was small.Practical implications– The learning of the study will help in developing a better understanding of the beneficiaries’ perspectives and their expectations regarding ASHAs communication process in the leadership role which she performs. Such understanding will not only be instructive but may also prove transformative for the benefit of both ASHAs and her community, whose support is critical to the success of the programme. This learning will feed into the policy planning and communication and capacity building strategy of the ASHA programme and may lead to better and more effective strategies and tools of communication.Originality/value– Research study is original. Keeping the observers’ status in mind, questionnaire was translated in Hindi language. Twenty ASHAs were selected randomly from small villages of Uttar Pradesh, the largest state in India. The scale was presented to at least five observers (all females) for one ASHA. These observers/judges were the ones who knew ASHA well and with whom she had communicated at some point of time as part of her work.
Medicaid Expansions from 1997 to 2009 Increased Coverage and Improved Access and Mental Health Outcomes for Low‐Income Parents
Authors: McMorrow Stacey , Kenney Genevieve M. , Long Sharon K. , Goin Dana E. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the effects of past Medicaid eligibility expansions to parents on coverage, access to care, out‐of‐pocket (OOP) spending, and mental health outcomes, and consider implications for the Affordable Care Act (ACA) Medicaid expansion.Data SourcesPerson‐level data from the National Health Interview Survey (1998–2010) is used to measure insurance coverage and related outcomes for low‐income parents. Using state identifiers available at the National Center for Health Statistics Research Data Center, we attach state Medicaid eligibility thresholds for parents collected from a variety of sources to NHIS observations.Study DesignWe use changes in the Medicaid eligibility threshold for parents within states over time to identify the effects of changes in eligibility on low‐income parents.Principal FindingsWe find that expanding Medicaid eligibility increases insurance coverage, reduces unmet needs due to cost and OOP spending, and improves mental health status among low‐income parents. Moreover, our findings suggest that uninsured populations in states not currently participating in the ACA Medicaid expansion would experience even larger improvements in coverage and related outcomes than those in participating states if they chose to expand eligibility.ConclusionsThe ACA Medicaid expansion has the potential to improve a wide variety of coverage, access, financial, and health outcomes for uninsured parents in states that choose to expand coverage.
Is a national time target for emergency department stay associated with changes in the quality of care for acute asthma? A multicentre pre‐intervention post‐intervention study
Authors: Jones Peter , Wells Susan , Harper Alana , LeFevre James , Stewart Joanna , Curtis Elana , Reid Papaarangi , Ameratunga Shanthi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveThere is debate whether targets for ED length of stay introduced to reduce ED overcrowding are helpful or harmful, as focus on a process target may divert attention from clinical care. Our objective was to investigate the effect of a national ED target in Aotearoa New Zealand on the recommended care for acute asthma as this is known to suffer in overcrowded departments.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective chart review study across four sites from 2006 to 2012 (target introduced mid 2009). The primary outcome was time to steroids in the ED. The secondary outcomes were other aspects of asthma care in ED. We used general linear models or logistic regression as appropriate to assess care before and after the target.ResultsAmong the 570 (of 1270 randomly selected cases) eligible for analysis, no difference was demonstrated in time to steroids: least square mean (95% CI) = 58.1 (49–67.5) min before and 50.4 (42.9–55.8) min after the target (P = 0.15). More patients received steroids in ED after the target, OR (95% CI) = 2.1 (1.2–4.3). No differences were demonstrated in those receiving steroid prescriptions or re‐presentations: OR (95% CI) = 1.3 (0.9–1.96) and 1.1 (0.5–2.3), respectively. Changes in pre‐target and post‐target ED and hospital length of stay varied between hospitals.ConclusionIntroduction of the target was not associated with a change in times to steroids in ED, although more patients received steroids in ED indicating closer adherence to recommended practice.
The Reverse Racism Effect
Authors: James Lois , James Stephen M. , Vila Bryan J. 
Published: January 2016

Research SummaryRace‐related debates often assume that implicit racial bias will result in racially biased decisions to shoot. Previous research has examined racial bias in police decisions by pressing “shoot” or “don't‐shoot” buttons in response to pictures of armed and unarmed suspects. As a result of its lack of external validity, however, this methodology provides limited insight into officer behavior in the field. In response, we conducted the first series of experimental research studies that tested police officers and civilians in strikingly realistic deadly force simulators.Policy ImplicationsThis article reports the results of our most recent experiment, which tested 80 police patrol officers by applying this leading edge method. We found that, despite clear evidence of implicit bias against Black suspects, officers were slower to shoot armed Black suspects than armed White suspects, and they were less likely to shoot unarmed Black suspects than unarmed White suspects. These findings challenge the assumption that implicit racial bias affects police behavior in deadly encounters with Black suspects.
Effect of Modified Wheat Gluten on Boiling Resistance Capacity of Pork Meatballs
Authors: Wang Kai‐Qiang , Luo Shui‐Zhong , Zhong Xi‐Yang , Cai Ke‐Zhou , Cai Jing , Jiang Shao‐Tong , Zheng Zhi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe effect of the modified wheat gluten (MWG) extender, prepared by alcalase‐based hydrolysis and transglutaminase cross‐linking, on meatballs was analyzed in this study. Here, we studied the effect of MWG addition on the boiling resistance capacity of pork meatballs (MB‐MWG) at high temperature (100 °C) and increasing cooking time; meatballs with added soy protein isolates (MB‐SPI) and raw wheat gluten (MB‐WG) were used as references. The cooking loss, water‐holding capacity (WHC), and textural properties of meatballs were investigated. The results revealed that MB‐MWG showed lower cooking loss, which decreased by 49.16% compared to meatballs without added extenders when treated for 30 min. The WHC of MB‐MWG significantly increased from 80.68% to 95.42%. The hardness, springiness, and chewiness (textural properties) of MB‐MWG were also significantly increased by 97.05%, 6.68%, and 121.96%, respectively. The addition of MWG increased the cross‐linking in meatballs during the cooking process, as indicated by the higher G′. SDS‐PAGE indicated an obvious decrease in myosin heavy chain in MB‐MWG cooked for 30 min at 100 °C, which was attributed to the interaction of myofibrillar proteins in pork meat with MWG. The nuclear magnetic resonance T2 relaxation time patterns indicated that MWG addition caused an increase in the bound water content, and decrease in the free water content, of meatballs. An analysis of the microstructures revealed that the MB‐MWG formed the most regular and compact network. Therefore, MWG could be used as an ingredient to facilitate the processing of meat products.
Large‐scale distribution of microbial and viral populations in the South Atlantic Ocean
Authors: De Corte Daniele , Sintes Eva , Yokokawa Taichi , Lekunberri Itziar , Herndl Gerhard J. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryViruses are abundant, diverse and dynamic components of the marine environments and play a significant role in the ocean biogeochemical cycles. To assess potential variations in the relation between viruses and microbes in different geographic regions and depths, viral and microbial abundance and production were determined throughout the water column along a latitudinal transect in the South Atlantic Ocean. Path analysis was used to examine the relationships between several abiotic and biotic parameters and the different microbial and viral populations distinguished by flow cytometry.The depth‐integrated contribution of microbial and viral abundance to the total microbial and viral biomass differed significantly among the different provinces. Additionally, the virus‐to‐microbe ratio increased with depth and decreased laterally towards the more productive regions. Our data revealed that the abundance of phytoplankton and microbes is the main controlling factor of the viral populations in the euphotic and mesopelagic layers, whereas in the bathypelagic realm, viral abundance was only weakly related to the biotic and abiotic variables. The relative contribution of the three viral populations distinguished by flow cytometry showed a clear geographical pattern throughout the water column, suggesting that these populations are composed of distinct taxa able to infect specific hosts. Overall, our data indicate the presence of distinct microbial patterns along the latitudinal transect. This variability is not limited to the euphotic layer but also detectable in the meso‐ and bathypelagic layers.
Vasopressin‐induced changes in splanchnic blood flow and hepatic and portal venous pressures in liver resection
Authors: Sand Bown L. , Ricksten S.‐E. , Houltz E. , Einarsson H. , Söndergaard S. , Rizell M. , Lundin S. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundTo minimize blood loss during hepatic surgery, various methods are used to reduce pressure and flow within the hepato‐splanchnic circulation. In this study, the effect of low‐ to moderate doses of vasopressin, a potent splanchnic vasoconstrictor, on changes in portal and hepatic venous pressures and splanchnic and hepato‐splanchnic blood flows were assessed in elective liver resection surgery.MethodsTwelve patients were studied. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), mean arterial (MAP), central venous (CVP), portal venous (PVP) and hepatic venous pressures (HVP) were measured, intraoperatively, at baseline and during vasopressin infusion at two infusion rates (2.4 and 4.8 U/h). From arterial and venous blood gases, the portal (splanchnic) and hepato‐splanchnic blood flow changes were calculated, using Fick′s equation.ResultsCO, SV, MAP and CVP increased slightly, but significantly, while systemic vascular resistance and heart rate remained unchanged at the highest infusion rate of vasopressin. PVP was not affected by vasopressin, while HVP increased slightly. Vasopressin infusion at 2.4 and 4.8 U/h reduced portal blood flow (−26% and −37%, respectively) and to a lesser extent hepato‐splanchnic blood flow (−9% and −14%, respectively). The arterial‐portal vein lactate gradient was not significantly affected by vasopressin. Postoperative serum creatinine was not affected by vasopressin.ConclusionShort‐term low to moderate infusion rates of vasopressin induced a splanchnic vasoconstriction without metabolic signs of splanchnic hypoperfusion or subsequent renal impairment. Vasopressin caused a centralization of blood volume and increased cardiac output. Vasopressin does not lower portal or hepatic venous pressures in this clinical setting.
Age‐related changes in miR‐143‐3p:Igfbp5 interactions affect muscle regeneration
Authors: Soriano‐Arroquia Ana , McCormick Rachel , Molloy Andrew P. , McArdle Anne , Goljanek‐Whysall Katarzyna 
Published: January 2016

SummaryA common characteristic of aging is defective regeneration of skeletal muscle. The molecular pathways underlying age‐related decline in muscle regenerative potential remain elusive. microRNAs are novel gene regulators controlling development and homeostasis and the regeneration of most tissues, including skeletal muscle. Here, we use satellite cells and primary myoblasts from mice and humans and an in vitro regeneration model, to show that disrupted expression of microRNA‐143‐3p and its target gene, Igfbp5, plays an important role in muscle regeneration in vitro. We identified miR‐143 as a regulator of the insulin growth factor‐binding protein 5 (Igfbp5) in primary myoblasts and show that the expression of miR‐143 and its target gene is disrupted in satellite cells from old mice. Moreover, we show that downregulation of miR‐143 during aging may act as a compensatory mechanism aiming at improving myogenesis efficiency; however, concomitant upregulation of miR‐143 target gene, Igfbp5, is associated with increased cell senescence, thus affecting myogenesis. Our data demonstrate that dysregulation of miR‐143‐3p:Igfbp5 interactions in satellite cells with age may be responsible for age‐related changes in satellite cell function.
A systematic review and meta‐analysis of the long‐term overall outcome of autism spectrum disorders in adolescence and adulthood
Authors: Steinhausen H. ‐C. , Mohr Jensen C. , Lauritsen M. B. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveA systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies reporting on the overall outcome in terms of a global measure of adjustment in children with autistic disorders followed up in adolescence and adulthood.MethodPubMed, PsycINFO, and EMBASE were systematically searched on 3rd of August 2015. Included studies were analyzed using random‐effects models estimating event rates (%) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CI).ResultsFrom 4350 records identified in the search, 15 studies covering 12 unique samples and a total of N = 828 individuals with autistic disorders were included in the analyses. An estimated 19.7% (95%CI: 14.2–26.6) had a good outcome, 31.1% (95%CI: 23.2–40.4%) a fair outcome, and 47.7% (95%CI: 36.6–59.0) a poor outcome. The meta‐analysis showed strong evidence for heterogeneity. The subtype of childhood autism is a significant moderating factor on the risk of having a poor outcome at follow‐up, whereas age at follow‐up showed statistically significant but inconsistent associations with outcome status.ConclusionThe long‐term outcome of almost half of all individuals with autistic disorders is poor. The subtype of autism in childhood may be a predictor for specific long‐term outcomes, but in general, little is known about the pathways and predictors.