bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
What Happens to Special Hospital Patients Admitted to Medium Security?
Authors: Quinn Patrick , Ward Mark 
Published: January 2017

This article describes the outcome of all the Special Hospital patients admitted to and discharged from the Norvic Clinic over a period of ten years since its opening in 1984. This study identified 23 patients. Of those transferred, 56% had a legal classification of mental illness. A much higher percentage (91%) were restricted under the powers of s.41 of the Mental Health Act 1983, compared to 69% in the West Midlands study (Cope and Ward, 1993). There appears to be a significant difference between the mental disorder groups for age on admission to Special Hospital when considering all patients (males and females). This difference is not maintained when males and females are looked at separately, although the result for males is nearly significant (p=0.0606). The number of female patients is small (five) and so the tests will hardly be reliable for the female sample. No significant differences were demonstrated for any of the other variables considered. Like the West Midlands study, minor reconvictions were completely absent. This was an unusual finding within the West Midlands study and not replicated from any of the previous Special Hospital studies. In this study, failure constituted an unsuccessful transfer with return to Special Hospital and reconviction. The percentage of those returned to Special Hospital without reaching the community was slightly lower than the West Midlands study, for both the mentally ill and those classified as suffering from psychopathic disorder.
The Sexual Profile of Rapists in Singapore
Authors: Gwee K P , Lim L E C , Woo M 
Published: January 2017

To our knowledge, this is the first paper that examines the sexual profile of rapists in Singapore. A semi-structured interview based on a questionnaire about sexual habits was conducted on 62 convicted rapists and a control group of 63 prisoners comprising 32 convicted for violent non-sexual offences and 31 for non-violent non-sexual offences. Significantly more rapists masturbated at least once a month and were exposed to pornography within six months before the offence when compared to non-violent controls. Violent controls did not differ significantly from rapists in any aspect of the sexual history. The greater similarity between rapists and violent controls lends support to the concept of rape as a violent rather than sexual offence. A subgroup of 17 ‘hypersexual’ rapists were identified who were either having sex or masturbating very frequently but had still resorted to rape. Compared to the other 46 rapists, the ‘hypersexual’ rapists were more likely to have fantasised predominantly about rape or bondage and to cite domination, aggression or hostility as reasons for committing rape, suggesting an even stronger element of power and aggression than in their less sexually active counterparts.
Medico-Legal Reports and Gatekeeping: One Year of Referrals to a Forensic Service
Authors: Gethins E , Larkin E , Davies S , Milton J 
Published: January 2017

Forensic psychiatrists and the services they provide have been subject to recent scrutiny and high public profile. This study examined part of the work of a regional and district forensic service by looking at a one-year cohort of referrals, and the factors contributing to patient admission, including requests for medico-legal reports. The sample consisted of all referrals to the East Midlands Centre for Forensic Mental Health, Leicester from 1 January 1998 to 31 December 1998. Information on referrals was collected retrospectively using a proforma to collate data from referral letters and the reports prepared by assessing clinicians. Two hundred and eighty referrals relating to 260 individuals were received. The sample characteristics were broadly similar to those reported in previous studies. The finding that 70% of those assessed were referred for medico-legal reports by courts or solicitors, and the fact that only 20% of this group finally entered the forensic service, led us to consider whether this work was legitimate use of National Health Service time. We examined this group more closely, and found that referral for a medico-legal report could be considered as a screening test for entry into the forensic services and there are good arguments for this work continuing.
Fatal Acute Poisoning by Intradermal Absorption of Phenol
Authors: Griffiths G. J. 
Published: January 2017

The history, post-mortem findings, and the qualitative chemical screening at autopsy are described in a case of acute intradermal phenol poisoning. The forensic estimate of phenol in the blood is described. A discussion of the immediate and later treatment of such a case is given. Reading through the literature on acute phenol poisoning, little has been written on the subject of intradermal absorption of phenol. Standard forensic reference books (Camps, 1968; Simpson, 1966) have drawn attention to this mode of poisoning with reference to past and present literature. Recently a paper on the toxicity of phenol absorption in animals and an effective first-aid measure in treatment have been published (British Chemical Industries Safety Council of Chemical Industries Association, 1970; Conning and Hayes, 1970).
Increased Sensitivity of Tests for the Detection of Blood Group Antigens in Stains Using a Low Ionic Strength Medium
Authors: McDowall M. J. , Lincoln P. J. , Dodd B. E. 
Published: January 2017

The incorporation of a low ionic strength solution (LISS) in the micro-elution technique used for the detection of blood group antigens in stains markedly improves the test's sensitivity. This is because LISS increases the amount of antibody taken up by the antigen in the stain which results in a greater yield of antibody recovered from the slain by elution. LISS also enhances the activity of the eluted antibody if it is introduced as a suspension medium for the red cells used to detect the antibody. The introduction of suitably diluted AB serum as diluent when testing the eluates is an additional advantage. The improvement in the sensitivity of the micro-elution technique is great enough in some instances to allow the detection of an antigen in a stain which is undetectable in the absence of LISS. Moreover some doubtful positive reactions are enhanced sufficiently for the presence of an antigen to be definitely established.
Homicide and Suicide in Africa and England
Authors: Thomson I. G. 
Published: January 2017

A UK psychiatrist draws on his earlier experience as a police surgeon in Africa to compare homicide and suicide rates among the Xhosa tribe with those of England and Wales. A consideration of depression in primitive communities may, he suggests, provide the explanation for the low suicide rate found. The article speculates whether the vastly different homicide/suicide rate found can be explained in terms of aggression and civilization.
The Estimation of Stature from Anthropometric and Photogrammetric Measurements of the Limbs
Authors: Attallah N. Louis , Marshall W. A. 
Published: January 2017

Equations are presented for estimating the stature of a child from measurements of some limb segments (upper limb, upper arm, forearm, leg, hand or foot). Some 2378 sets of limb measurements were taken on boys and 1531 sets on girls within the age range four to 19 years. All were healthy participants and the three longitudinal studies were carried out at the Institute of Child Health, University of London. Both photogrammetric and anthropometric techniques of measurement were used. Simple and multiple regression analysis was used to create 38 photogrammetric and 36 anthropometric equations, giving the most likely estimated value for stature, together with the residual standard deviation from which confidence limits were calculated. Inclusion in the equation of several limb measurements improves the accuracy of such estimation. The errors in estimation using the present equations were significantly less than those associated with corresponding equations found in the literature and in current use.
The Role of White Blood Cells in Post-Mortem Wounds
Authors: Ali T. T. 
Published: January 2017

Walcher in 1936 pointed out the importance of studying a lesion microscopically in order to distinguish between ante-mortem and post-mortem injuries. According to him and to many other authors (Raekallio, 1984; Ojala et al., 1969; Fatteh, 1966) leucocytic reaction is the earliest histological sign of inflammation, and it is the most reliable sign of the vitality of wounds. The pavementation (also known as margination) of the vascular endothelium of white blood cells, and the beginning of their extravasation, may be seen during the first hour (Ojala et al., 1969), 6 hours (Malik, 1970), 8 hours (Fatteh, 1966) or 8–16 hours (Raekallio, 1964) after the injury. Profuse bleeding and fibrin deposition are no longer regarded as necessarily signs of vitality of wounds. (Shapiro and Robertson, 1962; Laiho, 1967), yet the behaviour of white blood cells in post-mortem wounds remains unknown. It was therefore decided to study the effects of chemotactic materials injected intradermally and in the anterior abdominal wall in dead rats. The experimental findings are presented, along with discussion, and a review of the literature.
The Fatal Paracetamol Dosage — How Low Can You Go?
Authors: Patel F 
Published: January 2017

Popular texts and forensic literature pertaining to paracetamol toxicology advocate an acceptable minimal dose or lower limit of the blood level ‘normally’ associated with a fatal single overdose. A case of fatal, acute paracetamol poisoning from a minimal single dose, within the recommended therapeutic daily total and associated with a zero blood paracetamol level, is reported. It also emphasizes the common knowledge that the toxicological tabulated reference data available on fatal levels of most drugs is merely a guide. The proper interpretation of the analytical results thus requires the full consideration of the circumstances surrounding the death in each case. The clinico-pathophysiology and toxicology of paracetamol poisoning is briefly reviewed in an attempt to establish how low a fatal paracetamol dosage can go. The phenomenon of fatal dose and blood level is in a paracetamol limbo.
Assessing the Expert: A Call for Reciprocal Disclosure in Canada
Authors: Manarin Brian 
Published: January 2017

The requirement that the state disclose to an accused person all evidence in its possession which is not clearly irrelevant is a tenet fundamental to contemporary criminal law in Canada. In essence, the right to full answer and defence implies that the individual be allowed to completely understand the case which has been brought against him or her. This paper examines the concept of reciprocal disclosure, whereby the defence is obligated to provide evidence to the state. The confines of the ensuing discussion are limited to expert evidence and, more particularly, to psychiatric and psychological testimony. By arguing that early production of an expert's opinion advances rather than retards the interests of justice, the author attempts to debunk some of the myths which are used in Canadian legal circles to justify the suppression of opinion evidence by the defence until the last possible moment.
Violent Mortality Patterns in Immigrants in Israel (1990–95)
Authors: Karasik David , Yakovenko Konstantin , Lipstein Eliezer , Hiss Jehuda 
Published: January 2017

Since 1989, a large number of immigrants, mostly from the former Soviet Union, have arrived in Israel, increasing the local population (c. 5 million) by 700,000. The morbidity and mortality of this immigant population have been the concern of many investigations. In the present study we examine the mortality pattern of a sample of 1,000 immigrants, whose deaths occurred during the years 1990–95 and were examined at the L. Greenberg (National) Institute of Forensic Medicine. The sample was divided into two subgroups, natural and unnatural, according to manner of death. Seventy-five per cent of the victims in the violent death subgroup were males with a mean age of 44.6 (SD 17.3) years, while the females of the same category were 52.7 years old on average (SD 19.9). The age distribution of the whole sample showed peaks in the 25–34-year-old group for males and the 35–44-year-old group for females. The most frequent causes of death were accident (44.1%), suicide (12.6%) and homicide (7%). In 5% of cases the cause of death could not be determined. The pattern of mortality from violent causes in the immigrant population differed from that of the country of origin in all parameters. The incidence of unnatural death in immigrants resembled the local pattern in Israel, and was significantly lower than that of their homeland.
Children Who Have Murdered
Authors: Walsh-Brennan K. S. 
Published: January 2017

An analysis of 11 children convicted of homicide, one girl and ten boys, indicates a maternal over-dominant relationship in eight of the males studied. The murderers were Found to have more co-operative personalities than other children Found guilty of non-capital offences and showed both normal intelligence and personality factors. Despite a history of ‘blackouts' in several cases, all were Found on investigation to be free from both major and minor epilepsy. Difficulty was experienced in determining the presence or absence of parental alcoholism, promiscuity and criminal convictions. All of the ten boys and the girl came from normal homes and apart from minor offences none were involved previously in serious anti-social behaviour. Future research is indicated on two aspects: role of the working mother with particular reference to maternal dominance, and the ‘Cycle of Deprivation Theory’.
Feasibility of Using Computer-Assisted Interviewing to Enhance HIV Test Counseling in Community Settings
Authors: Cohall Alwyn T. , Dini Sheila , Senathirajah Yalini , Nye Andrea , Neu Natalie , Powell Donald , Powell Borris , Hyden Christel 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. Significant advances in the treatment of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) place a premium on early detection and linkage to care. Recognizing the need to efficiently yet comprehensively provide HIV counseling, we assessed the feasibility of using audio computer-assisted self-inventory (A-CASI) in a community-based HIV counseling and testing facility. Methods. A convenience sample of 50 adults presenting for HIV testing was recruited to complete an 85-item computerized HIV Assessment of Risk Inventory (HARI) containing domains of demographics, sexual behaviors, alcohol and substance use, emotional well-being, past experiences with HIV testing, and attitudes about taking HARI. Results. Client acceptance rate was limited by the completion time outlined during the intake process. However, the majority of respondents who completed HARI felt that it took only a short to moderate time to complete and was easy to understand. A majority also reported a preference for using a computerized format in the future. Further, HARI identified a number of risk-taking behaviors, including unprotected anal sex and substance use prior to past sexual encounters. Additionally, more than half of the sample reported moderate to severe depressive symptoms. Conclusions. Those respondents who had time to complete the survey accepted the A-CASI interview, and it was successful at identifying a substantial level of risk-taking behaviors. A-CASI has the potential to guide HIV counselors in providing risk-reduction counseling and referral activities. However, results suggested the need to shorten the instrument, and further studies are needed to determine applicability in other HIV testing sites.
Place of Residence and Preventive Health Care for Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities Services Recipients in 20 States
Authors: Bershadsky Julie , Taub Sarah , Engler Joshua , Moseley Charles R. , Lakin K. Charlie , Stancliffe Roger J. , Larson Sheryl , Ticha Renata , Bailey Caitlin , Bradley Valerie 
Published: January 2017

Objective. We identified trends in the receipt of preventive health care by adults with intellectual and developmental disabilities by type of residential setting. Methods. We used data from the 2008–2009 collection round of the National Core Indicators (NCI) program. Participating states drew random samples of adults receiving developmental disabilities services. The study was observational, with both self-report and report by proxy. Once the random samples were drawn in each state, data were collected using the NCI Adult Consumer Survey. Trained interviewers administered the survey in person. Results. The likelihood of a person receiving preventive care procedures was related to age, level of intellectual disability, mobility, health status, and state. Type of living arrangement also affected whether a person received these health services, even after controlling for state, level of disability, and other personal characteristics. In general, people living with parents or relatives were consistently the least likely to receive preventive health exams and procedures. Conclusion. With growing numbers of adults being served in the family home, educational and policy-based efforts to ensure access to preventive care are increasingly critical.
Thermo-physiological impact of different firefighting protective clothing ensembles in a hot environment
Authors: Fontana Piero , Saiani Fabio , Grütter Marc , Croset Jean-Philippe , Capt André , Camenzind Martin , Morrissey Matthew , MacRae Braid A , Rossi René M , Annaheim Simon 
Published: January 2017

It is currently unclear how the assembly of different fabric layers of personal protective clothing (PPC) contributes to differences in thermal comfort among garments. Therefore, we used two different approaches to investigate the effect of PPC on body heat dissipation: a technical characterization of textiles (using sweating Torso methodology) and thermo-physiological wearing trials. We hypothesized that the technical characterization provides a similar outcome compared to the wearing trials and, thus, proves to have high thermo-physiological relevance. Thirteen different PPC were investigated using the sweating Torso methodology. Three out of these thirteen were then selected for inclusion in a series of human subject trials in a hot environment. Results from human trials and Torso testing were related to each other. The thermal and evaporative properties of the selected PPC typically differed and effects were observed for the thermo-physiological responses of human study participants. Differences in Torso surface temperature of up to 9℃ and moisture accumulation in the protective clothing systems of up to 184 g·m–2 were detected using the sweating Torso methodology. Moderate intensity exercise with the human study participants induced textile-dependent differences of up to 0.9 ± 0.2℃ ( P < 0.001) and 1.2 ± 0.2℃ ( P = 0.008) for excessive core body and excessive skin temperature, respectively. Using the sweating Torso methodology, physiologically relevant differences in textile performance could be detected among different PPC. Consequently, sweating Torso is a relevant tool to gain insight into human thermo-physiological responses to different PPC with similar end-use based on their dry and wet heat transfer characteristics.
Obstetric and Gynaecological Patients in an Intensive Care Unit: A 1 Year Review
Authors: Platteau P , Engelhardt T , Moodley J , Muckart D J J 
Published: January 2017

Management of the critically ill patient forms a significant proportion of obstetric and gynaecological (O & G) practice. There have however, been very few reports on the management of such patients in intensive care units (ICU). We review all O & G patients admitted to the surgical ICU at King Edward VIII Hospital, Durban, South Africa, and make recommendations regarding management of such patients. The medical records of all O & G patients admitted to the surgical ICU between the period January–December 1992 were analysed. Of all admissions to the ICU 13.6% ( n = 122) were O & G patients. Eclampsia was the most common diagnosis accounting for 66% of all obstetric admissions. Of all eclamptics in the study period 24% were admitted to the ICU. The overall maternal mortality was 21%. O & G patients form a major workload of surgical ICUs and the majority of these patients are women with eclampsia. Management of such patients requires an understanding of the physiological changes of normal and abnormal pregnancies. Therefore, all large obstetrical units in developing countries should establish their own ICU in order that patient care, health personnel training and continuing health care education may be improved.
Earnings Management Response to Debt Covenant Violations and Debt Restructuring
Authors: Jaggi Bikki , Lee Picheng 
Published: January 2017

The study investigates whether the choice of income-increasing or income-decreasing discretionary accruals is related to the severity of financial distress and whether this choice is also influenced by the creditors' waivers of debt covenant violations. Financially distressed firms experiencing debt covenant violations and/or debt restructuring during the 1989–96 period are used to evaluate the management's choice of discretionary accruals. Discretionary accruals are calculated based on four different accrual models. The results show that managers of financial distressed firms use income-increasing discretionary accruals if they are able to obtain waivers for debt covenant violations, and use income-decreasing discretionary accruals if debt restructuring takes place or debts are renegotiated because waivers are denied. These findings thus provide support to the expectation that the choice of income-increasing or -decreasing discretionary accruals is influenced by the severity of financial distress. They also provide an explanation for divergence in the results of earlier studies on the use of income-increasing or -decreasing discretionary accruals by financially distressed firms.
A Behavioral Weight Reduction Model for Moderately Mentally Retarded Adolescents
Authors: Rotatori Anthony F. , Mauser August , Fox Robert 
Published: January 2017

The paper describes a behavioral weight reduction treatment and maintenance program for moderately mentally retarded adolescents. The model delineates six phases of the program as well as instructional components. The model was devised for implementation by special education teachers and parents. Field data based on the model is reviewed.
Empowering the Poor Women for Community Development: A Unique Programme in Alappuzha Town of Kerala
Authors: Bakshi Prakash 
Published: January 2017

While a few voluntary agencies such as SEWA Bank in Ahmedabad, MYRADA in Bangalore, and Andhra Mahila Sabha in Hyderabad have been making constant efforts to empower the poor women, the decision-making power has remained in the hands of the individuals who pioneered such efforts. In this article, Prakash Bakshi discusses a new approach of empowering the poor women of Kerala which has been nurtured by NABARD, state government, and UNICEF and not by a few dedicated individuals.
Men and Women in Transition : Patterns of Stress, Strain, and Social Relations
Authors: Singh Anup K , Sahgal Punam 
Published: January 2017

Based on 172 responses to a questionnaire containing various measures of stress, strain, social support, and undermining, this article by Anup K Singh and Punam Sahgal examines patterns of these measures among men and women as well as single and dual career couples. The results indicate that men experience greater role erosion than women, single career husbands have higher well-being, and working women display higher irritability, anxiety, and depression.