bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permian palynostratigraphy: a global overview
Authors: Stephenson Michael H. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Permian palynostratigraphic schemes are used primarily to correlate coal- and hydrocarbon-bearing rocks within basins and between basins, sometimes at high levels of biostratigraphic resolution. Up to now, their main shortcoming has been the lack of correlation with schemes outside the basins, coalfields and hydrocarbon fields that they serve, and chiefly a lack of correlation with the international Permian scale. This is partly because of phytogeographical provinciality from the Guadalupian onwards, making correlation between regional palynostratigraphic schemes difficult. However, local high-resolution palynostratigraphic schemes for regions are now being linked either by assemblage-level quantitative taxonomic comparison or by the use of single well-characterized palynological taxa that occur across Permian phytogeographical provinces. Such taxa include:
Scutasporites
spp.,
Vittatina
spp.,
Weylandites
spp.,
Lueckisporites virkkiae
,
Otynisporites eotriassicus
and
Converrucosisporites confluens
. These palynological correlations are being facilitated and supplemented with radiometric, magnetostratigraphic, independent faunal and strontium isotopic dating.
Adjustments with running speed reveal neuromuscular adaptations during landing associated with high mileage running training
Authors: Verheul Jasper , Clansey Adam C. , Lake Mark J. 
Published: December 2016

It remains to be determined whether running training influences the amplitude of lower limb muscle activations before and during the first half of stance and whether such changes are associated with joint stiffness regulation and usage of stored energy from tendons. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate neuromuscular and movement adaptations before and during landing in response to running training across a range of speeds. Two groups of high mileage (HM; >45 km/wk, n = 13) and low mileage (LM; <15 km/wk, n = 13) runners ran at four speeds (2.5–5.5 m/s) while lower limb mechanics and electromyography of the thigh muscles were collected. There were few differences in prelanding activation levels, but HM runners displayed lower activations of the rectus femoris, vastus medialis, and semitendinosus muscles postlanding, and these differences increased with running speed. HM runners also demonstrated higher initial knee stiffness during the impact phase compared with LM runners, which was associated with an earlier peak knee flexion velocity, and both were relatively unchanged by running speed. In contrast, LM runners had higher knee stiffness during the slightly later weight acceptance phase and the disparity was amplified with increases in speed. It was concluded that initial knee joint stiffness might predominantly be governed by tendon stiffness rather than muscular activations before landing. Estimated elastic work about the ankle was found to be higher in the HM runners, which might play a role in reducing weight acceptance phase muscle activation levels and improve muscle activation efficiency with running training. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Although neuromuscular factors play a key role during running, the influence of high mileage training on neuromuscular function has been poorly studied, especially in relation to running speed. This study is the first to demonstrate changes in neuromuscular conditioning with high mileage training, mainly characterized by lower thigh muscle activation after touch down, higher initial knee stiffness, and greater estimates of energy return, with adaptations being increasingly evident at faster running speeds.
Tendon collagen synthesis declines with immobilization in elderly humans: no effect of anti-inflammatory medication
Authors: Dideriksen Kasper , Boesen Anders P. , Reitelseder Søren , Couppé Christian , Svensson Rene , Schjerling Peter , Magnusson S. Peter , Holm Lars , Kjaer Michael 
Published: December 2016

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are used as pain killers during periods of unloading caused by traumatic occurrences or diseases. However, it is unknown how tendon protein turnover and mechanical properties respond to unloading and subsequent reloading in elderly humans, and whether NSAID treatment would affect the tendon adaptations during such periods. Thus we studied human patellar tendon protein synthesis and mechanical properties during immobilization and subsequent rehabilitating resistance training and the influence of NSAIDs upon these parameters. Nineteen men (range 60–80 yr) were randomly assigned to NSAIDs (ibuprofen 1,200 mg/day; Ibu) or placebo (Plc). One lower limb was immobilized in a cast for 2 wk and retrained for 6 wk. Tendon collagen protein synthesis, mechanical properties, size, expression of genes related to collagen turnover and remodeling, and signal intensity (from magnetic resonance imaging) were investigated. Tendon collagen synthesis decreased ( P < 0.001), whereas tendon mechanical properties and size were generally unchanged with immobilization, and NSAIDs did not influence this. Matrix metalloproteinase-2 mRNA tended to increase ( P < 0.1) after immobilization in both groups, whereas scleraxis mRNA decreased with inactivity in the Plc group only ( P < 0.05). In elderly human tendons, collagen protein synthesis decreased after 2 wk of immobilization, whereas tendon stiffness and modulus were only marginally reduced, and NSAIDs had no influence upon this. This indicates an importance of mechanical loading for maintenance of tendon collagen turnover. However, reduced collagen production induced by short-term unloading may only marginally affect tendon mechanical properties in elderly individuals.NEW & NOTEWORTHY In elderly humans, 2 wk of inactivity reduces tendon collagen protein synthesis, while tendon stiffness and modulus are only marginally reduced, and NSAID treatment does not affect this. This indicates that mechanical loading is important for maintenance of tendon collagen turnover and that changes in collagen turnover induced by short-term immobilization may only have minor impact on the internal structures that are essential for mechanical properties in elderly tendons.
The Interaction between Genetic Ancestry and Breast Cancer Risk Factors among Hispanic Women: The Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study
Authors: Hines Lisa M. , Sedjo Rebecca L. , Byers Tim , John Esther M. , Fejerman Laura , Stern Mariana C. , Baumgartner Kathy B. , Giuliano Anna R. , Torres-Mejia Gabriela , Wolff Roger K. , Harrall Kylie K. , Slattery Martha L. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Background: Hispanic women have lower breast cancer incidence rates than non-Hispanic white (NHW) women. To what extent genetic versus nongenetic factors account for this difference is unknown.
Methods: Using logistic regression, we evaluated the interactive influences of established risk factors and ethnicity (self-identified and identified by ancestral informative markers) on breast cancer risk among 2,326 Hispanic and 1,854 NHW postmenopausal women from the United States and Mexico in the Breast Cancer Health Disparities Study.
Results: The inverse association between the percentage of Native American (NA) ancestry and breast cancer risk was only slightly attenuated after adjusting for known risk factors [lowest versus highest quartile: odds ratio (OR) =1.39, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.00–1.92 among U.S. Hispanics; OR = 1.92 (95% CI, 1.29–2.86) among Mexican women]. The prevalence of several risk factors, as well as the associations with certain factors and breast cancer risk, differed according to genetic admixture. For example, higher body mass index (BMI) was associated with reduced risk among women with lower NA ancestry only [BMI &lt;25 versus &gt;30: OR = 0.65 (95% CI, 0.44–0.98) among U.S. Hispanics; OR = 0.53 (95% CI, 0.29–0.97) among Mexicans]. The average number of risk factors among cases was inversely related to the percentage of NA ancestry.
Conclusions: The lower NA ancestry groups were more likely to have the established risk factors, with the exception of BMI. Although the majority of factors were associated with risk in the expected directions among all women, BMI had an inverse association among Hispanics with lower NA ancestry.
Impact: These data suggest that the established risk factors are less relevant for breast cancer development among women with more NA ancestry. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 692–701. ©2016 AACR.
Ezetimibe in Combination With Statins Ameliorates Endothelial Dysfunction in Coronary Arteries After Stenting
Authors: Takase Susumu , Matoba Tetsuya , Nakashiro Soichi , Mukai Yasushi , Inoue Shujiro , Oi Keiji , Higo Taiki , Katsuki Shunsuke , Takemoto Masao , Suematsu Nobuhiro , Eshima Kenichi , Miyata Kenji , Yamamoto Mitsutaka , Usui Makoto , Sadamatsu Kenji , Satoh Shinji , Kadokami Toshiaki , Hironaga Kiyoshi , Ichi Ikuyo , Todaka Koji , Kishimoto Junji , Egashira Kensuke , Sunagawa Kenji ,   for the QcVIC Investigators*
Published: December 2016

Objectives—
We sought to investigate whether treatment with ezetimibe in combination with statins improves coronary endothelial function in target vessels in coronary artery disease patients after coronary stenting.

Approach and Results—

We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, blinded-end point trial among 11 cardiovascular treatment centers. From 2011 to 2013, 260 coronary artery disease patients who underwent coronary stenting were randomly allocated to 2 arms (statin monotherapy, S versus ezetimibe [10 mg/d]+statin combinational therapy, E+S). We defined target vessel dysfunction as the primary composite outcome, which comprised target vessel failure during treatment and at the 6- to 8-month follow-up coronary angiography and coronary endothelial dysfunction determined via intracoronary acetylcholine testing performed in cases without target vessel failure at the follow-up coronary angiography. Coadministration of ezetimibe with statins further lowered low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels (83±23 mg/dL in S versus 67±23 mg/dL in E+S;
P
<0.0001), with significant decreases in oxidized low-density lipoprotein and oxysterol levels. Among patients without target vessel failure, 46 out of 89 patients (52%) in the S arm and 34 out of 96 patients (35%) in the E+S arm were found to have coronary endothelial dysfunction (
P
=0.0256), and the incidence of target vessel dysfunction at follow-up was significantly decreased in the E+S arm (69/112 (62%) in S versus 47/109 (43%) in E+S;
P
=0.0059). A post hoc analysis of post-treatment low-density lipoprotein cholesterol–matched subgroups revealed that the incidence of both target vessel dysfunction and coronary endothelial dysfunction significantly decreased in the E+S arm, with significant reductions in oxysterol levels.

Conclusions—
The CuVIC trial (Effect of Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor Usage on Target Vessel Dysfunction after Coronary Stenting) has shown that ezetimibe with statins, compared with statin monotherapy, improves functional prognoses, ameliorating endothelial dysfunction in stented coronary arteries, and was associated with larger decreases in oxysterol levels.
Familial Hypercholesterolemia Phenotype in Chinese Patients Undergoing Coronary Angiography
Authors: Li Jian-Jun , Li Sha , Zhu Cheng-Gang , Wu Na-Qiong , Zhang Yan , Guo Yuan-Lin , Gao Ying , Li Xiao-Lin , Qing Ping , Cui Chuan-Jue , Xu Rui-Xia , Jiang Zheng-Wen , Sun Jing , Liu Geng , Dong Qian 
Published: December 2016

Objective—
Familial hypercholesterolemia (FH) is characterized by an elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and increased risk of premature coronary artery disease. However, the general picture and mutational spectrum of FH in China are far from recognized, representing a missed opportunity for the investigation.

Approach and Results—

A total of 8050 patients undergoing coronary angiography were enrolled. The diagnosis of clinical FH was made using Dutch Lipid Clinic Network criteria, and the information of relatives was obtained by inquiring for the probands or from their own medical records of certain clinics/hospitals. Molecular analysis of FH was performed using target exome sequencing in
LDLR
(low-density lipoprotein cholesterol receptor gene),
APOB
(apolipoprotein B gene), and
PCSK9
(proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 gene). As a result, 3.5% of the patients with definite/probable FH phenotype (definite 1.0% and probable 2.5%) were identified. Women FH had fewer premature coronary artery disease (women <60, or men <55 years of age) when compared with men FH (70.6% versus 82.7%;
P
<0.001), whereas angiographic extension of coronary artery disease was significantly increased with FH diagnosis in both men and women (
P
<0.001). Patterns of medication use in definite/probable FH were as follows: nontreated, 20.6%; low intensity, 6.0%; moderate intensity, 68.3%; and high intensity, 5.0%. However, none of them had achieved the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol <100 mg/dL. Additionally, mutational analysis was performed in 245 definite/probable FH cases, and risk variants were identified in 115 patients, giving a detection rate of 46.9%.

Conclusions—
We showed firsthand a common identification but poor treatment of patients with FH phenotype in Chinese coronary angiography patients. Genetic data in our FH cases might contribute to update the frequency and spectrum of Chinese FH scenarios.
Late Restenosis After Both First-Generation and Second-Generation Drug-Eluting Stent Implantations Occurs in Patients With Drug-Eluting Stent Restenosis
Authors: Habara Seiji , Kadota Kazushige , Kuwayama Akimune , Shimada Takenobu , Ohya Masanobu , Miura Katsuya , Amano Hidewo , Kubo Shunsuke , Hyodo Yusuke , Otsuru Suguru , Tada Takeshi , Tanaka Hiroyuki , Fuku Yasushi , Goto Tsuyoshi 
Published: December 2016

Background—
There are currently inadequate data about whether late restenosis occurs after drug-eluting stent (DES) implantation in patients with DES restenosis.

Methods and Results—

We collected data for 608 patients who received revascularization for DES restenosis between 2004 and 2012 and analyzed 688 lesions: 359 lesions treated with a first-generation DES (first DES) and 329 lesions treated with a second-generation DES (second DES). Two serial angiographic follow-ups were routinely planned for the patients (at 8 and 20 months after the procedure). Early follow-up angiography was performed for 620 lesions (90.1%), and recurrent restenosis occurred in 84 lesions (25.8%) in the first DES group and in 72 lesions (24.5%) in the second DES group (
P
=0.78). Target lesion revascularization was performed for 69 lesions (21.2%) in the first DES group and for 48 lesions (16.3%) in the second DES group (
P
=0.15). Late follow-up angiography was performed for 438 (87.1%) of the remaining 503 lesions (excluding target lesion revascularization lesions), and late restenosis was found in 35 lesions (15.8%) in the first DES group and in 28 lesions (14.7%) in the second DES group (
P
=0.79). Nonfocal-type restenosis, percentage diameter stenosis after the procedure, previous stent size ≤2.5 mm, and right coronary artery ostial lesion were independent predictors of early restenosis. Nonfocal-type restenosis, percentage diameter stenosis at early follow-up, and stent fracture were independent predictors of late restenosis.

Conclusions—
Late restenosis occurs after both first DES implantation and second DES implantation for DES restenosis.
Randomized, Open-Label, Phase 1/2a Study to Determine the Maximum Tolerated Dose of Intraventricular Sustained Release Nimodipine for Subarachnoid Hemorrhage (NEWTON [Nimodipine Microparticles to Enhance Recovery While Reducing Toxicity After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage])
Authors: Hänggi Daniel , Etminan Nima , Aldrich Francois , Steiger Hans Jakob , Mayer Stephan A. , Diringer Michael N. , Hoh Brian L. , Mocco J , Faleck Herbert J. , Macdonald R. Loch 
Published: December 2016

Background and Purpose—
We conducted a randomized, open-label, phase 1/2a, dose-escalation study of intraventricular sustained-release nimodipine (EG-1962) to determine safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics, and clinical effects in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Methods—
Subjects with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage repaired by clipping or coiling were randomized to EG-1962 or enteral nimodipine. Subjects were World Federation of Neurological Surgeons grade 2 to 4 and had an external ventricular drain. Cohorts of 12 subjects received 100 to 1200 mg EG-1962 (9 per cohort) or enteral nimodipine (3 per cohort). The primary objective was to determine the maximum tolerated dose.

Results—

Fifty-four subjects in North America were randomized to EG-1962, and 18 subjects were randomized to enteral nimodipine. The maximum tolerated dose was 800 mg. One serious adverse event related to EG-1962 (400 mg) and 2 EG-1962 dose-limiting toxicities were without clinical sequelae. There was no EG-1962-related hypotension compared with 17% (3/18) with enteral nimodipine. Favorable outcome at 90 days on the extended Glasgow outcome scale occurred in 27/45 (60%, 95% confidence interval 46%–74%) EG-1962 subjects (5/9 with 100, 6/9 with 200, 7/9 with 400, 4/9 with 600, and 5/9 with 800 mg) and 5/18 (28%, 95% confidence interval 7%–48%, relative risk reduction of unfavorable outcome; 1.45, 95% confidence interval 1.04–2.03;
P
=0.027) enteral nimodipine subjects. EG-1962 reduced delayed cerebral ischemia (14/45 [31%] EG-1962 versus 11/18 [61%] enteral nimodipine) and rescue therapy (11/45 [24%] versus 10/18 [56%]).

Conclusions—
EG-1962 was safe and tolerable to 800 mg, and in this, aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage population was associated with reduced delayed cerebral ischemia and rescue therapy. Overall, the rate of favorable clinical outcome was greater in the EG-1962-treated group.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01893190.
Modeling Atmospheric Turbulence via Rapid Distortion Theory: Spectral Tensor of Velocity and Buoyancy
Authors: Chougule Abhijit , Mann Jakob , Kelly Mark , Larsen Gunner C. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
A spectral tensor model is presented for turbulent fluctuations of wind velocity components and temperature, assuming uniform vertical gradients in mean temperature and mean wind speed. The model is built upon rapid distortion theory (RDT) following studies by Mann and by Hanazaki and Hunt, using the eddy lifetime parameterization of Mann to make the model stationary. The buoyant spectral tensor model is driven via five parameters: the viscous dissipation rate ε, length scale of energy-containing eddies L, a turbulence anisotropy parameter , gradient Richardson number (Ri) representing the local atmospheric stability, and the rate of destruction of temperature variance . Model output includes velocity and temperature spectra and associated cospectra, including those of longitudinal and vertical temperature fluxes. The model also produces two-point statistics, such as coherences and phases of velocity components and temperature. The statistics of uniformly sheared and stratified turbulence from the model are compared with atmospheric observations taken from the Horizontal Array Turbulence Study (HATS) field program, and model results fit observed one-dimensional spectra quite well. For highly unstable stratification, however, the model has deficiencies at low wavenumbers that limit its prediction of longitudinal velocity component spectra at scales on the order of 0.6 km. The model predicts coherences well for horizontal separations but overestimates vertical coherence with increasing separation. Finally, it is shown that the RDT output can deviate from Monin–Obukhov similarity theory.
Comparison and Assessment of Three Advanced Land Surface Models in Simulating Terrestrial Water Storage Components over the United States
Authors: Xia Youlong , Mocko David , Huang Maoyi , Li Bailing , Rodell Matthew , Mitchell Kenneth E. , Cai Xitian , Ek Michael B. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
To prepare for the next-generation North American Land Data Assimilation System (NLDAS), three advanced land surface models [LSMs; i.e., Community Land Model, version 4.0 (CLM4.0); Noah LSM with multiphysics options (Noah-MP); and Catchment LSM-Fortuna 2.5 (CLSM-F2.5)] were run for the 1979–2014 period within the NLDAS-based framework. Unlike the LSMs currently executing in the operational NLDAS, these three advanced LSMs each include a groundwater component. In this study, the model simulations of monthly terrestrial water storage anomaly (TWSA) and its individual water storage components are evaluated against satellite-based and in situ observations, as well as against reference reanalysis products, at basinwide and statewide scales. The quality of these TWSA simulations will contribute to determining the suitability of these models for the next phase of the NLDAS. Overall, it is found that all three models are able to reasonably capture the monthly and interannual variability and magnitudes of TWSA. However, the relative contributions of the individual water storage components to TWSA are very dependent on the model and basin. A major contributor to the TWSA is the anomaly of total column soil moisture content for CLM4.0 and Noah-MP, while the groundwater storage anomaly is the major contributor for CLSM-F2.5. Other water storage components such as the anomaly of snow water equivalent also play a role in all three models. For each individual water storage component, the models are able to capture broad features such as monthly and interannual variability. However, there are large intermodel differences and quantitative uncertainties, which are motivating follow-on investigations in the NLDAS Science Testbed developed by the NASA and NCEP NLDAS teams.
Accounting for Correlated Observation Error in a Dual-Formulation 4D Variational Data Assimilation System
Authors: Campbell William F. , Satterfield Elizabeth A. , Ruston Benjamin , Baker Nancy L. 
Published: December 2016

Appropriate specification of the error statistics for both observational data and short-term forecasts is necessary to produce an optimal analysis. Observation error stems from instrument error, forward model error, and error of representation. All sources of observation error, particularly error of representation, can lead to nonzero correlations. While correlated forecast error has been accounted for since the early days of atmospheric data assimilation, observation error has typically been treated as uncorrelated until relatively recently. Thinning, averaging, and/or inflation of the assigned observation error variance have been employed to compensate for unaccounted error correlations, especially for high-resolution satellite data. In this study, the benefits of accounting for nonzero vertical (interchannel) correlation for both the Advanced Technology Microwave Satellite (ATMS) and Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) in the NRL Atmospheric Variational Data Assimilation System-Accelerated Representer (NAVDAS-AR) are assessed. The vertical observation error covariance matrix for the ATMS and IASI instruments was estimated using the Desroziers method. The results suggest lowering the assigned error variance and introducing strong correlations, especially in the moisture-sensitive channels. Strong positive impact on forecast skill (verified against both the ECMWF analyses and high-quality radiosonde data) is shown in both the ATMS and IASI instruments. Additionally, the convergence of the iterative solver in NAVDAS-AR can be improved by small modifications to the observation error covariance matrices, resulting in further reduction in RMS error.