bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lexical tone variation and spoken word recognition in preschool children: effects of perceptual salience
Authors: SINGH LEHER , TAN ALOYSIA , WEWALAARACHCHI THILANGA D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChildren undergo gradual progression in their ability to differentiate correct and incorrect pronunciations of words, a process that is crucial to establishing a native vocabulary. For the most part, the development of mature phonological representations has been researched by investigating children's sensitivity to consonant and vowel variation, with a much lesser focus on lexical tones. The current study investigates sensitivity to lexical tones in word recognition with specific attention to role of perceptual salience. Chinese-speaking preschoolers were presented with familiar words that were correctly pronounced, substituted for a subtle tone variant (Tones 2 and 3), or substituted for a salient tone variant (Tones 1 and 4). Results demonstrated that subtle tone variants were mistakenly perceived as correct pronunciations and only salient tone variants were recognized as mispronunciations. Findings suggest that tone integration follows a more complex developmental course that previously concluded.
Case assignment in English-speaking children: a paired priming paradigm
Authors: WISMAN WEIL LISA , LEONARD LAURENCE B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study employed a paired priming paradigm to ask whether input features influence a child's propensity to use non-nominative versus nominative case in subject position, and to use non-nominative forms even when verbs are marked for agreement. Thirty English-speaking children (ages 2;6 to 3;7) heard sentences with pronouns that had non-contrasting case forms (e.g. Dad hugs it and it hugs Tigger) and it was hypothesized that these forms would lead to more errors (e.g. Himhugs Barney) in an elicited phrase more often than if the children heard contrasting case forms (e.g. Dad hugs us and we hug the doggie). Tense/agreement features were also examined in children's elicited productions. The findings were consistent with predictions, and supported the input ambiguity hypothesis of Pelham (2011). Implications for current accounts of the optional infinitive stage are discussed.
Aircraft in Agriculture
Authors: Gibson E. A. 
Published: July 2016

Aircraft have been used for agricultural purposes for at least thirty years. Probably the first country to use them to any extent in agriculture was the United States where there are now probably some 7,000 or more aircraft in more or less continuous employment on some aspect of agricultural aviation.Up to the present, although many countries, since the end of the Second World War, have employed aircraft on agricultural work, the total world employment of aircraft on this activity has been small in comparison to that obtaining in the U.S.A.
On the Effect of Flow Separation on the Lift of Slender Bodies
Authors: Pivko Svetopolk 
Published: July 2016

A Phenomenon of interest in the study of high-speed aerodynamics concerns the flows generated around very slender bodies of revolution. It has been observed that these bodies, at moderate and large angles of attack, produce a kind of flow pattern that differs considerably from the ones assumed in perfect-fluid treatment according to the usual slender-body analysis.Photographs reveal that the flow above the upper surface of the body contains two symmetrically disposed spiral vortex sheets which roll up and are carried down-stream. Viewed in respect to the stationary body, the shed vortices appear fixed. The vortices increase in strength as anybody cross plane moves rearward, being eventually discharged to form a Karman vortex street as viewed in the moving cross plane.
The de Havilland Spectre I
Authors: Neat W. N. 
Published: July 2016

Work on rocket propulsion was begun by the de Havilland Engine Co. in 1946, almost exactly a year after the end of the Second World War. For about the first year activities were confined largely to a general appreciation of rocket problems and techniques and to an assessment of the experience which had been obtained elsewhere. At that time “elsewhere” meant almost exclusively Germany, from where many technical reports were then becoming available.In 1946 the policy in this country regarding guided weapons was, to say the least, obscure and the part which the liquid propellant rocket engine was to play in that field, even more obscure. It was not surprising, therefore, that the de Havilland Engine Co., being already well established in the field of aircraft propulsion, should very soon tend to concentrate its rocket propulsion efforts to manned aircraft applications. They were encouraged in this policy by the successful German use of the Me. 163 and of rocket take-off units fitted to the He.lll, Ju.88 and other aircraft. In particular, it was foreseen that the defence requirements of the United Kingdom might necessitate at an early date the use of a fast climbing rocket-propelled fighter.
Inertial Navigation
Authors: Pateman J. E. 
Published: July 2016

Inertial navigation is a completely new approach to the navigational problem initiated to a very large extent by the military requirement for a blind navigational system which could not be jammed by, nor give actual assistance to, any potential enemy. It relies for its operation on principles which were understood by Newton, but the practical realisation of a working system has become possible only by the intensive development in both the design and manufacturing techniques of gyroscopes and accelerometers. This development work has, to a considerable extent, been stimulated by Dr. Draper of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and, although he may not be the inventor of inertial navigation as such, there is little doubt that but for the work carried out under his direction, inertial navigation would still be little more than a dream.Inertial navigation depends basically on the simple fact that if we can measure the acceleration vector of a body in any convenient axis system, then by carrying out the suitable integration processes we can determine its path in space, its position and its distance from its initial position.
Annular Flow—A Note on the Turbulent Velocity Profile
Authors: Squire William 
Published: July 2016

In connection with the note by Henry Barrow in the November 1958 JOURNAL (page 830) it may be of interest to call attention to a little known reference which describes an extensive series of experiments. A 190 mm. pipe with 10, 35 and 100 mm. inserts was studied up to a Reynolds number of 106. Besides the fully developed profiles some interesting measurements showing the development of the flow in the inlet are included.The general neglect of these results which constitute an appreciable fraction of the available data for this type of flow is surprising.
The NATO Defense College
Authors: Kenyon G. 
Published: July 2016

The College owes its origin to the early days of NATO when the first Supreme Allied Commander Europe, General Eisenhower, was confronted with the problem of finding suitably trained staff to fill the posts in the NATO organisation. He therefore proposed to the Standing Group that a Defense College should be formed to fulfil this function. This proposal was agreed and the French Government set aside part of the historic Ecole Militaire building in Paris to house the college. The first course began in November 1951, some two years after the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty and since then fifteen courses have been held, each of approximately six months duration.The first Commandant was Admiral Lemonnier of France, who was succeeded by Air Marshal Sir Lawrence Darvall, R.A.F., Great Britain, Lieutenant General Clovis E. Byers, United States Army, Lieutenant General de Renzi, Italian Army, and Major General Estcourt, British Army. The present Commandant is Lieutenant General Ariburun of the Turkish Air Force.
Aerial Operations Planning in the United Kingdom
Authors: King Peter J. W. 
Published: July 2016

Sporadic commercial aerial spraying operations have been undertaken in the United Kingdom for more than a decade but only over the past two or three years has it been possible for companies to make a sustained attempt to plan their work in a way which will put operations on a self-supporting annual basis.Today, the degree to which an operator will plan his work is largely a matter for him to decide; there are few legislated requirements. The law as it stands specifically permits the work of the agricultural operator and leaves him—in the main—to order his affairs as he thinks proper. However, it cannot be long before the incidence of accidents and public anxiety about the effects of drifting chemicals brings about a change in the official attitude towards the Industry. Looking ahead we must expect some form of licensing to be introduced, which will require all operators to meet a standard set by the Ministries of Aviation and Agriculture.
Solar Probes
Authors: Greenwood S. W. 
Published: July 2016

The Soviet Deputy Premier, Mr. Anastas Mikoyan, is reported to have stated recently that Russia has a missile ready to “visit the Sun.“The Russians have been achieving a notable series of “firsts” in space exploration, and this statement may have led some to speculate on whether they will be the first to reach the Sun.It is, of course, strictly impossible to talk in terms of hitting or reaching the Sun, as it has no solid surface. Indeed the streams of matter and radiation it emits travel out into space beyond the orbit of our planet. However, for practical purposes the Sun is opaque over a diameter of just under a million miles, and this constitutes a generally agreed boundary for purposes of such a study as this.Conditions on the bodies that constitute the Solar system are dominated by the Sun, and this alone would justify the continued examination of its behaviour. Additional justification is provided by the fundamental knowledge of matter obtained through observing the Sun and its radiated energy.
Current Problems in Aero Engine Design
Authors: Moult E. S. 
Published: July 2016

I am deeply appreciative of the great honour you have bestowed upon me in asking me to address you tonight. When Louis Bleriot made his memorable flight I was a boy of six and, I am sorry to say, not yet at school. In fact, I had to wait until I was nine to see my first aeroplane which, believe it or not, was a Bleriot monoplane fitted with a Gnome engine and flown by another pioneer aviator, B. C. Hucks.The simplicity of the aircraft and the apparent ease of flight made a deep impression on my boyish imagination. So much so that the same imagination was quite affronted when it first saw the pusher biplanes with which we prepared to fight the First World War. Having had nothing to do with it, I can now claim it took a further 25 years for the advancing march of aviation finally to confirm my childish fancy!
The Airline Pilot's View
Authors: Miles E. C. 
Published: July 2016

Before examining the Airline Pilot's views on Flight Safety, a brief look at this Airline Pilot will be taken to get a rough idea of the viewpoint from which he speaks.The Chairman, in his opening remarks, referred to pioneering. In the early days of aviation the pilot was a pioneer, and as such he had to take risks. At the present time, and in some parts of the world many years ago, the pioneering adventure of flying has grown up into a serious transport industry, and the airline pilot has grown up with it. Today, the airline pilot is an executive of that transport industry; a highly skilled employee or a highly specialised manager depending on the way you look at him.
A History of the Development of Flight Refuelling
Authors: Miller J. A. 
Published: July 2016

Whenever a new and truly great idea is put forward for the first time it is usually received with scorn and derision by those whom it directly concerns. Such was the initial reception of the idea of refuelling aircraft in flight.Soon after the First World War air carnivals became very popular around the flying fields of the United States of America and it was in a search for new stunts that two intrepid fliers hit on the idea of transferring fuel by hose pipe from one aircraft to another. The two single-seater aeroplanes flew one above the other, the upper one carrying the extra fuel; in order to transfer it the pilot threw a length of hose overboard leaving it trailing behind him. The receiver aircraft then manoeuvred into position and the pilot caught the hose and put the nozzle into his reserve fuel tank. When a small quantity of fuel had been transferred, he pulled out the hose and threw it clear of his aircraft, leaving the donor aircraft to haul it in.
Konstruktion eines Sprachstandserhebungsverfahrens für Kinder im Alter zwischen 3 und 5 Jahren
Authors: Rißling Julia-Katharina , Melzer Jessica , Petermann Franz 
Published: July 2016

Zusammenfassung. Umschriebene Entwicklungsstörungen des Sprechens und der Sprache gehören zu den häufigsten Entwicklungsstörungen und beeinträchtigen die psychosoziale, kognitive und schulische Entwicklung eines Kindes. Insbesondere im Vorschulalter gewinnt die Diagnostik sprachlicher Kompetenzen zunehmend an Bedeutung. Die Anforderungen an eine valide Diagnostik gestalten sich vor dem Hintergrund der Heterogenität der Symptomatik und der Abhängigkeit vom Alter der Kinder entsprechend komplex. Vor diesem Hintergrund wurde der Sprachstandserhebungstest für Kinder im Alter zwischen 3 und 5 Jahren (SET 3 – 5) entwickelt, der eine umfassende Beurteilung sprachlicher Kompetenzen ermöglicht. Es werden die Ergebnisse der Konstruktionsstichprobe des Verfahrens berichtet. Hierfür wurden 316 Kinder im Alter von 3;0 bis 5;11 Jahren mit dem SET 3 – 5 überprüft. Die Aufgabenanalyse zeigt gute Itemschwierigkeiten und Itemtrennschärfen im mittleren bis hohen Bereich. Die internen Konsistenzen (Cronbachs Alpha) sind ebenfalls als zufriedenstellend bis gut zu bewerten.
Ein Blick in die Black-Box
Authors: Holzberger Doris , Philipp Anja , Kunter Mareike 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Zwar konnte bisherige Forschung bereits zeigen, dass intrinsische motivationale Orientierungen von Lehrkräften im Zusammenhang mit günstigen Ergebnisvariablen (z. B. Unterrichtsqualität oder Schülermotivation) stehen, mögliche Wirkmechanismen sind jedoch noch wenig erforscht. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie ist es, diese vermittelnden Prozesse am Beispiel des Unterrichtsenthusiasmus von Lehrkräften zu untersuchen. Es wird angenommen, dass angehende Lehrkräfte mit hohem Unterrichtsenthusiasmus quantitativ (höhere Intensität) und qualitativ (Nutzung von unterrichtsbezogenen Lerngelegenheiten) anderes Arbeitsverhalten zeigen, was zu besserem Unterricht führt. Die Variablen wurden bei 362 deutschen Lehramtsanwärter(inne)n in der Mitte ihres zweijährigen Vorbereitungsdienstes per Fragebogen erhoben. Latente Mediatoranalysen belegen eine Teilmediation durch die Intensität ebenso wie die Nutzung von Lerngelegenheiten auf kognitive Aktivierung und emotionale Aspekte des Unterrichtshandelns. Die Ergebnisse stellen einen ersten Hinweis auf mediierende Variablen im Zusammenhang zwischen intrinsischen motivationalen Orientierungen und Unterrichtshandeln dar.
Dual function of partitioning-defective 3 in the regulation of YAP phosphorylation and activation
Authors: Zhang Peng , Wang Shuting , Wang Sai , Qiao Jing , Zhang Lei , Zhang Zhe , Chen Zhengjun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPartitioning-defective 3 (Par3), a key component of the evolutionarily conserved polarity PAR complex (Par3/Par6/aPKC), controls cell polarity and contributes to cell migration, proliferation and tumor development. Emerging evidence indicates that cell polarity proteins function as upstream modulators that regulate the Hippo pathway. However, little is known about Par3’s involvement in the Hippo pathway. Here, we find Par3 and YAP dynamically co-localize in different subcellular compartments; that is, the membrane, cytoplasm and nucleus, in a cell-density-dependent manner. Interestingly, Par3 knockdown promotes YAP phosphorylation, leading to a significant impairment of YAP nuclear translocation at low cell density, but not at high density, in MDCK cells. Furthermore, via its third PDZ domain, Par3 directly binds to the PDZ-binding motif of YAP. The interaction is required for regulating YAP phosphorylation and nuclear localization. Mechanistically, Par3, as a scaffold protein, associates with LATS1 and protein phosphatase 1, α subunit (PP1A) in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Par3 promotes the dephosphorylation of LATS1 and YAP, thus enhancing YAP activation and cell proliferation. Strikingly, we also find that under the condition of PP1A knockdown, Par3 expression promotes YAP hyperphosphorylation, leading to the suppression of YAP activity and its downstream targets. Par3 expression results in differential effects on YAP phosphorylation and activation in different tumor cell lines. These findings indicate that Par3 may have a dual role in regulating the activation of the Hippo pathway, in a manner possibly dependent on cellular context or cell type in response to cell–cell contact and cell polarity signals.
Selective catalytic two-step process for ethylene glycol from carbon monoxide
Authors: Dong Kaiwu , Elangovan Saravanakumar , Sang Rui , Spannenberg Anke , Jackstell Ralf , Junge Kathrin , Li Yuehui , Beller Matthias 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUpgrading C1 chemicals (for example, CO, CO/H2, MeOH and CO2) with C–C bond formation is essential for the synthesis of bulk chemicals. In general, these industrially important processes (for example, Fischer Tropsch) proceed at drastic reaction conditions (>250 °C; high pressure) and suffer from low selectivity, which makes high capital investment necessary and requires additional purifications. Here, a different strategy for the preparation of ethylene glycol (EG) via initial oxidative coupling and subsequent reduction is presented. Separating coupling and reduction steps allows for a completely selective formation of EG (99%) from CO. This two-step catalytic procedure makes use of a Pd-catalysed oxycarbonylation of amines to oxamides at room temperature (RT) and subsequent Ru- or Fe-catalysed hydrogenation to EG. Notably, in the first step the required amines can be efficiently reused. The presented stepwise oxamide-mediated coupling provides the basis for a new strategy for selective upgrading of C1 chemicals.
Temperature mediates continental-scale diversity of microbes in forest soils
Authors: Zhou Jizhong , Deng Ye , Shen Lina , Wen Chongqing , Yan Qingyun , Ning Daliang , Qin Yujia , Xue Kai , Wu Liyou , He Zhili , Voordeckers James W. , Nostrand Joy D. Van , Buzzard Vanessa , Michaletz Sean T. , Enquist Brian J. , Weiser Michael D. , Kaspari Michael , Waide Robert , Yang Yunfeng , Brown James H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractClimate warming is increasingly leading to marked changes in plant and animal biodiversity, but it remains unclear how temperatures affect microbial biodiversity, particularly in terrestrial soils. Here we show that, in accordance with metabolic theory of ecology, taxonomic and phylogenetic diversity of soil bacteria, fungi and nitrogen fixers are all better predicted by variation in environmental temperature than pH. However, the rates of diversity turnover across the global temperature gradients are substantially lower than those recorded for trees and animals, suggesting that the diversity of plant, animal and soil microbial communities show differential responses to climate change. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study demonstrating that the diversity of different microbial groups has significantly lower rates of turnover across temperature gradients than other major taxa, which has important implications for assessing the effects of human-caused changes in climate, land use and other factors.
A neomorphic cancer cell-specific role of MAGE-A4 in trans-lesion synthesis
Authors: Gao Yanzhe , Mutter-Rottmayer Elizabeth , Greenwalt Alicia M. , Goldfarb Dennis , Yan Feng , Yang Yang , Martinez-Chacin Raquel C. , Pearce Kenneth H. , Tateishi Satoshi , Major Michael B. , Vaziri Cyrus 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTrans-lesion synthesis (TLS) is an important DNA-damage tolerance mechanism that permits ongoing DNA synthesis in cells harbouring damaged genomes. The E3 ubiquitin ligase RAD18 activates TLS by promoting recruitment of Y-family DNA polymerases to sites of DNA-damage-induced replication fork stalling. Here we identify the cancer/testes antigen melanoma antigen-A4 (MAGE-A4) as a tumour cell-specific RAD18-binding partner and an activator of TLS. MAGE-A4 depletion from MAGE-A4-expressing cancer cells destabilizes RAD18. Conversely, ectopic expression of MAGE-A4 (in cell lines lacking endogenous MAGE-A4) promotes RAD18 stability. DNA-damage-induced mono-ubiquitination of the RAD18 substrate PCNA is attenuated by MAGE-A4 silencing. MAGE-A4-depleted cells fail to resume DNA synthesis normally following ultraviolet irradiation and accumulate γH2AX, thereby recapitulating major hallmarks of TLS deficiency. Taken together, these results demonstrate a mechanism by which reprogramming of ubiquitin signalling in cancer cells can influence DNA damage tolerance and probably contribute to an altered genomic landscape.
Global changes of the RNA-bound proteome during the maternal-to-zygotic transition in Drosophila
Authors: Sysoev Vasiliy O. , Fischer Bernd , Frese Christian K. , Gupta Ishaan , Krijgsveld Jeroen , Hentze Matthias W. , Castello Alfredo , Ephrussi Anne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe maternal-to-zygotic transition (MZT) is a process that occurs in animal embryos at the earliest developmental stages, during which maternally deposited mRNAs and other molecules are degraded and replaced by products of the zygotic genome. The zygotic genome is not activated immediately upon fertilization, and in the pre-MZT embryo post-transcriptional control by RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) orchestrates the first steps of development. To identify relevant Drosophila RBPs organism-wide, we refined the RNA interactome capture method for comparative analysis of the pre- and post-MZT embryos. We determine 523 proteins as high-confidence RBPs, half of which were not previously reported to bind RNA. Comparison of the RNA interactomes of pre- and post-MZT embryos reveals high dynamicity of the RNA-bound proteome during early development, and suggests active regulation of RNA binding of some RBPs. This resource provides unprecedented insight into the system of RBPs that govern the earliest steps of Drosophila development.
Engineering biosynthesis of the anticancer alkaloid noscapine in yeast
Authors: Li Yanran , Smolke Christina D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractNoscapine is a potential anticancer drug isolated from the opium poppy Papaver somniferum, and genes encoding enzymes responsible for the synthesis of noscapine have been recently discovered to be clustered on the genome of P. somniferum. Here, we reconstitute the noscapine gene cluster in Saccharomyces cerevisiae to achieve the microbial production of noscapine and related pathway intermediates, complementing and extending previous in planta and in vitro investigations. Our work provides structural validation of the secoberberine intermediates and the description of the narcotoline-4′-O-methyltransferase, suggesting this activity is catalysed by a unique heterodimer. We also reconstitute a 14-step biosynthetic pathway of noscapine from the simple alkaloid norlaudanosoline by engineering a yeast strain expressing 16 heterologous plant enzymes, achieving reconstitution of a complex plant pathway in a microbial host. Other engineered yeasts produce previously inaccessible pathway intermediates and a novel derivative, thereby advancing protoberberine and noscapine related drug discovery.