bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GCM‐related uncertainty in forecasting irrigation and design water requirement for paddy rice fields
Authors: Lee Sang‐Hyun , Yoo Seung‐Hwan , Choi Jin‐Yong , Hwang Syewoon 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTThe aim of this study is to identify the global circulation model (GCM)‐related uncertainties regarding the climate‐change impacts that affect the water management in paddy rice fields. The crop evapotranspiration, effective rainfall, net irrigation water requirement (NIWR), and design water requirement (DWR) were simulated from 1981 to 2100 using 36 climate‐change outputs of 23 GCMs. In particular, the DWR indicates the NIWR of a drought with a 10‐year return period, which is used for the design of an agricultural reservoir in the Republic of Korea. The NIWR is the main factor for determining irrigation water supply and managing agricultural water resource. The average changes of the NIWR compared with the periods from 1981 to 2014 are from 5.2 to 8.3% in the central region and from 3.2 to 6.1% in the southern region under RCP (representative concentration pathways) 4.5. The largest increase from the average NIWR was simulated by the MIROC‐ESM (745.8 mm year−1). These results showed that the selection of GCM could lead to overestimates or underestimates of the potential impacts of climate change. Therefore, water managers should consider that each GCM simulated a different NIWR to enable the application of the appropriate GCMs for drought management, water‐resource development, or irrigation supply. Under the GCMS variations, an NIWR was identified, thereby allowing for a DWR estimation for which multi‐GCMs were used. Under RCP 4.5, the DWR gradually increased in future periods compared with the trends from 1981 to 2014, and the average rates increased 9.4% and 6.0% in the central and southern regions, respectively. The results showed that if the capacity of an agricultural water‐resource facility is maintained at its present status, an increase of the DWR may lead to water‐supply shortage.
Isocyanate‐Free, UV‐Crosslinked Poly(Hydroxyurethane) Networks: A Sustainable Approach toward Highly Functional Antibacterial Gels
Authors: Hua Geng , Odelius Karin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAn increased sustainabile awarness has inspired the development of new polymeric networks in a remarkable way and this strive should be combined with environmentally concerned end‐uses. Therefore, a UV‐crosslinked polyhydroxyurethane film with antibacterial properties is developed. First, a hydroxyurethane precursor is synthesized using aminolysis condensation, circumventing the use of isocyanates. The films are subsequently crosslinked under solvent‐free conditions through a UV‐triggered thiol‐ene mechanism. The reactions are monitored by 1H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy, and the networks have gel contents above 90%, and are transparent, hydrophilic, and highly flexible. Antibacterial properties are achieved by a controlled quaternization of the network's tertiary‐amine and methylation of thiol‐ether functionality, resulting in quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) and sulfonium compounds. The antibacterial properties are evaluated against both Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus using the agar plate diffusion and tube shaking methods. The QAC‐loaded films exhibit outstanding bactericide properties (>99.9%) and the antibacterial mechanism is demonstrated to be a dual killing mechanism, i.e., diffusion killing and contact active killing.
Design of Random and Semi‐Random Conjugated Polymers for Organic Solar Cells
Authors: Howard Jenna B. , Thompson Barry C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSignificant effort has been devoted to the improvement of organic solar cell performance via the optimization of polymer structure. The expanding scope of conjugated polymer design extends from novel monomers to side‐chain and backbone engineering. These efforts target desired properties for optimal organic photovoltaic performance, including electronic aspects such as optical band gaps, frontier orbital levels, and charge carrier mobilities, as well as physical aspects such as surface energy. Perfectly alternating, donor‐acceptor copolymers represent the state‐of‐the‐art, having low band gaps and demonstrating record efficiencies. However, recent reports indicate significant potential by introducing some degree of randomization to donor‐acceptor copolymers. Specifically, semi‐random copolymers have demonstrated promising photovoltaic performance through incorporation of small ratios of acceptor monomers into a donor‐dominant polymer backbone. Semi‐random polymers have also been found uniquely suited to the optimization of ternary blend solar cells, which benefit from highly tunable randomized structures by means of energy level matching, complementary optical absorption, and directed polymer‐polymer miscibility via surface energy tuning. In this trend article the scope of random and semi‐random polymers, many based on poly(3‐hexyl thiophene), is explored, primarily in the context of solar cell applications. Distinctions between regimes of random copolymers are also defined and discussed.
Electric and Mechanical Switching of Ferroelectric and Resistive States in Semiconducting BaTiO3–δ Films on Silicon
Authors: Gómez Andrés , Vila‐Fungueiriño José Manuel , Moalla Rahma , Saint‐Girons Guillaume , Gázquez Jaume , Varela María , Bachelet Romain , Gich Martí , Rivadulla Francisco , Carretero‐Genevrier Adrián 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMaterials that can couple electrical and mechanical properties constitute a key element of smart actuators, energy harvesters, or many sensing devices. Within this class, functional oxides display specific mesoscale responses which often result in great sensitivity to small external stimuli. Here, a novel combination of molecular beam epitaxy and a water‐based chemical‐solution method is used for the design of mechanically controlled multilevel device integrated on silicon. In particular, the possibility of adding extra functionalities to a ferroelectric oxide heterostructure by n‐doping and nanostructuring a BaTiO3 thin film on Si(001) is explored. It is found that the ferroelectric polarization can be reversed, and resistive switching can be measured, upon a mechanical load in epitaxial BaTiO3−δ/La0.7Sr0.3MnO3/SrTiO3/Si columnar nanostructures. A flexoelectric effect is found, stemming from substantial strain gradients that can be created with moderate loads. Simultaneously, mechanical effects on the local conductivity can be used to modulate a nonvolatile resistive state of the BaTiO3−δ heterostructure. As a result, three different configurations of the system become accessible on top of the usual voltage reversal of polarization and resistive states.
Piconewton‐Scale Analysis of Ras‐BRaf Signal Transduction with Single‐Molecule Force Spectroscopy
Authors: Lim Chae‐Seok , Wen Cheng , Sheng Yanghui , Wang Guangfu , Zhou Zhuan , Wang Shiqiang , Zhang Huaye , Ye Anpei , Zhu J. Julius 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntermolecular interactions dominate the behavior of signal transduction in various physiological and pathological cell processes, yet assessing these interactions remains a challenging task. Here, this study reports a single‐molecule force spectroscopic method that enables functional delineation of two interaction sites (≈35 pN and ≈90 pN) between signaling effectors Ras and BRaf in the canonical mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. This analysis reveals mutations on BRaf at Q257 and A246, two sites frequently linked to cardio‐faciocutaneous syndrome, result in ≈10−30 pN alterations in RasBRaf intermolecular binding force. The magnitude of changes in RasBRaf binding force correlates with the size of alterations in protein affinity and in α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methyl‐4‐isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA)‐sensitive glutamate receptor (‐R)‐mediated synaptic transmission in neurons expressing replacement BRaf mutants, and predicts the extent of learning impairments in animals expressing replacement BRaf mutants. These results establish single‐molecule force spectroscopy as an effective platform for evaluating the piconewton‐level interaction of signaling molecules and predicting the behavior outcome of signal transduction.
Crosstalk between transcription and metabolism: how much enzyme is enough for a cell?
Authors: Donati Stefano , Sander Timur , Link Hannes 
Published: August 2017

Cells employ various mechanisms for dynamic control of enzyme expression. An important mechanism is mutual feedback—or crosstalk—between transcription and metabolism. As recently suggested, enzyme levels are often much higher than absolutely needed to maintain metabolic flux. However, given the potential burden of high enzyme levels it seems likely that cells control enzyme expression to meet other cellular objectives. In this review, we discuss whether crosstalk between metabolism and transcription could inform cells about how much enzyme is optimal for various fitness aspects. Two major problems should be addressed in order to understand optimization of enzyme levels by crosstalk. First, mapping of metabolite–protein interactions will be crucial to obtain a better mechanistic understanding of crosstalk. Second, investigating cellular objectives that define optimal enzyme levels can reveal the functional relevance of crosstalk. We present recent studies that approach these problems, drawing from experimental transcript and metabolite data, and from theoretical network analyses. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2018, 10:e1396. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1396This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Metabolism
Laboratory Methods and Technologies > Metabolomics
Biological Mechanisms > Regulatory Biology
Human Rights Diffusion in North Korea: The Impact of Transnational Legal Mobilization
Authors: GOEDDE Patricia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article asks how legal mechanisms are employed outside of North Korea to achieve human rights diffusion in the country; to what extent these result in human rights diffusion in North Korea; and whether measures beyond accountability can be pursued in tandem for more productive engagement. Specifically, it examines how the North Korean government has interacted with the globalized legal regime of human rights vis-à-vis the UN and details the legal processes and implications of the UN Commission of Inquiry report, including domestic legislation, and evidence collection. While transnational legal mobilization has gathered momentum on the accountability side, it is significantly weaker in terms of achieving human rights protection within North Korea given the government’s perception of current human rights discourse as part of an externally produced war repertoire. Thus, efforts to engage the North Korean population and government require concurrent reframing of human rights discourse into more localized and relatable contexts.
A tetrapod swimming traceway from the Triassic of Winterswijk, the Netherlands
Authors: Schulp Anne S. , Bleeker Remco W. , Haarhuis Adam , van Spronsen Edwin , During Melanie A. D. , Goris Gerard , Kaskes Pim , Matteman Yuri , Winkelhorst Wout , Winkelhorst Herman 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe describe a tetrapod swimming traceway from the Middle Triassic Vossenveld Formation of the Netherlands. Forty-five individual traces, each consisting of two parallel claw drag marks, were followed over 9 m in a roughly east–west direction. The asymmetry of the traceway geometry indicates the trace maker negotiated a lateral current. The trace maker could not be identified, but the traces described here are markedly different fromDikoposichnustraces attributed to swimming nothosaurs.
Vegetation and environmental changes at the Middle Stone Age site of Wonderkrater, Limpopo, South Africa
Authors: Puech Elysandre , Urrego Dunia H. , Sánchez Goñi María Fernanda , Backwell Lucinda , d’Erricoc Francesco 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWonderkrater, a Middle Stone Age site in the interior of South Africa, is a spring and peat mound featuring both paleoclimatic and archaeological records. The site preserves three small MSA lithic assemblages with age estimates of 30 ka, >45 ka and 138.01±7.7 ka. Here we present results of the pollen analysis of a core retrieved from the middle of the peat mound, which covers, with hiatuses, the timespan between ca. 70±10 ka and 30 ka. Pollen percentages of terrestrial, local aquatic, and semi-aquatic plants reveal changes in the regional climate and in the water table of the spring. Results identify regional wet conditions at ca. 70±10 ka, followed by a dry and a wet period between 60 ka and 30 ka. Superimposed on these three phases, recurring changes in the size and depth of the water table are observed between >45 ka and 30 ka. Wet conditions at 70 ka and 30 ka are tentatively correlated here with Marine Isotope Stage 4 and Heinrich Stadial 3, respectively. A warm and dry savanna landscape was present during human occupation older than 45 ka, and a wet phase was contemporaneous with the final occupation, dated at ~30 ka.
Telephone versus Online Survey Modes for Election Studies: Comparing Canadian Public Opinion and Vote Choice in the 2015 Federal Election
Authors: Breton Charles , Cutler Fred , Lachance Sarah , Mierke-Zatwarnicki Alex 
Published: August 2017

AbstractElection studies must optimize on sample size, cost and data quality. The 2015 Canadian Election Study was the first CES to employ a full mixed-mode design, aiming to take advantage of the opportunities of each mode while preserving enough commonality to compare them. This paper examines the phone interviews conducted by ISR-York and the online questionnaires from panellists purchased from a sample provider. We compare data quality and representativeness. We conduct a comprehensive comparison of the distributions of responses across modes and a comparative analysis of inferences about voting. We find that the cost/power advantages of the online mode will likely make it the mode of choice for subsequent election studies.
Posterior translacrimal approach to the maxillary sinus
Authors: Dönmez D , Giotakis E , Hosemann W G , Kühnel T S , Hirt B , Weber R K 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground:This study aimed to compare the view into the maxillary sinus using the posterior translacrimal approach compared with grade 3 antrostomy.Methods:Grade 3 antrostomy followed by a posterior translacrimal approach was performed on four cadavers. The maximum intramaxillary view was documented endoscopically guided by electromagnetic navigation. Representative screenshots were evaluated in a blinded manner by three independent sinus surgeons. In addition, a prospective investigation of specific complications in the post-operative course of consecutive patients was performed.Results:In the cadaver study, the posterior translacrimal approach provided a significantly better view into the maxillary sinus compared with grade 3 antrostomy. In the clinical study, only 1 out of 20 patients reported on a minor problem with lacrimal drainage at 6 months.Conclusion:The posterior translacrimal approach to visualising the maxillary sinus should be considered a strong alternative to more radical techniques.
The relationship between lung function and the clinical and histopathological features in Chinese patients with nasal polyps
Authors: Zhao Q L , Yu L , Zhi L L , Jin P , Zi X X , Zhao L , Li A , Tu Y Y , Shi L , Zhang H P 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjective:To investigate lung function in Chinese patients suffering from chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and examine its association with histopathological features.Methods:The lung function of 99 patients with nasal polyps was measured. Haematoxylin and eosin and immunohistochemistry staining were performed to evaluate any inflammatory cells and epithelial tissue remodelling.Results:Predicted maximal expiratory flow rate at 25 per cent vital capacity was reduced (p< 0.05) in epithelial hyperplasia, and predicted maximal expiratory flow rate at 50 per cent vital capacity was reduced (p< 0.05) in goblet cell hyperplasia. Both peripheral blood eosinophilia and tissue eosinophilia nasal polyps manifested significantly reduced: forced expiratory volume in 1 second/forced vital capacity ratio, predicted maximal expiratory flow rate at 25, 50 and 75 per cent of vital capacity, and predicted maximal mid-expiratory flow. Peripheral blood eosinophils were negatively correlated with predicted maximal expiratory flow rate at 25 and 50 per cent of vital capacity, and predicted maximal mid-expiratory flow. Eosinophils in tissue were negatively correlated with all lung function parameters investigated except predicted forced vital capacity.Conclusion:Clinicians should be aware of lung function decline in nasal polyps patients, especially in those with tissue eosinophilia.
Detecting signatures of past pathogen selection on human HLA loci: are there needles in the haystack?
Authors: Penman Bridget S. , Gupta Sunetra 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHuman leucocyte antigens (HLAs) are responsible for the display of peptide fragments for recognition by T-cell receptors. The gene family encoding them is thus integral to human adaptive immunity, and likely to be under strong pathogen selection. Despite this, it has proved difficult to demonstrate specific examples of pathogen–HLA coevolution. Selection from multiple pathogens simultaneously could explain why the evolutionary signatures of particular pathogens on HLAs have proved elusive. Here, we present an individual-based model of HLA evolution in the presence of two mortality-causing pathogens. We demonstrate that it is likely that individual pathogen species causing high mortality have left recognizable signatures on the HLA genomic region, despite more than one pathogen being present. Such signatures are likely to exist at the whole-population level, and involve haplotypic combinations of HLA genes rather than single loci.
A Descriptive Analysis of Traction Splint Utilization and IV Analgesia by Emergency Medical Services
Authors: Nackenson Joshua , Baez Amado A. , Meizoso Jonathan P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractStudy ObjectivesTraction splinting has been the prehospital treatment of midshaft femur fracture as early as the battlefield of the First World War (1914-1918). This study is the assessment of these injuries and the utilization of a traction splint (TS) in blunt and penetrating trauma, as well as intravenous (IV) analgesia utilization by Emergency Medical Services (EMS) in Miami, Florida (USA).MethodsThis is a retrospective study of patients who sustained a midshaft femur fracture in the absence of multiple other severe injuries or severe physiologic derangement, as defined by an injury severity score (ISS) <20 and a triage revised trauma score (T-RTS)≥10, who presented to an urban, Level 1 trauma center between September 2008 and September 2013. The EMS patient care reports were assessed for physical exam findings and treatment modality. Data were analyzed descriptively and statistical differences were assessed using odds ratios and Z-score with significance set at P≤.05.ResultsThere were 170 patients studied in the cohort. The most common physical exam finding was a deformity +/- shortening and rotation in 136 patients (80.0%), followed by gunshot wound (GSW) in 22 patients (13.0%), pain or tenderness in four patients (2.4%), and no findings consistent with femur fracture in three patients (1.7%). The population was dichotomized between trauma type: blunt versus penetrating. Of 134 blunt trauma patients, 50 (37.0%) were immobilized in traction, and of the 36 penetrating trauma victims, one (2.7%) was immobilized in traction. Statistically significant differences were found in the application of a TS in blunt trauma when compared to penetrating trauma (OR=20.83; 95% CI, 2.77-156.8; P <.001). Intravenous analgesia was administered to treat pain in only 35 (22.0%) of the patients who had obtainable IV access. Of these patients, victims of blunt trauma were more likely to receive IV analgesia (OR=6.23; 95% CI, 1.42-27.41; P=.0067).ConclusionAlthough signs of femur fracture are recognized in the majority of cases of midshaft femur fracture, only 30% of patients were immobilized using a TS. Statistically significant differences were found in the utilization of a TS and IV analgesia administration in the setting of blunt trauma when compared to penetrating trauma.NackensonJ, BaezAA, MeizosoJP. A descriptive analysis of traction splint utilization and IV analgesia by Emergency Medical Services.Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):631–635.
A Comparison of Paramedic First Pass Endotracheal Intubation Success Rate of the VividTrac VT-A 100, GlideScope Ranger, and Direct Laryngoscopy Under Simulated Prehospital Cervical Spinal Immobilization Conditions in a Cadaveric Model
Authors: Hodnick Ryan , Zitek Tony , Galster Kellen , Johnson Stephen , Bledsoe Bryan , Ebbs Daniel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe primary goal of this study was to compare paramedic first pass success rate between two different video laryngoscopes and direct laryngoscopy (DL) under simulated prehospital conditions in a cadaveric model.MethodsThis was a non-randomized, group-controlled trial in which five non-embalmed, non-frozen cadavers were intubated under prehospital spinal immobilization conditions using DL and with both the GlideScope Ranger (GL; Verathon Inc, Bothell, Washington USA) and the VividTrac VT-A100 (VT; Vivid Medical, Palo Alto, California USA). Participants had to intubate each cadaver with each of the three devices (DL, GL, or VT) in a randomly assigned order. Paramedics were given 31 seconds for an intubation attempt and a maximum of three attempts per device to successfully intubate each cadaver. Confirmation of successful endotracheal intubation (ETI) was confirmed by one of the six on-site physicians.ResultsSuccessful ETI within three attempts across all devices occurred 99.5% of the time overall and individually 98.5% of the time for VT, 100.0% of the time for GL, and 100.0% of the time for DL. First pass success overall was 64.4%. Individually, first pass success was 60.0% for VT, 68.8% for GL, and 64.5% for DL. A chi-square test revealed no statistically significant difference amongst the three devices for first pass success rates (P=.583). Average time to successful intubation was 42.2 seconds for VT, 38.0 seconds for GL, and 33.7 for seconds for DL. The average number of intubation attempts for each device were as follows: 1.48 for VT, 1.40 for GL, and 1.42 for DL.ConclusionThe was no statistically significant difference in first pass or overall successful ETI rates between DL and video laryngoscopy (VL) with either the GL or VT (adult).HodnickR, ZitekT, GalsterK, JohnsonS, BledsoeB, EbbsD. A comparison of paramedic first pass endotracheal intubation success rate of the VividTrac VT-A 100, GlideScope Ranger, and direct laryngoscopy under simulated prehospital cervical spinal immobilization conditions in a cadaveric model. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(6):621–624.