bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bonobos Maintain Immune System Diversity with Three Functional Types of MHC-B
Authors: Wroblewski Emily E. , Guethlein Lisbeth A. , Norman Paul J. , Li Yingying , Shaw Christiana M. , Han Alex S. , Ndjango Jean-Bosco N. , Ahuka-Mundeke Steve , Georgiev Alexander V. , Peeters Martine , Hahn Beatrice H. , Parham Peter 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Fast-evolving MHC class I polymorphism serves to diversify NK cell and CD8 T cell responses in individuals, families, and populations. Because only chimpanzee and bonobo have strict orthologs of all HLA class I, their study gives unique perspectives on the human condition. We defined polymorphism of Papa-B, the bonobo ortholog of HLA-B, for six wild bonobo populations. Sequences for Papa-B exon 2 and 3 were determined from the genomic DNA in 255 fecal samples, minimally representing 110 individuals. Twenty-two Papa-B alleles were defined, each encoding a different Papa-B protein. No Papa-B is identical to any chimpanzee Patr-B, human HLA-B, or gorilla Gogo-B. Phylogenetic analysis identified a clade of MHC-B, defined by residues 45–74 of the α1 domain, which is broadly conserved among bonobo, chimpanzee, and gorilla. Bonobo populations have 3–14 Papa-B allotypes. Three Papa-B are in all populations, and they are each of a different functional type: allotypes having the Bw4 epitope recognized by killer cell Ig-like receptors of NK cells, allotypes having the C1 epitope also recognized by killer cell Ig-like receptors, and allotypes having neither epitope. For population Malebo, these three Papa-B are the only Papa-B allotypes. Although small in number, their sequence divergence is such that the nucleotide diversity (mean proportional distance) of Papa-B in Malebo is greater than in the other populations and is also greater than expected for random combinations of three Papa-B. Overall, Papa-B has substantially less diversity than Patr-B in chimpanzee subspecies and HLA-B in indigenous human populations, consistent with bonobo having experienced narrower population bottlenecks.
Characterization of the B Cell Receptor Repertoire in the Intestinal Mucosa and of Tumor-Infiltrating Lymphocytes in Colorectal Adenoma and Carcinoma
Authors: Zhang Wei , Feng Qiang , Wang Changxi , Zeng Xiaojing , Du Yuanping , Lin Liya , Wu Jinghua , Fu Longfei , Yang Kai , Xu Xiaoying , Xu Hanshi , Zhao Yi , Li Xuemei , Schoenauer Ursula Huber , Stadlmayr Andreas , Saksena Nitin K. , Tilg Herbert , Datz Christian , Liu Xiao 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The B cells inhabited in mucosa play a vital role in mediating homeostasis with autoantigens and external Ags. Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes are potential prognostic markers and therapeutic agents for cancer. However, the spatial heterogeneity of the B cell repertoire in intestinal mucosa and the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain poorly understood. In this study, we developed an unbiased method to amplify the IgH repertoire, as well as a bioinformatic pipeline to process these high-throughput sequencing data. With biopsies from seven intestinal mucosal segments, we uncovered their strong spatial homogeneity among the large intestine, where the clone overlap rate was up to 62.21%. The heterogeneity between terminal ileum and large intestine was also observed, including discrepant isotype distribution and low clone overlap rate. With tumor and adjacent normal mucosal tissues from CRC and colorectal advanced adenoma (AD) patients, we observed a similar IgH profile between tumor and adjacent normal mucosal tissues in AD, as well as a slight difference in CRC. Interestingly, we found distinct repertoire properties in the CRC tumor from AD and normal mucosa. Finally, we identified 1445 public clones for the normal mucosa, and 22 public clones for the CRC tumor with characteristic features. These data may be of potential use in clinical prognosis, diagnosis, and treatment of CRC.
Has evolution ‘prepared’ us to deal with death? Paleoanthropological aspects of the enigma of <i>Homo naledi’s</i> disposal of their dead
Authors: Du Toit Cornel W. 
Published: March 2017

The Homo naledi discovery introduced questions that had not been previously posed regarding fossil finds. This is because, apart from their fascinating physiology, they seemingly deliberately disposed of their dead in a ritualised way. Although this theory may still be disproved in future, the present article provisionally accepts it. This evokes religious questions because it suggests the possibility of causal thinking, wilful and cooperative behaviour, and the possibility that this behaviour entails traces of proto-religious ideas. This poses the challenge to develop a hominin hermeneutics that endeavours to reconstruct the possible motivation behind this action. The relatively larger brain with its enlarged Broca’s area suggests the possibility of a sophisticated communication system and an enhanced way of dealing with emotion. We know that almost all life forms have some form of awareness and that more sophisticated degrees of consciousness may be present in the higher primates. Various ‘clues’ are investigated to try and understand the H. naledi phenomenon: lessons from chimpanzee studies, the implications of tool making for hominin development, the possibility of a proto-language and the role symbol formation may have played. The H. naledi case also indicates on a theological level that religion is natural. Some attention is given to this thesis. Biological and environmental factors come into play to illuminate biological factors like emotion and higher cognition without which religion would not be possible. Sophisticated cognition is coloured by affect (basic emotions are typical of all mammals) and this makes some form of reflection on the fate of loved ones who have died a strong possibility.
The post‐2002 global surface warming slowdown caused by the subtropical Southern Ocean heating acceleration
Authors: Oka A. , Watanabe M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe warming rate of global mean surface temperature slowed down during 1998–2012. Previous studies pointed out role of increasing ocean heat uptake during this global warming slowdown, but its mechanism remains under discussion. Our numerical simulations, in which wind stress anomaly in the equatorial Pacific is imposed from reanalysis data, suggest that subsurface warming in the equatorial Pacific took place during initial phase of the global warming slowdown (1998–2002), as previously reported. It is newly clarified that the Ekman transport from tropics to subtropics is enhanced during the later phase of the slowdown (after 2002) and enhanced subtropical Ekman downwelling causes accelerated heat storage below depth of 700 m in the subtropical Southern Ocean, leading to the post‐2002 global warming slowdown. Observational data of ocean temperature also support this scenario. This study provides clear evidence that deeper parts of the Southern Ocean play a critical role in the post‐2002 warming slowdown.
From Moment to Movement: Empowerment and Resilience as a Framework for Collective Action in Hong Kong
Authors: Chan Wing Y. , Cattaneo Lauren B. , Mak Winnie Wing Sze , Lin Wan‐Ying 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe Transconceptual Model of Empowerment and Resilience (American Journal of Community Psychology, 52, 2013, 333) suggests that a set of resilience and empowerment resources fuel both initial and sustained participation in collective action. Using the case study of a prodemocracy movement in Hong Kong, the present study focused on the subset of those resources that are relevant in ongoing collective action: efficacy, skills, and maintenance. As individuals possess varying combinations of these resources, the present study utilized latent profile analysis to test how patterns of empowerment and resilience resources influence initial and long‐term collective action. Five groups were identified: (a) Uncommitted/Uninspired; (b) Committed to Status Quo; (c) Mainstream Populist; (d) Empowered; and (e) Ambivalent. ANOVA and ANCOVA analyses found that there are significant group differences in initial and long‐term participation. Groups with higher level of resources reported greater levels of initial participation than their counterparts; however, high resource groups did not uniformly report greater levels of intention to participate in future collective action. Of the maintenance processes tested, collective identity emerged as a particularly important predictor differentiating initial and sustained participation. Findings from the present study raise questions about how individuals with multiple identities can come together and participate in collective action.
Independent adjudicator assessments of platelet refractoriness and rFVIIa efficacy in bleeding episodes and surgeries from the multinational Glanzmann's thrombasthenia registry
Authors: Recht Michael , Rajpurkar Madhvi , Chitlur Meera , d'Oiron Roseline , Zotz Rainer , Di Minno Giovanni , Cooper David L. , Poon Man‐Chiu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractGlanzmann's thrombasthenia (GT) is a rare congenital bleeding disorder associated with decreased platelet aggregation due to qualitative/quantitative deficiencies of the fibrinogen receptor. Severe bleeding episodes and perioperative bleeding are typically managed with platelet transfusions, although patients can develop anti‐platelet antibodies or experience clinical refractoriness. The GT Registry (GTR) was established to collect efficacy/safety data on hemostatic treatments for GT, including recombinant factor VIIa (rFVIIa). At the request of the United States Food and Drug Administration, three hematology experts evaluated platelet refractoriness, antibody status, and rFVIIa efficacy data on a case‐by‐case basis to support a potential indication for rFVIIa in GT. Adjudication included 195 patients with 810 events (619 severe bleeding episodes, 192 surgeries), and a consensus algorithm was developed to describe adjudicators' coding of refractoriness and antibody status based on treatment patterns over time. Most rFVIIa‐treated events were in patients without refractoriness or antibodies. Adjudicators rated most rFVIIa‐treated bleeding episodes as successful (251/266, 94.4%; rFVIIa only, 101/109, 92.7%; rFVIIa ± platelets ± other agents, 150/157, 95.5%); efficacy was consistent in patients with platelet refractoriness ± antibodies (75/79, 94.9%), antibodies only (10/10, 100.0%), and neither/unknown (166/177, 93.8%). Adjudicators also rated most rFVIIa‐treated surgeries as successful (159/160, 99.4%; rFVIIa only, 65/66, 98.5%; rFVIIa ± platelets ± other agents, 94/94, 100.0%); efficacy was consistent in patients with platelet refractoriness ± antibodies (69/70, 98.6%), antibodies only (24/24, 100.0%), and neither/unknown (66/66, 100.0%). Unblinding the adjudicators to investigator efficacy ratings changed few assessments. Doses of rFVIIa were narrowly distributed, regardless of other hemostatic agents used.
Buccal dental microwear texture and catarrhine diets
Authors: Aliaga‐Martínez Andrés , Romero Alejandro , Galbany Jordi , Hernández‐Aguilar R. Adriana , Pérez‐Pérez Alejandro 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesTwo‐dimensional dental microwear analyses on occlusal and nonocclusal enamel surfaces have been widely applied to reconstruct the feeding behaviors of extant primates and to infer ecological adaptations in fossil hominins. To date, analyses of dental microwear texture, using three‐dimensional, Scale‐Sensitive Fractal Analysis approaches has only been applied to occlusal surfaces. Here, for the first time, we apply this 3D proxy to buccal enamel surfaces of catarrhine primates of known feeding ecologies to assess the utility of nonocclusal microwear texture variables as indicators of dietary habits.Materials and MethodsBuccal microwear texture attributes were collected from high‐resolution second molar casts in a sample of seven extant African catarrhine taxa with differing dietary behaviors. A white‐light confocal microscope with a 100× objective lens was used to record six microwear texture variables that assess complexity, anisotropy, heterogeneity, and textural fill volume.ResultsThe physical properties and variation in hardness of ingested foods is reflected by significant differences in the microwear variables on buccal enamel surfaces between species, which is in agreement with early reports using 2D microwear signatures of the same samples. Species that consume hard brittle items showed high buccal enamel complexity and low anisotropy values, while folivorous species that consume tough foods revealed high anisotropy and low complexity enamel patterns.DiscussionBuccal microwear texture analysis on enamel surfaces clearly reflects diet‐related variation in nonhuman primates. Our findings indicate that microwear texture attributes on nonworking enamel surfaces provide an alternative procedure for reconstructing dietary behavior when wear facets on occlusal surfaces are lacking.
Feeding in fear? How adult male western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) adjust to predation and savanna habitat pressures
Authors: Lindshield Stacy , Danielson Brent J. , Rothman Jessica M. , Pruetz Jill D. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesWe evaluated risk‐sensitive foraging in adult male western chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes verus) occupying a savanna environment at Fongoli, Senegal. The aim of this study was to determine how the risks of predation and heat stress influenced their behavior while feeding on a key food, fruit of the baobab tree (Adansonia digitata).Materials and MethodsProximity of fruiting baobab trees to anthropogenic landmarks were compared to food intake, feeding rate, and behavioral indicators of fear in adult males (N = 11) at Fongoli. Additionally, we compared foraging to vegetative habitats, baobab ripe fruit nutritive quality, surface water availability, and foraging party composition.ResultsFruit abundance increased with proximity to anthropogenic landmarks, and chimpanzees exhibited higher frequencies of antipredator behaviors as they approached these risky areas. However, predation risk did not deter adult males from visiting these fruiting trees; instead, risky foraging bouts were associated with higher food intakes and longer feeding times. Additionally, higher feeding rates were observed in open‐canopy habitats, and this behavior may have minimized their risk of heat stress.ConclusionsAdaptations that minimize predation risk are widespread in mammalian prey species, but these traits are poorly understood in chimpanzees. Great apes encounter few nonhuman predators capable of successfully capturing and killing them; thus, such events are rarely observed. Although people rarely hunt chimpanzees in Senegal, we found that adult males perceived humans as predators and adjusted their behavior while foraging in risky habitats. From an applied perspective, risk‐taking behavior is important for understanding and mitigating the problem of crop‐feeding in locations where chimpanzees and humans live in sympatry.
Utilization of sequence variants as biomarkers to analyze population dynamics in cloned cell lines
Authors: Lin Tzihsuan Jennifer , Beal Kathryn M. , DeGruttola Heather S. , Brennan Steven , Marzilli Lisa A. , Anderson Karin 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe inherent nature of cloned CHO cell lines includes the presence of genetic and phenotypic drift that leads to heterogeneous populations. The genetic heterogeneity exhibited by these cells can be exploited to understand the population dynamics of cloned cell lines. Understanding the interplay between heterogeneity, cell culture conditions, and population dynamics will allow for critical assessment of overarching cell line development methods and strategies in terms of population and monoclonality. Sequence variants (SVs) are protein isoforms of the gene‐of‐interest that contain unintended amino acid substitutions, extensions, or truncations that may contribute to heterogeneity. In this case, SVs are unique sequences in the genome of the integrated transgene that can be used as biomarkers to understand the heterogeneity of a monoclonal cell line and how production process conditions can impact population dynamics. In this study, orthogonal genetic and analytical methods were used to examine the variability of SV levels in four different SV‐containing cell lines under varied culture conditions and generational ages. Culture conditions tested had little to no impact on SV levels. However, generational age studies showed two distinct trends: stability of SV levels out to approximately 100 generations in cell lines with higher level SVs (>10%) and a progressive decrease of SV levels as the cells age to approximately 100 generations in cell lines with lower level SVs (<10%). The results suggest that the four SV‐containing cell lines fall into two distinct population models; SVs present in the whole population of cells and SVs present in only a sub‐population of cells. The data presented here are one of the first studies to not only analyze and compare SV levels in both genetic and protein material but also to utilize SVs as biomarkers to probe distinct populations of cloned cell lines. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1744–1752. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Protonation and Electrochemical Properties of Pyridyl‐ and Sulfonatophenyl‐Substituted Porphyrins in Nonaqueous Media
Authors: Fang Yuanyuan , Zhu Jialiang , Cui Yan , Zeng Lihan , Naitana Mario L. , Chang Yi , Desbois Nicolas , Gros Claude P. , Kadish Karl M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe protonation and electrochemical properties of positively charged and negatively charged porphyrins are reported in up to five different nonaqueous solvents. The positively charged porphyrins are represented by mono‐ and di‐pyridyl derivatives having the formula Pyx(PhMe)4‐xPM, where P=the dianion of the porphyrin macrocycle, PhMe is a meso‐tolyl group, Py a meso‐pyridyl group, x=1 or 2, and M=H2, NiII, CuII, ZnII, or CoII. The negatively charged porphyrins are comprised of meso‐tetrasulfonato derivatives having the formula [(R)4(TPPS)H2]4−(X+)4, where [(TPPS)H2]4− represents the porphyrin with four SO3− groups on the meso‐phenyl substituents of the macrocycle, R=H or PEG (PEG=C7H15O4) and X+=H+ or Na+. Each pyridylporphyrin was shown to undergo an initial protonation of the meso‐pyridyl group(s) upon addition of acid to the porphyrin solutions and, in the case of the free‐base derivatives, this was followed in a second step by a simultaneous protonation of the two core nitrogen atoms on the macrocycle. Two central nitrogen atoms of the sulfonatophenyl porphyrins are also protonated in a single‐step process, and the constants for each protonation reaction of Pyx(PhMe)4‐xPM and [(R)4(TPPS)H2]4−(X+)4 were determined through spectral titration with trifluoroacetic acid in DMF, DMSO, CH2Cl2, or PhCN, after which the data were related to solvent properties, the measured redox potentials, and the mechanisms for electroreduction under the same solution conditions.
A Fluorescent‐Labeled Phosphono Bisbenzguanidine As an Activity‐Based Probe for Matriptase
Authors: Häußler Daniela , Schulz‐Fincke Anna‐Christina , Beckmann Anna‐Madeleine , Keils Aline , Gilberg Erik , Mangold Martin , Bajorath Jürgen , Stirnberg Marit , Steinmetzer Torsten , Gütschow Michael 
Published: March 2017

AbstractActivity‐based probes are compounds that exclusively form covalent bonds with active enzymes. They can be utilized to profile enzyme activities in vivo, to identify target enzymes and to characterize their function. The design of a new activity‐based probe for matriptase, a member of the type II transmembrane serine proteases, is based on linker‐connected bis‐benzguanidines. An amino acid, introduced as linker, bears the coumarin fluorophore. Moreover, an incorporated phosphonate allows for a covalent interaction with the active‐site serine. The resulting irreversible mode of action was demonstrated, leading to enzyme inactivation and, simultaneously, to a fluorescence labeling of matriptase. The ten‐step synthetic approach to a coumarin‐labeled bis‐benzguanidine and its evaluation as activity‐based probe for matriptase based on in‐gel fluorescence and fluorescence HPLC is reported. HPLC fluorescence detection as a new application for activity‐based probes for proteases is demonstrated herein for the first time.
Evaluation of the chiral recognition properties and the column performances of three chiral stationary phases based on cellulose for the enantioseparation of six dihydropyridines by high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Yu Jia , Tang Jing , Yuan Xiaowei , Guo Xingjie , Zhao Longshan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSeparations of six dihydropyridine enantiomers on three commercially available cellulose‐based chiral stationary phases (Chiralcel OD‐RH, Chiralpak IB, and Chiralpak IC) were evaluated with high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The best enantioseparation of the six chiral drugs was obtained with a Chiralpak IC (250 × 4.6 mm i.d., 5 μm) column. Then the influence of the mobile phase including an alcohol‐modifying agent and alkaline additive on the enantioseparation were investigated and optimized. The optimal mobile phase conditions and maximum resolution for every analyte were as follows respectively: n‐hexane/isopropanol (85:15, v/v) for nimodipine (R = 5.80) and cinildilpine (R = 5.65); n‐hexane/isopropanol (92:8, v/v) for nicardipine (R = 1.76) and nisoldipine (R = 1.92); and n‐hexane/isopropanol/ethanol (97:2:1, v/v/v) for felodipine (R = 1.84) and lercanidipine (R = 1.47). Relative separation mechanisms are discussed based on the separation results, and indicate that the achiral parts in the analytes' structure showed an important influence on the separation of the chiral column.
Low‐density lipoprotein oxidation inhibition by anthocyanins of wild blueberries
Authors: Nicoue Eugene Emile , Chorfa Nasima , Savard Sylvain , Belkacemi Khaled 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe use of natural compounds to prevent oxidative damage in biological systems is becoming increasingly popular. Blueberries have been of specific interest because of their high antioxidant capacity. Anthocyanins were extracted from berries of Vaccinium angustifolium Aiton and Vaccinium myrtilloides Michaux at 79 °C in acidified ethanol with phosphoric acid as a solvent using a liquid/solid ratio of 10. Extracted anthocyanins were purified on a C‐18 silica‐packed column and analyzed by HPLC coupled to electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Of the six common anthocyanidins, five were identified in the extracts, namely delphinidin, cyanidin, peonidin, petunidin, and malvidin, while pelargonidin was not found. The free radical scavenging effects of anthocyanins were evaluated using N,N‐dimethyl‐p‐phenylenediamine method as well as their potential to mitigate in vitro low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidative damage. After 6 h of incubation, the oxidation products formation such as that of conjugated dienes, trienes, and hexanal was inhibited up to 60 %. Based on these data, we concluded that anthocyanins from V. angustifolium and V. myrtilloides of Quebec possess the ability to inhibit in vitro LDL oxidation.