bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Innovative Low-ECD Organo-Clay-Free Invert Emulsion Fluid OCF-IEF System Helped Operations Hit Target
Authors: Mahrous Ramy , Barkmann Tobias , Elshout Nathan , Savignat Jean-Michel , Lababidi Sami , Rijnen Peter 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A narrow hydraulic window was the main challenge for a Dutch operator drilling various slimhole wellbores into the Carboniferous-aged Rotleigend reservoir formation in the North Sea, offshore Holland. The targets were reached by first drilling through the Zechstein salt, Silverpit, and Lower Slochteren formations. This paper discusses the application of a high performance organo-clay-free invert-emulsion fluid (OCF-IEF) with low equivalent circulating density (ECD) characteristics to help drill well targets through depleted formations.
The objective, referred to as ZeRoOne, was to drill the Zechstein and Rotliegend formations in one section. The decision to drill ZeRoOne was based on a risk and value assessment for extending field life and maximizing production in the maturing asset. A primary factor in the basis of design was selection of a fluid system capable of delivering low ECD margins, thus mitigating risks involved in drilling a 1200 m (3,937 ft) long section through the overburden and into the reservoir. Design mud weight was set at 1.62 SG with an expected fracture gradient (FG) of 1.86 SG (15.49 lbm/gal). Though a relatively wide margin, there was a marked downside risk—it is difficult to quantify a lower fracture gradient in overburden-reservoir transition zone because of depletion.
The OCF-IEF system delivered ECDs well within the critical mud-weight window, minimizing risks through the 6-in. section. ECDs ranged from 1.70 to 1.72 SG (14.20 to 14.33 lbm/gal), resulting in a 0.14 SG (1.2 lbm/gal) margin below FG.
The operator was able to successfully drill the well and penetrate the depleted reservoir, overcoming the challenge through Lower Slochteren formation. In contrast, offset wells in the same field development, drilled with conventional invert-emulsion fluids, showed much higher ECD values ranging from 1.79 to 1.84 SG (14.91 to 15.33 lbm/gal), with a margin of only 0.2 SG below FG; some of these wells did not reach target total depth (TD) because of the restrictive (minimal) drilling margin.
The successful trial application of the OCF-IEF while drilling the ZeRoOne objective allows more challenging, longer stepouts, directional, and extended-reach drilling (ERD) wells to be drilled as part of the ongoing extended-life field development. The technical objectives of the well would not have been achieved without the use of this system.
Dynamic Valuation Methodology for Fatigue Failure of Drill String
Authors: Di Qinfeng , Wang Mingjie , Zhang He , Wang Wenchang , Qin Guangxu 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Fatigue is one of the reasons for drill string failure. Based on the static stress characteristics, fatigue ratio was usually used to assess the risk of drill string fatigue failure, but it only takes the static stress into account. In this paper, by taking into consideration of the dynamic characteristics including stress and its change frequency, fatigue frequency ratio is proposed to reflect the risk of dynamic fatigue failure for drill string under actual drilling conditions. Through the dynamic calculation of drill string based on actual wellbore trajectory, the dynamic stress characteristics and fatigue frequency ratio are obtained. The results show that fatigue frequency ratio not only reflects the potential impact of well path's features, drill string structure and bit weight on the fatigue failure, but also reflects the effect of the dynamic stress and its frequency variation on the fatigue failure. By analysing Well X whose drill string suffered leakage badly, it proves that the fatigue frequency ratio method can effectively predict the position and risk of fatigue failure in the drill string.
Case History: Development of Expandable Liner Hanger for use in New Heavy Wall Casing Design in Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Carrillo Luis A. , Gomez Juan C. , Rivera Alberto R. , Figueroa Yovanny , Torres Paulo C. , Clute-Melancon D. De 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Casing design for oil and gas wells continues to evolve to adapt to increasing challenges. The casing program of most wells represents a significant portion of the total well cost, between approximately 15 and 35%. This paper discusses how expandable liner hanger (ELH) technology continues to evolve to meet the needs of an operator with a new thick walled casing design in fields with H2S and CO2. Circumstances are described wherein thick wall casing design was necessary (greater collapse pressure and room for production safety valves). Details are presented describing why the ELH was selected, challenges encountered, development of a new liner hanger to fit the smaller thick-walled casing inside diameter (ID), and how the liner hanger running tool was modified to work inside a smaller casing. Prejob analysis that was performed to help reduce risks while running in hole (RIH) is discussed. Also highlighted are improved procedures, torque and drag simulations, surge and swab simulation, and critical well review exercises.
The operator chose a well design using 10 3/4 in. casing for a larger inside diameter (ID) installation of an arrangement using double electric submersible pumping (DESP). Casing weight of 79.2 ppf was selected to support the pressure load during well production. The ELH system complemented the new heavy wall casing design during construction and installation because of the many benefits it provided, such as high torque, washing and reaming, and multiple setting contingencies. Suitable expandable material was selected for the H2S and CO2 well environment. Two ELHs were used to run into 10 3/4 and 13 5/8 in. casing, 7 5/8- and 10 3/4-in. in liner through a sidetrack with deviation of more than 75° at the bottom, overcoming entrapment issues during the operation, and reaching total depth (TD). The cementing operation was executed successfully and the ELH expanded, leading to a successful operation with zero health, safety, and environment (HSE) or service quality issues. This paper discusses the latest ongoing developments in ELH technology applied using a new casing size and weight during the construction of oil and gas wells with sour service requirements.
Advanced Drilling Simulation and Engineering Center Provide Support for Challenging Drilling Operations in the South China Sea
Authors: Tang Hu Yong , Gang Wei , Rommetveit Rolv , Chusov Alexey , Helgeland Stig , Namork Lars 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An Advanced Drilling Simulation and Engineering Center has been established in Tianjin in China. This center has been set up with simulation systems for the whole life cycle of well construction; from planning to training to operation / Real Time and to Post-analysis.
A comprehensive integrated downhole and topside training simulator enables training the crews on a true representation of the real well to be drilled. This behaves like a "Drilling Flight Simulator", and expected problems downhole can be trained on.
Furthermore, the center incorporates an advanced planning system with dynamic models for drilling, cementing, displacements and other well related hydraulics as well as multi-phase flows during well control. Also a state-of-the-art drill string and torque & drag model is included.
A Real-Time simulation and decision support module provides support during drilling. The drilling simulation is driven by real time data from the ongoing operation itself, and includes a 3D visualization of the downhole drilling in a "virtual well". Automatic look-ahead simulations of ECD and temperatures was performed with the calibrated models on the fly as support for decisions.
A unique feature of the Simulation Applications is that the modelling basis and simulation models are the same for planning, for training, for Real Time and for Post-analysis. These are advanced transient state-of-the-art models which have been verified versus numerous well types (HPHT, DW, MPD etc).
In preparation, an advanced training session was performed using a dynamic downhole training simulator linked to a topside rig simulator, for training of the drilling teams. Prior to operation data transfer was established so that during the operation simulations was performed in real time using the ongoing operational parameters as input.
This paper will first present the Advanced Drilling Simulation and Engineering Center, then elaborate on the use of this in the planning phase, the training phase and the operational phase in well cases in the South China Sea. Experiences from this will be presented, and learnings for future operations will be discussed.
Applications of unique technologies contributed to safer and more cost-effective drilling.
Innovative Approach in Sidetracking Wells in Kuwait Brown Field Development Reduces Drilling Hazards and Improves Well Productivity
Authors: Alkhaldy Meshal , Alsaadi Dhari , Al-Shuaibi Nawaf , Al-Omani Shaikhah , Moustafa Shady , Mobasher Mohamed , Elsherif Ahmed , Dalali Hamad Al , Saleh Rashad , Keot Chandan Jyoti , Nair Prakash 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Mature field necessitates drilling high angle and horizontal wells in order to improve wells productivity, reduce water coning and tapping multiple reservoirs. The operating company has endeavored to convert many of the Vertical wells in its mature fields into High angle and Horizontal wells by Side Tracking, primarily to reduce well cost and overcome restrictions in obtaining clear surface locations.
Shale instability related problems were experienced in many Side Track wells in the buildup section. The whole deviation used to be ranging from 62 degrees on the top to 70 degrees on the bottom. The old wells used to be completed traditionally with a DLS of 5 – 5.5 leading to stuck pipe, hole collapse, multiple wiper trips, casing short landing etc.
The operating company after extensive techno-economic evaluation has implemented a new and novel drilling technique to allow side tracking from an existing well, with inclination in the hole as low as possible, and land the well successfully with high dogleg severity. The new approach managed to reduce the deviation against the problematic formation to 50 degrees with a high dog leg severity up to 12 degrees / 100 feet.
A high Build rate Rotary Steerable tool was used to reduce the measured depth and in some cases reduced inclination when drilling through unstable shale layers overlying the target formation. The High Build Rate tool also reduces the Vertical section thereby landing the well closer to its original hole reducing uncertainties in Landing. The Rotary Steerable was preferred due to its inherent advantage of continuous rotation that reduces differential sticking and enhances hole cleaning.
Deep Kick Off increases deliverability of the depleted producer well by enabling placement of ESP Pumps at a deeper depth and overcome deferent formation with defiant pressure which improve mud weight management and overcome the stuck pipe problems in the shale zone by cutting through this shale with a low Inclination. It also enabled shorter measured depth, closer successfully landing and reduced open hole exposure time.
Finally, the cost saving in this project can be summarized in reducing the buildup section by 45% which can be translated into a saving of more than 70 K USD per well.
Acethylcholinesterase Inhibition, Antibacterial and Antioxidant Properties of Diaryl Oxalates
Authors: Kantar Gunay K. , Baltas Nimet , Beris Fatih S. , Şasşmaz Selami 
Published: August 2016

Objective:
The main study was to synthesize the diaryl oxalates containing
pharmacophore groups like eugenol and guaiacol moieties, investigate antioxidant,
antibacterial and acethylcholinesterase inhibitory properties and compare with
each other.

Method:
The compounds were screened for their antioxidant properties by
employing three in vitro assays like CUPric Reducing Antioxidant Capacity
(CUPRAC) and 2,2-Diphenyl-1-Picrylhydrazyl (DPPH•) radical scavenging assay,
2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS•+) assay and they exhibited
very promising results. Also, The compounds were evaluated for their antiacetylcholinesterase
activity (anti-AChE) and anti-microbial effects against Bacillus
subtilis ATCC 6633, S. pyogenes ATCC 19615, Y. pseudotuberculosis ATCC 911, E. cloaceae ATCC
25923, and E. coli ATCC 25922.

Results:
The compounds were found to possess good antioxidant (TEAC values:7.834-9.353 mM
TEAC/mg compound) and inhibitiory activity against AChE (IC50=11.95±0.27 for compound 2). Antimicrobial
activity results show that compound 1 has the same antimicrobial effect on the bacteria in
this study and is more effective than compound 2.

Conclusion:
The results indicate that these compounds have not only good antioxidant and antimicrobial
activity, but is also a powerful AChE inhibitors.
Screening of Potential Plant Compounds as Survivin Inhibitors and its Anti-Cancer Efficacy by Molecular Docking
Authors: Amanulla Safreen S.D. , Veerakumar Sneeha , Ramanathan Kumaresan 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Survivin, smallest Inhibitor of Apoptosis Protein (IAP) mediates
apoptosis pathway and cell cycle is tumor specific and therapeutic target for
cancer research. Breast cancer is a dreadful disease with greater mortality rate, commonly
in women globally.

Aim:

This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of indigenous Plant drugs
by in-silico determination of antagonist for Survivin protein that was up regulated in
breast cancer.

Materials and Methods:

The 3D structure of Survivin protein was retrieved from
PDB (Protein Data Bank). Plant compounds were retrieved from NPACT (Naturally
occurring Plant based Anti-Cancerous Target) database and converted into 3D- PDB format using Open
babel software. Based on the active sites we have screened the essential plant compound as an effective
binder against modelled protein using iGEMDock 2.1.

Results and conclusion:

The lead compound of plant as well as plant protein molecule would be scaled
out on the basis of binding efficiency. Remangilones A showed greater interaction effect with Total energy
(-121.465kcal mol-1). However, further in-vivo investigation is essential for the confirmation of
drug efficacy and bio-compatibility.
A Primary Care-based Collaborative Hepatitis C Clinic: Clinical Structure and Virologic Outcomes with Direct Acting Antiviral Therapy
Authors: Ho Samuel B. , Dollarhide Adrian , Thorisdottir Hilda , Michelsen James , Perry Christine , Kravetz David , Herrin Ann , Carlson Laurie , Hadley Sue , Montoya Dan , Robinson Shannon , Sanchez Courtney , Enrique Ernesto , Groessl Erik 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Currently 4 million persons in the US have active hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and most have never successfully completed antiviral treatment. Newer therapies herald potential for wider uptake and acceptance of treatment, but the number of hepatology specialists is limited and newer models are needed to increase access to care. The aim of this study is to describe a collaborative primary care-based clinic for HCV treatment.

Methods:
Retrospective analysis of a collaborative primary care clinic developed for the evaluation and treatment of patients with chronic hepatitis C at one VA medical center. A half-day clinic was organized with 4 primary care MDs, 2 hepatologists, 2 nurse practitioners, and a co-located psychiatrist, pharmacist and nurse case manager. Clinic productivity and outcomes related to the number of patients who initiated and completed treatment with direct acting antivirals (DAA) and pegylated interferon and ribavirin were evaluated.

Results:
In this 18 month period, the clinic had 1890 confirmed HCV registry patients and 1690 clinic visits. 74 HCV genotype 1 patients initiated DAA therapy. Primary care providers treated 47 patients (32% cirrhotic) and hepatologists treated 27 patients (48% cirrhotic). Final SVR rate was 54.6% (39.2% cirrhotics vs. 65.2% noncirrhotics). SVR rates were higher in patients with primary care providers (61.7%) vs. hepatologists (44.4%). Despite numerous adverse events, early treatment termination for adverse events occurred in 5.3% vs. 21.3% for virologic non-response. Multivariate analysis revealed no significant differences between primary care and hepatology for SVR and treatment discontinuations.

Conclusion:
This clinic demonstrated effectiveness and safety with DAA therapy. This illustrates potential for a primary care based collaborative clinic, which will be crucial for expanding access to effective HCV care.
Well-Being Assessment of Youth in Urban Marginalized Community
Authors: Othman Saberi , Iskandar Mohd Mohni , Mohamed Nur Ikhwan 
Published: August 2016

This paper examines the well-being of eight domains of youth in the marginalized urban community. Study area was at Low Cost Housing Project of Lembah Pantai, Kuala Lumpur. Four hundred of youth age between 15 - 25 years old has been selected by stratified sampling. The average of well-being score is intermediate for the whole sample. However, the male score is slightly higher compared to female. Moral values show the highest score whilst participation in the community shows the lowest score for both male and female. As a conclusion, there is intermediate score of well-being of youth in the urban marginalized community.
The Health Benefits of Children by Different Natural Landscape Contacting Level
Authors: Tseng Tzuhui Angie , Shen Ching-Cheng 
Published: August 2016

Previous studies seldom explore the health benefits of different levels of nature exposure on children. 241 valid samples from five primary schools in Hsinchu, Taiwan were investigated. Results showed that comparing to being on school campuses, children would have higher levels of physical activity when visiting neighborhood parks and forest. Only the forest level natural landscape experiences have significant positive impact on enjoying nature, preferences and empathy and sense of belonging. Forest level natural landscape experiences would also positively affect mental health, and physical health is built up through physical activity. Therefore, rural natural settings would be more beneficial to children.
A judicialização e a crise de autoridade nas demandas que versam sobre o aborto preventivo no Tribunal de Justiça do Rio Grande do Sul
Authors: Deconto Paula 
Published: August 2016

A judicialização das demandas sociais e políticas acontece nas sociedades democráticas ocidentais a partir do segundo pós-guerra. Tal fenômeno encontra-se estampado nas causas submetidas ao julgamento dos desembargadores do Tribunal de Justiça do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, que versam sobre o aborto preventivo. Os juízes, em face da perda de autoridade das magistraturas sociais, cumprem o papel de últimos guardiões da democracia em nossas sociedades contemporâneas. Neste artigo, explana-se de que forma os desembargadores gaúchos, enquanto atores sociais, interpretam este papel e se, eventualmente, sentem algum desconforto em tomar tais decisões. Para tanto, utilizamos como método de pesquisa a análise documental e a análise de conteúdo, buscando um exame mais qualitativo que quantitativo das decisões proferidas pelos referidos desembargadores.
ALMA OBSERVATIONS OF HCN AND ITS ISOTOPOLOGUES ON TITAN
Authors: Molter Edward M. , Nixon C. A. , Cordiner M. A. , Serigano J. , Irwin P. G. J. , Teanby N. A. , Charnley S. B. , Lindberg J. E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present sub-millimeter spectra of HCN isotopologues on Titan, derived from publicly available ALMA flux calibration observations of Titan taken in early 2014. We report the detection of a new HCN isotopologue on Titan, H13C15N, and confirm an earlier report of detection of DCN. We model high signal-to-noise observations of HCN, H13CN, HC15N, DCN, and H13C15N to derive abundances and infer the following isotopic ratios: 12C/13C = 89.8 ± 2.8, 14N/15N = 72.3 ± 2.2, D/H = (2.5 ± 0.2) × 10−4, and HCN/H13C15N = 5800 ± 270 (1σ errors). The carbon and nitrogen ratios are consistent with and improve on the precision of previous results, confirming a factor of ∼2.3 elevation in 14N/15N in HCN compared to N2 and a lack of fractionation in 12C/13C from the protosolar value. This is the first published measurement of D/H in a nitrile species on Titan, and we find evidence for a factor of ∼2 deuterium enrichment in hydrogen cyanide compared to methane. The isotopic ratios we derive may be used as constraints for future models to better understand the fractionation processes occurring in Titan’s atmosphere.
THE LAMOST SPECTROSCOPIC SURVEY OF STAR CLUSTERS IN M31. II. METALLICITIES, AGES, AND MASSES
Authors: Chen Bingqiu , Liu Xiaowei , Xiang Maosheng , Yuan Haibo , Huang Yang , Shi Jianrong , Fan Zhou , Huo Zhiying , Wang Chun , Ren Juanjuan , Tian Zhijia , Zhang Huawei , Liu Gaochao , Cao Zihuang , Zhang Yong , Hou Yonghui , Wang Yuefei 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We select from Paper I a sample of 306 massive star clusters observed with the Large Sky Area Multi–Object Fibre Spectroscopic Telescope (LAMOST) in the vicinity fields of M31 and M33, and determine their metallicities, ages, and masses. Metallicities and ages are estimated by fitting the observed integrated spectra with stellar synthesis population (SSP) models with a pixel–to–pixel spectral fitting technique. Ages for most young clusters are also derived by fitting the multi–band photometric measurements with model spectral energy distributions (SEDs). The estimated cluster ages span a wide range, from several million years to the age of the universe. The numbers of clusters younger and older than 1 Gyr are, respectively, 46 and 260. With ages and metallicities determined, cluster masses are then estimated by comparing the multi–band photometric measurements with SSP model SEDs. The derived masses range from

to

M
⊙, peaking at

and

M
⊙ for young (

Gyr) and old (

Gyr) clusters, respectively. Our estimated metallicities, ages, and masses are in good agreement with available literature values. Old clusters richer than [Fe/H] ∼ −0.7 dex have a wide range of ages. Those poorer than [Fe/H] ∼ −0.7 dex seem to be composed of two groups, as previously found for Galactic globular clusters—one of the oldest ages with all values of metallicity down to

dex and another with metallicity increasing with decreasing age. The old clusters in the inner disk of M 31 (0–30 kpc) show a clear metallicity gradient measured at −0.038 ± 0.023 dex kpc−1.
HIGH-RESOLUTION OBSERVATIONS OF A LARGE FAN-SHAPED SURGE
Authors: Li Zhen , Fang Cheng , Guo Yang , Chen P. F. , Zou Peng , Cao Wenda 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present high-resolution observations of a large fan-shaped surge, which was observed on 2013 June 5 with the current largest solar telescope, the 1.6 m New Solar Telescope (NST), at the Big Bear Solar Observatory. The observations are made at TiO, Hα, and 10830 Å wavebands with a spatial resolution better than

0
.″
1

and a full-run cadence of ∼30 s. The fan-shaped surge consists of many small-scale threads with a typical width of 100 km and a length of up to 200 Mm at the maximum. The threads come from material ejections, which start with a velocity of several km s−1, and then accelerate up to 60–80 km s−1 over six to seven minutes with an acceleration of up to 0.2–0.3 km s−2. The threads can be observed in the Hα band and in SDO/AIA 171 Å images as absorbed objects, implying that they are cool material ejections. The surge is ejected along open magnetic field lines in the extrapolated non-linear force-free field, which might actually be a part of a large-scale magnetic loop stretching back to the solar surface. After 10–20 minutes, the ejections gradually decay and the surge eventually vanishes. The total lifetime is about 35 minutes. The Hα brightening at the root of the fan-shaped surge implies that there is heating in the chromosphere, which could be produced by low-atmosphere interchange magnetic reconnection. Our observation provides evidence of the reconnection model for the fan-shaped surges, which was proposed by Jiang et al.