bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bringing Farmer Knowledge and Learning into Agricultural Research: How Agricultural Anthropologists Transformed Strategic Research at the International Rice Research Institute
Authors: Price Lisa Leimar , Palis Florencia G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDuring the post‐Green Revolution period of rice research at the International Rice Research Institute (IRRI), a wide range of innovative methodologies were introduced by anthropologists that transformed the way rice research is conducted, with a particular focus on valuing farmer knowledge, criteria, and practices, and on bringing farmers into the research process. This study presents a historic account of the contributions of eight practicing agricultural anthropologists at IRRI, one of the 15 world Consortium for International Agricultural Research (CGIAR) centers, between 1978 and 2010. The types of research undertaken reflect how anthropologists work in the area of strategic research, with the mandate to contribute upstream to basic science and downstream to applied outcomes. We document the innovations of IRRI anthropologists, including methodologies by which integrated pest management interventions and other technical tools are adapted by and for farmers; as well as the development of Farmer Field Schools, farmer‐to‐farmer training, and other innovations drawing on anthropological skill sets.
From “Genetic Resources” to “Ecosystems Services”: A Century of Science and Global Policies for Crop Diversity Conservation
Authors: Fenzi Marianna , Bonneuil Christophe 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCombining the cultural history of science and the sociology of social problems, this article analyzes the trajectory of policies and approaches for the conservation of crop diversity through a mosaic of international arenas from the early 20th century to the present time. We discuss how the concepts of “plant genetic resources” and “genetic erosion” became major policy issues in the 1960s. We show how these concepts emerged and evolved within a wider range of knowledges, imaginaries, and forms of life governance. We trace the evolution of the problem of disappearing local varieties from concerns about loss of genes as resources, to notions of “crop diversity” and “ecosystem services.” We analyze the effect of this new framing centered on the dynamic conservation of crop diversity within farming systems. Finally, we stress how, despite efforts to revise the concept of diversity as materials to exploit, this vision is still present today, shaping crop diversity conservation, and use.
A Latina Luthercostal Invitation Into an Ecclesial Estuary
Authors: Ortiz Leila M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDrawing from ethnographic and meta‐ethnographic research, this article analyzes the hermeneutic, and resulting ecclesiology, of Latina Luthercostal women in Latino/a Lutheran congregations in New York and Philadelphia. Preliminary findings suggest that Latina Luthercostal hermeneutics mirror Martin Luther's own hermeneutical approach. This particular hermeneutical lens invites the church into an ecclesial estuary where seemingly opposed traditions meet and are drawn by the Holy Spirit into a messy, meaningful, and necessary experience of death and resurrection for the purposes of transformation and renewal.
Joan as Jesus: A Feminist Theological Analysis of Dreyer's The Passion of Joan of Arc
Authors: Guðmundsdóttir Arnfríður 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe aim of this article is to explore Carl Theodor Dreyer's portrayal of Joan of Arc in his film The Passion of Joan of Arc (1928) as a female Christ‐figure. At the same time I argue that the film can serve as an important dialogue partner in ongoing christological discourse. The conclusion is that Dreyer's Joan provides a vivid image of Jesus Christ that challenges our fixation on Jesus’ maleness, and helps us to understand better what we really mean when we claim that God, dressed in flesh, became human, like us, female or male.
Seasonality of salt foraging in honey bees (Apis mellifera)
Authors: BONOAN RACHAEL E. , TAI TAYLOR M. , TAGLE RODRIGUEZ MARLEN , FELLER LAINE , DADDARIO SALVATORE R. , CZAJA REBECCA A. , O'CONNOR LUKE D. , BURRUSS GEORGIANA , STARKS PHILIP T. 
Published: December 2016

1. Honey bees (Apis mellifera) prefer foraging at compound‐rich, ‘dirty’, water sources over clean water sources. As a honey bee's main floral diet only contains trace amounts of micronutrients – likely not enough to sustain an entire colony – it was hypothesised that honey bees forage in dirty water for physiologically essential minerals that their floral diet, and thus the colony, may lack.2. While there are many studies regarding macronutrient requirements of honey bees, few investigate micronutrient needs. For this study, from 2013 to 2015, a series of preference assays were conducted in both summer and autumn.3. During all field seasons, honey bees exhibited a strong preference for sodium in comparison to deionised water. There was, however, a notable switch in preferences for other minerals between seasons.4. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium – three minerals most commonly found in pollen – were preferred in autumn when pollen was scarce, but were avoided in summer when pollen was abundant. Thus, as floral resources change in distribution and abundance, honey bees similarly change their water‐foraging preferences.5. Our data suggest that, although they are generalists with relatively few gustatory receptor genes, honey bee foragers are fine‐tuned to search for micronutrients. This ability likely helps the foragers in their search for a balanced diet for the colony as a whole.
Characterization of the pore structure and cementing substances of soil aggregates by a combination of synchrotron radiation X‐ray micro‐computed tomography and scanning electron microscopy
Authors: Yu X. , Fu Y. , Lu S. 
Published: December 2016

Pore characteristics and chemical composition of soil aggregates from two contrasting soil types (Fe‐rich Alisol and SOM‐rich Phaeozem) were determined with synchrotron radiation X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (SR‐mCT) and scanning electron microscopy coupled with an energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectrometer (SEM–EDS). Data fusion to combine 3‐D SR‐mCT images and 2‐D SEM–EDS data was used to establish the relation between pore structure and cementing substances within the soil aggregates. The SR‐mCT analysis showed that Phaeozem aggregates had greater total measurable porosity and were more anisotropic (DA) than Alisol aggregates. Soil aggregates of 5–10, 2–5 and 0.5–2 mm diameter were measured and found to have a similar pore‐size distribution (PSD) across a range of pore sizes for the Alisol, but not for the Phaeozem. The SEM–EDS mapping revealed that Fe‐rich areas in Alisol aggregates were connected, whereas the carbon‐rich areas in Phaeozem aggregates were isolated. Wavelet analysis suggested that the Alisol aggregates might have been formed by global interactions among microaggregates and iron oxides, whereas the Phaeozem aggregates were formed by localized interactions among microaggregates and carbon, the main cementing agent. The heatmap analysis showed that iron oxide not only acts as a binding agent in Alisol aggregates, but also affects the pore size in addition to the pore shapes, whereas carbon functions only as a binding agent and has little effect on pore structure of the Phaeozem aggregates. The combination of SR‐mCT and SEM–EDS techniques provides a powerful tool for quantifying the pore characteristics of soil aggregates and investigating the interactions between the pore structure and cementing substances within the aggregates.HighlightsThe effects of different cementing substances on the pore structure of Fe‐rich and SOM‐rich soil aggregates.
A multi‐scale analysis and data fusion method were applied to data from synchrotron imaging and SEM.
Iron oxides affected only the pore structure of the Fe‐rich soil aggregates.
The data fusion method has potential for understanding the key features of soil at the aggregate scale.
Silence as a Response to Everyday Violence: Understanding Domination and Distress Through the Lens of Fantasy
Authors: Gammeltoft Tine M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAcross the world, existing research indicates that many women respond with silence to marital abuse. This article offers an ethnographic investigation of the social and psychic forces behind Vietnamese women's silencing of violence and a theoretical exploration of how the psychoanalytic concept of fantasy—understood as unconscious or subconscious mental processes—may contribute to the analysis of everyday violence and psychic distress. Distinguishing between what I term deliberate and subconscious silence, I explore the role that fantasy plays when Vietnamese women silently endure intimate partner violence. Closer ethnographic attention to the fantasy‐constructions that sustain day‐to‐day lives can, I argue, strengthen the capacity of anthropology to comprehend how systems of everyday violence are upheld and rendered socially invisible.
Public Anxieties and Projective Identification: Therapeutic Encounters Between Danish Clairvoyants and Their Clients
Authors: Steffen Vibeke 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe capacity to receive occult messages and look into the future is claimed by individuals in most societies and probably always has been. In Denmark, clairvoyance is a popular service offered at the alternative market for counseling and healing. During my fieldwork among Danish spiritualist mediums in 2007–08, I was often puzzled by the way in which clairvoyants and clients seemed to share the same kinds of problems. This observation steered my interests toward understanding how personal sensations and feelings are exchanged in therapeutic encounters and raised questions about who is doing what to whom. Drawing on Jung's concept of the wounded healer to highlight the clairvoyant's role as a channel for societal anxieties and Melanie Klein's concept of projective identification as a framework for understanding the defense mechanisms at stake in object relations, I argue that psychoanalysis may add an important critical dimension to the anthropology of therapeutic encounters.
From Filial Piety to Forgiveness: Managing Ambivalent Feelings in a Beijing House‐Church
Authors: Bregnbæk Susanne 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article is based on fieldwork in a Chinese Protestant house‐church in Beijing—more specifically, it focuses on a form of group therapy, which took place in the vicinity of the church. It combines two phenomena usually studied separately, namely the popularity of Chinese underground churches and China's so‐called “psycho‐boom.” Drawing on attachment theory, I focus on the psychic conflicts that draw certain people, in this case a young woman, Lin, to this kind of therapeutic/ritual context. Filial piety, the moral value that children should respect and honor their parents, who have sacrificed so much for them, remains a strong social norm in Chinese society. I argue that forbidden feelings such as anger directed at parents found expression in this Chinese house‐church. The ritual and therapeutic context can be understood as a cultural defense mechanism, which celebrates an inversion of dominant societal norms.
Ambivalent Attachment — Melancholia and Political Activism in Contemporary Palestine
Authors: Segal Lotte Buch 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis article argues that over the course of the past three decades a mood change has occurred in terms of how Palestinians relate to the ideal of an independent Palestinian state. During the first Intifada, from 1987 to 1993, which constitutes the golden age of Palestinian resistance towards Israel's occupation, the Palestinian resistance movement was characterized by a passionate belief in the possibility of a revolutionary transformation. Due to the consistent stalemate and even worsening of the conflict that have followed in the wake of the Second Intifada, from 2000 to 2003, this passionate belief in the realization of a Palestinian state has been replaced by ambivalence toward that ideal. Based on insights from my intermittent fieldwork with families of Palestinian political prisoners from 2004 to 2011, this article suggests that the contemporary ambivalence surrounding the revolutionary project can be meaningfully analyzed using Freud's notion of melancholia. In Freud, melancholia accounts for the relation between a feeling of indeterminate loss and ambivalent attachment. The notion of melancholia thereby provides anthropology with a concept that can be used to name and explore the frayed attachment to the ideal of a Palestinian state in the context of an ongoing colonial occupation. The passionate politics of the First Intifada enabled a fusing of Palestinian personhood with the overall political project into a subject characterized by active resistance. In contrast, the ambivalent attachment that marks the link between self and state project in the Palestinian territories after the Second Intifada leads to a mood of melancholia. By analyzing the attachment to the political project as an indeterminate loss in the melancholic's ego, I argue that the Palestinian political project is part of the self and keeps its adherents in a repetitive temporal fold from which they are unable to escape, because they are obliged and compelled to keep fighting for a state that does not seem to materialize. Conceptually, melancholia has the capacity to elucidate the emotional and deeply intersubjective toll it takes to live and aspire to an ideal that seems further from realization by the hour.
Ultrasound diagnosis of injuries of the cranial meniscotibial ligament of the medial meniscus
Authors: Moiroud C. H. , Denoix J.‐M. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryUltrasonographic examination of the femorotibial joint is now commonly performed for investigating hindlimb lamenesses. Different types of meniscal injuries have been described using this technique. In our practice, the cranial meniscotibial ligament of the medial meniscus (CrMTL‐MM) is the most frequently affected soft tissue structure of the stifle. This article describes the technique to image this ligament, normal images and the ultrasonographic manifestations of desmopathies and enthesopathies of the CrMTL‐MM.
Oceanic dispersion of Fukushima‐derived radioactive cesium: a review
Authors: Kaeriyama Hideki 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis review summarizes the more than 70 papers published during the 4 years since the Fukushima Dai‐ichi nuclear power plant accident that occurred on 11 March 2011, and details the radioactive cesium dispersion pattern in the North Pacific and adjacent seas. The total amount of Fukushima‐derived radioactive cesium released into the North Pacific via atmospheric deposition and direct release, spatial and temporal changes in the Pacific coast around the accident site, and the concentration levels of radioactive cesium around the Japanese Islands, not only the Pacific coast but also in adjacent seas, such as Japan Sea, East China Sea are summarized. Based on observational data mostly obtained during 2 years since the accident, and simulation results, oceanic dispersion of radioactive cesium in the entire area of the North Pacific is described. The Fukushima‐derived radioactive cesium dispersed eastward as surface water and extended to the eastern side of the North Pacific in 2014, and was also observed via a southward intrusion to subsurface waters as Subtropical Mode Water and Central Mode Water. The radioactive cesium movement related to mode water is important in terms of the circulation of cesium into the ocean interior. Some new technologies and techniques concerning emergency monitoring of radioactivity in the ocean environment are also reported, the effectiveness of which has been demonstrated by use in relation to the Fukushima accident.
Potential for adaptation to climate change in a coral reef fish
Authors: Munday Philip L. , Donelson Jennifer M. , Domingos Jose A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPredicting the impacts of climate change requires knowledge of the potential to adapt to rising temperatures, which is unknown for most species. Adaptive potential may be especially important in tropical species that have narrow thermal ranges and live close to their thermal optimum. We used the animal model to estimate heritability, genotype by environment interactions and nongenetic maternal components of phenotypic variation in fitness‐related traits in the coral reef damselfish, Acanthochromis polyacanthus. Offspring of wild‐caught breeding pairs were reared for two generations at current‐day and two elevated temperature treatments (+1.5 and +3.0 °C) consistent with climate change projections. Length, weight, body condition and metabolic traits (resting and maximum metabolic rate and net aerobic scope) were measured at four stages of juvenile development. Additive genetic variation was low for length and weight at 0 and 15 days posthatching (dph), but increased significantly at 30 dph. By contrast, nongenetic maternal effects on length, weight and body condition were high at 0 and 15 dph and became weaker at 30 dph. Metabolic traits, including net aerobic scope, exhibited high heritability at 90 dph. Furthermore, significant genotype x environment interactions indicated potential for adaptation of maximum metabolic rate and net aerobic scope at higher temperatures. Net aerobic scope was negatively correlated with weight, indicating that any adaptation of metabolic traits at higher temperatures could be accompanied by a reduction in body size. Finally, estimated breeding values for metabolic traits in F2 offspring were significantly affected by the parental rearing environment. Breeding values at higher temperatures were highest for transgenerationally acclimated fish, suggesting a possible role for epigenetic mechanisms in adaptive responses of metabolic traits. These results indicate a high potential for adaptation of aerobic scope to higher temperatures, which could enable reef fish populations to maintain their performance as ocean temperatures rise.
Cities, municipal solid waste management, and climate change: Perspectives from the South
Authors: Onyanta Adama 
Published: December 2016

AbstractClimate change is arguably the most debated and contentious environmental issue today. Hitherto neglected, the role of cities is beginning to attract attention particularly within the academic milieu. Cities are acknowledged as development drivers but also considered major drivers of climate change as a result of activities associated with the release of harmful substances such as carbon dioxide and greenhouse gases. Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSWM) is noted as a major contributor to climate change due to the release of harmful substances during waste treatment and disposal activities. MSWM remains a challenge across the globe but particularly in the South where many cities lack regular waste collection and disposal services. The paper addresses the gap between the North and South through a critical analysis of the current global debate on cities, MSWM, and climate change. The paper reports that there are major differences between the North and South in almost all components of MSWM, from waste generation to treatment and disposal. A notable difference is that the shift in priority from local burdens to the global concern for climate has occurred mainly in the North. Furthermore, the priorities and needs of cities in the South are largely neglected in the global debate. A major example is the failure to acknowledge the role of the Informal Waste Sector even though it is a prominent feature of MSWM systems and a notable contributor to resource recovery in cities in the South. Lessons from the South suggest that climate change cannot be treated in isolation. Recognition of the role of the Informal Waste Sector is crucial because it introduces other important issues such as urban poverty, local economic development, urban governance and exclusionary practices, and citizenship rights. The paper suggests the need for a more inclusive approach if we are to have a truly global solution to climate change.
Iatrogenic changes in the urinary tract
Authors: Lopez‐Beltran Antonio , Paner Gladell P , Montironi Rodolfo , Raspollini Maria R , Cheng Liang 
Published: December 2016

A handful of therapeutic procedures are used to treat malignancies of the urinary tract, most frequently intravesical immunotherapy or chemotherapy, but also neoadjuvant systemic chemotherapy. These treatment modalities produce morphological changes in the urothelium that can be mistaken for carcinoma; in particular, these therapies frequently mimic urothelial carcinoma in situ (CIS) urothelial dysplasia or true invasive neoplasia. Drugs such as mitomycin C used after transurethral resection of bladder tumour to reduce recurrences, bacillus Calmette–Guérin (BCG) intravesical immunotherapy to treat high‐risk non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer and urothelial CIS and platin‐based systemic chemotherapy to improve postcystectomy disease‐specific survival are examples of therapy‐related atypia seen in the urinary tract. To complicate the pathologist's life, a number of systemic drugs in use to treat other diseases, such cyclophosphamide, used to treat some autoimmune disorders or certain haematological malignancies or, in the case of anaesthetics, ketamine, used increasingly as an illegal recreational drug, may produce similarly relevant atypical changes in the urothelium, and therefore need to be differentiated from intraepithelial neoplasia. Other less frequent procedures, such as photodynamic and laser therapy or the newer gene therapy to treat urothelial neoplasia, remain experimental. An immunohistochemical approach to reactive urothelium versus carcinoma in situ using p53, cytokeratin 20 and CD44 is also valid in the post‐therapy setting. The pathologist should be aware of these novelties, as he or she plays a crucial role in evaluating treatment efficacy, but at the same time needs to avoid misdiagnosing secondary atypia as intraepithelial neoplasia.
Sovereign Credit Risk Co‐Movements in the Eurozone: Simple Interdependence or Contagion?
Authors: Buchholz Manuel , Tonzer Lena 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe investigate credit risk co‐movements and contagion in the sovereign debt markets of 17 industrialized countries during the period 2008–2012. We use dynamic conditional correlations of sovereign credit default swap spreads to detect contagion. This approach allows us to separate contagion channels from the determinants of simple interdependence. The results show that, first, sovereign credit risk co‐moves considerably, particularly among eurozone countries and during the sovereign debt crisis. Second, contagion varies across time and countries. Third, similarities in economic fundamentals, cross‐country linkages in banking and common market sentiment constitute the main channels of contagion.