bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of PEG on Pd- and Cu-Catalyzed Cross-Coupling Reactions
Authors: Pires Marina , Purificação Sara , Santos A. , Marques M. 
Published: April 2017

Carbon–carbon and carbon–heteroatom coupling reactions are among the most important transformations in organic synthesis as they enable complex structures to be formed from readily available compounds under different routes and conditions. Several metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions have been developed creating many efficient methods accessible for the direct formation of new bonds between differently hybridized carbon atoms.During the last decade, much effort has been devoted towards improvement of the sustainability of these reactions, such as catalyst recovery and atom efficiency. Polyethylene glycol (PEG) can be used as a medium, as solid-liquid phase transfer catalyst, or even as a polymer support. PEG has been investigated in a wide variety of cross-coupling reactions either as an alternative solvent to the common organic solvents or as a support for catalyst, substrate, and ligand. In this review we will summarize the different roles of PEG in palladium- and copper-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, with the focus on Heck, Suzuki–Miyaura, Sonogashira, Buchwald–Hartwig, Stille, Fukuyama, and homocoupling reactions. We will highlight the role of PEG, the preparation of PEGylated catalysts and substrates, and the importance for the reaction outcome and applicability.1	Introduction2	PEG in Heck Reactions3	PEG in Homocoupling Reactions4	PEG in Suzuki–Miyaura Reactions5	PEG in Sonogashira Reactions6	PEG in Buchwald–Hartwig Reactions7	PEG in Stille Reactions8	PEG in Fukuyama Reactions9	PEG in Miscellaneous Cross-Coupling Routes10	Conclusions
Effect of Low-Dose Aspirin on the Time of Onset of Preeclampsia and Time of Delivery
Authors: Marrs Caroline , Costantine Maged , Pacheco Luis , Saade George , Chiossi Giuseppe , Dixon C. 
Published: April 2017

Objective To determine whether low-dose aspirin (LDA) affects the time of onset of preeclampsia and the time of delivery in high-risk women.
Study Design Secondary analysis of a multicenter randomized controlled trial of LDA (60 mg) in high-risk women. Quantile regression was used to identify the median gestational age at preeclampsia diagnosis and median gestational age at delivery, whereas logistic regression was used to determine the likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days.
Results Total of 2,479 women were randomized and 461 developed preeclampsia. The mean gestational age at enrollment was 20 ± 4 weeks. On multivariate analysis, LDA did not affect the time of preeclampsia diagnosis (coefficient −0.4 weeks, 95% CI: −1.1 to 0.2; p = 0.2), time of delivery (coefficient 0 weeks, 95% CI: −0.3 to 0.3; p = 1), or likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days (OR = 0.8; 95% CI: 0.5–1.2; p = 0.2). In multifetal gestations, preeclampsia was diagnosed at least 1 week earlier than women with diabetes or previous preeclampsia (p < 0.05), and delivery occurred at least 2 weeks prior (p < 0.001).
Conclusion LDA prophylaxis did not significantly affect time of diagnosis of preeclampsia, time of delivery, or likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days. LDA prophylaxis did not significantly affect time of diagnosis of preeclampsia, time of delivery, or likelihood of preeclampsia-indicated delivery within 7 days.
Adrenal Vein Catecholamine Levels and Ratios: Reference Intervals Derived from Patients with Primary Aldosteronism
Authors: Sze Candy , O’Toole Samuel , Tirador Roger , Akker Scott , Matson Matthew , Perry Leslie , Druce Maralyn , Dekkers Tanja , Deinum Jaap , Lenders Jacques , Eisenhofer Graeme , Drake William 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPhaeochromocytoma localisation is generally reliably achieved with modern imaging techniques, particularly in sporadic cases. On occasion, however, there can be diagnostic doubt due to the presence of bilateral adrenal abnormalities, particularly in patients with mutations in genes predisposing them to the development of multiple phaeochromocytomas. In such cases, surgical intervention is ideally limited to large or functional lesions due to the long-term consequences associated with hypoadrenalism. Adrenal venous sampling (AVS) for catecholamines has been used in this situation to guide surgery, although there are few data available to support diagnostic thresholds. Retrospective analyses of AVS results from 2 centres were carried out. A total of 172 patients (88 men, 84 women) underwent AVS under cosyntropin stimulation for the diagnosis of established primary aldosteronism (PA) with measurement of adrenal and peripheral venous cortisol, aldosterone and catecholamines. Six patients (3 men, 3 women) with phaeochromocytoma underwent AVS for diagnostic purposes with subsequent histological confirmation. Reference intervals for the adrenal venous norepinephrine to epinephrine ratio were created from the PA group. Using the 97.5th centile (1.21 on the left, 1.04 on the right), the false negative rate in the phaeochromocytoma group was 0%. In conclusion, this study describes the largest dataset of adrenal venous catecholamine measurements and provides reference intervals in patients without phaeochromocytoma. This strengthens the certainty with which conclusions related to adrenal venous sampling for catecholamines can be drawn, acknowledging the procedure is not part of the routine diagnostic workup and is an adjunct for use only in difficult clinical cases.
Central and Peripheral Glucagon Reduces Hyperlipidemia in Rats and Hamsters
Authors: Patel Vishal , Joharapurkar Amit , Kshirsagar Samadhan , Patel Hiren , Pandey Dheerendra , Patel Dipam , Shah Kiran , Bahekar Rajesh , Shah Gaurang , Jain Mukul 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Increased lipid levels in blood contribute to increasing the risk of diabetic complications. Glucagon exerts lipid lowering effects in diabetic state. However, the mechanism behind the lipid reduction by glucagon independent of glucose homeostasis is not well understood. We assessed the actions of glucagon on lipid modulation in blood and markers in liver in hyperlipidemic hamsters and rats.
Male Sprague Dawley rats and Golden Syrian hamsters on a hyperlipidemic diet for 2 weeks were administered a single dose of glucagon by subcutaneous (SC, 150 and 300 µg/kg) or intracerebroventricular (ICV, 15 and 30 µg/animal) route. Effect of acute treatment was observed on tyloxapol-induced hypertriglyceridemia, corn oil-induced post-prandial lipemia, and bile flow. A repeated dose treatment by subcutaneous (300 µg/kg) or intracerebroventricular (30 µg/animal) route was done for 2 weeks, following which circulating and hepatic lipids, hepatic markers of lipid metabolism and bile flow were assessed.
Acute administration of glucagon (SC and ICV) decreased triglyceride absorption, hepatic triglyceride secretion rate and increased excretion of cholesterol in bile fluid in dose related manner. Repeated dose treatment reduced circulating and hepatic lipids and mainly LDL, and enhanced cholesterol excretion in bile. In liver, expression of HMG-CoA reductase was reduced while that of ABCA1 was increased after repeated treatment, whereas pair fed group did not show significant changes when compared to the control group.
These findings demonstrate that central as well as peripheral glucagon effectively reduces hyperlipidemia in rat and hamster model, by modulating hepatic lipid metabolism.
Diagnosis of Pulmonary Artery Embolism: Comparison of Single-Source CT and 3rd Generation Dual-Source CT using a Dual-Energy Protocol Regarding Image Quality and Radiation Dose
Authors: Petritsch Bernhard , Kosmala Aleksander , Gassenmaier Tobias , Weng Andreas , Veldhoen Simon , Kunz Andreas , Bley Thorsten 
Published: April 2017

Purpose To compare radiation dose, subjective and objective image quality of 3 rd generation dual-source CT (DSCT) and dual-energy CT (DECT) with conventional 64-slice single-source CT (SSCT) for pulmonary CTA.
Materials and Methods 180 pulmonary CTA studies were performed in three patient cohorts of 60 patients each. Group 1: conventional SSCT 120 kV (ref.); group 2: single-energy DSCT 100 kV (ref.); group 3: DECT 90/Sn150 kV. CTDIvol, DLP, effective radiation dose were reported, and CT attenuation (HU) was measured on three central and peripheral levels. The signal-to-noise-ratio (SNR) and contrast-to-noise-ratio (CNR) were calculated. Two readers assessed subjective image quality according to a five-point scale.
Results Mean CTDIvol and DLP were significantly lower in the dual-energy group compared to the SSCT group (p < 0.001 [CTDIvol]; p < 0.001 [DLP]) and the DSCT group (p = 0.003 [CTDIvol]; p = 0.003 [DLP]), respectively. The effective dose in the DECT group was 2.79 ± 0.95 mSv and significantly smaller than in the SSCT group (4.60 ± 1.68 mSv, p < 0.001) and the DSCT group (4.24 ± 2.69 mSv, p = 0.003). The SNR and CNR were significantly higher in the DSCT group (p < 0.001). Subjective image quality did not differ significantly among the three protocols and was rated good to excellent in 75 % (135/180) of cases with an inter-observer agreement of 80 %.
Conclusion Dual-energy pulmonary CTA protocols of 3 rd generation dual-source scanners allow for significant reduction of radiation dose while providing excellent image quality and potential additional information by means of perfusion maps.
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Evidence-Based Guidelines for the Pharmacologic Management of Methamphetamine Dependence, Relapse Prevention, Chronic Methamphetamine-Related, and Comorbid Psychiatric Disorders in Post-Acute Settings
Authors: Härtel-Petri Roland , Krampe-Scheidler Anne , Braunwarth Wolf-Dietrich , Havemann-Reinecke Ursula , Jeschke Peter , Looser Winfried , Mühlig Stephan , Schäfer Ingo , Scherbaum Norbert , Bothe Lydia , Schaefer Corinna , Hamdorf Willem 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe increasing abuse of the street drug crystal meth (methamphetamine) in many countries worldwide has resulted in a growing demand to treat patients who have acquired a methamphetamine-related disorder. The results of a systematic literature search which led to the consensus-based recommendations by the Working Group of the German Agency for Quality in Medicine (Ärztliches Zentrum für Qualität in der Medizin - ÄZQ) are presented. Pharmacological treatments were reviewed in 58 out of the 103 publications included. They were mainly randomized controlled trials (RCT). Despite increased research activities, none of the medications studied demonstrated a convincing and consistent effect on abstinence rates, despite some having an impact on craving and retention rates or symptom control. In addition, as yet there is no sufficient evidence available for dopamine analogue treatment (“substitution”) after the initial withdrawal-period. Methamphetamine-related, post-acute persistent or comorbid syndromes such as methamphetamine-associated psychosis (MAP), depressive syndromes, anxiety, and sleep disorders are usually treated in a symptom-oriented manner. Risks of interactions with methamphetamine have to be taken in account when prescribing medications with doubtful efficacy. Further research is warranted.
Total Serum Antioxidant Capacity in Healthy Normal Weight and Asymptomatic Overweight Adults
Authors: Petelin Ana , Tedeschi Paola , Maietti Annalisa , Jurdana Mihaela , Brandolini Vincenzo , Pražnikar Zala 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Obesity and overweight are major contributors to the burden of chronic disease. Both are defined as abnormal or excessive fat accumulation and by increased production of free radicals leading to oxidative stress. The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether overweight and fat accumulation is associated with serum total antioxidant capacity (TAC) in men and women, irrespective of nutritional habits, nutrient intakes, physical activity, smoking, and other confounders, which may be responsible for modifying the association between serum TAC and overweight/obesity measures.
This cross-sectional study was conducted on 60 normal weight and 60 overweight adults aged 25–49. All participants underwent standard anthromorphological measurements of body composition, blood pressure and biochemical measurements, aerobic capabilities assessment and dietary intake evaluation. TAC was measured by using the photochemioluminescence method. All data were analysed with SPSS software.
Men had higher values of TAC than women and concentrations of TAC were significantly higher in overweight subjects compared to normal weight subjects. In the present study TAC tended to be increased by various metabolic risk factors, especially overweight/obesity parameters (body mass index, body fat), inflammation and increased serum levels of Cysteine, irrespective of nutritional habits, nutrient intakes, physical activity and smoking.
Overweight and obesity at an early stage may stimulate TAC. Therefore, the elevation of TAC in overweight adults may be a compensatory response to oxidative stress, generated by reactive oxygen species.
Density dependence in demography and dispersal generates fluctuating invasion speeds
Authors: Sullivan Lauren L. , Li Bingtuan , Miller Tom E. X. , Neubert Michael G. , Shaw Allison K. 
Published: April 2017

Significance
Mitigating the spread of invasive species remains difficult—substantial variability in invasion speed is increasingly well-documented, but the sources of this variability are poorly understood. We report a mechanism for invasion speed variability. The combined action of density dependence in demography and dispersal can cause invasions to fluctuate, even in constant environments. Speed fluctuations occur through creation of a pushed invasion wave that moves forward not from small populations at the leading edge but instead, from larger, more established populations that “jump” forward past the previous invasion front. Variability in strength of the push generates fluctuating invasion speeds. Conditions giving rise to fluctuations are widely documented in nature, suggesting that an important source of invasion variability may be overlooked.
On the permeation of large organic cations through the pore of ATP-gated P2X receptors
Authors: Harkat Mahboubi , Peverini Laurie , Cerdan Adrien H. , Dunning Kate , Beudez Juline , Martz Adeline , Calimet Nicolas , Specht Alexandre , Cecchini Marco , Chataigneau Thierry , Grutter Thomas 
Published: April 2017

SignificanceUnlike many ion channels whose pore conductances remain relatively stable over time, it is thought that prolonged ATP applications to P2X receptors cause a striking increase over time in the permeability of large molecules, a process dubbed pore dilation. However, this mechanism remains poorly understood and highly controversial. Here, we use different methods spanning single-channel recordings, photochemistry, molecular biology, and computations to show that contrary to longstanding view, rapid activation by ATP allows the stable passage of large cations through the P2X pore. We further discover that spermidine, a large natural cation known to modulate other ion channels, is able to transit through many P2X receptors, including those thought to be nondilating. Our data thus reveal an unacknowledged P2X-mediated signaling.
Diversification of IgG effector functions
Authors: Bournazos Stylianos , Ravetch Jeffrey V 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIgG is the major immunoglobulin class produced during an immune response against foreign antigens and efficiently provides protection through its bifunctional nature. While the Fab domains confer highly specific recognition of the antigen, the Fc domain mediates a wide range of effector functions that modulate several aspects of innate and adaptive immunity. Engagement of the various types of Fcγ receptors (FcγRs) by an IgG Fc domain can activate distinct immunomodulatory pathways with pleiotropic functional consequences for several leukocyte types. Fc effector functions are not limited to phagocytosis and cytotoxicity of IgG-opsonized targets but exhibit remarkable diversity and include modulation of leukocyte activity and survival, cytokine and chemokine expression, maturation of antigen-presenting cells, antigen processing and presentation, B-cell selection and IgG affinity maturation, as well as regulation of IgG production. These functions are initiated upon specific interactions of the Fc domain with the various types of FcγRs—a process that is largely determined by the structural heterogeneity of the IgG Fc domain. Modulation of the Fc-associated glycan structure and composition along with differences in the primary amino acid sequence among the IgG subclasses represent the two main diversification mechanisms of the Fc domain that generate a spectrum of Fc domain phenotypes with distinct affinity for the various FcγR types and differential capacity to activate immunomodulatory pathways.
Association of Early Outpatient Rehabilitation With Health Service Utilization in Managing Medicare Beneficiaries With Nontraumatic Knee Pain: Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Stevans Joel M. , Fitzgerald G. Kelley , Piva Sara R. , Schneider Michael 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Background. Nontraumatic knee pain (NTKP) is highly prevalent in adults 65 years of age and older. Evidence-based guidelines recommend early use of rehabilitation; however, there is limited information comparing differences in health care utilization when rehabilitation is included in the management of NTKP.
Objectives. To describe the overall health care utilization associated with the management of NTKP; estimate the proportion of people who receive outpatient rehabilitation services; and evaluate the timing of outpatient rehabilitation and its association with other health care utilization.
Design. Rretrospective cohort study was conducted using a random 10% sample of 2009–2010 Medicare claims. The sample included 52,504 beneficiaries presenting within the ambulatory setting for management of NTKP.
Methods. Exposure to outpatient rehabilitative services following the NTKP index ambulatory visit was defined as 1) no rehabilitation; 2) early rehabilitation (1-15 days); 3) intermediate rehabilitation (16-120 days); and 4) late rehabilitation (&gt;120 days). Logistic regression models were fit to analyze the association of rehabilitation timing with narcotic analgesic use, utilization of nonsurgical invasive procedure, and knee surgery during a 12-month follow-up period.
Results. Only 11.1% of beneficiaries were exposed to outpatient rehabilitation services. The likelihood of using narcotics, nonsurgical invasive procedures, or surgery was significantly less (adjusted odds ratios; 0.67, 0.50, 0.58, respectively) for those who received early rehabilitation when compared to no rehabilitation. The exposure-outcome relationships were reversed in the intermediate and late rehabilitation cohorts.
Limitations. This was an observational study, and residual confounding could affect the observed relationships. Therefore, definitive conclusions regarding the causal effect of rehabilitation exposure and reduced utilization of more aggressive interventions cannot be determined at this time.
Conclusions. Early referral for outpatient rehabilitation may reduce the utilization of health services that carry greater risks or costs in those with NTKP.
Patient satisfaction with PAs in the Netherlands
Authors: Meijer Koos , Kuilman Luppo 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
Physician assistants (PAs) were introduced in the Netherlands in 2002 and are now widely deployed. However, little is known about patient satisfaction with Dutch PAs. A comparative study of patient satisfaction was undertaken in the primary care setting. Patients seen by general practitioners (GPs) and PAs were surveyed using the Consumer Quality Index, a European quality survey instrument. Quality of performance indicators included patient satisfaction, effectiveness of treatment, and safety of treatment. The results found that few differences emerged, and Dutch patients appear to be as satisfied with the care received by PAs as with GPs.
Effects of Polymyxin B Hemoperfusion on Mortality in Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock: A Systemic Review, Meta-Analysis Update, and Disease Severity Subgroup Meta-Analysis
Authors: Chang Tzu , Tu Yu-Kang , Lee Chen-Tse , Chao Anne , Huang Chi-Hsiang , Wang Ming-Jiuh , Yeh Yu-Chang 
Published: April 2017

Objective:
Several studies have reported a survival benefit for polymyxin B hemoperfusion treatment in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock. However, recently, a propensity-matched analysis and a randomized controlled trial reported no survival benefit for polymyxin B hemoperfusion treatment. We performed an up-to-date meta-analysis to determine the effect of polymyxin B hemoperfusion treatment on mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock.

Data Sources:
PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane Library were searched from inception to May 2016.

Study Selection:
Studies investigating the effect of polymyxin B hemoperfusion on mortality were considered eligible. We searched for terms related to severe sepsis and septic shock and terms related to polymyxin B hemoperfusion.

Data Extraction:
The following data were extracted from the original articles: the name of the first author and publication year, subjects and setting, inclusion and exclusion criteria, mean age and size of the study population, male percentage, mortality, blood pressure, Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score, pulmonary oxygenation, and levels of endotoxin and humoral cytokines.

Data Synthesis:
A total of 17 trials were included. The pooled risk ratio for overall mortality was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.70–0.95), favoring polymyxin B hemoperfusion (p = 0.007). Disease severity subgroup meta-analysis revealed a significant reduction of mortality in the intermediate- and high-risk groups (risk ratio, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.77–0.92 and risk ratio, 0.64; 95% CI, 0.52–0.78, respectively), but not in the low-risk group (risk ratio, 1.278; 95% CI, 0.888–1.839). The nonlinear meta-regression with restricted cubic spline showed an almost linear inverse association between the baseline mortality rate and reduction in the risk of mortality.

Conclusion:
The present study demonstrated that polymyxin B hemoperfusion treatment may reduce mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock in specific disease severity subgroups.