bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Experimental Characteristics and Evaluation of Nylon-12 in Erosion Process
Authors: Debnath U. K. , Chowdhury M. A. , Nuruzzaman D. M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Polymer materials are used in a wide range of applications. The erosion properties of nylon-12 were analyzed in this study. Randomly-shaped sand (SiO2) particles of various sizes (300–355 μm, 355–500 μm, and 500–600 μm) were selected as erosive elements. Impingement angles between 15 and 90°, impingement velocities between 30 and 50 m/s, and stand-off distances15–25 mm at ambient temperature were tested. During testing, the maximum erosion of the tested polymer composite occurred at 30° angle of impingement, indicating a ductile nature of the test material. Erosion increased with impact velocity and decreased with stand-off distance. The erosion rate varies from approximately 5 to 1600 mg/kg at different combinations of impact velocity, impact angle, and other related parameters. The mean S/N ratio was found to be −41.35 dB, which reflects the average erosion rate under different test conditions. Test results were evaluated using Taguchi's concept to minimize the observations needed, and analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to identify interactions between tested parameters and identify the most significant parameters. Surface damage was examined using scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) to examine the nature of the wear behavior. The morphology of tested material showed micro cutting, micro cracking, ploughing, and deformation as dominating damage characteristics of impacting surfaces.
Does metabolic health in overweight and obesity persist? – Individual variation and cardiovascular mortality over two decades
Authors: Kaur Akaal , Johnston Desmond G , Godsland Ian F 
Published: July 2016

Objective
Overweight and obese individuals may be metabolically healthy, but attention needs to be given to long-term persistence of this trait and any associated variation in cardiovascular risk.
Design
Cross-sectional and longitudinal variation in metabolic health and associated cardiovascular mortality were analysed in 1099 white European-origin normal-weight and overweight or obese males followed for 20years.
Methods
Definitions of metabolic health were based on LDL and HDL cholesterol, triglycerides, blood pressure, fasting glucose and cardiovascular risk. Insulin resistance (e.g. HOMA-IR) and sub-clinical inflammation (ESR and white blood cell count) were explored. Cardiovascular mortality risks and persistence of metabolic health status were evaluated.
Results
There were 87 cardiovascular deaths. Insulin resistance was increased in metabolically healthy overweight or obese participants (median HOMA-IR 2.63, 95% CI: 1.79–3.65, P<0.001) relative to normal-weight participants (median HOMA-IR 1.67, 95% CI: 1.08–2.67, P<0.001) as was sub-clinical inflammation but metabolically healthy overweight or obese individuals were not at increased risk of cardiovascular mortality compared with the metabolically healthy normal-weight individuals (hazard ratio 1.13, 95% CI: 0.34–3.72, P=0.8). The proportions of initially metabolically healthy overweight or obese who remained metabolically healthy for visits 2, 3 and 4 were 54, 48 and 39% respectively, and for initially normal-weight individuals, 68, 51 and 41%. A lower proportion of metabolically healthy overweight or obese individuals remained metabolically healthy at visit 2 compared with normal-weight individuals (P=0.007), but proportions converged thereafter.
Conclusions
Despite being insulin resistant and having greater sub-clinical inflammation, and despite instability in metabolic health status, metabolically healthy overweight or obese individuals were at no greater risk of cardiovascular mortality than their normal-weight equivalents.
Effector-Triggered Immune Response in Arabidopsis thaliana Is a Quantitative Trait
Authors: Iakovidis Michail , Teixeira Paulo J P L , Exposito-Alonso Moises , Cowper Matthew G , Law Theresa F , Liu Qingli , Vu Minh Chau , Dang Troy Minh , Corwin Jason A , Weigel Detlef , Dangl Jeffery L , Grant Sarah R 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We identified loci responsible for natural variation in Arabidopsis thaliana (Arabidopsis) responses to a bacterial pathogen virulence factor, HopAM1. HopAM1 is a type III effector protein secreted by the virulent Pseudomonas syringae strain Pto DC3000. Delivery of HopAM1 from disarmed Pseudomonas strains leads to local cell death, meristem chlorosis, or both, with varying intensities in different Arabidopsis accessions. These phenotypes are not associated with differences in bacterial growth restriction. We treated the two phenotypes as quantitative traits to identify host loci controlling responses to HopAM1. Genome-wide association (GWA) of 64 Arabidopsis accessions identified independent variants highly correlated with response to each phenotype. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping in a recombinant inbred population between Bur-0 and Col-0 accessions revealed genetic linkage to regions distinct from the top GWA hits. Two major QTL associated with HopAM1-induced cell death were also associated with HopAM1-induced chlorosis. HopAM1-induced changes in Arabidopsis gene expression showed that rapid HopAM1-dependent cell death in Bur-0 is correlated with effector-triggered immune responses. Studies of the effect of mutations in known plant immune system genes showed, surprisingly, that both cell death and chlorosis phenotypes are enhanced by loss of EDS1, a regulatory hub in the plant immune-signaling network. Our results reveal complex genetic architecture for response to this particular type III virulence effector, in contrast to the typical monogenic control of cell death and disease resistance triggered by most type III effectors.
Mediación pedagógica en salud sexual y reproductiva, derechos sexuales y reproductivos dirigida a adolescentes
Authors: Meza Arguedas Verónica 
Published: July 2016

Introducción. Al abordar el tema de la sexualidad desde el ámbito educativo, se han utilizado diversos métodos y procesos que, a lo largo de la historia, contribuyeron y facilitaron el desarrollo y la transmisión de conocimientos desde un sujeto o mediador, hacia una población determinada. Por ello es importante analizar la forma en cómo los temas de sexualidad se han transmitido a la población de adolescentes.. El objetivo fue desarrollar estrategias de mediación pedagógica en salud sexual, salud reproductiva, derechos sexuales y reproductivos dirigidas a adolescentes que viven en el Hogar Madre Redentor de Pérez Zeledón, 2013.Método. Participó un grupo de adolescentes (15) entre 10 y 19 años, residentes del Hogar Madre Redentor de Pérez Zeledón. El estudio es diseño no experimental transeccional con un enfoque cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo.Resultado. Los resultados indican que utilizar métodos y técnicas pedagógicas interactivas, aunados al conocimiento, la experiencia y la práctica de un profesional en enfermería obstétrica, resultan muy beneficiosos, puesto que las participantes lograron comprender tanto los componentes de la adolescencia y la sexualidad, así como la importancia de mantener una vida sexual sana.Conclusión. Es importante que el profesional en enfermería en obstetricia conozca y desarrolle técnicas educativas con el fin de facilitar un aprendizaje colaborativo sobre salud sexual, salud reproductiva, derechos sexuales y derechos reproductivos, principalmente porque el efecto que causan es seguro para el aprendizaje y la alfabetización sexual de diferentes poblaciones, especialmente aquellas representadas por adolescentes.
Comparing Different Methods to Determine Soil Physical Quality in a Mediterranean Forest and Pasture Land
Authors: Cullotta S. , Bagarello V. , Baiamonte G. , Gugliuzza G. , Iovino M. , La Mela Veca D.S. , Maetzke F. , Palmeri V. , Sferlazza S. 
Published: July 2016

Core Ideas
Optimal values of soil physical quality indicators are still approximate.
Sampling soils with minimal anthropic pressures will improve soil physical quality assessment.
Capacity‐based indicators yielded plausible results in a near natural area in Sicily.
Field methods appears a possible alternative to laboratory techniques to assess soil physical quality.
Simultaneous characterization of forest and soil parameters is recommended.
Soil physical quality (SPQ) can be assessed by different experimental methodologies and criteria and the optimal/critical values or ranges for SPQ indicators are still approximate. Sampling soils with minimal anthropic pressures should allow improvements in SPQ assessment. Different experimental methodologies and criteria were applied to sample a Mediterranean oak forest (Quercus ilex L.) and pasture land, in Sicily, with a varying degree of anthropic disturbance. Soil water retention was determined in the laboratory and the field, using the BEST (Beerkan Estimation of Soil Transfer parameters) procedure of soil hydraulic characterization. Capacity‐based indicators, the S index, and location and shape parameters of the pore volume distribution function were calculated for assessing SPQ. With the laboratory data, only the criterion using the capacity‐based indicators suggested that SPQ increased as external pressures decreased. Therefore, this criterion appeared to be more reliable than the other tested criteria in the sampled environment. The field method was more prone to suggest good conditions and less able to signal differences between plots as compared with the laboratory method. A forest soil with a good SPQ has an ability to store and provide water to plant roots similar to, but it is more aerated than, a good agricultural soil. Developing BEST for SPQ assessment is advisable since parameters descriptive of the soil water transport properties can be collected with a single experiment. Simultaneous characterization of dendrometric and soil parameters at other sites is recommended to explore the relationships between SPQ indicators and characteristics of the forest cover.
Role of TiF4 in Microleakage of Silorane and Methacrylatebased Composite Resins in Class V Cavities
Authors: Jowkar Zahra , Koohpeima Fatemeh , Sharafeddin Farahnaz , Ahmadzadeh Samaneh , Mokhtari Mohammad Javad , Azarian Babak 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTAimThis study investigated the effect of TiF4 solution pretreatment on microleakage of silorane and nanofilled methacrylatebased composites in class V cavities.Materials and methodsForty-eight intact premolar teeth were randomly allocated to four groups of 12 teeth. Restorative techniques after standard class V tooth preparations were as follows: Group 1, Filtek P90 composite; group 2, Filtek Z350 XT; group 3, TiF4 solution pretreatment and Filtek P90 composite; group 4, TiF4 solution pretreatment and Filtek Z350 XT. After storing the specimens in distilled water at 37°C for 24 hours and followed by immersion of the specimens in a 0.5% basic-fuchsin solution for 24 hours, they were sectioned buccolingually to obtain four surfaces for each specimen for analysis of microleakage using a stereomicroscope. Data analysis was performed using Kruskal-Wallis test to compare the four groups and the Mann- Whitney test for paired comparisons with Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17 software.ResultsAt the enamel margins, microleakage score of the Filtek Z350 XT group was lower than those of the Filtek P90 with and without the application of the TiF4 (p = 0.009 and p = 0.031 respectively). At the dentin margins, groups 3 and 4 (TiF4+Filtek P90 and TiF4+Filtek z350 XT respectively) showed significantly lower microleakage than group 1 (Filtek P90). However, there was no significant difference between other groups (p > 0.05).ConclusionAt the enamel margins, microleakage score of the silorane-based composite was more than that of the nanofilled composite. No significant differences were observed between the other groups. At the dentin margins, for the silorane-based composite restorations, TiF4 solution pretreatment resulted in significantly lower microleakage. However, the similar result was not observed for Filtek Z350 XT. Also, no significant difference was observed between microleakage scores of Filtek P90 and Filtek Z350 XT with or without TiF4 pretreatment.Clinical significanceIn spite of better mechanical and physical properties of modern composites than earlier methacrylate-based composites, polymerization shrinkage has been remaining as one of the main shortcomings of them. Different methods, such as using new low shrinkage resin composites and different dentin pretreatments, have been suggested to overcome this problem. This study evaluated the effect of TiF4 as pretreatment on microleakage of class V tooth preparations restored with a nanocomposite and a silorane-based resin composite.How to cite this articleKoohpeima F, Sharafeddin F, Jowkar Z, Ahmadzadeh S, Mokhtari MJ, Azarian B. Role of TiF4 in Microleakage of Silorane and Methacrylate-based Composite Resins in Class V Cavities. J Contemp Dent Pract 2016;17(3):240-247.
“Liberté, Égalité, Fraternité” − “eu”, “tu”, “nós”: o filosofar político de Fichte1
Authors: Zöller Günter 
Published: July 2016

No ano de 2014, não só ocorreu o bicentenário da morte de Johann Gottlieb Fichte, mas também completou cem anos o começo da Primeira Guerra Mundial ou Grande Guerra, como ainda é denominada no ocidente. O desembarque dos aliados na Normandia completou cinquenta anos. Além disso, esse ano marcou os doze séculos que nos separam, ou melhor, nos unem à morte de Carlos Magno e dois milênios à de Júlio César Otaviano, conhecido como Augusto — todos eles aniversários de grandes acontecimentos políticos e históricos que causaram mudanças profundas e consequências duradouras. Nessa constelação analista, parece oportuno tornar presente a morte de Fichte, em 29 de janeiro de 1814, o qual foi um pensador político nos moldes europeus. Com tal finalidade, a primeira parte desta conferência expõe o caráter político do filosofar de Fichte. A segunda parte investiga o cunho político de seu filosofar, remetendo-o ao tríplice lema da Revolução Francesa — “Liberdade, Igualdade, Fraternidade” —, ao qual é correlacionada a tríade fichtiana “Eu”, “Tu” e “Nós”. A parte final trata da posição e da função mediais e transitórias do político em Fichte, para quem o Estado nunca é um fim em si mesmo, mas apenas meio para um fim.
Timing and regional patterns of snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice from passive microwave satellite observations
Authors: Arndt Stefanie , Willmes Sascha , Dierking Wolfgang , Nicolaus Marcel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn improved understanding of the temporal variability and the spatial distribution of snowmelt on Antarctic sea ice is crucial to better quantify atmosphere‐ice‐ocean interactions, in particular sea‐ice mass and energy budgets. It is therefore important to understand the mechanisms that drive snowmelt, both at different times of the year and in different regions around Antarctica. In this study, we combine diurnal brightness temperature differences (dTB(37 GHz)) and ratios (TB(19 GHz)/TB(37 GHz)) to detect and classify snowmelt processes. We distinguish temporary snowmelt from continuous snowmelt to characterize dominant melt patterns for different Antarctic sea‐ice regions from 1988/1989 to 2014/2015. Our results indicate four characteristic melt types. On average, 38.9 ± 6.0% of all detected melt events are diurnal freeze‐thaw cycles in the surface snow layer, characteristic of temporary melt (Type A). Less than 2% reveal immediate continuous snowmelt throughout the snowpack, i.e., strong melt over a period of several days (Type B). In 11.7 ± 4.0%, Type A and B take place consecutively (Type C), and for 47.8 ± 6.8% no surface melt is observed at all (Type D). Continuous snowmelt is primarily observed in the outflow of the Weddell Gyre and in the northern Ross Sea, usually 17 days after the onset of temporary melt. Comparisons with Snow Buoy data suggest that also the onset of continuous snowmelt does not translate into changes in snow depth for a longer period but might rather affect the internal stratigraphy and density structure of the snowpack. Considering the entire data set, the timing of snowmelt processes does not show significant temporal trends.
Accurate early‐time and late‐time modeling of countercurrent spontaneous imbibition
Authors: March Rafael , Doster Florian , Geiger Sebastian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSpontaneous countercurrent imbibition into a finite porous medium is an important physical mechanism for many applications, included but not limited to irrigation, CO2 storage, and oil recovery. Symmetry considerations that are often valid in fractured porous media allow us to study the process in a one‐dimensional domain. In 1‐D, for incompressible fluids and homogeneous rocks, the onset of imbibition can be captured by self‐similar solutions and the imbibed volume scales with
. At later times, the imbibition rate decreases and the finite size of the medium has to be taken into account. This requires numerical solutions. Here we present a new approach to approximate the whole imbibition process semianalytically. The onset is captured by a semianalytical solution. We also provide an a priori estimate of the time until which the imbibed volume scales with
. This time is significantly longer than the time it takes until the imbibition front reaches the model boundary. The remainder of the imbibition process is obtained from a self‐similarity solution. We test our approach against numerical solutions that employ parametrizations relevant for oil recovery and CO2 sequestration. We show that this concept improves common first‐order approaches that heavily underestimate early‐time behavior and note that it can be readily included into dual‐porosity models.
Water‐rich and volatile‐undersaturated magmas at Hekla volcano, Iceland
Authors: Lucic Gregor , Berg Anne‐Sophie , Stix John 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOlivine‐hosted melt inclusions from four eruptions at Hekla volcano in Iceland were analyzed for their dissolved H2O, CO2, S, and Cl contents. A positive correlation among the repose interval, magmatic evolution, and volatile contents of magmas is revealed. H2O is the dominant volatile species; it behaves as an incompatible component, increasing in concentration over time as a result of fractional crystallization in the magma. The full suite of H2O contents ranges from a low of 0.80 wt % in basaltic andesites to a maximum of 5.67 wt % in rhyolites. Decreasing H2O/K2O at fixed major element compositions suggests that syneruptive degassing reduces H2O contents significantly. Hekla magmas are CO2 poor, with very low concentrations present only in the most evolved compositions (∼20–30 ppm or less). The decrease in S content from basaltic andesite to rhyolite demonstrates that sulfide saturation is attained when the melt composition reaches basaltic andesite, resulting in the precipitation of pyrrhotite. Low CO2/Nb ratios suggest that vapor saturation is most likely reached during an early period of cooling and solidification in the crust. Fresh injections of mafic magma interact with previously solidified intrusives, producing new melts that are volatile undersaturated. Vapor saturation pressures obtained using the most volatile‐rich melt inclusions suggest the presence of a magma chamber at a minimum depth of ∼7 km. This is in agreement with geophysical observations from recent small‐volume eruptions, but given the possibility of volatile‐undersaturated melts, some of the magmas may reside at greater depths.
Ubiquity of organic nitrates from nighttime chemistry in the European submicron aerosol
Authors: Kiendler‐Scharr A. , Mensah A. A. , Friese E. , Topping D. , Nemitz E. , Prevot A. S. H. , Äijälä M. , Allan J. , Canonaco F. , Canagaratna M. , Carbone S. , Crippa M. , Dall Osto M. , Day D. A. , De Carlo P. , Di Marco C. F. , Elbern H. , Eriksson A. , Freney E. , Hao L. , Herrmann H. , Hildebrandt L. , Hillamo R. , Jimenez J. L. , Laaksonen A. , McFiggans G. , Mohr C. , O'Dowd C. , Otjes R. , Ovadnevaite J. , Pandis S. N. , Poulain L. , Schlag P. , Sellegri K. , Swietlicki E. , Tiitta P. , Vermeulen A. , Wahner A. , Worsnop D. , Wu H.‐C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the atmosphere nighttime removal of volatile organic compounds is initiated to a large extent by reaction with the nitrate radical (NO3) forming organic nitrates which partition between gas and particulate phase. Here we show based on particle phase measurements performed at a suburban site in the Netherlands that organic nitrates contribute substantially to particulate nitrate and organic mass. Comparisons with a chemistry transport model indicate that most of the measured particulate organic nitrates are formed by NO3 oxidation. Using aerosol composition data from three intensive observation periods at numerous measurement sites across Europe, we conclude that organic nitrates are a considerable fraction of fine particulate matter (PM1) at the continental scale. Organic nitrates represent 34% to 44% of measured submicron aerosol nitrate and are found at all urban and rural sites, implying a substantial potential of PM reduction by NOx emission control.
Improved aerosol radiative properties as a foundation for solar geoengineering risk assessment
Authors: Dykema J. A. , Keith D. W. , Keutsch F. N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSide effects resulting from the deliberate injection of sulfate aerosols intended to partially offset climate change have motivated the investigation of alternatives, including solid aerosol materials. Sulfate aerosols warm the tropical tropopause layer, increasing the flux of water vapor into the stratosphere, accelerating ozone loss, and increasing radiative forcing. The high refractive index of some solid materials may lead to reduction in these risks. We present a new analysis of the scattering efficiency and absorption of a range of candidate solid aerosols. We utilize a comprehensive radiative transfer model driven by updated, physically consistent estimates of optical properties. We compute the potential increase in stratospheric water vapor and associated longwave radiative forcing. We find that the stratospheric heating calculated in this analysis indicates some materials to be substantially riskier than previous work. We also find that there are Earth‐abundant materials that may reduce some principal known risks relative to sulfate aerosols.