bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rifampicin‐Loaded Nano‐in‐Microparticles (Trojan Particles) as a Pulmonary Delivery System for Tuberculosis Treatment
Authors: Pham Dinh‐Duy , Luong Van‐Thin , Huynh Truc Thanh Ngoc , Huynh Duyen Thi My , Pham Duy Toan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe oral rifampicin (RIF) dosage forms possess various side effects and limited efficacy for tuberculosis treatment. Thus, this work developed the nano‐in‐microparticles containing RIF (trojan nRIF) as a novel pulmonary delivery system. The RIF‐loaded nanoparticles (nRIF) were prepared by self‐assembly polyelectrolyte complexation between lecithin and chitosan, whereas the trojan nRIF were formulated by spray‐drying method of nRIF and mannitol/maltodextrin. The nRIF had a spherical shape with sizes of 86–126 nm, zeta potentials of 24–39 mV, entrapment efficiencies of 44–80 %, and drug loading capacities of 13–42 %. The RIF release from nRIF occurred in two stages, the initially rapid release stage and the controlled release stage upto 96 h, followed the Higuchi model. The trojan nRIF possessed the mass median aerodynamic diameter of 3.7–4.6 μm, fine particle fraction of 34–40 %, and alveolar fraction of 17–21 %. Compared to mannitol, maltodextrin was a superior carrier for nRIF, which yielded better aerodynamic properties and RIF was mainly stayed in the amorphous form. Moreover, using the scanning electron microscopy, the nano‐in‐microparticles were clearly observed with hollow structure. Finally, the trojan nRIF could preserve the physical properties of the encapsulated nRIF. In summary, the trojan nRIF could become a potential inhalation anti‐tuberculosis product.
Fabrication of Ripple Structured Silicon Carbide (SiC) Films for Nano‐Grating and Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Gupta Divya , Chhoker Kalpana , Rani Usha , Salim Amena , Singhal Rahul , Sharma Vishal , Aggarwal Sanjeev 
Published: September 2024

AbstractIn the present study, we aim to investigate the self‐organization of unexplored silicon carbide (SiC) film surfaces under 30 keV oblique Ar+ ions irradiation and hence unprecedented tailoring of optical and electrical characteristics with view of their uses in solar cells, gratings and nano‐ to micro‐scale devices. The surface morphology mainly consisted of triangular shaped nanoparticles which evolves into nanoscale ripple structures with an alignment parallel to the projection of ion beam direction. For the first time, we have demonstrated the fabrication of highly‐ordered ripple patterns with wavelength in visible region over SiC films and applicable as nano‐gratings. The underlying mechanism relies on the structural rearrangement due to transition of film microstructure from amorphous to mixed phase (crystalline, nano‐crystalline and amorphous) and lowering of C=C and C−C vibration modes by the heavier Si atoms. These nanostructured silicon carbide film shows unparalleled optical (energy gap decreases from 4.60±0.4 eV to 3.16±0.2 eV) & electrical characteristics (conductivity increases from 6.6×10−11 to 1.12×10−3 S/m with linear I−V behavior). Thus, we propose that ripple structured SiC films with wide band gap, high refractive index and high electrical conductivity with ohmic behaviour are promising candidates for application as window layer in solar cells and opto‐electronics.
Harmonizing Visible‐Light in Green Synthesis: Unrevealing the Brilliance of Metal‐Free Cross‐Coupling of Unsaturated Hydrocarbons for C−C Bonds Formation
Authors: Patel Vishwa K. , Patel Divyani P. , Kumar Singh Satish 
Published: September 2024

AbstractVisible‐light induced, photoredox catalysis has opened a wide range in the transformation of organic compounds in recent times. In synthetic organic chemistry HAT (hydrogen atom transfer) and SET (single electron transfer) mechanisms are a very noteworthy routes that has opened a window in favor of C−C single bond formations. Usually, a major role of unsaturated hydrocarbons is to participate in carbon‐carbon bond formation as they carry reactive π‐bond. Under visible‐light, metal‐free cross‐coupling reactions are particularly favorable because of their atom economy, increased efficiency, and environmentally friendly procedures that result in the construction of C−C bonds. The review emphasizes the latest advancements of visible‐light mediated, cross‐coupling reactions of unsaturated hydrocarbons in metal‐free conditions for constructing carbon‐carbon single bonds.
RNA splicing factor RBFOX2 is a key factor in the progression of cancer and cardiomyopathy
Authors: Shen Jinze , Shentu Jianqiao , Zhong Chenming , Huang Qiankai , Duan Shiwei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundAlternative splicing of pre‐mRNA is a fundamental regulatory process in multicellular eukaryotes, significantly contributing to the diversification of the human proteome. RNA‐binding fox‐1 homologue 2 (RBFOX2), a member of the evolutionarily conserved RBFOX family, has emerged as a critical splicing regulator, playing a pivotal role in the alternative splicing of pre‐mRNA. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of RBFOX2, elucidating its splicing activity through direct and indirect binding mechanisms. RBFOX2 exerts substantial influence over the alternative splicing of numerous transcripts, thereby shaping essential cellular processes such as differentiation and development.Main body of the abstractDysregulation of RBFOX2‐mediated alternative splicing has been closely linked to a spectrum of cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumours, underscoring its potential as a therapeutic target. Despite significant progress, current research faces notable challenges. The complete structural characterisation of RBFOX2 remains elusive, limiting in‐depth exploration beyond its RNA‐recognition motif. Furthermore, the scarcity of studies focusing on RBFOX2‐targeting drugs poses a hindrance to translating research findings into clinical applications.ConclusionThis review critically assesses the existing body of knowledge on RBFOX2, highlighting research gaps and limitations. By delineating these areas, this analysis not only serves as a foundational reference for future studies but also provides strategic insights for bridging these gaps. Addressing these challenges will be instrumental in unlocking the full therapeutic potential of RBFOX2, paving the way for innovative and effective treatments in various diseases.
Preservation of groove mark striae formed by armoured mud clasts: The role of armour sediment size and bed yield stress
Authors: Lock Carys , Reid Miranda , Baas Jaco H. , Peakall Jeff 
Published: September 2024

AbstractStriated grooves in tool marks are common at the base of sandstones, especially in deep‐marine successions, but their use in physical‐process and environmental reconstruction is underdeveloped. To fill this gap in knowledge, striations in the central groove of chevron marks and in chevron‐less groove marks were formed in the laboratory by dragging tools armoured with silt, sand or gravel across muddy substrates. These experiments simulated the formation of striated grooves by armoured mud clasts carried at the base of quasi‐laminar and fully laminar debris flows, aiming to: (1) delineate the bed shear strengths for the formation of striated grooves at different armour sediment sizes; (2) examine how the preservation potential of striated grooves depends on clay bed rheology and size of armour sediment and (3) discuss how the pre‐lithification clay bed consolidation state and size of armour sediment can be reconstructed from striated grooves in the geological record. The experimental results revealed that tools with small‐diameter silt and sand armours dragged along soft beds lack striations or, at best, leave poorly defined striations, whereas firm beds and gravel armours exhibit well‐defined striations. The spacing of striations formed by gravel clasts corresponds well with the clast diameter, implying that striation spacing is a good proxy for the diameter of armoured gravel under natural conditions. In contrast, the spacing of striae formed by sand armours is greater than the grain diameter, suggesting that the spacing of fine striations can only be used to predict a maximum armour sand size. A comparison of different processes of formation of armoured mud clasts demonstrated that the armouring of mud clasts most probably happens after incorporation of the clasts by erosion into the head of the debris flow and subsequent movement across a loose sandy or gravelly bed surface.
Emerging biological functions of Twist1 in cell differentiation
Authors: Tu Mengjie , Ge Bingqian , Li Jiali , Pan Yanbing , Zhao Binbin , Han Jiayang , Wu Jialin , Zhang Kaifeng , Liu Guangchao , Hou Mengwen , Yue Man , Han Xu , Sun Tiantian , An Yang 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTwist1 is required for embryonic development and expresses after birth in mesenchymal stem cells derived from mesoderm, where it governs mesenchymal cell development. As a well‐known regulator of epithelial–mesenchymal transition or embryonic organogenesis, Twist1 is important in a variety of developmental systems, including mesoderm formation, neurogenesis, myogenesis, cranial neural crest cell migration, and differentiation. In this review, we first highlight the physiological significance of Twist1 in cell differentiation, including osteogenic, chondrogenic, and myogenic differentiation, and then detail its probable molecular processes and signaling pathways. On this premise, we summarize the significance of Twist1 in distinct developmental disorders and diseases to provide a reference for studies on cell differentiation/development‐related diseases.
Comparison of mouse models of heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
Authors: Sayour Nabil V. , Gergely Tamás G. , Váradi Barnabás , Tóth Viktória É. , Ágg Bence , Kovács Tamás , Kucsera Dániel , Kovácsházi Csenger , Brenner Gábor B. , Giricz Zoltán , Ferdinandy Péter , Varga Zoltán V. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAimsHeart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) is a leading cause of death worldwide; thus, therapeutic improvements are needed. In vivo preclinical models are essential to identify molecular drug targets for future therapies. Transverse aortic constriction (TAC) is a well‐established model of HFrEF; however, highly experienced personnel are needed for the surgery, and several weeks of follow‐up are necessary to develop HFrEF. To this end, we aimed (i) to develop an easy‐to‐perform mouse model of HFrEF by treating Balb/c mice with angiotensin‐II (Ang‐II) for 2 weeks by minipump and (ii) to compare its cardiac phenotype and transcriptome to the well‐established TAC model of HFrEF in C57BL/6J mice.MethodsMortality and gross pathological data, cardiac structural and functional characteristics assessed by echocardiography and immunohistochemistry and differential gene expression obtained by RNA‐sequencing and gene‐ontology analyses were used to characterize and compare the two models. To achieve statistical comparability between the two models, changes in treatment groups related to the corresponding control were compared (ΔTAC vs. ΔAng‐II).ResultsCompared with the well‐established TAC model, chronic Ang‐II treatment of Balb/c mice shares similarities in cardiac systolic functional decline (left ventricular ejection fraction: −57.25 ± 7.17% vs. −43.68 ± 5.31% in ΔTAC vs. ΔAng‐II; P = 0.1794) but shows a lesser degree of left ventricular dilation (left ventricular end‐systolic volume: 190.81 ± 44.13 vs. 57.37 ± 10.18 mL in ΔTAC vs. ΔAng‐II; P = 0.0252) and hypertrophy (cell surface area: 58.44 ± 6.1 vs. 10.24 ± 2.87 μm2 in ΔTAC vs. ΔAng‐II; P < 0.001); nevertheless, transcriptomic changes in the two HFrEF models show strong correlation (Spearman's r = 0.727; P < 0.001). In return, Ang‐II treatment in Balb/c mice needs significantly less procedural time [38 min, interquartile range (IQR): 31–46 min in TAC vs. 6 min, IQR: 6–7 min in Ang‐II; P < 0.001] and surgical expertise, is less of an object for peri‐procedural mortality (15.8% in TAC vs. 0% in Ang‐II; P = 0.105) and needs significantly shorter follow‐up for developing HFrEF.ConclusionsHere, we demonstrate for the first time that chronic Ang‐II treatment of Balb/c mice is also a relevant, reliable but significantly easier‐to‐perform preclinical model to identify novel pathomechanisms and targets in future HFrEF research.
C−X (X=C, O, S, N, B, P) Bond Deuteration and Late‐Stage Applications
Authors: Xu Hui , Zhang Yun‐Qian , Dai Hui‐Xiong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPrecise deuterium labeling has gained significant attentions owing to the wide applications in organic synthesis, medicinal chemistry, and organic materials. C−C and C‐heteroatom bonds constitute the skeleton of organic molecules. This review summarizes the advancements on C−C and C‐heteroatom bond deuterations as well as their applications in late‐stage deuterations of natural products and pharmaceutically relevant molecules.
Equivalent Circuit Model for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy of Commercial 18650 Lithium‐Ion Cell Under Over‐Discharge and Overcharge Conditions
Authors: Erol Salim 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThis study endeavors to assess the impedance responses exhibited by 18650 Graphite||LiCoO2 (C6||LCO) cells under conditions of over‐discharge and overcharge. The impedance measurements are conducted at a potential of 4.20 V, followed by subjecting the cells to over‐discharge and overcharge scenarios. It is observed that the impedance magnitude experiences augmentation in both instances. Upon reaching a potential of 2.70 V, the electrochemical attributes of the cells revert to their normal state post over‐discharge. However, the impedance characteristics persist even upon exceeding a potential of 4.70 V. These observations imply that overcharge induces enduring alterations in impedance behavior, while over‐discharge is a reversible phenomenon. To delve deeper into the underlying mechanisms, an equivalent circuit process model is constructed. This model elucidates that over‐discharge of Li‐ion batteries is reversible, indicating the potential for restoration of original impedance behavior upon recharge. Conversely, overcharge precipitates permanent alterations in impedance behavior, engendering irreversible changes in battery characteristics. In summation, this study underscores the criticality of meticulously managing the charging and discharging processes of Li‐ion batteries to avert irreversible impairment to impedance behavior, thereby safeguarding battery performance and longevity.
RF‐GCN: Residual fused‐graph convolutional network using multimodalities for facial emotion recognition
Authors: Sakthi D. Vishnu , Ezhumalai P. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBackgroundThe emotional state of individuals is difficult to identify and it is developing now a days because of vast interest in recognition. Many technologies have been developed to identify this emotional expression based on facial expressions, vocal expressions, physiological signals, and body expressions. Among these, facial emotion is very expressive for recognition using multimodalities. Understanding facial emotions has applications in mental well‐being, decision‐making, and even social change, as emotions play a crucial role in our lives. This recognition is complicated by the high dimensionality of data and non‐linear interactions across modalities. Moreover, the way emotion is expressed by people varies and these feature identification remains challenging, where these limitations are overcome by Deep learning models.MethodsThis research work aims at facial emotion recognition through the utilization of a deep learning model, named the proposed Residual Fused‐Graph Convolution Network (RF‐GCN). Here, multimodal data included is video as well as an Electroencephalogram (EEG) signal. Also, the Non‐Local Means (NLM) filter is used for pre‐processing input video frames. Here, the feature selection process is carried out using chi‐square, after feature extraction, which is done in both pre‐processed video frames and input EEG signals. Finally, facial emotion recognition and its types are determined by RF‐GCN, which is a combination of both the Deep Residual Network (DRN) and Graph Convolutional Network (GCN).ResultsFurther, RF‐GCN is evaluated for performance by metrics such as accuracy, recall, and precision, with superior values of 91.6%, 96.5%, and 94.7%.ConclusionsRF‐GCN captures the nuanced relationships between different emotional states and improves recognition accuracy. The model is trained and evaluated on the dataset and reflects real‐world conditions.
Quality by Design Perspectives for Designing Delivery System for Flavour and Fragrance: Current State‐of‐the‐Art and for Future Exploration
Authors: Sumant  , Naman Subh , Sharma Sanyam , Baldi Ashish 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTQuality by design (QbD) is a systematic method for the development of product and process design to ensure quality and efficacy. In the fragrance and flavour industry, the design of delivery systems plays a crucial role in the overall product quality and consumer acceptance. This article analyses the current state‐of‐the‐art and future explorations from QbD perspective for designing appropriate delivery systems for flavour and fragrance applications. The QbD approach for delivery system design involves classifying critical quality attributes of the product and process, defining the critical process parameters and developing a design space to ensure product quality within the specified range. In addition, risk assessment and mitigation strategies are also a component of the QbD techniques, which ensure the robustness of the delivery system. Various delivery systems such as microencapsulation, nanoencapsulation, solid lipid nanoparticles and liposomes have been explored in the flavour and fragrance industry. These delivery systems provide controlled release, protection, and enhanced stability of the active ingredients. However, challenges such as scale‐up, reproducibility, and cost‐effectiveness need to be addressed to ensure their commercial viability. In conclusion, the QbD outlook provides a comprehensive framework for the design of carrier system for fragrance and flavour applications. The incorporation of risk assessment and mitigation strategies ensures the robustness of the delivery system, and the future exploration of advanced technologies may further enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the QbD approach.
Frequent Trading and Investment Performance: Evidence From the KOSPI 200 Futures Market
Authors: Ryu Doojin , Webb Robert I. , Yu Jinyoung 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTThis study explores whether frequent trading is profitable to investors in an emerging stock index futures market. Our analyses, based on long‐term data from 2010 to 2023, indicate that the effect of trading frequency differs across investor types and market conditions. Only some domestic institutions gain additional profits from more frequent trading, and such a tendency is apparent when the futures price falls and when the futures market volatility is low. Foreign investors experience losses as they trade more when the market is bearish and are frequently net long. The performance of domestic individuals does not depend on their trading frequency in general; however, they lose more from trading when the market is bearish and when the market is less volatile.
The European Space Agency MBSE Methodology
Authors: Gonzalez Fernandez Alberto , Maleki Elaheh , Fischer Nils , Honoré‐Livermore Evelyn , Christofi Nikolena , Verhoef Marcel 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe European Space Agency (ESA) has been developing an MBSE Methodology to address the increased digitalization of systems engineering and facilitate the complex system development in ESA projects and other European space projects. The methodology is based on the European Cooperation for Space Standardization (ECSS) standards for Systems Engineering, and feedback from projects using the methodology. By using the ECSS standards as the starting point, the processes, terminology and expected outputs are familiar to the engineers, lowering the usage barrier within the Agency. This paper describes the background of and effort for establishing the MBSE methodology and a description of the methodology. The paper also reports on the current efforts at ESA for deploying MBSE and the way forward regarding the methodology.
Enhanced pharmacological activities of AKR1C3‐activated prodrug AST‐3424 in cancer cells with defective DNA repair
Authors: Meng Fanying , Qi Tianyang , Liu Xing , Wang Yizhi , Yu Jibing , Lu Zhaoqiang , Cai Xiaohong , Li Anrong , Jung Don , Duan Jianxin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAST‐3424 is a novel and highly tumor‐selective prodrug. AST‐3424 is activated by AKR1C3 to release a toxic bis‐alkylating moiety, AST 2660. In this study, we have investigated the essential role of DNA repair in AST‐3424 mediated pharmacological activities in vitro and in vivo. We show here that AST‐3424 is effective as a single therapeutic agent against cancer cells to induce cytotoxicity, DNA damage, apoptosis and cell cycle arrest at G2 phase in a dose‐ and AKR1C3‐dependent manner in both p53‐proficient H460 (RRID:CVCL_0459) and p53‐deficient HT‐29 cells (RRID:CVCL_0320). The combination of abrogators of G2 checkpoint with AST‐3424 was only synergistic in HT‐29 but not in H460 cells. The enhanced activity of AST‐3424 in HT‐29 cells was due to impaired DNA repair ability via the attenuation of cell cycle G2 arrest and reduced RAD51 expression. Furthermore, we utilized a BRCA2 deficient cell line and two PDX models with BRCA deleterious mutations to study the increased activity of AST‐3424. The results showed that AST‐3424 exhibited enhanced in vitro cytotoxicity and superior and durable in vivo anti‐tumor effects in cells deficient of DNA repair protein BRCA2. In summary, we report here that when DNA repair capacity is reduced, the in vitro and in vivo activity of AST‐3424 can be further enhanced, thus providing supporting evidence for the further evaluation of AST‐3424 in the clinic.
A Dynamic Multi‐Output Convolutional Neural Network for Skin Lesion Classification
Authors: Zhou Yingyue , Guo Junfei , Yao Hanmin , Zhao Jiaqi , Li Xiaoxia , Qin Jiamin , Liu Shuangli 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACTSkin cancer is a pressing global health issue, with high incidence and mortality rates. Convolutional neural network (CNN) models have been proven to be effective in improving performance in skin lesion image classification and reducing the medical burden. However, the inherent class imbalance in training data caused by the difficulty of collecting dermoscopy images leads to categorical overfitting, which still limits the effectiveness of these data‐driven models in recognizing few‐shot categories. To address this challenge, we propose a dynamic multi‐output convolutional neural network (DMO‐CNN) model that incorporates exit nodes into the standard CNN structure and includes feature refinement layers (FRLs) and an adaptive output scheduling (AOS) module. This model improves feature representation ability through multi‐scale sub‐feature maps and reduces the inter‐layer dependencies during backpropagation. The FRLs ensure efficient and low‐loss down‐sampling, while the AOS module utilizes a trainable layer selection mechanism to refocus the model's attention on few‐shot lesion categories. Additionally, a novel correction factor loss is introduced to supervise and promote AOS convergence. Our evaluation of the DMO‐CNN model on the HAM10000 dataset demonstrates its effectiveness in multi‐class skin lesion classification and its superior performance in recognizing few‐shot categories. Despite utilizing a very simple VGG structure as the sole backbone structure, DMO‐CNN achieved impressive performance of 0.885 in BACC and 0.983 in weighted AUC. These results are comparable to those of the ensemble model that won the ISIC 2018 challenge, highlighting the strong potential of DMO‐CNN in dealing with few‐shot skin lesion data.