bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study of ferroelastic behavior and microstructure in polycrystalline
LaCoO3 using Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Kell S. , Tanase M. , Klie R.F. 
Published: August 2017

LaCoO3 is a ferroelastic perovskite-type oxide. It has been shown to
undergo creep at room temperature. LaCoO3 responds to stress by changing its
domain structure, resulting in formation of spontaneous strain. The
microstructure of a sample of polycrystalline LaCoO3 with history of stress
was investigated using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). It was
compared to an unstrained sample to determine what changes are produced. TEM
analysis has shown an increase in defect density as well as the appearance
of atomic scale ordering. The causes of the observed ordering and their
relation to ferroelastic behavior are explored.
A case of an abdominal wall cystic urachal carcinoma in an unusual location
Authors: Kim Kyoungyul , Jung Minsun , Lim Dongyoung , Ryu Young-Joon 
Published: August 2017

A solitary cystic lesion in the abdominal wall is generally benign, such as an omental cyst, mesenteric cyst, enteric duplication cyst, cystic mesothelioma, or skin appendage tumor. Furthermore, most malignancies in the urachal remnant are intraperitoneal lesions, and generally develop on the anterior aspect of the bladder dome. Moreover, most urachal glandular malignant neoplasms are the mucinous cystic type. We report a cystic urachal adenocarcinoma that presented as an abdominal wall cystic lesion. A 42-year-old woman was admitted to Kangwon National University Hospital for a 5-cm palpable abdominal wall mass. Conservative surgical excision was performed with subsequent histological and immunohistochemical evaluations, but only a few non-mucinous invasive glands and finger-like growths were noted. During a 2-year period, the tumor recurred several times along the urachal tract and metastasized to the regional lymph nodes. Despite receiving chemotherapy, the patient died 2 years after the first surgery.
The Separable Complementation Property and Mrówka Compacta
Authors: Ferrer Jesus 
Published: August 2017

We study the separable complementation property for $C(K_{\cal A})$ spaces when $K_{\cal A}$ is the Mr\'owka compact associated to an almost disjoint family ${\cal A}$ of countable sets. In particular we prove that, if ${\cal A}$ is a generalized ladder system, then $C(K_{\cal A})$ has the separable complementation property ($SCP$ for short) if and only if it has the controlled version of this property. We also show that, when ${\cal A}$ is a maximal generalized ladder system, the space $C(K_{\cal A})$ does not enjoy the $SCP$.
A prisão do depositário infiel e o Pacto de São José da Costa Rica
Authors: Silva Cleberton Aragão , Leão Antonina Gallotti Lima 
Published: August 2017

A possibilidade de prisão civil do depositário infiel suscita controvérsias nas instâncias judiciárias e na doutrina, destacando-se por abranger a questão relativa ao direito fundamental à liberdade e por vincular-se à análise da hierarquia dos tratados internacionais de direitos humanos no ordenamento jurídico interno, mais especificamente, do Pacto de São José da Costa Rica. Ratificado pelo Brasil em 1992, o Pacto de São José da Costa Rica não permite a prisão por dívidas, exceto a do devedor de obrigação alimentícia, não admitindo a outra exceção estipulada em nossa Constituição Federal, relativa ao depositário infiel, no artigo 5º, LXVII. A hierarquia desse tratado internacional perante o ordenamento jurídico interno tem sido tema de discussão entre os juristas, havendo as seguintes teorias: hierarquia supraconstitucional, hierarquia constitucional, hierarquia de lei ordinária, e hierarquia infraconstitucional, porém supralegal, entendimento esse aceito pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal recentemente, e que demonstra uma importante evolução jurisprudencial quanto ao tema, segundo os juristas. Assim, nas mais recentes decisões, nossa Corte Maior determinou a impossibilidade de prisão civil do depositário infiel de qualquer espécie, concretizando o respeito ao direito à liberdade, cláusula pétrea de nossa Constituição.ssa Constituição.
A systematic review of differential rate of use of the word “evolve” across fields
Authors: Singh Nina , Sit Matthew T. , Schutte Marissa K. , Chan Gabriel E. , Aldana Jeyson E. , Cervantes Diana , Himmelstein Clyde H. , Yeh Pamela J. 
Published: August 2017

Background
Although evolution is the driving force behind many of today’s major public health and agriculture issues, both journalists and scientific researchers often do not use the term “evolve” in discussions of these topics.

Methods
In a total of 1,066 articles and 716 papers selected from 25 US newspapers and 34 scientific journals, we assess usage of the word “evolve” and its substitute words in the contexts of cancer tumor drug resistance, HIV drug resistance, mosquito insecticide resistance, and weed pesticide resistance.

Results
We find significant differences in the use of “evolve” among fields and sources. “Evolve” is used most when discussing weed pesticide resistance (25.9% in newspapers, 52.4% in journals) and least when discussing cancer tumor drug resistance (3.9% in newspapers, 9.8% in journals). On average, scientific journals use “evolve” more often (22.2%) than newspapers (7.8%). Different types of journals (general science, general clinical, cancer specific, and drug resistance specific) show significantly different “evolve” usages when discussing cancer tumor drug resistance.

Discussion
We examine potential explanations of these findings, such as the relatively recent framing of cancer in evolutionary terms, before looking at consequences of low “evolve” usage and of differential “evolve” usage across fields. Use of the word “evolve” may not reflect current understanding of the problems we examine. However, given that our ability to tackle resistance issues relies upon accurate understandings of what causes and exacerbates resistance, use of the word “evolve” when called for may help us confront these issues in the future.
From agenda‐setting to implementation: The role of multisectoral partnerships in addressing urban climate risks
Authors: Surminski Swenja , Leck Hayley 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMultisectoral partnerships (MSPs) form an increasingly popular and important part of the global climate and disaster risk governance landscape, but the literature offers little critical investigation of this phenomenon. In particular it remains unclear how MSPs can support the transition from agenda setting to implementation in response to multiple current and future pressures threatening the resilience of cities. Through the lens of the London Climate Change Partnership (LCCP) and drawing from other MSP examples, this paper investigates the scope for MSPs to enhance climate adaptation in an urban context. Our paper has two main aims: to expand understanding of the role of MSPs in the adaptation decision process in the context of the wider governance literature, and to shed some light on the complexities of transitioning through that process. To clarify the role of a MSP we propose a distinction between “first generation” and “second generation” MSPs, illustrating the progression from agenda‐setting to implementation: “first generation” MSPs are focused on agenda setting and knowledge sharing in order to support decision makers, while “second generation” MSPs are aimed at implementing solutions. We consider this distinction from the perspective of the individual members and their perceptions, motivations, and expectations. We find that the dynamic nature of urban adaptation with a shifting focus from initial agenda setting toward the implementation of actions presents challenges for existing MSPs, particularly such long‐established ones like the LCCP. Our investigation shows that “first generation” MSPs can play important roles in agenda setting, but finds little evidence of “second generation” MSPs achieving implementation.
Is the permeability of naturally fractured rocks scale dependent?
Authors: Azizmohammadi Siroos , Matthäi Stephan K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe equivalent permeability,
of stratified fractured porous rocks and its anisotropy is important for hydrocarbon reservoir engineering, groundwater hydrology, and subsurface contaminant transport. However, it is difficult to constrain this tensor property as it is strongly influenced by infrequent large fractures. Boreholes miss them and their directional sampling bias affects the collected geostatistical data. Samples taken at any scale smaller than that of interest truncate distributions and this bias leads to an incorrect characterization and property upscaling. To better understand this sampling problem, we have investigated a collection of outcrop‐data‐based Discrete Fracture and Matrix (DFM) models with mechanically constrained fracture aperture distributions, trying to establish a useful Representative Elementary Volume (REV). Finite‐element analysis and flow‐based upscaling have been used to determine
eigenvalues and anisotropy. While our results indicate a convergence toward a scale‐invariant
REV with increasing sample size,
magnitude can have multi‐modal distributions. REV size relates to the length of dilated fracture segments as opposed to overall fracture length. Tensor orientation and degree of anisotropy also converge with sample size. However, the REV for
anisotropy is larger than that for
magnitude. Across scales, tensor orientation varies spatially, reflecting inhomogeneity of the fracture patterns. Inhomogeneity is particularly pronounced where the ambient stress selectively activates late‐ as opposed to early (through‐going) fractures. While we cannot detect any increase of
with sample size as postulated in some earlier studies, our results highlight a strong
anisotropy that influences scale dependence.
Sea level adaptation decisions under uncertainty
Authors: Thorarinsdottir T. L. , Guttorp P. , Drews M. , Kaspersen P. Skougaard , de Bruin K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSea level rise has serious consequences for harbor infrastructure, storm drains and sewer systems, and many other issues. Adapting to sea level rise requires comparing different possible adaptation strategies, comparing the cost of different actions (including no action), and assessing where and at what point in time the chosen strategy should be implemented. All these decisions must be made under considerable uncertainty—in the amount of sea level rise, in the cost and prioritization of adaptation actions, and in the implications of no action. Here we develop two illustrative examples: for Bergen on Norway's west coast and for Esbjerg on the west coast of Denmark, to highlight how technical efforts to understand and quantify uncertainties in hydrologic projections can be coupled with concrete decision‐problems framed by the needs of the end‐users using statistical formulations. Different components of uncertainty are visualized. We demonstrate the value of uncertainties and show for example that failing to take uncertainty into account can result in the median‐projected damage costs being an order of magnitude smaller.
Uncertainty in regional temperatures inferred from sparse global observations: Application to a probabilistic classification of El Niño
Authors: Ilyas Maryam , Brierley Christopher M. , Guillas Serge 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInstrumental records showing increases in surface temperature are some of the robust and iconic evidence of climate change. But how much should we trust regional temperature estimates interpolated from sparse observations? Here we quantify the uncertainty in the instrumental record by applying multiresolution lattice kriging, a recently developed interpolation technique that leverages the multiple spatial scales of temperature anomalies. The probability of monthly anomalies across the globe is represented by an ensemble, based on HadCRUT4 and accounting for observational and coverage uncertainties. To demonstrate the potential of these new data, we investigate the area‐averaged temperature anomalies over the Niño 3.4 region in the equatorial Pacific. Having developed a definition of the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) able to cope with probability distribution functions, we classify the ENSO state for each year since 1851. We find that for many years it is ambiguous as to whether there was an El Niño or not from the Niño 3.4 region alone. These years are mainly before 1920, but also just after World War II.
Tsunami hazard assessments with consideration of uncertain earthquake slip distribution and location
Authors: Sepúlveda Ignacio , Liu Philip L.‐F. , Grigoriu Mircea , Pritchard Matthew 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper proposes a stochastic approach to model the earthquake uncertainties in terms of the rupture location and the slip distribution for a future event, with an expected earthquake magnitude. Once the statistical properties of earthquake uncertainties are described, they are then propagated into the tsunami response and the inundation at assessed coastal areas. The slip distribution is modeled as a random field within a nonrectangular rupture area. The Karhunen‐Lòeve (K‐L) expansion method is used to generate samples of the random slip, and a translation model is employed to obtain target probability properties. A strategy is developed to specify the accuracy of the random samples in terms of numbers of subfaults of the rupture area and the truncation of the K‐L expansion. The propagation of uncertainty into the tsunami response is performed by means of a Stochastic Reduced Order Model. To illustrate the methodology, we investigated a study case in north Chile. We first demonstrate that the stochastic approach generates consistent earthquake samples with respect to the target probability properties. We also show that the results obtained from SROM are more accurate than those obtained with classic Monte Carlo simulations. To validate the methodology, we compared the simulated tsunamis and the tsunami records for the 2014 Chilean earthquake. Results show that leading wave measurements fall within the tsunami sample space. At later times, however, there are mismatches between measured data and the simulated results, suggesting that other sources of uncertainties are as relevant as the uncertainty of earthquakes.
Simultaneous characterization of mesoscale and convective‐scale tropical rainfall extremes and their dynamical and thermodynamic modes of change
Authors: Fildier B. , Parishani H. , Collins W. D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Superparameterized Community Atmosphere Model (SPCAM) is used to identify the dynamical and organizational properties of tropical extreme rainfall events on two scales. We compare the mesoscales resolved by General Circulation Models (GCMs) and the convective scales resolved by Cloud‐Resolving Models (CRMs) to reassess and extend on previous results from GCMs and CRMs in radiative‐convective equilibrium. We first show that the improved representation of subgridscale dynamics in SPCAM allows for a close agreement with the 7%/K Clausius‐Clapeyron rate of increase in mesoscale extremes rainfall rates. Three contributions to changes in extremes are quantified and appear consistent in sign and relative magnitude with previous results. On mesoscales, the thermodynamic contribution (5.8%/K) and the contribution from mass flux increases (2%/K) enhance precipitation rates, while the upward displacement of the mass flux profile (‐1.1%/K) offsets this increase. Convective‐scale extremes behave similarly except that changes in mass flux are negligible due to a balance between greater numbers of strong updrafts and downdrafts and lesser numbers of weak updrafts. Extremes defined on these two scales behave as two independent sets of rainfall events, with different dynamics, geometries, and responses to climate change. In particular, dynamic changes in mesoscale extremes appear primarily sensitive to changes in the large‐scale mass flux, while the intensity of convective‐scale extremes is not. In particular, the increases in mesoscale mass flux directly contribute to the intensification of mesoscale extreme rain, but do not seem to affect the increase in convective‐scale rainfall intensities. These results motivate the need for better understanding the role of the large‐scale forcing on the formation and intensification of heavy convective rainfall.
Automatic recognition of complex magnetic regions on the Sun in SDO magnetogram images and prediction of flares: Techniques and results for the revised flare prediction program Flarecast
Authors: Steward Graham , Lobzin Vasili , Cairns Iver H. , Li Bo , Neudegg David 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn the present paper, solar magnetograms provided by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager onboard Solar Dynamics Observatory spacecraft are used to identify active regions automatically by thresholding the line‐of‐sight component of the solar magnetic field. The flare potential of the regions is predicted by locating potential active regions with strong‐gradient polarity inversion lines (SPILs) and estimating 18 physically relevant parameters of these regions. In particular, parameters of interest include the sum of north‐south gradients, sum of east‐west gradients, length of SPIL, and total integrated magnetic flux. For deterministic prediction of flares, analyses for thresholding of single parameters and different combinations, which include up to four parameters, are presented and compared. If the false alarm rate does not exceed 10% (20%), the probabilities for correct prediction of X‐ray flares of class M and greater, M5 and greater, and X in the 24 h window are 71% (86%), 84% (96%), and 94% (100%), respectively. These probabilities are for the best four‐parameter technique found. A technique for probabilistic forecasting was also developed. These deterministic and probabilistic techniques will be implemented in a revised version of the flare warning program, Flarecast, which will be operational in the Australian Space Forecast Centre.
Calibration of a modified temperature‐light intensity logger for quantifying water electrical conductivity
Authors: Gillman M. A. , Lamoureux S. F. , Lafrenière M. J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe Stream Temperature, Intermittency, and Conductivity (STIC) electrical conductivity (EC) logger as presented by Chapin et al. (2014) serves as an inexpensive (∼50 USD) means to assess relative EC in freshwater environments. This communication demonstrates the calibration of the STIC logger for quantifying EC, and provides examples from a month long field deployment in the High Arctic. Calibration models followed multiple nonlinear regression and produced calibration curves with high coefficient of determination values (R2 = 0.995 − 0.998; n = 5). Percent error of mean predicted specific conductance at 25°C (SpC) to known SpC ranged in magnitude from −0.6% to 13% (mean = −1.4%), and mean absolute percent error (MAPE) ranged from 2.1% to 13% (mean = 5.3%). Across all tested loggers we found good accuracy and precision, with both error metrics increasing with increasing SpC values. During 10, month‐long field deployments, there were no logger failures and full data recovery was achieved. Point SpC measurements at the location of STIC loggers recorded via a more expensive commercial electrical conductivity logger followed similar trends to STIC SpC records, with 1:1.05 and 1:1.08 relationships between the STIC and commercial logger SpC values. These results demonstrate that STIC loggers calibrated to quantify EC are an economical means to increase the spatiotemporal resolution of water quality investigations.
Making the most out of a hydrological model data set: Sensitivity analyses to open the model black‐box
Authors: Borgonovo E. , Lu X. , Plischke E. , Rakovec O. , Hill M. C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this work, we investigate methods for gaining greater insight from hydrological model runs conducted for uncertainty quantification and model differentiation. We frame the sensitivity analysis questions in terms of the main purposes of sensitivity analysis: parameter prioritization, trend identification, and interaction quantification. For parameter prioritization, we consider variance‐based sensitivity measures, sensitivity indices based on the L1‐norm, the Kuiper metric, and the sensitivity indices of the DELSA methods. For trend identification, we investigate insights derived from graphing the one‐way ANOVA sensitivity functions, the recently introduced CUSUNORO plots, and derivative scatterplots. For interaction quantification, we consider information delivered by variance‐based sensitivity indices. We rely on the so‐called given‐data principle, in which results from a set of model runs are used to perform a defined set of analyses. One avoids using specific designs for each insight, thus controlling the computational burden. The methodology is applied to a hydrological model of a river in Belgium simulated using the well‐established Framework for Understanding Structural Errors (FUSE) on five alternative configurations. The findings show that the integration of the chosen methods provides insights unavailable in most other analyses.
Multi‐isocentric 4π volumetric‐modulated arc therapy approach for head and neck cancer
Authors: Subramanian Vallinayagam Shanmuga , Subramani Vellaiyan , Chilukuri Srinivas , Kathirvel Murugesan , Arun Gandhi , Swamy Shanmugam Thirumalai , Subramanian Kala , Fogliata Antonella , Cozzi Luca 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo explore the feasibility of multi‐isocentric 4π volumetric‐modulated arc therapy (MI4π‐VMAT) for the complex targets of head and neck cancers.MethodsTwenty‐five previously treated patients of HNC underwent re‐planning to improve the dose distributions with either coplanar VMAT technique (CP‐VMAT) or noncoplanar MI4π‐VMAT plans. The latter, involving 3–6 noncoplanar arcs and 2–3 isocenters were re‐optimized using the same priorities and objectives. Dosimetric comparison on standard metrics from dose‐volume histograms was performed to appraise relative merits of the two techniques. Pretreatment quality assurance was performed with IMRT phantoms to assess deliverability and accuracy of the MI4π‐VMAT plans. The gamma agreement index (GAI) analysis with criteria of 3 mm distance to agreement (DTA) and 3% dose difference (DD) was applied.ResultsCP‐VMAT and MI4π‐VMAT plans achieved the same degree of coverage for all target volumes related to near‐to‐minimum and near‐to‐maximum doses. MI4π‐VΜΑΤ plans resulted in an improved sparing of organs at risk. The average mean dose reduction to the parotids, larynx, oral cavity, and pharyngeal muscles were 3 Gy, 4 Gy, 5 Gy, and 4.3 Gy, respectively. The average maximum dose reduction to the brain stem, spinal cord, and oral cavity was 6.0 Gy, 3.8 Gy, and 2.4 Gy. Pretreatment QA results showed that plans can be reliably delivered with mean gamma agreement index of 97.0 ± 1.1%.ConclusionsMI4π‐VMAT plans allowed to decrease the dose‐volume‐metrics for relevant OAR and results are reliable from a dosimetric standpoint. Early clinical experience has begun and future studies will report treatment outcome.