bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A CLT When Summands Come Randomly from r Populations
Authors: Dattatraya Kirkire Prashant 
Published: July 2017

Let { Xn} be a sequence of mutually independent random variables (r.v.s.) defined on a probability space ( Ω, β, P) with respective distribution functions (d.f.s.) { Fn }, all of which belong to the domain of normal attraction of a symmetric stable law with characteristic exponent a, 0 < a⩽2. Suppose further that at most r of the d.f.s. { Fn } are distinct, i.e. Fn ε { G1, G2,... Gr}. A Central Limit Theorem type result is proved when the number of variables among { X1 , X2, ... , Xn} that follow a Gj is a r.v. satisfying certain conditions.
Estimation of Variance of Regression Estimator in two Phase Sampling
Authors: Singh Sarjinder 
Published: July 2017

In the present investigation, an improved strategy in two phase sampling for estimating the variance of the regression estimator has been developed. The proposed technique has been found to be more efficient than the strategy adopted by Hidiroglou and Sarndal (1995, 1998). The proposed strategy here is analogous to the higher order calibration approach proposed by Singh, Horn and Yu (1998). Many new estimators for estimating the variance of regression estimator have been studied theoretically as well as empirically. AMS (2000) Subject Classification: Primary 62D05; Secondary 62F10.
Petrological Mixing ­ A Regression Approach
Authors: Chatterjee Aditya , Sarkar Subho Sankar , Nandi Suvas 
Published: July 2017

The geochemical processes of fractional crystallization of a magma, partial fusion of a rock and assimilation or hybridization of rock(s) and/or magma(s) are generally termed as petrological mixing process. In the present paper a unified attempt has been made to describe the three processes under the purview of regression model. As the data involved are essentially compositional in nature, their suitable log-ratio transforms have been utilized and the constrained least squares principle has been applied to reach a meaningful solution. A highly accommodative procedure is suggested so as to describe any specified d~gree of fractional crystallization of magma or of partial fusion of a rock. The paper concludes with applications of the proposed method on data available from i) Rajmahal Trap, Eastern India (fractional crystallization) ii) Bihar Mica Belt, Eastern India (partial fusion) and iii) Kilauea Volcano, Hawai (formation of hybrid magma). AMS (2000} Subject Classification: Primary: 62J05, 62P99; Secondary: 90C20.
The Changing Field of Preventing Alcohol and Drug Problems in Finland: Can Community-Based Work be the Solution?
Authors: Holmila Marja 
Published: July 2017

This paper analyzes the changing environment of community-based prevention and its evaluation research in Finland. The last ten years have changed the field considerably, and the field of preventive work is being reorganized on both the state level and the local level. The paper shows that growing expectations are directed to the local level, while the national-level policies are being dismantled. The development of community-based prevention research in Finland is also described, and the situation at the beginning of the 1990s is compared with that in 1997. There is considerable demand for increased professionalism, knowledge, clarity of organization, evaluation and research if preventive work is to respond to any of the expectations directed toward it. Good scientific analyses and evaluation of preventive action offer the challenge for future research.
Lesbian Social Drinking: The Role of Alcohol in Growing up and Living as Lesbian
Authors: Parks Cheryl A. 
Published: July 2017

Lesbians reportedly use alcohol more frequently and in greater quantities than heterosexuals, conceivably placing them at greater risk for alcohol-related problems. Past theorists have suggested psychosocial variables such as stress or the centrality of the gay bar to account for these findings. Researchers have not examined lesbian drinking within its historical, social, and cultural contexts. This paper reviews findings of a qualitative interview study examining sexual identity development and alcohol use patterns of 31 self-identified lesbian social drinkers. Findings reveal the importance of multiple contexts to understanding lesbian drinking. The author proposes a correspondence between identity development and alcohol use, as both are affected by the changing social conditions of different historic eras. The normalized presence of alcohol in lesbian contexts and norms related to its use present distinctive dilemmas for alcohol problem identification and treatment with this population. These findings have several implications for practice with lesbian clients.
Postintubation Phonatory Insufficiency: An Elusive Diagnosis
Authors: Bastian Robert W. , Richardson Brent E. 
Published: July 2017

OBJECTIVE:To describe postinfubation phonatory insufficiency, a routinely overlooked complication of prolonged intubation. This entity results from an erosive injury with permanent divots of the medial surfaces of the arytenoid cartilages and/or scarring of the anterior cricoarytenoid joint capsule so that during pronation there is incomplete adduction and a glottic gap remains.SETTING:Tertiary care center.STUDY DESIGN/RESULTS:We present a retrospective review of the findings of 138 patients evaluated for chronic intubation injuries in our voice laboratory using a diagnostic model composed of pertinent history, elicited vocal capabilities and limitations, and an intense fiberoptic laryngeal examination directed at revealing the suspected injuries.CONCLUSION/SIGNIFICANCE:In many patients, the diagnosis of postintubation phonatory insufficiency was made years after the intubation injury occurred and after numerous nondiagnostic examinations elsewhere. Mechanisms of intubation injury are reviewed, and prevention and treatment of the condition are discussed.
Duration of Neuronal Stretch Correlates with Functional Loss
Authors: Fowler Sarah S. , Leonetti John P. , Banich James C. , Lee John M. , Wurster Robert , Young M. Rita I. 
Published: July 2017

Postoperative cranial nerve weakness or paralysis is not uncommon in many otolaryngologic surgical procedures. Our study used a rat model to test the hypothesis that the length of time that a nerve is under tension may be an important variable in the amount of postoperative paresis. Forty Sprague‐Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups that underwent either a sham operation or a traction injury for 1, 2, or 5 minutes. The traction injury was performed with a vessel loop placed around the sciatic nerve with 50 g of tension. Traction injury for 1 or 2 minutes did not result in any statistical differences in the motor capabilities of the lower limb. However, those animals with a stretch injury for 5 minutes had a significant toss of function (P < 0.01) when compared with all other groups. Histologic examination of nerves harvested on postoperative day 7 showed no evidence of mechanical injury. This study demonstrates that even minimal tension, if maintained for a significant amount of time, may result in postoperative weakness.
Use of Modified Radioallergosorbent Testing in Determining Initial Immunotherapy Doses
Authors: Moyer David B. , Nelson Harold S. 
Published: July 2017

Proponents of the modified radioallergosorbent test (RAST) for allergy diagnosis claim an advantage over skin testing in that immunotherapy may often be safely begun at higher initial concentrations and maintenance achieved with fewer injections than with conventional schedules. The resulting fewer visits would offset the greater initial cost and the delay in obtaining results. The most important allergen for 58 consecutive patients with seasonal allergic rhinitis beginning immunotherapy was determined from the history, skin testing, and aeroallergen surveys. A modified RAST was performed for these allergens. Thirty‐nine patients (67%) had a modified RAST class 5 (most severe); 18 patients (31%) were class 4, and one patient was class 3. Since the initial concentration and total number of injections projected to reach maintenance vary little between our conventional schedule (1:100,000 w/v, 23 injections), and those for class 5 (1:62,500 w/v, 27 injections) and class 4 (1:12,500 w/v, 21 injections), the modified RAST offers no advantage over skin testing and conventional immunotherapy dosing in our patient population.
Exercise‐Induced Change of Nasal Resistance in Asthmatic Children
Authors: Hasegawa Makoto , Kabasawa Yasuhiro , Ohki Motofumi , Watanabe Isamu 
Published: July 2017

Exercise‐Induced change of nasal resistance and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1.0) were studied in 30 asthmatic children and seven normal children. Exercise‐induced asthma (EIA) was diagnosed in 19 (63%) of the 30 asthmatic patients. Unilateral complete nasal blockage after exercise (exercise‐induced nasal obstruction [EINO]) was found In nine (30%) of the 30 asthmati c patients. A marked decrease in nasal resistance took place immediately or 4 minutes after exercise in all cases. EIA is most severe 5 minutes after exercise, and EINO took place 14 or 19 minutes after exercise. The seven normal children had neither EIA nor EINO. The pathophysiologic relationship between EIA and EINO Is discussed.
Risk Factors Associated with Prolonged Intubation and Laryngeal Injury
Authors: Santos Perry M. , Afrassiabi Ali , Weymuller Ernest A. 
Published: July 2017

A prospective study evaluated potential risk factors associated with laryngeal Injury after prolonged endotracheal tube intubation for longer than 3 days. Ninety‐seven patients were evaluated after oral endotrachael tube intubation (mean, 9 days). This study updates a previously reported evaluation of 44 patients. The additional sample size has provided findings of unreported patient risk factors of laryngeal injury and confirmation of previous associations. The majority of the 97 patients had some type of laryngeal injury, ranging from mild mucosal erythema to ulceration, granuloma formation, or true vocal cord immobility. Patient examinations were continued until the larynx returned to normal or stabilized or the patient was lost to follow‐up. Postextubation examinations in the survival group revealed the following. (1) Laryngeal erythema occurred in 94%, and ulceration occurred in 76% of the patients with resolution within 6 weeks. (2) Laryngeal granulomas occurred in 44% of the patients; the majority of the granulomas (57%) developed an average of 4 weeks after extubation. Associated risk factors included duration of endotracheal tube Intubation (p < 0.05) and presence of nasogastric tube (p < 0.05). (3) Vocal cord immobility was observed in 16 patients (20%). Eight patients had true vocal cord immobility noted initially after extubation, and the remaining eight had true vocal cord immobility an average of 4 weeks after extubation. Initial and delayed true vocal cord immobility were associated with duration of intubation and size of endotracheal tube (p < 0.01). Delayed true vocal cord immobility developed only in patients with a size 8 endotracheal tube. Implications generated from this study would suggest the use of antacids and histamine, receptor antagonist medications for patients requiring a nasogastric tube and the use of smaller diameter endotracheal tubes.
Tobacco Smoke and Otitis Media in the Chinchilla Model
Authors: Antonelli Patrick J. , Daly Kathleen A. , Juhn Steven K. , Veum Erik J. , Adams George L. , Giebink G. Scott 
Published: July 2017

To determine whether tobacco smoke contributes to the pathogenesis of acute otitis media, chinchillas were exposed to mainstream tobacco smoke or sham conditions (cigarettes not lit) In a Walton smoke exposure machine for 20‐minute cycles two or three times daily. After 6 to 8 weeks of daily exposure. 12 chinchillas were nasally injected with Streptococcus pneumoniae, and 18 chinchillas were injected into both middle ears with nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae. Smoke or sham exposures were continued for 2 to 4 weeks after injection. Otitis media developed in none of the 12 nasally injected chinchillas and in all 18 chinchillas whose middle ears were injected with nontypable Haemophilus Influenzae. Persistence of middle ear effusion and persistence of nontypable Haemophils Influenzae in the middle ear effusion were not different between the smoke‐ and sham‐exposed groups. This suggests that mainstream smoke exposure does not change the natural course of otitis media in the chinchilla model.
Nasopharyngeal Brachytherapy for Lymphoid Hyperplasia: Review of Dosimetry
Authors: Stovall Marilyn 
Published: July 2017

Nasopharyngeal implants of radium sources were used in the 1940s and 1950s to treat children with otitis media and military personnel who had aerotitis media. Individuals received one or more treatments, typically for a total of 30 to 50 milligram‐hours (mgh). Documentation of treatment parameters, including source strength and treatment times, allows estimation of organ doses in these patients. For example, for 40 mgh, radiation‐absorbed doses to adjacent organs in an adult are estimated as follows: brain, 3; pituitary gland 16; salivary glands, 8.5; and thyroid gland, 1.4 cGy. For a child 6 years of age, the doses for 40 mgh are: brain, 4; pituitary gland, 27; salivary glands, 11; and thyroid gland, 3.1 cGy. β‐Particles, in addition to γ‐rays, produce a high dose within a few millimeters of the source, but beyond 10 mm the dose is due to γ‐rays alone.
Estimates of Numbers of Civilians Treated with Nasopharyngeal Radium Irradiation in the United States
Authors: Mellinger‐Birdsong Anne K. 
Published: July 2017

Nasopharyngeal radium irradiation was used 35 to 50 years ago for treatment of hearing loss, chronic ear infections, asthma, and other conditions. I reviewed the medical literature for published articles on the nonmilitary use of nasopharyngeal radium irradiation. Four years have minimum documented numbers of radium applicators in use (1946, 600; 1948, 1000; 1958, 2000; 1961, 2000). Two levels of physician use were assumed, a high estimate of 25 patients per week and a low estimate of 5 patients per week. It was assumed that physicians used the applicators 50 weeks per year. Typical treatments involved two applicators at a time (one for each nostril) for three sessions. Using a formula reflecting the number of applicators in use, the number of patients a physician would treat in a week, the number of weeks in a year an applicator would be used, and the number of applicators and sessions per patient. I then estimated the number of children who might have been treated. This estimate is that approximately 500,000 to 2.5 million persons might have been treated with nasopharyngeal radium. Because the lack of documentation for numerous parts of the equation required that I make a large number of assumptions, this estimate should be considered a rough approximation of the number of civilians treated.
The Pharmacological Management of Oppositional Behaviour, Conduct Problems, and Aggression in Children and Adolescents with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, Oppositional Defiant Disorder, and Conduct Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Part 2: Antipsychotics and Traditional Mood Stabilizers
Authors: Pringsheim Tamara , Hirsch Lauren , Gardner David , Gorman Daniel A 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oppositional defiant disorder (ODD), and conduct disorder (CD) are among the most common psychiatric diagnoses in childhood. Aggression and conduct problems are a major source of disability and a risk factor for poor long-term outcomes. Methods: We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of antipsychotics, lithium, and anticonvulsants for aggression and conduct problems in youth with ADHD, ODD, and CD. Each medication was given an overall quality of evidence rating based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results: Eleven RCTs of antipsychotics and 7 RCTs of lithium and anticonvulsants were included. There is moderate-quality evidence that risperidone has a moderate-to-large effect on conduct problems and aggression in youth with subaverage IQ and ODD, CD, or disruptive behaviour disorder not otherwise specified, with and without ADHD, and high-quality evidence that risperidone has a moderate effect on disruptive and aggressive behaviour in youth with average IQ and ODD or CD, with and without ADHD. Evidence supporting the use of haloperidol, thioridazine, quetiapine, and lithium in aggressive youth with CD is of low or very-low quality, and evidence supporting the use of divalproex in aggressive youth with ODD or CD is of low quality. There is very-low-quality evidence that carbamazepine is no different from placebo for the management of aggression in youth with CD. Conclusion: With the exception of risperidone, the evidence to support the use of antipsychotics and mood stabilizers is of low quality.
The Effect of Paternal Age on Relapse in First-Episode Schizophrenia
Authors: Hui Christy L M , Chiu Cindy P Y , Li Yuet-Keung , Law Chi-Wing , Chang Wing-Chung , Chan Sherry K W , Lee Edwin H M , Sham Pak , Chen Eric Y H 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Multiple etiological and prognostic factors have been implied in schizophrenia and its outcome. Advanced paternal age has been reported as a risk factor in schizophrenia. Whether this may affect schizophrenia outcome was not previously studied. We hypothesized that advanced paternal age may have a negative effect on the outcome of relapse in schizophrenia. Method: We interviewed 191 patients with first-episode schizophrenia and their relatives for parental ages, sociodemographic factors at birth, birth rank, family history of psychotic disorders, and obstetric complications. The outcome measure was the presence of relapse at the end of the first year of treatment. Results: In the 1-year follow-up period, 42 (22%) patients experienced 1 or more relapses. The mean paternal age was 34.62 years (SD 7.69). Patients who relapsed had significantly higher paternal age, poorer medication adherence, were female, and were hospitalized at onset, compared with patients who did not relapse. A multivariate regression analysis showed that advanced paternal age (OR 1.05, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.10), medication nonadherence (OR 2.37, 95% CI 1.12 to 4.99), and female sex (OR 2.44, 95% CI 1.14 to 5.24) independently contributed to a higher risk of relapse. Analysis between different paternal age groups found a significantly higher relapse rate with paternal age over 40. Conclusions: Advanced paternal age is found to be modestly but significantly related to more relapses, and such an effect is the strongest at a cut-off of paternal age of 40 years or older. The effect is less likely to be mediated through less effective parental supervision or nonadherence to medication. Other possible biological mechanisms need further explorations.
Housing First Impact on Costs and Associated Cost Offsets: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Ly Angela , Latimer Eric 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Housing First (HF) programs for people who are chronically or episodically homeless, combining rapid access to permanent housing with community-based, integrated treatment, rehabilitation and support services, are rapidly expanding in North America and Europe. Overall costs of services use by homeless people can be considerable, suggesting the potential for significant cost offsets with HF programs. Our purpose was to provide an updated literature review, from 2007 to the present, focusing specifically on the cost offsets of HF programs. Method: A systematic review was performed on MEDLINE and PsycINFO as well as Google and the Homeless Hub for grey literature. Study characteristics and key findings were extracted from identified studies. Where available, impact on service cost associated with HF (increase or decrease) and net impact on overall costs, taking into account the cost of HF intervention, were noted. Results: Twelve published studies (4 randomized studies and 8 quasi-experimental) and 22 unpublished studies were retained. Shelter and emergency department costs decreased with HF, while impacts on hospitalization and justice costs are more ambiguous. Studies using a pre–post design reported a net decrease in overall costs with HF. In contrast, experimental studies reported a net increase in overall costs with HF. Conclusions: While our review casts doubt on whether HF programs can be expected to pay for themselves, the certainty of significant cost offsets, combined with their benefits for participants, means that they represent a more efficient allocation of resources than traditional services.
Values in First-Episode Schizophrenia
Authors: Agid Ofer , McDonald Krysta , Fervaha Gagan , Littrell Romie , Thoma Jessica , Zipursky Robert B , Foussias George , Remington Gary 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Functional impairment continues to represent a major challenge in schizophrenia. Surprisingly, patients with schizophrenia report a level of happiness comparable with control subjects, even in the face of the prominent functional deficits, a finding at odds with evidence indicating a positive relation between happiness and level of functioning. In attempting to reconcile these findings, we chose to examine the issue of values, defined as affectively infused criteria or motivational goals used to select and justify actions, people, and the self, as values are related to both happiness and functioning. Methods: Fifty-six first-episode patients in remission and 56 healthy control subjects completed happiness and values measures. Statistical analyses included correlations, analysis of variance, structural equation modelling, and smallest space analysis. Results: Results indicated that patients with schizophrenia placed significantly greater priority on the value dimensions of Tradition ( P = 0.02) and Power ( P = 0.03), and significantly less priority on Self-direction ( P = 0.007) and Stimulation, ( P = 0.008). Conclusions: Essentially, people with schizophrenia place more emphasis on the customs and ideas that traditional culture or religion provide in conjunction with a decreased interest in change, which is at odds with the expectations of early adulthood. This value difference could be related to functional deficits. To this point, we have assumed that people hold to the same values that guided them before the illness' onset, but this may not be the case. Our study indicates that values differ in people with schizophrenia, compared with control subjects, even early in the illness and in the face of symptomatic remission.