bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Justiça e beneficência: notas sobre uma possível aproximação entre Immanuel Kant e Adam Smith
Authors: Faggion Andrea 
Published: October 2016

Immanuel Kant e Adam Smith foram dois filósofos historicamente próximos, afinal, foram dois pensadores modernos de reconhecida importância. Além da proximidade temporal, Adam Smith foi amigo pessoal e interlocutor daquele que foi o filósofo que, possivelmente, mais impressionava Kant, a saber, David Hume. Não é então de se estranhar que existam pontos de contato entre as obras de Kant e Smith, a menos que nos esqueçamos que, além de ser um pioneiro da ciência econômica, Smith foi também um importante filósofo moral. Essa mera possibilidade de uma relação é reforçada por registros da admiração de Kant por Smith em escritos não publicados do primeiro. Dado o apreço de Kant pela investigação de Smith sobre o conhecimento moral do homem, este trabalho explora um paralelo entre o modo como Smith compara a virtude da justiça à virtude da beneficência na obra A Teoria dos Sentimentos Morais e o modo como Kant distingue os deveres jurídicos dos deveres éticos ou de virtude em sua Metafísica dos Costumes. A hipótese que temos em vista é que Smith poderia ter apresentado a Kant o conhecimento moral comum que haveria de ser formulado em princípios metafísicos por Kant. Na verdade, mais do que sabermos se foi de Smith que Kant retirou distinções e análises conceituais tão caras a sua própria filosofia moral, importa exatamente notar como o pensamento dos dois filósofos poderia bem guardar a referida relação um para o outro, de tal forma que um possa ser usado para iluminar o outro.
Catalytic C‐2 Allylation of Indoles by Electronic Modulation of the Indole Ring and its Application to the Synthesis of Functionalized Carbazoles
Authors: Lee Ju Young , Ha Hyeri , Bae Seri , Han Inhyuk , Joo Jung Min 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe report a palladium‐catalyzed C‐2 allylation of indoles and subsequent cyclization of the allylated indoles. The electronic effects of chloro and ester groups that can be readily installed at the C‐3 position of indoles facilitated a highly efficient C–H allylation at the C‐2 position. The resulting 2‐allyl‐3‐chloroindoles were found to be suitable substrates for benzannulation reactions with alkynes and norbornadiene as an acetylene synthon. This approach, utilizing readily available indoles, allyl acetates, and norbornadiene, allows a rapid access to complex carbazoles.magnified image
Starke Lumineszenz in Nanokristallen aus Caesiumbleihalogenid‐ Perowskit mit durchstimmbarer Zusammensetzung und Dicke mittels Ultraschalldispersion
Authors: Tong Yu , Bladt Eva , Aygüler Meltem F. , Manzi Aurora , Milowska Karolina Z. , Hintermayr Verena A. , Docampo Pablo , Bals Sara , Urban Alexander S. , Polavarapu Lakshminarayana , Feldmann Jochen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWir berichten über eine einfache, skalierbare, einstufige Synthese von kolloidalen Perowskit‐Nanokristallen (NCs) aus CsPbX3 (X=Cl, Br und I) mit durchstimmbarer Halogenidionenzusammensetzung und Dicke mittels Ultraschalldispersion der entsprechenden Eduktlösungen im Gegenwart von organischen Liganden und ohne Verwendung von polaren Lösungsmitteln. Die kubische Kristallstruktur sowie Oberflächenterminierung wurden mittels HAADF‐STEM mit atomarer Präzision aufgelöst. Die NCs weisen hohen Photoluminenszenzquantenausbeuten, schmale Emissionslinien und hohe Stabilität gegenüber Luft auf. Zusätzlich untersuchen wir die Quanteneinschränkungseffekte in Nanoplättchen aus CsPbBr3 und CsPbI3 mit reduzierten Dicken von 3 bis 6 Monolagen. Die hohe optische Qualität der NCs (CsPbBr3) wird durch verstärkter Spontanemission (ASE) mit extrem niedrigen Schwellen gezeigt. Weiterhin wird durch den Einsatz an verschiedenen Perowskiten die Flexibilität der Synthesemethode demonstriert.
Synthesis and Reactivity of Discrete Calcium Imides
Authors: Wolf Benjamin M. , Maichle‐Mössmer Cäcilia , Anwander Reiner 
Published: October 2016

AbstractProtonolysis of dibenzylcalcium with triphenylsilylamine affords a thf‐coordinated tetrametallic calcium imide with a heterocuboid core structure. The use of calcium bis(tetramethylaluminate) as a precursor for tandem salt metathesis/protonolysis reactions with alkali metal amides of 2,6‐diisopropylaniline and triphenylsilylamine provides access to Lewis acid stabilized monocalcium imides of the type [(thf)4Ca(μ2‐NR)(μ2‐Me)AlMe2]. Treatment of [(thf)4Ca(μ2‐NSiPh3)(μ2‐Me)AlMe2] with phenylsilane results in H−Si addition across the Ca−N imido bond, producing a homoleptic calcium amidoaluminate complex and putative CaH2 whereas reaction with phenylacetylene leads to protonation of an AlMe moiety to yield the dimeric complex [(thf)Ca{NSiPh3}{AlMe2(CCPh)}]2.
Under the Park. Recent Geophysical Surveys at Verulamium (St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK)
Authors: Lockyear Kris , Shlasko Ellen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper presents the first results of the geophysical surveys – principally a large scale gradiometer survey – of Verulamium Park, St Albans, Hertfordshire, UK, under which lies approximately half of the Roman city. Verulamium was the third largest Roman city in the province of Britannia – covering some 81 ha – and the largest which is currently available for survey. Approximately 65 ha lies under parkland or pasture. The 30 ha available under the Park was the subject of a magnetometry survey in 2013–2014, along with smaller areas of ground penetrating radar (GPR), earth resistance and magnetic susceptibility. These surveys were undertaken as part of a community archaeology project funded by the Arts and Humanities Research Council (AHRC). The surveys have detected a wide variety of features including stone buildings of varying size and complexity, pottery kilns, roads, pits and ditches. The results so far suggest the town can be divided into an area of largely elite housing, an area characterised by smaller structures and industrial features, and a somewhat enigmatic magnetically quiet area. Challenges in the interpretation of the results are discussed, as are potential solutions and planned future work. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Mesoporous Dysprosium Oxide for Dynamic Hydrogen Peroxide Detection without Enzymes
Authors: Yan Yibo , Zhao Jun , Lee Jong‐Min 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMesoporous dysprosium oxide microspheres were prepared by using a hydrothermal process and applied as a dynamic sensor for the detection of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), owing to its high sensitivity in H2O2 electroreduction. Infrared microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, field‐emission scanning electron microscopy, and nitrogen adsorption–desorption isotherms were employed to study the porous structure and surface properties of the samples. The detection performance pertains to a broad linear range (1–400 μm, R=0.989), high sensitivity at 19.7 μA mm−1, measurement limit at 1 μm (signal‐to‐noise=3), along with the quick response to meet a 95 % plateau current within 3 s. The dynamic detection of H2O2 released from living breast cancer cells under pro‐inflammatory stimulation was also recorded in real time.
Chemical exchange saturation transfer for predicting response to stereotactic radiosurgery in human brain metastasis
Authors: Desmond Kimberly L. , Mehrabian Hatef , Chavez Sofia , Sahgal Arjun , Soliman Hany , Rola Radoslaw , Stanisz Greg J. 
Published: October 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this work was to determine the predictive value of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) metrics in brain metastases treated with stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).MethodsCEST spectra at a radiofrequency power of 0.52 µT were collected on a 3 Tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging from 25 patients at three time points: pretreatment, 1 week, and 1 month post‐treatment. Amide proton transfer‐weighted images and maps of the amplitude and width of Lorentzian‐shaped CEST peaks and the relaxation‐compensated AREX metric were constructed at the offset frequencies of amide, amine, and relayed nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE) from aliphatic groups as well as the broad magnetization transfer effect. Pretreatment CEST metrics, as well as CEST metric changes at 1 week post‐treatment, were compared to changes in tumor volume at 1 month.ResultsSignificant (P < 0.05) 1‐week predictive metrics included NOE peak amplitude (R = 0.69) in normal‐appearing white matter (NAWM) and width (R = –0.55) in tumor. Baseline NOE in contralateral NAWM was negatively correlated (R = –0.69) with volume changes at 1 month. Metrics‐defined outside tumor margins had higher correlation with volume changes than tumor regions of interest.ConclusionCEST metrics, in particular, the NOE peak amplitude, can predict volume changes 1 month post‐SRS. Magn Reson Med 78:1110–1120, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Investigation of control scans in pseudo‐continuous arterial spin labeling (pCASL): Strategies for improving sensitivity and reliability of pCASL
Authors: Han Paul Kyu , Choi Seung Hong , Park Sung‐Hong 
Published: October 2016

PurposeTo investigate the performance of control scans in pseudo‐continuous ASL (pCASL) and propose strategies for improving sensitivity and reliability of pCASL.MethodsThe labeling efficiencies of pCASL with conventional control scan and distal control scan were investigated at various radiofrequency (RF) duration/spacing of 0.5/1–2/4 ms, mean slice‐selection gradients (GSS) of 1 and 0 mT/m, and total labeling durations of 1.5–3 s, through Bloch equation simulations and in vivo experiments. In addition, the feasibility of three‐dimensional (3D) pCASL with the distal control scan and control scan with no RF preparation was demonstrated in a wide brain area, by suppressing the magnetization transfer (MT) effects with high GSS while maintaining the GSS/mean GSS ratio.ResultsThe distal control scan provided pCASL signals approximately 40% higher and more robust to variations in the labeling conditions than those from the conventional control scan. The distal and no RF control scans with high GSS provided uniform pCASL signals in approximately 8‐cm‐thick imaging region with MT contributions <10% of the perfusion signals.ConclusionspCASL perfusion signals can be enhanced (∼40%) and become more stable by using the distal or no RF control scan, which can be applied in a wide area by increasing GSS while maintaining GSS/mean GSS. Magn Reson Med 78:917–929, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
The safety of nanostructured synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) as a food additive (E 551)
Authors: Fruijtier-Pölloth Claudia 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Key messages

Particle sizes of E 551 products are in the micrometre range. The typical external diameters of the constituent particles (aggregates) are greater than 100 nm.

E 551 does not break down under acidic conditions such as in the stomach, but may release dissolved silica in environments with higher pH such as the intestinal tract.

E 551 is one of the toxicologically most intensively studied substances and has not shown any relevant systemic or local toxicity after oral exposure.

Abstract
Synthetic amorphous silica (SAS) meeting the specifications for use as a food additive (E 551) is and has always been produced by the same two production methods: the thermal and the wet processes, resulting in E 551 products consisting of particles typically in the micrometre size range. The constituent particles (aggregates) are typically larger than 100 nm and do not contain discernible primary particles. Particle sizes above 100 nm are necessary for E 551 to fulfil its technical function as spacer between food particles, thus avoiding the caking of food particles. Based on an in-depth review of the available toxicological information and intake data, it is concluded that the SAS products specified for use as food additive E 551 do not cause adverse effects in oral repeated-dose studies including doses that exceed current OECD guideline recommendations. In particular, there is no evidence for liver toxicity after oral intake. No adverse effects have been found in oral fertility and developmental toxicity studies, nor are there any indications from in vivo studies for an immunotoxic or neurotoxic effect. SAS is neither mutagenic nor genotoxic in vivo. In intact cells, a direct interaction of unlabelled and unmodified SAS with DNA was never found. Differences in the magnitude of biological responses between pyrogenic and precipitated silica described in some in vitro studies with murine macrophages at exaggerated exposure levels seem to be related to interactions with cell culture proteins and cell membranes. The in vivo studies do not indicate that there is a toxicologically relevant difference between SAS products after oral exposure. It is noted that any silicon dioxide product not meeting established specifications, and/or produced to provide new functionality in food, requires its own specific safety and risk assessment.
Buffering the effects of peer victimization on adolescent non‐suicidal self‐injury: The role of self‐compassion and family cohesion
Authors: Jiang Yongqiang , You Jianing , Hou Yang , Du Chao , Lin Min‐Pei , Zheng Xiaoling , Ma Congfen 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTNon‐suicidal self‐injury (NSSI) is a significant behavioral problem among adolescents all over the world. This study examined the longitudinal relationship between peer victimization and NSSI, as well as the buffering effects of self‐compassion and family cohesion on this relationship. Data were collected at two time points from 525 secondary school students (226 girls; Mage = 12.97, SD = 1.02) in China. Results showed that peer victimization (marginally) significantly predicted NSSI over time even after controlling for Wave 1 NSSI. This association was weakened under the condition of high levels of self‐compassion. Findings of this study emphasize the buffering effect of self‐compassion in the relationship between peer victimization and NSSI, and are informative for prevention and intervention of this behavioral problem.
REFRACTION–REFLECTION STRATEGIES IN THE DUAL MODEL
Authors: Pérez José-Luis , Yamazaki Kazutoshi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe study the dual model with capital injection under the additional condition that the dividend strategy is absolutely continuous. We consider a refraction–reflection strategy that pays dividends at the maximal rate whenever the surplus is above a certain threshold, while capital is injected so that it stays non-negative. The resulting controlled surplus process becomes the spectrally positive version of the refracted–reflected process recently studied by Pérez and Yamazaki (2015). We study various fluctuation identities of this process and prove the optimality of the refraction–reflection strategy. Numerical results on the optimal dividend problem are also given.
Head injury in asylum seekers and refugees referred with psychological trauma
Authors: Doherty S. M. , Craig R. , Gardani M. , McMillan T. M. 
Published: October 2016

Objective.Individuals who seek asylum are frequently fleeing violent persecution and may experience head injury (HI). However, little is known about the prevalence of HI in asylum seekers and refugees (ASR) despite the potential for HI to significantly affect cognitive and emotional functioning and to compromise asylum outcomes. This preliminary study investigates the prevalence of HI in ASR referred to a complex psychological trauma service.Method.Participants were 115 adult ASR referred to a community psychological trauma service with moderate to severe mental health problems associated with psychological trauma. They were screened for a history of HI using a questionnaire developed for the study. Interpreters were used when required.Results.The overall prevalence of HI was 51%. At least 38% of those with HI had a moderate–severe HI that could cause persisting disability. In 53% of those with HI, the cause was torture, human trafficking or domestic violence. Repeat HI can have cumulative effects on function; it was common, and was reported in 68% of those with HI. An injury to the head was not known to mental health clinicians prior to screening in 64% of cases.Conclusion.The emotional and cognitive consequences of HI in ASR may increase the vulnerability of this disadvantaged group, and can be associated with neurobehavioural problems affecting daily life and may compromise asylum outcomes. Routine screening for HI in ASR is needed, as are links to neuropsychology and brain injury services for advice, assessment and intervention.
Exploring a post-traumatic stress disorder paradigm in Flinders sensitive line rats to model treatment-resistant depression II: response to antidepressant augmentation strategies
Authors: Brand Sarel Jacobus , Harvey Brian Herbert 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivePost-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) displays high co-morbidity with major depression and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Earlier work demonstrated exaggerated depressive-like symptoms in a gene×environment model of TRD and an abrogated response to imipramine. We extended the investigation by studying the behavioural and monoaminergic response to multiple antidepressants, viz. venlafaxine and ketamine with/without imipramine.MethodsMale Flinders sensitive line (FSL) rats, a genetic model of depression, were exposed to a time-dependent sensitisation (TDS) model of PTSD and compared with stress naive controls. 7 days after the TDS procedures, immobility and coping (swimming and climbing), behaviours in the forced swim test (FST) as well as hippocampal and cortical 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5HIAA) and noradrenaline (NA) levels were analysed. Response to imipramine, venlafaxine and ketamine treatment (all 10 mg/kg×7 days) alone and in combination were subsequently studied.ResultsTDS exacerbated depressive-like behaviour of FSL rats in the FST. Imipramine, venlafaxine and ketamine were ineffective as monotherapy in TDS-exposed FSL rats. However, combining imipramine with either venlafaxine or ketamine resulted in significant anti-immobility effects and enhanced coping behaviours. Only ketamine+imipramine (frontal-cortical 5HIAA and NA), ketamine alone (frontal-cortical and hippocampal NA) and venlafaxine+imipramine (frontal-cortical NA) altered monoamine responses versus untreated TDS-exposed FSL rats.ConclusionExposure of FSL rats to TDS inhibits antidepressant response at behavioural and neurochemical levels. Congruent with TRD, imipramine plus venlafaxine or ketamine overcame treatment resistance in these animals. These data further support the hypothesis that exposure of FSL rats to a PTSD-like paradigm produces a valid animal model of TRD and warrants further investigation.
COWPEA (VIGNA UNGUICULATA) CROPS IN AFRICA CAN RESPOND TO INOCULATION WITH RHIZOBIUM
Authors: BODDEY ROBERT M. , FOSU MATHIAS , ATAKORA WILLIAMS K. , MIRANDA CESAR H. B. , BODDEY LUCIA H. , GUIMARAES ANA PAULA , AHIABOR BENJAMIN D. K. 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYCowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) is the most important food grain legume in Africa. Cowpea is nodulated by rhizobium bacteria in almost all soils of the tropics, but studies performed in the 1970s and 1980s in Nigeria suggested only modest responses of grain yield in the field to inoculation of selected rhizobium strains. More recently, experiments performed in Brazil have shown that cowpea responded to inoculation of rhizobium selected locally and grain yields increased by up to 30%. We tested some of the Brazilian strains on cowpea at a site in northern Mozambique and at several sites in Northern Ghana. At all sites phosphorus fertilizer (26 kg P ha−1) was added to all plots. At the site in Mozambique despite considerable damage to the crop by the parasitic yellow witchweed (Alectra vogelii), grain yields were more than doubled by inoculation of one of the Brazilian strains and reached 1.4 Mg ha−1. In on-station experiments conducted in 2012 in June and August in northern Ghana using the local cowpea variety Padi-Tuya as the test crop, nodule weight at 35 days after planting (dap) tripled with rhizobium strain BR 3299 (530 mg plant−1) in August with the other inoculants (BR 3267 and a mixture of BR 3267 and BR 3299) also increased nodule weight to over 300 mg plant−1. In the first on-station experiment, grain yields were doubled by the inoculation of any of the three rhizobium strains, and in the second experiment, significant increases in grain yield ranged from 39% to 57% and reached over 2.0 Mg ha−1. Similar increases in nodulation and grain yield due to inoculation were observed in 22 on-farm trials. Nitrogen fertilizer application promoted vegetative growth but did not increase grain yield and nodulation. Inoculating cowpea with highly effective rhizobium strains can therefore enhance grain yield of smallholder farmers in Africa.
PERCEPTIONS OF STIGMA AND DISCRIMINATION IN HEALTH CARE SETTINGS TOWARDS SUB-SAHARAN AFRICAN MIGRANT WOMEN LIVING WITH HIV/AIDS IN BELGIUM: A QUALITATIVE STUDY
Authors: Arrey Agnes Ebotabe , Bilsen Johan , Lacor Patrick , Deschepper Reginald 
Published: October 2016

SummaryStigma and discrimination within health care settings remain a public health challenge across diverse cultural environments and may have deleterious effects on mental and physical health. This study explores the causes, forms and consequences of HIV-related stigma and discrimination among migrant sub-Saharan African women living with HIV in Belgium. A qualitative study was conducted with 44 HIV-positive sub-Saharan African migrant women between April 2013 and December 2014 in health care settings in Belgium. Data were analysed using thematic content analysis. Twenty-five of the women reported overt stigma and discrimination and fifteen reported witnessing behaviours that they perceived to be stigmatizing and discriminatory in health care settings. The themes that emerged as to the causes of stigma and discrimination were: public perceptions of migrants and HIV, fear of contamination and institutional policies on HIV management. Reported forms of stigma and discrimination included: delayed or denied care, excessive precautions, blame and humiliation. The consequences of stigma and discrimination were: emotional stress, inconsistent health-care-seeking behaviour and non-disclosure to non-HIV treating personnel. Stigma and discrimination in health care settings towards people with HIV, and more specifically towards HIV-positive sub-Saharan African migrant women, impedes sustainable preventive measures. Specialized education and training programmes for non-HIV health care providers require in-depth investigation.