bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fatigue testing of 2198 T8 FSW aluminum alloy with and without LoP defect
Authors: Papadopoulos Michael , Pantelakis Spiros 
Published: July 2017

Purpose
The Lack of Penetration (LoP) defect is one of the flaws that can be generated during the friction stir welding (FSW) process. Depending on the size, the depth and the severity of the LoP defect, it is possible that it is hardly detectable by optical inspection or other NDT methods. Whether detectable or not, this defect may lead to a significant degradation of the fatigue properties of the welded material, as the improperly welded zone can act as a fracture initiation site. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
In this experimental investigation, an attempt is made to assess and compare the fatigue behavior of FSW aluminum joints with and without the LoP defect.

Findings
It was found that the LoP defect affects the fatigue behavior of the welded material at high stress levels whereas the effect diminishes with decreasing stress levels.

Originality/value
Depending on the design stress levels, the LoP defect may dominate fracture and thus, the welding parameters should be carefully selected so as to avoid such defect.
Finite element analysis and experimental measurement of acoustic wave propagation for leakage detection in an air-filled pipe
Authors: Owowo Julius , Oyadiji S. Olutunde 
Published: July 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to employ the acoustic wave propagation method for leakage detection in pipes. The first objective is to use acoustic finite element analysis (AFEA) method to simulate acoustic wave propagation and acoustic wave reflectometry in an intact pipe and in pipes with leaks of various sizes. This is followed by the second objective which is to validate the effectiveness and the practicability of the acoustic wave method via experimental testing. The third objective involves the decomposition and de-noising of the measured acoustic waves using stationary wavelet transform (SWT). It is shown that this approach, which is used for the first time on leakage detection in pipes, can be used to identify, locate and estimate the size of a leakage defect in a pipe.

Design/methodology/approach
The research work was designed inline with best practices and acceptable standards. The research methodology focusses on five basic areas: literature review; experimental measurements; simulations; data analysis and writing-up of the study with clear-cut communication of the findings. The approach used was acoustic wave propagation-based method in conjunction with SWT for leakage detection in fluid-filled pipe.

Findings
First, the simulation of acoustic wave propagation and acoustic wave reflectometry in fluid-filled pipes with and without leakage have great potential in leakage detection in pipeline systems and can detect very small leaks of 1 mm diameter. Second, the measured noise-contaminated acoustic wave propagation in a fluid-filled pipe can be successfully de-noised using the SWT method in order to clearly identify and locate leakage as little as 5 mm diameter in a pipe. Third, AFEA of a fluid-filled pipe can be achieved with the simulation of only the fluid content of the pipe and without the inclusion of the pipe in the model. This eliminates contact interaction of the solid pipe walls and the fluid, and as a consequence reduces computational time and resources. Fourth, the relationship of the ratio of the leakage diameter to the ratio of the first and second secondary wave amplitudes caused by the leakage can be represented by a second-order polynomial function. Fifth, the identification of leakage in a pipe is intuitive from mere comparison of the acoustic waveforms of an intact pipe with that of a pipe with a leakage.

Originality/value
The research work is a novelty and was developed from the scratch. The AFEA of acoustic wave propagation and acoustic wave reflectometry in a static fluid-filled pipe, and the SWT method have been used for the first time to detect, locate and estimate the size of a leakage in a fluid-filled pipe.
An exploratory model of interventionist research to calculate costs and prices in small Brazilian manufacturers, combining training and intervention phases
Authors: Oyadomari José Carlos Tiomatsu , Silva Renato Monteiro da , Mendonça Neto Octávio Ribeiro de , Diehl Carlos Alberto 
Published: July 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to propose an interventionist research model for cost measurement in small manufacturing companies.Design/methodology/approachThe study was based on an interventionist model that consisted of two phases – training and intervention. The innovative model used in the study combined Labro and Tuomela’s (2003) framework with the socialization, externalization, combination and internalization model developed by Nonaka et al. (2001), and it was subsequently applied to two Brazilian manufacturing companies.FindingsThe main findings were as follows: the training phase is the one that generated the greatest impact on the cost calculation; competitors should not be invited to participate in the same program; it is necessary for the researchers to have professional experience of the subject being investigated and to have experience of micro and small enterprises; the training phase must be presented using appropriate language; and a better understanding of the costs can increase entrepreneurs’ confidence when negotiating prices with clients.Research limitations/implicationsThe main limitation was the small number of companies that were included in the study. Future research could involve longitudinal studies to evaluate the long-term results of interventionist studies.Practical implicationsThe study showed that even small business owners can implement costing techniques, but that this requires the development of an environment of knowledge creation, followed by an implementation phase. The model can be replicated on a large scale, with affordable costs.Social implicationsImproving the performance of small and medium-sized enterprises, which are high employers, with low implementation cost is a demand of society.Originality/valueThe model proved to be valid, and it could easily be replicated on a larger scale; the study therefore helps to demonstrate the benefits of interventionist research.
Sexual offending hierarchies, personality attributions, and the clinical implications
Authors: Challinor Laura Elizabeth , Duff Simon 
Published: July 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine sexual offending hierarchies constructed by the general public and forensic staff based on personal attitudes and perceived severity of offence. In addition, six sexual offence perpetrators are differentiated using the Five Factor Model of personality.

Design/methodology/approach
Vignettes represented six sexual offence perpetrators. Participants built a hierarchy based on perceived severity of offence, before attributing personality characteristics to each offender using a Likert-type scale.

Findings
Contact offenders were perceived as more dangerous than non-contact offenders. Rapists were perceived as the most dangerous, and voyeurs the least dangerous. Offenders were attributed significantly different personality traits. Generally, men who sexually offend are perceived to be low in agreeableness, openness and conscientiousness and high in impulsivity, manipulativeness and neuroticism.

Practical implications
The research highlights the importance of individual risk assessment in determining best practice treatment for men who have sexually offended (MSO). The Five Factor Model has been proven to be a useful tool to explore the impact staff attitudes have on risk assessment and treatment. Low-risk and high-risk MSO would benefit from divergent treatment. Consideration should be given to personality characteristics in addition to level of risk.

Originality/value
The research determines a hierarchy of men who sexually offend, and goes beyond the “label” of sexual offenders to explore how personality impacts on formation of attitudes.
A review of additive manufacturing for ceramic production
Authors: Castro e Costa Eduardo , Duarte José Pinto , Bártolo Paulo 
Published: July 2017

PurposeIn this paper, the authors aim to address the potential of mass personalization for ceramic tableware objects. They argue that additive manufacturing (AM) is the most adequate approach to the production of such objects.Design/methodology/approachThe authors review the manufacturing of ceramic tableware objects, both traditional techniques and AM processes, and assess which available AM technologies are suitable for the research purpose.FindingsThe authors consider binder jetting and material extrusion as the most suitable processes for the production of ceramic objects to be integrated into a mass personalization system of ceramic tableware.Originality/valueThis paper provides an original overview of traditional and innovative techniques in ceramic manufacturing, exposing not only its differences but also its commonalities. Such overview supports the conceptual design of original equipment.
Relative abundance of ‘Candidatus Tenderia electrophaga’ is linked to cathodic current in an aerobic biocathode community
Authors: Malanoski Anthony P. , Lin Baochuan , Eddie Brian J. , Wang Zheng , Hervey W. Judson , Glaven Sarah M. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBiocathode microbial communities are proposed to catalyse a range of useful reactions. Unlike bioanodes, model biocathode organisms have not yet been successfully cultivated in isolation highlighting the need for culture‐independent approaches to characterization. Biocathode MCL (Marinobacter, Chromatiaceae, Labrenzia) is a microbial community proposed to couple CO2 fixation to extracellular electron transfer and O2 reduction. Previous metagenomic analysis of a single MCL bioelectrochemical system (BES) resulted in resolution of 16 bin genomes. To further resolve bin genomes and compare community composition across replicate MCL BES, we performed shotgun metagenomic and 16S rRNA gene (16S) sequencing at steady‐state current. Clustering pooled reads from replicate BES increased the number of resolved bin genomes to 20, over half of which were > 90% complete. Direct comparison of unassembled metagenomic reads and 16S operational taxonomic units (OTUs) predicted higher community diversity than the assembled/clustered metagenome and the predicted relative abundances did not match. However, when 16S OTUs were mapped to bin genomes and genome abundance was scaled by 16S gene copy number, estimated relative abundance was more similar to metagenomic analysis. The relative abundance of the bin genome representing ‘Ca. Tenderia electrophaga’ was correlated with increasing current, further supporting the hypothesis that this organism is the electroautotroph.
Harnessing microbiome‐based biotechnologies for sustainable mitigation of nitrous oxide emissions
Authors: Hu Hang‐Wei , He Ji‐Zheng , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryAchieving the Sustainable Development Goal of climate change mitigation within this century will require adoption of new innovative technologies to control emissions of nitrous oxide (N2O), an important greenhouse gas leading to global warming. This is particularly important in the face of growing fertilizer consumption and continuous land degradation. Currently used tools to mitigate N2O emissions are based on agrochemical inputs and agronomic practices. Emerging technologies include plant breeding approaches to manipulate microbiome activities in agro‐ecosystems, and microbial biotechnology approaches for in situ microbiome manipulation and engineering via use of biochemical, cellular and genome‐editing methods. This article assessed the likely contribution of microbial biotechnology to the mitigation of N2O emissions and discussed how to facilitate the development of environmental‐friendly microbiome‐based biotechnology for sustainable climate change mitigation.
Radiocarbon in ecology: Insights and perspectives from aquatic and terrestrial studies
Authors: Larsen Thomas , Yokoyama Yusuke , Fernandes Ricardo 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Carbon is one of the most abundant elements in the biosphere, and a key element for understanding how consumer and resource relationships affect ecosystem functioning. To trace carbon sources, ecologists predominantly rely on stable carbon ratios but variable 13C baselines and diet‐to‐consumer offsets can lead to ambiguous results. To improve source specificity, ecologists are increasingly turning to radiocarbon (14C). Radiocarbon has a much greater dynamic range and specificity than its stable isotope counterpart because its residence time and carbon sources differ widely among the earth's carbon reservoirs. These source‐specific properties make 14C ideally suited for assessing resource use by animals.

In ecological research, 14C has been applied successfully (1) to assess allochthonous and autochthonous contributions to food webs, (2) to distinguish between contributions of recent and old resources to aquatic consumers, and (3) to characterize resource use among terrestrial consumers. While these applications show that 14C is a powerful and complementary tool to stable isotopes, great care should be taken in characterizing relevant 14C baselines in the animals’ environments. Such endeavours have traditionally been expensive owing to the high analytical costs of 14C; however, recent methodological advances are gradually making 14C more affordable and accessible for the average user. Advances in another field, Bayesian mixing modelling make it possible to increase the precision of model estimates by integrating multiple sources of information from 14C and stable isotopes to field observations.

Given the recent analytical advances, it is now becoming feasible for many ecologists to embrace 14C as an additional source tracer. We suggest that such efforts will be particularly rewarding when combined with compound‐specific stable isotope analyses because the information that can be drawn from both approaches are highly complementary. Moreover, the possibility of determining 14C of individual compounds can solve long‐standing questions with regard to the origins and fate of particular dietary components. Taken together, these advances will expand the possibilities of accurately determine the origins and fate of carbon through food webs.
Intra‐operative protective mechanical ventilation in lung transplantation: a randomised, controlled trial
Authors: Verbeek G. L. , Myles P. S. , Westall G. P. , Lin E. , Hastings S. L. , Marasco S. F. , Jaffar J. , Meehan A. C. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryPrimary graft dysfunction occurs in up to 25% of patients after lung transplantation. Contributing factors include ventilator‐induced lung injury, cardiopulmonary bypass, ischaemia‐reperfusion injury and excessive fluid administration. We evaluated the feasibility, safety and efficacy of an open‐lung protective ventilation strategy aimed at reducing ventilator‐induced lung injury. We enrolled adult patients scheduled to undergo bilateral sequential lung transplantation, and randomly assigned them to either a control group (volume‐controlled ventilation with 5 cmH2O, positive end‐expiratory pressure, low tidal volumes (two‐lung ventilation 6 ml.kg−1, one‐lung ventilation 4 ml.kg−1)) or an alveolar recruitment group (regular step‐wise positive end‐expiratory pressure‐based alveolar recruitment manoeuvres, pressure‐controlled ventilation set at 16 cmH2O with 10 cmH2O positive end‐expiratory pressure). Ventilation strategies were commenced from reperfusion of the first lung allograft and continued for the duration of surgery. Regular PaO2/FIO2ratios were calculated and venous blood samples collected for inflammatory marker evaluation during the procedure and for the first 24 h of intensive care stay. The primary end‐point was the PaO2/FIO2ratio at 24 h after first lung reperfusion. Thirty adult patients were studied. The primary outcome was not different between groups (mean (SD) PaO2/FIO2ratio control group 340 (111) vs. alveolar recruitment group 404 (153); adjusted p = 0.26). Patients in the control group had poorer mean (SD) PaO2/FIO2ratios at the end of the surgical procedure and a longer median (IQR[range]) time to tracheal extubation compared with the alveolar recruitment group (308 (144) vs. 402 (154) (p = 0.03) and 18 (10–27 [5–468]) h vs. 15 (11–36 [5–115]) h (p = 0.01), respectively). An open‐lung protective ventilation strategy during surgery for lung transplantation is feasible, safe and achieves favourable ventilation parameters.
Combined genetic analyses can achieve efficient diagnostic yields for subjects with Alagille syndrome and incomplete Alagille syndrome
Authors: Ohashi Kei , Togawa Takao , Sugiura Tokio , Ito Koichi , Endo Takeshi , Aoyama Kohei , Negishi Yutaka , Kudo Toyoichiro , Ito Reiko , Saitoh Shinji 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimWe evaluated combined genetic analyses with targeted next‐generation sequencing (NGS), multiplex ligation probe amplification (MLPA) of Jagged1 (JAG1) genes and microarray comparative genomic hybridisation (CGH) in subjects with Alagille syndrome, incomplete clinical features of Alagille syndrome and biliary atresia.MethodsSubjects recruited from April 2013 to December 2015 underwent a targeted NGS analysis, including JAG1 and Notch homolog 2 (NOTCH2). If no mutations were detected in JAG1 or NOTCH2, or if copy number variations were suggested by the NGS analysis, we performed an MLPA analysis of JAG1. We also performed a microarray CGH analysis with whole‐exon deletion detected by the MLPA analysis.ResultsWe analysed 30 subjects with Alagille syndrome, nine with incomplete Alagille syndrome and 17 with biliary atresia and detected pathogenic mutations in JAG1 or NOTCH2 in 24/30 subjects with Alagille syndrome and in 4/9 subjects with incomplete Alagille syndrome. No pathogenic mutations were detected in subjects with biliary atresia. The frequency of JAG1 mutations was as follows: single nucleotide variants (51.9%), small insertion or deletion (29.6%) and gross deletion (18.5%).ConclusionCombined genetic analyses achieved efficient diagnostic yields for subjects with Alagille syndrome and incomplete Alagille syndrome.
Characterization of the Rabbit as an In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Assess the Effects of Fibrinogenolytic Activity of Snake Venom on Coagulation
Authors: Nielsen Vance G. , Sánchez Elda E. , Redford Daniel T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSeveral in vitro investigations have demonstrated that anticoagulant effects of fibrinogenolytic snake venom metalloproteinases have been abrogated in human plasma by modifying fibrinogen with iron (Fe) and carbon monoxide (CO) to prevent catalysis or by directly inhibiting these enzymes with CO. To translate these findings, we chose to assess the rabbit as a model of envenomation with Crotalus atrox venom. It was determined with thrombelastography that 15 times the concentration of venom noted to compromise coagulation in plasma in vitro was required to cause coagulopathy in vivo, likely secondary to venom binding to blood cells and being cleared from the circulation rapidly. Unlike human plasma, rabbit plasma pre‐treated with Fe/CO was not protected from fibrinogenolysis by venom. Consequently, the administration of purified human fibrinogen (with or without Fe/CO) would be required before venom administration to rabbits. Of greater interest, venom exposed to CO had complete loss of fibrinogenolytic effect in rabbit plasma and partial loss of activity in whole blood, indicative of unbinding of CO from venom and binding to haemoglobin. Thus, venom exposed to CO could remain partially or completely inhibited in whole blood long enough for clearance from the circulation, allowing rabbits to be a useful model to test the efficacy of regional CO administration to the bite site. Future investigations are planned to test these novel approaches to attenuate venom‐mediated coagulopathy in the rabbit.
The evolution of inflation expectations in Canada and the US
Authors: Yetman James 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe model inflation forecasts as monotonically diverging from an estimated long‐run anchor point towards actual inflation as the forecast horizon shortens. Fitting the model with forecaster‐level data for Canada and the US, we identify three key differences between the two countries. First, the average estimated anchor of US inflation forecasts has tended to decline gradually over time in rolling samples, from 3.4% for 1989–1998 to 2.2% for 2004–2013. By contrast, it has remained close to 2% since the mid‐1990 for Canadian forecasts. Second, the variance of estimates of the long‐run anchor is considerably lower for the panel of Canadian forecasters than US ones following Canada's adoption of inflation targets. And third, forecasters in Canada look much more alike than those in the US in terms of the weight that they place on the anchor. One explanation for these results is that an explicit inflation‐targeting regime (Canada) provides for less uncertainty about future monetary policy actions than a monetary policy regime where there was no explicit numerical inflation target (the US before 2012) to anchor expectations.
Anion gap can differentiate between psychogenic and epileptic seizures in the emergency setting
Authors: Li Yi , Matzka Liesl , Maranda Louise , Weber Daniel 
Published: July 2017

SummaryDifferentiation between psychogenic nonepileptic seizures (PNES) and generalized convulsive epileptic seizures (ES) is important for appropriate triaging in the emergency department (ED). This can be difficult in the ED, as the event is often not witnessed by a medical professional. In the current study, we investigated whether anion gap (AG), bicarbonate, and the Denver Seizure Score (DSS) could differentiate between PNES and ES. Of a total of 1,354 subjects reviewed from a tertiary care medical center, 27 PNES and 27 ES patients were identified based on clinical description and subsequent electroencephalogram. Multivariate logistic regression analysis and receiver operating characteristic curves were used to determine whether there was an association between seizure type and AG, bicarbonate, or DSS (24‐bicarbonate + 2 × [AG‐12]) when samples were drawn within 24 h of the concerning event. The result showed that sensitivity and negative predictive value dropped markedly for all measures if samples were drawn >2 h after the event; the sensitivity was similar for AG and DSS and higher than for bicarbonate. We propose that AG > 10 (sensitivity of 81.8%, specificity of 100%) in the first 2 h after the event could be used as a potential tool in the ED to help differentiate between PNES and ES.