bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regressions Fit for Purpose: Models of Locust Phase State Must Not Conflate Morphology With Behaviour
Authors: Ott Swidbert R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractLocusts are defined by their capacity to transform between two very distinct integrated phenotypes or ‘phases’ in response to changes in population density: a solitarious phase, which occurs when densities are low, and a gregarious phase, which arises as a consequence of crowding and can form very large and economically damaging swarms. The two phases differ fundamentally in their behaviour, physiology and morphology. A large body of work on the mechanistic basis of behavioural phase transitions has relied on multivariate logistic regression (LR) models to estimate the probability of behavioural gregariousness from multiple behavioural variables. Martín-Blázquez and Bakkali (2017,Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata163, 9–25) have recently proposed standardised LR models for estimating an overall ‘gregariousness level’ from a combination of behavioural and, unusually, morphometric variables. Here I develop a detailed argument to demonstrate that the premise of such an overall ‘gregariousness level’ is fundamentally flawed. Since locust phase transformations intrinsically entail a decoupling of behaviour and morphology, phase state cannot meaningfully be conflated onto a single axis. LR models that do so are therefore of very limited value for any analysis of phase transitions. I furthermore show why behavioural predictor variables should not be adjusted by measures of body size that themselves differ between phases. I discuss the models fitted by Martín-Blázquez and Bakkali (2017) to highlight potential pitfalls in statistical methodology that must be avoided when applying LR to the analysis of behavioural phase state. Finally, I reject the idea that ‘standardised models’ provide a valid shortcut to estimating phase state across different developmental stages, strains or species. The points addressed here are pertinent to any research on transitions between complex phenotypes and behavioural syndromes.
Large-Scale Comparative Analysis of Codon Models Accounting for Protein and Nucleotide Selection
Authors: Davydov Iakov I. , Salamin Nicolas , Robinson-Rechavi Marc 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThere are numerous sources of variation in the rate of synonymous substitutions inside genes, such as direct selection on the nucleotide sequence, or mutation rate variation. Yet scans for positive selection rely on codon models which incorporate an assumption of effectively neutral synonymous substitution rate, constant between sites of each gene. Here we perform a large-scale comparison of approaches which incorporate codon substitution rate variation and propose our own simple yet effective modification of existing models. We find strong effects of substitution rate variation on positive selection inference. More than 70% of the genes detected by the classical branch-site model are presumably false positives caused by the incorrect assumption of uniform synonymous substitution rate. We propose a new model which is strongly favored by the data while remaining computationally tractable. With the new model we can capture signatures of nucleotide level selection acting on translation initiation and on splicing sites within the coding region. Finally, we show that rate variation is highest in the highly recombining regions, and we propose that recombination and mutation rate variation, such as high CpG mutation rate, are the two main sources of nucleotide rate variation. While we detect fewer genes under positive selection in Drosophila than without rate variation, the genes which we detect contain a stronger signal of adaptation of dynein, which could be associated withWolbachiainfection. We provide software to perform positive selection analysis using the new model.
DEET as a feeding deterrent
Authors: Lu WeiYu , Hwang Justin , Zeng Fangfang , Leal Walter S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe insect repellentN,N-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (DEET), is a multimodal compound that acts as a spatial repellent as well as an irritant (contact repellent), thus being perceived by the insect’s olfactory and gustatory systems as an odorant and a tastant, respectively. Soon after DEET was developed, almost 6 decades ago, it was reported that it reduced mosquito feeding on blood mixed with this repellent. It is now known that the mosquito proboscis senses contact repellents with the tips (labella) of the labium, which remain in direct contact with the outer layers of the skin, while the stylets, including the feeding deterrent sensor (labrum), penetrate the skin. We designed a behavioral assay that allowed us to tease apart contact repellency from feeding deterrence. First, we demonstrate here that when DEET was mixed with blood and covered by Parafilm® layers, it did not leak to the outer surface. In our assays, the mean number of landings and duration of contacts with surfaces covering blood mixed with DEET or blood plus solvent (dimethyl sulfoxide) did not differ significantly. The feeding times, however, were significantly different. When blood was mixed either with 0.1 or 1% DEET, female southern house mosquitoes spent significantly less time feeding than the time spent feeding on blood mixed only with the solvent. By contrast, there were no significant differences in the mean times of feeding on blood containing 1% picaridin and blood plus solvent. Like DEET, the contact repellent and insecticide, permethrin, caused a significant reduction in feeding time. We, therefore, concluded, that in this context, DEET and permethrin act as feeding deterrents.
Ponzi schemes and the roles of trust creation and maintenance
Authors: Carey Catherine , Webb John K. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to elaborate on how schemers build and maintain trust essential for financial fraud that persists over many years. A Ponzi scheme is a form of financial fraud that involves repeated interaction with an increasingly large number of individuals over a long period time. This type of fraud involves the building and maintenance of each individual’s trust. All Ponzi schemes come to a dramatic conclusion. Either the schemer defaults on payments, or someone gets suspicious and the scheme is uncovered. Understanding how schemers build and maintain trust may help prevent or uncover the fraud earlier, limiting financial devastation endured by unsuspecting investors, as well as externalities inflicted on the financial system as investors lose trust.

Design/methodology/approach
This study combines an understanding of trust accumulation from multiple disciplines in the existing literature to build a comprehensive model of trust creation and maintenance in Ponzi schemes.

Findings
This study finds that key characteristics of both the trustor and trustee contribute to long term financial arrangements. Schemers prey on individuals with specific characteristics that indicate they are more trusting. Trusting individuals are less likely to conduct due diligence to detect fraud. Prevention and detection of fraud are made more difficult by convincing, yet false, mimicry used by schemers to signal trustworthiness.

Originality/value
Bringing together multiple views on trust allows creation of a comprehensive model of trust that captures key characteristics of unsuspecting investors and schemers who prey on them in financial fraud.
Financial crime – is there any way out of the theoretical deadlock?
Authors: Eisenberg Paul 
Published: August 2017

PurposeThis paper aims to approach fundamental topics of financial crime and the law. What does constitute financial crime? Which field of law is best suited to address the threats of transgression by financial executives? What does motivate highly rewarded financiers to become white collar criminals?Design/methodology/approachTo answer these research questions, contemporary theories of criminology in general and of white collar crime in particular, as well as theories on motivation, are critically discussed. Benefits and limitations of the theories in use are exemplified on the background of the London Interbank Offered Rate (LIBOR) scandal.FindingsThe paper criticises that the state-of-the-art theories are not able to embrace financial criminality in its entirety. A provoking pace for further research might be that of psychopathic disorders among white collar criminals. Thus, white collar crime maintains its challenging character.Originality/valueThis paper provides a thorough testing of multidisciplinary theories that emerged over the past decades against the recent LIBOR scandal. The research questions addressed and the methodologies applied provide a framework for the assessment of the prevailing theories against other financial scandals.
Too big to fail, too big to jail: restoring liability a lesson from HSBC case
Authors: Hardouin Patrick 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to highlight the shift of impunity from institutions to individuals within the “too big to fail, too big to jail” paradigm and to restore individual liability in the financial industry.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is based on the analysis of HSBC deferred prosecution agreement concluded on December 10, 2012 and of a report by the US House of Representatives Financial Committee released in July 2016.

Findings
“Too big to fail, too big to jail” is a paradigm which contains justice. It leads to the impunity of individuals involved due to the absence of trial. Containment of justice is denial of justice. However, the systemic risk is attached to institutions, not to individuals. Therefore, it should not hamper the prosecution of individuals.

Practical implications
Setting sanctions applicable to individuals and proportionate to the crime would contribute to deter financial misconducts.

Originality/value
The value of the paper is the demonstration that there is no basis for a limited personal liability in the financial industry.
Variation in rates of inpatient admissions and lengths of stay experienced by adults with learning disabilities in England
Authors: James Elaine , Hatton Chris , Brown Mark 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyse rates of inpatient admissions for people with learning disabilities in England and to identify factors associated with higher rates of inpatient admission.

Design/methodology/approach
Secondary analysis of data submitted as part of the Transforming Care programme in England.

Findings
2,510 people with learning disabilities in England were inpatients on 31st March 2016. Findings indicate that people with learning disabilities are at risk of higher rate of inpatient admission than can be explained by prevalence within the general population; this risk may be associated with areas where there are higher numbers of inpatient settings which provide assessment and treatment for people with learning disabilities.

Research limitations/implications
Variability in the quality of the data submitted by commissioners across the 48 Transforming Care Plan areas mean that greater attention needs to be paid to determining the validity of the common reporting method. This would improve the quality of data and insight from any future analysis.

Practical implications
The study’s findings are consistent with the hypothesis that geographical variations in the risk of people with learning disabilities being admitted to inpatient services are not consistent with variations in prevalence rates for learning disability. The findings support the hypothesis that building alternatives to inpatient units should impact positively on the numbers of learning disabled people who are able to live independent lives.

Originality/value
This is the first study which examines the data which commissioners in England have reported to NHS England on the experience of people with learning disabilities who are admitted as inpatients and to report on the possible factors which result in higher rates of inpatient admission.
Rodent, snake and raptor use of restored native perennial grasslands is lower than use of unrestored exotic annual grasslands
Authors: Wolf Kristina M. , Whalen Matthew A. , Bourbour Ryan P. , Baldwin Roger A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

In California's Central Valley, most native grasslands have been destroyed or degraded due to invasion, farming and development. Grassland restoration is often assumed to provide improved wildlife habitat, ostensibly increasing the abundance and diversity of at least some native wildlife species relative to unrestored, invaded annual grasslands.

We compared rodent, snake and raptor activity and species richness at paired unrestored and restored grasslands across four blocked locations in the Central Valley using trapping and observational surveys in up to four seasons per guild from 2014 to 2015. Restored treatments were planted with native perennial grasses 13–24 years prior to study initiation but were partially re‐invaded by Mediterranean annual grasses and forbs. Unrestored treatments contained similar non‐native plant species assemblages as restored treatments, but did not contain any native grass.

Rodent, snake and raptor activity was generally higher in unrestored relative to restored treatments. For rodents, the non‐native Mus musculus (house mouse) showed the greatest disparity in abundance, while greater raptors and snakes likely responded to greater rodent abundance.

Within treatments, species‐specific rodent responses were related to structure of physical vegetation. In particular, Peromyscus maniculatus (native deer mouse) was associated with more bare ground and shorter vegetation, while the house mouse was associated with less bare ground and taller vegetation, regardless of treatment type. Substantial changes in rodent species composition were observed over short periods of time (<3 months) after unplanned manipulation of vegetation structure via livestock grazing, with patterns reflecting the species‐specific response to physical vegetation structure.

Synthesis and applications. Our results reveal that while grassland restoration may promote persistence of native plant communities, restoration may not be beneficial to some higher trophic levels, and in fact may reduce habitat value for some native predators in grasslands invaded by Mediterranean plant species. Changes in vegetation structure can strongly impact wildlife species composition, suggesting a more nuanced approach is required for the restoration of desired wildlife communities. Thus, species‐specific goals should be carefully considered to ensure improved alignment of restoration methods with expected restoration outcomes.
The Potential of Labour−Management Partnership: A Longitudinal Case Analysis
Authors: Johnstone Stewart , Wilkinson Adrian 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIssues of labour−management cooperation have long attracted the attention of management researchers, practitioners and policymakers. In Britain, the most recent wave of interest has been under the rubric of labour−management partnership, normally concerning the development of cooperative relations between unions and employers. A recurring theme is that cooperative relations can be difficult to develop and sustain, especially in liberal market economies. This paper advances the debate by examining the dynamics of labour−management partnership within the context of a British financial services organization over a 25‐year period. Drawing upon empirical case study data collected between 1990 and 2014, we assess the dynamics of the relationship between a building society and the recognized staff union. We confirm the possibility of sustaining collaborative relationships associated with a mutual gains agenda within a liberal market economy as well as the fragility of such arrangements. While we acknowledge that sustaining cooperative regimes can be difficult, we also caution against the tendency towards institutional determinism and underplaying of agency in many of the partnership critiques. Given the lack of a credible alternative, we conclude that labour−management partnership remains an important public policy goal and should not be dismissed as a chimera.
Rapid Flood Damage Prediction and Forecasting Using Public Domain Cadastral and Address Point Data with Fuzzy Logic Algorithms
Authors: Gutenson J.L. , Ernest A.N.S. , Oubeidillah A.A. , Zhu L. , Zhang X. , Sadeghi S.T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNational Flood Interoperability Experiment (NFIE) derived technologies and workflows will offer the ability to rapidly forecast flood damages. Address Points used by emergency management personnel approximate the locations of buildings, and they are a common operating picture for emergency responders. Most United States (U.S.) county tax assessment offices throughout the contiguous U.S. (CONUS) produce georeferenced cadastral data. To varying degrees, these parcel data describe building characteristics of structures within the parcel. Address Point data with cadastral data offers the ability to rapidly develop building inventories for flood damage estimation. Flood damage forecasts can expedite recovery and improve short‐term flood resilience. In this work the authors evaluate Flood Damage Wizard, a proposed open source platform independent methodology. Flood Damage Wizard uses point shapefile building information to estimate flood damage to buildings by finding the appropriate depth‐damage function using fuzzy‐text matching. The authors apply Flood Damage Wizard using Address Point and parcel datasets to demonstrate a method of estimating flood damage to buildings nearly anywhere within the CONUS. Results indicate using Address Point and cadastral datasets can generate total flood damage estimates approximate to those estimated using existing software solutions Hazus‐MH and HEC‐FIA with minimal manual processing of input data.
Do Clients’ Enterprise Systems Affect Audit Quality and Efficiency?
Authors: Pincus Morton , Tian Feng , Wellmeyer Patricia , Xu Sean Xin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEnterprise systems (ESs) are widely used to support business processes along the enterprise value chain. It has been shown thatESs, by integrating business functions and making information about day‐to‐day activities available, enhance operational transparency and improve the internal information environment. However, whileES‐based business infrastructures can offer many benefits, their prevalence and increased complexity have also brought new challenges to external auditors. Motivated by the prominence of this issue for auditors and regulators and by the scarcity of research jointly examiningESs and auditors’ work, we investigate whether the presence and extent of client firms’ESimplementations are related to the quality and efficiency of auditors’ work. Using proprietary archival data onESimplementations and controlling for self‐selection, we find thatESimplementation improves the quality and efficiency of current and future years’ audit work. Specifically, there are fewer restatements, a greater likelihood of auditors issuing going‐concern opinions to firms that do not survive, higher accruals‐based auditing quality, a lower likelihood of Form 10‐K filing delays, and generally lower audit fees. We further show that the benefits ofESs generally increase with the scope of implementation and are generally greater when theESincludes accounting and finance systems. Inconsistent with improvement in the quality of auditors’ work, we find no evidence thatESs help auditors identify material weaknesses in advance of restatement announcements and we find that, even in the presence ofESs, auditors issue an excessive number of going‐concern opinions to clients that survive.
Pulmonary Embolism Testing Among Emergency Department Patients Who Are Pulmonary Embolism Rule‐out Criteria Negative
Authors: Buchanan Ian , Teeples Troy , Carlson Margaret , Steenblik Jacob , Bledsoe Joseph , Madsen Troy 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivePrevious studies have demonstrated that rates of pulmonary embolism (PE) testing have increased without a concomitant decrease in PE‐related mortality. The Pulmonary Embolism Rule‐out Criteria (PERC) intend to reduce testing for PE in the emergency department (ED) by identifying low‐risk patients (“PERC‐negative”) who do not require D‐dimer, computed tomography pulmonary angiogram (CTPA), or ventilation/perfusion (VQ) scan for PE. This study assesses PE testing rates among PERC‐negative patients presenting to an urban academic ED.MethodsWe prospectively enrolled a convenience sample of ED patients with chest pain and/or shortness of breath presenting between June 2010 and December 2015. We recorded baseline variables at the time of ED presentation, information on testing performed in the ED, and the diagnosis of acute PE during the ED visit. We classified patients as PERC‐positive or PERC‐negative utilizing baseline variables and clinical characteristics.ResultsOf the 3,024 study patients, 54.8% (95% confidence interval = 53%–56.5%) were female and the mean age was 51.7 (51.1–52.3) years. A total of 17.5% (16.2%–18.9%) of study patients were PERC‐negative and 33.7% (32%–35.4%) of all patients underwent testing for PE. A total of 25.5% (22%–29.4%) of PERC‐negative patients had PE testing compared to 35.4% (33.6%–37.3%) of PERC‐positive patients (p < 0.001). A total of 7.2% (5.3%–9.7%) of PERC‐negative patients had advanced imaging without a D‐dimer compared to 19.2% (17.8%–20.8%) of PERC‐positive patients (p < 0.001). In multivariate analysis, factors associated with PE testing in PERC‐negative patients included age, white non‐Hispanic race/ethnicity, pleuritic chest pain, and a complaint of both chest pain and shortness of breath. Two PERC‐negative patients (0.4%) were diagnosed with an acute PE in the ED compared to 2.2% of PERC‐positive patients (p = 0.008). The overall testing yield for PE was 1.6% (0.4%–9.2%) among PERC‐negative patients versus 6.3% (4.9%–8.1%) among PERC‐positive patients (p = 0.017).ConclusionIn an academic ED, a significant proportion of PERC‐negative patients underwent testing for PE, including CT or VQ scan without D‐dimer risk stratification. Future areas of research may include evaluating factors that lead clinicians to pursue PE testing in PERC‐negative patients and implementing clinical pathways to minimize practice variability among these patients.