bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
UTILITY OF INTRAOPERATIVE OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY IN ACUTE ENDOPHTHALMITIS
Authors: Yaginuma Shigeharu , Inoue Makoto , Itoh Yuji , Takahashi Hiroyuki , Hirakata Akito 
Published: August 2017

Purpose:
To evaluate the efficacy of intraoperative optical coherence tomography (OCT) during vitrectomy for acute endophthalmitis.

Methods:
The intraoperative and postoperative images of an 87-year-old woman with acute endophthalmitis after uncomplicated cataract surgery were analyzed.

Results:
At presentation, the vision of the patient was 20/2000, and the preoperative OCT was unable to obtain clear images because of vitreous opacities. Intraoperative OCT showed that the inner retinal layer was hyperreflective because of diffuse retinal edema. Cystic changes were also present in the retina. A fibrin-like epiretinal membrane that was connected to the hyperreflective inner retinal layer was detected, and the retinal microstructures were well preserved. Intravitreal injections of vancomycin and ceftazidime were given at the end of the surgery. Postoperative examination showed that the epiretinal membrane–like tissue disappeared on the OCT image 1 month after the surgery, and the vision improved to 20/30.

Conclusion:
Intraoperative OCT can be useful to examine the structural alterations of the retina in eyes with vitreous opacities that prevent preoperative OCT examinations. Evaluations of intraoperative OCT images can provide information on what surgical procedures are needed.
Potential Impact of Changes in the Schedule for Primary Diphtheria-Tetanus Toxoids-Pertussis Immunization as Control Strategy for Pertussis
Authors: Bergero Paula Elena , Fabricius Gabriel , Hozbor Daniela Flavia , Theeten Heidi , Hens Niel 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Pertussis is a vaccine-preventable respiratory disease that may cause death mainly in infants. The schedules for primary pertussis vaccination are set in each country by the local health authorities. Several different schedules meet World Health Organization recommendations, 2–4–6 months, 6–10–14 weeks, 2–3–4 months and 3–4–5 months being the most commonly used worldwide. In this work, we analyze the benefits of changing the vaccination schedule to control the disease.

Methods:
We used an age-structured deterministic mathematical model for pertussis transmission to compute the incidences for the 4 above-mentioned schedules. Different vaccination coverages and vaccine effectiveness levels were considered. Immunization data from Argentina and Belgium were used.

Results:
The highest reduction in incidence was obtained by adopting the 6–10–14 weeks schedule, reaching about a 36% reduction of 0–1-year incidence with respect to the 2–4–6 months schedule. We show the dependence of this reduction on both vaccine effectiveness and coverage. The severe pertussis incidence decreased significantly when the first dose of the 2–4–6 months schedule was accelerated to 6 weeks. Finally, we estimated that the communication campaign adopted in Flanders (Belgium) to improve compliance with the vaccine schedule could lead to a reduction of 16% in severe pertussis incidence and about 7% in total incidence in infants.

Conclusions:
Our work highlights the use of mathematical modeling to quantify the benefits of the existing vaccination schedules and the strategies that could be implemented to improve their compliance. Our results indicated that the 6–10–14 weeks is the best schedule option and that the Belgium vaccination campaign significantly reduced the incidence of severe cases.
Characteristics and Risk Factors of Late-onset Bloodstream Infection Beyond 6 Months After Liver Transplantation in Children
Authors: Furuichi Munehiro , Fukuda Akinari , Sakamoto Seisuke , Kasahara Mureo , Miyairi Isao 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Bloodstream infection (BSI) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality after pediatric liver transplantation (LT). However, most studies have focused on BSI occurring within a few months after LT. In this study, we evaluated the characteristics of BSI occurring beyond 6 months after pediatric LT.

Methods:
We conducted a retrospective cohort study at a pediatric LT center in Japan from November 2005 to March 2016. We evaluated the causative organisms and site of late-onset BSI in children ≤ 18 years of age. The risk factors for developing late-onset BSI and the associations of late-onset BSI with long-term outcomes were also evaluated.

Results:
Three hundred forty cases of LT were evaluated. Thirty-eight BSI developed in 29 (9%) LT recipients. There were 42 organisms (nine Gram-positive cocci, 33 Gram-negative rods) isolated from the blood cultures of recipients with late-onset BSI. The most frequent sites of late-onset BSI was intraabdominal infection (18/38; 47%). There were also 14 (39%) episodes with no apparent focus. In multivariate analysis, a prolonged operative time > 12 hours (odds ratio [OR] = 3.55; P = 0.04) and biliary stenosis (OR = 4.60; P = 0.006) were independent risk factors for developing late-onset BSI. Late-onset BSI was associated with increased retransplantation rate (P = 0.04) and mortality (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Late-onset BSI developed in 9% of recipients after pediatric LT. Gram-negative rods accounted for the majority of late-onset BSI as a consequence of abdominal infection, but the focus was often unclear. Prolonged operative time at LT and biliary stenosis were independent risk factors for developing late-onset BSI.
Regional and National Variations in Reasons for Gluten Avoidance
Authors: Zylberberg Haley M. , Yates Shireen , Borsoi Carla , Green Peter H.R. , Lebwohl Benjamin 
Published: August 2017

Background:
Although studies have assessed the prevalence of celiac disease (CD), less is known about the prevalence of gluten avoidance because of nonceliac gluten sensitivity (GS). The avoidance of foods other than gluten is also understudied in these 2 groups.

Methods:
Participants visiting a web site for information about a newly developed portable gluten detection device (Nima) were instructed to complete questions about food and gluten avoidance patterns. We assessed the relative proportion of CD and GS across world regions and United States (US) regions and determined the distribution of food avoidance patterns.

Results:
CD was reported in 6474 respondents and GS in 2597 respondents. Within the United States, the majority of avoiders of gluten reported having CD (69.8%), with the highest ratio of CD to GS in the Northeast (CD: 74.3%; GS: 25.7%) and the lowest in the West (CD: 67.1%; GS: 32.9%) (P<0.0001). Compared with the United States, all other countries had lower proportions of GS, with the lowest in Argentina (CD: 94.7%; GS: 5.3%; P<0.0001). Food avoidances other than gluten were reported by 25% of respondents, with avoidance in all categories more common in GS than CD (P<0.0001).

Conclusion:
There is a significant difference in the relative rates of CD and GS within the United States and worldwide. Food avoidance other than gluten seems to be a more common component of GS than CD. Future research should focus on the causes of these international and US regional differences and the significance of other food avoidances.
Recent perspectives on the role of nutraceuticals as cholesterol-lowering agents
Authors: Ward Natalie , Sahebkar Amirhossein , Banach Maciej , Watts Gerald 
Published: August 2017

Purpose of review
Reduction in circulating cholesterol is an important step in lowering cardiovascular risk. Although statins are the most frequently prescribed cholesterol-lowering medication, there remains a significant portion of patients who require alternative treatment options. Nutraceuticals are increasingly popular as cholesterol-lowering agents. Despite the lack of long-term trials evaluating their use on cardiovascular endpoints and mortality, several studies have demonstrated their potential cholesterol-lowering effects. The purpose of this review is to provide an update on the role of nutraceuticals as cholesterol-lowering agents. The present review will focus on individual nutraceutical compounds, which have shown modest cholesterol-lowering abilities, as well as combination nutraceuticals, which may offer potential additive and/or synergistic effects.

Recent findings
Berberine, red yeast rice, and plant sterols have moderate potential as cholesterol-lowering agents. Combination nutraceuticals, including the proprietary formulation, Armolipid Plus, appear to confer additional benefit on plasma lipid profiles, even when taken with statins and other agents.

Summary
Although robust, long-term clinical trials to examine the effects of nutraceuticals on clinical outcomes are still required, their cholesterol-lowering ability, together with their reported tolerance and safety, offer a pragmatic option for lowering plasma cholesterol levels.
Button battery ingestion in children
Authors: Eliason Michael J. , Ricca Robert L. , Gallagher Thomas Q. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose of review
As the demand for small electronics continues to grow so does the risk of oesophageal ingestion of button batteries. These small but powerful sources of energy are ubiquitous in every household and when swallowed, especially in small children, have been shown to create significant injury in a short amount of time leading to long-term morbidity and possible death. This review highlights the latest findings regarding epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and management of ingested button batteries.

Recent findings
Updated epidemiology from the National Capital Poison Center, new bench research looking at injury patterns and possible mitigation strategies, updated ideas on management algorithms including the use of a trauma protocol, close-look second endoscopy and management of button batteries in the lower gastrointestinal tract are reviewed in this paper.

Summary
Despite advances in the understanding of injury mechanics and innovations leading to early diagnosis and improved management of button battery ingestion, parental and provider education remain the most important tools to keep children well tolerated from the sequelae of these potentially fatal events. Collaboration between healthcare experts, public health and industry is essential to find a safe answer to this ongoing threat.
Is There a Mismatch Between the Perspectives of Patients and Regulators on Healthcare Quality? A Survey Study
Authors: Bouwman Renée , Bomhoff Manja , Robben Paul , Friele Roland 
Published: August 2017

Objectives
Internationally, healthcare quality regulators are criticized for failing to respond to patients’ complaints. Patient involvement is, therefore, an important item on the policy agenda. However, it can be argued that there is a discrepancy between the patients’ perspective and current regulatory approaches.
This study examines whether a discrepancy exists between the perspectives of patients and regulators on healthcare quality.

Methods
A questionnaire was sent to 996 people who had registered a complaint with the Dutch Healthcare Inspectorate to measure expectations of and experiences with the Inspectorate. A taxonomy was used to classify their complaints into the clinical, relationship, or management domains.

Results
The response was 54%. More complaints about clinical issues (56%, P = 0.000) were investigated by the regulator than complaints about organizational (37%) and relational issues (51%). Patients with complaints about management issues less often indicated (13%, P = 0.002) that healthcare is improved by making their complaint than patients with complaints about clinical or relationship issues did (22%–23%). Patients who reported about relational issues with care providers attached more importance to issuing sanctions against the care provider than other patients (mean score 2.89 versus 2.62–2.68, P = 0.006).

Conclusions
The predominant clinical approach taken by regulators does not match the patients’ perspective of what is relevant for healthcare quality. In addition, patients seem to be more tolerant of what they perceive to be clinical or management errors than of perceived relational deficiencies in care providers. If regulators want to give patients a voice, they should expand their horizon beyond the medical framework.
Prescribing Errors With Low-Molecular-Weight Heparins
Authors: Slikkerveer Marielle , van de Plas Afke , Driessen Johanna H.M. , Wijngaard Robin , de Vries Frank , Olie Renske , Meertens Nathalie , van den Bemt Patricia 
Published: August 2017

Background
Low–molecular-weight heparins (LMWHs) are used in the prevention and treatment of venous thromboembolism (VTE). Bleeding is the primary major complication of LMWH therapy, which is associated with dose. The administration of appropriate dosages of LMWHs depends on the patient’s risk of VTE, risk of bleeding, bodyweight, and renal function. Therefore, LMWH prescribing is prone to errors. However, no earlier study has explored the frequency of prescribing errors with LMWH.

Purpose
The aim of the study was to determine the frequency and determinants of in-hospital LMWH-prescribing errors.

Methods
A cross-sectional study was conducted to examine the frequency and determinants of LMWH prescribing errors between April and August 2014. We randomly selected 500 patients 18 years and older with at least one LMWH prescription during inpatient hospitalization. A prescribing error was a deviation from the internal hospital guidelines. Logistic regression estimated determinants of prescribing error.

Results
A prescribing error was present with 34% of all LMWH users. The most frequently recorded error was a dose that was not adjusted to body weight and/or renal function (85%). Prophylactic LMWH prescribing in medical wards was associated with a higher risk of prescribing error as compared with surgical wards.

Conclusions
The frequency of prescribing errors was 34% in a tertiary care hospital. Being a patient with prophylactic LMWH use on a medical ward is a determinant for LMWH prescribing error. Interventions that will lead to better electronic recording of body weight and more awareness among medical doctors may reduce the total number of prescribing errors.
miRNA-214 Protects Sepsis-Induced Myocardial Injury
Authors: Ge Chen , Liu Junhang , Dong Shimin 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
Sepsis can cause myocardial injury, which is one of the leading causes of death in critically ill patients. The underlying mechanisms associated with sepsis-induced myocardial injury (SIMI) include impaired cardiac contractility, excessive cardiac inflammation, oxidative stress, cardiomyocyte apoptosis, and so on. SIMI is usually accompanied with dynamic changes of microRNAs (miRNAs) expression. And previous studies have shown that miR-214 plays a vital role in the protection of cardiomyocyte subjected to oxidative stress. In this study, we aimed to test whether miRNA-214 plays any roles in sepsis-induced myocardial injury. We performed quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction in the septic mouse model induced by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP) and found the expression of miR-214 was upregulated. Then we transfected with the miRNA-214 precursor (pre-miR-214) to upregulate miR-214 expression and with the miR-214 inhibitor (anti-miR-214) to downregulate miR-214 expression respectively. Pre-miR-214 mouse model, anti-miR-214 mouse model, and wild-type mice were subjected to CLP or sham surgery. We observed that compared with control wild types, cardiac function, inflammatory response, the degree of myocardial injury, and myocyte apoptosis were remarkably alleviated in CLP-treated pre-miR-214 mice and aggravated in CLP-treated anti-miR-214 mice. Taken together, our study reveals that miR-214 has a protective effect in SIMI and thereby may provide a potential novel approach to treat SIMI.
Dominance of ST131Escherichia colicarryingblaCTX-Min patients with bloodstream infections caused by cephalosporin-resistant strains in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore: whole genome analysis of isolates from a randomised trial
Authors: Harris Patrick N. A. , Ben Zakour Nouri L. , Roberts Leah W. , Wailan Alexander M. , Zowawi Hosam M. , Tambyah Paul A. , Lye David C. , Jureen Roland , Lee Tau H. , Yin Mo , Izharuddin Ezlyn , Looke David , Runnegar Naomi , Rogers Benjamin , Bhally Hasan , Crowe Amy , Schembri Mark A. , Beatson Scott , Paterson David L. ,   on behalf of the MERINO Trial investigators
Published: August 2017

Synopsis/AbstractObjectivesTo characterise multi-drug resistantEscherichia coliisolated from patients in Australia, New Zealand and Singapore with bloodstream infection (BSI).MethodsWe prospectively collected third-generation cephalosporin resistant (3GC-R)E. colifrom blood cultures obtained from patients enrolled in a randomised controlled trial. Whole genome sequencing was used to characterise antibiotic resistance genes, sequence types (STs), plasmids and phylogenetic relationships. Antibiotic susceptibility was determined using disk diffusion and Etest.ResultsA total of 70E. coliwere included, of which the majority were ST131 (61.4%). BSI was most frequently from a urinary source (69.6%), community-associated (62.9%) and in older patients (median age 71 years [IQR 64-81]). The median Pitt bacteraemia score at presentation was 1 (IQR 0-2, range 0-3) and ICU admission was infrequent (3.1%). ST131 possessed significantly more acquired resistance genes than non-ST131 (p=0.003). Clade C1/C2 ST131 predominated (30.2% and 53.5% of all ST131 respectively) and these were all resistant to ciprofloxacin. All clade A ST131 were community-associated. The predominant ESBL types wereblaCTX-M(78.6% of isolates) and were strongly associated with ST131, with the majorityblaCTX-M-15. Clade C1 was associated withblaCTX-M-14andblaCTX-M-27, whereasblaCTX-M-15predominated in clade C2. Plasmid-mediated AmpC (p-AmpC) genes (mainlyblaCMY-2) were also frequent (17.1%) but were more common with non-ST131 strains (p< 0.001). The majority of plasmid replicon types were IncF.ConclusionsIn a prospective collection of 3GC-RE. colicausing BSI in the Australasian region, community-associated Clade C1/C2 ST131 predominate in association withblaCTX-MESBLs, although a significant proportion of non-ST131 strains carriedblaCMY-2.
Fishing for New Bt Receptors in Diamondback Moth
Authors: Chen Yazhou , Huang Yuping , Liu Qun , Xu Jun , Hogenhout Saskia , Huang Yongping , Tan Anjiang 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTBt toxins bind to receptors in the brush border membrane of the insect gut and create pores, leading to insect death. Bt-resistant insects demonstrate reduced binding of the Bt toxins to gut membranes. However, our understanding of the gut receptors involved in Bt toxin binding, and which receptors confer resistance to these toxins is incomplete, especially in diamondback moth (Plutella xylostella), a major agricultural pest. Identifying receptors has remained challenging because we lack sufficiently sensitive methods to detect Bt receptor interactions. Here, we report a modified far-immunoblotting technique, which revealed a broad spectrum of binding targets for the Bt toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Bd in diamondback moth. We confirm the role of the glucosinolate sulfatases GSS1 and GSS2 in Cry1Bd toxicity. GSS1 and GSS2 bind directly to Cry1Bd, and their expression is crucial for Cry1Bd toxicity. These results improve our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of Bt toxicity.AUTHOR SUMMARYThe Bt toxins, from the soil bacteriumBacillus thuringiensis, have wide applications in agriculture as insecticides applied to plants or expressed in genetically modified crops. Bt toxins bind to receptors in the brush border membrane of the insect gut and create pores leading to insect death. The success of the Bt toxins in controlling insect pests has been hindered by the emergence of resistant insects, which show reduced binding of Bt to their gut membranes. Although ongoing research has identified a few receptors, many remain unknown and the mechanisms by which these receptors cause resistance remain unclear. Here, we used a modified far-immunoblotting technique to identify proteins that bind to the toxins Cry1Ac, Cry1Ab, and Cry1Bd in the diamondback moth. This identified two glucosinolate sulfatases that bind directly to Cry1Bd; also, the toxicity of Cry1Bd requires expression of these glucosinolate sulfatases. Therefore, identification of these candidate receptors improves our understanding of Bt function and resistance.
GenomeDISCO: A concordance score for chromosome conformation capture experiments using random walks on contact map graphs
Authors: Ursu Oana , Boley Nathan , Taranova Maryna , Wang Y.X. Rachel , Yardimci Galip Gurkan , Noble William Stafford , Kundaje Anshul 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMotivationThe three-dimensional organization of chromatin plays a critical role in gene regulation and disease. High-throughput chromosome conformation capture experiments such as Hi-C are used to obtain genome-wide maps of 3D chromatin contacts. However, robust estimation of data quality and systematic comparison of these contact maps is challenging due to the multi-scale, hierarchical structure of chromatin contacts and the resulting properties of experimental noise in the data. Measuring concordance of contact maps is important for assessing reproducibility of replicate experiments and for modeling variation between different cellular contexts.ResultsWe introduce a concordance measure called GenomeDISCO (DIfferences between Smoothed COntact maps) for assessing the similarity of a pair of contact maps obtained from chromosome conformation capture experiments. The key idea is to smooth contact maps using random walks on the contact map graph, before estimating concordance. We use simulated datasets to benchmark GenomeDISCO’s sensitivity to different types of noise that affect chromatin contact maps. When applied to a large collection of Hi-C datasets, GenomeDISCO accurately distinguishes biological replicates from samples obtained from different cell types. GenomeDISCO also generalizes to other chromosome conformation capture assays, such as HiChIP.AvailabilitySoftware implementing GenomeDISCO is available athttps://github.com/kundajelab/genomedisco.Contactakundaje@stanford.eduSupplementary informationSupplementary data are available atBioinformaticsonline.