bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Massive Resistance
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWhen the Supreme Court issued itsBrown v. Board of Educationdecision declaring an end to segregated schools, the South, under the banner of “massive resistance” challenged the ruling and declared that the South would resist any attempt to desegregate Southern schools. Labelling racial segregation as a part of its Southern heritage, Virginia sought to rally the South and threatened to close all public schools rather than desegregate. Despite the fervor of the movement only one school district, Prince Edward County in Virginia, opted to close its public school system.
Outsider‐Within
Authors: Ryan J. Michael 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Patricia Hill Collins's idea of the outsider‐within has quickly become a classic in feminist theories. Developed primarily in her book
Fighting Words: Black Women and the Search for Justice
, the term was originally used to describe the location of individuals who find themselves in the border space between groups: that is, who no longer have clear membership in any one group. Collins later modified the term to “describe social locations or border spaces occupied by groups of unequal power.” Rather than static positions, these locations contain a number of contradictions for the individuals who occupy them. While individuals in these unique locations appear to be members of the dominant group based on possession of the necessary qualifications for, and apparent rights of, member standing, they do not necessarily enjoy all of the experiential benefits afforded to formal members.
Polyethnicity
Authors: Arabandi Bhavani 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPolyethnicity refers to the ability and willingness of individuals to identify with multiple ethnicities and multiple identities. The increasing rate of interethnic and inter‐racial marriage and immigration of various peoples from around the world, especially by the late twentieth century, has complicated the claim of a single ethnicity, and changed the world's ethnic landscape. Census 2000 was the first decennial census that allowed individuals to identify with more than one race. Since then, data have revealed that individuals self‐identifying as polyethnic are one of the fastest growing groups in the United States. New coalitions amongst polyethnic people signal a change in ethnic and racial group formation.
Population and Economy
Authors: Crenshaw Edward M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOf the three factors of economic production, land, labor, and capital, labor (or population more broadly) has been the subject of increasing empirical scrutiny over the last few decades. While many classical philosophers and most early social scientists viewed population as a necessary asset in economic development, the grim perspective of Thomas Malthus (i.e., that population growth typically outstrips economic production, leading to impoverishment) dominated social science after World War II. By the mid‐ to late 1980s, however, new research began to restore balance in how we view population's role in prosperity. This entry briefly discusses how the empirical literature has changed our views of population and economics, with special reference to age structure, urbanization, population density, population health, and ethnic/racial composition.
Modern, Late Modern, and Postmodern Sexualities
Authors: Plummer Ken 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWhile sexuality has a history, the idea of a fixed transuniversal essential sex or gender is criticized. Some of the features of the classification of premodern, modern, and postmodern are discussed with examples in this entry. Finally, there is a focus on some of the key features of postmodern sexualities such as the lack of unitary cores and essential truths; the tendency towards pastiche; their indeterminacy and open‐endedness; the blurring and changing of identities; the incredulity toward major stories; and an openness to a plurality of (often rival) stories. Often a language of excess and hyperbole develops and the growth of high‐tech, consumerist, and queer is mentioned.
Postsocial
Authors: Cetina Karin Knorr 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Postsocial analysis asserts that social principles and structures as we have known them in the past are emptying out in modern societies and other elements and relationships are taking their place. It focuses on topics such as the massive expansion of object‐rich environments and the increased bonding power of contemporary objects; the capacity of objects to incorporate social power; and the rise of a biology and technology‐centered imagination that replaces previous ideas of social salvation. Accompanying this development are changes in the structure of the self which should no longer be seen mainly as a relation between the individual and society but as a structure of wanting in relation to continually renewed lacks.
Race/Ethnicity, Health, and Mortality
Authors: Schaefer Richard 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCentral to the study of health disparities is how racial and ethnic minorities are adversely affected. The health profiles of many racial and ethnic minorities reflect the social inequality evident in the United States. Even when medical care is accessible, numerous studies have documented the reluctance of African Americans to trust the medical establishment. There is good reason – a long history of mistreatment up to the present. Medical apartheid refers to the separate and unequal healthcare system in the United States that often has and continues to characterize healthcare for African Americans as well as Latinos. Independent of class differences, race has impact, with racial tensions contributing to the medical problems of black Americans. The uninsured rates for black Americans, Asian Americans, and Latinos are higher than for non‐Hispanic whites. Immigrants come to the United States seeking a better life, but the transition can be very difficult with negative impact on health.
Rape/Sexual Assault as Crime
Authors: Beichner Dawn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The crime of rape/sexual assault is prevalent. Despite the significant changes to rape/sexual assault criminal statutes in the 1970s, the crime remains significantly under‐reported. Accordingly, most scholars examine both police reports of offenses and data from victimization surveys. This entry explores these issues and provides a brief overview of the literature examining offender motivational theories.
R
eich,
W
ilhelm (1897–1957)
Authors: Plummer Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Reich was a controversial theorist and therapist who merged ideas from Marx and Freud into a theory of sex economy and “characterology” in which capitalist repression was linked to sexual repression. For Reich, political analysis was equated with sexual liberation. His theory is outlined and many controversies are raised. Despite these problems, his work has developed its own social, even cult, following.
Separatism
Authors: Dennis Rutledge M. , Dennis Kimya N. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
One of the ironies of contemporary life, and perhaps a double irony of the current thrust towards globalization, is the concurrent impetus towards separatism in its various forms and dimensions. The impetus may stem from a desire of a dominant group to separate itself from minority groups so as to protect its way of life; conversely, a minority group may wish to separate itself from the controls of the larger dominant group.
Sport and Capitalism
Authors: Beamish Rob 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCapitalism refers to the economic system emerging in thirteenth‐century Europe and extending into the present. Sport denotes a variety of cultural practices that exhibit several particular tendencies when they occur within capitalist social formations. The early pursuit of sport‐entertainment revenues pitted promoters and owners against each other. To prevent their own self‐destruction, owners formed leagues which acted as cartels to control costs, prevent economic competition, and to set prices in the marketplace. In their efforts to gain the freedoms all other employees enjoy, the players in North America used labor laws, the courts, and engaged in open conflict with league owners, ultimately defending themselves through unionization. Once drastically underpaid, collective bargaining has balanced owner–player power relationships so that today's professional athletes receive an increasingly fair share of the enormous revenues they generate. Pierre de Coubertin launched the modern Olympic Games in opposition to the crass materialism and decadence of nineteenth‐century capitalism. The International Olympic Committee's decision to revise the “Eligibility Code” in the Olympic Charter removed the last vestiges of amateurism and any barriers that separated the Games from other professionalized sports. The dominant instrumental rationality of the contemporary Games and their enormous profitability have led to questions about child labor, athletes' rights, performance‐enhancing substance use, and corruption.
An in vivo 11C‐PK PET study of microglia activation in Fatal Familial Insomnia
Authors: Iaccarino Leonardo , Presotto Luca , Bettinardi Valentino , Gianolli Luigi , Roiter Ignazio , Capellari Sabina , Parchi Piero , Cortelli Pietro , Perani Daniela 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivePostmortem studies reported significant microglia activation in association with neuronal apoptosis in Fatal Familial Insomnia (FFI), indicating a specific glial response, but negative evidence also exists. An in vivo study of local immune responses over FFI natural course may contribute to the understanding of the underlying pathogenesis.MethodsWe included eight presymptomatic subjects (mean ± SD age:44.13 ± 3.83 years) carrying the pathogenic D178N‐129met FFI mutation, one symptomatic patient (male, 45 yrs. old), and nine healthy controls (HC) (mean ± SD age: 44.00 ± 11.10 years.) for comparisons. 11C‐(R)‐PK11195 PET allowed the measurement of Translocator Protein (TSPO) overexpression, indexing microglia activation. A clustering algorithm was adopted to define subject‐specific reference regions. Voxel‐wise statistical analyses were performed on 11C‐(R)‐PK11195 binding potential (BP) images both at the group and individual level.ResultsThe D178N‐129met/val FFI patient showed significant 11C‐(R)‐PK11195 BP increases in the midbrain, cerebellum, anterior thalamus, anterior cingulate cortex, orbitofrontal cortex, and anterior insula, bilaterally. Similar TSPO increases, but limited to limbic structures, were observed in four out of eight presymptomatic carriers. The only carrier with the codon 129met/val polymorphism was the only one showing an additional TSPO increase in the anterior thalamus.InterpretationIn comparison to nonprion neurodegenerative diseases, the observed lack of a diffuse brain TSPO overexpression in preclinical and the clinical FFI cases suggests the presence of a different microglia response. The involvement of limbic structures might indicate a role for microglia activation in these key pathologic regions, known to show the most significant neuronal loss and functional deafferentation in FFI.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Conia‐ene Cyclization of Internal ϵ‐Acetylenic β‐Ketoesters under High Pressure.
Authors: Chaładaj Wojciech , Kołodziejczyk Agata , Domański Sylwester 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe influence of pressure on the gold(I)‐catalyzed Conia‐ene cyclization of ϵ‐acetylenic‐β‐ketoesters bearing an internal alkyne moiety was investigated for the first time. The reaction catalyzed by commercially available PPh3AuNTf2 complex, which is sluggish at ambient pressure owing to steric reasons, proceeds smoothly under high‐pressure conditions (6 kbar). Mechanistic aspects of the reaction proceeding via 5‐exo‐dig and 6‐endo‐dig cyclization pathways were also studied employing DFT methods. Differences in the reactivity of substrates containing terminal and internal alkynes is discussed.
Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Conia‐ene Cyclization of Internal ϵ‐Acetylenic β‐Ketoesters under High Pressure.
Authors: Chaładaj Wojciech , Kołodziejczyk Agata , Domański Sylwester 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 23/2017 is provided by the Chaładaj Group at the Institute of Organic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences. The image shows a figurative representation of the cyclization of internal ϵ‐acetylenic β‐ketoesters as bending horseshoes into rings. The transformation requires not only the use of a gold catalyst (golden gloves), but also the application of a high pressure, generated by the burly blacksmith. In contrast, the frail apprentice delivers only ambient pressure to the system, which is insufficient for effective cyclization despite the use of golden gloves. See the Full Paper itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701388.
Effects of the Bidentate Ligand on the Photophysical Properties, Cellular Uptake, and (Photo)cytotoxicity of Glycoconjugates Based on the [Ru(tpy)(NN)(L)]2+ Scaffold
Authors: Lameijer Lucien N. , Brevé Tobias G. , van Rixel Vincent H. S. , Askes Sven H. C. , Siegler M. A. , Bonnet Sylvestre 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRuthenium polypyridyl complexes have received widespread attention as potential chemotherapeutics in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and in photochemotherapy (PACT). Here, we investigate a series of sixteen ruthenium polypyridyl complexes with general formula [Ru(tpy)(N−N)(L)]+/2+ (tpy=2,2′:6′,2′′‐terpyridine, N−N=bpy (2,2′‐bipyridine), phen (1,10‐phenanthroline), dpq (pyrazino[2,3‐f][1,10]phenanthroline), dppz (dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine, dppn (benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2‐a:2′,3′‐c]phenazine), pmip (2‐(4‐methylphenyl)‐1H‐imidazo[4,5‐f][1,10]phenanthroline), pymi ((E)‐N‐phenyl‐1‐(pyridin‐2‐yl)methanimine), or azpy (2‐(phenylazo)pyridine), L=Cl− or 2‐(2‐(2‐(methylthio)ethoxy)ethoxy)ethyl‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside) and their potential for either PDT or PACT. We demonstrate that although increased lipophilicity is generally related to increased uptake of these complexes, it does not necessarily lead to increased (photo)cytotoxicity. However, the non‐toxic complexes are excellent candidates as PACT carriers.
A Route to Base Coordinate Silicon Difluoride and the Silicon Trifluoride Radical
Authors: Sinhababu Soumen , Kundu Subrata , Paesch Alexander N. , Herbst‐Irmer Regine , Stalke Dietmar , Fernández Israel , Frenking Gernot , Stückl A. Claudia , Schwederski Brigitte , Kaim Wolfgang , Roesky Herbert W. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSilicon difluoride (SiF2) is highly unstable at room temperature and condenses at this temperature rapidly to a polymeric material of unknown structure. Therefore, the isolation of a stable monomeric silicon difluoride species is a challenging task. The cyclic alkyl(amino) carbene (cAAC) coordinated silicon difluoride was isolated as (cAAC)2SiF2 (2), synthesized from the reduction of cAAC‐SiF4 (1) by using two equivalents of KC8 in the presence of one equivalent of cAAC. In the solid state, compound 2 is stable at room temperature for a long time under inert conditions. The reduction of compound 1 in the presence of one equivalent KC8 resulted in the first stable silicon trifluoride monoradical (cAAC)SiF3 (3).
Sarcomeric TPM3α in developing chicken
Authors: Dube Syamalima , Abbott Lynn , Randhawa Samender , Fan Yingli , Wang Jushuo , Sanger Jean M , Sanger Joseph W. , Poiesz Bernard J. , Dube Dipak K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCloning and sequencing of various tropomyosin isoforms expressed in chickens have been described since the early 1980s. However, to the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the molecular characterization and the expression of the sarcomeric isoform of the TPM3 gene in cardiac and skeletal muscles from developing as well as adult chickens. Expression of TPM3α was performed by conventional RT‐PCR as well as qRT‐PCR using relative expression (by ΔCT as well as ΔΔCT methods) and by determining absolute copy number. The results employing all these methods show that the expression level of TPM3α is maximum in embryonic (10‐day/15‐day old) skeletal muscle and can barely be detected in both cardiac and skeletal muscles from the adult chicken. Our various RT‐PCR analyses suggest that the expression of high molecular weight TPM3 isoforms are regulated at the transcription level from the proximal promoter at the 5′‐end of the TPM3 gene.
Defects in Graphene Oxide as Structural Motifs
Authors: Feicht Patrick , Eigler Siegfried 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGraphene oxide possesses defects of various kinds. The structure of graphene oxide is reviewed with focus on defects in the σ‐framework of the hexagonal lattice. We clearly distinguish between on‐plane functionalization defects and in‐plane lattice defects. Moreover, vacancy defects and hole defects are discriminated. In this context, Raman spectroscopy is introduced as a sensitive method for detecting and quantifying defects. Moreover, the visualization of in‐plane lattice defects by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) at atomic resolution is introduced. Understanding the type and density of defects in graphene oxide bears the potential for advancing the field of research while considering the specific types of defects as structural motifs.
Using the Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR) to Find Information About Arabidopsis Genes
Authors: Reiser Leonore , Subramaniam Shabari , Li Donghui , Huala Eva 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Arabidopsis Information Resource (TAIR; http://arabidopsis.org) is a comprehensive Web resource of Arabidopsis biology for plant scientists. TAIR curates and integrates information about genes, proteins, gene function, orthologs, gene expression, mutant phenotypes, biological materials such as clones and seed stocks, genetic markers, genetic and physical maps, genome organization, images of mutant plants, protein sub‐cellular localizations, publications, and the research community. The various data types are extensively interconnected and can be accessed through a variety of Web‐based search and display tools. This unit primarily focuses on some basic methods for searching, browsing, visualizing, and analyzing information about Arabidopsis genes and genome. Additionally, we describe how members of the community can share data using TAIR's Online Annotation Submission Tool (TOAST), in order to make their published research more accessible and visible. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Protein 3D Structure and Electron Microscopy Map Retrieval Using 3D‐SURFER2.0 and EM‐SURFER
Authors: Han Xusi , Wei Qing , Kihara Daisuke 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWith the rapid growth in the number of solved protein structures stored in the Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the Electron Microscopy Data Bank (EMDB), it is essential to develop tools to perform real‐time structure similarity searches against the entire structure database. Since conventional structure alignment methods need to sample different orientations of proteins in the three‐dimensional space, they are time consuming and unsuitable for rapid, real‐time database searches. To this end, we have developed 3D‐SURFER and EM‐SURFER, which utilize 3D Zernike descriptors (3DZD) to conduct high‐throughput protein structure comparison, visualization, and analysis. Taking an atomic structure or an electron microscopy map of a protein or a protein complex as input, the 3DZD of a query protein is computed and compared with the 3DZD of all other proteins in PDB or EMDB. In addition, local geometrical characteristics of a query protein can be analyzed using VisGrid and LIGSITECSC in 3D‐SURFER. This article describes how to use 3D‐SURFER and EM‐SURFER to carry out protein surface shape similarity searches, local geometric feature analysis, and interpretation of the search results. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
The HMMER Web Server for Protein Sequence Similarity Search
Authors: Prakash Ananth , Jeffryes Matt , Bateman Alex , Finn Robert D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractProtein sequence similarity search is one of the most commonly used bioinformatics methods for identifying evolutionarily related proteins. In general, sequences that are evolutionarily related share some degree of similarity, and sequence‐search algorithms use this principle to identify homologs. The requirement for a fast and sensitive sequence search method led to the development of the HMMER software, which in the latest version (v3.1) uses a combination of sophisticated acceleration heuristics and mathematical and computational optimizations to enable the use of profile hidden Markov models (HMMs) for sequence analysis. The HMMER Web server provides a common platform by linking the HMMER algorithms to databases, thereby enabling the search for homologs, as well as providing sequence and functional annotation by linking external databases. This unit describes three basic protocols and two alternate protocols that explain how to use the HMMER Web server using various input formats and user defined parameters. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Multiparameter cytometric analysis of complex cellular response
Authors: Šimečková Šárka , Fedr Radek , Remšík Ján , Kahounová Zuzana , Slabáková Eva , Souček Karel 
Published: December 2017

AbstractComplex analysis of cellular responses after experimental treatment is important for screening, mechanistic understanding of treatment effects, and the identification of sensitive and resistant cell phenotypes. Modern multicolor flow cytometry has demonstrated its power for such analyses. Here, we introduce a multiparametric protocol for complex analysis of cytokinetics by the simultaneous detection of seven fluorescence parameters. This analysis includes the detection of two surface markers for immunophenotyping, analysis of proliferation based on the cell cycle and the measurement of incorporated nucleoside analogue 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine (EdU) in newly synthesized DNA, analysis of DNA damage using an anti‐phospho‐histone H2A.X (Ser139) antibody, and determination of cell death using a fixable viability probe and intracellular detection of caspase‐3 activation. To demonstrate the applicability of this protocol for the analysis of heterogeneous and complex cell responses, we used different treatments and model cell lines. We demonstrated that this protocol has the potential to provide complex and simultaneous analysis of cytokinetics and analyze the heterogeneity of the response at the single‐cell level. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry