bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atmosphere‐ocean‐ice interactions in the Amundsen Sea Embayment, West Antarctica
Authors: Turner John , Orr Andrew , Gudmundsson G. Hilmar , Jenkins Adrian , Bingham Robert G. , Hillenbrand Claus‐Dieter , Bracegirdle Thomas J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOver recent decades outlet glaciers of the Amundsen Sea Embayment (ASE), West Antarctica, have accelerated, thinned, and retreated, and are now contributing approximately 10% to global sea level rise. All the ASE glaciers flow into ice shelves, and it is the thinning of these since the 1970s, and their ungrounding from “pinning points” that is widely held to be responsible for triggering the glaciers' decline. These changes have been linked to the inflow of warm Circumpolar Deep Water (CPDW) onto the ASE's continental shelf. CPDW delivery is highly variable and is closely related to the regional atmospheric circulation. The ASE is south of the Amundsen Sea Low (ASL), which has a large variability and which has deepened in recent decades. The ASL is influenced by the phase of the Southern Annular Mode, along with tropical climate variability. It is not currently possible to simulate such complex atmosphere‐ocean‐ice interactions in models, hampering prediction of future change. The current retreat could mark the beginning of an unstable phase of the ASE glaciers that, if continued, will result in collapse of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, but numerical ice sheet models currently lack the predictive power to answer this question. It is equally possible that the recent retreat will be short‐lived and that the ASE will find a new stable state. Progress is hindered by incomplete knowledge of bed topography in the vicinity of the grounding line. Furthermore, a number of key processes are still missing or poorly represented in models of ice‐flow.
The influence of the length of the calibration period and observation frequency on predictive uncertainty in time series modeling of groundwater dynamics
Authors: van der Spek Joanne E. , Bakker Mark 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe influence of the length of the calibration period and observation frequency on the predictive uncertainty in time series modeling of groundwater dynamics is investigated. Studied series are from deltaic regions with predominantly shallow groundwater tables in a temperate maritime climate where heads vary due to precipitation and evaporation. Response times vary over a wide range from ∼60 to ∼1200 days. A Transfer Function‐Noise model is calibrated with the Markov Chain Monte Carlo method to both synthetic series and measured series of heads. The model fit and uncertainty are evaluated for various calibration periods and observation frequencies. It is often assumed that the required length of the calibration period is related to the response time of the system. In this study, no strong relationship was observed. Results indicate, however, that the required length of the calibration period is related to the decay time of the noise. Furthermore, the length of the calibration period was much more important than the total number of observations. For the measured series, the credible intervals could commonly be reduced to ∼10% of the measured head range and the prediction intervals to ∼50% of the measured head range with calibration periods of 20 years with approximately two observations per month.
Debates—Hypothesis testing in hydrology: A view from the field: The value of hydrologic hypotheses in designing field studies and interpreting the results to advance hydrology
Authors: McKnight Diane M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAdvances in hydrology are greatly needed and approaches that employ hypotheses to guide research have the potential to contribute to future advances. In this context, hypotheses can serve a range of purposes. Overarching hypotheses can provide a common integrating framework for collaborative research and can be revised as research progresses over time. Hypotheses that attempt to explain unexpected field observations or experimental results can provide a guide for designing further field studies. Focused testable hypotheses can facilitate effective presentation of proposed research, and clarify alternative hypotheses. Finally, the value of employing a hypothesis‐based approach depends upon the research environment, which can act as an “environmental filter” in determining successful research outcomes.
Hodgkin Lymphoma
Authors: Wittekind Christian , Asamura Hisao , Sobin Leslie H. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
This chapter deals with the staging classification for Hodgkin lymphomas and non&;#x02010;Hodgkin lymphomas. It presents two systems of classification: clinical staging (cS) and pathological staging (pS). The clinical stage describes the anatomic extent of Hodgkin lymphoma and forms the basis for treatment decisions. The pathological stage follows the clinical stage with clinical information supplemented by the information obtained from staging laparotomy and splenectomy. The chapter illustrates four stages, and each stage should be divided into A and B according to the absence or presence of defined general symptoms.
Oesophagus
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the oesophagus and the oesophagogastric junction have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the cervical oesophagus, intrathoracic oesophagus, and the oesophagogastric junction. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Colon and Rectum
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the colon and rectum have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include the colon, rectosigmoid junction, and the rectum. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, endoscopy, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Distal Extrahepatic Bile Duct
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the extrahepatic bile ducts distal to the insertion of the cystic duct have been classified clinically and pathologically. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging, and/or surgical exploration. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Soft Tissues
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Primary tumours, nodes, and metastases arising from soft tissues have been classified clinically and pathologically. Primary sites include connective, subcutaneous, and other soft tissues, peripheral nerves, retroperitoneum, and mediastinum. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging.
Carcinoma of Skin (Excluding Eyelid, Head and Neck, Perianal, Vulva, and Penis)
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the skin have been classified clinically and pathologically. Merkel cell carcinoma has been excluded. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Cervix Uteri
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carcinomas, nodes, and metastases arising from the cervix uteri have been classified clinically and histologically. Primary sites include the endocervix and the exocervix. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination and imaging. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Gestational trophoblastic tumours and metastases have been classified clinically and histologically. The classification includes choriocarcinoma, hydatiform mole, and placental site trophoblastic tumour. Clinical assessment is based on physical examination, imaging and endoscopy, and serum/urine ßhCG level. Factors that influence prognosis have been included.
Testis
Authors: Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary K. , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Germ cell tumours of the testis and the nodes and metastases arising from them have been classified clinically and histologically. Increased serum marker levels are frequently seen. The disease is staged on the basis of the anatomic extent of the tumour and serum marker levels. Factors that affect prognosis have been included.
Prognosis and Classification of Cancer
Authors: O'Sullivan Brian , Brierley James , Gospodarowicz Mary 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Even in cancers where a substantial proportion of patients have a successful outcome, not all are cured. There is a need to address these disparities scientifically under a broad rubric that encompasses prognostic factor research. Within this domain exists an interdependent array of principles, definitions and data underpinning the complex nature of oncology outcome. These address clinical, biological, interventional and diagnostic dimensions that attempt to understand the reasons for treatment failure or success in individual or groups of patients. This field evolves continuously and can be expected to change with new knowledge and concepts. At the same time, systematic analysis, reporting and comparison of results requires adherence to agreed standards for nomenclature, taxonomy and classification. At present, no uniformly agreed classification exists for prognostic factors. A description of a framework proposed by the UICC is described to address clinical relevance in this evolving field that acknowledges numerous dimensions of factors related to the patient, tumour, and healthcare system, and is used in the disease‐site chapters of this Manual. Future enhancements can be anticipated through advances in protocols, standards, classification and terminology, combined with a general understanding of the needs for interpretation and implementation.
Cancer Informatics
Authors: Jaffray David A. , Hope Andrew , Dwivedi Prateek , Michaelson Terry , Dekker Andre 
Published: February 2017

SummaryInformation collection and knowledge synthesis are central to the practice of cancer medicine. The expert cancer clinician has been trained in these concepts and merges them with delivery of care to build hypotheses that ultimately lead to evidence and a change in practice. The volume and diversity of patient‐derived data, the complexity of modern cancer treatments and the development of information technology over the past two decades require the adoption of informatics strategies if the process of delivering care is to substantially contribute to improving outcomes. In this chapter, we have endeavoured to assemble a cross‐section of important elements of a cancer informatics strategy, ranging from the technology, to data models, to critical operational issues that need to be considered in designing an effective cancer informatics strategy. Finally, a section highlighting the rapidly changing frontier of cancer informatics is provided to stimulate further reading.
Principles of Systemic Therapy
Authors: Fey Martin F. , Aebi Stefan 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Drugs have become an important tool to improve outcome in cancer. Cytotoxic agents often work best in combination rather than as single drugs. Drug combinations should exhibit better anticancer efficacy due to distinct mechanisms of action, yet different toxicity profiles. Some cancers are endocrine‐responsive, e.g. prostate cancer. Research into the molecular pathology of cancer has led to the development of small compounds inhibiting tyrosine kinase dependent pathways (‘‐nibs‘) and monoclonal antibodies binding to proteins on the cancer cell. Adjuvant cancer therapy reduces the risk or relapse and improves chances of cure, after removal of all detectable cancer. Neoadjuvant therapy improves the chances of radical tumour surgery or less mutilating surgery. In some cancers, such as the leukaemias, systemic treatment can be curative, whilst in many metastatic solid tumours, a realistic goal is palliation. When planning systemic cancer treatment, patient co‐morbidity must be taken into account, particularly in an elderly population.
Treatment in the Elderly
Authors: Aapro Matti S. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
In 2020 20% of the world's population will be over the age of 65 years, and most of these persons will be in developing countries. Physiological decline of organ reserves and co‐morbidities which accelerate this decline and reduce the ability to cope with stress determine tolerability of cancer surgery, access to radiation and toxicity of chemotherapy as well as patient's life expectancy. Renal function is probably best evaluated with an MDRD formula. Elderly patients are at higher risk of cardiac complications in the short and longer term. Co‐morbidity (including diabetes and osteoporosis ) complicates many treatments. Supportive care plays a major role, and use of granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor is suggested more frequently than in younger patients. Quality of life and performance status maintenance may be more important than progression‐free survival or overall survival.
Colon and Rectum
Authors: Glynne‐Jones Rob , Brown Gina , Chau Ian , Moran Brendan J. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a disease predominantly of the developed world, which remains a major public health problem despite screening and preventive strategies. Surgery remains the mainstay of CRC treatment and cure, which is complicated by the location (a narrow bony pelvis) and proximity to the sphincter mechanism, increasing the difficulty of surgical access and risk of a permanent colostomy. Screening programmes have reduced mortality by removing precursor and early lesions, but morbidity and mortality remain high for advanced cases. Identification of inherited colorectal cancer is important. Diagnostic requirements include clinical assessment and imaging (CT, MRI, ultrasound), laboratory tests and tumour markers (carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA]). Accurate preoperative staging is vital to enable risk‐adapted optimal local and systemic management. Early rectal cancers are amenable to local excision. Total mesorectal excision (TME) achieves low rates of local recurrence (&lt;10%) in Stage II and III rectal cancer. More locally‐advanced cancers require neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy followed by radical resection. Adjuvant chemotherapy post surgery for rectal cancer is more controversial than in colon cancer. We describe risk factors, presentation, recommended diagnostic procedures and treatment of patients with cancers of the colon and rectum.
Bladder and Other Urothelium
Authors: Duchesne Gillian M. , Sengupta Shomik , Davis Ian D. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBladder cancer is a common disease, although its epidemiology differs around the world. Environmental and behavioural factors are important in its aetiology. Significant differences in the biology of different types of non‐muscle‐invasive bladder urothelial cancer, or differences between upper and lower tract cancers, have now been recognized. Management involves multidisciplinary engagement in terms of diagnosis, treatment of non‐muscle‐invasive disease, consideration of options for local control of invasive disease, and management of locally‐advanced or metastatic cancer or cancers of non‐urothelial histology. Significant opportunities remain for improvement of management and controversies continue with respect to issues of surgery, radiation and medical management.
Testicular Germ Cell Tumours
Authors: Winter Christian , Lorch Anja , Bokemeyer Carsten , Schmidberger Heinz , Albers Peter 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Testicular germ cell tumours (GCT) represent the most common solid malignancy of young men aged between 15 and 40 years. Histopathologically, testicular GCT are divided into two major groups: pure seminoma and non‐seminoma. The pathogenesis of GCT still remains largely unknown. In cases of GCT suspicion, a surgical exploration for histopathology, in most cases orchiectomy, is obligatory. After completion of diagnostic procedures, levels of serum tumour markers and the clinical stage should be defined. Patients with early‐stage GCT are treated by individualized risk stratification within a multidisciplinary approach. The individual management has to be balanced according to clinical features and the risk of short‐ and long‐term toxic effects. The treatment for metastatic tumours is based on risk stratification according to IGCCCG and is performed with cisplatin‐based combination chemotherapy and residual tumour resection in cases of residual tumour lesion. High‐dose chemotherapy represents a curative option for patients with first or subsequent relapses.
Nasopharynx
Authors: Lee Anne W.M. , Ng W.T. , Le Quynh‐Thu , Chan Anthony T.C. , Chan Jimmy Y.W. , Sze Henry C.K. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most interesting cancers with a distinctly skewed distribution. The aetiology is multifactorial (genetic predisposition, Epstein‐Barr virus infection and environmental carcinogens). The most significant prognostic factors include TNM staging, tumour volume, EBV‐DNA copies, age and gender. Radiotherapy is the primary treatment modality, with the intensity‐modulated radiotherapy technique recommended. Addition of cisplatin‐based concurrent ± adjuvant chemotherapy is recommended for treatment of locoregionally advanced tumours. The current consensus and controversies in treatment strategy for different stages and areas for research will be presented.
Pituitary
Authors: Ferguson Sherise D. , McCutcheon Ian E. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Pituitary tumours are among the most common intracranial lesions. Primarily benign adenomas arising from the anterior pituitary gland, they manifest clinically via mass effect or secretion of a variety of hormones resulting in a spectrum of symptomatology. This chapter will focus on the diagnostic work‐up and clinical syndromes associated with pituitary adenomas and outline the treatment modalities available. It will also briefly cover carcinomas, a rare pituitary pathology with an exceptionally poor prognosis.
Outcomes of laparoscopic gastric bypass in a randomized clinical trial compared with a concurrent national database
Authors: Stenberg E , Szabo E , Ottosson J , Näslund I 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
RCTs are the standard for assessing medical interventions, but they may not be feasible and their external validity is sometimes questioned. This study aimed to compare results from an RCT on mesenteric defect closure during laparoscopic gastric bypass with those from a national database containing data on the same procedure, to shed light on the external validity of the RCT.

Methods
Patients undergoing laparoscopic gastric bypass surgery within an RCT conducted between 1 May 2010 and 14 November 2011 were compared with those who underwent the same procedure in Sweden outside the RCT over the same time interval. Primary endpoints were severe complications within 30 days and surgery for small bowel obstruction within 4 years.

Results
Some 2507 patients in the RCT were compared with 8485 patients in the non-RCT group. There were no differences in severe complications within 30 days in the group without closure of the mesenteric defect (odds ratio (OR) for RCTversus non-RCT 0·94, 95 per cent c.i. 0·64 to 1·36; P = 0·728) or in the group with closure of the defect (OR 1·34, 0·96 to 1·86; P = 0·087). There were no differences between the RCT and non-RCT cohorts in reoperation rates for small bowel obstruction in the mesenteric defect non-closure (cumulative incidence 10·9 versus 9·4 per cent respectively; hazard ratio (HR) 1·20, 95 per cent c.i. 0·99 to 1·46; P = 0·065) and closure (cumulative incidence 5·7 versus 7·0 per cent; HR 0·82, 0·62 to 1·07; P = 0·137) groups. The relative risk for small bowel obstruction without mesenteric defect closure compared with closure was 1·91 in the RCT group and 1·39 in the non-RCT group.

Conclusion
The efficacy of mesenteric defect closure was similar in the RCT and national registry, providing evidence for the external validity of the RCT.
Local tumour progression after percutaneous ablation of colorectal liver metastases according to RAS mutation status
Authors: Odisio B C , Yamashita S , Huang S Y , Harmoush S , Kopetz S E , Ahrar K , Shin Chun Y , Conrad C , Aloia T A , Gupta S , Hicks M E , Vauthey J-N 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Percutaneous ablation is a common treatment for colorectal liver metastasis (CLM). However, the effect of rat sarcoma viral oncogene homologue (RAS) mutation on outcome after ablation of CLMs is unclear.

Methods
Patients who underwent image-guided percutaneous ablation of CLMs from 2004 to 2015 and had known RAS mutation status were analysed. Patients were evaluated for local tumour progression as observed on imaging of CLMs treated with ablation. Multivariable Cox regression analysis was performed to determine factors associated with local tumour progression-free survival.

Results
The study included 92 patients who underwent ablation of 137 CLMs. Thirty-six patients (39 per cent) had mutant RAS. Rates of local tumour progression were 14 per cent (8 of 56) for patients with wild-type RAS and 39 per cent (14 of 36) for patients with mutant RAS (P = 0·007). The actuarial 3-year local tumour progression-free survival rate after percutaneous ablation was worse in patients with mutant RAS than in those with wild-type RAS (35 versus 71 per cent respectively; P = 0·001). In multivariable analysis, negative predictors of local tumour progression-free survival were a minimum ablation margin of less than 5 mm (hazard ratio (HR) 2·48, 95 per cent c.i. 1·31 to 4·72; P = 0·006) and mutant RAS (HR 3·01, 1·60 to 5·77; P = 0·001).

Conclusion
Mutant RAS is associated with an earlier and higher rate of local tumour progression in patients undergoing ablation of CLMs.
Endovascular stroke treatment in a small‐volume stroke center
Authors: Behzadi Gry N. , Fjetland Lars , Advani Rajiv , Kurz Martin W. , Kurz Kathinka D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionOur purpose was to evaluate the safety and efficacy of endovascular treatment (EVT) of stroke caused by large vessel occlusions (LVO) performed by general interventional radiologists in cooperation with stroke neurologists and neuroradiologists at a center with a limited annual number of procedures. We aimed to compare our results with those previously reported from larger stroke centers.Patients and MethodsA total of 108 patients with acute stroke due to LVO treated with EVT were included. Outcome was measured using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) at 90 days. Efficacy was classified according to the modified thrombolysis in cerebral infarction (mTICI) scoring system. Safety was evaluated according to the incidence of procedural complications and symptomatic intracranial hemorrhage (sICH).ResultsMean age of the patients was 67.5 years. The median National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) on hospital admission was 17. Successful revascularization was achieved in 76%. 39.4% experienced a good clinical outcome (mRS<3). Intraprocedural complications were seen in 7.4%. 7.4% suffered a sICH. 21.3% died within 3 months after EVT.DiscussionThe use of general interventional radiologists in EVT of LVO may be a possible approach for improving EVT coverage where availability of specialized neurointerventionalists is challenging. EVT for LVO stroke performed by general interventional radiologists in close cooperation with diagnostic neuroradiologists and stroke neurologists can be safe and efficacious despite the low number of annual procedures.