bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rat Leukocyte Interferons: Production of an Acid-Labile Interferon After Induction With Newcastle Disease Virus
Authors: Wiedbrauk Danny L , Burleson Gary R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Rat leukocytes produce three interferon species after infection with Newcastle disease virus. Two of the three interferon species (22-24,000 and 30,000 daltons) were acid and heat stable, protected rat and mouse cells from virus-mediated cytopathic effect (CPE), and were neutralized by antisera to mouse L-cell (α/β) interferon. The third, 30,000-dalton interferon species was heat and acid labile; protected rat, mouse, human, and bovine cells from virus-mediated CPE; and was neutralized by antisera to mouse L-cell interferon and human leukocyte interferon. Thus, the rat leukocyte interferon system is similar to the human system in the kinetics of interferon production, the production of multiple interferons, heterologous antiviral activity, molecular weight, and in the production of an acid-labile species. The rat leukocyte interferon system therefore represents an important model for examining the normal production and action of acid-labile interferons and their possible role in the regulation of leukocyte function and cellular differentiation.
Characterization of Two Distinct Transglutaminases of Murine Bone Marrow-Derived Macrophages: Effects of Exposure of Viable Cells to Cigarette Smoke on Enzyme Activity
Authors: Roth William J , Fleit Howard B , Chung Soo , Janoff Aaron 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The present study examines the effects of water soluble extracts of gas-phase cigarette smoke on intracellular transglutaminase activities of intact, murine, bone marrow-derived macrophages maintained in culture. Western blotting of cell lysates utilizing non-cross-reactive antisera indicate that mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages contain both tissue-type transglutaminase and factor Xlll-associated transglutaminase. This finding is also supported by data indicating that the intracellular transglutaminase activity of these cells contains thrombin-dependent and -independent components. Macrophages incubated with cigarette smoke solutions for 15 minutes at 37° display a dose-dependent decrease (maximum inhibition = 55%, p &lt; .001) in tissue-type (thrombin-independent) transglutaminase activity, as compared to control cells incubated with phosphate-buffered saline. Factor XIII (zymogen) is not inactivated following incubation of macrophages with smoke extracts. Smoke exposure under the conditions employed has no effect on either cell viability or adherence. Incubation with 2 μM retinoic acid for 24 hours leads to a modest (2-fold) induction of tissue transglutaminase, but does not induce factor XIII; in contrast, incubation with 10% homologous serum for 24 hours results in a decrease in factor XIII, but does not affect tissue transglutaminase. These data indicate that: 1) bone marrow-derived macrophages contain factor XIII as well as tissue-type transglutaminase; and 2) gas-phase cigarette smoke can inactivate tissue transglutaminase within viable murine bone marrow-derived macrophages, but cannot inactivate zymogenic factor XIII.
Heterogeneity of Human Natural Killer (NK) Cells: Enrichment of NK by Negative-Selection With the Lectin From Erythrina cristagalli
Authors: Harris David T , Iglesias Jose L , Argov Shmuel , Toomey John , Koren Hillel S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A novel technique for the isolation and enrichment of human natural killer (NK) cells from peripheral blood mononuclear cells (MNC) is described. Negative selection of MNC with the lectin from Erythrina cristagalli (ECA), whether by panning or agglutination in solution, resulted in a population of lymphocytes (5-20% of original MNC) highly enriched in cells exhibiting NK function. This enrichment was evident by a significant increase (range of 3-50-fold) in cells with large granular lymphocyte (LGL) morphology, K562 tumor-binding cells, cytotoxic activity, and cells expressing NK phenotypic markers (Leu 11+, OKM1+). Analysis of the cytolytic specificity of the cells demonstrated that the lytic spectrum was typical of endogenous NK. The effector cells were responsive to augmentation of cytotoxic potential by lymphokines (IL-2, IFNα, and IFNγ) and capable of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC). ECA-negative [ECA(-)] cells were equivalent to NK isolated by Percoll gradient fractionation. NK heterogeneity was demonstrated by the observation of a small percentage (1-5% of MNC) of NK in the ECA(+) population. This technique was found to be advantageous for the study of NK heterogeneity and NK biology.
Role of Epidermal Cell Thymocyte-Activating Factor in the Proliferation and Differentiation of Murine B Cells
Authors: Pillai P S , Reynolds S D , Scott D W , Gauldie J , Sauder D N 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The role of antigen nonspecific cytokines in T- and B-lymphocyte responses is now well established, interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been shown to augment B-cell maturation and proliferation. While the major source of IL-1 is from monocytes or macrophages, other cell types have been shown to produce IL-1-like cytokines. Epidermal cells produce a cytokine termed “epidermal cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor” (ETAF) which is similar if not identical with monocyte-derived IL-1. In this report we show that ETAF induces polyclonal stimulation of murine B cells. We show that ETAF augments B cell proliferation and differentiation in the absence of any added antigens or mitogens. This activity can be partially inhibited by anti-IL-1 antibodies. ETAF appears to activate B cells directly, although its activity is increased in the presence of T cells. Thus, ETAF may be involved in local polyclonal antibody responses occurring in the skin.
Harvesting the Noncirculating Pool of Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes in Rats by Hetastarch Exchange Transfusion (HET): Yield and Functional Assessment
Authors: Williams James H , Moser Kenneth M , Ulich Thomas , Cairo Mitchell S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Isolation of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) provides an opportunity to study PMN activity in vitro and to label PMN for study of in vivo kinetics. However, simple phlebotomy (SP) of a small animal frequently yields too few PMN for in vitro handling, while PMN harvested from an induced-peritonitis may not accurately reflect PMN in a less stimulated state. We report a novel method of harverting PMN from the circulation of rats, using hetastarch exchange transfusion (HET), which is both time and animal sparing. HET harvested 8-fold more PMN than SP. In vitro cell function was examined with assays of adherence, chemotaxis, bacterial killing, and superoxide generation. No significant (p &lt; 0.05) difference was found between PMN obtained by HET and pooled-PMN obtained by SP. In vivo function was examined following labeling with indium111-oxine. The kinetics pattern described suggested normal migratory activity when compared to previous reports. The data demonstrate that rats possess a relatively large, noncirculating pool of PMN which is readily accessible by HET.
Potentiation of Neutrophil Function by Recombinant DNA-Produced Interleukin 1a
Authors: Ozaki Yukio , Ohashi Tatsuya , Kume Shoji 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The effect of interleukin 1a (IL-1a) produced by E. coli-derived recombinant DNA was evaluated on various parameters of human neutrophil function. IL-1a alone stimulated neutrophil hydrogen peroxide production in a dose-dependent manner, but the rate was much lower than that of opsonized zymosan. IL-1a induced release of specific granule contents, but not azurophilic granule contents. Cytochalasin B did not augment the rate of release. IL-1a was chemotactic for neutrophils at the optimal concentrations of 0.1-10 ng/ml. Pretreatment of the neutrophils with IL-1a augmented neutrophil oxygen radical production induced by opsonized zymosan, and this synergistic effect was evident as early as 10 min after IL-1a was added to the neutrophil culture. Phagocytosis of opsonized particles by neutrophils, and degranulation induced by opsonized zymosan were also enhanced by IL-1a in a dose-dependent manner. The present results suggest that IL-1a is weak as a direct activator of neutrophil function and that IL-1a in vivo may augment the response of neutrophils to other stimulators such as foreign bodies.
Collection of Leukocytes, Fibroblasts, and Collagen Within an Implantable Reservoir Tube During Tissue Repair
Authors: Diegelmann R F , Kim J C , Lindblad W J , Smith T C , Harris T M , Cohen I K 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
An implantable chamber consisting of a small reservoir and a perforated segment of silicone tubing has been developed for the collection of leukocytes, fibroblasts, and collagen to analyze inflammatory components and fibroplasia during tissue repair. Using aseptic techniques, these sterile chambers were placed into subcutaneous pockets on the backs of Sprague-Dawley rats with cells obtained in daily aspirates for 14 d. Differential cell counts were made by using aliquots from the wound fluid. The aspirated cells represented the characteristic, sequential influx of neutrophils, inflammatory macrophages, lymphocytes, activated macrophages, and fibroblasts documented in other models of tissue repair. On d 14, the connective tissue within the lumen of the silicone tube was removed and analyzed for collagen synthesis by measuring 3H-proline incorporation into collagenase-sensitive protein. This new device for studying wound healing provides a convenient means to harvest cells, fluid, and tissue for cellular, humoral, and biochemical analyses of tissue repair.
Defective Activation of Granuloma Macrophages From Mycobacterium leprae-Infected Nude Mice
Authors: Sibley L David , Krahenbuhl James L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that granuloma macrophages from the foot pads of Mycobacterium leprae-infected nude mice are functionally normal despite heavy intracellular burdens of bacilli. However, unlike peritoneal macrophages, these macrophages fail to restrict the intracellular growth of Toxoplasma gondii when stimulated with recombinant murine gamma interferon (Mu IFN-γ) and thus appear defective in their response to macrophage-activating factor(s). In further characterizing this defect we have examined tumoristatic capacity, superoxide radical formation, and expression of Ia antigens on granuloma macrophages before and after treatment with Mu IFN-γ. By all three criteria, M. leprae-burdened granuloma macrophages failed to become activated by doses of Mu IFN-γ that readily activate peritoneal macrophages from M. leprae-infected nude mice or normal Balb/c mice. M. leprae-infected granuloma macrophages produced elevated levels of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) in vitro, which was suppressed by indomethacin. However, the inhibition of PGE2 production for 48 hr in vitro did not restore normal responses to Mu IFN-γ.
Substratum-Dependent Proliferation and Survival of Bone Marrow-Derived Mononuclear Phagocytes
Authors: Gregory Stephen H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Adherence to the culture substratum exerted a significant influence on the growth and survival of murine bone marrow cells incubated under conditions that favored the development of mononuclear phagocytes. Bone marrow cells cultured two weeks in unprocessed polystyrene dishes, refractory to cell attachment, reached a maximum or near maximum cell density by day 11. This density was stable throughout the duration of the incubation period. Characterization of the cells on day 11 revealed an essentially pure population of mononuclear phagocytes composed of round, nonadherent cells, and slightly elongated, loosely attached cells. Bone marrow cells incubated in polystyrene tissue culture dishes processed to promote cell attachment also reached a maximum cell density by day 11. However, this maximum density was only half that attained by cells incubated in unprocessed polystyrene dishes. Furthermore, continued incubation resulted in a sharp decline in cell viability and number. The cells in tissue culture dishes on day 11 represented a pure mononuclear phagocyte population composed principally of cells adherent to the surface of the dish. The subsequent analysis of cells subcultured in processed and unprocessed polystyrene dishes indicated that adherence to the substratum modulated the growth factor requirements of bone marrow-derived mononuclear phagocytes. Specifically, mononuclear phagocytes in tissue culture dishes expressed an elevated requirement for colony stimulating factor-1 in order to proliferate and survive in long-term culture.
Different Calcium and Oxidative Metabolic Responses in Human Blood Monocytes During Exposure to Various Agonists
Authors: Kemmerich Bernd , Pennington James E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
It has become increasingly apparent that certain agonists of phagocyte cells exert their effects by using calcium as an intracellular messenger. Most studies have employed neutrophils for such analyses. We have investigated the requirement of calcium for respiratory burst activation in human blood monocytes by using three triggering agents, concanavalin A (Con A), N-formyl-methionyl-leucil-phenylalanine (FMLP), and phorbol myristate acetate (PMA). There was no overall correlation between the maximal extent of transient rise in cytosolic-free calcium (FMLP&gt;Con A&gt;PMA) and superoxide (O2-) release (PMA &gt; Con A &gt; FMLP). PMA, as the most effective agonist of respiratory burst activity, neither Increased Ionized cytosolic calcium [Ca2+]i nor plasma membrane 45Ca2+ permeability. FMLP evoked increments in [Ca2+]i occurred at lower concentrations than did respiratory burst activation, whereas with Con A a rise in [Ca2+]i and Of release were parallel. Intracellular Ca2+ release into cytosol was blocked by 8-(N,N-diethyl-amino)octyl-3,4f5-trimethoxy benzoate, HCl (TMB-8). This caused a parallel inhibition of Con A or FMLP elicited [Ca2+]i transients and Of release, while burst activity stimulated by PMA was unaffected. Our data thus suggest that a transient rise in [Ca2+]i is essential for Con A and FMLP activation In human blood monocytes. In addition to the calcium signal, other intracellular messengers are required for FMLP stimulation. Respiratory burst activation by PMA appears to act independently of [Ca2+]i transients.
Flow Cytometric Analysis of Porcine Peripheral Blood Leukocytes Infected With Pseudorabies Virus
Authors: Wang Fun-In , Pang Victor F , Hahn Edwin C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The susceptibility of fractionated porcine peripheral blood leukocytes (PBL) to pseudorabies virus (PRV) was studied by flow cytometry and defined by viral antigen expression. Viral antigens on the surface of infected cells and cell viability were evaluated by forward angle light scatter (FALS), 90-degree light scatter (90LS), green fluorescence (FITC-anti-PRV), and red fluorescence (propidium iodide). Approximately 10% of infected mononuclear cells from healthy pigs expressed cell-surface PRV antigen. Cell-surface fluorescence and cell type were confirmed by sorting live positive cells for microscopy. In sorted positive samples, the lymphocyte versus monocyte ratio was approximately 50%:50%, defined by morphology. Positive lymphocytes represent 5.75% of total mononuclear cells. When cells were stimulated with phytohemagglutinin (PHA) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) before infection, mitogen-stimulated T-lymphoblasts showed increased susceptibility to PRV (40.7% positive) and died of infection. Monocytes, particularly adherent monocytes, were highly susceptible (40% to 71.4% positive). Granulocytes appeared to be refractory. The relative susceptibility of various PBL populations was compared by normalizing lymphocyte susceptibility to 1 as follows: resting total lymphocytes (1); B-lymphocytes (0.67); T-lymphoblasts (7.08); total monocytes (4.27); adherent cells (4.03 to 10.88); adherent monocytes (6.95 to 12.42); granulocytes (0.24). These findings suggest a possible mechanism by which PRV could have an immunosuppressive effect as well as a pathway for dissemination of PRV.
Synergy Between Tumour Necrosis Factorα and Interleukin-1 in the Induction of Polymorphonuclear Leukocyte Migration During Inflammation
Authors: Wankowicz Zbigniew , Megyeri Pal , Issekutz Andrew 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Endotoxin is a potent inflammatory stimulus and induces polymorphonuclear leukocyte (PMNL) infiltration into tissues. Macrophage (MΦ) derived IL-1 has been proposed as a mediator of this response. TNFα is also produced by MΦs in response to endotoxin and both IL-1 and TNF enhance PMNL adhesion to vascular endothelium in vitro. We investigated the activity of recombinant human IL-1α, IL-1β, and TNFα in inducing PMNL infiltration into the skin of rabbits using a quantitative 51Cr labelled blood leukocyte assay. IL-1α and IL-1β induced progressive PMNL accumulation, the 50% maximal response being induced by ≈ 20 units. In comparison, TNFα even at 100,000 U, induced only mild PMNL accumulations, although IL-1α and TNFα were similarly active in inducing PMNL adherence to human umbilical vein endothelium. The human TNFα preparation was pyrogenic and induced acute, transient neutropenia in rabbits upon i.v. infusion. IL-1α, IL-1β and TNFα are often secreted simultaneously by MΦs, therefore we investigated their action in combination. The combination of IL-1α with IL-1β was nearly additive in inducing PMNL accumulation, i.e., 87% of predicted result based on the sum of the responses to individual components. The combination of TNFα with either IL-1, each in submaximal doses, resulted in 65-125% greater than the additive response. No such effect was observed when these monokines were injected in combination with PMNL chemotactic stimuli. These results indicate a complex interaction between inflammatory monokines in the regulation of PMNL accumulation in vivo.
Loss of Gelatinase in Elicited Peritoneal Neutrophils of Rats
Authors: Morton Mary E , Schneider Donald L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In previous studies on the respiratory burst of neutrophils, it was observed that the small, water-soluble quinone, duroquinone, activated the respiratory burst in rat peritoneal neutrophils but not in human blood neutrophils. Here we report studies which indicate that a selective diminution of certain granule enzymes, gelatinase and azocaseinase but not elastase, occurs during elicitation in the rat. Neutrophils circulating in rat blood have about twice the amount of gelatinase and azocaseinase activity as compared to elicited peritoneal cells, and the respiratory burst of circulating cells is stimulated to only about 20% by duroquinone. The significance of these results is considered in terms of activation of the neutrophil respiratory burst.
An Assessment of the Respiratory Burst and Bactericidal Activity of Alveolar Macrophages From Adult and Senescent Mice
Authors: Esposito Anthony L , Clark Carolyn A , Poirier William J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To assess the effects of advanced age on the nonspecific antimicrobial activity of resident alveolar macrophages (AM), superoxide anion (O2-) release and the phagocytic and bactericidal capacity of cells from three genetically distinct murine strains were evaluated. In initial experiments, resident AM, obtained by bronchoalveolar lavage of pathogen-free adult female CD-1 mice and studied in suspension, were found to produce O2- spontaneously and in response to phorbol myristate acetate (PMA) snd unopsonized zymosan. Maximum quantities of O2- were released following stimulation with 1 μg/ml PMA and by a particle-to-cell ratio of 100:1 with zymosan; responses to the agonists peaked between 60 and 90 min. Resident AM obtained from pathogen and disease-free senescent (18-26-month-old) female C57BL/6, BALB/c, and DBA/2 mice released significantly more O2- in response to both PMA and zymosan than did cells secured from adult (4-8-month-old) animals. In vivo, the capacity of AM from adult and senescent animals to phagocytose Streptococcus pneumoniae (unencapsulated strain) and Staphylococcus aureus was comparable, and although the cells from the senescent mice tended to be more efficient in their ability to kill internalized bacteria, statistically significant differences between the two groups were not observed. The results of these studies indicate that the enhanced susceptibility of the senescent host to infection of the lower respiratory tract cannot be attributed to age-related changes in the nonspecific antimicrobial activity of resident AM.
LETTER TO THE EDITOR: Macrophages, Myeloperoxidase, and Mycobacterium lepraemurium
Authors: Rojas-Espinosa Oscar 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In 1978, McKeever et al. [10], studying lepromatous tissues from Mycobacterium leprae-infected armadillos by cytochemical and electronmicroscopic technics, found a subpopulation of macrophages containing peroxisomes (probably monocytes), but not infected with bacilli, and a subpopulation of macrophages lacking peroxisomes and infected with bacilli. Both infected and noninfected macrophages displayed acid phosphatase activity that was more intense and less precisely localized in heavily infected and vacuolated macrophages than in moderately or noninfected cells. Then, in 1983, Gomez Estrada et al [5], looking for the presence of myeloperoxidase (MPO) in histiocytes, Kupffer cells, and PMN leukocytes of nodular lepromatous patients, found abundant M. leprae in the phagocytes of the lesions but they did not find MPO activity within these cells (except in one case of reactional leprosy). They also found that MPO activity was present in Kupffer’s cells and in PMN of patients and controls.
Production of an Eosinophil Chemotactic Lymphokine by a Monocyte-Derived Factor From Patients With
Authors: Philia Hypereosino , Muramoto K , Sakata K , Miyauchi Y , Hirashima M , Hayashi H 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Peripheral OKT4-positive T lymphocytes from patients with hypereosinophilia spontaneously and selectively produced an eosinophil chemotactic factor (ECF) with chemokinetic activity. The molecular weight of the ECF was about 45,000 to 70,000. A possible mechanism of its spontaneous production by T lymphocytes was analyzed. Culture supernatants of blood monocytes from the patients showed little or no ECF activity, but they had a potency to induce the ECF production from T lymphocytes from normal donors when the cells were stimulated by the supernatants, which suggests that a monocyte-derived soluble factor (MDF) stimulated T lymphocytes to produce an ECF resembling this spontaneously produced ECF from the patients. MDF seemed to be a synthesized protein by the cells. Gel filtration indicated that molecular weight of MDF ranged between 70,000 and 100,000. MDF activity was stable at 56° for 30 min but labile at 80° for 30 min. MDF failed to show detectable IL-1 and IL-2 activity. Furthermore, supernatants of stimulated monocytes by lipopolysacchride or silica particles failed to show ECF-producing activity, whereas they showed evident lymphocyte-activation activity. Neither recombinant IL-1 nor IL-2 had ECF and ECF-producing activity. From the present experiments, it was suggested that MDF was at least partly involved in the induction of ECF production by OKT4-positive T lymphocytes in patients with hypereosinophilia.