bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Educating Educators: Perceptions of Preceptors and Clinical Education Coordinators Regarding Training at a Division II Athletic Training Program
Authors: Bomar Renae Ellen , Mulvihill Thalia 
Published: September 2016

Context: Clinical experiences give the student athletic trainer the opportunity to relate and apply didactic information to a real-world setting. During these experiences student athletic trainers are supervised by certified, licensed health care providers working in a variety of settings (eg, hospital, physical therapy clinic, doctor's office). It is important to note the responsibilities these health care professionals (preceptors) take on when choosing to become a preceptor. Not only are they completing their normal, job-related tasks of patient care and administrative duties, but they are also responsible for the education and evaluation of student athletic trainers.
Objective: This case study takes an in-depth look at a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division II athletic training program's (ATP) preceptor training model and provides an example of how 1 program is developing its preceptors under the new Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education (CAATE) policies. It is meant to lay the foundation for further research in preceptor development by providing a description of training and development practices. This case study can be used as a guide to other ATPs and compared to other institutions to identify the best practices for preceptor development. Because the policies are new and little research has been done on preceptor development, this is the first step in creating effective evidence-based practices.
Design: Ethnographic case study.
Setting: One-on-one, in-person, semistructured interviews were conducted, audio recorded, and transcribed verbatim. A review of relevant (eg, training manuals) preceptor training documents was completed. Member checks were done as necessary for accuracy.
Participants: One male, veteran off-campus preceptor, 1 female, novice on-campus preceptor, and the ATP clinical education coordinator participated. Participants were part of an NCAA Division II ATP located in Indiana.
Results and Conclusions: The findings suggested that this program's preceptor training used various pedagogical designs and provided strong support to those involved.
Perceptions of the Benefits to Using a Secondary Admissions Process in Professional Bachelor's Athletic Training Programs
Authors: Bowman Thomas G. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Dodge Thomas M. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Some athletic training program (ATP) directors use direct admit, where students are admitted into the ATP directly out of high school. Other ATP directors admit students into the program after a set time period on campus through a secondary admissions process. It remains unknown why ATP directors use various admissions practices.
Objective: To determine why ATP directors use a secondary admissions process.
Design: Qualitative study.
Setting: Professional bachelor's ATPs.
Patients or Other Participants: We asked ATP directors from all 343 professional bachelor's ATPs to participate in an online survey. We received responses from 177 (51.6%).
Main Outcome Measure(s): The survey asked participants both when students are first eligible for admission into their ATP and to explain the rationale behind their specific admissions process. We used grounded theory to analyze the data and maintained the trustworthiness of the analysis via multiple-analyst triangulation, member checks, and a peer review.
Results: The majority (92.1%) of respondents used a secondary admissions process to formally select students into their ATP. The ATP directors stated that opportunities for socialization, the ability to maintain quality control, and the chance to complete general education requirements were important reasons to admit students into the ATP after they have been on campus for at least 1 semester.
Conclusions: The use of a secondary admissions process appears to help ATPs provide a glimpse of the profession through observation and introductory coursework. The secondary admissions process also allows faculty and staff to evaluate student potential, while students are given time to focus on their transition to college life. We believe the timing of formal admittance to the ATP is an important decision that warrants thought and discussion between the program faculty and staff to provide curricular sequencing that works for both prospective students and the ATP faculty and staff.
Small-Group Standardized Patient Encounter Improves Athletic Training Students' Psychosocial Intervention and Referral Skills
Authors: Walker Stacy E. , Weidner Thomas G. , Thrasher Ashley B. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Athletic trainers provide psychological support, counseling, intervention, and referral to patients during clinical practice. However, students are rarely exposed to real-life opportunities to develop these skills.
Objective: To determine if a small-group standardized patient (SP) encounter improved athletic training students' interpersonal communication, psychosocial intervention, and referral skills.
Design: Cohort.
Setting: One Midwestern university.
Patients or Other Participants: Thirty-nine (14 male, 25 female; age = 22 ± 1.0 years) senior athletic training students.
Intervention(s): The experimental group (n = 20) engaged in a small-group SP encounter to teach interpersonal communication, psychosocial intervention, and referral skills, in addition to normally scheduled classes and clinical education. The control group (n = 19) engaged only in routine classroom and clinical education. Both groups participated in an individual SP encounter to assess skills.
Main Outcome Measure(s): A 19-item dichotomous checklist (yes/no) assessed participants on their interpersonal communication, psychosocial intervention, and referral skills (eg, listened with interest, asked about eating habits and menstrual period) during the individual SP encounter. A Fisher exact test evaluated differences between the experimental and control group scores for each checklist item. Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare combined checklist scores between the experimental and control groups. A Bonferroni correction was performed to control for multiple comparisons.
Results: The experimental group experienced a significant increase in psychosocial intervention and referral skills (U = 77.5, P = 0.001), but there was no difference between the 2 groups on interpersonal communication skills (U = 138, P = .149). Participants in the experimental group asked the SP about coping strategies for stress more often than the control group (Fisher exact test P &lt; .001).
Conclusions: A small-group SP encounter improved the participants' psychosocial intervention and referral skills but not their interpersonal communication skills. These results suggest a small-group SP encounter can provide learning experiences to better prepare athletic training students for clinical practice.
Exploring Senior Level Athletic Training Students' Perceptions on Burnout and Work-Life Balance
Authors: Barrett Jessica L. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Eason Christianne M. 
Published: September 2016

Context: The professional socialization process enables athletic training students (ATSs) to gain insights into behaviors, values, and attitudes that characterize their chosen profession. However, the process often focuses on skill development over professional issues. ATSs may be exposed to burnout and work-life conflict, which may impact their professional perceptions.Objective: Examine the cumulative impact of professional socialization on the ATS regarding their perceptions of burnout and work-life balance.Design: Qualitative research.Setting: Semistructured interviews with 6 individuals and 4 focus groups.Patients or Other Participants: Twenty-three ATSs enrolled in their final semester of Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education–accredited programs at 5 universities (9 male, 14 female; average age = 22 years).Main Outcome Measure(s): Data collection occurred from 2 cohorts over a 2-year period. Participants completed focus group or individual interviews following the same interview guide. Interviews were transcribed verbatim. A general inductive analysis was used to evaluate the data. Themes were enumerated by counting the frequency with which a viewpoint was mentioned. Not all students answered each question. Member checks and a peer review established data credibility.Results: Three major themes emerged from our analysis, where ATSs reported (1) perceiving burnout, (2) recognizing burnout in their preceptors and professors, and (3) that work-life imbalance may be a challenge in the future. Athletic training students described experiencing feelings they attributed to burnout while recognizing similar signs in classmates and preceptors or professors, and acknowledged that having a family could be difficult in the future.Conclusions: Despite these seemingly negative findings, this group of ATSs was not influenced to leave the profession. Observing their preceptors use strategies and positive behaviors gave them hope for the future. Professionals must understand the importance of appropriate socialization when students are exposed to potentially negative situations so they remain optimistic about entering the field.
Self-Funding a Postprofessional Athletic Training Residency
Authors: Wetherington Jefferson J. , Pecha Forrest Q. , Homaechevarria Alejandro 
Published: September 2016

Context: Postprofessional athletic training residencies (PP-ATRs) are formal educational programs that provide advanced professional preparation for an athletic trainer. These programs are intended to provide clinical and didactic education in a focused area of clinical practice. Identifying and procuring funding to support athletic training residencies can be extremely difficult.
Objective: To provide a basic understanding of the foundational requirements of a PP-ATR and to explain some of the basic principles behind funding a PP-ATR.
Conclusion(s): Orthopaedic and physical therapy residencies have been able to demonstrate supporting the costs of those residencies through billable patient visits and/or improving clinic efficiency. As they progress through training, athletic training residents are able to increase patient volumes by 3-4 patients in a physician practice setting. In addition, the resident also indirectly generates revenue for the practice, thus offsetting the cost of the residency.
Athletic Training Students' Perceptions of Mentorship in Clinical Education
Authors: Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Eason Christianne M. , Nottingham Sara , Barrett Jessica L. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Mentorship is a developmental process whereby a novice individual, as he/she becomes inducted into his/her area of expertise, is guided by a more experienced person. Speculation exists that years of experience can impact this relationship.Objective: To determine the impact mentoring can have on athletic training student development and evaluate if experience as a preceptor is viewed as influential on the mentor experience.Design: Mixed-methods study.Setting: Commission on Accreditation of Athletic Training Education accredited programs.Patients or Other Participants: We recruited 17 (14 females, 3 males) athletic training students to participate in our study. On average, our participants were 21 ± 1 years old and represented varying levels of academic standing (1 sophomore, 9 juniors, 7 seniors). All participants indicated they currently had a mentor when asked directly.Main Outcome Measure(s): Participants responded to the Athletic Training Perceptions of Effective Mentoring survey and 14 open-ended interview questions regarding their perceptions of mentoring. An inductive approach was used to identify themes and supporting categories. Trustworthiness was established by using multiple-analyst triangulation, peer review and piloting of the instruments, and triangulation of data using a mixed-methods approach.Results: Athletic training students perceive their mentoring experiences as those that provide support and understanding, advance their clinical practice, and allow for the development of career goals. Age and experience did not appear to impact the overall experience of the student but rather facilitates the type of mentoring relationship developed.Conclusions: Mentoring was perceived to be an advantageous aspect of the socialization process for the athletic training student. It provided support and understanding during times of increased stress, allowed for the development of clinical skills, and provided the chance to cultivate a professional identity.
Standardized Patients Provide a Reliable Assessment of Athletic Training Students' Clinical Skills
Authors: Armstrong Kirk J. , Jarriel Amanda J. 
Published: September 2016

Context: Providing students reliable objective feedback regarding their clinical performance is of great value for ongoing clinical skill assessment. Since a standardized patient (SP) is trained to consistently portray the case, students can be assessed and receive immediate feedback within the same clinical encounter; however, no research, to our knowledge, has documented the reliability of the SP at assessing student performance.Objective: To determine if SPs provide a reliable assessment of athletic training students' performance in obtaining a patient history and completing a physical examination relative to athletic training faculty.Design: Reliability study.Setting: Athletic training simulation lab.Patients or Other Participants: Two SPs and 2 athletic training faculty assessed 35 students (n = 20 junior; n = 15 senior) in athletic training cohorts from a public liberal arts institution in southeast United States.Intervention(s): Athletic training students completed 2 SP encounters per semester throughout 1 academic year in the athletic training program, totaling 4 SP encounters.Main Outcome Measure(s): After each SP encounter, athletic training faculty and SPs completed the same clinical performance checklist developed specifically for each encounter. The checklist included yes/no items related to obtaining a patient history (10–12 items each) and completing a physical examination (12–15 items each). For each SP encounter, composite scores were computed for both history and physical examination items from the athletic training faculty and SPs. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) determined interrater reliability between athletic training faculty and SPs for history and physical exam items.Results: Reliability coefficients between the SP and athletic training faculty indicated fair to strong agreement for most history and physical examination items. Significance was found for history items in the cervical spine emergency (ICC = 0.671, P = .002), knee (ICC = 0.696, P = .003), low back (ICC = 0.622, P = .002), concussion (ICC = 0.764, P = .004), general medical (ICC = 0.571, P = .008), and psychosocial intervention (ICC = 0.572, P = .008) encounters. The reliability coefficients were significant regarding physical exam items for the cervical spine emergency (ICC = 0.588, P = .01), low back (ICC = 0.766, P &gt; .001), concussion (ICC = 0.792, P = .001), and general medical (ICC = 0.878, P &gt; .001) encounters.Conclusions: Overall, the SPs provided a reliable assessment of the athletic training students' clinical performance for obtaining a patient history and completing a physical examination. Given these results, devoting additional time during SP training should increase the reliability of the SP.
Moving Finite Element Methods for a System of Semi-Linear Fractional Diffusion Equations
Authors: Ma Jingtang , Zhou Zhiqiang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper studies a system of semi-linear fractional diffusion equations which arise in competitive predator-prey models by replacing the second-order derivatives in the spatial variables with fractional derivatives of order less than two. Moving finite element methods are proposed to solve the system of fractional diffusion equations and the convergence rates of the methods are proved. Numerical examples are carried out to confirm the theoretical findings. Some applications in anomalous diffusive Lotka-Volterra and Michaelis-Menten-Holling predator-prey models are studied.
Strong Convergence Analysis of Split-Step θ-Scheme for Nonlinear Stochastic Differential Equations with Jumps
Authors: Yang Xu , Zhao Weidong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the mean-square convergence of the split-step θ-scheme for nonlinear stochastic differential equations with jumps. Under some standard assumptions, we rigorously prove that the strong rate of convergence of the split-step θ-scheme in strong sense is one half. Some numerical experiments are carried out to assert our theoretical result.
An observational constraint on stomatal function in forests: evaluating
coupled carbon and water vapor exchange with carbon isotopes in the
Community Land Model (CLM4.5)
Authors: Raczka Brett , Duarte Henrique F. , Koven Charles D. , Ricciuto Daniel , Thornton Peter E. , Lin John C. , Bowling David R. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Land surface models are useful tools to quantify contemporary and future climate impact on terrestrial carbon cycle processes, provided they can be appropriately constrained and tested with observations. Stable carbon isotopes of CO2 offer the potential to improve model representation of the coupled carbon and water cycles because they are strongly influenced by stomatal function. Recently, a representation of stable carbon isotope discrimination was incorporated into the Community Land Model component of the Community Earth System Model. Here, we tested the model's capability to simulate whole-forest isotope discrimination in a subalpine conifer forest at Niwot Ridge, Colorado, USA. We distinguished between isotopic behavior in response to a decrease of δ13C within atmospheric CO2 (Suess effect) vs. photosynthetic discrimination (Δcanopy), by creating a site-customized atmospheric CO2 and δ13C of CO2 time series. We implemented a seasonally varying Vcmax model calibration that best matched site observations of net CO2 carbon exchange, latent heat exchange, and biomass. The model accurately simulated observed δ13C of needle and stem tissue, but underestimated the δ13C of bulk soil carbon by 1–2 ‰. The model overestimated the multiyear (2006–2012) average Δcanopy relative to prior data-based estimates by 2–4 ‰. The amplitude of the average seasonal cycle of Δcanopy (i.e., higher in spring/fall as compared to summer) was correctly modeled but only when using a revised, fully coupled An − gs (net assimilation rate, stomatal conductance) version of the model in contrast to the partially coupled An − gs version used in the default model. The model attributed most of the seasonal variation in discrimination to An, whereas interannual variation in simulated Δcanopy during the summer months was driven by stomatal response to vapor pressure deficit (VPD). The model simulated a 10 % increase in both photosynthetic discrimination and water-use efficiency (WUE) since 1850 which is counter to established relationships between discrimination and WUE. The isotope observations used here to constrain CLM suggest (1) the model overestimated stomatal conductance and (2) the default CLM approach to representing nitrogen limitation (partially coupled model) was not capable of reproducing observed trends in discrimination. These findings demonstrate that isotope observations can provide important information related to stomatal function driven by environmental stress from VPD and nitrogen limitation. Future versions of CLM that incorporate carbon isotope discrimination are likely to benefit from explicit inclusion of mesophyll conductance.
Stakeholders and Their Significance in Post Natural Disaster Reconstruction Projects: A Systematic Review of the Literature
Authors: Shafique Kamran , Warren Clive M. J. 
Published: September 2016

<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">Significant increase in number of natural disasters during past decades has triggered huge investments in reconstruction projects. Typical post-natural disaster reconstruction (PDR) projects are different from routine construction projects due to certain additional challenges. Understanding the wide range of individuals and groups that have direct or indirect stakes, interests and expectations from a PDR project is vital for its success. However, research on PDR with special emphasis on stakeholders and their significance in success and sustainability of the projects is limited. This paper provides a systematic literature review (SLR) to amalgamate and synthesise research in this area. It focuses on the identification of the stakeholders and significance of their engagement in PDR activities for a more sustainable and resilient built environment. Research papers published in peer reviewed academic journals from 2000 to 2014 were identified through three major research databases, using T/A/K search options. The selected research papers were reviewed and critically analysed to identify the stakeholders and mechanism of their identification. This research revealed that contemporary research is unable to identify a commonly agreeable scientific method for identification of stakeholders and their interests. This research has outlined an exhaustive list of stakeholders that have been identified by the researchers. Based upon systematic review, this research has also provided background information, recent trends and a future direction for research in the specific field of stakeholder engagement in PDR projects. </span></p>
Systematic review and meta‐analysis of hepatitis C virus infection and HIV viral load: new insights into epidemiologic synergy
Authors: Petersdorf Nicholas , Ross Jennifer M , Weiss Helen A , Barnabas Ruanne V , Wasserheit Judith N ,   for the HCV and HIV Transmission Working Group
Published: September 2016

IntroductionHepatitis C virus (HCV) and HIV infection frequently co‐occur due to shared transmission routes. Co‐infection is associated with higher HCV viral load (VL), but less is known about the effect of HCV infection on HIV VL and risk of onward transmission.MethodsWe undertook a systematic review comparing 1) HIV VL among ART‐naïve, HCV co‐infected individuals versus HIV mono‐infected individuals and 2) HIV VL among treated versus untreated HCV co‐infected individuals. We performed a random‐effects meta‐analysis and quantified heterogeneity using the I2 statistic. We followed Cochrane Collaboration guidelines in conducting our review and PRISMA guidelines in reporting results.Results and discussionWe screened 3925 articles and identified 17 relevant publications. A meta‐analysis found no evidence of increased HIV VL associated with HCV co‐infection or between HIV VL and HCV treatment with pegylated interferon‐alpha‐2a/b and ribavirin.ConclusionsThis finding is in contrast to the substantial increases in HIV VL observed with several other systemic infections. It presents opportunities to elucidate the biological pathways that underpin epidemiological synergy in HIV co‐infections and may enable prediction of which co‐infections are most important to epidemic control.