bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Entrepreneurial leadership in a developing economy: a skill-based analysis
Authors: Harrison Christian , Burnard Kevin , Paul Stuart 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine entrepreneurial leadership and to determine the entrepreneurial leadership skills which are important for success in a developing economy environment. Specifically, the focus of this research was on entrepreneurial leadership within the retail pharmacy sector in Nigeria.

Design/methodology/approach
This study was guided by an interpretivist-constructionist perspective. By adopting a qualitative approach, the lived experiences of the retail pharmacy entrepreneurs could be understood. In total, 51 semi-structured interviews were the mode of data collection, and data were triangulated via three sources: entrepreneurs, employees, and literature.

Findings
From the study results, a vivid picture of entrepreneurial leadership was formed, which in turn provides the basis for an empirical skill-based model of this phenomenon in a developing economy. This study identifies four distinct entrepreneurial leadership skill categories. These include technical/business skills, interpersonal skills, conceptual skills, and entrepreneurial skills. The findings of this study also show the factors and conditions necessary for entrepreneurial leadership in a developing economy.

Originality/value
The findings of this study have implications in theory and practice. Its results provide an empirical, skill-based framework on entrepreneurial leadership in a developing economy, a subject area for which there exists a lack of background literature. In practice, the findings of this study serve as a useful reference for practitioners and policy makers of the skills and other factors required for people to succeed as entrepreneurial leaders.
Factors affecting the presence, genetic diversity and antimicrobial sensitivity of Escherichia coli in poultry meat samples collected from Canberra, Australia
Authors: Vangchhia Belinda , Blyton Michaela D. J. , Collignon Peter , Kennedy Karina , Gordon David M. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryTo investigate the factors determining the clonal composition of Escherichia coli in poultry meat samples, 306 samples were collected from 16 shops, representing three supermarket chains and an independent butchery located in each of the four town centers of Canberra, Australia, during the summer, autumn and winter. A total of 3415 E. coli isolates were recovered and assigned to a phylogenetic group using the Clermont quadruplex PCR method, fingerprinted using repetitive element palindromic (REP) PCR and screened for their antimicrobial susceptibility profiles. The probability of detecting E. coli and the number of fingerprint types detected per sample, as well as the phylogroup membership of the isolates and their antimicrobial sensitivity profiles varied, with one or more of retailer, store, meat type, season and husbandry. The results of this study demonstrate that poultry meat products are likely to be contaminated with a genetically diverse community of E. coli and suggest that factors relating to the nature of the meat product and distribution chain are determinants of the observed diversity.
Dietary habits and semen parameters: a systematic narrative review
Authors: Ricci E. , Al‐Beitawi S. , Cipriani S. , Alteri A. , Chiaffarino F. , Candiani M. , Gerli S. , Viganó P. , Parazzini F. 
Published: December 2017

SummarySemen quality and male fertility are declining worldwide. As it was observed that physiologic and pathologic processes of spermatogenesis can be influenced by diet, the relation between dietary habits and semen parameters has been the focus of much interest. To review the human observational studies on this issue, we performed a systematic literature search, up to November 2016 (MEDLINE and EMBASE). We included all observational full‐text papers reporting the relation between dietary habits and semen parameters. Article selection was carried out in accordance with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta‐Analyses. Twenty‐three observational studies were included. Overall, 8477 healthy men and 1204 men presenting at Fertility Clinics were included in the selected studies. Even if some inconsistencies are present, possibly due to the different effect of nutrients in fertile and infertile men, results support the hypothesis that diets including fruit and vegetables, for their contents in vitamins, and fish or low‐fat dairy products as the main source of proteins, are associated with better semen quality. Recommendations may be confidently provided because of the many beneficial effects of a healthy diet, although further studies are needed to clarify the currently inconsistent findings and to shed light on the underlying mechanisms.
Variation in the species richness of parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae: Pimplinae and Rhyssinae) across sites on different continents
Authors: Gómez Isrrael C. , Sääksjärvi Ilari E. , Mayhew Peter J. , Pollet Marc , Rey del Castillo Carmen , Nieves‐Aldrey Jose‐Luis , Broad Gavin R. , Roininen Heikki , Tuomisto Hanna 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The old idea that parasitoid wasps (Ichneumonidae) show an inverse latitudinal diversity gradient has recently been challenged, but how ichneumonid species richness varies across the globe is still not well understood. We carried out field inventories in 21 sites on three continents to clarify this question, focusing on the subfamilies Pimplinae and Rhyssinae. Our total sampling effort was 628 Malaise trap months and the total catch exceeded 65 000 individuals. Our main focus was in two intensively inventoried areas in Amazonia, together yielding 257 Malaise trap months and 26 390 ichneumonid individuals.

To expand the scope and assess global species diversity patterns of the Pimplinae and Rhyssinae, we compiled published species lists from a total of 97 study localities around the world. The highest observed species richness in any locality, 105 species, was found in one of our field sites in Peruvian Amazonia. None of the other localities reported more than 70 species, even the ones with a sampling effort comparable to ours.

Despite the local thoroughness of our field inventories in Amazonia, data analyses indicated that a substantial proportion of the parasitoid wasp species occurring in each site remained unobserved.

The highest local species richness values were reported from the tropics. Nevertheless parasitoid wasps are still too sparsely sampled to draw solid conclusions about whether or not their species richness follows a particular latitudinal trend, and if so, where their richness peaks.
Ultrahigh‐temperature metamorphism in the Tuguiwula area, Khondalite Belt, North China Craton
Authors: Li Xianwei , Wei Chunjing 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn this study, sapphirine‐bearing granulites and sapphirine‐absent garnet–sillimanite gneisses from the Tuguiwula area in the eastern segment of the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton (NCC) are interpreted to show a P–T evolution involving cooling at pressures of 8–9 kbar from >960°C to the solidus (~820°C) and late subsolidus decompression. This interpretation is based on the sequence of mineral appearance and thermodynamic modelling of phase equilibria. Sapphirine is observed to coexist with spinel within the peak assemblages. This observation conflicts with the traditional view that spinel generally appears prior to sapphirine and thus indicates pre‐Tmax compression. For ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) metapelites at Tuguiwula, a clockwise P–T path may be more likely, which would be consistent with the clockwise P–T evolution of the extensive “normal” granulites (Tmax <900°C) and UHT granulites at other localities in the eastern segment of the Khondalite Belt. At Tuguiwula, for UHT metapelites with low bulk‐rock Mg/(Mg+FeT), the oxidation state/Fe3+ content is interpreted to be a significant factor in controlling the mineral assemblages. We find that these compositions tend to contain sapphirine under oxidized conditions but spinel (without sapphirine) under reduced conditions. This difference may account for the simultaneous presence of both sapphirine‐bearing UHT granulites and sapphirine‐absent garnet–sillimanite UHT gneisses at Tuguiwula. LA‐ICP‐MS U–Pb dating of metamorphic zircon in the UHT metapelites yields mean 207Pb/206Pb ages of c. 1.92 Ga (two samples), which are interpreted to record the timing of cooling of the UHT rocks to the solidus. The UHT metamorphism is interpreted to have been generated by mantle upwelling and emplacement of mafic magmas within a post‐orogenic setting.
Paediatric advance care planning: Physician experience and education in initiating difficult discussions
Authors: Basu Shreerupa , Swil Kevin 
Published: December 2017

AimOur study aimed to assess physicians' experiences and education regarding advance care planning (ACP) in paediatrics. We aimed to assess barriers to ACP initiation, including the adequacy of exposure and education regarding ACP and whether practitioners would deem improved education and resource provision useful.MethodsA 25‐question survey was designed following literature review. Paediatricians, intensivists and advanced trainees at Sydney Children's Hospital were invited to complete the online survey. Ninety‐two responses were obtained over a 10‐week period.ResultsPatients with life‐limiting conditions are encountered frequently, with 57% of respondents caring for at least 10 such patients during the last 2 years. In total, 64% of respondents felt that ACP discussions should occur early around the time of diagnosis or during a period of stability; however, 57% observed discussions occurring late in illness after multiple acute, severe deteriorations. In total, 46% felt that multidisciplinary teams were the most appropriate to initiate ACP discussions. Prognostic uncertainty was the most common barrier to ACP initiation. Lack of experience and education were identified as barriers by 43 and 32%, respectively. The majority of respondents regarded exposure to ACP and education during training as inadequate.ConclusionsACP discussions are being initiated later than physicians deem optimal. Of concern, clinicians prefer ACP discussions to be initiated by multidisciplinary teams, which may create a barrier to timely initiation. Barriers due to lack of education and experience could be overcome with improvements in training. Provision of education and resources would be welcomed and improve clinician skills in this area.
Surveillance Studies and Literature of the Long 18th Century
Authors: Vareschi Mark 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis essay begins with a general survey of current work in surveillance studies with a particular emphasis on the work in literary studies; it moves then to show the centrality of the 18th century to any account of surveillance or surveillance culture. It concludes with suggestions of how scholars of the literature of the long 18th century might contribute to the field surveillance studies and expand its historical and methodological scope.
Pathophysiology of swallowing following oropharyngeal surgery for obstructive sleep apnea syndrome
Authors: Schar M. , Woods C. , Ooi E. H. , Athanasiadis T. , Ferris L. , Szczesniak M. M. , Cock C. , Omari T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundUvulopalatopharyngoplasty (UPPP) and coblation channeling of the tongue (CCT) are oropharyngeal surgeries used to treat obstructive sleep apnea syndrome. The extent to which UPPP and CCT affect pharyngeal swallow has not been determined. We therefore conducted a novel case series study employing high‐resolution impedance manometry (HRIM) to quantify the swallowing‐related biomechanics following UPPP and/or CCT surgery.MethodsTwelve patients who underwent UPPP+CCT or CCT only were assessed an average 2.5 years postsurgery. Swallow function data were compared with ten healthy controls. All patients completed the Sydney swallow questionnaire (SSQ). Pharyngeal pressure‐flow analysis of HRIM recordings captured key distension, contractility and pressure‐flow timing swallow parameters testing 5, 10, and 20 mL volumes of thin and thick fluid consistencies.Key ResultsPostoperative patients had more dysphagia symptoms with five returning abnormal SSQ scores. Swallowing was biomechanically altered compared to controls, consistent with diminished swallowing reserve, largely driven by elevated hypopharyngeal intrabolus pressure due to a reduced capacity to open the upper esophageal sphincter to accommodate larger volumes.Conclusions & InferencesPatients who have undergone UPPP and/or CCT surgery appear to have a deficiency in normal modulation of the swallowing mechanism and a reduced swallowing functional reserve. We speculate that these changes may become relevant in later life with the onset of age‐related stressors to the swallowing mechanism. This case series strikes a note of caution that further studies are needed to determine the role of preoperative swallow assessment in patients undergoing UPPP and/or CCT surgery.
Perioperative experiences of anesthesia reported by children and parents
Authors: Perrott Claire , Lee Clover‐Ann , Griffiths Sian , Sury Michael R. J. 
Published: December 2017

SummaryBackgroundThe Sprint National Anaesthesia Project reported feedback from adults but not from children. We developed questionnaires for children and parents, and conducted a survey of perioperative anesthetic experiences in a large pediatric hospital.MethodsPatients undergoing elective general anesthesia were selected randomly each weekday over 10 weeks. Parents and children were approached within 4 hours after awakening, and were asked to complete a short questionnaire. Personal or patient identifiable data were not collected. Questionnaires were processed by optical mark reading technology and descriptive data analysis was performed.ResultsSeven hundred and forty parents and 250 children completed questionnaires. The most common symptoms reported by parents were thirst and hunger (76%), drowsiness (75%), sore throat (41%), and pain of the surgery (38%). Sixty‐four percent of children felt worried or scared about something before the procedure: common worries were about the “anesthetic,” “procedure,” or “needles/cannula.” Fifty‐five percent reported postoperative pain. Thirty‐nine children (15.6%) remembered something between going to sleep and waking up although distress was not reported; of these, the most common experiences remembered included hearing voices (34%), feeling sore (20%), and being worried (14%). Twenty‐two parents (2.9%) had any complaint and most were about fasting instructions. Only 3 parents would not recommend the anesthetic service.ConclusionThis study shows that the experiences of children and their parents are similar to those of adults reported by the Sprint National Anaesthesia Project. Thirst (and hunger), anxiety, and pain continue to be common problems for many children. This feedback may help direct interventions and research to improve the pediatric patient and parent experience with anesthesia.
Nigrograna mackinnonii, Not Trematosphaeria grisea (syn., Madurella grisea), Is the Main Agent of Black Grain Eumycetoma in Latin America
Authors: Ahmed Sarah A. , González Gloria M. , Tirado-Sánchez Andrés , Moreno-López Luis Miguel , de Hoog Sybren , Bonifaz Alexandro 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT

Mycetoma, a chronic and mutilating subcutaneous infection recognized by the WHO as a neglected tropical disease, has been reported in >25 countries in Africa, Asia, and South America. In Latin America,
Trematosphaeria grisea
is assumed to be the prevalent fungal agent. Recent molecular studies have shown that this is an environmental saprobe in Europe, where it is rarely implicated in human diseases. The aim of the present paper is to establish the identity of Latin American cases ascribed to
Trematosphaeria grisea
. Three cases analyzed were caused by
Nigrograna mackinnonii
. Data on an additional 21 strains in the literature revealed that
N. mackinnonii
rather than
T. grisea
is responsible for most cases of black grain eumycetoma in Latin America.
Point-of-care C reactive protein to identify serious infection in acutely ill children presenting to hospital: prospective cohort study
Authors: Verbakel Jan Y , Lemiengre Marieke B , De Burghgraeve Tine , De Sutter An , Aertgeerts Bert , Bullens Dominique M A , Shinkins Bethany , Van den Bruel Ann , Buntinx Frank 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveAcute infection is the most common presentation of children to hospital. A minority of these infections are serious, but early recognition and adequate management are essential. We aimed to develop improved tools to assess children attending ambulatory hospital care, integrating clinical features with point-of-care C reactive protein (CRP).DesignProspective observational diagnostic study.Setting and patients5517 acutely ill children (1 month–16 years) presenting to 106 paediatricians at six outpatient clinics and six emergency departments in Belgium.Index testPoint-of-care CRP alongside vital signs and objective symptoms measurements.Main outcomeHospital admission for >24 hours with a serious infection <5 days after presentation.ResultsAn algorithm was developed consisting of clinical features and CRP. This achieved 97.1% (95% CI 94.3% to 98.7%) sensitivity and 99.6% (95% CI 99.2% to 99.8%) negative predictive value, excluding serious infections in 36.4% of children. It stratifies patients into three groups based on CRP level: high-risk group with CRP >75 mg/L (26.8% risk of infection), intermediate-risk group with CRP 20–75 mg/L and at least one of seven clinical features (8.1%), and lower risk group with CRP <20 mg/L with at least one of the 11 features (3.8%). Children in intermediate-risk or low-risk groups with normal clinical assessment have 0.6% and 0.4% risk of serious infections, respectively.ConclusionsConducting a CRP test may first enable children to be stratified into three risk groups, guiding assessment of clinical features that could be performed by junior doctors or nurses. In one-third of acutely ill children, the algorithm could exclude serious infection. Prospective validation of the algorithm is needed.Clinical trial registrationNCT02024282(post-results).
High-speed digital imaging of cytosolic Ca2+ and contraction in single cardiomyocytes
Authors: O'Rourke Brian , Reibel Diane K. , Thomas Andrew P. 
Published: December 2017

Pages H230–H241: Brian O'Rourke, Diane K. Reibel, and Andrew P. Thomas. “High-speed digital imaging of cytosolic Ca2+ and contraction in single cardiomyocytes.” We regret that the authors' corrections were not included in the final proof. (See PDF) Page H237: Table 2 should appear as the following: (See PDf)
Effect of calcium and cAMP on Goα expression in neonatal rat cardiac myocytes
Authors: Foster Karen A. , Robishaw Janet D. 
Published: December 2017

Culturing neonatal rat cardiac myocytes in 50 mM KCl inhibits the accumulation of Go that occurs when myocytes are placed in culture. The mechanism by which high extracellular K+ inhibits Go accumulation in myocytes was investigated by measurement of the concentration of intracellular Ca2+ ([Ca2+]) and adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate concentration ([cAMP]) of control and K+-depolarized myocytes. Although intracellular [Ca2++] in K+-depolarized myocytes was twofold higher than basal intracellular [Ca2+] in control cells, the mean intracellular [Ca2+] in contracting control myocytes was comparable to that of K+-depolarized myocytes. Furthermore, myocytes cultured in low Ca2+ plus high K+ exhibited an inhibition of Go accumulation, even though intracellular [Ca2+] was 10-fold lower than that of cells cultured in normal Ca2+ plus high K+. In addition, intracellular [cAMP] of K+-depolarized myocytes was comparable to that of control cells. Moreover, dibutyryl cAMP inhibited Go accumulation in myocytes to the same extent as high K+, even though intracellular [cAMP] differed 10-fold. Thus neither intracellular Ca2+ nor cAMP appear to mediate the inhibitory effect of high K+ on Go accumulation. However, cAMP has an inhibitory effect on Goα expression that is independent of K+. dibutyryl cAMP; fura-2; immunoblotting
Nonglucose substrates increase glycogen synthesis in vivo in dog heart
Authors: Laughlin Maren R. , Taylor Joni , Chesnick A. Scott , Balaban Robert S. 
Published: December 2017

The effects of circulating nonglucose substrates on insulin-stimulated cardiac glycogen synthesis were studied in the dog heart in vivo using13 C-nuclear magnetic resonance (-NMR) and arteriovenous difference techniques. [1-13C]glycogen was monitored in hearts during an intravenous infusion of 20 mU/min insulin and glucose while [1-13C]glucose (10 mg/min) was infused into the left anterior descending coronary artery. When 1 mmol/min of lactate, pyruvate, or beta-hydroxybutyrate was added to the venous infusion, the measured rate of glycogen synthesis was increased, on average, sixfold. It was not increased further after a subsequent 10-min infusion of 5 μg/min epinephrine. Lactate extraction increased from 0.18 ± 0.05 to 0.62 ± 0.11 μmol·min-1·g wet wt-1 during lactate infusion, whereas glucose extraction did not change significantly (0.15 ± 0.05 μmol·min-1·g wet wt-1 at 45 min of insulin and glucose infusion to 0.09 ± 0.02 μmol·min-1·g wet wt-1 at 45 min of the lactate infusion). Therefore, the uptake and oxidation of circulating nonglucose substrates redirects the fate of extracted glucose from glycolysis to glycogen synthesis in the dog heart in vivo. carbon-13-nuclear magnetic resonance; lactate; pyruvate; β-hydroxybutyrate Submitted on October 19, 1993 Accepted on February 3, 1994
Transmyocardial impedance during single and multiple internal ventricular defibrillation shocks
Authors: Peters W. , Solingen S. , Kobayashi Y. , Scharf R. , Mandel W. J. , Gang E. S. 
Published: December 2017

Pages H664–H693: W. Peters, S. Solingen, Y. Kobayashi, R. Scharf, W. J. Mandel, and E. S. Gang. “Transmyocardial impedance during single and multiple internal ventricular defibrillation shocks.” The following corrections should be noted. Page H684, methods section, first paragraph: The analysis presented here is based on measurements during infusion with saline or lactated Ringer solution in the same dogs later treated with propafenone or lactated Ringer solution as described elsewhere (24). Page H685, methods section, fourth paragraph: In dog 4, the same defibrillator-electrode combination was used to deliver 20 shocks of a damped half sine waveform as clinically used in external defibrillation (here C = 32 μF, inductance = 40 mH). Page H686, Figure 2 legend: Typical graph of delivered voltage [V(t)] and transmyocardial impedance [Z(t)] during defibrillation with truncated trapezoidal pulse waveform [stored energy (Esto) = 20 J]. Pol, polarization. Page H689, Table 6 title: Calculated defibrillator C according to Eq. 5 and relative difference in Edel and energy converted into heat (Eres by resistive part of transmyocardial impedance.
Cholinergic and α-adrenergic coronary constriction with increasing ischemia-reperfusion injury
Authors: Ehring T. , Krajcar M. , Baumgart D. , Kompa S. , Hümmelgen M. , Heusch G. 
Published: December 2017

Pages H886–H894: T. Ehring, M. Krajcar, D. Baumgart, S. Kompa, M. Hümmelgen, and G. Heusch. “Cholinergic and agr-adrenergic coronary constriction with increasing ischemia-reperfusion injury.” The title of this paper was incorrectly printed and should appear as the following. Cholinergic and agr-adrenergic coronary vasomotion with increasing ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Seasonal Variation in Gastric Hydrochloric Acid Production in Rana Pipiens
Authors: Mizell Sherwin 
Published: December 2017

Page 651: Sherwin Mizell, "Seasonal Variations in Gastric Hydrochloric Acid Production in Rana pipiens." In table 1, the headings of the 3rd, 4th, 8th and 9th columns should read microequivalents instead of milliequivalents. Page 653: The ordinate in figure 1 b should read microequivalents/hour instead of milliequivalents/ hour.