bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of a fully automated solid‐phase extraction and ultra‐high‐performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry method for quantification of 30 pharmaceuticals and metabolites in post‐mortem blood and brain samples
Authors: Nielsen Marie Katrine Klose , Nedahl Michael , Johansen Sys Stybe , Linnet Kristian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this study, we present the validation of an analytical method capable of quantifying 30 commonly encountered pharmaceuticals and metabolites in whole blood and brain tissue from forensic cases. Solid‐phase extraction was performed by a fully automated robotic system, thereby minimising manual labour and human error while increasing sample throughput, robustness, and traceability. The method was validated in blood in terms of selectivity, linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, carry‐over, stability, precision, and accuracy. Deuterated analogues of each analyte were used as internal standards, which corrected adequately for any inter‐individual variability in matrix effects on analyte accuracy and precision. The lower limit of quantification (LLOQ) spanned from 0.0008 to 0.010 mg/kg, depending on the analyte, while the upper LOQ ranged between 0.40 and 2.0 mg/kg. Thus, the linear range covered both therapeutic and toxic levels. The method showed acceptable accuracy and precision, with accuracies ranging from 80 to 118% and precision below 19% for the majority of the analytes. Linear range, matrix effect, extraction recovery, process efficiency, precision, and accuracy were also tested in brain homogenate and the results agreed with those from blood. An additional finding was that the analyte concentrations in brain samples could be quantified by calibration curves obtained from spiked blood samples with acceptable precision and accuracy when using deuterated analogues of each analyte as internal standards. This method has been successfully implemented as a routine analysis procedure for quantification of pharmaceuticals in both blood and brain tissue since 2015.
Climatic forcing and larval dispersal capabilities shape the replenishment of fishes and their habitat‐forming biota on a tropical coral reef
Authors: Wilson Shaun K. , Depcyznski Martial , Fisher Rebecca , Holmes Thomas H. , Noble Mae M. , Radford Ben T. , Rule Michael , Shedrawi George , Tinkler Paul , Fulton Christopher J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFluctuations in marine populations often relate to the supply of recruits by oceanic currents. Variation in these currents is typically driven by large‐scale changes in climate, in particular ENSO (El Nino Southern Oscillation). The dependence on large‐scale climatic changes may, however, be modified by early life history traits of marine taxa. Based on eight years of annual surveys, along 150 km of coastline, we examined how ENSO influenced abundance of juvenile fish, coral spat, and canopy‐forming macroalgae. We then investigated what traits make populations of some fish families more reliant on the ENSO relationship than others. Abundance of juvenile fish and coral recruits was generally positively correlated with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), higher densities recorded during La Niña years, when the ENSO‐influenced Leeuwin Current is stronger and sea surface temperature higher. The relationship is typically positive and stronger among fish families with shorter pelagic larval durations and stronger swimming abilities. The relationship is also stronger at sites on the coral back reef, although the strongest of all relationships were among the lethrinids (r = .9), siganids (r = .9), and mullids (r = .8), which recruit to macroalgal meadows in the lagoon. ENSO effects on habitat seem to moderate SOI–juvenile abundance relationship. Macroalgal canopies are higher during La Niña years, providing more favorable habitat for juvenile fish and strengthening the SOI effect on juvenile abundance. Conversely, loss of coral following a La Niña‐related heat wave may have compromised postsettlement survival of coral dependent species, weakening the influence of SOI on their abundance. This assessment of ENSO effects on tropical fish and habitat‐forming biota and how it is mediated by functional ecology improves our ability to predict and manage changes in the replenishment of marine populations.
A comparative analysis of Wolbachia‐induced host reproductive phenotypes reveals transition rate heterogeneity
Authors: zu Dohna Heinrich , Houry Carine , Kambris Zakaria 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe endosymbiotic bacterium Wolbachia infects a wide range of arthropods and their relatives. It is an intracellular parasite transmitted through the egg from mother to offspring. Wolbachia can spread and persist through various means of host reproductive manipulation. How these different mechanisms of host manipulation evolved in Wolbachia is unclear. Which host reproductive phenotype is most likely to be ancestral and whether evolutionary transitions between some host phenotypes are more common than others remain unanswered questions. Recent studies have revealed multiple cases where the same Wolbachia strain can induce different reproductive phenotypes in different hosts, raising the question to what degree the induced host phenotype should be regarded as a trait of Wolbachia. In this study, we constructed a phylogenetic tree of Wolbachia and analyzed the patterns of host phenotypes along that tree. We were able to detect a phylogenetic signal of host phenotypes on the Wolbachia tree, indicating that the induced host phenotype can be regarded as a Wolbachia trait. However, we found no clear support for the previously stated hypothesis that cytoplasmic incompatibility is ancestral to Wolbachia in arthropods. Our analysis provides evidence for heterogeneous transition rates between host phenotypes.
Are Hong Kong and Taiwan stepping‐stones for invasive species to the mainland of China?
Authors: Lu Jianbo , Li Shao‐peng , Wu Yujia , Jiang Lin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractUnderstanding the origins and introduction pathways of invasive species is a fundamental issue for invasion biology, which is necessary for predicting and preventing future invasion. Once an invasive species is established in a new location, this location could serve as a stepping‐stone for further invasions. However, such “stepping‐stone” effect has not been widely investigated. Using the published literature and records, we compiled the first found locations of 127 top invasive species in China. Our study showed that the most common landing spots of these invasive species were Hong Kong (22 species) and Taiwan (20 species), which accounted for one‐third of the invasive species in China. Our analysis revealed that the invasive species in mainland China were more likely to transport from Hong Kong than Macau, a neighboring region with a similar area and colonial history. Similarly, more invasive species were also first landed on Taiwan than Hainan, a nearby island sharing similar climate conditions. Together, our findings indicate that Hong Kong and Taiwan are the most important stepping‐stones for invasive species to the mainland of China and suggesting that the increasing trade exchange of China's coastal ports constitutes a potential risk for the spread of more invasive species. We suppose that they would be the future stepping‐stones for invasive species to the mainland of China and these coastal ports regions where improved biosecurity is needed now.
A Proposal and Implementation of Communication Control Function for NTMobile
Authors: KANEMATSU YUYA , OKUBO YOHEI , YAMADA TAKAYUKI , SUZUKI HIDEKAZU , NAITO KATSUHIRO , WATANABE AKIRA 
Published: January 2018

SUMMARYNTMobile (Network Traversal with Mobility) has been proposed to achieve end‐to‐end encryption communication supporting IP mobility in environments where IPv4/IPv6 networks coexist. However, since NTMobile unconditionally establishes an encrypted User Datagram Protocol (UDP) tunnel between NTMobile‐ready nodes (NTM nodes), a malicious NTM node can attack a target NTM node through the encrypted UDP tunnel without being detected by a firewall. Moreover, since communication with a general server always passes through a relay server (RS), the route becomes redundant even when IP mobility is not needed, and the communication delay increases. In order to solve these problems, this paper proposes an access control function using the name of the correspondent node and a “Route option” that can select whether the RS is used or not. As a result of implementation of the prototype system and evaluation of its performance, it was confirmed that the increase of the start‐up time and that of the overhead at the beginning of the communication were quite small, and there was little influence on practical use.
Joint effects of chlorpyrifos and mancozeb on the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus: A multiple biomarker approach
Authors: Morgado Rui G. , Ferreira Nuno G.C. , Cardoso Diogo N. , Silva Patrícia V. , Soares Amadeu M.V.M. , Loureiro Susana 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

The exposure to pesticides by nontarget soil biota has long been regarded as a serious downside of modern agricultural regimes and the subject of heated debate. Of utmost relevance is the exposure to pesticide mixtures because their effects have been shown to not necessarily reflect the individual toxicity of their components, and even the simple addition of effects may lead to consequences not clearly anticipated. In the present study, a multiple biomarker approach was employed to identify the mechanistic and time effects underlying several single and mixture treatments of chlorpyrifos (CPF) and mancozeb (MCZ) in juveniles and adults of the terrestrial isopod Porcellionides pruinosus. The effects of the individual pesticides and the mixtures at recommended doses were mostly transitory under these controlled conditions and one-pulse exposure. Whereas imbalances were identified on detoxification and oxidative stress-related enzymes, the isopods generally showed the ability to recover through the end of the experiment. However, juveniles displayed greater vulnerability than adults. Most of the differences between life stages occurred in energy-related parameters where distinct performances and stress-handling behaviors were observed, suggesting higher metabolic costs to juveniles. Our results stress that understanding the time dependence of the underlying mechanisms governing the joint effects of the pesticides can help in assessing and anticipating the effects of the pesticide mixtures. Moreover, we emphasize the importance of taking life stage–related differences into consideration when evaluating the environmental risks of pesticides and pesticide mixtures. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:1446–1457. © 2018 SETAC
Fire performance of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials: Polyisocyanurate and phenolic foam
Authors: Hidalgo Juan P. , Torero José L. , Welch Stephen 
Published: January 2018

SummaryResults are presented from 2 series of ad hoc experimental programmes using the cone calorimeter to investigate the burning behaviour of charring closed‐cell polymeric insulation materials, specifically polyisocyanurate (PIR) and phenolic (PF) foams. These insulation materials are widely used in the construction industry due to their relatively low thermal conductivity. However, they are combustible in nature; therefore, their fire performance needs to be carefully studied, and characterisation of their thermal degradation and burning behaviour is required in support of performance‐based approaches for fire safety design. The first series of experiments was used to examine the flaming and smouldering of the char from PIR and PF. The peak heat release rate per unit area was within the range of 120 to 170 kW/m2 for PIR and 80 to 140 kW/m2 for PF. The effective heat of combustion during flaming was within the range of 13 to 16 kJ/g for PIR and around 16 kJ/g for PF, while the CO/CO2 ratio was within 0.05 to 0.10 for PIR and 0.025 to 0.05 for PF. The second experimental programme served to map the thermal degradation processes of pyrolysis and oxidation in relation to temperature measurements within the solid phase under constant levels of nominal irradiation. Both programmes showed that surface regression due to smouldering was more significant for PF than PIR under the same heat exposure conditions, essentially because of the different degree of overlap in pyrolysis and oxidation reactions. The smouldering of the char was found to self‐extinguish after removal of the external heat source.
Numerical evaluation of the flame to solid heat flux during poly(methyl methacrylate) combustion
Authors: Galgano A. , Di Blasi C. , Branca C. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe total net heat flux of the flame from a burning solid fuel is an important issue for the formulation of comprehensive solid‐phase models useful for the fire testing of materials, but measurements are often affected by significant inaccuracy. In this study, an evaluation is conducted using a state‐of‐the‐art model, coupling the descriptions of both gas‐ and solid‐phase processes, for a thick poly(methyl methacrylate) slab burning in a cone calorimeter. It is observed that the total net heat flux (conductive and radiant flame heat fluxes minus surface reradiation losses) remains approximately constant (about 18 kW/m2) as the intensity of the cone irradiance increases from 15 to 60 kW/m2. The influences of some model assumptions and the solid degradation kinetics on this process variable are also assessed. Acceptable agreement is obtained between the predicted and the measured mass loss rates.
An adaptive multilevel wavelet framework for scale‐selective WENO reconstruction schemes
Authors: Maulik R. , San O. , Behera R. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryWe put forth a dynamic computing framework for scale‐selective adaptation of weighted essential nonoscillatory (WENO) schemes for the simulation of hyperbolic conservation laws exhibiting strong discontinuities. A multilevel wavelet‐based multiresolution procedure, embedded in a conservative finite volume formulation, is used for a twofold purpose. (i) a dynamic grid adaptation of the solution field for redistributing grid points optimally (in some sense) according to the underlying flow structures, and (ii) a dynamic minimization of the in built artificial dissipation of WENO schemes. Taking advantage of the structure detection properties of this multiresolution algorithm, the nonlinear weights of the conventional WENO implementation are selectively modified to ensure lower dissipation in smoother areas. This modification is implemented through a linear transition from the fifth‐order upwind stencil at the coarsest regions of the adaptive grid to a fully nonlinear fifth‐order WENO scheme at areas of high irregularity. Therefore, our computing algorithm consists of a dynamic grid adaptation strategy, a scale‐selective state reconstruction, a conservative flux calculation, and a total variation diminishing Runge‐Kutta scheme for time advancement. Results are presented for canonical examples drawn from the inviscid Burgers, shallow water, Euler, and magnetohydrodynamic equations. Our findings represent a novel direction for providing a scale‐selective dissipation process without a compromise on shock capturing behavior for conservation laws, which would be a strong contender for dynamic implicit large eddy simulation approaches.
Geochronology and geochemistry of the Carboniferous Ulann Tolgoi granite complex from northern Inner Mongolia, China: Petrogenesis and tectonic implications for the Uliastai continental margin
Authors: Zhou Wenxiao , Zhao Xiaocheng , Fu Dong , Sun Junjun , Li Ziqian , Huang Bo , Mengchun Ge 
Published: January 2018

This study presents zircon U–Pb ages and geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data for acid granites from the Uliastai continental margin, which is located in the Ulaan Tolgoi area of the south‐eastern Central Asian Orogenic Belt (CAOB). Although most samples have similar calc‐alkaline (K2O/Na2O = 0.55–1.70, average of 1.35) and peraluminous (A/CNK = 1.02–1.20 and A/NK = 1.09–1.87) characteristics, the granodiorites, monzogranites, and alkali feldspar granites exhibit distinct light rare earth element (LREE)/heavy REE (HREE) anomalies, including negative Nb, P, Ti, Sr, and Ba anomalies and negative εNd(t) values. These characteristics indicate that this complex massif comprises lower Early Carboniferous subduction‐related calc‐alkaline granodiorites (348 ± 1 Ma); an upper Early Carboniferous syn‐collisional segment characterized by S‐type, high‐K, calc‐alkaline, and peraluminous monzonitic granites (334 ± 1 Ma); and Late Carboniferous post‐orogenic extensional A2‐type peraluminous alkali feldspar granites (317 ± 1 Ma). Previous studies performed on coeval volcanic rocks and Early Palaeozoic granites in the same area have demonstrated that the Early Carboniferous granodiorites have the same geochemical characteristics as volcanic arc granites (VAGs), thus indicating that the northward subduction of the Hegenshan Ocean may have continued through the Early Carboniferous. The monzogranite and alkali feldspar granites, in conjunction with the Late Carboniferous lagged arc volcanic rocks observed in this area, suggest a syn‐collisional to post‐collisional setting. The new data presented in this study provide constraints on the timing of the transition from island‐arc magmatism to post‐collisional extension‐related magmatism in this region during the later stage of the Early Carboniferous.
Geochemistry and chronology of a diorite pluton in the Yinshan Block, implications for crustal growth and evolution of North China Craton
Authors: Ma Xudong , Zhong Yan 
Published: January 2018

The Yinshan Block constitutes the northwestern segment of the North China Craton. We characterized the geochemistry, zircon U–Pb geochronology, and Hf isotopic composition of a diorite pluton in the Yinshan Block. The zircon U–Pb data yield a protolith formation age of 2535 ± 8 Ma (MSWD = 0.46), followed by recrystallization at 2465 ± 14 Ma or 2431 ± 30 Ma; the granite vein which intruded into the diorite pluton gives a formation age of 2453 ± 5 Ma (MSWD = 1.6), according with the recrystallization age of the diorite. These diorites are characterized by moderate Mg# value and MgO, Cr, and Ni content and have relatively low Sr/Y and (La/Yb)N ratios and slightly Eu anomalies and are enriched in LILEs and depletion in high field strength elements. High‐Sr + Ba granites with low K2O/Na2O characteristics are also shown by these diorites, and the εHf(t) of zircons lie between +1.3 and −7.2, imply these diorites are most likely derived from partial melting of a thickened lower crust with minor involvement of enriched mantle. These geochemical and isotopic characteristics suggest the diorite magmas derived from an accreted arc‐related rocks remelting in a low‐pressure environment along the continent margin. Hereby, we propose a supplement to the model of crustal growth and evolution in the Yinshan Block, involving subduction and collision in the Neoarchean.
Abundant microspherules from the Upper Ordovician of northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China: Origin and palaeoenvironmental implications
Authors: Chang Xiao‐Lin , Hou Ming‐Cai , Liu Xin‐Chun , Orr Elizabeth , Deng Min , Chao Hui , Wang Song , Xiao Christopher 
Published: January 2018

A continuous record of abundant microspherules, pyrite framboids, and bacterial fossils is obtained from the Upper Ordovician in the Dawangou section of northern Tarim Basin, Northwest China. Chemical and physical characteristics of these microspherules were determined using a scanning electron microscope and an energy dispersive spectrometer. Microspherules were formed as a single spherule, spherule aggregates, and drop‐like particles. Physical morphology of the spherules has no relation to its formational process. Energy dispersive spectrometry results indicate that microspherules are mainly composed of Ca, C, O, Si, Al, S, Fe, and Ti. Thus, these microspherules are further categorized into 5 major types: iron, titaniferous‐iron, siliceous, calcareous, and organic microspherules. The first 3 types of microspherules are likely of volcanic origin rather than extraterrestrial origins (i.e., impact event or cosmic dusts) or modern industrial pollutions due to their morphologies and chemical compositions. Both calcimicrospherules and organic microspherules are biogenic, and they are distributed in the lower part of the studied section (Beds 4–6), in which cephalopods, brachiopods, and bacterial fossils are also commonly present and pyrite framboids are absent. These features generally point to an oxic condition. In contrast, other microspherules are abundant in the upper part of the section (Beds 9–13), in which tiny pyrite framboids (mean diameters 4.6–7.3 μm) are rather abundant and typical of euxinic to dysoxic conditions. Both microspherule and pyrite framboid evidences indicate that the northern Tarim region became oxygen‐poor conditions, which were coupled with intensive volcanic eruptions during the Late Ordovician.
S‐velocity characterization of the crust and upper mantle structure beneath the Bay of Bengal
Authors: Corchete V. 
Published: January 2018

A 3D S‐velocity model has been determined from fundamental‐mode Rayleigh‐wave analysis in a wide period band (from 5 s to 175 s), to attain the characterization of the geologic structures existing in the Bay of Bengal, from 0 to 300 km depth. This model is presented by means of S‐velocity maps. In these maps, the S‐velocity in the depth range from 0 to 10 km is principally affected by the distribution of the sediment deposits. The S‐velocity generally increases with depth, showing the lowest values for shallow depths in which are present unconsolidated sediments. The S‐velocity mapping also allows the clear differentiation between the 85E Ridge and the 90E Ridge. The lower S‐velocity determined for the 85E Ridge compared with its adjacent region suggests that this ridge is less dense than its adjacent region. The existence of compensation beneath both ridges also is definitively confirmed in the Moho map performed in this study. The lower S‐velocities determined for the regions of the Andaman Sea and the northernmost part of the Bay of Bengal, in the depth range from 15 to 40 km, are associated to the existence of a thick crust beneath this regions. The results obtained in the present study confirm that the crust beneath the Bay of Bengal is in general thin crust. Although the controversy about the nature of the crust beneath the Bay of Bengal (is it oceanic or continental?) still persist, the results of the present study show that both hypotheses (oceanic crust and continental crust) are reasonable. The 3D S‐velocity model shows that the huge sediment load located at the northernmost part of the Bay of Bengal has originated at the thickening of the crust and the lithosphere, whereas the asthenosphere is almost unaffected by this load. This model also shows that the subduction of the Indian Plate below the Burma Plate, at the east of the Sunda Trench, also has produced a thickening of the crust and the lithosphere, but the asthenosphere is almost not affected by this effect. Finally, the dependency of the S‐velocity with the age of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere is shown very clearly for the lithosphere whereas it is only slight visible for the asthenosphere.