bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Finite‐fault slip model of the 2016 Mw 7.5 Chiloé earthquake, southern Chile, estimated from Sentinel‐1 data
Authors: Xu Wenbin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSubduction earthquakes have been widely studied in the Chilean subduction zone, but earthquakes occurring in its southern part have attracted less research interest primarily due to its lower rate of seismic activity. Here I use Sentinel‐1 interferometric synthetic aperture radar (InSAR) data and range offset measurements to generate coseismic crustal deformation maps of the 2016 Mw 7.5 Chiloé earthquake in southern Chile. I find a concentrated crustal deformation with ground displacement of approximately 50 cm in the southern part of the Chiloé island. The best fitting fault model shows a pure thrust‐fault motion on a shallow dipping plane orienting 4° NNE. The InSAR‐determined moment is 2.4 × 1020 Nm with a shear modulus of 30 GPa, equivalent to Mw 7.56, which is slightly lower than the seismic moment. The model shows that the slip did not reach the trench, and it reruptured part of the fault that ruptured in the 1960 Mw 9.5 earthquake. The 2016 event has only released a small portion of the accumulated strain energy on the 1960 rupture zone, suggesting that the seismic hazard of future great earthquakes in southern Chile is high.
Multidecadal variability and climate shift in the North Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Seidov Dan , Mishonov Alexey , Reagan James , Parsons Rost 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDecadal variability of ocean heat content (OHC) and temperature trends over ~60 years in the North Atlantic Ocean were analyzed using a new high‐resolution ocean climatology based on quality‐controlled historic in situ observations. Тwo ~30 year ocean climates of 1955–1984 and 1985–2012 were compared to evaluate the climate shift in this region. The spatial distribution of the OHC climate shift is highly inhomogeneous, with the climate shift being the strongest southeast of the Gulf Stream Extension. This may be caused by the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation slowdown in conjunction with heaving of warm subtropical water. The 30 year climate shift shows higher OHC gain in the Gulf Stream region than reported in shorter timescale estimates. The OHC change is generally coherent with the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation index. This coherence suggests that quasi‐cyclicity of the OHC may exist, with a period of 60 to 80 years, superimposed on the slow basin‐wide warming trend.
Fostering Analytic Metacognitive Processes and Reducing Overconfidence by Disfluency: The Role of Contrast Effects
Authors: Pieger Elisabeth , Mengelkamp Christoph , Bannert Maria 
Published: May 2017

SummaryOverconfidence leads to premature termination of study and, thus, to decreased performance. The aim of the present study is to improve students' monitoring and control. We assume that disfluency fosters analytic metacognitive processes and thus reduces overconfidence. However, we expect that contrast effects moderate the fluency effects on metacognitive processes because disfluency activates analytic metacognitive processes not only for disfluent but also for succeeding fluent learning material. To test our hypotheses, university students (N = 75) learned either with a fluent text first and afterward a disfluent text or with a disfluent text first and afterward a fluent text. The results show fluency effects on control, monitoring, and monitoring accuracy only when students learned with a fluent and afterward a disfluent text. Performance was worse for disfluent than for fluent texts in both conditions. Therefore, instructional settings that help students to implement accurate monitoring into better control and better performance are required. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skeletal Muscle Fat and Its Association With Physical Function in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Khoja Samannaaz S. , Moore Charity G. , Goodpaster Bret H. , Delitto Anthony , Piva Sara R. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo characterize skeletal muscle fat (SMF), intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), and subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis (RA), and assess the associations between these fat depots and physical function and physical activity.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional analysis from an RA cohort, SMF, IMAT, and SAT were measured using computed tomography imaging of the midthigh cross‐sectional region. Physical function was measured using the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) and a battery of performance‐based tests that included quadriceps muscle strength, gait speed, repeated chair‐stands, stair ascent, and single‐leg stance. Physical activity was assessed using an activity monitor. Associations between SMF, IMAT, and SAT and physical function and activity were assessed by multiple linear regression models adjusted for potential confounders such as age, sex, body mass index (BMI), muscle area, and muscle strength.ResultsSixty subjects with RA (82% female, mean ± SD age 59 ± 10 years, mean ± SD BMI 31.79 ± 7.16 kg/m2) were included. In the adjusted models, lower SMF was associated with greater gait speed, single‐leg stance, quadriceps strength, and physical activity, and less disability (R2Δ range 0.06–0.25; P < 0.05), whereas IMAT was not associated with physical function or physical activity and SAT was negatively associated with disability (HAQ) (R2Δ = 0.13; P < 0.05) and weakly but positively associated with muscle strength (R2Δ = 0.023; P < 0.05).ConclusionFat infiltration within the muscle seems to independently contribute to low physical function and physical activity, contrary to IMAT or SAT accumulation. Longitudinal studies are necessary to confirm the impact of SMF on disability and health promotion in persons with RA.
Body fat attenuates muscle mass catabolism among physically active humans in temperate and cold high altitude environments
Authors: Ocobock Cara J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveTypical diet plans are based on an individual's body mass; however, body composition may be important to consider when an individual is in a negative energy balance. This study examines if high initial body fat and dietary macronutrient content reduce muscle mass catabolism during excursions in temperate and cold high altitude environments.METHODSSubjects—53 healthy, un‐acclimated volunteers (37 males and 16 females)—took part in 12‐16 week‐long outdoor education courses in moderately high altitude temperate and cold climates in the western United States. Body mass, body fat percentage, fat mass, and muscle mass were measured before and after each excursion. Total energy expenditure and dietary intake were also measured.RESULTSIn temperate and cold environments, both sexes lost significant amounts of body mass. In temperate climates both sexes lost a significant amount of fat mass, but not muscle mass. In cold climates, there was no significant change in fat mass for either sex; however, females gained muscle mass while males lost muscle mass. In both climates subjects with lower initial body fat percentages lost significantly more muscle mass than subjects with higher initial body fat percentages. There was no significant relationship between macronutrient intake and muscle mass loss for either sex.CONCLUSIONThese results suggests that during a negative energy balance dietary macronutrient content cannot abate the loss of muscle mass, but body fat may have a protective effect. This information should be used to improve individualized diets based on body composition, not body mass.
The ecology of white‐handed and pileated gibbons in a zone of overlap and hybridization in Thailand
Authors: Asensio Norberto , José‐Domínguez Juan Manuel , Kongrit Chalita , Brockelman Warren Y. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe study of related species in contact zones can elucidate what factors mediate species coexistence and geographical distributions. We investigated niche overlap and group interactions of two gibbon species and their hybrids co‐occurring in a zone of overlap and hybridization.MethodsThe location, composition and behavior of white‐handed, pileated, and mixed‐species gibbon groups were studied by following them during 31 consecutive months in a relatively large part of the contact zone.ResultsTwenty groups of white‐handed gibbon were mapped followed by nine groups of pileated gibbons and five mixed‐species groups. White‐handed, pileated and mixed‐species groups had similar sizes and composition, ate a high proportion of fruits, shared a large number of species in their diets, and presented similar habitat preferences. Group home range sizes did not differ between species and overlapped little with neighboring groups irrespective of species, and intraspecific and interspecific encounter rates were similar.DiscussionEcological similarities support that competition between the gibbon species exists and takes the form of interspecific territoriality. However, we could not find any clear mechanism of niche partitioning favoring coexistence between species. Our findings suggest that the contact zone is unstable and is maintained by dispersal inward from groups of the parental species. The relatively low numbers of mixed‐species groups and hybrids found suggests a high degree of premating reproductive isolation, perhaps mediated by interspecific miscommunication. The existence of hybrids and backcrosses potentially undetectable from phenotypic characters alone raises the possibility of more widespread introgression than has been evident. Hence, while interspecific territoriality should reduce the rate of gene transfer, it would not necessarily present a barrier to introgression into contiguous populations of the opposite species.
Mapping and comparing bacterial microbiota in the sinonasal cavity of healthy, allergic rhinitis, and chronic rhinosinusitis subjects
Authors: Lal Devyani , Keim Paul , Delisle Josie , Barker Bridget , Rank Matthew A. , Chia Nicholas , Schupp James M. , Gillece John D. , Cope Emily K. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundThe role of microbiota in sinonasal inflammation can be further understood by targeted sampling of healthy and diseased subjects. We compared the microbiota of the middle meatus (MM) and inferior meatus (IM) in healthy, allergic rhinitis (AR), and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) subjects to characterize intrasubject, intersubject, and intergroup differences.MethodsSubjects were recruited in the office, and characterized into healthy, AR, and CRS groups. Endoscopically‐guided swab samples were obtained from the MM and IM bilaterally. Bacterial microbiota were characterized by sequencing the V3‐V4 region of the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene.ResultsIntersubject microbiome analyses were conducted in 65 subjects: 8 healthy, 11 AR, and 46 CRS (25 CRS with nasal polyps [CRSwNP]; 21 CRS without nasal polyps [CRSsNP]). Intrasubject analyses were conducted for 48 individuals (4 controls, 11 AR, 8 CRSwNP, and 15 CRSwNP). There was considerable intersubject microbiota variability, but intrasubject profiles were similar (p = 0.001, nonparametric t test). Intrasubject bacterial diversity was significantly reduced in MM of CRSsNP subjects compared to IM samples (p = 0.022, nonparametric t test). CRSsNP MM samples were enriched in Streptococcus, Haemophilus, and Fusobacterium spp. but exhibited loss of diversity compared to healthy, CRSwNP, and AR subject‐samples (p < 0.05; nonparametric t test). CRSwNP patients were enriched in Staphylococcus, Alloiococcus, and Corynebacterium spp.ConclusionThis study presents the sinonasal microbiome profile in one of the larger populations of non‐CRS and CRS subjects, and is the first office‐based cohort in the literature. In contrast to healthy, AR, and CRSwNP subjects, CRSsNP MM samples exhibited decreased microbiome diversity and anaerobic enrichment. CRSsNP MM samples had reduced diversity compared to same‐subject IM samples, a novel finding.
Stress response and communication in surgeons undergoing training in endoscopic management of major vessel hemorrhage: a mixed methods study
Authors: Jukes Alistair K. , Mascarenhas Annika , Murphy Jae , Stepan Lia , Muñoz Tamara N. , Callejas Claudio A. , Valentine Rowan , Wormald P.J. , Psaltis Alkis J. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundMajor vessel hemorrhage in endoscopic, endonasal skull‐base surgery is a rare but potentially fatal event. Surgical simulation models have been developed to train surgeons in the techniques required to manage this complication. This mixed‐methods study aims to quantify the stress responses the model induces, determine how realistic the experience is, and how it changes the confidence levels of surgeons in their ability to deal with major vascular injury in an endoscopic setting.MethodsForty consultant surgeons and surgeons in training underwent training on an endoscopic sheep model of jugular vein and carotid artery injury. Pre‐course and post‐course questionnaires providing demographics, experience level, confidence, and realism scores were taken, based on a 5‐point Likert scale. Objective markers of stress response including blood pressure, heart rate, and salivary alpha‐amylase levels were measured.ResultsMean “realism” score assessed posttraining showed the model to be perceived as highly realistic by the participants (score 4.02). Difference in participant self‐rated pre‐course and post‐course confidence levels was significant (p < 0.0001): mean pre‐course confidence level 1.66 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.43 to 1.90); mean post‐course confidence level 3.42 (95% CI, 3.19 to 3.65). Differences in subjects’ heart rates (HRs) and mean arterial blood pressures (MAPs) were significant between injury models (p = 0.0008, p = 0.0387, respectively). No statistically significant difference in salivary alpha‐amylase levels pretraining and posttraining was observed.ConclusionResults from this study indicate that this highly realistic simulation model provides surgeons with an increased level of confidence in their ability to deal with the rare but potentially catastrophic event of major vessel injury in endoscopic skull‐base surgery.
Pyrimethamine significantly lowers cerebrospinal fluid Cu/Zn superoxide dismutase in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis patients with SOD1 mutations
Authors: Lange Dale J. , Shahbazi Mona , Silani Vincenzo , Ludolph Albert C. , Weishaupt Jochen H. , Ajroud‐Driss Senda , Fields Kara G. , Remanan Rahul , Appel Stanley H. , Morelli Claudia , Doretti Alberto , Maderna Luca , Messina Stefano , Weiland Ulrike , Marklund Stefan L. , Andersen Peter M. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveCu/Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) reduction prolongs survival in SOD1‐transgenic animal models. Pyrimethamine produces dose‐dependent SOD1 reduction in cell culture systems. A previous phase 1 trial showed pyrimethamine lowers SOD1 levels in leukocytes in patients with SOD1 mutations. This study investigated whether pyrimethamine lowered SOD1 levels in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in patients carrying SOD1 mutations linked to familial amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (fALS/SOD1).MethodsA multicenter (5 sites), open‐label, 9‐month‐duration, dose‐ranging study was undertaken to determine the safety and efficacy of pyrimethamine to lower SOD1 levels in the CSF in fALS/SOD1. All participants underwent 3 lumbar punctures, blood draw, clinical assessment of strength, motor function, quality of life, and adverse effect assessments. SOD1 levels were measured in erythrocytes and CSF. Pyrimethamine was measured in plasma and CSF. Appel ALS score, ALS Functional Rating Scale–Revised, and McGill Quality of Life Single‐Item Scale were measured at screening, visit 6, and visit 9.ResultsWe enrolled 32 patients; 24 completed 6 visits (18 weeks), and 21 completed all study visits. A linear mixed effects model showed a significant reduction in CSF SOD1 at visit 6 (p < 0.001) with a mean reduction of 13.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 8.4–18.5) and at visit 9 (p < 0.001) with a mean reduction of 10.5% (95% CI = 5.2–15.8).InterpretationPyrimethamine is safe and well tolerated in ALS. Pyrimethamine is capable of producing a significant reduction in total CSF SOD1 protein content in patients with ALS caused by different SOD1 mutations. Further long‐term studies are warranted to assess clinical efficacy. Ann Neurol 2017;81:837–848
A Rhodium(II)‐Catalyzed Formal [4+1]‐Cycloaddition toward Spirooxindole Pyrrolone Construction Employing Vinyl Isocyanates as 1,4‐Dipoles
Authors: Meloche Jennifer L. , Ashfeld Brandon L. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA RhII‐catalyzed, formal [4+1]‐cycloaddition between diazooxindoles as electrophilic C1 synthons and 1,3‐heterodienes for the construction of spirooxindole pyrrolones is described. Employing vinyl isocyanates as 1,4‐dipoles, the cycloannulation occurs under relatively mild conditions and provides the corresponding pyrrolones in good to excellent yields.
Multi‐shelled Dendritic Mesoporous Organosilica Hollow Spheres: Roles of Composition and Architecture in Cancer Immunotherapy
Authors: Yang Yannan , Lu Yao , Abbaraju Prasanna Lakshmi , Zhang Jun , Zhang Min , Xiang Guangya , Yu Chengzhong 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDeveloping potent adjuvants for the stimulation of robust immune response is central for effective cancer immunotherapy. Double‐shelled dendritic mesoporous organosilica hollow spheres are an excellent adjuvant and provide superior immunity in cancer immunotherapy, and better than their counterparts either with a pure silica composition or a single‐walled architecture. This study provides new insights in the rational design of effective nanostructured adjuvants for vaccine developments.
Construction of Chiral Tetrahydro‐β‐Carbolines: Asymmetric Pictet–Spengler Reaction of Indolyl Dihydropyridines
Authors: Wang Shou‐Guo , Xia Zi‐Lei , Xu Ren‐Qi , Liu Xi‐Jia , Zheng Chao , You Shu‐Li 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA highly efficient synthesis of the enantioenriched tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines was developed by using a chiral phosphoric acid catalyzed Pictet–Spengler reaction of indolyl dihydropyridines. The reaction proceeds under mild reaction conditions to afford the desired chiral tetrahydro‐β‐carbolines in good to excellent yields (up to 96 %) and high enantioselectivities (up to 99 % ee). With this method, a formal synthesis of tangutorine and a total synthesis of deplancheine were achieved in a highly efficient manner.
Nickel‐Catalyzed α‐Allylation of Aldehydes and Tandem Aldol Condensation/Allylation Reaction with Allylic Alcohols
Authors: Bernhard Yann , Thomson Brodie , Ferey Vincent , Sauthier Mathieu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn additive‐free nickel‐catalyzed α‐allylation of aldehydes with allyl alcohol is reported. The reaction is promoted by 1 mol % of in situ formed nickel complex in methanol, and water is the sole by‐product of the reaction. The experimental conditions allow the conversion of various α‐branched aldehydes and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes as nucleophiles. The same catalyst and reaction conditions enabled a tandem aldol condensation of aldehyde/α‐allylation reaction.
Phase‐Selective Syntheses of Cobalt Telluride Nanofleeces for Efficient Oxygen Evolution Catalysts
Authors: Gao Qiang , Huang Chuan‐Qi , Ju Yi‐Ming , Gao Min‐Rui , Liu Jian‐Wei , An Duo , Cui Chun‐Hua , Zheng Ya‐Rong , Li Wei‐Xue , Yu Shu‐Hong 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCobalt‐based nanomaterials have been intensively explored as promising noble‐metal‐free oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts. Herein, we report phase‐selective syntheses of novel hierarchical CoTe2 and CoTe nanofleeces for efficient OER catalysts. The CoTe2 nanofleeces exhibited excellent electrocatalytic activity and stablity for OER in alkaline media. The CoTe2 catalyst exhibited superior OER activity compared to the CoTe catalyst, which is comparable to the state‐of‐the‐art RuO2 catalyst. Density functional theory calculations showed that the binding strength and lateral interaction of the reaction intermediates on CoTe2 and CoTe are essential for determining the overpotential required under different conditions. This study provides valuable insights for the rational design of noble‐metal‐free OER catalysts with high performance and low cost by use of Co‐based chalcogenides.
Full Protection of Intensely Luminescent Gold(I)–Silver(I) Cluster by Phosphine Ligands and Inorganic Anions
Authors: Lei Zhen , Pei Xiao‐Li , Guan Zong‐Jie , Wang Quan‐Ming 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn intensely luminescent gold(I)–silver(I) cluster [(C)(AuPPhpy2)6Ag6(CF3CO2)3](BF4)5 (PPhpy2=bis(2‐pyridyl)phenylphosphine) (3) is synthesized by the reaction of [(C)(AuPPhpy2)6Ag4](BF4)6 with AgCF3CO2. All eight faces of the octahedral C@Au6 core in 3 are capped, that is, six faces are capped by silver ions and two by tetrafluoroborates. Cluster 3 is intensely luminescent in solution with a quantum yield of 92 %. Ligation of CF3CO2− ions is vital for the construction and emission properties of 3, as confirmed by DFT calculations. BF4− ions are involved in the protecting sphere of the metal core, as evidenced by 19F NMR data. The participation of phosphines, CF3CO2−, and BF4− ions in the protection of the emissive core and the enhancement of the rigidity of the cluster result in the high emission efficiency. This is the first example of organic ligands and inorganic anions forming a rigid protecting sphere for luminescent coinage‐metal clusters.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Enantioselective Redox‐Relay Heck Alkynylation of Alkenols To Access Propargylic Stereocenters
Authors: Chen Zhi‐Min , Nervig Christine S. , DeLuca Ryan J. , Sigman Matthew S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn enantioselective redox‐relay Heck alkynylation of di‐ and trisubstituted alkenols to construct propargylic stereocenters is disclosed using a new pyridine oxazoline ligand. This strategy allows direct access to chiral β‐alkynyl carbonyl compounds employing allylic alcohol substrates in contrast to more traditional conjugate addition methods.
Orientational behaviors of silk fibroin hydrogels
Authors: Chen Daqi , Yin Zhuping , Wu Feng , Fu Hua , Kundu Subhas C. , Lu Shenzhou 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, a novel shear‐induced silk fibroin (SF) hydrogel with three‐dimensional (3D) anisotropic and oriented gel skeleton/network morphology is presented. Amphipathic anionic and nontoxic sodium surfactin is blended with the SF to decrease its gelation time during the mechanical shearing process. The fibroin/surfactin blended solutions undergo a facial shearing process to accomplish a sol–gel transition within 1 hour. The dynamic sol–gel transition kinetic analysis, gel skeleton/network morphology, and mechanical property measurements are determined in order to visualize the fibroin/surfactin sol–gel transition during the shearing process and its resulting hydrogel. The results demonstrate that there is significant β‐sheet assembly from random coil conformations in the fibroin/surfactin blended system during the facile shearing process. The SF β‐sheets further transform into a fibrous large‐scale aggregation with orientational and parallel arrangements to the shearing direction. The shear‐induced fibroin/surfactin hydrogel exhibits notable anisotropic and oriented 3D skeleton/network morphology and a significant mechanical compressive strength in proportion to the shearing stress, compared with the control fibroin/surfactin hydrogel undergoing no shearing process. Due to its oriented gel skeleton/network structure and significantly enhanced mechanical properties, the shear‐induced fibroin/surfactin gel may be suitable as a biomaterial in 3D oriented tissue regeneration, including for nerves, the cultivation of bone cells, and the repair of defects in muscle and ligament tissues. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45050.