bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrable Properties of a Variant of the Discrete Hungry Toda Equations and Their Relationship to Eigenpairs of Band Matrices
Authors: Nishiyama Yusuke , Shinjo Masato , Kondo Koichi , Iwasaki Masashi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe Toda equation and its variants are studied in the filed of integrable systems. One particularly generalized time discretisation of the Toda equation is known as the discrete hungry Toda (dhToda) equation, which has two main variants referred to as the dhTodaI equation and dhTodaII equation. The dhToda equations have both been shown to be applicable to the computation of eigenvalues of totally nonnegative (TN) matrices, which are matrices without negative minors. The dhTodaI equation has been investigated with respect to the properties of integrable systems, but the dhTodaII equation has not. Explicit solutions using determinants and matrix representations called Lax pairs are often considered as symbolic properties of discrete integrable systems. In this paper, we clarify the determinant solution and Lax pair of the dhTodaII equation by focusing on an infinite sequence. We show that the resulting determinant solution firmly covers the general solution to the dhTodaII equation, and provide an asymptotic analysis of the general solution as discrete-time variable goes to infinity.
UK national minimum wage and labor market outcomes of young workers
Authors: Fidrmuc Jan , Tena J. D. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The UK national minimum wage (NMW) is age-specific with the most important threshold at the age of 22 (lowered to 21 from 2010 onwards) when workers become eligible for the adult rate. The authors estimate the impact of this threshold on employment by means of a regression discontinuity analysis. Because this threshold is known in advance, they investigate the presence of discontinuities in both the level and the slope of employment probabilities at different ages around the threshold. Their results indicate that turning 22 does not significantly change the employment probability. However, they find a significant change in the slope of the probability of being employed around one year before, suggesting a smooth deterioration of employment probability before turning 22 rather than a sudden change at a particular age. This finding is confirmed by a differencein- difference analysis. However, no such effect can be found during the period preceding the introduction of the NMW.
Capability of U–Pb dating of zircons from Quaternary tephra: Jemez Mountains, NM, and La Sal Mountains, UT, USA
Authors: Krautz Jana , Hofmann Mandy , Gärtner Andreas , Linnemann Ulf , Kleber Arno 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Two Quaternary tephras derived from the Jemez Mountains, New Mexico – the Guaje and Tsankawi tephras – are difficult to distinguish due to their similar glass-shard chemical composition. Differences in bulk chemical composition are small as well. Here we examine the feasibility to assign an age to a distal tephra layer in the La Sal Mountains, Utah, by U–Pb dating of zircons and to correlate it with one of the two Jemez eruptions. We also dated original Jemez tephras for comparison. Even though the tephras are very young, we obtained reasonable age determinations using the youngest cluster of zircon grains overlapping in age at 2σ. Thereafter, the Guaje tephra is 1.513 ± 0.021 Myr old. The La Sal Mountains tephra is correlated with the Tsankawi tephra. Three samples yielded a common age range of 1.31–1.40 Myr. All ages are in slight disagreement with published age determinations obtained by 40Ar ∕ 39Ar dating. These findings indicate that distal Jemez tephras can be distinguished by U–Pb dating. Furthermore, we encourage giving this method a try for age assignments even of Quaternary volcanic material.
Herman Melville and C. L. R. James: Oceanic Fears, Maritime Hopes
Authors: Uphaus Maxwell 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The events of the last few years have given the mid-twentieth century fresh salience as a mirror for and guide to our contemporary moment. This article explores an outstanding example of such salience: C. L. R. James's Mariners, Renegades and Castaways: The Story of Herman Melville and the World We Live In (1953). Written under detention by the McCarthy-era U.S. government, James's book reads Melville's Moby Dick as a prophecy of the rise of totalitarianism. In other words, it finds in Melville a mid-nineteenth-century anticipation of some of the twentieth century's quintessential fears. This article argues that both authors' fears are distinctively oceanic: fears aroused by the kind of experience the ocean exemplifies. However, James also finds grounds for hope in the skills and qualities of the maritime community Melville portrays. This article concludes by sketching the present-day resonance of the oceanic fears and maritime hopes James traces in Melville.
The Courage to Have Courage
Authors: Kim Min Seong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article presents two theories of social change, developed by Ernesto Laclau and Alain Badiou. Laclau offers a theory of how political movements come to acquire wide acceptance. Badiou, by drawing conceptual resources from his elaborate ontological system, theorizes politics as a process by which something genuinely new comes to be in social situations. Tracing the implications of their respective approaches, this article identifies shortcomings in each. It argues, however, that the difficulties that are encountered are not solely indications of theoretical shortcomings, but are indicative of the real difficulty of both conceiving and practicing a politics of radical social change today.
“The Festering Sores of Our Body Politic”: Federal Tobacco Taxation, Race, and the Politics of Fear in Postemancipation Virginia
Authors: O'Connor Patrick Mulford 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDuring the decades following the Civil War, taxation was a source of significant political agitation among much of Virginia's white community. Especially influential was federal tobacco taxation. A centerpiece of Republican fiscal policy, the tobacco tax seemed to many Virginians an affliction upon their once prosperous industry. Critics of both the Republicans and Virginia's Readjuster Party associated tobacco taxation with emancipation and black civil rights—policies popularly understood to have corroded Virginia's erstwhile cultural stability. By the 1880s, this association helped fuel a reactionary backlash and elevate the white supremacist Democrats into power.
Surgical approach to limiting skin contracture following protractor myectomy for essential blepharospasm
Authors: Clark Jeremy , Randolph John , Sokol Jason A. , Moore Nicholas A. , Lee Hui Bae H. , Nunery William R. 
Published: January 2018

PurposeTo report our experience with protractor myectomy in patients with benign essential blepharospasm who did not respond to serial botulinum toxin injection, and to describe intra- and postoperative techniques that limited skin contracture while also providing excellent functional and cosmetic results.
MethodsThe medical records of patients with isolated, benign, essential blepharospasm who underwent protractor myectomy from 2005 to 2008 by a single surgeon were reviewed retrospectively. The technique entailed operating on a single eyelid during each procedure, using a complete en bloc resection of all orbicularis tissue, leaving all eyelid skin intact at the time of surgery, and placing the lid under stretch with Frost suture and applying a pressure dressing for 5-7 days.
ResultsData from 28 eyelids in 7 patients were included. Average follow-up was 21.5 months (range, 4-76 months). Of the 28 eyelids, 20 (71.4%) showed postoperative resolution of spasm, with no further need for botulinum toxin injections. In the 8 eyelids requiring further injections, the average time to injection after surgery was 194 days (range, 78-323 days), and the average number of injections was 12 (range, 2-23 injections). All but one eyelid had excellent cosmetic results, without signs of contracture; one eyelid developed postoperative skin contracture following premature removal of the Frost suture and pressure dressing because of concerns over increased intraocular pressure.
ConclusionsIn our patient cohort, this modified technique resulted in excellent cosmetic and functional results and limited postoperative skin contracture.
Proyectar desde el factor humano: el diálogo con el hombre de Javier Carvajal
Authors: Espinosa García-Valdecasas Ana 
Published: January 2018

El artículo indaga sobre la figura de Javier Carvajal y su consideración de la voluntad activa del “otro” en los inicios del proceso creativo, ante su convicción de que la crisis de su tiempo es la crisis de un modelo abstracto de hombre que solicita del arquitecto un renacido humanismo. Las casas de Somosaguas se exponen como paradigma de su concepto antropológico. En ellas la respuesta requiere estructurar la pluralidad de dos formas de habitar en un conjunto con vocación de unidad. Sólo desde una actitud de diálogo es posible reconciliar soluciones opuestas. La casa es el espacio más próximo al hombre. El significado de una acción tan esencial como contener se impregna de dos polos constitutivos de la condición humana: la necesidad de introspección y en el extremo el existir en una época, con los otros, en el mundo. Para Carvajal la huella de la existencia deja su herida en el territorio configurando la historia, apoyo para la creación un futuro perpetuamente renovado.
This article explores the figure of Javier Carvajal and his consideration of the active willingness of “the other” at the beginning of the creative process, at his conviction that the crisis of his time is the crisis of a man’s abstract model who asks the architects for reborn humanism.
The houses of Somosaguas are exposed as a paradigm of his anthropological concept. In them, the answer requires to structure the plurality of two ways of living in a set with vocation of unity. It is only possible to reconcile opposite solutions through an attitude of dialogue.
The house is the closest space to the human being. The significance of such an essential action as to contain is impregnated by two constitutive poles of human nature: the need for insight, and on the other side the existence of an era, with the others, in the world.
For Carvajal, the footprint of the existence leaves its wound in the territory configuring history, support for creation of a perpetually renovated future.
Proyectar es investigar: mil razones para entender que proyectar en arquitectura es investigar
Authors: Campo Baeza Alberto 
Published: January 2018

La práctica arquitectónica, lo que los arquitectos llamamos proyectar, desde la idea primera, pasando por el proyecto básico, después el proyecto de ejecución y finalmente la dirección de obras, todo ello es, debe serlo, un verdadero trabajo de investigación. Y del mismo modo, su transmisión, la enseñanza de proyectos, también es, debe serlo, una verdadera labor de investigación. Con este texto se intenta demostrar que proyectar en arquitectura es investigar. Porque, aunque a los que no son arquitectos les cueste entenderlo, proyectar es investigar. Todo proyecto de arquitectura es un verdadero trabajo de investigación, o debería serlo.
There are countless reasons that demonstrate why an architectural project is a work of research. Architectural practice, which we architects call project design, from the initial idea to the basic project, followed by the construction or working project and from there to site management, is, or should be, a real work of research. And by the same token, its transmission, the teaching of project design, is also a real work of research. In this text it is my intention to show how design in architecture is research. Because, while this may be difficult for those who are not architects to understand, project design is research.
Utility of Alternate, Noncentromeric Chromosome 17 Reference Probe for Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization Testing in Breast Cancer Cases
Authors: Pai Trupti , Shet Tanuja , Patil Asawari , Shetty Omshree , Singh Angad , Desai Sangeeta B. 
Published: January 2018

Context
PathVysion—a US Food and Drug Administration–approved dual-probe human epidermal growth factor receptor (HER2) fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) assay—provides the HER2:CEP17 ratio, a centromeric enumeration probe ratio for determining HER2 status in breast cancers. However, pericentromeric amplifications might then skew the HER2:CEP17 ratio, underestimating the HER2 status, which calls into question the use of CEP17 as the reference probe.

Objective
To analyze the utility of a noncentromeric chromosome 17 reference locus (D17S122) to assess HER2 gene status in cases showing “nonclassical” FISH patterns with the CEP17 probe.

Design
The HER2 status of breast cancers accessioned in the years 2015–2017, displaying “nonclassical” or “equivocal” results by the PathVysion (Abbott Molecular Inc, Des Plaines, Illinois) HER2 DNA Probe Kit were reflex tested using an alternate FISH probe (ZytoLight SPEC/D17S122, ZytoVision, Bremerhaven, Germany) and interpreted with American Society of Clinical Oncology/College of American Pathologists 2013 guidelines.

Results
Of 37 cases, 17 were FISH equivocal. With the alternate D17S122 probe, 13 (76.4%) were reclassified as amplified, 3 (17.6%) as nonamplified, and a single case retained an equivocal result. Of the 17 cases with a chromosome 17 polysomy pattern, disomy, polysomy, and monosomy patterns were seen with 14 cases, 2 cases, and 1 case, respectively. Within the 17 cases with polysomy pattern, 3 (17.6%) demonstrated an unusual colocalization pattern of HER2 and CEP17, which was not observed with the alternate probe.

Conclusions
The denominator-stable alternate probe is a useful adjunct in the diagnostic armamentarium to analyze HER2 status in cases with FISH equivocal and complex patterns.
Respiratory Syncytial Virus and US Pediatric Intensive Care Utilization
Authors: Shanklin Alice , Olson Taylor , Patel Anita K. , Trujillo Rivera Eduardo A. , Pollack Murray M. 
Published: October 2024

ImportanceBronchiolitis is the most common diagnosis necessitating respiratory support and pediatric intensive care, and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is the most common cause of bronchiolitis. In 2023, the monoclonal antibody nirsevimab and the maternal RSVpreF vaccine were implemented to prevent RSV in infants.ObjectiveTo determine the potential association of novel RSV prevention strategies with pediatric intensive care unit (ICU) utilization.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective cross-sectional study examined US pediatric ICU encounters with and without RSV from January 1, 2017, to June 1, 2023. Data were from Oracle Cerner RealWorld Data, a national electronic health record database. All children (aged &amp;gt;1 day and &amp;lt;18 years) admitted to an ICU during the study period were included in the analysis. Statistical analysis was performed from February to May 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcomes were ICU encounters with RSV and ICU encounters with RSV eligible for RSV prevention.ResultsThere were 119 782 ICU encounters from 53 hospitals; 65 757 encounters (54.9%) were male; median (IQR) age was 4.5 (1.1-12.5) years, median (IQR) ICU length of stay was 1.8 (1.0-3.9) days; 13 702 ICU encounters (11.4%) had RSV, of which 38.6% (5217) were eligible for prevention (4.4% of total ICU encounters). Encounters with RSV accounted for 21.1% (109 334) of ICU days, of which 43.8% (47 888) were eligible for prevention (9.2% of total ICU days). Encounters with RSV were associated with a greater use of positive pressure ventilation (4074 [29.7%] vs 18 821 [17.7%]; P &amp;lt; .001) and vasoactive medications (3057 [22.3%] vs 18 570 [17.5%]; P &amp;lt; .001) compared with those without RSV.Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this retrospective cross-sectional study of RSV and US pediatric intensive care utilization suggest that if 65% to 85% of eligible children received RSV prevention, an estimated 2.1% to 2.8% reduction in pediatric ICU encounters and an estimated 4.5% to 5.9% reduction in pediatric ICU days could be achieved.
Pyrene‐Based Self‐Assembled Monolayer with Improved Surface Coverage and Energy Level Alignment for Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Lenaers Stijn , Lammar Stijn , Krishna Anurag , Stacchini Valerio , Cardeynaels Tom , Penxten Huguette , Weijtens Christ , Verhage Michael , Ruttens Bart , Maes Wouter , D'Haen Jan , Musiienko Artem , Aernouts Tom , Lutsen Laurence , Vanderzande Dirk , Poortmans Jef , Van Gompel Wouter 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRecently, the efficiency of p‐i‐n perovskite solar cells drastically increased, a pivotal factor being the incorporation of self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) as a hole‐transporting layer (HTL). SAMs offer many advantages over conventional HTLs, including minimal material requirements, low cost, and facile processing. Current research is mainly focused on the development of carbazole‐derived SAMs. However, the versatility of organic chemistry allows for the design of SAMs with alternative organic cores that may possess specific benefits. In this study, three novel SAMs are incorporated in p‐i‐n perovskite solar cells, each based on an aromatic core commonly used in organic semiconductors. The novel SAMs vary in their energy level alignment with the perovskite active layer. Optimal alignment is achieved with a pyrene‐based SAM (4PAPyr), resulting in solar cells that outperform the commercially available 2PACz. Moreover, due to improved surface coverage, the use of 4PAPyr leads to a significantly higher number of working solar cell devices when compared to 2PACz, which is of particular interest with regard to upscaling. After device optimization, a power conversion efficiency of 22.2% is achieved with 4PAPyr. This research underlines the importance of diversifying SAMs to unlock further advancements in perovskite solar cell efficiency and scalability.
Photothermally‐Induced Reversible Rigidity of Nacre‐Mimetic Composites Toward Semi‐Active Personal Safeguard
Authors: Li Zimu , Wang Sheng , Liu Shuai , Wang Wenhui , Wu Jianpeng , Xuan Tingting , Zhang Zhentao , Li Danyi , Ma Yuqian , Gong Xinglong 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe capacity to withstand challenges posed by complex environments is crucial for developing advanced high‐performance protective materials with mechanically adjustable nature. By constructing long‐range hierarchical network of shear‐stiffening gel‐carbon nanotube‐cellulose nanofiber (SCC) embedded within epoxy resin (ER), this work engineers a nacre‐inspired variable‐stiffness SCC‐ER composite (SCCE). Lightweight SCC scaffold attenuates falling impact force from 2.23 to 0.46 kN, and reaches 60 °C within 20 s under 1 sun exposure. Additionally, owing to the rigid ER matrix, SCCE exhibits 4.03 GPa elastic modulus, outperforming numerous conventional engineering materials in puncture resistance. Specific energy absorption of nacre‐mimetic SCCE presents 1.91 MJ m−3 while that of random structural SCCE is only 0.50 MJ m−3. More importantly, SCCE features representative photothermal‐induced reversible rigidity whose storage modulus varies from 9.85 MPa at 30 °C to 11.61 kPa at 116 °C under light stimulation. It also presents shape‐programmability, capable of adhering complex structural surfaces for protection. Eventually, SCCE‐based semi‐active adjustable protectors are constructed that leverage contactless photothermal effect to modulate rigidity. 5 mm‐thick smart SCCE‐protectors resist 163.93 m s−1 ballistic impact while 15‐mm commercial kneepads are penetrated at lower speed of 136.98 m s−1. This bio‐inspired semi‐active strategy proposes a promising avenue for enhancing personal protective equipment.
Multisite Crosslinked Poly(ether‐urethane)‐Based Polymer Electrolytes for High‐Voltage Solid‐State Lithium Metal Batteries
Authors: Pei Fei , Huang Yimeng , Wu Lin , Zhou Shiyuan , Kang Qi , Lin Wenjie , Liao Yaqi , Zhang Yi , Huang Kai , Shen Yue , Yuan Lixia , Sun Shi‐gang , Li Zhen , Huang Yunhui 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUtilizing solid‐state polymer electrolytes (SPEs) in high‐voltage Li‐metal batteries is a promising strategy for achieving high energy density and safety. However, the SPEs face the challenges such as undesirable mechanical strength, low ionic conductivity and incompatible high‐voltage interface. Here, a novel crosslinked poly(ether‐urethane)‐based SPE with a molecular cross‐linked structure is fabricated to create high‐throughput Li+ transport pathway. The amino‐modified Zr‐porphyrin‐based metal‐organic frameworks (ZrMOF) are introduced as multisite cross‐linking nodes and polymer chain extenders. The abundant ether/ketonic‐oxygen and Lewis acid sites in the SPE achieve high Li+ conductivity (5.7 × 10−4 S cm−1 at 30 °C) and Li+ transference number (0.84). The interpenetrating cross‐linked structure of SPE with robust mechanical strength results in a record cycle life of 8000 h in Li||Li symmetric cell. The high structural stability of ZrMOF and abundant electron‐withdrawing urethane/ureido groups in the SPE with high oxidation potential (5.1 V) enables a discharge capacity of 182 mAh g−1 at 0.3 C over 500 cycles in a LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2||Li cell. Remarkably, a high energy density of 446 Wh kg−1 in a 1.5‐Ah pouch cell is obtained with high loading cathode (≈4 mAh cm−2), demonstrating a great prospect of the current SPE for practical application in solid‐state, high‐voltage Li‐metal batteries.
Spin‐Lifetime Probe for Detecting Intramolecular Noncovalent Interaction in Organic Semiconductors
Authors: Yang Tingting , Qin Yang , Wu Meng , Gu Xianrong , Meng Ke , Hu Shunhua , Zhang Cheng , Guo Ankang , Zheng Ruiheng , Zhang Rui , Guo Lidan , Sun Xiangnan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIntramolecular noncovalent interaction (INCI), a crucial strategy for effectively enhancing molecular planarity and extending π‐electron delocalization in organic semiconductors (OSCs), has played an increasingly important role in optoelectronic applications. However, though the INCI formation is regularly considered to improve the device performance by literature, there is no feasible approach to directly and reliably characterizing its formation in practical‐OSC films thus far. Here in this study, by theoretical analysis and calculation, the generation of INCIs in OSCs is found, normally consisting of relatively heavy elements, such as O···Se, O···S, N···S interactions, etc., can induce enhanced strength of spin‐orbit coupling, the primary factor dominating spin lifetime in OSCs. Based on this newly discovered theory, spin lifetime is creatively employed as a probe for sensitively detecting INCIs in OSC films via spin valves or field‐induced electron paramagnetic resonance, respectively. This study will highly promote academic and applicable developments of the cross‐cutting frontier research field between organic spintronics and electronics.