bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PASCL: supervised contrastive learning with perturbative augmentation for particle decay reconstruction
Authors: Lu Junjian , Liu Siwei , Kobylianskii Dmitrii , Dreyer Etienne , Gross Eilam , Liang Shangsong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In high-energy physics, particles produced in collision events decay in a format of a hierarchical tree structure, where only the final decay products can be observed using detectors. However, the large combinatorial space of possible tree structures makes it challenging to recover the actual decay process given a set of final particles. To better analyse the hierarchical tree structure, we propose a graph-based deep learning model to infer the tree structure to reconstruct collision events. In particular, we use a compact matrix representation termed as lowest common ancestor generations matrix, to encode the particle decay tree structure. Then, we introduce a perturbative augmentation technique applied to node features, aiming to mimic experimental uncertainties and increase data diversity. We further propose a supervised graph contrastive learning algorithm to utilize the information of inter-particle relations from multiple decay processes. Extensive experiments show that our proposed supervised graph contrastive learning with perturbative augmentation method outperforms state-of-the-art baseline models on an existing physics-based dataset, significantly improving the reconstruction accuracy. This method provides a more effective training strategy for models with the same parameters and makes way for more accurate and efficient high-energy particle physics data analysis.
Local classification of crystalline structures in complex plasmas using a PointNet
Authors: Dormagen N , Klein M , Schmitz A S , Wimmer L , Thoma M H , Schwarz M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In complex plasmas, microparticles can form ordered crystalline structures under specific conditions. Accurately identifying these structures, such as face-centered cubic, hexagonal close-packed, and body-centered cubic, is a common task in physics. Previous methods rely on detecting symmetries in the spatial arrangement of particles, often requiring extensive calculations. This study presents a novel approach by utilizing a PointNet-based deep learning algorithm, called WignerNet, to classify these structures directly from three-dimensional reconstructions of their Voronoi cells. The model was trained exclusively on artificial and labeled data, incorporating various noise levels, and subsequently tested on real experimental data. The results demonstrate that our method effectively classifies structures, reducing computational complexity and improving accuracy compared to conventional techniques. This advancement opens up new possibilities for real-time analysis of complex plasma systems in various research.
Gendered impacts of climate change: evidence from weather shocks
Authors: Fruttero Anna , Halim Daniel , Broccolini Chiara , Coelho Bernardo , Gninafon Horace , Muller Noël 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Climate change is a critical challenge of our era, and its effects on human well-being are undeniable. It may not be immediately apparent that its impacts can vary by gender. Drawing from lessons learned during the COVID-19 pandemic, it is clear that a shock can affect men and women differently, due to social norms and pre-existing gender differences. This paper reviews economic studies on how weather shocks—such as floods, droughts, and extreme temperatures—affect a broad spectrum of outcomes, ranging from endowments to economic opportunities and agency. Although specific physiological vulnerabilities exist (e.g. boys are more vulnerable to prenatal shocks, while girls and women are more vulnerable to heat), the most significant gendered impacts stem from pre-existing inequalities and societal responses to these shocks. In regions with a strong preference for boys, families facing resource shortages from shocks might prioritize boys for food and other resources, pull girls from school, marry them off young, or withdraw women from agricultural work so they can focus on household chores. Conversely, boys and men might leave school or migrate to seek alternative income sources during or after such shocks. Without gender-responsive climate policies, climate change is likely to exacerbate existing gender inequalities.
Life and work
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the life and career of J. R. R. Tolkien. It explains how the major traumas of his life (especially the death of his parents and his service in the First World War) took place before the age of 25, and explores some of his main personality traits as an adult. It presents an account of his professional career as a scholar of medieval language and literature, and then outlines the chronology, publication history, and dominant patterns of Tolkien’s very unusual career as writer: even though he was the author of two of the most influential books of the twentieth century, his life and career scarcely conform to the dominant models of modern authorship.
Language
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the centrality of language in the works of J. R. R. Tolkien. A professional philologist, Tolkien was a passionate believer in linguistic aesthetics, and in his invented names and languages (especially Elvish) he endeavoured to create a linguistic medium that gave great pleasure. The chapter presents an overview of Tolkien’s two main Elvish languages, Quenya and Sindarin or Noldorin, and explores their relations with each other and also their real-world inspirations in Finnish and Welsh. The chapter then highlights the multilingualism of Middle-earth as it is depicted in The Lord of the Rings, and explores the rationale and tensions behind Tolkien’s decision to present his stories as if they are translations from other languages.
Middle-earth
Authors: Townend Matthew 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Middle-earth, the setting for most of J. R. R. Tolkien’s works, especially The Lord of the Rings. Tolkien’s stories are set on our Earth, not another planet, but in a mythical or legendary past. Middle-earth is the name Tolkien gave to the great landmass where most of his stories are set, and his stories focus in particular on the north-west of Middle-earth, broadly equivalent to the modern continent of Europe. The chapter provides an overview of some of the most important aspects of Middle-earth that emerged from Tolkien’s world-building activities: its landscape, environment, and flora; its peoples and their cultures and societies; and its politics and systems of government.
The rule of law’s green shoots
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The idea of the rule of law was first theorized in a relatively formal law by the English scholar A. V. Dicey. His Lectures Introductory to the Study of the Law of Constitution set forth a new account of the English constitution as law, rather than historical practice or theory. One of the two principles of this new “constitution” was the rule of law. The latter was defined as having three elements, all of which placed stress on the “ordinary” courts, applying “ordinary” law, as vessels by which the rule of law is realized. The chapter explores those principles, and concludes by evaluating the application of Dicey’s ideas to debates about imperialism contemporary to his later career.
Three branches of the modern rule of law
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter sets out three main lines or branches of twentieth-century thinking about the rule of law. The focus here is on Dicey’s Anglo-American heirs. Each of these three branches appeals to a different set of values. Each one corresponds to a different ambition for the law. Each distinct ambition can be aligned with a different academic discipline. These are law, political philosophy, and economics. Each of these disciplines has its own priorities when it comes to the law. The three branches are thus labeled after the three disciplines. They are the lawyer’s, the political philosopher’s, and the economist’s rule of law—labels that reflect their methodological choices and their normative orientation.
Cultivating the rule of law in new lands
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the postwar dispersion of the rule of law by focusing on how that phrase has been used by three influential actors: the World Bank, the Singaporean government led by Prime Minister Lee Kuan Yew, and successive generations of Chinese Communist Party leadership. These repay attention because they involve self-conscious efforts to articulate alternative versions of the rule of law. After World War II, there was a new diffusion of the rule of law internationally. One important vector was the Bretton Woods institutions established to promote a certain version of macroeconomic stability. Ultimately, the World Bank in particular came to understand the rule of law as central to this vision. In the cases of Singapore and China, a novel account of the rule of law has been tightly integrated into the dominant political party’s project of monopolizing political power. The result is a situation in which zones of legality and unbridled state power uneasily rub up alongside each other.
Epilogue
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Epilogue reflects on the future and asks: what then will become of the rule of law? The future currently might look bleak with the collapse of the middle class, continuing climate change, and the rise of populists and other autocracies. In addition to that, law is a technology. It allows the state to govern and control within certain boundaries. The rule of law as it stands now encompasses an ambition towards the acceptable use of the tools of technology. This book has examined the range of possible futures for the rule of law. Although it cannot predict an exact future, it can help equip readers with the intellectual tools to imagine whether that future might be something of despair or celebration.
Which law should govern the ‘arbitrability’ of a dispute in England?
Authors: Moollan Salim , Price Robert , Browne Oliver 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This article considers, from an English law perspective, the question of which law should govern the arbitrability of a dispute. The focus of the article is on the position preaward as opposed to postaward, which is expressly addressed by the New York Convention. The article analyses this question in light of the decision of the Singapore Court of Appeal in Anupam Mittal v Westbridge Ventures II Investment Holdings, the only authoritative treatment of the relevant issues by a common law jurisdiction. In Anupam, the court concluded that a composite approach to the law applicable to the arbitrability of a dispute should apply, requiring a dispute to be arbitrable under both the law of the seat of arbitration and the law applicable to the arbitration agreement.
The authors suggest that a composite approach to the issue of arbitrability should not be followed in England. Instead, English law should apply the more orthodox approach of looking to the law of the seat. An approach that looks to the law of the arbitration agreement would be particularly detrimental to English arbitration law given the decision of the UK Supreme Court in Enka v Chubb. It underlines the need for reform of the Arbitration Act 1996 to address some of the well-known problems caused by Enka and which could be expanded by the additional focus on the law applicable to the arbitration agreement provided by Anupam.
Giant Lipoma in the Trapezius Muscle: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Meza-Hernandez Javier , Gonzalez-Cantú Iván , Del Carmen-Ortega Ignacio , Vázquez-Sánchez Hernando Alberto , Apellaniz-Campo Armando Guillermo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Intramuscular lipomas, although rare, are benign growths within muscle tissue. Typically occurring between ages 40 and 70, they present as infiltrative masses, with the thigh being the most common location. Lipomas exceeding 5 cm are termed giant lipomas. Instances within the trapezius muscle are notably scarce, necessitating further research due to their relative rarity. A 40-year-old male presented with a 2-year history of a tumor on his right shoulder, causing mild limitation but no pain or tingling. Initial attempts at removal failed due to depth. Imaging revealed a well-defined, vascular mass, confirmed by MRI as a 1041 cm3 intramuscular lipoma in the right trapezius muscle. Surgical extraction was successful without complications. Few cases of intramuscular lipomas in the trapezius muscle have been reported. These slow-growing masses can cause discomfort and mimic other conditions. MRI is crucial for accurate diagnosis, distinguishing them from other soft tissue tumors. Surgical excision is preferred for symptomat cases, with low recurrence rates. This case highlights a rare giant intramuscular lipoma in the trapezius muscle, emphasizing the importance of precise imaging for diagnosis. Further epidemiological research on intramuscular lipomas is needed, particularly in the trapezius muscle.

Level of Evidence: 5 (Therapeutic)
VirTAXA: enhancing RNA virus taxonomic classification with remote homology search and tree-based validation
Authors: Zhu Yilin , Chen Guowei , Sun Yanni 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Summary
RNA viruses are ubiquitous across a broad spectrum of ecosystems. Therefore, beyond their significant implications for public health, RNA viruses are also key players in ecological processes. High-through sequencing has accelerated the discovery of RNA viruses. Nevertheless, many of these viruses lack taxonomic annotation, posing a challenge to functional inference and evolutionary study. In particular, virus classification at the genus level remains difficult due to the limited reference data and ambiguous boundaries between some closely related genera. We introduce VirTAXA, a robust classification tool that combines remote homology search and tree-based validation to enhance the genus-level taxonomic classification of RNA viruses. VirTAXA is able to predict the genus label of an assembled viral contig and provide evidence type for each prediction. It achieves comparable accuracy to state-of-the-art methods while assigning genus labels to a greater number of sequences. Specifically, on the Global Ocean RNA metatranscriptomic data, VirTAXA can assign genus labels for 18% more contigs than the second-best classification tool. Furthermore, we demonstrated that VirTAXA can be conveniently extended to other types of viruses.

Availability and implementation
The source code and data of VirTAXA are available via https://github.com/JudithEllyn/VirTAXA.
Impact of laparoscopic training course for surgical trainees based on an evidence-based pedagogical framework: randomized trial
Authors: Pan Ruijun , Zhou Xueliang , Wu Chao , Zhang Luyang , Wang Jiayu , Zheng Minhua , Shi Ting , Cai Wei , Sun Jing 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
The ‘Learn, See, Practice, Prove, Do, Maintain’ (LSPPDM) pedagogical framework is an evidence-based framework developed through a careful review and synthesis of the literature. The purpose of the study was to explore the effectiveness and applicability of the LSPPDM pedagogical framework in the laparoscopic training course for surgical residents.

Methods
Prospective study of surgical residents who underwent standardized surgical residency training in a single institution from December 2020 to December 2022. Trainees were randomized to either the pedagogical group (6-step LSPPDM pedagogical framework) or traditional group (2-step traditional approach with twice-weekly lectures and a weekly laparoscopic operating skills session). The Global Operative Assessment of Laparoscopic Skills scale was used for technical skills, and the Non-Technical Skills for Surgeons assessment form was used for non-technical skills.

Results
Sixty trainees were randomized. The pedagogical group scored higher on subjective perception (P &lt; 0.050) and the theoretical assessment (mean(s.d.) 41.83(6.66)) than those in the traditional group (37.83(5.77)) (P = 0.016). Trainees in the pedagogical group took less time to complete the assessment of models, had fewer failures and higher scores, took less time to complete laparoscopic sutures and knots, showed better proficiency with laparoscopic instruments, and completed at higher quality (P &lt; 0.050). Trainees performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in animal models demonstrated higher technical and non-technical skill scores in the pedagogical group (P &lt; 0.050). ‘Tissue handling’ and ‘Decision making’ were common areas for improvement for both groups of trainees.

Conclusions
The LSPPDM pedagogical framework is feasible and demonstrated improvements in technical and non-technical skills in surgical trainees compared to a traditional training programme.
Expression profile and function of secretogranin V, and its effects on the malignant behavior of esophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Hamrah Mohammad Hussain , Kanda Mitsuro , Sato Yusuke , Zhu Haote , Bayasgalan Tuvshin , Garza Flor , Shinozuka Takahiro , Ito Yuki , Sasahara Masahiro , Shimizu Dai , Umeda Shinichi , Takami Hideki , Hattori Norifumi , Hayashi Masamichi , Tanaka Chie , Kodera Yasuhiro 
Published: September 2024

Summary
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is recognized as one of the most aggressive cancers with a poor prognosis. Global expression profiling was conducted on primary ESCC tissues with distant metastases. We investigated the identification of secretogranin V (SCG5) as a promising biomarker for the detection and assessment of ESCC. SCG5 transcription levels were evaluated in 21 ESCC cell lines. Small interfering RNA–mediated knockdown experiments validated SCG5’s roles in cell invasion, proliferation, and migration. We utilized a mouse subcutaneous xenograft model to assess tumor growth. SCG5 expression was measured in 164 ESCC tissues by quantitative reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction, and its association with clinicopathological parameters was investigated. SCG5 protein levels were assessed in surgically resected tissues from 177 patients with ESCC using a tissue microarray. The mRNA expression levels of SCG5 varied widely in ESCC cell lines. The in vitro cell invasion, proliferation, and migration of ESCC cells were suppressed by the knockdown of SCG5. Mouse xenograft models revealed that tumor growth was reduced by small interfering RNA–mediated SCG5 knockdown. Analysis of clinical samples demonstrated that SCG5 mRNA was expressed in ESCC compared to adjacent normal esophageal tissues. High SCG5 mRNA expression was linked to significant decreases in overall and disease-specific survival. Furthermore, SCG5 protein expression was linked to a decrease in disease-specific survival and disease-free survival. The expression of the SCG5 was significantly associated with disease-specific survival, suggesting that SCG5 may play a significant role as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker for ESCC.
Validation of machine learning-based risk stratification scores for patients with acute coronary syndrome treated with percutaneous coronary intervention
Authors: Molenaar Mitchel A , Selder Jasper L , Schmidt Amand F , Asselbergs Folkert W , Nieuwendijk Jelle D , van Dalfsen Brigitte , Schuuring Mark J , Bouma Berto J , Chamuleau Steven A J , Verouden Niels J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Aims
This study aimed to validate the machine learning-based Global Registry of Acute Coronary Events (GRACE) 3.0 score and PRAISE (Prediction of Adverse Events following an Acute Coronary Syndrome) in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) treated with percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) for predicting mortality.

Methods and results
Data of consecutive patients with ACS treated with PCI in a tertiary centre in the Netherlands between 2014 and 2021 were used for external validation. The GRACE 3.0 score for predicting in-hospital mortality was evaluated in 2759 patients with non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTE-ACS) treated with PCI. The PRAISE score for predicting one-year mortality was evaluated in 4347 patients with ACS treated with PCI. Both risk scores were compared with the GRACE 2.0 score. The GRACE 3.0 score showed excellent discrimination [c-statistic 0.90 (95% CI 0.84, 0.94)] for predicting in-hospital mortality, with well-calibrated predictions (calibration-in-the large [CIL] −0.19 [95% CI −0.45, 0.07]). The PRAISE score demonstrated moderate discrimination [c-statistic 0.75 (95% CI 0.70, 0.80)] and overestimated the one-year risk of mortality [CIL −0.56 (95% CI −0.73, −0.39)]. Decision curve analysis demonstrated that the GRACE 3.0 score offered improved risk prediction compared with the GRACE 2.0 score, while the PRAISE score did not.

Conclusion
This study in ACS patients treated with PCI provides suggestive evidence that the GRACE 3.0 score effectively predicts in-hospital mortality beyond the GRACE 2.0 score. The PRAISE score demonstrated limited potential for predicting one-year mortality risk. Further external validation studies in larger cohorts including patients without PCI are warranted.
Optimal planning and management strategies for minimally invasive lung segmentectomies: an international Delphi consensus report
Authors: Bertolaccini Luca , Abu Akar Firas , Aigner Clemens , Brunelli Alessandro , Decker Georges , Fang Wentao , Furák József , Ismail Mahmoud , Jiménez Marcelo , Kirschbaum Andreas , Kostic Marko , Lucchi Marco , Mohamed Shehab , Murthy Sudish C , Ng Calvin S H , Ortlieb Heribert , Novoa Nuria , Prisciandaro Elena , Spaggiari Lorenzo , Figueroa Paula A Ugalde , Zaraca Francesco 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

OBJECTIVES
CALGB140503/JCOG0802 RCTs comparing lobectomy with sublobar resection in stage IA NSCLC have confirmed the non-inferiority of segmentectomy. Additional insight is needed to improve preoperative work-up and intraoperative strategies to increase safety and promote the dissemination of minimally invasive segmentectomy (MIS). A Delphi panel study assessed the level of consensus among surgeons for the planning and management of MIS.

METHODS
Twenty-one expert lung surgeons represented academic institutions, major teaching hospitals, and community hospitals from Europe, North America, and Asia. A 3-round Delphi methodology was used to analyse the answers of each panellist. Recognizing that questions with fewer response options have a higher consensus probability due to limited variability, weighted consensus thresholds were modified based on the number of response options.

RESULTS
The 21 panellists responded to all 3 rounds of questions. Based on the most robust consensus (94.4%), 3D chest CT reconstructions are recommended only when planning complex segmentectomies. Surgeons should perform 3D reconstructions chest CT scans (consensus = 83.3%). The most effective and safest technique is image-guided VATS in a hybrid operating room (consensus = 83.3%). Dyes with intravenous administration are the safest technique for identifying the intersegmental plane during MIS (consensus = 72.2%). Augmented/mixed reality will probably not immediately help reduce perioperative complications (consensus = 72.2%).

CONCLUSIONS
This Delphi consensus supports 3D reconstructions and preoperative pulmonary nodule localization before complex MIS. These recommendations should be considered when allocating resources to improve MIS’s safety and oncologic efficacy for patients with small, early-stage lung cancers.