bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Laryngopharyngeal Reflux in Patients Attending an Outpatient Otolaryngology Clinic: A Cross-sectional Study
Authors: Alotaibi Fahad Z. , Alanazi Maha Muteb , Alshaibani Sara Khalid , Alahmari Lama Ali , Muaibed Rewiada Rashed Bin , Alkholaiwi Feras , Al Hussain Omair 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) involves retrograde movement of gastric contents to the larynx and pharynx. It is well known among laryngologists to cause various upper aerodigestive tract symptoms; however, it is misdiagnosed in general clinical practice. With very limited studies conducted on LPR in Saudi Arabia, data related to its prevalence and risk factors in Saudi Arabia are lacking. Hence, in this study, we used the validated Arabic version of the reflux symptom index (RSI) as a tool to diagnose and estimate the prevalence of LPR.

Objective:
The current study aimed to identify the risk factors and the prevalence of LPR in patients attending otolaryngology clinics.

Materials and Methods:
This cross-sectional study was conducted among adult patients attending the otolaryngology outpatient clinic. Participants completed a two-part questionnaire before entering the clinic. The first part was designed to collect demographic data, whereas the second part consisted of the validated Arabic version of the RSI questionnaire. A score of 13 or above was considered diagnostic for LPR.

Results:
A total of 166 patients participated in the study. The prevalence of LPR among the study population was 51.2%. LPR was detected more frequently in patients between 21 and 35 years old, and individuals over 65 years were found to have a lower incidence. Smoking and gastroesophageal reflux disease were associated with an increased risk of LPR (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
LPR is prevalent among patients attending otolaryngology clinics. Physicians should try to identify patients with risk factors and counsel them about lifestyle modifications, with an emphasis on weight reduction strategies and smoking cessation.
Basic Ear, Nose, and Throat Knowledge among Medical Students: A Multi-institutional Study Reflecting the Current Stage of Ear, Nose, and Throat Curriculum in Undergraduate Medical Education
Authors: Alassaf HI , ALturki AY , Almansour NM , Albdulsalam AM , Altameem RM , Alqahtani ZA , Alfahhad Aseel Abdulkarim , Alsayahi Hessah Saad , Alotaibi Fahad Z. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Ear, nose, and throat (ENT) complaints are quite common, representing almost 25% of adults and 50% of pediatric patients visiting primary health-care clinic. However, the duration of undergraduate courses does not correlate with how frequent ENT complaints are, as it does not exceed three weeks in the majority of medical school curriculums. Moreover, this is detrimental as all graduating physicians, regardless of their specialties, will be dealing with ENT complaints in their future practice.

Objective:
To assess medical students’ basic ENT knowledge and to estimate their competency in approaching and managing common otolaryngology cases.

Methods:
This is a multi-institutional, cross-sectional study that included 1124 medical students from all public universities in Riyadh City, Saudi Arabia. Data were collected using an online survey with a validated questionnaire from a previous similar study.

Results:
The level of knowledge among the medical students correlates positively with their comfort level in performing head and neck examinations, as well as confronting and diagnosing ENT cases (P < 0.001). Medical interns displayed higher knowledge scores than medical students; females displayed higher average knowledge scores than their male counterparts (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). Participants who had 3–4 days per week in ENT services, and those with the intention of pursuing a career in ENT, demonstrated higher knowledge scores (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
This study demonstrates that participants who spend more time in an ENT service have better knowledge scores than those with less time in the field; this indicates the need for a more extended, focused, and better-structured ENT curriculum for medical graduates to become more efficient in handling ENT cases.
Development and Validation of a Framework for Type 2 Diabetes Patient Self-Management Education Program
Authors: AlAbdulkarim Lamya , AlHassan May , AlShammari Sulaiman Abdullah , Albarrak Ahmed 
Published: September 2024

Background and Objective:
Patient self-management education has been a major factor in the intervention and management of chronic diseases as it engages and empowers patients to control and/or prevent complications of chronic diseases. The objective of this study was to develop and validate a framework standard for diabetic patient's self-management education.

Methods:
A quantified qualitative research method was applied to design and validate a patient self-management framework. Previously published 26 international diabetes management standards and guidelines were reviewed, analyzed, tabulated, and coded into three categories; systems, constructs, and themes. The resulting matrix with coding criteria was validated by a 3-session focus group for consensus, verification, and re-verification of the model. Co-researchers reviewed and reclassified the focus group re-verification data with >90% reliability.

Results:
The framework consisted of main three domains: the health system with four constructs and 96 items; the delivery system with five constructs and 139 items; and the system of decision, support, supervision, monitoring, and evaluation with 6 constructs and 32 items. Results are reported for the 3 focus group sessions and the co-researchers' review. It resulted in a modification of <30% of the original framework (N of items = 277 − 203 = 74 [26.7%]).

Conclusion:
A focus group methodology was effectively used to design and validate an appropriate patient self-management education framework. A valid framework of standards and guidelines for type 2 diabetes mellitus self-management was developed and validated to reflect the diabetic patients' needs. An outcome measurement tool would be developed based on the framework to assess the effectiveness of patient self-management outcomes in Saudi Arabian society.
Central Nervous System Sequelae in Patients with Coronavirus Disease 19
Authors: Alhamad Mohamed O. , Alkhlofi Saud A. , AbuIdrees Taha S. , Ahmed Aysha M. , Taheri Salman K. , Alrowaiei Reem A. , Ali Mariam Lafi , Al-Kafaji Ghada , Jahrami Haitham A. , BaHammam Ahmed S. 
Published: September 2024

Study Objectives:
This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted to identify the neurological sequelae and consequences in patients infected with coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), as well as to explore the impact of COVID-19 infection on the central nervous system, and the contributing risk factors to the neurological sequelae associated with the disease.

Methodology:
The World Health Organization COVID-19 database, which included data from 31 multiple databases, was used in February 2021. Exclusion of noncohort studies was conducted as well as the exclusion of studies with pediatric age groups (<18 years of age). There was an English language restriction. The random-effect models meta-analysis model was used with the DerSimonian and Laird methodology.

Results:
Nineteen papers, involving a total of 45,181 participants, were judged relevant and contributed to the systematic review and meta-analysis of neurological sequelae in patients with COVID-19. The overall event rate of any given neurological sequelae among all studies was 7.6% (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.0%–17.6%). Meta-regression showed an increase of overall neurological sequelae in relation to age, as well as an increased occurrence in females. Stroke had an event rate of 1.8% (95% CI, 0.9%–3.3%). Headache had an event rate of 6.7% (95% CI, 1.9%–20.7%). Delirium had an event rate of 25.2% (95% CI, 13.9%–41.4%). Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) had an event rate of 1.0% (95% CI, 0.4%–2.8%).

Conclusions:
The prevalence of stroke and ICH was higher than that of the global prevalence. Delirium showed a similar prevalence to the global prevalence. Headache was found to have a lower prevalence compared to the global prevalence.
Body Image Concerns and Weight Control Behaviors among Medical Students in Oman
Authors: Divecha Chhaya Akshay , Simon Miriam Archana 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Body image perceptions and satisfaction are known to influence health behaviors; however, data on body image concerns in medical students, especially in the Middle East, are scarce, with no studies on the differences in body image perceptions and satisfaction across the years of medical training.

Objectives:
The objective was to study the body image concerns and weight control behaviors among medical students in a private medical college in Oman and analyze differences among various groups of medical students (premedical, preclinical, and clinical).

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional study was conducted among students of a private medical college in Oman. Information regarding their body image perceptions, image satisfaction, and attempts to control weight was obtained through a self-administered questionnaire. Students' responses on self-reported body mass index (BMI), perceived body image, body image satisfaction, and weight control measures were collected, tabulated, analyzed, and interpreted.

Results:
A total of 351 medical students participated in the study (mean age of 21.56 ± 2.2 years, mean BMI of 22.7 ± 4.3 kg/m2, 87.7% females), of these 129 (36.8%), 112 (31.9%), and 110 (31.3%) students belonged to the premedical, preclinical, and clinical years, respectively. There were 226 (64.4%) students with normal BMI, 43 (12.3%) were underweight, and 82 (23.3%) overweight/obese. Incorrect image perceptions were observed in 204 (58.1%). One hundred and nine students (31.1%) were dissatisfied with their body image and 245 (69.5%) attempted to lose weight (earlier/currently). Perceived body image and body image satisfaction were significantly associated (P < 0.001); however, there was no association of body image perceptions/image dissatisfaction with self-reported BMI. Weight control measures such as exercise, calorie restriction, fasting, crash diet, and liquid diet were noted. Attempts to change weight were significantly related to students' perceived image (P < 0.001) and body image satisfaction (P = 0.011) but not to their self-reported BMI. No differences were found between students belonging to premedical, preclinical, and clinical years with respect to their body image perceptions, image satisfaction, BMI, attempts to change weight, and weight control methods (except fasting).

Conclusions:
Results indicate that body image misperceptions (58.1%) and image dissatisfaction (31.1%) exist among our medical students from Oman. Exposure to the knowledge of body image issues and eating disorders during their medical training did not positively impact their image perceptions/image satisfaction and weight control attempts across the years of study. This underlines the need to revise the medical curriculum through the introduction of awareness modules and psychoeducation sessions focusing on body image issues and healthy weight control behaviors.
Experience of Delivering an Online Internal Medicine Course to Undergraduate Medical Students during the COVID 19 Pandemic in a Medical College in Saudi Arabia
Authors: Albulaihie Hana , Omair Mohammed A. , Ahmad Tauseef , Alrajhi Nuha , Mujammammi Mohammed , Bedaiwi Mohamed , Alfadda Assim A. , Soliman Mona M. 
Published: September 2024

Background:Medical education was significantly impacted by the COVID-19 pandemic and the abrupt shift to online education on lockdown. Online education challenged and negatively impacted medical colleges worldwide, especially for medical training and teaching clinical skills that require practice and clinical encounters. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the curriculum delivery and assessment of the internal medicine course during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown (2019–2020) and compare the assessment results to a control pre-COVID-19 year (2018–2019).Methods:The study design was a retrospective study. All 3rd-year medical students (a total of 882 students) enrolled in the internal medicine course were enrolled in the study: 303 students in 2018–2019, 299 students in 2019–2020, and 280 in 2020–2021. In March 2020, there was a sudden shift to online education due to the COVID-19 pandemic. All lectures were conducted online in the same number and with the same content. Clinical bedside teaching was replaced with selected videos that demonstrated the clinical examination skills planned in the learning objectives.Results:During COVID (62.4%), students performed better than pre-COVID (59.5%) on the medicine midterm multiple-choice questions (MCQs) examination. Similarly, students' marks in the long case during-COVID (84.6%) were improved compared to their marks pre-COVID (82.0%). A very strong correlation was found between midterm MCQs and final MCQs (r= 0.74;P= 0.000), followed by the objective structure clinical examination (OSCE) (r= 0.50;P= 0.000) and long-term MCQs (r= 0.29;P= 0.000). There was only a weak relation between midterm MCQs and DXR (r= 0.02;P= 0.67). Similarly, the final MCQs were strongly correlated with the midterm MCQs (P= 0.000), followed by the OSCE (P= 0.000).Conclusions:The present study demonstrated the success of the introduction of adaptive changes in the internal medicine course to cope with COVID-19 pandemic restrictions. It showed how medical education continued during the COVID-19 pandemic while ensuring student safety. While other medical education methods could be implemented and allow for similar results, innovation in medical education methods should continue to evolve even after the pandemic.
Comparison between Final-Year Medical Students' Career Choices before and after the Conduction of a Mentorship Activity
Authors: AlAteeq Deemah Ateeq , Alzahrani Nouf Abdullah , Alharbi Reem Awad , Hassounah Nada Nihad , Ibrahim Samah Fathy 
Published: September 2024

Background:
The elective specialty's selection significantly impacts the graduates' acceptance rate in a preferable postgraduate specialty training program. This selection has a multifactorial nature of the decision-making process that worries the undergraduate students and alters their academic lives.

Objective:
This study aimed to assess final-year undergraduate medical students' specialty choices before and after the conduction of a mentorship activity.

Methods:
The mentorship activity was organized in the academic year 2019–2020 to help the 71 final-year medical students choose their preferred future specialty. Two self-reported pre- and postactivity surveys, including demographics, the chosen specialty, location, factors that influenced their top-ranked choices, needs/feedback about the activity, were used.

Results:
Sixty-six female students, with a mean age of 23.5 ± 0.8 years, participated in mentoring activity, with a response rate of 92.95%. Most of the participants (73%) decided to be trained in one local residency training program. Surgery (31.8%) and family medicine (28.8%) were the most popular specialties. Personal interest (88%) was endorsed as the most influential factor influencing their choices. The internship mentoring activity significantly increased participants' ability to choose the elective training specialty (P < 0.012) but did not substantially affect the future training selected places (P < 0.6).

Conclusion:
Professional medical training has various challenges at serial phases, and university mentoring activities should be tailored to meet students' desires and the need of the professional society.
Prevalence and Treatment Preference of Burnout, Depression, and Anxiety among Mental Health Professionals in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlHadi Ahmad N. , Almutlaq Mohammad Ibrahim , Almohawes Mohammed K. , Shadid Abdulaziz M. , Alangari Abdulaziz A. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Mental health workers face a lot of stressors in their jobs. This issue has been addressed widely by researchers as a major factor predisposing these professionals to many mental health disorders. However, there is limited research addressing the prevalence of these disorders and their treatment preferences among mental health professionals (MHPs) in Saudi Arabia.

Aims:
This study aims to assess the prevalence and treatment preference of depression, anxiety, and burnout among MHPs in Saudi Arabia.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, MHPs in Saudi Arabia were approached to participate in the study. A self-administered online survey was administered with questions on basic demographics, treatment preference, and three scales that assessed burnout (the Maslach Burnout Inventory), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), and anxiety (Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7). SPSS version 22.0 was used to perform the analysis.

Results:
A total of 1,253 surveys were completed (59.8% by women); most respondents were psychologists (72.5%). Burnout was the most prevalent in our sample (42.7%), followed by depression (21%) and anxiety (19%). Psychiatrists were more likely to suffer from emotional exhaustion than other MHPs. Women were significantly more likely to develop anxiety and depression than men. For (37%) of the psychologists and similarly (36.65%) of the psychiatrists, making decisions about inpatient treatment was influenced by confidentiality or stigma.

Conclusion:
Burnout, depression, and anxiety are prevalent among MHPs. Implementing strategies to overcome these issues are vital to improve their well-being and maintain the provision of high-quality mental health care to their patients.
Revisiting Vickers and Gorlin criteria in histopathological subtypes of ameloblastoma
Authors: Adyanthaya Soniya , Begum Sameera , Devasia Jofy , Sasikumar Rekha , Smitha T , Abdulla Riaz 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Ameloblastoma is a benign tumour of odontogenic epithelial origin arising from enamel organ tissue that has not undergone differentiation to the point of hard tissue formation.

Aims:
This study was conducted with an aim to provide a baseline data to analyse whether various histopathological variants of ameloblastoma satisfies all the characteristic histopathological features of Vickers and Gorlin criteria.

Settings and Design:
A retrospective study of 25 cases of intraosseous ameloblastoma was carried out in the Department of Oral Pathology and Microbiology in accordance with the Institutional Ethics Committee.

Methods and Materials:
Histopathological slides of ameloblastoma subtypes were analysed microscopically to assess Vickers and Gorlin criteria.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Statistical analysis was done using the Chi-square test. A P- value of < 0.05 was set for statistical significance.

Results:
Presence of hyperchromatic nuclei was seen in all the variants (100%), except for the desmoplastic variant which showed only 60% positivity. Basal cell palisading, reverse polarity and subnuclear vacuolization were seen predominantly only in acanthomatous (100%), and follicular variants (83%).

Conclusions:
Vickers and Gorlin criteria have become an integral part of diagnosis of histopathological subtypes of ameloblastoma and should be applied vigilantly in the diagnosis as these may not always fulfill all the gold standard criteria when individual subtypes are assessed.
Evaluation of the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic and pro-apoptotic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata on oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma cell line (SCC-15): An in vitro study
Authors: Mary S. Jeslin , Veeravarmal Veeran , Thankappan Prasanth , Angelin D , Franklin R , Girish KL 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Oral cancer still represents the leading cause of mortality in India. Due to the drawbacks of current treatment options, a safe, low-cost therapy is the need of the hour. Recently, novel plant extracts with anti-cancer properties have gained greater attention. One among them is Annona muricata and its leaf extract, which has been studied for its anti-cancer effect against various cancers. However, studies on oral cancer cells are very much limited and hence the study.

Aims:
To evaluate the cytotoxic, anti-proliferative, anti-metastatic and pro-apoptotic effect of aqueous leaf extract of Annona muricata (ALEAM) against SCC-15 cell lines through in vitro assays.

Materials and Methods:

In vitro assays such as MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide], colony formation and wound healing assays were performed. Furthermore, to evaluate the underlying mechanism, gene and protein expression analysis of apoptotic/anti-apoptotic marker genes Bax, P53 and Bcl2, were done using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and Western blot analysis. Student’s t-test has been performed for analysis of experimental data.

Results:
The results showed that ALEAM exhibited significant cytotoxic activity in a dose-dependent manner as well as inhibited colony formation and cell migration. The pro-apoptotic properties were affirmed by a highly significant drop in Bcl-2 gene expression and a highly significant rise in P53 and Bax genes in the study group compared to the control (P < 0.05).

Conclusion:
The current study provides evidence that ALEAM has the potential to be developed as a novel anti-cancer drug for the treatment of SCC after further clinical studies.
To Analyze the Effect of Platelet Count of Platelet-rich Plasma on Clinical Outcomes in Patients of Osteoarthritis of Knee
Authors: Saraf Amit , Agarwal Prakhar , Kush Abhinav 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to find the association between the platelet (PLT) count in PLT-rich plasma (PRP) injection and clinical response in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) patients.

Materials and Methods:
Fifty patients of Kellgren–Lawrence Grade 2 and 3 KOA were given single intra-articular PRP injection. Baseline PLT count was documented and PLT concentration of each PRP was documented and was classified as P1, P2, and P3 (as per PAW classification). This was compared to clinical results using the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC) and Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score at baseline, followed by 3, 6, and 9 months of follow-up.

Results:
There was a significant decrease in VAS score between the P1 and P2 and P1 and P3 groups at 9-month follow-up, with P = 0.028 (<0.05) and P = 0.01 (<0.05), respectively. Moreover, the WOMAC score significantly dropped among the P1 and P2 and P1 and P3 groups at 9-month follow-up, with P = 0.016 (<0.05) and P = 0.036 (<0.05), respectively.

Conclusion:
Both the VAS score and the WOMAC score have significantly decreased at 9-month follow-up period when the P1 group is compared to both P2 and P3 but not between P2 and P3, so it is concluded that for proper efficacy of PRP injection in OA knee Grades 2 and 3, concentration of platelets in prepared PRP should be more than baseline PLT concentration.