bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A sporadic low‐velocity layer atop the 410 km discontinuity beneath the Pacific Ocean
Authors: Wei S. Shawn , Shearer Peter M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWaveforms of SS precursors recorded by global stations are analyzed to investigate lateral heterogeneities of upper mantle discontinuities on a global scale. A sporadic low‐velocity layer immediately above the 410 km discontinuity (LVL‐410) is observed worldwide, including East Asia, western North America, eastern South America, the Pacific Ocean, and possibly the Indian Ocean. Our best data coverage is for the Pacific Ocean, where the LVL‐410 covers 33–50% of the resolved region. Lateral variations of our LVL‐410 observations show no geographical correlation with 410 km discontinuity topography or tomographic models of seismic velocity, suggesting that the LVL‐410 is not caused by regional thermal anomalies. We interpret the LVL‐410 as partial melting due to dehydration of ascending mantle across the 410 km discontinuity, which is predicted by the transition zone water filter hypothesis. Given the low vertical resolution of SS precursors, it is possible that the regions without a clear LVL‐410 detection also have a thin layer. Therefore, the strong lateral heterogeneity of the LVL‐410 in our observations suggests partial melting with varying intensities across the Pacific and further provides indirect evidence of a hydrous mantle transition zone with laterally varying water content.
African American Literature, Criticism and Theory
Authors: Goyal Yogita 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
African American literature begins with a meditation on the meaning of slavery and freedom, as early writers create new narrative forms to seek agency, subjectivity, and community within the dehumanizing conditions of forced migration and enslavement. The Reconstruction era prompts the literature of racial uplift and the theorization of double consciousness. During the Harlem Renaissance and the black arts era, writers turn to realist protest fiction, lyrical poetry, and committed theater to develop a cultural nationalism that combats continuing segregation and Jim Crow disenfranchisement. Debates over black feminism and queer sexuality challenge black nationalist ideologies. Contemporary African American literature includes strains of black postmodernism, neo‐slavery, and Afrofuturism, as writers continue to develop innovative forms to complicate existing notions of race and representation through debates over politics and aesthetics, diaspora and transnationalism, and gender and sexuality.
Apartheid
Authors: Macaskill Brian 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Apartheid is the Afrikaans‐language term that designates the policy of racial segregation and associated social engineering overtly practiced by the National Party in South Africa between 1948 and the early 1990s. Apartheid consolidated and extended prior legislation discriminating against nonwhite South Africans and served as a means of preserving white minority rule over the black majority. Two foundational items of legislation passed in 1950, the Population Registration Act and the Group Areas Act, racially categorized the South African population and stipulated where people could live and work. Apartheid was from the beginning internally opposed by individuals, political organizations, and artists.
Australian Aboriginal Literature
Authors: Griffiths Michael R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Australian Aboriginals comprise a heterogeneous set of indigenous peoples, made up of more than 200 language groups, each characterized by regionally distinct cultural practices. Pan‐Aboriginal identification has mobilized a postcolonial politics of writing from an indigenous Australian perspective, one that has been both nationally and transnationally influential. Aboriginal people have been writing since as early as their first contact with the European phonographic alphabet. To date, the database
BlackWords: Aboriginal Writers and Storytellers
records more than 5000 published Aboriginal authors, who have produced work in forms as diverse as poetry, plays, and short and long prose fiction. Much of this work is imbued with both political charge and aesthetic depth. Nonfiction prose has also been a feature of Aboriginal writing since colonization, covering history, journalism, academic criticism, and, most significantly, life writing. In each genre, questions of politics and identity tend to be central themes, diversely addressed.
Australian Literature
Authors: Moody Alys 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of Australian literature and the debates it has generated, with an emphasis on Australian literature's relationship to the postcolonial. It provides a brief history of scholarly definitions of Australian literature, an overview of debates around whether Australian literature should be considered postcolonial, and fuller discussions of Australian literature according to commonly used periodizations: the colonial period (1788–1901), the establishment of Australian as a nation (1901–50), and the postwar and contemporary period (1950–present). It follows the development of poetry, fiction, drama, and nonfictional prose forms, describing the principal preoccupations of Australian writing in these periods, as well as the institutional structures and transnational contexts in which they evolved.
Baldwin, James
Authors: Coulardeau Jacques 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Born on August 2, 1924 in Harlem, New York, James Baldwin was an African American essayist, novelist, playwright, and social critic. In his work, he explored possible escape routes for black Americans, through music, literature, and his own gay sexuality. When he was only a child, his mother divorced his father and remarried the fundamentalist preacher David Baldwin, who was very strict with his stepson in a context of great poverty. His stepfather died of tuberculosis in July 1943 and was buried on James's nineteenth birthday just before the birth of his youngest sister. He had three brothers and five sisters, all named in the dedication of his book
Just Above My Head
(1979). Baldwin moved to France in 1948, and lived chiefly in Paris. He died on December 1, 1987 in Saint‐Paul de Vence, France.
Bhabha, Homi K.
Authors: Mukherjee Ankhi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Homi K. Bhabha's work has inaugural significance in the field of postcolonial theory and was especially influential in the formative stages of the discourse as it tried to recuperate signs of subjectivity and resistance in the gap between what Benita Parry calls the “monolithic, near deliberative colonial power” and “an undifferentiated oppressed mass.” Bhabha was born in Bombay, India, in 1949, educated at the University of Bombay and the University of Oxford, and is at present the Anne F. Rothenberg Professor in the Department of English and American Literature at Harvard University. He is also Director of the Humanities Center at Harvard. ’
Brink, André
Authors: Diala Isidore 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Andre P. Brink (1935–2015) was a South African novelist, playwright, essayist, and internationally renowned anti‐apartheid commentator. Brink's long career and his continuing responsiveness to the changing political and social landscape of South Africa have ensured dynamism in his novelistic discourse as well as in his critical sensibilities.
Bulosan, Carlos
Authors: Freeman Bradley M. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe work of Filipino American writer Carlos Bulosan remains pivotal to postcolonial studies, Asian American studies, and studies of the American left. Born shortly after the United States’ annexation of the Philippines, Bulosan grew up in the margins of American empire. After moving to the United States early on in the Depression, he became a leader in various labor movements on the west coast, and eventually a writer. His most famous novel,America Is in the Heart, launches a damning indictment of US empire and capitalism. Since his untimely death in 1956, critics have marshaled transnational and postcolonial methodologies in order to hail Bulosan as a pioneer in Asian American letters and a harbinger of postcolonial critique.
Bolivarianism
Authors: Rudan Paola 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Bolivarianism could be regarded as the ideological formation that emerged in Latin America during the twentieth century in order to define two different political and institutional experiences: anti‐imperialism and democracy. The political use of the term made by nationalist, socialist liberal Latin American political thinkers and by contemporary Chavism will be analyzed historically and compared with Simón Bolívar's international and constitutional thought. The objective of this historical approach is not to provide a presumed “original” Bolivarianism in contrast with contemporary interpretations, but to decipher the political use of the Bolivarian past and doctrine in present times by stressing the historical and material dimension which characterizes this same use. According to this reading, Bolivarianism is not a historical tradition or an accumulation of consistent experiences; rather, it is a polemical device based on the identification of an enemy, a contextualized choice of arguments.
Caribbean Anti‐Colonialism
Authors: Ledgister F. S. J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Anti‐colonialism in the Caribbean dates back to the earliest colonial presence at the end of the fifteenth century. It has involved slave resistance, revolution, and intellectual challenges to colonial rule articulated by journalists, scholars, activists, democratic politicians, and armed rebels. It has included different manifestations of nationalism, constitutionally based Creole nationalism and more radical black nationalism, as well as the decision to abolish colonial rule by incorporating the colony into the metropole. In the territories of the American, Dutch, and French Caribbean, there continue to be active anti‐colonial expressions into the twenty‐first century.
Demography
Authors: Krywult‐Albańska Małgorzata 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe entry discusses the demographic impact of colonialism, focusing on selected historical and contemporary population issues. A brief outline of the scope of demography as a science is followed by discussion of the consequences of contact between white Europeans and indigenous societies (including the slave trade). Demographic factors underlying the colonial expansion are highlighted. The final section points out some of the most important population issues in the postcolonial world.
Desai, Anita
Authors: De Aparajita 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry provides a brief biographical sketch of the author Anita Desai. It deals with the writer‘s current and past accomplishments and awards, synopses of her major work, her literary contribution, and sensibilities in the broader genre of postcolonial and Anglophone literatures. The entry categorizes Desai's work to particularly explore themes of identity with a focus on feminine characters in the context of globalization and postcoloniality.
Development
Authors: Murray Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry traces the intellectual history of development from its Enlightenment origins to today's neoliberal globalization. Concentrating on development as both theory and practice, it also considers the historical impact of colonialism, imperialism, and World Wars I and II in how we today understand the meaning of developed and undeveloped countries. More specifically, this entry highlights how progressive philosophies of history, economics, and culture have worked in tandem to support Western modernity's dominance, thus continually positioning the global South in a subordinate position. Finally, the entry attempts to illuminate intersections between postcolonial theory and postdevelopment theory as both schools tend to question the production of power‐knowledge in regard to inequality.
Devi, Mahasweta
Authors: Baer Ben Conisbee 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Mahasweta Devi (b. 1926) is an activist, a renowned author of literary fiction and radical journalism, and is one of the most important postcolonial public intellectuals of contemporary India. Her work is concerned with the aboriginal (
adivasi
or tribal) citizens of India, as well as other marginalized and disenfranchised groups that collectively make up the contemporary Indian poor.
Diop, Cheikh Anta
Authors: Babalola Abidemi Babatunde 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry discusses the life and works of Cheikh Anta Diop – an erudite Senegalese writer, researcher, and political activist of the twentieth century. As a young foreign student in Paris, Diop began his career by advocating for the abolition of the colonial presence in Africa and the institutionalization of African independence. Throughout his lifetime the crusade for African liberalization was at the forefront of Diop's scholarship. He pursued this idea and concretized it in many books, journal articles, and conference papers, through which he brought black Africa into the discourse of world civilization. The entry covers a wide range of Diop's scholarship, which extended across several disciplines.
Alexie, Sherman
Authors: Fleury Staci 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSherman Alexie is an American poet, novelist, short story writer, screenwriter, and filmmaker known for writing about the modern‐day American Indian on and off the reservation, often referencing his own life experiences and hybrid culture. Controversy concerning Alexie's work is rooted in his representation of the American Indian; he utilizes negative stereotypes and humor to communicate the colonial and postcolonial qualities of the American Indian identity, validating the hybridity of the modern Indian.
Farah, Nuruddin
Authors: Borman David 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This entry covers the life and career of Somali novelist Nuruddin Farah. It summarizes the major themes of his creative work – such as gender, politics, and national identity in Somalia – with particular attention to
From a Crooked Rib
(1970) and
Maps
(1986). It also covers Farah's cosmopolitan writing career in Africa, Europe, and the United States.
Federalism in Latin America
Authors: García Antonio Rivera 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Federalism is a polysemous concept like democracy. Despite its various types and meanings, it is possible to identify philosophical and political foundations that are common to all kinds of federalism. Once we understand these foundations, we can analyze the past, the present, and the future of federalism in Latin America. In principle, the concept is hard to reconcile with the modern political philosophy that began with Thomas Hobbes. Federal theory allows for a high degree of complexity, which enables it to regulate and explicate the diversity and multiplicity of the world. Modern political philosophy, by contrast, tends to simplify and construct a political order that relies on the homogenous concept of the “people,” whose components are equal individuals rather than a plurality of heterogeneous groups or associations.
French World Literature
Authors: Orlando Valérie K. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAuthors writing in French support the use of the termLa Littérature‐monde, or “French world literature,” as a way to encompass novels written by mainstream authors in France as well as from countries where French is one of the principal languages.Littérature‐mondeallows the French language to be freed of its national boundaries in order to become a transnational language for a literature that is globally defined and engages multiple socioethnic and national registers.
Empire, Philosophy of
Authors: Villacañas José Luis 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Four intellectual approaches are relevant to the concept of empire that I would like to propose here: the world system school, the British comparative school, the subaltern, and the decolonial. Although the contributions of all these approaches are important, none provides us with a satisfactory approximation to the morphology of the Spanish empire and its material practices of power. If we do not identify the morphological scheme proper to the Spanish empire, the material practices of power that underlie the Hispanic concept may well go unnoticed. Likewise, if these practices remain unconsidered, the forms of resistance struggles in general, and those that led to the wars of independence in particular, cannot be identified either. Lastly, without identifying the structure of these struggles, which were constitutive of the historical time of the first Spanish American emancipation, it is hard to understand Latin America's role in the long history of the formation of the nation‐states, in the national popular period, during the first period of neoliberalism, or in the time of global postcoloniality or of pan‐provincialism.
Gordimer, Nadine
Authors: Blair Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A prolific South African novelist, short‐story writer, and essayist, Nadine Gordimer (1923–2014) was known for her opposition to apartheid and censorship. Her many honors included the Booker Prize (1974) and the Nobel Prize for Literature (1991). This entry outlines Gordimer's writing career in relation to the form of “internal colonialism” known as apartheid, and to the postcolonial condition of South Africa after apartheid. It describes how Gordimer's fiction, which combines critical realism with late‐modernist experimentation, articulates three phases: “liberal,” “radical,” and “post‐apartheid.”
Imperialism
Authors: Chowdhury Kanishka 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Imperialism is characterized by an unequal economic, social, and political relationship marked by military superiority, by the exertion of force, and in many cases, by the imposition of cultural values. In its modern version, the term “imperialism” is most often associated with Lenin's analysis of global capitalism. In his
Imperialism: The Highest Stage of Capitalism
(1916), Lenin argued that Western capitalist economies, propelled by the inner contradictions of capital and the increasing role of finance capital, inevitably had to exploit overseas territories in a competitive struggle to aid capital accumulation. In recent years, imperialist practices have included direct warfare and occupation, as in Iraq and Afghanistan, but more commonly imperialism has been exercised through the continuing attempt by the United States and its allies to coerce countries to abide by the vastly unequal rules of the neoliberal global economy and to provide valuable resources and labor for Northern economies.
Indian Anti‐Colonialism
Authors: Singh Madhu 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Indian anti‐colonialism was inspired by diverse political, economic, religious, and ideological factors but mobilized toward the common goal of freedom from British domination through different methods and means. While many contributed to the end result, the Indian National Congress (INC), with leaders like Balgangadhar Tilak and others, brought together people of different ethnic, religious, and racial identities in the anti‐colonial struggle. Mahatma Gandhi played a phenomenal role in the struggle for self‐determination and freedom from foreign rule. However, the closing decade of the nineteenth century and early years of the twentieth witnessed the emergence of hardcore militant nationalists within the INC who were sharply critical of the ideology and methods of the older leadership. The revolutionary movement gradually took a socialist turn supported by leaders like Jayaprakash Narayan and Rammanohar Lohia. Eventually, with the strong non‐violent and violent outbursts of Indians from all walks of life, the British became certain that clearing out of India was only a matter of time. The anti‐colonial struggle finally led to independence in 1947 but at the tragic cost of the fragmentation of the nation into two entities, India and Pakistan, and the huge loss of lives and property.
Indianism in Brazilian Discourse
Authors: Marsal Meritxell Hernando 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIndianism is a literary current in Brazilian Romanticism that is defined by the adoption of the indigenous figure as an originating symbol and incorporated into the nascent nationality in the forms of (loving) submission and of sacrifice. After colonization, the Indian figure was stripped of his own characteristics and transformed into a trope of hegemonic discourse, which in the twentieth and twenty‐first centuries developed disruptive characteristics that question Indians’ subordination.
Irish Studies from Postcolonialism to Globalization
Authors: Bahri Deepika 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA history of contention with regard to the use of “postcolonial” to describe the politics and culture of the Irish recallsus to issues of methodology and commitments in the field of postcolonial studies while scholarship in Irish studies points to the need for continued and collective exertion in understanding the idea of empire over time in forms both traditional and emergent. Although once hotly debated, and now largely accepted, Irish postcolonialism remains a productive topic capable of yielding new insights as both Irish and Postcolonial Studies continue to evolve in response to historical and global developments.
James, C. L. R.
Authors: Meehan Kevin 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCyril Lionel Robert James is a pivotal figure in twentieth‐century intellectual history, with a body of writing that broadly addresses and integrates Marxist and pan‐Africanist approaches to social change. His voluminous bibliography ranges from Trotskyist political theory and global revolutionary history to literary production in multiple genres and brilliant cultural criticism of both high art and popular culture in the United States, Europe, Africa, and his native Caribbean.
Japanese Literature, Criticism and Theory
Authors: Kono Kimberly T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFrom the late nineteenth century to the present, Japan has challenged the assumptions underlying the dualism of a traditional East and a modern West. Japan's shifting position as both the subject and object of the colonial gaze is evident in modern Japanese literature; scholars have applied various postcolonial concepts to different moments throughout modern Japanese history: “self‐colonization” during the Meiji period, orientalizing of Asia throughout the colonial period, postwar colonial nostalgia, postcolonial writing by “minority” writers, and contemporary investigations of Japanese identity (ethnic, linguistic, national, and cultural).
Lamming, George
Authors: Dalleo Raphael 
Published: June 2017

AbstractGeorge Lamming is a Barbadian writer. Between 1953 and 1972, he published six novels and an influential book of essays. Lamming opened the way for the boom of Caribbean literature published in England during the 1950s, and his essays have become touchstones of postcolonial studies. Lamming is the novelist most closely associated with decolonization in the Anglophone Caribbean, with his work exploring the relationship of intellectuals to social movements, the ambiguities of independence, and literature's role in combating colonialism's psychological influence.
Latin American Literary Representational Regime
Authors: Shellhorse Adam Joseph 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This entry examines the relation between the consolidation of the Latin American literary regime and the emergence of a self‐reflexive, irreverent tradition. If we are witnessing the demise of literature as the privileged medium of cultural expression in Latin America, the aim here is to rechart the conceptual limits of the literary representational regime so as to begin to re‐imagine literature's critical force.
Mariátegui, José Carlos
Authors: Workman Amber 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Born in Moquegua, Peru, José Carlos Mariátegui (1894–1930) was a prominent socialist thinker, writer, activist, and literary critic. He was a steadfast and influential advocate of the rights of the indigenous and the working class. Mariátegui is widely accepted as a postcolonialist thinker for his promotion of
indigenismo
, or the valorization of Peru's indigenous roots and its contribution to a Peruvian national identity.