bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preparing for the Future Nankai Trough Tsunami: A Data Assimilation and Inversion Analysis From Various Observational Systems
Authors: Mulia Iyan E. , Inazu Daisuke , Waseda Takuji , Gusman Aditya Riadi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe future Nankai Trough tsunami is one of the imminent threats to the Japanese coastal communities that could potentially cause a catastrophic event. As a part of the countermeasure efforts for such an occurrence, this study analyzes the efficacy of combining tsunami data assimilation (DA) and waveform inversion (WI). The DA is used to continuously refine a wavefield model whereas the WI is used to estimate the tsunami source. We consider a future scenario of the Nankai Trough tsunami recorded at various observational systems, including ocean bottom pressure (OBP) gauges, global positioning system (GPS) buoys, and ship height positioning data. Since most of the OBP gauges are located inside the source region, the recorded tsunami signals exhibit significant offsets from surface measurements due to coseismic seafloor deformation effects. Such biased data are not applicable to the standard DA, but can be taken into account in the WI. On the other hand, the use of WI for the ship data may not be practical because a considerably large precomputed tsunami database is needed to cope with the spontaneous ship locations. The DA is more suitable for such an observational system as it can be executed sequentially in time and does not require precomputed scenarios. Therefore, the combined approach of DA and WI allows us to concurrently make use of all observational resources. Additionally, we introduce a bias correction scheme for the OBP data to improve the accuracy, and an adaptive thinning of observations to determine the efficient number of observations.
Unexpected Covariant Behavior of the Aegean and Ionian Seas in the Period 1987–2008 by Means of a Nondimensional Sea Surface Height Index
Authors: Reale M. , Salon S. , Crise A. , Farneti R. , Mosetti R. , Sannino G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this work, we use a set of recent multiyear simulations to develop a simplified sea surface height index (SSH). The index characterizes the dynamics of Ionian upper layer circulation and its links with sea surface height and salinity in the Southern Adriatic and Aegean Seas during the period 1987–2008. The analysis highlights a covariant behavior between Ionian Sea and Aegean Sea associated with a mutual zonal exchange of water masses with different salinity characteristics. Our analysis confirms that the variability observed in the period 1987–2008 in the upper layer circulation of the Ionian was driven by the salinity variability in the Southern Adriatic and Aegean Sea. This study supports and reinforces the hypothesis that two observed BiOS‐like reversals reflect the existence of multiple equilibrium states in the Mediterranean Thermohaline circulation in the Eastern Mediterranean and that a complete characterization of observed variability needs to take into account a fully coupled Adriatic‐Ionian‐Aegean System.
Refined Use of Satellite Aerosol Optical Depth Snapshots to Constrain Biomass Burning Emissions in the GOCART Model
Authors: Petrenko Mariya , Kahn Ralph , Chin Mian , Limbacher James 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSimulations of biomass burning (BB) emissions in global chemistry and aerosol transport models depend on external inventories, which provide location and strength for BB aerosol sources. Our previous work shows that to first order, satellite snapshots of aerosol optical depth (AOD) near the emitted smoke plume can be used to constrain model‐simulated AOD, and effectively, the smoke source strength. We now refine the satellite‐snapshot method and investigate where applying simple multiplicative emission adjustment factors alone to the widely used Global Fire Emission Database version 3 emission inventory can achieve regional‐scale consistency between Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) AOD snapshots and the Goddard Chemistry Aerosol Radiation and Transport model. The model and satellite AOD are compared globally, over a set of BB cases observed by the MODIS instrument during the 2004, and 2006–2008 biomass burning seasons. Regional discrepancies between the model and satellite are diverse around the globe yet quite consistent within most ecosystems. We refine our approach to address physically based limitations of our earlier work (1) by expanding the number of fire cases from 124 to almost 900, (2) by using scaled reanalysis‐model simulations to fill missing AOD retrievals in the MODIS observations, (3) by distinguishing the BB components of the total aerosol load from background aerosol in the near‐source regions, and (4) by including emissions from fires too small to be identified explicitly in the satellite observations. The small‐fire emission adjustment shows the complimentary nature of correcting for source strength and adding geographically distinct missing sources. Our analysis indicates that the method works best for fire cases where the BB fraction of total AOD is high, primarily evergreen or deciduous forests. In heavily polluted or agricultural burning regions, where smoke and background AOD values tend to be comparable, this approach encounters large uncertainties, and in some regions, other model‐ or measurement‐related factors might contribute significantly to model‐satellite discrepancies. This work sets the stage for a larger study within the Aerosol Comparison between Observations and Models (AeroCOM) multimodel biomass burning experiment. By comparing multiple model results using the refined technique presented here, we aim to separate BB inventory from model‐specific contributions to the remaining discrepancies.
Meteoric Smoke Deposition in the Polar Regions: A Comparison of Measurements With Global Atmospheric Models
Authors: Brooke James S. A. , Feng Wuhu , Carrillo‐Sánchez Juan Diego , Mann Graham W. , James Alexander D. , Bardeen Charles G. , Marshall Lauren , Dhomse Sandip S. , Plane John M. C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe accumulation rate of meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) in ice cores—determined from the trace elements Ir and Pt, and superparamagnetic Fe particles—is significantly higher than expected from the measured vertical fluxes of Na and Fe atoms in the upper mesosphere and the surface deposition of cosmic spherules. The Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model with the Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres has been used to simulate MSP production, transport, and deposition, using a global MSP input of 7.9 t d−1 based on these other measurements. The modeled MSP deposition rates are smaller than the measurements by factors of ~32 in Greenland and ~12 in Antarctica, even after reanalysis of the Ir/Pt ice core data with inclusion of a volcanic source. Variations of the model deposition scheme and use of the United Kingdom Chemistry and Aerosols model do not improve the agreement. Direct removal of MSP‐nucleated polar stratospheric cloud particles to the surface gives much better agreement, but would result in an unfeasibly high rate of nitrate deposition. The unablated fraction of cosmic dust (~35 t d−1) would provide sufficient Ir and Pt to account for the Antarctic measurements, but the relatively small flux of these large (>3 μm) particles would lead to greater variability in the ice core measurements than is observed, although this would be partly offset if significant fragmentation of cosmic dust particles occurred during atmospheric entry. Future directions to resolve these discrepancies between models and measurements are also discussed.
M
ormonism
Authors: Cragun Ryan T. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Mormonism, broadly understood, refers to the religions that trace their origins back to the religion founded in 1830 in upstate New York by Joseph Smith Jr. (1805–1844). A number of these religions are still in existence, but the most prominent and largest is The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter‐day Saints (LDS Church), headquartered in Salt Lake City, UT. Sociological research has largely focused on the LDS Church, its relevance to sociological theory, and the unique characteristics of its members. Members of the LDS Church tend to have larger families and tend to be socially conservative. Other areas of research include the growth of the religion and changes in the religion over time, such as the discontinuation of polygamy (1890) and allowing blacks to hold the priesthood (1978).
Idiographic/Nomothetic
Authors: Porpora Douglas 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe terms “idiographic” and “nomothetic” mark a distinction that continues to underlie the major explanatory divide that differentiates qualitative and quantitative methods in sociology. The distinction has to do with how human action is better explained: by reference to the sociohistorical particularities motivating actors in a specific situation (i.e., idiographically) or by general laws that hold for all actors similarly situated (i.e., nomothetically).
Anti‐Americanism
Authors: Beyer Heiko 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlthough anti‐Americanism has a long tradition, particularly in Europe, the topic has only recently become a major issue for the social sciences. “Anti‐Americanism” denotes essentialistic devaluations of entities perceived to be “typically American” and is made up of attitudinal, behavioral, and discursive dimensions. Despite the intuitive nature of the problem, anti‐Americanism cannot be fully explained as a rational reaction to America's hegemony but refers to systematic misconceptions which are constituted by specific social and psychological functions of the resentment.
Cool Capitalism
Authors: McGuigan Jim 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This entry summarizes the cool capitalism thesis. The historical passage of “cool,” the expression of dignified embattlement and symbolic resistance to oppression, can be traced from West Africa to the Americas through the slave trade. Disaffection was famously articulated in the post‐ World War II bebop jazz scene. There was also a white take‐up of “cool” argot, style, and demeanor from that period onward, initially associated with the original “hipster” mode and the “beatnik” subculture. Since then, “cool” and its sensibility have been neutralized by excessive use in the mainstream and its meaning turned around so that, in effect, it now signifies apolitical conformism with a superficially rebellious pose. This entry defines cool capitalism as the incorporation of signs and symbols of disaffection into capitalism itself, and suggests that this mass popular culture represents the front region of neoliberalism worldwide.
Conversation of Gestures
Authors: Hałas Elżbieta 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe conversation of gestures formed the basis of George Herbert Mead's social behaviorism, a variant of pragmatism. Mead distinguished between nonsignificant conversation of gestures, conversation of significant gestures, and conversation of significant symbols. They corresponded to the successive stages of the evolution of language and mind. A gesture gains significance when it elicits a response in an individual that resembles the response elicited by this individual's gesture in another individual. The mind emerges in language communication and is social in character, since thinking consists in the internalization of external conversations. The self forms through the internalization of interpersonal conversation. Like the conversation of significant gestures and symbols, the self is reflexive.
Leapfrogging
Authors: Schwinn Thomas 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Many theories assume more or less fixed sequences of development for organizations, companies, institutions, and societies. Such evolutionistic model assumptions have flowed into most sociological theories. However, the economic literature emphasized that a company or a country can leapfrog over certain economic stages of development. This basic idea can be developed into a general model of modernization and social development in the process of globalization. The process of modernization and globalization is seen not as taking place according to a systems construction plan, but as involving the role of actors. This point of view helps to explicate creative, unexpected processes and social innovations. Alternative forms of modernity are the result of the potentials of actors in the context of structural challenges. The process of leapfrogging is outlined using the example of economic, political, and legal processes
Dysfunctions
Authors: Agassi Joseph 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Functionalism is the methodological theory that the institutional structure of a society is explained by showing that its diverse institutions function well together: They avoid conflicts (such as civil wars). Greek tragedy describes conflicts as unavoidable (e.g.,
Antigone
). Functionalists deem all stable societies functional. An institution or a behavior pattern is dysfunctional if it undermines stability. The failure to import institutions comprises a significant paradigm case. Functionalists view social systems as all or nothing, denying that real dysfunctional institutions exist; against this, Merton claimed that racism is inherently dysfunctional. This leads to the expectation of dysfunctions everywhere. Functionalism as a method of explanation thus collapses. The alternative mode of explanation is older: It is that the dysfunctional is an unintended consequence of the functional. This renders social evils the outcome of ignorance rather than of ill will. Merton thus destroyed functionalism from within.
Sociology of Innovation
Authors: Hage Jerald 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn the last several decades the sociology of innovation has been a critical perspective for explaining social change, and it lies at the heart of a number of major theoretical problems. The most important of these are the character of postindustrial society and the “new economy”; the multiple impacts of technology on differentiation and dedifferentiation; and the social evolution of society. Two equations explain how innovation is produced and what its feedbacks are. The equivalency of innovation with new knowledge and adaptiveness connects important theoretical problems. The construct of knowledge involves four components: skills, hardware, software, and ideas. Over time the measurement of innovation has become more precise and has moved to new venues. The explanation of the determinants has moved from organizations to networks and now to institutional arrangements. All three levels are necessary in order to understand the feedback of innovation on society.
Entrepreneurial Familism
Authors: So Alvin Y. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Entrepreneurial familism is a concept formulated by Siu Lun Wong to challenge the modernization theorists' negative interpretation of the traditional Chinese family. Entrepreneurial familism has three components: paternalistic management (the use of the family metaphor to manage the company), nepotism (the hiring of the boss's relatives), and the family mode of ownership. Siu Lun Wong shows that these three components enable the family to act as the motor of economic development of Hong Kong in the post‐World War II era.
Ego
Authors: Heiskala Risto , Husso Marita 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

The origin of the word ego is the Latin first‐person pronoun
ego
, meaning “I.” In the current academic world, it is used mainly in psychology, social psychology, and microsociology. Its psychological use originates in Freud's structural model of superego, ego, and id. Several schools, of which ego psychology is the most influential, have developed it further. Microsociologists such as Goffman and social psychologists such as Mead have emphasized the social construction of ego identity in interaction. Although these lines of thought seldom meet, there are some synthetic attempts in the field of general social theory and feminist theory. The same sometimes occurs in studies of ego in relation to ethnicity and social class.
Organizational Sociology
Authors: Milian Roger Pizarro , Brown Nikki‐Marie 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This entry provides an overview of the subfield of organizational sociology. It covers the main theoretical traditions, namely new institutionalism, population ecology, and network theory. It also provides commentary on niche areas within organizational sociology. An effort is made to provide a balanced understanding of developments in the sub‐discipline since the 1960s.
Nonplace
Authors: Davis Teresa 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Nonplace is defined by Augé in relation to “place,” as a space that does not have any historical, affective, or identity‐creating potential. It displays characteristics of extreme mobility, of excessive images, and of solitary individuality where everyone is at once at home and alone in the crowd. It is created under conditions of supermodernity and is a space of flows and of transition.
Coding
Authors: Sanders Carrie B. , Howells Stephanie 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Coding is a process of categorizing, classifying, and sorting data and is the first step in making analytical interpretations of data. There are different approaches to coding that are dependent upon whether the researcher is using qualitative or quantitative data. Coding can occur deductively or inductively, and is dependent upon the researcher's methodological approach. There are various types of and stages to coding; some of the types are open coding, focused coding, axial coding, and theoretical coding.
Institutional Discrimination
Authors: Cunningham Jeanine , Light Ryan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInstitutional discrimination refers to prejudicial practices and policies within institutions that result in the systematic denial of resources and opportunities to members of subordinate groups. This form of discrimination is maintained by the laws, organizational guidelines, or traditions of an institution. Institutional discrimination occurs in both direct and indirect forms. Direct institutional discrimination refers to explicit institutional or state‐level policies, such as Jim Crow laws, which can facilitate long term multigenerational patterns of disparity between dominant and subordinate groups. Indirect institutional discrimination consists of policies and practices that differentially affect subordinate groupswithoutan explicit intent to harm: Indirect institutional discrimination may be reinforced through the equal application of a given policy that engenders differential treatment or through the differential enforcement of policies that are seemingly neutral. Even if a discriminatory law is overturned or a longstanding tradition is challenged, changes in discriminatory behavior may not follow suit, particularly when legislation only addresses the symptoms of discrimination while ignoring the cause.
Foreign Direct Investment
Authors: Nakamura Masao 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Foreign direct investment (FDI) refers to firms' investments in foreign countries where new production and other physical facilities are built in order to conduct new business operations, including selling and servicing the firms' products. Such foreign expansions are often demanded by the firms' growth‐seeking shareholders, as the firms' domestic markets saturate. The focus is on firms' FDI rather than on their overseas portfolio investments in financial assets (e.g., stocks, bonds). Discussed here are certain factors that characterize firms' FDI‐driven foreign operations vis‐à‐vis their domestic operations. These are political, economic, and other factors that affect the riskiness of foreign operations for those who own these operations (e.g., is the investing firm the sole owner of the operations?) and the implications of foreign operations for firms' home countries and for the countries that host their FDIs.
Food Justice
Authors: Alkon Alison Hope 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFood justice refers to efforts to understand and combat the intersections between inequalities such as those of race, class, gender, national status, and the production, distribution, and consumption of food. Essential to the food justice movement is an analysis that problematizes the influence of race and class on the production, distribution, and consumption of food. Through food justice activism, low‐income communities and communities of color seek to create local food systems that meet their own food needs, as well as to dismantle racism and create opportunities for sustainable economic development in low‐income communities and communities of color.
Mobility Systems
Authors: Kharlamov Nikita A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Mobility systems are systematic, organized patterns of movement in the social world. Classical sociological tradition associates these systems with vertical mobility across social statuses, such as established career tracks in corporations. The new mobilities paradigm proposed by Mimi Sheller and John Urry conceptualizes mobility systems as complex systems of movement of various material and virtual objects – such as humans, information, goods – that are rooted in technological infrastructures and are situated at various scales, from local to global. Seen in this light, traditional mobility systems also reveal their rootedness in complex sociomaterial constellations: for example, a promotion to upper‐level manager in a global corporation may come with significant demands on routine travel and mobile technology use as part of a person's work responsibilities.
Megacities
Authors: Fasenfest David 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The world's population is increasingly urban; more people now live in cities than in rural areas. The growth of traditional cities is being eclipsed in Asia, Africa, and Latin America by the rapid population growth, the increase in the number of second‐tier cities, and the appearance of megacities with populations over 10 million people. Megacities pose problems of overcrowding, relegate the poor to living in slums, experience health and ecological degradation, and foster social and political unrest.
F
als
B
orda,
O
rlando (1925–2008)
Authors: Jiménez Jaime Eduardo Jaramillo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Orlando Fals Borda was one of the first professional sociologists in Latin America. Founder of the Faculty of Sociology of the National University of Colombia, one of the first of its kind in the subcontinent, Fals contributed to enriching rural sociology with his recognized fieldwork on Andean peasant communities and violence. In the mid‐1970s, Fals Borda became involved in educational and organizational processes in the Colombian Caribbean region. He created the participatory action research (PAR) methodology for producing new “horizontal” and “dialogic” knowledge together with groups of scholars and social leaders within a community, ethnic or regional group, thus contributing to the improvement of living conditions and greater autonomy. PAR has achieved international recognition among research groups in countries of North and South America, Europe, Asia and Africa.
State Feminism inChina
Authors: To Clara Wai‐chun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWhile state feminism in capitalist democracies refers to feminists' engagement with the state, state feminism in postsocialist China often refers to a top‐down approach to women's liberation sanctioned by the state. Early works on Chinese state feminism examined the extent to which the state has lived up to its pro‐women propaganda, and the subordination of women's interests to a national cause. Studies in the 1990s on the state‐sponsored All‐China Women's Federation (ACWF) accorded state feminists more agency by examining their strategies and success in influencing policy‐making favorable to women. Recent studies in the late 1990s and 2000s have turned to investigating the transformation and challenges of the ACWF and the rise of a new women's movement.