bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Work-family balance and cultural dimensions: from a developing nation perspective
Authors: Farivar Farveh , Cameron Roslyn , Yaghoubi Mohsen 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between cultural dimensions and the roots of work-family balance issues in a developing non-Western cultural context. Drawing upon Hofstede’s cultural dimensions, the study suggests national cultural dimensions can shape the roots of work-family balance.

Design/methodology/approach
– A survey was distributed among employees of 12 companies operating in the health industry. The survey collected both quantitative and qualitative data through two separate approaches: seven-point Likert scales and open-ended questions. The data were analyzed via thematic exploratory analysis and fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis.

Findings
– The quantitative data confirms the extant literature in relation to the negative effects of moonlighting, economic hardship and the absence of a comprehensive work-family balance strategy on employee work-family balance. The qualitative data proposes a new variable, weak social interaction, which becomes the most important roots of work-family imbalance at both work and family domain.

Practical implications
– The present study suggests certain cultural dimensions such as high power distance hinders social interactions in the work and family domains, thereby increasing levels of work conflict, family conflict, and stress. Findings suggest organizations, especially multinationals, need to be cognizant of the role of cultural dimensions on human resource management practices related to work-family balance.

Originality/value
– Very little literature addresses the impact of Hofstede’s cultural dimensions on work-family balance issues. The present study has contributed to the existing body of literature by introducing a new variable (weak social interaction) as an antecedent of work-family imbalance. Further, the study is the first in Iran that has collected qualitative data to investigate work-family balance issues.
The effect of employer’s moral obligation violation on survivor’s commitment
Authors: Uen Jin Feng , Chen Shu-Yuan , Chen Hsien-Chun , Lin Chih-Tang 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the cross-level relationship between moral obligation violation, overall justice climate, and survivors’ commitment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Data were obtained from 25 companies with 261 individual employees’ cases from three main industries in Taiwan (n=25/261).

Findings
– Organizations which have moral obligation violation during layoff would directly influence survivors’ perceptions of justice and further affect survivors’ level of affective commitment.

Originality/value
– This is one of the first studies to provide evidence of the relationship between moral obligation violation, overall justice climate and survivors’ affective commitment. Additionally, most studies of survivors’ attitude and behavior are based on the third-party perspective; this study is the first to argue that survivors are also affected by employers’ layoff as well as victims. The influence of layoff will lead to survivors’ subsequent attitude and behavior.
The surprisingly exclusive nature of medium- and low-skilled jobs
Authors: Beblavý Miroslav , Mýtna Kureková Lucia , Haita Corina 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to learn more about demand for competences is crucial for revealing the complex relationship between employee selection, different strands of education and training and labor market regulation.Design/methodology/approach– Content analysis and statistics of job advertisements.Findings– Employer skills requirements even for low- and medium-skilled jobs are highly specific. Formal education requirements are higher than they “should” be. No detectable “basic package” of general cognitive skills for low- and medium-skilled jobs was found. Employer demand focusses on non-cognitive skills and specific cognitive skills. Specificity of skill requirement across different sectors or occupation groups differs vastly between different types of low- and medium-skilled jobs and is linked to the interactive nature of the job, not to the qualifications or the experience required.Research limitations/implications– The analysis can be considered an initial feasibility test for a larger comparative cross-country project that would aim to understand labor demand in different EU countries.Practical implications– The analysis could be used as input in designing labor market policy and life-long learning programs to integrate low-skilled and unemployed.Social implications– The research provides a tool to match disadvantaged workers to jobs for which they possess greater capabilities or to help them develop crucial skills for a given occupation.Originality/value– This paper contributes to the HRM literature with a more demand-led approach to labor market policy. The authors reveal what role skills and upskilling can play in alleviating the problem of unemployment. The results can be useful for HR specialists and policy makers.
A Fourier approach to pulse pile‐up in photon‐counting x‐ray detectors
Authors: Roessl Ewald , Daerr Heiner , Proksa Roland 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:An analytic Fourier approach to predict the expected number of counts registered in a photon‐counting detector subject to pulse pile‐up for arbitrary photon flux, detector response function, and pulse‐shape is presented. The analysis provides a complete forward model for energy‐sensitive, photon‐counting x‐ray detectors for spectral computed tomography.Methods:The formalism of the stochastic theory of the expected frequency of level crossings of shot noise processes is applied to the pulse pile‐up effect and build on a recently published analytic Fourier representation of the level crossing frequency of shot noise processes with piece‐wise continuous kernels with jumps.Results:The general analytic result is validated by a Monte Carlo simulation for pulses of the form g(t) = e−t/τ (t > 0) and a Gaussian detector response function. The Monte Carlo simulations are in excellent agreement with the analytic predictions of photon counts within the numerical accuracy of the calculations.Conclusions:The phenomenon of pulse pile‐up is identified with the level‐crossing problem of shot noise processes and an exact, analytic formula for the expected number of counts in energy‐sensitive, photon‐counting x‐ray detectors for arbitrary photon flux, response function, and pulse‐shapes is derived. The framework serves as a theoretical foundation for future works on pulse pile‐up.
Child Physical Activity Associations With Cardiovascular Risk Factors Differ by Race
Authors: Edwards Nicholas M. , Kalkwarf Heidi J. , Woo Jessica G. , Khoury Philip R. , Daniels Stephen R. , Urbina Elaine M. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:The objective of this study was to characterize the relationship between objectively-measured physical activity (PA) and cardiovascular risk factors in 7-year-old children and test the hypothesis that it differs by race.Methods:Cross-sectional study of 308 7-year-old children drawn from a major US metropolitan community. PA (moderate-to-vigorous, MVPA; light, LPA; and inactivity, IA) was measured by accelerometry (RT3). Cardiovascular risk factors included BMI, blood pressure, and serum lipids, glucose and insulin concentrations. General linear modeling was used to evaluate the independent associations between PA measures and cardiovascular risk factors and interactions by race.Results:In black children, greater time spent in PA was independently associated with lower levels of triglycerides (MVPA and LPA, both p < .01), glucose (MVPA, p < .05), and insulin (MVPA, p < .01); these associations were not evident in white children. Across races, greater inactivity was independently associated with greater low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in overweight participants (p < .01) but not in normal weight participants. No PA measure was associated with BMI, systolic blood pressure, or high-density lipoprotein cholesterol.Conclusions:In this cohort of 7-year-old children, the relationship between PA and some cardiovascular risk factors differed by race. These findings may have implications for targeting of PA promotion efforts in children.
Successful Therapy of Murine Visceral Leishmaniasis with Astrakurkurone, a Triterpene Isolated from the Mushroom Astraeus hygrometricus, Involves the Induction of Protective Cell-Mediated Immunity and TLR9
Authors: Mallick Suvadip , Dutta Aritri , Chaudhuri Ankur , Mukherjee Debasri , Dey Somaditya , Halder Subhadra , Ghosh Joydip , Mukherjee Debarati , Sultana Sirin Salma , Biswas Gunjan , Lai Tapan Kumar , Patra Pradyumna , Sarkar Indranil , Chakraborty Sibani , Saha Bhaskar , Acharya Krishnendu , Pal Chiranjib 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTIn our previous report, we showed that astrakurkurone, a triterpene isolated from the Indian mushroomAstraeus hygrometricus(Pers.) Morgan, induced reactive oxygen species, leading to apoptosis inLeishmania donovanipromastigotes, and also was effective in inhibiting intracellular amastigotes at the 50% inhibitory concentration of 2.5 μg/ml. The aim of the present study is to characterize the associated immunomodulatory potentials and cellular activation provided by astrakurkurone, leading to effective antileishmanial activityin vitroandin vivo. Astrakurkurone-mediated antileishmanial activity was evaluated by real-time PCR and flow cytometry. The involvement of Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) was studied byin vitroassay in the presence of a TLR9 agonist and antagonist and byin silicomodeling of a three-dimensional structure of the ectodomain of TLR9 and its interaction with astrakurkurone. Astrakurkurone caused a significant increase in TLR9 expression ofL. donovani-infected macrophages along with the activation of proinflammatory responses. The involvement of TLR9 in astrakurkurone-mediated amastigote killing has been evidenced from the fact that a TLR9 agonist (CpG, ODN 1826) in combination with astrakurkurone enhanced the amastigote killing, while a TLR9 antagonist (bafilomycin A1) alone or in combination with astrakurkurone curbed the amastigote killing, which could be further justified byin silicoevidence of docking between mouse TLR9 and astrakurkurone. Astrakurkurone was found to reduce the parasite burdenin vivoby inducing protective cytokines, gamma interferon and interleukin 17. Moreover, astrakurkurone was nontoxic toward peripheral blood mononuclear cells of immunocompromised patients with visceral leishmaniasis. Astrakurkurone, a nontoxic antileishmanial, enhances the immune efficiency of host cells, leading to parasite clearancein vitroandin vivo.
Effects of B Cell Depletion on Early Mycobacterium tuberculosis Infection in Cynomolgus Macaques
Authors: Phuah Jiayao , Wong Eileen A. , Gideon Hannah P. , Maiello Pauline , Coleman M. Teresa , Hendricks Matthew R. , Ruden Rachel , Cirrincione Lauren R. , Chan John , Lin Philana Ling , Flynn JoAnne L. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough recent studies in mice have shown that components of B cell and humoral immunity can modulate the immune responses againstMycobacterium tuberculosis, the roles of these components in human and nonhuman primate infections are unknown. The cynomolgus macaque (Macaca fascicularis) model ofM. tuberculosisinfection closely mirrors the infection outcomes and pathology in human tuberculosis (TB). The present study used rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody, to deplete B cells inM. tuberculosis-infected macaques to examine the contribution of B cells and humoral immunity to the control of TB in nonhuman primates during the acute phase of infection. While there was no difference in the overall pathology, disease profession, and clinical outcome between the rituximab-treated and untreated macaques in acute infection, analyzing individual granulomas revealed that B cell depletion resulted in altered local T cell and cytokine responses, increased bacterial burden, and lower levels of inflammation. There were elevated frequencies of T cells producing interleukin-2 (IL-2), IL-10, and IL-17 and decreased IL-6 and IL-10 levels within granulomas from B cell-depleted animals. The effects of B cell depletion varied among granulomas in an individual animal, as well as among animals, underscoring the previously reported heterogeneity of local immunologic characteristics of tuberculous granulomas in nonhuman primates. Taken together, our data clearly showed that B cells can modulate the local granulomatous response inM. tuberculosis-infected macaques during acute infection. The impact of these alterations on disease progression and outcome in the chronic phase remains to be determined.
Identification of Antigenic Glycans from Schistosoma mansoni by Using a Shotgun Egg Glycan Microarray
Authors: Mickum Megan L. , Prasanphanich Nina Salinger , Song Xuezheng , Dorabawila Nelum , Mandalasi Msano , Lasanajak Yi , Luyai Anthony , Secor W. Evan , Wilkins Patricia P. , Van Die Irma , Smith David F. , Nyame A. Kwame , Cummings Richard D. , Rivera-Marrero Carlos A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Infection of mammals by the parasitic helminth
Schistosoma mansoni
induces antibodies to glycan antigens in worms and eggs, but the differential nature of the immune response among infected mammals is poorly understood. To better define these responses, we used a shotgun glycomics approach in which N-glycans from schistosome egg glycoproteins were prepared, derivatized, separated, and used to generate an egg shotgun glycan microarray. This array was interrogated with sera from infected mice, rhesus monkeys, and humans and with glycan-binding proteins and antibodies to gather information about the structures of antigenic glycans, which also were analyzed by mass spectrometry. A major glycan antigen targeted by IgG from different infected species is the FLDNF epitope [Fucα3GalNAcβ4(Fucα3)GlcNAc-R], which is also recognized by the IgG monoclonal antibody F2D2. The FLDNF antigen is expressed by all life stages of the parasite in mammalian hosts, and F2D2 can kill schistosomula
in vitro
in a complement-dependent manner. Different antisera also recognized other glycan determinants, including core β-xylose and highly fucosylated glycans. Thus, the natural shotgun glycan microarray of schistosome eggs is useful in identifying antigenic glycans and in developing new anti-glycan reagents that may have diagnostic applications and contribute to developing new vaccines against schistosomiasis.
Reinterpreting Long-Term Evolution Experiments: Is Delayed Adaptation an Example of Historical Contingency or a Consequence of Intermittent Selection?
Authors: Roth John R. , Maisnier-Patin Sophie 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Van Hofwegen et al. demonstrated that
Escherichia coli
rapidly evolves the ability to use citrate when long selective periods are provided (D. J. Van Hofwegen, C. J. Hovde, and S. A. Minnich, J Bacteriol 198:1022–1034, 2016,
http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/JB.00831-15
). This contrasts with the extreme delay (15 years of daily transfers) seen in the long-term evolution experiments of Lenski and coworkers. Their idea of “historical contingency” may require reinterpretation. Rapid evolution seems to involve selection for duplications of the whole
cit
locus that are too unstable to contribute when selection is provided in short pulses.
Dynamic Remodeling of the Magnetosome Membrane Is Triggered by the Initiation of Biomineralization
Authors: Cornejo Elias , Subramanian Poorna , Li Zhuo , Jensen Grant J. , Komeili Arash 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Magnetotactic bacteria produce chains of membrane-bound organelles that direct the biomineralization of magnetic nanoparticles. These magnetosome compartments are a model for studying the biogenesis and subcellular organization of bacterial organelles. Previous studies have suggested that discrete gene products build and assemble magnetosomes in a stepwise fashion. Here, using an inducible system, we show that the stages of magnetosome formation are highly dynamic and interconnected. During
de novo
formation, magnetosomes first organize into discontinuous chain fragments that are subsequently connected by the bacterial actin-like protein MamK. We also find that magnetosome membranes are not uniform in size and can grow in a biomineralization-dependent manner. In the absence of biomineralization, magnetosome membranes stall at a diameter of ~50 nm. Those that have initiated biomineralization then expand to significantly larger sizes and accommodate mature magnetic particles. We speculate that such a biomineralization-dependent checkpoint for membrane growth establishes the appropriate conditions within the magnetosome to ensure successful nucleation and growth of magnetic particles.

IMPORTANCE
Magnetotactic bacteria make magnetic nanoparticles inside membrane-bound organelles called magnetosomes; however, it is unclear how the magnetosome membrane controls the biomineralization that occurs within this bacterial organelle. We placed magnetosome formation under inducible control in
Magnetospirillum magneticum
AMB-1 and used electron cryo-tomography to capture magnetosomes in their near-native state as they form
de novo
. An inducible system provided the key evidence that magnetosome membranes grow continuously unless they have not properly initiated biomineralization. Our finding that the size of a bacterial organelle impacts its biochemical function is a fundamental advance that impacts our perception of organelle formation and can inform future attempts aimed at creating designer magnetic particles.
Prevalence of undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy among inpatients with diabetes: the diabetic retinopathy inpatient study (DRIPS)
Authors: Kovarik Jessica J , Eller Andrew W , Willard Lauren A , Ding Jiaxi , Johnston Jann M , Waxman Evan L 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and risk factors of diabetic retinopathy in the inpatient diabetic population in the USA and to determine the barriers to ophthalmic examinations and treatment among this population.Research design and methodsA cross-sectional analysis of 113 inpatients with diabetes mellitus admitted to an inner city community teaching hospital in Pittsburgh. Digital fundus photographs of the posterior pole were taken of each eye after pharmacological dilation. Presence, absence and severity of diabetic retinopathy and macular edema were graded on the basis of internationally accepted criteria. An investigator-administered questionnaire and review of the medical record were used to obtain data about patient demographics, clinical characteristics and barriers to ophthalmic care. The association between these data and the presence of diabetic retinopathy was tested.ResultsThe estimated prevalence of diabetic retinopathy in the inpatient population was 44% (95% CI 34% to 53%). The prevalence of previously undiagnosed diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening retinopathy was 25% (95% CI 17% to 33%) and 19% (95% CI 11% to 26%), respectively. Renal disease was independently associated with the presence of diabetic retinopathy (OR, 3.86; 95% CI 1.22 to 12.27), as well as a longer duration of diabetes (OR, 1.08 per year; 95% CI 1.014 to 1.147). Diabetic retinopathy was seen in 15 of 17 patients admitted with diabetic foot ulcers or osteomyelitis. Frequently reported barriers to ophthalmic examinations included lack of transportation and physical disability.ConclusionsThe prevalence of diabetic retinopathy and sight-threatening diabetic retinopathy in the inpatient population is likely significantly higher than in the general diabetic population in the USA. These patients have barriers to care that need to be addressed to make standard of care ophthalmic examinations and treatment possible in this population.
Population-level trends in the distribution of body mass index in England, 1992–2013
Authors: Green M A , Subramanian S V , Razak F 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundChanges over time of mean body weight or prevalence of overweight and obesity have been well documented. Less consideration has been given to describing the distribution to these changes particularly by socioeconomic status and sex.MethodsWe use data from the Health Survey for England for the years 1992–2013 to calculate the median, 5th and 95th centiles, and SD of body mass index (BMI). We tested differences using analysis of variance and quantile regression. Analyses were stratified by sex and level of education.ResultsThere have been increases in the SD of BMI values over the period. While median BMI has increased, there has been a larger increase of the 95th centile. These trends were consistent by sex and level of education, although significant differences were observed in values.ConclusionsOur results demonstrate that changes in median BMI over time do not reflect changes in the distribution of BMI. Failing to understand the distribution of body weight in the population will hamper our projections of future patterns, as well as our ability to design effective public health strategies.
Effects of a worksite tobacco control intervention in India: the Mumbai worksite tobacco control study, a cluster-randomised trial
Authors: Sorensen Glorian , Pednekar Mangesh , Cordeira Laura Shulman , Pawar Pratibha , Nagler Eve M , Stoddard Anne M , Kim Hae-Young , Gupta Prakash C 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesWe assessed a worksite intervention designed to promote tobacco control among workers in the manufacturing sector in Greater Mumbai, India.MethodsWe used a cluster-randomised design to test an integrated health promotion/health protection intervention, the Healthy, Safe, and Tobacco-free Worksites programme. Between July 2012 and July 2013, we recruited 20 worksites on a rolling basis and randomly assigned them to intervention or delayed-intervention control conditions. The follow-up survey was conducted between December 2013 and November 2014.ResultsThe difference in 30-day quit rates between intervention and control conditions was statistically significant for production workers (OR=2.25, p=0.03), although not for the overall sample (OR=1.70; p=0.12). The intervention resulted in a doubling of the 6-month cessation rates among workers in the intervention worksites compared to those in the control, for production workers (OR=2.29; p=0.07) and for the overall sample (OR=1.81; p=0.13), but the difference did not reach statistical significance.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the potential impact of a tobacco control intervention that combined tobacco control and health protection programming within Indian manufacturing worksites.Trial registration numberNCT01841879.