bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Case Discussion on Market‐Based Extended Producer Responsibility: The Minnesota Electronics Recycling Act
Authors: Alev Işıl , Huang Ximin (Natalie) , Atasu Atalay , Toktay L. Beril 
Published: January 2018

SummaryIn this article, we analyze the Minnesota Electronics Recycling Act to explore the benefits and potential drawbacks of a market‐based extended producer responsibility (EPR) legislation implementation with operational flexibility for manufacturers. Based on publicly available reports and stakeholder interviews, we find that the Minnesota Act attains two key goals of market‐based EPR (i.e., higher cost efficiencies and substantial landfill diversion); however, this may come at the expense of selective collection and recycling, an increased burden on local governments, and a loss of balance in contractual power between stakeholders. We observe that these concerns arise because of specific flexibility provisions afforded to manufacturers that allow them to operationalize their EPR compliance with a cost‐efficiency focus. Thus, we conclude that EPR goals must be carefully translated into operating rules in order to achieve goals while avoiding unintended consequences.
Spin‐coated epoxy resin embedding technique enables facile SEM/FIB thickness determination of porous metal oxide ultra‐thin films
Authors: PEÑA B. , OWEN G.RH. , DETTELBACH K.E. , BERLINGUETTE C.P. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryA facile nonsubjective method was designed to measure porous nonconductive iron oxide film thickness using a combination of a focused ion beam (FIB) and scanning electron microscopy. Iron oxide films are inherently nonconductive and porous, therefore the objective of this investigation was to optimize a methodology that would increase the conductivity of the film to facilitate high resolution imaging with a scanning electron microscopy and to preserve the porous nature of the film that could potentially be damaged by the energy of the FIB. Sputter coating the sample with a thin layer of iridium before creating the cross section with the FIB decreased sample charging and drifting, but differentiating the iron layer from the iridium coating with backscattered electron imaging was not definitive, making accurate assumptions of the delineation between the two metals difficult. Moreover, the porous nature of the film was lost due to beam damage following the FIB process. A thin layer plastication technique was therefore used to embed the porous film in epoxy resin that would provide support for the film during the FIB process. However, the thickness of the resin created using conventional thin layer plastication processing varied across the sample, making the measuring process only possible in areas where the resin layer was at its thinnest. Such variation required navigating the area for ideal milling areas, which increased the subjectivity of the process. We present a method to create uniform thin resin layers, of controlled thickness, that are ideal for quantifying the thickness of porous nonconductive films with FIB/scanning electron microscopy.
Pregnancy‐Associated Stroke
Authors: Sanders Bethany D. , Davis Melissa G. , Holley Sharon L. , Phillippi Julia C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCerebrovascular accident, or stroke, is the fourth leading cause of death for all women and the eighth leading cause of pregnancy‐associated death. The physiologic changes of pregnancy increase the risk of cerebrovascular accident for women. With current incidence rates, a facility with 3300 births per year can anticipate caring for one woman with a pregnancy‐related stroke at least every 2 years. All maternity care providers must be able to assess women experiencing stroke‐like symptoms and initiate timely care to mitigate brain tissue damage, decrease long‐term morbidity, and prevent mortality. The 2 main types of stroke, ischemic and hemorrhagic, have similar presenting symptoms but very different pathophysiology and treatment. This article reviews assessment and initial treatment of pregnant and postpartum women experiencing stroke and provides guidance for subsequent maternity and primary care to assist front‐line perinatal care providers who may be the first to treat affected women or may resume primary care after diagnosis.
Selected maternal, fetal and placental trace element and heavy metal and maternal vitamin levels in preterm deliveries with or without preterm premature rupture of membranes
Authors: Kucukaydin Zehra , Kurdoglu Mertihan , Kurdoglu Zehra , Demir Halit , Yoruk Ibrahim H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAimTo compare maternal, fetal and placental trace element (magnesium, zinc and copper) and heavy metal (cadmium and lead) and maternal vitamin (retinol, α [alpha]‐tocopherol, vitamin D3, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3) levels in preterm deliveries with and without preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM).MethodsSixty‐eight patients giving birth preterm were grouped into preterm deliveries with PPROM (n = 35) and without PPROM (n = 33). Following delivery, maternal and umbilical cord blood sera and placental tissue samples were obtained. While magnesium, zinc, copper, cadmium and lead levels were measured in all samples, the levels of retinol, α‐tocopherol, vitamin D3, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 were measured only in maternal serum.ResultsWhile magnesium level in maternal serum and zinc levels in both maternal and umbilical cord sera were lower, placental magnesium level was higher in preterm deliveries with PPROM (P < 0.01). Umbilical cord serum magnesium, placental tissue zinc and maternal and umbilical cord sera and placental tissue copper, cadmium, and lead levels did not differ between the groups (P > 0.05). In preterm deliveries with PPROM, 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and retinol levels were higher, while vitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 levels were lower in maternal serum (P < 0.05). Maternal serum α‐tocopherol levels were similar between the groups.ConclusionCompared to spontaneous preterm births, PPROM is associated with low maternal serum together with high placental tissue magnesium and low maternal and umbilical cord sera zinc levels. Higher retinol and 25‐hydroxyvitamin D3 and lower vitamin D3 and 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 maternal serum levels are also evident in these patients.
Robustness of econometrically estimated local multipliers across different methods and data
Authors: Van Dijk Jasper Jacob 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLocal traded‐goods employment multiplier estimates play an important role in the decision making of local policy makers. Therefore, it is important to understand the robustness of the approaches and quality of the data used in empirical studies. The local employment multiplier estimates by Moretti (AER; 2010) are a good benchmark for departure. In this paper, I find the traded‐goods multiplier falls within the range of 1.17 to 1.93, which is substantially lower than the estimate of 2.6 obtained by Moretti. I use multiple estimators in combination with two data sets, a range of controls and different ways of classifying traded industries to show the robustness and variability of local employment multiplier estimates. Finally, I demonstrate the sensitivity of Moretti's results. The most notable result being that Moretti's multiplier for separate skilled or unskilled workers in the nontraded sector is overestimated by a factor of 2.
Transdifferentiation of adipocytes to osteoblasts: potential for orthopaedic treatment
Authors: Lin Daphne P L , Dass Crispin R 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Objectives
As both adipocytes and osteoblasts originate from the same pool of mesenchymal stem cells, increasing clinical evidence has emerged of the plasticity between the two lineages. For instance, the downregulation of osteoblast differentiation and upregulation of adipogenesis are common features of conditions such as multiple myeloma, obesity and drug-induced bone loss in diabetes mellitus. However, despite in-vitro and in-vivo observations of adipocyte transdifferentiation into osteoblasts, little is known of the underlying mechanisms.

Key findings
This review summarises the current knowledge of this particular transdifferentiation process whereby the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway and Runx2 overexpression have been postulated to play a critical role.

Summary
Furthermore, due to the possibility of a novel therapy in the treatment of bone conditions, a number of agents with the potential to induce adipo-to-osteoblast transdifferentiation have been investigated such as all-trans retinoic acid, bone morphogenetic protein-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor.
The effects of dietary calcium iodate on productive performance, egg quality and iodine accumulation in eggs of laying hens
Authors: Bakhshalinejad R. , Hassanabadi A. , Nassiri‐Moghaddam H. , Zarghi H. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe aim of this study was to examine the effects of various levels of supplemental calcium iodate (CI) on productive performance, egg quality, blood indices and iodine (I) accumulation in the eggs in commercial laying hens. A total of 240 White Leghorn layers (Hy‐line W36) were divided through a completely randomized design into six treatments with five replicates and eight hens per each at 32 weeks of age. This experiment lasted for 12 weeks. Concentrations of I in the mash diets were 0.74, 3.13, 5.57, 8.11, 10.65 and 12.94 mg I/kg of feed in treatments 1–6 respectively. The added doses of CI were included 0.0 (control), 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 12.5 mg/kg of diet for treatments 1–6 respectively. There were no significant differences in productive performance among the treatments. The highest eggshell strength was observed in group fed diet containing 3.13 mg I/kg (p = .014). The highest percentage of calcium and lowest percentage of phosphorus in eggshell were observed in group fed diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg (p = .0001). Feeding hens with diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg increased serum triiodothyronine‐to‐thyroxine ratio (p = .0001). Serum alanine aminotransferase activity in hens fed diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg was significantly more than control (p = .041). Blood Serum triglycerides in hens fed diet containing 8.11 mg I/kg were significantly higher than control (p = .0001). Edible fraction of the eggs of birds fed diet containing 12.94 mg I/kg was enriched by I almost 3 times more than those fed diet containing 0.74 mg I/kg. The results suggested that egg production, egg mass, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were not significantly affected by dietary I levels. Iodine accumulation in the eggs were increased by increasing dietary I levels and the level of 10 mg/kg CI could supply I enrichment of the eggs.
Looking Beyond the Church Tax: Families and the Disaffiliation of Austrian Roman Catholics
Authors: Berghammer Caroline , Zartler Ulrike , Krivanek Desiree 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis study aims to understand the reasons why Roman Catholics leave the church based on the example of Austria, a country with high rates of disaffiliation since the 1980s. Although previous research focused mainly on the church tax, this study provides a more comprehensive analysis based on a mixed‐methods approach that reveals the central relevance of the family in the process. We began by conducting and analyzing 19 qualitative interviews with former Catholics. Next we used the Generations and Gender Survey (two‐wave representative panel data) to study the characteristics of Catholics who disaffiliated in the intersurvey period (2008–2012). Two types could be distinguished in the qualitative and the quantitative sample: attached and distant leavers. Both rarely attended religious services and were critical of the church, but attached leavers held a private form of religiosity and engaged in religious practices whereas distant leavers self‐identified as agnostics or atheists. The church tax was the main reason for disaffiliation among attached leavers while distant leavers disaffiliated on ideological grounds. One identical factor, however, was of major importance for explaining church‐leaving behavior among both types: family‐related matters and experiences. We conclude that family members and family transitions play a major role in the process of religious disaffiliation.
Understanding hepatitis C intervention success—Qualitative findings from the HepCATT study
Authors: Harris M. , Bonnington O. , Harrison G. , Hickman M. , Irving W. ,   the HepCATT team
Published: January 2018

SummaryThe United Kingdom has committed to eliminating viral hepatitis as a public health threat. Innovative interventions for marginalized populations are required to realize this goal. In 2016, the HepCATT study team implemented a complex hepatitis C (HCV) intervention in three English drug treatment services, with five controls. We report qualitative study findings from two intervention sites to explore intervention success and transferability potential. The intervention comprised multiple components, including a nurse facilitator, peer support and education initiatives. Qualitative data were generated at baseline (2014) and post‐intervention (2016) at two sites through in‐depth interviews, focus groups and observations. The 96 participants comprised drug service and intervention providers and clients with an injecting history. Data were triangulated and thematically analysed. Client engagement with a HCV treatment service rose from 16 at baseline to 147 in 2016. There was no comparable increase at the five control sites. Baseline testing and treatment barriers included the following: limited HCV knowledge; fear of diagnosis and treatment; precarious living circumstances and service‐specific obstacles. Treatment engagement was aided by intervention timeliness; improved communication structures; personalized care; streamlined testing and treatment pathways; peer support. Multiple interrelated components influenced the increased levels of treatment engagement documented in HepCATT. The nurse facilitator, involved in implementation and innovation, was key to intervention success. Baseline barriers correspond with international literature—indicating transferability potential. Control data indicate that biomedical innovation alone is not sufficient to increase engagement among the most marginalized. Sustainable resourcing of community services is crucial to effect change.
Extreme environments and the origins of biodiversity: Adaptation and speciation in sulphide spring fishes
Authors: Tobler Michael , Kelley Joanna L. , Plath Martin , Riesch Rüdiger 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganisms adapted to physiochemical stressors provide ideal systems to study evolutionary mechanisms that drive adaptation and speciation. This review study focuses on livebearing fishes of the Poecilia mexicana species complex (Poeciliidae), members of which have repeatedly colonized hydrogen sulphide (H2S)‐rich springs. H2S is a potent respiratory toxicant that creates extreme environmental conditions in aquatic ecosystems. There is also a rich history of research on H2S in toxicology and biomedicine, which has facilitated the generation of a priori hypotheses about the proximate mechanisms of adaptation. Testing these hypotheses through the application of high‐throughput genomic and transcriptomic analyses has led to the identification of the physiological underpinnings mediating adaptation to H2S‐rich environments. In addition, systematic natural history studies have provided a nuanced understanding of how the presence of a physiochemical stressor interacts with other sources of selection to drive evolutionary change in a variety of organismal traits, including physiology, morphology, behaviour and life history. Adaptation to extreme environments in P. mexicana also coincides with ecological speciation, and evolutionarily independent lineages span almost the full range of the speciation continuum from panmixia to complete reproductive isolation. Multiple mechanisms of reproductive isolation are involved in reducing gene flow between adjacent populations that are adapted to contrasting environmental conditions. Comparative studies among evolutionarily independent lineages within the P. mexicana species complex and, more recently, other members of the family Poeciliidae that have colonized H2S‐rich environments will provide insights into the factors facilitating or impeding convergent evolution, providing tangible links between micro‐evolutionary processes and macro‐evolutionary patterns.
Between the Christ of Deep Incarnation and The African Jesus of Tinyiko Maluleke: An Improvised Dialogue
Authors: Urbaniak Jakub 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAll differences considered, the Christ of deep incarnation and the African Jesus of Tinyiko Maluleke share at least one fundamental dimension: they both stand out as signs of God's radical embodiment in the world of creation/of African culture(s). Put crudely, while the deep incarnation theologians extend Jesus’ body into social and cosmic bodies, Maluleke locates Jesus’ body in the bodies of his fellow Africans. This study first identifies major convergences and tensions between these two christological perspectives and, second, posits that the scandal of reciprocity, seen as a characteristic feature of African christologies, can be translated into a twofold guiding principle for approaching and assessing African Christianity theologically.
The Weak Will as Cause in Acts of the Incontinent: A Response to Bonnie Kent
Authors: Lendman Daniel 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article has three parts. The first two explore contemporary philosopher Bonnie Kent's important contributions to the role of the weakness of the will in actions of the morally incontinent in Thomas Aquinas treatment of human action. While Kent's treatment gives many important insights, nevertheless, she fails to recognize that the weakness of the will does in fact have role in the actions of the morally incontinent. Kent is correct that, for Aquinas, the passions cause the incontinent act to act as such. She fails, however, to recognize that the role of the passions does not exclude the weakness of the will as a cause, and even a principal cause. The third part takes up the criticisms of Gary Watson to which Kent's remarks were meant as a reply and shows that even with the causative role of the weak will, Aquinas' account does not fall prey to Watson's criticisms.
Analogy and Apophaticism: Neglected Themes in Feminist Philosophy of Religion
Authors: Tromans Oliver 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTaking the important work of Grace Jantzen as its starting-point, this article challenges the dominant pan-metaphoricism of Feminist philosophy of religion. Throughout, I defend an apophatic interpretation of analogy – analogy as a dynamic rhythm between affirmation and negation, praise and silence. I argue that Jantzen's negative position on apophaticism is related to her negative stance on the infinite ontological difference between creatures and creator. However, Jantzen's rejection of “traditional theology” is really, it is shown, a rejection of “dialectical theology”. Without analogy, moreover, we are ironically left with a (metaphorical) theology of dialectical opposition. By contrast, the way of analogy guarantees that there is no dichotomy between the divine and the human. The “logic” of analogy is one of no contrast.
Ecological causes and consequences of flower color polymorphism in a self‐pollinating plant (Boechera stricta)
Authors: Vaidya Priya , McDurmon Ansley , Mattoon Emily , Keefe Michaela , Carley Lauren , Lee Cheng‐Ruei , Bingham Robin , Anderson Jill T. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryIntraspecific variation in flower color is often attributed to pollinator‐mediated selection, yet this mechanism cannot explain flower color polymorphisms in self‐pollinating species. Indirect selection mediated via biotic and abiotic stresses could maintain flower color variation in these systems.The selfing forb,Boechera stricta, typically displays white flowers, but some individuals produce purple flowers. We quantified environmental correlates of flower color in natural populations. To disentangle plasticity from genotypic variation, we performed a multiyear field experiment in five gardens. In controlled conditions, we evaluated herbivore preferences and the effects of drought stress and soil pH on flower color expression.In natural populations, purple‐flowered individuals experienced lower foliar herbivory than did their white‐flowered counterparts. This pattern also held in the common gardens. Additionally, low‐elevation environments induced pigmented flowers (plasticity), and the likelihood of floral pigmentation decreased with source elevation of maternal families (genetic cline). Viability selection favored families with pigmented flowers. In the laboratory, herbivores exerted greater damage on tissue derived from white‐ vs purple‐flowered individuals. Furthermore, drought induced pigmentation in white‐flowered lineages, and white‐flowered plants had a fecundity advantage in the well‐watered control.Flower color variation in selfing species is probably maintained by herbivory, drought stress, and other abiotic factors that vary spatially.
Rethinking Standardization: the Social Meanings of Mycenaean Metal Cups
Authors: Aulsebrook Stephanie 
Published: January 2018

SummaryStandardization can be conceptualized as a scale, from unique bespoke artefacts to uniform items produced on a factory line. It is usually analyzed in terms of whole objects, but is also applicable to their individual traits, such as shape, material, size, decoration or colour. Objects combining different levels of standardization across these traits are able to transmit more complex social meanings.Through the analysis of the standardization of their form and material, three metal cup types (shallow, stemmed and Vapheio) are singled out as having particular significance within elite Mycenaean culture. The combination of varying degrees of standardization in these vessels created gradients of value that expressed nuances of social identity whilst retaining their core message of high status. Differences in these combinations indicate that whilst shallow and Vapheio cups shared similar roles, the stemmed cup may have been intended to convey individuality within the elite community.
Clinical outcomes after upgrading from pacemakers to cardiac resynchronization therapy
Authors: Leyva Francisco , Zegard Abbasin , Patel Kiran , Panting Jonathan , Marshall Howard , Qiu Tian 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackground and aimsRight ventricular pacing may lead to heart failure (HF). Upgrades from pacemakers to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) were excluded from most randomized, controlled trials. We sought to determine the long‐term outcomes of upgrading from pacemakers to CRT with (CRT‐D) or without (CRT‐P) defibrillation in patients with no history of sustained ventricular arrhythmias.Methods and resultsIn this observational study, clinical events were quantified in relation to the type of implant (de novo or upgrade) and device type at upgrade (CRT‐P or CRT‐D). Patients underwent CRT implantation (n = 1,545; 1,314 [85%] de novo implants and 231 [15%] upgrades) over a median of 4.6 years [interquartile range: 2.4–7.0]. In analyses of crude event rates, upgrades had a higher total mortality (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR]: 1.33; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.10–1.61), a higher total mortality or HF hospitalization (aHR: 1.26; 95% CI 1.05–1.51), but similar mortality or hospitalization for major adverse cardiac events (MACEs, aHR: 1.15; 95% CI 0.96–1.38). No group differences emerged in any of these endpoints after propensity score matching. After inverse probability weighting in upgrades, total mortality (HR: 0.55; 95% CI 0.36–0.73), total mortality or HF hospitalization (HR: 0.56; 95% CI 0.34–0.79), and total mortality or hospitalization for MACEs (HR: 0.61; 95% CI 0.40–0.82) were lower after CRT‐D than after CRT‐P.ConclusionUpgrading from pacemakers to CRT was associated with a similar long‐term risk of mortality and morbidity to de novo CRT. After upgrade, CRT‐D was associated with a lower mortality than CRT‐P.