bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SK channel inhibition mediates the initiation and amplitude modulation of synchronized burst firing in the spinal cord
Authors: Mahrous Amr A. , Elbasiouny Sherif M. 
Published: March 2017

Burst firing in motoneurons represents the basis for generating meaningful movements. Neuromodulators and inhibitory receptor blocker cocktails have been used for years to induce burst firing in vitro; however, the ionic mechanisms in the motoneuron membrane that contribute to burst initiation and amplitude modulation are not fully understood. Small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels regulate excitatory inputs and firing output of motoneurons and interneurons and therefore, are a candidate for mediating bursting behavior. The present study examines the role of SK channels in the generation of synchronized bursting using an in vitro spinal cord preparation from adult mice. Our results show that SK channel inhibition is required for both initiation and amplitude modulation of burst firing. Specifically, administration of the synaptic inhibition blockers strychnine and picrotoxin amplified the spinal circuit excitatory drive but not enough to evoke bursting. However, when SK channels were inhibited using various approaches, the excitatory drive was further amplified, and synchronized bursting was always evoked. Furthermore, graded SK channel inhibition modulated the amplitude of the burst in a dose-dependent manner, which was reversed using SK channel activators. Importantly, modulation of neuronal excitability using multiple approaches failed to mimic the effects of SK modulators, suggesting a specific role for SK channel inhibition in generating bursting. Both NMDA ( N-methyl-d-aspartate) and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptors were found to drive the synchronized bursts. The blocking of gap junctions did not disturb the burst synchrony. These results demonstrate a novel mechanistic role for SK channels in initiating and modulating burst firing of spinal motoneurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study demonstrates that cholinergic inhibition or direct blockade of small conductance Ca2+-activated potassium (SK) channels facilitates burst firing in spinal motoneurons. The data provide a novel mechanistic explanation for synchronized bursting initiation and amplitude modulation through SK channel inhibition. Evidence also shows that synchronized bursting is driven by NMDA ( N-methyl-d-aspartate) and AMPA (α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4-propionate) receptors and that gap junctions do not mediate motoneuron synchronization in this behavior.
Genetic Heterogeneity in Therapy-Naïve Synchronous Primary Breast Cancers and Their Metastases
Authors: Ng Charlotte K.Y. , Bidard Francois-Clement , Piscuoglio Salvatore , Geyer Felipe C. , Lim Raymond S. , de Bruijn Ino , Shen Ronglai , Pareja Fresia , Berman Samuel H. , Wang Lu , Pierga Jean-Yves , Vincent-Salomon Anne , Viale Agnes , Norton Larry , Sigal Brigitte , Weigelt Britta , Cottu Paul , Reis-Filho Jorge S. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Purpose: Paired primary breast cancers and metachronous metastases after adjuvant treatment are reported to differ in their clonal composition and genetic alterations, but it is unclear whether these differences stem from the selective pressures of the metastatic process, the systemic therapies, or both. We sought to define the repertoire of genetic alterations in breast cancer patients with de novo metastatic disease who had not received local or systemic therapy.
Experimental Design: Up to two anatomically distinct core biopsies of primary breast cancers and synchronous distant metastases from nine patients who presented with metastatic disease were subjected to high-depth whole-exome sequencing. Mutations, copy number alterations and their cancer cell fractions, and mutation signatures were defined using state-of-the-art bioinformatics methods. All mutations identified were validated with orthogonal methods.
Results: Genomic differences were observed between primary and metastatic deposits, with a median of 60% (range 6%–95%) of shared somatic mutations. Although mutations in known driver genes including TP53, PIK3CA, and GATA3 were preferentially clonal in both sites, primary breast cancers and their synchronous metastases displayed spatial intratumor heterogeneity. Likely pathogenic mutations affecting epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition–related genes, including SMAD4, TCF7L2, and TCF4 (ITF2), were found to be restricted to or enriched in the metastatic lesions. Mutational signatures of trunk mutations differed from those of mutations enriched in the primary tumor or the metastasis in six cases.
Conclusions: Synchronous primary breast cancers and metastases differ in their repertoire of somatic genetic alterations even in the absence of systemic therapy. Mutational signature shifts might contribute to spatial intratumor genetic heterogeneity. Clin Cancer Res; 23(15); 4402–15. ©2017 AACR.
Better than (when) a Magistrate? Caesar’s Suspension from Magisterial Functions in 62 bc
Authors: Frolov Roman M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAccording to Suetonius, in 62bcthe praetor Caesar was ‘banished from the administration of the state’ and left the forum. A spontaneous gathering (coetus) offered him help in recovering his position. Unexpectedly he restrained the crowd, and the grateful senate itself restored him to his rank. Even though only Suetonius explicitly mentions Caesar’s suspension, in fact, all our sources allow this. I will argue that Caesar did not lose his magistracy, just like the plebeian tribune Metellus Nepos affected by the same measures. Nor did the suspension include the restriction of any magisterial prerogatives. Instead, it meant the loss of political initiative. However, Caesar was still able to respond to the initiative of others. Suetonius’ account raises a number of questions about the political role of those who found themselves at the moment of transition from a position of amagistratusto that of aprivatus, and vice versa.
Anchialocarididae, a new family of anchialine decapods and a new species of the genus Agostocaris from Cozumel Island, Mexico
Authors: Mejía-ortíz Luis M. , Yañez Germán , López-Mejía Marilú 
Published: March 2017

Two new species of anchialine cave shrimp from Cozumel Island are described. A new species from the family Agostocarididae, Agostocaris zabaletai n. sp., occurs in three cenotes on the island (Chempita, Chankanaab System and Tres Potrillos). This new species is closely related to Agostocaris bozanici that is known from one isolated cenote in another zone of the island. Agostocaris zabaletai n. sp. is similar to A. bozanici because it lacks a rostrum with teeth, and the palp of the first maxilliped is not segmented. In addition A. zabaletai also differs from A. bozanici by bearing four pairs of spines on the telson and only one spine on the outer ramus of the uropods. Both Agostocaris williamsi and Agostocaris acklinsensis differ from A. zabaletai because both species have occasionally a serrate rostrum, and these species are reported exclusively from the Bahamas. A new family, Anchialocarididae, new genus and species Anchialocaris paulini n. sp. are described. This new species is known exclusively from the cenote Chempita located in the central area of the island. The new family Anchialocarididae is closely related to the families Agostocarididae and Atyidae because they have a similar branchial formulae. The main difference is that the new family has a simple articulation between carpus and palm of the first pereiopod, and this appendage is more slender than the second. Although the new family has several setae on the rudimentary propodus on the second pereiopod it lacks the abundance of setae found in other members of the Atyidae family genus Typhlatya. The relationship between this new family and the Agostocarididae is discussed.
The ovarian development pattern of pond-reared Chinese mitten crab, Eriocheir sinensis H. Milne-Edwards, 1853
Authors: Wu Xugan , Liu Meimei , Pan Jie , Chen Hao , Zeng Chaoshu , Cheng Yongxu 
Published: March 2017

Although pond culture is the major culture method for Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) in China, the pattern of ovarian development in pond-reared E. sinensis remains unclear. This study investigated the changes in ovarian morphology and histology, gonadosomatic index (GSI), hepatosomatic index (HSI), and monthly variation of the ovarian development pattern during the ovarian maturation of pond-reared female E. sinensis. Based on the pubertal moult, and ovarian morphology and histology, the ovarian development cycle of E. sinensis could be divided into five stages, i.e., Stage I: the ovary appears thin ribbon-like and translucent, dominated by oogonia (OG) and previtellogenic oocytes (PRO); Stage II: the ovary appears milk white or buff, dominated by endogenous vitellogenic oocytes (EN); Stage III: the ovary appears orange or light brown, dominated by exogenous vitellogenic oocytes (EX); Stage IV: the ovary appears crimson red or brown and ovarian lobes occupy most available body cavities. The major oocytes were nearly mature oocytes (NO); Stage V: the ovary appears deep purple and is filled with mature oocytes (MO). During ovarian maturation, the GSI increased significantly and a significant, positive correlation was found between the GSI and the mean long diameter of the oocyte from stage III to stage V. However, a significantly negative correlation was found between GSI and HSI. The ovarian development of pond-reared female E. sinensis was not synchronous, most of the pubertal moults were found until mid-late August. At the end of August, the percentages of females that reached ovarian stages II and III were 55 and 24%, respectively. After that, the ovarian development of pond-reared female E. sinensis became fast, and females with stage III or more advanced ovaries were found to be in excess of 80% by the end of September and onward. From the end of November to late December, the GSI of female E. sinensis did not increase significantly, which indicated pond-reared females had reached mature or nearly-mature ovaries by the end of November.
The Dialectic of Panic and Anxiety in Beckett’s “First Love”
Authors: Gourley James 
Published: March 2017

This article examines Beckett’s representation of anxiety and panic in “First Love” (1946). It considers Beckett’s own experience of panic attacks and identifies these symptoms as informing the representation of panic in the text. It reads “First Love” via Beckett’s psychotherapy (and the study he undertook in conjunction with it) and presents the text’s allusion to Otto Rank’s The Trauma of Birth as Beckett’s attempt to understand his panic. It then addresses the anxiety of the text, and argues for this anxiety as an objective element, separate from Beckett’s own psychological phenomena. Employing H. Porter Abbott’s conception of the ‘autographical’ nature of Beckett’s post-World War Two work, it reads “First Love” as focused on the anxiety generated by the perception of nothingness, and identifies the story’s theory of anxiety.
Longitudinal Bone Mineralization Assessment in Children Treated With Long‐Term Parenteral Nutrition for Severe Intestinal Failure
Authors: Poinsot Pierre , Geoffroy Perrine , Braillon Pierre , Denis Angelique , Loras‐Duclaux Irene , Marotte Stéphanie , Boutroy Stéphanie , Bacchetta Justine , Touzet Sandrine , Lachaux Alain , Peretti Noel 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackground: Metabolic bone disease is common in children receiving home parenteral nutrition (HPN) for intestinal failure (IF). Long‐term evolution of bone mass in pediatric IF is poorly documented. The aims of this study were (1) to determine the prevalence of low bone mass (LBM) in children receiving HPN for IF, (2) to evaluate the evolution of total bone mineral content (TBMC) during HPN with dual‐energy x‐ray absorptiometry (DXA), and (3) to identify related factors. Methods: All children referred in our HPN center from 2004 to 2014 were eligible. Inclusion criteria were HPN dependence due to noninflammatory IF, at least 2 TBMC assessments, and HPN duration of at least 2 years at last DXA. TBMC was expressed in z score for ideal weight for height (WFH). LBM was defined by a TBMC WFH z score ≤–2 standard deviations (SD). Results: A total of 175 DXAs for 31 children were performed, mean of 5.6 ± 2.9 assessments per child. The median time between first and last DXA recorded was 6.2 years (0.7–16.6). At the first DXA, 14 children (45%) had a LBM. TBMC increased by +0.1 ± 0.04 SD per year of HPN (P = .012). The risk of LBM decreased with an odds ratio of 0.9 per year of HPN (95% confidence interval, 0.92–0.99; P = .018). Lean mass z score and calcium parenteral intakes were related to the TBMC improvement. Conclusion: LBM is common in pediatric IF, but bone status could improve during HPN in these children.
Long-term follow-up of a randomized controlled trial on additional core stability exercises training for improving dynamic sitting balance and trunk control in stroke patients
Authors: Cabanas-Valdés Rosa , Bagur-Calafat Caritat , Girabent-Farrés Montserrat , Caballero-Gómez Fernanda Mª , du Port de Pontcharra-Serra Helena , German-Romero Ana , Urrútia Gerard 
Published: March 2017

Objective: Analyse the effect of core stability exercises in addition to conventional physiotherapy training three months after the intervention ended. Design: A randomized controlled trial. Setting: Outpatient services. Subjects: Seventy-nine stroke survivors. Interventions: In the intervention period, both groups underwent conventional physiotherapy performed five days/week for five weeks, and in addition the experimental group performed core stability exercises for 15 minutes/day. Afterwards, during a three-month follow-up period, both groups underwent usual care that could eventually include conventional physiotherapy or physical exercise but not in a controlled condition. Main measures: Primary outcome was trunk control and dynamic sitting balance assessed by the Spanish-Version of Trunk Impairment Scale 2.0 and Function in Sitting Test. Secondary outcomes were standing balance and gait evaluated by the Berg Balance Scale, Tinetti Test, Brunel Balance Assessment, Spanish-Version of Postural Assessment Scale for Stroke and activities of daily living using the Barthel Index. Results: A total of 68 subjects out of 79 completed the three-month follow-up period. The mean difference (SD) between groups was 0.78 (1.51) points ( p = 0.003) for total score on the Spanish-Version of Trunk Impairment Scale 2.0, 2.52 (6.46) points ( p = 0.009) for Function in Sitting Test, dynamic standing balance was 3.30 (9.21) points ( p= 0.009) on the Berg Balance Scale, gait was 0.82 (1.88) points ( p = 0.002) by Brunel Balance Assessment (stepping), and 1.11 (2.94) points ( p = 0.044) by Tinetti Test (gait), all in favour of core stability exercises. Conclusions: Core stability exercises plus conventional physiotherapy have a positive long-term effect on improving dynamic sitting and standing balance and gait in post-stroke patients.
Evaluation of GeneXpert MTB/RIF for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in a hospital in China
Authors: Tang Tingyu , Liu Fang , Lu Xiaoling , Huang Qingdong 
Published: March 2017

Objective To evaluate the performance of GeneXpert MTB/RIF in diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in China. Methods This cross-sectional study included sputum specimens of 240 suspected TB cases. Specimens were examined by light microscopy for the presence of acid-fast bacilli, which were cultured by the BACTEC MGIT 960 (M960) system and detected by the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay. The positive rate, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and average turnaround time of methods were evaluated. Results The positive rate was 36.6% (87/238) for the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay and 34.0% (81/238) by M960 culture, with no significant difference between methods (χ2 = 0.33, p > 0.05). According to culture results, sensitivity of the GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay was 84.0% (68/81), specificity was 87.8% (129/147), the PPV was 78.2% (68/87), and the NPV was 87.2% (129/148). The agreement for results between Gene Xpert MTB/RIF and the M960 system was 82.8% and the Kappa value was 0.73. Conclusion The GeneXpert MTB/RIF assay is a simple, rapid, and accurate test for detecting Mycobacterium tuberculosis in sputum specimens.
Establishment of a three-dimensional finite element model of severe kyphotic deformity secondary to ankylosing spondylitis
Authors: Muheremu Aikeremujiang , Li Hui , Ma Junyi , Ma Yong , Ma Yuan 
Published: March 2017

Objective To establish a three-dimensional (3D) finite element (FE) model of ankylosing spondylitis (AS) kyphosis that is a digital platform for further studies. Methods A 30-year-old man with AS kyphosis underwent computed tomography transverse scanning from T1 to the sacrococcyx. The images were imported into Mimics® 17.0 software to establish a 3D model of the posterior spine, which was then imported into Studio Geomagic 2013 software. Posterior spine convex geometry was established on the 3D geometric model for subsequent optimization of image processing. Unigraphics NX 8.5 produced the spinal kyphosis surface model. Modeled calcification of ligaments and partial resection of useless sacral bone were added. The model was imported into ANSYS 15.0 FE analysis software. Ligaments were added. Parameters were set to generate a 3D FE model of AS. Results and Conclusion A 3D FE model of AS was successfully established, providing a reliable digital platform for subsequent biomechanical analysis.
Validation of a Dry Model for Assessing the Performance of Arthroscopic Hip Labral Repair
Authors: Phillips Lisa , Cheung Jeffrey J.H. , Whelan Daniel B. , Murnaghan Michael Lucas , Chahal Jas , Theodoropoulos John , Ogilvie-Harris Darrell , Macniven Ian , Dwyer Tim 
Published: March 2017

Background: Arthroscopic hip labral repair is a technically challenging and demanding surgical technique with a steep learning curve. Arthroscopic simulation allows trainees to develop these skills in a safe environment. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of a combination of assessment ratings for the performance of arthroscopic hip labral repair on a dry model. Study Design: Cross-sectional study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: A total of 47 participants including orthopaedic surgery residents (n = 37), sports medicine fellows (n = 5), and staff surgeons (n = 5) performed arthroscopic hip labral repair on a dry model. Prior arthroscopic experience was noted. Participants were evaluated by 2 orthopaedic surgeons using a task-specific checklist, the Arthroscopic Surgical Skill Evaluation Tool (ASSET), task completion time, and a final global rating scale. All procedures were video-recorded and scored by an orthopaedic fellow blinded to the level of training of each participant. Results: The internal consistency/reliability (Cronbach alpha) using the total ASSET score for the procedure was high (intraclass correlation coefficient > 0.9). One-way analysis of variance for the total ASSET score demonstrated a difference between participants based on the level of training ( F3,43 = 27.8, P < .001). A good correlation was seen between the ASSET score and previous exposure to arthroscopic procedures ( r = 0.52-0.73, P < .001). The interrater reliability for the ASSET score was excellent (>0.9). Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that the use of dry models to assess the performance of arthroscopic hip labral repair by trainees is both valid and reliable. Further research will be required to demonstrate a correlation with performance on cadaveric specimens or in the operating room.
Effect of NSAIDs on Recovery From Acute Skeletal Muscle Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Morelli Kimberly M. , Brown Laura B. , Warren Gordon L. 
Published: March 2017

Background: There is debate as to whether the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is beneficial after acute skeletal muscle injury. Some studies have suggested that NSAID use may be detrimental to injured muscle. Purpose: To determine whether NSAID use affects recovery from skeletal muscle injury as assessed by strength loss, soreness, and/or blood creatine kinase level. Study Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Methods: An extensive systematic review was completed searching 16 databases (eg, PubMed, Cochrane Library, EMBASE). Inclusion criteria were (1) acute injury to skeletal muscle, (2) use of a control condition, (3) certainty of the NSAID dose administered, and (4) use of 1 or more of the 3 desired outcome measures. A total of 5343 study reports were screened, of which 41 studies were deemed suitable for inclusion. The standardized mean difference was used as the effect size (ES) and was calculated such that a positive ES indicated NSAID efficacy. Meta-analyses were run using a random-effects model. Results: For all studies, time points after injury, and injury markers combined, NSAID use was found to elicit a small to medium, significant decrease in the markers of injury (overall ES = +0.34; P = .0001). Because heterogeneity in study ES was apparent (ie, Q− df = 52.4, P = .000005; I2 = 57%), subgroup meta-analyses and meta-regressions were run in an attempt to explain the heterogeneity. In human studies, study ESs were higher when lower body muscles were injured ( P = .045). In animal studies, study ESs were lower with longer NSAID administration durations ( P = .023) and at longer follow-up times after injury ( P = .010). Conclusion: Overall, our analysis supports NSAID use for reducing strength loss, soreness, and blood creatine kinase level after an acute muscle injury, at least for humans and in the short term. Additional research is required to determine why NSAID use appears to be more effective when lower-body muscles in humans are injured. It would also be important to determine why NSAID use appears detrimental at later times after injury in animals but not humans.
Suicide Ideation and Attempts among First Nations Peoples Living On-Reserve in Canada: The Intergenerational and Cumulative Effects of Indian Residential Schools
Authors: McQuaid Robyn Jane , Bombay Amy , McInnis Opal Arilla , Humeny Courtney , Matheson Kimberly , Anisman Hymie 
Published: March 2017

Objective: Suicide rates among Indigenous peoples in Canada are at least twice that of their non-Indigenous counterparts. Although contemporary stressors contribute to this increased risk, historical experiences such as the Indian Residential School (IRS) system may also have continuing links with the risk for suicidal thoughts and behaviors. The current investigation examined the intergenerational and cumulative links between familial IRS attendance in relation to lifetime suicide ideation and attempts among First Nations adults living on-reserve. Method: Data from the 2008-2010 First Nations Regional Health Survey were analyzed, and participants comprised a representative sample of First Nations adults older than 18 years (weighted N = 127,338; IRS attendees were excluded). Of those who knew their familial IRS history, 38.0% had no history of attendance, 19.3% had a grandparent who attended, 16.2% had a parent who attended, and 26.5% had a parent and grandparent who attended. Results: Exposure of one previous familial generation to the IRS experience was associated with increased risk for lifetime suicide ideation (odds ratio [OR], 1.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.16 to 1.84; P = 0.001) and attempts (OR, 1.44; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.94; P < 0.016) compared with those with no IRS history. Having 2 generations of IRS familial history was associated with greater odds of reporting a suicide attempt compared with having one generation (OR, 1.35; 95% CI, 1.05 to 1.75; P = 0.022), which was reduced when current levels of distress and ideation were accounted for. Conclusion: Findings support the existence of linkages between intergenerational exposure to IRS and risk for suicidal ideation and attempts and for a potential cumulative risk in relation to suicide attempts across generations.