bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
No evidence for a bovine mastitisEscherichia colipathotype
Authors: Leimbach Andreas , Poehlein Anja , Vollmers John , Göerlich Dennis , Daniel Rolf , Dobrindt Ulrich 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundEscherichia colibovine mastitis is a disease of significant economic importance in the dairy industry. Molecular characterization of mastitis-associatedE. coli(MAEC) did not result in the identification of common traits. Nevertheless, a mammary pathogenicE. coli(MPEC) pathotype has been proposed suggesting virulence traits that differentiate MAEC from commensalE. coli. The present study was designed to investigate the MPEC pathotype hypothesis by comparing the genomes of MAEC and commensal bovineE. coli.ResultsWe sequenced the genomes of eightE. coliisolated from bovine mastitis cases and six fecal commensal isolates from udder-healthy cows. We analyzed the phylogenetic history of bovineE. coligenomes by supplementing this strain panel with eleven bovine-associatedE. colifrom public databases. The majority of the isolates originate from phylogroups A and B1, but neither MAEC nor commensal strains could be unambiguously distinguished by phylogenetic lineage. The gene content of both MAEC and commensal strains is highly diverse and dominated by their phylogenetic background. Although individual strains carry some typicalE. colivirulence-associated genes, no traits important for pathogenicity could be specifically attributed to MAEC. Instead, both commensal strains and MAEC have very few gene families enriched in either pathotype. Only the aerobactin siderophore gene cluster was enriched in commensalE. coliwithin our strain panel.ConclusionsThis is the first characterization of a phylogenetically diverse strain panel including several MAEC and commensal isolates. With our comparative genomics approach we could not confirm previous studies that argue for a positive selection of specific traits enabling MAEC to elicit bovine mastitis. Instead, MAEC are facultative and opportunistic pathogens recruited from the highly diverse bovine gastrointestinal microbiota. Virulence-associated genes implicated in mastitis are a by-product of commensalism with the primary function to enhance fitness in the bovine gastrointestinal tract. Therefore, we put the definition of the MPEC pathotype into question and suggest to designate corresponding isolates as MAEC.
Acute cardiac support with intravenous milrinone promotes recovery from early brain injury in a murine model of severe subarachnoid haemorrhage
Authors: Mutoh Tomoko , Mutoh Tatsushi , Nakamura Kazuhiro , Yamamoto Yukiko , Tsuru Yoshiharu , Tsubone Hirokazu , Ishikawa Tatsuya , Taki Yasuyuki 
Published: December 2016

SummaryEarly brain injury/ischaemia (EBI) is a serious complication early after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH) that contributes to development of delayed cerebral ischaemia (DCI). This study aimed to determine the role of inotropic cardiac support using milrinone (MIL) on restoring acute cerebral hypoperfusion attributable toEBIand improving outcomes after experimentalSAH. Forty‐three male C57BL/6 mice were assigned to either sham surgery (SAH‐sham),SAHinduced by endovascular perforation plus postconditioning with 2% isoflurane (Control), orSAHplus isoflurane combined withMILwith and without hypoxia‐inducible factor inhibitor (HIF‐I) pretreatment. Cardiac output (CO) during intravenousMILinfusion (0.25‐0.75 μg/kg/min) between 1.5 and 2.5 hours afterSAHinduction was monitored with Doppler echocardiography. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐continuous arterial spin labelling was used for quantitative cerebral blood flow (CBF) measurements. Neurobehavioral function was assessed daily by neurological score and open field test.DCIwas analyzed 3 days later by determining infarction onMRI. Mild reduction of cardiac output (CO) and global cerebral blood flow (CBF) depression were notable early afterSAH.MILincreasedCOin a dose‐dependent manner (P<.001), which was accompanied by improved hypoperfusion, incidence ofDCIand functional recovery than Control (P<.05). The neuroprotective effects afforded byMILor Control were attenuated by hypoxia‐inducible factor (HIF) inhibition (P<.05). These results suggest thatMILimproves acute hypoperfusion by its inotropic effect, leading to neurobehavioral improvement in mice after severeSAH, in whichHIFmay be acting as a critical mediator.
The Persistence of Sperm and the Development of Time Since Intercourse (TSI) Guidelines in Sexual Assault Cases at Forensic Science Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
Authors: Casey David G. , Domijan Katarina , MacNeill Sarah , Rizet Damien , O'Connell Declan , Ryan Jennifer 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe persistence of sperm using confirmatory microscopic analysis, the persistence of sperm with tails, time since intercourse (TSI) analysis, and results from the acid phosphatase (AP) reaction from approximately 5581 swabs taken from circa 1450 sexual assault cases are presented. The observed proportions of sperm in the vagina and anus declines significantly after 48 h TSI, and sperm on oral swabs were observed up to 15 h TSI. The AP reaction as a predictor of sperm on intimate swabs is questioned. All AP reaction times gave a low true positive rate; 23% of sperm‐positive swabs gave a negative AP reaction time. We show the AP reaction is an unsafe and an unreliable predictor of sperm on intimate swabs. We propose that TSI not AP informs precase assessment and the evaluative approach for sexual assault cases. To help inform an evaluative approach, TSI guidelines are presented.
Clinical outcomes of laparoscopic cholecystectomy with accidental gallbladder perforation
Authors: Usuba Teruyuki , Nyumura Yuya , Takano Yuki , Iino Toshio , Hanyu Nobuyoshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionAccidental gallbladder perforation frequently occurs during laparoscopic cholecystectomy and may increase the risk of infection. However, the necessity of antimicrobial prophylaxis for these patients is unclear. The aim of this study was to examine the clinical outcomes and necessity of antimicrobial prophylaxis after laparoscopic cholecystectomy with gallbladder perforation.MethodsOne hundred patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy were divided into two groups: patients with gallbladder perforation (Group A, n = 37) and patients without perforation (Group B, n = 63). We compared the white blood cell count and C‐reactive protein level the day after the operation, the complication rates of systemic inflammatory response syndrome and surgical‐site infection, and postoperative hospital stay between the two groups. All patients received antimicrobial prophylaxis only once before the operation.ResultsThere were significant differences in every variable with the exception of postoperative hospital stay. Group A had a higher risk of infection, but the postoperative clinical course of Group A was not inferior to that of Group B.ConclusionThe clinical outcomes of patients with accidental gallbladder perforation were acceptable, and the use of antimicrobial prophylaxis once before the operation was sufficient.
The Invisible Discrimination Before Our Eyes: A Bioethical Analysis
Authors: Minerva Francesca 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe goal of this article is to introduce a philosophical analysis of a widely neglected condition which affects between 3% and 18% of the population. People affected by this condition (which will be revealed later in the article) experience a lower level of wellbeing than the average population and are discriminated against in both their professional and their personal life. I will argue that this form of discrimination should be taken more seriously in philosophical debate and that social, legal and medical measures ought to be taken in order to improve the quality of life of people affected by this condition.
When is a Choice not a Choice? ‘Sham Offers’ and the Asymmetry of Adolescent Consent and Refusal
Authors: Manson Neil C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn some jurisdictions there is a puzzling asymmetry between consent and refusal, where, for some kinds of treatment, the adolescent patient has the power to permit her own treatment but her refusal does not have the same kind of normative significance as refusal of treatment by a competent adult. In this journal I recently offered a clarification and defence of this asymmetry in terms of a paternalistic justification of the sharing of normative powers between adolescents and other parties. Lawlor (2016) offers a number of objections to this account. Three of his objections can be dealt with quickly. But one of them is much more challenging: the asymmetry of consent and refusal entails a practice of making sham offers (offers that purport to be responsive to the patient's choices, but which, in fact, are not). They do not really offer a choice at all. Genuine offers seem to require a commitment to be symmetrically responsive to whatever decision outcome is reached by the recipient of the offer. When we reflect upon the way that offers can be made in complex social contexts, where different parties have a ‘say’ in what ought to be done, the symmetry of responsiveness need not apply. Offers can be genuine, without being symmetrically responsive. Contrary to the seemingly plausible objection, the asymmetry of consent and refusal does not entail sham offers, or the offer of ‘sham choices’.
The Substance View: A Critique (Part 3)
Authors: Lovering Rob 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTIn my articles ‘The Substance View: A Critique’ and ‘The Substance View: A Critique (Part 2),’ I raise objections to the substance view (naturally), a theory of intrinsic value and moral standing defended by a number of contemporary moral philosophers, including Robert P. George, Patrick Lee, Christopher Tollefsen, and Francis Beckwith. In part one of my critique of the substance view, I raise reductio‐style objections to the substance view's conclusion that the standard human fetus has the same intrinsic value and moral standing as the standard adult human being, among other human beings. In part two, I raise objections to some of the premises invoked in support of that conclusion. Here, in part three, I raise objections to Henrik Friberg‐Fernros's attempt to rebut some of the aforementioned objections.
Objection to Conscience: An Argument Against Conscience Exemptions in Healthcare
Authors: Giubilini Alberto 
Published: December 2016

AbstractI argue that appeals to conscience do not constitute reasons for granting healthcare professionals exemptions from providing services they consider immoral (e.g. abortion). My argument is based on a comparison between a type of objection that many people think should be granted, i.e. to abortion, and one that most people think should not be granted, i.e. to antibiotics. I argue that there is no principled reason in favour of conscientious objection qua conscientious that allows to treat these two cases differently. Therefore, I conclude that there is no principled reason for granting conscientious objection qua conscientious in healthcare. What matters for the purpose of justifying exemptions is not whether an objection is ‘conscientious’, but whether it is based on the principles and values informing the profession. I provide examples of acceptable forms of objection in healthcare.
Consumer‐driven nutrient dynamics in freshwater ecosystems: from individuals to ecosystems
Authors: Atkinson Carla L. , Capps Krista A. , Rugenski Amanda T. , Vanni Michael J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe role of animals in modulating nutrient cycling [hereafter, consumer‐driven nutrient dynamics (CND)] has been accepted as an important influence on both community structure and ecosystem function in aquatic systems. Yet there is great variability in the influence ofCNDacross species and ecosystems, and the causes of this variation are not well understood. Here, we review and synthesize the mechanisms behindCNDin fresh waters. We reviewed 131 articles onCNDpublished between 1973 and 1June 2015. The rate of new publications inCNDhas increased from 1.4 papers per year during 1973–2002 to 7.3 per year during 2003–2015. The majority of investigations are inNorthAmerica with many concentrating on fish. More recent studies have focused on animal‐mediated nutrient excretion rates relative to nutrient demand and indirect impacts (e.g. decomposition). We identified several mechanisms that influenceCNDacross levels of biological organization. Factors affecting the stoichiometric plasticity of consumers, including body size, feeding history and ontogeny, play an important role in determining the impact of individual consumers on nutrient dynamics and underlie the stoichiometry ofCNDacross time and space. The abiotic characteristics of an ecosystem affect the net impact of consumers on ecosystem processes by influencing consumer metabolic processes (e.g. consumption and excretion/egestion rates), non‐CNDsupply of nutrients and ecosystem nutrient demand. Furthermore, the transformation and transport of elements by populations and communities of consumers also influences the flow of energy and nutrients across ecosystem boundaries. This review highlights that shifts in community composition or biomass of consumers and eco‐evolutionary underpinnings can have strong effects on the functional role of consumers in ecosystem processes, yet these are relatively unexplored aspects ofCND. Future research should evaluate the value of using species traits and abiotic conditions to predict and understand the effects of consumers on ecosystem‐level nutrient dynamics across temporal and spatial scales. Moreover, new work inCNDshould strive to integrate knowledge from disparate fields of ecology and environmental science, such as physiology and ecosystem ecology, to develop a comprehensive and mechanistic understanding of the functional role of consumers. Comparative and experimental studies that develop testable hypotheses to challenge the current assumptions ofCND, including consumer stoichiometric homeostasis, are needed to assess the significance ofCNDamong species and across freshwater ecosystems.
Rescue alemtuzumab for refractory acute cellular rejection and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after lung transplantation
Authors: Ensor Christopher R. , Rihtarchik Lindsey C. , Morrell Matthew R. , Hayanga J. W. Awori , Lichvar Alicia B. , Pilewski Joseph M. , Wisniewski Stephen , Johnson Bruce A. , D'Cunha Jonathan , Zeevi Adriana , McDyer John F. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRefractory acute cellular rejection (rACR) is associated with death and bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) post‐lung transplantation. We report the largest cohort of lung transplant recipients (LTRs) treated with rescue alemtuzumab for rACR or BOS. RACR outcomes included burden of ACR 30 days before and 180 days after rescue assessed by a novel composite rejection standardized score (CRSS, range 0‐6) and freedom from ≥A2 ACR. BOS outcomes included freedom from BOS progression and FEV1 decline >10%. Univariate parametric and nonparametric statistical approaches were used to assess treatment response. Kaplan‐Meier method with log rank conversion was used to assess freedom from events. Fifty‐seven alemtuzumab doses (ACR 40 and BOS 17) given to 51 patients were included. Median time to rescue was 722 (IQR 42‐1403) days. CRSS declined significantly (3 vs 0.67, P<0.001) after rescue. Freedom from ≥A2 was 62.5% in rACR. Freedom from BOS progression was 52.9% at 180 days in the BOS cohort. Freedom from FEV1 decline >10% was 70% in BOS grade 1 and 14.3% in advanced BOS grades 2‐3. Infections developed in 72.5% and 76.5% of rACR and BOS groups. Rescue alemtuzumab appears useful for rACR. Patients with BOS 1 may have transient benefit, and patients with advanced BOS seem not to respond to alemtuzumab.
Efficacy and safety of short‐term treatment with isoniazid and rifampicin for latent tuberculosis infection in lung transplant candidates
Authors: Guirao‐Arrabal Emilio , Santos Francisco , Redel Javier , Vaquero José Manuel , Torre‐Cisneros Julián 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe current recommendation for the treatment of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) in solid organ transplant candidates is isoniazid for 9 months, but this treatment has the main problem of frequently reaching the posttransplant period.MethodsThis is the study of efficacy and safety of a 3‐month regimen with isoniazid and rifampicin (3HR) in lung transplant candidates in the Reina Sofía Hospital in Córdoba.ResultsThree hundred and ninety‐eight lung transplant patients were evaluated. Ninety‐two (24.9%) had LTBI and just 22 received the 3HR treatment. One additional patient was treated because he had a history of previous incomplete treatment for active TB. None of the treated patients developed posttransplant tuberculosis compared to three of the 62 patients with LTBI who were not treated (4.8%). Three patients could not conclude the 3HR treatment (13%), but only two had adverse effects (8.7%).ConclusionsTreatment of LTBI in lung transplant candidates using a short course of 3HR appears to be effective and safe in preventing posttransplant TB in lung transplant recipients.
Reliability of reporting the presence of transformation zone material in Papanicolaou smears using an automated screening system
Authors: Erbarut Seven I. , Mollamemisoglu H. , Eren F. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveThis study was conducted to evaluate the reliability of using an interactive automated screening system (IAS) to determine the presence of endocervical and/or metaplastic cells (transformation zone material; TZM) in liquid‐based cytology (LBC) Papanicolaou (Pap) smear slides.Materials and methodsA series of LBC Pap smears was manually screened to determine the presence or absence of TZM. The results were compared to those obtained through IAS.ResultsThinPrep® Imaging System (Imager)‐assisted screening indicated that 22.4% of the slides did not contain TZM in cases in which previous manual screening revealed that 100% of the slides did contain TZM.ConclusionThe reliability of determining TZM through IAS is limited. Manual screening of the slides appears to be necessary to report the presence of TZM accurately.
European Law Beyond ‘Ever Closer Union’ Repositioning the Concept, its Thrust and the ECJ's Comparative Methodology
Authors: von Bogdandy Armin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe article investigates competing understandings of European law. It supports, against the prevailing EU‐centred understanding, an ecumenical concept that embraces EU law, supplementing international instruments, the European Convention on Human Rights and, importantly, various domestic laws enacting or responding to such transnational law, as well as European comparative law. To keep the concept in sync with European politics, it posits a new idea that binds the parts together: to provide for a European legal space rather than further European integration (the ever closer union). This idea can also serve as European law's functional equivalent to forming one legal order. European law thus conceived grasps the puzzling complex of interdependent legal orders, sets a common frame for corresponding reconstructions (European composite constructions, legal pluralism, network theories, federalism or intergovernmentalism) and allows forces with diverging outlooks to meet in one legal field, on one more neutral disciplinary platform. Within this framework, European comparative law finds a new mission as well as a sound legal basis.
Human herpesvirus 6 lymphadenitis in drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms syndrome: a lymphoma mimic
Authors: Johnson Steven , Mathews Stephanie , Hudnall S. David 
Published: December 2016

AimsLymphadenopathy, haematological abnormalities and constitutional symptoms are among the non‐specific manifestations seen in drug rash with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS), an uncommon but potentially fatal cutaneous adverse drug reaction. The ubiquitous human herpesvirus 6 (HHV‐6) plays a unique role in the pathogenesis of DRESS, with emerging data suggesting that reactivation occurs in most cases and contributes to the clinical manifestations, including lymphadenopathy. Further, in the appropriate clinical context, demonstration of HHV‐6 reactivation may lend support to a diagnosis of DRESS. The histopathology of DRESS‐associated HHV‐6 lymphadenitis is reported rarely, with morphologic and immunophenotypic characteristics concerning for T cell lymphoma. The aim is to characterize the histopathology of HHV‐6 lymphadenitis in the context of DRESS and to highlight this as an important cause of lymphadenopathy that may be a clinical, morphologic and immunophenotypic mimic of lymphoma.Methods and resultsWe describe a case of lymphoma‐mimicking lymphadenitis in which the histopathological demonstration of reactivation of HHV‐6 infection lent support to the clinical diagnosis of DRESS.ConclusionLymph node biopsies concerning for T cell lymphoma should be evaluated for HHV‐6 involvement in a clinical context suggestive of DRESS.
Emphysema induced by elastase enhances acute inflammatory pulmonary response to intraperitoneal LPS in rats
Authors: da Fonseca Lídia Maria Carneiro , Reboredo Maycon Moura , Lucinda Leda Marília Fonseca , Fazza Thaís Fernanda , Rabelo Maria Aparecida Esteves , Fonseca Adenilson Souza , de Paoli Flavia , Pinheiro Bruno Valle 
Published: December 2016

SummaryAbnormalities in lungs caused by emphysema might alter their response to sepsis and the occurrence of acute lung injury (ALI). This study compared the extension of ALI in response to intraperitoneal lipopolysaccharide (LPS) injection in Wistar rats with and without emphysema induced by elastase. Adult male Wistar rats were randomized into four groups: control, emphysema without sepsis, normal lung with sepsis and emphysema with sepsis. Sepsis was induced, and 24 h later the rats were euthanised. The following analysis was performed: blood gas measurements, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), lung permeability and histology. Animals that received LPS showed significant increase in a lung injury scoring system, inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and IL‐6, TNF‐α and CXCL2 mRNA expression in lung tissue. Animals with emphysema and sepsis showed increased alveolocapillary membrane permeability, demonstrated by higher BAL/serum albumin ratio. In conclusion, the presence of emphysema induced by elastase increases the inflammatory response in the lungs to a systemic stimulus, represented in this model by the intraperitoneal injection of LPS.