bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Acknowledging Uncertainty about Earthquake Risk Estimates on San Francisco Bay Area Residents’ Beliefs, Attitudes, and Intentions
Authors: Nakayachi Kazuya , Johnson Branden B. , Koketsu Kazuki 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe test here the risk communication proposition that explicit expert acknowledgment of uncertainty in risk estimates can enhance trust and other reactions. We manipulated such a scientific uncertainty message, accompanied by probabilities (20%, 70%, implicit [“will occur”] 100%) and time periods (10 or 30 years) in major (≥magnitude 8) earthquake risk estimates to test potential effects on residents potentially affected by seismic activity on the San Andreas fault in the San Francisco Bay Area (n = 750). The uncertainty acknowledgment increased belief that these specific experts were more honest and open, and led to statistically (but not substantively) significant increases in trust in seismic experts generally only for the 20% probability (vs. certainty) and shorter versus longer time period. The acknowledgment did not change judged risk, preparedness intentions, or mitigation policy support. Probability effects independent of the explicit admission of expert uncertainty were also insignificant except for judged risk, which rose or fell slightly depending upon the measure of judged risk used. Overall, both qualitative expressions of uncertainty and quantitative probabilities had limited effects on public reaction. These results imply that both theoretical arguments for positive effects, and practitioners’ potential concerns for negative effects, of uncertainty expression may have been overblown. There may be good reasons to still acknowledge experts’ uncertainties, but those merit separate justification and their own empirical tests.
Optimal Mission Abort Policy for Systems Operating in a Random Environment
Authors: Levitin Gregory , Finkelstein Maxim 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMany real‐world critical systems, e.g., aircrafts, manned space flight systems, and submarines, utilize mission aborts to enhance their survivability. Specifically, a mission can be aborted when a certain malfunction condition is met and a rescue or recovery procedure is then initiated. For systems exposed to external impacts, the malfunctions are often caused by the consequences of these impacts. Traditional system reliability models typically cannot address a possibility of mission aborts. Therefore, in this article, we first develop the corresponding methodology for modeling and evaluation of the mission success probability and survivability of systems experiencing both internal failures and external shocks. We consider a policy when a mission is aborted and a rescue procedure is activated upon occurrence of the mth shock. We demonstrate the tradeoff between the system survivability and the mission success probability that should be balanced by the proper choice of the decision variable m. A detailed illustrative example of a mission performed by an unmanned aerial vehicle is presented.
Psychometric testing of the Iceland Health Care Practitioner Illness Beliefs Questionnaire among school nurses
Authors: Svavarsdottir Erla Kolbrun , Looman Wendy , Tryggvadottir Gudny Bergthora , Garwick Ann 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundBeliefs have been found to have an effect on how people deal with illness. Therefore, knowing healthcare practitioners’ beliefs about specific high frequency illnesses are vital when caring for vulnerable populations such as school‐age children with chronic illnesses or disorders.AimTo psychometrically test the Iceland Health Care Practitioner Illness Beliefs Questionnaire for healthcare professionals who are working with families of school‐age children with asthma and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder.DesignThe Iceland Health Care Practitioner Illness Beliefs Questionnaire is a 7‐item Likert‐type instrument with four additional open‐ended questions that was developed from the Iceland Family Illness Belief Questionnaire. The questionnaire is designed to measure a provider's beliefs about their understanding of the meaning of the illness situation for families. The questionnaire was administered to 162 school nurses in Iceland and the state of Minnesota.MethodTwo condition‐specific versions of the Iceland Health Care Practitioner Illness Beliefs Questionnaire were developed in this study: one to measure beliefs about families of children with asthma and one to measure beliefs about families of children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Higher scores on the questionnaire indicate that healthcare professionals are more confident in their illness beliefs. After initial development, the questionnaire was translated into English. Participants completed the questionnaire using an online survey platform and parallel study procedures in both countries.ResultsBased on exploratory factor analysis using principal component analysis, the Iceland Health Care Practitioner Illness Beliefs Questionnaire was found to have a one‐factor solution with good construct validity (Cronbach's α = 0.91). Confirmatory factor analysis supported the one‐factor solution (Cronbach's α = 0.91).ConclusionThis instrument is a promising tool for measuring illness beliefs among healthcare practitioners in clinical and research settings.
Employee effort – reward balance and first‐level manager transformational leadership within elderly care
Authors: Keisu Britt‐Inger , Öhman Ann , Enberg Birgit 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundNegative aspects, staff dissatisfaction and problems related to internal organisational factors of working in elderly care are well‐known and documented. Much less is known about positive aspects of working in elderly care, and therefore, this study focuses on such positive factors in Swedish elderly care. We combined two theoretical models, the effort–reward imbalance model and the Transformational Leadership Style model. The aim was to estimate the potential associations between employee‐perceived transformational leadership style of their managers, and employees' ratings of effort and reward within elderly care work.MethodsThe article is based on questionnaires distributed at on‐site visits to registered nurses, occupational therapists, physiotherapists (high‐level education) and assistant nurses (low‐level education) in nine Swedish elderly care facilities. In order to grasp the positive factors of work in elderly care, we focused on balance at work, rather than imbalance.ResultsWe found a significant association between employees' effort–reward balance at work and a transformational leadership style among managers. An association was also found between employees' level of education and their assessments of the first‐level managers.ConclusionsWe conclude that the first‐level manager is an important actor for achieving a good workplace within elderly care, since she/he influences employees' psychosocial working environment. We also conclude that there are differences and inequalities, in terms of well‐being, effort and reward at the work place, between those with academic training and those without, in that the former group to a higher degree evaluated their first‐level manager to perform a transformational leadership style, which in turn is beneficial for their psychosocial work environment. Consequently, this (re)‐produce inequalities in terms of well‐being, effort and reward among the employees at the work place.
Fall prevention by nursing assistants among community‐living elderly people. A randomised controlled trial
Authors: Fahlström Gunilla , Kamwendo Kitty , Forsberg Jenny , Bodin Lennart 
Published: August 2017

Falls among elderly are a major public health issue in Sweden. The aim was to determine whether nursing assistants can prevent falls by supervising community‐living elderly individuals with a history of falling in performing individually designed home exercise programmes. A randomised controlled trial was performed in Sweden, in eight municipalities in the county of Örebro, during 2007–2009. Community‐living persons 65 years or older having experienced at least one fall during the last 12 months were included. The intervention group consisted of 76 participants, and there were 72 in the control group. The interventions were free of charge and were shared between a physiotherapist and a nursing assistant. The former designed a programme aiming to improve balance, leg strength and walking ability. The nursing assistant supervised the performance of activities during eight home visits during a 5‐month intervention period. The measures and instruments used were health‐related quality of life (SF‐36), activity of daily living (ADL‐staircase), balance, (Falls Efficacy Scale, and Berg Balance Scale), walking ability (Timed Up and Go and the 3‐metre walking test), leg strength, (chair stand test). All participants were asked to keep a structured calendar of their physical exercise, walks and occurrence of falls during their 12‐month study period. Hospital healthcare consumption data were collected. Although the 5‐month intervention did not significantly decrease the risk for days with falls, RR 1.10 (95% CI 0.58, 2.07), p = 0.77, significant changes in favour of the intervention group were noted for balance (p = 0.03), ADL (p = 0.035), bodily pain (p = 0.003) and reported health transition over time (p = 0.008) as well as less hospital care due to fractures (p = 0.025). Additional studies with more participants are needed to establish whether or not falls can be significantly prevented with this model which is workable in home‐based fall prevention.
The determinants of meaning of pain following an acute traumatic injury
Authors: Slomp Florence J. , Mayan Maria J. , Lasiuk Gerri C. , Dick Bruce D. 
Published: August 2017

Rationale and aimsMeaning is an integral aspect of life that drives behaviours, actions and emotions. Perception of pain is believed to be affected by the meaning of pain. Our primary aim was to investigate and discuss the determinants of meaning in acute pain following a traumatic injury.Methodological designUsing the Interpretive Description approach, a method of qualitative inquiry, 13 adults hospitalised due to their accidental injuries were recruited. Semi‐structured interviews that were digitally recorded were used to collect the data. Ethical approval was received by our local Health Research Ethics Board, and all relevant ethical standards were followed as outlined in the approved ethics proposal.FindingsThe three primary determinants of meaning during an acute pain event, or the experience of acute pain include permanence of injuries, incongruence of care quality, and personal responses to the injury and care received. Although the permanence of an injury is lasting, we did not find any emotional response to this fact while the participants were hospitalised. The emotion characterising the personal response to the perceived poor quality of hospital care received was anxiety.ConclusionBoth the technical and personal components of healthcare quality have the potential to increase the perception of pain. Meanings in an acute pain event are primarily related to the determinants of incongruent care and the personal response to that determinant: anxiety.
Systemic Treatment with a miR‐146a Mimic Suppresses Endotoxin Sensitivity and Partially Protects Mice from the Progression of Acute Graft‐versus‐Host Disease
Authors: Gartner J. G. , Durston M. M. , Booth S. A. , Ellison C. A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAcute GVHD (aGVHD) is driven by interactions between the allogenic T cell response, inflammation, tissue injury and microbial products that enter the circulation when protective barriers such as the intestinal epithelium become compromised. Mice with aGVHD become hypersensitive to LPS, secreting large quantities of inflammatory mediators that exacerbate tissue injury. We hypothesized that microRNA (miR) modulators could be used in vivo to mitigate LPS hypersensitivity, altering the course of aGVHD. Using the C57BL/6 → (C57BL/6 × DBA/2)F1‐hybrid model of aGVHD, we measured intestinal permeability over time and used a qPCR array to detect concomitant changes in the expression levels of certain microRNAs (miRs) in the intestine. Large increases in permeability were seen on day 15, when endotoxemia becomes detectable and GVHD‐associated histopathological lesions develop. Amongst the miRs with altered expression levels were some that regulate sensitivity to endotoxin. We chose to focus on miR‐146a and treated recipient mice systemically with a miR‐146a mimic early in the GVH reaction. This led to a reduction in the burst of IFNγ that likely plays a priming role in the mechanism underlying heightened sensitivity to endotoxin. LPS‐induced TNFα release and GVHD‐associated weight loss were also diminished and survival was prolonged. In summary, systemic treatment with a miR‐146a mimic dampens the heightened sensitivity to LPS that occurs concomitantly with increased intestinal permeability and provides partial protection from the progression of acute GVHD.
Sequence analysis of ABO and its homologues is valid for species identification
Authors: Sano R. , Fukuda H. , Takahashi Y. , Takahashi K. , Kubo R. , Kobayashi M. , Fujihara J. , Takeshita H. , Kominato Y. 
Published: August 2017

SUMMARYBackgroundABO and its paralogues, such as A3GALT2 and GGTA1, encoding α1,3‐Gal(NAc) transferases, belong to the glycosyltransferase 6 (GT6) gene family. We have developed an alternative method for the identification of species based on sequence variations within the GT6 gene family, which is applicable to degraded DNA.Methods/MaterialsDNA samples prepared from control mammalian species, together with an unknown sample, were polymerase chain reaction (PCR)‐amplified using one universal primer pair targeting the sequences in the last coding exons of the GT6 gene family, yielding 141‐bp products derived from those multiple loci. After cloning, sequence determination and Basic Local Alignment Search Tool analysis, phylogenetic trees were constructed.ResultsComparison of the sequences obtained with those references showed good concordance with each of the starting species of mammals. This system was able to identify ‘mouse’ or ‘rodent’ as the origin of the unknown sample.ConclusionFor the identification of species, genotyping of ABO and its homologues would be applicable for the analysis of degraded DNA samples. Although the method employed in this study is likely valid for mammals, it would not be suitable for birds, fish and reptiles. It may be possible to improve the present method for use with other species by employing an alternative universal primer set.
Assessment of schistosomiasis and soil‐transmitted helminths prevalence in school‐aged children and opportunities for integration of control in local health services in Kwilu Province, the Democratic Republic of the Congo
Authors: Inocencio da Luz R. , Linsuke S. , Lutumba P. , Hasker E. , Boelaert M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of schistosomiasis (SCH) and soil‐transmitted helminths (STH) in the Democratic Republic of Congo, and to assess the capacity of the local health centres for diagnosis and treatment.MethodsCross‐sectional school‐based survey in two health districts in the Province of Kwilu. We collected a stool and a urine sample for parasitological examination. Urine filtration and duplicate Kato‐Katz thick smears were used for the diagnosis of SCH. Health centres were evaluated using a structured questionnaire.ResultsIn total, 526 children participated in the study and the overall prevalence of Schistosoma mansoni infection was 8.9% (95% CI: 3.5–13.2) in both districts. The prevalence was higher in Mosango (11.7%; 95% CI: 8.9–14.8) than Yasa Bonga district (6.2%; 95% CI: 1.1–11.4). Urine filtration showed that Schistosoma haematobium infection was not present. The combined STH infection prevalence was 58.1% in both districts; hookworm infection was the most common STH found in 52.9% (95% CI: 29.3–62.4) of subjects, followed by Ascaris lumbricoides 9.3% (95% CI: 5.8–15.5) and Trichuris trichiura 2.1% (95% CI: 0.9–4.9). Mixed STH infections were observed as well as SCH‐STH coinfection.ConclusionFurther mapping of both SCH and STH burden is needed, and coverage of preventive chemotherapy in school‐aged children should be increased.
The high‐quality genome of Brassica napus cultivar ‘ZS11’ reveals the introgression history in semi‐winter morphotype
Authors: Sun Fengming , Fan Guangyi , Hu Qiong , Zhou Yongming , Guan Mei , Tong Chaobo , Li Jiana , Du Dezhi , Qi Cunkou , Jiang Liangcai , Liu Weiqing , Huang Shunmou , Chen Wenbin , Yu Jingyin , Mei Desheng , Meng Jinling , Zeng Peng , Shi Jiaqin , Liu Kede , Wang Xi , Wang Xinfa , Long Yan , Liang Xinming , Hu Zhiyong , Huang Guodong , Dong Caihua , Zhang He , Li Jun , Zhang Yaolei , Li Liangwei , Shi Chengcheng , Wang Jiahao , Lee Simon Ming‐Yuen , Guan Chunyun , Xu Xun , Liu Shengyi , Liu Xin , Chalhoub Boulos , Hua Wei , Wang Hanzhong 
Published: August 2017

SummaryAllotetraploid oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) is an agriculturally important crop. Cultivation and breeding of B. napus by humans has resulted in numerous genetically diverse morphotypes with optimized agronomic traits and ecophysiological adaptation. To further understand the genetic basis of diversification and adaptation, we report a draft genome of an Asian semi‐winter oilseed rape cultivar ‘ZS11’ and its comprehensive genomic comparison with the genomes of the winter‐type cultivar ‘Darmor‐bzh’ as well as two progenitors. The integrated BAC‐to‐BAC and whole‐genome shotgun sequencing strategies were effective in the assembly of repetitive regions (especially young long terminal repeats) and resulted in a high‐quality genome assembly of B. napus ‘ZS11’. Within a short evolutionary period (~6700 years ago), semi‐winter‐type ‘ZS11’ and the winter‐type ‘Darmor‐bzh’ maintained highly genomic collinearity. Even so, certain genetic differences were also detected in two morphotypes. Relative to ‘Darmor‐bzh’, both two subgenomes of ‘ZS11’ are closely related to its progenitors, and the ‘ZS11’ genome harbored several specific segmental homoeologous exchanges (HEs). Furthermore, the semi‐winter‐type ‘ZS11’ underwent potential genomic introgressions with B. rapa (Ar). Some of these genetic differences were associated with key agronomic traits. A key gene of A03.FLC3 regulating vernalization‐responsive flowering time in ‘ZS11’ was first experienced HE, and then underwent genomic introgression event with Ar, which potentially has led to genetic differences in controlling vernalization in the semi‐winter types. Our observations improved our understanding of the genetic diversity of different B. napus morphotypes and the cultivation history of semi‐winter oilseed rape in Asia.
Model for the role of auxin polar transport in patterning of the leaf adaxial–abaxial axis
Authors: Shi Jianmin , Dong Jiaqiang , Xue Jingshi , Wang Hua , Yang Zhongnan , Jiao Yuling , Xu Lin , Huang Hai 
Published: August 2017

SummaryLeaf adaxial–abaxial polarity refers to the two leaf faces, which have different types of cells performing distinct biological functions. In 1951, Ian Sussex reported that when an incipient leaf primordium was surgically isolated by an incision across the vegetative shoot apical meristem (SAM), a radialized structure without an adaxial domain would form. This led to the proposal that a signal, now called the Sussex signal, is transported from the SAM to emerging primordia to direct leaf adaxial–abaxial patterning. It was recently proposed that instead of the Sussex signal, polar transport of the plant hormone auxin is critical in leaf polarity formation. However, how auxin polar transport functions in the process is unknown. Through live imaging, we established a profile of auxin polar transport in and around young leaf primordia. Here we show that auxin polar transport in lateral regions of an incipient primordium forms auxin convergence points. We demonstrated that blocking auxin polar transport in the lateral regions of the incipient primordium by incisions abolished the auxin convergence points and caused abaxialized leaves to form. The lateral incisions also blocked the formation of leaf middle domain and margins and disrupted expression of the middle domain/margin‐associated marker gene WUSCHEL‐RELATED HOMEOBOX 1 (SlWOX1). Based on these results we propose that the auxin convergence points are required for the formation of leaf middle domain and margins, and the functional middle domain and margins ensure leaf adaxial–abaxial polarity. How middle domain and margins function in the process is discussed.
The Language of Data Program: Use of Gaming to Promote Critical Appraisal Skills
Authors: Granger Bradi B. , Rogers Jennifer , Miller Corinne , Martin Karen , Olson DaiWai M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis column shares the best evidence‐based strategies and innovative ideas on how to facilitate the learning and implementation of EBP principles and processes by clinicians as well as nursing and interprofessional students. Guidelines for submission are available at http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1741-6787
Pharmacological Basis of CD101 Efficacy: Exposure Shape Matters
Authors: Lakota Elizabeth A. , Bader Justin C. , Ong Voon , Bartizal Ken , Miesel Lynn , Andes David R. , Bhavnani Sujata M. , Rubino Christopher M. , Ambrose Paul G. , Lepak Alexander J. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

CD101 is a novel echinocandin with concentration-dependent fungicidal activity
in vitro
and a long half-life (∼133 h in humans, ∼70 to 80 h in mice). Given these characteristics, it is likely that the shape of the CD101 exposure (i.e., the time course of CD101 concentrations) influences efficacy. To test this hypothesis, doses which produce the same total area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) were administered to groups of neutropenic ICR mice infected with
Candida albicans
R303 using three different schedules. A total CD101 dose of 2 mg/kg was administered as a single intravenous (i.v.) dose or in equal divided doses of either 1 mg/kg twice weekly or 0.29 mg/kg/day over 7 days. The studies were performed using a murine disseminated candidiasis model. Animals were euthanized at 168 h following the start of treatment. Fungi grew well in the no-treatment control group and showed variable changes in fungal density in the treatment groups. When the CD101 AUC from 0 to 168 h (AUC
0–168
) was administered as a single dose, a >2 log
10
CFU reduction from the baseline at 168 h was observed. When twice-weekly and daily regimens with similar AUC values were administered, net fungal stasis and a >1 log
10
CFU increase from the baseline were observed, respectively. These data support the hypothesis that the shape of the CD101 AUC influences efficacy. Thus, CD101 administered once per week demonstrated a greater degree of fungal killing than the same dose divided into twice-weekly or daily regimens.