bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tell me your financing and I tell you who you are
Authors: Margarian Anne 
Published: February 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to identify criteria for the better targeting of public funding for private social activities and organizations. As a starting point, it proposes that financing strategies can characterize organizations which are positioned on a for-profit/non-profit continuum. The paper then analyses how far the effectiveness of public support systems depends on recipients’ general financing strategies.

Design/methodology/approach
The study is based on data from a standardized small-scale survey. The analysis applies latent class analysis for the creation of a meaningful organizational dimension and applies them in an ordered logistic regression.

Findings
Despite their variety along a for-profit/non-profit continuum, organizations in the sample can be described by three meaningful dimensions, and the focal role of organizations’ financing strategies can be confirmed. Repeated project-based public support might create a harmful dependence on this kind of funds. To be effective, it needs to be targeted at nascent socially effective organizations with non-solvent clients.

Practical implications
Recognition of different financing strategies as meaningful characteristics of organizations with consequences for their long-term development is of direct practical relevance for a better design and targeting of financing systems in general and public support systems in particular.

Originality/value
Although the focal relevance of financing for the characterization of (social) organizations has been stressed before, the paper is able to operationalize the idea and to demonstrate its value in an application to the evaluation of project based support.
Functional and phylogenetic structure of island bird communities
Authors: Si Xingfeng , Cadotte Marc W. , Zeng Di , Baselga Andrés , Zhao Yuhao , Li Jiaqi , Wu Yiru , Wang Siyu , Ding Ping 
Published: February 2017

Summary

Biodiversity change in anthropogenically transformed habitats is often nonrandom, yet the nature and importance of the different mechanisms shaping community structure are unclear. Here, we extend the classic Theory of Island Biogeography (TIB) to account for nonrandom processes by incorporating species traits and phylogenetic relationships into a study of faunal relaxation following habitat loss and fragmentation.

Two possible mechanisms can create nonrandom community patterns on fragment islands. First, small and isolated islands might consist of similar or closely related species because they are environmentally homogeneous or select for certain shared traits, such as dispersal ability. Alternatively, communities on small islands might contain more dissimilar or distantly related species than on large islands because limited space and resource availability result in greater competitive exclusion among species with high niche overlap.

Breeding birds were surveyed on 36 islands and two mainland sites annually from 2010 to 2014 in the Thousand Island Lake region, China. We assessed community structure of breeding birds on these subtropical land‐bridge islands by integrating species’ trait and evolutionary distances. We additionally analysed habitat heterogeneity and variance in size ratios to distinguish biotic and abiotic processes of community assembly.

Results showed that functional–phylogenetic diversity increased with island area, and decreased with isolation. Bird communities on the mainland were more diverse and generally less clustered than island bird communities and not different than randomly assembled communities. Bird communities on islands tend to be functionally similar and phylogenetically clustered, especially on small and isolated islands.

The nonrandom decline in species diversity and change in bird community structure with island area and isolation, along with the relatively homogeneous habitats on small islands, support the environmental filtering hypothesis. Our study demonstrates the importance of integrating multiple forms of diversity for understanding the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and further reveals that TIB could be extended to community measures by moving beyond assumptions of species equivalency in colonisation rates and extinction susceptibilities.
Suppressing competitive dominants and community restoration with native parasitic plants using the hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus and the dominant grass Calamagrostis epigejos
Authors: Těšitel Jakub , Mládek Jan , Horník Jan , Těšitelová Tamara , Adamec Vojtěch , Tichý Lubomír 
Published: February 2017

Summary

Dominance of native or alien competitive plants causes competitive exclusion of subordinate species and represents a major mechanism reducing biodiversity following land‐use changes. The successful competitive strategies may, however, be interfered with by parasitic plants, which withdraw resources from other plants' vasculature. Parasitism may strongly reduce the growth of the dominants, which may facilitate regeneration of other species and consequently trigger restoration of natural communities of high diversity.

Here, we aim to provide robust empirical evidence demonstrating this restoration potential of parasitic plants. We present a case study testing suppressive effects of hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus on competitive grass Calamagrostis epigejos. In recent decades, C. epigejos has invaded many high‐nature‐value semi‐natural grasslands of Central Europe, which is one of the prominent factors causing their biodiversity decline.

We conducted three manipulative field experiments testing the effect of sowing of R. alectorolophus in different vegetation types infested by C. epigejos. Rhinanthus sowing was compared to different mowing treatments recommended as the ‘best practice’ management at respective sites.

Rhinanthus alectorolophus established itself in most C. epigejos‐dominated plots where sown. Calamagrostis epigejos was virtually exterminated in 2 years in two of the experiments (dry meadow and industrial area). In the wet‐meadow experiment, the suppressive effect was variable as a result of uneven establishment success of Rhinanthus. In this experiment increased mowing intensity had an additional suppressive effect on C. epigejos. Rhinanthus also increased regeneration potential of other species by a temporary reduction of vegetation density. Restoration of target vegetation composition was, however, dependent on community context.

Synthesis and applications. We demonstrated that hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus is an accessible and efficient tool for targeted biological control of Calamagrostis epigejos, with a great potential to restore infested grassland vegetation. The strong effect of Rhinanthus is caused by interference with the underground storage and clonal growth strategy of Calamagrostis epigejos, which are both traits that underlie its competitive ability. The potential of native parasitic plants should be considered in restoration management of sites infested by competitive dominants, either alien or native.
Abiotic and biotic drivers of biomass change in a Neotropical forest
Authors: van der Sande Masha T. , Peña‐Claros Marielos , Ascarrunz Nataly , Arets Eric J. M. M. , Licona Juan Carlos , Toledo Marisol , Poorter Lourens 
Published: February 2017

Summary

Tropical forests play an important role in the global carbon cycle, but the drivers of net forest biomass change (i.e. net carbon sequestration) are poorly understood. Here, we evaluate how abiotic factors (soil conditions and disturbance) and biotic factors (forest structure, diversity and community trait composition) shape three important demographic processes (biomass recruitment, growth and mortality) and how these underlie net biomass change.

To test this, we evaluated 9 years of biomass dynamics using 48 1‐ha plots in a Bolivian tropical moist forest, and measured for the most abundant species eight functional traits that are important for plant carbon gain and loss. Demographic processes were related to the abiotic and biotic factors using structural equation models.

Variation in net biomass change across plots was mostly due to stand‐level mortality, but mortality itself could not be predicted at this scale. Contrary to expectations, we found that species richness and trait composition – which is an indicator for the mass‐ratio theory – had little effect on the demographic processes. Biomass recruitment (i.e. the biomass growth by recruiting trees) increased with higher resource availability (i.e. water and light) and with high species richness, probably because of increased resource use efficiency. Biomass growth of larger, established trees increased with higher sand content, which may facilitate root growth of larger trees to deeper soil layers.

In sum, diversity and mass‐ratio are of limited importance for the productivity of this forest. Instead, in this moist tropical forest with a marked dry season, demographic processes are most strongly determined by soil texture, soil water availability and forest structure. Only by simultaneously evaluating multiple abiotic and biotic drivers of demographic processes, better insights can be gained into mechanisms playing a role in the carbon sequestration potential of tropical forests and natural systems in general.
Salmonella Inactivation During Extrusion of an Oat Flour Model Food
Authors: Anderson Nathan M. , Keller Susanne E. , Mishra Niharika , Pickens Shannon , Gradl Dana , Hartter Tim , Rokey Galen , Dohl Christopher , Plattner Brian , Chirtel Stuart , Grasso‐Kelley Elizabeth M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLittle research exists on Salmonella inactivation during extrusion processing, yet many outbreaks associated with low water activity foods since 2006 were linked to extruded foods. The aim of this research was to study Salmonella inactivation during extrusion of a model cereal product. Oat flour was inoculated with Salmonella enterica serovar Agona, an outbreak strain isolated from puffed cereals, and processed using a single‐screw extruder at a feed rate of 75 kg/h and a screw speed of 500 rpm. Extrudate samples were collected from the barrel outlet in sterile bags and immediately cooled in an ice–water bath. Populations were determined using standard plate count methods or a modified most probable number when populations were low. Reductions in population were determined and analyzed using a general linear model. The regression model obtained for the response surface tested was Log (NR/NO) = 20.50 + 0.82T − 141.16aw – 0.0039T2 + 87.91aw2 (R2 = 0.69). The model showed significant (p < 0.05) linear and quadratic effects of aw and temperature and enabled an assessment of critical control parameters. Reductions of 0.67 ± 0.14 to 7.34 ± 0.02 log CFU/g were observed over ranges of aw (0.72 to 0.96) and temperature (65 to 100 °C) tested. Processing conditions above 82 °C and 0.89 aw achieved on average greater than a 5‐log reduction of Salmonella. Results indicate that extrusion is an effective means for reducing Salmonella as most processes commonly employed to produce cereals and other low water activity foods exceed these parameters. Thus, contamination of an extruded food product would most likely occur postprocessing as a result of environmental contamination or through the addition of coatings and flavorings.
UNION–FIRM BARGAINING AGENDA REVISITED: WHEN UNIONS HAVE DISTINCT PREFERENCES
Authors: Fanti Luciano , Buccella Domenico 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIn this paper we revisit the issue of the scope of bargaining between firms and unions by considering a more general union's utility function with distinct preferences and sequential negotiations. First, we compare exogenously given labour market institutions; i.e., right‐to‐manage (RTM) and sequential efficient bargaining (SEB). We show that the conventional wisdom, which states that firms always prefer RTM, no longer holds. In fact, when unions are adequately wage aggressive and have strong enough bargaining power, firms may prefer SEB negotiations; however, firms switch their preference to RTM when unions are very strong. Moreover, we show that a conflict of interest between the parties may emerge when unions are sufficiently employment oriented as well as sufficiently wage aggressive and not too strong or too weak in bargaining. Second, we analyse the endogenous choice of the bargaining agenda. We show that a rich plethora of equilibria may occur and new situations of conflict/agreement of interests between the bargaining parties arise in particular when unions are sufficiently wage‐aggressive.
Individual Differences in Prototypical Moral and Conventional Judgments and Children's Proactive and Reactive Aggression
Authors: Jambon Marc , Smetana Judith G. 
Published: February 2017

This article examined links between 4‐ and 6‐year‐olds’ (n = 101; Mage = 5.12 years, SD = 0.67; 53% male) ability to distinguish moral and conventional transgressions along different criteria and teacher ratings of proactive and reactive aggression. Latent difference score modeling revealed that moral transgressions were judged more unacceptable and wrong independent of rules and authority than conventional violations, but significant variability in moral–conventional distinctions was also observed. Proactive aggression was associated with less—and reactive aggression was associated with greater—differentiation in moral and conventional concepts. Proactive aggression was not associated with deficits in moral knowledge when other common assessments of early moral understanding were employed, highlighting the importance of using theoretically informed measures of moral judgments and aggression.
Risk factors for hospitalization of children with congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Yang Ming , White Perrin C. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackground and objectivesPatients with congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) owing to 21‐hydroxylase deficiency are prone to potentially life‐threatening adrenal crises. We tried to identify risk factors for postdiagnosis hospitalization for children with the salt‐wasting form of CAH.MethodsWe reviewed medical records of all children who presented to Children's Medical Center, Dallas, from 1999 to 2013 with CAH (ICD‐9 code 255·2).ResultsFive hundred and twenty‐two unique patients were coded for ICD‐9 code of 255·2 (CAH) from 1999 to 2013; 155 patients had salt‐wasting disease. Fifty‐five patients were hospitalized a total of 105 times. Patients who were hospitalized were more likely to have noncommercial insurance (RR = 1·8; 95% CI [1·1–2·8]; P = 0·02); this included five patients hospitalized a total of 37 times. Children younger than 2 years (RR = 3·3 [2·2–4·8]; P < 0·0001) were more likely to be hospitalized. In a nested case–control analysis, the risk of hospitalization was correlated with daily fludrocortisone dose (P ≤ 0·0001) but not hydrocortisone dose; no outpatient laboratory test predicted hospitalization. Gastroenteritis was the most frequent admitting diagnosis.ConclusionsYounger children may be at greater risk of hospitalization owing to increased susceptibility to viral infections and decreased ability to withstand stress and dehydration. A minority of patients with noncommercial insurance may have higher risk owing to social barriers that interfere with treatment compliance. Those requiring higher daily fludrocortisone dosages likely have inherently more severe disease leading to higher rates of hospitalization.
Morphological characterization of infra‐generic lineages in Deparia (Athyriaceae: Polypodiales)
Authors: Kuo Li‐Yaung , Ebihara Atsushi , Kato Masahiro , Rouhan Germinal , Ranker Tom A. , Wang Chun‐Neng , Chiou Wen‐Liang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDeparia, including the previously recognized genera Lunathyrium, Dryoathyrium (=Parathyrium), Athyriopsis, Triblemma, and Dictyodroma, is a fern genus comprising about 70 species in Athyriaceae. In this study, we inferred a robust Deparia phylogeny based on a comprehensive taxon sampling (~81% of species) that captures the morphological diversity displayed in the genus. All Deparia species formed a highly supported monophyletic group. Within Deparia, seven major clades were identified, and most of them were characterized by inferring synapomorphies using 14 morphological characters including leaf architecture, petiole base, rhizome type, soral characters, spore perine, and leaf indument. These results provided the morphological basis for an infra‐generic taxonomic revision of Deparia.
Apical left ventricular myocardial dysfunction is an early feature of cardiac involvement in myotonic dystrophy type 1
Authors: Garcia Rodrigue , Labarre Quentin , Degand Bruno , Ingrand Pierre , Le Gal François , Bonnet Benjamin , Delaubier Anne , Guillou Claire , Gellen Barnabas , Coisne Damien , Bouleti Claire , Christiaens Luc 
Published: February 2017

IntroductionLeft ventricular (LV) dysfunction is a major prognostic determinant in myotonic dystrophy type 1 (DM1). Therefore, markers of early‐stage LV impairment may be useful. The aim of this study was to evaluate 2D echocardiographic LV strain in a cohort of DM1 patients with preserved left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and to compare the results with matched controls.MethodsThis prospective single‐center study included 33 consecutive DM1 patients between February 2014 and February 2015. Mean age was 38.2±12.9 years, and 17 (52%) were males. Exclusion criteria were LVEF <55%, QRS >120 milliseconds, history of atrial fibrillation, and presence of a pacemaker with ventricular pacing. DM1 patients were matched to healthy controls according to sex and age.ResultsDM1 patients showed significant impairment of global longitudinal strain (GLS) as compared to controls (−18.0±1.9 vs −19.1±2.4; P=.03), characterized by a marked alteration at the apex (−20.0±3.3 vs −22.7±3.1; P<.001). DM1 patients had also global radial strain impairment (20.0±9.8 vs 27.5±14.9; P=.024) compared to controls while global circumferential strain was not statistically different between groups (P=.94). Intra‐ and inter‐observer analysis showed good reproducibility of GLS.ConclusionDespite preserved LVEF, DM1 patients exhibited significantly altered LV GLS, particularly at the apex, as compared with controls. The detection of impaired myocardial deformation at early stages of the disease might help to screen high‐risk patients who need closer follow‐up.
Density of quaternary glasses in the MgO‐CaO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐system—modeling vs measurement
Authors: Veit Ulrike , Rüssel Christian 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe densities of quaternary glass‐forming systems within the CaO‐MgO‐Al2O3‐SiO2‐composition (CMAS) were evaluated. Their compositions differed not more than 5 mol% for each component from each other. After melting, the exact chemical compositions were measured using X‐ray fluorescence and the densities were determined by Archimedes method and pycnometry. This property and its dependency upon small variations in the composition is the main focus of this paper. The density values were between 2.617 and 2.700 g/cm³ and the packing density factors Vp of the oxide glasses using the ionic radii of Pauling ranged from 0.562 to 0.574. The experimentally determined data were compared to different model calculations. Calculations performed according to empirical formulae given in the literature showed relative deviations between −5 and 12% to the experimental values. The effect of MgO was also studied by comparing the glasses with similar compositions (Ceram Int, 2016;42:5810–5822 ) without any MgO.
5‐Aminolevulinic acid‐mediated photodynamic therapy for bladder cancer
Authors: Inoue Keiji 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy using 5‐aminolevulinic acid is a treatment method in which the fluorescent substance of protoporphyrin IX excessively accumulated specifically in cancer cells is excited by visible red or green light irradiation, and reactive oxygen is produced and injures cancer cells. Photodynamic therapy using 5‐aminolevulinic acid less markedly influences the surrounding normal cells and tissue as a result of no accumulation of protoporphyrin IX, being a low‐invasive, less harmful treatment localized to cancer. Furthermore, photodynamic therapy using 5‐aminolevulinic acid is painless, requiring no anesthesia because localized lesions are treated at a low‐energy level, and repeatedly applicable, unlike radiotherapy, and so is expected to be a new low‐invasive treatment based on a concept completely different from existing treatments. In fact, photodynamic therapy using 5‐aminolevulinic acid for bladder cancer was clinically demonstrated mainly for treatment‐resistant bladder carcinoma in situ, and favorable outcomes have been obtained. Photodynamic therapy using 5‐aminolevulinic acid are photodynamic technologies based on the common biological characteristic of cancers, and are expected as novel therapeutic strategies for many types of cancer.
Onion thrips colonization of onion fields bordering crop and non‐crop habitats in muck cropping systems
Authors: Smith E. A. , Shields E. J. , Nault B. A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOnion thrips, Thrips tabaci Lindeman, colonization of onion fields may be influenced by bordering crop and non‐crop habitats. Identifying habitats adjacent to onion fields associated with high T. tabaci infestations would be valuable for improving scouting efforts and management decisions. A 3‐year study examined adult T. tabaci colonization patterns within onion fields early (June through early July) and late in the season (August) in three muck regions in New York (USA). We hypothesized that early‐season adult densities would be greater in onion fields bordering other crops (e.g. carrot, corn and potato) and non‐crops (e.g. woods) than those bordering other onion fields and that more adults would occur along onion field edges than field centres. Results indicated similar adult densities in onion fields regardless of bordering crop and non‐crop habitats in seven of nine muck region × year data sets; exceptions were more adults in onion fields bordering potato (Elba region only) and corn (Potter region only) than those bordering other onion fields. Adult densities decreased as distance into onion fields increased in only four of nine muck region × year data sets; in these cases only 38% more adults were found along field edges than field centres. Later in the season, we hypothesized that adult densities would be greater in non‐mature onion fields bordering mature onion fields, and densities would be greater along field edges than field centres. Results indicated that adult densities in non‐mature onion fields bordering mature onion fields were 54 times greater than those bordering other non‐mature onion fields, and four times more adults occurred along field edges than field centres; adult densities were similar along field edges and centres in non‐mature onion fields bordering other non‐mature onion fields. Implications for T. tabaci management in onion based on these colonization patterns are discussed.