bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Steel Plate for LNG Storage Tank
Authors: Kagaya T. , Furuya H. , Kamo T. , Takahashi Y. , Wakamatsu H. , Nagao T. , Nishigami H. , Tomita S. , Hirai S. , Mitsumoto M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Due to the demands for expanding liquefied natural gas (LNG), an increase in LNG storage tank constructions is now expected. For over 50 years, 9%Ni steel with excellent mechanical properties at a cryogenic temperature under -162°C has been used as inner-tank material for LNG storage tanks. As nickel is an expensive and a rare metal, a reduction of the nickel content in steel can save construction costs of LNG storage tanks.
A new steel plate for LNG storage tanks has been developed by optimizing the chemical composition and applying the latest thermomechanical control process (TMCP) technology. TMCP is a production process wherein the rolling temperature and cooling rate after rolling are controlled, thereby enabling the refining of the microstructure. For the application of the new steel to LNG storage tanks, the brittle crack initiation properties and propagation properties of the base plate and welded joint were analyzed.
The new steel has a finer microstructure and larger amount of retained austenite than conventional 9%Ni steel. It was demonstrated through various large-scale fracture tests that the new steel has excellent performance equivalent to conventional 9%Ni steel. The new steel plate (7.0%–7.5%Ni) has already been adopted in an aboveground LNG storage tank in Senboku Terminal 1 of Osaka Gas Corporation. This tank, which has a capacity of 230,000 m3 and is the largest of its kind in the world, was constructed in November 2015. It was confirmed that weldability and formability of new steel in the construction of LNG storage tanks are also equivalent to 9%Ni steel. The LNG storage tank has been safely operating till this day.
The newly developed steel (6.0%-7.5%Ni) was standardized in JIS, ASTM, ASME, and API. Furthermore, in addition to Class 9 of ASTM, Class 10 having higher strength was specified. The new steel can be used in LNG storage tanks all over the world.
Positive Displacement Motor Modeling: Skyrocketing the Way We Design, Select, and Operate Mud Motors
Authors: BA Samba , Pushkarev Maxim , Kolyshkin Anton , Song Lijun , Yin Ling Ling 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We present in this paper a comprehensive and universal tool/model for the mud motor power section. The model includes performance, fatigue, and hysteresis heating simulation capability. It can be used for improved and optimized power section design, motor selection prior to jobs, drilling parameters optimization, failures analysis, and training. Model predictions are compared with real field cases with good accuracy.
There are many challenges to build a proper model of the power section: a geometry that involves complex kinematics with progressive cavities moving in a spiral motion, unusual contact mechanism with high deformation from the elastomer, the elastomer itself being a highly nonlinear material that experiences hysteresis heating, the fluid aspect with complex 3D path, the interaction between the fluid and the elastomer, the sliding and rotating operating modes, and the load fluctuation in typical downhole instable conditions. To build an adequate model we have developed a set of modules with a unique apparatus helping to make cross-interacting links between them.
The present simulation capability allows us to predict the performance and the fatigue life of the power sections with good precision. We have already run many different power section simulations under different conditions showing good correlation with field data. We provide here direct field operation applications with comparative results between some field failures and model predictions. In addition, we expose how combining accurate profile measurements of the rotor and the stator with the modeling capability can prevent failures due to wrong interference fit or incompatibility between rotors and stators. Besides that, a comparative study with different elastomers in the same power section is also considered. We show also how we can use the model for well planning by selecting the right motor for the right application. Moreover, during the well execution, by combining its prediction and the monitoring system to derive optimized drilling parameters for performance and reliability, one can achieve higher shoe-to- shoe rate of penetration (ROP).
Successful Massive Hydraulic Fracturing of Deviated Wells in Fushan Complex Fault-Block Reservoir, Hainan Island
Authors: Suzhen Li , Xuemei Yan , Yun Xu , Liao Wang , Rui Gao , Daoping Zhu , Siyun Zeng , Xiaoguo Deng , Wuqiong Jiang , Yuzhong Wang 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Fushan complex fault-block condensate gas reservoir consists of more than 170 low-permeability fault blocks with multilayers of depth from 3300.0m to 4000.0m and temperature from 140.0°C to 174.0°C. Almost half of the new wells cannot achieve the economic production by unsuccessful fracturing and low proppant volume due to high temperature, deviated well with high angle-multilayers in long interval and close to the faults, etc. Based on reservoir and well features analysis, we put forward massive hydraulic fracturing (MHF) for wells with long interval multilayers, which cannot be Layered fracturing. Meanwhile, multistage sand slug and a large volume of proppant in pad stage are executed to decrease the risk of screen out and increase opportunities to break multilayers. Moreover, the low damage fracturing fluid was developed to improve the proppant carrying capacity in high temperature and reduce formation damage. Six deviated wells have been fractured in recent five years with quite good production and long yield period. In one well, over 84.0m3 proppant was pumped in and more than three years of stable production was achieved, which shows the success of MHF in complex fault-block reservoir.
The introduction about MHF in this paper provides some guidelines for fracturing design in complex fault-block reservoirs, and offers an important reference to develop similar fault-block reservoirs as well.
Improving Electrical System Efficiency in Oil & Gas Facilities
Authors: Dennis Peter 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Practical experience shows that electrical equipment in oil and gas facilities is generally designed above specification and does not operate at or near its most efficient point. Overrated electrical equipment increases both CAPEX and OPEX and can potentially increase global warming. This paper presents different scenarios and solutions for the rating and sizing of electrical equipment from a design perspective to achieve an efficient and cost effective operational electrical system. Standard equipment de-rating factors is discussed and evaluated against actual system requirements.
Multi-Dimension Decision Tool for Assessing Organization Fitness for Change
Authors: ELHabbal Mohamed 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Organizational change management is the key of success for any organization that needs to survive, compete and excel. Two main business strategies are usually considered when the organization decides to change; Business Process Reengineering (BPR) and Business Process Improvement (BPI). The failure phenomenon of most of change projects has raised two important questions: Is the Organization fit for change? And the other question is How to measure its fitness for change?
The objective of this research work is to introduce to the strategic management field a proposed novel tool designed to measure organization fitness for change projects; this tool is termed "Multi-dimensional Decision Matrix" (MDM©). The MDM© tool main idea is to assess organizations from the three perspectives that construct the whole change process: organization state, change management activities and expected goals and targets using objective technique based on validated measures deciding whether organization is fit to go for BPR project or BPI or even do nothing which in certain cases could be the optimum solution.
The research objective was achieved by performing a wide literature review to study the whole process of change projects in order to ensure that the MDM© tool is well constructed and covers the most important elements that allow decision makers to assess their organization fitness for change. The tool was tested through a validated questionnaire that tests validity and psychometrical usability of the MDM© tool. The questionnaire was directed to strategic managers & top management members in different fields of business including oil & gas companies in order to ensure generalization and applicability of the proposed MDM© tool.
The introduced paper presents a detailed description of the MDM© idea, set up and method of application. It also presents the questionnaire results including charts and graphs that measure six aspects to accept the MDM© tool; logic approach, practicality, has friendly interface, adoptable, can reduce risk of failure and finally overall usage satisfaction for generalization purposes.
The research work concluded that the MDM© tool is conceptually accepted and is fit for the purpose it is designed for. The research output indicated that the MDM© tool is ready for experimental application for different business cases in order to validate and verify its usage. One of the added values of the MDM© is it allows decision makers and change management teams to perform gap analyses for their organization spotting out main strengths and deficiencies within their organizations as part of the tool output.
Multi-dimensional decision matrix (MDM©) tool is novel in its idea, approach and application. It has the potential to be an added value for the body of strategic management and tools of decision making.
Takreer's Approach to Minimize Environmental Emissions by Vapor Recovery During Gasoline and Naphtha Ship Loading
Authors: Dambala Poornan Prasanna , Ali Abdulla Al Hindi Ali Hasan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
TAKREER, as part of its prestigious Ruwais Refinery Expansion project, has installed a world-class, state-of-the-art Marine Terminal and Jetty Facilities to export various products (Naphtha, Jet Fuel, Gas Oil, Propylene, Gasoline, Bunker Oil) through jetty facilities through a dedicated jetty 4.6 km long with three (3) berths and 39 loading arms. Volatile fuels mainly gasoline and naphtha have significant vapour pressure and amount of vapour lost during ship loading can be significant. Objective of this paper is to showcase how TAKREER approached this challenge and the adopted a solution which not only minimizes environmental pollution but also minimizes loss of profitable products.
The policy of TAKREER is to manage and operate its facilities in a manner that protects the environment, provide a safe, healthy and rewarding workplace for its employees, contractors and communities in which they do business. TAKREER carefully evaluated various technologies on Vapor recovery with the objective of not only reducing the emission of VOCs to atmosphere during ship loading but also efficiently recover them. The key criterion was to adopt a technology which is best-in-class and operates with highest level of vapor recovery efficiency with relative ease of operability and maintainability.
Experimental and Modelling Study on Application of New Class of Asphaltene Inhibitors for Enhanced Oil Recovery Purposes: Adsorption and Wettability Alteration
Authors: Joonaki Edris , Burgass Rod , Tohidi Bahman 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this communication, a novel approach for combined Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) and asphaltene inhibition is proposed employing a New Class of Asphaltene Inhibitor (NCAI).
Following primary and secondary oil production, appropriate EOR techniques can increase oil recovery. Gas injection is commonly used, however there are risks associated with asphaltene precipitation and deposition which could result in flow assurance concerns in addition to changes in wettability.
This work investigates the effect of a newly developed AI on the wettability of synthesized substrates. An Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM) technique is utilized for monitoring the wettability alterations of the substrates caused by NCAI. This research also presents adsorption equilibrium and kinetics data for the NCAI on sandstone rocks. Batch experiments are conducted at various temperatures (from 25 °C to 75 °C) to illustrate the adsorption behaviour of this new chemical compound on reservoir rock surfaces. Conductivity measurements are utilized to determine the amount of the chemical compound adsorbed on crushed sandstone rock surfaces. The adsorption results are examined by employing various adsorption isotherms of Langmuir, Freundlich, Temkin, and Linear. The obtained experimental adsorption kinetic results are described and evaluated by pseudo-first-order, pseudo-second-order and intra-particle diffusion models. It can be inferred from the results that higher NCAI concentrations results in higher adsorption of NCAI onto rock surfaces. These experimental and modelling investigations provide a new tool for understanding the usefulness of this NCAI as a surface active agent in chemical based EOR techniques, especially for integrated processes with asphaltene precipitation and deposition inhibition.
Sulphur Condenser Effective Modification/Refurbishment
Authors: Ravi Arumugam 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The Sulphur Recovery Units (SRU's), at Dolphin Energy's Gas Processing Plant were installed to process the conversion of unwanted H2S present in feed gas to the plant into Sulphur. Sulphur condensers are operated in each of these SRU's, and used to condense gaseous Sulphur formed within the unit through the Claus process.
Following several years' reliable operation of these SRU's, a series of tube failures occurred in some of the Sulphur condensers. This resulted in unplanned outages of the SRU's and costly interventions to make necessary repairs as well as to identify the root cause of the failures.
Failure analysis of condenser tube leaks was carried out by a third party consultant and a process licenser. The study included a review of the design, operation and failure mode of the rupture tube. Root cause analysis revealed that the most probable damage mechanism was Film boiling and Flow Induced Corrosion (FIC) on tube and tube sheet.
Management of Change (MOC) was approved to carry out In-Situ refurbishment of all four condensers to restore the mechanical integrity based on constructability study and root cause analysis.
This paper presents the details of the root cause analysis, a brief on the refurbishment / modifications implemented and discusses outcome of these efforts. Cited information may permit other operators with SRUs incorporating Sulphur Condensers to take active steps to avoid such incidents from occurring within their facilities.
Design of Concrete Gravity Quay Walls - British Standards vs. Eurocode
Authors: Sarhan Hazem , Riazi Fatemeh 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Concrete blockwork quay walls are a common type of retaining structures used in marine and port facilities. Such gravity type retaining walls comprise of precast concrete blocks that are durable and well-suited for harsh marine environments. They have been widely used in the Gulf region in ports and more recently as part of the oil and gas offshore artificial islands infrastructure utilized during construction and operations stages. The main design reference of marine structures, including block work quay walls, is BS6349 which is based on Allowable Strength Design (ASD) method. In 2010, this code was updated based on Ultimate Limit State (ULS) or Load and Resistance Factor Design (LRFD) method in accordance with Eurocode. The updated code has not been applied in many marine projects (yet) and there are uncertainties about the effect of its application on the design.
To investigate this effect, three designed gravity quay wall sections with heights ranging from 10.5 to 23.6 m were checked based on both ASD and ULS methods under static and seismic conditions. The stability analysis checks showed that the results are close for static condition but show significant differences under seismic conditions. A parametric study was conducted to investigate the effect of using Eurocode 8 on the design of gravity quay wall sections under different seismic conditions.
The analysis indicated that Eurocode 8 (ULS) resulted in conservative sections compared to ASD methods of BS6349 for cases with surface Peak Ground Acceleration (amax) higher than 0.1g – 0.15g. Results based on the Eurocode 8 design have been compared with USA codes and guidelines (AASHTO [2012], Caltrans [2014] and NCHRP 12-70 [2008]) which indicated that gravity structures designed using Eurocode 8 resulted in conservative sections in medium to high seismic areas.
This study presents an assessment of the effect of using different codes on the design of gravity quay walls. Considering that the latest code versions are stipulated in the design, it is important for both Owners and Designers to appreciate the resulting effects on design and cost implications.
Testing the Untestable… Delivering Flowrate Measurements with High Accuracy on a Remote ESP Well
Authors: Camilleri L. , El-Gindy M. , Rusakov A. , Bosia F. , Salvatore P. , Rizza G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Flow-rate testing is the most fundamental form of reservoir surveillance and is typically performed on a monthly basis using a test separator. Unfortunately, in some remote locations, the logistical challenges are so onerous that testing cannot be conducted with sufficient frequency and, in some cases, testing is only performed once per year. This case study demonstrates the novel use of ESP gauge data for obtaining accurate liquid rate and water cut trends in an unmanned desert location without the need for mobilizing surface well testing hardware.
The liquid flow rate calculation was based on the principle that the power absorbed by the pump is equal to that generated by the motor, which provides a linear equation which can be resolved for rate. Water cut was calculated by measuring the production tubing differential pressure, which provides the average fluid density, which is subsequently converted to a water cut. Analytical equations are used throughout the process ensuring that the physics are respected at all times, which yields greater repeatability and confidence than analogous methods, which are based on correlations and artificial intelligence.
The algorithms used real-time data from existing permanent downhole gauges and ESP surface controllers, which provided the necessary measurement metrology to capture well performance transients and provide a full production history. This method also has the advantage that there is no need to mobilise testing equipment to the well site thereby minimizing cost as well as eliminating flaring and HSE risks associated with remote location operations. This case study demonstrated a new technique for providing continuous calibration of the flowrate models without any physical measurement of flowrate or fluid specific gravity, while taking into consideration changing well and ESP performance over time. This novel calibration method is also based on analytical equations and derived from first principles. After one year of production, a test separator was specially mobilized to the well-site to validate the liquid rate and water cut calculations and associated calibration technique to consider the method for field wide application.
This case study demonstrates that the proposed real-time algorithm provides the necessary metrology and data frequency to determine the production index as well as a trend of drainage area reservoir pressure over time. It enables a reduction in physical testing frequency while providing liquid rate and water cut with high frequency, repeatability and resolution thereby delivering both cost savings and improvements in information quality.
Development and Validation of Methodologies for Sour Gas Related Corrosion and Scale Studies at xHTHP Conditions
Authors: Yan Chao , Guraieb Paula , Ghorbani Nasser , Tomson Ross C. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) produced from oil and gas wells can lead to significant flow assurance and HSE issues due to uniform and localized pitting corrosion. Ferrous iron released from corroded metal or the formation will lead to the precipitation and possible deposition of various scales such as iron carbonate (FeCO3) and iron sulfide (FeS). Deposition or fouling of these scale types can lead to equipment malfunctions. Corrosion and scale issues become more complicated and severe as production wells are under extreme temperature and pressure (xHTHP). However, one of the major challenges for sour gas related corrosion and scale research is to develop reliable methodologies to simulate the production conditions.
Reliable methodologies have been developed to perform corrosion and scale research under xHPHT conditions (up to 250 °C and 25,000 psig) in strictly anoxic (&lt;&lt; 1 ppb dissolved O2) realistic brines. For corrosion studies, an xHTHP flow-through apparatus with multiple tubular coupons has been built. Coupons were characterized by XRD, SEM, and VSI. A modified flow-through apparatus with a troilite (FeS) packed column was customized to study solubility of FeS, allowing for accurate precipitation and inhibition prediction. All wetted parts were made of titanium and tubing sections were lined with Teflon to prevent iron contamination.
In corrosion studies, magnetite was found as protection layer in a simple NaCl brine at 250 °C on C 1010 coupon. However, when strictly anoxic (&lt;&lt; 1 ppb O2) realistic brine was used, ankerite with formula CaMg0.27Fe0.73(CO3)2 (Figure 15) formed instead of magnetite as passive layer. Solubility study of troilite were performed at 100, 175 and 250 °C with 1M and 3M ionic strength brines. Under those conditions, iron sulfide tends to form pyrrhotite (Fe1-xS) and troilite (FeSt) phase instead of mackinawite, the metastable phase (FeSm), which is common at low temperature. Phase transition between troilite and pyrrhotite at elevated temperature was observed during the solubility experiments. Solubility of iron sulfide decreases with increasing temperature and increases with increasing pressure. Experimental details and major findings from this research will be discussed.
Reliable methodologies have been developed and validated to perform corrosion and scale research under xHPHT conditions with strictly anoxic realistic brines. Both methods are customized to perform sour gas related research and testing. Various experimental parameters including temperature, pressure, salinity, dissolved oxygen concentration, H2S concentration, H2S to CO2 ratio, pH, metal coupon type and crystal phase of FeS can be controlled or selected for corrosion and scale studies. Furthermore, a semi-empirical model is being developed based on experimental data for prediction of FeS precipitation and inhibition (or dispersion) as well as material selection for xHTHP wells.