bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Edinburgh Malawi Cancer Partnership: Helping to establish multidisciplinary cancer care in Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Brown E , Gorman D , Knowles G , Taylor F , Jere Y , Bates J , Masamba L 
Published: May 2017

In response to the growing incidence of cancer in Malawi, a new oncology unit was established at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital, Blantyre. The unit opened in 2010, the first in the country, and is led by a single consultant oncologist. In 2012, a healthcare partnership was formed between the oncology and palliative care unit at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital and the Edinburgh Cancer Centre, UK. The principal objective of the partnership is to help develop high quality multidisciplinary cancer care in Malawi. Methods A needs assessment identified three priority areas for further improvement of cancer services: nurse-led treatment delivery; management of clinical data; and multidisciplinary working. The partnership received grant funding from the Scottish Government Malawi Development Programme in 2013 and a three year project plan was implemented. This has been conducted through a series of reciprocal training visits. Results Key achievements have been completion of a programme of oncology nursing education attended by 32 oncology nurses and other healthcare professionals, which has resulted in increased experience in cancer practice and standardisation of chemotherapy delivery procedures; development of a clinical database that enables prospective collection of data of all new patients with cancer and which links to the Malawi Cancer Registry; development of weekly multidisciplinary meetings involving oncology, gynaecology and surgery that has enabled a cross-specialty approach to patient care. Conclusion The Edinburgh Malawi Cancer Partnership is supporting nursing education, data use and cross-specialty collaboration that we are confident will improve cancer care in Malawi. Future work will focus on the further development of multidisciplinary breast cancer care and the development of a radiotherapy service for patients in Malawi.
Obesity prevention strategies: Could food or soda taxes improve health?
Authors: Encarnação R , Lloyd-Williams F , Bromley H , Capewell S 
Published: May 2017

Evidence shows that one of the main causes for rising obesity rates is excessive consumption of sugar, which is due in large part to the high sugar content of most soda and juice drinks and junk foods. Worryingly, UK and global populations are consuming increasing amounts of sugary drinks and junk foods (high in salt, sugar and saturated fats). However, there is raised public awareness, and parents in particular want something to be done to curb the alarming rise in childhood obesity. Population-wide policies (i.e. taxation, regulation, legislation, reformulation) consistently achieve greater public health gains than interventions and strategies targeted at individuals. Junk food and soda taxes are supported by increasing evidence from empirical and modelling studies. The strongest evidence base is for a tax on sugar sweetened beverages, but in order to effectively reduce consumption, that taxation needs to be at least 20%. Empirical data from a number of countries which have implemented a duty on sugar or sugary drinks shows rapid, substantial benefits. In the UK, increasing evidence from recent scientific reports consistently support substantial reductions in sugar consumption through comprehensive strategies which include a tax. Furthermore, there is increasing public support for such measures. A sugar sweetened beverages tax will happen in the UK so the question is not ‘If?’ but ‘When?’ this tax will be implemented. And, crucially, which nation will get there first? England, Ireland, Scotland or Wales?
Unusual Presentation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Rare Case Report
Authors: Teja Veeramaneni S , Ramakrishnan Ramya 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this case report is to highlight an exceptional presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism.

Background
Asymptomatic maternal hyperparathyroidism manifesting in the neonate as hypocalcemic convulsions is exceedingly rare.
Case report: Primary hyperparathyroidism has got a varied presentations. We present a case report of neonatal hypocalcemic convulsions secondary to asymptomatic maternal hyperparathyroidism. Here, the challenge in diagnosing this condition and management will be discussed in the context of available literature.

Conclusion
In the event of nonfebrile seizures in the neonate due to hypocalcemia, the mother has to be evaluated for primary hyperparathyroidism.
Clinical significance: Physicians’ awareness of this unique manifestation of primary hyperparathyroidism is essential for the appropriate management of both the mother and the neonate.
Timely identification and treatment of this condition will prevent complications in both.

How to cite this article
Teja VS, Ramakrishnan R. Unusual Presentation of Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Rare Case Report. World J Endoc Surg 2017;9(1):13-15.
Safety of Transvaginal Scan Estimated from Ultrasonic Bioeffects
Authors: Maeda Kazuo 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
The embryo and fetus are generally studied using ultrasound imaging in pregnancy; however, ultrasound wave is absorbed by biological tissues to elevate the temperature. The growing embryonic and fetal tissue tends to be damaged by heating; thus, excess heating that damages young sensitive growing tissue should be prevented in ultrasound diagnosis. Hence, the thermal status of diagnostic ultrasound should be known with thermal index (TI), of which the determination and application are discussed in this chapter. Peculiar problem to transvaginal scan and thermal problem in febrile patient are discussed.
Additionally, the cavitation, which is related with negative pressure, develops high pressure, high temperature, and free radicals that damage embryonic and fetal tissues. Therefore, the mechanical index (MI) has to be determined, measuring negative pressure of ultrasound. The MI is determined for the safety of diagnostic ultrasound.
The ultrasound device output intensity that suppresses fetal amniotic JTC-3 cultured cell growth was determined, where 240 mW/cm2 or less output intensity did not suppress the cell growth, namely, the diagnostic ultrasound has no bioeffect when the output is lower than 240 mW/cm3.
The as low as reasonably achievable principle in the Doppler method of 0.1 TI will be discussed. Three experimental reports of hazardous effects of ultrasound are discussed.
How to cite this article
Maeda K. Safety of Transvaginal Scan Estimated from Ultrasonic Bioeffects. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(1):1-6.
Tissue Characterization with Gray-level Histogram Width in Obstetrics and Gynecology
Authors: Maeda Kazuo , Kihaile PE , Ito T , Utsu M , Yamamoto N , Serizawa M 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
Aim
Clinical ultrasound tissue characterization, using usual B-mode devices.

Materials and methods
Malignant neoplasia in ovary, uterine cervix, and endometrium; placental intervillous space fibrin deposit; fetal growth restriction; fetal brain, fetal lung immaturity; meconium-stained amniotic fluid and healthy adult liver; Tissue was characterized by gray-level histogram width (GLHW) divided by full gray scale length.

Results
Malignant GLHW was higher than in benign one (it was malignant if the GLHW was 50% or more in ovary, uterine cervix, and endometrium). The GLHW of placental fibrin deposit was higher than normal placenta. It was reduced by heparin and normal neonate was obtained. Fetal brain echo density, immature fetal lung, and meconium-stained amniotic fluid were diagnosed by GLHW, and normal adult liver GLHW was studied. Helsinki declaration was followed.

Conclusion
The GLHW tissue characterization objectively diagnosed ultrasound B-mode image in obstetrics and gynecology; thus, it would also be applied in common adult human cases.

How to cite this article
Maeda K, Kihaile PE, Ito T, Utsu M, Yamamoto N, Serizawa M. Tissue Characterization with Gray-level Histogram Width in Obstetrics and Gynecology. Donald School J Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;11(1):7-10.
Optimizing Chest X-ray Indication in Blunt Trauma Patients using Clinical Criteria
Authors: Pivetta Luca GA , Below Cristiano , Rondini Giovanna Z , Perlingero Jacqueline AG , Assef José C , Parreira José G 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT
Background
There is an excessive number of unnecessary chest X-rays (CXRs) in minor blunt trauma patients.

Objective
To identify, using routine clinical criteria, a subgroup of blunt trauma patients that do not require CXR for assessment.

Materials and methods
This was a retrospective analysis of trauma registry data collected over a 24-month period. Adult blunt trauma patients undergoing CXR on admission were analyzed. The following clinical criteria were assessed: Normal neurologic examination on admission (NNEx), hemodynamic stability (HS), normal physical examination of the chest on admission (NCEx), age ≤ 60 years, and absence of distracting injuries (Abbreviated Injury Scale >2 in head, abdomen, and extremities). These clinical criteria were progressively merged to select a group with lowest risk of exhibiting abnormal CXR on admission.

Results
Out of 4,647 patients submitted to CXR on admission, 268 (5.7%) had abnormal findings on scans. Of 2,897 patients admitted with NNEx, 116 (4.0%) had abnormal CXR. Of 2,426 patients with NNEx and HS, 74 (3.0%) had abnormal CXR. Of 1,698 patients with NNEx, HS, and NCEx, 24 (1.4%) had abnormal CXR. Of 1,347 patients with NNEx, HS, NCEx, and age < 60 years, 12 had thoracic injury (0.9% of total individuals receiving CXR). A total of 4 patients underwent chest drainage. Among 1,140 cases with all clinical criteria, 8 had confirmed thoracic injuries and 2 underwent chest drainage.

Conclusion
A subgroup of blunt trauma patients with low probability of exhibiting abnormalities on CXR at admission was identified. The need for CXR in this subgroup should be reviewed.

How to cite this article
Pivetta LGA, Parreira JG, Below C, Rondini GZ, Perlingero JAG, Assef JC. Optimizing Chest X-ray Indication in Blunt Trauma Patients using Clinical Criteria. Panam J Trauma Crit Care Emerg Surg 2017;6(1):30-34.
Pregnancy Outcomes from the Branded Glatiramer Acetate Pregnancy Database
Authors: Sandberg-Wollheim Magnhild , Neudorfer Orit , Grinspan Augusto , Weinstock-Guttman Bianca , Haas Judith , Izquierdo Guillermo , Riley Claire , Ross Amy Perrin , Baruch Peleg , Drillman Talya , Coyle Patricia K. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Background:
Appropriate counseling and treatment for women with multiple sclerosis (MS) who may become pregnant requires an understanding of the effects of exposure to disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) during pregnancy. Current reports and studies are limited in their usefulness, mostly by small sample size. Branded glatiramer acetate (GA) is a DMT approved for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS. For more than 2 decades, it has been shown to be efficacious and to have a favorable safety profile. The Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd global pharmacovigilance database comprises data from more than 7000 pregnancies, during which women with MS were exposed to treatment with branded GA.

Methods:
We analyzed data from Teva's global pharmacovigilance database. Pregnancy outcomes for patients treated with branded GA were compared with reference rates of abnormal pregnancy outcomes reported in two large registries representing the general population.

Results:
Pregnancies exposed to branded GA were not at higher risk for congenital anomalies than what is expected in the general population.

Conclusions:
These data provide evidence that branded GA exposure during pregnancy seems safe, without teratogenic effect.
Effect of the molecular weight of water-soluble chitosan on its fat-/cholesterol-binding capacities and inhibitory activities to pancreatic lipase
Authors: Jin Qiu , Yu Huahua , Wang Xueqin , Li Kecheng , Li Pengcheng 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundObesity has become a worldwide burden to public health in recent decades. Given that obesity is caused by an imbalance between caloric intake and expenditure, and that dietary fat is the most important energy source of all macronutrients (by providing the most calories), a valuable strategy for obesity treatment and prevention is to block fat absorption via the gastrointestinal pathway. In this study, the fat- and cholesterol-binding capacities and the inhibition of pancreatic lipase by water-soluble chitosan (WSC) with different weight-average molecular weight (Mw) were tested and comparedin vitro, in order to determine the anti-obesity effects of WSC and the influence of its Mw.MethodsIn this study, WSC with different Mw (∼1,000, ∼3,000, ∼5,000, ∼7,000 and ∼9,000 Da) were prepared by oxidative degradation assisted with microwave irradiation. A biopharmaceutical model of the digestive tract was used to determine the fat- and cholesterol-binding capacity of WSC samples. The pancreatic lipase assays were based on p-nitrophenyl derivatives.ResultsThe results showed that all of the WSC samples exhibit great fat- and cholesterol-binding capacities. Within the testing range, 1 g of WSC sample could absorb 2–8 g of peanut oil or 50–65 mg of cholesterol, which are both significantly higher than the ability of cellulose to do the same. Meanwhile, all the WSC samples were proven to be able to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity to some extent.DiscussionBased on the results, we suggest that there is a significant correlation between the binding capacity of WSC and its Mw, as WSC2 (∼3,000 Da) shows the highest fat- and cholesterol-binding capacities (7.08 g g−1and 63.48 mg g−1, respectively), and the binding ability of WSC declines as its Mw increases or decreases from 3,000 Da. We also suggest WSC as an excellent resource in the development of functional foods against obesity for its adsorption, electrostatic binding and entrapment of cholesterol, fat, sterols and triglycerides in the diet.
Effects of fumarates on inflammatory human astrocyte responses and oligodendrocyte differentiation
Authors: Galloway Dylan A. , Williams John B. , Moore Craig S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveDimethyl fumarate (DMF) is a fumaric acid ester approved for the treatment of relapsing‐remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS). In both the brain and periphery, DMF and its metabolite monomethyl fumarate (MMF) exert anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Our aim was to compare the effects of DMF and MMF on inflammatory and antioxidant pathways within astrocytes, a critical supporting glial cell in the central nervous system (CNS). Direct effects of fumarates on neural progenitor cell (NPC) differentiation toward the oligodendrocyte lineage were also assessed.MethodsPrimary astrocyte cultures were derived from both murine and human brains. Following pretreatment with MMF, DMF, or vehicle, astrocytes were stimulated with IL‐1β for 24 h; gene and microRNA expression were measured by qPCR. Cytokine production and reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation were also measured. NPCs were differentiated into the oligodendrocyte lineage in the presence of fumarates and immunostained using early oligodendrocyte markers.ResultsIn both murine and human astrocytes, DMF, but not MMF, significantly reduced secretion of IL‐6, CXCL10, and CCL2; neither fumarate promoted a robust increase in antioxidant gene expression, although both MMF and DMF prevented intracellular ROS production. Pretreatment with fumarates reduced microRNAs ‐146a and ‐155 upon stimulation. In NPC cultures, DMF increased the number of O4+ and NG2+ cells.InterpretationThese results suggest that DMF, and to a lesser extent MMF, mediates the anti‐inflammatory effects within astrocytes. This is supported by recent observations that in the inflamed CNS, DMF may be the active compound mediating the anti‐inflammatory effects independent from altered antioxidant gene expression.
Two‐Step Enzymatic Synthesis of β‐d‐N‐Acetylgalactosamine‐(1→4)‐d‐N‐acetylglucosamine (LacdiNAc) Chitooligomers for Deciphering Galectin Binding Behavior
Authors: Laaf Dominic , Bojarová Pavla , Mikulová Barbora , Pelantová Helena , Křen Vladimír , Elling Lothar 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA two‐step synthesis of engineered variants of Talaromyces flavus β‐N‐acetylhexosaminidase (TfHexY470N) and human β4‐galactosyltransferase (β4GalTY284L) yielded complex glycans comprising a chitooligomeric spacer (β1,4GlcNAc)n=0–3 terminated with a β4‐linked β‐d‐N‐acetylgalactosamine‐(1→4)‐d‐N‐acetylglucosamine (LacdiNAc) epitope. These compounds are novel inhibitors of human galectin‐3 (Gal‐3), a widely spread animal lectin with important physiological functions in cellular communication. The multivalent presentation of glycan oligomers was accomplished by chemical conjugation of glycans to lysine residues of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Binding studies of Gal‐3 to immobilized BSA neo‐glycoconjugates revealed the beneficial influence of the chitooligomeric spacer for the ligand‐lectin affinity. We conclude that the use of the (β1,4GlcNAc)n=0–3 spacer is a perfect nature‐like solution for the presentation of elaborated Gal‐3 glycan epitopes that surpasses the performance of commonly used synthetic spacers.magnified image
Can we Build on Social Movement Theories to Develop and Improve Community‐Based Participatory Research? A Framework Synthesis Review
Authors: Tremblay Marie‐Claude , Martin Debbie H. , Macaulay Ann C. , Pluye Pierre 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA long‐standing challenge in community‐based participatory research (CBPR) has been to anchor practice and evaluation in a relevant and comprehensive theoretical framework of community change. This study describes the development of a multidimensional conceptual framework that builds on social movement theories to identify key components ofCBPRprocesses. Framework synthesis was used as a general literature search and analysis strategy. An initial conceptual framework was developed from the theoretical literature on social movement. A literature search performed to identify illustrativeCBPRprojects yielded 635 potentially relevant documents, from which eight projects (corresponding to 58 publications) were retained after record and full‐text screening. Framework synthesis was used to code and organize data from these projects, ultimately providing a refined framework. The final conceptual framework maps key concepts ofCBPRmobilization processes, such as the pivotal role of the partnership; resources and opportunities as necessary components feeding the partnership's development; the importance of framing processes; and a tight alignment between the cause (partnership's goal), the collective action strategy, and the system changes targeted. The revised framework provides a context‐specific model to generate a new, innovative understanding ofCBPRmobilization processes, drawing on existing theoretical foundations.
Methylated Phenylarsenical Metabolites Discovered in Chicken Liver
Authors: Peng Hanyong , Hu Bin , Liu Qingqing , Li Jinhua , Li Xing‐Fang , Zhang Hongquan , Le X. Chris 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe report the discovery of three toxicologically relevant methylated phenylarsenical metabolites in the liver of chickens fed 3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (ROX), a feed additive in poultry production that is still in use in several countries. Methyl‐3‐nitro‐4‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (methyl‐ROX), methyl‐3‐amino‐4‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (methyl‐3‐AHPAA), and methyl‐3‐acetamido‐4‐hydroxyphenylarsonic acid (or methyl‐N‐acetyl‐ROX, methyl‐N‐AHPAA) were identified in such chicken livers, and the concentration of methyl‐ROX was as high as 90 μg kg−1, even after a five‐day clearance period. The formation of these newly discovered methylated metabolites from reactions involving trivalent phenylarsonous acid substrates, S‐adenosylmethionine, and the arsenic (+3 oxidation state) methyltransferase enzyme As3MT suggests that these compounds are formed by addition of a methyl group to a trivalent phenylarsenical substrate in an enzymatic process. The IC50 values of the trivalent phenylarsenical compounds were 300–30 000 times lower than those of the pentavalent phenylarsenicals.
Metal‐Coordination‐Assisted Folding and Guest Binding in Helical Aromatic Oligoamide Molecular Capsules
Authors: Horeau Maxime , Lautrette Guillaume , Wicher Barbara , Blot Virginie , Lebreton Jacques , Pipelier Muriel , Dubreuil Didier , Ferrand Yann , Huc Ivan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe development of foldamer‐based receptors is driven by the design of monomers with specific properties. Herein, we introduce a pyridazine‐pyridine‐pyridazine diacid monomer and its incorporation into helical aromatic oligoamide foldamer containers. This monomer codes for a wide helix diameter and can sequester metal ions on the inner wall of the helix cavity. Crystallographic studies and NMR titrations show that part of the metal coordination sphere remains available and may then promote the binding of a guest within the cavity. In addition to metal coordination, binding of the guest is assisted by cooperative interactions with the helix host, thereby resulting in significant enhancements depending on the foldamer sequence, and in slow guest capture and release on the NMR time scale. In the absence of metal ions, the pyridazine‐pyridine‐pyridazine monomer promotes an extended conformation of the foldamer that results in aggregation, including the formation of an intertwined duplex.
Atroposelective Synthesis of Axially Chiral Biaryls by Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric C−H Olefination Enabled by a Transient Chiral Auxiliary
Authors: Yao Qi‐Jun , Zhang Shuo , Zhan Bei‐Bei , Shi Bing‐Feng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAtroposelective synthesis of axially chiral biaryls by palladium‐catalyzed C−H olefination, using tert‐leucine as an inexpensive, catalytic, and transient chiral auxiliary, has been realized. This strategy provides a highly efficient and straightforward access to a broad range of enantioenriched biaryls in good yields (up to 98 %) with excellent enantioselectivities (95 to >99 % ee). Kinetic resolution of trisubstituted biaryls bearing sterically more demanding substituents is also operative, thus furnishing the optically active olefinated products with excellent selectivity (95 to >99 % ee, s‐factor up to 600).
The Elusive Structural Origin of Plastic Bending in Dimethyl Sulfone Crystals with Quasi‐isotropic Crystal Packing
Authors: Thomas Sajesh P. , Shi Ming W. , Koutsantonis George A. , Jayatilaka Dylan , Edwards Alison J. , Spackman Mark A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBending in molecular crystals is typically associated with the anisotropy of intermolecular interactions. The intriguing observation is reported of plastic bending in dimethyl sulfone, which exhibits nearly isotropic crystal packing and interaction topology, defying the known structural models of bending crystals. The origin of the bending phenomenon has been explored in terms of intermolecular interaction energies, experimental X‐ray charge density analysis, and variable temperature neutron diffraction studies. H⋅⋅⋅H dihydrogen interactions and differences in electrostatic complementarity between molecular layers are found to facilitate the bending behavior.
Mild, Redox‐Neutral Formylation of Aryl Chlorides through the Photocatalytic Generation of Chlorine Radicals
Authors: Nielsen Matthew K. , Shields Benjamin J. , Liu Junyi , Williams Michael J. , Zacuto Michael J. , Doyle Abigail G. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe report a redox‐neutral formylation of aryl chlorides that proceeds through selective 2‐functionalization of 1,3‐dioxolane through nickel and photoredox catalysis. This scalable benchtop approach provides a distinct advantage over traditional reductive carbonylation in that no carbon monoxide, pressurized gas, or stoichiometric reductant is employed. The mild conditions give unprecedented scope from abundant and complex aryl chloride starting materials.