bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Zika virus RNA detection in asymptomatic blood donors during an outbreak in the northeast region of São Paulo State, Brazil, 2016
Authors: Slavov Svetoslav N. , Hespanhol Marta R. , Rodrigues Evandra S. , Levi José E. , Ubiali Eugênia M.A. , Covas Dimas T. , Kashima Simone 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUNDIn 2015, there was a large Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in Brazil. The proportion of asymptomatic infections is very high, and it is possible for transfusion‐transmitted ZIKV (TT‐ZIKV) infection to occur. The prevalence of asymptomatic ZIKV infection among Brazilian blood donors during this epidemic outbreak is unknown.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSPlasma samples obtained between October 2015 and May 2016 from 1393 volunteer blood donors were tested for ZIKV RNA. The viral load was quantified using an in‐house standard curve. Additionally, positive ZIKV RNA samples were tested for anti‐ZIKV immunoglobulin (Ig)M and anti‐ZIKV IgG.RESULTSOf the 1393 blood samples, ZIKV RNA was detected in 37 (n = 37/1393; 2.7%). The median infection viral load detected was 7714 copies/mL (ranging from 135‐124,220 copies/mL). The majority of the positive samples (70.3%) exhibited a viral load of approximately 103 copies/mL. Six samples that were positive for ZIKV RNA were also positive for anti‐ZIKV IgM and IgG (n = 6/37; 13.5%).CONCLUSIONThis is the first study evaluating the prevalence of ZIKV RNA among Brazilian blood donors, which was relatively high and might lead to TT‐ZIKV infection. It is unclear whether the simultaneous presence of anti‐ZIKV IgM and IgG in RNA‐positive donations or the viral load influences transfusion transmission of the infection. This study also adds to the global understanding of ZIKV prevalence in blood donors during outbreaks and the transfusion impact of the infection.
Reliability and measurement error of digital planimetry for the measurement of chronic venous leg ulcers
Authors: Stacey Michael C. , Phillips Steven A. , Farrokhyar Forough , Swaine Jillian M. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractArea measurements of a chronic wound are the gold standard outcome measure to determine if a wound is on a healing or nonhealing trajectory. The use of digital planimetry can provide increased accuracy in measuring wound area however it is important to know the reliability and measurement error of these devices when used by multiple assessors. The aim of this study is to determine the within rater, between rater, and standard error of measurement of a digital planimetry device. Wound area in 42 patients was measured weekly for 12 weeks by two different raters, with each rater measuring the wound 10 times per visit. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC 1,k) and standard error of measurement were calculated for both within and between raters using 10 and the first three repeated measures to determine if using less measurements was as reliable. The true change in wound area was calculated by dividing stander error of measurements by mean wound areas. Within rater reliability for raters 1 and 2 were 0.995 and 0.992 for 10 measurements, and 0.996 and 0.992 for 3 measurements per time point. Between rater reliability was 0.979 for 10 measurements and 0.996 for 3 measurements per time point. The within rater standard error of measurement for raters 1 and 2 was 0.98 cm2 and 1.28 cm2 for 10 measurements and 0.895 cm2 and 1.29 cm2 for 3 measurements at each time point. The standard error of measurement for between raters was 2.07 cm2 for 10 measurements and 2.25 cm2 for 3 measurements per time point. The true change in wound size varied from 6.4% for within one rater to 15.7% for across different raters. This study found that both within and between rater reliability of the digital planimetry device was very high for three measurements per time point.
Exercise training dose differentially alters muscle and heart capillary density and metabolic functions in an obese rat with metabolic syndrome
Authors: Machado Marcus Vinicius , Vieira Aline Bomfim , da Conceição Fabiana Gomes , Nascimento Alessandro Rodrigues , da Nóbrega Antonio Claudio Lucas , Tibirica Eduardo 
Published: September 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Regular exercise is recommended as a non‐pharmacological approach for the prevention and treatment of metabolic syndrome. However, the impact of different combinations of intensity, duration and frequency of exercise on metabolic syndrome and microvascular density has not been reported.

What is the main finding and its importance?
We provide evidence on the impact of aerobic exercise dose on metabolic and microvascular alterations in an experimental model of metabolic syndrome induced by high‐fat diet. We found that the exercise frequency and duration were the main factors affecting anthropometric and metabolic parameters and microvascular density in the skeletal muscle. Exercise intensity was related only to microvascular density in the heart.

We evaluated the effect of the frequency, duration and intensity of exercise training on metabolic parameters and structural capillary density in obese rats with metabolic syndrome. Wistar–Kyoto rats were fed either a standard commercial diet (CON) or a high‐fat diet (HFD). Animals that received the HFD were randomly separated into either a sedentary (SED) group or eight different exercise groups that varied according to the frequency, duration and intensity of training. After 12 weeks of aerobic exercise training, the body composition, aerobic capacity, haemodynamic variables, metabolic parameters and capillary density in the heart and skeletal muscle were evaluated. All the exercise training groups showed reduced resting systolic blood pressure and heart rate and normalized fasting glucose. The minimal amount of exercise (90 min per week) produced little effect on metabolic syndrome parameters. A moderate amount of exercise (150 min per week) was required to reduce body weight and improve capillary density. However, only the high amount of exercise (300 min per week) significantly reduced the amount of body fat depots. The three‐way ANOVA showed a main effect of exercise frequency and duration for the improvement of metabolic syndrome and capillary density in skeletal muscle. Exercise intensity was a main factor in reversing microvascular rarefaction in the heart.
Bistability theorem in a cancer model
Authors: Larsen Jens Christian 
Published: September 2017

In this paper, I continue the study of the mathematical models presented in [J. C. Larsen, Models of cancer growth, J. Appl. Math. Comput. 53(1–2) (2015) 613–645] and [J. C. Larsen, The bistability theorem in a model of metastatic cancer, to appear in Appl. Math.]. I shall prove the bistability theorem for the ODE model from [Larsen, 2015]. It is a mass action kinetic system in the variables [Formula: see text] cancer, GF growth factor and GI growth inhibitor. This theorem says that for some values of the parameters, there exist two positive singular points [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] of the vector field. Here [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] is stable and [Formula: see text] is unstable, see Sec. 2. There is also a discrete model in [Larsen, 2015], it is a linear map ([Formula: see text]) on three-dimensional Euclidean vector space with variables [Formula: see text] where these variables have the same meaning as in the ODE model above. In [Larsen, 2015], I showed that one can sometimes find affine vector fields on three-dimensional Euclidean vector space whose time one map is [Formula: see text]. I shall also show this in the present paper in a more general setting than in [Larsen, 2015]. This enables me to find an expression for the rate of change of cancer growth on the coordinate hyperplane [Formula: see text] in Euclidean vector space. I also present an ODE model of cancer metastasis with variables [Formula: see text] where [Formula: see text] is primary cancer and [Formula: see text] is metastatic cancer and GF, GI are growth factors and growth inhibitors, respectively.
Adaptive Real-Time Scheduling of Cyber-Physical Energy Systems
Authors: Martini Daniele De , Benetti Guido , Vedova Marco L. Della , Facchinetti Tullio 
Published: September 2017

This article addresses the application of real-time scheduling to the reduction of the peak load of power consumption generated by electric loads in Cyber-Physical Energy Systems (CPES). The goal is to reduce the peak load while achieving a desired Quality of Service of the physical system under control. The considered physical processes are characterized by integrator dynamics and modelled as sporadic real-time activities. Timing constraints are obtained from physical parameters and are used to manage the activation of electric loads by a real-time scheduling algorithm. As a main contribution, an algorithm derived from the multi-processor real-time scheduling domain is proposed to efficiently deal with a high number of physical processes (i.e., electric loads), making its scalability suitable for large CPES, such as smart energy grids. The cyber-physical nature of the proposed method arises from the tight interaction between the physical processes operated by the electric loads, and the applied scheduling.
To allow the use of the proposed approach in practical applications, modelling approximations and uncertainties on physical parameters are explicitly included in the model. An adaptive control strategy is proposed to guarantee the requirements on physical values under control in presence of modelling and measurement uncertainties. The compensation for such uncertainties is done by dynamically adapting the values of timing parameters used by the scheduler. Formal results have been derived to put into relationship the values of quantities describing the physical process with real-time parameters used to model and to schedule the activation of loads. The performance of the method is evaluated by means of physically accurate simulations of thermal systems, showing a remarkable reduction of the peak load and a robust enforcement of the desired physical requirements.
Twenty‐Five Year Secular Trends in Lipids and Modifiable Risk Factors in a Population‐Based Biracial Cohort: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study, 1985–2011
Authors: Schreiner Pamela J. , Jacobs David R. , Wong Nathan D. , Kiefe Catarina I. 
Published: September 2017

Background

Cross‐sectional analyses suggest that total and low‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL‐c) trends that had been declining are now reversing. We examined longitudinal data from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (
CARDIA
) study to examine secular trends in total cholesterol,
LDL
‐c, high‐density lipoprotein cholesterol (
HDL
‐c), and triglycerides over 25 years. We also assessed whether modifiable lifestyle factors (body mass index, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking, and lipid‐lowering medications) are associated with these trends.

Methods and Results

CARDIA
recruited 5115 black and white men and women ages 18 to 30 years from 4
US
communities in 1985–1986, and re‐examined them 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 years later. Secular trends, modeled as age‐matched time trends, were estimated using repeated‐measures regression stratified on race and sex. Total cholesterol and
LDL
‐c initially decreased ≈5 to 8 mg/dL between visits before plateauing and moving toward adverse trends in all groups, except black women, by year 25.
HDL
‐c showed an upward secular trend of 1 to 3 mg/dL between visits starting at year 15 in all groups; triglyceride trends were largely flat. Obesity and use of lipid‐lowering medications, which both increased over follow‐up, had strong independent, but opposite, associations with lipid trends over time. In aggregate, associations of modifiable lifestyle factors counterbalanced one another, minimally influencing secular trends.

Conclusions

Over 25 years, initially favorable trends in total cholesterol and
LDL
‐c have leveled off and may be reversing, persisting after control for modifiable risk factors. Factors such as dietary changes over 25 years and poor adherence to medications are candidates for additional investigation.
Prolonged High‐Dose Bivalirudin Infusion Reduces Major Bleeding Without Increasing Stent Thrombosis in Patients Undergoing Primary Percutaneous Coronary Intervention: Novel Insights From an Updated Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Fahrni Gregor , Wolfrum Mathias , De Maria Giovanni Luigi , Banning Adrian P. , Benedetto Umberto , Kharbanda Rajesh K. 
Published: September 2017

Background

The optimal antithrombotic therapy in patients with
ST
‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (
PCI
) remains a matter of debate. This updated meta‐analysis investigated the impact of (1) bivalirudin (with and without prolonged infusion) and (2) prolonged
PCI
‐dose (1.75 mg/hg per hour) bivalirudin infusion compared with conventional antithrombotic therapy on clinical outcomes in patients undergoing primary
PCI
.

Methods and Results

Eligible randomized trials were searched through
MEDLINE
,
EMBASE
, Cochrane database, and proceedings of major congresses. Prespecified outcomes were major bleeding (thrombolysis in myocardial infarction major and Bleeding Academic Research Consortium 3–5), acute stent thrombosis, as well as all‐cause and cardiac mortality at 30 days. Six randomized trials (n=17 294) were included. Bivalirudin compared with heparin (+/− glycoprotein‐
II
b/
III
a inhibitor) was associated with reduction in major bleeding (odds ratio [
OR
]: 0.65, 95%
CI
: 0.48–0.88,
P
=0.006, derived from all 6 trials), increase in acute stent thrombosis (
OR
: 2.75, 95%
CI
: 1.46–5.18,
P
=0.002, 5 trials), and lower rate of all‐cause mortality (
OR
: 0.81, 95%
CI
: 0.67–0.98,
P
=0.03, 6 trials) as well as cardiac mortality (
OR
: 0.69, 95%
CI
: 0.55–0.87,
P
=0.001, 5 trials). The incidence of acute stent thrombosis did not differ between the prolonged
PCI
‐dose bivalirudin and comparator group (
OR
: 0.81, 95%
CI
: 0.27–2.46,
P
=0.71, 3 trials), whereas the risk of bleeding was reduced despite treatment with high‐dose bivalirudin infusion (
OR
: 0.28, 95%
CI
: 0.13–0.60,
P
=0.001, 3 trials).

Conclusions

Bivalirudin (with and without prolonged infusion) compared with conventional antithrombotic therapy in
ST
‐segment‐elevation myocardial infarction patients undergoing primary
PCI
reduces major bleeding and death, but increases the rate of acute stent thrombosis. However, prolonging the bivalirudin infusion at
PCI
‐dose (1.75 mg/kg per hour) for 3 hours eliminates the excess risk of acute stent thrombosis, while maintaining the bleeding benefits.
Intraseasonal Variations of Winter Wind Chill Temperatures across Canada and the United States
Authors: Howarth Macy E. , Laird Neil F. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWind chill temperature (WCT) is a measure of the human sensation of cold and also is a parameter used to represent the severity of winter weather. This study provides a unique investigation to quantify the spatial patterns of monthly mean, extreme, and severe WCTs across Canada and the United States. WCT was examined across 45 winters (December–February) spanning 1969/70–2013/14 using 156 surface locations reporting hourly meteorological conditions. Intraseasonal analyses of WCT showed that January had 1) the coldest mean WCTs, 2) the most extreme WCTs as statistically represented by the coldest 1% of the monthly WCT frequency distribution at each surface location, and 3) the greatest frequency of severe WCT hours that were ≤ −32°C. The most extreme WCTs were most often located in the Hudson Bay region of Canada, and north-central and northeastern North America experienced the largest monthly changes in WCT during the winter season. Results suggest that intraseasonal changes of air temperature are the primary influence on variations of WCT and that changes of wind speed are a secondary factor.
On the Quantification of Imbalance and Inertia–Gravity Waves Generated in Numerical Simulations of Moist Baroclinic Waves Using the WRF Model
Authors: Mirzaei Mohammad , Mohebalhojeh Ali R. , Zülicke Christoph , Plougonven Riwal 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Quantification of inertia–gravity waves (IGWs) generated by upper-level jet–surface front systems and their parameterization in global models of the atmosphere relies on suitable methods to estimate the strength of IGWs. A harmonic divergence analysis (HDA) that has been previously employed for quantification of IGWs combines wave properties from linear dynamics with a sophisticated statistical analysis to provide such estimates. A question of fundamental importance that arises is how the measures of IGW activity provided by the HDA are related to the measures coming from the wave–vortex decomposition (WVD) methods. The question is addressed by employing the nonlinear balance relations of the first-order δ–γ, the Bolin–Charney, and the first- to third-order Rossby number expansion to carry out WVD. The global kinetic energy of IGWs given by the HDA and WVD are compared in numerical simulations of moist baroclinic waves by the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model in a channel on the f plane. The estimates of the HDA are found to be 2–3 times smaller than those of the optimal WVD. This is in part due to the absence of a well-defined scale separation between the waves and vortical flows, the IGW estimates by the HDA capturing only the dominant wave packets and with limited scales. It is also shown that the difference between the HDA and WVD estimates is related to the width of the IGW spectrum.
Exact Expression for the Lifting Condensation Level
Authors: Romps David M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Many analytic, but approximate, expressions have been proposed for the height of the lifting condensation level (LCL), including the popular expressions by Espy, Bolton, and Lawrence. Here, the exact, explicit, analytic expression is derived for an air parcel’s LCL as a function of its temperature and relative humidity. Unlike previous analytic expressions, some of which can have errors as high as hundreds or thousands of meters, this exact expression is accurate to within the uncertainty of empirical vapor pressure measurements: this translates into an uncertainty of around 5 m for all temperatures and relative humidities. An exact, explicit, analytic expression for the lifting deposition level (LDL) is also derived, and its behavior is compared to the LCL. At sufficiently cold temperatures, aerosols freeze homogeneously below the LCL; an approximate, implicit, analytic expression is given for this lifting freezing level (LFL). By comparing the LCL, LDL, and LFL, it is found that a well-mixed boundary layer can have an ice-supersaturated layer that is no thicker than 400 m.
Organizational and Individual Level Antecedents of Psychological Capital and its Associated Outcomes: Development of a Conceptual Framework
Authors: Srivastava Urmila Rani , Maurya Vandana 
Published: September 2017

The importance of positivity in life has been recognized long time back with the pioneering works of Seligman. Positive psychology as a field was founded on the belief that people want to lead meaningful and fulfilling lives, to cultivate what is best within them, and enhance their experiences of love, work and play. However, the potential need to incorporate the principles of positive psychology to enhance the lives of employees at workplace has been identified very lately. This review article starts with the journey from positive psychology to positive organizational behaviour (POB) followed by the elaborated conceptual development of psychological capital (PsyCap) and its uniqueness in relation to other positive constructs. Next section of the article presents evidence of major theoretical contributions in developing the field of POB and PsyCap along with distinction between states versus trait paradigm in Psychology. The purpose of this article is to provide an overview of recently introduced concept of PsyCap and reveal its antecedents and consequences. We have synthesized and integrated recent empirical research examining the nature of the construct of PsyCap and develop a conceptual framework regarding its individual and organizational antecedents and consequences for further understanding of the relevant issues in the area of PsyCap and POB. The organizational level antecedents of PsyCap included in this article are work engagement, organizational justice, workplace social support and authentic leadership. Likewise, individual level antecedents of PsyCap covered in this article are sense of humour and positive emotions. The major potential outcomes of PsyCap in the present article included both desirable (mental health, organizational citizenship behaviour (OCB), creative performance and ethical performance) and undesirable (incivility) work-related organizational outcomes. Several preliminary propositions have been offered to guide future research and the role of PsyCap within a broad theoretical and empirical context is discussed. Finally, we have discussed the gaps in the relevant literature, major issues for future research on PsyCap along with implications and interventions about how management can enhance each within their employees for performance management, leadership development and HR development.
Why do long distance truck drivers work extremely long hours?
Authors: Belzer Michael H , Sedo Stanley A 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWhile other research has shown that higher paid truck and bus drivers are safer, this is the first study showingwhyhigher paid drivers are safer. We estimate the labour supply curve for long-haul truck drivers in the United States, applying two-stage least squares regression to a national survey of truck drivers. We start with the standard model of the labour supply curve and then develop two novel extensions of it, incorporating pay level and pay method, and testing the target earnings hypothesis. We distinguish between long-haul and short-haul jobs driving commercial motor vehicles. Truck and bus drivers choose between long-distance jobs requiring very long hours of work away from home and short-distance jobs generally requiring fewer hours. The labour supply curve exhibits a classic backward bending shape, reflecting drivers’ preference to work until they reach target earnings. Above target earnings, at a ‘safe rate’ for truck drivers, they trade labour for leisure, working fewer hours, leading to greater highway safety. Drivers work fewer hours at a higher pay rate and likely have less fatigue. Pay rates also have implications for driver health because worker health deteriorates as working time exceeds 40 hours.