bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shock Initiation of the CL‐20‐Based Explosive C‐1 Measured with Embedded Electromagnetic Particle Velocity Gauges
Authors: Chen Lang , Pi Zheng‐Di , Liu Dan‐Yang , Yang Kun , Wu Jun‐Ying 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL‐20) is a high‐energy material with high shock sensitivity. The evolution of shock into the detonation of CL‐20 deserves academic attention and research. An embedded electromagnetic particle velocity gauge was used to study the shock initiation of detonation in a pressed solid explosive formulation, C‐1, containing 94 wt‐% epsilon phase CL‐20 and 6 wt‐% fluororubber (FPM). In conventional experiments, the magnetic field was generated using a pair of electromagnets with a complex structure and operation. A new device was designed to solve complex problems. This device comprised NdFeB magnets, pole shoes and magnetic yokes; using this technique, a uniform magnetic field could be created. A series of shock initiation experiments on high‐explosive C‐1 was performed, and the explosive samples were initiated at different intensity input shocks by an explosive driven flyer plate. In situ magnetic particle velocity gauges were utilized to detail the growth from an input shock to detonation, and the attenuation of particle velocity in unreacted C‐1 was also obtained in low‐intensity shock initiation experiments. Hugoniot data for C‐1 in the form of shock velocity D vs. particle velocity Up were obtained. A simulation model for shock initiation of C‐1 was established, and the particle velocity data from several experiments were used to determine the parameters required for the unreacted equation of state and ignition and growth reactive flow model for C‐1. These coefficients were then applied in the calculation of the initial shock pressure−distance to detonation relationship (Pop‐plot) for the explosive. Based on the results of experiments and simulations, the shock sensitivity characteristic of C‐1 was described.
Investigation of non‐covalent complexations of Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions with insulin by using electrospray ionization mass spectrometry
Authors: Gülfen Mustafa , Özdemir Abdil , Lin Jung‐Lee , Chen Chung‐Hsuan 
Published: September 2016

RationaleInsulin is a peptide hormone secreted by pancreatic β‐cells. Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions play an important role in the secretion of insulin. There is no study about a direct complexation of Ca(II) or Mg(II) with insulin and their equilibrium constants. Electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS) is a practical method for the monitoring of non‐covalent complexes such as Ca(II)‐insulin and Mg(II)‐insulin. Here, the equilibrium constants of Ca(II)‐insulin and Mg(II)‐insulin non‐covalent complexes have been calculated after ESI‐MS measurements in aqueous solutions.MethodsThe effects of pH, competitive binding, ion exchange, and Na(I) and K(I) ions on Ca(II)‐insulin and Mg(II)‐insulin complexation have been examined by measuring by ESI‐MS. The dissociation equilibrium constants (K1 and K2) of Ca(II)‐insulin and Mg(II)‐insulin complexes were calculated from the binomial graph derived from the ESI‐MS normalized peak intensities. The MS/MS spectra of the complexes have been examined.ResultsThe dissociation equilibrium constants were found to K1: 1.29 × 10−4 M and K2: 9.69 × 10−4 M for the Ca(II)‐insulin complexes, and K1: 1.37 × 10−4 M and K2: 9.12 × 10−4 M for Mg(II)‐insulin complexes. Ca(II) ions have higher complexation capability with insulin than Mg(II) ions.ConclusionsThe binding equilibrium constants of Ca(II)‐ and Mg(II)‐insulin non‐covalent complexes have been determined successfully by ESI‐MS. Ca(II) and Mg(II) ions are involved in the insulin secretion by forming non‐covalent complexes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Nitrogen stable isotope variability in tissues of juvenile tilapia Oreochromis aureus: empirical and modelling results
Authors: Wang Yinping , Gu Xiaohong , Zeng Qingfei , Mao Zhigang , Wang Wenxia 
Published: September 2016

RationaleStudies on diet or trophic interactions of organisms based on stable isotopes require accurate estimates of how quickly stable isotope ratios change in the investigated tissues. However, rates of isotope turnover in fish tissues, especially in omnivorous species, are poorly understood.MethodsWe conducted a diet‐shift study using juvenile tilapia to (i) empirically estimate the isotopic turnover rates of nitrogen in the dorsal muscle, liver, fin and backbone; (ii) model the relative contributions of metabolism and growth to the total isotopic turnover in each tissue; and (iii) develop a non‐lethal approach for estimating body nitrogen stable isotope ratios for threatened or endangered species. Isotopic analyses were performed using a Flash EA CN elemental analyser coupled to a ThermoFinnigan Delta Plus mass spectrometer.ResultsNitrogen isotopic turnover rates were consistently ranked in the order backbone > liver > muscle > fin due to the relatively lower metabolic rates of muscle and fin tissue. Backbone tissue turned over significantly faster than other tissues, suggesting the potential for a multiple‐tissue stable isotope approach to the study of movement and trophic position over different time scales for omnivorous fish. However, fin tissue had the longest half‐life, at 57.81 days, indicating that this tissue is more useful than muscle as a long‐term dietary indicator.ConclusionsThe change in nitrogen isotope ratios in dorsal muscle was mainly regulated by somatic growth, but metabolic activity markedly stimulated the turnover rate of backbone. This study is one of a few to demonstrate significant variation in the δ15N turnover rates among multiple tissues of a single organism, especially for omnivorous fish. Our results, to some extent, also indirectly contribute to the conservation of threatened or endangered species. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Influence of carboxylation on osteocalcin detection by mass spectrometry
Authors: Cleland Timothy P. , Thomas Corinne J. , Gundberg Caren M. , Vashishth Deepak 
Published: September 2016

RationaleOsteocalcin is a small, abundant bone protein that is difficult to detect using high‐throughput tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) proteomic approaches from bone protein extracts, and is predominantly detected by non‐MS immunological methods. Here, we analyze bovine osteocalcin and its post‐translational modifications to determine why a protein of this size goes undetected.MethodsOsteocalcin was purified from cow bone using well‐established methods. Intact osteocalcin or trypsin‐digested osteocalcin were separated using an Agilent 1200 series high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) system and analyzed using a ThermoScientific LTQ‐Orbitrap XL after fragmentation with higher‐energy collision dissociation. Data were analyzed using Mascot or Prosight Lite.ResultsOur results support previous findings that the cow osteocalcin has up to three carboxylations using both intact osteocalcin and digested forms. Using Mascot, we were able to detect osteocalcin peptides, but no fragments that localized the carboxylations. Full annotation using Prosight Lite of the intact (three carboxylations), N‐terminal peptide (one carboxylation), and middle peptide (two carboxylations) showed complete fragmentation was present, but complete neutral loss was observed.ConclusionsOsteocalcin carboxylation, and its associated neutral losses, makes high‐throughput detection of this protein challenging; however, alternative fragmentation or limited purification can overcome these challenges. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lujo viral hemorrhagic fever: considering diagnostic capacity and preparedness in the wake of recent Ebola and Zika virus outbreaks
Authors: Simulundu Edgar , Mweene Aaron S. , Changula Katendi , Monze Mwaka , Chizema Elizabeth , Mwaba Peter , Takada Ayato , Ippolito Guiseppe , Kasolo Francis , Zumla Alimuddin , Bates Matthew 
Published: September 2016

SummaryLujo virus is a novel Old World arenavirus identified in Southern Africa in 2008 as the cause of a viral hemorrhagic fever (VHF) characterized by nosocomial transmission with a high case fatality rate of 80% (4/5 cases). Whereas this outbreak was limited, the unprecedented Ebola virus disease outbreak in West Africa, and recent Zika virus disease epidemic in the Americas, has brought into acute focus the need for preparedness to respond to rare but potentially highly pathogenic outbreaks of zoonotic or arthropod‐borne viral infections. A key determinant for effective control of a VHF outbreak is the time between primary infection and diagnosis of the index case. Here, we review the Lujo VHF outbreak of 2008 and discuss how preparatory measures with respect to developing diagnostic capacity might be effectively embedded into existing national disease control networks, such as those for human immunodeficiency virus, tuberculosis, and malaria.
Pattern‐avoiding permutations and Brownian excursion part I: Shapes and fluctuations
Authors: Hoffman Christopher , Rizzolo Douglas , Slivken Erik 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPermutations that avoid given patterns are among the most classical objects in combinatorics and have strong connections to many fields of mathematics, computer science and biology. In this paper we study the scaling limits of a random permutation avoiding a pattern of length 3 and their relations to Brownian excursion. Exploring this connection to Brownian excursion allows us to strengthen the recent results of Madras and Pehlivan [25] and Miner and Pak [29] as well as to understand many of the interesting phenomena that had previously gone unexplained. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 50, 394–419, 2017
Ermüdungsfestigkeit einseitig geschweißter Stumpfstöße von Kreishohlprofilen
Authors: Weidner Philipp , Mehdianpour Milad , Ummenhofer Thomas 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIm Rahmen des Forschungsprojekts “FIT” wurden Ermüdungsfestigkeitsuntersuchungen an geschweißten Konstruktionsdetails, die häufig in Gründungsstrukturen von Offshore‐Windenergieanlagen (OWEA), aber auch im Stahlbrückenbau eingesetzt werden, durchgeführt. Der Schwerpunkt der Untersuchungen wurde auf einseitig geschweißte Kreishohlprofile (KHP) gelegt. Für einseitig stumpfgeschweißte Kreishohlprofile wurden die derzeitigen auf unzureichender Versuchsbasis erstellten Kerbfalleinstufungen geltender Regelwerke überprüft. Hierzu wurden umfangreiche experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermüdungsfestigkeit dieses Details durchgeführt. Die den Ermüdungswiderstand maßgeblich beeinflussenden Parameter, wie vorhandene geometrische Imperfektionen und Schweißnahtausbildung, wurden identifiziert, bewertet und deren Einfluss im Rahmen numerischer Berechnungen untersucht. Basierend auf diesen Ergebnissen wurde eine Kerbfallempfehlung erarbeitet, die eine zutreffende Lebensdauerabschätzung ermöglicht. Diese Kerbfallempfehlung soll als Grundlage für die zukünftige Aufnahme in Normen und Regelwerke dienen.Fatigue performance of girth welded butt weld of circular hollow sections. Within the research project “FIT”, the fatigue behavior of welded joints frequently used in supporting structures for offshore wind energy plants as also bridges was investigated. The research work was focused on the fatigue performance of girth welded circular hollow sections (CHS). For girth welded CHS being welded from one side only, the FAT‐classification according to different standards and recommendations was compared, and extensive experimental investigations were performed. Based on the results the fatigue strength of girth welded CHS was determined and a recommendation for FAT‐classification was given. Additional studies contribute to identify and evaluate effects which are relevant to fatigue such as the influence of misalignment. These influences have been taken into account within the numerical studies and a recommendation for FAT classification is given. The developed recommendation can serve as a basis for future consideration in standards and guidelines.
Experimental and numerical investigations of aerodynamic loads and 3D flow over non‐rotating MEXICO blades
Authors: Zhang Ye , Gillebaart Thijs , van Zuijlen Alexander , van Bussel Gerard , Bijl Hester 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper presents the experimental and numerical study on MEXICO wind turbine blades. Previous work by other researchers shows that large deviations exist in the loads comparison between numerical predictions and experimental data for the rotating MEXICO wind turbine. To reduce complexities and uncertainties, a non‐rotating experimental campaign has been carried out on MEXICO blades Delft University of Technology. In this new measurement, quasi‐2D aerodynamic characteristics of MEXICO blades on three spanwise sections are measured at different inflow velocities and angles of attack. Additionally, RANS simulations are performed with OpenFOAM‐2.1.1 to compare numerical results against measured data. The comparison and analysis of aerodynamic loads on the blade, where three different airfoil families and geometrical transition regions are used, show that for attached flow condition, RANS computation predicts excellent pressure distribution on the NACA airfoil section (r/R = 0.92) and good agreement is observed on the DU (r/R = 0.35) and RISØ (r/R = 0.60) airfoil sections. Unexpected aerodynamic characteristics are observed at the intermediate transition regions connecting the RISØ and DU airfoils, where sudden lift force drop is found at the radial position r/R = 0.55. Through numerical flow visualization, large‐scale vortical structures are observed on the suction side of the blade near the mid‐span. Moreover, counter‐rotating vortices are generated behind the blade at locations where unexpected loads occurs. Consequently, the RISØ airfoil could not give expected 2D aerodynamic characteristics because of upwash/downwash effects induced by these counter‐rotating vortices, which make 3D effects play an important role in numerical modeling when calculating the aerodynamic loads for MEXICO rotor. ©2016 The Authors Wind Energy Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
One‐Dimensional Zinc Selenophosphates: A2ZnP2Se6 (A = K, Rb, Cs)
Authors: Haynes Alyssa S. , Lee Katherine , Kanatzidis Mercouri G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe new compounds A2ZnP2Se6 (A = K, Rb, Cs) were synthesized via molten salt flux syntheses. The crystals feature one‐dimensional 1/∞[ZnP2Se6]2– chains charge balanced by alkali metal ions between the chains. K2ZnP2Se6 crystallizes in the monoclinic space group P21/c; cell parameters a = 12.537(3) Å, b = 7.2742(14) Å, c = 14.164(3) Å, β = 109.63(3)°, Z = 4, and V = 1216.7(4) Å3. Rb2ZnP2Se6 and Cs2ZnP2Se6 are isotypic, crystallizing in the triclinic space group P$\bar{1}$. Rb2ZnP2Se6 has cell parameters of a = 7.4944(15) Å, b = 7.6013(15) Å, c = 12.729(3) Å, α = 96.57(3)°, β = 105.52(3)°, γ = 110.54(3)°, Z = 2, and V = 636.6(2) Å3. Cs2ZnP2Se6 has cell parameters of a = 7.6543(6) Å, b = 7.7006(6) Å, c = 12.7373(11) Å, α = 97.007(7)°, β = 104.335(7)°, γ = 109.241(6)°, Z = 2, and V = 669.54(10) Å3.
Proof checking and logic programming
Authors: Miller Dale 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

In a world where trusting software systems is increasingly important, formal methods and formal proof can help provide some basis for trust. Proof checking can help to reduce the size of the
trusted base
since we do not need to trust an entire theorem prover: instead, we only need to trust a (smaller and simpler) proof checker. Many approaches to building proof checkers require embedding within them a full programming language. In most modern proof checkers and theorem provers, that programming language is a functional programming language, often a variant of ML. In fact, aspects of ML (e.g., strong typing, abstract datatypes, and higher-order programming) were designed to make ML a trustworthy “meta-language” for checking proofs. While there is considerable overlap between logic programming and proof checking (e.g., both benefit from unification, backtracking search, efficient term structures, etc.), the discipline of logic programming has, in fact, played a minor role in the history of proof checking. I will argue that logic programming can have a major role in the future of this important topic.
The DIAN‐TU Next Generation Alzheimer's prevention trial: Adaptive design and disease progression model
Authors: Bateman Randall J. , Benzinger Tammie L. , Berry Scott , Clifford David B. , Duggan Cynthia , Fagan Anne M. , Fanning Kathleen , Farlow Martin R. , Hassenstab Jason , McDade Eric M. , Mills Susan , Paumier Katrina , Quintana Melanie , Salloway Stephen P. , Santacruz Anna , Schneider Lon S. , Wang Guoqiao , Xiong Chengjie ,   the DIAN‐TU Pharma Consortium for the Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe Dominantly Inherited Alzheimer Network Trials Unit (DIAN‐TU) trial is an adaptive platform trial testing multiple drugs to slow or prevent the progression of Alzheimer's disease in autosomal dominant Alzheimer's disease (ADAD) families. With completion of enrollment of the first two drug arms, the DIAN‐TU now plans to add new drugs to the platform, designated as the Next Generation (NexGen) prevention trial.MethodsIn collaboration with ADAD families, philanthropic organizations, academic leaders, the DIAN‐TU Pharma Consortium, the National Institutes of Health, and regulatory colleagues, the DIAN‐TU developed innovative clinical study designs for the DIAN‐TU NexGen prevention trial.ResultsOur expanded trial toolbox consists of a disease progression model for ADAD, primary end point DIAN‐TU cognitive performance composite, biomarker development, self‐administered cognitive assessments, adaptive dose adjustments, and blinded data collection through the last participant completion.ConclusionThese steps represent elements to improve efficacy of the adaptive platform trial and a continued effort to optimize prevention and treatment trials in ADAD.
The worldwide costs of dementia 2015 and comparisons with 2010
Authors: Wimo Anders , Guerchet Maëlenn , Ali Gemma‐Claire , Wu Yu‐Tzu , Prina A. Matthew , Winblad Bengt , Jönsson Linus , Liu Zhaorui , Prince Martin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionIn 2010, Alzheimer's Disease International presented estimates of the global cost of illness (COI) of dementia. Since then, new studies have been conducted, and the number of people with dementia has increased. Here, we present an update of the global cost estimates.MethodsThis is a societal, prevalence‐based global COI study.ResultsThe worldwide costs of dementia were estimated at United States (US) $818 billion in 2015, an increase of 35% since 2010; 86% of the costs occur in high‐income countries. Costs of informal care and the direct costs of social care still contribute similar proportions of total costs, whereas the costs in the medical sector are much lower. The threshold of US $1 trillion will be crossed by 2018.DiscussionWorldwide costs of dementia are enormous and still inequitably distributed. The increase in costs arises from increases in numbers of people with dementia and in increases in per person costs.
Regulatory goals in a globalized world
Authors: Ng Sharon , Batra Rajeev 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis research examines the impact of a salient global (or local) identity on individual's regulatory goals. Specifically, we show that when people's identity as a global citizen is salient, they are more likely to focus on promotion goals; whereas when their identity as a local citizen is salient, they are more likely to focus on prevention goals. We further show that this arises because people are likely to adopt a more abstract or higher level (vs. concrete or lower level) construal when their global (local) identity is salient. Evidence from three studies supports this central proposition.
Humanity at Sea
Authors: Mann Itamar 
Published: September 2016

This interdisciplinary study engages law, history, and political theory in a first attempt to crystallize the lessons the global 'refugee crisis' can teach us about the nature of international law. It connects the dots between the actions of Jewish migrants to Palestine after WWII, Vietnamese 'boatpeople', Haitian refugees seeking to reach Florida, Middle Eastern migrants and refugees bound to Australia, and Syrian refugees currently crossing the Mediterranean, and then legal responses by states and international organizations to these movements. Through its account of maritime migration, the book proposes a theory of human rights modelled around an encounter between individuals in which one of the parties is at great risk. It weaves together primary sources, insights from the work of twentieth-century thinkers such as Hannah Arendt and Emmanuel Levinas, and other legal materials to form a rich account of an issue of increasing global concern.
The River, the Plain, and the State
Authors: Zhang Ling 
Published: September 2016

On July 19, 1048, the Yellow River breached its banks, drastically changing its course across the Hebei Plain and turning it into a delta where the river sought a path out to the ocean. This dramatic shift of forces in the natural world resulted from political deliberation and hydraulic engineering of the imperial state of the Northern Song Dynasty. It created 80 years of social suffering, economic downturn, political upheaval, and environmental changes, which reshaped the medieval North China Plain and challenged the state. Ling Zhang deftly applies textual analysis, theoretical provocation, and modern scientific data in her gripping analysis of how these momentous events altered China&apos;s physical and political landscapes and how its human communities adapted and survived. In so doing, she opens up an exciting new field of research by wedding environmental, political, economic, and social history in her examination of one of North China&apos;s most significant environmental changes.
Observational Searches for Star-Forming Galaxies at z > 6
Authors: Finkelstein Steven L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAlthough the universe at redshifts greater than six represents only the first one billion years (< 10%) of cosmic time, the dense nature of the early universe led to vigorous galaxy formation and evolution activity which we are only now starting to piece together. Technological improvements have, over only the past decade, allowed large samples of galaxies at such high redshifts to be collected, providing a glimpse into the epoch of formation of the first stars and galaxies. A wide variety of observational techniques have led to the discovery of thousands of galaxy candidates at z > 6, with spectroscopically confirmed galaxies out to nearly z = 9. Using these large samples, we have begun to gain a physical insight into the processes inherent in galaxy evolution at early times. In this review, I will discuss (i) the selection techniques for finding distant galaxies, including a summary of previous and ongoing ground and space-based searches, and spectroscopic follow-up efforts, (ii) insights into galaxy evolution gleaned from measures such as the rest-frame ultraviolet luminosity function, the stellar mass function, and galaxy star-formation rates, and (iii) the effect of galaxies on their surrounding environment, including the chemical enrichment of the universe, and the reionisation of the intergalactic medium. Finally, I conclude with prospects for future observational study of the distant universe, using a bevy of new state-of-the-art facilities coming online over the next decade and beyond.