bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of Whiteflies and Armyworm on Fresh Market Tomatoes, Fall 1995
Authors: Schuster David J. , Polston Jane E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Transplants were set 13 Sept, 18 inches apart on raised beds of EauGallie fine sand covered with black polyethylene mulch. Plots were 3-18 ft long rows on 5-ft centers and were irri-gated by a seepage subirrigation system. Insecticidal treatments were replicated 4 times in a RCB design. Spray treatments were applied with a high clearance, self-propelled sprayer on 27 Sept, 11, 18, 25 Oct, 1, 8, 15, 22, 29 Nov, 6, 13 and 20 Dec. The sprayer was operated at 200 psi and 3.4 mph and was outfitted with orange Albuz™ ceramic nozzles. The number of nozzles per row was increased from 6 to 8 to increase gallonage as the plants grew. Thus, 90 gpa was applied the first six sprays (six nozzles) and 120 gpa was applied for the remaining six sprays (eight nozzles). Admire treatments were applied in 4 oz water/plant on 13 Sept. The terminal leaflet was collected from a leaf from the upper third of each of 10 plants in the middle row of each plot on 9 Oct, 6 Nov and 4 Dec. Numbers of crawlers, sessile nymphs and pupae of the silverleaf whitefly (SLWF) were counted and the data were averaged over all dates for analysis. All of the plants in each plot were examined weekly for symptoms of virus. There are two viruses present which have nearly indistinguishable symptoms: tomato mottle virus (ToMoV), a geminivirus vectored by the SLWF, and potato virus Y (PVY), a potyvirus vectored by several species of aphids. All fruit of marketable size were harvested from the middle 10 plants of the middle row of each plot on 15 and 22 Dec. The fruit were separated by the presence or absence of southern armyworm damage and were counted and weighed. At the end of the experiment, a sample of three terminal leaflets was collected from each plant with ToMoV symptoms from the middle row of two checks. The samples were frozen for later determination of the presence of ToMoV using nucleic acid spot hybridization and the presence of PVY using ELISA.
Evaluation of Foliar Treatments for Potato Leafhopper on Alfalfa, 1996
Authors: Willson H. R. , Eisley J. B. , Jasinski J. R. , Chen Z. Z. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A study to evaluate the efficacy of 5 foliar insecticide treatments to control PLH was conducted on second cutting alfalfa at the OARDC Western Branch Station near South Charleston, OH. Plots were 30 X 50 ft with four replications in a RCBD. Treatments were applied 21 Jun with a custom built sprayer having a boom length of 15 ft and flat spray tip nozzles (TeeJet 8003VS) mounted at 15 inch intervals. The system was calibrated to deliver 25 gpa at 35 psi at a tractor speed of 3 mph. Abundance of PLH adults and nymphs was estimated prior to treatment and 7, 14 and 21 DAT by taking 10 pendulum sweeps per plot. Alfalfa stem length was recorded prior to treatment and at 21 DAT to determine stem growth per treatment. Dry weight yield was determined from harvest of two 3.5 ft X 50 ft swaths taken with a custom built plot harvester with a flail cutter.
Control of Insect Pests on Spring Canola, 1996
Authors: Bragg D. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were established in a RCBD 4 replicates of 10 X 30 ft in a commercial Canola field on the Dye Farm near Pomeroy, WA. Treatments were made at full bloom with a CO2 backpack sprayer at 29 gpa and 20 psi on 18 Jun. Conditions at treatment were 70° F with 7 mph wind at 7 p.m. All insecticides were buffered to pH 5.0. Treatments were evaluated at 0 (pretreatment), 2, 5, 7, 11 DAT for CSPW using 2 X 180 sweeps with a 14 inch sweepnet. Visual counts of CA colonies m2 and number of aphids per colony plus parasitized aphids were made on the same dates. Counts of CSPW exit holes per 100 pods per replicate were made at crop maturity, and yield data calculated in lb/acre were collected per replicate by passing 1.0 m2 samples through a stationary thresher on 1 Aug.
Apple, Handgun Trials of New Insecticides Against Oblr, 1996
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were applied with a truck-mounted, high pressure (450 psi), handgun sprayer dilute to run off to single apple tree plots in 2 orchards: ‘Idared’ trees (Brown orchard), which were about 15 years old, 13 ft high, and planted 19 X 27 ft apart, and ‘Rome’ trees (Nesbitt orchard), which were about 8 ft high and planted 11 X 18 ft apart. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design, separated by unsprayed buffer trees, and replicated twice in each orchard. All materials were applied on a 3-spray schedule, at 1st hatch (2 Jul), mid-hatch (16 Jul), and on 29 Jul. Check plots were not sprayed with insecticides during the test. Summer populations of larvae were compared by examining 20-50 growing terminals on each tree for live larvae on 9-11 Jul and again on 23-24 Jul. Fruit damage from the 1st summer generation of larvae was estimated initially on 1-2 Jul and again on 20-24 Aug by sampling up to 100 apples from each tree. At harvest (4 Oct for the ‘Rome’ applies in the Nesbit Orchard and 14-15 Oct for the ‘Idared’ applies in the Brown Orchard), up to 100 applies were sampled from each tree and OBLR damaged fruit was classified according to USDA grading standards into the categories of “Fancy”, #1, and culls.
Cotton Aphid Control with Various Insecticides, 1996
Authors: Studebaker Glenn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of selected insecticides against cotton aphids in northeast Arkansas. Test plots consisted of four, 38-inch rows 30 ft long. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Treatments were applied on 16 Jul with a hand-held boom calibrated to deliver 15.8 gpa through two TX-6 hollow-cone nozzles per row at 60 psi. Treatments were evaluated at 3 and 6 DAT by counting the number of live cotton aphids on 10 leaves per plot. At 6 DAT an epizootic of the entomopathogenic fungus, Neozygites fresenii, was found to infect the occurring insects, reducing their number markedly in all plots by the 10 DAT.
Efficacy of Chlorpyrifos-Methvl to Control Tarnished Plant Bug in Cotton, 1996
Authors: Teague T. G. , Tugwell N. P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted 9 May on the Cotton Branch Experiment Station in Marianna, AR in 8 row (38 inch centers) wide plots 70 ft long with 10 ft alleys and separated by a 6.5 ft buffer planted in mustard. Treatments were arranged in a RCBD with 3 replications. Insecticides were applied 10 Jul using a 8-row CO2 charged hi-boy sprayer calibrated to deliver 10.5 gpa at 30 psi with TJ-60 8002 nozzles on 19 inch spacing. Prior to application, TPB were collected using sweep nets in blooming mustard. The collected TPB were placed in 15 ml plastic vials (5 insects per vial) on ice. Three organdy sleeve cages, 6 inches diam by 18 inches long, were secured to randomly selected individual plants in the center 2 rows by tying the lower end of each cage around the plant ca 1 ft from the terminal with twist ties. The cages were rolled down to the tie and covered with aluminum foil leaving plant terminals exposed. Following treatments, the foil was removed, the cage pulled up, and 5 TPB nymphs (3 to 5th instar) were placed into each cage. Cage tops were secured with twist ties. After 72 h plants were cut below the cage and taken to the laboratory where TPB mortality was determined. Mortality data were analyzed with AOV, and means separated with LSD.
Control of Rice Water Weevil With Dimilin 1996B
Authors: Bernhardt J. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was a non-replicated experimental use permit with 4 treatments. Whole plot size was 2.5 acres for the Dimilin treatments and 1.7 acres for the Furadan and untreated plots. Whole plots of Dimilin treatments were divided into 6 subplots of 0.42 acres (60 ft X 305 ft) with each bound by levees. Untreated and Furadan plots were divided into 3 subplots of 0.56 acres (80 ft X 305 ft) with each bound by levees. Rice was drill-seeded in Crowley silt loam at 90 lb/acre on 16 May and emerged on 21 May. Propanil 4 lb (AI)/acre was applied for weed control on 3 Jun. Nitrogen was applied in a single application 95 lb N/acre as urea on 17 Jun. Permanent flood was established on 17-18 Jun. Dimilin in water was applied by aircraft at 10 gpa. Dimilin was applied as a split treatment 14 Jun (3 d before flood and again on 21 Jun (4 d after flood). Furadan 3G was applied by aircraft 10 d after permanent flood. On 8 and 15 Jul 4X4 inch (diam by depth) soil cores with an average of 6 plants/core were removed from subplots. Soil was washed from the plant roots into a 40-mesh screen. The screen was immersed in salt water and RWW immatures were removed. Whole subplots were harvested with a combine on 1, 3 and 4 Oct. Reported yields were adjusted to 12% moisture. Yields and insect counts were not statistically analyzed.
Evaluation of Insecticides for Suppression of Sorghum Midge on Sorghum,1993
Authors: Anderson R. M. , Teetes G. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two organophosphates, 4 pyrethroids, and corn oil were evaluated for sorghum midge control at the Texas Agricultural Experiment Station Research Farm near College Station, TX. Seed of 6 sorghum hybrids of different maturity rates were mixed together and planted 27 Apr on rows spaced 96.5 cm apart. Mixtures of hybrids of different maturity were used to simulate sorghum with non-uniform flowering as often occurs in fields of sorghum. Insecticide treatments were compared in 8-row X 6.1-m-long plots arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Insecticides were applied by using a CO2-pressurized backpack sprayer, through TX-3 hollow cone nozzles at 2.5 kg/cm2, producing a finished spray volume of 62.9 liters/ha. Corn oil was applied using a controlled droplet applicator j with a size 20 orifice plate at 1.4 kg/cm2, giving a volume of 22.5 liters/ha. Conventional treatments were made on 29 Jun and 3 and 7 Jul. Daily treatments ) of Lorsban and corn oil were made from 29 Jun through 9 Jul. Data from plots where maximum sorghum midge control was achieved by using Lorsban daily through the flowering period were compared with that from untreated plots and plots where treatments were applied at conventional intervals of time. Corn oil was applied daily to determine the maximum control achievable by using this oil. Data on kernel loss and grain yield were collected from the mid-dle 2 rows of each plot. Ten sorghum panicles were randomly selected before each insecticide application, enclosed in clear plastic bags, cut, and taken to the laboratory where adult sorghum midges were counted. Twenty panicles per plot were visually rated for damage on a scale of 1-9, where 1 = 0-10% and 9 = 81-90% kernel loss. Panicles were hand harvested from 2, 2.7-m sections of row per plot and mechanically threshed. Data were analyzed statis-tically by using ANOVA and LSD.
Control of Insect Pests on Soybeans, 1995
Authors: Taylor J. Delano , McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The efficacy of six selected insecticides for control of soybean looper, velvetbean cater-pillar, threecornered alfalfa hopper, and stink bugs was evaluated at the University of Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station, Tifton, GA. The insecticides were foliar-applied on 1 Sep on ‘Davis’ soybeans planted in late May. Individual plots were 4 rows wide X 50 ft long with alleys 6 ft wide at each end and 2 border rows on each side, arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Each spray concentrate was applied with a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 4, TX-12 nozzles on a 6 ft boom (2 nozzles per row) at 40 psi that delivered 17.6 gpa. Each plot was sampled prior to treatment and on 4, 7, and 14 DAT by taking a 20-sweep sample with a 15-inch diam net from a single row. Soybeans were in a R5 growth stage (pods filling with seeds) during the test period. At harvest, seed samples were taken and evaluated for stink bug damage in all plots. The data were subjected to ANOVA and Duncan’s multiple range test (P = 0.05).
Tobacco Budworm and Hornworm Control in Flue-Cured Tobacco, 1996
Authors: McPherson Robert M. , Crowe Bert D. , Taylor J. D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Full-Season Test. In Test 1, flue-cured tobacco, variety K-326, was transplanted on 10 Apr at the Georgia Coastal Plain Experiment Station Bowen Farm. Production practices were used according to Georgia Cooperative Extension Service guidelines and included a preplant tank mixture of Tillam and Devrinol for weed control, Ridomil for blue mold control, and Nemacur for nematode suppression. Fertilizer (6-6-18) was applied in a split application at a rate of 1000 lb/acre. Plots, two rows wide (44-inch row spacing) by 25 ft long, were arranged in a RCBD with 4 replications. Plots were separated on each side with a fallow border row and on each end with a 6-ft wide alley. On 31 May, 9 insecticide treatments were applied using a CO2 powered backpack sprayer equipped with three TX-12 nozzles directed over a single row, delivering 24.5 gpa at 40 psi. The number of live budworms and hornworms on all plants of both rows were recorded from each plot prior to treatment (pre-t) and 3,7,10 and 14 days after treatment (DAT). Plants 2-11 on the second row were harvested on 21 Jun and cured weights were determined by factoring out the moisture. All data were subjected to analysis of variance and the means were separated using DMRT. In Test 2, the K-326 tobacco used in Test 1 was striped of all leaves on 21 Jun, the stalks chopped down to a height of about 20 inches and allowed to regrow. This tobacco was side dressed with 16-0-0 at 100 lb/a after chopping. The plot size, randomization, and design remained the same as in trial 1. On 16 July, pre-treatment counts were made and the 9 treatments plus 2 TD 2344 treatments were applied on the regrowth tobacco. The number of live budworms and hornworms on all plants was recorded from each plot 3,7,10 and 15 DAT. The percent defoliation was visually determined for all plants in each plot on 25 and 31 Jul. All data were analyzed with an analysis of variance (P = 0.05).
Surface Application of Granular Insecticides for the Control of Mole Cricket Nymphs in North Carolina, 1996
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A trial was conducted at the Fox Squirrel Country Club in Brunswick Co. to evaluate three granular insecticide formulations for the control of mole cricket nymphs. Test plots 25 ft X 25 ft were established on a bermudagrass fairway with a history of mole cricket infestations. Treatments were replicated 4 times and randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on 10 Jul using a hand-held Republic EZ Handspreader®. Soil was moist at the time of application and 4 inch soil temperature was 89°F. The fairway irrigation system was used to apply approximately 0.25 inch of water to the test site following application. Examination of the plots the next day indicated that there was a high level of surface activity on the night of the application. The second of the split application of bifenthrin 0.05G treatment was given on 24 Jul and was followed by 0.25 inch of irrigation. Soil temperature on this date was 89°F. Soil at the test site was classified as Kureb fine sand with a pH of 6.1 and 0.41% humic matter. Sampling indicated that the fairway population was approximately 78% S. borellii and 22% S. vicinus. Plots were evaluated for fresh mole cricket damage on 31 Jul, 14 and 29 Aug, and 19 Sep, using the damage grid evaluation method developed by Dr. Pat Cobb at Auburn University. Five random m2 ratings (0-9) were made in each plot on each sample date. The actual damage means are reported in the table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and Tukey’s Studentized Range Test.
Control of White Grubs with a Bt Biotoxin, 1996
Authors: Gibb T. J. , Buhler W. G. , Gerber C. K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Several formulations of the ‘Buibui’ strain of Bacillus thuringiensis japonensis were evaluated with chemical insecticide standards for control of Japanese beetle grubs at the Purdue University Nursery Grounds, West Lafayette. IN. Treatment plots were 10 X 10 ft, arranged in a RCB design, replicated 5 times. Treatments were applied on 16 Aug. Granular formulations were applied with a homemade salt shaker. Dispersable formulations were mixed in 2-Liter plastic bottles and dispensed through a hole poked in the cap of the bottle. Plots were moist prior to application and received 1 cm of sprinkler irrigation immediately after treatment. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temp., 21°C and wind speed 1—5 mph. Efficacy was evaluated on 28 Sep by extracting cores from five random locations within each plot using a golf-hole cup cutter (0.90 square ft.) Soil to a depth of 4 inches, thatch and turfgrass from each core was examined for the presence of live grubs. The average number of live grubs from the five subsamples within each plot was used as the dependent variable in the statistical analysis of the data. There were two untreated plots in each replicate.
Management of Scarab White Grubs with Cruiser, Naturalis-T, and Oftanol on a Low Maintenance Turfgrass Area, 1996
Authors: Heller P.R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine fescue (80%) and weeds (20%) in Lewistown, PA. Treatment plots were 8 X 6 ft, arranged in a RCB design and replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. Cruiser was applied with a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 S.S. CO 7F-VS-5 flood jet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 726 ml of water/48 ft2 or delivering 4 gal/1000 ft2. At treatment time (4 Sep) the following soil and environmental conditions existed; air temperature, 81°F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 78°F; soil temperature at 2 inch, 72°F; RH, 79.0%; amount of thatch, 0.0625 inch; soil textural class, silt loam; soil particle size analysis: % sand, 14.6; % silt, 59.5; % clay, 25.9; organic matter, 3.3%; 28.8% soil moisture (oven dry weight); water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 6.0; application time, late-morning; and overcast skies. Rainfall occurred immediately after treatment. Three ft2 sod samples were randomly taken from each replicate, and the total number of scarab white grubs/ft2 was recorded on October 7.
Twospotted Spider Mite Test, 1996
Authors: Smitley D. R. , Davis T. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
On 22 Jul, thirty-two, 6-inch tall New Guinea Impatiens in 4 inch square plastic pots held at tht Pesticide Research Center greenhouses, Michigan State University, were sampled by counting all active mites on the undersides of 4 leaves. The plants were then blocked by these counts and sprayed on 25 Jul with an R&D CO2 sprayer with an 8008 flat fan nozzle at 50 psi to first runoff. Each treatment was replicated 4 times with each replicate being an individual plant. Post-treatment counts were made on 29 Jul, 2, 9, 20 and 28 Aug in the same mannei as the pretreatment. The plants sprayed with M-Pede followed by a Sanmite application 5 days later were treated on 25 Jul and 31 Jul.
Control of Spider Mites on Oleander Under Greenhouse Conditions, Fall 1996
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Oleander cuttings were rooted in 15 cm pots and allowed 8 wk growth (25-30 cm tall) before use. The plants were fertilized once with Osmocote (14-14-14) and irrigated every other day for three minutes by drip system. By the time we conducted the trial, the plants were moderately infested with twospotted spider mites. A single terminal leaf (fully expanded) was arbitrarily selected to monitor the efficacy of selected pesticides. Mites were brushed off the leaf using a mite-brushing machine, and the number of mites (all stages except eggs) was recorded. A pre-treatment count was taken on 11 Oct and was followed by a single treatment application. Post-treatment counts of live mites were taken weekly for three wks. Spray treatments were applied using a backpack sprayer at approximately 25 psi. Granular treatments were weighed on a balance in the greenhouse, placed directly on the soil in the pot, and irrigated into the soil for three min. A RBC design was used with 5 replicates per treatment. An ANOVA was performed on the data set, and Ryan’s Q was used to separate the means.
Control of Twospotted Spider Mite, 1996
Authors: Tanigoshi L. K. , Bergen J. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two systemic insecticides were evaluated against TSSM on greenhouse grown miniature roses planted in 1 -gal containers. The miniature roses were planted in equal parts sphagnum peat and pumice and fertilized weekly with 20-20-20 fertilizer. Plants were arranged in a RCB design replicated 4 times with 5 plants/replicate. Pinpoint 15G and Merit 0.5G were manually applied to their respective pots on 11 Jun. Five terminal leaves were sampled in each treatment replicate at 3, 7, 14 and 21 DAT. Numbers of aphids on three leaflets/leaf were counted with a stereoscopic microscope.
Evaluation of Transgenic Corn Against European Corn Borer, Southern Minnesota, 1996
Authors: Ostlie K. R. , Luedeman J. , Frenchik M. , Mote C. , Hoverstad T. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to assess the performance of Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) transgenic corn [crylA(b) gene] against a natural ECB infestation in Waseca, MN. Plots measuring 50 ft by 8 rows (30 inch row spacing) were established in Webster clay loam soil on 2 May at a rate of 33,000 seeds per acre. Plots were arranged in a RCB with four replications. First generation ECB measurements recorded Jul to Aug included % shotholing, leaf injury ratings, tunnel length and number. Measurements for second generation ECB recorded in Sept included cumulative tunnel length and number, fall larvae, and ear and shank damage. Yield data were corrected to 15.5% moisture.
Evaluation of Nexter (Bas 3000 111) for Citrus Rust Mite Control, 1996
Authors: Childers C. C. , Gainey T. , Threlkeld D. K. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Nexter at two rates per acre were compared for efficacy against CRM with the same rates in combination with one or three concentrations of a NR FC435-66 petroleum oil, Nexter at the low rate tankmixed with both petroleum oil and copper hydroxide, three concentrations of petroleum oil applied alone, Agri-Mek tank-mixed with petroleum oil and copper hydroxide. Treatments were assigned to 3 X 3 (= 9 tree) or 3 X 4 (= 12 tree) plots in a RCB design, replicated 5 times on 10 ft tall trees with 11 X 25 ft spacing. Treatments were applied on 29 and 30 Jul using an FMC 352 PTO airblast sprayer with speed, nozzling and pressure (160 psi) adjusted to apply 250 gpa. At each evaluation date, 20 fruit were randomly selected and examined on the center tree within each replicate using a 10X handlens. All live CRM (except eggs) were counted in two, 1-cm2 lens fields on partially shaded sides of each fruit. The two counts per fruit were combined and recorded as one observation. The fruit were also rated for damage in terms of % fruit surface russeted and % fruit rejected. Data on CRM counts and cumulative damage ratings were statistically analysed after log10 (X + 1) transformation. Untransformed means are presented in the tables for comparison.