bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
R&D Intensity: An empirical analysis of its relation to the structure of the manufacturing sector in OECD countries
Authors: Kayal Aymen A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The R&D Intensity indicator (RI) is widely used by analysts and policy-makers as a proxy of a country’s commitment to research and development (R&D), for international comparisons, and for goal setting. However, many researchers believe that this indicator reflects not only R&D commitment but also the industrial structure in which R&D was carried out. It is believed that calculating a separate RI for each industrial class will reveal a more representative indication of the focus of a country in that particular class. In this study, the disaggregated R&D Intensity was named ‘Class-RI’. Validation-type analyses were conducted on Class-RI to find out whether it is associated with a logical economic output indicator such as the Value Added to production. The study demonstrated the effectiveness of the disaggregated indicator and revealed partially promising results that can support its use in future research.
Pediatric Price Transparency: Still Opaque With Opportunities for Improvement
Authors: Faherty Laura J. , Wong Charlene A. , Feingold Jordyn , Li Joan , Town Robert , Fieldston Evan , Werner Rachel M. 
Published: October 2017

OBJECTIVES:
Price transparency is gaining importance as families’ portion of health care costs rise. We describe (1) online price transparency data for pediatric care on children’s hospital Web sites and state-based price transparency Web sites, and (2) the consumer experience of obtaining an out-of-pocket estimate from children’s hospitals for a common procedure.

METHODS:
From 2015 to 2016, we audited 45 children’s hospital Web sites and 38 state-based price transparency Web sites, describing availability and characteristics of health care prices and personalized cost estimate tools. Using secret shopper methodology, we called children’s hospitals and submitted online estimate requests posing as a self-paying family requesting an out-of-pocket estimate for a tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy.

RESULTS:
Eight children’s hospital Web sites (18%) listed prices. Twelve (27%) provided personalized cost estimate tool (online form n = 5 and/or phone number n = 9). All 9 hospitals with a phone number for estimates provided the estimated patient liability for a tonsillectomy-adenoidectomy (mean $6008, range $2622–$9840). Of the remaining 36 hospitals without a dedicated price estimate phone number, 21 (58%) provided estimates (mean $7144, range $1200–$15 360). Two of 4 hospitals with online forms provided estimates. Fifteen (39%) state-based Web sites distinguished between prices for pediatric and adult care. One had a personalized cost estimate tool.

CONCLUSIONS:
Meaningful prices for pediatric care were not widely available online through children’s hospital or state-based price transparency Web sites. A phone line or online form for price estimates were effective strategies for hospitals to provide out-of-pocket price information. Opportunities exist to improve pediatric price transparency.
THERAPEUTIC POTENTIAL OF GNIDIA CAPITATA L. F.: INVESTIGATIONS ON ITS ANTITYROSINASE, ANTIBACTERIAL, ANTIOXIDANT AND ANTICANCER ACTIVITIES
Authors: Kambizi Learnmore , Mahachi Josiah , Okem Ambrose , Lall Namrita , Canha Marco Nuno De , Twilley Danielle 
Published: October 2017

Background: Gnidia capitata L. F. belongs to the family Thymelaeaceae, and has been widely reported for its
ethnobotanical uses, especially for the treatment of several human ailments which include skin conditions. However,
there is limited information about the pharmacological properties of this plant as a potential cosmetic agent or
pharmaceutical. The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic potential of G. capitata for its anti-tyrosinase,
antibacterial, antioxidant, anticancer and anti-mycobacterial properties.
Materials and methods: G. capitata was extracted with methanol (MeOH), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), dichloromethane
(DCM) and hexane (n-Hex). All extracts were tested in vitro for activities against Propionibacterium acnes (ATCC
11827) and Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv (ATCC 27294). Tyrosinase inhibitory activity was screened using
tyrosinase from Agaricus bispor. Antioxidant activity was investigated using the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl
(DPPH) radical scavenging assay.
Results: EtOAc, DCM and n-Hex extracts of the plant showed antibacterial activity against P. acnes with MICs of 125
μg/ml. The DCM and n-Hex extracts showed anti-mycobacterial activity with MICs of 500μg/ml. The methanolic
extract showed the highest antioxidant activity with an IC50 of 41.83μg/ml.
Conclusion: The findings presented in this study may explain the potential use of G. capitata for the treatment of
certain skin conditions. The potent antioxidant activity could help control the negative effects associated with
inflammatory mediators that are produced during the immune response in people that are affected by skin conditions.
POSSIBLE CARDIOPROTECTIVE ACTION OF POMEGRANATE JUICE PUNICA GRANATUM AND PROPOLIS AGAINST MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION INDUCED IN RATS.
Authors: Aloutaibi Ghadeer Turki , Gashlan Hanaa , Moselhy Said Salama , Al- Malki Abdulrahman L. , Khan Jehan A. 
Published: October 2017

Background: The present study was conducted to evaluate the protective role of pomegranate juice alone or in
combination with propolis extract against isoproterenol (ISO) induced myocardial infarction in rats.
Material and Methods: Male Wister albino rats (n=60) weighing 220-280 g were divided into six groups each group
contain ten rats; group I: negative control fed standard diet. Group (II-VI): Rats were injected subcutaneously with
isoproterenol (150 mg/kg) for 3 days. Group III: Rats were given pomegranate juice 1ml /rat / day. Group IV: Rats
were given propolis extract (50 mg/kg BW). Group V: Rats were given pomegranate juice + propolis extract. Group
VI: Rats were given glyceronitrate (2.6mg/kg.bw/day).
Results: The ISO-induced myocardial infarction in untreated rats has indicated by significant (p < 0.001) elevation of
cardiac marker enzymes such as aspartate aminotransferase (AST), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), creatine kinase
(CK), and cardiac troponin I (CnI ) when compared with control group. Rats treated with pomegranate juice and
propolis extracts showed highly significant (p
NOVEL APPLICATION OF CULTURED ROOTS OF MOUNTAIN GINSENG (PANAX GINSENG MEYER) AND GINSENOSIDE RE AS SAFE ANTIMELANOGENIC COSMECEUTICAL COMPONENTS
Authors: Jiménez-Pérez Zuly Elizabeth , Kim Yeon-Ju , Castro-Aceituno Veronica , Mathiyalagan Ramya , Markus Josua , Ahn Sungeun , Simu Shakina Yesmin , Yang Deok-Chun 
Published: October 2017

Background: Mountain ginseng (Panax ginseng Meyer), which belongs to Araliaceae family, grows naturally in the
mountains of Korea. It is highly valued owing to its enhanced pharmacology effects such as immunostimulating,
antioxidant, anti-cancer and antiaging activity. An alternative to accessing the sparse mountain ginseng therapy benefits is
by tissue-cultured roots of mountain ginseng. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of water extract of cultured
roots of mountain ginseng (CRMG) and specifically its major compound ginsenoside Re (Re) on melanin synthesis in α-
MSH-stimulated mouse melanoma B16BL6 cells (B16).
Materials and Methods: Cell cytotoxicity was evaluated trough a comparative study using normal human dermal
fibroblast (HDF) and B16. Then, α-MSH-stimulated B16 cells were analyzed, using melanin and tyrosinase activity assay.
Tyrosinase gene expression was evaluated trough reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analysis and quantitative
PCR analysis. Finally, an in silico docking study was performed.
Results: The study demonstrated that CRMG and Re were non-toxic compounds and significantly reduced tyrosinase
activity and melanin content in B16 cells. Re decreased the mRNA expression of tyrosinase and other melanin synthesisrelated
genes in B16 cells. In addition, in silico docking studies showed that Re had stronger interaction with tyrosinase
compared to control drug arbutin due to its higher binding affinity.
Conclusion: Taken together, our results suggest that CRMG and Re possess potential anti-melanogenic activities and may
be used as antimelanogenic cosmeceutical agents.
NEUROPROTECTIVE EFFECT CORILAGIN IN SPINAL CORD INJURY RAT MODEL BY INHIBITING NUCLEAR FACTOR-KB, INFLAMMATION AND APOPTOSIS
Authors: Zhang Hong-xing , Liu Feng-wei , Ren Fei , Zhang Yan-li , Nie Zhong 
Published: October 2017

Background: Neurological functions get altered in a patient suffering from spinal cord injury (SCI). Present study
evaluates the neuroprotective effect of corilagin in spinal cord injury rats by inhibiting nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB),
inflammatory mediators and apoptosis.
Materials and method: Spinal cord injury was produced by mechanical injury to spinal cord. All the rats were treated with
corilagin (10 & 15 mg/kg, ip) for the duration of 4 week. Neurological functions were evaluated in all the rats by
Basso,Beattie and Brenahan scale (BBB scale). Moreover, at the end of treatment rats were sacrificed and expression of
NF-κB, concentration of cytokines like Tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) & interlukin-6 (IL6) and oxidative stress
parameters like Malondialdehyde (MDA) and toal antioxidant capacity (TAC) in spinal tissue of spinal cord injured rats.
Immunohistological study was also performed to assess the apoptosis of neuronal cell.
Result: There were significant (p
Prediction of Fines Migration through Core Testing
Authors: Karazincir Oya , Williams Wade , Rijken Peggy 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Fines migration is a commonly observed phenomenon in oil and gas wells, but often difficult to duplicate in the laboratory. A suite of labs tests was conducted to gauge the effect that different test conditions have on fines migration and to improve fines migration prediction through updated test strategies. Core tests were conducted on core samples collected from a field in West Africa. Field B shows evidence of fines migration through increased PI and reduced skin after a diesel pump-in, and significant increase in production rates after hydrofluoric (HF) acid treatments. Some of the earlier conventional core tests conducted with cores from the same field failed to predict a potential for fines migration. Hence, a study to optimize current fines migration test methods was initiated. With the new tests, the effect of injected fluid volumes, injected fluid type, test temperature, surge conditions and depletion on fines was investigated. Results from these new tests showed evidence of fines migration as observed in the field, in contrast to the earlier tests conducted using conventional test methods. While the tests confirmed the presence of non-Darcy flow at high injection rates, strategies to exclude the contribution of non-Darcy flow from fines-related formation damage were developed and will be discussed.
Evaluation of Pipeline Sand Sampling Practices in Petroleum Industry
Authors: Arabnejad H. , Leng Y. , McLaury B. S. , Shirazi S. A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The goal of this work was to examine the effect of sand sampling location and method on the measurement of particle concentration. Sand concentration is a major factor in finding the optimal operating condition, and pipeline sampling is believed to be an accurate approach to detect and determine the particle concentration. The current work shows that to obtain a representative sand sample flowing in pipe in multiphase flow, additional parameters should also be considered when sampling such as orientation of the pipe, type of fitting, sand size, flow velocity and the flow regime in the vicinity of the sampling location.
Experiments have been conducted in single-phase and multiphase flow conditions, and the effect of pipe size, particle size, sampling location and flow velocity and viscosity on the sampled concentration is studied. The liquid-sand samples are collected using sampling ports placed in the pipe wall in horizontal and vertical sections of the pipe. The particle concentration in the liquid-sand sample is compared with the flowing bulk concentration to find the best representative sampling practice. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) simulations are conducted for various cases to determine the particle tracks in the pipe and obtain insight to the fluid-particle interaction.
It was found that the particle concentration in the samples collected from different locations are consistent with the bulk flowing concentration for small particles sizes (25 and 75 μm), but significant deviation is observed for large particles (150 and 300 μm) especially for samples collected from the bottom of the horizontal line in multiphase flow. While sampling in the vertical section of the pipe away from the bend provided the best results for most of the cases, the sampled concentrations along the inner radius of the pipe were observed to be higher than corresponding values along the outer radius. Based on the CFD simulation results, this may be attributed to the effect of secondary vortices that develop in the bend. For liquid dominated multiphase flows, the sampled concentration was relatively uniform as particles experience significant drag in the liquid phase and become dispersed inside the pipe, but in annular flow in the vertical section, notable differences were observed between the samples collected from the inner side versus the outer side.
Innovations on Reducing Environmental Footprint of an EOR Project
Authors: Xiao Jie 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the innovative practices and methods to reduce the environmental impact of an EOR project in the Daqing oilfield. Field results were presented to validate those effective management practices in terms of reducing environmental impact.
Environmental protection is becoming more and more important in terms of EOR processes. In this study, an environment friendly surfactant and polymer system were developed and applied in current EOR Project. A new injection system for this EOR system was also designed to minimize carbon footprint by the deployment of much smaller in size and weight equipment without compromising performance and safety. In addition, on-site collection and recycling technique is applied to reuse chemicals instantly onsite to minimize environmental storage problems and environmental exposure of these materials.
Field application of this novel surfactant and polymer system for EOR satisfies government's environmental health and safety requirements. The new designed injection system uses less than 60% electric power than previous traditional injection systems on average. The system is skid-mounted and very flexible, further reducing additional manpower without compromise performance and safety. Oil spills were substantially reduced to the lowest levels by 48%. Chemical spills were reduced almost by 80% at in-house locations. Chemical recycling also reduced total chemical costs by 10%, along with the reduction in associated HSE impact.
The practices in this paper achieved both the production goals and reduction of environmental impact when deploying this new surfactant and polymer system for EOR. Reduction of environmental impact can be achieved without compromising performance and safety in EOR operations.
Comparative Study of Oil Dilution Capability of Dimethyl Ether DME and Hexane as Steam Additives for SAGD
Authors: Baek Kwang Hoon , Sheng Kai , Argüelles-Vivas Francisco J. , Okuno Ryosuke 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Dimethyl ether (DME) was investigated as a potential additive to steam to improve SAGD in a previous simulation study. The main objective of this research is to compare DME with n-hexane in terms of the capability of viscosity reduction for Athabasca bitumen. In addition, new experimental data are presented for bubble point pressures, densities, and viscosities of Athabasca bitumen and its mixtures with DME and n-hexane.
Results show that DME results in slightly higher viscosity than n-hexane when they are mixed with the same Athabasca bitumen at a given pressure, temperature, and molar concentration. For example, the equimolar mixture of DME with Athabasca bitumen is 79 cp, and that of n-hexane with the same bitumen is 49 cp at 328 K and 60 bars. However, the two solvents are equivalent as diluent at temperatures above 380 K.
The new experimental data and previous data in the literature indicate that the viscosity of n-alkanes/bitumen mixtures does not follow the trend given by the classical Arrhenius mixing rule. That is, heavier solvent can give lower viscosity than lighter solvent when they are mixed with the same bitumen at a given pressure, temperature, and molar concentration. Viscosities for DME/bitumen mixtures deviate from the Arrhenius equation more than those for n-hexane/bitumen mixtures. The Arrhenius equation can be modified to correlate the measured data more accurately.
Liquid-liquid separation for solvent/bitumen mixtures, which occurred for n-butane/Athabasca-bitumen in Gao et al. (2017a), was not observed for any of the DME/bitumen and n-hexane/bitumen mixtures in this research. The highest solvent concentration in this study was 80 mol% DME for the DME/bitumen system and 92 mol% n-hexane for the n-hexane/bitumen system.
Choke Management Under Wellbore, Completion and Reservoir Constraints
Authors: Karantinos Emmanouil , Sharma Mukul M. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Choke management strategies vary significantly among operators and no rigorous methodology exists for properly selecting choke sizes when constraints are placed on completions, wellbores and fluid pressures and velocities. Bringing a well on production too fast may significantly compromise productivity or even result in completion failure with particularly severe implications in offshore developments. Examples of constraints placed on bean-up strategies include, limiting the maximum drawdown to minimize the risk of sanding or proppant crushing. This paper presents a methodology for translating such constraints to the required choke sizes and durations i.e. a specific bean-up strategy that will respect the constraints placed on the system.
In this study, we propose a coupled wellbore-reservoir model that performs dynamic nodal analysis using integrated models for surface facilities, wellbore and reservoir simulators and allows an operator to select choke sizes as a function of time. Illustrative examples of the method are shown for a conventional and an unconventional well. Results indicate that the choke schedule strongly depends on both the reservoir and wellbore properties. As a result, empirical and general guidelines should not be used across the board. Instead a quantitative analysis is recommended for a given set of surface, wellbore and reservoir properties to ensure a successful ramp-up. This study provides an integrated and systematic approach for selecting choke sizes for oil and gas wells.
Pressure Effects on Pressure Gradient and Liquid Holdup in Two-Phase Oil-Gas Low-Liquid-Loading Flow in Horizontal Pipes
Authors: Vuong Duc H. , Sarica Cem , Pereyra Eduardo , Al-Sarkhi Abdelsalam 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
An experimental study is conducted in a 6-in. inner diameter (ID) high-pressure facility to investigate the pressure effects on two-phase oil-gas low-liquid-loading flow in horizontal pipes. The investigated flow characteristics include pressure gradient and liquid holdup.
Total of 247 tests are conducted at five different operating pressures: 200, 250, 300, 350 and 400 psig. The test fluids are nitrogen and mineral oil (Isopar-L). Superficial oil velocity ranges from 0.01 to 0.05 m/s, while superficial gas velocity ranges from 1.6 to 16.7 m/s depending on the operating pressures. Differential pressure transmitters, quick closing valves, visualization system, and dual Wire-Mesh Sensors (WMS) are used to acquire the data. The experimental data are analyzed and compared with the model predictions. Suggestions are made to improve the existing model.
It is found that the operating pressure clearly affects pressure gradient. The effects of operating pressure on liquid holdup are insignificant for the investigated range. The performances of the transient multiphase-simulation software OLGA High Definition (Biberg et al. (2015)), standard OLGA version 2015 (Bendiksen et al. (1991)), the Tulsa University Fluid Flow Project (TUFFP) Unified Model version 2015 (Zhang and Sarica (2003)), and Xiao et al. (1990) models are tested against the acquired pressure gradient and liquid holdup data. The results from all models are in good agreement with experimental liquid holdup and pressure gradient data for stratified wavy flow. OLGA v2015 and TUFFP Unified Model v2015 have performed the best for annular flow. Modification of the interfacial velocity in the interfacial shear stress term in TUFFP Unified Model v2015 is suggested to partially account for the effects of the operating pressure. The new model predictions are compared with the experimental data from this study and studies from other sources. Significant improvements in the model predictions are observed in comparison with the TUFFP Unified Model v2015.
Experiments at high pressures are very limited because of the high cost of these experiments. This paper provides a unique experimental data set for two-phase flow in a 6-in ID horizontal pipe at high operating pressure. In addition, the model comparison and development are given in this paper.