bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increasing phylogenetic support for explosively radiating taxa: The promise of high‐throughput sequencing for Oxytropis (Fabaceae)
Authors: Shahi Shavvon Robabeh , Kazempour Osaloo Shahrokh , Maassoumii Ali Asghar , Moharrek Farideh , Karaman Erkul Seher , Lemmon Alan R. , Lemmon Emily Moriarty , Michalak Ingo , Muellner‐Riehl Alexandra N. , Favre Adrien 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe origin and evolution of alpine biota are not yet fully understood, particularly in the vast Asian mountain regions. In addition, in these regions, most studies have concentrated on taxa occurring in areas benefitting from relatively generous rainfall from the summer monsoon. In this study, we collected a large number of Oxytropis species throughout their distribution range, and investigated the taxonomy and evolution of this diverse legume genus, which also occurs in mountainous areas prone to drought. Using nuclear (ITS) and plastid (trnL‐F) markers, we reconstructed phylogenetic relationships within Oxytropis, conducting maximum parsimony, fasttree‐like, maximum likelihood, Bayesian, and BEAST analyses. We also used Anchored Hybrid Enrichment (AHE) to test the power of this method to resolve relationships among a small subset of Oxytropis species. For AHE, we sampled eight species and obtained 527 low‐copy and orthologous nuclear loci. We show that the taxonomy of this genus that radiated explosively in Asian mountains will remain recalcitrant based on conventional molecular methods. Because of a severe lack of resolution, none of the available taxonomic treatments for Oxytropis could either be confirmed or refuted based upon ITS and trnL‐F. Nevertheless, we confirm the status of several species, and identify morphological or genetic particularities for some groups of species. The AHE approach yielded a highly supported phylogenetic tree, suggesting that increased taxon sampling coupled with AHE methods promise advances in the study of the taxonomy and evolution of Oxytropis, thus providing further analytical opportunities, such as diversification rate and biogeographical analyses.
Heteroresistance and fungi
Authors: Ferreira Gabriella F. , Santos Daniel A. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThe concept of heteroresistance refers to the heterogeneous susceptibility to an antimicrobial drug in a microorganism population, meaning that some clones may be resistant and others are susceptible. This phenomenon has been widely studied in bacteria, but little attention has been given to its expression in fungi. We review the available literature on heteroresistance in fungi and invite the reader to recognise this phenomenon as a fungal mechanism to adapt to environmental stress, which may interfere both in resistance and virulence. Finally, heteroresistance may explain the treatment failures to eradicate mycosis in some patients treated with a seemingly appropriate antifungal.
Evaluating wild hog preferences to guide control strategies in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park
Authors: Levy Benjamin , Collins Charles , Lenhart Suzanne , Stiver William 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWild hogs (Sus scrofa) are an invasive species that have occupied Great Smoky Mountains National Park since the early 1900s. The population is in direct competition with native species, inflicts unprecedented damage to plant communities, and is a reservoir for disease. The Park implemented a control program in 1959 and has kept detailed geographic records on each removal since 1980, producing over 1500 unique presence locations. To extract the geographic preferences exhibited by the presence locations, we conducted a niche factor analysis by pairing the data with relevant environmental predictors. We then mapped these preferences spatially to create two maps that depict suitable locations to support wild hog presence. Results from this project will inform control efforts and improve our understanding of the population of wild hogs that resides in the Park.
Centre‐level variation of treatment and outcome in 5‐year‐old children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate: The Cleft Care UK study. Part 1: Methodology and results for dento‐facial outcomes
Authors: Wills A. K. , Mahmoud O. , Hall A. , Sell D. , Smallridge J. , Southby L. , Toms S. , Waylen A. , Wren Y. , Ness A. R. , Sandy J. R. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesOutline methods used to describe centre‐level variation in treatment and outcome in children in the Cleft Care UK (CCUK) study. Report centre‐level variation in dento‐facial outcomes.Setting and Sample PopulationTwo hundred and sixty‐eight five‐year‐old British children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP).Materials and MethodsBetween January 2011 and December 2012, data were collected on a comprehensive range of outcomes. Child facial appearance and symmetry were assessed using photographic pictures. Dental arch relationships were assessed from standardized dental study models. Hierarchical statistical models were used to predict overall means and the variance partition coefficient (VPC)—a measure of amount of variation in treatment or outcome explained by the centre.ResultsData on dento‐alveolar arch relationships and facial appearance were available on 197 and 252 children, respectively. The median age of the children was 5.5 years, and 68% were boys. Variation was described across 13 centres. There was no evidence of centre‐level variation in good or poor dento‐alveolar arch relationships with a VPC of 4% and 3%, respectively. Similarly, there was no evidence of centre‐level variation in good or poor facial appearance with a VPC of 2% and 5%, respectively.ConclusionsThere was no evidence of centre‐level variation for dento‐facial outcomes although this study only had the power to detect large variation between sites.
Centre‐level variation in speech outcome and interventions, and factors associated with poor speech outcomes in 5‐year‐old children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate: The Cleft Care UK study. Part 4
Authors: Sell D. , Southby L. , Wren Y. , Wills A. K. , Hall A. , Mahmoud O. , Waylen A. , Sandy J. R. , Ness A. R. 
Published: June 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesTo investigate centre‐level variation in speech intervention and outcome and factors associated with a speech disorder in children in Cleft Care UK (CCUK).Setting and Sample PopulationTwo hundred and sixty‐eight 5‐year‐old British children with non‐syndromic unilateral cleft lip and palate recruited to CCUK.Materials and MethodsCentre‐based therapists undertook audio‐video recordings. Perceptual analysis was undertaken using the CAPS‐A tool. Speech outcomes were based on structural and articulation scores, and intelligibility/distinctiveness. Between‐centre variation in treatment and outcomes were examined using multilevel models. These models were extended to estimate the association between a range of factors (hearing loss, speech intervention, fistula, secondary speech surgery for velopharyngeal insufficiency, socio‐economic status, gender, and parental happiness with speech) and speech outcomes.ResultsThere was centre‐level variation in secondary speech surgery, speech intervention, structure and intelligibility outcomes. Children with a history of speech intervention had a lower odds of poor intelligibility/distinctiveness, 0.1 (95% CI: 0.0‐0.4). Parental concern was associated with a higher odds of poor intelligibility/distinctiveness, 13.2 (95% CI: 4.9‐35.1). Poor speech outcomes were associated with a fistula, secondary speech surgery and history of hearing loss.ConclusionsWithin the centralized service there is centre‐level variation in secondary speech surgery, intervention and speech outcomes. These findings support the importance of early management of fistulae, effective management of velopharyngeal insufficiency and hearing impairment, and most importantly speech intervention in the preschool years. Parental concern about speech is a good indicator of speech status.
Pooled efficacy and safety data for house dust mite sublingual immunotherapy tablets in adolescents
Authors: Matsuoka Tomokazu , Bernstein David I. , Masuyama Keisuke , Nolte Hendrik , Okamiya Kazuhiro , Seitzberg Dorthe , Nelson Harold S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundHouse dust mite (HDM) respiratory allergy is a common and burdensome disease in children and adolescents. There are few HDM allergy immunotherapy trials in children with perennial allergic rhinitis. This post hoc analysis used pooled data to evaluate efficacy and safety of the SQ HDM sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT) tablet in adolescents (12‐17 years).MethodsIn two double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trials conducted in North America and Japan, respectively, subjects aged 12+ years with HDM allergic rhinitis were randomized to up to 1 year of treatment. The primary end‐point in both trials was the average total combined rhinitis score (TCRS) during the last 8 weeks of treatment in the active group compared with placebo. Data from subjects aged 12‐17 years were pooled (N=395).ResultsIn the pooled adolescent subpopulation, average TCRS improved 22% with 12 SQ HDM vs placebo (absolute treatment difference of 1.04; P<.01). Rhinitis daily symptom score (DSS), conjunctivitis DSS and rhinitis daily medication score (DMS) were also significantly improved vs placebo in the pooled adolescent subpopulation (all P<.05). There were no new safety signals for adolescents. The frequency of adverse events was similar in adolescents and adults with the majority being mild application site‐related events.ConclusionsTreatment with 12 SQ HDM appears to be effective and well tolerated in adolescents with HDM allergic rhinitis.
Neonatal BCG has no effect on allergic sensitization and suspected food allergy until 13 months
Authors: Thøstesen Lisbeth Marianne , Kjaer Henrik Fomsgaard , Pihl Gitte Thybo , Nissen Thomas Nørrelykke , Birk Nina Marie , Kjærgaard Jesper , Jensen Aksel Karl Georg , Aaby Peter , Olesen Annette Wind , Stensballe Lone Graff , Jeppesen Dorthe Lisbeth , Benn Christine Stabell , Kofoed Poul‐Erik 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundVaccination with Bacillus Calmette‐Guérin (BCG) is used in many countries as protection against tuberculosis. Studies have suggested that BCG may also have non‐specific effects, reducing non‐tuberculosis mortality, morbidity, and atopic manifestations. In this study, we evaluated the effect of neonatal BCG vaccination on allergic sensitization and suspected food allergy at 13 months of age.MethodsThe Danish Calmette Study was conducted from 2012 to 2015 at three Danish hospitals. Within 7 days of birth, the 4262 newborns of 4184 included mothers were randomized 1:1 to BCG or to a no‐intervention control group. Exclusion criteria were gestational age <32 weeks, birth weight <1000 g, known immunodeficiency, or no Danish‐speaking parent. Follow‐up information was collected through telephone interviews at 3 and 13 months of age. Subgroups of participants were offered blood sampling at 13 months of age.ResultsBy 13 months of age, the parents and/or general practitioners of 5.6% (117/2089) of the children in the BCG group and 6.1% (126/2061) of the control group suspected food allergy, resulting in a risk ratio comparing BCG‐vaccinated children with control children of 0.91 (95% CI 0.71‐1.16). Among 1370 blood samples, sensitization (Phadiatop Infant >0.35 kUA/L) was found in 55 of 743 (7.4%) children in the BCG group and 50 of 627 (8.0%) of the control group (risk ratio 0.94 [0.65‐1.36]).ConclusionIn this randomized clinical trial, neonatal BCG had no significant effect on suspected food allergy or on sensitization at 13 months of age.
Relationship of temperament with oestrous behaviour, resumption of ovarian cyclicity and milk yield in post‐partum Murrah buffaloes
Authors: Choudhary KK , Bharadwaj A , Sharma RK , Jerome A , Khanna S 
Published: June 2017

ContentsThis study was designed to investigate the relationship of temperament with oestrus, resumption of ovarian cyclicity and milk yield in post‐partum buffaloes. For this study, 102 post‐partum Murrah buffaloes were observed for temperament in open paddock and during milking. Based on the temperament score (1–5 score), they were classified into docile, slightly restless, restless, aggressive and nervous. Oestrous behaviour was monitored twice daily in all the buffaloes along with milk yield (weekly), body weight (BW) and body condition score (BCS) at day 0, 30, 60 and 90 post‐partum. Based on the temperament score, the number of buffaloes classified as docile, slightly restless, restless and aggressive was 37 (36.27%), 28 (27.45%), 30 (29.41%) and 7 (6.86%), respectively, but none under nervous category. Number of buffaloes resuming cyclicity in various temperaments groups were as follows: docile (n = 35; 94.59%), slightly restless (n = 22; 78.57%), restless (n = 20; 66.67%) and aggressive (n = 7; 85.71%). Temperament was not correlated (p = .128; r=−.152) with oestrous behaviour. But, temperament was correlated (p < .0001; r = .384) with the resumption of cyclicity as docile and slightly restless buffaloes resumed cyclicity (p < .0016) earlier. Temperament of buffaloes was weakly correlated (p = .0017; r=−.306) with milk production with higher (p < .0358) total milk yield in docile (1022 ± 23.75 kg) and slightly restless buffaloes (948 ± 35.86 kg) as compared to other temperament groups. In summary, temperament of post‐partum buffaloes was related with resumption of ovarian cyclicity and milk yield, but not oestrous behaviour.
A brief review of intradialytic hypotension with a focus on survival
Authors: Chou Jason A. , Kalantar‐Zadeh Kamyar , Mathew Anna T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntradialytic hypotension (IDH), a common complication of ultrafiltration during hemodialysis therapy, is associated with high mortality and morbidity. IDH, defined as a nadir systolic blood pressure of less than 90 mm Hg on more than 30% of treatments, is a relevant definition and is correlated with mortality. Risk factors for IDH include patient demographics, anti‐hypertensive medication use, larger interdialytic weight gain, and dialysis prescription features as dialysate sodium, high ultrafiltration rate, and dialysate temperature. A high frequency of IDH events carries a substantial death risk. An ultrafiltration rate >10 mL/h/kg, and even more so >13 mL/h/kg, is highly predictive of cardiovascular and all‐cause mortality. Evidence suggests that IDH causes acute reversible segmental myocardial hypoperfusion and contractile dysfunction (myocardial stunning), which can result in long‐term loss of myocardial contractility, leading to premature death. IDH also has negative end‐organ effects on the brain and gut, contributing to mortality through stroke, and endotoxin translocation with associated inflammation and protein‐energy wasting. Given strong association of IDH and dialysis mortality, a paradigm shift to its approach is urgently needed. Randomized controlled trials are required to prospectively test drugs and monitoring devices which may reduce IDH.
The Spatial Structure of High Speed Railways and Urban Networks in China: A Flow Approach
Authors: Yang Haoran , Dijst Martin , Witte Patrick , Van Ginkel Hans , Yang Weiling 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe high speed railway (HSR) has played a crucial role in the regional integration of urban networks in China. This paper analyses HSR passenger flows instead of commonly‐used time schedules for measuring different polycentricity in urban networks. Using 2013 origin/destination (O/D) passenger flow data, we analyse the spatial configurations of 99 HSR cities at the national scale in China. In addition, we compare the spatial configurations of three regional urban networks: the Pearl River Delta, the Yangzi River Delta and the Bohai Rim. The outcomes show that the three functional regions connected by HSR are the most dominant polycentric regions in China and that the Bohai Rim is less hierarchical than the other two. We conclude that the comprehensive Chinese HSR networks are largely polycentric, especially in the central and eastern regions.
Randomised feasibility study of a more liberal haemoglobin trigger for red blood cell transfusion compared to standard practice in anaemic cancer patients treated with chemotherapy
Authors: Yakymenko D. , Frandsen K. B. , Christensen I. J. , Norgaard A. , Johansson P. I. , Daugaard G. , Mau‐Sorensen M. 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARYObjectivesThe primary objective of this feasibility study was to identify quality of life (QoL) scores and symptom scales as tools for measuring patient‐reported outcomes (PRO) associated with haemoglobin level in chemotherapy‐treated cancer patients. Secondary objectives included comparing QoL and symptoms between randomisation arms.BackgroundAnaemia in cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy is associated with decreased QoL. One treatment option is red blood cell transfusion (RBCT). However, the optimal haemoglobin trigger for transfusion is unknown.MethodsPatients were randomised to a haemoglobin trigger for RBCT of either < 9·7 g dL−1 (arm A) or < lower normal level, female: 11·5 g dL−1, male: 13·1 g dL−1 (arm B). Four PROs were used: Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy‐General (FACT‐G) and the FACT‐Anaemia (FACT‐An), a Numeric Rating Scale on symptoms of anaemia and self‐reported Performance Status (PS). The association between haemoglobin and PRO variables was assessed using a linear mixed model with random effects.ResultsA total of 133 patients were enrolled, of which 86 patients received RBCT (28 in arm A, 58 in arm B). Baseline questionnaires were filled out in 79·7% of cases. Haemoglobin levels were significantly correlated with FACT‐An, FACT‐An Total Outcome Index (TOI), Functional Well‐Being, fatigue and PS. Improvement on several PRO variables was observed in both arms after RBCT, with clinically minimal important differences observed in FACT‐G, Physical Well‐Being, FACT‐An, FACT‐An TOI, fatigue and dyspnoea.ConclusionsQoL scores of physical and functional domains as well as self‐reported anaemia‐related symptoms correlated well with haemoglobin level in chemotherapy‐treated cancer patients.
Globalisation, inequality and redistribution: Theory and evidence
Authors: Gozgor Giray , Ranjan Priya 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper constructs a simple theoretical model to study the implications of globalisation for inequality and redistribution. It shows that when globalisation increases inequality, a policymaker interested in maximising the sum of welfares of all agents increases redistribution. Empirically, the paper examines the effects of globalisation on inequality and redistribution in a panel data set of 140 countries for the period from 1970 to 2012. It finds that both inequality and redistribution have been increasing with globalisation. The results are robust to the inclusion of many different controls and the exclusion of outliers.
Reliable Detection of Group B Streptococcus in the Clinical Laboratory
Authors: Rosa-Fraile Manuel , Spellerberg Barbara 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Group B streptococcus (GBS) is a leading cause of invasive neonatal infections and a significant pathogen in immunocompromised adults. Screening to detect GBS colonization in pregnant women determines the need for antibiotic prophylaxis in that pregnancy. Efficient determination of the GBS colonization status of pregnant women is crucial. Methods that maximize the probability of GBS recovery are needed. The availability of technologies such as matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS), molecular techniques, and chromogenic culture media, including Granada-type media, have changed the scenario for GBS detection and identification. This review presents and evaluates novel diagnostic tools, as well as classic identification techniques, for GBS species determination.
WciG
O
-Acetyltransferase Functionality Differentiates Pneumococcal Serotypes 35C and 42
Authors: Geno K. Aaron , Bush C. Allen , Wang Mengnan , Jin Cheng , Nahm Moon H. , Yang Jinghua 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Streptococcus pneumoniae
expresses capsular polysaccharides (CPSs) to protect itself from opsonophagocytic killing. The genes responsible for capsules synthesized by the Wzy-dependent mechanism, which accounts for 96 of the 98 known pneumococcal capsule types, are in a chromosomal region known as the
cps
locus. The nucleotide sequence in this region has been determined for all serotypes. In contrast, not all CPS structures have been defined. The structure of the serotype 35C polysaccharide was recently reported, but the presence of
O
-acetyltransferase genes in the serotype 35C
cps
locus suggested that it could be incomplete, as the reported structure contains no O-acetylation. In addition, the genetic distinction of serotype 35C from the closely related serotype 42 was unclear, as their reported
cps
loci are nearly identical. To clarify these discrepancies, we obtained serotype 35C and 42 clinical and reference isolates and studied their serological and genetic properties, as well as the structures of CPSs purified from reference isolates. We demonstrated that the
O
-acetyltransferase WciG was functional in serotype 35C but nonfunctional in serotype 42 due to a deletion in
wciG
. Serotype 35C was O-acetylated at the 5- and 6-positions of 3-β-galactofuranose, as well as the 2-position of 6-β-galactofuranose. However, serotype 42 has only O-acetylation at 3-β-galactofuranose, an observation consistent with its loss of WciG functionality, which is associated with O-acetylation at the 2-position and subsequent reaction with typing antiserum 35a. These findings provide a comprehensive view of the genetic, biochemical structural, and serological bases of serotypes 35C and 42.
Mumps Virus SH Protein Inhibits NF-κB Activation by Interacting with Tumor Necrosis Factor Receptor 1, Interleukin-1 Receptor 1, and Toll-Like Receptor 3 Complexes
Authors: Franz Stephanie , Rennert Paul , Woznik Maria , Grützke Josephine , Lüdde Amy , Arriero Pais Eva Maria , Finsterbusch Tim , Geyer Henriette , Mankertz Annette , Friedrich Nicole 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTThe mumps virus (MuV) small hydrophobic protein (SH) is a type I membrane protein expressed in infected cells. SH has been reported to interfere with innate immunity by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α)-mediated apoptosis and NF-κB activation. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, we generated recombinant MuVs (rMuVs) expressing the SH protein with an N-terminal FLAG epitope or lacking SH expression due to the insertion of three stop codons into theSHgene. Using these viruses, we were able to show that SH reduces the phosphorylation of IKKβ, IκBα, and p65 as well as the translocation of p65 into the nucleus of infected A549 cells. Reporter gene assays revealed that SH interferes not only with TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation but also with IL-1β- and poly(I·C)-mediated NF-κB activation, and that this inhibition occurs upstream of the NF-κB pathway components TRAF2, TRAF6, and TAK1. Since SH coimmunoprecipitated with tumor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1), RIP1, and IRAK1, we hypothesize that SH exerts its inhibitory function by interacting with TNFR1, interleukin-1 receptor type 1 (IL-1R1), and TLR3 complexes in the plasma membrane of infected cells.IMPORTANCEThe MuV SH has been shown to impede TNF-α-mediated NF-κB activation and is therefore thought to contribute to viral immune evasion. However, the mechanisms by which SH mediates NF-κB inhibition remained largely unknown. In this study, we show that SH interacts with TNFR1, IL-1R1, and TLR3 complexes in infected cells. We thereby not only shed light on the mechanisms of SH-mediated NF-κB inhibition but also reveal that SH interferes with NF-κB activation induced by interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and double-stranded RNA.