bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation about the Necrosis Formation “Sharilka” (Aladja) on the Leaves of Field-Grown Tobacco Plants: Part I. About the Causes of the Phenomenon Part II. BiochemicaI Changes in the “Sharilka”-Affected Leaf
Authors: Edreva A. , Bailov D. , Nikolov S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA specific dot-like necrosis formation on Oriental type tobacco, called "sharilka'' was studied. The phenomenon is of a physiological nature. It manifests itself under conditions of water excess during the time when the leaves begin to become overripe. It was established that susceptibility to "sharilka" is connected with a low content of pectins and proteins. The latter fact predetermines the lower water binding capacity of protoplasm or higher content of free water in the tissues which suffer from "sharilka''. The raised quantity of free water as a possible source of degenerative cell changes, which become apparent on the leaf in the form of "sharilka", was considered
Nature and Problems of the Fermentation of Oriental Tobacco/Nature et Problèmes de la Fermentation des Tabacs Orientaux
Authors: Arsenyan E. , Gyuzelev L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe study of the nature of the fermentation of Oriental tobacco is of both theoretical and practical importance, as these tobaccos are fermented either under natural or artificially created conditions. The most recent research carried out in Bulgaria for the study of the fermentation of Oriental tobacco is described. The changes in the oxidizing enzymes of tobacco as a function of storing conditions were examined, as were the quantitative changes in the principal groups of chemical components of tobacco such as: protein, free amino acids, alkaloids, volatile bases, brown pigments, reducing substances, soluble sugars and polyphenols, under various conditions of fermentation. The pattern of the alteration revealed by these investigations suggests that the changes in chemical composition during the fermentation of Oriental tobacco are, above all, the result of purely chemical processes. It is concluded that there is no essentiaI difference in the nature of the processes which occur during natural and forced fermentation. By suitable adjustment of the parameters and duration of forced fermentation, it is possible to cause changes in tobacco composition corresponding in character and intensity to those induced by natural fermentation. This theory was confirmed by the results of comparative studies on the alterations in the chemical composition of tobaccos fermented under different conditions as well as qualitative studies on the brown pigments isolated from these tobaccos.
The Control of Cigarette Weight During the Manufacturing Process/Die Kontrolle des Gewichtes von Cigaretten auf den Produktionsmaschinen
Authors: Moretti G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe check of the cigarette weight can be made “a posteriori”, that is when a certain number of cigarettes has been manufactured, and then it is aimed at verifying the acceptability of the lot. Conversely, it can also be executed during the manufacturing process in order to produce acceptable cigarettes. In the first case the ordinary statistical theories can be applied, whereas in the second case, which is the more interesting from cigarette manufacturers' viewpoint, Wiener's theories must be applied on both checks and servo-mechanisms. Consequently, it is necessary to revise the basic principles of the "check'' and then those of the operation of weight-governors in order to attain the highest possible precision, regardless of the external causes which might affect the result. So, the idea of ''self-optimizing'' governors is assumed, that is regulators adjusting their own action to obtain the best results. Molins, Decoufle and, lately, the Industrial Nucleonic Corp., though not having yet developed an adaptive adjuster, have made in recent times the most significant efforts in this field.
Study of Cigarette Smoke Filtration by Means of the Scanning Electron Microscope
Authors: Morie G.P. , Sloan C.H. , Peck V.G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe method developed by Peck (8) for observing smoke deposits on cigarette filters with the scanning electron microscope was extended to two techniques to determine how the particulate phase of smoke is deposited on celluIose acetate filters and on individual cellulose acetate fibers.Technique A: Immediately after the smoke particles were deposited on the fibers, the filter was exposed to methyl 2-cyanoacrylate vapour; the methyl 2 cyanoacrylate monomer polymerized rapidly and formed a very thin film (0.05 µ thick) over the partially volatile particles so they could be examined in the vacuum chamber of the scanning electron microscope. This technique was used to observe smoke deposits on single fibers oriented either parallel or perpendicularly to the smoke stream.Technique B: Methyl 2-cyanoacrylate vapour was drawn into a mixing chamber in front of the filter as each puff of smoke was taken. The monomer coated the particles and polymerized. The coated particles were subsequently trapped by the fibers and observed with the scanning electron microscope.From techniques A and B, it was observed that single fibers oriented parallel to the smoke stream showed a heavy deposition of small particles (<< 0.1 µ in diameter). This observation qualitatively confirms the theory that diffusion is one of the predominant mechanisms of filtration. Relatively smalI numbers of large smoke particles (> 0.5 µ in diameter) were trapped by single fibers oriented perpendicularly to the smoke stream. These large particles were trapped by interception on fibers which were perpendicular to the smoke path. The edge of each Y-cross-section fiber, where interception is most likely to occur, was more heavily coated than other parts of the fiber. All of the large particles in a 28- × 45-µ area on a single fiber oriented perpendicularly to the smoke stream were counted. The total number of particles on the fiber were calculated and compared to the amount expected from the totaI number of particles per puff, the fraction of particles larger than 0.5 µ, and the single fiber efficiency. Good agreement between the experimental and calculated values was obtained.
The Influences of Different Smoking Conditions on Smoke Yields/Über den Einfluss von Abrauchparametern auf die Rauchausbeuten
Authors: Schulz W. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWith regard to the standardization of smoking parameters, the influences of different smoking conditions upon smoke yields have been investigated (type of smoking machine used: RM 20/71). The analytical results obtained show that none of the systems in question, i.e. piston pump - vacuum pump; rectangular puff profile - bell-shaped profile; Cambridge filter - electrostatic trap; “free” smoking - “restricted” smoking; is to be unambiguously preferred.
Chemical Studies on Tobacco Smoke: XXI: Correlation and Multiple Regression among Selected Cigarette-Smoke Constituents and Leaf Characteristics of Bright Tobacco
Authors: Tso T.C. , Hoffmann D. , Rathkamp G 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSimple correlation and multiple regressions among 160 variables of leaf characteristics and smoke constituents were calculated, based on experimental cigarettes made from 4 cultivars of bright-type tobacco, each from 8 stalk positions. Smoke composition is a function of the botanical, physical, and chemical properties of leaf tobacco used to make the cigarette. Detailed simple correlation data, multiple-regression equations, and expressions of variety and stalk position as factors of TPM and BaP formation are presented.
Composition of Cigarette Smoke: Effects of Ammonium Sulfamate in Cigarette Paper
Authors: Michelson I. , Rathkamp G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTreatment of cigarette paper with ammonium sulfamate was found to cause changes in the composition of cigarette smoke, in the concentrations of components of both the gas and particulate phases. The concentrations of several polycyclic hydrocarbons were reduced by over 25 %, though benzo[a]pyrene was virtually unchanged. The concentrations of two nitrosamines were also reduced more than 25 %, while indole and skatole concentrations were reduced about 15 %. Among the gas phase components, acetaldehyde, acrolein and formaldehyde were reduced about 20 %; only carbon monoxide was moderately increased. Since these tests explored only small segments of the spectrum of cigarette smoke components, it is not known which of the observed reductions, if any, contributed to the reduction of biological activity of the smoke of treated cigarettes reported by Bock et al. (8). The tests indicate only that the nature of the smoke has been modified in several respects. The tar and nicotine yield of the treated cigarette was higher than that of the control cigarette, but this can be compensated for by reducing the diameter or length of tobacco rod available to be smoked
The Cadmium, Nickel and Lead Content of Tobacco and Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Westcott D.T. , Spincer D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe cadmium, nickel and lead contents of a variety of tobacco types and their respective cigarette smokes have been measured by atomic absorption analysis. Their levels in tobacco were found to be in the ranges 0.5 to 3.5, 4 to 9.5 and 8 to 23 µg/g respectively. The transfer of cadmium from tobacco to mainstream particulate phase was less than 25%, whereas for nickel it was less than 5% and for lead less than 10 %. Commercial filters were found to retain more than 50% of cadmium presented to them. The Ievels of the metals in the vapour phase portion of smoke were found to be lower than those in the particulate phase, values for lead being higher than those of cadmium or nickel. A smalI number of samples have been examined with respect to country of origin, curing processes and plant position which show some differences in metal content. These differences, in our opinion, are indicative of the Iikely spread of values rather than reflecting real differences due to the source of the tobacco or its treatment after harvesting
Quantitative Determination of Free and Protein-Bound Amino Acids of Tobacco
Authors: Carugno N. , Neri M. , Lionetti G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper describes a method for the extraction, separation and determination of amino acids, both free and protein-bound, which are present in tobacco. The introduction of the lyophilization process and the ''cold finger'' technique made it possible to obtain a good purification of extracts which, unlike the previous methods, have been preserved for a long time. The combined use of column chromatography and mass spectrometry enabled all amino acids present to be detected. The analyses carried out on different tobacco varieties showed certain quantitative and qualitative differences in the composition of amino acids and only small quantitative variations in the composition of protein-bound amino acids
An Automated Procedure for the Determination of Total Amino Acids and its Application to the Analysis of Tobacco
Authors: Collins P.F. , Sarji N.M. , Williams J.F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn automated procedure for the determination of total alpha-amino acids in aqueous solution has been developed which utilizes the Technicon Auto Analyser I. The procedure is based in part on a manual method proposed by Van Slyke wherein the CO
Inhibition of Radical-Initiated Vinyl Acetate Polymerisation by Tobacco Smoke Fractions
Authors: Nisbet M.A. , Schmeller S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBoth the vapour and particulate phases of tobacco smoke have been shown to retard benzoyI-peroxide-initiated polymerisation of vinyl acetate by interception of the radicals involved in the polymerisation process. The extent of inhibition of polymerisation by test compounds is estimated by measuring time taken for a mixture of monomer and benzoyl peroxide, immersed in a water-bath at 70°C, to reach a spontaneous boil and comparing it with the time required for a similar mixture with added retarder to reach boiling point. Units are expressed as minutes of inhibition per part per million of inhibitor × 10
Some Effects of Adding Sugar to Tobacco
Authors: Thornton R. E. , Massey S. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA series of cigarettes made from Burley tobacco containing different levels of added reducing sugar (10.5 to 17.8 %) have been examined. Compared to the control cigarette there was virtually no change in the deliveries of aldehydes and carbonyl constituents. However, an increase in the delivery of 2-furfural was observed, especially when fructose was the added sugar: even so, the conversion efficiency was only 1-2 %. A similar increase in the delivery of 2-furfural was also observed when glucose was added to flue-cured tobacco. An additional finding was that the addition of glucose and fructose reduced the delivery of nicotine. Radioactivity balance experiments on flue-cured cigarettes with added glucose indicated that this was probably due to an increase in the nicotine filtration efficiency of the cigarette rod. Filtration studies using air-cured cigarettes demonstrated that, on addition of glucose, there was a significant increase in the nicotine filtration efficiency of the tobacco rod and that less of the available nicotine was directed into the mainstream.
The Antioxidant Activity of Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Johnson J. , Nisbet M. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCigarette smoke has been shown to contain free radicals in both the vapour and particulate phases. The present investigation was undertaken to find out whether these radicals could initiate or promote the formation of radical peroxides which might in turn lead to lipid peroxidation. To investigate this, a system involving the coupled oxidation of b-carotene and linoleic acid was utilized. In this coupled reaction, b-carotene is destroyed through oxidation by free peroxy radicals. The system can therefore be used as a convenient detector of auto-oxidative mechanisms in which peroxide radicals participate, as well as provide an assay for antioxidants, since in their presence oxidative destruction of b-carotene is blocked. Our results show that smoke did not contribute to the oxidative destruction of b-carotene but rather behaved as an antioxidant. Both smoke vapour and particulate matter were found to be highly antioxidant. A number of pure vapour phase components were tested and the bulk of antioxidant activity was found to be due to HCN. Smoke condensates from different tobacco types were compared and differentiated according to their relative efficiencies of antioxidant activities. For comparison, units of antioxidant activity were expressed as rate of change of optical density with time. The highest antioxidant activities were obtained with air-, flue-cured (cut) and perique tobaccos. Pipe tobacco had the least activity while cigar and flue-cured (granulated), stem and sheet tobaccos had intermediate values. Tests done on smoke fractions derived from the fractionation of total condensate revealed that antioxidant activity resided largely in the neutral and water-insoluble acid fractions with virtually no activity in the basic fractions. The mode of antioxidant action of tobacco smoke is discussed in terms of free-radical mechanisms.
Insecticide Residues on 1972 U.S. Auction-Market Tobacco
Authors: Domanski J. J. , Haire P. L. , Sheets T.J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAverage residue Ievels of DDT + TDE in flue-cured tobacco decreased from 6.1 ppm in 1970 to 0.85 ppm in 1972. DDT + TDE residues in Burley also dropped sharply from previous levels. In 1972 one sample from Kentucky contained 8.17 ppm; all other Burley samples were less than 0.25 ppm. DDT + TDE residues also declined in fire-cured and air-cured types; of these samples Tennessee dark air-cured tobacco contained the highest average residue (3.5 ppm of DDT + TDE). In 1972 over 90 % of the flue-cured samples were positive for toxaphene. Since each of our samples was a composite of tobacco from 10 farmers, we cannot conclude from this result that 90 % of the individual piles contained toxaphene. Significant amounts of toxaphene were found in other types also; for example, 50 % of the 1972 Burley samples had toxaphene concentrations greater than 0.5 ppm. Average endosulfan levels decreased between 1970 and 1972 in flue-cured and Burley tobaccos. However, in all of the dark air and dark fire-cured samples from Tennessee endosulfan residues exceeded 5 ppm. Average endrin residues were at or near the low detection limit in alI samples except fire-cured and dark air-cured tobacco from Tennessee; these averaged 0.26 and 0.17 ppm, respectively.
Homogenized Leaf Curing: I. TheoreticaI Basis and Some Preliminary Results
Authors: Tso T. C. , Lowe R. , DeJong D. W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new procedure (HLC) of curing tobacco leaf through homogenization, incubation, and dehydration is described. At the homogenate stage, chemicaI composition can be improved by controlled enzyme action, by extraction, or with chemical additives. PhysicaI properties can be improved by reconstitution. Preliminary results show HLC may provide smoke with quality comparable to that from conventionally cured material, but with relatively lower biologicaI response. There is a great potential in using the HLC procedure for labour saving as well as for improving leaf usability.
The Distribution with Respect to Smoke Particle Size of Dotriacontane, Hexadecane and Decachlorobiphenyl Added to Cigarettes
Authors: Jones R. T. , Lugton W. G. D. , Massey S. R. , Richardson R. B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhen studying the distribution of smoke deposited in the lung, it is necessary to use a tracer which indicates the levels of particulate matter deposited at various sites. Because the site of deposition can be dependent on the particle size of the aerosol, it is important that the tracer should be uniformly distributed with respect to particle size, otherwise the levels of particulate matter may be wrongly estimated. The distributions in the smoke from a cigarette containing flue-cured tobacco of three possible tracers (dotriacontane, hexadecane and decachlorobiphenyl) have been measured; alI three show a slight dependence but probably not sufficient to exclude them from possible use in inhalation studies. However, because of the different environment which exists in the lung, and the possible dependence of the results on the type of tobacco, it should not be assumed that there are no selective effects
CORESTA - Method No. 1 Method of the determination of Dithiocarbamats in tobacco (revised version) / CORESTA – Methode Nr. 1 Methode für die Bestimmung von Dithiocarbamaten in Tabak (revidierte Version)
Authors: Unterausschuss für Pestizidrückstän  
Published: July 2016

Abstract1. Prinzip2. Reagenzien3. Apparatur4. Methode5. Eichung6. Berechnung
Determination of Volatile N-Nitrosamines in the Vapour Phase of the Smoke from Various Tobacco Products
Authors: Groenen P.J. , ten Noever de Brauw M.C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Volatile N-nitrosamines were determined in the vapour phase of tobacco smoke after accumulation of Iarge vapour samples on to a cooled capillary GLC column. Detection was effected by computerized mass spectrometry and by a nitrogen-specific detector. Five different tobacco products were studied with mass spectrometry for the presence of eight individuaI nitrosamines. The result was negative thirty-nine times and positive only once. Initially, the detection Iimit for the individual nitrosamines was 2 ng per 20-55 mI vapour injection; during this study the effective detection limit was Iowered for some of the compounds by a further twofold to fivefold increase of the vapour volume analysed. The one nitroso compound identified positively and unambiguously was N-nitrosopiperidine in the smoke from the American blend cigarettes. It amounted to about 5.6 ng in the vapour phase of the smoke of one cigarette. The partition of nitrosamines between vapour phase and particulate phase is not known, but amounts of more than 1 µg of dimethylnitrosamine or nitrosopiperidine in the whole smoke of one cigarette as found by some authors, seem improbably high. It is shown in this paper that exclusive use of the alkali flame ionization detector for nitrosamine determinations would have led to false-positive results, especially for dimethylnitrosamine.
Fractionation of Cigarette Smoke Condensate for Biological Testing: Concentration of Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon and Weak-Acid Fractions
Authors: Chamberlain W. J. , Waiters D. B. , Snook M. E. , Chortyk O. T. , Akin F. J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) was fractionated for bioassay to determine possible tumorigenic activity on mouse skin. Two fractions which previously had shown activity were further separated. A weak-acid fraction (F 8) was separated into three subfractions. A polynuclear aromatic hydrocarboncontaining fraction (F 20) was divided into two fractions by gel permeation chromatography. The polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, the suspected active materials in F 20, were successfully concentrated into a fraction (F 55) representing only 0.05 % of CSC. These materials are currently undergoing bioassay.
Analysis of Volatile Pyrolytic Products of Tobacco Constituents: Stearic Acid Pyrolysis
Authors: Haeberer A. F. , Chortyk O. T. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A procedure has been developed to collect, transfer, and analyse volatile organic pyrolysis products of tobacco leaf compounds. The volatiles were collected in a series of three traps on adsorbents that also served as substrates for transfer and for introduction of the volatiles into a gas chromatograph. Analytical procedures are described for three gas chromatographic columns packed, respectively, with the three different adsorbents used in the traps. With this system, volatile pyrolyzates were collected and analysed without the use of cryogenic traps, vacuum manifolds, or gas-sampling valves. The applicability of the procedures is demonstrated for the pyrolysis volatiles of stearic acid, a tobacco constituent
Selective Removal of Semivolatile Components of Cigarette Smoke by Various Filters
Authors: Baggett Madelyn S. , Morie Gerald P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The semivolatile portion of cigarette smoke contains acidic, basic, and neutral compounds that are important to the flavour and in some cases the physiological effects of smoke. A rapid method that could be used routinely for the gas chromatographic analysis of this portion of smoke was developed. A 160 mm glass capillary column was used to resolve approximately 150 semivolatile smoke components. Gas chromatography - mass spectrometry was used to identify about 35 of these components. Twenty known semivolatile compounds with different functional groups and boiling points were used to determine the effects of various filters on their removal from smoke. Standard cellulose acetate filters, cellulose acetate filters with glycerin, cellulose acetate filters with PEG 600, and cellulose acetate filters with activated carbon were evaluated. The cellulose acetate filters with glycerin and PEG 600 were more selective for the removal of aromatic hydrocarbons than were the standard cellulose acetate filters. The cellulose acetate filters with activated carbon were more selective for the removaI of the low-boiling semivolatile compounds than were the other filters tested.
One-Dimensional Gas Concentration Profiles Within a Burning Cigarette During a Puff
Authors: Lanzillotti H.V. , Wayte A.R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA technique for axial concentration measurements of several gas phase components of cigarette smoke during a two-second puff has been described. Gas concentration profiles constructed from these measurements were used to determine the axial order of the reactions which determine these concentrations. A one-dimensional model combustion reaction profile and a one-dimensional model coal temperature profile were presented. The diffusivities of several combustion gases through cigarette paper were calculated from the concentration data using the Owens-Reynolds model for the isothermal diffusion of gases through cigarette paper.