bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Causes of Suboptimal Corrected Visual Acuity following Phacoemulsification in a Teaching University Hospital
Authors: Fathallah Mohammed , Eltanamly Rasha M. , Saadeldin Hala , Elnahry Gehad H. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose Cataract is the leading cause of reversible blindness in developing countries, with variable visual outcome following surgery. This work aims at assessing the outcomes of cataract surgery at Kasr Al Ainy Hospital and identifying the reasons for borderline and poor outcome in the studied group. Methods A total of 150 eyes of patients with cataract and no other ocular pathology were included in this study. Uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA) and corrected visual acuity (CVA), complete ocular examination using slit-lamp, applanation tonometry, and ophthalmoscopy were performed for all patients. Biometry for intraocular lens power calculation and operative data were recorded. Patients were followed for 6 weeks; UCVA, CVA, and any complications were noted. Results Mean preoperative CVA was 0.16 ± 0.16 (SD) and mean postoperative CVA was 0.66 ± 0.33 (p<0.001). Forty-two percent of surgeries were performed by junior staff under training. Thirty-five surgeries were complicated by posterior capsular rupture. Mean CVA at 6 weeks in the uncomplicated group was 0.77 ± 0.22; in the complicated group, 0.28 ± 0.34 (p<0.001). Biometry was accurate in 51.6% of cases. Most important causes for suboptimal outcome were aphakia, astigmatism, posterior capsular opacification, and corneal edema. Conclusions Kasr Al Ainy Hospital achieved CVA 6/9 or more in 69.3% and CVA 6/18 or more in 81.3% of patients. The capsular complication rate was high at 23.3%. The high complication rate is attributed to the nature of the teaching hospital where most surgeons were in their learning periods.
Chorioretinal Coloboma in a Patient with Pancreas Divisum: Clinical and Imaging Features
Authors: Pierro Luisa , Corbelli Eleonora , Gagliardi Marco , Albertini Giorgia , Rabiolo Alessandro , Bandello Francesco 
Published: July 2016

Purpose To report the case of a 61-year-old woman with pancreas divisum and an asymptomatic chorioretinal coloboma in its 2 forms: complete and partial. Methods Case report. Results Dilated fundus examination and photograph revealed a complete and partial coloboma in the right eye. Swept-source optical coherence tomography and swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (SS-OCTA) were performed. Swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography disclosed the complete coloboma as a black, round, avascular area surrounded by normal vascular tissue in every plexus (i.e., superficial, deep, and choriocapillary). Although irregular and attenuated, the vascular network of the partial coloboma was appreciable in each layer, indicating some degree of vascular preservation. Conclusions Chorioretinal coloboma has been linked to several ocular and systemic conditions. To our knowledge, no association between coloboma and pancreas divisum has been reported. In addition, chorioretinal coloboma has not been previously characterized by means of SS-OCTA.
La fiesta peronista: recorridos y apropiaciones entre fotografía, arquitectura efímera y poder político
Authors: Sánchez Franco Marchionni 
Published: July 2016

El objetivo de este trabajo es analizar la relación entre algunos de los escenarios, fotografías y afiches utilizados como parte de las estrategias desarrolladas por el aparato de administración peronista y explicar su incidencia en la Fiesta de la Vendimia y su construcción imaginaria en torno de la “nueva Argentina” después de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. En este momento histórico particular, los registros gráficos y fotográficos considerados son una puerta de entrada para el análisis de los fenómenos efímeros que no pueden ser recuperados de otro modo. La estrategia metodológica utilizada es cualitativa y de tipo exploratorio, con un diseño de carácter flexible. Si bien estos testimonios, reflejados en las fuentes descriptas, no nos devuelven la posibilidad de estar en contacto directo con esas experiencias, sino que nos permiten acceder al conjunto de deseos, tensiones, frustraciones, expectativas, debates, los éxitos y los fracasos mediante los cuales se formularon y desarrollaron los proyectos de arquitectura escénica y propaganda política. Palabras clave: Archivos fotográficos; Arquitectura Efímera; Fiesta de la Vendimia; Relaciones de Poder; Peronismo.
Fotografias da Ditadura Civil-Militar brasileira em livros didáticos de história
Authors: Etcheverry Carolina Martins 
Published: July 2016

Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar as fotografias da Ditadura presentes nos livros didáticos em circulação no Brasil no período de 1990 a 2015, a partir do ponto de vista da cultura visual. Levando-se em consideração que o livro didático de história é um produto cultural dotado de complexidade, procura-se entender o seu papel como engendrador de processos cognitivos e memoriais. Para tanto, foram pesquisados dez livros didáticos editados no período (e alguns reeditados), dos quais três são utilizados nesse artigo. Algumas mudanças na utilização e na escolha das imagens foram observadas, a exemplo da presença de retratos dos presidentes militares, muito presentes nos livros dos anos 1990, e de movimentos contrários ao regime, que passam a aparecer nas páginas dos livros dos anos 2000. O levantamento e catalogação dessas imagens poderão gerar, além de categorias de análise, novos entendimentos sobre a alteração do modo como passamos a compreender a Ditadura Militar, desde seu surgimento até o presente momento. Palavras-chave: Ensino de história; Manuais didáticos; Cultura Visual; Fotografia.
Energy gap of novel edge-defected graphene nanoribbons
Authors: Yuan Weiqing , Wen Zhongquan , Li Min , Chen Li , Chen Gang , Ruan Desheng , Gao Yang 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Herein, the effects of width and boundary defects on the energy gap of graphene nanoribbons (GNRs) have been explored and theoretically investigated by means of semi-empirical atomic basis Extended Hückel method. Due to the existence of boundary defects, the energy gap of GNRs is mainly determined by the width of graphene nanoribbons for armchair graphene nanoribbons (AGNRs) or zigzag graphene nanoribbons (ZGNRs). Interestingly, the energy gap of AGNRs with a 120° V-type defect displays the monotone decreasing tendency when the width reaches to 2 nm, while the energy gap of intrinsic AGNRs is oscillatory. At the same time, the energy gap of U-type defected ZGNRs is opened, which differs from the zero energy gap characteristics of the intrinsic zigzag graphene. Furthermore, the size of energy gap of the defected AGNRs and ZGNRs with the same width is proved to be very close. Calculation results demonstrate that the energy gap of GNRs is just inversely proportional to the width and has little to do with the crystallographic direction. All the findings above provide a basis for energy gap engineering with different edge defects in GNRs and signify promising prospects in graphene-based semiconductor electronic devices.
On Teaching the History of California Spanish to HLL using Siri: Methodology and Procedures
Authors: Lamar Prieto Covadonga 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This article reports results from a study in which two groups of college level students were exposed to interactions with Apple’s Siri in order to foster dialogue about their dialectal features. In this paper, the methodology and procedural challenges behind one of the activities that the participants completed are studied. These activities had been designed to present to them the historical dimensions of the Historical California Spanish dialect, or Californio Spanish, and pursue two different outcomes for the participants: 1) to foster the interest in discovering a dialectal past, and 2) to increase linguistic self-esteem, as a result of an external validation provided by technology.
Epicardial Adipose Tissue Is Increased in Patients With Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Uysal Fatma , Akbal Erdem , Akbal Ayla , Cevizci Sibel , Arık Kasım , Gazi Emine 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesPatients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have high cardiovascular morbidity, and, in general, epicardial adipose tissue thickness is related to atherosclerotic vascular disease. This study aimed to investigate the association between epicardial adipose tissue thickness and carotid intima‐media thickness as markers of early atherosclerosis in patients with IBD.MethodsThe study comprised 47 patients with IBD (25 with Crohn disease and 22 with ulcerative colitis) and 35 control participants. In all individuals, epicardial adipose tissue and carotid intima‐media thickness values were measured by sonography.ResultsThe mean age ± SD of the 47 patients with IBD was 42.3 ± 11.2 years, versus 41.4 ± 10.1 years for the control group. The epicardial adipose tissue thickness was higher in both the Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis groups compared to the control group (P < .001), but not the carotid intima‐media thickness (P = .695 and .917, respectively). There was a strong positive correlation between the carotid intima‐media and epicardial adipose tissue thickness values in the Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis groups (r = 0.757; 95% confidence interval, 0.711–0.901; r = 0.786; 95% confidence interval, 0.364–0.615; both P < .001). However, there was no significant difference between the patients who were in the active and inactive disease periods in both groups in terms of carotid intima‐media and epicardial adipose tissue thickness values.ConclusionsOur findings suggest that epicardial adipose tissue thickness might be a marker for detection of early atherosclerosis in patients with IBD. There was a strong positive correlation between carotid intima‐media thickness and epicardial adipose tissue thickness values in the patients with IBD. However, there was no correlation between IBD activity and carotid intima‐media or epicardial adipose tissue thickness.
Quantitative Ultrasound Assessment of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy Using Edge Detection Analysis
Authors: Koppaka Sisir , Shklyar Irina , Rutkove Seward B. , Darras Basil T. , Anthony Brian W. , Zaidman Craig M. , Wu Jim S. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of quantitative ultrasound (US) using edge detection analysis to assess patients with Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD).MethodsAfter Institutional Review Board approval, US examinations with fixed technical parameters were performed unilaterally in 6 muscles (biceps, deltoid, wrist flexors, quadriceps, medial gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior) in 19 boys with DMD and 21 age‐matched control participants. The muscles of interest were outlined by a tracing tool, and the upper third of the muscle was used for analysis. Edge detection values for each muscle were quantified by the Canny edge detection algorithm and then normalized to the number of edge pixels in the muscle region. The edge detection values were extracted at multiple sensitivity thresholds (0.01–0.99) to determine the optimal threshold for distinguishing DMD from normal. Area under the receiver operating curve values were generated for each muscle and averaged across the 6 muscles.ResultsThe average age in the DMD group was 8.8 years (range, 3.0–14.3 years), and the average age in the control group was 8.7 years (range, 3.4–13.5 years). For edge detection, a Canny threshold of 0.05 provided the best discrimination between DMD and normal (area under the curve, 0.96; 95% confidence interval, 0.84–1.00). According to a Mann‐Whitney test, edge detection values were significantly different between DMD and controls (P < .0001).ConclusionsQuantitative US imaging using edge detection can distinguish patients with DMD from healthy controls at low Canny thresholds, at which discrimination of small structures is best. Edge detection by itself or in combination with other tests can potentially serve as a useful biomarker of disease progression and effectiveness of therapy in muscle disorders.
Sonographic Visualization of the Rotator Cable in Patients With Symptomatic Full‐Thickness Rotator Cuff Tears
Authors: Bureau Nathalie J. , Blain-Paré Etienne , Tétreault Patrice , Rouleau Dominique M. , Hagemeister Nicola 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of sonographic visualization of the rotator cable in patients with symptomatic full‐thickness rotator cuff tears and asymptomatic controls and to correlate rotator cable visualization with tear size, muscular fatty infiltration and atrophy, and the functional outcome in the patients with rotator cuff tears.MethodsFifty‐seven patients with rotator cuff tears and 30 asymptomatic volunteers underwent shoulder sonography for prospective assessment of the rotator cable and rotator cuff tear and responded to 2 functional outcome questionnaires (shortened Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand [QuickDASH] and Constant). In the patients with rotator cuff tears, appropriate tests were used to correlate rotator cable visualization with the tear size, functional outcome, muscular fatty infiltration, and atrophy.ResultsThe patients with rotator cuff tears included 25 women and 32 men (mean age,57 years; range, 39–67 years), and the volunteers included 13 women and 17 men (mean age, 56 years; range, 35–64 years). The rotator cable was identified in 77% (23 of 30) of controls and 23% (13 of 57) of patients with rotator cuff tears. In the patients, nonvisualization of the rotator cable correlated with larger tears (P < 0.001) and higher grades of supraspinatus atrophy (P = .049) and fatty infiltration (P = .022). There was no significant correlation with functional outcome scores (QuickDASH, P = .989; Constant, P = .073) or infraspinatus fatty infiltration (P = .065).ConclusionsNonvisualization of the rotator cable was more prevalent in patients with symptomatic rotator cuff tears than asymptomatic controls and was associated with a larger tear size and greater supraspinatus fatty infiltration and atrophy. Diligent assessment of the supraspinatus muscle should be done in patients with rotator cuff tears without a visible rotator cable, as the integrity of these anatomic structures may be interdependent.
Cerebral Hemodynamics in the Elderly
Authors: Yang Dixon , Cabral Digna , Gaspard Emmanuel N. , Lipton Richard B. , Rundek Tatjana , Derby Carol A. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesWe sought to describe the relationship between age, sex, and race/ethnicity with transcranial Doppler hemodynamic characteristics from major intracerebral arterial segments in a large elderly population with varying demographics.MethodsWe analyzed 369 stroke‐free participants aged 70 years and older from the Einstein Aging Study. Single‐gate, nonimaging transcranial Doppler sonography, a noninvasive sonographic technique that assesses real‐time cerebrovascular hemodynamics, was used to interrogate 9 cerebral arterial segments. Individual Doppler spectra and cerebral blood flow velocities were acquired, and the pulsatility index and resistive index were calculated by the device's automated waveform‐tracking function. Multiple linear regression models were used to examine the independent associations of age, sex, and race/ethnicity with transcranial Doppler measures, adjusting for hypertension, history of myocardial infarction or revascularization, and history of diabetes.ResultsAmong enrolled participants, 303 individuals had at least 1 vessel insonated (mean age [SD], 80 [6] years; 63% women; 58% white; and 32% black). With age, transcranial Doppler measures of mean blood flow velocity were significantly decreased in the basilar artery (P = .001) and posterior cerebral artery (right, P = .003; left, P = .02). Pulsatility indices increased in the left middle cerebral artery (P = .01) and left anterior cerebral artery (P = .03), and the resistive index was increased in the left middle cerebral artery (P = .007) with age. Women had higher pulsatility and resistive indices compared to men in several vessels.ConclusionsWe report a decreased mean blood flow velocity and weakly increased arterial pulsatility and resistance with aging in a large elderly stroke‐free population. These referential trends in cerebrovascular hemodynamics may carry important implications in vascular diseases associated with advanced age, increased risk of cerebrovascular disease, cognitive decline, and dementia.
Climatological analyses of LMA data with an open‐source lightning flash‐clustering algorithm
Authors: Fuchs Brody R. , Bruning Eric C. , Rutledge Steven A. , Carey Lawrence D. , Krehbiel Paul R. , Rison William 
Published: July 2016

AbstractApproximately 63 million lightning flashes have been identified and analyzed from multiple years of Washington, D. C., northern Alabama, and northeast Colorado lightning mapping array (LMA) data using an open‐source flash‐clustering algorithm. LMA networks detect radiation produced by lightning breakdown processes, allowing for high‐resolution mapping of lightning flashes. Similar to other existing clustering algorithms, the algorithm described herein groups lightning‐produced radiation sources by space and time to estimate total flash counts and information about each detected flash. Various flash characteristics and their sensitivity to detection efficiency are investigated to elucidate biases in the algorithm, detail detection efficiencies of various LMAs, and guide future improvements. Furthermore, flash density values in each region are compared to corresponding satellite estimates. While total flash density values produced by the algorithm in Washington, D. C. (~20 flashes km−2 yr−1), and Alabama (~35 flashes km−2 yr−1) are within 50% of satellite estimates, LMA‐based estimates are approximately a factor of 3 larger (50 flashes km−2 yr−1) than satellite estimates in northeast Colorado. Accordingly, estimates of the ratio of in‐cloud to cloud‐to‐ground flashes near the LMA network (~20) are approximately a factor of 3 larger than satellite estimates in Colorado. These large differences between estimates may be related to the distinct environment conducive to intense convection, low‐altitude flashes, and unique charge structures in northeast Colorado.
Seismic evidence of the Hainan mantle plume by receiver function analysis in southern China
Authors: Wei S. Shawn , Chen Y. John 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Lei‐Qiong region is the largest igneous province in southern China and may be a surface expression of a mantle plume beneath the region (the Hainan mantle plume). To investigate the existence of the Hainan mantle plume, we used P‐to‐S receiver function to image the major seismic discontinuities beneath this region with a regional dense broadband array. We found that the Moho discontinuity beneath the Leizhou Peninsula, mostly covered by Cenozoic basaltic outcrops, is 10–15 km deeper compared to the adjacent region of Eurasian continental margin, showing a thickened local crust by upwelling mantle materials. Additionally, the imaged 410‐ and 660‐km discontinuities suggest a thinner‐than‐normal mantle transition zone beneath the region, implying that hot materials penetrate through the transition zone from the lower mantle. Both seismic evidences support the existence of the mantle plume, which might be 170–200°C hotter than the surrounding mantle.
Can faults become barriers for deep fluid circulation? Insights from high‐resolution seismic VSP tomography at the Soultz‐sous‐Forêts geothermal site
Authors: Calò Marco , Dorbath Catherine , Lubrano Lavadera Paul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVertical Seismic Profile (VSP) surveys are generally used for modelling converted phases of the seismic body waves propagating in the medium allowing the detection of waves interpreted as reflections on steeply dipping reflecting structures such as faults, abrupt lateral changes of lithology, and fractures. At the Enhanced Geothermal System geothermal field of Soultz‐sous‐Forêts the analysis of data recorded during a VSP experiment allowed describing the presence of at least two structures near the wells. Here we show how seismic tomography method can be applied to the VSP data to reconstruct the 3‐D shape of structures in the volume surrounding the geothermal wells. The three‐dimensional P wave velocity model obtained shows positive velocity anomalies associated with the main faults observed by the VSP analysis and negative anomalies in the regions affected by massive hydraulic stimulations performed in the past. This pattern can be explained as a different response of the rock volume to the fluid injections where regions marked by relative pre‐existing high permeability were less affected by the hydraulic stimulations. This difference in permeability produced regions that could work as barriers for fluid diffusion through the reservoir. Comparisons of our high resolved model with the location of the induced seismicity and with another model obtained using seismic noise correlation give evidence of the presence of these structures and may explain the poor connection between the wells GPK4 and GPK2–GPK3 system.
Nature/Nurture – A Philosophical Analysis
Authors: Ariew André , Shorey Katy 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

The debate about whether an attribute or idea is a product of human ‘nature’ or ‘nurture’ has a long, interdisciplinary history. In the work of Socrates and Plato, we see the first philosophical arguments for the view that some of our ideas originate from innate concepts. Even today, many philosophers hold that certain ideas are part of a shared human nature, rather than a product of 'nurture' (i.e. environment). Perhaps the most controversial aspect of the current debate is whether the concept of ‘innateness’ has a place in modern genetics. The implications of genetic theories of human nature are not obvious since genes alone do not produce attributes.

Key Concepts

‘Nativists’ employ ‘poverty of stimulus’ arguments to demonstrate that an idea or cognitive ability could not have been learned.

‘Empiricists’ believe that our beliefs about the world come from our perceptual connection to the world and not from our natures.

IQ is likely to be influenced by nurturing environments.

Likely, there is no such thing as the singular good life; rather, there are numerous valid conceptions of the good life.

The gene/environment dichotomy is false, so ‘nature’ and ‘nurture’ are not mutually exclusive. But, that does not mean we cannot distinguish between robust and plastic developmental events.
Jasmonates: Synthesis, Metabolism, Signal Transduction and Action
Authors: Wasternack Claus 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Jasmonic acid and other fatty‐acid‐derived compounds called oxylipins are signals in stress responses and development of plants. The receptor complex, signal transduction components as well as repressors and activators in jasmonate‐induced gene expression have been elucidated. Different regulatory levels and cross‐talk with other hormones are responsible for the multiplicity of plant responses to environmental and developmental cues.

Key Concepts

Jasmonates are important signalling compounds in plant stress responses and development.

Jasmonates are lipid‐derived signals.

Active and inactive jasmonates are generated by metabolic conversion.

Key components of jasmonate perception and signalling have been elucidated.

There is an increasing number of repressors, co‐repressors, adaptors and activators (transcription factors) in JA‐Ile‐induced gene expression