bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Resolving the role of carbonaceous material in gold precipitation in metasediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits
Authors: Hu Si-Yu , Evans Katy , Craw Dave , Rempel Kirsten , Grice Kliti 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Carbonaceous material (CM) is commonly associated with gold and sulfides in metasediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits. The role of CM in Au deposition is controversial; CM has been proposed to contribute to gold deposition by reducing Au bisulfide complexes, or by facilitating sulfidation, which destabilizes Au in bisulfide complexes with resultant Au deposition. Integration of petrographic observations, thermodynamic models, and geochemical data from metasediment-hosted orogenic gold deposits in New Zealand, Australia, Canada, and West Africa reveals genetic links between sulfides, CM, and mineralization. The results are consistent with the coexistence of CM and pyrite as a consequence of their codeposition from ore fluids, with a minor proportion of CM originally in situ in the host rocks. Au is deposited when pyrite and CM deposition decreases H2S concentration in ore fluids, destabilizing Au(HS)2– complexes. Most CM in gold deposits is deposited from CO2 and CH4 in ore fluids. These findings are applicable to similar deposits worldwide.
Mantle earthquakes, crustal structure, and gravitational instability beneath western North Island, New Zealand
Authors: Dimech Jesse-Lee , Stern Tim , Lamb Simon 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
A cluster of 30–52-km-deep earthquakes, and a 7–10 km step in the Moho beneath western North Island, New Zealand, are both interpreted as manifestations of active delamination of the continental lower crust and mantle lithosphere. These phenomena occur in the back-arc region beneath the east-west–oriented Taranaki-Ruapehu (TR) line, which strikes at a high angle to the present-day plate boundary through New Zealand. Across the line, there is an abrupt change in crustal and mantle lid thickness, and in upper-mantle seismic attenuation (Qp–1), showing that the mantle lithosphere has been highly thinned on the north side. We show from a receiver function profile that nearly all of the deep earthquakes reside in the uppermost mantle on the northern side of the TR line. A sum of earthquake moment tensors suggests strike-slip motion either parallel, or orthogonal, to the TR line, resulting in northwest-southeast–oriented horizontal extension. Active normal faults, oriented northwest-southeast and north-south, are seen at the surface on each side of the TR line, but the surface is uplifting here at ∼0.4 mm/yr. This requires the mantle lithosphere to be thinning at a higher rate than the overlying crust, consistent with a delamination process.
Silicified glendonites in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation (South China) and their potential paleoclimatic implications
Authors: Wang Zhou , Wang Jiasheng , Suess Erwin , Wang Guangzhe , Chen Can , Xiao Shuhai 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The Ediacaran Period is punctuated by the ca. 580 Ma Gaskiers glaciation in Newfoundland. However, paleoclimatic data are scarce in Ediacaran successions in South China, where abundant geochemical and paleobiological data are shaping current understanding of Ediacaran evolutionary and environmental history. Here, we report the occurrence of silicified glendonites in the Ediacaran Doushantuo Formation deposited in an inner-shelf environment on the South China block. Petrographic evidence suggests that these silicified glendonites are pseudomorphs after syndepositional or early authigenic ikaites formed at near-freezing temperatures. The glendonite-bearing stratigraphic interval is characterized by positive δ13C values. It predates both the negative δ13C excursion EN3 (widely believed to be an equivalent of the Shuram negative excursion) and excursion EN2. Although alternative interpretations may be possible, these glendonites may be related to and correlated with the Gaskiers glaciation. If confirmed, this correlation suggests that the Shuram event postdates the Gaskiers glaciation, thus having important implications for Ediacaran climate changes, carbon cycles, and biological evolution.
Seven years of progress in tobacco control: an evaluation of the effect of nations meeting the highest level MPOWER measures between 2007 and 2014
Authors: Levy David T , Yuan Zhe , Luo Yuying , Mays Darren 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveSince WHO released the package of six MPOWER measures to assist nations with implementing the WHO Framework Convention for Tobacco Control (FCTC), 88 countries adopted at least one highest level MPOWER measure. We estimated the subsequent reduction in smoking-related deaths from all new highest level measures adopted between 2007 and 2014.MethodsPolicy effect sizes based on previously validatedSimSmokemodels were applied to the number of smokers in each nation to determine the reduction in the number of smokers from policy adoption. On the basis of research that half of all smokers die from smoking, we derived the smoking-attributable deaths (SADs) averted of those smokers alive today.FindingsIn total, 88 countries adopted at least one highest level MPOWER policy between 2007 and 2014, resulting in almost 22 million fewer projected SADs. The largest number of future SADs averted was due to increased cigarette taxes (7.0 million), followed by comprehensive smoke-free laws (5.4 million), large graphic health warnings (4.1 million), comprehensive marketing bans (3.8 million) and comprehensive cessation interventions (1.5 million).ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the immense public health impact of tobacco control policies adopted globally since the WHO-FCTC and highlight the importance of more countries adopting highest level MPOWER measures to reduce the global burden of tobacco use. Substantial additional progress could be made, especially if heavily populated nations with high smoking prevalence were to reach highest level MPOWER measures.
Permian strontium isotope stratigraphy
Authors: Korte Christoph , Ullmann Clemens V. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

The secular evolution of the Permian seawater
87
Sr/
86
Sr ratios carries information about global tectonic processes, palaeoclimate and palaeoenvironments, such as occurred during the Early Permian deglaciation, the formation of Pangaea and the Permian–Triassic (P–Tr) mass extinction. Besides this application for discovering geological aspects of Earth history, the marine
87
Sr/
86
Sr curve can also be used for robust correlations when other bio-, litho- and/or chemostratigraphic markers are inadequate. The accuracy of marine
87
Sr/
86
Sr reconstructions, however, depends on high-quality age control of the reference data, and on sample preservation, both of which generally deteriorate with the age of the studied interval. The first-order Permian seawater
87
Sr/
86
Sr trend shows a monotonous decline from approximately 0.7080 in the earliest Permian (Asselian) to approximately 0.7069 in the latest Guadalupian (Capitanian), followed by a steepening increase from the latest Guadalupian towards the P–Tr boundary (
c.
0.7071–0.7072) and into the Early Triassic. Various higher-order changes in slope of the Permian
87
Sr/
86
Sr curve are indicated, but cannot currently be verified owing to a lack of sample coverage and significant disagreement of published
87
Sr/
86
Sr records.
Hypergraph Acyclicity Revisited
Authors: Brault-Baron Johann 
Published: December 2016

The notion of graph acyclicity has been extended to several notions of hypergraph acyclicity. In increasing order of generality:
gamma
acyclicity,
beta
acyclicity, and
alpha
acyclicity have met a great interest in many fields.

For each notion, we prove the equivalence between the numerous characterizations with a new, simpler proof, in a self-contained manner. For that purpose, we introduce new notions of alpha, beta, and gamma leaf that allow one to define new “rule-based” characterizations of each notion.
The combined presentation of the notions is completed with a study of their respective closure properties. New closure results are established, and alpha, beta, and gamma acyclicity are proved optimal w.r.t. their closure properties.
Cooperative Caching for GPUs
Authors: Dublish Saumay , Nagarajan Vijay , Topham Nigel 
Published: December 2016

The rise of general-purpose computing on GPUs has influenced architectural innovation on them. The introduction of an on-chip cache hierarchy is one such innovation. High L1 miss rates on GPUs, however, indicate inefficient cache usage due to myriad factors, such as cache thrashing and extensive multithreading. Such high L1 miss rates in turn place high demands on the shared L2 bandwidth. Extensive congestion in the L2 access path therefore results in high memory access latencies. In memory-intensive applications, these latencies get exposed due to a lack of active compute threads to mask such high latencies.
In this article, we aim to reduce the pressure on the shared L2 bandwidth, thereby reducing the memory access latencies that lie in the critical path. We identify significant replication of data among private L1 caches, presenting an opportunity to reuse data among L1s. We further show how this reuse can be exploited via an L1 Cooperative Caching Network (CCN), thereby reducing the bandwidth demand on L2. In the proposed architecture, we connect the L1 caches with a lightweight ring network to facilitate intercore communication of shared data. We show that this technique reduces traffic to the L2 cache by an average of 29%, freeing up the bandwidth for other accesses. We also show that the CCN reduces the average memory latency by 24%, thereby reducing core stall cycles by 26% on average. This translates into an overall performance improvement of 14.7% on average (and up to 49%) for applications that exhibit reuse across L1 caches. In doing so, the CCN incurs a nominal area and energy overhead of 1.3% and 2.5%, respectively. Notably, the performance improvement with our proposed CCN compares favorably to the performance improvement achieved by simply doubling the number of L2 banks by up to 34%.
On the Security of Machine Learning in Malware C&C Detection
Authors: Gardiner Joseph , Nagaraja Shishir 
Published: December 2016

One of the main challenges in security today is defending against malware attacks. As trends and anecdotal evidence show, preventing these attacks, regardless of their indiscriminate or targeted nature, has proven difficult: intrusions happen and devices get compromised, even at security-conscious organizations. As a consequence, an alternative line of work has focused on detecting and disrupting the individual steps that follow an initial compromise and are essential for the successful progression of the attack. In particular, several approaches and techniques have been proposed to identify the command and control (C8C) channel that a compromised system establishes to communicate with its controller.
A major oversight of many of these detection techniques is the design’s resilience to evasion attempts by the well-motivated attacker. C8C detection techniques make widespread use of a machine learning (ML) component. Therefore, to analyze the evasion resilience of these detection techniques, we first systematize works in the field of C8C detection and then, using existing models from the literature, go on to systematize attacks against the ML components used in these approaches.
MaxPB
Authors: Li Zheng , Wang Fang , Feng Dan , Hua Yu , Liu Jingning , Tong Wei 
Published: December 2016

Phase Change Memory (PCM) is one of the promising memory technologies but suffers from some critical problems such as poor write performance and high write energy consumption. Due to the high write energy consumption and limited power supply, the size of concurrent bit-write is restricted inside one PCM chip. Typically, the size of concurrent bit-write is much less than the cache line size and it is normal that many serially executed write units are consumed to write down the data block to PCM when using it as the main memory. Existing state-of-the-art PCM write schemes, such as FNW (Flip-N-Write) and two-stage-write, address the problem of poor performance by improving the write parallelism under the power constraints. The parallelism is obtained via reducing the data amount and leveraging power as well as time asymmetries, respectively. However, due to the extremely pessimistic assumptions of current utilization (FNW) and optimistic assumptions of asymmetries (two-stage-write), these schemes fail to maximize the power supply utilization and hence improve the write parallelism.
In this article, we propose a novel PCM write scheme, called MaxPB (Maximize the Power Budget utilization) to maximize the power budget utilization with minimum changes about the circuits design. MaxPB is a “think before acting” method. The main idea of MaxPB is to monitor the actual power needs of all data units first and then effectively package them into the least number of write units under the power constraints. Experimental results show the efficiency and performance improvements on MaxPB. For example, four-core PARSEC and SPEC experimental results show that MaxPB gets 32.0% and 20.3% more read latency reduction, 26.5% and 16.1% more write latency reduction, 24.3% and 15.6% more running time decrease, 1.32× and 0.92× more speedup, as well as 30.6% and 18.4% more energy consumption reduction on average compared with the state-of-the-art FNW and two-stage-write write schemes, respectively.
Cancer Incidence and Survival Trends by Subtype Using Data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results Program, 1992–2013
Authors: Noone Anne-Michelle , Cronin Kathleen A. , Altekruse Sean F. , Howlader Nadia , Lewis Denise R. , Petkov Valentina I. , Penberthy Lynne 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Background: Cancers are heterogeneous, comprising distinct tumor subtypes. Therefore, presenting the burden of cancer in the population and trends over time by these tumor subtypes is important to identify patterns and differences in the occurrence of these subtypes, especially to generalize findings to the U.S. general population.
Methods: Using SEER Cancer Registry Data, we present incidence rates according to subtypes for diagnosis years (1992–2013) among men and women for five major cancer sites: breast (female only), esophagus, kidney and renal pelvis, lung and bronchus, and thyroid. We also describe estimates of 5-year relative survival according to subtypes and diagnosis year (1992–2008). We used Joinpoint models to identify years when incidence rate trends changed slope. Finally, recent 5-year age-adjusted incidence rates (2009–2013) are presented for each subtype by race and age.
Results: Hormone receptor–positive and HER2-negative was the most common subtype (about 74%) of breast cancers. Adenocarcinoma made up about 69% of esophagus cases among men. Adenocarcinoma also is the most common lung subtype (43% in men and 52% in women). Ninety percent of thyroid subtypes were papillary. Distinct incidence and survival patterns emerged by these subtypes over time among men and women.
Conclusions: Histologic or molecular subtype revealed different incidence and/or survival trends that are masked when cancer is considered as a single disease on the basis of anatomic site.
Impact: Presenting incidence and survival trends by subtype, whenever possible, is critical to provide more detailed and meaningful data to patients, providers, and the public. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(4); 632–41. ©2016 AACR.
Somatic Mutations and Neoepitope Homology in Melanomas Treated with CTLA-4 Blockade
Authors: Nathanson Tavi , Ahuja Arun , Rubinsteyn Alexander , Aksoy Bulent Arman , Hellmann Matthew D. , Miao Diana , Van Allen Eliezer , Merghoub Taha , Wolchok Jedd D. , Snyder Alexandra , Hammerbacher Jeff 
Published: December 2016

AbstractImmune checkpoint inhibitors are promising treatments for patients with a variety of malignancies. Toward understanding the determinants of response to immune checkpoint inhibitors, it was previously demonstrated that the presence of somatic mutations is associated with benefit from checkpoint inhibition. A hypothesis was posited that neoantigen homology to pathogens may in part explain the link between somatic mutations and response. To further examine this hypothesis, we reanalyzed cancer exome data obtained from our previously published study of 64 melanoma patients treated with CTLA-4 blockade and a new dataset of RNA-Seq data from 24 of these patients. We found that the ability to accurately predict patient benefit did not increase as the analysis narrowed from somatic mutation burden, to inclusion of only those mutations predicted to be MHC class I neoantigens, to only including those neoantigens that were expressed or that had homology to pathogens. The only association between somatic mutation burden and response was found when examining samples obtained prior to treatment. Neoantigen and expressed neoantigen burden were also associated with response, but neither was more predictive than somatic mutation burden. Neither the previously described tetrapeptide signature nor an updated method to evaluate neoepitope homology to pathogens was more predictive than mutation burden. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(1); 84–91. ©2016 AACR.
Coronary Plaque Morphology and the Anti-Inflammatory Impact of Atorvastatin
Authors: Singh Parmanand , Emami Hamed , Subramanian Sharath , Maurovich-Horvat Pal , Marincheva-Savcheva Gergana , Medina Hector M. , Abdelbaky Amr , Alon Achilles , Shankar Sudha S. , Rudd James H.F. , Fayad Zahi A. , Hoffmann Udo , Tawakol Ahmed 
Published: December 2016

Background—
Nonobstructive coronary plaques manifesting high-risk morphology (HRM) associate with an increased risk of adverse clinical cardiovascular events. We sought to test the hypothesis that statins have a greater anti-inflammatory effect within coronary plaques containing HRM.

Methods and Results—

In this prospective multicenter study, 55 subjects with or at high risk for atherosclerosis underwent
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomographic/computed tomographic imaging at baseline and after 12 weeks of treatment with atorvastatin. Coronary arterial inflammation (
18
F-fluorodeoxyglucose uptake, expressed as target-to-background ratio) was assessed in the left main coronary artery (LMCA). While blinded to the PET findings, contrast-enhanced computed tomographic angiography was performed to characterize the presence of HRM (defined as noncalcified or partially calcified plaques) in the LMCA. Arterial inflammation (target-to-background ratio) was higher in LMCA segments with HRM than those without HRM (mean±SEM: 1.95±0.43 versus 1.67±0.32 for LMCA with versus without HRM, respectively;
P
=0.04). Moreover, atorvastatin treatment for 12 weeks reduced target-to-background ratio more in LMCA segments with HRM than those without HRM (12 week-baseline Δtarget-to-background ratio [95% confidence interval]: −0.18 [−0.35 to −0.004] versus 0.09 [−0.06 to 0.26];
P
=0.02). Furthermore, this relationship between coronary plaque morphology and change in LMCA inflammatory activity remained significant after adjusting for baseline low-density lipoprotein and statin dose (β=−0.27;
P
=0.038).

Conclusions—
In this first study to evaluate the impact of statins on coronary inflammation, we observed that the anti-inflammatory impact of statins is substantially greater within coronary plaques that contain HRM features. These findings suggest an additional mechanism by which statins disproportionately benefit individuals with more advanced atherosclerotic disease.

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT00703261.
Left Ventricular Geometry and Risk of Sudden Cardiac Arrest in Patients With Severely Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: Phan Derek , Aro Aapo L. , Reinier Kyndaron , Teodorescu Carmen , Uy‐Evanado Audrey , Gunson Karen , Jui Jonathan , Chugh Sumeet S. 
Published: December 2016

Background
Recent reports indicate that specific left ventricular (LV) geometric patterns predict recurrent ventricular arrhythmias in patients with implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF). However, this relationship has not been evaluated among patients at risk of sudden cardiac arrest (SCA) in the general population.

Methods and Results

Adult SCA cases from the Oregon Sudden Unexpected Death Study were compared with geographic controls with no prior history of SCA. Archived echocardiograms performed closest and prior to the SCA event were reviewed. LV geometry was defined as normal (normal LV mass index [LVMI] and relative wall thickness [RWT]), concentric remodeling (normal LVMI and increased RWT), concentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and RWT), or eccentric hypertrophy (increased LVMI and normal RWT). Analysis was restricted to those with LVEF ≤40%. A total of 246 subjects were included in the analysis. SCA cases (n=172, 68.6±13.3 years, 78% male), compared to controls (n=74, 66.8±12.1 years, 73% male), had lower LVEF (29.4±7.9% vs 30.8±6.3%,
P
=0.021). Fewer cases presented with normal LV geometry (30.2% vs 43.2%,
P
=0.048) and more with eccentric hypertrophy (40.7% vs 25.7%,
P
=0.025). In a multivariate model, eccentric hypertrophy was independently predictive of SCA (OR 2.15, 95% CI 1.08–4.29,
P
=0.03).

Conclusions
Eccentric LV hypertrophy was independently associated with increased risk of SCA in subjects with EF ≤40%. These findings, now consistent between device‐implanted and non‐implanted populations, indicate the potential of improving SCA risk stratification from the same noninvasive echocardiogram at no additional cost.
Neurohormonal Activation After Atrial Fibrillation Initiation in Patients Eligible for Catheter Ablation: A Randomized Controlled Study
Authors: Charitakis Emmanouil , Walfridsson Håkan , Nylander Eva , Alehagen Urban 
Published: December 2016

Background

Biomarker activation in atrial fibrillation (
AF
) has been widely studied, but the immediate effect of
AF
initiation remains unclear. We studied the effect of
AF
initiation on 2 cardiac biomarkers: the N‐terminal fragment of the proB‐type natriuretic peptide (
NT
‐pro
BNP
), the midregional fragment of the N‐terminal of pro‐atrial natriuretic peptide (
MR
‐pro
ANP
), and 2 extracardiac biomarkers—the copeptin and the midregional portion of proadrenomedullin (
MR
‐pro
ADM
).

Methods and Results

This was a randomized controlled study, including 45 patients with
AF
who had been referred for radiofrequency ablation to the University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden, between February 2012 and April 2014. Freedom from
AF
during the 4 days prior to radiofrequency ablation was confirmed by transtelephonic
ECG
s. Biomarkers were collected from the femoral vein (fv), coronary sinus (
CS
), and left atrium (
LA
) prior to
AF
initiation (baseline) and 30 minutes later. The
MR
‐pro
ANP
and
NT
‐pro
BNP
concentrations increased in the intervention group compared with the control group 30 minutes after the initiation of
AF
(
MR
‐pro
ANP
:
P
fv
<0.001,
P
CS
<0.001,
P
LA
<0.001;
NT
‐pro
BNP
:
P
LA
<0.001). Copeptin levels in patients without ischemic heart disease were decreased after the initiation of
AF
(
P
fv
=0.003,
P
CS
=0.015,
P
LA
=0.011).

Conclusions

AF
is a strong stimulus that results in immediate activation of different biomarkers.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01553045.