bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
407 Transition from the ranch to the feedyard: Challenges and management strategies to improve calf health welfare and performance
Authors: Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , Meléndez Daniela M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The health, welfare and performance of newly received feedlot calves is intricately connected to their pre- and post-weaning management as well as how they are transitioned from the ranch to the feedyard. Industry data suggest that despite prophylactic antimicrobial use in receiving calves the incidence of respiratory related morbidity and mortality has remained unchanged in Canadian feedyards for the past 4 decades. It is well established that any management practice causing stress or pain has an immunosuppressive effect thereby increasing the risk of calf morbidity and mortality and reducing performance efficiency. There are several factors that could contribute to this including, if and or how preconditioning is conducted, comingling at assembly yards or auctions and number of calf sources, and the distance calves are transported and the effects of rest. The impacts of other timely and relevant factors such as environmental conditions (rapid and extreme weather/temperature changes) and cattle type (dairy beef or dairy beef cross) will also be covered. Studies assessing these impacts on receiving calf health, welfare and performance as well as potential strategies for mitigating negative effects will be discussed.
437 Fetal Programming in Sheep: Epigenetic modifications in offspring from poorly nourished dams
Authors: Tillquist Nicole M , Reed Sarah A , Zinn Steven A , Govoni Kristen E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Poor maternal nutrition (restricted- and over-feeding) during gestation can negatively impact the efficiency of livestock production by generating offspring with decreased muscle mass, increased adiposity, and impaired metabolism. The mechanisms behind these altered phenotypes are not well-characterized. The effects of poor maternal nutrition during gestation on offspring growth and development begin in utero and contribute to metabolic dysregulation of offspring into maturity and across subsequent generations, demonstrating long-term negative effects on the livestock. Fetal programming results in epigenetic modifications that can involve changes in offspring gene expression and downstream function, with no alteration on the DNA sequence. Using a sheep model of poor maternal nutrition, we have previously shown that F1 offspring from restricted- and over-fed dams are smaller at 10 mo of age relative to offspring from control-fed dams. Additionally, we observed that this phenotype persisted in the F2 offspring from restricted-fed granddams, while F2 offspring from over- and control-fed granddams were of similar body weight. We have recently demonstrated that F1 offspring from poorly nourished ewes have differential methylation patterns and altered gene expression in liver tissue demonstrating a potential mechanism that contributes to persistent altered growth. We have also begun evaluating the effects of maternal nutrient restriction on the development of fetal small intestine, a key facilitator of nutrient transport. Poor maternal nutrition during gestation alters development of offspring small intestine and further understanding of developmental programming in key metabolic tissues can aid in the development of nutritional strategies to improve efficiency of livestock production.
294 The use of dried bakery products as an alternative ingredient in dog food
Authors: Koulicoff Larissa A Alves , Aldrich Greg G , Pezzali Julia Guazzelli 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Utilizing upcycling food materials that otherwise go to waste, such as dried bakery products (DPB), in pet food offers an opportunity to promote sustainability within the pet food industry. However, utilization of DBP as an ingredient in dog food has yet to be evaluated. This study aimed to assess the canine response to including DBP on extruded diets. Four diets were extruded containing 0% (control), 8.5%, 17% or 22.5% of DBP, replacing brown rice, lentil and sorghum (Table 1). Palatability was assessed using 20 dogs in a split-plate test with control presented against each other diet to determine intake ratio (IR) and first choice (FC). In a second study, experimental diets were fed to 12 adult Beagle dogs enrolled in replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design (9 d of diet adaptation and 5 d of sample collection) to evaluate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of energy and macronutrients, and fecal characteristics. Statistical analyses were conducted using the GLIMMIX procedure in SAS with diet as a fixed effect, and square, dog nested within square and period as random effects. For palatability, IR was analyzed in a 1-way ANOVA and FC using a Chi2 test. Dogs did not (P &gt; 0.05) have a preference when the control and 8.5% DBP diets were compared. However, they preferred (P &lt; 0.05) the control over the diets with greater inclusion of DBP based on both IR and FC. In the second study, food intake was similar (P &gt; 0.05) among all treatments. Dogs fed diets containing DBP had greater (P &lt; 0.05) dry fecal outputs compared with those fed the control diet, but fecal quality scores remain within acceptable range. Inclusion of DBP quadratically decrease (P &lt; 0.05) ATTD of dry matter, organic matter, protein, fat and gross energy, but coefficients were still within acceptable ranges (&gt; 80%). No effect (P &gt; 0.05) of dietary treatment was observed on fecal pH. Concentrations of fecal volatile fatty acids, however, were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in dogs fed control compared with those fed 17% and 22.5% DBP, with dogs fed 8.5% DBP not differing (P &gt; 0.05) from those fed the other dietary treatments. Nonetheless, there was no effect (P &gt; 0.05) of diet on the relative proportion of each short chain fatty acid (acetate, butyrate, propionate) or branched chain fatty acid (valerate, isobutyrate and isovalerate). The findings of this study suggest that at 8.5% DBP can replace certain grains and legumes in extruded dog diets without affecting palatability and digestibility. Although greater inclusion of DPB reduced ATTD of macronutrients and energy, additional research is needed to determine the optimal amount of DBP to be used in combinations with other grains and legumes.
295 Synthesis of glycine from trans-4-hydroxy-L-proline in tissues of juvenile hybrid striped bass (Morone chrysops x M. Saxatilis)
Authors: Connolly Erin D , Suehs Blaine , Hissen Karina , Criscitiello Michael , Gatlin Delbert , Wu Guoyao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trans-4-Hydroxy-L-Proline (Hyp) is a major amino acid in the collagen of fish. The turnover of collagen in various tissues releases a large amount of Hyp, which has traditionally been considered as a metabolic waste. However, results of recent studies have identified the conversion of Hyp into glycine in piglets. The present study tests this hypothesis that hybrid striped bass (HSB, a carnivorous fish species) can form glycine from Hyp. Fish were fed a standard diet containing 60% fishmeal for 10 wk and grew from 5.5 to 45 g during a 9-wk period. Slices (~75 mg) of skeletal muscle, liver, proximal intestine, gills, and brain were obtained from 45-g HSB (n = 6) and incubated at 26 °C for 2 h in 1 mL of oxygenated (95% O2/5% CO2) Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer (pH 7.4, with 5 mM D-glucose) containing 0, 0.2, or 2 mM Hyp. After a period of 2 h incubation, 200 μL of 1.5 M HClO4 was added into the incubation medium to stop the reaction. The acidified medium plus tissue together was homogenized and the homogenizer was rinsed with 1 mL of water, followed by the addition of 100 μL of 2 M K2CO3. The neutralized extract was analyzed for amino acids using HPLC involving o-phthaldialdehyde derivatization. Tissues without incubation were also determined for amino acids. Data were statistically analyzed by a paired t-test. Glycine was produced from 0.2 and 2 mM Hyp by the liver and skeletal muscle, and 2 mM Hyp by the intestine (Table 1). Glycine was further converted into serine in the liver, but not skeletal muscle or intestine. The production of glycine or serine from Hyp was not due to net protein breakdown in tissues. Tyrosine was measured as an indicator of protein degradation. There was no detectable generation of glycine from 0.2 or 2 mM Hyp by the gills or brain of HSB. These results indicate the synthesis of glycine from Hyp by juvenile HSB in a tissue-specific manner. Because skeletal muscle accounts for ~45% of the body weight, this organ is the major site for this metabolic pathway in the fish. (Supported by USDA/NIFA grant No. 2022-67015-36200)
303 Diets of Neolithic dogs
Authors: Bosch Guido , Cheung Lianne 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The history of our modern-day pet dogs started around 40,000 yr ago in the Paleolithic era when humans had a hunter-gatherer lifestyle. During the period that humans became more sedentary agriculturalists, the Neolithic era, the food sources available for the early (proto) dogs living with humans also changed. The profound shift in the diet of dogs with increased amounts of cereal grains throughout this era is reflected in the genome of the dog, suggesting an enhanced digestive capacity to digest starch. The foraging strategies these dogs developed to meet energy and nutrient requirements are, however, still understudied. We therefore aimed to advance our understanding of the diets of Neolithic dogs. Data from various publications that included stable isotope, coprolite and observational analyses were retrieved and used to define hypothetical foraging strategies (scenarios). These strategies included commonly reported starch and protein sources and it was investigated how dogs met their dietary needs in terms of metabolizable energy (ME), nitrogen and indispensable amino acids. The ME contents were estimated based on the chemical composition using modified Atwater factors. Stable isotope and coprolite analyses suggest that Neolithic dogs had a highly variable diet, with a large variety in food items and differing ratios of plant-based food sources (e.g., millet, maize) to animal-based food sources (e.g., livestock, rodents). Observations support these findings with e.g. plant-based sources contributing 24 to 66% of the biomass and animal-based sources contributing 17 to 54%. Moreover, human feces are often noted in the literature as a food source for dogs with estimates 17 to 24% of the dietary biomass consumed. The ME requirement is shown to be easily met with the addition of animal-based feedstuffs and nitrogen requirements were always met if the dietary intake was sufficient to cover for minimum ME. However, several amino acids (e.g., Met and Cys) were limiting, if diet contained too little quantities of animal-based feedstuffs. Data from various publications and such scenarios provide context for the nutrition of present-day dogs and coprophagy commonly observed. In conclusion, Neolithic dogs developed an opportunistic foraging strategy resulting in diverse omnivorous diets. To support indispensable amino acids, dogs could not thrive solely on cereal-based diets but required to supplement these with animal-based food sources including human feces.
306 Oral therapy with specific bioactive collagen peptide (BCP) improves gait and quality of life in canine osteoarthritis patients
Authors: Dobenecker Britta , Böswald Linda , Reese Sven , Steigmeier-Raith Stephanie , Trillig Lukas , Oesser Steffen , Meyer-Lindenberg Andrea , Schunck Michael , Hugenberg Jutta 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Conservative therapy options in canine osteoarthritis (OA) are largely limited to pain relief, which can be associated with undesirable effects. Beneficial effects of a specific BCP have been demonstrated in equine OA patients and in in-vitro studies with canine chondrocytes based on an increase in cartilage matrix molecules and downregulating of inflammatory cytokines and degenerative matrix metalloproteases1,2. A positive impact of specific BCP on joint cartilage was also detected by magnetic resonance imaging3. In a double blinded, placebo-controlled field study, effects of a 12 wk supplementation with this specific BCP vs. n3-fatty acids plus vitamin E (n3FA) on the gait were investigated in dogs with OA. The assessment of pet owners on the quality of life (QoL) was evaluated using the validated Canine Brief Pain Inventory4 Score. Privately owned adult dogs (n = 31) previously diagnosed with OA were randomly allocated to group BCP (PETAGILE, GELITA, Germany), n3FA, or placebo (PLA). The supplements were dosed according to body weight (BW; ≥ 200 mg BCP or PLA/kg BW; ≥ 550mg n3FA + 2mg vitamin E/kg BW). Inclusion criteria were a BW between 10 and 60 kg and restricted use of anti-inflammatory medication or nutraceuticals. Initially and after 12 wk, the dogs were examined on a custom-made treadmill equipped with 4 modified Kistler pressure plates. Differences between the groups, time points as well as the affected and contralateral limbs were evaluated using a generalized linear model. The improvement in QoL was greater in BCP than n3FA and PLA. The treadmill, as more objective method5, showed a significant difference of vertical force (PVF), vertical impact and standing phase between affected and contralateral limbs in group BCP. The improvement of the applied pressure, measured as relative difference of PVF, was significantly better in BCP as in PLA. In the placebo group, all measured parameters tended to worsen whereas in group n3FA no systematic differences between both time points were detected. The results of this study demonstrate that oral administration of a specific BCP can slow down the progression and improve clinical signs after only 12 wk in canine OA patients. Therefore, this safe nutritional therapy option should be considered in dogs with OA. References:[1] Dobenecker, B., Reese, S., Jahn, W. et al. (2018). J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr, 102, 16-23. [2] Schunck, M., Louton, H., & Oesser, S. (2017). J Anim Sci, 7, 254 [3] McAlindon, T. E., Nuite, M., Krishnan, N. et al. (2011). 19(4), 399-405. [4] Brown et al. (2008). J Am Vet Med Assoc, 233(8), 1278-1283. [5] Brown et al. (2013) J Vet Int Med, 27(1), 22-30.
35 Beneficial role of 1.3,.1.6 yeast beta glucan in pet health
Authors: Schulthess Julie , Leseaux Achraf A , Rabot Rodolphe 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In recent years, 1.3, 1.6 yeast beta-glucans (BG) have gained increasing attention for their diverse health-promoting properties in both humans and animals. Yeast beta-glucans are polysaccharides known for their immunomodulatory effects, which have been extensively studied in various animal models. Especially when they are coming from yeasts, these polysaccharides exhibit the ability to train the innate immune system in particular monocytes and macrophages, enhancing phagocytosis, cytokine production, and overall immune response. A number of studies have already shown that 1.3, 1.6 yeast beta glucans can address several pet health specific concerns, such as periodontal disease, atopy, osteoarthritis, diabetes. At Phileo, we conducted a trial where canine monocytes and macrophages were trained with a proprietary 1.3, 1.6 yeast beta glucan to identify whether those canine phagocytes could benefit from the training by 1.3, 1.6 yeast BG. Our results show that canine phagocytes cultured in presence of 1.3, 1.6 yeast BG display a greater cytokines production of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)α and interleukin (IL)-12. Those data are really encouraging as IL12 is essential to initiate T cell responses against pathogens. These benefits against pathogens have shown reduced incidences of infections, subsequently reducing the reliance on antibiotics and enhancing sustainability. Several examples will be given on species close to dogs. Taking these results all together, the inclusion of 1.3, 1.6 yeast BG in pet diets or supplements offer a promising avenue for enhancing their health. Their multifaceted benefits, including immunomodulation or inflammatory control, make them valuable purified actives in the pet care industry.
34 The influence and interaction of nutrition with the immune system in companion animal models
Authors: Bobeck Elizabeth A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Understanding the impacts of nutrients in a species-specific manner has both practical and academic benefits for improving animal health. Therefore, species-specific animal models and research reagents are crucial to understanding molecular and physiological pathways. However, limitations in repeatable, descriptive models, sample size, and the ethics of companion animal research result in often needing to make inferences from human, murine, and other related immunology and nutrition research models. Recent companion animal work has focused on the impact of key nutrients in animal diets, including fat-soluble vitamins D, and E, omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), overall amino acid and energy balance over the lifespan, minerals including zinc and selenium, and feed additives such as probiotics and beta glucans. The selected research model, samples able to be collected, and available reagents for sample analysis will impact potential outcomes and inferences made from the data, including both acute to chronic impacts. From a theoretical standpoint, the balance between nutrient supplementation and impact includes understanding nutrients and responses of a model system in both deficiency and therapeutic level settings. For example, when supplementing Vitamin D, Vitamin E, or omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, inclusion above currently recommended levels may optimize immune function, such as pathogen clearance, improved vaccine titer responses, or reduce inflammation. For other nutrients associated with immunomodulation such as zinc, additional chronic pharmacological supplementation may inhibit certain aspects of immune function, much like a deficiency scenario. Overstimulation of the immune system through nutrient supplementation may also impact the necessary modulation and repair roles that immune cells such as macrophages play in wound healing and anti-inflammatory responses. Continued work in nutritional immunology will further enhance our understanding of the power of nutrition and diet to improve health in companion animals.
496 Effects of sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) and SMBS-containing lipid microparticles on the performance and intestinal barrier functions of weanling piglets challenged by deoxynivalenol-contaminated diets
Authors: Yu Changning , Xu Haoxiang , Zhao Xiaoya , Yin Fugui , Yu Hai , Gong Joshua , Yang Chengbo , Liu Song 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the effects of sodium metabisulfite (SMBS) and SMBS-containing hydrogenated palm oil (HS) microparticles on the growth performance and intestinal barrier functions of weanling piglets challenged by deoxynivalenol (DON)-contaminated diets. Four corn-soybean-meal based diets were used: 1) negative control (NC, 0.00 mg/kg of DON); 2) positive control (PC, 3.3 mg/kg of DON); 3) SMBS (PST, 3.3 mg/kg of DON and 0.2% of SMBS); and 4) HS microparticles (HST, 3.3 mg/kg of DON and 0.45% of HS microparticles). Weaned piglets (n = 40) with similar body weights (BW; 8.22 ± 0.39 kg, 10 pigs/treatment) were fed for 28 d, including a 1-wk adjustment and 3 wk for exposure. Piglets subjected to the PC diet exhibited a noteworthy reduction in final BW by 13.3%, average daily gain (ADG) by 21.4%, and average daily feed intake (ADFI) by 20.1% compared with those on the NC diet (P &lt; 0.05). Compared with the PC diet, the PST and HST diets increased by 6.76% and 4.31% in final BW (P &lt; 0.05), 13.6% and 8.60% in ADG (P &lt; 0.05), and 9.15% and 9.71% in ADFI (P &lt; 0.05), respectively. No significant differences were detected in these values between the NC, PST, and HST diets (P &gt; 0.05). There were no significant variations observed in the feed conversion ratio (FCR) among the four dietary treatments (P &gt; 0.05). Feeding the PC diet to piglets led to a significant increase in the fecal score compared with the NC and HST diets (P &lt; 0.05). No significant differences were detected in the mRNA expression levels of nutrient transporters and tight junction proteins among these four diets (P &gt; 0.05). Additionally, compared with the NC diet, the PC diet significantly increased the mRNA abundance of Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4; P &lt; 0.05); however, a decreased mRNA abundance of IL-8 and TNF-α was observed in the pigs fed the HST diet (P &lt; 0.05), indicating that the encapsulated SMBS from the HS microparticles could have the potential to mitigate the effects of DON. Overall, adding 0.45% of HS microparticles to a 3.3 mg/kg DON-contaminated diet in piglets could maintain the growth performance, and using the HS microparticles revealed some potential in DON detoxification by reducing the gene expressions of pro-inflammatory cytokines.
498 Feeding hydroxychloride or organic sources of zinc, copper, and manganese to broiler breeders on growth performance of offsprings when fed hydroxychloride or inorganic sources of the same minerals
Authors: Bakhshalinejad Reza , Torrey Stephanie , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study investigated the effect of feeding different sources of trace minerals (TM) such as zinc (Zn), copper (Cu), and manganese (Mn) in broiler breeders (BB) and their offspring on the growth performance of offspring. Ross 708 BB were housed in 24 pens (17 ♀ and 2 ♂) and allocated to two diets (12 replicate pen/diet): 1) HO, a blend of 80% hydroxychloride (HC) and 20% organic (OR) sources, and 2) OR, 100% OR sources (Table 1-4). Hatching eggs were collected from BB pens at 46, 54 and 62 wk of age, and incubated. Upon hatching, chicks were sexed, weighed, and placed in 24 sex-segregated pens (40 birds/pen), maintaining BB diet identification. One-half of chicks from BB fed HO or OR were fed HC and the other one-half were fed inorganic (InO) sources of Zn, Cu and Mn, effectively creating 4 treatments for offspring phase (n = 6; 3 pens per sex). Body weight (BW), average daily feed intake (ADFI), average daily gain (ADG), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated. Results showed that parental diets did not significantly affect chicken BW, ADFI, ADG, or FCR. However, parental age had significant effects (Tables 5-8). Offspring from 46-wk BB had greater BW on d 10, 21, and 42, increased ADFI on all diets, greater ADG on starter and grower diets, and improved FCR on starter and grower diets. Chicks fed HC diets displayed greater BW, ADFI, and ADG in certain phases. Overall, the study highlights the importance of TM sources and parental age in influencing broiler performance.