bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of young students' thinking when completing basic coding tasks using Scratch Jnr. On the iPad
Authors: Falloon G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent government moves in many countries have seen coding included in school curricula, or promoted as part of computing, mathematics or science programmes. While these moves have generally been associated with a need to engage more young people in technology study, research has hinted at possible benefits from learning to program including fostering general thinking skills. However, little research has been carried out exploring these ideas. This study analysed data collected while 5‐ and 6‐year‐old students in a New Zealand primary school were using Scratch Jnr. to learn about basic shapes, as part of a numeracy topic. Analysis combined Brennan and Resnick's (2012) computational thinking skills framework and Krathwohl's (2002) revision of Bloom's Taxonomy to evaluate any role general thinking skills played in these students' coding work. Results suggest including basic coding in primary curricula provides teachers with an effective means of exercising their students' general and higher order thinking skills. They build on Brennan and Resnick's (2012) framework by including conceptualization as an important element in students' computational work and highlight the role of predictive thinking in debugging code. Findings support historical arguments that more needs to be done to investigate students' cognitive processes when undertaking computational work.Lay descriptionWhat is already known about the topic:

Computational learning is an emerging area of school curricula;
Limited research exists exploring thinking processes within computational learning;
Early studies challenge more recent claims of thinking skill transfer from computational work.
What this paper adds:

Computational work supports a range of general and higher order thinking skills;
Task design and teacher skills are critical to achieving higher order thinking outcomes from computational work;
Computational work in teams can support collaborative, cooperative and self‐management key competencies.
Implications for practice and/or policy:

Findings broaden the base of empirical support for including computational work in school curricula;
Coding provides an engaging means of exercising complex thinking skills and key competencies in students;
The data methods used provide teachers with visible evidence of students' thinking processes during computational work.
FamilyPso – a new questionnaire to assess the impact of psoriasis on partners and family of patients
Authors: Mrowietz U. , Hartmann A. , Weißmann W. , Zschocke I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundPsoriasis is a lifelong disease for which there is no cure. It has been conclusively shown across all ethnicities that patients suffering from psoriasis have a significantly reduced health‐related quality of life and a high disease burden.ObjectiveSurprisingly little is known about the impact of a patient's psoriasis on partners or family members.MethodsTo address this issue a systematic literature search has been conducted and interviews with relatives of psoriasis patients living in the same household were performed. From this collected information, items were generated that were commonly mentioned to affect living and tested in a large group of relatives before the final item selection was done.ResultsA first set of 29 items was selected and tested in a study with 96 patient relatives. After adjustment and statistical analysis, the final FamilyPso questionnaire was condensed to 15 items to assess the burden of partners or family members living together with psoriasis patients.ConclusionThe FamilyPso enables physicians to achieve a better understanding of the impact of psoriasis as a lifelong chronic disease on partners and the family environment.
Impact of immunogenicity on pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety of adalimumab in adult patients with moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis
Authors: Mostafa N.M. , Nader A.M. , Noertersheuser P. , Okun M. , Awni W.M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundAdalimumab is a tumour necrosis factor‐alpha antibody approved for treatment of moderate to severe chronic plaque psoriasis.ObjectiveTo characterise population pharmacokinetics of adalimumab 40 mg every other week dosing regimen and impact of immunogenicity on pharmacokinetics, efficacy and safety in psoriasis patients.MethodsPatients were enrolled in a Phase 3 study comprising a 16‐week double‐blind, placebo‐controlled period, a 17‐week open‐label period for Week 16 Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI) 75 responders, and a 19‐week double‐blind, placebo‐controlled period for Week 33 PASI 75 responders. Serum adalimumab and anti‐adalimumab antibody (AAA) concentrations were measured and a population pharmacokinetic model devleoped to identify patient/disease factors affecting adalimumab pharmacokinetics. Impact of immunogenicity on treatment efficacy and safety was also assessed.ResultsWeek 33 mean adalimumab concentration was 5.2 μg/mL. Week 16 responders had higher adalimumab concentrations than non‐responders (6.3 vs. 2.2 μg/mL). Bodyweight and study were significant covariates in population pharmacokinetic model with weight accounting for 19% and 29% of variability in adalimumab clearance and volume of distribution, respectively. A total of 8.8% of adalimumab‐treated patients tested AAA positive and had twofold higher adalimumab clearance. PASI 75 response rate was comparable between AAA+ and AAA− patients at Weeks 33 and 52 (Week 33: 36% vs. 22.5%, Week 52: 21.1% vs. 17.8%) and adverse events incidence was similar between the two groups.ConclusionsPatient weight and study significantly affect adalimumab clearance and volume of distribution in psoriasis patients. Development of AAAs result in lower adalimumab exposure and efficacy with no effect on adverse events incidence.
Persistently elevated circulating Th22 reversely correlates with prognosis in HBV‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure
Authors: Mo Ruidong , Wang Peng , Lai Rongtao , Li Fanlu , Liu Yuhan , Jiang Shaowen , Zhao Gangde , Guo Simin , Zhou Huijuan , Lin Lanyi , Lu Jie , Cai Wei , Wang Hui , Yu Hong , Bao Shisan , Xiang Xiaogang , Xie Qing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground and AimHepatitis B virus‐related acute‐on‐chronic liver failure (HBV‐ACLF) is an acute deterioration of liver function on chronic liver disease with immune disorder. Th22 cells and IL‐22 were correlated with inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, Th22 cells and IL‐22 in the pathogenesis of HBV‐ACLF remains to be elucidated. It was investigated the correlation between Th22 and prognosis in HBV‐ACLF.MethodsSeventy‐one HBV‐ACLF and 65 chronic hepatitis B patients were recruited. The peripheral frequencies of Th22, Th17 and Th1, or IL‐22 and IL‐17 were determined, using flow cytometry or ELISA, respectively. It was further analyzed the correlation between Th22 mediated circulating IL‐22 and survival rate of HBV‐ACLF patients.ResultsIt was upregulated that the peripheral frequencies of Th22/Th17 cells as well as plasma IL‐22 and IL‐17 in HBV‐ACLF patients, but the frequency of Th1 cells was decreased, compared with health controls. Elevated Th22 cells and IL‐22 were correlated with HBV‐ACLF disease severity. Elevated plasma IL‐22 level (>29.5 pg/ml) was correlated with poor survival rate of HBV‐ACLF patients at baseline, using Kaplan–Meier analysis.ConclusionsPersistently elevated circulating Th22 reversely correlates with prognosis in HBV‐ACLF. Th22 cells/IL‐22 might be served as biomarkers for evaluating the prognosis of HBV‐ACLF.
Septal Ablation and Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy: 7 Years US Experience
Authors: Chothani Ankit , Panaich Sidakpal S. , Patel Nilay , Patel Nileshkumar J. , Arora Shilpkumar , Deshmukh Abhishek , Grines Cindy , Badheka Apurva O. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundSeptal ablation (SA) is a key modality for left ventricular outflow tract gradient reduction in hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM) patients with refractory symptoms. The primary objective of our study was to evaluate post‐procedural mortality, complications, length of stay (LOS), and cost of hospitalization following SA.MethodsWe queried the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) between 2005 and 2011 using the ICD9 procedure code of 37.34 for ablation of heart tissue. Only adult patients with HOCM (ICD‐9‐CM: 425.1) were included. Patients with any arrhythmia diagnosis or open surgical ablation procedure code were excluded. Hierarchical mixed effects models were generated in order to identify the independent multivariate predictors of outcomes.ResultsA total of 358 SAs were available for analysis. There was no reported mortality during the study period; permanent pacemaker implantation rate was 8.7%. Highest hospital volume tertile (OR, 95%CI, P‐ value) predicted significantly lower post‐procedural complications (0.51, 0.26–0.98, P = 0.04). Univariate analysis of highest versus lowest tertile of hospital volume showed significant decrease in LOS (2.6 days vs. 3.8 days, P<0.01) and non‐significant decrease hospitalization costs (16,800$ vs. 19,500$, P = 0.29).ConclusionsSA is a safe procedure and associated with low peri‐ procedural mortality rate. A higher burden of baseline comorbidities is associated with worse outcomes while higher annual hospital volume is associated with lower rate of post‐procedural complications, length of stay, and cost of care following SA.
Effectiveness of Alcohol Septal Ablation Versus Transaortic Extended Myectomy in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy with Midventricular Obstruction
Authors: Yang Yin‐Jian , Fan Chao‐Mei , Yuan Jin‐Qing , Wang Shui‐Yun , Song Yun‐Hu , Qiao Shu‐Bin , You Shi‐Jie , Wang Zhi‐Min , Duan Fu‐Jian , Li Yi‐Shi 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesInvestigate the effectiveness of alcohol septal ablation (ASA) and transaortic extended myectomy (TEM) in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) with midventricular obstruction (MVO).BackgroundMVO is less common than subaortic obstruction. Data on the effectiveness of ASA and TEM in MVO are lacking.MethodsThe clinical profiles of 22 patients undergoing ASA and 37 patients undergoing TEM were compared. No patient had apical aneurysm, abnormal chordae, mitral valve replacement or repair.ResultsBaseline midventricular pressure gradient and symptoms were comparable between the ASA and TEM groups. During follow‐up, both groups demonstrated substantial reduction in pressure gradient (the ASA group: 79.7 ± 21.2 mm Hg to 43.7 ± 28.9 mm Hg, P < 0.001; the TEM group: 69.0 ± 23.9 mm Hg to 15.0 ± 16.9 mm Hg, P < 0.001). The reduction in pressure gradient was greater (78.9 ± 18.6% vs. 46.4 ± 33.4%, P < 0.001) and the residual pressure gradient was lower after TEM versus ASA (P < 0.001). Patients with New York Heart Association class III/IV dyspnea decreased from 59.1 to 18.2% (P = 0.022) in the ASA group and from 56.8 to 5.6% (P < 0.001) in the TEM group. Patients with Canadian Cardiovascular Society class III/IV angina decreased from 40.9 to 9.1% (P = 0.016) in the ASA group and from 32.4 to 0% (P < 0.001) in the TEM group.ConclusionsWhile ASA and TEM both improve gradients and symptoms, TEM may provide a more reliable reduction in gradients compared to ASA.
Longitudinal association of dentition status with dietary intake in Japanese adults aged 75 to 80 years
Authors: Iwasaki M. , Yoshihara A. , Ogawa H. , Sato M. , Muramatsu K. , Watanabe R. , Ansai T. , Miyazaki H. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryLimited information is available on the temporal association between dentition status and dietary intake. The aim of this 5‐year prospective cohort study was to investigate whether impaired dentition was associated with subsequent decline in dietary intake in older Japanese adults. Two hundred and eighty‐six community‐dwelling Japanese individuals, all aged 75 years at baseline, were included in the study. Functional tooth units (FTUs), defined as a pair of opposing natural or prosthetic teeth excluding third molars (range: 0–14), were counted on the basis of baseline dental examinations. Individuals with ≤5 FTUs were defined as having impaired dentition. Dietary intake was assessed at baseline and 5 years later, using a validated dietary questionnaire. Robust regression analyses were used to evaluate the differences in change in dietary intake between participants with and without impaired functional dentition, after adjustment for potential confounders. Sixty‐one study participants (21·3 %) were defined as having impaired dentition. Overall, mean values for all estimated dietary variables (energy, nutrients and food groups) declined over time. Notably, individuals with impaired dentition demonstrated a significantly (P < 0·05) greater degree of decline in the intake of multiple nutrients (protein, sodium, potassium, calcium, vitamin A, vitamin E and dietary fibre) and food groups (vegetable and meat) than those without impaired dentition, after adjusting for potential confounders. The results of this study describe the temporal association of impaired dentition with the decline in selected nutrient and food group intake among older Japanese adults.
Pharmacological sedation management in the paediatric intensive care unit
Authors: Baarslag Manuel A , Allegaert Karel , Knibbe Catherijne A J , van Dijk Monique , Tibboel Dick 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Objective
This review addresses sedation management on paediatric intensive care units and possible gaps in the knowledge of optimal sedation strategies. We present an overview of the commonly used sedatives and their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic considerations in children, as well as the ongoing studies in this field. Also, sedation guidelines and current sedation strategies and assessment methods are addressed.

Key findings
This review shows that evidence and pharmacokinetic data are scarce, but fortunately, there is an active research scene with promising new PK and PD data of sedatives in children using new study designs with application of advanced laboratory methods and modelling. The lack of evidence is increasingly being recognized by authorities and legislative offices such as the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and European Medicines Agency (EMA).

Conclusion
The population in question is very heterogeneous and this overview can aid clinicians and researchers in moving from practice-based sedation management towards more evidence- or model-based practice. Still, paediatric sedation management can be improved in other ways than pharmacology only, so future research should aim on sedation assessment and implementation strategies of protocolized sedation as well.
Alcohol words elicit reactive cognitive control in low‐sensitivity drinkers
Authors: Bailey Kira , Bartholow Bruce D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPrevious ERP studies shown support for the idea that alcohol‐related stimuli are particularly salient to individuals who report low sensitivity (LS) to alcohol's effects (a known risk factor for alcohol‐related problems), leading such stimuli to spontaneously capture their attention and interfere with self‐regulatory goal pursuit. The current study investigated LS individuals' use of reactive and proactive cognitive control in response to alcohol‐related stimuli. Participants performed an alcohol Stroop task in which they indicated the font color of alcohol‐ and nonalcohol‐related words while ERPs were recorded. The probability of alcohol and nonalcohol words was manipulated to test predictions derived from Dual Mechanisms of Control theory. Among LS individuals, infrequent alcohol‐related words elicited slower responses and larger N2 amplitude, consistent with these stimuli eliciting enhanced reactive control responses. Amplitude of the frontal slow wave (FSW) component, associated with proactive control, was marginally larger among LS individuals when alcohol words were more frequent, but response accuracy was lower. These findings demonstrate that LS individuals experience conflict when presented with task‐irrelevant alcohol‐related stimuli, even in a context where conflict arguably should not be present. Findings further suggest that LS individuals can effectively implement reactive control to deal with this conflict when it is infrequent but have difficulty implementing proactive control in the context of more frequent conflict.
Analysis of clinical, demographic, socioeconomic, and psychosocial determinants of quality of life of persons with intellectual disability: a cross‐sectional Study
Authors: Alves Nayara Silva , Gavina Victor Pinheiro , Cortellazzi Karine Laura , Antunes Lívia Azeredo Alves , Silveira Flávia Maia , Assaf Andréa Videira 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAimsTo evaluate the perception of parents about the impact of oral problems in their children, and of demographic, socioeconomic and psychosocial factors on the oral health‐related quality of life (OHRQoL) of Brazilian adolescents and young adults with intellectual disability (ID), in 2014.MethodsThe sample consisted of 119 individuals. Data collection was performed in stages: calibration and pilot study; Application of questionnaires; Exam of caries, periodontal and need for dental prostheses, in accordance with the World Health Organization criteria. The data were subjected to both bivariate and multivariate analyses to test the association of independent variables with the dependent variable (QoL).ResultsWorse QoL was associated with the presence of periodontal pocket (p = 0.03; OR = 2.50; 95% CI 1.06 to 5.90), treatment need (p = 0.01; OR = 5.00; 95% CI 1.37 to 18.31), and need for dental prostheses (p = 0.03; OR = 2.89; 95% CI 1.13 to 7.37).ConclusionIt was concluded that clinical determinants had the greatest influence on OHRQoL of individuals with ID.
Percentiles of Lymphocyte Subsets in Preterm Infants According to Gestational Age Compared to Children and Adolescents
Authors: Huenecke S. , Fryns E. , Wittekindt B. , Buxmann H. , Königs C. , Quaiser A. , Fischer D. , Bremm M. , Klingebiel T. , Koehl U. , Schloesser R. , Bochennek K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPreterm newborns show an increased susceptibility to infections, conceivably related to their immature immune system. To gain further knowledge about the immune development in early preterm infants, we aimed to establish references for lymphocyte subsets and compare the maturation process during hospitalization to healthy term‐born children and adolescents. For this purpose, peripheral blood samples (n = 153) were collected from 40 preterm infants, gestational age (GA) 26–30 week between 2nd and 6th day of life, and were monitored in intervals of every 2 or rather 4 weeks until the end of hospitalization. Furthermore, we analysed single sample controls of 10 term neonates. We compared these data with results of a study in healthy children and adolescent (n = 176). Flow cytometry of immune cell subsets was performed as single‐platform analysis using 10‐colour flow cytometry. Based on preterm's age, our percentile model allows readout of absolute cell count for lymphocytes, B cells, T cells, NK cells, T8 and T4 cells. The median (minimum) value of T‐, B‐ and NK cells after birth was 2800 (600), 790 (120) and 140 (20) cells/μl, respectively. Major differences were found in absolute cell numbers of B cells, and in the frequency of regulatory T cells, most pronounced in the earliest preterm infants (GA 26). Compared to healthy children and adolescents, preterm infants reached lymphocyte counts in between the 5th and 50th percentile when discharging the hospital. This prospective observational study provides reference percentiles for lymphocytes subsets of preterm infants. These data are conducive to interpret immunological capability of preterm infants with possible immune disorders appropriate.
Optimal conditions for the performance of a monocyte monolayer assay
Authors: Tong Tik Nga , Burke‐Murphy Emeralda , Sakac Darinka , Pendergrast Jacob , Cserti‐Gazdewich Christine , Laroche Vincent , Branch Donald R. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDVarious versions of the monocyte monolayer assay (MMA) have been used to assess clinical significance of red blood cell (RBC) alloantibodies in transfusion for more than 35 years. However, the optimal conditions, including anticoagulant used for whole blood samples, temperature and duration of storage, and optimal pH for assessing the response of monocytes to antibody‐bound RBCs, have never been clearly delineated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWhole blood from healthy donors was collected in ACD, EDTA, or heparin and stored at room temperature (RT) versus 4°C for up to 2 days. pH was examined with and without buffers. Phagocytosis of anti‐D–opsonized R2R2 RBCs was used as the positive control for comparison studies. Whole blood was taken into ACD and kept at RT until testing, from patients with or without immune hemolytic anemia.RESULTSNo significant differences in the phagocytosis of the R2R2 control RBCs were observed using ACD anticoagulant between freshly drawn or up to 36‐hour‐stored whole blood kept at RT, regardless of the donor. Physiologic pH during MMA was important for optimal monocyte interactions with antibody‐opsonized RBCs. MMA results with patient samples, under optimal conditions, kept up to 30 hours in one instance of long‐distance shipment, correlated with clinical hemolysis.CONCLUSIONMMA can be reliably performed on whole blood samples drawn into ACD and kept at RT for up to 36 hours and when physiologic pH is maintained during the assay. Future studies are required to confirm whether use of these conditions with patient monocytes can provide accurate determination of alloantibody significance in patients requiring blood transfusion.
Bias voltage-dependent low field spin transport properties of Fe3O4–PEG with different particle sizes
Authors: Xu Chunlong , Wang Zhen , Wang Lei , Shi Gang , Hou Zhaoyang , Xi Li 
Published: August 2016

Spin-dependent transport properties of Fe3O4 spheres with diameters from 200 nm to 900 nm have been investigated and polyethylene glycol (PEG) exists on the surface of Fe3O4 particles. The nonlinear I–V curve became obvious with the increase of Fe3O4 diameter, which indicated the tunneling barrier height decreases with the increasing diameter. The magnetoresistance (MR) can reach −13% with an applied low field of 0.2 T at room temperature. With the diameter increase, the MR decreases and the required applied field increases. Moreover, the decrease of MR with the bias voltage increase can be attributed to the spin-dependent tunneling effect through the insulating surface layer of Fe3O4 and PEG.