bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IFN-λ4 Attenuates Antiviral Responses by Enhancing Negative Regulation of IFN Signaling
Authors: Obajemu Adeola A. , Rao Nina , Dilley Kari A. , Vargas Joselin M. , Sheikh Faruk , Donnelly Raymond P. , Shabman Reed S. , Meissner Eric G. , Prokunina-Olsson Ludmila , Onabajo Olusegun O. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Type III IFNs are important mediators of antiviral immunity. IFN-λ4 is a unique type III IFN because it is produced only in individuals who carry a dG allele of a genetic variant rs368234815-dG/TT. Counterintuitively, those individuals who can produce IFN-λ4, an antiviral cytokine, are also less likely to clear hepatitis C virus infection. In this study, we searched for unique functional properties of IFN-λ4 that might explain its negative effect on hepatitis C virus clearance. We used fresh primary human hepatocytes (PHHs) treated with recombinant type III IFNs or infected with Sendai virus to model acute viral infection and subsequently validated our findings in HepG2 cell line models. Endogenous IFN-λ4 protein was detectable only in Sendai virus–infected PHHs from individuals with the dG allele, where it was poorly secreted but highly functional, even at concentrations &lt; 50 pg/ml. IFN-λ4 acted faster than other type III IFNs in inducing antiviral genes, as well as negative regulators of the IFN response, such as USP18 and SOCS1. Transient treatment of PHHs with IFN-λ4, but not IFN-λ3, caused a strong and sustained induction of SOCS1 and refractoriness to further stimulation with IFN-λ3. Our results suggest unique functional properties of IFN-λ4 that can be important in viral clearance and other clinical conditions.
Faculty Development on Clinical Teaching Skills: An Effective Model for the Busy Clinician
Authors: Damp Julie B. , Dewey Charlene M. , Wells Quinn , Horn Leora , Kroop Susan F. , Mendes Lisa 
Published: October 2017

Introduction The authors developed and evaluated a faculty development program on clinical teaching skills to address barriers to participation and to impact teaching behaviors. Methods Four one-hour workshops were implemented over five months. Evaluation included participant satisfaction and pre/post self-assessment. Pre/post faculty teaching ratings by trainees were compared. Results A total of 82% of faculty ( N = 41) attended. Participants rated workshops highly (mean, 4.43/5.00). Self-assessment of skills and comfort with teaching activities improved. A total of 59% of residents and 40% of fellows felt that teaching received from participating faculty was highly effective. The majority observed targeted teaching behaviors by the faculty. Teaching ratings improved after the workshops ( P = 0.042). Conclusion Our series of short workshops during a standing conference time was associated with increased self-assessed skill and comfort and an increase in faculty ratings on teaching evaluations. Effective faculty development programs can be implemented in flexible formats and overcome common barriers to participation.
Devising Effective Policies for Bug-Bounty Platforms and Security Vulnerability Discovery
Authors: Zhao Mingyi , Laszka Aron , Grossklags Jens 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Bug-bounty programs have the potential to harvest the effort and diverse knowledge of thousands of independent security researchers, but running them at scale is challenging due to misaligned incentives and misallocation of effort. In our research, we discuss these challenges in detail and present relevant empirical data. We develop an economic framework consisting of two models that focus on evaluating different policies for improving the effectiveness of bug-bounty programs. Further, we discuss regulatory policy challenges and questions related to vulnerability research and disclosure, such as mandatory bug bounties and the relation to other cybersecurity policies.
Health on the Net: Do Website Searches Return Reliable Health Information on Hemorrhoids and Their Treatment?
Authors: Ng Matthew W. , Smith Riley , Wickramesinghe Nilmini , Smart Philip J. , Lawrentschuk Nathan 
Published: October 2017

Objective:
To analyze the quality of health information on the Internet on hemorrhoids across 5 Western languages and perform a comparative analysis of website sponsors.

Summary of background data:
Hemorrhoids are a common condition affecting the hemorrhoid cushions of the anal canal. Many treatment options are available. Information on the Internet on hemorrhoids is considered variable, but there is little data analysis to support this. The World Health Organization's Health On the Net (HON) accredits medical and health websites based on a code of conduct and publishes a toolbar that aids identification of such accredited websites.

Methods:
Using the Google search engine (http://www.google.com, Google, Mountain View, California), searches were performed using 11 keywords related to hemorrhoids in English, French, German, Italian, and Spanish. Health On the Net accreditation was determined to assess quality website information. The first 150 websites in each language had their adherence to the HON principles analyzed, and English websites were analyzed to determine sponsorship source.

Results:
Of the 8250 websites analysed, 586 (7.1%) were found to HON-accredited. The rate of HON accreditation ranged from 2.0% (piles) to 10.0% (hemorrhoids), with higher-ranking results having higher rates of HON accreditation (P &lt; 0.001).

Conclusion:
There is a paucity of high-quality information on the Internet; however, the Google search algorithm prioritizes high-quality information in its web search results.
SEMI-ABELIAN SURFACES AND INTEGRABLE SYSTEMS
Authors: Faye Ibrahima 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe study some weight-homogeneous systems which are not algebraically completely integrable (ACI) in the sense of Adler and van Moerebeke, but whose invariant level surface completes into a semi-abelian variety by adding a set of points (thus ACI in the sense of Mumford).AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 37J35. Secondary 14H70; 37N05; 70E40
Response of improved robusta coffee to location and management practices
in Ghana
Authors: Amoah F. M. , Osei-Bonsu K. , Oppong F. K. 
Published: July 2002

Studies were carried out at three locations in Ghana to investigate the effects of Glyricidia maculata shade intensity and of the spacing of coffee on the growth and yield of improved robusta coffee. The three locations selected fall within ecological
zones which could be described as suitable, moderately and marginally suitable in terms of rainfall availability and soil conditions.The experimental design was a split plot with shade as the main plot and coffee spacing as the sub-plot. The four levels of shade were: no shade, and Glyricidia maculata at densities of 70, 90 and 185 per ha corresponding to sparse, moderate and heavy shade conditions. The coffee spacings were 3 m×2 m, 3 m×2.2 m, 3.5 m×2 m and 3.5 m×2.5 m giving plant populations of 1670, 1520,
1430 and 1140 per hectare, respectively.There were no effects of shade or spacing on coffee seedling growth at all locations during establishment. Sparse shade gave higher yields in the suitable areas. Moderate shade was required for the moderately and marginally suitable areas. In general, closely spaced coffee gave higher yields than the widely spaced coffee at the suitable and moderately suitable areas whilst there was virtually no response to coffee spacing in the marginally suitable area. There were no interaction effects of shade and spacing on coffee growth or yield.
Biennial alternation of coffee-bearing associated with seedling materials was observed
in this study.
THE VARIETIES OF CONTEXTS IN EARLY STUART INTELLECTUAL HISTORY
Authors: AHNERT THOMAS 
Published: July 2002

Discourse on history, law, and governance in the public career of John Selden, 1610–1635. By Paul
Christianson. London: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+451. ISBN 0 8020
0838 0. £48.00.Sovereignty and the sword: Harrington, Hobbes, and mixed government in the English Civil Wars.
By Arihiro Fukuda. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. ix+175. ISBN 0 19 8206836.
£35.00.The intellectual origins of the English Revolution revisited. By Christopher Hill. Oxford:
Clarendon Press, 1997. Pp. xi+422. ISBN 0 19 820668 2. £25.00.Constant minds: political virtue and the Lipsian paradigm in England, 1584–1650. By Adriana
McCrea. London: University of Toronto Press, 1997. Pp. xiii+342. ISBN 0 8020 0666
3. £49.00.Sir Henry Vane, theologian: a study in seventeenth-century religious and political discourse. By
David Parnham. London: Associated University Presses, 1997. Pp. 370. ISBN 0 8386
3681 0. £39.50.King James VI and I and the reunion of Christendom. By W. B. Patterson. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1997. Pp. xv+409. ISBN 0 521 41805 4. £40.00 (pb,
£15.95).Jacobean gentleman: Sir Edwin Sandys, 1561–1629. By Theodore K. Rabb. Princeton:
Princeton University Press, 1998. Pp. xii+412. ISBN 0 691 02694 7. £37.50.Francis Bacon. By Perez Zagorin. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Pp. xvi+286. ISBN 0 691 05928 4. £35.00 (pb, £10.50).
MODERN JAPAN'S TROUBLED PURSUIT OF ‘WEALTH AND POWER’
Authors: LARGE STEPHEN S. 
Published: July 2002

Japan through American eyes: the journal of Francis Hall, Kanagawa

and Yokohama, 1859–1866.

Edited and annotated by F. G. Notehelfer. Princeton: Princeton

University Press, 1992. Pp. 652. £39.00.Sabotaging the shogun: Western diplomats open Japan, 1859–69.

By John McMaster. New

York: Vantage Press, 1992. Pp. 201. $16.95.Japan and the world since 1868. By Michael A.

Barnhart. London: Edward Arnold, 1995.

Pp. 198. £40.00 hbk: £13.99 pbk.The abacus and the sword: the Japanese penetration of Korea,

1895–1910. By Peter Duus.

Berkeley and London: University of California Press, 1995. Pp. 480. £37.50.Race and migration in Imperial Japan. By Michael Weiner.

London and New York:

Routledge, 1994. Pp. 278. £37.50.Voluntary death in Japan. By Maurice Pinguet. Oxford:

Polity Press, 1993. Pp. 365. £45.00.Shōwa: the Japan of Hirohito. Edited by Carol Gluck

and Stephen R. Graubard. London

and New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 1992. Pp. 315. £8.95.Arming Japan: defence production, alliance politics, and the

postwar search for autonomy. By

Michael J. Green. New York: Columbia University Press, 1995. Pp. 206. £30.00.The technological transformation of Japan: from the seventeenth
to

the twenty-first century. By

Tessa Morris-Suzuki. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press,
1994.

Pp. 304. £35.00.The emptiness of Japanese affluence. By Gavan McCormack.

Armonk, New York and

London: M. E. Sharpe, 1996. Pp. 311. £16.95.
‘NO NEED...TO THINK OF HOME’? MASCULINITY
AND DOMESTIC LIFE ON THE NIGERIAN RAILWAY,
c. 1940–61
Authors: LINDSAY LISA A. 
Published: July 2002

In 1950, a young man named Ayo Salako went to work for the Nigerian

railway as a casual laborer. He hoped to be like his father, a locomotive
driver
who had worked for the railway from 1916 to his death thirty-four years

later. Indeed, Ayo Salako became a successful railwayman, climbing the

career ladder to locomotive driver, transferring to a number of different

stations and retiring with a pension in 1987. Although the two generations
of
men both made long, continuous careers in railway employment, Ayo Salako

was rather different from his father in terms of his domestic life. The
elder
Salako had parlayed his employment success into a polygamous marriage and

the maintenance of a farm and patron–client relations in his hometown
of
Ogbomosho. His son, in contrast, married his current wife only after the

dissolution of a previous marriage, visited Ogbomosho infrequently and

retired in Ibadan rather than in his patrilineal hometown. During his career

he saw himself as a modernizer, involved with industrial technology, well-traveled

within the country, monogamous, and building a life and educating
his children in the booming towns of post-war Nigeria.Ayo Salako's young adulthood during the 1940s and 1950s coincided
with
important economic, social and political transformations in Nigeria and

throughout Africa. The Second World War and the end of the depression
brought economic expansion and a new wave of government interventionism.

Cities were swollen with migrants looking for cash and the independence

from elders that came with it. African railways expanded to meet new
demands for transport and their work forces were among the largest and

most politically active on the continent. Faced with imperial financial

pressures and widespread African dissent, officials were turning to new

policies for the colonies. Ambitious planners attempted to rationalize
peasant
agriculture to increase production, stabilize wage labor to improve efficiency,

reshape African cities to make them less ‘disorderly’ and mold
African
family life to conform more closely to a bourgeois European image.
Sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris) response to residual soil N
under Mediterranean agronomic practices
Authors: MARTÍN-OLMEDO P. , MURILLO J. M. , CABRERA F. , LÓPEZ R. 
Published: July 2002

Autumn-sown sugarbeet (Beta vulgaris L.) responses (sugar yield, plant N-uptake and juice quality)
were studied in relation to the residual NO3−-N in a soil of southwestern Spain which, for the previous
five years (1989–93), had received high N rates, in accordance with conventional fertilization
schedules used by farmers in the area. Three different combinations of fertilizers, supplying equal
amounts of N, were used during the fertilization period (1989–93): a mineral fertilization treatment
(MF, a complex 15N-15P2O5-15K2O) and two organo-mineral fertilization treatments (an olive mill
wastewater sludge compost, AC, and a depotassified concentrated beet vinasse, V). All these
treatments also received a top-dressing with urea (46% N). A control treatment (C), without
fertilization was included for comparison.During the major part of the beet growing season, the presence of almost four times as much
mineral N in the 0·100 cm soil layer of previously fertilized plots (AC, V and MF) than in the
unfertilized one (C), led to a significant increase (P<0·05) in total fresh weight yield and N-uptake,
but also to a significant decrease (P<0·05) in sugar content and beet processing quality. The time
course of NO3−-N concentration in sugarbeet petioles and the evolution of the nutritional state of
leaf-blades gave advance information about the final response of the crop to the different fertilization
treatments. Besides N, Na was the element which, due to the repeated and high fertilization rates
applied, had a major effect in reducing the technological quality of the sugarbeet.
The generation of internal waves by vibrating

elliptic cylinders. Part 1. Inviscid solution
Authors: HURLEY D. G. 
Published: July 2002

We consider the internal gravity waves that are produced in an

inviscid Boussinesq

fluid, whose Brunt–Väisälä frequency N is

constant, by the small rectilinear vibrations

of a horizontal elliptic cylinder whose major axis is inclined at an

arbitrary angle to the

horizontal. When the angular frequency ω is greater than N,

no waves are produced

and the governing elliptic equation is solved using conformal transformations.

Analytic continuation in ω to values less than N, when

waves are produced, is then used

to determine the solution. It exhibits the surprising feature that,

apart from certain

phase differences, the form of the velocity distributions in each of

the beams of waves

that occur is the same for all values of the thickness ratio of the

ellipse, the inclination

of its major axis to the horizontal and the plane in which the vibrations

are occurring.

The Fourier decomposition of the velocity distribution is found and is
used

in a sequel, Part 2, to investigate the effects of viscous dissipation.In an important paper Makarov et al. (1990) have given

an approximate solution for

a vibrating circular cylinder in a viscous fluid. We show that the limit

of this solution as the viscosity tends to zero is not the exact inviscid
solution

discussed herein. Further

comparison of their work and ours will be made in Part 2.
Oscillatory two- and three-dimensional thermocapillary convection
Authors: XU JIEYONG , ZEBIB ABDELFATTAH 
Published: July 2002

The character and stability of two- and three-dimensional thermocapillary
driven
convection are investigated by numerical simulations. In two dimensions,
Hopf bifurcation
neutral curves are delineated for fluids with Prandtl numbers (Pr)
10.0, 6.78,
4.4 and 1.0 in the Reynolds number (Re)–cavity aspect ratio

(Ax) plane corresponding to
Re[les ]1.3×104 and Ax[les ]7.0.

It is found that time-dependent motion is only
possible if Ax exceeds a critical value,
Axcr, which increases with decreasing Pr.
There
are two coexisting neutral curves for Pr[ges ]4.4. Streamline and
isotherm patterns are
presented at different Re and Ax

corresponding to stationary and oscillatory states.
Energy analyses of oscillatory flows are performed in the neighbourhood
of critical
points to determine the mechanisms leading to instability. Results are
provided
for flows near both critical points of the first unstable region with
Ax=3.0 and Pr=10.In three dimensions, attention is focused on the influence of sidewalls,
located at
y=0 and y=Ay, and
spanwise motion on the transition. In general, sidewalls have
a damping effect on oscillations and hence increase the magnitude of the
first critical
Re. However, the existence of spanwise waves can reduce this critical

Re. At large
aspect ratios Ax=Ay=15,

our results with Pr=13.9 at the lower critical Reynolds
number of the first unstable region are in good agreement with those from
infinite
layer linear stability analysis.
Turbulent mixing by breaking gravity waves
Authors: DÖRNBRACK ANDREAS 
Published: July 2002

The characteristics of turbulence caused by three-dimensional breaking
of internal
gravity waves beneath a critical level are investigated by means of high-resolution

numerical simulations. The flow evolves in three stages. In the first one
the flow is
two-dimensional: internal gravity waves propagate vertically upwards and
create a
convectively unstable region beneath the critical level. Convective instability
leads to
turbulent breakdown in the second stage. The developing three-dimensional
mixed region
is organized into shear-driven overturning rolls in the plane of wave propagation

and into counter-rotating streamwise vortices in the spanwise plane. The
production
of turbulent kinetic energy by shear is maximum. In the last stage, shear
production
and mechanical dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy balance.The evolution of the flow depends on topographic parameters (wavelength
and amplitude),
on shear and stratification as well as on viscosity. Here, only the implications

of the viscosity for the instability structure and evolution in terms of
the Reynolds
number are considered. Smaller viscosity leads to earlier onset of convective

instability and overturning waves. However, viscosity retards the onset
of smaller-scale
three-dimensional instabilities and leads to a reduced momentum transfer
to the mean
flow below the critical level. Hence, the formation of secondary overturning
rolls is
sustained by lower viscosity.The budgets of total kinetic and potential energies are calculated.
Although the
domain-averaged turbulent kinetic energy is less than 1% of the total kinetic
energy,
it is strong enough to form a patchy and intermittent turbulent mixed layer
below
the critical level.
Dispersion of a ball settling through a quiescent
neutrally buoyant suspension
Authors: ABBOTT JAMES R. , GRAHAM ALAN L. , MONDY LISA A. , BRENNER HOWARD 
Published: July 2002

Individual falling balls were allowed to settle through otherwise
quiescent well-mixed
suspensions of non-colloidal neutrally buoyant spheres dispersed in a Newtonian

liquid. Balls were tracked in three dimensions to determine the variances
in their
positions about a mean uniform vertical settling path. The primary experimental

parameters investigated were the size of the falling ball and the volume
fraction
and size of the suspended particles. Unlike the horizontal variances, the
vertical
variances were found to be affected by short-time deterministic behaviour
relating
to the instantaneous local configurational arrangement of the suspended
particles.
For sufficiently long intervals between successive observations, the trajectories
of
the balls were observed to disperse about their mean settling paths in
a random
manner. This points to the existence of a Gaussian hydrodynamic dispersivity
that
characterizes the linear temporal growth of the variance in the position
of a falling
ball. The functional dependence of these horizontal and vertical dispersivities
upon
the parameters investigated was established.The dispersivity dyadic was observed to be transversely isotropic with
respect to
the direction of gravity, with the vertical component at least 25 times
larger than
the horizontal component. The vertical dispersivity Dˆv

(made dimensionless with the
diameter of the suspended spheres and the mean settling velocity) was observed

to decrease with increasing falling ball diameter, but to decrease less
rapidly with
concentration than theoretically predicted for very dilute suspensions;
moreover,
for falling balls equal in size to the suspended spheres,
Dˆv increased linearly with
increasing volume fraction ϕ of suspended solids.In addition to the above experiments performed on suspensions of spheres,
previously
published settling-velocity data on the fall of balls through neutrally
buoyant
suspensions of rods possessing an aspect ratio of 20 were re-analysed,
and vertical
dispersivities calculated therefrom. (These data, taken by several of the
present
investigators in conjunction with other researchers, had only been grossly
analysed in prior
publications to extract the mean settling velocity of the ball, no attempt
having been
made at the time to extract dispersivity data too.) The resulting vertical
dispersivities,
when rendered dimensionless with the rod length and mean settling velocity,
showed
no statistically significant dependence upon the falling-ball diameter;
moreover, all
other things being equal, these dispersivities were observed to increase
with increasing
rod concentration.