bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the Usefulness of Friction Tester Vehicles to Operate on Runway Pavement Surfaces
Authors: Wesołowski Mariusz , Barszcz Piotr , Blacha Krzysztof 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The assessment correctness of runway pavement surfaces is a crucial element ensuring safety during flight operations. Foreign and national normative documents specify the required values of coefficients of friction both for designed (new) and utilized runway pavement surfaces and/or those subject to planned renovation works. What is more, the above mentioned documents determine the minimum (limit) values for operated runway pavement surfaces. Furthermore, they also describe the general requirements as regards measuring devices applied to specify the roughness of runway pavement surfaces. The accepted repeatability (Equipment Variation) of coefficient of friction measurement is not sufficient to approve the device for roughness measurements of aerodrome functional elements. Due to this fact the device is authorized to take measurements of coefficient of friction under the condition that it is preceded by certain studies carried out in order to establish its usefulness. These research consist inter alia of the device evaluation in view of devices authorized to perform measurements, using statistical apparatus. Final evaluation of instrument usefulness includes additionally the whole gamut of technical problems associated with the operation process, its preparation, calibration (checking) before taking measurements and the measurements themselves.
Wybrane Problemy Badań Podwozia Statku Powietrznego
Authors: Rośkowicz Marek , Leszczyński Piotr 
Published: December 2016

Streszczenie
W artykule zaprezentowano wyniki badań eksperymentalnych wykonywanych w zakresie statycznej próby wytrzymałościowej podwozia głównego samolotu lekkiego i wyznaczenia charakterystyki pneumatyka koła podwozia głównego. Badania były wykonywane zgodnie z metodykami wykonywania testów na potrzeby rozwiązań wprowadzanych do konstrukcji lotniczych. Stwierdzono, że statyczne próby wytrzymałościowe podwozia nie powinny być realizowane z wykorzystaniem amortyzatorów, ponieważ element ten, wykazujący silne właściwości lepkosprężyste, obciążony statycznie ulega przemieszczeniom niespotykanym w normalnej eksploatacji statku powietrznego. Ponadnormatywne przemieszczenia amortyzatora powodują, że rozkład obciążeń w pozostałych elementach podwozia jest niezgodny z założeniami konstrukcyjnymi, co w konsekwencji prowadzi do przerwania próby przy istotnie niższych obciążeniach od zakładanych. Stwierdzono również, że do wyznaczania charakterystyk pneumatyka nie ma potrzeby wykonywania testów na całej goleni podwozia, ponieważ wyniki otrzymywane w próbie ściskania samego koła z pneumatykiem są identyczne jak w próbach prowadzonych zgodnie z metodyką. Proces przygotowania do testów z użyciem samego koła oraz ich realizacja jest mniej czasochłonna i mniej kosztowna oraz dodatkowo nie powoduje konieczności budowania złożonych stanowisk badawczych.
Dependability of the Exemplary Technical System for Assumed Functions of Defect Density
Authors: Stępień Sławomir , Grzesik Justyna 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The analysis of structural dependability of technical system, especially determining the change in dependability over time, requires knowledge on density function or the understanding of cumulative distribution function of components belonging to the structure. Based on previously registered data concerning component defect, it is relatively easy to establish the average uptime of component as well as the standard deviation for this time. However, defining distribution shape gives rise to some difficulties. Usually, we do not have the sufficient number of data at our disposal to verify the hypothesis regarding the distribution shape. Due to this fact, it is a common practice, depending on the case under consideration, to apply the function of defect density. However, the question arises: Does the incorrect determination of types of distributions of components leads to the big error of estimation results of dependability and system durability? This article will not respond to this question in whole, but one will conduct a comparison of calculation results for a few cases. The calculations were conducted for the exemplary technical system.
Effect of climatic changes on the development of the thermal-ice regime based on the example of Lake Charzykowskie (Poland)
Authors: Pius Bożena , Marszelewski Włodzimierz 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The paper discusses the course of air temperature in the years 1961-2014 in Chojnice (Central European Lowland), and its effect on water temperature and occurrence of ice cover on Lake Charzykowskie. An increase in mean annual air temperature was determined by 0.31°C per 10 years, and its even faster increase in the winter season (December-March), by 0.37°C per 10 years on average. An increase in mean annual water temperature in the lake by 0.24°C per 10 years also occurred. An increase in air and water temperature in winter months caused a reduction of the period of occurrence of ice cover. In the years 1961-2014, the persistence of ice cover was subject to a decrease by 3.7 days per 10 years on average, and the mean thickness of the ice cover decreased from 30 to 19 cm.
Long-term water temperature fluctuations in coastal rivers (southern Baltic) in Poland
Authors: Ptak Mariusz , Choiński Adam , Kirviel Jan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe paper presents water temperature fluctuations in coastal rivers (Rega, Parsęta, Słupia, Łupawa, Łeba) located in the southern Baltic Sea area in Poland. Based on the available detailed data on daily values of the analysed characteristic in the years 1971-2015, tendencies of changes in the period were determined. It includes an analysis of temperature fluctuations in reference to mean annual and mean monthly values. In all of the five cases, the mean annual temperature showed an increasing tendency. The value of water warming in particular rivers was approximate, and ranged from 0.26 °C∙dec-1to 0.31°C∙dec-1. At the monthly scale, the highest increase was recorded in April, and amounted to 0.46°C∙dec-1on average. Water temperature fluctuations were particularly determined by climatic changes, and strongly correlated with air temperature. Local factors characteristic for coastal rivers, i.e. presence of infrastructure of small water power plants and predominance of groundwater alimentation, had a secondary effect on changes in the thermal regime of the analysed rivers.
Sediment origin and pedogenesis in the former mill pond basin of Turznice (north-central Poland) based on magnetic susceptibility measurements
Authors: Mendyk Łukasz , Hulisz Piotr , Kusza Grzegorz , Świtoniak Marcin , Gersztyn Leszek , Kalisz Barbara 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This paper aims to assess the usefulness of magnetic susceptibility measurements in pedological studies of mill pond sediments. The study area includes the former Turznice mill pond basin located in the south-eastern part of the Grudziądz Basin. Four soil profiles were selected within the transect located along the longitudinal axis of the basin. The following soil properties were determined in the collected samples: bulk density, particle size distribution, pH, content of carbonates, approximate content of organic matter (LOI), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (Nt), and the pseudo-total contents of metals (Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd). The obtained results were correlated with the specific (mass) magnetic susceptibility (χ). This study revealed that the variability of the soil cover in the basin was driven by different sedimentation conditions. The different composition of natural terrace deposits versus mill pond sediments has been well reflected in the magnetic properties. However, the possibility cannot be excluded that a pedogenic (gleyic) process is the key factor causing the vertical variability of magnetic properties in studied soils.
About a Fuzzy Distance between Two Fuzzy Partitions and Application in Attribute Reduction Problem
Authors: Nghia Cao Chinh , Janos Demetrovics , Giang Nguyen Long , Thi Vu Duc 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
According to traditional rough set theory approach, attribute reduction methods are performed on the decision tables with the discretized value domain, which are decision tables obtained by discretized data methods. In recent years, researches have proposed methods based on fuzzy rough set approach to solve the problem of attribute reduction in decision tables with numerical value domain. In this paper, we proposeafuzzy distance between two partitions and an attribute reduction method in numerical decision tables based on proposed fuzzy distance. Experiments on data sets show that the classification accuracy of proposed method is more efficient than the ones based fuzzy entropy.
Ontologies for Platform as Service APIs Interoperability
Authors: Andročec Darko , Vrček Neven 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Ontologies can be used to describe common cloud functionalities and enable common terminology to assist in cloud interoperability. In this work, we have developed the ontology for resources and operations and the ontology of interoperability problems. The aim is to clearly describe and categorize the existing functionalities, features and specificities of commercial platform asaservice offers. The first ontology also provides data type mappings among different Paa Sstorages and cross-Paa Sdata types used in inputs and outputs of the remote APIoperations to provideacommon layer for information exchange and data migration among different Paa Sproviders. The ontologies were evaluated by tools and by human experts. Furthermore, the ontologies were used in cloud interoperability prototype to show their practical applicability.
A Multi Route Rank Based Routing Protocol for Industrial Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks
Authors: Sarasvathi V. , Iyengar N.Ch.S.N. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Wireless Mesh Sensor nodes are deployed in harsh environments, like Industrial Wireless Mesh Sensor Networks (IWMSN). There the equipment is exposed to temperature and electrical noise, so providingareliable, interference free and efficient communication in this environment isachallenge. We proposea Multi Route Rank based Routing (MR3) protocol, which enhances the link dynamics for IWMSNand also provides interference free reliable packet delivery in harsh environments. The rank ofanode is estimated based on density, hop count, energy and Signal to Interference plus Noise Ratio (SINR). The route discovery phase finds the rank value to forward the data packet inareliable path. Once the forwarding path is established, subsequently the data packets can be propagated towards the destination without using any location information. Our simulation results show that this method improves the packet delivery ratio and the throughput tremendously, and at the same time minimizes the packet delay, in heavy traffic condition.
Spectrum Allocation of Cognitive Radio Based on Autonomy Evolutionary Algorithm
Authors: Li Yongcheng , Shen Hai , Wang Manxi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractReasonable and effective allocation of cognitive radio spectrum resource according to user’s requirements is the key task of cognitive radio network. Cognitive radio spectrum allocation problem can be viewed as an optimization problem. This paper analyzes the application of bio-inspired intelligent algorithm in cognitive radio network spectrum allocation, and based on graph theory model of spectrum allocation, proposesaspectrum allocation algorithm based on autonomously evolutionary scheme. Three objective functions: Max-Min-Reward, Max-Sum- Reward and Max-Proportional-Fair are employed to evaluate the proposed algorithm capacity. The simulation result reveals that the proposed method can make the system user to obtain better network benefits and better embody the fairness between cognitive users. In the process of allocation, the proposed method was not restricted by user scale and the number of spectrums.
An empirical examination of the Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis for carbon dioxide emissions in Ghana: an ARDL approach
Authors: Twerefou Daniel Kwabena , Adusah-Poku Frank , Bekoe William 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC) hypothesis postulates an inverted U-shaped relationship between different pollutants and economic growth. In Ghana, as in many other developing countries, there exist scanty studies that confirm or otherwise the EKC hypothesis with regards to CO2 emissions as well as the factors that drive CO2 emissions. This work aims to bridge this knowledge gap by addressing these two major questions using data from 1970 to 2010 and the Auto Regressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) Bounds Testing approach. The results rather suggest a U-shaped relationship between per capita GDP and CO2 emissions per capita indicating the non-existence of the EKC hypothesis for CO2 in Ghana. This implies that further increase in per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) will only be associated with increase in CO2 emissions as the income per capita turning point of about $624 at constant 2000 prices occurred between 1996 and 1997. Furthermore, our results reveal energy consumption and trade openness are positive long run drivers of CO2 emissions. It is therefore recommended that the enhancement of trade liberalization policies should ensure the use of cleaner technologies and products while investment in cleaner energy alternatives could help reduce CO2 emissions. We also recommend the implementation of the Low Carbon Development Strategy which integrates development and climate change mitigation actions.
The need for verification of the Polish lignite deposits owing to development and nature conservation protection on land at the surface
Authors: Naworyta Wojciech 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Poland is a country rich in lignite. The area where the lignite occurs occupies approx. 22% of the total surface area of the country. Geological resources of Polish lignite deposits are estimated at 23.5 billion Mg, but in the majority (69%) the accuracy of their identification is poor. Nevertheless the amount of coal in Polish deposits allows - at least in theory - for mining and energy production at the current level for hundreds of years to come. It is an important raw material for the energy security of the country both currently and in the future. Because the vast majority of Polish and foreign mines use an open pit method for lignite extraction the actual amount of mineral available for the extraction depends not only on the properties of the deposit but to a large extent on the method of development of the surface land above the deposit, as well as on the sensitivity of the environment in the vicinity of any future mines. After careful analysis it can be stated that only a few of the lignite deposits may be subject to cost-effective mining operations. These deposits should be subjected to special protection as a future resource base which will ensure the energy security of the country. Some examples of domestic deposits have been presented where due to the conflict resulting from the development of the area should be deleted from the Balance Sheet of Mineral Deposits because their exploitation is irrational and uneconomic. Keeping such deposits in the Balance Sheet, and the use of large numbers in the context of their resource base leads to an unwarranted sense of wealth which consequently does not encourage the protection of these deposits which may actually be subject to rational exploitation in the near future. In summary there is a need to find a compromise in order to adequately protect all natural resources including mineral deposits.
An evaluation of the ecosystem services provided by urban trees: The role of Krasiński Gardens in air quality and human health in Warsaw (Poland)
Authors: Szkop Zbigniew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTrees remove air pollution by the interception of particulate matter on plant surfaces and the absorption of gaseous pollutants through leaf stomata. However, to date, we have rather few empirical studies on the magnitude and value of the effects of trees on air quality and human health, especially especially within the climatic conditions of Central Europe. To investigate the significance of urban trees from the point of view of air pollution removal, an i-Tree Eco model was implemented. The results indicate that the 932 trees in Krasiński Gardens (Warsaw, Poland) absorb 267.12 kg of pollutants per year: 149.9 kg of O3, 94.4 kg of NO2, 11.8 kg of SO2and 10.9 kg of PM2.5. That makes an average removal per tree (calculated by summarizing the values of all of the pollutants) of 0.287 kg/year. Furthermore, health values were used to estimate their pollution removal services in monetary terms. The total benefit of air purification by trees in Krasiński Gardens is estimated at 26250 PLN/year with an average value per tree of: 28 PLN. Although PM2.5removal is the lowest among the four air pollutants analysed, accounting for only 4% of the total mass reduction, it provides 69% of the total economic value. The benefit associated with absorption of O3provided 28% of the value, with the absorption of NO2and SO2at just 3%. The results also show that large tree species (with a crown diameter of 14-15m) can provide around 10 times higher benefits, than small ones (5-6m).
Using Fractal Geometry to Recover the 3D Air Void, Scale-Independent, Microstructure Information From 2D Sections of Mortars
Authors: Mayercsik N. P. , Brisard S. , Vandamme M. , Kurtis K. E. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Advances in digital image analysis have allowed for rapid and detailed investigations of the microstructural topography of cementitious materials, and recent theoretical and analytical work have allowed for recovery of 3D information from 2D analyses. However, measurements of parameters such as the entrained air void size distribution and number density obtained from digital images of concrete are sensitive to the resolution of the image. To address this, an analytical model for recovering 3D information from 2D sections was applied to images of air-entrained mortar at different resolutions, and the results were interpreted in terms of fractal geometry. It is shown that there exists a “cutoff” resolution for scale independence, which is crucial for viewing stereological measurements in an absolute sense rather than relative to the resolution of the instrument used to acquire them. For the analysis of entrained air void structure, this cutoff resolution is around 3200 DPI; for such analyses, it is recommended that images be acquired at this resolution. Furthermore, the same analytical model was validated against full 3D X-ray microtomographic images.
Assessment of Heavy Metals in Leachate of Concrete Made With E-Waste Plastic
Authors: Senthil Kumar K. , Gandhimathi R. , Baskar K. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This experimental investigation employing leaching characteristics of concrete made with E-waste plastic [high-impact polystyrene (HIPS)] was carried out using the toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP). The heavy metals, such as Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb, were analyzed from concrete with varying percentages of HIPS (0 %, 10 %, 20 %, 30 %, 40 %, and 50 %) at various ages, such as 28, 60, and 90 days. The concentrations of Cd in the TCLP extracts of all the samples were found to be lower than the regulatory level of 1 mg/l at 28, 60, and 90 days. The Cu, Zn leachate content decreased with curing, and all samples were found well below the prescribed level of 100 mg/L and 500 mg/L, respectively. The concentrations of Pb in the TCLP extracts of all the samples were found to be lower than the regulatory level of 5 mg/L at 28, 60, and 90 days. The results are also compared with Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) prescribed limits for Cd, Cu, Zn, and Pb, which are 0.5 mg/L, 130 mg/L, 500 mg/L, and 1.5 mg/L, respectively, and which are within limits.
Effect of Pozzolanic Admixtures on the Fresh Properties of Cement-Based Foam
Authors: Batool F. , Bindiganavile V. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This experimental study was conducted to investigate the influence of pozzolanic admixtures on the fresh properties of cement-based foams. The cement-based foam mixes were tested at three different cast densities namely, 800, 600, and 400 kg/m3. Along with a reference mix, other series were prepared in which fly ash, silica fume, and metakaolin were added to the binder at up to 10 % and 20 % replacement by cement mass. The Marsh cone test and the flow cone test techniques were employed to measure the flowability and spreadability for 21 cement-based foam mixes. The results show that the addition of pozzolanic admixtures increases the flow time and the longest time recorded with metakaolin. A linear relationship of spread with the density of the mixes was found in this study. It was also found that with the addition of fly ash and silica fume, there was an increase in the demand for foam content. On the other hand, adding metakaolin reduced this demand. Based on the experimental results, an equation to predict the spreadability of the mixes with pozzolanic admixtures has been suggested.
A Critical Review of Methods for Measuring Mechanical Resistance to Aggregate Popouts
Authors: Driscoll M. T. , Hover K. C. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Five variants of a test intended to characterize the mechanical resistance offered by either mortar or concrete to coarse-aggregate popouts were compared. Popout resistance increased with depth-of-cover to the source of internal pressure and was inversely proportional to the size of the expansion site. Composition of the paste, content of supplementary cementing materials, curing, and type of surface finish significantly influence popout resistance; for a given size and depth, popout resistance can vary by more than a factor of two due to these factors. In one comparison with two-year performance in the field, measurements of popout resistance at a depth of 7 mm correlated well with the incidence of aggregate popout failures, and correlated well with scaling in one laboratory study. Measurements of popout resistance at a depth of 11 mm did not correlate with scaling behavior.
Potential of Uncultivated, Harmful and Abundant Weed as a Natural Geo-Reinforcement Material
Authors: Bordoloi S. , Garg A. , Sreedeep S. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Extensive research has been conducted to investigate the utility of agricultural products such as coir, jute, bamboo, and sisal as limited life geotextiles (LLG). These agricultural products have extensive use in automotive industry, paper industry, fishing nets, and shipping rigs. As an alternative, this study demonstrates the usefulness of an abundant, harmful (for environment, eco-tourism, and bio-diversity) weed species Eichhornia crassipes(Water hyacinth (WH)) for manufacturing LLG. Biochemical composition (cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and ash content) of WH fiber as well as tensile strength of WH filaments and woven geotextiles were determined. It was found that the tensile strength of woven geotextiles made from WH is higher or comparable to those fibers from the agricultural products. The efficacy of WH geotextile for short term strength improvement was demonstrated by comparing the CBR value of geotextile reinforced soil with that of unreinforced soil. CBR values of soil reinforced with WH geotextile were found to be higher (8.48 ± 0.2 %) as compared to unreinforced soil (6.13 ± 0.07 %). The result obtained from this study is encouraging for promoting the utility of WH LLG in road infrastructure projects.