bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone in the flatfish, Solea senegalensis: Molecular cloning, brain localization and physiological effects
Authors: Aliaga‐Guerrero María , Paullada‐Salmerón José A. , Piquer Vanesa , Mañanós Evaristo L. , Muñoz‐Cueto José A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRecently, gonadotropin‐inhibitory hormone (GnIH) has emerged as an important regulator of reproduction in birds and mammals. This RFamide neuropeptide has neuromodulatory functions and controls the synthesis and/or release of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone (GnRH) and gonadotropins. Although teleosts represent about half of all living vertebrates, scientific and technological advances on the Gnih system in fish are scarce, contradictory, and inconclusive. Research on the fish Gnih system appears necessary to better clarify its role in the neuroendocrine and environmental control of vertebrate reproduction. In this study, we cloned a full‐length sequence for the Gnih precursor of a flatfish, the Senegalese sole, coding for three putative Gnih peptides (ssGnih). We also generated specific antibodies against these ssGnih peptides, and used them to localize Gnih cells and their projections in the brain and pituitary. The expression of gnih was particularly evident in the diencephalon, but also in the olfactory bulbs/cerebral hemispheres, optic tectum/tegmentum, retina, and pituitary. The three antibodies used provided consistent results and showed that ssGnih‐immunoreactive perikarya were present in the olfactory bulbs, ventral telencephalon, caudal preoptic area, dorsal tegmentum and rostral rhombencephalon, and their fibers innervated the brain and pituitary profusely. Intramuscular injection of ssGnih‐3 provoked a significant reduction in gnrh‐3 and lh expression, whereas ssGnih‐2 treatment did not affect transcript levels of the main reproductive genes. Our results reveal the existence of a functional Gnih system in the sole brain, profusely innervating different brain areas and the pituitary gland, which could represent an important factor in the neuroendocrine control of flatfish reproduction.
Preparation and effectiveness of slow‐release silicon fertilizer by sintering with iron ore tailings
Authors: Hu Pan , Zhang Yihe , Zhou Yurui , Ma Xi , Wang Xinke , Tong Wangshu , Luan Xinglong , Chu Paul K. 
Published: October 2017

Recycling of iron ore tailings (IOT) which are by‐products of iron ore processing has attracted attention but there have been few studies on their use as fertilizers. In this study, slow‐release silicon fertilizers are prepared from iron tailings by solid‐phase sintering and characterized by X‐ray diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The solubility results acquired from the optimal sample (Si‐IOT) indicate that the available SiO2 is 20.77% and that of available K2O is 18.43% in 0.50 mol L−1 HCl. For 10 g of Si‐IOT in 200 mL of distilled water at 25°C, the cumulative release of K2O is 4.32% in the first day and 19.4% in 28 days and that of SiO2 is 2.12% in the first day and 16.30% in 28 days. The performance satisfies the Chinese national standard for slow‐release fertilizers and Chinese agricultural standard for silicon fertilizers. The results obtained from Si‐IOT pertaining to release of heavy metals indicate that heavy metals will not affect the quality of the crops and pakchoi growth is improved. Hence, they are potential raw materials for slow‐release silicon fertilizers. © 2017 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 37: 1011–1019, 2018
Evolution of sandstone peak‐forest landscapes – insights from quantifying erosional processes with cosmogenic nuclides
Authors: May Jan‐Hendrik , Huang He‐Qing , Fujioka Toshiyuki , Fink David , Codilean Alexandru , Yu Guo‐An , Ma Yuanxu , Wulf Gerwin , Gu Jing 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe sandstone peak‐forest landscape in Zhangjiajie UNESCO Global Geopark of Hunan Province, China, is characterized by >3000 vertical pillars and peak walls of up to 350 m height, representing a spectacular example of sandstone landform variety. Few studies have addressed the mechanisms and timescales of the longer‐term evolution of this landscape, and have focused on fluvial incision. We use in situ cosmogenic nuclides combined with GIS analysis to investigate the erosional processes contributing to the formation of pillars and peak‐forests, and discuss their relative roles in the formation and decay of the landscape. Model maximum‐limiting bedrock erosion rates are the highest along the narrow fluvial channels and valleys at the base of the sandstone pillars (~83–122 mm kyr−1), and lowest on the peak wall tops (~2.5 mm kyr−1). Erosion rates are highly variable and intermediate along vertical sandstone peak walls and pillars (~30 to 84 mm kyr−1). Catchment‐wide denudation rates from river sediment vary between ~26 and 96 mm kyr−1 and are generally consistent with vertical wall retreat rates. This highlights the importance of wall retreat for overall erosion in the sandstone peak‐forest. In combination with GIS‐derived erosional volumes, our results suggest that the peak‐forest formation in Zhangjiajie commenced in the Pliocene, and that the general evolution of the landscape followed our sequential refined model: (i) slow lowering rates following initial uplift; (ii) fast plateau dissection by headward knickpoint propagation along joints and faults followed by; (iii) increasing contribution of wall retreat in the well‐developed pillars and peak‐forests and a gradual decrease in overall denudation rates, leading to; (iv) the final consumption of pillars and peak‐forests. Our study provides an approach for quantifying the complex interplay between multiple geomorphic processes as required to assess the evolutionary pathways of other sandstone peak‐forest landscapes across the globe. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs) Degradation and Detoxification of Water Environment in Single‐chamber Air‐cathode Microbial Fuel Cells (MFCs)
Authors: Gambino E. , Toscanesi M. , Del Prete F. , Flagiello F. , Falcucci G. , Minutillo M. , Trifuoggi M. , Guida M. , Nastro R. A. , Jannelli E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe influence of microelectrogenesis on PAHs degradation and detoxification operated by Pseudomonadaceae, Bacillaceae, Staphylococcaceae and Enterobacteriaceae was investigated in water environment. Single chamber, air‐cathode MFCs and bioreactors were filled with the microbial pool (107–108 CFU mL−1) inoculated in a 400 mL Winogradsky saline solution containing no other carbon and energy source than naphthalene (80 ppm), phenanthrene (40 ppm), pyrene (40 ppm), benzo(a)pyrene (20 ppm). MFCs and bioreactors operated at 25 °C for thirteen weeks. Power Density (PD) and Current Density (CD) outputs as well as PAHs degradation rate were measured. The toxic effect of PAHs suspension vs. Raphidocelis subcapitata was quantified by EC1, EC20, EC50, LOEC and NOEC calculations. The results showed a significant variability in PD and CD outputs, with highest PD of 300 mW m−3 and 25 mA m−3. After 5 weeks, the overall PAHs concentration in MFCs decreased of a 90%. COD and TOC removal respectively of 62% and 73% after 11 weeks was achieved in MFC inoculated with bacteria (MFC2). Ecotoxicological tests showed for MFCs a lower toxic effect vs. P. subcapitata when bacteria are present. Microelectrogenesis just sped up microbial metabolism rather than take advantage from the interaction of PAHs with graphite electrodes.
Carbon‐supported Pt‐Co Nanowires as a Novel Cathode Catalyst for Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells
Authors: Lv H. , Wang J. , Yan Z. , Li B. , Yang D. , Zhang C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCarbon‐supported Pt‐Co nanowires (Pt‐Co NWs/C) were prepared through a soft surfactant template method as cathode catalysts for proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). The mass activity of the Pt‐Co NWs/C (0.125 A mgPt−1) is 1.5 times higher than that of commercial Pt/C for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The accelerated durability test (ADT) showed a loss of 14.7% in electrochemically active surface areas (ECSA) for the Pt‐Co NWs/C, and 35% for the Pt/C after 3,000 cycles between 0.6 and 1.15 V, indicating that stability was enhanced for the Pt‐Co NWs/C relative to the Pt/C catalyst. The membrane electrode assembly (MEA) employed as‐synthesized Pt‐Co NWs/C as cathode catalyst with a loading of 0.4 mgPtCo cm−2 generated a maximum power density of 2.01 kW gPt−1, which is higher than that of the Pt/C (1.85 kW gPt−1). Besides, after 100 h galvanostatic operation condition of 1,000 mA cm−2, the Pt‐Co NWs/C also exhibited enhanced durability with 71.4 mW cm−2 mass power density loss and 11.8% ECSA loss, as compared with 99.4 mW cm−2 and 24.8% for the Pt/C, respectively. These results suggest that the formation of the interconnected nanowire networks structure of Pt‐Co NWs/C catalyst is favorable to improve activity and durability.
Targeted deep sequencing of effusion cytology samples is feasible, informs spatiotemporal tumor evolution, and has clinical and diagnostic utility
Authors: Leichsenring Jonas , Volckmar Anna‐Lena , Kirchner Martina , Kazdal Daniel , Kriegsmann Mark , Stögbauer Fabian , Bockmayr Teresa , Klauschen Frederick , Herth Felix J.F. , Penzel Roland , Warth Arne , Schirmacher Peter , Endris Volker , Stenzinger Albrecht 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDuring the course of disease, many cancer patients eventually present with metastatic disease including peritoneal or pleural spread. In this context, cytology specimens derived from ascites or pleural effusion may help to differentiate malignant from benign conditions and sometimes yield diagnosis of a malignancy. However, even when supported by immunohistochemistry, cytological interpretation can be challenging, especially if tumor cellularity is low. Here, we investigated whether targeted deep sequencing of formalin‐fixed and paraffin embedded (FFPE) cytology specimens of cancer patients is feasible, and has diagnostic and clinical impact. To this end, a cohort of 20 matched pairs was compiled, each comprising a cytology sample (FFPE cell block) and at least one biopsy/surgical resection specimen serving as benchmark. In addition, 5 non‐malignant effusions were sequenced serving as negative‐controls. All samples yielded sufficient libraries and were successfully subjected to targeted sequencing employing a semiconductor based next‐generation sequencing platform. Using gene panels of different size and composition, including the Oncomine Comprehensive Assay, for targeted sequencing, somatic mutations were detected in the tissue of all 20 cases. Of these, 15 (75%) harbored mutations that were also detected in the corresponding cytology samples. In four of these cases (20%), additional private mutations were detected in either cytology or tissue samples, reflecting spatiotemporal tumor evolution. Of the five remaining cases, three (15%) showed wild type alleles in cytology material whereas tumor tissue had mutations in interrogated genes. Two cases were discordant, showing different private mutations in the cytology and in the tissue sample, respectively. In summary, sequencing of cytology specimens (FFPE cell block) reflecting spatiotemporal tumor evolution is feasible and yields adjunct genetic information that may be exploitable for diagnostics and therapy.
Age and genesis of the Gangcha gold deposit, western Qinling orogen, China
Authors: Kong Chi Seng , Shen Junfeng , Santosh M. , Li Shengrong , Cao Weidong , Peng Zidong , Liu Haiming , Li Jinchun , Li Jie , Bao Lin 
Published: October 2017

The Gangcha gold deposit in Hezuo, Gansu, China, is a newly discovered medium‐scale (19 tons) epithermal deposit occurring within the western Qinling orogenic belt. The Daguanshan Formation, represented by metamorphosed volcanic–clastic rock suite, is the main ore‐bearing strata. Gold occurs mainly as submicroscopic inclusions in sulphides and quartz. The hydrothermal alteration is characterized by mid‐ to low‐temperature mineral assemblages such as pyrite, arsenopyrite, and fluorspar. We report results from Rb–Sr isotopic dating of pyrites in the main orebody, which yield an isochron age of 225.3 ± 3.4 to 229.9 ± 4.7 Ma suggesting that the mineral deposit formed during the middle Triassic within a collisional orogenic setting. The initial 87Sr/86Sr value of pyrite (0.710326 to 0.710349) is lower than that of the continental crust and higher than that of the mantle. The S isotope data of pyrites from the deposit show a narrow range from 0.6‰ to 1.3‰ with an average of 0.975‰. Their Pb isotopes exhibit characteristics of a crust–mantle mixed source with a μ (238U/204Pb) of 9.39 to 9.53 and a ω (232Th/204Pb) of 36.81 to 38.14. The S and Pb isotopic composition indicates that ore‐forming materials were derived from a magma sourced in the lower crust, which also incorporated mantle components.
Sources of ore‐forming material for Pb‐Zn deposits in the Sichuan‐Yunnan‐Guizhou triangle area: Multiple constraints from C‐H‐O‐S‐Pb‐Sr isotopic compositions
Authors: Kong Zhigang , Wu Yue , Liang Ting , Zhang Feng , Meng Xuyang , Lu Lin 
Published: October 2017

The Sichuan‐Yunnan‐Guizhou Pb‐Zn triangle area is located in the western margin of the Yangtze Block and comprises more than 400 ore deposits or prospects. This triangular area contains 200 million tons of ores at average grades of 5 wt.% Pb and 10 wt.% Zn. The Pb‐Zn ore bodies are mainly distributed as stratoid and vein types within the Neoproterozoic to Permian carbonate rocks, which are typical epigenetic Pb‐Zn mineralizations. Previous studies have mainly focused on individual deposits. In this study, the compositions of C‐H‐O‐S‐Pb‐Sr isotopes of approximately 20 typical deposits are summarized and studied in detail to reveal the source of the ore‐forming material. δ13CPDB ‐ δ18OSMOW isotopic compositions of the hydrothermal calcite, dolomite, and fluid inclusions show that CO2 in the ore‐forming fluids could have been derived from marine carbonate with subordinate incorporation of organic matter. In addition, δDH2O ‐ δ18OH2O isotopic studies also indicate the multisource features of the ore‐forming fluids, for example, meteoric water and metamorphic water; meanwhile, some deposits are related to organic fluids. The δ34S values of most sulphide minerals range from +9.0‰ to +28.6‰, similar to late Neoproterozoic to Permian seawater sulphate (+8.0‰ to +38.7‰). This similarity suggests that the reduced sulphur in sulphides could have been mainly derived from the thermochemical sulphate reduction of the host strata seawater sulphate. In addition, thermal decomposition of sulphur‐bearing organic matter could have provided some of the reduced sulphur for mineralization in some Pb‐Zn deposits. The Pb isotopic compositions of the sulphides from most deposits are totally homogeneous and located between the crustal Pb and orogenic Pb evolution curves. Comparing these deposits with the regional basement rocks, sedimentary strata, and Permian Emeishan basalts, we propose that the metals for Pb‐Zn mineralization were mainly derived from the basement rocks and sedimentary country rocks. For some deposits (e.g., Jinshachang) with highly radiogenic Pb isotopic compositions, their Pb mainly originated from Precambrian basement carbonaceous slate and Lower Cambrian shales. The (87Sr/86Sr)t ratios of sphalerite, hydrothermal calcite, and fluorite range from 0.7099 to 0.7469, higher than those of the regional sediments and the Emeishan basalts, but lower than those of the Proterozoic basement rocks. Such features also indicate the mixing source for Sr in sulphides and ore‐forming fluids. The comprehensive study of multiple C‐H‐O‐S‐Pb‐Sr isotopes from typical deposits suggests mixed sources for the ore‐forming fluids and materials in this triangular area.
Protective roles of hepatic gamma‐aminobutyric acid signaling in acute ethanol exposure‐induced liver injury
Authors: Wang Shuanglian , Sui Shaofeng , Liu Zhiyan , Peng Cheng , Liu Jia , Luo Dan , Fan Xinhuan , Liu Chuanyong , Lu Wei‐Yang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAlcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a consequence of heavy and prolonged alcohol consumptions. We previously demonstrated a hepatic gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) signaling system that protects the liver from toxic injury. The present study was designed to investigate the role of the hepatic GABA signaling system in the process of acute ethanol exposure‐induced liver injury. Our results showed that the expression of GABA synthesizing enzyme glutamic acid decarboxylase and type A GABA receptor (GABAAR) subunits was upregulated in ethanol‐treated mice compared with saline‐treated controls. Remarkably, pretreatment of mice with GABA (1.5 mg kg−1 body weight, intraperitoneal injection [i.p.]) or with the GABAAR agonist muscimol (1.2 mg kg−1 body weight, i.p.) protected the liver against ethanol toxicity and improved liver function, whereas pretreatment of mice with the GABAAR antagonist bicuculline (2.0 mg kg−1 body weight, i.p.) worsened the liver function. Further analyses suggest that GABAAR‐mediated signaling protects the liver from ethanol injury by, at least partially, inhibiting the IRE1α‐ASK1‐JNK pro‐apoptotic pathway in hepatocytes in the process of ethanol‐induced endoplasmic reticulum stress response.
In it together: Exploring how belonging to a youth activist group enhances well‐being
Authors: Montague Anne C. , Eiroa‐Orosa Francisco Jose 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDespite some evidence that being an activist, particularly during adolescence, can positively affect well‐being, activism has been relatively neglected in both psychology and youth civic engagement research. This study aimed to address this gap by exploring how being an activist as a teenager can positively affect personal development and well‐being. Seven focus groups comprising adolescent human rights activists were conducted in classrooms throughout the United Kingdom. Inductive thematic analysis was used to identify four dominant themes–A place to go, Power in numbers, Skilling‐up, and In it together—which are discussed in relation to existing literature. Because findings from this study suggest that there are a number of positive psychological benefits to being a youth activist, implications for psychology and youth civic engagement are also considered.
Physiological plasticity in lizard embryos exposed to high‐altitude hypoxia
Authors: Cordero Gerardo A. , Andersson Bea Angelica , Souchet Jeremie , Micheli Gaëlle , Noble Daniel W.A. , Gangloff Eric J. , Uller Tobias , Aubret Fabien 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCoping with novel environments may be facilitated by plastic physiological responses that enable survival during environmentally sensitive life stages. We tested the capacity for embryos of the common wall lizard (Podarcis muralis) from low altitude to cope with low‐oxygen partial pressure (hypoxia) in an alpine environment. Developing embryos subjected to hypoxic atmospheric conditions (15–16% O2sea‐level equivalent) at 2,877 m above sea level exhibited responses common to vertebrates acclimatized to or evolutionarily adapted to high altitude: suppressed metabolism, cardiac hypertrophy, and hyperventilation. These responses might have contributed to the unaltered incubation duration and hatching success relative to the ancestral, low‐altitude, condition. Even so, hypoxia constrained egg energy utilization such that larger eggs produced hatchlings with relatively low mass. These findings highlight the role of physiological plasticity in maintaining fitness‐relevant phenotypes in high‐altitude environments, providing impetus to further explore altitudinal limits to ecological diversification in ectothermic vertebrates.
Mesenchymal stem cell therapy: A promising cell‐based therapy for treatment of myocardial infarction
Authors: Shafei Ayman El‐Sayed , Ali Mahmoud Ahmed , Ghanem Hazem G. , Shehata Ahmed I. , Abdelgawad Ahmed A. , Handal Hossam R. , Talaat Kareem A. , Ashaal Ahmed E. , El‐Shal Amal S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFor decades, mesenchymal stem (MSCs) cells have been used for cardiovascular diseases as regenerative therapy. This review is an attempt to summarize the types of MSCs involved in myocardial infarction (MI) therapy, as well as its possible mechanisms effects, especially the paracrine one in MI focusing on the studies (human and animal) conducted within the last 10 years. Recently, reports showed that MSC therapy could have infarct‐limiting effects after MI in both experimental and clinical trials. In this context, various types of MSCs can help cardiac regeneration by either revitalizing the cardiac stem cells or revascularizing the arteries and veins of the heart. Furthermore, MSCs could produce paracrine growth factors that increase the survival of nearby cardiomyocytes, as well as increase angiogenesis through recruitment of stem cell from bone marrow or inducing vessel growth from existing capillaries. Recent research suggests that the paracrine effects of MSCs could be mediated by extracellular vesicles including exosomes. Exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) released by MSCs are promising therapeutic hotspot target for MI. This could be attributed to the role of miRNA in cardiac biology, including cardiac regeneration, stem cell differentiation, apoptosis, neovascularization, cardiac contractility and cardiac remodeling. Furthermore, gene‐modified MSCs could be a recent promising therapy for MI to enhance the paracrine effects of MSCs, including better homing and effective cell targeted tissue regeneration. Although MSC therapy has achieved considerable attention and progress, there are critical challenges that remains to be overcome to achieve the most effective successful cell‐based therapy in MI.
Gills of the medaka (Oryzias latipes): A scanning electron microscopy study
Authors: Leguen Isabelle 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe general morphology and surface ultrastructure of the gills of adult and larvae medaka (Oryzias latipes) were studied in freshwater and seawater using scanning electron microscopy. The gills of all examined fish were structurally similar to those of other teleosts and consisted of four pairs of arches supporting (i) filaments bearing lamellae and (ii) rakers containing taste buds. Three cell types, specifically pavement cells, mitochondria‐rich cells (MRCs), and mucous cells, constituted the surface layer of the gill epithelium. Several distinctive characteristics of medaka gills were noted, including the presence of regularly distributed outgrowth on the lamellae, enlarged filament tips, the absence of microridges in most pavement cells in the filament and lamellae and the presence of MRCs in the arch at the filament base. A rapid mode of development was recorded in the gills of larval fish. At hatching, the larvae already had four arches with rudimentary filaments, rakers, and taste buds. The rudimentary lamellae appeared within 2 days after hatching. These results suggest the early involvement of larval gills in respiratory and osmoregulation activities. The responses of the macrostructures and microstructures of gills to seawater acclimation were similar in larvae and adult fish and included modification of the apical surface of MRCs, confirming the importance of these cells in osmoregulation. The potential roles of these peculiarities of the macrostructures and microstructures of medaka gills in the major functions of this organ, such as respiration and osmoregulation, are discussed.