bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Madurastatin B3, a rare aziridine derivative from actinomycete Nocardiopsis sp. LS150010 with potent anti-tuberculosis activity
Authors: Zhang Xinjun , He Hongtao , Ma Rong , Ji Zengchun , Wei Qi , Dai Huanqin , Zhang Lixin , Song Fuhang 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Since the discovery of the first antibiotic, natural products have played an important role in chemistry, biology and medicine. To explore the potential of bioactive compounds from microbes isolated from the southeast of Tibet, China, a crude extract library was constructed and screened against Staphylococcus aureus. The strain Nocardiopsis sp. LS150010 was scaled up and subjected to further chemical studies, resulting in the identification of N-salicyloyl-2-aminopropan-1,3-diol (2) and its rare aziridine derivative, madurastatin B3 (1). Their structures were determined by detailed analysis of 1D, 2D NMR and HRMS data. Compounds 1 and 2 displayed significant inhibitory activity against S. aureus and methicillin resistant S. aureus, with MIC values of 6.25 µg/mL. Compound 1 also showed potent inhibitory activity against Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli, as well as activity in a Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bacillus Calmette-Guérin infected THP-1 cell model.
Assessing the ecological impacts of invasive species based on their functional responses and abundances
Authors: Laverty Ciaran , Green Kyle D. , Dick Jaimie T. A. , Barrios-O’Neill Daniel , Mensink Paul J. , Médoc Vincent , Spataro Thierry , Caffrey Joe M. , Lucy Frances E. , Boets Pieter , Britton J. Robert , Pegg Josephine , Gallagher Cathal 
Published: February 2017

AbstractInvasive species management requires allocation of limited resources towards the proactive mitigation of those species that could elicit the highest ecological impacts. However, we lack predictive capacity with respect to the identities and degree of ecological impacts of invasive species. Here, we combine the relativeper capitaeffects and relative field abundances of invader as compared to native species into a new metric, “Relative Impact Potential” (RIP), and test whether this metric can reliably predict high impact invaders. This metric tests the impact of invaders relative to the baseline impacts of natives on the broader ecological community. We first derived the functional responses (i.e.per capitaeffects) of two ecologically damaging invasive fish species in Europe, the Ponto-Caspian round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and Asian topmouth gudgeon (Pseudorasbora parva), and their native trophic analogues, the bullhead (Cottus gobio; alsoC. bairdi) and bitterling (Rhodeus amarus), towards several prey species. This establishes the existence and relative strengths of the predator–prey relationships. Then, we derived ecologically comparable field abundance estimates of the invader and native fish from surveys and literature. This establishes the multipliers for the aboveper capitaeffects. Despite both predators having known severe detrimental field impacts, their functional responses alone were of modest predictive power in this regard; however, incorporation of their abundances relative to natives into the RIP metric gave high predictive power. We present invader/native RIP biplots that provide an intuitive visualisation of comparisons among the invasive and native species, reflecting the known broad ecological impacts of the invaders. Thus, we provide a mechanistic understanding of invasive species impacts and a predictive tool for use by practitioners, for example, in risk assessments.
Intermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training on cognitive performance in geriatric patients
Authors: Bayer Urike , Likar Rudolf , Pinter Georg , Stettner Haro , Demschar Susanne , Trummer Brigitte , Neuwersch Stefan , Glazachev Oleg , Burtscher Martin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionIntermittent hypoxic–hyperoxic training (IHHT) may complement a multimodal training intervention (MTI) for improving cognitive function and exercise tolerance in geriatric patients.MethodsThirty‐four patients (64–92 years) participated in this randomized controlled trial. Before and after the 5‐ to 7‐week intervention period (MTI + IHHT vs. MTI + ambient air), cognitive function was assessed by the Dementia‐Detection Test (DemTect) and the Sunderland Clock‐Drawing Test (CDT), and functional exercise capacity by the total distance of the 6‐Minute Walk Test (6MWT).ResultsDemTect and CDT indicated significantly larger improvements after MTI + IHHT (+16.7% vs. −0.39%, P < .001) and (+10.7% vs. −8%, P = .031) which was also true for the 6MWT (+24.1% vs. +10.8%, P = .021).DiscussionIHHT turned out to be easily applicable to and well tolerated by geriatric patients up to 92 years. IHHT contributed significantly to improvements in cognitive function and functional exercise capacity in geriatric patients performing MTI.
An Experiment in Manufacturing Blanks and Striking Coins
Authors: Williams Rick 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn the second half of the 6th century BC four South Italian Greek colonial cities – Sybaris, Croton, Metapontum and Caulonia – were minting silver-copper alloy coins, all in the incuse fabric, with the same weight standard of c. 8gm. These incuse coins were to remain in production at Croton and Metapontum for the next 100 years.Coins hoards indicate that these four cities began minting their coinage at the outset as very fine, artistic – even exquisite – objects of fine crafts-manship. Each coin was thin (1mm), broad (30mm) and of a consistently uniform weight and diameter, and each coin was struck between dies of exceptional quality. During subsequent decades the diameter of the coinage was progressively reduced.At Monash University in 1980 we conducted experiments in coin manufacturing to determine how the minters at Croton in the 6th century produced these thin, incuse coins from only a small amount (8gm) of silver alloy, how they maintained a consistent weight standard across a century of minting, and why they progressively reduced the size of their coins during this period.It is well-known that the manufacturing processes of objects made from metal alloys can be revealed by examining their crystal structures.In our experiments in manufacturing broad, thin ‘Monash coins’, we examined the crystal structures at various stages throughout the process. To do this we made coin blanks of various diameters, all made from 8gm of silver-copper alloy. These blanks were subjected to hardness tests and photographs were made of the alloy’s crystal microstructures. ‘Coins’ were then minted by striking blanks between two manufactured replica dies, and their microstructures were compared with the microstructures of a genuine Croton incuse coin fragment.This is the first time these results have been published.
The Ambitions of Scipio Nasica and the Destruction of the Stone Theatre
Authors: Tan James K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe censors of 154/3 commissioned a stone theatre which was almost completed when it was demolished on the exhortations of P. Cornelius Scipio Nasica. The sources suggest that this destruction was as late as 151 or 150. Though an array of scholars has seised on Nasica’s claims that a theatre would soften Rome’s moral strength, there has been no satisfactory explanation of this peculiarly long delay between commencement of construction and final demolition. Something must have happened between 153 and 151 which would explain the late objection. This article proposes that Nasica’s awakening was spurred by the death of theprinceps senatusandpontifex maximus, M. Aemilius Lepidus. The vacuum left by his death led Nasica to ‘audition’ for the role as Rome’s new leading voice. To demonstrate his worthiness, however, he needed a cause, and the widespread refusals to serve in the Spanish campaign of 151 offered just such an opportunity. Nasica seised upon the most shocking political crisis of the times – the refusal of young men to enlist – in order to parade his guardianship of Rome’s moral worth, and the destruction of a costly and undoubtedly popular theatre constituted the bravura performance he needed.
Linear proportional–integral control for skin-friction reduction in a turbulent channel flow
Authors: Kim Euiyoung , Choi Haecheon 
Published: February 2017

In the present study, we apply a proportional (P)–integral (I) feedback control to a turbulent channel flow for skin-friction reduction. The instantaneous wall-normal velocity at a sensing plane above the wall is measured as a sensing parameter, and blowing/suction is provided at the wall based on the PI control. The performance of PI controls is estimated by the change in the skin friction while varying the sensing plane location $y_{s}$ and the proportional and integral feedback gains ($\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}$ and $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FD}$ respectively). The opposition control proposed by Choi et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 262, 1994, pp. 75–110) corresponds to a P control with $\unicode[STIX]{x1D6FC}=1$. When the sensing plane is located close to the wall ($y_{s}^{+}\lesssim 10$), PI controls result in greater skin-friction reductions than corresponding P controls. The root-mean-square (r.m.s.) sensing velocity fluctuations, considered as the control error, approach zero with successful PI controls, but do not with P controls. Successful PI controls reduce the strength of near-wall coherent structures and the r.m.s. velocity fluctuations above the wall apart from those near the wall due to the control input. The frequency spectra of the sensing velocity show that the I component of PI controls significantly reduces the energy at low frequencies, much more than P controls do. Proportional–integral controls are also applied to a linearized flow model having transient growth of disturbances. The performance of PI controls for a linearized flow model is very similar to that for a turbulent channel flow, i.e. the low-frequency components of disturbances are significantly reduced by the I component of PI controls, and the transient energy growth is suppressed more than by P controls.
Grasping the shape of belemnoid arm hooks—a quantitative approach
Authors: Hoffmann René , Weinkauf Manuel F. G. , Fuchs Dirk 
Published: February 2017

AbstractChitinous arm hooks (onychites) of belemnoid coleoid cephalopods are widely distributed in Mesozoic sediments. Due to their relative abundance and variable morphology compared with the single, bullet-shaped, belemnite rostrum, arm hooks came into the focus of micropaleontologists as a promising index fossil group for the Jurassic–Cretaceous rock record and have been the target of functional, ecological, and phylogenetic interpretations in the past. Based on three well-preserved arm crowns of the Toarcian diplobelidChondroteuthis wunnenbergi, we analyzed the shape of a total of 87 micro-hooks. The arm crown ofChondroteuthisis unique in having uniserial rather than biserial hooks. The first application of elliptic Fourier shape analysis to the arm weapons of belemnoid coleoids allows for the distinction of four micro-hook morphotypes and the quantification of shape variation within these morphotypes. Based on the best-preserved arm crown, we reconstructed the distribution of morphotypes within the arm crown and along a single arm. Our quantitative data support former observations that smaller hooks were found close to the mouth and at the most distal arm parts, while the largest hooks were found in the central part of the arm crown. Furthermore, we found a distinct arm differentiation, as not every arm was equipped with the same hook morphotype. Here, we report the functional specialization of the belemnoid arm crown for the first time and speculate about the potential function of the four morphotypes based on comparisons with modern cephalopods. Our analyses suggest a highly adapted functional morphology and intra-individual distribution of belemnoid hooks serving distinct purposes mainly during prey capture.
The Impacts of the Middle Holocene High Sea-Level Stand and Climatic Changes on Mangroves of the Jucuruçu River, Southern Bahia – Northeastern Brazil
Authors: Fontes Neuza Araújo , Moraes Caio A. , Cohen Marcelo C L , Alves Igor Charles C. , França Marlon Carlos , Pessenda Luiz C R , Francisquini Mariah Izar , Bendassolli José Albertino , Macario Kita , Mayle Francis 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe aim of this paper is to evaluate the compatibility between the Holocene relative sea-level (RSL) curves proposed for the Brazilian littoral and mangrove dynamics along a fluvial valley in the state of southern Bahia. This was done integrating geomorphological, sedimentological, palynological, and stable isotopic data from two cores collected at the mouth of the Jucuruçu River and at a site 23 km inland, near the city of Prado, northeastern Brazil. Core PR07, sampled from a fluvial plain at about 4.5±1 m above the RSL, reveals mangrove pollen (5–20%) and estuarine/terrestrial organic matter (δ13C=~–25‰, C/N=7.3–67) between 4.5 m (~7400 cal yr BP) and 1.75 m depth (~5350 cal yr BP). Core PR11, sampled from a mangrove tidal flat, also revealed mangrove pollen taxa (5-28%) since 660 cal yr BP. Core PR07 indicated absence of mangrove pollen and increase of sedimentary organic matter sourced from terrestrial C3 plants (δ13C=~–27‰, C/N=22–159) during the last 5350 cal yr BP. Probably, the changes in vegetation and sedimentary organic matter identified in core PR07 were caused by the combined effects of the RSL fluctuations, with a highstand at about 5350 cal yr BP of 2.7±1.35 m, and changes in fluvial discharge.
An experimental and numerical investigation of under-expanded turbulent jets
Authors: Saddington A. J. , Lawson N. J. , Knowles K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe work described here concentrates on under-expanded, axisym-metric turbulent jets issuing into quiescent conditions. Under-expanded turbulent jets are applicable to most aircraft propulsion applications that use convergent nozzles. Experimental studies used laser doppler velocimetry (LDV) and pitot probe measurements along the jet centreline. These measurements were made for two nozzle pressure ratios (2·5 and 4·0) and at various streamwise positions up to 10 nozzle diameters downstream of the nozzle exit plane. A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed using the Fluent code and utilised the RNG K-ε two-equation turbulence model. A mesh resolution of approximately one hundredth of nozzle exit diameter was found to be sufficient to establish a mesh independent solution.Comparison of the jet centreline axial velocity (LDV data) and pressure ratio (pitot probe data) showed good agreement with the CFD model. The correct number of shock cells had been predicted and the shock strength agreed well between the experiments and numerical model. The CFD model was, however, found to over-predict the shock cell length resulting in a longer supersonic core. There was some evidence, based on analysis of the LDV measurements that indicates the presence of swirl and jet unsteadiness, which could contribute to a shortening of the shock cell length. These effects were not modelled in the CFD. Correlation between the LDV and pitot probe measurements was generally good, however, there was some evidence that probe interference may have caused the premature decay of the jet. Overall, this work has indicated the good agreement between a CFD simulation using the RNG k-ε turbulence model and experimental data when applied to the prediction of the flowfield generated by under-expanded turbulent jets. The suitability of the LDV technique to jet flows with velocities up to 500ms-1has also been demonstrated.
Efectividad de las Medidas socioeducativas Impuestas por la Administración de Justicia Juvenil en la Reintegración Social de Adolescentes Infractores: Una Revisión Crítica
Authors: Morales Hugo , Luengo María Ángeles , da Agra Cándido 
Published: February 2017

ResumenDurante la última década se ha producido un número importante de estudios sobre la efectividad de las sanciones judiciales para reintegrar a delincuentes juveniles y los efectos de las prácticas correccionales en su reincidencia delictiva. El hallazgo común en la mayoría de aquellas investigaciones es que las medidas judiciales (generalmente denominadas medidas socioeducativas en el caso de menores infractores) aplicadas en ámbitos comunitarios son más efectivas que aquellas que se ejecutan en contextos de privación de la libertad. Aunque reconozcamos la importancia de favorecer el uso de sanciones judiciales en ámbitos comunitarios antes que el encarcelamiento -y por tanto estos hallazgos contribuyan a tal posición- estos estudios aparentemente no han tomado en cuenta los efectos de sesgo metodológico condicionados por la Administración de Justicia Criminal. En los ensayos aleatorios controlados, los sujetos son asignados al azar en los tratamientos a los que son sometidos. En la Justicia Criminal, existe un sesgo de selección atribuido al juez al momento de sancionar a un convicto con un tipo de sanción (de encarcelamiento o no), según el tipo de delito cometido o según las características de riesgo criminogénico de éste. Por tanto, concluir sobre la efectividad de una intervención sin tales controles metodológicos restringe la validez de sus resultados. Por otro lado, la efectividad de los programas de reintegración incorporados en las sanciones judiciales ha sido generalmente medida a través de las tasas de reincidencia de tales programas. Sin embargo, en la composición de la varianza de reincidencia explicada subyacen tanto los efectos atribuidos a los programas como a otras variables intervinientes que generalmente no son controladas dadas las limitaciones metodológicas de los diseños de investigación posibles de ejecutar en contextos judiciales. Tomando en cuenta los resultados de las revisiones sistemáticas y los meta-análisis desarrollados fundamentalmente por el Grupo Campbell, este artículo analiza el estado del arte reportado en la literatura internacional sobre la efectividad correccional y discute las discrepancias metodológicas de los estudios previos ante los nuevos hallazgos.
Saving Children from a Life of Crime: the Benefits Greatly Outweigh the Costs!
Authors: Farrington David P. , Welsh Brandon C. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThis article reviews some of the most effective programmes for saving children from a life of crime, and also presents the results of cost-benefit analyses of some of these programmes. The best programmes include general parent education in home visiting programmes, parent management training, pre-school intellectual enrichment programmes, child skills training, Functional Family Therapy, Multidimensional Treatment Foster Care and Multisystemic Therapy. Communities That Care is a useful overarching programme. Most of these programmes have been shown to reduce crime and save money. The time is ripe to establish national agencies in all countries which will advance knowledge about early risk factors (from longitudinal studies) and about effective developmental interventions (from randomized experiments and cost-benefit analyses).
Industrial Electricity Usage and Stock Returns
Authors: Da Zhi , Huang Dayong , Yun Hayong 
Published: February 2017

The growth rate of industrial electricity usage predicts future stock returns up to 1 year with an R2 of 9%. High industrial electricity usage today predicts low stock returns in the future, consistent with a countercyclical risk premium. Industrial electricity usage tracks the output of the most cyclical sectors. Our findings bridge a gap between the asset pricing literature and the business cycle literature, which uses industrial electricity usage to gauge production and output in real time. Industrial electricity growth compares favorably with traditional financial variables, and it outperforms Cooper and Priestley’s output gap measure in real time.
Evidence for a Till Layer Beneath Storglaciären, Sweden, Based on Electrical Resistivity Measurements
Authors: Brand Geoff , Pohjola Veijo , Hooke Roger Leb. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractElectrical resistivity measurements were made in a series of closely spaced holes drilled to the base of Storglaciären. Electrodes were lowered to the bottoms of the holes where they made contact with the substrate beneath the glacier. The measurements show that a layer of till, ~0.4–0.7 m thick, is present at the base of the glacier. The low resistivity of the layer indicates that it has a high water content, compared with tills of similar composition in the pro-glacial environment. A marked reduction in resistivity after a heavy rain storm demonstrates that the water content is sensitive to variations in water input at the surface.
Calculation of Grain-Boundary Thickness IX Polycrystalline Ice of Low Salinity
Authors: Chatterjee Amiya K. , Jellinek H.H.G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGrain-boundary thickness in polycrystalline ice is a function of time (age), salinity, tempera-turf ·, and mode of sample preparation. It is directly proportional to the salinity of the ice and the number-average grain diameter (spheres) or edge-length (cubes). Practically the total salt content resides in the grain boundary for low salinity ice samples. The gram-boundary thickness S is also directly proportional to growth time of the grains raised to a powern(n= 0.25 to 0.3) and increases exponentially with absolute temperature for constant salinity and age. The energy of activation for growth increases with salinity. The results of the grain-boundary thickness calculations are useful for evaluating grain-boundary diffusion coefficients.
Mechanical drill for deep coring in temperate ice
Authors: Bragi Árnason , Helgi Björnsson , PÁll TheodÓrsson 
Published: February 2017

A rotary drill for deep coring in temperate ice has been constructed and tested. The total length of the drill is 6 m and its weight is too kg. A steel armoured cable carries power to the 2 h.p, electric motor of the drill. The diameter of the core is 90 mm and the maximum length of core is 2 m. An antifreeze mixture at the bottom of the hole was necessary to prevent refreezing of ice chips on the cutting bits.
A 415 m deep hole was drilled during the summer of 1972 into the temperate accumulation area of Vatnajökull. Core recovery was 99%. Because of a fault in the cable the bottom was not reached.
Pre- and post-operative dizziness, tinnitus, and taste disturbances among cochlear implant recipients
Authors: Mikkelsen K S , Ovesen T , Swan C Z 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjective:To determine the pre- and post-operative prevalence of dizziness, tinnitus and taste disturbances in adult cochlear implant recipients.Methods:A questionnaire regarding pre- and post-operative dizziness, tinnitus and taste disturbances was sent to 170 cochlear implant recipients implanted between January 2003 and March 2009. Seventy-seven patients (41 per cent) responded.Results:Pre-operatively, 20 per cent of the participants experienced dizziness, 52 per cent experienced tinnitus and 3 per cent experienced taste disturbances. Post-operative dizziness developed in 46 per cent of patients and resolved in the majority of these; however, 15 per cent reported dizziness more than six months after implantation. Tinnitus worsened in 25 per cent of patients, whereas 73 per cent reported attenuation or termination of tinnitus. Post-operatively, tinnitus developed in 12 per cent and taste disturbances developed in 17 per cent of the patients.Conclusion:The high prevalence of dizziness, tinnitus and taste disturbances reported by cochlear implant recipients necessitates that assessment of symptoms related to inner ear and chorda tympani damage are included when evaluating operative results.