bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Multiple Outcomes of Sexual Behavior to Provide Insights Into Chlamydia Transmission and the Effectiveness of Prevention Interventions in Adolescents
Authors: Enns Eva Andrea , Kao Szu-Yu , Kozhimannil Katy Backes , Kahn Judith , Farris Jill , Kulasingam Shalini L. 
Published: June 2017

Background
Mathematical models are important tools for assessing prevention and management strategies for sexually transmitted infections. These models are usually developed for a single infection and require calibration to observed epidemiological trends in the infection of interest. Incorporating other outcomes of sexual behavior into the model, such as pregnancy, may better inform the calibration process.

Methods
We developed a mathematical model of chlamydia transmission and pregnancy in Minnesota adolescents aged 15 to 19 years. We calibrated the model to statewide rates of reported chlamydia cases alone (chlamydia calibration) and in combination with pregnancy rates (dual calibration). We evaluated the impact of calibrating to different outcomes of sexual behavior on estimated input parameter values, predicted epidemiological outcomes, and predicted impact of chlamydia prevention interventions.

Results
The two calibration scenarios produced different estimates of the probability of condom use, the probability of chlamydia transmission per sex act, the proportion of asymptomatic infections, and the screening rate among men. These differences resulted in the dual calibration scenario predicting lower prevalence and incidence of chlamydia compared with calibrating to chlamydia cases alone. When evaluating the impact of a 10% increase in condom use, the dual calibration scenario predicted fewer infections averted over 5 years compared with chlamydia calibration alone [111 (6.8%) vs 158 (8.5%)].

Conclusions
While pregnancy and chlamydia in adolescents are often considered separately, both are outcomes of unprotected sexual activity. Incorporating both as calibration targets in a model of chlamydia transmission resulted in different parameter estimates, potentially impacting the intervention effectiveness predicted by the model.
Outcome of Pediatric Forearm Fracture Reductions Performed by Pediatric Emergency Medicine Providers Compared With Reductions Performed by Orthopedic Surgeons
Authors: Milner Donna , Krause Ernest , Hamre Karen , Flood Andrew 
Published: June 2017

Objective
The aim of this study was to describe the outcome differences between board-certified orthopedists and pediatric emergency medicine (PEM) physicians conducting forearm fracture reductions.

Methods
We performed an analysis of patients between 1 and 14 years of age who presented to the emergency department (ED) with a forearm fracture requiring reduction. Data collected included reducing provider (PEM or orthopedist) and prereduction, postreduction, and follow-up fracture angles and displacements of both radius and ulna. We collected costs of care, both in the ED and at follow-up, as well as length-of-stay data. χ2 Tests and Fisher exact test compared associations between categorical variables; 2-sample t tests compared the PEM and orthopedic groups. Regression models were used to control for injury severity confounders.

Results
Of the 222 fractures, orthopedists reduced 135, and PEM doctors reduced 87. Based on fracture angle and displacement, the orthopedic group tended to have slightly more complicated cases. After adjusting for age and time to follow-up, fractures reduced by orthopedists were less likely to require remanipulation (adjusted odds ratio, 0.30; P = 0.020). The PEM group had a significantly lower length of stay (59.4 minutes shorter; P < 0.001) and a small overall saving in charges ($273.90; P = 0.47).

Conclusions
Orthopedists performed better in maintaining fracture reductions compared with PEM physicians but lengthened the ED stay for our patients. There was no significant difference in cost.
Tibialis Posterior Tenosynovitis
Authors: Shupper Peter , Stitik Todd P. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Extra-articular manifestations of gout can present in several ways, including tenosynovitis. We present a rare case of acute tibialis posterior gouty tenosynovitis. An 82-year-old man with a history of well-controlled gout presented with acute onset of left ankle pain, occurring without inciting event. The medial ankle was slightly erythematous with moderate dorsal-medial swelling and mild dorsal-lateral swelling, with severe tenderness to palpation over the medial retro-malleolar region. Range of motion and manual muscle testing were pain limited throughout. Ultrasound examination revealed a left posterior tibialis tendon sheath tenosynovitis with effusion and overlying soft tissue edema. Tendon sheath aspirate revealed sodium urate crystals and a white blood cell count of 6400/μL. Tendon sheath injection with a mixture of 1% lidocaine and dexamethasone 4 mg resulted in symptom resolution. Repeat ultrasound examination demonstrated no evidence of tibialis posterior tendon sheath effusion. This case is unique not only because acute gouty posterior tibialis tenosynovitis is very rare, particularly in a normouricemic individual, but also because the sonographic evidence of gouty infiltration into the posterior tibialis tendon and overlying subcutaneous tissue considerably aided in arriving at the correct diagnosis in a timely manner.
Zika virus: a cause of concern in transplantation?
Authors: Levi Marilyn E. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose of review
Worldwide, the number of countries reporting Zika virus (ZKV) infection continues to increase. Although 80% of cases are asymptomatic, ZKV has been identified as a neurotropic virus associated with congenital microcephaly, Guillain-Barre’ syndrome, and meningoencephalitis. Until recently, infection in transplant recipients has not been identified. This study will review the existing literature on ZKV infection, laboratory testing, and management in transplant recipients.

Recent findings
Donor-derived transfusion of contaminated blood products and naturally occurring ZKV infections have been recently reported in solid organ and stem cell transplant recipients, ranging from asymptomatic infections to meningoencephalitis. Interpretation of diagnostic testing of ZKV is evolving, with prolonged viral shedding identified in blood, semen, and urine of unclear significance. Serologic testing may be associated with cross-reactivity with other flaviviridae, requiring plaque reduction neutralization testing for confirmation. Thus far, donor screening guidelines for transplantation have not been established.

Summary
The study reviews the limited existing literature in transplant recipients infected with ZKV, available laboratory testing and management. Ultimately, guidelines are needed for donor screening from high-risk areas, interpretation of studies and management of infected patients to ensure safe transplantation.
High-Quality 3-Dimensional 1H Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopic Imaging of the Prostate Without Endorectal Receive Coil Using A Semi-LASER Sequence
Authors: Tayari Nassim , Steinseifer Isabell K. , Selnæs Kirsten M. , Bathen Tone F. , Maas Marnix C. , Heerschap Arend 
Published: June 2017

Objectives
Inclusion of 3-dimensional 1H magnetic resonance spectroscopic imaging (3D-1H-MRSI) in routine multiparametric MRI of the prostate requires good quality spectra and easy interpretable metabolite maps of the whole organ obtained without endorectal coil in clinically feasible acquisition times. We evaluated if a semi-LASER pulse sequence with gradient offset independent adiabaticity refocusing pulses (GOIA-sLASER) for volume selection can meet these requirements.

Materials and Methods
Thirteen patients with suspicion of prostate cancer and 1 patient known to have prostate cancer were examined at 3 T with a multichannel body-receive coil. A 3D-1H-MRSI sequence with GOIA-sLASER volume selection (echo time, 88 milliseconds) was added to a routine clinical multiparametric MRI examination of these patients. Repetition times from 630 to 1000 milliseconds and effective voxel sizes of approximately 0.9 and 0.6 cm3 were tested. Spectral components were quantified by LCModel software for quality assessment and to construct choline and citrate maps.

Results
Three-dimensional MRSI of the prostate was successfully performed in all patients in measurement times of 5 to 10 minutes. Analysis of the multiparametric MRI examination or of biopsies did not reveal malignant tissue in the prostate of the 13 patients. In 1404 evaluated voxels acquired from 13 patients, the citrate resonance could be fitted with a high reliability (Cramér-Rao lower bound <30%), 100% for 7 × 7 × 7-mm3 voxels and 96 ± 7 in 6 × 6 × 6-mm3 voxels. The percentage of 7 × 7 × 7-mm3 voxels in which the choline signal was fitted with Cramér-Rao lower bound of less than 30% was approximately 50% at a TR of 630 milliseconds and increased to more than 80% for TRs of 800 milliseconds and above. In the patient with prostate cancer, choline was detectable throughout the prostate in spectra recorded at a TR of 700 milliseconds. The homogeneous B1
- field over the prostate of the receive coil enabled the generation of whole organ metabolite maps, revealing choline and citrate variations between areas with normal prostate tissue, seminal vesicles, proliferative benign prostatic hyperplasia, and tumor.

Conclusions
The good signal-to-noise ratio and low chemical shift artifacts of GOIA-sLASER at an echo time of 88 milliseconds enable acquisition of high-quality 3D-1H-MRSI of the prostate without endorectal coil in less than 10 minutes. This facilitates reconstruction of easy interpretable, quantitative metabolite maps for routine clinical applications of prostate MRSI.
Relationship of Reaction Time to Perception of a Stimulus and Volitionally Delayed Response
Authors: Meador Kimford J. , Boyd Alan , Loring David W. 
Published: June 2017

Background and Objective:
Initiation of response in a simple reaction time (RT) task may precede conscious perception of the stimulus. Since volitionally delayed responses may require conscious perception of the stimulus before response initiation, it has been hypothesized that volitionally delayed responses will markedly delay RT.

Methods:
We conducted two experiments with separate groups of healthy volunteers (n=16; n=13) who performed computerized simple and choice RT tasks. In the standard condition, we instructed the participants to respond to a visual stimulus by pushing a button as quickly as possible. In the second condition, we instructed the participants to respond after a slight volitional delay. The second experiment had an additional volitional delay condition in which we asked participants to delay their responses by an estimated 50% above their usual standard response.

Results:
We found marked delays and increased variability when participants volitionally delayed their responses, averaging 322 ms for standard and 861 ms for delayed simple RTs (267% increase), and 650 ms for standard and 1018 ms for delayed choice RTs (157% increase). Effects did not differ across age, sex, or handedness. However, a minority of participants did not meaningfully delay their RT during the volitional delay conditions.

Conclusions:
On average, participants had marked delays when they tried to delay their responses slightly, but a subset of participants exhibited essentially no delay despite trying to delay. We suggest some potential mechanisms that future investigations might delineate.
Verbal and Figural Fluency in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy: Does Hippocampal Sclerosis Affect Performance?
Authors: Zalonis Ioannis , Christidi Foteini , Artemiadis Artemios , Psarros Constantinos , Papadopoulos George , Tsivgoulis George , Gatzonis Stergios , Siatouni Anna , Velonakis Georgios , Karavasilis Efstratios , Kararizou Evangelia , Triantafyllou Nikolaos 
Published: June 2017

Background and Objectives:
Clinicians commonly use verbal and nonverbal measures to test fluency in patients with epilepsy, either during routine cognitive assessment or as part of pre- and postsurgical evaluation. We hypothesized that patients with mesial temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis would perform worse than patients with lateral TLE in both verbal and design fluency.

Methods:
We assessed semantic, phonemic, and nonverbal fluency in 49 patients with TLE: 31 with lateral TLE and 18 with mesial TLE plus hippocampal sclerosis. We also gave non-fluency cognitive measures: psychomotor speed, attentional set shifting, selective attention, abstract reasoning, verbal and visual episodic memory, and incidental memory.

Results:
Patients with mesial TLE performed significantly worse on figural fluency than patients with lateral TLE. Even though group differences on verbal fluency measures were not significant, the patients with mesial TLE had a pattern of poorer performance. The patients with mesial TLE scored significantly worse on measures of selective attention, verbal episodic memory, and incidental memory.

Conclusions:
Our study underlines differences in cognitive function between patients with mesial and lateral TLE, particularly in figural fluency. Although we cannot directly assess the role of the hippocampus in cognitive aspects of creative and divergent thinking related to figural fluency, the cognitive discrepancies between these two TLE groups could be ascribed to the mesial TLE hippocampal pathology shown in our study and addressed in the literature on hippocampal involvement in divergent thinking. Our findings could benefit cognitive rehabilitation programs tailored to the needs of patients with TLE.
Listeriolysin O: from bazooka to Swiss army knife
Authors: Osborne Suzanne E. , Brumell John H. 
Published: June 2017

Listeria monocytogenes(Lm) is a Gram-positive facultative intracellular pathogen. Infections in humans can lead to listeriosis, a systemic disease with a high mortality rate. One important mechanism ofLmdissemination involves cell-to-cell spread after bacteria have entered the cytosol of host cells. Listeriolysin O (LLO; encoded by thehlygene) is a virulence factor present inLmthat plays a central role in the cell-to-cell spread process. LLO is a member of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (CDC) family of toxins that were initially thought to promote disease largely by inducing cell death and tissue destruction—essentially acting like a ‘bazooka’. This view was supported by structural studies showing CDCs can form large pores in membranes. However, it is now appreciated that LLO has many subtle activities duringLminfection of host cells, and many of these likely do not involve large pores, but rather small membrane perforations. It is also appreciated that membrane repair pathways of host cells play a major role in limiting membrane damage by LLO and other toxins. LLO is now thought to represent a ‘Swiss army knife’, a versatile tool that allowsLmto induce many membrane alterations and cellular responses that promote bacterial dissemination during infection.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Membrane pores: from structure and assembly, to medicine and technology’.
Significant metabolic improvement by a water extract of olives: animal and human evidence
Authors: Peroulis Nikolaos , Androutsopoulos Vasilis P. , Notas George , Koinaki Stella , Giakoumaki Elsa , Spyros Apostolos , Manolopoulou Εfstathia , Kargaki Sophia , Tzardi Maria , Moustou Eleni , Stephanou Euripides G. , Bakogeorgou Efstathia , Malliaraki Niki , Niniraki Maria , Lionis Christos , Castanas Elias , Kampa Marilena 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTDyslipidemia and impaired glucose metabolism, are main health issues of growing prevalence and significant high Health Care cost, requiring novel prevention and/or therapeutic approaches. Epidemiological and animal studies revealed olive oil as an important dietary constituent for normolipidemia. However, no studies have specifically investigated the polyphenol rich water extract of olives (OLWPE), generated during olive oil production. Here, we explore OLPWE in animals and human metabolic parameters. High fat-fed rats developed a metabolic dysfunction, which was significantly impaired when treated with OLWPE, with decreased LDL and insulin levels and increased HDL. Moreover, they increased total plasma antioxidant capacity, while several phenolic compounds were detected in their blood. These findings were also verified in humans that consumed OLWPE daily for four weeks in a food matrix. Our data clearly show that OLWPE can improve glucose and lipid profile, indicating its possible use in the design of functional food and/or therapeutic interventions.
Free-living human cells reconfigure their chromosomes in the evolution back to uni-cellularity
Authors: Xu Jin , Peng Xinxin , Chen Yuxin , Zhang Yuezheng , Ma Qin , Liang Liang , Carter Ava C. , Lu Xuemei , Wu Chung-I 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCells of multi-cellular organisms evolve toward uni-cellularity in the form of cancer and, if humans intervene, continue to evolve in cell culture. During this process, gene dosage relationships may evolve in novel ways to cope with the new environment and may regress back to the ancestral unicellular state. In this context, the evolution of sex chromosomes vis-a-vis autosomes is of particular interest. Here, we report the chromosomal evolution in ~600 cancer cell lines. Many of them jettisoned either Y or the inactive X; thus, free-living male and female cells converge by becoming “de-sexualized”. Surprisingly, the active X often doubled, accompanied by the addition of one haploid complement of autosomes, leading to an X:A ratio of 2:3 from the extant ratio of 1:2. Theoretical modeling of the frequency distribution of X:A karyotypes suggests that the 2:3 ratio confers a higher fitness and may reflect aspects of sex chromosome evolution.
Reassessing the link between risk aversion and entrepreneurial intention
Authors: Zhang Pingying , Cain Kevin W. 
Published: June 2017

PurposeEntrepreneurial intention is regarded as a useful and practical approach to understanding actual entrepreneurial behavior. Planned behavior has been widely applied to examine entrepreneurial intention. Nevertheless, how risk aversion affects entrepreneurial intention using the model of planned behavior is not well understood. The purpose of this paper is to develop an integrated model based on planned behavior to examine the direct and indirect effect of risk aversion on entrepreneurial intention concurrently.Design/methodology/approachThe paper first uses factor analysis to study the latent constructs underlying determinants of planned behavior, risk aversion, and entrepreneurial intention. Then, it applies the technique of structural equation modeling to explore relationships among latent constructs. There are 306 survey responses collected from dental school students to run the analysis.FindingsThe determinants of planned behavior are positively associated with entrepreneurial intention. There is no direct relationship between risk aversion and entrepreneurial intention. Risk aversion only indirectly reduces entrepreneurial intention through determinants of planned behavior.Research limitations/implicationsThe results of the integrated model may be constrained by the sample context of dental students. Replicating the model by using other samples with various educational backgrounds can strengthen the implication of the study. Another limitation is the weakness of the cross-sectional study design, leaving room for improvement by using longitudinal data in the future.Practical implicationsRisk aversion only indirectly reduces entrepreneurial intention. To establish an environment with a strong entrepreneurial intention, a focus on developing a positive attitude and strengthening entrepreneurial skills are perhaps more fruitful than lowering risk aversion. This study also suggests that non-business students may need additional business education to improve the perception of self-efficacy.Originality/valueThe integrated model of this paper is original. The development of the model draws support from planned behavior adjusted to the context of starting a business.
Microbial richness and composition independently drive soil multifunctionality
Authors: Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel , Trivedi Pankaj , Trivedi Chanda , Eldridge David J. , Reich Peter B. , Jeffries Thomas C. , Singh Brajesh K. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Soil microbes provide multiple ecosystem functions such as nutrient cycling, decomposition and climate regulation. However, we lack a quantitative understanding of the relative importance of microbial richness and composition in controlling multifunctionality. This knowledge gap limits our capacity to understand the influence of biotic attributes in the provision of services and functions on which humans depend.

We used two independent approaches (i.e. experimental and observational), and applied statistical modelling to identify the role and relative importance of bacterial richness and composition in driving multifunctionality (here defined as seven measures of respiration and enzyme activities). In the observational study, we measured soil microbial communities and functions in both tree‐ and bare soil‐dominated microsites at 22 locations across a 1,200 km transect in southeastern Australia. In the experimental study we used soils from two of those locations and developed gradients of bacterial diversity and composition through inoculation of sterilized soils.

Microbial richness and the relative abundance of Gammaproteobacteria, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes were positively related to multifunctionality in both the observational and experimental approaches; however, only Bacteroidetes was consistently selected as a key predictor of multifunctionality across all experimental approaches and statistical models used here. Moreover, our results, from two different approaches, provide evidence that microbial richness and composition are both important, yet independent, drivers of multiple ecosystem functions.

Overall, our findings advance our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning relationships between microbial diversity and ecosystem functionality in terrestrial ecosystems, and further suggest that information on microbial richness and composition needs to be considered when formulating sustainable management and conservation policies, and when predicting the effects of global change on ecosystem functions.

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