bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heat causes large earnings losses for informal-sector workers in India
Authors: Das Saudamini , Somanathan E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Heat reduces labor productivity and output in formal manufacturing but little is known about its impacts on the earnings and welfare of workers in the informal sector that comprise 82% of the labor force in low-income and lower-middle-income countries. This study reports the results from daily surveys of nearly 400 workers in two slums in Delhi for a month in the summer of 2019. Every degree Celsius increase in wet bulb temperature was associated with a fall in gross earnings of

13
(
±
3.5
)

percentage points, a fall in earnings net of work-related expenditure of

19
(
±
4.5
)

percentage points, an increase in the self-reported probability of sickness of the worker or a family member of

6
(
±
0.5
)

percentage points, and a decrease in the probability that a worker went to work of

2
(
±
0.5
)

percentage points. Net earnings were 40% lower during the two heatwaves that occurred during the study period. Over 320 million informal-sector workers in low-income and lower-middle-income countries are currently exposed to temperatures similar to those observed in this study.
Study of multiferroic properties of Mn substituted Bi0.8Sm0.1Dy0.1Fe1−xMnxO3 ceramics
Authors: Mimi A , Hossain Amir , Zulkarnine A H , Hasan M R , Alam Mohammad K , Hossain A K M Akther , Momin A A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Transition metal Mn substituted various multiferroic Bi
0.8
Sm
0.1
Dy
0.1
Fe
1-x

Mn

x

O
3 (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) ceramics samples were fabricated by the solid-state reaction technique. The distorted rhombohedral perovskite structure with some phase impurity of all samples is confirmed by x-ray diffraction analysis. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope and Energy Dispersive x-ray spectroscopy are used for microstructural and quantitative analysis, respectively. Densities are decreased and the average grain size is increased with Mn contents. The initial permeability and relative quality factor (RQF) have found to be increased with Mn contents in the samples. The peaks in RQF shifts toward the lower frequency region with increasing Mn contents can be attributed by Snoek’s relation. All the samples show paramagnetic behavior at room temperature and magnetization slightly increases with Mn contents. The frequency dependent dielectric constant is investigated and found to consequence of space charge polarization. The dispersion behavior in dielectric constants can be explained by the Maxwell–Wagner model. The dielectric constants and dielectric loss decrease with increasing of Mn contents for all the samples. The value of electric modulus is found to increases with the increasing of frequency and this dispersion phenomena is due to short range mobility of charge carriers in conduction. The effect of grain and grain boundaries on electric properties of samples are investigated by complex impedance analysis. The ac conductivity increases with frequency due to small polaron hopping and it can be attributed according to Jonscher’s power law.
Structure and tunable temperature coefficient of magnetization of Mn4-xGaxC alloys prepared by induction melting method
Authors: Liang Yinghua , Qi Tingting , Zhang Baochao , Zhang Qiang , Choi Chul-Jin , Park Jihoon , Zhou Tianhong , Wu Qiong , Ge Hongliang , Si Pingzhan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The magnetization of most magnetic materials decreases monotonically with increasing temperature. In this work, we found that the temperature coefficient of magnetization of Mn4-x
Ga
x
C alloys can be tuned from negative values to positive values by controlling the composition x. The antiperovskite-type Mn4-x
Ga
x
C (0.05≤x≤0.75) alloys were prepared by using induction melting method, which is more efficient in large-scale production and obtaining full-density alloys in comparison with the traditional solid-state-reaction method. The values of the temperature coefficient of magnetization of Mn4-x
Ga
x
C change continuously from negative to positive with decreasing x. The Mn4-x
Ga
x
C alloys with highly thermal-stable magnetization is expected to present in the composition range of 0.15<x<0.25. The saturation magnetization of Mn4-x
Ga
x
C increases with increasing x, owing to the reduced number of antiferromagnetically coupled Mn atoms at the cubic corner with the face-centered Mn atoms. Most Mn4-x
Ga
x
C alloys with varying x display near-zero remanent magnetization and coercivity at room temperature. The Currie temperature of Mn4-x
Ga
x
C decreases with increasing x. The x-ray photoelectron spectra of Mn 2p, Ga 2p, and C 1 s reveal distinct splitting due to the diverse chemical states of these atoms at different lattice positions and/or phases. Our work has developed a class of alloys capable of offering a desired temperature coefficient of magnetization across a broad temperature range, thereby offering a method to manipulate the thermodynamics of magnetization.
Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of gold nanoparticles synthesized employing fruit peel extract of Citrus sinensis L.Osbeck
Authors: Sivakavinesan M , Vanaja M , Annadurai G , Murugan Alwarkurichi Munusamy , Salmen Saleh H , Aljawdah Hossam M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Nanoparticle biosynthesis has attained a lot of attention because of its cost-efficiency and eco-friendly process. Only limited studies are available which explain the interrelationship between physical parameters (pH, gold concentration, extract concentration, and temperature) and biological synthesis mechanism. The goal of this study was to predict the antioxidant as well as anti-inflammatory activity of biosynthesized gold nanoparticles utilizing Citrus sinensis peel extract. The initial colour shift from yellow to ruby red served as proof that nanoparticles had been successfully synthesized. The nanoparticles that were synthesized underwent various characterization techniques such as AFM (Atomic Force Microscope), FTIR (Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy), FESEM (Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope), XRD (X-Ray Diffraction), and UV–vis spectroscopy to examine their properties. Further, the synthesis method was optimized for different pH, various gold concentrations, extract concentrations, and temperatures. The nanoparticles displayed good activity as a powerful antioxidant and anti-inflammatory agent. Advanced studies are necessary to explore their therapeutic property.
Effect of test related factors on the degradation of cement-based materials on acetic acid exposure
Authors: Ninan Chinnu Mariam , K P Ramaswamy , Bertron Alexandra , R Sajeeb 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Exposure of concrete to various acids can hardly be overstated due to the widespread use of concrete in the construction industry. The effect of selected factors on the degradation of ordinary Portland cement (OPC 53 grade) paste and mortar exposed to acetic acid is investigated in this paper. Various test parameters such as mass loss, loss in cross-sectional area, relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM), loss in flexural and compressive strength are used to assess the selected factors and the results obtained are analysed to determine the most favourable test conditions for degradation, that can be adopted for developing an accelerated test method. The factors used for the investigation are replenishment of acid solution, concentration of acid solution, ratio of surface area of specimen to volume of liquid acid solution (S/L), shape of the specimen and nature of the specimen. This paper also investigates the interrelationships among test parameters and adopts interpretation of acid consumption to assess the aggressiveness of the acid solution. It was found that renewing conditions and high concentrations of acid solution (0.5 M) indicate rapid degradation. The aggressiveness of 0.125 M acetic acid solutions in renewing conditions is about 5 times that of non-renewing conditions respectively. The rate of degradation is inversely related to S/L ratio. Cylindrical specimens have a marginal increase in degradation than prismatic specimens. It is preferable to evaluate acid attack on mortar specimens rather than paste specimens due to higher loss in cross-sectional area and relative dynamic elastic modulus (RDEM).
Drying and wetting trend in Xinjiang and related circulations background over the past 60 years
Authors: Xu Yang , Zhang Liang , Hao Zhixin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study of climate variability and trend provides important evidence for water resource management strategies in Xinjiang. The scientific community has systematically studied the ‘warming and wetting’ process in the Xinjiang region. However, significant controversy persists regarding whether this trend has stagnated, and there remains a gap in understanding the decadal climate variability across different seasons within the subregions of Xinjiang. Here, we analyzed the spatiotemporal characteristics of seasonal-to-annual climate variations in Southern and Northern Xinjiang over the past 60 years by the Standardized Precipitation Evapotranspiration Index (SPEI-3) and identified the change points of mean and trend changes in the SPEI series and further explored the atmospheric circulation patterns before and after the transition from dry/wet conditions. Specifically, although the mean change point test indicated a wetter climate after 1986 at both the annual and seasonal scales, the trend analysis showed a shift from wet to dry from 1996, which has persisted until the present. There were significant interdecadal features in the spatial distribution of SPEI. Xinjiang exhibited a predominantly dry pattern from 1961 to 1980, which changed to a wetter pattern from 1981 to 2000, Xinjiang experienced its wettest decade from 1991 to 2000, and the whole region returned to a drier pattern from 2001 to 2020. From the annual and seasonal variation, the rate of change is greater in the south, with stronger change amplitude in summer and autumn and a higher frequency of anomalous SPEI. The results of the atmospheric circulation analysis demonstrated that the net water vapor flux in the Xinjiang region increased by about 8.30 g·kg−1·m·s−1 in the period 1987–2020 compared to 1961–1986 due to the combined interaction of high-, mid-, and low-latitude systems with the Central Asian low-pressure system. The results indicated a sharp increase in aridification in Xinjiang, providing valuable insights for disaster prevention, mitigation, and risk management related to regional drought hazards.
Observational evidence of the association between aerosol properties and lightning characteristics in the Indian subcontinent
Authors: Chowdhury Subhojit Ghoshal , Ganguly Dilip , Dey Sagnik 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Lightning is a leading cause of natural disaster-related mortality in the Indian Subcontinent. Currently, there is a lack of observational evidence supporting the role of aerosol composition in modulating lightning intensity and trends in this region. In this study, we analyzed satellite and reanalysis datasets to examine the association between aerosol properties and lightning intensity over three contrasting geographic regions of Indian subcontinent during the premonsoon season (1998–2022). By comparing lightning and non-lightning days, we found a 0.1 unit increase in total aerosol optical depth specifically on lightning days in all three study areas. Additionally, we observed that the aerosol composition of a region influences convective activity. The presence of dust alongside fine aerosols acts as efficient ice nuclei, thereby stimulating lightning activity in all three regions. Therefore, considering aerosol composition together with local meteorology is essential for accurately predicting lightning flash rates in a region.
The assessment of groundwater reserves, quality, and balance in Quang Nam region, Vietnam: using MIKE BASIN and MODFLOW models
Authors: Nguyen Dieu-Trinh , Tran Ngoc-Anh , Van Huu-Tap , Hoang Van Hung 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This comprehensive study examines the groundwater reserves and quality within the Quang Nam region, Vietnam, utilising the integrated MIKE BASIN and MODFLOW models. The research systematically analyses the coastal and key economic zones, covering 259,039 hectares, including urban and rural districts. The study delineates the region’s hydrogeology, revealing a significant volume of groundwater reserves with a static water level, suggesting robust aquifer systems, particularly in the Dien Ban and Thang Binh districts. Furthermore, hydrogeochemical analysis assessed groundwater quality, indicating suitability for agriculture, which accounts for 81% of the region’s water demand and other uses. The study’s novelty lies in its dual approach of quantifying groundwater reserves and evaluating their quality, addressing a critical regional water resource management gap. The findings present an optimistic scenario for the current and future sustainability of water resources, with the calculated groundwater reserves demonstrating ample capacity to support the varied needs of the region. This research establishes a foundational understanding of Quang Nam’s hydrological system. It provides strategic insights for sustainable water management in response to socio-economic development and climate change projections up to 2030. Climate projections for Quảng Nam province under RCP 4.5 and RCP 8.5 scenarios indicate significant increases in rainfall, temperature, sea level rise, and saltwater intrusion, highlighting the critical need for adaptive strategies to protect local ecosystems and communities from these escalating climate threats.
Optimizing indoor localization precision: advancements in RFID strategies for enhanced performance
Authors: Bhalla Anand Vardhan , Mishra Agya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
RFID technology is being used more and more for complex interior localization, as a result of the quick spread of mobile devices and the smooth incorporation of artificial intelligence (AI). But conventional approaches have severe difficulties with antenna placement and constrained signal feature sizes, which limits their performance. To improve indoor localization and get over these drawbacks, this study presents a novel method that combines the Unscented Kalman Filter (UKF) with Wavelet Neural Networks (WNN). The most significant development is the incorporation of phase data into input vectors along with Received Signal Strength Indication (RSSI), which significantly increases accuracy. Empirical results show notable improvements of 88.9%, 99.2%, 95.2%, and 37.5% in critical metrics like Mean Localization Error (MLE), Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Mean Absolute Error (MAE), and Localization Error Offset (LEO) in particular. This work highlights the critical role of sophisticated techniques like WNN and UKF, highlighting the importance of phase as a critical component, to improve the performance of RFID-based indoor localization. The results indicate a promising trajectory for future advancements in this field as well.
Integrating remotely sensed imagery in a forest gap model to study North American boreal forests in a changing world
Authors: Sundquist Shelby , Lutz David , Foster Adrianna , Fulé Peter , Goetz Scott 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Boreal forests of Alaska and Western Canada are experiencing rapid climate change characterized by higher temperatures, more extreme droughts, and changing disturbance regimes, resulting in forest mortality and composition changes. Mechanistic models are increasingly important for predicting future forest trends as the region experiences novel environmental change. Previously, many process-based models have generated starting conditions by ‘spinning up’ to equilibrium. However, setting appropriate initial conditions remains a persistent challenge in using mechanistic forest models, where stochastic events and latent parameters governing tree establishment have long-lasting impacts on simulation outcomes. Recent advances in remote sensing analysis provide information that can help address this issue. We updated an individual-based gap model, the University of Virginia Forest Model Enhanced (UVAFME), to include initial conditions derived from aerial and satellite imagery at two locations. Following these updates, material legacies (e.g. trees, seed banks, soil organic layer) allowed new forest types to persist in UVAFME simulations, landscape-level forest heterogeneity increased, and forest-wide biomass estimates increased. At both study sites, initialization from remotely sensed data had a strong impact on forest cover and volume. Climate change impacts were simulated decades earlier than when the model was ‘spun up’. In Alaska’s Tanana Valley State Forest, warmer climate scenarios drove deciduous expansion, increased drought stress, and resulted in a 28% decrease in overall biomass by 2100 between historical and high emissions climate scenarios. At a lowland site in Northern British Columbia, lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta) remained dominant and became more productive with exogenous climate forcing as temperature, nutrient, and flooding limitations decreased. These case studies demonstrate a new framework for forest modeling and emphasize the advantages of integrating remotely sensed data with mechanistic models, thereby laying groundwork for future research that explores near-term impacts of non-stationary ecological change.
Justifying a Distinction
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter turns to the normative question of whether the significance attached in tort law to the distinction between acts and pure omissions can be justified. The issue addressed is not whether the details of the current law can be justified, but whether the law is right to recognise that legal positive duties (P-duties) should arise only in limited situations when a special fact obtains, such as an assumption of responsibility. The central concern of this chapter is whether there is a normative distinction between negative duties (N-duties) and P-duties such that the legal recognition and enforceability of P-duties in tort is justifiably subject to more demanding requirements than N-duties.
Assumptions of Responsibility: Part 2—Normative Issues
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The previous chapter (Chapter 4) aimed to establish that the current law recognises different strands of assumption of responsibility, and that confusion is likely to ensue if these strands are not disaggregated. This particular chapter is closely connected to Chapter 4, and moves from analysis of the positive law to central normative questions about the duties that arise by virtue of assumptions of responsibility. First, what, if anything, justifies the duties currently arising by virtue of assumptions of responsibility? Second, to which roles and relationships should the law attach legally enforceable P-duties to take care to protect the interests of another? Third, should the law accept that taking on the task of assisting another person generates P-duties to take care in the provision of that assistance by virtue of an assumption of responsibility? Fourth, can the not entirely consistent decisions on the assumption of responsibility by public authorities be reconciled?
Control
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The idea that ‘control’ over a person, land, an animal, or a thing is a source of P-duties is well-established. It is said that ‘control imports responsibility’, specifically a responsibility to act. The nature of the control required and the justification of control as a basis for P-duties is, however, rarely examined. The question is interesting because, on one natural analysis, to have control of a risk is to have a reliable ability to prevent, or influence, the risk. Yet, this notion of control, if it generated P-duties, would contradict the general absence of a duty to intervene to prevent harm to others. Thus, if ‘control’ is significant simply in virtue of identifying persons reliably able to prevent harm, considerable tension is created in the law by the recognition of ‘control’ as a special fact. The first two sections of the chapter analyse the current law. They make a simple, but often unarticulated, distinction between control as a source of duties to the controlled and control as a source of duties to third parties. The third section turns to justification.
Public Authorities
Authors: Steel Sandy 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Public authorities have P-duties which individuals do not have, and their having such duties is one major reason for their existence. All sorts of things need to be done when people live together which it would be inappropriate legally to require individuals to do on their own. In some cases, this is because the burden of some P-duty cannot justly be imposed on an individual without more, given the limited general duties of assistance each person has to others. In other cases, it is because living together generates harms for which no individual is justly individually responsible. In so far as each of us engages in permissible (market) transactions whose collective effect is the foreseeable risk of others being in dire need, we are required by a collective version of the Innocent Risk Principle to coordinate our conduct, by establishing relevant institutions to counteract the harmful effect of those permissible transactions.
Policies and Strategies to Promote Social Inclusion During the COVID-19 Pandemic and Afterwards
Authors: Rimmerman Arie 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses different ways of analyzing governments’ policies and strategies to promote social inclusion during the COVID-19 pandemic and afterwards. The first framework uses a narrative approach to compare 32 countries between August 2020 and March 2022. The second framework is based on an assessment of whether 14 countries followed the United Nations Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities in responding inclusively to the pandemic. The chapter also provides a thorough comparison between the policies of the United Kingdom and the United States regarding whether they offered inclusive policies during and after the COVID-19 crisis. Although the countries reflect different structures and health policies, at the beginning of the pandemic they were both slow in their responses. They began planning and offering inclusive policies to people with disabilities only after the third wave of the pandemic, including collaboration with the disability community to plan a better future. The chapter also provides recommendations for inclusive policies toward people with disabilities in low- and middle-income countries.
The Art of the Possible: The Constraints Associated with Writing Local TESOL Textbooks
Authors: Yıldız Abdullah , Harwood Nigel 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Drawing upon interviews with eight textbook authors working for a Middle Eastern Ministry of Education, this article explores the multifaceted constraints associated with the production of local TESOL textbooks. Significant challenges are at play stemming from tight production deadlines of just 2 months per textbook, thereby precluding any piloting of materials. Furthermore, severe MoE strictures regarding the form textbooks can take are in operation with regard to unit titles, moral values to be transmitted, skills and language content, and space allocated to each segment of the book. Additional constraints include the challenge of writing for a diverse target audience, the proscription of manifold taboo topics, and the lack of textbook development training the authors receive. These constraints reportedly lead to compromises in textbook quality and limit the authors’ ability to produce pedagogically effective and culturally sensitive materials. The findings illuminate the complex context-specific dynamics mediating textbook production, highlighting the need for a more nuanced understanding of the local textbook production process and the constraints and challenges writers face.