bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Place of Universal Grammar in the
Study of Language and Mind: A Response
to Dabrowska (2015)
Authors: Boxell Oliver 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Generative Linguistics proposes that the human ability to produce and comprehend language
is fundamentally underwritten by a uniquely linguistic innate system called Universal Grammar (UG). In
her recent paper What is Universal Grammar, and has anyone seen it? Ewa Dabrowska reviews a range of
evidence and argues against the idea of UG from a Cognitive Linguistics perspective. In the current paper,
I take each of Dabrowska’s arguments in turn and attempt to show why they are not well founded, either
because of flaws in her argumentation or because of a careful consideration of the available empirical
evidence. I also attempt to demonstrate how evidence from the fields Dabrowska reviews actually supports
the notion of UG. However, arguments are additionally presented in favor of integrating an understanding
of domain-specific UG with an understanding of domain-general cognitive capacities in order to understand
the language faculty completely.
What is the Survival Rate in Prenatally Detected Cantrell’s Pentalogy?
Authors: Pośpiech-Gąsior Katarzyna , Słodki Maciej , Respondek-Liberska Maria 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCantrell’s pentalogy is a congenital defect characterized by uncompleted fusion of the anterior chest wall, resulting in an extrathoracic location of the heart. Ultrasound diagnosis during the first trimester of prenatal life is possible, and termination of pregnancy is usually chosen by pregnant women. We analysed 57 fetuses: 56 from literature and one additional recent case from our institute (from 2016) to evaluate what was the survival rate reported after prenatal diagnosis, including the possibility to terminate the pregnancy, intrauterine deaths and neonatal deaths. We found 10 survivors - 18% since 1984.Despite dismal prognosis of fetal ectopia cordis, there is a chance for postnatal survivorship probably due to evolving anatomical structures, not only in the first trimester of pregnancy but also during the following weeks of prenatal life.
Use of X-ray Fluorescence Analysis for the Determination of Rare Earth Elements
Authors: Schramm Rainer 
Published: September 2016

AbstractX-ray fluorescence spectrometry (XRF) is a powerful tool for the analysis of solid material. That is the reason why the technique was applied for the determination of rare earth elements (REEs) since about 1970. At present, energy-dispersive XRF and wavelength-dispersive XRF are used for the analysis of pressed powder pellets or fused Li-borate beads containing REEs. The production of reliable results can only be achieved by careful optimization of the parameter, in particular the selection of spectral lines. The quantification is based on a calibration realized by using reference samples.
Automated Quantitative Rare Earth Elements Mineralogy by Scanning Electron Microscopy
Authors: Sindern Sven , Meyer F. Michael 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIncreasing industrial demand of rare earth elements (REEs) stems from the central role they play for advanced technologies and the accelerating move away from carbon-based fuels. However, REE production is often hampered by the chemical, mineralogical as well as textural complexity of the ores with a need for better understanding of their salient properties. This is not only essential for in-depth genetic interpretations but also for a robust assessment of ore quality and economic viability. The design of energy and cost-efficient processing of REE ores depends heavily on information about REE element deportment that can be made available employing automated quantitative process mineralogy.Quantitative mineralogy assigns numeric values to compositional and textural properties of mineral matter. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with a suitable software package for acquisition of backscatter electron and X-ray signals, phase assignment and image analysis is one of the most efficient tools for quantitative mineralogy. The four different SEM-based automated quantitative mineralogy systems, i.e. FEI QEMSCAN and MLA, Tescan TIMA and Zeiss Mineralogic Mining, which are commercially available, are briefly characterized.Using examples of quantitative REE mineralogy, this chapter illustrates capabilities and limitations of automated SEM-based systems. Chemical variability of REE minerals and analytical uncertainty can reduce performance of phase assignment. This is shown for the REE phases parisite and synchysite. In another example from a monazite REE deposit, the quantitative mineralogical parameters surface roughness and mineral association derived from image analysis are applied for automated discrimination of apatite formed in a breakdown reaction of monazite and apatite formed by metamorphism prior to monazite breakdown.SEM-based automated mineralogy fulfils all requirements for characterization of complex unconventional REE ores that will become increasingly important for supply of REEs in the future.
Upon Further Review: A Commodity Chemist on Green Chemistry
Authors: Carroll William F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGreen chemistry is most often thought of in the context of specialty or pharmaceutical chemicals where many synthetic chemistry approaches are in play. However, principles similar to those of green chemistry and engineering were employed over the years in reducing cost and increasing volume of chemicals that became commodities. This paper considers some of those principles, their impact, and some perspectives on the potential and limits associated with green chemistry for commodity chemicals.
Determination of lemon and carbonate effects on caffeine content of various teas and investigation of daily caffeine intakes / Çeşitli çayların içerdikleri kafein miktarlarına limon ve karbonatın etkisi ve günlük alım miktarlarının incelenmesi
Authors: Demir Funda , Kıpçak Azmi Seyhun , Özdemir Özgül Dere , Pişkin Mehmet Burçin , Derun Emek Möröydor 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Objective: Tea (Camellia sinensis), has been used for health field in thousands of years. Caffeine is one of the key component in tea and investigation of caffeine is a popular working subject among the researches. The novelty of this study is not only the determination of the caffeine contents of the teas, but also how addition of lemon and carbonate effects the caffeine contents. Another aim of the study is the investigation of the daily caffeine intakes from teas.
Methods: Tea infusions were prepared and caffeine contents were extracted by using chloroform and determined by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. For lemon and carbonate addition experiments, lemon was added before the caffeine analysis and carbonate was added at the beginning.
Results: Maximum caffeine contents from highest to lowest were seen in black, earl grey and green in classic teas; fennel, mint and sage in herbal teas; lemon, apple and rosehip in fruit teas. With lemon addition caffeine contents were increased except green tea and with carbonate addition caffeine contents were decreased except black and fennel tea. Daily caffeine intakes are found between 32.10% (green tea with carbonate) - 77.20% (black tea with lemon), 1.85% (sage tea with carbonate) - 4.05% (fennel tea with lemon) and 2.10% (rosehip with carbonate) - 4.00% (lemon tea with lemon) in classic, herbal and fruit teas, respectively.
Conclusion: The significance of this study indicates that herbal and fruit teas contain caffeine, which is assumed zero in literature. The caffeine amount of herbal teas (20.79±0.36-30.68±0.63 ppm) were found barely higher than the fruit teas (22.87±0.54-28.54±0.75 ppm) but daily maximum caffeine intakes were found less than 5%. The daily maximum caffeine intakes were found in the teas as 525.36±2.84-20.79±0.36 ppm, where lemon addition increased to 617.90±3.54-22.97±0.58 ppm and carbonate addition decreased to 488.54±2.05-16.84±0.28 ppm.
Effects of two different eight-week walking programs on insulin resistance and ER stressrelated markers in pre-menopausal women / Premenopozal kadınlarda 8 haftalık farklı şiddetteki yürüyüş antrenmanlarının insülin direnci ve ER stresiyle ilişkili markerler üzerine etkileri
Authors: Doğru Yeliz , Büyükyazı Gürbüz , Ulman Cevval , Taneli Fatma , Tıkız Hakan , Göral Mehmet , Esen Hasan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Objective: The relationship between exercise and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, insulin resistance, and obesity is a new field of research. To our knowledge, there are no studies examining the effects of walking exercises on ER stress related markers and insulin resistance in pre-menopausal women. To examine the effect of two different eight-week walking programs on the tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), Fetuin-A (α2 - Heremans Schmid glycoprotein), c-Jun N-terminal kinase-1 (JNK-1) and retinol- binding protein-4 (RBP-4), the related markers of ER stress and insulin resistance in pre-menopausal women.
Methods: Exercise groups (moderate tempo walking group; MTWG; n=11; brisk walking group BWG; n=12) walked five days a week, starting from 30 minutes, gradually increasing up to 51 minutes. BWG walked at ~70-75% and MTWG at ~50-55 of HRRmax. Body mass index (BMI), body fat percentage (%), VO2max, serum TNF-α, Fetuin-A, JNK-1, RPB-4, blood lipids, and insulin resistance levels were determined before and after the intervention.
Results: VO2max increased in both exercise groups favoring BWG; RBP-4 decreased in both exercise groups (p<0.05). Serum TNF-α and, TG (p<0.05), BMI and percent body fat (p<0.01), and insulin levels reduced significantly in BWG (p<0.05). The reductions observed in both exercise groups in insulin resistance, and the increases determined in the negative levels of JNK-1 in BWG may be clinically important.
Conclusion: Both type of walking resulted in similar positive effects on RBP-4. The reduction observed in TNF-α, RBP-4, and the increases in the negative levels of JNK-1 in BWG show the positive effects of brisk walking on ER stress. The reduction in insulin resistance in relation to the possible reductions in ER stress and apoptosis in BWG may be more effective to prevent metabolic diseases.
A rare association: celiac disease and multiple myeloma in an asymptomatic young patient / Asemptomatik genç bir hastada çölyak hastalığı ve multipl myelom’un nadir birlikteliği
Authors: Öngen Belkız , Aksungar Fehime Benli , Tiftikçi Arzu , Coşkun Abdurrahman , Serteser Mustafa , Ünsal İbrahim Ü 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Celiac Disease (CD) is a gluten-sensitive enteropathy, and an autoimmune disorder involving an innate and adaptive immune response that occurs in genetically predisposed patients who are exposed to gluten-containing foods and other environmental factors. Early diagnosis and treatment are essential in preventing complications of the disease. Symptoms may appear both in childhood or adulthood by the ingestion of gluten and are usually characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms; however, the diagnosis may be delayed because of various extraintestinal manifestations, such as iron deficiency anemia, osteoporosis, or non-specific skin lesions in adult patients. Although CD has been shown to have an increased risk of all malignancies, plasma dyscrasias, especially multiple myeloma (MM) associations, are rare and reported to be seen in elderly patients. The current report presents a 42-year-old female patient with a recent dysphagia after a hot food ingestion with no other complaints. Laboratory investigations revealed a mild anemia and high serum protein levels. CD was diagnosed after a small bowel biopsy and MM was diagnosed after a serum protein electrophoresis with immunotyping studies (IgA lambda as the monoclonal protein) and bone marrow biopsy. In the laboratory, Immunotyping studies of monoclonal protein included two alternative methods; Immunofixation electrophoresis and immunosubtraction method with capillary electrophoresis. Our patient, is young to have MM, since the median age at diagnosis of MM is 66 years and only 2% of patients are younger than 50 years. We believe that celiac disease played a significant role in the development of MM in this particular patient with IgA monoclonality and conclude that CD patients, even if they are young, must be monitored for plasma dyscrasias in addition to other malignancies.
Gas electron diffraction of increased performance through optimization of nozzle, system design and digital control
Authors: Reuter Christian G. , Vishnevskiy Yury V. , Blomeyer Sebastian , Mitzel Norbert W. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A number of measures to increase the quality of data recorded with an improved Balzers Eldigraph KD-G2 gas-phase electron diffractometer are discussed. The beam-stop has been decoupled from the sector enabling us recording the current of the primary beam and scattered electrons during the experiment. Different beam-stops were tested for use in the present setup. Modifications of the nozzle tip of an earlier described medium temperature nozzle are reported. The measures lead to reduced exposure times and reduced amount of sample necessary for complete data collection.
The Structure of Vaucheriaxanthin
Authors: Nitsche Helfried 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Vaucheriaxanthin is 19'-0H and not 19-OH neoxanthin. This structural conclusion was borne out by mass, PMR and infrared (IR) spectra from the free pigment and its derivatives (vaucheria- xanthal, vaucheriaxanthal-diacetate, vaucheriaxanthal-diacetate-mono (trimethylsilyl) -ether, vaucheria- xanthintriacetate- and triacetate-monosilanate, vaucheriaxanthin-dimethylether) and by comparison of the characteristic lines of epoxi-xanthophylls at mje 181 and m/e 221 in the mass spectrum
Zum stoffwechsel von aromaten, II. über die muconsäurespaltung von einfachen o-diphenolen / on the metabolism of aromatic compounds, ii * the muconic acid scission of simple o-diphenols
Authors: Schulz Günther , Hecker Erich 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The preparation of substituted cis,cis-muconic acids by oxidative ring scission of simple o-di-phenols with peracetic acid is investigated.
Scission of pyrocatechol (1) to cis,cis-muconic acid (2) gives optimal yields, if acetic acid or ethyl acetate is used as solvent and if the solution is 15-20% with respect to sulfuric acid free peracetic acid comprising a one molar excess of oxidant.
Under similar conditions, 3-tosylamino-pyrocatechol yields with peracetic acid the hitherto unknown α-tosylamino-cis,cis-muconic caid (18). 18 may be converted to α-tosylamino-traras,trans-muconic acid (19) by means of iodine, UV light or heating.
From protocatechuic acid (4) under similar conditions not β-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid (5) is obtained, but rather β-carboxy-mucono-lactone (6 b, γ-carboxymethyl-β-carboxy-Δα-butenolide). As yet, this lactone has been accessible only from an isomer of β-carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid, the latter being obtainable by enzymatic scission of protocatechuic acid (4).
Steric effects are responsible for both, the formation of the free cis,cis-muconic acids 2 and 18 from pyrocatechol (1) and α-tosylamino-pyrocatechol, and the formation of the γ-lactone 6 b instead of β -carboxy-cis,cis-muconic acid by scission of protocatechuic acid (4).
The time course of the reactions shows that - compared to pyrocatechol (1) - a 3-tosylamino-group enhances the peracetic acid scission, whereas a 4-carboxygroup as in 4 slows it down
Interaction of Polyadenylic Acid with the Mercury Electrode
Authors: Brabec V , Paleček E 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Interactions of polyadenylic acid with the mercury electrode were followed by means of direct current (d.c.), alternating current (a.c.), and pulse polarography. It was ascertained that the electrode reaction of polyadenylic acid did not differ significantly from the reaction of its monomeric components. In contrary to the latter reaction, the polarographic reduction of poly­ adenylic acid takes place only in the adsorbed state. Desorption of polyadenylic acid from the surface of the mercury electrode at negative potentials inhibits the reduction current. Due to this inhibition the d.c. polarographic curves of polyadenylic acid can have the shape of a single maxi­ mum or of a "double-wave". A method was suggested for a rapid determination of diffusion coef­ ficients of single-stranded polyadenylic acid by means of d.c. polarography. A.c. polarographic measurements yielded data on the adsorption/desorption behaviour of polyadenylic acid, on the basis of which conclusions were made concerning the conformation of polyadenylic acid in solu­ tion. While relatively concentrated solutions of polyadenylic acid must be used in the d.c. and a.c. polarographic studies, a little as 10 -15 ng of polyadenylic acid can be determined by means of pulse polarography
The Effect of High pH and Calcium on Tobacco Leaf Protoplast Fusion
Authors: Keller W. A. , Melchers G 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
High frequencies of fusion were induced between isolated tobacco leaf protoplasts when they were incubated at 37 °C in the presence of 0.05 M CaCl2 in 0.4 ᴍ mannitol at pH 10.5. Subsequent to the fusion treatment the protoplasts were washed and cultured in a suitable medium and within two weeks, actively dividing cell colonies were observed. The fusion treatment had no irreversible, deleterious effects on the protoplasts
Investigations Implying the Invalidity of Octopine as a Marker for Transformation by Agrobacterium tumefaciens
Authors: Wendt-Gallitelli M. F. , Dobrigkeit I 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The presence of the rare free amino acid octopine in different plant material was tested in order to confirm its validity as a specific marker for the expression of bacterial genetic information in tumors produced by infection with A grobacteriu m tu m efaciens. This guanidine derivative is present in auxin-autotrophic fast growing callus cultures of C repis capillaris, and N icotiana tabacum var. ''White Burley", all transformed by infection with A grobacteriu m tum efaciens. In auxin-hetero-trophic callus cultures and in healthy plant material of the same species octopine could not be found. In all A . tum efaciens strains including the avirulent No. 55 tested this guanidine derivative was present. However, since octopine was found in fast growing "habituated" cultures of N . taba­ cum var. "White Burley" and, in small amounts in root tips of pea and bean seedlings and not in a slow growing "transformed" strain T5 of C repis, it cannot be considered as a specific marker for the expression of genetic material from the transforming bacteria
Über zwei weitere L uteolinglykoside aus Reseda luteola L. / On Two New Luteolinglycosides from Reseda luteola L
Authors: Geiger Hans , Krumbein Brigitte 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In den oberirdischen Teilen von Reseda luteola L. sind bisher an Flavonoiden Luteolin (1), Apigenin (2) und Luteolin-7-glucosid (3) aufgefunden wor­ den 1. Als wir zu Vergleichszwecken 1 und 2 aus Reseda luteola isolierten, ist uns das Vorkommen weiterer Glykoside aufgefallen. Ähnliche Beobach­ tungen sind auch von anderer Seite gemacht wor­ den 2. Es ist uns jetzt gelungen, zwei dieser Glyko­ side, Luteolin-S'-glucosid (4) und Luteolin-7.3 -di-glucosid (5), in reiner Form zu isolieren und deren Konstitution aufzuklären
Desigualdad y frontera norte mexicana. Una aproximación desde los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible
Authors: Jiménez Castillo Manuel Antonio 
Published: September 2016

Este trabajo pretende arrojar luz sobre cómo la extrema desigualdad que aflige a la frontera norte mexicana condiciona el cumplimiento de los objetivos del desarrollo sostenible. A través de los conceptos de “resilencia” y de “asimetría de poder” se examinará como la desigualdad actúa como un pernicioso actor político descompensando el sentido originario de la acción política. A tal fin, se toman cinco de los ODS con mayor incidencia sobre la desigualdad para conocer el estado real de su cumplimiento. Igualmente se conceptualizará los efectos potenciales de la desigualdad a la hora de alcanzar tales fines. Se concluirá aseverando sobre la existencia de un efecto perverso de la desigualdad sobre aquellas políticas dadas a convertir los logros del milenio en un asunto sostenible.
A Modified Delphi Study to Identify Factors Associated With Clinical Deterioration in Hospitalized Children
Authors: Krmpotic Kristina , Van den Bruel Ann , Lobos Anna-Theresa 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
Hospitalized children who are admitted to the inpatient ward can deteriorate and require unplanned transfer to the PICU. Studies designed to validate early warning scoring systems have focused mainly on abnormalities in vital signs in patients admitted to the inpatient ward. The objective of this study was to determine the patient and system factors that experienced clinicians think are associated with progression to critical illness in hospitalized children.

METHODS:
We conducted a modified Delphi study with 3 iterations, administered electronically. The expert panel consisted of 11 physician and nonphysician health care providers from hospitals in Canada and the United States.

RESULTS:
Consensus was reached that 21 of the 57 factors presented are associated with clinical deterioration in hospitalized children. The final list of variables includes patient characteristics, signs and symptoms in the emergency department, emergency department management, and system factors.

CONCLUSIONS:
We generated a list of variables that can be used in future prospective studies to determine if they are predictors of clinical deterioration on the inpatient ward.
НЕКОТОРЫЕ ХИМИЧЕСКИЕ КОМПОНЕНТЫ СОСНЫ
Authors: Эланидзе Л. 
Published: September 2016

Проведено исследование фенольного и липидного состава вторичных ресурсов экологически чистой сосны (Pinus Sylvestris) (sosnowskyi), распространённой на охраняемой территории Тушети (регион северо-восточной части Грузии), в частности, коры, древесных обрезков и смолы. Выявлены различия по содержанию липидной и фенольной фракций исследуемых объектов. Полученные данные указывают на то, что древесные обрезки, кора и смола как вторичные продукты из экологически чистой местности могут быть использованы для комплексной переработки, с целью получения полезных для здоровья природных биологически активных соединений.