bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Different Modes of Morning Priming Exercise on Afternoon Performance
Authors: Russell Mark , King Aden , Bracken Richard. M. , Cook Christian. J. , Giroud Thibault , Kilduff Liam. P. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:To assess the effects of different modes of morning (AM) exercise on afternoon (PM) performance and salivary hormone responses in professional rugby union players.Methods:On 4 occasions (randomized, crossover design), 15 professional rugby players provided AM (~8 AM) and PM (~2 PM) saliva samples before PM assessments of countermovement-jump height, reaction time, and repeated-sprint ability. Control (passive rest), weights (bench press: 5 × 10 repetitions, 75% 1-repetition maximum, 90-s intraset recovery), cycling (6 × 6-s maximal sprint cycling, 7.5% body mass load, 54-s intraset recovery), and running (6 × 40-m maximal sprints, 20-s intraset recovery) interventions preceded (~5 h) PM testing.Results:PM sprint performance improved (P < .05) after weights (>0.15 ± 0.19 s, >2.04% ± 2.46%) and running (>0.15 ± 0.17 s, >2.12% ± 2.22%) but not cycling (P > .05). PM jump height increased after cycling (0.012 ± 0.009 m, 2.31% ± 1.76%, P < .001) and running (0.020 ± 0.009 m, 3.90% ± 1.79%, P < .001) but not weights (P = .936). Reaction time remained unchanged between trials (P = .379). Relative to control (131 ± 21 pg/mL), PM testosterone was greater in weights (21 ± 23 pg/mL, 17% ± 18%, P = .002) and running (28 ± 26 pg/mL, 22% ± 20%, P = .001) but not cycling (P = .072). Salivary cortisol was unaffected by AM exercise (P = .540).Conclusions:All modes of AM exercise improved at least 1 marker of PM performance, but running appeared the most beneficial to professional rugby union players. A rationale therefore exists for preceding PM competition with AM exercise.
Without The Academic Part, It Wouldn’t Be Squash”: Youth Development in an Urban Squash Program
Authors: Hemphill Michael A. , Richards K. Andrew R. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:The purpose of this study was to examine youth development outcomes in an Urban Squash program.Methods:A mixed method approach to was employed to address three research questions: 1) to what extent did the Urban Squash program exhibit features of a quality OST program?; 2) what aspects of the Urban Squash program were most valued by participants and stakeholders?; and 3) how were outcomes gained within urban squash transferred into the school day. The OST Observation Instrument was employed to provide a measure of fidelity related to the implementation of quality program structures. Youth participants (N = 21) and adults (N = 13) with knowledge of the program were interviewed in a semistructured format. Qualitative inductive analysis and constant comparison methods were used to generate themes.Results:Systematic observations demonstrated that the program reflected a strong program design with activities that were sequenced, active, personally focused, and explicit. Within that context, four qualitative themes related to quality programming include 1) academic enrichment, 2) academic transfer, 3) relationships, and 4) personal and social responsibility.Conclusions:Urban Squash provided a quality program structure. Transfer from the program to the school was evident with academic enrichment and personal and social responsibility.
Salmonella
Effectors SseF and SseG Interact with Mammalian Protein ACBD3 (GCP60) To Anchor
Salmonella
-Containing Vacuoles at the Golgi Network
Authors: Yu Xiu-Jun , Liu Mei , Holden David W. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Following infection of mammalian cells,
Salmonella enterica
serovar Typhimurium (
S
. Typhimurium) replicates within membrane-bound compartments known as
Salmonella
-containing vacuoles (SCVs). The
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 2 type III secretion system (SPI-2 T3SS) translocates approximately 30 different effectors across the vacuolar membrane. SseF and SseG are two such effectors that are required for SCVs to localize close to the Golgi network in infected epithelial cells. In a yeast two-hybrid assay, SseG and an N-terminal variant of SseF interacted directly with mammalian ACBD3, a multifunctional cytosolic Golgi network-associated protein. Knockdown of ACBD3 by small interfering RNA (siRNA) reduced epithelial cell Golgi network association of wild-type bacteria, phenocopying the effect of null mutations of
sseG
or
sseF
. Binding of SseF to ACBD3 in infected cells required the presence of SseG. A single-amino-acid mutant of SseG and a double-amino-acid mutant of SseF were obtained that did not interact with ACBD3 in
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
. When either of these was produced together with the corresponding wild-type effector by
Salmonella
in infected cells, they enabled SCV-Golgi network association and interacted with ACBD3. However, these properties were lost and bacteria displayed an intracellular replication defect when cells were infected with
Salmonella
carrying both mutant genes. Knockdown of ACBD3 resulted in a replication defect of wild-type bacteria but did not further attenuate the growth defect of a Δ
sseFG
mutant strain. We propose a model in which interaction between SseF and SseG enables both proteins to bind ACBD3, thereby anchoring SCVs at the Golgi network and facilitating bacterial replication.

IMPORTANCE
Upon invasion of epithelial cells, the majority of vacuoles containing
Salmonella enterica
migrate to the perinuclear region-located Golgi network and remain in this region of the cell during the first few rounds of bacterial replication, forming a clustered microcolony of vacuoles. This process requires the action of SseF and SseG, two effector proteins that are translocated by the
Salmonella
SPI-2 type III secretion system. However, little is known about how they function. Here, we show that both proteins interact with the mammalian Golgi network-associated protein ACBD3. To our knowledge, the SseF-SseG-ACBD3 interaction is the first example of a tethering complex between a pathogen-containing vacuole and a host cell organelle.
CtaM Is Required for Menaquinol Oxidase
aa
3
Function in Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Hammer Neal D. , Schurig-Briccio Lici A. , Gerdes Svetlana Y. , Gennis Robert B. , Skaar Eric P. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Staphylococcus aureus
is the leading cause of skin and soft tissue infections, bacteremia, osteomyelitis, and endocarditis in the developed world. The ability of
S. aureus
to cause substantial disease in distinct host environments is supported by a flexible metabolism that allows this pathogen to overcome challenges unique to each host organ. One feature of staphylococcal metabolic flexibility is a branched aerobic respiratory chain composed of multiple terminal oxidases. Whereas previous biochemical and spectroscopic studies reported the presence of three different respiratory oxygen reductases (
o
type,
bd
type, and
aa
3
type), the genome contains genes encoding only two respiratory oxygen reductases,
cydAB
and
qoxABCD
. Previous investigation showed that
cydAB
and
qoxABCD
are required to colonize specific host organs, the murine heart and liver, respectively. This work seeks to clarify the relationship between the genetic studies showing the unique roles of the
cydAB
and
qoxABCD
in virulence and the respiratory reductases reported in the literature. We establish that QoxABCD is an
aa
3
-type menaquinol oxidase but that this enzyme is promiscuous in that it can assemble as a
bo
3
-type menaquinol oxidase. However, the
bo
3
form of QoxABCD restricts the carbon sources that can support the growth of
S. aureus
. In addition, QoxABCD function is supported by a previously uncharacterized protein, which we have named CtaM, that is conserved in aerobically respiring
Firmicutes
. In total, these studies establish the heme A biosynthesis pathway in
S. aureus
, determine that QoxABCD is a type
aa
3
menaquinol oxidase, and reveal CtaM as a new protein required for type
aa
3
menaquinol oxidase function in multiple bacterial genera.

IMPORTANCE
Staphylococcus aureus
relies upon the function of two terminal oxidases, CydAB and QoxABCD, to aerobically respire and colonize distinct host tissues. Previous biochemical studies support the conclusion that a third terminal oxidase is also present. We establish the components of the
S. aureus
electron transport chain by determining the heme cofactors that interact with QoxABCD. This insight explains previous observations by revealing that QoxABCD can utilize different heme cofactors and confirms that the electron transport chain of
S. aureus
is comprised of two terminal menaquinol oxidases. In addition, a newly identified protein, CtaM, is found to be required for the function of QoxABCD. These results provide a more complete assessment of the molecular mechanisms that support staphylococcal respiration.
Metabolic Regulation as a Consequence of Anaerobic 5-Methylthioadenosine Recycling in Rhodospirillum rubrum
Authors: North Justin A. , Sriram Jaya , Chourey Karuna , Ecker Christopher D. , Sharma Ritin , Wildenthal John A. , Hettich Robert L. , Tabita F. Robert 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Rhodospirillum rubrum
possesses a novel oxygen-independent, aerobic methionine salvage pathway (MSP) for recycling methionine from 5-methylthioadenosine (MTA), the MTA-isoprenoid shunt. This organism can also metabolize MTA as a sulfur source under anaerobic conditions, suggesting that the MTA-isoprenoid shunt may also function anaerobically as well. In this study, deep proteomics profiling, directed metabolite analysis, and reverse transcriptase quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) revealed metabolic changes in response to anaerobic growth on MTA versus sulfate as sole sulfur source. The abundance of protein levels associated with methionine transport, cell motility, and chemotaxis increased in the presence of MTA over that in the presence of sulfate. Purine salvage from MTA resulted primarily in hypoxanthine accumulation and a decrease in protein levels involved in GMP-to-AMP conversion to balance purine pools. Acyl coenzyme A (acyl-CoA) metabolic protein levels for lipid metabolism were lower in abundance, whereas poly-β-hydroxybutyrate synthesis and storage were increased nearly 10-fold. The known
R. rubrum
aerobic MSP was also shown to be upregulated, to function anaerobically, and to recycle MTA. This suggested that other organisms with gene homologues for the MTA-isoprenoid shunt may also possess a functioning anaerobic MSP. In support of our previous findings that ribulose-1,5-carboxylase/oxygenase (RubisCO) is required for an apparently purely anaerobic MSP, RubisCO transcript and protein levels both increased in abundance by over 10-fold in cells grown anaerobically on MTA over those in cells grown on sulfate, resulting in increased intracellular RubisCO activity. These results reveal for the first time global metabolic responses as a consequence of anaerobic MTA metabolism compared to using sulfate as the sulfur source.

IMPORTANCE
In nearly all organisms, sulfur-containing byproducts result from many metabolic reactions. Unless these compounds are further metabolized, valuable organic sulfur is lost and can become limiting. To regenerate the sulfur-containing amino acid methionine, organisms typically employ one of several variations of a “universal” methionine salvage pathway (MSP). A common aspect of the universal MSP is a final oxygenation step. This work establishes that the metabolically versatile bacterium
Rhodospirillum rubrum
employs a novel MSP that does not require oxygen under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. There is also a separate, dedicated anaerobic MTA metabolic route in
R. rubrum
. This work reveals global changes in cellular metabolism in response to anaerobic MTA metabolism compared to using sulfate as a sulfur source. We found that cell mobility and transport were enhanced, along with lipid, nucleotide, and carbohydrate metabolism, when cells were grown in the presence of MTA.
Horizontal Transmission of Cytosolic Sup35 Prions by Extracellular Vesicles
Authors: Liu Shu , Hossinger André , Hofmann Julia P. , Denner Philip , Vorberg Ina M. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Prions are infectious protein particles that replicate by templating their aggregated state onto soluble protein of the same type. Originally identified as the causative agent of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies, prions in yeast (
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
) are epigenetic elements of inheritance that induce phenotypic changes of their host cells. The prototype yeast prion is the translation termination factor Sup35. Prions composed of Sup35 or its modular prion domain NM are heritable and are transmitted vertically to progeny or horizontally during mating. Interestingly, in mammalian cells, protein aggregates derived from yeast Sup35 NM behave as true infectious entities that employ dissemination strategies similar to those of mammalian prions. While transmission is most efficient when cells are in direct contact, we demonstrate here that cytosolic Sup35 NM prions are also released into the extracellular space in association with nanometer-sized membrane vesicles. Importantly, extracellular vesicles are biologically active and are taken up by recipient cells, where they induce self-sustained Sup35 NM protein aggregation. Thus, in mammalian cells, extracellular vesicles can serve as dissemination vehicles for protein-based epigenetic information transfer.

IMPORTANCE
Prions are proteinaceous infectious particles that propagate by templating their quaternary structure onto nascent proteins of the same kind. Prions in yeast act as heritable epigenetic elements that can alter the phenotype when transmitted to daughter cells or during mating. Prion activity is conferred by so-called prion domains often enriched in glutamine and asparagine residues. Interestingly, many mammalian proteins also contain domains with compositional similarity to yeast prion domains. We have recently provided a proof-of-principle demonstration that a yeast prion domain also retains its prion activity in mammalian cells. We demonstrate here that cytosolic prions composed of a yeast prion domain are also packaged into extracellular vesicles that transmit the prion phenotype to bystander cells. Thus, proteins with prion-like domains can behave as proteinaceous information molecules that exploit the cellular vesicle trafficking machinery for intercellular long-distance dissemination.
Precipitation changes in the western tropical Pacific over the past millennium
Authors: Richey J.N. , Sachs J.P. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Modern seasonal and inter-annual precipitation variability in Palau is linked to both meridional movement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) and changes in the Pacific Walker Circulation (PWC) associated with the El Niño–Southern Oscillation. Thus, Palau’s hydroclimate should be sensitive to mean shifts in the ITCZ and PWC on decadal to centennial time scales. Using compound-specific hydrogen isotope ratios (δ2H) of dinosterol in lake sediments, we generated a decadal-resolution proxy record of hydroclimatic variability in Palau spanning the past 800 yr. Results indicate a drying trend during the Little Ice Age in Palau, consistent with a southward displacement of the ITCZ. In addition to the secular drying trend, there are persistent large (∼20‰) multi-decadal to centennial oscillations in the δ2H record, the most recent of which indicates an abrupt shift to drier conditions in the mid-1970s that coincides with a decadal-scale negative shift in the Southern Oscillation Index.
Voluminous plutonism during volcanic quiescence revealed by thermochemical modeling of zircon
Authors: Tierney Casey R. , Schmitt Axel K. , Lovera Oscar M. , de Silva Shanaka L. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Five late Pleistocene lava domes with a combined eruptive volume of ∼40 km3 distributed over an area of ∼2000 km2 represent the waning stages of the 10–1 Ma ignimbrite flare-up in the Altiplano Puna Volcanic Complex (APVC) of the Central Andes. Zircon crystal face (on unsectioned rims) and interior (on sectioned crystals) ages (U-Th and U-Pb, respectively) for a total of 252 crystals indicate remarkably consistent zircon crystallization histories: the youngest zircon surface ages (ca. 104–83 ka) are near 40Ar/39Ar eruption ages from sanidine and biotite (ca. 120–87 ka), but a significant population of surface ages predates eruption, ranging to secular equilibrium (with U-Pb interior ages to 3.5 Ma). The essentially continuous zircon crystallization history implies protracted magma presence, which agrees with temporally invariant Ti-in-zircon model temperatures, backed by the homogeneity of indirectly temperature-dependent compositional parameters. Zircon age spectra modeled using a finite-difference thermal and mass-balance model for open-system magma evolution indicate protracted zircon production in the magma reservoirs that require time-integrated recharge rates of ∼1 × 10−3 km3/yr, corresponding to high intrusive to extrusive ratios of 75: 1. This rate is below the ∼5 × 10−3 km3/yr threshold proposed in the literature for incubating the supereruptions defining the flare-up. When accounting for the shorter durations of high versus low recharge episodes over the ∼10 m.y. lifetime of the APVC flare-up, the contributions to composite batholith formation in the shallow crust of the APVC remained broadly constant during peaks and lulls in eruptive activity. This connotes that eruptive fluxes are a poor measure for intrusive fluxes. A corollary of this interpretation is that commonly applied intrusive to extrusive ratios will severely underestimate pluton formation rates during periods of low eruptive flux.
Aridity-induced Miocene canyon incision in the Central Andes
Authors: Cooper F.J. , Adams B.A. , Blundy J.D. , Farley K.A. , McKeon R.E. , Ruggiero A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The relationship between the rise of the Andean mountain chain and the onset of aridity on its western margin is poorly understood. Canyon incision on both the eastern and western flanks of the chain is interpreted generally as a direct response to increased rock uplift, but may equally have been the result of climate change. Here we record some of the oldest canyon incision on the western Andean margin by tracking the downward migration of the local water table using (U-Th)/He hematite geochronology on vertical drill-core transects. Our data constrain the incision history of the Quebrada de Parca canyon in northern Chile from ca. 16 Ma to the present day. The erosional and topographic response of the Quebrada de Parca river suggests that incision was induced by a switch to a more arid climate in the middle Miocene, which reduced regional precipitation and river discharge. Geomorphic analysis of the modern river suggests that the Central Andes have gained only ∼700 m of elevation since incision began, and had therefore reached at least 50% of their current elevation by middle Miocene time. We thus conclude that the onset of aridity at ca. 16 Ma occurred subsequent to the main Andean uplift.
Randomised controlled trial testing the effect of cotrimoxazole prophylaxis on morbidity and mortality outcomes in breastfed HIV-exposed uninfected infants: study protocol
Authors: Coutsoudis Anna , Daniels Brodie , Moodley-Govender Eshia , Ngomane Noluthando , Zako Linda , Spooner Elizabeth , Kiepiela Photini , Reddy Shabashini , Kuhn Louise , Ramjee Gita 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionNo randomised controlled trial (RCT) has examined the efficacy of cotrimoxazole (CTX) prophylaxis in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) infants during the breastfeeding period, in this new era of effective prevention of mother-to-child transmission (PMTCT) prophylaxis. The efficacy of CTX prophylaxis has presently been demonstrated only in HIV-infected children. The absence of proven benefits in HEU breastfed infants associated with infectious diseases justifies an RCT as proposed. Herewith lies the rationale for conducting the proposed study.MethodsA partially blinded RCT is proposed to evaluate the efficacy of CTX prophylaxis administered from 6 weeks of age to HEU infants receiving a PMTCT regimen. A non-inferiority design will be used, randomising 1298 infants to receive CTX or not to receive CTX. Participants will be reviewed at the following time points: 6 weeks (enrolment and randomisation), 10 weeks, 14 weeks, 4 months and monthly thereafter until 12 months of age. They will be evaluated for anthropometric growth, interval illness, CTX adherence, signs and symptoms of study drug toxicity, concomitant medication use, breastfeeding status and HIV infection status. The study will compare the incidence of grade 3 and grade 4 common childhood illnesses (focusing on pneumonia and diarrhoea) and all-cause mortality until 12 months of age. In a subset of participants, we will compare grade 3 and grade 4 haemoglobin and alanine aminotransferase results as well as investigate gut integrity.Ethics and disseminationThe study has ethical approval from the University of KwaZulu-Natal Biomedical Research Ethics Committee (BFC212/13).Trial registration numbersPACTR201311000621110 and DOH-27-0614-4728; Pre-results.
Intra-articular bupivacaine after joint arthroplasty: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled studies
Authors: Cui Yang , Yang Tuo , Zeng Chao , Wei Jie , Xie Xi , Li Liangjun , Ding Xiang , Zhang Yi , Lei Guanghua 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of intra-articular (IA) bupivacaine administered for pain relief after joint arthroplasty.DesignMeta-analysis.MethodsA systematic review was conducted to identify the randomised controlled trials using IA bupivacaine for postoperative pain relief from MEDLINE, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases (up to October 2015). The standardised mean difference (SMD), the relative risk (RR) and their corresponding 95% CIs were calculated using the RevMan statistical software.ResultsA total of 11 randomised controlled trials were included. Statistically significant differences between IA bupivacaine and placebo were observed for the mean visual analogue scale (VAS) values (SMD −0.55; 95% CI −0.89 to −0.22; p<0.001) and narcotic consumption (SMD −0.32; 95% CI −0.55 to −0.08; p=0.008) during the period of 24 hours postoperatively and narcotic consumption during the period between 24 and 48 hours postoperatively (SMD −0.32; 95% CI −0.55 to −0.08; p=0.009). However, there was no significant difference in the mean VAS pain score during the period between 24  and 48 hours postoperatively (SMD −0.09, 95% CI −0.30 to 0.11; p=0.37) and in the incidence of adverse effects 24–72 hours postoperatively (RR 0.97; 95% CI 0.60 to 1.57; p=0.91).ConclusionsThe administration of IA bupivacaine after joint arthroplasty is effective for pain relief without increasing adverse effects.