bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosocial Stressors and Alcohol use, Severity, and Treatment Receipt across Human Immunodeficiency virus (HIV) Status in a Nationally Representative Sample of US Residents
Authors: Williams Emily C. , Joo Young Sun , Lipira Lauren , Glass Joseph E. 
Published: December 2016

Background Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is stigmatized and disproportionately impacts vulnerable populations. Thus, people living with HIV (PLWH) may have greater exposure to psychosocial stressors than those without HIV. Exposure to psychosocial stressors may increase alcohol use and serve as barriers to alcohol treatment receipt. The authors evaluate whether psychosocial stressors and alcohol use, symptom severity, and treatment receipt vary across HIV status in a general population sample of US residents and assess whether psychosocial stressors mediate identified associations. Methods Data from Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (NESARC) were used to assess associations between HIV status and psychosocial stressors (perceived stress, alcohol-related stigma, and perceived discrimination based on race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, or sex) and alcohol-related outcomes (any use, heavy drinking, symptom severity, and treatment receipt). For each outcome, regression models were fit and iteratively adjusted for sociodemographic characteristics and comorbidities. Indirect effects of HIV on alcohol-related outcomes through stressors were estimated to assess mediation when main effects were significant. Results Among 34,653 NESARC Wave 2 respondents, 161 were PLWH. PLWH were more likely than those without HIV to experience discrimination and had higher levels of perceived stress than those without HIV ( P values <.05), but the 2 groups did not differ regarding alcohol-related stigma. PLWH were less likely to use alcohol and had similar rates of heavy drinking relative to participants without HIV, but alcohol symptom severity and treatment receipt were greater among PLWH. Perceived stress but not discrimination mediated associations. Conclusions Findings from this first study of variation in psychosocial stressors and alcohol use, severity, and treatment receipt across HIV status further highlight PLWH as a population that is particularly vulnerable to experiences of psychosocial stress and certain adverse alcohol-related outcomes. Future longitudinal research is needed in a larger sample of PLWH to identify intervention targets.
Final report on the key comparison CCM.P-K4.2012 in absolute pressure from 1 Pa to 10 kPa
Authors: Ricker Jacob , Hendricks Jay , Bock Thomas , Dominik k , Kobata Tokihiko , Torres Jorge , Sadkovskaya Irina 
Published: December 2016

The report summarizes the Consultative Committee for Mass (CCM) key comparison CCM.P-K4.2012 for absolute pressure spanning the range of 1 Pa to 10 000 Pa. The comparison was carried out at six National Metrology Institutes (NMIs), including National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB), Czech Metrology Institute (CMI), National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ), Centro Nacional de Metrología (CENAM), and DI Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM). The comparison was made via a calibrated transfer standard measured at each of the NMIs facilities using their laboratory standard during the period May 2012 to September 2013. The transfer package constructed for this comparison preformed as designed and provided a stable artifact to compare laboratory standards. Overall the participants were found to be statistically equivalent to the key comparison reference value.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Final report of the key comparison APMP.QM-K91: APMP comparison on pH measurement of phthalate buffer
Authors: Hioki Akiharu , Asakai Toshiaki , Maksimov Igor , Suzuki Toshihiro , Miura Tsutomu , Ketrin Rosi , Nuryatini  , Thanh Ngo Huy , Chinh Nguyen Truong , Vospelova Alena , Bastkowski Frank , Sander Beatrice , Matzke Jessica , Prokunin Sergey , Frolov Dmitry , Aprelev Alexey , Dobrovolskiy Vladimir , Uysal Emrah , Liv Lokman , Lara-Manzano Judith Velina , Montero-Ruiz Jazmin , Ortiz-Aparicio Luis , Canaza Galia Ticona , Amin Khirul Anuar Mohd , Kadir Haslina Abd , Bakovets Nickolay , Wong Siu-Kay , Lam Wai-Hing 
Published: December 2016

The APMP.QM-K91 was organised by TCQM of APMP to test the abilities of the national metrology institutes in the APMP region to measure a pH value of a phthalate buffer. This APMP comparison on pH measurement was proposed by the National Metrology Institute of Japan at the APMP-TCQM meeting held September 22–23, 2014. After approval by TCQM, the comparison has been conducted by NMIJ. The comparison is a key comparison following CCQM-K91. The comparison material was a phthalate buffer of pH around 4.0 and the measurement temperatures were 15 °C, 25 °C and 37 °C. This is the third APMP key comparison on pH measurement and the fifth APMP comparison on pH measurement following APMP.QM-P06 (two phosphate buffers) in 2004, APMP.QM-P09 (a phthalate buffer) in 2006, APMP.QM-K9/APMP.QM-P16 (a phosphate buffer) in 2010-2011 and APMP.QM-K19/APMP.QM-P25 (a borate buffer) in 2013-2014.
The results can be used further by any participant to support its CMC claim at least for a phthalate buffer. That claim will concern the pH method employed by the participant during this comparison and will cover the used temperature(s) or the full temperature range between 15°C and 37 °C for the participant which measured pH values at the three temperatures.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCQM, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
Current Understandings of Plant Nonhost Resistance
Authors: Lee Hyun-Ah , Lee Hye-Young , Seo Eunyoung , Lee Joohyun , Kim Saet-Byul , Oh Soohyun , Choi Eunbi , Choi Eunhye , Lee So Eui , Choi Doil 
Published: December 2016

Nonhost resistance, a resistance of plant species against all nonadapted pathogens, is considered the most durable and efficient immune system of plants but yet remains elusive. The underlying mechanism of nonhost resistance has been investigated at multiple levels of plant defense for several decades. In this review, we have comprehensively surveyed the latest literature on nonhost resistance in terms of preinvasion, metabolic defense, pattern-triggered immunity, effector-triggered immunity, defense signaling, and possible application in crop protection. Overall, we summarize the current understanding of nonhost resistance mechanisms. Pre- and postinvasion is not much deviated from the knowledge on host resistance, except for a few specific cases. Further insights on the roles of the pattern recognition receptor gene family, multiple interactions between effectors from nonadapted pathogen and plant factors, and plant secondary metabolites in host range determination could expand our knowledge on nonhost resistance and provide efficient tools for future crop protection using combinational biotechnology approaches.[Formula: see text] Copyright © 2017 The Author(s). This is an open access article distributed under the CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license .
Using Contribution Analysis to Evaluate Competency-Based Medical Education Programs: It’s All About Rigor in Thinking
Authors: Van Melle Elaine , Gruppen Larry , Holmboe Eric S. , Flynn Leslie , Oandasan Ivy , Frank Jason R. 
Published: December 2016

Competency-based medical education (CBME) aims to bring about the sequential acquisition of competencies required for practice. Although it is being adopted in centers of medical education around the globe, there is little evidence concerning whether, in comparison with traditional methods, CBME produces physicians who are better prepared for the practice environment and contributes to improved patient outcomes. Consequently, the authors, an international group of collaborators, wrote this article to provide guidance regarding the evaluation of CBME programs.
CBME is a complex service intervention consisting of multiple activities that contribute to the achievement of a variety of outcomes over time. For this reason, it is difficult to apply traditional methods of program evaluation, which require conditions of control and predictability, to CBME. To address this challenge, the authors describe an approach that makes explicit the multiple potential linkages between program activities and outcomes. Referred to as contribution analysis (CA), this theory-based approach to program evaluation provides a systematic way to make credible causal claims under conditions of complexity. Although CA has yet to be applied to medical education, the authors describe how a six-step model and a postulated theory of change could be used to examine the link between CBME, physicians’ preparation for practice, and patient care outcomes.
The authors argue that adopting the methods of CA, particularly the rigor in thinking required to link program activities, outcomes, and theory, will serve to strengthen understanding of the impact of CBME over time.
Encouraging Student Interest in Teaching Through a Medical Student Teaching Competition
Authors: DeSimone Ariadne K. , Haydek John P. , Sudduth Christopher L. , LaBarbera Vincent , Desai Yaanik , Reinertsen Erik , Manning Kimberly D. 
Published: December 2016

Problem
Clinician educators have realized the value not only of assigning teaching roles to medical students but also of offering explicit training in how to teach effectively. Despite this interest in the development of medical students’ teaching skills, formal teaching instruction and opportunities for practice are lacking.

Approach
To encourage medical student interest in teaching, the authors developed and implemented a medical student teaching competition (MSTC) at Emory University School of Medicine during the summers of 2014, 2015, and 2016. Each year, eight student finalists were each paired with a physician “teaching coach” and given one month to prepare for the MSTC. During the competition, each finalist delivered an eight-minute presentation to a panel of seven physician and resident judges. The authors describe the development, implementation, and assessment of the MSTC.

Outcomes
Approximately 150 medical students and faculty members attended the MSTC each year. The students in attendance felt that the MSTC made them more likely to seek out opportunities to learn how to teach effectively and to practice teaching. Additionally, some students are now more interested in learning about a career in academic medicine than they were before the MSTC.

Next Steps
Given the need for more formal initiatives dedicated to improving the teaching skills of doctors-in-training, including medical students, innovative solutions such as the MSTC may enhance a medical school’s existing curriculum and encourage student interest in teaching. The MSTC model may be generalizable to other medical schools.
Macroprolactinomas and Nonfunctioning Pituitary Adenomas and Pregnancy Outcomes
Authors: Lambert Kimberley , Rees Kate , Seed Paul T. , Dhanjal Mandish K. , Knight Marian , McCance David R. , Williamson Catherine 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE:To examine the monitoring, management, and outcomes of pituitary tumors in pregnancy.METHODS:A national, prospective, observational, population-based case series study was conducted in all U.K. consultant-led obstetric units over 3 years using the U.K. Obstetric Surveillance System. To evaluate rates of adverse pregnancy outcomes, women with a macroprolactinoma (10 mm or greater) or nonfunctioning pituitary adenoma, diagnosed before or during pregnancy, were compared with two comparison groups: 1) a U.K. Obstetric Surveillance System cohort with singleton (n=2,205) or twin (n=27) pregnancy; and 2) data from the Office of National Statistics (n=2,703,102). Main outcome measures were the incidence, management, and frequency of adverse maternal and offspring outcomes of pituitary tumors in pregnancy.RESULTS:There were 71 confirmed cases of pituitary tumors in pregnancy (49 macrolactinoma, 16 nonfunctioning adenomas, three acromegaly, three Cushing's disease). The women with pituitary tumors were 4 years older than comparison women (P<.001). None of the nine women treated with surgery or radiotherapy before pregnancy had symptomatic tumor expansion. This occurred in 6 of 40 women with macroprolactinomas and one of seven nonfunctioning adenomas diagnosed before conception and in three of five women with nonfunctioning adenomas diagnosed in pregnancy. Two women had pituitary apoplexy, both of whom also had symptoms of expansion of tumor or surrounding pituitary tissue. To within the level of accuracy possible, there was no evidence that pituitary tumors were associated with adverse pregnancy outcomes (pregnancy-induced hypertension, preeclampsia, preterm labor, stillbirth). Women with nonfunctioning adenomas were more likely to have cesarean delivery compared with women in a control group (relative risk 2.06, confidence interval 1.26–3.36,P=.035).CONCLUSION:The majority of women with macroprolactinomas and nonfunctioning adenomas have good pregnancy outcomes. Nonfunctioning pituitary adenomas occur more commonly in pregnancy than previously thought and can present de novo with symptoms of pituitary expansion in pregnancy.
Ovarian Conservation and Overall Survival in Young Women With Early-Stage Cervical Cancer
Authors: Matsuo Koji , Machida Hiroko , Shoupe Donna , Melamed Alexander , Muderspach Laila I. , Roman Lynda D. , Wright Jason D. 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To identify predictors of ovarian conservation at hysterectomy and to examine the association of ovarian conservation and survival of young women with early-stage cervical cancer.

METHODS:
This is a retrospective cohort study using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Program to identify hysterectomy-based surgically treated patients with stage I cervical cancer diagnosed between 1983 and 2012 (N=16,511). Multivariable models were used to identify independent factors associated with ovarian conservation. Among the subgroup of 9,419 women younger than 50 years of age with stage I disease, survival outcomes and causes of death were examined for 3,908 (41.5%) women who underwent ovarian conservation at hysterectomy without radiotherapy.

RESULTS:
On multivariable analysis, age younger than 50 years, stage IA disease, and squamous histology were independent factors associated with ovarian conservation (all, P<.001). Among 5,526 women younger than 50 years of age with stage IA disease who underwent hysterectomy without radiotherapy, overall survival was significantly higher in patients undergoing ovarian conservation than in those undergoing oophorectomy (20-year rate, 93.5% compared with 86.8%, P<.001); cervical cancer–specific survival was similar between the patients who underwent ovarian conservation and those who underwent oophorectomy (98.8% compared with 97.8%, P=.12). On multivariable analysis, ovarian conservation remained an independent prognostic factor for improved overall survival (adjusted hazard ratio 0.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.49–0.82, P=.001) and was independently associated with lower cumulative risks of death resulting from cardiovascular disease (20-year cumulative rate, 1.2% compared with 3.3%, adjusted hazard ratio 0.47, 95% CI 0.26–0.86, P=.014) and other chronic disease (0.5% compared with 1.4%, adjusted hazard ratio 0.24, 95% CI 0.09–0.65, P=.005) compared with oophorectomy. Both cervical cancer–specific survival (20-year rate, 93.1% compared with 92.0%, P=.37) and overall survival (86.7% compared with 84.6%, P=.12) were similar between ovarian conservation and oophorectomy among 3,893 women younger than 50 years of age with stage IB disease who underwent hysterectomy without radiotherapy.

CONCLUSION:
Among young women with stage IA cervical cancer, ovarian conservation at hysterectomy is associated with decreased all-cause mortality including death resulting from cardiovascular disease and other chronic diseases.
Association of Gestational Weight Gain Expectations and Advice on Actual Weight Gain
Authors: Krukowski Rebecca A. , West Delia S. , DiCarlo Marisha , Cleves Mario A. , Saylors Marie E. , Andres Aline 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To examine pregnant women's gestational weight gain expectations and advice from various sources (ie, self, family and friends, physician) and the association of these sources of expectations and advice with measured gestational weight gain.

METHODS:
This is a secondary analysis of a cohort study of 230 pregnant women in their second pregnancy. Each woman was queried at 12 weeks of gestation about the amount of weight: 1) she felt was “healthy” to gain, 2) she expected to gain, 3) her friends and family thought she should gain, and 4) the specificity of her physician's advice about gestational weight gain. Gestational weight gain was calculated as the difference in measured weight between 4 and 10 weeks and 36 weeks of gestation. Odds ratios and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were computed for the association between excessive gestational weight gain and each question using logistic regression in this secondary analysis.

RESULTS:
Participants were 87.4% Caucasian. Overweight and obese women were significantly more likely to expect excessive gestational weight gain compared with normal-weight women. Women who reported expecting to gain excessively were significantly more likely to actually gain excessively (52%; odds ratio [OR] 3.19, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.77–5.77) than those who expected to gain within the guidelines (36%). After adjusting for self-reported gestational weight gain in the first pregnancy and sociodemographic characteristics, women who reported expecting to gain excessively were still significantly more likely to gain excessively (51%; OR 2.22, 95% CI 1.08–4.56) than those who expected to gain within guidelines (37%).

CONCLUSION:
It may be particularly important to develop interventions that positively influence women's own expectations for gestational weight gain.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01131117.
Group B Streptococci Screening Before Repeat Cesarean Delivery
Authors: Albright Catherine M. , MacGregor Caitlin , Sutton Desmond , Theva Meena , Hughes Brenna L. , Werner Erika F. 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the cost-effectiveness of universal group B streptococci (GBS) screening in women with a singleton pregnancy planning a repeat cesarean delivery.

METHODS:
We conducted a decision analysis from a health care perspective to compare the cost-effectiveness of GBS screening for women planning a repeat cesarean delivery. With universal screening, all GBS-positive women who labored before a scheduled cesarean delivery received antibiotic prophylaxis. With no screening, women who presented in labor received antibiotics based on risk-based criteria. Neonates born to women colonized with GBS were at risk for early-onset GBS disease, disability, and death. We assumed a GBS prevalence of 25%, that 26.6% of women labored between 35 weeks of gestation and their scheduled time for cesarean delivery, and that 3.3% who planned a repeat cesarean delivery instead delivered vaginally. The primary outcome was cost per neonatal quality-adjusted life-year gained, with a cost-effectiveness threshold of $100,000 per quality-adjusted life-year. Neonatal quality of life was assessed using five health states (healthy, mild, moderate, or severe disability, and death) with a life expectancy of 79 years for healthy neonates. One-way sensitivity and Monte Carlo analyses were used to evaluate the results.

RESULTS:
In the base case, universal GBS screening in women planning a repeat cesarean delivery was not cost-effective compared with no screening, costing $114,445 per neonatal quality-adjusted life-year gained. The cost to prevent an adverse outcome from GBS exceeded $400,000. If greater than 28% of women were GBS-positive, greater than 29% labored before their scheduled delivery, or greater than 10% delivered vaginally, universal screening became cost effective.

CONCLUSION:
Universal GBS screening in women with a singleton pregnancy planning a repeat cesarean delivery may not be cost-effective in all populations. However, in populations with a high GBS prevalence, women at high risk of laboring before their scheduled cesarean delivery, or women who may ultimately opt for a vaginal delivery, GBS screening may be cost effective.
Cervical Cancer Screening Guideline Adherence Before and After Guideline Changes in Pennsylvania Medicaid
Authors: Parekh Natasha , Donohue Julie M. , Men Aiju , Corbelli Jennifer , Jarlenski Marian 
Published: December 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To assess changes in cervical cancer screening after the 2009 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists' guideline change and to determine predictors associated with underscreening and overscreening among Medicaid-enrolled women.

METHODS:
We performed an observational cohort study of Pennsylvania Medicaid claims from 2007 to 2013. We evaluated guideline adherence of 18- to 64-year-old continuously enrolled women before and after the 2009 guideline change. To define adherence, we categorized intervals between Pap tests as longer than (underscreening), within (appropriate screening), or shorter than (overscreening) guideline-recommended intervals (±6-month). We stratified results by age and assessed predictors of underscreening and overscreening through logistic regression.

RESULTS:
Among 29,650 women, appropriate cervical cancer screening significantly decreased after the guideline change (from 45% [95% confidence interval (CI) 44–46%] to 11% [95% CI 11–12%] among 17,360 younger than 30 year olds and from 27% [95% CI 26–28%] to 6% [95% CI 6–7%] among 12,290 women 30 years old or older). Overscreening significantly increased (from 6% [95% CI 5–6%] to 67% [95% CI 66–68%] in those younger than 30 years old and from 54% [95% CI 52–55%] to 65% [95% CI 64–67%] in those 30 years old or older), whereas underscreening significantly increased only in those 30 years old or older (from 20% [95% CI 19–21%] to 29% [95% CI 27–30%]). Pap tests after guideline change, pregnancy, Managed Care enrollment (in those younger than 30 years old), and black race (in those younger than 30 years old) were associated with underscreening. Pap tests after guideline change, more visits, more sexually transmitted infection testing, and white race (in those 30 years old or older) were associated with overscreening.

CONCLUSION:
We observed high rates of cervical cancer overscreening and underscreening and low rates of appropriate screening after the guideline change. Interventions should target both underscreening and overscreening to address these separate yet significant issues.