bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
El sistema de control electoral en Alemania
Authors: Fernández de Casadevante Mayordomo Pablo 
Published: February 2016

<p>Los procesos electorales desempeñan un papel fundamental en el funcionamiento de cualquier Estado democrático, pues es a través de ellos como se hace posible la alternancia en el poder. En este sentido, y teniendo en cuenta que la lucha por alcanzar tal objetivo suele dar lugar a tensiones y controversias, se antoja primordial la existencia de un sistema de control electoral que vele por el correcto desarrollo de los comicios, dando respuesta a las impugnaciones que por distintos motivos puedan presentarse. El presente trabajo se centra en el modelo de control instaurado en Alemania, principalmente para las elecciones federales, caracterizándose por poseer una configuración propia de aquéllos Estados en los que existe una gran confianza en el correcto proceder de las instituciones ordinarias</p>
Videovigilancia privada en lugares de acceso público y derecho a la protección de datos: el caso alemán
Authors: Gude Fernández Ana 
Published: February 2016

<p>Este trabajo tiene por objeto el examen de la regulación de la videovigilancia privada en los lugares de acceso público en el derecho alemán desde la perspectiva del derecho a la protección de datos. El análisis del parágrafo 6b de la Ley federal de protección de datos y de la jurisprudencia dictada sobre esta materia constituyen el núcleo central de este estudio en el que tampoco se olvidan las reflexiones doctrinales más importantes sobre el tema</p>
Dissolution behavior of poly vinyl alcohol in water and its effect on the physical morphologies of PLGA scaffolds
Authors: Adeyinka Aina  , Andrew Morris  , Manish Gupta  , Nashiru Billa  , Neesha Madhvani  , Ritika Sharma  , Stephen Doughty  , Vivek Shah  , Yamina Boukari  
Published: February 2016

Presented are data from a study of the aqueous properties of Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA), a well studied emulsifying agent, used in the preparation of biodegradeable Poly (DL-Lactide-Co-Glycolide) (PLGA) scaffolds/microparticles in water. How these properties affect the physical morphologies of PLGA scaffolds/microparticles produced from the various PVA solutions at different concentrations via the water emulsion synthetic method were also evaluated. UV-Visible absorbance measurements showed a quantitative correlation between the estimated concentrations of PVA used in solution preparations and the actual concentrations in solution. The physical appearance/morphologies of the PLGA scaffolds produced from the different PVA solutions were the same irrespective of the concentration used.
IDENTIFYING PLANETARY BIOSIGNATURE IMPOSTORS: SPECTRAL FEATURES OF CO AND O4 RESULTING FROM ABIOTIC O2/O3 PRODUCTION
Authors: Schwieterman Edward W. , Meadows Victoria S. , Domagal-Goldman Shawn D. , Deming Drake , Arney Giada N. , Luger Rodrigo , Harman Chester E. , Misra Amit , Barnes Rory 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
O2 and O3 have been long considered the most robust individual biosignature gases in a planetary atmosphere, yet multiple mechanisms that may produce them in the absence of life have been described. However, these abiotic planetary mechanisms modify the environment in potentially identifiable ways. Here we briefly discuss two of the most detectable spectral discriminants for abiotic O2/O3: CO and O4. We produce the first explicit self-consistent simulations of these spectral discriminants as they may be seen by James Webb Space Telescope (JWST). If JWST-NIRISS and/or NIRSpec observe CO (2.35, 4.6 μm) in conjunction with CO2 (1.6, 2.0, 4.3 μm) in the transmission spectrum of a terrestrial planet it could indicate robust CO2 photolysis and suggest that a future detection of O2 or O3 might not be biogenic. Strong O4 bands seen in transmission at 1.06 and 1.27 μm could be diagnostic of a post-runaway O2-dominated atmosphere from massive H-escape. We find that for these false positive scenarios, CO at 2.35 μm, CO2 at 2.0 and 4.3 μm, and O4 at 1.27 μm are all stronger features in transmission than O2/O3 and could be detected with S/Ns ≳ 3 for an Earth-size planet orbiting a nearby M dwarf star with as few as 10 transits, assuming photon-limited noise. O4 bands could also be sought in UV/VIS/NIR reflected light (at 0.345, 0.36, 0.38, 0.445, 0.475, 0.53, 0.57, 0.63, 1.06, and 1.27 μm) by a next generation direct-imaging telescope such as LUVOIR/HDST or HabEx and would indicate an oxygen atmosphere too massive to be biologically produced.
La subjectivation des liens familiaux dans le cadre de l’injonction de soins : l’apport du génogramme
Authors: Chevalier Christophe 
Published: February 2016

Dans cet article l’auteur a souhaité étudier le travail de subjectivation des liens familiaux chez un auteur de violence sexuelle dans le cadre du dispositif pénal qu’est l’injonction de soins. À partir d’une recherche clinique menée sur un mode longitudinal, il propose de montrer comment le génogramme (en test, re-test) peut être un révélateur de la mise en œuvre du processus de subjectivation. Ce procédé permet de relever deux différences notables entre les deux génogrammes : dans le passage d’une place fantasmatique dans les liens (celle d’un « enfant ») à celle d’une position instituée concomitante avec une affiliation intersubjective ; la présence ou l’absence de nom sur les icônes parentales. Des différences favorisées, selon nous, par le dispositif d’injonction de soins.
A virada para o século XXI e os desdobramentos das concepções pós-modernas nas políticas de gestão escolar
Authors: Souza Zanardini Isaura Monica , Xavier Maria Elizabete Sampaio Prado 
Published: February 2016

Este artigo apresenta reflexões a respeito da reforma da gestão escolar a partir da década de 1990. Esta reforma é implantada sob o argumento de que é necessário modernizar a perspectiva de gestão da escola para torná-la eficiente. Para desenvolver a análise, realizada a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica, o artigo revisita a substituição do taylorismo/fordismo pelo paradigma da acumulação flexível, que apresenta um “novo” modelo de gestão e de controle. Este modelo estaria pautado na ideologia da pós-modernidade. Para evidenciar esta conclusão, discute-se a lógica de gestão/controle do trabalho pautada na racionalidade pós-moderna que acompanha a recuperação dos ideais do liberalismo, procurando apresentar as implicações que essa lógica produz no âmbito da gestão escolar. Observa-se que a organização escolar incorpora este movimento por meio da difusão de hábitos e atitudes e também a partir da adoção dos elementos empregados pela administração que se desenvolve em um conjunto de organizações sociais. Nesse sentido, é tratada a valorização do elemento humano, da implantação de mecanismos de avaliação, da descentralização e autonomia que se constituem como categorias fundamentais para a reforma da gestão em análise. Como um dos resultados evidenciados, destaca-se que a tensão entre as “racionalidades” discutida pela pós-modernidade é de base ideológica e tem em vista a responsabilização dos sujeitos pelos resultados alcançados.
Cultura, cidadania e patrimônio cultural: interfaces entre a escola, a cidade e as políticas culturais na cidade de Guararema, SP
Authors: Franco Francisco Carlos , Prados Rosalia Maria Netto , Mendes Bonini Luci 
Published: February 2016

O presente texto aborda a questão do patrimônio material e imaterial e seu potencial educativo na formação cidadã de alunos da educação básica. Tem como objetivo refletir sobre as perspectivas de desenvolvimento de uma Educação Patrimonial em uma cidade educadora. Fundamenta essa discussão estudos que analisam a educação sob uma perspectiva crítica, em que esta supere a simples transmissão e contemplação dos bens patrimoniais destituídas de sentido, presentes em muitas propostas educativas em instituições de educação formal e não formal, de modo, ainda, que haja colaboração com a gestão do patrimônio cultural. Sendo assim, este texto contempla reflexões sobre a educação patrimonial como uma área emergente na educação e analisa uma experiência na região do alto Tietê, no município de Guararema. Os primeiros resultados apontam para considerações de que a Educação Patrimonial deve ser um diálogo permanente entre as vivências, experiências e percepções dos educandos e cidadãos ante os bens culturais e suas formas de ser e de agir cotidianos, com os conteúdos escolares e ações educativas desenvolvidas nas unidades escolares e instituições culturais, como forma de entender os processos constituintes de sua identidade cultural auxiliando na gestão do patrimônio cultural.
The Polish Guards Companies of the U.S. Army After World War II
Authors: Wojciech Jerzy Muszyński  
Published: February 2016

Abstract
One of the most interesting, yet obscure phenomena of the Cold War is the quasi-military service of thousands of citizens of countries occupied by the Soviet Union in guard units set up by the United States and other Allies in western Europe from the mid-1940s to the late 1970s. Of these, Poles initially constituted the largest group. This article explores the formation, service, and eventual demobilization of these unique units.
MAO TSE-TUNG EN BOGOTÁ. EL PRAGMATISMO DE LAS FARC Y SU PARALELO EN CHINA
Authors: Mendéz Gabriel A. 
Published: February 2016

<p>Los analistas del actual proceso de paz en Colombia han pasado por alto el curioso paralelo entre la propuesta de la insurgencia guerrillera de establecer alrededor de 50 Zonas de Reserva Campesina (ZRC) en el territorio nacional y la política de “un país, dos sistemas” implementada por la dirigencia China después de la muerte de Mao.</p><p> </p><p>El camino de la paz entre China y Estados Unidos se obtuvo por la competencia pacífica entre los dos sistemas. Poseía un tinte novedoso y poco estudiado por los filósofos políticos occidentales: la conexión marxismo-pragmatismo en lugar de la tradicional disputa entre marxismo y liberalismo. Al parecer, al Sur Global en general y a Colombia en particular, también les ha llegado el momento de reconocer que “poco importa que el gato sea blanco o negro, con tal que cace ratones” (Deng Xiaoping). A comienzo de los años 80, la política de “un país, dos sistemas” significaba que China conservaría el sistema comunista; mientras que en Hong Kong y los territorios de ultramar, Taiwán, Macao y Singapur, continuarían con el sistema capitalista comandado por Estados Unidos.</p>
Assessment and Diagnosis of Posterior Tibial Tendon Dysfunction
Authors: Durrant Beverley , Chockalingam Nachiappan , Morriss-Roberts Christopher 
Published: February 2016

Background: Posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is a disabling pathologic flatfoot disorder. Evidence supports the notion that this condition is poorly diagnosed by health-care professionals. In addition, opinion is divided as to the most appropriate assessment and diagnostic techniques used to reflect the progression or stage of the condition. Hence, this study intended to explore the views and opinions of health-care professionals who may be involved in its assessment and diagnosis.Methods: A two-phase sequential mixed methods design was used that combined a questionnaire survey and a focus group interview.Results: The questionnaire data were analyzed using the Kendall levels of concordance and the Cohen kappa statistic, and the focus group data were analyzed using thematic analysis, which led to three main themes: resource implications, scope of practice, and awareness of the condition.Conclusions: This study highlights what may have been suspected previously but that has never been investigated in a structured manner. One approach to the assessment and diagnosis of posterior tibial tendon dysfunction is not necessarily the best, and depending on the clinical teams, different guidance may be required to ensure that patients are receiving the most appropriate and best care.
Improved electroluminescence with reversed bilayers of thiophene/phenylene co-oligomer derivatives
Authors: Dokiya Shohei , Sasaki Fumio , Hotta Shu , Yanagi Hisao 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Organic electroluminescence (EL) devices were fabricated with bilayered thiophene/phenylene co-oligomer (TPCO) derivatives: p-type 5,5′-bis(4-biphenylyl)-2,2′-bithiophene (BP2T) and n-type 5,5′-bis(4′-cyanobiphenyl-4-yl)-2,2′-bithiophene (BP2T-CN). Two types of EL device, Al:Li/BP2T-CN/BP2T/ITO (device A) and Au/BP2T/BP2T-CN/ITO (device B), were investigated using vapor-deposited films of BP2T and BP2T-CN by changing the order of deposition onto the indium–tin-oxide (ITO)/glass substrate. The EL performance was significantly improved for device B in which the two molecules had a lying orientation suitable for efficient carrier injection and transport as well as surface emission. In device A, on the other hand, the standing BP2T orientation resulted in much lower current density and EL intensity.
Rigid Conjugated Twisted Truxene Dimers and Trimers as Electron Acceptors
Authors: Zhang Gang , Lami Vincent , Rominger Frank , Vaynzof Yana , Mastalerz Michael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA new class of rigid twisted truxenone oligomers with an enlarged π backbone has been established by oxidative dimerization reactions. The resulting extended conjugated systems have large extinction coefficients and low‐lying LUMO levels and show good solubility in common organic solvents, thus making them attractive compounds as new electron acceptors in organic electronics. Their suitability as electron acceptors has been demonstrated in bulk‐heterojunction organic solar cells with poly({4,8‐bis[(2‐ethylhexyl)oxy]benzo[1,2‐b:4,5‐b′]dithiophene‐2,6‐diyl}{3‐fluoro‐2‐[(2‐ethylhexyl)carbonyl]thieno[3,4‐b]thiophenediyl}) (PTB7) as the donor material.
Z‐Shaped Pyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrroles and Their Transformation into π‐Expanded Indolo[3,2‐b]indoles
Authors: Stężycki Rafał , Grzybowski Marek , Clermont Guillaume , Blanchard‐Desce Mireille , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSterically hindered 1,4‐dihydropyrrolo[3,2‐b]pyrroles possessing ortho‐(arylethynyl)phenyl substituents at positions‐2 and ‐5 were efficiently synthesized through a sila‐Sonogashira reaction. These unique Z‐shaped dyes showed relatively strong fluorescence in solution. Detailed optimization revealed that, in the presence of InCl3, these alkynes readily undergo an intramolecular double cyclization to give hexacyclic products bearing an indolo[3,2‐b]indole skeleton in remarkable yields. Steady‐state UV–visible spectroscopy revealed that upon photoexcitation, the prepared Z‐shaped alkynes undergo mostly radiative relaxation leading to high fluorescence quantum yields. In the case of 7,14‐dihydrobenzo[g]benzo[6,7]indolo[3,2‐b]indoles, we believe that the substantial planarization of geometry in the excited state, is the underlying reason for the observed large Stokes shifts. The presence of additional electron‐withdrawing groups makes it possible to further alter the photophysical properties. The two‐photon absorption cross‐section values of both families of dyes were found to be modest and the nature of the excited state responsible for two‐photon absorption appeared to be strongly affected by the presence of peripheral groups. Serendipitous synthesis of unusual double‐Z‐shaped alkyne by Sonogashira and Glaser coupling is also reported.
The diagnostic accuracy of brief versions of the Geriatric Depression Scale: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Pocklington Claire , Gilbody Simon , Manea Laura , McMillan Dean 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundDepression in older adults is often under recognised despite it being the most common mental health illness in this age group. An increasing older adult population highlights the need for improved diagnostic rates. Brief versions (15 items or less) of the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS), which are suitable for busy clinical practice, could improve detection rates.ObjectiveOur aim is to establish the diagnostic accuracy of brief versions of the GDS.MethodsTwelve electronic databases of published and unpublished literature were searched. Study selection was in accordance with predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria. A recognised gold‐standard diagnostic instrument was used as a comparator against data pertaining to the use of a brief version of the GDS in an older adult population. The QUADAS‐II was utilised for quality assessment. Narrative analysis and, where possible, meta‐analysis were performed.ResultsThirty‐two studies were identified that provided diagnostic data regarding seven brief versions of the GDS (1, 4, 5, 7 8, 10 and 15‐item versions). Pooled sensitivity was 0.89 (95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–0.94), and specificity was 0.77 (95% CI 0.65–0.86) for the GDS‐15 at the recommended cut‐off score of 5. Meta‐analysis of other brief versions was not possible because of an insufficient number of studies with standardised items.ConclusionsResults suggest the possibility of selective reporting of cut‐off scores, and therefore, findings should be approached cautiously. Studies should report all cut‐off scores, and all brief GDS versions should be compiled of standardised items. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is Turkish MEFV Mutations Spectrum Different Among Regions?
Authors: Yilmaz Gulsen , Senes Mehmet , Kayalp Damla , Yucel Dogan 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundFamilial Mediterranean fever (FMF) is an autosomal recessive inherited inflammatory disease. The gene responsible for the disease, called MEFV, encodes a protein called pyrin or marenostrin. According to recent data, MEFV mutations are not the only cause of FMF, but genetic analysis of MEFV gene is needed for confirming the diagnosis of FMF. In the present study, we aimed to evaluate the molecular testing results of MEFV mutations.MethodsMolecular testing results of 1,435 patients were retrospectively evaluated over the last 4 years. These patients were identified as having FMF clinical symptoms. Patients were tested for 12 common mutations in the MEFV gene using a strip assay technique.ResultsFrom all 1,435 patients, MEFV mutations were found in 776 patients (54.08%) and 659 patients (45.92%) did not carry any mutations. Patients with mutations were classified as homozygotes (n = 148), compound heterozygotes (n = 197), heterozygous (n = 427), and complex genotypes (n = 4, patients with three mutations). Allelic frequencies for the four most common mutations in the mutation‐positive groups were 48.79% (M694V), 14.86% (M680I G/C), 13.70% (E148Q), and 12.35% (V726A). The remaining alleles (10.3%) showed rare mutations that were R761H, P369S, A744S, K695R, F479L, and M694I. No patient showed a I692del mutation that is sometimes evident in other Mediterranean populations.ConclusionIt was found that the most common four mutations (M694V, M680I [G/C], E148Q, V726A) were similar to those previously reported from different regions of Turkey and this study might add some knowledge to the mutational spectrum data on FMF.
The Association Between Circulating Levels of miRNA‐181a and Pancreatic Beta Cells Dysfunction via SMAD7 in Type 1 Diabetic Children and Adolescents
Authors: Nabih Enas Samir , Andrawes Nevine Gamal 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundmiRNA‐181a has been implicated in autoimmunity and apoptosis. Therefore, this study was conducted to explore its possible role in pancreatic beta‐cells dysfunction.MethodsmiRNA‐181a expression was evaluated by real‐time PCR in serum of 40 type 1 diabetic children and adolescents and 40 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy controls.ResultsmiRNA‐181a expression was significantly higher in diabetic children and adolescents and it was negatively correlated to fasting C‐peptide and SMAD7 levels.ConclusionmiRNA‐181a appears to play a potential role in pancreatic beta‐cells dysfunction via SMAD7.
A Review of Clinical Outcomes for Gait and Other Variables in the Surgical Treatment of Idiopathic Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus
Authors: Shaw Richard , Mahant Neil , Jacobson Erica , Owler Brian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIdiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) is a treatable cause of gait disturbance, cognitive impairment, and urinary incontinence. This clinical triad of symptoms occurs in association with ventriculomegaly and normal cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) pressure. Although the treatment outcomes after CSF shunting for INPH have improved significantly since its first description in 1965, shortcomings in our understanding still remain. Not all INPH patients exhibit clinical improvement after shunting, and it is challenging to identify patients who are more likely to benefit from shunting.MethodsThe Cochrane Library, Medline, Embase, and PubMed databases were searched for English‐language publications between 1965 and October 2015. Reference lists of publications were also manually searched for additional publications.ResultsThe findings of this review indicate that, despite efforts to improve patient selection, the degree of clinical improvement after shunting continues to demonstrate significant variability both within and between studies. These discrepancies in treatment outcomes are the result of controversies in 3 distinct but interrelated domains: the underlying pathophysiology of INPH, the diagnosis of INPH, and the identification of likely shunt‐responders.ConclusionsThis review focuses on these 3 areas and their relation to surgical treatment outcomes. Despite the limitations of published outcome studies and limitations in our understanding of INPH pathophysiology, shunting is a safe and effective means of achieving meaningful clinical improvement in most patients with INPH.
All meromorphic solutions of an ordinary differential equation and its applications
Authors: Yuan Wenjun , Meng Fanning , Lin Jianming , Wu Yonghong 
Published: February 2016

Dedicated to Professor Yuzan He on the Occasion of his 80th BirthdayIn this paper, we employ the complex method to obtain all meromorphic solutions of an auxiliary ordinary differential equation at first and then find out all meromorphic exact solutions of the combined KdV–mKdV equation and variant Boussinesq equations. Our result shows that all rational and simply periodic exact solutions of the combined KdV–mKdV equation and variant Boussinesq equations are solitary wave solutions, the method is more simple than other methods, and there exist some rational solutions wr,2(z) and simply periodic solutions ws,2(z) that are not only new but also not degenerated successively by the elliptic function solutions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Infinity Optical Systems
Authors: Greb Christoph 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInfinity optics refers to the concept of a beam path with parallel rays between the objective and the tube lens of a microscope. Flat optical components can be brought into this infinity space without influencing image formation, which is critical for the utilization of contrast methods such as DIC or fluorescence. Modern microscopy techniques require the addition of multiple optical instruments, such as light sources or laser devices, into the infinite light path. Different approaches to fulfill this need have emerged and are described here.
Mechanical System Approaches Limit of Technical Feasibility
Authors: Schulze Birgit 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNowadays, X‐ray and tomographic methods help detect very fine structures inside objects. For spatial resolutions down to 100 nanometers, diffractive X‐ray optics are available today. However, various challenges have to be overcome to obtain a three‐dimensional image with volume resolution in this range. It is a major challenge to achieve the extremely high mechanical accuracy and stability required for the alignment of the optics and samples in the X‐ray beam and for the entire experimental setup. Even minute changes in temperature or vibrations could degrade the desired resolution. This is why the improvement of the X‐ray optics must always go hand in hand with the mechanical perfection of the entire setup. If specialists work closely together, considerable progress can be made as shown by the example described below.