bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
BROADBAND RADIO POLARIMETRY AND FARADAY ROTATION OF 563 EXTRAGALACTIC RADIO SOURCES
Authors: Anderson C. S. , Gaensler B. M. , Feain I. J. , Franzen T. M. O. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
We present a broadband spectropolarimetric survey of 563 discrete, mostly unresolved radio sources between 1.3 and 2.0 GHz using data taken with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. We have used rotation-measure synthesis to identify Faraday-complex polarized sources, those objects whose frequency-dependent polarization behavior indicates the presence of material possessing complicated magnetoionic structure along the line of sight (LOS). For sources classified as Faraday-complex, we have analyzed a number of their radio and multiwavelength properties to determine whether they differ from Faraday-simple polarized sources (sources for which LOS magnetoionic structures are comparatively simple) in these properties. We use this information to constrain the physical nature of the magnetoionic structures responsible for generating the observed complexity. We detect Faraday complexity in 12% of polarized sources at ∼1′ resolution, but we demonstrate that underlying signal-to-noise limitations mean the true percentage is likely to be significantly higher in the polarized radio source population. We find that the properties of Faraday-complex objects are diverse, but that complexity is most often associated with depolarization of extended radio sources possessing a relatively steep total intensity spectrum. We find an association between Faraday complexity and LOS structure in the Galactic interstellar medium (ISM) and claim that a significant proportion of the Faraday complexity we observe may be generated at interfaces of the ISM associated with ionization fronts near neutral hydrogen structures. Galaxy cluster environments and internally generated Faraday complexity provide possible alternative explanations in some cases.
Niacin and Selenium Attenuate Sepsis-Induced Lung Injury by Up-Regulating Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2–Related Factor 2 Signaling*
Authors: Kwon Woon Yong , Suh Gil Joon , Kim Kyung Su , Jung Yoon Sun , Kim Sung Hee , Kim Jae Seong , You Kyoung Min 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
To determine whether the combination therapy of niacin and selenium attenuates lung injury and improves survival during sepsis in rats and whether its benefits are associated with the activation of the glutathione redox cycle and up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2.

Design:
Prospective laboratory study.

Setting:
University laboratory.

Subjects:
Human lung microvascular endothelial cells and male Sprague-Dawley rats (n = 291).

Intervention:
In lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells, the dose-related effects of niacin and selenium were assessed, and the therapeutic effects of the combination therapy of niacin (0.9 mM) and selenium (1.5 μM) were evaluated. The role of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 was determined using nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 knockdown cells. In endotoxemic and cecal ligation and puncture with antibiotics rats, the therapeutic effects of the posttreatments of clinically relevant doses of niacin (360 mg/kg) and selenium (60 μg/kg) were evaluated.

Measurements and Main Results:
Combination therapy reduced the hydrogen peroxide level via the synergistic activation of the glutathione redox cycle, which involves niacin-induced increases in glutathione reductase activity, and reduced the glutathione level and a selenium-induced increase in glutathione peroxidase activity. Combination therapy contributed to the up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2, enhancement of glutathione synthesis, and down-regulation of nuclear factor κB signaling, but nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2 knockdown inhibited the enhancement of glutathione synthesis and down-regulation of the nuclear factor κB pathway. The therapeutic effects of combination therapy on endotoxemic rats were consistent with those on lipopolysaccharide-exposed cells. In addition, the posttreatment of combination therapy attenuated lung injury and improved survival in endotoxemic and cecal ligation and puncture with antibiotics rats. However, individual therapies of niacin or selenium failed to achieve these benefits.

Conclusions:
The combination therapy of niacin and selenium attenuated lung injury and improved survival during sepsis. Its therapeutic benefits were associated with the synergistic activation of the glutathione redox cycle, reduction of hydrogen peroxide level, and up-regulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2.
Short-Term Dietary Restriction Rescues Mice From Lethal Abdominal Sepsis and Endotoxemia and Reduces the Inflammatory/Coagulant Potential of Adipose Tissue
Authors: Starr Marlene E. , Steele Allison M. , Cohen Donald A. , Saito Hiroshi 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
Visceral adipose tissue is a major site for expression of proinflammatory and procoagulant genes during acute systemic inflammation. In this study, we tested whether the loss of fat mass by dietary restriction would remove the major source of these factors resulting in improved tolerance to sepsis and endotoxemia.

Design:
Prospective, laboratory controlled experiments.

Setting:
Aging and critical care research laboratory in a university hospital.

Subjects:
Middle-aged (12-month old) male C57BL/6 mice.

Interventions:
Mice were subjected to 40% dietary restriction for 3 weeks followed by induction of abdominal sepsis or endotoxemia by intraperitoneal injection with cecal slurry or lipopolysaccharide, respectively.

Measurements and Main Results:
Compared with freely fed mice, dietary restricted mice exhibited dramatically improved survival (80% vs 0% after sepsis; p < 0.001 and 86% vs 12% after endotoxemia; p = 0.013) and significantly reduced visceral fat-derived messenger RNA expression of interleukin-6, thrombospondin-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and tissue factor, which positively correlated with fat mass. Plasma levels of interleukin-6 were significantly reduced by dietary restriction and correlated with adipose interleukin-6 messenger RNA levels and fat mass (p < 0.001; R
2 = 0.64 and 0.89). In vitro culture of visceral fat explants from naive dietary restricted mice showed significantly reduced interleukin-6 secretion compared with that from freely fed mice in response to lipopolysaccharide. Analysis of major adipose immune cell populations by flow cytometry demonstrated that macrophages were the only cell population reduced by dietary restriction and that CD11c+/CD206+ (M2-type) and CD11c–/CD206– (double negative) macrophages, in addition to T cells, are the major immune cell populations that produce interleukin-6 in middle-aged mice during systemic inflammation.

Conclusions:
Short-term dietary restriction drastically improved the survival outcome of middle-aged mice during both polymicrobial sepsis and sterile endotoxemia. Improved survival was accompanied by a significantly attenuated inflammatory response in adipose tissue, which is likely due to alterations of both fat mass quantity and qualitative changes, including a reduction in macrophage populations.
Ideal Hematocrit to Minimize Renal Injury on Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Ghatanatti Ravi , Teli Anita , Narayan Pradeep , Chowdhuri Kuntal Roy , Mondal Ansuman , Bhattacharya Subhankar , Sengupta Gautam , Datta Monalisa 
Published: December 2015

Objective Renal dysfunction after cardiopulmonary bypass (CBP) ranges from subclinical injury to established renal failure requiring dialysis. The pathophysiology is multifactorial, and recently, hemodilution during CBP has been thought to be an important determinant of postoperative renal injury. In this study, we attempted to assess the independent effect of hemodilution on renal function. We also aimed to identify the optimal hematocrit where hemodilution-induced renal injury is minimal. Methods A prospective observational study was conducted on 200 patients between February 2012 and July 2013. One hundred fifty patients were included in the study group, who were further subdivided on the basis of lowest hemodilution as mild hemodilution (>25%), moderate hemodilution (21%–25%), and severe hemodilution (<21%) categories. The primary outcome of the study was renal outcome measure, which was assessed by comparing the creatinine clearance across the groups. Results The creatinine clearance decreased over a period in all three groups. When compared with mild or moderate hemodilution, the reduction in creatinine clearance was significantly higher in the group with severe hemodilution (P ≤ 0.0001). However, there was no significant difference in creatinine clearance reduction between the mild and moderate hemodilution groups (P = 0.813; 95% confidence interval, −8.41 to 10.68). Conclusions Based on our observations, we would like to propose that a hematocrit of 21% should be considered the critical threshold. Hematocrit below this value of 21% during CBP is associated with the most significant deterioration in renal function.
The Medication Regimen of Patients With Heart Failure: The Gerontologic Considerations and Anticholinergic Burden
Authors: Knecht Janet G. , Neafsey Patricia J. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Although prescription medication adherence has been studied in the population living with heart failure (HF), little attention has focused on the patient’s overall medication practices including over-the-counter medications. Patients with HF live with the certainty that their quality of life depends on the proper management of multiple medications. Failure to properly manage prescription medications increases the risk of exacerbation of HF and increased rates of rehospitalization.

Objectives:
The aim of the quantitative component of this study was to identify medication practices in patients with HF. The aim of the qualitative component was to identify themes of patients with high and low HF medication self-efficacy.

Methods:
A convergent parallel mixed-methods design was followed. Quantitative interviews were conducted by telephone with 41 patients living with HF around their medication-taking and lifestyle behaviors. Immediately thereafter, qualitative interviews were conducted to elicit the patient’s perspective of their therapeutic regimen.

Results:
Patients are prescribed medications not recommended for the gerontologic population and/or risk anticholinergic burden. Although highly confident, patients admit to a plethora of errors.

Conclusion:
Future study is required to ensure safe transitions to home and enhance technology to provide seamless communication between patients and providers.
Nursing-Based Dysrhythmia Detection on a Dedicated Stroke Unit Using a Unit-Based Cardiac Telemetry Monitoring System
Authors: Jastrzebski Cheryl , Hernandez Erika , Nadis Susan , Lichtenberg Robert 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Acute stroke care includes cardiac rhythm monitoring in the first 24 hours. The method of monitoring varies, as do the reported findings. The nurses’ role in this process can be intensive, including primary response and review of all data. Competency is critical as the acute stroke setting can be associated with life-threatening dysrhythmias as well as the detection of atrial fibrillation that affects therapy. Limited studies exist to evaluate the effectiveness of a unit-based cardiac monitoring system for which the bedside nurse has primary responsibility.

Objective:
The goal was to determine if a unit-based cardiac monitoring system for which the bedside nurse was responsible detected clinically significant dysrhythmias.

Methods:
Stroke unit nurses completed a mandatory education program on identifying common dysrhythmias and using the monitoring equipment along with a structured algorithm for cardiac dysrhythmia detection. The nurse was responsible for all alarms as well as review of their patients’ data. Their findings were recorded and reviewed by a cardiology team after the 24-hour monitoring was completed. A total of 300 consecutive stokes, transient ischemic attack, and possible stroke patients were enrolled.

Results:
Nurses identified 96% of all significant dysrhythmias. Twenty-eight percent of the stroke patients had a dysrhythmia, of which 79% were atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter. The bedside nurses did identify all 8 new atrial fibrillation cases.

Conclusion:
Stroke unit nurses who complete an educational program can identify dysrhythmias on their patients’ unit-based cardiac monitoring systems and can improve patient outcomes.
Superiority of the Split-dose PEG Regimen for Small-Bowel Capsule Endoscopy
Authors: Magalhães-Costa Pedro , Carmo Joana , Bispo Miguel , Santos Sofia , Chagas Cristina 
Published: December 2015

Goals:
We aimed to evaluate the small-bowel cleansing quality, the diagnostic yield (DY), the transit time, and the patients’ tolerability, by comparing the 2 different polyethylene glycol (PEG) administration schedules.

Background:
The use of bowel purgatives before small-bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is recommended by the ESGE guidelines. Whether this regimen can be further refined by changing the timing of administration is unknown.

Study:
Fifty-seven patients were prospectively enrolled and randomized into 2 groups: group 1 (G1, n=29) received 2 L of PEG in the day before SBCE (time between PEG and SBCE=10 h); and group 2 (G2, n=28) received 1 L of PEG in the day before SBCE and 1 L of PEG in the morning before SBCE (time between PEG and SBCE=4 h). The primary outcome measure was small-bowel cleansing quality. Small-bowel cleansing quality was evaluated according to a previously validated grading scale.

Results:
The entire and distal half small-bowel cleansing scores were significantly higher among G2 (median score: 8 vs. 10 points, P=0.012; median score: 6 vs. 8 points, P=0.05, respectively). The DY did not differ significantly between groups. There were no significant differences in transit times between the 2 PEG regimens. Both schedules were well tolerated, showing no differences regarding symptoms while ingesting the preparation or after SBCE ingestion.

Conclusions:
Split-dose PEG regimen for SBCE preparation improved the small-bowel cleanliness, did not interfere with transit times and was equally well tolerated by the patients. No differences were observed regarding DY. ClinicalTrial.gov registration: NCT02396017.
Delineation of Crohn’s Disease Trajectories Using Change in Lémann Index
Authors: Bhagya Rao Bhavana , Koutroubakis Ioannis E. , Ramos Rivers Claudia , Colombel Jean Frederic , Regueiro Miguel , Swoger Jason , Schwartz Marc , Baidoo Leonard , Hashash Jana , Barrie Arthur , Dunn Michael A. , Binion David G. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Crohn’s disease (CD) causes lifelong, progressive bowel damage, which may be quantified using the Lémann Index (LI). We aimed to analyze patterns of LI and its association with 5-year clinical course, in an independent cohort of CD patients.

Methods:
CD patients with 5-year follow-up from a registry maintained at a tertiary center were included. LI was calculated using a computerized metric from the first (LI1) and last (LI2) clinical encounters during the 5 years. Groups were created based on change in score (LI2-LI1) or the delta Lémann Index (DLI) as showing improvement, no change, or deterioration and used for association analysis with patterns of health care utilization, disease activity, and quality-of-life scores.

Results:
A total of 363 CD patients with 5-year follow-up formed the study population [median age 43 y (interquartile range (IQR), 33.3 to 55 y); 57% female; median disease duration 12 y (IQR, 3 to 19 y), overall surgical exposure 69.7%]. Median (IQR) LI1, LI2, and DLI were 8 (0 to 54), 9 (0 to 75), and 0 (−22 to –47), respectively. Patients were stratified based on DLI into 3 groups: A: DLI<0; B: DLI=0; and C: DLI>0; which comprised 16.5%, 35.3%, and 48.2% of the cohort, respectively. Patients in group C had significantly higher CD-related surgical exposure, health care utilization, and annual use of steroids and biological agents. DLI showed independent significant positive correlation with perianal disease (P=0.044), steroid use (P=0.007), clinical visits (P<0.001), and new surgeries (P=0.001).

Conclusions:
Change in LI over time could function as a marker of disease trajectory for risk substratification and prognostication in CD.
Do we need demographic data to forecast plant population dynamics?
Authors: Tredennick Andrew T. , Hooten Mevin B. , Adler Peter B. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryRapid environmental change has generated growing interest in forecasts of future popu lation trajectories. Traditional population models built with detailed demographic obser vations from one study site can address the impacts of environmental change at particular locations, but are difficult to scale up to the landscape and regional scales relevant to man agement decisions. An alternative is to build models using population-level data that are much easier to collect over broad spatial scales than individual-level data. However, it is unknown whether models built using population-level data adequately capture the effects of density-dependence and environmental forcing that are necessary to generate skillful forecasts.Here, we test the consequences of aggregating individual 29 responses when forecasting the population states (percent cover) and trajectories of four perennial grass species in a semi-arid grassland in Montana, USA. We parameterized two population models for each species, one based on individual-level data (survival, growth and recruitment) and one on population-level data (percent cover), and compared their forecasting accuracy and fore cast horizons with and without the inclusion of climate covariates. For both models, we used Bayesian ridge regression to weight the influence of climate covariates for optimal prediction.In the absence of climate effects, we found no significant difference between the forecast accuracy of models based on individual-level data and models based on population-level data. Climate effects were weak, but increased forecast accuracy for two species. Increases in accuracy with climate covariates were similar between model types.In our case study, percent cover models generated forecasts as accurate as those from a demographic model. For the goal of forecasting, models based on aggregated individual level data may offer a practical alternative to data-intensive demographic models. Long time series of percent cover data already exist for many plant species. Modelers should exploit these data to predict the impacts of environmental change.
The Ionotropic Receptors IR21a and IR25a mediate cool sensing inDrosophila
Authors: Ni Lina , Klein Mason , Svec Kathryn , Budelli Gonzalo , Chang Elaine C. , Benton Richard , Samuel Aravinthan D. T. , Garrity Paul A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAnimals rely on highly sensitive thermoreceptors to seek out optimal temperatures, but the molecular mechanisms of thermosensing are not well understood. The Dorsal Organ Cool Cells (DOCCs) of theDrosophilalarva are a set of exceptionally thermosensitive neurons critical for larval cool avoidance. Here we show that DOCC cool-sensing is mediated by Ionotropic Receptors (IRs), a family of sensory receptors widely studied in invertebrate chemical sensing. We find that two IRs, IR21a and IR25a, are required to mediate DOCC responses to cooling and are required for cool avoidance behavior. Furthermore, we find that ectopic expression of IR21a can confer cool-responsiveness in anIr25a-dependent manner, suggesting an instructive role for IR21a in thermosensing. Together, these data show that IR family receptors can function together to mediate thermosensation of exquisite sensitivity.
On the Apportionment of Population Structure
Authors: Granot Yaron , Tal Omri , Rosset Saharon , Skorecki Karl 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMeasures of population differentiation, such as FST, are traditionally derived from the partition of diversity within and between populations. However, the emergence of population clusters from multilocus analysis is a function of geneticstructure(departures from panmixia) rather than of diversity. If the populations are close to panmixia, slight differences between the mean pairwise distance within and between populations (low FST) can manifest as strong separation between the populations, thus population clusters are often evident even when the vast majority of diversity is partitioned within populations rather than between them. For any given FSTvalue, clusters can be tighter (more panmictic) or looser (more stratified), and in this respect higher FSTdoes not always imply stronger differentiation. In this study we propose a measure for the partition of structure, denoted EST, which is more consistent with results from clustering schemes. Crucially, our measure is based on a statistic of the data that is a good measure of internal structure, mimicking the information extracted by unsupervised clustering or dimensionality reduction schemes. To assess the utility of our metric, we ranked various human (HGDP) population pairs based on FSTand ESTand found substantial differences in ranking order. In some cases examined, most notably among isolated Amazonian tribes, ESTranking seems more consistent with demographic, phylogeographic and linguistic measures of classification compared to FST. Thus, ESTmay at times outperform FSTin identifying evolutionary significant differentiation.
Fitness effects of new mutations inChlamydomonas reinhardtiiacross two stress gradients
Authors: Kraemer Susanne A. , Morgan Andrew D. , Ness Robert W. , Keightley Peter D. , Colegrave Nick 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMost spontaneous mutations affecting fitness are likely to be deleterious, but the strength of selection acting on them might be impacted by environmental stress. Such stress-dependent selection could expose hidden genetic variation, which in turn might increase the adaptive potential of stressed populations. On the other hand, this variation might represent a genetic load and thus lead to population extinction under stress. Previous studies to determine the link between stress and mutational effects on fitness, however, have produced inconsistent results. Here, we determined the net change in fitness in 29 genotypes of the green algaeChlamydomonas reinhardtiithat accumulated mutations in the near absence of selection for approximately 1,000 generations across two stress gradients, increasing NaCl and decreasing phosphate. We found mutational effects to be magnified under extremely stressful conditions, but such effects were specific both to the type of stress as well as to the genetic background. The detection of stress-dependent fitness effects of mutations depended on accurately scaling relative fitness measures by generation times, thus offering an explanation for the inconsistencies among previous studies.
Modeling Continuous Admixture
Authors: Zhou Ying , Qiu Hongxiang , Xu Shuhua 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHuman migration and human isolation serve as the driving forces of modern human civilization. Recent migrations of long isolated populations have resulted in genetically admixed populations. The history of population admixture is generally complex; however, understanding the admixture process is critical to both evolutionary and medical studies. Here, we utilized admixture induced linkage disequilibrium (LD) to infer occurrence of continuous admixture events, which is common for most existing admixed populations. Unlike previous studies, we expanded the typical continuous admixture model to a more general admixture scenario with isolation after a certain duration of continuous gene flow. Based on the extended models, we developed a method based on weighted LD to infer the admixture history considering continuous and complex demographic process of gene flow between populations. We evaluated the performance of the method by computer simulation and applied our method to real data analysis of a few well-known admixed populations.