bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, presentation and treatment of lower limb pathologies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis: A narrative review
Authors: Fellas Antoni , Hawke Fiona , Santos Derek , Coda Andrea 
Published: August 2017

AbstractJuvenile idiopathic arthritis is a chronic, autoimmune, inflammatory joint disease. It is the most common arthritis in children and adolescents. This paper reviews the presentation and treatment of lower limb pathologies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis from an allied health perspective. Common lower limb pathologies include: synovitis causing swelling, tenderness and pain; persistent inflammation leading to flexion contractures; limb length discrepancies; muscle atrophy; enthesopathies such as plantar fasciitis and Achilles tendonitis; and tenosynovitis. Allied health professionals may use a range of non‐invasive therapies, including hydrotherapy, strengthening and stretching exercises, massaging, taping and foot orthoses to manage lower limb pathologies in juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Early detection and treatment of these common and potentially disabling lower limb pathologies are fundamental to achieving gold standard care for children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis.
Constance Naden: A Critical Overview
Authors: Stainthorp Clare 
Published: August 2017

AbstractConstance Naden (1858–1889) occupies a uniquely interdisciplinary position within Victorian studies: she was a scientist and a philosopher, as well as a poet, and viewed these roles as interlinked and reciprocal. She is best known for her ‘Evolutional Erotics’ (comic poems about Darwinian sexual selection), but her poetic corpus is much more diverse, spanning sonnets about the natural world, dramatic monologues about faith and doubt, and narrative poems about philosophical ideas. Naden studied botany, chemistry, physiology, geology, physics and zoology in Birmingham and published essays on both natural and social sciences. Her scientific interests underpinned her atheist philosophy, called Hylo‐Idealism, about which she wrote many essays and letters in periodicals. Alongside Naden's published poetry and prose of the 1880s, the recent discovery of three notebooks dating from 1875 to 1879 has thrown new light on the development of her interdisciplinary ideas. This article provides an insight into Naden's diverse writings alongside an overview of existing studies of her intellectual pursuits and suggests avenues for future research into her life and works.
The double bind of validation: distant reading and the digital humanities' “trough of disillusionment”
Authors: Hammond Adam 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe digital humanities (DH) is currently in the phase of the “hype cycle” known as the “trough of disillusionment.” Franco Moretti, perhaps the most prominent practitioner of the most prominent discipline of DH—“distant reading,” the computational analysis of large quantities of literary texts—recently expressed his exasperation with the state of DH, reflecting “our work could have been better” and asking why, “considering the amount of energy, talent, and tools, going into [DH], that we have such difficulty producing great results.” Surveying leading recent work in distant reading by Moretti, Matthew L. Jockers, Laura Mandell, Ryan Heuser, Long Le‐Khac, and Joanna Swafford, this paper provides a twofold explanation to the field's failure to produce “great results.” Both explanations relate to “validation,” the process by which quantitative results are shown to be reliable and trustworthy. Many distant reading projects have produced disappointing results because they have been more interested in validating their tools—showing that their computational methods are able to confirm existing stereotypes—than in pursuing genuine discoveries. Many others, meanwhile, produce provocative results that cannot be meaningfully validated. Although the double bind of validation is real, I propose collaboration and “interdisciplinary adaptation” as promising solutions.
To Keep this Disease from Killing You: Cultural Competence, Consonance, and Health among HIV‐positive Women in Kenya
Authors: Copeland Toni 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe HIV/AIDS crisis continues in sub‐Saharan Africa, where nearly 70% of infections are found. Despite recent efforts to supply antiretroviral therapy to those infected, most are not receiving medication and are forced to rely on self‐management to remain healthy. In Kenya, many of those infected are women living in extreme poverty. This article presents the findings of research among poor women in Nairobi that examined the relationship between knowledge of a cultural model of self‐managing HIV/AIDS, cultural consonance, and health. This biocultural study expands on earlier findings showing that knowledge of the model (competence) is a significant predictor of health by examining here how behavior consistent with that knowledge (consonance) affects health outcomes, as measured by CD4 counts, perceived stress, depressive symptoms, and recent illnesses.
Japanese sibling cases of multiple sclerosis presenting with different clinical phenotypes
Authors: Sato Kota , Ohta Yasuyuki , Yamashita Toru , Tsunoda Keiichiro , Deguchi Kentaro , Takemoto Mami , Hishikawa Nozomi , Abe Koji 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUnlike in Western countries, only a few familial multiple sclerosis cases have been reported from Asian countries. Herein, we report on the characteristics of siblings with multiple sclerosis. Their parents were consanguineous, and the siblings showed different first symptoms of gait disturbance or double vision, with a clinical phenotype of primary progressive multiple sclerosis or relapse–remitting multiple sclerosis. Their human leukocyte antigen showed unique subtypes of DPB1 (0501/0901 or 0901/0901) and DRB1 (0406/1502 or 1502/1502).
Correlation between activated partial thromboplastin time and anti‐Xa activity in patients who received low‐molecular weight heparin as anticoagulation for haemodialysis
Authors: Wong Steve Siu‐Man , Lau Wai‐Yan , Chan Ping‐Kwan , Wan Ching‐Kit , Cheng Yuk‐Lun 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTPlasma anti‐Xa activity, the recommended test to monitor low‐molecular weight heparin (LMWH) therapy, is not readily available in many laboratories. In our clinical trials on the use of LMWH as anticoagulation for haemodialysis, a consistent prolongation of APTT in addition to the elevated anti‐Xa activity was observed in the patients after LMWH administration. Hence, the paired anti‐Xa activity and APTT data were re‐analyzed. The APTT ratio, which was the proportional change in APTT from the baseline value after LMWH administration, was found to have a strong correlation with anti‐Xa activity (coefficient of determination, R
2 = 0.72, P < 0.001). In the receiver operating characteristic analysis, the APTT ratio was also found to be an excellent predictor of therapeutic anti‐Xa activity ≧0.5 IU/mL (area under curve = 0.93, P < 0.001). The sensitivity was 88% and the specificity was 83.3% when an APTT ratio ≧1.4 was used as the cut point to predict the achievement of therapeutic anti‐Xa activity. Our results illustrated that APTT is a potentially useful screening test to assess the degree of anticoagulation achieved by LMWH during haemodialysis, if the testing for plasma anti‐Xa activity is not available.
A Unified Account of the Moral Standing to Blame
Authors: Todd Patrick 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRecently, philosophers have turned their attention to the question, not when a given agent is blameworthy for what she does, but when a further agent has the moral standing to blame her for what she does. Philosophers have proposed at least four conditions on having “moral standing”: 1. One's blame would not be “hypocritical”. 2. One is not oneself “involved in” the target agent's wrongdoing. 3. One is warranted in believing that the target is indeed blameworthy for the wrongdoing. 4. The target's wrongdoing is some of “one's business”. These conditions are often proposed as both conditions on one and the same thing, and as marking fundamentally different ways of “losing standing”. Here I call these claims into question. First, I claim that conditions (3) and (4) are simply conditions on different things than are conditions (1) and (2). Second, I argue that condition (2) reduces to condition (1): when “involvement” removes someone's standing to blame, it does so only by indicating something further about that agent, viz., that he or she lacks commitment to the values that condemn the wrongdoer's action. The result: after we clarify the nature of the non‐hypocrisy condition, we will have a unified account of moral standing to blame. Issues also discussed: whether standing can ever be regained, the relationship between standing and our “moral fragility”, the difference between mere inconsistency and hypocrisy, and whether a condition of standing might be derived from deeper facts about the “equality of persons”.
Religion and body weight: a review of quantitative studies
Authors: Yeary Karen Hye‐cheon Kim , Sobal Jeffery , Wethington Elaine 
Published: August 2017

SummaryIncreasing interest in relationships between religion and health has encouraged research about religion and body weight, which has produced mixed findings. We systematically searched 11 bibliographic databases for quantitative studies of religion and weight, locating and coding 85 studies. We conducted a systematic review, analysing descriptive characteristics of the studies as well as relevant religion‐body weight associations related to study characteristics. We summarized findings for two categories of religion variables: religious affiliation and religiosity. For religious affiliation, we found evidence for significant associations with body weight in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies. In particular, Seventh‐Day Adventists had lower body weight than other denominations in cross‐sectional analyses. For religiosity, significant associations occurred between greater religiosity and higher body weight in both cross‐sectional and longitudinal studies. In particular, greater religiosity was significantly associated with higher body weight in bivariate analyses but less so in multivariate analyses. A greater proportion of studies that used a representative sample, longitudinal analyses, and samples with only men reported significant associations between religiosity and weight. Evidence in seven studies suggested that health behaviours and psychosocial factors mediate religion–weight relationships. More longitudinal studies and analyses of mediators are needed to provide stronger evidence and further elucidate religion–weight relationships.
Hazard Analysis and Safety Requirements for Small Drone Operations: To What Extent Do Popular Drones Embed Safety?
Authors: Plioutsias Anastasios , Karanikas Nektarios , Chatzimihailidou Maria Mikela 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCurrently, published risk analyses for drones refer mainly to commercial systems, use data from civil aviation, and are based on probabilistic approaches without suggesting an inclusive list of hazards and respective requirements. Within this context, this article presents: (1) a set of safety requirements generated from the application of the systems theoretic process analysis (STPA) technique on a generic small drone system; (2) a gap analysis between the set of safety requirements and the ones met by 19 popular drone models; (3) the extent of the differences between those models, their manufacturers, and the countries of origin; and (4) the association of drone prices with the extent they meet the requirements derived by STPA. The application of STPA resulted in 70 safety requirements distributed across the authority, manufacturer, end user, or drone automation levels. A gap analysis showed high dissimilarities regarding the extent to which the 19 drones meet the same safety requirements. Statistical results suggested a positive correlation between drone prices and the extent that the 19 drones studied herein met the safety requirements generated by STPA, and significant differences were identified among the manufacturers. This work complements the existing risk assessment frameworks for small drones, and contributes to the establishment of a commonly endorsed international risk analysis framework. Such a framework will support the development of a holistic and methodologically justified standardization scheme for small drone flights.
Examining Factors that Influence the Existence of Heinrich's Safety Triangle Using Site‐Specific H&S Data from More than 25,000 Establishments
Authors: Yorio Patrick L. , Moore Susan M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn the 1930s, Heinrich established one of the most prominent and enduring accident prevention theories when he concluded that high severity occupational safety and health (OSH) incidents are preceded by numerous lower severity incidents and near misses. Seventy‐five years of theory expansion/interpretation includes two fundamental tenets: (1) the ratio of lower to higher severity incidents exists in the form of a “safety‐triangle” and (2) similar causes underlie both high and low severity events. Although used extensively to inform public policy and establishment‐level health and safety priorities, recent research challenges the validity of the two tenets. This study explored the validity of the first tenet, the existence of the safety triangle. The advantage of the current study is the use of a detailed, establishment‐specific data set that evaluated over 25,000 establishments over a 13‐year time period, allowing three specific questions to be explored: (1) Are an increased number of lower severity incidents at an establishment significantly associated with the probability of a fatal event over time? (2) At the establishment level, do the effects of OSH incidents on the probability of a fatality over time decrease as the degree of severity decreases—thereby taking the form of a triangle? and (3) Do distinct methods for delineating incidents by severity affect the existence of the safety triangle form? The answer to all three questions was yes with the triangle form being dependent upon how severity was delineated. The implications of these findings in regard to Heinrich's theory and OSH policy and management are discussed.
Peer Networks and Tobacco Consumption in South Africa
Authors: Mukong Alfred Kechia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper deepens the empirical analysis of peer networks by considering their effects on both smoking participation and smoking intensity in South Africa, a country where majority initiate smoking at adolescent age. Peer networks are key in determining the smoking behaviour of youths, but the magnitude of the effects is still debated, questioned and inconclusive. I used a control function approach, a two‐stage least square and the fixed effect method to address the potential endogeneity of peer network. The results suggest positive and significant peer effects on smoking participation and smoking intensity. While the network effects are consistently positive and significant, the magnitude of the estimates varies across methodological approaches with the instrument variable estimates generally lower. Including older adults in the peer reference group increases the peer effect estimates. Finally, using clusters as an alternative measure of network size in wave one, I show that peer effects are independent on network size but rather on network quality. Relative to the results of this paper, previous literature has documented larger peer effects on the decision to smoke. The findings suggest that policies (excise tax) that directly affect the decision to smoke and the smoking intensity of the peer reference group are likely to affect own smoking behaviour.
Feedback and Mediation in Causal Inference Illustrated by Stochastic Process Models
Authors: Aalen Odd O. , Gran Jon Michael , Røysland Kjetil , Stensrud Mats Julius , Strohmaier Susanne 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe concept of causality is naturally related to processes developing over time. Central ideas of causal inference like time‐dependent confounding (feedback) and mediation should be viewed as dynamic concepts. We shall study these concepts in the context of simple dynamic systems.Time‐dependent confounding and its implications are illustrated in a Markov model. We emphasize the distinction between average treatment effect, ATE, and treatment effect of the treated, ATT. These effects could be quite different, and we discuss the relationship between them.Mediation is studied in a stochastic differential equation model. A type of natural direct and indirect effects is considered for this model. Mediation analysis of discrete measurements from such processes may give misleading results, and one needs to consider the underlying continuous process.The dynamic and time‐continuous view of causality and mediation is an essential feature, and more attention should be payed to the time aspect in causal inference.
Retrieving the religion in racialization: A critical review
Authors: Husain Atiya 
Published: August 2017

AbstractScholars across disciplines have argued that race and religion are co‐constituted in part because of their historical relationship. The concept of racialization, particularly as it is housed in racial formation theory, is the way that most empirical research in sociology has approached analysis of this co‐constitution. Such analysis however is often at the expense of empirically accounting for the historical relationship between race and religion. In this article, I argue for stronger empirical consideration of this historical relationship in research on racialization. I discuss what is at stake in deeper empirical analysis and what scholars gain by using religion as a starting point to understand racialization today.
The participants as objects: Variation And Meaning Of First‐ And Second‐Person Object Encoding In Spanish
Authors: Aijón Oliva Miguel A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSyntactic functions are best conceptualized as prototypical associations of features at a variety of formal and semantic levels, which elements in actual clauses will match to different extents. In Spanish, the prototypical (accusative) object has a third‐person, inanimate, non‐autonomous entity as its referent. The encoding of the direct participants, i.e. the first and second persons, as syntactic objects will entail a displacement from the prototype that can have significant functional and meaningful effects. Based on a corpus of oral and written Peninsular Spanish, the study addresses the main patterns of quantitative variation and contextual choice of first‐ and second‐person object encoding. Both the differences across syntactic functions, persons and numbers and the main features of formal variability within the clause—explicit formulation vs. morphological indexation, as well as preverbal vs. postverbal placement when formulated—are taken into account. It is concluded that the cognitive salience associated with first‐ and second‐person objects makes them functionally and cognitively similar to syntactic subjects. In turn, the different choices related to their formal configuration can be used to modulate the degree of involvement attributed to their referents in the content of discourse.
Microparticles from stored red blood cells enhance procoagulant and proinflammatory activity
Authors: Fischer Dania , Büssow Julian , Meybohm Patrick , Weber Christian Friedrich , Zacharowski Kai , Urbschat Anja , Müller Markus Matthias , Jennewein Carla 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUNDThe pathomechanisms of morbidity due to blood transfusions are not yet entirely understood. Elevated levels of red blood cell–derived microparticles (RMPs) are found in coagulation‐related pathologies and also in stored blood. Previous research has shown that RMPs mediate transfusion‐related complications by the intrinsic pathway. We hypothesized that RMPs might play a role in post‐transfusion thrombotic complications by enhancing procoagulant activity also through the extrinsic pathway of coagulation.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSIn this laboratory study, blood from 18 healthy volunteers was stimulated with microparticles from expired stored red blood cells. Various clotting parameters were recorded. Flow cytometry, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, and real‐time polymerase chain reaction were used to investigate possible mediating mechanisms.RESULTSThe addition of RMPs shortened the clotting time from 194 to 161 seconds (p < 0.001). After incubation with RMPs, there was increased expression of tissue factor (TF) on monocytes and in plasma. TF messenger RNA expression increased in a time‐dependent and concentration‐dependent manner. There was a significant induction of interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6. After stimulation with RMPs, there was a significant increase in the number of activated platelets, an increased percentage of PAC‐1/CD62P (procaspase activating compound‐1/platelet surface P‐selectin) double‐positive platelets, and an increased number of platelet‐neutrophil duplets and platelet‐monocyte duplets, indicating enhanced interaction of platelets with neutrophils and monocytes. Levels of CXCL‐8 (C‐X‐C motif chemokine ligand 1) and interleukin‐6 were significantly higher after treatment with RMPs.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that RMPs trigger coagulation through TF signaling, induce the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, and induce cell‐cell interaction between platelets and neutrophils. Thus, under certain conditions, RMPs could play a role in post‐transfusion complications through these mechanisms.
Effects of parenteral fish oil on plasma nonesterified fatty acids and systemic inflammatory mediators in dogs following ovariohysterectomy
Authors: Tsuruta Kaoru , Backus Robert C. , DeClue Amy E. , Fritsche Kevin L. , Mann Fred A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the effects of intravenous (IV) infusion of fish oil (FO) emulsion following ovariohysterectomy (OVH) on inflammatory mediators and plasma omega‐3 nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations in dogs.DesignProspective clinical study.SettingUniversity teaching hospital.AnimalsTwenty‐nine privately owned dogs undergoing routine OVH.InterventionsPostoperative 3‐hour IV infusion of saline (n = 9), FO (Omegaven, n = 10), or soybean oil (SO, intralipid, n = 10) emulsion and blood collected before, 5 and 24 hours following OVH for plasma NEFA and RBC membrane fatty acids (FAs) concentrations, leukocyte cytokine production capacity, and C‐reactive protein (CRP) measurement.Measurements and Main ResultsPlasma omega‐3 NEFA, eicosapentaenoic acid, docosahexaenoic acid, and total long‐chain omega‐3 FA significantly increased shortly after FO infusion (8.8 ± 3.3 μM, 13.6 ± 5.6 μM, and 25.1 ± 9.6 μM, respectively) compared to SO (0.7 ± 0.9, 2.3 ± 1.8, and 4.2 ± 3.0 μM, respectively) and saline infusion (1.6 ± 2.5, 2.6 ± 3.1, and 5.9 ± 6.4 μM, respectively). Plasma CRP concentration significantly increased after OVH, but with no significant group differences. A weak negative correlation occurred between post‐OVH CRP and postinfusion total long‐chain omega‐3 FA concentrations (r2 = 0.21, P = 0.014). Stimulated leukocyte interleukin (IL) 6 production capacity increased (P = 0.001) after OVH in all groups; SO infusion resulted in reduced leukocyte IL‐6 production capacity (1048.1 ± 277.7 pg/mL) compared to FO (1299.9 ± 302.1 pg/mL, P = 0.048) and saline infusions (1499.0 ± 363.1 pg/mL, P = 0.01). No significant group difference was observed in leukocyte IL‐10 and tumor necrosis factor α production capacities.ConclusionsPostoperative administration of FO emulsion increases plasma omega‐3 NEFA concentrations promptly, but does not significantly attenuate CRP production or leukocyte cytokine production capacity. FO infusion at the dosage used in the present study can be safely used in dogs, but it was not clearly beneficial in decreasing post‐OVH indices of inflammation.