bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Démocratie de proximité et protection de l'environnement : la participation du citoyen local. Loi n° 2002-276 du 27 février 2002 relative à la démocratie de proximité
Authors: Le Louarn Patrick 
Published: April 2016

The Act on local democracy has revived long-standing and deep-rooted arguments within republican institutions about the relationship between local autonomy and national unity, between representative and direct democracy. The recent Aarhus Convention and the European Directive on the assessment of the effects of certain plans and programmes on the environment have also shaken up the national model by requiring the better application of the principle of public participation. This directly involves the citizen in local decision-making, sometimes in breach of the very concept of local administrative freedom.
A close reading of the Act shows that although the overall framework seems to respond better to the international and European légal principles of participation, the coherence of the suite of measures that come under the heading « right to partipate » has a long way to go. The new measures are too dependent on the discretion of local authorities as regards public participation in general environmental matters and, although they are more precise and better enshrined concerning public consultation, this is less relevant because the field of application is too narrow. In sum, the measures are only a small step towards an essential reform of the way in which the citizen is taken into account through a broader devolution process.
Mainly driven by the need to adapt to European law, the legislature still needs to develop a truly coherent regime covering ail forms of concertation between local authorities and individuals.
Consommation et environnement
Authors: Giraudel Catherine 
Published: April 2016

This regular article covers case law on consumer products where this is relevant to environmental protection. It also provides an update on the main Community and national instruments in this area. The first wide-ranging part covers the special protection measures related to products or treatment techniques (additives, ionisation, pesticides) and to products of specific quality, agro-food products (organic farming) and industrial products in the light of the Community's new ecolabelling System. It then addresses biotechnology and genetically modified organisms, wild animal and plant species and product safety in the context of waste disposal. A short second part covers general legal protection in criminal, civil and administrative law.
Finally, the article looks at recent developments at the Community level in the field of consumer law as it relates to environment and sustainable development.
Comparative phylogeography of black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) and red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle) in Florida: Testing the maritime discontinuity in coastal plants
Authors: Hodel Richard G. J. , Cortez Maria B. de Souza , Soltis Pamela S. , Soltis Douglas E. 
Published: April 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Previous studies of the comparative phylogeography of coastal and marine species in the southeastern United States revealed that phylogenetically diverse taxa share a phylogeographic break at the southern tip of Florida (the maritime discontinuity). These studies have focused nearly exclusively on animals; few coastal plant species in Florida have been analyzed phylogeographically. We investigated phylogeographic patterns of black mangroves (Avicennia germinans) and red mangroves (Rhizophora mangle), two coastal trees that occur on both coasts of the peninsula of Florida.METHODS:We sampled and genotyped 150 individuals each of A. germinans and R. mangle, using eight microsatellite loci per species. We used observed and expected heterozygosity to quantify genetic diversity in each sampling location and allele frequencies to identify putative phylogeographic breaks and measure gene flow using BayesAss and Migrate‐n. We tested the hypothesis that both species would exhibit a phylogeographic break at the southern tip of Florida.KEY RESULTS:We did not find any significant phylogeographic breaks in either species. Rhizophora mangle exhibits greater genetic structure than A. germinans, contrary to expectations based on propagule dispersal capability. However, directional gene flow from the Gulf to the Atlantic was more pronounced in R. mangle, indicating that the Gulf Stream may affect genetic patterns in R. mangle more than in A. germinans.CONCLUSIONS:The high dispersal capability of these species may lead to high genetic connectivity between sampling locations and little geographic structure. We also identified several locations that, based on genetic data, should be the focus of conservation efforts.
Cryptic speciation in allotetraploids: Lessons from the Botrychium matricariifolium complex
Authors: Williams Evelyn W. , Farrar Donald R. , Henson Don 
Published: April 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Cryptic species are a challenge for botanists and taxonomists. To improve species delineation in the genus Botrychium (Ophioglossaceae), which includes multiple instances of allotetraploid speciation, we examined a cryptic species complex using genetics and morphology.METHODS:We sampled species in the B. matricariifolium complex, concentrating on the Upper Peninsula of Michigan and including multiple proposed morphospecies. We analyzed over 1500 samples using 10 enzyme systems, measured 42 quantitative and qualitative morphological characters for over 650 individuals, and analyzed 145 samples using AFLPs. We tested for diagnostic enzymes in the morphospecies and calculated the correlation between morphological and genetic distances to determine whether putatively distinct morphotypes warrant taxonomic recognition.KEY RESULTS:Allozyme allelic variation corresponded loosely to some morphotypes of B. matricariifolium, but with lower genetic distinction among them than found between B. matricariifolium and B. michiganense. Botrychium michiganense contains unique alleles, indicating a different hybrid origin from that of B. matricariifolium and supporting its status as a genetically distinct species.CONCLUSIONS:We showed that B. acuminatum morphology and genetics are accommodated taxonomically within B. matricariifolium; B. matricariifolium and B. michiganense likely represent hybridization events between related species; and morphotypes within B. matricariifolium likely represent repeated hybridization events between the same two parental species. These hybridizations have resulted in the array of morphotypes observed by field botanists. By helping to identify diagnostic morphological characters, genetic analyses also help us understand and resolve morphological variation observed in the field.
Endemism in the moss flora of North America
Authors: Carter Benjamin E. , Shaw Blanka , Shaw A. Jonathan 
Published: April 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:Identifying regions of high endemism is a critical step toward understanding the mechanisms underlying diversification and establishing conservation priorities. Here, we identified regions of high moss endemism across North America. We also identified lineages that contribute disproportionately to endemism and document the progress of efforts to inventory the endemic flora.METHODS:To understand the documentation of endemic moss diversity in North America, we tabulated species publication dates to document the progress of species discovery across the continent. We analyzed herbarium specimen data and distribution data from the Flora of North America project to delineate major regions of moss endemism. Finally, we surveyed the literature to assess the importance of intercontinental vs. within‐continent diversification for generating endemic species.KEY RESULTS:Three primary regions of endemism were identified and two of these were further divided into a total of nine subregions. Overall endemic richness has two peaks, one in northern California and the Pacific Northwest, and the other in the southern Appalachians. Description of new endemic species has risen steeply over the last few decades, especially in western North America. Among the few studies documenting sister species relationships of endemics, recent diversification appears to have played a larger role in western North America, than in the east.CONCLUSIONS:Our understanding of bryophyte endemism continues to grow rapidly. Large continent‐wide data sets confirm early views on hotspots of endemic bryophyte richness and indicate a high rate of ongoing species discovery in North America.
ON TESTING THE EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE WITH EXTRAGALACTIC BURSTS
Authors: Nusser Adi 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
An interesting test of Einstein’s equivalence principle (EEP) relies on the observed lag in the arrival times of photons emitted from extragalactic transient sources. Attributing the lag between photons of different energies to the gravitational potential of the Milky Way (MW), several authors derive new constraints on deviations from EEP. It is shown here that potential fluctuations from the large-scale structure are at least two orders of magnitude larger than the gravitational potential of the MW. Combined with the larger distances, for sources at redshift

z
≳
0.5

the rms of the contribution from these fluctuations exceeds the MW by more than four orders of magnitude. We provide actual constraints for several objects based on a statistical calculation of the large-scale fluctuations in the standard ΛCDM cosmological model.
COLD CO GAS IN THE DISK OF THE YOUNG ERUPTIVE STAR EX LUP
Authors: Kóspál Á. , Ábrahám P. , Csengeri T. , Gorti U. , Henning Th. , Moór A. , Semenov D. A. , Szűcs L. , Güsten R. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
EX Lupi-type objects (EXors) form a sub-class of T Tauri stars, defined by sudden sporadic flare-ups of 1–5 mag at optical wavelengths. These eruptions are attributed to enhanced mass accretion from the circumstellar disk to the star, and may constitute important events in shaping the structure of the inner disk and the forming planetary system. Although disk properties must play a fundamental role in driving the outbursts, they are surprisingly poorly known. In order to characterize the dust and gas components of EXor disks, here we report on observations of the 12CO J = 3−2 and 4–3 lines, and the 13CO 3–2 line in EX Lup, the prototype of the EXor class. We reproduce the observed line fluxes and profiles with a line radiative transfer model and compare the obtained parameters with corresponding ones of other T Tauri disks.
DISCOVERY OF MOLECULAR HYDROGEN IN SN 1987A
Authors: Fransson Claes , Larsson Josefin , Spyromilio Jason , Leibundgut Bruno , McCray Richard , Jerkstrand Anders 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Both CO and SiO have been observed at early and late phases in SN 1987A. H2 was predicted to form at roughly the same time as these molecules, but was not detected at early epochs. Here, we report the detection of NIR lines from H2 at 2.12 and

2.40

μ
m

in VLT/SINFONI spectra obtained between days 6489 and 10,120. The emission is concentrated to the core of the SN in contrast to Hα and approximately coincides with the [Si i]/[Fe ii] emission detected previously in the ejecta. Different excitation mechanisms and power sources of the emission are discussed. From the nearly constant H2 luminosities, we favor excitation resulting from the

44

Ti

decay.
NuSTAR AND SWIFT OBSERVATIONS OF THE VERY HIGH STATE IN GX 339-4: WEIGHING THE BLACK HOLE WITH X-RAYS
Authors: Parker M. L. , Tomsick J. A. , Kennea J. A. , Miller J. M. , Harrison F. A. , Barret D. , Boggs S. E. , Christensen F. E. , Craig W. W. , Fabian A. C. , Fürst F. , Grinberg V. , Hailey C. J. , Romano P. , Stern D. , Walton D. J. , Zhang W. W. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We present results from spectral fitting of the very high state of GX 339-4 with Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) and Swift. We use relativistic reflection modeling to measure the spin of the black hole and inclination of the inner disk and find a spin of

a
=

0.95

−
0.08

+
0.02

and inclination of 30° ± 1° (statistical errors). These values agree well with previous results from reflection modeling. With the exceptional sensitivity of NuSTAR at the high-energy side of the disk spectrum, we are able to constrain multiple physical parameters simultaneously using continuum fitting. By using the constraints from reflection as input for the continuum fitting method, we invert the conventional fitting procedure to estimate the mass and distance of GX 339-4 using just the X-ray spectrum, finding a mass of

9.0

−
1.2

+
1.6

M

⊙

and distance of 8.4 ± 0.9 kpc (statistical errors).
CHROMOSPHERIC MODELS AND THE OXYGEN ABUNDANCE IN GIANT STARS
Authors: Dupree A. K. , Avrett E. H. , Kurucz R. L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Realistic stellar atmospheric models of two typical metal-poor giant stars in Omega Centauri, which include a chromosphere (CHR), influence the formation of optical lines of O i: the forbidden lines (λ6300, λ6363) and the infrared triplet (λλ7771−7775). One-dimensional semi-empirical non-local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE) models are constructed based on observed Balmer lines. A full non-LTE formulation is applied for evaluating the line strengths of O i, including photoionization by the Lyman continuum and photoexcitation by Lyα and Lyβ. Chromospheric models (CHR) yield forbidden oxygen transitions that are stronger than those in radiative/convective equilibrium (RCE) models. The triplet oxygen lines from high levels also appear stronger than those produced in an RCE model. The inferred oxygen abundance from realistic CHR models for these two stars is decreased by factors of ∼3 as compared to values derived from RCE models. A lower oxygen abundance suggests that intermediate-mass AGB stars contribute to the observed abundance pattern in globular clusters. A change in the oxygen abundance of metal-poor field giants could affect models of deep mixing episodes on the red giant branch. Changes in the oxygen abundance can impact other abundance determinations that are critical to astrophysics, including chemical tagging techniques and galactic chemical evolution.
THE ACCRETION DISK WIND IN THE BLACK HOLE GRS 1915+105
Authors: Miller J. M. , Raymond J. , Fabian A. C. , Gallo E. , Kaastra J. , Kallman T. , King A. L. , Proga D. , Reynolds C. S. , Zoghbi A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
We report on a 120 ks Chandra/HETG spectrum of the black hole GRS 1915+105. The observation was made during an extended and bright soft state in 2015 June. An extremely rich disk wind absorption spectrum is detected, similar to that observed at lower sensitivity in 2007. The very high resolution of the third-order spectrum reveals four components to the disk wind in the Fe K band alone; the fastest has a blueshift of

v
=
0.03
c

. Broadened re-emission from the wind is also detected in the first-order spectrum, giving rise to clear accretion disk P Cygni profiles. Dynamical modeling of the re-emission spectrum gives wind launching radii of

r
≃

10

2
−
4

GM

/

c

2

. Wind density values of

n
≃

10

13
−
16

cm

−
3

are then required by the ionization parameter formalism. The small launching radii, high density values, and inferred high mass outflow rates signal a role for magnetic driving. With simple, reasonable assumptions, the wind properties constrain the magnitude of the emergent magnetic field to be

B
≃

10

3
−
4

G if the wind is driven via magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) pressure from within the disk and

B
≃

10

4
−
5

G if the wind is driven by magnetocentrifugal acceleration. The MHD estimates are below upper limits predicted by the canonical α-disk model. We discuss these results in terms of fundamental disk physics and black hole accretion modes.
Microseismic Monitoring Improves Hydraulic Fracturing Diagnostic and Optimizes Field Development in Western Desert, Egypt
Authors: Salah Mohamed , Bereak Ahmed , Gabry Mohamed A. , Batmaz Taner , El-Sebaee Mohamed , Swedan Ahmed , Abdel-Halim Amro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Upper Baharyia formation is a common reservoir in the Western Desert of Egypt. It is characterized as a heterogeneous reservoir with low sand quality and shale interbeds that make hydraulic fracturing a mandatory technique to economically develop these marginal fields. The continuous economic field development requires an efficient application of hydraulic fracturing, which, in turn, requires understanding fracture propagation paths and the area of pay affected by the fracture treatment to optimize well spacing and placement and determining the best injection pattern for optimizing sweep efficiency. To optimize the fracture design, a microseismic monitoring technique was implemented for the first time in Khalda concession, Western Desert of Egypt to diagnose the hydraulic fracture and improve field development strategies. Two hydraulically fractured wells were monitored in an attempt to assess the fracture propagation and perform fracture model calibration to develop a predictive tool for hydraulic fracture design and to indicate the fracture growth as the fractures are being created by rock failure.
The objectives of this fracture mapping were to (1) measure fracture geometry (height, length and azimuth) and (2) provide immediate information that could be used on offset spacing and azimuth strategy associated with future wells. The results of microseismic fracture mapping are being integrated with the planned stimulation model, mini-frac data, stress profile and geological information shall be combined to calibrate the fracturing model for future fracturing campaigns in Upper Baharyia formation.
Statistical Rock-Property Estimates from Inverted Impedances and Rock-Physics Modeling
Authors: Spikes Kyle T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis work provides an example of a technique to estimate reservoir properties from inverted seismic impedances. High-quality seismic data has made inversion of that data for elastic properties reliable. Petrophysical and elastic properties from well-log data, along with a rock-physics model, explain the relationships among the elastic properties and the reservoir properties of interest. However, ambiguity and non-uniqueness are present in those relationships. The inversion of seismic data for P-impedance (IP) and S-impedance (IS) requires pre-stack seismic data, and a particular algorithm to combine low-frequency information. The inversion provides IP and IS for every time sample at each CDP. A calibrated rock-physics model translates seismic-scale impedances to reservoir properties. The calibration of the model typically is done using well-log curve information around the interval of interest. This paper demonstrates the seismic inversion routine and the subsequent mapping of the inverted impedances to rock properties using data from the Marco Polo field. The rock-physics model chosen was the soft-sand model because of the geological trends identified from well data and the interpretation of the depositional environment. In addition, the well-log data indicated the presence of five facies, including a gas-sand, oil-sand, two brine-sands, and shale facies. A Bayesian classification technique mapped the seismic impedances to the most likely facies. A statistical technique was necessary to account for the non-unique relationships among the elastic and reservoir properties. The results are realizations of the most likely facies. Probabilistic estimates of porosity and saturation for the hydrocarbon-bearing facies came from joint conditional distributions of IP and the ratio of P- to S-velocity (VP/VS). Maps of the probabilities contain the associated uncertainty in each results. Limitations to this technique are three-fold. First is that the relationship is non-unique between impedances and the rock properties, whereby one value of impedance relates to different combinations of rock properties. Second, the resolution of the seismic data is the resolution of the rock properties. Third, the rock-property estimates have errors in them due to errors in the rock physics model, errors in the inverted data, and errors in the match between the data and the model.
Evolution in Reliability of High-Speed Mud Pulse Telemetry
Authors: Emmerich W. , Greten A. , Brahim I. Ben , Akimov O. 
Published: April 2016

Mud pulse telemetry (MPT) is the leading real-time data transmission technology in the oil industry to deliver answers while drilling. New logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools produce increasing amounts of data that has to be transmitted to the surface. To avoid a compromise between rate of penetration (ROP) and log density, the real-time data rate has to increase. This is particularly true when demanding mud environments create demanding transmission conditions for MPT. As the well depth increases, it affects the mud density and mud plastic viscosity, making the situation even more challenging.
This paper describes evolutionary changes to a MPT system. The system uses a special training sequence (TS) that is regularly sent by a shear valve pulser. Surface controls detect the TS and use it to tune, automatically, adaptive filters. These filters respond to the current channel conditions, enabling reliable physical data rates of 10bit/s and greater. To avoid decreasing the decoding quality due to non-optimal filters that have been calculated during pressure/flow disturbed transmission, the system automatically tests the performance of all filter sets. Afterwards, the coefficients are saved into a database with additional information. This empowers the field service engineer to perform a quick look at the database and maintain high decoding quality.
Sophisticated changes to the TS and to the surface algorithms have significantly improved the automated detection rate of the TS search. Compared to offset runs in challenging fields, decoding quality and reliability have improved. The introduction of higher automation levels enables field personnel to deliver more answers to the operator, and provide multifaceted bottomhole assemblies with many LWD services. By eliminating the tradeoff between ROP and log density through higher data rates in MPT, the overall cost of drilling wells decreases without compromising safety.
Asset Integrity Monitoring for Sand Erosion on an Offshore Gas Production Platform
Authors: Fuggle Tom 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Abrasive sand in the produced fluid can eat away at metal at an astonishing rate and monitoring pipe wall thickness in high risk areas and adjusting the flow of gas to minimise erosion can make a tremendous difference in preserving the integrity of the asset whilst maximising production rates.
Typically, acoustic sand detectors are used to detect periods of high sand production and production is throttled to avoid erosion of pipework during these periods. However, this approach does not directly measure the erosion impact - loss of metal and resulting loss of integrity of the piping systems.
An integrity monitoring system is introduced that ensures that accurate and up-to-date information about the impact of sand production on metalwork is available. The monitoring system brings significant benefits in cost reduction, production maximisation, safety and reliability – all ultimately improving the profitability of the production asset.
In the case study presented, the producer was able to increase production of an unmanned platform in the Caribbean Sea by 12% resulting in a payback period of several days. The data is used to detect and optimise control of erosion issues early. Non-intrusive, battery-operated, wireless integrity monitoring systems are ideal for inaccessible locations such as offshore assets, where the costs and safety risks of access to the fixed equipment for any kind of manual inspection are high.