bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pengorganisasian Secara Personal dan Gejala Individualisasi Organisasi sebagai Karakter Utama Pengorganisasian Diri Petani di Indonesia
Authors: Syahyuti NFN 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Explaining how farmers conduct their farm business is trapped in organization theory and analysis, so far. This paper applies concept and theory of new institutionalism understanding which focuses social relation as the most basic object of analysis. It is found that farmers’ organizations in Indonesia are unique indicated by organization individualization as the real fact of formal farmers’ organization. This symptom is not observed if it employs organization analysis. It comes from the previous farmers’ organizations before the formal organization is acknowledged, namely personalized organizing. These two findings are based on recognizing that farmers are rational, creative social actors using all institution and organization resources for running their farm business. In the future, empowering farmers is carried out through offering other types than formal organization for more effective social relation.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Penjelasan tentang bagaimana petani menjalankan usaha pertaniannya selama ini terperangkap hanya pada teori dan analisis organisasi. Berbeda dengan ini, tulisan berikut menggunakan konsep dan teori dari pemahaman Kelembagaan Baru (New Institutionalism), dengan menjadikan relasi sosial (social relation) sebagai objek yang paling pokok dan elementer dalam analisisnya. Melalui paham ini ditemukan pola pengorganisasian yang khas pada petani di Indonesia saat ini yakni gejala “individualisasi organisasi” yang merupakan fakta sesungguhnya dalam organisasi-organisasi formal milik petani. Gejala ini tidak terlihat jika menggunakan analisis organisasi. Sesungguhnya bentuk ini berakar dari pola pengorganisasian diri petani dahulu sebelum dikenal organisasi formal, yakni “pengorganisasian secara personal”. Kedua temuan ini muncul dengan menggunakan basis pemahaman bahwa petani adalah aktor sosial yang rasional-kreatif yang menggunakan berbagai sumberdaya lembaga dan organisasi sebagai modal dalam menjalankan usahanya. Ke depan, pemberdayaan petani semestinya memberi peluang kepada bentuk-bentuk lain selain organisasi formal, karena relasi sosial yang efektif tidak hanya berlangsung dalam organisasi formal.</p>
Peran Strategis Penyuluh Swadaya dalam Paradigma Baru Penyuluhan Pertanian Indonesia
Authors: Syahyuti NFN 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Involvement of farmers as actors to support extension activities have been underway for a long time with various approaches. In Indonesia, it started from the involvement of Kontak Tani (Advanced Farmers) in Supra Insus era, then farmer to farmer extension at P4S, as well as Penyuluh Swakarsa (Independent Extension Workers)” (in 2004), and the latest is Penyuluh Swadaya (Self-Help Agricultural Extension Workers) since 2008. The existence of self-help farmer extension workers are recognized since the enactment of Law No. 16/2006 on Extension System of Agricultural, Forestry and Fisheries. However, even though it runs nearly 10 years, the development of the role of self-help farmer extension workers is not optimal. This paper is a review of various posts including the recent research on self-help farmer extension workers and it aims to study the potential and problems of self-help farmer extension workers. It shows that the self-help farmer extension workers have a self-help capabilities and distinctive social position and they have to get right role. Appropriate support should be given to self-help farmer extension workers as the agricultural extension worker in the future and it must be distinguished between the government and private extension workers. </p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Pelibatan petani sebagai pendukung dan pelaku langsung dalam kegiatan penyuluhan telah berlangsung cukup lama dengan berbagai pendekatan. Di Indonesia, hal ini dimulai dari pelibatan kontak tani pada era Bimas sampai Supra Insus, lalu pendekatan “penyuluhan dari petani ke petani” (farmer to farmer extension) di P4S, serta pengangkatan penyuluh swakarsa (tahun 2004), dan terakhir penyuluh swadaya (sejak tahun 2008). Keberadaan penyuluh swadaya diakui secara resmi semenjak diundangkannya UU No. 16 tahun 2006 tentang Sistem Penyuluhan Pertanian, Kehutanan dan Perikanan. Namun, meskipun sudah berjalan hampir 10 tahun, perkembangan peran penyuluh swadaya belum optimal. Tulisan ini merupakan review dari berbagai tulisan termasuk penelitian tentang penyuluh swadaya terakhir, untuk mempelajari potensi dan permasalahan penyuluh pertanian swadaya saat ini. Ditemukan bahwa penyuluh swadaya memiliki kapabilitas dan posisi sosial yang khas, sehingga batasan perannya mestilah diberikan secara tepat. Dukungan yang tepat harus diberikan kepada penyuluh swadaya sebagai sosok penyuluh pertanian yang strategis di masa mendatang, yang mesti dibedakan dengan penyuluh pemerintah dan penyuluh swasta.</p>
Peran Cadangan Beras Darurat di Kawasan Asia Tenggara
Authors: Hermanto NFN 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />Nowadays, negative impact of climate change on global food provision is apparent. As a disaster-prone region, ASEAN member countries in collaboration with Japan, Republic of Korea and the PRC have established a regional rice reserve named APTERR in 2012. Experts have split opinions regarding the benefit of regional rice reserve. Some experts argued that market is an efficient institution in distributing food, even in times of crisis. Meanwhile, other experts argue that relatively small and decentralized reserves are effective in coping with the problems of food insecurity in the region. Indonesia can view APTERR as an addition sources to the Government Rice Reserve in handling emergency needs, and in solving food insecurity issues. After a long formation process, APTERR has had appropriate mechanisms in operating a regional rice reserve. The challenge is to make APTERR becomes a more effective and efficient institution, and plays important role in maintaining stable rice price and supplies in the region.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Akhir-akhir ini dampak negatif perubahan iklim global terhadap penyediaan pangan global sudah mulai dirasakan. Sebagai kawasan produsen, yang sekaligus merupakan kawasan konsumen beras, serta sebagai kawasan yang rawan bencana, negara anggota ASEAN bekerja sama dengan Jepang, Republik Korea dan RRT secara resmi membentuk cadangan beras regional untuk keperluan darurat (APTERR) pada tahun 2012. Pembentukan cadangan beras APTERR ini diwarnai oleh perbedaan pendapat para pakar tentang manfaat cadangan beras regional. Sebagian dari pakar berpendapat bahwa pasar merupakan lembaga yang efisien dalam mendistribusikan pangan. Pada saat krisis pun pelaku pasar dapat membayar asuransi untuk mengantisipasi terjadinya gejolak pasar. Sebagian pakar lain berpendapat bahwa cadangan beras regional dalam jumlah yang relatif kecil dan terdesentralisasi akan efektif untuk penanganan kerawanan pangan dalam suatu kawasan. Keberadaan APTERR bagi Indonesia dapat dipandang sebagai suatu tambahan sumber daya bagi Cadangan Beras Pemerintah. Indonesia dapat mengakses bantuan beras APTERR untuk penanganan pasca bencana, serta untuk penanganan masalah kemiskinan dan kerawanan pangan. Setelah melalui proses pembentukan yang panjang, APTERR pada saat ini telah mempunyai sistem pengelolaan dan mekanisme pemanfaatan cadangan beras regional yang sesuai untuk mengantisipasi dan menangani keperluan darurat di kawasan. Tantangannya adalah bagaimana agar proses pemberian bantuan beras dapat lebih efektif dan efisien, serta ke depan agar APTERR dapat berperan dalam menjaga stabilitas pasokan dan harga beras di kawasan. Untuk itu perlu penyempurnaan mekanisme pengelolaan cadangan, peningkatan ketersediaan dana dan stok, serta peningkatan kerja sama dengan pihak swasta dan lembaga internasional untuk efisiensi distribusi bantuan beras APTERR.</p>
Tinjauan Teoritis dan Empiris Efisiensi, Risiko, dan Perilaku Risiko Usaha Tani serta Implikasinya dalam Upaya Pencapaian Swasembada Pangan
Authors: Asnah NFN , Masyhuri NFN , Mulyo Jangkung Handoyo , Hartono Slamet 
Published: October 2017

<p><strong>English</strong><br />This paper aims to describe various models and results of empirical analyses of efficiency, risk, and risk behavior of farming in the country and abroad. Efficiency analyses on food crops, horticulture, and processing industry scales show various technical efficiencies, and both economic and allocative inefficiencies. To support food self-efficiency, therefore it is necessary to improve farm business efficiency and to reduce risk farming. Government’s and non-government organizations’ aids are required to improve farm efficiencies, such as irrigation construction and maintenance, factor inputs distribution, credit access, agricultural insurance, and research results dissemination. To improve allocative and economic efficiencies, some efforts are necessary to take such as marketing infrastructure enhancement, acceleratin transport of agricultural inputs and products, and expanding farmers’ access for information.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Indonesian</strong><br />Tujuan dan ruang lingkup penulisan artikel ini adalah mendeskripsikan berbagai model dan hasil analisis empiris efisiensi, risiko, dan perilaku risiko usaha tani di dalam dan luar negeri. Metode yang digunakan adalah review hasil-hasil penelitian terkait. Analisis efisiensi pada komoditas tanaman pangan, hortikultura, dan skala usaha industri pengolahan memiliki nilai efisiensi teknis rendah hingga tinggi, dan seluruhnya kurang atau tidak efisien secara alokatif maupun ekonomi. Untuk mendukung tercapainya swasembada pangan perlu upaya dan kegiatan nyata membantu petani meningkatkan efisiensi dan mengurangi risiko usaha tani. Pemerintah maupun lembaga nonpemerintah agar lebih aktif dan intensif mendampingi serta secara terus menerus melakukan bimbingan teknis dan manajemen terkait penggunaan input, pembangunan dan perbaikan saluran irigasi, distribusi sarana produksi, pengadaan dan peningkatan akses kredit petani, serta sosialisasi hasil penelitian sampai ke tingkat petani, untuk mempertahankan efisiensi teknis yang tinggi dan meningkatkan efsiensi teknis yang rendah dan sedang. Untuk peningkatan efisiensi alokatif dan efisiensi ekonomi perlu strategi melalui pengadaan, renovasi maupun peningkatan infrastruktur penunjang pemasaran, memperlancar transportasi input dan produk dari dan ke pusat produksi maupun pasar, dan peningkatan akses informasi bagi petani serta perlunya sosialisasi kesadaran mencintai dan mengonsumsi produk pangan dan pertanian dalam negeri. Diperlukan pula sosialisasi asuransi pertanian yang telah ada secara lebih luas dan mengembangkan asuransi pertanian tidak terbatas hanya pada komoditas padi dan sapi. Memberikan bimbingan teknis dan manajemen aplikasi input juga diperlukan dalam upaya menurunkan risiko usaha tani.</p>
Large-Scale Testing and Modeling for Cement Zonal Isolation in Water-Injection Wells
Authors: Therond Emmanuel , Bois Axel-Pierre , Whaley Kevin , Murillo Rodrigo 
Published: October 2017

Summary
Water injection into soft sand is a global industry challenge because of the complex problem of maintaining sustained water-injection rates into the desired reservoir. Drilling, cementing, and completion engineers are addressing each technical and operational aspect of water injectors, including cement isolation. Cement serves as a barrier during well construction through to post-abandonment. It contributes to ensuring that no out-of-zone water injection occurs because of flow behind casing. If water does go out of zone, new drilling hazards that are a result of water breaching and a loss of reservoir management will occur.
At present, as far as we know, the industry does not have a systematic methodology for defining and verifying the required physical and mechanical properties of the cement to endure water-injection service and to retain its isolation capability during well life. Cement-integrity simulators (CISs) provide different answers, mainly because they all assume a different initial stress-state in the cement after hydration. As a consequence, a new CIS model that computes this stress state has been developed, along with a large-scale testing setup to validate its predictions.
The new model incorporates key-design parameters of effective CIS models: (1) The initial stress state after cement hydration is computed; (2) varying loadings that the cement sheath is submitted to are simulated; (3) the elasticity, plasticity, and failure of materials are taken into account; (4) the simulations are fast enough to facilitate sensitivity analysis; and (5) the model outputs allow the visualization of cement integrity across the entire length of the cement sheath, adjacent to reservoirs and to seals.
Parallel to the modeling work, a large-scale test apparatus was built to evaluate cement zonal isolation under water-injection pressure and temperature conditions. Its objective was to generate pressure and temperature cycles inside sections of cemented casing assemblies to replicate the conditions of pressure and temperature variations in a water-injection well.
The results of the test confirmed the accuracy of the new CIS model. They also showed that cooling because of water injection had a bigger impact on cement integrity than increasing pressure. In addition, the results showed that microannulus generation had more effect than tensile cracking in terms of cement-barrier-permeability increase.
Successful Hydraulic Fracturing Techniques in Shallow Unconsolidated Heavy Oil Sandstones
Authors: Zagrebelnyy E. , Martynov M. , Konopelko A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper describes succesfull experience of implement hydraulic fracturing at unconsolidated low-temperature formation in Yamal region in Russia. Experience of hydraulic fracturing as known as well stimulation method for deep-water deposits of West-Siberian oil an gas basin. Hydraulic fracturing at terrestrial deposits, which is Vostochno-Messoyakhskoye field, are not used in general practice. There are few reasons for that: shallow depth (about 800m), incompetent rock, gas-cap and oil-water contact have to limit fracture height, low formation temperature (16°C) doesn't available to use traditional oxidezing breakers and resin-coated proppants. But the other hand high viscosity of oil (111CP) promotes to using hydraulic fracturing for increasing coverage ratio at exploration of high-stratified formation. All these points are signing that classic hydraulic fracturing techniqes are not applicable for this facility.
The basic development technology is the drilling of horizontal wells with a length of 1000m, equipped uncased liners with filters (both premium and perforated pipes). However, as the first results of drilling and development of wells of full-scale development showed the extraction of reserves located in a highly divided reservoir is a laborious process and requires the attraction of new technologies of drilling, completion and production stimulation.
There was developed pilot project of implement hydraulic fracturing technology to directional wells for subsequent replication to horizontal wells using specialized completion systems. This article describes the implemented program of pilot work on directional wells and a set of accompanying surveys, also provides conclusions and plans for further replication to horizontal wells with the transition to multi-stage fracturing technology.
Integrated Thermodynamic Reservoir-to-Surface Modeling: The Modern Tool for Optimizing the Cycling Steam Stimulation Heavy Oil Recovery Process
Authors: Khaliulin Ruslan , Litus Dmitry , Kharkovsky Alexander , Shakhov Dmitry , Nuriev Ayvar , Maskaev Pavel , Kuzmich Andrey 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Production of high viscous oil from reservoirs is associated with high level of geological and technological risks. In order to make heavy oil projects economically valuable, it is important to reach sufficient levels of oil production to cover the high costs of used technologies. It is very well known that thermal methods are the ones having the highest positive impact on the heavy oil recovery. The complexity of the physical processes while implementation of such methods represents a significant engineering challenge in terms of planning and finding optimal field development scenario. Modern modeling tool such as detailed integrated model combining the reservoir and the surface network simulators allow the engineers to model the complex physical phenomena and investigate in details different "what-if" scenarios, thus allowing them to find and implement optimal solutions, minimize risks and achieve economical profitability of complex heavy oil projects.
However, prior to application of such complex models for making engineering decisions it is crucial to ensure, that they are able to deliver stable and valid results in the entire range of the possible input parameters changes. These changes of parameters can be dictated by either uncertainty of the initial data due to limited availability and quality or by actual variation as the result of complex physical phenomena. This paper describes a challenge of modeling of the shallow heavy oil field Katangli, where for 40 years the cyclic steam injection heavy oil recovery technology has been implemented. In this work, the comprehensive thermodynamic models of the reservoir and the surface infrastructure were built in order to take into account for all necessary physical effects. These models were then combined into the single "reservoir-to-surface" integrated model in order to consider the behavior of the entire system and counter influence of the both parts on each other. While building and calibration those models several important studies were performed with each part of the integrated model, which helped to better understand the process of cycling steam injection, specificities of its application and modeling, and to address issues related to initial data availability, quality and variability and their potential impact on engineering decisions in future.
Control Methods of Propellant Fracturing for Production Stimulation
Authors: Vershinin V. , Fedorov K. , Gankin Y. , Kirichenko A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Method of propellant fracturing under low rate reaction in wellbore hole is common in Russia and abroad. Usage of low volume propellant and dependence of fracturing mechanism from chemical reaction rate are the main limitations of technology application efficiency. Significant increase of energy output could be achieved by application of liquid reactants injection in near wellbore zone. In the paper, physical and chemical factors influencing on chemical reaction rate in porous media and thus controlling the fracturing mechanismare analyzed.
Application and Optimization of Drill-In Fluids for Achimov Horizontal Wells in West Siberia
Authors: Kiselev Pavel , Kretsul Vyacheslav , Dobrokhleb Pavel , Dementyev Alexander 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The Achimov oil and gas bearing formation is encountered in nearly the entire West Siberian basin. These sandstone reservoirs form multiple lens-like structures. More than 100 oil, gas, and condensate deposits were discovered in the Achimov formation. Many of them huge, and the one located in the Samburg-Urengoy zone is enormous. There are gas and gas-condensate bearing formations within the upper Achimov interval; some Achimov operators also have encountered the oil-rims in the lower Achimov layers. The formations have sandstone beds with shale interbeddings. Even though a shale layer divides oil from water, it is not hydrodynamically isolating the layers over most of the field. The underlying waters limit the possibility of fracturing completions in the lower Achimov formation. Thus, the primary focus has been on the development of the cost-effective and innovative drill-in and clean-up optimization techniques to improve horizontal well performance.
A properly designed reservoir drill-in fluid and precise control of its properties are essential to drill and complete horizontal wells and prevent formation damage issues that hamper production. Key requirements, application criteria, design decisions, advantages and limitations, main features and field application results are analyzed based on Urengoy field.
Extensive lab testing, computer modeling, and hydraulics simulations were performed to consider temperature and pressure conditions of the Achimov formations. The main features of developed oil-based drill-in fluid (OBM) formulation are discussed with respect to local field and reservoir specifics, including wellbore stability, equivalent circulating density (ECD) management, and reservoir damage.
The large-scale implementation of OBM fluids in the Yamal region is an ongoing, unique project with an extensive amount of lessons learned and "now how" technologies included from an engineered drilling system approach [7, 27]. The OBM application experience explained in the paper provides assistance to other companies working in West Siberia; details explaining how the planning and executing the Achimov development with drilling of horizontal wells and simplify OBM application led to success.
This paper discusses the upfront assessment process, the OBM system, the chemistry, and subsequent optimization of drilling practices to achieve the drilling and completion objectives in Achimov formations of the Greater Urengoy fields.
Successful Zonal Isolation of Horizontal Liner with Cement Designed for Mechanical Loads during Multiple Hydraulic Fracturing Treatments in Western Siberia
Authors: Sergeev Sergey , Jekic Zelimir , Arkhipov Alexey , Ivanov Boris 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Multiple hydraulic fracturing treatments (MHFTs) used during well completions necessitate high-quality cementing operations; particularly, the compressive strength characteristics of the set cement are important. The following issues should also be carefully considered during treatment planning: Pressure fluctuations that can affect set cementThe cement stability, where the presence of free fluid in the upper part of the annulus and the settling of cement in the lower part of annulus is a riskNarrow gaps in the annulus, insufficient cement sheath thickness, strength retrogression, and the effects on the life of the cementGas migration risks caused by decreased hydrostatic pressure during cement setting in small annular clearancesInsufficient centralizationFluid loss requirements of less than 30 cc/30 minCompliance with a required low-rheological fluid profileHigh risk of cement slurry contamination
This work discusses the practices followed during MHFTs to help ensure successful operation performance and results.