bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A checkpoint roadmap for the complex cell division of Apicomplexa parasites
Authors: Alvarez Carmelo A. , Suvorova Elena S. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThe unusual cell cycles of Apicomplexa parasites are remarkably flexible with the ability to complete cytokinesis and karyokinesis coordinately or postpone cytokinesis for several rounds of chromosome replication are well recognized. Despite this surprising biology, the molecular machinery required to achieve this flexibility is largely unknown. In this study, we provide comprehensive experimental evidence that apicomplexan parasites utilize multiple Cdk-related kinases (Crks) to coordinate cell division. We determined thatToxoplasma gondiiencodes seven atypical P-, H-, Y- and L- type cyclins and ten Crks to regulate cellular processes. We generated and analyzed conditional tet-OFF mutants for seven TgCrks and four TgCyclins that are expressed in the tachyzoite stage. These experiments demonstrated that TgCrk1, TgCrk2, TgCrk4 and TgCrk6, were required or essential for tachyzoite growth revealing a remarkable number of Crk factors that are necessary for parasite replication. G1 phase arrest resulted from the loss of cytoplasmic TgCrk2 that interacted with a P-type cyclin demonstrating that an atypical mechanism controls half theT. gondiicell cycle. We showed thatT. gondiiemploys at least three TgCrks to complete mitosis. Novel kinases, TgCrk6 and TgCrk4 were required for spindle function and centrosome duplication, respectively, while TgCrk1 and its partner TgCycL were essential for daughter bud assembly. Intriguingly, mitotic kinases TgCrk4 and TgCrk6 did not interact with any cyclin tested and were instead dynamically expressed during mitosis indicating they may not require a cyclin timing mechanism. Altogether, our findings demonstrate that apicomplexan parasites utilize distinctive and complex mechanisms to coordinate their novel replicative cycles.
Process reveals structure: How a network is traversed mediates expectations about its architecture
Authors: Karuza Elisabeth A. , Kahn Ari E. , Thompson-Schill Sharon L. , Bassett Danielle S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNetwork science has emerged as a powerful tool through which we can study the higher-order architectural properties of the world around us. How human learners exploit this information remains an essential question. Here, we focus on the temporal constraints that govern such a process. Participants viewed a continuous sequence of images generated by three distinct walks on a modular network. Walks varied along two critical dimensions: their predictability and the density with which they sampled from communities of images. Learners exposed to walks that richly sampled from each community exhibited a sharp increase in processing time upon entry into a new community. This effect was eliminated in a highly regular walk that sampled exhaustively from images in short, successive cycles (i.e., that increasingly minimized uncertainty about the nature of upcoming stimuli). These results demonstrate that temporal organization plays an essential role in how robustly knowledge of network architecture is acquired.
Progress Towards a Public Chemogenomic Set for Protein Kinases and a Call for Contributions
Authors: Drewry David H. , Wells Carrow I. , Andrews David M. , Angell Richard , Al-Ali Hassan , Axtman Alison D. , Capuzzi Stephen J. , Elkins Jonathan M. , Ettmayer Peter , Frederiksen Mathias , Gileadi Opher , Gray Nathanael , Hooper Alice , Knapp Stefan , Laufer Stefan , Luecking Ulrich , Müller Susanne , Muratov Eugene , Denny R. Aldrin , Saikatendu Kumar S. , Treiber Daniel K. , Zuercher William J. , Willson Timothy M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractProtein kinases are highly tractable targets for drug discovery. However, the biological function and therapeutic potential of the majority of the 500+ human protein kinases remains unknown. We have developed physical and virtual collections of small molecule inhibitors, which we call chemogenomic sets, that are designed to inhibit the catalytic function of almost half the human protein kinases. In this manuscript we share our progress towards generation of a comprehensive kinase chemogenomic set (KCGS), release kinome profiling data of a large inhibitor set (Published Kinase Inhibitor Set 2 (PKIS2)), and outline a process through which the community can openly collaborate to create a KCGS that probes the full complement of human protein kinases.
Exploration and recency as the main proximate causes of probability matching: a reinforcement learning analysis
Authors: Silva Carolina Feher da , Victorino Camila Gomes , Caticha Nestor , Vinícius Chrysóstomo Baldo Marcus 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTResearch has not yet reached a consensus on why humans match probabilities instead of maximise in a probability learning task. The most influential explanation is that they search for patterns in the random sequence of outcomes. Other explanations, such as expectation matching, are plausible, but do not consider how reinforcement learning shapes people’s choices.We aimed to quantify how human performance in a probability learning task is affected by pattern search and reinforcement learning. We collected behavioural data from 84 young adult participants who performed a probability learning task wherein the majority outcome was rewarded with 0.7 probability, and analysed the data using a reinforcement learning model that searches for patterns. Model simulations indicated that pattern search, exploration, recency (discounting early experiences), and forgetting may impair performance.Our analysis estimated that 85% (95% HDI [76, 94]) of participants searched for patterns and believed that each trial outcome depended on one or two previous ones. The estimated impact of pattern search on performance was, however, only 6%, while those of exploration and recency were 19% and 13% respectively. This suggests that probability matching is caused by uncertainty about how outcomes are generated, which leads to pattern search, exploration, and recency.
Housing cycles in the UK: a historical and empirical investigation
Authors: Pitros Charalambos , Arayici Yusuf 
Published: February 2017

PurposeThe study looks at the characteristics of upswings and downswings for UK housing cycles. Specifically, the purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse cycles in house prices and housing affordability on the characteristics of persistence, magnitude and severity.Design/methodology/approachThe paper draws upon the triangular methodology of cycles and utilises housing data from the last three decades.FindingsFrom an empirical perspective, the study obtained four main results. First, the graphical trajectory of cycles in house price and housing affordability is highly synchronized. Second, upturns in both cycles tend to be longer than downturns on average. Third, the recent upturn in house prices and housing affordability is characterised by larger duration, magnitude and severity than the earlier case. Fourth, the latest downturn in both cycles is highly synchronised in terms of time occurrence, persistence, magnitude and severity; in addition, in both cases, the latest downturn is considerably smaller than the previous one. The study additionally indicates that on average the length of a complete house price and housing affordability cycle is 19 years on a peak-to-peak basis.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper is essentially exploratory and raises a number of questions for further investigation. Future research should, first, arrive at a more nuanced definition of affordability and, second, examine causality. The fact that two phenomena appear to have some significant synchronicity is not an indication that they are interdependent, although logic would suggest they might be.Originality/valueThis is among the few papers that analyses cycles in UK house prices. It is the first study that draws attention to the housing affordability cycle and the first to compare cycles in house prices with cycles in housing affordability.
Organismal responses to habitat change: herbivore performance, climate and leaf traits in regenerating tropical dry forests
Authors: Agosta Salvatore J. , Hulshof Catherine M. , Staats Ethan G. 
Published: February 2017

Summary

The ecological effects of large‐scale climate change have received much attention, but the effects of the more acute form of climate change that results from local habitat alteration have been less explored. When forest is fragmented, cut, thinned, cleared or otherwise altered in structure, local climates and microclimates change. Such changes can affect herbivores both directly (e.g. through changes in body temperature) and indirectly (e.g. through changes in host plant traits).

We advance an eco‐physiological framework to understand the effects of changing forests on herbivorous insects. We hypothesize that if tropical forest caterpillars are climate and resource specialists, then they should have reduced performance outside of mature forest conditions.

We tested this hypothesis with a field experiment contrasting the performance of Rothschildia lebeau (Saturniidae) caterpillars feeding on the host plant Casearia nitida (Salicaceae) in two different aged and structured tropical dry forests in Area de Conservación Guanacaste, Costa Rica.

Compared to more mature closed‐canopy forest, in younger secondary forest we found that: (1) ambient conditions were hotter, drier and more variable; (2) caterpillar growth and development were reduced; and (3) leaves were tougher, thicker and drier. Furthermore, caterpillar growth and survival were negatively correlated with these leaf traits, suggesting indirect host‐mediated effects of climate on herbivores.

Based on the available evidence, and relative to mature forest, we conclude that reduced herbivore performance in young secondary forest could have been driven by changes in climate, leaf traits (which were likely climate induced) or both. However, additional studies will be needed to provide more direct evidence of cause‐and‐effect and to disentangle the relative influence of these factors on herbivore performance in this system.
Rapid Inverse Method to Measure Thermal Diffusivity of Low‐Moisture Foods
Authors: Muramatsu Yoshiki , Greiby Ibrahim , Mishra Dharmendra K. , Dolan Kirk D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThermal diffusivity is an important transport property needed in modeling and computations of transient heat transfer in basic food processing operations. In addition, the prediction of nutritional and microbial changes occurring in food during thermal processing requires knowledge of thermal diffusivity of foods. The objectives of this study were to develop a new nonisothermal and nonlinear determination method of thermal diffusivity and to measure the thermal diffusivity of low‐moisture foods using that new method. Thermal diffusivities of 5 kinds of low‐moisture foods (almond meal, corn meal, wheat flour, chocolate fudge, and peanut butter) were estimated using an inverse technique. Samples were canned and heated at the surface in a water bath at about 70 °C. The 1‐dimensional transient heat conduction problem for radial coordinates was solved with a finite‐difference model. The thermal diffusivity of each of the 5 samples was determined by the ordinary least squares and sequential estimation methods, respectively. Predicted and observed temperature matched well, with maximum residuals of 0.9 °C. The thermal diffusivity values of the samples ranged from 9.8 × 10−8 to 1.3 × 10−7 m2/s. The advantages of this method are that the device and the estimation method are simple, inexpensive, rapid, and can handle large spatial temperature gradients, such as those experienced during heating of low‐moisture foods. The results obtained in this study will be useful in the design of equipment and in calculations for the thermal processing of low‐moisture foods.
Aroma Glycosides in Grapes and Wine
Authors: Liu Jibin , Zhu Xiao‐Lin , Ullah Niamat , Tao Yong‐Sheng 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe major aroma components in grapes and wine include free volatile compounds and glycosidic nonvolatile compounds. The latter group of compounds is more than 10 times abundant of the former, and constitutes a big aroma reserve in grapes and wine. This review summarizes the research results obtained recently for the identification of aroma glycosides in grapes and wine, including grape glycoside structures, differences in aroma glycosides among grape varieties, hydrolysis mechanisms, and the factors that influence them. It also presents the analytical techniques used to identify the glycosidic aroma precursors. The operational strategies, challenges, and improvements of each step encountered in the analysis of glycosidic aroma precursors are described. This review intends to provide a convenient reference for researchers interested in the methods used for the determination of the aroma glucosides composition and the recognition of their chemical structures.
m‐TOR inhibitors and their potential role in haematological malignancies
Authors: Calimeri Teresa , Ferreri Andrés J. M. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIt is widely demonstrated that the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR signalling is critical in normal myeloid and lymphoid development and function. Thus, it is not strange that this pathway is often deregulated in haematological tumours, providing a strong preclinical rationale for the use of drugs targeting the PI3K‐AKT‐mTOR axis in haematological malignancies. The main focus of this review is to examine the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR, also termed mechanistic target of rapamycin [MTOR]) signalling pathways and to provide a brief overview of rapalogs and second‐generation mTOR inhibitors used to target its aberrant activation in cancer treatment. We will also discuss the results obtained with the use of these agents in patients with acute leukaemia, Hodgkin lymphoma, non‐Hodgkin lymphomas, multiple myeloma and Waldenström macroglobulinaemia. Ongoing clinical trials in haematological malignancies that are investigating first‐ and second‐generation mTOR inhibitors as single agents and as components of combination regimens are also presented.
Ureteric stent dwelling time: a risk factor for post‐ureteroscopy sepsis
Authors: Nevo Amihay , Mano Roy , Baniel Jack , Lifshitz David A. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the association between stent dwelling time and sepsis after ureteroscopy, and identify risk factors for sepsis in this setting.Patients and MethodsThe prospectively collected database of a single institution was queried for all patients who underwent ureteroscopy for stone extraction between 2010 and 2016. Demographic, clinical, preoperative and operative data were collected. The primary study endpoint was sepsis within 48 h of ureteroscopy. Logistic regressions were performed to identify predictors of post‐ureteroscopy sepsis in the ureteroscopy cohort and specifically in patients with prior stent insertion.ResultsBetween October 2010 and April 2016, 1 256 patients underwent ureteroscopy for stone extraction. Risk factors for sepsis included prior stent placement, female gender and Charlson comorbidity index. A total of 601 patients had a ureteric stent inserted before the operation and were included in the study cohort, in which the median age was 56 years, 90 patients were women (30%), and 97 patients were treated for positive preoperative urine cultures (16.1%). Postoperative sepsis, <48 h after surgery, occurred in eight (1.2%) non‐stented patients and in 28 patients (4.7%) with prior stent insertion. Sepsis rates after stent dwelling times of 1, 2, 3 and >3 months were 1, 4.9, 5.5 and 9.2%, respectively. On multivariate analysis, stent dwelling time, stent insertion because of sepsis, and female gender were significantly associated with post‐ureteroscopy sepsis in patients with prior stent placement.ConclusionsPatients who undergo ureteroscopy after ureteric stent insertion have a higher risk of postoperative sepsis. Prolonged stent dwelling time, sepsis as an indication for stent insertion, and female gender are independent risk factors. Stent placement should be considered cautiously, and if inserted, ureteroscopy should be performed within 1 month.
Exercise effects on perivascular adipose tissue: endocrine and paracrine determinants of vascular function
Authors: Boa B C S , Yudkin J S , van Hinsbergh V W M , Bouskela E , Eringa E C 
Published: February 2017

Obesity is a global epidemic, accompanied by increased risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease. Adipose tissue hypertrophy is associated with adipose tissue inflammation, which alters the secretion of adipose tissue‐derived bioactive products, known as adipokines. Adipokines determine vessel wall properties such as smooth muscle tone and vessel wall inflammation. Exercise is a mainstay of prevention of chronic, non‐communicable diseases, type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease in particular. Aside from reducing adipose tissue mass, exercise has been shown to reduce inflammatory activity in this tissue. Mechanistically, contracting muscles release bioactive molecules known as myokines, which alter the metabolic phenotype of adipose tissue. In adipose tissue, myokines induce browning, enhance fatty acid oxidation and improve insulin sensitivity. In the past years, the perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) which surrounds the vasculature, has been shown to control vascular tone and inflammation through local release of adipokines. In obesity, an increase in mass and inflammation of PVAT culminate in dysregulation of adipokine secretion, which contributes to vascular dysfunction. This review describes our current understanding of the mechanisms by which active muscles interact with adipose tissue and improve vascular function. Aside from the exercise‐dependent regulation of canonical adipose tissue function, we will focus on the interactions between skeletal muscle and PVAT and the role of novel myokines, such as IL‐15, FGF21 and irisin, in these interactions.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue – Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc
Future directions in the ontogeny of plant defence: understanding the evolutionary causes and consequences
Authors: Barton Kasey E. , Boege Karina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPlant defence often varies by orders of magnitude as plants develop from the seedling to juvenile to mature and senescent stages. Ontogenetic trajectories can involve switches among defence traits, leading to complex shifting phenotypes across plant lifetimes. While considerable research has characterised ontogenetic trajectories for now hundreds of plant species, we still lack a clear understanding of the molecular, ecological and evolutionary factors driving these patterns. In this study, we identify several non‐mutually exclusive factors that may have led to the evolution of ontogenetic trajectories in plant defence, including developmental constraints, resource allocation costs, multi‐functionality of defence traits, and herbivore selection pressure. Evidence from recent physiological studies is highlighted to shed light on the underlying molecular mechanisms involved in the regulation and activation of these developmental changes. Overall, our goal is to promote new research avenues that would provide evidence for the factors that have promoted the evolution of this complex lifetime phenotype. Future research focusing on the questions and approaches identified here will advance the field and shed light on why defence traits shift so dramatically across plant ontogeny, a widespread but poorly understood ecological pattern.
A significant productive in vivo infection of resting cells with simian immunodeficiency virus in a macaque with AIDS
Authors: Pahar Bapi , Lala Wendy , Kuebler Dot , Liu David 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIdentifying the cells that can be infected with HIV in vivo and thus potentially persist as latent reservoirs is of high priority. Here, we report the major infected cells in a chronically simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV)‐infected macaque that developed AIDS and encephalitis. A majority of the infected cells were detected as non‐proliferating resting cells. SIV‐infected non‐proliferating resting cells were found to be playing an important role in viral pathogenesis, persistence, or reservoir formation.
Mediating Effect of Body Image Distortion on Weight Loss Efforts in Normal‐Weight and Underweight Korean Adolescent Girls
Authors: Choi Jeong‐Sil , Kim Ji‐Soo 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe explored the relationship between body mass index‐for‐age percentile, body image distortion, and unnecessary weight loss efforts in Korean adolescent girls who are underweight and normal weight and examined the mediating effect of body image distortion on weight loss efforts.METHODSThis study used data from the 2013 Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web‐based Survey conducted by the Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. The study sample comprised 29,633 Korean adolescent girls who are normal weight and underweight. Chi‐square tests and correlations were used to assess bivariate relationships between the variables. To assess the mediating effect of body image distortion on the relationship between body mass index‐for‐age percentile and weight loss efforts, a 3‐step regression analysis was used.RESULTSThere was a significant correlation between body mass index‐for‐age percentiles and body image distortion, and both significantly correlated with weight loss efforts. In addition, a distorted perception of being overweight or obese was a significant mediating variable.CONCLUSIONSSchool‐based health education and intervention programs are needed to promote the formation of a positive body image, not only for obese adolescents, but also for normal‐weight and underweight adolescent girls.
Objective measures of sleep duration and continuity in major depressive disorder with comorbid hypersomnolence: a primary investigation with contiguous systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Plante David T. , Cook Jesse D. , Goldstein Michael R. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryHypersomnolence plays an important role in the presentation, treatment and course of mood disorders. However, there has been relatively little research that examines objective measures of sleep duration and continuity in patients with depression and hypersomnolence, despite the use of these factors in sleep medicine nosological systems. This study compared total sleep time and efficiency measured by naturalistic actigraphic recordings followed by ad libitum polysomnography (PSG; without prescribed wake time) in 22 patients with major depressive disorder and co‐occurring hypersomnolence against age‐ and sex‐matched healthy sleeper controls. The major depressive disorder and co‐occurring hypersomnolence group demonstrated significantly longer sleep duration compared with healthy sleeper controls quantified by sleep diaries, actigraphy and ad libitum PSG. No between‐group differences in sleep efficiency (SE), latency to sleep or wake after sleep onset were observed when assessed using objective measures. To further contextualize these findings within the broader scientific literature, a systematic review was performed to identify other comparable investigations. A meta‐analysis of pooled data demonstrated patients with mood disorders and co‐occurring hypersomnolence have significantly greater sleep duration and similar SE compared with healthy controls when assessed using ad libitum PSG. These results suggest current sleep medicine nosology that distinguishes hypersomnia associated with psychiatric disorders primarily as a construct characterized by low SE and increased time in bed may not be accurate. Future studies that establish the biological bases hypersomnolence in mood disorders, as well as clarify the accuracy of nosological thresholds to define excessive sleep duration, are needed to refine the diagnosis and treatment of these disorders.