bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Harmonizing Internationally to Harmonize Internally: Accounting for a Global Exit from the EU's Decision Trap
Authors: Kudrna Zdenek , Müller Patrick 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe joint decision trap concept traditionally explains progress in EU policy‐making through dynamics located within the EU's multi‐level governance. Yet, with the expansion of global regulatory co‐ordination, the EU governance system increasingly interacts with policy‐making in international regimes, which influences the internal dynamics of the EU's decision‐making. This article seeks to refine the joint decision trap model by introducing global exit mechanisms and illustrating their empirical relevance for the case of accounting standards. The global exit builds on leveraging the outside benefits of global policy, the legitimacy of global standards, and new opportunities for locking in policy preferences through global commitments. Specifically, the accounting case demonstrates the Commission's strategy of ‘harmonizing globally to harmonize internally’ that produced an agreement after decades of stalemate. Moreover, it demonstrates how the global exit enables the Commission to protect internal harmonization despite the growing criticism and calls for the repatriation of regulatory sovereignty.
Estimating effects of craniofacial morphology on gingival recession and clinical attachment loss
Authors: Salti Loutfi , Holtfreter Birte , Pink Christiane , Habes Mohamad , Biffar Reiner , Kiliaridis Stavros , Krey Karl‐Friedrich , Bülow Robin , Völzke Henry , Kocher Thomas , Daboul Amro 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectivesEvidence on possible associations between facial morphology, attachment loss and gingival recession is lacking. We analysed whether the facial type, which can be described by the ratio of facial width and length (facial index), is related to periodontal loss of attachment, hypothesizing that a broad face might be associated with less gingival recession (GR) and less clinical attachment loss (CAL) than a long face.Materials and methodsData from the 11‐year follow‐up of the population‐based Study of Health in Pomerania were used. Periodontal loss of attachment was assessed by GR and CAL. Linear regression models, adjusted for age and gender, were used to assess associations between specific landmark based distances extracted from magnetic resonance imaging head scans and clinically assessed GR or CAL (N = 556).ResultsAnalysing all teeth, a higher maximum cranial width was associated with a lower mean GR (B = −0.016, 95% CI: −0.030; −0.003, p = 0.02) and a lower mean CAL (B = −0.023, 95% CI: −0.040; −0.005, p = 0.01). Moreover, a long narrow face was significantly associated with increased mean GR and CAL (facial index, P for trend = 0.02 and p = 0.01, respectively). Observed associations were more pronounced for incisors and canines than for premolars and molars.ConclusionThis study revealed craniofacial morphology, specifically the cranial width and the facial index, as a putative risk factor for periodontal loss of attachment.
Metamorphic inheritance of Rheic passive margin evolution and its early‐Variscan overprint in the Teplá‐Barrandian Unit, Bohemian Massif
Authors: Peřestý V. , Lexa O. , Holder R. , Jeřábek P. , Racek M. , Štípská P. , Schulmann K. , Hacker B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRift‐related regional metamorphism of passive margins is usually difficult to observe on the surface, mainly due to its strong metamorphic overprint during the subsequent orogenic processes that cause its exposure. However, recognition of such a pre‐orogenic evolution is achievable by careful characterization of the polyphase tectono‐metamorphic record of the orogenic upper plate. A multidisciplinary approach, involving metamorphic petrology, P–T modelling, structural geology and in situ U‐Pb monazite geochronology using laser‐ablation split‐stream inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, was applied to unravel the polyphase tectono‐metamorphic record of metapelites at the western margin of the Teplá‐Barrandian domain in the Bohemian Massif. The study resulted in discovery of three tectono‐metamorphic events. The oldest event M1 is LP–HT regional metamorphism with a geothermal gradient between 30 and 50 °C km−1, peak temperatures up to 650 °C and of Cambro‐Ordovician age (c. 485 Ma). The M1 event was followed by M2‐D2, which is characterized by a Barrovian sequence of minerals from biotite to kyanite and a geothermal gradient of 20–25 °C km−1. D2‐M2 is associated with a vertical fabric S2 and was dated as Devonian (c. 375 Ma). Finally, the vertical fabric S2 was overprinted by a D3‐M3 event that formed sillimanite to chlorite bearing gently inclined fabric S3 also of Devonian age. The high geothermal gradient of the M1 event can be explained as the result of an extensional, rift‐related tectonic setting. In addition, restoration of the deep architecture and polarity of the extended domain before the Devonian history – together with the supracrustal sedimentary and magmatic record – lead us to propose a model for formation of an Ordovician passive continental margin. The subsequent Devonian evolution is interpreted as horizontal shortening of the passive margin at the beginning of Variscan convergence, followed by detachment‐accommodated exhumation of lower‐crustal rocks. Both Devonian shortening and detachment occurred in the upper plate of a Devonian subduction zone. The tectonic evolution presented in this article modifies previous models of the tectonic history of the western margin of the Teplá‐Barrandian domain, and also put constraints on the evolution of the southern margin of the Rheic ocean from the passive margin formation to the early phases of Variscan orogeny.
Cesarean Outcomes in US Birth Centers and Collaborating Hospitals: A Cohort Comparison
Authors: Thornton Patrick , McFarlin Barbara L. , Park Chang , Rankin Kristin , Schorn Mavis , Finnegan Lorna , Stapleton Susan 
Published: December 2016

IntroductionHigh rates of cesarean birth are a significant health care quality issue, and birth centers have shown potential to reduce rates of cesarean birth. Measuring this potential is complicated by lack of randomized trials and limited observational comparisons. Cesarean rates vary by provider type, setting, and clinical and nonclinical characteristics of women, but our understanding of these dynamics is incomplete.MethodsWe sought to isolate labor setting from other risk factors in order to assess the effect of birth centers on the odds of cesarean birth. We generated low‐risk cohorts admitted in labor to hospitals (n = 2527) and birth centers (n = 8776) using secondary data obtained from the American Association of Birth Centers (AABC). All women received prenatal care in the birth center and midwifery care in labor, but some chose hospital admission for labor. Analysis was intent to treat according to site of admission in spontaneous labor. We used propensity score adjustment and multivariable logistic regression to control for cohort differences and measured effect sizes associated with setting.ResultsThere was a 37% (adjusted odds ratio [OR], 0.63; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.50‐0.79) to 38% (adjusted OR, 0.62; 95% CI, 0.49‐0.79) decreased odds of cesarean in the birth center cohort and a remarkably low overall cesarean rate of less than 5% in both cohorts.DiscussionThese findings suggest that low rates of cesarean in birth centers are not attributable to labor setting alone. The entire birth center care model, including prenatal preparation and relationship‐based midwifery care, should be studied, promoted, and implemented by policy makers interested in achieving appropriate cesarean rates in the United States.
Docosahexaenoic acid up‐regulates both PI3K/AKT‐dependent FABP7–PPARγ interaction and MKP3 that enhance GFAP in developing rat brain astrocytes
Authors: Tripathi Sachin , Kushwaha Rajesh , Mishra Juhi , Gupta Manoj Kumar , Kumar Harish , Sanyal Somali , Singh Dhirendra , Sanyal Sabyasachi , Sahasrabuddhe Amogh Anant , Kamthan Mohan , Mudiam Mohana Krishna Reddy , Bandyopadhyay Sanghamitra 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe astrocyte marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), has essential functions in the brain, but may trigger astroglial scarring when expressed in excess. Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an n‐3 fatty acid that is protective during brain development. However, the effect of DHA on GFAP levels of developing brain remains unexplored. Here, we detected that treating developing rats with DHA‐enriched fish‐oil caused dose‐dependent GFAP augmentation. We investigated the mechanism promoting GFAP, hypothesizing the participation of fatty acid‐binding protein‐7 (FABP7), known to bind DHA. We identified that DHA stimulated FABP7 expression in astrocytes, and FABP7‐silencing suppressed DHA‐induced GFAP, indicating FABP7‐mediated GFAP increase. Further investigation proved FABP7 expression to be phosphatidylinositide 3‐kinases (PI3K)/AKT and nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor‐gamma (PPARγ)‐dependent. We found that PI3K/AKT activated PPARγ that triggered FABP7 expression via PPARγ‐responsive elements within its gene. Towards identifying FABP7‐downstream pathways, we considered our previous report that demonstrated cyclin‐dependent kinase‐5 (CDK5)‐PPARγ‐protein–protein complex to suppress GFAP. We found that the DHA‐induced FABP7 underwent protein‐protein interaction with PPARγ, which impeded CDK5‐PPARγ formation. Hence, it appeared that enhanced FABP7‐PPARγ in lieu of CDK5‐PPARγ resulted in increased GFAP. PI3K/AKT not only stimulated formation of FABP7‐PPARγ protein‐protein complex, but also up‐regulated a FABP7‐independent MAP‐kinase‐phosphatase‐3 pathway that inactivated CDK5 and hence attenuated CDK5‐PPARγ. Overall, our data reveal that via the proximal PI3K/AKT, DHA induces FABP7‐PPARγ, through genomic and non‐genomic mechanisms, and MAP‐kinase‐phosphatase‐3 that converged at attenuated CDK5‐PPARγ and therefore, enhanced GFAP. Accordingly, our study demonstrates a DHA‐mediated astroglial hyperactivation, pointing toward a probable injurious role of DHA in brain development.
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Dopamine‐dependent effects on basal and glutamate stimulated network dynamics in cultured hippocampal neurons
Authors: Li Yan , Chen Xin , Dzakpasu Rhonda , Conant Katherine 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOscillatory activity occurs in cortical and hippocampal networks with specific frequency ranges thought to be critical to working memory, attention, differentiation of neuronal precursors, and memory trace replay. Synchronized activity within relatively large neuronal populations is influenced by firing and bursting frequency within individual cells, and the latter is modulated by changes in intrinsic membrane excitability and synaptic transmission. Published work suggests that dopamine, a potent modulator of learning and memory, acts on dopamine receptor 1‐like dopamine receptors to influence the phosphorylation and trafficking of glutamate receptor subunits, along with long‐term potentiation of excitatory synaptic transmission in striatum and prefrontal cortex. Prior studies also suggest that dopamine can influence voltage gated ion channel function and membrane excitability in these regions. Fewer studies have examined dopamine's effect on related endpoints in hippocampus, or potential consequences in terms of network burst dynamics. In this study, we record action potential activity using a microelectrode array system to examine the ability of dopamine to modulate baseline and glutamate‐stimulated bursting activity in an in vitro network of cultured murine hippocampal neurons. We show that dopamine stimulates a dopamine type‐1 receptor‐dependent increase in number of overall bursts within minutes of its application. Notably, however, at the concentration used herein, dopamine did not increase the overall synchrony of bursts between electrodes. Although the number of bursts normalizes by 40 min, bursting in response to a subsequent glutamate challenge is enhanced by dopamine pretreatment. Dopamine‐dependent potentiation of glutamate‐stimulated bursting was not observed when the two modulators were administered concurrently. In parallel, pretreatment of murine hippocampal cultures with dopamine stimulated lasting increases in the phosphorylation of the glutamate receptor subunit GluA1 at serine 845. This effect is consistent with the possibility that enhanced membrane insertion of GluAs may contribute to a more slowly evolving dopamine‐dependent potentiation of glutamate‐stimulated bursting. Together, these results are consistent with the possibility that dopamine can influence hippocampal bursting by at least two temporally distinct mechanisms, contributing to an emerging appreciation of dopamine‐dependent effects on network activity in the hippocampus.image
Efficacy of a single 40‐mg intravenous dose of parecoxib for postoperative pain control after elective cesarean delivery: A double‐blind randomized placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Inthigood Nittaya , Lertbunnaphong Tripop , Jaishuen Atthapon 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to determine the efficacy of a single 40‐mg intravenous (i.v.) dose of parecoxib as an adjunctive analgesia to intrathecal morphine after elective cesarean delivery (CD).MethodsA total of 82 low‐risk term pregnant women who were scheduled for elective CD during the June 2014–June 2015 study period were enrolled. Two hours after surgery, subjects were randomly assigned to receive either i.v. injection of 2 mL (40 mg) parecoxib (study group; n = 41) or 2 mL normal saline solution (control group; n = 41). Patient randomization into groups was determined by the hospital's central computer system. Outcome measurements included total postoperative supplemental meperidine consumption, recorded pain score by numeric pain rating scale at 6, 12, 18, and 24 h, postoperatively, and patient satisfaction.ResultsPatient characteristics and pregnancy outcomes were comparable between groups. Total postoperative meperidine consumption was not significantly different between groups (12.7 ± 18.8 mg vs 8.3 ± 16.7 mg; P > 0.05). Compared with control, the study group was significantly less likely to experience moderate to severe postoperative pain (score ≥ 4) at 6 h (0% vs 21.9%; P = 0.002). Study group patients reported higher satisfaction than control group patients (median score: 8 vs 6; P < 0.01). No patients in either group reported adverse effects from their assigned intervention.ConclusionParecoxib did not demonstrate effectiveness in reducing patient requirement for supplementary meperidine after CD. However, administration of a single 40‐mg dose of i.v. parecoxib after elective CD demonstrated effectiveness in reducing pain scores, with a resulting increase in patient satisfaction.
Germination of sorghum grain results in significant changes in paste and texture properties
Authors: Yi Cuiping , Li Yan , Ping Junai 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe changes in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] proteins during germination and the resultant effects on the physicochemical properties of sorghum flour were studied using non‐germinated grains as a control. Results showed that flour obtained from germinated sorghum grains had lower protein levels, higher protease levels, and higher free amino nitrogen content compared with the control. There was an increase in the albumin and globulin protein fractions and a decrease in kafirin. Sodium dodecyl sulfate‐polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that this decrease was the result of a decrease in γ‐kafirins, while microscopy found that a continuous protein network was formed. Following the germination‐associated protein changes, the viscosities of sorghum paste decreased with germination from a peak viscosity value of 1,324 rapid visco units (RVU) down to 727 RVU in white sorghum (WS), and from 1,549 RVU to 1,295 RVU in red sorghum (RS). The hardness of the sorghum gels was significantly enhanced after germination, with WS increasing from 1,640 g to 5,374 g and RS from 970 g to 5,529 g. Thus, the study revealed that germination decreased the viscosity of sorghum paste and increased the strength of sorghum gel by changing the content and structure of sorghum protein, making it possible to design new foods that require thickening and gelling using germinated sorghum.Practical applicationsGermination triggers the protease system of sprouting seeds, leading to the breakdown of proteins into simpler forms that decrease the viscosity of sorghum paste and improve the strength of sorghum gel, allowing the use of germinated sorghum to design new foods that require thickening and gelling.
Effects of chicken by‐product gelatin on the physicochemical properties and texture of chocolate spread
Authors: Almeida Poliana Fernandes , Lannes Suzana Caetano da Silva 
Published: December 2016

AbstractChocolate spread has a fat‐based formulation and the application of gelatin as a fat replacement is related to the demand for healthier foods. The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of gelatin as a by‐product from the poultry industry in the fat replacement of chocolate spread. Vegetable fat was replaced (15, 25, 50, 75, and 100%) with gelatin (0.3, 0.5, 0.8, 1.0, and 1.2%) using a central composite rotatable design and the effects were evaluated by a response surface methodology. Formulations with a greater proportion of fat were lighter, of higher volume and lower density. As expected, water activity was intensified in low‐fat formulations. The consistency was controlled mainly by the properties of the gelatin phase. The formulations with 50 and 75% fat replacement and 0.5–1.0% gelatin had satisfactory spreadability at 10C. All formulations were spreadable at 20C. Low‐fat samples with low gelatin concentrations, at 30C, had very low consistency. Statistically, the properties were significantly influenced by the factors analyzed according to the mathematical models.Practical applicationsAlthough several studies have been conducted on obtaining alternative gelatin sources for mammals, the extracted gelatin from poultry by‐product is still little explored and the knowledge on the application in food products, particularly in complex systems such as emulsions, has not been well established. The development of a low‐fat food should take into account the complexity of the system involved, such as the emulsion spreads. The incorporation of gelatin in aqueous solution is a challenging task because the physical properties and the rheological behavior can be strongly influenced. Given the nutritional and functional properties of the gelatin and chocolate and its wide acceptability among the consumers, the incorporation of these two ingredients in the development of a new product sets up a promising study.
Epigenetic analysis of the IFNλ3 gene identifies a novel marker for response to therapy in HCV‐infected subjects
Authors: Waring J. F. , Davis J. W. , Dumas E. , Cohen D. , Idler K. , Abel S. , Georgantas R. , Podsadecki T. , Dutta S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractChronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection is characterized by high interindividual variability in response to pegylated interferon and ribavirin. A genetic polymorphism on chromosome 19 (rs12979860) upstream of interferon‐λ3 (IFNλ3) is associated with a twofold change in sustained virologic response rate after 48 weeks of treatment with pegylated interferon/ribavirin in HCV genotype 1 (GT1) treatment‐naïve patients. We conducted epigenetic analysis on the IFNλ3 promoter to investigate whether DNA methylation is associated with response to HCV therapy. DNA samples from HCV GT1‐infected subjects receiving an interferon‐free paritaprevir‐containing combination regimen (N=540) and from HCV‐uninfected, healthy controls (N=124) were analysed for IFNλ3 methylation levels. Methylation was strongly associated with rs12979860 allele status whether adjusting for HCV status (r=65.0%, 95% CI: [60.2%, 69.5%]), or not (r=64.4%), both with P<2.2×10−16. In HCV GT1‐infected subjects, C/C genotypes had significantly lower methylation levels relative to C/T or T/T genotypes (P<1×10−14), with each T allele resulting in a nine‐unit increase in mean methylation level. Methylation levels did not correlate with response in subjects treated for 12 or 24 weeks. However, non‐C/C subjects with higher methylation levels were more likely to relapse when treatment duration was 8 weeks. This analysis suggests that methylation status of the IFNλ3 promoter region may be a useful parameter that identifies patients more likely to relapse following HCV therapy; however, continuing therapy for a sufficient duration can overcome this difference. These findings may provide mechanistic insight into the role of IFNλ3 genetic variants in HCV treatment response.
Microvessels of the heart: Formation, regeneration, and dysfunction
Authors: Spyridopoulos Ioakim , Arthur Helen M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis issue of microcirculation focusses on the special topic of “microvessels of the heart” and contains five state‐of‐the‐art reviews and one expert article that reflect current efforts to address the major gaps in our understanding of these key microvessels. In the adult heart, most attention until recently (especially among the clinical cardiology community) has been given to the main coronary arteries, which are the culprit vessels in patients with coronary artery disease, including its most serious manifestation, acute MI. However, due to major advances in efficiently reopening the acutely blocked coronary arteries, MI is no longer the killer disease it once was. In contrast, there are few treatment options for patients who develop microvascular obstruction during acute MI. Indeed, we have a very poor understanding of this disease, or even how heart vessels are initially formed in development. This is surprising in light of the essential nature of the cardiac microvessels for efficient cardiac function throughout life. The articles in this issue are from six keynote speakers at the 66th annual meeting of the BMS at Newcastle University and review our understanding of these key vessels from initial development to their role in adult heart disease.
Conventional and unconventional ubiquitination in plant immunity
Authors: Zhou Bangjun , Zeng Lirong 
Published: December 2016

SummaryUbiquitination is one of the most abundant types of protein post‐translational modification (PTM) in plant cells. The importance of ubiquitination in the regulation of many aspects of plant immunity has been increasingly appreciated in recent years. Most of the studies linking ubiquitination to the plant immune system, however, have been focused on the E3 ubiquitin ligases and the conventional ubiquitination that leads to the degradation of the substrate proteins by the 26S proteasome. By contrast, our knowledge about the role of unconventional ubiquitination that often serves as non‐degradative, regulatory signal remains a significant gap. We discuss, in this review, the recent advances in our understanding of ubiquitination in the modulation of plant immunity, with a particular focus on the E3 ubiquitin ligases. We approach the topic from a perspective of two broadly defined types of ubiquitination in an attempt to highlight the importance, yet current scarcity, in our knowledge about the regulation of plant immunity by unconventional ubiquitination.