bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
About time: age, period, and cohort effects on support for Quebec sovereignty
Authors: Vallée‐Dubois Florence , Dassonneville Ruth , Godbout Jean‐François 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCan age, period and cohort effects help explain support for Quebec sovereignty? Previous work on this question has focused mostly on the effects of age and cohort. We contribute to this debate by adding a period perspective. As such, our study is the first to investigate the impact of age, cohort and period effects in a single study of opinion towards sovereignty in Quebec. We take advantage of an original dataset that includes survey data collected between 1985 and 2012. We use these data to examine the impact of age, birth year and survey year on support for this constitutional option among francophone Quebeckers. Our results are in line with previous work: we show that younger Quebeckers are more likely to support sovereignty, and that some cohorts – namely, respondents born between 1945 and 1959 – are also more likely to favour this option. Perhaps more surprisingly, we find that specific events are comparatively the most important factor to explain fluctuations in Quebeckers' attitudes towards sovereignty.
Gastric accommodation in healthy subjects studied by ultrasound, manometry, and impedancemetry
Authors: Storlid E. L. , Hausken T. , Lied G. A. , Gilja O. H. , Hatlebakk J. G. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundGastric accommodation to a meal may be important in the pathogenesis of upper gastrointestinal disorders, but has been difficult to investigate in a minimally invasive fashion.MethodsWe studied gastric and lower esophageal physiology during food intake, combining transabdominal ultrasound, multichannel high‐resolution impedance‐manometry (HRIM) and a symptom questionnaire. A HRIM catheter was distally positioned at incisura angularis and 300 mL saline with 75 g glucose was ingested. Target variables were recorded for 30 min after fluid intake.Key ResultsFifteen healthy subjects’ participated (11W/4M, median age 23.8 y) and all accepted the meal with few symptoms. At incisura angularis maximum change in pressure from pre‐intake values was −7.4 mmHg after 60 s (P < .0001), rising to pre‐intake values within 20 min. The corresponding area increased significantly from pre‐intake values of 8.0 cm2 to 14.1 cm2 shortly after intake (P = .0012), peaked at 5 min and slowly decreased towards 30 min. The corresponding maximum change in stress from pre‐intake pressure values was −59.2 mmHg shortly after (P < .0001), reaching pre‐intake values within 20 min. Strain rose from 0 shortly before to 0.36 shortly after (P < .0001), peaking at 5 min. At incisura angularis, fullness was positively correlated with area and to strain, while fullness, area, and stress were negatively correlated with pressure.Conclusions & InferencesThe multimodal method enabled assessment of the gastric accommodation reflex, stress and strain in the stomach. It triggered few symptoms in healthy volunteers. We propose it to be a more physiological replacement of the barostat technique.
Insights on efficacious doses of PAMORAs for patients on chronic opioid therapy or opioid‐naïve patients
Authors: van Malderen K. , Halawi H. , Camilleri M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundOpioid‐induced constipation (OIC) is a major side effect of opioid use. Centrally acting antagonists result in opioid withdrawal or worsening of pain and lead to use of peripherally acting mu‐opioid receptor antagonists (PAMORAs). The required doses of the PAMORAs, methylnaltrexone and naloxegol, in the treatment of OIC are well established in chronic opioid users. OIC may occur after short duration of opioid treatment; the required doses of naloxone, naltrexone, and PAMORAs in opioid‐naïve subjects (with no opioid use for at least 3 months) are unclear. The aim of this review was to evaluate the PAMORA dose required for opioid‐naïve subjects to achieve similar beneficial effects on symptoms or valid surrogates to those observed in chronic opioid users.MethodsA PubMed search of μ‐opioid antagonists to counter μ‐opioid effects included terms: naloxone, naltrexone, methylnaltrexone, alvimopan, and naloxegol, as well as OIC and colonic transit.Key ResultsThe approved dose of methylnaltrexone in chronic opioid users, 0.3 mg/kg subcutaneous (SQ), did not affect motility in opioid‐naïve subjects. Trials investigating the required dose of alvimopan showed 0.5‐1 mg dose was efficacious in treating OIC; a 10‐fold higher dose (12 mg) of alvimopan is needed to block effects of codeine on small bowel and colonic transit in opioid‐naïve subjects compared to chronic opioid users. Opioid‐naïve users need 125 mg of naloxegol to reverse the effects of opioids on transit; this is in contrast to the 12.5 to 25 mg needed to treat OIC in chronic opioid users.Conclusions & InferencesOpioid‐naïve subjects require a higher dose of PAMORA than chronic opioid users to achieve μ‐opioid antagonist effect.
Decreased 5‐HT2cR and GHSR1a interaction in antipsychotic drug‐induced obesity
Authors: Huang X.‐F. , Weston‐Green K. , Yu Y. 
Published: November 2017

SummarySecond generation antipsychotics (SGAs), notably atypical antipsychotics including olanzapine, clozapine and risperidone, can cause weight gain and obesity side effects. Antagonism of serotonin 2c receptors (5‐HT2cR) and activation of ghrelin receptor type 1a (GHSR1a) signalling have been identified as a main cause of SGA induced obesity. Here we review the pivotal regulatory role of the 5‐HT2cR in ghrelin‐mediated appetite signalling. The 5‐HT2cR dimerizes with GHSR1a to inhibit orexigenic signalling, while 5‐HT2cR antagonism reduces dimerization and increases GHSR1a‐induced food intake. Dimerization is specific to the unedited 5‐HT2cR isoform. 5‐HT2cR antagonism by SGAs may disrupt the normal inhibitory tone on the GHSR1a, increasing orexigenic signalling. The 5‐HT2cR and its interaction with the GHSR1a could serve as the basis for discovering novel approaches to preventing and treating SGA‐induced obesity.
Orthopedic complications of linear morphea: Implications for early interdisciplinary care
Authors: Schoch Jennifer J. , Schoch Bradley S. , Werthel Jean David , McIntosh Amy L. , Davis Dawn M. R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLinear morphea of the limb primarily affects children, and extracutaneous manifestations are common. Orthopedic surgeons are often essential in the care of patients with linear morphea, yet there are few reports outlining specific orthopedic complications in this population. We sought to improve the understanding of orthopedic complications in linear morphea of the limb. Between 1999 and 2014, 51 children were evaluated for linear morphea of an extremity. Twenty‐six (51%) had documented orthopedic manifestations. Outcome measures included limb length discrepancy, angular malalignment, limb atrophy, and orthopedic surgical intervention. Joint contractures were most common, affecting 88% of patients, followed by limb atrophy, angular deformity, and limb length discrepancy; 14% required surgical intervention. Despite the use of systemic immunosuppressive therapy in many patients, approximately half of patients with linear morphea of an extremity have orthopedic disease. Early orthopedist involvement is crucial to improve limb alignment and preserve function.
Social aggregation of the marine isopodCirolana harfordidoes not rely on the availability of light‐reducing shelters
Authors: Salma Umme , Thomson Murray 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSocial aggregation under shelters can afford benefits to animals such as protection from predators. Many isopods and insects are negatively phototactic and this may help them gravitate towards shelter. Previous studies show that, when placed in an arena with two red shelters, specimens of the marine isopodCirolana harfordiand the terrestrial isopodPorcelio scaberpick one of the two shelters at random and aggregate under it, demonstrating social aggregation under light‐reducing shelters. In the present study, an arena with two clear shelters was used to determine whether group sizes of 4, 8, 12 and 16C. harfordispecimens display social aggregation when the shelters do not accommodate negative phototaxis. In all group sizes,C. harfordispecimens picked one of the shelters at random and significantly more animals aggregated under this shelter compared with the other.Cirolana harfordialso displayed aggregation in an arena with no shelters. Accordingly,C. harfordispecimens do not require shelters that reduce light to display social aggregation. The ability to locate suitable shelter under which there is no substantial reduction in light could benefit the animal in a natural environment comprising heavily shaded areas, as well as at night.
Viraemia before, during and after pregnancy in HIV‐infected women on antiretroviral therapy in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa, 2010–2015
Authors: Chetty Terusha , Newell Marie‐Louise , Thorne Claire , Coutsoudis Anna 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesPregnancy and post‐partum viral load suppression is critical to prevent mother‐to‐child HIV transmission and ensure maternal health. We measured viraemia risk before, during and after pregnancy in HIV‐infected women.MethodsBetween 2010 and 2015, 1425 HIV‐infected pregnant women on lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) for at least six months pre‐pregnancy were enrolled in a cohort study in rural KwaZulu‐Natal, South Africa. Odds ratios were estimated in multilevel logistic regression, with pregnancy period time‐varying.ResultsOver half of 1425 women received tenofovir‐based regimens (n = 791). Median pre‐pregnancy ART duration was 2.1 years. Of 988 women (69.3%) with pre‐pregnancy viral loads, 82.0%, 6.8% and 11.2% had VL <50, 50‐999 and ≥1000 copies/ml, respectively. During pregnancy and at six, 12 and 24 months, viral load was ≥1000 copies/ml in 15.2%, 15.7%, 17.8% and 16.6% respectively; viral load <50 was 76.9%, 77%, 75.5% and 75.8%, respectively. Adjusting for age, clinical and pregnancy factors, viraemia risk (viral load ≥50 copies/ml) was not significantly associated with pregnancy [adjusted OR (aOR) 1.31; 95% CI 0.90‐1.92], six months (aOR 1.30; 95% CI 0.83‐2.04), 12 months (aOR 0.96; 95% CI 0.58‐1.58) and 24 months (aOR 1.40; 95% CI 0.89‐2.22) post‐partum. Adjusting for ART duration–pregnancy period interaction, viraemia risk was 1.8 during pregnancy and twofold higher post‐partum.ConclusionsWhile undetectable viral load before pregnancy through post‐partum was common, the UNAIDS goal to suppress viraemia in 90% of women was not met. Women on preconception ART remain vulnerable to viraemia; additional support is required to prevent mother‐to‐child HIV transmission and maintain maternal health.
Malaria exacerbates inflammation‐associated elevation in ferritin and soluble transferrin receptor with only modest effects on iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia among rural Zambian children
Authors: Barffour Maxwell A. , Schulze Kerry J. , Coles Christian L. , Chileshe Justin , Kalungwana Ng'andwe , Siamusantu Ward , Arguello Margia , Moss William J. , West Keith P. , Palmer Amanda C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveIn 4‐ to 8‐year‐old Zambian children (n = 744), we evaluated the effects of adjusting for inflammation (α1‐acid glycoprotein >1 g/l), with or without additional adjustment for malaria, on prevalence estimates of iron deficiency (ID) and iron deficiency anaemia (IDA) during low malaria (LowM) and high malaria (HighM) transmission seasons.MethodsTo estimate adjustment factors, children were classified as: (i) reference (malaria negative without inflammation), (ii) inflammation without malaria (I), (iii) malaria without inflammation (M) and (iv) inflammation with malaria (IM). We estimated the unadjusted ID or IDA prevalence, and then adjusted for inflammation alone (IDI or IDAI) or inflammation and malaria (IDIM or IDAIM).ResultsMean ferritin was 38 (reference), 45 (I), 43 (M) and 54 μg/l (IM) in LowM, increasing to 44, 56, 96 and 167 μg/l, respectively, in HighM. Corresponding mean sTfR was 6.4, 6.9, 7.9 and 8.4 mg/l in LowM, increasing to 8.2, 9.2. 8.7 and 9.7 mg/l in HighM. Ferritin‐based ID, IDI and IDIM were 7.8%, 8.7% or 9.1%, respectively, in LowM and 4.6%, 10.0% or 11.7%, respectively, in HighM. Corresponding soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR)‐based estimates were 27.0%, 24.1% and 19.1%, respectively, in LowM, increasing to 53.6%, 46.5% and 45.3%, respectively, in HighM. Additional adjustment for malaria resulted in a ~1‐ to 2‐percentage point change in IDA, depending on biomarker and season.ConclusionsIn this population, malaria substantially increased ferritin and sTfR concentrations, with modest effects on ID and IDA prevalence estimates.
In vitro chemosensitivity of feline injection site‐associated sarcoma cell lines to carboplatin
Authors: Maxwell Elizabeth A. , Phillips Heidi , Schaeffer David J. , Fan Timothy M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the in vitro chemosensitivity of feline injection site‐associated sarcoma (FISAS) cells to carboplatin concentrations generated by elution of carboplatin‐impregnated calcium sulfate hemihydrate (CI‐CSH) beads.Study designIn vitro study.SampleFive immortalized cell lines from histologically confirmed, primary FISASs.MethodsFor each cell line, one 96‐well microplate was used for each time point (24, 48, 72 hours). In each microplate, 3 wells were seeded with ∼7.5 × 103cells per well for every carboplatin treatment added, ranging from 5 to 450 µM. Microculture plates were incubated for 24, 48, or 72 hours. Drug efficacy was assessed via a bioreductive fluorometric assay. For apoptosis analysis, 3 wells were seeded with ∼5 × 104cells per well for every carboplatin treatment added, ranging from 5 to 450 µM. Flow cytometry was performed and the relative percentages of viable, apoptotic, and late apoptotic/necrotic cells were reported. All experiments were run in triplicates.ResultsCarboplatin exerted dose‐dependent and time‐dependent effects on FISAS cell viability. The IC50values were within the range of carboplatin concentrations eluted from CI‐CSH beads.ConclusionElution of carboplatin from CI‐CSH beads generate concentrations sufficient to result in 50% growth inhibition of FISAS cells in vitro. Local tumor control might be achieved by implantation of CI‐CSH beads immediately following radical or marginal excision of the primary tumor or by implantation without tumor resection.
Effects of leaf position on reflectance, transmittance and absorption of red and far‐red light in tomato, Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus leaves
Authors: Ma L , Upadhyaya M K 
Published: November 2017

SummaryLeaf optical properties can play an important role in determining the red/far‐red light ratio, a signal of impending competition, in plant canopies. Knowledge of leaf optical properties and factors affecting them is important in understanding of the impacts of red/far‐red ratio in agroecosystems. Effects of leaf position on the plant stem on their optical properties at 660 and 730 nm were studied in tomato and two weeds Chenopodium album and Amaranthus retroflexus. Leaf position on stem strongly influenced leaf optical properties. Reflectance and transmittance were generally lower for the C. album and A. retroflexus leaves at higher positions on the stem, except for reflectance at 730 nm in C. album, which did not change. Reflectance was not affected in tomato. Transmittance generally decreased for leaves at higher positions. Red/far‐red ratios of reflected (Rratio) and transmitted (Tratio) light generally decreased in all species, except Rratio in tomato, where it increased slightly at higher positions. These effects were greater in A. retroflexus compared with C. album and tomato. Changes in these ratios were partly explained by chlorophyll content and leaf mass per area. The results show that leaf position on plant stem influences leaf optical properties in tomato and two weeds and this effect differed between species. These influences and the differences among species could modify red/far‐red ratios in canopies comprising these species, which could influence their growth and inter‐plant interactions.
Non-Chaotic Cross-Well State Transfer of Duffing-Holmes Type Bistable Systems
Authors: Simsek Mehmet R. , Bilgen Onur 
Published: November 2017

A control strategy called hybrid position feedback control is applied to a bistable system to prevent multiple crossovers during actuation from one stable equilibrium to the other. The hybrid controller is based on a conventional positive position feedback controller. The controller uses the inertial properties of the structure around the stable positions to achieve large displacements by destabilizing a positive position feedback controller. Once the unstable equilibrium is reached, the controller is stabilized to converge to the target stable equilibrium.
The bistable system under harmonic excitation and hybrid controller are investigated for its behavior. In addition, energy analysis of the system controlled by the hybrid controller is investigated using numerical time domain methods. The energy variance by parameters and the comparison between the open-loop system with harmonic excitation and the controlled system is investigated.
3D-Printed Conductive Nanocomposites for Liquid Sensing Applications
Authors: Aliheidari Nahal , Hohimer Cameron , Ameli Amir 
Published: November 2017

Additive manufacturing (AM) offers a new and unique method for the fabrication of functional and smart material and structures. In this method, parts are fabricated directly from a 3D computer model layer by layer. Fused deposition modeling (FDM) is the most widely adapted AM method. In this method, the feedstock is usually a thermoplastic-based material. In recent years, flexible smart materials have gained unflagging interests due to their promising applications in health monitoring, sensing, actuation, etc. However, the 3D printing of flexible materials is recent with its own challenges and limited sources of feedstock.
Conductive polymer nanocomposites (CPNs) have many promising uses within sensing filed including liquid sensing. Sensing chemical leakage is one the important capabilities of liquid sensors. There is a good number of studies on the fabrication and sensitivity characterization of CPN-based liquid sensors. However, the sensitivity and response time of CPN-based liquid sensors do not yet meet the industrial demands and should be further enhanced for their practical and widespread applications.
This study presents an attempt to integrate the tunability of CPN’s conductivity behavior and the design flexibility of 3D printing to explore the benefits that their coupling may offer toward more sensitive and/or faster liquid sensing. Thermoplastic polyurethane/multiwalled carbon nanotube (TPU/MWCNT) nanocomposites were selected as a model material system and their filaments were first fabricated using melt-mixing by twin-screw extruder at 1, 2 and 3 wt.% of MWCNT. Flexible U-shaped TPU/MWCNT specimens were designed and successfully 3D-printed as a liquid sensor. Specimens fabricated at three different raster patterns of linear, 0–90, and 45/−45 and three infill percent levels of 100, 75, and 50%. Ethanol was used as the model chemical and the resistivity change of the sensors was measured as a function of time when immersed in ethanol. The results revealed that the printed sensors greatly outperformed the pressed bulk counterparts. This enhancement in the 3D printed sensors was primarily due to the increased surface area, and thus higher surface/volume ratio, enabling faster liquid uptake. In addition, MWCNT content, raster pattern, and infill percent all affected the overall response time as well as the sensor sensitivity. This work suggests that highly sensitive liquid sensors can be developed by material and structure optimizations via FDM 3D printing.
Internal Porosity Detection in Additively Manufactured Parts via Electromechanical Impedance Measurements
Authors: Tenney Charles , Albakri Mohammad I. , Kubalak Joseph , Sturm Logan D. , Williams Christopher B. , Tarazaga Pablo A. 
Published: November 2017

The flexibility offered by additive manufacturing (AM) technologies to fabricate complex geometries poses several challenges to non-destructive evaluation (NDE) and quality control (QC) techniques. Existing NDE and QC techniques are not optimized for AM processes, materials, or parts. Such lack of reliable means to verify and qualify AM parts is a significant barrier to further industrial adoption of AM technologies.
Electromechanical impedance measurements have been recently introduced as an alternative solution to detect anomalies in AM parts. With this approach, piezoelectric wafers bonded to the part under test are utilized as collocated sensors and actuators. Due to the coupled electromechanical characteristics of piezoelectric materials, the measured electrical impedance of the piezoelectric wafer depends on the mechanical impedance of the part under test, allowing build defects to be detected. This paper investigates the effectiveness of impedance-based NDE approach to detect internal porosity in AM parts. This type of build defects is uniquely challenging as voids are normally embedded within the structure and filled with unhardened model or supporting material. The impact of internal voids on the electromechanical impedance of AM parts is studied at several frequency ranges.
Acoustoelastic-Based Stress Measurement Utilizing Low-Frequency Flexural Waves
Authors: Albakri Mohammad I. , Malladi Vijaya V. N. Sriram , Tarazaga Pablo A. 
Published: November 2017

Current acoustoelastic-based stress measurement techniques operate at the high-frequency, weakly-dispersive portions of the dispersion curves. The weak dispersive effects at such high frequencies allow the utilization of time-of-flight measurements to quantify the effects of stress on wave speed. However, this comes at the cost of lower sensitivity to the state-of-stress of the structure, and hence calibration at a known stress state is required to compensate for material and geometric uncertainties in the structure under test.
In this work, the strongly-dispersive, highly stress-sensitive, low-frequency flexural waves are utilized for stress measurement in structural components. A new model-based technique is developed for this purpose, where the acoustoelastic theory is integrated into a numerical optimization algorithm to analyze dispersive waves propagating along the structure under test. The developed technique is found to be robust against material and geometric uncertainties. In the absence of calibration experiments, the robustness of this technique is inversely proportional to the excitation frequency. The capabilities of the developed technique are experimentally demonstrated on a long rectangular beam, where reference-free, un-calibrated stress measurements are successfully conducted.