bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Instability of the Liquid Metal–Pattern Interface in the Lost Foam Casting of Aluminum Alloys
Authors: Griffiths W. D. , Ainsworth M. J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The nature of the liquid metal–pattern interface during mold filling in the Lost Foam casting of aluminum alloys was investigated using real-time X-ray radiography for both normal expanded polystyrene, and brominated polystyrene foam patterns. Filling the pattern under the action of gravity from above or below had little effect on properties, both cases resulting in a large scatter of tensile strength values, (quantified by their Weibull Modulus). Countergravity filling at different velocities demonstrated that the least scatter of tensile strength values (highest Weibull Modulus) was associated with the slowest filling, when a planar liquid metal–pattern interface occurred. Real-time X-ray radiography showed that the advancing liquid metal front became unstable above a certain critical velocity, leading to the entrainment of the degrading pattern material and associated defects. It has been suggested that the transition of the advancing liquid metal–pattern interface into an unstable regime may be a result of Saffman–Taylor Instability.
Biodiesel Production Using Calcined Waste Filter Press Cake from a Sugar Manufacturing Facility as a Highly Economic Catalyst
Authors: Aghabarari Behzad , Martinez‐Huerta M. V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFor the first time, a low cost, high performance and environmentally friendly heterogeneous catalyst derived from waste filter press cake (FPC) from a sugar manufacturing facility was used for the production of biodiesel. This industrial waste was calcined in air at 900 °C for 2 h to convert it into an active CaO‐based catalyst (FPC‐HT). In addition, the calcium oxide nanoparticles (FPC‐NAC) were synthesized by surfactant‐hydration treatment of FPC‐HT. The synthesized catalysts were characterized by XRD, FTIR, SEM, TEM and BET analysis. These calcium oxide catalysts were used for a transesterification reaction between canola oil and methanol to produce biodiesel. The results show that the FPC‐NAC has higher catalytic activity than FPC‐HT under optimized reaction conditions. Therefore, this economic catalyst is able to catalyze the transesterification of canola oil to its methyl esters in 1.5 h with yields above 96 %.
Hypovitaminosis D in patients with Crohn's disease
Authors: Rebouças Priscilla Clímaco , Netinho João Gomes , Cunrath Geni Satomi , Ronchi Luiz Sergio , de Melo Marcelo Maia Caixeta , Gonçalves Filho Francisco de Assis , Muniz Rafaela Cristina Coelho , Martins Alissonn Teixeira Silva , de Oliveira Rafael Andrade , Costa Junior Ricardo Mendonça 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Objective Vitamin D has been widely studied as a mediator of the immune response, becoming evident the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with Crohn's disease. This work aims at evaluating the serum levels of vitamin D in patients suffering from Crohn's disease in a southeast region of Brazil.
Methods It is a prospective study, with statistical analysis of the values of serum vitamin D measured between April 2014 and April 2015 in patients with Crohn's disease. Individuals with mild anal complaints, without any colorectal involvement, comprised the control group.
Results One hundred and four patients whose average age was 40.6 years were evaluated, being 56 (53.8%) female and 48 (46.2%) male. The average serum vitamin D level was 21.6 ng/mL, with standard deviation 13.85. The control group was comprised by 66 individuals, whose average age was 48.9 years. With 38 (57.6%) female and 28 (42.4%) male. In this group the average serum vitamin D level was 40.9 ng/mL. Statistical significance was demonstrated with p < 0.0001.
Conclusion There was high prevalence of hypovitaminosis D in patients with Chron's disease, when compared to the control group. Hypovitaminosis D was not evidenced in patients in the latter group.
Research Methods in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship
Authors: Morgan Daniel J. , Safdar Nasia , Milstone Aaron M. , Anderson Deverick J. 
Published: April 2016

Research in Healthcare Epidemiology and Antimicrobial Stewardship (HE&AS) is rapidly expanding with the involvement of researchers from varied countries and backgrounds. Researchers must use scientific methods that will provide the strongest evidence to advance healthcare epidemiology, but there are limited resources for information on specific aspects of HE&AS research or easy ways to access examples of studies using specific methods with HE&AS. In response to this need, the SHEA Research Committee has developed a series of white papers on research methods in HE&AS. The objective of this series is to promote rigorous healthcare epidemiology research by summarizing critical components, practical considerations, and pitfalls of commonly used research methods.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:627–628
An adjoint-based approach for finding invariant solutions of Navier–Stokes equations
Authors: Farazmand M. 
Published: April 2016

We consider the incompressible Navier–Stokes equations with periodic boundary conditions and time-independent forcing. For this type of flow, we derive adjoint equations whose trajectories converge asymptotically to the equilibrium and travelling-wave solutions of the Navier–Stokes equations. Using the adjoint equations, arbitrary initial conditions evolve to the vicinity of a (relative) equilibrium at which point a few Newton-type iterations yield the desired (relative) equilibrium solution. We apply this adjoint-based method to a chaotic two-dimensional Kolmogorov flow. A convergence rate of$100\,\%$is observed, leading to the discovery of$21$new steady-state and travelling-wave solutions at Reynolds number$Re=40$. Some of the new invariant solutions have spatially localized structures that were previously believed to exist only on domains with large aspect ratios. We show that one of the newly found steady-state solutions underpins the temporal intermittencies, i.e. high energy dissipation episodes of the flow. More precisely, it is shown that each intermittent episode of a generic turbulent trajectory corresponds to its close passage to this equilibrium solution.
Optimum Design of Damped Vibration Absorber for Rotationally Periodic Structures
Authors: Ghaderi A. A. , Mohammadzadeh A. , Bahrami M. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, a damped centrifugally driven order-tuned vibration absorber designed for vibration reduction in rotating flexible structures, bladed disk assemblies and blisk such as turbine blades, compressor and fan blades, pump and helicopter rotor bladesetc. during steady operation with constant speed and under engine order excitation (e.o excitation). Effect of mistuning is disregarded. System is assumed with fully cyclic symmetry. The disk is imposed as being rigid. Elastic behavior for blades is supposed. A model with two degree of freedom is extracted for the blades. Each blade is fitted with nominally identical damped order-tuned vibration absorber that is moved in a circular path. Aerodynamic damping and coupling effects between the blades are considered. Optimal values of parameters of the absorber, to suppress blade vibration especially in resonance condition, are derived by Genetic Algorithm (GA) and MATLAB software. H2optimization criterion is used. It is observed that with the deviation of each parameter from the optimal condition, the system response is moved away from the ideal design situation and all of the absorbers’ design parameters have definite effects on the system frequency response and on the dissipated energy during vibration. Therefore, ignorance of the effect of one of those parameters (which was happened in literature) affected the system response completely. Literature is reviewed and validity of the results is confirmed.
Experimental Study on Depositing Arch Jamming of Elliptical Disks in a Two-Dimensional Static Hopper
Authors: Lin Y.-J. , Fang C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDepositing arch jamming of elliptical disks at the opening of a two-dimensional static hopper is studied experimentally. The hopper slope and opening width, and the aspect ratio of elliptical disks, are varied to determine their influence on the jamming probability. The jamming probability increases as the aspect ratio increases for gentle hopper slopes, while fluctuations of jamming probability appear for more steeper hopper slopes. Increasing hopper slope decreases the jamming probability in most cases. Most jamming arches result from the strong force chains along the shorter axes of elliptical disks. The disk number consisting of jamming arches decreases as the hopper slope increases. For smaller hopper openings, it decreases as the aspect ratio increases, whilst a nearly reverse tendency appears for elliptical disks with smaller aspect ratios. The study delivers a physical mechanism of jamming phenomena in depositing elliptical disks in a two- dimensional static hopper.
Foreland-directed gravitational collapse along curved thrust fronts: insights from a minor thrust-related shear zone in the Umbria–Marche belt, central-northern Italy
Authors: PACE PAOLO , PASQUI VALERIA , TAVARNELLI ENRICO , CALAMITA FERNANDO 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGravitational collapse occurs during the mature evolution of orogenic belts, but its signature is difficult to discriminate in macroscopic structures from that of pre-, syn- or late-/post-orogenic extension, so reliable mesoscopic examples are particularly useful. A composite fabric developed along a lateral thrust ramp in the Apennines reveals mesoscopic normal faults that truncate the thrust surface, overprint the S-fabric and merge downwards in a foreland-directed splay, leaving the thrust footwall undeformed. These relationships indicate syn-/late-thrusting extension, which we interpret as induced by hanging-wall gravitational collapse. Our study provides critical constraints for reconstructing the kinematic evolution of collapsing thrust fronts.
REGIONAL VARIATIONS IN CHILD MARRIAGE IN BANGLADESH
Authors: Islam Md. Kamrul , Haque Md. Rabiul , Hossain Mohammad Bellal 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThis study aimed to investigate the regional variations in the prevalence of child marriage in Bangladesh with a view to providing recommendations for division-specific policy interventions. Data from the 2011 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey were analysed using multivariate logistic regression. Substantial regional variations in child marriage were found in Bangladesh. Rangpur and Khulna had more than four times higher odds of child marriage than Sylhet (4.57 and 4.11 times, respectively). Barisal and Rajshahi had more than three times higher odds of child marriage than Sylhet (3.70 and 3.48 times, respectively). Chittagong and Dhaka had about two times odds of child marriage than Sylhet (1.98 and 2.67 times, respectively), even after controlling for selected socio-demographic, economic and cultural characteristics. Respondent’s education, employment status, husband’s education and wealth index were inversely associated with the prevalence of child marriage. The policy implications of these findings are discussed in the context of Bangladesh.
Tradition and Discipline: How should one read ancient Indian texts?
Authors: KOLLIPARA BHARANI 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis is a review article of two recent books. The first is D. Venkat Rao'sCultures of Memory in South Asia: Orality, Literacy and the Problem of Inheritance; the second, Vishwa Adluri and Joydeep Bagchee'sThe Nay Science: A History of German Indology. Rao's conviction is that Indology has failed in its mandate. He claims that Indology so far has produced only European representations of India and not what should have been the choicest self-images of India's past. If Rao begins with a hostile tone towards Indology and expresses his intention to do something with India's texts without either relying on or having recourse to anything that belongs to the Indologist's ragbag, Adluri and Bagchee set out to expose what they refer to as Indology's ‘pretension’ to scientific method and objectivity in theirThe Nay Science, an unprecedented polemical history of German Indology. I divide this review into two parts: a critical examination ofThe Nay Science’s critique of German Indology and its commitment to a methodological reform, and a distilled critical account ofCultures of Memory’s approach to Indian textual traditions and the problems of such an approach. Finally, after examining the important challenges facing Indology, I'll make a case for how the philosopher Alasdair MacIntyre may help our understanding of the nature, dynamics, and the relevance of tradition in South Asia.
Blood parasites of penguins: a critical review
Authors: VANSTREELS RALPH ERIC THIJL , BRAGA ÉRIKA MARTINS , CATÃO-DIAS JOSÉ LUIZ 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYBlood parasites are considered some of the most significant pathogens for the conservation of penguins, due to the considerable morbidity and mortality they have been shown to produce in captive and wild populations of these birds. Parasites known to occur in the blood of penguins include haemosporidian protozoans (Plasmodium, Leucocytozoon, Haemoproteus), piroplamid protozoans (Babesia), kinetoplastid protozoans (Trypanosoma), spirochete bacteria (Borrelia) and nematode microfilariae. This review provides a critical and comprehensive assessment of the current knowledge on these parasites, providing an overview of their biology, host and geographic distribution, epidemiology, pathology and implications for public health and conservation.
Leviathan No More: The Right of Nature and the Limits of Sovereignty in Hobbes
Authors: Hallenbrook Christopher R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article challenges the prevailing interpretations of Hobbes's thought as providing only minimal protection for the natural right of individuals in political society. Natural right requires the protection of not just the subjects' lives, but their ability to live commodiously, and as a result the protection that natural right receives in political society places substantive constraints on the actions of the sovereign. When those entrusted with sovereign power overstep this constraint, they cease to be sovereign and the former subjects are returned to the state of nature to seek protection as each judges fit. I develop the substance of commodious living more thoroughly than similar analyses and demonstrate that this understanding is not limited to Leviathan but can be found in Hobbes's earlier political work as well.
When transparency doesn't mean ease: learning the meaning of resultative verb compounds in Mandarin Chinese
Authors: CHEN JIDONG 
Published: April 2016

AbstractChildren have to figure out the lexicalization of meaning components in learning verb semantics (e.g. Behrens, 1998; Gentner, 1982; Tomasello & Brooks, 1998). The meaning of an English state-change verb (e.g.break) is divided into two portions (i.e. cause and result), respectively encoded with a separate verb in a Mandarin resultative verb compound (RVC). The majority of Mandarin monomorphemic verbs do not specify any realization of a state change (likehunt), or only imply it (likewash) (Talmy, 2000). This study examines the acquisition of the constructional meaning of RVCs and the semantic division of labor between the component verbs. Four groups of Mandarin-learning children (aged 2;6, 3;6, 4;6, and 6;1) participated in an elicitation experiment. The results reveal that, although transparency in form facilitates their learning of the state-change meanings of RVCs, Mandarin children have difficulties in unpacking the meanings of individual verbs, revealing language-specific learning issues.
Developing, evaluating, and refining an automatic generator of diagnostic multiple choice cloze questions to assess children's comprehension while reading
Authors: MOSTOW JACK , HUANG YI-TING , JANG HYEJU , WEINSTEIN ANDERS , VALERI JOE , GATES DONNA 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe describe the development, pilot-testing, refinement, and four evaluations of Diagnostic Question Generator (DQGen), which automatically generates multiple choice cloze (fill-in-the-blank) questions to test children's comprehension while reading a given text. Unlike previous methods, DQGen tests comprehension not only of an individual sentence but of the context preceding it. To test different aspects of comprehension, DQGen generates three types of distractors: ungrammatical distractors test syntax; nonsensical distractors test semantics; and locally plausible distractors test inter-sentential processing.(1)A pilot study of DQGen 2012 evaluated its overall questions and individual distractors, guiding its refinement into DQGen 2014.(2)Twenty-four elementary students generated 200 responses to multiple choice cloze questions that DQGen 2014 generated from forty-eight stories. In 130 of the responses, the child chose the correct answer. We define thedistractivenessof a distractor as the frequency with which students choose it over the correct answer. The incorrect responses were consistent with expected distractiveness: twenty-seven were plausible, twenty-two were nonsensical, fourteen were ungrammatical, and seven were null.(3)To compare DQGen 2014 against DQGen 2012, five human judges categorized candidate choices without knowing their intended type or whether they were the correct answer or a distractor generated by DQGen 2012 or DQGen 2014. The percentage of distractors categorized as their intended type was significantly higher for DQGen 2014.(4)We evaluated DQGen 2014 against human performance based on 1,486 similarly blind categorizations by twenty-seven judges of sixteen correct answers, forty-eight distractors generated by DQGen 2014, and 504 distractors authored by twenty-one humans. Surprisingly, DQGen 2014 did significantly better than humans at generating ungrammatical distractors and marginally better than humans at generating nonsensical distractors, albeit slightly worse at generating plausible distractors. Moreover, vetting DQGen 2014's output and writing distractors only when necessary would halve the time to write them all, and produce higher quality distractors.
Validity and calibration of the FFQ used in the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study
Authors: Bassett Julie K , English Dallas R , Fahey Michael T , Forbes Andrew B , Gurrin Lyle C , Simpson Julie A , Brinkman Maree T , Giles Graham G , Hodge Allison M 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the reliability and validity of the FFQ administered to participants in the follow-up of the Melbourne Collaborative Cohort Study (MCCS), and to provide calibration coefficients.DesignA random sample stratified by country of birth, age, sex and BMI was selected from MCCS participants. Participants completed two FFQ and three 24 h recalls over 1 year. Reliability was evaluated by intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC). Validity coefficients (VC) were estimated from structural equation models and calibration coefficients obtained from regression calibration models.SettingAdults born in Australia, Greece or Italy.SubjectsNine hundred and sixty-five participants consented to the study; of these, 459 participants were included in the reliability analyses and 615 in the validity and calibration analyses.ResultsThe FFQ showed good repeatability for twenty-three nutrients with ICC ranging from 0·66 to 0·80 for absolute nutrient intakes for Australian-born and from 0·51 to 0·74 for Greek/Italian-born. For Australian-born, VC ranged from 0·46 (monounsaturated fat) to 0·83 (Ca) for nutrient densities, comparing well with other studies. For Greek/Italian-born, VC were between 0·21 (Na) and 0·64 (riboflavin). Calibration coefficients for nutrient densities ranged from 0·39 (retinol) to 0·74 (Mg) for Australian-born and from 0·18 (Zn) to 0·54 (riboflavin) for Greek/Italian-born.ConclusionsThe FFQ used in the MCCS follow-up study is suitable for estimating energy-adjusted nutrients for Australian-born participants. However, its performance for estimating intakes is poorer for southern European migrants and alternative dietary assessment methods ought to be considered if dietary data are to be measured in similar demographic groups.
Time-to-treatment of mental disorders in a community sample of Dutch adolescents. A TRAILS study
Authors: Raven D. , Jörg F. , Visser E. , Oldehinkel A. J. , Schoevers R. A. 
Published: April 2016

Aims.Timely recognition and treatment of mental disorders with an onset in childhood and adolescence is paramount, as these are characterized by greater severity and longer persistence than disorders with an onset in adulthood. Studies examining time-to-treatment, also referred to as treatment delay, duration of untreated illness or latency to treatment, and defined as the time between disorder onset and initial treatment contact, are sparse and all based on adult samples. The aim of this study was to describe time-to-treatment and its correlates for any health care professional (any care) and secondary mental health care (secondary care), for a broad range of mental disorders, in adolescents.Methods.Data from the Dutch community-based cohort study TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS; N = 2230) were used. The Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI) was administered to assess DSM-IV disorders, the age of onset, and the age of initial treatment contact with any health care professional in 1584 adolescents of 18–20 years old. In total 43% of the adolescents (n = 675) were diagnosed with a lifetime DSM-IV disorder. The age of initial treatment contact with secondary care was based on administrative records from 321 adolescents without a disorder onset before the age of 10. Descriptive statistics, cumulative lifetime probability plots, and Cox regression analyses were used analyze time-to-treatment.Results.The proportion of adolescents who reported lifetime treatment contact with any care varied from 15% for alcohol dependence to 82% for dysthymia. Regarding secondary care, proportions of lifetime treatment contact were lower for mood disorders and higher for substance dependence. Time-to-treatment for any care varied considerably between and within diagnostic classes. The probability of lifetime treatment contact for mood disorders was above 90%, whereas for other mental disorders this was substantially lower. An earlier age of onset predicted a longer, and the presence of a co-morbid mood disorder predicted a shorter time-to-treatment in general. Disorder severity predicted a shorter time-to-treatment for any care, but not for secondary care. Time-to-treatment for secondary care was shorter for adolescents from low and middle socioeconomic background than for adolescents from a high socioeconomic background.Conclusion.Although the time-to-treatment was shorter for adolescents than for adults, it was still substantial, and the overall patterns were remarkably similar to those found in adults. Efforts to reduce time-to-treatment should therefore be aimed at children and adolescents. Future research should address mechanisms underlying time-to-treatment and its consequences for early-onset disorders in particular.