bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detection and imaging of chrome yellow (lead chromate) in latent prints, solid residues, and minerals by laser‐desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS)
Authors: Zheng Z. , Pavlov J. , Attygalle A. B. 
Published: March 2017

In the past, chrome yellow (lead chromate, PbCrO4), a bright orange‐red substance, has been widely used as an inorganic pigment in the production of paints, coatings, and plastics. Herein, we demonstrate that laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry (LDI‐MS) is a powerful tool for the detection of lead chromate in solid residues. In fact, lead chromate in trace amounts is easily detectable by LDI‐MS even from residues left as latent prints. For example, a latent print obtained by stamping the exposed laterally cut surface of a pencil over 50 years old on an acetonitrile‐moistened paper, was successfully imaged for both lead and chromate using a Synapt G2 HDMS mass spectrometer. After rastering the print with a 355 nm laser beam and recording positive‐ and negative‐ion mass spectra over the range m/z 50–1200, we generated false‐color ‘heat maps’ (single‐ion images) for 208Pb+• (m/z 207.98) and Cr2O6−• (m/z 199.85). The heat maps matched closely with the faint visual image of the pencil imprint. Moreover, our results confirmed that lead chromate was used in the pigment coatings of old pencils. Evidently, LDI‐MS imaging is an efficient procedure to survey for the presence of lead and chromate in minerals and other materials. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the spatio‐temporal variability of the properties of intense precipitation features over the South Asian region: an integrated multisensor approach
Authors: Roy Partha , Biswasharma Rupraj , Deshamukhya Atri , Sharma Sanjay , Gairola Rakesh M. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTA study is carried out to investigate the spatio‐temporal variation of the properties of deep convective systems (DCSs) and intense DCSs (IDCSs) in association with lightning and hail features along with their ice microphysical properties over the South Asia. For this purpose 17 years (1998–2014) of Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) and 4 years (2007–2010) of CloudSat data during the premonsoon and monsoon seasons are utilized. Significant spatio‐temporal variability in the properties ofDCSsandIDCSsis observed over the study region. During both the seasons, deepestDCSs(top 1%) are found over the land as well ocean without any preferred location. Over the land, its location of the maximum occurrence shifts from the Sumatra coast (Indonesia) and the southern part of West coast of India to the Meghalaya plateau and adjoining region during the premonsoon to monsoon. Over the ocean, the location of its maximum occurrence shifts from the equatorial Indian Ocean to the Bay of Bengal. Overall, during the premonsoon and monsoon seasons, their occurrence is more over the ocean and land, respectively. Occurrence ofIDCSsis predominantly a land phenomena. The location of most intenseIDCSs(top 1%) and its maximum occurrence shifts from the Meghalaya plateau to Western Himalaya Indentation regions during the premonsoon to monsoon. Over the land, of the totalDCSs, only 11–18% ofDCSscontribute to lightning features, whereas of the totalIDCSs, 62–74% ofIDCSscontribute to lightning feature. Similarly, over the land, the contribution ofDCSsto hail feature is insignificant. However, 6–12% ofIDCSscontribute to hail feature. The preferred locations ofIDCSswith strong lightning and hail features are associated with relatively higher values of the ice water content and ice effective radius in the upper part of the mixed‐phase region compared with other regions.
Modeling real shim fields for very high degree (and order) B0 shimming of the human brain at 9.4 T
Authors: Chang Paul , Nassirpour Sahar , Henning Anke 
Published: March 2017

PurposeTo describe the process of calibrating a B0 shim system using high‐degree (or high order) spherical harmonic models of the measured shim fields, to provide a method that considers amplitude dependency of these models, and to show the advantage of very high‐degree B0 shimming for whole‐brain and single‐slice applications at 9.4 Tesla (T).MethodsAn insert shim with up to fourth and partial fifth/sixth degree (order) spherical harmonics was used with a Siemens 9.4T scanner. Each shim field was measured and modeled as input for the shimming algorithm. Optimal shim currents can therefore be calculated in a single iteration. A range of shim currents was used in the modeling to account for possible amplitude nonlinearities. The modeled shim fields were used to compare different degrees of whole‐brain B0 shimming on healthy subjects.ResultsThe ideal shim fields did not correctly shim the subject brains. However, using the modeled shim fields improved the B0 homogeneity from 55.1 (second degree) to 44.68 Hz (partial fifth/sixth degree) on the whole brains of 9 healthy volunteers, with a total applied current of 0.77 and 6.8 A, respectively.ConclusionsThe necessity of calibrating the shim system was shown. Better B0 homogeneity drastically reduces signal dropout and distortions for echo‐planar imaging, and significantly improves the linewidths of MR spectroscopy imaging. Magn Reson Med 79:529–540, 2018. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Exploring the cause of aggregation and reduced Zn binding affinity by G85R mutation in SOD1 rendering amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Srinivasan E. , Rajasekaran R. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a lethal neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by the degeneration of upper and lower motor neuron. ALS occurs due to various notably prominent missense mutations, in gene encoding Cu‐Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) thereby leading to aggregation, dysfunction and reduced Zn binding affinity. In this study, one such mutation, G85R was explored in comparison with wild type SOD1, using discrete molecular dynamics (DMD). Accordingly, the conformational changes were significantly observed in mutant SOD1, through various geometrical parameters, which substantiated the difference in conformational deviation, flexibility and compactness, thus stipulating a root cause for aggregation. Followed by, analysis of essential dynamics further authenticated the cause behind the protein dysfunction. In particular, the high content of beta sheet with structural deviations, down to dysfunction was established in mutant as compared to wild type, while passing through secondary structure analysis. Subsequently, the deviation of distance in Zn binding residues was distinctly portrayed in mutant as compared to wild type, thus confirming the cause of reduced Zn binding affinity. In addition, the steered molecular dynamics analysis also authenticated the above results indicating the reduced Zn binding affinity in the mutant as compared to that of the wild type. Hence, this work revealed the theoretical mechanism to unravel the mutational effects of cofactor dependent protein. Proteins 2017; 85:1276–1286. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The Effect of Butin on the Vitiligo Mouse Model Induced by Hydroquinone
Authors: Huo Shi‐Xia , Wang Qiong , Liu Xin‐Min , Ge Chun‐Hui , Gao Li , Peng Xiao‐Ming , Yan Ming 
Published: March 2017

Vernonia anthelmintica(L.) Willd has been traditionally used in the treatment of vitiligo in Uyghur medicine. This study used butin, the main component ofV. anthelmintica, to study the influence on hydroquinone‐induced vitiligo in mice. The animals were randomly divided into six groups: control, model, 8‐methoxypsoralen (8‐MOP, 4.25 mg/kg), and butin (0.425, 4.25, and 42.5 mg/kg) groups. The number of melanin‐containing hair follicles, basal layer melanocytes, melanin‐containing epidermal cells, the expression of tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase‐related protein‐1 (TRP‐1), the malondialdehyde (MDA), and cholinesterase (CHE) activity in serum were measured. Our results indicated that compared with the model group, the melanin‐containing hair follicles, the expression of TYR and TRP‐1 increased, the activity of CHE decreased after treatment with 8‐MOP and all doses of butin (p < 0.05,p < 0.01), the basal layer melanocytes and melanin‐containing epidermal cells increased significantly after treatment with butin 4.25 and 42.5 mg/kg (p < 0.05,p < 0.01), and the MDA activity decreased after using butin 4.25 and 42.5 mg/kg and 8‐MOP (p < 0.05,p < 0.01). Our results support the use of butin on vitiligo, and its possible mechanisms may be related to increase the TYR and TRP‐1 protein expression and decrease the activity of MDA and CHE in hydroquinone‐induced vitiligo model in mice. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Alantolactone and Isoalantolactone Prevent Amyloid β25–35‐induced Toxicity in Mouse Cortical Neurons and Scopolamine‐induced Cognitive Impairment in Mice
Authors: Seo Ji Yeon , Lim Soon Sung , Kim Jiyoung , Lee Ki Won , Kim Jong‐Sang 
Published: March 2017

Given the evidence for detoxifying/antioxidant enzyme‐inducing activities by alantolactone (AL) and isoalantolactone (IAL), the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of AL and IAL on Aβ25–35‐induced cell death in mouse cortical neuron cells and to determine their effects on scopolamine‐induced amnesia in mice. Our data demonstrated that both compounds effectively attenuated the cytotoxicity of Aβ25–35 (10 μM) in neuronal cells derived from the mouse cerebral cortex. It was also found that the production of intracellular reactive oxygen species, including superoxide anion induced by Aβ25–35, was inhibited. Moreover, the administration of the sesquiterpenes reversed scopolamine‐induced cognitive impairments as assessed by Morris water, Y‐maze, and the passive avoidance tests, and the compounds decreased acetylcholinesterase (AChE) activities in a dose‐dependent manner. Interestingly, AL and IAL did not improve scopolamine‐induced cognitive deficit in Nrf2−/− mice, suggesting that memory improvement by sesquiterpenes was mediated not only by the activation of the Nrf2 signaling pathway but also by their inhibitory activity against AChE. In conclusion, our results showed that AL and IAL had neuroprotective effects and reversed cognitive impairments induced by scopolamine in a mouse model. Therefore, AL and IAL deserve further study as potential therapeutic agents for reactive oxygen species‐related neurodegenerative diseases. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Co–catalytic Metal Oxide Nanoparticles Decorated Silicon/ Hematite Core Shell Nanowire Arrays as Efficient Photo Electrodes for Water Splitting
Authors: Devarapalli Rami Reddy , Kamaja Chaitanya Krishna , Shelke Manjusha V. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBy looking global energy demands, development of highly efficient stable semiconductor photoelectrodes for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is highly desirable. Herein, we have fabricated co‐catalytic nanoparticles decorated Silicon nanowire (SiNWs)/Hematite(Fe2O3) core sell structures as photo anodes and studied the PEC water oxidation properties. As, Fe2O3 possess weak oxidation kinetics, decoration of NiO and Co3O4 nanoparticles on SiNW/Fe2O3 by hydrothermal method, which acts as co‐catalysts to improves the water oxidation reactions. It was found that decoration of Co3O4 nanoparticles enhances the photocurrent up to 2.6 times, whereas for NiO nanoparticles improvement is of 1.5 times when compared to the undecorated electrodes. Along with enhancement of photocurrents, it also shows shift of onset potentials. The effect of the co‐catalytic nanoparticles on the enhancement of photocurrent and charge transfer resistance at the interface of electrode‐electrolyte have been studied by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Further, flat band potentials of the photo electrodes have been measured by using Mott‐schottky analysis.
Study of the uniformity of aerosol filters by scanning MA‐XRF
Authors: Cabal A. , Legrand S. , Van den Bril B. , Toté K. , Janssens K. , Van Espen P. 
Published: March 2017

Energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) is an attractive analytical method to determine the level of air pollution by heavy metals. The concentration of the filter in ng/cm2 is obtained by direct comparison of the net characteristic line intensity of an element with that of a thin film standard. As the sampled area on the filter and the area of the standard are larger than the area analysed by the instrument, the distribution of the elements on the surface of both samples and standards have to be sufficiently uniform. If this is not the case, biased concentration estimates are obtained. Two scanning macro‐XRF setups with a beam diameter of ~0.5 mm were used to investigate the distribution of elements in (1) commercially available (Micromatter) standards, (2) in‐house quartz filter standards obtained with an aerosol generator and (3) particulate matter (PM10) collected on quartz filters by a Leckel SEQ 47/50 sampler. The uniformity of the Micromatter standards was better than 2%. At least some in‐house standards showed a concave distribution with less material at the edges. The maximum bias introduced by this is less than 5%. Because of the limited sensitivity of scanning XRF compared with conventional XRF, the distribution of only a few common elements like Ca and Fe could be determined reliably in aerosol filters. The distribution of some heavy elements could only be measured in filters sampled in polluted regions. In general, the loading of particulate matter over the filters was uniform. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
MtDNA‐maintenance defects: syndromes and genes
Authors: Viscomi Carlo , Zeviani Massimo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA large group of mitochondrial disorders, ranging from early‐onset pediatric encephalopathic syndromes to late‐onset myopathy with chronic progressive external ophthalmoplegia (CPEOs), are inherited as Mendelian disorders characterized by disturbed mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) maintenance. These errors of nuclear‐mitochondrial intergenomic signaling may lead to mtDNA depletion, accumulation of mtDNA multiple deletions, or both, in critical tissues. The genes involved encode proteins belonging to at least three pathways: mtDNA replication and maintenance, nucleotide supply and balance, and mitochondrial dynamics and quality control. In most cases, allelic mutations in these genes may lead to profoundly different phenotypes associated with either mtDNA depletion or multiple deletions.
Recurved Taraxacum phyllaries function as a floral defense: experimental evidence and its implication for Taraxacum evolutionary history
Authors: Wu Fu‐Yu , Yahara Tetsukazu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFlorivores directly decrease the reproductive success of plants by consuming pollen and seeds; thus, plants often have defense mechanisms against florivory. Here, we show that the recurved phyllaries of an agamospermous hybrid dandelion, Taraxacum japonicum × officinale, function as a physical barrier to slug florivory. We allowed Lehmannia valentiana, a European slug naturalized in Japan, to feed on eight pairs of the hybrid dandelion and T. japonicum, a Japanese species with erect phyllaries. Consequently, the slugs only damaged T. platycarpum flowers. The slugs either moved back from recurved phyllaries or spent more than twice as long on recurved than on erect phyllaries. When we removed the recurved phyllaries, the slugs stayed on hybrid and T. japonicum phyllaries for equal lengths of time. In addition to recurved outer phyllaries, the hybrid dandelion has erect inner phyllaries that are longer than those of T. japonicum, which effectively conceal the florets at night protecting them from slug florivory. Using the taxonomic literature, we have confirmed that recurved phyllaries evolved in many species in several parts of Europe, but are rare in East Asia. These findings suggest that European dandelions acquired recurved phyllaries as a defense mechanism under antagonistic coevolution with florivorous slugs, but this coevolution did not occur in East Asia.
Surface Activity Properties and Aggregation Behaviors of Partially Fluorinated Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Solution
Authors: Lv Yan , Chen Long , Liu Huanfang , Zhang Saiping , Wang Minggang , Tan Yebang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe surface activity and aggregation behavior of partially fluorinated gemini surfactant N,N′‐bis(3‐perfluorohexyl‐2‐hydroxypropyl)‐N,N′‐dipropanesulfonylhexylenediamine (N‐6‐Sul) was studied by surface tension, resonance light scattering and fluorescence spectra measurements. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) values obtained by the three methods are in good agreement. The surface activity parameters such as the effectiveness of surface tension reduction (Πcmc), the maximum surface excess concentration (Γmax) and the minimum surface area per molecule (Amin) were obtained through surface tension curves. The effects of pH, inorganic salts and temperature on the surface activity were also investigated. The morphology and size of the aggregates of N‐6‐Sul were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the partially fluorinated gemini surfactant N‐6‐Sul has many advantages such as high surface activity, low CMC value, great salt tolerance and temperature resistance.
Modulation of Aggregation Behaviour of Anionic Surfactant in the Presence of Aqueous Quaternary Ammonium Salts
Authors: Chauhan S. , Kaur Maninder 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe self‐aggregation of sodium dodecylsulphate (SDS), an anionic surfactant, in aqueous solutions of tetraalkylammonium bromide salts (R4NBr, where R = propyl, butyl and pentyl) was determined at various temperatures in the range 288.15–318.15 K. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) determined from conductivity data was used to study the thermodynamics of the surfactant. The presence of bromide salts was found to affect the micellization of SDS in accordance with the hydrophobicity of the tetraalkylammonium cations, thus the CMC values follow the order no additive > Pr4NBr > Bu4NBr > Pen4NBr. The results from conventional conductivity methods were combined with those of spectroscopic techniques like fluorescence and UV–Vis studies.
Clinical meaningfulness of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale change in relation to goal attainment in patients on cholinesterase inhibitors
Authors: Rockwood Kenneth , Howlett Susan E. , Hoffman Deborah , Schindler Rachel , Mitnitski Arnold 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe clinical meaningfulness of Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive subscale (ADAS‐Cog) subscale change is disputed. We compared 2‐ to 4‐point ADAS‐Cog changes with changes in Goal Attainment Scaling (GAS) and everyday function across initial ADAS‐Cog scores and treatment responses.MethodsThis exploratory analysis evaluated mild‐moderate Alzheimer's disease patients treated with donepezil (12 months) or galantamine (8 months). Clinical meaningfulness was defined as concomitant ADAS‐Cog and GAS changes of ±3 points and/or functional improvement.ResultsPatients with ≥3‐point ADAS‐Cog improvement significantly improved on GAS but not on standard tests of everyday function. ADAS‐Cog “no change” (≤±3 points) was seen with mean GAS improvement. Initial ADAS‐Cog improvement made endpoint improvement (ADAS‐Cog 3 points and GAS 1 point) more likely (odds ratio = 6.9; 95% confidence interval = 2.5–19.5). In contrast, initial deterioration made endpoint improvement unlikely (0.33; 0.14–0.64).DiscussionADAS‐Cog improvement and no change were each associated with GAS improvement. Initial ADAS‐Cog worsening was unlikely to result in later improvement.Clinical trial registration numberISRCTN26167328.
Second-Personal Desire
Authors: LEITE ADAM 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT:This paper concerns desires with a distinctive interpersonal structure. ‘Second-personal desire’ seeks something of or from a particular person who is the irreplaceable, intrinsic object of the desire by virtue of his or her significance to the desirer as a participant in an interpersonal relationship in which what is desired carries interpersonal significance. Such desires involve a wish that the other person will experience one's desire as a reason in a way that involves positive interpersonally directed emotional responsiveness to one's desire. Second-personal desire thus renders one vulnerable to distinctive forms of disappointment and to the possibility that the other person is neither positively motivated by, nor positively emotionally responsive to, the possibility of such disappointment. A distinctive form of positive emotional regard is thus always at issue in second-personal desire. This form of regard is not always owed, despite our craving for it—a fact that considerably complicates interpersonal interaction. The paper concludes with an argument that the participant reactive attitudes cannot be understood without the notion of second-personal desire and that second-personal desire is consequently crucial for an adequate understanding of the normative structure of interpersonal interaction.
Aging as a Normative Phenomenon
Authors: SCHEFFLER SAMUEL 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT:Many philosophers have discussed the normative significance of personal relationships. The implicit focus of most of these discussions is on the normative significance of active, ongoing relationships. But, of course, all relationships end eventually. This article focuses on relationships that end through the death of one of the participants. A relationship that has ended in this way can still be a source of reasons for the surviving participant. This represents a different dimension of the normative significance of personal relationships, and it is a dimension that tends to become increasingly salient as one ages. Indeed, aging is in part a normative phenomenon, because it involves significant changes in the kinds of reasons people have. This article explores some of those changes and the distinctive questions to which they give rise.