bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of Processor/Problem Complexity on Specification of Problem Solutions for Computer Programs
Authors: Connelly Edward M. , Johnson Pamela 
Published: July 2017

The ability of computer users to specify problem solutions by means of example solutions was investigated as a function of the user's background and experience, and various levels of processor and problem complexity. Two participant groups (programmers and bookkeepers/accountants) working with three levels of problem complexity and processor complexity were used. The experiment task required specification of a ship selection logic for a Navy Task Force. The results showed that specification of problem solutions by example solutions led to a low rate of errors of commission. Further, the rate of errors of omission was significantly affected by the degree of generalization of the example inputs by the automatic processor. The results also suggested that the combinatorial strategy used in developing the example solutions may be a significant factor in the generation of accurate problem solution specifications.
Initial Progress with Blend - An Electronic Network Communication Experiment
Authors: Shackel B. 
Published: July 2017

‘Computer Conferencing’, as a new and growing medium to aid scientific and technical work, is already well established (cf. Hiltz & Turoff, 1978; Johansen, Vallee, & Spangler, 1979). Several people have suggested the use of this medium to assist or even replace the traditional form of scientific publishing, that is to produce ‘Electronic Journals’ (cf. Senders, 1977). Approval has recently been given, by the British Library Research & Development Department, to establish an experimental programme in electronic network communication for 3 years from 1 January 1981. Birmingham University will provide and develop the hardware and software facilities, and Loughborough University will develop the documentation, training and the first information community; thus we are organising the Birmingham and Loughborough Electronic Network Development (BLEND). The initial and principal aim is to develop and gain experience of an Electronic ‘Journal and Information Network‘, in order to assess the cost, efficiency and subjective impact of such a system; the further aim is to explore and evaluate alternative forms of user communication through the system. Using a host computer at Birmingham University, a community of initially about 50 scientists (the Loughborough Information Network Community - LINC) will be connected through the public telephone network to explore various types of electronic journals. The concept of the electronic journal involves using a computer to aid the normal procedures whereby an article is written, refereed, accepted and ‘published’. The subject of this experimental programme will be ‘Computer Human Factors’. Each member will contribute at least one research article and one shorter note in each year of the project, and will also use other forms of communication such as newsletters, annotated abstracts, workshop conferences, co-operative authorship, etc. It is hoped to expand the community after the first year. Throughout the project relevant data will be gathered to enable the assessment of system and user performance, cost, ‘usefulness’ and acceptability. The plans for this programme will be outlined, the progress during the first six months will be summarised, and any deductions warranted by experience to date will be discussed.
The On–Line Use of Performance Measures to Predict Driving Fatigue
Authors: Attwood Dennis A. , Scott Philip L. 
Published: July 2017

The experiment reported herein examined the use of driving performance measures to predict whether a driver was suffering from sleep-loss and/or excessive driving time. The experiment was conducted on a closed 7.2 km oval track. Each subject driver drove around the track at about 80 kph for three hours on the first test day. For the next 21 hours, each driver remained awake and, at regular selected intervals, performed a battery of behavioural tests. On day two, 24 hours after beginning the first driving period, each subject began to drive for a second 3-hour period. The data from each driving period in the first 27-hour session were analyzed to determine which set of performance variables best discriminated between the performance from each 3-hour driving period. The resulting variables were then programmed into a micro-computer located on-board the test vehicle. Two weeks later, each subject returned to repeat the original 27-hour schedule. During this session, however, the performance of each subject was monitored on-line by the on-board computer. If their performance deteriorated below the criterion established from the data originally collected, the computer, through a D/A link, attempted to alert each driver. Results suggest that the multivariate criteria are able to discriminate between performance from the second 3-hour drive and that from the first at better than chance levels. The results are discussed in terms of an alertness indicator for highway vehicles.
Volitional Postures during Maximal Push/Pull Exertions in the Sagittal Plane
Authors: Chaffin Don B. , Olson Mark , Garg Arun 
Published: July 2017

A set of push/pull experiments were performed by six subjects (3 men and 3 women of widely varying anthropometry). They were asked to exert maximal one-handed and two-handed push and pull forces on a load cell set at three different heights: (67, 109 and 152 cm). They were each permitted to experiment with their postures to determine that which they sensed would permit the largest push or pull force, though no direct feedback was given as to their actual performance. Once they achieved what they believed to be their optimal posture, sagittal plane photographs were taken. The angles of major body joints were then recorded along with the isometric force produced. It is shown that foot placement (together or spread apart, close or distant from the load cell), handle height, and body postures affect push and pull force capability in a manner that is reasonably logical, using biomechanical concepts. It is proposed that future biomechanical models of push and pull strengths and workplace layouts must be carefully assessed with reference to the postural variations reported.
Innovative User Interface: Friendly Touch Control Screen for Multifunctional Electronic Printing System
Authors: Mosing Lionel , Ciuffini Tony , Villano Tony 
Published: July 2017

So that a wide range of users can and will make effective use of the functional richness now possible in electronically intensive, multi-functional office products, Xerox Printing Systems Division has developed an innovative approach to user/system interaction. Important elements in the progression from creation, through design, development and evaluation of this friendly user interface will be reviewed. These activities were integral to the product design process and its introduction. The symposium panel consists of a behavioral scientist, a physical scientist and a computer scientist who were intimately and interactively involved in the creation and development of this unique user interface for the Xerox 5700 Electronic Printing System. The effectiveness of the integrated, multidiscipline approach used to achieve early product introduction will be discussed. Innovation was in the user interface, the product and the process by which the user interface was achieved. Time will be set aside for audience interactions and questions.
The Development and Evaluation of Pictographic Symbols
Authors: Sloan Gary , Eshelman Paul 
Published: July 2017

The premise adopted in this study is that representatives of the audience for whom a symbol is intended should be participants in its evolution as well as subjects in its evaluation. Several situations in need of product misuse warnings were supplied by a manufacturer of ovenware products. Symbol design possibilities were first generated for each message category and then design input was obtained from a sample of potential product users. New design candidates were developed on the basis of subject recommendations. Study generated symbols proved to be significantly more effective than designs used by the manufacturer for the same message categories as assessed by differences in reaction time and error rate. The relative effectiveness of different negation sign designs was also evaluated. Differences in both reaction time and subjective ranks of communicativeness suggest that a thin black cross is more effective in conveying negation than a thin black slash, a partial slash or cross, and a contour slash or cross. Significant differences were not found in the extent that the designs interfere with symbol recognition.
Ergonomics and the Design of Glove Boxes
Authors: Nielsen Waldo J. 
Published: July 2017

Glove boxes, also known as containment cabinets and dry boxes, are being used much more frequently in industrial, university and government laboratories, and in manufacturing processes, as more and more substances are being labelled suspect carcinogens or toxic. Dry boxes are so named because they are designed to protect the substance from the atmosphere. The need to incorporate ergonomics input into the design of glove boxes will be discussed. The published literature concerning ergonomics in glove box design is very sparse. The purpose of this paper is to alert the glove box user to this need, to outline some of the problems encountered in glove box use and to indicate areas where additional studies are needed. The performance of tasks inside a glove box can impose severe constraints, both physical and visual, on the operator. There are physical and visual limitations on reaches and restrictions on the range of arm, hand and finger movements within the glove box. Quite often, awkward body postures and awkward limb movements are required in order to perform the task. Dexterity and manipulative ability are further decreased by the wearing of gloves. These constraints and limitations are very task dependent. The interface between user and glove box most readily lends itself to ergonomics input. Treating the glove box as a special type of individual workplace, existing data and accepted ergonomic principles of workplace design can be utilized in designing this interface. This involves specifying the height of the glove box for either a seated or a standing operation and designing adjustability into this workplace in order to accommodate the individual operator. This ability to adjust oneself to the workplace, and to the task, should minimize awkward body postures and awkward limb movements. This interface and opportunity for adjustment, are the factors most immediately under control of the user organization when setting up a glove box, which is, most often, an off-the-shelf purchase from a glove box manufacturer. Other factors to be considered in designing a glove box workplace are visual constraints, room lighting, gloves (type and size) and pass through provisions (from adjacent glove box or hood). Since the constraints and limitations are very task dependent, ergonomics input is invaluable in specifying or designing special tools, trays and containers that will or can be used inside the glove box. The ergonomist can make recommendations on the placement and positioning of equipment inside the glove box and on the best use of standard laboratory equipment inside the glove box, or, if necessary, suggest modifications to the equipment. This input has to be compatible with the major design considerations involving the complete protection and safety of the user, correct negative pressure, exhaust system, necessary services inside glove box, latch seals, glove attachment, cleaning and decontamination facilties, and other stringent requirements for a completely enclosed system.
Integrated Control/Display Unit vs. Dedicated Control Heads for Radio Tuning in a KC-135 Flight Simulator
Authors: Warner Debra A. , Gunning David R. 
Published: July 2017

A two-part study was conducted in a KC-135 flight simulator to determine the appropriateness of replacing dedicated control heads with an integrated control/display unit (CDU) for accomplishing cockpit communication (UHF, HF) and navigation (VOR) radio tuning. The CDU is being evaluated as a means of decreasing pilot workload to potentially enable a proposed reduction in KC-135 crew size. During both individual tuning tasks and simulated missions, time and error data were collected comparing pilot performance for the two tuning methods. Although subjective opinion favored the CDU concept, objective results indicated that the conventional tuning method (except HF) was faster. Various features of the CDU plus relative subject inexperience using the CDU were probable contributers to these unexpected results. Subsequent reevaluation is scheduled to occur incorporating changes which are designed to enhance CDU operability.
Effects of Blur and Noise on Digital Imagery Interpretability
Authors: Turpin James A. 
Published: July 2017

Ten medium scale (1:2700 to 1:4400) aerial photographs typical of the imagery viewed by Air Force photointerpreters, were digitized to 4096 x 4096 files (20-Mm aperture by 11 bits intensity) on a scanning microdensitometer. The image files were then multiplied by two Gaussian filter functions (Fourier domain) to yield two blurred and one “ground truth” level of each image and transformed to eight bits of intensity for output. One of four weightings of a 4096 x 4096 Gaussian noise file was added to each image file, yielding 3 Blur x 5 Noise x 10 Image combinations (150 images, total). Positive transparencies then served as the data base for an information extract task. Fifteen photointerpreters (PIs) from the 548th Reconnaisance Technical Group, Hickman AFB, Hawaii, served as subjects. Blur was a between-subjects variable with five PIs at each of three noise levels. Noise was a with in-subject variable (five levels). The nose main effect was significant (p < .01). The Blur main effect and the Blur x Noise interaction were not found to be statistically significant. The data were correlated with scaling values from a separate study using the same images and PIs. A significant correlation was found (r = .898).
Acute Traumatic Hemarthrosis of the Knee. Is Routine Arthroscopic Examination Necessary?
Authors: Sarimo J. , Rantanen J. , Heikkilä J. , Helttula I. , Hiltunen A. , Orava S. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: Distortions and contusions of the knee are common. Fairly often they will result in hemarthrosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the findings in patients with acute traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee and based on these findings estimate the necessity of acute arthroscopic examination. Material and Methods: A total of 320 patients were examined arthroscopically between the years 1994 to 96 in the Turku University Hospital. Patients with other than chondral or osteochondral fractures were excluded. Results: The most common arthroscopic findings were rupture of the ACL (45 %), dislocation of the patella (23 %) and meniscal tear (21 %). In only 113 (35 %) cases an immediate therapeutic procedure was performed in addition to the arthroscopic examination. Conclusions: Based on our findings we believe that routine arthroscopic examination is not necessary in patients with acute traumatic hemarthrosis of the knee. In our opinion the patient should be examined and followed by an orthopedic surgeon and if a lesion requiring operative treatment is diagnosed or suspected, an arthroscopic examination should be scheduled. The timing of the procedure should be such that all possible lesions encountered can be treated in the same operation.
Good Reduction of Paresthesia and Pain after Excision of Excessive Callus Formation in Patients with Malunited Clavicular Fractures
Authors: Nowak J. , Stålberg E. , Larsson S. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Aims: Sequelae following non-surgical treatment of clavicular fractures are not uncommon. The aim with this study was to describe results after excision of excessive callus in patients with late onset of paresthesia/numbness. Material and Methods: Eight patients with hypertrophic callus after a malunited clavicular fracture were operated with removal of excessive callus and scar tissue, without stabilizing ostheosynthesis. The reason for surgery was paresthesia/numbness in the arm and hand. There was a delay between trauma and onset of symptoms on average 10 (6–18) months. Neurophysiology prior to surgery was normal in the patients tested. The mean age at trauma was 29 years and the mean time between trauma and operation was 66 months. A prerequisite for surgery was symptoms without recovery for at least 6 months. Results: At follow-up on average 20 months after surgery the paresthesia/numbness, pain at rest, pain during activity, headache and dizziness were significantly reduced or even gone in all patients. The improvement occurred almost immediately after surgery with no signs of recurrence during follow-up. Conclusion: Removal of excessive callus and scar tissue after a malunited clavicular fracture can reduce or fully relieve disabling paresthesia and pain even if surgery is done several years after the fracture. Neurophysiological examination is normal due to lack of permanent neurologic damage and can not be used to confirm the symptoms.
The Welsh Collaborative Care Pathway Project: Implementing an Integrated Care Pathway for the Dying Patient in Wales
Authors: Fowell Andrew , Finlay Ilora , Johnstone Ros , Minto Lindsey 
Published: July 2017

The primary goal of this project was to improve the care of the dying patient through the introduction of a pre-developed integrated care pathway (ICP), while concurrently seeking to determine the feasibility of implementing a pre-developed ICP throughout Wales. Thirty-eight teams, reflecting four care settings crossing the statutory and voluntary sectors, participated in the project. Training was delivered on a regional basis in the north, south and middle areas of Wales. Participating teams' implementation of the ICP was monitored for one year. Support was provided by quarterly regional meetings, a project website, quarterly newsletters and a telephone helpline. After one year, 80% of the 38 teams participating in the project were using the ICP in their workplace. A further 10% were prepared and ready to use the ICP when a suitable patient was referred, while only 10% were unable to implement the ICP. The feasibility of implementing a pre-developed care pathway for the last days of life across different care settings and sectors throughout Wales was clearly demonstrated. The central collection and analysis of variance sheets established a baseline measure of palliative care quality, facilitated local and national benchmarking, and indicated future directions for research and development to improve the care of the dying patient in Wales.
Amazement, Pauses and Whereabouts. The Methodological Path Followed by a Research Beginner in a Transnational Context
Authors: Lizardi-Gómez Alejandra 
Published: July 2017

Explaining the decisions taken in the methodological development of a study ensures rigor in the process of qualitative research. However, few researchers are concerned about outlining the reasons for their methodological strategy selection and the results obtained. A study on chronic illness care in a transnational community is an example where traveling down the methodological path took a different turn than originally intended. In this study the author explains why it was necessary to adopt methodological strategies, keeping in mind the concepts of reflexivity and flexibility. Additionally, several implications are raised in the design due to the transnational characteristic of the community and its members. Explicar las decisiones que se toman en el desarrollo metodológico de un estudio garantiza el rigor del proceso de investigación cualitativa. Sin embargo, son pocos los investigadores preocupados por exponer las razones de selección de las estrategias metodológicas y los resultados obtenidos. En una investigación sobre la atención a un padecimiento crónico en una comunidad transnacional, el camino metodológico tomó un camino diferente al planteado en su inicio. En este trabajo se explican las razones por las que fue necesario adaptar estrategias metodológicas, reconociendo dos conceptos: reflexividad y flexibilidad. Se plantean además, algunas implicaciones en el diseño por la característica transnacional de la comunidad y sus miembros.
Comparison of 30-Day Morbidity and Mortality After Arthroscopic Bankart, Open Bankart, and Latarjet-Bristow Procedures: A Review of 2864 Cases
Authors: Bokshan Steven L. , DeFroda Steven F. , Owens Brett D. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Surgical intervention for anterior shoulder instability is commonly performed and is highly successful in reducing instances of recurrent instability. Purpose: To determine and compare the incidence of 30-day complications and patient and surgical risk factors for complications for arthroscopic Bankart, open Bankart, and Latarjet-Bristow procedures. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: All arthroscopic Bankart, open Bankart, and Latarjet-Bristow procedures from 2005 to 2014 from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP) prospective database were analyzed. Baseline patient variables were assessed, including the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Outcomes measures included length of operation, length of hospital stay, need for hospital admission, 30-day readmission, and 30-day return to the operating room. Binary logistic regression was performed for the presence of any complications after all 3 procedures. Results: There were 2864 surgical procedures (410 open Bankart, 163 Latarjet-Bristow, and 2291 arthroscopic Bankart) included. There was no significant difference with regard to age ( P = .11), body mass index ( P = .17), American Society of Anesthesiologists class ( P = .423), or CCI ( P = .479) for each group. The Latarjet-Bristow procedure had the highest overall complication rate (5.5%) compared with open (1.0%) and arthroscopic (0.6%) Bankart repairs. The Latarjet-Bristow procedure had significantly longer mean operative times ( P < .001) in addition to the highest 30-day return rate to the operating room (4.3%; 95% confidence interval, 1.2%-7.4%). Smoking status was an independent predictor of a postoperative complication ( P = .05; odds ratio, 8.0) after Latarjet-Bristow. Conclusion: Surgical intervention for anterior shoulder instability has a low rate of complication (arthroscopic Bankart, 0.6%; open Bankart, 1.0%; Latarjet-Bristow, 5.5%) in the early postoperative period, with the most common being surgical site infection, deep vein thrombosis, and return to the operating room.