bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary sodium, dietary potassium, and systolic blood pressure in US adolescents
Authors: Chmielewski Jennifer , Carmody J. Bryan 
Published: May 2017

Both high sodium and low potassium diets are associated with hypertension, but whether these risk factors are distinct or overlapping has not been thoroughly investigated. The authors evaluated the relationship between dietary sodium, potassium, and high systolic blood pressure among 4716 adolescents aged 12 to 14 years who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey from 1999 to 2012. There was no association with blood pressure across most values of sodium or potassium intake. However, participants who reported sodium intake ≥7500 mg/d, potassium <700 mg/d, or sodium‐potassium ratio ≥2.5 had increased odds for high systolic blood pressure (≥95th percentile for age, sex, and height). Although the high sodium and low potassium groups did not overlap, 49.2% of these adolescents also had a sodium‐potassium ratio ≥2.5. In young adolescents, both excessive sodium and limited potassium are associated with high systolic blood pressure, but the balance between sodium and potassium intake may be more useful in explaining blood pressure in this population.
Multimorbidity in bullous pemphigoid: a case–control analysis of bullous pemphigoid patients with age‐ and gender‐matched controls
Authors: Sim B. , Fook‐Chong S. , Phoon Y.W. , Koh H.Y. , Thirumoorthy T. , Pang S.M. , Lee H.Y. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundBullous pemphigoid (BP) is the most common autoimmune blistering disease in the elderly and is associated with increased mortality. The extent of multimorbidity in patients with BP and its impact on survival are unclear.ObjectivesTo describe the extent and spectrum of multimorbidity in patients with BP and to ascertain its impact on survival.MethodologyThis was a case–control study conducted in the setting of an academic medical centre. Cases defined as newly diagnosed BP patients referred to the inpatient dermatology service between 2005 and 2014. For every case, three age‐ and gender‐matched controls were randomly selected. Retrospective review of medical records was performed. Univariate and multivariate comparisons of cases and controls were performed using conditional logistic regression.ResultsA total of 105 cases and 315 controls were included in this study. Eighty‐eight cases (84%) were multimorbid (≥2 chronic diseases) as compared to 205 controls (65%) (P < 0.001), while the mean number of comorbid conditions was 3.2 ± 1.6 in cases compared to 2.4 ± 1.6 in controls (P < 0.001). 43% of cases had ≥4 comorbidities compared to 27% in controls (P = 0.003). On multivariate analysis (adjusting for age, gender and comorbidities), neurological disease (OR 10.93; CI: 5.74, 20.79) and hypertension (OR 2.38; CI: 1.18, 4.77) were positively associated with BP. Charlson comorbidity index was 6.0 ± 2.5 in cases compared to 5.0 ± 2.1 in controls (P = 0.002), and the 1‐year mortality of cases and controls was 32.4% and 17.8%, respectively.ConclusionOur study has shown that a significant proportion of patients with BP are multimorbid and individually have a higher number of comorbidities compared to matched controls. Disease burden and multimorbidity may well impact the prognosis of patients with BP.
Physical Abuse of Elderly Adults: Victim Characteristics and Determinants of Revictimization
Authors: Friedman Lee S. , Avila Susan , Rizvi Tazeen , Partida Renee , Friedman Daniel 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTo describe victim characteristics and determinants of recurrent physical abuse of elderly.DesignMulticenter retrospective analysis of multiple data systems to study victims of elder mistreatment in the greater Chicago metropolitan area.SettingFive teaching hospitals with Level 1 trauma centers.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 60 and older treated for physical and sexual abuse between 2000 and 2011.MeasurementsHistory of revictimization was based on hospital admission histories, Adult Protective Services records, and self‐report. Death records were also linked to participant files.ResultsFifty‐eight individuals (52.3%) out of 111 cases suffering physical abuse had documented histories of revictimization. Based on multivariable models, individuals who were female, widowed, diagnosed with dementia, and returning to the home where the perpetrator lived or visited were substantially more likely to be revictimized. Revictimized individuals were more likely to be assaulted through unarmed force by a proximal relative, in particular a husband, boyfriend, child, or child‐in‐law. Based on hospital records, only 57% of community‐dwelling cases had their abuse reported to Adult Protective Services or the police, and only 26.6% had Adult Protective Services investigations on record.ConclusionBetter screening that connects victims of abuse with community services, police action, and alternative residential options is important in reducing the risk of revictimization and connecting individuals with resources that can improve their safety at home, regardless of whether it is in the community or a residential facility.
Phylogenetic and functional structure of lichen communities under contrasting environmental conditions
Authors: Prieto Maria , Martínez Isabel , Aragón Gregorio , Verdú Miguel 
Published: May 2017

AbstractQuestionIn order to identify the factors and assembly rules which potentially shape natural lichen communities we asked whether these communities are phylogenetically and functionally structured along an environmental gradient in beech forests in the Iberian Peninsula.LocationA climatic gradient in the Iberian Peninsula.MethodsWe used species inventories, trait data and a molecular dated phylogeny to calculate phylogenetic and functional community metrics. We examined the phylogenetic and functional diversity of epiphytic lichen assemblages in nine beech forests along an environmental gradient.ResultsWe found a significant pattern in the average phylogenetic and functional diversity across sites. Species at northern sites were less closely related than expected by chance (phylogenetic and functional overdispersion), suggesting that these communities could be structured by species interactions limiting the similarity among them (e.g. by competition and facilitation). In contrast, species occurring in the southern distributional limit of the host tree were phylogenetically and functionally clustered, implying that these communities could be primarily structured by environmental filtering, driven by the reduction of summer rainfall. Lower precipitation areas favoured fruticulose and squamulose species and a larger proportion of species with green algal photobionts and asexual reproduction.ConclusionsOur results suggest that environmental filtering and species interactions regulate lichen communities differently under contrasting environmental conditions in beech forests in the Iberian Peninsula. These processes are reflected by the presence of key lichen traits that are phylogenetically conserved and can provide advantages for competition or adaptation to the environment.
Authoritarian Regimes and Their Permitted Oppositions: Election Day Outcomes in Cuba
Authors: Domínguez Jorge I. , Galvis Ángela Fonseca , Superti Chiara 
Published: May 2017

AbstractElectoral opposition to long-established authoritarian regimes may be loyal or rejectionist. Loyal oppositionists vote to send a selective signal to rulers; rejectionist oppositionists vote blank or void the ballot in full disapproval. In Cuba, the number of candidates equals the number of seats, yet voters may vote blank, void, or selectively (choosing some but not all candidates on the ballot), although the Communist Party has campaigned for all candidates. This article uses a unique dataset for Cuba's 2013 National Assembly elections to study aggregate opposition outcomes. It shows the emergence of a loyal opposition, which sometimes votes for and sometimes against Communist Party candidates. The rejectionist opposition, stable over time, never votes for Communist Party candidates; it is found where the Communist Party behaves monopolistically. This combined opposition has better national-level political information; it comes from more educated or larger urban areas or areas closer to Havana.
Effects of Institutional Reforms on Women's Representation in Colombia, 1960–2014
Authors: Buitrago Mónica Pachón , Aroca María Paula 
Published: May 2017

AbstractStarting in the 1990s, reforms aimed at addressing the underrepresentation of women have been implemented in Colombia. However, research on the consequences of these reforms has been inconclusive. This article analyzes the influence of institutional variables on the proportion of nominated and elected women in Colombia between 1962 and 2014, at both the national and local levels of government, in three different institutional environments. Results confirm the influence of institutional change, indicating that decentralizing reforms and the introduction of the gender quota have had a positive impact on the proportion of women's candidacies and elections, but that the adoption of the open list negatively affected the percentage of elected women.
Pragmatic encroachment in epistemology
Authors: Kim Brian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEpistemology orthodoxy is a purist one in the sense that it separates out the epistemic from the practical. What counts as evidence is independent of what we care about. Which beliefs count as justified and which count as knowledge are independent of our practical concerns. In recent years, many epistemologists have abandoned such purist views and embraced varying degrees of pragmatic encroachment on the epistemic. I survey a variety of these views and explore the main arguments that proponents of pragmatic encroachment have offered in addition to the main criticisms of the pragmatic approach.
Kinds of norms
Authors: O'Neill Elizabeth 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article provides an overview of recent, empirically supported categorization schemes that have been proposed to distinguish different kinds of norms. Amongst these are the moral–conventional distinction and divisions within moral norms such as those proposed by moral foundations theory. I identify several dimensions along which norms have been and could usefully be categorized. I discuss some of the most prominent norm categorization proposals and the aims of these existing categorization schemes. I propose that we take a pluralistic approach toward categorizing norms: Depending on our goals, it may be useful to focus on different features of norms, and as a result, it will be useful to categorize norms in multiple ways.
Advertising exposure and use of e‐cigarettes among female current and former tobacco users of childbearing age
Authors: Ashford Kristin , Rayens Emily , Wiggins Amanda T. , Rayens Mary Kay , Fallin Amanda , Sayre Molly Malany 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe study examined the relationship between exposure to e‐cigarette advertising and e‐cigarette use by pregnancy status, including use of flavored e‐cigarette products, among women of childbearing age.DesignA cross‐sectional, correlational design was used.SubjectsFemale current or former tobacco users in Central and Eastern Kentucky, 18–45 years old (N = 194, 52% pregnant).MeasuresDemographics, pregnancy status, cigarette and e‐cigarette use, and exposure to e‐cigarette advertising.ResultsYounger age, white non‐Hispanic race, and greater exposure to e‐cigarette advertising were associated with a higher likelihood of ever using e‐cigarettes (p < .05 for each variable). Pregnancy was not associated with ever use (p = .11). Younger age was associated with use of flavored e‐cigarettes (p = .0027). Among e‐cigarette users, those who used flavored products were more likely to have seen advertisements or information about e‐cigarettes on social media, compared to those who used unflavored e‐cigarettes only (p = .016).ConclusionThere is a link between advertising exposure and ever use of e‐cigarettes. Pregnancy status is not significantly associated with ever use. Use of flavored e‐cigarettes is associated with younger age. E‐cigarette users with greater exposure to advertising on social media were more likely to use flavored products.
Ultrasound‐Guided Cannulation of the Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Access
Authors: Ward Frank , Faratro Rose , McQuillan Rory F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSuccessful cannulation of the arteriovenous access for patients with end‐stage kidney failure to allow catheter‐free hemodialysis is associated with superior patient outcomes. With an increasing rate of arteriovenous access creation, coupled with increasing dialysis patient age, the “difficult‐to‐cannulate” access is becoming more commonplace. Ultrasound‐guided cannulation aims to improve first‐time successful cannulations and minimize cannulation‐associated complications such as infiltration and hematoma formation, minimizing delays in access use and reducing catheter dependency. Ultrasound‐guided cannulation has the potential to not only improve patient experience but also reduce morbidity associated with complications, dialysis catheter dependency, and subsequent healthcare costs. A smooth and complication‐free dialysis initiation is also important for the longevity of technique survival and self‐cannulation in home hemodialysis patients. Appropriate training of the ultrasound operator is required to ensure competent image acquisition with simultaneous needling. There are various approaches and considerations in choosing how to apply the ultrasound probe and needle the access, which are often governed by personal choice, training, and institutional patterns of practice more than a robust evidence base. Future research should focus on providing more clarity on the optimal method of utilizing ultrasound guidance in arteriovenous access cannulation, the precise indications for its use and, lastly, the benefits it confers compared to traditional blind cannulation.
The complex diagenetic history of discontinuities in shallow‐marine carbonate rocks: New insights from high‐resolution ion microprobe investigation of δ18O and δ13C of early cements
Authors: Andrieu Simon , Brigaud Benjamin , Barbarand Jocelyn , Lasseur Eric 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSedimentary gaps are a major obstacle in the reconstruction of a carbonate platform's history. In order to improve the understanding of the early diagenesis and the succession of events occurring during the formation of discontinuity surfaces in limestones, secondary ion mass spectrometry was used for the first time to measure the δ18O and δ13C signatures of 11 early cement and fabric stages in several discontinuity surfaces from the Jurassic carbonate platform of the Paris Basin, France. Pendant cements show a high variability in δ18O, which was impossible to detect by the less precise microdrilling method. The morphology of a given cement can be produced in various environments, and dogtooth cements especially can precipitate in marine phreatic and meteoric phreatic to vadose environments. Marine dogtooth cements and micritic microbially induced fabrics precipitated directly as low‐magnesium calcite in marine waters, as attested to by the preservation of their initial δ18O and δ13C signals. Five discontinuity types are recognized based on high‐resolution geochemical analyses, and their palaeoenvironmental history can be reconstructed. Two exposure surfaces with non‐ferroan pendant or meniscus cements formed in the oxidizing vadose zone. A hardground displays marine fibrous cements and non‐ferroan dogtooth cements that formed in a subtidal environment in oxidizing water. Two composite surfaces have undergone both marine and subaerial lithification. Composite surface 1 displays non‐luminescent ferroan dogtooth cements that precipitated in reduced conditions in seawater, followed by brown‐luminescent dogtooth cements characteristic of a meteoric phreatic environment. Composite surface 2 exhibits microbially induced fabrics that formed in marine water with abundant organic matter. The latter discontinuity, initially formed in a subtidal environment, was subsequently exposed to meteoric conditions, as evidenced by ferroan geopetal cements. A high‐resolution ion microprobe study is essential to precisely document the successive diagenetic environments that have affected carbonate rocks and discontinuities with a polygenic and intricate history.
Spatial aggregation of soil property predictions in support of local land management
Authors: Vaysse K. , Heuvelink G. B. M. , Lagacherie P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOver the past decades, numerous practical applications of Digital Soil Mapping have emerged to respond to the need of land managers. One important contribution to this effort is the release of regional‐scale soil maps from the GlobalSoilMap (GSM) project. While the GSM project aims at producing soil property predictions on a fine 90 × 90 m grid at the global scale, land managers often require aggregated information over larger areas of interest (e.g. farms, watersheds, municipalities). This study evaluated a geostatistical procedure aiming at aggregating GSM grids to a land management scale, thereby providing land suitability maps with associated uncertainty for the French region ‘Languedoc‐Roussillon’ (27 236 km2). Specifically, maps were derived from three GSM prediction grids (pH, organic carbon and clay content) by calculating the proportion of ‘suitable’ agricultural land within a municipality, where suitability was defined as having soil property values below or above a predefined threshold (pH < 5.5, OC < 10 g/kg, clay > 375 g/kg). Calculation of these nonlinear spatial aggregates and the associated uncertainty involved a three‐step approach: (i) sampling from the conditional probability distributions of the soil properties at all grid cells by means of sequential Gaussian simulation applied to a regression kriging model, (ii) transformation of soil properties to suitability indicators for all grid cell samples generated in the first step and (iii) spatial aggregation of the suitability indicators from grid cells to municipalities. The maps produced show large differences between municipality areas for all three land suitability indicators. The uncertainties associated with the aggregated suitability indicators were moderate. This approach demonstrated that fine‐scale GSM products may also fulfil user demands at coarser land management scales, without jeopardizing uncertainty quantification requirements.
Record of enhanced late Pliocene tectono‐volcanic activity in the Lesser Antilles forearc basin: Insights into the long‐term behaviour of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone
Authors: Léticée Jean‐Len , Philippon Mélody , Cornée Jean‐Jacques , Münch Philippe , De Min Lyvane , Noury Mélanie , Randrianasolo Auran , Lebrun Jean‐Frédéric 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this study, we investigate the Lesser Antilles forearc basin, focusing on the late Pliocene to Pleistocene sedimentary archives in order to track the occurrence of extreme events triggered by enhanced subduction‐related tectono‐volcanic activity. We identify late Piacenzian deposits covering a major regional erosional surface, displaying sedimentary dykes and large marine boulders embedded in a mixed continental–marine matrix, characteristic of tsunamites. We interpret this episode of platform emersion and the successive cataclysmic deposits as resulting from enhanced tectonic activity at the interface of the subduction zone, synchronous with the initiation of the Lesser Antilles volcanic arc. We then discuss the implications in terms of the mechanical behaviour of the Lesser Antilles subduction zone.
Light adaptation and the evolution of vertebrate photoreceptors
Authors: Morshedian Ala , Fain Gordon L. 
Published: May 2017

Key Points
Lamprey are cyclostomes, a group of vertebrates that diverged from lines leading to jawed vertebrates (including mammals) in the late Cambrian, 500 million years ago. It may therefore be possible to infer properties of photoreceptors in early vertebrate progenitors by comparing lamprey to other vertebrates.
We show that lamprey rods and cones respond to light much like rods and cones in amphibians and mammals. They operate over a similar range of light intensities and adapt to backgrounds and bleaches nearly identically.
These correspondences are pervasive and detailed; they argue for the presence of rods and cones very early in the evolution of vertebrates with properties much like those of rods and cones in existing vertebrate species.
AbstractThe earliest vertebrates were agnathans – fish‐like organisms without jaws, which first appeared near the end of the Cambrian radiation. One group of agnathans became cyclostomes, which include lamprey and hagfish. Other agnathans gave rise to jawed vertebrates or gnathostomes, the group including all other existing vertebrate species. Because cyclostomes diverged from other vertebrates 500 million years ago, it may be possible to infer some of the properties of the retina of early vertebrate progenitors by comparing lamprey to other vertebrates. We have previously shown that rods and cones in lamprey respond to light much like photoreceptors in other vertebrates and have a similar sensitivity. We now show that these affinities are even closer. Both rods and cones adapt to background light and to bleaches in a manner almost identical to other vertebrate photoreceptors. The operating range in darkness is nearly the same in lamprey and in amphibian or mammalian rods and cones; moreover background light shifts response–intensity curves downward and to the right over a similar range of ambient intensities. Rods show increment saturation at about the same intensity as mammalian rods, and cones never saturate. Bleaches decrease sensitivity in part by loss of quantum catch and in part by opsin activation of transduction. These correspondences are so numerous and pervasive that they are unlikely to result from convergent evolution but argue instead that early vertebrate progenitors of both cyclostomes and mammals had photoreceptors much like our own.