bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acceptabilité sociale : partager l’embarras
Authors: Barbier Rémi , Nadaï Alain 
Published: January 2016

L’« acceptabilité sociale » est devenue un registre de qualification incontournable pour tout projet technologique. Loin d’être un phénomène provisoire, lié à un déficit conjoncturel d’accompagnement des projets, ce caractère incontournable a une dimension structurelle, liée aux inévitables mises à l’épreuve des dispositifs sociotechniques et de leur assemblage. L’article introduit une distinction entre enjeu et problème d’acceptabilité. Le premier terme désigne une condition inhérente au travail d’assemblage de tout dispositif sociotechnique, bien analysée par la sociologie des sciences et techniques. Le second pointe une configuration dans laquelle cet enjeu prend une dimension et un mode de régulation publics. L’analyse sociologique des processus d’assemblage de dispositifs sociotechniques (l’enjeu d’acceptabilité) nous permet de mettre en perspective le problème d’acceptabilité comme épreuve de réouverture de cet assemblage. Nous décrivons, à partir des analyses empiriques disponibles, les contours et les dynamiques de cette épreuve, ainsi que ses effets potentiels. Il ressort de cet ensemble que les épreuves d’acceptabilité demeurent fondamentalement ambivalentes. Les usages sociaux de l’expression, les cadrages potentiellement très orientés dont elle peut faire l’objet dans la pratique, à l’occasion des problèmes d’acceptabilité, suggèrent une prudence d’engagement du côté des sciences sociales. La description de ces problèmes d’acceptabilité comme épreuves de réouverture des assemblages sociotechniques, nous permet de dériver quelques critères pour un engagement prudent des chercheurs dans l’accompagnement de ces épreuves.
Mettre cartes sur table et parler de son territoire de l’eau : un (en)jeu pour les acteurs ?
Authors: Barataud  Fabienne , Arrighi Aude , Durpoix  Amandine 
Published: January 2016

La construction collective de solutions sur des territoires où s’exprime un problème de qualité de la ressource en eau se heurte bien souvent à la difficulté qu’ont les acteurs locaux à partager différents points de vue sur un objet commun. Un nouvel outil a donc été conçu qui permet l’expression des points clés tels que perçus par chaque acteur concernant son territoire de l’eau. Cet outil est composé de cartes (format cartes à jouer) sur lesquelles figurent des pictogrammes illustrant des thématiques multiples liées à la question de la qualité de l’eau. Il a été testé sur cinq Aires d’Alimentation de Captage lors d’entretiens individuels. Ce test a permis de vérifier que l’outil est complet et qu’il permet aux acteurs de structurer leur discours en faisant émerger, de façon satisfaisante pour eux, les éléments qu’ils jugent explicatifs de leur territoire. On a vérifié que ces territoires, bien que contraints par un même cadre réglementaire, sont loin d’être identiques dans leurs éléments structurants et explicatifs, et que les visions portées sur un même territoire par différents acteurs ne sont pas concordantes, mais liées à leurs objectifs propres. Rendre ces différences de perceptions explicites pour les acteurs locaux est important pour la construction de solutions efficaces et acceptables localement. L’originalité et l’intérêt principal de ce nouvel outil résident dans la plasticité (un même visuel « absorbe » des discours variés) et la neutralité des cartes, ce qui éloigne les discours de positions et encourage, au contraire, l’expression de besoins ou l’analyse de la situation.
Favoriser la restauration de la biodiversité en milieu urbain : les facteurs de réussite dans le cadre de quatre projets de restauration
Authors: El Jai Boutaina , Pruneau Diane 
Published: January 2016

La biodiversité en ville joue un rôle très important dans l’équilibre de notre planète. La présence d’éléments naturels améliore la qualité écologique, sociale, environnementale et esthétique d’un milieu urbain. Le retour de la biodiversité en ville peut être promu grâce à diverses structures tels les corridors écologiques, les passages fauniques, les toits verts et les plantes grimpantes. L’objectif de l’étude de cas qualitative était d’identifier les facteurs qui favorisent la restauration de la biodiversité en ville. Quatre projets de restauration de la biodiversité ont été étudiés dans les régions de Montréal et de Québec. L’analyse des entrevues menées avec des acteurs des projets a permis de déterminer diverses catégories de facteurs, dont les facteurs sociaux, politiques, techniques et écologiques. Selon les répondants, ce sont principalement les facteurs sociaux qui favorisent la réussite des projets de restauration de la biodiversité. Parmi les facteurs sociaux, on retrouve l’acceptation et l’adhésion citoyenne ; l’éducation et la sensibilisation des citoyens ; la participation des résidents ; le choix des emplacements des sites de restauration ; l’implication des ONG et la couverture médiatique. L’acceptation sociale des mesures de restauration de la biodiversité implantées émerge comme le plus important facteur. La réussite d’un projet de restauration de la biodiversité en ville repose donc en grande partie sur l’adhésion des citoyens.
Preparation and Characteristics of a Novel Sorptive Extraction Stir Bar Based on Cd-Imprinted Polymer Monoliths
Authors: Wang Shiru , Wang Sui 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A novel monolithic stir-bar for Cd(II) sorption extraction was prepared by ion-imprinting technology and in situ stepwise polymerization of epoxy resin (EP). The condensation product of diethylenetriamine and thiourea (DETATUC) was used as a curing agent, with Cd ions as template ions and polyethylene glycol 1540 as a porogenic agent. The main parameters of the stir-bar sorption extraction-EP-DETATUC material for the extraction and desorption of Cd(II) in aqueous solution were investigated, and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry was performed. The results showed that the monolithic material possessed good permeability and reusability. The maximum adsorption capacity was 136.58 μmol g−1 at pH 6.0. The optimized conditions were the following: stirring rate at 300 rpm, adsorption time at 40 min, elution media at 0.25 mol L−1 EDTA, and elution time at 20 min. The accuracy of the method was assessed by spiking two water samples and one plant sewage sample with Cd at two concentration levels. Recoveries of 96–102% were obtained.
Determination of Chloride in Infant Formula and Adult/Pediatric Nutritional Formula by Potentiometric Titration: Single-Laboratory Validation, First Action 2015.07
Authors: Bolong Wu , Fengxia Zhang , Xiaoning Ma , Fengjuan Zhou , Brunelle Sharon L 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A potentiometric method for determination of chloride was validated against AOAC Standard Method Performance Requirement (SMPR®) 2014.015. Ten AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals (SPIFAN) matrixes, including National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1849a, were tested in duplicate on 6 independent days. The repeatability (RSDr) ranged from 0.43 to 1.34%, and the intermediate reproducibility (RSDiR) ranged from 0.80 to 3.04%. All results for NIST SRM 1849a were within the range of the certified concentration (701 ± 17 mg/100 g). Recovery was demonstrated with two overspike levels, 50 and 100%, in the 10 SPIFAN matrixes. Samples were tested in duplicate on 3 different days, and all results were within the SMPR requirement of 95 to 105%. The LOQs of the method for powdered products and ready-to-feed or reconstituted products were 20 mg/100 g and 2.2 mg/100 mL, respectively. A wide analytical range from the LOQ to 99.5% chlorine content can be reached with an appropriate dilution factor, but in practice, the upper analytical value observed in routine matrix testing was approximately 1080 mg/100 g in skim milk powder. This is a rapid, simple, and reliable chlorine-testing method applicable to infant formula, adult nutritionals, and ingredients used in these dairy-based products, such as skim milk powder, desalted whey powder, whey protein powder, and whole milk powder.
Les perspectives humaniste et politique sur les droits humains
Authors: Gilabert Pablo , Bandini Aude 
Published: January 2016

Cet article s’intéresse au lien entre deux perspectives qui concernent la nature des droits humains. Selon la perspective « politique » ou « pratique », les droits humains sont des revendications que les individus entretiennent face à un certain nombre de structures institutionnelles, dans certains États modernes, en vertu des intérêts qui sont les leurs selon les contextes qui les mettent en jeu. Selon la perspective « humaniste » ou « naturaliste », plus traditionnelle, les droits humains sont des revendications pré-institutionnelles que les individus entretiennent face à tous les autres individus, en vertu d’intérêts propres à l’humanité qu’ils ont tous en partage. Cet article soutient qu’une fois qu’on identifie ces deux perspectives sous leur meilleur jour, on peut voir qu’elles sont complémentaires et qu’on a en réalité besoin de chacune d’elles pour donner sens, sur le plan normatif, à la pratique contemporaine des droits humains. J’y explique comment des considérations humanistes et politiques peuvent et même doivent travailler main dans la main si on veut rendre compte du concept, du contenu et de la justification des droits humains.
A MATLAB toolbox and Excel workbook for calculating the densities, seismic wave speeds, and major element composition of minerals and rocks at pressure and temperature
Authors: Abers Geoffrey A. , Hacker Bradley R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTo interpret seismic images, rock seismic velocities need to be calculated at elevated pressure and temperature for arbitrary compositions. This technical report describes an algorithm, software, and data to make such calculations from the physical properties of minerals. It updates a previous compilation and Excel® spreadsheet and includes new MATLAB® tools for the calculations. The database of 60 mineral end‐members includes all parameters needed to estimate density and elastic moduli for many crustal and mantle rocks at conditions relevant to the upper few hundreds of kilometers of Earth. The behavior of α and β quartz is treated as a special case, owing to its unusual Poisson's ratio and thermal expansion that vary rapidly near the α‐β transition. The MATLAB tools allow integration of these calculations into a variety of modeling and data analysis projects.
Alignment between seafloor spreading directions and absolute plate motions through time
Authors: Williams Simon E. , Flament Nicolas , Müller R. Dietmar 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe history of seafloor spreading in the ocean basins provides a detailed record of relative motions between Earth's tectonic plates since Pangea breakup. Determining how tectonic plates have moved relative to the Earth's deep interior is more challenging. Recent studies of contemporary plate motions have demonstrated links between relative plate motion and absolute plate motion (APM), and with seismic anisotropy in the upper mantle. Here we explore the link between spreading directions and APM since the Early Cretaceous. We find a significant alignment between APM and spreading directions at mid‐ocean ridges; however, the degree of alignment is influenced by geodynamic setting, and is strongest for mid‐Atlantic spreading ridges between plates that are not directly influenced by time‐varying slab pull. In the Pacific, significant mismatches between spreading and APM direction may relate to a major plate‐mantle reorganization. We conclude that spreading fabric can be used to improve models of APM.
The impact of an ICME on the Jovian X‐ray aurora
Authors: Dunn William R. , Branduardi‐Raymont Graziella , Elsner Ronald F. , Vogt Marissa F. , Lamy Laurent , Ford Peter G. , Coates Andrew J. , Gladstone G. Randall , Jackman Caitriona M. , Nichols Jonathan D. , Rae I. Jonathan , Varsani Ali , Kimura Tomoki , Hansen Kenneth C. , Jasinski Jamie M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe report the first Jupiter X‐ray observations planned to coincide with an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME). At the predicted ICME arrival time, we observed a factor of ∼8 enhancement in Jupiter's X‐ray aurora. Within 1.5 h of this enhancement, intense bursts of non‐Io decametric radio emission occurred. Spatial, spectral, and temporal characteristics also varied between ICME arrival and another X‐ray observation two days later. Gladstone et al. (2002) discovered the polar X‐ray hot spot and found it pulsed with 45 min quasiperiodicity. During the ICME arrival, the hot spot expanded and exhibited two periods: 26 min periodicity from sulfur ions and 12 min periodicity from a mixture of carbon/sulfur and oxygen ions. After the ICME, the dominant period became 42 min. By comparing Vogt et al. (2011) Jovian mapping models with spectral analysis, we found that during ICME arrival at least two distinct ion populations, from Jupiter's dayside, produced the X‐ray aurora. Auroras mapping to magnetospheric field lines between 50 and 70 RJ were dominated by emission from precipitating sulfur ions (S7+,…,14+). Emissions mapping to closed field lines between 70 and 120 RJ and to open field lines were generated by a mixture of precipitating oxygen (O7+,8+) and sulfur/carbon ions, possibly implying some solar wind precipitation. We suggest that the best explanation for the X‐ray hot spot is pulsed dayside reconnection perturbing magnetospheric downward currents, as proposed by Bunce et al. (2004). The auroral enhancement has different spectral, spatial, and temporal characteristics to the hot spot. By analyzing these characteristics and coincident radio emissions, we propose that the enhancement is driven directly by the ICME through Jovian magnetosphere compression and/or a large‐scale dayside reconnection event.
Using a genetic algorithm to estimate the details of earthquake slip distributions from point surface displacements
Authors: Lindsay A. , McCloskey J. , Nic Bhloscaidh M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractExamining fault activity over several earthquake cycles is necessary for long‐term modeling of the fault strain budget and stress state. While this requires knowledge of coseismic slip distributions for successive earthquakes along the fault, these exist only for the most recent events. However, overlying the Sunda Trench, sparsely distributed coral microatolls are sensitive to tectonically induced changes in relative sea levels and provide a century‐spanning paleogeodetic and paleoseismic record. Here we present a new technique called the Genetic Algorithm Slip Estimator to constrain slip distributions from observed surface deformations of corals. We identify a suite of models consistent with the observations, and from them we compute an ensemble estimate of the causative slip. We systematically test our technique using synthetic data. Applying the technique to observed coral displacements for the 2005 Nias‐Simeulue earthquake and 2007 Mentawai sequence, we reproduce key features of slip present in previously published inversions such as the magnitude and location of slip asperities. From the displacement data available for the 1797 and 1833 Mentawai earthquakes, we present slip estimates reproducing observed displacements. The areas of highest modeled slip in the paleoearthquake are nonoverlapping, and our solutions appear to tile the plate interface, complementing one another. This observation is supported by the complex rupture pattern of the 2007 Mentawai sequence, underlining the need to examine earthquake occurrence through long‐term strain budget and stress modeling. Although developed to estimate earthquake slip, the technique is readily adaptable for a wider range of applications.
The rock physics and geochemistry of carbonates exposed to reactive brines
Authors: Clark Anthony C. , Vanorio Tiziana 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhen carbonate‐rich rocks are brought into contact with an acidic brine their mechanical and acoustic responses depend on many factors including pH, porosity, permeability, effective stress, and time. These complexities hinder the understanding of processes such as hydrothermal fluid circulation, seismicity, and deep burial diagenesis. The present study addresses how different lithofacies exposed to the same reactive brine undergo varying degrees of transformation and whether it is possible to remotely detect these phenomena in the Earth. Results are presented from fluid injections carried out on a large and varied set of calcareous rocks under hydrostatic stress. The output brine was analyzed for dissolved mineral concentrations and the rock porosity, permeability, axial strain, ultrasonic velocity, and images from electron microscopy were contrasted before and after injection. Microbialites were found to be the lithofacies most vulnerable to changes in their transport properties. However, all samples irreversibly compacted with the greatest strain in the most porous and permeable cores. The most extreme structural changes discovered through imaging were the welding of microporous zones, grain sliding, and the fracturing of various phases. Observations are consistent with a chemically enhanced weakening of the rock frame that generated compliant pores. The associated decrease in velocity of the dry rock can be approximated with linear relations that depend on both porosity and effective stress.
The characteristics and dynamics of wave‐driven flow across a platform coral reef in the Red Sea
Authors: Lentz S. J. , Churchill J. H. , Davis K. A. , Farrar J. T. , Pineda J. , Starczak V. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractCurrent dynamics across a platform reef in the Red Sea near Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, are examined using 18 months of current profile, pressure, surface wave, and wind observations. The platform reef is 700 m long, 200 m across with spatial and temporal variations in water depth over the reef ranging from 0.6 to 1.6 m. Surface waves breaking at the seaward edge of the reef cause a 2–10 cm setup of sea level that drives cross‐reef currents of 5–20 cm s−1. Bottom stress is a significant component of the wave setup balance in the surf zone. Over the reef flat, where waves are not breaking, the cross‐reef pressure gradient associated with wave setup is balanced by bottom stress. The quadratic drag coefficient for the depth‐average flow decreases with increasing water depth from Cda = 0.17 in 0.4 m of water to Cda = 0.03 in 1.2 m of water. The observed dependence of the drag coefficient on water depth is consistent with open‐channel flow theory and a hydrodynamic roughness of zo = 0.06 m. A simple one‐dimensional model driven by incident surface waves and wind stress accurately reproduces the observed depth‐averaged cross‐reef currents and a portion of the weaker along‐reef currents over the focus reef and two other Red Sea platform reefs. The model indicates the cross‐reef current is wave forced and the along‐reef current is partially wind forced.
Airborne quantification of upper tropospheric NOx production from lightning in deep convective storms over the United States Great Plains
Authors: Pollack I. B. , Homeyer C. R. , Ryerson T. B. , Aikin K. C. , Peischl J. , Apel E. C. , Campos T. , Flocke F. , Hornbrook R. S. , Knapp D. J. , Montzka D. D. , Weinheimer A. J. , Riemer D. , Diskin G. , Sachse G. , Mikoviny T. , Wisthaler A. , Bruning E. , MacGorman D. , Cummings K. A. , Pickering K. E. , Huntrieser H. , Lichtenstern M. , Schlager H. , Barth M. C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe reported range for global production of nitrogen oxides (NOx = NO + NO2) by lightning remains large (e.g., 32 to 664 mol NOx flash−1), despite incorporating results from over 30 individual laboratory, theoretical, and field studies since the 1970s. Airborne and ground‐based observations from the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry experiment in May and June 2012 provide a new data set for calculating moles of NOx produced per lightning flash, P(NOx), in thunderstorms over the United States Great Plains. This analysis utilizes a combination of in situ observations of storm inflow and outflow from three instrumented aircraft, three‐dimensional spatial information from ground‐based radars and satellite observations, and spatial and temporal information for intracloud and cloud‐to‐ground lightning flashes from ground‐based lightning mapping arrays. Evaluation of two analysis methods (e.g., a volume‐based approach and a flux‐based approach) for converting enhancements in lightning‐produced NOx from volume‐based mixing ratios to moles NOx flash−1 suggests that both methods equally approximate P(NOx) for storms with elongated anvils, while the volume‐based approach better approximates P(NOx) for storms with circular‐shaped anvils. Results from the more robust volume‐based approach for three storms sampled over Oklahoma and Colorado during DC3 suggest a range of 142 to 291 (average of 194) moles NOx flash−1 (or 117–332 mol NOx flash−1 including uncertainties). Although not vastly different from the previously reported range for storms occurring in the Great Plains (e.g., 21–465 mol NOx flash−1), results from this analysis of DC3 storms offer more constrained upper and lower limits for P(NOx) in this geographical region.
Surfactant effect on cloud condensation nuclei for two‐component internally mixed aerosols
Authors: Petters Sarah Suda , Petters Markus Dirk 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis work presents experimental data on the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) activity of two‐component mixtures containing surfactants. Nine binary systems were tested combining strong ionic (sodium dodecyl sulfate) and nonionic surfactants (Zonyl FS‐300 and Triton X‐100) with nonsurfactant compounds (glucose, ammonium sulfate, or sodium chloride). Control tests were performed for systems combining organic (glucose) and inorganic compounds (ammonium sulfate or sodium chloride). Results show that CCN activity deviates strongly relative to predictions made from measurements of bulk surface tension. Köhler theory accounting for surface tension reduction and surface partitioning underpredicts the CCN activity of particles containing Zonyl FS‐300 and Triton X‐100. Partitioning theory better describes data for Zonyl FS‐300 and Triton X‐100 when limiting surface adsorption to 1.5 monolayers of the growing drop. Deviations from predictions were observed. Likely explanations include solute‐solute interactions and nonspherical particle shape. The findings presented here examine in detail the perturbation of CCN activity by surfactants and may offer insight into both the success and limitations of physical models describing CCN activity of surface active molecules.