bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pneumonia treatment by photodynamic therapy with extracorporeal illumination ‐ an experimental model
Authors: Geralde Mariana C. , Leite Ilaiáli S. , Inada Natalia M. , Salina Ana Carolina G. , Medeiros Alexandra I. , Kuebler Wolfgang M. , Kurachi Cristina , Bagnato Vanderlei S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractInfectious pneumonia is a major cause of morbidity/mortality, mainly because of the increasing rate of microorganisms resistant to antibiotics. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT) is emerging as a promising approach, as effects are based on oxidative stress, preventing microorganism resistance. In two previous studies, the in vitro inactivation of Streptococcus pneumoniae using indocyanine green (ICG) and infrared light source was a success killing 5 log10 colony‐forming units (CFU/mL) with only 10 μmol/L ICG. In this work, a proof‐of‐principle protocol was designed to treat lung infections by PDT using extracorporeal illumination with a 780 nm laser device and also ICG as photosensitizer. Hairless mice were infected with S. pneumoniae and PDT was performed two days after infection. For control groups, CFU recovery ranged between 103–104/mouse. For PDT group, however, no bacteria were recovered in 80% of the animals. Based on this result, animal survival was evaluated separately over 50 days. No deaths occurred in PDT group, whereas 60% of the control group died. Our results indicate that extracorporeal PDT has the potential for pneumonia treatment, and pulmonary decontamination with PDT may be used as a single therapy or as an antibiotics adjuvant.
Los límites a la discrecionalidad judicial en la constitución política de 1991
Authors: Castaño Silvio León 
Published: March 2017

<p>Con el ensayo se pretende demostrar que la discrecionalidad judicial en los procesos ordinarios denominados casos difíciles y/o trágicos está limitada por los diferentes valores y principios positivados en la Constitución Política, por el bloque de constitucionalidad estricto y por la determinación que de los textos constitucionales vagos hacen el Congreso y la Corte Constitucional.</p><p>Para lograrlo, las contradicciones para definir los conceptos de moral, justicia y orden público, constituyen el basamento para afirmar que la Constitución Política de 1991 tiene gran carga valorativa, dejando abierta su precisión al Congreso y a la Corte Constitucional en cada momento histórico, respetando en todo caso los valores elegidos por consenso en el texto constitucional, por lo que considerar sus normas como reglas no tiene asidero alguno.</p><p>Igualmente se harán explicitas las normas constitucionales que obligan a los jueces a realizar juicios de valor al decidir cada caso, más concretamente se demostrará que la validez de las normas jurídicas pende del cumplimiento de los procedimientos democráticos de expedición de normas, y del respeto por los contenidos valorativos de la dogmática constitucional.</p><p> </p>
The effect of application of contextual teaching and learning (CTL) model-based on lesson study with mind mapping media to assess student learning outcomes on chemistry on colloid systems
Authors: Fadillah Annisa , Dewi Ni Putu Laksmi Cintya , Ridho Dimas , Majid Ahmad Nurkholis , Prastiwi Meidiana Nur Budi 
Published: March 2017

<p class="Abstract">The research was conducted to determine the effect of the application of CTL learning model based on lesson study with mind mapping media to the learning outcomes of students on colloid systems. The population of this research was all students of grade XI of SMA N 1 Sunggal. The sample was taken using on the purposive random sampling. The Experiment class was taught with Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model based on Lesson Study with Mind Mapping media and the control class taught with conventional learning model. The data was collected using an objective test was consisting of 20 questions which validity, reliability, level of difficulty and power of difference had been tested. T test results showed that t<sub>calculate</sub> = 2.1 and t<sub>table</sub> = 1.6697 thus t<sub>calculate</sub>&gt; t<sub>table</sub> which means that Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected. The enhancement of the student learning outcomes showed that the results of experiment class are g = 72.88%, while the control class is 68.97%. From the percentage, it can be seen that learning outcomes of the experiment class are greater than the control class. The analysis of developing cognitive aspects pointed out that C1 = 70.02%, C2 = 73.58%, C3 = 68.63%, Thus the domain of cognitive level are on the cognitive aspects of C2. The result of Lesson Study Analysis showed the results of 71.09% at the first lesson and 88.28% at the second lesson. It means that there is increasing adherence to the indicators after two lessons. Based on the above results, it can be concluded that the result of studying chemistry of the students of class XI of SMA Negeri I Sunggal TA 2014/2015 taught by a CTL model based on Lesson Study with Mind Mapping media was higher (72.88%) than those taught by conventional learning models (68.97%) in the subject matter of colloids System.</p>
Global Water-Related Risk Indicators: Meta-Analysis of Indicator Requirements
Authors: Vink Karina ,   International Centre for Water Hazard and Risk Management (ICHARM) 1-6 Minamihara, 305-8516 Tsukuba, Japan, Ahsan Md. Nasif , Sawano Hisaya , Ohara Miho ,   Economics Discipline, Khulna University, Bangladesh
Published: March 2017

Despite a long developmental history of water-related disaster risk indicators, there is still no consensus or reliable system for selecting objective data, no methodological system for choosing and verifying the relevancy of water-related disaster risk indicators, and no linking results back to root causes or addressing possible impacts on policies or actors to instigate change.Global policy documents such as the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR) 2015–2013 [1] emphasize the urgent need for indicators capable of measuring risk reduction. However, developing and determining risk indicators faces many issues. Most disaster risk indices published do not yet include a basic overview of what data was used and how it was collected, let alone provide a systematic explanation of why each indicator was included, and why others were not. This consequently complicates linking the findings to their potential policy impacts. It also complicates the providing of clear-cut recommendations for improving resilience, which is a common intent of disaster risk indices.This study, which focuses on water-related hazards, aims to provide disaster managers with a set of criteria for evaluating existing datasets used in disaster risk indices, index construction methods, and the links back to policy impacts. So far, there has been no comprehensive overview of indicator requirements or scoring systems. Previous studies concerning indicator evaluating metrics [2] have fewer metrics and have not yet addressed the different tiers of requirements, namely objective indicator data quality, methodological/epistemological aspects of index composition, and, most importantly, policy and actors of change (impact requirements). Further testing of these metrics in local studies can lead to the greatly needed scientific justification for indicator selection and can enhance index robustness.The results aid in developing an evaluation system to address issues of data availability and the comparability of commonly used indicator sources, such as the World Bank. Once indicators can be scientifically linked to impacts through policy devices, national governments or other actors can become more likely to claim ownership of the data management of indicators. Future studies should expand this evaluation system to other natural hazards and focus on investigating the links between indicators and DRR in order to further validate indicator selection robustly.
The Influence of Direct Inoculation of Propionibacterium acnes on Modic Changes in the Spine
Authors: Shan Zhi , Zhang Xuyang , Li Shengyun , Yu Tianming , Mamuti Maiwulanjiang , Zhao Fengdong 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Modic changes (inflammatory-like changes visible on magnetic resonance imaging [MRI] scans of a vertebral end plate) are common and are associated with low back pain, but their origin is unclear. To our knowledge, there have been no previous in vivo animal models of Modic changes. We hypothesized that Modic changes may be related to Propionibacterium acnes.

Methods:
Ten New Zealand White rabbits were injected percutaneously with 1 mL of P. acnes (1.6 × 107 colony forming units/mL) into the subchondral bone superior to the L4-L5 and L5-L6 discs; 10 other control rabbits received sham injections at L4-L5 and 1 mL of normal saline solution (vehicle) at L5-L6. The subchondral bone superior to L3-L4 discs was untreated (blank). Development of Modic changes was investigated with MRI studies before the operation and at 2 weeks and 1, 2, 3, and 6 months postoperatively. Following sacrifice of the rabbits, histological analysis and microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) were performed, and blood samples were analyzed. Cytokine expression in end-plate tissues was quantified using real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR).

Results:
The group that received P. acnes showed significantly increased T1-weighted signal intensity at 6 months (mean and standard deviation, 3.43 ± 0.41 [range, 2.42 to 4.44] compared with 2.43 ± 0.66 [range, 1.98 to 2.87] before the injection) and higher T2-weighted signal intensity at 6 months. Positive culture results were obtained from 9 of 20 samples injected with P. acnes. Specimens with positive cultures had a higher prevalence of Modic changes (4 of 9 samples positive for P. acnes compared with 3 of 11 samples negative for P. acnes). Real-time PCR showed significantly increased expression of tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, and interferon-γ following injection of P. acnes, but no changes were seen on histological analysis, micro-CT, or blood analysis.

Conclusions:

P. acnes can survive within the end-plate region and can initiate mild inflammatory-like responses from host cells, leading to signal intensity changes in MRI scans, which potentially resemble Modic changes.

Clinical Relevance:
Disc degeneration and low back pain are associated with Modic changes. Our results indicate that Modic changes can be associated with P. acnes in the conjunction area of the disc and subchondral bone. These results may be useful for understanding the underlying mechanisms of Modic changes and related pain.
Total Hip Arthroplasty in Patients with Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Houdek Matthew T. , Watts Chad D. , Wyles Cody C. , Trousdale Robert T. , Milbrandt Todd A. , Taunton Michael J. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
The spasticity and increased muscle tone observed in patients with cerebral palsy can lead to hip degeneration, subluxation, and pain. Currently, there is hesitation to perform total hip arthroplasty in patients with cerebral palsy because of fears of early wear and dislocation. The purpose of this study was to review the outcomes of total hip arthroplasty in patients with cerebral palsy and to compare outcomes with those of matched patients with a diagnosis of osteoarthritis.

Methods:
Over a 24-year period, 39 patients undergoing a total hip arthroplasty with a diagnosis of cerebral palsy were identified. The cohort included 26 male patients (67%), and the mean patient age was 49 years. The mean follow-up was 7 years. Patients with cerebral palsy were matched 1:2 with a group of patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty for osteoarthritis.

Results:
There was no difference in the rate of reoperation, implant survival, or complications, specifically dislocation. Prior to the surgical procedure, all patients had severe or moderate pain, and postoperatively no patient had moderate or severe pain. Twenty-three patients had an improvement in their ability to independently walk, and all preoperative hip flexion contractures were corrected (n = 9). There was also a significant improvement (p < 0.0001) in functional Harris hip scores.

Conclusions:
This study refutes previous evidence showing increased risk of complications following total hip arthroplasty in patients with cerebral palsy. Total hip arthroplasty is a durable treatment option and provides clinically important pain relief and functional improvement in patients with cerebral palsy.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Lateral Radiographic Landmarks for ACL and LCL Footprint Origins During All-Epiphyseal Femoral Drilling in Skeletally Immature Knees
Authors: Shea Kevin G. , Cannamela Peter C. , Fabricant Peter D. , Terhune E. Bailey , Polousky John D. , Milewski Matthew D. , Ganley Theodore J. , Anderson Allen F. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
This study was conducted to evaluate the spatial relationship of the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) and lateral collateral ligament (LCL) femoral footprint origins in knee specimens from skeletally immature donors as viewed on lateral radiographs.

Methods:
Fourteen cadaver specimens of skeletally immature knees from children between 7 and 11 years old at the time of death were examined through gross dissection. Metallic pins were placed at the center of the ACL and LCL femoral footprints, and computed tomography (CT) scans were performed. Sagittal plane CT images were merged to create a view analogous to an intraoperative C-arm image with overlaid ACL and LCL ligament footprints. Ligament origins were then measured as a percent of the epiphyseal depth (% P-A [posterior-anterior]) and height (% P-D [proximal-distal]).

Results:
The ACL origin was centered at a point located 14% (14% P-A) of the total lateral femoral condyle (LFC) depth from the most posterior aspect of the LFC and 38% (38% P-D) of the LFC height from the most proximal aspect of the posterior physis. The LCL origin was centered at a point 27% P-A and 37% P-D. When viewed on a sagittal CT reconstruction analogous to a perfect lateral intraoperative fluoroscopic view, the ACL footprint origin is posterior and slightly inferior to the LCL origin. Both origins are distal to the distal femoral physis and are posterior to the origin of the popliteus.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates a consistent relationship between the origin of the ACL and LCL, which may be useful in guiding safe tunnel placement during all-epiphyseal ACL reconstruction in skeletally immature knees.

Clinical Relevance:
This anatomic reference can be used intraoperatively to guide and radiographically evaluate ACL tunnel placement while avoiding the LCL origin in skeletally immature patients.
Quantification of Peri-Implant Bacterial Load and in Vivo Biofilm Formation in an Innovative, Clinically Representative Mouse Model of Periprosthetic Joint Infection
Authors: Carli Alberto V. , Bhimani Samrath , Yang Xu , Shirley Matthew B. , de Mesy Bentley Karen L. , Ross F. Patrick , Bostrom Mathias P.G. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a devastating complication following total joint arthroplasty. Current animal models of PJI are limited because of a lack of quantitative methods and failure to effectively recreate the periprosthetic space. We therefore developed a murine PJI model involving a 3-dimensionally printed Ti-6Al-4V implant capable of bearing weight and permitting quantitative analysis of periprosthetic bacterial load and evaluation of biofilm.

Methods:
Twenty-five 12-week-old C57BL/6 mice received a unilateral proximal tibial implant and intra-articular injection of either 3 × 105 colony forming units (CFUs) of Staphylococcus aureus Xen 36 or saline solution. Postoperatively, mice underwent gait analysis, knee radiographs, and serum inflammatory marker measurements. Following euthanasia at 2 or 6 weeks, bone and soft tissues were homogenized to quantify bacteria within periprosthetic tissues. Implants were either sonicated to quantify adherent bacteria or examined under scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterize biofilm.

Results:
All mice survived surgery and were not systemically septic. The control mice immediately tolerated weight-bearing and had normal inflammatory markers and radiographic signs of osseointegration. Infected mice had difficulty walking over time, exhibited radiographic findings of septic implant loosening, and had significantly elevated inflammatory markers. Periprosthetic tissues of the infected animals displayed a mean of 4.46 × 106 CFUs of S. aureus at 2 weeks and 2.53 × 105 CFUs at 6 weeks. Viable S. aureus was quantified on retrieved implant surfaces. SEM demonstrated S. aureus cocci in clusters encased within biofilm.

Conclusions:
This animal model is, to our knowledge, the most clinically representative PJI replication to date. It is the first that we know of to produce infection through the same method hypothesized to occur clinically, utilize a weight-bearing implant that can osseointegrate, and provide quantitative data on 8 aspects of PJI, including radiographic features, inflammatory markers, and bacterial loads.

Clinical Relevance:
This novel animal model is, to our knowledge, the first to provide a load-bearing translational representation of clinical PJI that effectively recreates the periprosthetic space.
Comparative Analysis of the Socioeconomic and Regulatory E&P Scenarios in Mature Fields and Marginal Wells in Brazil, The United States and Canada
Authors: de Souza Barbosa Caroline Mendes , de Abreu Thaís Mesquita , Badiani Analuíza Morcelli , Vieira Victor Menezes , de Araújo Paulo Sérgio 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Currently in Brazil it is observed that a limited number of companies holds the oil and gas market. Large national and international companies have enough structure to use only fields of greater profitability and abandon the mature fields. Canada and the USA, as the world’s largest oil and gas producers, have policies that assist small businesses by treating them differently. However, the Brazilian reality for these companies is different. Independent producers face several obstacles to development in this sector, including poor infrastructure, unfavorable environmental regulation and lack of incentive policy.
In this context, proposals for improvements in regulation and management in the E & P sector are addressed in order to encourage the entry of independent producers in this industry, since these have a great interest in operating in this area, as well as investments in outflow and agility infrastructure in Environmental licensing.
Natural Products from Deep-Sea-Derived Fungi ̶ A New Source of Novel Bioactive Compounds?
Authors: Daletos Georgios , Ebrahim Weaam , Ancheeva Elena , El-Neketi Mona , Song Weiguo , Lin Wenhan , Proksch Peter 
Published: March 2017

Background:
Over the last two decades, deep-sea-derived fungi are considered to
be a new source of pharmacologically active secondary metabolites for drug discovery mainly
based on the underlying assumption that the uniqueness of the deep sea will give rise to
equally unprecedented natural products. Indeed, up to now over 200 new metabolites have
been identified from deep-sea fungi, which is in support of the statement made above.

Results:
This review summarizes the new and/or bioactive compounds reported from deepsea-
derived fungi in the last six years (2010 – October 2016) and critically evaluates whether
the data published so far really support the notion that these fungi are a promising source of
new bioactive chemical entities.
Experience of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy at Lumbini Medical College Teaching Hospital
Authors: Pokharel Nabin , Sapkota Prakash , Chhetri Binay Khatri , Shakhya Rajan , Thapa Sunil 
Published: March 2017

Introduction: The difficult gallbladder is the most common difficult laparoscopy being performed by generalsurgeons all over the world and the potential one that places the patient at significant risk. The present study aimed to study all the cases of laparoscopic cholecystectomy conducted in current setup at Lumbini Medical College and Teaching Hospital, to compare the results with the published literature and also analyze the complications and ways to decrease the incidence of conversion to open procedure.

Methods: Five hundred twenty five patients age 10-90 years, male:female ratio of 1:3.86 with body weight 45-65 kilogram, who had undergone laparoscopic cholecystectomy for symptomatic cholelithiasis without choledocholithiasis from April 2011 to April 2013 were studied.

Results: All the laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) were without major complications. Only nineteen out of five hundred twentyfive (3.6%) required conversion to open cholecystectomy (OC). Reasons for conversion included: dense omental or visceral adhesions; two (0.38%), unclear anatomy; 16 (3.04%), common bile duct injury; one (0.19%). There were 20 cases of shrunken gallbladder suspicious of malignancy but didn’t required conversion.

Conclusion: Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is the preferred method in our setup even in difficult cases.
INDEX AND PROBABILITY MAPS OF OCCURRENCE OF IRON ORE DEPOSITS: A PROPOSED GEOPHYSICAL APPROACH DEVELOPED IN CURRAL NOVO DO PIAUÍ (PI) STATE – BRAZIL
Authors: Sato Enos Nobuo , De Almeida Teodoro Isnard Ribeiro , Dias Vilson Marques , Yamamoto Jorge Kazuo , Cavallaro Francisco De Assis , Santana Washington Rydz Rebouças 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT. This article shows the results of the development of a procedure called TC-ASA index which is based on the contrast of magnetic and radiometric properties between host rocks and the mineralization, being interpreted as the probability of occurrence and deﬁning ambience where iron formation to occur. It consists in subtracting the values of total count (TC) from the analytic signal (ASA), which are products of gammaspectrometry and magnetic methods, respectively. This index was applied to the actual data referring to the iron formations of Curral Novo do Piau´ı, where the main mineral is magnetite, thus characterized by high magnetic susceptibility and often associated with metabasic rocks. These rocks often present low concentration of radioactive elements, enabling the identiﬁcation of geological environment with potential for occurrence of iron ore. The use of this procedure allowed for the reduction of the exploration area, providing a fast target selection for geological mapping, geochemistry and ground geophysics. In addition, it supplies with important elements that will assist mining companies in setting strategic priorities.Keywords: iron ore exploration, probability of occurrence maps, gammaspectrometry, magnetometry. RESUMO. Este trabalho mostra os resultados do desenvolvimento de um procedimento aqui denominado Índice TC-ASA que tem por base o contraste de propriedades magnéticas e radiométricas entre as rochas encaixantes e a mineralização, sendo interpretado como probabilidade de ocorrência e delimitando ambiências propícias a ocorrências de formações ferríferas. Tal procedimento consiste na subtração dos valores de contagem total (CT) dos valores do sinal analítico (ASA), que são produtos dos métodos geofísicos gamaespectrométrico e magnetométrico, respectivamente. Este índice foi aplicado a dados reais coletados nas formações ferríferas de Curral Novo do Piauí, cujo principal mineral é a magnetita, caracterizada pela suscetibilidade alta e frequentemente associada à metabásicas. Estas rochas normalmente têm baixa concentração de elementos radioativos, possibilitando a identiﬁcação de ambiências geológicas potenciais para ocorrencia deste tipo de minério. A utilização deste procedimento permitiu a diminuição da área de pesquisa em estudo de reconaissance proporcionando uma rápida seleção de alvos para mapeamento geológico, geoquímica e geofísica terrestre. Além disto, proporciona elementos importantes que auxiliam as empresas de exploração mineral na deﬁnição de suas prioridades estratégicas.Palavras-chave: prospecção de minério de ferro, mapas de probabilidade de ocorrência, gamaespectrometria, magnetometria.