bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stakeholders and tropical reforestation: challenges, trade‐offs, and strategies in dynamic environments
Authors: Lazos‐Chavero Elena , Zinda John , Bennett‐Curry Aoife , Balvanera Patricia , Bloomfield Gillian , Lindell Catherine , Negra Christine 
Published: November 2016

AbstractReforestation involves potential trade‐offs: hard choices between environmental and social benefits, individual and community benefits, and among stakeholders who bear different costs and benefits. In this manuscript, we aim to show that successful long‐term reforestation requires stakeholder engagement beyond planning stages and a recognition of the dynamism of stakeholder outlooks as stakeholders’ opportunities, relationships, interests, and roles change over time. We first summarize lessons from recent literature on stakeholder involvement within reforestation efforts. We then present findings from a multiple‐stakeholder workshop organized in west‐central Mexico, in which we illustrate their choices on how to navigate trade‐offs among different reforestation intervention strategies (agroforestry/silvopastoral, natural regeneration, native species reforestation, commercial plantations). We confirm that individual stakeholders’ circumstances, interests, and roles, as well as the contextual factors shaping them, are dynamic, continually changing the nature of the choices stakeholders face. Finally, we propose a four‐phase pathway for addressing dynamic trade‐offs and synergies in stakeholder participation in order to select, implement, and sustain successful reforestation activities. The pathway comprises four phases: (1) collaborate to devise a reforestation strategy through dialogue about dynamic trade‐offs; (2) pledge robust stakeholder commitments to mutual arrangements for implementing reforestation; (3) implement reforestation interventions; and (4) adjust strategy through continuous evaluation of outcomes. We then elucidate how components of these four phases can be operationalized so that, on one side, scientists and practitioners might better understand the dynamic trade‐offs reforestation poses for stakeholders, and on the other, stakeholders might balance their hard choices in ways that promote forest recovery.
Incorporating natural regeneration in forest landscape restoration in tropical regions: synthesis and key research gaps
Authors: Uriarte María , Chazdon Robin L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractExtensive tropical forest loss and degradation have stimulated increasing awareness at the international policy level of the need to undertake large‐scale forest landscape restoration (FLR). Natural regeneration offers a cost‐effective way to achieve large‐scale FLR, but is often overlooked in favor of tree plantations. The studies presented in this special issue show how natural regeneration can become an important part of FLR and highlight the ecological, environmental, and social factors that must be considered to effectively do so. They also identify major knowledge gaps and outline a research agenda to support the use of natural regeneration in FLR. Six central questions emerge from these studies: (1) What are the ecological, economic, and livelihood outcomes of active and passive restoration interventions?; (2) What are the tradeoffs and synergies among ecological, economic, and livelihood outcomes of natural regeneration, restoration and productive land uses, and how do they evolve in the face of market and climate shocks?; (3) What diagnostic tools are needed to identify and map target areas for natural regeneration?; (4) How should spatial prioritization frameworks incorporate natural regeneration into FLR?; (5) What legal frameworks and governance structures are best suited to encourage natural regeneration and how do they change across regions and landscapes?; (6) What financial mechanisms can foster low‐cost natural regeneration? Natural regeneration is not a panacea to solve tensions and conflicts over land use, but it can be advantageous under some circumstances. Identifying under what conditions this is the case is an important avenue for future research.
Multigenerational Head Start Participation: An Unexpected Marker of Progress
Authors: Chor Elise 
Published: November 2016

One‐quarter of the Head Start population has a mother who participated in the program as a child. This study uses experimental Head Start Impact Study (HSIS) data on 3‐ and 4‐year‐olds (N = 2,849) to describe multigenerational Head Start families and their program experiences. In sharp contrast to full‐sample HSIS findings, Head Start has large, positive impacts on cognitive and socioemotional development through third grade among the children of former participant mothers, including improved mathematics skills and reductions in withdrawn and aggressive behavior. Evidence suggests that differences in program impacts between single‐ and multigenerational Head Start families are driven largely by differences in family resources and home learning environments.
846. TRICYRTIS MACRANTHA
Authors: Ikeda Hiroshi 
Published: November 2016

SummaryTricyrtis macrantha Maxim. (Liliaceae), an endemic species to Japan, is illustrated. It is distributed in a small area in Shikoku (Kochi Prefecture), and grows on limestone cliffs. Tricyrtis macrantha and its allied species, T. macranthopsis Masam., distributed in Kii Peninsula in western Honshu, and T. ishiiana (Kitag. & T. Koyama) Ohwi & Okuyama, distributed in Pacific coast side of central Honshu, comprise one natural group.
Aktueller Stand der systemischen Rosazea‐Therapie
Authors: Schaller M , Schöfer H , Homey B , Gieler U , Lehmann P , Luger TA , Ruzicka T , Steinhoff M 
Published: November 2016

ZusammenfassungBasierend auf den Daten zahlreicher Studien sind orale Tetracycline – und hier insbesondere Doxycyclin als Tetracyclin der zweiten Generation – die Grundpfeiler der systemischen Rosazea‐Therapie. Bisher ist dafür jedoch nur Doxycyclin 40 mg in antientzündlicher Dosierung mit veränderter Wirkstofffreisetzung zugelassen. Seit Einführung der Therapie mit Doxycyclin einmal täglich in nicht antibiotischer Dosierung wird die orale Therapie häufiger als Erstbehandlung bei mittelschwerer bis schwerer papulopustulöser Rosazea verschrieben. Oft wird diese Behandlung aufgrund der besseren Wirksamkeit im Vergleich zur Monotherapie auch mit einer topischen Behandlung kombiniert. Obwohl in der Systemtherapie weitere, nicht zugelassene Wirkstoffe wie Makrolide, Isotretinoin und Carvedilol mit viel versprechenden Ergebnissen untersucht wurden, ist die vorliegende Erfahrung bisher begrenzt, so dass diese Substanzen speziellen Situationen vorbehalten bleiben sollten.
Seventy‐five years of biodiversity decline of fish assemblages in Chinese isolated plateau lakes: widespread introductions and extirpations of narrow endemics lead to regional loss of dissimilarity
Authors: Ding Chengzhi , Jiang Xiaoming , Xie Zhicai , Brosse Sébastien 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimIntroductions of exotic species have globally modified the structure and function of native assemblages and are recognized as one of the major threats to biodiversity. The current patterns, processes and consequences of invasion have been intensively studied globally, but studies reporting the long‐term dynamics of invasions over large areas are rare. Here, we measured how the temporal changes in fish assemblage composition in a Chinese highland isolated‐lake landscape drive taxonomic dissimilarity and its turnover component over three successive time periods spanning the last 75 years.LocationYun–Gui Plateau, 15 isolated lakes.MethodsThe Sørensen and Simpson indices were used to quantify changes in taxonomic dissimilarity and its turnover component over 1940–2015.ResultsWe report a decline of taxonomic dissimilarity between lakes through time, mainly due to a decrease in species turnover. Such a homogenization process was due to the combined effects of the invasion of the same non‐native species in most lakes and of extirpation of narrow endemic species. The strong decline in species dissimilarity and turnover was triggered by a high historical level of dissimilarity among assemblages. At a regional scale, the combined effect of introductions and extirpations modified the distance decay of taxonomic similarity between lakes. Surprisingly, this beta‐diversity gradient is currently no longer supported by biogeographic and evolutionary processes, but by the human‐mediated introduction of distinct exotic species in some lakes. Moreover, an extinction debt process was evident as extirpations sometimes occurred many years after the introduction of non‐native species.Main conclusionsOur study highlights that high historical differentiation of fishes in isolated lakes has turned to homogenization with dramatic loss of endemic species due to intensive introductions. This provides a striking example of human domination over an extended lake landscape and its associated irreparable biodiversity damages on isolated systems historically dominated by narrow endemic species.
Tracking, feather moult and stable isotopes reveal foraging behaviour of a critically endangered seabird during the non‐breeding season
Authors: Meier Rhiannon E. , Votier Stephen C. , Wynn Russell B. , Guilford Tim , McMinn Grivé Miguel , Rodríguez Ana , Newton Jason , Maurice Louise , Chouvelon Tiphaine , Dessier Aurélie , Trueman Clive N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimThe movement patterns of marine top predators are likely to reflect responses to prey distributions, which themselves can be influenced by factors such as climate and fisheries. The critically endangered Balearic shearwater Puffinus mauretanicus has shown a recent northwards shift in non‐breeding distribution, tentatively linked to changing forage fish distribution and/or fisheries activity. Here, we provide the first information on the foraging ecology of this species during the non‐breeding period.LocationBreeding grounds in Mallorca, Spain, and non‐breeding areas in the north‐east Atlantic and western Mediterranean.MethodsBirdborne geolocation was used to identify non‐breeding grounds. Information on feather moult (from digital images) and stable isotopes (of both primary wing feathers and potential prey items) was combined to infer foraging behaviour during the non‐breeding season.ResultsAlmost all breeding shearwaters (n = 32) migrated to non‐breeding areas in the Atlantic from southern Iberia to the French Atlantic coast, where the majority of primary feather moult took place. Birds foraging off western Iberia yielded feather isotope ratios consistent with a diet composed largely of pelagic fishes, while the isotopic composition of birds foraging in the Bay of Biscay suggested an additional contribution of benthic prey, most likely from demersal fishery discards.Main conclusionsCombined application of geolocators and stable isotopes indicates spatial variation in dietary behaviour and interactions with fisheries. Our results imply that both pelagic fish and fisheries discards are important components of diet during the non‐breeding period, which may have implications for the at‐sea distribution of this migratory species. These findings will contribute to bycatch mitigation in non‐breeding areas and provide baseline data that should inform future assessment of seabird responses to changing fishery practices and prey distributions.
Evolution of female‐specific wingless forms in bagworm moths
Authors: Niitsu Shuhei , Sugawara Hirotaka , Hayashi Fumio 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYThe evolution of winglessness in insects has been typically interpreted as a consequence of developmental and other adaptations to various environments that are secondarily derived from a winged morph. Several species of bagworm moths (Insecta: Lepidoptera, Psychidae) exhibit a case‐dwelling larval life style along with one of the most extreme cases of sexual dimorphism: wingless female adults. While the developmental process that led to these wingless females is well known, the origins and evolutionary transitions are not yet understood. To examine the evolutionary patterns of wing reduction in bagworm females, we reconstruct the molecular phylogeny of over 30 Asian species based on both mitochondrial (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I) and nuclear (28S rRNA) DNA sequences. Under a parsimonious assumption, the molecular phylogeny implies that: (i) the evolutionary wing reduction towards wingless females consisted of two steps: (Step I) from functional wings to vestigial wings (nonfunctional) and (Step II) from vestigial wings to the most specialized vermiform adults (lacking wings and legs); and (ii) vermiform morphs evolved independently at least twice. Based on the results of our study, we suggest that the evolutionary changes in the developmental system are essential for the establishment of different wingless forms in insects.
Fish nursery habitat function of the main channel, floodplain tributaries and oxbow lakes of a medium‐sized river
Authors: Naus Christopher J , Reid Adams S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSmall, adventitious tributaries (<3 orders of magnitude smaller than the stream it flows into) are a conspicuous feature of many river–floodplain systems, but their value as fish reproduction and nursery habitat is not well understood compared to oxbow lakes and the main river channel (MRC). Moreover, connectivity of tributaries to the MRC is often less impacted by anthropogenic modifications (e.g., dams and levees) compared to oxbow lakes. From April to July 2012, larval and juvenile fish were collected in the Fourche LaFave River (Arkansas, USA) system to better understand fish nursery habitat function of tributaries relative to oxbow lakes and the MRC. Nonmetric multidimensional scaling ordination of juvenile and larval fish genera revealed distinct fish assemblages in MRC and floodplain habitats. Ordination of juvenile fish at the species level resulted in distinct fish assemblages in tributary versus oxbow lake habitats. Tributaries had more unique species and higher abundance of shared species than oxbow lakes and MRC. Additionally, of the 46 species identified, all but six were collected in lower tributary reaches. Connectivity was strongly associated with both ordinations and was important in describing patterns of fish variation among habitats and between tributaries. Of the tributaries sampled, the least fragmented stream had the most similar fish assemblages between upper and lower sections. Findings of this study revealed tributaries are an important, yet overlooked, feature in the river–floodplain model. Especially in years of drought, channel–floodplain connectivity can be limited, but tributaries can be used by fishes for reproduction and nursery habitat.
Effect of interstimulus interval on cortical proprioceptive responses to passive finger movements
Authors: Smeds Eero , Piitulainen Harri , Bourguignon Mathieu , Jousmäki Veikko , Hari Riitta 
Published: November 2016

AbstractShortening of the interstimulus interval (ISI) generally leads to attenuation of cortical sensory responses. For proprioception, however, this ISI effect is still poorly known. Our aim was to characterize the ISI dependence of movement‐evoked proprioceptive cortical responses and to find the optimum ISI for proprioceptive stimulation. We measured, from 15 healthy adults, magnetoencephalographic responses to passive flexion and extension movements of the right index finger. The movements were generated by a movement actuator at fixed ISIs of 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 s, in separate blocks. The responses peaked at ~ 70 ms (extension) and ~ 90 ms (flexion) in the contralateral primary somatosensory cortex. The strength of the cortical source increased with the ISI, plateauing at the 8‐s ISI. Modeling the ISI dependence with an exponential saturation function revealed response lifetimes of 1.3 s (extension) and 2.2 s (flexion), implying that the maximum signal‐to‐noise ratio (SNR) in a given measurement time is achieved with ISIs of 1.7 s and 2.8 s respectively. We conclude that ISIs of 1.5–3 s should be used to maximize SNR in recordings of proprioceptive cortical responses to passive finger movements. Our findings can benefit the assessment of proprioceptive afference in both clinical and research settings.
Analysis of falls in patients with epilepsy enrolled in the perampanel phase III randomized double‐blind studies
Authors: Leppik Ilo E. , Yang Haichen , Williams Betsy , Zhou Sharon , Fain Randi , Patten Anna , Bibbiani Francesco , Laurenza Antonio 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo analyze occurrence of falls among patients with partial seizures, with/without secondarily generalized seizures (SGS), and primary generalized tonic–clonic seizures (PGTCS) in the perampanel phase III clinical studies.MethodsStudies 304, 305, and 306 randomized subjects (≥12 years) with drug‐resistant partial seizures (with/without SGS) to perampanel 2, 4, 8, or 12 mg or placebo for double‐blind treatment. The adverse event (AE) of falls was analyzed in the Safety Analysis Set (N = 1480). Study 332 randomized subjects aged ≥12 years with a diagnosis of PGTCS into perampanel 8 mg or placebo groups for double‐blind treatment. In a systematic review of reported falls in the study 332 Safety Analysis Set (N = 163), falls were queried to establish whether each was seizure related; subjects with falls resulting from a seizure were not included in this analysis.ResultsFor studies 304/305/306, treatment‐emergent falls occurred in 5.1% perampanel‐treated versus 3.4% placebo‐treated subjects with partial seizures. Exposure‐adjusted rate for falls (falls/subject‐month of exposure) was greater for total perampanel than for placebo (0.0175 vs. 0.0093) and was dose related for those receiving perampanel. In subjects with SGS, incidence of treatment‐emergent falls was 4.3% in perampanel and 4.0% in placebo groups. Exposure‐adjusted rates were 0.0169 and 0.0097 falls per subject‐month of exposure in perampanel and placebo, respectively. For study 332, 2.5% perampanel‐treated and 1.2% placebo‐treated subjects with PGTCS had treatment‐emergent falls that were not part of a seizure. Exposure‐adjusted rates were 0.0169 and 0.0032 falls per subject‐month of exposure in perampanel and placebo, respectively.SignificanceResults of the perampanel studies suggest that patients with epilepsy should be monitored due to the common risk of falls.
Disclose or not? Effect of impression management tactics on hireability of persons with epilepsy
Authors: Sung Connie , Lin Chien‐Chun , Connor Annemarie , Chan Fong 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to determine the effect of assertive impression management (IM) tactics, such as personal storytelling and self‐promotion, on job interview outcomes of people with epilepsy. Specifically, the effect of IM on interviewers’ subjective impressions and evaluation of hireability of job candidates with epilepsy were examined.MethodsNinety‐nine master's level graduate students majoring in business or human resources were randomly assigned to three experimental conditions to view one of three 15‐min video clips of a job applicant interviewing for a technical computer sales position. The three experimental conditions were (1) job applicant who did not disclose any disability, (2) job applicant with epilepsy who did not use IM tactics, and (3) job applicant with epilepsy who used IM tactics. After watching the job interview video portraying the experimental conditions, participants were asked to rate the job applicant in terms of general impression and hireability for the described position.ResultsThe use of IM was found to have a significant effect on job interview outcomes (p < 0.01). Post hoc comparisons indicated that the average rating of business/human resources students on both general impression and hireability for the job applicant with epilepsy and IM condition were significantly higher than for the job applicant with epilepsy who did not use IM condition. Furthermore, mediation analysis revealed that general impression is a mediator for the relationship between IM and interview outcomes.SignificanceThis study demonstrates that IM has a significant and positive effect on job interview outcomes for persons with epilepsy. IM can be used as a powerful strategy for empowering people with epilepsy to combat disability stigma, and offset negative perceptions of employers about the potential of this population to be productive workers.
Decreasing, not increasing, leaf area will raise crop yields under global atmospheric change
Authors: Srinivasan Venkatraman , Kumar Praveen , Long Stephen P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWithout new innovations, present rates of increase in yields of food crops globally are inadequate to meet the projected rising food demand for 2050 and beyond. A prevailing response of crops to rising [CO2] is an increase in leaf area. This is especially marked in soybean, the world's fourth largest food crop in terms of seed production, and the most important vegetable protein source. Is this increase in leaf area beneficial, with respect to increasing yield, or is it detrimental? It is shown from theory and experiment using open‐air whole‐season elevation of atmospheric [CO2] that it is detrimental not only under future conditions of elevated [CO2] but also under today's [CO2]. A mechanistic biophysical and biochemical model of canopy carbon exchange and microclimate (MLCan) was parameterized for a modernUSMidwest soybean cultivar. Model simulations showed that soybean crops grown under current and elevated (550 [ppm]) [CO2] overinvest in leaves, and this is predicted to decrease productivity and seed yield 8% and 10%, respectively. This prediction was tested in replicated field trials in which a proportion of emerging leaves was removed prior to expansion, so lowering investment in leaves. The experiment was conducted under open‐air conditions for current and future elevated [CO2] within the Soybean Free Air Concentration Enrichment facility (SoyFACE) in central Illinois. This treatment resulted in a statistically significant 8% yield increase. This is the first direct proof that a modern crop cultivar produces more leaf than is optimal for yield under today's and future [CO2] and that reducing leaf area would give higher yields. Breeding or bioengineering for lower leaf area could, therefore, contribute very significantly to meeting future demand for staple food crops given that an 8% yield increase across theUSAalone would amount to 6.5 million metric tons annually.