bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of a 12-Week Aerobic Exercise Training on Serum Fetuin-A and Adipocytokine Levels in Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Zhang Ling-Yun , Liu Tao , Teng Ya-Qin , Yao Xiao-Yan , Zhao Tian-Tian , Lin Liang-Yan , Jin Qing-Song , Jin Yong-Jun 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Objective We aimed to evaluate the effect of 12-week aerobic exercise training on fetuin-A levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus and examine the relationships between fetuin-A and adipocytokine levels and cardiovascular risk factors.
Methods The study included 32 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus who were assigned to an exercise or a control group. The exercise group underwent 12 weeks of exercise (consisting of a 5-min warm-up, 60-min aerobic bicycle training performed at 70% of the maximal heart rate, a cool-down period, 5 times/week). Adiponectin, resistin, and fetuin-A serum levels were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Leptin serum levels were measured by a radioimmunoassay.
Results Exercise for 12 weeks significantly reduced serum fetuin-A (643.1±109.4 to 448.7±92.5 μg/mL, P<0.05), leptin (11.9±7.2 to 8.6±5.7 ng/dL, P<0.05), and resistin (3.2±1.5 to 2.2±1.4 ng/mL, P<0.05) levels, but increased adiponectin (6.9±1.9 to 8.1±1.7 µg/mL, P<0.05) levels. In the exercise group, Δfetuin-A positively correlated with differences in weight (r=0.654, P=0.046), body mass index (r=0.725, P=0.002), waist circumference (r=0.898, P=0.013), and adiponectin levels (r=0.662, P=0.035).
Conclusions Aerobic exercise significantly decreased serum fetuin-A levels in type 2 diabetes mellitus, which can be attributed to weight loss and related to increased adiponectin levels.
Rock climbers’ communicative and sensory practices
Authors: Jenkings K. Neil 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter, following Allen-Collinson & Hockey (2011), focuses on intercorporeal sensory perception in sport through verbal, haptic, ocular, and other forms of interaction as displayed and communicated by rock climbers in collaborative (en)action. It takes an ethnomethodological based video-analytic ethnographic approach, using video clips of rock climbers in collaborative (en)action to portray their verbal and non-verbal communicative and intercorporeal mundane practices. The research is based upon participant (my own, if non-expert, climbing) and non-participant observation (watching various others climb). Also interviews and video recordings of rock climbers at various climbing sites in Northumberland, Snowdonia, the Lake District and Yorkshire in the United Kingdom were conducted. Following a brief introduction to rock climbing in general, rock climbing is then discussed as an intercoproreal sporting activity after which the argument for an ethnomethodological approach to its study in this case is then made.
This paper then uses three examples of rock climbing activities: (1) two climbers discussing with a guidebook the various routes on short crag face which they intend to climb; (2) two climbers discussing a route on a boulder route which one then climbs ‘unassisted’; and lastly (3), a quarry sports climb upon which two climbers are top roping. From these we will build up a series of brief analytic descriptions of intercorporeal enaction of knowledge and practices in rock climbing. Practices, which are both verbal and non-verbal with various types of intercorporeal enaction. Thematic to the ensuing descriptions is the role of auxiliary technologies, that alongside the climbers and the rock itself, form part of the intercorporeal matrix. It will be argued that intercorporeal enaction when expertly performed allows that practical action to ‘disappear’ from the content of the ongoing verbal interaction. While the intercorporeal enaction is dropped as a conversational topic, with other non-immediate topics replacing it, the on-going physical enaction practices are still key to understanding members’ intercorporeal enaction of climbing and its performativity.
Non-actual motion in language and experience
Authors: Blomberg Johan 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Dynamic descriptions of static situations, e.g. The road goes through the forest, have attracted a lot of attention in semantics. In cognitive linguistics, terms such as “fictive motion” and “subjective motion” are often used to describe such sentences. While these terms are taken to be largely synonymous, I argue that they are analytically different, and furthermore point to different possible experiential motivations behind this phenomenon. This leads to the pluralistic and integrative framework of “non-actual motion”. Within this framework, an elicitation study with speakers of Swedish, French, and Thai was designed and conducted. The results suggest that non-actual motion expressions are conventionalized in all three languages. The language-specific resources for expressing actual motion are used, but with elements suggesting actual motion demoted.
Motion event contrasts in Romance languages
Authors: Hijazo-Gascón Alberto 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores language contrasts among Romance languages in the semantic domain of motion events. Romance languages are verb-framed languages in the typology of motion events by Talmy (1985, 2000). However, some intratypological differences have been observed among them, regarding the expression of certain components such as Path, Cause, and Deixis. The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, it discusses how these semantic contrasts have implications for the theoretical framework of the study of motion events. Second, it examines how these intratypological contrasts impact on the acquisition of a second language by speakers of a typologically-close and genetically-related language. This is illustrated with examples from Spanish as a second language by native speakers of French and Italian.
Applying language typology
Authors: Filipović Luna 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter illustrates the benefits of applying insights from language typologies in order to afford better understanding of both theoretical and practical implications of language contrasts. It examines the practical consequences of certain typological contrasts for different professional contexts of communication, such as translation, second language acquisition and teaching, and the law. For the purpose of the present volume we focus on the cognitive domain of motion. Our analysis of the relevant motion event lexicalization phenomena is based on the three central criteria that underlie the research within Applied Language Typology (ALT): (i) presence versus absence of lexical and grammatical categories, (ii) more versus less restrictive lexical and grammatical categories, and (iii) complementarity in the distribution of categories. In this chapter, we discuss a select number of examples of lexicalization of motion and dynamic spatial relations (e.g. speaker and Figure positioning) across typologically different languages and we show how the ALT criteria enable us to identify exact points where language constrasts cause practical difficulty. Finally, we suggest future directions for ALT research that benefits both academic researchers and language practitioners alike.
The impact of bilingualism on cognitive ageing and dementia
Authors: Bak Thomas H. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Within the current debates on cognitive reserve, cognitive ageing and dementia increasingly showing a positive effect of mental, social and physical activities on health in older age, bilingualism remains one of the most controversial issues. Some reasons for it might be social or even ideological. However, one of the most important genuine problems facing bilingualism research is the high number of potential confounding variables. Bilingual communities often differ from monolingual ones in a range of genetic and environmental variables. In addition, within the same population, bilingual individuals could be different from the outset from those who remain monolingual. We discuss the most common confounding variables in the study of bilingualism, aging and dementia, such as group heterogeneity, migration, social factors, differences in general intelligence and the related issue of reverse causality. We describe different ways in which they can be minimised by the choice of the studied populations and the collected data. In this way, the emerging picture of the interaction between bilingualism and cognitive aging becomes more complex, but also more convincing.
Orthographic mapping and literacy development revisited
Authors: Ehri Linnea C. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Orthographic mapping (OM) involves the formation of letter-sound connections to bond the spellings to the pronunciations and meanings of specific words in memory. It explains how children learn to read words by sight, to spell words from memory, and to acquire vocabulary words from print. This development is portrayed by Ehri (2005a) as a sequence of overlapping phases, each characterized by the predominant type of connection linking spellings of words to their pronunciations in memory. During development, the connections improve in quality and word-learning value, from visual non-alphabetic, to partial alphabetic, to full grapho-phonemic, to consolidated grapho-syllabic and grapho-morphemic. OM is enabled by phonemic awareness and grapheme-phoneme knowledge. Recent findings indicate that sight word reading is facilitated by OM when beginners are taught about articulatory features of phonemes and when grapheme-phoneme relations are taught with letter-embedded picture mnemonics. Vocabulary learning is facilitated when spellings accompany pronunciations and meanings of new words to activate OM. Teaching students the strategy of pronouncing novel words aloud as they read text silently activates OM and helps them build their vocabularies. Because spelling-sound connections are retained in memory, they impact the processing of phonological constituents and phonological memory for words.
Justification
Authors: Lazari‐Radek Katarzyna de , Singer Peter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
On ethical questions, to express your opinion is not enough; you need to say something that justifies it or is capable of persuading others to accept it. But proving an ethical first principle is notoriously difficult. ‘Justification’ expounds Jeremy Bentham’s justification of the utilitarian principle before outlining the ‘proofs’ of John Stuart Mill and Henry Sidgwick. It also looks at John Harsanyi’s argument from rational choice under conditions of ignorance, J. J. C. Smart’s appeal to attitudes and feelings, and R. M. Hare’s universal prescriptivism. It then concludes with a new argument for utilitarianism proposed by Joshua Greene, an experimental psychologist and neuroscientist with a background in philosophy.
Objections
Authors: Lazari‐Radek Katarzyna de , Singer Peter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Utilitarianism holds that the right act is the one that brings about the best consequences, where ‘best consequences’ means, for all of those affected by our choice, the greatest possible net increase in well-being. ‘Objections’ asks whether this standard form of utilitarianism can meet the objections pressed against it. Can happiness or well-being be measured? Is utilitarianism too demanding? Instead of a simple choice between right and wrong, is there a spectrum of choices, some better than others? Does utilitarianism ignore our special obligations? Does it tell us to act immorally? These questions are considered as well as the ‘separateness of persons’ objection and the distribution of utility.
Rules
Authors: Lazari‐Radek Katarzyna de , Singer Peter 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Act-utilitarianism judges each act in terms of its consequences. Rule-utilitarianism holds that acts are to be judged right or wrong by showing they are in accord with, or transgress, a justified moral rule; and a moral rule is justified by showing that acceptance of the rule will bring about the best outcome. ‘Rules’ assesses the arguments for and against these varieties of utilitarianism and also examines the charge that utilitarianism will sometimes require us to break rules, but keep the breach secret. Might the aims of utilitarianism be better advanced if people are encouraged not to follow the theory, but instead to act in accordance with moral rules?
3DBIONOTES v2.0: a web server for the automatic annotation of macromolecular structures
Authors: Segura Joan , Sanchez-Garcia Ruben , Martinez Marta , Cuenca-Alba Jesus , Tabas-Madrid Daniel , Sorzano C O S , Carazo J M 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Complementing structural information with biochemical and biomedical annotations is a powerful approach to explore the biological function of macromolecular complexes. However, currently the compilation of annotations and structural data is a feature only available for those structures that have been released as entries to the Protein Data Bank.

Results
To help researchers in assessing the consistency between structures and biological annotations for structural models not deposited in databases, we present 3DBIONOTES v2.0, a web application designed for the automatic annotation of biochemical and biomedical information onto macromolecular structural models determined by any experimental or computational technique.

Availability and implementation
The web server is available at http://3dbionotes-ws.cnb.csic.es.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel: Aesthetics
Authors: Wyss Beat 
Published: July 2017

Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel (b. 1770–d. 1831) developed his aesthetics by a series of lectures, held four times at Heidelberg and Berlin Universities. The text in three parts, titled Vorlesungen über die Ästhetik, got compiled and edited by Heinrich Gustav Hotho four years after Hegel’s death. So we have to get straight about the fact that a remarkable edifice of teachings, though lacking any written proof by its author, became a headstone of art history, literary studies, and philosophical aesthetics. Hegel’s approach is the first philosophical attempt to focus aesthetics specifically on art. He does so by a critique of moralist and sensualist positions that both hardly distinguish whether aesthetic experience is generated by natural or artificial phenomena. Hegel’s critical argument culminates in a refusal of Immanuel Kant’s idea about aesthetic judgment. The latter’s definition of beauty—as a cognition that pleases without a concept—performs, according to Hegel, a relapse into a fixed opposite between the subjectivity of thought and objective nature. According to Hegel, instead, artistic beauty is the mediating “middle” between spirit and nature. Hegel puts a “phenomenological” antithesis to Kant’s concept of transcendental perception. By the idea of artistic beauty, the realm of absolute spirit is entered. The lectures on aesthetics follow the hierarchical concept of perception, deployed in Hegel’s Encyclopedia of the Philosophical Sciences: the work of comprehension starts with the artistic mode of beholding, continues with the religious mode of imagination, and culminates in the philosophical mode of thinking. The “peripathetic” performative character is constitutive to Hegel’s aesthetics, as it mirrors the work of thinking as such. Hegel’s “world spirit” is literally wandering across three eras: the symbolic, the classical, and the romantic art forms, represented by the early ancient cultures from Persia, India, and Egypt; Greek and Roman Antiquity; and Occidental culture from the Middle Ages to modernity. By historicizing the meaning of art, Hegel relinquishes rule-based poetics and aesthetics in the classical tradition of rhetorics, laying so the foundation of a sociological approach to cultural phenomena. At the same time, his historico-philosophical aesthetics is a first attempt to draft a global history of art, though Eurocentrically limited, including the genres of architecture, sculpture, painting, music, and poetry.
Pediatric Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease
Authors: Singendonk Maartje M.J. , Tabbers Merit M. , Benninga Marc A. , Langendam Miranda W. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTIn this systematic review, we summarize the evidence on prognosis and prognostic factors of pediatric gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). A structured search of Embase and MEDLINE/PubMed (inception to April 2016) yielded 5365 references; 4 publications met our inclusion criteria (risk of bias moderate‐high). Definitions and outcome measures varied widely between studies. The percentage of children with a diagnosis of GERD with esophagitis that had persisting symptoms and/or were on antireflux medication at follow‐up (12 months to >5 years) ranged from 23% (weekly symptoms) to 68% (antireflux medication), depending on definition used. In children with a diagnosis of GERD without esophagitis, 1.4% developed esophagitis at follow‐up (>5 years); none developed Barrett esophagus. In conclusion, prognostic studies on pediatric GERD are of limited quality and show large methodological heterogeneity. Based on these studies, we are unable to identify those children at risk for unfavorable outcome with regards to GERD symptoms or endoscopic complications.
Bioactive Whey Protein Concentrate and Lactose Stimulate Gut Function in Formula‐fed Preterm Pigs
Authors: Li Yanqi , Nguyen Duc Ninh , Obelitz‐Ryom Karina , Andersen Anders D. , Thymann Thomas , Chatterton Dereck E.W. , Purup Stig , Heckmann Anne B. , Bering Stine B. , Sangild Per T. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTObjective:Formula feeding is associated with compromised intestinal health in preterm neonates compared with maternal milk, but the mechanisms behind this are unclear. We hypothesized that the use of maltodextrin and whey protein concentrates (WPCs) with reduced bioactivity owing to thermal processing are important factors.Method:Ninety‐two cesarean‐delivered preterm pigs were fed increasing doses of formulas for 5 days (24–120 mL · kg−1 · day−1). In experiment 1, 4 groups of pigs (n = 15–16) were fed lactose‐ or maltodextrin‐dominant formulas (lactose/maltodextrin ratios 3:1 or 1:3, respectively), containing WPC with either high or low levels of IgG (WPC1 or WPC2, respectively). In experiment 2, 2 groups of pigs (n = 15–16) were fed lactose‐dominant formulas with either a bioactive WPC (BioWPC, produced by reduced thermal‐processing) or a conventional WPC (ConWPC).Results:In experiment 1, pigs fed formula with WPC1 had higher villi, hexose absorption, and lactase activity in small intestine, relative to WPC2, but predominantly with the lactose‐dominant formula (all P < 0.05). In experiment 2, the BioWPC product had higher bioactivity, as indicated by higher IgG, lactoferrin, and TGF‐β2 levels, and better enterocyte proliferation in vitro. Pigs fed the BioWPC formula showed better feeding tolerance and higher intestinal villi and lactase activity (all P < 0.05). The BioWPC formula‐fed pigs also had greater physical activity (P < 0.05 on day 4) and tended to show improved hexose absorption and decreased gut permeability (both P ⩽ 0.09).Conclusions:Infant formulas containing lactose as the main carbohydrate, and WPC with reduced thermal processing, may support gut maturation and health in sensitive, preterm neonates.
State of the Plastic Surgery Workforce and the Impact of Graduate Medical Education Reform on Training of Plastic Surgeons
Authors: Janes Lindsay , Lanier Steven T. , Evans Gregory R. D. , Kasten Steven J. , Hume Keith M. , Gosain Arun K. 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Although recent estimates predict a large impending shortage of plastic surgeons, graduate medical education funding through the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services remains capped by the 1997 Balanced Budget Act. The authors’ aim was to develop a plan to stimulate legislative action.

Methods:
The authors reviewed responses of the American Society of Plastic Surgeons, American College of Surgeons, and American Medical Association from January of 2015 to a House Energy & Commerce Committee request for input on graduate medical education funding. In addition, all program directors in plastic surgery were surveyed through the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons to determine their graduate medical education funding sources.

Results:
All three organizations agree that current graduate medical education funding is inadequate to meet workforce needs, and this has a significant impact on specialty selection and distribution for residency training. All agreed that funding should be tied to the resident rather than to the institution, but disagreed on whether funds should be divided between direct (allocated to residency training) and indirect (allocated to patient care) pools, as is currently practiced. Program directors’ survey responses indicated that only 38 percent of graduate medical education funds comes from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services.

Conclusions:
Organized medicine is at risk of losing critically needed graduate medical education funding. Specific legislation to support additional graduate medical education positions and funding (House Resolutions 1180 and 4282) has been proposed but has not been universally endorsed, in part because of a lack of collaboration in organized medicine. Collaboration among major organizations can reinvigorate these measures and implement real change in funding.
Harvesting the Buccal Fat Pad Does Not Result in Aesthetic Deformity in Cleft Patients: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Bennett Katelyn G. , Thurston Todd E. , Vercler Christian J. , Kasten Steven J. , Buchman Steven R. 
Published: July 2017

Background:
Buccal fat is often used as a pedicled flap in cleft palate repairs to minimize scarring and fortify tenuous closures. Although many surgeons have adopted this technique, others have remained circumspect because of the concern for subsequent facial asymmetry.

Methods:
Patients who underwent cleft palate repair using buccal fat pad flaps for closure between 2007 and 2015 were reviewed. Only patients with unilateral buccal fat pad flaps and three-dimensional photography were included. Volumetric analysis was performed on each patient to measure cheek volumes of both the flap and nonflap sides. A subgroup analysis on cleft palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients was performed to eliminate the confounding asymmetries of unilateral cleft lip and palate patients. Paired t tests were used to determine differences in cheek volumes. In addition, three reviewers examined photographs of patients and were asked to determine the side of fat pad harvest.

Results:
Twenty-four patients met inclusion criteria. Mean follow-up was 55 months. The volume difference between the flap and nonflap sides was not significant (p = 0.81). Subgroup analysis on cleft palate and bilateral cleft lip and palate patients did not reveal a volume difference between the flap and nonflap sides (p = 0.98). When asked to determine which side buccal fat pads were harvested from based on patient photographs, the average percentage correct for three independent reviewers was 57 percent and the Cohen’s kappa was −0.084, indicating poor agreement.

Conclusion:
Although the buccal fat pad is thought to play a role in facial aesthetics, the authors found no difference in volume between harvest and nonharvest sides, nor was there a clinically detectable difference.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Finesse in Nasal Tip Refinement
Authors: Sieber David A. , Rohrich Rod. J. 
Published: July 2017

Summary:
Nasal tip refinement is one of the most difficult aspects of rhinoplasty surgery. In this article, the senior author (R.J.R.) presents his technique for nasal tip analysis and identifies the factors that contribute to nasal tip shape. Various techniques for nasal tip modification using both sutures and soft cartilage grafts are described to help produce optimal results.