bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The epidemiology of autism: a review
Authors: FOMBONNE ERIC 
Published: July 2002

Background. There is some uncertainty about the rate and correlates of autism.Method. Twenty-three epidemiological surveys of autism published in the English language
between 1966 and 1998 were reviewed.Results. Over 4 million subjects were surveyed; 1533 subjects with autism were identified. The
methodological characteristics of each study are summarized, including case definition, case-finding
procedures, participation rates and precision achieved. Across surveys, the median prevalence
estimate was 5·2/10000. Half the surveys had 95% confidence intervals consistent with population
estimates of 5·4–5·5/10000. Prevalence rates significantly increased with publication year, reflecting
changes in case definition and improved recognition; the median rate was 7·2/10000 for 11 surveys
conducted since 1989. The average male/female ratio was 3·8[ratio ]1, varying according to the absence
or presence of mental retardation. Intellectual functioning within the normal range was reported in
about 20% of subjects. On average, medical conditions of potential causal significance were found
in 6% of subjects with autism, with tuberous sclerosis having a consistently strong association with
autism. Social class and immigrant status did not appear to be associated with autism. There was
no evidence for a secular increase in the incidence of autism. In eight surveys, rates for other forms
of pervasive developmental disorders were two to three times higher than the rate for autism.Conclusion. Based on recent surveys, a minimum estimate of 18·7/10000 for all forms of pervasive
developmental disorders was derived, which outlines the needs in special services for a large group
of children.
Reliability of the Salford Needs Assessment Schedule
for Adolescents
Authors: KROLL L. , WOODHAM A. , ROTHWELL J. , BAILEY S. , TOBIAS C. , HARRINGTON R. , MARSHALL M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. For adolescents, there is no specific needs assessment instrument that assesses
significant problems that can benefit from specified interventions. A new instrument (S.NASA) was
developed by incorporating and adapting three well established adult needs assessment instruments.
The S.NASA covers 21 areas of functioning including social, psychiatric, educational and life skills.Method. Client and carer interviews were conducted by different researchers. A week later the
interviews were repeated using a crossover design. Significant (cardinal) problems were generated
from the clinical interviews using a pre-defined algorithm. Final need status (three categories) was
made by clinicians assessing the cardinal problems against defined interventions. The interventions
were generated from discussions with clinicians and a survey of appropriate professionals working
with adolescents.Results. Pre-piloting led to the final version being administered to 40 adolescents from secure units,
forensic psychiatric and adolescent psychiatric services. There were 25 males and 15 females, mean
age 15·5 years. Overall there were moderate to good inter-rater and test–retest reliability coefficients,
the test–retest reliability coefficients for the total scores on the needs assessment interviews ranged
from 0·73 to 0·85. Consensual and face validity was good, the adolescents and staff finding the
instrument useful and helpful.Conclusions. This new needs assessment instrument shows acceptable psychometric properties. It
should be of use in research projects assessing the needs and the provision of services for adolescents
with complex and chronic problems.
Development, learning and memory in large random networks of cortical neurons: lessons beyond anatomy
Authors: Marom Shimon , Shahaf Goded 
Published: July 2002

1. Introduction 631.1 Outline 631.2 Universals versus realizations in the study of learning and memory 642. Large random cortical networks developing ex vivo 652.1 Preparation 652.2 Measuring electrical activity 673. Spontaneous development 693.1 Activity 693.2 Connectivity 704. Consequences of spontaneous activity: pharmacological manipulations 724.1 Structural consequences 724.2 Functional consequences 735. Effects of stimulation 745.1 Response to focal stimulation 745.2 Stimulation-induced changes in connectivity 746. Embedding functionality in real neural networks 776.1 Facing the physiological definition of ‘reward’: two classes of theories 786.2 Closing the loop 797. Concluding remarks 848. Acknowledgments 859. References 85The phenomena of learning and memory are inherent to neural systems that differ from each
other markedly. The differences, at the molecular, cellular and anatomical levels, reflect the
wealth of possible instantiations of two neural learning and memory universals: (i) an
extensive functional connectivity that enables a large repertoire of possible responses to
stimuli; and (ii) sensitivity of the functional connectivity to activity, allowing for selection of
adaptive responses. These universals can now be fully realized in ex-vivo developing neuronal
networks due to advances in multi-electrode recording techniques and desktop computing.
Applied to the study of ex-vivo networks of neurons, these approaches provide a unique view
into learning and memory in networks, over a wide range of spatio-temporal scales. In this
review, we summarize experimental data obtained from large random developing ex-vivo
cortical networks. We describe how these networks are prepared, their structure, stages of
functional development, and the forms of spontaneous activity they exhibit (Sections 2–4).
In Section 5 we describe studies that seek to characterize the rules of activity-dependent
changes in neural ensembles and their relation to monosynaptic rules. In Section 6, we
demonstrate that it is possible to embed functionality into ex-vivo networks, that is, to teach
them to perform desired firing patterns in both time and space. This requires ‘closing a loop’
between the network and the environment. Section 7 emphasizes the potential of ex-vivo
developing cortical networks in the study of neural learning and memory universals. This
may be achieved by combining closed loop experiments and ensemble-defined rules of
activity-dependent change.
IS THERE BIAS IN THE PUBLICATION OF INDIVIDUAL PATIENT

DATA META-ANALYSES?
Authors: Tierney Jayne F. , Clarke Mike , Stewart Lesley A. 
Published: July 2002

Objective: There is increasing empirical evidence for the

existence of bias in the publication of primary clinical research,

with statistically significant results being published more readily,

more quickly, and in higher impact journals. Meta-analysis of

individual patient data (IPD) may represent a gold standard of

“secondary” clinical research, giving the best possible summary

of current evidence for a particular question, but publication of

these may also be subject to bias. This study aimed to explore which

factors might be associated with publication of IPD meta-analyses

and to identify potential sources of bias.Methods: For all known IPD meta-analysis projects in cancer, the

responsible investigator was surveyed by means of a questionnaire to

determine descriptive characteristics of the meta-analysis, the

nature of the results, and details of the publication history.Results: There is no good evidence that overall

publication status of

meta-analyses in cancer is dependent on the statistical or clinical

significance of the results. However, those meta-analyses with

nonsignificant results did seem to take longer to publish and were

published in lower impact journals compared with those with more

striking results.Conclusions: Based on the current data, there seems to be no strong

association between the results of IPD meta-analyses in cancer and

publication.
Arrested succession in pastures hinders regeneration of Tropandean forests and shreds mountain landscapes
Authors: SARMIENTO FAUSTO O. 
Published: July 2002

Arrested succession is conspicuous in the abandoned pastures of the Andean piedmont that have encroached upon the tropical montane forests toward higher limits and steeper slopes. Habitat 'shredding' is analysed to depict the current spatial configuration of tropical Andean landscapes, based on fragmentation patterns prompted by seed dispersal ecology and pasture encroachment.Seed dispersal was studied to address the hypo-thesis that seed input constrains the recruitment of montane forest seedlings, thus impeding pasture conversion to forest. It turns out that a better competitor, the tussock grass Setaria sphacelata, is limiting dispersal success due to its bioarchitecture and planting patterns. Because of the variegation of fragments, the area is in danger of landscape homogeneity within a matrix of degraded pasture. Currently, protection of fragmented remnants and restoration of original landscape structure and function are urgent needs for land-use planning toward sustainable development in the region.Restoration ecology is plausible as a means of conservation for degraded Tropandean forests, since human impacts have shredded landscapes entirely. Dispersal ecology may be used to facilitate pasture conversion to forest in equatorial landscapes, but the proactive approach of pasture removal or planting strategy should differ from that for lowland Amazonia, where abandoned pastures are different from those of montane environs. However, the region may be proactively managed only if political decisions include conservation as a goal of development.
A cluster of meningococcal disease in western Sydney,
Australia initially associated with a nightclub
Authors: JELFS J. , JALALUDIN B. , MUNRO R. , PATEL M. , KERR M. , DALEY D. , NEVILLE S. , CAPON A. 
Published: July 2002

Fourteen cases of meningococcal disease (MD) occurred in
August–September 1996 in western
Sydney, Australia. Seven of the 10 young adults affected had a direct or
indirect link with a
local nightclub. Ten of 11 systemic meningococcal isolates had the phenotype

C[ratio ]2a[ratio ]P1.5 and
showed close genetic relationship by pulsed-fleld gel electrophoresis (PFGE).
Organisms of this
phenotype have not previously caused outbreaks in Australia, but have been
associated with
outbreaks and hyperendemic serogroup C MD in Europe, Canada, and the United
States.This is the largest cluster of serogroup C MD reported in urban Australia,
and the first
involving a nightclub. The strain differentiation results were available
rapidly enough to
augment epidemiological investigations on a daily basis. Public
health staff could thus establish
links between cases quickly, follow the spread of new cases in the community,
give accurate
information to health officials and the press, and utilize existing knowledge
about the
characteristics of this phenotype to predict likely developments during
the outbreak and
afterwards. The strain differentiation data was also very helpful when
the role of vaccination
was considered, and existing guidelines on the management of outbreaks
of MD could be used
effectively for the first time in western Sydney.
The grasping behaviour, locomotion and substrate use of the tree shrews Tupaia minor and T. tana (Mammalia, Scandentia)
Authors: Sargis Eric J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe grasping behaviour, locomotion and substrate use of the tree shrews Tupaia minor and T. tana were investigated in the Department of Zoological Research at the National Zoological Park in Washington, DC. Seven arboreal T. minor and five terrestrial T. tana were observed and videotaped for 10‐min focal animal samples totalling 77 h of observation. Locomotion and substrate use were scored and images of grasping behaviour were captured from videotapes. Tupaia minor individuals were videotaped crossing dowels and the number of dowel crossings that included grasps were scored. In 84% of dowel crossings, T. minor individuals used either their hallux or their pollex to grasp the dowels. Tupaia minor was also more active, moved more quickly, was more arboreal, rooted less, reversed its feet more, flexed its forelimbs more and was more semi‐plantigrade than T. tana. It is proposed that arboreal tupaiids, such as Ptilocercus lowii and T. minor, may represent better models for early primates than didelphid marsupials because they are capable of grasping and are more closely related to primates.
Properties of steady states for thin film equations
Authors: LAUGESEN R. S. , PUGH M. C. 
Published: July 2002

We consider nonnegative steady-state solutions of the evolution equationformula hereOur class of coefficients f, g allows degeneracies at h = 0,
such as f(0) = 0, as well as divergences like g(0) = ±∞. We first construct steady states and study their regularity. For
f, g > 0 we construct positive periodic steady states, and non-negative steady states with either
zero or nonzero contact angles. For f > 0 and g < 0, we prove there are no non-constant
positive periodic steady states or steady states with zero contact angle, but we do construct
non-negative steady states with nonzero contact angle. In considering the volume, length (or
period) and contact angle of the steady states, we find a rescaling identity that enables us to
answer questions such as whether a steady state is uniquely determined by its volume and
contact angle. Our tools include an improved monotonicity result for the period function of
the nonlinear oscillator. We also relate the steady states and their scaling properties to a
recent blow-up conjecture of Bertozzi and Pugh.
Numerical simulation of monsoon depressions over India with a high‐resolution nested regional model
Authors: Potty K V J , Mohanty U C , Raman S 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe structure and track of monsoon depressions over India during the summer monsoon have been simulated using a double‐nested limited‐area numerical weather prediction model. Four distinct cases of monsoon depressions that formed over the Bay of Bengal and adjoining areas have been studied. Initial conditions for the simulations are from either the European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts, Reading, UK or the National Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasting, New Delhi, India. The model is integrated for up to 48 hours for each case and the results are compared with verification fields. Forecasts of mean sea level pressure and low‐level wind indicate that the location of the centres of the depressions and their track could be predicted satisfactorily even though the magnitude of the central pressure is slightly too high. Temperature forecasts show close agreement with the verification analyses and the distribution of precipitation is well simulated. The vertical cross‐sections of temperature and wind forecasts show the correct vertical structure. RMS errors of the mean sea level pressure, wind and temperature indicate that the model could simulate the large‐scale fields reasonably well. RMS errors of the tracks of the depressions confirm the fact that the high‐resolution nested grid model can predict the tracks of the depressions with reasonable accuracy. Copyright © 2000 Royal Meteorological Society
The α-Amylase Induction in Endosperm during Rice Seed Germination Is Caused by Gibberellin Synthesized in Epithelium
Authors: Kaneko Miyuki , Itoh Hironori , Ueguchi-Tanaka Miyako , Ashikari Motoyuki , Matsuoka Makoto 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We recently isolated two genes (OsGA3ox1 andOsGA3ox2) from rice (Oryza sativa) encoding 3β-hydroxylase, which catalyzes the final step of active gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis (H. Itoh, M. Ueguchi-Tanaka, N. Sentoku, H. Kitano, M. Matsuoka, M. Kobayashi [2001] Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98: 8909–8914). Using these cloned cDNAs, we analyzed the temporal and spatial expression patterns of the 3β-hydroxylase genes and also an α-amylase gene (RAmy1A) during rice seed germination to investigate the relationship between GA biosynthesis and α-amylase expression. Northern-blot analyses revealed that RAmy1Aexpression in the embryo occurs before the induction of 3β-hydroxylase expression, whereas in the endosperm, a high level ofRAmy1A expression occurs 1 to 2 d after the peak ofOsGA3ox2 expression and only in the absence of uniconazol. Based on the analysis of an OsGA3ox2 null mutant (d18-Akibare dwarf), we determined that 3β-hydroxylase produced by OsGA3ox2 is important for the induction of RAmy1A expression and that the OsGA3ox1 product is not essential for α-amylase induction. The expression ofOsGA3ox2 was localized to the shoot region and epithelium of the embryo, strongly suggesting that active GA biosynthesis occurs in these two regions. The synthesis of active GA in the epithelium is important for α-amylase expression in the endosperm, because an embryonic mutant defective in shoot formation, but which developed epithelium cells, induced α-amylase expression in the endosperm, whereas a mutant defective in epithelium development did not.
Phosphorylation by a Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Modulates DNA Binding of the Arabidopsis Heat-Shock Transcription Factor HSF1 in Vitro
Authors: Reindl A. , Schoffl F. , Schell J. , Koncz C. , Bako L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Phosphorylation is one of the mechanisms controlling the activity of heat-shock transcription factors in yeast and mammalian cells. Here we describe partial purification, identification, and characterization of a protein kinase that phosphorylates the Arabidopsis heat-shock factor AtHSF1 at multiple serine residues. The HSF1 kinase forms a stable complex with AtHSF1, which can be detected by kinase pull-down assays using a histidine-tagged AtHSF1 substrate. The HSF1 kinase interacts with the cell-cycle control protein Suc1p and is immunoprecipitated by an antibody specific for the Arabidopsis cyclin-dependent CDC2a kinase. Phosphorylation by CDC2a in vitro inhibits DNA binding of AtHSF1 to the cognate heat-shock elements, suggesting a possible regulatory interaction between heat-shock response and cell-cycle control in plants.
A Ubiquitous Plant Housekeeping Gene, PAP, Encodes a Major Protein Component of Bell Pepper Chromoplasts
Authors: Pozueta-Romero J. , Rafia F. , Houlne G. , Cheniclet C. , Carde J. P. , Schantz M. L. , Schantz R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA (PAP) corresponding to a single nuclear gene that encodes an approximately 30-kD major protein of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) fruit chromoplasts. RNA and protein analyses revealed that, although at a low level, this gene is also expressed in every organ of the plant, the amount of the corresponding transcript and protein dramatically increasing in the latter stages of fruit development. Western-blot and immunocytochemical analyses of purified chloroplasts from leaves and fruits and of chromoplasts from red fruits showed that the encoded protein is the major component of plastoglobules and fibrils and is localized on the outer surface of these lipid structures. Analyses of PAP in plants belonging to different taxa revealed that it is expressed and highly conserved in both monocotyledonous and dicotyledonous plants. The presence of the protein in plastids not differentiating into chromoplasts indicates that PAP is expressed irrespective of the ontogeny of various plastid lines. In light of our results and since the encoded protein, identical to that previously named ChrB or fibrillin, is present in plastoglobules from several species and accumulates in the fibrils of bell pepper chromoplast, we propose to designate it as a plastid-lipid-associated protein.
Effects of Short- and Long-Term Elevated CO2 on the Expression of Ribulose-1,5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase/Oxygenase Genes and Carbohydrate Accumulation in Leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) Heynh.1
Authors: Cheng Shu-Hua , Moore Brandon d. , Seemann Jeffrey R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
To investigate the proposed molecular characteristics of sugar-mediated repression of photosynthetic genes during plant acclimation to elevated CO2, we examined the relationship between the accumulation and metabolism of nonstructural carbohydrates and changes in ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) gene expression in leaves of Arabidopsis thaliana exposed to elevated CO2. Long-term growth of Arabidopsis at high CO2 (1000 μL L−1) resulted in a 2-fold increase in nonstructural carbohydrates, a large decrease in the expression of Rubisco protein and in the transcript ofrbcL, the gene encoding the large subunit of Rubisco (approximately 35–40%), and an even greater decline in mRNA ofrbcS, the gene encoding the small subunit (approximately 60%). This differential response of protein and mRNAs suggests that transcriptional/posttranscriptional processes and protein turnover may determine the final amount of leaf Rubisco protein at high CO2. Analysis of mRNA levels of individualrbcS genes indicated that reduction in totalrbcS transcripts was caused by decreased expression of all four rbcS genes. Short-term transfer of Arabidopsis plants grown at ambient CO2 to high CO2resulted in a decrease in total rbcS mRNA by d 6, whereas Rubisco content and rbcL mRNA decreased by d 9. Transfer to high CO2 reduced the maximum expression level of the primary rbcS genes (1A and, particularly, 3B) by limiting their normal pattern of accumulation through the night period. The decreased nighttime levels of rbcS mRNA were associated with a nocturnal increase in leaf hexoses. We suggest that prolonged nighttime hexose metabolism resulting from exposure to elevated CO2 affects rbcS transcript accumulation and, ultimately, the level of Rubisco protein.
Drought-Induced Effects on Nitrate Reductase Activity and mRNA and on the Coordination of Nitrogen and Carbon Metabolism in Maize Leaves1
Authors: Foyer Christine H. , Valadier Marie-Hélène , Migge Andrea , Becker Thomas W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Maize (Zea mays L.) plants were grown to the nine-leaf stage. Despite a saturating N supply, the youngest mature leaves (seventh position on the stem) contained little NO3− reserve. Droughted plants (deprived of nutrient solution) showed changes in foliar enzyme activities, mRNA accumulation, photosynthesis, and carbohydrate and amino acid contents. Total leaf water potential and CO2assimilation rates, measured 3 h into the photoperiod, decreased 3 d after the onset of drought. Starch, glucose, fructose, and amino acids, but not sucrose (Suc), accumulated in the leaves of droughted plants. Maximal extractable phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase activities increased slightly during water deficit, whereas the sensitivity of this enzyme to the inhibitor malate decreased. Maximal extractable Suc phosphate synthase activities decreased as a result of water stress, and there was an increase in the sensitivity to the inhibitor orthophosphate. A correlation between maximal extractable foliar nitrate reductase (NR) activity and the rate of CO2 assimilation was observed. The NR activation state and maximal extractable NR activity declined rapidly in response to drought. Photosynthesis and NR activity recovered rapidly when nutrient solution was restored at this point. The decrease in maximal extractable NR activity was accompanied by a decrease in NR transcripts, whereas Suc phosphate synthase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase mRNAs were much less affected. The coordination of N and C metabolism is retained during drought conditions via modulation of the activities of Suc phosphate synthase and NR commensurate with the prevailing rate of photosynthesis.