bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimization of hollow cathode discharge electrode for damage free remote plasma removal process for semiconductor manufacturing
Authors: Cho Tae S. , Han Qing , Yang Dongqing , Park Soonam , Lubomirsky Dima , Venkataraman Shankar 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Cone-shaped hollow cathode electrode configuration for a damage free remote plasma removal process has been optimized for given pressures based on Paschen characteristic curves, voltage–current characteristics and time-resolved discharge observations as well as oxide film removal performances. Remote plasmas have been generated in two types of cone-shaped electrodes with mixtures of He, NF3, and NH3 for pressure range of 1–30 Torr. Paschen characteristic curves and voltage–current (V–I) characteristics define an operating pressure for low breakdown voltage and the hollow cathode effect to minimize the particles. Sinusoidal voltage waveform and asymmetry electrode configuration alternate the glow discharge and hollow cathode discharge modes in a cycle. The current and infrared emission intensity from the glow discharge increases together for both cone-shaped electrodes with increasing pressure, whereas the hollow cathode discharge plasma emits strong infrared only when pD condition is satisfied. For the wide cone electrode configuration, high voltage operation at higher pressure results in particle contamination on the processed wafer by high energy ion bombardment. Operating at optimum pressure for a given electrode configuration shows faster oxide etch rate with better uniformity over a whole 300 mm wafer.
Polarity control of GaN grown on pulsed-laser-deposited AlN/GaN template by metalorganic vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Yoo Jinyeop , Shojiki Kanako , Tanikawa Tomoyuki , Kuboya Shigeyuki , Hanada Takashi , Katayama Ryuji , Matsuoka Takashi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report on the polarity control of GaN regrown on pulsed-laser-deposition-grown N-polar AlN on a metalorganic-vapor-phase-epitaxy-grown Ga-polar GaN template. The polarity of the regrown GaN, which was confirmed using aqueous KOH solutions, can be inverted from that of AlN by inserting a low-temperature GaN (LT-GaN) buffer layer. We hypothetically ascribe the Ga-polarity selection of GaN on the LT-GaN buffer layer to the mixed polarity of LT-GaN grains and higher growth rate of the Ga-polar grain, which covers up the N-polar grain during the initial stage of the high-temperature growth. The X-ray rocking curve analysis revealed that the edge-dislocation density in the N-polar regrown GaN is 5 to 8 times smaller than that in the Ga-polar regrown GaN. N-polar GaN grows directly on N-polar AlN at higher temperatures. Therefore, nucleus islands grow larger than those of LT-GaN and the area fraction of coalescence boundaries between islands, where edge dislocations emerge, becomes smaller.
Structural and magnetic characterization of Sm-doped GaN grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Dehara Kentaro , Miyazaki Yuta , Hasegawa Shigehiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We have investigated structural, optical and magnetic properties of Sm-doped GaN thin films grown by plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. Reflection high-energy electron diffraction and X-ray diffraction reveal that Ga1−

x
Sm
x
N films with a SmN mole fraction of ∼8% or below are grown on GaN templates without segregation of any secondary phases. With increasing SmN mole fraction, the c-axis lattice parameter of the GaSmN films linearly increases. GaSmN films with low Sm concentrations exhibit inner-4f transitions of Sm3+ in photoluminescence spectra. The present findings show that Sm atoms are substituted for some Ga atoms as trivalent ions (Sm3+). The Ga1−

x
Sm
x
N films display hysteresis loops in magnetization versus external magnetic field (M–H) curves even at 300 K. We will discuss the origin of these features together with the corresponding temperature dependences of magnetization.
Selective-area growth of GaN microrods on strain-induced templates by hydride vapor phase epitaxy
Authors: Lekhal Kaddour , Bae Si-Young , Lee Ho-Jun , Mitsunari Tadashi , Tamura Akira , Deki Manato , Honda Yoshio , Amano Hiroshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we discuss the influence of parameters such as type of carrier gas and NH3/HCl flow ratio on the growth of vertical GaN microstructures by selective-area growth (SAG) hydride vapor phase epitaxy (HVPE). On various strain-induced templates such as GaN/sapphire, GaN/Si, and AlN/Si, regular arrays of Ga-polar GaN microrods were properly achieved by adjusting the growth parameters. The photoluminescence and micro-Raman measurements reveal not only the crystal quality of the GaN microrods but also strain distribution. These results will give insight into the control of the morphology of GaN microrods in terms of the strain induced from templates in SAG-HVPE. The precisely controlled arrays of GaN microrods can be used for next-generation light-emitting diodes (LEDs) by realizing InGaN/GaN multi–quantum wells (MQWs) with a radial structure.
Systematic approach to developing empirical interatomic potentials for III–N semiconductors
Authors: Ito Tomonori , Akiyama Toru , Nakamura Kohji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A systematic approach to the derivation of empirical interatomic potentials is developed for III–N semiconductors with the aid of ab initio calculations. The parameter values of empirical potential based on bond order potential are determined by reproducing the cohesive energy differences among 3-fold coordinated hexagonal, 4-fold coordinated zinc blende, wurtzite, and 6-fold coordinated rocksalt structures in BN, AlN, GaN, and InN. The bond order p is successfully introduced as a function of the coordination number Z in the form of p = a exp(−bZn
) if Z ≤ 4 and p = (4/Z)α if Z ≥ 4 in empirical interatomic potential. Moreover, the energy difference between wurtzite and zinc blende structures can be successfully evaluated by considering interaction beyond the second-nearest neighbors as a function of ionicity. This approach is feasible for developing empirical interatomic potentials applicable to a system consisting of poorly coordinated atoms at surfaces and interfaces including nanostructures.
Shadowing and anisotropy of solar energetic ions at Mars measured by MAVEN during the March 2015 solar storm
Authors: Lillis Robert J. , Lee Christina O. , Larson Davin , Luhmann Janet G. , Halekas Jasper S. , Connerney Jack E. P. , Jakosky Bruce M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) Instrument on the Mars Atmosphere and Volatile EvolutioN (MAVEN) spacecraft is meant to characterize the variability of SEP fluxes at Mars. SEP ion precipitation is an important source of heating, ionization, and chemical changes in the upper atmosphere of Mars and may have played a substantial role in driving atmospheric escape over the history of the solar system. Here we examine SEP fluxes during a series of solar disturbances in late February through early March 2015. We present the first SEP ion pitch angle distributions measured at Mars and show how SEP anisotropy changes over the course of the event period. We present examples and explanations of several different kinds of variability in the SEP flux measured in the four fields of view of the instrument. Finally, we present a statistical study of energy‐ and angle‐dependent shadowing of SEP under three different sets of heliospheric conditions, showing that the direct shadowing of SEP by the solid planet may be better explained in terms of simple geometry under quieter heliospheric conditions. In‐depth understanding of the effects on SEP fluxes and precipitation patterns by the complex interplay between solar wind disturbances and Mars' magnetospheric configuration awaits detailed modeling studies.
On the secular trend of COx and CO2 in the lower thermosphere
Authors: Garcia Rolando R. , López‐Puertas Manuel , Funke Bernd , Kinnison Douglas E. , Marsh Daniel R. , Qian Liying 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn analysis of recent observations (2004–2013) made by the Atmospheric Chemistry Experiment Fourier Transform Spectrometer (ACE‐FTS) instrument indicate that total carbon (COx = CO + CO2) has been increasing rapidly in the lower thermosphere, above 10−3 hPa (90 km). The estimated trend (~9% per decade) is about a factor of 2 larger than the rate of increase that can be ascribed to anthropogenic emissions of CO2 (~5% per decade). Here we investigate whether the observed trends of CO2 and COx can be reproduced using the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM), a comprehensive global model with interactive chemistry, wherein vertical eddy diffusion is estimated from a parameterization of gravity wave breaking that can respond to changes in the model climate. We find that the modeled trends of CO2 and COx do not differ significantly at any altitude from the value expected from anthropogenic increases of CO2 and that WACCM does not produce significant changes in eddy diffusivity. We show that the discrepancy between model and observations cannot be attributed to uncertainties associated with geophysical noise and instrumental effects, to difficulties separating a linear trend from the 11 year solar signal, or to sparse sampling by ACE‐FTS. Estimates of the impact of vertical diffusion on CO2 in the model indicate that a large increase in Kzz (~30% per decade) would be necessary to reconcile WACCM results with observations. It might be possible to ascertain whether such a large change in vertical mixing has in fact taken place by examining the trend of water vapor in the upper mesosphere.
Assessing the impact of satellite‐based observations in sea surface temperature trends
Authors: Huang Boyin , Liu Chunying , Banzon Viva F. , Zhang Huai‐Min , Karl Thomas R. , Lawrimore Jay H. , Vose Russell S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGlobal trends of sea surface temperature (SST) are assessed for the existing and new experimental SST analyses that incorporate advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) observations from NOAA polar‐orbiting satellites. These analyses show that globally and annually averaged SST trends over the 21st century (2000–2015) are similar to the trends for the full satellite record period (1982–2015), regardless of whether AVHRR data are included in the analyses. It is shown that appropriate bias correction is an important step to remove discontinuities of AVHRR data for consistent time series and trend analysis.
Compression of Fe–Si–H alloys to core pressures
Authors: Tagawa Shoh , Ohta Kenji , Hirose Kei , Kato Chie , Ohishi Yasuo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe examined the compression behavior of hexagonal‐close‐packed (hcp) (Fe0.88Si0.12)1H0.61 and (Fe0.88Si0.12)1H0.79 (in atomic ratio) alloys up to 138 GPa in a diamond anvil cell (DAC). While contradicting experimental results were previously reported on the compression curve of double‐hcp (dhcp) FeHx (x ≈ 1), our data show that the compressibility of hcp Fe0.88Si0.12Hx alloys is very similar to those of hcp Fe and Fe0.88Si0.12, indicating that the incorporation of hydrogen into iron does not change its compression behavior remarkably. The present experiments suggest that the inner core may contain up to 0.47 wt % hydrogen (FeH0.26) if temperature is 5000 K. The calculated density profile of Fe0.88Si0.12H0.17 alloy containing 0.32 wt % hydrogen in addition to geochemically required 6.5 wt % silicon matches the seismological observations of the outer core, supporting that hydrogen is an important core light element.
Stability analysis of a combined direct variable structure adaptive control – the discrete‐time case
Authors: Stefanello Márcio , Gründling Hilton A. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThis paper presents the proofs of robust stability of a discrete‐time robust model reference controller combined with variable structure in an adaptive framework. All the proofs of robust stability are derived for the discrete‐time case and are similar to those already existing for the conventional non‐combined case. The controller is applied to a SISO LTI plant with unmodeled dynamics of multiplicative and additive types. It is shown that the combined controller can arbitrarily improve the convergence of the error while maintaining the robustness if compared with the non–combined case. Simulation results illustrate the performance of the proposed control strategy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hochgespannte Heterocyclen, gebildet aus Bor‐Bor‐Mehrfachbindungen und höheren Homologen der Chalcogene
Authors: Braunschweig Holger , Constantinidis Philipp , Dellermann Theresa , Ewing William C. , Fischer Ingo , Hess Merlin , Knight Fergus R. , Rempel Anna , Schneider Christoph , Ullrich Stefan , Vargas Alfredo , Woollins J. Derek 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Reaktionen eines Diborens mit elementaren Selen oder Tellur führen zur Bildung eines Diboraselenirans bzw. eines Diboratellurirans. Diese Reaktionen erinnern an die Bindung von niedervalentem Sauerstoff und Stickstoff bei der Bildung von Oxiranen und Aziridinen. Eine solche Reaktivität wurde jedoch zwischen Alkenen und den höheren Homologen der Chalcogene bisher nicht beobachtet. Während die Elektronegativität von Kohlenstoff zu groß ist, um Elemente mit niedriger Elektronegativität zu reduzieren, ermöglicht das hohe Reduktionspotential der B‐B‐Doppelbindung eine Reaktion mit Se0 und Te0. Die Fähigkeit einer Bor‐Bor Mehrfachbindung, Elektronendichte zu donieren, wird durch Reaktionen verdeutlicht, in denen diese als Nukleophil an einem der beiden Tellurzentren von Diarylditelluriden angreift. Die entstehenden salzartigen Verbindungen bestehen aus einem Diboratellurirenium‐Kation und einem Aryltellurid‐Anion.
Bio‐based hydrophobic epoxy‐amine networks derived from renewable terpenoids
Authors: Garrison Michael D. , Harvey Benjamin G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTCarvacrol and p‐cymene are sustainable and versatile starting materials for the preparation of hydrophobic monomers. These molecules can be readily derived from pine resin or produced from other sustainable feedstocks via a biosynthetic approach. A hydrophobic epoxy monomer [bis(2‐isopropyl‐5‐methyl‐4‐(oxiran‐2‐ylmethoxy)phenyl)methane, 3] with methyl and isopropyl substituents on the aromatic rings was synthesized from carvacrol. A bisaniline [4,4′‐methylenebis(5‐isopropyl‐2‐methylaniline, 4] was then synthesized from p‐cymene. Using a cured epoxy‐amine network prepared from the diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) and 4,4′‐methylenedianiline (MDA) as a baseline system, three additional networks were prepared from DGEBA:4, 3:MDA, and 3:4. The cured epoxy‐amine networks were tested for moisture uptake as well as changes in thermomechanical properties after exposure to boiling water for several days. Incorporation of the bio‐based monomers resulted in up to 53% lower water uptake compared to the baseline system. The bio‐based resins also showed greater resistance to degradation under hot‐wet conditions, with wet‐TG knockdowns as low as 8% as compared to a 19% decrease for the baseline system. These results show that the unique functionality of the renewable bisphenol and aniline used in this study can result in materials with improved hot/wet performance as compared to conventional thermosetting resins. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43621.
Movement, depth distribution and survival of spinetail devilrays (Mobula japanica) tagged and released from purse‐seine catches in New Zealand
Authors: Francis Malcolm P. , Jones Emma G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Mobulid rays are protected in New Zealand, but the spinetail devilray Mobula japanica is caught as bycatch in skipjack tuna purse seine fisheries.
Between 2005 and 2014, rays were recorded in 8.2% of observed purse seine sets. Rays were caught during summer, with a ‘hotspot’ (24.3% of sets) near the shelf edge off North Island over seabed depths of 150–350 m. Rays were usually brailed aboard with the tuna catch from successful sets, but were often entangled in the bunt of the net during unsuccessful sets.
Observers tagged nine rays with popup archival tags to obtain preliminary information on their post‐release survival, and spatial and vertical movements. Seven of the nine tags reported data, and four of those rays died within 2–4 days of release. All four rays that died had been brought aboard entangled in the bunt. The three surviving rays were all brailed aboard with the tuna catch.
One surviving ray remained near New Zealand for 2.7 months during summer, and the other two migrated 1400–1800 km northward to tropical waters near Vanuatu and Fiji at minimum speeds of 47 and 63 km day−1 at the end of summer.
Archive data from one ray showed that it made regular vertical movements of 25–100 m amplitude, but spent most of its time shallower than 50 m, more so during the night (89.6%) than the day (76.6%), and mainly experienced temperatures of 18−22 °C. Dives deeper than 200 m were usually made during the day or twilight.
All three surviving rays typically moved between the surface and 200–300 m daily, and reached greatest depths of 649 m, 1000 m and 1112 m, respectively, substantially exceeding the previous depth record for this species of 445 m.
Recommendations are made for reducing purse seine mortality of mobulid rays by avoiding areas of high ray abundance, avoiding setting on ray‐associated tuna schools, and adopting best‐practice methods of returning rays to the sea from the net or vessel.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dipolar Dyes with a Pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxaline Skeleton Containing a Cyano Group and a Bridged Tertiary Amino Group: Synthesis, Solvatofluorochromism, and Bioimaging
Authors: Łukasiewicz Łukasz G. , Deperasińska Irena , Poronik Yevgen M. , Jun Yong Woong , Banasiewicz Marzena , Kozankiewicz Bolesław , Ahn Kyo Han , Gryko Daniel T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo strongly polarized dipolar chromophores possessing a cyclic tertiary amino group at one terminus of the molecule and a CN group at the opposite terminus were designed and synthesized. Their rigid skeleton contains the rarely studied pyrrolo[2,3‐b]quinoxaline ring system. The photophysical properties of these regioisomeric dyes were different owing to differing π conjugation between the CN group and the electron‐donor moiety. These dipolar molecules showed very intense emission, strong solvatofluorochromism, and sufficient two‐photon brightness for bioimaging. One of these regioisomeric dyes, namely, 11‐carbonitrile‐2,3,4,5,6,7‐hexahydro‐1H‐3a,8,13,13b‐tetraazabenzo[b]cyclohepta[1,2,3‐jk]fluorene, was successfully utilized in two‐photon imaging of mouse organ tissues and showed distinct tissue morphology with high resolution.
Nanoparticles in the clinic
Authors: Anselmo Aaron C. , Mitragotri Samir 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNanoparticle/microparticle‐based drug delivery systems for systemic (i.e., intravenous) applications have significant advantages over their nonformulated and free drug counterparts. For example, nanoparticle systems are capable of delivering therapeutics and treating areas of the body that other delivery systems cannot reach. As such, nanoparticle drug delivery and imaging systems are one of the most investigated systems in preclinical and clinical settings. Here, we will highlight the diversity of nanoparticle types, the key advantages these systems have over their free drug counterparts, and discuss their overall potential in influencing clinical care. In particular, we will focus on current clinical trials for nanoparticle formulations that have yet to be clinically approved. Additional emphasis will be on clinically approved nanoparticle systems, both for their currently approved indications and their use in active clinical trials. Finally, we will discuss many of the often overlooked biological, technological, and study design challenges that impact the clinical success of nanoparticle delivery systems.
Rational Design for Rotaxane Synthesis through Intramolecular Slippage: Control of Activation Energy by Rigid Axle Length
Authors: Masai Hiroshi , Terao Jun , Fujihara Tetsuaki , Tsuji Yasushi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe describe a new concept for rotaxane synthesis through intramolecular slippage using π‐conjugated molecules as rigid axles linked with organic soluble and flexible permethylated α‐cyclodextrins (PM α‐CDs) as macrocycles. Through hydrophilic–hydrophobic interactions and flipping of PM α‐CDs, successful quantitative conversion into rotaxanes was achieved without covalent bond formation. The rotaxanes had high activation barrier for their de‐threading, so that they were kinetically isolated and derivatized even under conditions unfavorable for maintaining the rotaxane structures. 1H NMR spectroscopy experiments clearly revealed that the restricted motion of the linked macrocycle with the rigid axle made it possible to control the kinetic stability by adjusting the length of the rigid axle in the precursor structure rather than the steric bulkiness of the stopper unit.
Fluorescent H‐Aggregates Hosted by a Charged Cyclodextrin Cavity
Authors: Mudliar Niyati H. , Singh Prabhat K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMost macrocyclic host molecules, including cyclodextrins, usually prevent self‐aggregation of the guest organic molecules, by exploiting inclusion complexation of the guest with the host. In this work, it was found that a negatively charged β‐cylcodextrin derivative induces aggregation of a well‐known amyloid sensing dye, Thioflavin‐T, and leads to an unprecedented formation of the rarely observed emissive H‐type aggregates of the dye.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF SODIUM SULFATE‐COATED COBALT BASE ALLOYS
Authors: JOHNSON D. M. , WHITTLE D. P. , STRINGER J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Einfluß von Na; SO4‐Überzügen auf die Oxidation von Co sowie Co‐7,5 W‐ und Co‐4 Mo‐Legierungen in Sauerstoff (latm) bei 900°C wird untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: Cryogenic Inorganic Chemistry: A Review of Metal‐Gas Reactions as Studied by Matrix‐Isolation Infrared and Raman Spectroscopic Techniques.
Authors: OZIN GEOFFREY A. , VANDER VOET ANTHONY 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIm einzelnen werden außer allgemeinen Bemerkungen über die experimentellen Techniken der IR‐ und Raman‐Matrixisolationsverfahren, Reaktionen von heißen Metallen mit Gasmolekülen, Metallatom‐Gas‐Kokondensationsreaktionen, Bildung Freier Radikale durch Reaktionen von Metallatomen mit Gasen, Bildungen anionischer Spezies, bei denen das Metallatom als Elektronenquelle dient und präparative Reaktionen bei tiefen Temperaturen behandelt.
ChemInform Abstract: DISSYMMETRIC 1,3‐DIENES. IV. SYNTHESES AND ENANTIOMERIZATION BARRIERS OF SOME E ACYCLIC VIC‐DIALKYLIDENE COMPOUNDS
Authors: JELINSKI LYNN W. , KIEFER EDGAR F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Reduktion und Bromierung des Halbesters (I) ergibt das Dibromid (II), dessen Umsetzung mit NaCN oder Na‐azid zu den Derivaten (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: INTER‐ AND INTRAMOLECULAR CATALYSIS IN THE ENOLIZATION OF DERIVATIVES OF 2′‐CARBOXYACETOPHENONE
Authors: BELL RONALD P. , EARLS DEREK W. , HENSHALL JOHN B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEs werden die Kinetik der Enolisierung z.B. der Ketone (I)‐(III) sowie deren Gleichgewichtsgemische mit den isomeren Lactolen untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINE OXIDATION. IX. ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF TERTIARY AMINES. EFFECT OF OF STRUCTURE ON REACTIVITY
Authors: LINDSAY SMITH JOHN R. , MASHEDER DAVID 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEs werden z.B. N‐Methyl‐piperidin, 1‐Azabicyclo[2.2.2]octan, Triäthylamin und N,N‐Dimethyl‐nitrobenzylamin oxidiert.