bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kenya’s Industrial Development
Authors: Ngui Dianah , Chege Jacob , Kimuyu Peter 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter reviews the history of manufacturing in Kenya, starting with the period immediately before independence in 1963, discussing industrial policies pursued by different regimes and their impact on Kenyan manufacturing. The chapter concludes with a reflection of factors that have shaped industrial development in Kenya. Like many developing countries, Kenya’s early years of independence pursued an import substitution strategy in which the government provided both direct support and tariff protection for the industrial sector. This strategy was a carryover from colonial policies, and its objectives were rapid growth of industry, reduced balance of payment pressure, more indigenous participation in the sector, and higher productivity and high-income employment. However, the import substitution policy failed to create much-needed employment and its high import content caused major balance of payment problems.
The Evolution of Industry in Uganda
Authors: Shinyekwa Isaac , Kiiza Julius , Hisali Eria , Obwona Marios 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Uganda obtained independence from Britain in 1962, emerging as a poor agrarian economy dominated by agriculture. After a decade of economic and political stability, in 1971 Idi Amin led a military coup, initiating a period of political and economic chaos lasting until 1986. The National Resistance Movement led by Yoweri Museveni took power, and has remained the ruling political organization since. During the first two decades of rule, economic development was significantly hampered by civil war in the North. A period of relative peace has followed, even though improvements in peace and stability mask substantial governance concerns—rising inequality, youth unemployment, and corruption in public office. Against this background the recent performance of the Ugandan economy is impressive—GDP growth averaged 6.5 per cent per annum in the 1990s and 2000s. The growth experienced is simultaneously associated with impressive economic trends and depressing levels of industrial transformation.
Clifford, or Geometric, Algebra
Authors: Vaz Jayme , da Rocha Roldão 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this chapter, the so-called geometric algebras, or Clifford algebras, are introduced, with special attention to the universal Clifford algebras. As well as providing the standard definition of a Clifford algebra via the so-called Clifford mapping, this chapter presents an explicit construction of the universal Clifford algebra associated with a quadratic space as a quotient of the tensor algebra. Clifford algebras are also presented in the context of Grassmann algebras. In addition, the prominent features of Clifford algebras are presented and creation operators and annihilation operators are introduced. All the topics presented in this chapter are illustrated with a number of different, enlightening examples.
Spinors
Authors: Vaz Jayme , da Rocha Roldão 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter introduces and discusses the theory of spinors, as well as some of their prominent applications. Algebraic spinors, classical spinors, and spinor operators are presented and, based upon the periodicity theorem and the Clifford algebras representations, classified for arbitrary fine dimensions and metric signature. The properties of these three different types of spinors are also presented. In addition, pure spinors are introduced, and the triality principle, twistors, and Penrose flagpoles are discussed. The chapter ends with a detailed study of the so-called Weyl spinors, which form the basis of the Penrose and Rindler formalisms.
The Contract of Employment and the Remedial Dimension
Authors: Barmes Lizzie 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the content and impact of the remedial rules of the law of the contract of employment in the institutional contexts, first, of the formation, conduct and ending of work relationships and, secondly, of claiming behaviour and adjudication. The law on contractual remedies relevant to employment disputes has the effect that, by and large, employment contract law gives greater support to working people with the least need of protection, while tending to reinforce employee subordination for the rest and to give employers substantial means to control competition. Significant doctrinal incoherence has in turn resulted from the contrast between judicial recognition of major common-law obligations during the course of employment relationships and the courts’ and Employment Tribunals’ minimalist approach to employers’ obligations connected to termination. The constitutional basis for these distinctions, however, means the onus is on politicians and the legislature to take action.
The Contract of Employment, Corporate Law, and Labour Income
Authors: Njoya Wanjiru 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the role played by the contract of employment in wage distribution and income inequality, distinguishing between the ordinary entitlement to ‘labour income’ and the finance-derived entitlement to ‘capital income’ linked to share value. The chapter aims to expose the interplay between contract and status in the quantification of income, a differentiation that may be seen as a reinvention of the old divides associated with the master-servant regime. Senior corporate managers, as quasi-partners in the firm, are able to access the residual profit of the firm through bonuses and stock options while most employees are entitled only to a fixed-rate wage. The chapter draws upon insights from corporate law to theorize not only the inequalities between different kinds of employment status but also the way in which those inequalities have been masked by a habit of regarding the contract of employment as a basically homogenous contract-type.
The Contract of Employment as an Expression of Continuing Obligations
Authors: Countouris Nicola 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyses the three main ways in which the concept of ‘continuity’ is expressed in the construction of the contract of employment in English employment law. It breaks down the composite notion of ‘continuity’ into three distinct dimensions, that is to say continuity as ‘duration/length of service’, continuity as ‘regularity’, and continuity as an element used to identify contractual status. The chapter identifies the latter dimension of continuity as arguably the most contentious one, with English court decisions establishing, in effect, a strong nexus between contractual duration, mutuality of obligations, and employment status, to the effect that casual work normally justifies a strong inference that the relationship is one characterized by a series of short contracts for services, rather than a continuous contract of employment, or even a ‘worker’ contract.
Variation and Suspension of the Contract of Employment and its Terms
Authors: Countouris Nicola , Sanders Astrid 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter provides an analysis of the law on the variation and suspension of contracts of employment. The first part of the chapter, focusing on variation, notes the extent to which the relevant body of law is heavily influenced by contractual paradigms and concepts, and how these concepts are often adapted and shaped in an attempt to strike a balance between the employees’ interest in terms of security and stability, and the employers’ managerial prerogative and need for adaptability. The second half of the chapter, focusing on ‘suspension’, notes the heterogeneous and fragmented set of factual instances that can be classified as amounting to, or producing, a ‘suspension’ of the contract of employment. It also notes that different rules tend to apply to these different situations, with the few statutory provisions dealing with ‘suspension’ often being disconnected from the common law principles underpinning this area of English labour law.
The Wrongful Termination of the Contract of Employment
Authors: Bogg Alan , Freedland Mark 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the historical development and contemporary landscape of wrongful dismissal (in which is included the idea of constructive dismissal) Wrongful dismissal in English law is based upon a nexus of ideas encompassing a limited contractual (rather than tortious) notion of wrongfulness, limited remedies and an ethos of ‘informal dispute resolution’. This involved the rejection of a broader, tort-based conception of wrongfulness. The origins of this narrowly contractual nexus are identified in the decision of the House of Lords in Addis v Gramophone Co in 1909. The chapter traces the persistence of this nexus in shaping and constraining the judicial development of wrongful dismissal throughout the twentieth and early twenty-first centuries. This provides a corrective to accounts of recent developments in wrongful dismissal law that focus on the role of the unfair dismissal legislation in inhibiting common-law developments.
Intellectual Property and the Contract of Employment
Authors: Prassl Jeremias 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The traditional approach to intellectual property rights (both patents and copyright) is to treat inventions and discoveries as fruits of the employee’s labour, thus belonging to the employer as the work-taking counterparty to the contract of employment. This chapter identifies several key limitations of this approach, beginning with those inherent in the use of the contractual model as the paradigm form of employment relationships: the unclear scope of the contract of employment and its inability to deal with complex employment scenarios are imported into the statutory regimes of the Patents Act 1977 and the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. A further set of limitations arises from the common law operating to control the impact of express terms in the contract of employment, and the side effects of non-derogation provisions in the 1977 Act. Implied terms, especially those of fidelity and confidentiality, are the third limitation to be explored.
Who Cares about Particle Physics?
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Particle physics is too much fun to leave it only to physicists! CERN, the European laboratory for particle physics, regularly makes the news, but why are fundamental research and the discovery of the Higgs boson so important? What kind of research happens at this international laboratory and how does it impact people’s daily lives? Particle physics describes all matter found on Earth, in stars and in all galaxies and now it is attempting to explain dark matter, a form of matter five times more prevalent than but different from the already known regular matter. How do we know this mysterious dark matter exists, and is there a chance it will be discovered soon? About sixty countries contributed to the construction of the gigantic Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN and its huge detectors. Dive in to discover how large international teams of thousands of researchers work together to push scientific knowledge forward and how including more women and addressing diversity issues is essential. Here is a book written for every person who wishes to learn a little more about particle physics, without requiring prior scientific knowledge. It starts from the basics to build a solid understanding of current research in particle physics. A good dose of curiosity is all one needs to discover a world that spans from the infinitesimally small to the infinitely large, and where imminent discoveries could mark the dawn of a huge revolution in the current conception of the material world.
Accelerators and Detectors: The Essential Tools
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
To produce Higgs bosons, one needs to concentrate a huge amount of energy into a tiny point in space. That is the role of the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN, which accelerates beams of protons circulating in opposite directions in a 27 km long circular vacuum pipe surrounded by superconducting magnets. They collide at nearly the speed of light, releasing energy that then materializes in the form of particles, since mass and energy are equivalent, as expressed by E = mc2, where c2 is a conversion factor. The particles produced are unstable and break apart moments later. Four gigantic detectors, ATLAS, CMS, LHCb and ALICE, located around the collision points, act as cameras, taking snapshots of these ephemeral particles as the fragments fly apart like microscopic fireworks. Physicists then determine which particles were produced and study their properties to better understand the fundamental particles and the laws that govern their behavior.
The Dark Side of the Universe
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Standard Model works incredibly well but applies to a mere 5% of the content of the Universe; 27% of the Universe is made of a strange type of matter, something absolutely mysterious called dark matter. The remaining 68% of the Universe comes in the form of an enigmatic type of energy called dark energy. Evidence of the existence of dark matter abounds. We detect its presence through its gravitational effects and by means of gravitational lenses. It also plays an essential role in cosmology, acting as a catalyst for the formation of galaxies. Without it, the Universe would not appear as it does today. But dark matter remains elusive. Several experiments are currently in progress deep underground, aboard the International Space Station and at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN hoping to catch or produce dark matter particles for the first time.
Calling SUSY to the Rescue
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Standard Model, in spite of its amazing success, has several flaws, such as failing to include dark matter. Physicists are looking for an alternative, a more encompassing theory going beyond the Standard Model to describe the so-called “new physics.” One of the hypotheses under study is called supersymmetry, or SUSY. It has much appeal: SUSY builds on the Standard Model; unifies the two types of fundamental particles, the grains of matter and the force carriers; and predicts several new particles, one of which would be ideal for solving the dark matter enigma. Its biggest problem? It remains undiscovered, despite all the efforts made to find it at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN. But there still a chance that this hypothesis could be right. With the restart of the LHC at higher energy in 2015, supersymmetry, if it exists, could be discovered soon.
A Unique Management Model
Authors: Gagnon Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The experimental collaborations at CERN, such as ATLAS and CMS, each include nearly 5000 physicists, students, engineers and technical staff, from all continents. Nobody manages the group centrally in a command–control fashion. This works thanks to the existence of a common objective, the commitment of each individual and the tolerance of everyone involved. The collaborations function like a huge picnic, where each group contributes a dish according to its taste, resources and talents. Seeing the experiment succeed is what motivates everybody. All decisions are taken by consensus within a collaboration, using commonly agreed coordination mechanisms. This gives power to the base and draws on the talents of all members. Project coordinators ensure that all aspects are covered. This is sometimes a little chaotic, but is necessary to let creativity flow freely and set the stage for revolutionary discoveries. This may be the only possible way to complete such large-scale projects.
Ecological tolerance and the distribution of species
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Descriptions and consequences of the environmental dependence of long-term population growth rates, i.e., of fitness, are in the focus of this chapter. The ecological tolerances of species (or other reproductive units) are represented by multivariate response functions. These describe the dependence of the long-term growth rate of unregulated populations on the regulating and modifying environmental variables affecting them. Some particular environmental variables, like climatic ones, are routinely used in ecology and population genetics for predicting the geographic distribution of species or ecotypes, while crucial regulating variables are often overlooked. In a reversed logic, response functions can be deduced from the actual geographic distributions of the reproductive units, but this area of research is heavily burdened by several practical problems. Comparative studies of adaptations represent another approach to determining tolerance functions through studying the joint effects of environmental and genetic variation on fitness.
Growth regulation, feedbacks, and their dynamical consequences
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter starts with proving the inevitability of population growth regulation, and concludes with an explanation of the exclusive resource limitation principle that, through determining community structure, shapes the landscape surrounding us. Population regulation may be mediated by resource-limitation (Tilman model) or site-limitation (Levins model), or natural enemies like predators, parasites, or parasitoids. Food chain length sometimes determines the main quantitative features of complete communities through top-down regulation. All regulatory mechanisms share one feature: they feed back population abundance on population growth, ultimately setting strict limits on population growth and fluctuations, even if facilitation-induced positive ecological feedbacks (e.g. Allee effects) may act at low population sizes. The way of modelling interactions between individuals (e.g., functional responses) is explained and illustrated by examples. The relations of explicit (logistic) and implicit (process-based) models of population dynamics and some model-based interpretations of case studies and experimental results are shown.
Stochasticity due to finiteness
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The inherent stochastic nature of individual life histories implies that finite populations always carry a risk of going extinct, even if their long-term growth potential is positive. The consequences of demographic stochasticity are explored in this chapter, using individual-based computer simulations and simple discrete- and continuous-state stochastic models (branching processes and diffusion models). Simple examples of population viability analysis (PVA) are presented. Demographic stochasticity on the allele level is genetic drift—which leads to reduced viability and evolutionary potential of small populations via inbreeding depression. The ecological pendant of genetic drift is in the focus of the ‘ecological neutral theory’ of Hubbell. Some conceptual and methodological problems of the neutral theory in the context of species abundance distributions are discussed at the end of the chapter.
Diversity patterns and population regulation
Authors: Pásztor Liz , Botta-Dukát Zoltán , Magyar Gabriella , Czárán Tamás , Meszéna Géza 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Mechanisms of abiotic environmental factors influencing basic community properties like standing biomass, productivity, species diversity, structure, fluctuations, persistence, and resilience are discussed on the global, regional, and local spatial scales, encompassing timescales from the ecological to the evolutionary. The geographic distribution of species diversity and of plant strategies is related to environmental conditions, mainly to light and water availability. Effects of diversity on ecosystem functioning are addressed through comparative and experimental studies. The effects of species pool size and composition—which have evolved on an evolutionary timescale—are also considered in relation to their influence on the composition and the dynamics of communities at the ecological timescale. Finally, possible causes of the changes in community composition (β-diversity) are discussed, exemplifying the role of self-organizing patterns and alternative stable states.
Romance
Authors: Ramat Paolo , Ricca Davide 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a critical typological review of the position of Romance in relation to other language families, highlighting the extent to which the Romance family can be considered to represent a coherent linguistic ‘type’, what typological similarities and differences it presents with respect to other branches of Indo-European, the shared features which serve to bind the group together and which, at the same time, may serve to distinguish Romance from other linguistic families, and the position of Romance within the so-called Standard Average European Sprachbund. Specific topics dealt with include: typologically significant category losses and innovations; determiners; auxiliaries; word order change; sentence negation; the clitic pronoun system; gender and number categories.
Classifications
Authors: Bossong Georg 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter undertakes a critical review of the various traditional and more recent classifications of the Romance languages which have been proposed within the literature, examining both external and internal cohesion within the family. In relation to the former, the chapter examines whether Romance forms a typologically coherent linguistic grouping, highlighting to what extent the Romance languages form a continuum of mutually intelligible speech varieties, and the shared features, if any, which serve to bind the group together. In terms of internal cohesion, the chapter examines the linguistic nature of the major divisions and classifications among the Romance languages (whether proposed on historical-comparative grounds, in relation to socio-geographical criteria, historico-geographical criteria, typological criteria, or theory-internal criteria). Specific topics dealt with include: cultural dialects; problems of internal classification; subdivisions of Romance; phonetic reduction and stress type; the partitive; aoristic drift; historical and typological criteria; eastern and western Romània;types of vowel system.
Romansh (Rumantsch)
Authors: Anderson Stephen R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
After a brief outline of the principal episodes in the external history, the chapter surveys the principal aspects of a Romance language which (in a standardized form) is one of the official languages of Switzerland, surveying the phonology, morphology and syntax and of its dialects (notably Surselvan, Surmiran, and Engadinish). It covers: vowels; consonants; syllable structure and stress; the unsuually rich system of morphophonological alternations and the issue of whether their conditioning is phonological or morphological; inflectional morphology of nouns, adjectives and verbs; derivational morphology; syntax of nominal and verb phrases; clitics; clause structure; inversion constructions in main and other clauses; impersonal subjects and the syntax of ins; verb-second in Surmiran.