bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
MEIS1 variant as a determinant of autonomic imbalance in Restless Legs Syndrome
Authors: Thireau Jérôme , Farah Charlotte , Molinari Nicolas , Bouilloux Fabrice , Torreilles Lucas , Winkelmann Juliane , Scholz Sabine , Richard Sylvain , Dauvilliers Yves , Marmigère Frédéric 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRestless Legs Syndrome (RLS) is a genetically complex neurological disorder in which overlapping genetic risk factors may contribute to the diversity and heterogeneity of the symptoms. The main goal of the study was to investigate, through analysis of heart rate variability (HRV), whether in RLS patients the MEIS1 polymorphism at risk influences the sympathovagal regulation in different sleep stages. Sixty-four RLS patients with periodic leg movement index above 15 per hour, and 38 controls underwent one night of video-polysomnographic recording. HRV in the frequency- and time- domains was analyzed during nighttime sleep. All RLS patients were genotyped, and homozygotes for rs2300478 in the MEIS1 locus were used for further analysis. Comparison of the sympathovagal pattern of RLS patients to control subjects did not show significant differences after adjustments for confounding factors in frequency-domain analyses, but showed an increased variability during N2 and N3 stages in time-domain analyses in RLS patients. Sorting of RLS patients according to MEIS1 polymorphism reconfirmed the association between MEIS1 and PLMS, and showed a significant increased sympathovagal balance during N3 stage in those homozygotes for the risk allele. RLS patients should be considered differently depending on MEIS1 genotype, some being potentially at risk for cardiovascular disorders.
Novel Morpheme Learning in Monolingual and Bilingual Children
Authors: Kaushanskaya Margarita , Gross Megan , Sheena Enanna , Roman Rachel 
Published: April 2017

Purpose
The purpose of the present study was to examine the utility of a novel morpheme learning task for indexing typical language abilities in children characterized by diverse language backgrounds.

Method
Three groups of 5- to 6-year-old children were tested: monolingual speakers of English, native speakers of Spanish who also spoke English (Spanish-L1 bilinguals), and native speakers of English who also spoke Spanish (English-L1 bilinguals). All children were taught a new derivational morpheme /ku/ marking part–whole distinction in conjunction with English nouns. Retention was measured via a receptive task, and sensitivity and reaction time (RT) data were collected.

Results
All three groups of children learned the novel morpheme successfully and were able to generalize its use to untaught nouns. Furthermore, language characteristics (degree of exposure and levels of performance on standardized measures) did not contribute to bilingual children's learning outcomes.

Conclusion
Together, the findings indicate that this particular version of the novel morpheme learning task may be resistant to influences associated with language background and suggest potential usefulness of the task to clinical practice.
A Rare Complication of Central Venous Catheter Extravasation in a Preterm Neonate: Hemidiaphragmatic Paralysis
Authors: Hobson C. , Dubillot D. , Lardy H. , Sirinelli D. , Saliba E. , Lopez E. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe report a case of a preterm neonate born at 26 weeks' of gestation diagnosed with unilateral diaphragmatic paralysis. This paralysis was a consequence of a phrenic nerve injury due to extravasation of hyperosmolar parenteral nutrition fluid in the upper thorax. Chest X-rays and ultrasonography confirmed the diagnosis. The neonate was treated with prolonged respiratory support and did not require surgical treatment. This report describes a case of hemidiaphragmatic paralysis as a complication of central venous catheter insertion. In neonates, spontaneous recovery of diaphragmatic paralysis is possible. This study concludes that recovery of extravasation injury-induced phrenic nerve palsy in the context of conservative management is possible.
Prolonged Course of Salmonella Pelvic Osteomyelitis in an Immunocompetent African American Child: A Case Report and Review of the Literature
Authors: Kumar Jessica , Jacobs Michael , Bauer Matthew 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Salmonella pelvic osteomyelitis is an uncommon manifestation of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis in children without risk factors such as hemoglobinopathies or immunodeficiency syndromes. Here we report a case of prolonged pelvic osteomyelitis in an immunocompetent child who remained culture negative and refractory to both antibiotic therapy and nonsurgical intervention for 7 months. Definitive microbiological diagnosis and treatment were only obtained after open surgical exploration with substantial debridement. We therefore recommend earlier consideration of aggressive surgical intervention in cases of pelvic osteomyelitis in which no organism is definitively implicated or symptoms continue despite prolonged courses of antibiotics, both for source control and definitive diagnosis.
Dedicated Barrett's surveillance sessions managed by trained endoscopists improve dysplasia detection rate
Authors: Ooi Joanne , Wilson Patrick , Walker Giles , Blaker Paul , DeMartino Sabina , O’Donohue John , Reffitt David , Lanaspre Effie , Chang Fuju , Meenan John , Dunn Jason 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Background and study aim Barrett’s esophagus (BE)-associated dysplasia is an important marker for risk of progression to esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) and an indication for endoscopic therapy. However, BE surveillance technique is variable. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of dedicated BE surveillance lists on dysplasia detection rate (DDR).
Patients and methods This was a prospective study of patients undergoing BE surveillance at two hospitals – community (UHL) and upper gastrointestinal center (GSTT). Four endoscopists (Group A) were trained in Prague classification, Seattle protocol biopsy technique, and lesion detection prior to performing BE surveillance endoscopies at both sites, with dedicated time slots or lists. The DDR was then compared with historical data from 47 different endoscopists at GSTT and 24 at UHL (Group B) who had undertaken Barrett’s surveillance over the preceding 5-year period.
Results A total of 729 patients with BE underwent surveillance endoscopy between 2007 and 2012. There was no significant difference in patient age, sex, or length of BE between the two groups. There was a significant difference in detection rate of confirmed indefinite or low grade dysplasia and high grade dysplasia (HGD)/EAC between the two groups: 18 % (26 /142) Group A vs. 8 % (45/587) in Group B (P  < 0.001). Documentation of Prague criteria and adherence to the Seattle protocol was significantly higher in Group A.
Conclusion This study demonstrated that a group of trained endoscopists undertaking Barrett’s surveillance on dedicated lists had significantly higher DDR than a nonspecialist cohort. These findings support the introduction of dedicated Barrett’s surveillance lists.
Diagnostic error, overconfidence and self-knowledge
Authors: Cassam Quassim 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAccording to the overconfidence hypothesis (OH), physician overconfidence is a major factor contributing to diagnostic error in medicine. This article argues that OH can be read as offering a personal, a sub-personal or a systemic explanation of diagnostic error. It is argued that personal level overconfidence is an “epistemic vice”. The hypothesis that diagnostic errors due to overconfidence can be remedied by increasing physician self-knowledge is shown to be questionable. Some epistemic vices or cognitive biases, including overconfidence, are “stealthy” in the sense that they obstruct their own detection. Even if the barriers to self-knowledge can be overcome, some problematic traits are so deeply entrenched that even well-informed and motivated individuals might be unable to correct them. One such trait is overconfidence. Alternative approaches to “debiasing” are considered and it is argued that overconfidence is blameworthy only if it is understood as a personal level epistemic vice rather than a sub-personal cognitive bias. This paper is published as part of a collection on self-knowledge in and outside of illness.
Spontaneous emergence of catalytic cycles with colloidal spheres
Authors: Zeravcic Zorana , Brenner Michael P. 
Published: April 2017

Significance
Biological systems inspire a new paradigm for material synthesis, aiming to design materials that emulate living systems, providing both functionality and self-replication. Colloidal particles endowed with specific interactions provide a particularly promising approach for realizing this vision. Here, we consider a set of colloidal spheres with specific, time-dependent interactions and demonstrate that the interactions can be designed so that clusters of particles create other clusters through templating reactions. Surprisingly, simple templating rules generically give rise to the production of a sea of clusters of various sizes. The sea of clusters grows exponentially in a catalytic cycle. This is a specific realization of Dyson’s notion of an exponentially growing metabolism, emerging naturally from a simple scheme.
Spinal motor neuron protein supersaturation patterns are associated with inclusion body formation in ALS
Authors: Ciryam Prajwal , Lambert-Smith Isabella A. , Bean Daniel M. , Freer Rosie , Cid Fernando , Tartaglia Gian Gaetano , Saunders Darren N. , Wilson Mark R. , Oliver Stephen G. , Morimoto Richard I. , Dobson Christopher M. , Vendruscolo Michele , Favrin Giorgio , Yerbury Justin J. 
Published: April 2017

SignificanceAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disorder with wide clinical variability and a complex pathogenesis. One of the hallmarks of ALS is the presence of diverse inclusions formed by apparently disparate misfolded proteins, which are unrelated in sequence, structure, function, and localization. Many of these proteins, in addition, are not the usual interaction partners of the primary inclusion-forming ALS-related proteins (SOD1, TDP-43, and FUS). Here, we show that a common feature of these coaggregating proteins is their metastability to aggregation in spinal motor neurons. These results suggest that as protein homeostasis becomes progressively impaired in ALS, supersaturated proteins in an ALS-specific group fail to be maintained in their soluble states, leading to their presence in ALS-associated inclusions.
Serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe mediate the anticataplectic action of orexin neurons by reducing amygdala activity
Authors: Hasegawa Emi , Maejima Takashi , Yoshida Takayuki , Masseck Olivia A. , Herlitze Stefan , Yoshioka Mitsuhiro , Sakurai Takeshi , Mieda Michihiro 
Published: April 2017

SignificanceAlthough the neurodegeneration of orexin (hypocretin)-producing neurons clearly causes the sleep disorder narcolepsy, the precise neural mechanisms by which orexin neurons prevent narcolepsy remain unclear. We previously demonstrated that orexin neurons inhibit cataplexy-like episodes—cataplexy is a cardinal symptom of narcolepsy, characterized by a sudden weakening of muscle tone—via serotonin neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN). We thus used optogenetic and chemogenetic approaches to demonstrate that DRN serotonin neurons suppress cataplexy-like episodes by reducing the activity of the amygdala that plays an important role in emotional processing, as consistent with the fact that strong emotions often trigger cataplexy. We therefore propose that the orexin neuron–DRN serotonin neuron–amygdala pathway is a critical circuit for preventing cataplexy.
Life skills, wealth, health, and wellbeing in later life
Authors: Steptoe Andrew , Wardle Jane 
Published: April 2017

Significance
Life skills such as persistence, conscientiousness, and control are important in early life. Our findings suggest that they are relevant in later life as well. Higher scores on five life skills (conscientiousness, emotional stability, determination, control, and optimism) were associated both cross-sectionally and longitudinally with economic success, social and subjective wellbeing, and better health in older adults. No single attribute was especially important; rather, effects depended on the accumulation of life skills. Our results suggest that fostering and maintaining these skills in adult life may be relevant to health and wellbeing at older ages.
Endotoxin-induced autocrine ATP signaling inhibits neutrophil chemotaxis through enhancing myosin light chain phosphorylation
Authors: Wang Xu , Qin Weiting , Xu Xiaohan , Xiong Yuyun , Zhang Yisen , Zhang Huafeng , Sun Bingwei 
Published: April 2017

Significance
Neutrophil infiltration into infected tissues is a fundamental process of the innate immune response. Here we found that lipopolysaccharide was a potent stop signal for chemotactic neutrophil migration. Knockout of the ATP receptor (P2X1) in neutrophil-like differentiated HL-60 cells recovered neutrophil chemotaxis. Further observations showed that LPS-induced ATP release through connexin-43 hemichannels was responsible for the activation of the P2X1 and the subsequent calcium influx. Increased intracellular calcium stopped neutrophil chemotaxis by activating MLC through the MLCK-dependent pathway. These data identify a previously unknown function of LPS-induced autocrine ATP signaling in inhibiting neutrophil chemotaxis by enhancing MLC phosphorylation, which provides important evidence that stoppage of neutrophil chemotaxis at infectious foci plays a key role for the defense against invading pathogens.
Mechanosensation is evolutionarily tuned to locomotor mechanics
Authors: Aiello Brett R. , Westneat Mark W. , Hale Melina E. 
Published: April 2017

Significance
This paper provides an analysis of the correlated evolution of limb biomechanics and mechanosensation. We found that in multiple independent evolutions of stiff fins there was concurrent evolution of increased mechanosensory afferent sensitivity to low amplitude bends, compared with the nerve responses of more flexible fins. These results indicate that sensory systems are tuned to fin mechanical properties, revealing that limb mechanics and the limb’s associated mechanosensory system are a new and important axis of structural and functional variation in locomotor systems. Further, we find high levels of parallelism between swimming behavior, fin shape, mechanics, and mechanosensation across a rich phylogeny of fishes, suggesting that neuromechanical tuning may be a general feature of evolution in neuromechanical systems.
Dual optical control and mechanistic insights into photoswitchable group II and III metabotropic glutamate receptors
Authors: Levitz Joshua , Broichhagen Johannes , Leippe Philipp , Konrad David , Trauner Dirk , Isacoff Ehud Y. 
Published: April 2017

Significance
The ability to manipulate signaling proteins with high spatiotemporal and genetic precision holds great promise for understanding the role of specific molecules in physiology and disease. In this study, we have provided mechanistic characterization of an optogenetic method for the control of G protein-coupled metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) using tethered photoswitches. This method provides substantial advantages, including improved labeling efficiency, photoswitch efficacy, and specificity. We harness this information to improve photoswitch efficacy, expand the approach throughout the mGluR family, thereby vastly expanding the toolbox, and design orthogonal photoswitches that permit dual optical control of multiple receptors. The engineering principles and approaches defined in this study should facilitate the extension of orthogonal photopharmacology to other signaling proteins.
Orexin-driven GAD65 network of the lateral hypothalamus sets physical activity in mice
Authors: Kosse Christin , Schöne Cornelia , Bracey Edward , Burdakov Denis 
Published: April 2017

Significance
A century ago, it was noted that damage to the lateral hypothalamic (LH) brain area caused people to be motionless most of the time. Therefore, it is thought that this brain area emits essential signals for promoting physical activity. However, it remained a mystery what these signals are. Using newly developed genetic and deep-brain recording methods, we found that, unexpectedly, a critical signal for movement comes from a subset of LH cells that are molecularly distinct from neurons previously implicated in locomotion control. These movement-promoting cells were switched on by the local peptide orexin, a key signal of stress and hunger. These findings shed new light on deep-brain signals that maintain healthy levels of physical activity.
Enterococcus faecalisbacteriocin EntV inhibits hyphal morphogenesis, biofilm formation, and virulence ofCandida albicans
Authors: Graham Carrie E. , Cruz Melissa R. , Garsin Danielle A. , Lorenz Michael C. 
Published: April 2017

SignificanceHospitalized patients are susceptible to serious infections that are rarely encountered by healthy people. Two of the most problematic causes areEnterococcus faecalisandCandida albicans, a bacterium and fungus, respectively. Both are members of our normal microbial communities, but cause significant mortality in immunocompromised individuals. The formation of biofilms—microbial communities that grow on biotic or artificial surfaces—is a common feature of these infections and presents a formidable barrier to their treatment. We show here thatE. faecalisproduces a small protein that is a potent inhibitor of the ability ofC. albicansto form biofilms and reduces fungal virulence in several models, raising the possibility that it might be developed as an antifungal agent.
In situ structural studies of tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPPII) reveal spatial association with proteasomes
Authors: Fukuda Yoshiyuki , Beck Florian , Plitzko Jürgen M. , Baumeister Wolfgang 
Published: April 2017

Significance
Tripeptidyl peptidase II (TPPII) is a key player in protein catabolism. It is common among eukaryotes and believed to act downstream of the 26S proteasome. The giant exopeptidase shows a pronounced polymorphism in vitro; that is, its state of assembly is dependent on protein concentration. In situ structural studies by cryo-electron tomography with the Volta phase plate allow assessment of TPPII supramolecuar organization in a physiological setting. Moreover, cryo-electron tomography allows researchers to probe the spatial association of TPPII with proteasomes. This spatial association is consistent with biochemical data suggesting that TPPII acts as a postproteasomal protease. Our results suggest that the spatial association facilitates sequential protein breakdown by physical proximity.
Industrial Policy, Learning, and Development
Authors: Stiglitz Joseph E. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Industrial policies have played an important role in successful economic development in countries. Through these policies, governments intervene in the market’s sectoral allocation of resources and choice of technologies. Earlier industrial policies had a narrow remit and made use of a limited number of instruments. This chapter argues that governments should pursue broader objectives and use a wider range of instruments. In particular, it argues that ‘learning’ (including learning by doing and learning to learn) is central to development, that there are intrinsic market failures associated with learning, and that carefully crafted industrial policies can promote both learning and development.
Modern American women, 1920 to the present
Authors: Ware Susan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Modern American women, 1920 to the present’ begins with Eleanor Roosevelt, perhaps the twentieth century's most influential and admired American woman. It describes new dilemmas for modern women, who got many of their ideas from the movies, and how gender—as well as class, race, and geography—affected the experience of hard times during the Great Depression. The New Deal's mix of relief programs, stimulus spending, and economic reforms responded to the economic crisis, but it was spending for World War II that solved the problem. The war increased labor opportunities for women. The effects of the Cold War, the civil rights movement, the revival of feminism, and the continuing struggle for equality and diversity are also discussed.
Plague
Authors: McMillen Christian W. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The plague is a disease caused by a bacillus, Yersinia pestis, transmitted by the bite of an infected flea. ‘Plague’ identifies three main periods of the pandemic. It first appeared in the sixth century ce with several epidemics in Europe and the Near East lasting until the end of the eight century. The second pandemic—the Black Death—began in 1347 and killed up to half of the continent’s population. The last European outbreak was in Russia in 1770. The third pandemic began in China in 1890 and spread rapidly around the Pacific world. Improved sanitation, isolation, and new antibiotics help, but the plague still exists today.
Improving the performance of minimizers and winnowing schemes
Authors: Marçais Guillaume , Pellow David , Bork Daniel , Orenstein Yaron , Shamir Ron , Kingsford Carl 
Published: April 2017

Abstract

Motivation
The minimizers scheme is a method for selecting k-mers from sequences. It is used in many bioinformatics software tools to bin comparable sequences or to sample a sequence in a deterministic fashion at approximately regular intervals, in order to reduce memory consumption and processing time. Although very useful, the minimizers selection procedure has undesirable behaviors (e.g. too many k-mers are selected when processing certain sequences). Some of these problems were already known to the authors of the minimizers technique, and the natural lexicographic ordering of k-mers used by minimizers was recognized as their origin. Many software tools using minimizers employ ad hoc variations of the lexicographic order to alleviate those issues.

Results
We provide an in-depth analysis of the effect of k-mer ordering on the performance of the minimizers technique. By using small universal hitting sets (a recently defined concept), we show how to significantly improve the performance of minimizers and avoid some of its worse behaviors. Based on these results, we encourage bioinformatics software developers to use an ordering based on a universal hitting set or, if not possible, a randomized ordering, rather than the lexicographic order. This analysis also settles negatively a conjecture (by Schleimer et al.) on the expected density of minimizers in a random sequence.

Availability and Implementation
The software used for this analysis is available on GitHub: https://github.com/gmarcais/minimizers.git.