bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Response considerations when marine spills affect coastal agriculture
Authors: Cariglia Nicky , Laruelle Franck 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Agriculture can also be an integral economic activity to many coastal communities, but the vulnerability, and sensitivity, of this sector to marine oil spills is not well documented or understood. In ITOPF’s experience, oil spills affecting agriculture are less common than those that impact fisheries and mariculture. As a result, knowledge and capability to effectively respond to cases when agriculture is a key vulnerability, are frequently lacking. Many agricultural activities are wholly land-based and not dependent on the interaction between the land-sea interface. As such, they are buffered and unlikely to be directly impacted by oil spills. However, in many countries around the world, tidal agriculture is an important contributor to the economy, closely dependent on the intertidal zone at the land-sea interface, and these industries can be highly vulnerable to oil spills. Specific activities that have been considered as tidal agriculture for the purpose of this paper include; salt production, rice cultivation and the rearing of high value/speciality livestock (e.g. salt marsh lamb).
In almost fifty years since ITOPF’s establishment, a number of cases attended on site have involved tidal agriculture as a key vulnerability that has influenced the nature and direction of a response. A review of these cases has shown some recurring themes in the main considerations and challenges associated with clean-up and impact mitigation. Using case studies of oil spills ITOPF has attended in Asia, Europe and South America, this paper will discuss these key considerations in turn, and describe, through the case studies, how they were resolved or addressed. This paper will also summarise the findings to provide general guidance for responding to oil spills where tidal agriculture is an important industry.
In Situ Burning and Ecological Recovery in an Oil-Impacted Phragmites australis Tidal Freshwater Marsh at Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana
Authors: Zengel Scott , Weaver Jennifer , Nixon Zachary , Wilder Susan L. , Dauzat Jeff , Sanfilippo Chris , Miles Scott , Jellison Kyle , Doelling Paige , Davis Adam , Wall Steven 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
In situ burning of oiled marshes is a response method that can be more effective and less damaging to the marsh environment than more intrusive manual and mechanical methods, given appropriate conditions for burning. In situ burning has been examined for a variety of oiled marsh types and vegetation species; however, little to no published data are available for in situ burning of oiled Phragmites australis marshes (common reed, Roseau cane). In late May 2014, a pipeline spill occurred in Delta National Wildlife Refuge, Louisiana, releasing an estimated 4,200 gallons of South Louisiana crude oil into a semi-permanently flooded Phragmites tidal freshwater marsh located on the Mississippi River Delta. Due to the remote location, degree of oiling, and difficulty of oil removal within the dense vegetation, an in situ burn was conducted in early June 2014 while the marsh was flooded. In order to examine the effectiveness and environmental effects of in situ burning for this marsh type, and ecological recovery over time, we monitored oiling conditions and ecological metrics for more than two years, comparing sites from three oiling/treatment classes: (a) reference (not oiled or burned), (b) oiled-and-not-burned, and (c) oiled-and-burned. The burn was effective in rapidly removing much of the gross oiling from the marsh, and also reduced residual oiling on the marsh vegetation. Oil concentrations in marsh soils were initially elevated in the oiled-and-burned sites, but were similar to reference conditions and below background levels after three months. Initial oiling and burning drastically affected the marsh vegetation and a common marsh invertebrate; however, overall ecological recovery was relatively rapid and habitat quality in terms of native plant species composition and wildlife value was enhanced by burning at a local scale, at least for several years. Based on these findings, in situ burning appears to be a viable response option to consider during future spills in marshes with similar plant species composition, environmental setting, and oiling conditions.
Data Management, Sharing, and Dissemination at Drills and Spills
Authors: Muskat Judd , Gustafson L “Guphy” 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT # 2017-234
The California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Office of Spill Prevention and Response (OSPR) has drafted a “Data Management and Sharing Plan” document for use in drills and oil spill response in California. Implementation of this plan will help to avoid compartmentalized isolation of information within the ICS units and sections, will facilitate data dissemination throughout the broader response community, and provide continuance throughout staff changes over a prolonged response. The OSPR document is a modified version of a document first created by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Office of Response and Restoration (OR&R)1. In May of 2015 the OR&R document was adapted by OSPR and OR&R for use at the Refugio Pipeline Spill in Santa Barbara, California. This was the first use of such a document at an oil spill response in California. That document version has been subsequently revised by OSPR. The OSPR document retains all of the components of the original OR&R version but has been re-formatted in order to replace technological jargon with plain English to accommodate Incident Commanders and others less familiar with Geographic Information System (GIS) specific technical terms. The document addresses the use of a GIS based Common Operational Picture (COP), specific essential elements of information to be collected, data management, data sharing, requirements for field reporting, data quality control, data file formats, and data archiving. The current OSPR document is designed as a template for regular use by California’s State on Scene Coordinator (SOSC), and can be easily filled out and modified to the specific needs of any oil spill response incident.
Remotely-Sensed Oil and Shoreline Interaction Modeling
Authors: Nixon Zachary , Michel Jacqueline , Zengel Scott 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT No. 2017-233
The broad adoption of remotely sensed data and derivative products from satellite and aerial platforms available to describe the distribution of spilled oil on the water surface was an important factor during Deepwater Horizon (DWH) oil spill both for tactical response and damage assessment. The availability and utility of these data in describing on-water oil distribution provide strong temptation to make estimates about on-shoreline oil distribution. The mechanisms by which floating oil interact with the shoreline, however, are extremely complex, heterogeneous at fine spatial scales, and generally not well described or quantified beyond broad conceptual or spill-specific empirical models. In short, oil on water does not necessarily lead to oil on adjacent shorelines. We combine data derived from NOAA’s National Environmental Satellite, Data, and Information Service (NESDIS) using a variety of satellite platforms of opportunity describing the remotely-sensed, daily composite anomaly polygons representing oil on water over multiple months with ground observations made in the field, collocated in time and space extracted from a newly compiled database of ground survey data (SCAT, NRDA and others) from the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Because this new compiled dataset is very large (100,000s of observations) and spans a wide range of habitats, geography, and time, it is particularly suitable for inference and predictive modeling. We use these combined datasets to make inference about the relative influence on shoreline oiling probability and loading of distance from on-water oil observation via multiple distance metrics, shoreline morphology, water levels and ranges, wind direction and speed, wave energy, shoreline aspect and geometry. We also construct predictive models using machine-learning modeling methods to make predictions about shoreline oiling probability given observed distributions of on-water oil. The importance of this work is three part: firstly, the relationships between these parameters can assist hind-cast modeling of shoreline oiling probability for the Deepwater Horizon oil spill. Secondly, these data and models can permit similar modeling for future spills. Lastly, we propose that this dataset serve as a nucleus that can be expanded using data from subsequent or future spills to allow iteratively improvements in shoreline oil probability modeling using remotely sensed data, as well as an improved understanding of oil-shoreline interactions more generally.
Improved SCAT data workflow to increase efficiency and data accuracy
Authors: Graham Andrew , Gmur Stephan , Scott Travis 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT #2017-302
Traditional Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Technique (SCAT) data workflows typically entail collecting data in the field using notebooks, handheld GPS units and digital cameras, transcribing these data onto paper forms, and then manually entering into a local database. Processed data are pushed to a SCAT geographical information system (GIS) specialist, ultimately providing exports as paper and electronic versions of maps, spreadsheets and reports. The multiple and sometimes iterative steps required can affect the dissemination of accurate and timely information to decision makers and compound the potential for introducing errors into the data. To improve this process a revised SCAT data workflow has been developed that decreases data processing steps and time requirements while increasing data accuracy in several facets of the process. The workflow involves using mobile data collection devices in the field to capture attribute data, photographs and geospatial data. These data are uploaded to a web-enabled database that allows field team members to complete, review and adjust their data, along with data manager approval before presentation to others in the response. For response personnel with internet access and proper login credentials, SCAT data, including photographs, reports and results can be searched for by attribute, time or location, and reviewed online in form view or on a web map. For traditional SCAT spatial analysis products, approved data can be exported and processed in a GIS as normal, but can also be returned to the web-enabled database to be viewed on a map or distributed via web mapping services (WMS) to other web GIS data viewers or common operating pictures (COPs). Field testing of the improved workflow shows decreased data processing time for data, a more robust yet streamlined quality assurance and quality control process (QA/QC), and easier more inclusive access to the data relative to traditional paper forms and data processing. While the improved workflow entails a steeper learning curve and a heavier reliance on technology than traditional SCAT workflows, the benefits are significant.
Improving Oil Spill Response capability during times of downsizing and budget cuts: A glance at the Norwegian way
Authors: Jensen Ståle 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
How can we continuously develop and improve large scale emergency preparedness, such as oil spill response, in times of low oil prices, budget cuts and downsizing?
NOFO (Norwegian Clean Seas Association For Operating Companies) has found its path, through modernization and cooperation.
When there are spills of crude oil from the petroleum industry at the Norwegian Continental Shelf (NCS) NOFO will perform the oil spill response (OSR) on behalf of the owner of the spill, in practical terms becoming the company’s OSR branch during the incident.
NOFO was founded in 1978, as a response to the large blowout at the Bravo field the previous year. Focus on offshore OSR technology and combat strategies has been the main motivation during our almost 40 year’s existence. The last decade has included a significant improvement in our competence and training on near-shore and beach OSR, simultaneously maintaining the unique offshore segment.
As part of improving NOFO capacity within large scale, and / or long duration spill situations (e.g. Macondo), NOFO have embraced and implemented ICS (Incident Command System), thus improving our capabilities and capacities through the whole range from offshore to shoreline OSR. Through 2015 and 2016 ICS training and ICS adaptions of previous organizational systems has been prioritized, and new ones have been developed. NOFO personnel have participated in numerous training sessions and exercises with our member companies (operators on the Norwegian continental shelf) nationally and internationally.
Through strategic choices of planning and collaboration both internally in NOFO and between NOFO and the Norwegian Coastal Administration (NCA), Global Response Network (GRN), other oil spill Response Organizations (OSROs) and cooperating partners, the number of exercises has increased, the value and output of exercises is improved, and thus the capacity and capability of NOFOs whole range OSR in improved.
At the same time, on behalf of our members, NOFO have consumed less money year after year. NOFO is developing and improving our proven OSR capacity and competence, from offshore to shoreline, through increased efficiency, high focus on exercise training, and cooperation with other OSR agencies.
Effective Planning for Dispersant Operations – Making Decisions, Analyzing Options and Establishing Capability
Authors: Coolbaugh Thomas , Nicoll Andy , Montgomery Aaron , Varghese Geeva , Heathcote Lucy 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Within the oil spill response community, dispersant use is considered to be a key tool for the treatment and mitigation of oil spills. As a response technique, the benefits of dispersant application have been long proven, particularly in the case of large offshore spills such as those associated with the Sea Empress (UK, 1996), Montara (Australia, 2009) and Macondo (USA, 2010) incidents. Compared to other spill response techniques, dispersant application has less operational constraints associated with adverse weather conditions and can be rapidly applied from an aerial platform for larger spills far offshore. These reasons render dispersant application a critical tool in the toolbox for many offshore operators.
Developing a successful dispersant application strategy requires comprehensive planning. For an offshore operator with a subsea well blowout risk, a number of elements should be carefully considered to ensure the successful execution of the dispersant application strategy. The decision making process should include a detailed evaluation of the oil type, release scenario and location, and the consideration of these parameters against the larger environmental and socio-economic needs of the stakeholder community. Once dispersant application is established to be a viable response option using a process such as Net Environmental Benefit Analysis (NEBA), the operator also needs to ensure that it is adequately resourced in terms of application platforms (vessel vs aircraft), monitoring techniques and supporting logistics. Well planned and detailed operational strategies are critical for successful subsea and surface dispersant operations, especially in the unlikely event of a large offshore spill.
This paper summarizes the various operational considerations an offshore operator needs to assess during the preparedness stage for developing a viable dispersant application strategy. Drawing on the authors’ experiences in developing and implementing various preparedness projects globally, the different aspects of the dispersant planning process, including oil spill modelling to support decision making, ascertaining dispersant effectiveness for the oil type, selecting appropriate application techniques, establishing necessary logistical support and the setting up of an incident management team to support dispersant operations, will be discussed in detail. The goal of the paper is to build upon prior dispersant strategy discussions and provide an operationally focused blueprint for planning and implementing an effective dispersant application strategy in support of offshore operations.
Comparative threat from LNG and fuel oil maritime accidents
Authors: Lehr William J. , Simecek-Beatty Debra 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
The U.S. Energy Information Administration estimates a 3–4% increase in U.S. production levels of natural gas in 2017 from 2016 production rates, themselves increased from 2015. While much of this increase will be used domestically or sent by pipeline to Mexico, some will need to be shipped as a cryogenic liquid to distant ports on specially designed ships. Spill responders are familiar with the hazards faced from unplanned fuel oil releases but have less experience with the threat of a large maritime liquefied natural gas (LNG) accident. Fortunately, considerable new research has been done assessing such threats.
Based upon such research, it is now possible to compare expected hazards from fuel oil and LNG tanker accidents. The paper compares behavior of both fluids in no-fire and fire-involved scenarios. LNG shows significantly different behavior than traditional oil products in either situation. In the no-fire case, LNG presents less of a direct environmental chemical hazard than fuel oil since methane, its main hydrocarbon constituent, is relatively benign compared to many of the hydrocarbons in typical fuel oils. However, it offers new safety threats to crew and vessel due to (1) its cryogenic behavior and (2) over-pressure caused by rapid phase transition of liquid to gas.
The fire/explosion hazards between the two fluids are also quite different. While fuel oil fires have larger footprints and can generate a large airborne particulate hazard, LNG burns relatively cleanly with little soot. However, heat radiation from LNG is much larger, increasing the risk of secondary fires and increased damage to the vessel itself. Moreover, confined natural gas or LNG undergoing rapid phase transition can lead to an internal detonation overpressure in the vessel, also expanding the damage. Experts are divided on a boiling liquid expanding vapor explosion (BLEVE) risk from LNG maritime operations.
CBR-Spill RISK: Model to Calculate Crude-by-Rail Probabilities and Spill Volumes
Authors: Etkin Dagmar Schmidt , Horn Matthew , Wolford Andrew 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Abstract ID: 2017-142 – Evaluating risks from crude-by-rail (CBR) traffic for Environmental Impact Statements or contingency planning purposes requires quantification of both the probabilities and potential impacts from spill events. Despite publicity surrounding CBR accidents of the last few years, there are actually relatively few incidents to analyze for projecting spill probabilities and volumes. This paper presents a method (CBR-SpillRISK) to calculate spill probability and volumes for CBR risk evaluation using historical freight rail accident and tank car release data with adjustments specifically for CBR factors is presented. These factors include: CBR unit trains are operated differently from other freight trains with respect to maximum speed; CBR unit trains act differently with respect to lateral stability; operators plan to make capital improvements on rail lines; and a number of safety improvements for CBR have been, or will be, implemented due to federal and state regulations.
Recovery of a Toxic Cargo from a Sunken Tank Barge: Lessons Learned and Policy Implications
Authors: Elliott Jim 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:
In December 2015, operations were successfully completed in the recovery of a highly toxic cargo from the sunken tank barge ARGO in Lake Erie. The ARGO, constructed in 1911, sank in 1937 with a cargo of benzol that contained a high percentage of the carcinogen benzene. The ARGO was previously listed as the highest environmental risk in the Great Lakes by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s Remediation of Underwater Legacy Environmental Threats (RULET) study. To recover the cargo, salvors designed a diver directed hot-tapping and pumping system to pump the remaining high benzene cargo from the sunken barge at a depth of approximately 50-feet below the lake’s surface. The cargo off-load system included pumping the cargo to a series of storage tanks onboard a barge equipped with designed-for-purpose inert gas and vapor recovery systems to ensure the safety of the public and responders. Working in a Unified Command that included the Coast Guard, U.S. and Ohio Environmental Protection Agencies and National Oceanic Atmospheric Administration, the salvage crew achieved all operational objectives – from safely conducting around-the-clock cold-water contaminated water diving operations to collecting environmental and barge hull samples for further analysis. The ARGO case study will provide lessons learned to assist future responders in safely performing subsea oil removal operations. Additionally, the case study will frame the discussion of current submerged oil recovery regulations and guidance, including the 2016 American Petroleum Institute (API) sunken oil detection and recovery guidance and the U.S. Coast Guard’s guidance on the classification of Oil Spill Removal Organizations (OSRO) that perform non-floating oil detection and recovery operations.
POST-RELEASE MONITORING OF OILED BROWN PELICANS FROM THE 2015 REFUGIO OIL SPILL
Authors: Fiorello Christine , Jodice Patrick , Lamb Juliet , Satge Yvan , Mills-Parker Kyra , Jaques Deborah , Henkel Laird , Golightly Richard , Ziccardi Michael 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
A great deal of effort and resources is expended on the cleaning and rehabilitation of oiled wildlife, but the ultimate fate of these animals is often unknown. Post-release monitoring is essential for improving methodology and directing resources to those animals most likely to survive after release. The Refugio oil spill occurred in May 2015, spilling approximately 100,000 gallons of oil on the California coast near Santa Barbara. Brown pelicans were the most common avian species affected. We instrumented 12 oiled pelicans with solar-powered satellite GPS tags at the time of their release following cleaning and rehabilitation. An additional 8 control (unoiled) pelicans from a nearby area were similarly instrumented and released immediately. All birds survived for at least 12 weeks. In the first 6 months after release, distance traveled and movements were similar between rehabilitated and control pelicans. Several individuals traveled &gt;5000 km, migrating to northern California or central Oregon in the late summer and early fall. In the spring, most birds traveled south, some as far as southern Baja California. Mortality was documented among both rehabilitated and control birds; however, the majority of birds that stopped transmitting were never found. Lack of transmission could represent mortality, tag or battery failure, or tag loss. After at least 40 weeks of tracking, 5 birds (3 rehabilitated and 2 control) were still transmitting. Based on presence in breeding colonies, none of the birds appeared to breed. These results demonstrate that brown pelicans can survive and travel long distances following oiling and rehabilitation.