bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Genetic polymorphisms in genes related to risk‐taking behaviours predicting body mass index trajectory among Mexican American adolescents
Authors: Zhao Hua , Wilkinson Anna , Shen Jie , Wu Xifeng , Chow Wong‐Ho 
Published: May 2016

SummaryObjectivesObesity is associated with multiple health problems and often originates in childhood. The purpose is to investigate the associations of genetic polymorphisms in genes related to risk‐taking behaviours with body mass index (BMI) trajectory over adolescence among Mexican Americans.MethodsThis study included 1229 Mexican American adolescents who participated in a large population‐based cohort study in Houston, Texas. BMI data were obtained at baseline and two follow‐ups. The median follow‐up time was 59 months. Participants were genotyped for 672 functional and tagging variants in genes involved in the dopamine, serotonin and cannabinoid pathways.ResultsAfter adjusting for multiple comparisons, three genetic variants, namely, rs933271 and rs4646310 in COMT gene, and rs9567733 in HTR2A gene were significantly associated with BMI growth over adolescence. Using those three variants, we created an allelic score, and the allelic score was associated with BMI growth over adolescence (P < 0.001). With the increase number of variant allele, the rate of BMI growth over adolescence was slower. Finally, we identified another two genetic variants, namely, rs17069005 in HTR2A gene and rs3776511 in SLC6A3A gene were associated with obesity at last follow‐up.ConclusionsThe results suggest that genetic variants in selected genes involved in dopamine and serotonin pathways have noticeable effects on BMI over adolescence.
Police pay—contested and contestable
Authors: Mather Kim , Seifert Roger 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article provides an analysis of developments in the determination of police pay since 1919. It reveals the contested nature of public sector pay setting where the government of the day pursues short‐term economic goals rather than taking a long‐term approach to staffing issues in essential public services. In the case of the police, the Police Federation of England and Wales (PFEW) has traditionally used both industrial and political methods to put pressure on key government decision makers. Developments reveal increasingly fraught relations between the police and the government, with the 2008 pay dispute in particular marking a new low point. Once it became clear after the 2010 general election that the government would ignore industrial pressure, then the Police Federation of England and Wales felt driven to increase the activities of its political arm. This ultimately backfired with the Plebgate scandal leaving them naked in the negotiating chamber.
Nepal's Child Grant: A mixed‐methods assessment of implementation bottlenecks
Authors: Hagen‐Zanker Jessica , Mallett Richard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article evaluates the implementation of the Child Grant, one of the major social protection interventions in Nepal, and identifies bottlenecks that limit its ultimate effectiveness. On the whole, while delivery works for many beneficiaries, we found inconsistencies between the way the policy is laid out on paper, and the way it is actually implemented. Targeting efficiency is high, despite the wealth targeting criterion not being applied in practice. Owing to informal awareness‐raising campaigns, beneficiaries’ knowledge on registration, eligibility and entitlement is patchy. Payment levels vary and tend to be infrequent. These implementation bottlenecks limit the Grant's effectiveness and temper some of its impact potential.
Body fat and menstrual resumption in adult females with anorexia nervosa: a 1‐year longitudinal study
Authors: El Ghoch M. , Calugi S. , Chignola E. , Bazzani P. V. , Dalle Grave R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe variables predicting the resumption of menses in anorexia nervosa (AN) after weight restoration have not yet been fully established. We therefore aimed to investigate the association between several clinical parameters at inpatient discharge and the resumption of menses at 1‐year follow‐up in weight‐restored adults with AN.MethodsDemographic, anthropometric, body composition and eating disorder features were assessed in 54 adult females with AN who had restored normal body weight [body mass index (BMI) ≥ 18.5 kg m−²] at the end of specialist inpatient treatment. These variables were compared between participants who had resumed menses and those who were still amenorrheic 1 year after inpatient discharge.ResultsAt 1‐year follow‐up, 35.2% of patients had resumed menstruation. No significant association was found between the resumption of menses and either age, duration of illness or BMI at inpatient admission, nor for BMI, global Eating Disorder Examination score or trunk fat percentage at inpatient discharge. Only total body fat percentage at inpatient discharge was significantly higher in patients who resumed menstruation, as confirmed by combined logistic regression analysis (odds ratio = 1.14, 95% confidence interval = 1.001–1.303, P = 0.049).ConclusionsA higher total body fat percentage at inpatient discharge is associated with the resumption of menses at 1‐year follow‐up in weight‐restored adult females with AN.
Health transition after lung transplantation – a grounded theory study
Authors: Lundmark Martina , Erlandsson Lena‐Karin , Lennerling Annette , Almgren Matilda , Forsberg Anna 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate lung recipients' process of transition from prior the transplantation to one year afterwards, as well as what their main concerns are and how they deal with these concerns.BackgroundDuring the last three decades, lung transplantation has been established as an effective treatment for patients with end‐stage pulmonary disease. Towards the end of the 20th century, the concept of survival expanded to also include improving health‐related quality of life (HRQoL). Although many studies have been published regarding lung recipients' HRQoL, aspects of health and everyday life remain understudied. Lung transplantation demands some kind of transition. However, very little is known about this transitional process.DesignA qualitative inductive approach using Grounded Theory (GT) was used.MethodsA total of ten adult males and five adult females (n = 15) with a mean age of 55 years were included in the study and interviewed one year after transplantation. The open‐ended interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim after each interview. The analysis of the material was performed consistent with Charmaz contructivistic approach of GT.ResultsThe core category Reconstructing daily occupations summarises a process wherein the generated GT is present through four main categories: Restricting, Regaining, Reorganising and Enriching. The process of reconstructing daily occupations is necessary to regain health.ConclusionsA trajectory of health transition is evident, starting pretransplant with the lung disease and severe illness and proceeding at least up to one year after the transplantation with experienced health.Relevance to clinical practiceThe result enables a unique possibility to enhance the lung recipients' striving for everyday life and thereby promote health. There is a need for change in the existing multidisciplinary transplant team to also include an occupational therapist to support and guide the lung recipients in changing their occupational patterns.
‘That red flag on your file’: misinterpreting physical symptoms as mental illness
Authors: Happell Brenda , Ewart Stephanie B , Bocking Julia , Platania‐Phung Chris , Stanton Robert 
Published: May 2016

Aims and objectivesTo ascertain the views and experiences of mental health consumers regarding the availability and quality of care and treatment received for their physical health needs.BackgroundPeople diagnosed with mental illness have higher occurrence of physical health problems. Responsive health care services are crucial for prevention and management of physical health problems, and for reducing disparities in health between people diagnosed with mental illness and those who are not. There is limited research giving voice to consumer perspectives on their experiences with health care providers.DesignExploratory qualitative.MethodsFocus group interviews with mental health consumers accessed via a consumer network group in a region of Australia (n = 31). All interview audio recordings were transcribed professionally. Interviews were thematically analysed.ResultsThe main themes were: symptomising; failure to act and alertness to prejudice. The first two themes were consumer perceptions of the actions and behaviours of health professionals, and the third describes consumer responses to these behaviours and actions. Consumers described increased risks of illness and death because of undiagnosed physical illness despite their physical health advice‐seeking as the reason for the health consultation.ConclusionHealth care providers’ non‐recognition of physical health problems presents a clear example of a significant and potentially life threatening health inequity. The service provider responses described by participants suggest that mental health consumers’ physical health needs may not be taken seriously.Relevance to clinical practiceClinicians need to take seriously the physical health needs and concerns of people with mental illness. Nurses can play a crucial role in the prevention of diagnostic overshadowing as part of a broader direction of balancing biomedical perspectives with other approaches to health care.
Topical formulations of miltefosine for cutaneous leishmaniasis in a BALB/c mouse model
Authors: Van Bocxlaer Katrien , Yardley Vanessa , Murdan Sudaxshina , Croft Simon L 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is caused by several species of the protozoan parasite Leishmania and affects approximately 10 million people worldwide. Currently available drugs are not ideal due to high cost, toxicity, parenteral administration and suboptimal efficacy. Miltefosine is the only oral treatment (Impavido®) available to treat CL, given over a period of 28 days with common side effects such as vomiting and diarrhoea.

Objective
To explore the local application of miltefosine as a topical formulation to enhance activity and reduce the drug's adverse effects.

Methods
The antileishmanial activity of miltefosine was confirmed in vitro against several Leishmania species. The permeation of miltefosine, in different solvents and solvent combinations, through BALB/c mouse skin was evaluated in vitro using Franz diffusion cells. The topical formulations which enabled the highest drug permeation or skin disposition were tested in vivo in BALB/c mice infected with L. major.

Key findings
The overall permeation of miltefosine through skin was low regardless of the solvents used. This was reflected in limited antileishmanial activity of the drug formulations when applied topically in vivo. All topical formulations caused skin irritation.

Conclusions
We conclude that miltefosine is not an appropriate candidate for the topical treatment of CL.
The effect of sleep deprivation on leadership behaviour in military officers: an experimental study
Authors: Olsen Olav Kjellevold , Pallesen Ståle , Torsheim Torbjørn , Espevik Roar 
Published: May 2016

SummaryWhile several studies show that leaders frequently lack sleep, little is known about how this influences leadership behaviour. The present study encompasses an experiment that investigated how three main types of leadership behaviour: transformational (four sub‐facets); transactional (two sub‐facets); and passive‐avoidant (two sub‐facets) leadership differed across a rested and a long‐term, partially sleep‐deprived condition. A total of 16 military naval officers participated. In both conditions, the leaders managed a team of three subordinates in a navy navigation simulator, instructed to complete a specific mission (A or B). Both sleep state (rested or sleep deprived) and mission were counterbalanced. Leadership behaviour was video recorded and subsequently rated on the three leadership behaviours. Overall, the scores on transformational leadership (and on two of four sub‐facets) and transactional leadership (on both sub‐facets) decreased from the rested to sleep‐deprived condition, whereas scores on passive‐avoidant leadership overall (and on both sub‐facets) increased from the rested to sleep‐deprived condition. This study underscores the importance of including sleep as a potentially important determinant when assessing leadership effectiveness.
Influence of a Bacterial Amendment on Water Quality in Small Research Ponds for Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, Production
Authors: Li Yilin , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThere has been considerable interest worldwide in applying bacterial inocula to channel catfish ponds for improving water quality, especially for acceleration of ammonia nitrogen oxidation through bacterial nitrification. The effects of a selected bacterial amendment on water quality in small research ponds for channel catfish production were evaluated at the E. W. Shell Fisheries Center, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama. Three ponds were treated with the bacterial amendment Waste & Sludge Reducer™ (Keeton Industries, Wellington, CO, USA) at three times the dose recommended by the manufacturer every 2 wk, and three ponds served as controls. There were nonconsistent minor differences in water quality between ponds treated with a commercial bacterial amendment and control ponds on several sampling dates. However, the average concentrations of water quality variables did not differ (P > 0.05) between the treatments and control. Channel catfish yield was not improved by applying the bacterial amendment. This study demonstrates that the bacterial amendment was of no benefit in improving water quality in well‐managed catfish ponds where stocking rates, feeding rates, and amount of aeration are balanced.
Lifetime prevalence of non‐melanoma and melanoma skin cancer in Australian recreational and competitive surfers
Authors: Climstein Mike , Furness James , Hing Wayne , Walsh Joe 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackground/PurposeSurfing is one of the most popular outdoor aquatic activities in Australia with an estimated 2.7 million recreational surfers; however, Australia has long been recognized as having the highest incidence of melanoma in the world, and it is the most common type of cancer in young Australians. The aim of this study was to investigate the lifetime prevalence of non‐melanoma [basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)] and melanoma skin cancers in Australian recreational and competitive surfers.MethodsAustralian surfers were invited to complete an online surveillance survey to determine the lifetime prevalence of non‐melanoma and melanoma skin cancers.ResultsA total of 1348 surfers (56.9% recreational) participated in this study, of which 184 surfers reported a skin cancer (competitive n = 96, recreational n = 87). Of non‐melanoma and melanoma cancers reported, BCC was the most common (6.8%), followed by melanoma (1.4%) and SCC (0.6%). The relative risk was higher (P < 0.001) in competitive vs. recreational surfers [OR 1.74 (CI 1.28–2.31)]. There was a higher (P < 0.05) number of skin cancers reported on the face (23.5%), back (16.4%) and arms (12.4%). There were significant trends (P < 0.001) in reported skin cancers between competitive and recreational surfers, as well as significantly (P < 0.001) more skin cancers reported in males (14.6%) than females (9.4%).ConclusionBased upon these findings, individuals who surf are advised to regularly utilize sun protection strategies (avoid peak ultraviolet radiation (10 am–3 pm), rashvest, hat and sunscreen) and primary care physicians are recommended to regularly screen their patients who surf.
Nonprofit Policy Advocacy under Authoritarianism
Authors: Li Hui , Lo Carlos Wing‐Hung , Tang Shui‐Yan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Despite the increasing volume and significance of research on nonprofit advocacy, most studies have focused on the phenomenon only in Western countries. This article expands the scope of the literature by examining the advocacy activities of nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) in authoritarian China. This article focuses on three aspects of advocacy behavior: advocacy investment and use of insider and outsider tactics. Data analyses of an original nationwide survey of 267 environmental NGOs and semistructured interviews with 30 highlight how resource and institutional factors—government funding, government affiliation, foundation funding, and peer collaborations—shape NGO advocacy in China. The findings also suggest ways in which institutional actors may enhance NGOs’ capacity for policy advocacy.
Treatment with or without plasma exchange for patients with acquired thrombotic microangiopathy not associated with severe ADAMTS13 deficiency: a propensity score–matched study
Authors: Li Ang , Makar Robert S. , Hurwitz Shelley , Uhl Lynne , Kaufman Richard M. , Stowell Christopher P. , Dzik Walter S. , Bendapudi Pavan K. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDTherapeutic plasma exchange (TPE) is a proven treatment for thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) characterized by severe ADAMTS13 deficiency, but the efficacy of TPE in suspected TTP with an ADAMTS13 activity level of more than 10% remains controversial.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe conducted a propensity score (PS)‐matched study of 186 adult patients included in the Harvard Thrombotic Microangiopathy (TMA) Research Collaborative registry who presented with TMA suggestive of TTP but an ADAMTS13 activity level of more than 10%.RESULTSBefore matching, patients treated with TPE (n = 71) differed from untreated patients (n = 115) by several clinical measures. PS matching was performed to address clinical disparities between the two groups and resulted in a well‐balanced cohort of 59 TPE‐treated patients paired with 59 untreated controls, all of whom had TMA. After matching, we observed no significant difference in the primary outcome of 90‐day survival between the treated and untreated groups (hazard ratio, 0.88; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.44‐1.77; p = 0.72). In‐hospital mortality (odds ratio [OR], 0.77; 95% CI, 0.34‐1.75; p = 0.53) and the percentage of patients with platelet count recovery (OR, 1.58; 95% CI, 0.77‐3.26; p = 0.21) also did not differ significantly between the two matched groups.CONCLUSIONOur data suggest that routine use of TPE in the diverse group of TMA patients without severe ADAMTS13 deficiency may not significantly improve outcomes.
Decision‐tree algorithm for optimized hematopoietic progenitor cell–based predictions in peripheral blood stem cell mobilization
Authors: Wu Chia‐Yun , Chiou Tzeon‐Jye , Liu Chun‐Yu , Lin Feng‐Chang , Lin Jeong‐Shi , Hung Man‐Hsin , Hsiao Liang‐Tsai , Yen Chueh‐Chuan , Gau Jyh‐Pyng , Yen Hsiu‐Ju , Hung Giun‐Yi , Hsu Hui‐Chi , Tzeng Cheng‐Hwai , Liu Jing‐Hwang , Yu Yuan‐Bin 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDEnumerating hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs) by using an automated hematology analyzer is a rapid, inexpensive, and simple method for predicting a successful harvest compared with enumerating circulating CD34+ cells. However, the optimal HPC cutoff count and the indicating factors to be considered for improved predicting have not yet been determined.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSBetween 2007 and 2012, a total of 189 consecutive patients who proceeded to peripheral blood stem cell (PBSC) harvesting were retrospectively recruited. Baseline characteristics were analyzed to identify the risk factors for a failed harvest, which were defined as less than 2 × 106 CD34+ cells/kg. Variables identified by multivariate logistic regression and correlation analysis for predicting a successful harvest were subjected to classification and regression tree (CART) analysis.RESULTSPBSCs were successfully harvested in 154 (81.5%) patients. An age of at least 60 years, a diagnosis of a solid tumor, at least five prior chemotherapy cycles, prior radiotherapy, and mobilization with granulocyte–colony‐stimulating factor alone or high‐dose cyclophosphamide were independent baseline predictors of poor mobilization. In CART analysis, patients with zero to two host risk factors and either higher HPC (≥28 × 106/L) or mononuclear cell (MNC; ≥3.5 × 109/L) counts were categorized as good mobilizers and their harvest success rate was 92.3%. By contrast, 30.3% of harvests were adequate in the patients with three to five host risk factors and lower HPC and MNC counts.CONCLUSIONA CART algorithm incorporating host predictors and HPC and MNC counts improves predictions in a successful harvest and might reduce the necessity of monitoring peripheral CD34+ cells.
Penetration of topically applied nanocarriers into the hair follicles of dog and rat dorsal skin and porcine ear skin
Authors: Knorr Fanny , Patzelt Alexa , Darvin Maxim E. , Lehr Claus‐Michael , Schäfer Ulrich , Gruber Achim D. , Ostrowski Anja , Lademann Jürgen 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundIn humans, topically applied nanocarriers penetrate effectively into the hair follicles where they can be exploited for the localized and targeted treatment of skin disorders.ObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to examine the applicability of particle‐based systems for follicular drug delivery in companion animals and livestock, which have a large follicular reservoir.AnimalsSkin samples from 10 beagle dogs, 14 Wistar rats and four ears from freshly slaughtered cross‐bred pigs were used.MethodsFluoresceinamine labelled poly (L‐lactide‐co‐glycolide) nanocarriers (256 or 430 nm) were applied on the different skin samples. After penetration, skin biopsies were removed and cryohistological cross sections prepared and investigated with regard to the follicular penetration depths (in μm ± standard deviation) of the nanocarriers using confocal laser scanning microscopy.ResultsIn canine, rat and porcine hair follicles, the smaller nanoparticles were detected at mean follicular penetration depths of 630.16 ± 135.75 μm, 253.55 ± 47.36 μm and 653.40 ± 94.71 μm, respectively. The larger particles were observed at average follicular depths of 604.79 ± 132.42 μm; 262.87 ± 55.25 μm and 786.81 ± 121.73 μm, respectively, in canine, rat and porcine hair follicles. Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the mean follicular penetration depths of the differently sized nanocarriers could be determined for the canine and porcine skin samples.ConclusionThe mean follicular penetration depths of the differently sized nanocarriers were mostly significantly different between the different species, which might be due to different species‐specific follicular dimensions. This issue needs to be addressed specifically in further studies.