bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experience with Canada’s First Policy on Concussion Education and Management in Schools
Authors: Hachem Laureen D. , Kourtis George , Mylabathula Swapna , Tator Charles H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground: In response to the rising incidence of concussions among children and adolescents, the province of Ontario recently introduced the Ontario Policy/Program Memorandum on Concussions (PPM No. 158) requiring school boards to develop a concussion protocol. As this is the first policy of its kind in Canada, the impact of the PPM is not yet known. Methods: An electronic survey was sent to all high school principals in the Toronto District School Board 1 year after announcement of the PPM. Questions covered extent of student, parent, and staff concussion education along with concussion management protocols. Results: Of 109 high school principals contacted, 39 responded (36%). Almost all schools provided concussion education to students (92%), with most education delivered through physical education classes. Nearly all schools had return to play (92%) and return to learn (77%) protocols. Although 85% of schools educated staff on concussions, training was aimed at individuals involved in sports/physical education. Only 43.6% of schools delivered concussion education to parents, and many principals requested additional resources in this area. Conclusions: One year after announcement of the PPM, high schools in the Toronto District School Board implemented significant student concussion education programs and management protocols. Staff training and parent education required further development. A series of recommendations are provided to aid in future concussion policy development.
Reactive Infection Control Strategy for Control of New Delhi Metallo-β-Lactamase (NDM)-Producing Enterobacteriaceae Analyzed Using Whole-Genome Sequencing: Hits and Misses
Authors: Marimuthu Kalisvar , Ng Oon Tek , Khong Wei Xin , Xia Eryu , Teo Yik-Ying , Ong Rick Twee-Hee , Lye David Chien , Chow Angela Liping , Krishnan Prabha , Ang Brenda Sze 
Published: May 2016

Genetically distinct isolates of New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase (NDM)–producing Enterobacteriaceae were identified from the clinical cultures of 6 patients. Screening of shared-ward contacts identified 2 additional NDM-positive patients. Phylogenetic analysis proved that 1 contact was a direct transmission while the other was unrelated to the index, suggesting hidden routes of transmission.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:987–990
Temporally stable surface mass balance asymmetry across an ice rise derived from radar internal reflection horizons through inverse modeling
Authors: CALLENS DENIS , DREWS REINHARD , WITRANT EMMANUEL , PHILIPPE MORGANE , PATTYN FRANK 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIce rises are locally grounded parts of Antarctic ice shelves that play an important role in regulating ice flow from the continent towards the ocean. Because they protrude out of the otherwise horizontal ice shelves, ice rises induce an orographic uplift of the atmospheric flow, resulting in an asymmetric distribution of the surface mass balance (SMB). Here, we combine younger and older internal reflection horizons (IRHs) from radar to quantify this distribution in time and space across Derwael Ice Rise (DIR), Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica. We employ two methods depending on the age of the IRHs, i.e. the shallow layer approximation for the younger IRHs near the surface and an optimization technique based on an ice flow model for the older IRHs. We identify an SMB ratio of 2.5 between the flanks and the ice divide with the SMB ranging between 300 and 750 kg m−2 a−1. The SMB maximum is located on the upwind side, ~4 km offset to today's topographic divide. The large-scale asymmetry is consistently observed in time until 1966. The SMB from older IRHs is less-well constrained, but the asymmetry has likely persisted for >ka, indicating that DIR has been a stable features over long time spans.
LINEAR ORDERS REALIZED BY C.E. EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS
Authors: FOKINA EKATERINA , KHOUSSAINOV BAKHADYR , SEMUKHIN PAVEL , TURETSKY DANIEL 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLetEbe a computably enumerable (c.e.) equivalence relation on the setωof natural numbers. We say that the quotient set$\omega /E$(or equivalently, the relationE)realizesa linearly ordered set${\cal L}$if there exists a c.e. relation ⊴ respectingEsuch that the induced structure ($\omega /E$; ⊴) is isomorphic to${\cal L}$. Thus, one can consider the class of all linearly ordered sets that are realized by$\omega /E$; formally,${\cal K}\left( E \right) = \left\{ {{\cal L}\,|\,{\rm{the}}\,{\rm{order}}\, - \,{\rm{type}}\,{\cal L}\,{\rm{is}}\,{\rm{realized}}\,{\rm{by}}\,E} \right\}$. In this paper we study the relationship between computability-theoretic properties ofEand algebraic properties of linearly ordered sets realized byE. One can also define the following pre-order$ \le _{lo} $on the class of all c.e. equivalence relations:$E_1 \le _{lo} E_2 $if every linear order realized byE1is also realized byE2. Following the tradition of computability theory, thelo-degrees are the classes of equivalence relations induced by the pre-order$ \le _{lo} $. We study the partially ordered set oflo-degrees. For instance, we construct various chains and anti-chains and show the existence of a maximal element among thelo-degrees.
Latitudinal body-mass trends in Oligo-Miocene mammals
Authors: Orcutt John D. , Hopkins Samantha S. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPaleecological data allow not only the study of trends along deep-time chronological transects but can also be used to reconstruct ecological gradients through time, which can help identify causal factors that may be strongly correlated in modern ecosystems. We have applied such an analysis to Bergmann’s rule, which posits a causal relationship between temperature and body size in mammals. Bergmann’s rule predicts that latitudinal gradients should exist during any interval of time, with larger taxa toward the poles and smaller taxa toward the equator. It also predicts that the strength of these gradients should vary with time, becoming weaker during warmer periods and stronger during colder conditions. We tested these predictions by reconstructing body-mass trends within canid and equid genera at different intervals of the Oligo-Miocene along the West Coast of North America. To allow for comparisons with modern taxa, body mass was reconstructed along the same transect for modernCanisandOdocoileus. Of the 17 fossil genera analyzed, only two showed the expected positive relationship with latitude, nor was there consistent evidence for a relationship between paleotemperature and body mass. Likewise, the strength of body-size gradients does not change predictably with climate through time. The evidence for clear gradients is ambiguous even in the modern genera analyzed. These results suggest that, counter to Bergmann’s rule, temperature alone is not a primary driver of body size and underscore the importance of regional-scale paleoecological analyses in identifying such drivers.
Educational Inequality, Educational Expansion and Intergenerational Mobility
Authors: BLANDEN JO , MACMILLAN LINDSEY 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe distribution of education by social background and the mobility prospects of society are intimately connected. To begin to predict future trends in mobility in the UK we bring together evidence on educational inequality by family background for cohorts from 1958 to 2000 for a range of educational outcomes. There is evidence that educational inequalities have narrowed among recent cohorts as the overall level of educational achievement has increased. This could be promising for mobility provided the labour market returns to these qualifications are maintained. However, stubborn inequalities by background at higher attainment levels imply that narrowing inequalities and expanding equality of opportunity throughout the educational distribution is a difficult task.
A Long, Winding (and Rocky) Road to Environmental Education for Sustainability in 2006
Authors: Gough Annette 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article charts the history of environmental education over four decades - from the 1960s to 2006 - as a rocky road of determined chocolate with the possibilities of rocks (nuts) and easy passage (marshmallow). There were distractions such as suggestions of changing names and new directions (add fruit?) along the way but the road has continued to be well travelled. The article concludes that there is much in common with where we have come from (the 1975 Belgrade Charter) and where we stand now (in year 2 of the United Nations Decade of Education for Sustainable Development). Where next?
Classification of Normal and Apoptotic Cells from Fluorescence Microscopy Images Using Generalized Polynomial Chaos and Level Set Function
Authors: Du Yuncheng , Budman Hector M. , Duever Thomas A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAccurate automated quantitative analysis of living cells based on fluorescence microscopy images can be very useful for fast evaluation of experimental outcomes and cell culture protocols. In this work, an algorithm is developed for fast differentiation of normal and apoptotic viable Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. For effective segmentation of cell images, a stochastic segmentation algorithm is developed by combining a generalized polynomial chaos expansion with a level set function-based segmentation algorithm. This approach provides a probabilistic description of the segmented cellular regions along the boundary, from which it is possible to calculate morphological changes related to apoptosis, i.e., the curvature and length of a cell’s boundary. These features are then used as inputs to a support vector machine (SVM) classifier that is trained to distinguish between normal and apoptotic viable states of CHO cell images. The use of morphological features obtained from the stochastic level set segmentation of cell images in combination with the trained SVM classifier is more efficient in terms of differentiation accuracy as compared with the original deterministic level set method.
Quantum transport of two-species Dirac fermions in dual-gated three-dimensional topological insulators
Authors: Xu Yang , Miotkowski Ireneusz , Chen Yong P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTopological insulators are a novel class of quantum matter with a gapped insulating bulk, yet gapless spin-helical Dirac fermion conducting surface states. Here, we report local and non-local electrical and magneto transport measurements in dual-gated BiSbTeSe2 thin film topological insulator devices, with conduction dominated by the spatially separated top and bottom surfaces, each hosting a single species of Dirac fermions with independent gate control over the carrier type and density. We observe many intriguing quantum transport phenomena in such a fully tunable two-species topological Dirac gas, including a zero-magnetic-field minimum conductivity close to twice the conductance quantum at the double Dirac point, a series of ambipolar two-component half-integer Dirac quantum Hall states and an electron-hole total filling factor zero state (with a zero-Hall plateau), exhibiting dissipationless (chiral) and dissipative (non-chiral) edge conduction, respectively. Such a system paves the way to explore rich physics, ranging from topological magnetoelectric effects to exciton condensation.
Enhanced spin Seebeck effect signal due to spin-momentum locked topological surface states
Authors: Jiang Zilong , Chang Cui-Zu , Masir Massoud Ramezani , Tang Chi , Xu Yadong , Moodera Jagadeesh S. , MacDonald Allan H. , Shi Jing 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSpin-momentum locking in protected surface states enables efficient electrical detection of magnon decay at a magnetic-insulator/topological-insulator heterojunction. Here we demonstrate this property using the spin Seebeck effect (SSE), that is, measuring the transverse thermoelectric response to a temperature gradient across a thin film of yttrium iron garnet, an insulating ferrimagnet, and forming a heterojunction with (BixSb1−x)2Te3, a topological insulator. The non-equilibrium magnon population established at the interface can decay in part by interactions of magnons with electrons near the Fermi energy of the topological insulator. When this decay channel is made active by tuning (BixSb1−x)2Te3 into a bulk insulator, a large electromotive force emerges in the direction perpendicular to the in-plane magnetization of yttrium iron garnet. The enhanced, tunable SSE which occurs when the Fermi level lies in the bulk gap offers unique advantages over the usual SSE in metals and therefore opens up exciting possibilities in spintronics.
A 14 × 14 μm2 footprint polarization-encoded quantum controlled-NOT gate based on hybrid waveguide
Authors: Wang S. M. , Cheng Q. Q. , Gong Y. X. , Xu P. , Sun C. , Li L. , Li T. , Zhu S. N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhotonic quantum information processing system has been widely used in communication, metrology and lithography. The recent emphasis on the miniaturized photonic platform is thus motivated by the urgent need for realizing large-scale information processing and computing. Although the integrated quantum logic gates and quantum algorithms based on path encoding have been successfully demonstrated, the technology for handling another commonly used polarization-encoded qubits has yet to be fully developed. Here, we show the implementation of a polarization-dependent beam-splitter in the hybrid waveguide system. With precisely design, the polarization-encoded controlled-NOT gate can be implemented using only single such polarization-dependent beam-splitter with the significant size reduction of the overall device footprint to 14 × 14 μm2. The experimental demonstration of the highly integrated controlled-NOT gate sets the stage to develop large-scale quantum information processing system. Our hybrid design also establishes the new capabilities in controlling the polarization modes in integrated photonic circuits.
Tunnel electroresistance through organic ferroelectrics
Authors: Tian B. B. , Wang J. L. , Fusil S. , Liu Y. , Zhao X. L. , Sun S. , Shen H. , Lin T. , Sun J. L. , Duan C. G. , Bibes M. , Barthélémy A. , Dkhil B. , Garcia V. , Meng X. J. , Chu J. H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOrganic electronics is emerging for large-area applications such as photovoltaic cells, rollable displays or electronic paper. Its future development and integration will require a simple, low-power organic memory, that can be written, erased and readout electrically. Here we demonstrate a non-volatile memory in which the ferroelectric polarisation state of an organic tunnel barrier encodes the stored information and sets the readout tunnel current. We use high-sensitivity piezoresponse force microscopy to show that films as thin as one or two layers of ferroelectric poly(vinylidene fluoride) remain switchable with low voltages. Submicron junctions based on these films display tunnel electroresistance reaching 1,000% at room temperature that is driven by ferroelectric switching and explained by electrostatic effects in a direct tunnelling regime. Our findings provide a path to develop low-cost, large-scale arrays of organic ferroelectric tunnel junctions on silicon or flexible substrates.
Highly efficient baculovirus-mediated multigene delivery in primary cells
Authors: Mansouri Maysam , Bellon-Echeverria Itxaso , Rizk Aurélien , Ehsaei Zahra , Cianciolo Cosentino Chiara , Silva Catarina S. , Xie Ye , Boyce Frederick M. , Davis M. Wayne , Neuhauss Stephan C. F. , Taylor Verdon , Ballmer-Hofer Kurt , Berger Imre , Berger Philipp 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMultigene delivery and subsequent cellular expression is emerging as a key technology required in diverse research fields including, synthetic and structural biology, cellular reprogramming and functional pharmaceutical screening. Current viral delivery systems such as retro- and adenoviruses suffer from limited DNA cargo capacity, thus impeding unrestricted multigene expression. We developed MultiPrime, a modular, non-cytotoxic, non-integrating, baculovirus-based vector system expediting highly efficient transient multigene expression from a variety of promoters. MultiPrime viruses efficiently transduce a wide range of cell types, including non-dividing primary neurons and induced-pluripotent stem cells (iPS). We show that MultiPrime can be used for reprogramming, and for genome editing and engineering by CRISPR/Cas9. Moreover, we implemented dual-host-specific cassettes enabling multiprotein expression in insect and mammalian cells using a single reagent. Our experiments establish MultiPrime as a powerful and highly efficient tool, to deliver multiple genes for a wide range of applications in primary and established mammalian cells.
Exome-wide study of ankylosing spondylitis demonstrates additional shared genetic background with inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Robinson Philip C , Leo Paul J , Pointon Jennifer J , Harris Jessica , Cremin Katie , Bradbury Linda A , Stebbings Simon , Harrison Andrew A ,   Australian Osteoporosis Genetics Consortium, McCloskey Eugene , Eisman John , Jones Graeme , Nicholson Geoff , Eastell Richard , Sambrook Philip , Prince Richard , Dennison Elaine , Reid Ian , Wark John ,   Wellcome Trust Case Control Consortium,   Management Committee, Donnelly Peter , Barroso Ines , Blackwell Jenefer M , Bramon Elvira , Brown Matthew A , Casas Juan P , Corvin Aiden , Deloukas Panos , Duncanson Audrey , Jankowski Janusz , Markus Hugh S , Mathew Christopher G , Palmer Colin NA , Plomin Robert , Rautanen Anna , Sawcer Stephen J , Trembath Richard C , Viswanathan Ananth C , Wood Nicholas W ,   Data and Analysis Group, Spencer Chris C A , Band Gavin , Bellenguez Céline , Freeman Colin , Hellenthal Garrett , Giannoulatou Eleni , Pirinen Matti , Pearson Richard , Strange Amy , Su Zhan , Vukcevic Damjan , Donnelly Peter ,   DNA, Genotyping, Data QC and Informatics Group, Langford Cordelia , Hunt Sarah E , Edkins Sarah , Gwilliam Rhian , Blackburn Hannah , Bumpstead Suzannah J , Dronov Serge , Gillman Matthew , Gray Emma , Hammond Naomi , Jayakumar Alagurevathi , McCann Owen T , Liddle Jennifer , Potter Simon C , Ravindrarajah Radhi , Ricketts Michelle , Waller Matthew , Weston Paul , Widaa Sara , Whittaker Pamela , Barroso Ines , Deloukas Panos ,   Publications Committee, Mathew Christopher G , Blackwell Jenefer M , Brown Matthew A , Corvin Aiden , Spencer Chris CA , Duncan Emma L , Evans David M , Wordsworth Paul B , Brown Matthew A 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAnkylosing spondylitis (AS) is a common chronic immune-mediated arthropathy affecting primarily the spine and pelvis. The condition is strongly associated with HLA-B*27 as well as other human leukocyte antigen variants and at least 47 individual non-MHC-associated variants. However, substantial additional heritability remains as yet unexplained. To identify further genetic variants associated with the disease, we undertook an association study of AS in 5,040 patients and 21,133 healthy controls using the Illumina Exomechip microarray. A novel association achieving genome-wide significance was noted at CDKAL1. Suggestive associations were demonstrated with common variants in FAM118A, C7orf72 and FAM114A1 and with a low-frequency variant in PNPLA1. Two of the variants have been previously associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD; CDKAL1 and C7orf72). These findings further increase the evidence for the marked similarity of genetic risk factors for IBD and AS, consistent with the two diseases having similar aetiopathogenesis.
Vegetation dynamics at the upper elevational limit of vascular plants in Himalaya
Authors: Dolezal Jiri , Dvorsky Miroslav , Kopecky Martin , Liancourt Pierre , Hiiesalu Inga , Macek Martin , Altman Jan , Chlumska Zuzana , Rehakova Klara , Capkova Katerina , Borovec Jakub , Mudrak Ondrej , Wild Jan , Schweingruber Fritz 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA rapid warming in Himalayas is predicted to increase plant upper distributional limits, vegetation cover and abundance of species adapted to warmer climate. We explored these predictions in NW Himalayas, by revisiting uppermost plant populations after ten years (2003–2013), detailed monitoring of vegetation changes in permanent plots (2009–2012) and age analysis of plants growing from 5500 to 6150 m. Plant traits and microclimate variables were recorded to explain observed vegetation changes. The elevation limits of several species shifted up to 6150 m, about 150 vertical meters above the limit of continuous plant distribution. The plant age analysis corroborated the hypothesis of warming-driven uphill migration. However, the impact of warming interacts with increasing precipitation and physical disturbance. The extreme summer snowfall event in 2010 is likely responsible for substantial decrease in plant cover in both alpine and subnival vegetation and compositional shift towards species preferring wetter habitats. Simultaneous increase in summer temperature and precipitation caused rapid snow melt and, coupled with frequent night frosts, generated multiple freeze-thaw cycles detrimental to subnival plants. Our results suggest that plant species responses to ongoing climate change will not be unidirectional upward range shifts but rather multi-dimensional, species-specific and spatially variable.
Nonlinear modal interactions in parity-time (PT) symmetric lasers
Authors: Ge Li , El-Ganainy Ramy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractParity-time "Equation missing" symmetric lasers have attracted considerable attention lately due to their promising applications and intriguing properties, such as free spectral range doubling and single-mode lasing. In this work we discuss nonlinear modal interactions in these laser systems under steady state conditions and we demonstrate that several gain clamping scenarios can occur for lasing operation in the "Equation missing"-symmetric and "Equation missing"-broken phases. In particular, we show that, depending on the system’s design and the external pump profile, its operation in the nonlinear regime falls into two different categories: in one the system is frozen in the "Equation missing" phase space as the applied gain increases, while in the other the system is pulled towards its exceptional point. These features are first illustrated by a coupled mode formalism and later verified by employing the Steady-state Ab-initio Laser Theory (SALT). Our findings shine light on the robustness of single-mode operation against saturation nonlinearity in "Equation missing"-symmetric lasers.
Evolutionary Dynamics of MERS-CoV: Potential Recombination, Positive Selection and Transmission
Authors: Zhang Zhao , Shen Libing , Gu Xun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMiddle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) belongs to beta group of coronavirus and was first discovered in 2012. MERS-CoV can infect multiple host species and cause severe diseases in human. We conducted a series of phylogenetic and bioinformatic analyses to study the evolution dynamics of MERS-CoV among different host species with genomic data. Our analyses show: 1) 28 potential recombinant sequences were detected and they can be classified into seven potential recombinant types; 2) The spike (S) protein of MERS-CoV was under strong positive selection when MERS-CoV transmitted from their natural host to human; 3) Six out of nine positive selection sites detected in spike (S) protein are located in its receptor-binding domain which is in direct contact with host cells; 4) MERS-CoV frequently transmitted back and forth between human and camel after it had acquired the human-camel infection capability. Together, these results suggest that potential recombination events might have happened frequently during MERS-CoV’s evolutionary history and the positive selection sites in MERS-CoV’s S protein might enable it to infect human.