bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The freshwater landscape: lake, wetland, and stream abundance and connectivity at macroscales
Authors: Fergus Carol Emi , Lapierre Jean‐François , Oliver Samantha K. , Skaff Nicholas K. , Cheruvelil Kendra S. , Webster Katherine , Scott Caren , Soranno Patricia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInland water bodies and their surface hydrologic connections are active components in the landscape, influencing multiple ecological processes that can propagate to broad‐scale phenomena such as regional nutrient and carbon cycles and metapopulation dynamics. However, while lake, wetland, and stream abundance has been estimated at regional and global extents, less attention has been paid to freshwater connectivity attributes among aquatic systems at macroscales. Thus, regional to continental patterns of freshwater abundance and connectivity are poorly understood. We measured lake, wetland, and stream abundance and surface connectivity attributes (i.e., landscape position within stream networks) at a subcontinental extent in the Midwest and Northeast United States to characterize macroscale spatial patterns of the freshwater landscape (i.e., abundance and connectivity attributes of lakes, wetlands, and streams). We found that lake and wetland abundance exhibited opposite spatial patterns from stream density that generally followed glaciation extent boundaries—lake and wetland abundance was high north of the glaciation boundary, whereas stream density was high south of the glaciation boundary. Freshwater connectivity attributes exhibited distinct spatial patterns as defined by our integrated freshwater clusters and revealed a layer of complexity not captured by abundance measures. Patterns of freshwater abundance and connectivity in the study extent were associated primarily with glaciation and secondarily with hydrogeomorphic (e.g., surficial geology and topography), climate (e.g., runoff), and land‐use (e.g., agriculture) variables, providing insight into potential drivers of freshwater composition and distribution. The connectivity spatial patterns observed suggest that relying solely on freshwater abundance measures in macroscale analyses omits unique information on the structural attributes of freshwater systems that can be critical to key ecological processes. Adopting an integrated freshwater landscape framework to study and manage freshwaters is essential as freshwater systems face broad‐scale disturbances that may alter hydrologic connections and subsequently may impact ecosystem processes and services.
Increased duration of aquatic resource pulse alters community and ecosystem responses in a subarctic plant community
Authors: Gratton Claudio , Hoekman David , Dreyer Jamin , Jackson Randall D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAllochthonous resource movement across ecosystem boundaries creates episodic linkages between ecosystems. The sensitivity of the community to external resources of varying duration can alter the baseline upon which future pulses of allochthony can act. We explored the terrestrial ecosystem response to pulsed inputs of lake‐derived resources with a manipulative experiment in a subarctic heathland where we assessed plant community and nutrient availability responses to additions of midge carcasses (Diptera: Chironomidae). Insect carcasses were added as either a one‐time pulse or a 4‐yr press to simulate differing durations of allochthony, which is common in the area. We found that midge pulses significantly elevated soil inorganic [N] in the first year (7× over background levels) but were significantly diminished (1.5×) by the second year after the initial pulse. The press treatment continued to elevate total soil inorganic [N] to 13× over background levels by the fourth year of midge additions, but then declined to 3.6× background in year 5 when experimental midge additions had ceased. In contrast to the soil inorganic N response, plant biomass was similar in pulse‐addition and control plots over the course of the experiment. However, by the second year of the study plant biomass in press‐addition plots were significantly higher than controls (>50%), and continued to increase over the 4 yr of the press treatment. Midge addition stimulated dominance of graminoids and thatch litter in plots that had previously been primarily heathland vegetation, a response that persisted 4 yr post‐midge addition. Our findings suggest that soil and plant community responses to persistent insect carcass deposition (e.g., press) into heathland vegetation has the potential to carry forward in a way that modifies the baseline ecosystem conditions upon which additional allochthony may act.
Issues and prospects of energy separation in vortex tubes: Review
Authors: Devade Kiran D. , Pise Ashok T. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA vortex tube is a device that separates entering compressed fluid into hot and cold fluid streams simultaneously. This energy separation phenomenon inside the tube is a mystery and the mechanism that causes heat transfer needs attention. Since the invention of the vortex tube, the scientific community has taken efforts to search for energy separation mechanisms. Performance augmentation and the physics of energy separation was the objective of many experimental studies. The performance of the vortex tube varies with changes in geometric and operational parameters. Most of the theoretical studies addressed the issue of energy separation. Prospects and issues of energy separation in a vortex tube in view of the literature is the core of this paper. The main objective is to discuss efforts made in order to justify the physics and to identify new areas for research.
Shell effects on acoustic performance of a drug‐delivery system activated by ultrasound
Authors: Jablonowski Lauren J. , Cochran Michael C. , Eisenbrey John R. , Teraphongphom Nutte T. , Wheatley Margaret A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe composition of microcapsules designed for drug delivery significantly impacts their properties. Ultrasound contrast agents, consisting of stabilized microbubbles (MBs), have emerged as versatile potential drug delivery vehicles to both image and overcome challenges associated with systemic chemotherapy. In our development of polylactic acid MBs decorated with immune‐shielding polyethylene glycol chains, we have shown that the balance between acoustic behavior and immune avoidance was scalable and amenable to two distinct PEGylation methods, either incorporation of 5 wt% PEGylated PLA or insertion of 1 wt% PEGylated lipid (LipidPEG) in the polymeric shell. Here we describe the effects of shell compositions on MB functionalization for use in targeted cancer therapy. We chose tumor necrosis factor‐related apoptosis inducing ligand (TRAIL) as the targeting ligand, motivated by the ability to both target cells and selectively induce tumor cell death upon binding. Additionally, the MBs were designed to co‐encapsulate the chemotherapeutic doxorubicin (Dox) within the shell that works with TRAIL to sensitize resistant cells. We have previously shown that the MBs shatter in response to ultrasound focused at the tumor site, delivering drug‐eluting fragments. This study demonstrates the effect of shell characteristics and MB functionalization (TRAIL‐ligated and Dox‐loaded MBs) on the acoustic response of MBs, and the cumulative effect of shell type. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 3189–3196, 2017.
Combination adjuvant chemotherapy with targeted drugs for treatment of colorectal cancer: A network meta‐analysis
Authors: Wang Jinghui , Luo Li , Wang Dingxue , Guo Bin , Li Jun , Yang Zhu , Tang Dongxin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most fatal diseases in the world. The efficacy of present chemotherapy treatments are limited and the addition of targeted drugs have been put into practice. However, the preferred treatments among adjuvant chemotherapies still remain controversial and uncertain. To evaluate the efficacy of different adjuvant chemotherapies combined with or without targeted drugs to determine the optimal treatment for patients with CRC in clinical practice. PubMed and Embase were searched for eligible articles and only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included. R (Version 3.2.5) software was utilized to conduct the Bayesian network meta‐analysis (NMA). Outcomes including overall survival (OS) and progression‐free survival (PFS) were displayed using hazard ratios. And the rank probabilities of each treatment were evaluated using the surface under cumulative ranking curve. A total of 75 RCTs published after 1997 were included in the data analysis. Overall, FOLFIRI+ cetuximab was found to be the most effective treatment in terms of long‐term survival and FOLFOX was the most effective pure chemotherapy treatment. The addition of targeted drugs will greatly improve the efficacy of chemotherapy. Targeted drug cetuximab combined with the chemotherapy regiment FOLFIRI is the preferable treatment for patients with CRC in clinical practice.
Oral tumors in children: Diagnosis and management
Authors: Khanmohammadi Razieh , Mir Fatemeh , Baniebrahimi Ghazaleh , Mirzaei Hamed 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOral tumors are one of important tumors which could be associated with serious problems in infant and children. It has been showed that a variety of cellular and molecular pathways including genetics and epigenetics mechanisms (eg, chromosomal alterations, and microRNA) involved in pathogenesis events present in oral tumors. Identification of these pathways could contribute to better treatment of oral tumor patients. Early detection is one of key steps in management of oral tumors which could contribute to improve clinical outcomes and better treatment of infant with oral tumors. Despite of easy accession of the oral cavity, oral tumors (malign/benign) are diagnosed in advance stages. Therefore, these tumors indicate a poor survival rate. It has been showed that various approaches including imaging techniques, chemical, genetics, and epigenetic biomarkers could have critical roles in early detection of oral tumors. Treatment of oral tumors is associated with employing of various therapeutic approaches including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation. Data on effective diagnostic platforms and therapeutic approaches for oral tumors in children and infant are rare. We offer that a variety of biomarkers such as microRNAs which could be used for oral tumors in adults may be good candidates for early detection of oral tumors in children. Here, we summarized various aspects of oral tumors in children such as molecular pathways, diagnosis, and management of them.
Advanced glycation end‐products and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide increase calprotectin expression in human gingival epithelial cells
Authors: Hiroshima Yuka , Sakamoto Eijiro , Yoshida Kaya , Abe Kaori , Naruishi Koji , Yamamoto Takenori , Shinohara Yasuo , Kido Jun‐ichi , Geczy Carolyn L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAccumulation of advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) in periodontal tissues of patients with diabetes mellitus aggravates periodontitis, but the mechanisms are unknown. Calprotectin, a heterocomplex of S100A8 and S100A9 proteins, is a constitutive cytoplasmic component of healthy gingival epithelial cells. This study aimed at investigating the effects of AGE and Porphyromonas gingivalis lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) on calprotectin expression in the human gingival epithelial cell line OBA‐9. AGE and PgLPS increased the expression of S100A8 and S100A9 mRNAs, and AGE+PgLPS co‐stimulation amplified their expression in OBA‐9 cells. A higher concentration of calprotectin in cell lysates was also induced by stimulation with AGE and/or PgLPS. S100A8 was mainly translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by AGE stimulation, while cytoplasmic localization of S100A9 was not altered following stimulation with AGE and/or PgLPS. Calprotectin was found in the cytoplasm of BSA‐treated cells, but cytoplasmic and nuclear localization was observed following stimulation with AGE and/or PgLPS. AGE‐induced S100A8, and S100A9 mRNA expression was partially suppressed by RAGE‐specific siRNA. In contrast, PgLPS‐induced S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA expression was strongly suppressed by TLR2‐specific siRNA. Furthermore, the inhibition of p38, JNK MAPK, and NF‐κB attenuated AGE‐ and PgLPS‐induced S100A8 and S100A9 mRNA expression. Taken together, these results demonstrate that AGE acts in synergy with PgLPS to stimulate RAGE and TLR2 expression and activate p38, JNK MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling pathways, resulting in increased activation of calprotectin (S100A8/S100A9) in human gingival epithelial cells. Our results suggest that calprotectin may be involved in the pathogenesis of diabetic periodontitis.
Costs of immune responses are related to host body size and lifespan
Authors: Brace Amber J. , Lajeunesse Marc J. , Ardia Daniel R. , Hawley Dana M. , Adelman James S. , Buchanan Katherine L. , Fair Jeanne M. , Grindstaff Jennifer L. , Matson Kevin D. , Martin Lynn B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA central assumption in ecological immunology is that immune responses are costly, with costs manifesting directly (e.g., increases in metabolic rate and increased amino acid usage) or as tradeoffs with other life processes (e.g., reduced growth and reproductive success). Across taxa, host longevity, timing of maturity, and reproductive effort affect the organization of immune systems. It is reasonable, therefore, to expect that these and related factors should also affect immune activation costs. Specifically, species that spread their breeding efforts over a long lifetime should experience lower immune costs than those that mature and breed quickly and die comparatively early. Likewise, body mass should affect immune costs, as body size affects the extent to which hosts are exposed to parasites as well as how hosts can combat infections (via its effects on metabolic rates and other factors). Here, we used phylogenetic meta‐regression to reveal that, in general, animals incur costs of immune activation, but small species that are relatively long‐lived incur the largest costs. These patterns probably arise because of the relative need for defense when infection risk is comparatively high and fitness can only be realized over a comparatively long period. However, given the diversity of species considered here and the overall modest effects of body mass and life history on immune costs, much more research is necessary before generalizations are appropriate.
Device characteristics of enhancement mode double heterostructure DH‐HEMT with boron‐doped GaN gate cap layer for full‐bridge inverter circuit
Authors: Mohanbabu A. , Mohankumar N. , Godwin Raj D. , Sarkar Partha , Saha Samar K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper reports a systematic theoretical study of Al0.23Ga0.77N/GaN/AlxGa1‐xN double‐heterojunction high electron mobility transistors (DH‐HEMTs) with a boron‐doped GaN cap layer under the gate. Boron containing GaN is a desired replacement for Schottky gate in DH‐HEMT to improve the resistivity and surface qualities of GaN cap with good structural properties, and the influence of polarization field in the GaN cap layer can be used to lift up the conduction band for normally OFF operation of the device. This study shows that the B‐doped GaN cap layer offers excellent device characteristics such as high threshold voltage VT of 1.92 V, steep subthreshold slope of ~ 72 mV/dec, high ON/OFF drain current ratio of ~ 107, extremely low subthreshold drain current Ids,LL ~ 10−9 A/mm, and low gate leakage current, Igs,LL less than 10−15 A/mm. For an Al0.07Ga0.93N back‐barrier/buffer, a high OFF‐state breakdown voltage (VBR,OFF) of 865 V is achieved at Ids = 1 mA/mm and Vgs = 0 V with substrate grounded and gate‐to‐drain distance and gate field plate length of 10 and 5 μm, respectively. The simulated high VT and VBR,OFF values are achieved due to the presence of increased back‐barrier height of the AlxGa1‐xN buffer and high Schottky barrier between the Boron‐doped GaN cap and gate metal. Finally, a DC to AC full‐bridge inverter circuit is designed to evaluate the benefit of B‐doped DH‐HEMTs based switching devices for an ultra‐low‐loss inverter circuit.
Polyphenol content, in vitro bioaccessibility and antioxidant capacity of widely consumed beverages
Authors: Baeza Gema , Sarriá Beatriz , Bravo Laura , Mateos Raquel 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDBeverages prepared from antioxidant‐rich plants are sources of polyphenols, the bioactivity of which depends on bioaccessibility in the gastrointestinal tract. This work evaluated the polyphenol content and antioxidant capacity of widely consumed beverages such as chamomile tea, yerba mate, a coffee blend (65% roasted: 35% green), and coffee‐like substitutes such as chicory, malt and a soluble cereal mixture. Additionally, the bioaccessibility of the two beverages with the highest antioxidant capacity was evaluated using an in vitro digestion model.RESULTSTotal phenolic content ranged from 11.15 mg 200 mL−1 in chamomile tea, up to 154.53 mg 200 mL−1 in mate or 215.05 mg 200 mL−1 in the blend. These results correlated with the antioxidant capacity analysed by ferric reducing antioxidant power, oxygen radical scavenging capacity and 2,2′‐azinobis‐3‐ethylbenzothiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid methods. Yerba mate and the coffee blend showed an average polyphenol recovery after in vitro gastrointestinal digestion of 57% and 78%, respectively. Although both beverages showed similar phenolic composition, polyphenols in coffee were more stable than in yerba mate. Alkaline pH in the intestinal digestion stage was responsible for the observed reduction in polyphenol stability.CONCLUSIONRegular consumption of the studied beverages provides considerable amounts of antioxidants which are relatively stable after simulated digestion, and thus have the potential to prevent oxidative stress‐related disorders. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
In ovo feeding of l‐arginine regulates intestinal barrier functions of posthatch broilers by activating the mTOR signaling pathway
Authors: Gao Tian , Zhao Minmeng , Zhang Lin , Li Jiaolong , Yu Lanlin , Gao Feng , Zhou Guanghong 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDDuring the last phase of incubation, dramatic physiological and metabolic changes occur in chick embryos, and supplies of nutrients and energy are always insufficient. This study investigated the effects of in ovo feeding (IOF) of l‐arginine (Arg) on the hatchability, growth performance, intestinal development and functions of posthatch broilers.RESULTSThe IOF of Arg increased (P < 0.05) the feed intake and body weight gain during 1–21 days and 1–42 days, and the intestinal weight of 7‐ and 21‐day‐old broilers, compared with non‐injected control and diluent‐injected groups. The IOF of Arg increased (P < 0.05) villus height (VH), ratio of VH to crypt depth (CD) and density of goblet cells, and decreased (P < 0.05) the CD in jejunum of 1‐, 7‐ and 21‐day‐old broilers. The IOF of Arg also increased (P < 0.05) the percentage of proliferating cell nuclear antigen positive cells of villus, and the mRNA expressions of mucin‐2, claudin‐1, zonula occludens‐1 and ‐2 in jejunal mucosa of 21‐day‐old broilers. Meanwhile, IOF of Arg increased (P < 0.05) the protein abundance of phosphorylated mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR), ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1 in jejunal mucosa.CONCLUSIONThe IOF of Arg improved the development and barrier functions of small intestine, which might be associated with activating the mTOR pathway. In addition, the improved intestinal development might explain the improvement in feed intake and consequently the growth performance of broilers. Therefore, IOF of Arg solution could be an effective technology for regulating early nutrition supply and subsequent growth development in the poultry industry. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Optimizing gradient conditions in online comprehensive two‐dimensional reversed‐phase liquid chromatography by use of the linear solvent strength model
Authors: Græsbøll Rune , Janssen Hans‐Gerd , Christensen Jan H. , Nielsen Nikoline J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe linear solvent strength model was used to predict coverage in online comprehensive two‐dimensional reversed‐phase liquid chromatography. The prediction model uses a parallelogram to describe the separation space covered with peaks in a system with limited orthogonality. The corners of the parallelogram are assumed to behave like chromatographic peaks and the position of these pseudo‐compounds was predicted. A mix of 25 polycyclic aromatic compounds were used as a test. The precision of the prediction, span 0–25, was tested by varying input parameters, and was found to be acceptable with root mean square errors of 3. The accuracy of the prediction was assessed by comparing with the experimental coverages. Less than half of experimental coverages were outside prediction ± 1 × root mean square error and none outside prediction ± 2 × root mean square error. Accuracy was lower when retention factors were low, or when gradient conditions affected parameters not included in the model, e.g. second dimension gradient time affects the second dimension equilibration time. The concept shows promise as a tool for gradient optimization in online comprehensive two‐dimensional liquid chromatography, as it mitigates the tedious registration and modeling of all sample constituents, a circumstance that is particularly appealing when dealing with complex samples.
Afforestation, Subsequent Forest Fires and Provision of Hydrological Services: A Model‐Based Analysis for a Mediterranean Mountainous Catchment
Authors: Nunes João Pedro , Naranjo Quintanilla Paula , Santos Juliana Marisa , Serpa Dalila , Carvalho‐Santos Cláudia , Rocha João , Keizer Jan Jacob , Keesstra Saskia Deborah 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMediterranean landscapes have experienced extensive abandonment and reforestation in recent decades, which should have improved the provision of hydrological services such as flood mitigation, soil erosion protection and water quality regulation. However, these forests are fire‐prone, and the postfire increase in runoff, erosion and sediment exports could negatively affect service provision. This issue was assessed by using the Soil and Water Assessment Tool model for the Macieira de Alcôba mountain catchment in northwestern Portugal, covered by agriculture and forest plantations, monitored in 2010–2014 and partially burnt in 2011. The model was validated for streamflow, sediment yield and erosion in agricultural fields and burnt hillslopes, showing that it can be adapted for postfire simulation. Model results for a decadal assessment (2004–2014) show that the fire increased erosion in the burnt slopes from 0.1 to 46.5 Mg ha−1 y−1 and catchment sediment yield from 0.14 to 2.1 Mg ha−1 y−1. Erosion in the burnt forest during this decade was 1 order of magnitude above that in agricultural fields. Model results for different fire and land‐use scenarios indicate that postfire erosion and sediment yield were lower without postfire soil management for reforestation and when the fire occurred in pine forests (land use before the 1990s) or in shrublands (land‐use before afforestation in the 1930s). These impacts were robust to changes in postfire weather and to a longer (20 years) unburnt period. The results suggest that, in the long term, Mediterranean fire‐prone forests might not provide the anticipated soil protection and water quality regulation services. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.