bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards the prosodic structure of infinitive formations in Baltic and Slavic and its diachronic implications
Authors: Ackermann Katsiaryna 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe distribution of stem and desinence allomorphs in PB.-Sl. infinitives reveals their initial dependence on syntactic function/semantics and verbal aspect. While constituting part of syntactic constructions, forerunners of infinitives adopted stem allomorphs fitting best the purposive semantics (as the most frequent usage) which correspond to the stems of Slavic aorists and Baltic s-futures. The distribution of the two ending variants in both language branches, the unaccented circumflex *-ti and the acute and partially stressed *-tí, shows that infinitives of originally telic roots (root aorists in PIE) took only the former, whereas infinitives of originally atelic roots (no root aorists in PIE) took the latter variant of the ending. In certain infinitive groups, due to their syllabic structure the prosody has been susceptible to further change, so that the distribution is not obvious at first sight. In the following analysis unstressed circumflex PB.-Sl. *-ti is associated with the dative case-ending of -ti- abstracts: *-tı̃ < *-téi̯-ei̯(with regular circumflexion in auslaut contraction), whereas stressed acute *-tí has been connected to the locative morphology, continuing the lengthened suffix allomorph of the PIE endingless locative: *-tí < *-tēi̯. Originally the dative case-ending best fit use as a purposive, whereas the locative case-ending best fit syntactic functions with concurrent adverbial semantics. Thus a coherent picture of all three components - meaning, form, and function - comes to light.
The development of the Proto-Indo-European instrumental suffix in Germanic
Authors: Kroonen Guus 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
It has long been acknowledged that Proto-Germanic *-dl- developed into *-ll- by a process of regular assimilation. Since long stops are regularly simplified in heavy and unstressed syllables in Proto-Germanic, some formations that superficially look like l-stems in this language are in reality to be derived from Proto-Indo-European instrumental nouns in PIE *-tl- and *-dʰl-. In this paper, I adduce a number of new cases focusing on those l-stems that have instrumental semantics, but also including some abstract nouns.
Position as a behavioral property of subjects
Authors: Mair Esther Le , Johnson Cynthia A. , Frotscher Michael , Eythórsson Thórhallur , Barðdal Jóhanna 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA subject analysis of oblique subject-like arguments remains controversial even across modern languages where the available data are not finite: while such arguments are considered syntactic subjects in Icelandic, they have more often been analyzed as objects in Lithuanian, for example. This issue has been left relatively neglected for the ancient Indo-European languages outside of Sanskrit (Hock 1990), Gothic (Barðdal & Eythórsson 2012), and Ancient Greek (Danesi 2015). In this article, we address the status of oblique subject-like arguments in Old Irish, whose strict word-order enables us to compare the position (relative to the verb and other arguments) of nominative subject arguments of the canonical type to oblique subject-like arguments. We first establish a baseline for neutral word-order of nominative subjects and accusative objects and then compare their distribution to that of oblique subject-like arguments under two conditions: i) on a subject analysis and ii) on an object analysis. The word-order distribution differs significantly across the two contexts when the oblique arguments are analyzed as syntactic objects, but not when they are analyzed as syntactic subjects. These findings add to the growing evidence that oblique subject-like arguments should be analyzed as syntactic subjects, although their coding properties are non-canonical.
Between the historical languages and the reconstructed language
Authors: Danesi Serena , Johnson Cynthia A. , Barðdal Jóhanna 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The “dative of agent” construction in the Indo-European languages is most likely inherited from Proto-Indo-European (Hettrich 1990). Two recent proposals (Danesi 2013; Luraghi 2016), however, claim that the construction contains no agent at all. Luraghi argues that it is a secondary development from an original beneficiary function, while Danesi maintains that the construction is indeed reconstructable. Following Danesi, we analyze the relevant data in six different Indo-European languages: Sanskrit, Avestan, Ancient Greek, Latin, Tocharian, and Lithuanian, revealing similarities at a morphosyntactic level, a semantic level, and to some extent at an etymological level. An analysis involving a modal reading of the predicate, with a dative subject and a nominative object, is better equipped to account for the particulars of the construction than the traditional agentive/passive analysis. The proposal is couched within Construction Grammar, where the basic unit of language is the construction, i. e. a form-function correspondence. As constructions are by definition units of comparanda, they can be successfully utilized in the reconstruction of a proto-construction for Proto-Indo-European.
Vocalic elements and prosody in Slavic comparatives
Authors: Szeptyński Rafał 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The first part of the article deals with the ablaut pattern(s) that may be reconstructed on the basis of Slavic comparatives. It is claimed that three separate morphological categories (including comparatives) support the interpretation of the vowel o in some suppletive roots as derived from the ∅-grade, possibly within the amphikinetic pattern; thus a new sound law is suggested for Proto-Slavic. In the second part, it is illustrated how the remodeling of the Proto-Slavic comparative formative supports the interpretation of Proto-Indo-European comparatives as quasi-primary derivatives of change-of-state verbs; a parallel phenomenon is also described for Kashubian. Finally, accentual matters are briefly referred to. The paper includes some remarks on the vestiges of the Caland system in Slavic, too.
Luwic *mar-
Authors: Kimball Sara 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Lycian mar- ‘authorize’ (in 3sg.pres. martti) and its derivatives, as well as Milyan mara- ‘law’ and possibly Heiroglyphic Luvian marat(i)- ‘order, request’, can be derived from the IE root *smer- ‘receive a portion’ (original active sense ‘divide up, distribute’ or ‘share) seen also in e. g. Greek μείρομαι ‘have a share in’ and Latin mereō, mereor ‘deserve.’ The Lycian verb can continue a root aorist beside a derived *-ye/o- present in Greek μείρομαι and an archaic stative perfect in Homeric ἔμμορε. Alternatively, the Greek present is from an earlier root present that is preserved in Lycian. In either case, the Lycian verb has a generalized *mar- < zero-grade *mr̥-. Lycian mara ‘laws’ and Milyan mara- ‘law’ are *ā- and *o-stem derivatives of the Luwic root, showing a semantic development comparable to that of Greek νόμος ‘custom, law’ beside νέμω ‘distribute, share out’ and, middle, ‘receive a share’. The similar-looking Heirogplyphic Luwian nouns marat(a)- = [marad(a)-] ‘statement, proclamation’, marata- = [marata-] ‘word’, and maratam(i)- = [maratam(i)-] ‘subordinate’, or ‘retainer’, may be related, or they may be derived from IE *(s)mer- ‘think of, remember’ in e. g. Vedic smarati ‘thinks of’, smṛti lit. ‘that which is remembered’.
Sidetic masara ↑ue[
Authors: Nikolaev Alexander 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper argues that in the bilingual inscription S2 (Nollé) the Sidetic form ↑ue[ corresponds not to Greek ἀνέθηκεν ‘set up’, but rather to πᾶσι ‘all’. It is argued that this Sidetic word for ‘all’ is cognate with Lyc. huwedr(i) ‘all’ and that the spelling ↑ue[ represents something like [ʃwe(dri)] < *suwedri (cf. Luw. šuwatar ‘fullness’). The fricative interpretation of Sidetic ↑ is not contradicted by the personal name śdi↑s = Σιδιδος for which a new analysis is offered.
Armenian hołm ‘wind’, Greek πόλεμος ‘war’
Authors: Kölligan Daniel 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Despite phonological and morphological uncertainties, Arm. hołm ‘wind’ has been explained as a cognate of Gk. ἄνεμος ‘id.’ This paper argues that hołm may be understood as a “transferred epithet” meaning ‘shaking’ that is formally identical to Gk. πόλεμος ‘warʼ.
Schimpfen und Fluchen im Luwischen
Authors: Rieken Elisabeth 
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung
The Cuneiform Luwian verb arraḫḫani(ya)- attested in both Luwian and Hittite context is interpreted here as ‘to curse’ following an early suggestion of Meriggi, which has been forgotten in current Luwian scholarship. A new etymology is proposed. The connection of the verb with the PIE root *reh₂(y)- ‘schreien, brüllen’ (LIV²: 501) makes possible the reconstruction of a neuter menstem *reh₂-mn̥, which lost the bilabial nasal by sound change and was derived with the reflex of denominative *-ye/o- in Luwian. Initial *r- is avoided by means of a prothetic vowel (*r- > *er- > *ér- > arr-).
Das Suffix *-u̯ó- im Indogermanischen und Anatolischen
Authors: Oettinger Norbert 
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung
The PIE suffix *-u̯o- was originally denominative and had oppositional function but was normally not used for space terms. After the PIE period, it became productive in the Northwest-Indo-European languages for the purpose of forming color terms. The socially distinctive function of the suffix in Anatolian discovered by Rieken and Sasseville is explained as a special development.
An agreement between the Sardians and the Mermnads in the Lydian language?
Authors: Yakubovich Ilya 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper addresses the interpretation of a Lydian text inscribed on a stele which was placed in the precinct of Artemis in the Anatolian town of Sardis at some point in the 5ᵗʰ-4ᵗʰ centuries BC. Its linguistic analysis is conducive to the conclusion that it defines the status of a privileged group called the mλimna- vis-à-vis the Sardians and mandates payments or transfer of property to the mλimna- group. The improved interpretation of the text allows me to revive the old hypothesis according to which the mλimna- is the Lydian designation of the Mermnad clan, whose representatives held sway in Sardis before the Achaemenid conquest.
The Old Hittite and the Proto-Indo-European tense-aspect system
Authors: Kloekhorst Alwin 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Building on Melchert’s observation that in Old Hittite narrative texts an aspectual system seems to be used that is different from the aspectual system found in the majority of Hittite texts (Melchert 1998), this article discusses the nature of the tense-aspect system of Proto-Indo-European, especially on the basis of a comparison between the Sanskrit and Hittite verbal systems (following observations and analyses by Pooth 2009). It is argued that the tense-aspect system of the Old Hittite narrative texts as described by Melchert may go back directly to the system that can be reconstructed for early Proto-Indo-European, namely one in which there was no distinction in tense, but rather a distinction between progressive and non-progressive aspect.
Die Pronominal‑ und Partikelkette in den altanatolischen Sprachen
Authors: Hajnal Ivo , Zipser Katharina 
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung
The Indo-European languages of Anatolia in the second and first millennium B. C. share the following typological particularity: The beginning of the sentence shows a chain containing sentential particles, pronominal elements and local particles (referred to as “PPC”). This PPC has a fixed inner order. Our aim is to explain the emergence of the PPC and to verifiably judge the question to which degree the PPC is inherited. Therefore, we investigate the structural differences within individual languages’ PPCs and try to reconstruct the basic PPC-structure common to all Ancient Anatolian languages. Our approach is fundamentally sustained by new considerations concerning the discrepancy between (1) the phonological realization of the PPC and (2) the potential diversity in the underlying syntactic structure, which hitherto has mostly been ignored. We succeed in presenting evidence that, for the potential formation of the basic PPC-structure, not only Wackernagel’s Law plays a crucial role, but at least two further mainly (morpho-)phonological processes are crucial. Our findings lead to a better understanding of Common Anatolian phrase structure.
Partitioning Behavior of Lysozyme and α-lactalbumin in Aqueous Two-Phase System Formed by Ionic Liquids and Potassium Phosphate
Authors: Sampaio Vanessa S. , Bonomo Renata C. F. , Veloso Cristiane M. , Sousa Rita C. S. , Júnior Evaldo C. S. , Fontan Rafael C. I. , Pignata Michelle C. , Santos Karine A. , Gandolfi Olga R. R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Nowadays ionic liquids (ILs), because of their “green” characteristics, have been used for analytical and separation processes. Therefore the partitioning of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin using aqueous two-phase systems (ATPSs) composed of an ionic liquid (chloride 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium) and inorganic salts (K2HPO4, KH2PO4) was studied. Phase equilibrium diagrams were obtained to explore the effect of the different temperatures (293.15, 303.15, 313.15, and 323.15) K and pH (7.5, 8.0, and 8.5) used for the partitioning studies. For both proteins, partition coefficients decreased with increasing temperature. The pH influenced the partition coefficients of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin. The thermodynamic parameters (ΔH◦, ΔS◦, ΔG◦) indicate thermodynamic differences between the partitioning of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin in this system. The ΔH◦, ΔS◦, and ΔG◦ values of the process studied showed that this process is spontaneous. This work demonstrates the possible use of ATPSs with ILs and inorganic salts as a methodology for the partitioning of lysozyme and α-lactalbumin.
Semantische Gegensätze
Authors: Lühr Rosemarie 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDimensionsadjektive bezeichnen semantische Gegensätze. Sie sind mit Bierwisch (1987) einem + Pol und einem – Pol zuzuordnen. Die Etymologie dieser Adjektive zeigt, dass es sich in der Mehrzahl der Wörter um einen Wortbestand handelt, der für heutige Sprecher als unmotiviert gilt. Dennoch ist der Wortbildungsprozess, der Dimensionsadjektive ergibt, auch ein im Gegenwartsdeutsch geläufiger Typ.
Inverse source problem for parabolic equation with the condition of integral observation in time
Authors: Prilepko Aleksey I. , Kamynin Vitaly L. , Kostin Andrew B. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We consider the inverse problem of source
determination in nonuniformly parabolic equation under the
additional condition of integral observation. We investigate the
questions of existence and uniqueness of solution. Two types of
sufficient conditions for the unique solvability of the inverse
problem are obtained. Examples of inverse problems are given for
which the conditions of the proved theorems are fulfilled.
Kant’s Rejection of Leibniz’s Principle and the Individuality of Quantum Objects
Authors: Friebe Cord 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Kant rejects Leibniz’s Principle of the Identity of Indiscernibles (PII). In quantum mechanics, Leibniz’s principle is also apparently violated. However, both ways of rejecting the PII differ significantly. In particular, Kant denies that spatiotemporal objects are unique individuals and establishes appearances as merely singular ones. The distinction between ‘unique’ and ‘singular’ individuals is crucial for the role that intuition plays in cognition: it will be shown that Kant’s way of rejecting the PII goes against the standard versions of conceptualism and non-conceptualism which, in turn, points out the relevance of this issue for the understanding of transcendental idealism. Finally, the systematic relevance will be checked by defending a Kantian interpretation of quantum individuality.
Kant on Demarcation and Discovery
Authors: Goldberg Nathaniel 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Kant makes two claims in the Critique of Pure Reason that anticipate concerns of twentieth-century philosophy of science. The first, that the understanding and sensibility are constitutive of knowledge, while reason is responsible for transcendental illusion, amounts to his solution to Karl Popper’s “problem” of demarcating science from pseudoscience. The second, that besides these constitutive roles of the understanding and sensibility, reason is itself needed to discover new empirical knowledge, anticipates Hans Reichenbach’s distinction between the “contexts” of justification and discovery. Unlike Reichenbach, however, who thinks that there can be a “logic” only of justification, Kant provides what amounts to a logic of discovery. Though Kant’s broader concerns are not Popper’s or Reichenbach’s, using theirs as framing devices reveals two otherwise unnoticed things about the Critique of Pure Reason. First, besides its general epistemological and metaphysical aims, the Critique lays groundwork for the twentieth century’s specialized field of the philosophy of science. Second, Kant’s solution to the demarcation problem contradicts his logic of discovery, so in this instance the Critique is too ambitious.
What is this Thing Called ‘Scientific Knowledge’? – Kant on Imaginary Standpoints And the Regulative Role of Reason
Authors: Massimi Michela 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
In this essay I analyse Kant’s view on the regulative role of reason, and in particular on what he describes as the ‘indispensably necessary’ role of ideas qua foci imaginarii in the Appendix. I review two influential readings of what has become known as the ‘transcendental illusion’ and I offer a novel reading that builds on some of the insights of these earlier readings. I argue that ideas of reason act as imaginary standpoints, which are indispensably necessary for scientific knowledge by making inter-conversational agreement possible. Thus, I characterise scientific knowledge as a distinctive kind of perspectival knowledge. This novel reading can illuminate the role of reason in complementing the faculty of understanding and sheds light on the apparent dichotomy between the first and the second part of the Appendix. More to the point, this novel reading takes us right to the heart of what scientific knowledge is, according to Kant, and how it differs from bogus knowledge and opinion.
What is Chemistry, for Kant?
Authors: McNulty Michael Bennett 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Kant’s preoccupation with architectonics is a characteristic and noteworthy aspect of his thought. Various features of Kant’s argumentation and philosophical system are founded on the precise definitions of the various subdomains of human knowledge and the derivative borders among them. One science conspicuously absent from Kant’s routine discussions of the organization of knowledge is chemistry. Whereas sciences such as physics, psychology, and anthropology are all explicitly located in the architectonic, chemistry finds no such place. In this paper, I examine neglected passages from Kant’s corpus as well as texts regarding chemistry that Kant himself read in order to unveil his views on the definition of chemistry and its relations with the other sciences. These considerations reveal chemistry to be the science that studies the changes of matter into new kinds. Yet Kant idiosyncratically believes that such a change requires an infinite division of matter, effected by chemical forces. Although this understanding of chemical change dovetails with Kant’s dynamical, continualist theory of matter, it implies that chemistry cannot be reduced to physics. Thus, although chemistry stands alongside empirical physics as an applied natural science in Kant’s architectonic, it remains a distinct, independent science.
Kant on the Science of Aesthetics and the Critique of Taste
Authors: McQuillan J. Colin 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This article considers the reasons Kant rejects the possibility of a science of aesthetics throughout his career. It begins by surveying the background of Kant’s denial, focusing first on the introduction of aesthetics as a new science in the works of Alexander Baumgarten and Georg Friedrich Meier. After showing that there are numerous ambiguities in the way Baumgarten and Meier present their new science, the article considers Kant’s account of the differences between aesthetics and logic in the transcripts of his Lectures on Logic. Because Kant uses the differences between aesthetics and logic to explain why logic is and aesthetics is not a science, these discussions provide a great deal of insight into his conception of science as well as his views on aesthetics. Finally, the article addresses the reasons Kant continues to insist that aesthetics is not a science but “a mere critique of taste” after he announces his discovery of the a priori principles of aesthetic judgment.
How the Understanding Prescribes Form without Prescribing Content – Kant on Empirical Laws in the Second Analogy of Experience
Authors: Seide Ansgar 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Kant claims that the understanding prescribes the existence and necessity of empirical laws to nature, while it does not prescribe which particular empirical laws hold. That is to say, the understanding prescribes the general form of nature (lawfulness) and the form of the empirical laws (necessity) without prescribing the material content. But how is this possible? How can the understanding guarantee that there are necessary empirical laws without prescribing particular empirical laws to nature? In this paper, I want to answer this question by analyzing Kant’s argument for the Second Analogy of Experience in combination with an analysis of his conception of actuality. As I want to show, an application of Kant’s conception of actuality to the argument for the Second Analogy not only fills a gap in this argument, but also leads to an explanation of how the understanding can prescribe lawfulness to nature without prescribing particular laws.
What Was Kant’s Contribution to the Understanding of Biology?
Authors: Shimony Idan 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Kant’s theory of biology in the Critique of the Power of Judgment may be rejected as obsolete and attacked from two opposite perspectives. In light of recent advances in biology one can claim contra Kant, on the one hand, that biological phenomena, which Kant held could only be explicated with the help of teleological principles, can in fact be explained in an entirely mechanical manner, or on the other, that despite the irreducibility of biology to physico-mechanical explanations, it is nonetheless proper science. I argue in response that Kant’s analysis of organisms is by no means obsolete. It reveals biology’s uniqueness in much the same way as several current theorists do. It brings to the fore the unique purposive characteristics of living phenomena, which are encapsulated in Kant’s concept of “natural end” and which must be explicated in natural terms in order for biology to become a science. I maintain that Kant’s reluctance to consider biology proper science is not a consequence of his critical philosophy but rather of his inability to complete this task. Kant lacked an appropriate theoretical framework, such as provided later by modern biology, which would enable the integration of the unique features of biology in an empirical system. Nevertheless, as I show in this paper, the conceptual problems with which Kant struggled attest more to the relevance and depth of his insights than to the shortcomings of his view. His contribution to the biological thought consists in insisting on an empirical approach to biology and in providing the essential philosophical underpinning of the autonomous status of biology.