bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fine-scale human population structure in southern Africa reflects ecogeographic boundaries
Authors: Uren Caitlin , Kim Minju , Martin Alicia R. , Bobo Dean , Gignoux Christopher R. , van Helden Paul D. , Möller Marlo , Hoal Eileen G. , Henn Brenna 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecent genetic studies have established that the KhoeSan populations of southern Africa are distinct from all other African populations and have remained largely isolated during human prehistory until about 2,000 years ago. Dozens of different KhoeSan groups exist, belonging to three different language families, but very little is known about their population history. We examine new genome-wide polymorphism data and whole mitochondrial genomes for more than one hundred South Africans from the ≠Khomani San and Nama populations of the Northern Cape, analyzed in conjunction with 19 additional southern African populations. Our analyses reveal fine-scale population structure in and around the Kalahari Desert. Surprisingly, this structure does not always correspond to linguistic or subsistence categories as previously suggested, but rather reflects the role of geographic barriers and the ecology of the greater Kalahari Basin. Regardless of subsistence strategy, the indigenous Khoe-speaking Nama pastoralists and the N|u-speaking ≠Khomani (formerly hunter-gatherers) share ancestry with other Khoe-speaking forager populations that form a rim around the Kalahari Desert. We reconstruct earlier migration patterns and estimate that the southern Kalahari populations were among the last to experience gene flow from Bantu-speakers, approximately 14 generations ago. We conclude that local adoption of pastoralism, at least by the Nama, appears to have been primarily a cultural process with limited genetic impact from eastern Africa.Data depositionData files are freely available on the Henn Lab website:http://ecoevo.stonybrook.edu/hennlab/data-software/SummaryDistinct, spatially organized ancestries demonstrate fine-scale population structure in southern Africa, implying a more complex history of the KhoeSan than previously thought. Southern KhoeSan ancestry in the Nama and ≠Khomani is shared in a rim around the Kalahari Desert. We hypothesize that there was recent migration of pastoralists from East Africa into southern Africa, independent of the Bantu-expansion, but the spread of pastoralism within southern Africa occurred largely by cultural diffusion.
Stability and function of a putative microtubule organizing center in the human parasiteToxoplasma gondii
Authors: Leung Jacqueline M. , He Yudou , Zhang Fangliang , Hwang Yu-Chen , Nagayasu Eiji , Liu Jun , Murray John M. , Hu Ke 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThe organization of the microtubule cytoskeleton is dictated by microtubule nucleators or organizing centers.Toxoplasma gondii,an important human parasite, has an array of 22 regularly spaced cortical microtubules stemming from a hypothesized organizing center, the apical polar ring. Here, we examine the functions of the apical polar ring by characterizing two of its components, KinesinA and APR1, and discovered that its putative role in templating can be separated from its mechanical stability. Parasites that lack both KinesinA and APR1(ΔkinesinAΔapr1)are capable of generating 22 cortical microtubules. However, the apical polar ring is fragmented in liveΔkinesinAΔapr1parasites, and is undetectable by electron microscopy after detergent extraction. Disintegration of the apical polar ring results in the detachment of groups of microtubules from the apical end of the parasite. These structural defects are linked to a diminished ability of the parasite to move and to invade host cells, as well as decreased secretion of effectors important for these processes. Together, the findings demonstrate the importance of the structural integrity of the apical polar ring and the microtubule array in theToxoplasmalytic cycle, which is responsible for massive tissue destruction in acute toxoplasmosis.
Purposeful leadership – evolving from “me” to “we” in pursuit of our most important “why”
Authors: Wilson Clive 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the nature of “purpose” emphasizing how it works scientifically and why leaders should invest in bringing it to life as the primary means of inspiring all stakeholders.

Design/methodology/approach
The power of purpose makes sense psychologically, organizationally, biologically, energetically and mathematically. By tracking the views of thought leaders in these fields, a compelling case for attention is derived.

Findings
Corporate purpose is not as simple or as static as the author may at first think. Understanding the true nature of purpose empowers leaders to provide a service relevant to all stakeholders.

Originality/value
The paper draws on established thought leadership and assembles this at high level in a way that makes the total case for purpose compelling.
Indirect effects of invasive Burmese pythons on ecosystems in southern Florida
Authors: Willson John D. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryInvasive predators can dramatically alter ecosystems through both direct predation and indirect effects such as tropic cascades. However, most examples of top‐down effects of invasive predators in terrestrial systems stem from islands or similar low‐diversity ecosystems. Snakes are an emerging guild of damaging invasive predators, but demonstration of ecosystem‐level impacts of invasive snakes are limited to the single case of the brown treesnake on Guam.Invasive Burmese pythons are firmly established in southern Florida and have been linked to severe (80–100%) declines of several previously common mammal species (e.g. raccoons, opossums and rabbits). Specifically, spatiotemporal patterns of mammal declines in the Everglades mirror the spread of pythons and experimental reintroductions of rabbits to areas where they had been extirpated failed due to high (77% of mortalities) rates of predation by pythons.I evaluated the potential indirect effects of pythons on the nesting success of oviparous species by monitoring artificial turtle nests (N = 183) at 13 sites across the expanding range of the python population. I documented few mammals and low rates of nest predation (average score = 1·5 on a 1–5 scale) in the southern Everglades where pythons have been established the longest, intermediate (average score = 2·3) rates of nest predation at recently invaded sites, and very high (average score = 4·6) rates of nest predation at sites with few or no pythons. These findings represent the first documentation of potential indirect effects of pythons on non‐prey species, and suggest that loss or decline of mammals is resulting in trophic cascades that threaten the Everglades ecosystem.Synthesis and applications. My results suggest that an introduction of non‐native apex predators can result in trophic cascades that alter even complex, continental ecosystems. The Burmese python invasion of South Florida shows remarkable parallels with the catastrophic case of the brown treesnake in Guam, but in some ways is even more worrisome. Documentation of both strong direct impacts on prey and potential indirect effects on Everglades’ ecosystems within 15 years after being recognized as established emphasizes the need to integrate python management into restoration of the Greater Everglades Ecosystem. More broadly, non‐native snakes warrant significant attention for their potential to become damaging invasive species.
Testing the environmental filtering concept in global drylands
Authors: Le Bagousse‐Pinguet Yoann , Gross Nicolas , Maestre Fernando T. , Maire Vincent , de Bello Francesco , Fonseca Carlos Roberto , Kattge Jens , Valencia Enrique , Leps Jan , Liancourt Pierre 
Published: January 2017

Summary

The environmental filtering hypothesis predicts that the abiotic environment selects species with similar trait values within communities. Testing this hypothesis along multiple – and interacting – gradients of climate and soil variables constitutes a great opportunity to better understand and predict the responses of plant communities to ongoing environmental changes.

Based on two key plant traits, maximum plant height and specific leaf area (SLA), we assessed the filtering effects of climate (mean annual temperature and precipitation, precipitation seasonality), soil characteristics (soil pH, sand content and total phosphorus) and all potential interactions on the functional structure and diversity of 124 dryland communities spread over the globe. The functional structure and diversity of dryland communities were quantified using the mean, variance, skewness and kurtosis of plant trait distributions.

The models accurately explained the observed variations in functional trait diversity across the 124 communities studied. All models included interactions among factors, i.e. climate–climate (9% of explanatory power), climate–soil (24% of explanatory power) and soil–soil interactions (5% of explanatory power). Precipitation seasonality was the main driver of maximum plant height, and interacted with mean annual temperature and precipitation. Soil pH mediated the filtering effects of climate and sand content on SLA. Our results also revealed that communities characterized by a low variance can also exhibit low kurtosis values, indicating that functionally contrasting species can co‐occur even in communities with narrow ranges of trait values.

Synthesis. We identified the particular set of conditions under which the environmental filtering hypothesis operates in drylands world‐wide. Our findings also indicate that species with functionally contrasting strategies can still co‐occur locally, even under prevailing environmental filtering. Interactions between sources of environmental stress should be therefore included in global trait‐based studies, as this will help to further anticipate where the effects of environmental filtering will impact plant trait diversity under climate change.
Analysis of Explosives by GC‐UV
Authors: Andrasko Jan , Lagesson‐Andrasko Ludmila , Dahlén Johan , Jonsson Bengt‐Harald 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA mixture of explosives was analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) linked to ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometry that enabled detection in the range of 178–330 nm. The gas‐phase UV spectra of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT), 2,4‐dinitrotoluene (DNT), ethylene glycol dinitrate (EGDN), glycerine trinitrate (NG, nitroglycerine), triacetone triperoxide (TATP), and pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN) were successfully recorded. The most interesting aspect of the current application is that it enabled simultaneous detection of both the target analyte and its decomposition products. At suitable elevated temperatures of the transfer line between the GC instrument and the UV detector, a partial decomposition was accomplished. Detection was made in real time and resulted in overlaid spectra of the mother compound and its decomposition product. Hence, the presented approach added another level to the qualitative identification of the explosives in comparison with traditional methods that relies only on the detection of the target analyte. As expected, the decomposition product of EGDN, NG, and PETN was NO, while TATP degraded to acetone. DNT and TNT did not exhibit any decomposition at the temperatures used.
Critical development studies in the Anthropocene
Authors: McGregor Andrew 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this short commentary, the ramifications of the Anthropocene for a broadly defined critical development studies are considered. The likely anthropogenic roots of increasing cyclonic intensity and associated impacts in the Pacific are drawn upon to propose four research agendas. The first focuses on how places are becoming connected through human‐induced changes to planetary systems. While direct causal relationships are difficult to draw, research efforts can highlight the disproportionate contributions particular development models, actors, and lifestyles are having on more distant socioecological systems. A second more conventional theme focuses on the uneven impacts of the Anthropocene on people and places, as well as on how development is practised and prioritised. A third theme explores how the Anthropocene can be used to retheorise development in creative and more‐than‐human ways, recognising non‐human agencies and the co‐production of development processes. A final agenda involves asking how critical development researchers can strategically use and repurpose the Anthropocene to pursue socially and environmentally progressive ends.
Thinking ‘differently’ about a feminist critical geography of development
Authors: Lahiri‐Dutt Kuntala 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper makes a case for grounding the global in feminist, anti‐racist, and post‐colonial scholarship in order to foreground questions of race, colonialism, and history in critical geographies of development. I argue that the process of ‘doing development’ involves the imposition of power; hence, geographers' critical engagements with development need to consider the intersectionality of gender, race, and ethnicity that comprises identities of the subjects of development and of those who ‘do development’. This consideration would entail questioning the homogeneity of ‘Third World women’ as a singular category in need of development and recognising the normativity of women from the global North who, so far, have been the ‘doers’ or the key actors in global interventions.
Antioxidant Effect of Natural Table Olives Phenolic Extract Against Oxidative Stress and Membrane Damage in Enterocyte‐Like Cells
Authors: Serreli Gabriele , Incani Alessandra , Atzeri Angela , Angioni Alberto , Campus Marco , Cauli Emanuele , Zurru Roberto , Deiana Monica 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe phenolic fraction of a naturally fermented cultivar of table olives, “Tonda di Cagliari,” was investigated for the ability to protect Caco‐2 cells against oxidative stress and membrane damage induced by tert‐butyl hydroperoxyde (TBH). TBH exposure resulted in an alteration of cellular redox status, with an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and a decrease in reduced glutathione (GSH) level. A loss of the epithelial integrity, as indicated by the decrease of the transepithelial electrical resistance value, was also observed over time, together with an intense lipid peroxidation process. The olives phenolic extract significantly counteracted ROS generation and subsequent alteration of monolayer integrity and membrane oxidative damage. The protective action of the extract is likely due to the scavenging ability of its main components, as hydroxytyrosol, oleuropein, and verbascoside among the secoiridoids and derivatives. Since olives phenolic compounds concentrate in the intestinal lumen, they may be a useful tool in the prevention of intestinal disorders related to oxidative damage.
Extraction of Epigallocatechin Gallate and Epicatechin Gallate from Tea Leaves Using β‐Cyclodextrin
Authors: Cui Lu , Liu Yuxuan , Liu Ting , Yuan Yahong , Yue Tianli , Cai Rui , Wang Zhouli 
Published: January 2017

AbstractUse of organic solvents to extract phenolic compounds from plants may result in environmental pollution and cause health problems in persons. Replacing organic extraction solvents by green extracting agents without affecting the extraction yield is one of the most pressing problems to be solved. The aim of this study is to evaluate the capacity of β‐cyclodextrin (β‐CD) to recover phenolic compounds from tea leaves. The extract obtained using the ethanol/water mixture presented the highest total phenolic content, followed by those obtained using β‐CD solution and water. HPLC analysis of the extracts showed that the addition of β‐CD to the extracting agent had a selective effect on the extraction of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) and epicatechin gallate (ECG). The extraction yield of EGCG and ECG using 15 g/L β‐CD were higher than that obtained using water and 50% ethanol. Molecular docking results indicated that the molecules of EGCG and ECG were more inclined to interact with β‐CD than epigallocatechin, epicatechin, and gallocatechin. The impact of β‐CD concentration, temperature, and time on EGCG and ECG extraction from tea leaves was investigated and the maximum amount of EGCG (118.7 mg/g) and ECG (54.6 mg/g) were achieved when extracted with 25 g/L aqueous β‐CD solution at 60 °C for 60 min. The present study indicates that aqueous β‐CD can be used as an alternative to organic solvents to recover EGCG and ECG from tea leaves.
Effect of baseline characteristics on response to proton pump inhibitors in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding
Authors: Lau James , Lind Tore , Persson Tore , Eklund Stefan 
Published: January 2017

OBJECTIVE
The rate of rebleeding from peptic ulcers could differ between Asian and Western populations. This study aimed to determine whether the observed twofold difference in rebleeding rates in two similarly designed clinical trials (one in Hong Kong [n = 240], the other in a predominantly Western population [n = 764, ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT00251979]) can be explained by differences in baseline patient characteristics.
METHODS
Two‐factor and multifactor analyses (adjusted by demographics, established risk factors for peptic ulcer and peptic ulcer bleeding, and disease severity variables) were performed using pooled data from the two studies. Cox regression analysis was used to predict the rebleeding risk at 3 days.
RESULTS
In the two‐factor analysis (placebo vs esomeprazole/omeprazole and Western study vs Hong Kong study), data trended towards a reduced risk of rebleeding in the Western study (hazard ratio [HR] 0.69, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.44–1.07, P = 0.094). The risk of rebleeding was similar in both studies after adjusted for multiple factors (HR 1.10, 95% CI 0.60–1.99, P = 0.767). The strongest predictor of rebleeding (apart from study drug) was a classification of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) grade IV (HR 4.15, 95% CI 1.49–11.56, P = 0.006). When such patients were excluded, the difference in rebleeding rates between the studies reduced.
CONCLUSION
The difference in rebleeding rates between the two studies is explained by the factors in our analysis, most importantly a classification of ASA grade IV, suggesting that other differences, including ethnicity, did not influence the rebleeding rate.
Barriers toward organ donation in a Danish University Hospital
Authors: Sørensen P. , Kousgaard S. J. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundIn Denmark, organ donation‐rates are below the average in the western countries. We investigated the donor potential and identified barriers toward organ donation in a Danish university hospital.MethodsAll patients who died in Aalborg University Hospital in 2012 were retrospectively identified. Patients with a CT‐ or MRI‐proven deadly brain‐lesion were eligible for inclusion.ResultsEighty‐five patients with deadly brain‐lesions were included, and of these 47 patients died in the intensive care unit (ICU). Older age and diagnosis of brain‐hemorrhage and infarction were associated with admission to general ward (GW). In 62.4% of the patients the potential of becoming a donor was not identified. No donations occurred from patients dying from intracerebral hemorrhage or brain‐infarction although they represented 44.7% of the potential donors.DiscussionThis study reveals a huge, unrecognized donation potential at our hospital. About 30% was lost because they were never admitted to the ICU. After primary admission to the ICU, 15.3% of the potential donors were lost because they were transferred to the GW. In patients who died in the ICU 17.6% of the patients were not evaluated as potential donors. The relatives refused donation in 17.6% of cases.ConclusionIt would be possible to raise the donation rate considerably if patients with donation potential are intubated and admitted to the ICU. When active treatment is considered withdrawn, possibility of organ donation should be evaluated, and the next of kin be approached by experienced staff.
A Multi-Dimensional Functional Principal Components Analysis of EEG Data
Authors: Hasenstab Kyle , Scheffler Aaron , Telesca Donatello , Sugar Catherine A. , Jeste Shafali , DiStefano Charlotte , Şentürk Damla 
Published: January 2017

Summary
The electroencephalography (EEG) data created in event-related potential (ERP) experiments have a complex high-dimensional structure. Each stimulus presentation, or trial, generates an ERP waveform which is an instance of functional data. The experiments are made up of sequences of multiple trials, resulting in longitudinal functional data and moreover, responses are recorded at multiple electrodes on the scalp, adding an electrode dimension. Traditional EEG analyses involve multiple simplifications of this structure to increase the signal-to-noise ratio, effectively collapsing the functional and longitudinal components by identifying key features of the ERPs and averaging them across trials. Motivated by an implicit learning paradigm used in autism research in which the functional, longitudinal, and electrode components all have critical interpretations, we propose a multidimensional functional principal components analysis (MD-FPCA) technique which does not collapse any of the dimensions of the ERP data. The proposed decomposition is based on separation of the total variation into subject and subunit level variation which are further decomposed in a two-stage functional principal components analysis. The proposed methodology is shown to be useful for modeling longitudinal trends in the ERP functions, leading to novel insights into the learning patterns of children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and their typically developing peers as well as comparisons between the two groups. Finite sample properties of MD-FPCA are further studied via extensive simulations.