bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Planning guidelines and legislation
Authors: Hardwick D. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the United Kingdom, environmental protection is based on a dual approach. Guidelines and voluntary action have generally proved effective but, increasingly, Community of Europe directives as well as public pressure are resulting in legislation.Water pollution is largely regulated by Part II of the Control of Pollution Act 1974 and odour by the Public Heath Act 1936 and subsequent subsidiary legislation. Planning is controlled under the Town and Country Planning Acts and dependent General Development Orders. The Order relevant to agriculture is being amended to bring in a greater measure of planning requirement where piggeries are near human housing. Alongside these laws, the Ministry has produced a Code of Good Agricultural Practice and Guidelines on Housed Livestock to establish appropriate standards.Other countries are also developing their legislative control, most notably Germany, the Netherlands and Denmark. It is notable that, although the ‘polluter pays principle’ is often referred to, all countries have found practical problems in any simple-minded attempt to apply the principle to the effects of animal farming.The paper reviews these areas in detail and suggests that research is needed on the effects of small quantities of straw on slurry systems and to produce a definition of the minimum of straw needed for welfare purposes. Other research which is already in hand is also mentioned.
The French sheep industry from farm to table
Authors: Barber J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLamb is perceived in an excellent manner in France, conjuring up the image of ‘feast day meat’, which is ‘natural’, mixed with a ‘regional flavour’. Historically lamb in France has been regarded as a meat for special occasions and has carried a high price tag. This price tag is less expensive than it used to be, especially with supermarkets and hypermarkets taking between 50 and 60% of the retail market. Lamb meat is now available to all at a (relatively) low price; a meat which is still regarded as ‘special’.Lamb consumption is increasing in France; in 1988 by an estimated 4%. This is largely due to price, good marketing and very good presentation — in the supermarkets, by top quality high-street butchers and in older traditional country markets. Consumption of lamb has increased by approximately 85 000 t in the last 15 years. French production has been decreasing by about 4% per year over recent years, and France imported 63 500 t in 1984 of which 36 000 came from the United Kingdom (UK). In 1987, 108 200 t were imported, of which 60 000 t came from the UK.There is a greater market potential for lamb in France than her producers can provide. One reason for this is that there are 190 000 producers with 8.15 million ewes; an average flock size of 42. This compares with the UK which has less than half the number of producers, with double the numbers of breeding sheep, and an average flock size nearly five times the size of French flocks.From the long-term point of view, not only is a large number of the flocks too small to be viable in competition with UK producers in the European Community but a high proportion of flock owners tend to be elderly. Sheep production is taking place in areas which are difficult to farm and on small units which are difficult to expand, either because of land law restriction or through economic constraints.
Sheep health: husbandry and production problems
Authors: Hindson J. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe paper is based on problems found in a large ‘farm animal’ practice in Devon, in which the author is largely committed to the sheep work. There are some 80 000 sheep in the area, and some 1·5 million in the county of Devon which are kept under varying conditions from the high areas of Dartmoor to the very intensive flocks on permanent grass on heavy soils. A brief look is made at the effects of health research over the last 50 years in the context of present problems and/or barriers to future efficiency. Also present production problems are examined, in particular those relating to coccidiosis and ‘ill thrift’. The problems of the field application of modern technology are considered in the areas of: (1) manipulation of the breeding season, in an attempt to even out the production curve, using sponges, PMS and melatonin and teaser rams; (2) manipulation of prolificacy, using fecundin and prolific hybrids; and (3) genetic manipulation/improvement, using Meat and Livestock Commission backfat/eye muscle recording schemes, sire referencing, AI and MOET.A scheme for the best utilization of veterinary surgeon/farmer relationship is outlined and mention is made as to the future direction of the industry as seen from the ‘sharp end’.
Added value products from lamb
Authors: Richardson R. I. , Taylor A. A. , Jolley P. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractChanges in eating patterns for reasons of cost, health or convenience, have resulted in reduced consumption of lamb. Carcass meat is being replaced by more processed, added value meat in the home, but novel lamb products have been difficult to develop due to small muscle size, hard fat and strong flavours. If value is to be added to lamb, texture and flavour of lamb and lamb products must be optimized. Whilst the use of electrical stimulation for beef carcasses, to avoid potential cold-induced toughening in modern chilling systems, is standard practice, little British lamb is stimulated in this way.Restructuring can upgrade smaller or tougher and/or fatter parts of the carcass. It allows for regular portions of standard shape, size and composition, as in reformed hams, burgers, grillsteaks or sausages. The small size of the lamb carcass makes it expensive to bone and trim fat and connective tissue for the production of such products. This could be an increasing disadvantage if high quality, reformed, fresh products, using new binding technologies such as alginate or enzyme systems, gain a significant market share.The ready meals market is expanding rapidly and although meat may not be the major component, it is usually the most expensive. These products may be fully sterile shelf-stable, cooked and frozen, or, more commonly, cooked and chilled with a shelf-life of a few days with carefully controlled refrigeration. Packaging has been highly developed for marketing these products. Unfortunately, traditional lamb products, such as moussaka and shepherds pie, are often now made from cheaper beef.Larger lamb carcasses with lower fat, the use of mechanical bone removal or robotic butchery systems, innovative product or recipe design and the use of good packaging and presentation, would all aid in the development of lamb meat and meat product sales.
Selection criteria for the psychopharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents
Authors: Gunning W.B. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis review gives information on selection criteria for the psychopharmacological treatment of psychiatric disorders in children and adolescents, and offers practical instructions for the use of these drugs. Unless mentioned otherwise, the data on effectiveness and safety have been based on controlled trials. In addition, advices are given with respect to drugs that have proved to be effective and safe in adult psychiatric patients but have not yet been investigated sufficiently in children and adolescents.
De gedaalde natural killer cell activiteit tijdens een depresssieve episode is geen kenmerk van meegemaakte levensgebeurtenissen
Authors: Duyse A. Van , Maes M. , Schotte C. , Stevens W. , Declerck L. , Cosyns P. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryRecently, some investigators have reported blunted natural killer cell activity (NKCA) in patients with major depression. In addition, there were some reports on negative relationships between NKCA and the occurence of negative life events. In order to replicate the above findings, the present study investigates NKCA and negative life events in 11 normal and 35 unipolar (minor, simple major, melancholic) depressed subjects. NKCA has been determined by all subjects. They completed the Questionnaire on Recently Experienced Events with scores on number and impact factor of events related to a) illness, b) working conditions, c) social relationships, d) housing problems, e) loss of possession. Depressed subjects reported higher scores on number and/or impact factor of events related to illness, social relationships and housing problems. In our investigation NKCA was significantly blunted in depressed subjects and, particularly in melancholies. So NKCA is negative correlated to the severity of depression. We were unable to detect any significant relationship between NKCA, and life events ( number of impact factors ), Our results do not corroborate the thesis that life events may affect immune function, as assessed by NKCA.
A decade of biological-psychiatric research in OCD (II): challenge-studies and neuroanatomical substrate
Authors: Leeuw A.S. De , Westenberg H.G.M. , Boer J.A. Den 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this second part of a review on OCD, challenge-tests are discussed and an overview is given of neuro-imaging studies. Subsequently some hypotheses concerning the pathogenesis of OCD are reviewed. The serotonin (5-HT) agonist metachloro-phenylpiperazine (mCPP) was found to lead to an increase in obsessive-compulsive symptoms. These studies revealed a dissociation between the behavioral and the neuroendocrine responses: OCD-patients showed a blunted hormonal respons compared to controls. Possibly different receptor subtypes are involved. One study is reported with a 5-HT1a agonist as a probe. This study lends no support to an involvement of the 5-HT1a receptor. Tests with noradrenergic probes showed unequivocal results.Research on the neuroanatomic substrate of OCD is critically reviewed. PET-scan studies point to a possible role of the (orbito-)frontal cortex and the basal ganglia in OCD. Keywords: obsessive-compulsive disorder, OCD, challenge-test, serotonin (5-HT), mCPP, PET-scan.
Conduct disorders and an abnormal sex-chromosomal pattern
Authors: Thomaes A.M.S. , Verhoeven W.M.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTwo subjects are described suffering from longlasting behavioral disorders, who appeared to have both an abnormal karyotype, 47XXY and 47XYY respectively. The relationship between psychopathological disorders and the type of karyotypes is discussed. It is concluded that both biological and environmental factors are involved in the development of behavioral disorders that are observed frequently in this kind of subjects.
Congenital malformations caused by psychotropic drugs in pregnancy
Authors: de Cuypere G. , Rombaut Ph. , van Moffaert M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAfter a description of the harmful effects of psychotropic drugs as well as of the moments of vulnerability to any teratogenic effect, this paper reviews prospective, retrospective and epidemiological studies of the teratogenic effects of anticonvulsants (phenytoin, valproic acid, carbamazepine and barbiturates), lithium, anti-psychotics, benzodiazepines and anti-depressive agents. It is found that the results of these studies are not unequivocal. Only lithium and valproic acid are shown to be teratogenic. In cases where malformations of the fetus are observed, the treatment often consisted in a combination of various psychotropic drugs.The review is completed with data on the psychopharmacological problems during delivery and their side-effects on the newborn.
Neuroleptics: preclinical and clinical differences
Authors: Ellenbroek B.A. , Cools A.R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryNeuroleptics: preclinical and clinical differencesIn this review we propose that the clinical and preclinical effects of neuroleptic drugs justify a distinction between classical and atypical neuroleptic drugs. Binding, biochemical, electrophysiological and behavioural studies have revealed clearcut differences between classical neuroleptics (like haloperidol and fluphenazine) and atypical neuroleptics (such as clozapine, thioridazine and remoxipride). These large differences are likely due to differences in the workingmechanisms. In view of the clinical relevance of these findings it is therefore both justified and essential to subdivide the neuroleptics in two distinct groups: the classical neuroleptics and the atypical neuroleptics.
Biological psychiatry marching towards the future and the perils of progress
Authors: van Praag H.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe study of the biological determinants of abnormal behavior is not anymore psychiatry's stepchild, but a respected branch of that discipline. There is every reason to be optimistic over the future of biological psychiatry. The brain sciences are developing with astounding speed and the systematic attention for psychiatric-diagnosis and differential diagnosis renders biological psychiatry an unprecedented vitality.One should, however, not ignore some disquieting prospects. The following points of concern are discussed: the alarming shortage of young research psychiatrists; the deficiencies in the teaching of biological psychiatry; the hesitancy to utilize the fruits of brain and behavior research in clinical practice; the shortcomings in psychiatric diagnosing; nosological tunnel vision and, finally, the danger of overrating biological psychiatry with the inevitable disappointment reaction that will follow. The scientific maturation of psychiatry is contingent on a balanced development of its constituents.
Drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease (I): manifestations and therapy
Authors: Wolters E.CH. , Tissingh G. , Kuiper M.A. , W.A. Zwaan  , Horstink M.W.I.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this first part of a review on drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease, the etiology, the clinical features and the therapeutic strategies will be discussed. The drugs used in the therapy of Parkinson's disease may lead to non-motor complications, such as delirium or hallucinations. Especially anti-cholinergics, respectivily dopaminometics, play an important role. Lowering the dose or even discontinuing the medication is the main therapeutic measure. The use of an atypical antipsychotic drug (clozapine) may be indicated.
Recovery from lithium neurotoxicity. A case study
Authors: van Scheyen J.D. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe author describes the development of a neurotoxicity syndrome in a 68 year old women treated for 1½ years with lithium for recurrent depressions. The syndrome developed after 10 mgr. haloperidol per day was added, during a manic episode, for 10 days. The lithium levels were 0.71 ± 0.19 MEq/L. After 19 days all medications were discontinued. The neurotoxicity consisted succes-sivily of confusion, somnolence, agitation, extrapyramidal symptoms, cerebellair ataxia and EEG abnormalities. After 10 weeks memory impairmments were still present. At four months, memory function was restored. After five months, the patient was discharged without residual symptoms. The patient reported amnesia for the first six weeks of the syndrome. The author points out that while patients may develop tolerance to lithium maintenance after several years, they still may develop a neurotoxicity syndrome when haloperidol is added to treat a manic episode.
Utility of ERP measures in clinical research
Authors: Kok A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPsychophysiological measures, such as late components of the event-related potentials (ERP's) may be applied in clinical nosological research in two different ways; as purely empirical or diagnostic markers and as markers of functional processes. The second application implies that ERP's may be used to increase the theoretical understanding of specific mental processes such as attention, memory and linguistic processes and the degree of impairment of these processes in psychiatric patients. Some examples derived from recent studies of dementia and aging are given of these two applications of ERP's.
Psychofarmakalogika III
Authors: Korf J. 
Published: July 2016

InleidingIn deze rubriek zal worden ingegaan op recente observaties betreffende de psychofarmakologie in de breedst mogelijke zin. Vaak zullen zaken uit de Literatuur worden behandeld. De gekozen onderwerpen dienen altijd klinische relevantie te hebben. Ook zal deze rubriek gaan over gewoontes die in psychofarmakologische behandeling of in onderzoek zijn geslopen die volgens de auteur lang niet altijd logisch zijn. Soms zal deze rubriek een oproep bevatten om te reageren op een bijdrage gepubliceerd in dit of in een ander tijdschrift. Ook zal de lezer worden aangemoedigd hier zijn eigen ervaringen mee te delen. Het is niet de bedoeling in deze rubriek onderzoeken uitvoerig te rapporteren. Daarvoor staan andere pagina's van de Acta Neuropsychiatrica voor u open.
Neurophysiological disturbances of cognitive processing in Alzheimer and multi-infarct dementia. An evoked potential study
Authors: Colon E.J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDisturbances in information processing can be established by means of evoked potentials (EP). Sensory information is transported over the white myelinated fibers towards the brain. Classification and storage will take place in the cortical grey. This kind of information processing can be made visible by means of EP's.In 9 patients with dementia. Alzheimer's type and 7 patients with multi-infarct dementia a delay in information processing has been established by means of EP's. In multi-infarct dementia also a delay in short latency components was determined. The generators of various parts of the information processing in the cerebral cortex have been delayed and distorted. We speculate that, beside loss of neurons in the cerebral cortex, an alteration in cortical glial cells might be the cause of some disturbances in patients with dementia.
Aphasia and apraxia in dementia: cognitive regression or focal symptoms?
Authors: van den Bergh W. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA review is given of the neuropsychological conceptualizations of aphasia and apraxia in SDAT. In the beginning of this century localisationism was prevailing. Later, developmental and cognitive psychology gave an important impetus to reconsider these symptoms in an holistic framework. More recently, since the application of new brain imaging techniques, there is a revival of localizing conceptualizations.
Psychofarmakologika VIII
Authors: Korf J. 
Published: July 2016

InleidingIn deze rubriek zal worden ingegaan op recente observaties betreffende de psychofarmakologie in de breedst mogelijke zin. Vaak zullen zaken uit de literatuur worden behandeld. De gekozen onderwerpen dienen altijd klinische relevantie te hebben. Ook zal deze rubriek gaan over gewoontes die in psychofarmakologische behandeling of in onderzoek zijn geslopen die volgens de auteur lang niet altijd logisch zijn. Soms zal deze rubriek een oproep bevatten om te reageren op een bijdrage gepubliceerd in dit of in een ander tijdschrift. Ook zal de lezer worden aangemoedigd hier zijn eigen ervaringen mee te delen. Het is niet de bedoeling in deze rubriek onderzoeken uitvoerig te rapporteren. Daarvoor staan andere pagina's van de Acta Neuropsychiatrica voor u open.
Alcoholism and dementia
Authors: van Gool W.A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe controversy concerning the concept ‘alcoholic dementia’ is reviewed in brief. Evidence from neuroradiological and neuropathological studies contribute little to the solution of this controversy, if dementia is considered as a clinical syndrome. From clinical descriptions it can be concluded that a sub-population of alcoholics suffers from a syndrome typified by psychologic disturbances other than amnesia alone. These patients fulfill the criteria for the syndromal diagnosis of ‘dementia’.The nosologic concept of ‘alcoholic dementia’ implies a direct neurotoxic effect of alcohol and it raises questions concerning pathogenetic mechanisms which can not be answered. The DSM-III-R category ‘dementia associated with alcoholism’ represents a solution for this controversy, because it gives a correct and complete (radically syndromal) clinical description without making assumptions on the relative contribution of multiple factors causing cognitive disturbances in alcoholics.
Serotoninergic findings in habitual violence and impulsivity. A review
Authors: Virkkunen M.D. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySeveral lines of evidence suggest that there may be abnormal brain serotonin metabolism in habitually biolent and impulsive offenders. These personality disorders are usually connected with early onset, male limited type 2 alcoholism in which one central feature is the abnormal tendency to behave aggressively and impulsively under the influence of alcohol repeatedly. Low CSF 5-HIAA has been found to correlate with familial alcoholism tendencies; paternal alcoholism. Both this and with it the tendency to abnormal oral glucose tolerance test (tendency to low blood glucose nadir) predict the new violent and impulsive crimes under the influence of alcohol. Also peripheral measures such as platelet MAO, abnormal tryptophan/LNAA ratio in plasma, whole blood serotonin, blood platelet uptake of serotonin, platelet 3H-IMI dinging (Bmax), abnormal prolactin and Cortisol secretion in fenfluramine challenge, and possibly daily urinary free Cortisol secretion correlate with impulsive aggressive behavior.
Een zeldzame oorzaak van dementie: de bestralingsencephalopathie
Authors: van de Weg N. , Verhey F.R.J. , Raedts P J.M. , Vreeling F W. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYWe describe the clinical history of a 49-year old woman, who demonstrated progressive personality changes more than twenty years after radiation of a pituitary adenoma (prolactinoma), with apathy, loss of initiative, memory deficits, postural instability, dysarthria and faecal incontinence. Neuropsychological assessment showed impulsivity, loss of overview, desinhibition, fluctuating deficits of attention, and memory disturbances. MRI-scanning of the brain revealed a cystic lesion along the right ventricle. The clinical picture and the findings of the other investigations are typical for dementia due to radiation encephalopathy. Such a long period between radiation and cognitive deterioration is rare, although it has been described before.
Chronicity, genes en behavior
Authors: Verhoeven W.M.A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYSince 1863 psychiatry is dominated by the nosological conceptual paradigm that was further stimulated by the introduction of the DSM-III. This has resulted in an ignorance of the European psychiatric diagnostic tradition and a loss of the necessary critical observations and descriptions of psychopathology. This unfortunate process may be observed in the diagnosis of psychiatric disorders in mentally retarded patients where entities such as atypical psychoses, unstable mood disorder and motivational deficit syndrome are not recognized in general. The enormous increase of neuroscienti-fic knowledge, particularly the impact of genetic and intracellular mechanisms in the pathophysiology of psychiatric disorders, warrants the use of a more dimensional and functional psychiatric paradigm. It concerns the effect of gene transcription on the expression of neurotransmitters and receptors that may account for an increased vulnerability or a relapsing course. A so called anticipatory treatment approach is therefore advocated.