bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dispensing antibiotics without a prescription in Various pharmacies
Authors: Hussein Yasmeen Ali , Khadim Salim , Albo Hamrah Karrar Talib Khudhair , Kadhim Lafta Fayez , Almyali Ali Ahmed Hussein , AL-Jabbar Widad Abd 
Published: October 2024

Background: An important factor that leads to improper antibiotic use and an increase in antibacterial resistance is the dispensing of medicines over-the-counter. Objective: The purpose of this study is to examine the beliefs and behaviors of medical staff regarding the non-prescription dispensing of antibiotics. Methods: This is a cross-sectional study that used a questionnaire survey with 107 medical staff members from various places in Iraq between November 11, 2020, and May 8, 2021. Results: A total of 107 participants filled out the form and took part in the study. The age of participants ranged from 68% (21–25 years old) to 20% (26–35 years old), 4% (18–20 years), 4% (36–45 years old), 3% (above 55 years old), and 1% (46–55). The most prevalent condition treated with antibiotics without a doctor's prescription is urinary tract infection (21.6%), which was followed by otitis media (17.3%), sore throat (14.8%), skin infection (12.7%), fever (12%), cough (11%), runny nose (4.9%), and other conditions (5.7%). Cold and flu are the most infections that did not respond to antibiotics (30.1%) followed by runny nose (23.9%), sore throat (15.4%), bronchitis (10.4%), cough (10%), and other (10%) while the most frequently dispensed antibiotics was amoxicillin followed by azithromycin, amoxicillin plus clavulanic acid, ciprofloxacin, cephalexin, clindamycin, and meropenem. About 56.6% of patients requested or received antibiotics for obvious infections. About 29.25% requested antibiotics for family members while 14.15% requested them for no reason. The most common age of patients who request an antibiotic was young people (46.3%), elderly (38.3%) and children (15.4%). Whether consulting a doctor before dispensing antibiotics, participants answered yes (56%) and no (44%). In conclusion, the incidence of using antibiotics without prescription was high for skin infections, otitis media, sore throats, and urinary tract infection.
Extraction, Purification and Identification of The Bioactive Compound Sulforaphane from Broccoli (Brassica Oleracea Var. Italica) By HPLC
Authors: Al-Taai Iman Hadi , Al-Fekaiki Dhia Falih , Issa Sajjad Salim 
Published: October 2024

The study included extraction, purification and diagnosing of the bioactive compound sulforaphane from broccoli (Brassica oleracea var. Italica) and dietary supplement of sulforaphane (Double Wood) by HPLC using different solvents including DMSO, HPLC water, acetonitrile, and dichloromethane. Sulforaphane an isothiocyanate widely distributed in Brassicaceae vegetables that comes from the enzymatic hydrolysis of glucoraphanin through myrosinase. The results of the HPLC chromatogram of the purified sulforaphane appearing 4 peaks including sulforaphane at high percentage 82.715%, HPLC chromatogram of extracted sulforaphane by HPLC water where appearing 8 peaks including sulforaphane at low percentage 4.542%, and HPLC chromatogram of the sulforaphane supplement (Double Wood) extracted by acetonitrile where appearing 4 peaks including 2 peaks of sulforaphane at percentage 5.545% and 39.038% respectively, while HPLC chromatograms of all extracts by DCM contain sulforaphane at percentage ranging from 99.904%-100%. The results of HPLC chromatogram are compared to the standard sulforaphane which diagnosed at retention time 2.640 min. and wavelength 254 nm.
Effect of Debt Leverage and Debt-Equity Leverage on Financial Performance of Commercial and Services Companies Listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya
Authors: Lomwai Samuel Pkorir , Ndede Fredrick W S 
Published: October 2024

Financial performance is very critical for firms, management, and other stakeholders of all organizations. All stakeholders are very interested in performance and are concerned about it. Measuring a company's financial performance helps management in collecting information on how money is invested and how money flows inside and outside the company. The main aim of the investigation was to determine the effect of debt leverage and debt equity leverage and the financial performance of commercial and services companies listed at the Nairobi Securities Exchange, Kenya. The target population was Eleven (11) service and commercial firms listed with the NSE. Purposive sampling was used to sample 7 firms that have been consistently listed in NSE from 2017 to 2021. STATA, a statistical program that assisted in presenting descriptive and panel data models for analysis, was used to analyze the data. There was testing for diagnostic indicators such as normality, autocorrelation, multicollinearity, heteroscedasticity, and linearity. Tables and panel regression tables were used to display the results. Effective citations and participant permission, among other ethical issues, were followed. The research revealed that debt leverage had a sizeable impact on ROA. It was discovered that -debt-equity leverage had a considerable impression on the success of listed businesses and services. However, it was discovered that equity leverage did not meaningfully impact financial success. The policymakers at commercial and service firms should develop policies and regulations that can guide debt management among commercial and service firms. The policymakers at CMA need to develop suitable policies on debt.
Electronic Taxpayer Education and Tax Compliance of Manufacturing Small and Medium Enterprises in Nairobi City County, Kenya
Authors: Gichohi Peter King’ori , Muchira Bancy 
Published: October 2024

To enlighten taxpayers regarding their tax information, the Kenyan tax authorities have made tax education a top concern. To promote voluntary tax compliance and boost national revenue, this kind of education is essential. Low tax compliance among SMEs limits revenue generation from the government and, consequently, inefficient government expenditure since it makes it harder for the state to amass family earnings, which are vital assets for speculating. This study sought to investigate how electronic taxpayer education affects the compliance with tax laws of manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi City County, Kenya. The study used a descriptive research approach and 641 manufacturing SMEs in Nairobi were the study's targeted audience. Output showed that electronic taxpayer education positively affected tax compliance in a significant manner as it relates to manufacturing SMEs. The conclusion arising from this outcome is that electronic taxpayer education plays an important role in manufacturing SMEs' tax compliance as most of them can access tax information electronically in their comfort zones. Policy makers should increase the utilization of electronic means to educate taxpayers on the need to pay taxes and the consequences of non-compliance to tax laws in Kenya. It is recommended that the Kenya tax authority should enhance the education of taxpayers via electronic means as most of the participants in the manufacturing SMEs are said to easily access electronic media that would enhance their competitive advantage over other firms in Kenya.
Pre-trained quantum convolutional neural network for COVID-19 disease classification using computed tomography images
Authors: Asadoorian Nazeh , Yaraghi Shokufeh , Tahmasian Araeek 
Published: October 2024

Background
The COVID-19 pandemic has had a significant influence on economies and healthcare systems around the globe. One of the most important strategies that has proven to be effective in limiting the disease and reducing its rapid spread is early detection and quick isolation of infections. Several diagnostic tools are currently being used for COVID-19 detection using computed tomography (CT) scan and chest X-ray (CXR) images.

Methods
In this study, a novel deep learning-based model is proposed for rapid detection of COVID-19 using CT-scan images. The model, called pre-trained quantum convolutional neural network (QCNN), seamlessly combines the strength of quantum computing with the feature extraction capabilities of a pre-trained convolutional neural network (CNN), particularly VGG16. By combining the robust feature learning of classical models with the complex data handling of quantum computing, the combination of QCNN and the pre-trained VGG16 model improves the accuracy of feature extraction and classification, which is the significance of the proposed model compared to classical and quantum-based models in previous works.

Results
The QCNN model was tested on a SARS-CoV-2 CT dataset, initially without any pre-trained models and then with a variety of pre-trained models, such as ResNet50, ResNet18, VGG16, VGG19, and EfficientNetV2L. The results showed the VGG16 model performs the best. The proposed model achieved 96.78% accuracy, 0.9837 precision, 0.9528 recall, 0.9835 specificity, 0.9678 F1-Score and 0.1373 loss.

Conclusion
Our study presents pre-trained QCNN models as a viable technique for COVID-19 disease detection, showcasing their effectiveness in reaching higher accuracy and specificity. The current paper adds to the continuous efforts to utilize artificial intelligence to aid healthcare professionals in the diagnosis of COVID-19 patients.
Additional Report and Taxonomic Description of Common Pike Conger Muraenesox bagio (Hamilton, 1822) from Dholai Fishing Harbour, Gujarat, Northwest Coast of India
Authors: R. V Borichangar , J. N. Parmar , S. K. Bharda , D. P. Kotadiya 
Published: October 2024

Muraenesox bagio was identified and described from Dholai fishing harbour on the Gujarat coast, northwest coast of India, marking the first recorded occurrence of this species in the region. Muraenesox bagio, a member of the family Muraenosocidae, shares significant morphological and genetic similarities with its closely related species, Muraenesox cinereus. This report confirms the presence of Muraenesox bagio along the northwest coast of India and provides a comprehensive account of its taxonomy and detailed morphological descriptions.
Development of an Attendance Management System Using Facial Recognition Technology
Authors: T. Oluyemi Tolulope , T. Oyediji Funke. , J. Oyebiyi Adewale 
Published: October 2024

Aims: The rise of automation has greatly impacted various aspects of daily life, including attendance management systems. Traditional methods like manual roll calls and card swiping are often inefficient and prone to errors, leading researchers to explore innovative alternatives such as face recognition technology. This technology employs advanced algorithms and image processing techniques to accurately identify individuals based on their unique facial features, thereby enhancing accuracy and security measures. The objective of this project is to develop a face recognition-based attendance system with specific goals, including circuit design, simulation using Proteus Software, implementation, and performance evaluation through rigorous field-testing.
Study Design: The system comprises an input subsystem with a Camera module and two output subsystems: an LCD and a Web-database PC software. Initially, custom and stored image data of students are saved in a microSD card of the camera module, and attendance records are updated on a web-database upon successful scanning and recognition of students' faces.
Methodology: The implementation process involves assembling various hardware components, including securely mounting the ESP32 CAM and integrating a 16x4 Character LCD Display for visual feedback. LEDs are used as visual indicators for system statuses, while a Power Bank Module ensures consistent power supply. The system is controlled by the ESP32-CAM, which captures and verifies faces, displays actions on the LCD, and updates the web-database with attendance data.
Results: Testing results indicate the system's high accuracy, achieving a 100% attendance rate across multiple class sessions with zero misclassifications.
Conclusion: The user-friendly interface and seamless wireless connectivity enhance accessibility and real-time monitoring, making it a valuable tool for classroom management and office use. The research has some hardware limitations which includes processing large amounts of facial data requires robust hardware. Inadequate camera resolution or processing power can lead to slow performance or inaccurate recognition. Overall, the face recognition-based attendance system has the potential to revolutionize traditional methods, offering high accuracy, user-friendly features, and robust connectivity, with possible applications beyond education through further refinement and research. Facial recognition-based attendance systems are more accurate and efficient than traditional methods like manual roll calls or card swiping. By automating attendance, they reduce errors and provide real-time updates with web integration. Despite hardware limitations, the system's accuracy and ease of use make it a superior alternative with potential for broader applications.
The Magnitude and Origin of Groundwater Discharge to Eastern U.S. and Gulf of Mexico Coastal Waters
Authors: Befus Kevin M. , Kroeger Kevin D. , Smith Christopher G. , Swarzenski Peter W. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFresh groundwater discharge to coastal environments contributes to the physical and chemical conditions of coastal waters, but the role of coastal groundwater at regional to continental scales remains poorly defined due to diverse hydrologic conditions and the difficulty of tracking coastal groundwater flow paths through heterogeneous subsurface materials. We use three‐dimensional groundwater flow models for the first time to calculate the magnitude and source areas of groundwater discharge from unconfined aquifers to coastal waterbodies along the entire eastern U.S. We find that 27.1 km3/yr (22.8–30.5 km3/yr) of groundwater directly enters eastern U.S. and Gulf of Mexico coastal waters. The contributing recharge areas comprised ~175,000 km2 of U.S. land area, extending several kilometers inland. This result provides new information on the land area that can supply natural and anthropogenic constituents to coastal waters via groundwater discharge, thereby defining the subterranean domain potentially affecting coastal chemical budgets and ecosystem processes.
The Prevalence of Oceanic Surface Modes
Authors: LaCasce J. H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSatellite observations have revolutionized oceanography, capturing diverse phenomena over much of the globe. However, it remains to understand how surface fields, like sea surface height, reflect the motion occurring at depth. The vertical structure of ocean eddies is often expressed in terms of “baroclinic modes,” which are basis functions derived assuming a flat ocean bottom. Bathymetry alters the modes though, weakening the bottom velocities. Using analytical solutions, we demonstrate that with realistic bathymetry and/or bottom friction, the bottom velocities are nearly zero. The resulting “surface modes” should be ubiquitous in the ocean. This would explain the dominant mode of variability obtained from globally distributed current meter data and is consistent with energy spectra derived from sea surface height data. The results yield a simple way to infer subsurface velocities from satellite data and suggest that ocean analyses should be made in terms of surface modes and topographic waves.
First Reprocessing of Southern Hemisphere Additional Ozonesondes (SHADOZ) Ozone Profiles (1998–2016): 2. Comparisons With Satellites and Ground‐Based Instruments
Authors: Thompson Anne M. , Witte Jacquelyn C. , Sterling Chance , Jordan Allen , Johnson Bryan J. , Oltmans Samuel J. , Fujiwara Masatomo , Vömel Holger , Allaart Marc , Piters Ankie , Coetzee Gert J. R. , Posny Françoise , Corrales Ernesto , Diaz Jorge Andres , Félix Christian , Komala Ninong , Lai Nga , Ahn Nguyen H. T. , Maata Matakite , Mani Francis , Zainal Zamuna , Ogino Shin‐ya , Paredes Francisco , Penha Tercio Luiz Bezerra , da Silva Francisco Raimundo , Sallons‐Mitro Sukarni , Selkirk Henry B. , Schmidlin F. J. , Stübi Rene , Thiongo Kennedy 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Southern Hemisphere ADditional OZonesonde (SHADOZ) network was assembled to validate a new generation of ozone‐monitoring satellites and to better characterize the vertical structure of tropical ozone in the troposphere and stratosphere. Beginning with nine stations in 1998, more than 7,000 ozone and P‐T‐U profiles are available from 14 SHADOZ sites that have operated continuously for at least a decade. We analyze ozone profiles from the recently reprocessed SHADOZ data set that is based on adjustments for inconsistencies caused by varying ozonesonde instruments and operating techniques. First, sonde‐derived total ozone column amounts are compared to the overpasses from the Earth Probe/Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer, Ozone Monitoring Instrument, and Ozone Mapping and Profiler Suite satellites that cover 1998–2016. Second, characteristics of the stratospheric and tropospheric columns are examined along with ozone structure in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). We find that (1) relative to our earlier evaluations of SHADOZ data, in 2003, 2007, and 2012, sonde‐satellite total ozone column offsets at 12 stations are 2% or less, a significant improvement; (2) as in prior studies, the 10 tropical SHADOZ stations, defined as within ±19° latitude, display statistically uniform stratospheric column ozone, 229 ± 3.9 DU (Dobson units), and a tropospheric zonal wave‐one pattern with a 14 DU mean amplitude; (3) the TTL ozone column, which is also zonally uniform, masks complex vertical structure, and this argues against using satellites for lower stratospheric ozone trends; and (4) reprocessing has led to more uniform stratospheric column amounts across sites and reduced bias in stratospheric profiles. As a consequence, the uncertainty in total column ozone now averages 5%.
Location Accuracy Evaluation of ToA‐Based Lightning Location Systems Over Mountainous Terrain
Authors: Li Dongshuai , Rubinstein Marcos , Rachidi Farhad , Diendorfer Gerhard , Schulz Wolfgang , Lu Gaopeng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we analyze the location error of time of arrival (ToA)‐based lightning location systems (LLSs) caused by propagation effects over mountainous terrain around the Säntis tower located in the Swiss Alps. The study is based on a full‐wave three‐dimensional (3‐D) finite difference time domain approach using the topographic map including the Säntis tower and the nearby sensors belonging to LLSs. It is found that the vertical electric fields are strongly affected by the presence of the mountainous terrain and the finite ground conductivity and that the location error associated with the ToA technique depends strongly on the used onset time estimation technique. The evaluated location errors associated with amplitude thresholds of 10% and 20% and the time of the linear extrapolation of the tangent at maximum field derivative are found to be smallest (about 300 m or less). Finally, we assess the accuracy of two simplified methods (terrain envelope method and tight‐terrain‐fit method) to account for the location error due to propagation over mountainous terrain. These two methods might represent an efficient alternative to estimate the additional time delay due to propagation over a nonflat terrain by using available topographic data. In addition, a possible real‐time location error compensation algorithm using the elongated propagation path method to improve the location error of the LLSs in mountainous regions is presented and discussed.
ParaExp Using Leapfrog as Integrator for High‐Frequency Electromagnetic Simulations
Authors: Merkel M. , Niyonzima I. , Schöps S. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRecently, ParaExp was proposed for the time integration of linear hyperbolic problems. It splits the time interval of interest into subintervals and computes the solution on each subinterval in parallel. The overall solution is decomposed into a particular solution defined on each subinterval with zero initial conditions and a homogeneous solution propagated by the matrix exponential applied to the initial conditions. The efficiency of the method depends on fast approximations of this matrix exponential based on recent results from numerical linear algebra. This paper deals with the application of ParaExp in combination with Leapfrog to electromagnetic wave problems in time domain. Numerical tests are carried out for a simple toy problem and a realistic spiral inductor model discretized by the Finite Integration Technique.
Connecting Biology to Electronics: Molecular Communication via Redox Modality
Authors: Liu Yi , Li Jinyang , Tschirhart Tanya , Terrell Jessica L. , Kim Eunkyoung , Tsao Chen‐Yu , Kelly Deanna L. , Bentley William E. , Payne Gregory F. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBiology and electronics are both expert at for accessing, analyzing, and responding to information. Biology uses ions, small molecules, and macromolecules to receive, analyze, store, and transmit information, whereas electronic devices receive input in the form of electromagnetic radiation, process the information using electrons, and then transmit output as electromagnetic waves. Generating the capabilities to connect biology–electronic modalities offers exciting opportunities to shape the future of biosensors, point‐of‐care medicine, and wearable/implantable devices. Redox reactions offer unique opportunities for bio‐device communication that spans the molecular modalities of biology and electrical modality of devices. Here, an approach to search for redox information through an interactive electrochemical probing that is analogous to sonar is adopted. The capabilities of this approach to access global chemical information as well as information of specific redox‐active chemical entities are illustrated using recent examples. An example of the use of synthetic biology to recognize external molecular information, process this information through intracellular signal transduction pathways, and generate output responses that can be detected by electrical modalities is also provided. Finally, exciting results in the use of redox reactions to actuate biology are provided to illustrate that synthetic biology offers the potential to guide biological response through electrical cues.
High Susceptibility of Histidine to Charge Solvation Revealed by Cold Ion Spectroscopy
Authors: Pereverzev Aleksandr Y. , Kopysov Vladimir , Boyarkin Oleg V. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHistidine remained the last aromatic amino acid for which the intrinsic spectroscopic properties and structures were obscure. We measured the UV and IR spectra of protonated histidine, isolated in the gas phase, using photofragmentation cold ion spectroscopy. Unexpectedly, the UV absorption appears strongly redshifted relative to that of the cation in aqueous solutions. In investigating this phenomenon, we solved the geometries of all abundant conformers using IR conformer‐selective spectroscopy and ab initio quantum chemical calculations. In all of the structures, the proton resides on the imidazole ring. The measured UV spectra of protonated methylimidazole, histamine and histidine, together with calculations of the electronic spectra for the latter, suggest that, in comparison with other aromatic amino acids, such location of proton makes UV absorption of histidine highly sensitive to the local environment of its side chain.