bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Susceptibility of Cold Tropical Cirrus to Ice Nuclei Abundance
Authors: Jensen Eric J. , Ueyama Rei , Pfister Leonhard , Bui Thaopaul V. , Lawson R. Paul , Woods Sarah , Thornberry Troy , Rollins Andrew W. , Diskin Glenn S. , DiGangi Joshua P. , Avery Melody A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Numerical simulations of cirrus formation in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL) during boreal wintertime are used to evaluate the impact of heterogeneous ice nuclei (IN) abundance on cold cloud microphysical properties and occurrence frequencies. The cirrus model includes homogeneous and heterogeneous ice nucleation, deposition growth/sublimation, and sedimentation. Reanalysis temperature and wind fields with high-frequency waves superimposed are used to force the simulations. The model results are constrained by comparison with in situ and satellite observations of TTL cirrus and relative humidity. Temperature variability driven by high-frequency waves has a dominant influence on TTL cirrus microphysical properties and occurrence frequencies, and inclusion of these waves is required to produce agreement between the simulated and observed abundance of TTL cirrus. With homogeneous freezing only and small-scale gravity waves included in the temperature curtains, the model produces excessive ice concentrations compared with in situ observations. Inclusion of relatively numerous heterogeneous ice nuclei (NIN ≥ 100 L−1) in the simulations improves the agreement with observed ice concentrations. However, when IN contribute significantly to TTL cirrus ice nucleation, the occurrence frequency of large supersaturations with respect to ice is less than indicated by in situ measurements. The model results suggest that the sensitivity of TTL cirrus extinction and ice water content statistics to heterogeneous ice nuclei abundance is relatively weak. The simulated occurrence frequencies of TTL cirrus are quite insensitive to ice nuclei abundance, both in terms of cloud frequency height distribution and regional distribution throughout the tropics.
Rheologic and Transport Properties of Middle Ear Effusions from Cleft Palate Patients
Authors: Romanczuk Bruce J. , Potsic William P. , McCall Allan L. , Khan Mohammad A. , Shih Chung K. , Litt Mitchell 
Published: April 2016

Middle ear effusions represent respiratory secretions which are physiologically important to functional mucociliary transport systems. Knowledge of middle ear mucus and methods of facilitating clearance continue to be important to cleft palate patients.Middle ear mucus was collected from the ears of children with cleft palate before surgical correction. Samples were dialyzed and lyophilized to yield mucus powder. This mucus was reconstituted at various nondialyzable solids (NDS) concentrations in TRIS‐CI buffer. A physiochemical study of the middle ear mucus was then undertaken, since a mucociliary transport defect leading to serous otitis media (SOM) is an etiologic possibility.The viscoelastic properties of reconstituted middle ear mucus of cleft palate children were determined using a magnetic microrheometer. The relationship to nondialyzable solids concentrations is also described. The mucociliary transport rate as a function of NDS concentrations was recorded on the toad palate model. Results suggest a maximum transport rate at a specific NDS concentration. The viscoelastic properties also correlate well with the mucociliary transport rate. These may have clinical and therapeutic relevance.
Liposarcoma of the Maxilla
Authors: Adkins Warren Y. , Putney F. Johnson , Kreutner Albert , Cunningham Calhoun 
Published: April 2016

A clinically appearing, well‐encapsulated lipoma was locally excised from the right posterior upper buccal gingival sulcus of a 24‐year‐old man and diagnosed histologically as pleomorphic liposarcoma. A right maxillectomy with preservation of orbital function was followed by 5,000 rads of planned postoperative radiation therapy. Four months later the tumor recurred outside of the original site, which has been controlled by further radiation and chemotherapy to these areas.
Blunt Laryngotracheal Trauma
Authors: Potter Charles R. , Sessions Donald G. , Ogura Joseph H. 
Published: April 2016

Management of blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea is based upon accurate assessment of the anatomic site of the injury, the tissue involved, the time since the injury, and the general status of the patient. Early and orderly diagnosis and classification result in early management, which is essential to maximize function and minimize morbidity.To evaluate the management and treatment results of patients with blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea, a retrospective study was performed. The office charts and hospital records of all patients with blunt trauma to the larynx and trachea from 1966 through 1976 were reviewed. Conditions studied included etiology of the trauma, initial signs and symptoms, pretreatment findings, management (primary and secondary), complications, and long‐term results of management.Management results are discussed in comparison with reported results in the literature, and conclusions are presented regarding optimal treatment for the various classes of laryngotracheal injury.
Lithofacies classification in the Marcellus Shale by applying a statistical clustering algorithm to petrophysical and elastic well logs
Authors: Schlanser Kristen , Grana Dario , Campbell-Stone Erin 
Published: April 2016

Interpreting shale lithofacies is an important step in identifying productive zones in the Marcellus Shale gas play; the target reservoir can be less than 3 m (10 ft) thick with overlying shales that appear similar on certain petrophysical well logs and in the core. However, these nonreservoir-quality shales contain widely varying organic and mechanical properties. To distinguish between reservoir- and nonreservoir-quality shale facies, this classification method applies a pattern-recognition algorithm, expectation maximization, to a set of commonly available petrophysical and elastic well logs to create 1D shale facies models along the wellbore. The statistical algorithm classifies the petrophysical and elastic well-log data into defined facies using the theory that each well log contains a distribution of Gaussian curves for each facies. The method is applied to 12 wells across Pennsylvania and northern West Virginia, and it is able to discriminate between shale facies based on organic content and brittleness, characteristics which are not always evident in core. To verify the geologic accuracy of the facies models, the results are compared with the core data, well logs, mudlogs, and regional stratigraphic studies when available. In addition, we were able to designate a lithofacies-defined top to the Marcellus Formation in parts of the Appalachian Basin where the gradational contact with the overlying Mahantango Formation is poorly defined on petrophysical logs.
Factors related to common bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus) seasonal migration along South Carolina and Georgia coasts, USA
Authors: Taylor Anna R , Schacke John H , Speakman Todd R , Castleberry Steven B , Chandler Richard B 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLittle is known about common bottlenose dolphin
(Tursiops truncatus) seasonal migration along the United
States southeastern Atlantic coast, or what factors influence
migratory patterns. Therefore, our objectives were to: 1)
document evidence for seasonal movement of dolphins in
this region (that would indicate migratory behavior) and 2)
determine if seasonal changes in abundance and temporary
emigration (i.e., migration indicators) for dolphins along
South Carolina and Georgia coasts are related to changes
in water quality variables. Previously collected capturerecapture
data (from visual sightings of individual
dolphins) and water quality data from Charleston, South
Carolina and St. Catherine’s Island, Georgia were used to
achieve our objective. Robust design models were used to
estimate seasonal abundance and temporary emigration
for the Charleston population, whereas closed population
capture-recapture models were used to estimate seasonal
abundances for the St. Catherine’s Island population.
The Charleston population showed seasonal abundance
and temporary emigration patterns with low estimates in
winter, which increased in spring, peaked in summer, and
decreased in fall. Seasonal temporary emigration was best
explained by water temperature, which followed the same
general pattern. Seasonal abundance in the St. Catherine’s
population was best explained by salinity, but no consistent
pattern in abundance was observed. Our results not only
provide the first evidence of a clear seasonal migration of
dolphins in this region, but can aid in conservation and management efforts by increasing accuracy of abundance
estimates.
Social Mechanisms as Special Cases of Explanatory Sociology: Notes toward Systemizing and Expanding Mechanism-based Explanation within Sociology
Authors: Maurer Andrea 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The revival of action based explanations as well as their formal structuring have been two of the most important topics within explanatory sociology since the 1980s. The two newly developed approaches, being structural individualism and analytical sociology based on mechanism models, will be outlined in this article. The article is dedicated to a comparison of the aims and the formal structure of both approaches. It is shown that explanations within analytical sociology tend to be more realistic but also more complex. They do not differentiate between micro and macro levels in analytical terms and use micro mechanisms instead of an analytically strong action theory that makes it difficult to systemize mechanism models. On the other hand, structural individualistic explanations that use a general action law from which social interdependencies are to be interpreted as an opportunity structure can formulate a default-option from which models can be expanded and also worked out to mechanism types.
Contextualizing Cognitive Consonance by a Social Mechanisms Explanation: Moderators of Selective Exposure in Media Usage
Authors: Becker Dominik , Beckers Tilo , Franzmann Simon Tobias , Hagenah Jörg 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
While many studies from analytical sociology apply agent-based modeling to analyze the transformational mechanisms linking the micro to the macro level, we hold the view that both situational and action formation mechanisms can rather be unveiled by means of more advanced quantitative methods. By focusing on selective exposure to quality newspapers, our study has both an analytical and a substantive aim. First., our analytical aim is to amend the psychological mechanism of avoiding cognitive dissonance by social mechanisms allowing postulates on how the selective exposure effect might vary by particular social groups. Second, our substantive aim is to set the ground for a longitudinal analysis of selective exposure to quality papers by placing these social mechanisms in the context of social and cultural change. By referring to hypothetical data, we illustrate which kind of (multilevel) moderator effects would have to hold if our hypotheses were true.
The Use of Field Experiments to Study Mechanisms of Discrimination
Authors: Keuschnigg Marc , Wolbring Tobias 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper discusses social mechanisms of discrimination and reviews existing field experimental designs for their identification. We first explicate two social mechanisms proposed in the literature, animus-driven and statistical discrimination, to explain differential treatment based on ascriptive characteristics. We then present common approaches to study discrimination based on observational data and laboratory experiments, discuss their strengths and weaknesses, and elaborate why unobtrusive field experiments are a promising complement. However, apart from specific methodological challenges, well-established experimental designs fail to identify the mechanisms of discrimination. Consequently, we introduce a rapidly growing strand of research which actively intervenes in market activities varying costs and information for potential perpetrators to identify causal pathways of discrimination. We end with a summary of lessons learned and a discussion of challenges that lie ahead.
Ultrafast Anisotropic Optical Response and Coherent Acoustic Phonon Generation in Polycrystalline BaTiO3-BiFeO3
Authors: Magill Brenden A. , Park Kyoung-Duck , Zhou Yuan , Chopra Anuj , Maurya Deepam , Priya Shashank , Raschke Markus , Belyanin Alexey , Stanton Christopher J. , Khodaparast Giti A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
We optically study the as-yet little explored multiferroic material, BaTiO3-BiFeO3 (BTO-BFO), that has demonstrated enhanced magnetic properties, a higher DC resistance in comparison to BFO, and improved magnetoelectric coupling. Our studies include: ultrafast time resolved differential reflection, optically induced birefringence, and second-harmonic nano-imaging of the ferroic order. We observe a strong sensitivity to pump/probe polarizations, photo-induced ferroelectric poling on a picosecond timescale, as well as the generation of photo-induced coherent acoustic phonons with a frequency of

∼
11

$ \sim 11$

GHz. The second-harmonic generation nano-imaging reveals disordered but distinct ferroelectric domain order, percolating even across grain boundaries in the poly-crystalline thin film.
Method for the integral calculation of the fiber orientation and the fundamental material properties of softwood logs and lumber
Authors: Guindos Pablo 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
An integral calculation method (ICM) is presented for fully estimating the fiber orientation and fundamental physical and mechanical properties of softwood (SW) logs and lumber. The proposed ICM reproduces with great detail the most important anatomical features of SW, including annual rings, seasonal variations, main growth patterns (straight, spiral, and interlocked grain), and especially fiber distortions due to knot clusters for each annual ring. The failure load of the lumber has been predicted with an absolute error of 10.2%. In addition, the ICM has shown very strong robustness and high calculation speed as most of the calculations are performed analytically, and only one final simplistic computation is conducted by finite element analysis (FEA). This article describes the proposed ICM in detail and shows the initial verification with experiments. The ICM should contribute not only to lumber research and grading but also to research and optimization of logging and sawing industrial processes.
Scientific evidence of plant with a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant effect in a chronic model of depression: Mallotus oppositifolius
Authors: Kukuia Kennedy K.E. , Ameyaw Elvis O. , Woode Eric , Mante Priscilla K. , Adongo Donatus W. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background:
One of the major drawbacks of current depression pharmacotherapy is the delay in symptom improvement, aside from the untoward side effects and lack of efficacy against refractory depression. This work therefore investigated a possible rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant effect of Mallotus oppositifolius.

Methods:
Onset of the antidepressant effect of hydroalcoholic extract from the leaves of M. oppositifolius was investigated using the open space swim test, a chronic depression model. The possible effects of the extract on cognitive dysfunction measured in the Morris water maze and weight gain were also investigated.

Results:

M. oppositifolius extract, after the first day of treatment, reversed the state of immobility in mice. This effect was sustained even after drug treatment was halted and the antidepressant effect verified in the tail suspension test. The extract also increased the total distance travelled by the mice and reversed the cognitive impairment induced by the depressed state but had no effect on weight variation.

Conclusions:

M. oppositifolius exhibits a rapid-onset and sustained antidepressant effect in mice.
CB1 cannabinoid receptor-mediated increases in cyclic AMP accumulation are correlated with reduced Gi/o function
Authors: Eldeeb Khalil , Leone-Kabler Sandra , Howlett Allyn C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Background: CB1 cannabinoid receptors (CB1Rs) stimulate Gi/o-dependent signaling pathways. CB1R-mediated cAMP increases were proposed to result from Gs activation, but CB1R-stimulated GTPγS binding to Gs has not heretofore been investigated.

Methods: Three models of CB1R-stimulated cAMP production were tested: pertussis toxin disruption of Gi/o in N18TG2 cells; L341A/A342L-CB1R expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells; and CB1 and D2 dopamine receptors endogenously co-expressed in MN9D cells. cAMP was assayed by [3H]cAMP binding competition. G protein activation was assayed by the antibody-targeted scintillation proximity assay.

Results: In L341A/A342L-CB1-CHO cells, cannabinoid agonists significantly stimulated cAMP accumulation over vehicle; (–)-3-[2-hydroxyl-4-(1,1-dimethylheptyl)phenyl]-4-[3-hydroxyl propyl] cyclohexan-1-ol (CP55940)-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding to Gi1/2/3 was reversed, whereas binding to Gs was not different from CB1R. In MN9D cells, CB1 agonist HU210 or D2 agonist quinpirole alone inhibited forskolin-activated cAMP accumulation, whereas HU210 plus quinpirole increased cAMP accumulation above basal. HU210 alone stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding to Gi1/2/3, whereas co-stimulation with quinpirole reversed HU210-stimulated [35S]GTPγS binding to Gi1/2/3.

Conclusions: CB1R couples to Gs but with low efficacy compared to Gi/o. The L341A/A342L mutation in CB1R reversed CP55940 activation of Gi to an inhibition, but had no effect on Gs. Combined CB1 plus D2 agonists in MN9D cells converted the CB1 agonist-mediated activation of Gi to inhibition of Gi. In these models, the CB1 agonist response was converted to an inverse agonist response at Gi activation. Cannabinoid agonist-stimulated cAMP accumulation can be best explained as reduced activation of Gi, thereby attenuating the tonic inhibitory influence of Gi on the major isoforms of adenylyl cyclase.
Central diabetes insipidus as a very late relapse limited to the pituitary stalk in Langerhans cell histiocytosis
Authors: Nakagawa Shunsuke , Shinkoda Yuichi , Hazeki Daisuke , Imamura Mari , Okamoto Yasuhiro , Kawakami Kiyoshi , Kawano Yoshifumi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCentral diabetes insipidus (CDI) and relapse are frequently seen in multifocal Langerhans cell histiocytosis (LCH). We present two females with multifocal LCH who developed CDI 9 and 5 years after the initial diagnosis, respectively, as a relapse limited to the pituitary stalk. Combination chemotherapy with cytarabine reduced the mass in the pituitary stalk. Although CDI did not improve, there has been no anterior pituitary hormone deficiency (APHD), neurodegenerative disease in the central nervous system (ND-CNS) or additional relapse for 2 years after therapy. It was difficult to predict the development of CDI in these cases. CDI might develop very late in patients with multifocal LCH, and therefore strict follow-up is necessary, especially with regard to symptoms of CDI such as polydipsia and polyuria. For new-onset CDI with LCH, chemotherapy with cytarabine might be useful for preventing APHD and ND-CNS.
Crystal structure of 4,5-diphenylthiazol-2-amine, C15H12N2S
Authors: Ghabbour Hazem A. , Abdel-Aziz Hatem A. , AlRabiah Haitham , Alruqi Obaid S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
C15H12N2S, monoclinic, P21/c (no. 14), a = 6.8853(3) Å, b = 23.8495(10) Å, c = 7.5689(3) Å, β = 96.585(2)°, V = 1234.70(9) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0506, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.1243, T = 100 K.
Crystal structure of bis(ethanaminium) poly[bis(hexaselenido-κ
2
Se
1,Se
6)palladate(II)], C4H16N2PdSe12
Authors: Kim Kang-Woo , Wang Di 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
C4H16N2PdSe12, monoclinic, C2/c (No. 15), a = 16.8578(5) Å, b = 7.6646(2) Å, c = 16.7440(5) Å, β = 94.7894(15)°, V = 2155.91(11) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt
(F) = 0.0351, wR
ref
(F
2
) = 0.0722, T = 173 K.
Effect of Hydrostatic Pressure on BiS2-Based Layered Superconductors: A Review
Authors: Jha Rajveer , Awana V.P.S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe report impact of hydrostatic pressure on the
newly discovered BiS2 based superconductors. In last couple
of years the new BiS2 based superconductor attracted
great attention of the condensed matter physics community.
These new layered BiS2-based compounds are very
sensitive to the concentration of carriers doping and pressure
that cause profound changes in their physical properties
with appearance of superconductivity in the vicinity
of their insulating/semiconducting state. The BiS2-based
new compounds are expected to provide us with the next
stage of exploring new superconductors and to discuss
their exotic superconductivity mechanisms. In current review,
we present most of our findings related to impact
of hydrostatic pressure on superconductivity of new BiS2
based superconductors at one place.
Effects of epoxidized natural rubber as a compatibilizer on latex compounded natural rubber-clay nanocomposites
Authors: Tan Jing-Hua , Wang Xiao-Ping , Liu Yi-Wu , Luo Yuan-Fang , Jia De-Min , Liu Yue-Jun , Xiong Yu-Feng , Wang Wen-Tao 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Natural rubber (NR)/montmorillonite (MMT) nanocomposites compatibilized with epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) were produced by latex compounding method. The effects of ENR as a compatibilizer on NR/MMT nanocomposites were investigated. The addition of ENR brought intercalation or exfoliation of the clay, which improved the clay dispersion in the rubber matrix, as characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electronic microscopy (TEM). The interfacial interaction of ENR with MMT was investigated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The vulcanization was hindered by the incorporation of ENR, while the mechanical performances, thermal stability and ageing resistance were improved. The glass transition temperature and storage modulus increased with ENR loading, which was corroborated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA).
Synthesis and investigation of new cyclic haloamidinium salts
Authors: Rais Eduard , Flörke Ulrich , Wilhelm René 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe presented work describes the synthesis of new six- and seven-membered haloamidinium salts and their reaction with different metals. The isolated metal complexes were tested in a catalytic reaction. Two different synthetic routes were applied to prepare five different salts. Chloroamidinium salts were very water-sensitive in comparison to their corresponding bromoamidinium salts. Hence, the preparation of the less sensitive bromoamidinium salts was higher prioritized. The formed salts were converted with metal sources to N-heterocyclic carbene (NHC) metal complexes through an oxidative insertion into the C–X bond. This type of formation is less examined for the synthesis of extended NHC metal complexes. Pd(PPh3)4and cobalt powder were applied as metal sources, whereby two palladium complexes were isolated, characterized, and their crystal and molecular structures determined. The palladium complexes were investigated in the Suzuki-Miyaura reaction and showed promising catalytic activity.