bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pourquoi le Christ est-il descendu aux enfers ?
Authors: Vetö Étienne 
Published: March 2016

Balthasar est connu pour sa vision radicale et controversée du descensus Christi , qui présente un Christ passif et souffrant, partageant jusqu’à la poena damni des réprouvés, pour sauver non pas seulement les justes de l’Ancienne Alliance mais tous les hommes. Le présent article se propose d’évaluer cette position. Pour ce faire, après une présentation synthétique de la thèse de Balthasar et de son cadre christologique et trinitaire, il opte pour une clef de compréhension sotériologique, qui seule peut rendre raison de la conception balthasarienne du Samedi saint. De fait, si le Christ nous sauve par représentation vicaire et si les enfers sont avant tout le « lieu » de la mort, le Sauveur doit assumer cette condition et le faire pour tous, par delà les limites de la temporalité de l’histoire. Cependant la sotériologie met aussi en lumière la contradiction interne que constituerait un partage du refus définitif de Dieu des réprouvés, car la représentation vicaire signifie au contraire obéissance et ouverture à Dieu pro nobis . À condition de le dégager de ce dernier aspect, l’enseignement de Balthasar peut constituer un apport appréciable à une compréhension plénière du descensus .
IL-1β and Inflammasome Activity Link Inflammation to Abnormal Fetal Airway Development
Authors: Stouch Ashley N. , McCoy Alyssa M. , Greer Rachel M. , Lakhdari Omar , Yull Fiona E. , Blackwell Timothy S. , Hoffman Hal M. , Prince Lawrence S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Inflammation in the developing preterm lung leads to disrupted airway morphogenesis and chronic lung disease in human neonates. However, the molecular mechanisms linking inflammation and the pathways controlling airway morphogenesis remain unclear. In this article, we show that IL-1β released by activated fetal lung macrophages is the key inflammatory mediator that disrupts airway morphogenesis. In mouse lung explants, blocking IL-1β expression, posttranslational processing, and signaling protected the formation of new airways from the inhibitory effects of Escherichia coli LPS. Consistent with a critical role for IL-1β, mice expressing a gain-of-function Nlrp3 allele and subsequent overactive inflammasome activity displayed abnormal saccular-stage lung morphogenesis and died soon after birth. Although the early-stage fetal lung appeared capable of mounting an NF-κB–mediated immune response, airway formation became more sensitive to inflammation later in development. This period of susceptibility coincided with higher expression of multiple inflammasome components that could increase the ability to release bioactive IL-1β. Macrophages from Nlrp3 gain-of-function mice also expressed higher levels of more mature cell surface markers, additionally linking inflammasome activation with macrophage maturation. These data identify developmental expression of the inflammasome and IL-1β release by fetal lung macrophages as key mechanisms and potential therapeutic targets for neonatal lung disease.
Optical Tools To Study the Isoform-Specific Roles of Small GTPases in Immune Cells
Authors: Miskolci Veronika , Wu Bin , Moshfegh Yasmin , Cox Dianne , Hodgson Louis 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Despite the 92% homology of the hematopoietic cell-specific Rac2 to the canonical isoform Rac1, these isoforms have been shown to play nonredundant roles in immune cells. To study isoform-specific dynamics of Rac in live cells, we developed a genetically encoded, single-chain FRET-based biosensor for Rac2. We also made significant improvements to our existing single-chain Rac1 biosensor. We optimized the biosensor constructs for facile expression in hematopoietic cells and performed functional validations in murine macrophage sublines of RAW264.7 cells. Rac2, Rac1, and Cdc42 have been implicated in the formation of actin-rich protrusions by macrophages, but their individual activation dynamics have not been previously characterized. We found that both Rac1 and Rac2 had similar activation kinetics, yet they had distinct spatial distributions in response to the exogenous stimulus, fMLF. Active Rac1 was mainly localized to the cell periphery, whereas active Rac2 was distributed throughout the cell, with an apparent higher concentration in the perinuclear region. We also performed an extensive morphodynamic analysis of Rac1, Rac2, and Cdc42 activities during the extension of random protrusions. We found that Rac2 appears to play a leading role in the generation of random protrusions, as we observed an initial strong activation of Rac2 in regions distal from the leading edge, followed by the activation of Rac1, a second burst of Rac2 and then Cdc42 immediately behind the leading edge. Overall, isoform-specific biosensors that have been optimized for expression should be valuable for interrogating the coordination of Rho family GTPase activities in living cells.
Effect of straw size and microbial amendment of litter on certain litter quality parameters, ammonia emission, and footpad dermatitis in broilers
Authors: Đukić Stojčić Mirjana , Bjedov Siniša , Žikić Dragan , Perić Lidija , Milošević Niko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This study was conducted to evaluate the impact of litter amendment (microbiological product – Micropan complex) and straw size (unchopped and chopped straw) on pH, moisture level, ammonia emission, and footpad dermatitis in broilers. A total of 1200 1-day-old Ross 308 broilers were randomly allocated to four treatments (2  ×  2 factorial arrangement), with four replicates per treatment. Each replicate consisted of 75 as-hatched birds per pen. The first factor consisted of wheat straw – chopped (C) or unchopped (U) – and the second factor was the litter amendment with (WM) or without (OM) Micropan® (enzymatic bacterial product – Eurovix, USA). At 4, 5, and 6 weeks of the trial, the levels of ammonia concentration, moisture content, and pH of litter in each pen were measured. The foot pad lesions were evaluated at 21, 35, and 42 days of age. Broilers reared on chopped straw had significantly better leg condition as expressed by a smaller incidence and severity of footpad dermatitis. The pH value of litter was decreased and footpad quality was significantly improved by Micropan application in broilers kept on chopped and unchopped straw in the sixth week of age. There was no significant effect of Micropan application and straw size on ammonia emission in broiler housing.
Size distributions of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in urban atmosphere: sorption mechanism and source contributions to respiratory deposition
Authors: Lv Yan , Li Xiang , Xu Ting Ting , Cheng Tian Tao , Yang Xin , Chen Jian Min , Iinuma Yoshiteru , Herrmann Hartmut 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. In order to better understand the particle size distribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and their source contribution to human respiratory system, size-resolved PAHs have been studied in ambient aerosols at a megacity Shanghai site during a 1-year period (2012–2013). The results showed the PAHs had a bimodal distribution with one mode peak in the fine-particle size range (0.4–2.1 µm) and another mode peak in the coarse-particle size range (3.3–9.0 µm). Along with the increase in ring number of PAHs, the intensity of the fine-mode peak increased, while the coarse-mode peak decreased. Plotting of log(PAH / PM) against log(Dp) showed that all slope values were above −1, suggesting that multiple mechanisms (adsorption and absorption) controlled the particle size distribution of PAHs. The total deposition flux of PAHs in the respiratory tract was calculated as being 8.8 ± 2.0 ng h−1. The highest lifetime cancer risk (LCR) was estimated at 1.5  ×  10−6, which exceeded the unit risk of 10−6. The LCR values presented here were mainly influenced by accumulation mode PAHs which came from biomass burning (24 %), coal combustion (25 %), and vehicular emission (27 %). The present study provides us with a mechanistic understanding of the particle size distribution of PAHs and their transport in the human respiratory system, which can help develop better source control strategies.
Remote sensing of chlorophyll in the Baltic Sea at basin scale from 1997 to 2012 using merged multi-sensor data
Authors: Pitarch Jaime , Volpe Gianluca , Colella Simone , Krasemann Hajo , Santoleri Rosalia 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. A 15-year (1997–2012) time series of chlorophyll a (Chl a) in the Baltic Sea, based on merged multi-sensor satellite data was analysed. Several available Chl a algorithms were sea-truthed against the largest in situ publicly available Chl a data set ever used for calibration and validation over the Baltic region. To account for the known biogeochemical heterogeneity of the Baltic, matchups were calculated for three separate areas: (1) the Skagerrak and Kattegat, (2) the central Baltic, including the Baltic Proper and the gulfs of Riga and Finland, and (3) the Gulf of Bothnia. Similarly, within the operational context of the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) the three areas were also considered as a whole in the analysis. In general, statistics showed low linearity. However, a bootstrapping-like assessment did provide the means for removing the bias from the satellite observations, which were then used to compute basin average time series. Resulting climatologies confirmed that the three regions display completely different Chl a seasonal dynamics. The Gulf of Bothnia displays a single Chl a peak during spring, whereas in the Skagerrak and Kattegat the dynamics are less regular and composed of highs and lows during winter, progressing towards a small bloom in spring and a minimum in summer. In the central Baltic, Chl a follows a dynamics of a mild spring bloom followed by a much stronger bloom in summer. Surface temperature data are able to explain a variable fraction of the intensity of the summer bloom in the central Baltic.
Recent summer sea ice thickness surveys in Fram Strait and associated ice volume fluxes
Authors: Krumpen T. , Gerdes R. , Haas C. , Hendricks S. , Herber A. , Selyuzhenok V. , Smedsrud L. , Spreen G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Fram Strait is the main gateway for sea ice export out of the Arctic Ocean, and therefore observations there give insight into the composition and properties of Arctic sea ice in general and how it varies over time. A data set of ground-based and airborne electromagnetic ice thickness measurements collected during summer between 2001 and 2012 is presented here, including long transects well into the southern part of the Transpolar Drift obtained using fixed-wing aircrafts. The primary source of the surveyed sea ice leaving Fram Strait is the Laptev Sea and its age has decreased from 3 to 2 years between 1990 and 2012. The thickness data consistently also show a general thinning of sea ice for the last decade, with a decrease in modal thickness of second year and multiyear ice, and a decrease in mean thickness and fraction of ice thicker than 3 m. Local melting in the strait was investigated in two surveys performed in the downstream direction, showing a decrease in sea ice thickness of 0.19 m degree−1 latitude south of 81° N. Further north variability in ice thickness is more related to differences in age and deformation. The thickness observations were combined with ice area export estimates to calculate summer volume fluxes of sea ice. While satellite data show that monthly ice area export had positive trends since 1980 (10.9  ×  103 km2 decade−1), the summer (July and August) ice area export is low with high uncertainties. The average volume export amounts to 16.78 km3. Naturally, the volume flux estimates are limited to the period when airborne thickness surveys are available. Nevertheless, we could show that the combination of satellite data and airborne observations can be used to determine volume fluxes through Fram Strait and as such, can be used to bridge the lack of satellite-based sea ice thickness information in summer.
EFFECT OF SULFUR TO ACCELERATOR RATIO ON CROSSLINK STRUCTURE, REVERSION, AND STRENGTH IN NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Boonkerd Kanoktip , Deeprasertkul Chudej , Boonsomwong Kanyarat 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
A new relationship among the sulfur to accelerator (S/A) ratio, the degree of reversion or the net loss of crosslinks at the prolonged cure time, and the tensile strength and crosslink structure of gum natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates is described here. To study this, N,N-dicyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (DCBS), N-cyclohexyl-2-benzothiazole sulfenamide (CBS), 2,2′-dithiobisbenzothiazole (MBTS), and tetrabenzylthiuram disulfide (TBzTD) were used as accelerators. The results showed that for all four tested accelerators, the degree of reversion and tensile strength of the vulcanizates did not simply increase with increasing S/A ratios within the range of 0.26–6.67 by weight. This was because the proportion of polysulfidic linkages playing an important role on these properties was not simply proportional to the S/A ratios but turned out to pass through a maximum and then decline with further increasing S/A ratios for the DCBS, CBS, and MBTS cure systems. Nevertheless, when considering the effect of crosslink structure on the thermal and mechanical properties, it was observed that for all four tested accelerators, the increase in the extent of polysulfidic linkages gave the vulcanizate with the lower reversion resistance but the higher tensile strength. Therefore, the generalization that it is the high concentration of polysulfidic linkages in the network that causes a decrease in the reversion resistance but an increase in the tensile strength is seemingly still applicable.
Early Cannulation of the Flixene™ Arteriovenous Graft
Authors: Ottaviani Nicolas , Deglise Sébastien , Brizzi Vincenzo , Ducasse Eric , Midy Dominique , Rigothier Claire , Saucy François , Berard Xavier 
Published: March 2016

Purpose The aim of this review was to search for evidence of the efficiency of early cannulation of the Flixene™ (Maquet-Atrium Medical, Hudson, NH, USA) arteriovenous graft (AVG) in the current literature and to assess its patency and complication rates. Methods Searches in Pubmed, Medline, Embase and the Cochrane Library were performed using the following specific search terms: early cannulation AVG and/or Flixene™ graft. The primary outcomes were mean time to first cannulation and patency rates at 12 months. Secondary outcomes were complications. Results Six studies reporting outcomes in a total of 260 procedures were included in this review. The median delay from intervention to first cannulation was documented in four studies and was less than 3 days. Primary assisted patency at 12 months ranged from 45% to 53% in the four documented series. In five studies, documented secondary patency at 12 months ranged from 63% to 92%. Two studies compared outcomes between traditional and Flixene™ grafts: one study reported significantly (p<0.01) improved one-year patency using the Flixene™ graft, the two studies did not report significant differences in complication rates between both groups. The rate of infection and pseudo-aneurysm formation ranged from 0 to 11% and 0 to 6%, respectively. Conclusions This review shows that early cannulation of the Flixene™ graft within 3 days following its implantation is feasible with one-year patency and complication rates equivalent to those of conventional grafts which can be cannulated only after 2 weeks.
HeRO Graft versus Lower Extremity Grafts in Hemodialysis Patients with Long Standing Renal Failure
Authors: Glickman Marc H. 
Published: March 2016

Background The role of the HeRO graft in central venous pathology has been defined in the literature and clinically. There have been two publications or abstracts that have compared the patency rates and outcomes of this graft to the lower extremity graft. Aim The outcomes of both publications leads to an algorithm suggested by the author in determining which procedure should be used for specific patients. Methods Both papers trend to show that lower extremity grafts have improved patency rates when compared to the HeRO device in the upper extremity. Discussion The author will use these data to demonstrate that in younger patients and in patients with low morbidity and mortality, salvaging the upper extremity area for access may show that the HeRO device provides benefit for these patients.
De overheid als marktpartij: de market economy operator-test in het staatssteunrecht
Authors: Stekelenburg Sandra 
Published: March 2016

De overheid als marktpartij: De market economy operator-test in het staatssteunrecht
Als de overheid marktconform handelt, dan is er geen sprake van staatssteun. Marktconformiteit kan worden vastgesteld aan de hand van het concept van de particuliere marktdeelnemer in een markteconomie. Dit noemt de Europese Commissie in haar ontwerpmededeling over het begrip staatssteun het beginsel van de market economy operator. De in de ontwerpmededeling genoemde testmethoden kunnen door een overheidsinstantie worden gebruikt om aannemelijk te maken dat een transactie marktconform is, en dus geen staatssteun bevat. In voorkomende gevallen kan de MEO-test de doorslag geven bij het antwoord op de vraag of een maatregel al dan niet staatssteun bevat.
Uitspraak rechtbank inzake Brink’s Nederland BV – Geldservice Nederland BV
Authors: Slotboom Marco 
Published: March 2016

Uitspraak rechtbank inzake Brink’s Nederland BV – Geldservice Nederland BV
De Rechtbank Rotterdam verwerpt het beroep van Brink’s Nederland BV tegen het besluit op bezwaar van ACM waarin haar klacht tegen de oprichting door ABN AMRO, ING en Rabobank van Geldservice Nederland BV wordt afgewezen. Naar de mening van de rechtbank heeft ACM terecht geoordeeld dat de gezamenlijke geldverwerking en de gezamenlijke inkoop van geldtransportdiensten in het kader van Geldservice Nederland BV niet in strijd zijn met de artikelen 6 lid 1 Mw en 101 lid 1 VWEU respectievelijk artikelen 24 Mw en 102 VWEU.
Temperature-dependent electroluminescence from GeSn heterojunction light-emitting diode on Si substrate
Authors: Chang Chiao , Li Hui , Huang Ssu-Hsuan , Lin Li-Chien , Cheng Hung-Hsiang 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The electroluminescence from a Ge/GeSn/Ge p–i–n light-emitting diode on Si was investigated under different temperatures ranging from 25 to 150 K. The diode was operated at a low injection current density of 13 A/cm2. We obtained no-phonon- and phonon-assisted replicas in emission spectra. Also, the relationship between indirect bandgap energy and temperature was investigated. The temperature-dependent bandgap energy followed Varshni’s empirical expression with α = 4.884 × 10−4 eV/K and β = 130 K.
Low resistivity lateral P–I–N junction formed by Ni–InGaAsP alloy for carrier injection InGaAsP photonic devices
Authors: Park Jin-Kwon , Takenaka Mitsuru , Takagi Shinichi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study, we investigate low-resistivity InGaAsP lateral P–I–N junctions using Ni–InGaAsP alloy in conjunction with Zn diffusion. It is found that Ni–InGaAsP alloy is formed via a direct reaction between Ni and InGaAsP after annealing at more than 300 °C. The Ni–InGaAsP preserves the initial Schottky junction properties between Ni and InGaAsP, and thus exhibits an ohmic contact for n-InGaAsP and a Schottky contact for p-InGaAsP. Hence, the Ni–InGaAsP alloy can be used instead of the Si ion implantation process to form the P–I–N junction. The Ni–InGaAsP alloy exhibits significantly lower contact resistance and sheet resistance than Si implanted n+-InGaAsP. The InGaAsP lateral P–I–N junction formed with the Ni–InGaAsP alloy and Zn diffusion shows approximately 10 times lower access resistance than the n+-InGaAsP junction. Thus, we successfully achieve large on-current in the lateral P–I–N junction with the Ni–InGaAsP alloy. The fabrication procedure of the lateral P–I–N junction using the Ni–InGaAsP alloy is promising for carrier-injection photonic devices on the III–V CMOS photonics platform.
Long‐term trends of the Polar and Arctic cells influencing the Arctic climate since 1989
Authors: Qian Weihong , Wu Kaijun , Leung Jeremy Cheuk‐Hin , Shi Jian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe strengthening and broadening trends of the Hadley cell have been revealed, while the existence of the Arctic cell has also been confirmed in previous studies. This study extends previous strengthening trend analyses of the Hadley cell to the Polar and Arctic cells in the Northern Hemisphere and explores their climate influences. Results show that the Polar cell experienced an abrupt change from a slow to a rapid strengthening trend in 1989, while the Arctic cell showed an insignificant strengthening trend and a significant weakening trend successively. The strengthening subsidence flow associated with the Polar and Arctic cells can partly explain the warming surface air temperature and declining sea ice concentration through the increasing tropospheric height and temperature trends. These results provide new insights for understanding the interdecadal relationship between atmospheric circulation and climate change in the Arctic region.
Zinc‐Catalyzed Stereo‐ and Regioselective 1,4‐Hydrative Fluorination of 3‐En‐1‐ynamides with Selectfluor
Authors: Jadhav Appaso Mahadev , Huple Deepak B. , Singh Rahulkumar Rajmani , Liu Rai Shung 
Published: March 2016

AbstractZinc‐catalyzed 1,4‐oxofluorinations of 3‐en‐1‐ynamides with Selectfluor in acetonitrile/water proceeded with high regio‐ and stereoselectivity, giving E‐configured γ‐fluoro‐α,β‐unsaturated amides efficiently. Our control experiments indicate that kinetically unstable C‐bound zinc dienolates are chemically reactive to undergo SE2′‐electrophilic fluorinations whereas the detectable O‐bound dienolates preferably undergo protodemetalation reactions instead.magnified image
Asymmetrische Brønsted‐Säure‐katalysierte Substitution von Diarylmethanolen mit Thiolen und Alkoholen zur Synthese von chiralen Thioethern und Ethern
Authors: Chatupheeraphat Adisak , Liao Hsuan‐Hung , Mader Steffen , Sako Makoto , Sasai Hiroaki , Atodiresei Iuliana , Rueping Magnus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEine enantioselektive Addition von Thiolen und Alkoholen an Aza‐ortho‐chinonmethide ausgehend von Diarylmethanolen wurde entwickelt. Die asymmetrischen Additionen verlaufen unter milden Reaktionsbedingungen in Anwesenheit chiraler Phosphorsäuren und ergeben die entsprechenden Addukte mit exzellenten Ausbeuten und Enantioselektivitäten.
Ferrocene‐substituted 3,3′‐diindolylmethanes with improved anticancer activity
Authors: Muenzner Julienne K. , Ahmad Aamir , Rothemund Matthias , Schrüfer Sebastian , Padhye Subhash , Sarkar Fazlul H. , Schobert Rainer , Biersack Bernhard 
Published: March 2016

A series of ferrocene‐substituted derivatives (2a, 2b, 2c, 2d, 2e, 2f, 2g) of the known drug 3,3′‐diindolylmethane (DIM) were prepared and tested for their in vitro antitumor activity. The derivatives 2a (featuring indole moiety), 2b (featuring 2‐methylindole moiety) and 2f (featuring 5‐nitroindole moiety) were growth‐inhibiting in vitro at lower concentrations than DIM in various tumor cells including pancreas cancer (BcPC‐3), three DIM‐resistant cancer cell lines (518 A2, KB‐V1/Vbl, HT‐29), triple‐negative breast cancer (MDA‐MB‐231) and prostate cancer (PC‐3). Derivatives 2a, 2b and 2f were the most active compounds of this series, qualifying as drug candidates for various cancer diseases. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.