bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Double-Blind Comparative Study of Opipramol and Amitriptyline in Neurotic and Endogenous Depressions
Authors: Rajotte Paul , Bordeleau Jean-Marc , Tétreault Léon , Doucet Pierre , Rajotte Elisabeth 
Published: April 2017

A comparative double-blind study of two antidepressant drugs, opipramol and amitriptyline, had been undertaken in neurotic and endogenous depressions. It was to be carried out simultaneously in a well-staffed university clinic and in an understaffed mental hospital. The depression rating scale used was the one constructed by Wechsler et al. Criteria to differentiate both entities were those described by Kiloh and Garside. It was hoped; 1) to compare the efficacy of both drugs; 2) to compare differences in milieu in regard to the two types of depression and the drugs used; 3) to test the hypothesis, by means of comparing scores on the DRS, that there exists a difference between neurotic and endogenous depressions. The trial could not be completed because it was very difficult to find neurotic depressions at the state hospital and endogenous depressions at the university clinic. Although the results could not be compared in terms of both institutions and no conclusion could be drawn as to the efficacy of either drugs in neurotic depressions because of too small a sample, it was nevertheless shown that amitriptyline was significantly superior to opipramol in endogenous depressions. Some methodological flaws of the present study were pointed out, namely, the lack of placebo in the neurotic group, the drawback of a flexible posology and the short observation period (4 weeks). Explanations were propounded to explicate the sampling difference between the two psychiatric institutions.
A Psychoanalytic note on a Specific Delusion of time in Psychotic Depression
Authors: Gerald J. Sarwer-Foner 
Published: April 2017

1) The specific delusion of the eternity of the depressed state presented by psychotic depressed patients in all aspects of their behaviour and thought during their illness, is described and discussed. It consists of the conviction that their depressed state will never end and will continue for an eternity. 2) The hopelessness and helplessness of such patients are directly linked with this delusion (cf. text). 3) The findings of the author, based on psychoanalytically-oriented psychotherapy and psychoanalysis differ from those presented in the existentialist literature (cf. text). Time is neither regularly ‘speeded up’ nor ‘slowed down’, ‘stagnant’ nor ‘dammed up’, nor is the ‘future blocked’ as reported by the existentialist phenomenologists. Rather, patients perceive their future in the deluded conviction that it is an unending depression that will continue unabated forever or for eternity. 4) The author considers the nature of this delusion. For him, the delusion of the permanence of the depressed state results from a marked regression to fixations in the earliest oral phase, in which the passage of time can only be measured by changes in the biological rhythms of the organ system denoting such change. Thus a state continues ‘forever’ until it is succeeded by a new organic state of function, e.g. sleep to wakefulness, feeding to satiation and very rapid sleep, etc. (cf. text). This regression explains the nature and form of the cathexis present in the patient's depressed state. Helplessness is felt to be a marked regression of aggressive cathexis to a late oral (pre-anal) stage—one prior to the development of sphincter control and mastery (cf. text). 5) The author also discusses some aspects of technique in using the above concepts in psychotherapy and psycho-analysis, of this aspect of their illness, of such patients (cf. text). 6) The patients' poor motivation to continue on-going psychotherapy once out of the depressed state, and the specific psychodynamic reasons for this, are discussed (cf. text).
Beyond Depression—The Depleted State
Authors: Cath Stanley 
Published: April 2017

This paper has attempted to differentiate the stages of adaptive and regressive reactions to loss in the aged. Central to this study is the hypothesis that depletion is a distinct and separate entity in a chain of psychological responses—that is beyond depression.A study of the general reactions to loss reveal three basic patterns of behaviour: mourning (and its somatic equivalent), neurotic depression, and melancholia, in order of severity. The ability to cope with loss is seen to be determined, in part, by the individual's capacity to resolve ambivalences, to tolerate depression and the ability to relate to whole objects. If reparation by projective identification is not possible, depression merges into melancholia. The pattern of reaction to loss begins early in life, largely determined by the child's separation and reunion experiences with his mother, and continues as a ‘defensive style’ throughout life.The problems of object loss and depression are intensified in old age when the individual is simultaneously coping with real losses of self (body ego) and decreasing stimulation from external objects. Even in the best of circumstances, the reality reinforcement of the ageing process may exacerbate exhaustion of the positive forces in the nuclear self and, if some restitutive action or substitute object relationships for emotional refuelling are not possible, regression will occur. Individuals of melancholic disposition are particularly vulnerable because they are relatively incapable of neutralizing aggression.Ageing offers an ideal opportunity to study the breakdown of defences and defusion of instincts as the lines of growth are reversed. Depletion reactions which have generally been subsumed under the diagnosis of depression and/or senility are seen as distinctly differentiated and observable precursors to the ego's fragmentation, disintegration and abandonment of an ‘objectless’ world.
Electroencephalography in Criminology
Authors: Bonkalo A. 
Published: April 2017

Some practical and theoretical aspects of the use of electroencephalography in criminology are reviewed. Examples are given of various factors in the EEG pattern and in certain activation techniques showing correlation with certain attributes of personality structure. Briefly presented are EEG studies of psychopathic populations and those of convicted criminals, including murderers. The relatively high incidence, among murderers, of clinical epileptics and persons with EEG's showing epileptic implications, is discussed, as well as the significance of the 14 and 6 cycles per second positive spike complex, which is still a controversial issue. In spite of widely divergent findings, it is generally agreed that there is a relatively high incidence of abnormal EEG's among criminal and delinquent populations, though without a specific and consistent EEG pattern characterizing these groups; that the most often seen abnormalities are the presence of excessive theta activity, focal temporal lobe pathology, and instability of the patterns, often epileptic in nature; that the age factor needs special consideration in the EEG appraisal of criminal or delinquent populations, and that aggressive behaviour, continuous or episodic, appears to be the common denominator in the personality structure of these populations.
A Study of the Psychiatric Interview
Authors: Marjerrison G. , Keogh R.P. 
Published: April 2017

Disorders of interpersonal communication, as measured by a content analysis of the verbal behaviour elicited by a structured interview technique, were studied in a sample of 101 first admissions to a psychiatric hospital. Diagnostic groups were found to differ on several objective dimensions of verbal interaction. Schizophrenics had a lower total output of verbal units and they, as well as psychotics in general, had a lower over-all rate of usage of self (I, we) as the subject of their units. Selective verbal reinforcement of self-referred affect statements in one period of the interview produced an increase in the total output of verbal units, and a decrease during subsequent interviewer silence; these changes were more marked for the specific class reinforced than for other verbal units over the population as a whole. However, diagnostic groups differed in the extent to which their response to reinforcement was a specific change in output of self-referred affect statements or a non-specific change in other units. Ratings of the clinical EEG, based on the content of alpha and beta frequencies, also yielded groups which were significantly different in regard to their specific or non-specific verbal responsiveness in interview.
Munchausen's Syndrome: A Note on Schizoid Mechanisms
Authors: Sendbuehler J.M. , Nemeth G.A. 
Published: April 2017

Munchausen's Syndrome, which has been described by numerous writers, is the syndrome of the imposter. Generally characterized by multiple complaints, Pseudologia fantastica, wandering and stubbornness; patients thus afflicted cause the medical community much concern and annoyance. Emergency medical or surgical treatment proves valueless in dealing with fraudulent symptoms. In addition, the patient's identity and past history usually turns out false. Confrontation leads to quick departure and repetition of the play-acting in another locality. The authors believe that these curious patterns of behaviour can be understood as schizoid mechanisms. To illustrate this view, they present detailed psychiatric and psychological investigation of such a case. In reviewing the patient's early life and present situation, the authors demonstrate schizoid attitudes of omnipotence, detachment, identity diffusion and dependency. When the significant figures in the patient's life died, his marginal adjustment collapsed and the onset of the syndrome was noted. Virtually all his time was spent between hospital admissions and jail sentences. The authors interpret these wanderings as a search for a depersonalized-all-healing mother. The ‘symptoms’ (usually centering around the genito-urinary system) reflect confusion of sexual identity. Their fabrications (pseudologia fantastica) may be mistaken for malingering but correspond more to schizoid role-playing and exhibitionism. Through victimizing people by false pretences, such patients assume omnipotence in so far as they prove that nobody can help them.
Total Fasting in Psychiatric Subjects: Psychological, Physiological and Biochemical Changes
Authors: Sletten Ivan W. , Viamontes Gloria , Hughes Derek D. , Korol Bernard 
Published: April 2017

Total fasting as a method for weight reduction has been used successfully in non-mental patients and found to produce an elevation in mood. In the present study, this method was explored in mental patients. Twenty-one patients began the fast. Three refused to co-operate from the start; four manifested an exacerbation of symptoms; four were unmotivated to continue more than four days; and ten completed the ten-day fast. the latter ten became relaxed and pleasant after the first few fasting days. Three patients requested a repeat fast. Weight loss ranged from 2.8 to 1.3 pounds per day.Changes were noted in hemoglobin, hematocrit, plasma unesterified fatty acids, CO2combining power, urinary acetone, and urine specific gravity.This may prove to be a satisfactory approach to weight reduction in mental patients.
Quelques Aspects Psychosomatiques du Glaucome
Authors: Gosselin J.-Y. , Rouleau Y. , Montgrain N.-H. 
Published: April 2017

The influence of emotional factors in glaucoma has received wide recognition by clinicians and investigators. Referring to a more particular dynamic approach of three female patients, the authors want to ascertain if certain personalities, influenced by their education and milieu, faced with profound conflicts considered insoluble, would not in their choice of somatizations choose the eye, referring to its subjective symbolic value as an object of auto-punitive paroxysm, so reflecting the summum of their introjected culpability and aggressive drives. In each case the patients experienced a feeble or absent father's figure, a frigid and authoritarian mother and problems of identification. They no longer could tolerate their passivity in the life situations and developed a competitive attitude. Born in a lower, middle social class, they all obtained a university degree. Then a great deal of altruism has crowned their dominating needs. During the acute phase of glaucoma, they showed an overflow of aggressivity and culpability with feeling of hopelessness. The acute and profound personality disorganization was perceived by the patients themselves more intensely than those experienced in some other psychosomatic complaints.
A Review of Psychiatric Rating Scales
Authors: Norton W. A. 
Published: April 2017

Considerable attention has been paid during the past twenty years, mainly by research workers in the U.S.A., to the employment of rating scales for the assessment and recording of those characteristics of psychiatric patients which are generally classed as signs and symptoms. As well as being used in the practical problems of diagnostic evaluation of patients, the rating scales are often employed in research endeavours in the area of psychiatric nosology. Their employment and the methodological approach which they represent might well be regarded as complementary to other sorts of activities and interpretative philosophies which might be encountered in any particular psychiatric facility, including those in which comparatively less emphasis may be laid upon considerations of diagnostic differentiation. Rating scales are relatively objective methods of appraisal at least of certain observable aspects of personality, such as overt situational behaviour and appearance, as well as some aspects of the patients' verbal communication. In employing these scales, such personal characteristics are systematically reviewed; usually quantitatively graded; and are recorded in recoverable form. Immediate interpretation of the observed phenomena is not called for. The observations are made in a more or less standardized fashion, and more than one rater may participate in order to minimize subjective differences of appraisal. In this way, then, real life behaviour in a particular situation is assessed, in contrast to the approach involved in some of the more traditional ‘test’ methods, in which the rationale entails that certain aspects of personality are implied symbolically in the test scores or protocol. However, in so far, as certain of the scales may involve some self-report on the part of patients regarding subjective feelings and symptoms, there is clearly some affinity with certain of the older personality inventories, questionnaires, symtom check-lists and the like. The factor analytic treatment of data derived from the use of psychiatric rating scales to assess some of the phenomena of psychopathology has led to fresh suggestive principles of classifying these. From various studies a number of dimensions have emerged in distinction from the usual disease entities though it is possible to make assimilatory links between these two sets, as, for example, Lorr (26) has done. While the nature and number of the ‘factors’ produced are dependent upon the particular patient population studied, several surveys have resulted in some measure of concordance as may be seen in the three lists of factors shown in Table 1. The various scales themselves may be typed according to the extent of involvement of the patient; the areas covered by the particular scale; and the sort of patients for whom it is intended. In this way, the reader will be able to select scales which are appropriate for any particular purpose, such as routine observation and assessment, or research connected with changes of signs and symptoms.
Medication Antiparkinsonienne et Bilan Extra-Pyramidal: Etude du Trihexyphenidyl
Authors: Bordeleau J.-M. , Albert J.-M. , Hillel J. , Tetreault L. 
Published: April 2017

This study, made on 60 chronic mental patients, had aimed to determine the effective dosage of trihexyphenidyl, an antiparkinsonian drug. During the preliminary period all patients were given a standard medication consisting of a neuroleptic, trifluoperazine 60 mg. daily, and an antiparkinsonian agent, trihexyphenidyl 10 mg. daily. A placebo was substituted for the antiparkinsonian during the first experimental period to measure the patients' extrapyramidal sensitivity. This evaluation was performed with a rating scale (B.E.P.) and observations from the nursing staff. Patients were divided into three groups of 20 according to their B.E.P. score and received one of the three therapeutic regimens: trihexyphenidyl 15 mg. or 6 mg. or placebo. Analyses of the results allow us to conclude that for this population a daily dosage of 6 mg. of trihexyphenidyl gives as much protection as 15 mg.; patients receiving an antiparkinsonian agent needed less “p.r.n.” administration of prociclydine. We have also found that if the antiparkinsonian drug can control some extrapyramidal symptoms it might be responsible for the presence of other more complex neurological symptoms.
Conclusion
Authors: Saucier Jean-François 
Published: April 2017

The tradition of committing the mentally ill in America is only one century-and-a-half old: it is then relatively recent and easy to change. The psychiatric profession, however, was born during that ‘custodial’ period, and has been accustomed to isolation from society and the other medical groups. The Second World War put a term to that isolation; not being familiar with social participation, the psychiatrist is a little reluctant to take over this new role. A better control of psychotic symptoms, through pharmacology now makes possible the release of many mental patients without, however, making predictable within the near future the closing of mental hospitals. The tolerance of families and communities to the presence of the mentally ill is not unlimited, and suggestion is made of a large investigation to make a precise evaluation of the saturation point of varied groups, in order to prevent panic reactions and a deterioration of social attitudes towards the mentally ill. The gradual increase of people wanting to undergo psychiatric treatment forces the psychiatrist to learn the techniques of team work in order to treat patients with benign symptoms indirectly. More and more the psychiatrist will be asked to co-operate in community leadership and in social reforms. He should be cautious in this field on account of the present ambiguity concerning the specific influence of this or that social factor on the rate of mental illness. He should also avoid the disgraceful impression given to the public by radically opposite scientific statements, as heard in criminal cases. It is then preferable in the present conditions that the psychiatrist involves himself in social action as a citizen rather than as a psychiatrist. Up to now, and up to a certain point, psychiatry has succeeded in integrating biology and psychology. The ‘third revolution’ presents the challenge of integrating a third level, the socio-anthropological one, in the decades to come.
Sleep and Psychiatric Disorder
Authors: Ward J. A. 
Published: April 2017

A review of some of the important recent findings on sleep and its disorders has been presented and they provide some insight into the mysterious process of sleep. Sleep is shown to be a very complex process which will require not only extension of the current researches but a revised approach into the areas covered by previous studies. Sleep is a unique state quite different from other phenomena of loss or change of consciousness. It is distinguished from hypnosis which may involve more the specific arousal system of the thalamus. Hypnotic blindness for example does not involve sleep changes but rather a reversal of the electrical activity of the visual cortex (38). Although there appears to be a system which alerts the sleeping organism to meaningful stimuli it seems that there is little evidence of significant new learning during sleep (12, 120, 153). Rather sleep involves the focusing of the activity of the central nervous system on its internal processes. Sleep produces a state of relative bodily inactivity but the central nervous system remains actively engaged in a restorative process not yet understood. The discovery of the REM state has shown the complexity of sleep. No study of the effect of physical or chemical stimuli on the nervous system during sleep will be adequate without the examination of effects and responses in the different phases of sleep. The lack of success of continuous sleep therapy may be in part due to suppression of REM sleep by the sedatives used (23). It should be stated, however, that clinical studies are also needed to supplement the more sophisticated and expensive scientific procedures. There are still many areas of controversy on the phenomenology of sleep disorder which need investigation.
Intelligence, Personality and Achievement
Authors: Harris B. R. , Muir R. , Lester E. P. , Dudek S. Z. , Goldberg J. 
Published: April 2017

A longitudinal development study of a group of middle class children has been described briefly, with emphasis on a segment of this research where findings suggest that the children achieving most at school are those with high intelligence and a high level of observed emotional disturbance (relative to the group). This result was discussed in the light of current emphasis on early diagnosis and treatment of learning problems, and in the light of the interest in the bright under achiever. It is suggested that more emphasis be laid on fostering cognitive growth and skills in the low intelligence group, though we remain guarded about the future progress of our bright but relatively disturbed children. Speculations were made about the possible future course of these children, and also about those children who at present are apparently learning well below their capacity. Attempts will be made to isolate those factors, which individually and by their interaction, let emotional disturbance add drive force to learning, and those which reduce that drive.
The Children's Pathology Index*
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. , Hoddinott B. A. 
Published: April 2017

Investigation into the nature and treatment of emotional disorders in children requires reliable and valid measuring instruments. The Children's Pathology Index is described. It consists of 38 five-item categories and may be administered in 20 to 30 minutes by child-care staff. Little training is required, results from four raters are pooled and raters may be changed on subsequent occasions. Factor analysis yields four factors I) Disturbed Behaviour Towards Adults; II) Neurotic Constriction; III) Destructive Behaviour; IV) Disturbed Self Perception. Results demonstrate satisfactory reliability for all four factors and adequate validity studies have been made for Factor I. The subjects were boys and girls aged 6–12 years, of different diagnostic categories, most of whom were admitted because of acting out behaviour disorders. Comments are made on the usefulness of Factor I estimates in assessing social acceptability of children whatever the other difficulties present or the diagnosis made.