bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beginnings of Astigmatism Understanding and Management in the 19th Century
Authors: Grzybowski Andrzej , Kanclerz Piotr 
Published: November 2017

Abstract:
Within the last 200 years, the perception of astigmatism has evolved from that of an infrequent and peculiar defect of the eye to a distortion almost as common as spherical refractive errors. Most of the significant findings on this condition were made in the 19th century, including the first description by Thomas Young (1773–1829) and the introduction of the treatment methods used today. The purpose of this study was to investigate the milestones in the understanding and management of astigmatism that occurred up to the year 1900. This fascinating history illustrates how knowledge evolves across time, geographical areas, and interdisciplinary boundaries. The first article looking at the use of a cylindrical lens to correct astigmatism was written by George Airy (1801–1892) in 1825. The term “astigmatism” was introduced in by William Whewell (1794–1866) in 1846. Methods for subjective and objective evaluation were subsequently established, including the introduction of a cross cylinder, keratoscope, astigmatic dial, and the development of retinoscopy and ophthalmoscopy. In the last two decades of the 19th century, the first attempt to alter the refraction in astigmatic patients by changing the shape of the cornea was made. It must be noted that diverse challenges were encountered in this field on the way to the development of a treatment, including the technical manufacture of a lens, the precise measurement of the refractive error, and understanding the optical properties of the eye. The importance of the 19th century was that interdisciplinary cooperation, such as that seen in this study, between physicists and astronomers, and mathematicians and physicians, led to the development of comprehensive knowledge on astigmatism.
Comparison of the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-tube Assay With Tuberculin Skin Test for the Diagnosis of Latent Tuberculosis Infection Among HIV-infected and Uninfected Children
Authors: Dehority Walter , Viani Rolando M. , Araneta Maria Rosario G. , Lopez Graciano , Spector Stephen A. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Diagnosis of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) is facilitated by tuberculin skin testing (TST) or interferon-gamma release assays such as the QuantiFERON TB Gold In-Tube (QTF-GIT) assays. Limited data exist on the utility of interferon-gamma release assays in HIV-infected children, which may be falsely negative due to immunosuppression.

Methods:
A cross-sectional study comparing TST to QTF-GIT for the diagnosis of suspected LTBI was performed in children in Tijuana, Mexico, and in San Diego, California. Concordance between TST (≥5 mm for HIV infected and ≥10 mm for HIV uninfected) and QTF-GIT was evaluated utilizing kappa coefficients. Multivariate logistic regression assessed factors influencing the results.

Results:
One hundred sixty-five children (70 HIV infected and 95 HIV uninfected) were evaluated (median age, 8.0 years). Among HIV-infected children, the median CD4+ cell count was 913 cells/μL, with 92.9% of subjects on antiretroviral treatment and 80.0% with an HIV RNA load <400 copies/mL (76% <50 copies/mL). Among HIV-infected children with no history of tuberculosis, 12 HIV had either a positive QTF-GIT or TST ≥ 5 mm or both, giving a suspected LTBI prevalence of 20.3% (compared with 61.3% among HIV-uninfected children). Moderate concordance was demonstrated in HIV-infected children (both tests positive, κ = 0.42; 95% confidence interval: 8.9%–75.4%) and HIV-uninfected children (both tests positive, κ = 0.59; 95% confidence interval: 43.0%–76.5%).

Conclusions:
A moderate correlation exists between TST and QTF-GIT among HIV-infected and uninfected children with preserved immune function in an area of moderate tuberculosis endemicity.
Response of Symptomatic Persistent Chronic Disseminated Candidiasis to Corticosteroid Therapy in Immunosuppressed Pediatric Patients: Case Study and Review of the Literature
Authors: Shkalim-Zemer Vered , Levi Itzhak , Fischer Salvador , Tamary Hannah , Yakobovich Joanne , Avrahami Gali , Gilad Gil , Elitzur Sara , Yaniv Isaac , Elhasid Ronit , Manistersky Michal , Shalit Itamar 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Chronic disseminated candidiasis (CDC) is a severe invasive fungal infection principally observed during neutrophil recovery in patients with acute leukemia treated with intensive chemotherapy. Its pathophysiology remains unclear. We describe the management of 6 children with symptomatic CDC who did not respond to antifungal therapy.

Methods:
The databases of the hematology–oncology departments of 2 tertiary pediatric medical centers were searched for all patients diagnosed with CDC from 2003 to 2015, who responded to corticosteroids after failing antifungal therapy. Clinical, laboratory and radiologic data were collected.

Results:
Six patients (3 women, 3 men; 9–18 years of age) met the study criteria. Underlying diseases were acute lymphoblastic leukemia (n = 3) and large B-cell lymphoma, acute myeloid leukemia and severe aplastic anemia (n = 1 each). Presenting symptoms/signs of CDC were fever in all cases, with abdominal or chest pain, and/or mucositis. Candida infection was identified in blood cultures in 4 patients and in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid in one. In the absence of response to antifungal agents (4–50 days from CDC diagnosis), prednisone 2 mg/kg/day or equivalent was administered. CDC-attributable clinical symptoms resolved in 4 patients within 6–19 days; one patient required an additional nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent. Abnormalities on imaging decreased or disappeared within 5 months to 2 years in 4 patients.

Conclusions:
In children with persistent symptomatic CDC, despite adequate antifungal therapy, administration of corticosteroids may yield rapid resolution of symptoms and decreased inflammatory markers. In patients who do not respond to steroids, the addition of a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug should be considered.
Variability in negative emotions among individuals with chronic low back pain: relationships with pain and function
Authors: Gerhart James I. , Burns John W. , Bruehl Stephen , Smith David A. , Post Kristina M. , Porter Laura S. , Schuster Erik , Buvanendran Asokumar , Fras Anne Marie , Keefe Francis J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Chronic pain is associated with elevated negative emotions, and resources needed to adaptively regulate these emotions can be depleted during prolonged pain. Studies of links between pain, function, and negative emotions in people with chronic pain, however, have focused almost exclusively on relationships among mean levels of these factors. Indexes that may reflect aspects of emotion regulation have typically not been analyzed. We propose that 1 index of emotion regulation is variability in emotion over time as opposed to average emotion over time. The sample was 105 people with chronic low back pain and 105 of their pain-free spouses. They completed electronic diary measures 5x/d for 14 consecutive days, producing 70 observations per person from which we derived estimates of within-subject variance in negative emotions. Location-scale models were used to simultaneously model predictors of both mean level and variance in patient negative emotions over time. Patients reported significantly more variability in negative emotions compared to their spouses. Patients who reported higher average levels of pain, pain interference, and downtime reported significantly higher levels of variability in negative emotions. Spouse-observed pain and pain behaviors were also associated with greater variability in patients' negative emotions. Test of the inverse associations between negative emotion level and variability in pain and function were significant but weaker in magnitude. These findings support the notion that chronic pain may erode negative emotion regulation resources, to the potential detriment of intra- and inter-personal function.
The role of frontal sinus drillouts in nasal polyposis
Authors: Orgain Carolyn A. , Harvey Richard J. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
Historically, the common frontal sinusotomy has been reserved only for salvage frontal sinus surgery in patients with severely recalcitrant inflammatory sinus disease. By understanding the pathophysiology of inflammatory sinus disease and the long-term role of topical medication in their treatment, the indications for Draf3 have expanded.

Recent findings
A major therapeutic impact from endoscopic sinus surgery for inflammatory sinus disease is imparted by allowing sinus access to topical therapies to work. Although traditionally, the Draf3 frontal sinus procedure has been reserved for revision surgery in severe cases, advancements in technology, instrumentation, and techniques has allowed the Draf3 to evolve to efficient and safe procedure, often applied primarily in select patients. There is evidence to support the indication for Draf3 in primary surgery for severe cases.

Summary
In inflammatory sinus disease, the goal of endoscopic sinus surgery is to convert the complex and limited frontal sinus outflow tracts into a simple common cavity. This allows for local, topical anti-inflammatory treatments to control the disease. When patients have broader inflammatory airway disease and asthma, the Draf3, as part of a neo-sinus cavity, is commonly applied early in surgical care.
Updates in the management of sinonasal mucosal melanoma
Authors: Crippen Meghan M. , Kılıç Suat , Eloy Jean A. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
Sinonasal mucosal melanoma (SNMM) is an aggressive cancer with a poor prognosis. Although there is significant study surrounding the treatment of sinonasal malignancies and cutaneous melanomas, the rarity of this tumor has largely precluded robust outcomes analyses. The authors of this review seek to provide an overview of the recent literature related to the treatment of SNMM with added context from our institutional experience with this disease.

Recent findings
In the surgical management of sinonasal malignancies and SNMM specifically, resection via endoscopic endonasal technique appears to offer comparable oncologic outcomes versus an open approach. The role of adjuvant therapy continues to be debated, but there is strong evidence for improved rates of local control with radiotherapy after complete resection. In the last few years, significant developments have been made in the study of systemic therapies for cutaneous melanoma. The identification of genetic mutations common to mucosal melanoma has allowed for early trials of targeted therapies, but study is ongoing.

Summary
Although the study of SNMM is largely limited to small retrospective case series, treatment continues to evolve. Until effective systemic therapies can be identified, endoscopic resection with adjuvant radiotherapy may offer the best disease-free survival with acceptably low morbidity.
How does sinus surgery affect topical irrigation distribution?
Authors: de Paiva Leite Sandro H. , Douglas Richard G. 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
The current article reviews the literature on the distribution of nasal irrigation in the treatment of chronic sinusitis, especially in how sinus surgery and irrigation techniques affect its delivery to the nasal cavity and paranasal sinuses.

Recent findings
Nasal irrigation has become a useful tool in the treatment of chronic sinusitis. Used after endoscopic surgery of the paranasal sinuses, irrigation has shown to be effective in improving edema and removing crusts and secretions in that place. However, some relevant points have been considered in the surgical technique and in the postoperative period to improve irrigation access to the paranasal sinuses such as the amplitude of the sinus ostial opening, irrigation volume and device used, as well as head position during irrigation.

Summary
Postoperative lavage of the paranasal sinus is a recognized adjuvant in the treatment of chronic rhinosinusitis, reducing morbidity and improving local healing, besides allowing the association of topical medications that can be carried to the paranasal sinuses along with the saline increasing the reach of these drugs. Detailed attention to the techniques described in this review improves the distribution of irrigation in the paranasal sinuses after sinus surgery and considerably increases the efficacy of this therapy.
New science and treatment paradigms for atopic dermatitis
Authors: Dinulos James G. , Trickett Alyssa , Crudele Caroline 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of the review
The prevalence of atopic dermatitis is increasing in industrialized countries for unclear reasons. One theory centers on reduced exposure to microbes during infancy and childhood. Alterations in the epidermal permeability barrier, place certain patients at risk for the immunological dysfunction seen in atopic dermatitis. This review examines current research pertaining to the epidermal permeability barrier, the cutaneous microbiome, and the immunology of atopic dermatitis. New collaborative research has led to evidence-based management guidelines.

Recent findings
Increased skin barrier permeability and dysfunction of innate and adaptive immunity cause atopic dermatitis. Genetic and environmental factors leading to decreased filaggrin underlie many cases of atopic dermatitis. Defective epidermal barrier function allows for an increased density of Staphylococcus aureus and a subsequent shift in adaptive immunity to a type 2 immune response. Multiple evaluation and management guidelines have been published based on current available evidence. These guidelines highlight state of the art management of seven main areas: inflammation, infection, irritation, itch, ichthyosis (dry skin), immunological influences, and impeding (comorbid) conditions.

Summary
Pediatricians are central to the successful diagnosis and management of atopic dermatitis. Increased basic and clinical research and well published clinical guidelines will lead to improved outcomes for the patients and families affected by this chronic relapsing disorder.
Human-papillomavirus-related disease in pediatrics
Authors: Fuller Collin , Hudgins Eva , Finelt Nika 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
Human papillomaviruses (HPVs) account for a number of distinct disease entities in pediatrics, ranging from common warts to the stigmatizing condyloma acuminata to life-threatening respiratory papillomatosis. Although there is still a lack of consensus on treatment for each of these HPV-related diseases, scientific investigation continues to progress. Increasing prevention of HPV-related disease with further vaccination and development of new vaccines continues to be the best medical strategy.

Recent findings
Although high-quality evidence for treatment of HPV-related disease is still lacking, several new studies have been published in recent years that have refined opinions on therapy. Novel treatments continue to be developed, including new vaccines to further coverage for other strains.

Summary
HPV-related disease in pediatrics is associated with societal stigmatization and a high level of morbidity. Greater understanding of the distinct diseases and high-quality research is necessary to enhance treatment selection in the coming future.
What is the chance that a patella dislocation will happen a second time: update on the natural history of a first time patella dislocation in the adolescent
Authors: Seitlinger Gerd , Ladenhauf Hannah N. , Wierer Guido 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
Patellar instability occurs mainly in young patients and shows a high incidence of concomitant cartilage injuries. Recently there has been a strong attempt to identify risk factors and enhance imaging techniques to detect patients with an increased risk for recurrent patella dislocation.
We describe current findings on factors associated with recurrent patella dislocation in the adolescent.

Recent findings
Trochlear dysplasia, patellar height, patellar tilt, tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove distance, skeletal maturity, and history of contralateral patellar dislocation are well known significant risk factors for recurrence in adolescent patients. Predictive models to calculate risk of recurrence have been reported recently. The Patellar Instability Severity Score was the first to include demographic and anatomic factors, which is of major value when counseling patients and relatives.

Summary
Several classification systems to predict the rate of recurrence after primary patella dislocation have been presented over the last years. Anatomic risk factors such as skeletal immaturity, trochlear morphology, patellar height, patellar tilt, and elevated tibial tuberosity–trochlear groove distance have been investigated. However, there is still a lack of knowledge as to how single risk factors or their interaction with each other may contribute.
Pancreatic Enzyme Replacement Therapy Use in Infants With Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosed by Newborn Screening
Authors: Gelfond Daniel , Heltshe Sonya L. , Skalland Michelle , Heubi James E. , Kloster Margaret , Leung Daniel H. , Ramsey Bonnie W. , Borowitz Drucy ,   BONUS Study Investigators
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the study is to describe pancreatic enzyme practices during the first year of life in infants with cystic fibrosis (CF) and evaluate associations between dosing and outcomes, including growth and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms.Methods:We analyzed data from a subset of infants who were in a prospective cohort study conducted at 28 US CF centers. Anthropometric measurements and medications were recorded at each visit. Diaries with infant diet, pancreatic enzyme replacement therapy (PERT) dosing, stool frequency and consistency, and pain were completed by a parent/guardian for 3 days before each visit.Results:Two hundred and thirty‐one infants were enrolled in the main study; 205 of these met criteria for pancreatic insufficiency (PI). PERT dose between birth and 6 months was on average 1882 LU/kg per meal (range: 492–3727) and was similar between 6 and 12 months (mean: 1842 LU/kg per mean, range: 313–3612). PERT dose had a weak, negative association with weight z score at 3 and 6 months (r = −0.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] −0.29 to −0.02 and r = −0.18, 95% CI −0.31 to −0.04, respectively) but not at 12 months. There was not a clear relationship between PERT dosing and number of stools per day, stool consistency or pain. One hundred and forty‐four infants (70%) were placed on acid suppression medication. Weight z score mean was 0.37 higher in infants using proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) exclusively versus those using histamine‐2 blockers exclusively (95% CI −0.02 to 0.76, P = 0.06).Conclusions:We did not observe that centers with a higher PERT dosing strategy yielded greater clinical benefit than dosing at the lower end of the recommended range.
The Impact of an Electronic Medication Administration Record (eMAR) and Computerized Physician Order Entry (CPOE) on Nurse Extender and Unit Clerk Staffing
Authors: Robinson Edmondo J. , Bergey Meredith R. , Brady Elizabeth , Mapp Alexandra M. , Goldsack Jennifer C. 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this study is to describe the impact of the introduction of health information technology (HIT) on the utilization and payroll costs of nurse extenders and unit clerks in medicine and surgery units in a large regional health system.

BACKGROUND
Long-term policy goals of HIT implementation are reported to include system-level reductions in labor costs, achieved through improved efficiency.

METHODS
Using a retrospective cohort model, we analyzed how hours worked per patient day and staffing costs per patient day varied with the implementation of HIT over time at 2 different hospitals within a health system.

RESULTS
Implementation of electronic medication administration records was not associated with significant changes in staffing or labor costs. Both labor hours and costs associated with nurse extenders and unit clerks were significantly reduced after the subsequent addition of computerized provider order entry. Simultaneously, units that did not implement any HIT experienced a significant increase in both labor hours and costs.

CONCLUSION
Health information technology implementation in the inpatient setting is associated with significant savings in labor hours and costs in non-registered nursing roles.
Quantifying Missed Nursing Care Using the Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) Survey
Authors: Orique Sabrina B. , Patty Christopher M. , Sandidge Alisha , Camarena Emma , Newsom Rose 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVE
The aim of this article is to describe the use of Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems (HCAHPS) data to measure missed nursing care and construct a missed nursing care metric.

BACKGROUND
Missed nursing care varies widely within and between US hospitals. Missed nursing care can be measured utilizing the HCAHPS data.

METHODS
This cross-sectional study used HCAHPS data to measure missed care.

RESULTS
This analysis includes HCAHPS data from 1125 acute care patients discharged between January 2014 and December 2014. A missed care index was computed by dividing the total number of missed care occurrences as reported by the patient into the total number of survey responses that did not indicate missed care. The computed missed care index for the organization was 0.6 with individual unit indices ranging from 0.2 to 1.4.

CONCLUSIONS
Our methods utilize existing data to quantify missed nursing care. Based on the assessment, nursing leaders can develop interventions to decrease the incidence of missed care. Further data should be gathered to validate the incidence of missed care from HCAHPS reports.
John Henryism Coping and Metabolic Syndrome Among Young Black Adults
Authors: Brody Gene H. , Yu Tianyi , Miller Gregory E. , Ehrlich Katherine B. , Chen Edith 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective
The aim of the study was to test the novel hypothesis that, among black Americans who used John Henryism coping, those from low socioeconomic status backgrounds would be more likely to develop metabolic syndrome than those from higher socioeconomic backgrounds.

Methods
This is an ancillary analysis of Strong African American Families Healthy Adult Program, a longitudinal cohort of 391 black youths and their caregivers. From ages 11 to 18 years, family socioeconomic status was assessed. At age 25 years, John Henryism was assessed, blood samples were drawn, and measurements were taken of blood pressure and waist circumference. Metabolic syndrome status was based on International Diabetes Federation guidelines.

Results
A significant interaction emerged between family socioeconomic disadvantage and John Henryism coping in predicting metabolic syndrome diagnosis (odds ratio = 1.047, 95% confidence interval = 1.004–1.091). Participants who were high in John Henryism coping were more likely to display metabolic syndrome if they were from disadvantaged backgrounds (predicted prevalence of 26.7%) than if they were from more privileged backgrounds (predicted prevalence of 9.6%).

Conclusions
These patterns illustrate for the first time that John Henryism coping can undermine cardiometabolic health among black youths from disadvantaged backgrounds.