bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Soft sweeps and beyond: understanding the patterns and probabilities of selection footprints under rapid adaptation
Authors: Hermisson Joachim , Pennings Pleuni S. 
Published: June 2017

Summary

The tempo and mode of adaptive evolution determine how natural selection shapes patterns of genetic diversity in DNA polymorphism data. While slow mutation‐limited adaptation leads to classical footprints of ‘hard’ selective sweeps, these patterns are different when adaptation responds quickly to a novel selection pressure, acting either on standing genetic variation or on recurrent new mutation. In the past decade, corresponding footprints of ‘soft’ selective sweeps have been described both in theoretical models and in empirical data.

Here, we summarize the key theoretical concepts and contrast model predictions with observed patterns in Drosophila, humans, and microbes.

Evidence in all cases shows that ‘soft’ patterns of rapid adaptation are frequent. However, theory and data also point to a role of complex adaptive histories in rapid evolution.

While existing theory allows for important implications on the tempo and mode of the adaptive process, complex footprints observed in data are, as yet, insufficiently covered by models. They call for in‐depth empirical study and further model development.
Cervical cancer in women under 25 years of age in Queensland, Australia: To what extent is the diagnosis made by screening cytology?
Authors: Morgan Edwina L. , Sanday Karen , Budd Alison , Hammond Ian G. , Nicklin James 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionThe current Australian National Cervical Screening Program (NCSP) involves biennial, cytology‐based screening of women from the age of 18 years. From December, 2017 this will change to a five‐yearly human papilloma virus‐based screening commencing at age 25. There is some concern that the new program may delay the opportunistic detection of cervical cancers in women under 25 years.Aim(1) To review all cases of invasive cervical cancer in Queensland women under the age of 25 over the last 28 years. (2) To determine symptoms and screening history prior to diagnosis.MethodsA retrospective cohort study was undertaken at the Queensland Centre for Gynaecological Cancer (QCGC) and the Queensland Cancer Registry (QCR) of all women aged between 13 and 25 years diagnosed with cervical cancer in Queensland between 1984 and 2012. Demographic data and symptoms prior to diagnosis were extracted from the QCGC and QCR databases.ResultsA total of 56 women aged 13–25, were diagnosed with cervical cancer and treated at the QCGC between 1984 and 2012. The commonest reason for the diagnosis of cancer was investigation of abnormal symptoms (n = 22, 39%) rather than routine Pap smear abnormalities (n = 15, 26%).ConclusionsConsistent with the world literature, there is a very low incidence of cervical cancer in women under 25 years of age, irrespective of the age of commencement of screening, or the screening interval. Our study lends some support to the proposed commencement age of 25 years in the new NCSP.
Comparison of induction of labour regimes for termination of pregnancy, with and without mifepristone, from 20 to 41 weeks gestation
Authors: Fyfe Rina , Murray Henry 
Published: June 2017

AimTo investigate the efficacy of mifepristone for induction of labour in pregnancies at 20–41 weeks’ gestation, by comparing the outcomes of length of labour and duration of admission in women with and without mifepristone pretreatment.MethodIn this retrospective cohort study, all women who underwent a medical termination of a singleton pregnancy between 20 and 41 weeks gestation for either a fetal abnormality or fetal death in utero between 1 January, 2009 and 1 January, 2014 were identified. Women who went into spontaneous labour, required a primary surgical delivery or had a multiple pregnancy were not included.ResultsThe total number of women included in the study was 147: 63 in the mifepristone treatment and 84 in the no mifepristone treatment. In the group of women induced after mifepristone pre‐treatment there was a 38% reduction in the median duration of labour, with 2.5 h in the group treated with mifepristone versus 4.0 h in women induced without (P = 0.001). We also found a 50% reduction in the number of days admitted to hospital with the length of admission being 1 day versus 2 days (P = 0.005).ConclusionThis study supports the hypothesis that in pregnancies greater than 20 weeks, the duration of labour and length of admission are reduced when induction of labour for termination of pregnancy is preceded by treatment with mifepristone.
Maternal near‐misses at a provincial hospital in Papua New Guinea: A prospective observational study
Authors: Bolnga John W. , Morris Marilyn , Totona Catherine , Laman Moses 
Published: June 2017

BackgroundMaternal near‐miss indices are World Health Organisation (WHO) recognised indicators that may improve our understanding of factors associated with maternal morbidity and mortality. In Papua New Guinea (PNG) where maternal mortality is among the highest in the world, only one study has documented near‐miss indices in a tertiary‐level hospital, but none from provincial hospitals where the majority of under‐privileged women access healthcare services.AimsTo determine the near‐miss ratio, maternal mortality index (MMI), and associated maternal indices for Modilon Hospital in Madang Province ofPNG.MethodsAll women attending Modilon Hospital who met theWHOmaternal near‐miss definition and/or aWHO‐modified (PNG‐specific) near‐miss definition, were prospectively enrolled.ResultsThere were 6019 live births during the audit period; 163 women presented with life‐threatening conditions (153 near‐misses and 10 maternal deaths). The maternal near‐miss ratio was 25.4/1000 live births and the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) was 166/100 000 live births, with a maternal death to near‐miss ratio of 1:15.3. The severe maternal outcome ratio was 27.1/1000 live births and the total mortality index was 6.8%. Higher proportions of near‐miss women were aged ≥30 years, nulliparous, illiterate, from rural communities, lacked formal employment, referred from peripheral health facilities, unbooked, had history of still births and were anaemic.ConclusionSociodemographic factors such as women's rights, education level and status in society, in addition to appropriate health reforms with greater financial and political support are urgently needed to ensure underprivileged women in ruralPNGhave access to family planning, supervised deliveries and skilled emergency obstetric care.
On the reciprocal effects between multiple group identifications and mental health: A longitudinal study of Scottish adolescents
Authors: Miller Kirsty , Wakefield Juliet R. H. , Sani Fabio 
Published: June 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the link between social group identification and mental health outcomes in a sample of secondary school pupils. Based on previous work, it was predicted that multiple high group identifications would protect against psychological ill health. Furthermore, it was predicted that better mental health would also predict greater number of group identifications, thus creating a ‘virtuous circle’.DesignA longitudinal questionnaire design was used.MethodsA total of 409 Scottish secondary school pupils aged 13–17 completed a questionnaire twice over a year. Pupils’ responses regarding their mental health and the extent of their identification with three groups (the family, school, and friends) were measured.ResultsA path analysis of the data showed that greater number of high group identifications predicted better mental health outcomes amongst participants. However, better mental health also predicted greater number of high group identifications, suggesting that there is a cyclical relationship between both variables.ConclusionsThe findings have both theoretical and practical implications. They highlight the importance of conceptualizing the link between group identification and mental health as cyclical, rather than unidirectional. This reconceptualization has implications for mental health promotion strategies, as it highlights the importance of attempting to turn a potentially ‘vicious cycle’ of social disidentification and mental ill health into a ‘virtuous cycle’ of social identification and mental health.Practitioner points

Results showed that in a population of 409 high school pupils, the more high group identifications pupils had, the better their mental health outcomes.

Better mental health also predicted a greater number of high group identifications over time.

The findings suggest that we would benefit from conceptualizing the relationship between group identification and mental outcomes as being cyclical rather than unidirectional.

Viewing the relationship between group identification and mental health in this way enables us to consider interventions which help turn a ‘vicious cycle’ into a ‘virtuous cycle’.

Limitations

A potential limitation of the work relates to the use of self‐report questionnaires which may elicit socially desirable responses.

The sample only consists of high school pupils from mainstream public schools within Scotland.
Platelets stored at 4°C contribute to superior clot properties compared to current standard‐of‐care through fibrin‐crosslinking
Authors: Nair Prajeeda M. , Pandya Shaunak G. , Dallo Shatha F. , Reddoch Kristin M. , Montgomery Robbie K. , Pidcoke Heather F. , Cap Andrew P. , Ramasubramanian Anand K. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryCurrently, platelets for transfusion are stored at room temperature (RT) for 5–7 days with gentle agitation, but this is less than optimal because of loss of function and risk of bacterial contamination. We have previously demonstrated that cold (4°C) storage is an attractive alternative because it preserves platelet metabolic reserves, in vitro responses to agonists of activation, aggregation and physiological inhibitors, as well as adhesion to thrombogenic surfaces better than RT storage. Recently, the US Food and Drug Administration clarified that apheresis platelets stored at 4°C for up to 72 h may be used for treating active haemorrhage. In this work, we tested the hypothesis that cold‐stored platelets contribute to generating clots with superior mechanical properties compared to RT‐stored platelets. Rheological studies demonstrate that the clots formed from platelets stored at 4°C for 5 days are significantly stiffer (higher elastic modulus) and stronger (higher critical stress) than those formed from RT‐stored platelets. Morphological analysis shows that clot fibres from cold‐stored platelets were denser, thinner, straighter and with more branch points or crosslinks than those from RT‐stored platelets. Our results also show that the enhanced clot strength and packed structure is due to cold‐induced plasma factor XIII binding to platelet surfaces, and the consequent increase in crosslinking.
Relationship between co‐morbidities at diagnosis, survival and ultimate cause of death in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL): a prospective cohort study
Authors: Strati Paolo , Parikh Sameer A. , Chaffee Kari G. , Kay Neil E. , Call Timothy G. , Achenbach Sara J. , Cerhan James R. , Slager Susan L. , Shanafelt Tait D. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryThe ultimate cause of death for most patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL) and its relationship to co‐morbid health conditions is poorly defined. We conducted a prospective cohort study that systematically followed 1143 patients diagnosed with CLL between June 2002 and November 2014. Comorbid health conditions at the time of CLL diagnosis and their relationship to survival and cause of death were evaluated. Collectively, 1061 (93%) patients had at least one co‐morbid health condition at the time of CLL diagnosis (median number 3). Despite this, 89% of patients had a low‐intermediate Charlson Comorbidity Index score (CCI) at diagnosis. After a median follow‐up of 6 years, 225 patients have died. Death was due to CLL progression in 85 (46%) patients, infection in 14 (8%) patients, other cancer in 35 (19%) patients and comorbid health conditions in 50 (27%) patients. Higher CCI score and a greater number of major comorbid health conditions at the time of CLL diagnosis was associated with shorter non‐CLL specific survival, but not with shorter CLL‐specific survival on multivariate analysis. In conclusion, CLL and CLL‐related complications (infections and second cancers) are the overwhelming cause of death in patients with CLL, regardless of CCI score and number of comorbid health conditions at diagnosis.
When You're Happy and I Know It: Four‐Year‐Olds’ Emotional Perspective Taking During Online Language Comprehension
Authors: Khu Melanie , Chambers Craig , Graham Susan A. 
Published: June 2017

Using a novel emotional perspective‐taking task, this study investigated 4‐year‐olds’ (n = 97) use of a speaker's emotional prosody to make inferences about the speaker's emotional state and, correspondingly, their communicative intent. Eye gaze measures indicated preschoolers used emotional perspective inferences to guide their real‐time interpretation of ambiguous statements. However, these sensitivities were less apparent in overt responses, suggesting preschoolers’ ability to integrate emotional perspective cues is at an emergent state. Perspective taking during online language processing was positively correlated with receptive vocabulary and an offline measure of emotional perspective taking, but not with cognitive perspective taking, conflict or delay inhibitory control, or working memory. Together, the results underscore how children's emerging communicative competence involves different kinds of perspective inferences with distinct cognitive underpinnings.
The Story of Tapyo: The Alkaline Salt Substitute of the Apatanis of Arunachal Pradesh, India
Authors: Sarma Rashmirekha 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSalt was once the most valuable product in Arunachal Pradesh, a hill state of India, because of its scarcity in this high altitude region. The state is inhabited by almost 31 indigenous groups, among which only the Apatanis have the knowledge of making tapyo, a traditional alkaline product that is a substitute for salt. Tapyo has become nearly a lost culinary tradition because of the rapidly changing lifestyle of the Apatanis. This report focuses on the traditional preparation style of tapyo, how changing lifestyles have affected it, and its future survival.
Strong population structure deduced from genetics, otolith chemistry and parasite abundances explains vulnerability to localized fishery collapse in a large Sciaenid fish, Protonibea diacanthus
Authors: Taillebois Laura , Barton Diane P. , Crook David A. , Saunders Thor , Taylor Jonathan , Hearnden Mark , Saunders Richard J. , Newman Stephen J. , Travers Michael J. , Welch David J. , Greig Alan , Dudgeon Christine , Maher Safia , Ovenden Jennifer R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAs pressure on coastal marine resources is increasing globally, the need to quantitatively assess vulnerable fish stocks is crucial in order to avoid the ecological consequences of stock depletions. Species of Sciaenidae (croakers, drums) are important components of tropical and temperate fisheries and are especially vulnerable to exploitation. The black‐spotted croaker, Protonibea diacanthus, is the only large sciaenid in coastal waters of northern Australia where it is targeted by commercial, recreational and indigenous fishers due to its food value and predictable aggregating behaviour. Localized declines in the abundance of this species have been observed, highlighting the urgent requirement by managers for information on fine‐ and broad‐scale population connectivity. This study examined the population structure of P. diacanthus across north‐western Australia using three complementary methods: genetic variation in microsatellite markers, otolith elemental composition and parasite assemblage composition. The genetic analyses demonstrated that there were at least five genetically distinct populations across the study region, with gene flow most likely restricted by inshore biogeographic barriers such as the Dampier Peninsula. The otolith chemistry and parasite analyses also revealed strong spatial variation among locations within broad‐scale regions, suggesting fine‐scale location fidelity within the lifetimes of individual fish. The complementarity of the three techniques elucidated patterns of connectivity over a range of spatial and temporal scales. We conclude that fisheries stock assessments and management are required at fine scales (100 s of km) to account for the restricted exchange among populations (stocks) and to prevent localized extirpations of this species. Realistic management arrangements may involve the successive closure and opening of fishing areas to reduce fishing pressure.
Possible mechanism underlying the association between higher hemoglobin level and hypertension in older Japanese men
Authors: Shimizu Yuji , Sato Shimpei , Koyamatsu Jun , Yamanashi Hirotomo , Nagayoshi Mako , Kadota Koichiro , Kawashiri Shin‐Ya , Maeda Takahiro 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimHemoglobin is reported to be positively associated with hypertension. However, the underlying mechanism of this association is unknown. Recently, bone marrow‐derived CD34‐positive cells have been reported to play an important role in endothelial repair in conjunction with platelets. As the association between hypertension and endothelial dysfunction is bidirectional, the influence of endothelial repair also might strongly influence the association between hemoglobin and hypertension.MethodsTo clarify the clinical importance of the hematological parameter on endothelial maintenance in older men, we carried out a cross‐sectional study of 222 Japanese men aged 60–69 years undergoing a general health checkup.ResultsFor participants with a lower platelet count (≤21.0/μL), hemoglobin was significantly positively associated with hypertension, but not for participants with a higher platelet count (>21.0/μL). The classical cardiovascular risk factor adjusted odds ratio of hypertension for 1‐standard deviation increment of hemoglobin (1.0 g/dL) was 2.09 (95% CI: 1.26, 3.48) for participants with a lower platelet count, and 1.07 (95% CI: 0.68, 1.67) for participants with a higher platelet count. We also found that although there was no significant correlation between hemoglobin and circulating CD34‐positive cells for participants with a lower platelet count (β = −0.06, P = 0.603), a significant positive correlation was seen for participants with a higher platelet count (β = 0.29, P = 0.004).ConclusionsThe positive association between hemoglobin and hypertension was limited to participants with a lower platelet count as a result of insufficient endothelial repair. These results represent an efficient tool for clarifying the mechanism of endothelial maintenance that correlates with hypertension. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 2586–2592.
Carbon information on vegetables: How does it affect the buying process?
Authors: Lampert Paul , Menrad Klaus , Emberger‐Klein Agnes 
Published: June 2017

AbstractInformation on the climate impact of a food product has practically not been communicated in Germany, even though it could provide important acknowledgement of producers’ actions in low‐carbon production. So far, carbon labelling has predominantly been discussed without taking into account German consumers’ opinions (proven by empirical data) on this issue, even though involving the consumer in the considerations of a Carbon Label is essential for its success. Especially the question, if information on the product carbon footprint is a considerable factor within the search process of a purchase decision, was of special interest in this work. To answer these questions, we analysed consumers’ information‐seeking behaviour using an information display matrix (IDM) experiment with 232 participants. The IDM is a process tracing technique which allows to track the information search in a buying process. Our results show that basically the place of origin is the most important criterion for the purchase decision, followed by price and production method (conventional/organic). In contrast, the sustainability information (i.e., carbon footprint and water consumption) are at a low level of importance. Comparing two locally produced products with the help of a multinominal logistic regression‐model, it seems that the group of consumers preferring organic products is influenced in the purchase decision by the carbon footprint information. In summary it can be stated that although some people may be basically interested in carbon labelling of fresh food, the purchase decision would probably be hardly influenced by a carbon label on vegetables at present. The majority of people are more concerned about factors like origin and price so that Carbon Labelling would only be a viable option for a small group of consumers.
Consumer vulnerability and complaint handling: Challenges, opportunities and dispute system design
Authors: Brennan Carol , Sourdin Tania , Williams Jane , Burstyner Naomi , Gill Chris 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEffectively designed complaint handling systems play a key role in enabling vulnerable consumers to complain and obtain redress. This article examines current research into consumer vulnerability, highlighting its multidimensional and expansive nature. Contemporary understandings of consumer vulnerability recognize that the interaction between a wide range of market and consumer characteristics can combine to place any individual at risk of vulnerability. While this broad definition of consumer vulnerability reflects the complex reality of consumers’ experiences, it poses a key challenge for designers of complaint handling systems: how can they identify and respond to an issue which can potentially affect everyone? Drawing on current research and practice in the United Kingdom and Australia, the article analyses the impact of consumer vulnerability on third party dispute resolution schemes and considers the role these complaint handling organizations can play in supporting their complainants. Third party complaint handling organizations, including a range of Alternative Dispute Resolution services such as ombudsman organizations, can play a key role in increasing access to justice for vulnerable consumer groups and provide specific assistance for individual complainants during the process. It is an opportune time to review whether the needs of consumers at risk of vulnerability are being met within complaint processes and the extent to which third party complaint handlers support those who are most vulnerable to seek redress. Empowering vulnerable consumers to complain presents specific challenges. The article discusses the application of a new model of consumer dispute system design to show how complaint handling organizations can meet the needs of the most vulnerable consumers throughout the process.