bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The significance of theme
Authors: Davies Eirian C. 
Published: July 2017

This paper explores the area of mismatches between the grammatical semantics of definite NPs and equivalent features actually operative in common ground in a given context of utterance. It does so with a view to examining the provision for accounting for their significance in terms of a Prague School approach and in terms of Systemic Functional Linguistics; and finds problems, of different kinds, with both these approaches. The rhetorical exploitation of such mismatching demonstrated by opening a text in medias res is discussed; and a third approach, that of “significance generation”, is proposed.
This approach of significance generation, which has previously been applied with respect to the meaningfulness of different sentence types, is proposed here as offering a new perspective on a confusing area of different kinds of meaningfulness in the treatment of theme. It involves a “change of gear” between features of meaning associated with the forms of language (linguistic semantics) and features operative in a context of their use. It is based on the claim that a single variable, such as ‘± given’, may have a different value according to whether it is derived from “context as is”, or from the semantics of the linguistic expression used in that context. For example, the linguistic semantics may indicate ‘+ given’, where there is nothing in context to validate this, and so the value as derived from context would be ‘− given’. By allowing for features from these two different sources to clash, this approach provides for a significance outcome, seen as a category in pragmatics which is the product of their combination, to be different from both of them: that is, here, “clash” , as opposed to either ‘+ given’ or ‘− given’. In so doing, I suggest that it provides a framework in terms of which to account for ways in which such opposition may be exploited for rhetorical effect.
Stance and voice in academic writing
Authors: Jiang Feng (Kevin) 
Published: July 2017

AbstractStance and voice are two crucial elements of social interactions in academic writing. However, their conceptual constructs are elusive and their linguistic realisation is not fully explored. A relatively overlooked feature is the “noun + that” structure, where a stance head noun takes a nominal complement clause (asadvantage thatinFlow cytometry offers the advantage that long term is available). This construction allows a writer to express authorial stance towards complement content and attribute a voice to that stance through pre-modification. This paper examines this construction in a corpus of 60 journal articles across six disciplines extracted from the BNC corpus. Developing an expressive classification of stance nouns and the possible voice categorisation, this study shows that the structure is not only widely used to project stance and voice, but that it displays considerable variation in the way that it is used to build knowledge across different disciplines.
北京話連去變調的成因及其與詞重音的關係
Authors: Higashi Takahiro , Wang Yunjia 
Published: July 2017

抽象
北京話去聲連讀存在前去變成升調的社會變體，對於這種變體的成因，學界的看法不盡相同。本文用個案語音和文本分析的方法對北京話連去變調與詞重音之間的關係進行了研究。首先通過聲學測量和兩個聽辨實驗確定了變調樣本的重音格式，發現前去能夠變為升調的兩字組基本上都是聽感上的後重型。然後通過與若干輕音詞表的對比確認發生前去變調的雙音節詞在北京口語中不存在前重式。文章分析了北京話中兩種去聲變調格式——前去變為升調和後去變為低降調——的形成原因以及詞重音對變調格式的作用。作者認為，連去組合中的兩種變調格式實質上都是在重音保留本調原則、重讀音節同化非重讀音節原則和減少曲折原則的基礎上，相鄰音節音高同化作用的結果，同時，去聲連讀中的順向同化和逆向同化作用間接也說明了北京話的雙音節詞存在前重和後重兩種重音模式。
焦點–重音原則與漢語的「把」字句
Authors: Zhang Huili , Duan Haifeng , Pan Haihua 
Published: July 2017

抽象
本文從焦點–重音匹配的角度來探討漢語日常口語中「把」字句謂語部分的複雜性。本文認為，與一般 [PP V] 結構不同，「把」字句是為了在句子層面上把位於「把」NP 後的謂語部分處理為資訊焦點而產生的一種特殊句式，而實現為資訊焦點的必要條件就是必須得到句法結構提供的核心重音。由於「把」字句中「把」後 NP 是謂語動詞的論元，其後的謂語部分只有在句法上形成分支結構才能夠得到核心重音，僅僅在韻律上形成分支結構是不夠的，因此光杆動詞和不形成句法分支的雙音節動詞都被排除在「把」字句之外。這個觀點也適用於其他動詞在尾的結構，例如被動句和「連…都」結構等。
Me and my custodial sentence
Authors: Dollinger Bernd , Froeschle Tobias 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTrials are touchstones, which highlight rationalities of narrative identity construction. This study seeks to explore these rationalities from the perspective of young defendants. Predicated on narrative interviews before and after trials as well as on participant observations of the respective trials, we reconstruct identity-related categorizations of young defendants. Based on “Membership Categorization Analysis”, our focus is on the young defendants’ narrative depiction of their biographical criminal history and their self-presentation as subjects that have been (un)fairly treated and sentenced by penal professionals. Empirically, we use a case study to elaborate on the intricate challenge of identity construction when a severe punishment is imminent. Our results indicate a strategic form of narration, which mirrors the complexities and uncertainties of a trial.
Case Report: Free Latissimus Dorsi Flap in Combination With Subdural Space Reduction for the Prevention of Recurrent Hemorrhage Following Hemispherectomy
Authors: Benson Carolyn M , Joswig Holger , Evans H Brian , Steven David A 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND AND IMPORTANCE
Extensive cerebral resections for the treatment of epilepsy may result in a large intracranial dead space that is prone to recurrent hemorrhage, either due to mechanical dislodgement or the development of extensive subdural membranes. Several techniques have been proposed to decrease the risk of hemorrhage by either reducing or filling the remaining intracranial dead space.

CLINICAL PRESENTATION
We present a case of persistent hemorrhage following functional hemispherectomy in a patient with a large porencephalic cyst. A treatment strategy involving both subdural space reduction and cranial vault filling with a vascularized free latissimus dorsi flap is discussed.

CONCLUSION
Subdural space reduction and cranial vault filling with a vascularized free latissimus dorsi flap is a viable treatment alternative in patients with large areas of intracranial dead space.
Preliminaries
Authors: Lobina David J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Recursion, or the capacity of ‘self-reference’, has played a central role within mathematical approaches to understanding the nature of computation, from the general recursive functions of Alonzo Church to the partial recursive functions of Stephen C. Kleene and the production systems of Emil Post. Recursion has also played a significant role in the analysis and running of certain computational processes within computer science (viz., those with self-calls and deferred operations). Yet the relationship between the mathematical and computer versions of recursion is subtle and intricate. A recursively specified algorithm, for example, may well proceed iteratively if time and space constraints permit; but the nature of specific data structures—viz., recursive data structures—will also return a recursive solution as the most optimal process. In other words, the correspondence between recursive structures and recursive processes is not automatic; it needs to be demonstrated on a case-by-case basis.
Fundamental Ideas
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Chapter 1 offers a simple introduction to the use of variational principles in physics. This approach to physics plays a key role in the book. The chapter starts with a look at how we might minimize a journey by car, even if this means taking a longer route. Soap films are also discussed. It then turns to geometrical optics and uses Fermat’s principle to explain the reflection and refraction of light. There follows a discussion of the significance of variational principles throughout physics. The chapter also covers some introductory mathematical ideas and techniques that will be used in later chapters. These include the mathematical representation of space and time and the use of vectors; partial differentiation, which is necessary to express all the fundamental equations of physics; and Gaussian integrals, which arise in many physical contexts. These mathematical techniques are illustrated by their application to waves and radioactive decay.
Introduction
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This introductory chapter is mainly about the locality postulate of the standard relativity theory. The fundamental laws of microphysics have been formulated with respect to inertial observers. However, inertial observers do not in fact exist, since actual observers are accelerated. What do accelerated observers measure? Lorentz invariance is extended to accelerated observers by assuming that they are pointwise inertial. That is, an accelerated observer at each instant is equivalent to an otherwise identical momentarily comoving inertial observer. This hypothesis of locality, which underlies the special and general theories of relativity, is described in detail. The locality postulate fits perfectly together with Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to ensure that every observer in a gravitational field is pointwise inertial. When coupled with the hypothesis of locality, Einstein’s principle of equivalence provides a physical basis for a field theory of gravitation that is consistent with local Lorentz invariance.
Linearized Gravitational Waves in Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Gravitational radiation is investigated within the framework of linearized nonlocal gravity. In this theory, linearized gravitational waves are damped as they travel from the source to the receiver. This gravitational memory drag leads to the exponential decay of the wave amplitude. The damping effect could be significant for waves with very long wavelegths comparable to galactic distances. More generally, for gravitational waves with wavelengths comparable to the basic nonlocality lengthscale of order 1 kpc, the nonlocal deviations from general relativity can be significant. However, gravitational waves of current observational interest have wavelengths that are very small in comparison with 1 kpc; in this case, the nonlocal deviations from general relativity essentially average out and can be safely neglected in practice.
Accelerometry Shows Inpatients With Acute Medical or Surgical Conditions Spend Little Time Upright and Are Highly Sedentary: Systematic Review
Authors: Baldwin Claire , van Kessel Gisela , Phillips Anna , Johnston Kylie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Background
Physical inactivity and sedentary behaviors have significant and independent effects on health. The use of wearable monitors to measure these constructs in people who are hospitalized with an acute illness is rapidly expanding, but has not been systematically described.

Purpose
The purpose of this study was to review the use of accelerometer monitoring with inpatients who are acutely ill, including what activity and sedentary behaviors have been measured and how active or sedentary inpatients are.

Data Sources
Databases used were MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Scopus.

Study Selection
Quantitative studies of adults with an acute medical or surgical hospital admission, on whom an accelerometer was used to measure a physical activity or sedentary behavior, were selected.

Data Extraction and Data Synthesis
Procedures were completed independently by 2 reviewers, with differences resolved and cross-checked by a third reviewer. Forty-two studies were identified that recruited people who had medical diagnoses (n = 10), stroke (n = 5), critical illness (n = 3), acute exacerbations of lung disease (n = 7), cardiac conditions (n = 7), or who were postsurgery (n = 10). Physical activities or sedentary behaviors were reported in terms of time spent in a particular posture (lying/sitting, standing/stepping), active/inactive, or at a particular activity intensity. Physical activity was also reported as step count, number of episodes or postural transitions, and bouts. Inpatients spent 93% to 98.8% (range) of their hospital stay sedentary, and in most studies completed &lt;1,000 steps/day despite up to 50 postural transitions/day. No study reported sedentary bouts. Many studies controlled for preadmission function as part of the recruitment strategy or analysis or both.

Limitations
Heterogeneity in monitoring devices (17 models), protocols, and variable definitions limited comparability between studies and clinical groups to descriptive synthesis without meta-analysis.

Conclusions
Hospitalized patients were highly inactive, especially those with medical admissions, based on time and step parameters. Accelerometer monitoring of sedentary behavior patterns was less reported and warrants further research.
The Effectiveness of EMLA as a Primary Dressing on Painful Chronic Leg Ulcers: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Purcell Anne , Buckley Thomas , Fethney Judith , King Jennie , Moyle Wendy , Marshall Andrea P. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effectiveness of the eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (EMLA; Aspen Pharmacare, St. Leonards, New South Wales, Australia) as a primary dressing on painful chronic leg ulcers.

DESIGN:
A pilot randomized controlled trial.

SETTING:
The study was conducted across 6 community nursing procedure clinics located in a community nursing service in New South Wales, Australia.

PARTICIPANTS:
Sixty participants with painful chronic leg ulcers of varied etiology were recruited into the study.

INTERVENTION:
Participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (daily EMLA use for 4 weeks as a primary dressing) or a standard wound care group.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE:
The effectiveness of EMLA on wound-related pain intensity before, during, and after dressing change.

MAIN RESULTS:
Mean pain scores were similar between the 2 groups at baseline (P = .84). During dressing change, mean pain scores across the 4-week intervention period were significantly lower in the intervention compared with the control group (intervention group: mean, 3.39 [SD, 2.16]; control group: mean, 4.82 [SD, 2.27]; P = .02). Mean pain scores after dressing change were also significantly lower for the intervention group over the 4-week intervention period (intervention group: mean, 2.71 [SD, 1.94]; control group: mean, 3.92 [SD, 2.03]; P = .03).

CONCLUSIONS:
Data from this pilot study suggest that EMLA as a primary dressing may be effective in reducing chronic leg ulcer pain during and after dressing change and warrant further evaluation.
Screening Adolescents for Alcohol Use: Tracking Practice Trends of Massachusetts Pediatricians
Authors: Levy Sharon , Ziemnik Rosemary E. , Harris Sion K. , Rabinow Lily , Breen Louise , Fluet Christina , Strother Heather , Straus John H. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
Substance use screening is a recommended component of routine healthcare for adolescents. A 2008 survey of Massachusetts primary care physicians found high rates of screening, but low rates of validated tool use, leading to the concern that physicians may be missing substance use-related problems and disorders. In an effort to improve practice, a cross-disciplinary group developed and distributed an adolescent screening, brief intervention, and referral to treatment toolkit in 2009. A new survey of Massachusetts primary care physicians was conducted in 2014; this report describes its findings, and compares them to those from 2008.

Methods:
A survey was mailed to a randomly selected sample of Massachusetts primary care physicians listed in the state Board of Registration in Medicine database. Item response frequencies were computed. Multiple logistic regression modeling was used to compare 2008 and 2014 responses, while controlling for any demographic differences between samples.

Results:
Pediatrician respondents in 2014 (analysis N = 130) reported a high rate of annually screening patients for alcohol use (96.2%), but only 56.2% reported using a validated screening tool. Rates of screening and validated tool use were higher in 2014 than 2008. Insufficient knowledge as a reported barrier to screening decreased from 2008 to 2014. However, lack of time or staff resources remained key perceived barriers to screening.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that adolescent alcohol use screening practices among Massachusetts pediatricians have improved in recent years, during a time of national and statewide efforts to educate physicians. However, opportunities for practice improvement remain.
Efficacy of Intra-Articular Botulinum Toxin in Osteoarticular Joint Pain
Authors: Courseau Mathilde , Salle Pascale Vergne , Ranoux Danièle , de Pouilly Lachatre Anais 
Published: July 2017

Objective:
This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating the efficacy of intra-articular injections of botulinum toxin type A (BT-A) into the painful joint diseases through a systematic review of the literature and a meta-analysis of controlled randomized trials. Intra-articular therapies (corticosteroids, hyaluronic acid) have limited efficacy and run a risk of toxicity in patients with joint pain. New therapeutic options are needed to treat painful osteoarticular disease.

Methods:
We searched via Pubmed, American College of Rheumatology, and European League Against Rheumatism congresses, and gray literature for the studies reported until June 2016 and addressing the issue of BT intra-articular injections in patients with refractory joint pain. Randomized trials were included. For the meta-analysis, we compared a numeric rating scale (NRS) from 0 to 10 before treatment and at 1 or 2 months and 6 months after in the BT-A and the control groups for each study. We also compared separately low dose and high dose of BT at 1 or 2 months’ evaluation.

Results:
In a total of 269 selected articles, 8 were analyzed and 6 studies were included in the meta-analysis involving a total of 382 patients. On comparing the NRS rating for 5 trials, at 1 or 2 months irrespective of the dose of BT, 4 trials showed a positive effect of BT compared with the control on the NRS and 1 found no effect; the overall weighted mean difference [95% confidence interval (CI)] was −1.10 (−1.62, −0.58) (P<0.0001, I
2=63%). Among the 4 trials with a low dose of BT (100 U), comparing NRS at 1 or 2 months, 3 trials showed significant results with a positive effect of BT-A injection compared with the control on the NRS; the fourth study failed to find any effect. The overall weighted mean difference (95% CI) was −0.95 (−0.02, −1.88) (P=0.05, I
2=67%). In the 2 trials using a high dose of BT (200 U) comparing NRS at 1 or 2 months, there was an almost zero effect of BT, with an overall weighted mean difference (95% CI) of 0.13 (−0.55, 0.81) (P=0.71, I
2=0%). In the 3 trials comparing NRS at 6 months there was an overall weighted mean difference (95% CI) of −0.57 (−1.98, 0.83) (P=0.42, I
2=73%).

Conclusions:
BT-A intra-articular injections have short-term benefits with a statistically significant decrease in the NRS pain score of around 1 point in patients with refractory joint pain. A decrease in the pain score was also observed at 6 months but with a nonsignificant result.
Longitudinal Postoperative Course of Pain and Dysfunction Following Total Knee Arthroplasty
Authors: Hadlandsmyth Katherine , Zimmerman M.Bridget , Wajid Roohina , Sluka Kathleen A. , Herr Keela , Clark Charles R. , Noiseux Nicolas O. , Callaghan John J. , Rakel Barbara A. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
Although the majority of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA) report substantial improvement in pain and function, a significant subset experience persistent postsurgical pain and dysfunction. Better understanding of the longitudinal postoperative course is needed, including the association between patient status following physical rehabilitation at 6-weeks post-TKA, to 6-months outcomes. This study aims to described the postoperative course of TKA and examine variables associated with change in pain and functioning between 6-weeks and 6-months post-TKA.

Methods:
In this longitudinal study of 223 participants, assessments of analgesic intake, depression, anxiety, pain catastrophizing, dysfunction, resting and range of motion pain, and pain sensitivity were completed at 6-weeks post-TKA. Analgesic intake, pain ratings, and dysfunction data were also collected at 6-months post-TKA. Pain and dysfunction ratings were divided into none-mild and moderate-severe categories.

Results:
Between 6-weeks and 6-months post-TKA, 75% of the sample stayed in the same pain category, 20% improved, and 5% worsened. In terms of functional changes between 6 weeks and 6 months, 65% of the sample stayed in the same functional category, whereas 31% improved and 5% worsened.

Discussion:
These findings demonstrate that the majority of patients’ pain and functioning remains stable between 6 weeks and 6 months post-TKA. However, a notable subset continues to improve or worsen in pain and functioning and the current study identifies variables associated with these changes.
Is There a Role for Enterohormones in the Gastroparesis of Critically Ill Patients?
Authors: Santacruz Carlos A. , Quintairos Amanda , Righy Claudia , Crippa Ilaria A. , Couto Lucio , Imbault Virginie , Wasineeart Mongkolpun , De Ryckere Mathieu , Preiser Jean-Charles 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
Delayed gastric emptying occurs in critically ill patients and impairs the delivery, digestion, and absorption of enteral feeding. A pathophysiologic role of the enterohormones peptide YY and ghrelin is supported by preclinical data. To compare the circulating plasma levels of peptide YY and ghrelin in control subjects and in critically ill patients, during feeding and fasting, and to search for a correlation with gastric emptying.

Design:
A prospective observational trial.

Settings:
Mixed ICU of an academic hospital.

Subjects:
Healthy volunteers and patients expected to stay in ICU for at least 3 days in whom enteral nutrition was indicated.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Plasma peptide YY and ghrelin (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) were measured once in 10 fasting volunteers (controls) and daily from admission until day 5 of the ICU stay in 30 critically ill patients (median [interquartile range] age 63 [57–67] yr, median [interquartile range] Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation II score 21 [14–24]). Eight patients could not be fed (fasting group). In fed patients, 13 never had a gastric residual volume higher than 250 mL (low gastric residual volume group), in contrast to the high gastric residual volume group (n = 9). The plasma levels of peptide YY did not differ between patients (6.4 [0–18.1] pg/mL) and controls (4.8 [0.3–17.7] pg/mL). Ghrelin levels were lower in patients than in control (213 [54.4–522.7] vs 1,435 [1,321.9–1,869.3] pg/mL; p < 0.05). Plasma peptide YY or ghrelin did not differ between fasting and fed patients or between the high and low gastric residual volume groups.

Conclusions:
In critically ill patients, plasma concentration of ghrelin significantly differs from that of controls, irrespective of the feeding status. No correlation was found between the temporal profile of ghrelin or peptide YY plasma concentration with bedside functional assessment of gastric emptying.