bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement of two-dimensional acoustic source identification with Fourier-based deconvolution beamforming
Authors: Yang Yang , Chu Zhigang , Shen Linbang , Ping Guoli 
Published: August 2016

When utilizing conventional regular focus point distributions to define a relatively large source region, Fourier-based deconvolution beamforming, an attractive acoustic source identification technique, would suffer from some limitations: 1) significantly deteriorative location and quantification accuracy for sources away from the center of the focus region; 2) pronounced sidelobe contaminations. The arch-criminal is the assumption that the point spread function (PSF) is definitely shift-invariant over the entire focus region fails to be satisfied well. This paper focuses on remedying these limitations for two-dimensional (2D) acoustic source identification. First and foremost, a novel focus point generation approach is introduced, which can generate unconventional irregular 2D focus point distributions tending to make PSF more shift-invariant. Additionally, a sidelobe suppression approach is suggested. Effects of these approaches are examined both with computer simulations and experimentally. This study provides the feasibility of using Fourier-based deconvolution beamforming to accurately and efficiently identify acoustic sources in a relatively large region.
Damage detection of pipeline multiple cracks using piezoceramic transducers
Authors: Du Guofeng , Huo Linsheng , Kong Qingzhao , Song Gangbing 
Published: August 2016

To study the feasibility of detecting pipeline multi-cracks damage using piezoceramic transducers, the electromechanical impedance method and the stress wave based active sensing method were used respectively to perform the damage detection of pipeline with multi-cracks. In this research, the lead zirconate titanate (PZT) type transducers were used due to its strong piezoelectric effect and low cost. During the experiments, two artificial cracks on the pipeline specimen were created, ranging from 0 mm to 9 mm, and seven different operating conditions were generated for each artificial crack. In the monitoring test, for the electromechanical impedance method, the damage index based on Root Mean Square Deviation (RMSD) was used, and for the active sensing method, the damage index based on Wavelet Packet Energy Loss (WPEL) was used. In addition, the relationship between the crack depth and RMSD as well as the relationship between the crack depth and location and WPEL were analyzed. The results show that RMSD and WPEL indices increase with the increase of the depth of pipeline cracks. In addition, the WPEL index increases with the appearance of new cracks. Quantitative analysis of pipeline crack damage can be realized by electromechanical impedance method, and localization analysis on the pipeline multi-cracks damage can be achieved by stress wave method based on sensor arrays.
Experimental and numerical investigation of interior flow-induced noise in pump as turbine
Authors: Dong Liang , Dai Cui , Liu Hou-lin , Kong Fan-yu 
Published: August 2016

The flow-induced interior noise in pump as turbine (PAT) consists of flow-borne noise and flow-induced structure noise from dipole source. Without accurate distinguishing of main interior noise, the noise control and management cannot be guided. The experiments of flow-induced interior noise and free modals for rotor and casing were performed to validate the accuracy of numerical methods. The computational models for flow-induced noise and flow-borne noise considering structure in interior acoustic field were developed. On the basis of this, the spectrum characteristics of each noise source and their contribution to the total noise were distinguished. It is found that within interior noise, the radiated energy of flow-induced structure noise is less than that of flow-borne noise generated by dipole source. Compared with the experiment, the flow-borne noise considering structure due to casing source can more precisely reflect joint action of multiple sources. Especially in larger flow conditions, the maximum error is only 5.9 % at Blade-Passing Frequency (BPF) and its harmonics.
Elderly Care Ethics: A Glance on Principlism
Authors: Nurunnabi Abu Sadat Mohammad , Tanira Shaorin , Sony Sadia Akther 
Published: August 2016

Being a low-income country of South Asia region, Bangladesh has been struggling with its health budget for increasing elderly population over the decades. However, concerns regarding the aging population and its impact on countrys socio-economic status have come to the forefront in the policy making and implementation towards national development in recent years. This paper is intended to discuss ethical issues, in context of principlism, that are likely to arise and the means to deal with ethical dilemmas in healthcare of elderly people involving seniors themselves and their service providers whether professionals or family members. To provide the highest level of care, the entire caregiving team needs to form a partnership having the best interest of the elderly people as their focal point while providing loving, appropriate care to enhance their quality of care, their quality of life and their happiness in the latter days of their lives which is coined as healthy ageing.
Quinazoline pharmacophore in therapeutic medicine
Authors: Ajani Olayinka Oyewale , Aderohunmu Damilola Victoria , Umeokoro Ejike Nzube , Olomieja Ayodele Ojo 
Published: August 2016

<p>This present study comprehensively expatiates the functionalized utilization of quinazoline scaffolds in drug development and furnishes latest updates in pharmacological appositeness of its derivatives in order to reveal novel pathways for therapeutic targets. It traverses numerous biological potentials of quinazoline in the contemporary time to allow researchers’ unhindered access to the beneficial role of quinazoline in fighting infectious diseases for future drug discovery. This work provides broad overview of medicinal survey of quinazoline chemistry valuable in the discovery of more efficient clinical trials and to summarize the most promising molecular targets for drug design. </p>
COLLISIONLESS ELECTRON–ION SHOCKS IN RELATIVISTIC UNMAGNETIZED JET–AMBIENT INTERACTIONS: NON-THERMAL ELECTRON INJECTION BY DOUBLE LAYER
Authors: Ardaneh Kazem , Cai Dongsheng , Nishikawa Ken-Ichi 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The course of non-thermal electron ejection in relativistic unmagnetized electron–ion shocks is investigated by performing self-consistent particle-in-cell simulations. The shocks are excited through the injection of a relativistic jet into ambient plasma, leading to two distinct shocks (referred to as the trailing shock and leading shock) and a contact discontinuity. The Weibel-like instabilities heat the electrons up to approximately half of the ion kinetic energy. The double layers formed in the trailing and leading edges then accelerate the electrons up to the ion kinetic energy. The electron distribution function in the leading edge shows a clear, non-thermal power-law tail which contains ∼1% of electrons and ∼8% of the electron energy. Its power-law index is −2.6. The acceleration efficiency is ∼23% by number and ∼50% by energy, and the power-law index is −1.8 for the electron distribution function in the trailing edge. The effect of the dimensionality is examined by comparing the results of three-dimensional simulations with those of two-dimensional simulations. The comparison demonstrates that electron acceleration is more efficient in two dimensions.
Analytical Approaches to Verify Food Integrity: Needs and Challenges
Authors: Stadler Richard H , Tran Lien-Anh , Cavin Christophe , Zbinden Pascal , Konings Erik J M 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
A brief overview of the main analytical approaches and practices to determine food authenticity is presented, addressing, as well, food supply chain and future requirements to more effectively mitigate food fraud. Food companies are introducing procedures and mechanisms that allow them to identify vulnerabilities in their food supply chain under the umbrella of a food fraud prevention management system. A key step and first line of defense is thorough supply chain mapping and full transparency, assessing the likelihood of fraudsters to penetrate the chain at any point. More vulnerable chains, such as those where ingredients and/or raw materials are purchased through traders or auctions, may require a higher degree of sampling, testing, and surveillance. Access to analytical tools is therefore pivotal, requiring continuous development and possibly sophistication in identifying chemical markers, data acquisition, and modeling. Significant progress in portable technologies is evident already today, for instance, as in the rapid testing now available at the agricultural level. In the near future, consumers may also have the ability to scan products in stores or at home to authenticate labels and food content. For food manufacturers, targeted analytical methods complemented by untargeted approaches are end control measures at the factory gate when the material is delivered. In essence, testing for food adulterants is an integral part of routine QC, ideally tailored to the risks in the individual markets and/or geographies or supply chains. The development of analytical methods is a first step in verifying the compliance and authenticity of food materials. A next, more challenging step is the successful establishment of global consensus reference methods as exemplified by the AOAC Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals initiative, which can serve as an approach that could also be applied to methods for contaminants and adulterants in food. The food industry has taken these many challenges aboard, working closely with all stakeholders and continuously communicating on progress in a fully transparent manner.
Most Commonly Isolated Bacteria in Urine and their In Vitro Sensitivity to Antibiotics in Men with Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia
Authors: Vineta Vuksanovic  , Nataša Terzic  , Danijela Vujoševic  
Published: August 2016

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and associated lower urinary tract symptoms commonly affect older men. Men with BPH in Podgorica in almost half (47.5%) cases have positive urine culture, out of which 14.2% have polyinfection. Urinary tract infections are most common in the age group 71 to 80 years. Although both groups of men (with and without BPH) are more prone to gram-negative bacterial infections of the urinary tract, K. pneumoniae is significantly more common in men with BPH compared with men without BPH. The results indicate that treatment of men with BPH is much more complex than in men without BPH due to the fact that in the treatment, a number of strains are resistant to levofloxacin (resistance of gram-negative bacteria to levofloxacin at the level of 80.4%, with 89.7% of resistant strains of K. pneumoniae and 73.3% of E. coli strains, as well as resistance of gram-positive bacteria at level of 24.8%, with resistant strains of enterococci in 64.7% of the strains) and Ž²-lactam antibiotics (53.4% of isolated gram-negative bacteria synthesize ESBL enzymes out of which K. pneumoniae in up to 89.7% of the strains). Also, men with BPH have multi drug resistant strains in 53.1% of gram-positive bacteria and 79.7% of gram-negative bacteria. Carbapenems still represent a reserve group of drugs that have a good therapeutic effect in 93.2% of urinary tract infections in men with BPH.
Tobacco Consumption Induced Changes in the Healthy Oral Mucosa and its Effect on Differential Diagnosis of Oral Lesions - A Clinical In Vivo Raman Spectroscopic Study
Authors: Hemant Krishna  , Sidramesh Muttagi  , Pranav Ingole  , Pankaj Chaturvedi  , Shovan Kumar Majumder  
Published: August 2016

Objective: To investigate tobacco consumption induced changes in the in vivo Raman spectra of oral mucosa of healthy volunteers and to study its effect on the differential diagnosis of oral lesions. Materials and Methods: The clinical in vivo study involved 28 healthy volunteers and 171 patients having malignant and potentially malignant lesions of the oral cavity. Twenty of the healthy volunteers had habits of either smoking and/or of chewing tobacco while the rest did not have any tobacco consumption habits. The in vivo Raman spectra were measured using a compact and portable near-infrared Raman spectroscopic system. A probability based multi-class diagnostic algorithm, developed for supervised classification, was employed to classify the whole set of measured tissue Raman spectra into various categories. Results: It was found that the Raman spectra of healthy volunteers with tobacco consumption habits could be separated from the spectra of those without any habit of tobacco consumption with an accuracy of over 95%. Further, it was found that exclusion of the spectral data of the oral cavity of the healthy volunteers from the reference normal database considerably improved the overall classification accuracy (92.3% as against 86%) of the algorithm in separing the oral lesions from the normal oral mucosa. Conclusion: The results of the clinical study demonstrate the potential of Raman spectroscopy in screening tobacco users who are at an increased risk of developing dysplasia or malignancy. Further, the results also show that for accurate discrimination of oral lesions based on their Raman spectra, the reference normal database should exclude spectral data of tobacco using healthy subjects.
Polymer Matrix Composites
Authors: D'Amore Alberto , Grassia Luigi , Ceparano Angelo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe topics considered in this article have been chosen to address the issue of understanding both how polymer composite matrix properties develop during the manufacturing process and the complexity of evaluating the mechanical properties. Representative manufacturing techniques for the production of composite materials are reported and described; this will stand as a necessary overview to identify, among the different manufacturing technique, the common transformation stage to which the resin matrix is subjected, including the dramatic properties change and their complex interaction taking place during the manufacturing process. The relevance of a deep knowledge of thermomechanical matrix properties evolution was then underlined in order to achieve a reliable process modeling. The most used mechanical tests for advanced composite materials are reviewed, showing that the same characteristic property definitions generally used for conventional materials can be identified for these novel materials. In some cases, additional constants are required and some differences in nomenclature are introduced, especially when no isotropic counterpart exists. Representative statistical aspects of static strength and fatigue behavior are also outlined.
Prompt acceleration of magnetospheric electrons to ultrarelativistic energies by the 17 March 2015 interplanetary shock
Authors: Kanekal S. G. , Baker D. N. , Fennell J. F. , Jones A. , Schiller Q. , Richardson I. G. , Li X. , Turner D. L. , Califf S. , Claudepierre S. G. , Wilson L. B. , Jaynes A. , Blake J. B. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Kletzing C. A. , Wygant J. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTrapped electrons in Earth's outer Van Allen radiation belt are influenced profoundly by solar phenomena such as high‐speed solar wind streams, coronal mass ejections (CME), and interplanetary (IP) shocks. In particular, strong IP shocks compress the magnetosphere suddenly and result in rapid energization of electrons within minutes. It is believed that the electric fields induced by the rapid change in the geomagnetic field are responsible for the energization. During the latter part of March 2015, a CME impact led to the most powerful geomagnetic storm (minimum Dst = −223 nT at 17 March, 23 UT) observed not only during the Van Allen Probe era but also the entire preceding decade. Magnetospheric response in the outer radiation belt eventually resulted in elevated levels of energized electrons. The CME itself was preceded by a strong IP shock whose immediate effects vis‐a‐vis electron energization were observed by sensors on board the Van Allen Probes. The comprehensive and high‐quality data from the Van Allen Probes enable the determination of the location of the electron injection, timescales, and spectral aspects of the energized electrons. The observations clearly show that ultrarelativistic electrons with energies E > 6 MeV were injected deep into the magnetosphere at L ≈ 3 within about 2 min of the shock impact. However, electrons in the energy range of ≈250 keV to ≈900 keV showed no immediate response to the IP shock. Electric and magnetic fields resulting from the shock‐driven compression complete the comprehensive set of observations that provide a full description of the near‐instantaneous electron energization.
Global detection of absorbing aerosols over the ocean in the red and near‐infrared spectral region
Authors: Waquet F. , Péré J.‐C. , Peers F. , Goloub P. , Ducos F. , Thieuleux F. , Tanré D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe spatial and temporal variability of the aerosol single scattering albedo (SSA at 865 nm) has been estimated over clear‐sky ocean for 2006 by using measurements acquired by POLDER (Polarization and Directionality of Earth Reflectances). Our estimates are correlated with Sun photometer retrievals (R = 0.63). Differences in SSA are generally around 0.05 and systematically fall below 0.055 for optical thicknesses ≥0.3 (at 865 nm) and modeling errors ≤3.0%. Fine absorbing aerosols (radius ≤ 0.16 μm) are detected in many coastal regions. The lowest SSAs are retrieved over the southeast Atlantic during summer (0.80), whereas nonabsorbing fine particles (≥0.98) are observed over the North Pacific. During winter, fine absorbing aerosols are detected together with mineral dust near the coasts of western Africa (0.90), over the tropical Atlantic (0.88), and around India (0.88). Long‐range transport of absorbing species is also detected, as for instance over the Arctic. This study could help to constrain aerosol absorption and radiative forcing in models.
Effect of Bed Height on the Performance of a Fixed Mo/HZSM‐5 Bed in Direct Aromatization of Methane
Authors: Xu Yuebing , Song Yang , Liu Xiaohao , Zhang Zhan‐Guo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe catalyst‐overloading strategy is often employed to extend the catalytic lifetime of fixed catalyst bed reactors in chemical processes. The applicability of this strategy to the Mo/HZSM‐5 catalyst for non‐oxidative methane dehydroaromatization was confirmed for the first time by examining the influence of bed height on the catalytic stability and lifetime aromatic productivity of an integral fixed Mo/HZSM‐5 bed at a defined temperature and different CH4 superficial velocities. Increasing the bed height proved to have a very limited effect on extending either the stable period of aromatics production of the bed or its lifetime aromatics productivity. Simultaneous coke formation over all layers of the bed was also confirmed to be responsible for rapid deactivation of the whole bed, and pyrolysis of the intermediate C2H4 was found to be the dominant route to coke formation.
Activity of erlotinib when dosed below the maximum tolerated dose for EGFR‐mutant lung cancer: Implications for targeted therapy development
Authors: Lampson Benjamin L. , Nishino Mizuki , Dahlberg Suzanne E. , Paul Danie , Santos Abigail A. , Jänne Pasi A. , Oxnard Geoffrey R. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDErlotinib is a standard first‐line therapy for patients who have metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations. The recommended dose of 150 mg daily is the maximum tolerated dose (MTD). Few clinical data are available regarding its efficacy at doses less than the MTD.METHODSAn institutional database was queried for patients with advanced NSCLC who were positive for EGFR L858R mutations or exon 19 deletions and had received treatment with erlotinib. The treatment course, including the erlotinib dose at initiation of treatment, at 4 months into therapy, and at disease progression, was retrospectively studied. Progression‐free survival (PFS) was compared between patients who received the MTD (150 mg) and those who received reduced‐dose erlotinib (≤100 mg).RESULTSIn total, 198 eligible patients were identified. Thirty‐one patients (16%) were initiated on reduced‐dose erlotinib; they were older (P = .001) and had lower performance status (P = .01) compared with those who were initiated on erlotinib at the MTD. The response rate to reduced‐dose erlotinib was 77%. The median PFS of patients initiated on reduced‐dose erlotinib was 9.6 months versus 11.4 months for those initiated at the MTD, a difference that was not statistically significant (hazard ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.54‐1.21; P = .30). There was a nonsignificant trend toward higher rates of progression within the central nervous system with reduced‐dose erlotinib.CONCLUSIONSAt doses below the MTD, erlotinib treatment results in a high response rate and a prolonged median PFS. Review of the literature indicates that 15 of 30 small‐molecule inhibitors that are approved or in late‐stage development for cancer therapy have recommended doses below the MTD. When the toxicities of MTD dosing are a concern, an investigation of small‐molecule inhibitors at doses below the MTD is warranted. Cancer 2016;122:3456–63. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Interobserver agreement in the cytologic grading of atypia in neoplastic pancreatic mucinous cysts with the 2‐tiered approach
Authors: Goyal Abha , Abdul‐Karim Fadi W. , Yang Bin , Patel Jinesh B. , Brainard Jennifer A. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDThe accurate cytologic grading of epithelial atypia in fine‐needle aspirates of pancreatic mucinous cysts has important implications for clinical management. The Papanicolaou Society of Cytopathology has recommended a 2‐tiered system of low‐grade (LG) and high‐grade (HG) for grading this atypia. Using this approach, this study examined the interobserver agreement within a group of cytopathologists at the Cleveland Clinic.METHODSTwenty cases of fine‐needle aspiration of pancreatic neoplastic mucinous cysts with documented histologic follow‐up and representative lesional cells were selected. Blinded to the histologic outcome, 4 cytopathologists were independently asked to assign the highest grade of atypia with the 2‐tiered system of LG and HG atypia for these cases. The interobserver agreement was calculated with the κ statistic.RESULTSThe overall raw agreement in the grading of atypia was 60%. The overall chance‐adjusted agreement was fair (κ = 0.28). On the basis of the histologic outcomes, the cases were stratified into group A (HG dysplasia or worse) and group B (LG or intermediate‐grade [IG] dysplasia on follow‐up). Group A (n = 12) showed good chance‐adjusted agreement (κ = 0.65). For group B, the chance‐adjusted agreement among the observers was poor (κ = 0.03).CONCLUSIONSThis study shows that the cytologic recognition of HG dysplasia or worse as HG atypia in pancreatic mucinous cysts has a good degree of interobserver reproducibility among cytopathologists. In contrast, a problematic area with a lack of agreement appears to be the cytologic recognition of LG and IG dysplasia as LG atypia. Additional studies with the development of reproducible criteria and educational tools may help with this challenging distinction. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:909–916. © 2016 American Cancer Society.