bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International regulation of historic buildings and nationalism: the role of UNESCO
Authors: Casini Lorenzo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article focuses on the (ambiguous) relationships between nationalism and international regulation of historic buildings, namely, the activity of UNESCO in this field. It studies two different forms of UNESCO intervention: the creation of a list of world heritage sites of outstanding universal value, which includes several historic cities and buildings; and UNESCO Recommendations aimed at protecting historic urban landscape. The article shows that UNESCO seems to favour both political and cultural forms of nationalism and can significantly affect the nationalistic use of historic buildings and, more broadly, affect on the very idea of Nation and nationalism.
Trends in aquaculture sciences: from now to use of nanotechnology for disease control
Authors: Luis Angélica Irasema Sibaja , Campos Estefânia Vangelie Ramos , de Oliveira Jhones Luiz , Fraceto Leonardo Fernandes 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAquaculture is increasingly important in global food production. Consequently, the control of diseases in aquaculture is essential, due to the potential environmental impacts, notably in terms of the states of health of freshwater bodies and the oceans. In this study, we review the possible uses of different management systems, highlighting essential oils and novel nanotechnological strategies, for the control of diseases in aquaculture.
A beginner's guide to gene editing
Authors: Harrison Patrick T. , Hart Stephen 
Published: December 2017

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review summarizes the development of gene editing from early proof‐of‐concept studies in the 1980s to contemporary programmable and RNA‐guided nucleases, which enable rapid and precise alteration of DNA sequences of almost any living cell.

What advances does it highlight?
With an average of one clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) Cas9 paper published every 4 h in 2017, this review cannot highlight all new developments, but a number of key improvements, including increases in efficiency, a range of new options to reduce off‐target effects and plans for CRISPR to enter clinical trials in 2018, are discussed.

AbstractGenome editing enables precise changes to be made in the genome of living cells. The technique was originally developed in the 1980s but largely limited to use in mice. The discovery that a targeted double‐stranded break at a unique site in the genome, close to the site to be changed, could substantially increase the efficiency of editing raised the possibility of using the technique in a broader range of animal models and, potentially, human cells. But the challenge was to identify reagents that could create targeted breaks at a unique genomic location with minimal off‐target effects. In 2005, the demonstration that programmable zinc finger nucleases (ZFNs) could perform this task led to a number of proof‐of‐concept studies, but a limitation was the ease with which effective ZFNs could be produced. In 2009, the development of TAL effector nucleases (TALENs) increased the specificity of gene editing and the ease of design and production. However, it was not until 2013 and the development of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) Cas9/guide RNA that gene editing became a research tool that any laboratory could use.
[Ca2+]i modulation of cAMP‐stimulated ciliary beat frequency via PDE1 in airway ciliary cells of mice
Authors: Kogiso Haruka , Hosogi Shigekuni , Ikeuchi Yukiko , Tanaka Saori , Inui Toshio , Marunaka Yoshinori , Nakahari Takashi 
Published: December 2017

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
The ciliary beat frequency (CBF) of the airway is controlled by [Ca2+]i. However, the effects of a reduction in [Ca2+]i on CBF are still controversial (an increase, a decrease or no change).

What is the main finding and its importance?
This study demonstrated that [Ca2+]i directly regulates CBF (direct action) and also indirectly regulates CBF via cAMP accumulation controlled by Ca2+‐dependent PDE1 activity (indirect action). The final CBF is determined by the balance of direct and indirect actions. PDE1 plays crucial roles in the regulation of airway CBF.

Abstract[Ca2+]i plays crucial roles in the regulation of ciliary beat frequency (CBF) and ciliary bend angle (CBA) of airway cilia. Moreover, Ca2+‐dependent PDE1A existing in the CBF‐regulating metabolon of cilia modifies the CBF by regulating the cAMP accumulation. This study demonstrated that the CBF is regulated by a direct and an indirect action of [Ca2+]i; the direct action changes CBF mediated via [Ca2+]i, and the indirect action changes CBF mediated via cAMP, the accumulation of which is controlled by PDE1 activity. Upon reducing [Ca2+]i to various levels, the direct action decreases CBF and the indirect action increases CBF. The final CBF is determined by the extent of cAMP accumulation, which is determined by the amount of inhibition of PDE1 activity, dependent on a reduction in [Ca2+]i; a slight decrease induced by a nominally Ca2+‐free solution (no cAMP accumulation via PDE1) decreases CBF, and an extreme decrease induced by 50 μm BAPTA‐AM increases CBF via cAMP accumulation by inhibiting PDE1 in a similar manner to a PDE1 inhibitor (8MmIBMX). The increase in CBA in response to a reduction in [Ca2+]i is smaller than the increase in CBF, because no PDE1A exists in the CBA‐regulating metabolon. On the contrary, an increase in [Ca2+]i induced by ionomycin, which decreases cAMP accumulation by PDE1A activation, caused a slower procaterol‐stimulated increase in CBF than that decreased by a Ca2+‐free solution. A decrease in [Ca2+]i stimulates cAMP accumulation, whereas an increase in [Ca2+]i inhibits cAMP accumulation in airway ciliary cells. Thus, changes in [Ca2+]i modulate CBF and CBA via cAMP accumulation by controlling the activity of PDE1.
How Fast Is a Horizontal Squat Jump?
Authors: Samozino Pierre , Rivière Jean Romain , Rossi Jérémy , Morin Jean-Benoit , Jimenez-Reyes Pedro 
Published: December 2017

Velocity strength training requires exercise modalities that allow athletes to reach very high movement velocity, which is limited during vertical movements involving body weight. Purpose: To quantify the mechanical outputs developed during horizontal squat jumps (HSJs), notably the movement velocity, in comparison with vertical squat jumps (SJs) with and without loads. Methods: Thirteen healthy male athletes performed SJs without additional loads (SJ0) and with a load of ∼60% of body mass (SJ60), and during HSJs performed lying on a roller device with (assisted HSJ [AHSJ]) and without (HSJ) rubber-band assistance. Instantaneous lower-limb extension velocity, force, and power output were measured and averaged over the push-off phase. Results: The force was significantly higher during SJ60 than during SJ0, which was higher than during HSJ and AHSJ. Extension velocity was significantly different across all conditions, with 0.86 (0.07), 1.29 (0.10), 1.59 (0.19), and 1.83 (0.19) m·s−1 for SJ60, SJ0, HSJ, and AHSJ conditions, respectively. Differences in force and velocity values between SJ0 and the other conditions were large to extremely large. Differences were observed in power values only between SJ60 and SJ0, SJ60 and AHSJ, and SJ0 and HSJ. Conclusions: HSJ modalities allow athletes to reach very to extremely largely greater lower-limb extension velocities (HSJ +24.0% [16%], AHSJ +42.8% [17.4%]) compared to those achieved during SJ0. HSJ and AHSJ modalities are inexpensive and practical modalities to train limb-extension velocity capabilities, that is, the ability of the neuromuscular system to produce force at high contraction velocities.
Physiological and Physical Responses According to the Game Surface in a Soccer Simulation Protocol
Authors: López-Fernández Jorge , Sánchez-Sánchez Javier , García-Unanue Jorge , Felipe José Luis , Colino Enrique , Gallardo Leonor 
Published: December 2017

Purpose: Recent studies have shown that soccer players’ responses are similar on natural grass (NG) and artificial turf (AT), but they did not control the mechanical properties of these surfaces. This work aimed to analyze the influence of the game surface on amateur soccer players’ physical and physiological responses using a soccer simulation protocol. Methods: A total of 16 amateur players performed 3 bouts of the soccer simulation protocol on AT, and, on another day, 3 bouts on NG. The mechanical properties of both surfaces were recorded. The order of surfaces was randomly established for each participant. Physiological responses of players were assessed before and after the 6-repeated-sprints test existing at the midpoint of each bout. Fatigue (% best; % diff) and general variables (total time; best time, mean time; maximum speed) for both the repeated sprint test (RST) and the agility tests (nonlinear actions at maximum speed) incorporated into the soccer simulation protocol were also analyzed. Results: The 2 surfaces displayed different mechanical properties. Physical responses were found similar for both surfaces (P > .05) before and after the RST. There were no surface differences in sprint times or fatigue variables for the RST (P > .05). The agility test was faster on AT than on NG in bout 1 (average speed [+1.17 km/h;P = .037]; agility test cut time [−0.31 s; P = .027] and best time [−0.52 s; P = .042]). Conclusions: The differences in the mechanical properties of the 2 surfaces are not sufficient to cause differences in the physiological and physical responses of soccer players, although they may affect turns and cuts.
“Shall We Dance?” Older Adults’ Perspectives on the Feasibility of a Dance Intervention for Cognitive Function
Authors: Thøgersen-Ntoumani Cecilie , Papathomas Anthony , Foster Jonathan , Quested Eleanor , Ntoumanis Nikos 
Published: December 2017

We explored perceptions of social dance as a possible intervention to improve cognitive function in older adults with subjective memory complaints. A total of 30 participants (19 females; mean age = 72.6 years;SD = 8.2) took part in the study. This included 21 participants who had self-reported subjective memory complaints and nine spouses who noticed spousal memory loss. Semistructured interviews were conducted, and a thematic analysis was used to analyze the data. Three main themes were constructed: (a) dance seen as a means ofpromoting social interaction; (b) chronic illness as a barrier and facilitatorto participation; and (c) social dance representingnostalgic connections to the past. Overall, the participants were positive about the potential attractiveness of social dance to improve cognitive and social functioning and other aspects of health. In future research, it is important to examine the feasibility of a social dance intervention among older adults with subjective memory complaints.
Association of professional identity, gender, team understanding, anxiety and workplace learning alignment with burnout in junior doctors: a longitudinal cohort study
Authors: Monrouxe Lynn V , Bullock Alison , Tseng Hsu-Min , Wells Stephanie E 
Published: December 2017

ObjectivesTo examine how burnout across medical student to junior doctor transition relates to: measures of professional identity, team understanding, anxiety, gender, age and workplace learning (assistantship) alignment to first post.DesignA longitudinal 1-year cohort design. Two groups of final-year medical students: (1) those undertaking end-of-year assistantships aligned in location and specialty with their first post and (2) those undertaking assistantships non-aligned. An online questionnaire included: Professional Identity Scale, Team Understanding Scale, modified Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale and modified Copenhagen Burnout Inventory. Data were collected on four occasions: (T1) prior to graduation; (T2) 1 month post-transition; (T3) 6 months post-transition and (T4) 10 months post-transition. Questionnaires were analysed individually and using linear mixed-effect models.SettingMedical schools and postgraduate training in one UK country.ParticipantsAll aligned assistantship (n=182) and non-aligned assistantship students (n=319) were contacted; n=281 (56%) responded: 68% (n=183) females, 73% (n=206) 22–30 years, 46% aligned (n=129). Completion rates: aligned 72% (93/129) and non-aligned 64% (98/152).ResultsAnalyses of individual scales revealed that self-reported anxiety, professional identity and patient-related burnout were stable, while team understanding, personal and work-related burnout increased, all irrespective of alignment. Three linear mixed-effect models (personal, patient-related and work-related burnout as outcome measures; age and gender as confounding variables) found that males self-reported significantly lower personal, but higher patient-related burnout, than females. Age and team understanding had no effect. Anxiety was significantly positively related and professional identity was significantly negatively related to burnout. Participants experiencing non-aligned assistantships reported higher personal and work-related burnout over time.ConclusionsImplications for practice include medical schools’ consideration of an end-of-year workplace alignment with first-post before graduation or an extended shadowing period immediately postgraduation. How best to support undergraduate students’ early professional identity development should be examined. Support systems should be in place across the transition for individuals with a predisposition for anxiety.
Overdiagnosis across medical disciplines: a scoping review
Authors: Jenniskens Kevin , de Groot Joris A H , Reitsma Johannes B , Moons Karel G M , Hooft Lotty , Naaktgeboren Christiana A 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveTo provide insight into how and in what clinical fields overdiagnosis is studied and give directions for further applied and methodological research.DesignScoping review.Data sourcesMedline up to August 2017.Study selectionAll English studies on humans, in which overdiagnosis was discussed as a dominant theme.Data extractionStudies were assessed on clinical field, study aim (ie, methodological or non-methodological), article type (eg, primary study, review), the type and role of diagnostic test(s) studied and the context in which these studies discussed overdiagnosis.ResultsFrom 4896 studies, 1851 were included for analysis. Half of all studies on overdiagnosis were performed in the field of oncology (50%). Other prevalent clinical fields included mental disorders, infectious diseases and cardiovascular diseases accounting for 9%, 8% and 6% of studies, respectively. Overdiagnosis was addressed from a methodological perspective in 20% of studies. Primary studies were the most common article type (58%). The type of diagnostic tests most commonly studied were imaging tests (32%), although these were predominantly seen in oncology and cardiovascular disease (84%). Diagnostic tests were studied in a screening setting in 43% of all studies, but as high as 75% of all oncological studies. The context in which studies addressed overdiagnosis related most frequently to its estimation, accounting for 53%. Methodology on overdiagnosis estimation and definition provided a source for extensive discussion. Other contexts of discussion included definition of disease, overdiagnosis communication, trends in increasing disease prevalence, drivers and consequences of overdiagnosis, incidental findings and genomics.ConclusionsOverdiagnosis is discussed across virtually all clinical fields and in different contexts. The variability in characteristics between studies and lack of consensus on overdiagnosis definition indicate the need for a uniform typology to improve coherence and comparability of studies on overdiagnosis.
Migraine and subsequent chronic kidney disease risk: a nationwide population-based cohort study
Authors: Weng Shuo-Chun , Wu Chia-Lin , Kor Chew-Teng , Chiu Ping-Fang , Wu Ming-Ju , Chang Chia-Chu , Tarng Der-Cherng 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveWe compared the incidence and risk of chronic kidney disease (CKD) between subjects with new-onset migraine and matched controls without migraine in this large-scale retrospective cohort study.DesignPopulation-based cohort study.Setting8880 subjects with migraine and 503 070 subjects without migraine were enrolled between January 1, 2000 and December 31, 2013, all diagnosed to be without kidney disease. All the participants were registered in the National Health Insurance Research Database.ParticipantsFinally, data from 7156 subjects with migraine and 7156 propensity-score-matched control subjects were analysed.Primary outcome measureWe used Cox proportional hazards regression to estimate adjusted HRs for incident CKD; subgroup analyses were performed to assess the interactive effects of migraine with demographics, comorbidities and long-term medications.ResultsThe incidence of CKD was higher in the migraine group than in the control group. The risk of developing CKD was significantly higher in subjects with migraine than without migraine (P=0.031). Subjects with migraine aged <65 years (age 40–64 (adjusted HR (aHR) 1.35; 95% CI 1.05 to 1.73); age <40 (aHR 1.55; 95% CI 1.02 to 2.36)), with ≥1 comorbid diseases (1–2 diseases (aHR 1.30; 95% CI 1.01 to 1.68); ≥3 diseases (aHR 1.45; 95% CI 1.01 to 2.07)), and not receiving anti-migraine agents (aHR 1.26; 95% CI 1.04 to 1.54) were at a higher risk of developing CKD compared with the control subjects. The interaction between migraine and comorbidities was not significant; age, male gender and long-term use of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) were independent risk factors for CKD in subjects with migraine.ConclusionMigraine may be an independent risk factor for CKD. Young subjects with migraine, and those with comorbid conditions or without medical control, are likely to be at higher risk for CKD. Ageing, male sex and NSAIDs tend to have an association with CKD in subjects with migraine.
Increased supraspinatus tendon thickness following fatigue loading in rotator cuff tendinopathy: potential implications for exercise therapy
Authors: McCreesh Karen M , Purtill Helen , Donnelly Alan E , Lewis Jeremy S 
Published: December 2017

Background/aimExercise imparts a load on tendon tissue that leads to changes in tendon properties. Studies suggest that loading immediately reduces tendon thickness, with a loss of this response in symptomatic tendinopathy. No studies investigating the response of tendon dimensions to load for the rotator cuff tendons exist. This study aimed to examine the short-term effect of loading on the thickness of the supraspinatus tendon and acromiohumeral distance those with and without rotator cuff tendinopathy.MethodsParticipants were 20 painfree controls, and 23 people with painful rotator cuff tendinopathy. Supraspinatus tendon thickness and acromiohumeral distance were measured using ultrasound scans before, and at three time points after loading (1, 6 and 24 hours). Loading involved isokinetic eccentric and concentric external rotation and abduction.ResultsThere was a significant increase in supraspinatus tendon thickness in the pain group at 1 (7%, ∆=0.38, 95% CI 0.19 to 0.57) and 6 hours (11%, ∆=0.53, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.71), although only the 6 hours difference exceeded minimal detectable difference. In contrast, there was a small non-significant reduction in thickness in controls. The acromiohumeral distance reduced significantly in both groups at 1 hour (controls: ∆=0.64, 95% CI 0.38 to 0.90; pain: ∆=1.1, 95% CI 0.85 to 1.33), with a larger change from baseline in the pain group.ConclusionThose diagnosed with painful supraspinatus tendinopathy demonstrated increased thickening with delayed return to baseline following loading. Rehabilitation professionals may need to take into account the impact of loading to fatigue when planning rehabilitation programmes.
Clinical presentation, natural history, and cumulative death rates of 230 adults with primary cryptococcal meningitis in Zambian AIDS patients treated under local conditions
Authors: Mwaba P , Mwansa J , Chintu C , Pobee J , Scarborough M , Portsmouth S , Zumla A 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

SETTING
Inpatient medical wards, Department of Medicine, University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia.

OBJECTIVE
To define the natural history, clinical presentation, and management outcome of microbiologically confirmed cryptococcal meningitis in adult AIDS patients treated under local conditions where antifungal and antiretroviral therapies are not routinely available.

Design
A descriptive, longitudinal, observational study.

METHODS
All adult patients admitted to the medical wards of the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, Zambia with cerebrospinal fluid culture proved, primary cryptococcal meningitis, during a 12 month period were enrolled into the study. The following details were acquired: clinical features, HIV status, laboratory data, treatment accorded, and survival.

Results
A total of 230 patients with primary cryptococcal meningitis were studied (median age 32 years; range 15–65 years; 112 males, 118 females). Cryptococcal meningitis was the first AIDS defining illness in 210 (91%) patients. One hundred and thirty of the 230 (56%) patients had received treatment with fluconazole monotherapy and 100 (43%) patients received palliative care only without any antifungal therapy. A 100% case fatality rate was observed in both groups at follow up: by seven weeks in the untreated group and at six months in the fluconazole treated group. The cumulative median survival from time of diagnosis was 19 days (range 1–164 days) for the fluconazole treated group and 10 days (range 0–42 days) for the untreated group.

Conclusion
Cryptococcal meningitis, under current treatment accorded at the University Teaching Hospital, Lusaka, has a 100% mortality in young Zambian adults with AIDS. The current treatment accorded to Zambian adults with cryptococcal meningitis is inappropriate. An urgent need exists to improve strategies for the clinical management of AIDS patients in poor African countries. The wider ethical and operational issues of making available antifungals to African AIDS patients are discussed.