bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
VARIABLE RADIO EMISSION FROM THE YOUNG STELLAR HOST OF A HOT JUPITER
Authors: Bower Geoffrey C. , Loinard Laurent , Dzib Sergio , Galli Phillip A. B. , Ortiz-León Gisela N. , Moutou Claire , Donati Jean-Francois 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of variable radio emission associated with the T Tauri star, V830 Tau, which was recently shown to host a hot Jupiter companion. Very Large Array observations at a frequency of 6 GHz reveal a detection on 2011 May 1 with a flux density 919 ± 26 μJy, along with non-detections in two other epochs at

and <150 μJy. Additionally, Very Long Baseline Array observations include one detection and one non-detection at comparable sensitivity, demonstrating that the emission is nonthermal in origin. The emission is consistent with the gyro-synchrotron or synchrotron mechanism from a region with a magnetic field

G and is likely driven by an energetic event such as magnetic reconnection that accelerated electrons. With the limited data we have, we are not able to place any constraint on the relationship between the radio emission and the rotational or orbital properties of V830 Tau. This is the first detection of radio emission from a non-degenerate star known to host an exoplanet.
THE LOPSIDED DISTRIBUTION OF SATELLITE GALAXIES
Authors: Libeskind Noam I. , Guo Quan , Tempel Elmo , Ibata Rodrigo 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The distribution of smaller satellite galaxies around large central galaxies has attracted attention because peculiar spatial and kinematic configurations have been detected in some systems. A particularly striking example of such behavior is seen in the satellite system of the Andromeda galaxy, where around 80% are on the near side of that galaxy, facing the Milky Way. Motivated by this departure from anisotropy, we examined the spatial distribution of satellites around pairs of galaxies in the Sloan Digital Sky Survey. By stacking tens of thousands of satellites around galaxy pairs, we found that satellites tend to bulge toward the other central galaxy, preferably occupying the space between the pair, rather than being spherically or axis-symmetrically distributed around each host. The bulging is a function of the opening angle examined and is fairly strong—there are up to ∼10% more satellites in the space between the pair than expected from uniform. Consequently, it is a statistically very strong signal, being inconsistent with a uniform distribution at the 5σ level. The possibility that the observed signal is the result of the overlap of two halos with extended satellite distributions is ruled out by testing this hypothesis by performing the same tests on isolated galaxies (and their satellites) artificially placed at similar separations. These findings highlight the unrelaxed and interacting nature of galaxies in pairs.
TIMING OBSERVATIONS OF PSR J1023+0038 DURING A LOW-MASS X-RAY BINARY STATE
Authors: Jaodand Amruta , Archibald Anne M. , Hessels Jason W. T. , Bogdanov Slavko , D’Angelo Caroline R. , Patruno Alessandro , Bassa Cees , Deller Adam T. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Transitional millisecond pulsars (tMSPs) switch, on roughly multi-year timescales, between rotation-powered radio millisecond pulsar (RMSP) and accretion-powered low-mass X-ray binary (LMXB) states. The tMSPs have raised several questions related to the nature of accretion flow in their LMXB state and the mechanism that causes the state switch. The discovery of coherent X-ray pulsations from PSR J1023+0038 (while in the LMXB state) provides us with the first opportunity to perform timing observations and to compare the neutron star’s spin variation during this state to the measured spin-down in the RMSP state. Whereas the X-ray pulsations in the LMXB state likely indicate that some material is accreting onto the neutron star’s magnetic polar caps, radio continuum observations indicate the presence of an outflow. The fraction of the inflowing material being ejected is not clear, but it may be much larger than that reaching the neutron star’s surface. Timing observations can measure the total torque on the neutron star. We have phase-connected nine XMM-Newton observations of PSR J1023+0038 over the last 2.5 years of the LMXB state to establish a precise measurement of spin evolution. We find that the average spin-down rate as an LMXB is 26.8 ± 0.4% faster than the rate (−2.39 × 10−15 Hz s−1) determined during the RMSP state. This shows that negative angular momentum contributions (dipolar magnetic braking, and outflow) exceed positive ones (accreted material), and suggests that the pulsar wind continues to operate at a largely unmodified level. We discuss implications of this tight observational constraint in the context of possible accretion models.
THE COMPLEX CIRCUMNUCLEAR ENVIRONMENT OF THE BROAD-LINE RADIO GALAXY 3C 390.3 REVEALED BY CHANDRA HETG
Authors: Tombesi F. , Reeves J. N. , Kallman T. , Reynolds C. S. , Mushotzky R. F. , Braito V. , Behar E. , Leutenegger M. A. , Cappi M. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the first high spectral resolution X-ray observation of the broad-line radio galaxy 3C 390.3 obtained with the high-energy transmission grating spectrometer on board the Chandra
X-ray Observatory. The spectrum shows complex emission and absorption features in both the soft X-rays and Fe K band. We detect emission and absorption lines in the energy range E = 700–1000 eV associated with ionized Fe L transitions (Fe XVII–XX). An emission line at the energy of E ≃ 6.4 keV consistent with the Fe Kα is also observed. Our best-fit model requires at least three different components: (i) a hot emission component likely associated with the hot interstellar medium in this elliptical galaxy with temperature kT = 0.5 ± 0.1 keV; (ii) a warm absorber with ionization parameter logξ = 2.3 ± 0.5 erg s−1 cm, column density logN
H = 20.7 ± 0.1 cm−2, and outflow velocity v
out < 150 km s−1; and (iii) a lowly ionized reflection component in the Fe K band likely associated with the optical broad-line region or the outer accretion disk. These evidences suggest the possibility that we are looking directly down the ionization cone of this active galaxy and that the central X-ray source only photoionizes along the unobscured cone. This is overall consistent with the angle-dependent unified picture of active galactic nuclei.
THE ACS FORNAX CLUSTER SURVEY. XII. DIFFUSE STAR CLUSTERS IN EARLY-TYPE GALAXIES
Authors: Liu Yiqing , Peng Eric W. , Lim Sungsoon , Jordán Andrés , Blakeslee John , Côté Patrick , Ferrarese Laura , Pattarakijwanich Petchara 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Diffuse star clusters (DSCs) are old and dynamically hot stellar systems that have lower surface brightness and more extended morphology than globular clusters (GCs). Using the images from Hubble Space Telescope (HST)/ACS Fornax Cluster Survey, we find that 12 out of 43 early-type galaxies (ETGs) in the Fornax Cluster host significant numbers of DSCs. Together with literature data from the HST/ACS Virgo Cluster Survey, where 18 out of 100 ETGs were found to host DSCs, we systematically study the relationship of DSCs with GCs and their host galaxy environment. Two DSC hosts are post-merger galaxies, with most of the other hosts either having low mass or showing clear disk components. We find that while the number ratio of DSCs to GCs is nearly constant in massive galaxies, the DSC-to-GC ratio becomes systematically higher in lower-mass hosts. This suggests that DSCs may be more efficient at forming (or surviving) in low-density environments. DSC hosts are not special either in their position in the cluster or in the galactic color–magnitude diagram. Why some disk and low-mass galaxies host DSCs while others do not is still a puzzle, however. The mean ages of DSC hosts and nonhosts are similar at similar masses, implying that formation efficiency rather than survival is the reason behind different DSC number fractions in ETGs.
Athletic Trainer Services in US Private Secondary Schools
Authors: Pike Alicia , Pryor Riana R. , Mazerolle Stephanie M. , Stearns Rebecca L. , Casa Douglas J. 
Published: October 2016

Context:
Availability of athletic trainer (AT) services in US secondary schools has recently been reported to be as high as 70%, but this only describes the public sector. The extent of AT coverage in private secondary school settings has yet to be investigated and may differ from the public secondary school setting for several reasons, including differences in funding sources.

Objective:
To determine the level of AT services in US private secondary schools and identify the reasons why some schools did not employ ATs.

Design:
Concurrent mixed-methods study.

Setting:
Private secondary schools in the United States.

Patients or Other Participants:
Of 5414 private secondary schools, 2044 (38%) responded to the survey.

Main Outcome Measure(s):
School administrators responded to the survey via telephone or e-mail. This instrument was previously used in a study examining AT services among public secondary schools. Descriptive statistics provided national data. Open-ended questions were evaluated through content analysis.

Results:
Of the 2044 schools that responded, 58% (1176/2044) offered AT services, including 28% (574/2040) full time, 25% (501/2042) part time, 4% (78/1918) per diem, and 20% (409/2042) from a hospital or clinic. A total of 84% (281 285/336 165) of athletes had access to AT services. Larger private secondary schools were more likely to have AT services available. Barriers to providing AT services in the private sector were budgetary constraints, school size and sports, and lack of awareness of the role of an AT.

Conclusions:
More than half of the surveyed private secondary schools in the United States had AT services available; however, only 28% had a full-time AT. This demonstrates the need for increased medical coverage to provide athletes in this setting the appropriate level of care. Budgetary concerns, size of the school and sport offerings, and lack of awareness of the role of the AT continued to be barriers in the secondary school setting.
Exploded representation of a refracting surface
Authors: Heath W.H. , Harris W.F. 
Published: October 2016

The concept of the exploded refracting sur-face is useful in the optics of contact lenses and vision underwater. The purpose of this paper is to show how to represent a refracting surface as an exploded pair of surfaces separated by a gap of zero width. The analysis is in terms of linear optics and allows for astigmatic and non-coaxial cases.
Demographic characteristics and inci-dence of ocular disease in patients at Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital (Yazd, Iran)
Authors: Besharati M.R. , Manaviat M.R. , Miratashi S.A.M. , Shoja M.R. 
Published: October 2016

The type and frequency of diseases in a com-munity represents genetic structure, nutritional status, social health standards, and the cultural traditions of the community. In addition, the different types of disorders that are common in an area are directly or indirectly under environ-mental effects. The epidemiological information of these disorders is important when developing health services programs and influences the way medical services are offered.The aim of the present study was to determine the epidemiology and frequency of ocular diseas-es in patients referred to the Ophthalmic Clinic of Shahid Rahnemoon Hospital, Yazd, Iran. A cross sectional descriptive study was done by means of a questionnaire and statistical analysis on the data collected. A total number of 994 patients were surveyed and more than 70 types of disorders were diagnosed. The disorders were classified into 15 main groups. The most commonly detect-ed conditions in the patients were refractive errors and conjunctival diseases (16.9% each), followed by disorders of the lens (12.7%), retinal diseases (11.9%), eye traumas (11.9%), eyelid disorders (7.3%) and glaucoma (5.2%). The majority of the patients were more than 40 years old. Regarding their education, most of them were illiterate. Most of the patients were housewives. Our results showed that the majority of the patients were liv-ing in urban areas. An association of diabetes and hypertension was seen more with retinal disease than with other conditions.
Curves and surfaces in the context of optometry. Part 1: Curves*
Authors: Harris W.F. 
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces the differential geom-etry of curves in Euclidean 3-space, the motiva-tion being the writer’s belief that, despite their fundamental importance, curves are inadequate-ly treated in optometric educational programs. Curvature and torsion are defined along a curve. Two numerical examples are presented. The fundamental theorem of curves is stated. The relationship of the geometry of varifocal lenses and curves known as involutes are discussed. A brief treatment of the theory of contact is given with suggestions of applications in contact between spectacle lenses and frames, contact lenses and corneas (including orthokeratology), intra-ocular lenses and structures in the eye, and spectacle frames and the face.
Visual impairment in South Africa: achieve-ments and challenges
Authors: Sacharowitz H.S. 
Published: October 2016

Estimates of the prevalence and causes of visual impairment in South Africa are reviewed against the existing services and limitations in the country. The magnitude1 of visual impair-ment and the projected increase worldwide over the coming decades have been recognized as having potentially far-reaching social, eco-nomic and quality of life implications for not only the affected individuals but also for their families and communities. Two-thirds or more of all blindness is avoidable, in that the causes are preventable or treatable.2, 3 Early detec-tion, prevention and management programs are needed to reduce the impact of visual impair-ment. Approximately 80% of the South African population is indigent, relying on public hospi-tals and clinics and the remaining 20% of the population has access to private health care.4 As the majority of eye care professionals are in private practice, access to eye care services are available to only a minority of the population. This paper reviews the current services in South Africa and the challenges that lie ahead.
Curves and surfaces in the context of optometry. Part 2: Surfaces
Authors: Harris W.F. 
Published: October 2016

This paper introduces the differential geom-etry of surfaces in Euclidean 3-space. The first and second fundamental forms of a surface are defined. The first fundamental form provides a metric for calculations of length and area on the surface. The second fundamental form deter-mines surface curvature and, hence, concepts of importance in optometry such as surface power and sagitta. The principal curvatures at a point on a surface are obtained as solutions of a qua-dratic equation. The torus is used to illustrate the methods.
Application of statistical contrasts to mean refractive state
Authors: Abelman S 
Published: October 2016

Testing for differences between specific groups or combinations of groups is referred to as comparison or contrast testing. Statistical significance of comparisons can be assessed by first forming contrasts and then testing for their significance. A contrast essentially tests wheth-er or not two means are significantly different, where each mean could be a weighted average of two or more means. Gillan investigated whether the instillation of a cycloplegic (Mydriacyl 1% (tropicamide)) into the right eye of a 30-year-old female sub-ject would affect the variability of her distance refractive state as measured by an autorefractor.The purpose of this paper is to introduce mutually orthogonal linear contrasts of sample data to optometric research. By constructing particular contrasts, mean refractive states are compared before instillation, before and after instillation, and after instillation.
Thirty years of optometric education at Turfloop (1975-2005): A historical and educational overview
Authors: Oduntan A.O. 
Published: October 2016

It is always necessary to document his-torical events for the purpose of future gen-erations. The Department of Optometry at Turfloop had a complex development which needs to be documented; hence, the purpose of this article is to present a historical and educational overview of the optometric educa-tion at Turfloop, thirty years after its inception. This article is timely not only because of the milestone that the department has reached, but also because the institution (University of the North) where it was established 30 years ago has merged with the Medical University of Southern Africa (MEDUNSA), to form a new institution called University of Limpopo (UL) in January 2005. This article discusses the historical background of the department, staffing, facilities, academic developments, student enrolment, graduation and curriculum development. Academic, research and commu-nity outreach programmes are also discussed. Also, the future activities which may further enhance the development of the department are described. This article will serve as one of the reference sources for the present and future generations who may be interested in the his-torical development of optometric education at Turfloop.
Refractive behavior changes with six months daily wear of high and low oxygen permeability hydrogel contact lenses
Authors: Gillan W.D.H. 
Published: October 2016

Introduction: The investigation of myopia and soft contact lenses is not new. Many reports show that the wearing of silicone hydrogel lenses as opposed to conventional disposable hydrogel lenses results in little progression of myopia in the eyes wearing silicone hydrogels. Method: Six subjects wore a silicone hydro-gel lens on one eye while the other eye wore a habitual disposable hydrogel lens for six months of daily wear. Fifty measurements of refractive state in each eye were taken prior to the subjects wearing a silicone lens in one eye and a conven-tional hydrogel lens in the other eye. After six months of daily wear another fifty measurements of refractive state were taken for each subject. Results: Although there is no statisti-cal support for the findings of this study, comet stereo-pairs are used to show the chang-es in refractive state for each subject. Four of the six subjects showed an increase in myopia in the eye wearing the silicone lens. Discussion: The increase in myopia in eyes wearing a silicone hydrogel lens is contrary to the findings of other studies.
Refractive status of primary school children in Mopani district, Limpopo Province, South Africa
Authors: Mabaso R.G. , Oduntan A.O. , Mpolokeng M.B.L. 
Published: October 2016

This article reports part of the findings of a study carried out to determine the causes, prevalence, and distribution of ocular dis-orders among rural primary school children in Mopani district of Limpopo Province, South Africa. Three hundred and eighty eight children aged 8 to 15 years were randomly selected from five randomly selected schools. Non-cycloplegic retinoscopy and auto-refrac-tion were performed on each child. The preva-lence of hyperopia, myopia, and astigmatism was 73.1%, 2.5% and 31.3% respective-ly. Hyperopia (Nearest spherical equivalent power (FNSE) ranged from +0.75 to +3.50 D for the right and left eyes with means of +1.05 ± 0.35 D and +1.08 ± 0.34 D respectively. Myopia (FNSE) ranged from –0.50 to –1.75 D for the right eye and –0.50 to –2.25 D for the left eye with means of –0.75 ± 0.55 D and –0.93 ± 0.55 D respectively. Regression model for myopia, shows that age had an odds ratio of 1.94 (1.15 to 3.26), indicating a signifi-cant increased risk of myopia with increasing age. Correcting cylinders for the right eyes ranged from –0.25 to –4.50 D (mean = −0.67 ± 0.47 D) and for the left eyes from –0.25 to –2.50 D (mean = −0.60 ± 0.30 D). With-the-rule (WTR) astigmatism (66.5%) was more common, followed by against-the-rule (ATR) astigmatism (28.1%) and oblique (OBL) astig-matism (5.4%). With-the-rule astigmatism was more common in females than males; ATR astigmatism and OBL astigmatism were common in males. Regular vision screening programmes, appropriate referral and vision correction in primary schools in Mopani district are recommended in order to elimi-nate refractive errors among the children.
The Jackson Cross-Cylinder. Part 1: Properties
Authors: Harris W. F. 
Published: October 2016

The Jackson cross-cylinder is a lens of fundamental importance in optometry with a key role in the refraction routine. And yet it appears not to be as well understood as perhaps it should be. The purpose of this paper is to examine the linear optical character of the Jackson cross-cylinder and, in particular, those properties associated with the operations performed on the lens in the refraction routine, namely flipping and turning. Corresponding to these operations in physical space are steps in an abstract space, symmetric dioptric power space. The powers of all Jackson cross-cylinders lie in the plane of antistigmatic powers in the abstract space. In particular the powers of an F Jackson cross-cylinder (for example, a 0.5-D Jackson cross-cylinder has 5 . 0 = F D) lie on a circle of radius F centred onnull power. Flipping the lens takes one diametrically across the circle; turning the lens takes one around the circle at twice the rate. A subsequent paper shows how these operations work in defining the cylinder in the refraction routine.
Effect of optical defocus on colour perception
Authors: Sehlapelo R. R. , Oduntan A. O. 
Published: October 2016

Daily experience shows that colour of a very distant object cannot be accurately determined. It is assumed that visual acuity (VA) loss is one of the factors at play in this case. The effects of reduced VA as a result of refractive error or optical defocus on colour vision have not been examined. Such study willdictate the need or otherwise for optical correction before assessment of colour vision. The purpose of this study therefore, was to investigate the effects of optical defocus on colour vision in individuals with normal colour vision. Twenty nine young adult subjects (11 male and 18 females) were included in this study. Their ages ranged from 11 to 29 years with a mean of 22.1 ± 3.4 years. All subjects had VA of 6/6 or better and normal colour vision. The colour vision was evaluated with the Farnsworth panel D-15 (desaturated). Each subject was optically defocused to VA of 6/24, 6/60 and 1/60(6/360) at 6 meters respectively and colour vision was assessed at each reduced VA. At VA of 6/24, colour vision was not affected in all subjects. When the VA was reduced to 6/60, however, 15 (51%) of the subjects failed the colour vision test. When the VA was further reduced to 1/60 by optical defocus, 24 (83%) of the subjects failed the colour vision test. It was concluded that optical defocus and reduced VA can adversely affect colour vision test findings. While VA reduction to 6/24 may not affect the colour vision results, VA of 6/60 can. It is therefore, recommended that in clinical colour vision testing and colour vision screening, VA should first be assessed andcompensated, especially if uncorrected VA is 6/24 or worse.