bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Can sand dunes be used to study historic storm events?
Authors: Bateman Mark D. , Rushby Greg , Stein Sam , Ashurst Robert A. , Stevenson David , Jones Julie M. , Gehrels W. Roland 
Published: September 2017

AbstractKnowing the long‐term frequency of high magnitude storm events that cause coastal inundation is critical for present coastal management, especially in the context of rising sea levels and potentially increasing frequency and severity of storm events. Coastal sand dunes may provide a sedimentary archive of past storm events from which long‐term frequencies of large storms can be reconstructed. This study uses novel portable optically stimulated luminescence (POSL) profiles from coastal dunes to reconstruct the sedimentary archive of storm and surge activity for Norfolk, UK. Application of POSL profiling with supporting luminescence ages and particle size analysis to coastal dunes provides not only information of dunefield evolution but also on past coastal storms. In this study, seven storm events, two major, were identified from the dune archive spanning the last 140 years. These appear to correspond to historical reports of major storm surges. Dunes appear to be only recording (at least at the sampling resolution used here) the highest storm levels that were associated with significant flooding. As such the approach seems to hold promise to obtain a better understanding of the frequency of large storms by extending the dune archive records further back to times when documentation of storm surges was sparse. © 2017 The Authors. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
The ammonium nitrate explosion at West, Texas: A disaster that could have been avoided
Authors: Babrauskas Vytenis 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOn April 17, 2013, an explosion of ammonium nitrate (AN) fertilizer stored at the West Fertilizer Company resulted in 15 deaths, 260 injuries, and the destruction of a sizable portion of the town. AN fertilizer is classified as an oxidizer, not as an explosive; nonetheless, it is a chemical which can detonate, and there is a century's worth of history of such explosions, some of them in manufacturing operations, but many in storage or transport. A review of incidents showed that 100% of AN fertilizer explosions in storage or transport had a single cause—an uncontrolled fire. Thus, AN fertilizer explosions in storage are preventable accidents, because technology to preclude uncontrollable fires also has been available for a century. In the case of transport accidents, uncontrolled fires may not be avoidable. However, technologies exist that can make AN less likely to explode, and to show greatly reduced explosion intensity, if driven to explosion. None of these safety measures were in place for this disaster. Details of necessary fire safety measures and the effectiveness and utility of existing regulations for AN are examined. This is important because most AN storage facilities in the United States are similarly inadequate in their fire safety.
Frequency‐specific neuromodulation of local and distant connectivity in aging and episodic memory function
Authors: Davis Simon W. , Luber Bruce , Murphy David L.K. , Lisanby Sarah H. , Cabeza Roberto 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA growing literature has focused on the brain's ability to augment processing in local regions by recruiting distant communities of neurons in response to neural decline or insult. In particular, both younger and older adult populations recruit bilateral prefrontal cortex (PFC) as a means of compensating for increasing neural effort to maintain successful cognitive function. However, it remains unclear how local changes in neural activity affect the recruitment of this adaptive mechanism. To address this problem, we combined graph theoretical measures from functional MRI with diffusion weighted imaging and repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to resolve a central hypothesis: how do aged brains flexibly adapt to local changes in cortical activity? Specifically, we applied neuromodulation to increase or decrease local activity in a cortical region supporting successful memory encoding (left dorsolateral PFC or DLPFC) using 5 or 1 Hz rTMS, respectively. We then assessed a region's local within‐module degree, or the distributed between‐module degree (BMD) between distant cortical communities. We predicted that (1) local stimulation‐related deficits may be counteracted by boosting BMD between bilateral PFC, and that this effect should be (2) positively correlated with structural connectivity. Both predictions were confirmed; 5 Hz rTMS increased local success‐related activity and local increases in PFC connectivity, while 1 Hz rTMS decreases local activity and triggered a more distributed pattern of bilateral PFC connectivity to compensate for this local inhibitory effect. These results provide an integrated, causal explanation for the network interactions associated with successful memory encoding in older adults. Hum Brain Mapp 38:5987–6004, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between theory of mind and mental state talk in preschoolers and later social competence and behaviour
Authors: Barreto Ana Luísa , Osório Ana , Baptista Joana , Fearon Pasco , Martins Carla 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study had 2 primary aims: (a) to investigate the concurrent links between preschool‐aged children's theory of mind (ToM) and mental state talk at 55 months and (b) to examine the longitudinal associations between preschool‐aged children's social understanding, as indicated by their ToM, and mental references, and their later social competence and behaviour at 69 months. Participants included 73 children and their mothers. ToM was assessed using a battery that consisted of 6 standardized tasks, and social competence and behaviour were assessed via teacher ratings. We observed an association between children's ToM and their mental state talk, specifically regarding cognition references during interactions with their mothers. Moreover, both children's ToM and mental references were longitudinally related to social competence and behaviour but only in girls. Our results support that ToM, which was assessed using false belief tasks, and the child's tendencies to refer to mental states during everyday interactions are 2 important related markers of children's social understanding and that both are linked to children's social competence and behaviour. The importance of considering gender‐specific effects when investigating children's social cognition is also highlighted.HighlightsThe relationship between preschoolers' social understanding and later social competence is examined.Both children's theory of mind and mental state talk were associated with later teacher‐rated social competence, but only for girls.Theory of mind and mental state talk seem to be related markers of children's social understanding, linked to social competence.
Synthesis of dual thermo‐ and pH‐sensitive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide‐co‐acrylic acid)‐grafted cellulose nanocrystals by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization
Authors: Zeinali Elnaz , Haddadi‐Asl Vahid , Roghani‐Mamaqani Hossein 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFree and cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs)‐grafted block copolymers of acrylic acid and N‐isopropylacrylamide with various poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) block lengths as dual temperature‐ and pH‐sensitive materials were synthesized by reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization via an R‐approach method. Controlling lower critical solution temperature (LCST) of the products by changing the PNIPAAm block length, addition of CNC, and variation of pH was studied. The free and CNC‐grafted block copolymers were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared and proton nuclear magnetic resonance. LCST of copolymers was measured by dynamic light scattering using their hydrodynamic diameters. The block copolymers reversibly form core–corona structure with PNIPAAm as core and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) as shell above LCST at higher pH values. LCST point shifts to higher temperatures by increasing pH and CNC content and also lowering PNIPAAm block length. By decreasing pH below 4 at certainly low temperatures, PAA becomes core and PNIPAAm forms corona. Thermal behavior of the CNC‐grafted polymers was studied by thermal gravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry. Morphology of the polymer‐grafted CNC was examined by X‐ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 231–243, 2018.
Novel aspects and future trends in the use of aqueous two‐phase systems as a bioengineering tool
Authors: González‐Valdez José , Mayolo‐Deloisa Karla , Rito‐Palomares Marco 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTraditionally, aqueous two‐phase systems (ATPS) have been used as a liquid–liquid extraction technique for the primary recovery and purification of biological samples. The enormous potential of their usage comes with great economical and technical advantages mainly due to the mild physicochemical environment. Nowadays, the use of ATPS as a bioengineering technique is approaching an era where new possibilities are being explored to maximize their use and implementation in the development of novel practical applications and tools. In this context, ‘intelligent’ polymers are being used as phase forming chemicals in ATPS in route to process integration. Extractive fermentation in ATPS is being re‐evaluated with the aim of effectively growing microorganisms while recovering their fermentation products in different phases. ATPS are also being used as a tool for refolding of proteins. There are also several innovative efforts being made towards implementing this bioengineering tool as a continuous process moving away from traditional batch operations. In general, the possibilities of implementing ATPS in different bioprocessing aspects are growing considerably and gaining importance. This review aims to present the novel trends in the use and development of ATPS strategies as complete bioengineering tools and to provide a full perspective of their possibilities in the near future. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
The mean order of sub‐k‐trees of k‐trees
Authors: Stephens Alexander M. , Oellermann Ortrud R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article focuses on the problem of determining the mean orders of sub‐k‐trees of k‐trees. It is shown that the problem of finding the mean order of all sub‐k‐trees containing a given k‐clique C, can be reduced to the previously studied problem of finding the mean order of subtrees of a tree that contain a given vertex. This problem is extended in two ways. The first of these extensions focuses on the mean order of sub‐k‐trees containing a given sub‐k‐tree. The second extension focuses on the expected number of r‐cliques, , in a randomly chosen sub‐k‐tree containing a fixed sub‐k‐tree X. Sharp lower bounds for both invariants are derived. The article concludes with a study of global mean orders of sub‐k‐trees of a k‐tree. For a k‐tree, from the class of simple‐clique k‐trees, it is shown that the mean order of its sub‐k‐trees is asymptotically equal to the mean subtree order of its dual. For general k‐trees a recursive generating function for the number of sub‐k‐trees of a given k‐tree T is derived.
Study of gas‐phase reactions of NO2+ with aromatic compounds using proton transfer reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry
Authors: Li Jianquan , Du Xubing , Guo Teng , Peng Zhen , Xu Li , Dong Junguo , Cheng Ping , Zhou Zhen 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe study of ion chemistry involving the NO2+ is currently the focus of considerable fundamental interest and is relevant in diverse fields ranging from mechanistic organic chemistry to atmospheric chemistry. A very intense source of NO2+ was generated by injecting the products from the dielectric barrier discharge of a nitrogen and oxygen mixture upstream into the drift tube of a proton transfer reaction time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (PTR‐TOF‐MS) apparatus with H3O+ as the reagent ion. The NO2+ intensity is controllable and related to the dielectric barrier discharge operation conditions and ratio of oxygen to nitrogen. The purity of NO2+ can reach more than 99% after optimization. Using NO2+ as the chemical reagent ion, the gas‐phase reactions of NO2+ with 11 aromatic compounds were studied by PTR‐TOF‐MS. The reaction rate coefficients for these reactions were measured, and the product ions and their formation mechanisms were analyzed. All the samples reacted with NO2+ rapidly with reaction rate coefficients being close to the corresponding capture ones. In addition to electron transfer producing [M]+, oxygen ion transfer forming [MO]+, and 3‐body association forming [M·NO2]+, a new product ion [M−C]+ was also formed owing to the loss of C═O from [MO]+.This work not only developed a new chemical reagent ion NO2+ based on PTR‐MS but also provided significant interesting fundamental data on reactions involving aromatic compounds, which will probably broaden the applications of PTR‐MS to measure these compounds in the atmosphere in real time.
Evaluation of Grenache, Graciano and Tempranillo grape stilbene content after field applications of elicitors and nitrogen compounds
Authors: Portu Javier , López Rosa , Ewald Philipp , Santamaría Pilar , Winterhalter Peter , Garde‐Cerdán Teresa 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDStilbenes have a significant biological activity and are one of the most important non‐flavonoid contributors to grape and wine health‐related properties. The accumulation of this class of compounds could be favored by viticultural practices such as the application of biostimulants. However, stilbene concentration also depends on several factors, including, for example, grape variety. Therefore, the aim of this work was to study the influence of foliar treatments carried out with elicitors (methyl jasmonate (MeJ) and a commercial foliar spray (YD)) and nitrogen compounds (phenylalanine and urea) on the grape stilbene composition of three varieties: Grenache, Graciano and Tempranillo. An ultra‐high‐pressure liquid chromatographic methodology was validated for stilbene determination.RESULTSResults showed that, despite the huge influence of the grape variety, YD significantly improved stilbene composition in Grenache and Graciano, while MeJ increased the stilbene content in Graciano and Tempranillo. As for the nitrogen treatments, phenylalanine significantly increased the stilbene concentration in Graciano, while urea treatment increased it in Tempranillo. However, the application of elicitors had a greater effect than the nitrogen compounds.CONCLUSIONOverall, the foliar application of the elicitors could be a suitable practice for increasing the amount of stilbenes in grape and, therefore, its nutraceutical properties. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effect of Peri‐urban Development and Lithology on Streamflow in a Mediterranean Catchment
Authors: Ferreira Carla S.S. , Walsh Rory P.D. , Steenhuis Tammo S. , Ferreira António J.D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPredicting the impact of urbanization on the hydrology of peri‐urban catchments remains a challenge. Using data from nine streamflow gauges installed in a small Portuguese catchment, this study investigates the streamflow responses over a 3‐year period. The catchment comprises unique nested sub‐catchments, characterized by varying proportions of non‐urban land‐use (17–97%) and impermeable surfaces (6–36%), distances between the urban areas and the stream network and storm drainage systems (piped versus dispersed) and overlying distinct lithologies consisting of sandstone and limestone.The results show that in the peri‐urban catchment (39% urban and 22% impervious surfaces) most water infiltrated and annual storm runoff varied between 9% and 13% of rainfall. In urban sub‐catchments (≈50% urban), 29% of rainfall became storm runoff on sandstone and 17% on limestone. In sub‐catchments with more than 80% forest, storm runoff coefficients were averaged 6% independent of the lithology. Sub‐catchments with storm runoff drainage systems and downslope urban areas had shorter response times (<20 min) than dispersed urban sub‐catchments, in which part of the runoff infiltrated, and the response time was up to 1 h. Baseflow contributed between 25–33% upstream and 37–38% downstream of the sandstone total runoff, but was less than 5% in limestone areas independent of location. Hydrological impacts of urbanization may be minimized in planning through disconnecting the urban areas from the stream network, thereby enabling runoff from impervious areas to infiltrate into the soil in downstream forest patches before reaching the stream. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Quantification of Pełczyński's property (V)
Authors: Krulišová Hana 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA Banach space X has Pełczyński's property (V) if for every Banach space Y every unconditionally converging operator is weakly compact. In 1962, Aleksander Pełczyński showed that spaces for a compact Hausdorff space K enjoy the property (V), and some generalizations of this theorem have been proved since then. We introduce several possibilities of quantifying the property (V). We prove some characterizations of the introduced quantitative versions of this property, which allow us to prove a quantitative version of Pelczynski's result about spaces and generalize it. Finally, we study the relationship of several properties of operators including weak compactness and unconditional convergence, and using the results obtained we establish a relation between quantitative versions of the property (V) and quantitative versions of other well known properties of Banach spaces.
A novel leadless, miniature implantable Tibial Nerve Neuromodulation System for the management of overactive bladder complaints
Authors: Heesakkers John P. F. A. , Digesu Guiseppe A. , van Breda Jetske , Van Kerrebroeck Philip , Elneil Sohier 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundOveractive bladder is a chronic condition affecting lower urinary tract function that has a significant negative impact on QoL.ObjectiveEvaluation of the BlueWind implantable tibial nerve system performance and safety in refractory OAB.Design, Setting, and Participants InterventionA 6‐month multi‐center prospective intervention study.Outcome Measurements and Statistical AnalysisObjective assessment was done by voiding diary parameters including voids/day, volume voided/day, urgency assessment, leaking episodes/day, pads used/day, leak severity, and clinical success defined as a ≥50% reduction in the number of leaks/day or number of voids/day or number of episodes with degree of urgency >2 or a return to <8 voids/day on a 3 Day diary. Subjective assessment was based on OAB‐q including HRQL and symptom severity score. Safety was evaluated by adverse event (AE) analysis.Results and LimitationsThirty‐four of the 36 implanted subjects completed the study. One subject withdrew voluntarily and one developed inflammation necessitating removal of the system. In the remaining subjects, 71% experienced clinical success at 6 months. Leaks/day, leak severity, and pad changes/day decreased significantly over time with 27.6% of urge incontinence subjects that became “dry.” Voids/day, degree of urgency, volume/void, pads changed improved significantly. All quality of life aspects (concern, coping, sleep, and social) improved as well as symptom severity scores measured by the OAB‐q. Adverse events included: implant site pain (13.9%), suspected infection (22.2%), and procedural wound complications (8.3%).ConclusionsThe BlueWind implantable tibial nerve stimulator is a safe, minimally invasive system that affords OAB patients significant improvements.Patient SummaryThe performance and safety of the BlueWind RENOVA™ implantable tibial nerve neuromodulator for OAB was tested. Our preliminary results demonstrate that the system has a low risk safety profile and may be considered an effective treatment option for OAB management.
A review of diffusion MRI of typical white matter development from early childhood to young adulthood
Authors: Lebel Catherine , Treit Sarah , Beaulieu Christian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUnderstanding typical, healthy brain development provides a baseline from which to detect and characterize brain anomalies associated with various neurological or psychiatric disorders and diseases. Diffusion MRI is well suited to study white matter development, as it can virtually extract individual tracts and yield parameters that may reflect alterations in the underlying neural micro‐structure (e.g. myelination, axon density, fiber coherence), though it is limited by its lack of specificity and other methodological concerns. This review summarizes the last decade of diffusion imaging studies of healthy white matter development spanning childhood to early adulthood (4–35 years). Conclusions about anatomical location, rates, and timing of white matter development with age are discussed, as well as the influence of image acquisition, analysis, age range/sample size, and statistical model. Despite methodological variability between studies, some consistent findings have emerged from the literature. Specifically, diffusion studies of neurodevelopment overwhelmingly demonstrate regionally varying increases of fractional anisotropy and decreases of mean diffusivity during childhood and adolescence, some of which continue into adulthood. While most studies use linear fits to model age‐related changes, studies with sufficient sample sizes and age range provide clear evidence that white matter development (as indicated by diffusion) is non‐linear. Several studies further suggest that maturation in association tracts with frontal‐temporal connections continues later than commissural and projection tracts. The emerging contributions of more advanced diffusion methods are also discussed, as they may reveal new aspects of white matter development. Although non‐specific, diffusion changes may reflect increases of myelination, axonal packing, and/or coherence with age that may be associated with changes in cognition.
A stable and optimally convergent LaTIn‐CutFEM algorithm for multiple unilateral contact problems
Authors: Claus Susanne , Kerfriden Pierre 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn this paper, we propose a novel unfitted finite element method for the simulation of multiple body contact. The computational mesh is generated independently of the geometry of the interacting solids, which can be arbitrarily complex. The key novelty of the approach is the combination of elements of the CutFEM technology, namely, the enrichment of the solution field via the definition of overlapping fictitious domains with a dedicated penalty‐type regularisation of discrete operators and the LaTIn hybrid‐mixed formulation of complex interface conditions. Furthermore, the novel P1‐P1 discretisation scheme that we propose for the unfitted LaTIn solver is shown to be stable, robust, and optimally convergent with mesh refinement. Finally, the paper introduces a high‐performance 3D level set/CutFEM framework for the versatile and robust solution of contact problems involving multiple bodies of complex geometries, with more than 2 bodies interacting at a single point.