bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigating colour vision and its structural correlates 15 years following a first demyelinating event
Authors: Yam Charmaine , Brownlee Wallace J , Prados Carrasco Ferran , Toosy Ahmed , Ciccarelli Olga 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundWe investigated the long-term colour and contrast vision outcomes, 15 years after a first demyelinating event, with their structural correlates using optical coherence tomography (OCT) and brain MRI.MethodsPatients recruited with their first demyelinating event, were invited~15 years later to undergo clinical assessments, OCT and brain MRI and were clinically classified according to multiple sclerosis (MS) phenotypes. Linear mixed models evaluated associations between visual outcomes, MS phenotypes and OCT measures.Results94 patients were evaluated after a median of 14.3 years. 111 eyes affected by optic neuritis and 77 unaffected eyes were studied. Optic neuritis eyes displayed worse colour vision than unaffected eyes. Unaffected eyes showed worse colour vision in relapsing-remitting MS and secondary progressive MS (SPMS) than clinically isolated syndrome, while no similar discriminatory ability was seen for OCT measures. However, ganglion cell inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) was superior to peripapillary retinal nerve fibre layer (pRNFL) in predicting all visual outcomes. Worse colour vision was associated with lower retinal thicknesses and higher brain T2 lesion load; adding MRI volumetrics to macular GCIPL predictors did not improve model prediction of visual outcomes.ConclusionsColour vision was impaired in unaffected eyes, especially in SPMS. GCIPL thinning underpinned this impairment more than pRNFL, suggesting neuroaxonal loss as the pathobiological substrate. The correlation between worse colour vision and increasing T2 lesion load suggests that colour dysfunction reflects overall greater disease burden. Quantitative evaluation of colour vision in addition to OCT may be useful to assess disease severity in patients after a first demyelinating event.
Dotless Arabic Text for Natural Language Processing
Authors: Al-Shaibani Maged S. , Ahmad Irfan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This article introduces a novel representation of Arabic text as an alternative approach for Arabic NLP, inspired by the dotless script of ancient Arabic. We explored this representation through extensive analysis on various text corpora, differing in size and domain, and tokenized using multiple tokenization techniques. Furthermore, we examined the information density of this representation and compared it with the standard dotted Arabic text using text entropy analysis. Utilizing parallel corpora, we also drew comparisons between Arabic and English text analysis to gain additional insights. Our investigation extended to various upstream and downstream NLP tasks, including language modeling, text classification, sequence labeling, and machine translation, examining the implications of both the representations. Specifically, we performed seven different downstream tasks using various tokenization schemes comparing the standard dotted text with dotless Arabic text representations. Performance using both the representations were comparable across different tokenizations. However, dotless representation achieves these results with significant reduction in vocabulary sizes, and in some scenarios showing reduction of up to 50%. Additionally, we present a system that restores dots to the dotless Arabic text. This system is useful for tasks that require Arabic texts as output.
What’s in a Name: The Fulfillment Metaphor in Biblical Hebrew
Authors: Branton Emily 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
English speakers habitually imagine and describe words as conduits through which ideas are communicated—a cognitive framework known as the “Conduit Metaphor.” Expressions of this metaphor represent words as “full” or “empty” of information or emotions. In Biblical Hebrew, however, when utterances are described as “empty” they are inefficacious, and when they are “filled” they are enacted: a metaphorical model this article describes as the “Fulfillment Metaphor.” This juxtaposition between cognitive metaphorical models reveals a more fundamental difference in how ancient Israelite and Judean authors imagined the phenomenon of speech. This difference was recognized by earlier scholarship, though these analyses were subsequently challenged on methodological grounds. In addition to introducing and describing the function of the “fulfillment metaphor” in Biblical Hebrew, this article argues that Conceptual Metaphor Theory can be used not only to describe metaphorical models within the Hebrew Bible, but also as a critical and comparative philological tool.
Exploratory analysis of the genetic diversity for two Phyllodactylus species in contrasting environments
Authors: Ramírez-Reyes Tonatiuh 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Historically, the genetic diversity of insular species and populations has generally been considered to be lower with respect to their continental counterparts. In this study, I compare for first time the genetic diversity of two gecko species, Phyllodactylus angelensis and P. magnus, that inhabit contrasting environments in Mexico (island and mainland, respectively). Utilizing genomic data for both species generated through genotyping by sequencing (GBS), I performed paired comparisons of various genetic diversity indices analyzing thousands of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) variants. The majority of genetic diversity indices demonstrated very similar values between both species, while the observed heterozygosity and genetic diversity within populations was higher for the insular species. The results do not support the generalized assumption of lower genetic diversity in island species. Key aspects such as the effective population size of founders, gene flow, and shared life histories may be involved in explaining the observed pattern.
The Social, Educational, and Early Military Backgrounds of Senior Officers of the British Army of the Second World War, 1944–1945
Authors: Frost Mark Richard 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Seventy-eight officers held senior command positions at army, corps, and divisional level in Britain’s three main field armies – the Second (North-West Europe), Eighth (Italy), and Fourteenth (Burma) – at the end of the Second World War. Using a range of source material, including their private papers, this article examines their socio-economic and family background, education, and early career development and finds that as a group, they were more representative of the middling classes than heretofore depicted. They were also far more diverse in education and place of birth: twenty-one were born outside Britain. As this article argues, the make-up of the three armies also differed, suggesting the formation of a more elite, home-grown, ‘first team’ for service with the Second Army in North-West Europe.
Chapter 4
Authors: Rudy Kathryn M. 
Published: September 2024

Late-medieval courtiers had a voracious appetite for literature and commissioned works that ranged from historical and religious narratives to romantic and didactic literature. They especially had a taste for rhyming texts, which they patronized and performed. This literature, including the chivalric tales and the "Mirror for Princes" guides to statecraft, not only provided entertainment but also served to affirm the identity and legitimacy of the nobility.
The chapter treats a few examples in depth, including a copy of Gautier de Coinci's "Miracles of Our Lady" manuscript, which was read aloud in court. Marks of wear on the folios reveal that the recitations were accompanied by the physical interaction with images. The manuscript reveals how performance, which involved touching and gesturing to the illuminations, enhanced audience engagement, thereby merging visual art with storytelling.
The chapter further explores the shift from Latin to vernacular literature, the versification of prose, and the implications for literacy and the use of manuscripts beyond ecclesiastical or administrative contexts. It discusses the transition from silent, solitary reading to the auditory experience of public readings, contrasting scholarly debates on this shift and presenting evidence of performance practices, such as the use of prolectors.
Ultimately, the chapter underscores how courtly life was reflected and shaped by its literature, with manuscripts functioning as performative objects that engaged audiences and readers in a shared cultural and educational experience. The chapter concludes by suggesting that this interaction with texts and images was not just for entertainment but also a part of the court's ritualistic and moral instruction.
Improved Sea Level Reconstruction from 1900 to 2019
Authors: Wang Jinping , Church John A. , Zhang Xuebin , Chen Xianyao 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Before the satellite era, global sea level reconstructions depended on tide gauge records and in situ hydrographic observations. However, the available global mean sea level (GMSL) reconstructions, using different methods, indicate a spread in sea level trend over 1900–2008 (1.3 ∼ 2.0 mm yr−1). With better understanding of the causes of sea level change, here we implement an improved sea level reconstruction, building upon previous work by Church and White, and include three additional factors: the sea level fingerprints, the sterodynamic sea level (SDSL) climate change patterns, and more complete local vertical land motion (VLM) estimates. The trend of new GMSL reconstruction is 1.6 ± 0.2 mm yr−1 (90% confidence level) over 1900–2019, consistent with the sum of observation-based sea level contributions of 1.5 ± 0.2 mm yr−1. The lower trend from the new reconstruction compared with the earlier Church and White result is mainly due to the updated VLM correction. The inclusion of sea level fingerprints and SDSL climate change patterns are the dominant contributors for the improved skill of regional reconstruction. Despite GMSL budget closure in terms of long-term trend since 1900, our study shows discrepancies between the trends from available GMSL reconstructions and the sum of independent observation-based contributions over different periods in the twentieth century, e.g., the discrepancy at the beginning of the twentieth century, which could be related to possible bias in the land ice component estimate. The reconstruction methodology developed here, as tested with synthetic sea level fields, could provide a promising way to identify potential biases in the individual sea level components constrained by available global tide gauge observations.
Observation Definitions and Their Implications in Machine Learning–Based Predictions of Excessive Rainfall
Authors: Hill Aaron J. , Schumacher Russ S. , Green Mitchell L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The implications of definitions of excessive rainfall observations on machine learning model forecast skill are assessed using the Colorado State University Machine Learning Probabilities (CSU-MLP) forecast system. The CSU-MLP uses historical observations along with reforecasts from a global ensemble to train random forests to probabilistically predict excessive rainfall events. Here, random forest models are trained using two distinct rainfall datasets, one that is composed of fixed-frequency (FF) average recurrence intervals exceedances and flash flood reports and the other a compilation of flooding and rainfall proxies [Unified Flood Verification System (UFVS)]. Both models generate 1–3-day forecasts and are evaluated against a climatological baseline to characterize their overall skill as a function of lead time, season, and region. Model comparisons suggest that regional frequencies in excessive rainfall observations contribute to when and where the ML models issue forecasts and subsequently their skill and reliability. Additionally, the spatiotemporal distribution of observations has implications for ML model training requirements, notably, how long of an observational record is needed to obtain skillful forecasts. Experiments reveal that shorter-trained UFVS-based models can be as skillful as longer-trained FF-based models. In essence, the UFVS dataset exhibits a more robust characterization of excessive rainfall and impacts, and machine learning models trained on more representative datasets of meteorological hazards may not require as extensive training to generate skillful forecasts.

Significance Statement
Machine learning (ML) models have shown significant promise in recent years when used to predict high-impact weather hazards. Here, we explore two similarly trained ML models tasked with predicting excessive rainfall, but they use datasets that define excessive rainfall differently. We explore how definitions of excessive rainfall, for example, an amount of rainfall that would be expected to fall once per year, contribute to forecast skill through where these observations are reported. Generally, we find that the two models have substantial skill relative to climatology out to 3 days, but skill varies by geographical region and season in part because of the distribution of observations geographically. These results suggest that careful attention should be paid to how ML models are trained to predict meteorological hazards like excessive rainfall.
The preliminary study of delta checks for immunoglobulins and complements in the clinical laboratory
Authors: Gong Xiangmei , He Shukang , Luo Li , Ding Chunyu , Qin Xin , Yuan Yilong , Cai Pengcheng , Yang Lihua 
Published: September 2024

Background To determine delta check limits for immunoglobulins and complements in outpatients and inpatients based on patient data and biological variation due to the lack of relevant studies. Methods Patient data for IgA, IgG, IgM, IgE, C3, and C4 from 1 January 2022 to 31 December 2023 was collected from laboratory information system (LIS) in our clinical laboratory of Wuhan Union Hospital, which includes both outpatients and inpatients. The delta difference (DD), delta percent change (DPC), and reference change value (RCV) were calculated based on patient data and biological variation. Results For DDs, there are significant differences between outpatients and inpatients in C4, IgE, IgG, and IgM. For DPCs, the corresponding analytes which are significantly different are C3, C4, IgE, IgG, and IgM. Two sources of CVI to calculate the RCV of IgA, IgG, IgM, C3, and C4 were applied in this study, which revealed that two kinds of RCVs based on different biological variation databases are similar to each other, but both were smaller than delta check limits based on patient data, except for C4. Conclusions The delta check is a useful tool to monitor potential errors which may occur in total testing process. We hope our findings could be helpful for future studies focused on delta checks in immunological analytes.
The impact of the Cochlear™ Osia® 2 System on patients with mixed or conductive hearing loss: A comparison with Cochlear™ Baha® Attract System outcomes
Authors: Park Kyeong-Suk , Kim Hong-Chan , Lee Sungsu , Cho Hyong-Ho 
Published: September 2024

Objective This prospective study assessed the efficacy of the Cochlear™ Osia® 2 System compared to the previous Baha® Attract System in patients with mixed or conductive hearing loss (MHL/CHL). Methods In this prospective case-control study, 10 patients (2 men and 8 women) with MHL/CHL were implanted with the Osia® 2 System. Their audiological outcomes were compared with 13 patients (2 men and 11 women) who had previously been implanted with the transcutaneous Baha® Attract system. We compared the complications and compliance of the two groups. Also, in the Osia 2 System group, subjective satisfaction was assessed using the Korean version of the International Outcome Inventory for Hearing Aids (K-IOI-HA) questionnaire and the Abbreviated Profile of Hearing Aid Benefit (APHAB) questionnaire. Results Complications such as poor magnetization, pain & infection, and abnormal noise were more common in the Baha Attract group, although not statistically significant. Also, the Osia 2 group exhibited better compliance. Subjective satisfaction was assessed using the K-IOI-HA and APHAB questionnaires with the Osia 2 group, revealing significantly improved scores in ease of communication, reverberation, background noise, and higher K-IOI-HA scores post-implantation. Postoperative-aided thresholds with both systems were significantly lower than preoperative-unaided thresholds, with the Osia 2 System demonstrating notably high satisfaction levels. Although both systems showed similar preoperative and postoperative word-recognition scores, the Osia 2 System provided greater audiological gain, especially at 2 kHz and 4 kHz frequencies. Additionally, the functional gain of both systems was comparable across all frequencies. Conclusions The Osia 2 System demonstrated high subjective satisfaction and improved audiological outcomes compared to the Baha Attract system in patients with conductive or mixed hearing loss. Its superior audiological gain, particularly at critical frequencies, along with better compliance, suggests it as a favorable option for this patient population.
Safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitor BI 474121: An overview of phase I randomized trials in healthy volunteers
Authors: Schaible Jennifer , Scholz Andreas , Goeldner Rainer-Georg , Yamamura Norio 
Published: September 2024

Background: Cognitive impairment associated with schizophrenia predicts poor functional outcomes, but currently no efficacious pharmacotherapies are available. Aims: Four phase I trials examined the safety, tolerability and pharmacokinetics of the phosphodiesterase 2 inhibitor BI 474121, along with potential drug–drug interactions. Methods: Trial 1 evaluated single rising doses (SRDs) of BI 474121 versus placebo in healthy males. The influence of drug formulation and food on drug bioavailability was also examined. Trial 2 evaluated SRD of BI 474121 versus placebo in healthy Japanese males. Trial 3 evaluated multiple rising doses of BI 474121 in healthy young (with/without midazolam) and elderly (without midazolam) participants versus placebo. Trial 4 investigated interactions between itraconazole and single-dose BI 474121 in healthy males. Results/Outcomes: No deaths, serious adverse events (AEs), severe AEs or protocol-specified AEs of special interest were observed. BI 474121 absorbed rapidly during fasting, achieved maximum concentration of analyte in plasma and dose proportionality via tablet formulation, and decreased in a multiphasic manner. BI 474121 steady state occurred within 11 days of multiple oral administration. Multiple doses increased BI 474121 plasma concentrations, but did not alter the time course of plasma concentrations. Urinary excretion of unchanged BI 474121 was negligible. No clinically relevant inhibition or induction of CYP3A4 by BI 474121 was observed. Itraconazole co-administration produced higher exposures of BI 474121 versus BI 474121 alone. Conclusions/Interpretation: BI 474121 demonstrated favourable safety and pharmacokinetic profiles in healthy Caucasian and Japanese individuals, supporting further clinical development.
Erroneous Automated WBC Differentials—A Case Series
Authors: Soni Mamta , Sundaram Supraja 
Published: September 2024

Background and Aims: Peroxidase deficiency is one of the commonly inherited phagocytic defects. It has been also found to exist as a transient phenomenon in association with some clinical conditions. But that it can interfere and cause erroneous automated differential WBC count is something which is not commonly known. Materials and methods: Complete blood counts were analysed using Advia 2120i and Coulter DXH 900 haematology analysers and manually reviewed on peripheral blood smear stained with Leishman stain. Results: Peroxidase deficiency in neutrophils and eosinophils resulted in them getting counted as monocytes by the analyser causing pseudomonocytosis, pseudoneutropenia and pseudoeosinopenia. These were detected by a slide review and by reanalysing the samples on an analyser which worked on a different principle. Conclusion: There is a need to confirm monocytosis given by analysers working on the peroxidase principle with an alternate method. This will prevent needless medical investigations for pseudoneutropenia, pseudoeosinopenia and persistent monocytosis, thus preventing unwarranted mental agony and financial burden to patients. It also helps to save the laboratory’s reputation. A careful review of instrument flags not only helps reach an accurate result but sometimes they can also aid in the diagnosis of a rare potential genetic disorder like MPO deficiency.
Oncologic Outcome of Patients With Pathologic T0 Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma After Neoadjuvant Chemoradiotherapy
Authors: Chen Shao-bin , Wang Xin , Chen Yu-ping 
Published: September 2024

Background and Objective To investigate the oncologic outcomes of patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) who have achieved a pathologic complete response (pCR) of the primary tumor (ypT0) after neoadjuvant chemoradiotherapy (NCRT). Methods Patients with thoracic ESCC who underwent scheduled NCRT followed by surgery at our hospital between January 2010 and December 2022 were retrospectively analyzed. Only patients with ypT0 disease were enrolled in this study. Results A total of 118 patients were ultimately enrolled in this study. Ninety-two patients achieved pCR in the primary tumor and lymph nodes (ypT0N0), while 26 patients had residual metastatic disease in 52 lymph nodes (ypT0N+). Forty-five of the 52 lymph nodes with residual tumors were abdominal lymph nodes. Positive lymph nodes were more often observed in patients with tumors located in the lower third of the esophagus. The 1-, 3-, and 5-year overall survival (OS) rates for the entire study group were 96.5%, 79.5%, and 77.1%, and the 1-, 3-, and 5-year disease-free survival (DFS) rates were 90.5%, 76.8%, and 69.0%, respectively. According to multivariate analyses, pN classification was an independent predictor of both OS and DFS ( P < 0.05), while sex and cT classification were also found to be independent prognostic factors for DFS ( P < 0.05). Conclusions Residual nodal metastatic disease in patients with ypT0 ESCC after NCRT was more often found in the abdominal lymph nodes. pN classification was an independent predictor of both OS and DFS for ypT0 ESCC patients after NCRT.
Doxophylline With Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia: A Case Report
Authors: Yu Dandan , Liu Min , Tang Wei 
Published: September 2024

Purpose: We report a case of a patient experiencing paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia after infusing doxophylline. Methods: Clinical evaluations and the electrocardiogram were performed by specialists. Findings: Our patient felt palpitations and chest distress after intravenous Doxophylline. The electrocardiogram showed paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia. There was no evidence to prove that there was any problem with his heart, liver, and kidney. According to the Naranjo Adverse Drug Reaction probability scale, paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia has a probable relationship with Doxophylline. Implications: The paroxysmal supraventricular tachycardia is a rare but reasonable adverse reaction of Doxophylline, which should be paid more attention.