bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unexpected side effects of inline substitution
Authors: Cooper Keith D. , Hall Mary W. , Torczon Linda 
Published: July 2002

The structure of a program can encode implicit information that changes both the shape and speed of the generated code. Interprocedural transformations like inlining often discard such information; using interprocedural data-flow information as a basis for optimization can have the same effect.
In the course of a study on inline substitution with commercial FORTRAN compilers, we encountered unexpected performance problems in one of the programs. This paper describes the specific problem that we encountered, explores its origins, and examines the ability of several analytical techniques to help the compiler avoid similar problems.
Fault-tolerant wait-free shared objects
Authors: Jayanti Prasad , Chandra Tushar Deepak , Toueg Sam 
Published: July 2002

Wait-free implementations of shared objects tolerate the failure of processes, but not the failure of base objects from which they are implemented. We consider the problem of implementing shared objects that tolerate the failure of both processes and base objects.We identify two classes of object failures:responsiveandnonresponsive. With responsive failures, a faulty object responds to every operation, but its responses may be incorrect. With nonresponsive failures, a faulty object may also “hang” without responding. In each class, we definecrash, omission,andarbitrarymodes of failure.We show that all responsive failure modes can be tolerated. More precisely, for all responsive failure modes ℱ, object typesT, andt≥ 0, we show how to implement a shared object of typeTwhich ist-tolerant for ℱ. Such an object remains correct and wait-free even if up totbase objects fail according to ℱ. In contrast to responsive failures, we show that even the most benign non-responsive failure mode cannot be tolerated. We also show that randomization can be used to circumvent this impossibility result.Graceful degradationis a desirable property of fault-tolerant implementations: the implemented object never fails more severely than the base objects it is derived from, even if all the base objects fail. For several failure modes, we show wheter this property can be achieved, and, if so, how.
Process migration
Authors: Milojičić Dejan S. , Douglis Fred , Paindaveine Yves , Wheeler Richard , Zhou Songnian 
Published: July 2002

Process migration is the act of transferring a process between two machines. It enables dynamic load distribution, fault resilience, eased system administration, and data access locality. Despite these goals and ongoing research efforts, migration has not achieved widespread use. With the increasing deployment of distributed systems in general, and distributed operating systems in particular, process migration is again receiving more attention in both research and product development. As high-performance facilities shift from supercomputers to networks of workstations, and with the ever-increasing role of the World Wide Web, we expect migration to play a more important role and eventually to be widely adopted.
This survey reviews the field of process migration by summarizing the key concepts and giving an overview of the most important implementations. Design and implementation issues of process migration are analyzed in general, and then revisited for each of the case studies described: MOSIX, Sprite, Mach, and Load Sharing Facility. The benefits and drawbacks of process migration depend on the details of implementation and, therefore, this paper focuses on practical matters. This survey will help in understanding the potentials of process migration and why it has not caught on.
The Historical Archaeology of Native Americans
Authors: Rubertone Patricia E. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Historical archaeologists have given relatively scant attention to the study of Native Americans. Despite the potential to contribute to new understandings about Native peoples during and after European contact, the research commitment has been ambivalent at best. In this review, I ground this relationship in early debates about the field's subject matter and concurrent discussions in anthropology about direct-historical and acculturation models. In addition, I highlight currents in research that have refined these approaches as well as those that have charted new directions. The latter are notable for helping comprehend the role of place and tradition in Native peoples' lives, but also for reminding us of the complexities of identity construction in America after European contact. I reason that historical archaeology's use of multiple sources, if linked creatively, can be crucial in producing knowledge about the past that illuminates the rich diversity of experiences among Native Americans.“Did these occurrences have a paradigm…that went back in time? Or are we working out the minor details of a strictly random pattern?” Erdrich ( 1998 :240)“…all of us remembering what we have heard together—that creates the whole story the long story of the people.” Silko ( 1981 :7)
CHEMOPREVENTION OF LUNG CANCER: The Rise and Demise of Beta-Carotene
Authors: Omenn Gilbert S. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Beta-carotene and retinoids were the most promising agents against common cancers when the National Cancer Institute mounted a substantial program of population-based trials in the early 1980s. Both major lung cancer chemoprevention trials not only showed no benefit, but had significant increases in lung cancer incidence and in cardiovascular and total mortality. A new generation of laboratory research has been stimulated. Rational public health recommendations at this time include: 1. Five-A-Day servings of fruits and vegetables, a doubling of current mean intake; 2. systematic investigation of the covariates of extremes of fruit and vegetable intake; 3. discouragement of beta-carotene supplement use, due to adverse effects in smokers and no evidence of benefit in non-smokers; 4. multilevel research to develop and evaluate candidate chemoprevention agents to prevent lung and other common cancers; and 5. continued priority for smoking prevention, smoking cessation, and avoidance of known carcinogens in the environment.
A Neural Model of Smooth Pursuit Control and Motion Perception by Cortical Area MST
Authors: Pack Christopher , Grossberg Stephen , Mingolla Ennio 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Smooth pursuit eye movements (SPEMs) are eye rotations that are used to maintain fixation on a moving target. Such rotations complicate the interpretation of the retinal image, because they nullify the retinal motion of the target, while generating retinal motion of stationary objects in the background. This poses a problem for the oculomotor system, which must track the stabilized target image while suppressing the optokinetic reflex, which would move the eye in the direction of the retinal background motion (opposite to the direction in which the target is moving). Similarly, the perceptual system must estimate the actual direction and speed of moving objects in spite of the confounding effects of the eye rotation. This paper proposes a neural model to account for the ability of primates to accomplish these tasks. The model simulates the neurophysiological properties of cell types found in the superior temporal sulcus of the macaque monkey, specifically the medial superior temporal (MST) region. These cells process signals related to target motion, background motion, and receive an efference copy of eye velocity during pursuit movements. The model focuses on the interactions between cells in the ventral and dorsal subdivisions of MST, which are hypothesized to process target velocity and background motion, respectively. The model explains how these signals can be combined to explain behavioral data about pursuit maintenance and perceptual data from human studies, including the Aubert-Fleischl phenomenon and the Filehne Illusion, thereby clarifying the functional significance of neurophysiological data about these MST cell properties. It is suggested that the connectivity used in the model may represent a general strategy used by the brain in analyzing the visual world.
Interference with Performance of a Response Selection Task that has no Working Memory Component: An rTMS Comparison of the Dorsolateral Prefrontal and Medial Frontal Cortex
Authors: Hadland K. A. , Rushworth M. F. S. , Passingham R. E. , Jahanshahi M. , Rothwell J. C. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
It has been suggested that the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC) is involved in free selection (FS), the process by which subjects themselves decide what action to perform. Evidence for this proposal has been provided by imaging studies showing activation of the DLPFC when subjects randomly generate responses. However, these response selection tasks have a hidden working memory element and it has been widely reported that the DLPFC is activated when subjects perform tasks which involve working memory. The primary aim of this experiment was to establish if the DLPFC is genuinely involved in response selection. We used repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) to investigate whether temporary interference of the DLPFC could disrupt performance of a response selection task that had no working memory component. Subjects performed tasks in which they made bimanual sequences of eight nonrepeating finger movements. In the FS task, subjects chose their movements at random while a computer monitor displayed these moves. This visual feedback obviated the need for subjects to maintain their previous moves “on-line.” No selection was required for the two control tasks as responses were cued by the visual display. The attentional demands of the control tasks varied. In the high load (HL) version, subjects had to maintain their attention throughout the sequence, but this requirement was absent in the low load (LL) task. rTMS over the DLPFC slowed response times on the FS task and at the end of the sequence on the HL task, but had no effect on the LL task. rTMS over the medial frontal cortex (MFC) slowed response times on the FS task but had no effect on the HL task. This suggests that a response selection task without a working memory load will depend on the DLPFC and the MFC. The difference appears to be that the DLPFC is important when selecting between competing responses or when concentrating if there is a high attentional demand, but that the MFC is only important during the response selection task.
Emotion and Attention Interaction Studied through Event-Related Potentials
Authors: Carretié Luis , Martín-Loeches Manuel , Hinojosa José Antonio , Mercado Francisco 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeveral studies on hemodynamic brain activity indicate that emotional visual stimuli elicit greater activation than neutral stimuli in attention-related areas such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) and the visual association cortex (VAC). In order to explore the temporo-spatial characteristics of the interaction between attention and emotion, two processes characterized by involving short and rapid phases, event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured in 29 subjects using a 60-electrode array and the LORETA source localization software. A cue/target paradigm was employed in order to investigate both expectancy-related and input processing related attention. Four categories of stimuli were presented to subjects: positive arousing, negative arousing, relaxing, and neutral. Three attention-related components were finally analyzed: N280pre (from pretarget ERPs), P200post and P340post (both from posttarget ERPs). N280pre had a prefrontal focus (ACC and/or medial prefrontal cortex) and presented significantly lower amplitudes in response to cues announcing negative targets. This result suggests a greater capacity of nonaversive stimuli to generate expectancy-related attention. P200post and P340post were both elicited in the VAC, and showed their highest amplitudes in response to negative- and to positive-arousing stimuli, respectively. The origin of P200post appears to be located dorsally with respect to the clear ventral-stream origin of P340post. The conjunction of temporal and spatial characteristics of P200post and P340post leads to the deduction that input processing-related attention associated with emotional visual stimulation involves an initial, rapid, and brief ‘early’ attentional response oriented to rapid motor action, being more prominent towards negative stimulation. This is followed by a slower but longer ‘late’ attentional response oriented to deeper processing, elicited to a greater extent by appetitive stimulation.
Blindsight in Subjects with Homonymous Visual Field Defects
Authors: Schärli Heinz , Harman Alison M. , Hogben John H. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Brain damage in the visual system can lead to apparently blind visual areas. However, more elaborate testing indicates that some visual ability may still exist for specific stimuli in the otherwise blind regions. This phenomenon is called “blindsight” if subjects report no conscious awareness of visual stimuli but when forced to guess, nevertheless perform better than chance. It has mainly been suggested that secondary visual pathways are responsible for this phenomenon. However, no published study has clearly shown the neural mechanism responsible for blindsight. Furthermore, experimental artifacts may have been responsible for the appearance of the phenomenon in some subjects. In the present study, the visual fields of nine subjects were mapped and residual visual performance was examined in many areas using three different experimental procedures. Artifacts such as stray light or eye movements were well controlled. In addition, confidence ratings were required after each trial in the forced-choice tests. The results show that only one subject with a lesion in the optic radiation had blindsight in two discrete areas of the affected visual field. Spared optic radiation fibers of the main (primary) geniculo-striate visual pathway were most likely to account for this finding.
“What”—Then—“Where” in Visual Working Memory: An Event-Related fMRI Study
Authors: Postle Bradley R. , D'Esposito Mark 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Behavioral studies indicate that spatial and object working memory are computed by dissociable subsystems. We investigated the neural bases of this dissociation with a whole-brain fMRI design and analysis technique that permitted direct assessment of delay-period activity, uncontaminated by other components of the trial. The task employed a “what”-then-“where” design, with an object and a spatial delay period incorporated in each trial; within-trial order of delay conditions was balanced across each scan. Our experiment failed to find evidence, at the single-subject level and at the group level, for anatomical segregation of spatial and object working memory function in the frontal cortex. Delay-period activity in the caudate nucleus revealed a sensitivity to position in the trial in the spatial, but not the object, condition. In posterior regions, spatial delay-period activity was associated with preferential recruitment of extrastriate areas falling within Brodmann's area 19 and, less reliably, the superior parietal lobule. Object-specific delay-period activity was found predominantly in ventral regions of the posterior cortex and demonstrated more topographic variability across subjects than did spatial working memory activity.
Single-Point Active Alignment Method (SPAAM) for Optical See-Through HMD Calibration for Augmented Reality
Authors: Tuceryan Mihran , Genc Yakup , Navab Nassir 
Published: July 2002

Augmented reality (AR) is a technology in which a user's view of the real world is enhanced or augmented with additional information generated from a computer model. To have a working AR system, the see-through display system must be calibrated so that the graphics are properly rendered. The optical see-through systems present an additional challenge because, unlike the video see-through systems, we do not have direct access to the image data to be used in various calibration procedures. This paper reports on a calibration method we developed for optical see-through headmounted displays. We first introduce a method for calibrating monocular optical seethrough displays (that is, a display for one eye only) and then extend it to stereo optical see-through displays in which the displays for both eyes are calibrated in a single procedure. The method integrates the measurements for the camera and a six-degrees-offreedom tracker that is attached to the camera to do the calibration. We have used both an off-the-shelf magnetic tracker as well as a vision-based infrared tracker we have built. In the monocular case, the calibration is based on the alignment of image points with a single 3D point in the world coordinate system from various viewpoints. In this method, the user interaction to perform the calibration is extremely easy compared to prior methods, and there is no requirement for keeping the head immobile while performing the calibration. In the stereo calibration case, the user aligns a stereoscopically fused 2D marker, which is perceived in depth, with a single target point in the world whose coordinates are known. As in the monocular case, there is no requirement that the user keep his or her head fixed.
BEFORE THE IMF: THE ECONOMIC IMPLICATIONS OF UNINTENTIONAL STRUCTURAL ADJUSTMENT IN ANCIENT EGYPT
Authors: Warburton David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDebate about states and markets in the Bronze Age world has directed attention away from their roles and thus away from the way these economies functioned. The ancient Egyptian state assigned fields to its dependents and stimulated demand by spending and taxation. Markets and market forces were responsible for the allocation and distribution of materials in the ancient Near East from the end of the third millennium. Growth did not result from technological improvement or market competition so much as from demand stimulus, as in the modern world, suggesting that demand is more important than supply.
INDIC IMPETUS? INNOVATIONS IN TEXTILE USAGE IN ANGKORIAN PERIOD CAMBODIA
Authors: Green Gillian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractDetailed analysis of Khmer costumes and textiles on sculpted images of the Angkorian period reveals a wealth of styles and usages. Vocabulary from contemporaneous inscriptions supplements this information. It is argued that Khmer costume and textile usage at this time was influenced principally by contact with India's culture, the stimulus not only of stylistic innovations and but also the main source of textiles with which to create them.
"FROM EDOM HE WENT UP . .": SOME REMARKS ON THE TEXT AND INTERPRETATION OF MICAH II 12-13
Authors: Wagenaar Jan 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe grammar, syntax and meaning of Micah ii 12-13 are puzzling. The origin of the puzzle may be found in a faulty division of vv. 12-13, in which the initial word of v. 13 has been erroneously taken with v. 12. Verse 13 may originally have been a note from an editor, who confirmed the return of exiles from 'Edom': 'From Edom (më"edōm) the "breaker" went up'. The note may have been inspired by the misinterpretation of the word b rh in the preceding Oracle of Salvation ('I will put them together like a flock in the fold [bassnräh]'), as a reference to the Edomite capital 'Bozrah': 'I will put them together like the flocks of Bozrah (bōsräh)'. Once më'edōm was taken with the Oracle of Salvation, it was read as më'ädäm and interpreted as a reference to the fold: 'they will buzz with men (më'ädäm)'. The misinterpretation 'Bozrah' in v. 12, however, has survived in the text until this day.
DEEP-SEA MYSIDS FROM THE NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN WITH DESCRIPTION OF FOUR NEW SPECIES
Authors: Murano Masaaki , Mauchline John 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSeven species of Erythropini from the northeast Atlantic and one from the northwest Atlantic are dealt with. Four are described as new species, and three are new to science but remain unnamed because of mutilated condition. A known species Katerythrops oceanae, is described for the first time for the male pleopods and a revision of the diagnosis of the genus is presented. Five are pelagic species while three were obtained from the stomach contents of demersal fishes. Huit especes d'Erythropini de l'Atlantique sont traitees, dont sept du nord-est et une du nordouest de cet ocean. Quatre sont decrites comme nouvelles et trois sont nouvelle pour la science, mais non nommees en raison de leur condition mutilee. Les pleopodes males d'un espece connue, Katerythrops oceanae, sont decrits pour la premiere fois et la diagnose du genre est revisee. Cinq especes sont pelagiques et trois proviennent de contenus stomacaux de poissons demersaux.
"SEEING THROUGH" SELF-DECEPTION IN NARRATIVE REPORTS: FINDING PSYCHOLOGICAL TRUTH IN PROBLEMATIC DATA
Authors: Churchill Scott 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe problem of narrative validity is discussed in reference to psychologists' criticisms of verbal report data and in dialogue with Jean-Paul Sartre's understanding of self-knowledge in general and of self-deception in particular. Sartre's notion of "purifying reflection" is invoked as a way of seeing through the distortions and deceptions inherent in narrative accounts of lived experience. Excerpts from empirically-based phenomenological investigations of desire and sexual compliance will be used as illustrations of both the content and process of phenomenologically-based narrative research.
A SONG OF MOURNING FOR THE DISSOLVING JEWISH COMMUNITY OF SAMARKAND
Authors: Cooper Alanna 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Before 1991, approximately 60,000 Central Asian Jews lived in Uzbekistan. When the Soviet Union collapsed in 1991, their centurieslong history in the region underwent dramatic changes. The lifting of emigration restrictions coupled with fear of economic chaos, political instability, growth of national movements and a rise in antisemitism, provoked massive Jewish emigration. Today, only about 4,000 Central Asian Jews remain in Uzbekistan. The others have emigrated primarily to the United States, Israel and Austria. The following piece is about the Central Asian Jews who still live in Samarkand, Uzbekistan's second largest city. Today, about one thousand—only ten percent of the city's former community—remain there. Those who have stayed have all watched while relatives and friends have packed their belongings, sold their homes and left the country. They have witnessed the community structure crumble and they have seen the city's old Jewish quarter been sold off, house by house, to outsiders. Today, they are each faced with the question: What is home and where is it now? The work is fiction, informed by an anthropological perspective. The narrative was woven from ethnographic data that I collected during field work among the Central Asian Jews in Samarkand.
Chemistry of dark zinnwaldite from bom futuro tin mine, Rondônia, Brazil
Authors: Lowell G. R. , Ahl M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPhysical and chemical properties of lustrous black mica from greisen veins at the Bom Futuro tin mine indicate that it is a relatively Fe-F-rich, Li-poor zinnwaldite with a composition near the midpoint of the polylithionite-siderophyllite join. On the basis of 22 oxygens, the mica contains 1.28–1.73 atoms of Li with an average octahedral occupancy of 5.61 and a filled interlayer site. Compositional variation reflects the net effects of alteration, coupled tetrahedral-octahedral substitutions, and petrogenetic factors related to vein fluid chemistry. Geological constraints and compositional data suggest the Bom Futuro zinnwaldite crystallized at T ≈ 500°, P ≈ 1–500 bar, and fO2 ≈ 10−23. High Mn-Zn concentrations in the Bom Futuro mica appear to be a feature of Fe-Li micas from evolved anorogenic granitic systems not shared by orogenic counterparts.