bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of an ICU EEG monitoring pathway on timeliness of therapeutic intervention and electrographic seizure termination
Authors: Williams Ryan P. , Banwell Brenda , Berg Robert A. , Dlugos Dennis J. , Donnelly Maureen , Ichord Rebecca , Kessler Sudha Kilaru , Lavelle Jane , Massey Shavonne L. , Hewlett Jennifer , Parker Allison , Topjian Alexis A. , Abend Nicholas S. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryObjectivesWe aimed to determine whether implementation of a structured multidisciplinary electroencephalography (EEG) monitoring pathway improved the timeliness of administration of antiseizure medication in response to electrographic seizures in encephalopathic critically ill children.MethodsA multidisciplinary team developed a pathway to standardize EEG monitoring and seizure management in encephalopathic critically ill children, aiming to decrease the time from electrographic seizure onset to antiseizure medication administration. Data were collected to inform the team of improvement opportunities, which were then provided by an institutional pathway, staff education, and streamlined communication. Measurements were obtained before and after pathway implementation to assess for improvement.ResultsWe collected data on 41 patients before and 21 after pathway implementation. There were no differences between the baseline and pathway groups in demographic characteristics, acute encephalopathy etiologies, or antiseizure medications utilized. The median duration [interquartile range, IQR] from seizure onset to antiseizure medication administration was shorter for patients treated with the pathway (64 min [50, 101]) compared to patients treated prior to pathway implementation (139 min [71, 189]; p = 0.0006). The median [IQR] interval from seizure onset to antiseizure medication order was shorter for the pathway group (31 min [20, 49]) than the baseline group (71 min [33, 131]; p = 0.003). The median [IQR] interval from antiseizure medication order to administration was shorter for the pathway group (30 min [19, 40]) than the baseline group (40 min [17, 68]) (p = 0.047). Seizure termination was more likely to occur following initial antiseizure medication administration in the pathway than baseline group (67% vs. 27%, p = 0.002).SignificanceImplementation of the pathway resulted in a significant reduction in the duration between electrographic seizure onset and antiseizure medication administration, and a significant increase in the rate of electrographic seizure termination following an initial antiseizure medication. Further study is needed to determine whether these changes are associated with improved outcomes.
Are heritability and selection related to population size in nature? Meta‐analysis and conservation implications
Authors: Wood Jacquelyn L. A. , Yates Matthew C. , Fraser Dylan J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt is widely thought that small populations should have less additive genetic variance and respond less efficiently to natural selection than large populations. Across taxa, we meta‐analytically quantified the relationship between adult census population size (N) and additive genetic variance (proxy: h2) and found no reduction in h2 with decreasing N; surveyed populations ranged from four to one million individuals (1735 h2 estimates, 146 populations, 83 species). In terms of adaptation, ecological conditions may systematically differ between populations of varying N; the magnitude of selection these populations experience may therefore also differ. We thus also meta‐analytically tested whether selection changes with N and found little evidence for systematic differences in the strength, direction or form of selection with N across different trait types and taxa (7344 selection estimates, 172 populations, 80 species). Collectively, our results (i) indirectly suggest that genetic drift neither overwhelms selection more in small than in large natural populations, nor weakens adaptive potential/h2 in small populations, and (ii) imply that natural populations of varying sizes experience a variety of environmental conditions, without consistently differing habitat quality at small N. However, we caution that the data are currently insufficient to determine whether some small populations may retain adaptive potential definitively. Further study is required into (i) selection and genetic variation in completely isolated populations of known N, under‐represented taxonomic groups, and nongeneralist species, (ii) adaptive potential using multidimensional approaches and (iii) the nature of selective pressures for specific traits.
A potential role for overland dispersal in shaping aquatic invertebrate communities in arid regions
Authors: Razeng Emma , Morán‐Ordóñez Alejandra , Brim Box Jayne , Thompson Ross , Davis Jenny , Sunnucks Paul 
Published: March 2016

Summary

Traditionally, dispersal of aquatic invertebrates has been thought to be very closely associated with river network structure, despite many species being capable of active or passive dispersal across the terrestrial matrix. However, recent studies of both population genetics and community structure from dryland regions indicate that aquatic species commonly disperse across catchments, implying that movement away from streams is more common than originally thought. This study investigated how aquatic invertebrate metacommunity structure in central Australia is influenced by interactions between species’ dispersal traits, dispersal routes and local environmental conditions.

We sampled community composition in 16 perennial and long‐term inundated freshwater habitats in central Australia. Aquatic invertebrate taxa were allocated to one of four dispersal trait groups: obligate aquatic, passive aerial, weak flying and strong flying. We then used Mantel tests to examine correlations between trait group community dissimilarities, and four isolation models representing (i) local environmental conditions, (ii) geographical distances, (iii) landscape resistances restricted to river networks and (iv) landscape resistances incorporating overland dispersal ‘conduits’.

We found that the community composition of aquatic invertebrates in three of four dispersal trait groups, and all traits combined, was influenced primarily by topographic connectivity via overland dispersal conduits.

Our results suggest that rainfall events and their effect on the landscape as a whole, rather than river flow during these events, shape aquatic invertebrate metacommunity structure in central Australia. This study provides further support for the importance of overland dispersal conduits to aquatic invertebrates, particularly in arid environments with irregular rainfall.
Biodiversity scenarios neglect future land‐use changes
Authors: Titeux Nicolas , Henle Klaus , Mihoub Jean‐Baptiste , Regos Adrián , Geijzendorffer Ilse R. , Cramer Wolfgang , Verburg Peter H. , Brotons Lluís 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEfficient management of biodiversity requires a forward‐looking approach based on scenarios that explore biodiversity changes under future environmental conditions. A number of ecological models have been proposed over the last decades to develop these biodiversity scenarios. Novel modelling approaches with strong theoretical foundation now offer the possibility to integrate key ecological and evolutionary processes that shape species distribution and community structure. Although biodiversity is affected by multiple threats, most studies addressing the effects of future environmental changes on biodiversity focus on a single threat only. We examined the studies published during the last 25 years that developed scenarios to predict future biodiversity changes based on climate, land‐use and land‐cover change projections. We found that biodiversity scenarios mostly focus on the future impacts of climate change and largely neglect changes in land use and land cover. The emphasis on climate change impacts has increased over time and has now reached a maximum. Yet, the direct destruction and degradation of habitats through land‐use and land‐cover changes are among the most significant and immediate threats to biodiversity. We argue that the current state of integration between ecological and land system sciences is leading to biased estimation of actual risks and therefore constrains the implementation of forward‐looking policy responses to biodiversity decline. We suggest research directions at the crossroads between ecological and environmental sciences to face the challenge of developing interoperable and plausible projections of future environmental changes and to anticipate the full range of their potential impacts on biodiversity. An intergovernmental platform is needed to stimulate such collaborative research efforts and to emphasize the societal and political relevance of taking up this challenge.
THE RHETORIC OF BUSINESS IN BRECHT'S DREIGROSCHENROMAN
Authors: Schonfield Ernest 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis article takes Walter Benjamin's interpretation of the Dreigroschenroman as a point of departure and conclusion. It develops Benjamin's idea that the novel shows how language is used to exert political and economic influence. This article reads the Dreigroschenroman as an insightful example of ‘Sprachkritik’. The business people in the novel use the rhetorical technique of paraphrase, thus drawing on Cicero's advice that the orator should exploit the ignorance of the audience. Whereas neoliberal free market rhetoric (following F. A. Hayek) tends to minimise the problem of monopoly formation, Brecht's novel explores the coercive character of the market and its reliance on the deception that a transaction is mutually beneficial. Macheath emerges as an expert salesman who uses populist marketing techniques in order to extract the maximum profit from his audience. The focus on material interests can be seen as antidote to business rhetoric. As with Marx and Engels, the fundamental question here is that of property. In this way, the novel exemplifies the Brechtian use of crude thinking (‘plumpes Denken’) in order to evade ideological manipulation.Dieser Artikel bezieht sich auf Walter Benjamins Interpretation des Dreigroschenromans, dass der Roman nämlich zeigt, wie die Sprache dazu verwendet wird, um politischen und wirtschaftlichen Einfluss auszuüben. Der Dreigroschenroman wird hier als ein einsichtsvolles Beispiel von Sprachkritik gelesen. Die Geschäftsleute im Roman benutzen die rhetorische Technik der Paraphrase, in Anlehnung an Cicero, der meinte, der Redner sollte die Unwissenheit des Publikums ausnutzen. Während die liberale Rhetorik des freien Marktes (den Theorien F. A. Hayeks zufolge) dazu neigt, das Problem der Monopolbildung herunterzuspielen, erforscht Brechts Roman den Zwangscharakter des Marktes und seine Abhängigkeit von Täuschungen, insofern als der Tausch von der Täuschung abhängt, dass beide Seiten davon profitieren. Macheath tritt als Marketing‐Experte in Erscheinung, der populistische Marketing‐Techniken anwendet, um aus seinem Publikum den maximalen Profit zu schlagen. Der eingeübte Blick auf materielle Interessen kann als Gegenmittel gegen die Rhetorik des Geschäfts betrachtet werden. Wie bei Marx und Engels ist die Grundfrage im Roman die des Eigentums. Auf diese Weise veranschaulicht er das Brechtsche Prinzip des ‘plumpen Denkens’, durch dessen Anwendung man ideologischen Manipulationen entgehen kann.
THE PLAYWRIGHT AS EPIC TRANSLATOR? MOTHER COURAGE AND THE INTERTEXTUAL CONSTRUCTION OF AN ‘ENGLISH BRECHT’
Authors: Summers Caroline 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTSince the earliest translations of Brecht's plays into English, translators, directors and actors alike have struggled to reconcile a desire for textual accuracy with a style of performance that is considered ‘Brechtian’. While the dialectic between text and performance is celebrated by Brecht's theories of theatre, his translated texts are often seen to bear sole responsibility for ‘fidelity’ to a concept of the Brechtian, and the continuing emergence of new translations of the plays is sometimes interpreted as a (hopeless) striving for perfection in the anglophone understanding of Brecht. However, it is not one individual translation but rather the interaction between the translated texts that is central to an understanding of Brecht in English. If authorship can be understood as a discursive construction, ‘Brecht’ circulates in English as a fluid author‐function that is more than the sum of the individual versions and one that shapes them in its turn. Through the example of Tony Kushner's Mother Courage and her Children (2006), a translation shaped by Brecht's anglophone author‐function but one which also enters into critical dialogue with previous translations, this paper explores the implications, for anglophone Brecht, of the translator's attempts to observe Brechtian principles in his translatorial behaviour as well as in the translated text.Seit den ersten Übersetzungen von Brechts Werken ins Englische ist es sowohl Übersetzern als auch Regisseuren und Schauspielern schwer gefallen, das Verlangen nach textueller Präzision mit den Merkmalen eines als ʻbrechtischʼ verstandenen Theaterstils zu vereinbaren. Während Brechts Theorie eine Dialektik zwischen Text und Aufführung fördert, tragen seine übersetzten Texte oft alleine der Verantwortung für ‘Treue’ zum Brechtschen Konzept Rechnung. Die regelmäßige Veröffentlichung oder Aufführung neuer Versionen zeugen für manche Kritiker zugleich von einem (vergeblichen) Streben nach Perfektionismus im anglophonen Brechtverständnis. Jedoch dienen nicht einzelne Texte sondern die Beziehungen zwischen ihnen als Schlüssel zum englischsprachigen Brecht. Wenn die Autorschaft als eine aus dem Diskurs stammende Kategorie betrachtet werden kann, darf Brechts im Englischen verbreitete Identität als flüssige Autorfunktion verstanden werden, welche mehr als die Summe der einzelnen Versionen ist und gleichzeitig ihrerseits Einfluss auf diese hat. Tony Kushners Mother Courage and her Children (2006) beispielsweise basiert stark auf Brechts englischsprachiger Autorfunktion, setzt sich jedoch zur selben Zeit mit früheren Übersetzungen kritisch auseinander. In diesem Artikel dient der Text als Beispiel, um zu erkunden, wie sich Kushners Versuch, brechtsche Konzepte bei seiner Herangehensweise und auch im übersetzten Text einzuhalten, auf das englischsprachige Verständnis von Brecht auswirkt.
BRECHT ON THE TURKISH STAGE: ADAPTATION, EXPERIMENTATION, AND THEATRE AESTHETICS IN GENCO ERKAL'S DOSTLAR TIYATROSU1
Authors: Gezen Ela 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis essay examines the interpretation and implementation of Bertolt Brecht's dramaturgy and theatre practice in the Turkish context, focusing specifically on the theatre ensemble Dostlar Tiyatrosu and its co‐founder Genco Erkal, a dramatist, actor, and director. Rather than closely examining individual productions by Erkal, this essay engages with his theory of theatrical practice, highlighting Erkal's interpretation, transformation and adaptation of Brechtian theatre aesthetics for the Turkish context. Even as he drew on elements of Brecht's Epic Theatre and critical dramaturgy in the creation of a new political theatre aesthetic, Erkal emphasised the necessity to adapt Brechtian concepts to pressing national concerns as well as political and historical events, and to place them in dialogue with Turkish aesthetic traditions and the Turkish literary Left. Brecht thus informs Erkal's general conceptualisation of theatre as a catalyst for societal change, and had an impact on his specific performance practice within the Dostlar Tiyatrosu – a life's work in experimentation and adaptation that is still ongoing.Dieser Beitrag untersucht die Auslegung und Umsetzung der Dramaturgie und Theaterpraxis Bertolt Brechts im türkischen Kontext. Der Schwerpunkt liegt dabei insbesondere auf dem Theaterensemble Dostlar Tiyatrosu und dessen Mitbegründer, dem Dramatiker, Schauspieler und Regisseur Genco Erkal. Anstatt einzelne Produktionen Erkals näher zu untersuchen, beschäftigt sich dieser Beitrag mit seiner Theorie zur Theaterpraxis, wobei Erkals Transformation und Adaption der Brechtschen Theaterästhetik für den türkischen Kontext besonders hervorgehoben wird. Während Erkal Elemente von Brechts epischem Theater und kritischer Dramaturgie für die Gründung einer neuen politischen Theaterästhetik heranzog, betonte er stets die Notwendigkeit, Brechtsche Konzepte den nationalen Anliegen und politisch‐historischen Gegebenheiten in der Türkei anzupassen und sie in Dialog mit türkischen ästhetischen Traditionen und der türkischen literarischen Linken zu setzen. Der Beitrag macht deutlich, dass Brecht Erkals Konzeption des Theaters als Katalysator für sozialen Wandel und seine spezifische Aufführungspraxis innerhalb des Dostlar Tiyatrosu entscheidend geprägt hat – ein vom Experimentieren und der Adaption gekennzeichnetes Lebenswerk, das bis heute andauert.
‘FREMD BIN ICH EINGEZOGEN, FREMD ZIEH’ ICH WIEDER AUS …’: BRECHTS BAAL UND DIE WINTERREISE VON WILHELM MÜLLER UND FRANZ SCHUBERT
Authors: Hillesheim Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBaal, Brecht's earliest full‐length drama, the first version of which was written in the spring of 1918, is one of his most complex in respect of its sources. The aesthetic of ‘re‐cycling material’, which was to define the work henceforth, is presented impressively already at this point. Thus, a range of borrowings from and allusions to the Old Testament and Expressionism can be demonstrated, allusions to the life of the young poet himself, too, and the play has also been read as a variation on Goethe's Faust. A further source has hitherto remained undetected, Die Winterreise by Wilhelm Müller, an otherwise relatively unknown author of the Romantic era. In Franz Schubert's setting these poems became one of the most famous cycles of Lieder in music history. Many parallels can be demonstrated. They concern in the first instance the form: the highly lyrical quality of Die Winterreise can be found, too, in Baal, as can the characteristically episodic and disjointed elements, which distinguish the song‐cycle and the drama in equal measure. There are also striking similarities in the content: the lyrical subject in the cycle and the protagonist in the drama are embarked on a path away from society and towards death. The two motifs of alienation and of wandering have a fundamental importance and unite the works of Müller/Schubert and Brecht in a specific congruity. For Brecht, however, Baal would prove to be the first and last great experiment with Romanticism and its poetry.Baal, Brechts frühestes größeres, in erster Fassung im Mai 1918 entstandenes Drama, ist, seine Quellenlage betreffend, eines seiner komplexesten. Die Ästhetik der ‘Materialverwertung’, die das Werk fortan bestimmen sollte, wird bereits hier eindrucksvoll vorgeführt. So sind u. a. diverse Anlehnungen und Anspielungen auf das Alte Testament und den Expressionismus nachweisbar, auch auf das Leben des jungen Dichters selbst, und das Stück wurde auch als Variation zu Goethes Faust gelesen. Eine weitere Quelle wurde bisher übersehen: Die Winterreise von Wilhelm Müller, einem ansonsten recht unbekannten Autoren der Romantik, die, in der Vertonung Franz Schuberts, zu einem der berühmtesten Liederzyklen in der Musikgeschichte wurde. Viele Parallelen sind nachweisbar. Sie betreffen zum einen die Form: Das höchst Lyrische der Winterreise ist in Baal ebenso wiederzuerkennen wie das spezifische Episoden‐ und Sprunghafte, das Zyklus und Drama gleichermaßen auszeichnet. Dies führt zu markanten inhaltlichen Entsprechungen: Das lyrische Ich des Zyklus und der Protagonist des Dramas sind auf einem Wege heraus aus der Gesellschaft hin zum Tod. Die beiden Motive der Fremdheit und des Wanderns haben dabei grundlegende Bedeutung und verbinden in spezifischer Übereinstimmung die Werke Müller/Schuberts und Brechts. Für letzteren jedoch sollte Baal das erste und letzte größere Experiment mit der Romantik und deren Lyrik bleiben.
The role of students' motivation and participation in predicting performance in a MOOC
Authors: de Barba P.G. , Kennedy G.E. , Ainley M.D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOver the last 5 years, massive open online courses (MOOCs) have increasingly provided learning opportunities across the world in a variety of domains. As with many emerging educational technologies, why and how people come to MOOCs needs to be better understood and importantly what factors contribute to learners' MOOC performance. It is known that online learning environments require greater levels of self‐regulation, and that high levels of motivation are crucial to activate these skills. However, motivation is a complex construct and research on how it functions in MOOCs is still in its early stages. Research presented in this article investigated how motivation and participation influence students' performance in a MOOC, more specifically those students who persist to the end of the MOOC. Findings indicated that the strongest predictor of performance was participation, followed by motivation. Motivation influenced and was influenced by students' participation during the course. Moreover, situational interest played a crucial role in mediating the impact of general intrinsic motivation and participation on performance. The results are discussed in relation to how educators and designers of MOOCs can use knowledge emerging from motivational assessments and participation measures gleaned from learning analytics to tailor the design and delivery of courses. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Does multiple paternity influence offspring disease resistance?
Authors: Thonhauser K. E. , Raveh S. , Thoß M. , Penn D. J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt has been suggested that polyandry allows females to increase offspring genetic diversity and reduce the prevalence and susceptibility of their offspring to infectious diseases. We tested this hypothesis in wild‐derived house mice (Mus musculus) by experimentally infecting the offspring from 15 single‐ and 15 multiple‐sired litters with two different strains of a mouse pathogen (Salmonella Typhimurium) and compared their ability to control infection. We found a high variation in individual infection resistance (measured with pathogen loads) and significant differences among families, suggesting genetic effects on Salmonella resistance, but we found no difference in prevalence or infection resistance between single‐ vs. multiple‐sired litters. We found a significant sex difference in infection resistance, but surprisingly, males were more resistant to infection than females. Also, infection resistance was correlated with weight loss during infection, although only for females, indicating that susceptibility to infection had more harmful health consequences for females than for males. To our knowledge, our findings provide the first evidence for sex‐dependent resistance to Salmonella infection in house mice. Our results do not support the hypothesis that multiple‐sired litters are more likely to survive infection than single‐sired litters; however, as we explain, additional studies are required before ruling out this hypothesis.