bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A REVIEW OF MEDICINAL PLANTS USED BY THE BASOTHO FOR TREATMENT OF SKIN DISORDERS: THEIR PHYTOCHEMICAL, ANTIMICROBIAL, AND ANTI-INFLAMMATORY POTENTIAL
Authors: Moteetee A. , Kose L. Seleteng 
Published: October 2017

Background: While the incidence of skin diseases is high in developing countries, they are not regarded as priority due to low
mortality rates, however, they are a major concern due to their co-occurrence with HIV/AIDS. Due to lack of accessibility to
healthcare facilities and unaffordability of conventional medicines, many people in rural areas resort to medicinal plants. The aim
of the study is to document the plants used for treating skin afflictions by the Basotho people residing in Lesotho and the Free
State Province of South Africa.
Materials and Methods: A comprehensive survey of existing ethnobotanical literature including numerous books was carried
out. Electronic databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, and ScienceDirect were also used to obtain information on the antiinflammatory,
antimicrobial, and phytochemical activities of the medicinal plants.
Results and discussion: 57 plant species are utilised for the treatment of various skin ailments with a majority of them used for
wounds (26 species) and venereal sores (19 species). The plants are distributed in 39 families with the Asteraceae being the most
represented with seven species, followed by Solanaceae and Asphodelaceae with four species each. 38 species have previously
been evaluated for their phytochemical properties, 40 for their anti-microbial potential, while 29 have been assessed for their antiinflammatory
activity. Of the 57, 13 species have not been evaluated for any of the three categories.
Conclusion: Many of the plants have been shown to have anti-microbial, anti-inflammatory, and phytochemical properties, which
then validates their traditional use.
TRACE ELEMENTS MAY BE RESPONSIBLE FOR MEDICINAL EFFECTS OF SAUSSUREA LANICEPS, SAUSSUREA INVOLUCRATE, LYCIUM BARBARUM AND LYCIUM RUTHENICUM
Authors: Wang Hui , Wang Shengyi , Cui Dongan , Li Xia , Tuo Xin , Liu Yongming 
Published: October 2017

Background: The pharmacodynamics of Saussurea laniceps, Saussurea involucrata, Lycium barbarum and Lycium
ruthenicum have been researched, and trace elements have been considered as the essential elements, but little attention
has been paid to the trace elements of the herbal medicine. We would like to report on the content of copper (Cu),
manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) levels in the four herbal medicines.
Materials and Methods: A total of 20 whole plant materials were collected of each species in China. The content of
Cu, Mn, Fe and Zn in the dried aerial parts was estimated by the standard atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The
level of Se was detected using hydride generation atomic fluorescence spectrometry.
Results: The mean concentrations of Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn and Se in S. laniceps were 7.758±0.924μg/g, 201.3±16.24μg/g,
222.7±35.10μg/g, 18.48±2.913μg/g and 1.42±0.16μg/g, respectively; S. involucrata were 19.56±2.20μg/g,
88.75±8.53μg/g, 812.7±126.9μg/g, 34.85±3.81μg/g and 1.04±0.05μg/g, respectively; L. barbarum were
10.83±0.26μg/g, 9.598±0.32μg/g, 55.65±3.83μg/g, 11.92±0.27μg/g and 11.84±0.59μg/kg, respectively; L. ruthenicum
were 12.67±0.39μg/g, 13.78±1.13μg/g, 98.04±5.03μg/g, 14.46±1.27μg/g and 35.12±2.34μg/kg, respectively.
Conclusion: This study provided the trace elements content of Cu, Mn, Fe, Zn and Se in the four herbal medicines. The
trace elements are maybe other functional compounds for medicinal effects. Deep relationship between
pharmacological and trace elements contents, especially its mechanism of action should be future research.
Development of a Solar-ESP Based Wellhead System for Remote Wellhead Operations in Marginal Oilfields
Authors: Idachaba Francis Enejo , Wokoma Esther 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Marginal Oilfield status is the terminal point of all mature producing oilfields before they are finally abandoned. At this point, it becomes uneconomical for most operators to continue producing the field due to the very low oil production from the fields coupled with the increasing water cut and sand production from the wells. In spite of the low production from these fields, records show that the field still contains up to 40% of its reserves. The field at this point is either abandoned or sold out to marginal operators who manage the fields with minimal OPEX to maintain profitability. The strategies to be deployed to ensure profitability of the field must guarantee very minimal or zero OPEX both for the production and the operation of the field. Artificial lift is a technique used for increasing the flow from low producing oil wells and the Electric Submersible Pump is a tool used in facilitating the increase of the well flow especially when the crude oil production has decreased. This work presents the development of solar power driven Electric Submersible Pump (ESP) for increasing the flow from oil wells. The system operation is managed by a controller which manages the operation of the ESP. It also utilizes the ESP and the choke to control well pressure while a sand trap is inserted between the wellhead and the choke to separate the sand from the oil. The utilization of solar power for the ESP eliminates the need for other sources of power supply which require increasing OPEX costs and integration of the electronic choke enables remote operation and control of the wellhead, thus minimizing operator visits. This system will enable marginal field operators produce from remote wells with minimal OPEX. It will also enable major operators extend the production from their oil fields especially in this era of low oil prices where new explorations are too expensive to consider.
Nanoscale Flow Chip Platform for Laboratory Evaluation of Enhanced Oil Recovery Materials
Authors: Engel Michael , Wunsch Benjamin H. , Neumann Rodrigo F. , Giro Ronaldo , Bryant Peter W. , Smith Joshua T. , Steiner Mathias B. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We present a lab-on-chip platform for the experimental test and evaluation of Enhanced Oil Recovery [EOR] materials that enables direct experimental access to nanoscale and pore scale flow phenomena. The flow chip devices with nanometer scale features are made based on state-of-the-art semiconductor process technology. The chip design is highly customizable and allows for implementation of geometrical model representations (statistical and naturally occuring porosity patterns) that could be tested over a wide range of pressures and temperatures. By using representative chip implementations, we perform controlled flow experiments and lab tests for calibrating pore scale flow models. We discuss the design and manufacturing of the flow chips, report how the flow experiments are performed and how the experimental results are used to calibrate the computational flow simulations. Ultimately, the calibrated flow simulations will be used for predicting the efficiency of EOR materials in a pore scale representation of reservoir rock. The novelty of our research is that it leverages semiconductor process and device technology for EOR lab testing, enabling the experimental validation and calibration of flow through geometrical constrictions as small as 200 nanometers.
A Practical Approach to Incorporate Data-Driven 4D Seismic Inversion into Flow Simulation History Matching
Authors: Rey Alvaro , Landa Jorge L. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We present a workflow for incorporating time-lapse seismic into reservoir flow simulation models using a 3D high resolution streamline-based dynamic data integration procedure along with a data-driven 4D seismic inversion approach that generates map-based estimations of the change of reservoir pressure and saturation between two seismic surveys.
The proposed seismic history matching workflow is divided in two stages. In the first stage a probabilistic data-driven inference workflow combines multiple time lapse seismic signatures with production data to generate maps associated with the change in reservoir pressure and saturation between two seismic surveys. In the second stage, a 3D, high-resolution data integration procedure based on streamline sensitivity coefficients is applied to update the static model conditioned to production data and to the data-driven inverted 4D seismic from the first stage.
The novelty of the proposed technique is the ability to directly incorporate time lapse seismic data into the reservoir model characterization directly using the dynamic flow response from simulation. This eliminates the need to characterize uncertainties associated with traditional approaches to seismic inversion including the seismic rock physics model and poorly determined seismic parameters.
The proposed procedure is verified using two synthetic field models and is then applied to an actual offshore oil field under waterflooding. The workflow in total results in a reservoir flow simulation model that is jointly calibrated to historical production and 4D seismic data.
The streamline-based data integration provides an efficient approach to refining high-resolution or local heterogeneity and to quantify connectivity between injector – producer pairs.
The seismic data provide a critical spatial constraint for reservoir property inversion, thus increasing the reliability of the reservoir model for production forecasting and field development planning.
Improved Autodriller Performance with Direct Drillstring Measurements in the Drawworks Control Loop
Authors: Soukup I. M. , Boudreaux M. S. , Ramirez R. , Anderson J. R. , Shim J. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Precise autodriller control is critical for minimizing drilling dysfunction, maximizing tool life, and optimizing drilling performance. Measurements made as part of the control loop have traditionally been located remotely from the drillstring, and therefore, suffer from physical system states that are not directly related to the forces on the bit. As an example, weight measurements from deadline anchors are influenced by forces and physical properties of the hoisting system, which include friction effects, mud hose forces, and mechanical stiffness. Direct drillstring measurements provide more representative and repeatable measurements of forces near the bit, achieved by decoupling the physical states which are external to the drillstring system. Moreover, recent developments in sensor technology have provided wireless communication to the drillstring, which enables continuous direct drillstring measurements while drilling.
Data from an integrated direct drillstring measurement system was recently implemented into the drawworks control system of a jackup rig drilling in the Gulf of Thailand. Two test methodologies were used to accurately evaluate performance between the direct drillstring and the deadline anchor (feedback loop sensors) for weight-on-bit (WOB) control: (1) the first method required alternating the sensor sources every 400-500 ft and (2) the second method involved changing the sensors after each completed well.
Performance was studied by acquiring data while drilling under WOB control and comparing statistical measures between each sensor set. Time-domain analysis for control error was calculated to examine stability, responsiveness, and general error trends. Broad spectrum control performance was analyzed through statistical metrics and evaluated across wells as a function of depth. This paper documents these various analyses, the comprehensive results of which indicate significant opportunities for improved autodriller control, and thus, drilling performance by using measurements directly coupled to the drillstring within the control loops.
To date, the limited number of wireless intelligent sensor systems has precluded widespread adoption of integrating direct drillstring measurements into the control loop. However, recent improvements in sensor systems and the associated technology discussed in this paper, and applied successfully in the field, demonstrate the need for advancements in the control system architecture of drilling rigs. System stability and sensitivity improvements enable greater weight control to the drillstring and better translate the forces at the bit for more representative, repeatable real-time drillstring measurements. Field tests have shown significantly improved autodriller control, reduced drilling dysfunction, and increased rate of penetration (ROP), particularly at deeper hole depths, verifying the technology's application in extended reach wells.
Meeting the Large-Diameter Drilling Challenges and Securing Sustainable Performance Gains Using Hybrid Bit Technology in Deepwater Gulf of Mexico
Authors: Chowdhury Ashabikash Roy , Callais Ryckman , Rodrigue Wayne , Alferez Carlos H , Anderson Mark , Terziev Ivaylo , Angeles Magdiel 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The operator is active in drilling deepwater (DW) exploratory, appraisal, and development wells in the central and western areas of the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) where water depths exceed 4,000 ft. In this demanding application, a key step to a successful well is achieving high performance in the large-diameter surface sections of the well. This important segment can start a well ahead of the authorization for expenditure (AFE) or create setbacks and added unplanned costs. Increasing the rate of penetration (ROP) and improving wellbore quality are two essential components for reducing cost of the riserless sections of any deepwater well.
Verticality must be maintained throughout the 26-in. large-diameter section to reduce casing wear and to ensure torque and drag remains minimal while drilling to deeper depths. The 26-in. hole section is drilled riserless and a high ROP generate additional savings by lowering the drilling fluid cost. The higher percentage of cuttings provides the additional equivalent mud weight so pump and dump (PAD) mud is not required. The increased ROP needs to be achieved with low vibration levels to avoid any bottom hole assembly (BHA) component failure that would necessitate an avoidable and costly round trip.
The operator has previously drilled with 18⅛-in. hybrid bits in salt and sub-salt formations and has recognized the potential of hybrid bits and their ability to drill fast with stable drilling conditions. Several drilling records have been set in this hole size. Encouraged by the performance gains and better drilling efficiency of initial hybrid bit runs, the operator planned to reduce cost of their riserless drilling section in a batch drilling program in GOM.
The 26-in. hybrid bit was implemented to batch drill three hole sections, each approximately 3,400 feet long. The operator was able to optimize the drilling parameters for each successive well due to growing confidence in the stable drilling environment. This enabled the drillers to increase the ROP and greatly improve time savings. The three intervals were drilled at ROP of 255, 308, and 379 ft./hr., respectively; breaking GOM field ROP records for each consecutive run with this operator. All three penetration rates have also surpassed the current world record ROP for this hole size. Subsequent 26-in. hybrid bit runs have established consistently higher ROP and have proven to be a significantly better solution when compared to polycrystalline diamond compact (PDC) bits.
This paper presents the details of the performance improvements achieved through the use of large-diameter hybrid bits, compares the drilling efficiency of large-diameter PDC and hybrid bits, and discusses some important design aspects of the hybrid bit that deliver stability and steerability.
A Fast and Robust Compositional, Multi-Phase, Non-Isothermal Wellbore Hydraulics Model for Vertical Wells
Authors: Putcha V. B. , Ertekin T 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Production through wellbores in petroleum industry involves multi-phase flow of oil, gas and water. It is necessary to capture the effects of varying composition of phases to represent wellbore hydraulics accurately. However, a majority of current wellbore simulators prefer a ‘black-oil’ formulation due to its higher speed as compared to a compositional approach. In this work, a neuro-simulation protocol is developed for fast and accurate simulation of wellbore hydraulics in vertical non-isothermal systems.
The proposed toolbox is capable of predicting the pressure profile along a production tubing containing flow of pure hydrocarbons (C1 through C45) and water. The tool can operate within a range of flow rates, well depths, pipe diameters, inlet fluid compositions, wellhead pressures and geothermal gradients. The data for training the expert system is generated from a numerical simulator that computes wellbore hydraulics. The numerical simulator is a compositional model, which uses a two-phase equilibrium flash calculation for determining the distribution of hydrocarbon components in oil and gas phases. A two-phase drift flux model accounts for the variation in gas and liquid velocities under various flow regimes. The compositional mass balance and momentum equations are simultaneously solved using a fully implicit scheme, while the temperature profile of the well is taken into consideration in computations.
The results provided by both the numerical simulator and the tool described in this paper are compared against field data as well as numerical simulation results reported in the literature. It is observed that the average relative deviation of the results generated in this study from the field data example is 2.2 %. The average relative deviation between the numerical simulator developed and field data example is 2.4 %, showing that the expert system is capable of capturing the related physics and thermodynamics of the wellbore hydraulics phenomena. The average relative deviation between the results generated by the proposed tool and numerical simulation examples from literature data is observed to be between 3.3 and 7.1 %. The average relative deviations between results from the numerical simulator developed in the current work and simulation results reported in literature are found to be between 2.3 and 8.1 %. The variation between predictions provided by various models for wellbore hydraulics in the literature lie within the ranges mentioned above.
It is observed that the tool discussed in this paper is a fast, accurate and robust model for predicting wellbore hydraulics for compositional systems. The proposed tool also overcomes the stability issues associated with compositional numerical wellbore simulation models. Such a versatile tool can also be used for generating tubing intake curves for an unrestricted set of scenarios and for quick selection of optimal gas lift design parameters.
Evaluation and Management of Stimulation Placement Control in Cemented Sleeve Completions
Authors: Huckabee Paul , Ellis Dustin , Keable Brian , Gouthaman Varun , Ugueto Gustavo , Nasse Dave , Sawyer Jordan 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
An improved and systematic method to evaluate and quantify inter-stage isolation and stimulation distribution effectiveness in cemented sleeve completions has been developed. Data is presented for over 1400 stages from 24 wells in five resource play field development areas in the USA and Canada. The method includes quantification of stimulation effectiveness and communication leakage risk. An example of effective communication mitigation is included, with optic fiber diagnostic validation.
The method of evaluation includes integration of data from stimulation treatment parameters (treatment pressures, treatment rates, and proppant slurry concentrations) with bottom hole pressure and temperature sensors from both the toe-side and heel-side of the stimulation treatment bottom hole assembly (BHA). The process includes assessment of pressure differential observed across the heel-side and toe-side pressure sensors to quantify the level of toe-side communication leakage, and integration of the temperature response of the toe-side temperature sensor enables evaluation of the location of the leakage within the sleeve to sleeve dimension. One well includes validation with optic fiber distributed sensing methods.
Categorical and systematic methods to evaluate inter-stage isolation effectiveness are described, applied and compared for sleeve spacing ranging from 55 feet to 175 feet. The method and model to systematically rank the isolation effectiveness was developed to better quantify communication leakage, and the workflow is presented.Stimulation Distribution effectiveness ranged from 47% to 100%. The poorest isolation was observed in wells with 55 foot sleeve spacing (although we had one well with 55 foot sleeve spacing with 94% stimulation distribution effectiveness). We observed a general trend of improved isolation with larger sleeve spacing, however, two wells with ~ 175-foot sleeve spacing also observed significant communication leakage (76% and 81% stimulation distribution effectiveness). Amethod of identification and effective communication mitigation is described and includes observations with surface treatment pressure response. Effective mitigation is confirmed with both BHA pressures and optic fiber diagnostics. This data provides necessary input for economic justification to attempt to improve isolation methods in cemented horizontal completions.
Data Driven Assessment of Rotary Sidewall Coring Performance
Authors: Torlov Vladislav , Bonavides Clovis , Belowi Ali 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper aims to review the quality of rotary sidewall coring service deliverables, performance of various tools and the main operational aspects from an operating company standpoint. Compilation of this document is based on 1650 selected core samples from a large dataset, acquired in a variety of borehole settings and formations using different tool types of three logging companies. The intention was to reduce bias toward certain instrumentation, and to provide mainly descriptive statistical information on core recovery and operational performance.
Formation attributes based on wireline log data, borehole environment (mud type, properties, etc.), quality of the recovered cores and type of instrumentation used were tracked for each station. Core lengths and integrity were also considered. Coring and station times were assessed on every point. Wherever possible, the core location accuracy was revised based on the post coring image log runs. The distribution of depth discrepancies was evaluated.
The assessment of rotary sidewall cores recovery based on formation, borehole properties and instrumentation types showed ranges and variability in core recovery. Correlation coefficients and principal components of borehole and formation models vary greatly depending on the input vectors. Despite the variability, having statistical records provides a valuable reference for cases of unusual performance. Recovery distribution was assessed for every tool type and compared to the specifications. When available, a real time recovery indicator usually provides fair estimate of expected recovery. Revised core traces on the post coring borehole images showed, that despite depth control procedures, the distribution of the assessed core depths indicated minor upward shift.
This publication presents an informative reference for geoscientists and petroleum engineers, in terms of rotary sidewall coring service product quality. It reveals the range of operating environments for a large variety of formation and borehole properties, linked to core recovery. Derived conclusions are based on performance statistics from field coring jobs, including most of the current tool types offered by major logging providers.