bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recycling waste tire rubber by water jet pulverization: powder characteristics and reinforcing performance in natural rubber composites
Authors: Zefeng Wang , Yong Kang , Zhao Wang , Yi Cheng 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Pulverization is a general strategy used prior to any practical application of recycled waste tire rubber (WTR). Mechanical grinding, in use currently, is an inefficient technique due to low-quality rubber powder production and certain indispensable additional pretreatments. The aim of this study is to propose a novel pulverization technique of WTR by ultrahigh pressure water jet. Efficient pulverization of WTR was accomplished by water jet without any pretreatment. Powder characteristics, including particle size distribution (PSD), surface area, thermal behavior and chemical structure changes, were investigated. The curing, mechanical and morphological properties of natural rubber (NR) vulcanizates filled with ground tire rubber (GTR) from water jet pulverization (WJPULV) were evaluated. The results indicate that GTR granules from WJPULV possess a quite fine PSD and large surface area, show similar thermal degradation behaviors to the original WTR and have been partially devulcanized. The improvement of tensile and tear strength of the composites reveals that GTR from WJPULV can be added up to 40 phr without adverse effect. The morphological analysis corroborates the homogeneity of GTR in the NR matrix. All findings confirm that water jet can be an excellent choice for pulverization of WTR.
The role of urinary pteridines as disease biomarkers
Authors: Burton Casey , Ma Yinfa 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPteridines and their derivatives function as intermediates in the metabolism of several vitamins and cofactors, and their relevance to disease has inspired new efforts to study their roles as disease biomarkers. Recent analytical advances, such as the emergence of sensitive mass spectrometry techniques, new workflows for measuring pteridine derivatives in their native oxidation states and increased multiplexing capacities for the simultaneous determination of many pteridine derivatives, have enabled researchers to explore the roles of urinary pteridines as disease biomarkers at much lower levels with greater accuracy than with previous technologies or methods. As a result, urinary pteridines are being increasingly studied as putative cancer biomarkers with promising results being reported from exploratory studies. In addition, the role of urinary neopterin as a universal biomarker for immune system activation is being investigated in new diseases where it is anticipated to become a useful supplementary marker in clinical diagnostic settings. In summary, this review provides an overview of recent developments in the clinical study of urinary pteridines as disease biomarkers, covers the most promising aspects of advanced analytical techniques being developed for the determination of urinary pteridines and discusses the major challenges associated with implementing pteridine biomarkers in clinical laboratory settings.
Transparent Drawing Supports and Media Applied On It: Chemical Characterisation and Conservation Problems in Spanish Art Deco Jewellery Design
Authors: Beltran Marta Plaza 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study is to characterise the chemical composition of the support materials, binders and pigments used in sales catalogues of Spanish Art Deco jewellery to determine the source of the damage observed in the samples analysed, and to formulate an appropriate conservation method. The difficulty in maintaining these collections in good condition without dismantling them lies, on the one hand, in the use of gouache on a variety of supports not usually used with this aqueous media (nitrocellulose, casein formaldehyde, starched cotton fabric and sulphurised paper), and on the other, in the vulnerability of these materials to agents of deterioration found in archives and libraries. The analysis was performed on a collection of 500 drawings, using the following analytical techniques: optical microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDX), and Raman spectroscopy. The study shows the problems arising from storing some of the before mentioned materials in the same container, and highlights the need to classify each sample by its component materials and not by designer, chronology or type of jewellery.
Alteration of protein localization and intracellular calcium content due to connexin26 D50A and A88V mutations
Authors: Aypek Hande , Meşe Gülistan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Introduction
Connexins (Cx) play essential roles in cellular homeostasis by forming gap junctions and non-junctional hemichannels. In vitro characterization of Cx26 mutations causing keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness (KID) syndrome, were shown to form leaky hemichannels. The molecular/cellular mechanisms affected by aberrant hemichannels have recently been elucidated. Here, we further wanted to characterize Cx26 KID syndrome mutations, D50A and A88V, which were shown to form aberrant hemichannels and remained unaddressed in the literature.

Methods
Neurobiotin uptake assay in HeLa and N2A cells transfected with Cx26-WT, D50A or A88V verified the presence of aberrant hemichannels and immunofluorescent staining with fluorescent microscopy determined cellular localization of Cx26. Finally, intracellular calcium content was examined by using calcium indicator, Fluo-3AM, and flow cytometer.

Results
Cx26-D50A and A88V mutations prevented the formation of gap junction plaques at cell-cell appositions and mutant proteins were observed to localize to the Golgi apparatus. Further, comparison of intracellular calcium content showed an increase in calcium amount in cells containing Cx26-D50A and A88V relative to Cx26-WT.

Conclusion
Retention of Cx26 in the Golgi apparatus and alteration in the intracellular calcium content due to KID syndrome mutations may influence various cellular processes that might contribute to development of epidermal phenotypes.
The single crystal structure determination of Ln6MnSb15 (Ln=La, Ce), Ln6Mn1−xZnxSb15 (x~0.5), and Ln6ZnSb15 (Ln=La–Pr)
Authors: Benavides Katherine A. , McCandless Gregory T. , Chan Julia Y. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Single crystals of Ln6MnSb15 (Ln=La, Ce), Ln6Mn1−xZnxSb15 (x~0.5), and Ln6ZnSb15 (Ln=La–Pr) have been successfully grown and the compounds adopt the orthorhombic La6MnSb15 structure type (space group Immm), with a~4.3 Å, b~15 Å, and c~19 Å. This structure is comprised of antimony nets and antimony ribbons which exhibit positional disorder at connecting points between antimony substructures, in addition to two partially occupied transition metal sites. The unit cell volumes of the La analogs displayed a systematic decrease upon Zn substitution. However, for the Ce6Mn1−xZnxSb15 and Pr6Mn1−xZnxSb15 (x~0.5), the volumes deviate from linearity as observed in the parent compounds.
A new Z′=(2+0.5+0.5) amidophosphoester structure: Hirshfeld surface analysis of symmetry-independent molecules
Authors: Keikha Mojtaba , Pourayoubi Mehrdad , Tarahhomi Atekeh , Lee Arie van der 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Tetraethyl 1,3-phenylenebis(phosphoramidate) was synthesized and characterized by 1H, 13C, 31P NMR, IR and mass spectroscopies. The asymmetric unit is composed of two half-molecules, each residing on a two-fold axis, and two complete molecules, thus leading to a Z′=(2+0.5+0.5)=3 structure. The most plausible explanation for the occurrence of multiple independent molecules is a frustration between relatively strong hydrogen bond interactions and weaker CH···π interactions. In each of the molecules, the P atoms are in a similar distorted tetrahedral environment. The N atoms bonded to P atoms have mainly sp2 character tending towards a planar environment. In the crystal structure, the phosphoryl O atoms are involved in classical N–H···O=P and weaker C–H···O=P hydrogen bonds as (N–H)(C–H) ···O=P, acting as a double hydrogen-bond acceptor. These hydrogen bonds along with other C–H···O hydrogen bonds and C–H···π interactions create a 3D crystalline network. Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional (2D) fingerprint plots are calculated for analyzing intermolecular interactions in each of the independent molecules of the title compound. For all four independent molecules, the contribution of H···H contacts to the total interactions is decisive, being larger than 60% for each molecule. The O···H/H···O contacts are the characteristic intermolecular contacts in the corresponding molecules. Furthermore, the C···H/H···C, including the C–H···π interactions, and N···H/H···N contacts cover other intermolecular contacts in the crystal lattice.
A new solid solution compound with the Sr21Mn4Sb18 structure type: Sr13Eu8Cd3Mn1Sb18
Authors: Wille Elizabeth L. Kunz , Cooley Joya A. , Fettinger James C. , Kazem Nasrin , Kauzlarich Susan M. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The title compound with the nominal formula, Sr13Eu8Cd3Mn1Sb18, was synthesized by Sn-flux. Structure refinement was based on single-crystal X-ray diffractometer data. Employing the exact composition, the formula is Sr13.23Eu7.77Cd3.12Mn0.88Sb18 for the solid solution Sr21-xEuxCd4-yMnySb18. This phase adopts the Sr21Mn4Sb18 type structure with site preferences for both Eu and Cd. The structure crystallizes in the monoclinic system in space group C2/m and Z=4: a=18.1522(11), b=17.3096(10), c=17.7691(10) Å, β=91.9638(8)°, 6632 F2 values, 216 variables, R1=0.0254 and wR2=0.0563. Site selectivity of the elements in this new compound will be discussed in relationship with the Sr21Mn4Sb18 type structure and other related structure types. Temperature dependent magnetic susceptibility data reveal Curie–Weiss paramagnetism with an experimental moment of 19.3 μB/f.u. and a Weiss constant of 0.4 K. Magnetic ordering is seen at low temperatures, with a transition temperature of 3.5 K.
Uniformen statt Ulster. Textileinzelhandel im Ersten Weltkrieg
Authors: Balder Uwe 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Uniforms instead of Ulsters. Textile Retail Trade in the First World War

The study explores the impacts of war time economy and regulation on German textile retailers. An adequate supply with clothing was essential for military success as well as for keeping social peace at the home front. The article deals with this central conflict and asks for the reasons, the implementation and the consequences of regulation on the clothing distribution sector and its single businesses. Special attention is paid to the expectations and demands the distribution sector had to deal with – by its suppliers, customers and public and military authorities. I argue that only because of the systematic robbery of textile resources within the occupied territories in 1914/15, there was little regulation on textile retailers within the first months. But because «Textilnot» was already eminent and the war lasted longer than expected, regulation reached a new high by establishing the central institutions of clothing rationing in 1916: the «Reichsbekleidungsstelle» and the «Bezugsschein». It can be shown that the regulation amplified structural changes within the retail sector. It accelerated the vertical integration of production and distribution. The war also showed the flaws within the retailer`s organizations. Compared to their suppliers the retailers were deeply divided and did not stand on common ground to influence the regulation process. They were held responsible for the lack of supply and rising prices. But this loss of trust by the broad public helped to overcome division and paved the way for the first umbrella organization. The article concludes that the lack of textiles was both – impulse and unsolved problem for war-time regulation. The textile distribution did not collapse because of an effective regulation, but rather because of the strict civilian textile abstinence.
Das Prinzip der «Sachlichkeit in der Warenverteilung». Zum Marketingkonzept des Schocken Konzerns in der Weimarer Republik
Authors: Pauli Anna 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The Principle of «Objectivity in Distribution». The Marketing Concept of the Schocken Group in the Weimar Republic

The First World War and the Hyperinflation of the early 1920s threw the German retail trade into a serious crisis. After the currency stabilization of 1924 many companies tried to increase revenues and reduce overheads by focusing more on the demands of the customers. One measure taken most notably by some large companies was to build central advertising agencies to pool their energies. This essay explores the increased customer and marketing orientation of the textile retail trade by using the example of the department store group Schocken. The new business strategy of Schocken was accompanied by a similar corporate philosophy and was based on the principle of «objectivity in distribution». This principle affected their range of goods, their architecture and decoration of the shops, their customer service and their advertising strategy.
Erlebniswelt im Zeichen des Elches.Zur «Fabrikation der Sichtbarkeit» in der Geschichte von Abercrombie & Fitch
Authors: Hörz Peter F. N. , Richter Marcus 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

A World of Experiences under the Banner of the Elk. On the «Fabrication of Visibility» in the History of Abercrombie & Fitch

The article sheds light on the history of the US-American fashion cult label Abercrombie & Fitch. It departs from an episode that dates back to the corporation's early heydays as an outfitter for hunters, fishermen, and outdoor enthusiasts, and then turns to the more recent history of the company as a supplier of exclusive casual apparel mostly catering younger target groups. In doing so, particular attention is given to the sometimes aesthetic, sometimes scandalous, but always attention catching «fabrication of visibility» which used to be typical for Abercrombie & Fitch from its relaunch in the 1990s until its recent decline and which largely contributed to the company's profitable difference.
A Rare Variant Identified Within the GluN2B C-Terminus in a Patient with Autism Affects NMDA Receptor Surface Expression and Spine Density
Authors: Liu Shuxi , Zhou Liang , Yuan Hongjie , Vieira Marta , Sanz-Clemente Antonio , Badger John D. , Lu Wei , Traynelis Stephen F. , Roche Katherine W. 
Published: March 2017

NMDA receptors (NMDARs) are ionotropic glutamate receptors that are crucial for neuronal development and higher cognitive processes. NMDAR dysfunction is involved in a variety of neurological and psychiatric diseases; however, the mechanistic link between the human pathology and NMDAR dysfunction is poorly understood. Rare missense variants within NMDAR subunits have been identified in numerous patients with mental or neurological disorders. We specifically focused on the GluN2B NMDAR subunit, which is highly expressed in the hippocampus and cortex throughout development. We analyzed several variants located in the GluN2B C terminus and found that three variants in patients with autism (S1415L) or schizophrenia (L1424F and S1452F) (S1413L, L1422F, and S1450F in rodents, respectively) displayed impaired binding to membrane-associated guanylate kinase (MAGUK) proteins. In addition, we observed a deficit in surface expression for GluN2B S1413L. Furthermore, there were fewer dendritic spines in GluN2B S1413L-expressing neurons. Importantly, synaptic NMDAR currents in neurons transfected with GluN2B S1413L in GluN2A/B-deficient mouse brain slices revealed only partial rescue of synaptic current amplitude. Functional properties of GluN2B S1413L in recombinant systems revealed no change in receptor properties, consistent with synaptic defects being the result of reduced trafficking and targeting of GluN2B S1413L to the synapse. Therefore, we find that GluN2B S1413L displays deficits in NMDAR trafficking, synaptic currents, and spine density, raising the possibility that this mutation may contribute to the phenotype in this autism patient. More broadly, our research demonstrates that the targeted study of certain residues in NMDARs based on rare variants identified in patients is a powerful approach to studying receptor function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTWe have used a “bedside-to-bench” approach to investigate the functional regulation of NMDA receptors (NMDARs). Using information from deep sequencing of patients with neurological or psychiatric disorders, we investigated missense variants identified in the intracellular C-terminal domain of the GluN2B NMDAR subunit. We found several variants that displayed altered properties. In particular, one variant identified in a patient with autism, human GluN2B S1415L, displayed reduced surface expression and binding to PSD-95. Furthermore expression of GluN2B S1415L (S1413L in mouse) showed a deficit in rescue of synaptic NMDAR currents and fewer dendritic spines, consistent with other reports of spine abnormalities being associated with autism. More broadly, we demonstrate that using patient data is an effective approach to probing the structure/function relationship of NMDARs.
Gene Expression Profiling with Cre-Conditional Pseudorabies Virus Reveals a Subset of Midbrain Neurons That Participate in Reward Circuitry
Authors: Pomeranz Lisa E. , Ekstrand Mats I. , Latcha Kaamashri N. , Smith Gregory A. , Enquist Lynn W. , Friedman Jeffrey M. 
Published: March 2017

The mesolimbic dopamine pathway receives inputs from numerous regions of the brain as part of a neural system that detects rewarding stimuli and coordinates a behavioral response. The capacity to simultaneously map and molecularly define the components of this complex multisynaptic circuit would thus advance our understanding of the determinants of motivated behavior. To accomplish this, we have constructed pseudorabies virus (PRV) strains in which viral propagation and fluorophore expression are activated only after exposure to Cre recombinase. Once activated in Cre-expressing neurons, the virus serially labels chains of presynaptic neurons. Dual injection of GFP and mCherry tracing viruses simultaneously illuminates nigrostriatal and mesolimbic circuitry and shows no overlap, demonstrating that PRV transmission is confined to synaptically connected neurons. To molecularly profile mesolimbic dopamine neurons and their presynaptic inputs, we injected Cre-conditional GFP virus into the NAc of (anti-GFP) nanobody-L10 transgenic mice and immunoprecipitated translating ribosomes from neurons infected after retrograde tracing. Analysis of purified RNA revealed an enrichment of transcripts expressed in neurons of the dorsal raphe nuclei and lateral hypothalamus that project to the mesolimbic dopamine circuit. These studies identify important inputs to the mesolimbic dopamine pathway and further show that PRV circuit-directed translating ribosome affinity purification can be broadly applied to identify molecularly defined neurons comprising complex, multisynaptic circuits.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe mesolimbic dopamine circuit integrates signals from key brain regions to detect and respond to rewarding stimuli. To further define this complex multisynaptic circuit, we constructed a panel of Cre recombinase-activated pseudorabies viruses (PRVs) that enabled retrograde tracing of neural inputs that terminate on Cre-expressing neurons. Using these viruses and Retro-TRAP (translating ribosome affinity purification), a previously reported molecular profiling method, we developed a novel technique that provides anatomic as well as molecular information about the neural components of polysynaptic circuits. We refer to this new method as PRV-Circuit-TRAP (PRV circuit-directed TRAP). Using it, we have identified major projections to the mesolimbic dopamine circuit from the lateral hypothalamus and dorsal raphe nucleus and defined a discrete subset of transcripts expressed in these projecting neurons, which will allow further characterization of this important pathway. Moreover, the method we report is general and can be applied to the study of other neural circuits.
Electrophysiological Evidence for Hyperfocusing of Spatial Attention in Schizophrenia
Authors: Kreither Johanna , Lopez-Calderon Javier , Leonard Carly J. , Robinson Benjamin M. , Ruffle Abigail , Hahn Britta , Gold James M. , Luck Steven J. 
Published: March 2017

A recently proposed hyperfocusing hypothesis of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia proposes that people with schizophrenia (PSZ) tend to concentrate processing resources more narrowly but more intensely than healthy control subjects (HCS). The present study tests a key prediction of this hypothesis, namely, that PSZ will hyperfocus on information presented at the center of gaze. This should lead to greater filtering of peripheral stimuli when the task requires focusing centrally but reduced filtering of central stimuli when the task requires attending broadly in the periphery. These predictions were tested in a double oddball paradigm, in which frequent standard stimuli and rare oddball stimuli were presented at central and peripheral locations while event-related potentials were recorded. Participants were instructed to discriminate between the standard and oddball stimuli at either the central location or at the peripheral locations. PSZ and HCS showed opposite patterns of spatial bias at the level of early sensory processing, as assessed with the P1 component: PSZ exhibited stronger sensory suppression of peripheral stimuli when the task required attending narrowly to the central location, whereas HCS exhibited stronger sensory suppression of central stimuli when the task required attending broadly to the peripheral locations. Moreover, PSZ exhibited a stronger stimulus categorization response than HCS, as assessed with the P3b component, for central stimuli when the task required attending to the peripheral region. These results provide strong evidence of hyperfocusing in PSZ, which may provide a unified mechanistic account of multiple aspects of cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSchizophrenia clearly involves impaired attention, but attention is complex, and delineating the precise nature of attentional dysfunction in schizophrenia has been difficult. The present study tests a new hyperfocusing hypothesis, which proposes that people with schizophrenia (PSZ) tend to concentrate processing resources more intensely but more narrowly than healthy control subjects (HCS). Using electrophysiological measures of sensory and cognitive processing, we found that PSZ were actually superior to HCS in focusing attention at the point of gaze and filtering out peripheral distractors when the task required a narrow focusing of attention. This finding of superior filtering in PSZ supports the hyperfocusing hypothesis, which may provide the mechanism underlying a broad range of cognitive impairments in schizophrenia.