bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simple pretreatment processes for successful reclamation and remanufacturing of crystalline silicon solar cells
Authors: Lee Jun‐Kyu , Lee Jin‐Seok , Ahn Young‐Soo , Kang Gi‐Hwan , Song Hee‐Eun , Kang Min‐Gu , Kim Young‐Hwan , Cho Churl‐Hee 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study presents an effective method for recovering unbroken solar cells from photovoltaic (PV) modules. The combustion process is effective at removing ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) in PV modules. However, the solar cell tends to break during the combustion process. We verify that the breakage mechanisms of the solar cell in the module are related to the thermal changes of EVA during the heat treatment process, that is, generated gases form bubbles behind the glass, and the thermal deformation of the rear EVA applies stress to the solar cell. This study investigates the simple pretreatments of glass cracking and EVA patterning to prevent the breakage behavior. An unbroken solar cell was successfully recovered from the module after complete EVA removal using the combustion process. The recovered solar cell was immersed in a mixed acid solution of HNO3 and HF to reclaim the crystalline silicon wafer, which subsequently underwent the solar cell manufacturing process. The PV performances of the solar cells based on the reclaimed wafer and a commercial wafer were evaluated and compared. The PV performance of the solar cell manufactured from the reclaimed wafer was measured at 18.5%, whereas that from the commercial wafer‐based solar cell was measured at 18.7%. Consequently, the considered pretreatment processes yielded solar cells acceptable for use in the PV industry.
Prognostic awareness and communication preferences among caregivers of patients with malignant glioma
Authors: Applebaum A.J. , Buda K. , Kryza‐Lacombe M. , Buthorn J.J. , Walker R. , Shaffer K.M. , D'Agostino T.A. , Diamond E.L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveMalignant glioma (MG) is a devastating neuro‐oncologic disease with almost invariably poor prognosis, yet many families facing malignant glioma have poor prognostic awareness (PA), or the awareness of the patient's incurable disease and shortened life expectancy. Accurate PA is associated with favorable medical outcomes at end‐of‐life for patients and psychosocial outcomes for informal caregivers (ICs) through bereavement. To date, however, no study has specifically examined PA among MG ICs and the information they receive that shapes their awareness.MethodsThirty‐two ICs of patients with malignant glioma completed a semi‐structured assessment of their awareness of the incurability and life expectancy of their loved one's illness, and to understand their sources of prognostic information and preferences for communication of prognostic information.ResultsTwenty‐two (69%) ICs had full PA—awareness of the incurability of malignant glioma and accurate estimates of their loved ones' life expectancy. Twenty‐three (72%) felt that prognostic information was extremely or very important to possess, and 16 (50%) desired more prognostic information. The majority of ICs received prognostic information from physicians and the Internet. Qualitative analyses revealed that many ICs had difficulty navigating medical encounters in which they concurrently wanted to elicit prognostic information from physicians and protect patients from such information.ConclusionsAccurate and timely PA is necessary for ICs to serve as critical members of health care teams. Interventions are needed to foster ICs' skills in navigating prognostic communication with patients and health care providers and thereby improve their ability to advocate for their loved one's wishes.
Oblique Impacts and Friction of HMX and/or TATB‐based PBXs
Authors: Picart Didier , Junqua‐Moullet Alexandra 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTransportation, handling, vibrations can lead to dynamic loadings requiring the characterization of the safety of plastic‐bonded explosives (PBX). One of the addressed situations is the fall of explosive on a surface. Knowing that initiation can occur at a lower height during a vertical fall of a projectile on an inclined target than on a horizontal one, devices were developed to determine the critical thresholds. In this paper, data obtained on four HMX and/or TATB‐based PBXs using pendulum drop configurations are detailed. Two analytical models are compared to estimate the heat released by friction at the interface. The model proposed in this paper yields the better agreement with data, and with finite element numerical simulations of the oblique impact on a given PBX. Lastly, the mechanical dissipation at the interface is estimated using this model and the simulations. This paper confirms that PBX/target friction cannot be the heating mechanism leading to initiation during oblique impacts.
A dynamic power prior for borrowing historical data in noninferiority trials with binary endpoint
Authors: Liu G. Frank 
Published: November 2017

SummaryTraditionally, noninferiority hypotheses have been tested using a frequentist method with a fixed margin. Given that information for the control group is often available from previous studies, it is interesting to consider a Bayesian approach in which information is “borrowed” for the control group to improve efficiency. However, construction of an appropriate informative prior can be challenging. In this paper, we consider a hybrid Bayesian approach for testing noninferiority hypotheses in studies with a binary endpoint. To account for heterogeneity between the historical information and the current trial for the control group, a dynamic P value–based power prior parameter is proposed to adjust the amount of information borrowed from the historical data. This approach extends the simple test‐then‐pool method to allow a continuous discounting power parameter. An adjusted α level is also proposed to better control the type I error. Simulations are conducted to investigate the performance of the proposed method and to make comparisons with other methods including test‐then‐pool and hierarchical modeling. The methods are illustrated with data from vaccine clinical trials.
Low‐Temperature and Rapid Growth of Large Single‐Crystalline Graphene with Ethane
Authors: Sun Xiao , Lin Li , Sun Luzhao , Zhang Jincan , Rui Dingran , Li Jiayu , Wang Mingzhan , Tan Congwei , Kang Ning , Wei Di , Xu H. Q. , Peng Hailin , Liu Zhongfan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFuture applications of graphene rely highly on the production of large‐area high‐quality graphene, especially large single‐crystalline graphene, due to the reduction of defects caused by grain boundaries. However, current large single‐crystalline graphene growing methodologies are suffering from low growth rate and as a result, industrial graphene production is always confronted by high energy consumption, which is primarily caused by high growth temperature and long growth time. Herein, a new growth condition achieved via ethane being the carbon feedstock to achieve low‐temperature yet rapid growth of large single‐crystalline graphene is reported. Ethane condition gives a growth rate about four times faster than methane, achieving about 420 µm min−1 for the growth of sub‐centimeter graphene single crystals at temperature about 1000 °C. In addition, the temperature threshold to obtain graphene using ethane can be reduced to 750 °C, lower than the general growth temperature threshold (about 1000 °C) with methane on copper foil. Meanwhile ethane always keeps higher graphene growth rate than methane under the same growth temperature. This study demonstrates that ethane is indeed a potential carbon source for efficient growth of large single‐crystalline graphene, thus paves the way for graphene in high‐end electronical and optoelectronical applications.
Correction to: International Scholarship Programs of the American College of Surgeons: Expansion of the Global Surgical Network
Authors: Nigri Giuseppe , Early Kate , Tsoulfas George , Ferreres Alberto , Ferrone Cristina R. , Schulick Richard , Al‐Refaie Waddah B. , Turner Patricia L. , Velmahos George 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn the original article, the top of Fig. 1 was inadvertently cut off. The original article has been corrected. The publisher regrets the error.
Heart rate variability and plasma nephrines in the evaluation of heat acclimatisation status
Authors: Stacey Major Michael John , Delves S. K. , Woods D. R. , Britland S. E. , Macconnachie L. , Allsopp A. J. , Brett S. J. , Fallowfield J. L. , Boos C. J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeHeat adaptation (HA) is critical to performance and health in a hot environment. Transition from short-term heat acclimatisation (STHA) to long-term heat acclimatisation (LTHA) is characterised by decreased autonomic disturbance and increased protection from thermal injury. A standard heat tolerance test (HTT) is recommended for validating exercise performance status, but any role in distinguishing STHA from LTHA is unreported. The aims of this study were to (1) define performance status by serial HTT during structured natural HA, (2) evaluate surrogate markers of autonomic activation, including heart rate variability (HRV), in relation to HA status.MethodsParticipants (n = 13) were assessed by HTT (60-min block-stepping, 50%VO2peak) during STHA (Day 2, 6 and 9) and LTHA (Day 23). Core temperature (Tc) and heart rate (HR) were measured every 5 min. Sampling for HRV indices (RMSSD, LF:HF) and sympathoadrenal blood measures (cortisol, nephrines) was undertaken before and after (POST) each HTT.ResultsSignificant (P < 0.05) interactions existed for Tc, logLF:HF, cortisol and nephrines (two-way ANOVA; HTT by Day). Relative to LTHA, POST results differed significantly for Tc (Day 2, 6 and 9), HR (Day 2), logRMSSD (Day 2 and Day 6), logLF:HF (Day 2 and Day 6), cortisol (Day 2) and nephrines (Day 2 and Day 9). POST differences in HRV (Day 6 vs. 23) were + 9.9% (logRMSSD) and − 18.6% (logLF:HF).ConclusionsEarly reductions in HR and cortisol characterised STHA, whereas LTHA showed diminished excitability by Tc, HRV and nephrine measures. Measurement of HRV may have potential to aid real-time assessment of readiness for activity in the heat.
No Exacerbation of Knee Joint Pain and Effusion Following Preoperative Progressive Resistance Training in Patients Scheduled for Total Knee Arthroplasty: Secondary Analyses From a Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Skoffer Birgit , Dalgas Ulrik , Maribo Thomas , Søballe Kjeld , Mechlenburg Inger 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundPreoperative progressive resistance training (PRT) is controversial in patients scheduled for total knee arthroplasty (TKA), because of the concern that it may exacerbate knee joint pain and effusion.ObjectiveTo examine whether preoperative PRT initiated 5 weeks prior to TKA would exacerbate pain and knee effusion, and would allow a progressively increased training load throughout the training period that would subsequently increase muscle strength.DesignSecondary analyses from a randomized controlled trial (NCT01647243).SettingUniversity Hospital and a Regional Hospital.PatientsA total of 30 patients who were scheduled for TKA due to osteoarthritis and assigned as the intervention group.MethodsPatients underwent unilateral PRT (3 sessions per week). Exercise loading was 12 repetitions maximum (RM) with progression toward 8 RM. The training program consisted of 6 exercises performed unilaterally.Main outcome measuresBefore and after each training session, knee joint pain was rated on an 11‐point scale, effusion was assessed by measuring the knee joint circumference, and training load was recorded. The first and last training sessions were initiated by 1 RM testing of unilateral leg press, unilateral knee extension, and unilateral knee flexion.ResultsThe median pain change score from before to after each training session was 0 at all training sessions. The average increase in knee joint effusion across the 12 training sessions was a mean 0.16 cm ± 0.23 cm. No consistent increase in knee joint effusion after training sessions during the training period was found (P = .21). Training load generally increased, and maximal muscle strength improved as follows: unilateral leg press: 18% ± 30% (P = .03); unilateral knee extension: 81% ± 156% (P < .001); and unilateral knee flexion: 53% ± 57% (P < .001).ConclusionPRT of the affected leg initiated shortly before TKA does not exacerbate knee joint pain and effusion, despite a substantial progression in loading and increased muscle strength. Concerns for side effects such as pain and effusion after PRT seem unfounded.Level of EvidenceI
Squatting Re‐education With Lumbo‐Pelvic‐Thigh Muscle Cocontraction Improves Functional Performance in Patellofemoral Pain Syndrome: A Case Presentation
Authors: Manickaraj Nagarajan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAnterior knee pain, with or without joint crepitus during squatting, is the common clinical feature in the individuals with patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS). Altered lower extremity alignment and lumbo‐pelvic‐thigh muscles motor control is often associated with PFPS. Although current interventions recommend individual muscle activation and strength training exercises, the reported benefits of cocontraction−based exercises in PFPS is limited. This might be due to the long‐standing hypothesis that exercise‐induced cocontraction of thigh muscles may induce a negative effect by increasing the joint contact forces in individuals with knee osteoarthritis. This case report demonstrates that neuromuscular re‐education performed with lumbo‐pelvic‐thigh muscle cocontraction may improve functional performance and reduce patellofemoral joint crepitus in PFPS. Further controlled trials are necessary to generalize these resultsLevel of EvidenceV
Computerized cognitive training for older diabetic adults at risk of dementia: Study protocol for a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Bloom Rachel , Schnaider‐Beeri Michal , Ravona‐Springer Ramit , Heymann Anthony , Dabush Hai , Bar Lior , Slater Shirel , Rassovsky Yuri , Bahar‐Fuchs Alex 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroductionOlder adults with type 2 diabetes are at high risk of cognitive decline and dementia and form an important target group for dementia risk reduction studies. Despite evidence that computerized cognitive training (CCT) may benefit cognitive performance in cognitively healthy older adults and those with mild cognitive impairment, whether CCT may benefit cognitive performance or improve disease self‐management in older diabetic adults has not been studied to date. In addition, whether adaptive difficulty levels and tailoring of interventions to individuals' cognitive profile are superior to generic training remains to be established.MethodsNinety community‐dwelling older (age ≥ 65) diabetic adults are recruited and randomized into a tailored and adaptive computerized cognitive training condition or to a generic, nontailored, or adaptive CCT condition. Both groups complete an 8‐week training program using the commercially available CogniFit program. The intervention is augmented by a range of behavior‐change techniques, and participants in each condition are further randomized into a global or cognition‐specific phone‐based self‐efficacy (SE) condition, or a no‐SE condition. The primary outcome is global cognitive performance immediately after the intervention. Secondary outcomes include diabetes self‐management, meta‐memory, mood, and SE.DiscussionThis pilot study is the first trial evaluating the potential benefits of home‐based tailored and adaptive CCT in relation to cognitive and disease self‐management in older diabetic adults. Methodological strengths of this trial include the double‐blind design, the clear identification of the proposed active ingredients of the intervention, and the use of evidence‐based behavior‐change techniques. Results from this study will indicate whether CCT has the potential to lower the risk of diabetes‐related cognitive decline. The outcomes of the trial will also advance our understanding of essential intervention parameters required to improve or maintain cognitive function and enhance disease self‐management in this at‐risk group.
A KNIFE-ROLLER EFFECTIVELY SUBSTITUTES SOIL PREPARATION BY PLOUGH-AND-HARROW IN LOWLAND PRODUCTION SYSTEMS
Authors: THEISEN G. , SILVA J. C. C. , BASTIAANS L. 
Published: November 2017

SUMMARYCropping systems in the lowlands of temperate South America have been based on irrigated rice and beef-cattle production. Plough-and-harrow is still the most used method to prepare the soil after a season of irrigated rice, but it causes high soil disturbance and is time- and energy-demanding. To improve the sustainability of a rice–soybean rotation system, we studied an alternative method for soil preparation based on a heavy knife-roller. This method was evaluated during three cropping seasons and compared to the plough-and-harrow, applied after the harvest of irrigated rice in a flat hydromorphic soil in south Brazil. In the subsequent summer, soybean was seeded using a no-tillage seeder. Observations on soybean establishment and grain yield demonstrated that the alternative method performed as well as the plough-based system. Benefits of the roller-based method were a 50% reduction in energy consumption for soil preparation, corresponding to a 22% increase in overall energy use-efficiency of soybean production. Labour time and greenhouse gas emissions for soil preparation were reduced with 29 and 55%, respectively. Next to these savings, the roller-based method can also be performed shortly after rice harvest, creating better opportunities for cover crops or pastures in between rice and soybean. In conclusion, the equivalent agronomic and superior sustainability performance makes the knife-roller method an appealing alternative for seedbed preparation after irrigated rice in lowland production systems.
A lifetime of the Variscan orogenic plateau from uplift to collapse as recorded by the Prague Basin, Bohemian Massif
Authors: VACEK FRANTIŠEK , ŽÁK JIŘÍ 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Ordovician to Middle Devonian Prague Basin, Bohemian Massif, represents the shallowest crust of the Variscan orogen corresponding toc.1–4 km palaeodepth. The basin was inverted and multiply deformed during the Late Devonian to early Carboniferous Variscan orogeny, and its structural inventory provides an intriguing record of complex geodynamic processes that led to growth and collapse of a Tibetan-type orogenic plateau. The northeastern part of the Prague Basin is a simple syncline cross-cut by reverse/thrust faults and represents a doubly vergent compressional fan accommodatingc.10–19 % ~NW–SE shortening, only minor syncline axis-parallel extension and significant crustal thickening. The compressional structures were locally overprinted by vertical shortening, kinematically compatible with ductile normal shear zones that exhumed deep crust in the orogen's interior atc. 346–337 Ma. On a larger scale, the deformation history of the Prague Syncline is consistent with building significant palaeoelevation during Variscan plate convergence. Based on a synthesis of finite deformation parameters observed across the upper crust in the centre of the Bohemian Massif, we argue for a differentiated within-plateau palaeotopography consisting of domains of local thickening alternating with topographic depressions over lateral extrusion zones. The plateau growth, involving such complex three-dimensional internal deformations, was terminated by its collapse driven by multiple interlinked processes including gravity, voluminous magma emplacement and thermal softening in the hinterland, and far-field plate-boundary forces resulting from the relative dextral motion of Gondwana and Laurussia.
Morbid Subjects: Forensic medicine and sovereignty in Siam
Authors: PEARSON QUENTIN (TRAIS) 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article examines the question of Siamese sovereignty in the era of high imperialism through the lens of medical jurisprudence. Although Siam (Thailand) was never formally colonized, it was subject to unequal trade treaties that established extraterritorial legal rights for foreign residents. In cases where a foreign resident was suspected of having harmed a Siamese subject, the Siamese state had to appeal to foreign consular officials to file charges against the suspect. Standards of forensic evidence were crucial in such cases. While medical jurisprudence helped to bolster racial privilege in other colonial legal jurisdictions, this article argues that these disputes rendered the dead and injured bodies of Siamese subjects into potentially powerful pieces of leverage against foreign residents and their political representatives. The dead bodies of Siamese subjects became grounds for challenging foreign courts and asserting Siamese sovereignty.
Belgian Rule and its Afterlives: Colonialism, Developmentalism, and Mobutism in the Tanganyika District, Southeastern DR-Congo, 1885–1985
Authors: Loffman Reuben 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe arrival of Belgian rule in the late nineteenth century initiated significant changes in the labor history of Tanganyika, a province in the southeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), as well the discursive regimes used to legitimize these transformations. After the colonial conquests, unfree labor was justified by paternalistic rather than mythical discourses. Although unfree labor was less common in the postcolonial period, the state forced farmers to sell crops at low prices and build roads for no remuneration. In the Cold War context, the language and practice of developmentalism mediated the coercive practices of the independent Congolese state (known as Zaïre, 1971–1997). The floundering Zaïrian government expanded its presence in Tanganyika due to its partnership with USAID. USAID's rhetoric and practice was influenced by a “bottom up” approach to agricultural production, but the cuts to its funding in the 1980s meant it struggled to soften Mobutu's coercive administration.
From Unfree Work to Working for Free: Labor, Aid, and Gender in the Nigerien Sahel, 1930–2000
Authors: Rossi Benedetta 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article focuses on the consequences of twentieth-century developmentalism for labor practices in the Nigerien Sahel under French rule and in the postindependence period. It examines labor regime transformations at the desert's edge; the ways in which state-led developmentalism influenced labor relations; and gender disparities in the history of emancipation from slavery. Following the abolition of forced labor in 1946, the rhetoric of human investment was used to promote the “voluntary” participation of workers in colonial development initiatives. This continued under Niger's independent governments. Seyni Kountché’s dictatorship relabeled Niger “Development Society” and mobilized Nigeriens’ “voluntary” work in development projects. Concurrently, drought in the Sahel attracted unprecedented levels of international funding. In the Ader region this led to the establishment of a major antidesertification project that paid local labor on a food-for-work basis. Since most men migrated seasonally to West African cities, the majority of workers in the project's worksites were women who welcomed “project work” to avoid destitution. In the name of development, it continued to be possible to mobilize workers without remuneration beyond the cost of a meal.