bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Koronarerkrankungen – aktuelle Momentaufnahme in Deutschland
Authors: Wellnhofer Ernst 
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung:
Die koronare Herzerkrankung ist eine chronisch entzündliche Veränderung der Herzkranzgefäße. Sie ist aktuell die häufigste Todesursache in Deutschland. Der 27. Herzbericht 2015 stellt die aktuelle Prävalenz und die sektorübergreifende Versorgung in Deutschland dar. Der Beitrag beleuchtet ausgewählte Daten und diskutiert sie im Kontext aktueller wissenschaftlicher Evidenz. Aktuelle Entwicklungen in der präventiven und akutmedizinischen Versorgung der koronaren Herzerkrankung werden diskutiert.
Entwicklung und Ursachen von Frühberentungen in Deutschland
Authors: Falk Johannes 
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung:
Unabhängig von der Anzahl an Frühberentungen, haben sich in den letzten 20 Jahren die Ursachen bzw. Berentungsdiagnosen deutlich gewandelt. Die ehemals führenden Berentungsursachen wie Erkrankungen des Bewegungsapparates und Herz-Kreislauferkrankungen wurden von psychischen Erkrankungen verdrängt. Vor allem depressive Erkrankungen und Angststörungen haben einen enormen Zuwachs erfahren. Die Hintergründe für die Entwicklungen sind mannigfaltig und zum Teil noch nicht abschließend geklärt. Dieser Artikel analysiert die Rentenstatistiken der Deutschen Rentenversicherung.
Neue Organisationsformen für die stationäre Versorgung
Authors: Martin Stephan 
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung:
Bedingt durch die Einführung der DRG-Abrechnungssysteme ist es bei stationären Krankenhausaufenthalten zu einer Fokussierung auf die Hauptdiagnose und zu einer deutlichen Verkürzung von Liegezeiten gekommen. Dadurch werden Volkserkrankungen wie der Diabetes mellitus, der einen sehr wichtigen Einfluss auf den Behandlungserfolg hat, zunehmend weniger beachtet. Das TeDia Betreuungssystem wurde entwickelt, um die Versorgungsqualität im Krankenhaus durch eine Verbesserung der Diabeteseinstellung zu verbessern.
Testing differentially expressed genes in dose-response studies and with ordinal phenotypes
Authors: Sweeney Elizabeth , Crainiceanu Ciprian , Gertheiss Jan 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
When testing for differentially expressed genes between more than two groups, the groups are often defined by dose levels in dose-response experiments or ordinal phenotypes, such as disease stages. We discuss the potential of a new approach that uses the levels’ ordering without making any structural assumptions, such as monotonicity, by testing for zero variance components in a mixed models framework. Since the mixed effects model approach borrows strength across doses/levels, the test proposed can also be applied when the number of dose levels/phenotypes is large and/or the number of subjects per group is small. We illustrate the new test in simulation studies and on several publicly available datasets and compare it to alternative testing procedures. All tests considered are implemented in R and are publicly available. The new approach offers a very fast and powerful way to test for differentially expressed genes between ordered groups without making restrictive assumptions with respect to the true relationship between factor levels and response.
INTERLEUKIN 1 AND INTERLEUKIN 4 GENES POLYMORPHISM ASSOCIATED WITH EARLY AND PRESCHOOL AGE CHILDREN SENSITIZATION TO STREPTOCOCCUS PYOGENES
Authors: Shabaldin A. V. , Shabaldina E. V. , Ryazantsev S. V. , Simbirtsev A. S. 
Published: June 2016

Background. Streptococcus pyogenes infection and sensitization to its antigens is considered to be an unfavorable factor for the induction of rheumatic pathology. The search for genetic predictors of rheumatic diseases in general, and sensitization to S. pyogenes, in particular, is of high relevance in modern medicine.Objective. To study the associations between interleukin 1 and interleukin 4 gene polymorphisms and the development of sensitization to antigens of S. pyogenes in toddlers and preschool children.Materials and methods. 771 children aged 2–6 years with recurrent acute respiratory tract infections treated by allergist-immunologist and otorhinolaryngologist were included in the study. Antibodies against S. pyogenes were determined by ELISA using commercial kits “Immunoteks” (Stavropol, Russia) in all children. Children with IgG immune response to S. pyogenes were assigned to the study group (n = 306), whereas children without this response were assigned to the control group (n = 465). Both groups underwent gene typing of IL1B (+3953, C→T, rs 114634), IL1Ra (VNTR, intron 2, 89 bp) and IL4 (VNTR intron 3, 70 bp) gene polymorphisms in the Laboratory for Pharmacogenomics, ICBFM SB RAS. The data were processed using routine statistical methods for genetic analysis and the statistical software package Statistica 6.0. There were no deviations from Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium across all loci, suggesting validity of association studies between individual and combined genotypes and sensitization to antigens of S. pyogenes.Results. Positive association between sensitization to antigens of S. pyogenes and individual genotypes have been found: IL1B (+3953, C→T)*C,T (52.6% in the study group vs. 39.8% in the control group, p = 0.001; OR = 2.02; CI(99%) 0.47–5.93), IL1Ra (VNTR, intron 2, 89 bp)*2r,5r (7.19% in the study group vs. 1.29% in the control group, p = 0.001; OR = 5.59; CI(99%) 1.58–19.77), IL4 (VNTR intron 3, 70 bp)*2r,2r (6.86% in the study group vs 3.01% in the control group, p = 0.05; OR = 2.34; CI(99%) 0.66–8.29); as well as for combined genotypes: IL1B (+3953, C→T)*C,C / IL1Ra (VNTR, intron 2, 89 bp)*2r,4r / IL4 (VNTR intron 3, 70 bp)*2r,2r (OR = 46.15); IL1B (+3953, C→T)*T,T / I-1Ra (VNTR, intron 2, 89 bp)*4r,4r / IL4 (VNTR intron 3, 70 bp)*2r,3r (OR = 8.82) and IL1B (+3953, C→T)*C,T / IL1Ra (VNTR, intron 2, 89 bp)*2r,2r / IL4 (VNTR intron 3, 70 bp)*3r,3r (OR = 7.23). Conclusion. High odds ratio (OR = 46.15) for IL1B (+3953, C→T)*C,C / IL1Ra (VNTR, intron 2, 89 bp)*2r,4r / IL4 (VNTR intron 3, 70 bp)*2r,2r suggests that combined genotype is a main marker of sensitivity and impaired immune tolerance to S. pyogenes in toddlers and preschool children. Thus, this study has confirmed the association between gene polymorphisms, and pro-inflammatory and proallergic cytokines, and autoimmune and allergic diseases.
HIV INFECTION STAGE, ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY SCHEME AND PATIENT IMMUNE STATUS INFLUENCE ON HIV/TB CO-INFECTION OUTCOME
Authors: Mordyk A. V. , Sitnikova S. V. , Puzyreva L. V. 
Published: June 2016

Retrospective research of 381 clinical records is conducted to study HIV infection influence on stationary stage of tuberculosis treatment outcome in HIV-TB co-infected patients. All cases were divided depending on a hospitalization outcome on favorable and adverse. At most of patients tuberculosis of respiratory organs met. Immunological researches were conducted, the stage of HIV infection was registered and the issue of purpose of anti-retroviral therapy was resolved. Besides, as indirect signs of an immunodeficiency at the patients with a combination of tuberculosis and HIV infection who were on hospitalization the indicators received when carrying out clinical laboratory trials were analyzed: absolute and relative quantity of lymphocytes according to the general blood test, the contents the globulin fractions and circulating immune complexes concentration according to the clinical chemistry blood test. At an assessment of results in both groups of research more than at a half of patients existence of HIV infection at late stages that speaks about late identification and neglect of an immunodeficiency was revealed. At patients with tuberculosis of lungs in combination with HIV infection at a failure statistically significant decrease in an immunoregulatory index is revealed. It is interesting that the level of CD4 lymphocytes and a stage of HIV infection had no impact on the co-infection’s outcome. However, existence of virus loa ding more than 100 000 copies/ml reduced probability favorable an outcome of treatment of tuberculosis at the patient with HIV infection. Timely purpose of anti-retroviral therapy at patients with co-infection increased chances of treatment of tuberculosis at patients with an immunodeficiency. Frequency of adverse side effect of antiviral therapy met equally often at patients in both groups. Thus, patients at any stages of HIV infection with any forms of tuberculosis, including generalized, had a chance to have a favorable outcome of a disease. We consider the reasonable recommendation about carrying out anti-retroviral therapy of patients by all with a combination of tuberculosis and HIV infection, irrespective of the HIV infection stage.
Las mujeres en la formación superior: elección de carrera versus estereotipos de género y neosexismos
Authors: Martínez del Valle Mónica , Villuendas Giménez María Dolores 
Published: June 2016

<p>En este trabajo se realiza una revisión de la literatura acerca de los estereotipos de género y sus implicaciones en las mujeres en la elección de una carrera universitaria, las nuevas formas de discriminación hacia las mujeres y los vínculos entre estereotipos y prejuicios. Se analizan concepciones tales como el neosexismo, caracterizado como la manifestación de un conflicto entre los valores igualitarios y los sentimientos residuales negativos hacia las mujeres, también relacionado tradicionalmente con los sentimientos de amenaza hacia los intereses colectivos y con las actitudes hacia los programas de acción afirmativa. Igualmente se exponen recientes investigaciones que han estudiado la evolución de los estereotipos de género y su relación con la elección de carrera y con el neosexismo. Las revisiones realizadas permiten concluir acerca del estado actual de los estereotipos de género y de la influencia de los mismos en la asimetría de mujeres y hombres en determinadas carreras, así como replantear nuevas líneas necesarias de investigación.</p><p> </p>
Pediatric occipitocervical fixation: radiographic criteria, surgical technique, and clinical outcomes based on experience of a single surgeon
Authors: Martinez-del-Campo Eduardo , Turner Jay D. , Rangel-Castilla Leonardo , Soriano-Baron Hector , Kalb Samuel , Theodore Nicholas 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
If left untreated, occipitocervical (OC) instability may lead to serious neurological injury or death. Open internal fixation is often necessary to protect the neurovascular elements. This study reviews the etiologies for pediatric OC instability, analyzes the radiographic criteria for surgical intervention, discusses surgical fixation techniques, and evaluates long-term postoperative outcomes based on a single surgeon's experience.

METHODS
The charts of all patients < 18 years old who underwent internal OC fixation conducted by the senior author were retrospectively reviewed. Forty consecutive patients were identified for analysis. Patient demographic data, OC junction pathology, radiological diagnostic tools, surgical indications, and outcomes are reported.

RESULTS
The study population consisted of 20 boys and 20 girls, with a mean age of 7.3 years. Trauma (45% [n = 18]) was the most common cause of instability, followed by congenital etiologies (37.5% [n = 15]). The condyle-C1 interval had a diagnostic sensitivity of 100% for atlantooccipital dislocation. The median number of fixated segments was 5 (occiput–C4). Structural bone grafts were used in all patients. Postsurgical neurological improvement was seen in 88.2% (15/17) of patients with chronic myelopathy and in 25% (1/4) of patients with acute myelopathy. Preoperatively, 42.5% (17/40) of patients were neurologically intact and remained unchanged at last follow-up, 42.5% (17/40) had neurological improvement, 12.5% (5/40) remained unchanged, and 2.5% (1/40) deteriorated. All patients had successful fusion at 1-year follow-up. The complication rate was 7.5% (3/40), including 1 case of vertebral artery injury.

CONCLUSIONS
Occipitocervical fixation is safe in children and provides immediate immobilization, with excellent survival and arthrodesis rates. Of the radiographic tools evaluated, the condyle-C1 interval was the most predictive of atlantooccipital dislocation.
Back pain improvement after decompression without fusion or stabilization in patients with lumbar spinal stenosis and clinically significant preoperative back pain
Authors: Crawford Charles H. , Glassman Steven D. , Mummaneni Praveen V. , Knightly John J. , Asher Anthony L. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
The relief of leg symptoms by surgical decompression for lumbar stenosis is well supported by the literature. Less is known about the effect on back pain. Some surgeons believe that the relief of back pain should not be an expected outcome of decompression and that substantial back pain may be a contraindication to decompression only; therefore, stabilization may be recommended for patients with substantial preoperative back pain even in the absence of well-accepted indications for stabilization such as spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or sagittal malalignment. The purpose of this study is to determine if patients with lumbar stenosis and substantial back pain—in the absence of spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or sagittal malalignment—can obtain significant improvement after decompression without fusion or stabilization.

METHODS
Analysis of the National Neurosurgery Quality and Outcomes Database (N2QOD) identified 726 patients with lumbar stenosis (without spondylolisthesis or scoliosis) and a baseline back pain score ≥ 5 of 10 who underwent surgical decompression only. No patient was reported to have significant spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or sagittal malalignment. Standard demographic and surgical variables were collected, as well as patient outcomes including back and leg pain scores, Oswestry Disability Index (ODI), and EuroQoL 5D (EQ-5D) at baseline and 3 and 12 months postoperatively.

RESULTS
The mean age of the cohort was 65.6 years, and 407 (56%) patients were male. The mean body mass index was 30.2 kg/m2, and 40% of patients had 2-level decompression, 29% had 3-level decompression, 24% had 1-level decompression, and 6% had 4-level decompression. The mean estimated blood loss was 130 ml. The mean operative time was 100.85 minutes. The vast majority of discharges (88%) were routine home discharges. At 3 and 12 months postoperatively, there were significant improvements from baseline for back pain (7.62 to 3.19 to 3.66), leg pain (7.23 to 2.85 to 3.07), EQ-5D (0.55 to 0.76 to 0.75), and ODI (49.11 to 27.20 to 26.38).

CONCLUSIONS
Through the 1st postoperative year, patients with lumbar stenosis—without spondylolisthesis, scoliosis, or sagittal malalignment—and clinically significant back pain improved after decompression-only surgery.
Associations of renin-angiotensin system genetic polymorphisms and clinical course after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage
Authors: Griessenauer Christoph J. , Tubbs R. Shane , Foreman Paul M. , Chua Michelle H. , Vyas Nilesh A. , Lipsky Robert H. , Lin Mingkuan , Iyer Ramaswamy , Haridas Rishikesh , Walters Beverly C. , Chaudry Salman , Malieva Aisana , Wilkins Samantha , Harrigan Mark R. , Fisher Winfield S. , Shoja Mohammadali M. 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVERenin-angiotensin system (RAS) genetic polymorphisms are thought to play a role in cerebral aneurysm formation and rupture. The Cerebral Aneurysm Renin Angiotensin System (CARAS) study prospectively evaluated associations of common RAS polymorphisms and clinical course after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH).METHODSThe CARAS study prospectively enrolled aSAH patients at 2 academic centers in the United States. A blood sample was obtained from all patients for genetic evaluation and measurement of plasma angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) concentration. Common RAS polymorphisms were detected using 5′exonuclease genotyping assays and pyrosequencing. Analysis of associations of RAS polymorphisms and clinical course after aSAH were performed.RESULTSA total of 166 patients were screened, and 149 aSAH patients were included for analysis. A recessive effect of allele I (insertion) of the ACE I/D (insertion/deletion) polymorphism was identified for Hunt and Hess grade in all patients (OR 2.76, 95% CI 1.17–6.50; p = 0.0206) with subsequent poor functional outcome. There was a similar effect on delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) in patients 55 years or younger (OR 3.63, 95% CI 1.04–12.7; p = 0.0439). In patients older than 55 years, there was a recessive effect of allele A of the angiotensin II receptor Type 2 (AT2) A/C single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) on DCI (OR 4.70, 95% CI 1.43–15.4; p = 0.0111).CONCLUSIONSBoth the ACE I/D polymorphism and the AT2 A/C single nucleotide polymorphism were associated with an age-dependent risk of delayed cerebral ischemia, whereas only the ACE I/D polymorphism was associated with poor clinical grade at presentation. Further studies are required to elucidate the relevant pathophysiology and its potential implication in the treatment of patients with aSAH.
A New Method to Increase Ultrafiltration in Peritoneal Dialysis: Steady Concentration Peritoneal Dialysis
Authors: Pérez-Díaz Vicente , Pérez-Escudero Alfonso , Sanz-Ballesteros Sandra , Rodríguez-Portela Guadalupe , Valenciano-Martínez Susana , Palomo-Aparicio Sofía , Hernández-García Esther , Sánchez-García Luisa , Gordillo-Martín Raquel , Marcos-Sánchez Hortensia 
Published: June 2016

Background Peritoneal dialysis (PD) has limited power for liquid extraction (ultrafiltration), so fluid overload remains a major cause of treatment failure. Methods We present steady concentration peritonal dialysis (SCPD), which increases ultrafiltration of PD exchanges by maintaining a constant peritoneal glucose concentration. This is achieved by infusing 50% glucose solution at a constant rate (typically 40 mL/h) during the 4-hour dwell of a 2-L 1.36% glucose exchange. We treated 21 fluid overload episodes on 6 PD patients with high or average-high peritoneal transport characteristics who refused hemodialysis as an alternative. Each treatment consisted of a single session with 1 to 4 SCPD exchanges (as needed). Results Ultrafiltration averaged 653 ± 363 mL/4 h — twice the ultrafiltration of the peritoneal equilibration test (PET) (300 ± 251 mL/4 h, p < 0.001) and 6-fold the daily ultrafiltration (100 ± 123 mL/4 h, p < 0.001). Serum and peritoneal glucose stability and dialysis efficacy were excellent (glycemia 126 ± 25 mg/dL, peritoneal glucose 1,830 ± 365 mg/dL, D/P creatinine 0.77 ± 0.08). The treatment reversed all episodes of fluid overload, avoiding transfer to hemodialysis. Ultrafiltration was proportional to fluid overload ( p < 0.01) and inversely proportional to final peritoneal glucose concentration ( p < 0.05). Conclusion This preliminary clinical experience confirms the potential of SCPD to safely and effectively increase ultrafiltration of PD exchanges. It also shows peritoneal transport in a new dynamic context, enhancing the influence of factors unrelated to the osmotic gradient.
Shortage of Appendicular Skeletal Muscle is an Independent Risk Factor for Mortality in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients
Authors: Jin Sanli , Lu Qian , Su Chunyan , Pang Dong , Wang Tao 
Published: June 2016

Background Limited data are available on clinical outcomes among peritoneal dialysis patients with shortage of appendicular skeletal muscle (ASM). In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the shortage of ASM is an independent risk factor for mortality in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (CAPD) patients. Methods Adult patients undergoing CAPD between March and August 2007 in a single center in China were recruited in this prospective cohort study. Body composition, protein/energy intake, clinical, and biochemical data were collected at baseline, 6 months, and 12 months. End points were all-cause mortality by 12 September 2014. The mean follow-up time was 60.21 (± 24.45) months (11.00 – 89.00). Results Compared with the baseline, the mean value of ASM in CAPD patients decreased at 12 months (19.40 ± 5.60 vs 21.85 ± 6.14, p < 0.001). According to the estimation of patient survival by Kaplan-Meier, patients with a shortage of ASM had a worse survival rate than those with normal ASM (χ 2 = 16.588, p < 0.001). In the Cox's proportional hazards model, patients’ survival was independently associated with a shortage of ASM (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.318, p = 0.024, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.116 – 4.812). Standard daily protein intake (stDPI) and standard daily energy intake (stDEI) in patients with a shortage of ASM were significantly lower than those in patients with normal ASM in the first follow-up year ( t = 2.067, p = 0.041; t = 3.673, p = 0.001). Conclusions A shortage of ASM is an independent risk factor for mortality in CAPD patients. Further studies are needed to demonstrate that nutritional intervention helps with improving muscle mass and, consequently, the survival of CAPD patients.
NARROW-LINE X-RAY-SELECTED GALAXIES IN THE CHANDRA-COSMOS FIELD. II. OPTICALLY ELUSIVE X-RAY AGNs
Authors: Pons E. , Elvis M. , Civano F. , Watson M. G. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
In the Chandra-COSMOS (C-COSMOS) survey, we have looked for X-ray-selected active galactic nuclei (AGNs), which are not detected as such in the optical, the so-called elusive AGNs. A previous study based on XMM-Newton and Sloan Digital Sky Survey observations has found a sample of 31 X-ray AGNs optically misclassified as star-forming (SF) galaxies at

, including 17 elusive Sy2s. Using Chandra observations provides a sample of fainter X-ray sources and so, for a given X-ray luminosity, extends to higher redshifts. To study the elusive Sy2s in the C-COSMOS field, we have removed the NLS1s that contaminate the narrow-line sample. Surprisingly, the contribution of NLS1s is much lower in the C-COSMOS sample (less than 10% of the optically misclassified X-ray AGNs) than in Pons & Watson. The optical misclassification of the X-ray AGNs (

) can be explained by the intrinsic weakness of these AGNs, in addition to, in some cases, optical dilution by the host galaxies. Interestingly, we found the fraction of elusive Sy2s (narrow emission-line objects) optically misclassified as SF galaxies up to

to be 10% ± 3% to 17% ± 4%, compared to the 6% ± 1.5% of the Pons & Watson work (up to

). This result seems to indicate an evolution with redshift of the number of elusive Sy2s.