bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long-Term Care: Is There Crowding Out of Informal Care, Private Insurance as Well as Saving?
Authors: Zweifel Peter , Courbage Christophe 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Publicly provided long-term care (LTC) insurance with means-tested benefits is suspected to crowd out either private LTC insurance (Brown and Finkelstein 2008. The Interaction of Public and Private Insurance: Medicaid and the Long-Term Care Insurance Market. American Economic Review 98(3):1083–102), private saving (Gruber and Yelowitz 1999. Public Health Insurance and Private Saving. Journal of Political Economy 107(6):1249–74; Sloan and Norton 1997. Adverse Selection, Bequests, Crowding Out, and Private Demand for Insurance: Evidence from the Long-term Care Insurance Market. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 15:201–19), or informal care (Pauly 1990. The Rational Non-purchase of Long-term Care Insurance. Journal of Political Economy 95:153–68; Zweifel and Strüwe 1998. Long-term Care Insurance in a Two-generation Model. Journal of Risk and Insurance 65(1):13–32). This contribution predicts crowding-out effects for both private LTC insurance and informal care on the one hand and private saving and informal care on the other. These effects result from the interaction of a parent who decides about private LTC insurance before retirement and the amount of saving in retirement and a caregiver who decides about effort devoted to informal care. Some of the predictions are tested using a recent survey from China.
A Macroeconomic Model of Imperfect Competition with Patent Licensing
Authors: Hsieh Hui-ting , Lai Ching-chong , Chen Kuan-jen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper sets up an imperfectly competitive macroeconomic model that features the strategic interaction between the patent-holding firm and licensees, and uses it to analyze the relevant macro-variables under various licensing arrangements. Some main findings emerge from the analysis. First, the equilibrium aggregate output and aggregate consumption under fixed-fee and royalty licensing regimes are always greater than those under the no licensing regime. Moreover, the equilibrium aggregate output and consumption under the fixed-fee licensing regime are always greater than those under the royalty licensing regime. Second, with the higher (lower) technology level the patent holder prefers the fixed-fee (royalty) contract. Third, welfare could be improved through technology transfer, and the level of welfare under the fixed-fee licensing regime is higher than that under the royalty licensing regime. Lastly, this paper discusses some extensions of the baseline model.
Chemical Reaction Effect upon Gas–Liquid Interfacial Area in a Bubble Column Reactor
Authors: Blanco Antonio , García-Abuín Alicia , Gómez-Díaz Diego , Navaza Jose M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This work analyses the influence of different experimental conditions over important hydrodynamic parameters of a bubble column reactor, such as bubble size distribution, gas hold-up and the gas–liquid interfacial area. The influence of gas flow-rate (18–40 L h–1) and reagent concentration (0–0.5 mol L–1) in the liquid phase upon these hydrodynamic parameters have been studied. The influence of experiment time must also be taken into account due to non-steady-state regime. Under these considerations, the chemical absorption rate changes throughout time, and it produces important changes upon the global absorption process, due to modifications in the gas–liquid interfacial area. The presence of a fast reaction in the liquid bulk has the highest influence upon interfacial area.
Response Surface Modeling for Optimization of Textural and Color Characteristics of Dried Grapes
Authors: Alizadeh Bahaabad Ghodsieh , Gharibzahedi Seyed Mohammad Taghi , Esmaiili Mohsen , Alizadeh Mohammad 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This study presents the optimization of pre-drying treatment and storage conditions on textural and color properties of dried grapes using a response surface methodology – central composite rotatable design. Effects of three variables, potassium carbonate concentration (K2CO3, 5.98–11.02%), storage temperature (3.18–36.82°C), and relative humidity (RH, 6.96–91.04%), were evaluated. The response variables were defined as the rupture force, deformation, and Hunter L, a, and b values of dried grapes. Second-order empirical relationships with high R
2 (>0.96) values between the responses and independent variables were derived. Results also showed that the K2CO3 concentration and temperature were the most significant factors influencing the studied textural and color characteristics, respectively. The overall optimum region resulted in the desirable characteristics was predicted at a combined level of 9.27% K2CO3 concentration, 4°C storage temperature, and 67.34% RH. Under these conditions, the corresponding predicted response values for the rupture force, deformation, and Hunter L, a, and b values of dried grapes were 2.15 N, 2.53 mm, 28.54, 3.25, and 9.74, respectively. The predicted values thus obtained were close to the actual values indicating suitability of the models.
Evaluation of Chemical, Biochemical and Microbiological Quality in Tomato Using Multivariate Analysis
Authors: Sobratee Nafiisa , Workneh Tilahun S. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTomato quality is determined by metabolite content which is governed by post-harvest physiological changes. A 30-day full factorial experiment investigated pre-packaging, disinfection and storage temperatures on 18 different biochemical, microbiological, enzymatic and subjective quality attributes of tomato quality. Principal component analysis revealed associations among the variables such as PC1 (28.85%): coliform/enzymatic softening; PC2 (21.52%): free sugars/sweetness; and PC3 (18.20%): sucrose hydrolysis/microbial spoilage/defense metabolites. Discriminant analysis showed that some specific parameters were highly significant (P<0.001) in determining quality changes in relation to the washing procedures and storage temperature. The prominence of ascorbic acid was observed in the equations which discriminate mostly on the basis of microbial deterioration. Further works in this respect entail fine-tuning through model verification of the equations. Multivariate analysis techniques are, therefore, recommended in studies whereby understanding of the phenomenon driving the post-harvest system’s dynamics has to be understood through diverse interrelated metabolic parameters.
Hot Air Drying Characteristics of Sukkari Date (Phoenix dactylifera L.) and Effects of Drying Condition on Fruit Color and Texture
Authors: Al-Awaadh Alhussein M. , Hassan Bakri H. , Ahmed Khaled M. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Convective hot air drying was used to dry date fruits at different air temperatures and velocities. The kinetics of drying was evaluated by 10 common models. The fruit color and texture were examined before and after drying. Drying time increased as both drying temperature and air velocity decreased. Best fits to the experimental data were provided by the Midilli and Kucuk model, followed by the logarithmic, two-term exponential, and Henderson–Pabis models. Drying affected the fruit color and texture. To minimize such changes, the range of drying temperature and air velocity should be 60–70°C and 2 m/s, respectively.
Steve Cheung as Teacher
Authors: Umbeck John 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
It was 1968 and I was studying economics with Armen Alchian at UCLA. It was my first year as a graduate student and Armen was teaching the Microeconomics course to all the first year grad students. While I had an undergraduate degree in economics, Armen was the first professor I had that made it fun and fascinating. To him, economics was the science of human behavior and not a bunch of mathematical mechanisms called a market. In the middle of this year, my military draft number was up and I was called to join the U.S. Army. However, my draft board gave me the choice of Army or college teaching. I asked Armen for some help and he wrote letters for me to various colleges, including California State College in San Luis Obispo. With only my masters degree, I was offered the job at Cal Poly and taught there for 3 years, until I was too old to be drafted into the military. I called Armen and told him I wanted to return to graduate school but I did not want to live again in Los Angeles. Where should I go? Without any hesitation, Armen said, “Go to the University of Washington and follow Steve Cheung wherever he goes. Take every course he teaches and listen carefully to everything he says.”
Steven Cheung and Coasian Economics: A Personal Reflection
Authors: Wang Ning 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
It is an intimidating challenge, both emotionally and intellectually, to write something of enough worth to celebrate the 80th birthday of Steven Cheung and to honor the memory of Professor Ronald Coase. Both are serious scholars. Coase was a devoted scholar; nothing interested him other than academics. Steve has much wider interests, ranging from photography, calligraphy, to art collection. Nonetheless, both are adamant reformers and determined to change economics. They have set an intimidating standard.
The Contractual Nature of the City
Authors: Lu Qian 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Urbanization is a process in which separated and dispersed property rights become concentrated in a specific location. This process involves a large volume of contracts to redefine and rearrange various property rights, producing various and high transaction costs. Efficient urbanization implies the reduction of these costs. This paper studies how efficient urbanization reduces transaction costs in the real world, based on a series of contracts rather than the coercive power. Specifically, this paper shows that Jiaolong Co. built a city by being a central contractor, which acquired planning rights by contract, and signed a series of tax sharing contracts with government, farmers, tenants, and business enterprises. These contractual arrangements greatly reduced the transaction costs and promoted the development.
The Assembly of Rents
Authors: Wong Kwok C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
There are fixed costs in production. One has to assemble rents earned in production lines to cover them. There are also fixed costs in consumption. Consumers assemble surpluses to cover them. In either case, rent assemblage could either be a quantity solution, a quality solution, or a combination of both. Once a fixed cost is committed by contract, it becomes historical. Yet compared to the option of paying this fixed cost all over again, increasing those quantities or qualities, which do not further increase this fixed cost, is less costly. The Law of Demand therefore implies the quality and/or the quantity solutions. The quality solution, as provided by the Alchian-Allen Theorem, is but a special case: where an increase in quality is the only viable solution under some specific real world constraints.
Killing Civilians as an Inferior Input in a Rational Choice Model of Genocide and Mass Killing
Authors: Anderton Charles H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article presents a rational choice model of a regime’s incentive to allocate resources to fighting rebels and killing civilians when facing an internal threat to its political or territorial control. Assuming that intentional violence against civilians is an inferior input and fighting rebels is subject to increasing marginal returns, three weak state conditions – anocracy, new state status, and low income – increase civilian atrocities within the model. Also, two other risk factors for mass atrocities – discrimination and Cold War conditions – can be seen as “price reducers” for killing civilians, thus increasing the quantity demanded for civilian atrocities in the model. The modeling exercises show how intentional violence against civilians can be viewed through an economic lens of optimal choice and how rational choice theory provides a parsimonious way to theorize and generate empirically testable hypotheses about risk factors for genocide and mass killing.
Climate Change and Cross-State Islamist Terrorism in Nigeria
Authors: Price Gregory N. , Elu Juliet U. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper considers if increases in temperature and decreases in rain associated with climate change are a potential driver of Islamist terrorism across states in Nigeria. With state-level Islamist terrorism event, temperature, rainfall and sociodemographic data for Nigeria, we estimate latent variable and count data specifications of the relationship between the number of Islamist terrorism events and climactic variation in temperature and rainfall motivated by how the psychological costs of conflict can be decreased by increases in outdoor ambient temperature and decreases in rainfall. Our parameter estimates reveal that increases in temperature and decreases in rainfall increase the likelihood of Islamist terrorism in Nigeria. This suggests that global warming and reduced rainfall induced by climate change are potential drivers of terrorism in Sub-Saharan Africa, and policy interventions designed to abate anthropogenic climate change can reduce violent conflict that is harmful for economic growth and development.
Causal Apportionment of Tort Liability: An Efficient Approach
Authors: Acciarri Hugo A. , Tohmé Fernando , Castellano Andrea 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Mainstream economic analysis of Tort Law assumes that efficiency cannot be formally assured by allocating liability according to causal apportioning. In this paper we will present some ways to escape from the full scope of this claim. We start by reviewing the standard conception of causality in the economic analysis of Tort Law, to show how some underlying assumptions influence the currently held view on the relation between causal apportioning and efficiency. Then, we revisit those assumptions to see how plausible they actually are. In the light of this discussion we introduce an alternative framework of causal reasoning in Tort Law. We will show how our model yields a way of allocating liability in terms of a causal apportioning rule. The outcomes obtained through this procedure are closer to efficiency than those prescribed by the mainstream.
The Last Shall Be First: Aesthetics and Politics in Black Film and Media
Authors: Gates Racquel 
Published: November 2017

There has been a shift away from formal and textual analysis in the field of film and media studies. These methodologies are seen as passé, “old school,” or even overly simplistic (and no doubt some of this work may warrant these critiques). Yet, I suspect that, as with the celebration of style in Moonlight (Barry Jenkins, 2016), here, too, other politics are at play. In some ways, to reject formal analysis is to subconsciously reject the earlier era of film studies that treated the study of black film (and eventually television) as marginal or inconsequential. In other ways, this move away from formal analysis is also an acknowledgement of the incredibly rich and multifaceted terrain that black representations cover: the critical study of industrial practices, labor, and global strategies—to list some of the most popular topics in the field right now—are all essential to any understanding of the complicated subject of black film and media.
Questions of style, though, cannot be separated from questions of politics. Aesthetics bear the indelible imprint of racial ideologies. This is tricky territory, then, and requires scholars to tread carefully. The celebration of certain “beautiful” aesthetics can serve to reinforce an established taste politics that has traditionally dictated an aesthetic marginalization and degradation for people of color throughout the history of the medium. I intend these questions as provocations rather than condemnations. I am not suggesting that high-quality images are simply indicators of whiteness or that low-quality ones are inherently more authentic for representing blackness. On the contrary, I am fascinated by the power that style holds, especially as it pertains to the black image, and how the implementation of that style can form a powerful critique of the film and television industries' longtime racism. At the same time, I want a more rigorous, thoughtful, critical interrogation of how these images come to be, what they signify, and how they train viewers to read race in ways that extend beyond narrative. In proposing an emphasis on aesthetic and formal analysis, I am suggesting, not a “return” to traditional film studies approaches, but instead, a study of black images that was never “there” in the first place.
Weapon Carrying Among Victims of Bullying
Authors: Pham Tammy B. , Schapiro Lana E. , John Majnu , Adesman Andrew 
Published: November 2017

OBJECTIVES:
To examine, in a large, nationally representative sample of high school students, the association between bullying victimization and carrying weapons to school and to determine to what extent past experience of 1, 2, or 3 additional indicators of peer aggression increases the likelihood of weapon carrying by victims of bullying (VoBs).

METHODS:
National data from the 2015 Youth Risk Behavior Survey were analyzed for grades 9 to 12 (N = 15 624). VoB groups were determined by self-report of being bullied at school and additional adverse experiences: fighting at school, being threatened or injured at school, and skipping school out of fear for one’s safety. Weapon carrying was measured by a dichotomized (ie, ≥1 vs 0) report of carrying a gun, knife, or club on school property. VoB groups were compared with nonvictims with respect to weapon carrying by logistic regression adjusting for sex, grade, and race/ethnicity.

RESULTS:
When surveyed, 20.2% of students reported being a VoB in the past year, and 4.1% reported carrying a weapon to school in the past month. VoBs experiencing 1, 2, or 3 additional risk factors were successively more likely to carry weapons to school. The subset of VoBs who experienced all 3 additional adverse experiences were more likely to carry weapons to school compared with nonvictims (46.4% vs 2.5%, P &lt; .001).

CONCLUSIONS:
Pediatricians should recognize that VoBs, especially those who have experienced 1 or more indicators of peer aggression in conjunction, are at substantially increased risk of weapon carrying.
Anyai és újszülöttkori B12-vitamin-hiány felismerése kiterjesztett újszülöttkori szűréssel
Authors: Papp Ferenc , Rácz Gábor , Lénárt István , Kóbor Jenő , Bereczki Csaba , Karg Eszter , Baráth Ákos 
Published: November 2017

Abstract: Introduction: Infant vitamin B12 deficiency can manifest as a severe neurodegenerative disorder and is usually caused by maternal deficiency due to vegetarian diet or pernicious anaemia. Its early recognition and treatment can prevent potentially serious and irreversible neurologic damage. Biochemically, vitamin B12 deficiency leads to an accumulation of methylmalonic acid, homocysteine, and propionylcarnitine. Expanded newborn screening using tandem mass spectrometry may identify neonatal and maternal vitamin B12 deficiency by measurement of propionylcarnitine and other metabolites in the dried blood spot sample of newborns. Aim: To summarize our experiences gained by screening for vitamin B12 deficiency. Method: Clinical and laboratory data of vitamin B12-deficient infants diagnosed in Szeged Screening Centre were retrospectively analysed. Results: In Hungary, expanded newborn screening was introduced in 2007. Since then approximately 395 000 newborns were screened in our centre and among them, we identified four newborns with vitamin B12 deficiency based on their screening results. In three cases an elevated propionylcarnitine level and in the fourth one a low methionine level were indicative of vitamin B12 deficiency. We also detected an additional vitamin B12-deficient infant with neurological symptoms at 4 months of age, after a normal newborn screening, because of elevated urinary methylmalonic acid concentration. Vitamin B12 deficiency was secondary to maternal autoimmune pernicious anaemia in all the five infants. As a result of the recognized cases the incidence of infant vitamin B12 deficiency in the East-Hungarian region was 1.26/100 000 births, but the real frequency may be higher. Conslusions: Optimizing the cut off values of current screening parameters and measuring of methylmalonic acid and/or homocysteine in the dried blood spot, as a second tier test, can improve recognition rate of vitamin B12 deficiency. Orv Hetil. 2017; 158(48): 1909–1918.
Finding fossils in Malapa breccia – medical CT scanning or micro-CT scanning?
Authors: Smilg Jacqueline S. 
Published: November 2017

Computed tomography (CT) imaging of fossils has revolutionised the field of palaeontology, allowing researchers to gain a better understanding of fossil anatomy, preservation and conservation. Micro focus X-ray computed tomography (μXCT) has been far more extensively used for these purposes than medical CT (XCT) – mostly because of the exquisite detail that the μXCT scanning modality, using slices of micron thicknesses, can produce. High energy X-rays can potentially penetrate breccia more effectively than lower energy beams. This study demonstrates that lower energy beams produce superior images for prioritising breccia for preparation. Additionally, XCT scanners are numerous, accessible, fast and relatively cost-effective when compared to μXCT scanners – the latter are not freely available, scanning times are much longer and there are significant limitations on the size and weight of scannable objects. Breccia blocks from Malapa were scanned at high and lower energy and images were analysed for image quality, artifact and certainty of diagnosis. Results show that lower energy images are deemed superior to higher energy images for this particular application. This finding, taken together with the limitations associated with the use of μXCT for the imaging of the large breccia from Malapa, shows that XCT is the better modality for this specific application. The ability to choose fossil-bearing breccia, ahead of manual mechanical preparation by laboratory technicians, would allow for the optimal use of limited resources, manual preparatory skills as well as the curtailment of costs.

Significance:

‘Blind’ manual preparation of fossil-bearing breccia is a costly and time-consuming exercise – and often results in a low yield.
The ability to triage fossil-bearing breccia ahead of manual preparation would allow for the optimal use of limited resources.
Medical CT is better than micro-CT to triage breccia to allow for prioritisation of rocks for manual preparation.