bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Portfolio management and appropriation of private benefits of control
Authors: Kraizberg Elli 
Published: March 2016

<p dir="LTR">In many countries around the globe, portfolio managers utilize well accepted models, assuming that a partial stake of ownership is proportionally valued. This assumption is incorrect in markets in which traded firms or publicly held firms are controlled by major owners who would take any possible measure to protect and maintain a 'lock' on control, so they can secure a sellable asset to another control seeker. In this case, estimation of key parameters such as, volatility, expected returns and diversification effect, may be grossly distorted.</p><p dir="LTR">We would argue that a major trigger for the value of the benefits of control is the ability of control owners to transfer assets from their own portfolio to a controlled publicly traded firm. While it is obvious that these transfers will take place, if and only if, it is beneficial to the control owners, the impact on the minor shareholders may not necessarily be negative and may vary depending on several parameters. Thus, the benefits of control are not entirely "private", i.e. appropriation and diversion of the resources of publicly traded firms for the benefit of the control owners. </p><p dir="LTR">This paper aims to model the effect of the benefits of control on the value of a minority held public firms. It focuses on two related issues that are discussed in the literature on the benefits of control: what drives the value of the benefits of control, given the empirical evidence that control seekers are willing to pay a significant premium for control, and secondly, can these benefits be rationally modeled? To better understand these issues, it then models a specific drive on the part of control seekers who, in addition to their stake in a publicly traded firm, own a private portfolio. It could be argued that they may 'transfer' inferior investments to the public firms that they control exploiting less than perfect transparency. However, while they own this valuable option of 'transferring' inferior investments into the public firm, these actions may still be beneficial to the minority shareholders.</p><p dir="LTR">We establish a model and derive a simulation procedure that are applied to several cases in which transfers are made in exchange for cash or equity, instances of full disclosure or partial transparency, the likelihood that the control owners' actions will be contested in court, level of risk, and other parameters. Then we will compare the results to empirical finding. The final model will be greatly simplified so that the end formula can be easily used by practitioners. </p>
Ethical Considerations in the Design and Conduct of Clinical Trials of Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Youssef Alaa , Nichol Ariadne A. , Martinez-Martin Nicole , Larson David B. , Abramoff Michael , Wolf Risa M. , Char Danton 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceSafe integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into clinical settings often requires randomized clinical trials (RCT) to compare AI efficacy with conventional care. Diabetic retinopathy (DR) screening is at the forefront of clinical AI applications, marked by the first US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) De Novo authorization for an autonomous AI for such use.ObjectiveTo determine the generalizability of the 7 ethical research principles for clinical trials endorsed by the National Institute of Health (NIH), and identify ethical concerns unique to clinical trials of AI.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis qualitative study included semistructured interviews conducted with 11 investigators engaged in the design and implementation of clinical trials of AI for DR screening from November 11, 2022, to February 20, 2023. The study was a collaboration with the ACCESS (AI for Children’s Diabetic Eye Exams) trial, the first clinical trial of autonomous AI in pediatrics. Participant recruitment initially utilized purposeful sampling, and later expanded with snowball sampling. Study methodology for analysis combined a deductive approach to explore investigators’ perspectives of the 7 ethical principles for clinical research endorsed by the NIH and an inductive approach to uncover the broader ethical considerations implementing clinical trials of AI within care delivery.ResultsA total of 11 participants (mean [SD] age, 47.5 [12.0] years; 7 male [64%], 4 female [36%]; 3 Asian [27%], 8 White [73%]) were included, with diverse expertise in ethics, ophthalmology, translational medicine, biostatistics, and AI development. Key themes revealed several ethical challenges unique to clinical trials of AI. These themes included difficulties in measuring social value, establishing scientific validity, ensuring fair participant selection, evaluating risk-benefit ratios across various patient subgroups, and addressing the complexities inherent in the data use terms of informed consent.Conclusions and RelevanceThis qualitative study identified practical ethical challenges that investigators need to consider and negotiate when conducting AI clinical trials, exemplified by the DR screening use-case. These considerations call for further guidance on where to focus empirical and normative ethical efforts to best support conduct clinical trials of AI and minimize unintended harm to trial participants.
Record‐Efficiency Inverted CsPbI3 Perovskite Solar Cells Enabled by Rearrangement and Hydrophilic Modification of SAMs
Authors: Xu Dongfang , Wu Meizi , Bai Yimin , Wang Baihui , Zhou Hui , Fan Zihao , Zhang Na , Tan Jieke , Li Hongxiang , Bian Hongtao , Liu Zhike 
Published: September 2024

AbstractRecently, the inverted CsPbI3 perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have attracted extensive attentions due to their potential to combine with silicon solar cells for tandem devices with theoretical power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 44%. However, the reported self‐assembled molecules (SAMs) as hole selected layer for inverted PSCs have poor wettability and serious agglomeration, which greatly limits the efficiency and stability of PSCs. To address above problem, niobium pentachloride (NCL) is applied to prevent SAMs agglomeration for a homogenous SAMs film with a hydrophilic surface. The optimized SAMs surface facilitates the deposition of the cesium lead triiodide (CsPbI3)film with an enhanced referred orientation, suppressed defects, and released stress. Consequently, the NCL‐treated CsPbI3 PSCs achieved a champion PCE of 21.24%, which is the highest PCE value for inverted all‐inorganic PSCs. The optimized device maintained 97.61% initial PCE after 1000 h storage in air, and 92.27% initial PCE after 1000 h tracking at the maximum power point (MPP).
Organelle Specific Macrophage Engineered Vesicles Differentially Reprogram Macrophage Polarization
Authors: Neupane Khaga R. , Aryal Surya P. , Harvey Brock T. , Ramon Geraldine San , Chun Byeong , McCorkle J. Robert , Kolesar Jill M. , Kekenes‐Huskey Peter M. , Richards Christopher I. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTumor‐associated macrophages (TAMs) represent the majority of the immune cells present in the tumor microenvironment. These macrophages exhibit an anti‐inflammatory (M2)‐like physiological state and execute immune‐suppressive and tumor‐supporting properties. With TAMs being plastic, there is a growing interest in reprogramming them toward a pro‐inflammatory (M1)‐like phenotype that exhibits anti‐tumoral properties. Recent studies have demonstrated that both engineered vesicles derived from macrophages and endogenous extracellular vesicles produced by macrophages can be programmed to alter macrophage phenotype. Here it is demonstrated that pro‐inflammatory macrophage‐engineered subcellular vesicles (MEVs) have differential properties based on their organelle of origin. Endoplasmic reticulum specific MEVs (erMEVs) treated M2 macrophages exhibit enhanced pro‐inflammatory cytokine production compared to plasma membrane specific MEVs (pmMEVs) treated M2 macrophages. In addition, under in vitro co‐culture conditions, erMEVs elicit superior efficacy in suppressing the viability of cancer cells compared to the same concentration of pmMEVs. Furthermore, erMEVs and pmMEVs maintain differences in their membrane proteins, that regulate the repolarization efficacy of M2 macrophages toward an M1‐like phenotype. In addition, The M2 to M1 repolarizing efficacy of MEVs can be altered by changing the activity of the membrane proteins present on erMEVs or pmMEVs.
Extracellular Vesicles Delivered by a Nanofiber‐Hydrogel Composite Enhance Healing In Vivo in a Model of Crohn's Disease Perianal Fistula
Authors: Li Ling , Yao Zhicheng , Salimian Kevan J. , Kong Jiayuan , Zaheer Atif , Parian Alyssa , Gearhart Susan L. , Mao Hai‐Quan , Selaru Florin M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPerianal fistulas represent a common, aggressive, and disabling complication of Crohn's disease (CD). Despite recent drug developments, novel surgical interventions as well as multidisciplinary treatment approaches, the outcome is dismal, with >50% therapy failure rates. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) offer potential therapeutic benefits for treating fistulizing CD, due to the pro‐regenerative paracrine signals. However, a significant obstacle to clinical translation of EV‐based therapy is the rapid clearance and short half‐life of EVs in vivo. Here, an injectable, biodegradable nanofiber‐hydrogel composite (NHC) microgel matrix that serves as a carrier to deliver MSC‐derived EVs to a rat model of CD perianal fistula (PAF) is reported. It is found that EV‐loaded NHC (EV‐NHC) yields the best fistula healing when compared to other treatment arms. The MRI assessment reveals that the EV‐NHC reduces inflammation at the fistula site and promotes tissue healing. The enhanced therapeutic outcomes are contributed by extended local retention and sustained release of EVs by NHC. In addition, the EV‐NHC effectively reduces inflammation at the fistula site and promotes tissue healing and regeneration via macrophage polarization and neo‐vascularization. This EV‐NHC platform provides an off‐the‐shelf solution that facilitates its clinical translation.
Stepwise Stiffening/Softening of and Cell Recovery from Reversibly Formulated Hydrogel Interpenetrating Networks
Authors: Kopyeva Irina , Goldner Ethan C. , Hoye Jack W. , Yang Shiyu , Regier Mary C. , Bradford John C. , Vera Kaitlyn R. , Bretherton Ross C. , Robinson Jennifer L. , DeForest Cole A. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBiomechanical contributions of the extracellular matrix underpin cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, signal transduction, and other fate decisions. As such, biomaterials whose mechanics can be spatiotemporally altered‐ particularly in a reversible manner‐ are extremely valuable for studying these mechanobiological phenomena. Herein, a poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG)‐based hydrogel model consisting of two interpenetrating step‐growth networks is introduced that are independently formed via largely orthogonal bioorthogonal chemistries and sequentially degraded with distinct recombinant sortases, affording reversibly tunable stiffness ranges that span healthy and diseased soft tissues (e.g., 500 Pa–6 kPa) alongside terminal cell recovery for pooled and/or single‐cell analysis in a near “biologically invisible” manner. Spatiotemporal control of gelation within the primary supporting network is achieved via mask‐based and two‐photon lithography; these stiffened patterned regions can be subsequently returned to the original soft state following sortase‐based secondary network degradation. Using this approach, the effects of 4D‐triggered network mechanical changes on human mesenchymal stem cell morphology and Hippo signaling, as well as Caco‐2 colorectal cancer cell mechanomemory using transcriptomics and metabolic assays are investigated. This platform is expected to be of broad utility for studying and directing mechanobiological phenomena, patterned cell fate, and disease resolution in softer matrices.
Regulating the Electrochemical Nitrate Reduction Performance with Controllable Distribution of Unconventional Phase Copper on Alloy Nanostructures
Authors: Xiong Yuecheng , Wang Yunhao , Sun Mingzi , Chen Jing , Zhou Jingwen , Hao Fengkun , Liu Fu , Lu Pengyi , Meng Xiang , Guo Liang , Liu Yuqian , Xi Shibo , Zhang Qinghua , Huang Bolong , Fan Zhanxi 
Published: September 2024

AbstractElectrochemical nitrate reduction reaction (NO3RR) is emerging as a promising strategy for nitrate removal and ammonia (NH3) production using renewable electricity. Although great progresses have been achieved, the crystal phase effect of electrocatalysts on NO3RR remains rarely explored. Here, the epitaxial growth of unconventional 2H Cu on hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) IrNi template, resulting in the formation of three IrNiCu@Cu nanostructures, is reported. IrNiCu@Cu‐20 shows superior catalytic performance, with NH3 Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 86% at −0.1 (vs reversible hydrogen electrode [RHE]) and NH3 yield rate of 687.3 mmol gCu−1 h−1, far better than common face‐centered cubic Cu. In sharp contrast, IrNiCu@Cu‐30 and IrNiCu@Cu‐50 covered by hcp Cu shell display high selectivity toward nitrite (NO2−), with NO2− FE above 60% at 0.1 (vs RHE). Theoretical calculations have demonstrated that the IrNiCu@Cu‐20 has the optimal electronic structures for NO3RR due to the highest d‐band center and strongest reaction trend with the lowest energy barriers. The high electroactivity of IrNiCu@Cu‐20 originates from the abundant low coordination of Cu sites on the surface, which guarantees the fast electron transfer to accelerate the intermediate conversions. This work provides a feasible tactic to regulate the product distribution of NO3RR by crystal phase engineering of electrocatalysts.
Biomedical‐Optical‐Window Tailored Cyanines for Steerable Inflammatory Bowel Disease Theranostic
Authors: Yue Yongkang , Ai Jiahong , Chi Weijie , Zhao Xiaoni , Huo Fangjun , Yin Caixia 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTailored photophysical properties and chemical activity is the ultimate pursuit of functional dyes for in vivo biomedical theranostics. In this work, the independent regulation of the absorption and fluorescence emission wavelengths of heptamethine cyanines is reported. These dyes retain near‐infrared fluorescence emission (except a nitro‐modified dye) while feature variable absorption wavelengths ranging from 590 to 860 nm. This enables to obtain customized functional dyes that meet the excitation and fluorescence wavelength requirements defined by the optical properties of tissues for in vivo biomedical applications. Typically, a nitro‐modified photothermal active derivative Cy‐Mu‐7‐9 is used, which features strong absorption at 810 nm in PBS, a wavelength that balanced the tissue penetration depth and non‐specific photothermal effect, to realize non‐destructive inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) therapy via photothermal induced up‐regulation of heat shock protein 70 in the intestinal epithelial cells. The corresponding amino‐modified dye Cy‐Mu‐7‐9‐NH2, which can be formed in health enteric cavity by Cy‐Mu‐7‐9 after oral administration, is a fluorescence compound with the emission of 800 nm in PBS. Based on the IBD sensitive transformation of Cy‐Mu‐7‐9 and Cy‐Mu‐7‐9‐NH2, in vivo IBD theranostic and therapeutic effect evaluation is realized via the synergy of fluorescence imaging and photothermal therapy for the first time.
Buried Interface Strategies with Covalent Organic Frameworks for High‐Performance Inverted Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Yang Shuai , He Jiandong , Chen Zhihui , Luo Hao , Wei Jinbei , Wei Xuyang , Li Hao , Chen Jiadi , Zhang Weifeng , Wang Jizheng , Wang Shu , Yu Gui 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSimultaneously controlling defects and film morphology at the buried interface is a promising approach to improve the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of inverted perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, two new donor‒acceptor type semiconductive covalent organic frameworks (COFs) are developed, COFTPA and COFICZ. The carefully designed COFs structure not only effectively regulates the morphology and defects of the buried interface film, but also realizes the alignment with the energy level of the perovskite film and enhances the extraction and transmission of the interface charge. Among them, COFICZ‐treated inverted PSCs achieved a maxmum PCE of 25.68% (certified 25.14%), the inverted PCE reached a minimum PCE of 22.92% for 1 cm2 device. The efficiency of inverted PSCs with a 1.68 eV wide bandgap reached 22.92%, which is the highest datum of the reported 1.68 eV wide bandgap PSC. This lays the groundwork for the commercialization of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells. Additionally, the unencapsulated devices demonstrated a high degree of stability during operational use and when subjected to conditions of high humidity and temperature.
Hexagonal Patterns in Diatom Silica Form via a Directional Two‐Step Process
Authors: Lansky Zipora , de Haan Diede , Piven Yuval , Rechav Katya , Gal Assaf 
Published: September 2024

AbstractOrganisms are able to control material patterning down to the nanometer scale. This is exemplified by the intricate geometrical patterns of the silica cell wall of diatoms, a group of unicellular algae. Theoretical and modeling studies propose putative physical and chemical mechanisms to explain morphogenesis of diatom silica. Nevertheless, direct investigations of the underlying formation process are challenging because this process occurs within the confines of the living cell. Here, a method is developed for in situ 3D visualization of silica development in the diatom Stephanopyxis turris, using electron microscopy slice‐and‐view techniques. The formation of an isotropic hexagonal pattern made of nanoscale pores is documented. Surprisingly, these data reveal a directional process that starts with elongation of silica rods along one of the three equivalent orientations of the hexagonal lattice. Only as a secondary step, these rods are connected by crisscrossing bridges that give rise to the complete hexagonal pattern. These in situ observations combine two known properties of diatom silica, close packing of pores and branching of rods, to a unified process that yields isotropic patterns from an anisotropic background. Future research into diatom morphogenesis should focus on rod elongation and branching as the key for pattern formation.
High‐Temperature Excitonic Condensation in 2D Lattice
Authors: Xu Yushuo , Wang Yuanyuan , Yu Shiqiang , Sun Dongyue , Dai Ying , Huang Baibiao , Wei Wei 
Published: September 2024

AbstractExploration of high‐temperature bosonic condensation is of significant importance for the fundamental many‐body physics and applications in nanodevices, which, however, remains a huge challenge. Here, in combination of many‐body perturbation theory and first‐principles calculations, a new‐type spatially indirect exciton can be optically generated in two‐dimensional (2D) Bi2S2Te because of its unique structure feature. In particular, the spin‐singlet spatially indirect excitons in Bi2S2Te monolayer are dipole/parity allowed and reveal befitting characteristics for excitonic condensation, such as small effective mass and satisfied dilute limitation. Based on the layered Bi2S2Te, the possibility of the high‐temperature excitonic Bose–Einstein condensation (BEC) and superfluid state in two dimensions, which goes beyond the current paradigms in both experiment and theory, are proved. It should be highlighted that record‐high phase transition temperatures of 289.7 and 72.4 K can be theoretically predicted for the excitonic BEC and superfluidity in the atomic thin Bi2S2Te, respectively. It therefore can be confirmed that Bi2S2Te featuring bound bosonic states is a fascinating 2D platform for exploring the high‐temperature excitonic condensation and applications in such as quantum computing and dissipationless nanodevices.
Capacitance and Conductance Compensation Methods for Efficient Computing‐In‐Memory Designs
Authors: Luo Yubiao , Qiao Fei , Sun Zhong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractCompensation has been a common while unacknowledged strategy in the design of computing‐in‐memory (CIM) schemes. It enables efficient CIM designs by intentionally letting the sum of capacitances or conductances of two or more rows or columns in the memory array equal, thus resulting in a concise mathematical formula regarding the memory cell data and the input data, which constitute computing primitives. Here, the capacitance and conductance compensation methods are reviewed that have been used for CIM designs based on static random‐access memory (SRAM) in combination with capacitors and nonvolatile resistive memory, respectively, and uncover the underlying principles and their application to CIM. It is hoped this effort will help recognize the compensation methods as a building block for CIM designs, and will be an inspiration to developing more CIM schemes that are more compact in area, more efficient in energy consumption, and capable of solving more complicated problems.
Hodgkin lymphoma: 2025 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Ansell Stephen M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDisease OverviewHodgkin lymphoma (HL) is an uncommon B‐cell lymphoid malignancy affecting 8570 new patients annually and representing ~10% of all lymphomas in the United States.DiagnosisHL is composed of two distinct disease entities: classical HL and nodular lymphocyte predominant HL (also called nodular lymphocyte predominant B‐cell lymphoma). Nodular sclerosis, mixed cellularity, lymphocyte depletion, and lymphocyte‐rich HL are subgroups of classical HL.Risk StratificationAn accurate assessment of the stage of disease in patients with HL is critical for the selection of the appropriate therapy. Prognostic models that identify patients at low or high risk for recurrence, as well as the response to therapy as determined by positron emission tomography (PET) scan, are used to optimize therapy.Risk‐Adapted TherapyInitial therapy for HL patients is based on the histology of the disease, the anatomical stage and the presence of poor prognostic features. Patients with early‐stage disease are typically treated with combined modality strategies utilizing abbreviated courses of combination chemotherapy followed by involved‐field radiation therapy, whereas those with advanced stage disease receive a longer course of chemotherapy often without radiation therapy. However, newer agents including brentuximab vedotin and anti‐PD‐1 antibodies are now standardly incorporated into frontline therapy.Management of Relapsed/Refractory DiseaseHigh‐dose chemotherapy (HDCT) followed by an autologous stem cell transplant (ASCT) is the standard of care for most patients who relapse following initial therapy. For patients who fail HDCT with ASCT, brentuximab vedotin, PD‐1 blockade, non‐myeloablative allogeneic transplant or participation in a clinical trial should be considered.