bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Proviral DNA to Investigate Virus Resistance Mutations in HIV-infected Zimbabweans
Authors: Musingwini Tutsirai V. , Zhou Danai T. , Mhandire Doreen , Duri Kerina , Gomo Exnevia , Oktedalen Olav , Chimukangara Benjamin , Shamu Tinei , Shawarira-Bote Sandra , Dandara Collet , Stray-Pedersen Babill 
Published: May 2017

Background:
Antiretroviral therapy (ART) to suppress HIV replication has reduced morbidity and mortality yet effectiveness of current HIV drugs is threatened by HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) mutations.

Objective:
To determine HIVDR mutations using proviral DNA from specimens of patients presenting to an HIV treatment clinic.

Methods:
DNA from 103 patients, 86 treatment-experienced, 17 treatment-naïve, were genotyped for the HIV-1C reverse transcriptase gene (RT; codons 21-304) using Sanger sequencing and sequences analyzed using Sequencher software. Resistance mutations were interpreted using Stanford HIVDR reference database.

Results:
Median age was 39 (IQR, 33-46) years and 80% of patients were female. Six-percent (n=6) had at least one HIVDR mutation, comprising NRTI-associated mutations, (M184V, T69D, T69N and V75I); NNRTI-associated mutations (G190A, K103N, V106M, Y181C) and thymidine analogue associated mutations (D67N, K70R, K219Q, L210W, M41L, T215Y). Of the six participants, with at least one HIVDR mutation, all were treatment experienced, five were on tenofovir, lamivudine and nevirapine and one was on tenofovir, lamivudine and atazanavir. There was no difference in median CD4 count and viral loads when patients were compared by presence of HIVDR mutations.

Conclusion:
We demonstrated the use of proviral DNA in HIVDR testing in adult patients and present that all the patients with various kinds of HIVDR mutations were treatment experienced, pointing to the role of drug regimens in driving viral mutations. Thus, the use of proviral DNA has potential to help provide surveillance on risk of HIVDR in HIV-infected individuals who are on treatment, which may assist in corrective treatment.
Selections from Newsletter of the Canadian Communications Research Information Centre
Authors: Prakash Ash K. 
Published: May 2017

Policy and Public Issues Cable Television: Emerging Potential of Increased Channel Capacity The Issue The growth in the number of channels available to cable television subscribers brings with it a threat and a promise. Converters, in unlocking mid-and-super band channels, make possible a wider choice of programming to serve the specialized interests of viewers The more channels available, the more varied and innovative the programming can be. But a problem of definition exists.
Selections from Newsletter of the Canadian Communications Research Information Centre
Authors: Prakash Ash K 
Published: May 2017

Communication News Briefs The Minister of Communications Madame Jeanne Sauve appointed a nine-member committee to make recommendations on the future of the Canadian telecommunications system. The committee known as the Consultative Committee on the implications of Telecommunications for Canadian Sovereignty would present its recommendation in early 1979 and cover such considerations as the use of communications satellites foreign program imports status of cable companies framework and timing for the introduction of pay-television, etc.
Confused Terminology in the Field of Communication, Information and Mass Media: Brillig But Mimsy
Authors: Beattie Earle 
Published: May 2017

The term "communication" has been misused by scholars, practitioners and laymen so long that definition is badly needed if solid study foundations are to be laid and meaning achieved for public participation. The word "Media" too is often used as a singular noun by laymen. "Mass Communication" is a contradiction in terms .and "the mass media of communication" an abomination. Pluralizing communication(s) to mean the hardware of "telecommunications" is found untenable as is the word "telecommunications" itself except for telephone. The word "communication" derives from the Latin communico which includes the prefix "co", implying "with", and the morpheme or cognate "commune" with some other forms such as "communion", "communism", "commonwealth" and "company". "Sharing" or "holding in common" are what is meant. Two or more persons are obviously involved in the etymology. The mass media, being one-way do not qualify as communication and the little feedback that occurs through polls, letters or phone-in programs are controlled trickles into the mainstream of media information. To be called communication, media must include operating cybernetic loops with significant exchange between senders and receivers; dialogue must replace the-present monolgue. Commercial media claiming to "communicate" have usurped the term; they do not communicate; they do inform, however, but because of their excommunication function they may actually alienate people. Scholars usuage over the years is examined including some now beginning to recognize this solecism and to argue against communication's further abuse. Telidon is questioned as to its interactive claims.
Changes in occlusal function after extraction of premolars: 2-year follow-up
Authors: Yoon Wookang , Hwang Soonshin , Chung Chooryung , Kim Kyung-Ho 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To determine the effects of extraction and the number of teeth extracted on changes in occlusal function by measuring occlusal contact area and force before and after orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance.

Materials and Methods:
Female patients treated with a fixed appliance were divided into nonextraction (n = 36), two maxillary premolar extraction (n = 31), and four premolar extraction (n = 18) groups. Bite pressure-sensitive films were used to analyze the occlusal contact area and force. Measurements were performed before treatment (Pre-Tx), immediately afterward (After-Tx), and 2 years later (2Y After-Tx). The data were analyzed using a linear mixed model and the post hoc Bonferroni test.

Results:
The occlusal contact area and force after treatment decreased significantly compared with Pre-Tx values but were increased 2 years later in all groups. There were no significant differences in occlusal contact area or force during the entire observation period among the three groups (P &gt; .05). The occlusal contact area and force in the nonextraction and two maxillary premolar extraction groups recovered to Pre-Tx levels 2 years later (P &gt; .05). The occlusal contact area in the four premolar extraction group was significantly lower than the Pre-Tx level after 2 years of retention (P &lt; .05).

Conclusions:
The occlusal contact area and force showed a tendency to decrease immediately after treatment and then gradually increase to pretreatment levels during the observation period. However, the occlusal contact area did not recover fully after 2 years in the four premolar extraction group.
Investigating University Personnel Computers (PC) Produced Harmonics Effect on line Currents
Authors: M. H. Shwehdi  , F. S. AL-Ismail  
Published: May 2017

Nonlinear loads connected to a sinusoidal source inject harmonic currents into the source. Nonlinear load is a load that draws none sinusoidal current wave when supplied by a sinusoidal voltage source. Much attention has been focused on large power converters as sources of harmonics due to the high magnitude of the currents evolved. Nevertheless, harmonics generated by low power converters become significant when large numbers of converters are used simultaneously. In this paper the influence of the personal computers in the line current harmonics in some buildings at King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals (KFUPM) have been investigated. The harmonics were monitored from the main switched boards of each building that has the highest number of PC’s and from the switch boards of each computer labs in these buildings. This investigation may help in pin-pointing the harmonic generating sources, effects, and how to mitigate, also to obtain the actual PC operation of the university and its harmonic contribution. Measurements indicate that two buildings of the highest PC's numbers do have harmonics but one building harmonics is higher than that allowed by IEEE-519 standards [1] limits and the other does not influence phase current and it is within allowable limits.
Estimation of power components for non-sinusoidal currents and voltages regarded as power quality indices
Authors: P. Janik  , Z. Wacławek  
Published: May 2017

This paper deals with the computation of power components of distorted signals seen as power quality indices. The proliferation of nonlinear devices into the power system results in nonlinear voltages and currents whereas this unfortunate trend is supposed to increase. The prime tool for spectral analysis is the Discrete Fourier Transform, establishing the preliminary step in the power components computation of distorted signals. Power definitions proposed by Budeanu and afterwards by Shepherd and Zakikhani require spectral components as input. Windowing, leakage and other DFT properties and limitations influence significantly the assessment of power components. The power definition proposed by Skopec and Stec is totally confined to signals represented in time domain. Similar idea was firstly outspoken by Fryze and entirely by-passed the issue of spectral components computation. The authors made an attempt to apply practically different approaches to power components computation for non-sinusoidal currents and voltages.
Grado de penetración y difusión de tres anglicismos en el español de México
Authors: Franco Trujillo Erik Daniel 
Published: May 2017

En este trabajo se describe el grado de penetración y difusión de los anglicismos bullying, gay y checar en el español de México, a través de una serie de indicadores tanto lingüísticos como sociales. Se muestran los resultados obtenidos de una serie de búsquedas de estas unidades léxicas en diferentes corpus lingüísticos, así como en el buscador Google. Los hallazgos obtenidos se complementan con un cuestionario que considera las variables sociales de género, edad y escolaridad. A través de esta metodología se trata de describir el grado de penetración y difusión de estos préstamos léxicos en el español mexicano. Original recibido: 2014/04/03 Dictamen enviado al autor: 2014/07/22 Aceptado: 2014/08/26
Los pronombres de objeto directo <em>te</em> y <em>você</em>: variación lingüistica en el portugués brasileño
Authors: Zampaulo André 
Published: May 2017

Este artículo ofrece una explicación variacionista de los factores lingüísticos que condicionan el uso de los pronombres de objeto directo te y você en el portugués brasileño. Los resultados indican que el grupo construcción verbal ejerce un papel significativo en el uso de las variantes. En las construcciones verbales sintéticas, se favorece el pronombre te (0.56), mientras que en las construcciones con más de un verbo se favorece la variante você, tanto con dos verbos (0.60) como con tres verbos (0.79). Desde un punto de vista teórico, este artículo contribuye a los estudios variacionistas del portugués brasileño, puesto que propone la inclusión de una variable que todavía no se ha estudiado en esa variedad, es decir, los pronombres de objeto directo con referencia a la segunda persona del singular. Original recibido: 2014/05/15Dictamen enviado al autor: 2014/08/01Aceptado: 2014/08/10
El cambio lingüístico y la interfaz sintaxis-pragmática: evidencias de las lenguas ibero-románicas
Authors: Corr Alice 
Published: May 2017

En este artículo se analiza la función y distribución del llamado "sujeto expletivo visible" ello/ele/ell en ciertas variedades ibero-románicas no estándares. Se presentan nuevos datos empíricos con el fin de demostrar la caracterización heterogénea del fenómeno, cuya variación actual, según se argumenta, se ve explicada por los distintos grados de cambio sufridos por el elemento expletivo en cada variedad ibero-románica. La contribución pragmática del expletivo ibérico actual semeja el valor semántico de las pruebas empíricas más antiguas y más frecuentes del elemento en los corpus históricos consultados, observación que sirve de punto de partida para reconstruir la trayectoria diacrónica del elemento desde su propuesto origen en contextos impersonales y epistémicos hasta la actualidad, en que el presunto expletivo ibérico demuestra características tanto expletivas como pragmáticas incluso dentro de la misma variedad. Original recibido: 2015/05/28Dictamen enviado al autor: 2015/08/07Aceptado: 2015/09/10
Enseñanzas del cambio fracasado: trayectoria y estela de una perífrasis fugaz (infinitivo + tener)
Authors: De Toledo y Huerta Álvaro S. Octavio 
Published: May 2017

Las estructuras con un infinitivo antepuesto al auxiliar tener constituyen un fenómeno de muy escasa frecuencia y corta vida en español (siglos XV–XVII). Se insertan, sin embargo, en un conjunto más amplio de construcciones que incluye al llamado "futuro analítico" (cantarlo he) y, en general, a las perífrasis en que el infinitivo asume la primera posición oracional merced a una focalización (fronting). Así, el estudio detallado de este fenómeno en apariencia marginal puede arrojar luz sobre el modo en que se produjo la pérdida simultánea de todas las estructuras mencionadas hacia 1660. Además, su historia muestra provechosamente el recorrido de un cambio por extensión sintáctica, proceso en el que parece desempeñar un papel crucial la analogía. Original recibido: 2015/05/31Dictamen enviado al autor: 2015/06/19Aceptado: 2015/06/20
La interpretación de sintagmas preposicionales escuetos introducidos por la preposición <em>en</em>
Authors: Kuguel Inés , Oggiani Carolina 
Published: May 2017

En este trabajo analizamos un grupo de construcciones locativas, propias del español rioplatense, en las que la preposición en se combina con nombres singulares contables sin determinante. Presentamos una serie de pruebas, con el fin de explorar su comportamiento semántico y sintáctico y, además, elaboramos una clasificación que agrupa estas construcciones de acuerdo con tres clases semánticas. Proponemos que en el primer grupo de locativos (Los alumnos suelen estudiar en biblioteca) el nombre escueto adquiere una lectura genérica. Por su parte, en el segundo grupo (La reunión de los claustros se hace a las 17 horas en rectorado) el escueto refiere a una entidad individual; mientras que en el tercer grupo (En este momento, el doctor está en quirófano), el escueto denota una actividad prototípica llevada a cabo en la localización designada por el nombre. Asimismo, en este trabajo mostramos algunos casos de microvariación dialectal y distinguimos usos propios del español de Uruguay, distintos a los del español de Argentina. Finalmente, proponemos algunas reflexiones respecto de una posible tendencia general del español rioplatense que permite la presencia de nombres escuetos con más valores y mayor distribución de lo que la literatura ha señalado hasta el momento para el español general (Bosque 1996; Masullo 1996; Laca 1999; Espinal 2010; Espinal & McNally 2011). Original recibido: 2015/12/22Dictamen enviado al autor: 2016/03/30Aceptado: 2016/05/12
Despalatalización de /ɲ/ en el español de Yucatán
Authors: Peña Arce Jaime 
Published: May 2017

El objetivo de esta nota es analizar la despalatalización de /ɲ/ en el español de la península de Yucatán, a partir de los principales estudios de campo realizados hasta el momento. Se estudiará si este proceso se manifiesta de manera sistemática con resultados homogéneos, tal como ocurre en otros dominios hispánicos.Finalmente, se expondrán las explicaciones que los estudiosos han dado sobre esta particularidad fonológica yucateca. Original recibido: 2015/11/26Dictamen enviado al autor: 2016/03/31Aceptado: 2016/04/24
Panorama de los estudios lingüísticos sobre el mazateco
Authors: Vielma Hernández Jonathan Daniel 
Published: May 2017

El mazateco es una lengua que pertenece a la rama popolocana (Gudschinsky 1959b) de la familia otomangue (Rensch 1976). Esta nota ofrece un panorama acerca de los estudios lingüísticos sobre el mazateco, desde la segunda mitad del siglo xix hasta nuestros días. Original recibido: 2015/05/31Dictamen enviado al autor: 2015/09/01Aceptado: 2016/11/25
Vertical or Horizontal? Hydraulic Fracture Geometry as a Make or Break to a Tight Gas Field in the Western Sichuan Basin
Authors: Yuan Roger , Jin Liang , Zhu Changlong , Zhou Ming , Vitthal Sanjay 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Development of unconventional tight gas fields require effective and optimal placement of hydraulic fractures that enhance insitu permeability and improved accessibility to reservoirs. Optimally, hydraulic fractures are expected to have sufficient vertical height growth to connect stacked gas-bearing and horizontally more permeable reservoir packages while being contained to stay away from water-rich intervals. In this paper, a case study is presented on the complex hydraulic fracture geometry in a highly over-pressured and tectonically stressed tight gas field in the Western Sichuan Basin.
Difficulties in formation breakdown and proppant placement, pump truck failure, continuous high treating pressures, screen-out, and casing shear are encountered during the hydraulic stimulation of the Xujiahe members of the upper Triassic Xujiahe formation. These difficulties are preceded by larger-than-overburden breakdown pressures and ISIPs during diagnostic pre-fracture injection tests, which imply that hydraulic fracture may have initiated and propagated horizontally. Instead of concluding with a purely horizontal fracture geometry, evidence supports that the hydraulic fractures, as delineated by different fracture monitoring techniques, may form a complex fracture network characteristic of T- and I-shape geometry.
The main causes for such complex fracture geometry and limited fracture height are investigated and studied. A fit-for-purpose zone selection and perforation strategy is implemented which avoids high water saturation, less fraccable and highly laminated intervals. The findings and experience underline the importance of integrating geology, geomechanics, and fracture diagnostics to understand hydraulic stimulation effectiveness and to improve operational performance in the unconventional tight gas field development.
Nutritional Status of Adolescents in Semi-urban Community in Dukuchhap Village of Lalitpur, Nepal
Authors: Paudel Sudarshan , Limbu NPM , Pradhan PMS , Shrestha SM , Shah AK , Daha SK , Baral KP 
Published: May 2017

IntroductionMany Nepali adolescents (10-19 years) are undernourished, which increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. Inadequate nutrition during adolescence can retard physical growth and sexual maturation and increases the risk of adult lifestyle diseases. There is a dearth of research on the socio-demographic factors associated with the nutritional status of adolescents in Nepal.ObjectiveTo assess the nutritional status of adolescents (10-19 years) in Dukuchhap Viillage of Lalitpur, NepalMethodologyA community based descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out by medical students during their field placement for and community diagnosis in Dukuchhap Village of Lalitpur from 22th November- 19 December 2017. All 10-19 years adolescent population was included in the study. Among the total population (2545) study, 474 were adolescent. The data were collected using semi-structured questionnaire. Physical and anthropometric measurement were done. Data were analyzed using of WHO Z-scores criteria and cut offs points. All the findings were compared with Nepal Demographic and Health Survey, 2011 and other researches published in different journals on related topic. Excel version 2010 and SPSS version 13.0 were used to enter and analyze data. ResultsThe prevalence of stunting was found out to be 36.28%.More males (16.51%) than females (12.60%) were severely stunted and 21.70% of male and 22.14% of female were moderately stunted. Among total respondents, 14.4% were severely stunted and 21.9% were moderately stunted. More numbers of male (38.2%) were stunted than female (34.7%).ConclusionPrevalence of malnutrition among adolescent was more in 10- 12 years age group. The prevalence of moderate stunting was slightly high in females than males. Adolescents with extended family type, increasing number of family members & agriculture, labourer and local business as main family occupation are more prone to suffer from malnutrition.Birat Journal of Health Sciences Vol.2/No.1/Issue 2/ Jan - April 2017, Page: 110-116
Ganzheitlicher Ansatz zur virtuellen Produktionsplanung
Authors: Spur Günter 
Published: May 2017

Kurzfassung
Die Rechnerunterstützung in der Produktionsplanung zielt auf schnelle Umsetzung von Produktdaten in Prozessdaten. Für die Informationsumsetzung werden Modelle benötigt, die als Abstraktion realer Planungsobjekte zur virtuellen Simulation geeignet sind. In einer solchen digitalen Produktionsplanung vernetzen sich prozess- und produktorientierte Modelle zu einem integrierten Produktionsmodell. Die auch Virtualisierung genannte digitale Modellierung des geplanten Produktionsablaufs führt zu erheblichen Kosteneinsparungen beim Serienanlauf neuer Produkte. In der Ganzheitlichkeit liegt ein wirkungsvoller Ansatz für eine höhere Planungssicherheit. Produktionsmodelle sollen sowohl stochastisch als auch deterministisch eine visualisierte Simulation ermöglichen und für verteilte Produktionsprozesse verwendbar sein. Eingeschlossen sind auch materialbezogene Modelle für die verschiedenen Formgebungsprozesse in der Fertigungstechnik.
Betreibermodelle für den Maschinen- und Anlagenbau
Authors: Spath Dieter , Demuß Lutz 
Published: May 2017

Kurzfassung
Die zunehmende Forderung der Kunden, insbesondere der Automobilhersteller, nach ganzheitlichen, kundenspezifischen Lösungen, die in „Leistung pro Einheit“ eingekauft werden, zwingen die Maschinen und Anlagenbauer, sich mit Betreibermodellen intensiv auseinander zu setzen. Modernen Maschinen- und Anlagenbauern bietet dieser Trend die Chance, sich neue, wachstumsstarke Dienstleistungsgeschäfte zu erschließen, den Kunden einen höheren Mehrwert zu bieten, ihre Kundenbindung zu intensivieren und bestehende Absatzmärkte zu sichern. Der Beitrag zeigt die Ursachen des Trends sowie die Chancen und Risiken von Betreibermodellen auf.
Gewachsene Systemlandschaften aufräumen
Authors: Dombrowski Uwe , Horatzek Sascha 
Published: May 2017

Kurzfassung
Expansion, Globalisierung und schneller Fortschritt in der Informationstechnologie stellen hinsichtlich der Gestaltung von betrieblichen Informationssystemen zunehmend neue Herausforderungen an Unternehmen. Vor diesem Hintergrund wird in diesem Beitrag eine Methode zur Bestandsaufnahme, Analyse und Bewertung von betrieblichen Informationssystemen vorgestellt.
Bewertung von Biegeschwingungen
Authors: Großmann Knut 
Published: May 2017

KurzfassungJedem Maschinenbauingenieur ist die biegekritische Drehzahl ein Begriff, der neben anderen mechanisch fundierten Grundlagen, wie dem Hook'schen Gesetz, der Hertz'schen Pressung oder den Euler'schen Knickfällen, zum Handwerkszeug der gebräuchlichen Auslegungsbeziehungen für die Maschinenelemente gehört. Gewöhnlich liefert die Behandlung der biegekritischen Drehzahl im Studium den ersten anschaulichen Bezug zu den Wirkungen dynamischer Systemeigenschaften. Die Theorie von Eigenfrequenz, erzwungener Schwingung und Resonanz findet ihre Anwendung bei der „Nachrechnung“ drehender elastischer Wellen, beispielsweise in Zahnradgetrieben oder anderer elastischer Rotoren in Antriebssystemen.
Visionen für die Digitale Fabrik
Authors: Dombrowski Uwe , Bothe Tim , Tiedemann Hauke 
Published: May 2017

Kurzfassung
Bei der Planung von Fabriken muss heute von veränderten Rahmenbedingungen ausgegangen werden. Wandlungsfähigkeit und Mobilität der Fabrik bilden die zentralen Ziele, die realisiert werden müssen, um zukünftig wettbewerbsfähig zu bleiben. Mit der Digitalen Fabrik wird ein Lösungsweg zur Bewältigung neuer Anforderungen an die Fabrikplanung vorgeschlagen. Die Vision der Abbildung aller planungsrelevanten Facetten einer Fabrik in rechnerunterstützten Modellen ist bislang nicht so umfassend betrachtet worden wie in dem hier vorgestellten Konzept.