bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution of the magnetic field structure outside the magnetopause under radial IMF conditions
Authors: Pi Gilbert , Shue Jih‐Hong , Grygorov Kostiantyn , Li Hsien‐Ming , Němeček Zdeněk , Šafránková Jana , Yang Ya‐Hui , Wang Kaiti 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe use the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms data to investigate the magnetic field structure just outside the magnetopause and its time evolution for radial interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) events. When the magnetic field drapes around the magnetopause in the magnetosheath region, an asymmetric magnetic field orientation in different hemispheres is expected. Our two‐case study reveals some conflicts with the predicted draped field configuration in the Southern Hemisphere. The magnetosheath Bz component had a different sign depending on the upstream IMF Bx component's polarity at the beginning of the radial IMF intervals. With time, the observed Bz became northward in both cases with increasing positive values through the events. The increasing value of the Bz component may be explained by two possible mechanisms: by a change of the upstream IMF and by a reconnection between magnetosheath and magnetospheric field lines. Our study shows that both mechanisms contributed to the observed changes. Thus, there was a correlation between the change of the upstream IMF conditions and an increase in the magnetosheath northward magnetic field component. The observed formation of the boundary layer near the magnetopause proves that the reconnection process was ongoing at least for a part of the time. We suggest two possible reconnection scenarios: one near subsolar point and another tailward of the one cusp due to lobe reconnection. The asymmetry of reconnection locations causes rearrangement of the magnetic field structure near the magnetopause and turns the observed magnetosheath Bz component even further into positive values.
Dynamically triggered slip on a splay fault in the Mw 7.8, 2016 Kaikoura (New Zealand) earthquake
Authors: Hollingsworth James , Ye Lingling , Avouac Jean‐Philippe 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe investigate the Mw 7.8, 2016 Kaikoura (New Zealand) earthquake by using optical satellite imagery and seismology to reveal the main features of the rupture process. Correlation of Landsat8 images reveals a 30–40 km surface rupture on the Kekerengu Fault and Jordan Thrust, with up to 12 m of right‐lateral slip. A previously unrecognized conjugate strike‐slip fault, the Papatea Fault, also slipped coseismically (3–4 m). The global centroid moment tensor (gCMT) centroid indicates both thrust and right‐lateral slip and is located ~100 km NE of the main shock epicenter. The significant non‐double‐couple component of the gCMT (25%) suggests that the main shock is not well represented by a single planar fault. Back projection of teleseismic P waves reveals two main bursts of seismic radiation: (1) at 10–20 s, near the main shock epicenter, and (2) at ~70 s, close to the observed surface ruptures. We determine a finite source kinematic model of the rupture from the inversion of seismic waveforms. We use two faults in our model, defined to match the observed slip on the Kekerengu Fault, and a deeper offshore fault with a lower dip angle to satisfy the long period seismological observations. We compute the equivalent moment tensor from our finite source model and find it to be remarkably consistent with the gCMT solution. Although little is known about the geometry of these faults at depth, if the Kekerengu Fault splays from the deeper thrust, then it provides a rare example where the contribution of slip on a splay fault can be clearly isolated in the seismological waveforms.
Formation of the Sun‐aligned arc region and the void (polar slot) under the null‐separator structure
Authors: Tanaka T. , Obara T. , Watanabe M. , Fujita S. , Ebihara Y. , Kataoka R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFrom the global magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling simulation, we examined the formation of the Sun‐aligned arc region and the void (polar slot) under the northward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) with negative By condition. In the magnetospheric null‐separator structure, the separatrices generated from two null points and two separators divide the entire space into four types of magnetic region, i.e., the IMF, the northern open magnetic field, the southern open magnetic field, and the closed magnetic field. In the ionosphere, the Sun‐aligned arc region and the void are reproduced in the distributions of simulated plasma pressure and field‐aligned current. The outermost closed magnetic field lines on the boundary (separatrix) between the northern open magnetic field and the closed magnetic field are projected to the northern ionosphere at the boundary between the Sun‐aligned arc region and the void, both on the morning and evening sides. The magnetic field lines at the plasma sheet inner edge are projected to the equatorward boundary of the oval. Therefore, the Sun‐aligned arc region is on the closed magnetic field lines of the plasma sheet. In the plasma sheet, an inflated structure (bulge) is generated at the junction of the tilted plasma sheet in the far‐to‐middle tail and nontilted plasma sheet in the ring current region. In the Northern Hemisphere, the bulge is on the evening side wrapped by the outermost closed magnetic field lines that are connected to the northern evening ionosphere. This inflated structure (bulge) is associated with shear flows that cause the Sun‐aligned arc.
Failure characteristics of two porous sandstones subjected to true triaxial stresses: Applied through a novel loading path
Authors: Ma Xiaodong , Rudnicki John W. , Haimson Bezalel C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe performed an extensive suite of true triaxial experiments in two porous sandstones, Bentheim (porosity ≈ 24%) and Coconino (17%). The experiments were conducted using a novel loading path, which maintains constant Lode angle (Θ) throughout the test. This path enabled the examination of the effects of Lode angle and mean stress on failure (σoct,f). Our tests covered σ3 magnitudes between 0 and 150 MPa and of Θ at −30° (axisymmetric extension), −16°, 0°, +11°, +21°, and +30° (axisymmetric compression). Test results revealed the respective contribution of each of the two stress invariants to failure stress, failure plane angle, and failure mode. In both sandstones, the shear stress required for failure increases with mean stress but decreases with Θ when shear failure mode dominates. However, the dependence of failure stress on mean stress and Θ is reversed when the compactive failure mode is in control. The compactive failure mode was evident in Bentheim sandstone when compaction bands were observed under high mean stress. The Coconino sandstone did not reach the compactive failure regime within the maximum confinement applied. The failure plane angle monotonically decreases with increasing mean stress and Θ. For Coconino sandstone, failure plane angle varies between 80° and 50° for σoct,f between 50 and 450 MPa whereas it drops to 0° as σoct,f, approaches 250 MPa in Bentheim sandstone. We employed the bifurcation theory to relate the stress conditions at failure to the development of failure planes. The theory is in qualitative agreement with the experimental data.
Self‐contained local broadband seismogeodetic early warning system: Detection and location
Authors: Goldberg D. E. , Bock Y. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEarthquake and local tsunami early warning is critical to mitigating adverse impacts of large‐magnitude earthquakes. An optimal system must rely on near‐source data to maximize warning time. To this end, we have developed a self‐contained seismogeodetic early warning system employing an optimal combination of high‐frequency information from strong‐motion accelerometers and low‐frequency information from collocated Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) instruments to estimate real‐time displacements and velocities. Like GNSS, and unlike broadband seismometers, seismogeodetic stations record the full waveform, including static offset, without clipping in the near‐field or saturating for large magnitude earthquakes. However, GNSS alone cannot provide a self‐contained system and requires an external seismic trigger. Seismogeodetic stations detect P wave arrivals with the same sensitivity as strong‐motion accelerometers and thus provide a stand‐alone system. We demonstrate the utility of near‐source seismogeodesy for event detection and location with analysis of the 2010 Mw7.2 El Mayor‐Cucapah, Baja, California and 2014 Mw6.0 Napa, California strike‐slip events, and the 2014 Mw8.2 Iquique, Chile subduction zone earthquake using observatory‐grade accelerometers and GPS data. We present lessons from the 2014 Mw4.0 Piedmont, California and 2016 Mw5.2 Borrego Springs, California earthquakes, recorded by our seismogeodetic system with Micro‐Electro Mechanical System (MEMS) accelerometers and GPS data and reanalyzed retrospectively. We conclude that our self‐contained seismogeodetic system is suitable for early warning for earthquakes of significance (>M5) using either observatory‐grade or MEMS accelerometers. Finally, we discuss the effect of network design on hypocenter location and suggest the deployment of additional seismogeodetic stations for the western U.S.
Large‐scale laboratory study of breaking wave hydrodynamics over a fixed bar
Authors: van der A Dominic A. , van der Zanden Joep , O'Donoghue Tom , Hurther David , Cáceres Iván , McLelland Stuart J. , Ribberink Jan S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA large‐scale wave flume experiment has been carried out involving a T = 4 s regular wave with H = 0.85 m wave height plunging over a fixed barred beach profile. Velocity profiles were measured at 12 locations along the breaker bar using LDA and ADV. A strong undertow is generated reaching magnitudes of 0.8 m/s on the shoreward side of the breaker bar. A circulation pattern occurs between the breaking area and the inner surf zone. Time‐averaged turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) is largest in the breaking area on the shoreward side of the bar where the plunging jet penetrates the water column. At this location, and on the bar crest, TKE generated at the water surface in the breaking process reaches the bottom boundary layer. In the breaking area, TKE does not reduce to zero within a wave cycle which leads to a high level of “residual” turbulence and therefore lower temporal variation in TKE compared to previous studies of breaking waves on plane beach slopes. It is argued that this residual turbulence results from the breaker bar‐trough geometry, which enables larger length scales and time scales of breaking‐generated vortices and which enhances turbulence production within the water column compared to plane beaches. Transport of TKE is dominated by the undertow‐related flux, whereas the wave‐related and turbulent fluxes are approximately an order of magnitude smaller. Turbulence production and dissipation are largest in the breaker zone and of similar magnitude, but in the shoaling zone and inner surf zone production is negligible and dissipation dominates.
Assessment of western Indian Ocean SST bias of CMIP5 models
Authors: Fathrio Ibnu , Iizuka Satoshi , Manda Atsuyoshi , Kodama Yasu‐Masa , Ishida Sachinobu , Moteki Qoosaku , Yamada Hiroyuki , Tachibana Yoshihiro 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe western Indian Ocean sea surface temperature (SST) is among the key factors that affect precipitation over India and East Africa. This study examined the western Indian Ocean SST biases among the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5 (CMIP5) models. It was found that the multimodel ensemble‐mean SST biases over the western equatorial Indian Ocean are warmer than the observations during the summer monsoon season. However, about half the models show positive SST biases, whereas negative ones in the other half. The models with warmer SST biases exhibit a pattern similar to the Indian Ocean Dipole, with stronger equatorial easterly wind biases during fall and a deeper thermocline in the western equatorial Indian Ocean. In the models with cooler SST biases, negative SST biases are observed over the entire tropical Indian Ocean throughout the year and the wind biases over the equatorial Indian Ocean are southeasterly during summer and fall. Heat budget analysis revealed the importance of ocean currents in forming the early summer development of SST biases over the western equatorial Indian Ocean. The formation of SST biases is related to surface current biases induced by the weaker biases of southwesterly monsoon winds and SST biases over the southwestern equatorial Indian Ocean, which are advected by the East African Coastal Currents. On the other hand, almost of all the CMIP5 models show prominent cold SST biases over the northern Arabian Sea during the premonsoon season. The SST biases are induced by excess surface cooling during the winter monsoon season.
Has China been exporting less particulate air pollution over the past decade?
Authors: Zhang Jianglong , Reid Jeffrey S. , Alfaro‐Contreras Ricardo , Xian Peng 
Published: March 2017

AbstractParticulate matter (PM) pollution from China is transported eastward to Korea and Japan and has been suggested to influence surface air quality on the West Coast of the United States. However, remote sensing studies have been inconclusive as to recent trends in Chinese emissions and transport. We reconciled different passive remote sensing points of view and found that while aerosol optical thickness (AOT) as an indicator of particulate pollution has increased from the start of the observation period (2000) to 2006–2007 from the main Chinese coastal outflow regions, since then there has been a 10–20% decrease in AOT (with respect to 2007). Reductions were observed in spring, summer, and fall seasons. No improvement in exported PM pollution is found for the winter season.
Lysozyme
Authors: Imoto Taiji 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Lysozymes are lytic enzymes that hydrolyse glycosidic bonds and are widely distributed in nature. They are categorised into five classes. Hen egg‐white lysozyme is the best characterised of all proteins and its reaction mechanism is explained in detail. As well as serving as a model protein for studying structure and function of proteins, its antibacterial, antiphlogistic and immune functional properties are exploited in medicines and food additives. Basic concepts of enzyme reaction mechanism, structure and function, protein chemistry and stability are described. Evolution and diversity in structure as well as the function of lysozyme as a digestive enzyme are also discussed. Methodologies in studying proteins are described in detail. A recent debate on the reaction mechanism of hen egg‐white lysozyme is also reviewed.

Key Concepts

Lysozyme is the first enzyme whose 3D structure was elucidated with X‐ray analysis and is the best‐characterised protein.

The ways to study and utilise proteins are described.

The enzyme reaction mechanism has been elucidated at the atomic level.

Lysozyme is a model protein for studying on structure and function of proteins.

The diversities in structure and function make lysozymes interesting.

A new challenging reaction mechanism for hen lysozyme has been proposed.

Lysozyme has an antibacterial action.

Lysozyme has applications in medicines and food additives.

Some lysozymes are digestive enzymes.
Conceptualisation of the Body in ‘Disability’
Authors: Edwards Steven D 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

According to a view derived from the philosopher Descartes, persons are composed of separable minds and bodies. It is claimed that modern medicine itself is strongly influenced by this Cartesian picture of the human person, and when it is applied to the phenomenon of disablement, this generates a specific conception of disability. Thus, when applied to physical disabilities, the Cartesian view implies that the internal, mental component of the person is unaffected by these; thus, it may be claimed that the real person is ‘housed’ or ‘imprisoned’ by their disabled body. In addition, when thinking about intellectual disabilities, the Cartesian view implies that although the body is intact, the mental component of the person is unable to ‘instruct’ the body correctly.

Key Concepts

Cartesian view of the person: human beings are composed of two distinct substances: a mental substance, or mind, and a physical substance, or body.

Cartesian conception of disability: a way of conceiving of disability which derives from the Cartesian view of the person.

Merleau‐Pontian view of the person: it is a mistake to think of persons as either wholly physical things or composed of distinct mental and physical parts. Rather, the person is a unity in which mental and physical aspects are inextricably intertwined.

Merleau‐Pontian conception of disability: a way of conceiving of disability which derives from the Merleau‐Pontian view of the person.
Biological Impacts of Climate Change
Authors: McCarty John P , Wolfenbarger L LaReesa , Wilson James A 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Climate has far reaching impacts on biological systems. Survival and reproduction depend on how well adapted individuals are to local climate patterns. Climate change can disrupt the match between organisms and their local environment, reducing survival and reproduction and causing subsequent impacts on populations or species' distributions across geographic regions. Changes in climate may benefit some species and cause extinction for others. Cumulatively, it will alter biological communities and the functioning of ecosystems. Changes to ecosystem functions can in turn increase or decrease the rate of human‐driven climate change. In addition to effects of climate variables such as temperature and precipitation, plants may respond directly to rising concentrations of CO
2
, while aquatic species cope with changes in water chemistry as greenhouse gasses dissolve in water. The earth is already experiencing sufficient climate change to affect biological systems; well‐documented changes in plant and animal populations are related to recent climate change. Predicting future biological impacts of climate change remains a formidable challenge for science.

Key Concepts

Climate has a pervasive influence on individual plants and animals, populations, communities and entire ecosystems.

Changes in climate will have far reaching effects on all aspects of biology.

Climatic changes over the past several decades have already produced measurable changes in biological systems worldwide.

Species can respond to climate change by moving to areas where climate is favourable, by evolving and adapting to new environmental conditions, or, if climate changes too rapidly, by going extinct.

Analysing recent trends provides a certainty that changes will occur in biological systems valued by humans. Many of those changes will have negative impacts on human well‐being but there will be changes that will also benefit people.

Scientists try to predict how biological systems will change by analysing past changes in response to climate change, by conducting experiments and by constructing models.

Uncertainty in predictions of biological change comes both from uncertainty about the rate of future climate change and from uncertainty about the direct and indirect effects of climate change on biological systems.
Vitruvius and the Architectural Treatise in Early Modern Europe
Authors: Marder Tod A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Vitruvius did more than anyone else to shape thinking about early modern architecture, yet, except specialists, few people are aware of the influence of his writings. As a result, many art historians believe his book was irrelevant to the understanding of both ancient and early modern architecture; others, however, believe that his treatise was profound, even fundamental to the history of the building arts. This chapter seeks to trace the impact of Vitruvius on Renaissance theory to about 1550, when the mutable strands of Vitruvius’ influence became canonized in literary contexts that assumed their own inertia. Renaissance architecture was the product of many impulses, and ideally none should be isolated from the others. This chapter traces one thread of the story that led to the construction of buildings we tend to characterize as Renaissance.
Architecture And Antique Sculpture In Early Modern Rome
Authors: Christian Kathleen 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBy the early sixteenth century in Rome, the display of antiquities in palace and villa architecture was widespread. Moving antiquities onto center stage, patrons appropriated for themselves the prestige of coordinated sculpture displays that had long been a part of civic and ecclesiastical architecture, as well as the symbolic values associated with “the antique.” Sculpture became an increasingly prominent element in the design of loggias, courtyards, and façades oriented toward the display of antique and pseudo‐antique objects. A variety of new solutions emerged, from sculpture courts, to arrangement of spolia in architect‐driven, ordered and planned schemes, to the full integration of sculpture and architecture in bold, inventive designs, such as the Villa Madama or the Palazzo Farnese. Experiments took place in elite commissions like these, as well as in painted versions of integrated sculpture displays, or evocations of literary descriptions of ornamented architecture. New approaches clarified sculpture's role in architectural design as a means of unifying and embellishing walls, adding new meanings and contexts to architectural space. The integration of antique sculpture and architecture in early modern Rome can be explored from multiple perspectives, taking account of its significant impact on architectural theory and practice.
What Drawings Did In Renaissance Italy
Authors: Brothers Cammy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn contrast to traditional approaches to architectural drawing, which see them as a key to the chronology of a building or the original appearance of an ancient monument, this essay centers on the broad range of functions drawings served in fifteenth‐ and sixteenth‐century Italy. It argues that drawings are not merely documents but also agents: of education, memory, thought, communication, and transmission. Through drawing, one can often see the evolution and transformation of an architect's understanding of ancient models and his approach to design. The creation and preservation of drawings allowed architects to build up an archive of their own ideas, to be utilized as needed for a range of projects. Even anonymous drawings could function as agents for the replication, variation, and circulation of ideas. Examination of the corpus of anonymous Renaissance architectural drawings reveals the way in which architectural ideas and forms circulated through the practice of copying both before and after the advent of the printed, illustrated book.
Theater And Architecture: Toward A Material History Of Renaissance Theater
Authors: Jarrard Alice 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFirst as a legendary symbol of ancient culture, then as an experimental site for the display of architectural images, and finally as an enduring public monument, theater shaped ideas about architecture during the long Renaissance. This chapter tracks the material evolution of the theater, both as a space and as a privileged place for the display of marvelous architectural ideas. Starting on Italian soil, where the physical presence of antiquity gave powerful impetus to architects’ imaginations, it calls attention to how material substances – specifically, the use of paint, wood, and stucco – mediated architecture's meaning across Europe, and were integral to theater's modern reinvention.