bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Three‐year income trends in Korean adults commencing haemodialysis: A prospective cohort
Authors: Kim Myoung‐Hee , Kim Yong Chul , Lee Jung Pyo , Kim Ho , Kim Dong Ki , Ryu Dong‐Ryeol , Han Seung Seok , Lee Jeonghwan , Kim Yong‐Lim , Kang Shin‐Wook , Cho Jang‐Hee , Kim Yon Su 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAimThis study aimed to explore the trends in individual income and to estimate the change in average monthly income for patients undergoing haemodialysis therapy.MethodsThe main data source was the Clinical Research Center (CRC) for End‐Stage Renal Disease in Korea. In addition to the cohort data, a survey was conducted to capture personal income for 3 years. To estimate the change in monthly income over time using repeated measures, a random coefficient model using penalized quasi‐likelihood methods based on restricted or residual maximum likelihood estimation was used.ResultsDuring the 3‐year study period, 138 subjects aged 20 and over who answered the question about pre‐dialysis income were traced and analyzed. The median value of monthly income was $US564.4 in the 1st year, $470.4 in the 2nd year, and $733.8 in the 3rd year, representing a 70%, 75%, and 61% decrease compared to pre‐dialysis income ($1881.5), respectively. By using mixed analysis, we found that monthly income change was $1283 (95% CI, −1621.5, −945.1), $1182 USD (95% CI, −1540.8, −823.1), and $1041 (95% CI, −1457.6, −623.6) in the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd year, respectively, compared to pre‐dialysis income after controlling for other covariates. Women and less educated patients had a relatively higher reduction of income, despite the low starting point.ConclusionsThe monthly income of dialysis patients reduced substantially over the study period, especially at the time of the first survey. Considering the social security system, haemodialysis patients face significant personal financial burdens due to their ESRD unrelated to the direct costs of dialysis treatment.
Role of wireless motility capsule in the assessment and management of gastrointestinal dysmotility in patients with diabetes mellitus
Authors: Rouphael C. , Arora Z. , Thota P. N. , Lopez R. , Santisi J. , Funk C. , Cline M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundGastrointestinal (GI) dysmotility is common in diabetic patients. Wireless Motility Capsule (WMC) provides the transit profile of the entire GI tract in a single study. Factors affecting GI dysmotility and utility of WMC study are not clearly established in diabetic patients. Our aims were to study the pattern of GI dysmotility using WMC and evaluate the effect of glycemic control and presence of diabetic microvascular complications on motility impairment in diabetic patients. We also assessed the impact of WMC findings on clinical management.MethodsRetrospective chart review of all diabetic patients who underwent WMC testing at our institution from 2010 to 2015 was performed. Demographics, hemoglobinA1c levels, microvascular complications, and WMC findings were obtained. Impact of WMC on clinical management was assessed.Key ResultsA total of 100 patients were included. Mean age was 45±19 years and 76% were female. Seventy‐two percentage had abnormal WMC testing, of which 29 (40%) had multiregional dysmotility. There were no significant differences in demographics, diabetic microvascular complications or hemoglobinA1c levels among patients with normal and abnormal WMC testing or among patients with isolated vs multiregional dysmotility. Information about subsequent clinical management was available for 47 patients. WMC testing was abnormal in 33 (70%) patients and treatment changes based on WMC results were made in 24 patients (73%).Conclusions & InferencesThere was no association between hemoglobinA1c levels, microvascular complications and pattern of GI dysmotility in diabetic patients undergoing WMC. WMC testing lead to management changes in approximately 75% of diabetic patients with GI dysmotility.
A periodic matrix population model for monarch butterflies
Authors: Hunt E. , Tongen A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe migration pattern of the eastern monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) consists of a sequence of generations of butterflies that originate in Mexico each spring, travel as far north as Southern Canada, and ultimately return to the original location in Mexico the following fall. Estimates of monarch populations in the Oyamel firs in Mexico have caused concern within the scientific community about the long‐term stability of this phenomenon. We use periodic population matrices to model the life cycle of the eastern monarch butterfly and find that, under this linear model, this migration is not currently at risk. We extend the model to address the three primary obstacles for the long‐term survival of this migratory pattern: deforestation in Mexico, increased extreme weather patterns, and milkweed decline. Incorporating these obstacles into the model shows that there is a definite need to take action to alleviate the aforementioned obstacles.
Carbon taxation of the land use sector—the economics of soil carbon
Authors: Rautiainen Aapo , Lintunen Jussi , Uusivuori Jussi 
Published: April 2017

AbstractGrowing vegetation removes carbon from the atmosphere. This carbon is then stored in biomass, soils and products for varying lengths of time. We outline a comprehensive tax policy for jointly regulating these carbon stocks for climate change mitigation. The central role of soil carbon storage is emphasized. We present an analytical partial equilibrium land use sector model, which we use to derive the optimal allocation of land and biomass over time, taking into account the raw‐material value of the produced biomass and the social value of carbon storage. The optimization yields a set of monetary shadow values for land and biomass carbon fluxes. These values can be interpreted as the fluxes’ socially optimal prices and can thus be used to outline a comprehensive land use sector carbon tax policy. The taxation can be organized in various ways. We present a solution that is easy to implement and monitor in practice. As the policy jointly regulates all carbon stocks, carbon impact leakage between land uses and regions is prevented.
Hume on Education
Authors: O'Brien Dan 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHume claims that education is ‘disclaimed by philosophy, as a fallacious ground of assent to any opinion’ (T 1.3.10.1) and that it is ‘never . . . recogniz'd by philosophers’ (T 1.3.9.19). He is usually taken to be referring here to indoctrination. I argue, however, that his main concern is with association and those philosophers who emphasize the epistemic dangers of the imagination. These include Locke, Hutcheson and Descartes, but not Hume himself. Hume praises education, highlighting its role in the formation of general rules, and in fostering social conditions that encourage the growth of knowledge and moral virtue.
Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 2: treatment, monitoring, and prognosis
Authors: Blades Golubovic Susan , Rossmeisl John H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo discuss current anticonvulsant drug options and advances in treatment of status epilepticus (SE) and to review the prognosis associated with SE.TreatmentWhen treating a patient with SE, the main goals are to halt seizure activity, prevent further seizures, identify the cause of the seizures, and manage any complications. The veterinary literature indicates that benzodiazepines are the most common class of drugs used for the initial treatment of SE. Although many anticonvulsant drugs are currently available for treatment of SE, there is a lack of evidence demonstrating clear benefit to the use of specific therapeutics for benzodiazepine‐refractory SE. Several multicenter, randomized, and placebo‐controlled clinical trials are currently investigating the efficacy of new drugs, such as fosphenytoin, for use in canine SE. Another active area of research is the investigation of nonpharmacologic methods of seizure treatment including percutaneous vagal nerve stimulation and transcranial ultrasonic neuromodulation.MonitoringElectroencephalography (EEG) is underutilized in the management of veterinary seizure disorders. However, recent advances in EEG technology may allow for earlier and proactive therapeutic interventions in epileptic patients, provide objective data collection regarding treatment efficacy, and yield insight into the neurologic status of patients with SE. Most importantly, use of EEG in patients with SE will lead to increased recognition of nonconvulsive seizures and nonconvulsive SE.PrognosisMortality associated with SE is as high as 25% in dogs due to direct and indirect causes of death. Dogs with seizure disorders have a decreased lifespan compared to the general population, and epileptic dogs with SE have a significantly abbreviated lifespan compared to epileptics that do not experience SE. In people, nonconvulsive SE has a higher morbidity and mortality than convulsive SE, regardless of patient age or underlying diagnosis.
Status epilepticus in dogs and cats, part 1: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, and diagnosis
Authors: Blades Golubovic Susan , Rossmeisl John H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo review current knowledge of the etiopathogenesis, diagnosis, and consequences of status epilepticus (SE) in veterinary patients.Data SourcesHuman and veterinary literature, including clinical and laboratory research and reviews.EtiopathogenesisStatus epilepticus is a common emergency in dogs and cats, and may be the first manifestation of a seizure disorder. It results from the failure of termination of an isolated seizure. Multiple factors are involved in SE, including initiation and maintenance of neuronal excitability, neuronal network synchronization, and brain microenvironmental contributions to ictogenesis. Underlying etiologies of epilepsy and SE in dogs and cats are generally classified as genetic (idiopathic), structural‐metabolic, or unknown.DiagnosisDiagnosis of convulsive SE is usually made based on historical information and the nature of the seizures. Patient specific variables, such as the history, age of seizure onset, and physical and interictal neurological examination findings can help hone the rule out list, and are used to guide selection and prioritization of diagnostic tests. Electroencephalographic monitoring is routinely used in people to diagnose SE and guide patient care decisions, but is infrequently performed in veterinary medicine. Nonconvulsive status epilepticus has been recognized in veterinary patients; routine electroencephalography would aid in the diagnosis of this phenomenon in dogs and cats.Clinical SequelaeStatus epilepticus is a medical emergency that can result in life‐threatening complications involving the brain and systemic organs. Status epilepticus often requires comprehensive diagnostic testing, treatment with multiple anticonvulsant agents, and intensive supportive care.
Cataracts in a population of Bengal cats in France
Authors: Bourguet Aurélie , Chaudieu Gilles , Briatta Alice , Guyonnet Alexandre , Abitbol Marie , Chahory Sabine 
Published: April 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo document the clinical appearance and prevalence of cataracts in a French population of Bengal cats.MethodsTwo distinct populations of Bengal cats were examined as follows: (i) 51 animals recruited for evaluation of national prevalence of ocular diseases in an observational study conducted between October 2014 and November 2016 at the Alfort ophthalmology unit; (ii) 12 patients referred for cataract diagnosis examined at a veterinary eye clinic located in central France, between December 2014 and February 2016. Buccal swabs or blood samples forDNAanalysis were collected from all patients. The pedigrees of the examined Bengal cats were also investigated.ResultsCataracts were diagnosed in 23 of 51 (45%) cats in the observational study and in all cats in the referral population, mostly bilaterally. Visual impairment was never reported. Age of subjects affected by cataracts ranged from 3 months to 9.6 years (median: 1.9 years). Cataracts were classified as nuclear cataracts (14 of 23 in the observational group and 12 of 12 in the referral group) with a focal, perinuclear, posterior, or complete nuclear pattern, or posterior polar subcapsular cataracts (10 of 23 only in the observational group). An inherited congenital origin appears to be the most likely hypothesis. The pedigree analysis suggests a hereditary component of cataract formation, but further analyses in a larger population or test matings are needed to determine the exact mode of inheritance.ConclusionPresumed inherited cataracts appear to have a high prevalence in Bengal cats in France. The main manifestations are nuclear or subcapsular form, mostly bilateral, symmetrical, and apparently nonprogressive.
The EXIT Strategy: an Approach for Identifying Bacterial Proteins Exported during Host Infection
Authors: Perkowski E. F. , Zulauf K. E. , Weerakoon D. , Hayden J. D. , Ioerger T. R. , Oreper D. , Gomez S. M. , Sacchettini J. C. , Braunstein M. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Exported proteins of bacterial pathogens function both in essential physiological processes and in virulence. Past efforts to identify exported proteins were limited by the use of bacteria growing under laboratory (
in vitro
) conditions. Thus, exported proteins that are exported only or preferentially in the context of infection may be overlooked. To solve this problem, we developed a genome-wide method, named EXIT (
ex
ported

i
n vivo

t
echnology), to identify proteins that are exported by bacteria during infection and applied it to
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
during murine infection. Our studies validate the power of EXIT to identify proteins exported during infection on an unprecedented scale (593 proteins) and to reveal
in vivo
induced exported proteins (i.e., proteins exported significantly more during
in vivo
infection than
in vitro
). Our EXIT data also provide an unmatched resource for mapping the topology of
M. tuberculosis
membrane proteins. As a new approach for identifying exported proteins, EXIT has potential applicability to other pathogens and experimental conditions.

IMPORTANCE
There is long-standing interest in identifying exported proteins of bacteria as they play critical roles in physiology and virulence and are commonly immunogenic antigens and targets of antibiotics. While significant effort has been made to identify the bacterial proteins that are exported beyond the cytoplasm to the membrane, cell wall, or host environment, current methods to identify exported proteins are limited by their use of bacteria growing under laboratory (
in vitro
) conditions. Because
in vitro
conditions do not mimic the complexity of the host environment, critical exported proteins that are preferentially exported in the context of infection may be overlooked. We developed a novel method to identify proteins that are exported by bacteria during host infection and applied it to identify
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
proteins exported in a mouse model of tuberculosis.
Unexpected Relations of Historical Anthrax Strain
Authors: Antwerpen M. H. , Sahl J. W. , Birdsell D. , Pearson T. , Pearce M. J. , Redmond C. , Meyer H. , Keim P. S. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

In 1998, it was claimed that an 80-year-old glass tube intentionally filled with
Bacillus anthracis
and embedded in a sugar lump as a WWI biological weapon still contained viable spores. Today, genome sequencing of three colonies isolated in 1998 and subjected to phylogenetic analysis surprisingly identified a well-known
B. anthracis
reference strain isolated in the United States in 1981, pointing to accidental laboratory contamination.

IMPORTANCE
Next-generation sequencing and subsequent phylogenetic analyses are useful and reliable tools for the classification of recent and historical samples. The reliability of sequences obtained and bioinformatic algorithms has increased in recent years, and research has uncovered the identity of a presumed bioweapon agent as a contaminant.
Eculizumab in a child with atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis triggered by cytomegalovirus infection
Authors: Fraga-Rodriguez Gloria M , Brió-Sanagustin Sonia , Turón-Viñas Eulalia , Dixon Bradley P , Carreras-González Eduardo 
Published: April 2017

We present the case of a 21-month-old girl with two rare and life-threatening conditions, atypical haemolytic uraemic syndrome (aHUS) and haemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH), triggered by a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection. Soon after admission, the girl became anuric and required continuous venovenous haemodiafiltration.Initial treatments included methylprednisolone, fibrinogen and plasma infusion (for HLH), plasmapheresis (for thrombotic microangiopathy), immunoglobulins (for inflammation), ganciclovir (for CMV infection) and the antibiotic cefotaxime. On day 5, eculizumab (600 mg) was given for aHUS, with rapid improvement in haematological and nephrological parameters. Despite a subsequent isolated episode of right heart thrombosis that resolved with heparin treatment, the patient showed a favourable response to eculizumab (300 mg/15 days), with improved renal function, normal haematological values, and no treatment complications. In conclusion, eculizumab effectively treated aHUS in this case despite a comorbid immunological disease.
MONITORING FIELD HOCKEY INJURIES: THE FIRST STEP FOR PREVENTION
Authors: Barboza Saulo Delfino , van Mechelen Willem , Verhagen Evert 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundField hockey is a team sport with a high amount of running, stepping manoeuvres and player/material contact. Consequently, it can be expected that injury risk is high. Yet, little is know about injuries in this sport.ObjectiveTo measure the prevalence of injury during a field hockey season.DesignProspective cohort.SettingA field hockey season of the Dutch elite division.Participants83 field hockey players (54 women and 29 men) of 5 different teams selected by convenience. Four players dropped out the study (1 woman and 3 men).Independent variablesHours of sport exposure (specific training [i.e., on the field], additional training [e.g, fitness training], and competition).Main Outcome MeasurementsPrevalence of injury.ResultsIn total, field hockey players spent 9,063 hours in hockey specific training, 3,378 in additional training and 2,412 in competition. The total hours of sport exposure was 14,853. A total of 143 injuries were recorded (63% overuse and 37% traumatic). This corresponds to a rate of 9.6 injuries per 1,000 hours of sport exposure. The average prevalence of injury was 26.7% (ranging from 9.6% to 49.1% per two weeks). Lower limbs were the most reported injury location (58.4%), followed by lumbar and thoracic spine/thorax (20.2%), upper limbs (17.8%) and head/neck (3.6%).ConclusionsThis study establishes the extent and pattern of injuries in Dutch field hockey elite players. The next step, according to van Mechelen's sequence of prevention (1992), is to investigate the aetiology and mechanism of such injuries in order to develop and introduce preventive measures.
Initial size of unilateral pleural effusion determines impact of thoracocentesis on oxygenation
Authors: Michaelides Stylianos A , Bablekos George D , Analitis Antonis , Michailidis Avgerinos-Romanos , Charalabopoulos Konstantinos A , Koulouris Nikolaos 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundThere have been contradicting reports in the literature regarding the impact of pleural fluid aspiration on patients’ oxygenation. The aim of this study was to assess the role of the initial size of effusion on post-drainage oxygenation.MethodsWe studied 122 patients, aged (mean±SD) 61.2±16.8 years, with unilateral pleural effusion and no remarkable parenchymal lesion, by determining PaO2, PaCO2 and [A−a] PaO2 just before thoracocentesis (T1), 30 min after its completion (T2) and 48 hours after the procedure (T3). Patients were divided into group A (75 patients) with small and moderate sized effusions and group B (47 patients) with large and massive effusions. The position of the meniscus line on the posteroanterior film, being arbitrarily set at just above the upper costal margin of the sixth anterior rib, was used to divide the two groups. Patients were studied at rest, breathing room air in the sitting position. Repeated measures ANOVA (related samples) and the Friedman test when the normality assumption was violated were used.ResultsIn group A, at T3, PaO2(mm Hg) showed a statistically significant increase versus T1 (p&lt;0.001) and T2 (p=0.002), while [A-a] PaO2 displayed a statistically significant decrease compared with T1 (p&lt;0.001) and T2 (p=0.001). In group B, at T2, PaO2 presented significant decrease versus T1 (p&lt;0.001) and T3 (p&lt;0.001), while [A-a] PO2 was found to be significantly increased compared with both T1 and T3 (p&lt;0.001).ConclusionPatients with smaller effusions showed a small improvement in their oxygenation 48 hours post-thoracocentesis (T3). Patients with larger effusions exhibited a transient reduction in their oxygenation immediately after fluid removal (T2).
Modulation of long-latency afferent inhibition by the amplitude of sensory afferent volley
Authors: Turco Claudia V. , El-Sayes Jenin , Fassett Hunter J. , Chen Robert , Nelson Aimee J. 
Published: April 2017

Long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) is the inhibition of the transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) motor-evoked potentials (MEP) by the sensory afferent volley following electrical stimulation of a peripheral nerve. It is unknown how the activation of sensory afferent fibers relates to the magnitude of LAI. This study investigated the relationship between LAI and the sensory nerve action potentials (SNAP) from the median nerve (MN) and the digital nerves (DN) of the second digit. LAI was obtained by delivering nerve stimulation 200 ms before a TMS pulse delivered over the motor cortex. Experiment 1 assessed the magnitude of LAI following stimulation of the contralateral MN or DN using nerve stimulus intensities relative to the maximum SNAP (SNAPmax) of that nerve and two TMS intensities (0.5- and 1-mV MEP). Results indicate that MN LAI is maximal at ~50% SNAPmax, when presumably all sensory afferents are recruited for TMS of 0.5-mV MEP. For DN, LAI appears at ~50% SNAPmax and does not increase with further recruitment of sensory afferents. Experiment 2 investigated the magnitude of LAI following ipsilateral nerve stimulation at intensities relative to SNAPmax. Results show minimal LAI evoked by ipsilateral MN and no LAI following ipsilateral DN stimulation. Implications for future studies investigating LAI include adjusting nerve stimulation to 50% SNAPmax to obtain maximal LAI. Additionally, MN LAI can be used as a marker for neurological disease or injury by using a nerve stimulation intensity that can evoke a depth of LAI capable of increasing or decreasing. NEW & NOTEWORTHY This is the first investigation of the relationship between long-latency afferent inhibition (LAI) and the sensory afferent volley. Differences exist between median and digital nerve LAI. For the median nerve, LAI increases until all sensory fibers are presumably recruited. In contrast, digital nerve LAI does not increase with the recruitment of additional sensory fibers but rather is present when a given volume of sensory afferent fibers is recruited (~50% of maximum sensory nerve action potential). This novel data provide practical guidelines and contribute to our understanding of the mechanisms underlying LAI.