bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mineralogy, provenance, and diagenesis of a potassic basaltic sandstone on Mars: CheMin X‐ray diffraction of the Windjana sample (Kimberley area, Gale Crater)
Authors: Treiman Allan H. , Bish David L. , Vaniman David T. , Chipera Steve J. , Blake David F. , Ming Doug W. , Morris Richard V. , Bristow Thomas F. , Morrison Shaunna M. , Baker Michael B. , Rampe Elizabeth B. , Downs Robert T. , Filiberto Justin , Glazner Allen F. , Gellert Ralf , Thompson Lucy M. , Schmidt Mariek E. , Le Deit Laetitia , Wiens Roger C. , McAdam Amy C. , Achilles Cherie N. , Edgett Kenneth S. , Farmer Jack D. , Fendrich Kim V. , Grotzinger John P. , Gupta Sanjeev , Morookian John Michael , Newcombe Megan E. , Rice Melissa S. , Spray John G. , Stolper Edward M. , Sumner Dawn Y. , Vasavada Ashwin R. , Yen Albert S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Windjana drill sample, a sandstone of the Dillinger member (Kimberley formation, Gale Crater, Mars), was analyzed by CheMin X‐ray diffraction (XRD) in the MSL Curiosity rover. From Rietveld refinements of its XRD pattern, Windjana contains the following: sanidine (21% weight, ~Or95); augite (20%); magnetite (12%); pigeonite; olivine; plagioclase; amorphous and smectitic material (~25%); and percent levels of others including ilmenite, fluorapatite, and bassanite. From mass balance on the Alpha Proton X‐ray Spectrometer (APXS) chemical analysis, the amorphous material is Fe rich with nearly no other cations—like ferrihydrite. The Windjana sample shows little alteration and was likely cemented by its magnetite and ferrihydrite. From ChemCam Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectrometer (LIBS) chemical analyses, Windjana is representative of the Dillinger and Mount Remarkable members of the Kimberley formation. LIBS data suggest that the Kimberley sediments include at least three chemical components. The most K‐rich targets have 5.6% K2O, ~1.8 times that of Windjana, implying a sediment component with >40% sanidine, e.g., a trachyte. A second component is rich in mafic minerals, with little feldspar (like a shergottite). A third component is richer in plagioclase and in Na2O, and is likely to be basaltic. The K‐rich sediment component is consistent with APXS and ChemCam observations of K‐rich rocks elsewhere in Gale Crater. The source of this sediment component was likely volcanic. The presence of sediment from many igneous sources, in concert with Curiosity's identifications of other igneous materials (e.g., mugearite), implies that the northern rim of Gale Crater exposes a diverse igneous complex, at least as diverse as that found in similar‐age terranes on Earth.
Crustal structure of the Bighorn Mountains region: Precambrian influence on Laramide shortening and uplift in north‐central Wyoming
Authors: Worthington Lindsay L. , Miller Kate C. , Erslev Eric A. , Anderson Megan L. , Chamberlain Kevin R. , Sheehan Anne F. , Yeck William L. , Harder Steven H. , Siddoway Christine S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe crustal structure of north‐central Wyoming records a history of complex lithospheric evolution from Precambrian accretion to Cretaceous‐Paleogene Laramide shortening. We present two active source P wave velocity model profiles collected as part of the Bighorn Arch Seismic Experiment in 2010. Analyses of these velocity models and single‐fold reflection data, together with potential field modeling of regional gravity and magnetic signals, constrain crustal structure and thickness of the Bighorn region. We image a west dipping reflection boundary and model a sharp magnetic contact east of the Bighorn Arch that together may delineate a previously undetected Precambrian suture zone. Localized patches of a high‐velocity, high‐density lower crustal layer (the “7.× layer”) occur across the study area but are largely absent beneath the Bighorn Arch culmination. Moho topography is relatively smooth with no large‐scale offsets, with depths ranging from ~50 to 37 km, and is largely decoupled from Laramide basement topography. These observations suggest that (1) the edge of the Archean Wyoming craton lies just east of the Bighorn Mountains, approximately 300 km west of previous interpretations, and (2) Laramide deformation localized in an area with thin or absent 7.× layer, due to its relatively weak lower crust, leading to detachment faulting. Our findings show that Precambrian tectonics in northern Wyoming may be more complicated than previously determined and subsequent Laramide deformation may have been critically dependent on laterally heterogeneous crustal structure that can be linked to Precambrian origins.
Capital Punishment
Authors: Vito Anthony G. , Vito Gennaro F. 
Published: December 2015

The penalty of death still exists in the US criminal justice system. We present current information on the operations of capital punishment including the volume of cases and persons on death row and the distribution of death row inmates and executions by state. Specific attention is given to the impact of race upon capital sentencing, particularly the introduction of racial bias in terms of the race of the victim in capital cases.
The capital‐sentencing system that features “guided discretion” to guide the decision making of prosecutors and juries is presented and explained. For example, aggravating circumstances must be present for a capital case to proceed. The major issues surrounding the use of the death penalty are raised, especially racial bias in sentencing. Current research on whether the death penalty acts as deterrent to homicide is presented as well as public opinion concerning capital punishment and the issue of sentencing innocent people to death.
Corneal confocal microscopy in chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy
Authors: Stettner Mark , Hinrichs Lena , Guthoff Rainer , Bairov Silja , Petropoulos Ioannis N. , Warnke Clemens , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Malik Rayaz A. , Kieseier Bernd C. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveThere is an unmet need for better diagnostic tools to further delineate clinical subsets of heterogeneous chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy (CIDP) and multifocal motor neuropathy (MMN) to facilitate treatment decisions. Corneal confocal microscopy (CCM) is a noninvasive and reproducible nerve imaging technique. This study evaluates the potential of CCM as a diagnostic surrogate in CIDP and MMN.MethodsIn a cross‐sectional prospective approach, 182 patients and healthy controls were studied using CCM to quantify corneal nerve damage and immune cell infiltration.ResultsPatients with CIDP and MMN had a reduction in corneal nerve fiber (CNF) measures and an increase in corneal immune cell infiltrates. In CIDP, CNF parameters decreased with increasing duration of disease. The number of dendritic cells in proximity to CNFs was increased in patients with early disease and correlated with the degree of motor affection. A further reduction in CNF parameters and an increase in nondendritic cells were observed in patients with painful neuropathy. In CIDP patients with antineuronal antibodies the number of nondendritic cells was increased.InterpretationOur findings suggest that CNF loss may reflect severity of neuropathy and quantification of distinct cells around the CNF plexus may help in stratifying CIDP subtypes, clinical course, and disease activity. However, further longitudinal studies are required before CCM can be considered as a valid surrogate endpoint for patients with CIDP and MMN.
Design of inertial navigation systems for marine craft with adaptive wave filtering aided by triple‐redundant sensor packages
Authors: Bryne Torleiv H. , Fossen Thor I. , Johansen Tor A. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryMarine craft feedback control systems typically require estimates of position, velocity and heading where the wave‐induced motions should be suppressed. This paper presents a strapdown inertial navigation system with adaptive wave filtering. Wave filtering based on inertial navigation systems differ from previous vessel‐model‐based designs that require knowledge of vessel parameters and mathematical models for estimation of thruster and wind forces and moments based on auxiliary sensors. The origin of the inertial navigation system's error states is proven to be uniformly semiglobally exponentially stable. The wave‐filtering scheme uses the estimated states of the inertial navigation system to separate the low‐frequency motion of the craft from the wave‐frequency motions. The observer structure also allows for estimation of the time‐varying encounter frequency by using a signal‐based frequency tracker or an adaptive observer. Finally, properties following from the triple‐redundant sensor packages have been utilized to obtain optimal and robust sensor fusion with respect to sensor performance and faults. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Physical fitness differences between rural and urban children from western Kenya
Authors: Castillo Eric R. , Sang Meshack K. , Sigei Timothy K. , Dingwall Heather L. , Okutoyi Paul , Ojiambo Robert , Otárola‐Castillo Erik R. , Pitsiladis Yannis , Lieberman Daniel E. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo study the effects of urbanization on physical fitness (PF), we compare PF between urban and rural children from western Kenya. We hypothesize that active rural children are stronger, more flexible, and have greater endurance, and that PF differences are predictive of endurance running performance.MethodsWe recruited an age‐matched, cross‐sectional sample of participants (55 males, 60 females; 6–17 years) from schools near Eldoret, Kenya. PF and anthropometrics were assessed using the FITNESSGRAM®. General linear mixed models (GLMM) and path analyses tested for age, sex, and activity group differences in PF, as well as the effects of PF variables on mile run time.ResultsOn average, urban participants had greater body mass (36.8 ± 15.9 vs. 31.9 ± 10.9 kg) but were not taller than rural participants (1.4 ± 0.2 vs. 1.4 ± 0.2 cm). Greater urban body mass appears driven by higher body fat (28.2 ± 9.4 vs. 16.8 ± 4.4%), which increased with age in urban but not rural participants. GLMM analyses showed age effects on strength variables (P<0.05) and sex differences in hip flexibility, sit‐ups, and mile run (P<0.05). There were few differences in PF between groups except rural participants had stronger back muscles (18.2 ± 4.5 vs. 14.18 ± 4.3 cm) and faster mile times (6.3 ± 0.7 vs. 7.9 ± 2.0 min). Body composition and abdominal strength were predictive of mile time (P < 0.06), but the path analysis revealed a network of interacting direct and indirect effects that influenced endurance performance.ConclusionsAlthough differences in endurance and body composition are marked between urban and rural groups, strength and flexibility are not always correlated with overall activity levels. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:514–523, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Facile Synthesis of 1,4‐Bis(diaryl)‐1,3‐butadiynes Bearing Two Amino Moieties by Electrochemical Reaction‐Site Switching, and Their Solvatochromic Fluorescence
Authors: Kamimoto Natsuyo , Nakamura Nariaki , Tsutsumi Akina , Mandai Hiroki , Mitsudo Koichi , Wakamiya Atsushi , Murata Yasujiro , Hasegawa Jun‐ya , Suga Seiji 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBis(diaryl)‐1,3‐butadiynes bearing two amino moieties were easily synthesized by a sequential coupling reaction by using an electrochemical method. This sequential reaction consists of electrochemical oxidative homocoupling and Suzuki–Miyaura coupling. The fluorescence of the obtained bis(diaryl)‐1,3‐butadiynes is solvatochromic despite their symmetric linear structure and lack of a strong acceptor moiety.
Enantioselective Synthesis of Atropisomeric Vinyl Arene Compounds by Palladium Catalysis: A Carbene Strategy
Authors: Feng Jia , Li Bin , He Yun , Gu Zhenhua 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn efficient palladium‐catalyzed asymmetric synthesis of axially chiral vinyl arenes from aryl bromides and hydrazones is reported. The products were easily oxidized to axially chiral biaryl compounds, and the phosphine oxides were readily reduced to phosphine ligands.
N,P‐Codoped Carbon Networks as Efficient Metal‐free Bifunctional Catalysts for Oxygen Reduction and Hydrogen Evolution Reactions
Authors: Zhang Jintao , Qu Liangti , Shi Gaoquan , Liu Jiangyong , Chen Jianfeng , Dai Liming 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe high cost and scarcity of noble metal catalysts, such as Pt, have hindered the hydrogen production from electrochemical water splitting, the oxygen reduction in fuel cells and batteries. Herein, we developed a simple template‐free approach to three‐dimensional porous carbon networks codoped with nitrogen and phosphorus by pyrolysis of a supermolecular aggregate of self‐assembled melamine, phytic acid, and graphene oxide (MPSA/GO). The pyrolyzed MPSA/GO acted as the first metal‐free bifunctional catalyst with high activities for both oxygen reduction and hydrogen evolution. Zn–air batteries with the pyrolyzed MPSA/GO air electrode showed a high peak power density (310 W g−1) and an excellent durability. Thus, the pyrolyzed MPSA/GO is a promising bifunctional catalyst for renewable energy technologies, particularly regenerative fuel cells.
Enhanced GAD65 production in plants using the MagnICON transient expression system: Optimization of upstream production and downstream processing
Authors: Merlin Matilde , Gecchele Elisa , Arcalis Elsa , Remelli Sabrina , Brozzetti Annalisa , Pezzotti Mario , Avesani Linda 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPlants have emerged as competitive production platforms for pharmaceutical proteins that are required in large quantities. One example is the 65‐kDa isoform of human glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD65), a major autoimmune diabetes autoantigen that has been developed as a vaccine candidate for the primary prevention of diabetes. The expression of GAD65 in plants has been optimized but large‐scale purification is hampered by its tendency to associate with membranes. We investigated the potential for large‐scale downstream processing by evaluating different combinations of plant‐based expression systems and engineered forms of GAD65 in terms of yield, subcellular localization and solubility in detergent‐free buffer. We found that a modified version of GAD65 lacking the first 87 amino acids accumulates to high levels in the cytosol and can be extracted in detergent‐free buffer. The highest yields of this variant protein were achieved using the MagnICON transient expression system. This combination of truncated GAD65 and the MagnICON system dramatically boosts the production of the recombinant protein and helps to optimize downstream processing for the establishment of a sustainable plant‐based production platform for an autoimmune diabetes vaccine candidate.
Quantum dot as probe for disease diagnosis and monitoring
Authors: Mukherjee Abhishek , Shim Yumi , Myong Song Joon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSemiconductor quantum dots (QD) possess unique optical and electric properties like size‐tunable light emission, narrow emission range, high brightness and photostability. Recent research advances have minimized the toxicity of QDs and they are successfully used in in vitro and in vivo imaging. Encapsulation of QDs into polymeric nanoparticles and linking them with targeting ligands enabled the detection of tumors and cancer cells in vivo. QD‐antibody conjugates were successfully used in monitoring and diagnosis of HIV and myocardial infarction. Application of near infrared (NIR) QDs was found to minimize the absorption and scattering of light by native tissues thus rendering them suitable in deep tissue analysis. Aggregation and endosomal sequestration of QDs pose major challenges for the effective delivery of QDs to the cell cytosol. Toxicity minimization and effective delivery strategies may further increase their suitability for utilization in disease diagnosis. New synthesis of QDs may provide new types of bioconjugates of QDs to biomolecules, which leads to a variety of applications to many challenged research areas. QDs with narrow emission wavelength ranges are very suitable for monitoring multiple cellular targets simultaneously, and still remain the best known probes for imaging as an alternative to traditional fluorophores in disease diagnosis.
Crystallization of Enantiomerically Pure Proteins from Quasi‐Racemic Mixtures: Structure Determination by X‐Ray Diffraction of Isotope‐Labeled Ester Insulin and Human Insulin
Authors: Mandal Kalyaneswar , Dhayalan Balamurugan , Avital‐Shmilovici Michal , Tokmakoff Andrei , Kent Stephen B. H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAs a part of a program aimed towards the study of the dynamics of human insulin‐protein dimer formation using two‐dimensional infrared spectroscopy, we used total chemical synthesis to prepare stable isotope labeled [(1‐13C=18O)PheB24)] human insulin, via [(1‐13C=18O)PheB24)] ester insulin as a key intermediate product that facilitates folding of the synthetic protein molecule (see preceding article). Here, we describe the crystal structure of the synthetic isotope‐labeled ester insulin intermediate and the product synthetic human insulin. Additionally, we present our observations on hexamer formation with these two proteins in the absence of phenol derivatives and/or Zn metal ions. We also describe and discuss the fractional crystallization of quasi‐racemic protein mixtures containing each of these two synthetic proteins.
ECBS & ICBS 2015 Joint Meeting: Bringing Chemistry to Life
Authors: Varon Silva Daniel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe European Chemical Biology Society (ECBS) and the International Chemical Biology Society (ICBS) recently organized a joint meeting in Berlin. This meeting had more than 250 participants. Four keynote lectures were given by Timothy Mitchison, David Tirrell, Carolyn Bertozzi and Jason Chin; in addition there were 13 invited speakers, 20 selected oral talks and 30 talks selected from 90 posters. The meeting was divided into six topics: chemoproteomics, epigenetics, conjugates for target delivering, anti‐infectives, molecular imaging and probing the structure, and function of post‐translational modifications. The highlights of the meeting are presented in this report.
Angiographic and clinical outcomes of patients treated with everolimus‐eluting bioresorbable stents in routine clinical practice: Results of the ISAR‐ABSORB registry
Authors: Hoppmann P. , Kufner S. , Cassese S. , Wiebe J. , Schneider S. , Pinieck S. , Scheler L. , Bernlochner I. , Joner M. , Schunkert H. , Laugwitz K‐L. , Kastrati A. , Byrne RA 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesWe aimed to analyze angiographic and clinical results of patients undergoing BRS implantation in a real‐world setting.BackgroundAngiographic and clinical outcome data from patients undergoing implantation of drug‐eluting bioresorbable stents (BRS) in routine clinical practice is scant.MethodsConsecutive patients undergoing implantation of everolimus‐eluting BRS at two high‐volume centers in Munich, Germany were enrolled. Data were collected prospectively. All patients were scheduled for angiographic surveillance 6–8 months after stent implantation. Quantitative coronary angiographic analysis was performed in a core laboratory. Clinical follow‐up was performed to 12 months and events were adjudicated by independent assessors.ResultsA total of 419 patients were studied. Mean age was 66.6 ± 10.9 years, 31.5% had diabetes mellitus, 76.1% had multivessel disease, and 39.0% presented with acute coronary syndrome; 49.0% of lesions were AHA/ACC type B2/C, 13.1% had treatment of bifurcation lesions. Mean reference vessel diameter was 2.89 ± 0.46 mm. At angiographic follow‐up in‐stent late loss was 0.26 ± 0.51 mm, in‐segment diameter stenosis was 27.5 ± 16.1, and binary angiographic restenosis was 7.5%. At 12 months, the rate of death, myocardial infarction, or target lesion revascularization was 13.1%. Definite stent thrombosis occurred in 2.6%.ConclusionsThe use of everolimus‐eluting BRS in routine clinical practice is associated with high antirestenotic efficacy in patients undergoing angiographic surveillance. Overall clinical outcomes at 12 months are satisfactory though stent thrombosis rates are not insignificant. Further study with longer term follow‐up and larger numbers of treated patients is required before we can be sure of the role of these devices in clinical practice. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
The “Open Branch” Technique
Authors: Mangialardi Nicola , Lachat Mario , Esposito Andrea , Puippe Gilberte , Orrico Matteo , Alberti Vittorio , Fazzini Stefano , Ronchey Sonia 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionStaged endovascular treatment of thoracoabdominal aortic aneurysms (TAAA) has been proved to be an effective strategy to reduce the risk of spinal cord ischemia (SCI). Several techniques have been described: some imply the staged coverage of the aorta, other the temporarily perfusion of the sac through a branch left unstented or a dedicated branch that will be occluded later. The aim of those is to facilitate the expansion of the collateral network that perfuses the spinal cord. However, each of them, have some disadvantages such as the need of two interventions of big magnitude and the risk of target vessel occlusion or endograft displacement. We describe a new technique to treat TAAA in a staged manner.TechniqueThe first step of our technique is the thoracoabdominal endograft deployment with the branching of all target vessels; one of these is branched with a bare stent inside which a covered stent will be placed in a second step, which can be perfomed under local anesthesia. We named this technique “open branch” (OB). Before insertion of the covered stent, a balloon is inflated inside the bare stent to simulate the complete sac exclusion to evaluate eventual neurological complication.ResultsTwo patients with Crawford type II TAAA and one with a suprarenal aneurysm following the open repair of an infrarenal aortic aneurysm were treated. No cases of SCI were observed after the two procedures. Median interval time between the two procedures was 8, 6 weeks (4–16). Between the two steps, no aneurysm growth or rupture and no branch occlusion or endograft displacement was observed.ConclusionsThese three cases of “OB” technique show that this is a safe and feasible alternative strategy to treat TAAA in a staged manner. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.