bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unprecedented Utilization of Pelargonidin and Indole for the Biosynthesis of Plant Indole Alkaloids
Authors: Warskulat Anne‐Christin , Tatsis Evangelos C. , Dudek Bettina , Kai Marco , Lorenz Sybille , Schneider Bernd 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNudicaulins are a group of indole alkaloid glycosides responsible for the color of yellow petals of Papaver nudicaule (Iceland poppy). The unique aglycone scaffold of these alkaloids attracted our interest as one of the most unusual flavonoid‐indole hybrid structures that occur in nature. Stable isotope labeling experiments with sliced petals identified free indole, but not tryptamine or l‐tryptophan, as one of the two key biosynthetic precursors of the nudicaulin aglycone. Pelargonidin was identified as the second key precursor, contributing the polyphenolic unit to the nudicaulin molecule. This finding was inferred from the temporary accumulation of pelargonidin glycosides in the petals during flower bud development and a drop at the point in time when nudicaulin levels start to increase. The precursor‐directed incorporation of cyanidin into a new 3′‐hydroxynudicaulin strongly supports the hypothesis that anthocyanins are involved in the biosynthesis of nudicaulins.
Inferior vena cava filter thrombosis
Authors: Byrne Michael , Mannis Gabriel N. , Nair Jayan , Andreadis Charalambos 
Published: December 2015

Key Clinical MessagePatients with inferior vena cava (IVC) filters – particularly permanent filters – are at increased risk for recurrent deep venous thrombosis (DVT). Judicious use of IVC filters, as well as the prompt retrieval of temporary IVC filters, substantially reduces the risk of IVC thrombosis.
Olefin Metathesis: Catalyst Inhibition as a Result of Isomerization
Authors: Kadyrov Renat 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRing‐closing metathesis of N,N‐diallyl‐tosylamide and allyl‐N‐10‐undecenenoyl‐l‐proline by using low levels of Ru‐catalyst loading were investigated. The undesirable olefin isomerization, promoted by ruthenium species formed during the decomposition of the catalyst, was observed. The volume of isomerization products depends on the catalyst loading. Accumulation of isomers that can form inactive Fischer‐type alkylidene complexes, leads to the full inhibition of the catalytic reaction.
Iron‐Containing Titania Photocatalyst Prepared by the Sonophotodeposition Method for the Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol
Authors: Magdziarz Agnieszka , Colmenares Juan C. , Chernyayeva Olga , Kurzydłowski Krzysztof , Grzonka Justyna 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe sonophotodeposition method was applied in the synthesis of an iron‐containing titania photocatalyst. This procedure enables the use of sustainable energy sources, such as sonication and light, and eliminates the use of hazardous reducing agents. For the first time an ultrasonic horn and sun‐imitating Xenon lamp were used in this method. The following techniques: diffuse reflectance UV/Vis spectroscopy, high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy with X‐ray microanalysis (HRTEM‐EDS), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and energy‐dispersive X‐ray fluorescence (EDXRF) were applied for the characterization of the prepared material. The photocatalytic oxidation of benzyl alcohol into benzaldehyde under sun‐imitating Xenon lamp irradiation was applied as a test reaction. The photocatalyst prepared by the sonophotodeposition method showed better results, in terms of alcohol conversion and yield of benzaldehyde, in comparison with the photocatalyst prepared by an ordinary wet‐impregnation method.
Fast Oxidative Cyclooligomerization towards Low‐ and High‐Symmetry Thiophene Macrocycles
Authors: Maier Stefan K. , Poluektov Georgiy , Jester Stefan‐S. , Möller Heiko M. , Höger Sigurd 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMacrocycles with quaterthiophene subunits were obtained by cyclooligomerization by direct oxidative coupling of unsubstituted dithiophene moieties. The rings were closed with high selectivity by an α,β′‐connection of the thiophenes as proven by NMR spectroscopy. The reaction of the precursor with terthiophene moieties yielded the symmetric α,α′‐linked macrocycle in low yield together with various differently connected isomers. Blocking of the β‐position of the half‐rings yielded selectively the α,α′‐linked macrocycle. Selected cyclothiophenes were investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy, which displayed the formation of highly ordered 2D crystalline monolayers.
Site‐Resolved Two‐Step Relaxation Process in an Asymmetric Dy2 Single‐Molecule Magnet
Authors: Zhang Li , Jung Julie , Zhang Peng , Guo Mei , Zhao Lang , Tang Jinkui , Le Guennic Boris 
Published: December 2015

AbstractElaborate chemical design is of utmost importance in order to slow down the relaxation dynamics in single‐molecule magnets (SMMs) and hence improve their potential applications. Much interest was devoted to the study of distinct relaxation processes related to the different crystal fields of crystallographically independent lanthanide ions. However, the assignment of the relaxation processes to specific metal sites remains a challenging task. To address this challenge, a new asymmetric Dy2 SMM displaying a well‐separated two‐step relaxation process with the anisotropic centers in fine‐tuned local environments was elaborately designed. For the first time a one‐to‐one relationship between the metal sites and the relaxation processes was evidenced. This work sheds light on complex multiple relaxation and may direct the rational design of lanthanide SMMs with enhanced magnetic properties.
Diradical Character Tuning for the Third‐Order Nonlinear Optical Properties of Quinoidal Oligothiophenes by Introducing Thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide Rings
Authors: Kishi Ryohei , Ochi Shoki , Izumi Shioh , Makino Akihiro , Nagami Takanori , Fujiyoshi Jun‐ya , Matsushita Naoyuki , Saito Michika , Nakano Masayoshi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo create a design guideline for efficient third‐order nonlinear optical (NLO) molecules, the chain‐length (n) dependences of the diradical character y and the longitudinal second hyperpolarizability γ of quinoidal oligothiophenes (QTs), from monomers to octamers, involving thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide rings are investigated by using the density functional theory method. It turns out that the diradical character of the modified QTs is reduced as compared to those of the pristine QTs. By introducing an appropriate number of oxidized rings into the QT framework, intermediate y values can be achieved even in the systems with large values of n, in which the pristine QTs are predicted to have pure diradical character. Such intermediate diradical oligomers are shown to exhibit enhanced γ values as compared to the pristine QTs with the same value for n. From the calculation results, the introduction of the optimal number of thiophene‐S,S‐dioxide rings is predicted to be an efficient chemical modification for optimizing the third‐order NLO properties of open‐shell QTs through tuning the diradical characters.
Dehydrogenative Homocoupling of Alkyl Chains on Cu(110)
Authors: Cai Liangliang , Sun Qiang , Zhang Chi , Ding Yuanqi , Xu Wei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThrough the interplay of high‐resolution scanning tunneling microscopy imaging and density functional theory calculations, the stepwise dehydrogenative homocoupling of alkyl chains on Cu(110) is demonstrated, proceeding from the intact chain, via the dehydrogenative intermediates, to the formation of the divers final coupling products.
Spectroscopic Evidence for Clusters of Like‐Charged Ions in Ionic Liquids Stabilized by Cooperative Hydrogen Bonding
Authors: Knorr Anne , Stange Peter , Fumino Koichi , Weinhold Frank , Ludwig Ralf 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDirect spectroscopic evidence for hydrogen‐bonded clusters of like‐charged ions is reported for ionic liquids. The measured infrared O−H vibrational bands of the hydroxyethyl groups in the cations can be assigned to the dispersion‐corrected DFT calculated frequencies of linear and cyclic clusters. Compensating the like‐charge Coulomb repulsion, these cationic clusters can range up to cyclic tetramers resembling molecular clusters of water and alcohols. These ionic clusters are mainly present at low temperature and show strong cooperative effects in hydrogen bonding. DFT‐D3 calculations of the pure multiply charged clusters suggest that the attractive hydrogen bonds can compete with repulsive Coulomb forces.
Organic Solvent Effects in Biomass Conversion Reactions
Authors: Shuai Li , Luterbacher Jeremy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTransforming lignocellulosic biomass into fuels and chemicals has been intensely studied in recent years. A large amount of work has been dedicated to finding suitable solvent systems, which can improve the transformation of biomass into value‐added chemicals. These efforts have been undertaken based on numerous research results that have shown that organic solvents can improve both conversion and selectivity of biomass to platform molecules. We present an overview of these organic solvent effects, which are harnessed in biomass conversion processes, including conversion of biomass to sugars, conversion of sugars to furanic compounds, and production of lignin monomers. A special emphasis is placed on comparing the solvent effects on conversion and product selectivity in water with those in organic solvents while discussing the origins of the differences that arise. We have categorized results as benefiting from two major types of effects: solvent effects on solubility of biomass components including cellulose and lignin and solvent effects on chemical thermodynamics including those affecting reactants, intermediates, products, and/or catalysts. Finally, the challenges of using organic solvents in industrial processes are discussed from the perspective of solvent cost, solvent stability, and solvent safety. We suggest that a holistic view of solvent effects, the mechanistic elucidation of these effects, and the careful consideration of the challenges associated with solvent use could assist researchers in choosing and designing improved solvent systems for targeted biomass conversion processes.
Graphene‐Encapsulated Nanosheet‐Assembled Zinc–Nickel–Cobalt Oxide Microspheres for Enhanced Lithium Storage
Authors: Zhang Qiaobao , Chen Huixin , Han Xiang , Cai Junjie , Yang Yong , Liu Meilin , Zhang Kaili 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe appropriate combination of hierarchical transition‐metal oxide (TMO) micro‐/nanostructures constructed from porous nanobuilding blocks with graphene sheets (GNS) in a core/shell geometry is highly desirable for high‐performance lithium‐ion batteries (LIBs). A facile and scalable process for the fabrication of 3D hierarchical porous zinc–nickel–cobalt oxide (ZNCO) microspheres constructed from porous ultrathin nanosheets encapsulated by GNS to form a core/shell geometry is reported for improved electrochemical performance of the TMOs as an anode in LIBs. By virtue of their intriguing structural features, the produced ZNCO/GNS core/shell hybrids exhibit an outstanding reversible capacity of 1015 mA h g−1 at 0.1 C after 50 cycles. Even at a high rate of 1 C, a stable capacity as high as 420 mA h g−1 could be maintained after 900 cycles, which suggested their great potential as efficient electrodes for high‐performance LIBs.
Generation of Terahertz Waves Using Ultrashort Electron Beams from a Photocathode Radio‐Frequency Gun Linac
Authors: KAN KOICHI , YANG JINFENG , OGATA ATSUSHI , KONDOH TAKAFUMI , GOHDO MASAO , SHIBATA HIROMI , YOSHIDA YOICHI 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYUltrashort (picosecond or femtosecond) electron beams are useful for electromagnetic radiation production in the terahertz (THz) range because the inverse of a 1 ps bunch length corresponds to a frequency of 1 THz. The electron beams were generated by a photocathode radio‐frequency (RF) gun linac. Electron beams with an energy of about 4 MeV at the RF gun exit were accelerated to about 30 MeV in a linac. The accelerated electron beams were compressed by a magnetic bunch compressor, resulting in femtosecond pulse width. THz radiation of the order of 0.1 THz based on coherent Cherenkov radiation (CCR) using hollow dielectric tubes and Smith−Purcell radiation (SPR) using a metallic grating or metasurface are described.
Image Binarization by Dynamic Convex Quadrilateral Region Segmentation Using GA
Authors: NAKAMURA SOMA , SAITOH FUMIHIKO 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYThe method that binarizes an image by local thresholds in separated image areas is useful when the image has uneven brightness. A method was proposed to separate an image dynamically for local thresholding to generate a binary image by using a genetic algorithm (GA). However, the existing method used only horizontal and vertical lines for image separation. This paper suggests a method of separating an image dynamically using diagonal lines for local thresholding in order to generate a binary image by using a GA and of evaluating binary images. The experimental results show that the images binarized by the proposed method have good separation of objects from the background, and that they include less noise and blur than those binarized by the existing method.
Precise Positioning Control Using Online Modification of Reference Trajectory
Authors: OKUYAMA ATSUSHI 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYA control method for improving tracking performance with respect to a reference trajectory has been developed. The proposed control system has an inner/outer control structure. The inner control system is the existing control system based on a conventional PID controller, which is designed in advance and is independent of the outer control system. In order to improve tracking performance, the outer control system is designed based on optimal preview control theory and is added to the outside of the inner control system. A polynomial trajectory is used as the reference trajectory and is fed to the outer control system. The reference trajectory is modified online to minimize tracking error. The modified reference trajectory is derived as a control input signal from the outer control system and is fed to the inner control system. The effectiveness of the proposed control method is confirmed using numerical simulations in a benchmark problem for hard disk drives (HDDs).
Evaluation of the Effect of Geometrical Configuration on FM‐Band Crosstalk Characteristics between Two Parallel Signal Traces Including Their Divided Ground Patterns on Printed Circuit Boards for Vehicles
Authors: IIDA MICHIHIRA , MAENO TSUYOSHI , WANG JIANQING , FUJIWARA OSAMU 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYElectromagnetic disturbances in vehicle‐mounted FM radios are mainly caused by conducted noise currents flowing through wiring harnesses from printed circuit boards (PCBs) with the slits of ground patterns. To suppress these noise currents from PCBs, we previously performed Finite‐Difference Time‐Domain (FDTD) simulation and measurement using multiple simple two‐layer PCB models in which the ground patterns were divided into two parts with different widths, and revealed that both results agreed well with the fact that crosstalk cannot always be reduced by increasing the width of divided ground patters, but had the smallest values (dipping point) at a specific spacing between the divided ground patterns. In order to clarify the above result, we calculated crosstalk using a formula developed from a simplified equivalent circuit model consisting of inductances, derived from their geometrical mean distances (GMDs) from the traces and ground patterns, and found that the calculation results also had dipping point. However, the specific spacing and crosstalk values were different from the simulations and measurements. In the present study, to improve calculation accuracy, we considered nonuniformity of the current distribution in the ground patterns instead of a uniform current distribution, and obtained crosstalk evaluation results which agreed better with simulations and measurements.
Unconformity‐bounded stratigraphy in the Plio‐Pleistocene continental record: new insights from the Alessandria Basin (NW Italy)
Authors: Irace Andrea , Monegato Giovanni , Tema Evdokia , Martinetto Edoardo , Gianolla Daniele , Vassio Elena , Bellino Laura , Violanti Donata 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCombined stratigraphic and bio‐magnetostratigraphic analyses on a fluvial sequence from the southern margin of the Alessandria Basin (at the junction between the Alps and the Apennines) provide evidence for the first documentation of a late Piacenzian–Gelasian continental record in northern Italy. The basin experienced general growth at the margins and ongoing subsidence in the depocentre, during overthrusting onto the Po Foreland Basin. The studied fluvial succession is 25–30 m thick and can be divided into three units (MRZ1, MRZ2 and MRZ3) delimited by erosional unconformities (S1, S2 and S3). The MRZ1 and MRZ2 units (shallow to confined braided systems) are chronologically restricted between 2.8 and 2.58 Ma based on bio‐magnetostratigraphic analyses. The overall stratigraphic framework indicates deposition and erosion during the progressive uplift of the Alps/Apennines system. The frequency of unconformities and sedimentary changes, compared to other coeval successions of other syn‐orogenic basins of northern and central Italy, suggests the interaction between high‐amplitude global cold stages and tectonic deformation. Tectonic climax occurred in the Gelasian, as revealed by the 450‐ to 600‐ka‐long hiatus associated with the S3 unconformity, whereas the subsequent deposition of the MRZ3 unit (meandering alluvial system) including a Gelasian magnetic reversal points to the fading of tectonic activity. The stratigraphic reconstruction provided in this study enriches the current knowledge of the European continental biota: the absence of thermophilous elements in the MRZ1 carpoflora reflects the late Piacenzian cooling phase after 2.8 Ma, whereas the persistence of several extra‐European taxa in MRZ3 (e.g. Ampelopsis cf. ludwigii, Boehmeria lithuanica, Cryptomeria rhenana) rules out an age younger than 1.4 Ma. The freshwater mollusc assemblage of MRZ2 shows the occurrence of Pomatias elegans and Tournouerina belnensis, identified for the first time in the Pliocene of northern Italy. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rare earth elements (REEs) geochemistry of Sinian–Cambrian reservoir solid bitumens in Sichuan Basin, SW China: potential application to petroleum exploration
Authors: Gao Ping , Liu Guangdi , Wang Zecheng , Jia Chengzao , Wang Tongshan , Zhang Pengwei 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn order to evaluate rare earth elements (REEs) as a potential proxy for solid bitumen classification, we employed traditional correlation approaches, such as carbon isotopes and V/(V + Ni) ratios, to infer the source rocks of Sinian–Cambrian reservoir solid bitumens in the Sichuan Basin and analyse solid bitumens for their REE compositions by inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry. Our data suggested that Sinian–Cambrian reservoir solid bitumens were primarily sourced from the lower Cambrian shales deposited under anoxic–euxinic conditions. REE and their associated parameters seemed to be more sensitive to classify solid bitumens than traditional correlation approaches. REE concentrations played a dominant role and fractionation degree between light and heavy REE and played a secondary role in solid bitumen classification. REE concentration and pattern in solid bitumens might be controlled by two processes, including inheritance from source rocks and water–rock interaction. The major factor controlling REE concentrations in solid bitumens was the type of organic matter of source rocks. Authigenic minerals in solid bitumens formed by water–rock interaction appeared to have little influence on REE compositions of solid bitumens because of their trace contents. Overall, REE could be used as a novel complementary approach to solid bitumen classification in complicated petroleum systems. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Physiologic Effects of Testosterone in Hydrogenated Soybean Oil Vehicle as Compared to Free Testosterone, Testosterone Propionate, and Testosterone Enanthate in a Conventional Oil Vehicle
Authors: GERRITY M. , FREUND M. , PETERSON R. N. , FALVO R. E. 
Published: December 2015

We have recently described a new technique that utilizes hydrogenated soybean oil (HSO) as the vehicle for the controlled and sustained release of testosterone (T) (Gerrity et al., 1981). The purpose of the present study was to compare the physiologic effects of this mode of T administration with those of the clinically used T preparations (free T; T propionate, TP; or T enanthate, TE) when administered in liquid soybean oil (LSO), a conventional vehicle. Castrated male rats were treated with 5 mg T in either HSO or LSO, or an equivalent amount of TP or TE in LSO. Groups of four animals were sacrificed 1, 3, 5, or 7 days after injection. Serum concentrations of T and luteinizing hormone (LH) and accessory gland weights (AGW) were determined.The results of these experiments indicate that there is a difference in all three parameters of functional androgenicity when various testosterone preparations are administered. A single injection of free T in LSO was incapable of producing either a significant increase in AGWs, a sustained increase in serum concentrations of T, or suppression of the high serum concentrations of LH in the castrated rat. The same dose of free T administered in HSO produced a marked increase in serum concentrations of T and in AGW and a suppression of serum concentrations of LH. The difference in duration of action of T when administered in these two vehicles was dramatic. Whereas T was not detectable in the serum of rats five days after injection of T in LSO, serum concentrations of T in animals treated with T in HSO remained in the physiologic range throughout the period studied. TP produced an effect similar to that of T in LSO, and TE produced an effect similar to that of T in HSO.This study also presents evidence that T esters such as TP or TE may not act at the level of the pituitary gland in the same manner as T itself. The order of potency in LH suppression is TE > T in HSO > TP > T in LSO. This potency in decreasing serum LH levels does not correlate with peak serum T levels.
Effect of Fatty Acids on Fertilization and Development of Mouse Embryos In Vitro
Authors: QUINN PATRICK , WHITFINGHAM DAVID C. 
Published: December 2015

The interaction of protein and fatty acids on the fertilization and preimplantation development of mouse embzyos in vitro was investigated.Normal fraction V and fatty‐acid‐free bovine serum albumin (V‐BSA and FAF‐BSA) supported high rates of fertilization, but the addition of palmitic and/or oleic acids inhibited fertilization of mouse ova in vitro. Trichloroacetic acid‐extracted BSA (TCA‐BSA) totally inhibited fertilization, even in the absence of fatty acids. The normal V‐BSA was capable of supporting the development of one‐cell zygotes and, later, the preimplantation stages to fully expanded hatched blastocysts. Only 50% of oneand two‐cell embryos developed to fully expanded blastocysts in the presence of FAF‐BSA; TCA‐BSA did not support continued development to the blastocyst stage until culture was initiated at the eight‐cell stage. Oleic acid was better than palmitic acid, and the combination of both acids was best in promoting the formation and hatching of blastocysts from the one‐cell stage in medium containing FAF‐BSA. Thus, exogenous fatty acids inhibit fertilization of mouse ova, but they are required for the development of embryos.