bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host size influences the effects of four isolates of an amphibian chytrid fungus
Authors: Burrow Angela K. , Rumschlag Samantha L. , Boone Michelle D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUnderstanding factors that influence host–pathogen interactions is key to predicting outbreaks in natural systems experiencing environmental change. Many amphibian population declines have been attributed to an amphibian chytrid fungus, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd). While this fungus is widespread, not all Bd‐positive populations have been associated with declines, which could be attributed to differences in pathogen virulence or host susceptibility. In a laboratory experiment, we examined the effects of Bd isolate origin, two from areas with Bd‐associated amphibian population declines (El Copé, Panama, and California, USA) and two from areas without Bd‐related population declines (Ohio and Maine, USA), on the terrestrial growth and survival of American toad (Anaxyrus americanus) metamorphs reared in larval environments with low or high intraspecific density. We predicted that (1) Bd isolates from areas experiencing declines would have greater negative effects than Bd isolates from areas without declines, and (2) across all isolates, growth and survival of smaller toads from high‐density larval conditions would be reduced by Bd exposure compared to larger toads from low‐density larval conditions. Our results showed that terrestrial survival was reduced for smaller toads exposed to Bd with variation in the response to different isolates, suggesting that smaller size increased susceptibility to Bd. Toads exposed to Bd gained less mass, which varied by isolate. Bd isolates from areas with population declines, however, did not have more negative effects than isolates from areas without recorded declines. Most strikingly, our study supports that host condition, measured by size, can be indicative of the negative effects of Bd exposure. Further, Bd isolates’ impact may vary in ways not predictable from place of origin or occurrence of disease‐related population declines. This research suggests that amphibian populations outside of areas experiencing Bd‐associated declines could be impacted by this pathogen and that the size of individuals could influence the magnitude of Bd's impact.
The xeric side of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest: The forces shaping phylogeographic structure of cacti
Authors: Franco Fernando Faria , Jojima Cecília Leiko , Perez Manolo Fernandez , Zappi Daniela Cristina , Taylor Nigel , Moraes Evandro Marsola 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn order to investigate biogeographic influences on xeric biota in the Brazilian Atlantic Forest (BAF), a biodiversity hotspot, we used a monophyletic group including three cactus taxa as a model to perform a phylogeographic study: Cereus fernambucensis subsp. fernambucensis, C. fernambucensis subsp. sericifer, and C. insularis. These cacti are allopatric and grow in xeric habitats along BAF, including isolated granite and gneiss rock outcrops (Inselbergs), sand dune vegetation (Restinga forest), and the rocky shore of an oceanic archipelago (islands of Fernando de Noronha). The nucleotide information from nuclear gene phytochrome C and plastid intergenic spacer trnS‐trnG was used to perform different approaches and statistical analyses, comprising population structure, demographic changes, phylogenetic relationships, and biogeographic reconstruction in both spatial and temporal scales. We recovered four allopatric population groups with highly supported branches in the phylogenetic tree with divergence initiated in the middle Pleistocene: southern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. fernambucensis, northern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. fernambucensis together with C. insularis, southern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. sericifer, and northern distribution of C. fernambucensis subsp. sericifer. Further, the results suggest that genetic diversity of population groups was strongly shaped by an initial colonization event from south to north followed by fragmentation. The phylogenetic pattern found for C. insularis is plausible with peripatric speciation in the archipelago of Fernando de Noronha. To explain the phylogeographic patterns, the putative effects of both climatic and sea level changes as well as neotectonic activity during the Pleistocene are discussed.
Land use not litter quality is a stronger driver of decomposition in hyperdiverse tropical forest
Authors: Both Sabine , Elias Dafydd M. O. , Kritzler Ully H. , Ostle Nick J. , Johnson David 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn hyperdiverse tropical forests, the key drivers of litter decomposition are poorly understood despite its crucial role in facilitating nutrient availability for plants and microbes. Selective logging is a pressing land use with potential for considerable impacts on plant–soil interactions, litter decomposition, and nutrient cycling. Here, in Borneo's tropical rainforests, we test the hypothesis that decomposition is driven by litter quality and that there is a significant “home‐field advantage,” that is positive interaction between local litter quality and land use. We determined mass loss of leaf litter, collected from selectively logged and old‐growth forest, in a fully factorial experimental design, using meshes that either allowed or precluded access by mesofauna. We measured leaf litter chemical composition before and after the experiment. Key soil chemical and biological properties and microclimatic conditions were measured as land‐use descriptors. We found that despite substantial differences in litter quality, the main driver of decomposition was land‐use type. Whilst inclusion of mesofauna accelerated decomposition, their effect was independent of land use and litter quality. Decomposition of all litters was slower in selectively logged forest than in old‐growth forest. However, there was significantly greater loss of nutrients from litter, especially phosphorus, in selectively logged forest. The analyses of several covariates detected minor microclimatic differences between land‐use types but no alterations in soil chemical properties or free‐living microbial composition. These results demonstrate that selective logging can significantly reduce litter decomposition in tropical rainforest with no evidence of a home‐field advantage. We show that loss of key limiting nutrients from litter (P & N) is greater in selectively logged forest. Overall, the findings hint at subtle differences in microclimate overriding litter quality that result in reduced decomposition rates in selectively logged forests and potentially affect biogeochemical nutrient cycling in the long term.
Changing measurements or changing movements? Sampling scale and movement model identifiability across generations of biologging technology
Authors: Johnson Leah R. , Boersch‐Supan Philipp H. , Phillips Richard A. , Ryan Sadie J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAnimal movement patterns contribute to our understanding of variation in breeding success and survival of individuals, and the implications for population dynamics. Over time, sensor technology for measuring movement patterns has improved. Although older technologies may be rendered obsolete, the existing data are still valuable, especially if new and old data can be compared to test whether a behavior has changed over time. We used simulated data to assess the ability to quantify and correctly identify patterns of seabird flight lengths under observational regimes used in successive generations of wet/dry logging technology. Care must be taken when comparing data collected at differing timescales, even when using inference procedures that incorporate the observational process, as model selection and parameter estimation may be biased. In practice, comparisons may only be valid when degrading all data to match the lowest resolution in a set. Changes in tracking technology, such as the wet/dry loggers explored here, that lead to aggregation of measurements at different temporal scales make comparisons challenging. We therefore urge ecologists to use synthetic data to assess whether accurate parameter estimation is possible for models comparing disparate data sets before planning experiments and conducting analyses such as responses to environmental changes or the assessment of management actions.
Ant–plant mutualism: a dietary by‐product of a tropical ant's macronutrient requirements
Authors: Arcila Hernández Lina M. , Sanders Jon G. , Miller Gabriel A. , Ravenscraft Alison , Frederickson Megan E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMany arboreal ants depend on myrmecophytic plants for both food and shelter; in return, these ants defend their host plants against herbivores, which are often insects. Ant–plant and other mutualisms do not necessarily involve the exchange of costly rewards or services; they may instead result from by‐product benefits, or positive outcomes that do not entail a cost for one or both partners. Here, we examined whether the plant‐antAllomerus octoarticulatuspays a short‐term cost to defend their host plants against herbivores, or whether plant defense is a by‐product benefit of ant foraging for insect prey. Because the food offered by ant‐plants is usually nitrogen‐poor, arboreal ants may balance their diets by consuming insect prey or associating with microbial symbionts to acquire nitrogen, potentially shifting the costs and benefits of plant defense for the ant partner. To determine the effect of ant diet on an ant–plant mutualism, we compared the behavior, morphology, fitness, stable isotope signatures, and gaster microbiomes ofA. octoarticulatusants nesting inCordia nodosatrees maintained for nearly a year with or without insect herbivores. At the end of the experiment, ants from herbivore exclosures preferred protein‐rich baits more than ants in the control (i.e., herbivores present) treatment. Furthermore, workers in the control treatment were heavier than in the herbivore‐exclusion treatment, and worker mass predicted reproductive output, suggesting that foraging for insect prey directly increased ant colony fitness. The gaster microbiome of ants was not significantly affected by the herbivore exclusion treatment. We conclude that the defensive behavior of some phytoecious ants is a by‐product of their need for external protein sources; thus, the consumption of insect herbivores by ants benefits both the ant colony and the host plant.
Termites and large herbivores influence seed removal rates in an African savanna
Authors: Acanakwo Erik Francis , Sheil Douglas , Moe Stein R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSeed removal can influence plant community dynamics, composition, and resulting vegetation characteristics. In the African savanna, termites and large herbivores influence vegetation in various ways, likely including indirect effects on seed predators and secondary dispersers. However, the intensity and variation of seed removal rates in African savannas has seldom been studied. We experimentally investigated whether termites and large herbivores were important factors in the mechanisms contributing to observed patterns in tree species composition on and off mounds, in Lake Mburo National Park, Uganda. Within fenced (excluding large herbivores) and unfenced termite mound and adjacent savanna plots, we placed seeds of nine native tree species within small open “cages,” accessed by all animals, roofed cages that only allowed access to small vertebrates and invertebrates, and closed cages that permitted access by smaller invertebrates only (5 mm wire mesh). We found that mean seed removal rate was high (up to 87.3% per 3 d). Mound habitats experienced significantly higher removal rates than off‐mound habitats. The mean removal rate of native seeds from closed cages was 11.1% per 3 d compared with 19.4% and 23.3% removed per 3 d in the roofed and open cages, respectively. Smaller seeds experienced higher removal rates than larger seeds. Large herbivore exclusion on mounds reduced native seed removal rates by a mean of 8.8% in the open cages, but increased removal rates by 1.7% in the open cages when off‐mound habitats were fenced. While removal rates from open cages were higher on active mounds (30.9%) than on inactive mounds (26.7%), the removal rates from closed cages were lower on active vs. inactive mounds (6.1% vs. 11.6%, respectively). Thus, we conclude that large herbivores and Macrotermes mounds influence seed removal rates, though these effects appear indirect.
Characteristics of Wild Pear (Pyrus glabra Boiss) Seed Oil and Its Oil‐in‐Water Emulsions: A Novel Source of Edible Oil
Authors: Hashemi Seyed Mohammad Bagher , Khaneghah Amin Mousavi , Barba Francisco J. , Lorenzo José M. , Rahman Mohammad Shafiur , Amarowicz Ryszard , Yousefabad Seyed Hossein Asadi , Movahed Mehrnoosh Dabiri 
Published: October 2017

The observed high consumer demand for edible oils with high oxidative stability resulted in notable efforts to investigate wild plants as new sources of oils and fats. In this context, the fatty acid profile, total tocopherols, tocotrienols, and phenolic compounds, as well as oxidative stability parameters such as peroxide value (PV), conjugated dienes (CD), conjugated trienes (CT), anisidine value (AnV), and kinetic parameters of wild pear (Pyrus glabra Boiss.) seed oil as a novel source of edible oil are investigated. In addition, the oil‐in‐water emulsion is prepared from wild pear seed oil. Considering the fatty acid profile, linoleic (56.8 ± 1.4 g/100 g oil), and oleic acid (27.4 ± 0.6 g/100 g oil) are defined as the main fatty acids. The α‐tocopherol (57.6 ± 0.3 mg/100 g oil) is recognized as the primary form of tocopherols in wild pear seed oil. The PV, CDV, and AnV values are lower in crude oil compared to purified oil in both oil‐in‐water emulsion and bulk oil. Due to high oxidative stability, wild pear seed oil could be regarded as a novel source of edible oil.Practical Applications: The concentration of the primary and secondary oxidation products in both systems was decreased, mainly due to natural tocopherols and tocotrienols. Furthermore, wild pear seed oil samples (crude and oil containing BHT and TBHQ) were the more stable ones against oxidation as compared to oil‐in‐water emulsion system. Therefore, it can be conclude that wild pear seed oil could be promising edible oil, as well as a functional component in foods and other bio‐products.An NMR‐based metabolomic approach,using “one‐to‐one” OPLS‐DA models, allows to identify biomarkers of different production zones in “Bosana” Sardinian EVOO.
“Poor is pious”: Distinctiveness threat increases glorification of poverty among the poor
Authors: Malovicki Yaffe Nechumi , Solak Nevin , Halperin Eran , Saguy Tamar 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe current study examines whether a threat to group distinctiveness motivates the poor to glorify poverty as an identity management strategy. Research shows that threat to ingroup distinctiveness can motivate people to positively differentiate their group from similar outgroups on relevant dimensions of comparison. Little is known however about whether such processes would occur also with respect to devalued group characteristics that are not reflective of explicit group norms. This question is of high theoretical and practical importance because it can illustrate that people internalize and glorify even adverse traits as means of managing their social identity when faced with threat. We therefore tested whether among a poor community, individuals would glorify poverty when faced with distinctiveness threat. We collected data from Haredim (ultra‐Orthodox Jews), a poor and highly religious population in Israel. Across two experiments, we manipulated distinctiveness threat via inducing similarity between Haredim and seculars in Israel. We found that poverty was reconstrued as positive and desirable following distinctiveness threat, but only among Haredim who have a high commitment to group norms (Study 1) and who strongly justify their own social system (Study 2). Theoretical and applied implications of the findings are discussed.
Recent advances in the application of capillary electromigration methods for food analysis and Foodomics
Authors: Álvarez Gerardo , Montero Lidia , Llorens Laura , Castro‐Puyana María , Cifuentes Alejandro 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis review work presents and discusses the main applications of capillary electromigration methods in food analysis and Foodomics. Papers that were published during the period February 2015‐February 2017 are included following the previous review by Acunha et al. (Electrophoresis 2016, 37, 111–141). The paper shows the large variety of food related molecules that have been analyzed by CE including amino acids, biogenic amines, carbohydrates, chiral compounds, contaminants, DNAs, food additives, heterocyclic amines, lipids, peptides, pesticides, phenols, pigments, polyphenols, proteins, residues, toxins, vitamins, small organic and inorganic compounds, as well as other minor compounds. This work describes the last results on food quality and safety, nutritional value, storage, bioactivity, as well as uses of CE for monitoring food interactions and food processing including recent microchips developments and new applications of CE in Foodomics.
Critical comparison of selected olfactometric methods for the determination of impact odorants. Proposal of a new representation of olfactometric results
Authors: Cicchetti Esméralda , Vasseur Clémence 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRepresentation of olfactory data is a key parameter in GC‐O to simplify interpretation. Actual presentation of hybrid results, taking into account both detection frequency and odor intensity, can be improved to be more informative. We propose in this study a new way of representing olfactograms taking into account the three dimensions: detection frequency, odor intensity and odor description using bubble charts. Odor description is represented by colors that were associated to the 25 olfactory families defined in this work using binomial probability statistics without any smelling step.
Archaeoanthrosol formation and evolution of the “Santana do Riacho” archaeological shelter: An old burial site in South America
Authors: de Sousa Daniel V. , Ker João C. , Prous André , Schaefer Carlos E. G. R. , Rodet Maria Jacqueline , Oliveira Fábio S. , Silva Renê C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe “Santana do Riacho” shelter is one of the oldest human occupation sites in Brazil. Dated to the Late Pleistocene, this shelter contains over 40 buried individuals. The shelter is located on the edge of the Espinhaço Range in Mesoproterozoic quartzites. This study aims to investigate the relationship between human activities and in situ soil formation. To this end, chemical, physical, X‐ray fluorescence, X‐ray diffraction using synchrotron light, micromorphology, and scanning electron microscope with energy‐dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy analyses were performed. In situ anthropogenic practices, such as fires and burials, have had the greatest influence on the geochemical parameters. Pedological processes were clearly detected, including (1) the formation of secondary carbonates; (2) the formation of secondary phosphates; (3) the formation of magnetic Fe nodules, and (4) degradation of magnetite into maghemite. The mobility of P, Ca, and C resulted in the enrichment of these elements in layers stratigraphically considered “sterile.” The amounts of available P, K, Ca, total organic carbon, and the pH values can be considered indicators of human occupation. This study provides information on the pedological processes in rockshelters and represents one of the few pedological and geochemical studies on deposits in a tropical rockshelter in quartzite bedrock.
Terras pretas: Approaches to formation processes in a new paradigm
Authors: Kern Dirse Clara , Lima Helena Pinto , da Costa Jucilene Amorim , de Lima Herdjania Veras , Browne Ribeiro Anna , Moraes Bruno Marcos , Kämpf Nestor 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTerras pretas(Amazonian Dark Earths) are a remarkable kind of archaeological site found in the Amazon region. Rich in cultural artifacts and other occupational debris, these dark anthropogenic soil matrices are very fertile, presenting high levels of organic carbon, phosphorus, calcium, magnesium, zinc, and manganese. Their high nutrient levels come from decomposed organic matter, including remains of fish, shellfish, game, and other refuse, while their dark color has been linked to residual charcoal from intentional fires associated with daily activities and landscape management. Studies of anthropogenic earths in the Amazon have a deep history, as much in the geosciences as in archaeology and other historical sciences.Terras pretashave been studied as evidence of a major shift in human–environment relations, but also within the lens of environmental resiliency and sustainability. We review representative studies from various disciplinary fields and trace the development of knowledge aboutterra preta. We present a growing consensus with regard to the origin and significance of anthropogenic soils, concomitant with increased efforts toward interdisciplinary study. We argue thatterras pretasconstitute a genuinely interdisciplinary research topic that bridges scientific and traditional knowledge and applied contexts.
Application of the Aquifer Impact Model to support decisions at a CO2 sequestration site
Authors: Bacon Diana Holford , Locke II Randall A. , Keating Elizabeth , Carroll Susan , Iranmanesh Abbas , Mansoor Kayyum , Wimmer Bracken , Zheng Liange , Shao Hongbo , Greenberg Sallie E. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe National Risk Assessment Partnership (NRAP) has developed a suite of tools to assess and manage risk at CO2 sequestration sites. The NRAP tool suite includes the Aquifer Impact Model (AIM), which evaluates the potential for groundwater impacts from leaks of CO2 and brine through abandoned wellbores. There are two aquifer reduced‐order models (ROMs) included with the AIM tool, a confined alluvium aquifer, and an unconfined carbonate aquifer. The models accept aquifer parameters as a range of variable inputs so they may have broad applicability. The generic aquifer models may be used at the early stages of site selection, when site‐specific data is not available. Guidelines have been developed for determining when the generic ROMs might be applicable to a new site. This paper considers the application of the AIM to predicting the impact of CO2 or brine leakage were it to occur at the Illinois Basin Decatur Project (IBDP). Results of the model sensitivity analysis can help guide characterization efforts; the hydraulic parameters and leakage source term magnitude are more sensitive than clay fraction or cation exchange capacity. Sand permeability was the only hydraulic parameter measured at the IBDP site. More information on the other hydraulic parameters could reduce uncertainty in risk estimates. Some non‐adjustable parameters are significantly different for the ROM than for the observations at the IBDP site. The generic ROMs could be made more useful to a wider range of sites if the initial conditions and no‐impact threshold values were adjustable parameters. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.