bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
355 Determining the bioavailability of copper carbonate (Emerald-C) and tribasic copper chloride relative to copper sulfate in feedlot steers under moderate antagonistic pressure
Authors: Henderson Jacob A , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Copper (Cu) from Cu sulfate (CuSO4) may be more susceptible to antagonism when fed in cattle diets high in sulfur and molybdenum, but other Cu supplements may be better able to avoid this. The objective of this study was to determine the bioavailability of Cu carbonate (CuCO3; Emerald-C, Old Bridge Minerals, Old Bridge, NJ) and tribasic Cu chloride (TBCC; Intellibond-C, Selko, Indianapolis, IN) relative to CuSO4 when fed to steers supplemented with 2 mg Mo/kg DM and 0.1% S. Angus crossbred steers [n = 84; body weight (BW) = 282 ± 19.3 kg] were enrolled (n = 12 per treatment) in a 96-d study and fed a corn-silage based diet with one of seven Cu supplementation strategies: no supplemental Cu (CON), 5 or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM from CuSO4, 5 or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM from TBCC, or 5 or 10 mg supplemental Cu/kg DM from CuCO3. Steers were housed in pens equipped with GrowSafe feed bunks (GrowSafe Systems Ltd., Airdire, AB, Canada) with six steers per pen. The GLM procedure of SAS 9.4 was used to determine the bioavailability of CuCO3 and TBCC relative to CuSO4 using both liver and plasma Cu. The MIXED procedure of SAS was used to analyze liver Cu, plasma Cu, and growth performance data. Contrasts compared CON vs. 5 mg/kg, CON vs. 10 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg vs. 10 mg/kg, CuCO3 vs. CuSO4, TBCC vs. CuSO4, and CuCO3 vs. TBCC. The bioavailability of CuCO3 relative to CuSO4 based on liver and plasma Cu was 89 (P &lt; 0.01) and 133% (P = 0.21), respectively. The bioavailability of TBCC relative to CuSO4 based on liver and plasma Cu was 88 (P &lt; 0.01) and 100% (P = 0.82), respectively. Over the 96-d trial, liver Cu decreased 66% in CON, from 74 to 21 mg Cu/kg DM. Steers receiving CuCO3 had greater plasma Cu concentrations than those receiving TBCC on d 56 (P = 0.05) but were similar by d 96 (P = 0.39). Copper supplemented steers had greater dry matter intake (DMI) than CON (P = 0.01). Steers supplemented with CuCO3 had greater DMI than those receiving TBCC (P = 0.05). Steers receiving TBCC tended to have greater gain:feed than those receiving CuSO4 (P = 0.08), but gain:feed did not differ between CON and supplemented treatments (P ≥ 0.6). In conclusion, CuCO3 and TBCC may be less available to steers under moderate antagonistic pressure based on liver Cu, but Emerald-C CuCO3 may result in greater Cu in circulation. More research is needed to evaluate the impact of feeding CuCO3 on systemic Cu metabolism and how factors such as initial Cu status impact relative bioavailability results.
357 Injectable trace mineral improves immune response and outcome of Mannheimia haemolytica infection in feedlot steers
Authors: Hong Suyeon , Rients Emma L , Franco Carlos , McGill Jodi , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trace minerals, such as selenium, copper, zinc, and manganese, are important in the immune response. These trace minerals are included in an injectable trace mineral product, Multimin90, which has previously been utilized to boost the immune response during vaccination. However, little is known about its effects on morbid animals. Angus-crossbred steers [n = 32; body weight (BW) = 284 ± 8.5 kg] were used to determine the effects of Multimin90 (ITM; 1 mL/45 kg BW) before or during treatment for bacterial respiratory infection. Steers were fed a common ryelage-based growing diet without supplementation of Zn, Cu, Mn and Se for 4 to 6 wk prior to and during the challenge study. The study was completed in two groups (n = 14 to 18) for sampling logistics. Steers were stratified by BW into three treatments: CON (control, saline injection; n = 9), ITMPRE (ITM 6 d before infection; n = 12) and ITMPOST (ITM 2 d post infection; n = 11). Steers were shipped for 6 h and received at ISU Animal Resource Station (Ames, IA) 7 d before being intratracheally infected with M. haemolytica strain D153 at 9.48 × 108 colony forming units on d 0 followed by tulathromycin treatment 2 d post infection (dpi). Liver biopsies were collected -10, 2 and 10 dpi. Blood and bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples were collected on 0, 2 and 5 dpi. Statistics were analyzed using a two-way ANOVA (mixed-effects model) with Tukey’s multiple comparisons test in Prism v9.2.0 (GraphPad Software, Inc). Liver and plasma were analyzed for trace mineral concentration, all steers had adequate trace mineral status prior to and throughout disease challenge. Steers were monitored for signs of clinical illness after inoculation by a trained observer blinded to treatment using a modified Wisconsin clinical scoring system, including cough, nasal discharge and ear score. Compared with CON, steers in ITMPRE and ITMPOST had lesser clinical scores (P &lt; 0.05); treatment did not affect rectal temperatures, which peaked 2 or 3 dpi (Time P = 0.02). There was no difference between treatment in the detection of M. haemolytica in BAL or nasopharyngeal swab samples (P ≥ 0.14). In BAL cells, there were increased frequencies of gamma delta T cells and natural killer cells 5 dpi in ITM treated steers compared with CON (P ≤ 0.04). Treatment did not affect the frequencies of alveolar macrophages, neutrophils, B cells, CD4+ and CD8+ T cell populations in BAL cells (P ≥ 0.15). Overall, ITM administration in TM adequate steers at arrival or during respiratory disease treatment positively affects lung cell recruitment and clinical scores with no negative impacts on disease outcome compared with controls. Further work in TM deficient animals or with more aggressive disease challenge is warranted.
353 Zinc supplementation prior to transit and transit duration effects on feedlot performance and muscle fatigue of beef steers: Part I – Performance and Muscle Fatigue
Authors: Baumhover Allison M , Ortner Brock M , Thomson Daniel U , Schwartzkopf-Genswein Karen S , Hansen Stephanie L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This study investigated zinc (Zn) as a mitigation strategy for transit-induced muscle fatigue. Recently weaned Angus-cross steers (n = 80) were stratified by body weight (BW = 265 ± 18.0 kg) to a 2×2 factorial. Dietary (DIET) treatments of no supplemental Zn (Zn0) or 100 mg supplemental Zn/kg DM (Zn100; Zn as ZnSO4), were fed for 42 d before transit. Along with a transit duration (DUR) of 8 h (~707 km; 8H) or 18 h (~1,608 km; 18H) on d 0. Upon return, and for 56 d post-transit, all steers received Zn100. Individual feed disappearance was monitored using GrowSafe bunks (1 bunk/pen; 5 steers/pen). Body weights were collected on d -42, -41, -1, 0 (on truck), 1 (off truck), 2, 7, 28, 55, and 56. Blood samples for analysis of non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and serum L-lactate were collected on d -1, 1, 2, and 7. Data were analyzed via ProcMixed of SAS (experimental unit = steer; 15 to 20/treatment) as a 2 × 2 factorial, with fixed effects of DIET, DUR, and the interaction. Individual initial (d -42) BW was used as a covariate in BW analysis. Average DMI of d -11 to d -2 (pre-trucking) was used as a covariate in post-transit DMI analysis. Blood parameters were log-transformed and analyzed as repeated measures with repeated effect of day. Pre-transit (d -1) concentrations were used as a covariate. Pre-transit average daily gain (ADG) and dry matter intake (DMI) were greater (P ≤ 0.02) and feed efficiency (gain to feed; G:F) tended to be greater (P = 0.10) in Zn100 vs. Zn0. BW on d -1 and 7 (P = 0.01) was greater for Zn100 than Zn0. There was a DIET effect and DUR tendency on post-transit G:F where Zn0 was greater than Zn100 (P ≤ 0.01) and 18H tended to be greater than 8H (P = 0.05). 56-d post-transit ADG was least for Zn100-8H (DIET×DUR, P = 0.02). Post-transit DMI was greatest for Zn0-8H with Zn100-8H being the lowest and other treatments being not different (DIET × DUR, P = 0.04). Diet did not affect L- lactate or NEFA concentrations (P &gt; 0.13). NEFA was greater for 18H vs. 8H on d 1 and 2 but less on d 7 (DUR×DAY, P &lt; 0.01). There was a DUR×DAY effect (P ≤ 0.01) for L-Lactate where 8H tended to be greater than 18H on d 1, but by d 2 8H was lesser than 18H, and on d 7 they were not different. In conclusion, longer transit duration increases some indicators of muscle fatigue and Zn supplementation improved pre-transit performance. Receiving Zn supplementation after trucking also improved the post-transit performance of those not previously supplemented with Zn.
400 Effect of pH on in vitro ruminal metabolism of trans-10 18:1 and trans-11 18:1
Authors: Fernandes Tatiane , Manuel Chica , Vahmani Payam , Alves Susana P , Dugan Mike , Bessa Rui JB 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Dietary C18 unsaturated fatty acids are extensively biohydrogenated by rumen microbiota into 18:0 and trans-18:1 isomers. Usually, the biohydrogenation (BH) pathways produce mostly 18:0 and trans-11 18:1 as the main intermediate. However, when fed low-forage diets that decrease the rumen pH, the main BH intermediate often is the trans-10 18:1 isomer. This change in BH, called the trans-10 shift, is associated with milk fat depression, but despite that, little is known about the triggers of the trans-10 shift and its ecological role in rumen microbiota. Microbiota stressed by low rumen pH may benefit from increased trans-18:1 availability favoring the production of the trans-18:1 isomer with a slower rate of BH. Thus, we hypothesize that at low rumen pH conditions, the BH of trans-10 18:1 will be slower than that of trans-11 18:1. We tested that with an in vitro experiment using batch incubation in Hungate tubes, replicated in 5 wk. In each run, 24 tubes were allocated at 6 treatments and 4 incubation times (0, 6, 24 and 48 h). The treatments resulted from the combination of 2 buffering solution pH (6.74 vs. 5.85) and 3 substrates: 1) Control (60 mg feed DM) 2) T10 (Control plus 1.2 mg of trans-10 18:1) and 3) T11 (Control plus 1.2 mg of trans-11 18:1). Volatile fatty acids (VFA) and long-chain fatty acids were analyzed by gas chromatography. Data were analyzed using the 2 × 3 factorial arrangement for each incubation time. Low pH resulted in less 30 to 37% DM disappearance than those with high pH at all incubation times (P &lt; 0.05). The decrease in VFA with low pH was less expressive (≈17%) and only evident at 24 and 48 h incubation times. The low pH also decreased (P &lt; 0.05) the BH of 18:1n-9 (less ≈47 to 53%), 18:2n-6 (less 30 to 34%) and 18:3n-3 (less 20 to 22%) at 24h and 48h incubation times, respectively. The disappearance of trans-11 18:1 was 14.6% at 6 h, 29.0% at 24 h and 32.8% at 48 h and was not affected by pH. The disappearance of trans-10 18:1 was dependent on pH. At 6 h and high pH the disappearance of both was similar, but at low pH the disappearance of trans-10 18:1 was much less (9.8%) than that of trans-11 18:1. However, at 48 h and low pH, the disappearance was similar between isomers and the disappearance of trans-10 18:1 was much greater (46.6%) than trans-11 18:1. In summary, the BH of trans-10 18:1 is less at low pH than at high pH, and this could in part explain its abundance in some practical ruminant feeding conditions. Acknowledgements: Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (FCT) funding through PTDC/CAL-ZOO/29654/2017(RumOmics), PTDC/CAL-ZOO/4515/2021(Gene2Rumen), UIDB/00276/2020 (CIISA), and LA/P/0059/2020 (AL4Animals) projects.
476 Induced hindgut acidosis in sheep affected gut permeability and ruminal fermentation
Authors: Linder Haley F , Loman Brett R , Fries Ryan C , Gutierrez-Nibeyro Santiago D , Garrett Edgar F , McCann Joshua C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Leaky gut may be caused by acidotic conditions in the hindgut and lead to systemic inflammation and negative effects on the gastrointestinal tract. The objective was to determine the effects of induced hindgut acidosis in sheep on cecal pH, ruminal fermentation, and gut permeability. Ruminally and cecally cannulated ewes [n = 11; body weight (BW) = 49 ± 4 kg] were assigned to one of two treatments: control (CON; n = 5) or induced hindgut acidosis (HGA; n = 6). To induce hindgut acidosis, 3 g wheat starch/kg BW per 24 h was continuously infused via the cecal cannula for 4 d. Control ewes received a constant infusion of deionized water. The diet contained 40% grass hay pellets, 35% whole shelled corn, 15% dried distillers grains, and 10% alfalfa cubes. Chromium EDTA was dosed once daily via the cecal cannula as a marker of gut permeability. Rumen, cecal, and fecal samples were collected to determine pH and volatile fatty acids (VFA). Rumen fluid was collected on d 4 for an ex vivo fermentation. Flasks were incubated for 24 h to determine pH, VFA, ammonia and in vitro dry matter digestibility. Tissue samples from the ileum, cecum, and colon were mounted in Ussing chambers to measure transepithelial electrical resistance (TEER). There was a treatment × time effect (P = 0.05) for cecal pH with HGA ewes having lesser cecal pH after d 1. By d 4, cecal pH had declined to 5.07 for HGA ewes compared with CON ewes which remained above 6.40 throughout the experiment. A treatment × time interaction was also observed (P &lt; 0.01) for fecal pH and followed the same trend as cecal pH. Rumen pH was not affected (P = 0.87) by the interaction of treatment and time but was affected (P &lt; 0.01) by treatment as ewes on the HGA treatment had a lesser rumen pH than CON ewes. Control ewes had lesser ruminal VFA and ammonia concentrations than HGA ewes (P &lt; 0.01). Urinary Cr recovery was not affected by the interaction of treatment and time, or treatment (P ≥ 0.13). In vitro dry matter disappearance was not affected by cecal infusion treatment (P = 0.60). There was no effect (P = 0.78) of treatment on ex vivo pH. There were no effects (P ≥ 0.11) of treatment, time, or their interaction on ex vivo ammonia or total VFA concentration. In cecal tissue, TEER tended (P = 0.09) to be greater in CON ewes than HGA ewes. In contrast, TEER was not different (P ≥ 0.83) in ileal or colonic tissues between treatments. Induced hindgut acidosis in sheep altered rumen fermentation and tended to increase ex vivo measures of cecal permeability, but did not affect ex vivo rumen fermentation.
475 Effects of diet composition and feed delivery regimen on growth performance, rumen buffering characteristics, carcass outcomes, and liver abscess prevalence of finishing steers
Authors: Schneid Kasi N , Young James D , Lawrence Ty , Richeson John T , Samuelson Kendall L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Liver abscesses present significant challenges for the beef industry, yet understanding of the interplay between diet composition, eating behavior, and ruminal acidosis in finishing cattle and their effects on liver abscess prevalence and growth performance is lacking. Therefore, this study investigated the independent and interactive effects of dietary starch concentration and feed delivery regimen on growth performance, rumen buffering characteristics, carcass outcomes, and prevalence of liver abscesses in finishing beef steers. On d 0, beef steers [n = 720; body weight (BW) = 407 ± 4.53 kg) were sorted into 12 blocks according to BW and assigned to 1 of 4 treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial (12 pens/interaction treatment; 24 pens/main effect) in a randomized complete block design. Treatments were finishing diets with low (49.1%; CON) or high (64.4%; HOT) starch concentration fed to steers receiving consistent feed delivery (REG) or randomized variations (ERR) in feed quantity (85% followed by 115% of the previous 4-d average once per week) and delivery time (delayed for 1, 2, 3, or 4 h twice per week). The 3 steers closest to the median BW in each pen were administered a 3-axis accelerometer ear-tag to quantify time spent ruminating and an indwelling rumen bolus to measure ruminal pH for the first 150 d of the study. Fecal score (1 = hard and dry consistency to 5 = water like consistency) and fecal pH were recorded on d 0, 56, 112, and before harvest. Daily dry matter intake (DMI) variability was greatest (P &lt; 0.01; diet × feed delivery interaction) for CON + ERR, intermediate for HOT + ERR, and least for HOT + REG and CON + REG. No additional interactions (P ≥ 0.14) between diet and feed delivery regimen were observed. Feeding HOT increased total liver abscesses (P &lt; 0.01) by 21.7 percentage points and liver scars (P &lt; 0.01) by 12.7 percentage points compared with CON. Additionally, steers consuming HOT had less (P ≤ 0.05) final BW, average daily gain, DMI, gain-to-feed ratio, hot carcass weight, marbling score, and yield grade than CON. Steers fed HOT also had fewer daily rumination minutes (P &lt; 0.01; diet × day interaction), lower fecal pH (P &lt; 0.01; diet × day interaction) lower ruminal pH (P = 0.04), and less desirable fecal scores (P = 0.02) vs. CON. Feed delivery regimen did not affect (P ≥ 0.21) growth performance, rumen buffering characteristics, carcass traits, or liver abscess prevalence. Increasing the concentration of readily fermentable starch fed to finishing steers reduced growth and carcass performance, ruminal pH, and fecal pH, while increasing the proportion of liver abscesses. In contrast, inducing erratic DMI did not affect growth performance or carcass outcomes.
472 Evaluating the effects of acidosis and bacterial concentrations on the development of liver abscesses in beef steers
Authors: Childress Kallie D , Hales Kristin E , Nagaraja T G , Lawrence Ty , Amachawadi Raghavendra G , Sanchez Nicole C Burdick , McDaniel Zach S , Line Dalton J , Thompson-Smith Aubrey , Hanratty Ashlee Noelle , Dornbach Colten W , Abbasi Mina , Shi Xiaorong , Galyean Michael , Ballou Michael A , Machado Vinicius , Broadway Rand R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We evaluated the association of diet type, ruminal acidosis bout frequency, and intraruminal bacterial inoculum concentration on liver abscess (LA) development in steers. Beef × dairy steers [n = 40, initial body weight (BW) = 107 ± 11 kg] were assigned randomly to 1 of 5 treatments that included either a high-dose (HD; 1 × 109 and 1 × 109 CFU/mL) or a low-dose (LD; 1 × 106 and 1 × 106 CFU/mL) of Fusobacterium necrophorum subsp. necrophorum and Salmonella enterica serovar Lubbock, respectively. Treatments included: NCON = high-forage diet with no intraruminal inoculation; CON+HD = high-forage diet with a single, HD inoculation; 2AD+HD = 2 acidotic diet cycles with a single, HD inoculation; 4AD+3LD = 4 acidotic diet cycles with a series of 3 LD inoculations; and 4AD+HD = 4 acidotic diet cycles with a single, HD inoculation. Individual animal was the experimental unit. Continuous data were analyzed using mixed models, and categorical data were analyzed as binomial proportions with treatment, time, and their interactions as the fixed effects. Hematology was evaluated before harvest on d 21 to evaluate indications of systemic disease. Although no difference was observed in rumenitis among treatments (P = 0.79), steers with LA presented with 8 percentage points greater rumenitis than steers without LA. Steers consuming the high-forage diet also presented with rumenitis. Prevalence of LA was 0, 37.5, 37.5, 50, and 12.5% for NCON, CON+HD, 2AD+HD, 4AD+3LD, and 4AD+HD, respectively (P = 0.68). A key observation of this study was that steers fed a high-forage diet presented with LA when dosed with of F. necrophorum and S. enterica, even in the absence of the acidotic diet.
152 Overview of probiotic supplementation and opportunities to improve cow-calf production
Authors: Moriel Philipe , Izquierdo Vinicius S , Brauner Cassio , Vendramini Joao M B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The growing concern of increased antimicrobial resistance and their adverse effects on host microbiota and health has led to the investigation of new alternatives to achieve pathogen control and promote host health. By definition, probiotics (also known as direct fed microbials; DFM) are live microorganisms that confer a health benefit to the host when administered in adequate amounts. Probiotics supplementation has been an effective management practice to improve health and performance of the livestock through the inhibition of pathogens and improvement of feed digestion. Several modes of action provide explanations for the improved health and reduced morbidity in livestock, including: direct inhibition of pathogen growth via production of anti-bacterial factors and competition for dietary ingredients (growth substrates); intestine protection by activating mucus production, which acts as reservoir of antibodies, mucins, and antimicrobial peptides, and as a selective barrier for trapping pathogens and other unwanted substances; competition against pathogens for binding sites; support for optimal intestinal barrier integrity; biofilm formation; and reduction in inflammation by modulating the release of immunoglobulins and pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Moreover, probiotics support the production of a cascade of enzymes that improve digestibility of starch, fat, protein, and fiber in the gastrointestinal tract. Combined, the aforementioned modes of action and improved digestibility explain the increased livestock health and performance following probiotic supplementation reported in several species. Spore forming bacteria have been the primary microorganisms used as probiotics due to their stability and viability after processing, storage, and manipulation. This presentation will summarize ongoing and published data on probiotic supplementation to improve cow-calf production, including studies evaluating probiotic supplementation to optimize post-weaning growth and reproduction of developing Bos indicus-influenced beef heifers. Moreover, the presentation will include the potential effects of probiotic supplementation on nutritional management of beef cows during gestation and early lactation, with emphasis on the future offspring growth performance and immune response. It has also been observed that neonatal gut colonization is crucial for the developing gut and naïve immune system and has long-term health effects. Thus, partial data on microbiome and metabolome of beef cows and their calves will also be shared in this presentation.