bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Foam Sclerotherapy of Venous Malformations
Authors: Bergan J , Cheng V 
Published: May 2017

Venous malformations may occur either as localized or segmental lesions. Radiologic imaging defines the extent of involvement but magnetic resonance imaging is the best modality: it gives a bright hypersignal on T2-weighted spin-echo sequences. During a 30-month period, 1427 patients were investigated for venous disorders and 1% were found to have venous angiomata (9 women and 5 men). The age range was 15 to 76 years (mean 30.8 ± 18.6 years). Foam was produced by the Tessari technique using 1% or 2% concentration of polidocanol. The duplex Doppler was used for ultrasound guidance to insure intravenous flow of foam and to monitor effects of treatment. A goal of pain-free healing of ulcers or cosmetic improvement was set for each patient. The mean number of treatments was 3.6 ± 2.8 (range 1–10). Pain-free healing was achieved in patients with non-healing ulcerations and cosmetically, all of the patients were improved. Sclerosant foam is useful in treating low-flow venous malformations.
Functional interactions between transient receptor potential M8 and transient receptor potential V1 in the trigeminal system: Relevance to migraine pathophysiology
Authors: Kayama Yohei , Shibata Mamoru , Takizawa Tsubasa , Ibata Keiji , Shimizu Toshihiko , Ebine Taeko , Toriumi Haruki , Yuzaki Michisuke , Suzuki Norihiro 
Published: May 2017

Background Recent genome-wide association studies have identified transient receptor potential M8 ( TRPM8) as a migraine susceptibility gene. TRPM8 is a nonselective cation channel that mediates cool perception. However, its precise role in migraine pathophysiology is elusive. Transient receptor potential V1 (TRPV1) is a nonselective cation channel activated by noxious heat. Both TRPM8 and TRPV1 are expressed in trigeminal ganglion (TG) neurons. Methods We investigated the functional roles of TRPM8 and TRPV1 in a meningeal inflammation-based migraine model by measuring the effects of facial TRPM8 activation on thermal allodynia and assessing receptor coexpression changes in TG neurons. We performed retrograde tracer labeling to identify TG neurons innervating the face and dura. Results We found that pharmacological TRPM8 activation reversed the meningeal inflammation-induced lowering of the facial heat pain threshold, an effect abolished by genetic ablation of TRPM8. No significant changes in the heat pain threshold were seen in sham-operated animals. Meningeal inflammation caused dynamic alterations in TRPM8/TRPV1 coexpression patterns in TG neurons, and colocalization was most pronounced when the ameliorating effect of TRPM8 activation on thermal allodynia was maximal. Our tracer assay disclosed the presence of dura-innervating TG neurons sending collaterals to the face. Approximately half of them were TRPV1-positive. We also demonstrated functional inhibition of TRPV1 by TRPM8 in a cell-based assay using c-Jun N-terminal kinase phosphorylation as a surrogate marker. Conclusions Our findings provide a plausible mechanism to explain how facial TRPM8 activation can relieve migraine by suppressing TRPV1 activity. Facial TRPM8 appears to be a promising therapeutic target for migraine.
Return to Play After Shoulder Instability Surgery in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I Intercollegiate Football Athletes
Authors: Robins R. Judd , Daruwalla Jimmy H. , Gamradt Seth C. , McCarty Eric C. , Dragoo Jason L. , Hancock Robert E. , Guy Jeffrey A. , Cotsonis George A. , Xerogeanes John W. ,   ASP Collaborative Group, Tuman Jeffrey M. , Tibone James E. , Javernick Matthew A. , Yochem Eric M. , Boden Stephanie A. , Pilato Alexis , Miley Jennifer H. , Greis Patrick E. 
Published: May 2017

Background: Recent attention has focused on the optimal surgical treatment for recurrent shoulder instability in young athletes. Collision athletes are at a higher risk for recurrent instability after surgery. Purpose: To evaluate variables affecting return-to-play (RTP) rates in Division I intercollegiate football athletes after shoulder instability surgery. Study Design: Case series; Level of evidence, 4. Methods: Invitations to participate were made to select sports medicine programs that care for athletes in Division I football conferences (Pac-12 Conference, Southeastern Conference [SEC], Atlantic Coast Conference [ACC]). After gaining institutional review board approval, 7 programs qualified and participated. Data on direction of instability, type of surgery, time to resume participation, and quality and level of play before and after surgery were collected. Results: There were 168 of 177 procedures that were arthroscopic surgery, with a mean 3.3-year follow-up. Overall, 85.4% of players who underwent arthroscopic surgery without concomitant procedures returned to play. Moreover, 15.6% of athletes who returned to play sustained subsequent shoulder injuries, and 10.3% sustained recurrent instability, resulting in reduction/revision surgery. No differences were noted in RTP rates in athletes who underwent anterior labral repair (82.4%), posterior labral repair (92.9%), combined anterior-posterior repair (84.8%; P = .2945), or open repair (88.9%; P = .9362). Also, 93.3% of starters, 95.4% of utilized players, and 75.7% of rarely used players returned to play. The percentage of games played before the injury was 49.9% and rose to 71.5% after surgery ( P < .0001). Athletes who played in a higher percentage of games before the injury were more likely to return to play; 91% of athletes who were starters before the injury returned as starters after surgery. Scholarship status significantly correlated with RTP after surgery ( P = .0003). Conclusion: The majority of surgical interventions were isolated arthroscopic stabilization procedures, with no statistically significant difference in RTP rates when concomitant arthroscopic procedures or open stabilization procedures were performed. Athletes who returned to play often played in a higher percentage of games after surgery than before the injury, and many played at the same or a higher level after surgery.
Regulation of Pesticides in Canada
Authors: Ritter Leonard , Curry Patricia B. 
Published: May 2017

Pesticides are registered in Canada under the authority of the Pest Control Products Act (PCP), administered by the Department of Agriculture. The Department of Agriculture calls upon various federal departments, including Health & Welfare Canada, to provide expert advice on hazards which may be associated with the use of the product. The Department of Health and Welfare requires and reviews a range of toxicological studies to assess potential health hazards which may be associated with exposure to the chemical. Studies required include acute, sub-acute, chronic, reproduction, teratology and metabolism. In addition, exposure studies are also required to provide estimates of anticipated human exposure during typical field use of the chemical In summary, the various steps involved in the registration of pesticides will be discussed and the relationship between the predictive toxicology as determined through animal testing and exposure estimates for estimating hazard will be shown.
Inhalation Toxicity of High Flash Aromatic Naphtha
Authors: Clark David G. , Butterworth Steven T. , Martin John G. , Roderick Howell R. , Bird Michael G. 
Published: May 2017

A petroleum distillate—a high aromatic naphtha—consisting of a 50/50 blended mixture of equivalent products. SHELLSOL A* and SOLVESSO 100**, containing C9 isomers (75 percent)particularly trimethyl benzenes, was examined for systemic toxicity in rats by inhalation exposure. A preliminary 13-week inhalation study with SHELLSOL A had resulted in liver and kidney weight increases in female rats at the high (7400 mg/m3) and medium (3700 mg/m3) exposure levels, and a low grade anaemia in females at all exposure levels (7400, 3700 and 1800 mg/m3). The follow-up 12-month inhalation study in rats described here used atmospheres generated from the SHELLSOL A/SOLVESSO 100 blend of 1800, 900 and 450 mg/m3. Initial reduction in body weight gain occurred in both male and female rats at the higher exposures. Various statistically significant haematological changes were transiently seen in males up to six months, but were not considered biologically significant. High exposure male liver and kidney weights were increased at 6 and 12 months but, in the absence of histopathological changes, were considered to be physiological adaptive responses. No treatment-related histopathological abnormalities were found. It is concluded that chronic exposure to this high aromatic naphtha is without systemic toxicity in rats under the conditions of these studies.
Health Effects of Oil Mists: A Brief Review
Authors: Mackerer Carl R. 
Published: May 2017

Metal cutting/grinding fluids are of three basic types: straight oil (insoluble), oil-in-water emulsions (soluble) and synthetic/semi-synthetic. All contain a variety of additives to improve performance. Human exposure occurs primarily by direct skin contact with the liquid or by skin and respiratory contact after fluid misting. Dermatitis caused by primary or direct skin irritation is the most prevalent health effect of exposure to cutting fluids. Occasionally allergic dermatitis is seen which is related to the development of sensitization to one or more of the additive components. Recent studies indicate that long-term exposure to cutting fluids does not result in increased incidences of lung cancer, urinary bladder cancer, gastrointestinal cancer, or death from non-malignant respiratory diseases. Long-term exposure to certain cutting fluids, however, is believed to have resulted in certain types of skin cancer, especially scrotal cancer. It is likely that these carcinogenic responses were caused by contact with polycyclic aromatic compounds (PCA) of 3–7 rings. Modern base oils which are severely refined have very low levels of PCA, are not carcinogenic in animal bioassays, and are unlikely to be carcinogenic in man. This is not necessarily true for re-refined oils which may contain significant levels of PCA and polychlorinated biphenyls derived from coming-ling used cutting oils with used engine oils and transformer oils. Cutting oils, themselves, generally do not accumulate significant levels of carcinogenic PCA during use. Additives, in theory, can cause a variety of health effects either directly or through the generation of reaction products such as nitrosamines. In actual use, adverse health effects appear to be limited to occasional instances of allergic contact dermatitis. Nitrosamines are extremely carcinogenic in test animals; although no human cancer cases directly attributable to nitrosamine contamination have been observed, nitrosating agents and amines should not be combined in cutting fluid formulations. It is difficult to anticipate or predict the potential toxicity of a particular cutting fluid formulation because of the presence of variable amounts of proprietary additives which, themselves, are often complex reaction mixtures. Thus, each additive and final formulation must be evaluated on a case by case basis to appropriately assess potential health hazards.
A Neurotoxicity Assessment of High Flash Aromatic Naphtha
Authors: Douglas J. Fielding , Mckee Richard H. , Cagen Stuart Z. , Schmitt Susan L. , Beatty Patrick W. , Swanson Mark S. , Schreiner Ceinwen A. , Ulrich Charles E. , Cockrell Beverly Y. 
Published: May 2017

Catalytic reforming is a refining process that converts naphthenes to aromatics by dehydrogenation to make higher octane gasoline blending components. A portion of this wide-boiling range hydrocarbon stream can be separated by distillation and used for other purposes. One such application is a mixture of predominantly 9-carbon aromatic molecules (C9 Aromatics, primarily isomers of ethyltoluene and trimethylbenzene), which is removed and used as a solvent also known as High Flash Aromatic Naphtha (HFAN). A program was initiated to assess the toxicological properties of HFAN since there may be human exposure, especially in the workplace. The current study was conducted to assess the potential for neurotoxicity in the rat. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats of approximately 300 grams body weight, in groups of twenty, were exposed by inhalation to HFAN for 90 days at concentrations of 0, 100, 500, and 1500 ppm. During this period the animals were tested monthly for motor activity and in afunctional observation battery. After three months of exposure, for 6 hours/day, 5 days/week, 10 animals/group/sex were sacrificed and selected nervous system tissue was examined histopathologically. No signs of neurotoxicity were seen in any of the evaluated parameters, nor was there evidence of pathologic changes in any of the examined tissues.
Tapping into the information landscape: Refugee youth enactment of information literacy in everyday spaces
Authors: Lloyd Annemaree , Wilkinson Jane 
Published: May 2017

The development of information literacy and learning practices in everyday spaces is explored. Data for the study was collected using photo voice technique. Data analysis was conducted using photos and analysis of group transcripts. Participants describe how they tapped into social, physical and digital sites to draw information in the process of (re) forming their information landscapes, building bridges into new communities and maintaining links with family overseas. Media formats were identified according to their appropriateness as fit for purpose, suggesting that the enactment of information literacy was agile and responsive to need at the moment of practice. The results indicate that everyday spaces provide opportunities to develop information literacy practices, which support informal learning. Findings of the study conclude that information literacy is played out in a series of digital, vernacular and visual enactments, which shape the information landscape.
Pleural Effusions: Pathophysiology and Management with Intrapleural Tetracycline
Authors: Oszko Michael A. 
Published: May 2017

Chronic or recurrent pleural effusions are a consequence of a variety of disease states and may produce significant pain or discomfort in a patient. Both surgical and pharmacological attempts to control pleural effusions have been tried, with moderate success. This article reviews the pathophysiology of pleural effusion and the role of intrapleural tetracycline in its management.Irritating chemicals, when instilled into the pleural space, are known to produce adhesion of the pleural membranes. Tetracycline has been shown in both animal and human studies to be effective in preventing the recurrence of a pleural effusion while producing only minor side effects, such as fever and pleuritic pain. Studies involving tetracycline in treating pleural effusions are reviewed, and guidelines for the preparation and administration of intrapleural tetracycline are presented.Because of its efficacy, low toxicity, ease of preparation, ready availability, and low cost, tetracycline deserves strong consideration as a first-line agent in the management of recurrent pleural effusions.
Establishment and Evaluation of a Serum Cholesterol Monitoring Service in a Community Pharmacy
Authors: Einarson Thomas R. , Bootman J. Lyle , Mcghan William F. , Larson Lon N. , Gardner Marie E. , Donohue Michael 
Published: May 2017

A clinical pharmacy service providing blood cholesterol testing and consultation was implemented in a community pharmacy. In this pilot study, 27 patients each paid $10 to have a serum cholesterol determination. All subjects completed a questionnaire to determine attitude toward such a service, intention to use it in the future, and willingness to pay for its use. A posttest patient satisfaction questionnaire was completed after blood-level results were reported and discussed with the patient. All subjects stated that they were strongly in favor of such a service, that they would use it, and that they would pay an average of $11.60 for the test. On the posttest questionnaire, patients expressed strong satisfaction with various aspects of the service, and the amount that they were willing to pay increased significantly to $14.35. It is recommended that community pharmacies implement such patient-oriented services.
Economic Impact with Home Delivery of Chemotherapy to Pediatric Oncology Patients
Authors: Holdsworth Mark T , Raisch Dennis W , Chavez Cathy M , Duncan Marilyn H , Parasuraman Tv , Cox Fred M 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo examine the economic impact of a home chemotherapy program (HCP) for pediatric oncology patients.RationaleFactors that led to initiation of an HCP included availability of specially trained nurses and programmable ambulatory infusion devices at local home care agencies, routine central venous catheter placement, inpatient bed space shortages, and the availability of ondansetron.SettingChemotherapy delivery in the home setting from June 1991 through June 1994.DesignCharge data and nausea and vomiting severity data were collected for patients treated through the HCP.MethodsEconomic impact was calculated by incorporating and summing all charge categories associated with hospital admission for chemotherapy (HAC) versus delivery by the HCP. All data were adjusted for 1993 dollars, and reflect charges for the average patient size (1 m2). Charge data for each chemotherapy protocol delivered in the home were analyzed by calculating the differences between HAC and HCP charges using the following formula: charge difference (HAC - HCP) per protocol times the number of courses. Total economic impact was calculated by summing the differences in charges for each protocol.ResultsA total of 262 chemotherapy courses were given to 44 patients (mean age 9.5 ± 5.1 y) through the HCP, which represented 1012 patient care days and 24 different chemotherapy protocols. Monetary savings from the HCP ranged from $5180 per course of ifosfamide plus etoposide to $367 per course for high-dose methotrexate. Total monetary savings from the HCP during the 3-year period was $640 793. Successful control of nausea and vomiting with a combination of ondansetron plus methylprednisolone was achieved in approximately 80% of the patients receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy protocols.ConclusionsHCP for pediatric oncology patients results in substantial monetary savings to payors. Effective control of nausea and vomiting can be accomplished at home in the majority of patients with an ondansetron-based antiemetic regimen.
Sedatives, Analgesics, and Paralytics in the Icu
Authors: Watling Sharon M , Dasta Joseph F , Seidl Edward C 
Published: May 2017

Objective To solicit practitioner-perceived opinions regarding current sedative/analgesic/paralytic practice including drug selection, admixture methods, and methods of assessing patient response to therapy via a survey tool; and to assess sedative/pain/paralytic drug use patterns including dosage, route, selection, and combination therapy by collecting actual drug administration data from multiple centers. Methods Respondents completed a survey and collected drug administration data for 5 consecutive days in the intensive care unit (ICU) in which they practiced. Participants One hundred thirty-eight members of the Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Pharmacology and Pharmacy section and the Critical Care Practice Research Network of the American College of Clinical Pharmacy agreed to participate in the study. Results Fifty-one percent of the participants completed surveys, and 45% returned drug administration data collection forms. Patients received sedative/pain/paralytic therapy 62% of the 5 days studied. The most frequently received drugs were opiates, followed by benzodiazepines. Intermittent intravenous injection, oral/enteral, and continuous infusion methods were used in most patients. Combination therapy was used 25% of the time, with benzodiazepine/opiate combinations used most often (46%). Administration protocols were rarely used. Paralytic agents were occasionally administered without sedative/pain therapy. Conclusions Patients received these agents during the majority of their ICU stay. Multicenter drug use data suggested a preference for opiate and benzodiazepine therapy. Many centers used continuous infusion therapy despite minimal pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic information on ICU patients. Further studies are needed to standardize end points, as well as obtain both pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic and stability data in ICU patients.
Factors Associated with Antihypertensive Prescribing
Authors: Nichol Michael B , Margolies Jane E , Gill Mark A 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate factors associated with treatment approaches to hypertension, a major risk factor for coronary heart and cerebrovascular disease and a significant healthcare problem in the US. The study reports on three cross-sectional national surveys of patient–physician encounters.PopulationVisits were selected for adults with hypertension diagnoses from the National Ambulatory Medical Care Surveys, which represent office encounters during a given year. Years of observation included 1989, 1990, and 1991.MethodsMultiple variable logistic regression was used to identify predisposing, need, enabling, and health utilization characteristics associated with whether the visit resulted in a prescription of an antihypertensive. Additionally, the association of these visits with combination therapy is determined.ResultsFor each of the 3 years, 69–75% of the encounters were associated with a prescription for drugs to treat hypertension. Prescribing is consistent with current literature demonstrating decreasing reliance on diuretics and β-blockers, and increasing reliance on calcium antagonists. Combination therapy decreased as a percentage of prescriptions in 1990 and 1991. Variables associated with receiving an antihypertensive prescription included predisposing characteristics (patient age >65 y), need characteristics (diagnosis of congestive heart failure [CHF]), and health utilization characteristics (physician specialty, previous diagnosis of hypertension). The most significant variables associated with combination therapy were predisposing characteristics (patient age >65 y), need (CHF diagnosis, diagnosis of hypertension with end organ involvement), and health utilization characteristics (physician specialty).ConclusionsThese national estimates reinforce previous regional data regarding the categories of hypertension medications used. Patient visits involving multiple diagnoses, cardiologists, or patients older than 65 years, are more likely to generate prescriptions for combination antihypertensive therapy.