bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Analysis for Lateral Grain Growth of Poly-Si Thin Films Controlled by Laser-Induced Periodic Thermal Distribution
Authors: Kaki Hirokazu , Nakata Yasunori , Horita Susumu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn order to obtain a large Si grain and to control the location of grain boundary in a Si film thermally melting-crystallized by pulse laser, we have proposed to use a periodic thermal distribution spontaneously induced by a linearly polarized laser beam. The lateral grain growth of polycrystalline Si thin films, which is controlled by the laser-induced periodic thermal distribution, was analyzed numerically by two-dimensional finite element computer simulations. From this analysis, it can be conclude that the laser irradiation should be performed to melt not all but most of Si film or melt it partially, making the large difference between the maximal and minimal temperature in the thermal distribution. It was also found that the temperature difference was increased with the optical absorption in the Si film and the fluence.
High Precision Physical Model for Nickel MILC
Authors: Cheng C. F. , Cheung W. M. , Ng K. L. , Chan P. J. , Poon M. C. , Chan Mansun , Kok C. W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMechanism and growth rate of Metal-Induced-Lateral-Crystallization (MILC) with annealing temperature range from 550°C to 625°C were studied. Base on the MILC growth mechanism and effect of metal diffusion, a modeling on metal impurity distribution was developed. The modeling can be used to predict the distribution of metal impurity formed in the polysilicon layer after MILC annealing process. By applying the modeling, effects of annealing on the metal impurity distribution can be analyzed.
Gas Phase Chemistry Study During Deposition of a-Si:H and μc-Si:H Films by HWCVD using Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Patil Samadhan B. , Kumbhar Alka A. , Dusane R. O. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAmorphous and microcrystalline silicon films were deposited by HWCVD under different deposition conditions and the gas phase chemistry was studied by in situ Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry. Attempt is made to correlate the properties of the films with the gas phase chemistry during deposition. Interestingly, unlike in PECVD, partial pressure of H2 is higher than any other species during deposition of a-Si:H as well as μc-Si:H. Effect of hydrogen dilution on film properties and on concentration of various chemical species in the gas phase is studied. For low hydrogen dilution [H2]/ [SiH4] from 0 to 1 (where [SiH4] is 10 sccm), all films deposited are amorphous with photoconductivity gain of ∼ 106. During deposition of these amorphous films SiH2 was dominant in gas phase next to [H2]. Interestingly [Si]/[SiH2] ratio increases from 0.4 to 0.5 as dilution increased from 0 to 1, and further to more than 1 for higher hydrogen dilution leading to [Si] dominance. At hydrogen dilution ratio 20, consequently films deposited were microcrystalline.
Large-Area Pulsed Laser Deposition of Silicon Carbide Films
Authors: Yang D. , Xue L. , Mccague C. M. , Norton P. R. , Zhang C. S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSilicon carbide (SiC) thin films are attractive for a wide range of applications ranging from microelectronic and opto-electronic devices to protective and tribological coatings. In this paper, we will demonstrate that silicon carbide films can be successfully deposited by pulsed laser deposition (PLD) technique over large areas, with good uniformity in thickness, composition, and film-specific properties.Amorphous SiC films were grown on silicon wafers of 75-mm diameter over a temperature range of 25 – 650°C using a KrF excimer laser at a wavelength 248 nm and a repetition rate of 100 Hz. The large-area uniform coverage was obtained by rastering the laser beam over the radius of a rotating SiC target of 90-mm diameter, while the substrate was rotated simultaneously. The uniformity of film composition over the 75-mm wafers was characterized by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), while the crystallinity of films was investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD). The morphology of the films was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The thickness of the coatings, and the index of refraction, n, along the wafer radii were measured optically using a spectrophotometer.
Novel Carbon Source (1,3-Disilabutane) for the Deposition of P-Type a-SiC
Authors: Yagi Shuhei , Okabayashi Takashi , Abe Katsuya , Yamada Akira , Konagai Makoto 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe proposed a new carbon source, 1,3-disilabutane (H3Si-CH2-SiH2-CH3:1,3-DSB), to grow hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide (a-SiC:H) films by mercury-sensitized photochemical vapor deposition (photo-CVD). We described preliminary results of undoped and p-type a-SiC films deposited using 1,3-DSB. It was found that the optical energy gap of the films was changed even at very small 1,3-DSB/silane ratios of few percents. P-type doping was carried out by using diborane and we obtained the films with a darkconductivity of 1.3x10-4 S/cm at the optical bandgap of 2.1 eV. In addition, we applied this material for a p-layer of a p-i-n type a-Si based solar cell and we have achieved relatively high conversion efficiency of 9.55%.
Transport Path in Hydrogenated Microcrystalline Silicon
Authors: Wyrsch N. , Droz C. , Feitknecht L. , Spitznagel J. , Shah A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUndoped microcrystalline silicon samples deposited in the transition regime between amorphous and microcrystalline growth have been investigated by dark conductivity measurement and Raman spectroscopy. From the latter, a semi-quantitative crystalline volume fraction Xc of the sample was deduced and correlated with dark conductivity data in order to reveal possible percolation controlled transport. No threshold was observed around the critical crystalline fraction value Xc of 33%, as reported previously, but a threshold in conductivity data was found at Xc≈50%. This threshold is interpreted here speculatively as being the result of postoxidation, and not constituting an actual percolation threshold.
High-rate a-Si:H and μc-Si:H Film Growth Studied by Advanced Plasma and in situ Film Diagnostics
Authors: Kessels W.M.M. , van den Oever P.J. , Hoefnagels J.P.M. , Hong J. , Houston I.J. , van de Sanden M.C.M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPlasma and in situ film studies have been applied to the expanding thermal plasma to obtain basic insight into the deposition of a-Si:H and μc-Si:H at high rates (> 10 Å/s). A study of the density of plasma radicals (Si, SiH, SiH3) and of the radicals' surface reactivity has revealed that SiH3 is the most important radical for the growth of both materials. In situ attenuated total reflection infrared spectroscopy and spectroscopic ellipsometry have revealed a thick interface layer and consequently long incubation time for the materials deposited at a high deposition rate.
Amorphous Silicon Active Pixel Sensor Readout Circuit Architectures for Medical Imaging
Authors: Karim K.S. , Nathan A. , Rowlands J.A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractResults from previous work indicate the feasibility of the amorphous silicon (a-Si) active pixel sensor (APS) readout circuit that performs on-pixel amplification for low-noise, real time imaging applications (e.g. fluoroscopy). In this paper, the noise contribution of the APS readout circuit is examined. In addition, due to the metastable nature of a-Si, the APS stability is discussed. Unlike conventional PPS systems with one thin film transistor (TFT) switch per pixel, the APS has three TFTs per pixel. The large number and sizes of a-Si TFTs can reduce the pixel fill factor if the TFTs are not embedded beneath the sensor as in continuous layer sensor architectures. In this paper, we present preliminary APS noise and stability measurements along with considerations of fully overlapped pixel architectures on APS performance.
Protocrystalline Si:H p-type Layers for Maximization of the Open Circuit Voltage in a-Si:H n-i-p Solar Cells
Authors: Koval R. J. , Chen Chi , Ferreira G. M. , Ferlauto A. S. , Pearce J. M. , Rovira P. I. , Wronski C. R. , Collins R. W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe have revisited the issue of p-layer optimization for amorphous silicon (a-Si:H) solar cells, correlating spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE) measurements of the p-layer in the device configuration with light current-voltage (J-V) characteristics of the completed solar cell. Working with p-layer gas mixtures of H2/SiH4/BF3 in rf plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD), we have found that the maximum open circuit voltage (Voc) for n-i-p solar cells is obtained using p-layers prepared with the maximum possible hydrogen-dilution gas-flow ratio R=[H2]/[SiH4], but without crossing the thickness-dependent transition from the a-Si:H growth regime into the mixed-phase amorphous + microcrystalline [(a+μc)-Si:H] regime for the ∼200 Å p-layers. As a result, optimum single-step p-layers are obtained under conditions similar to those applied for optimum i-layers, i.e., by operating in the so-called “protocrystalline” Si:H film growth regime. The remarkable dependence of the p-layer phase (amorphous vs. microcrystalline) and n-i-p solar cell Voc on the nature of the underlying i-layer surface also supports this conclusion.
Solid-State NMR Studies Of Ultramarine Pigments Discoloration
Authors: Del Federico Eleonora , Newman Jacob , Tyne Lindsey , O'Hern Cyndi , Isolani Licio , Jerschow Alexej 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUltramarines are a family of pigments widely used as colorants in artists' paints, coatings, plastics, cosmetics, and various industrial materials. They are aluminosilicates characterized by a sodalite cage framework which enclarthrates paramagnetic (S3-., S2-.) and diamagnetic (S4or S3Cl) chromophores responsible for the color of these pigments. Solid-state27Al MAS NMR studies showed that the fading mechanisms in ultramarine pigments, both in acidic and alkaline environments, is initiated via de-alumination leading to framework destruction which in turn triggers the release of the chromophores. This results in color loss and in the emergence of extra-framework aluminum.29Si MAS studies provide new insight into these processes and suggest that acidic attack leads to the formation of Q1-Q3silicates and possibly to the emergence of Si(3Al), Si(2Al), Si(1Al) and Si(0Al) fragments indicative of the formation of secondary pores through which the guest chomophores can leave the cage. These findings are important for the design of proper conservation treatments and preservation procedures for artwork containing ultramarine pigments.
Probing Semiconductor/Insulator Heterostructures Through Electron Spin Resonance of Point Defects: Interfaces, Interlayers, and Stress
Authors: Stesmans A. , Clémer K. , Somers P. , Afanas'ev V. V. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractElectron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy has become indispensable when it comes to the characterization on atomic-scale of structural, and correlated, electrical properties of actual semiconductor/insulator heterostructures. Through probing of paramagnetic point defects such as the Pb-type defects, E', and EX as a function of VUV irradiation and post deposition heat treatment, basic information as to the nature, quality, and thermal stability of the interface and interfacial regions can be established. This is illustrated by some specific examples of ESR analysis on contemporary Si/insulator structures promising for future developments in integrated circuits. First the impact of strain on the Si/SiO2 entity will be discussed. Through ESR analysis of thermally oxidized (111)Si substrates mechanically stressed in situ during oxidation, and tensile strained (100)sSi/SiO2 structures, it will be pointed out that in-plane tensile stress in Si can significantly improve the interface quality. Next, ESR results for stacks of (100)Si/SiOx/HfO2 and (100)Si/LaAlO3 are presented, revealing the potential to attain a high quality Si/SiO2 interface for the former and an abrupt, thermally stable interface for the latter.
Contribution to Globularia phylogeny based on nuclear ribosomal spacer and two chloroplast DNA regions
Authors: Hazler Pilepić Kroata , Friščić Maja , Duran Ahmet , Maslo Semir , Garić Rade , Čuljak Sara , Šutalo Kristina 
Published: March 2017

Background and Purpose: Molecular approach has a major impact on phylogenetic studies of plants, considering that it gives useful information about evolutionary events and relations on all taxonomic levels. The sequence data of the nuclear ITS and of two chloroplast regions, trnL-trnF spacer and rbcL gene, obtained from thirteen Globularia L. taxa, including five Anatolian endemics, representing six sections altogether, were analyzed in order to determine the relations between the European and the Anatolian species and get a better insight into the phylogeny of several closely related Globularia taxa. Materials and Methods: Total cellular DNA was extracted from fresh or frozen leaf tissue of thirteen Globularia samples. The ITS regions of nuclear DNA and two chloroplast DNA regions were amplified and sequenced. Obtained nuclear and combined plastid data matrices were subjected to Maximum Parsimony analyses. Results and Conclusions: Molecular data that were obtained in this study indicate the existence of separate centers of diversification for the European and the Anatolian Globularia. The results provide support for relationships among the studied Anatolian endemic species and indications for a redefinition of affinities of some of the European species. The results presented herein are discussed along with available morphological, karyological, phytogeographical and molecular data. Keywords: Globularia, ITS, trnL-trnF, rbcL, Maximum Parsimony, Quaternary
Variations in amino acid composition in bacterial single stranded DNA–binding proteins correlate with GC content
Authors: Paradžik Tina , Filić Želimira , Vujaklija Dušica 
Published: March 2017

Background and purposeSSB proteins are essential for the maintenance of the genome in all domains of life. Most bacterial SSBs are active as homotetramers. Each monomer comprises N-terminal domain (OB-fold) which is responsible for ssDNA binding and a disordered C-terminal domain (Ct) with a conserved acidic tail responsible for protein interactions.The variations in these essential proteins prompted us to conduct in silico analyses of the aa composition and properties of two distinct SSB domains in relation to bacterial GC content.Materials and methodsSSB sequences were collected from genomes covering a wide range of GC content from 14 bacterial phyla. The maximum-likelihood (ML) trees were constructed for SSB sequences and corresponding 16S rRNA genes. The aa contents of OB folds and Ct domains were subsequently analysed. ResultsWe showed that SSB proteins followed predicted amino acid (aa) composition as a function of genomic GC content. However, two distinct domains of SSB exhibit significant differences to the expected aa composition. Variations in aa proportion were more prominent in Ct domains. Elevated accumulation of Gly (up to 60 %) and Pro (up to 24 %), significant drop in the proportion of basic Lys and reduction in hydrophobic Leu, Ile and Val were identified in Ct domains of SSBs from high GC genomes. Consequently, this influences the biochemical properties of Ct domains.ConclusionsBased on this comparative study of SSBs we conclude that genomic GC content and two distinct domains with different functional roles participate in shaping aa composition of SSB proteins.
Traditional Leadership Model of Pluralistic Society in Ciamis District
Authors: Satori Akhmad , Agung Subhan 
Published: March 2017

This study provides an analysis of traditional leadership model in managing plural society. This study sees the whole pattern formed in a very pluralistic society susuru. Although very pluralistic, the society is able to create the harmony conditions in social life. A qualitative ethnography is applied as the method of analysis. The research approach uses contructivism which develop the idea through data to produce a complete picture of the reasearch focus. The result indicates that the leadership style applies a model of charismatic and traditional authority in Susuru. Power and popularity are obtained through leadership ability in leading the religious rituals. The role of the leader is not only for religious issue, but also for a social escalation. The respect for diversity is more influenced by leader’s ability to manage potential conflict. A local model, duduluran, appear in the effort to establish peace among these differences.
Foreign trade and the theory of optimum currency areas. Implications for Poland
Authors: Maciejczyk-Bujnowicz Iwona 
Published: March 2017

The paper focuses on one of the aspects of the OCA theory and on a new endogenous approach analysing mutual trade links of the countries in a common currency area. According to Kinnon (1963), a high degree of openness of the candidate countries is a precondition for establishing an OCA. Thus, the area can be created by countries with a high share of exports and imports in their GDP. The more open an economy, the higher the importance of the exchange rate for prices. We reviewed the literature on selected studies on the subject and analysed statistical data describing Poland’s trade in the years 2000–2010 with the euro area and EU member states outside of it.
Trendy rozwojowe franchisingu w Polsce i Europie
Authors: Keskin Milena 
Published: March 2017

Franchising stał się jedną z najpopularniejszych form rozwoju przedsiębiorstw. Dynamiczny proces globalizacji wymaga internacjonalizacji przedsiębiorstw. Okazuje się, że ta forma rozwoju jest koncepcją pozwalającą osiągnąć przewagę konkurencyjną na rynku lokalnym i globalnym. Równocześnie także sama idea franchisingu z biegiem lat ulegała ciągłym przemianom. Celem tej pracy jest przedstawienie bieżących trendów rozwojowych franchisingu w Polsce i Europie na podstawie dostępnej literatury przedmiotu oraz danych rynkowych. Jednocześnie praca ta ma za zadanie wspomóc wysiłki naukowe podejmowane w celu analizy zjawiska franchisingu i zachodzących w nim przemian na tle procesów globalizacyjnych.
Institutional Complementarity of Poland in Terms of Diversity of Capitalism
Authors: Wysocki Maciej 
Published: March 2017

Poland is one of the most significant examples of a transition country in Central and Eastern Europe. After 45 years of being a centrally planned economy Poland emerged at the end of the 1980’s a free-market economy. In 2004 Poland became a member of the European Union, which was another milestone in the transition process. Undoubtedly, institutions were a very important factor in Poland’s economic transition. It seems that the horizon of 25 years since the fall of communism has created a decent prospect to evaluate the balance of economic transition in terms of the quality of institutions. However, comparative studies do not analyse institutions separately, but consider them together in an institutional framework.The purpose of this essay is to examine the scope of the institutional complementarity of Poland in terms of Diversity of Capitalism. The main thesis of the article is that after more than two decades since the first stage of the economic transition, and one decade after joining the European Union, Poland’s institutional complementarity is, in general, at a satisfactory level. However, there is a very low level of institutional complementarity in the case of interaction between the labour market and the financial system. Furthermore, the Polish model of capitalism seems to be quite different from other countries from the peer group of transition economies (for example the Czech Republic or Hungary). The research method which was used in this essay includes statistical methods (in particular the K-Nearest Neighbours Method, K-Mean Method and Principal Component Analysis).
Wpływ środków pomocowych z Unii Europejskiej na kondycję gospodarczą Polski w latach 2007–2013
Authors: Śliwka Monika 
Published: March 2017

Napływ środków pomocowych z Unii Europejskiej do Polski w postaci funduszy unijnych był, jest i najprawdopodobniej będzie jednym z najważniejszych efektów towarzyszących przystąpieniu naszego kraju do UE. Środki pomocowe z Unii Europejskiej w latach 2007–2013 miały wpływ na rozwój polskiej gospodarki oraz na jej integrację z gospodarkami pozostałych państw członkowskich. Cel artykułu to przedstawienie wielkości i struktury środków unijnych, które trafiły do Polski w latach 2007–2013, a także głównych obszarów wykorzystania funduszy pochodzących z Unii Europejskiej. Ważną część badań stanowi próba oszacowania wartości inwestycji finansowanych ze środków UE oraz przedstawienie przykładów najważniejszych przedsięwzięć. Wyniki badań nad wielkością i strukturą inwestycji finansowanych ze środków unijnych zostaną wykorzystane do analizy udziału środków pomocowych z Unii Europejskiej i środków krajowych w finansowaniu inwestycji w Polsce, a także do oceny wpływu środków unijnych na kondycję polskiej gospodarki w latach 2007–2013, z uwzględnieniem kryzysu gospodarczego w Europie. Weryfikacja sposobu oraz stopnia, bezpośredniego i pośredniego, oddziaływania funduszy UE na sytuację gospodarczą w Polsce pozwoli na ocenę wykorzystania środków pomocowych z perspektywy czasu oraz na synchronizację z nowym okresem programowania 2014–2020.
Zmiany na rynkach towarowych a regulacje nadzorcze w Unii Europejskiej
Authors: Żelazny Jan 
Published: March 2017

W ciągu ostatnich dziesięcioleci rynki towarowe, mające duży wpływ na kształt gospodarki światowej, wielokrotnie się zmieniały pod względem strukturalnym. W wyniku coraz większej spekulacji ze strony inwestorów finansowych na rynkach towarowych ceny surowców zaczęły się wahać. Wraz z innymi czynnikami doprowadziło to do nadużyć na rynku, mniejszej przejrzystości handlu oraz nadmiernej spekulacji. Problemy te uwidoczniły się zwłaszcza w trakcie ostatniego kryzysu w latach 2007–2008 oraz bezpośrednio po nim. Ustawodawcy na świecie podjęli działania zmierzające do zmniejszenia wspomnianych efektów oraz wprowadzili nowe regulacje dotyczące rynków towarowych. Celem niniejszego artykułu byłozaprezentowanie inicjatyw tego typu podejmowanych w Unii Europejskiej oraz próba ich ocenienia.
Foreign direct investment and economic growth in Albania: a co-integration analysis
Authors: Hysa Eglantina , Hodo Livia 
Published: March 2017

Theoretical studies strongly support the positive effects of Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the host country through technology transfer, human capital formation, etc. This study aims to examine the real effects of FDI in the economic growth of Albania, since FDI was one of the first pillars of the economy that the government gave priority to after 1990. This relationship was investigated by using the Co-Integration approach for the quarterly data from 1991 to 2012. The time series data are taken from the Bank of Albania. As expected, the empirical findings of this study reveal the existence of a long run relationship of GDP growth and FDI to GDP ratio. Being strongly correlated to each other, FDI to GDP ratio shows its significant contribution to Albanian economic growth.