bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibacterial and Phytochemical Screening of Ethanol Extract of Hemidesmus indicus roots
Authors: Prasanna Purohit  , Ritu Thakur Bais  , Pratibha Singh  , Shagufta Khan  
Published: April 2016

Hemidesmus indicus belongs to the family Asclepiadaceae, and is one of the rare medicinal and aromatic plants of India. The Hemidesmus indicus recommended for the treatment of various diseases namely skin disease, liver impairment, leprosy, dysentery, bronchitis etc by tribal people. The present study was aimed to investigate the phytochemical and antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Hemidesmus indicus root. The ethanol extract of Hemidesmus indicus root was prepared and phytochemical screening was performed. The findings indicate the presence of alkaloids, glycosides, carbohydrates, steroids, polyphenol, saponins and terpenoids in extract. The antibacterial activity of various concentrations (25%, 50%, 75% and 100%) of ethanol extract was tested by disk diffusion method against E. coli, S. aureus, S. epidermis, B. subtilis, P. aeruginosa and S. flexneri. Zones of Inhibition produced by extract at various concentrations against selected strains were measured. The highest zones of growth inhibition were observed against B. subtilis compared to other microorganism. It produced a mean zone diameter of 23.5 mm at a dose of 100% on B. subtilis and lowest zone of growth inhibition was observed on S. epidermis, which gave a zone of inhibition measuring 9.8 mm.
MEDICINAL HERBS USED BY HIV-POSITIVE PEOPLE IN LESOTHO
Authors: Mugomeri Eltony , Chatanga Peter , Chakane Ntema 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUND: The use of medicinal herbs whose efficacy and toxicities are not known by HIV-positive people in Lesotho is a threat to the effectiveness of antiretroviral treatment.
OBJECTIVES: This study explored some medicinal herbs used by HIV-positive people in Lesotho and the reasons for their use.
METHODS: This was a cross sectional study based on a questionnaire distributed to purposively-sampled HIV-positive people in Leribe and Maseru districts of Lesotho. The participants’ socio-demographic and clinical variables were summarized using frequency tables in Stata version 13 statistical software. Data variables for medicinal herbs used, frequency of use, uses by the participants and in the literature, parts of plants used and the method of preparation were also explored.
RESULTS: Out of 400 questionnaires distributed to the participants, 389 were returned with data acceptable for analysis. Ages of the participants ranged from 18 to 75 years (Mean=43 + 11.6). Out of the 272 (69.9%) participants who conceded that they had used medicinal herbs at least once, 30 (7.7%) participants used medicinal herbs frequently while 242 (62.2 %) rarely used the herbs. At least 20 plant species belonging to 16 families were reportedly used by the participants. Asteraceae was the most common plant family reportedly used by the participants. Allium sativum and Dicoma anomala, reportedly used by 21.0% and 14.3% respectively, were the most commonly used medicinal herbs in this population. In addition, boosting the immune system and treating gastrointestinal ailments, apparently cited by 32% and 28% participants respectively, were the most commonly reported reasons for using medicinal herbs.
CONCLUSION: A considerable proportion (69.9%) of HIV-positive people use medicinal herbs in this population, while 7.7% use them frequently. At least 20 plant species belonging to 16 families were reportedly used by the participants. HIV counselling protocols in Lesotho should emphasize the dangers of using medicinal herbs whose safety and compatibility with antiretroviral drugs is not known. The efficacy and toxicity profiles of the medicinal plants identified in this study need to be investigated. Furthermore, the effects of these plants on antiretroviral treatment outcomes including herb-drug interactions need to be explored.
DIFFERENT CONCENTRATIONS OF SIJUNZI DECOCTION INHIBIT PROLIFERATION AND INDUCE APOPTOSIS OF HUMAN GASTRIC CANCER SGC-7901 SIDE POPULATION
Authors: Qian Jun , Li Jing , Jia Jianguang , Jin Xin , Yu Dajun , Guo Chenxu , Xie Bo , Qian Liyu 
Published: April 2016

Background: SD is a traditional Chinese medicine which composed of Ginseng, Atractylodes, Poria and Licorice. It is one of the commonly used Chinese traditional medicines that showed anti-gastric cancer activity in clinical studies. Previous evidence demonstrated SD parties (Ginseng, Atractylodes, Poria, Licorice) can inhibit proliferation and induced apoptosis for gastric cancer cell. In order to further investigate the anticancer effect of SD in gastric cancer, we observed the effects of different concentrations of SD on proliferation and apoptosis of SP of human gastric cancer SGC-7901.
Materials and Methods: 1. SGC-7901 side population cells were sorted through flow cytometry. 2. To detect the changes of proliferation of SP and NSP before and after the intervention of serum containing different concentrations of SD using cck-8 method. 3. To detect the changes of cell cycle and apoptosis of SP and NSP before and after the intervention of serum containing different concentrations of SD through flow cytometry. 4. To detect the effects of serum containing different concentrations of SD on apoptosis-related proteins Bax and Bcl-2 of SP and NSP before and after the intervention by western-blot.
Results: It was found that different concentrations of SD serum treatments inhibited cell proliferation in a time-dependent and concentration-dependent manner. Compared with the control group (normal saline treatment), there were increase in G1/G0 phase population of SP and NSP, and decrease in G2/M and S phase population (P
MYOCARDIUM PROTECTIVE FUNCTION OF SALVIANOLIC ACID B IN ISCHEMIA REPERFUSION RATS
Authors: Qiao Zengyong , Xu Yawei 
Published: April 2016

Background: Salvia miltiorrhiza (SM) Bunge is one of the widely-used Chinese medicinal herbs. Salvianolic acid B (Sal B), a
bioactive compound isolated from the Chinese herb Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae, has been reported to exhibit anti-inflammatory and
anti-oxidantive effects.
Material and method: To study the cardioprotective effects of salvianolic acid B (Sal B) on acute myocardial ischemia reperfusion
(MIR) injury rats, on the basis of this investigation, the possible mechanism of salvianolic acid B was elucidated. Male Sprague-
Dawley rats (200–220 g) were randomly divided into five groups: sham-operated, MIR, MIR + Sal B (10 mg/kg/day, orally), MIR +
Sal B (20 mg/kg/day, orally) and MIR + Sal B (30 mg/kg/day, orally). Before operation, the foregoing groups were pretreated with
homologous drug once a day for 7 days, respectively. After twelve hours in MIR, the cardioprotective effects of SPJ were evaluated
by infarct size, biochemical values, and the antioxidative and antiapoptotic relative gene expressions.
Results: Sal B significantly improved heart function and decreased infarct size; remarkably decreased levels of serum TNF-α and
IL-1β levels, increased contents of myocardium antioxidant enzymes activities; western blot results showed that Sal B ameliorate the
increased Bax and caspase-3 protins expressions and decreased Bcl-2 proteins expression and ratios of Bcl-2 to Bax.
Conclusion: In ischemic myocardium, oxidative stress caused the overgeneration and accumulation of reactive oxygen species
(ROS), which was central of cardiac ischemic injury. Sal B exerted beneficially cardioprotective effects on myocardial ischemia
injury rats, mainly scavenging oxidative stress-triggered overgeneration and accumulation of ROS, alleviating myocardial ischemia
injury and cardiac cell death.
KAEMPFEROL, A FLAVONOID COMPOUND FROM GYNURA MEDICA INDUCED APOPTOSIS AND GROWTH INHIBITION IN MCF-7 BREAST CANCER CELL
Authors: Yi Xiaofang , Tan Chao , Zuo Jiangcheng , Xian Sheng , Luo Chunhua , Chen Sai , Yu Liangfang , Luo Yucheng 
Published: April 2016

Background: Kaempferol, a natural flavonoid, has been shown to induce cancer cell apoptosis and cell growth inhibition in several
tumors. Previously we have conducted a full investigation on the chemical constituents of Gynura medica, kaempferol and its
glycosides are the major constituents of G. medica. Here we investigated the growth inhibition and apoptosis induction effect of
kaempferol extracted from G. medica.
Materials and Methods: The inhibition effects of kaempferol were evaluated by MTS assay and soft agar colony formation assay.
Fluorescence staining and western blotting were be used to study the apoptosis. The structure was identified by 1H- NMR),
13C-NMR and ESI-MS analyses.
Results: Our results showed that kaempferol’s inhibition of MCF-7 breast cancer cell growth may through inducing apoptosis and
downregulation of Bcl2 expression.
Conclusion: Kaempferol is a promising cancer preventive and therapeutic agent for breast cancer.
Enzymatic CaCO3 for Proppant Consolidation
Authors: Bansal Bhagwan , Morkved Marie L. , Tuxen Anders K. , Nielsen Troels B. , Bähring Steffen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The application of enzymatic generation and precipitation of calcium carbonate for the use as in-situproppant consolidation is an environmentally green technology that shows promise in the Danish North Sea. Hydraulic fracturing of producers with the aid of proppants to keep fractures open can present a problem if the proppants are back-produced as this can cause erosion of the well and production facilities. These problems may result in delayed production and costly workovers. Enzymatic calcium carbonate, a technology to consolidate the proppants, can be applied right after a hydraulic fracturing treatment or at a later stage, when proppant reconsolidation is needed. In this paper, we report the findings of extensive lab experiments, under reservoir conditions, on consolidation of of three different proppant types. The results show that some proppants are easier to consolidate than others.
General Approach to Characterize Reservoir Fluids Using a Large PVT Database
Authors: Varzandeh Farhad , Yan Wei , Stenby Erling H. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Global increase in oil demand has resulted in the need for exploring remote and harsh locations where a considerable portion of them are at extreme reservoir temperatures and pressures. Accurate calculation of properties of gas and oil at high pressures and high temperatures (HPHT) is a more prominent issue. Non-cubic Equation of State (EoS) models are an attractive option due to their better description of density and compressibility over a wide temperature and pressure range. Application of these models to reservoir fluids requires development of the corresponding fluid characterization methods.
We proposed a general approach to develop correlations for model parameters and applied it to the characterization for the PC-SAFT EoS. The approach consists in first developing the correlations based on the DIPPR database, and then adjusting the correlations based on a large PVT database. The adjustment was made to minimize the deviation in key PVT properties like saturation pressures, densities at reservoir temperature and Stock Tank Oil (STO) densities, while keeping the n-alkane limit of the correlations unchanged. As an improvement of a previously suggested characterization method, the approach gives better PVT calculation results for the tested systems. Comparison was also made between PC-SAFT with the proposed characterization method and other EoS models. The proposed approach can be applied to other EoS models for improving their fluid characterization. Besides, the challenges with PNA based characterization methods are discussed.
Equation of state for methane in nanoporous material at supercritical temperature over a wide range of pressure
Authors: Wu Keliu , Chen Zhangxin (John) 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The methane storage behavior in nanoporous material is significantly different from bulk phase, and has a fundamental role in methane extraction from shale and its storage for vehicular applications. Here we show that the behavior and mechanisms of the methane storage are mainly dominated by the ratio of the interaction between methane molecules and nanopores wall to the methane intermolecular interaction, and the geometric constraint. By linking the macroscopic properties of methane storage to the microscopic properties of methane molecules-nanopores wall molecules system, we develop an equation of state for methane at supercritical temperature over a wide range of pressure. Molecular dynamic simulation data demonstrate that this equation is able to relate very well the methane storage behavior with each of key physical parameters, including pore size, shape, wall chemistry and roughness. Moreover, this equation only requires one fitted parameter, and is simply and powerful in application.
Integrated Drilling and Evaluation of a Horizontal Granitic Basement Producer
Authors: Belaide Amal , Trice Robert , Walmsley Arthur , Penman Andrew 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The development of basement reservoirs can add significant upside to regional reserves but because of perceived drilling complexity are often overlooked or underexplored. Modern drilling technologies, such as directional drilling and formation evaluation while drilling, have been shown to improve commercial viability of appraisal and development projects in frontier areas.
A granitic Type-1 fractured basement reservoir offshore West of Shetland was horizontally drilled and evaluated by means of directional drilling (DD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) technologies. This was the first time that drilling and completion of a 1-km horizontal basement well had been attempted in the UK, and the project goals were successfully achieved. The project as planned fell into the extended-reach drilling (ERD) envelope, defined as a well in which the ratio of measured depth (MD) is greater than two times the vertical depth. The ERD ratio [MD to true vertical depth (TVD)] was 2.21. This success resulted from a combination of drill bit selection, bottomhole assembly (BHA) stabilisation optimisation, rotary steerable drilling system usage, and close cooperation between the operating company and service providers. The logging data acquired were of sufficient quality to support detailed petrophysical study.
The basement reservoir section was shown to have significant storage capacity within a network of fault zones, joints and microfractures, as identified using a LWD resistivity microimaging tool. The LWD imaging data were compared to offset well wireline imaging data and used to evaluate the microfracture and joint network across the horizontal section. This evaluation confirmed the storage capacity of the reservoir and was later supported by successful commercial extended well testing. In addition to fracture characterisation, the LWD data were successfully used to evaluate the fracture porosity. Fracture porosity and fracture characteristics in the horizontal well were both consistent with those derived from previously drilled inclined wells, providing the operator with confidence in its reservoir model.
This paper documents the drilling and petrophysical evaluation of the first 1-km horizontal well in a fractured basement reservoir on the UK continental shelf. Further development of similar hydrocarbon-bearing basement fields would greatly increase regional recoverable reserves.
Integrated Productivity Analysis for Revitalizing a Mature Field in Ecuador
Authors: Hernandez Rubys , Bustillos Stalin 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Lago Agrio field is a mature field in Ecuador. Since 1972, exploitation has been focused on the Hollin reservoir, resulting in a low recovery factor in other reservoirs. The lack of interest in some zones is a result of poor or no productivity obtained during initial production testing. Currently, the field has a high number of inactive wells (65%). This paper describes an integrated productivity analysis conducted to identify well intervention opportunities and to generate a reliable portfolio in a short period of time.
Based on the front-end loading (FEL) method, the workflow applied was performed in three phases. In the first phase, carried out in the first five days after analysis of 62 wells with limited information, possible causes of low productivity or inactivity of wells and possible methods to improve production were identified. Estimated production was based on inflow performance relationship curves and grouped by intervention type. During the conceptualization phase, wells with estimated production exceeding 80 BOPD were analyzed in more detail. In the definition phase, pressure transient analysis (PTA) and economic aspects were incorporated.
During the visualization phase, the causes of low productivity in reservoirs were determined to be primarily a result of inconclusive initial production testing, high formation damage incurred during drilling, and/or poor primary cementing. At the end of this phase, 30 opportunities for intervention were conceptualized, ranked, and defined. Because the opportunities displayed did not significantly change during the two following phases, the applied workflow provided great reliability as a quick solution to support increasing the production by at least 3,000 BOPD. Finally, the results were corroborated during the execution phase. Percentile values between approximately P5 and P90 of production were obtained from tests for the first seven interventions (approximately 1,900 BOPD).
Because of the limited quantity and quality of information and the need to obtain a workover portfolio within a short time period, the standard FEL method was modified. The described workflow could be applied in other analogous mature fields (multireservoirs with limited information and inconclusive initial testing) to generate workover selection quickly and improve well productivity.
Lab Tests and Modeling of CO2 Injection in Chalk with Fracture-Matrix Transport Mechanisms
Authors: Ghasemi M. , Astutik W. , Alavian S. A. , Whitson C. H. , Sigalas L. , Olsen D. , Suicmez V. S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The main focus of this paper is to present experimental and simulation results that describe CO2 injection in a chalk sample with fracture-matrix interaction at reservoir conditions. Based on the experiments, simulation models are built to mimic the main transport phenomena, including diffusion, which is found to be particularly important.
The first two experiments consist of a vertically-oriented 7.4 cm long Sigerslev outcrop chalk core with a 3.7 cm diameter. A single "fracture" is represented by a centralized hole with a 0.6 cm diameter along the core, giving a pore-to-fracture volume ratio of 18. Both matrix and fracture are initially saturated with a North Sea stock tank oil (STO) at 110 °C and 258 bara. Once the initial conditions are established, CO2 is injected from the top of the fracture and the oil is produced from the bottom.
Injected CO2 diffuses into the oil in the matrix and swells the oil. Once the oil in the fracture has drained, the matrix feeds the fracture with oil at decreasing rates, with the test lasting up to 440 hours (~34 pore-volume-injected, PVinj). The third experiment is similar, but laboratory oil n-C10 (Lab-Oil) is used instead of STO. Lab-Oil and CO2 have very similar densities at the chosen experimental conditions, which minimizes gravity-driven convective (Darcy) transport and maximizes the impact of diffusion.
Our modeling is conducted with a compositional reservoir simulator. A tuned equation of state (EOS) model accounts for proper estimation of the phase and volumetric properties for CO2 mixtures in the STO and n-C10 systems. Automated history matching is used to fit the experimental data.
Numerical simulations are conducted to match experimental oil production data by tuning the oil and gas diffusion coefficients. Good agreement between the numerical model and the experimental data is obtained. For the n-C10 system in particular, we find the results are not sensitive to vertical permeability, confirming displacement is dominated by diffusion rather than convective flux.
Verifying the accuracy of modeling the diffusion-dominated processes in a fractured chalk system with CO2 at reservoir conditions has been accomplished. This is an important step towards modeling an actual fractured chalk / reservoir oil system undergoing CO2 injection.
The experimental and modeling results demonstrate a method to isolate diffusion-driven transport in a fracture-matrix chalk system at reservoir conditions. A commercial reservoir simulator is able to reproduce laboratory results adequately.
Simulation of Flow in the Solid Matrix of Shale Reservoirs using Lattice-Boltzmann Method
Authors: Tarakanov Alexander , Gildin Eduardo , Nasrabadi Hadi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The economic success of the shale boom worldwide is intimately connected to the effective stimulation of the tight (or very low) permeability rock through multistage hydraulic fracturing of horizontal wells. However, the complete understanding of the production mechanisms in shale reservoirs (micro to macro scales) and the closely interaction between natural fractures and the overall production profile at reservoir scales are in the infancy stages of their developments. In this paper we are particularly interested in extending the robustness and computational effectiveness of the Lattice Boltzman Method (LBM) applied to fractured porous media simulation. In this paper we propose a novel approach for modeling of shale reservoirs can seamless integrate rock-fluid behavior at small scales with the well-reservoir interaction at macro scales. This is done by exploring further the advantages of physical-based premises of the LBM by including the recent developed non-uniform induced permeability field concept in order to simulate fracture media, which model variation of permeabiliry around hydraulic fracrures by a function of the distance away from the fracture. In our numerical studies, based on a single well reservoir with a planar fracture, we indicate that this approach is more consistent with the physics of shale production, as it does not rely on such formulas as Langmuir isotherm and Klinkenberg's formula, which have been originally derived for low-density gases.
Geochemical Interpretation and Field Scale Optimization of Low Salinity Water Flooding
Authors: Nguyen Ngoc T. , Dang Cuong T. , Nghiem Long X. , Chen Zhangxin 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Low Salinity Waterflooding (LSW) is an emerging Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) method. Wettability alteration towards increased water wetness in LSW is the widely accepted mechanism for the enhanced oil recovery. This phenomenon can physically be explained by ionic exchanges and geochemical reactions. However, the detailed ion exchanges have never been adequately addressed, and the explanations provided in the literature are sometimes contradictory leading to challenges of a successful LSW design. This paper aims to: (1) present detailed ion exchanges and geochemical reactions that happen in LSW using a compositional simulator; (2) analyze the key factors that affect an ion exchange process and address how to maximize the preferable wettability alteration; (3) investigate the potential of combining CO2 with LSW (CO2 LSWAG) to promote geochemical reactions and maximize the final oil recovery factor; (4) conduct a robust optimization of CO2 LSWAG under geological uncertainties.