bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Direct Writing on Phosphate Glass Using Atomic Force Microscopy for Rapid Fabrication of Nanostructures
Authors: Barna Shama F. , Jacobs Kyle E. , Mensing Glennys A. , Ferreira Placid M. 
Published: February 2017

Rapid and cost effective fabrication of nanostructures is critical for experimental exploration and translation of results for commercial development. While conventional techniques such as E-beam or Focused Ion beam lithography serve some prototyping needs for nano-scale experimentations, cost and rate considerations prohibit use for manufacturing. Specialized lithographic processes [e.g. nanosphere lithography or interference lithography] are also powerful tools in creating nanostructures but provide limited shapes, positioning and size control of nanostructures. In this work, we demonstrated a liquid-free and mask-less electrochemical writing approach using atomic force microscopy (AFM) that is capable of making arbitrary shapes of silver nanostructures in seconds on a solid state super-ionic (AgI)x (AgPO3)(1−x) glass. Under ambient conditions. silver is extracted selectively on super-ionic (AgI)x (AgPO3)(1−x) glass surface by negatively biasing an AFM probe relative to an Ag film counter electrode.
Both voltage controlled and current controlled writings demonstrated localized extraction of silver. The current controlled approach is shown to be the preferred writing approach to make repeatable and uniform patterns of silver on (AgI)x AgPO3(1−x), where x represents the mole fraction of AgI in the mixture and the control parameter that tunes the conductivity of the sample. We demonstrated current controlled printing of silver on two different compositions of the material (i.e. (AgI)0.125 (AgPO3 )0.875 and (AgI)0.25(AgPO3)0.75 ). Depending on the magnitude of the constant current and tip speed, line-width of the silver pattern can be ∼150 nm. The length of these patterns are limited to the maximum distance the tip can be moved using the AFM position controls. The substrate being optically transparent allows the use of this writing technique for rapid prototyping plasmonic devices. By using the patterned substrate as a template for replica molding of soft materials such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), this writing technique can also be utilized for high throughput nano-channel fabrication in biofluidics and microfluidics devices.
Optimization of the Thermal Request Profiles of Buildings Connected With a Large District Heating Network
Authors: Verda Vittorio , Guelpa Elisa , Barbero Giulia , Brundu Francesco , Acquaviva Andrea , Patti Edoardo 
Published: February 2017

Thermal storage is very important in modern district heating networks in order to increase the share of waste heat and heat produced through renewable sources and cogeneration. The role of thermal storage is even more important in the case of Mediterranean areas, where climate and user behavior cause high peak requests in the morning. Nevertheless the installation of large storage volumes is not always feasible, especially in dense urban areas, therefore alternative options are investigated. One of these options is virtual storage. This consists in proposing changes to the thermal request profiles of some of the connected buildings, in order to obtain a peak shaving, which is an effect similar to that obtained using storage. To perform such approach there are two crucial elements: 1) an advanced ICT solution able provide real time information about the thermal request of the buildings and the thermodynamic conditions at the thermal substations; 2) a detailed thermo fluid-dynamic model of the district heating network able to simulate the temperature evolution along the network as the function of time. Using physical models it is possible to examine the effects, obtained by modifying the thermal request of users, on the total load of the thermal plants feeding the network. In particular, the model is applied to the analysis of changes in the start-up time of the buildings as well as possible pauses during the day. The start-up strategy should not produce significant effects on the building temperatures, so that acceptable comfort standard can be guaranteed. This is checked using a compact model of the buildings which parameters are obtained through data measured at the thermal substations.
These changes in the request profiles usually involve a larger heat request. Nevertheless, peak shaving is accompanied by a reduction in heat generation of boilers and an increase in the thermal production of efficient systems, such as cogeneration units. This results in a significant reduction in the primary energy consumption. The goal of the analysis is to find the optimal start-up strategy in order to minimize the primary energy consumption at the thermal plants.
An application to the Turin district heating network, which is the largest network in Italy, is presented. In particular, a subnetwork connecting the main transport network to about 100 buildings located in the central area of the town is considered. The analysis if performed in selected days where the optimization was conducted the day before on the basis of weather forecasts and then applied to the network. Despite the changes in the request profiles could be applied only to a limited number of buildings, the analysis show that the peak request can be reduced. Simulations performed considering the application of changes to a larger number of buildings show that reduction in the primary energy consumptions of the order of 1.25% can be obtained.
Two-Phase Spray Cooling With Water/2-Propanol Binary Mixture: Investigation of Mass Diffusion Resistance
Authors: Obuladinne Sai Sujith , Bostanci Huseyin 
Published: February 2017

Two-phase spray cooling has been an emerging thermal management technique offering high heat transfer coefficients (HTCs) and critical heat flux (CHF) levels, near-uniform surface temperatures, and efficient coolant usage that enables to design of compact and lightweight systems. Due to these capabilities, spray cooling is a promising approach for high heat flux applications in computing, power electronics, and optics. The two-phase spray cooling inherently depends on saturation temperature-pressure relationships of the working fluid to take advantage of high heat transfer rates associated with liquid-vapor phase change. When a certain application requires strict temperature and/or pressure conditions, thermophysical properties of the working fluid play a critical role in attaining proper efficiency, reliability, or packaging structure. However, some of the commonly used working fluids today, including refrigerants and dielectric liquids, have relatively poor properties and heat transfer performance. In such cases, utilizing binary mixtures to tune working fluid properties becomes an alternative approach.
This study aimed to conduct an initial investigation on the spray cooling characteristics of practically important binary mixtures and demonstrate their capability for challenging high heat flux applications. The working fluid, water/2-propanol binary mixture at various concentration levels, specifically at x1 (liquid mass fraction of 2-proponal in water) of 0.0 (pure water), 0.25, 0.50, 0.879 (azeotropic mixture) and 1.0, represented both non-azeotropic and azeotropic cases. Tests were performed on a closed loop spray cooling system using a pressure atomized spray nozzle with a constant liquid flow rate at corresponding 20°C subcooling conditions and 1 Atm pressure. A copper test section measuring 10 mm × 10 mm × 2 mm with a plain, smooth surface simulated high heat flux source. Experimental procedure involved controlling the heat flux in increasing steps, and recording the steady-state temperatures to obtain cooling curves in the form of surface superheat vs heat flux. The obtained results showed that pure water (x1 = 0.0) and 2-propanol (x1 = 1.0) provide the highest and lowest heat transfer performance, respectively. At a given heat flux level, the HTC values indicated strong dependence on x1, where the HTCs depress proportional to the concentration difference between the liquid and vapor phases. The CHF values sharply decreased at x1≥ 0.25.
Haptic and Visual Feedback Technology for Upper-Limb Disability Assessment
Authors: Pernalete Norali , Raheja Amar , Carey Stephanie 
Published: February 2017

In this paper, we discuss the possibility to determine assessment metrics for eye-hand coordination and upper-limb disability therapy, using a mapping between a robotic haptic device to a virtual environment and a training algorithm based on Complex Valued Neural Networks that will calculate how close a set movement pattern is in relationship with that traced by a healthy individual.
Most of the current robotic systems’ therapy relies on the patient’s performance on standardized clinical tests such as the functional independence measure (FIM), and the upper limb subsection of the Fugl-Meyer (FM) scales. These systems don’t have other standardized metrics for assessment purposes. There is a need to establish a more intelligent and tailored therapy that could be implemented for patients to use at home in between therapy sessions, or in the long term. This therapy should be based on performance data gathered by the robotic/computer system that will provide an assessment procedure with improved objectivity and precision.
A set of complex and movement demanding virtual environments, representing various levels of difficulty labyrinths was developed in a virtual environment. The participants were instructed to use a haptic device (Omni) to follow the trajectories. This was completed while video data were collected using a Vicon motion capture system. Readings of traced trajectories, time, and upper limb motions are recorded for further analysis.
Analytical Model for the Deformation of Viscoelastic Non-Newtonian Drops Undergoing Secondary Atomization
Authors: Snyder Sharon E. , Kulkarni Varun , Sojka Paul E. 
Published: February 2017

While there is no single analytical model that accurately predicts all stages and modes of secondary atomization, many groups have developed models that predict deformation and oscillation of a single, isolated drop. The TAB (Taylor Analogy Breakup) model was chosen for this investigation, mainly due to its widespread use by Liu and Reitz [1], Hwang et al. [2], Tanner [3], and Lee and Reitz [4], among others. Since the TAB model is also the foundation for many other analytical models, it will also be used here as a starting point for the development of a viscoelastic non-Newtonian model to predict droplet deformed radii, droplet deformation time, and velocity at deformation time for viscoelastic xanthan gum - DI water solutions.
Three additional improvements are made to this viscoelastic TAB model: the first is a change to a TAB coefficient; the second to the equation for the drag coefficient, and the third modification is to the breakup criterion. This model uses Carreau rheology and Zimm relaxation time. Non-dimensional drop diameter and initiation times are plotted against We; model results are compared to experimental results for a range of xanthan gum solution concentrations. Results show fair agreement between experimental results and model results for non-dimensional drop diameter, with the best match at low XG concentration and low-to-medium We (10–30). It was also noted that increased viscoelasticity seems to increase this drop diameter. Good agreement between experimental data and model results has been seen for initiation time, with increased viscoelasticity increasing this parameter as well.
Evaluation of Auxetic Polymeric Structures for Use in Protective Pads
Authors: Yang Chulho , Vora Hitesh D. , Chang Young Bae 
Published: February 2017

Auxetic materials, known as materials with negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR), have many promising application areas. However, there are only few natural and man-made materials such as certain living bone tissues, certain rocks and minerals, polymeric honeycombs, microporous polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), foams, and carbon-fiber-reinforced epoxy composite laminate panels that possess this property.
In recent years, various auxetic material structures have been designed and fabricated for diverse applications that utilized normal materials which follow Hooke’s law but still show the NPR properties. One of the applications is body protection pads that are comfortable to wear and effective in protecting body parts by reducing impact force and preventing injuries in high-risk individuals such as elderly people, industry workers, law enforcement and military personnel, and sports players. It is important to develop new body protectors that best combine each individual’s requirements for wearing comfort (flexible, light-weight), ease of fitting (customized), ensured protection, and cost-effectiveness. The protection pad would be made from multilayer materials and adaptive structures to achieve unique multifunctional properties such as high hardness, impact toughness, light weight, and excellent shock absorption suitable for the needs.
This paper reports an integrated theoretical, computational (finite element analysis), and experimental investigation conducted for typical auxetic polymeric materials that exhibit negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) effect. Parametric 3D CAD models of auxetic polymeric structures such as re-entrant hexagonal cells and arrowhead were developed. Then, key structural characteristics of protectors were evaluated through static analyses of FEA models. In addition, impact/shock analyses were conducted through dynamic analyses of FEA models to validate the results obtained from the static analyses. Particularly, an advanced additive manufacturing (3D printing) technique was used to build prototypes of the auxetic polymeric structures. Specifically, three different materials typically used for FDM (Fused Deposition Modeling) technology such as Polylactic acid (PLA) and thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) material (NinjaFlex® and SemiFlex®) were used for different stiffness and shock-absorption performances. The 3D printed prototypes were then tested and the results were compared with the computational prediction. The results showed that the auxetic material can be effective for body protection pads. Each structure and material had unique structural properties such as stiffness, Poisson’s ratio, and efficiency in shock absorption. Particularly, auxtetic structures showed better shock absorption performance than non-auxetic ones. The mechanism for ideal input force distribution or shunting could be suggested for designing protectors using various shapes, thicknesses, and materials of auxetic materials to reduce the risk of injury.
Microscopic Analysis of the Initiation of High-Temperature Damage of Ni-Based Heat-Resistant Alloy
Authors: Murakoshi Takuya , Suzuki Ken , Nonaka Isamu , Miura Hideo 
Published: February 2017

It is imperative to reduce greenhouse-effect gas such as CO2. Since the emission of CO2 from fossil fuel combustion to generate electricity is a critical quantity, accounting for 42% of global CO2 emissions in 2013 [1], high efficiency of thermal power plants is indispensable for reducing the CO2 emissions. In order to further improve thermal efficiency of thermal power plants, various R&D projects have been conducted (such as Thermie 700 in the EU and DOE-Vision 21 in the US) to develop A-USC (advanced ultra-supercritical) power plants of the 700°C-class.
Alloy 617 is a candidate alloy for boiler tubes and pipes. Since it has higher coefficient of thermal expansion than conventional ferritic steels, however, the increase in the thermal stress is of concern in the power plant components. In addition, it is important to consider the effect of creep-fatigue loading on the lifetime of the components in the design and maintenance of the components. This is because frequent output change is inevitable for assuring the stable and reliable supply of electricity under the combination with renewable energies.
Conventionally, the creep-fatigue damage has been evaluated by linear cumulative damage rule. However, it has been found that there are a lot of loading conditions and materials to which the rule can’t be applied [2–3]. Therefore, it is indispensable to establish the method for evaluating the total damage of materials under creep-fatigue loading conditions. Thus, the authors conducted fatigue and creep-fatigue tests and observed the change of the micro texture to elucidate the damage evolution of the alloy from the viewpoint of the change of the order of atom arrangement using EBSD (Electron Back-Scatter Diffraction) analysis. As a result, it was found that the difference of damage accumulation under fatigue and creep-fatigue loadings appeared in the change of the GROD (Grain Reference Orientation Deviation) value in the inelastic strain range. Therefore, the difference in the damage mode between fatigue and creep loads can be analyzed by using these KAM and GROD values.
Detecting Malicious Defects in 3D Printing Process Using Machine Learning and Image Classification
Authors: Wu Mingtao , Phoha Vir V. , Moon Young B. , Belman Amith K. 
Published: February 2017

3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is a key technology for future manufacturing systems. However, 3D printing systems have unique vulnerabilities presented by the ability to affect the infill without affecting the exterior.
In order to detect malicious infill defects in 3D printing process, this paper proposes the following: 1) investigate malicious defects in the 3D printing process, 2) extract features based on simulated 3D printing process images, and 3) an experiment of image classification with one group of non-defect infill image and the other group of defect infill training image from 3D printing process. The images are captured layer by layer from the top view of software simulation preview.
The data extracted from images is input to two machine learning algorithms, Naive Bayes Classifier and J48 Decision Trees. The result shows Naive Bayes Classifier has an accuracy of 85.26% and J48 Decision Trees has an accuracy of 95.51% for classification.
Temporal Variation Characteristics of Analysis Accuracy in Two-Dimensional Ultrasonic-Measurement-Integrated Blood Flow Analysis
Authors: Kadowaki Hiroko 
Published: February 2017

A two-dimensional ultrasonic-measurement-integrated (2D-UMI) blood flow analysis system was developed for easy acquisition of an intravascular hemodynamics, which feeds back Doppler velocity obtained by an ultrasonic measurement to a numerical blood flow simulation for clinical application. In previous study, ultrasonic measurement and 2D-UMI simulation were performed to clarify the analysis accuracy for real flow field. Additionally, spatial variation characteristics of analysis accuracy was clarified by comparison of velocity vectors between 2D-UMI and 3D-CFD analysis results corresponding to an experimental flow. However, temporal variation of analysis accuracy of 2D-UMI analysis result has not been examined in spite of essential information for reduction of experimental measurement error due to speckle noise.
The aim of this study was to clarify temporal variation characteristics of analysis accuracy of each velocity component obtained in 2D-UMI blood flow analysis. Comparisons of Doppler velocity V and (u, v) velocity profiles between measurement data, 2D-UMI, and 3D-CFD analysis results were performed, and their time variations were discussed. As a result, it was clarified that temporal variation of Doppler velocity error for measurement data became larger with increasing feedback gain. Temporal variations of u and v velocity component errors for 3D-CFD analysis result showed the same tendency as that of Doppler velocity in feedback gain.
A Base Study to Investigate MASH Conservativeness of Occupant Risk Evaluation
Authors: Silvestri Dobrovolny Chiara , Prodduturu Harika Reddy , Arrington Dusty R. , Schulz Nathan , Hurlebaus Stefan , Rupp Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2017

The Manual for Assessing Safety Hardware (MASH) defines crash tests to assess the impact performance of highway safety features in frontal and oblique impact events. Within MASH, the risk of injury to the occupant is assessed based on a “flail-space” model that estimates the average deceleration that an unrestrained occupant would experience when contacting the vehicle interior in a MASH crash test and uses the parameter as a surrogate for injury risk. MASH occupant risk criteria, however, are considered conservative in their nature, due to the fact that they are based on unrestrained occupant accelerations. Therefore, there is potential for increasing the maximum limits dictated in MASH for occupant risk evaluation.
A frontal full-scale vehicle impact was performed with inclusion of an instrumented anthropomorphic test device (ATD). The scope of this study was to investigate the performance of the Flail Space Model in a full scale crash test compared to the instrumented ATD recorded forces which can more accurately predict the occupant response during a collision event.
Results obtained through this research will be considered for better correlation between vehicle accelerations and occupant injury. This becomes extremely important for designing and evaluating barrier systems that must fit within geometrical site constraints, which do not provide adequate length to redirect test vehicles according to MASH conservative evaluation criteria.