bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Species sorting along a subsidy gradient alters bacterial community stability
Authors: Muscarella Mario E. , Jones Stuart E. , Lennon Jay T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe movement of resources between terrestrial and aquatic habitats has strong effects on ecological processes in recipient ecosystems. Allochthonous inputs modify the quality and quantity of the available resource pool in ways that may alter the composition and stability of recipient communities. Inputs of terrestrial dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) into aquatic ecosystems represent a large influx of resources that has the potential to affect local communities, especially microorganisms. To evaluate the effects of terrestrial inputs on aquatic bacterial community composition and stability, we manipulated the supply rate oftDOCto a set of experimental ponds. Along thetDOCsupply gradient, we measured changes in diversity and taxon‐specific changes in relative abundance and activity. We then determined community stability by perturbing each pond using a pulse of inorganic nutrients and measuring changes in composition and activity (i.e., responsiveness) along the gradient. TerrestrialDOCsupply significantly altered the composition of the active bacterial community. The composition of the active bacterial community changed via decreases in richness and evenness as well as taxon‐specific changes in relative abundance and activity indicating species sorting along the gradient. Likewise, the responsiveness of the active bacterial community decreased along the gradient, which led to a more stable active community. We did not, however, observe these changes in diversity and stability in the total community (i.e., active and inactive organisms), which suggests thattDOCsupply modifies bacterial community stability through functional not structural changes.Together, these results show that altered aquatic terrestrial linkages can have profound effects on the activity and stability of the base of the food web and thus can alter ecosystem functioning.
Evaluating harvest‐based control of invasive fish with telemetry: performance of sea lamprey traps in the Great Lakes
Authors: Holbrook Christopher M. , Bergstedt Roger A. , Barber Jessica , Bravener Gale A. , Jones Michael L. , Krueger Charles C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhysical removal (e.g., harvest via traps or nets) of mature individuals may be a cost‐effective or socially acceptable alternative to chemical control strategies for invasive species, but requires knowledge of the spatial distribution of a population over time. We used acoustic telemetry to determine the current and possible future role of traps to control and assess invasive sea lampreys, Petromyzon marinus, in the St. Marys River, the connecting channel between Lake Superior and Lake Huron. Exploitation rates (i.e., fractions of an adult sea lamprey population removed by traps) at two upstream locations were compared among three years and two points of entry to the system. Telemetry receivers throughout the drainage allowed trap performance (exploitation rate) to be partitioned into two components: proportion of migrating sea lampreys that visited trap sites (availability) and proportion of available sea lampreys that were caught by traps (local trap efficiency). Estimated exploitation rates were well below those needed to provide population control in the absence of lampricides and were limited by availability and local trap efficiency. Local trap efficiency estimates for acoustic‐tagged sea lampreys were lower than analogous estimates regularly obtained using traditional mark–recapture methods, suggesting that abundance had been previously underestimated. Results suggested major changes would be required to substantially increase catch, including improvements to existing traps, installation of new traps, or other modifications to attract and retain more sea lampreys. This case study also shows how bias associated with telemetry tags can be estimated and incorporated in models to improve inferences about parameters that are directly relevant to fishery management.
Benzotriazole Enrichment in Snowmelt Discharge Emanating from Engineered Snow Storage Facilities
Authors: Alvey Josh K. , Hagedorn Birgit , Dotson Aaron 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT: Snowpacks in urban environments can retain a high load of anthropogenic contaminants that, upon melting, can deliver concentrated contaminant pulses into the aquatic environment. In climates with an extended period of snowfall accumulation, such as in Anchorage, Alaska, contaminant amplification within meltwater may affect aquatic ecosystem health. A spatiotemporal study of benzotriazoles on snow, meltwater and soils was performed in association with three urban snow disposal facilities. Benzotriazole elution from engineered snow disposal sites behaved similarly to inorganic salt and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) during the initial melt period, with maximum concentrations between 2.23‐7.39 μg/L; similar enrichment was observed in creeks. Assays of disposal site soils revealed the presence of tolytriazole. Furthermore, using fluorescence spectroscopy and PARAFAC analysis, a modeled component representative of benzotriazoles was identified, a possible indicator of anthropogenic input rather than a unique indicator for benzotriazole compounds.
Selective Insulin Resistance and the Development of Cardiovascular Diseases in Diabetes: The 2015 Edwin Bierman Award Lecture
Authors: King George L. , Park Kyoungmin , Li Qian 
Published: May 2016

Th e Edwin Bierman Award Lecture is presented in honor of the memory of Edwin L. Bierman, MD, an exemplary scientist, mentor, and leader in the field of diabetes, obesity, hyperlipidemia, and atherosclerosis. The award and lecture recognizes a leading scientist in the field of macrovascular complications and contributing risk factors in diabetes. George L. King, MD, of the Section of Vascular Cell Biology and Complications, Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory for Diabetes Complications, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, received the prestigious award at the American Diabetes Association’s 75th Scientific Sessions, 5–9 June 2015, in Boston, MA. He presented the Edwin Bierman Award Lecture, “Selective Insulin Resistance and the Development of Cardiovascular Disease in Diabetes,” on Sunday, 7 June 2015.
This review is focused on the factors and potential mechanisms that are causing various cardiovascular pathologies. In diabetes, insulin’s actions on the endothelium and other vascular cells have significant influence on systemic metabolisms and the development of cardiovascular pathologies. Our studies showed that insulin receptors on the endothelium are important for insulin transport across the endothelial barrier and mediate insulin’s actions in muscle, heart, fat, and the brain. Insulin actions on the vascular cells are mediated by two pathways involving the actions of either IRS/PI3K/Akt or Grb/Shc/MAPK. Insulin’s activation of IRS/PI3K/Akt results in mostly antiatherogenic actions, as this pathway induces activation of eNOS, the expressions of HO-1 and VEGF, and the reduction of VCAM-1. In contrast, insulin’s activation of the Grb/Shc/MAPK pathway mediates the expressions of ET-1 and PAI-1 and migration and proliferation of contractile cells, which have proatherogenic actions. Elevated levels of glucose, free fatty acids, and inflammatory cytokines due to diabetes and insulin resistance selectively inhibit insulin’s antiatherogenic actions via the IRS/PI3K/Akt pathway. This review provides evidence to support the importance of insulin actions in preventing cardiovascular pathology that can be selectively inhibited via the IRS/PI3K/Akt cascade in diabetes.
Prandial Options to Advance Basal Insulin Glargine Therapy: Testing Lixisenatide Plus Basal Insulin Versus Insulin Glulisine Either as Basal-Plus or Basal-Bolus in Type 2 Diabetes: The GetGoal Duo-2 Trial
Authors: Rosenstock Julio , Guerci Bruno , Hanefeld Markolf , Gentile Sandro , Aronson Ronnie , Tinahones Francisco J. , Roy-Duval Christine , Souhami Elisabeth , Wardecki Marek , Ye Jenny , Perfetti Riccardo , Heller Simon 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
To provide evidence-based options on how to intensify basal insulin, we explored head-to-head prandial interventions in overweight patients with type 2 diabetes inadequately controlled on basal insulin glargine with or without 1–3 oral antidiabetic agents (OADs).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Patients were randomized to lixisenatide once daily or insulin glulisine given once or thrice daily, added to glargine, with or without metformin, if HbA1c remained ≥7 to ≤9% (≥53 to ≤75 mmol/mol) after 12 weeks of glargine optimization with OADs other than metformin stopped at the start of optimization. Coprimary end points at 26 weeks were 1) noninferiority (95% CI upper bound &lt;0.4% [&lt;4.4 mmol/mol]) in HbA1c reduction with lixisenatide versus glulisine once daily, and either 2a) noninferiority in HbA1c reduction for lixisenatide versus glulisine thrice daily or 2b) superiority in body weight change for lixisenatide versus glulisine thrice daily. Fasting and postprandial plasma glucose, composite efficacy/safety end points, and adverse events were also assessed.

RESULTS
Baseline characteristics were similar between arms (n = 298, diabetes and basal insulin duration of 12.2 and 3.2 years, respectively; BMI 32.2 kg/m2). HbA1c improved from 8.5% to 7.9% (69 to 63 mmol/mol) with glargine optimization and further to 7.2%, 7.2%, and 7.0% (55, 55, and 53 mmol/mol) with lixisenatide and glulisine once daily and thrice daily, respectively; all coprimary end points were met. Symptomatic hypoglycemia and body weight were lower in lixisenatide versus glulisine patients. More gastrointestinal events occurred with lixisenatide.

CONCLUSIONS
Short-acting glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists as add-on to basal insulin may become a preferred treatment intensification option, attaining meaningful glycemic targets with fewer hypoglycemic events without weight gain versus basal-plus or basal-bolus in uncontrolled basal insulin-treated type 2 diabetes.
Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease Is Associated With Ventricular Arrhythmias in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes Referred for Clinically Indicated 24-Hour Holter Monitoring
Authors: Mantovani Alessandro , Rigamonti Antonio , Bonapace Stefano , Bolzan Bruna , Pernigo Matteo , Morani Giovanni , Franceschini Lorenzo , Bergamini Corinna , Bertolini Lorenzo , Valbusa Filippo , Rigolon Riccardo , Pichiri Isabella , Zoppini Giacomo , Bonora Enzo , Violi Francesco , Targher Giovanni 
Published: May 2016

OBJECTIVE
Recent studies have suggested that nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is associated with an increased risk of heart rate–corrected QT interval prolongation and atrial fibrillation in patients with type 2 diabetes. Currently, no data exist regarding the relationship between NAFLD and ventricular arrhythmias in this patient population.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
We retrospectively analyzed the data of 330 outpatients with type 2 diabetes without preexisting atrial fibrillation, end-stage renal disease, or known liver diseases who had undergone 24-h Holter monitoring for clinical reasons between 2013 and 2015. Ventricular arrhythmias were defined as the presence of nonsustained ventricular tachycardia (VT), &gt;30 premature ventricular complexes (PVCs) per hour, or both. NAFLD was diagnosed by ultrasonography.

RESULTS
Compared with patients without NAFLD, those with NAFLD (n = 238, 72%) had a significantly higher prevalence of &gt;30 PVCs/h (19.3% vs. 6.5%, P &lt; 0.005), nonsustained VT (14.7% vs. 4.3%, P &lt; 0.005), or both (27.3% vs. 9.8%, P &lt; 0.001). NAFLD was associated with a 3.5-fold increased risk of ventricular arrhythmias (unadjusted odds ratio [OR] 3.47 [95% CI 1.65–7.30], P &lt; 0.001). This association remained significant even after adjusting for age, sex, BMI, smoking, hypertension, ischemic heart disease, valvular heart disease, chronic kidney disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, serum γ-glutamyltransferase levels, medication use, and left ventricular ejection fraction (adjusted OR 3.01 [95% CI 1.26–7.17], P = 0.013).

CONCLUSIONS
This is the first observational study to show that NAFLD is independently associated with an increased risk of prevalent ventricular arrhythmias in patients with type 2 diabetes.
SPECKLE INTERFEROMETRY AT SOAR IN 2015*
Authors: Tokovinin Andrei , Mason Brian D. , Hartkopf William I. , Mendez Rene A. , Horch Elliott P. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
The results of speckle interferometric observations at the Southern Astrophysical Research Telescope in 2015 are provided, totaling 1303 measurements of 924 resolved binary and multiple stars, and non-resolutions of 260 targets. The separations range from 12 mas to 3.″37 (median 0.″17); the maximum measured magnitude difference is 6.7 mag. We resolved 27 pairs for the first time, including 10 as inner or outer subsystems in previously known binaries, e.g., the 50 mas pair in ϵ Cha. Newly resolved pairs are commented upon. We discuss three apparently non-hierarchical systems that have been discovered in this series, arguing that their unusual configurations are the result of projection. The resolved quadruple system HIP 71510 is also studied.
DETAILED OPACITY COMPARISON FOR AN IMPROVED STELLAR MODELING OF THE ENVELOPES OF MASSIVE STARS
Authors: Turck-Chièze S. , Pennec M. Le , Ducret J. E. , Colgan J. , Kilcrease D. P. , Fontes C. J. , Magee N. , Gilleron F. , Pain J. C. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Seismic observations have led to doubts or ambiguities concerning the opacity calculations used in stellar physics. Here, we concentrate on the iron-group opacity peak, due to iron, nickel, and chromium, located around T = 200,000 K for densities from

, which creates some convective layers in stellar radiative envelopes for masses between 3 and 18

. These conditions were extensively studied in the 1980s. More recently, inconsistencies between OP and OPAL opacity calculations have complicated the interpretation of seismic observations as the iron-group opacity peak excites acoustic and gravity modes in SPB, β Cephei, and sdB stars. We investigate the reliability of the theoretical opacity calculations using the modern opacity codes ATOMIC and SCO-RCG. We show their temperature and density dependence for conditions that are achievable in the laboratory and equivalent to astrophysical conditions. We also compare new theoretical opacity spectra with OP spectra and quantify how different approximations impact the Rosseland mean calculations.This detailed study estimates new ATOMIC and SCO-RCG Rosseland mean values for astrophysical conditions which we compare to OP values. Some puzzling questions are still under investigation for iron, but we find a strong increase in the Rosseland mean nickel opacity of a factor between 2 and 6 compared to OP. This appears to be due to the use of extrapolated atomic data for the Ni opacity within the OP calculations. A study on chromium is also shown.
DUST COAGULATION IN THE VICINITY OF A GAP-OPENING JUPITER-MASS PLANET
Authors: Carballido Augusto , Matthews Lorin S. , Hyde Truell W. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We analyze the coagulation of dust in and around a gap opened by a Jupiter-mass planet. To this end, we carry out a high-resolution magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulation of the gap environment, which is turbulent due to the magnetorotational instability. From the MHD simulation, we obtain values of the gas velocities, densities, and turbulent stresses (a) close to the gap edge, (b) in one of the two gas streams that accrete onto the planet, (c) inside the low-density gap, and (d) outside the gap. The MHD values are then input into a Monte Carlo dust-coagulation algorithm which models grain sticking and compaction. We also introduce a simple implementation for bouncing, for comparison purposes. We consider two dust populations for each region: one whose initial size distribution is monodisperse, with monomer radius equal to 1 μm, and another one whose initial size distribution follows the Mathis–Rumpl–Nordsieck distribution for interstellar dust grains, with an initial range of monomer radii between 0.5 and 10 μm. Without bouncing, our Monte Carlo calculations show steady growth of dust aggregates in all regions, and the mass-weighted (m-w) average porosity of the initially monodisperse population reaches extremely high final values of 98%. The final m-w porosities in all other cases without bouncing range between 30% and 82%. The efficiency of compaction is due to high turbulent relative speeds between dust particles. When bouncing is introduced, growth is slowed down in the planetary wake and inside the gap. Future studies will need to explore the effect of different planet masses and electric charge on grains.
THE DENSE GAS IN THE LARGEST MOLECULAR COMPLEXES OF THE ANTENNAE: HCN AND HCO+ OBSERVATIONS OF NGC 4038/39 USING ALMA
Authors: Schirm Maximilien R. P. , Wilson Christine D. , Madden Suzanne C. , Clements Dave L. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
We present observations of the dense molecular gas tracers

,

, and

in the

transition using the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array. We supplement our data sets with previous observations of

, which trace the total molecular gas content. We separate the Antennae into seven bright regions in which we detect emission from all three molecules, including the nuclei of NGC 4038 and NGC 4039, five super giant molecular complexes in the overlap region, and two additional bright clouds. We find that the ratio of

, which traces the dense molecular gas fraction, is greater in the two nuclei (

) than in the overlap region (

). We attribute this to an increase in pressure due to the stellar potential within the nuclei; a similar effect to what has been seen previously in the Milky Way and nearby spiral galaxies. Furthermore, the ratio of

does not vary by more than a factor of 1.5 between regions. By comparing our measured ratios to photon dominated region (PDR) models including mechanical heating, we find that the ratio of

is consistent with mechanical heating contributing ≳5%–10% of the PDR surface heating to the total heating budget. Finally, the ratio of

varies from ∼1 in the nucleus of NGC 4038 down to ∼0.5 in the overlap region. The lower ratio in the overlap region may be due to an increase in the cosmic ray rate from the increased supernova rate within this region.
MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF WIND PRODUCTION FROM HOT ACCRETION FLOWS AROUND BLACK HOLES AT VERY LARGE RADII
Authors: Bu De-Fu , Yuan Feng , Gan Zhao-Ming , Yang Xiao-Hong 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Numerical simulations of hot accretion flows around black holes have shown the existence of strong wind. Those works focused only on the region close to the black hole and thus it is unknown whether or where the wind production stops at large radii. To address this question, we have recently performed hydrodynamic (HD) simulations by taking into account the gravitational potential of both the black hole and the nuclear star cluster. The latter is assumed to be proportional to

, with σ being the velocity dispersion of stars and r the distance from the center of the galaxy. It was found that when the gravity is dominated by nuclear stars, i.e., outside a radius

, winds can no longer be produced. That work, however, neglects the magnetic field, which is believed to play a crucial dynamical role in the accretion and thus must be taken into account. In this paper, we revisit this problem by performing magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations. We confirm the result of our previous paper, namely that wind cannot be produced in the region

. Our result, combined with recent results of Yuan et al., indicates that the formula describing the mass flux of wind,

, can only be applied to the region where the black hole potential is dominant. Here

is the mass accretion rate at the black hole horizon and the value of R

A
is similar to the Bondi radius.
Révolte et requête. Les gens de métiers et les conflits sociaux dans les villes de Flandre ( xiii e - xv e siècle
Authors: Haemers Jelle 
Published: May 2016

L’étude présentée ici montre que, avant tout, c’est par la requête et le dialogue politique que les gens de métiers des villes du comté de Flandre au bas Moyen Âge ont proposé des transformations concrètes de l’administration urbaine, et moins par la violence. Le but « commun » des rebelles était la modification d’une certaine situation sociale, économique ou administrative, vécue comme injuste – ce qui explique l’intensité de la lutte parfois acharnée dans laquelle ils se sont engagés. Cette étude suggère que l’usage de la violence ne paraît que comme deuxième ou ultime option pour les chefs des corps de métiers après l’usage des rituels de mobilisation, tandis que les manouvriers et les compagnons étaient plus enclins à recourir à la force. Cette hypothèse, à vérifier par d’autres études, pourrait expliquer pourquoi le dialogue et la violence sont des éléments essentiels et presque indissociables dans les révoltes urbaines au bas Moyen Âge. Par conséquent, cette étude montre que, si les historiens veulent vraiment comprendre les révoltes urbaines, mieux vaut étudier les traces d’encre que les rebelles ont laissées dans les archives, que celles du sang qu’on retrouve dans les récits de l’époque.
Summative Simulated-Based Assessment in Nursing Programs
Authors: Oermann Marilyn H. , Kardong-Edgren Suzan , Rizzolo Mary Anne 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Summative simulated-based assessments are intended to determine students' competence in practice. These assessments need to be carefully designed and implemented especially when the results are used to make high-stakes decisions.

Method:
Critical steps need to be followed to design simulations for summative assessment, ensure the validity of the assessment and reliability of the ratings, and train evaluators.

Results:
Guidelines for using simulation for assessment in nursing are suggested. The guidelines are based on the literature and the authors' experiences from a project that examined the feasibility of using simulation for determining students' competence in performance at the end of the nursing program.

Conclusion:

Summative simulation-based assessments need to be valid, measuring the knowledge and skills they are intended to, and reliable, with results being reproduced by different evaluators and by the same evaluator at another time. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(6):323–328.]
Evaluation Criteria for Nursing Student Application of Evidence-Based Practice: A Delphi Study
Authors: Bostwick Lina , Linden Lois 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Core clinical evaluation criteria do not exist for measuring prelicensure baccalaureate nursing students' application of evidence-based practice (EBP) during direct care assignments. The study objective was to achieve consensus among EBP nursing experts to create clinical criteria for faculty to use in evaluating students' application of EBP principles.

Method:
A three-round Delphi method was used. Experts were invited to participate in Web-based surveys. Data were analyzed using qualitative coding and categorizing. Quantitative analyses were descriptive calculations for rating and ranking.

Results:
Expert consensus occurred in the Delphi rounds. The study provides a set of 10 core clinical evaluation criteria for faculty evaluating students' progression toward competency in their application of EBP.

Conclusion:

A baccalaureate program curriculum requiring the use of Bostwick's EBP Core Clinical Evaluation Criteria will provide a clear definition for understanding basic core EBP competence as expected for the assessment of student learning. [
J Nurs Educ.
2016;55(5):336–341.]