bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Comparison of Drug Shortages in the Hospital Setting in the United States and Saudi Arabia: An Exploratory Analysis
Authors: Alsheikh Mona , Seoane-Vazquez Enrique , Rittenhouse Brian , Fox Erin R. , Fanikos John 
Published: May 2016

Background Drug shortages are a problem that has been growing in recent years. This problem has an impact on patient outcomes and public health. Most countries have been affected by a diversity of drug supply chain problems. Objective To assess explanations for differences in drug shortages reported in the hospital setting in Saudi Arabia (SA) and the United States (US). Methods Data were collected in May-June 2014 from Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH) and from 2 Saudi hospitals: King Abdulaziz University Hospital (KAUH) and King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Centre (KFSHRC). Drugs were classified using the World Health Organization (WHO) Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical (ATC) classification system. The drug shortages among the hospitals were compared using descriptive statistics and a chi-square test. Results The percentage of the total number of active ingredients reported in shortage was higher in the US hospital setting (15.1%) than in the Saudi hospitals (10.3%) ( p < .0001). KAUH reported the highest number of shortages ( n = 133), followed by BWH ( n = 42) and KFSHRC ( n = 27). A significantly higher percentage of shortages involved injectable drugs in the US hospital setting (78.1%) than the Saudi hospitals (34.43%) ( p ≤ .0001). Nervous system (17%) and alimentary tract and metabolism agents (15.7%) were the therapeutic areas with the higher number of reported shortages in the US and SA hospital settings, respectively. Conclusions The number and characteristics of shortages varied by country and hospital. Several factors, including differences in hospital characteristics, number and type of drugs available, and procurement systems, may explain differences in reported shortages.
Utilization of Pharmacy Technicians to Increase the Accuracy of Patient Medication Histories Obtained in the Emergency Department
Authors: Rubin Ellen C. , Pisupati Radhika , Nerenberg Steven F. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose The purpose of this study is to determine the accuracy of a pharmacy technician–collected medication history pilot program in the emergency department. This was completed by reviewing all elements of the technician activity by direct observation and by verifying the technician-collected medication list through a second phone call by a pharmacist to the outpatient pharmacy. Methods This was a retrospective, single-center study conducted from March to April 2015. Four certified pharmacy technicians were trained by a postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) pharmacy practice resident on how to collect, verify, and accurately enter medication histories into the electronic medical record. Accuracy of pharmacy technician–collected medication histories was verified by a pharmacist through observation of their patient interviews, review of technician-completed medication history forms, and by contacting the patient's outpatient pharmacy. Results The pharmacy technician–completed medication histories resulted in an absolute risk reduction of errors of 50% and a relative risk reduction of errors of 77% ( p < .001) in comparison to medication histories collected by non-pharmacy personnel. Conclusion With high accuracy rates, pharmacy technicians proved to be a valuable asset to the medication history process and can enhance patient safety during care transitions. The results of this study further support the Pharmacy Practice Model Initiative vision to advance the pharmacy technician role to improve the process of medication history taking and reconciliation within the health care system.
Personal narrative journalism and podcasting
Authors: Lindgren Mia 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In her book Speaking Personally (2013), Rosalind Coward maps the rise of a new cultural form – confessional storytelling in journalism. She refers to this first-person writing as perhaps the ‘biggest growth area of journalism’ (12). Interviewees and journalists alike are sharing their real-life experiences, especially suited for the more intimate and personal environments of online media. These personal stories often deal with topics that might appear trivial and domestic, and ‘the inner emotional life, the opposite of subjects considered proper journalism’ (2013: 8). This is an area that has so far received limited critical attention. This article investigates the rise of personal audio narratives in the context of podcasting. It argues that the movement towards personal narratives is intrinsically linked to the intimate nature of the audio medium. Nowhere is this trend more obvious than in recent podcast developments, where US podcasts lead the way with personal and subjective approaches to storytelling. The rapid growth of this storytelling style is escalated by recent experimentation in form and genre, afforded by podcasting, liberated from broadcast conventions and schedules. This article builds on Coward’s study of print journalism and extends it to audio forms in those podcasts. It identifies through a critical analysis of three US podcasts an emerging genre of personal narrative journalism in podcasting.
How podcasting is changing the audio storytelling genre
Authors: McHugh Siobhán 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This article explores the impact of the post-2014 podcast resurgence on non-fictional audio storytelling formats. The empirical study comprises themed commentary by five significant US, European and Australian editors who commission and produce audio documentaries and features for broadcast and/or podcast. The article provides insights into the changing role played by public broadcasters, the growth of independent podcast networks and the perceived differences between radio and podcasting as a mode of delivering and receiving audio content. Of particular significance is the belief of senior commissioning editors that podcasting is fomenting a new, more informal, genre of audio narrative feature centred on a strong relationship between host and listener, with content that is ‘talkier’ and less crafted. The US audio storytelling podcast sector is growing fast, and much of it has links to a public media ethos, but how to resource it without compromising its editorial independence remains unresolved.
Podcasting: Considering the evolution of the medium and its association with the word ‘radio’
Authors: Berry Richard 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
When evaluating any new medium or technology we often turn to the familiar as a point of reference. Podcasting was no different, drawing obvious comparisons with radio. While there are traits within all podcasts that are radiogenic, one must also consider whether such distinctions are beneficial to the medium. Indeed, one might argue that when one considers the manner in which podcasts are created and consumed then there is an increasing sense in which podcasting can present itself as a distinct medium. While it is true to suggest that as an adaptable medium radio has simply evolved and podcasting is its latest iteration. In doing so, we might fail to appreciate the unique values that exist. In this article, I suggest that by considering podcasts on their terms we might begin to uncover new truths about a medium in change.
Excitability and Burst Generation of AVPV Kisspeptin Neurons Are Regulated by the Estrous Cycle Via Multiple Conductances Modulated by Estradiol Action
Authors: Wang Luhong , DeFazio Richard A. , Moenter Suzanne M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe preovulatory secretory surge of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is crucial for fertility and is regulated by a switch of estradiol feedback action from negative to positive. GnRH neurons likely receive estradiol feedback signals via ERα-expressing afferents. Kisspeptin neurons in anteroventral periventricular nucleus (AVPV) are thought to be critical for estradiol-positive feedback induction of the GnRH surge. We examined the electrophysiological properties of GFP-identified AVPV kisspeptin neurons in brain slices from mice on the afternoon of diestrus (negative feedback) and proestrus (positive feedback, time of surge). Extracellular recordings revealed increased firing frequency and action potential bursts on proestrus versus diestrus. Whole-cell recordings were used to study the intrinsic mechanisms of bursting. Upon depolarization, AVPV kisspeptin neurons exhibited tonic firing or depolarization-induced bursts (DIB). Both tonic and DIB cells exhibited bursts induced by rebound from hyperpolarization. DIB occurred similarly on both cycle stages, but rebound bursts were observed more often on proestrus. DIB and rebound bursts were both sensitive to Ni2+, suggesting that T-type Ca2+currents (ITs) are involved.ITcurrent density was greater on proestrus versus diestrus. In addition toIT, persistent sodium current (INaP) facilitated rebound bursting. On diestrus, 4-aminopyridine-sensitive potassium currents contributed to reduced rebound bursts in both tonic and DIB cells. Manipulation of specific sex steroids suggests that estradiol induces the changes that enhance AVPV kisspeptin neuron excitability on proestrus. These observations indicate cycle-driven changes in circulating estradiol increased overall action potential generation and burst firing in AVPV kisspeptin neurons on proestrus versus diestrus by regulating multiple intrinsic currents.
Electronic Health Records: Then, Now, and in the Future
Authors: Evans R. S. 
Published: May 2016

Summary
Objectives: Describe the state of Electronic Health Records (EHRs) in 1992 and their evolution by 2015 and where EHRs are expected to be in 25 years. Further to discuss the expectations for EHRs in 1992 and explore which of them were realized and what events accelerated or disrupted/derailed how EHRs evolved. Methods: Literature search based on “Electronic Health Record”, “Medical Record”, and “Medical Chart” using Medline, Google, Wikipedia Medical, and Cochrane Libraries resulted in an initial review of 2,356 abstracts and other information in papers and books. Additional papers and books were identified through the review of references cited in the initial review.
Results: By 1992, hardware had become more affordable, powerful, and compact and the use of personal computers, local area networks, and the Internet provided faster and easier access to medical information. EHRs were initially developed and used at academic medical facilities but since most have been replaced by large vendor EHRs. While EHR use has increased and clinicians are being prepared to practice in an EHR-mediated world, technical issues have been overshadowed by procedural, professional, social, political, and especially ethical issues as well as the need for compliance with standards and information security. There have been enormous advancements that have taken place, but many of the early expectations for EHRs have not been realized and current EHRs still do not meet the needs of today’s rapidly changing healthcare environment.
Conclusion: The current use of EHRs initiated by new technology would have been hard to foresee. Current and new EHR technology will help to provide international standards for interoperable applications that use health, social, economic, behavioral, and environmental data to communicate, interpret, and act intelligently upon complex healthcare information to foster precision medicine and a learning health system.
The ecology of methane in streams and rivers: patterns, controls, and global significance
Authors: Stanley Emily H. , Casson Nora J. , Christel Samuel T. , Crawford John T. , Loken Luke C. , Oliver Samantha K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStreams and rivers can substantially modify organic carbon (OC) inputs from terrestrial landscapes, and much of this processing is the result of microbial respiration. While carbon dioxide (CO2) is the major end‐product of ecosystem respiration, methane (CH4) is also present in many fluvial environments even though methanogenesis typically requires anoxic conditions that may be scarce in these systems. Given recent recognition of the pervasiveness of this greenhouse gas in streams and rivers, we synthesized existing research and data to identify patterns and drivers of CH4, knowledge gaps, and research opportunities. This included examining the history of lotic CH4 research, creating a database of concentrations and fluxes (MethDB) to generate a global‐scale estimate of fluvial CH4 efflux, and developing a conceptual framework and using this framework to consider how human activities may modify fluvial CH4 dynamics. Current understanding of CH4 in streams and rivers has been strongly influenced by goals of understanding OC processing and quantifying the contribution of CH4 to ecosystem C fluxes. Less effort has been directed towards investigating processes that dictate in situ CH4 production and loss. CH4 makes a meager contribution to watershed or landscape C budgets, but streams and rivers are often significant CH4 sources to the atmosphere across these same spatial extents. Most fluvial systems are supersaturated with CH4 and we estimate an annual global emission of 26.8 Tg CH4, equivalent to ~15‐40% of wetland and lake effluxes, respectively. Less clear is the role of CH4 oxidation, methanogenesis, and total anaerobic respiration to whole ecosystem production and respiration. Controls on CH4 generation and persistence can be viewed in terms of proximate controls that influence methanogenesis (organic matter, temperature, alternative electron acceptors, nutrients) and distal geomorphic and hydrologic drivers. Multiple controls combined with its extreme redox status and low solubility result in high spatial and temporal variance of CH4 in fluvial environments, which presents a substantial challenge for understanding its larger‐scale dynamics. Further understanding of CH4 production and consumption, anaerobic metabolism, and ecosystem energetics in streams and rivers can be achieved through more directed studies and comparison with knowledge from terrestrial, wetland, and aquatic disciplines.
A general parameterized mathematical food web model that predicts a stable green world in the terrestrial ecosystem
Authors: Konno Kotaro 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTerrestrial ecosystems are generally green with vegetation and only a small part (<10%) of the total plant matter is consumed by herbivores annually, which means herbivore density is consistently low and stable. Nonetheless, the mechanism underlying this pattern has been unclear without suitable food web models for predicting the absolute density of the herbivore biomass in physical units. Here, I present a parameterized mathematical food web model describing three‐trophic‐level systems that can predict the biomass density of herbivores h (kg protein/m3) and carnivores c from factors such as nutritive values of plants (np, kg protein/m3), herbivores (nh), and carnivores (nc), searching efficiency (volume) of carnivores (S, m3·m−3·d−1 = d−1), eating efficiency (speed) of herbivores (eh) and carnivores (ec; m3·m−3·d−1 = d−1), respiratory decreases in biomasses (dh and dc, kg·kg−1·d−1 = d−1), absorption efficiencies αh and αc (ratios), and probabilities of carnivores preying on herbivores or carnivores, Phc and Pcc (ratios). The model predicts a stable equilibrium with low herbivore biomass h sufficient to keep the world green provided the food web consists of the three trophic levels, plants, herbivores, and carnivores; intraguild predation exists but is rarer than interguild predation (Phc > Pcc > 0); plants are less nutritive than animals (np < nh, nc); and carnivore searches huge volume daily while eating speed of herbivore is limited (S _ eh). These conditions are well‐realized in aboveground terrestrial ecosystems where plant‐rich “green worlds” are common, vs. animal‐rich belowground and aquatic ecosystems where some conditions are not realized. The h and c calculated from our model agreed well with those from empirical observations in forest ecosystems, where both h and c are within an order of magnitude of 100 mg (fresh biomass/m2 forest), and in savannah ecosystems. The model predicts that plant nutritive value np, digestibility of plants by herbivores αh, and herbivore eating speed eh are positively correlated with h and the intensity of herbivory, which theoretically explains the outdoor defensive effects of plant anti‐nutritive or quantitative defenses (e.g., tannins, protease inhibitors), and predicts that c and the carnivore/herbivore ratio c/h are positively correlated with the relative growth rate of herbivores Gh. The present model introduced parameterized realities into food web theory that previous models lack.
Homoclinic and Heteroclinic Motions in Economic Models with Exogenous Shocks
Authors: Akhmet Marat , Onur Fen Mehmet 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this study, we theoretically prove the presence of homoclinic and heteroclinic motions in the dynamics of economic models perturbed with exogenous shocks. An illustrative example based on the Kaldor model of the aggregate economy is presented.
Accuracy Problems of Numerical Calculation of Fractional Order Derivatives and Integrals Applying the Riemann-Liouville/Caputo Formulas
Authors: Brzeziński Dariusz W. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the paper there are presented and evaluated for effectiveness three methods of accuracy increase of fractional order derivatives and integrals computations for application with the Riemann-Liouville/Caputo formulas. They are based on the ideas of either transforming difficult integrand in the formulas to high-accuracy computations requirements of a applied method of numerical integration or adapting a numerical method of integration to handle with high-accuracy a difficult feature in the integrand. Additional accuracy gain is obtained by incorporating increased precision into computations. The actual accuracy improvement by applying presented methods is compared with the capabilities of wide range of available methods of integration.
A model for the operations to render epidemic-free a hog farm infected by the Aujeszky
disease
Authors: Costamagna A. , Drigo M. , Martini M. , Sona B. , Venturino E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We present here a case study for modelling the control of the Aujeszky disease, in a farm declared virus-free. The model is validated on the available data. Simulations are performed to assess different containment strategies for the epidemic. Final recommendations indicate that a strict reduction of biohazards in the farrowing unit should be enforced. Also neglecting the third inoculation in the vaccination protocol leads to a sensible and quantifiable increase of the prevalence of the disease. The findings indicate that it is more important to keep biosafety at a high level in the farrowing unit rather than strive for the highest standards in the gestation unit. Also the importance of a properly implemented vaccination appears fundamental, and its absence can be quantified via our simulations.
Computing Eccentric Version of Second Zagreb Index of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHk)
Authors: Jamil Muhammad Kamran , Farahani Mohammad Reza , Imran Muhammad , Ali Malik Mehar 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
A Recently, Ghorbani et. al. introduced the eccentric versions of first and second Zagreb indices called third and fourth Zagreb indices defined asM
3 (G) = Σ
uv∊E
(G) (ε (u) + ε (ν)) and M
4 (G) = Σ
ν∊V(G)
ε (ν)2, respectively, where ε (ν)is the eccentricity of the vertex ν. In this paper, we compute the closed formula for third Zagreb index of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAH
k
).
On the classical and nonclassical symmetries of a generalized Gardner equation
Authors: de la Rosa R. , Bruzón M.S. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we consider a generalized Gardner equation from the point of view of classical and nonclassical symmetries in partial differential equations. We perform a complete analysis of the symmetry reductions by using the similarity variables and the similarity solutions which allow us to reduce our equation into an ordinary differential equation. Moreover, we prove that the nonclassical method applied to the equation leads to new symmetries, which cannot be obtained by using the Lie classical method. Finally, we calculate exact travelling wave solutions of the equation by using the simplest equation method.
Academic Dysfunction After a Concussion Among US High School and College Students
Authors: Wasserman Erin B. , Bazarian Jeffrey J. , Mapstone Mark , Block Robert , van Wijngaarden Edwin 
Published: May 2016

Objectives. To determine whether concussed students experience greater academic dysfunction than students who sustain other injuries. Methods. We conducted a prospective cohort study from September 2013 through January 2015 involving high school and college students who visited 3 emergency departments in the Rochester, New York, area. Using telephone surveys, we compared self-reported academic dysfunction between 70 students with concussions and a comparison group of 108 students with extremity injuries at 1 week and 1 month after injury. Results. At 1 week after injury, academic dysfunction scores were approximately 16 points higher (b = 16.20; 95% confidence interval = 6.39, 26.00) on a 174-point scale in the concussed group than in the extremity injury group. Although there were no differences overall at 1-month after injury, female students in the concussion group and those with a history of 2 or more prior concussions were more likely to report academic dysfunction. Conclusions. Our results showed academic dysfunction among concussed students, especially female students and those with multiple prior concussions, 1 week after their injury. Such effects appeared to largely resolve after 1 month. Our findings support the need for academic adjustments for concussed students.
From Design to Dissemination: Implementing Community-Based Participatory Research in Postdisaster Communities
Authors: Lichtveld Maureen , Kennedy Suzanne , Krouse Rebecca Z. , Grimsley Faye , El-Dahr Jane , Bordelon Keith , Sterling Yvonne , White LuAnn , Barlow Natasha , DeGruy Shannon , Paul Dorothy , Denham Stacey , Hayes Claire , Sanders Margaret , Mvula Mosanda M. , Thornton Eleanor , Chulada Patricia , Mitchell Herman , Martin William J. , Stephens Kevin U. , Cohn Richard D. 
Published: May 2016

Objectives. To review how disasters introduce unique challenges to conducting population-based research and community-based participatory research (CBPR).Methods. From 2007–2009, we conducted the Head-off Environmental Asthma in Louisiana (HEAL) Study in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in a Gulf Coast community facing an unprecedented triple burden: Katrina’s and other disasters’ impact on the environment and health, historic health disparities, and persistent environmental health threats.Results. The unique triple burden influenced every research component; still, most existing CBPR principles were applicable, even though full adherence was not always feasible and additional tailored principles govern postdisaster settings.Conclusions. Even in the most challenging postdisaster conditions, CBPR can be successfully designed, implemented, and disseminated while adhering to scientific rigor.