bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
TH‐F‐209‐00: Pitfalls: Reliability and Performance of Diagnostic X‐Ray Sources
Authors: Behling Rolf 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:Performance and reliability of medical X‐ray tubes for imaging are crucial from an ethical, clinical and economic perspective. This lecture will deliver insight into the aspects to consider during the decision making process to invest in X‐ray imaging equipment. Outdated metric still hampers realistic product comparison. It is time to change this and to comply with latest standards, which consider current technology. Failure modes and ways to avoid down‐time of the equipment shall be discussed. In view of the increasing number of interventional procedures and the hazards associated with ionizing radiation, toxic contrast agents, and the combination thereof, the aspect of system reliability is of paramount importance.Methods:A comprehensive picture of trends for different modalities (CT, angiography, general radiology) has been drawn and led to the development of novel X‐ray tube technology.Results:Recent X‐ray tubes feature enhanced reliability and unprecedented performance. Relevant metrics for product comparison still have to be implemented in practice.Conclusion:The speed of scientific and industrial development of new diagnostic and therapeutic X‐ray sources remains tremendous. Still, users suffer from gaps between desire and reality in day‐to‐day diagnostic routine. X‐ray sources are still limiting cutting‐edge medical procedures. Side‐effects of wear and tear, limitations of the clinical work flow, costs, the characteristics of the X‐ray spectrum and others topics need to be further addressed. New applications and modalities, like detection‐based color‐resolved X‐ray and phase‐contrast / dark‐field imaging will impact the course of new developments of X‐ray sources.

Learning Objectives:
Understand the basic requirements on medical diagnostic X‐ray sources per modality
Learn to select the optimal equipment employing state‐of‐the‐art metric
Know causes of failures, depending on the way X‐ray sources are operated
Understand methods to remediate critical situations
Understand the meaning of different warranty modelsI am employee of Royal Philips; R. Behling, No external funding. I am employee of Royal Philips.
TH‐F‐209‐01: Pitfalls: Reliability and Performance of Diagnostic X‐Ray Sources
Authors: Behling R. 
Published: July 2016

Purpose:Performance and reliability of medical X‐ray tubes for imaging are crucial from an ethical, clinical and economic perspective. This lecture will deliver insight into the aspects to consider during the decision making process to invest in X‐ray imaging equipment. Outdated metric still hampers realistic product comparison. It is time to change this and to comply with latest standards, which consider current technology. Failure modes and ways to avoid down‐time of the equipment shall be discussed. In view of the increasing number of interventional procedures and the hazards associated with ionizing radiation, toxic contrast agents, and the combination thereof, the aspect of system reliability is of paramount importance.Methods:A comprehensive picture of trends for different modalities (CT, angiography, general radiology) has been drawn and led to the development of novel X‐ray tube technology.Results:Recent X‐ray tubes feature enhanced reliability and unprecedented performance. Relevant metrics for product comparison still have to be implemented in practice.Conclusion:The speed of scientific and industrial development of new diagnostic and therapeutic X‐ray sources remains tremendous. Still, users suffer from gaps between desire and reality in day‐to‐day diagnostic routine. X‐ray sources are still limiting cutting‐edge medical procedures. Side‐effects of wear and tear, limitations of the clinical work flow, costs, the characteristics of the X‐ray spectrum and others topics need to be further addressed. New applications and modalities, like detection‐based color‐resolved X‐ray and phase‐contrast / dark‐field imaging will impact the course of new developments of X‐ray sources.

Learning Objectives:
Understand the basic requirements on medical diagnostic X‐ray sources per modality
Learn to select the optimal equipment employing state‐of‐the‐art metric
Know causes of failures, depending on the way X‐ray sources are operated
Understand methods to remediate critical situations
Understand the meaning of different warranty modelsI am employee of Royal Philips; R. Behling, No external funding. I am employee of Royal Philips.
Research funding for addressing tobacco-related disease: an analysis of UK investment between 2008 and 2012
Authors: Hall Mary , Bogdanovica Ilze , Britton John 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionTobacco use is the leading cause of preventable death in the UK. However, research spending on tobacco-related disease, and particularly smoking prevention, is thought to be low. We therefore aimed to assess the relation between tobacco-related research investment and disease burden from 2008 to 2012.MethodsWe used the Health Research Classification System to classify UK government and charitable research funding by broad health category and then by tobacco prevention research and 18 WHO defined tobacco-related diseases. We used UK mortality figures to calculate disease-specific tobacco attributable deaths and then compared disease specific and tobacco prevention research investment with all cause and tobacco attributable mortality over the 5-year period and as annual averages.Results12 922 research grants were identified with a total value of £6.69bn, an annual average of £1.34bn. Annually an average of 110 000 people die from tobacco-related disease, approximately 20% of total deaths. £130m is invested in researching tobacco-related disease each year and £5m on tobacco prevention, 10.8% and 0.42% of total annual research funding, respectively. Prevention research equated to an annual average of £46 per tobacco attributable death or one pound for every £29 spent on tobacco-related disease. Funding varied widely for diseases with different numbers of deaths (eg, lung cancer £68 per all cause death, cervical cancer £2500), similar numbers of deaths (leukaemia £983 per death, stomach cancer £43) or similar numbers of tobacco attributable deaths (eg, colorectal cancer £5k, pancreatic cancer £670, bladder cancer £340).ConclusionsTobacco-related research funding is not related to burden of disease or level of risk. As a result certain diseases receive a disproportionately low level of research funding and disease prevention funding is even lower.
Adjuvant therapy for highly malignant canine mammary tumours: Cox‐2 inhibitor versus chemotherapy: a case–control prospective study
Authors: Arenas C. , Peña L. , Granados‐Soler J. L. , Pérez‐Alenza M. D. 
Published: July 2016

Cyclooxygenase‐2 (Cox‐2) enzyme participates in different steps of the carcinogenetic process and in canine mammary tumours (CMTs), a high expression of Cox‐2 is associated with malignancy and tumour angiogenesis. The objectives of the study were to evaluate the disease‐free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS) of a Cox‐2 inhibitor as adjuvant therapy in dogs with highly malignant (HM)‐CMTs and compare it with that of dogs treated with chemotherapy and with control dogs. Twenty‐eight dogs were prospectively included. After surgery, dogs were alternatively allocated into two treatment groups (chemotherapy with mitoxantrone n=8; Cox‐2 inhibitor, firocoxib n=7). Control group (n=13) included dogs whose owners rejected adjuvant therapy. All dogs were followed up for two years or until death. The DFS was significantly higher in dogs that received adjuvant treatment (mitoxantrone or firocoxib) (P=0.030) than in control dogs. Dogs on firocoxib treatment had significantly higher DFS (P=0.015) and OS (P=0.048) than control dogs. The DFS and OS of dogs on mitoxantrone treatment were not statistically different from controls. In conclusion, this study supports the use of firocoxib for the treatment of HM‐CMTs. Further studies are needed to compare the efficacy of chemotherapy drugs versus Cox‐2 inhibitors as adjuvant treatment in these cases.
A Survey on Wireless Indoor Localization from the Device Perspective
Authors: Xiao Jiang , Zhou Zimu , Yi Youwen , Ni Lionel M. 
Published: July 2016

With the marvelous development of wireless techniques and ubiquitous deployment of wireless systems indoors, myriad indoor location-based services (ILBSs) have permeated into numerous aspects of modern life. The most fundamental functionality is to pinpoint the location of the target via wireless devices. According to how wireless devices interact with the target, wireless indoor localization schemes roughly fall into two categories: device based and device free. In device-based localization, a wireless device (e.g., a smartphone) is attached to the target and computes its location through cooperation with other deployed wireless devices. In device-free localization, the target carries no wireless devices, while the wireless infrastructure deployed in the environment determines the target’s location by analyzing its impact on wireless signals.
This article is intended to offer a comprehensive state-of-the-art survey on wireless indoor localization from the device perspective. In this survey, we review the recent advances in both modes by elaborating on the underlying wireless modalities, basic localization principles, and data fusion techniques, with special emphasis on emerging trends in (1) leveraging smartphones to integrate wireless and sensor capabilities and extend to the social context for device-based localization, and (2) extracting specific wireless features to trigger novel human-centric device-free localization. We comprehensively compare each scheme in terms of accuracy, cost, scalability, and energy efficiency. Furthermore, we take a first look at intrinsic technical challenges in both categories and identify several open research issues associated with these new challenges.
Experimental Analysis of Space-Bounded Schedulers
Authors: Simhadri Harsha Vardhan , Blelloch Guy E. , Fineman Jeremy T. , Gibbons Phillip B. , Kyrola Aapo 
Published: July 2016

The running time of nested parallel programs on shared-memory machines depends in significant part on how well the scheduler mapping the program to the machine is optimized for the organization of caches and processor cores on the machine. Recent work proposed “space-bounded schedulers” for scheduling such programs on the multilevel cache hierarchies of current machines. The main benefit of this class of schedulers is that they provably preserve locality of the program at every level in the hierarchy, which can result in fewer cache misses and better use of bandwidth than the popular work-stealing scheduler. On the other hand, compared to work stealing, space-bounded schedulers are inferior at load balancing and may have greater scheduling overheads, raising the question as to the relative effectiveness of the two schedulers in practice.
In this article, we provide the first experimental study aimed at addressing this question. To facilitate this study, we built a flexible experimental framework with separate interfaces for programs and schedulers. This enables a head-to-head comparison of the relative strengths of schedulers in terms of running times and cache miss counts across a range of benchmarks. (The framework is validated by comparisons with the Intel® Cilk™ Plus work-stealing scheduler.) We present experimental results on a 32-core Xeon® 7560 comparing work stealing, hierarchy-minded work stealing, and two variants of space-bounded schedulers on both divide-and-conquer microbenchmarks and some popular algorithmic kernels. Our results indicate that space-bounded schedulers reduce the number of L3 cache misses compared to work-stealing schedulers by 25% to 65% for most of the benchmarks, but incur up to 27% additional scheduler and load-imbalance overhead. Only for memory-intensive benchmarks can the reduction in cache misses overcome the added overhead, resulting in up to a 25% improvement in running time for synthetic benchmarks and about 20% improvement for algorithmic kernels. We also quantify runtime improvements varying the available bandwidth per core (the “bandwidth gap”) and show up to 50% improvements in the running times of kernels as this gap increases fourfold. As part of our study, we generalize prior definitions of space-bounded schedulers to allow for more practical variants (while still preserving their guarantees) and explore implementation tradeoffs.
A Service System with Randomly Behaving On-demand Agents
Authors: Nguyen Lam M. , Stolyar Alexander L. 
Published: July 2016

We consider a service system where agents (or, servers) are invited on-demand. Customers arrive as a Poisson process and join a customer queue. Customer service times are i.i.d. exponential. Agents' behavior is random in two respects. First, they can be invited into the system exogenously, and join the agent queue after a random time. Second, with some probability they rejoin the agent queue after a service completion, and otherwise leave the system. The objective is to design a real-time adaptive agent invitation scheme that keeps both customer and agent queues/waiting-times small. We study an adaptive scheme, which controls the number of pending agent invitations, based on queue-state feedback.
We study the system process fluid limits, in the asymptotic regime where the customer arrival rate goes to infinity. We use the machinery of switched linear systems and common quadratic Lyapunov functions to derive sufficient conditions for the local stability of fluid limits at the desired equilibrium point (with zero queues). We conjecture that, for our model, local stability is in fact sufficient for global stability of fluid limits; the validity of this conjecture is supported by numerical and simulation experiments. When the local stability conditions do hold, simulations show good overall performance of the scheme.
Time-Based Bandwidth Allocation for Heterogeneous Storage
Authors: Wang Hui , Varman Peter 
Published: July 2016

Providing fairness and system efficiency are important, often conflicting, requirements when allocating shared resources. In a hybrid storage system the problem is complicated by the high variability in request service times, caused by speed differences between heterogeneous devices and workload-specific variations in access time within a device.
This paper describes a model for fair time-based resource allocation in a hybrid storage system that has better fairness and efficiency than traditional IOPS-based schemes. An analytical model is developed and an optimal algorithm for fairly allocating device times to applications while maximizing the system throughput or utilization is presented. The results are validated using Linux implementations.
Reaching-related Neurons in Superior Parietal Area 5: Influence of the Target Visibility
Authors: Brunamonti Emiliano , Genovesio Aldo , Pani Pierpaolo , Caminiti Roberto , Ferraina Stefano 
Published: July 2016

AbstractReaching movements require the integration of both somatic and visual information. These signals can have different relevance, depending on whether reaches are performed toward visual or memorized targets. We tested the hypothesis that under such conditions, therefore depending on target visibility, posterior parietal neurons integrate differently somatic and visual signals. Monkeys were trained to execute both types of reaches from different hand resting positions and in total darkness. Neural activity was recorded in Area 5 (PE) and analyzed by focusing on the preparatory epoch, that is, before movement initiation. Many neurons were influenced by the initial hand position, and most of them were further modulated by the target visibility. For the same starting position, we found a prevalence of neurons with activity that differed depending on whether hand movement was performed toward memorized or visual targets. This result suggests that posterior parietal cortex integrates available signals in a flexible way based on contextual demands.
Visual Category Learning Results in Rapid Changes in Brain Activation Reflecting Sensitivity to the Category Relation between Perceived Objects and to Decision Correctness
Authors: Hammer Rubi , Sloutsky Vladimir 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Little is known about the time scales in which sensitivity to novel category identity may become evident in visual and executive cortices in visual category learning (VCL) tasks and the nature of such changes in brain activation. We used fMRI to investigate the processing of category information and trial-by-trial feedback information. In each VCL task, stimuli differed in three feature dimensions. In each trial, either two same-category stimuli or two different-categories stimuli were presented. The participant had to learn which feature dimension was relevant for categorization based on the feedback that followed each categorization decision. We contrasted between same-category stimuli trials and different-category trials and between correct and incorrect categorization decision trials. In each trial, brain activation in the visual stimuli processing phase was modeled separately from activation during the later feedback processing phase. We found activation in the lateral occipital complex, indicating sensitivity to the category relation between stimuli, to be evident in VCL within only few learning trials. Specifically, greater lateral occipital complex activation was evident when same-category stimuli were presented than when different-category stimuli were presented. In the feedback processing phase, greater activation in both executive and visual cortices was evident primarily after “misdetections” of same-category stimuli. Implications regarding the contribution of different learning trials to VCL, and the respective role of key brain regions, at the onset of VCL, are discussed.
un Peacekeeping and the International Men and Women of the Ghana Armed Forces
Authors: Clune John V. 
Published: July 2016

This article argues that after 1973, participation in United Nations peacekeeping operations abroad enabled Ghanaian military personnel and their families to employ the infrastructure of international military cooperation to form an alternate global identity that was not simply larger than the nation-state. Ghanaian military families found the experiences of international military education and peacekeeping personally rewarding, but they also connected Ghanaians to global communities while weakening some national bonds. International military service provided Ghanaian families alternate strategies to negotiate economic insecurity in ways that strikingly resemble other diaspora communities, with an essential difference: in this case, Ghanaian soldiers families’ transnational identity still depended on functioning state agencies and international diplomatic processes to facilitate their travel.
Radar Observation of Evaporation and Implications for Quantitative Precipitation and Cooling Rate Estimation
Authors: Xie Xinxin , Evaristo Raquel , Troemel Silke , Saavedra Pablo , Simmer Clemens , Ryzhkov Alexander 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study analyzes radar observations of evaporation in rain and investigates its impact on surface rainfall and atmospheric cooling rates. A 1D model is used to examine the impact of raindrop evaporation on the evolution of the initial raindrop size distribution (DSD), the resulting reflectivity (Z), and differential reflectivity (ZDR) and surface rain rates. Raindrop evaporation leads to a decrease of Z and an increase of ZDR toward the surface because of the depletion of small raindrops that evaporate first and thus enhance the mean raindrop size. The latter effect, however, can be reduced because of the increasing temperature toward the surface and may even lead to a decrease of ZDR toward the surface. Two events with significant rain evaporation, observed simultaneously by a polarimetric X-band radar and a K-band Micro Rain Radar (MRR), offer quite detailed insight into the evaporation process. During the first event, which exhibits an initial ZDR > 1.5 dB in the upper rain column, raindrops undergo relatively weak evaporation as deduced from the decrease of the small raindrop fraction observed by the MRR. The second event is characterized by a lower initial ZDR < 0.5 dB with all raindrops evaporating before reaching the ground. A retrieval scheme for estimating the evaporation-related cooling rate and surface precipitation from polarimetric radar observations below the bright band is derived based on MRR observations. The algorithm is then used to simulate polarimetric X-band radar observations, which might mitigate uncertainties in the surface rainfall retrievals due to evaporation at far distances from the radars and in the case of beam blocking.
The Origin of Western European Warm-Season Prefrontal Convergence Lines
Authors: Dahl Johannes M. L. , Fischer Jannick 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The authors investigate the origin of prefrontal, warm-season convergence lines over western Europe using the Weather Research and Forecasting Model. These lines form east of the cold front in the warm sector of an extratropical cyclone, and they are frequently the focus for convective development. It is shown that these lines are related to a low-level thermal ridge that accompanies the base of an elevated mixed layer (EML) plume generated over the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa. Using Q-vector diagnostics, including the components that describe scalar and rotational quasigeostrophic frontogenesis, it is shown that the convergence line is associated with the rearrangement of the isentropes especially at the western periphery of the EML plume. The ascending branch of the resulting ageostrophic circulation coincides with the surface velocity convergence. The modeling results are supported by a 3-yr composite analysis of cold fronts with and without preceding convergence lines using NCEP–NCAR Reanalysis-1 data.
Research on impacts of mechanical vibrations on the production machine to its rate of change of technical state
Authors: Salokyová Štefánia , Krehel’ Radoslav , Pollák Martin , Kočiško Marek 
Published: July 2016

The article observes the amount of vibration on the bearing house of a turning lathe selected in advance through the change of the revolutions per minute and the thickness of the removed material in frontal type of lathe processing. Increase in mechanical vibration values depending on the value of nominal thickness of splinter was observed during changing technological parameters of the drilling process as a consequence of rotation speed of the motor. The vibration acceleration amplitude course changes depending on the frequencies are evaluated together for 400, 800 and 1200 motor r/min. A piezoelectric sensor of the type 4507B-004 from the Brüel & Kjaer Company was used for monitoring the frequency analysis of the vibration, which was attached to the bearing house of the lathe TOS SV 18RB. The vibration signal measured during the processing and during the time period is transformed through the means of a quick Fourier transformation to the frequency spectrum in the range of 3.0–10.0 kHz. Measured values of vibration acceleration amplitude were processed and evaluated by the SignalExpress software. Graphical abstract Unwanted vibration in machine tools like lathe is one of the main problems as it affects the quality of the machined parts and tool life and creates noise during machining operation. Bearings are of paramount importance to almost all forms of rotating machinery and are the most common among machine elements. The article describes in more detail the issue of vibrations created when machining the material by lathe turning. It also includes execution, experiment evaluation in this field, and comparison of measured vibrations’ acceleration amplitude values according to the standards. [Formula: see text][Formula: see text]