bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Atomic-level quantitative analysis of electronic functional materials by aberration-corrected STEM
Authors: Qu 曲 Wanbo 万博 , Zhao 赵 Zhihao 志昊 , Yang 杨 Yuxuan 宇轩 , Zhang 张 Yang 杨 , Guo 郭 Shengwu 生武 , Li 李 Fei 飞 , Ding 丁 Xiangdong 向东 , Sun 孙 Jun 军 , Wu 武 Haijun 海军 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The stable sub-angstrom resolution of the aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope (AC-STEM) makes it an advanced and practical characterization technique for all materials. Owing to the prosperous advancement in computational technology, specialized software and programs have emerged as potent facilitators across the entirety of electron microscopy characterization process. Utilizing advanced image processing algorithms promotes the rectification of image distortions, concurrently elevating the overall image quality to superior standards. Extracting high-resolution, pixel-level discrete information and converting it into atomic-scale, followed by performing statistical calculations on the physical matters of interest through quantitative analysis, represent an effective strategy to maximize the value of electron microscope images. The efficacious utilization of quantitative analysis of electron microscope images has become a progressively prominent consideration for materials scientists and electron microscopy researchers. This article offers a concise overview of the pivotal procedures in quantitative analysis and summarizes the computational methodologies involved from three perspectives: contrast, lattice and strain, as well as atomic displacements and polarization. It further elaborates on practical applications of these methods in electronic functional materials, notably in piezoelectrics/ferroelectrics and thermoelectrics. It emphasizes the indispensable role of quantitative analysis in fundamental theoretical research, elucidating the structure–property correlations in high-performance systems, and guiding synthesis strategies.
Liquid crystal droplets formation and stabilization during phase transition process
Authors: Meng 孟 Xia 霞 , Ye 叶 Jiayao 家耀 , Li 李 Ao 澳 , Zhu 朱 Xudong 徐栋 , Yang 杨 Zhaoyan 朝雁 , Wang 王 Lei 磊 , Li 李 Bingxiang 炳祥 , Lu 陆 Yanqing 延青 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The study of phase transition processes in liquid crystals (LCs) remains challenging. Most thermotropic LCs exhibit a narrow temperature range and a rapid phase transition from the isotropic (ISO) to the nematic (N) phase, which make it difficult to capture and manipulate the phase transition process. In this study, we observed the evolution of small droplets during the ISO–N phase transition in ferroelectric nematic (NF) LC RM734. After doping with metal nanoparticles (NPs), the temperature range of the phase transition broadened, and the droplets formed during the phase transition remained stable, with their diameter increasing linearly with temperature. In addition, droplets doped with NPs can be well controlled by an external electric field. This discovery not only aids in understanding the fundamental mechanisms of LC phase transitions but also provides a simple alternative method for preparing droplets, which is potentially valuable for applications in optoelectronic devices and sensors.
Determining the tilt of the Raman laser beam using an optical method for atom gravimeters
Authors: Luo 骆 Hua-Qing 华清 , Xu 徐 Yao-Yao 耀耀 , Cui 崔 Jia-Feng 嘉丰 , Deng 邓 Xiao-Bing 小兵 , Zhou 周 Min-Kang 敏康 , Duan 段 Xiao-Chun 小春 , Hu 胡 Zhong-Kun 忠坤 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The tilt of a Raman laser beam is a major systematic error in precision gravity measurement using atom interferometry. The conventional approach to evaluating this tilt error involves modulating the direction of the Raman laser beam and conducting time-consuming gravity measurements to identify the error minimum. In this work, we demonstrate a method to expediently determine the tilt of the Raman laser beam by transforming the tilt angle measurement into characterization of parallelism, which integrates the optical method of aligning the laser direction, commonly used in freely falling corner-cube gravimeters, into an atom gravimeter. A position-sensing detector (PSD) is utilized to quantitatively characterize the parallelism between the test beam and the reference beam, thus measuring the tilt precisely and rapidly. After carefully positioning the PSD and calibrating the relationship between the distance measured by the PSD and the tilt angle measured by the tiltmeter, we achieved a statistical uncertainty of less than 30 μrad in the tilt measurement. Furthermore, we compared the results obtained through this optical method with those from the conventional tilt modulation method for gravity measurement. The comparison validates that our optical method can achieve tilt determination with an accuracy level of better than 200 μrad, corresponding to a systematic error of 20 μGal in g measurement. This work has practical implications for real-world applications of atom gravimeters.
Progress in the creation of long-lived atmospheric luminous formations in a pulsed electric discharge with an electrolytic electrode
Authors: YAO 姚 Jingfeng 静锋 , LI 李 Jianfei 健飞 , ZHAO 赵 Shixin 世鑫 , YUAN 袁 Chengxun 承勋 , MIAO 苗 Lin 琳 , CHEN 陈 Nie 聂 , ASTAFIEV A. M. , KUDRYAVTSEV A. A. , SHABANOV G. D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This work presents an analysis of the research conducted in many countries in recent years on the so-called Gatchina discharge. The findings indicate that the Gatchina discharge exhibits the majority of the characteristics of natural ball lightning, making it the most effective method for reproducing and studying this phenomenon. To a large extent, our new results are based on experiments performed for the first time to visualize dust particles arising in an erosive emission, as well as the formation of vortex flows. These experiments make it possible to explain the ability of the Gatchina discharge to maintain its shape for a long time in the afterglow.
Contractual Interpretation
Authors: Yihan Goh 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the law relating to contractual interpretation in India. It explains that contractual interpretation in India is also an exercise in statutory interpretation. This is because the Indian Evidence Act 1872 limits the range of admissible evidence that can be used to interpret contracts. Since the Evidence Act was adopted in many former British colonies, its influence extends far beyond India. The chapter examines the inherent tension between staying true to the Evidence Act and the modern rules developed by common law courts. It explains that the correct approach to contractual interpretation in India is not to apply the predominant English approach without paying attention to the statutory framework provided by the Evidence Act.
Stipulated Sums and Limitation Clauses
Authors: Arvind TT 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the law governing stipulated sum clauses and limitation clauses in India. The clauses trigger direct conflict between the principle of freedom of contract and the principle that the law provides full compensation for breach. Moreover, the clauses are used in a very wide range of transaction types, ranging from employment contracts to complex, cross-border commercial transactions. Thus, the law on stipulated sum and limitation clauses is characterised by a lack of clarity and over-interventionism that contains a surprisingly large number of different approaches. The chapter notes the reconsideration needed on the approach of the courts to section 74 of the Indian Contract Act 1872.
The Action for the Agreed Sum and Specific Performance in Indian Law
Authors: Venkatesan Niranjan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses the action for the agreed sum and specific performance in Indian law. As to the former, it demonstrates that the law took a wrong turn in the 1960s by reason of the adoption by the Indian courts of the civilian doctrine of the ‘fiction of fulfilment’ and a misinterpretation of section 53 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872 (hereinafter ‘the Contract Act’). As to the latter, it explains the law relating to specific performance as it stood prior to the 2018 amendment to the Specific Relief Act, 1963, drawing on the legislative history and choices made by those responsible for drafting the predecessor to the current legislation in 1877. The final section of the chapter addresses the 2018 amendments and concludes that they are, to put it at its lowest, something of a mixed bag, introducing as they do a number of oddities or anomalies which Parliament did not foresee but are the effect of the words it used.
Contracting with the State
Authors: Chandrachud Chintan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses contracts with governments and public authorities. State contracts retain direct participation in several sectors of the economy despite nearly three decades having elapsed since the reforms of 1991. The chapter examines state contracts from the perspective of the parties to the contract before elaborating on the contract from the perspective of third parties. The principal challenge with regulating contracts with the state is to strike an appropriate balance between two competing objectives of the parties’ sufficient liberty of contract and commercial autonomy and the parties’ transparency and fairness. The chapter explains that courts have consistently imposed a high threshold for intervention in the process of contracting.
Alethic nihilism against paradox
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Chapter 2 introduces the Liar paradox, and explains how nihilism solves it. It then introduces a variety of other paradoxes concerning truth, such as Curry’s paradox and Yablo’s paradox. It also addresses the objection that, since the nihilist holds that nothing is true, they are committed to rejecting every claim. There is an Aristotelian argument that anyone who endorses the law of excluded middle is committed to bivalence. Nihilism endorses the former but rejects the latter, so the argument is an objection to nihilism; the chapter shows how rejecting propositions of the form &lt;&lt;p&gt; is true iff p&gt; defuses the argument. The chapter also contains an extended discussion of the Truth-teller and related ‘paradoxes of underdetermination’. It first discusses in detail what problem these cases raise, before showing how nihilism resolves these paradoxes.
Truth in philosophy
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Since truth-talk is often used in framing philosophical theories, nihilism threatens to trivialize worthwhile debates in philosophy. Two ways to respond this problem are discussed; different ones are appropriate in different cases. As a case study, the chapter examines the role of truth in norms of assertion and belief. It responds to an attack on deflationism made by Bar-On and Simmons. Beginning with the claim that to assert is to present as true, Bar-On and Simmons argue that deflationists cannot accept this analysis of assertion, but have no acceptable alternative analysis. The chapter shows how their argument threatens nihilism as well as deflationism; and it also shows how both nihilists and deflationists can respond to it. Finally, the chapter examines what the phenomena of ‘fake news’ and ‘post-truth’ have to do with nihilism. It shows that nihilism does not legitimize these tendencies—and that the nihilist can condemn these tendencies bitterly.
Conclusion
Authors: Liggins David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
First, the implications of the arguments in this book are summarized: nihilism provides elegant solutions to a wide range of paradoxes involving truth; the nihilist solutions are superior to the other responses already in the literature; nihilism is epistemologically superior to theories that posit truths. The conclusion then explains how the book constitutes a challenge to deflationism, and why its arguments weaken the case for positing propositions. Some methodological morals are also drawn. Metaphysicians and philosophers of language sometimes treat semantic paradoxes as annoying technical complications. This work shows that semantic paradoxes are actually valuable pieces of evidence for ontologists and should not be dismissed. Conversely, those working on truth and paradox sometimes treat metaphysics as unimportant, for example, by treating as unimportant what sorts of entities they select as truthbearers. But that attitude is also mistaken: reflection on metaphysics can help us solve a range of paradoxes.
Adapting the Holocaust: Martin Amis’ and Jonathan Glazer’s The Zone of Interest
Authors: Sandberg Eric 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Critics and reviewers have frequently dismissed the adaptive relationship between Martin Amis’ novel The Zone of Interest (2014) and Jonathan Glazer’s 2023 film of the same name. This essay argues that this is an inaccurate characterization of the connection between two works that respond to one of the main cultural challenges of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries: how best to represent the horrors of the Holocaust. Both, I argue, do so at least in part through strategies of adaptation, and should be seen not just as two parts of a source-text/adapted-text binary, but as part of a larger adaptive and intertextual network. This status has a direct impact on the overlapping ways they deal with the problematics of Holocaust representation. By addressing the challenges of Holocaust representation through strategies of adaptation, Amis’ novel and Glazer’s film reaffirm both the importance of the Holocaust to contemporary literary and cinematic culture and the importance of adaptation and adaptive processes to its representation.
Emulating target trials of postexposure vaccines using observational data
Authors: Boyer Christopher , Lipsitch Marc 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Postexposure vaccination has the potential to prevent or modify the course of clinical disease among those exposed to a pathogen. However, due to logistical constraints, postexposure vaccine trials have been difficult to implement in practice. In place of trials, investigators have used observational data to estimate the effectiveness or optimal timing window for postexposure vaccines, but the relationship between these analyses and those that would be conducted in a trial is often unclear. Here, we define several possible target trials for postexposure vaccination and show how, under certain conditions, they can be emulated using observational data. We emphasize the importance of the incubation period and the timing of vaccination in trial design and emulation. As an example, we specify a protocol for postexposure vaccination against mpox and provide a step-by-step description of how to emulate it using data from a healthcare database or contact tracing program. We further illustrate some of the benefits of the target trial approach through simulation.
Biased Mediators in Conflict Resolution
Authors: Salamanca Andrés 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
One of the most important and disputed questions within the fields of international relations and conflict studies concerns the issue of mediator impartiality. Should mediators be biased—supportive of one but not both of the main disputants—or should mediators always be impartial? This paper contributes to this debate by studying the effectiveness of mediation with regard to the role of mediator bias in a game-theoretic model of cheap talk. This study shows that the institutional design of a mediation process is affected by two factors: the relative degree of conflict and the incentives to misrepresent private information. We find that a necessary (but not always sufficient) condition for the success of a mediation process is a sufficiently low likelihood of a misrepresentation problem. If in addition, the relative degree of conflict is low enough, mediation is effective, and the institutional design of a mediation process is the same regardless of the bias. Otherwise, the design will be quite different depending on the direction of the bias. (JEL D63, D74, D82)
AGR – 2 The Multi-Dimensional Role of Neuropsychology in Diagnostically Complex Epilepsy Patients: Refining the Surgical Plan and Post-Operative Expectations
Authors: Sacks-Zimmerman Amanda , Lokai Andrew , Bender Heidi A , McInnis Robert , Ginalis Christine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
We present a case highlighting the importance of neuropsychological involvement at all phases of a pre-surgical epilepsy work-up, including clinical interview, neuropsychological evaluation, Wada testing, extra-operative electrical stimulation mapping (ESM), and psychoeducation.

Method
A 24-year-old, right-handed, Caucasian female presented with non-lesional, intractable left-hemisphere localization-related epilepsy characterized by frequent experiences of déjà vu and autonomic sensations.

Results
Neuropsychological evaluation revealed weaknesses in processing speed and verbal memory implicating left hippocampal involvement. Wada testing suggested minimal contralateral memory support, indicating poor candidacy for resective surgery. The patient underwent prolonged sEEG monitoring to refine a plan for device implantation (i.e., responsive neurostimulation; RNS). No typical events were captured during extended study. Episodic somatosensory changes were captured, which had no electrographic correlate and were presumed to be non-epileptic. ESM evoked the patient’s classic semiology, elucidating nuanced information about her seizure onset zone and network. Barriers to extended monitoring and consistent, reliable engagement during ESM included depression, anxiety, and trauma; considerable neuropsychologist-led emotional support was required. Typical seizure semiology was elicited during stimulation of entorhinal cortices, posterior and anterior hippocampi, amygdala, cingulate and insula. RNS placement included a depth electrode targeting the medial structures (via a posterior approach) with a sub-temporal strip.

Conclusions
Involvement of neocortical and mesial temporal structures, coupled with a clear neuropsychiatric component, were believed to be poly-etiological factors to the patient’s presentation. Neuropsychological input at all phases of pre-surgical assessment was instrumental in systematically identifying and addressing her complex needs. Psychotherapeutic intervention was suggested to be equally as important to clinical, long-term patient outcome.
Language Performance and Disruption of Brain Connectivity in Children with Epilepsy
Authors: Qi Wendy , Lee Katharine , Nix Kerry , Menchaca Miguel , Wu Wei , He Zihuai , Baumer Fiona 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objective
To explore the correlation between brain connectivity and language difficulties in children with epilepsy. We hypothesize that the epileptic cortex (where seizures arise) becomes hyperconnected to left frontal and temporal language regions thus suppressing connectivity between language regions. We expect that connectivity is associated with language performance.

Method
Right-handed children with Self-Limited Epilepsy with Centrotemporal Spikes (SeLECTS) recruited from a specialty clinic, and typically developing age and sex-matched controls (63 children, 9.3+/−2 years, 37% female) recruited from the community completed a language task (verb generation) and a resting task while undergoing an electroencephalogram. Phonological awareness was measured with the CTOPP-2. Connectivity between four regions – left frontal & temporal language regions and bilateral motor regions (epileptic cortices) – was measured using the weighted Phase Lag Index. We tested for group differences in connectivity in either task and for associations between connectivity and phonological awareness.

Results
SeLECTS had higher left frontal to left temporal connectivity than controls during verb generation (group difference = 0.07, 95% CI 0.02–0.11, p = 0.003) but not at rest. Right motor to left temporal connectivity was elevated in SeLECTS during verb generation (difference = 0.04, 95% CI 0.01–0.07, p = 0.008) and rest (difference = 0.03, 95% CI 0.01–0.05, p = 0.001). Higher right motor to left temporal (−55.8, 95% CI -81.5 to −30.1, p &lt; 0.0001) connectivity during verb generation was associated with poorer phonological awareness in SeLECTS but not controls. Resting connectivity was not associated with phonological awareness in either group.

Conclusions
Hyperconnectivity may contribute to language difficulties and electroencephalogram may be a biomarker for phonological awareness in children with epilepsy.
The Relevance of Dual Language Experience in Interhemispheric Brain Connectivity in Older Adults
Authors: Rosselli Monica , Lang Merike , Baty Zachary M , Velez-Uribe Idaly , Velasquez Karen , Barker Warren W , Duara Ranjan , Newman David , Asken Breton M , Armstrong Melissa , Curiel Rosie , Loewenstein David A , Smith Glenn , Coombes Stephen A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
to analyze the volumes of sections of the corpus callosum (CC) and the integrity of the interhemispheric fibers that connect homotopic regions of the frontal and temporal lobes in bilinguals and monolinguals and to correlate neuroimaging data with cognitive measures and bilingual variables.

Method
107 bilinguals and 89 monolinguals from the 1Florida ADRC were clinically diagnosed as cognitively normal (CN), MCI, or dementia; mean age = 71.28 (10.94). CC volume was calculated from a T1-weighted scan using Freesurfer. Free water (FW) and free water-corrected fractional anisotropy (FAt) maps were calculated from a diffusion MRI scan within frontal and temporal transcallosal tracts (TCATT).

Results
Bilinguals had a larger proportion of the anterior CC volume compared to monolinguals independent of the diagnostic group. FAt values in the Supplementary Motor Area (SMA) and the inferior temporal lobe tracts (IT TCATTs) were higher in bilinguals compared to monolinguals indicating better white matter integrity. A significant interaction demonstrated that these values were higher in bilinguals for the dementia group. Correlations were significant between the SMA FW values and several cognitive tests particularly executive function tests in both language groups. In bilinguals, the IT TCATTs correlated with language test scores. FAt in the SMA TCATT correlated with the percentage of English exposure and FAt in the IT TCATTs positively correlated with English proficiency.

Conclusions
Bilingualism interacts with cognitive status in aging and is associated with CC volume and the integrity of white matter in the frontal and temporal lobes supporting its role in the increase of neural reserve.