bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ketamine in the Prehospital Environment: A National Survey of Paramedics in the United States
Authors: Buckland Daniel M. , Crowe Remle P. , Cash Rebecca E. , Gondek Stephen , Maluso Patrick , Sirajuddin Sarah , Smith E. Reed , Dangerfield Paul , Shapiro Geoff , Wanka Christopher , Panchal Ashish R. , Sarani Babak 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundUse of ketamine in the prehospital setting may be advantageous due to its potent analgesic and sedative properties and favorable risk profile. Use in the military setting has demonstrated both efficacy and safety for pain relief. The purpose of this study was to assess ketamine training, use, and perceptions in the civilian setting among nationally certified paramedics (NRPs) in the United States.MethodsA cross-sectional survey of NRPs was performed. The electronic questionnaire assessed paramedic training, authorization, use, and perceptions of ketamine. Included in the analysis were completed surveys of paramedics who held one or more state paramedic credentials, indicated “patient care provider” as their primary role, and worked in non-military settings. Descriptive statistics were calculated.ResultsA total of 14,739 responses were obtained (response rate=23%), of which 10,737 (73%) met inclusion criteria and constituted the study cohort. Over one-half (53%) of paramedics reported learning about ketamine during their initial paramedic training. Meanwhile, 42% reported seeking ketamine-related education on their own. Of all respondents, only 33% (3,421/10,737) were authorized by protocol to use ketamine. Most commonly authorized uses included pain management (55%), rapid sequence intubation (RSI; 72%), and chemical restraint/sedation (72%). One-third of authorized providers (1,107/3,350) had never administered ketamine, with another 32% (1,070/3,350) having administered ketamine less than five times in their career. Ketamine was perceived to be safe and effective as the vast majority reported that they were comfortable with the use of ketamine (94%) and would, in similar situations (95%), use it again.ConclusionThis was the first large, national survey to assess ketamine training, use, and perceptions among paramedics in the civilian prehospital setting. While training related to ketamine use was commonly reported among paramedics, few were authorized to administer the drug by their agency’s protocols. Of those authorized to use ketamine, most paramedics had limited experience administering the drug. Future research is needed to determine why the prevalence of ketamine use is low and to assess the safety and efficacy of ketamine use in the prehospital setting.BucklandDM, CroweRP, CashRE, GondekS, MalusoP, SirajuddinS, SmithER, DangerfieldP, ShapiroG, WankaC, PanchalAR, SaraniB. Ketamine in the prehospital environment: a national survey of paramedics in the United States. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2018;33(1):23–28.
Diverse Pre-Treatment Effects in Survey Experiments
Authors: Linos Katerina , Twist Kimberly 
Published: December 2017

AbstractResearchers using survey experiments typically assume respondents are blank slates, encountering information for the first time. We study how prior real-world information dissemination through the mass media shapes experimental results. We show prior exposure can lead us to both under- and overestimate true framing effects in experiments. Message clarity moderates the impact of pre-treatment, with clear information more likely to produce pre-treatment effects than unclear information.
Gesundheitsschutz in nephrologischen Krankenhausfachabteilungen
Authors: Girndt Matthias 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungIn nephrologischen Krankenhausfachabteilungen werden häufig multimorbide Patienten betreut. Dies stellt in vielerlei Hinsicht eine
Herausforderung für das betreuende medizinische Personal dar. So sind die Patienten häufiger als in mancher anderen Fachabteilung hochbetagt
und immobil. In diesem Beitrag soll nicht von den physischen und psychischen Belastungen die Rede sein, dem sich das Krankenhauspersonal
zweifellos ausgesetzt sieht, sondern es wird auf die infektiologischen und hygienischen Besonderheiten eingegangen.
Gesundheitsschutz in der nephrologischen Praxis
Authors: Weinreich Thomas , Gsell Angelika 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungGesundheitsschutz wird in der modernen Betriebsführung immer mehr zu einer Kernaufgabe des Personalmanagements. Nicht nur die Verantwortung
des Arbeitgebers für den Schutz der Mitarbeiterinnen und Mitarbeiter vor gesundheitlichen Gefährdungen am Arbeitsplatz und der Verhütung
entsprechender Schädigungen wird hierunter verstanden, sondern auch die Entwicklung von Programmen und Strukturen zur Stärkung der
Eigenverantwortung des Mitarbeiters für den Erhalt der eigenen Gesundheit und Leistungsfähigkeit. Gesunde Mitarbeiter, aber auch durch
entsprechende Maßnahmen motivierte Mitarbeiter zu finden und zu halten, kann ein wichtiger strategischer Vorteil für alle Arten von
Unternehmungen – auch für nephrologische Praxen – sein. Vielfach tun sich Arztpraxen noch schwer im Umgang mit dem Thema Arbeits- und
Gesundheitsschutz, obwohl der Gesetzgeber die letztendliche Verantwortung für dieses Thema eindeutig beim Arbeitgeber ansiedelt, auch wenn
dieser innerbetriebliche Aufgaben an Mitarbeiter weiter delegieren kann. Hier gilt es, sowohl in Hinblick auf die Umsetzung der gesetzlichen
Auflagen als auch aus betriebswirtschaftlichem Interesse entsprechende Strukturen und Initiativen aufzubauen. Komponenten des
Gesundheitsschutzes, gesetzliche Auflagen und weitergehende unterstützende Informationen zu Einzelfragen werden im Folgenden diskutiert.
Riskante Operationsindikationen bei Shuntanlage und Shuntrevision
Authors: Krönung Gerhard 
Published: December 2017

ZusammenfassungShuntanlage und Shunterhalt erfordern bei schwierigen Gefäßverhältnissen nicht selten die Inkaufnahme eines erhöhten Komplikationsrisikos,
wie beispielsweise einer Infektion, eines Stealsyndroms oder einer Stauungssymptomatik. In diesen Fällen ist das Abwägen zwischen dem
angestrebten Nutzen und einem möglichen Schaden besonders wichtig.
Astroturf, front groups, sock puppets, and the capture of civil society
Authors: Miller David , Harkins Claire , Schlögl Matthias , Montague Brendan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Civil society is widely thought of as an obstacle to corporate political strategy. This chapter suggests that civil society can be an ally in corporate attempts to undermine public health. It reviews the use of astroturf (i.e. fake grassroots groups) and ‘sock puppets’ (i.e. fake online identities) and discusses these in relation to the corporate-backed ‘sound science’ lobby. The chapter reviews the role of the tobacco and other addictive industries in creating front groups to pursue sectional corporate interests. It looks in turn at interlocking efforts such as the European Science and Environment Forum, the Risk of Freedom briefing, and more recent ventures such as the Institute of Ideas and Spiked the Democracy Institute. These groups are mostly not transparent about their relations with the corporations, and may exhibit some measure of independence from their corporate funders; however, any independence—real or manufactured—is not necessarily a disadvantage.
Science, Research, Development and Scholarship
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter defines the domain of science, research, development and scholarship. Science is the established knowledge; research is the process by which the scientific domain is extended. ‘Managing science’ means first ‘managing scientific research’–the process of discovering new facts and phenomena. However, the knowledge itself may not be immediately useful–to become useful requires development. While scholarship is more difficult to define, one way to describe it that it is the systematic accumulation of knowledge about knowledge (of something). This chapter makes the case for science across the whole domain, including ‘blue skies’ research. It also discusses the importance of mathematics and the costs of science.
Universities and Laboratories
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes the institutions that do science (universities and laboratories), and discusses their organization and structure, as well as the similarities and difference between universities and national and international laboratories. A university is generally understood to be an institute of higher education; it offers teaching to academic degree standard, and pursues research and scholarship. In contrast, laboratories have usually a well-defined domain and limited scope for enquiry beyond that domain. The business of running a university or a laboratory and the structures needed to support them are described, and the concepts of vision, mission, strategic planning and research funding are introduced and described. Academic freedom and research ethics are also discussed.
Recruitment
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter addresses the topic of recruitment. Recruitment is a key management activity. Mostly, recruitment is a great success but, occasionally, it can go horribly wrong. A significant objective of the recruitment process is to tilt the outcome in favour of the former while avoiding the latter. There are several different types of recruitment, but they share many common recruitment actions. The necessary paperwork (job description, person specification, advertisement, etc.) is discussed, as well as the need to eliminate both conscious and unconscious bias. The need for, and actions required to achieve, equal opportunity regardless of gender, ethnicity or sexual preference are also discussed. In addition, the processes of candidate selection and interview are described.
Managing Scientists and Others
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses issues regarding the management of scientists, such as performance appraisal, career development, pay, recognition and reward, promotion and tenure. As scientists work their way up the academic ladder, sooner or later they find themselves supervising someone else, typically a postdoc but possibly a graduate student or a technician. At some point, it becomes clear that a deeper understanding of the art of people management is required. This chapter addresses ways to develop people and, eventually, to deal with retirement. Examples of common personnel problems and how to deal with them are also discussed, including how to deal with the wayward genius. Finally, the sometimes delicate issue of authorship is discussed.
Committee Meetings
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter concerns the structure, organization and conduct of a meeting, including the special role of the chair of the committee. Meetings are an essential tool for getting things done, although, used skilfully, they can also be used to block the undesirable or unachievable. As meetings of one sort or another are an essential part of research life, professional scientists should aspire to be as efficient in these more managerial aspects as they are in the research itself. In this chapter, the various founding documents of the committee (terms of reference, standing orders, etc.) are described. The organization of the agenda and the writing of the minutes are also discussed. In addition, some examples are given about how to deal with difficult issues in committee.
Just Managing
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, three aspects of management are discussed: first, the need for managers to behave in an ethical manner; second, the need for managers to avoid stress and, if it is unavoidable, to manage it; third, the business of management, that is, budgeting, accounts, audits, grant management and space management. Management is not an end in itself; it is a means to an end. In this case, the end is science–the pursuit of knowledge–for its own sake, for the advancement of society, or both. Good and effective management of science is essential if science is to be able to achieve its full potential, to make sure that the scientists have the resources, equipment, space and time to facilitate their science and are as little troubled by the burdens of bureaucracy as possible.
Electrical Power Distribution
Authors: Rez Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
It is very difficult to store electrical energy in sufficient quantities, and transmission over long distances results in unacceptable losses. Generation of electrical power therefore has to match demand. The peaks in electrical demand usually come from domestic rather than industrial consumers. Generating systems that are best left running continuously, such as nuclear, are used to meet the base load, which is the demand that does not change with time of day or season. Generally, anything involving a steam cycle is better suited to meeting base load demand. Gas turbines that can respond quickly are used to meet demand peaks.
Air Transportation
Authors: Rez Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
When an airplane is full, the energy used to travel a given distance compares very favourably with driving an economical car. Primary energy use is less since airplane turbofan engines are more efficient than car engines. Even airplanes with propellers driven by petrol engines are more efficient than cars as the engines are operating at near-peak rpm and producing a higher proportion of the rated power. Air travel uses a lot of energy because it makes travelling long distances easy, even if not very comfortable. The airplane is limited by the weight it can carry, which puts a limit on how tightly the passengers can be squeezed together. Given that drag will always be a factor in high-speed transportation, even for ground transportation, energy use can be minimised by reducing the cross-sectional area and squeezing more people into even smaller spaces, such as in the hyperloop.
Disentangling and Shapelessness
Authors: Kirchin Simon 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter considers a second anti-separationist strategy, namely the thought that if one separates thick concepts into thin evaluation and nonevaluative, descriptive content, as separationists think, one is erroneously committed to thinking that the latter can in some way map onto the evaluative concept that one is analysing such that one can predict novel uses of that concept. This anti-separationist argument is often called the ‘disentangling argument’, something that is reliant on the ‘shapelessness hypothesis’, and is associated with John McDowell and David Wiggins, among others. This famous argument and hypothesis are laid out in great detail. The upshot is that the argument does not work as traditionally given, although a weaker version may have some attraction. Overall it is argued that nonseparationists should pursue a different anti-separationist strategy.
How the marine chronometer was made
Authors: Betts Jonathan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes the fascinating and highly skilled process of manufacture of a 19th century English marine chronometer. It covers the complete practice, from the sourcing of the raw materials right through to the completion of the precision instrument in its box and suspension and its testing and delivery to the final customer. The unusual, two-stage process, where a ‘rough movement’ is bought from a supplier in Lancashire and completed by the ‘finisher’, is explained, and the extraordinary journey taken by the ‘embryo’ chronometer, around the many specialist craftsmen living in the back streets of Clerkenwell, is described. The journey is also illustrated with a map of Clerkenwell with the route marked out, and a specific chronometer by Victor Kullberg in the museum’s collection has its journey to completion described and illustrated.
Antidepressants During Pregnancy and Autism in Offspring: Population Based Cohort Study
Authors: Rai Dheeraj , Lee Brian K. , Dalman Christina , Newschaffer Craig , Lewis Glyn , Magnusson Cecilia 
Published: December 2017

(Abstracted from BMJ 2017;358:j2811)
Although several recent epidemiological studies have assessed the relation between antidepressant use during pregnancy and autism in offspring, robust conclusions have been elusive because of concerns about “confounding by indication.” That is, because depression or other psychiatric indications for antidepressant use could be associated with autism through genetic or nongenetic pathways, it was not possible to rule out the possibility of the observed associations representing the risk of autism from the underlying indication for prescription. The authors undertook the present study in order to improve the understanding of the association between antidepressant use during pregnancy and autism in offspring, by applying a range of causal analytical methods on data from a large total population cohort in Stockholm County, Sweden.
Mortality Risks Associated With Emergency Admissions During Weekends and Public Holidays: An Analysis of Electronic Health Records
Authors: Walker A. Sarah , Mason Amy , Quan T. Phuong , Fawcett Nicola J. , Watkinson Peter , Llewelyn Martin , Stoesser Nicole , Finney John , Davies Jim , Wyllie David H. , Crook Derrick W. , Peto Tim E. A. 
Published: December 2017

(Abstracted from Lancet 2017;390:62–72)
The “weekend effect” refers to the phenomenon by which patients admitted to a hospital during the weekend have greater mortality than those admitted on weekdays. It is unknown what causes the weekend effect, nor is it clear how the excess risk is distributed across the 48 hours of weekend admissions.
Factors Influencing Acceptability and Perceived Impacts of a Mandatory ePortfolio Implemented by an Occupational Therapy Regulatory Organization
Authors: Vachon Brigitte , Foucault Marie-Lyse , Giguère Charles-Édouard , Rochette Annie , Thomas Aliki , Morel Martine 
Published: December 2017

Introduction:
The use of ePortfolios has been implemented in several regulatory organizations to encourage clinicians' engagement in continuing professional development (CPD). However, their use has achieved mixed success, and multiple personal and contextual factors can influence their impacts on practice change. The aim of this study was to identify which factors influence the acceptability and perceived impacts of an ePortfolio implemented by an occupational therapy regulatory organization in one Canadian province.

Method:
A cross-sectional online survey design was used. The survey was sent to registered occupational therapists in Quebec. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to identify factors influencing acceptability and outcomes: ease of use, satisfaction, impact on implementation of the CPD plan, and competence improvement.

Results:
The survey was fully completed by 546 participants. Factors significantly influencing the ePortfolio acceptability and perceived impacts were attitude toward and familiarity with the portfolio, confidence in reflective skills, engagement in the CPD plan, and desire for feedback. Time spent completing the ePortfolio and the fact of completing it in teams were negatively associated with the outcomes.

Discussion:
Shaping more favorable user attitudes, helping users recognize and experience the tool's benefits for their practice, and fostering confidence in their reflective skills are important factors that can be addressed to improve ePortfolio acceptability and outcomes. Contextual factors, such as time spent completing the ePortfolio and completing it in teams, seem to reflect greater difficulty with using the tool. Study findings can contribute to improving ePortfolio implementation in the CPD context.
Microglial Activation on 11C-CB184 PET in a Patient With Cerebellar Ataxia Associated With HIV Infection
Authors: Ishibashi Kenji , Miura Yoshiharu , Imamura Akifumi , Toyohara Jun , Ishii Kenji 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A 63-year-old man complaining of prolonged imbalance underwent 11C-CB184 PET to assess microglial activation 3 years after being diagnosed with cerebellar ataxia associated with HIV infection. 11C-CB184 images revealed significant cerebellar uptake where MRI signal abnormalities were observed at disease onset, although these abnormalities had mostly disappeared at the time of 11C-CB184 PET. Microglia are believed to be a long-term reservoir for HIV infection, causing persistent immune activation (ie, chronic inflammation). Hence, in this case, increased 11C-CB184 binding may reflect persistent microglial activation along with HIV persistence in the cerebellum. However, further pathological investigations are desired to validate 11C-CB184 PET.
Amino Acid PET Imaging of the Early Metabolic Response During Tumor-Treating Fields (TTFields) Therapy in Recurrent Glioblastoma
Authors: Bosnyák Edit , Barger Geoffrey R. , Michelhaugh Sharon K. , Robinette Natasha L. , Amit-Yousif Alit , Mittal Sandeep , Juhász Csaba 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tumor-treating fields (TTFields) therapy is a relatively new treatment approach for malignant gliomas. We evaluated if amino acid PET can detect an objective metabolic response to TTFields therapy in recurrent glioblastomas. PET scanning with alpha[C-11]-methyl-l-tryptophan (AMT) before and 2 to 3 months after the start of TTFields treatment showed an interval decrease of tryptophan uptake in the whole tumor (2 patients) or in a portion of the tumor (1 patient). These data demonstrate that TTFields therapy can induce an early metabolic response in recurrent glioblastoma, and this treatment response can be detected by amino acid PET.
Active Leprosy Neuritis Detected on FDG PET/CT
Authors: Roy Shambo Guha , Parida Girish Kumar , Tripathy Sarthak , Das Chandan J. , Kumar Rakesh 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Uses of FDG PET/CT have been previously documented in multiple series in peripheral nerve pathologies, including neurolymphomatosis, peripheral nerve sheath tumor, and plexopathies. We present the case of a 24-year-old man with leprosy neuritis who underwent FDG PET/CT. We suggest that FDG PET/CT can be used as an adjunct tool to monitor neuritis in leprosy patients.
Emergence of an Australian-like pstS-null vancomycin resistant Enterococcus faecium clone in Scotland
Authors: Lemonidis Kimon , Salih Talal S. , Dancer Stephanie J. , Hunter Iain S. , Tucker Nicholas P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMulti-locus sequencing typing (MLST) is widely used to monitor the phylogeny of microbial outbreaks. However, several strains of vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium (VREfm) with a missing MLST locus (pstS) have recently emerged in Australia, with a few cases also reported in England. Here, we identified similarly distinct strains circulating in two closely located hospitals in Scotland. Whole genome sequencing of five VREfm strains isolated from these hospitals identified four pstS-null strains across both hospitals, while the fifth was of a multi-locus sequence type (ST) 262, which is the first documented in the UK. All five Scottish isolates had an insertion in the tetM gene, which is associated with increased susceptibility to tetracyclines, providing no other tetracycline-resistant gene is present. Such an insertion, which encompasses a dfrG gene and two currently uncharacterised genes, was additionally identified in all tested VanA-type pstS-null VREfm strains (5 English and 18 Australian). Phylogenetic comparison with other VREfm genomes indicates that the four pstS-null Scottish isolates sequenced in this study are more closely related to pstS-null strains from Australia rather than the English pstS-null isolates. Given how rapidly such pstS-null strains have expanded in Australia, the emergence of this clone in Scotland raises concerns for a potential outbreak.