bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vegetarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed
Authors: Walters Kerry 
Published: September 2017

The choice of whether or not to consume animals is more than merely a dietary one. It frequently reflects deep ethical commitments or religious convictions that serve as the bedrock of an entire lifestyle. Proponents of vegetarianism frequently infuriate nonvegetarians, who feel that they’re being morally condemned because of what they choose to eat. Vegetarians are frequently infuriated by what they consider to be the nonvegetarians’ disregard for the environment and animal-suffering.
Vegetarianism: A Guide for the Perplexed offers a much needed survey of the different arguments offered by ethical vegetarians and their critics. In a rigorous but accessible manner, the author scrutinizes the strengths and weaknesses of arguments in defense of vegetarianism based on compassion, rights, interests, eco-feminism, environmentalism, anthrocentrism, and religion. Authors examined include Peter Singer, Tom Regan, Carol J. Adams, and Kathryn Paxton George.
As the global climate crisis worsens, population increases, and fossil fuels disappear, ethical and public policy questions about the ethics of diet will become ever more urgent. This book is a useful resource for thinking through the questions.
Anxious Appetites
Authors: Jackson Peter 
Published: September 2017

Despite government claims that food is safer and more readily available today than ever before, recent survey evidence demonstrates high levels of food-related anxiety among Western consumers. While chronic hunger and malnutrition are relatively rare in the West, food scares relating to individual products, concerns about global food security and other expressions of consumer anxiety about food remain widespread.
Anxious Appetites explores the causes of these present-day anxieties. Looking at fears over provenance and regulation in a world of lengthening supply chains and greater concentration of corporate power, Peter Jackson investigates how anxieties about food circulate and how they act as a channel for broader social issues. Drawing on case studies such as the 2013 horsemeat scandal and fears about the contamination of infant formula in China in 2008, he examines how and why these concerns emerge. Comparing survey results with ethnographic observation of consumer practice, he explores the gap between official advice about food safety and people’s everyday experience of food, including a critique of ideological notions of ‘consumer choice’.
A captivating, timely book which presents a new theory of social anxiety.
The effect of sediment loading in Fennoscandia and the Barents Sea during the last glacial cycle on glacial isostatic adjustment observations
Authors: van der Wal Wouter , IJpelaar Thijs 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. Models for glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) routinely include the effects of meltwater redistribution and changes in topography and coastlines. Since the sediment transport related to the dynamics of ice sheets may be comparable to that of sea level rise in terms of surface pressure, the loading effect of sediment deposition could cause measurable ongoing viscous readjustment. Here, we study the loading effect of glacially induced sediment redistribution (GISR) related to the Weichselian ice sheet in Fennoscandia and the Barents Sea. The surface loading effect and its effect on the gravitational potential is modeled by including changes in sediment thickness in the sea level equation following the method of Dalca et al. (2013). Sediment displacement estimates are estimated in two different ways: (i) from a compilation of studies on local features (trough mouth fans, large-scale failures, and basin flux) and (ii) from output of a coupled ice–sediment model. To account for uncertainty in Earth's rheology, three viscosity profiles are used. It is found that sediment transport can lead to changes in relative sea level of up to 2 m in the last 6000 years and larger effects occurring earlier in the deglaciation. This magnitude is below the error level of most of the relative sea level data because those data are sparse and errors increase with length of time before present. The effect on present-day uplift rates reaches a few tenths of millimeters per year in large parts of Norway and Sweden, which is around the measurement error of long-term GNSS (global navigation satellite system) monitoring networks. The maximum effect on present-day gravity rates as measured by the GRACE (Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment) satellite mission is up to tenths of microgal per year, which is larger than the measurement error but below other error sources. Since GISR causes systematic uplift in most of mainland Scandinavia, including GISR in GIA models would improve the interpretation of GNSS and GRACE observations there.
Temperature Effect on Breakdown Performance of Insulating Polymer Thin Films
Authors: Ritamäki Mikael , Rytöluoto Ilkka , Lahti Kari 
Published: September 2017

The effect of temperature on the breakdown performance of metallized capacitor-grade BOPP film was characterized using a large-area multi-breakdown measurement method. The measurements conducted in the temperature range from room temperature to 100 °C revealed a linearly decreasing trend in the characteristic 63.2 % breakdown probability after 60 °C and the presence of a smaller weak spot subpopulation. The weak spots remained relatively unaffected by temperature, and first breakdowns occurred in a seemingly statistical manner. The brief exposure to elevated temperature was considered as one explanation behind the variations in the number of weak points, but fluctuations in film quality and Weibull dynamics were seen are more probable explanations. The results demonstrate the possibility of multiple breakdown mechanisms and their different temperature-dependency, and demonstrate the high short-term breakdown strength of BOPP film even at high temperatures.
DC Dielectric Breakdown Behavior of Thermally Sprayed Ceramic Coatings
Authors: Niittymäki Minna , Suhonen Tomi , Metsäjoki Jarkko , Lahti Kari 
Published: September 2017

Previous studies of dielectric properties of thermally sprayed insulating ceramic coatings are focused on linearly ramped dielectric breakdown strength as well asDC resistivity, relative permittivity and dielectric loss characterizations. However, reports of the effects of ramp rate or of any kind of long term stressing on the breakdown strength cannot be found in literature. The aim of this paper was to study the DC breakdown behavior of one type of HVOF sprayed alumina coating under different stresses. It can be concluded that the ramp rate of DC breakdown measurement has no remarkably influence on the breakdown strength. The breakdown behavior was also studied using step-by-step tests with two constant step voltages and step durations. The DC resistivity of the alumina coating showed strong dependence on the applied electric field. The resistivity behaved ohmicly below the field strength of ~0.5 V/μm and above ~8…12 V/μm, however, the resistivity decreased approximately three decades in the nonohmic region (0.5 V/μm -->). At electric field strengths above ~25 V/μm, the degradation started in the material leading to breakdown. However, when the step duration was longer (60 min), the degradation process started already slightly below the applied field of 25 V/μm.
Clamping system for series connected IGBTs to avoid transient breakdown voltages
Authors: Boloorian Masoomeh , Rasmussen Tonny W. , El-Khatib Walid Z. 
Published: September 2017

IGBTs (Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor) can be used for power DC-DC converters at higher voltages. A series connection is needed due to the blockingcapability limit of 6500V. The voltage must be shared among the IGBTs both dynamic when switching and blocking mode. A non-synchronized switching creates transient voltage that might damage the IGBT. The non-synchronized switching comes from different delays in the gate drivers and deviation in the IGBT parameters. This paper investigates in theory and practice a solutioncontains of clamp circuit, dynamic and static circuit. Turning on process of the stack of three IGBTs are in focus in a buck converter design. An operatingvoltage closer to the IGBT limit is used in order to press the system. For the simulations (Pspice) and experimental tests, fast IGBTs (1200V /30A IXYH40N120C3) are used to show the good dynamic of the chosen solution. The Lab tests also show that because of the deviation in parameters preadjustment of the gate signals is needed. The experimental tests have been carried out in different clamp voltage to finally have clamp voltage close tothe blocking voltage of the IGBTs and maximum 2A as output current. Examples of wave forms for voltages are given and discussed.
Extending the Functionality of On-line PD Monitoring Equipment for MV Power Cables
Authors: Li Y. , Wouters P.A.A.F. , Wagenaars P. 
Published: September 2017

An on-line partial discharge (PD) monitoring and location system for medium voltage cable circuits was developed previously. This paper explores ways to extend its range of application. The extension includes PD location method by time domain reflectometry (TDR) when reflections are not easily identifiable. The functionality of the PD monitoring equipment can also be widened by sensing other quantities related to the condition of the cable insulation using the same device. Dynamic cable temperature monitoring can be achieved by recording variation in the high frequency signal propagation velocity along the cable. Water ingress in paper-insulated lead-covered (PILC) cable decreases the cable’s characteristic impedance while it increases the permittivity of the insulation. It can be observed by changes in the reflection pattern from the cable or by a lowered propagation velocity. Instead of recording reflection patterns in time domain, a frequency domain approach based on an impedance scan is investigated to be applied for cables in service.
Comparison of cable models for time domain simulations
Authors: El-Khatib Walid Ziad , Holbøll Joachim , Rasmussen Tonny W. , Vogel Stephan 
Published: September 2017

This paper will look at dc cable transient modelling issues for voltage source converter (VSC) based high voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission systems,which is getting evermore admired for large-scale offshore wind power integration. A simple mathematical π-equivalent cable model is presented and explained. Themodel is compared to the detailed cable models with different degrees of accuracy found in PSCAD/EMTDC. The models are analyzed and tested using simulations ofdc fault conditions and energization. These studies are helpful for the protection system design of large-scale renewable energy power systems to realize a reliable multi-terminal dc transmission system for the future.
The Compatibility of the Services Provided to Students of Accounting Departments in Jordanian Private Universities with the Standards of Academic Quality Assurance in Jordan - A Field Study
Authors: Alzoubi Ali A. , Afeef Jamal H. , Momani Yasser I. , Aldiabat Khaled M. 
Published: September 2017

The study aimed to determine the compatibility of the student services provided to the students of accounting departments in business schools with the standards of academic quality assurance in Jordan through three aspects: academic guidance, support services and graduates services. A questionnaire was prepared and distributed to (245) students and (46) faculty members. The responses of the study sample were described by using the arithmetic mean, frequencies and ANOVA test that was used to test the hypotheses at the level of significance ( 0.05=α).One of the main findings of the study is that there is no agreement between students and faculty members in accounting departments on the compatibility of the services provided to the students with the standards of Jordanian academic quality assurance, despite the existence of some quality services offered by faculties and departments to students. The study recommends a comprehensive review of the services provided to students, a focus on services provided to graduates, and further studies.
Flagellia, a new subgenus of Haliclona (Porifera, Haplosclerida)
Authors: Van Soest Rob W.M. 
Published: September 2017

Haplosclerid sponges possessing a unique asymmetric flagelliform type of sigmoid microsclere have been reported from all global oceans. This peculiar spicule, characterized by a circular or elliptical shape, with a longer and sharper curved ending at one side and a shorter and more gradually curved ending at the opposing side, is proposed to be termed ‘flagellosigma’. These sponges invariably also possess smaller normal sigmas while their skeletal structure of oxea megascleres is markedly confused. They are assigned to the large genus Haliclona Grant, 1841 (family Chalinidae) in a new subgenus, Haliclona (Flagellia) subgen. nov. The species belonging to the new subgenus are reviewed and four species new to science are described, Haliclona (Flagellia) indonesiae subgen. et sp. nov., H. (F.) amirantensis subgen. et sp. nov., H. (F.) hiberniae subgen. et sp. nov. and H. (F.) hajdui subgen. et sp. nov. One species, H. (F.) hentscheli nom. nov., is given a new name on account of secondary homonymy caused by its transfer to the genus Haliclona. One species remains unnamed because of paucity of material. Already known species, reassigned to the new subgenus are H. (F.) hamata subgen. et comb. nov., H. (F.) flagellifera subgen. et comb. nov., H. (F.) porosa subgen. et comb. nov., H. (F.) edaphus subgen. et comb. nov. and H. (F.) anataria subgen. et comb. nov. Additional species are likely hiding among many erroneous records of ‘Gellius flagellifer’ from wide ranging parts of the global oceans.
Effects of Remote Ischemic Conditioning Methods on Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury in Muscle Flaps: An Experimental Study in Rats
Authors: Keskin Durdane , Unlu Ramazan Erkin , Orhan Erkan , Erkilinç Gamze , Bogdaycioglu Nihal , Yilmaz Fatma Meric 
Published: September 2017

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of remote ischemic conditioning on ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat muscle flaps histopathologically and biochemically.
Methods Thirty albino rats were divided into 5 groups. No procedure was performed in the rats in group 1, and only blood samples were taken. A gracilis muscle flap was elevated in all the other groups. Microclamps were applied to the vascular pedicle for 4 hours in order to achieve tissue ischemia. In group 2, no additional procedure was performed. In groups 3, 4, and 5, the right hind limb was used and 3 cycles of ischemia-reperfusion for 5 minutes each (total, 30 minutes) was applied with a latex tourniquet (remote ischemic conditioning). In group 3, this procedure was performed before flap elevation (remote ischemic preconditoning). In group 4, the procedure was performed 4 hours after flap ischemia (remote ischemic postconditioning). In group 5, the procedure was performed after the flap was elevated, during the muscle flap ischemia episode (remote ischemic perconditioning).
Results The histopathological damage score in all remote conditioning ischemia groups was lower than in the ischemic-reperfusion group. The lowest histopathological damage score was observed in group 5 (remote ischemic perconditioning).
Conclusions The nitric oxide levels were higher in the blood samples obtained from the remote ischemic perconditioning group. This study showed the effectiveness of remote ischemic conditioning procedures and compared their usefulness for preventing ischemia-reperfusion injury in muscle flaps.
Contemporary Koreans’ Perceptions of Facial Beauty
Authors: Rhee Seung Chul , An Soo-Jung , Hwang Rahil 
Published: September 2017

Background This article aims to investigate current perceptions of beauty of the general public and physicians without a specialization in plastic surgery performing aesthetic procedures.
Methods A cross-sectional and interviewing questionnaire was administered to 290 people in Seoul, South Korea in September 2015. The questionnaire addressed three issues: general attitudes about plastic surgery (Q1), perception of and preferences regarding Korean female celebrities’ facial attractiveness (Q2), and the relative influence of each facial aesthetic subunit on overall facial attractiveness. The survey’s results were gathered by a professional research agency and classified according to a respondent’s gender, age, and job type (95%±5.75% confidence interval). Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS ver. 10.1, calculating one-way analysis of variance with post hoc analysis and Tukey’s t-test.
Results Among the respondents, 38.3% were in favor of aesthetic plastic surgery. The most common source of plastic surgery information was the internet (50.0%). The most powerful factor influencing hospital or clinic selection was the postoperative surgical results of acquaintances (74.9%). We created a composite face of an attractive Korean female, representing the current facial configuration considered appealing to the Koreans. Beauty perceptions differed to some degree based on gender and generational differences. We found that there were certain differences in beauty perceptions between general physicians who perform aesthetic procedures and the general public.
Conclusions Our study results provide aesthetic plastic surgeons with detailed information about contemporary Korean people’s attitudes toward and perceptions of plastic surgery and the specific characteristics of female Korean faces currently considered attractive, plus trends in these perceptions, which should inform plastic surgeons within their specialized fields.
Hand Surgery Fellowship Selection Criteria: A National Fellowship Director Survey
Authors: Egro Francesco M. , Vangala Sai K. , Nguyen Vu T. , Spiess Alexander M. 
Published: September 2017

Background Candidate characteristics for hand surgery fellowship training remains unknown, as very little data is available in the literature. This study aims to provide information on the criteria that are employed to select candidates for the hand surgery fellowship match.
Methods A 38-question survey was sent in April 2015 to all Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education recognized hand surgery fellowship program directors (n=81) involved in the U.S. match. The survey investigated factors used for the selection of applicants, including medical school, residency training, research experience, fellowship interview, and candidate characteristics. A 5-point Likert scale was used to grade 33 factors from “not at all important” (1) to “essential in making my decision” (5); or for five controversial factors from “very negative impact” (1) to “very positive impact in making my decision” (5).
Results A total of 52% (42 out of 81) of responses were received from hand surgery fellowship program directors. The most important influential factors were interactions with faculty during interview and visit (4.6±0.6), interpersonal skills (4.6±0.5), overall interview performance in the selection process (4.6±0.6), professionalism and ethics (4.6±0.7), and letters of recommendation from hand surgeons (4.5±0.7). Factors that have a negative impact on the selection process include visa requirement (2.1±1.2), graduate of non-plastic surgery residency program (2.4±1.3), and graduate of a foreign medical school (2.4±1.1).
Conclusions This study provides data on hand surgery fellowship directors’ perception on the criteria important for fellowship applicant selection, and showed that interview-related criteria and letters of recommendation are the important factors.
The Mechanism and Simulation Research of "Foamy Oil" During CO2 Flooding
Authors: Jia Ying , Huang Lei , Sun Lei 
Published: September 2017

Noticeable progress in understanding the high efficiency of "foamy oil" in solution gas drive in heavy oil reservoirs has been made in recent years. However, "foamy oil" during CO2 flooding was still a special and novel phenomenon when CO2 flood asphaltic oil. The basic mechanism and corresponding numerical equation of seepage flow of ‘foamy oil’, in connection with CO2 flooding, have not been reported. This paper presented the mechanism analysis and simulation study that addressed this issue.
A new viewpoint of foamy oil during CO2 flooding was proposed with contrasting the similarity of "foamy oil" during CO2 flooding front with that in dissolved gas flooding. During CO2 flooding the "foamy oil" could form when CO2 contacted with oil because precipitated asphaltene could facilitate bubble nucleation, decrease the critical super-saturation and help in maintaining the dispersed gas flow by suppressing bubble coalescence, which similar to ‘foamy oil’ in depletion drive. Two main mechanisms were proposed. The first was enhancing oil recovery obviously by decreasing viscosity of crude oil, reducing interfacial tension, and swelling oil. The second mechanism was steady gas/oil mobility helping in maintaining high pressure in the reservoirs.
Then, the compositional model considering bubble nucleation, growth and coalescence and CO2 flowing characteristic was established, combining the advantages of "equilibrium model" with that of "dynamic model". With the establishment of the model, the flowing characteristic of "foamy oil" during CO2 flooding was regarded as the function of time and flow condition. The relative permeability curve and critical saturation of bubble were modified to determine the influence of "foamy oil" on oil recovery.
Taken one oil field in north China as example, the compositional model calculation results indicated that bubble was mainly located at the front of carbon dioxide flooding. High efficient flooding potential was achieved with "foamy oil" existed in carbon dioxide displacing front which were in accordance with the anomalously good performance in oil production. This method of calculating foamy oil properties would provide the basics for developing numerical simulation models of foamy oil flow during CO2 flooding.