bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Logicism, Pragmatism, and Metascience: Towards a Pancritical Pragmatic Theory of Meta-level Discourse
Authors: Axtell G.S. 
Published: January 2016

Both inside and outside philosophy of science, the past 25 years has seen a remarkable increase in the epistemic importance attached to the role of background beliefs and values of agents engaged in cognitive inquiry. Emphasis on the role of background commitments has been beneficial in bringing philosophy of science back into closer relation with the varied forms of science. But at present there cannot be said to be any clear consensus among philosophers on issues of the theoretical status of such commitments, or of their import upon conceptions of scientific meta-methodology.The situation worsens when one considers widespread suspicion today among many historicists and sociologists of science of the viability of philosophy of science as a normative enterprise. This marks the ground between normative epistemology and its critics. But to understand the skeptical attitude towards normative theory, one must attend to the background assumptions about normative discourse imbedded in logical empiricism, and in particular to the state of logical empiricist metascience just prior to the revolution of sorts that occurred in the 1960’s.
Behavior, Biology, and Information Theory
Authors: Senchuk Dennis M. 
Published: January 2016

Konrad Lorenz does not view behaviors as innate; he does not even regard differences among behaviors (of different species) as innate. Rather, he construes information (about the environment to which the behavior is adapted) as the innate component of (some) behavior. His noted deprivation experiments are intended to withhold environmental sources of that information from the organism: should the organism nevertheless exhibit behavior evidencing possession of such information, then that information must be innate. Lorenz interprets this conclusion to mean that the information is transmitted to the organism genetically, by way of a sort of blueprint in the genome.D.S. Lehrman quarrels with the figure of a blueprint:A blueprint is isomorphic with the structure that it represents…. It is not true that each structure and character in the phenotype is “represented” in a single gene or well defined groups of genes; it is not the case that each gene refers solely or even primarily, to a single structure or character; and it is not the case that the topographical or topological relationships among the genes are isomorphic with the structural or topographical relationships among phenotypic structures to which the genes refer. (Lehrman 1970, p. 34).
Causal Independence in EPR Arguments
Authors: Butterfield Jeremy 
Published: January 2016

I show that locality, as it occurs in EPR arguments for the incompleteness of quantum mechanics, can be construed as causal independence understood in terms of Lewis’ counterfactual analysis of causation. This construal has two benefits. It supplements recent analyses, which have not treated locality in detail. And it clarifies the relation between two EPR arguments that have recently been distinguished. It shows that the simpler of the two is more complex than has been thought; and that the other argument does not need ‘counterfactual definiteness’.I aim to show that in the EPR argument (Einstein et al. 1935) for the incompleteness of quantum mechanics (QM), locality can be taken as causal independence, understood in terms of Lewis’ counterfactual analysis of causation.Recent analyses of the EPR argument makes this construal of locality timely, for two reasons. First, these analyses typically say little about locality.
Mathematical Physics and Elementary Logic
Authors: Mundy Brent 
Published: January 2016

Modern mathematical physics uses real-number variables, and therefore presupposes set theory. (A real number is defined as a certain kind of set or sequence of natural or rational numbers.) Set theory is also used to define the operations of differential calculus, needed to state physical laws as differential equations constraining the numerical variables representing physical quantities. The derivative f' = df(t)/dt is defined as the limit of an infinite sequence of terms [f(t+e)-f(t)]/e as e → 0, and this definition can only be expressed in a language allowing reference to infinite sequences. Moreover, closure under these limit operations again requires the underlying field of numbers to be Dedekind complete, hence to include all of the reals.The possibility that mathematical physics depends essentially upon set theory is disturbing, for two distinct reasons. From a logical viewpoint, it is disturbing that an important branch of natural science should depend upon a part of logic or mathematics whose status remains uncertain and controversial.
Epistemological Time Asymmetry
Authors: Savitt Steven F. 
Published: January 2016

There is a wide-spread belief that we know more about the past than we do about the future. It may be difficult to express the content of this belief exactly and it may turn out that, when we find some precise expression of this belief, it is not so obviously true. I shall assume, however, that there is something to a belief shared not only by eminent philosophers but by cultures wholly distinct from our own, as the following quote indicates.We know where the future is. It’s in front of us. Right? It lies before us—a great future lies before us—we stride forward confidently into it, every commencement, every election year. And we know where the past is. Behind us, right? So that we have to turn around to see it, and that interrupts our progress ever forward into the future, so we don’t really much like to do it.
How Do You Falsify a Question?: Crucial Tests versus Crucial Demonstrations
Authors: Allchin Douglas 
Published: January 2016

How is the deep disagreement between what Kuhn characterized as paradigms ultimately resolved and how do we interpret such debates epistemically? A close analysis of the Ox-Phos Controversy in bioenergetics from the 1960s and 70s (§§2-3 below) suggests that one justifies a set of questions through an ensemble of empirical demonstrations. This contrasts to decisions between theoretical alternatives through ‘crucial experiments'. When viewed along with other historical episodes, this case suggests a philosophical category of ‘demonstrations', distinguished from crucial tests and complementary in justificatory status to falsifying instances. The distinction also suggests specific strategies for scientists (§4).The Ox-Phos Controversy is an especially valuable case for studying theory development and scientific change, and for investigating the problems of disagreement, originally highlighted by Kuhn, where two incompatible conceptual or experimental gestalts converge on the same empirical domain (see also Gilbert and Mulkay 1984a; 1984b; Robinson 1984; 1986; Rowen 1986; Weber 1986; 1991; Allchin 1990; 1991).
Has Chemistry Been at Least Approximately Reduced to Quantum
Mechanics?
Authors: Scerri Eric R. 
Published: January 2016

In order to discuss the question of the reduction of chemistry it will
be necessary to begin with a brief review of what philosophers mean by
reduction in science. I follow most authors on this subject by starting with
the writings of Nagel (Nagel 1961). As is well known, Nagel stipulates that
two formal conditions, namely connectability and derivability should be
fulfilled in order to say that reduction of theory T2
to theory T1 has occurred. In addition he stipulates a
non formal condition, that the primary or reducing science should be
supported by experimental evidence.
Furthermore Nagel considers that reductions occur in two main varieties
which he calls homogeneous and heterogeneous respectively. In homogeneous
reduction the terms used by the reducing theory are also common to the
theory to be reduced. For example Galileo's science of freely falling bodies
was conceived of as separate from the mechanics of celestial
bodies.
Scientists’ Responses to Anomalous Data: Evidence from Psychology,
History, and Philosophy of Science
Authors: Brewer William F. , Chinn Clark A. 
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this paper is to provide a systematic account of the role
of anomaly in theory change in science. We adopt a naturalist approach to
the philosophy of science (e.g., Giere 1985; Maffie 1990) and support our
proposal with evidence from the history of science and from the psychology
of science.
Previous discussions of the topic of anomaly in theory change have
rarely used evidence from psychology. Probably this has been due to the
relatively immature state of research in the psychology of science (cf.
Gorman forthcoming; Gholson, Shadish, Neimeyer, and Houts 1989). However
there is now enough research on the topic of belief change (cf. Chinn and
Brewer 1993b) to provide a foundation for theory development in the area of
responses to anomaly. Much of the research in this area uses data from
undergraduates and children and not scientists (see Dunbar forthcoming, for
an exception).
The Contemporary Interest of an old Doctrine
Authors: Demopoulos William 
Published: January 2016

My purpose in this talk is to give an overview of the rediscovery of Frege's theorem together with certain of the issues that this rediscovery has raised concerning the evaluation of Frege's logicism—the ‘old doctrine’ of my title.The contextual definition of the cardinality operator, suggested in §63 ofGrundlagen— what, after George Boolos, has come to be known as Hume's principle—assertsThe number of Fs = the number of Gs if, and only if, F ≈ G,where F ≈ G (the Fs and the Gs are in one-to-one correspondence) has its usual, second order, explicit definition. The importance of this principle for the derivation of Peano's second postulate (‘Every natural number has a successor’) was emphasized by Crispin Wright (1983, §xix) who presented an extended argument showing that, in the context of the system of second-order logic of Frege'sBegriffsschrift,Peano's second postulate is derivable from Hume's principle.
Measuring Patients' Knowledge About Adverse Effects of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors
Authors: Jankovic Slobodan M. , Dajic Milica , Jacovic Sasa , Markovic Sanja , Papic Tatjana , Petrusic Tamara , Radojkovic Milica , Rankovic Anica , Tanaskovic Marko , Vasic Marko , Vukicevic Dusan , Zaric Radica Zivkovic , Kostic Marina 
Published: January 2016

Background
Knowledge about adverse effects of medications is an important part of proper medication use and prerequisite for good treatment adherence.

Objective
The aim of our study was to construct, develop, and test a new questionnaire for the measurement of patients' knowledge about adverse drug reactions of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.

Methods
The 8-item questionnaire was constructed to measure adverse reactions to ACE inhibitors. The questions were closed, with 7 offered answers, in the form of a Likert scale. It was tested for psychometric properties on patients who visited their general practitioners at state-owned health facilities in 5 Serbian cities: Belgrade, Kragujevac, Banja Luka, Gracanica, and Despotovac.

Results
The questionnaire was tested on 259 patients from general practice, taking an ACE inhibitor for more than 3 months. Experience with at least 1 adverse effect of ACE inhibitor was reported in 64 patients (24.7%), only 94 patients (36.3%) previously received any form of information about at least 1 adverse effect of ACE inhibitors from health workers, and only 42% expressed knowledge of any adverse events. The patients who were informed knew about the following adverse events as phrased in the official patient information leaflets: severe dizziness or light-headedness (44%); cough (37%); swelling of the hands, face, lips, or tongue (32%); indigestion (22%); headache (51%); and difficulty in breathing (15%). The questionnaire showed satisfactory internal consistency, with Cronbach α of 0.767, and individual scores correlated with general education of the patients. Factorial analysis revealed 2 domains (subscales): the first one with 5 questions is directed to adverse effects the patients may physically experience directly, whereas the second with 3 questions measures knowledge about adverse effects that could be experienced only indirectly, through conditions caused by the adverse effects.

Conclusions
The questionnaire about knowledge of ACE inhibitors' adverse effects is a reliable and probably valid instrument for measuring patients' knowledge about adverse effects of ACE inhibitors.
Improved Safety Culture and Teamwork Climate Are Associated With Decreases in Patient Harm and Hospital Mortality Across a Hospital System
Authors: Berry Janet C. , Davis John Terrance , Bartman Thomas , Hafer Cindy C. , Lieb Lindsay M. , Khan Nadeem , Brilli Richard J. 
Published: January 2016

Objectives
Improved safety and teamwork culture has been associated with decreased patient harm within specific units in hospitals or hospital groups. Most studies have focused on a specific harm type. This study’s objective was to document such an association across an entire hospital system and across multiple harm types.

Methods
The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire (SAQ) was administered to all clinical personnel (including physicians) before, 2 years after, and 4 years after establishing a comprehensive patient safety/high-reliability program at a major children’s hospital. Resultant data were analyzed hospital-wide as well as by individual units, medical sections, and professional groups.

Results
Safety attitude scores improved over the 3 surveys (P < 0.05) as did teamwork attitude scores (P = nonsignificant). These increases were accompanied by contemporaneous statistically significant decreases in all-hospital harm (P < 0.01), serious safety events (P < 0.001), and severity-adjusted hospital mortality (P < 0.001). Differences were noted between physicians’ and nurses’ views on specific safety and teamwork items within individual units, with nursing scores often lower. These discipline-specific differences decreased with time.

Conclusions
Improved safety and teamwork climate as measured by SAQ are associated with decreased patient harm and severity-adjusted mortality. Discrepancies in SAQ scores exist between different professional groups but decreased over time.
Regmex, Motif analysis in ranked lists of sequences
Authors: Nielsen Morten Muhlig , Tataru Paula , Madsen Tobias , Hobolth Asger , Pedersen Jakob Skou 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTMotif analysis has long been an important method to characterize biological functionality and the current growth of sequencing-based genomics experiments further extends its potential. These diverse experiments often generate sequence lists ranked by some functional property. There is therefore a growing need for motif analysis methods that can exploit this coupled data structure and be tailored for specific biological questions. Here, we present a motif analysis tool, Regmex (REGular expression Motif EXplorer), which offers several methods to identify overrepresented motifs in a ranked list of sequences. Regmex uses regular expressions to define motifs or families of motifs and embedded Markov models to calculate exact probabilities for motif observations in sequences. Motif enrichment is optionally evaluated using random walks, Brownian bridges, or modified rank based statistics. These features make Regmex well suited for a range of biological sequence analysis problems related to motif discovery. We demonstrate different usage scenarios including rank correlation of microRNA binding sites co-occurring with a U-rich motif. The method is available as an R package.
Local responses to disaster
Authors: Cretney Raven Marie 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– When the devastating 6.3 magnitude earthquake hit Christchurch, Aotearoa New Zealand on the 22 February 2011 the landscape of the city and its communities were irrevocably changed. The purpose of this paper is to provide case study evidence demonstrating the role of a grassroots organisation in shaping a community defined concept of resilience through self-organised disaster response action.Design/methodology/approach– The case organisation, Project Lyttelton is a community group, located in the suburb of Lyttelton, dedicated to building community and resilience through local projects and action. This case study was conducted through in-depth qualitative interviews with key members of the organisation, as well as key individuals in the broader community.Findings– This research has found that Project Lyttelton played a strong role in providing avenues for citizen participation post disaster. Of particular significance was the role of the timebank in providing an already established network for active participation by citizens in the response and recovery. Other findings outline the importance of pre-disaster community activity for facilitating social support and social learning.Originality/value– This research contributes to the literature by providing case study evidence for the value of a community led and defined framework of resilience. The findings of this work support the need for further integration and support for local community led preparedness and response initiatives and demonstrate the possible value of pre-disaster community preparedness activities. Consequently, this work is of use to academics interested in the role of community following disasters, as well as emergency management practitioners interested in possible pathways for fostering and encouraging locally focused disaster preparedness activities. The findings may also be of interest to community groups working in the sphere of community building and resilience.
Dynamics of optimal carbon prices with inter-temporal regulation
Authors: Yu Jongmin 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to calibrate carbon price trajectories that maximize social welfare where banking and borrowing rules are applied.

Design/methodology/approach
– Typically, there has been a consensus that banking and borrowing rules within the cap-and-trade system improve social welfare. This additional flexibility can achieve compliance cost smoothing by transferring carbon permits inter-temporally; however, there is also a side effect. Regulated agents have the freedom to escape from the given emissions limit by reallocating previously granted permits.

Findings
– The market system’s flexibility can cause environmental damage by deviating annual or periodic emission limits, which can invalidate the original purpose of cap-and-trade. This paper demonstrates how the socially desirable price trajectory differs from the one that favors the private sector.

Originality/value
– Few studies have focused on the negative effects of combining the cap-and-trade with the inter-temporal regulation (banking and borrowing), which most policymakers and regulated firms can easily miss.
Stimuli for climate adaptation in cities: insights from Philadelphia – an early adapter
Authors: Uittenbroek Caroline J. , Janssen-Jansen Leonie B. , Runhaar Hens A.C. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to identify stimuli for climate adaptation in cities and more specifically to explore whether different stimuli inspire different governance approaches to climate adaptation – e.g. dedicated (adaptation as a new policy field) or mainstreaming (integrating in existing policy fields).

Design/methodology/approach
– For this explorative case study research, an early adapter was selected: Philadelphia (USA). By reconstructing the organization of two climate adaptation programs, the authors have identified stimuli and whether these influence the city’s governance approach. The reconstruction is based on data triangulation that consists of semi-structured interviews with actors involved in these programs, policy documents and newspaper articles.

Findings
– The research illustrates the importance of stimuli such as strategically framing climate adaptation within wider urban agendas, political leadership and institutional entrepreneurs. Moreover, the research reveals that it is often a combination of stimuli that triggers a governance approach and that there is a possible link between specific stimuli and governance approaches, proposing that some stimuli will trigger a dedicated approach to climate adaptation, while others initiate a mainstreaming approach.

Originality/value
– An in-depth understanding of stimuli of climate adaptation is currently lacking in literature, as most of the studies have focused on barriers to climate adaptation. Moreover, still little is known about what explains why certain governance approaches to climate adaptation emerge.
Growth impact of CO2emissions caused by tourist arrivals in Turkey
Authors: Yorucu Vedat 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this study is to analyze the determinants of changes in carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions for Turkey by utilizing the autoregressive distributed lag approach to investigate the long-run equilibrium relationships of CO2emissions between foreign tourist arrivals (FTAs) and electricity consumption (ELC). The results reveal that foreign tourists and ELC are significant determinants of a long-run equilibrium relationship with CO2emissions from electricity and heat production and CO2emissions from transport for Turkey, respectively. The results of the conditional error correction models (CECM) confirm that there are long-run causal relationships from the growing number of foreign tourist arrivals and the increase of ELC toward the growth of CO2emissions during 1960-2010. The results of autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) error correction models for CO2emissions also validate significant dynamic relationships between CO2emissions, ELC and tourist arrivals in the short run.Design/methodology/approach– ARDL modeling and Bounds test approach were used in this study.Findings– Rapid tourism development in Turkey has triggered CO2emissions. The growth of CO2emissions in Turkey threatens sustainability. The hypothesis of “The growth of CO2emissions in Turkey” is validated. Tourist arrivals, ELC and CO2emissions are co-integrated. CECMs confirm the growth of CO2emissions during 1960-2010. ARDL modeling shows significant relationships between CO2emissions and other variables.Originality/value– Results of ARDL error correction models for CO2emissions validate the hypothesis that there are significant dynamic relationships between CO2emissions, ELC and tourist arrivals in Turkey for the short run.
Impact of chief information officer’s strategic knowledge and structural power on enterprise systems success
Authors: Shao Zhen , Wang Tienan , Feng Yuqiang 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the impact of chief information officer’s (CIO’s) strategic knowledge and structural power on enterprise systems (ES) success in the context of systems usage.Design/methodology/approach– Drawing upon knowledge-based view, this study links CIO’s strategic knowledge, structural power, ES assimilation and firm performance in an integral model. Sample data were collected in China and partial least squares technique was used to test the model.Findings– Empirical results suggest that CIO’s strategic information technology (IT) knowledge, strategic business knowledge and structural power have significant influence on ES assimilation. While ES assimilation mediates the association between CIO’s strategic knowledge, CIO’s structural power and firm performance. Another interesting finding in the study is that the imbalance of CIO’s strategic business knowledge and strategic IT knowledge is negatively associated with ES assimilation.Originality/value– This study enriches the extant literatures in IS leadership by showing the significant role of CIO’s knowledge balance and authority in promoting the assimilation of ES within the organization. The empirical findings can provide guidelines for the top executive to select a person who is familiar with both strategic business and IT knowledge to take charge of ES, also, to provide the person with appropriate structural power, in order to achieve the benefits of ES successfully.