bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Age modification of the relationship between C-reactive protein and fatigue: findings from Understanding Society (UKHLS)
Authors: Hughes A. , Kumari M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundSystemic inflammation may play a role in the development of idiopathic fatigue, that is, fatigue not explained by infections or diagnosed chronic illness, but this relationship has never been investigated in community studies including the entire adult age span. We examine the association of the inflammatory marker C-reactive protein (CRP) and fatigue assessed annually in a 3-year outcome period for UK adults aged 16–98.MethodsMultilevel models were used to track fatigue 7, 19, and 31 months after CRP measurement, in 10 606 UK individuals. Models accounted for baseline fatigue, demographics, health conditions diagnosed at baseline and during follow-up, adiposity, and psychological distress. Sensitivity analyses considered factors including smoking, sub-clinical disease (blood pressure, anaemia, glycated haemoglobin), medications, ethnicity, and alcohol consumption.ResultsFatigue and CRP increased with age, and women had higher values than men. CRP was associated with future self-reported fatigue, but only for the oldest participants. Thus, in those aged 61–98 years, high CRP (>3 mg/L) independently predicted greater fatigue 7, 19, and 31 months after CRP measurement [odds ratio for new-onset fatigue after 7 months: 1.88, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.21–2.92; 19 months: 2.25, CI 1.46–3.49; 31 months: 1.65, CI 1.07–2.54]. No significant longitudinal associations were seen for younger participants.ConclusionsOur findings support previously described CRP–fatigue associations in older individuals. However, there are clear age modifications in these associations, which may reflect a contribution of unmeasured sub-clinical disease of limited relevance to younger individuals. Further work is necessary to clarify intervening processes linking CRP and fatigue in older individuals.
Prediction of drug abuse recurrence: a Swedish National Study
Authors: Kendler K. S. , Ohlsson H. , Sundquist K. , Sundquist J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundRelapse from drug abuse (DA) is common, but has rarely been studied in general population samples using a wide range of objective predictors.MethodUsing nationwide registries, we ascertained 44 523 subjects first registered for DA between the ages of 15 and 40 in 1998 to 2004 and followed for 8 years. We predicted relapse in subjects defined as a second DA registration. We also predicted DA relapse in relative pairs concordant for DA but discordant for relapse.ResultsIn multivariate regression analyses, the strongest predictors for relapse were prior criminal behavior, male sex, being on social welfare, low school achievement, prior alcoholism, and a high-risk father. A risk index trained from these analyses on random split-halves demonstrated a risk ratio of 1.11 [95% confidence intervals (CIs) 1.10–1.11] per decile and an ROC value of 0.70 (0.69–0.71). Co-relative analyses indicated that a modest proportion of this association was causal, with the remainder arising from familial confounders. A developmental structural equation model revealed a complex interviewing of risk pathways to DA with three key mediational hubs: low educational attainment, early age at first registration, and being on social welfare.ConclusionsIn a general population sample, using objective registry information, DA relapse is substantially predictable. However, the identified risk factors may not be valid targets for interventions because many index familial risk and may not impact causally on probability of relapse. Risk for DA relapse may reflect an inter-weaving, over developmental time, of genetic–temperamental vulnerability, indices of externalizing behaviors and social factors reflecting deprivation.
Contrasting tocol ratios associated with seed longevity in rice variety groups
Authors: Lee Jae-Sung , Kwak Jieun , Yoon Mi-Ra , Lee Jeom-Sig , Hay Fiona R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractVitamin E (tocols) is a key metabolite for efficient scavenging of lipid peroxy radicals that cause membrane breakdown during seed ageing. However, in rice, this hypothesis has been tested for very few lines only and without considering intraspecific variation in genomic structure. Here, we present a correlation study between tocols and seed longevity using a diverse rice panel. Seeds of 20 rice accessions held in the International Rice Genebank at the International Rice Research Institute, representing Aus, Basmati/Sadri, Indica, temperate Japonica and tropical Japonica variety groups, were used for tocols analysis (quantification of α-, β-, γ- and δ-tocopherol/tocotrienol by ultra-performance liquid chromatography) and storage experiments at 45°C and 10.9% seed moisture content. To examine the effects of DNA-haplotype on the phenotype, the 700 K high-density single-nucleotide polymorphism marker dataset was utilized. Both seed longevity (time for viability to fall to 50%; p50) and tocols content varied across variety groups related to the heterogeneity in the genetic architecture. Among eight types of tocol homologues, α-tocopherol and γ-tocotrienol were significantly correlated with p50 (negatively and positively, respectively). While temperate Japonica varieties were most abundant in α-tocopherol, Indica varieties recorded 1.3- to 1.7-fold higher γ-tocotrienol than those of other groups. We conclude that the specific ratio of tocol homologues rather than total tocols content plays an important role in the seed longevity mechanism.
Could President Trump Rely on Legal Advice to Order the Offensive Use of Military Force at His Discretion?
Authors: Edelson Chris 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Although the US Constitution permits presidents to order the use of military force without congressional approval only in an emergency context, presidents since Truman—especially after 9/11—have unilaterally ordered the offensive use of military force without congressional approval. Unless Congress asserts its constitutional role, President Donald Trump could continue to draw on this precedent to claim broad discretion to order the use of military force.
Teaching across Cultures: Student-Led Modules in a Human Rights Course
Authors: McBride Becca 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Human rights, ethnic conflict, democratization, colonialism, and development—many upper-level political science courses contain content that is understood differently across cultural contexts. Equipping students to appreciate diverse perspectives on these issues is a challenge that requires creative pedagogical strategies, regardless of whether all students come from the same region of the United States or the class has more than half international students. Professors in both environments have the complex task of guiding students to navigate disparate viewpoints. This article demonstrates the pedagogical potential of an integrated approach to student-led class modules based on a two-semester experiment using a Global Politics of Human Rights course at a small liberal arts college with a large population of international students. One section of the same course was taught in each semester with identical course material but with two different sets of student participants. After situating the challenges and the strategy within the growing literature on active learning, the article provides basic details of the pedagogical approach and three examples of the modules. It concludes with methods for assessing the effectiveness of student-led class modules.
Creative Writing and the Study of Politics
Authors: McWilliams Susan 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Creative writing is not part of professional training in political science. Scholars in other fields, though, testify to the benefits of creative writing assignments, and my experiences teaching an undergraduate course on Politics and Literature suggest that there may be value in adding creative writing into certain political science courses. As with other forms of non-academic writing that political scientists identify as enriching, creative writing allows students to consider politics from multiple perspectives and expands their communicative powers. Working at the craft of storytelling—as opposed to abstract argumentation—can help students to think through key claims in contemporary political thought. Moreover, in this age of “alternative facts,” doing creative writing in a politics course may help students hone a critical skill of citizenship: thinking about the news in terms of narrative. In this essay, I consider the advantages and challenges of bringing creative writing into the study of politics.
A Model on the Contribution of School Assets to the Achievement of Adolescents’ Well-Being and Academic Performance
Authors: Pertegal Miguel-Ángel , Oliva Alfredo 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe aim of this study was to examine a model on the contribution of school assets on the development of adolescent´s well-being and school success. The sample comprised 1944 adolescents (893 girls and 1051 boys) aged between 12 and 17 years (M= 14.4;SD= 1.13), from secondary schools in Western Andalusia, which completed some self-report questionnaires. The results of structural equation modeling showed the goodness of fit of the initial theoretical model. This model confirmed the importance of school connectedness as a key factor in the relationships between other school assets (social climate; clarity of the rules and values, and positive opportunities and empowerment) and commitment to learning, academic performance and life satisfaction. However, the re-specification of the initial model considered two complementary paths with theoretical sense: first, a direct influence between clarity of the rules and values and commitment to learning, and second, between academic performance and life satisfaction. This model obtained better goodness of fit indices than the first one: χ2= 16.32;gl= 8;p= .038; χ2/gl= 2.04; SRMR = .018; RSMEA = .023 (95% C.I. = .005; 040); NNFI = .98; CFI = .99. From our study, the need to invest in initiatives focused on the promotion of adolescents’ links with their school emerges as a key goal to contribute towards, at the same time, both a good academic performance and a better life satisfaction.
Landscape of X chromosome inactivation across human tissues
Authors:   GTEx Consortium, Tukiainen Taru , Villani Alexandra-Chloé , Yen Angela , Rivas Manuel A. , Marshall Jamie L. , Satija Rahul , Aguirre Matt , Gauthier Laura , Fleharty Mark , Kirby Andrew , Cummings Beryl B. , Castel Stephane E. , Karczewski Konrad J. , Aguet François , Byrnes Andrea , Lappalainen Tuuli , Regev Aviv , Ardlie Kristin G. , Hacohen Nir , MacArthur Daniel G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractX chromosome inactivation (XCI) silences transcription from one of the two X chromosomes in female mammalian cells to balance expression dosage between XX females and XY males. XCI is, however, incomplete in humans: up to one-third of X-chromosomal genes are expressed from both the active and inactive X chromosomes (Xa and Xi, respectively) in female cells, with the degree of ‘escape’ from inactivation varying between genes and individuals1,2. The extent to which XCI is shared between cells and tissues remains poorly characterized3,4, as does the degree to which incomplete XCI manifests as detectable sex differences in gene expression5and phenotypic traits6. Here we describe a systematic survey of XCI, integrating over 5,500 transcriptomes from 449 individuals spanning 29 tissues from GTEx (v6p release) and 940 single-cell transcriptomes, combined with genomic sequence data. We show that XCI at 683 X-chromosomal genes is generally uniform across human tissues, but identify examples of heterogeneity between tissues, individuals and cells. We show that incomplete XCI affects at least 23% of X-chromosomal genes, identify seven genes that escape XCI with support from multiple lines of evidence and demonstrate that escape from XCI results in sex biases in gene expression, establishing incomplete XCI as a mechanism that is likely to introduce phenotypic diversity6,7. Overall, this updated catalogue of XCI across human tissues helps to increase our understanding of the extent and impact of the incompleteness in the maintenance of XCI.
TRIM29 promotes DNA virus infections by inhibiting innate immune response
Authors: Xing Junji , Zhang Ao , Zhang Hua , Wang Jin , Li Xian Chang , Zeng Mu-Sheng , Zhang Zhiqiang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMany double-stranded DNA viruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus, can establish persistent infection, but the underlying virus–host interactions remain poorly understood. Here we report that in human airway epithelial cells Epstein-Barr virus induces TRIM29, a member of the TRIM family of proteins, to inhibit innate immune activation. Knockdown of TRIM29 in airway epithelial cells enhances type I interferon production, and in human nasopharyngeal carcinoma cells results in almost complete Epstein-Barr virus clearance. TRIM29 is also highly induced by cytosolic double-stranded DNA in myeloid dendritic cells. TRIM29−/− mice have lower adenovirus titers in the lung, and are resistant to lethal herpes simplex virus-1 infection due to enhanced production of type I interferon. Mechanistically, TRIM29 induces K48-linked ubiquitination of Stimulator of interferon genes, a key adaptor in double-stranded DNA-sensing pathway, followed by its rapid degradation. These data demonstrate that Epstein-Barr virus and possible other double-stranded DNA viruses use TRIM29 to suppress local innate immunity, leading to the persistence of DNA virus infections.
The Hsp70 homolog Ssb affects ribosome biogenesis via the TORC1-Sch9 signaling pathway
Authors: Mudholkar Kaivalya , Fitzke Edith , Prinz Claudia , Mayer Matthias P. , Rospert Sabine 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe Hsp70 Ssb serves a dual role in de novo protein folding and ribosome biogenesis; however, the mechanism by which Ssb affects ribosome production is unclear. Here we establish that Ssb is causally linked to the regulation of ribosome biogenesis via the TORC1-Sch9 signaling pathway. Ssb is bound to Sch9 posttranslationally and required for the TORC1-dependent phosphorylation of Sch9 at T737. Also, Sch9 lacking phosphorylation at T737 displays significantly reduced kinase activity with respect to targets involved in the regulation of ribosome biogenesis. The absence of either Ssb or Sch9 causes enhanced ribosome aggregation. Particularly with respect to proper assembly of the small ribosomal subunit,SSBandSCH9display strong positive genetic interaction. In combination, the data indicate that Ssb promotes ribosome biogenesis not only via cotranslational protein folding, but also posttranslationally via interaction with natively folded Sch9, facilitating access of the upstream kinase TORC1 to Sch9-T737.
Direct measurement of discrete valley and orbital quantum numbers in bilayer graphene
Authors: Hunt B. M. , Li J. I. A. , Zibrov A. A. , Wang L. , Taniguchi T. , Watanabe K. , Hone J. , Dean C. R. , Zaletel M. , Ashoori R. C. , Young A. F. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe high magnetic field electronic structure of bilayer graphene is enhanced by the spin, valley isospin, and an accidental orbital degeneracy, leading to a complex phase diagram of broken symmetry states. Here, we present a technique for measuring the layer-resolved charge density, from which we directly determine the valley and orbital polarization within the zero energy Landau level. Layer polarization evolves in discrete steps across 32 electric field-tuned phase transitions between states of different valley, spin, and orbital order, including previously unobserved orbitally polarized states stabilized by skew interlayer hopping. We fit our data to a model that captures both single-particle and interaction-induced anisotropies, providing a complete picture of this correlated electron system. The resulting roadmap to symmetry breaking paves the way for deterministic engineering of fractional quantum Hall states, while our layer-resolved technique is readily extendable to other two-dimensional materials where layer polarization maps to the valley or spin quantum numbers.
Signatures of a time-reversal symmetric Weyl semimetal with only four Weyl points
Authors: Belopolski Ilya , Yu Peng , Sanchez Daniel S. , Ishida Yukiaki , Chang Tay-Rong , Zhang Songtian S. , Xu Su-Yang , Zheng Hao , Chang Guoqing , Bian Guang , Jeng Horng-Tay , Kondo Takeshi , Lin Hsin , Liu Zheng , Shin Shik , Hasan M. Zahid 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThrough intense research on Weyl semimetals during the past few years, we have come to appreciate that typical Weyl semimetals host many Weyl points. Nonetheless, the minimum nonzero number of Weyl points allowed in a time-reversal invariant Weyl semimetal is four. Realizing such a system is of fundamental interest and may simplify transport experiments. Recently, it was predicted that TaIrTe4 realizes a minimal Weyl semimetal. However, the Weyl points and Fermi arcs live entirely above the Fermi level, making them inaccessible to conventional angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy (ARPES). Here, we use pump-probe ARPES to directly access the band structure above the Fermi level in TaIrTe4. We observe signatures of Weyl points and topological Fermi arcs. Combined with ab initio calculation, our results show that TaIrTe4 is a Weyl semimetal with the minimum number of four Weyl points. Our work provides a simpler platform for accessing exotic transport phenomena arising in Weyl semimetals.
Barley SIX-ROWED SPIKE3 encodes a putative Jumonji C-type H3K9me2/me3 demethylase that represses lateral spikelet fertility
Authors: Bull Hazel , Casao M. Cristina , Zwirek Monika , Flavell Andrew J. , Thomas William T. B. , Guo Wenbin , Zhang Runxuan , Rapazote-Flores Paulo , Kyriakidis Stylianos , Russell Joanne , Druka Arnis , McKim Sarah M. , Waugh Robbie 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe barley inflorescence (spike) comprises a multi-noded central stalk (rachis) with tri-partite clusters of uni-floretted spikelets attached alternately along its length. Relative fertility of lateral spikelets within each cluster leads to spikes with two or six rows of grain, or an intermediate morphology. Understanding the mechanisms controlling this key developmental step could provide novel solutions to enhanced grain yield. Classical genetic studies identified five majorSIX-ROWED SPIKE(VRS) genes, with four now known to encode transcription factors. Here we identify and characterise the remaining majorVRSgene,VRS3, as encoding a putative Jumonji C-type H3K9me2/me3 demethylase, a regulator of chromatin state. Exploring the expression network modulated byVRS3reveals specific interactions, both with otherVRSgenes and genes involved in stress, hormone and sugar metabolism. We show that combining avrs3mutant allele with natural six-rowed alleles ofVRS1andVRS5leads to increased lateral grain size and greater grain uniformity.
Electro-osmotic capture and ionic discrimination of peptide and protein biomarkers with FraC nanopores
Authors: Huang Gang , Willems Kherim , Soskine Misha , Wloka Carsten , Maglia Giovanni 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBiological nanopores are nanoscale sensors employed for high-throughput, low-cost, and long read-length DNA sequencing applications. The analysis and sequencing of proteins, however, is complicated by their folded structure and non-uniform charge. Here we show that an electro-osmotic flow through Fragaceatoxin C (FraC) nanopores can be engineered to allow the entry of polypeptides at a fixed potential regardless of the charge composition of the polypeptide. We further use the nanopore currents to discriminate peptide and protein biomarkers from 25 kDa down to 1.2 kDa including polypeptides differing by one amino acid. On the road to nanopore proteomics, our findings represent a rationale for amino-acid analysis of folded and unfolded polypeptides with nanopores.
Transcriptional repression of Plxnc1 by Lmx1a and Lmx1b directs topographic dopaminergic circuit formation
Authors: Chabrat Audrey , Brisson Guillaume , Doucet-Beaupré Hélène , Salesse Charleen , Schaan Profes Marcos , Dovonou Axelle , Akitegetse Cléophace , Charest Julien , Lemstra Suzanne , Côté Daniel , Pasterkamp R. Jeroen , Abrudan Monica I. , Metzakopian Emmanouil , Ang Siew-Lan , Lévesque Martin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMesodiencephalic dopamine neurons play central roles in the regulation of a wide range of brain functions, including voluntary movement and behavioral processes. These functions are served by distinct subtypes of mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons located in the substantia nigra pars compacta and the ventral tegmental area, which form the nigrostriatal, mesolimbic, and mesocortical pathways. Until now, mechanisms involved in dopaminergic circuit formation remained largely unknown. Here, we show that Lmx1a, Lmx1b, and Otx2 transcription factors control subtype-specific mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons and their appropriate axon innervation. Our results revealed that the expression of Plxnc1, an axon guidance receptor, is repressed by Lmx1a/b and enhanced by Otx2. We also found that Sema7a/Plxnc1 interactions are responsible for the segregation of nigrostriatal and mesolimbic dopaminergic pathways. These findings identify Lmx1a/b, Otx2, and Plxnc1 as determinants of dopaminergic circuit formation and should assist in engineering mesodiencephalic dopamine neurons capable of regenerating appropriate connections for cell therapy.
Phage-assisted continuous evolution of proteases with altered substrate specificity
Authors: Packer Michael S. , Rees Holly A. , Liu David R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHere we perform phage-assisted continuous evolution (PACE) of TEV protease, which canonically cleaves ENLYFQS, to cleave a very different target sequence, HPLVGHM, that is present in human IL-23. A protease emerging from ∼2500 generations of PACE contains 20 non-silent mutations, cleaves human IL-23 at the target peptide bond, and when pre-mixed with IL-23 in primary cultures of murine splenocytes inhibits IL-23-mediated immune signaling. We characterize the substrate specificity of this evolved enzyme, revealing shifted and broadened specificity changes at the six positions in which the target amino acid sequence differed. Mutational dissection and additional protease specificity profiling reveal the molecular basis of some of these changes. This work establishes the capability of changing the substrate specificity of a protease at many positions in a practical time scale and provides a foundation for the development of custom proteases that catalytically alter or destroy target proteins for biotechnological and therapeutic applications.