bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Strategic Thinking in Complex Problem Solving
Authors: Chevallier Arnaud 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Strategic Thinking in Complex Problem Solving provides a framework and practical tools to help the reader solve problems. In our personal and professional lives, we are required to solve problems that are not clearly defined and have moving and interdependent parts. Successful resolution requires us to be T-shaped, having both depth and breadth of knowledge and skills. This book focuses on the latter part, the knowledge and skills that can be beneficial in solving any complex problem. Integrating findings from many disciplines as well as conclusions from practitioners, this book provides concrete guidelines. It breaks the resolution process down into four steps—framing the problem (identifying what needs to be done), diagnosing it (identifying why there is a problem or why it has not been solved yet), identifying and selecting potential solutions (identifying how to solve the problem), and implementing and monitoring the solution (resolving the problem, the do). For each of these four steps—what, why, how, do—the book explains techniques that can promote success and demonstrates how to apply them on a case study and in additional examples. The case study—that of a lost dog that may have been kidnapped—guides the reader through the resolution process, illustrates how the concepts apply, and creates a concrete image to facilitate the recollection. Relying on theoretical and empirical evidence but using simple, accessible language, it enables the reader to learn not just about problem solving but how to actually solve complex problems.
Identify Potential Root Causes
Authors: Chevallier Arnaud 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The third chapter, “Identify potential root causes,” explains how to leverage an issue map—a graphical breakdown of the key question—to identify all the possible root causes for the problem and test them. The chapter introduces four rules to build effective issue maps: consistently answering the key question, going from the diagnosis question to the conclusions, breaking the problem space into a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive (MECE) structure, and being insightful. The chapter provides guidelines to follow each of the four rules. These include differentiating the structure from the answers, deferring criticism while generating ideas, and balancing satisficing and optimizing. It discusses how to consider alternative ways to dissect a key question and ways to assess the respective insightfulness of each. Finally, the reader will find ideas to build maps, such as using analogies to approach unfamiliar problems or considering existing frameworks.
Determine the Actual Cause(s)
Authors: Chevallier Arnaud 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The fourth chapter, “Determine the actual cause(s),” concludes the diagnostic process by explaining how to converge on the actual root cause(s) of the problem. Readers are first shown how to summarize the diagnostic map into a meaningful set of hypotheses and prioritize their analysis. In the next step, this chapter explains how to analyze hypotheses using inductive, deductive, and abductive logic. It shows how to avoid common diagnostic problems and how to identify the analysis needed for each hypothesis by focusing on variables that rule out competing hypotheses. It also illustrates how to work with evidence (evaluating its relevance, credibility, and inferential force) and facilitate serendipity. Finally, the chapter discusses how to conclude the diagnostic analysis, particularly avoiding common biases such as confirmation bias and overconfidence. It introduces Bayesian inference as a way to shed light on competing hypotheses and it examines how to choose from conflicting hypotheses using Occam’s razor.
Select a Solution
Authors: Chevallier Arnaud 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The sixth chapter, “Select a solution,” concludes the search for a solution by explaining how to test various options and select one or more. The chapter shows how to conduct the test by first doing an initial screening to eliminate options that are not suitable. Readers learn how to gather evidence to analyze the remaining alternatives and to grade the strength of evidence. Next, to prepare for a case where there are more possible alternatives than can be implemented simultaneously, this chapter demonstrates how to use a decision tool—a Simple Multiattribute Rating Technique Exploiting Ranks (SMARTER)—to rank all the possible solutions in order of appeal for the decision-maker. Finally, the chapter explains how to conduct a parallel process to capture quick wins while conducting the decision analysis and how to use the issue map as a road map and a central repository for the information gathered about the problem.
Dealing with Complications and Wrap Up
Authors: Chevallier Arnaud 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The final chapter, “Dealing with complications and wrap up,” describes practices to develop the right skill set and attitude. Readers are shown how to hone their designer and researcher skills. The chapter also discusses what to do when time and other constraints prevent the solver from following the full process described in previous chapters. Further, the chapter advocates for embracing failing when it makes sense, that is, when the cost of failure is acceptable and failing provides a valuable learning experience. It also explains why keeping a learning mentality and a soft focus is important for successful problem solvers and how to do so. Finally, the chapter provides suggestions for developing one’s wisdom in the context of problem solving, adapting during the course of a project, balancing humility and decisiveness, seeking feedback, and using one’s intuition judiciously. It concludes with ideas to develop one’s resilience.
Underdetermination
Authors: Lewis Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers the worry that, rather than there being no description of the microworld available, there may be several competing descriptions. The problematic role of measurement in standard quantum mechanics is explained. Three leading approaches for responding to the measurement problem are laid out—spontaneous collapse theories, hidden variable theories, and many-worlds theories. This is a prima facie example of underdetermination: Several incompatible descriptions of the world are consistent with the phenomena. However, it has been argued that there is no real underdetermination here, because the former two approaches reduce to the many-worlds approach. This argument is shown to rest on unresolved questions concerning the empirical adequacy of the many-worlds approach. So at present the underdetermination remains, but it is argued that it presents no real barrier to deriving metaphysical conclusions from quantum mechanics.
Primate conservation genetics at the dawn of conservation genomics
Authors: Lynn Milena Salgado , Sechi Pierfrancesco , Chikhi Lounès , Goossens Benoit 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Conservation genetics is a relatively young interdisciplinary field. Essentially, it concerns the application of genetic methods to threatened species. It aims to obtain detailed insights about their evolution, ecology, taxonomy, and population genetics and to inform conservation strategies. This chapter discusses the application of the most commonly used molecular techniques to the conservation of primates, with a focus on non-invasive samples. Recent technological advances in sequencing techniques are allowing the transition from classical population genetic studies, based on few markers, to studies based on whole-genome information. The main techniques and concepts are broadly explored and practical examples are given together with pointers to recent studies and reviews. The aim is to give the reader a general understanding of what the field of conservation genetics is, how it can be applied to primate research and conservation, and how it will likely change in the future.
The role of translocation in primate conservation
Authors: Beck Benjamin B. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Humans have translocated thousands of nonhuman primates for conservation, welfare, economic, political, aesthetic, religious, and scientific reasons. Translocations that are intended to promote conservation should increase the probability of the establishment of a self-sustaining population of the species and/or restore critical ecological functions. Nine successful conservation-motivated nonhuman primate translocations, involving fewer than 800 individuals, are described. Translocation has not been used extensively as a conservation tool for nonhuman primates, although it may play a larger role in the future. Many primates have been translocated for welfare purposes: to avoid their certain death or to improve their wellbeing. Conservation-motivated translocations are also designed and conducted to maintain wellbeing, but there are inherent risks in moving nonhuman primates to new environments. Body size, niche breadth, and being born in captivity or in the wild are shown to have direct and indirect effects on the probability of success of nonhuman primate translocations.
The Structure of Stoic Metaphysics
Authors: Bailey D. T. J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis chapter presents a new interpretation of Stoic ontology. It aims to explain the nature of, and relations between the following: the fundamental items of their physics, bodies; the incorporeal items about which they theorized no less; and universals, towards which the Stoic attitude seems to be a bizarre mixture of realism and anti-realism. The first half of the chapter provides a new model to explain the relationship between the first and second of these items. This model clears up several problems in Stoicism and gives a precise answer to the question of how bodies and incorporeals differ in their mode of being. The second half of this chapter considers the vexed issue of the status of those items in the third item, namely, Stoic universals.
Impact of the Global Response to HIV/AIDS
Authors: Haacker Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Establishing the impact of the global response to HIV/AIDS is challenging because attribution is not straightforward, and many variables are observed only indirectly. HIV prevalence among young people has declined in almost all countries with significant HIV prevalence. Expanded treatment has reduced mortality among people living with HIV to about 2% in some countries with high HIV prevalence, and 4.6% across developing countries (instead of 8.8% without treatment). In some countries with high HIV prevalence, expanded treatment access has partially reversed the catastrophic health impacts of HIV/AIDS, with life expectancy plunging below 50 years. These gains have been achieved without causing obvious adverse impacts on summary non-HIV/AIDS indicators. The fact that HIV/AIDS has received a ‘disproportionate’ amount of funding relative to other health challenges has motivated charges that ‘HIV/AIDS has received too much money’, and the chapter closes by discussing the validity of this claim.
Cambodia’s Path to Industrial Development
Authors: Chhair Sokty , Ung Luyna 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Cambodia emerged a newly independent nation in 1953 with ambitions for growth and development through the expansion of industry. Sixty years on, following decades of war and destruction, these ambitions are beginning to be realized with double-digit growth rates. On the surface, Cambodia appears to be an emerging economic success story. Digging deeper, however, reveals that this is not without uncertainties and challenges. Cambodia has one of the fastest growing populations in the world. Between 1998 and 2008 the population increased from 11.4 million to 13.4 million, an average annual increase of 1.5 per cent. With the labour force projected to increase by 213,000 per annum between 2010 and 2013, the economy will come under increasing pressure to generate productive employment opportunities. It is against this backdrop that this chapter explores the evolution of the economy and industrial development.
Exterior Algebra and Grassmann Algebra
Authors: Vaz Jayme , da Rocha Roldão 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this chapter, exterior algebras and Grassmann algebras are discussed. In particular, their morphisms, inherited from the tensor algebra, are presented in a general framework. In some texts, the terms exterior algebra and Grassmann algebra are considered to be synonyms; however, this is not the case here! In this chapter, the differences between the exterior algebra and the Grassmann algebra are presented as clearly as possible, in order to avoid confusion later on. The quasi-Hodge isomorphism is thus presented and studied. In addition, based on Grassmann’s use of the Hodge star operator to define the regressive product, the quasi-Hodge operator is used to obtain the quasi-Hodge isomorphism, with the aid of a metric structure. At the end of the chapter, the Hodge isomorphisms are examined.
Classification and Representation of the Clifford Algebras
Authors: Vaz Jayme , da Rocha Roldão 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, the classification and representation of Clifford algebras are introduced and discussed. Some important theorems regarding the structure of Clifford algebras are presented; later on, these are used for the classification and construction of the representations of the Clifford algebras as well. The periodicity theorems and their generalisation are demonstrated and exemplified. The Clifford algebras up to dimension 8 in all metric signatures are explicitly derived; hence, with the aid of the periodicity theorem, all Clifford algebras of finite dimension are classified. In addition, procedures to explicitly build Clifford algebra matrix representations are presented, through the idempotent structure.
General Introduction—Aims, Rationale, and Methodology
Authors: Freedland Mark 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This introductory chapter sets out the aim of the work, that of effecting a critical re-analysis of the English law of the contract of employment in a multi-authored but closely co-ordinated treatise. It depicts a rationale for so doing, namely that the law of the contract of employment is central to labour law, but in a way which seems perpetually problematical. It then proposes a methodology for the work, developed by considering the institutional basis of the law of the contract of employment, depicting the contract of employment as lying in a conceptual domain between agreement and regulation, offering to provide a normative reconstruction of the law of the contract of employment, introducing the doctrinal analysis of the law of the contract of employment, and finally explaining the division of the work into a general and a specific part and illustrating the way in which this division will operate.
The Legal Structure of the Contract of Employment
Authors: Freedland Mark 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter proposes a large and evolving set of structural principles which between them identify the contract and prescribe its functioning. These principles characterize and impart shape and structure to the contract of employment, and the chapter suggests a theory of adjudication which helps to explain how the process of articulation and application of those structural principles takes place. It articulates a set of three central normative principles, exchange, integration, and reciprocity, derived from the processes of legislation and adjudication. The chapter then argues that these three principles work to explain and evaluate an essentially variable and evolutionary structural core of the law of the contract of employment. A concluding section explains how, in the subsequent chapters, this structural core is related to and placed in the context of the larger body of principles and rules which compose the law of the contract of employment.
Relational Contracts
Authors: Brodie Douglas 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In recent years there has been growing interest in the concept of a relational contract which has been defined as a ‘contract that involves not merely an exchange, but also a relationship between the contracting parties’. (MA Eisenberg, ‘Relational Contracts’ in J.Beatson and D Friedmann (eds), Good Faith and Fault in Contract Law (OUP, 1995) 296.) The chapter aims to provide an indication of the changes to common-law doctrine that might come about given the categorization of the employment contract as relational. The chapter suggests what a judicial construction of a relational contract would look like. This includes the concept of fair dealing and reciprocity and self-help remedies.
Fragmenting Work, Fragmented Regulation
Authors: Albin Einat , Prassl Jeremias 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the legal construction of the contract of employment through two interrelated phenomena of the British labour market—the fragmentation of work (as opposed to atypical work) and regulation. It claims that the legal construction of the contract of employment, which still adopts one standard prototype of contract, has been a vehicle of social exclusion for work patterns in a fragmented work domain and that it has also been a vehicle leading to the fragmentation of regulation that brings about social exclusion. Three meanings of social exclusion are discussed in the chapter. The first meaning is exclusion from basic labour rights. The second is exclusion from the relevant idea of industrial citizenship, particularly the denial of voice. The third is exclusion resulting from the deprivation of capabilities, or to use Amartya Sen’s ideas, it is the deprivation from the richness of life and the freedom to choose.
A Comparative Reflection from Canada—A Good Faith Perspective
Authors: Mummé Claire 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers the evolution of the concept of ‘good faith’ in Canadian employment law. As in many other common-law jurisdictions, the Canadian common law has historically conceived of the employment relationship within a narrow transactional contractual paradigm. Unlike other common-law jurisdictions, however, statutory employment protections are relatively weak in Canada, leaving the courts as the primary site of innovation in the field. Canadian attempts to challenge the contractual paradigm have occurred primarily through debates over good faith in employment, in three jurisprudential contexts: case law concerning the types of damages available for wrongful dismissal; constructive dismissal claims; and tort claims for negligent infliction of emotional distress. This chapter traces the history of the Canadian good faith debate, including Bhasin v Hrynew and Potter v New Brunswick, so as to take stock of the current state shape of the common law of employment contracts in Canada.
The Definition of the Contract of Employment and its Differentiation from Other Contracts and Other Work Relations
Authors: Riley Joellen 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter interrogates the core structural principle of ‘integration’ in the construction of employment contracts. The integration principle is central to the definitional boundary between employment (as a ‘contract of service’) and other contracts for services. In an employment relationship, the worker is under the general control of and/or integrated into the organization of the employer or employing enterprise. The chapter outlines and critically assesses the various tests developed over time, and under evolving social and economic circumstances, to define the boundary between employed and non-employed work relationships, from the early control test, and multifactorial tests, to more a recently articulated ‘economic reality’ test. The chapter considers the problem of ascribing employer responsibilities within triangular contracts for engaging work (labour hire arrangements), and concludes with a discussion of various legal responses to employer strategies to avoid the consequences of finding that their workers are employees.
Illegality, Public Policy, and the Contract of Employment
Authors: Bogg Alan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers the law concerning the theoretical basis and practical operation of the rules of public policy regulating legal claims based on the contract of employment. The first part of the chapter examines the theoretical justifications and underlying principles of public policy, and it argues that illegality has an important and potentially legitimate role in supporting the institutional functions of the contract of employment associated with revenue law and migration law. The second part of the chapter examines the specific rules regulating the operation of the illegality doctrine in respect of tort and contract claims based upon the contract of employment and in particular it examines the impact of revenue fraud on legal claims associated with the contract of employment. The third part examines the legal effects of illegality on the contract of employment.
Terms Inserted into the Contract of Employment by Legislation
Authors: Davies Acl 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the express insertion of terms into contracts of employment by statute. There are three significant examples of this: statutory rights to notice of termination, the equality clause governing equal pay between men and women, and the entitlement to be paid at least the national minimum wage. All three have in common the desire to draw on the contract of employment for reasons of convenience in relation to enforcement. The chapter also considers the possibility that the courts might give contractual effect to statutory rights even where they are not expressly formulated as contract terms focusing in particular on the decision of the High Court in Barber v RJB Mining (UK) Ltd in the context of working time.
The Content of Contracts of Employment—Terms Incorporated from Collective Agreements or from Other Sources
Authors: Sanders Astrid 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers how and when external or additional sources become incorporated into the contract of employment. The focus is on three main sources: collective agreements made through trade unions, company or staff handbooks, and disciplinary and grievance procedures. The chapter presents the standard ‘general’ judicial two-stage approach to incorporation: intention to incorporate or methods of incorporation, and aptness. However, the contribution of the chapter is to observe that judges appear to be applying this general approach differently depending on the source. The argument is that this de facto hierarchy of sources is misplaced. A relaxed approach should similarly be taken to the incorporation of terms from collective agreements or, if anything, the terms of a collective agreement ought to be more easily incorporated than terms from either a company handbook or an employer’s disciplinary procedure.
Duration, Lawful Termination, and Frustration of the Employment Contract
Authors: Cabrelli David 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This chapter emphasizes the pivotal role that the common-law rules on the implied duration and the termination of the contract of employment play in defining the essence and nature of that institution. With regard to the common law of termination, the chapter explains how key authorities such as Johnson, Eastwood, and Edwards do not preclude the addition of ‘just cause’ requirements to the unrestricted reasonable notice rule as a means of furnishing protection to employees falling outside the coverage of the statutory unfair dismissal regime. The chapter moves on to address other common-law rules in play in respect of the termination and frustration of the employment contract, e.g. those applying in the context of termination by the employer making a payment in lieu of notice, summary dismissal by the employer, resignation and retirement by the employee, and the expiry and non-renewal of a fixed-term employment contract.