bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methylation of protein phosphatase 2A—Influence of regulators and environmental stress factors
Authors: Creighton Maria T. , Kolton Anna , Kataya Amr R.A. , Maple‐Grødem Jodi , Averkina Irina O. , Heidari Behzad , Lillo Cathrine 
Published: July 2017

AbstractProtein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit (PP2A‐C) has a terminal leucine subjected to methylation, a regulatory mechanism conserved from yeast to mammals and plants. Two enzymes, LCMT1 and PME1, methylate and demethylate PP2A‐C, respectively. The physiological importance of these posttranslational modifications is still enigmatic. We investigated these processes in Arabidopsis thaliana by mutant phenotyping, by global expression analysis, and by monitoring methylation status of PP2A‐C under different environmental conditions. The lcmt1 mutant, possessing essentially only unmethylated PP2A‐C, had less dense rosettes, and earlier flowering than wild type (WT). The pme1 mutant, with 30% reduction in unmethylated PP2A‐C, was phenotypically comparable with WT. Approximately 200 overlapping genes were twofold upregulated, and 200 overlapping genes were twofold downregulated in both lcmt1 and pme1 relative to WT. Differences between the 2 mutants were also striking; 97 genes were twofold upregulated in pme1 compared with lcmt1, indicating that PME1 acts as a negative regulator for these genes. Analysis of enriched GO terms revealed categories of both abiotic and biotic stress genes. Furthermore, methylation status of PP2A‐C was influenced by environmental stress, especially by hypoxia and salt stress, which led to increased levels of unmethylated PP2A‐C, and highlights the importance of PP2A‐C methylation/demethylation in environmental responses.
Poverty Mapping in Small Areas Under a Twofold Nested Error Regression Model
Authors: Marhuenda Yolanda , Molina Isabel , Morales Domingo , Rao J. N. K. 
Published: July 2017

Summary
Poverty maps at local level might be misleading when based on direct (or area-specific) estimators obtained from a survey that does not cover adequately all the local areas of interest. In this case, small area estimation procedures based on assuming common models for all the areas typically provide much more reliable poverty estimates. These models include area effects to account for the unexplained between-area heterogeneity. When poverty figures are sought at two different aggregation levels, domains and subdomains, it is reasonable to assume a twofold nested error model including random effects explaining the heterogeneity at the two levels of aggregation. The paper introduces the empirical best (EB) method for poverty mapping or, more generally, for estimation of additive parameters in small areas, under a twofold model. Under this model, analytical expressions for the EB estimators of poverty incidences and gaps in domains or subdomains are given. For more complex additive parameters, a Monte Carlo algorithm is used to approximate the EB estimators. The EB estimates obtained of the totals for all the subdomains in a given domain add up to the EB estimate of the domain total. We develop a bootstrap estimator of the mean-squared error of EB estimators and study the effect on the mean-squared error of a misspecification of the area effects. In simulations, we compare the estimators obtained under the twofold model with those obtained under models with only domain effects or only subdomain effects, when all subdomains are sampled or when there are unsampled subdomains. The methodology is applied to poverty mapping in counties of the Spanish region of Valencia by gender. Results show great variation in the poverty incidence and gap across the counties from this region, with more counties affected by extreme poverty when restricting ourselves to women.
Metabolite profiling of non‐sterile rhizosphere soil
Authors: Pétriacq Pierre , Williams Alex , Cotton Anne , McFarlane Alexander E. , Rolfe Stephen A. , Ton Jurriaan 
Published: July 2017

SummaryRhizosphere chemistry is the sum of root exudation chemicals, their breakdown products and the microbial products of soil‐derived chemicals. To date, most studies about root exudation chemistry are based on sterile cultivation systems, which limits the discovery of microbial breakdown products that act as semiochemicals and shape microbial rhizosphere communities. Here, we present a method for untargeted metabolic profiling of non‐sterile rhizosphere soil. We have developed an experimental growth system that enables the collection and analysis of rhizosphere chemicals from different plant species. High‐throughput sequencing of 16SrRNA genes demonstrated that plants in the growth system support a microbial rhizosphere effect. To collect a range of (a)polar chemicals from the system, we developed extraction methods that do not cause detectable damage to root cells or soil‐inhabiting microbes, thus preventing contamination with cellular metabolites. Untargeted metabolite profiling by UPLC‐Q‐TOF mass spectrometry, followed by uni‐ and multivariate statistical analyses, identified a wide range of secondary metabolites that are enriched in plant‐containing soil, compared with control soil without roots. We show that the method is suitable for profiling the rhizosphere chemistry of Zea mays (maize) in agricultural soil, thereby demonstrating the applicability to different plant–soil combinations. Our study provides a robust method for the comprehensive metabolite profiling of non‐sterile rhizosphere soil, which represents a technical advance towards the establishment of causal relationships between the chemistry and microbial composition of the rhizosphere.
A computational approach for inferring the cell wall properties that govern guard cell dynamics
Authors: Woolfenden Hugh C. , Bourdais Gildas , Kopischke Michaela , Miedes Eva , Molina Antonio , Robatzek Silke , Morris Richard J. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryGuard cells dynamically adjust their shape in order to regulate photosynthetic gas exchange, respiration rates and defend against pathogen entry. Cell shape changes are determined by the interplay of cell wall material properties and turgor pressure. To investigate this relationship between turgor pressure, cell wall properties and cell shape, we focused on kidney‐shaped stomata and developed a biomechanical model of a guard cell pair. Treating the cell wall as a composite of the pectin‐rich cell wall matrix embedded with cellulose microfibrils, we show that strong, circumferentially oriented fibres are critical for opening. We find that the opening dynamics are dictated by the mechanical stress response of the cell wall matrix, and as the turgor rises, the pectinaceous matrix stiffens. We validate these predictions with stomatal opening experiments in selected Arabidopsis cell wall mutants. Thus, using a computational framework that combines a 3D biomechanical model with parameter optimization, we demonstrate how to exploit subtle shape changes to infer cell wall material properties. Our findings reveal that proper stomatal dynamics are built on two key properties of the cell wall, namely anisotropy in the form of hoop reinforcement and strain stiffening.
Do venture capitalists function the same: The evidence from the Chinese newest stock market, ChiNext
Authors: Beladi Hamid , Chao Chi Chur , Hu May 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe examine the role of venture capitals (VC) in Chinese entrepreneurial firms surrounding their initial public offerings (IPOs) on ChiNext. We find VCs are more likely to invest in entrepreneurial firms close to their registered location. Unlike developed countries, Chinese VCs cannot significantly improve firms' corporate governance and operating performance on ChiNext. These results indicate these VCs are more free‐riders rather than value‐added investors. The empirical findings suggest Chinese government should restructure ChiNext or reform primary market regulations to encourage VCs to make more value‐added activities and improve the financing environment of small to medium‐sized enterprises. VCs are still new on the ChiNext.
Development of a novel ex vivo equine corneal model
Authors: Marlo Todd L. , Giuliano Elizabeth A. , Sharma Ajay , Mohan Rajiv R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo develop an ex vivo equine corneal organ culture model. Specifically, to assess the equine cornea's extracellular matrix and cellularity after 7 days using two different culture techniques: either (i) immersion system or (ii) air/liquid interface system, to determine the best ex vivo equine corneal model.Animals StudiedFourteen healthy equine corneas of various breeds.ProceduresEquine corneas with 2 mm of perilimbal sclera were freshly harvested from 7 horses undergoing humane euthanasia. One corneal–scleral ring (CSR) from each horse was randomly placed in the (i) immersion condition organ culture system (IC), with the contralateral CSR being placed in the (ii) air/liquid interface organ culture system (ALC) for 7 days. All corneas were evaluated using serial daily gross photography, histology, qPCR, and TUNEL assay.Resultscorneal–scleral rings placed in the IC (i) had complete loss of corneal transparency on gross photography by 7 days, showed a significant level of corneal stromal disorganization, significantly increased α‐SMA levels on qPCR, and apoptosis on TUNEL assay compared to controls. The ALC (ii) had weak stromal disorganization on histopathologic examination and was not significantly different from normal equine corneal controls on all other evaluated parameters.ConclusionsThe air–liquid interface organ culture system maintains the equine cornea's extracellular matrix and preserves corneal transparency, while the immersion condition results in near complete degradation of normal equine corneal architecture after 7 days in culture. The air–liquid organ culture is a viable option to maintain a healthy equine cornea in an ex vivo setting for wound healing studies.
Silver delivery approaches in the management of partial thickness burns: A systematic review and indirect treatment comparison
Authors: Nherera Leo , Trueman Paul , Roberts Christopher , Berg Leena 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSilver‐containing products play an important role in the management of burn wound infections. We sought to compare the efficacy of commonly used silver delivery approaches including nanocrystalline silver, silver‐impregnated hydrofiber dressing, and silver‐impregnated foam dressing as the main products in the management of partial thickness burns. A systematic review was performed by searching PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, and other databases to identify relevant randomized controlled trials and observational studies. Due to the paucity of direct head‐to‐head trials, an indirect treatment comparison was performed. The use of nanocrystalline silver was associated with a statistically significant reduction in length of stay when compared to silver‐impregnated hydrofiber dressing (p = 0.027) and a shorter time to healing when compared to silver‐impregnated foam dressing (p = 0.0328). There were no statistically significant differences in infection rates and surgical procedures between nanocrystalline silver, silver‐impregnated hydrofiber dressing, and silver‐impregnated foam dressing; however, nanocrystalline silver was found to be the most beneficial for all the outcomes, including infection rates and surgical procedures, according to the Monte Carlo simulation method. In conclusion, current evidence from the published literature suggests that where the clinical and microbiological priority is to get in control of infection quickly it would seem prudent to use the most potent silver delivery system, which is nanocrystalline silver. Nanocrystalline silver may offer both clinical and economic benefits compared to alternative treatments in the management of patients with mixed burns that are at high risk of infection.
Financial aspects of organ procurement from deceased donors in the USA—Relevance to xenotransplantation
Authors: Saari Ryan J. , Cooper David K. C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhen clinical xenotransplantation is introduced, the costs associated with acquisition of a genetically engineered pig organ are as yet unknown. How will these costs compare with those currently associated with the acquisition of deceased human organs? An understanding of the financial aspects of deceased organ and tissue procurement in the USA is therefore worthwhile. We have therefore attempted to review certain economic aspects of non‐profit and for‐profit organizations that provide cadaveric organs and/or tissues for purposes of transplantation into patients with end‐stage organ failure, cellular deficiencies, or in need of reconstructive procedures. We briefly consider the laws, organizations, and business practices that govern the acquisition, processing, and/or distribution of cadaveric organs and tissues, and the economic implications of industry practices. In particular, we explore and highlight what we perceive as a lack of transparency and oversight with regard to financial practices, and we question whether donor families would be entirely happy with the business environment that has developed from their altruistic donations. Until xenotransplantation becomes established clinically, which will negate the need for any system of organ procurement and allocation, we suggest that those involved in organ and cell transplantation, as well as those who participate in reconstructive surgery, should take responsibility to ensure that the financial practices associated with procurement are transparent, and overseen/regulated by a responsible authority. We suggest the major transplant societies should take a lead in this respect. The ability to acquire a genetically engineered pig organ whenever required through a simple commercial transaction (as in the acquisition of a life‐saving drug) will be greatly to the patient's benefit.
Variation of Top of Line Corrosion Rates at Different Positions in Pipe
Authors: Shant J. Raghu , Barker Richard , Neville Anne 
Published: July 2017

The inner surface of pipe plays a crucial role in top of line corrosion when condensation of droplet takes place. Condensation over inner periphery of pipeline takes place by droplet formation due to differential temperature inside the pipe and external environmental factors. To understand the change in corrosion rates with respect to droplet flow and temperature [40°C, 60°C and 80°C], a rig with curvature 80mm which simulates top of line corrosion is designed to carry out experiments at 0°, 15° and 30° inclinations in fixed 3 litre beaker.
Droplet formation on the sample as well as on perpex surface has been captured at different temperatures to understand the droplet size formation. Corrosion rate calculation is done my weight loss methods which are generally preferred in on site analysis instead of electrochemical measurements. Surface analysis is carried out with the help of optical microscope and optical profilometer where corrosion rate, inclination were correlated to average surface roughness.
Enhancing Pipeline Integrity Management by Integrating Advanced Geoprocessing Models
Authors: Singh G. , Gharibi A. , Perez B. Martinez , Almandoz R. 
Published: July 2017

Pipelines are recognized as one of the safest methods of transporting hazardous products, however unwanted incidents still occur. With many kilometers of the pipelines interacting with different environments, they are exposed to various threats and risks. Any record of leak or rupture along the pipelines can have devastating consequences; for example extreme environmental impacts, huge economic losses in addition to its national and international operators’ images.
To prevent pipeline failure and adhere to the regulations, the risk of an incident to occur should be continuously assessed and evaluated throughout the pipeline’s operating life-cycle. Risk management has been a critical component of the Integrity Management Process (IMS) for a number of years. With the increasing availability of geographic information and improved inspection technologies for pipeline networks, there is an on-going expectation from both pipeline regulators and operators worldwide to access a more quantitative approach for risk management along the pipeline using GIS or geoprocessing models.
Amalgamation of geoprocessing models with integrity management allows to precisely identify the risk areas along the pipeline with a rich visualization on the map. This is one of the most critical element underpinning the decision-making process.
In this paper, a review of geoprocessing tools that have been implemented within a pipeline integrity management system is presented. Examples of these geoprocessing tools include: (1) Class Location, (2) High Consequences Area (HCA), (3) Gas Dispersion and (4) Electrical Interference. After successful implementation of these tools, the output of the tools have been used to carry out more detailed analysis of risk assessment and aid in decision making. Additionally a WebGIS platform was also implemented to facilitate the visualization of the results.
Pipeline Repairs: The History of the Technology and the Efforts to Codify and Document Standards
Authors: Knights J. D. , Laughlin S. 
Published: July 2017

This paper will review the history of pipeline repairs. Prevailing codes, standards , design guidance’s and regulation typically permit several types of repairs: namely: replace pipe as a cylinder, repair by grinding or buffing out a defect, weld overlays techniques, utilizing a steel reinforcement sleeve or utilizing a composite reinforcement sleeve or composite wrap. This paper will review the history of the technology and the efforts to document and codify consensus standards such as ASME PCC 2 Article 4.1, ASME B31.8s, ASME B31.4 and ISO 24817. Contemporaneous issues related to the subject will be addressed as well of the durability of the aforementioned repair methods.
Globally pipeline operators are required to operate their pipelines in a safe and reliable manner, preventing any unplanned loss of containment, and ensuring the asset continues to run reliably delivering a profit for the pipeline owner/operator. Most pipeline operators are required to maintain their pipelines to an approved code either by National Regulators and/or insurers with the aim of improving safety of the pipeline and unplanned losses of containment. Most National Regulators guidance for the repair of pipelines refers to either ASME B31.4 for liquid pipelines and B31.8(S) for gas pipelines, while for process piping most operators complete repairs following the ASME PCC2 Article 4 guidelines. These guidelines are credible and are globally accepted as being an effective method to operate and maintain pipelines. This paper with reference to the three ASME guidelines highlighting the acceptable repair methods and also looks at the requirements of ISO TS 24817 and highlights how this does and does not fit into the maintenance of high pressure pipelines.
Internal Corrosion Predicted and Found in Refined Piggable Product Pipeline Through ICDA
Authors: Khera Ashish , Baniah Bidyut B. 
Published: July 2017

Contaminants such as CO2, H2S and O2 in liquid and gas pipelines in the presence of water create an aggressive environment conducive to internal corrosion. During pipeline operations, solids deposition, water accumulation, bacterial activities and improper chemical inhibition aggravate the internal corrosion attack. For assessing the threat of internal corrosion the industry has only three integrity validation tools at its disposal. These are Pressure Testing, In Line Inspection (ILI) and Internal Corrosion Direct Assessment (ICDA). To enhance pipeline integrity for piggable and non-piggable pipelines, NACE International published a variety of Standard Practices for the ICDA protocols for predicting time-dependent internal corrosion threats for various products in both offshore and onshore in sweet or sour service.
All ICDA protocols are a structured, iterative integrity assessment process, consisting of the following four steps: Pre-assessment, Indirect Inspection, Detailed Examination and Post-assessment. Most importantly, unlike ILI and pressure testing, all ICDA standards require a mandatory root cause analysis and a go forward mitigation plan to arrest the corrosion processes being encountered.
This paper reviews one case study; LP-ICDA for three (3) “piggable” refined product pipelines from the Jetty to the onshore marketing terminal. This paper will be useful for the pipeline operators to provide guidance on not only identifying the locations at which internal corrosion activity has occurred but also look into how the operators used the ICDA program to better manage their asset.
Relatedness Need Satisfaction, Intrinsic Motivation, and Engagement in Secondary School Physical Education
Authors: Xiang Ping , Ağbuğa Bülent , Liu Jiling , McBride Ron E. 
Published: July 2017

Purpose:Using self-determination theory, this study examined unique contributions of relatedness need satisfaction (to both teachers and peers) to intrinsic motivation and engagement (behavioral, cognitive, and emotional) over and above those of autonomy need satisfaction and competence need satisfaction among Turkish students in secondary school physical education.Method:Participants were 331 (162 boys, 169 girls) middle and high school students enrolled in physical education classes at four public schools in the southwest Turkey. Data were collected by previously validated questionnaires.Results:No gender differences occurred in the mean levels of relatedness to teachers need satisfaction and relatedness to peers need satisfaction. These two types of relatedness need satisfaction made significant unique contributions to student engagement for both boys and girls. The differential roles of relatedness to peers need satisfaction in predicting boys’ and girls’ engagement were observed.Discussion/Conclusion:Discussion/Conclusion: The study demonstrated that two types of relatedness need satisfaction uniquely predicted students’ engagement in a secondary school physical education setting. This finding supports self-determination theory that relatedness need satisfaction is an important motivator for students in schools.
Systematic Therapeutic Drug Monitoring for Linezolid: Variability and Clinical Impact
Authors: Galar Alicia , Valerio Maricela , Muñoz Patricia , Alcalá Luis , García-González Xandra , Burillo Almudena , Sanjurjo María , Grau Santiago , Bouza Emilio 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Linezolid serum trough (
C
min
) and peak (
C
max
) levels were determined prospectively in 90 patients. Adequate exposure was defined as a
C
min
of 2 to 8 mg/liter. Therapy was empirical (73.3%) or targeted (26.7%). Wide interindividual variability in linezolid
C
min
levels was recorded (0.1 to 25.2 μg/ml). Overall, 65.5% of the patients had out-of-range, 41.1% had subtherapeutic, and 24.4% had supratherapeutic trough levels. We did not find a correlation between abnormal levels and adverse events, in-hospital mortality, or overall poor outcome.