bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
„18+“ – wirklich schon erwachsen?
Authors: Schlüter Sandra 
Published: August 2017

ZusammenfassungIm Allgemeinen gelingt es einem großen Teil der Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen mit Diabetes mellitus – trotz der mit dem Eintritt in das Jugendalter verbundenen Veränderungen – ihren Weg in das Leben als Erwachsene erfolgreich zu gestalten und gleichzeitig die anspruchsvolle antidiabetische Therapie zuverlässig umzusetzen. Möglich wird dies unter anderem auch durch eine vertrauensvolle Begleitung der jungen Menschen mit Diabetes in dieser Lebensphase. Die Diabetesschwerpunktpraxis dient in dieser Lebensphase als „Kompass“ durch den Diabetesalltag – es gilt, nicht nur medizinische Fragen zu beantworten, sondern auch psychosoziale und rechtliche Probleme zu besprechen. Denn neben der Therapie der Erkrankung treten plötzlich auch organisatorische Dinge des Lebens in den Fokus, zusätzlich wird in der Regel die Familienplanung in der 3. Lebensdekade ein zentrales Thema. Medizinisch ist es in dieser Phase immer wieder wichtig zu betonen, die Stabilität im Alltag zu bewahren, diese auf den Diabetes zu übertragen und die Blutzucker- oder Gewebezuckerselbstkontrollen nicht zu vernachlässigen.
Die Vorbereitung des Weltraumexperiments TRIPLE LUX A
Authors: Ullrich Oliver , Hock Bertold , Thiel Cora 
Published: August 2017

ZusammenfassungAm Ende sah es wie Routine aus: Am 14. April 2015 um 20:10:41 UTC startete vom Cape Canaveral Launch Complex SLC-40 eine Space X Falcon 9 Rakete mit dem Dragon-Raumschiff (Abb. 1) zur sechsten „Cargo Resupply Mission“ (Space X CRS-6) zur Internationalen Raumstation ISS. Mit an Bord: Die komplette Experimenthardware, tiefgefrorene Zellen und Reagenzien des DLR-Experiments TRIPLE LUX A. Im Experiment sollte der Einfluss von Gravitationskräften zwischen 1 und 0 g auf die Oxidative-Burst-Reaktion von Makrophagenzellen untersucht werden, erstmals durch Echtzeit- und On-orbit-Messungen auf der ISS im BIOLAB des europäischen COLUMBUS-Moduls 1.
Aucubin Protects against TGFβ1-Induced Cardiac Fibroblasts Activation by Mediating the AMPKα/mTOR Signaling Pathway
Authors: Xiao Yang , Chang Wei , Wu Qing-Qing , Jiang Xiao-Han , Duan Ming-Xia , Jin Ya-Ge , Tang Qi-Zhu 
Published: August 2017

AbstractFibrosis is a key feature of various cardiovascular diseases and compromises cardiac systolic and diastolic performance. The lack of effective anti-fibrosis drugs is a major contributor to the increasing prevalence of heart failure. The present study was performed to investigate whether the iridoid aucubin alleviates cardiac fibroblast activation and its underlying mechanisms. Neonatal rat cardiac fibroblasts were incubated with aucubin (1, 10, 20, 50 µM) followed by transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1, 10 ng/mL) stimulation for 24 h. Fibrosis proliferation was measured by cell counting kit-8 assay. The differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts was determined by measuring the expression of α-smooth muscle actin. Then, the expressions levels of cardiac fibrosis-related proteins in myofibroblasts were analyzed by western blot and real-time PCR to confirm the anti-fibrosis effect of aucubin. As a result, aucubin suppressed TGFβ1-induced proliferation in fibroblasts and inhibited the TGFβ1-induced activation of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts. In addition, aucubin further attenuated fibrosis-related protein expression in myofibroblasts. Furthermore, this protective effect was related to increased adenosine 5′-monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation and decreased mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) phosphorylation, which was confirmed by an mTOR inhibitor (rapamycin), an AMPK agonist (AICAR) and an AMPKα inhibitor compound C. Collectively, our findings suggest that aucubin protects against TGFβ1-induced fibroblast proliferation, activation and function by regulating the AMPKα/mTOR signal axis.
Social network fragmentation and community health
Authors: Chami Goylette F. , Ahnert Sebastian E. , Kabatereine Narcis B. , Tukahebwa Edridah M. 
Published: August 2017

Significance
Fragmentation of social networks is needed in large-scale treatment campaigns. Direct vaccination of key individuals or the strategic provision of health education can prevent, respectively, the spread of viruses or misinformation. We present an easily implementable and generalizable network-based strategy for targeting households to induce fragmentation in social networks of low-income countries. Complete friendship and health advice networks were collected from 17 rural villages in Uganda. We discovered that acquaintance algorithms outperformed conventional field-based approaches for inducing social network fragmentation. Acquaintance algorithms targeted the neighbors of randomly selected nodes, whereas the latter method concerns targeting well-established community roles such as lay health workers, village government leaders, and schoolteachers. This algorithm also was effective in offsetting potential noncompliance to deworming treatments.
Top Questions in ID: Pre-exposure Prophylaxis for HIV
Authors: Krakower Douglas S , Cohen Stephanie E , Mayer Kenneth H 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) is highly efficacious at preventing HIV acquisition. This review discusses ways to identify candidates for PrEP, recommended PrEP regimens, baseline and follow-up evaluations, applications of PrEP for HIV-serodiscordant couples, resources to address financial barriers, investigational strategies for PrEP, and educational resources for clinicians and patients.
Progressive Multifocal Leukoencephalopathy Treated With CMX001 in a Non–Human Immunodeficiency Virus Patient After Rituximab Therapy for Lymphoma
Authors: El Chakhtoura Nadim G. , Ghamrawi Riane , Cowan Ronald , Richards Sindhu , Silver Shawn A. , Tsigrelis Constantine 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy is an opportunistic infection well described in non–human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) patients receiving rituximab in whom it is associated with high mortality. Although immune reconstitution contributes the most to recovery in HIV-positive patients, no viable treatment option exists for non-HIV patients. We describe a case of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in a patient who received rituximab, treated with the investigational agent CMX001.
Sugar metabolism of the first thermophilic planctomycete Thermogutta terrifontis: comparative genomic and transcriptomic approaches
Authors: Elcheninov A.G. , Menzel P. , Gudbergsdottir S.R. , Slesarev A. , Kadnikov V. , Krogh A. , Bonch-Osmolovskaya E.A. , Peng X. , Kublanov I.V. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractXanthan gum, a complex polysaccharide comprising glucose, mannose and glucuronic acid residues, is involved in numerous biotechnological applications in cosmetics, agriculture, pharmaceuticals, food and petroleum industries. Additionally, its oligosaccharides were shown to possess antimicrobial, antioxidant and few other properties. Yet, despite its extensive usage, little is known about xanthan gum degradation pathways and mechanisms.Thermogutta terrifontisR1 was described as the first thermophilic representative of thePlanctomycetesphylum. As other cultivated planctomycetes, it grows well on various carbohydrates including oligo- and polysaccharides, however, its capability of anaerobic growth with or without electron acceptors was a novel finding among the representatives of this phylum.The aim of this work is to examineT. terrifontiscatabolic pathways with a special focus on the xanthan gum degradation pathway using genomic and transriptomic sequencing. Genomic analysis revealed more than a hundred glycosidases, polysaccharide lyases and other CAZymes, involved in oligo- and polysaccharide degradation byT. terrifontis, proteins of central carbohydrate metabolism and aerobic and anaerobic respiration. Furthermore, the combination of genomic and transcriptomic approaches revealed a putative novel xanthan gum degradation pathway involving unusual catalytic steps and enzymes: novel glycosidase(s) of DUF1080 family, hydrolyzing xanthan gum beta-glucosidic backbone linkages and beta-mannosidases instead of xanthan lyases for degradation of terminal beta-mannosidic linkages. Surprisingly, the genes coding DUF1080 proteins were found in high number inT. terrifontisand in many otherPlanctomycetesgenomes, which, together with our observation that xanthan gum being a selective substrate for many planctomycetes, supports the important role of DUF1080 in xanthan gum degradation. Our findings shed light on the metabolism of the first thermophilic planctomycete, capable to degrade a number of polysaccharides, either aerobically or anaerobically, including the biotechnologically important bacterial polysaccharide xanthan gum. The results serve as good foundation for future exploration ofT. terrifontisand its enzymes in biotechnological applications.
Prey range and genome evolution ofHalobacteriovorax marinuspredatory bacteria from an estuary
Authors: Enos Brett G. , Anthony Molly K. , DeGiorgis Joseph A. , Williams Laura E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundHalobacteriovoraxare saltwater-adapted predatory bacteria that attack Gram-negative bacteria and therefore may play an important role in shaping microbial communities. To understand the impact ofHalobacteriovoraxon ecosystems and develop them as biocontrol agents, it is important to characterize variation in predation phenotypes such as prey range and investigate the forces impactingHalobacteriovoraxgenome evolution across different phylogenetic distances.ResultsWe isolatedH. marinusBE01 from an estuary in Rhode Island usingVibriofrom the same site as prey. Small, fast-moving attack phase BE01 cells attach to and invade prey cells, consistent with the intraperiplasmic predation strategy ofH. marinustype strain SJ. BE01 is a prey generalist, forming plaques onVibriostrains from the estuary as well asPseudomonasfrom soil andE. coli. Genome analysis revealed that BE01 is very closely related to SJ, with extremely high conservation of gene order and amino acid sequences. Despite this similarity, we identified two regions of gene content difference that likely resulted from horizontal gene transfer. Analysis of modal codon usage frequencies supports the hypothesis that these regions were acquired from bacteria with different codon usage biases compared toHalobacteriovorax. In BE01, one of these regions includes genes associated with mobile genetic elements, such as a transposase not found in SJ and degraded remnants of an integrase occurring as a full-length gene in SJ. The corresponding region in SJ included unique mobile genetic element genes, such as a site-specific recombinase and bacteriophage-related genes not found in BE01. Acquired functions in BE01 include thedndoperon, which encodes a pathway for DNA modification that may protect DNA from nucleases, and a suite of genes involved in membrane synthesis and regulation of gene expression that was likely acquired from anotherHalobacteriovoraxlineage.ConclusionsOur results support previous observations thatHalobacteriovoraxprey on a broad range of Gram-negative bacteria. Genome analysis suggests strong selective pressure to maintain the genome in theH. marinuslineage represented by BE01 and SJ, although our results also provide further evidence that horizontal gene transfer plays an important role in genome evolution in predatory bacteria.
What if you are not certain? A common computation underlying action selection, reaction time and confidence judgment
Authors: Christopoulos Vassilios , Enachescu Vince , Schrater Paul , Schaal Stefan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractFrom what to wear to a friend’s party, to whether to stay in academia or pursue a career in industry, nearly all of our decisions are accompanied by a degree of confidence that provides an assessment of the expected outcome. Although significant progress has been made in understanding the computations underlying confidence judgment, the preponderance of studies focuses on perceptual decisions, in which individuals sequentially sample noisy information and accumulate it as evidence until a threshold is exceeded. Once a decision is made, they initiate an action to implement the choice. However, we often have to make decisions during ongoing actions in dynamic environments where the value and the availability of the alternative options can change with time and previous actions. The current study aims to decipher the computations underlying confidence judgment in action decisions that are made in a dynamic environment. Using a reaching task in which movements are initiated to multiple potential targets, we show that action selection, reaction time and choice confidence all emerge from a common computation in which parallel prepared actions compete based on the overall desirability of targets and action plans.
On-design exergy analysis of a combustor for a turbojet engine: a parametric study
Authors: Topal Ahmet , Turan Onder 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to perform an exergy analysis of a turbojet engine combustor at different cycle parameters.

Design/methodology/approach
Base cycle parameters have been defined for the engine, and then differentiation of the combustor exergy efficiencies and destruction rates have been evaluated by changing overall pressure ratio, combustor exit temperature and combustor pressure ratio.

Findings
For the basic engine cycle, combustor unit is found to have lowest exergy efficiency as 62.3 for the sea level static condition. Compressor turbine exhaust and whole engine exergy efficiencies have been calculated as 88.7, 96.5, 68.2 and 69.4, respectively.

Practical implications
Because of the biggest exergy, destruction is seen mainly in combustion system; effect of the combustor inlet pressure (related to the compressor design technology), pressure drop and exit temperature on the exergy efficiencies have been analyzed and combustor second law efficiency have been evaluated.

Social implications
The investigation’s purposes are highly connected with social wellness and targeted at sustainable development of the society. Practical implementation of the obtained scientific results is directed on the improving of combustor for a turbojet engines and decreasing negative influence on the environment.

Originality/value
As a result of this paper, the following are the contribution of this paper in the field of gas turbine exergy subjects: Combustor has been found as the most critical component in respect of the exergy efficiency. Therefore, the effect of the combustor main cycle parameters such as inlet pressure, combustor pressure ratio and exit temperature have been analyzed.
Development of the college-attendance value scale for second-year students in Taiwan
Authors: Lin Ming-chia , Lin Eric S. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is twofold: to develop the college-attendance value scale (CAVS) in the Taiwan context to understand undergraduates’ reasons for or benefits from college education, and to examine how the value relates to additional motivational goals, academic performance, and expected terminal degree.

Design/methodology/approach
Data analyses involved sophomores (n=729) who completed a learning-experience survey that included CAVS of the personal value and collective value subscales, expected terminal degree, Achievement Goal Questionnaire, and cumulative grade point average (CGPA). Construct validity evidence was substantiated by the results of exploratory factor analysis (n=364) for two-factor identification, and by the results of confirmatory factor analysis (n=365) for a good model-ﬁt.

Findings
The interrelations between variables in regression analysis supported the predictive validity; achievement goals were predictors of CGPA, while personal value was a sole predictor of expected terminal degree. Findings suggest that CAVS is a predictive measure for Taiwanese undergraduates’ academic performance and choices.

Practical implications
In terms of policy implications, college students’ values of college attendance should not only be regularly investigated by institutional research, but should be widely applied by university students, educators and administrators to facilitate the optimal learning development for each undergraduate.

Originality/value
The study develops a short but effective scale of college-attendance value for the Taiwanese students who usually attend college after graduating from high school. The CAVS is useful in manifesting the students’ major reasons for pursuing college education.
The development of Malaysian universities
Authors: Lee Molly , Sirat Morshidi , Wan Chang Da 
Published: August 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate, in general, what are the contemporary external influences that have been dominant in Malaysian universities and what are the major local traditional practices that are also found in these universities.Design/methodology/approachFrom the literature review, the paper proposes a conceptual framework to explore hybridity in governance and management, programs and curriculum, teaching and learning, and research and service.FindingsUsing the conceptual framework, the paper discusses the Malaysian higher education in terms of Western influence and indigenization of Western models, the background context of Islamic universities and seven possible hybridities compiled from anecdotal evidences.Originality/valueThe conceptual framework and possible hybridities identified in the paper serve to provide the guide to a more systemic empirical investigation to examine the characteristics of Malaysian universities emerging from the interaction between external influence and local cultures. The Malaysian case also potentially contribute in exploring the question, “Are Asian universities different from Western universities?”.
Evaluating the mutual pathways among electronic cigarette use, conventional smoking and nicotine dependence
Authors: Selya Arielle S. , Rose Jennifer S. , Dierker Lisa , Hedeker Donald , Mermelstein Robin J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackground and AimsThe implications of the rapid rise in electronic cigarette (e‐cigarette) use remain unknown. We examined mutual associations between e‐cigarette use, conventional cigarette use and nicotine dependence over time to (1) test the association between e‐cigarette use and later conventional smoking (both direct and via nicotine dependence), (2) test the converse associations and (3) determine the strongest pathways predicting each product's use.DesignData from four annual waves of a prospective cohort study were analyzed. Path analysis modeled the bidirectional, longitudinal relationships between past‐month smoking frequency, past‐month e‐cigarette frequency and nicotine dependence.SettingChicago area, Illinois, USA.ParticipantsA total of 1007 young adult smokers and non‐smokers (ages 19–23 years).MeasurementsFrequency of (1) cigarettes and (2) e‐cigarettes was the number of days in the past 30 on which the product was used. The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale measured nicotine dependence to cigarettes.FindingsE‐cigarette use was not associated significantly with later conventional smoking, either directly (β = 0.021, P = 0.081) or through nicotine dependence (β = 0.005, P = 0.693). Conventional smoking was associated positively with later e‐cigarette use, both directly (β = 0.118, P < 0.001) and through nicotine dependence (β = 0.139, P < 0.001). The strongest predictors of each product's use was prior use of the same product; this pathway was strong for conventional cigarettes (β = 0.604, P < 0.001) but weak for e‐cigarettes (β = 0.120, P < 0.001). Nicotine dependence moderately strongly predicted later conventional smoking (β = 0.169, P < 0.001), but was a weak predictor of later e‐cigarette use (β = 0.069, P = 0.039).ConclusionsNicotine dependence is not a significant mechanism for e‐cigarettes’ purported effect on heavier future conventional smoking among young adults. Nicotine dependence may be a mechanism for increases in e‐cigarette use among heavier conventional smokers, consistent with e‐cigarettes as a smoking reduction tool. Overall, conventional smoking and, to a lesser extent, its resulting nicotine dependence, are the strongest drivers or signals of later cigarette and e‐cigarette use.
From Neo‐Functional Peace to a Logic of Spillover in EU External Policy: A Response to Visoka and Doyle
Authors: Bergmann Julian , Niemann Arne 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn their recently published JCMS article, Gezim Visoka and John Doyle have proposed the concept of ‘neofunctional peace’ as a means to conceptualize the EU's peacemaking practices in the case of the EU‐facilitated Belgrade‐Pristina dialogue. This article challenges the ‘neo‐functional peace’ on conceptual and empirical grounds. We critically discuss Visoka and Doyle's () reading of neofunctionalism and question parts of their empirical evidence given for the existence of a ‘neo‐functional peace’. Going beyond a mere critique of the article by Visoka and Doyle and arguing that the authors may not have fully exploited neofunctionalism's potential for theorizing EU external policy, we stipulate a neofunctionalist logic for explaining integration in the area of EU external policy. Focusing on three spillover dynamics to explain the initiation of the Belgrade‐Pristina dialogue – functional discrepancies, supranational entrepreneurship and external spillover – we illustrate how neofunctionalism can be used to explain the extension of the scope of EU competences and action in the external policy realm.
Soils and fire jointly determine vegetation structure in an African savanna
Authors: Staver A. Carla , Botha Judith , Hedin Lars 
Published: August 2017

Summary

Savanna vegetation is variable, and predicting how water, nutrients, and chronic disturbances interact to determine vegetation structure in savannas represents a challenge.

Here, we examined in situ interactions among rainfall, soils, grasses, fire, and elephants that determine tree layer responses to resource gradients in Kruger National Park in South Africa, using 363 long‐term monitoring sites throughout the park.

Grass biomass increased with rainfall and on nutrient‐rich clay soils. Fire frequency, too, increased with rainfall. Conversely, tree density was greater on sandier soils, where water infiltrates more readily, and in areas where the maximum interval between fires was longer, irrespective of average fire frequency. Elephant density responded positively to tree density, but did not contribute significantly to decreasing tree density.

Savanna vegetation structure was reasonably predictable, via a combination of rainfall (favoring grasses), soil (sandy soils favoring trees), and fire (limiting trees until a longer interval between fires allows them to establish). Explicit consideration of bottom‐up and top‐down interactions may thus contribute to a predictive understanding of savanna vegetation heterogeneity.
Factual Evidence without Knowledge
Authors: Conee Earl 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA central function of our evidence is to constrain the epistemic rationality of our propositional attitudes. Our knowledge does this. That fact supports Timothy Williamson's contention that our evidence is identical to our knowledge, ‘E=K’. But it is argued here that some true propositions are evidence without being known. Some of them cannot be known; others are contingently not known. Propositions play the rational role of evidence whenever they are clearly true, whether or not they are known.