bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evidence and Theory
Authors: Barnes Jonathan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Evidence and Theory’ argues that Aristotle’s account of the world is wholly exploded, mostly because sixteenth- and seventeenth-century scientists applied quantitative methods in studying inanimate nature. Aristotle’s failing is largely due to conceptual poverty. He lacked our concepts of mass, force, velocity, temperature, and thus some of the major conceptual tools of the physical sciences. Conceptual poverty is linked to technological poverty: Aristotle had no accurate clock, and no thermometer. He is often criticized for subordinating fact to theory and for seeking purposes in the world of nature. However, Aristotle was committed to the primacy of observation, and his scientific treatises — especially those on biology — remain true to that view.
The burning issue: molecules and energy
Authors: Ball Philip 
Published: April 2017

Abstract‘The burning issue: molecules and energy’ describes how energy can be transferred through molecular reactions. Metabolic processes are the foundation of cellular life. All chemical reactions increase entropy (or disorder), but living cells maintain their order by carefully controlling metabolic reactions. In living organisms glucose is broken down into pyruvate through glycolysis. Pyruvate then enters the citric acid cycle, which is a series of reactions that generate electrons which generate ATP — the cell's ‘fuel’. Many scientists, most notably Alfred Nobel, have sought to develop molecules which contain huge amounts of energy safely. These molecules can be used to build civilization — or destroy life.
Delivering the message: molecular communication
Authors: Ball Philip 
Published: April 2017

Abstract‘Delivering the message: molecular communication’ explains how molecules can enable communication between cells and in synthetic systems. Hormones are biological messengers which can have short–term or long–term effects. When released into the bloodstream, they travel to the target cells and bind with transmembrane proteins, initiating a signal transduction relay inside the cell. Neurons cells carry electrical action potentials along the nervous system. At neuronal synapses, chemical neurotransmitters carry signals across the synaptic cleft and transfer them to the next neuron along. Supramolecular chemists aim to utilise or mimic signal transduction pathways in a range of applications, from pharmaceuticals to mechanical olfaction.
Savanna landscapes
Authors: Furley Peter A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
What are savannas and where are they? ‘Savanna landscapes’ considers these dynamic and diverse biomes—the most widespread form of vegetation in the tropics and sub-tropics. They are areas covered by a nearly continuous grassy layer, interspersed with trees and shrubs of varying densities and heights, but their nature and distribution is affected by the local topography and is closely allied with continental evolution. Marked seasonal variation is characterized by unpredictably long wet or dry spells and there is a wide range of flora and fauna across the major continental savannas. There are numerous theories on the role of savannas in shaping the emergence and spread of human populations.
Savanna vegetation
Authors: Furley Peter A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Why do savannas differ? Savannas have developed in an uneasy equilibrium over time with varying pressures, leading to an amalgamation of landscape patterns. They are also the product of disturbance and conversion from other ecosystems, especially tropical forests. Each continent has developed a unique collection of plants and animals with a particular environmental evolution and history of human occupation. As a result they have followed different evolutionary pathways leading to distinct landscapes and particular challenges for their futures. ‘Savanna vegetation’ considers the primary productivity of plants, the vegetation structure, and species richness across savannas in Africa, tropical America (including Brazil, Colombia, and Venezuela), Central America and the Caribbean, and Australasia.
Savanna futures
Authors: Furley Peter A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Constant change is the driving force in the history of savannas, and some conception of the future can be gauged from evidence of past changes and from trends experienced today. The potential futures for savanna landscapes may be depicted as two interconnected sets of processes: variations caused by natural events including climatic change; and changes resulting from human activities. ‘Savanna futures’ shows that the main concerns which could impact on the savannas can be reduced to a number of key issues: coastal savanna areas at risk of flooding and salt-water incursions; food security and food production systems; loss of biodiversity; conservation issues; urban expansion; and human health and security.
Navigating through spacetime
Authors: Blundell Katherine 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Mathematics is the perfect language needed for describing how the theory of relativity applies to the physical Universe and all of spacetime, and that description includes the strange behaviour that occurs near black holes. ‘Navigating through spacetime’ explains some of the complicated mathematical language using spacetime diagrams. It describes world-lines—the path left behind as an object journeys through spacetime—and light cones. Black holes profoundly affect the orientations of the light cones. As a particle approaches a black hole, its future light cone tilts more and more towards the black hole. When the particle crosses the event horizon, all of its possible future trajectories end inside the black hole.
How do you weigh a black hole?
Authors: Blundell Katherine 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Infra-red observations have been used by teams in California and Germany to measure the mass of the black hole at the centre of the Galaxy at just over 4 million times the mass of our Sun. ‘How do you weigh a black hole?’ shows that similar dynamic techniques can be used to measure the masses of the millions of black holes that pervade our Galaxy as stars and black holes are frequently found as pairs in a binary system. The smallest black hole that we can measure is a few times the mass of our Sun, but the heaviest stellar-mass black holes can exceed a hundred times the mass of our Sun.
Movements, parties, policies
Authors: Dobson Andrew 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Movements, parties, policies’ explains the ‘machinery’ of environmental politics—the movement that nurtures and expresses the politics, the parties that are the electoral vehicles for getting the politics into the system, and the array of policy instruments that are available for putting society on a more sustainable footing. The organizations that make up the environmental movement can be categorized into different groups: public interest lobbies, professional protest organizations, participatory pressure groups, participatory protest organizations, and intentional communities. Green political parties are considered along with environmental policy-making. What are the challenges and what are the policy tools that politicians have at their disposal to meet them?
Introduction
Authors: Nobes Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Research shows that the need to keep account was the key driver in the invention of writing and numbers. The ‘Introduction’ explains the importance of accounting to civilization and identifies the different types of accounting — bookkeeping, financial accounting, auditing, and management accounting. The focus is on the central areas of accounting and not insolvency, tax, consultancy, and finance. The structure of accountancy bodies and firms is explained as well as the rules and standards that govern them. The reporting entity can range from a sole trader to a larger business with joint owners or partners who are liable for the debts of the business and the tax on the profits.
Regulation and audit
Authors: Nobes Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Regulation and audit’ examines some aspects of the regulation of financial reporting by looking at two national examples of regulatory frameworks: the UK and the USA. It addresses such questions as: why was the UK the first country to require published audited financial statements from companies? What sort of regulation does the state impose on accounting? Why does the USA have the world's oldest and toughest regulator of financial reporting? What is the purpose of audit? Does it really work? How is an audit conducted? The background to auditing is provided and the duties and responsibilities of auditors are explained.
Internal decision-making: costs and volumes
Authors: Nobes Christopher 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Internal decision-making: costs and volumes’ looks at decision-making by managers. Management accounting is the provision of financial information to managers to assist them with internal decisions and to help them control organizations. Typical financial documents produced under this category are costing reports, break-even reports, and budgets. Types of cost and how cost information is used for break-even analysis is examined. What sort of decisions can management accounting help with? Why are some costs relevant and others irrelevant? How does a company decide at what volume to operate? What are indirect costs, and how are they taken into account in decisions?
Fungal mutualisms
Authors: Money Nicholas P. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Fungal mutualisms’ considers symbiotic relationships in which the fungus and its partner benefit from their biological interaction. Examples of mutualisms with insects include fungi that trap scale insects, fungi cultivated by ambrosia beetles, and leaf-cutter ants and termites that grow mushroom gardens. These highly developed relationships involve substantial structural, biochemical, and behavioural adaptations in the fungi and insects. Fungi in mycorrhizal associations with plants operate as accessory root systems for plants, whereas fungi called endophytes house themselves inside plant tissues without any connection to an external mycelium. Lichens—composite organisms produced by a fungus and a single-celled alga or cyanobacterium—are the best-known mutualisms involving fungi.
Investigating matter
Authors: Atkins Peter 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Physical chemistry lies at the heart of one of chemistry's principal applications and achievements: the identification of the substances present in a sample and the determination of their abundances and structures. ‘Investigating matter’ considers how the laser and computer have elaborated and refined classical techniques. Various forms of investigative technique are explained including absorption spectroscopy and nuclear magnetic resonance. Mass spectrometry is widely used in organic chemistry to help identify compounds and photoelectron spectroscopy is used both to explore the energies with which electrons are bound inside molecules and to identify species on surfaces. The study of surfaces has been transformed by scanning tunnelling microscopy, which relies on quantum mechanics.
Consumers
Authors: Dixit Avinash 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
‘Consumers’ considers several concepts involved with, or influenced by, consumer activity and consumer choice — substitution, complements, demand curves, income effect, statistical estimation, cost-of-living indexes, the babysitter effect, time, budgets, opportunity cost, and risk and loss aversion. What thought processes are involved in budgeting decisions? Are consumers rational? The new view of ‘behavioural economics’ suggests not and is supported by Daniel Kahneman's work that proposes two different systems of decision-making in the brain — fast and slow. The effects of consumer behaviour can be significant; for example, loss-aversion and other features of decisions under risk can seriously affect the properties of financial markets.
Choose to Lose: Health Plan Choices from a Menu with Dominated Option*
Authors: Bhargava Saurabh , Loewenstein George , Sydnor Justin 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We examine the health plan choices that 23,894 employees at a U.S. firm made from a large menu of options that differed only in financial cost-sharing and premium. These decisions provide a clear test of the predictions of the standard economic model of insurance choice in the absence of choice frictions because plans were priced so that nearly every plan with a lower deductible was financially dominated by an otherwise identical plan with a high deductible. We document that the majority of employees chose dominated plans, which resulted in excess spending equivalent to 24% of chosen plan premiums. Low-income employees were significantly more likely to choose dominated plans, and most employees did not switch into more financially efficient plans in the subsequent year. We show that the choice of dominated plans cannot be rationalized by standard risk preference or any expectations about health risk. Testing alternative explanations with a series of hypothetical-choice experiments, we find that the popularity of dominated plans was not primarily driven by the size and complexity of the plan menu, nor informed preferences for avoiding high deductibles, but by employees’ lack of understanding of health insurance. Our findings challenge the standard practice of inferring risk preferences from insurance choices and raise doubts about the welfare benefits of health reforms that expand consumer choice.
Elevated Production of Nociceptive CC Chemokines and sE-Selectin in Patients With Low Back Pain and the Effects of Spinal Manipulation
Authors: Teodorczyk-Injeyan Julita A. , McGregor Marion , Triano John J. , Injeyan Stephen H. 
Published: April 2017

Background:
The involvement of inflammatory components in the pathophysiology of low back pain (LBP) is poorly understood. It has been suggested that spinal manipulative therapy (SMT) may exert anti-inflammatory effects.

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to determine the involvement of inflammation-associated chemokines (CC series) in the pathogenesis of nonspecific LBP and to evaluate the effect of SMT on that process.

Methods:
Patients presenting with nonradicular, nonspecific LBP (minimum pain score 3 on 10-point visual analog scale) were recruited according to stringent inclusion criteria. They were evaluated for appropriateness to treat using a high velocity low amplitude manipulative thrust in the lumbar-lumbosacral region. Blood samples were obtained at baseline and following the administration of a series of 6 high velocity low amplitude manipulative thrusts on alternate days over the period of 2 weeks. The in vitro levels of CC chemokine ligands (CCL2, CCL3, and CCL4) production and plasma levels of an inflammatory biomarker, soluble E-selectin (sE-selectin), were determined at baseline and at the termination of treatments 2 weeks later.

Results:
Compared with asymptomatic controls baseline production of all chemokines was significantly elevated in acute (P=0.004 to <0.0001), and that of CCL2 and CCL4 in chronic LBP patients (P<0.0001). Furthermore, CCL4 production was significantly higher (P<0.0001) in the acute versus chronic LBP group. sE-selectin levels were significantly higher (P=0.003) in chronic but not in acute LBP patients. Following SMT, patient-reported outcomes showed significant (P<0.0001) improvements in visual analog scale and Oswestry Disability Index scores. This was accompanied by a significant decline in CCL3 production (P<0.0001) in both groups of patients. Change scores for CCL4 production differed significantly (P<0.0001) only for the acute LBP cohort, and no effect on the production of CCL2 or plasma sE-selectin levels was noted in either group.

Conclusions:
The production of chemotactic cytokines is significantly and protractedly elevated in LBP patients. Changes in chemokine production levels, which might be related to SMT, differ in the acute and chronic LBP patient cohorts.
Vertical Lifting: A New Optimal Thread Lifting Technique for Asians
Authors: Kang Seung Hoon , Byun Eun Jung , Kim Hei Sung 
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND
With the evolution of facial rejuvenation methods, thread lifts have gained popularity among patients who seek cosmetic improvement. Absorbable wedge-shaped polydioxanone (PDO) sutures are currently available, and they are extremely popular in the aesthetic clinics in Korea. In case of midface and mandibular jowl lift, threads are most often inserted in an oblique manner with vectors of rejuvenation directed toward the temple. However, specific characteristics of skeletal anatomy should be considered when deciding which technique to use in Asians. Herein, the authors introduce a vertical lifting technique most suitable for Asians, in which short (6 cm in length), wedge-shaped PDO sutures are inserted vertically downward in the anterior malar and submalar areas.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a novel technique adopted to counteract the descent and laxity of the Asian face. The authors also aimed to assess the overall safety and efficacy of wedge-shaped PDO thread lift in facial rejuvenation.

METHODS
A retrospective chart review was performed on cases of facial laxity treated with vertical thread lifting. A total of 39 Korean patients were included. All participants underwent a single treatment session. The results were assessed objectively using serial photography and subjectively based on the patients' satisfaction scores. Complications were also recorded.

RESULTS
Most patients (89.7%) considered the results satisfactory. Consensus ratings by 2 independent dermatologists showed that the objective outcomes at the 6-month follow-up were largely categorized as very much improved (10.3%), much improved (43.6%), and improved (33.3%). The incidence of complications was low, and the complications were minor.

CONCLUSION
Thread lifting with short, wedge-shaped PDO sutures is safe and effective for facial rejuvenation. The authors' vertical lifting technique has several advantages over the current approaches. First, the vectors directly oppose the vertical sagging of the face, which makes the technique highly efficient. The technique also carries a lower risk of accentuating the cheekbones, a feature which most Asians do not prefer.
DIRECTIONAL CHANGES IN TISSUE REFLECTIVITY MAY INFLUENCE FLOW DETECTION ON OPTICAL COHERENCE TOMOGRAPHY ANGIOGRAPHY
Authors: Dolz-Marco Rosa , Freund K. Bailey 
Published: April 2017

Purpose:
To determine if directional or anatomical changes in tissue reflectivity of Henle fiber layer (HFL) may influence flow detection on optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A).

Methods:
Cross-sectional analysis of consecutive cases undergoing OCT-A. Directional changes in visualization of HFL were either produced manually by moving the beam entrance within the pupil or observed occurring naturally because of tilting of the OCT line-scan within a myopic staphyloma. Areas of enhanced HFL visualization were identified on cross-sectional and en face structural OCT scans. Visualization of OCT-A flow within the superficial and the deep capillary plexuses were compared in areas with and without enhanced HFL reflectivity.

Results:
Fifteen eyes from 9 patients were included, with a mean age of 49.6 ± 17.9 years. On OCT-A, retinal areas with enhanced HFL reflectivity produced manually or by scan tilting within myopic staphylomas showed no changes in the superficial capillary plexus flow. However, deep capillary plexus flow was altered by variable projection of the superficial flow onto the deeper retinal layers.

Conclusion:
Directional changes in HFL reflectivity can alter the detection of deep capillary plexus flow imaged with OCT-A by influencing the projection of superficial flow onto the deeper retinal layers. We recommend that clinicians minimize scan tilting during scan acquisition and be aware of this phenomenon in eyes with posterior staphyloma.
Measles Cases in Children Requiring Hospital Access in an Academic Pediatric Hospital in Italy, 2008–2013
Authors: Ciofi degli Atti Marta , Filia Antonietta , Bella Antonino , Sisto Annamaria , Barbieri Maria Antonietta , Reale Antonino , Raponi Massimiliano 
Published: April 2017

Background:
The Lazio region is one of the Italian regions where sustained measles transmission continues to occur. We investigated measles cases reported by the emergency department (ED) of the largest pediatric hospital in Italy, located in Lazio.

Methods:
We reviewed clinical records of all measles cases from 0 to 18 years of age evaluated in the ED in 2008–2013. We compared demographic and clinical characteristics of patients admitted to the inpatient setting with those of patients discharged home to assess possible determinants of hospital admission.

Results:
Of 248 patients with measles evaluated in the ED, 113 (45.6%) were admitted as inpatients. The number of measles cases peaked in 2011 (N = 122; 49.2%), when epidemics were reported in Lazio. Median age was 2.7 years (range: 21 days to 17.9 years), and 31 patients (13%) had an underlying chronic illness. The strongest independent predictor of hospitalization was having an underlying chronic illness [adjusted odd ratio (OR): 9.87; 95% confidence interval: 3.13–31.13]. Other factors independently and significantly associated with higher risk of hospitalization were taking medications at the time of ED visit, being younger than 1 year of age and having altered liver enzyme values. Eighty-five percent of children >15 months of age who were hospitalized were not vaccinated. One hundred six hospitalized children (94%) had at least 1 measles complication; 1 child required intensive care for respiratory insufficiency.

Conclusions:
Hospitalizations of children with measles continue to occur in European areas where elimination has not been achieved. Children with chronic diseases represent a vulnerable population that is at higher risk of hospitalization.
Transfer Between Hospitals Is a Risk Situation for Patients After Lung Cancer Surgery
Authors: Oksholm Trine , Rustoen Tone , Ekstedt Mirjam 
Published: April 2017

Background:
Patients with lung cancer often undergo surgery shortly after diagnosis. Despite undergoing extensive operation, many patients are transferred to a local hospital a few days after surgery. Transitions between different levels of care are risky due to common medication and follow-up errors.

Objective:
The study purpose was to explore patients’ experiences of transfer between hospitals after lung cancer surgery. The study aim was to improve the quality of transitional care.

Methods:
In-depth interviews with 14 patients with lung cancer (6 men, 8 women) were conducted in the patients’ homes. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, and analyzed using the hermeneutic analysis method.

Results:
Patients’ experience of transfer between hospitals after lung cancer surgery is one of being in a caregiver gap characterized by feeling unprepared and uncertain, feeling unprotected and not being cared for, and suffering because of inadequate organization. Patients are vulnerable and at risk of injury before and during transfer, as well as after arrival at local hospitals.

Conclusions:
Study findings highlight a rarely considered risk of inadequate care before, during, and after hospital transfer of vulnerable patients. Transition between hospitals after lung cancer surgery is a part of patient care for which there are no policies or care plans and a time during which the borders of responsibility between caregivers are unclear.

Implications for Practice:
It is important to develop guidelines for clearly defined responsibilities during transfer between hospitals. Healthcare providers need to plan transfers with the same rigor as they do hospital care.