bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Designing a whole-life building cost index in Singapore
Authors: Goh Bee Hua 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the whole-life costs of non-residential green-rated building developments in Singapore to derive useful information for research and practice. When industry stakeholders like building owners, architects, engineers, quantity surveyors, builders and facility managers have detailed information about the initial and operating costs of different types of buildings, they will be able to apply whole-life costing to their existing or new projects with the intention of achieving value for money, as well as environmental sustainability. The developed index is useful to green policymakers and building owners.

Design/methodology/approach
– Data are collected from building projects certified by the Building and Construction Authority (BCA) of Singapore under the Green Mark scheme, starting from 2005. Statistical analysis is performed on the collected data to generate the information required to build the index as well as cost database. The Paasche price index method is used to produce a weighted composite index for Singapore’s non-residential building sector.

Findings
– The results show the classification of whole-life costs components by two main groups – “development and construction costs”, and “operating and maintenance costs”. There are a total of 68 cost significant items selected from 13 construction work categories. Comparing the weights for three non-residential building types, the highest is obtained for industrial building, which is followed by institutional and commercial buildings.

Research limitations/implications
– Without data, the description of the research has primarily dealt with the formulation of the proposed index because designing an appropriate methodology is key to ensure widespread acceptance and use.

Practical implications
– Prospective users have to be aware that the index cannot provide information about change in absolute terms and is not very accurate as such in reflecting the actual level of costs or prices of the variable of interest. However, it is a good indicator of the relative change over time in the level of costs or prices.

Originality/value
– It is expected that this method contributes additional information to BCA’s existing tender price index about a building’s operating costs as well since the proposed index is a measure of change in the average whole life-cycle costs of buildings over time.
Adaptable buildings for sustainable built environment
Authors: Manewa Anupa , Siriwardena Mohan , Ross Andrew , Madanayake Upeksha 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the ability of “adaptable buildings” to respond to future potential built environment changes in sustainable way.

Design/methodology/approach
– A detailed literature review and a case study were undertaken to identify the life cycle changes of typical buildings over a period of more than 100 years. In total, 12 semi-structured interviews were conducted among construction industry professionals to identify how adaptable buildings enhance sustainability within the built environment. Case study data were analysed through a Morphological Analysis, and the interview data were analysed through discourse analysis.

Findings
– Out of the many adaptable features, the results revealed “change of use” as the dominant trend within the buildings of the selected urban cluster. More than 60 per cent of buildings have changed their original use during their life cycle. Around 10 per cent of them have changed their use frequently (every six year) during the last 20 years thereby signalling an increase in the rate of change. The positive contribution of adaptable buildings in achieving sustainability in terms of economic, social and environmental considerations, were confirmed through the analysis of semi-structured interviews.

Originality/value
– This paper reports a longitudinal study spanning over 100 years, exploring the extent of building adaptation within a selected cluster of Liverpool city centre, UK. The study further confirms the need to incorporate adaptability as a key criterion when designing buildings. The increased rate at which “change of use” has occurred further reinforces the need. Lack of a track record of designing for reuse makes this an interesting challenge for the construction industry, hence likely to have significant implications for policy/strategy formulation.
A critical analysis of the use of fair value by Islamic Financial Institutions
Authors: Gharbi Leila 
Published: April 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to address a specific question over the compatibility of International Financial Reporting Standards with Islamic finance regarding the use of interest rate as discounting rate in impairment testing and valuation techniques.Design/methodology/approachInductive methodology and qualitative-narrative methods are used to explore the available texts and literature.FindingsThere are two main findings: first, the use of reference rate obtained in non-Islamic financial system is inappropriate from the Islamic perspective. Interest-based valuation techniques have not been adopted by the Accounting and Auditing Organization for Islamic Financial Institutions in its adaptation of conventional accounting practices, and the majority of Islamic scholars argue against Interest rate benchmarking. Second, the authors suggest nominal gross domestic product (NGDP) growth rate as an alternative benchmark because Islamic finance, in its ideal sense, is based on and closely linked to the real sector. Moreover, recent studies show that there are no statistical differences between NGDP growth rate and nominal interest rate for most of the countries studied.Originality/valueThis paper highlights the accounting implications of the prohibition of interest for valuation techniques and raises the need of acceptable alternative pricing benchmark.
Ownership structure, deposits structure, income structure and insolvency risk in GCC Islamic banks
Authors: Grassa Rihab 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to examine the effect of the concentration of ownership concentration and the deposits structure on the link between income structure and insolvency risk in Islamic banks operating in Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries.

Design/methodology/approach
Using data for 43 GCC Islamic banks over the period from 2005 to 2012, this paper specifies a three-stage least-squares model in which the impact of the concentration of ownership concentration and the deposits structure on income diversification and insolvency risk is jointly analyzed to address the problem of endogeneity.

Findings
The findings show that the income structure influences the insolvency risk in Islamic banks with a concentrated ownership structure. This is because the deposits structure and large shareholders influence strategic decisions.

Research limitations/implications
This paper is, also, subject to a number of limitations. First, this study focuses exclusively on the GCC context and excludes the other Middle East and Far East countries. Second, the paper does not take into consideration banking regulation.

Practical implications
The paper findings shed light on the ongoing debate about the benefits of revenue diversification and also provide valuable insights for market participants, regulators and supervisors about what drives performance in Islamic banks.

Originality/value
The paper fills the gap in the existing literature on insolvency risk in Islamic banks. It is expected to provide useful information for policy makers and Islamic bankers to develop a sound Islamic banking industry in the GCC region. In addition, the link identified between ownership concentration, deposits structure and revenue diversification is a novel way of analyzing the impact of the latter on insolvency risk in Islamic banks.
Gender differences in reactions to injustice
Authors: Khoreva Violetta , Tenhiälä Aino 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine gender differences in reactions to pay inequity and procedural justice. Specifically, the study seeks to reveal whether these gender differences can be explained by pay comparisons and knowledge of pay.Design/methodology/approach– Structural equation modeling was utilized to analyze survey data that were combined with archival pay data representing a sample of 416 employees of two universities in Finland.Findings– Male employees were found to be more sensitive toward pay inequity than female employees. In contrast, procedural justice was more strongly related to the organizational commitment of female than that of male employees. These effects were partly explained by pay comparisons and knowledge of pay. While male employees were more likely to compare their pay with some external referents, female employees were more likely to compare their pay internally. Male employees were somewhat more familiar with the pay system. Differences in these variables relate to organizational commitment.Research limitations/implications– Given the cross-sectional nature of the study, we encourage future research to look into how gender differences in reactions to injustice evolve over time.Originality/value– The study provides evidence that female employees react to a lesser extent to pay disparities by continuing to show high commitment toward their organizations. This paradox could be diminished by ensuring that all employees have the same amount of information regarding pay, such as how their pay compares to other referent groups.
Gender bias in communal leadership: examining servant leadership
Authors: Hogue Mary 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– Theory suggests gender bias in leadership occurs through a cognitive mismatch between thoughts of women and leaders. As leadership incorporates more feminine qualities, gender bias disadvantaging women should be reduced. The purpose of this paper is to present an empirical investigation of that argument by examining gender bias in servant leadership. Predictions made by role congruity theory were investigated with principles from leader categorization theory.Design/methodology/approach– In a survey design, 201 working college students from the Midwest USA were presented with either a female or male leader, each with identical servant leader attributes. Participants reported their expectations for the leader’s future behavior.Findings– Expectations for servant leader behavior were greater for the woman than man leader, and expectations for authoritarian behavior were greater for the man than woman leader. Expectations for servant leader behavior were greater from the woman than man participants, and expectations for authoritarian behavior were greater from the man than woman participants, a difference that was enhanced by men’s hostile sexism.Research limitations/implications– Although limited by the sample of working students, important implications are the importance of using theoretical integration to examine contemporary forms of leadership for changing gender bias, considerations of self-concept in bias and examining perceiver characteristics when investigating gender bias.Practical implications– Awareness of the reduction of gender bias in communal leadership may allow an increase of leadership opportunities for women and leadership attempts by women.Originality/value– This is the first empirical examination of gender bias in communal leadership through theoretical integration.
Towards increased BIM usage for existing building interventions
Authors: Barbosa Margarida Jerónimo , Pauwels Pieter , Ferreira Victor , Mateus Luís 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– Building information modeling (BIM) is most often used for the construction of new buildings. By using BIM in such projects, collaboration among stakeholders in an architecture, engineering and construction project is improved. To even further improve collaboration, there is a move toward the production and usage of BIM standards in various countries. These are typically national documents, including guides, protocols, and mandatory regulations, that introduce guidelines about what information should be exchanged at what time between which partners and in what formats. If a nation or a construction team agrees on these guidelines, improved collaboration can come about on top of the collaboration benefits induced by the mere usage of BIM. This scenario might also be targeted for interventions in existing buildings. The paper aims to discuss these issues.

Design/methodology/approach
– In this paper, the authors investigate the general content and usage of existing BIM standards for new constructions, describing specifications about BIM deliverable documents, modeling, and collaboration procedures. The authors suggest to what extent the content in the BIM standards can also be used for interventions in existing buildings. These suggestions rely heavily on literature study, supported by on-site use case experiences.

Findings
– From this research, the authors can conclude that the existing standards give a solid basis for BIM collaboration in existing building interventions, but that they need to be extended in order to be of better use in any intervention project in an existing building. This extension should happen at: data modeling level: other kinds of data formats need to be considered, coming from terrestrial laser scanning and automatic digital photogrammetry tools; at data exchange level: exchange requirements should take explicit statements about modeling tolerances and levels of (un)certainty; and at process modeling level: business process models should include information exchange processes from the very start of the building survey (BIM→facility management→BIM or regular audit).

Originality/value
– BIM environments are not often used to document existing buildings or interventions in existing buildings. The authors propose to improve the situation by using BIM standards and/or guidelines, and the authors give an initial overview of components that should be included in such a standard and/or guideline.
Potential threat to Eurasian griffon vultures in Spain from veterinary use of the drug diclofenac
Authors: Green Rhys E. , Donázar José A. , Sánchez‐Zapata José A. , Margalida Antoni 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Spain holds > 95% of the European breeding population of the Eurasian griffon vulture Gyps fulvus. Vultures provide important ecosystem services in carcass removal and influence emissions of greenhouse gases. Despite the known toxicity of the non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug diclofenac to this species and other Gyps vultures, in March 2013 the Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios (AEMPS) approved the use of two medicines containing diclofenac for veterinary use in horses, pigs and cattle in Spain.

To assess the potential impact of medicated ungulate carcasses on Eurasian griffon vulture populations in Spain, we first used information on the metabolism and elimination of diclofenac from medicated cattle and pigs to calculate residue levels in relation to time elapsed between dosing and death. Secondly, probabilities of the death of a vulture per meal were calculated based upon experimental studies of diclofenac toxicity. Finally, annual numbers of vulture deaths expected to be caused by diclofenac were obtained by multiplying the death rates per meal by the estimated numbers of vulture meals taken from expected numbers of medicated carcasses suggested by AEMPS.

Assuming that vultures feed on carcasses that were treated with diclofenac 8 h before the animal's death, the annual number of vulture deaths caused by diclofenac was estimated at 715–6389, depending upon the estimate of numbers of medicated carcasses assumed and the version of the dose–response model used. Using a density‐independent simulation model of a vulture population, the expected rate of decline of the Spanish population of Eurasian griffon vultures caused by these deaths is 0·9–7·7% per year. A density‐dependent simulation model also indicated substantial population‐level effects. Formal estimates of precision and sensitivity analyses of effects of unmeasured variables highlight the uncertainty of estimates using currently available data.

Synthesis and applications. Due to the possibility of causing an important impact on vulture populations, our findings justify a precautionary ban on the veterinary use of diclofenac in Spain and encourage the use of meloxicam, a vulture‐safe alternative drug. A programme of monitoring of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug contamination of ungulate carcasses available to vultures and of moribund and dead obligate and facultative avian scavengers would be needed to be confident that a damaging level of contamination is not present.
Anatomy by whole body dissection: a new Masters of Surgery course
Authors: Burgess Annette , Ramsey‐Stewart George , Mellis Craig 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundIn 2012, a new anatomy by whole body dissection‐Masters of Surgery (WBD‐MS) course was introduced as a subject within the MS degree at Sydney Medical School. The purpose of this study, based on two iterations of the course, implemented in 2012 and 2013, was to investigate the participants’ knowledge acquisition of clinical topographical anatomy and perceptions of the course.MethodsDuring 2012 and 2013, a total of 26 postgraduate surgical trainees enrolled in the WBD‐MS course. Each cohort participated in a 34‐day dissection course over 12 weeks. Within each course, two groups of six to seven students were allocated to two cadaver subjects. A rigid teaching, assessment and dissection schedule was followed. Supervision was by nine specialist surgeons, who were present for their areas of expertise. The effectiveness of the course was assessed by knowledge acquisition and retention. Students' perception of the course was assessed by questionnaire and focus groups.ResultsThe course produced a marked increase in participants’ topographical anatomical knowledge. Results of assessments of participants in a standardized practical examination were 8/20 median pre‐course, and 19/20 median at the end of the course. These results were statistically significant. Participants identified three outstanding features of the course: (i) the presence of surgeons as supervisors; (ii) the course structure and design; and (iii) the small class size and team learning methods.ConclusionThe dissection course provided a significant increase in the acquisition of three‐dimensional regional relational topographical anatomical knowledge. The presence of surgical specialists as supervisors, and the course design prompted effective student engagement in learning and understanding.
Isolated gestational proteinuria preceding the diagnosis of preeclampsia – an observational study
Authors: Yamada Takahiro , Obata‐Yasuoka Mana , Hamada Hiromi , Baba Yosuke , Ohkuchi Akihide , Yasuda Shun , Kawabata Kosuke , Minakawa Shiori , Hirai Chihiro , Kusaka Hideto , Murabayashi Nao , Inde Yusuke , Nagura Michikazu , Umazume Takeshi , Itakura Atsuo , Maeda Makoto , Sagawa Norimasa , Ohno Yasumasa , Kataoka Soromon , Fujimori Keiya , Kudo Yoshiki , Ikeda Tomoaki , Nakai Akihito , Minakami Hisanori 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionSome pregnant women develop significant proteinuria in the absence of hypertension. However, clinical significance of isolated gestational proteinuria (IGP) is not well understood. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of IGP in singleton pregnancies and the proportion of women with IGP who subsequently developed preeclampsia (IGP‐PE) among all PE cases.Material and methodsThis was an observational study of 6819 women with singleton pregnancies at 12 centers, including 938 women with at least once determination of protein‐to‐creatinine ratio (P/Cr). Significant proteinuria in pregnancy (SPIP) was defined as P/Cr (mg/mg) level >0.27. IGP was defined as SPIP in the absence of hypertension. Gestational hypertension (GH) preceding preeclampsia (GH‐PE) was defined as preeclampsia (PE) in which GH preceded SPIP. Simultaneous PE (S‐PE) was defined as PE in which both SPIP and hypertension occurred simultaneously.ResultsIGP and PE were diagnosed in 130 (1.9%) and 158 (2.3%) of 6819 women, respectively. Of 130 women with IGP, 32 (25%) progressed to PE and accounted for 20% of all women with PE. Hence, women with IGP had a relative risk of 13.1 (95% CI; 9.2–18.5) for developing PE compared with those without IGP [25% (32/130) vs. 1.9% (126/6689)]. At diagnosis of SPIP, P/Cr levels already exceeded 1.0 more often in women with S‐PE than in those with IGP‐PE [67% (33/49) vs. 44% (14/32), respectively, p = 0.031].ConclusionsIGP is a risk factor for PE, and IGP‐PE accounts for a considerable proportion (20%) of all PE.
Use of effective contraception 6 months after emergency contraception with a copper intrauterine device or ulipristal acetate – a prospective observational cohort study
Authors: Envall Niklas , Groes Kofoed Nina , Kopp‐Kallner Helena 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionEmergency contraception must be followed by the use of an effective method of contraception in order to reduce future risk of unintended pregnancies. Provision of long‐acting reversible contraception (LARC) is highly effective in this regard. The aim of our study was to compare use of an effective method of contraception 6 months following insertion of a copper intrauterine device (Cu‐IUD) or intake of ulipristal acetate (UPA) for emergency contraception (EC).Material and methodsWomen (n = 79) presenting with need for EC at an outpatient midwifery clinic chose either Cu‐IUD or UPA according to preference. Follow up was 3 and 6 months later through telephone interviews. Primary outcome was use of an effective contraceptive method at the 6‐month follow up. Secondary outcomes included use of an effective contraceptive method at 3 months follow up and acceptability of Cu‐IUD.ResultsA total of 30/36 (83.3%) women who opted for Cu‐IUD for EC used an effective contraceptive method 6 months after their first visit compared with 18/31 (58.1%) women who opted for UPA (p = 0.03). In the Cu‐IUD group 28/36 (77.8%) were still using Cu‐IUD at 6 months and 31/36 (86%) stated that they would recommend the Cu‐IUD to others as an EC method.ConclusionSignificantly more women who chose Cu‐IUD for EC used an effective method for contraception at the 6‐month follow up. The results of this study support increased use of Cu‐IUDs for EC.
Therapeutic nucleic acids: current clinical status
Authors: Sridharan Kannan , Gogtay Nithya Jaideep 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDeoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) are simple linear polymers that have been the subject of considerable research in the last two decades and have now moved into the realm of being stand‐alone therapeutic agents. Much of this has stemmed from the appreciation that they carry out myriad functions that go beyond mere storage of genetic information and protein synthesis. Therapy with nucleic acids either uses unmodified DNA or RNA or closely related compounds. From both a development and regulatory perspective, they fall somewhere between small molecules and biologics. Several of these compounds are in clinical development and many have received regulatory approval for human use. This review addresses therapeutic uses of DNA based on antisense oligonucleotides, DNA aptamers and gene therapy; and therapeutic uses of RNA including micro RNAs, short interfering RNAs, ribozymes, RNA decoys and circular RNAs. With their specificity, functional diversity and limited toxicity, therapeutic nucleic acids hold enormous promise. However, challenges that need to be addressed include targeted delivery, mass production at low cost, sustaining efficacy and minimizing off‐target toxicity. Technological developments will hold the key to this and help accelerate drug approvals in the years to come.