bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Rewarded visual items capture attention only in heterogeneous contexts
Authors: Feldmann‐Wüstefeld Tobias , Brandhofer Ruben , Schubö Anna 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReward is known to affect visual search performance. Rewarding targets can increase search performance, whereas rewarding distractors can decrease search performance. We used subcomponents of the N2pc in the event‐related EEG, the NT (target negativity) and ND/PD (distractor negativity/positivity), in a visual search task to disentangle target and distractor processing related to reward. The visual search task comprised homogeneous and heterogeneous contexts in which a target and a colored distractor were embedded. After each correct trial, participants were given a monetary reward that depended on the color of the distractor. We found longer response times for displays with high‐reward distractors compared to displays with low‐reward distractors, indicating reward‐induced interference, however, only for heterogeneous contexts. The NT component, indicative of attention deployment to the target, showed that target selection was impaired by high‐reward distractors, regardless of the context homogeneity. Processing of distractors was not affected by reward in homogeneous contexts. In heterogeneous contexts, however, high‐reward distractors were more likely to capture attention (ND) and required more effort to be suppressed (PD) than low‐reward distractors. In sum the results showed that, despite the fact that target selection is impaired by high‐reward distractors in both homogeneous and heterogeneous background contexts, high‐reward distractors capture attention only in scenarios that foster attentional capture.
Factors associated with radiologic progression of non‐cystic fibrosis bronchiectasis during long‐term follow‐up
Authors: Park Jisoo , Kim Sejoong , Lee Yeon Joo , Park Jong Sun , Cho Young‐Jae , Yoon Ho Il , Lee Kyoung‐won , Lee Choon‐Taek , Lee Jae Ho 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveNon‐cystic fibrosis (CF) bronchiectasis is a chronic airway inflammatory disease, exhibiting a diverse array of clinical courses. The purpose of this study was to determine the factors that predict radiologic progression of non‐CF bronchiectasis during a long‐term follow‐up.MethodsWe reviewed the electronic medical records that included pulmonary function test data from non‐CF bronchiectasis patients, who were older than 18 years of age with a follow‐up of computerized tomography for more than 5 years. The original Bhalla score was used to determine the radiologic severity of non‐CF bronchiectasis.ResultsA total of 155 patients (mean age, 59.6 years; male, 45.2%) were included for the final analysis. The mean follow up time was 7.11 ± 1.42 (5–10) years. The baseline Bhalla score was 9.52 ± 3.14 (4–19), and the change of Bhalla score was 0.55 ± 1.14 (−2 to 5). The Bhalla score was increased in 56 patients (36.1%) but not in 99 patients (63.9%). The Bhalla score change was significantly associated with the age at diagnosis (p = 0.037), body mass index (BMI, p = 0.012), chronic infection of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (p = 0.005) or isolation of nontuberculous mycobacterium (p = 0.042) in respiratory specimens. In a multivariate analysis, BMI and isolation of P. aeruginosa were significantly related with the Bhalla score change.ConclusionThe radiologic progression of non‐CF bronchiectasis was associated with lower BMI and isolation of P. aeruginosa in respiratory specimens.
Global Envelope Tests for Spatial Processes
Authors: Myllymäki Mari , Mrkvička Tomáš , Grabarnik Pavel , Seijo Henri , Hahn Ute 
Published: March 2016

SummaryEnvelope tests are a popular tool in spatial statistics, where they are used in goodness-of-fit testing. These tests graphically compare an empirical function T(r) with its simulated counterparts from the null model. However, the type I error probability α is conventionally controlled for a fixed distance r only, whereas the functions are inspected on an interval of distances I. In this study, we propose two approaches related to Barnard's Monte Carlo test for building global envelope tests on I: ordering the empirical and simulated functions on the basis of their r-wise ranks among each other, and the construction of envelopes for a deviation test. These new tests allow the a priori choice of the global α and they yield p-values. We illustrate these tests by using simulated and real point pattern data.
Head Adjacency and the Danish Dative Alternation
Authors: Kizach Johannes , Vikner Sten 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe production of the Danish dative alternation is investigated in a corpus study, which shows that animacy, definiteness, pronominality and length all influence word order. The study demonstrates, however, that definiteness and animacy have a weaker influence than pronominality and length. Two subsequent behavioural experiments investigate whether length had an impact on comprehension. A rating experiment showed no significant difference between short‐before‐long and long‐before‐short orders. A speeded acceptability judgment experiment showed a reaction time difference between the same two orders iff the length difference is two words. To account for the absence of such a difference when the length difference is four words, we suggest that the increased predictability of the second DP reduces the cost of having a long argument before a short one.
Use of non‐irradiated blood components in Campath (alemtuzumab)‐treated renal transplant patients
Authors: Hui Y. M. T. , Regan F. , Willecombe M. , Taube D. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundThe prevention of transfusion‐associated graft‐versus‐host disease (TA‐GvHD) through the irradiation of components is key as there is no effective treatment. Universal leucodepletion reduces but may not eliminate TA‐GvHD; therefore, irradiation is still recommended. In 2010, Campath (alemtuzumab) was added as an indication for irradiation but was not implemented everywhere.ObjectivesTo identify any cases of TA‐GvHD in our Campath‐conditioned renal transplant patients, who were transfused with non‐irradiated components.MethodsRetrospective study of Campath‐conditioned renal transplant patients transfused with non‐irradiated components. In those transfused up to 9 months following Campath who survived to 1‐year follow‐up, TA‐GvHD was excluded. For patients not followed‐up for a full year, we reviewed medical records for features of TA‐GvHD. For patients transfused after 9 months following Campath, survival of at least 3 months following last transfusion excluded TA‐GvHD.ResultsSix hundred and forty‐seven Campath‐conditioned renal transplant patients were transfused; 616 were transfused within 9 months following Campath; 601 were alive at 1 year, excluding TA‐GvHD. Twelve died and three were not followed‐up for a full year, but a review of medical records excluded TA‐GvHD. The 31 patients transfused 9 months or longer following Campath were all alive 6 months following the last transfusion, excluding TA‐GvHD.ConclusionsDespite receiving non‐irradiated components, none of the 647 Campath‐conditioned renal transplant patients developed TA‐GvHD. Further reviews to replicate our data could enable change to guidance, at least in UK where components are leucodepleted, as an unnecessary requirement for irradiated components has both clinical delay and cost implications.
Player Load in Elite Netball: Match, Training, and Positional Comparisons
Authors: Young Christopher M. , Gastin Paul B. , Sanders Nick , Mackey Luke , Dwyer Dan B. 
Published: March 2016

Context:The activity profile of competition and training in elite netball has not been comprehensively reported in the literature.
Purpose:To measure and analyze player load in elite netballers during matches and training sessions. The primary research question was, How does player load vary between playing positions in a match and between matches and training sessions?
Methods:Various measures of player load were recorded in 12 elite professional netballers with a mean ± SD age of 26 ± 4.9 y and height of 183.2 ± 8.7 cm. Player load was assessed using a published method that uses accelerometry. Load was represented as total load in arbitrary units (au), playing intensity (au/min), and relative time spent in each of 4 playing intensity zones (low, low to moderate, moderate, and high). Data from 15 games and up to 17 training sessions were analyzed for each player.
Results:Player load in matches for the goal-based positions (goal shooter, goal keeper, and goal defense) tended to be lower than the attacking and wing-based positions (goal attack, wing attack, wing defense, and center). The difference was largely due to the amount of time spent in low-intensity activity. Playing intensity of matches was greater than in training sessions; however, the total time spent in moderate- to high-intensity activities was not practically different.
Conclusions:Accelerometry is a valuable method of measuring player load in netball, and the present results provide new information about the activity profile of different playing positions.
Movement and Physiological Demands of Australasian National Rugby League Referees
Authors: Brightmore Amy , O’Hara John , Till Kevin , Cobley Steve , Hubka Tate , Emmonds Stacey , Cooke Carlton 
Published: March 2016

Purpose:To evaluate the movement and physiological demands of Australasian National Rugby League (NRL) referees, officiating with a 2-referee (ie, lead and pocket) system, and to compare the demands of the lead and pocket referees.
Methods:Global positioning system devices (10 Hz) were used to obtain 86 data sets (lead, n = 41; pocket, n = 45) on 19 NRL referees. Total distance, relative distance covered, and heart rate per half and across match play were examined within and between referees using t tests. Distance, time, and number of movement “efforts” were examined in 6 velocity classifications (ie, standing <0.5, walking 0.51–2.0, jogging 2.01–4.0, running 4.01–5.5, high-speed running 5.51–7.0, and sprinting >7.0 m/s) using analysis of variance. Cohen d effect sizes are reported.
Results:There were no significant differences between the lead and pocket referees for any movement or physiological variable. There was an overall significant (large, very large) effect for distance (% distance) and time (% time) (P < .001) between velocity classifications for both the lead and pocket referees. Both roles covered the largest distance and number of efforts at velocities of 0.51–2.0 m/s and 2.01–4.0 m/s, which were interspersed with efforts >5.51 m/s.
Conclusions:Findings highlight the intermittent nature of rugby league refereeing but show that there were no differences in the movement and physiological demands of the 2 refereeing roles. Findings are valuable for those responsible for the preparation, training, and conditioning of NRL referees and to ensure that training prepares for and simulates match demands.
Sustaining a Social Enterprise: Palash Eye Hospital
Authors: Chatterjee Debabrata , Krishnan T.N. , Tandon Ankita 
Published: March 2016

Palash Eye Hospital was established with the aim of providing free eye care to the poor and affordable treatment to individuals with paying capacity in Calicut district of the State of Kerala in Southern India. Starting as the only specialty eye hospital of its kind in 1999, the hospital had grown over the last 10 years. It was operated on a cross-subsidy model where revenues from paid services were used for providing free treatment and funding expansion plans. The hospital was being managed by Palash Eye Care Trust while its community outreach activities were being handled by Palash Eye Care Society. With the entry of new commercial eye hospitals in the region, the hospital was facing competition for skilled resources and was falling behind on efficiency. The growth of the hospital was not accompanied with a corresponding development of structures and processes. The hospital was being run on the basis of informal relationships which could not be depended upon to manage a growing enterprise. Administrative control of the hospital lay in the hands of the Trust and Society members and was not shared with the medical staff. This had resulted in dissatisfaction on the part of doctors who wanted to be involved in the hospital administration in order to professionalize and increase hospital efficiency. Consequently, a conflict of interests emerged between the Trust and Society members on the one hand and the doctors on the other. Lack of established operating processes, career growth avenues, and reward and recognition systems was also creating discontent among the paramedical staff. At the same time, the failing health of the founder chairman was not allowing him to be actively involved in the hospital activities. Being a member of both the Trust and the Society, he was managing the interests of both groups in the hospital. In view of his decreased role, the problem of developing new interlocking mechanisms between the Trust and the Society was surfacing.
Mamma Mia! Made in China — Challenges in Developing the Musical Industry
Authors: Tsai Terence , Liu Shubo 
Published: March 2016

This case is about how United Asia Live Entertainment Co. Ltd. (United Asia), a real Chinese production and marketing company and a commercial arm of the Ministry of Culture, localized a popular global product, Mamma Mia!, to compete with other international and local firms during the period when the Government was pushing the reform of the cultural industry. Mamma Mia! is the first-ever Western musical without roots in the Chinese culture, being presented in Chinese (Mandarin) by an entire Chinese cast in China. United Asia staged the translated version with the creative team of the original musical. This case describes how United Asia faced and overcame many obstacles, including talent shortage, uncertain customer expectations and immature industrial clusters while it was preparing for the first show. The production turned out to be a big success. Although United Asia planned to launch more Western musicals in Chinese, the company aspired to go beyond introducing only copyrighted musicals and to create original musicals. This case leads to the reflection and discussion on what the company, as a groundbreaker in China’s new musical industry, should do next and how to sustain its competitive advantages.
What Are We Going to Do with You? Gastroenterology Service Providers’ Perception of ‘Difficult to Manage’ IBD Patients
Authors: Vallis T Michael , Greaven Sonia H , Leddin Des 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: This paper reports the results of a systematic survey of members of a clinical gastroenterology service to determine their perceptions of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) who were deemed to function poorly and were difficult to manage clinically.OBJECTIVES: To assess objectively the defining characteristics of this perceived subgroup of patients who are encountered in virtually all gastroenterology services.METHODS: A sample of gastroenterologists and gastrointestinal surgeons (n=10), as well as gastrointestinal nurses (n=19), was surveyed regarding their beliefs about the characteristics of patients with IBD who they judged to be extremely ‘difficult to manage’. A survey was developed to assess patient characteristics (eg, symptom presentation, narcotic over-reliance, interpersonal behaviour and illness behaviour) and the emotional impact that this perceived patient group has on individual staff members as well as on the functioning of the gastrointestinal team.RESULTS: The data indicated that patients with IBD who were perceived to be poorly functioning were viewed to have high levels of dysfunctional behaviour. In particular, negative behaviours (eg, manipulative interpersonal behaviours and excessive illness behaviours) were noted. Not only were these categories of behaviours high in frequency, but survey participants also rated these categories of behaviour to be highly distinct from those of typical patients with IBD. Moreover, this perceived patient group was reported to have a negative impact on individual staff and on the gastrointestinal team, and participants confirmed that they experience significant frustration and hostility when they work with these patients.CONCLUSIONS: These data, if replicated, confirm the general clinical opinion that a small subgroup of ‘difficult to manage’ and poorly functioning patients with IBD exists. These patients appear to differ from typical patients with IBD in interpersonal characteristics more than in medical characteristics. If follow-up research, which is currently underway by the authors’ group, shows that groups of poorly functioning gastrointestinal patients and typical gastrointestinal patients actually differ in measures of illness behaviour, then novel treatment approaches to improve the clinical services that are provided to these patients can be developed.
Changes in the Geographic Patterns of Heart Disease Mortality in the United States
Authors: Casper Michele , Kramer Michael R. , Quick Harrison , Schieb Linda J. , Vaughan Adam S. , Greer Sophia 
Published: March 2016

Background—
Although many studies have documented the dramatic declines in heart disease mortality in the United States at the national level, little attention has been given to the temporal changes in the geographic patterns of heart disease mortality.

Methods and Results—

Age-adjusted and spatially smoothed county-level heart disease death rates were calculated for 2-year intervals from 1973 to 1974 to 2009 to 2010 for those aged ≥35 years. Heart disease deaths were defined according to the
International Classification of Diseases
codes for diseases of the heart in the eighth, ninth, and tenth revisions of the
International Classification of Diseases
. A fully Bayesian spatiotemporal model was used to produce precise rate estimates, even in counties with small populations. A substantial shift in the concentration of high-rate counties from the Northeast to the Deep South was observed, along with a concentration of slow-decline counties in the South and a nearly 2-fold increase in the geographic inequality among counties.

Conclusions—
The dramatic change in the geographic patterns of heart disease mortality during 40 years highlights the importance of small-area surveillance to reveal patterns that are hidden at the national level, gives communities the historical context for understanding their current burden of heart disease, and provides important clues for understanding the determinants of the geographic disparities in heart disease mortality.
Effects of Hot and Sweet Red Peppers (Capsicum annuum) as Feed Supplements on Pigmentation, Sensory Properties and Weight Gain of Rainbow Trout (Onchorhynchus mykiss)
Authors: Yanar Mahmut , Büyükçapar Hakan Murat , Yanar Yasemen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets, including 0.5, 2 and 4.4% dried hot or sweet red pepper and a control diet without added red pepper, on pigmentation, sensory properties and weight gain of rainbow trout, with average initial weight of 60 g, for a rearing period of 80 days. Both red pepper types had similar effects on the carotenoid accumulation, weight gain and sensorial properties of the fish (P>0.05). Total carotenoid accumulation in the fish muscle increased significantly with increasing inclusion of red peppers. However, only the diet consisting of 4.4% hot or sweet red pepper provided adequate carotenoid accumulation in the fillet of the fish, that is, the desired colouration in the fish. Fish fed diets containing red peppers exhibited higher appearance and colour scores compared to control group (P<0.05). Irrespective of being hot or sweet, red pepper can be successfully used as an alternative natural carotenoid source in rainbow trout diets.
Cocaine- and Amphetamine-Regulated Transcript (CART ) Peptide in Mammals Gastrointestinal System – A Review
Authors: Makowska Krystyna , Gonkowski Sławomir 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Since its first description over 30 years ago, cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (CART) peptide has been the subject of many studies. Most of these investigations pertain to occurrence and functions of CART within the central nervous system, where this peptide first of all takes part in regulation of feeding, stress reactions, as well as neuroprotective and neuroregenerative processes. However, in recent years more and more studies concern the presence of CART in the gastrointestinal system. This peptide has been described both in stomach and intestine, as well as in other digestive organs such as pancreas or gallbladder. Particularly much information relates to distribution of CART in the enteric nervous system, which is located within the wall of digestive tract. Other studies have described this peptide in intestinal endocrinal cells. Moreover, it is known that CART can be present in various types of neuronal cells and may co-localize with different types of other neuronal active substances, which play roles of neuromediators and/or neuromodulators. On the other hand precise functions of CART in the gastrointestinal system still remain unknown. It is assumed that this peptide is involved in the regulation of gastrointestinal motility, intestinal blood flow, secretion of intestinal juice, somatostatin and/or insulin, as well as takes part in pathological processes within the gastrointestinal tract. The large number of recent studies concerning the above mentioned problems makes that knowledge about occurrence and functions of CART in the digestive system rather piecemeal and requires clarifying, which is the aim of the present article.
Correlations between Vitelline Membrane Strength and Selected Physical Parameters of Poultry Eggs
Authors: Marzec Agata , Michalczuk Monika , Damaziak Krzysztof , Mieszkowska Arleta , Lenart Andrzej , Niemiec Jan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the strength of vitelline membrane and its correlation with other morphological traits and the viscosity of egg yolk of different poultry species: goose, turkey, Muscovy duck, chicken, guinea fowl and Japanese quail. Vitelline membrane strength (VMS) was defined as work and force after the deformation of yolk at 6 mm. Bird species affected the VMS of egg yolk. The lowest strength was measured for the vitelline membrane of goose egg yolk. There were no apparent differences in the strength of vitelline membrane for ducks, guinea fowl, chickens and Japanese quail. In contrast, the vitelline membrane of turkey egg yolk appeared to be of the highest strength. Statistically significant positive correlations were observed between VMS and yolk index, while there was no correlation between the weight of the eggs and egg yolk. The work deformation of yolk was positively correlated with the viscosity of poultry egg yolk.
From village to city through maps: historical cartographic materials as an information source on 20th century environmental changes due to urbanisation in Poland
Authors: Nieścioruk Kamil 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The article presents the use of historical Polish post-war topographic maps and their usefulness in the detection and assessment of environmental changes caused by 20th century urbanisation. The case study area is the Polish city of Lublin. Two main research questions are defined and answered. The first is what kinds of maps can be used to trace environmental changes as well as to find the present-day remains of past environments and what is the reliability of these maps? Several series of topographic maps are used here together with aerial photography. The second research question is what changes can be found by comparing spatial sources and what features can be found today with the help of early maps. The main features investigated in this section are linear (road networks) and areal (orchards) supplemented with point features of various kinds (trees, wells, shrines). The quality of cartographic information is assessed and remnants of the past environment are discovered.