bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How to incorporate recent improvements in invisalign into clinical practice
Authors: Bellman Gerry 
Published: August 2017

Invisalign is an established technique in the treatment of malocclusion. Over the past few years, modifications have been incorporated into the system to produce more consistent and improved treatment results. Also, AcceleDent has been introduced, which has had a positive influence on the length of treatment time. Clinical Relevance: Keeping up with advances in the Invisalign technique allows for the best treatment results for our patients.
Diagnosis and treatment of missing upper lateral incisors part 1
Authors: Parvizi Farnaz , Dawson Michael , Day Christian 
Published: August 2017

These two articles aim to outline the assessment and explain the treatment options for those patients who present with missing upper lateral incisors. In Part 1, emphasis is placed on the diagnosis and need for a combined orthodontic-restorative approach to provide optimal patient care. Clinical Relevance: The management of patients with absence of one or both lateral incisors can be an aesthetic and functional challenge. Frequently, a number of different factors need to be considered in order to achieve the best end result. We suggest that a combined orthodontic-restorative approach be considered at the start of the planning process, in order to consider all treatment possibilities.
Methods used to determine demineralization of enamel associated with orthodontic treatment: a review
Authors: Kidiyoor Harshavardhan , Naik Roopak D 
Published: August 2017

Demineralization/decalcification of the enamel around orthodontic brackets, seen clinically as white spot lesions, remain a sometimes neglected part of orthodontic care. Even though there are numerous studies on decalcification, most of them are based on subjective evaluation of enamel samples. The various techniques used to determine enamel demineralization associated with orthodontic treatment have not been directly compared and the operator is left with limited choice. Since these techniques have their own limitations, the selection of a protocol for the study of demineralization of enamel should be based on the true merit of the technique and its relevance to the study. Hence, the various methods used to determine demineralization of enamel during orthodontic treatment have been critically evaluated and their application in clinical orthodontics and research discussed. Clinical Relevance: Dental enamel has very limited regenerative capacity; hence prevention of its demineralization is of prime concern to a dentist in general and to an orthodontist specifically. The appearance of white spots/damage to healthy enamel after orthodontic treatment is both unaesthetic and legally questionable. Further, there is a lack of correlation among the various methods suggested to evaluate enamel demineralization. The current article not only summarizes the various methods but also suggests relevant steps to prevent the demineralization of enamel.
Linear scleroderma ‘en coup de sabre’ and an unusual response to orthodontic treatment
Authors: Akram Ansa Javed , Moore Matthew B , Collin John 
Published: August 2017

We present an interesting case of a patient with linear scleroderma of the ‘en coup de sabre’ type who was treated with an upper fixed appliance to align a maxillary canine. It started out as a routine straightforward case of aligning an impacted canine using a conventional technique but developed into a serious orthodontic dilemma. Clinical Relevance: The atypical response to treatment suggests a possible link between the connective tissue disorder and the orthodontic complications this case developed.
The role of the clinical nurse specialist within the cleft lip and palate team: CLP series part 2
Authors: Beaumont Diane 
Published: August 2017

The presence of a clinical nurse specialist within the multidisciplinary cleft team has become commonplace across many regions in the UK, with an aim to improve the quality of nursing care in this patient group. The role of the clinical nurse specialist may commence in the antenatal period, progress through birth and infancy, and extend into childhood in concurrence with the surgical procedures. The initial focus is on early feeding advice and management, and the provision of support to facilitate the exploration of feelings and anxieties in relation to the cleft. Clinical Relevance: This paper enhances knowledge of cleft lip and palate, and an understanding of the Clinical Nurse Specialist's role within a multidisciplinary setting.
Extensive decalcification of the permanent dentition following long-term, unmonitored, functional appliance wear: case report
Authors: Fitzpatrick William , Barry Siobhan , O'Sullivan Elizabeth 
Published: August 2017

We present the case of a healthy 14-year-old female who was referred urgently by her general dental practitioner (GDP) to a consultant paediatric dentist regarding extensive decalcification of her permanent dentition. The patient had commenced orthodontic treatment 18 months earlier with a twin block appliance. She had worn this appliance unremittingly, despite failing to return for follow-up treatment. Clinical Relevance: The importance of regular dental review and early detection of decalcification in patients undergoing functional appliance therapy is discussed.
Useful concepts for critical appraisal: 3. association, outcomes and errors
Authors: Suchak Archna , Johal Ama , Wade Angie 
Published: August 2017

There is an increasing volume of research undertaken within orthodontics and with this comes a need to evaluate what is available. This short series aims to help the orthodontist revise basic concepts of critical appraisal and pertinent statistics. Clinical Relevance: Critical appraisal skills are valuable tools that can aid clinical decision-making. In this final article, we review ways in which associations and outcomes are commonly presented and discuss various types of error studies.
Labial fenestration of a ‘dilacerated’ maxillary central incisor apex: an orthodontic complication
Authors: Chate Robert AC , Falconer Denis T 
Published: August 2017

A case is presented of a ‘dilacerated’ central incisor whose apex perforated the labial alveolus following orthodontic traction subsequent to its surgical exposure, which then necessitated endodontic treatment and an apicoectomy. The literature is reviewed regarding the aetiology and terminology of this complication and the implications for informed consent in such cases are discussed. Clinical Relevance: This article will clearly differentiate between the two types of incisor root deflections that may occur during development. That is, those with true incisor palatal root dilacerations and those with pseudo-dilacerations which are actually incisors with vestibular root angulations. The surgical and orthodontic recovery of an unerupted central incisor with a vestibular root angulation is outlined, in particular the management of the manifestation of one of the risks associated with this procedure, namely that of inducing an alveolar fenestration with the apex of the tooth during the process.
Diagnosis and management of tooth size discrepancies in orthodontic patients
Authors: McSwiney TP , Millett DT , McIntyre Grant T 
Published: August 2017

A tooth size discrepancy (TSD) indicates disproportion in tooth sizes. TSDs should be considered in treatment planning for the orthodontic patient to ensure an optimal occlusal outcome. The method of calculation of a TSD is explained. The prevalence in orthodontic patients, their aetiology and management are outlined. Clinical Relevance: Clinicians should be aware of how to diagnose and manage TSDs in orthodontic patients.
Orthognathic surgery: what type of ‘information’ is available to patients on the internet?
Authors: Nunn Rebekka , Sandler Jonathan 
Published: August 2017

The Internet has fast become a very easy and familiar way for patients to access healthcare information. In the dental field there are few papers covering this subject and information about the quantity and quality of information available over the Internet is lacking. This paper aims to investigate the information available, to give dental practitioners an appreciation of the amount and variety of information that their patients can access. Clinical Relevance: As more of our patients turn to the World Wide Web as a source of health information, it is becoming ever more important that we, as health professionals, have an understanding of the amount and quality of the information that is available.
Transmigration of mandibular canine: review of treatment options and report of 13 cases
Authors: Udupa Vadiraj , Prasanna TR , Shetty Chetak , Setty Suhas , R Sathish 
Published: August 2017

Intra-osseous migration of a non-erupted mandibular canine is a rare phenomenon. The purpose of this article is to report 13 such cases of transmigration. The article reviews various aetiological hypotheses involved in transmigration, outlines diagnostic pathways for a patient presenting with missing permanent canines with or without over-retained deciduous teeth and discusses various treatment options for transmigration.Clinical Relevance: The article proposes a difficulty assessing for the orthodontic traction of a transmigrated canine which may help the clinician in treatment planning.
Orthodontic debonding: methods, risks and future developments
Authors: Stewart Samantha Brooke , Chambers Colin P , Sandy Jonathon R , Su Bo , Ireland Anthony 
Published: August 2017

The ultimate aims for any clinician at orthodontic debond, following the attainment of a good occlusal result, are to remove all of the attachments, along with the bonding/banding material, as atraumatically as possible whilst minimizing the risks to the operator, assistant and patient during the whole process. This paper reviews the process of debonding following a course of orthodontic fixed appliance therapy, from bracket/band removal through to enamel clean-up. In particular, the risks to both the patient and operator are described at all stages. Future developments are discussed that might help reduce such risks. Clinical Relevance: Returning the tooth, following orthodontic treatment, to its pretreatment condition is as important as the orthodontic treatment itself. The process of debonding is not without risk and it is vital that all clinicians are aware of these risks, but also what they can do to minimize them as much as possible.
A novel way of correcting class II buccal segment occlusions
Authors: Little Rachel , Spary David 
Published: August 2017

This paper presents five clinical cases demonstrating the use of the Upper Begg Lower Straight Wire (SWA) technique. It is a method for correcting Class II buccal segments but not involving the classic Begg technique. It frees the occlusion and tips the upper buccal segment teeth distally, and then a Nance button is used for anchorage reinforcement whilst the teeth are uprighted. Clinical Relevance: This article outlines an alternative method for correcting Class II buccal segments without the need for extractions.
Unusual presentation of a tooth in a 9-year-old child with cleft lip and palate: a case report
Authors: Edwards Katie , Houghton Nadine , Mitchell Laura 
Published: August 2017

Intranasal teeth are an uncommon but definite association with cleft lip and palate. 1 The age of patients and the clinical symptoms surrounding their presentation can vary, as well as their management. A case report of a 9 year-old female with right-sided unilateral cleft lip and palate and associated intranasally erupting supernumerary tooth is presented here. Clinical Relevance: This case report illustrates that, in cleft lip and palate patients, teeth may present in unusual sites.
Generalized severe idiopathic external root resorption and the importance of pre-treatment radiographs: a case report
Authors: Halai Tina , Milner Natalie , Al-Anqoodi Madiha , Nazir Mariyah 
Published: August 2017

This report discusses a case of rare idiopathic root resorption in a 13-year-old female and highlights how an upper standard occlusal radiograph proved to be pivotal in the diagnosis and demonstration of its incidence. Management of the case is described, with discussion of treatment alternatives. Clinical Relevance: Generalized idiopathic external root resorption is progressive. Before commencing orthodontic treatment, adequate clinical and radiographic examination is essential to facilitate appropriate management. Currently, UK orthodontists do not routinely take an upper standard occlusal radiograph pre-treatment. However, this case highlights the benefit of such diagnostic imaging, in specific circumstances.
Mini-implants in contemporary orthodontics part 1: recent evidence on factors affecting clinical success
Authors: Cousley Richard RJ 
Published: August 2017

Orthodontic mini-implants are able to provide reliable anchorage, but are reported to have varying success (stability) rates. Which factors and issues determine mini-implant success and how can this be maximized? This paper provides an interpretation of the relevant research findings, with a particular focus on the latest published studies, to help the orthodontist both understand and maximize his/her mini-implant successes. Clinical Relevance: An understanding of optimum insertion site, size and technique factors will improve clinical mini-implant success rates.
Mini-implants in contemporary orthodontics part 2: clinical applications and optimal biomechanics
Authors: Cousley Richard R J 
Published: August 2017

Since it is well established that orthodontic mini-implants provide stable anchorage in all three dimensions, the focus has progressed to understanding the related biomechanics. This paper describes the key biomechanical advances for mini-implant treatments, especially in terms of optimized movement of the target teeth. Clinical Relevance: An understanding of the optimum insertion sites and biomechanics improves clinical outcomes in orthodontic mini-implant cases.
Failure of eruption of posterior teeth
Authors: Dunbar Claire , Slattery David 
Published: August 2017

Failure of eruption of posterior teeth is rare but has significant clinical implications. There has been a recent re-classification of failure of eruption based on aetiology and presentation. Primary failure of eruption (PFE) affects all teeth distal to the affected tooth and can result in a significant posterior open bite. Mechanical failure of eruption (MFE) is due to ankylosis and the teeth distal to the affected tooth are not affected. Early diagnosis and differentiation between PFE and MFE is essential to ensure that the correct treatment is provided. Two cases are shown that demonstrate MFE. Clinical Relevance: This article reviews the aetiology for non-eruption and identifies the differences between PFE and MFE.
Assessing the duration of combined orthodontic and orthognathic surgery treatment
Authors: Good John , Jones Ross , Sood Vikas , Kelly Clare 
Published: August 2017

Data was collected retrospectively from 44 patients who had orthognathic surgery between May 2012 and October 2014. Treatment was completed by a single consultant surgeon and three orthodontists. Clinical Relevance: Orthodontists, maxillofacial surgeons and general dental practitioners will all be involved in the care of this patient cohort, thus an appreciation of the process is important for patient-centred care.
A triad of dental anomalies: a rare case report involving the mandibular canines
Authors: Noone Jennifer , Nazir Mariyah 
Published: August 2017

The aetiological factors related to many dental anomalies are still uncertain. Clinical descriptive terms may be useful but the distinction between different anomalies is often unclear. This paper describes a case of dental anomaly affecting the mandibular canines. These teeth exhibit a combination of hypoplasia and dilaceration. In addition, the left hand canine is fused with the adjacent lateral incisor. The possible aetiologies will be explored and we will discuss the management options in this unusual case. Clinical Relevance: This case highlights the diverse nature of dental anomalies. They are often difficult to classify when severe malformation has occurred. It is not always possible to determine the aetiology of dental anomalies. It is important to recognize that the management of dental anomalies may require a multidisciplinary approach.
Molar distalization in orthodontics – a review
Authors: Phulari Basavaraj Subhashchandra 
Published: August 2017

Class II malocclusions may be corrected by a combination of restriction or redirection of maxillary growth, distal movement of the maxillary dentition, mesial movement of the mandibular dentition or by enhancement or redirection of mandibular growth. CPD/Clinical Relevance: To establish a Class I molar relationship and to create space in the buccal segments for non-extraction treatment modalities, distalization of the maxillary first molars may be considered.
Caries associated with orthodontic care part 1: aetiology, prevalence and prevention
Authors: Vanat Maryam , Hyde Amy , Deery Chris 
Published: August 2017

The prevalence of demineralization, or enamel caries which is the first clinically recognizable stage of caries, has been reported to be as high as 73% during fixed appliance treatment. It is recognized that wearing an orthodontic appliance increases the caries risk of the individual. The orthodontist can effectively reduce demineralization by applying fluoride varnish at each visit. Selecting patients on their oral hygiene clearly is one factor which can prevent patients suffering from demineralization. Excellent home care with optimal use of fluoride will also help prevent the condition. There is little evidence that fluoride-releasing materials used for bonding orthodontic appliances offer protection from demineralization. The first of these two papers describes the aetiology, prevalence and prevention of demineralization associated with orthodontic care. The second paper will describe the treatments available to manage caries focusing on demineralization post orthodontic treatment. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Demineralization is the most common complication of orthodontic care. The clinician should understand how to prevent this.
The multidisciplinary management of unerupted maxillary incisors. A report of three cases
Authors: Bharmal Rozana Valiji , Furness Claire , Slattery David , Campbell Catherine 
Published: August 2017

An unerupted maxillary incisor can have a major impact on aesthetics and function. To achieve optimum results, early detection, referral and treatment is essential. This article will review the aetiology of delayed eruption and discuss the clinical and radiographic assessment of unerupted maxillary incisors. Three treated cases will be presented that demonstrate the management according to guidelines produced by the Royal College of Surgeons, England. These cases illustrate the importance of early referral as the treatment strategy varies according to the patient's age and stage of root development and late treatment has been shown to have a longer treatment time and increased risk of damage to the incisor. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article reviews the aetiology, diagnosis and management of unerupted incisors.
A retrospective analysis of orthognathic treatment in a hospital over five years
Authors: Nandhra Sarabjit Singh , Thickett Eleanor , Power Susan 
Published: August 2017

The orthognathic service in some areas of the UK have come under increased pressure due to financial constraints within the NHS. The authors felt it was timely to investigate the cost to the NHS of orthognathic treatment for patients at a District General Hospital (DGH). CPD/Clinical Relevance: With the rapidly changing landscape of the NHS it is important to understand how current services are operating. This article also gives clinicians information on length/risks of orthognathic treatment.
Origin and type of articles published in four mainstream orthodontic journals: a five-year study
Authors: Tidbury Katy L , Turner Stephen , Ulhaq Aman 
Published: August 2017

The aim of this article was to establish the geographic origin and the proportion of full length and research articles in each of four journals over a five-year period: Angle Orthodontist (AO), American Journal of Orthodontics (AJODO), European Journal of Orthodontics (EJO) and Journal of Orthodontics (JO). CPD/Clinical Relevance: Evidence-based practice is crucial in the management of our patients. Journals remain a conventional way of disseminating scientific literature to a global audience. When considering articles for publication, are certain characteristics thought of more favourably, such as article type (eg research), or geographic origin? This, in turn, may influence the type of articles readers are exposed to, and the journal that authors submit to, consequently posing barriers to a truly global orthodontic community.
Ablation of adipose-HO-1 expression increases white fat over beige fat through inhibition of mitochondrial fusion and of PGC1α in female mice
Authors: Singh Shailendra P. , Grant Ilana , Meissner Aliza , Kappas Attallah , Abraham Nader G. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Background
Hmox1 plays an important role in the regulation of mitochondrial bioenergetics and function by regulating cellular heme-derived CO and bilirubin. Previous studies have demonstrated that global disruption of HO-1 in humans and mice resulted in severe organ dysfunction.

Methods
We investigated the potential role of adipose-specific-HO-1 genetic ablation on adipose tissue function, mitochondrial quality control and energy expenditure by generating an adipo-HO-1 knockout mouse model (Adipo-HO-1−/−) and, in vitro, adipocyte cells in which HO activity was inhibited. Adiposity, signaling proteins, fasting glucose and oxygen consumption were determined and compared to adipocyte cultures with depressed levels of both HO-1/HO-2.

Results
Adipo-HO-1−/− female mice exhibited increased adipocyte size, and decreases in the mitochondrial fusion to fission ratio, PGC1, and SIRT3. Importantly, ablation of HO-1 in adipose tissue resulted in fat acquiring many properties of visceral fat such as decreases in thermogenic genes including pAMPK and PRDM16. Deletion of HO-1 in mouse adipose tissue led to complete metabolic dysfunction, an increase in white adipose tissue, a reduction of beige fat and associated increases in FAS, aP2 and hyperglycemia. Mechanistically, genetic deletion of HO-1 in adipose tissues decreased the mitochondrial fusion to fission ratio; disrupted the activity of the PGC1 transcriptional axis and thermogenic genes both in vitro and in vivo.

Conclusion
Ablation of adipose tissue-HO-1 abridged PGC1 expression promoted mitochondrial dysfunction and contributed to an increase of pro-inflammatory visceral fat and abrogated beige-cell like phenotype.
The concept and determinants of civic engagement
Authors: Arvanitidis Paschalis A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Civic engagement plays a prominent role in sustaining a strong civil society and a vibrant democracy. However, it is a complex multidimensional concept, taking multiple forms and encompassing a variety of behaviours and actions related to both political and social aspects. Drawing on the relevant literature the paper attempts to clarify and pinpoint the notion, specifying its dimensions and mapping out its determinants. Then, focusing on university students, it moves to examine youth civic engagement in Greece, examining the extent of their civic participation and its determinants. After controlling for sociodemographic factors it finds that interpersonal trust, religiosity and political ideology affect students’ likelihood to be civically engaged.