bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Characteristics of oral mucosal pressure injuries in children with orotracheal intubation in intensive care units: An observational study
Authors: Zhao Yueyue , Guo Jie , Ma Jie , Ge Yanjun , Wang Junna , Li Conghui , Shi Caixiao 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundTracheal intubation can be used for ventilation to ensure an unobstructed respiratory tract, and it is the most common respiratory support technique used in paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) patients. Orotracheal intubation is usually the preferred method of tracheal intubation. However, it can cause stress‐related damage to the oral mucosa. Identifying the factors that cause oral mucosal pressure injury (OMPI) can prevent its occurrence in children with oral endotracheal intubation.AimsTo examine the characteristics of OMPI in children who underwent orotracheal intubation in the PICU and to assess their influencing factors.Study DesignAn observational, prospective study. Data were gathered from the PICU of a tertiary hospital in China between January 2023 and October 2023. The patient data were obtained from the ‘General Information Questionnaire’, ‘Paediatric Critical Illness Score’, ‘STRONGkids Scale’ and ‘OMPI Staging and Assessment Tools’. Data analysis was subsequently performed using univariate and logistic regression analyses.ResultsA total of 187 children who underwent orotracheal intubation were analysed. During the observation period, 44.92% (n = 84) of the children developed OMPI. It comprised 63.10% (n = 53) of stage I injuries, 33.33% (n = 28) of stage II injuries and 3.57% (n = 3) of stage III injuries. The common injury sites were the lower jaw (48.81%), upper jaw (29.76%), tongue (20.24%) and joints (10.71%). The logistic regression analysis results revealed that high critical illness (OR = 0.835, 95% CI: 0.726–0.961), long intubation time (OR = 1.043, 95% CI: 1.021–1.067), prone ventilation (OR = 6.708, 95% CI: 1.421–31.670), hypothermia (OR = 5.831, 95% CI: 1.208–28.149), use of dental pads (OR = 5.520, 95% CI: 1.150–26.487) and low albumin levels (OR = 6.238, 95% CI: 1.285–30.281) were the main contributing factors for OMPI in children with orotracheal intubation (p < .05).ConclusionsThe occurrence of OMPI in children who underwent orotracheal intubation in the PICU was notable and was predominantly observed in stages I and II. Consequently, clinical nursing personnel should proactively recognize risk factors and administer timely interventions to mitigate the occurrence of OMPI in such children.Relevance to Clinical PracticeThe incidence of OMPI in children who underwent orotracheal intubation was relatively high. Nurses and doctors should closely monitor the risk factors for orotracheal intubation in children to prevent the occurrence of OMPI.
New Data Sources for Demographic Research
Authors: Breen Casey F. , Feehan Dennis M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe are in the early stages of a new era of demographic research that offers exciting opportunities to quantify demographic phenomena at a scale and resolution once unimaginable. These scientific possibilities are opened up by new sources of data, such as the digital traces that arise from ubiquitous social computing, massive longitudinal datasets produced by the digitization of historical records, and information about previously inaccessible populations reached through innovations in classic modes of data collection. In this commentary, we describe five promising new sources of demographic data and their potential appeal. We identify cross‐cutting challenges shared by these new data sources and argue that realizing their full potential will demand both innovative methodological developments and continued investment in high‐quality, traditional surveys and censuses. Despite these considerable challenges, the future is bright: these new sources of data will lead demographers to develop new theories and revisit and sharpen old ones.
On the relationship between age and conspiracy beliefs
Authors: Bordeleau Jean‐Nicolas , Stockemer Daniel 
Published: October 2024

AbstractResearch on conspiracy theories has long turned a blind eye on the role of age in explaining conspiracy beliefs. Few studies include age and those that do have yet to consider how and why age matters when it comes to the spread of conspiracy theories. In this article, we investigate the relationship between age and conspiracy beliefs with two complementary studies. In Study 1, we conduct a meta‐analysis of a large sample of studies on conspiracy beliefs published between 2014 and 2024 (k = 191; N = 374,224). The results reveal a small but robust negative association between age and conspiracy endorsement. In Study 2, we use an original multinational survey to investigate three potential mechanisms that may explain the relationship between age and conspiracy beliefs (N = 6098). We explain youth's higher beliefs in conspiracy theories by their predisposition to unconventional styles of political participation, lower levels of self‐esteem, and general political disaffection.
In Search of a Connection: Public Procurement and Active Labour Market Policies in the United Kingdom, United States and Australia
Authors: Daguerre Anne , Ingold Jo , Lee Qian Yi , Vincent Sean 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTGovernments in countries such as Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States have increasingly utilised public procurement—their power to purchase goods and services—to assist disadvantaged groups in accessing better‐quality jobs. This approach is part of a broader effort to create ‘good jobs’. However, it is necessary to examine whether this represents a new strategy for addressing persistent issues of inequality in labour markets. This review critically assesses whether public procurement and Active Labour Market Policies (ALMPs) form a coherent, sequential and complementary framework. The conclusion, however, is that this connection is not well‐established. Instead, there is a disjointed situation where the two approaches lack meaningful integration, despite some efforts at the local level.
Open-class-ness, Aspect, Iconicity, and Other Characteristics of Japanese Ideophones Viewed through the Lens of Closed-class Semantics
Authors: Toratani Kiyoko 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper adopts closed-class semantics (Talmy, 2000) to examine the semantics and morphophonology of Japanese ideophones. First, it considers the class category status of ideophones, arguing that the membership expansion of ideophones as open-class forms is impeded by iconicity, or the sound-symbolism of a phoneme. Next, it explores the relevance of three grammatical concepts expressed by closed-class forms (aspect, force dynamics, and perspective) to the meaning of ideophones, arguing that: (i) the forms of ideophones are iconic representations of (un)boundedness; (ii) ideophones can elaborate on the force enacted by the antagonist or agonist; and (iii) a proximal perspective underlies commonly used descriptions, such as dramaturgicness. The discussion touches on cross-linguistically common characteristics of ideophones, including use of a closed-class means such as reduplication to create aspect-informed forms. The paper shows that the class category status is an important measure to seize characteristics of ideophones, corroborating Dingemanse (2019, 2023).
Polyphony in Text and Discourse: A Cognitive Semantics Multimodal Case Study on Parenthesis and Quotation
Authors: Lampert Martina , Lampert Günther 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Essentially grounded in Cognitive Semantics and conceived to capture fundamental compositional properties inscribed in (written) text and (spoken) discourse, this study proposes a unifying account of parenthesis and quotation in English. Understood as determinants of conceptual structure in language, these two categories, though ubiquitous in all forms of language use, but so far entirely missing from the Cognitive Semantics, research agenda, are (re-)conceptualized under the aegis of Bakhtin’s polyphony and voice, and Goffman’s decomposition of the speaker as ‘fictive’ polyphony. In achieving this goal, the paper explores via dense, multimodally informed micro-studies of authentic text and discourse how voices are made salient to readers and hearers, scrutinizing various categories of cuing devices. As a corollary, Cognitive Semantics is seen to be developed and enriched, opening it up to transcend the language system, thus paying respect to the ‘total linguistic fact’ in the sense of Silverstein.
Household income is associated with attack frequency, but not with the prevalence of headache: an analysis of self-reported headache in the general population in Germany
Authors: Müller Britta , Gaul Charly , Reis Olaf , Jürgens Tim P. , Kropp Peter , Ruscheweyh Ruth , Straube Andreas , Brähler Elmar , Förderreuther Stefanie , Rimmele Florian , Dresler Thomas 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
Headache disorders are among the most prevalent neurological disorders worldwide. However, whether groups differing in socioeconomic position (SEP) are disproportionately affected by headache disorders has not yet been adequately clarified. Our aim was to analyse (1) the headache prevalence by socioeconomic position (SEP) and (2) the attack frequency by SEP in a German population-based adult sample.

Methods
Cross-sectional data from a random general population were used. The sample included N = 2,189 participants aged ≥ 18 years. SEP was measured using net equivalised income (NEI) and education. A binary logistic regression model tested the effect of SEP in predicting the prevalence of headache in general. Ordinal logistic regressions were modeled to predict the effect of SEP on the likelihood of attack frequency. Attack frequency was categorized in low frequency episodic headache (LFEH: 0–3 days per month), moderate frequency episodic headache (MFEH: 4–14 days per month) and chronic headache (CH: ≥ 15 days per month).

Results
Of the 2,189 participants, 891 reported headache in the last six months. Neither income nor education was associated with headache prevalence. However, significant differences between income groups were found for attack frequency. Compared to participants with NEI > 150%, those with NEI < 60% were 5.21 times more likely (95%CI 2.03, 13.36) to experience higher headache frequency, and those with NEI between 60 and 150% were 2.29 times more likely (95%CI 1.02, 5.11), with adjustments made for a set of potential confounders, including depressive symptoms.

Conclusions
To reduce headache attacks, it is essential to address both low- and middle-income groups affected by headaches. Universal public health prevention campaigns are particularly appropriate.
Systematic review of prognostic factors for poor outcome in people living with dementia that can be determined from primary care medical records
Authors: Marshall Michelle , Jordan Joanne L , Bajpai Ram , Nimmons Danielle , Smith Tilli M , Campbell Paul , Jordan Kelvin P 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
Dementia has a major impact on individuals, their families and caregivers, and wider society. Some individuals experience a faster decline of their function and health compared to others. The objective of this systematic review was to determine prognostic factors, measurable in primary care, for poor outcome in people living with dementia.

Methods
Cohort studies set in the community or primary care, and examining prognostic factors for care home admission, cognitive decline, or palliative care were included. Databases were searched from inception to 17th June 2022. Identified papers were screened, the risk of bias assessed using Quality in Prognostic Studies (QUIPS) tool, and data extracted by 2 reviewers, with disagreements resolved by consensus or a 3rd reviewer. A narrative synthesis was undertaken, informed by GRADE, taking into consideration strength of association, risk of bias and precision of evidence. Patient and Public Involvement and Engagement (PPIE) and stakeholder input was obtained to prioritise factors for further investigation.

Results
Searches identified 24,283 potentially relevant titles. After screening, 46 papers were included, 21 examined care home admission investigating 94 factors, 26 investigated cognitive decline as an outcome examining 60 factors, and 1 researched palliative care assessing 13 factors. 11 prognostic factors (older age, less deprived, living alone, white race, urban residence, worse baseline cognition, taking dementia medication, depression, psychosis, wandering, and caregiver’s desire for admission) were associated with an increased risk of care home admission and 4 prognostic factors (longer duration of dementia, agitation/aggression, psychosis, and hypercholesterolaemia) were associated with an increased risk of cognitive decline. PPIE and other stakeholders recommended further investigation of 22 additional potential prognostic factors.

Conclusions
Identifying evidence for prognostic factors in dementia is challenging. Whilst several factors highlighted as of relevance by our stakeholder groups need further investigation, inequalities may exist in care home admission and there is evidence that several prognostic factors measurable in primary care could alert clinicians to risk of a faster progression.

Registration
PROSPERO CRD42019111775.
The effectiveness of unsupervised home-based exercise for improving lower extremity physical function in older adults in Western and Eastern cultures: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Liang Ian Ju , Perkin Oliver J. , McGuigan Polly M. , Spellanzon Bruno , Robb Molly , Liu Chien-Yu , Lin Linda L. , Thompson Dylan , Western Max J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
Ageing leads to decreased physical function, which can impact independent living and raise health risks, increasing demand on healthcare resources. Finding affordable and accessible exercise to improve physical function is necessary for a population seemingly resistant to strength and balance training in leisure settings. This review aimed to evaluate whether unsupervised home-based exercises improve lower extremity function in older adults.

Methods
We systematically searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and cluster RCTs investigating unsupervised home-based exercises’ effects on physical function in older adults through English and Mandarin databases. Studies’ methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane’s Risk of Bias Tool. Meta-analyses were conducted on lower extremity functions outcomes.

Results
Of the 6791 identified articles, 10 English studies (907 participants) were included, 8 studies (839 participants) were used for final meta-analysis, with no Mandarin studies. Studies were largely based in Europe with mostly moderate risk of bias. Most interventions were multicomponent lasting 10–40 min/session, 3 times/week. Meta-analysis showed no statistically significant differences in 5 sit-to-stand (p = 0.05; I2 = 0%), maximal knee extension strength (p = 0.61; I2 = 71%), 10 m maximal walking speed (p = 0.22; I2 = 30%), timed-up-to-go (p = 0.54; I2 = 0%), and short physical performance battery (p = 0.32; I2 = 98%) between exercise and control groups.

Conclusions
This meta-analysis suggests that unsupervised home-based exercise programmes have little impact on lower extremity functions in older adults. This review is limited by the small number of included studies, sample sizes, and high heterogeneity. There is a need to understand why this format lacks efficacy, and design more beneficial home-based exercise programmes.
Respiratory adverse effects in patients treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors in combination with radiotherapy: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Ma Zhongjun , Hu Jiexuan , Wu Fei , Liu Naijia , Su Qiang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to assess the risk of respiratory adverse effects in patients with solid tumors treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (PD-1, PD-L1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors) in combination with radiation therapy.

Methods
We selected eligible studies through the following databases: PubMed, Embase, Cochrane Library, and Clinicaltrials (https://clinicaltrials.gov/). The data was analyzed by using Rstudio.

Results
Among 3737 studies, 26 clinical trials, including 2670 patients, were qualified for the meta-analysis. We evaluated the incidence rates of adverse respiratory events, including cough, pneumonia, upper respiratory tract infections, and others: grades 1–5 cough, 0.176 (95%CI: 0.113–0.274, I2 = 92.36%); grades 1–5 pneumonitis, 0.118 (95%CI: 0.067–0.198, I2 = 88.64%); grades 1–5 upper respiratory tract infection, 0.064 (95%CI: 0.049–0.080, I2 = 0.98%); grades 3–5 cough, 0.050 (95%CI: 0.012–0.204, I2 = 8.90%); grades 3–5 pneumonitis, 0.052 (95%CI: 0.031–0.078, I2 = 83.86%); grades 3–5 upper respiratory tract infection, 0.040 (95%CI: 0.007–0.249, I2 = 45.31%).

Conclusions
Our meta-analysis demonstrated that ICI combined with radiotherapy for solid tumors can produce respiratory adverse effects. ICIs combination treatment, a tumor located in the chest, is more likely to cause adverse reactions, and SBRT treatment and synchronous treatment will bring less incidence of adverse reactions. This study provide insights for clinicians to balance the risks of radiotherapy in the course of treating oncology patients.
Improving working memory by electrical stimulation and cross-frequency coupling
Authors: Al Qasem Wiam , Abubaker Mohammed , Pilátová Kateřina , Ježdík Petr , Kvašňák Eugen 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWorking memory (WM) is essential for the temporary storage and processing of information required for complex cognitive tasks and relies on neuronal theta and gamma oscillations. Given the limited capacity of WM, researchers have investigated various methods to improve it, including transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS), which modulates brain activity at specific frequencies. One particularly promising approach is theta-gamma peak-coupled-tACS (TGCp-tACS), which simulates the natural interaction between theta and gamma oscillations that occurs during cognitive control in the brain. The aim of this study was to improve WM in healthy young adults with TGCp-tACS, focusing on both behavioral and neurophysiological outcomes. Thirty-one participants completed five WM tasks under both sham and verum stimulation conditions. Electroencephalography (EEG) recordings before and after stimulation showed that TGCp-tACS increased power spectral density (PSD) in the high-gamma region at the stimulation site, while PSD decreased in the theta and delta regions throughout the cortex. From a behavioral perspective, although no significant changes were observed in most tasks, there was a significant improvement in accuracy in the 14-item Sternberg task, indicating an improvement in phonological WM. In conclusion, TGCp-tACS has the potential to promote and improve the phonological component of WM. To fully realize the cognitive benefits, further research is needed to refine the stimulation parameters and account for individual differences, such as baseline cognitive status and hormonal factors.
Sonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules with a Halo
Authors: Cao Danming , Zou Rong , Zhang Ming , Tang Kui 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Objective
To investigate the sonographic characteristics of thyroid nodules with a halo, explore the value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS) combined with fine needle aspiration (FNA) in identifying nodules with a halo, and predict the risk of metastasis by analyzing the pathological features of the halo.

Methods
A retrospective analysis was conducted on 185 postoperative cases of thyroid nodules accompanied by halos between January 2019 and December 2022. After describing the ultrasound characteristics of the thyroid nodules and their halos, all patients were divided into three groups, the first group (group I = CEUS only) of patients underwent CEUS, the second group (group II = CEUS + FNA) underwent FNA based on the first group, and the third group (group III = FNA only) underwent FNA directly. The CEUS and FNA results were graded using the Chinese Thyroid Imaging Report and Data System (C-TIRADS) and Bethesda Reporting System for Thyroid Cytopathology, respectively. Those graded below C-TIRADS 4b or Bethesda IV were defined as benign, and the results of FNA were referenced when the two methods were combined. The surgical pathology results were used as the gold standard. We plotted working curves to compare the diagnostic efficacy of CEUS and FNA alone and in combination in the diagnosis of thyroid nodules with halos. The pathological features of the halo were analyzed and the number of patients with cervical lymph node metastases was recorded.

Results
One hundred and sixty patients met the requirements. Benign nodules were mainly characterized by a thin (0.75 ± 0.31 mm) and uniform halo with good integrity, while malignant nodules had a thicker (1.48 ± 0.51 mm) halo with uneven and irregular margins (P < 0.05). The sensitivity and specificity were highest when the cutoff value was 1.09 mm, with 76.08% and 84.29%, respectively. The halos of benign nodules were mostly hyper- or iso-enhanced, whereas the halos of malignant nodules were predominantly hypo-enhanced (P < 0.05). The areas under the curve (AUCs) for CEUS, FNA, and CEUS + FNA were 0.751(95% CI = 0.642–0.841), 0.863(95% CI = 0.767–0.929), and 0.918(95% CI = 0.834–0.967), respectively. Cervical lymph node metastasis occurred in only 13 (11.5%) malignant nodes with halos. The primary pathological components of the halo around malignant nodules were almost reactive hyperplastic fibrous tissue.

Conclusion
The halo surrounding malignant thyroid nodules is thicker, with uneven and irregular margins, and shows hypo-enhancement on CEUS. Combining CEUS with FNA improves the diagnostic efficacy of thyroid nodules with halos. The reactive hyperplastic fibrous halo may be one of the reasons why malignant nodules are less likely to metastasize.
Break-Pad: effective padding machines for tor with break burst padding
Authors: Huang Bin , Du Yanhui 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWebsite Fingerprinting (WF) attacks enable a local eavesdropper to use metadata of packet flow, such as size, timing, and direction, to infer the websites a user is visiting. This can damage the user privacy provided by anonymity systems such as Tor. Tor has implemented the WF defense called Circuit Padding Framework, which provides an interface for developers to implement their own defenses. However, these defenses in the framework were overcome by the Deep Fingerprinting (DF) attack. In this paper, we propose a novel defense approach called break burst padding (Break-Pad), which injects a random number of padding packets into an incoming burst once the number of consecutive incoming packets exceeds a set number. We integrated Break-Pad into the existing Circuit Padding Framework. In addition, we have implemented two padding machines named August and October in the new framework and conducted experiments to evaluate these machines. In the open-world setting, our results show that August, with 29% bandwidth overhead, reduces Tik-Tok’s TPR by 14.48% and DF’s TPR by 22%. October outperforms the best padding machine, RBB. With 36% bandwidth overhead, it drops Tik-Tok’s TPR to 74.24% and DF’s TPR to 65.36%. In the one-page setting, October further reduces the bandwidth overhead by 11% while achieving similar performance to RBB. In the information leak analysis, for the burst sequence feature of the traffic, October leaks at 2.453 bits, while the best comparable padding machine Interspace leaks at 2.629 bits.