bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A methodology for minimizing LPG transportation impact
Authors: Guersola Mariana , Arns Steiner Maria Teresinha , Scarpin Cassius Tadeu 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) transportation risks depend on aspects such as the total length of the trip and population density along the route. Choosing to deliver the product on non-busy days and reducing distances travelled may help to reduce these risks and lower the level of air pollution generated by the transportation trucks. The purpose of this paper is to reduce LPG delivery impact.

Design/methodology/approach
A three-stage methodology is proposed. First, rules are created in order to choose which clients have to be visited each day to avoid deliveries in downtown areas during business days. Second, an Iterated Local Search (ILS) metaheuristic is proposed for the capacitated p-median problem to group the chosen customers. Finally, another ILS is proposed to solve the Travelling Salesman Problem, for each truck to follow a better route while visiting its customers.

Findings
The methodology resulted in a 24.8 per cent reduction in distances travelled, representing an annual reduction of 32,716 kg in CO2 emissions. The average amount of product sold per kilometre travelled improved by 72 per cent.

Originality/value
The literature shows a clear need for companies to consider sustainability in their daily decisions. However, especially in developing countries, there is a fear that protecting the environment may cost money. This main contribution of this paper is that it presents a real solution, serving as a guide for companies to improve their transportation system, resulting in environmental and economic benefits.
CO2 emissions, urbanization and industrialization
Authors: Raheem Ibrahim Dolapo , Ogebe Joseph O. 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of industrialization and urbanization on CO2 emissions in 20 African countries for the period 1980 to 2013.

Design/methodology/approach
In order to correct for cross-sectional dependence, this study adopts the use of pooled mean group. Also, the study contributes to the literature by estimating the direct, indirect and total effects of industrialization and urbanization on carbon emission.

Findings
The results show that industrialization and urbanization directly increase environmental degradation. Interestingly, industrialization and urbanization were also found to reduce environmental degradation through their indirect effects on per capita income. In general, the authors conclude that the indirect effect of industrialization will overcrowd the direct effect, and this will lead to a decline in the overall effect of industrialization on carbon emission. Also, the positive direct effect of urbanization outweighs the negative indirect effect, thus the overall effect of urbanization will endanger carbon emission in the long run.

Originality/value
The existing studies on emission, industrialization and urbanization have typically been biased toward Africa. This present study filled this gap. The choice of African countries is based on the notion that the continent is desirous of expanding her industrialization level. This has coincidentally led to the increase in urbanization growth rate as well as income level of former rural dwellers. The second contribution of this study is the “effects decomposition” into direct, indirect and total effects. This is to reveal some inherent information that might be missing.
Childcare by grandparents in married and cohabiting couples: evidence fromItaly
Authors: Meggiolaro Silvia 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe process of union formation and the context of childrearing have profoundly changed with the spread of cohabitation in the last few decades. It is only recently that some attention has been paid to the implications of these changes for family ties. This study considers, with reference to Italy, a specific relationship between individuals in couples and their family of origin – childcare by grandparents. The aim of the paper is twofold. First, we investigate whether children of cohabiting couples are cared for by their grandparents to a lower extent compared to children of married couples. Second, the current study examines whether potential differences decrease over time. The data used are from two rounds of cross‐sectional and nationally representative survey conducted in Italy in 2003 and in 2009. Our results show that in 2003 both in the provision and the intensity of grandparents’ childcare, children of cohabiting parents were less likely to have their grandparents involved than children of married parents. However, the differences between marriages and cohabitations disappear in recent years.
Economic Analysis of the Policy for Accreditation of Dairy Farms Free of Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis: Challenges for Small and Large Producers in Brazil
Authors: Leite Bruno M. , Lôbo José Ricardo , Mendes Ruas José Reinaldo , Ferreira Fernando , Geeverghese Cibele , Leão Freitas Mariane , Goncalves Vitor S. P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOne of the cornerstones of the National Program for Control and Eradication of Bovine Brucellosis and Tuberculosis in Brazil is the voluntary accreditation of free herds. We developed a stochastic cost–benefit analysis model for two types of dairy herds (high yield Holstein‐Zebu crossbred females and lower productivity smaller scale herds) to identify the technical and economic constraints of this process. The initial prevalence of infected animals and the impact of the disease in the structure and performance of the herd were derived from secondary data. Information on the costs and benefits of herd sanitation were compiled into a cost–benefit model at the herd level. The last step consisted of a scenario simulation to evaluate the impact of alternative policies to the certification process. For each scenario, we calculate the probability over time of a Benefit–Cost Ratio greater than 1 and of an Internal Rate of Return above 1% (the discount rate used in the model). Results show that larger and more intensive dairy farms, and also herds affected by brucellosis compared with tuberculosis‐positive herds, are more likely to achieve financial gains from the certification investment. The compensation for culled animals is important in the initial phase of herd sanitation and the premium payment on milk would help farmers to achieve a return on the investment over time. The model can be adapted to different and dynamic production, epidemiological and economic settings.
Relevance of ultrasonography in assessing disease activity in patients with idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Sousa Neves Joana , Santos Faria Daniela , Cerqueira Marcos , Afonso Maria Carmo , Teixeira Filipa 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimIdiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) comprise a group of rare and heterogeneous diseases difficult to diagnose and follow up. Precise measures for assessing disease activity are not available at the moment. Our objective was to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonography (US) as a monitoring tool in IIM.MethodThe study evaluated IIM patients diagnosed and followed up from 2005 to 2015 in our department. Fifteen patients with a mean age of 52.2 ± 22.09 years and mean disease duration of 4.6 ± 3.20 years were included. Physical examination including muscle strength tests, laboratorial analysis and a selective muscle US assessment were performed for each patient at a scheduled visit.ResultsNine of the 15 patients were in clinical remission and US assessment revealed a preserved muscle pattern. Symmetrical proximal muscle atrophy was found on US in one patient with longstanding polymyositis (PM) with proximal weakness. Inflammation and focal or generalized muscle edema were present on US in the remaining five patients with muscular weakness suggesting active disease. One of these patients in acute flare presented with atrophy changes in addition to edema. Early untreated myositis presented in one patient with moderate power Doppler (PD) signal.ConclusionAs far as muscle US assessment is concerned, a single specific pattern was not observed in our study. A mixture of muscle edema and atrophy was detected depending on disease activity and duration. US findings seem to correlate well with disease activity, suggested by clinical data, and may be a useful tool to complement patient evaluation.
Lower vs. higher fluid volumes in sepsis—protocol for a systematic review with meta‐analysis
Authors: Meyhoff T. S. , Møller M. H. , Hjortrup P. B. , Cronhjort M. , Perner A. , Wetterslev J. 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundIntravenous fluid administration with crystalloids is recommended in the initial management of sepsis. However, the quality of evidence supporting the recommendation on fluid volumes is low, and clinical equipoise exists. Potential benefits of restricting fluid volumes has been suggested, but the overall benefit or harm in patients with sepsis is unknown. Accordingly, we aim to assess patient‐important benefits and harms of lower vs. higher fluid volumes in resuscitation of adult patients with sepsis.Methods/designWe will conduct a systematic review with meta‐analysis and trial sequential analysis of randomised clinical trials comparing different strategies to obtain separation in fluid volumes or balances during resuscitation of adult patients with sepsis. We will systematically search the Cochrane Library, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Science Citation Index, BIOSIS and Epistemonikos for relevant literature. We will follow the recommendations by the Cochrane Collaboration and the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta‐Analysis (PRISMA) statement. The risk of systematic errors (bias) and random errors will be assessed, and the overall quality of evidence will be evaluated using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) approach.DiscussionThe outlined systematic review will provide important data on how patient‐important outcomes are affected by higher vs. lower resuscitation fluid volumes in adults with sepsis. Using trial sequential analysis to assess the risk of random errors will increase the validity of the summary estimates calculated and help estimate the required information size for future trials.
In vivo imaging reveals mitophagy independence in the maintenance of axonal mitochondria during normal aging
Authors: Cao Xu , Wang Haiqiong , Wang Zhao , Wang Qingyao , Zhang Shuang , Deng Yuanping , Fang Yanshan 
Published: August 2017

SummaryMitophagy is thought to be a critical mitochondrial quality control mechanism in neurons and has been extensively studied in neurological disorders such as Parkinson's disease. However, little is known about how mitochondria are maintained in the lengthy neuronal axons in the context of physiological aging. Here, we utilized the unique Drosophila wing nerve model and in vivo imaging to rigorously profile changes in axonal mitochondria during aging. We revealed that mitochondria became fragmented and accumulated in aged axons. However, lack of Pink1 or Parkin did not lead to the accumulation of axonal mitochondria or axonal degeneration. Further, unlike in in vitro cultured neurons, we found that mitophagy rarely occurred in intact axons in vivo, even in aged animals. Furthermore, blocking overall mitophagy by knockdown of the core autophagy genes Atg12 or Atg17 had little effect on the turnover of axonal mitochondria or axonal integrity, suggesting that mitophagy is not required for axonal maintenance; this is regardless of whether the mitophagy is PINK1‐Parkin dependent or independent. In contrast, downregulation of mitochondrial fission–fusion genes caused age‐dependent axonal degeneration. Moreover, Opa1 expression in the fly head was significantly decreased with age, which may underlie the accumulation of fragmented mitochondria in aged axons. Finally, we showed that adult‐onset, neuronal downregulation of the fission–fusion, but not mitophagy genes, dramatically accelerated features of aging. We propose that axonal mitochondria are maintained independently of mitophagy and that mitophagy‐independent mechanisms such as fission–fusion may be central to the maintenance of axonal mitochondria and neural integrity during normal aging.
Correlates of methamphetamine use among young Iranians: Findings of a population‐based survey in 2013
Authors: Bagheri Nahid , Mirzaee Moghaddameh , Jahani Yunes , Karamouzian Mohammad , Sharifi Hamid 
Published: August 2017

IntroductionMethamphetamine use remains an important public health concern among young people across various international settings. The present study is aimed at investigating the correlates of methamphetamine use among young Iranians within the general population.Materials and MethodsThis study was carried out in 13 provinces of Iran in 2013. Through multistage sampling, 3,246 young adults (aged 19–29 years) were recruited in the study. Weighted multilevel logistic regression methods were applied to identify the correlates of methamphetamine use.ResultsThe lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use was 7.1% (95% Confidence Interval (CI): 5.4, 8.8). In the multivariable logistic regression, gender (Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR): 2.57, 95%CI: 1.37, 4.82), marital status (AOR: 4.91, 95%CI: 2.26, 10.7), education level (AOR: 2.56, 95%CI: 1.3, 5.06), profession (AOR: 2.64, 95%CI: 1.63, 4.29), overall knowledge level of methamphetamine use (AOR: 0.55, 95%CI: 0.39, 0.76), knowing a methamphetamine user among family members or friends (AOR: 2.57, 95%CI: 1.71, 4.42), knowing an ecstasy user among family members or friends (AOR: 3.36, 95%CI: 1.92, 5.9), and extramarital sex (AOR: 6.29, 95%CI: 4.29, 9.22) were significantly associated with methamphetamine use.ConclusionsThe lifetime prevalence of methamphetamine use among young Iranian adults is concerning. Educational settings should be equipped with the required resources to take a proactive role in educating adolescents and young adults on substance use including methamphetamine.Scientific SignificanceThis study was done on a national level and identified the factors that can correlate with methamphetamine use. Its results can be very useful for policy decision makers. (Am J Addict 2017;26:731–737)
Diversity of lowland hay meadows and pastures in Western and Central Europe
Authors: Rodríguez‐Rojo Maria Pilar , Jiménez‐Alfaro Borja , Jandt Ute , Bruelheide Helge , Rodwell John S. , Schaminée Joop H.J. , Perrin Philip M. , Kącki Zygmunt , Willner Wolfgang , Fernández‐González Federico , Chytrý Milan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractQuestionsWhich are the main vegetation types of lowland hay meadows and pastures in Western and Central Europe? What are the main environmental gradients that drive patterns of species composition? Is it possible to classify these grasslands to phytosociological alliances that reflect management practices?LocationWestern and Central Europe (excluding the Alps and Carpathians).MethodsA database of 21 400 vegetation plots of mesic grasslands across Western and Central Europe was compiled. After geographically stratified resampling, semi‐supervised classification based on the K‐means algorithm was applied to assign a subset of plots into 32 a priori association‐level vegetation types and to search for new types within the subset of non‐assigned plots. The vegetation plots assigned into the final vegetation types were submitted to another K‐means classification to show the grouping into higher‐level vegetation types.ResultsA total of 36 associations were distinguished in the resampled subset of 8277 vegetation plots and were grouped into four large groups: (1) eutrophic and intensively managed hay meadows and permanent pastures; (2) nutrient‐rich grasslands developed from recently abandoned fields or managed under irregular practices of mowing and manuring; (3) non‐eutrophic lowland and submontane hay meadows; (4) extensively managed pastures and Atlantic grazed hay meadows. A PCoA of the associations of these four groups showed that extensively managed pastures were floristically more similar to non‐eutrophic hay meadows than to permanent intensively managed pastures, which was more obvious in the Atlantic region than in Central Europe. Species composition of the lowland hay meadows was clearly differentiated according to biogeographic sectors. Other floristic differences were related to climate, altitude, soil base status and topography.ConclusionsThis analysis challenges the traditional concept of mesic grassland alliances separating hay meadows from pastures. New classification should be based mainly on the differences in management intensity rather than in management practice. Consequently, nutrient‐poor extensive pastures, which currently are not considered in the European Habitats Directive, should receive the same conservation attention as low‐intensive hay meadows, because both types of vegetation can be equally species‐rich and do not differ substantially in floristic composition from each other.
Single Index Methods for Evaluation of Marker-guided Treatment Rules Based on Multivariate Marker Panels
Authors: Skrivankova Veronika , Heagerty Patrick J. 
Published: August 2017

Summary
Clinical practice may be enhanced by use of person-level information that could guide treatment choice and lead to better outcomes for both treated individuals and for the population. The scientific challenge is to identify and validate those factors that can reliably be used to target treatment, and to accurately quantify the expected treatment benefit as a function of candidate markers. Our proposal is to explicitly focus on smooth non-parametric evaluation of a canonical single index score that estimates the expected treatment benefit associated with patient characteristics. Our methods intentionally decouple the model used to generate the treatment benefit score from the methods that are adopted to evaluate the performance of the resulting single index score. We are motivated by the practical issue that model performance can not realistically be evaluated for every specific covariate value due to intrinsic sparseness. However, direct validation of a scalar treatment benefit score obtained through model-based dimension reduction is feasible, and we believe should be the focus of validation efforts. We also show that the canonical single index treatment benefit score can be used for selecting subsets of patients with enriched expected treatment response since patients can be easily ordered and grouped based on the scalar score. Our biomedical motivation comes from a recent randomized trial of steroid injections for low back pain where baseline clinical and imaging data are candidate measures for guiding therapeutic choice.
Prevalence of treated hypothyroidism in the community: Analysis from general practices in North‐East England with implications for the United Kingdom
Authors: Ingoe Lorna , Phipps Norah , Armstrong Gary , Rajagopal Arvind , Kamali Farzan , Razvi Salman 
Published: August 2017

SummaryObjectiveHypothyroidism is more frequently diagnosed in women and older individuals. It has been suggested that the prevalence of hypothyroidism and the number of prescriptions for thyroid hormones are increasing. However, despite hypothyroidism being a common medical condition, contemporary data on prevalence, particularly across the various age groups, is limited.DesignInformation regarding number of individuals diagnosed with treated hypothyroidism (defined as patients prescribed levothyroxine) across ten General Practices (total population of 66 843) in the North‐East of England in 2016 was obtained in an anonymized manner. Total as well as age group‐specific point prevalence rates were calculated. In addition, corresponding population data for the United Kingdom were acquired, and national total and age‐specific hypothyroidism prevalence rates were estimated.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hypothyroidism in this community sample was 4.5% (n = 3004). Prevalence increased across the age groups from 0.1% in children aged 0‐10 years to 15.1% in those aged more than 90 years. After adjusting for demographic differences between the North‐East England and UK populations, it is estimated that the total UK‐wide prevalence of hypothyroidism in 2016 is 3.6%; affecting more than 2.3 million individuals including nearly 800 000 individuals aged >70 years.ConclusionsHypothyroidism affects millions of individuals in the UK and is currently a prevalent diagnosis in more than 1 in 10 individuals aged above 70 years. As the population ages this number is likely to increase. The clinical and economic effects of current management strategies for hypothyroidism, particularly in the older population, need to be evaluated.
Interkinetic nuclear migration in the tracheal and esophageal epithelia of the mouse embryo: Possible implications for tracheo‐esophageal anomalies
Authors: Kaneda Ryo , Saeki Yuko , Getachew Dereje , Matsumoto Akihiro , Furuya Motohide , Ogawa Noriko , Motoya Tomoyuki , Rafiq Ashiq M. , Jahan Esrat , Udagawa Jun , Hashimoto Ryuju , Otani Hiroki 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTInterkinetic nuclear migration (INM) is a cell polarity‐based phenomenon in which progenitor cell nuclei migrate along the apico‐basal axis of the pseudostratified epithelium in synchrony with the cell cycle. INM is suggested to be at least partially cytoskeleton‐dependent and to regulate not only the proliferation/differentiation of stem/progenitor cells but also the localized/overall size and shape of organs/tissues. INM occurs in all three of the germ‐layer derived epithelia, including the endoderm‐derived gut. However, INM has not been documented in the esophagus and respiratory tube arising from the anterior foregut. Esophageal atresia with or without trachea‐esophageal fistula (EA/TEF) is a relatively common developmental defect. Transcription factors and signaling molecules have been implicated in EA/TEF, but the etiology of EA/TEF—which has been suggested to involve cell polarity‐related mechanisms—remains highly controversial. In the present study, we first examined whether INM exists in the trachea and esophagus of mouse embryos at embryonic day 11.5 (E11.5), just after separation of the two tubes from the anterior foregut. By labeling the DNA‐synthesizing stem cell nuclei with 5‐ethynyl‐2′‐deoxyuridine, a nucleotide analogue, and statistically analyzing chronological changes in the distribution pattern of the labeled nuclei by using multidimensional scaling, we showed the existence of INM in both the esophagus and trachea, with differences in the INM magnitude and cycle pattern. We further showed morphological changes from the INM‐based pseudostratified single layer to the stratified multilayer in the esophageal epithelium in association with a temporal loss/perturbation of AB polarity, suggesting a possible relation with the pathogenesis of EA/TEF.