bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narrowing the Climate Field: The Symbolic Power of Authors in the IPCC's Assessment of Mitigation
Authors: Hughes Hannah Rachel , Paterson Matthew 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis article provides a critical analysis of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) as a boundary organization using Bourdieu's concepts of field, habitus, and symbolic power. The article combines quantitative, network, and survey data to explore the authorship of Working Group III's contribution to the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5). These data reveal the dominance of a small group of authors and institutions in the production of knowledge that is represented in the AR5 report, and illuminates how the IPCC's centrality to the field of climate politics is shaping the research and publication strategies of researchers within that field. As a result, the study is able to identify organizational avenues for deepening the involvement and symbolic power of authors from the global South in IPCC assessments of climate change. While empirically, the results of this study lead us to question the IPCC as an assessor of knowledge, theoretically, it suggests that particularly in the international sphere, the use of the boundary organization concept risks overlooking powerful networks of scientific actors and institutions and their broader implication in the politicization of science.
Statistical Inference for Renewal Processes
Authors: Comte F. , Duval C. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe consider non‐parametric estimation for interarrival times density of a renewal process. For continuous time observation, a projection estimator in the orthonormal Laguerre basis is built. Nonstandard decompositions lead to bounds on the mean integrated squared error (MISE), from which rates of convergence on Sobolev–Laguerre spaces are deduced, when the length of the observation interval gets large. The more realistic setting of discrete time observation is more difficult to handle. A first strategy consists in neglecting the discretization error. A more precise strategy aims at taking into account the convolution structure of the data. Under a simplifying ‘dead‐zone’ condition, the corresponding MISE is given for any sampling step. In the three cases, an automatic model selection procedure is described and gives the best MISE, up to a logarithmic term. The results are illustrated through a simulation study.
Overcoming “The Present Limits of the Necessary”: Foucault's Conception of a Critique
Authors: Tiisala Tuomo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis essay offers a novel interpretation of Michel Foucault's original and often misunderstood conception of philosophy as a critical activity. While it is well‐known that Foucault's critique undertakes to disclose contingent limits of thought that appear necessary in the present, the nature of the obstacle whose overcoming critique is meant to facilitate remains poorly understood. I argue that this obstacle, “the present limits of the necessary,” resides on the unconscious level of thought Foucault identified as the object of analysis for an archaeology of knowledge. Therefore, Foucault's conception of a critique can be grasped only against the background of the distinctive conception of thought that informs his archaeological analyses of discursive practices. According to that view, thinking is always shaped by some historically specific system of unconscious norms that define the contingent set of conceptual possibilities subjects are able to recognize in the present. Drawing on Foucault's largely neglected remarks on the obvious and the habitual, I argue that these unconscious norms of thought are enacted habitually in a discursive practice, which endows them with an appearance of obviousness. In this way, I explain how something contingent appears in the guise of necessity and begins to function as part of the present limits of the necessary. Finally, I argue that the task of a critique to expand the scope of conceptual possibility by disclosing these unconscious limits of thought is motivated by Foucault's commitment to the ideal of autonomy understood as subject's self‐determination.
The Morality of Corporate Persons
Authors: McWhorter Ladelle 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis essay provides a genealogy of corporate personhood as it exists currently in US law and places moral personhood in a similar genealogical context. This treatment demonstrates that the two are inextricably intertwined in both conception and institutionalized practices. We would do well to dismantle both; meanwhile, however, corporate personhood's implicit illiberal notion of collective mentality and responsibility may suggest possibilities for establishing collective counterforces to oppose activities of transnational for‐profit corporations and mitigate their devastating political, economic, and environmental effects upon actual people and the ecosystems upon which we depend.
Conceptual Analysis for Genealogical Philosophy: How to Study the History of Practices after Foucault and Wittgenstein
Authors: Koopman Colin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInquiry into the history of practices in the manner of Foucault's philosophical genealogy requires that we distinguish between practical action, on the one hand, and mere behavior, on the other. The need for this distinction may help explicate an aspect of Foucault's philosophical genealogy that might otherwise appear misplaced, namely his attention to rationalities and its attendant conceptual material. This article shows how a genealogical attention to practice goes hand in hand with an attention to the role of the conceptual within our practices. This is done by first drawing on considerations furnished by a Wittgensteinean branch in analytic philosophy recently developed by Robert Brandom. With an account of conceptual normativity and reflexivity in hand, the article turns second to a crucial site of conceptual self‐transformation by drawing on work from a particular Foucauldian lineage developed in the work of Arnold Davidson. Davidson's work helps us understand the crucial status of concepts of persons (akin to what Foucault called “modes of subjectivation”) for any historical inquiry into practices.
U.S. sociology and the Iraq War
Authors: Bonds Eric 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe 2003 U.S. invasion and subsequent occupation of Iraq had profound consequences for the people living in that nation. In this essay, I provide a brief overview of the dramatic changes that transpired in Iraq due to the war. I then move on to highlight the contributions U.S. sociologists have made in studies regarding the conflict, based on a review of articles published from 2003–2016 in ten generalist U.S.‐based journals. My review shows that while U.S. sociology has made significant contributions to further collective knowledge about American aspects of the Iraq War, U.S. sociologists have paid very little attention to the actual impacts of the invasion and occupation on Iraqi social organizations, Iraqi culture, and on the lives of individual Iraqis. I make the case that these historically significant events deserve more scholarly attention than they have been given so far. I further argue that U.S. sociologists have a special responsibility to document, study, and explain the consequences of their government's behavior when it causes extensive harm to people living in another land.
The Elite Is Up to Something: Exploring the Relation Between Populism and Belief in Conspiracy Theories
Authors: Castanho Silva Bruno , Vegetti Federico , Littvay Levente 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe explore the relationship between populist attitudes and conspiratorial beliefs on the individual level with two studies using American samples. First, we test whether and what kinds of conspiratorial beliefs predict populist attitudes. Our results show that belief in conspiracies with greedy, but not necessarily purely evil, elites are associated with populism. Second, we test whether having a conspiratorial mentality is associated with all separate sub‐dimensions of populist attitudes – people‐centrism, anti‐elitism, and a good‐versus‐evil view of politics. Results show a relation only with the first two, confirming the common tendency of both discourses to see the masses as victims on elites’ hands. These findings contribute to research on the correlates of populism at the individual level, which is essential to understanding why this phenomenon is so strong in contemporary democracies.
Resurrection of the Russian Orthodox Church: Narrative of Analysis of the Russian National Myth*
Authors: Damm Emily Belle , Cooley Skye 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveThe following research is a qualitative and narrative analysis aimed at understanding Russia's recent emphasis on the importance of the Russian Orthodox Church (ROC) to discover the narrative frameworks on national myth put forth by authoritarian regimes help maintain state legitimacy.MethodsThe researchers utilized the M3S open‐source intelligence platform at Texas A&M University to analyze the news coverage events on the state‐controlled broadcast media Rossiya24 from November 30, 2014 to November 30, 2015.ResultsThe researchers found four narrative components utilized as part of the national myth discourse: the reconciliation of the ROC and the Russian state, ROC as the unifier of all Slavic people, ROC and Russian moral authority, and ROC and the Russian citizen.ConclusionThis case study on national legitimacy demonstrates opportunities for communication scholarship to offer points of impact for policymakers.
Assessing the Role of Television, the Family, and the School in the Development of Political Trust in Adolescence
Authors: Marien Sofie 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveA comprehensive study on the development of political trust is absent. Studies on the socialization effect of the media generally neglect the influence of the media system. This study aims to fill this gap.MethodsUsing a within‐country comparison of two media systems, I estimate the influence of different socialization agents on the development of political trust through hierarchical models of repeated measurements on a representative panel of Belgian adolescents (BPPS 2006–2011, n = 3,025).ResultsNews consumption and a public service broadcasting preference foster political trust within diverse media systems. The socioeconomic status and level of political discussion in the family, an open classroom climate, and classroom instruction about politics also promote political trust.ConclusionsTelevision, the family, and the school are all equally important agents in the development of political trust. It is critical to take the nature of the media system into account when studying how the media affect political trust.
Voters' Perceptions of Party Platforms: The Role of Changing Information Contexts*
Authors: Potter Joshua D. , Dunaway Johanna L. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesUnder what circumstances are voters most likely to correctly situate political parties along a left‐right spatial continuum? Answering this question is profoundly important for our understanding of the spatial theory of party competition, which has typically generated empirically verifiable predictions aboutparty‐levelplatform shifts, but fallen short when it comes to making predictions aboutvoter‐levelperceptions.Method. We use a multilevel cross‐national database of hundreds of thousands of voters in recent elections in Western and Eastern European democracies, and hierarchical linear modeling to test our hypotheses.Results. We demonstrate that the prevalence of Internet usage in a country systematically shapes individual voters'objective accuracyin their placements of parties' platforms on the left‐right spectrum. However, these effects accrue differently across certain populations of voters.Conclusion. The party placements of those individuals who self‐report as being ideologically extreme are affected more substantially by Internet prevalence than those of moderate voters.
Are ICTs Democratizing Dictatorships? New Media and Mass Mobilization*
Authors: Stein Elizabeth A. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveThis article evaluates the relationship between the degree of access to information and communication technologies (ICTs) and the extent of anti‐government protests and riots, accounting for the effects of past protest on subsequent ICT access, and examines direct and indirect effects of ICT diffusion on political change.MethodUsing a cross‐national time‐series data set from 1995 through 2014, the article employs simultaneous equations using the GSEM function in Stata to assess these relationships.ResultsThe results indicate that ICT access at time t is conditioned on the number of anti‐regime mass actions four and five years earlier. They also show greater ICT access corresponds with more contemporaneous anti‐government mass actions.ConclusionsThe effect of ICT diffusion on political change occurs indirectly through its effect on mass actions, but may lead to either political retrogression or liberalization. ICT diffusions’ direct effect sustains the political status quo. The conclusion that ICTs serve as liberation technology remains ambiguous.
A Cross‐National Analysis of the Causes and Consequences of Economic News
Authors: Wlezien Christopher , Soroka Stuart , Stecula Dominik 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveWork on economic news argues that U.S. coverage focuses primarily on changes rather than levels of future economic conditions; it also both affects and reflects public economic sentiment. Given that economic perceptions are related to policy preferences and government support, this is of consequence for politics. This article explores the generalizability of these findings.MethodsUsing nearly 100,000 stories over 30 years in the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, we compare media tone, public opinion, and economic conditions.ResultAnalyses demonstrate that media tone and public opinion follow future economic change in all three countries. Media and opinion are also related, but the effect mostly runs from the public to the media, not the other way around.ConclusionThese results confirm the generalizability of prior findings, and the importance of considering more than a simple unidirectional link between media coverage and public economic sentiment.
Is pH increasing in the noncalcareous topsoils of France under agricultural management? A statistical framework to overcome the limitations of a soil test database
Authors: Saby N. P. A. , Swiderski C. , Lemercier B. , Walter C. , Louis B. P. , Eveillard P. , Arrouays D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSoil pH is one of the most common and important measurements used to assess soil quality and manage soil fertility. Soil acidification is a slow process that can have large consequences. Therefore, it is important to detect soil changes early. Using a French soil test database, we show that the soil pH increased in 36% of arable soils monitored from 1996 to 2010, which suggests that soils became less acidic across the country. Conversely, decreases in pH were rarely detected. To perform this assessment, we used a statistical framework to analyse 488 717 soil test results from the French national soil test database. We excluded calcareous soils due to their relatively stable pH. Two periods were analysed: 1996 to 2000 (period 1) and 2006 to 2010 (period 2). Then, we performed nonparametric Mann–Whitney U tests following a resampling step to account for the noncontrolled selection of spatial and temporal localization in the observations. Our statistical framework smoothed the effects of some limitations of the database related to the variable number of samples collected during both periods and uncertainties in sampling locations. Overall, this study demonstrates the potential of using this type of database and a relevant statistical framework to detect long‐term changes in soil properties.
Approaching the Relational Nature of the Port‐City Interface in Europe: Ties and Tensions Between Seaports and the Urban
Authors: Hesse Markus 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper explores the broader setting of urban and economic development that links ports and cities in Europe and aims at enhancing our understanding of the port‐city interface. A relational view is taken for linking local developments and policies with overarching, more remote spheres of influence and impact, which can be considered both beneficial and critical for the port and the city. In order to illustrate the argument, a framework of three issues is applied to discuss the port‐city interface: first, the role of ports as economic engines of their wider region; second, the cruise ship industry as a market segment that re‐connects port and city; third, semi‐political bodies and institutions that play key roles as intermediaries and knowledge brokers. The paper finally discusses the implications of relationality for governing the port‐city interface.
Authorship in paediatric research conducted in low‐ and middle‐income countries: parity or parasitism?
Authors: Rees Chris A. , Lukolyo Heather , Keating Elizabeth M. , Dearden Kirk A. , Luboga Samuel A. , Schutze Gordon E. , Kazembe Peter N. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivesInterest in global health has increased greatly in the past two decades. Concomitantly, the number and complexity of research partnerships between high‐income (HIC) and low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs) has grown. We aimed to determine whether there is authorship parity (equitable representation and author order) or parasitism (no authors from study countries) in paediatric research conducted in LMICs.MethodsWe reviewed all articles published from 2006 to 2015 in the four paediatric journals with the highest Eigenfactor scores. We limited our review to articles from LMICs and abstracted information on author affiliation and order, funding source and study design. We calculated Student's t‐tests and chi‐square using Fisher's exact test with Monte Carlo estimates.ResultsThere were 24 169 articles published during the study period, and 1243 met inclusion criteria. Of those, 95.9% (n = 1,192) included at least one author affiliated with a LMIC. Among multicountry studies (n = 165), 40.4% did not include authors from every LMIC involved. Of the 9876 authors, most were affiliated with institutions from upper‐middle‐income countries (41.7%) and HICs (32.7%), with far fewer affiliated with lower middle‐income (15.5%) and low‐income countries (5.4%) (P < 0.001). In articles from low‐income countries, first and last authors from HICs were more common than authors with low‐income country affiliations (P < 0.001).ConclusionsAuthorship parasitism was rare overall but common in multicountry studies. In studies conducted in low‐income countries, HIC authors more commonly occupied first and last author positions than authors from the study countries. Where LMIC authors make substantial contributions, researchers should strive for authorship parity.
Cell‐type‐ and tissue‐specific transcriptomes of the white spruce (Picea glauca) bark unmask fine‐scale spatial patterns of constitutive and induced conifer defense
Authors: Celedon Jose M. , Yuen Macaire M.S. , Chiang Angela , Henderson Hannah , Reid Karen E. , Bohlmann Jörg 
Published: August 2017

SummaryPlant defenses often involve specialized cells and tissues. In conifers, specialized cells of the bark are important for defense against insects and pathogens. Using laser microdissection, we characterized the transcriptomes of cortical resin duct cells, phenolic cells and phloem of white spruce (Picea glauca) bark under constitutive and methyl jasmonate (MeJa)‐induced conditions, and we compared these transcriptomes with the transcriptome of the bark tissue complex. Overall, ~3700 bark transcripts were differentially expressed in response to MeJa. Approximately 25% of transcripts were expressed in only one cell type, revealing cell specialization at the transcriptome level. MeJa caused cell‐type‐specific transcriptome responses and changed the overall patterns of cell‐type‐specific transcript accumulation. Comparison of transcriptomes of the conifer bark tissue complex and specialized cells resolved a masking effect inherent to transcriptome analysis of complex tissues, and showed the actual cell‐type‐specific transcriptome signatures. Characterization of cell‐type‐specific transcriptomes is critical to reveal the dynamic patterns of spatial and temporal display of constitutive and induced defense systems in a complex plant tissue or organ. This was demonstrated with the improved resolution of spatially restricted expression of sets of genes of secondary metabolism in the specialized cell types.
Central retinal preservation in rdAc cats
Authors: Minella Andrea Louise , Occelli Laurence Mireille , Narfström Kristina , Petersen‐Jones Simon Michael 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveChildren with Leber congenital amaurosis (LCA) due to CEP290 mutations show characteristic macular preservation. Spectral domain‐optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) is a noninvasive technique to investigate retinal structural changes. Loss of integrity of the ellipsoid zone (EZ) on OCT in people with retinal disease has been associated with loss of visual function and is a useful measure of retinal disease progression. We hypothesized that rdAc felines with Cep290 mutation would have a similar pattern of degeneration, with relative central retinal preservation associated with maintenance of the EZ.ProceduresFundus imaging, confocal scanning laser ophthalmoscopy, and SD‐OCT cross‐sectional imaging was performed on 11 rdAc cats ranging from 6 months to 10 years of age. Images were collected from the area centralis, visual streak, and the mid‐superior and mid‐inferior retina. Receptor plus (REC+, encompassing the entire length of photoreceptors) thicknesses were measured. Regional rates of degeneration were determined by regression analysis and compared using unpaired t‐tests. The EZ was evaluated for the presence, absence, or loss of definition.ResultsRdAc cats showed REC+ thinning over time in all regions. The area centralis and visual streak had a slower rate of thinning than the mid‐peripheral retina. There was loss of integrity of the EZ initially in the more peripheral regions, while its integrity was maintained in the area centralis and visual streak at all ages studied.ConclusionsrdAc cats show preservation of the central retina with maintenance of EZ integrity, which recapitulates findings in human patients.