bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Downturn Represents Stress Test for Unconventional Hydraulic Fracture Modeling
Authors: Jacobs Trent 
Published: January 2017

Developers of the latest generation of unconventional hydraulic fracturing models are hoping that current weak oil and gas prices will generate newfound interest in their software technology.
After years of rewriting old programs and coming up with new ones, the modelers say they have advanced the industry’s ability to digitally simulate how shale reservoirs react to hydraulic fracturing. If the technology works, they may have overcome the major limitations that have stymied the adoption of fracture modeling since the onset of the North American shale revolution.
Those working on this new front include service company giants such as Schlumberger, which in recent years has built and acquired a number of modeling, simulation, and 3D seismic technologies to capture this budding market. Smaller and much younger startups are also in the hunt, such as Sigma3 and FracGeo, who teamed up in the summer of 2014 to introduce and market new unconventional reservoir models.
Several other players are pushing their own approaches but the concept they all share is that if shale producers can predict what subsurface properties dictate a quality completion, they can land wells in geologically and geomechanically favorable sweet spots and spend their capital on initiating fracture stages only in the most likely-to-produce sections of a well. The technology could also reduce the financial pain incurred through time-consuming, trial-and-error pilot programs used to determine a particular field’s best completion practices.
Ultimately, the technological goal is to lower break-even costs and deliver sustainability to the flagging shale business by engineering wells that produce more oil and gas from fewer wells, with fewer fracturing stages.
“People are struggling to make a profit with the current oil price just by drilling every location,” on a geometric grid, said Colin Sayers, an adviser with Schlumberger who works on the company’s unconventional modeling and seismic technologies. The approach he is pitching is to “put the wells in the right place with the right orientation, and choose where you should complete based on data rather than just guesswork.”
Root-Cause Analysis of Drilling Lost Returns in Injectite Reservoirs
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 174848, “Root-Cause Analysis of Drilling Lost Returns in Injectite Reservoirs,” by Scott Buechler, Jing Ning, Nidheesh Bharadwaj, Kaustubh Kulkarni, Caleb DeValve, Carsten Elsborg, Timothy Head, and Arnout Mols, ExxonMobil, prepared for the 2015 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Houston, 28–30 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The work presented combines a fundamental-physics approach with field data to identify the root cause of drilling failures in Paleocene and Eocene injectite-sand intervals. Study results showed that unfavorably oriented sand/shale interfaces, which can occur more frequently at the top of an injectite reservoir, can reopen at equivalent circulating densities (ECDs) below predicted fracture gradients, but above the minimum stress, and can result in massive losses.
Theoretical Approach and Application
Diagnosing narrow-margin drilling challenges in injectite sands has proved to be extremely difficult because of the convoluted nature of available drilling data, statistically small data sets, and often contradictory “apples-to- apples” comparisons made on the basis of simple metrics. Two mechanisms have seemed probable: (1) suboptimal hole cleaning leading to packoff and subsequent lost returns, or (2) lost returns leading to suboptimal hole cleaning and subsequent packoff.
Wellbore Cleaning. In this work, wellbore cleaning is evaluated with a proprietary transient-hydraulics and –hole-cleaning model. This model is based on first-principle equations of mass and momentum transport for drilling fluid and cuttings along the wellbore in the annular space between the drillpipe and casing (or open hole). The key physical effects during the cuttings-removal process are captured through constitutive models for frictional pressure drop in a circulating mud, heat transfer between the formation and drilling fluid, cuttings deposition/ erosion, and particle/liquid drag force. The partial-differential equations of mud and cuttings transport are discretized along the wellbore, and the entire system of equations is solved simultaneously in an implicit manner for each timestep. With this approach, the efficiency of hole cleaning can be characterized for these wells. Additionally, the effect of both lost returns and breakout can be incorporated into the models.
FLNG: Applying Advanced Technology To Bring More Natural Gas to Market
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 25907, “FLNG: Applying Advanced Technology To Bring More Natural Gas to Market,” by Alexander Boekhorst, Bruce Steenson, and Harry van der Velde, Shell, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The constraints of space and seaworthiness required the designers of Shell’s joint-venture floating-liquefied-natural-gas (FLNG) facility to assemble these technologies in novel configurations. The operator is applying standardization as a philosophy for its FLNG design so that developments can become faster and more cost effective and has also developed an FLNG solution designed for leaner-gas fields that has many similarities to standard FLNG designs. The so-called “FLNG Lean” is able to deliver higher LNG-production capacities.
Introduction
With a long history in the LNG industry, the operator signed an agreement with a consortium of heavy-industry companies to design and build multiple FLNG facilities and entered the front-end engineering design (FEED) development phase, which focused on the technical requirements of the project. The operator’s Prelude project was the world’s first to make a final investment decision on an FLNG facility in May 2011. The Prelude project is expected to produce 3.6 million t/a (mtpa) of LNG, 1.3 mtpa of condensate, and 0.4 mtpa of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
Proven Technologies in Innovative Combinations
The operator’s FLNG facility itself is large but is still one-quarter the size of an equivalent facility on land. The key components of an FLNG development include standard gasfield components such as production wells, subsea templates and risers, and the floating facility itself. The facility is a full floating production facility with living quarters; gas- processing, -treatment, and -liquefaction facilities; and product-storage and -offloading facilities. All of these are integrated into a single design. All processing operations are carried out offshore, with LNG, LPG, and condensate product exported directly from the facility.
Once constructed, the FLNG facility will be towed to the field site where it will be moored for the duration of operations— approximately 20 to 25 years— without being disconnected. The FLNG unit has been designed to withstand extreme weather, including a Category 5 cyclone, and will remain on location during all conditions.
The FLNG facility has an internal turret because this configuration is more suitable for fields that require larger and more complex subsea systems and an increased number of risers. Internal turrets are also better suited for harsh metocean conditions. All the subsea connections join the facility by the turret. Production wells on the seabed feed gas and condensate from the reservoirs through a number of flexible risers and a standard fluid-transfer system (swivel stack) into the facility.
Complex Reservoir Architecture Validated by Integrating Well-Testing Outcomes
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper IPTC 17986, “Complex Reservoir Architecture Validated by Integrating Well-Testing Outcomes,” by Eleonora Azzarone, SPE, Enzo Beretta, SPE, Sergio Salvadori, and Pietro Bettazzoli, Eni, prepared for the 2014 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 10–12 December. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This work presents a real field example in which the integration of well-testing and geological interpretations increased the understanding of a complex, heterogeneous reservoir. An integrated study of both dynamic well-testing data and geological/seismic models was conducted to assess a very complex pressure response obtained from a production test conducted in an offshore oil well. The well-testing objectives were to improve reservoir characterization and to quantify the well productivity in a high-permeability oil-bearing sandstone formation.
Introduction
The target of the production test [drillstem test (DST)] is considered one of the more important reservoirs for the development of a field asset located in ultradeep water. Both the dimensions involved and the average petrophysical properties are expected to sustain quite good production performance.
A dedicated test giving good and reliable interpreted results was considered essential to assess the expectations concerning the reservoir productivity and extent, thus confirming the viability of the development project.
The DST addressed the general main well-testing objectives: the acquisition of representative reservoir-fluid samples (at surface and downhole); the estimation of formation pressure and temperature, average permeability, and well damage; the assessment of well productivity; and the detection of late-time effects (i.e., any presence of heterogeneities or permeability barriers within the radius investigated by the test with respect to the current geological/ seismic environment).
The bottomhole data were acquired by a real-time acquisition system throughout the well testing to achieve an effective balance between the value of information and the optimization of the rig time and costs. The bottomhole-pressure (BHP) and -temperature data were transmitted in acoustic wireless mode through the tubing because no cables are allowed in ultradeep water, for safety reasons.
Controlling Losses When Recompleting Low-Pressure Reservoirs
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: January 2017

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 174169, “Controlling Losses When Recompleting Low-Pressure Reservoirs,” by G. Uguna, Petroamazonas, and R. Rachid, SPE, A. Milne, SPE, and S. Ali, SPE, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2015 SPE European Formation Damage Conference, Budapest, Hungary, 3–5 June. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
A challenge in many permeable, water-sensitive, subhydrostatic reservoirs is avoiding the loss of completion fluid when completing or working over wells. To overcome the limitation of conventional fluid-loss-control pills, a low-viscosity system was developed. The system is composed of a viscous disproportionate permeability modifier (VDPM) with sized synthetic polymer particles and fibers, which degrade into organic acids. The VDPM reduces the effective permeability to water-based fluids, and the sized particles create an impermeable filter cake. When the particles degrade, the organic acid acts to break any remaining polymer.
Traditional Polymer-Gel Systems
The limitations of many conventional fluid-loss-control pills have resulted in the development of a number of solids-free fluid-loss-control pills. In high- permeability reservoirs, a highly crosslinked gel is needed to achieve good fluid-loss control. Polysaccharides, such as guar, have been widely used for this application because of their low cost and availability. These guar-based fluids are typically crosslinked with borate or organometallic crosslinkers. The viscosity of crosslinked guar decreases significantly at temperatures greater than 200°F because of the limited thermal stability of the polymer. For higher-temperature applications, polyacrylamides can be used to form crosslinked gels.
A limitation of crosslinked polysaccharide and polyacrylamide polymers is that they require an internal or external breaker. The breaker is required to break the crosslinked polymer and lower the viscosity of the fluid so the broken gel can flow out of the formation matrix. Even when using an internal breaker, some polymer remains in the pore spaces, effectively reducing and damaging the permeability of the formation.
To overcome the limitation of residual-polymer damage, hydroxyethylcellulose (HEC) has been used extensively because of its low residual-solids content. However, linear HEC polymer solutions do not form rigid gels but control fluid loss through viscosity and gradual filtration. This means that, as the linear fluid penetrates deeper into the formation, the shear rate decreases and the apparent viscosity increases. Permeability damage has been shown to increase with increasing penetration of viscous fluids, not only with HEC.
Despite all the advances made regarding the design of fluid-loss-control pills, the greatest challenge remains the same, which is to have a fluid that prevents the loss of water-based fluids into the reservoir but does not limit the production of crude out of the reservoir when the well is put on production.
Development of Contactless Sand Production Test Instrument
Authors: Jia Huiqin , Dang Ruirong 
Published: January 2017

Background:Sand production is an important factor affecting reservoir exploitation. Excessive sand production affects the oil well life, causes the damage to the oil recovery device and brings serious hidden danger in the process of safety production.Objective:This paper presents a sand content computation model for the crude oil, which uses the power of sand production and Parseval theorem, develops a system to monitor the sand content.Method:The main problem of designing the mechanical structure and matching layer for sand sensor is introduced. Furthermore a contactless Doppler ultrasonic method is used to develop sand amount detection system‚ finally the system measurement accuracy is calibrated by the developed calibration system.Conclusion:The sand production computation model can describe the relationship between sand monitor output and sand amount; compute the oil sand carrying ratio. The sand sensor is installed on the outside of pipe, not directly contacted with the sand particles. Measurement accuracy of the sand production is higher than the same type instrument.
Juntas vecinales de El Alto: memórias campesino-sindicais na constituição do protagonismo social
Authors: Câmara Marcelo Argenta 
Published: January 2017

Resumo: Este artigo analisa a constituição dos movimentos sociais urbanos na municipalidade de El Alto, na Bolívia, enfatizando os aspectos de re-territorialização das práticas sociais aymarás e mineiras no espaço urbano boliviano. A partir desta análise procura-se destacar a importância de tais movimentos para os processos políticos vividos naquele país ao longo da última década, destacando-se, em especial, os acontecimentos do anode 2003 conhecidos como a Guerra do Gás. O trabalho teve como metodologia a pesquisa participativa e sua construção prioriza os depoimentos obtidos junto aos próprios integrantesdos movimentos analisados. Nas considerações finais destaca-se a importância de uma análiseque abranja as diferentes perspectivas mencionadas aqui para uma compreensão efetiva daação social na Bolívia.Palavras-chave: Aymarás; Bolívia; El Alto; Juntas Vecinales; mineiros; movimentos sociais; urbanização. Abstract: This paper analyzes the formation of urban social movements in themunicipality of El Alto, Bolivia, emphasizing aspects of the re-territorialisation of aymara’sand miner workers’s social practices in Bolivian urban space. This analysis seeks to highlightthe importance of these movements to the political processes experienced in that country overthe past decade, highlighting in particular the events of 2003 known as Guerra do Gás (The Gas War). The methodology is the participatory research and its construction prioritizes thestatements obtained from the very members of the movements analyzed. The conclusions highlight the importance of an analysis covering the different perspectives mentioned here foran effective understanding of social auctioning in Bolivia.Keywords: Aymaras; Bolívia; El Alto; Juntas Vecinales; mine workers; socialmovements; urbanization.
Território, região e fronteira: análise geográfica integrada da fronteira Brasil/Paraguai
Authors: Souza Edson Belo Clemente de , Gemelli Vanderléia 
Published: January 2017

O presente artigo busca interpretar a região de fronteira entre Brasil e Paraguai por meio de uma análise geográfica integrada, envolvendo território, região e fronteira. Compreende-se essa fronteira como um espaço com características contrastantes que constituem uma realidade contígua, mas também reticular, que está tanto sob os efeitos de uma dinâmica local como também global. Trata-se de um território dotado de contradições, com espaços que compartilham de alguns problemas e de algumas características em comum ou completamente diversas. Como procedimento metodológico foram utilizados levantamento bibliográfico, trabalho de campo, dados estatísticos do Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (IBGE) e do Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos (DGEEC), que permitiram, no conjunto, interpretar uma região de territórios transfronteiriços. Palavras-chave: fronteira; Brasil/Paraguai; território; região. Abstract: This article seeks to examine the border between Brazil and Paraguay through an integrated geographical analysis, which involves territory, region and border. This border is understood as an area with contrasting characteristics that constitute a contiguous but also a reticulated reality, which is under the effects of both local and global dynamics. It is a territory endowed with contradictions, with areas that share some problems and characteristics that are similar or completely diverse. Literature review, fieldwork, statistical data from Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística – IBGE (Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics) and from Dirección General de Estadísticas, Encuestas y Censos – DGEEC (General Directorate of Statistics, Surveys and Censuses of Paraguay) were used as methodology. These procedures allowed to interpret a region of cross-border territories. Keywords: border; Brazil/Paraguay; territory; region.
Cidades médias na Amazônia Oriental: das novas centralidades à fragmentação do território
Authors: Trindade Júnior Saint-Clair Cordeiro da 
Published: January 2017

O artigo apresenta elementos da centralidade urbano-regional de cidades médias na Amazônia brasileira e discute o papel desse tipo de cidade em um contexto de reestruturação territorial. Para efeitos de análise considera a diferença conceitual entre “centro” e “centralidade”, assim como entre “fluxos” e “fixos”. As referências empíricas da análise são duas cidades situadas na Amazônia Oriental – Marabá e Santarém. O estudo faz uma abordagem a propósito da importância dessas cidades para a produção do espaço regional e considera elementos históricos da formação territorial da Amazônia brasileira, assim como dados estatísticos e informações documentais sobre essa região e seu processo de urbanização. Ao final é destacado o papel da centralidade política desempenhado pela cidade média na Amazônia em um contexto regional de rearranjo espacial, de emergência de novos interesses regionais e de propostas de divisão política do território. Palavras-chave: cidades médias; Amazônia Oriental; centralidade; divisão territorial. Abstract: This paper presents elements of the urban-regional centrality of middle-size cities in the Brazilian Amazônia and discusses the role of these cities in a context of territorial restructuring. For that analysis it is considered conceptual differences between “center” and “centrality”, as well as between “flux” and “fix” are considered. The empirical references of the analysis are two cities located in the eastern Amazônia – Marabá and Santarém. The study approaches the importance of these cities for the regional production of space and considers historical elements of the territorial formation of Brazilian Amazônia, as well as statistical data and documental information about that region and its urbanization process. The analysis finishes whit the discussion of the role played by middle cities in the Amazon region and its political centrality in a context of spatial re-arrangement, of emergence of new political interests and of political territory division intentions. Keywords: middle-size cities; Eastern Amazon; centrality; territorial division.
Os usos da informação estratégica sobre o território: a empresa de consultoria PricewaterhouseCoopers e o planejamento territorial
Authors: Teixeira Sérgio Henrique de Oliveira , Silva Adriana Maria Bernardes 
Published: January 2017

O presente trabalho busca contribuir para a investigação da produção, da circulação e do poder articulador das informações no território brasileiro. Para tanto, partimos da investigação das empresas de consultoria em geral e da empresa de consultoria transnacional PricewaterhouseCoopers em particular. São analisadas a topologia da empresa, a tipologia das informações produzidas e a articulação de seus escritórios com a rede de cidades brasileiras. A estruturação da rede urbana brasileira foi central para a ramificação da empresa no território nacional. Trata-se de uma grande empresa de consultoria com importante participação no processo de reestruturação produtiva das corporações, bem como no processo de planejamento e privatização do território, assim como do aparelho estatal brasileiro na década de 1990. Analisamos, por fim, como esse planejamento foi colocado em contraposição ao planejamento participativo e democrático, voltado à totalidade da sociedade e do território. Palavras-chave: uso do território; círculos de cooperação; PricewaterhouseCoopers; empresas de consultoria; planejamento; privatização. Abstract: This article seeks to contribute to the investigation of the information as the articulating power concerning production and circulation in the Brazilian territory. The consulting companies, and more specifically the transnational PricewaterhouseCoopers are analyzed. The article considers the company’s topology as well as the information typology that it produces and also the link between the PricewaterhouseCoopers’ offices and Brazilian cities network. The structure of such network was an important factor to the company scattering throughout the territory. This company plays an important role in the corporations’ productive restructuring as well as in the territory planning and privatization. It is also relevant the influence it had in the state apparatus in the 1990s. Finally, the article analyzes the opposition between the planning headed by the company and the participatory and democratic planning, which focuses on the entire territory and society. Keywords: used territory; cooperation circles; PricewaterhouseCoopers; consulting companies; planning; privatization.