bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Viral infection of the marine alga Emiliania huxleyi triggers lipidome remodeling and induces the production of highly saturated triacylglycerol
Authors: Malitsky Sergey , Ziv Carmit , Rosenwasser Shilo , Zheng Shuning , Schatz Daniella , Porat Ziv , Ben‐Dor Shifra , Aharoni Asaph , Vardi Assaf 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Viruses that infect marine photosynthetic microorganisms are major ecological and evolutionary drivers of microbial food webs, estimated to turn over more than a quarter of the total photosynthetically fixed carbon. Viral infection of the bloom‐forming microalga Emiliania huxleyi induces the rapid remodeling of host primary metabolism, targeted towards fatty acid metabolism.

We applied a liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry (LC‐MS)‐based lipidomics approach combined with imaging flow cytometry and gene expression profiling to explore the impact of viral‐induced metabolic reprogramming on lipid composition.

Lytic viral infection led to remodeling of the cellular lipidome, by predominantly inducing the biosynthesis of highly saturated triacylglycerols (TAGs), coupled with a significant accumulation of neutral lipids within lipid droplets. Furthermore, TAGs were found to be a major component (77%) of the lipidome of isolated virions. Interestingly, viral‐induced TAGs were significantly more saturated than TAGs produced under nitrogen starvation.

This study highlights TAGs as major products of the viral‐induced metabolic reprogramming during the host–virus interaction and indicates a selective mode of membrane recruitment during viral assembly, possibly by budding of the virus from specialized subcellular compartments. These findings provide novel insights into the role of viruses infecting microalgae in regulating metabolism and energy transfer in the marine environment and suggest their possible biotechnological application in biofuel production.
Transpulmonary thermodilution (PiCCO) measurements in children without cardiopulmonary dysfunction: large interindividual variation and conflicting reference values
Authors: Grindheim Guro , Eidet Jo , Bentsen Gunnar 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe PiCCO system, based on transpulmonary thermodilution, is one of the few tools available for continuous hemodynamic monitoring in children. However, published data for some of the derived variables reveal indexed values that seem questionable.AimsThe aim of this study was to collect data from hemodynamically normal children and compare these to existing reference values. Furthermore, we sought to explore if indexing some of the variables differently could improve the clinical application of the obtained values.MethodsThis is a prospective observational study in a tertiary university hospital including 31 children without cardiopulmonary disease scheduled for major neurosurgery. Measurements were performed after induction of general anesthesia.ResultsMedian age was 8 months. PiCCO‐derived median Cardiac Index (CI) was 3.8 l·min−1·m−2 (range 2.6–6.6), reference range 3.0–5.0, median Global End‐Diastolic Volume Index (GEDVI) was 366 ml·m−2 (range 269–685), reference range 680–800, whereas median Extravascular Lung Water Index (EVLWI) was 12 ml·kg−1 (range 7–31), reference range 3–7. All measured variables had a high interindividual variation, especially in children weighing less than 15 kg.ConclusionsValues obtained by the PiCCO system in children have a wide range, and should therefore be interpreted with caution. Current reference values published for GEDVI and EVLWI are not applicable in children; the former is too high and the latter too low, and should not guide clinical practice. Indexing by other physiological indices may reduce this problem. Using current variables, we find GEDVI 280–590 ml·m−2 and ELWI 7–27 ml·kg−1 to be typical ranges for children.
Acrodermatitis Dysmetabolica in a Child with Cystic Fibrosis
Authors: Strathie Page Sarah , Foster Rachael 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAcrodermatitis dysmetabolica is an umbrella term encompassing the other metabolic causes of an erosive periorificial and acral dermatitis that mimics acrodermatitis enteropathica. Causes include acquired zinc, amino acid, biotin, and fatty acid deficiencies. We present the case of an exclusively breastfed, 2‐month‐old boy with known cystic fibrosis admitted with failure to thrive and erosive dermatitis. A diagnosis of acrodermatitis dysmetabolica was made when investigations revealed a normal zinc level but low amino acid levels.
Effects of Nintendo Wii‐Fit® video games on balance in children with mild cerebral palsy
Authors: Tarakci Devrim , Ersoz Huseyinsinoglu Burcu , Tarakci Ela , Razak Ozdincler Arzu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundThis study compared the effects of Nintendo Wii‐Fit® balance‐based video games and conventional balance training in children with mild cerebral palsy (CP).MethodsThis randomized controlled trial involved 30 ambulatory pediatric patients (aged 5–18 years) with CP. Participants were randomized to either conventional balance training (control group) or to Wii‐Fit balance‐based video games training (Wii group). Both group received neuro‐developmental treatment (NDT) during 24 sessions. In addition, while the control group received conventional balance training in each session, the Wii group played Nintendo Wii Fit games such as ski slalom, tightrope walk and soccer heading on balance board. Primary outcomes were Functional Reach Test (forward and sideways), Sit‐to‐Stand Test and Timed Get up and Go Test. Nintendo Wii Fit balance, age and game scores, 10 m walk test, 10‐step climbing test and Wee‐Functional Independence Measure (Wee FIM) were secondary outcomes.ResultsAfter the treatment, changes in balance scores and independence level in activities of daily living were significant (P < 0.05) in both groups. Statistically significant improvements were found in the Wii‐based game group compared with the control group in all balance tests and total Wee FIM score (P < 0.05).ConclusionWii‐fit balance‐based video games are better at improving both static and performance‐related balance parameters when combined with NDT treatment in children with mild CP.
Characterization of the Human Risk of Salmonellosis Related to Consumption of Pork Products in Different E.U. Countries Based on a QMRA
Authors: Vigre Håkan , Barfoed Kristen , Swart Arno N. , Simons Robin R. L. , Hill Andrew A. , Snary Emma L , Hald Tine 
Published: February 2016

In response to the European Food Safety Authority's wish to assess the reduction of human cases of salmonellosis by implementing control measures at different points in the farm‐to‐consumption chain for pork products, a quantitative microbiological risk assessment (QMRA) was developed. The model simulated the occurrence of Salmonella from the farm to consumption of pork cuts, minced meat, and fermented ready‐to‐eat sausage, respectively, and a dose‐response model was used to estimate the probability of illness at consumption.The QMRA has a generic structure with a defined set of variables, whose values are changed according to the E.U. member state (MS) of interest. In this article we demonstrate the use of the QMRA in four MSs, representing different types of countries.The predicted probability of illness from the QMRA was between 1 in 100,000 and 1 in 10 million per serving across all three product types. Fermented ready‐to‐eat sausage imposed the highest probability of illness per serving in all countries, whereas the risks per serving of minced meat and pork chops were similar within each MS. For each of the products, the risk varied by a factor of 100 between the four MSs.The influence of lack of information for different variables was assessed by rerunning the model with alternative, more extreme, values. Out of the large number of uncertain variables, only a few of them have a strong influence on the probability of illness, in particular those describing the preparation at home and consumption.
Denosumab‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws: successful management with a conservative surgical approach
Authors: de Souza Póvoa Raphaela Capella , Marlierè Daniel Amaral Alves , da Silveira Henrique Martins , Pires Fábio Ramoa 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTDenosumab‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws (DRONJ) is a recently described entity that shares many common clinical and radiological features with bisphosphonate‐related osteonecrosis of the jaws (BRONJ). The aim of the present study is to report a case of DRONJ affecting the anterior mandible of a 58‐year‐old male treated with denosumab to prevent skeletal‐related events associated with prostate cancer. Conservative surgery in conjunction with antibiotic therapy and discontinuation of denosumab use were effective in managing the condition and the patient remains free of clinical and radiological changes after a 38 month follow‐up.
Clear‐cutting and slash burning effects on soil CO2 efflux partitioning in Chinese fir and evergreen broadleaved forests in subtropical China
Authors: Guo J.F. , Chen G.S. , Xie J.S. , Yang Z.J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractClear‐cutting (CC) and slash burning (SB) are common silvicultural practices in subtropical China, yet the time‐course response of soil CO2 efflux components to such disturbance is not well understood. This study examined the effects of CC and SB on soil CO2 efflux components in a Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb.) Hook (Chinese fir, CF) plantation and a secondary evergreen broadleaved forest (BF) located in Fujian Province, southeastern China. Aboveground litter removal and root trenching were used to estimate CO2 fluxes from soil organic matter decomposition (RSOM), litter decomposition (RL), and autotrophic respiration by roots and mycorrhizae (RR). These components were measured 5–7 times per month from 18 October 2001 to 25 December 2003 using soda lime absorption. We found that RR, RL and RSOM were initially higher in CC and SB plots than controls in both forests, but these three component fluxes in disturbed plots all fell below those of the control 5–20 months after the disturbance. Also, Q10 values of these components decreased following disturbance. The annual flux of each respiration component was greater under BF than CF. The contribution of RR to soil CO2 efflux in the control plots averaged 35% in CF and 46% in BF. RSOM was the dominant component of soil CO2 efflux in CC and SB plots, accounting for over 50%. Our results highlight the importance of temporal trends of the component fluxes following disturbance and contribute to a broader understanding of forest management effects on the soil C cycle.
Disturbance of water‐air temperature synchronisation by dam reservoirs
Authors: Kędra Mariola , Wiejaczka Łukasz 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA thermal regime of aquatic ecosystems determines the possibility of survival and development of aquatic biota. Thermal stratification of river water impounded by dam reservoirs can cause a permanent disturbance in the naturally existing water‐air temperature relationship downstream of reservoirs. This article aims at determining the role of dam reservoirs in the disturbance of naturally shaped synchronous behaviour of water‐air temperatures. The object of the analysis is the Carpathian river Dunajec downstream of a reservoir complex built in 1994–1997. Results of spectral analysis indicate that the annual scale is the main scale of water temperature (WT) variation, and this scale corresponds to the main frequency of phase synchronisation. However, following the reservoirs construction, the definite synchronous behaviour of interacting air and WTs was apparently distorted, because the response time of WT to changing atmospheric conditions has considerably increased in comparison with the predam period.
Automatic labeling of MR brain images by hierarchical learning of atlas forests
Authors: Zhang Lichi , Wang Qian , Gao Yaozong , Wu Guorong , Shen Dinggang 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:Automatic brain image labeling is highly demanded in the field of medical image analysis. Multiatlas‐based approaches are widely used due to their simplicity and robustness in applications. Also, random forest technique is recognized as an efficient method for labeling, although there are several existing limitations. In this paper, the authors intend to address those limitations by proposing a novel framework based on the hierarchical learning of atlas forests.Methods:Their proposed framework aims to train a hierarchy of forests to better correlate voxels in the MR images with their corresponding labels. There are two specific novel strategies for improving brain image labeling. First, different from the conventional ways of using a single level of random forests for brain labeling, the authors design a hierarchical structure to incorporate multiple levels of forests. In particular, each atlas forest in the bottom level is trained in accordance with each individual atlas, and then the bottom‐level forests are clustered based on their capabilities in labeling. For each clustered group, the authors retrain a new representative forest in the higher level by using all atlases associated with the lower‐level atlas forests in the current group, as well as the tentative label maps yielded from the lower level. This clustering and retraining procedure is conducted iteratively to yield a hierarchical structure of forests. Second, in the testing stage, the authors also present a novel atlas forest selection method to determine an optimal set of atlas forests from the constructed hierarchical structure (by disabling those nonoptimal forests) for accurately labeling the test image.Results:For validating their proposed framework, the authors evaluate it on the public datasets, including Alzheimer's disease neuroimaging initiative, Internet brain segmentation repository, and LONI LPBA40. The authors compare the results with the conventional approaches. The experiments show that the use of the two novel strategies can significantly improve the labeling performance. Note that when more levels are constructed in the hierarchy, the labeling performance can be further improved, but more computational time will be also required.Conclusions:The authors have proposed a novel multiatlas‐based framework for automatic and accurate labeling of brain anatomies, which can achieve accurate labeling results for MR brain images.
Differences in Pedaling Technique in Cycling: A Cluster Analysis
Authors: Lanferdini Fábio J. , Bini Rodrigo R. , Figueiredo Pedro , Diefenthaeler Fernando , Mota Carlos B. , Arndt Anton , Vaz Marco A. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose:To employ cluster analysis to assess if cyclists would opt for different strategies in terms of neuromuscular patterns when pedaling at the power output of their second ventilatory threshold (POVT2) compared with cycling at their maximal power output (POMAX).Methods:Twenty athletes performed an incremental cycling test to determine their power output (POMAX and POVT2; first session), and pedal forces, muscle activation, muscle–tendon unit length, and vastus lateralis architecture (fascicle length, pennation angle, and muscle thickness) were recorded (second session) in POMAX and POVT2. Athletes were assigned to 2 clusters based on the behavior of outcome variables at POVT2 and POMAX using cluster analysis.Results:Clusters 1 (n = 14) and 2 (n = 6) showed similar power output and oxygen uptake. Cluster 1 presented larger increases in pedal force and knee power than cluster 2, without differences for the index of effectiveness. Cluster 1 presented less variation in knee angle, muscle–tendon unit length, pennation angle, and tendon length than cluster 2. However, clusters 1 and 2 showed similar muscle thickness, fascicle length, and muscle activation. When cycling at POVT2 vs POMAX, cyclists could opt for keeping a constant knee power and pedal-force production, associated with an increase in tendon excursion and a constant fascicle length.Conclusions:Increases in power output lead to greater variations in knee angle, muscle–tendon unit length, tendon length, and pennation angle of vastus lateralis for a similar knee-extensor activation and smaller pedal-force changes in cyclists from cluster 2 than in cluster 1.
Assessment of the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network Standardized Procedure for
In Vitro
Malaria Drug Sensitivity Testing Using SYBR Green Assay for Field Samples with Various Initial Parasitemia Levels
Authors: Cheruiyot Agnes C. , Auschwitz Jennifer M. , Lee Patricia J. , Yeda Redemptah A. , Okello Charles O. , Leed Susan E. , Talwar Mayank , Murthy Tushar , Gaona Heather W. , Hickman Mark R. , Akala Hoseah M. , Kamau Edwin , Johnson Jacob D. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

The malaria SYBR green assay, which is used to profile
in vitro
drug susceptibility of
Plasmodium falciparum
, is a reliable drug screening and surveillance tool. Malaria field surveillance efforts provide isolates with various low levels of parasitemia. To be advantageous, malaria drug sensitivity assays should perform reproducibly among various starting parasitemia levels rather than at one fixed initial value. We examined the SYBR green assay standardized procedure developed by the Worldwide Antimalarial Resistance Network (WWARN) for its sensitivity and ability to accurately determine the drug concentration that inhibits parasite growth by 50% (IC
50
) in samples with a range of initial parasitemia levels. The initial sensitivity determination of the WWARN procedure yielded a detection limit of 0.019% parasitemia.
P. falciparum
laboratory strains and field isolates with various levels of initial parasitemia were then subjected to a range of doses of common antimalarials. The IC
50
s were comparable for laboratory strains with between 0.0375% and 0.6% parasitemia and for field isolates with between 0.075% and 0.6% parasitemia for all drugs tested. Furthermore, assay quality (Z′) analysis indicated that the WWARN procedure displays high robustness, allowing for drug testing of malaria field samples within the derived range of initial parasitemia. The use of the WWARN procedure should allow for the inclusion of more malaria field samples in malaria drug sensitivity screens that would have otherwise been excluded due to low initial parasitemia levels.
Putative Role of the Aldo-Keto Reductase from Trypanosoma cruzi in Benznidazole Metabolism
Authors: Garavaglia Patricia Andrea , Laverrière Marc , Cannata Joaquín J. B. , García Gabriela Andrea 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Benznidazole (Bz), the drug used for treatment of Chagas' disease (caused by the protozoan
Trypanosoma cruzi
), is activated by a parasitic NADH-dependent type I nitroreductase (NTR I). However, several studies have shown that other enzymes are involved. The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the aldo-keto reductase from
T. cruzi
(
Tc
AKR), a NADPH-dependent oxido-reductase previously described by our group, uses Bz as the substrate. We demonstrated that both recombinant and native
Tc
AKR enzymes reduce Bz by using NADPH, but not NADH, as a cofactor.
Tc
AKR-overexpressing epimastigotes showed higher NADPH-dependent Bz reductase activity and a 50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
) value for Bz 1.8-fold higher than that of the controls, suggesting that
Tc
AKR is involved in Bz detoxification instead of activation. To understand the role of
Tc
AKR in Bz metabolism, we studied
Tc
AKR expression and NADPH/NADH-dependent Bz reductase activities in two
T. cruzi
strains with differential susceptibility to Bz: CL Brener and Nicaragua. Taking into account the results obtained with
Tc
AKR-overexpressing epimastigotes, we expected the more resistant strain, Nicaragua, to have higher
Tc
AKR levels than CL Brener. However, the results were the opposite. CL Brener showed 2-fold higher
Tc
AKR expression and 5.7-fold higher NADPH-Bz reduction than the Nicaragua strain. In addition, NADH-dependent Bz reductase activity, characteristic of NTR I, was also higher in CL Brener than in Nicaragua. We conclude that although
Tc
AKR uses Bz as the substrate,
Tc
AKR activity is not a determinant of Bz resistance in wild-type strains and may be overcome by other enzymes involved in Bz activation, such as NADPH- and NADH-dependent reductases.
Escape Mutations in NS4B Render Dengue Virus Insensitive to the Antiviral Activity of the Paracetamol Metabolite AM404
Authors: van Cleef Koen W. R. , Overheul Gijs J. , Thomassen Michael C. , Marjakangas Jenni M. , van Rij Ronald P. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Despite the enormous disease burden associated with dengue virus infections, a licensed antiviral drug is lacking. Here, we show that the paracetamol (acetaminophen) metabolite AM404 inhibits dengue virus replication. Moreover, we find that mutations in NS4B that were previously found to confer resistance to the antiviral compounds NITD-618 and SDM25N also render dengue virus insensitive to AM404. Our work provides further support for NS4B as a direct or indirect target for antiviral drug development.
Trypanosoma cruzi Causes Paralyzing Systemic Necrotizing Vasculitis Driven by Pathogen-Specific Type I Immunity in Mice
Authors: Roffê Ester , Marino Ana Paula M. P. , Weaver Joseph , Wan Wuzhou , de Araújo Fernanda F. , Hoffman Victoria , Santiago Helton C. , Murphy Philip M. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Infectious agents are often considered potential triggers of chronic inflammatory disease, including autoimmunity; however, direct evidence is usually lacking. Here we show that following control of acute infection of mice with the myotropic Colombiana strain of
Trypanosoma cruzi
, parasites persisted in tissue at low levels associated with development of systemic necrotizing vasculitis. Lesions occurred in many but not all organs and tissues, with skeletal muscle arteries being the most severely affected, and were associated with myositis, atrophy, paresis/paralysis, and death. Histopathology showed fibrinoid vascular necrosis, rare amastigote nests within skeletal muscle myocytes, and massive leukocyte infiltrates composed mainly of inflammatory monocytes, F4/80
+
macrophages, and
T. cruzi
tetramer-specific CD8
+
T lymphocytes capable of producing gamma interferon (IFN-γ) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) but not interleukin-17 (IL-17).
T. cruzi
-specific IgG was detected in sera from infected mice, but antibody deposits and neutrophilic inflammation were not features of the lesions. Thus,
T. cruzi
infection of mice may be a specific infectious trigger of paralyzing systemic necrotizing vasculitis most severely affecting skeletal muscle, driven by pathogen-specific type I immune responses.