bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How (not) to derive a *ABA: The case of Blansitt’s generalisation
Authors: Caha Pavel 
Published: September 2017

In this paper, I provide an account for the so-called Blansitt’s generalisation (Blansitt 1988). The generalisation says that in the linear sequence DATIVE—ALLATIVE—LOCATIVE, only adjacent functions may be marked the same. In previous work (Bobaljik 2012; Starke 2009; Caha 2009), analogous *ABA patterns have been encoded by the so-called feature cumulation. Feature cumulation means that the amount of features characteristic for individual categories monotonically grows in the order given in any such sequence. However, Blansitt observes that in the case of datives, allatives and locatives, the allative (which is in the middle) tends to be composed of the dative and the locative, so the account based on cumulation does not work. The present paper thus argues for a different representation of the underlying categories, namely as containing (abstractly) the features A, AB and B respectively (following in part Bobaljik &amp; Sauerland 2017). I refer to this as the “overlapping” decomposition. When such a decomposition is combined with the Superset Principle (Starke 2009), it yields both the *ABA restriction and the observed syncretism and containment patterns. I further argue that this is a non-trivial result, since traditional underspecification approaches face significant challenges in deriving the *ABA pattern on the basis of the overlapping decomposition. This article is part of the Special Collection: *ABA
Determination of Phosphine Residues in Wheat and Yellow Corn with a New Developed Method Using Headspace and SIM Mode GC-MS
Authors: Thabit Tamer M A M , Elgeddawy Dalia I H 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Phosphine is considered the main fumigant material used for long time for controlling insect pests in stored grains. This research was focused on the determination of phosphine residues in cereal matrixes (mainly wheat and corn) after the fumigation process, using a new procedure developed to reduce the number of analytical steps and improve the chromatographic separation, identification, and quantitation of analyte, thus leading to enhanced total efficiency and sensitivity. This method, using gastight vials for extraction with 5% sulfuric acid, a heating extraction sequence, and injection with headspace and GC-MS in selected-ion monitoring mode, gave clean separation and accurate results. Repeatability was achieved for both wheat and corn after spiking samples at the 0.01 mg/kg level, with RSD values of 7.6 and 6.3%, respectively. The LOD and LOQ values were 0.46 and 1.38 µg/kg, respectively. The mean value of phosphine residue in wheat was 8.43 µg/kg, with an RSD of 8.17%, whereas it was 8.09 µg/kg in corn, with an RSD of 7.75%. All residues detected in all the replicates were below the estimated maximum residue limit for wheat and corn (0.1 mg/kg). The highest residue value for wheat was 9.85 µg/kg and the lowest was 7.70 µg/kg, whereas for corn, the highest value was 9.03 µg/kg and the lowest 7.30 µg/kg.
Choline Chloride–Oxalic Acid as a Deep Eutectic Solvent–Based Innovative Digestion Method for the Determination of Selenium and Arsenic in Fish Samples
Authors: Panhwar Abdul Haleem , Tuzen Mustafa , Kazi Tasneem Gul 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
An innovative and effective digestion method based on choline chloride (ChCl)–oxalic acid (Ox) deep eutectic solvent (DES) was proposed for the determination of Se and As in fish samples via electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry (ETAAS). The impacts of different variables, including the composition and volume of ChCl–Ox, temperature, and acid addition, on analyte recovery were studied for optimization. In this procedure, an 80 mg sample was dissolved in a 1:2 molar ratio of ChCl–Ox at 105°C for 40 min, with the subsequent addition of 4.0 mL HNO3 (1.0 M) and further heating at the same temperature for about 5 min. Next, centrifugation was applied, and the supernatant solution was filtered, diluted to a known volume, and measured by ETAAS. The accuracy of the developed method was tested using a Standard Reference Material (NIST SRM 1946 Lake Superior Fish Tissue). The proposed DES-based digestion method was successfully applied to the simultaneous extraction of Se and As from fish samples.
Spontaneous reoccurrence of “scooping”, a wild tool-use behaviour, in naïve chimpanzees
Authors: Bandini Elisa , Tennie Claudio 
Published: September 2017

Modern human technological culture depends on social learning. A widespread assumption for chimpanzee tool-use cultures is that they, too, are dependent on social learning. However, we provide evidence to suggest that individual learning, rather than social learning, is the driver behind determining the form of these behaviours within and across individuals. Low-fidelity social learning instead merely facilitates the reinnovation of these behaviours, and thus helps homogenise the behaviour across chimpanzees, creating the population-wide patterns observed in the wild (what here we call “socially mediated serial reinnovations”). This is the main prediction of the Zone of Latent Solutions (ZLS) hypothesis. This study directly tested the ZLS hypothesis on algae scooping, a wild chimpanzee tool-use behaviour. We provided naïve chimpanzees (n = 14, Mage = 31.33, SD = 10.09) with ecologically relevant materials of the wild behaviour but, crucially, without revealing any information on the behavioural form required to accomplish this task. This study found that naïve chimpanzees expressed the same behavioural form as their wild counterparts, suggesting that, as the ZLS theory predicts, individual learning is the driver behind the frequency of this behavioural form. As more behaviours are being found to be within chimpanzee’s ZLS, this hypothesis now provides a parsimonious explanation for chimpanzee tool cultures.
Can the Ocean's Heat Engine Control Horizontal Circulation? Insights From the Caspian Sea
Authors: Bruneau Nicolas , Zika Jan , Toumi Ralf 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe investigate the role of the ocean's heat engine in setting horizontal circulation using a numerical model of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea can be seen as a virtual laboratory—a compromise between realistic global models that are hampered by long equilibration times and idealized basin geometry models, which are not constrained by observations. We find that increases in vertical mixing drive stronger thermally direct overturning and consequent conversion of available potential to kinetic energy. Numerical solutions with water mass structures closest to observations overturn 0.02–0.04 × 106 m3/s (sverdrup) representing the first estimate of Caspian Sea overturning. Our results also suggest that the overturning is thermally forced increasing in intensity with increasing vertical diffusivity. Finally, stronger thermally direct overturning is associated with a stronger horizontal circulation in the Caspian Sea. This suggests that the ocean's heat engine can strongly impact broader horizontal circulations in the ocean.
Ultralow Frequency Waves Deep Inside the Inner Magnetosphere Driven by Dipolarizing Flux Bundles
Authors: Liu Jiang , Angelopoulos V. , Zhang X.‐J. , Runov A. , Artemyev A. , Plaschke F. , Fu Song , Lu San , Liu Yi‐Hsin , Chu Xiangning 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDipolarizing flux bundles (DFBs) are small flux tubes (typical cross‐tail scale of 1–3 RE) in the nightside magnetosphere that have magnetic field more dipolar than the background. They are generated at or beyond 20 RE downtail and then travel earthward. Although DFBs usually stop before reaching the geosynchronous orbit (GEO), they may still transfer some portion of their energy into the inner magnetosphere by radiating ULF waves. We show the clearest evidence of this process, to date, using in situ data from a fleet of spacecraft and ground stations. We illustrate that a typical DFB stopped before reaching GEO but excited Pi2 waves that filled a volume of space extending from the plasma sheet to deep inside the plasmasphere. This event provides the first in situ, direct link between stopped DFBs and ULF waves deep inside the inner magnetosphere (as deep as L = 3). The waves were attenuated when traveling away from the DFB, but even at L = 3 (XGSM = −2.2), they were still traveling with a significant earthward Poynting flux. In addition, we observed evidence of interaction between these waves and electrons at GEO.
Solar Wind Plasma Parameter Variability Across Solar Cycles 23 and 24: From Turbulence to Extremes
Authors: Tindale E. , Chapman S. C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSolar wind variability spans a wide range of amplitudes and timescales, from turbulent fluctuations to the 11 year solar cycle. We apply the data quantile‐quantile (DQQ) method to NASA/Wind observations spanning solar cycles 23 and 24, to study how the uniqueness of each cycle maximum and minimum manifests in the changing statistical distribution of plasma parameters in fast and slow solar wind. The DQQ method allows us to discriminate between two distinct components of the distribution: the core region simply tracks the solar cycle in its moments but shows little sensitivity to solar wind state or the specific activity of each cycle. This would be consistent with an underlying in situ process such as turbulence driving the evolution of fluctuations up to an outer scale. In contrast, the tail component of the distribution is sensitive both to the differences between the maxima and minima of cycles 23 and 24, and the fast or slow state of the solar wind. The tail component varies over the solar cycle in such a way as to maintain a constant functional form, with only its moments varying with solar activity. Finally, after isolating the core region of the distribution, we test its lognormality over the solar cycle in each solar wind state and find the lognormal provides a more robust description of the statistics in slow wind than fast; however, in both states the goodness of fit is significantly reduced at solar maximum.
Mercury's Solar Wind Interaction as Characterized by Magnetospheric Plasma Mantle Observations With MESSENGER
Authors: Jasinski Jamie M. , Slavin James A. , Raines Jim M. , DiBraccio Gina A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe analyze 94 traversals of Mercury's southern magnetospheric plasma mantle using data from the MESSENGER spacecraft. The mean and median proton number densities in the mantle are 1.5 and 1.3 cm−3, respectively. For sodium number density these values are 0.004 and 0.002 cm−3. Moderately higher densities are observed on the magnetospheric dusk side. The mantle supplies up to 1.5 × 108 cm−2 s−1 and 0.8 × 108 cm−2 s−1 of proton and sodium flux to the plasma sheet, respectively. We estimate the cross‐electric magnetospheric potential from each observation and find a mean of ~19 kV (standard deviation of 16 kV) and a median of ~13 kV. This is an important result as it is lower than previous estimations and shows that Mercury's magnetosphere is at times not as highly driven by the solar wind as previously thought. Our values are comparable to the estimations for the ice giant planets, Uranus and Neptune, but lower than Earth. The estimated potentials do have a very large range of values (1–74 kV), showing that Mercury's magnetosphere is highly dynamic. A correlation of the potential is found to the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) magnitude, supporting evidence that dayside magnetic reconnection can occur at all shear angles at Mercury. But we also see that Mercury has an Earth‐like magnetospheric response, favoring −BZ IMF orientation. We find evidence that −BX orientations in the IMF favor the southern cusp and southern mantle. This is in agreement with telescopic observations of exospheric emission, but in disagreement with modeling.
Remote Sensing of Ground Deformation for Monitoring Groundwater Management Practices: Application to the Santa Clara Valley During the 2012–2015 California Drought
Authors: Chaussard Estelle , Milillo Pietro , Bürgmann Roland , Perissin Daniele , Fielding Eric J. , Baker Brett 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGroundwater management typically relies on water‐level data and spatially limited deformation measurements. While interferometric synthetic aperture radar has been used to study hydrological deformation, its limited temporal sampling can lead to biases in rapidly changing systems. Here we use 2011–2017 COSMO‐SkyMed data with revisit intervals as short as 1 day to study the response of the Santa Clara Valley (SCV) aquifer in California to the unprecedented 2012–2015 drought. Cross‐correlation and independent component analyses of deformation time series enable tracking water through the aquifer system. The aquifer properties are derived prior to and during the drought to assess the success of water‐resource management practices. Subsidence due to groundwater withdrawal dominates during 2011–2017, limited to the confined aquifer and west of the Silver Creek Fault, similar to predrought summer periods. Minimum water levels and elevations were reached in mid‐2014, but thanks to intensive groundwater management efforts the basin started to rebound in late 2014, during the deepening drought. By 2017, water levels were back to their predrought levels, while elevations had not yet fully rebounded due to the delayed poroelastic response of aquitards and their large elastic compressibility. As water levels did not reach a new lowstand, the drought led to only elastic and recoverable changes in the SCV. The SCV lost 0.09 km3 during the drought while seasonal variations amount to 0.02 km3. Analysis of surface loads due to water mass changes in the aquifer system suggests that groundwater drawdowns could influence the stress on nearby faults.
Long‐Term Warming Trends in Korea and Contribution of Urbanization: An Updated Assessment
Authors: Park Bo‐Joung , Kim Yeon‐Hee , Min Seung‐Ki , Kim Maeng‐Ki , Choi Youngeun , Boo Kyung‐On , Shim Sungbo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study conducted an updated analysis of the long‐term temperature trends over South Korea and reassessed the contribution of the urbanization effect to the local warming trends. Linear trends were analyzed for three different periods over South Korea in order to consider possible inhomogeneity due to changes in the number of available stations: recent 103 years (1912–2014), 61 years (1954–2014), and 42 years (1973–2014). The local temperature has increased by 1.90°C, 1.35°C, and 0.99°C during the three periods, respectively, which are found 1.4–2.6 times larger than the global land mean trends. The countries located in the northern middle and high latitudes exhibit similar warming trends (about 1.5 times stronger than the global mean), suggesting a weak influence of urbanization on the local warming over South Korea. Urbanization contribution is assessed using two methods. First, results from “city minus rural” methods showed that 30–45% of the local warming trends during recent four decades are likely due to the urbanization effect, depending on station classification methods and analysis periods. Results from an “observation minus reanalysis” method using the Twentieth Century Reanalysis (20CR) data sets (v2 and v2c) indicated about 25–30% contribution of the urbanization effect to the local warming trend during the recent six decades. However, the urbanization contribution was estimated as low as 3–11% when considering the century‐long period. Our results confirm large uncertainties in the estimation of urbanization contribution when using shorter‐term periods and suggest that the urbanization contribution to the century‐long warming trends could be much lower.
The Turbulent Structure of the Arctic Summer Boundary Layer During The Arctic Summer Cloud‐Ocean Study
Authors: Brooks Ian M. , Tjernström Michael , Persson P. Ola G. , Shupe Matthew D. , Atkinson Rebecca A. , Canut Guylaine , Birch Cathryn E. , Mauritsen Thorsten , Sedlar Joseph , Brooks Barbara J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe mostly ice covered Arctic Ocean is dominated by low‐level liquid‐ or mixed‐phase clouds. Turbulence within stratocumulus is primarily driven by cloud top cooling that induces convective instability. Using a suite of in situ and remote sensing instruments we characterize turbulent mixing in Arctic stratocumulus, and for the first time we estimate profiles of the gradient Richardson number at relatively high resolution in both time (10 min) and altitude (10 m). It is found that the mixing occurs both within the cloud, as expected, and by wind shear instability near the surface. About 75% of the time these two layers are separated by a stably stratified inversion at 100–200 m altitude. Exceptions are associated with low cloud bases that allow the cloud‐driven turbulence to reach the surface. The results imply that turbulent coupling between the surface and the cloud is sporadic or intermittent.
The Evolution of Sulfide in Shallow Aquatic Ecosystem Sediments: An Analysis of the Roles of Sulfate, Organic Carbon, and Iron and Feedback Constraints Using Structural Equation Modeling
Authors: Pollman C. D. , Swain E. B. , Bael D. , Myrbo A. , Monson P. , Shore M. D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe generation of elevated concentrations of sulfide in sediment pore waters that are toxic to rooted macrophytes is problematic in both marine and freshwaters. In marine waters, biogeochemical conditions that lead to toxic levels of sulfide generally relate to factors that affect oxygen dynamics or the sediment iron concentration. In freshwaters, increases in surface water sulfate have been implicated in decline ofZizania palustris(wild rice), which is important in wetlands across the Great Lakes region of North America. We developed a structural equation (SE) model to elucidate key variables that govern the evolution of sulfide in pore waters in shallow aquatic habitats that are potentially capable of supporting wild rice. The conceptual basis for the model is the hypothesis that dissimilatory sulfate reduction is limited by the availability of both sulfate and total organic carbon (TOC) in the sediment. The conceptual model also assumes that pore water sulfide concentrations are constrained by the availability of pore water iron and that sediment iron supports the supply of dissolved iron to the pore water. A key result from the SE model is that variations in three external variables (sulfate, sediment TOC, and sediment iron) contribute nearly equally to the observed variations in pore water sulfide. As a result, management efforts to mitigate against the toxic effects of pore water sulfide on macrophytes such as wild rice should approach defining a protective sulfate threshold as an exercise tailored to the geochemistry of each site that quantitatively considers the effects of ambient concentrations of sediment Fe and TOC.
The Influence of Flow and Bed Slope on Gas Transfer in Steep Streams and Their Implications for Evasion of CO2
Authors: Maurice L. , Rawlins B. G. , Farr G. , Bell R. , Gooddy D. C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe evasion of greenhouse gases (including CO2, CH4, and N2O) from streams and rivers to the atmosphere is an important process in global biogeochemical cycles, but our understanding of gas transfer in steep (>10%) streams, and under varying flows, is limited. We investigated gas transfer using combined tracer injections of SF6 and salt. We used a novel experimental design in which we compared four very steep (18.4–29.4%) and four moderately steep (3.7–7.6%) streams and conducted tests in each stream under low flow conditions and during a high‐discharge event. Most dissolved gas evaded over short distances (~100 and ~200–400 m, respectively), so accurate estimates of evasion fluxes will require sampling of dissolved gases at these scales to account for local sources. We calculated CO2 gas transfer coefficients (KCO2) and found statistically significant differences between larger KCO2 values for steeper (mean 0.465 min−1) streams compared to those with shallower slopes (mean 0.109 min−1). Variations in flow had an even greater influence. KCO2 was substantially larger under high (mean 0.497 min−1) compared to low flow conditions (mean 0.077 min−1). We developed a statistical model to predict KCO2 using values of streambed slope × discharge which accounted for 94% of the variation. We show that two models using slope and velocity developed by Raymond et al. (2012) for streams and rivers with shallower slopes also provide reasonable estimates of our CO2 gas transfer velocities (kCO2; m d−1). We developed a robust field protocol which could be applied in future studies.
Robust Catalysis on 2D Materials Encapsulating Metals: Concept, Application, and Perspective
Authors: Deng Jiao , Deng Dehui , Bao Xinhe 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGreat endeavors are undertaken to search for low‐cost, rich‐reserve, and highly efficient alternatives to replace precious‐metal catalysts, in order to cut costs and improve the efficiency of catalysts in industry. However, one major problem in metal catalysts, especially nonprecious‐metal catalysts, is their poor stability in real catalytic processes. Recently, a novel and promising strategy to construct 2D materials encapsulating nonprecious‐metal catalysts has exhibited inimitable advantages toward catalysis, especially under harsh conditions (e.g., strong acidity or alkalinity, high temperature, and high overpotential). The concept, which originates from unique electron penetration through the 2D crystal layer from the encapsulated metals to promote a catalytic reaction on the outermost surface of the 2D crystal, has been widely applied in a variety of reactions under harsh conditions. It has been vividly described as “chainmail for catalyst.” Herein, recent progress concerning this chainmail catalyst is reviewed, particularly focusing on the structural design and control with the associated electronic properties of such heterostructure catalysts, and also on their extensive applications in fuel cells, water splitting, CO2conversion, solar cells, metal–air batteries, and heterogeneous catalysis. In addition, the current challenges that are faced in fundamental research and industrial application, and future opportunities for these fantastic catalytic materials are discussed.
A Superhydrophobic Smart Coating for Flexible and Wearable Sensing Electronics
Authors: Li Lianhui , Bai Yuanyuan , Li Lili , Wang Shuqi , Zhang Ting 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSuperhydrophobic surfaces have shown versatile applications in waterproofing, self‐cleaning, drag reduction, selective absorption, etc. The most convenient and universally applicable approach to forming superhydrophobic surfaces is by coating; however, currently, superhydrophobic, smart coatings with flexibility and multiple functions for wearable sensing electronics are not yet reported. Here, a highly flexible multifunctional smart coating is fabricated by spray‐coating multiwalled carbon nanotubes dispersed in a thermoplastic elastomer solution, followed by treatment with ethanol. The coatings not only endow various substrate materials with superhydrophobic surfaces, but can also respond to stretching, bending, and torsion—a property useful for flexible sensor applications. The coatings show superior sensitivity (gauge factor of 5.4–80), high resolution (1° of bending), a fast response time (<8 ms), a stable response over 5000 stretching–relaxing cycles, and wide sensing ranges (stretching: over 76%, bending: 0°–140°, torsion: 0–350 rad m−1). Moreover, multifunctional coatings with thicknesses of only 1 µm can be directly applied to clothing for full‐range and real‐time detection of human motions, which also show extreme repellency to water, acid, and alkali, which helps the sensors to work under wet and corrosive conditions.