bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
pH‐responsive alginate–pectin polymeric rafts and their characterization
Authors: Hanif Muhammad , Abbas Ghulam 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAim of the present work was to develop alginate–pectin rafts by using box behnken design to provide symptomatic relief from gastroesophageal reflux disorders by forming floating gel or raft on the top of gastric contents. Sodium alginate and pectin were used as raft‐forming polymers, sodium bicarbonate as gas‐generating substance, and calcium carbonate for generation of calcium ions. Physical test of all compressed formulations were within pharmacopoeial limits. Effect of pH of medium on raft formation was observed by placing the formulation in different pH mediums. Raft was characterized by their strength, weight, volume, resilience, reflux resistance, thickness, buffering capacity, neutralizing capacity, floating lag time (FLT) and total floating time (TFT). Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy was performed to check the interaction between the polymers and other excipients. Raft was effectively formed at pH 1.2. Raft strength, reflux resistance, and thickness of optimized formulation APR15 were 9.71 ± 0.013 g, 2670 ± 0.987 g, and 5.1 ± 0.045 cm, respectively. Raft resilience for the APR15 was found to be greater than 480 min. TFT of APR15 was greater than 8 hr with 50 s FLT. Buffering and neutralizing capacity were 12.70 ± 1.21 meq and 7.0 ± 0.34 meq, respectively. FTIR spectra showed no interactions between sodium alginate, pectin, and other excipients. This study demonstrated that alginate–pectin rafts are suitable for the treatment of gastro‐esophageal reflux disorders.
Women in Emergency Medicine Residency Programs: An Analysis of Data From Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–approved Residency Programs
Authors: DeFazio Christian R. , Cloud Samuel D. , Verni Christine M. , Strauss Jessica M. , Yun Karen M. , May Paul R. , Lindstrom Heather A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveUnderstanding the factors associated with attracting women to a residency program would help residency program leadership build programs that are appealing to women candidates. The objective of this study was to identify factors associated with the percentage of women residents in emergency medicine (EM) residency programs.MethodsA list of 161 Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education–approved EM residencies was compiled. The public websites for each of the residencies was queried for information on the following variables: residency region (Midwest, Northeast, South, West), residency length (3 years vs. 4 years), sex of the department chair, sex of the program director (PD), percentage of women faculty, and the number of residents by graduation class and sex.ResultsThe websites of 161 EM residencies were reviewed. Complete data were available from a total of 143 programs representing 4,547 residents from the studied classes of 2014, 2015, and 2016. Overall, 38% were women (n = 1,743). The percentage of women residents per program varied from 0% to 68% across residency programs. There was no association between the percentage of women residents and residency region, sex of the department chair, and sex of the PD.ConclusionsIn this study, there was no evidence that EM residencies with a greater percentage of women faculty and women in select leadership roles had a greater percentage of women residents. There was also no evidence for regional variability in women's selection of residency programs. This study was limited to publicly available data and cannot address the many other complex factors which may play a role in women's decision making when choosing a residency.
Applying standard perikymata profiles to Pongo pygmaeus canines to estimate perikymata counts between linear enamel hypoplasias
Authors: O'Hara Mackie 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectivesRecently, studies have interpreted regular spacing and average number of perikymata between dental enamel defects in orangutans to reflect seasonal episodes of physiological stress. To estimate the amount of time between developmental defects (enamel hypoplasia), studies have relied on perikymata counts. Unfortunately, perikymata are frequently not continuously visible between defects, significantly reducing data sets. A method is presented here for estimating the number of perikymata between defects using standard perikymata profiles (SPP) that allow the number of perikymata between all pairs of defects across a tooth to be analyzed. The SPP method should allow the entire complement of defects to be analyzed within the context of an individual's crown formation time.Materials and methodsThe average number of perikymata were established per decile and charted to create male and female Pongo pygmaeus SPPs. The position of the beginning of each defect was recorded for lower canines from males (n = 6) and females (n = 17). The number of perikymata between defects estimated by the SPP was compared to the actual count (where perikymata were continuously visible).ResultsThe number of perikymata between defects estimated by the SPPs was accurate within three perikymata and highly correlated with the actual counts, significantly increasing the number of analyzable defect pairs.ConclusionSPPs allow all defect pairs to be included in studies of defect timing, not just those with continuously visible perikymata. Establishing an individual's entire complement of dental defects makes it possible to calculate the regularity (and potential seasonality) of defects.
Comparison of observed and expected levels of genetic diversity based on surname frequencies: An example from historical Massachusetts
Authors: Relethford John H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe inverse of random inbreeding based on surname frequencies (1/Fr) is an estimate of genetic diversity, and its expectation is a function of the number of migrants into a population. Observed and expected values of (1/Fr) were compared to determine if observed diversity matches theoretical expectations under conditions of rapid demographic change using data from historical Massachusetts.Materials and methodsData on migration and surnames were taken from 6,038 marriage records from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries from five towns in north‐central Massachusetts. Data for each town were broken down into a number of time cohorts defined by year of marriage, giving 33 samples based on town and year of marriage. The number of migrants (M) and the inverse of the random component of inbreeding (1/Fr) were derived for each sample based on surname frequencies.ResultsThere was no significant difference between observed and expected values of 1/Fr in samples where there were 100 or more migrants. However, 1/Fr was significantly higher in samples where M < 100, which is possibly due to these samples not having reached equilibrium, resulting in higher than expected values of 1/Fr. Regression of residual values of 1/Fr (observed–expected) on the number of years since settlement supports this interpretation.ConclusionThe number of migrants affects the level of genetic diversity inferred from surname frequencies, and the relationship between observed and expected measures depends on the number of migrants and the proximity of a given sample to an equilibrium state.
A Stable Hexakis(guanidino)benzene: Realization of the Strongest Neutral Organic Four‐Electron Donor
Authors: Eberle Benjamin , Kaifer Elisabeth , Himmel Hans‐Jörg 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe growing demand for efficient batteries has stimulated the search for redox‐active organic compounds with multistage redox behavior, as materials with large charge capacity. Herein we report the synthesis and properties of the first hexakis(guanidino)benzene derivative: a strong neutral organic electron donor with reversible multistage redox behavior and a record low redox potential for donation of four electrons. Detailed structural and spectroscopic characterization of three redox states (0, +2, and +4) reveal its unique electronic features. Despite its nitrogen richness, the compound is thermally robust and can be readily purified by sublimation.
Supramolecularly Engineered Amphiphilic Macromolecules: Molecular Interaction Overrules Packing Parameters
Authors: Pramanik Prithankar , Ray Debes , Aswal Vinod K. , Ghosh Suhrit 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe report molecular interaction‐driven self‐assembly of supramolecularly engineered amphiphilic macromolecules (SEAM) containing a single supramolecular structure‐directing unit (SSDU) consisting of an H‐bonding group connected to a naphthalene diimide chromophore. Two such SEAMs, P1‐50 and P2‐50, having the identical chemical structure and hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance, exhibit distinct self‐assembled structures (polymersome and cylindrical micelle, respectively) due to a difference in the H‐bonding group (hydrazide or amide, respectively) of the single SSDU. When mixed together, P1‐50 and P2‐50 adopted self‐sorted assembly. For either series of polymers, variation in the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance does not alter the morphology reconfirming that self‐assembly is primarily driven by directional molecular interaction which is capable of overruling the existing norms in packing parameter‐dependent morphology control in an immiscibility‐driven block copolymer assembly.
Synthesis of Active Hexafluoroisopropyl Benzoates through a Hydrogen‐Bond‐Enabled Palladium(II)‐Catalyzed C−H Alkoxycarbonylation Reaction
Authors: Wang Yang , Gevorgyan Vladimir 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA PdII‐catalyzed ortho C−H alkoxycarbonylation reaction of aryl silanes toward active hexafluoroisopropyl (HFIP) benzoate esters has been developed. This efficient reaction features high selectivity and good functional‐group tolerance. Notably, given the general nature of the silyl‐tethered directing group, this method delivers products bearing two independently modifiable sites. NMR studies reveal the presence of hydrogen bonding between HFIP and a pyrimidine nitrogen atom of the directing group, and it is thought to be crucial for the success of this alkoxycarbonylation reaction.
(Aminomethyl)pyridine Complexes for the Cobalt‐Catalyzed Anti‐Markovnikov Hydrosilylation of Alkoxy‐ or Siloxy(vinyl)silanes with Alkoxy‐ or Siloxyhydrosilanes
Authors: Lee Kangsang L. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCobalt‐catalyzed anti‐Markovnikov reactions that involve siloxy‐ or alkoxy(vinyl)silanes and siloxy‐ or alkoxyhydrosilanes are disclosed. More than 25 new cobalt–(aminomethyl)pyridine complexes were developed as catalysts for the hydrosilylation of industry‐relevant and challenging siloxy‐ or alkoxy‐terminated vinylsilanes. These transformations typically proceed in the presence of 0.25 mol % of the cobalt complex with 0.75 mol % of the alkylating agent to afford the desired products in up to >98 % yield with >98 % anti‐Markovnikov selectivity in 30 min. The current protocol shows a broad substrate scope, delivering more than 25 siloxanes with siloxy or alkoxy functional groups at both termini, and can also be applied to polymeric vinyl‐ and hydrosiloxanes.
Synthesis and characterization of iron‐ and nitrogen‐functionalized graphene catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction
Authors: Othman Rapidah , Hossain Md. Sohrab , Jabarullah Noor H. 
Published: February 2017

Iron‐ and nitrogen‐functionalized graphene (Fe‐N‐G), as well as iron‐ and nitrogen‐functionalized oxidized graphene (Fe‐N‐Gox) catalysts were synthesized as non‐noble metal electrocatalysts for oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). The physical properties of the resultant catalysts were characterized using nitrogen adsorption measurements, X‐ray diffraction, Raman and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopies and transmission electron microscopy. Subsequently, ORR activities of the catalysts were determined electrochemically using a conventional three‐electrode cell via cyclic voltammetry with a rotating disc electrode, the results of which indicated that the synthesized catalysts had a marked electrocatalytic activity towards ORR in acid media. Among the synthesized catalysts, that functionalized using 2,4,6‐tris(2‐pyridyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine as nitrogen source had the highest electrocatalytic activity with the highest onset potential (0.98 V/SHE) and limiting current density (5.12 mA cm−2). The findings are particularly important to determine a non‐precious metal catalyst for ORR activity in fuel cells.
Two silver(I) complexes with bis(benzimidazole)‐2‐oxopropane ligands: Syntheses, crystal structures and DNA binding studies
Authors: Mao Shanshan , Shen Kesheng , Shi Xinkui , Xu Yuling , Wu Huilu 
Published: February 2017

Two Ag(I) complexes, [Ag2(bobb)2]⋅(NO3)2 (1) and [Ag2(crotonate)2(aobb)]n (2) (bobb =1,3‐bis(1‐benzylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐oxapropane; aobb =1,3‐bis(1‐allylbenzimidazol‐2‐yl)‐2‐oxopropane), have been synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, electrical conductivities, infrared and UV–visible spectral measurements and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complex 1 is binuclear and three‐coordinated by two N atoms from two bobb ligands, while complex 2 is a unique metal organic compound with diamond‐like multinuclear Ag centers with each Ag bridged by two aobb ligands and two crotonate ions to form one‐dimensional single polymer chain structures and extended into two‐dimensional frameworks through π–π and intermolecular C─H⋅⋅⋅O hydrogen bonds. The adjacent Ag(I) centers are bridged by allyl from aobb which is not only a σ‐bonding ligand, but also a π‐acid ligand. The DNA binding modes of complexes 1 and 2 were investigated using electronic absorption titration, fluorescence spectra and viscosity measurements. The results suggest that the two complexes bind to DNA via an intercalative mode, and their binding affinity for DNA follows the order 2 > 1. This is due to the chelating effects which can enhance the planar functionality of the metal complexes.
Effectiveness of shore‐based remote camera monitoring for quantifying recreational fisher compliance in marine conservation areas
Authors: Lancaster Darienne , Dearden Philip , Haggarty Dana R. , Volpe John P. , Ban Natalie C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Marine conservation areas require high levels of compliance to meet conservation objectives, yet little research has assessed compliance quantitatively, especially for recreational fishers. Recreational fishers take 12% of global annual fish catches. With millions of people fishing from small boats, this fishing sector is hard to monitor, making accurate quantification of non‐compliance an urgent research priority.
Shore‐based remote camera monitoring was tested for quantifying recreational non‐compliance in near‐shore, coastal rockfish conservation areas (RCAs) in the Salish Sea, Canada.
Six high definition trail cameras were used to monitor 42 locations between July and August 2014.
Seventy‐nine percent of monitored conservation area sites showed confirmed or probable fishing activity, with no significant difference in fishing effort inside and outside RCAs.
Mixed effects generalized linear models were used to test environmental and geographic factors influencing compliance. Sites with greater depth had significantly higher fishing effort, which may imply high, barotrauma‐induced, rockfish mortality in RCA sites.
Non‐compliance estimates were similar to aerial fly‐over compliance data from 2011, suggesting that trail camera monitoring may be an accurate and affordable alternative method of assessing non‐compliance in coastal conservation areas, especially for community‐based organizations wishing to monitor local waters.
Widespread non‐compliance could compromise the ability of RCAs to protect and rebuild rockfish populations. Increased education, signage, and enforcement is likely to improve compliance.
Reconstructing Palaeogeography and Inter‐island Visibility in the Wallacean Archipelago During the Likely Period of Sahul Colonization, 65–45 000 Years Ago
Authors: Kealy Shimona , Louys Julien , O'Connor Sue 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThe palaeogeography of the Wallacea Archipelago is a significant factor in understanding early modern human colonization of Sahul (Australia and New Guinea), and models of colonization patterns, as well as archaeological survey and site interpretation, are all heavily dependent on the specific palaeogeographic reconstruction employed. Here we present five reconstructions for the periods 65, 60, 55, 50, and 45 000 years ago, using the latest bathometric chart and a sea‐level model that is adjusted to account for the average uplift rate known from Wallacea. Using this data we also reconstructed island areal extent as well as topography for each time period. These reconstructions were then used to estimate visibility for each island in the archipelago, and finally to model how intervisible each island was during the period of likely human colonization. Our models provide the first evidence for intervisibility between Timor and Australia at ca. 65–62 ka and 47–12 ka, the second of which is notable for its overlap with the oldest radiocarbon dates from Timor‐Leste and Australia. Based on intervisibility alone, however, our study suggests that the northern route into Papua New Guinea was the most parsimonious route for first modern human entry into Sahul. Our study provides archaeologists with an important baseline from which to conduct physical surveys, interpret archaeological data, and theorize the colonization of Wallacea and Sahul. © 2017 The Authors. Archaeological Prospection Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Almost Sure Practical Exponential Stability of Nonlinear Disturbed Stochastic Systems with Guaranteed Decay Rate
Authors: Barbata Asma , Zasadzinski Michel , Chatbouri Ridha , Souley Ali Harouna , Messaoud Hassani 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this paper, we consider nonlinear stochastic differential equations driven by multiplicative noises and affected by exogenous disturbances. Sufficient conditions are investigated for almost sure practical exponential stability of the non trivial solutions of these equations. A lower bound of the decay rate of these solutions is guaranteed.
Novel anticarcinoembryonic antigen antibody–drug conjugate has antitumor activity in the existence of soluble antigen
Authors: Shinmi Daisuke , Nakano Ryosuke , Mitamura Keisuke , Suzuki‐Imaizumi Minami , Iwano Junko , Isoda Yuya , Enokizono Junichi , Shiraishi Yasuhisa , Arakawa Emi , Tomizuka Kazuma , Masuda Kazuhiro 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCarcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) is a classic tumor‐specific antigen that is overexpressed in several cancers, including gastric cancer. Although some anti‐CEA antibodies have been tested, to the best of our knowledge, there are currently no clinically approved anti‐CEA antibody therapies. Because of this, we have created the novel anti‐CEA antibody, 15‐1‐32, which exhibits stronger binding to membrane‐bound CEA on cancer cells than existing anti‐CEA antibodies. 15‐1‐32 also shows poor affinity for soluble CEA; thus, the binding activity of 15‐1‐32 to membrane‐bound CEA is not influenced by soluble CEA. In addition, we constructed a 15‐1‐32‐monomethyl auristatin E conjugate (15‐1‐32‐vcMMAE) to improve the therapeutic efficacy of 15‐1‐32. 15‐1‐32‐vcMMAE showed enhanced antitumor activity against gastric cancer cell lines. Unlike with existing anti‐CEA antibody therapies, antitumor activity of 15‐1‐32‐vcMMAE was retained in the presence of high concentrations of soluble CEA.
A comparison between Lynch syndrome and sporadic colorectal cancer survivors’ satisfaction with their healthcare providers
Authors: Burton‐Chase Allison M. , Parker Wendy M. , Polivka Katrina M. , Gritz Ellen R. , Amos Christopher I. , Lu Karen H. , Lynch Patrick M. , Rodriguez‐Bigas Miguel A. , Nancy You Y. , Peterson Susan K. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis study evaluated provider satisfaction in a sample of colorectal cancer (CRC) survivors with and without Lynch syndrome (LS). Participants were case–case‐matched CRC survivors with (n = 75) or without (n = 75) LS (mean age of 55; range: 27–93). Participants completed a mailed questionnaire assessing demographics, clinical characteristics, healthcare utilization, psychosocial variables, and provider satisfaction. LS CRC survivors reported lower provider satisfaction scores on three subscales of the Primary Care Assessment Survey: communication (78.14 vs. 83.96; P < 0.05), interpersonal treatment (78.58 vs. 85.30; P < 0.05), and knowledge of the patient (60.34 vs. 69.86; P < 0.01). Among LS CRC survivors, predictors for mean communication and trust subscale scores were location of treatment and socioeconomic status. Higher mean depression scores also were associated with trust, while social support predicted higher satisfaction with communication. Sporadic CRC survivor satisfaction is driven largely by age (communication, interpersonal treatment) and patient anxiety (communication), while seeing a provider more often was associated with increased satisfaction with knowledge of the patient. LS CRC survivors reported lower levels of provider satisfaction than sporadic CRC survivors. LS survivors who received care at The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, a comprehensive cancer center (CCC), reported higher satisfaction than those receiving care at other institutions. Depressive symptoms and socioeconomic status may impact provider satisfaction ratings. Exploration of other potential predictors of provider satisfaction should be examined in this population. Additionally, further research is needed to examine the potential impact of provider satisfaction on adherence to medical recommendations in LS CRC survivors, particularly those being treated outside of CCCs.
Opportunities for improving triple‐negative breast cancer outcomes: results of a population‐based study
Authors: Rapiti Elisabetta , Pinaud Kim , Chappuis Pierre O. , Viassolo Valeria , Ayme Aurélie , Neyroud‐Caspar Isabelle , Usel Massimo , Bouchardy Christine 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTriple‐negative breast cancer (TNBC) is associated with a poor prognosis. Surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, and referral for genetic counseling are the standard of care. We assessed TNBC prevalence, management, and outcome using data from the population‐based Geneva cancer registry. 2591 women had a first invasive stage I‐III breast cancer diagnosed between 2003 and 2011. We compared TNBC to other breast cancers (OBC) by χ2‐test and logistic regression. Kaplan–Meier survival curves, up to 31‐12‐2014, were compared using log‐rank test. TNBC risk of mortality overall (OS) and for breast cancer (BCSS) was evaluated through Cox models. Linkage with the Oncogenetics and Cancer Prevention Unit (OCPU) database of the Geneva University Hospitals provided genetic counseling information. TNBC patients (n = 192, 7.4%) were younger, more often born in Africa or Central‐South America than OBC, had larger and more advanced tumors. 18% of TNBC patients did not receive chemotherapy. Thirty‐one (17%) TNBC women consulted the OCPU, 39% among those aged <40 years. Ten‐year survival was lower in TNBC than OBC (72% vs. 82% for BCSS; P < 0.001; 80% vs. 91% for OS; P < 0.001). The mortality risks remained significant after adjustment for other prognostic variables. The strongest determinants of mortality were age, place of birth, and lymph node status. A substantial proportion of TNBC patients in Geneva did not receive optimal care. Over 60% of eligible women did not receive genetic counseling and 18% did not receive chemotherapy. To improve TNBC prognosis, comprehensive care as recommended by standard guidelines should be offered to all patients.