bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adoption, institutionnalisation et diffusion des primaires ouvertes. Une approche comparée franco-italienne
Authors: Giannetti Daniela , Lefebvre Rémi 
Published: August 2016

L’article développe une analyse comparée des primaires en France et en Italie. Quels sont les facteurs ont conduit les élites dirigeantes et les militants à se déposséder de leur fonction de sélection des candidats ? L’adoption des primaires est le plus souvent le produit de bricolages organisationnels dans des conjonctures de crise. Le modèle italien de primaire de coalition n’a pas réussi à s’imposer en France où la diffusion des primaires à l’échelle locale est limitée. D’emblée concurrentielles en France, les primaires y sont utilisées dans le cadre d’un parti politique pour réguler la concurrence interne.
Scolarisation et imputabilité électorale dans le monde en développement
Authors: Gélineau François 
Published: August 2016

Au cours des dernières décennies, les défenseurs de la démocratie ont surtout axé leurs efforts sur la mise en place d’institutions dont les caractéristiques favorisent la pratique démocratique. En ce sens, on a accordé davantage d’importance aux mécanismes qu’aux acteurs eux-mêmes. Pourtant, la démocratie ne fonctionne que si les participants y consentent. La démocratie repose sur l’aval des élites, mais aussi sur celui des masses. Dans cette veine, certains auteurs ont avancé que la scolarisation étend l’horizon des citoyens, leur donnant ainsi les outils pour mieux intégrer la tolérance, pour leur permette de prendre un certain recul par rapport aux idéologies extrémistes ou monistes et pour faire des choix électoraux plus rationnels. Ces derniers sont même allés jusqu’à conclure que la scolarisation est probablement une condition « nécessaire » à la démocratie. À ce jour, les tests empiriques de cette hypothèse se sont limités à des analyses plurinationales mesurant le degré de covariation entre des données nationales de fréquentation scolaire et des indices de maturité démocratique. Pourtant, les fondements théoriques de l’hypothèse sont clairement situés au niveau individuel, au niveau du comportement des citoyens. L’analyse proposée dans le présent texte explore cette hypothèse à l’aide d’une banque de données individuelles provenant de plusieurs pays en développement. Elle tente d’apporter une réponse aux questions suivantes : dans quelle mesure la propension des citoyens à sanctionner le gouvernement pour sa performance en matière économique est-elle affectée par la scolarisation ? Et quelles sont les implications de ce comportement individuel à l’échelle systémique ? En répondant à cette question, nous proposons de mettre en exergue le rôle important que joue la scolarisation dans le processus démocratique.
Relative susceptibility of sunflower maintainer lines and resistance sources to natural infestations of the banded sunflower moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Authors: Prasifka Jarrad R. , Hulke Brent S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe banded sunflower moth, Cochylis hospes Walsingham (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), is a significant seed-feeding pest of sunflowers (Helianthus Linnaeus; Asteraceae) in North America. Though some wild Helianthus, interspecific crosses, and H. annuus Linnaeus cultivars (which precede hybrid sunflower breeding) have low susceptibility to banded sunflower moth, no apparent effort has been made to evaluate modern inbred lines as a source of resistance for hybrids. In field trials from 2013 to 2015, inbred maintainer (HA) lines, resistant accessions (PI), and unreleased, partially inbred (F6) lines were evaluated in field trials using natural infestations of banded sunflower moth. Results show greater seed damage to maintainer lines than the other groups, but also significant variability among lines within groups. The best maintainer, HA 207, had ≈75% fewer damaged seed than the most susceptible HA lines. Among the resistant PI and unreleased inbred lines, only one entry had significantly less damage than HA 207. While PI 494859 showed banded moth resistance superior to the best inbred lines, its other agronomic liabilities make breeding with the least susceptible maintainer lines appear more practical. A key unknown for any attempts to breed hybrids resistant to banded sunflower moth is how closely damage is correlated between inbred lines and their hybrids.
Nestin-Expressing Precursors Give Rise to Both Endothelial as well as Nonendothelial Lymph Node Stromal Cells
Authors: Koning Jasper J. , Konijn Tanja , Lakeman Kim A. , O’Toole Tom , Kenswil Keane J. G. , Raaijmakers Marc H. G. P. , Michurina Tatyana V. , Enikolopov Grigori , Mebius Reina E. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
During embryogenesis, lymph nodes form through intimate interaction between lymphoid tissue inducer and lymphoid tissue organizer (LTo) cells. Shortly after birth in mice, specialized stromal cell subsets arise that organize microenvironments within the lymph nodes; however, their direct precursors have not yet been identified. In the bone marrow, mesenchymal stem cells are labeled with GFP in nestin-GFP mice, and we show that during all stages of development, nestin+ cells are present within lymph nodes of these mice. At day of birth, both mesenchymal CD31− and endothelial CD31+ LTo cells were GFP+, and only the population of CD31− LTo cells contained mesenchymal precursors. These CD31−nestin+ cells are found in the T and B cell zones or in close association with high endothelial venules in adult lymph nodes. Fate mapping of nestin+ cells unambiguously revealed the contribution of nestin+ precursor cells to the mesenchymal as well as the endothelial stromal populations within lymph nodes. However, postnatal tamoxifen induced targeting of nestin+ cells in nes-creER mice showed that most endothelial cells and only a minority of the nonendothelial cells were labeled. Overall our data show that nestin+ cells contribute to all subsets of the complex stromal populations that can be found in lymph nodes.
Allergen-Induced IL-6 Regulates IL-9/IL-17A Balance in CD4+ T Cells in Allergic Airway Inflammation
Authors: Schütze Nicole , Trojandt Stefanie , Kuhn Stephanie , Tomm Janina M. , von Bergen Martin , Simon Jan C. , Polte Tobias 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
IL-9–secreting Th9 cells have been considered to play a pivotal role in the pathogenesis of atopic diseases. To what extent IL-9–producing cells are induced or regulated by sensitization with naturally occurring allergens is not yet clear. Naturally occurring allergens are capable of inducing IL-6 production in dendritic cells (DCs). Whether allergen-induced IL-6 supports a Th9 subtype by increasing IL-9 production, as observed in in vitro studies, or rather favors Th17 differentiation is not finally resolved. Therefore, in the present study we have investigated the impact of IL-6 on the Th9/Th17 balance depending on the predominant cytokine milieu and, additionally, in vivo using a DC-driven murine asthma model. In vitro, IL-6 increases Th9 cells under strong IL-4 and TGF-β activation, whereas under moderate IL-4 and TGF-β activation the presence of IL-6 shifts naive CD4+ cells to Th17 cells. To induce allergic airway inflammation, OVA-pulsed DCs from IL-6–deficient or wild-type donors were adoptively transferred into BALB/c mice. Recipients receiving IL-6–producing wild-type DCs showed a significant decrease of Th9- and IL-4–producing Th2 cells but an increase of Th17 cells in lung tissue in comparison with recipients sensitized with IL-6–deficient DCs. Our data suggest that the IL-6–mediated reduction of Th2-related IL-4 leads to a decline of the Th9 immune response and allows Th17 differentiation.
The Tetraspanin TSPAN33 Controls TLR-Triggered Macrophage Activation through Modulation of NOTCH Signaling
Authors: Ruiz-García Almudena , López-López Susana , García-Ramírez José Javier , Baladrón Victoriano , Ruiz-Hidalgo María José , López-Sanz Laura , Ballesteros Ángela , Laborda Jorge , Monsalve Eva María , Díaz-Guerra María José M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The involvement of NOTCH signaling in macrophage activation by Toll receptors has been clearly established, but the factors and pathways controlling NOTCH signaling during this process have not been completely delineated yet. We have characterized the role of TSPAN33, a tetraspanin implicated in a disintegrin and metalloproteinase (ADAM) 10 maturation, during macrophage proinflammatory activation. Tspan33 expression increases in response to TLR signaling, including responses triggered by TLR4, TLR3, and TLR2 activation, and it is enhanced by IFN-γ. In this study, we report that induction of Tspan33 expression by TLR and IFN-γ is largely dependent on NOTCH signaling, as its expression is clearly diminished in macrophages lacking Notch1 and Notch2 expression, but it is enhanced after overexpression of a constitutively active intracellular domain of NOTCH1. TSPAN33 is the member of the TspanC8 tetraspanin subgroup more intensely induced during macrophage activation, and its overexpression increases ADAM10, but not ADAM17, maturation. TSPAN33 favors NOTCH processing at the membrane by modulating ADAM10 and/or Presenilin1 activity, thus increasing NOTCH signaling in activated macrophages. Moreover, TSPAN33 modulates TLR-induced proinflammatory gene expression, at least in part, by increasing NF-κB–dependent transcriptional activity. Our results suggest that TSPAN33 represents a new control element in the development of inflammation by macrophages that could constitute a potential therapeutic target.
The ATM Kinase Restrains Joining of Both VDJ Signal and Coding Ends
Authors: Meek Katheryn , Xu Yao , Bailie Caleb , Yu Kefei , Neal Jessica A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The evidence that ATM affects resolution of RAG-induced DNA double-strand breaks is profuse and unequivocal; moreover, it is clear that the RAG complex itself cooperates (in an undetermined way) with ATM to facilitate repair of these double-strand breaks by the classical nonhomologous end-joining pathway. The mechanistic basis for the cooperation between ATM and the RAG complex has not been defined, although proposed models invoke ATM and RAG2’s C terminus in maintaining the RAG postcleavage complex. In this study, we show that ATM reduces the rate of both coding and signal joining in a robust episomal assay; we suggest that this is the result of increased stability of the postcleavage complex. ATM’s ability to inhibit VDJ joining requires its enzymatic activity. The noncore C termini of both RAG1 and RAG2 are also required for ATM’s capacity to limit signal (but not coding) joining. Moreover, potential phosphorylation targets within the C terminus of RAG2 are also required for ATM’s capacity to limit signal joining. These data suggest a model whereby the RAG signal end complex is stabilized by phosphorylation of RAG2 by ATM.
The future of digital medicine in the aging society
Authors: Wortley David 
Published: August 2016

David Wortley is CEO and Founder of Gamification and Enabling Technologies Strategic Solutions (www.gaetss.com), a consultancy on the strategic use of Gamification and Enabling Technologies for the transformation of business and society. He is a recognized authority on the practical application of Gamification and Enabling Technologies to address global challenges in areas such as health, environment, and education. He is a serial technology innovator and has been a pioneer of emerging technologies for over 30 years. He is an expert advisor to the European Union and an accredited business mentor. His specialist expertise is in the commercialization of disruptive digital technologies. David is also a Founding Council Member of the International Society of Digital Medicine (ISDM).
David was the Founding Director of the Serious Games Institute (SGI) www.seriousgamesinstitute.co.uk at Coventry University and he was responsible for the development of the institute as a global thought leader on the application of immersive technologies (which include video games, virtual worlds, and social networking) to serious social and economic issues such as education, simulation, health, commerce, and climate change. Working with academics, regional development agencies, and leading computer games companies, David made the SGI is a focal point for games-based learning, simulation, and immersive three-dimensional (3D) virtual environments and an engine for innovation and social and economic regeneration. David is a respected (see http://davidwortley.com/testimonials.html) and sought-after international conference speaker and writer for global publications on Learning Technologies, Defence and Health applications. He has written numerous papers on technology and society (see http://www.davidwortley.com/articles.html), and he is a regular conference presenter (see www.davidwortley.com/conferences.html)
Air Pollution and Emergency Department Visits for Depression: A Multicity Case-Crossover Study
Authors: Szyszkowicz Mieczysław , Kousha Termeh , Kingsbury Mila , Colman Ian 
Published: August 2016

Background The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between ambient air pollution and emergency department (ED) visits for depression. Methods Health data were retrieved from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System. ED visits for depression were retrieved from the National Ambulatory Care Reporting System using the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10), Tenth revision codes; ICD-10: F32 (mild depressive episode) and ICD-10: F33 (recurrent depressive disorder). A case-crossover design was employed for this study. Conditional logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios. Results For females, exposure to ozone was associated with increased risk of an ED visit for depression between 1 and 7 days after exposure, for males, between 1 and 5, and 8 days after exposure, with odds ratios ranging between 1.02 and 1.03. Conclusions These findings suggest that, as hypothesized, there is a positive association between exposure to air pollution and ED visits for depression.
20 years of ClO measurements in the Antarctic lower stratosphere
Authors: Nedoluha Gerald E. , Connor Brian J. , Mooney Thomas , Barrett James W. , Parrish Alan , Gomez R. Michael , Boyd Ian , Allen Douglas R. , Kotkamp Michael , Kremser Stefanie , Deshler Terry , Newman Paul , Santee Michelle L. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. We present 20 years (1996–2015) of austral springtime measurements of chlorine monoxide (ClO) over Antarctica from the Chlorine Oxide Experiment (ChlOE1) ground-based millimeter wave spectrometer at Scott Base, Antarctica, as well 12 years (2004–2015) of ClO measurements from the Aura Microwave Limb Sounder (MLS). From August onwards we observe a strong increase in lower stratospheric ClO, with a peak column amount usually occurring in early September. From mid-September onwards we observe a strong decrease in ClO. In order to study interannual differences, we focus on a 3-week period from 28 August to 17 September for each year and compare the average column ClO anomalies. These column ClO anomalies are shown to be highly correlated with the average ozone mass deficit for September and October of each year. We also show that anomalies in column ClO are strongly anti-correlated with 30 hPa temperature anomalies, both on a daily and an interannual timescale. Making use of this anti-correlation we calculate the linear dependence of the interannual variations in column ClO on interannual variations in temperature. By making use of this relationship, we can better estimate the underlying trend in the total chlorine (Cly  =  HCl + ClONO2 + HOCl + 2  ×  Cl2 + 2  ×  Cl2O2 + ClO + Cl). The resultant trends in Cly, which determine the long-term trend in ClO, are estimated to be −0.5 ± 0.2, −1.4 ± 0.9, and −0.6 ± 0.4 % year−1, for zonal MLS, Scott Base MLS (both 2004–2015), and ChlOE (1996–2015) respectively. These trends are within 1σ of trends in stratospheric Cly previously found at other latitudes. The decrease in ClO is consistent with the trend expected from regulations enacted under the Montreal Protocol.
Coupling sky images with radiative transfer models: a new method to estimate
cloud optical depth
Authors: Mejia Felipe A. , Kurtz Ben , Murray Keenan , Hinkelman Laura M. , Sengupta Manajit , Xie Yu , Kleissl Jan 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A method for retrieving cloud optical depth (τc) using a UCSD developed ground-based sky imager (USI) is presented. The radiance red–blue ratio (RRBR) method is motivated from the analysis of simulated images of various τc produced by a radiative transfer model (RTM). From these images the basic parameters affecting the radiance and red–blue ratio (RBR) of a pixel are identified as the solar zenith angle (θ0), τc, solar pixel angle/scattering angle (ϑs), and pixel zenith angle/view angle (ϑz). The effects of these parameters are described and the functions for radiance, Iλτc, θ0, ϑs, ϑz, and RBRτc, θ0, ϑs, ϑz are retrieved from the RTM results. RBR, which is commonly used for cloud detection in sky images, provides non-unique solutions for τc, where RBR increases with τc up to about τc = 1 (depending on other parameters) and then decreases. Therefore, the RRBR algorithm uses the measured Iλmeasϑs, ϑz, in addition to RBRmeasϑs, ϑz, to obtain a unique solution for τc. The RRBR method is applied to images of liquid water clouds taken by a USI at the Oklahoma Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) program site over the course of 220 days and compared against measurements from a microwave radiometer (MWR) and output from the Min et al. (2003) method for overcast skies. τc values ranged from 0 to 80 with values over 80, being capped and registered as 80. A τc RMSE of 2.5 between the Min et al. (2003) method and the USI are observed. The MWR and USI have an RMSE of 2.2, which is well within the uncertainty of the MWR. The procedure developed here provides a foundation to test and develop other cloud detection algorithms.
Evaluative Language in Political Speeches: A Case Study of Iranian and American Presidents’ Speeches
Authors: Mazlum Farhad , Afshin Sanaz 
Published: August 2016

<p>The study of evaluative language of political speeches is a fresh area of investigation in the field of stylistics. This study aimed at exploring and investigating evaluative instances in the speeches by Hassan Rouhani—Iran’s president— and Barak Obama at UN assembly in 2014. To this end, Martin and White’s Appraisal system of meaning was adopted to examine the mechanisms through which Obama and Rouhani express their feelings towards different people and issues. Additionally, in this study it was intended to represent how each politician ‘positions’ himself vis-à-vis different inter/national phenomena. The findings suggested that both presidents preferred to apply more adjectives and nominalizations than verbs and adverbs to express their emotion. Also the results of the study suggested that Rouhani opted for greater use of authorial and non-authorial affect in his speech than Obama. In both speeches, the flexible nature of the different emotional markers let the speakers frame them to the current social, economic, political situation of the world. One applied them to mention the threats and horrors all around the globe and the other employed them to make confidence and sympathize with other nations. </p>
Applying Foreignization and Domestication in Translating Arabic Dialectical Expressions into English
Authors: Baawaidhan Awadh. G. 
Published: August 2016

<p>Translating across language and cultural barriers is one of the most complicated tasks translator might face. This is due to the fact that text produced in one language and culture contains information about persons, institutions, habits, customers and traditions which accessible to speakers of the source language text but not understood by the speakers of another language. This article shows procedures and strategies used to overcome such problem and difficulties in translating Arabic dialect expressions into English. A central issue of this discussion is to highlight Venuti;s translation strategies foreignization and domestication that have been used in translating dialecticll expressions and culture-specific elements into English, with special reference to Janet Watson”s translation of Sana’ani Arabic dialect. Relying on the distinction of the two key cultural strategies of Domestication and Foreignization, this study reveals the way in which Arabic culture-specific elements have been portrayed in foreign context. The paper considers the validity of those cultural translation strategies and discusses their applications in different occasions. According to the obtained results, both foreignization and domestication strategies have been used to overcome the language and cultural barriers in translation of Sana'ani Arabic into English. But foreignization has been used more as the most pervasive cultural strategy. </p>
Mechanical and Energy Absorption Properties of Foamed Concrete under One-dimension Strain Compression
Authors: Tian Xinbang , Zhang Daiyu , Niu Yunhui 
Published: August 2016

Foamed concrete is a type of cellular concrete with excellent properties of impact attenuation and energy absorption. This study investigates the mechanical and energy absorption properties of foamed concrete. The relationship between elastic modulus and relative density of foamed concrete was exploited at one-dimension strain compressive loading condition, and a shape function was applied to describe the constitutive equation of the foamed concrete. In this study one-dimension strain compressive testing method was employed. Based on stress strain curve and constitutive equation, yield stress, plateau stress, densification strain and energy absorption efficiency of foamed concrete were obtained, and the energy absorption property was also analyzed. This study can support the applications of foamed concrete in structural protection.
SOCIOEDUCAÇÃO: DA ONTOLOGIA À TELEOLOGIA – UMA AMBIGUIDADE TEÓRICA
Authors: Machado Erica Babini Lapa do Amaral 
Published: August 2016

Trata-se de discussão teórica sobre o conceito de socioeducação, ponderando a sua natureza, reconhecida como criminal, devido à estrutura normativa e a consequência de uma prática de ato infracional, que em si é um fato ilícito. Não obstante a natureza (ontologia) criminal, não pode a medida socioeducativa ser confundida com a pena, posto que a socioeducação cumpre outras funções, devido à condição peculiar de desenvolvimento do adolescente em conflito com a lei. Por outro lado, os objetivos (teleologia) da socioeducação também precisam ser problematizados, especialmente ante a realidade neoliberal que enfrenta o conceito de educação. Com todas essas questões, a partir de uma revisão bibliográfica, medotologicamente orientada, restou evidente ambiguidades do instituto jurídico medida socioeducativa, cabendo, desse modo, enveredar esforços no sentido da construção da proposta de uma cidadania juvenil que independa da resposta estatal baseada em retribuição.