bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kinetically Trapped Supramolecular Assembly of Perylene Dianhydride Derivative in Methanol: Optical Spectra, Morphology, and Mechanisms
Authors: Lü Baozhong , You Shusen , Li Pengyu , Li Chen , Müllen Klaus , Yin Meizhen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSupramolecular self‐assembly has attracted increasing attention as a breakthrough methodology in the fields of nanoscience and nanotechnology. Herein, a perylene dianhydride derivative (TP‐PDA) self‐assembles into well‐defined nanospheres through a nucleation‐growth process. The mechanisms of this process were explored by using spectral analysis, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In situ DLS and in situ SEM both revealed that the size of the aggregated nanospheres increases with time until the formation of equilibrium H‐aggregates. This shows that TP‐PDA undergoes a kinetically trapped assembly with a rapid transformation into the thermodynamically favored form, and this process can be finely tuned by reducing the concentration and increasing the temperature. Weak intermolecular forces, such as π–π stacking, hydrogen bonding, and solvophobic interactions, play an important role in the formation of nanostructures. This work inspired us to explore other kinetically trapped supramolecular assemblies that might be easily ignored due to the short trapping time of commonly used experimental timescales.
Re‐evaluation of individual diameter : height allometric models to improve biomass estimation of tropical trees
Authors: Ledo Alicia , Cornulier Thomas , Illian Janine B. , Iida Yoshiko , Kassim Abdul Rahman , Burslem David F. R. P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAccurate estimation of tree biomass is necessary to provide realistic values of the carbon stored in the terrestrial biosphere. A recognized source of errors in tree aboveground biomass (AGB) estimation is introduced when individual tree height values (H) are not directly measured but estimated from diameter at breast height (DBH) using allometric equations. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of 12 alternative DBH : H equations and compare their effects on AGB estimation for three tropical forests that occur in contrasting climatic and altitudinal zones. We found that fitting a three‐parameter Weibull function using data collected locally generated the lowest errors and bias in H estimation, and that equations fitted to these data were more accurate than equations with parameters derived from the literature. For computing AGB, the introduced error values differed notably among DBH : H allometric equations, and in most cases showed a clear bias that resulted in either over‐ or under‐estimation of AGB. Fitting the three‐parameter Weibull function minimized errors in AGB estimates in our study and we recommend its widespread adoption for carbon stock estimation. We conclude that many previous studies are likely to present biased estimates of AGB due to the method of H estimation.
Grazing effects on surface energy fluxes in a desert steppe on the Mongolian Plateau
Authors: Shao Changliang , Chen Jiquan , Li Linghao , Dong Gang , Han Juanjuan , Abraha Michael , John Ranjeet 
Published: October 2016

AbstractQuantifying the surface energy fluxes of grazed and ungrazed steppes is essential to understand the roles of grasslands in local and global climate and in land use change. We used paired eddy‐covariance towers to investigate the effects of grazing on energy balance (EB) components: net radiation (Rn), latent heat (LE), sensible heat (H), and soil heat (G) fluxes on adjacent grazed and ungrazed areas in a desert steppe of the Mongolian Plateau for a two‐year period (2010–2012). Near 95% of Rn was partitioned as LE and H, whereas the contributions of G and other components of the EB were 5% at an annual scale. H dominated the energy partitioning and shared ~50% of Rn. When comparing the grazed and the ungrazed desert steppe, there was remarkably lower Rn and a lower H, but higher G at the grazed site than at the ungrazed site. Both reduced available energy (Rn − G) and H indicated a “cooling effect” feedback onto the local climate through grazing. Grazing reduced the dry year LE but enhanced the wet year LE. Energy partitioning of LE/Rn was positively correlated with the canopy conductivity, leaf area index, and soil moisture. H/Rn was positively correlated with the vapor pressure deficit but negatively correlated with the soil moisture. Boosted regression tree results showed that LE/Rn was dominated by soil moisture in both years and at both sites, while grazing shifted the H/Rn domination from temperature to soil moisture in the wet year. Grazing not only caused an LE shift between the dry and the wet year, but also triggered a decrease in the H/Rn because of changes in vegetation and soil properties, indicating that the ungrazed area had a greater resistance while the grazed area had a greater sensitivity of EB components to the changing climate.
Study on Construction of Industrial Large‐Scale Battery System
Authors: YAMAUCHI SHIN , EMORI AKIHIKO , FUTAMI MOTOO , KAWAI MICHIFUMI , HONDA MITSUTOSHI , TAKEDA KENJI , IWASAWA HIROSHI 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThis paper proposes a construction method for battery systems that are widely used in industries. The battery system uses a building block structure combined with a battery module, whose capacity is less than 1 kWh. To manage the building block structured system, we propose a hierarchical structured management method. In each hierarchy, the voltage and temperature of the battery are monitored, and the information necessary for calculating charge states and detecting faults are sent to the upper hierarchy for the state management of the lower hierarchy. Furthermore, to ensure the safety during maintenance activities, we provide a guidance for understanding the insulation structure for the battery module, and develop a ground fault detection method that detects a decline in the insulation performance by using a rising method. For the experiment, we use a 30‐kWh trial manufacture battery system combined with the hierarchical management method. We verify that charge states and faults are detected in the battery of the system, and confirm that the system can be charged and discharged safely.
Proposal and Feasibility Study of the Integrated Diode Synchronous Motor
Authors: HIRAMOTO KENJI , NAKAI HIDEO , KANO YUKO , YAMADA EIJI , MIZUTANI RYOJI 
Published: October 2016

SUMMARYThis paper presents a new type of magnet‐free motor that has concentrated stator windings and rotor coils with a pair of diodes. The most important feature of this motor is that currents in the rotor coils can be generated by utilizing the changes in the spatial second harmonic of the magnetic fields due to the concentrated stator windings, which normally increase motor losses. A prototype of the motor was designed and fabricated, and its basic performance was evaluated. First, using simplified analytic models, we explain the mechanism of inducing currents in the rotor coils by the changes in the spatial second harmonic of the magnetic fields. Second, we compare the torque performance of the proposed motor and that of other types of motors including a magnet motor through finite‐element analyses. The analyzed data show that the proposed motor can possess greater torque/volume ratio than that of the other motors. Finally, using the measured data, we validate the mechanism of inducing currents in the rotor coils, and examine the torque and power characteristics of the motor.
Production and characterization of ice cream with high content in oleic and linoleic fatty acids
Authors: Marín‐Suárez Marta , García‐Moreno Pedro J. , Padial‐Domínguez Marta , Guadix Antonio , Guadix Emilia M. 
Published: October 2016

Ice creams produced with unsaturated fats rich in oleic (OO, 70.7% of oleic) and linoleic (LO, 49.0% of linoleic) fatty acids, were compared to ice cream based on saturated coconut oil (CO, 50% of lauric acid). The globule size distribution of OO mix during aging (72 h at 4°C) followed a similar trend to CO mix, being stable after 48 h; whereas LO mix destabilized after 24 h. CO mix showed higher destabilization during ice cream production, but no significant differences among fats were observed in the particle size of the ice cream produced. The overrun was also lower for OO and LO ice creams (34.19 and 27.12%, respectively) compared to CO based ice cream (45.06%). However, an improved melting behavior, which gradually decreased from 88.69% for CO to 66.09% for LO ice cream, was observed.Practical applications: This work evaluates the use of high unsaturated fats in the production of ice cream as alternative to highly saturated coconut oil. Common unsaturated fats normally lead to ice cream with low quality in terms of overrun and melting points. Nevertheless, the results obtained in this study indicated that the two fats assayed, rich in oleic and linoleic acids, are adequate for the production of ice cream. Therefore, these highly unsaturated fats are a promising alternative for the development of healthier ice creams.Unsaturated fats are introduced in ice cream and compared to saturated coconut oil. Similar fat globule size and viscosity are found, while melting behavior is improved.
A Dual‐Carbon Phase‐Modified and Nanostructured Nickel Sulfide Anode for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Han Fei , Tan Clara Yi Jun , Gao Zhiqiang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOn the basis of the concept of a nanoconfinement reaction, a synthetic strategy was developed to construct ultrathin carbon‐film‐coated and nanostructured nickel sulfide anchored on carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The synthesis involved the direct growth of nickel hydroxide on the CNTs followed by dehydration, sulfidation, and carbon coating. If used as an anode material in sodium‐ion batteries (SIBs), the nickel sulfide‐based anode showed a high utilization rate of the active material and a favorable specific capacity of 390 mAh g−1. The excellent performance of the nickel sulfide‐based anode in SIBs demonstrates the potential of nickel sulfide to be used as the anode material in SIBs if it is engineered to alleviate its structural constraints. In principle, this strategy can be conveniently adapted to engineer other transition‐metal‐based materials for applications in energy storage.
Riparian spiders as sentinels of polychlorinated biphenyl contamination across heterogeneous aquatic ecosystems
Authors: Kraus Johanna M. , Gibson Polly P. , Walters David M. , Mills Marc A. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Riparian spiders are being used increasingly to track spatial patterns of contaminants in and fluxing from aquatic ecosystems. However, our understanding of the circumstances under which spiders are effective sentinels of aquatic pollution is limited. The present study tests the hypothesis that riparian spiders may be effectively used to track spatial patterns of sediment pollution by polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in aquatic ecosystems with high habitat heterogeneity. The spatial pattern of ΣPCB concentrations in 2 common families of riparian spiders sampled in 2011 to 2013 generally tracked spatial variation in sediment ΣPCBs across all sites within the Manistique River Great Lakes Area of Concern (AOC), a rivermouth ecosystem located on the south shore of the Upper Peninsula, Manistique (MI, USA) that includes harbor, river, backwater, and lake habitats. Sediment ΣPCB concentrations normalized for total organic carbon explained 41% of the variation in lipid-normalized spider ΣPCB concentrations across 11 sites. Furthermore, 2 common riparian spider taxa (Araneidae and Tetragnathidae) were highly correlated (r2 &gt; 0.78) and had similar mean ΣPCB concentrations when averaged across all years. The results indicate that riparian spiders may be useful sentinels of relative PCB availability to aquatic and riparian food webs in heterogeneous aquatic ecosystems like rivermouths where habitat and contaminant variability may make the use of aquatic taxa less effective. Furthermore, the present approach appears robust to heterogeneity in shoreline development and riparian vegetation that support different families of large web-building spiders. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1278–1286. Published 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of SETAC. This article is a US government work and, as such, is in the public domain in the United States of America.
Nachtflug nach Nizza
Authors: Voigt Christian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRauhautfledermäuse wandern jährlich Tausende Kilometer zwischen ihren Sommer‐ und Winterlebensräumen. Dank Echoortung und evolutionärer Ausstattung sind sie „sicher unterwegs”︁. Doch das schützt sie nicht vor den Gefahren der modernen Umwelt: Windkraftanlagen werden immer häufiger zur Todesfalle für die unter Schutz stehenden Populationen.
Im Dienst der Meeresforschung
Authors: Schaeffer Magdalena 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSeit 30 Jahren kreuzt die METEOR über die Ozeane. Die Jubiläumsfahrt Mitte Juli führte vor die Azoren — und bot Repräsentanten aus Politik und Wissenschaftsorganisationen Einblick in die wissenschaftliche Arbeit und den Alltag auf einem Forschungsschiff.
Vor und nach der Shoa
Authors: Unterstell Rembert 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMichael Brenner erforscht die neuere jüdische Geschichte und Kultur in einer facettenreichen Perspektive. Das kommt auch seiner Arbeit als Internationaler Präsident des Leo Baeck Institute zugute. Ein Gespräch über Paradigmenwechsel in der deutsch‐jüdischen Geschichtsschreibung, Theodor Herzl und den Zionismus sowie herausfordernde Israel‐Studien.
Von der Sehnsucht nach dem Freigehege
Authors: Griem Julika 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDas Schelling‐Projekt: Peter Sloterdijks neuer Roman über ein von der DFG abgelehntes Forschungsvorhaben ist, neben allem anderen, auch Abarbeitung am und Fluchtfantasie aus dem Wissenschaftsbetrieb. Was sich zwischen abschwellenden Bocksgesängen und ausgelegten Korrektheitsfallen daran finden lässt — Anmerkungen aus der Sicht von Wissenschaftssystem und Forschungsförderung.
Miniaturisierung? Ja, bitte!
Authors: Piotter Volker , Eberl Christoph , Kraft Oliver 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMaterial‐ und Prozesstechnik: Für Entwicklung und Einsatz hochbelastbarer Mikrobauteile aus Keramik und Metall muss die ganze Prozesskette vom Prototyp bis zur Serienfertigung optimiert werden. Grundlagenforscher nutzen dafür Mikro‐Urformverfahren — von den Ergebnissen lässt sich nicht nur in Fahrzeugen und Medizingeräten profitieren.
Investigating the Effects of Natural Gas Preheating on Soot Formation, Flame Luminosity, and NOX Emissions: A Combined Experimental and Numerical Approach
Authors: Jalilimehr M , Behzadan H , Javadi Mal Abad S M , Moghiman M , Niazmand H 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOne of the most problematic aspects of gas‐fired furnaces is their poor luminosity and radiative characteristics which are directly affected by the carbon percent of the fuel molecules. This study investigates the soot content, flame temperature, and efficiency of a 120 kW boiler resulting from inlet gas (natural gas) preheating. A probability density function (PDF) being parameterized by the mean and variance of mixture fraction was used to model chemical reactions. To describe the effects of turbulences on soot formation, a Moss–Brooks model and a β‐PDF in terms of normalized temperature is employed. Using Nickel–Chrome electrical heaters, the fuel was preheated to more than 573 K. Radiations emitting from the flame were measured by a laboratory pyranometer with a photovoltaic sensor; moreover, a Testo 350 XL gas analyzer was used for recording the temperature and combustion species. Results revealed that gas preheating up to about 510 K has no considerable effect on the flame luminosity. On the other hand, preheating the inlet gas up to 700 K increases the soot content of the flame up to 300% resulting in a serious augmentation of flame luminosity. This increase causes a significant reduction in flame temperature (150 K) and NO emission. The predicted results have good agreement with measurement results.
The binding properties of metandienone and human serum albumin by comparing with other five similar compounds
Authors: Lin Xiang , Wang Qing , Peng Xilin , Li Hui 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMetandienone (MET) is an exogenous anabolic androgenic steroid. The interaction between MET and human serum albumin (HSA) was investigated by molecular modeling and different optical techniques. There was no possibility of energy transfer, and the fluorescence quenching of HSA induced by MET was mainly due to the complex formation. The differences of binding ability between MET and compounds 1–5 were significantly caused by space steric hindrance. The single crystallographic data of two steroids (compounds 4 and 5) were obtained in the methanol at the first time. In addition, the binding ability was slightly affected by ‐OH, ‐CH3, and ‐COCH3. The results of displacement experiment demonstrated that the MET binding site was mainly located in site 1 of HSA. H‐bonding and van der Waals forces were significant in the MET–HSA binding. MET played an insignificant role on the local conformation change in HSA.
Hepatoprotective role of vardenafil against experimentally induced hepatitis in mice
Authors: Ahmed Nishat , Bakhashwain Nada F. , Alsehemi Alaa F. , El‐Agamy Dina S. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractVardenafil is a selective phosphodiesterase‐5 inhibitor used for erectile dysfunction treatment. The hepatoprotective role of vardenafil against acute hepatitis is not reported yet. Hence, this study aims to explore the protective role of vardenafil against concanavalin A (Con A) induced acute liver injury. Mice were pretreated with vardenafil (0.17 mg/kg/day) for seven consecutive days, and then subjected to a single IV injection of Con A. The results demonstrated that the vardenafil pretreatment significantly reduced the elevated serum levels of transaminases and alkaline phosphatase. Histopathological examination showed marked necrosis and inflammation in Con A–treated mice which was significantly ameliorated in vardenafil pretreated animals. Vardenafil pretreatment significantly alleviated the expression of nuclear factor kappa‐B and inducible nitric oxide synthase in the hepatic tissue. Additionally, serum levels of nitric oxide and tumor necrosis factor‐alpha were decreased in vardenafil pretreated animals compared to the Con A group. Therefore, our results demonstrate that vardenafil has hepatoprotective effect and this could be linked to decrease inflammatory mediators.
Restoration of autophagy by puerarin in lead‐exposed primary rat proximal tubular cells via regulating AMPK–mTOR signaling
Authors: Song Xiangbin , Li Zifa , Liu Fei , Wang Zhenyong , Wang Lin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPrevious study has demonstrated that puerarin (PU) exerts nephroprotective effect against Pb‐induced cytotoxicity in primary rat proximal tubular (rPT) cells. Autophagy can protect cells from various cytotoxic stimuli, but its role in the process of PU against Pb‐induced nephrotoxicity is still unknown. This study aims to investigate whether PU can alleviate Pb‐induced renal damage by recovering autophagy. Data showed that Pb inhibited the autophagic flux, as evidenced by the accumulation of LC3‐II and p62 as well as the confocal microscopy analysis of GFP‐LC3 puncta and punctate spots of monodansylcadaverine staining, whereas coadministration of PU could restore Pb‐induced autophagy inhibition. Moreover, PU dramatically enhanced the phosphorylation of 5ʹAMP‐activated protein kinase (AMPK) and inhibited the phosphorylation of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and its target proteins p70S6 kinase (p70S6K) and 4E‐binding protein 1 (4E‐BP1) in Pb‐exposed rPT cells. Collectively, these evidence suggested that PU restored the impaired autophagic flux in Pb‐treated rPT cells partly by activating autophagy via AMPK/mTOR‐mediated signaling pathway.
Topological phase transitions and Thouless pumping of light in photonic waveguide arrays
Authors: Ke Yongguan , Qin Xizhou , Mei Feng , Zhong Honghua , Kivshar Yuri S. , Lee Chaohong 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhotonic waveguide arrays provide an excellent platform for simulating conventional topological systems, and they can also be employed for the study of novel topological phases in photonics systems. However, a direct measurement of bulk topological invariants remains a great challenge. Here we study topological features of generalized commensurate Aubry‐André‐Harper (AAH) photonic waveguide arrays and construct a topological phase diagram by calculating all bulk Chern numbers, and then explore the bulk‐edge correspondence by analyzing the topological edge states and their winding numbers. In contrast to incommensurate AAH models, diagonal and off‐diagonal commensurate AAH models are not topologically equivalent. In particular, there appear nontrivial topological phases with large Chern numbers and topological phase transitions. By implementing Thouless pumping of light in photonic waveguide arrays, we propose a simple scheme to measure the bulk Chern numbers.
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Multiple roles for a novel RND‐type efflux system in Acinetobacter baumannii AB5075
Authors: Tipton Kyle A. , Farokhyfar Marjan , Rather Philip N. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractColony opacity phase variation in Acinetobacter baumannii strain AB5075 is regulated by a reversible high‐frequency switch. Transposon mutagenesis was used to generate mutations that decreased the opaque to translucent switch and a gene encoding a predicted periplasmic membrane fusion component of a resistance–nodulation–cell division (RND)‐type efflux system was isolated. This gene was designated arpA and immediately downstream was a gene designated arpB that encodes a predicted membrane transporter of RND‐type systems. A nonpolar, in‐frame deletion in arpA resulted in a 70‐fold decrease in the opaque to translucent switch. An arpB::Tc mutant exhibited a 769‐fold decrease in the opaque to translucent switch. However, the translucent to opaque switch was largely unchanged in both the arpA and arpB mutants. The arpA and arpB mutants also exhibited increased surface motility in the opaque form and the arpB mutant exhibited increased susceptibility to aminoglycosides. The arpA and arpB mutants were both attenuated in a Galleria mellonella model of virulence. A divergently transcribed TetR‐type regulator ArpR was capable of repressing the arpAB operon when this TetR regulator was overexpressed. The arpR gene was also involved in regulating the opaque to translucent switch as an in‐frame arpR mutation decreased this switch by 1,916‐fold.