bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Una visión histórica del programa de formación en enfermería perinatal en Colombia 1980 a 1990
Authors: González Poveda Luz Magdalena , Parrado Yaneth Mercedes 
Published: January 2017

<p>Objetivo: Describir y analizar surgimiento y desarrollo del programa de Especialización de Enfermería Perinatal en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia, en el periodo comprendido entre 1980 - 1990, a la luz del contexto nacional en educación, salud y enfermería. Método: investigación de abordaje cualitativo, de carácter histórico donde se tomaron fuentes de información documentales y entrevistas testimoniales a actores directos, lo cual permitió la reconstrucción del hecho histórico, objeto de estudio. Resultados: Estos indican que el surgimiento de la Especialización de Enfermería Perinatal en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia fue directamente influenciado por políticas y estrategias de desarrollo del ámbito Nacional e Internacional, las cuales constituyeron un eje central en el planteamiento y posterior desarrollo de la especialización; de otra parte, los procesos internos de la Universidad Nacional y en especial en la Facultad de Enfermería en temas relacionados con la reforma de la educación superior y el fortalecimiento de los posgrados en enfermería a nivel Latinoamericano, fueron hechos claves para el alcance del programa. Por último el liderazgo y experiencia de las docentes de la Facultad de Enfermería, junto con las asesorías internacionales, como la de la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), permitieron cristalizar la idea de la Especialización en Enfermería Perinatal y plasmarla en un currículo que lograra formar recurso humano capaz de dar respuesta de manera efectiva a las necesidades en salud de la mujeres y los recién nacidos. Conclusiones: El surgimiento de la Especialización en Enfermería Perinatal en la Universidad Nacional de Colombia marcó una transformación en el modelo de atención de la madre y el neonato, iniciado desde la academia y con implicaciones directas sobre la práctica, la investigación y la operacionalización de políticas de atención emanadas desde el Ministerio de Salud.</p>
The Impact of Different Accounting Reporting Methods on the Informativeness of Research and Development Costs: IFRS Compared to U.S. GAAP
Authors: Dugan Michael T. , McEldowney John E. , Turner Elizabeth H. , Wheatley Clark M. 
Published: January 2017

In this paper, we examine the information content and value relevance of research and development (R&D) costs before and after the SEC eliminated the 20-F reconciliation to U.S. GAAP for Foreign Public Issuers (FPIs). Prior to the elimination both FPIs and U.S. firms experienced an increase in the indirect effect of R&D on operating income. After the requirement was eliminated, the direct effect increased for FPIs and the indirect effect decreased. This is in contrast to U.S. firms who experienced a continued increase in the indirect effect. This shift indicates there was a loss of informativeness in the R&D disclosures for FPIs.
Reflexiones acerca del sistema de pensiones
Authors: Suarez Andres 
Published: January 2017

En 2016 se generalizó un malestar hacia el sistema de AFP que se hizo cada vez más grande y que finalmente tuvo su expresión más visible en masivas marchas públicas convocadas por críticos hacia este sistema. Por un lado, pareciera ocurrir que el actual sistema de pensiones al cual “la ley nos obligó” años atrás más que beneficiarnos nos habría estafado y, por el otro, el que las rentabilidades de las AFP hayan sido por largo tiempo “excesivas” constituiría un acto inmoral para la sociedad pues no redunda en un beneficio para el afiliado.Se distinguen ciertos puntos críticos en los que el origen del malestar podría estar en la imposibilidad de comprender bien las características del sistema de AFP, entre éstas:− La forma en que se generan rentas para las empresas y el cobro de los costos para el afiliado− La (des)información de los afiliados sobre el desempeño de sus fondos y la débil educación financiera de los ciudadanos.− El verdadero significado de que las utilidades hayan sido “excesivas” durante largos períodos− La observación de una conducta monopólica permanente en la industria en diferentes períodos de tiempo, como si no hubiese competencia entre las empresas− La identificación de cuál es la AFP líder− El dilema moral que plantea saber ya con certeza que viviremos muchos años más: una esperanza de vida de 85 años en promedio para 2050, contra los 71 años que se esperaban al momento de diseñarse el sistema de pensiones, ¿de verdad las AFP nos ven como una persona que vivirá 110 años, según las tablas de mortalidad que elaboran las entidades reguladoras del sistema?
Pictorial keys to the sections, groups, and species of the Aedes (Finlaya) in the Afrotropical Region (Diptera: Culicidae)
Authors: HUANG YIAU-MIN , RUEDA LEOPOLDO M. 
Published: January 2017

Eight species of the subgenus Finlaya Theobald, genus Aedes Meigen, in the Afrotropical Region are treated in pictorial keys based on diagnostic morphological features. Images of the diagnostic morphological structures of the adult thorax, leg and wing are included.
Prediction of Energy Dissipation Rates for Aviation Turbulence. Part II: Nowcasting Convective and Nonconvective Turbulence
Authors: Pearson J. M. , Sharman R. D. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn addition to turbulence forecasts, which can be used for strategic planning for turbulence avoidance, short-term nowcasts can augment longer-term forecasts by providing much more timely and accurate turbulence locations for real-time tactical avoidance of turbulence hazards, especially those related to short-lived convection. This paper describes a turbulence-nowcasting algorithm that combines recent short-term turbulence forecasts with all currently available direct turbulence observations and inferences of turbulence from other sources. Building upon the need to provide forecasts that are aircraft independent, the nowcasts provide estimates of an atmospheric metric of turbulence, namely, the energy dissipation rate to the one-third power (EDR). Some observations directly provide EDR, such as in situ observations from select commercial aircraft and ground-based radar algorithm output, whereas others must be translated to EDR. A strategy is provided for mapping turbulence observations, such as pilot reports (PIREPs), and inferences from other relevant observational data sources, such as observed surface wind gusts, into EDR. These remapped observation values can then be combined with short-term turbulence forecasts and other convective diagnostics of turbulence to provide a turbulence nowcast of EDR in the national airspace. Case studies are provided to illustrate the algorithm procedure and benefits. The EDR nowcasts are compared with aircraft in situ EDR observations and PIREPs converted to EDR to obtain metrics of statistical performance. It is shown by one common performance metric, the area under the relative operating characteristic curve, that the turbulence nowcasts with assimilated observations considerably outperform the corresponding turbulence forecasts.
Formation and Maintenance of a Long-Lived Taiwan Rainband during 1–3 March 2003
Authors: Yu Cheng-Ku , Lin Che-Yu 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Taiwan rainbands (TRs), defined here as convective lines, which form off the mountainous eastern coast of Taiwan under weakly synoptically forced weather conditions, are a well-known mesoscale phenomenon, but their formative processes remain the subject of debate. This study uses surface and radar observations within the coastal zone of eastern Taiwan and NCEP reanalysis data to document a long-lived TR with a lifetime of ~36 h during 1–3 March 2003 to advance the current general understanding of mechanisms responsible for the TR’s formation and maintenance. Detailed analyses indicate that the rainband was initiated by convergence that was produced as low-level environmental northeasterly/easterly onshore flow encountered topographically blocked northerlies that developed nearshore. The northerly blocked flow was observed to weaken and subsequently dissipate because of changing synoptic pressure patterns that caused prevailing southeasterlies/southerlies at low levels. However, colder nearshore air that resulted from the combined effects of orographic blocking, the evaporation of the TR’s precipitation, and radiative cooling over coastal land continued to persist and acted to provide a continuing source of lifting for the subsequent maintenance of moist convection. Temporal variations in the precipitation intensity of the studied TR were also shown to be consistent with the theoretical prediction of the interaction between the cold pool and ambient vertical shear. This study suggests that multiple precipitation mechanisms, which involve interactions of diurnally, topographically, and convectively generated circulations along the mountainous coast, may operate and contribute to the longevity of a TR event under suitable circumstances, such as the rapidly evolving synoptic flow observed in the present case.
Finland's Security Policy in the 1970's: Background and Perspectives
Authors: Pajunen Aimo 
Published: January 2017

The author traces the development of Finland's security policy through the 1960's and the beginning of the 1970's. Finland's foreign policy activity has inreased beginning with membership in the United Nations Security Council. The preparations for the European Security Conference have given Finland the opportunity of working positively for European security. The Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation and Mutual Assistance with the Soviet Union was renewed in 1970 for a further twenty years. Trade policy has created certain problems for Finland. A free trade agreement with the EEC has been initialled but not yet signed. The Parliamentary Defence Committee presented its conclusions in 1971, and defence policy has become the subject of greater interest for all political parties.
Work Schedules and Performance During Confinement
Authors: Chiles W. Dean , Alluisi Earl A. , Adams Oscar S. 
Published: January 2017

Thirteen investigations were carried out as a part of an 8-year program of research on the performance effects of various work/rest schedules during confinement to a simulated aeorspace vehicle crew compartment. A total of 139 subjects were tested using a standard battery of performance tasks. The synthetic work approach used provided a reliable, face-valid, and sensitive technique for assessing complex operator performance. It was found that a man can work 12 hours per day on a 4-hours work/4-hours rest schedule for periods of at least 30 days. For shorter periods, a man can work 16 hours per day on a 4/2 schedule but at a significant cost to his reserves for meeting emergencies such as sleep loss. Circadian periodicities are found in psycho-physiological functions paralleled by similar periodicities in performance functions, the latter being subject to modification by special motivational instructions.
Reduced-Gravity Human Factors Research with Aircraft
Authors: Moran Michael J. 
Published: January 2017

Human factors in a low-gravity environment became important with the beginning of manned space flight programs. The costs and dangers associated with actual space experiments necessitated the development of reduced-gravity simulation techniques. Since parabolic flight is the only way to produce approximately the same physical conditions as orbital space flight, it is the only technique acceptable for many human factors studies. However, the shortness of periods at the desired gravity level and the high gravity levels of the pre- and post-parabola flight compromise the effectiveness of the technique. In spite of its faults, this technique has been used to produce many meaningful studies. These studies have done much to increase our limited knowledge of reduced-gravity human factors. It appears that this technique will continue to be a main source of low-gravity data, until the era of manned orbiting laboratories.
Splenectomy for Trauma
Authors: Ihekwaba F N 
Published: January 2017

The progress of 94 patients who had splenectomy for trauma, and 96 controls, matched for age and sex, who had other emergency abdominal operations were compared after follow-up periods of 4–49 (mean 26) months, with a view to identifying: any increased tendency to bacterial sepsis generally; any incidence of overwhelming postoperative infection. There was no evidence of an increased tendency to pyogenic infection among the splenectomized patients studied. No instance of overwhelming sepsis was recorded among patients in either group. It is suggested that apart from splenosis and ectopic spleens, additional factors peculiar to the tropics may operate to enhance host defence among splenectomized patients in these areas. Conservation of the ruptured spleen may thus be unnecessary for the older child and young adult patient in the tropics.
Layered versus Mass Closure of Vertical Midline Laparotomy Wounds in Negro Africans
Authors: Efem Spencer E E , Aja Akuma 
Published: January 2017

A prospective comparative study of layered closure versus mass closure of vertical midline laparotomy incisions was undertaken in 314 consecutive patients of indigenous Negroid ancestry. Group A (109 patients) had mass closure and group B (205 patients) had layered closure. The patients were similar in both groups. Group A consisted of 49 (45%) emergencies and 60 (55%) elective cases, and group B of 93 (45%) emergencies and 112 (55%) elective cases. There were 6 cases of burst abdomen and 4 cases of incisional hernia in group B; group A suffered no wound failure. The wound infection rates were 3.7% for group A and 10% for group B. Mass closure carries lower wound failure rates than layered closure of laparotomy wounds, and polyamide sutures do not increase keloid formation in Negro patients.
Adi Quala: Application of Solar Photovoltaic Generation in Rural Medical Centres
Authors: Allen Paul , Welstead Jean 
Published: January 2017

Adi Quala is an Eritrean agricultural town of 14 000 people, and is situated about 70 km south of the capital, Asmara and 30 km from the border with Tigray, Ethiopia. On good days electricity was received from Asmara between 0600 h and 2300 h with nothing available outside these hours. These conditions meant the electricity supply had been a constant problem for the Adi Quala hospital which caters for about 50 000 people with 21 staff. It was for this reason that it was chosen for the first solar system, which provides all essential requirements completely independently from the grid connection. This will in turn enable the hospital to increase the range and reliability of services on offer. Three weeks after the arrival of the equipment the elders were able to have a guided tour of their new local facilities. This included 2kW of photovoltaic panels (installed on the roof), batteries and control equipment powering a range of hospital equipment used in the Mother and Child Health Centre, delivery room, wards, dispensary, clinic and laboratory. Their enormous appreciation was very moving and well articulated in an afternoon of music, speeches and feasting. Eritrea's first solar powered hospital was welcomed into capable hands. The pilot project was successfully installed and commissioned in February 1992, and has performed well to date.
Exploitation of Vigorous Hydrothermal Systems
Authors: Elder John 
Published: January 2017

Some 1% of the earth's crust has heat flux significantly above the global average. Concentrated in areas of the order of 10km2 associated with volcanic zones, such energy can be tapped for local power projects commonly generating 10MW km2. Such systems are of great value to those areas of developing countries, and elsewhere, lucky enough to possess this resource, but could never be seen as a ‘solution’ to the world energy problem. Long-term effects of field development are unknown, for instance development of the Wairakei field in New Zealand has only been active for 25 years. The vital choices for management of such fields are in how quickly energy is required, and how much. These choices will dertermine whether the resource must be ‘mined’ or whether it is possible to recharge the system and maintain a long-term supply. If the former, geothermal energy must be regarded as a ‘finite’ resource, for it is non-renewable, unless fluid extracted is replaced. Mining, resource definition, field development and theoretical background to these aspects are discussed and illustrated using a model of a typical development.
A Renewable Energy Source: Wood
Authors: Watt G. R. 
Published: January 2017

Wood currently provides about 3.6% of the total energy consumed in the world which it is estimated is a slightly higher percentage than for nucleur power. However there is a marked variation in the importance of wood as an energy source between developing countries, where the percentage varies between 6% and 75%, depending on the region, and developed countries where the percentage is estimated to lie between 0.3% and 1%. Fuelwood accounts for approximately 47% of total world wood production with a similar marked difference between developing and developed countries. Wood, whose thermal efficiency is influenced by its specific gravity and moisture content, can be converted to energy by combustion, pyrolysis, gasification, hydrolysis or hydrogenation. These processes are reviewed along with some of their advantages and disadvantages. Of these, combustion is the most important at present although charcoal is locally important in some countries. In the long term, gasification and hydrolysis may be of more significance since they can be used to convert wood to liquid fuels. Information on the size of the world's wood resources is given and also estimates of biomass production. These suggest that wood has considerable potential since annual forest biomass production is equivalent to about four times the world's total energy consumption per year. Wood supplies for energy in future could come from switching small roundwood logs from existing end uses, using sawmilling residues, fuller utilisation of trees in the forest, or by establishing new plantations specifically for energy production. The way in which wood may be used in the future, and the scale of any developments are examined in the context of both developing and developed countries, and it is concluded that wood being a renewable source of energy is likely to remain at least as important as it is now, and any increased use will depend on the cost of alternative sources of energy, wood availability, and the costs and technological developments in using wood itself as a source of energy.
North American Energy Markets: The Evolution of Energy Interdependence between Canada and the United States
Authors: Hughes William R. 
Published: January 2017

Energy trade between the United States and Canada is growing from a minor aspect of the markets in the United States to a significant development with material impacts on energy prices in the United States and a major aspect of Canada's energy economy. This development is most pronounced in natural gas, where Canada's large resources and flexible approach of negotiated transactions is leading to regrowth of exports. For the United States, Canada serves as a buffer from potential high prices as a result of resource depletion. This price impact is potentially substantial over the next 10 years. Imports will likely double by 1990 and will further increase thereafter. In electric power, the impacts are regional; in the affected regions, Canadian ratepayers will be spared the high costs of overcapacity and will benefit from provincial profits from exports. Ratepayers in the importing regions—New York, New England, and potentially California—will benefit from the fact that Canadian power is available at substantially lower rates than alternative sources in the United States. In petroleum, Canada, Mexico, and the Caribbean are main exporters to the United States. Price decontrol will help free interdependence of domestic Canadian markets with Canadian trade with the United States, but, overall, little change is expected from the present pattern.
US Electricity Markets
Authors: Bauer Douglas C. 
Published: January 2017

Current US electricity markets are showing improvement, reflecting improvement in the economy as a whole. However, we do have several concerns for the future. The risks which accompany new power plant construction have led the industry, as well as others, to seek out new alternatives. Canadian imports, cogeneration, and improved bulk power markets all have a role to play in future utility planning. But, I believe we must still retain the option of new central station generation. Current attempts in the US to remove capital formation incentives through tax reform, to prohibit construction work in progress in the rate base, and to exclude surplus capacity from cost recovery are examples of public policy decisions which we believe would be counterproductive to providing low cost, reliable power to consumers. Rather, we believe public policy should focus on providing the utility industry with the opportunities to make the best long-term economic decisions on behalf of its customers.
Tectonic Controls on Cenozoic Sedimentation in the North Island New Zealand
Authors: Spörli K.B. 
Published: January 2017

Cenozoic deformation of the North Island was dominated by the “closure” of the Challenger Rift and the establishment of the presently active subduction system. The initiation of subduction-related volcanic chains and their subsequent migration influenced the source of clastic material deposited in the Neogene basins. Uplift patterns, shoreline and drainage configurations were governed by complex 3-D distortion of the transition between the Alpine Fault system in the south and the Hikurangi through subduction system in the north. Along the Pacific side of the island, in Northland, some “piggy back” basins were formed on allochthonous pockets of sediments involved in obduction of ocean floor rocks onto the North island. Clockwise rotation on the east coast region and alternate coupling and decoupling across the subduction thrust created short-lived forearc basins. Axial ranges, and derivation of gravels from them are younger than 1 m y B.P. A very young, still active cross structure due to oblique subduction led to the formation of South Taranaki Bight, caused differences in the width of the axial ranges along their length and may be the reason for the peculiar coastal indentation of Hawke Bay.
Advances in Oil and Gas Reservoir Appraisal
Authors: Spencer J A 
Published: January 2017

Significant variation in reserves during the life of a field from initial discovery through production and decline to abandonment, has long been recognized as a fact of life in the oil industry. As a fundamental asset of an oil company, there is a global desire to limit inaccuracies and present not only a consistent, but also an accurate view of reserves. Discussed here are the stages of a field's development and how these relate to reserves growth and decline. The impossibility of exact prediction from an inaccurate science in a changing world is acknowledged. Statistical information gathered on British Petroleum's fields has been analysed to illustrate historical movement and trends in reserves. The application and effect of recent advances in the techniques used in reservoir appraisal and reserves estimation is briefly reviewed.