bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Action Assembly Theory
Authors: Greene John O. 
Published: September 2017

Action assembly theory (AAT) seeks to explain message behavior (both verbal and nonverbal) by describing the system of mental structures and processes that give rise to those behaviors (→ Message Production). As such, AAT is a member of the broader class of cognitive theories of message production. AAT, in turn, is itself an umbrella category for any of a variety of actual and potential specific theories that share certain central features, most prominently the notion that actions are created by integrating (or assembling) elemental features represented in → Memory in code systems reflecting multiple levels of abstraction. Two distinct exemplars of this class are found in Greene (1984, 1997).
Advertising: Global Industry
Authors: Sinclair John 
Published: September 2017

Advertising is the key link in the mutually sustained global expansion of consumer goods and services industries and the media of communication that carry their commercial messages. In this structural context, → advertising is much more than the → Images and brand names (→ Brands; Branding) that form the surface of → consumer culture. It is the life‐blood of the media, and the motive force behind media industry development. Further, it is the publicly most visible dimension of → Marketing, that is, the cultural industry that seeks to connect the producers of consumer goods and services with their potential markets, and in fact, to bring those markets into being. This integrated institutional relationship between production and consumption, with the advertising agency at its center, may be referred to as the “manufacturing–marketing–media complex.”
Advertising: Responses across the Life‐Span
Authors: Buijzen Moniek 
Published: September 2017

Advertising responses are the thoughts, emotions, and behaviors generated by exposure to a commercial message (Petty & Cacioppo 1996). Responses to → advertising can be divided intothree general types: cognitive, affective, and behavioral responses. Studies on cognitive responses focus on recall or recognition of advertisements and brands. Affective response studies concentrate on likes and dislikes of advertisements and brands. Finally, behavioral response studies investigate the extent to which people are persuaded by advertisements; for instance, to purchase the advertised brand.
Art as Communication
Authors: Griffin Michael 
Published: September 2017

Since the modern era in the west, art has increasingly been defined as distinct from communication. Since Kant and Hume, discriminations of sensory beauty and “delicacy of taste” have been invoked in judgments of → aesthetic value that separate those forms of communication that qualify as art from those that do not. Gross has argued that an important part of the process of art appreciation is the “perception and evaluation of the competence displayed by the artist” (Gross 1973, 124). That is, does the reader or viewer attribute skill on the part of the artist to “the selecting, transforming, and ordering of the elements” (Gross 1973, 127) that constitute the work of art, and see these creative actions as intentional? For Gross these demonstrations of competence may be appreciated anonymously, as examples of conventionally recognized ability or talent, but most often they depend upon the valorization of an individual artist, the repository of the skill that is distinguished.
Attention to Media Content across the Life‐Span
Authors: Lorch Elizabeth 
Published: September 2017

Children, adolescents, and adults use many types of media. These include varieties that do not require input from the user, such as print media, movies, → Video tapes, DVDs, music, and television, as well as those with more extensive interactive possibilities (→ Interactivity, Concept of), such as → video games, computer applications, and → Internet resources. As the media landscape has become more varied and extensive, children and adolescents in particular have increased use of these newer media (Rideout et al. 2005). However, at all ages studied, → Television has maintained its place as the most commonly used medium (→ Media Use across the Life‐Span). Further, characteristics of television enable a variety of measures of → attention (e.g., eye movements, visual orientation to the screen, probe responses to events). Perhaps for these reasons, television is the focus of most studies of attention to media. Developmental differences in attention have been studied most systematically across childhood and adolescence, with far fewer studies examining attention to media in adults, especially in older adults (→ Attending to the Mass Media; Developmental Communication).
Attitudes, Values, and Beliefs, Media Effects on
Authors: Shrum L. J. 
Published: September 2017

Because of the extensive penetration of media into society, and the different purposes and types of information conveyed, there are a number of possible media effects. For the sake of simplicity, these possible media purposes are categorized as those intended to persuade (e.g., → advertising, → propaganda), inform (e.g., → news), or entertain (e.g., narrative television, film). In addition, these effects operate on different aspects of the person, affecting their beliefs (mental association between objects and attributes), → attitudes (evaluations of objects), and values (abstract ideals).
Attribution Processes
Authors: Manusov Valerie 
Published: September 2017

Attribution
s
are the cognitive and communicative processes involved in making sense of why someone acted the way he or she did. This → sense‐making usually revolves around attempts to determine the
cause
(i.e., why) and/or
who is responsible
for an action. Studied initially as a largely internal, psychological process (e.g., Heider 1958), researchers in communication often look to verbal explanations as examples of expressed or communicated attributions (e.g., Burleson 1986; Roghaar & Vangelisti 1996). Generally, attribution processes are considered an offshoot of people's tendency to want to understand the world around them. This sense‐making transpires in our thoughts (cognitive attributions), and we talk it out with others (communicated attributions). In fact, as we talk about why we think someone acted as he or she did, we often change our minds about the attribution we originally held (→ Psychology in Communication Processes; Cognition).
Avatars and Agents
Authors: Wang Ning , Rizzo Skip 
Published: September 2017

The term “avatar” derives from the Sanskrit word
avatāra
, meaning “incarnation” and has been used to describe a deliberate descent of a higher being into mortal realms for special purposes. Avatar also has a long history of use in Hindu texts to characterize the human appearance on earth of various Hindu gods such as Vishnu, Shiva, and Ganesha. More recently, avatar has become a
popular term in new media technology
to describe the digital representation, human or otherwise, of a real person in a virtual world. This use of the term emerged initially as a text construct in multiple user dungeons (MUDs), text‐based social gathering points and chatrooms that became popular in the early days of the → Internet, and then later on to describe a two‐dimensional icon used on Internet forums (Damer 1997; Fink 1999; Blackwood 2006) and other digital communities or the form of a three‐dimensional human model used in computer games (Lessig 2000). For example, a person can use an avatar to represent himself or herself in a meeting held in an online virtual environment such as
Second Life
or similarly as a tutor in the course of conducting a distance learning activity.
Channel/Program Loyalty
Authors: Stipp Horst 
Published: September 2017

The issue of viewer loyalty has received some attention from academics, but it is of vital interest to broadcasters. Since the beginning of → Television, stations and networks have tried to promote viewer loyalty in order to increase ratings, advertising revenue, and profits (→ Advertising, Economics of; Markets of the Media). In fact, the way US broadcasters devise programming schedules – with most programs being shown daily or weekly at the same time – is designed to maximize loyalty. Branding strategies and campaigns have the same goal (→ Branding). However, looking at the history of television, it is clear that technological developments have changed television behavior and have strongly affected viewer loyalty. The following describes in more detail the changes in the US but the pattern would apply to most industrialized countries with multichannel television systems.
Information Processing: Stereotypes
Authors: Manusov Valerie , Kurylo Anastacia 
Published: September 2017

Stereotypes are typically conceived of as cognitive categorizations of people into groups that are accompanied by descriptors of group members (→ stereotypes). Early discussions of stereotypes referenced them as “pictures” of groups or “types” of people (Lippmann 1922/1965). According to researchers, many attributes are used as a basis of stereotype‐based categorization, including race, sex, age, class, religion, and body type (see, e.g., Schneider 2004). Stereotypes provide cognitive benefits, much like other schemas (Fiske & Taylor 1984). As a form of categorization, for example, stereotypes function as energy‐saving devices (Macrae et al. 1994) and cognitive tools (Gilbert & Hixon 1991) that preserve → information‐processing resources, because they allow people to “chunk” information into familiar and, therefore, meaningful units (Hamilton & Sherman 1994).
Information Scanning
Authors: Hornik Robert , Niederdeppe Jeff 
Published: September 2017

Information scanning concerns information acquisition from routine patterns of exposure to mediated and interpersonal sources. The essential idea is that even when individuals are not actively seeking information on a specific topic, routine use of media and interactions with other people yield exposures to information that affect knowledge, beliefs, and behavior. For many issues and behaviors, scanning may be far more frequent than active information seeking. While influence per scanned exposure may be less than for each instance of sought exposure, the cumulative effects of scanning may often be greater, given their greater volume (→ Exposure to Communication Content; Selective Exposure; Information Processing).
Organizational Ethics
Authors: Deetz Stanley , Cheney George 
Published: September 2017

Organizational ethics includes the consideration of a wide number of issues of rights, responsibilities, values, and proper conduct in contemporary organizations and in organizations' relations to host societies. Conceptions and studies of organizational ethics have focused on both internal practices and social consequences and have been descriptive as well as normative. Unsurprisingly, questions of organizational ethics are prominent today in the wake of major scandals in all sectors and the acknowledged global social, economic, and environmental impacts of large organizations such as multinational corporations. While many organizational ethics studies still focus on individual behavior and issues primarily linked to compliance with organizational policies, communication scholars have become increasingly interested in ethical issues focusing on values, culture, governance, and → corporate social responsibility, drawing on concepts developed from critical communication theory and cognate areas (May 2006; Deetz & Irvin 2008; → Organizational Communication: Critical Approaches).
Biotolerability of Intracortical Microelectrodes
Authors: Fernández Eduardo , Botella Pablo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe major prerequisite for the clinical application of intracortical microelectrodes, or any other neural implant, is that the organism accepts them without causing an unacceptable degree of harm. However, all biomaterials, even those thought to be highly biocompatible, provoke a biological response and some degree of encapsulation. This means that the body can tolerate them, although they are not fully compatible. Therefore, a significant goal is to improve the knowledge and understanding of the interaction between the implanted devices and the local cellular environment in order to improve the long‐term biotolerability, applicability, and functional perspectives of intracortical microelectrode arrays. In this article, some of the main challenges in this field that involves biomaterials science, bioengineering, neurology, neurosurgery, and neuroscience research are discussed.
Understanding Interfacial‐Energy‐Driven Dry Powder Mixing for Solvent‐Free Additive Manufacturing of Li‐Ion Battery Electrodes
Authors: Ludwig Brandon , Liu Jin , Chen I‐Meng , Liu Yangtao , Shou Wan , Wang Yan , Pan Heng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLithium‐ion battery electrodes are manufactured using a new additive manufacturing process based on dry powders. By using dry powder‐based processing, the solvent and its associated drying processes in conventional battery process can be removed, allowing for large‐scale Li‐ion battery production to be more economically viable in markets such as automotive energy storage systems. Uniform mixing distribution of the additive materials throughout the active material is the driving factor for manufacturing dry powder‐based Li‐ion batteries. Therefore, this article focuses on developing a physical model based on interfacial energies to understand the mixing characteristics of the dry mixed particulate materials. The mixing studies show that functional electrodes can be manufactured using dry processing with binder and conductive additive materials as low as 1 wt% due to the uniformly distributed particles. Electrochemical performance of the dry manufactured electrodes with reduced conductive and binder additive is promising as the cells retained 77% capacity after 100 cycles. While not representative of the best possible electrochemical performance of Li‐ion batteries, the achieved electrochemical performance of the reduced conductive and binder additive electrodes with LiCoO2 as the active material confirms the well distributed nature of the additive particles throughout the electrode matrix.
Perovskite/Silicon Tandem Solar Cells: Marriage of Convenience or True Love Story? – An Overview
Authors: Werner Jérémie , Niesen Bjoern , Ballif Christophe 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPerovskite/silicon tandem solar cells have reached efficiencies above 25% in just about three years of development, mostly driven by the rapid progress made in the perovskite solar cell research field. This review aims to give an overview of the achievements made in this timeframe toward the goal of developing high‐efficiency perovskite/silicon tandem cells with sufficiently large area and long lifetime to be commercially interesting. The developments that led to the recent progress in tandem cell efficiency, as well as the factors currently still limiting their performance, including parasitic absorption, reflection losses, and the nonideal perovskite absorber layer bandgap, are discussed. Based on this discussion, guidelines for future developments are given. In addition, crucial aspects to enable the commercialization of perovskite/silicon tandem solar cells are reviewed, such as device stability and upscaling. Finally, economic considerations show how the number of steps and/or the costs associated to these steps for realizing the perovskite cell must be kept to a minimum to keep up with progress in the field of silicon photovoltaics.
Charge Carrier Extraction in Organic Solar Cells Governed by Steady‐State Mobilities
Authors: Le Corre Vincent M. , Chatri Azadeh Rahimi , Doumon Nutifafa Y. , Koster L. Jan Anton 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCharge transport in organic photovoltaic (OPV) devices is often characterized by steady‐state mobilities. However, the suitability of steady‐state mobilities to describe charge transport has recently been called into question, and it has been argued that dispersion plays a significant role. In this paper, the importance of the dispersion of charge carrier motion on the performance of organic photovoltaic devices is investigated. An experiment to measure the charge extraction time under realistic operating conditions is set up. This experiment is applied to different blends and shows that extraction time is directly related to the geometrical average of the steady‐state mobilities. This demonstrates that under realistic operating conditions the steady‐state mobilities govern the charge extraction of OPV and gives a valuable insight in device performance.
A youth curfew: A retrospective view of the rise, fall and legacy of the Northbridge Policy
Authors: Cooper Trudi , Love Terence 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article presents policy, practice and theory implications of a case study of a youth curfew. The original case study of the Northbridge Policy Project set out to document the purposes of the Northbridge Policy, how policy was implemented, and to evaluate the effectiveness of this approach as a generalised response to child welfare and youth crime. The study synthesised data from multiple sources. The original study concluded that although the project was well resourced, well managed and had improved greatly inter‐agency collaboration for child protection, these benefits could have been achieved without the curfew, which undermined some preventative aspects of the project. The evaluation also concluded that previously documented successes of the curfew for crime protection and child protection had been achieved through displacement of young people to other locations that neither reduced crime nor increase safety. After the project was suddenly curtailed, analysis used moral panic theory to examine the legacy of the Northbridge curfew in terms of discourse about young people and legitimation of subsequent practices in youth policing. The analysis found that the legacy had been unhelpful because it reinforced the erroneous beliefs that the curfew had been an effective and necessary component of strategy.
Black Phosphorus Quantum Dots Used for Boosting Light Harvesting in Organic Photovoltaics
Authors: Liu Shenghua , Lin Shenghuang , You Peng , Surya Charles , Lau Shu Ping , Yan Feng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAlthough organic photovoltaic devices (OPVs) have been investigated for more than two decades, the power conversion efficiencies of OPVs are much lower than those of inorganic or perovskite solar cells. One effective approach to improve the efficiency of OPVs is to introduce additives to enhance light harvesting as well as charge transportation in the devices. Here, black phosphorus quantum dots (BPQDs) are introduced in OPVs as an additive. By adding 0.055 wt % BPQDs relative to the polymer donors in the OPVs, the device efficiencies can be dramatically improved for more than 10 %. The weight percentage is much lower than that of any other additive used in OPVs before, which is mainly due to the two‐dimentional structure as well as the strong broadband light absorption and scattering of the BPQDs. This work paves a way for using two‐dimentional quantum dots in OPVs as a cost‐effective approach to enhance device efficiencies.
Assessing the suitability of statistical downscaling approaches for seasonal forecasting in Senegal
Authors: Manzanas R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis work tests the suitability of statistical downscaling (SD) approaches to generate local seasonal forecasts of daily maximum temperature and precipitation for a set of selected stations in Senegal for the July–August–September season during the period 1979–2000. Two‐month lead raw daily maximum temperature and precipitation from the five models included in the ENSEMBLES seasonal hindcast are compared against the corresponding downscaled predictions, which are obtained by applying the analog technique based on two different types of predictors: the direct surface variables and a combination of appropriate upper‐air variables. Beyond correcting the large biases of the low‐resolution raw model outputs, SD is found to add noteworthy value in terms of forecast association (as measured by interannual correlation), providing thus suitable (i.e. calibrated) predictions at the local‐scale needed for practical applications, which means a clear advantage for the end‐users of seasonal forecasts over the area of study. Moreover, a recommendation on the adequacy of surface (large‐scale) predictors for SD of maximum temperature (precipitation) is also given.
Drug‐coated balloons: “Do they still have a role in treating coronary artery disease?”
Authors: Shatila Wassim , Krajcer Zvonimir 
Published: September 2017

Key Points

Small vessels with coronary artery disease (CAD) are at high risk of restenosis, despite the use of drug‐eluting stents (DESs).
Drug‐coated balloon (DCB) therapy offers a viable alternative to DESs for the management of small vessel CAD.
The literature regarding the use of DCBs in lieu of the newer generation DESs to treat small vessel CAD is controversial.
Aerobic Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Amines Catalyzed by a Recoverable Ruthenium Catalyst under Mild Reaction Conditions
Authors: Karimi Babak , Yari Omolbanin , Khorasani Mojtaba , Vali Hojatollah , Mansouri Fariborz 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA highly active catalyst based on perruthenate ions supported inside the channels of periodic mesoporous organosilica with a bridged imidazolium ionic liquid framework (Ru@PMO‐IL) was developed. The material was found to be an efficient, durable, and recoverable catalyst for the oxidative dehydrogenation of various types of amines such as benzylic, aliphatic, and cyclic aliphatic amines under mild reaction conditions. The products were obtained in excellent yields with excellent selectivities.
Crystal Structure Modification Enhanced FeNb11O29 Anodes for Lithium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Lou Xiaoming , Lin Chunfu , Luo Qiang , Zhao Jinbo , Wang Bin , Li Jianbao , Shao Qian , Guo Xingkui , Wang Ning , Guo Zhanhu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe recently explored FeNb11O29 is an advanced anode material for lithium‐ion batteries, owing to its high specific capacity and safety. However, it suffers from poor rate capability. To tackle this issue, a crystal structure modification is employed. Defective FeNb11O29 (FeNb11O27.9) is fabricated by using a one‐step solid‐state reaction method in N2. FeNb11O27.9 has the same orthorhombic shear ReO3 crystal structure (Amma space group) as FeNb11O29, but a larger unit‐cell volume and 3.8 % O2− vacancies (vs. all O2− ions), which improve the Li+‐ion diffusion coefficient by a factor of 88.3 %. The contained Nb4+ ions with free 4d electrons significantly increase the electronic conductivity by three orders of magnitude. Consequently, FeNb11O27.9 shows improved pseudocapacitive behavior and electrochemical properties. In comparison with FeNb11O29, FeNb11O27.9 exhibits a higher reversible capacity of 270 mAh g−1 with a higher first‐cycle coulombic efficiency of 90.6 % at 0.1 C. At 10 C, FeNb11O27.9 still retains a high capacity of 145 mAh g−1 with low capacity loss of 6.9 % after 200 cycles, in contrast to the values of 99 mAh g−1 and 11.1 % obtained for FeNb11O29.