bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding Tomato Peelability
Authors: Ayvaz Huseyin , Santos Alejandra M. , Rodriguez‐Saona Luis E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractApproximately 75% of all tomatoes in the United States are consumed as processed and 25% as fresh. One of the first steps during processing involves removal of the peel and, unfortunately, more than 25% of the fruits (as measured by total weight) can be lost due to overpeeling. Additionally, conventional peeling applications have a negative environmental impact. Given the great potential economic benefits, many scientists have conducted research to attempt optimizing or predicting peeling performance when processing tomatoes. The literature regarding tomato peelability is contradictory in many cases; and several topics have been subject to ample debate over the years. Divergent conclusions are probably not due to faulty investigations, but rather to the extreme variability found among tomato cultivars, the effect of growing seasons, and maybe even the effect of climatic conditions on the day of harvest or during transportation to the processing plants. This review provides an in‐depth background needed for a better understanding of tomato physiology, maturation, and composition, as these could possibly influence the ease of peeling or “peelability.” The research studies directly involved with peeling tomatoes and predicting peelability are discussed in this paper as well. Different peeling methods, peeling grading scales, and fruit tagging procedures are presented, as well as experiments evaluating the effect that fruit defects, maturity, growing conditions, and other factors can have on the ease of peeling. Novel approaches for peelability prediction by means of spectroscopic and magnetic resonance technology are also discussed in this review.
Application of mRNA Expression Analysis to Human Blood Identification in Degenerated Samples that were False‐negative by Immunochromatography,,
Authors: Matsumura Shusaku , Matsusue Aya , Waters Brian , Kashiwagi Masayuki , Hara Kenji , Kubo Shin‐ichi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractForensic laboratories are often faced with cases in which methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood is unable to be identified as human blood by immunochromatography against human hemoglobin A0. The application of mRNA expression analysis to samples that showed a false‐negative with immunochromatography was investigated as an alternative approach that did not depend on the antigen–antibody reaction. Real‐time PCR was used to examine the expression levels of blood markers such as glycophorin A, spectrin beta, and hemoglobin beta. Hemoglobin beta was the only marker that was specifically detected in blood, while glycophorin A was useful for determining human specificity. Hemoglobin beta showed good detection sensitivity and was detectable in 37‐year‐old blood stains. Hemoglobin beta was exclusively detectable in methamphetamine hydrochloride‐mixed blood stains. Detergents and disinfectants did not significantly influence mRNA markers. The proposed mRNA expression analysis was suitable for human blood identification as an alternative method to immunochromatography.
Microstructural Characterization of Fried Potato Disks Using X‐Ray Micro Computed Tomography
Authors: Alam Tanjila , Takhar Pawan S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMicrostructural properties play a key role to affect oil uptake and product quality during frying of foods. The objective of this study was to observe the complex microstructural changes and mass transfer mechanisms in potato disks during frying. The potato disks of 1.65 mm thickness were fried at 190 °C for 0, 20, 40, 60, and 80 s. X‐ray micro‐computed tomography (CT) was used for 3‐dimensional (3D) imaging of microstructure of porous potato disks. Total porosity, pore size distribution, oil content, and air content of potato disks were calculated from resulting 3D data sets. Oil and air content measured by analysis of micro‐CT images followed trends similar to Soxtec and gas pycnometry methods, respectively. Image analysis showed a significant change in pore size distribution as a function of frying time. Frying time was also observed to have an effect on tortuosity, which is an important microstructural fluid transport property. Tortuosity was measured by path length ratio method from 3D data sets obtained from image analysis. A linear inverse relationship was observed between porosity and tortuosity where tortuosity decreased with the increase of porosity. It was also observed that during frying, oil content increased with the decrease of tortuosity. This phenomenon indicated that the lower tortuosity created a less complicated and sinuous path, thus resulting in less resistance to oil penetration. Micro‐CT technique can serve as an effective tool for elucidating microstructure of fried foods, and can provide complementary information to conventional lab techniques.
Novel Radiofrequency‐Assisted Thermal Processing Improves the Gelling Properties of Standard Egg White Powder
Authors: Boreddy Sreenivasula Reddy , Thippareddi Harshavardhan , Froning Glenn , Subbiah Jeyamkondan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEffect of radiofrequency (RF)‐assisted thermal processing on quality and functional properties of high‐foaming standard egg white powder (std. EWP, pH approximately 7.0) was investigated and compared with traditional processing (heat treatment in a hot room at 58 °C for at least 14 d). The RF‐assisted thermal treatments were selected to meet the pasteurization requirements and to improve the functional properties of the std. EWP. The treatment conditions were: RF heating to 60, 70, 80, and 90 °C followed by holding in a hot air oven at those temperatures for different periods ranging from 4 h at 90 °C to 72 h at 60 °C. The quality (color and solubility) and functional properties (foaming properties: foaming capacity and foam stability; and gelling properties: water holding capacity and gel‐firmness) of the std. EWP were investigated. RF‐assisted thermal processing did not affect the color and solubility of std. EWP at any of the treatment conditions. In general, the foaming and gelling properties of RF‐assisted thermally processed std. EWP increased with an increase in temperature and treatment duration. The optimal RF‐assisted treatment conditions to produce std. EWP with similar functional properties as the traditionally processed (hot room processed) std. EWP were 90 °C for ≥8 h. These optimal conditions were similar to those for high gel egg white powder (HG‐EWP, pH approximately 9.5). The RF‐assisted thermal pasteurization improved the gelling properties of std. EWP to the levels of HG‐EWP, leading to newer applications of this functionally improved safe product. The RF‐assisted thermal processing allows the processor to produce a HG‐EWP from std. EWP subsequent to processing while simultaneously pasteurizing the product, thus assuring the product safety.
Evaluation of Dynamically Dimensioned Search Algorithm for Optimizing SWAT by Altering Sampling Distributions and Searching Range
Authors: Yen Haw , Jeong Jaehak , Smith Douglas R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe primary advantage of Dynamically Dimensioned Search (DDS) algorithm is that it outperforms other optimization techniques in both convergence speed and searching ability for parameter sets that satisfy statistical guidelines while requiring only one algorithm parameter (perturbation factor) in the optimization process. Conventionally, a default value of 0.2 is used as the perturbation factor, where a normal distribution is applied with mean sampling distribution of zero and variance of one. However, the perturbation factor sensitivity to the performance of DDS for watershed modeling is still unknown. The fixed‐form sampling distribution may result in finding parameters at the local scale rather than global in the sampling space. In this study, the efficiency of DDS was evaluated by altering the perturbation factor (from 0.05 to 1.00) and the selection of sampling distribution (normal and uniform) on hydrologic and water quality predictions in a lowland agricultural watershed in Texas, United States. Results show that the use of altered perturbation factor may cause variations in convergence speed or the ability to find better solutions. In addition, DDS results were found to be very sensitive to sampling distribution selections, where DDS‐N (normal distribution) outperformed DDS‐U (uniform distribution) in all case scenarios. The choice of sampling distributions could be the potential major factor to be attributed for the performance of auto‐calibration techniques for watershed simulation models.
Radiology in the Christchurch earthquake of 22 February 2011: Challenges, interim processes and clinical priorities
Authors: Gregan Jude , Balasingam Adrian , Butler Anthony 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe Canterbury earthquake of 22 February 2011 initiated a mass casualty event for Christchurch Hospital, which suffered damage itself, and faced logistical difficulties in continued operation. Radiology was part of the hospital‐wide response. This paper reviews the radiology department response and surveys opinions of emergency doctors to provide an overview of events of the day and thoughts regarding any potential future response.MethodsTwo main approaches were undertaken: (i) informal data gathering and discussions with staff including radiographers, sonographers, radiologists, emergency doctors and others present on the day regarding their experiences; and (ii) survey of emergency doctors regarding their experiences and recommendations. A comparison with other similar events was also conducted.Results(1) Diagnostic radiology services were initially constrained by a lack of power and lift access. Usual imaging and reporting pathways were interrupted. Alternative processes were initiated to ensure an ongoing radiology service with available resources. Lessons were learned and changes implemented locally.(2) Survey data confirmed several primary outcomes: (i) Ultrasound was crucial while CT was down; (ii) all available imaging modalities remain important in a disaster response; and (iii) preliminary reports from radiologists in the emergency department (ED) were useful in the immediate post‐earthquake period.ConclusionAlthough resources were limited, a diagnostic radiology service remained operational. The Christchurch experience reinforces the need for disaster planning and rehearsal of plans.
18F‐FDG PET–CT performed before and during radiation therapy of head and neck squamous cell carcinoma: Are they independent or complementary to each other?
Authors: Min Myo , Lin Peter , Lee Mark , Shon Ivan Ho , Lin Michael , Forstner Dion , Tieu Minh Thi , Chicco Andrew , Bray Victoria , Fowler Allan 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroductionThe aims of this study are to evaluate the prognostic value of metabolic parameters derived from 18F‐FDG PET‐CT performed before definitive radiation therapy (RT) (prePET) in patients with mucosal primary head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (MPHNSCC) and to assess the additive prognostic values of FDG PET‐CT performed during RT (iPET).MethodsOne hundred patients with MPHNSCC treated with radical RT underwent staging prePET and iPET performed during the third week of treatment. The maximum standardized uptake value (SUVmax), metabolic tumour volume (MTV) and total lesional glycolysis (TLG) of primary tumour were analysed for both prePET and iPET, and results were correlated with loco‐regional recurrence‐free survival (LRFS), disease‐free survival (DFS), metastatic failure‐free survival (MFFS) and overall survival (OS), using Kaplan–Meier analysis. Optimal cut‐offs (OC) for prePET and iPET were derived from Receiver Operating Characteristic curves. Patients with metabolic parameters above/below the individual OC of prePET as well as iPET (i.e. combined prePET and iPET (comPET)) were evaluated against their outcomes.ResultsMedian age was 61 years (range 39–81), median follow‐up of 20 months (range 4–70, mean 27), and AJCC 7th Edition clinical stage II, III and IV were 8, 24 and 68 patients respectively. Metabolic values below individual OC in comPET were found to be associated with statistically significant improvements (P < 0.05) in DFS, LRFS and OS. In addition, patients with SUVmax above the OC in comPET were associated with worse MFFS (P = 0.011) and confirmed on both univariate (P = 0.019) and multivariate analyses (P = 0.04).ConclusionAddition of iPET significantly improves the prognostic values of all three metabolic parameters and can potentially be used in future adaptive local and systemic therapy trials.
Social threat exposure in juvenile mice promotes cocaine‐seeking by altering blood clotting and brain vasculature
Authors: Lo Iacono Luisa , Valzania Alessandro , Visco‐Comandini Federica , Aricò Eleonora , Viscomi Maria Teresa , Castiello Luciano , Oddi Diego , D'Amato Francesca R. , Bisicchia Elisa , Ermakova Olga , Puglisi‐Allegra Stefano , Carola Valeria 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChildhood maltreatment is associated with increased severity of substance use disorder and frequent relapse to drug use following abstinence. However, the molecular and neurobiological substrates that are engaged during early traumatic events and mediate the greater risk of relapse are poorly understood and knowledge of risk factors is to date extremely limited. In this study, we modeled childhood maltreatment by exposing juvenile mice to a threatening social experience (social stressed, S‐S). We showed that S‐S experience influenced the propensity to reinstate cocaine‐seeking after periods of withdrawal in adulthood. By exploring global gene expression in blood leukocytes we found that this behavioral phenotype was associated with greater blood coagulation. In parallel, impairments in brain microvasculature were observed in S‐S mice. Furthermore, treatment with an anticoagulant agent during withdrawal abolished the susceptibility to reinstate cocaine‐seeking in S‐S mice. These findings provide novel insights into a possible molecular mechanism by which childhood maltreatment heightens the risk for relapse in cocaine‐dependent individuals.
Secrets of Endometrial Receptivity: Some Are Hidden in Uterine Secretome
Authors: Bhusane Kashmira , Bhutada Sumit , Chaudhari Uddhav , Savardekar Lalita , Katkam Rajendra , Sachdeva Geetanjali 
Published: February 2016

ProblemEndometrium, the innermost mucosal layer of the uterus, serves as a lodge for the embryo in eutherian mammals. The endometrium is constituted of various cell types, and each cell type executes specific functions to facilitate embryo implantation and development. It is well established that the endometrium, despite being non‐permissive to the embryo for the major period of a menstrual cycle, is irreplaceable in the scheme of events essential for procreation. However, the embryo, before initiating physical contact with the endometrium, encounters the uterine cavity that remains bathed in uterine fluid. Uterine fluid is an admixture of endometrial secretions, plasma transudates, and oviductal fluid. Uterine fluid components are believed to play important roles in immunosuppression and embryo development during peri‐implantation period. Uterine fluid is also involved in defense against pathogens, sperm migration, and lubrication of endometrium. The advent of high‐throughput functional genomics tools has created enormous opportunities to investigate the uterine fluid for its protein repertoire and modulation during the receptive phase of an endometrial cycle in animals and humans. Towards this, few investigations have been conducted in recent years. The data obtained using non‐targetted functional genomics approaches need to be assimilated with the existing information on specific components of uterine fluid.MethodThis review compiles existing information on the composition of uterine fluid and its significance in endometrial functions and dysfunctions.ResultCollectively, investigations based on targetted and non‐targetted approaches have revealed the presence of several cytokines, growth factors, ions, carbohydrates, and steroids, in human uterine fluid.ConclusionDetailed investigations of human uterine fluid, especially directed towards the elucidation of functional relevance of different proteins in uterine fluid, will help identify novel markers of endometrial receptivity and also gain significant insights into the mechanisms underlying unexplained infertility, recurrent pregnancy losses, and other endometrial pathologies.
Body mass index curves for Italian preterm infants are comparable with American curves for infants born before 34 weeks of gestational age
Authors: Paviotti Giulia , Monasta Lorenzo , Ronfani Luca , Montico Marcella , Copertino Marco , De Cunto Angela , Demarini Sergio 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimBody mass index (BMI)‐for‐age curves have been developed in the USA, but not compared with other populations. This study created gender‐specific intrauterine BMI‐for‐age curves for Italian preterm infants and compared them with the USA version.MethodsData on 92 262 newborn infants, born at 26–42 weeks of gestational age in the north‐eastern Italian region of Friuli Venezia Giulia between 2005 and 2013, were analysed to create gender‐specific BMI‐for‐age curves. Gender‐specific and age‐specific BMI Z scores for Italian infants were calculated using the parameters of the USA growth curves and the World Health Organization charts.ResultsGender‐specific BMI‐for‐age at birth curves were developed for premature Italian infants from 26 gestational weeks. The comparison with the USA charts showed no significant difference in BMI percentiles in Italian infants born at ≤33 gestational weeks, but infants born at ≥34 gestational weeks had a significantly higher BMI than the USA population, by 0.2 standard deviations.ConclusionWe developed the first European BMI‐for‐age at birth curves for premature infants. According to our findings, the Italian curves were comparable to the USA curves for the subgroup of infants born at ≤33 gestational weeks, but not ≥34 gestational weeks.
Protecting Future Children from In‐Utero Harm
Authors: Wilkinson Dominic , Skene Loane , De crespigny Lachlan , Savulescu Julian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe actions of pregnant women can cause harm to their future children. However, even if the possible harm is serious and likely to occur, the law will generally not intervene. A pregnant woman is an autonomous person who is entitled to make her own decisions. A fetus in‐utero has no legal right to protection. In striking contrast, the child, if born alive, may sue for injury in‐utero; and the child is entitled to be protected by being removed from her parents if necessary for her protection. Indeed, there is a legal obligation for health professionals to report suspected harm, and for authorities to protect the child's wellbeing. We ask whether such contradictory responses are justified. Should the law intervene where a pregnant woman's actions risk serious and preventable fetal injury? The argument for legal intervention to protect a fetus is sometimes linked to the concept of ‘fetal personhood’ and the moral status of the fetus. In this article we will suggest that even if the fetus is not regarded as a separate person, and does not have the legal or moral status of a child, indeed, even if the fetus is regarded as having no legal or moral status, there is an ethical and legal case for intervening to prevent serious harm to a future child. We examine the arguments for and against intervention on behalf of the future child, drawing on the example of excessive maternal alcohol intake.
The interplay among temperament, neuropsychological abilities, and global functioning in young hyperactive/inattentive children
Authors: Healey Dione M. , Rajendran Khushmand , O'Neill Sarah , Gopin Chaya B. , Halperin Jeffrey M. 
Published: February 2016

Cognition and emotion have been shown to interact and influence psychological functioning. However, to date these interactions have only been examined cross‐sectionally among inattentive and/or hyperactive/impulsive children. This study investigated the moderating effects of neuropsychological functioning at age 3–4 years on the relation between negative emotionality at age 3–4 years and global functioning 1 year later, at age 4–5 years. Hyperactive/inattentive (H/I; n = 114) preschoolers entered the study (BL: baseline) and were seen again 1 year later (F1). Children's BL scores on a neuropsychological test (NEPSY) and their temperament as rated by parents (Child Behavior Questionnaire) and teachers (Temperament Assessment Battery for Children‐Revised) were obtained, as were clinicians’ ratings of their global functioning (Children's Global Assessment Scale) at F1. Hierarchical linear regression analyses revealed that BL temperament variables accounted for significant variance in F1 Global Functioning. Significant interactions indicated that higher Verbal Executive abilities were associated with better child functioning when parent‐rated Effortful Control was high, but not when Effortful Control was low. Additionally, high levels of Nonverbal Executive skills were associated with higher child global functioning when both parent‐ and teacher‐rated negative affect was low, but not when negative affect was high.
The effect of fathers’ and mothers’ educational level on adult oral health in Japan
Authors: Murakami Keiko , Kondo Naoki , Ohkubo Takayoshi , Hashimoto Hideki 
Published: February 2016

AbstractObjectivesPrevious studies have shown that childhood socioeconomic status is associated with oral health in adulthood, but these studies have not examined the effects of fathers’ and mothers’ characteristics separately. Our objective was to examine the effects of fathers’ and mothers’ educational level on oral health in adulthood.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted for community‐dwelling adults aged 25–50 years. A total of 4385 agreed to participate and complete the survey. Self‐rated oral health was used to evaluate current oral health. We conducted multiple logistic regression analyses to determine whether the fathers’ or mothers’ education was associated with current oral health after adjusting for the respondents’ own education, current income, and childhood economic status.ResultsAmong respondents, 29.7% of men and 23.0% of women reported their own oral health as fair or poor. Among men, both the fathers’ and mothers’ education were significantly associated with oral health after adjusting for other socioeconomic indicators. After including the fathers’ and mothers’ education into the model simultaneously, a significant association remained only for the mothers’ education; those whose mothers’ educational attainment was junior high school had significantly higher odds ratio for poor oral health (1.90, 95% confidence interval 1.13–3.18) compared with those whose mothers’ educational attainment was university or higher. Among women, neither the fathers’ nor mothers’ education was associated with oral health. Both childhood and current economic statuses were associated with oral health among women.ConclusionsParental education was associated with adult oral health only among men. Among men, the association was stronger for the mothers’ education than for the fathers’ education. Further research should explore underlying mechanisms by which parental education, especially the mothers’ education, affects their sons’ oral health in later life.