bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Localization Theory of Translation Studies
Authors: ODACIOĞLU Mehmet Cem 
Published: December 2017

As with every other discipline, Informatics and Communication Technologies have also begun to affect translation studies. In this context, this study covers a part of my doctoral thesis written on the topic and is based on the debate about whether existing translation theories need to be revised in accordance with current conditions. The study contends that, as with other translation theories developed for specialized translation areas, the ‘localization industry’ that initially became popular in the late 1980s and for which attempts have been made, by those conducting this study and some translation scholars, to include it under the umbrella of translation studies in the belief that it would be a gain for translation studies, requires a new translation theory. Accordingly, this study intends to build a bridge between translation studies and the theory of localization, which has emerged as an industrial discourse. A theoretical proposal called the ‘integrated localization theory’ of translation studies has also been proposed in the study. Furthermore, it is considered that this theoretical proposal will not discredit the existing translation theories that have emerged in different periods and show the characteristics of paradigms, but will instead combine and harmonize them. With this approach, localization may even be transformed into one of the new paradigms of translation studies.
IQ and Reading Comprehension in Translation Quality
Authors: Askari Mohsen , Samadi Rahim Azam 
Published: December 2017

Having a deeper understanding of determining factors in the quality of translation is in the interest of almost all scholars of translation studies. Students’ intelligence is being measured constantly in order to determine their aptitude for entering into different programs. However, in translation studies, the variable of intelligence quotient (IQ) has been curiously ignored among researchers. This study aimed to explore the strength of both IQ and reading comprehension in predicting translation quality among Iranian translation students. A sample of forty-six translation students from Alborz University of Qazvin participated in this study. Data were collected using three tests including Raven’s Advanced Progressive Matrices, Colina’s (2008) componential translation quality rating scheme and the reading comprehension test of IELTS. The results show IQ test scores and reading comprehension significantly predict translation quality assessment. Surprisingly, the most significant finding is that IQ score is by far a better predictor of translation quality than reading comprehension. Overall, it is concluded that translation quality assessment is more of a deeper cognitive function than solely language process, which could lead to more research on cognitive aspects of translation.
Three-dimensional variations in the lower limb caused by the windlass mechanism
Authors: Manfredi-Márquez María José , Tovaruela-Carrión Natalia , Távara-Vidalón Priscila , Domínguez-Maldonado Gabriel , Fernández-Seguín Lourdes María , Ramos-Ortega Javier 
Published: December 2017

Background
The windlass mechanism was described as the effect caused by the extension of the first metatarsalphalangeal joint (1st MTPJ). Quantify the degrees of movement produced in the leg by means of the Bioval® sensor system, after performing two measurements in the 1st MTPJ, 45° extension and maximum extension.

Methods
Tests-post-test study with just one intervention group, performed in the Clinical Podiatry Area of the Faculty of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Podiatry of the University of Seville. Subjects were included as of age 20, with a value from 0° to 3° valgus, Helbing line, a value from 0° to +5° for the foot postural index, and a localisation axis for the normalised subtalar joint. Subjects with surgical operations of the first ray, fractures and surgical operations in the leg, pathologies in the first ray and rheumatic diseases were excluded. Measurement was performed with the Bioval® system by means of inserting four sensors in the bone structures involved in the windlass mechanism.

Results
With the 45° wedge we observed a direct correlation among the variables extension–plantar flexion 1st MTPJ and rotation of the femur. With maximal extension of the 1st MTPJ we obtained a direct relationship between the variable extension of the 1st MTPJ and the variables plantar flexion and prono-supination of the 1st metatarsal as well as with the variables tibia rotation and femur rotation.

Conclusion
Kinematic analysis suggested that the higher the degree of extension the more movement will be generated. This reduces the level of impact the more distal the structure with respect to the 1st MTPJ, which has an impact on the entire leg. Because of the kinematic system used wasn’t suitable, its impact wasn’t exactly quantified.
The 11 Year Solar Cycle Response of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly Observed by GPS Radio Occultation
Authors: Li King‐Fai , Lin Li‐Ching , Bui Xuan‐Hien , Liang Mao‐Chang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe have retrieved the latitudinal and vertical structures of the 11 year solar cycle modulation on ionospheric electron density using 14 years of satellite‐based radio occultation measurements utilizing the Global Positioning System. The densities at the crests of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) in the subtropics near 300 km in 2003 and 2014 (high solar activity with solar 10.7 cm flux, F10.7 ≈ 140 solar flux unit (sfu)) were 3 times higher than that in 2009 (low solar activity F10.7 ≈ 70 sfu). The higher density is attributed to the elevated solar extreme ultraviolet and geomagnetic activity during high solar activity periods. The location of the EIA crests moved ~50 km upward and ~10° poleward, because of the enhanced E × B force. The EIA in the northern hemisphere was more pronounced than that in the southern hemisphere. This interhemispheric asymmetry is consistent with the effect of enhanced transequatorial neutral wind. The above observations were reproduced qualitatively by the two benchmark runs of the Thermosphere‐Ionosphere‐Electrodynamics General Circulation Model. In addition, we have studied the impact of the 11 year solar cycle on the 27 day solar cycle response of the ionospheric electron density. Beside the expected modulation on the amplitude of the 27 day solar variation due to the 11 year solar cycle, we find that the altitude of the maximal 27 day solar response is unexpectedly ~50 km higher than that of the 11 year solar response. This is the first time that a vertical dependence of the solar responses on different time scales is reported.
Ion Acceleration Inside Foreshock Transients
Authors: Liu Terry Z. , Lu San , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Lin Yu , Wang X. Y. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent observations upstream of Earth's bow shock have revealed that foreshock transients can not only accelerate solar wind ions by reflection at their upstream boundaries but may also accelerate ions inside them. Evidence for the latter comes from comparisons of ion spectra inside and outside the cores, and from evidence of leakage of suprathermal ions from the cores. However, definite evidence for, and the physics of, ion acceleration in the foreshock transients are still open questions. Using case studies of foreshock transients from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms observations, we reveal an ion acceleration mechanism in foreshock transients that is applicable to ~25% of the transients. The ion energy flux is enhanced between several keV to tens of keV in the cores. We show that these energetic ions are reflected at the earthward moving boundary of foreshock transients, are accelerated through partial gyration along the convection electric field, and can leak out both upstream and downstream of the foreshock transients. Using ions moving self‐consistently with a generic 3‐D global hybrid simulation of a foreshock transient, we confirm this physical picture of ion acceleration and leakage. These accelerated ions could be further accelerated at the local bow shock and repopulate the foreshock, increasing the efficacy of solar wind‐magnetosphere interactions.
A Gigantic Jet Observed Over an Mesoscale Convective System in Midlatitude Region
Authors: Yang Jing , Sato Mitsuteru , Liu Ningyu , Lu Gaopeng , Wang Yu , Wang Zhichao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGigantic jets (GJs) are mostly observed over summer tropical or tropical‐like thunderstorms. This study reports observation of a GJ over a mesoscale convective system (MCS) in the midlatitude region in eastern China. The GJ is observed over a relatively weak radar reflectivity region ahead of the leading line, and the maximum radar echo top along the GJ azimuth was lower than the tropopause in the same region, significantly different from past studies that indicate summer GJs are usually associated with convective surges or overshooting tops. Also different from most of previous observations showing GJ‐producing summer thunderstorms only produced GJ type of transient luminous events during their life cycles, two sprites were also captured in a time window of 15 min containing the GJ, indicating that the MCS provides favorable conditions not only for the GJ but also for the sprites. The balloon‐borne soundings of the MCS show that there were large wind shears in the middle and upper levels of the thundercloud, which may have played important roles for the GJ production.
Predictability and Prediction of Low‐Frequency Rainfall Over the Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River Valley on the Time Scale of 20 to 30 days
Authors: Yang Qiuming 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper presents a predictability study of the 20–30‐day low‐frequency rainfall over the lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley (LYRV). This study relies on an extended complex autoregressive (ECAR) model method, which is based on the principal components of the global 850 hPa low‐frequency meridional wind. ECAR is a recently advanced climate forecast method, based on data‐driven models. It not only reflects the lagged variations information between the leading low‐frequency components of the global circulation and rainfall in a complex space, but also displays the ability to describe the synergy variations of low‐frequency components of a climate system in a low dimensional space. A 6‐year forecast experiment is conducted on the low‐frequency rainfall over the LYRV for the extended‐range daily forecasts during 2009–2014, based on the time‐varying high‐order ECAR. These experimental results demonstrate that the useful skills of the real‐time forecasts are achieved for an extended lead‐time up to 28 days with a fifth‐order model, and are also shown to be 27‐day lead for forecasts which are initiated from weak intraseasonal oscillation (ISO). This high‐order ECAR displays the ability to significantly improve the predictions of the ISO. The analysis of the 20–30‐day ISO predictability reveals a predictability limit of about 28–40 days. Therefore, the forecast framework used in this study is determined to have the potential to assist in improving the real‐time forecasts for the 20–30‐day oscillations related to the heavy rainfall over the LYRV in summer.
Siting Background Towers to Characterize Incoming Air for Urban Greenhouse Gas Estimation: A Case Study in the Washington, DC/Baltimore Area
Authors: Mueller K. , Yadav V. , Lopez‐Coto I. , Karion A. , Gourdji S. , Martin C. , Whetstone J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThere is increased interest in understanding urban greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. To accurately estimate city emissions, the influence of extraurban fluxes must first be removed from urban greenhouse gas (GHG) observations. This is especially true for regions, such as the U.S. Northeastern Corridor‐Baltimore/Washington, DC (NEC‐B/W), downwind of large fluxes. To help site background towers for the NEC‐B/W, we use a coupled Bayesian Information Criteria and geostatistical regression approach to help site four background locations that best explain CO2 variability due to extraurban fluxes modeled at 12 urban towers. The synthetic experiment uses an atmospheric transport and dispersion model coupled with two different flux inventories to create modeled observations and evaluate 15 candidate towers located along the urban domain for February and July 2013. The analysis shows that the average ratios of extraurban inflow to total modeled enhancements at urban towers are 21% to 36% in February and 31% to 43% in July. In July, the incoming air dominates the total variability of synthetic enhancements at the urban towers (R2 = 0.58). Modeled observations from the selected background towers generally capture the variability in the synthetic CO2 enhancements at urban towers (R2 = 0.75, root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) = 3.64 ppm; R2 = 0.43, RMSE = 4.96 ppm for February and July). However, errors associated with representing background air can be up to 10 ppm for any given observation even with an optimal background tower configuration. More sophisticated methods may be necessary to represent background air to accurately estimate urban GHG emissions.
New Parameterizations for Neutral and Ion‐Induced Sulfuric Acid‐Water Particle Formation in Nucleation and Kinetic Regimes
Authors: Määttänen Anni , Merikanto Joonas , Henschel Henning , Duplissy Jonathan , Makkonen Risto , Ortega Ismael K. , Vehkamäki Hanna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe have developed new parameterizations of electrically neutral homogeneous and ion‐induced sulfuric acid‐water particle formation for large ranges of environmental conditions, based on an improved model that has been validated against a particle formation rate data set produced by Cosmics Leaving OUtdoor Droplets (CLOUD) experiments at European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). The model uses a thermodynamically consistent version of the Classical Nucleation Theory normalized using quantum chemical data. Unlike the earlier parameterizations for H2SO4‐H2O nucleation, the model is applicable to extreme dry conditions where the one‐component sulfuric acid limit is approached. Parameterizations are presented for the critical cluster sulfuric acid mole fraction, the critical cluster radius, the total number of molecules in the critical cluster, and the particle formation rate. If the critical cluster contains only one sulfuric acid molecule, a simple formula for kinetic particle formation can be used: this threshold has also been parameterized. The parameterization for electrically neutral particle formation is valid for the following ranges: temperatures 165–400 K, sulfuric acid concentrations 104–1013 cm−3, and relative humidities 0.001–100%. The ion‐induced particle formation parameterization is valid for temperatures 195–400 K, sulfuric acid concentrations 104–1016 cm−3, and relative humidities 10−5–100%. The new parameterizations are thus applicable for the full range of conditions in the Earth's atmosphere relevant for binary sulfuric acid‐water particle formation, including both tropospheric and stratospheric conditions. They are also suitable for describing particle formation in the atmosphere of Venus.
Past Summer Temperatures Inferred From Dendrochronological Records of Fitzroya cupressoides on the Eastern Slope of the Northern Patagonian Andes
Authors: Lavergne Aliénor , Daux Valérie , Pierre Monique , Stievenard Michel , Srur Ana Marina , Villalba Ricardo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEstimating summer temperature fluctuations over long timescales in southern South America is essential for better understanding the past climate variations in the Southern Hemisphere. Here we developed robust 212 year long basal area increment (BAI) and δ13C chronologies from living temperature‐sensitive Fitzroya cupressoides on the eastern slope of the northern Patagonian Andes (41°S). After removing the increasing trend from the growth records likely due to the CO2 fertilization effect, we tested the potential to reconstruct past summer temperature variations using BAI and δ13C as predictors. The reconstruction based on δ13C records has the strongest predictive skills and explains as much as 62% of the total variance in instrumental summer temperature (n = 81, p < 0.001). The temperature signal recorded in tree‐ring growth is not substantially different to that present in δ13C and consequently does not provide additional information to improve the regression models. Our δ13C‐based reconstruction shows cold summer temperatures in the second part of the 19th century and in the mid‐20th century followed by a warmer period. Notably, the 20th and the early 21st centuries were warmer (+0.6°C) than the 19th century. Reconstructed summer temperature variations are modulated by low‐latitude (El Niño–Southern Oscillation) and high‐latitude (Southern Annular Mode) climate forcings. Our reconstruction based on δ13C agrees well with previous ring width based temperature reconstructions in the region and comparatively enhances the low‐frequency variations in the records. The present study provides the first reconstruction of summer temperature in South America south of 40°S for the period 1800–2011 entirely based on isotopic records.
Ultralong 20 Milliseconds Charge Separation Lifetime for Photoilluminated Oligophenylenevinylene–Azafullerene Systems
Authors: Rotas Georgios , Stranius Kati , Tkachenko Nikolai , Tagmatarchis Nikos 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of oligophenylenevinylene (OPV)–azafullerene (C59N) systems in the form of OPV–C59N donor–acceptor dyad 1 and C59N–OPV–C59N acceptor–donor–acceptor triad 2 is accomplished. Photoinduced electronic interactions between OPV and C59N within 1 and 2 are assessed by UV–vis and photoluminescence. The redox properties of 1 and 2 are investigated, revealing a set of one‐electron oxidation and three one‐electron reduction processes owed to OPV and C59N, respectively. The electrochemical bandgap for 1 and 2 is calculated as 1.44 and 1.53 eV, respectively, and the free energy for the formation of the charge‐separated state for 1 and 2 via the singlet‐excited state of OPV is found negative, proving a thermodynamically favorable the process. Photoexcitation assays are performed in toluene and o‐dichlorobenzene (oDCB) and the reactions are monitored with time‐resolved absorption and emission spectroscopies. Competitive photoinduced energy and electron transfer are identified to occur in both systems, with the former being dominant in 2. Markedly, the charge‐separated state in oDCB exhibits a much longer lifetime compared to that in toluene, reaching 20 ms for 1, the highest ever reported value for fullerene‐based materials. These unprecedented results are rationalized by considering conformational phenomena affecting the charge‐separated state.
Ultrastable and Biocompatible NIR‐II Quantum Dots for Functional Bioimaging
Authors: Zebibula Abudureheman , Alifu Nuernisha , Xia Liqun , Sun Chaowei , Yu Xiaoming , Xue Dingwei , Liu Liwei , Li Gonghui , Qian Jun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFluorescence bioimaging in the second near‐infrared spectral region (NIR‐II, 1000–1700 nm) can provide advantages of high spatial resolution and large penetration depth, due to low light scattering. However, NIR‐II fluorophores simultaneously possessing high brightness, good stability, and biocompatibility are very rare. Hydrophobic NIR‐II emissive PbS@CdS quantum dots (QDs) are surface‐functionalized, via a silica and amphiphilic polymer (Pluronic F‐127) dual‐layer coating method. The as‐synthesized PbS@CdS@SiO2@F‐127 nanoparticles (NPs) are aqueously dispersible and possess a quantum yield of ≈5.79%, which is much larger than those of most existing NIR‐II fluorophores. Thanks to the dual‐layer protection, PbS@CdS@SiO2@F‐127 NPs show excellent chemical stability in a wide range of pH values. The biocompatibility of PbS@CdS@SiO2@F‐127 NPs is studied, and the results show that the toxicity of the NPs in vivo could be minimal. PbS@CdS@SiO2@F‐127 NPs are then utilized for in vivo and real‐time NIR‐II fluorescence microscopic imaging of mouse brain. The architecture of blood vessels is visualized and the imaging depth reaches 950 µm. Furthermore, in vivo NIR‐II fluorescence imaging of gastrointestinal tract is achieved, by perfusing PbS@CdS@SiO2@F‐127 NPs into mice at a rather low dosage. This work illustrates the potential of ultrastable, biocompatible, and bright NIR‐II QDs in biomedical and clinical applications, which require deep tissue imaging.
Threshold Switching of Ag or Cu in Dielectrics: Materials, Mechanism, and Applications
Authors: Wang Zhongrui , Rao Mingyi , Midya Rivu , Joshi Saumil , Jiang Hao , Lin Peng , Song Wenhao , Asapu Shiva , Zhuo Ye , Li Can , Wu Huaqiang , Xia Qiangfei , Yang J. Joshua 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThreshold switches with Ag or Cu active metal species are volatile memristors (also termed diffusive memristors) featuring spontaneous rupture of conduction channels. The temporal dynamics of the conductance evolution is closely related to the electrochemical and diffusive dynamics of the active metals which could be modulated by electric field strength, biasing duration, temperature, and so on. Microscopic pictures by electron microscopy and quantitative thermodynamics modeling are examined to give insights into the underlying physics of the switching. Depending on the time scale of the relaxation process, such devices find a variety of novel applications in electronics, ranging from selector devices for memories to synaptic devices for neuromorphic computing.
Polysulfide Stabilization: A Pivotal Strategy to Achieve High Energy Density Li–S Batteries with Long Cycle Life
Authors: Chen Yuqing , Zhang Hongzhang , Xu Wenbin , Yang Xiaofei , Yu Ying , Li Xianfeng , Zhang Huamin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe disproportionation of polysulfide (PS) is a long‐neglected and vital issue that causes the fast capacity fading of Li–S batteries. Based on the hard and soft acids and bases (HSAB) theory, a large size N‐methyl‐N‐ethyl pyrrolidinium (MEP+) cation is proposed to complex and stabilize the PS in electrolyte. The disproportionation of PS is successfully suppressed by this simple method, thereby avoiding the precipitation of sulfur in the electrolyte and reducing the loss of the active materials. The mutual interaction mechanism between MEP+ and Sn2− in electrolyte is comprehensively investigated and verified for the first time, via both density functional theory (DFT) calculation and experimental characterization. It enables the 5000 mA h Li–S batteries (soft package type) to achieve initial specific energy over 300 Wh kg−1 and maintain over 65% after 100 charge/discharge cycles at 1/20 C, while merely 24% is remained at 59 cycles without MEP+. This interesting finding is believed to shed light on the further development of Li–S batteries.