bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical and Biological Studies on the Yellow Organic Acids of Lake Water1
Authors: SHAPIRO JOSEPH 
Published: May 2016

The yellow coloring matter of natural waters has been studied with particular emphasis on Lower Linsley Pond, Connecticut. The best method of isolation was by ethyl acetate extraction of acidified evaporation residues of filtered water.The material thus obtained was a mixture of colorless and colored carboxylic acids, the colored ones fluorescing under ultra‐violet light. Numerous yellow fractions were distinguished through paper chromatography, none of which showed maxima in either their visible or ultra‐violet absorption spectra. Chemical tests indicated a phenolic or enolic character with probable unsaturation. Elemental analyses showed 1.4% ash, no halogens or sulfur, and resulted in an empirical formula of (C50H62O27N)n. The nitrogen was believed to be an impurity, resulting in an empirical formula of C21H26O11 on the basis of the determined mean molecular weight of 456. The mean equivalent weight of the mixture was 228. The salts of the acids were dialysable and the acids were amorphous as shown by x‐ray diffraction. Infra‐red spectroscopy of various derivatives indicated a mixture of hydroxy carboxylic acids and admitted the possibility of unsaturation and aromaticity, although the indications are that if aromaticity exists it is relatively inconsequential. The materials were very resistant to chemical oxidation.Lower Linsley Pond surface water contained between 4.5 and 9.0 milligrams of acids per liter, of which about 40% was estimated to be yellow. Raising the pH from 3 to 11 increased the color by 50%. Solutions of the salts obeyed Beer’s law in the range studied from 5 to 70 mg/L. The materials may affect organisms through alteration of light and by their buffering action. They were reasonably stable to biological decomposition over a period of 4½ months. Concentrations of up to 50 mg/L had no effect on pure cultures of Chlamydomonas Reinhardi, but Hematococcus pluvialis and Scenedesmus quadricauda were stimulated in their growth by concentrations of between 5 and 50 mg/L. The materials were able to retain iron in a filterable state at pH values up to 13.2.Eleven lakes showed very similar chromatographic patterns on the same date and on different dates. Evidence is presented for the hypothesis that some of the numerous colored fractions are different salts of a small number of acids. It is concluded that the materials originate as a result of decomposition in soil and possibly in sediments as well. The name ‘humolimnic acids’ is suggested for the materials to indicate their probable relation but improbable equivalence with so‐called ‘humic’ acids.
Biologic and Hydrographic Adjustment in a Disturbed Gulf Coast Estuary1
Authors: REID GEORGE K. 
Published: May 2016

East Bay, an arm of the Galveston Bay system of Texas, was studied during the summers of 1954, 1955, and 1956. The first study was made with the Bay in its natural state, the second investigation followed the excavation of a pass (Rollover Pass) that permitted considerable interchange between the Gulf of Mexico and East Bay, and the third study was subsequent to partial blocking of the Pass.Considerable evidence from salinity distribution and fluctuations in population density of the dominant fish and shrimp species suggests a rapid physical and biological reversion toward the natural condition, following the blocking of the Pass. In addition, the presence or absence of certain fish and shrimp forms was correlated with changes in the Bay.
Paroxysmal Dyskinesia in Norwich Terrier Dogs
Authors: De Risio Luisa , Forman Oliver P. , Mellersh Cathryn S. , Freeman Julia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractView Supplementary Video 1View Supplementary Video 2BackgroundEpisodic muscular hypertonicity in Norwich terrier dogs was first reported in a brief communication in 1984. Since then, the condition has remained poorly characterized.ObjectivesThe aims of this study were to characterize the phenomenology, clinical course, and family history of paroxysmal dyskinesia in the Norwich terrier and to estimate its prevalence in the United Kingdom.MethodsThe owners of Norwich terrier dogs born since January 1, 2000 were invited to complete a specifically designed questionnaire aimed at identifying affected and unaffected dogs and investigating the clinical characteristics of this paroxysmal dyskinesia. Pedigrees were collected and reviewed.ResultsThe questionnaire was returned for 198 Norwich terrier dogs. Of these, 26 (13%) were classified as affected by paroxysmal dyskinesia after revision of the questionnaires and after obtaining videos of the episodes, veterinary medical records, and telephone interviews with the owners. All dogs were neurologically normal between episodes. No significant abnormalities were detected on diagnostic investigations. Mean age at the first episode was 3 years. The episodes were characterized by sustained muscular hypertonicity in the pelvic limbs, lumbar region, and thoracic limbs, impairing posture and locomotion without loss of consciousness. Episode frequency varied both between and within individuals. Stress, anxiety, excitement, and variation in daily routine were recognized as episode triggers in 13 dogs. Episode duration generally was from 2 to 5 minutes (range, from < 2 to 30 minutes). The majority of affected dogs were related.ConclusionsParoxysmal dyskinesia segregates in an extended pedigree of Norwich terrier dogs and thus is potentially an inherited disorder in this breed.
Disability Rating Scales in Parkinson's Disease: Critique and Recommendations
Authors: Shulman Lisa M. , Armstrong Melissa , Ellis Terry , Gruber‐Baldini Ann , Horak Fay , Nieuwboer Alice , Parashos Sotirios , Post Bart , Rogers Mark , Siderowf Andrew , Goetz Christopher G. , Schrag Anette , Stebbins Glenn T. , Martinez‐Martin Pablo 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionPD is associated with impairments that progress over time to disability. A large number of disability scales exist with little information on the best choice in PD.MethodsFollowing methodology adopted by the International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society Task Force, a review of disability scales used in PD was completed. Based on prespecified criteria, the review categorized scales into: “Recommended”; “Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required” when well‐validated scales have not been specifically tested for clinimetric properties in PD; “Suggested”; and “Listed.”ResultsTwenty‐nine disability instruments were identified with nine scales fulfilling criteria for “Recommended” and 7 “Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required.” Eight scales are “Suggested” and five scales are “Listed” for use in PD. The nine Recommended scales (Functional Status Questionnaire, Lawton‐Brody Activities of Daily Living, Nottingham Activities of Daily Living, Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living, Self‐Assessment PD Disability, Short Parkinson's Evaluation Scale/Scales for Outcomes in PD, Unified PD Rating Scale–II: Activities of Daily Living, Movement Disorders Society UPDRS Motor Experiences of Daily Living, PROMIS® and Neuro‐QoL Physical Function), and the seven Recommended with Further Validation in PD Required are reviewed.ConclusionMany disability measures are available and recommended for application in PD. The Task Force does not recommend the development of a new scale. Selection of the most appropriate instrument for a particular objective requires consideration of the characteristics of each scale and the goals of the assessment. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Biomarkers for dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Delgado‐Alvarado Manuel , Gago Belén , Navalpotro‐Gomez Irene , Jiménez‐Urbieta Haritz , Rodriguez‐Oroz María C. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTCognitive decline is one of the most frequent and disabling nonmotor features of Parkinson's disease. Around 30% of patients with Parkinson's disease experience mild cognitive impairment, a well‐established risk factor for the development of dementia. However, mild cognitive impairment in patients with Parkinson's disease is a heterogeneous entity that involves different types and extents of cognitive deficits. Because it is not currently known which type of mild cognitive impairment confers a higher risk of progression to dementia, it would be useful to define biomarkers that could identify these patients to better study disease progression and possible interventions. In this sense, the identification among patients with Parkinson's disease and mild cognitive impairment of biomarkers associated with dementia would allow the early detection of this process. This review summarizes studies from the past 25 years that have assessed the potential biomarkers of dementia and mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease patients. Despite the potential importance, no biomarker has as yet been validated. However, features such as low levels of epidermal and insulin‐like growth factors or uric acid in plasma/serum and of Aß in CSF, reduction of cerebral cholinergic innervation and metabolism measured by PET mainly in posterior areas, and hippocampal atrophy in MRI might be indicative of distinct deficits with a distinct risk of dementia in subgroups of patients. Longitudinal studies combining the existing techniques and new approaches are needed to identify patients at higher risk of dementia. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Child dietary and eating behavior outcomes up to 3.5 years after an early feeding intervention: The NOURISH RCT
Authors: Magarey Anthea , Mauch Chelsea , Mallan Kimberley , Perry Rebecca , Elovaris Rachel , Meedeniya Jo , Byrne Rebecca , Daniels Lynne 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate dietary intake impact outcomes up to 3.5 years after the NOURISH early feeding intervention (concealed allocation, assessor masked randomized controlled trial).MethodsIn this study, 698 first‐time mothers with healthy term infants were allocated to receive anticipatory guidance on protective feeding practices or usual care. Outcomes were assessed at 2, 3.7, and 5 years (3.5 years post‐intervention). Dietary intake was assessed by 24‐h recall and Child Dietary Questionnaire. Mothers completed a food preference questionnaire and Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire. Linear mixed models assessed group, time, and time × group effects.ResultsThere were no group or time × group effects for fruit, vegetable, discretionary food, and nonmilk sweetened beverage intake. Intervention children showed a higher preference for fruit (74.6% vs. 69.0% liked, P < 0.001), higher Child Dietary Questionnaire score for fruit and vegetables (15.3 vs. 14.5, target ≥18, P = 0.03), lower food responsiveness (2.3 vs. 2.4, of maximum 5, P = 0.04), and higher satiety responsiveness (3.1 vs. 3.0, of maximum 5, P = 0.04).ConclusionsCompared with usual care, an early feeding intervention providing anticipatory guidance regarding positive feeding practices led to small improvements in child dietary score, food preferences, and eating behaviors up to 5 years of age, but not in dietary intake measured by 24‐h recall.
Relationship between weight‐related behavioral profiles and health outcomes by sexual orientation and gender
Authors: VanKim Nicole A. , Erickson Darin J. , Eisenberg Marla E. , Lust Katherine , Rosser B.R. Simon , Laska Melissa N. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveExamine relationships between weight‐related factors and weight status, body dissatisfaction, chronic health conditions, and quality of life across sexual orientation and gender.MethodsTwo‐ and four‐year college students participated in the College Student Health Survey (n = 28,703; 2009–2013). Risk differences were calculated to estimate relationships between behavioral profiles and weight status, body satisfaction, diagnosis of a chronic condition, and quality of life, stratified by gender and sexual orientation. Four behavioral profiles, characterized as “healthier eating habits, more physically active,” “healthier eating habits,” “moderate eating habits,” and “unhealthy weight control,” were utilized based on latent class analyses, estimated from nine weight‐related behavioral survey items.ResultsSexual orientation differences in weight and quality of life were identified. For example, sexual minority groups reported significantly poorer quality of life than their heterosexual counterparts (females: 22.5%–38.6% (sexual minority) vs. 19.8% (heterosexual); males: 14.3%–26.7% (sexual minority) vs. 11.8% (heterosexual)). Compared with the “healthier eating habits, more physically active” profile, the “unhealthy weight control” profile was associated with obesity, poor body satisfaction, and poor quality of life in multiple gender/sexual orientation subgroups.ConclusionsInterventions are needed to address obesity, body dissatisfaction, and poor quality of life among sexual minority college students.
Co‐morbidity of depression, anxiety and fatigue in cancer patients receiving psychological care
Authors: Zhu Lei , Ranchor Adelita V. , van der Lee Marije , Garssen Bert , Almansa Josué , Sanderman Robbert , Schroevers Maya J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesThis study aimed to examine (1) subgroups of cancer patients with distinct co‐morbidity patterns of depression, anxiety and fatigue; (2) how individuals transitioned between these patterns; and (3) whether socio‐demographic, clinical and psychological care characteristics distinguished patients' transitions.MethodThis naturalistic, longitudinal study focused on 241 cancer patients receiving psycho‐oncological care in the Netherlands. Data were collected before initiation of psychological care (T1), 3 months (T2), and 9 months thereafter (T3). Latent transition analysis was performed examining research questions.ResultsThree distinct co‐morbidity patterns were identified: class 1 (‘mood disturbances and fatigue’), class 2 (‘mood disturbances’) and class 3 (‘few symptoms of mood disturbances and fatigue’). Half of those in class 1 remained in this group from T1 to T3, a quarter transitioned to class 2 and another quarter to class 3. Baseline physical symptoms distinguished these transitions: those with more physical symptoms tended to remain stable. Half of patients in class 2 remained stable from T1 to T3, 46% moved into class 3 and 8% into class 1. Baseline physical symptoms and years after cancer diagnosis significantly distinguished these transitions: the 8% moving to class 1 had more physical symptoms and were longer after cancer diagnosis. Most patients in class 3 remained stable from T1 to T3, and predictors of transitions could not be examined.ConclusionsThree distinct co‐morbidity patterns of depression, anxiety and fatigue were identified and exhibited different symptom courses longitudinally. Those with poor physical health tended to report elevated mood disturbances and fatigue during psychological care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Management of isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction: systematic review
Authors: Ashman A , Dale O T , Baldwin D L 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjective:A systematic review was performed to evaluate the safety and efficacy of different therapeutic interventions available for the management of isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction.Methods:Studies were identified using the following databases: Ovid (Medline, Embase), the Cochrane Library, PubMed and Google Scholar. An initial search identified 339 articles. All titles and abstracts were reviewed. Fifty-six relevant articles were inspected in more detail; of these, 47 were included in the qualitative analysis.Results:No relevant randomised trials were found. A range of case series were used to perform a qualitative analysis. Botulinum toxin A injection and cricopharyngeal dilatation were associated with a higher risk of recurrence, but appear to be more suitable in elderly and co-morbid patients. In those patients requiring formal myotomy, endoscopic approaches appear to be as effective but less morbid when compared with classical open surgery.Conclusion:There is good evidence for the safety and efficacy of the different therapeutic options for isolated cricopharyngeal dysfunction. However, further studies are required to compare the efficacy of the various treatment modalities.
Constrained cyclic coordinate descent for cryo-EM images at medium resolutions: beyond the protein loop closure problem
Authors: Al Nasr Kamal , He Jing 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYThe cyclic coordinate descent (CCD) method is a popular loop closure method in protein structure modeling. It is a robotics algorithm originally developed for inverse kinematic applications. We demonstrate an effective method of building the backbone of protein structure models using the principle of CCD and a guiding trace. For medium-resolution 3-dimensional (3D) images derived using cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM), it is possible to obtain guiding traces of secondary structures and their skeleton connections. Our new method, constrained cyclic coordinate descent (CCCD), builds α-helices, β-strands, and loops quickly and fairly accurately along predefined traces. We show that it is possible to build the entire backbone of a protein fairly accurately when the guiding traces are accurate. In a test of 10 proteins, the models constructed using CCCD show an average of 3.91 Å of backbone root mean square deviation (RMSD). When the CCCD method is incorporated in a simulated annealing framework to sample possible shift, translation, and rotation freedom, the models built with the true topology were ranked high on the list, with an average backbone RMSD100 of 3.76 Å. CCCD is an effective method for modeling atomic structures after secondary structure traces and skeletons are extracted from 3D cryo-EM images.
The bioactivities of the central segment of Zp2 polypeptide
Authors: Cao Zuowu , Nie Chuncheng , Xie Yan , Cai Dongqin 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn order to understand the role of the protein zona pellucida 2 in fertilization, an antibody against a central segment of the zona pellucida 2 peptide, segment 190–505 (Z2eH), was prepared. The influence of the antibody on sperm–zona interaction was tested using the sperm–egg binding assay. The effect of the antibody on fertility was evaluated by passive immunization with anti-Z2eH antibody. Immunohistochemical assay showed that an antibody from rabbit reacted specifically with the natural zona pellucida on mouse ovarian sections. Immunofluorescence assay showed that the antibody bound specifically to the zonae pellucidae of the ovulated oocytes and 2-cell embryos after passive immunization. The antibody-treated oocytes bound capacitated sperm as control oocytes, passive immunization did not impede the action of sperm to fertilize the oocytein vivo. These findings suggest that the central peptide of ZP2 (190–505) is immunogenic and contains zona pellucida-specific epitopes, however the central polypeptide might not be the crucial part from which to construct a functional domain to bind sperm.
Area‐efficient error amplifier with current‐boosting module for fast‐transient buck converters
Authors: Liu Pang‐Jung , Chen Tzu‐Hsuan , Hsu Shang‐Ru 
Published: May 2016

The current boosting module (CBM) is proposed to be implemented in an error amplifier (EA) for improving the load transient of a dc–dc converter. To enhance the slew rate of the EA during transient, the CBM is adopted to raise/reduce the gate voltages of the output‐stage transistors of the EA for enhancing its current driving capability with simple circuitry. Moreover, to save power consumption in steady state, the accelerative mechanism of the EA is turned off. A buck converter with CBM is implemented with 0.35 μm 2P4M complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor process. The experimental results demonstrate that the recovery time and transient ripple of the buck converter are improved by over ten times and two times, respectively, compared with those of the buck converter without CBM, for a 450 mA load current change. The maximum power conversion efficiency is 92.8% when the input and output voltages are 4 and 2.5 V, respectively. Hence, the buck converter with CBM can concurrently fulfil the functionalities of fixed switching frequency and fast load transient.
The Multiplicity of Habit
Authors: Turner Scott F. , Cacciatori Eugenia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter explores habit as a foundational concept for routines research. The authors examine how habit and habitus have been conceptualized in psychology and sociology, giving particular attention to the role of deliberation and mindfulness. Drawing on this work, they develop a typology of habit that is based on the extent of deliberation by the individual performing an activity, and the variability in the conditions in which he or she performs it. The chapter considers the implications of these insights on habit for two central perspectives of organizational routines, the capabilities perspective and the practice perspective, arguing that both can be advanced by closer attention to the idea of routines as interlinked habits.
Reproductive skew in Japanese sardine inferred from DNA sequences
Authors: Niwa Hiro-Sato , Nashida Kazuya , Yanagimoto Takashi ,   Handling editor: W. Stewart Grant
Published: May 2016

AbstractAn excess of low-frequency mutations is a ubiquitous characteristic of many marine species, and may be explained by three hypotheses. First, the demographic expansion hypothesis postulates that many species experienced a post-glacial expansion following a Pleistocene population bottleneck. The second invokes some form of natural selection, such as directional selection and selective sweeps. The third explanation, the reproductive skew hypothesis, postulates that high variation in individual reproductive success in many marine species influences genetic diversity. In this study, we focused on demography and reproductive success and the use of coalescent theory to analyse mitochondrial DNA sequences from the Japanese sardine. Our results show that population parameters estimated from both the site-frequency spectrum and the mismatch distribution of pairwise nucleotide differences refute the demographic expansion hypothesis. Further, the observed mismatch distribution, compared with the expectations of the reproductive skew hypothesis, supports the presence of multiple mergers in the genealogy. Many short external branches but few long terminal branches are found in the sardine genealogy. Model misspecification can lead to misleading contemporary and historical estimates of the genetically effective population sizes in marine species. The prevalence of reproductive skew in marine species influences not only the analysis of genetic data but also has ecological implications for understanding variation in reproductive and recruitment patterns in exploited species.