bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unusual sedimentary geodes filled by gold-bearing hematite laths
Authors: BUSTILLO M. A. , GARCIA-GUINEA J. , MARTINEZ-FRIAS J. , DELGADO A. 
Published: July 2002

Unusual mineralized and silicified carbonate-rich geodes were found hosted in Lower
Triassic red mudstones in Central Spain. From their borders to their centres, the geodes display (a) a
millimetric carbonate crust, (b) a quartz rim, (c) massive dolomite, (d) gold-bearing iron-rich infills
(hematite laths and goethite with up to 7000 ppm of gold) and (e) calcite cements that sometimes seal
the central hollow. Textural evidence indicates that the geodes were originally anhydrite, which was
subsequently replaced by quartz and dolomite. The resultant porosity from this replacement, or by
later dissolution, has been filled by epithermal gold-bearing iron-oxide hydroxides, romanechite and
calcite.δ13C values indicate the participation of meteoric waters in an environment which was characterized
by both a sub-desert climate and a temperate–tropical climate. Oxygen signatures reflect very variable
temperatures for all minerals, with the exception of calcite, which appears to have precipitated at
<38°C. Iron-oxide temperature values can reach up to 85°C (epithermal stage). The mineralogical
assemblages of these unusual geodes denote early diagenetic replacement followed by the epithermal
activity. This mineralization is linked to the Late Hercynian, calc-alkaline volcanism of Central Spain
(the Hiendelaencina mining district).
TALKING ZIONISM, DOING ZIONISM, STUDYING ZIONISM
Authors: CAPLAN NEIL 
Published: July 2002

Zionism and the creation of a new society. By Ben Halpern and Jehuda Reinharz. New York
and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1998. Pp. 293. ISBN 0-19-509209-0.Land and power: the Zionist resort to force, 1881–1948. By Anita Shapira. Translated by
William Templer. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992. Reissued Stanford: Stanford
University Press, 1999. Pp. x+446. ISBN 0-8047-3776-2.The founding myths of Israel: nationalism, socialism, and the making of the Jewish state. By Zeev
Sternhell. Translated by David Maisel. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1998.
Pp. xv+419. ISBN 0-691-00967-8.
Productivity and economic viability of a
palmarosa–pigeonpea intercropping system in the
subtropical climate of north India
Authors: SINGH A. , SINGH M. , SINGH K. 
Published: July 2002

The poor viability of the perennial aromatic grass,
palmarosa (Cymbopogon martinii Stapf. var.
motia), in the first year of planting, restricts its
popularity among farmers in India. Two pigeonpea
cultivars, Bahar (late maturing), and UPAS–120 (early
maturing) were intercropped at different row
spacings with palmarosa at a row spacing of 60 cm, in the
subtropical climate of Lucknow, north
India in 1988/89 and 1989/90. Intercropping with
the late maturing cv. Bahar at 300 cm row spacing
produced 1·26 t/ha grain (2-year mean) without
affecting the growth and yield of the palmarosa.
Intercropping improved land-use efficiency by 47%, relative
net return by 58% and net economic
return by Rs. 12500/ha over a sole palmarosa crop. The
grain, stalk and total dry matter yield per
plant of pigeonpea was considerably improved when grown at
the wider row spacing in the
intercropped system than when grown as a sole crop. This
indicates that the competition between
pigeonpea plants was not reduced when palmarosa was present.
Palmarosa tiller production and herb
and oil yield were significantly reduced when the distance
between rows of pigeonpea was narrowed,
demonstrating both the greater susceptibility of palmarosa to
lack of light, and also that in
palmarosa–pigeonpea intercropping systems, competition
exists mainly for light rather than for
nutrients and moisture, possibly because the two crop components
acquire their nutrients and
moisture from different soil layers.Intercropping with the high yielding, late maturing
pigeonpea cultivar, Bahar, at 300 cm row
distance is recommended to make palmarosa cultivation
economically viable in the first year of
planting. The selection of high yielding, late maturing
pigeonpea cultivars with an upright growth
habit is suggested as a further way of improving the
economic benefits of a palmarosa–pigeonpea
intercropping system.
Impact of an insidious virus disease in the legume
component on the species balance within
self-regenerating annual pasture
Authors: JONES R. A. C. , NICHOLAS D. A. 
Published: July 2002

The consequences of sowing seed of burr medic (Medicago
polymorpha) cultivars Circle Valley and
Serena that was either free of or infected to different extents with
alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) was
studied in mixed species pasture swards that regenerated annually.
The swards were grazed by sheep
and the predominant plant species in them were burr medic and capeweed

(Arctotheca calendula).
Serena matured earlier and was more tolerant of AMV infection than
Circle Valley. Each year, seed-infected medic plants were the source
for virus spread by aphids to healthy medic plants. When the
extent of infection was determined in the fourth to sixth growing
seasons, the amount of virus spread
in the medic component of the swards varied between seasons. Final
infection in plots originally sown
with infected seed ranged from 47 to 93% for Serena and from 25 to 79%

for Circle Valley. Viral
seed transmission rates in medic seed produced each year by these
plots ranged from 19 to 31% with
Serena and from 3 to 7% with Circle Valley. Final percentage
infection within swards originally sown
with healthy seed (control plots) was smaller regardless of cultivar
(0·1–7%) as were transmission
rates in their harvested seed (0–0·6%).AMV infection of the burr medic in regenerated plots originally
sown with Circle Valley seed
diminished medic seed yields, thereby decreasing the proportion of
medic in the seed bank. This
decreased germination of medic but increased germination of capeweed. In
control plots, plant
densities were up to 36% greater in the medic and 52% smaller
in the capeweed components than in
plots originally sown with infected Circle Valley seed. In plots
containing Serena there was a smaller
decrease in medic seed yields due to AMV infection, so the impact
on germination was less. In the
fourth to sixth years from sowing, when yields were determined at
different times after grazing ceased,
there was either a small decrease (up to 8%) or no significant
decrease in overall herbage yields due
to infection with AMV. However, in plots originally sown with infected
Circle Valley seed, the
balance of medic to capeweed was altered in favour of capeweed, sometimes
dramatically so (e.g.
capeweed content increased from 19 to 45% in the fourth year
from sowing). In contrast, by the end
of the growing season the balance of medic to capeweed was
little altered by the presence of the virus
in plots containing Serena. Thus, infection with this insidious
virus disease substantially diminished
the ability of Circle Valley but not Serena medic to compete
with other species such as capeweed in
self-regenerated, mixed species pasture swards. It did this both
directly by decreasing the competitive
ability of the medic plants that became infected during the
growing season, and indirectly via seed
production and the seed bank, by altering the proportions in which the
species germinated.
Effect of altering the daily herbage allowance in mid lactation on
the
composition and processing characteristics of bovine milk
Authors: O'BRIEN BERNADETTE , MURPHY JOHN J. , CONNOLLY JAMES F. , MEHRA RAJ , GUINEE TIMOTHY P. , STAKELUM GEARÓID 
Published: July 2002

Milk production in Ireland, New Zealand and Australia is seasonal,
with the
majority of cows calving in spring. This pattern of production makes the
maximum
use of grazed grass, and in Ireland >80% of total milk for manufacturing
is
produced between April and November inclusive. Such a seasonal pattern
of
production results in a large variation in the gross composition of
milk due to stage
of lactation effects (Phelan et al. 1982). Some studies
have investigated the
relationship between milk composition and its processing characteristics

(O'Keeffe et
al. 1982; Grandison et al. 1984); however, in these studies

the effects of diet and
lactation stage were not segregated. Kefford et al. (1995) attempted

to segregate the
effects of diet and stage of lactation and concluded that diet quality
(type and
quantity) had a larger effect on Cheddar cheese quality than
the stage of lactation.The nutritive value of the diet of cows fed on grazed grass can change
owing to
changes in grass supply or quality. In the current study, changes in
grass supply were
achieved by altering the daily herbage allowance (DHA) to the herds. The
objective
of the current study was to investigate the effect of varying the DHA in
the range
16–24 kg grass dry matter (DM), which is typical of the variation
in pasture
allowance in Ireland in mid lactation, on milk composition and its processing

characteristics.
Finite-amplitude solitary states in viscoelastic shear flow: computation and mechanism
Authors: KUMAR K. ARUN , GRAHAM MICHAEL D. 
Published: July 2002

Starting from stationary bifurcations in Couette–Dean flow, we compute stationary
nontrivial solutions in the circular Couette geometry for an inertialess finitely extensible
nonlinear elastic (FENE-P) dumbbell fluid. These solutions are isolated from
the Couette flow branch arising at finite amplitude in saddle–node bifurcations as
the Weissenberg number increases. Spatially, they are strongly localized axisymmetric
vortex pairs embedded in an arbitrarily long ‘far field’ of pure Couette flow, and are
thus qualitatively, and to some extent quantitatively, similar to the ‘diwhirl’ (Groisman
& Steinberg 1997) and ‘flame’ patterns (Baumert & Muller 1999) observed experimentally.
For computationally accessible parameter values, these solutions appear
only above the linear instability limit of the Couette base flow, in contrast to the
experimental observations. Correspondingly, they are themselves linearly unstable.
Nevertheless, extrapolation of the trend in the bifurcation points with increasing
polymer extensibility suggests that for sufficiently high extensibility the diwhirls will
come into existence before the linear instability, as seen experimentally.Based on the computed stress and velocity fields, we propose a fully nonlinear self-sustaining
mechanism for these flows. The mechanism is related to that for viscoelastic
Dean flow vortices and arises from a finite-amplitude perturbation giving rise to a
locally unstable profile of the azimuthal normal stress near the outer cylinder at
the symmetry plane of the vortex pair. The unstable stress profile, in combination
with a ‘tubeless siphon’ effect, nonlinearly sustains the patterns. We propose that
these solitary, strongly nonlinear structures comprise fundamental building blocks for
complex spatiotemporal dynamics in the flow of elastic liquids.
A study of particle paths in non-axisymmetric Taylor–Couette flows
Authors: ASHWIN P. , KING G. P. 
Published: July 2002

We study the paths of fluid particles in velocity fields modelling
rigidly rotating
velocity fields that occur in the concentric Taylor problem. We set up velocity
fields
using the model of Davey, DiPrima & Stuart (1968) based on small-gap
asymptotics.
This allows a numerical study of the Lagrangian properties of steady flow
patterns in
a rotating frame. The spiral and Taylor vortex modes are integrable, implying
that in
these cases almost all particle paths are confined to two-dimensional surfaces
in the
fluid. For the case of Taylor vortices the motion on these surfaces is
quasi-periodic,
whereas for spirals the particles propagate up or down the cylinder on
these surfaces.The non-axisymmetric modes we consider are wavy vortices, spirals, ribbons and
twisted Taylor vortices. All of these flows have the property that they are
steady flows
when examined in a rotating frame of reference. For all non-axisymmetric modes
with the exception of spirals, we observe the existence of regions of chaotic mixing
within the fluid. We discuss mixing of the fluid by these flows with
reference to the
pattern of stagnation points and some of the periodic trajectories within
the fluid and on the boundary.
SIR JAMES LIGHTHILL
Authors: Crighton D. G. 
Published: July 2002

James Lighthill died on 17 July 1998, at the end of a ten-hour swim round the
Channel Island of Sark. He had earlier, at age 49, been the first person ever to do
this, and he was carrying out the swim for the seventh time when the exertion revealed
a mitral valve weakness which had never been diagnosed, and which led to his sudden
death in the water. The swim was one of many long ‘adventure swims’ which Lighthill
liked to take, all characterized by strong tidal currents and often heavy seas. And
Lighthill took much pleasure through exercising his comprehensive understanding of
fluid mechanics first in preparing for them through study of local conditions and then
in adapting his performance when, as often, he found that in practice the currents
were not as charted and, in fact, often more treacherous.Many obituary notices have already appeared in the national press in the UK and
USA, and now in the newsletters and journals of learned societies; and extensive
conspectuses of Lighthill's contributions to fluid mechanics and applied mathematics,
and to science generally and to the administration of science, will be published in
Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics (2000), and in Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of
the Royal Society (2000). The reader will learn, from those accounts, of the unique
range and depth of Lighthill's contributions; and virtually all readers should expect
to be surprised and impressed to read of facets of Lighthill's work of which they were
previously totally unaware.
Flow structure produced by
the interaction and merger of a pair of
co-rotating wing-tip vortices
Authors: DEVENPORT WILLIAM J. , VOGEL CHRISTINE M. , ZSOLDOS JEFFERY S. 
Published: July 2002

Experiments have been performed to study the co-rotating wing-tip vortex pair
produced by a pair of rectangular wings in a split-wing configuration. Detailed
measurements made in cross-sections upstream and downstream of merger reveal,
for the first time, the complex turbulence structure of this flow. The vortices spiral
around each other and merge some 20 chordlengths downstream of the wings. As
merger is approached the vortices lose their axisymmetry – their cores develop lopsided
tangential velocity fields and the mean vorticity field is convected into filaments. The
cores also become part of a single turbulence structure dominated by a braid of high
turbulence levels that links them together. The braid, which quite closely resembles
the structure formed between adjacent spanwise eddies of transitional mixing layers,
grows in intensity with downstream distance and extends into the vortex cores. Unlike
a single tip vortex, the unmerged cores appear turbulent.The merging of the vortices wraps the cores and the flow structure that surrounds
them into a large turbulent region with an intricate double spiral structure. This
structure then relaxes to a closely axisymmetric state. The merged core appears
stable and develops a structure similar to the laminar core of a vortex shed from
a single wing. However, the turbulent region formed around the vortex core during
the merger process is much larger and more axisymmetric than that found around a
single wing-tip vortex.
Physico-chemical structure of the benthic environment of a Galician ría (Ría de Ares-Betanzos, north-west Spain)
Authors: Sánchez-Mata A. , Glémarec M. , Mora J. 
Published: July 2002

In a preliminary study of the marine benthos of Ría de Ares-Betanzos, 50 stations covering the quadrant delineated by the coordinates 43°26′42″N–43°20′42″N and 08°18′54″W–08°10′12″W were sampled and sediment samples analysed for particle-size composition, sand, silt and clay content, degree of sorting, median diameter and grain-size diversity of sediments. Organic and inorganic content, total carbon and nitrogen, carbonates, organic carbon/total nitrogen ratio and bathymetric data were also collected. On a smaller scale a few stations were sampled for sediment redox potential and pH measurement. The salinity, temperature and oxygen content of the overlying water was also assessed.Cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis methods were used to describe seabed heterogeneity and the pattern of sediment distribution within the ría, and to relate the environmental variables to each sediment type. Sediments were predominantly fine to very fine sands, and exhibited a direct depth-related gradient, i.e. with the finer grades, higher organic carbon and silt and clay occurring at the shallower areas of Pontedeume, Ares and Redes inlets and Ría de Betanzos sector where terrigenous input was important. Carbonate, organic carbon and organic matter maxima occurred in the central sector of the ría where most mollusc recruitment takes place: revealing the chiefly bioclastic origin of sediments. Taking into account the geological and hydrographic processes, explanations for the formation of the sedimentary bottoms in Ría de Ares-Betanzos are provided.
Rhythmic dimension in the echolocation click trains of sperm whales: a possible function of identification and communication
Authors: André Michel , Kamminga Cees 
Published: July 2002

Fourier spectral analysis was used to highlight a rhythmic dimension of the click repetition pattern of the sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus). Analysis of numerous series of regular clicks only showed occasionally the previously described codas used for communication. Out of a sample recording of vocalizing sperm whales, an apparent cacophony, belonging to a year-round resident group foraging a few miles off the coast of Gran Canaria, the individual click sequences of four animals have been unravelled by cross-correlating their time wave shapes.The Fourier spectrum, which yields the harmonic aspects of each isolated click sequence, shows a deterministic structure that appears as a strong modulating frequency. This shows that click production is not a random process and possibly characterizes, in fact, a signature of the animal. Here we introduce a new concept: this rhythmic modulation represents the acoustic signature of each individual sperm whale, which we have called RIME (rhythmic identity measurement). The RIME would allow a whale to distinguish its own echo time pattern from the background of other click trains during echolocation. The RIME appears to represent a new concept in communication strategies and might also be present in other-social-odontocete repertoires.
Davidson on Intentionality and Externalism
Authors: Hacker P.M.S. 
Published: July 2002

Davidson has attempted to integrate externalism into his account of meaning and understanding. He contends that what words mean is fixed in part by the circumstances in which they were learnt, in which the basic connection between words and things is established. This connection is allegedly established by causal interaction between people and the world. Words and sentences derive their meanings from the objects and circumstances in which they were learnt, which ‘anchor’ language to the world.Against this it is argued that there is no ‘semantic connection’ between words and things, that words derive their meanings from explanations of meaning, which are rules for their use, and that the manner of concept acquisition is irrelevant to determination of meaning, understanding and speaker's meaning.
Self-report assessment of the DSM-IV personality
disorders. Measurement of trait and distress
characteristics: the ADP-IV
Authors: SCHOTTE C. K. W. , de DONCKER D. , VANKERCKHOVEN C. , VERTOMMEN H. , COSYNS P. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Self-report instruments assessing the DSM
personality
disorders are characterized by
overdiagnosis due to their emphasis on the measurement of personality traits
rather than the
impairment and distress associated with the criteria.Methods. The ADP-IV, a Dutch questionnaire, introduces
an alternative assessment method: each
test item assesses ‘Trait’ as well as ‘Distress/impairment’

characteristics of a DSM-IV criterion.
This item format allows dimensional as well as categorical diagnostic
evaluations. The present study
explores the validity of the ADP-IV in a sample of 659 subjects of the
Flemish population.Results. The dimensional personality disorder subscales,
measuring Trait characteristics, are
internally consistent and display a good concurrent validity with the Wisconsin
Personality
Disorders Inventory. Factor analysis at the item-level resulted in
11 orthogonal factors, describing
personality dimensions such as psychopathy, social anxiety and avoidance,

negative affect and self-image. Factor analysis at the subscale-level identified
two basic
dimensions, reflecting hostile (DSM-IV Cluster B) and anxious (DSM-IV Cluster
C)
interpersonal attitudes. Categorical ADP-IV
diagnoses are obtained using scoring algorithms, which emphasize the
Trait or the Distress concepts
in the diagnostic evaluation. Prevalences of ADP-IV diagnoses of any personality
disorder
according to these algorithms vary between 2·28 and 20·64%.Conclusions. Although further research in clinical samples

is required, the present results support
the validity of the ADP-IV and the potential of the measurement of trait

and distress characteristics
as a method for assessing personality pathology.
Acute fatigue in chronic fatigue syndrome patients
Authors: SMITH A. P. , BORYSIEWICZ L. , POLLOCK J. , THOMAS M. , PERRY K. , LLEWELYN M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) patients often
complain that they are more
susceptible to acute mental fatigue. It is important to determine whether
this is observed using
objective tests of sustained attention and responding.Methods. Sixty-seven patients who fulfilled the criteria for
CFS proposed by Sharpe et al. (1991)
were compared with 126 matched healthy controls. Acute fatigue was assessed
by comparing
performance at the start and end of a lengthy test session and by examining
changes over the course
of individual tasks.Results. CFS patients showed impaired performance compared
to the controls and these differences
increased as the volunteers developed acute fatigue. In addition, differences
between the two groups
were larger at the end of the test session.Conclusions. The present results show that CFS patients are
more susceptible to acute fatigue than
healthy controls. This could reflect motor fatigue or an inability to compensate
for fatigue with
increased effort. This profile is consistent with previous research on
fatigue and suggests that
interpretation of certain aspects of CFS may be helped by considering it
as the end point of a
continuum of fatigue rather than a distinct disease.