bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decreased tryptophan availability but normal post-synaptic 5-HT2c receptor sensitivity in chronic fatigue syndrome
Authors: VASSALLO C. M. , FELDMAN E. , PETO T. , CASTELL L. , SHARPLEY A. L. , COWEN P. J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) has been associated with increased prolactin (PRL) responses to the serotonin (5-HT) releasing agent fenfluramine. It is not known whether this abnormality is due to increased 5-HT release or heightened sensitivity of post-synaptic 5-HT receptors.Methods. We measured the increase in plasma PRL produced by the directly acting 5-HT receptor agonist, m-chlorophenylpiperazine (mCPP), in patients with CFS and healthy controls. We also compared the ability of mCPP to lower slow wave sleep (SWS) in the sleep polysomnogram of both subject groups. Finally, we measured plasma amino-acid levels to determine whether tryptophan availability differed between CFS subjects and controls.Results. mCPP elevated plasma PRL equivalently in patients with CFS and controls. Similarly, the decrease in SWS produced by mCPP did not differ between the two subject groups. Plasma-free tryptophan was significantly decreased in CFS.Conclusions. The sensitivity of post-synaptic 5-HT2c receptors is not increased in patients with CFS. This suggests that the increased PRL response to fenfluramine in CFS is due to elevated activity of pre-synaptic 5-HT neurones. This change is unlikely to be due to increased peripheral availability of tryptophan.
Neuroticism as a risk factor for schizophrenia
Authors: VAN OS JIM , B. JONES PETER 
Published: July 2002

Background. Neuroticism has been shown to increase the risk of depression whereas extraversion is associated with a reduction of risk. These personality traits play a central role in aetiological theories of affective disorder but their role in schizophrenia is unclear. In this study, the risk for schizophrenia associated with neuroticism and extraversion was examined and quantified.Methods. Neuroticism and extraversion rated at the age of 16 years were examined in relation to adult schizophrenia in a national birth cohort of 5362 individuals.Results. Neuroticism increased the risk of later schizophrenia independent of the level of affective symptoms in adult life (odds ratio over three levels: 1·93, 95% CI 1·09–3·43), whereas extraversion reduced the risk (OR: 0·44, 95% CI 0·23–0·84).Conclusions. Depression and schizophrenia may share personality risk-increasing and risk-reducing factors. Coping styles associated with particular personality traits may determine whether isolated symptoms progress to full-blown illness.
Deaths from antidepressants in England and Wales 1993–1997: analysis of a new national database
Authors: SHAH R. , UREN Z. , BAKER A. , MAJEED A. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The prescription of antidepressants has increased substantially over the last 10 years. It is therefore timely to examine trends in mortality associated with overdoses of antidepressants and to compare the relative mortality associated with different antidepressants.Methods. Data were derived from a newly developed national database of deaths from overdose and poisoning in England and Wales between 1993 and 1997. Age and sex specific death rates associated with overdose and poisoning with antidepressants were calculated together with numbers of deaths per 100000 prescriptions of individual antidepressants.Results. Twenty per cent (2503) of all deaths from overdose or poisoning were antidepressant related. The number of deaths increased by 18% between 1993 and 1997. Ninety-five per cent of deaths from antidepressants were associated with tricyclic antidepressants, particularly dothiepin and amitriptyline. Tricyclic antidepressants were associated with 5·3 deaths per 100000 prescriptions, 4·4 for monoamine oxidase inhibitors and 0·4 for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors. Annual death rates were highest in men aged 30–44 years (18·2 per million) and women aged 45–59 years (14·8). Death rates from antidepressants were 2·5 times higher in the most deprived fifth than in the least deprived fifth of enumeration districts.Conclusions. Antidepressants are an important cause of death from poisoning and overdose. SSRIs and newer antidepressants are associated with <10% of the risk of death than the older antidepressants. There is a strong association between area deprivation and deaths from antidepressants.
Memory processes and the course of anxiety and

depression in cancer patients
Authors: BREWIN C. R. , WATSON M. , McCARTHY S. , HYMAN P. , DAYSON D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Intrusive memories of stressful events,

many involving illness and death, are found in

a minority of depressed cancer patients, and may predict the course

of anxiety and depression.Method. Matched samples of mild to moderately depressed and

non-depressed cancer patients were

followed up after 6 months. Anxiety and depression at follow-up were

related to measures of

intrusive memories of stressful life events and autobiographical

memory functioning that had been assessed at baseline.Results. Levels of anxiety and depression remained fairly

constant over time in the two groups, and

the depressed group continued to experience high levels of intrusive

memories. The presence of

intrusive memories at baseline, and the extent to which these memories

were consciously avoided,

predicted greater anxiety at follow-up, even after controlling for

initial severity of physical and

psychiatric symptoms. None of the measures of memory functioning

predicted levels of depression at follow-up.Conclusions. Intrusive memories appear to be a marker of

more prolonged psychopathology in

cancer patients and may respond to direct therapeutic intervention.
The spiritual variable in psychiatric research
Authors: KING MICHAEL B. , DEIN SIMON 
Published: July 2002

Foolish as the theory of Durkeim may be in confusing what is religious
with what is social, it yet contains an
element of truth; that is to say that the social feeling is so much like
the religious as to be mistaken for it.
(Simone Weil, 1951).Psychiatrists concern themselves with human mental suffering. Behind
the consulting room door
they reflect with their patients on questions of meaning and existence,
issues that concern
philosophy and religion as much as psychiatry. It is striking, therefore,
that psychiatrists regard
spirituality and religion as, at best, cultural noise to be respected but
not addressed directly, or at
worst pathological thinking that requires modification (Larson et al.
1993).Despite two millennia of debate we are little nearer a consensus on
the meanings of spirituality
and religion. The word ‘religion’ has as many definitions as
writers. Spirituality and religion are
often used interchangeably. Spilka (1985) doubts that a single definition
is even possible. Dittes
(1969) argues that religion contains so many unrelated variables that it
cannot be considered as a
unidimensional concept in research. We would argue that religion is the
outward practice of a
spiritual system of beliefs, values, codes of conduct and rituals (Speck,
1988). Religious groups may
function like any other with codes of behaviour, political alliances and
‘in’ and ‘out’ group member
ideology (Sherif et al. 1966).Unfortunately, a concentration on the religious variable has led to
a failure to appreciate the
broader concept of spiritual and the presumption that if someone does not
profess a recognized,
religious faith, they have no spiritual discernment or need (Speck, 1988).
We propose a definition
of ‘spiritual’ as a person's experience of, or a belief
in, a power apart from their own existence. It
may exist within them but is ultimately apart. It is the sense of relationship
or connection with a
power or force. It is more specific than a search for meaning or a feeling
of unity with others. People
may use the word ‘spiritual’ to describe intense emotional
pleasure when moved by natural beauty
or by an important relationship. Spiritual belief is more specific than
that. Some people may use the
word ‘God’ to describe this power; others may be less specific.
Spirituality differs from belief in
other powers, such as nuclear power or magnetism, in its ‘set apart’
quality and the degree to which
it is revered and ritualized, the quality which Durkheim (1915) refers
to as the sacred.
Quality of rearing practices as predictor of
short-term outcome in adolescent anorexia nervosa
Authors: CASTRO J. , TORO J. , CRUZ M. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Studies of family relationships in anorexia nervosa have produced conflicting results.
Some authors claim that family factors are related to short-term outcomes.Methods. Perceived rearing practices, as measured by the EMBU (Egna Minnen Betraffande
Uppfostran: ‘My memories of Upbringing’) were examined in a sample (N = 158) of adolescents
with anorexia nervosa and compared with the perceptions of adolescents (N = 159) from the
general population. A further comparison was made between the groups of patients with good and
bad short-term outcomes. Logistic regression analysis was performed to evaluate the predictive
value of different variables on short-term outcome.Results. Overall, small differences were observed in the perceptions of rearing practices as expressed
by the controls and the anorexic patients. Patients with bad short-term outcome perceived more
rejection and control–overprotection from both parents than those with good outcome. In the
logistic regression analysis only Rejection from father and the EAT (Eating Attitudes Test) total
score gave independent prediction of treatment response.Conclusions. Taken as a whole, these results do not support the idea of altered rearing practices in
anorexic patients, at least in young patients with a short evolution of the disease. Perceived rearing
practices, especially ‘rejection’, appear to have an appreciable effect on the short-term outcome.
Nithsdale Schizophrenia Surveys 21: a longitudinal study of
National Adult Reading Test stability
Authors: MORRISON G. , SHARKEY V. , ALLARDYCE J. , KELLY R. C. , McCREADIE R. G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The stability of the National Adult Reading Test (NART) as a measure of pre-morbid
intelligence in schizophrenia has not yet been satisfactorily established despite the widespread use
of the NART in schizophrenia research.Method. We examined NART stability in a diverse group of 45 schizophrenic patients in a
prospective longitudinal study over 6·5–7·5 years.Results. The results showed that NART performance does not decline significantly with increasing
duration of schizophrenic illness and that test–retest reliability, even over 6·5–7·5 years, is extremely
high.Discussion. Our results provide the necessary evidence that the NART can be used as a stable
measure of pre-morbid intelligence in schizophrenia.
Impulsiveness, serotonin genes and repetition of deliberate self-harm (DSH)
Authors: EVANS J. , REEVES B. , PLATT H. , LEIBENAU A. , GOLDMAN D. , JEFFERSON K. , NUTT D. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Few studies have investigated independent associations of psychological, biological
and social variables with repeated deliberate self-harm (DSH). Serotonin function has been linked
to impulsive and suicidal behaviour and genetic polymorphisms have been identified within the
serotonin system that could account for this link. This study tested hypotheses linking impulsiveness,
genetic polymorphisms of tryptophan hydroxylase (TPH) and the 5-HT2c receptor and repeated
DSH.Methods. Individuals presenting after DSH were interviewed, completed personality questionnaires
and gave venous blood samples. Genotypes were determined for TPH intron7 and 5-HT2c (cys-ser)
polymorphisms. Follow-up to identify repetition of DSH was for 1 year.Results. Males with the 5-HT2c serine variant were more impulsive than those with the cysteine
variant (0·39 standardized units, P = 0·041, 95% CI 0·017 to 0·076). There was no association
between impulsiveness and the TPH intron7 polymorphism overall but a weak association with the
L allele in men (0·41 standardized units, P = 0·05, 95% CI 0·001 to 0·82). Impulsiveness, although
high in the group as a whole, did not distinguish those who repeated DSH.Conclusions. The personality trait of impulsiveness may in part be related to genotypes of the 5-HT2c receptor and TPH gene in men. Impulsiveness does not differ between those who do and do
not repeat DSH.
Neurotic disorders and the receipt of psychiatric treatment
Authors: BEBBINGTON P. E. , BRUGHA T. S. , MELTZER H. , JENKINS R. , CERESA C. , FARRELL M. , LEWIS G. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Access to psychiatric treatment by people with neurotic disorders in the general
population is likely to be affected both by the severity of disorder and by sociodemographic
differences.Method. In the household component of the National Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity > 10000
subjects in Great Britain with psychiatric symptoms were interviewed using the CIS-R. They were
also asked about difficulties experienced in performing seven types of everyday activity. All subjects
classed as having an ICD-10 disorder were questioned about their experience of treatment with
antidepressants, hypnotics, and counselling or psychotherapy.Results. Less than 14% of people with current neurotic disorders were receiving treatment for
them. Within the previous year, only a third had made contact with their primary care physician
for their mental problem: of these < 30% were receiving treatment. Overall, 9% of people with
disorders were given medication and 8% counselling or psychotherapy. A diagnosis of depressive
episode was that most associated with antidepressant medication. Treatment access was affected by
employment status, marital status, and age, but the major determinant was symptom severity.
Neither sex nor social class influenced which people received treatment.Conclusions. People with psychiatric disorders seldom receive treatment, even when they have
consulted their primary care physician about them. In many cases, this must represent unmet needs
with a strong claim on health resources. There are also inequalities in the receipt of treatment,
although the major influence is the severity of disorder.
Cross validation of a general population survey
diagnostic interview: a comparison of CIS-R with
SCAN ICD-10 diagnostic categories
Authors: BRUGHA T. S. , BEBBINGTON P. E. , JENKINS R. , MELTZER H. , TAUB N. A. , JANAS M. , VERNON J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Comparisons of structured diagnostic interviews with clinical assessments in general
population samples show marked discrepancies. In order to validate the CIS-R, a fully structured
diagnostic interview used for the National Survey of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, it was
compared with SCAN, a standard, semi-structured, clinical assessment.Methods. A random sample of 1882 Leicestershire addresses from the Postcode Address File
yielded 1157 eligible adults: of these 860 completed the CIS-R; 387 adults scores [ges ]8 on the CIS-R
and 205 of these completed a SCAN reference examination. Neurotic symptoms, in the previous
week and month only, were enquired about. Concordance was estimated for ICD-10 neurotic and
depressive disorders, F32 to F42 and for depression symptom score.Results. Sociodemographic characteristics closely resembled National Survey and 1991 census
profiles. Concordance was poor for any ICD-10 neurotic disorder (kappa = 0·25 (95% CI, 0·1–0·4))
and for depressive disorder (kappa = 0·23 (95% CI, 0–0·46)). Sensitivity to the SCAN reference
classification was also poor. Specificity ranged from 0·8 to 0·9. Rank order correlation for total
depression symptoms was 0·43 (Kendall's tau b; P<0·001; N=205).Discussion. High specificity indicates that the CIS-R and SCAN agree that prevalence rates for
specific disorders are low compared with estimates in some community surveys. We have revealed
substantial discrepancies in case finding. Therefore, published data on service utilization designed
to estimate unmet need in populations requires re-interpretation. The value of large-scale CIS-R
survey data can be enhanced considerably by the incorporation of concurrent semi-structured
clinical assessments.
BARTOLUS OF SASSOFERRATO AND FREE CITIES
Authors: Ryan Magnus 
Published: July 2002

Abstract‘Well are ye called the Free People.' – BagheeraBARTOLUS of Sassoferrato (1314–1357) is as famous to legal historians and specialists in the history of political ideas as he is unkown outside those areas of research. His obscurity is owed not to his mind but to his genre: the commentary on Justinian'sCorpus Iuris Civilis, and the occasional monograph of more systematic yet still legalistic lineaments. Of the thousands of lawyers who studied, taught and applied Roman law from its rediscovery in the late eleventh century to the end of the middle ages, there are perhaps three or four who command universal respect, some of whom we shall encounter in what follows. Only Bartolus radiates the nimbus of genius. In the realm of political ideas, he has – perversely, perhaps – best been served by Anglophone historiography, beginning with the classic study published in 1913 by C.N.S. Woolf, continuing by way of Walter Ullmann's numerous articles and most recently subjected to a full-scale analysis by Joseph Canning in his study of the ideas of Bartolus' most famous pupil, Baldus de Ubaldis (d. 1400).
THE BRITISH–IRISH UNION OF 1801
Authors: Doyle William 
Published: July 2002

AbstractFOR anyone so improbable as a historian of France to presume to address a conference about a landmark in British and Irish history requires some explanation. It lies in a bizarre twist of professional history which left me, for the best part of twenty years, teaching late eighteenth-century Ireland as a special subject. My research interest, however, has always lain in the ancien régimein France.
THE IRISH PEERAGE AND THE ACT OF UNION, 1800–1971
Authors: Malcomson A.P.W. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTHERE was always an important, though varying, distinction between the Irish peerage and the Irish House of Lords. The former dated from the late twelfth century, and the latter, or at least something discernible as its forerunner, from the late thirteenth. From then until the early seventeenth century, because men who were neither temporal nor spiritual peers attended the House of Lords (though in decreasingly significant numbers) by virtue of a writ of summons only, the House of Lords was a larger body than the Irish peerage. Thereafter, due to the number of non-Irishmen and/or non-residents who were created Irish peers, the House of Lords became the smaller body, because such people seldom or never attended.
All brain work – including recall – is state-dependent
Authors: Lehmann Dietrich , Koukkou Martha 
Published: July 2002

The continuous ongoing mentation is experienced as dreams in some functional states. Mentation occurs with high speed, is driven by individual memory, and uses state-dependent processing strategies, context material, storage options, and retrieval access. Retrieval deserves more attention. Multiple state-shifts owing to individual meaning as extracted also during sleep concatenate dream narratives and define access to segments for awake recall.[Hobson et al.; Nielson; Solms]
The pharmacology of threatening dreams
Authors: Wichlinski Lawrence J. 
Published: July 2002

The pharmacological literature on negative dream experiences is reviewed with respect to Revonsuo's threat rehearsal theory of dreaming. Moderate support for the theory is found, although much more work is needed. Significant questions that remain include the precise role of acetylcholine in the generation of negative dream experiences and dissociations between the pharmacology of waking fear and anxiety and threatening dreams.[Revonsuo]
Analytical opacity formulas for ICF elements
Authors: MÍNGUEZ E. , MUÑOZ R. , RUIZ R. , YAGÜE R. 
Published: July 2002

Opacity calculations for targets used in inertial confinement
fusion (ICF) needs sophisticated atomic physics models,
assuming a large number of configurations and transitions
to simulate the plasma. Depending on the degree of accuracy
for calculations of targets for ICF, some hydrodynamic-radiation
codes use multifrequency opacities or well mean opacities.In this work, using a sophisticated atomic physics code
for LTE opacity calculations, that provides well multifrequency
opacities or mean opacities, useful analytical opacity
formulas for several single elements used in ICF have been
generated, giving both Rosseland and Planck mean opacities
as a function of the plasma parameters.
On the deep structure of the blowing-up of curve singularities
Authors: ELIAS JUAN 
Published: July 2002

Let C be a germ of curve singularity embedded in (kn, 0).
It is well known that the blowing-up of C centred on its closed ring, Bl(C),
is a finite union of curve singularities. If C is reduced we can iterate this process and, after a finite number
of steps, we find only non-singular curves. This is the desingularization process.
The main idea of this paper is to linearize the blowing-up of curve singularities
Bl(C) → C. We perform this by studying the structure of
[Oscr ]Bl(C)/[Oscr ]C as W-module,
where W is a discrete valuation ring contained in [Oscr ]C.
Since [Oscr ]Bl(C)/[Oscr ]C is a torsion
W-module, its structure is determined by the invariant factors of [Oscr ]C
in [Oscr ]Bl(C). The
set of invariant factors is called in this paper as the set of micro-invariants of C (see
Definition 1·2).In the first section we relate the micro-invariants of C to the Hilbert function of
C (Proposition 1·3), and we show how to compute them from the Hilbert function
of some quotient of [Oscr ]C (see Proposition 1·4).The main result of this paper is Theorem 3·3 where we give upper bounds of the
micro-invariants in terms of the regularity, multiplicity and embedding dimension.
As a corollary we improve and we recover some results of [6]. These bounds can be
established as a consequence of the study of the Hilbert function of a filtration of
ideals g = {g[r,i+1]}i [ges ] 0
of the tangent cone of [Oscr ]C (see Section 2). The main property of
g is that the ideals g[r,i+1] have initial degree
bigger than the Castelnuovo–Mumford regularity of the tangent cone of [Oscr ]C.Section 4 is devoted to computation the micro-invariants of branches; we show how
to compute them from the semigroup of values of C and Bl(C) (Proposition 4·3).
The case of monomial curve singularities is especially studied; we end Section 4 with
some explicit computations.In the last section we study some geometric properties of C that can be deduced
from special values of the micro-invariants, and we specially study the relationship of
the micro-invariants with the Hilbert function of [Oscr ]Bl(C). We end the paper studying
the natural equisingularity criteria that can be defined from the micro-invariants
and its relationship with some of the known equisingularity criteria.
Wayfinding and Airport Terminal Design
Authors: Fewings Rodney 
Published: July 2002

Human wayfinding in the natural environment has been practised for thousands of years. In
the urban or built environment, few natural cues are available and other aids to wayfinding
are needed. This paper considers the problems of wayfinding in airport terminals, what cues
are available and how passengers use them to reach their destinations. The use of signs and
maps is discussed, and conclusions are drawn on how wayfinding in airport terminals could
be improved.The principles of wayfinding are simple; the practicalities are very complex.Nainoa Thompson.