bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolution and future of urban ecological science: ecology in, of, and for the city
Authors: Pickett Steward T. A. , Cadenasso Mary L. , Childers Daniel L. , Mcdonnell Mark J. , Zhou Weiqi 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

The contrast between ecology
in
cities and ecology
of
cities has emphasized the increasing scope of urban ecosystem research. Ecology
in
focuses on terrestrial and aquatic patches within cities, suburbs, and exurbs as analogs of non‐urban habitats. Urban fabric outside analog patches is considered to be inhospitable matrix. Ecology
of
the city differs from ecology
in
by treating entire urban mosaics as social–ecological systems. Ecology
of
urban ecosystems incorporates biological, social, and built components. Originally posed as a metaphor to visualize disciplinary evolution, this paper suggests that the contrast has conceptual, empirical, and methodological contents. That is, the contrast constitutes a disciplinary or “local” paradigm shift. The paradigm change between ecology
in
and ecology
of
represents increased complexity, moving from focus on biotic communities to holistic social–ecological systems. A third paradigm, ecology
for
the city, has emerged due to concern for urban sustainability. While ecology
for
includes the knowledge generated by both ecology
in
and ecology
of
, it considers researchers as a part of the system, and acknowledges that they may help envision and advance the social goals of urban sustainability. Using urban heterogeneity as a key urban feature, the three paradigms are shown to contrast in five important ways: disciplinary focus, the relevant theory of spatial heterogeneity, the technology for representing spatial structure, the resulting classification of urban mosaics, and the nature of application to sustainability. Ecology
for
the city encourages ecologists to engage with other specialists and urban dwellers to shape a more sustainable urban future.
Comparison of the Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) in an Australian geriatrics clinic
Authors: Clarnette Roger , O'Caoimh Rónán , Antony Deanna N. , Svendrovski Anton , Molloy D. William 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionThe Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) accurately differentiates mild cognitive impairment (MCI) from mild dementia and normal controls (NC). While the MoCA is validated in multiple clinical settings, few studies compare it with similar tests also designed to detect MCI. We sought to investigate how the shorter Quick Mild Cognitive Impairment (Qmci) screen compares with the MoCA.MethodsConsecutive referrals presenting with cognitive complaints to a teaching hospital geriatric clinic (Fremantle, Western Australia) underwent a comprehensive assessment and were classified as MCI (n = 72) or dementia (n = 109). NC (n = 41) were a sample of convenience. The Qmci and MoCA were scored by trained geriatricians, in random order, blind to the diagnosis.ResultsMedian Qmci scores for NC, MCI and dementia were 69 (+/−19), 52.5 (+/−12) and 36 (+/−14), respectively, compared with 27 (+/−5), 22 (+/−4) and 15 (+/−7) for the MoCA. The Qmci more accurately identified cognitive impairment (MCI or dementia), area under the curve (AUC) 0.97, than the MoCA (AUC 0.92), p = 0.04. The Qmci was non‐significantly more accurate in distinguishing MCI from controls (AUC 0.91 vs 0.84, respectively = 0.16). Both instruments had similar accuracy for differentiating MCI from dementia (AUC of 0.91 vs 0.88, p = 0.35). At the optimal cut‐offs, calculated from receiver operating characteristic curves, the Qmci (≤57) had a sensitivity of 91% and specificity of 93% for cognitive impairment, compared with 87% sensitivity and 80% specificity for the MoCA (≤23).ConclusionWhile both instruments are accurate in detecting MCI, the Qmci is shorter and arguably easier to complete, suggesting that it is a useful instrument in an Australian geriatric outpatient population. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An integrated vegetated ditch system reduces chlorpyrifos loading in agricultural runoff
Authors: Phillips Bryn M , Anderson Brian S , Cahn Michael , Rego Jessa L , Voorhees Jennifer P , Siegler Katie , Zhang Xuyang , Budd Robert , Goh Kean , Tjeerdema Ron S 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Agricultural runoff containing toxic concentrations of the organophosphate pesticide chlorpyrifos has led to impaired water body listings and total maximum daily load restrictions in California's central coast watersheds. Chlorpyrifos use is now tightly regulated by the Central Coast Regional Water Quality Control Board. This study evaluated treatments designed to reduce chlorpyrifos in agricultural runoff. Initial trials evaluated the efficacy of 3 different drainage ditch installations individually: compost filters, granulated activated carbon (GAC) filters, and native grasses in a vegetated ditch. Treatments were compared to bare ditch controls, and experiments were conducted with simulated runoff spiked with chlorpyrifos at a 1.9 L/s flow rate. Chlorpyrifos concentrations and toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia were measured at the input and output of the system. Input concentrations of chlorpyrifos ranged from 858 ng/L to 2840 ng/L. Carbon filters and vegetation provided the greatest load reduction of chlorpyrifos (99% and 90%, respectively). Toxicity was completely removed in only one of the carbon filter trials. A second set of trials evaluated an integrated approach combining all 3 treatments. Three trials were conducted each at 3.2 L/s and 6.3 L/s flow rates at input concentrations ranging from 282 ng/L to 973 ng/L. Chlorpyrifos loadings were reduced by an average of 98% at the low flow rate and 94% at the high flow rate. Final chlorpyrifos concentrations ranged from nondetect (&lt;50 ng/L) to 82 ng/L. Toxicity to C. dubia was eliminated in 3 of 6 integrated trials. Modeling of the ditch and its components informed design alterations that are intended to eventually remove up to 100% of pesticides and sediment. Future work includes investigating the adsorption capacity of GAC, costs associated with GAC disposal, and real-world field trials to further reduce model uncertainties and confirm design optimization. Trials with more water-soluble pesticides such as neonicotinoids are also recommended. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2017;13:423–430. © 2016 SETAC

Key Points
An on-farm integrated vegetated treatment system utilizing compost and granulated activated carbon installations significantly reduced chlorpyrifos concentrations in simulated agricultural runoff. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos were reduced to nontoxic levels in half of the trials, at flows ranging from 3.2 to 6.3 L/s.
An O-Glycosylation of Fibronectin Mediates Hepatic Osteodystrophy Through α4β1 Integrin
Authors: Sens Carla , Altrock Eva , Rau Katrin , Klemis Verena , von Au Anja , Pettera Stefan , Uebel Stephan , Damm Timo , Tiwari Sanjay , Moser Markus , Nakchbandi Inaam A 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Patients with cholestatic liver disease experience increased fracture risk. Higher circulating levels of a fibronectin isoform called oncofetal fibronectin (oFN) were detected in a subset of such patients. Administering this isoform to mice suppresses osteoblast differentiation and diminishes bone mineral density in vivo, suggesting it is responsible for bone loss in cholestatic liver disease. The aim of this study was to define the mechanism by which oFN affects osteoblast function and evaluate possible modifiers in experimental hepatic osteodystrophy. The fibronectin isoform oFN is characterized by the presence of various glycosylations. In line with this, adding oFN that underwent enzymatic O-deglycosylation to osteoblasts normalized nodule formation in vitro. Of three possible O-glycosylation sites in oFN, only a mutation at AA 33 of the variable region or binding of this glycosylated site with an antibody normalized osteoblast differentiation. Because the responsible site is located in the variable region of fibronectin, which binds to α4β1 or α4β7 integrins, these integrins were evaluated. We show that integrin α4β1 mediates the inhibitory effect of oFN both in vitro as well as in vivo. In a hepatic osteodystrophy mouse model, we demonstrate that liver fibrosis is associated with increased circulating oFN and diminished BMD. In addition, trabecular bone loss induced by oFN injection or fibrosis induction could be prevented by either administering an antibody that binds to α4 integrin (PS/2) or the CS1 peptide, which contains a binding site for α4β1 integrin. In summary, oFN inhibits osteoblast activity. This is because of an O-glycosylation in the variable region that results in decreased integrin-mediated signaling. This deleterious effect can be thwarted by binding α4β1 integrin. Thus, we have characterized the defect and the receptor mediating bone loss in patients with hepatic osteodystrophy and evaluated possible therapeutic interventions in a murine model. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Physical and Mechanical Modifications of Collagen Microfibers Using Ethanol‐Based Dehydrating Conditions
Authors: Bak Seon Young , Lee Sang Woo , Kim Kyung Sik , Kim Hyun Woo 
Published: July 2016

This study describes novel and simple conditions for the fabrication of collagen microfibers with specific physical and mechanical properties, which can then be potentially applied as cell‐based matrices. The microfibers are fabricated from collagen hydrogels, using various concentrations of ethanol, in ethanol–water solvents. At higher ethanol concentration, fibers exhibited increased uniformity of surface morphology, decreased diameter, and increased tensile strength. The morphology of cells on microfibers varies due to the surface morphology of microfibers but the microfibers fabricated under all conditions investigated show similar number of attached cells on the surface of fibers, and cells sustain their viability for 90 h.
image
A simple and effective single‐step time marching technique based on adaptive time integrators
Authors: Soares Delfim 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this work, a novel time marching procedure is presented in which adaptive time integration parameters are locally computed, allowing different spatial and temporal distributions. As a consequence, a more versatile technique arises, enabling an enhanced performance. The main features of the proposed technique are: (1) it is simple; (2) it has guaranteed stability; (3) it is an efficient non‐iterative adaptive single‐step procedure; (4) it provides enhanced accuracy; (5) it enables advanced controllable algorithmic dissipation in the higher modes; (6) it is truly self‐starting; and (7) it is entirely automatic, requiring no input parameter from the user. The proposed technique is very complete, providing the main positive attributes that are requested from an effective time marching procedure. Numerical results are presented along the paper, illustrating the excellent performance of the method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Variational integrators – A continuous time approach
Authors: Muehlebach M. , Heimsch T. , Glocker Ch. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis article presents a family of variational integrators from a continuous time point of view. A general procedure for deriving symplectic integration schemes preserving an energy‐like quantity is shown, which is based on the principle of virtual work. The framework is extended to incorporate holonomic constraints without using additional regularization. In addition, it is related to well‐known partitioned Runge–Kutta methods and to other variational integration schemes. As an example, a concrete integration scheme is derived for the planar pendulum using both polar and Cartesian coordinates. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Prescription behavior for gastroprotective drugs in new users as a result of communications regarding clopidogrel – proton pump inhibitor interaction
Authors: Kruik‐Kollöffel Willemien J. , van der Palen Job , Kruik H. Joost , van Herk‐Sukel Myrthe P. P. , Movig Kris L. L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSafety concerns of the concomitant use of clopidogrel and proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) were published in 2009 and 2010 by the medicines regulatory agencies, including a direct healthcare professional communication. We examined the association between various safety statements and prescription behavior for gastroprotective drugs in naïve patients in the Netherlands during the years 2008–2011. Data from the PHARMO Database Network were analyzed with interrupted time series analyses to estimate the impact of each communication on drug prescriptions. Dispensings were used as a proxy variable for prescription behavior. After the early communication in January 2009, 15.5% (95% CI 7.8, 23.4) more patients started concomitantly with (es)omeprazole and 13.8% (95% CI 6.5, 21.2) less with other PPIs. Directly after the first statement in June 2009, we found a steep increase in histamine 2‐receptor antagonists (H2RA) peaking at 25%, placing those patients at risk for gastrointestinal events. This effect for H2RA faded away after a few months. In February 2010, when the official advice via an adjusted statement was to avoid (es)omeprazole, we found a decrease of 11.9% (95% CI 5.7, 18.2) for (es)omeprazole and an increase of +16.0% (95% CI 10.3, 21.7) for other PPIs. Still 22.6% (95% CI 19.5, 25.7) of patients started on (es)omeprazole in February 2010, placing them at risk for cardiovascular events. Advices of regulatory authorities were followed, however, reluctantly and not fully, probably partly because of the existing scientific doubt about the interaction.
Performance based durability design, carbonation part 1 – Benchmarking of European present design rules
Authors: von Greve‐Dierfeld Stefanie , Gehlen Christoph 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe paper reports on a benchmark of European deemed‐to‐satisfy rules for exposure class XC (carbonation exposed structural members). The benchmark of the descriptive rules was carried out following the probabilistic design approach for carbonation‐induced corrosion developed in [1] and adopted in fib bulletin 34: Model Code for Service Life Design (2006) [2] and fib Model Code for Concrete Structures 2010 [3], respectively. To perform a representative study, three groups of European countries were selected, representing different parts of Europe, south (Spain, Portugal), middle (Netherlands, Great Britain and Germany) and northern Europe (Denmark, Norway). Reliability ranges for carbonation‐induced depassivation of rebar were calculated for ”favourable“ and ”unfavourable“ design situations in exposure classes XC2, XC3 and XC4 [4]. In each design situation the deemed‐to‐satisfy rules of selected countries were followed. The probabilistic calculations were mainly based on short‐term carbonation data. However, some calculations were also based on long‐term observation. The latter was implemented for independent validation purposes. The calculated reliability ranges are very broad and in some ”unfavourable“ situations, the deemed‐to satisfy requirements do not guarantee the required limit state (LS) arget reliabilities for the particular exposure. In ”favoura‐ble“ situations less stringent demands would have been sufficient.
Organocatalyzed Group Transfer Polymerization
Authors: Chen Yougen , Kakuchi Toyoji 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn contrast to the conventional group transfer polymerization (GTP) using a catalyst of either an anionic nucleophile or a transition‐metal compound, the organocatalyzed GTP has to a great extent improved the living characteristics of the polymerization from the viewpoints of synthesizing structurally well‐defined acrylic polymers and constructing defect‐free polymer architectures. In this article, we describe the organocatalyzed GTP from a relatively personal perspective to provide our colleagues with a perspicuous and systematic overview on its recent progress as well as a reply to the curiosity of how excellently the organocatalysts have performed in this field. The stated perspectives of this review mainly cover five aspects, in terms of the assessment of the livingness of the polymerization, limit and scope of applicable monomers, mechanistic studies, control of the polymer structure, and a new GTP methodology involving the use of tris(pentafluorophenyl)borane and hydrosilane.
image
New insights into decapping enzymes and selective mRNA decay
Authors: Grudzien‐Nogalska Ewa , Kiledjian Megerditch 
Published: July 2016

Removal of the 5′ end cap is a critical determinant controlling mRNA stability and efficient gene expression. Removal of the cap is exquisitely controlled by multiple direct and indirect regulators that influence association with the cap and the catalytic step. A subset of these factors directly stimulate activity of the decapping enzyme, while others influence remodeling of factors bound to mRNA and indirectly stimulate decapping. Furthermore, the components of the general decapping machinery can also be recruited by mRNA‐specific regulatory proteins to activate decapping. The Nudix hydrolase, Dcp2, identified as a first decapping enzyme, cleaves capped mRNA and initiates 5′–3′ degradation. Extensive studies on Dcp2 led to broad understanding of its activity and the regulation of transcript specific decapping and decay. Interestingly, seven additional Nudix proteins possess intrinsic decapping activity in vitro and at least two, Nudt16 and Nudt3, are decapping enzymes that regulate mRNA stability in cells. Furthermore, a new class of decapping proteins within the DXO family preferentially function on incompletely capped mRNAs. Importantly, it is now evident that each of the characterized decapping enzymes predominantly modulates only a subset of mRNAs, suggesting the existence of multiple decapping enzymes functioning in distinct cellular pathways. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1379. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1379This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Capping and 5′ End Modifications
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Turnover/Surveillance Mechanisms
RNA Turnover and Surveillance > Regulation of RNA Stability
Surgical Methods and Experiences of Surgeons did not Significantly Affect the Recovery in Phonation Following Reconstruction of the Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve
Authors: Yoshioka Kana , Miyauchi Akira , Fukushima Mitsuhiro , Kobayashi Kaoru , Kihara Minoru , Miya Akihiro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe reported phonatory recovery in the majority of 88 patients after recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) reconstruction. Here we analyzed factors that might influence the recovery, in a larger patient series.MethodsAt Kuma Hospital, 449 patients (354 females and 95 males) underwent RLN reconstruction with direct anastomosis, ansa cervicalis‐to‐RLN anastomosis, free nerve grafting, or vagus‐to‐RLN anastomosis; 47.4 % had vocal cord paralysis (VCP) preoperatively. Maximum phonation time (MPT) and mean airflow rate during phonation (MFR) were measured 1 year post surgery. Forty patients whose unilateral RLNs were resected and not reconstructed and 1257 normal subjects served as controls.ResultsCompared to the VCP patients, the RLN reconstruction patients had significantly longer MPTs 1 year after surgery, nearing the normal values. The MFR results were similar but less clear. Detailed analyses of 228 female patients with reconstruction for whom data were available revealed that none of the following factors significantly affected phonatory recovery: age, preoperative VCP, method of reconstruction, site of distal anastomosis, use of magnifier, thickness of suture thread, and experience of surgeon. Of these 228 patients, 24 (10.5 %) had MPTs <9 s 1 year after surgery, indicating insufficient recovery in phonation. This insufficiency was also not associated with the factors mentioned above.ConclusionsApproximately 90 % of patients who needed resection of the RLN achieved phonatory recovery following RLN reconstruction. The recovery was not associated with gender, age, preoperative VCP, surgical method of reconstruction, or experience of the surgeon. Performing reconstruction during thyroid surgery is essential whenever the RLN is resected.
Pre-clerkship clinical skills and clinical reasoning course performance: Explaining the variance in clerkship performance: Pre-clerkship predictors of clerkship variance
Authors: LaRochelle Jeffrey S. , Dong Ting , Durning Steven J. 
Published: July 2016

Introduction: Evidence suggests that pre-clerkship courses in clinical skills and clinical reasoning positively impact student performance on the clerkship. Given the increasing emphasis on reducing diagnostic reasoning errors, it is very important to develop this critical area of medical education. An integrated approach between clinical skills and clinical reasoning courses may better predict struggling learners, and better allocate scarce resources to remediate these learners before the clerkship. Methods: Pre-clerkship and clerkship outcome measures from 514 medical students graduating between 2009 and 2011were analyzed in a multiple linear regression model. Results: Learners with poor performances on integrated pre-clerkship outcome measures had a relative risk of 6.96 and 5.85 for poor performance on National Board of Medical Examiners (NBME) subject exams and clerkship performance, respectively, and explained 22 % of the variance in clerkship NBME subject exam scores and 20.2 % of the variance in clerkship grades. Discussion: Pre-clerkship outcome measures from clinical skills and clinical reasoning courses explained a significant amount of clerkship performance beyond baseline academic ability. These courses provide valuable information regarding student abilities, and may serve as an early indicator for students requiring remediation. Conclusions: Integrating pre-clerkship outcome measures may be an important aspect of ensuring the validity of this information as the pre-clerkship curriculum becomes compressed, and may serve as the basis for identifying students in need of clinical skills remediation.
Total variation distances and rates of convergence for ancestral coalescent processes in exchangeable population models
Authors: Möhle M. 
Published: July 2016

Haploid population models with non-overlapping generations and fixed population size N are considered. It is assumed that the family sizes ν1,…,νN within a generation are exchangeable random variables. Rates of convergence for the finite-dimensional distributions of a properly time-scaled ancestral coalescent process are established and expressed in terms of the transition probabilities of the ancestral process, i.e., in terms of the joint factorial moments of the offspring variables ν1,…,νN.The Kingman coalescent appears in the limit as the population size N tends to infinity if and only if triple mergers are asymptotically negligible in comparison with binary mergers. In this case, a simple upper bound for the rate of convergence of the finite-dimensional distributions is derived. It depends (up to some constants) only on the three factorial moments E((ν1)2), E((ν1)3) and E((ν1)2(ν2)2), where (x)k := x(x-1)…(x-k+1). Examples are the Wright-Fisher model, where the rate of convergence is of order N-1, and the Moran model, with a convergence rate of order N-2.