bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From bilingualism to multilingualism in the workplace: the case of the Basque Autonomous Community
Authors: van der Worp Karin , Cenoz Jasone , Gorter Durk 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this article we discuss the outcomes of a study into the languages of the workplace of internationally operating companies. Our aim is to contribute to studies of multilingualism in the workplace by adopting a holistic approach that focuses on several languages and relates the competences and attitudes of multilingual professionals to the repertoires used and learned in the workplace and the wider social context. The study is situated in the Basque Autonomous Community, Spain, where the regional government has already developed a strong bilingual language policy to promote the minority language Basque and recently also supports a policy of internationalization of companies, implying the use of other languages. The tensions arising from the confrontation between these two policies are discussed. Based on interviews with 25 informants in managerial positions, we found that the default language of workplace communication is Spanish, there is limited use of Basque and for foreign trade English is dominant, although Spanish is used with Latin America. The language and cultural competence of professionals is lagging behind and should be further developed, although the younger generation has a better command of English. The wider social context has an important influence on the language practices inside the company. Multilingualism plays an important role in Basque companies that operate internationally, but the companies still have to overcome important language barriers. Our study confirms that language practices and language learning experiences are complex and highlights the need for a holistic approach that includes the repertoire of languages used in the workplace.
Effects of root diameter, branch order, root depth, season and warming on root longevity in an alpine meadow
Authors: Wang Zhikai , Ding Lubin , Wang Jingsheng , Zuo Xiaolong , Yao Shuaichen , Feng Jiguang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFine root is of importance in biogeochemical cycles especially in terrestrial ecosystems. The lack of understanding of the factors controlling root lifespan has made accurate prediction of carbon flow and nutrient cycling difficult. A controlled warming experiment was performed in an alpine meadow on the northern Tibetan Plateau (near Nagchu Town). We used a minirhizotron technique to measure root dynamics in situ during the growing season of 2013 and 2014 and survival analyses to assess root lifespan and the effects of root diameter, branch order, birth season, root depth and warming on root lifespan. Root diameter, branch order and root depth were all positively correlated with root lifespan. With an increase in diameter of 0.1 mm, mortality hazard ratio of roots declined by 19.3 %. An increase in one level in branch order was associated with a decrease of 43.8 % in root death ratio. Compared with roots born in May–mid‐July, the mortality hazard ratio of roots born in late July–August and September–October reduced by 26.8 and 56.5 %, respectively. In warming treatments, roots tended to be thinner, less branched and deeper, and there was a higher proportion of roots born in spring compared to ambient conditions. Warming shortened the median root lifespan 44 days. However, in single warming condition, root diameter had no significant influence on root lifespan. Root diameter, branch order, root depth and season of birth were all factors affecting root lifespan in the alpine meadow; however, root branch order was dominant.
Colony‐dependent sex differences in protozoan communities of the lower termite Reticulitermes speratus (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)
Authors: Inagaki Tatsuya , Matsuura Kenji 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn many animals, sex differences in hormones, behavior, and immunity lead to differences in their gut microbial communities. One of the best‐known examples of mutualistic symbiosis is that between lower termites and their intestinal protozoa. Although differences in the protozoan communities of different castes have been studied in lower termites, nothing is known about the sex differences in protozoan communities in neuter castes. Here, we show that termite workers have different protozoan communities according to sex depending on the colony. We investigated the communities of symbiotic protozoa living in lower termites, Reticulitermes speratus, and how they are affected by sex and caste. Workers had the largest numbers of protozoa, followed by soldiers, whereas reproductives (primary kings and secondary queens) had no protozoa. Workers showed colony‐dependent sex differences in the total abundance of protozoa, whereas soldiers showed no such sex differences. There were significant sex effect and/or interaction effect between colony and sex in abundances of five species of protozoa in workers. Workers also showed significant sex differences and/or colony‐dependent sex differences in proportion of six species of protozoa. These may result in sex differences in the host–symbiont interaction due to physiological or behavioral sex differences in workers that have not been recognized previously. This study has an important implication: although workers are not engaged in reproduction, their potential sex difference may affect various aspects of social interactions.
Hypoalbuminemia is a Better Predictor than Obesity of Complications after Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Propensity Score-Adjusted Observational Analysis
Authors: Fu Michael C. , McLawhorn Alexander S. , Padgett Douglas E. , Cross Michael B. 
Published: August 2016

Background Obesity is an established risk factor for complications after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and is often associated with malnutrition. Questions/Purposes 1. What is the prevalence of hypoalbuminemia in obese patients undergoing TKA? 2. What is the independent morbidity risk of malnutrition relative to obesity? Methods TKA cases were identified from the National Surgical Quality Improvement Program from 2005 to 2013. Propensity scores for having preoperative albumin measurements were calculated using demographics, BMI, and modified Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI). Malnutrition was defined as hypoalbuminemia (<3.5 g/dL). Patients were classified by BMI as follows: non-obese (18.5–29.9), obese I (30–34.9), obese II (35–39.9), or obese III (≥40). Postoperative complications were compared across obesity and nutritional statuses. Multivariable propensity-adjusted logistic regressions were performed to determine associations between malnutrition, obesity, and 30-day outcomes. Results There were 71, 599 cases identified, with 34, 800 (48.6%) having albumin measurements. Propensity score adjustment adequately accounted for selection bias, with adjusted p > 0.05 for observable characteristics. Malnutrition prevalence increased with BMI (6.1% in obese III vs. 3.7% in non-obese). With propensity-adjusted multivariable analysis, obese III was the only obesity class associated with any complication, wound complication, and reoperation. Hypoalbuminemia was a stronger and more consistent independent risk factor, for any complication, wound, cardiac, or respiratory complications, and death. Conclusions Hypoalbuminemia is a more consistent independent predictor of complications after TKA than obesity. Strategies for medical optimization of these conditions should be investigated.
Novel Di‐, Tri‐, and tetraenoic fatty acids with bis‐methylene‐interrupted double‐bond systems from the sponge Haliclona cinerea
Authors: Joh Yong‐Goe , Elenkov Ivaylo J. , Stefanov Kamen L. , Popov Simeon S. , Dobson Gary , Christie William W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUnusual fatty acids, with up to 34 carbon atoms and containing one or two bis‐methylene‐interrupted doublebond systems, have been identified in the sponge Haliclona cinerea from the Black Sea. These include the dienes—5,9–16∶2, 7,11–18∶2, 9,13–20∶2, 13,17–24∶2, 15,19–26∶2, 17,21–28∶2, 19,23–30∶2 and 21,25–32∶2; trienes—5,9,23–30∶3, 5,9,24–31∶3, 5,9,25–32∶3, and 5,9,27–34∶3; and the tetraenes—5,9,19,23–30∶4, 5,9,21,25–32∶4, and 5,9,23,27–34∶4. In addition, 5,9,13‐eicosatrienoic acid was present. Many of these do not appear to have been described before, and only 5,9–16∶2 and 5,9,23–30∶3 are found often in sponges. They were identified by using silver‐ion high‐performance liquid chromatography to simplify the complex mixture of fatty acids for subsequent analysis by gas chromatography‐mass spectrometry as picolinyl ester derivatives. Deuteration with Wilkinson's catalyst in homogeneous solution confirmed the structures. We speculate that the di‐ and tetraenoic fatty acids arise by chain elongation of 5,9‐hexadecadienoic acid, also a major component of the lipids, followed by further insertion of double bonds in the 5 and 9 positions. The trienes may be formed from 9‐hexadecenoic acid by similar mechanisms.
A Social History of Disease: Contextualizing the Rise and Fall of Social Inequalities in Cause-Specific Mortality
Authors: Clouston Sean A. P. , Rubin Marcie S. , Phelan Jo C. , Link Bruce G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFundamental cause theory posits that social inequalities in health arise because of unequal access to flexible resources, including knowledge, money, power, prestige, and beneficial social connections, which allow people to avoid risk factors and adopt protective factors relevant in a particular place. In this study, we posit that diseases should also be put into temporal context. We characterize diseases as transitioning through four stages at a given time: (1) natural mortality, characterized by no knowledge about risk factors, preventions, or treatments for a disease in a population; (2) producing inequalities, characterized by unequal diffusion of innovations; (3) reducing inequalities, characterized by increased access to health knowledge; and (4) reduced mortality/disease elimination, characterized by widely available prevention and effective treatment. For illustration, we pair an ideal-types analysis with mortality data to explore hypothesized incidence rates of diseases. Although social inequalities exist in incidence rates of many diseases, the cause, extent, and direction of inequalities change systematically in relation to human intervention. This article highlights opportunities for further development, specifically highlighting the role of stage duration in maintaining social inequalities in cause-specific mortality.
Trapped in Place? Segmented Resilience to Hurricanes in the Gulf Coast, 1970–2005
Authors: Logan John R. , Issar Sukriti , Xu Zengwang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHurricanes pose a continuing hazard to populations in coastal regions. This study estimates the impact of hurricanes on population change in the years 1970–2005 in the U.S. Gulf Coast region. Geophysical models are used to construct a unique data set that simulates the spatial extent and intensity of wind damage and storm surge from the 32 hurricanes that struck the region in this period. Multivariate spatial time-series models are used to estimate the impacts of hurricanes on population change. Population growth is found to be reduced significantly for up to three successive years after counties experience wind damage, particularly at higher levels of damage. Storm surge is associated with reduced population growth in the year after the hurricane. Model extensions show that change in the white and young adult population is more immediately and strongly affected than is change for blacks and elderly residents. Negative effects on population are stronger in counties with lower poverty rates. The differentiated impact of hurricanes on different population groups is interpreted as segmented withdrawal—a form of segmented resilience in which advantaged population groups are more likely to move out of or avoid moving into harm’s way while socially vulnerable groups have fewer choices.
ICRC Privilege in Canada
Authors: BRANNAGAN CRAIG , WATERS CHRISTOPHER 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article explores whether the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) enjoys testimonial privilege before Canadian courts. The authors argue that there is strong evidence to suggest that customary international law requires that the ICRC be granted a privilege not to testify or disclose confidential information in domestic court proceedings. Such a privilege, they argue, is entailed by the ICRC’s mandate to engage in international humanitarian law protection activities using confidential means. Given that customary international law forms part of the common law in Canada, the authors argue that this privilege should be recognized by Canadian courts despite its potentially uneasy fit with traditional Canadian evidence law.
A Middle Pennsylvanian macrofloral assemblage from wetland deposits in Indiana (Illinois Basin): a taxonomic contribution with biostratigraphic, paleobiogeographic, and paleoecologic implications
Authors: Bashforth Arden R. , DiMichele William A. , Eble Cortland F. , Nelson W. John 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTaxonomic analysis is provided for a Middle Pennsylvanian macrofloral assemblage collected from clastic wetland deposits in Clay County, Indiana, on the eastern margin of the Illinois Basin. Adpressed plant fossils were recovered from four distinct beds in the lowermost Staunton Formation, positioned above the Minshall Coal (uppermost Brazil Formation), part of a succession deposited near the Atokan-Desmoinesian boundary. The assemblage of 22 fossil-taxa is dominated by pteridosperms (includingNeuropteris flexuosa,Macroneuropteris scheuchzeri,Alethopteris densinervosa,Neuropteris ovata,Eusphenopteris neuropteroides, andNeuropteris missouriensis) with lesser cordaitaleans (Cordaitesspp. indet.) and sphenopsids (particularlySphenophyllum cuneifolium). Lycopsids are uncommon, and ferns are rare. In contrast, the microfloral assemblage from the Minshall Coal and overlying clastic units is dominated by lycopsid and tree fern spores. Comparisons with established biozonation schemes yield different ages depending on the regional biostratigraphic framework used: (1) latest Bolsovian (Radiizonates difformisBiozone, American microfloras); (2) latest Bolsovian or earliest Asturian (‘Neuropteris’ rarinervisBiozone, Appalachian Basin macrofloras); or (3) earliest Asturian (Linopteris obliquaBiozone, European macrofloras). The placement and correlation of the Bolsovian-Asturian and Atokan-Desmoinesian boundaries, which have traditionally been equated by palynology, are evaluated in the context of this discordance. Several revised stratigraphic scenarios are proposed for this interval in the Illinois Basin, which is being increasingly recognized as a time of significant environmental change throughout Euramerica. Homotaxial comparisons with European macrofloral assemblages indicate that, of the 18 biological taxa recorded, between 14 and 17 (78–94%) also are common in coeval wetland deposits in Europe. The similarities exemplify the spatial conservatism and low diversity of wetland plant communities over vast areas of tropical Euramerica, a manifestation of the intrinsically stressful conditions that characterize such habitats, and indicates that neither the Laurentian Shield nor the Appalachian-Variscan Mountains were an insurmountable barrier to plant dispersal during the Middle Pennsylvanian.
HIGH DENSITY PIECEWISE SYNDETICITY OF PRODUCT SETS IN AMENABLE GROUPS
Authors: DI NASSO MAURO , GOLDBRING ISAAC , JIN RENLING , LETH STEVEN , LUPINI MARTINO , MAHLBURG KARL 
Published: August 2016

AbstractM. Beiglböck, V. Bergelson, and A. Fish proved that if G is a countable amenable group and A and B are subsets of G with positive Banach density, then the product set AB is piecewise syndetic. This means that there is a finite subset E of G such that EAB is thick, that is, EAB contains translates of any finite subset of G. When G = ℤ, this was first proven by R. Jin. We prove a quantitative version of the aforementioned result by providing a lower bound on the density (with respect to a Følner sequence) of the set of witnesses to the thickness of EAB. When G = ℤd, this result was first proven by the current set of authors using completely different techniques.
COMPARING TWO VERSIONS OF THE REALS
Authors: IGUSA G. , KNIGHT J. F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSchweber [10] defined a reducibility that allows us to compare the computing power of structures of arbitrary cardinality. Here we focus on the ordered field ${\cal R}$ of real numbers and a structure ${\cal W}$ that just codes the subsets of ω. In [10], it was observed that ${\cal W}$ is reducible to ${\cal R}$. We prove that ${\cal R}$ is not reducible to ${\cal W}$. As part of the proof, we show that for a countable recursively saturated real closed field ${\cal P}$ with residue field k, some copy of ${\cal P}$ does not compute a copy of k.
Structural features of condensed tannins affectin vitroruminal methane production and fermentation characteristics
Authors: HUYEN N. T. , FRYGANAS C. , UITTENBOGAARD G. , MUELLER-HARVEY I. , VERSTEGEN M. W. A. , HENDRIKS W. H. , PELLIKAAN W. F. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYAnin vitrostudy was conducted to investigate the effects of condensed tannin (CT) structural properties, i.e. average polymer size (or mean degree of polymerization), percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols and percentage of prodelphinidins in CT extracts on methane (CH4) production and fermentation characteristics. Condensed tannins were extracted from eight plants in order to obtain different CT types: blackcurrant leaves, goat willow leaves, goat willow twigs, pine bark, redcurrant leaves, sainfoin plants, weeping willow catkins and white clover flowers. They were analysed for CT content and CT composition by thiolytic degradation, followed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Grass silage was used as a control substrate. Condensed tannins were added to the substrate at a concentration of 40 g/kg, with or without polyethylene glycol (+ or −PEG 6000 treatment) to inactivate tannins, then incubated for 72 h in mixed buffered rumen fluid from three different lactating dairy cows per run. Total cumulative gas production (GP) was measured by an automated GP system. During the incubation, 12 gas samples (10µl) were collected from each bottle headspace at 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24, 30, 36, 48, 56 and 72 h of incubation and analysed for CH4. A modified Michaelis-Menten model was fitted to the CH4concentration patterns and model estimates were used to calculate total cumulative CH4production (GPCH4). Total cumulative GP and GPCH4curves were fitted using biphasic and monophasic modified Michaelis-Menten models, respectively. Addition of PEG increased GP, GPCH4, and CH4concentration compared with the −PEG treatment. All CT types reduced GPCH4and CH4concentration. All CT increased the half time of GP and GPCH4. Moreover, all CT decreased the maximum rate of fermentation for GPCH4and rate of substrate degradation. The correlation between CT structure and GPCH4and fermentation characteristics showed that the proportion of prodelphinidins within CT had the largest effect on fermentation characteristics, followed by average polymer size and percentage ofcisflavan-3-ols.
Ambiguity, Iconology and Entangled Objects on Coinage of the Republican World
Authors: Rowan Clare 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe provincial coinage of the Roman Empire has proven to be a rich source for studying civic experiences of Roman rule, but the coins struck outside Rome during the expansion of the Roman Republic have, by contrast, received relatively little attention. This article aims to begin redressing this neglect by exploring the active rôle of coinage in conceptualizing and representing Roman Republican power. A variety of approaches to this neglected material are employed in order to highlight its potential as a source. Ambiguity, iconology, and entanglement are used as frameworks to explore case studies from across the Roman Republican world, from Spain to Syria. This approach to coin imagery under the Republic reveals the complexity and variety in which the Roman presence, and Romanimperium, was represented before the advent of the Principate.
Assumptions about later-life travel and their implications: pushing people around?
Authors: HITCHINGS RUSSELL , VENN SUSAN , DAY ROSIE 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTaking four assumptions in turn, this review article considers some of the lenses through which researchers might look at later-life leisure travel and the implications of adopting each of them. First, we consider the ‘active ageing’ agenda and what this means for how leisure travel may be thought about in academia and beyond. Second, we turn to studies underpinned by worries about the appetite for significant consumption thought to typify the ‘baby-boomer’ generation and question whether these studies could inadvertently be promoting the very future they hope to avoid. Third, we explore how research on the benefits of everyday ‘mobility’ in later life may have morphed into a more general belief about the value of travel in older age. Finally, we reflect on how relevant studies of tourism are often underpinned by an argument about the financial rewards that now await those ready to target the older traveller. Our overall contention is that, though for different reasons, all four could be serving to encourage more later-life travel. Whilst for some this prospect is not at all troubling, the spectre of adverse energy demand consequences leads us to explore a more critical view.
A Reconsideration of the Harsanyi–Sen–Weymark Debate on Utilitarianism
Authors: GREAVES HILARY 
Published: August 2016

Harsanyi claimed that his Aggregation and Impartial Observer Theorems provide a justification for utilitarianism. This claim has been strongly resisted, notably by Sen and Weymark, who argue that while Harsanyi has perhaps shown that overall good is a linear sum of individuals’ von Neumann–Morgenstern utilities, he has done nothing to establish any connection between the notion of von Neumann–Morgenstern utility and that of well-being, and hence that utilitarianism does not follow.The present article defends Harsanyi against the Sen–Weymark critique. I argue that, far from being a term with precise and independent quantitative content whose relationship to von Neumann–Morgenstern utility is then a substantive question, terms such as ‘well-being’ suffer (or suffered) from indeterminacy regarding precisely which quantity they refer to. If so, then (on the issue that this article focuses on) Harsanyi has gone as far towards defending ‘utilitarianism in the original sense’ as could coherently be asked.