bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Metal Ions on the Formation of Trichloronitromethane during Chlorination of Catechol and Nitrite
Authors: Gan Guojuan , Mei Rongwu , Qiu Lin , Hong Huachang , Wang Qingjun , Mazumder Asit , Wu Shikai , Pan Xiangliang , Liang Yan 
Published: August 2016

Catechol, nitrite, and dissolved metals are ubiquitous in source drinking water. Catechol and nitrite have been identified as precursors for halonitromethanes (HNMs), but the effect of metal ions on HNM formation during chlorination remains unclear. The main objective of this study was to investigate the effect of metal ions (Fe3+, Ti4+, Al3+) on the formation of trichloronitromethane (TCNM) (the most representative HNM species in disinfected water) on chlorinating catechol and nitrite. Trichloronitromethane was extracted by methyl tert‐butyl ether and detected by gas chromatography. The results show that metal ions promoted the formation of TCNM and that the enhancement efficiency followed the order of Fe3+ > Ti4+ > Al3+. Trichloronitromethane formation increased greatly within 2 h, and a basic condition (pH 8–9) favored TCNM formation more than acidic or neutral conditions. The conjoint effect of the metal–ion mixtures was shown to be similar to that of the single metal ion having the highest promoting effect on TCNM formation. Our results strongly suggest that metal ions play a significant role in enhancing TCNM formation.Core Ideas
Metal ions increased TCNM formation during chlorination of catechol and nitrite.
Type and concentration of metal ions affected TCNM yield.
Effect of metal ions on the formation of TCNM varied with pH.
Conjoint effect of metal ions on TCNM formation was not obvious.
A Comprehensive Analysis of the Variably Saturated Hydraulic Behavior of a Green Roof in a Mediterranean Climate
Authors: Brunetti Giuseppe , Šimůnek Jirka , Piro Patrizia 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
A comprehensive numerical analysis of hydrological processes in a green roof was conducted.
The substrate of the green roof demonstrated bimodal behavior.
The validated model accurately describes the hydraulic behavior of the green roof.
The soil moisture governs the performance of the green roof during precipitation.
Low‐impact developments (LIDs), such as green roofs, have proven to be valuable alternatives for stormwater management and hydrological restoration. Mechanistic models are reliable and accurate tools for analysis of the hydrologic behavior of LIDs, yet only a few studies provide a comprehensive numerical analysis of the hydrological processes involved and test their model predictions against field‐scale data. Moreover, more research is needed to determine the unsaturated hydraulic properties of the substrates used in LIDs. For these reasons, the aim of this study was to provide a comprehensive description of the hydrological behavior of an extensive green roof installed at the University of Calabria. The soil hydraulic properties were determined by using the simplified evaporation method. Both unimodal and bimodal soil hydraulic functions were used in the analysis. The estimated parameters were then used in the HYDRUS‐3D model to simulate a 2‐mo‐long period. Precipitation, irrigation, evaporation, and root water uptake processes were included in the numerical analysis. The values of 0.74 and 0.8 of the Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency index for the model predictions using unimodal and bimodal functions, respectively, confirmed the good agreement between the modeled and measured outflows. The bimodal model was able to both accurately reproduce the hydrographs in both dry and wet periods and account for daily fluctuations of soil moisture. Finally, the validated model was used to carry out a hydrological analysis of the green roof and its hydrological performance during the entire simulated period as well as during single precipitation events.
Pyrolysis of Dried Wastewater Biosolids Can Be Energy Positive
Authors: McNamara Patrick J. , Koch Jon D. , Liu Zhongzhe , Zitomer Daniel H. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT: Pyrolysis is a thermal process that converts biosolids into biochar (a soil amendment), py‐oil and py‐gas, which can be energy sources. The objectives of this research were to determine the product yield of dried biosolids during pyrolysis and the energy requirements of pyrolysis. Bench‐scale experiments revealed that temperature increases up to 500 °C substantially decreased the fraction of biochar and increased the fraction of py‐oil. Py‐gas yield increased above 500 °C. The energy required for pyrolysis was approximately 5‐fold less than the energy required to dry biosolids (depending on biosolids moisture content), indicating that, if a utility already uses energy to dry biosolids, then pyrolysis does not require a substantial amount of energy. However, if a utility produces wet biosolids, then implementing pyrolysis may be costly because of the energy required to dry the biosolids. The energy content of py‐gas and py‐oil was always greater than the energy required for pyrolysis.
Conhecer e Amar na "Carta a Albergati" de Nicolau de Cusa
Authors: Nogueira Maria Simone Marinho 
Published: August 2016

Propomos, para este artigo, apresentar a Carta de Nicolau de Cusa endereçada a Nicolau Albergati. Esta Carta é considerada por muitos uma espécie de testamento filosófico-religioso de Nicolau de Cusa, não só porque foi escrita quase no fim da sua vida, como também porque retoma muitos dos temas dos seus escritos teológico-filosóficos. Neste texto procuramos refletir as relações entre conhecer e amar, destacando, também as relações entre scientia amoris e scientia laudis.
Le Livre du ciel et du monde de Nicole Oresme : La traduction commentée comme « lieu de passage »
Authors: Lambert-Taffoureau Pauline 
Published: August 2016

Résumé Cet article examine certaines caractéristiques du Livre du ciel et du monde de Nicole Oresme (la traduction du De caelo d’Aristote qu’il effectua en 1377 à la demande de Charles V) afin de repenser les relations entre traduction et commentaire, adaptation et vulgarisation du savoir. En effet, si l’importance des gloses qui accompagnent cette traduction a été soulignée à plusieurs reprises par la critique pour le domaine de l’histoire des sciences, une analyse précise de certaines d’entre elles permettra d’envisager le texte comme un lieu de passage de la langue, de la culture et du savoir. Ce point de vue permet de montrer la profonde transformation épistémologique que subit le savoir dans le texte et de souligner à quel point Oresme révolutionne le concept de traduction.
SPECTROSCOPIC AND INTERFEROMETRIC MEASUREMENTS OF NINE K GIANT STARS
Authors: Baines Ellyn K. , Döllinger Michaela P. , Guenther Eike W. , Hatzes Artie P. , Hrudkovu Marie , Belle Gerard T. van 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present spectroscopic and interferometric measurements for a sample of nine K giant stars. These targets are of particular interest because they are slated for stellar oscillation observations. Our improved parameters will directly translate into reduced errors in the final masses for these stars when interferometric radii and asteroseismic densities are combined. Here, we determine each star’s limb-darkened angular diameter, physical radius, luminosity, bolometric flux, effective temperature, surface gravity, metallicity, and mass. When we compare our interferometric and spectroscopic results, we find no systematic offsets in the diameters and the values generally agree within the errors. Our interferometric temperatures for seven of the nine stars are hotter than those determined from spectroscopy with an average difference of about 380 K.
DEBRIS DISKS IN THE SCORPIUS–CENTAURUS OB ASSOCIATION RESOLVED BY ALMA
Authors: Lieman-Sifry Jesse , Hughes A. Meredith , Carpenter John M. , Gorti Uma , Hales Antonio , Flaherty Kevin M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a CO(2-1) and 1240 μm continuum survey of 23 debris disks with spectral types B9-G1, observed at an angular resolution of 0.″5–1″ with the Atacama Large Millimeter/Submillimeter Array (ALMA). The sample was selected for large infrared excess and age ∼10 Myr, to characterize the prevalence of molecular gas emission in young debris disks. We identify three CO-rich debris disks, plus two additional tentative (3σ) CO detections. Twenty disks were detected in the continuum at the >3σ level. For the 12 disks in the sample that are spatially resolved by our observations, we perform an independent analysis of the interferometric continuum visibilities to constrain the basic dust disk geometry, as well as a simultaneous analysis of the visibilities and broadband spectral energy distribution to constrain the characteristic grain size and disk mass. The gas-rich debris disks exhibit preferentially larger outer radii in their dust disks, and a higher prevalence of characteristic grain sizes smaller than the blowout size. The gas-rich disks do not exhibit preferentially larger dust masses, contrary to expectations for a scenario in which a higher cometary destruction rate would be expected to result in a larger mass of both CO and dust. The three debris disks in our sample with strong CO detections are all around A stars: the conditions in disks around intermediate-mass stars appear to be the most conducive to the survival or formation of CO.
SOFT X-RAY IRRADIATION OF SILICATES: IMPLICATIONS FOR DUST EVOLUTION IN PROTOPLANETARY DISKS
Authors: Ciaravella A. , Cecchi-Pestellini C. , Chen Y.-J. , Muñoz Caro G. M. , Huang C.-H. , Jiménez-Escobar A. , Venezia A. M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The processing of energetic photons on bare silicate grains was simulated experimentally on silicate films submitted to soft X-rays of energies up to 1.25 keV. The silicate material was prepared by means of a microwave assisted sol–gel technique. Its chemical composition reflects the Mg2SiO4 stoichiometry with residual impurities due to the synthesis method. The experiments were performed using the spherical grating monochromator beamline at the National Synchrotron Radiation Research Center in Taiwan. We found that soft X-ray irradiation induces structural changes that can be interpreted as an amorphization of the processed silicate material. The present results may have relevant implications in the evolution of silicate materials in X-ray-irradiated protoplanetary disks.
NEUTRINO SIGNAL OF COLLAPSE-INDUCED THERMONUCLEAR SUPERNOVAE: THE CASE FOR PROMPT BLACK HOLE FORMATION IN SN 1987A
Authors: Blum Kfir , Kushnir Doron 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Collapse-induced thermonuclear explosion (CITE) may explain core-collapse supernovae (CCSNe). We analyze the neutrino signal in CITE and compare it to the neutrino burst of SN 1987A. For strong (

erg) CCSNe, such as SN 1987A, CITE predicts a proto-neutron star (PNS) accretion phase lasting up to a few seconds that is cut off by black hole (BH) formation. The neutrino luminosity can later be revived by accretion disk emission after a dead time of a few to a few tens of seconds. In contrast, the neutrino mechanism for CCSNe predicts a short (≲s) PNS accretion phase, followed by slowly declining PNS cooling luminosity. We repeat statistical analyses used in the literature to interpret the neutrino mechanism, and apply them to CITE. The first 1–2 s of the neutrino burst are equally compatible with CITE and with the neutrino mechanism. However, the data points toward a luminosity drop at t = 2–3 s, which is in some tension with the neutrino mechanism but can be naturally attributed to BH formation in CITE. The occurrence of neutrino signal events at 5 s suggests that, within CITE, the accretion disk formed by that time. We perform two-dimensional numerical simulations showing that CITE may be able to accommodate this disk formation time while reproducing the ejected 56Ni mass and ejecta kinetic energy within factors of 2–3 of observations. We estimate the accretion disk neutrino luminosity, finding it to be on the low side but compatible with the data to a factor of 10. Given comparable uncertainties in the disk luminosity simulation, we conclude that direct BH formation may have occurred in SN 1987A.
CLOUD STRUCTURE OF GALACTIC OB CLUSTER-FORMING REGIONS FROM COMBINING GROUND- AND SPACE-BASED BOLOMETRIC OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Lin Yuxin , Liu Hauyu Baobab , Li Di , Zhi-Yu Zhang  , Ginsburg Adam , Pineda Jaime E. , Qian Lei , Galván-Madrid Roberto , McLeod Anna Faye , Rosolowsky Erik , Dale James E. , Immer Katharina , Koch Eric , Longmore Steve , Walker Daniel , Testi Leonardo 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We have developed an iterative procedure to systematically combine the millimeter and submillimeter images of OB cluster-forming molecular clouds, which were taken by ground-based (CSO, JCMT, APEX, and IRAM-30 m) and space telescopes (Herschel and Planck). For the seven luminous (

L
⊙) Galactic OB cluster-forming molecular clouds selected for our analyses, namely W49A, W43-Main, W43-South, W33, G10.6-0.4, G10.2-0.3, and G10.3-0.1, we have performed single-component, modified blackbody fits to each pixel of the combined (sub)millimeter images, and the Herschel PACS and SPIRE images at shorter wavelengths. The ∼10″ resolution dust column density and temperature maps of these sources revealed dramatically different morphologies, indicating very different modes of OB cluster-formation, or parent molecular cloud structures in different evolutionary stages. The molecular clouds W49A, W33, and G10.6-0.4 show centrally concentrated massive molecular clumps that are connected with approximately radially orientated molecular gas filaments. The W43-Main and W43-South molecular cloud complexes, which are located at the intersection of the Galactic near 3 kpc (or Scutum) arm and the Galactic bar, show a widely scattered distribution of dense molecular clumps/cores over the observed ∼10 pc spatial scale. The relatively evolved sources G10.2-0.3 and G10.3-0.1 appear to be affected by stellar feedback, and show a complicated cloud morphology embedded with abundant dense molecular clumps/cores. We find that with the high angular resolution we achieved, our visual classification of cloud morphology can be linked to the systematically derived statistical quantities (i.e., the enclosed mass profile, the column density probability distribution function (N-PDF), the two-point correlation function of column density, and the probability distribution function of clump/core separations). In particular, the massive molecular gas clumps located at the center of G10.6-0.4 and W49A, which contribute to a considerable fraction of their overall cloud masses, may be special OB cluster-forming environments as a direct consequence of global cloud collapse. These centralized massive molecular gas clumps also uniquely occupy much higher column densities than what is determined by the overall fit of power-law N-PDF. We have made efforts to archive the derived statistical quantities of individual target sources, to permit comparisons with theoretical frameworks, numerical simulations, and other observations in the future.
SPECTRO-TIMING STUDY OF GX 339-4 IN A HARD INTERMEDIATE STATE
Authors: Fürst F. , Grinberg V. , Tomsick J. A. , Bachetti M. , Boggs S. E. , Brightman M. , Christensen F. E. , Craig W. W. , Gandhi P. , Grefenstette B. , Hailey C. J. , Harrison F. A. , Madsen K. K. , Parker M. L. , Pottschmidt K. , Stern D. , Walton D. J. , Wilms J. , Zhang W. W. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present an analysis of Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array observations of a hard intermediate state of the transient black hole GX 339−4 taken in 2015 January. With the source softening significantly over the course of the 1.3 day long observation we split the data into 21 sub-sets and find that the spectrum of all of them can be well described by a power-law continuum with an additional relativistically blurred reflection component. The photon index increases from ∼1.69 to ∼1.77 over the course of the observation. The accretion disk is truncated at around nine gravitational radii in all spectra. We also perform timing analysis on the same 21 individual data sets, and find a strong type-C quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO), which increases in frequency from ∼0.68 to ∼1.05 Hz with time. The frequency change is well correlated with the softening of the spectrum. We discuss possible scenarios for the production of the QPO and calculate predicted inner radii in the relativistic precession model as well as the global disk mode oscillations model. We find discrepancies with respect to the observed values in both models unless we allow for a black hole mass of ∼100

, which is highly unlikely. We discuss possible systematic uncertainties, in particular with the measurement of the inner accretion disk radius in the relativistic reflection model. We conclude that the combination of observed QPO frequencies and inner accretion disk radii, as obtained from spectral fitting, is difficult to reconcile with current models.
THE DIMENSIONLESS AGE OF THE UNIVERSE: A RIDDLE FOR OUR TIME
Authors: Avelino Arturo , Kirshner Robert P. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the interesting coincidence of cosmology and astrophysics that points toward a dimensionless age of the Universe H
0
t
0 that is close to one. Despite cosmic deceleration for 9 Gyr and acceleration since then, we find H
0
t
0 = 0.96 ± 0.01 for the ΛCDM model that fits SN Ia data from Pan-STARRS, CMB power spectra, and baryon acoustic oscillations. Similarly, astrophysical measures of stellar ages and the Hubble constant derived from redshifts and distances point to H
0
t ∼ 1.0 ± 0.1. The wide range of possible values for H
0
t
0 realized during cosmic evolution means that we live at what appears to be a special time. This “synchronicity problem” is not precisely the same as the usual coincidence problem, because there are combinations of ΩM and ΩΛ for which the usual coincidence problem holds but for which H
0
t
0 is not close to 1.
UNDERSTANDING SOLAR TORSIONAL OSCILLATIONS FROM GLOBAL DYNAMO MODELS
Authors: Guerrero G. , Smolarkiewicz P. K. , Pino E. M. de Gouveia Dal , Kosovichev A. G. , Mansour N. N. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The phenomenon of solar “torsional oscillations” (TO) represents migratory zonal flows associated with the solar cycle. These flows are observed on the solar surface and, according to helioseismology, extend through the convection zone. We study the origin of the TO using results from a global MHD simulation of the solar interior that reproduces several of the observed characteristics of the mean-flows and magnetic fields. Our results indicate that the magnetic tension (MT) in the tachocline region is a key factor for the periodic changes in the angular momentum transport that causes the TO. The torque induced by the MT at the base of the convection zone is positive at the poles and negative at the equator. A rising MT torque at higher latitudes causes the poles to speed up, whereas a declining negative MT torque at the lower latitudes causes the equator to slow-down. These changes in the zonal flows propagate through the convection zone up to the surface. Additionally, our results suggest that it is the magnetic field at the tachocline that modulates the amplitude of the surface meridional flow rather than the opposite as assumed by flux-transport dynamo models of the solar cycle.
Selective Memory to Apoptotic Cell–Derived Self-Antigens with Implications for Systemic Lupus Erythematosus Development
Authors: Duhlin Amanda , Chen Yunying , Wermeling Fredrik , Sedimbi Saikiran K. , Lindh Emma , Shinde Rahul , Halaby Marie Jo , Kaiser Ylva , Winqvist Ola , McGaha Tracy L. , Karlsson Mikael C. I. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Autoimmune diseases are characterized by pathogenic immune responses to self-antigens. In systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), many self-antigens are found in apoptotic cells (ACs), and defects in removal of ACs from the body are linked to a risk for developing SLE. This includes pathological memory that gives rise to disease flares. In this study, we investigated how memory to AC-derived self-antigens develops and the contribution of self-memory to the development of lupus-related pathology. Multiple injections of ACs without adjuvant into wild-type mice induce a transient primary autoimmune response without apparent anti-nuclear Ab reactivity or kidney pathology. Interestingly, as the transient Ab response reached baseline, a single boost injection fully recalled the immune response to ACs, and this memory response was furthermore transferable into naive mice. Additionally, the memory response contains elements of pathogenicity, accompanied by selective memory to selective Ags. Thus, we provide evidence for a selective self-memory that underlies progression of the response to self-antigens with implications for SLE development therapy.
A Critical Role for P2X7 Receptor–Induced VCAM-1 Shedding and Neutrophil Infiltration during Acute Lung Injury
Authors: Mishra Amarjit , Guo Yujie , Zhang Li , More Sunil , Weng Tingting , Chintagari Narendranath Reddy , Huang Chaoqun , Liang Yurong , Pushparaj Samuel , Gou Deming , Breshears Melanie , Liu Lin 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Pulmonary neutrophils are the initial inflammatory cells that are recruited during lung injury and are crucial for innate immunity. However, pathological recruitment of neutrophils results in lung injury. The objective of this study is to determine whether the novel neutrophil chemoattractant, soluble VCAM-1 (sVCAM-1), recruits pathological levels of neutrophils to injury sites and amplifies lung inflammation during acute lung injury. The mice with P2X7 receptor deficiency, or treated with a P2X7 receptor inhibitor or anti–VCAM-1 Abs, were subjected to a clinically relevant two-hit LPS and mechanical ventilation–induced acute lung injury. Neutrophil infiltration and lung inflammation were measured. Neutrophil chemotactic activities were determined by a chemotaxis assay. VCAM-1 shedding and signaling pathways were assessed in isolated lung epithelial cells. Ab neutralization of sVCAM-1 or deficiency or antagonism of P2X7R reduced neutrophil infiltration and proinflammatory cytokine levels. The ligands for sVCAM-1 were increased during acute lung injury. sVCAM-1 had neutrophil chemotactic activities and activated alveolar macrophages. VCAM-1 is released into the alveolar airspace from alveolar epithelial type I cells through P2X7 receptor–mediated activation of the metalloproteinase ADAM-17. In conclusion, sVCAM-1 is a novel chemoattractant for neutrophils and an activator for alveolar macrophages. Targeting sVCAM-1 provides a therapeutic intervention that could block pathological neutrophil recruitment, without interfering with the physiological recruitment of neutrophils, thus avoiding the impairment of host defenses.