bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Capacity-based mental health legislation and its impact on clinical practice: 1) admission to hospital
Authors: Bellhouse John , Holland Anthony , Clare Isabel , Gunn Michael , Watson Peter 
Published: December 2015

<p>In this study, as capacity is ‘decision-specific’, we have assessed the capacity of men and women to make decisions about admission and treatment separately, using the Law Commission’s definition of incapacity. In this paper, we focus on a person’s capacity to consent to admission. Surprisingly, the courts in England and Wales have not directly explored the nature of the information relevant to a decision about admission to hospital. Admission without consent constitutes false imprisonment, which is both a civil tort, and a crime.</p>
Capacity-based mental health legislation and its impact on clinical practice: 2) treatment in hospital
Authors: Bellhouse John , Holland Anthony , Clare Isabel , Gunn Michael , Watson Peter 
Published: December 2015

In this paper, the second of two, we consider the capacity of those assessed with respect to their ability to consent to admission to also consent to their treatment with medication. The results of our assessment of capacity to consent to admission are described in our first paper along with the policy background to the study. In comparison to admission decisions, for treatment decisions there is an extensive body of literature and case law that provides guidance on the key principles. In English law (i.e. the law in England and Wales) the wishes of a competent adult offered treatment for a physical disorder must be respected. However, with treatment for a mental disorder the decision of a competent person to withhold consent can still be lawfully overridden using mental health legislation if the health or safety of the person concerned is at risk, or if it is necessary for the protection of others. At present for those detained under the Mental Health Act 1983 capacity has only to be considered in two situations. First, when psychosurgery or the surgical implantation of hormones to reduce male sexual drive is proposed (section 57 of the MHA), and secondly, when treatment for a physical disorder is required. However, treatment for a mental disorder has been increasingly widely defined, for example, to include forced feeding.
Sexual Predators, Extended Supervision, and Preventive Social Control: Risk Management Under the Spotlight
Authors: Brookbanks Warren J 
Published: December 2015

<p align="LEFT">The purpose of this article is to assess the legitimacy of the preventive detention model represented by New Zealand's Parole (Extended Supervision) Amendment Act 2004 in light of the legislative response to sex offenders in other jurisdictions, notably the United States and England. It is argued that the growing legislative practice of imposing administrative detention post-sentence represents a dangerous trend in criminal justice and disguises a largely undeclared agenda to isolate and demonise sex offenders as a class. It also has implications for other offender groups who may be targeted because the particular class is perceived as presenting a particular type of risk. Since the empowering legislation is often passed in haste and without due consideration of its long term impacts, it bears the hallmarks of a pre-reflective, “at least we’re doing something,” response to the problem of sex offending. It also provides a context for pretextual and sanist judicial values to operate, permitting distorted and illinformed judicial decision-making, particularly where judges’ thinking is infected by populist punitive approaches. Invariably, such legislation and the policy surrounding it, fails completely to address fundamental causal patterns underlying sex offending phenomena.</p><p align="LEFT">It is suggested that in order to address these phenomena squarely, it will be necessary to abandon the current tendency towards isolating sex offenders and refocus our energy on traditional responses of retribution, reform and rehabilitation within conventional principles of criminal process.</p>
Towards an Understanding of Supervised Community Treatment
Authors: Kinton Mat 
Published: December 2015

<p>I intend here to look at two related areas: first, the actual powers that supervised community treatment provides to clinicians, especially in relation to the administration of treatment, and, second, the relationship of SCT with the other community powers of the Mental Health Act, especially the power under s.17 to allow detained patients leave from hospital. Whether such a focus will enable us to be “sure of the thing” that is SCT is perhaps doubtful, and we obviously cannot resolve the question of how (or indeed if) the SCT regime will be operated in practice across England and Wales, but it may help us to think more clearly about the possibilities and prepare ourselves to untangle some of the knots established in the primary legislation. I will conclude with some comments on the potential numbers of patients involved and whether Scotland’s experience of community treatment orders tells us anything about the likely implementation of powers in England and Wales.</p>
Casenotes: Proper Protection and Automatic Sentences: the mandatory life sentence reconsidered
Authors: Plowden Philip 
Published: December 2015

<em><em></em></em><p align="LEFT">R v Offen, McGilliard, McKeown, Okwuegbunam</p><p align="LEFT">S [2000] 1 W.L.R. 253</p><p align="LEFT">Court of Appeal (9th November 2000). Lord Chief Justice (Lord Woolf), Steel LJ and Richards J.</p><p>Judgment of the Court given by the Lord Chief Justice</p><p align="LEFT"> </p><em></em>
Simulation of Coupled Thermal/Hydrological/Mechanical Phenomena in Porous Media
Authors: Winterfeld P. H. , Wu Yu-Shu 
Published: December 2015

SummaryFor processes such as production from low-permeability reservoirs and storage in subsurface formations, reservoir flow and the reservoir stress field are coupled and affect one another. This paper presents a thermal/hydrological/mechanical (THM) reservoir simulator that is applicable to modeling such processes. The fluid- and heat-flow portion of our simulator is for general multiphase, multicomponent, multiporosity systems. The geomechanical portion consists of an equation for mean stress, derived from linear elastic theory for a thermo-poroelastic system, and equations for stress-tensor components that depend on mean stress and other variables. The integral finite-difference method is used to solve these equations. The mean-stress and reservoir-flow variables are solved implicitly, and the remaining stress-tensor components are solved explicitly. Our simulator is verified by use of analytical solutions for stress- and strain-tensor components and is compared with published results.
Modeling Soil–Plant Dynamics: Assessing Simulation Accuracy by Comparison with Spatially Distributed Crop Yield Measurements
Authors: Manoli G. , Bonetti S. , Scudiero E. , Morari F. , Putti M. , Teatini P. 
Published: December 2015

Core Ideas
• Mechanistic soil–plant model results are compared with field‐scale crop yield data.
• Soil characterization is crucial to predict high‐resolution patterns of crop yield.
• Root growth processes must be included in large‐scale simulations.
Coupling hydrological models with plant physiology is crucial to capture the feedback mechanisms occurring within the soil–plant–atmosphere continuum. However, the ability of such models to describe the spatial variability of plant responses to different environmental factors remains to be proven, especially at large scales (field or watershed). We used an innovative three‐dimensional soil–plant model to quantify temporal and spatial variability of crop productivity at the field scale, and we assessed simulation accuracy by comparison with spatially distributed crop yield measurements. A 25‐ha field located in the Venice coastland, Italy, cultivated with a maize (Zea mays L.) crop and characterized by a highly heterogeneous soil subject to salt contamination, has been extensively studied by soil sampling, geophysical surveys, and hydrological monitoring. Based on these observations, field‐scale simulations of soil moisture dynamics coupled with plant transpiration, photosynthesis, and growth were run and compared with crop yield maps of different growing seasons. The model captured the observed crop productivity (grain yield varying between 2 and 15 Mg ha−1), but the accuracy of the predicted spatial patterns was limited by the available information on soil heterogeneities. Further model uncertainties are related to the characterization of the rooting systems and their responses to environmental factors (soil characteristics, precipitation) that were shown to be crucial to describe the effect of drought conditions on growth processes. These results demonstrate that large‐scale mechanistic simulations of soil–plant systems require a trade‐off between site characterization, model processes, and computational efficiency, offering an open challenge for future ecohydrological research.
Evaluation of the mydriatic effects of topical administration of rocuronium bromide in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis)
Authors: Petritz Olivia A. , Guzman David Sanchez-Migallon , Gustavsen Kate , Wiggans K. Tomo , Kass Philip H. , Houck Emma , Murphy Christopher J. , Paul-Murphy Joanne 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To determine the mydriatic effects of topical rocuronium bromide administration in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis) and to identify any adverse effects associated with treatment.
DESIGN Randomized crossover study.
ANIMALS 8 healthy adult Hispaniolan Amazon parrots.
PROCEDURES Rocuronium bromide (20 μL/eye; 10 mg/mL) or saline (20 μL/eye; 0.9% NaCl) solution was administered in both eyes of each bird with a 26-day washout period. The birds were manually restrained in lateral recumbency with the apex of the cornea positioned upward for 2 minutes following administration in each eye. Infrared pupillometry and direct pupillary light reflex measurements were used to evaluate the mydriatic effects. Pupillary measurements were recorded prior to administration and every 20 minutes for 2 hours after administration, then hourly for a total of 7 hours. A brief physical examination was performed, direct pupillary light reflex was tested, and fluorescein staining was performed on each eye of each bird 24 hours after administration.
RESULTS A significant difference in pupillary diameter for the active versus control treatment group was noted from 20 to 360 minutes after drug administration, but not at 420 minutes. Minimal adverse effects were noted. Three birds had transient inferior eyelid paresis noted in both eyes after receiving rocuronium; 24 hours after the treatment, no differences in ocular measurements existed between the active and control treatments.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results suggested that topical rocuronium bromide administration may be safely used for pupillary dilation in Hispaniolan Amazon parrots and could be used for clinical evaluation, fundus imaging, and surgical interventions involving the lens and posterior segment in this species.
Long-term outcomes of intradural cervical dorsal root rhizotomy for refractory occipital neuralgia
Authors: Gande Abhiram V. , Chivukula Srinivas , Moossy John J. , Rothfus William , Agarwal Vikas , Horowitz Michael B. , Gardner Paul A. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
Occipital neuralgia (ON) causes chronic pain in the cutaneous distribution of the greater and lesser occipital nerves. The long-term efficacy of cervical dorsal root rhizotomy (CDR) in the management of ON has not been well described. The authors reviewed their 14-year experience with CDR to assess pain relief and functional outcomes in patients with medically refractory ON.

METHODS
A retrospective chart review of 75 ON patients who underwent cervical dorsal root rhizotomy, from 1998 to 2012, was performed. Fifty-five patients were included because they met the International Headache Society's (IHS) diagnostic criteria for ON, responded to CT-guided nerve blocks at the C-2 dorsal nerve root, and had at least one follow-up visit. Telephone interviews were additionally used to obtain data on patient satisfaction.

RESULTS
Forty-two patients (76%) were female, and the average age at surgery was 46 years (range 16–80). Average follow up was 67 months (range 5–150). Etiologies of ON included the following: idiopathic (44%), posttraumatic (27%), postsurgical (22%), post–cerebrovascular accident (4%), postherpetic (2%), and postviral (2%). At last follow-up, 35 patients (64%) reported full pain relief, 11 (20%) partial relief, and 7 (16%) no pain relief. The extent of pain relief after CDR was not significantly associated with ON etiology (p = 0.43). Of 37 patients whose satisfaction-related data were obtained, 25 (68%) reported willingness to undergo repeat surgery for similar pain relief, while 11 (30%) reported no such willingness; a single patient (2%) did not answer this question. Twenty-one individuals (57%) reported that their activity level/functional state improved after surgery, 5 (13%) reported a decline, and 11 (30%) reported no difference. The most common acute postoperative complications were infections in 9% (n = 5) and CSF leaks in 5% (n = 3); chronic complications included neck pain/stiffness in 16% (n = 9) and upper-extremity symptoms in 5% (n = 3) such as trapezius weakness, shoulder pain, and arm paresthesias.

CONCLUSIONS
Cervical dorsal root rhizotomy provides an efficacious means for pain relief in patients with medically refractory ON. In the appropriately selected patient, it may lead to optimal outcomes with a relatively low risk of complications.
Brain magnetic resonance imaging CO2 stress testing in adolescent postconcussion syndrome
Authors: Mutch W. Alan C. , Ellis Michael J. , Ryner Lawrence N. , Ruth Graham M. , Dufault Brenden , Gregson Brian , Hall Thomas , Bunge Martin , Essig Marco 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
A neuroimaging assessment tool to visualize global and regional impairments in cerebral blood flow (CBF) and cerebrovascular responsiveness in individual patients with concussion remains elusive. Here the authors summarize the safety, feasibility, and results of brain CO2 stress testing in adolescents with postconcussion syndrome (PCS) and healthy controls.

METHODS
This study was approved by the Biomedical Research Ethics Board at the University of Manitoba. Fifteen adolescents with PCS and 17 healthy control subjects underwent anatomical MRI, pseudo-continuous arterial spin labeling MRI, and brain stress testing using controlled CO2 challenge and blood oxygen level–dependent (BOLD) MRI. Post hoc processing was performed using statistical parametric mapping to determine voxel-by-voxel regional resting CBF and cerebrovascular responsiveness of the brain to the CO2 stimulus (increase in BOLD signal) or the inverse (decrease in BOLD signal). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were generated to compare voxel counts categorized by control (0) or PCS (1).

RESULTS
Studies were well tolerated without any serious adverse events. Anatomical MRI was normal in all study participants. No differences in CO2 stimuli were seen between the 2 participant groups. No group differences in global mean CBF were detected between PCS patients and healthy controls. Patient-specific differences in mean regional CBF and CO2 BOLD responsiveness were observed in all PCS patients. The ROC curve analysis for brain regions manifesting a voxel response greater than and less than the control atlas (that is, abnormal voxel counts) produced an area under the curve of 0.87 (p < 0.0001) and 0.80 (p = 0.0003), respectively, consistent with a clinically useful predictive model.

CONCLUSIONS
Adolescent PCS is associated with patient-specific abnormalities in regional mean CBF and BOLD cerebrovascular responsiveness that occur in the setting of normal global resting CBF. Future prospective studies are warranted to examine the utility of brain MRI CO2 stress testing in the longitudinal assessment of acute sports-related concussion and PCS.
Creating reproducible thoracolumbar burst fractures in human specimens: an in vitro experiment
Authors: Oberkircher Ludwig , Schmuck Maya , Bergmann Martin , Lechler Philipp , Ruchholtz Steffen , Krüger Antonio 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
The treatment of traumatic burst fractures unaccompanied by neurological impairment remains controversial and ranges from conservative management to 360° fusion. Because of the heterogeneity of fracture types, classification systems, and treatment options, comparative biomechanical studies might help to improve our knowledge. The aim of the current study was to create a standardized fracture model to investigate burst fractures in a multisegmental setting.

METHODS
A total of 28 thoracolumbar fresh-frozen human cadaveric spines were used. The spines were dissected into segments (T11–L3). The T-11 and L-3 vertebral bodies were embedded in Technovit 3040 (cold-curing resin for surface testing and impressions). To simulate high energy, a metallic drop tower was designed. Stress risers were used to ensure comparable fractures. CT scans were acquired before and after fracture. All fractures were classified using the AO/OTA classification.

RESULTS
The preparation and embedding of the spine segments worked well. No repositioning or second embedding of the specimen, even after fracture, was required. It was possible to create single burst fractures at the L-1 level in all 28 spine segments. Among the 28 fractures there were 16 incomplete burst fractures (Type A3.1), 8 burst-split fractures (Type A3.2), and 4 complete burst fractures (Type A3.3). The differences before and after fracture for stiffness and for anterior, posterior, and central heights were all significant (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS
The ability to create reproducible burst fractures of a single vertebral body in a thoracolumbar spine segment may serve as a basis for future biomechanical studies that will provide better understanding of mechanical properties or fixation techniques.
Normalization of brain morphology after surgery in sagittal craniosynostosis
Authors: Brooks Eric D. , Yang Jenny , Beckett Joel S. , Lacadie Cheryl , Scheinost Dustin , Persing Sarah , Zellner Elizabeth G. , Oosting Devon , Keifer Cara , Friedman Hannah E. , Wyk Brent Vander , Jou Roger J. , Sun Haosi , Gary Cyril , Duncan Charles C. , Constable R. Todd , Pelphrey Kevin A. , Persing John A. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECT
Nonsyndromic craniosynostosis (NSC) is associated with significant learning disability later in life. Surgical reconstruction is typically performed before 1 year of age to correct the cranial vault morphology and to allow for normalized brain growth with the goal of improving cognitive function. Yet, no studies have assessed to what extent normalized brain growth is actually achieved. Recent advances in MRI have allowed for automated methods of objectively assessing subtle and pronounced brain morphological differences. The authors used one such technique, deformation-based morphometry (DBM) Jacobian mapping, to determine how previously treated adolescents with sagittal NSC (sNSC) significantly differ in brain anatomy compared with healthy matched controls up to 11.5 years after surgery.

METHODS
Eight adolescent patients with sNSC, previously treated via whole-vault cranioplasty at a mean age of 7 months, and 8 age- and IQ-matched control subjects without craniosynostosis (mean age for both groups = 12.3 years), underwent functional 3-T MRI. Statistically significant group tissue-volume differences were assessed using DBM, a whole-brain technique that estimates morphological differences between 2 groups at each voxel (p < 0.01). Group-wise Jacobian volume maps were generated using a spacing of 1.5 mm and a resolution of 1.05 × 1.05 × 1.05 mm3.

RESULTS
There were no significant areas of volume reduction or expansion in any brain areas in adolescents with sNSC compared with controls at a significance level of p < 0.01. At the more liberal threshold of p < 0.05, two areas of brain expansion extending anteroposteriorly in the right temporooccipital and left frontoparietal regions appeared in patients with sNSC compared with controls.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with previous reports on untreated infants with sNSC, adolescents with sNSC in this cohort had few areas of brain dysmorphology many years after surgery. This result suggests that comprehensive cranioplasty performed at an early age offers substantial brain normalization by adolescence, but also that some effects of vault constriction may still persist after treatment. Specifically, few areas of expansion in frontoparietal and temporooccipital regions may persist. Overall, data from this small cohort support the primary goal of surgery in allowing for more normalized brain growth. Larger samples, and correlating degree of normalization with cognitive performance in NSC, are warranted.
Hepatocytes as Immunological Agents
Authors: Crispe Ian N. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Hepatocytes are targeted for infection by a number of major human pathogens, including hepatitis B virus, hepatitis C virus, and malaria. However, hepatocytes are also immunological agents in their own right. In systemic immunity, they are central in the acute-phase response, which floods the circulation with defensive proteins during diverse stresses, including ischemia, physical trauma, and sepsis. Hepatocytes express a variety of innate immune receptors and, when challenged with pathogen- or damage-associated molecular patterns, can deliver cell-autonomous innate immune responses that may result in host defense or in immunopathology. Important human pathogens have evolved mechanisms to subvert these responses. Finally, hepatocytes talk directly to T cells, resulting in a bias toward immune tolerance.
Aspetti relazionali ed organizzativi delle comunità terapeutiche per adolescenti quali fattori di trattamento: validazione di uno strumento
Authors: Cristofanelli Stefania , Fassio Omar , Ferro Laura , Zennaro Alessandro 
Published: December 2015

The aim of this work is to propose a new instrument to investigate organizational characteristics in Therapeutic Communities for adolescents. Organizational Climate is considered as a specific therapeutic factor in a residential care treatment where the quality of the environment and the emotional atmosphere become essential aspects of communitarian work. In such a context, the working team is the main instrument of the treatment (educational and therapeutic). The questionnaire has been administered to 173 subjects, working in therapeutic communities for adolescents, searched in the whole of the Italian territory. The last version of the statistic, that has been carried out, enhanced 119 items.
La ricerca di processo nel decennio 1998-2007: contributo a una review critica
Authors: Manzo Stefano 
Published: December 2015

Questo studio preliminare Ã¨ un primo contributo ad una revisione critica relativa alla ricerca di processo in psicoterapia. Lo scopo del lavoro mira a comprendere in quante forme si declina la ricerca di processo, come essa si diversifica, in ragione di quali dimensioni. Attraverso una griglia costruita ad hoc, sono stati segmentati gli studi di processo (sia di processo che di processo-esito) estrapolati da 13 riviste di settore relativi al decennio 1998â€“2007. Gli obiettivi erano: a) quantificare e classificare la produzione scientifica relativa agli ultimi dieci anni; b) esplorare le principali modalitÃ che ne diversificano e organizzano il campo. Sono emersi due modelli epistemologici: il modello dâ€™analisi e quello interpretativo. Questi organizzano tre principali approcci alla ricerca sul processo che abbiamo definito: Approccio Congetturale, Sperimentale e Misto; questi sollevano differenti interrogativi riguardo alla significativitÃ , alla scelta delle unitÃ d'analisi e al rapporto tra oggetto della ricerca e metodologia adottata.