bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychiatric Hospitalization in Twins
Authors: Koskenvuo M. , Langinvainio H. , Kaprio J. , Lönnqvist J. , Tienari P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHospitalization rates of monozygotic (MZ) and dizygotic (DZ) twin pairs in Finland were compared for schizophrenia, neuroses, and alcoholism. Record-linkage of hospital records and death certificates for the years 1972-1979 was carried out for persons in the Finnish Twin Cohort (16,649 like-sexed twin pairs). The ratio of the number of observed vs that of expected concordant pairs and the ratio of concordance rates between MZ and DZ pairs were greater among males than females, and greater among young (40 years old or less) than among older pairs. The highest difference was found in schizophrenia and the lowest in neuroses. Pairwise concordance rates for schizophrenia (11.0% for MZ and 1.8% for DZ) seem to indicate great environmental influence (high proportion of discordant pairs) with apparent genetic liability (6.1-fold ratio in concordance between MZ and DZ pairs). In neurotic disorders, the difference of pairwise concordance rates between MZ and DZ pairs (6.8% vs 4.0%) was quite low, not strongly supporting a genetic hypothesis. Of the MZ pairs concordant for psychiatric hospitalization, 47% had lived together for their whole life time; of those discordant, 16% lived together. The corresponding figures for DZ pairs were 18% and 15%. The effect of intrapair relationships in disease-concordant pairs should be taken into account when evaluating the effect of genetic and environmental factors in psychiatric disorders.
Factors Contributing to a Reduction of Twin Perinatal Mortality in Singapore
Authors: TambyRaja R.L. , Ratnam S.S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA total of 204 cases of twin pregnancy occurred between 1970 and 1972 have been compared with 102 cases occurred between 1976 and 1978. During the interval of time, specialised care was instituted for the early diagnosis and management of twins. The incidence of twin pregnancy in Singapore decreased from 1:131 to 1:141 pregnancies. With a background of improved socioeconomic conditions and obstetric care, there has been a dramatic decline in perinatal mortality from 76.4 to 29 per 1000. In undiagnosed cases, the perinatal mortality of the first vs the second twin in the earlier group was 64.4 vs 93.6 per 1000. No such difference was observed in the later period, with the average birthweights of twins being significantly higher. The principles of our antenatal supervision, antenatal tocography, and management are presented and the value of early diagnosis, bedrest, and tocolytic therapy discussed. The reduced perinatal mortality and mobidity gives evidence of an improvement in prematurity and augmented intrauterine growth.
Fetoscopy in the Management of Twin Pregnancies Discordant for a Severe Abnormality
Authors: Rodeck C.H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSelective feticide by fetoscopic air embolism was carried out in six twin pregnancies complicated by discordance for a severe abnormality. In three, a previous diagnostic fetoscopy had been performed. The procedure was effective and uncomplicated in all cases. One patient is undelivered and five have delivered healthy babies, three at term and two preterm. One of the latter, delivered at 28 weeks, died of complications in the neonatal period.
Twinning Rates and Seasonal Changes in Görlitz, Germany, from 1611 to 1860
Authors: Richter J. , Miura T. , Nakamura I. , Nonaka K. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOld-age twinning rates were evaluated over a period of 250 years (1611-1860), from 80,256 parish records of baptism in a church office in Görlitz, East Germany. Two periods with high and two periods with low twinning rates were observed. Twinning rates were relatively stable in spring and fall, but varied greatly in winter and summer.
Gonadotropin Levels in Mothers Who Have Had Two Sets of DZ Twins
Authors: Martin N.G. , El Beaini J.L. , Olsen M.E. , Bhatnagar A.S. , Macourt D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSerum gonadotropin, estradiol, prolactin and alpha-1-antitrypsin levels were measured in the first four days of the menstrual cycle in 14 women who were cycling normally. FSH, and to a lesser extent LH levels, were significantly higher in a group of 8 women who had at least one set of DZ twins (6 of whom had 2 sets) than in a control group of 6 women with no DZ twins. Estradiol levels also tended to be higher in mothers of twins but there were no significant differences in prolactin or alpha-1-antitrypsin concentrations. There were no differences between the means of the two groups in age, height, weight or number of pregnancies.
Health Characteristics of Mothers of Twins
Authors: Wyshak Grace 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMothers of twins, as compared with mothers of singletons, are taller, and for a given height are heavier; they have slightly earlier menarche and menopause. Our recent studies have shown that mothers of DZ twins are at greater risk of cancer of the pancreas (but not for cancers of other sites), as well as of death due to diabetes, other endocrine diseases, and allergies. These findings are consistent with the clinical and epidemiological literature. We have also found that singleton siblings of twins are slightly heavier at birth than children born into sibships consisting of singletons only. The need for further research on the characteristics and long-term health of mothers of twins is indicated.
The Vanishing Twin
Authors: Landy Helain J. , Keith Louis , Keith Donald 
Published: July 2016

In general, it has not been recognized that many twin or multiple gestations are lost in utero early in pregnancy. Until the advent of ultrasound, the ability to document early human fetal loss in multiple gestation was difficult. However, recent reports of serial ultrasound examinations of pregnant women have documented the “disappearance” of at least one of two gestational rings. Furthermore, the number of twins observed at delivery was significantly less than the number of twin conceptions originally identified by ultrasound during the first trimester. These observations led to the concept of the “vanishing twin” [8,10,13,15,17,20,22,35,41].In order to obtain reference and personal data on this subject, we reviewed the literature and corresponded with members of the International Society for Twin Studies and obstetricians affiliated with Northwestern University Medical School, Chicago, Illinois. The nine studies that have documented this phenomenon cite “disappearance” rates ranging from 0% to 78%, depending on patient population and timing of ultrasonography [8,10,13,15,17,20,22,35,41]. Several explanations are offered: physiological mechanisms of “disappearance” (resorption or formation of a blighted ovum or fetus papyraceus), artifactual error, incomplete scanning technique, and poor quality ultrasound equipment. The only complication thus far associated with “disappearance” of a fetus is slight vaginal bleeding.
Uterine Height and Umbilical Perimeter Curves in Twin Pregnancies
Authors: Leroy B. , Lefort F. , Jeny R. 
Published: July 2016

From previous research, which gave standard curves for the evolution of uterine height and umbilical perimeter according to gestational age in the case of single pregnancies, the authors propose curves which show the variations of these two parameters in twin pregnancies.The observed differences are sufficient to allow a diagnosis of twin pregnancy as soon as the 18th week of amenorrhea.This observation is interesting because, until now, a systematic early B-scan examination has not been performed as a rule.
Testing Twin Means and Estimating Genetic Variance.Basic Methodology for the Analysis of Quantitative Twin Data
Authors: Christian Joe C. 
Published: July 2016

Twin methodology for the analysis of continuously distributed traits is presented as a guideline for initial steps in the analysis of twin data. Tests for heterogeneity of twin means and variances are reviewed along with estimates of genetic variance.Analysis of twin data appears on the surface to be a rather simple task, but investigators may well be confused by the wealth of choices available for hypothesis testing. This paper is designed to help the less experienced investigator, with perhaps a modest amount of data, begin analysis with maximum attention to testing all testable assumptions of the twin model, and using recent examples of applications of the methods.
Bibliography on Prenatal and Natal Influences in Twins
Authors: Price Bronson 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe author agrees with earlier writers that most of the differences observed in monozygotic pairs are due to unusual or extreme environmental factors acting before or during the twins' birth. Although they are typical of development in twins, these environmental factors can hardly be considered typical of development in other individuals. This point, as a review of the literature shows, is often overlooked by those who study twins in the childhood or adult age ranges. As a result the inferences drawn from twin differences are frequently mistaken, or at least quite exaggerated so far as the significance of postnatal influences in non-twins is concerned. At the same tihe, if allowance is made for the environmental biases peculiar to twin studies, the findings may be said to establish more about the importance of heredity in the medical and behavior sciences than most investigators have thought. In the author's opinion the largest single source of bias is the mutual circulation that exists during prenatal development of the majority of monozygotic pairs. Data on that circulation's difference-producing effects are reviewed and related to studies of mature twins. Effects of lateral inversions (asymmetry reversals) and of “natal” factors (chiefly conditions of delivery) are also reviewed, and methods of judging the importance of all three of the biasing conditions are outlined. Need for obtaining systematic and complete information about the natal factors is stressed.
Clastogenic Effect of TrenimonR
on in Vitro Chromosomes of Phenotypically Healthy
Subjects with Morphologically Abnormal
Caryotype
Authors: Meist Hannes 
Published: July 2016

The effect of a given concentration of
TrenimonR (6 ×
20−8 mol/1) on the
lymphocytes of 11 healthy subjects with
morphologically abnormal karyotype was analysed in
vitro. The research included 6 subjects with
balanced translocations, one of them with a
centric fusion. Of the remaining 5 subjects, 2 had
a duplication in the paracentric region, 1 showed
an inversion, and 2 had a marker
chromosome.
In the group with morphologically abnormal
chromosomes a higher sensibility to the influence
of TrenimonR was found as
compared with a control group with morphologically
normal karyotype. The subjects with an atypical
karyotype had 36 to 65% aberrations, the control
group 28%. A localization of the breaks showed no
increased aberration rates in the morphologically
abnormal chromosomes.
ABH Salivary Secretion in Twins
Authors: Callegari Sidia M. , Salzano F.M. , Peña Heloisa F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryFifty MZ and 51 same-sex DZ twins were studied for ABH salivary secretions and the amount of these substances measured in those with the same A1A2BO blood groups. Using the classical, manual inhibition test we verified: (a) Levels for the H antigen in A2and B persons similar to, but in O and A1lower than those obtained in other places; (b) Low averages for the A and B substances; (c) Mean intrapair differences for A and H, which were the double in DZ as in MZ twins, the estimated degree of genetic determination being 0.86 and 0.69 respectively; in both cases theF-ratio was significant at the 0.01 level; (d) If one discrepant family is disregarded the correlation coefficient between O parents and DZ children for the H antigen (0.48) is of the order of magnitude expected under a simple additive model of polygenic inheritance.Tests were also made using a fully automated method. The intraclass correlation coefficients thus obtained in MZ and DZ were similar to those reached using the data obtained with the classical technique. The degree of concordance arrived at by the two methods was only fair, but this may have been due to extraneous factors related to the way the samples were handled.
The History of the International Twins Association (I.T.A.)
Authors: Lavelda  , Rowe Lavona 
Published: July 2016

It is both an honor and a pleasure to stand before you today to take a small part in the First International Congress of Twin Studies.For several years, we have dreamed of someday visiting the Mendel Institute. We first became aware of Dr. Luigi Gedda's work with twins in a psychology class at the State University of Iowa, in Iowa City, Iowa, in 1954. We are here today as Ambassadors-at-large of a rather unique organization for twins - the International Twins Association, Inc.The International Twins Association, Inc (I.T.A.) was organized By and For Twins in 1932. Rev. Edward M. Clink of Silver Lake, Indiana, U.S.A. was on a tour of the United States. He encountered several sets of twins and thought that they should get together. He and his twin sister, Elsie Clink inserted an article in several newspapers requesting twins to bring a basket dinner to Center Park in Warsaw, Indiana, on Sunday, August 29, 1932. Twenty-four sets of twins were present at that first meeting.One year later, a basket dinner was served to 200 sets of twins. And by the next year, 400 doubles and 2000 onlookers were present. The 4th annual meeting in Warsaw Park in Indiana in September 1935 found more than 900 sets of twins parading before 5000 spectators. That year, many states of the union were represented.On August 1937, Fort Wayne's Trier Park in Indiana was host to 1,900 sets of twins for the 5th annual convention with 10,000 spectators. But the largest attendance, still unequalled to our knowledge, occurred the following year on August 29, 1937 when the National Twins became known as the International Twins Association, Inc. An old newsclipping states that 20,000 twins were in attendance. At this time co-officers were elected (a set pf twins holding an office to emphasiee the twin idea), and By-laws written to govern the association. The International Twins Association, Inc. (I.T.A.) conventions were held in Fort Wayne until 1939. Then the conventions moved from city to city throughout the United States, giving more twins an opportunity to learn about this unique fraternal organization.
The development of a biotin deficiency in domestic fowl given wheat-based diets
Authors: Balnave D. 
Published: July 2016

1. Studies were done of the possible development of a biotin deficiency in domestic fowl of various ages as a result of feeding with diets composed mainly of wheat, and meat-and-bone meal. The degree of deficiency was estimated from physical symptoms, liver and kidney composition and hepatic enzyme activities.2. Only a mild biotin deficiency developed in 3-week-old chickens and no adverse metabolic effects were found for chickens reared to 7 or 15 weeks of age or maintained for 9 months in lay on these diets, which were suspected of producing fatty liver and kidney disease in young chickens. At 3 weeks of age the deficiency was more severe the heavier the strain of chicken and the greater the rate of body-weight gain.3. The present results question the supposition that biotin deficiency is the sole factor responsible for the development of fatty liver and kidney syndrome in young chickens.
The contribution made by school milk to the nutrition of primary schoolchildren
Authors: Cook Judith , Altman D. G. , Jacoby Ann , Holland W. W. , Elliott A. 
Published: July 2016

1. The contribution of school milk to the nutrition of 396 Kent primary schoolchildren aged 8–11 years was assessed using information collected in a survey which included a weighed-diet record, a socio-economic questionnaire and a medical examination.2. Over half the children (59% for boys, 54% for girls) drank school milk every school day of the diet-record week.3. Children who drank school milk every school day, when compared with those not drinking it, had a significantly higher mean daily intake of liquid milk, a higher total daily intake of several important nutrients including animal protein, calcium, thiamin and riboflavin, and a diet richer in Ca and riboflavin (boys) and animal protein and Ca (girls). They were also less likely to have intakes of Ca and riboflavin below the recommended daily intakes for these nutrients (Department of Health and Social Security, 1969).4. The increased nutritional intake associated with school milk consumption was not related to any differences in height, weight, arm circumference or skinfold thickness.5. There was no evidence that school milk consumption was associated with obesity (as assessed clinically).
Effect of dietary copper deficiency in the rat on fatty acid composition of adipose tissue and desaturase activity of liver microsomes
Authors: Wahle K. W. J. , Davies N. T. 
Published: July 2016

1. Male rats were maintained from weaning to between 4 and 16 weeks of age on a semisynthetic diet which was deficient in copper.2. Methyl esters of fatty acids from adipose tissue of the rats were analysed by gas-liquid chromatography and the desaturase activity of liver microsomes, with [1-14C]stearic acid as the substrate, was determined. Liver and plasma Cu concentration, cytochromecoxidase (EC1.9.3.1) activity and caeruloplasmin activity were determined as indices of Cu status.3. Cu deficiency was associated with decreased mono-unsaturated: saturated ratios for C16and C18fatty acids from subcutaneous adipose tissue and decreased desaturase activity for liver microsomes. When Cu-deficient rats were given free access to the Cu-adequate diet or were injected intraperitoneally with an aqueous solution of CuSO4, that is, when the animals were repleted with Cu, the indices of Cu status, and desaturase activity for liver microsomes returned to values found in control animals.4. When Cu or a Cu-chelator (Neocuproine) was added to microsomes, there was no effect on the activity of the desaturase enzyme system; the stability of the desaturase was not affected by Cu.5. These results are indicative of an involvement of Cu in the desaturase reaction. It is suggested that the site of this involvement could be the terminal component of the microsomal electron transport chain.
The sequential feeding of growing chickens
Authors: Gous R. M. , Du Preez J. J. 
Published: July 2016

1. Male chickens, 1 week old, were fed alternately for 6 or 12 h periods with diets complementary in their amino acid composition. The isonitrogenous, isoenergetic diets were based on fish meal or sunflower meal as the sole source of protein, or fish meal–sunflower meal (40:60, w/w); each diet contained 120 g crude protein/kg. Other groups of chickens were given these diets ad lib.Net protein utilization (NPU) values obtained after a 1-week experimental period indicated that sequential feeding for both 6 and 12 h resulted in significantly improved responses compared with chickens given the same diets ad lib. These results suggested that the two protein sources, although provided at separate times, could complement each other.2. In certain treatments there was a 6 or 12 h fasting period between feeding periods to reduce the effect of nutrients from the previous period.3. For alternate feeding and fasting periods of 6 h with the combined diet, food intake and gain in body-weight were both significantly reduced compared with the corresponding values for the combined diet fed ad lib. The NPU value was virtually the same for both treatments. For 12 h periods of alternate feeding and fasting the gain in body-weight was only just significantly lower than that for the control group (combined diet fed ad lib.), but the NPU value was highly significantly better than that for the control group.4. For the treatments which included 6 and 12 h fasting periods between the two singleprotein diets, the food intake and gain in body-weight were significantly lower compared with the treatment groups given alternate feeding and fasting periods of either 6 or 12 h with the combined diet. The NPU values for the two groups given 12 h alternate feeding and fasting periods differed significantly, whereas the NPU values for the two groups given 6 h feeding and fasting periods were the same.
Absorption of L-histidine and glucose from the jejunum segment of the pig and its diurnal fluctuation
Authors: Furuya S. , Takahashi S. 
Published: July 2016

1. Flow rate of digesta and its components in the upper jejunum, and the absorption of L-histidine and glucose from the jejunum segment were measured in pigs fitted with three simple cannulas. The pigs were fed once daily at 08.30 hours.2. A maximum flow of digesta was obtained in the period 10.00–10.30 hours; the flow rate decreased with time after feeding, reaching a minimum in the period 22.00–22.30 hours.3. The absorption rate for L-histidine and glucose increased in a hyperbolic manner with increasing concentrations of infused test material, which ranged from 2.5 to 20 g/l for each material.4. L-histidine and glucose were absorbed nearly independently when perfused in combination. The absorption rates for glucose were significantly (P< 0.01) greater than the corresponding rates for L-histidine at each concentration of infusate.5. The absorption of both L-histidine and glucose expressed as a percentage of the amounts in the perfusate decreased with increasing flow rate of perfusate, from 400 to 800 ml/h. The increase in flow rate from 400 to 800 ml/h was associated with a 20% increase in L-histidine absorption rate; there was a 30% increase in glucose absorption rate when the flow rate was increased to 600 ml/h, but no further increase at 800 ml/h.6. The absorption of both L-histidine and glucose decreased with time after feeding; the absorption rates for L-histidine and glucose measured for the period 10.00–10.30 hours were 126 and 133%, respectively, of those measured for the period 22.00–22.30 hours.
Metabolism of ε-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L-lysine in the rat
Authors: Raczyński G. , Snochowski M. , Buraczewski S. 
Published: July 2016

1. A study was made of the metabolism of ɛ-(γ-L-glutamyl)-L[4, 5-3H]lysine (GL) in the rat.2. The compound was largely absorbed from the intestine and metabolized. Labelled lysine was incorporated into blood proteins.3. In an in vitro experiment with everted sacs of rat small intestine, GL passed through the intestinal wall unchanged.4. The results of comparative tests using homogenates of different body tissues indicated that the kidneys were particularly active in hydrolysing GL. Their activity was nine times greater than that of the liver and eighteen times greater than that of the small intestine.
The effects of dietary calcium and phosphorus on the retention and excretion of lead in rats
Authors: Quarterman J. , Morrison J. N. 
Published: July 2016

1. Rats were given diets containing different amounts of calcium, phosphorus and lead.2. Pb retention was greatly increased when the diets contained less Ca or P than the minimum estimated requirement of the rat.3. The release of Pb already incorporated into the skeleton was inhibited by diets low in Ca but was not affected by diets low in P.4. The retention of Pb given intraperitoneally was not affected by dietary Ca or P.5. It can be concluded that dietary Ca and P influence the absorption of Pb by the gut and dietary Ca influences the metabolism of Pb in the bone.6. There were changes in the distribution of Pb among the tissues due to changes of dietary Ca.7. At low body concentrations, Pb probably affected skeletal growth.