bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How will SOA change in the future?
Authors: Lin Guangxing , Penner Joyce E. , Zhou Cheng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSecondary organic aerosol (SOA) plays a significant role in the Earth system by altering its radiative balance. Here we use an Earth system model coupled with an explicit SOA formation module to estimate the response of SOA concentrations to changes in climate, anthropogenic emissions, and human land use in the future. We find that climate change is the major driver for SOA change under the representative concentration pathways for the 8.5 future scenario. Climate change increases isoprene emission rate by 18% with the effect of temperature increases outweighing that of the CO2 inhibition effect. Annual mean global SOA mass is increased by 25% as a result of climate change. However, anthropogenic emissions and land use change decrease SOA. The net effect is that future global SOA burden in 2100 is nearly the same as that of the present day. The SOA concentrations over the Northern Hemisphere are predicted to decline in the future due to the control of sulfur emissions.
Observational evidence for a negative shortwave cloud feedback in middle to high latitudes
Authors: Ceppi Paulo , McCoy Daniel T. , Hartmann Dennis L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractExploiting the observed robust relationships between temperature and optical depth in extratropical clouds, we calculate the shortwave cloud feedback from historical data, by regressing observed and modeled cloud property histograms onto local temperature in middle to high southern latitudes. In this region, all CMIP5 models and observational data sets predict a negative cloud feedback, mainly driven by optical thickening. Between 45° and 60°S, the mean observed shortwave feedback (−0.91 ± 0.82 W m−2 K−1, relative to local rather than global mean warming) is very close to the multimodel mean feedback in RCP8.5 (−0.98 W m−2 K−1), despite differences in the meridional structure. In models, historical temperature‐cloud property relationships reliably predict the forced RCP8.5 response. Because simple theory predicts this optical thickening with warming, and cloud amount changes are relatively small, we conclude that the shortwave cloud feedback is very likely negative in the real world at middle to high latitudes.
Extreme energetic electron fluxes in low Earth orbit: Analysis of POES E > 30, E > 100, and E > 300 keV electrons
Authors: Meredith Nigel P. , Horne Richard B. , Isles John D. , Green Janet C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEnergetic electrons are an important space weather hazard. Electrons with energies less than about 100 keV cause surface charging, while higher‐energy electrons can penetrate materials and cause internal charging. In this study we conduct an extreme value analysis of the maximum 3‐hourly flux of E > 30 keV, E > 100 keV, and E > 300 keV electrons in low Earth orbit as a function of L∗, for geomagnetic field lines that map to the outer radiation belt, using data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Polar Operational Environmental Satellites (POES) from July 1998 to June 2014. The 1 in 10 year flux of E > 30 keV electrons shows a general increasing trend with distance ranging from 1.8 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=3.0 to 6.6 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=8.0. The 1 in 10 year flux of E > 100 keV electrons peaks at L∗=4.5–5.0 at 1.9 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 decreasing to minima of 7.1 × 106 and 8.7 × 106 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=3.0 and 8.0, respectively. In contrast to the E > 30 keV electrons, the 1 in 10 year flux of E > 300 keV electrons shows a general decreasing trend with distance, ranging from 2.4 × 106 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=3.0 to 1.2 × 105 cm−2 s−1 sr−1 at L∗=8.0. Our analysis suggests that there is a limit to the E > 30 keV electrons with an upper bound in the range 5.1 × 107 to 8.8 × 107 cm−2 s−1 sr−1. However, the results suggest that there is no upper bound for the E > 100 keV and E > 300 keV electrons.
Evaluating geothermal and hydrogeologic controls on regional groundwater temperature distribution
Authors: Burns Erick R. , Ingebritsen Steven E. , Manga Michael , Williams Colin F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA one‐dimensional (1‐D) analytic solution is developed for heat transport through an aquifer system where the vertical temperature profile in the aquifer is nearly uniform. The general anisotropic form of the viscous heat generation term is developed for use in groundwater flow simulations. The 1‐D solution is extended to more complex geometries by solving the equation for piece‐wise linear or uniform properties and boundary conditions. A moderately complex example, the Eastern Snake River Plain (ESRP), is analyzed to demonstrate the use of the analytic solution for identifying important physical processes. For example, it is shown that viscous heating is variably important and that heat conduction to the land surface is a primary control on the distribution of aquifer and spring temperatures. Use of published values for all aquifer and thermal properties results in a reasonable match between simulated and measured groundwater temperatures over most of the 300 km length of the ESRP, except for geothermal heat flow into the base of the aquifer within 20 km of the Yellowstone hotspot. Previous basal heat flow measurements (∼110 mW/m2) made beneath the ESRP aquifer were collected at distances of >50 km from the Yellowstone Plateau, but a higher basal heat flow of 150 mW/m2 is required to match groundwater temperatures near the Plateau. The ESRP example demonstrates how the new tool can be used during preliminary analysis of a groundwater system, allowing efficient identification of the important physical processes that must be represented during more‐complex 2‐D and 3‐D simulations of combined groundwater and heat flow.
Error modeling of DEMs from topographic surveys of rivers using fuzzy inference systems
Authors: Bangen Sara , Hensleigh James , McHugh Peter , Wheaton Joseph 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDigital elevation models (DEMs) have become common place in the earth sciences as a tool to characterize surface topography and set modeling boundary conditions. All DEMs have a degree of inherent error that is propagated to subsequent models and analyses. While previous research has shown that DEM error is spatially variable it is often represented as spatially uniform for analytical simplicity. Fuzzy inference systems (FIS) offer a tractable approach for modeling spatially variable DEM error, including flexibility in the number of inputs and calibration of outputs based on survey technique and modeling environment. We compare three FIS error models for DEMs derived from TS surveys of wadeable streams and test them at 34 sites in the Columbia River basin. The models differ in complexity regarding the number/type of inputs and degree of site‐specific parameterization. A 2‐input FIS uses inputs derived from the topographic point cloud (slope, point density). A 4‐input FIS adds interpolation error and 3‐D point quality. The 5‐input FIS adds bed‐surface roughness estimates. Both the 4 and 5‐input FIS model output were parameterized to site‐specific values. In the wetted channel we found (i) the 5‐input FIS resulted in lower mean δz due to including roughness, and (ii) the 4 and 5‐input FIS resulted in a higher standard deviation and maximum δz due to the inclusion of site‐specific bank heights. All three FIS gave plausible estimates of DEM error, with the two more complicated models offering an improvement in the ability to detect spatially localized areas of DEM uncertainty.
Different controls of tropical cyclone activity in the Eastern Pacific for two types of El Niño
Authors: Boucharel Julien , Jin Fei‐Fei , Lin I. I. , Huang Hsiao‐Ching , England Matthew H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is known to have different modes of expression, characterized by different dynamics and spatial anomalies patterns: the Eastern Pacific (EP) and Central Pacific (CP) El Niño. The main region of influence of the former is located in the Eastern Pacific, while CP events have a stronger signature of ocean/climate anomalies in the Central West Pacific. This leads to distinctive oceanic and atmospheric signatures that likely have different influences on tropical cyclone (TC) activity in the Eastern Pacific, the second most active region in the world. In this study we investigate the respective role of oceanic and atmospheric conditions on TC formation and intensification in the Eastern Pacific associated with these two flavors of ENSO. We find that the oceanic control, through meridional redistribution of subsurface heat, is the main driver of TC activity during the hurricane season following EP events. In contrast, atmospheric conditions tend to be destructive to TC intensification after those events. The altered atmospheric circulation, in particular the reduction of vertical wind shear and the increase in relative humidity, tends to be more influential in controlling TC activity post CP events. However, unlike for subsurface heat, these changes in atmospheric conditions are not statistically distinct between these two ENSO flavors—although they are consistent across all atmospheric data sets tested. Overall, unlike after EP El Niño events, the hurricane season activity following a CP event is not significantly different from neutral or even La Niña years.
Ocean temperature thresholds for Last Interglacial West Antarctic Ice Sheet collapse
Authors: Sutter Johannes , Gierz Paul , Grosfeld Klaus , Thoma Malte , Lohmann Gerrit 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe West Antarctic Ice Sheet (WAIS) is considered the major contributor to global sea level rise in the Last Interglacial (LIG) and potentially in the future. Exposed fossil reef terraces suggest sea levels in excess of 7 m in the last warm era, of which probably not much more than 2 m are considered to originate from melting of the Greenland Ice Sheet. We simulate the evolution of the Antarctic Ice Sheet during the LIG with a 3‐D thermomechanical ice sheet model forced by an atmosphere‐ocean general circulation model (AOGCM). Our results show that high LIG sea levels cannot be reproduced with the atmosphere‐ocean forcing delivered by current AOGCMs. However, when taking reconstructed Southern Ocean temperature anomalies of several degrees, sensitivity studies indicate a Southern Ocean temperature anomaly threshold for total WAIS collapse of 2–3°C, accounting for a sea level rise of 3–4 m during the LIG. Potential future Antarctic Ice Sheet dynamics range from a moderate retreat to a complete collapse, depending on rate and amplitude of warming.
Passivity‐based adaptive 3D visual servoing without depth and image velocity measurements for uncertain robot manipulators
Authors: Leite Antonio C. , Lizarralde Fernando 
Published: January 2016

SummaryIn this work, we consider the 3D visual tracking problem for a robot manipulator with uncertainties in the kinematic and dynamic models. The visual feedback is provided by a fixed and uncalibrated camera located above the robot workspace. The Cartesian motion of the robot end effector can be separated into a 1D motion parallel to the optical axis of the camera and a 2D motion constrained on a plane orthogonal to this axis. Thus, the control design can be simplified, and the overall visual servoing system can be partitioned in two almost‐independent subsystems. Adaptive visual servoing schemes, based on a kinematic approach, are developed for image‐based look‐and‐move systems allowing for both depth and planar tracking of a reference trajectory, without using image velocity and depth measurements. In order to include the uncertain robot kinematics and dynamics in the presented solution, we develop a cascade control strategy based on an indirect/direct adaptive method. The stability and convergence properties are analyzed in terms of Lyapunov‐like functions and the passivity‐based formalism. Numerical simulations including hardware‐in‐the‐loop results, obtained with a robot manipulator and a web camera, are presented to illustrate the performance and feasibility of the proposed control scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Assessment of cardiovascular disease risk factors in a genetically homogenous population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the United States: A pilot study
Authors: Vazquez‐Vidal Itzel , Chittoor Geetha , Laston Sandra , Puppala Sobha , Kayani Zeeba , Mody Kaizeen , Comuzzie Anthony G. , Cole Shelley A. , Voruganti V. Saroja 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveGenetically isolated and homogenous populations are ideal for detecting genes underlying common complex diseases. The use of isolated populations with reduced disease heterogeneity has led to significant gene discoveries in the past. The aim of this pilot study was to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk phenotypes in a genetically homogenous population of Parsi Zoroastrians in the United States.MethodsAnthropometrics, blood pressure, and medical history were collected from 152 men and 186 women participating in a pilot study as part of the Parsi Family Study. The relative pairs used in the study included 60 parent–off springs, 28 siblings, 6 grandparent–grandchild, 7 avuncular, 18 half‐siblings, 7 half‐avuncular, and one half‐first cousin. Estimates of genetic and environmental influence were calculated using a maximum likelihood‐based variance components method implemented in SOLAR.ResultsThe prevalence of overweight/obesity in adults (62%) was on par with current US prevalence. Hypertension and prehypertension were prevalent in 16% and 46% of the participants, respectively. The quantitative genetic analysis revealed significant heritabilities for all anthropometric phenotypes (P < 0.05). Significant phenotypic correlations were found between blood pressure and anthropometric phenotypes (P < 0.001), whereas significant genetic correlation was found for only diastolic blood pressure and fat free mass (rhoG = −0.88, P < 0.05).ConclusionThese preliminary data show significant additive genetic effects on CVD‐related phenotypes in this population. Our findings represent the first epidemiological data in Parsi Zoroastrians in the United States and offer excellent promise for future genetic studies in this population. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:440–443, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
An m‐phenylenediamine‐based benzoxazine with favorable processability and its high‐performance thermoset
Authors: Ren Shitong , Yang Xin , Zhao Xiaojuan , Zhang Ying , Huang Wei 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTA novel aromatic diamine‐based benzoxazine (P‐mPDA) is successfully synthesized from m‐phenylenediamine (m‐PDA), 2‐hydroxybenzaldehyde, and formaldehyde. The polymerization behavior of P‐mPDA and the properties of its thermoset are studied. The results indicate that P‐mPDA owns favorable processability including low polymerization temperature, low liquefying temperature, and wide processing window. Even lower polymerization temperature (polymerization onset temperature as low as 80 °C) can be achieved by the promotion of catalysts. The ring‐opening polymerization of P‐mPDA first generates polybenzoxazine with N, O‐acetal‐type structure and arylamine Mannich‐type structure, following which rearrangement from N, O‐acetal‐type structure to phenolic Mannich‐type structure proceeds at elevated temperature. Furthermore, the polymerized P‐mPDA shows outstanding performance such as extremely high glass transition temperature (Tg) of 280 °C, high char yield above 53% at 800 °C under nitrogen and excellent mechanical property. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43368.
Stability Robustness of Closed‐Loop Systems in Angular Metrics
Authors: Liu Bin , Li Wei , Zhang Lingchuan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractH∞‐norm is widely used in the analysis and synthesis of robust control, a field which continues to flourish and develop. However, H∞‐norm can only be used to measure the distance between two stable systems, not unstable systems. Sometimes, it is not appropriate to measure the gap between two systems. In this paper, a new metric, angular metric, defined in linear spaces of real rational matrices, is used to measure the distance of two systems with different dimensions. It is also used to measure the uncertainties and describe the performance specifications of the robust control system. In the framework of this metric, the robust stability margin is proposed to characterize the stability robustness of the closed‐loop system. When both the plant and the controller have uncertainties simultaneously, we introduce structural robust stability and prove the necessary and sufficient conditions of the robust stability of the feedback control system.
Quantitative assessment of the association between Fas/FasL gene polymorphism and susceptibility to esophageal carcinoma in a north Chinese population
Authors: Zhang Meijuan , Wu Cuiping , Li Baohuan , Du Wenjun , Zhang Chuanzhen , Chen Ziping 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe case–control study aims to investigate the association of Fas and FasL genetic polymorphisms (Fas‐670A/G (rs1800682), Fas‐1377G/A (rs2234767) and FasL‐844T/C (rs763110)) with esophageal carcinoma susceptibility in a north Chinese population. A total of 204 patients with esophageal carcinoma and 248 healthy controls were enrolled from Henan, China and genotyped by the polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism method. There were no significant differences in distributions of their genotypes frequencies between patients and controls in Fas‐670A/G, Fas‐1377G/A and FasL‐844T/C polymorphisms (P > 0.05). Stratified analysis showed that no significant association was found between esophageal carcinoma and gene polymorphisms of Fas‐670 A/G, Fas‐1377G/A, and FasL‐844T/C (P > 0.05). Genetic polymorphisms in the death pathway genes Fas and FasL were not associated with risk of developing esophageal carcinoma in a north Chinese population.
Late diagnosis of odontogenic sinusitis with near‐fatal outcome – a case report
Authors: Stevens Elizabeth M. , Frendø Martin , von Buchwald Christian 
Published: January 2016

Key Clinical MessageSubdural empyema is a rare but potentially life‐threatening complication to sinusitis. Awareness of infection and early diagnosis is of the essence when dealing with a putatively immunosuppressed patient. Furthermore, patients at increased risk of infections due to immunosuppression need to be fully informed of risks associated with their treatment.
α‐Amino Acid‐Isosteric α‐Amino Tetrazoles
Authors: Zhao Ting , Kurpiewska Katarzyna , Kalinowska‐Tłuścik Justyna , Herdtweck Eberhardt , Dömling Alexander 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of all 20 common natural proteinogenic and 4 otherα‐amino acid‐isosteric α‐amino tetrazoles has been accomplished, whereby the carboxyl group is replaced by the isosteric 5‐tetrazolyl group. The short process involves the use of the key Ugi tetrazole reaction followed by deprotection chemistries. The tetrazole group is bioisosteric to the carboxylic acid and is widely used in medicinal chemistry and drug design. Surprisingly, several of the common α‐amino acid‐isosteric α‐amino tetrazoles are unknown up to now. Therefore a rapid synthetic access to this compound class and non‐natural derivatives is of high interest to advance the field.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation of Praseodymium Fluorides: A Combined Matrix‐Isolation and Quantum‐Chemical Study.
Authors: Vent‐Schmidt Thomas , Riedel Sebastian 
Published: January 2016

AbstractReaction products of laser‐ablated praseodymium atoms with fluorine in excess neon, argon, krypton, or neat fluorine at 4—10 K are investigated by IR spectroscopy and quantum chemical DFT and coupled‐cluster calculations.
ChemInform Abstract: Investigation on the Upconversion Luminescence of Sr3AlO4F:Yb3+, Er3+, Ho3+ Phosphors.
Authors: Zhang Jia , Zhai Zhangyin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSr3AlO4F:5%Yb3+,xEr3+,yHo 3+ (x = 0—1%, y = 0—1%) powder samples are prepared by calcination of stoichiometric amounts of SrCO3, SrF2, Al2O3, and lanthanoide oxides (1.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Structural Characterization of Ammonio/Hydroxo Undecachloro‐closo‐Dodecaborates [B12Cl11NH3]‐/ [B12Cl11OH]2‐ and Their Derivatives.
Authors: Zhang Yuanbin , Liu Jiyong , Duttwyler Simon 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe [B12Cl11NH3]‐ anion in (IV) and [B12Cl11OH]2‐ in (VIII) are prepared by chlorination of the corresponding hydride precursors with SO2Cl2 instead of SbCl5 or gaseous Cl2.
ChemInform Abstract: Jahn—Teller Effect in the B12F12 Radical Anion and Energetic Preference of an Octahedral B6(BF2)6 Cluster Structure over an Icosahedral Structure for the Elusive Neutral B12F12.
Authors: Malischewski Moritz , Bukovsky Eric V. , Strauss Steven H. , Seppelt Konrad 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe crystal structures of compounds (V) and (VI) are determined by single crystal XRD.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidative Dimerization of Silylallenes via Activation of the Allenic C(sp2)—H Bond Catalyzed by Copper(I) Chloride and N‐Hydroxyphthalimide.
Authors: Sabbasani Venkata R. , Lee Daesung 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAn efficient procedure is elaborated for the oxidative dimerization of silylallenes (I), (III), and (V).
ChemInform Abstract: Fluorous Bispidine: A Bifunctional Reagent for Copper‐Catalyzed Oxidation and Knoevenagel Condensation Reactions in Water.
Authors: Ang Wei Jie , Chng Yong Sheng , Lam Yulin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFluorous bispidines are prepared and used as ligands and proton sponges in aerobic oxidation, Knoevenagel condensation, and tandem oxidation/Knoevenagel condensation.
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Baeyer—Villiger Oxidation of Cyclic Ketones: Conventional versus Microwave‐Assisted Approach.
Authors: Randino Rosario , Cini Elena , D'Ursi Anna Maria , Novellino Ettore , Rodriquez Manuela 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis microwave‐assisted oxidation procedure significantly reduces the reaction time compared to conventional conditions (room temperature, 5 days) and provides the target lactones in excellent yields.
ChemInform Abstract: A Half Sandwich Ruthenium(II) Complex with N‐4,6‐Dimethyl‐2‐pyrimidinylimidazole: Synthesis, Crystal Structure and Application in N‐Alkylation of Amines with Alcohols.
Authors: Li Hong‐Mei , Xu Chen , Wang Zhi‐Qiang , Fu Wei‐Jun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA new half sandwich Ru(II) complex (RUC) is synthesized and shown to be an efficient catalyst for the N‐Alkylation of amines with alcohols.
ChemInform Abstract: One‐Step Synthesis of Nitriles from Acids, Esters and Amides Using DIBAL‐H and Ammonium Chloride.
Authors: Wojtkielewicz Agnieszka , Lotowski Zenon , Morzycki Jacek W. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe new aminoalane reagent, in situ prepared from DIBAL‐H and NH4Cl, reacts cleanly with aliphatic carboxylic acids, esters and amides as well as lactones to the corresponding nitriles while benzoic acids and esters give a significant amount of corresponding amides.
ChemInform Abstract: Chemoselective Alkylations with N‐ and C‐Metalated Nitriles.
Authors: Yang Xun , Nath Dinesh , Fleming Fraser F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe reaction of N‐lithiated cyclohexanecarbonitrile with bifunctional electrophiles or a 1:1 mixture of methyl cyanoformate and benzyl bromide proceeds chemoselectively to afford 1‐alkylated cyclohexanecarbonitriles (III), (VI), and (XI), whilst the reaction of C‐magnesiated nitriles gives rise to 1‐acylated products such as (IV), (VIII), and (XII).
ChemInform Abstract: Unexpected Mild Protection of Alcohols as 2‐O‐THF and 2‐O‐THP Ethers Catalyzed by Cp2TiCl Reveal an Intriguing Role of the Solvent in the Single‐Electron Transfer Reaction.
Authors: Duran‐Pena Maria Jesus , Botubol‐Ares Jose Manuel , Hanson James R. , Hernandez‐Galan Rosario , Collado Isidro G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA radical mechanism is proposed for these transformations catalyzed by a low valent Ti(III) system.