bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Treatment of Regulatory Convergence in Preferential Trade Agreements
Authors: POLANCO LAZO RODRIGO , SAUVÉ PIERRE 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article explores the concept of ‘regulatory convergence’ in the context of the evolving literature on legal convergence and divergence. Such a concept has emerged as an overarching horizontal discipline in the latest generation of preferential trade agreements and aims to reduce unnecessary regulatory incompatibilities between countries in order to facilitate cross-border trade and investment.Differing approaches to regulatory convergence found in recently concluded PTAs, or are currently under negotiation, are examined, with a special focus on the ‘regulatory cooperation’ approach embedded in CETA, the path of ‘regulatory improvement’ taken by members of the Pacific Alliance, and the ‘regulatory coherence’ track included in the TPP. We also refer to the TTIP negotiations conducted between the EU and the US.The article offers a broad understanding of the different ways in which regulatory convergence is implemented across PTAs, and the legal complexities resulting from the ambiguity of the concept. It further describes the scope and effects of the different mechanisms used to achieve regulatory convergence, on both substantive and procedural matters.
Examining cancer survivorship trajectories: Exploring the intersection between qualitative illness narratives and quantitative screening instruments
Authors: Ratcliff Chelsea , Naik Aanand D. , Martin Lindsey Ann , Moye Jennifer 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveThis article examines the associations of quantitatively refined trajectories of adjustment to cancer survivorship determined by previously published qualitative narrative analysis.MethodPatients completed measures of cancer-related worry (Cancer Related Worries Scale), depression (Patient Health Questionnaire-9), posttraumatic growth (Benefit Finding Scale), and open-ended survey questions 6, 12, and 18 months postdiagnosis of head and neck, esophageal, gastric, or colorectal cancer. Previously published narrative analysis revealed five distinct survivorship “paths,” which were combined into four paths in the present article: Moving On, Seeing the World Differently, Taking One Day at a Time, and Never the Same. To determine the association of qualitatively determined paths with quantitatively assessed adjustment (i.e., Cancer Related Worries Scale, Patient Health Questionnaire-9, Benefit Finding Scale), we used linear multilevel modeling to regress the adjustment variables on time, path, the time-by-path interaction, and relevant covariates (age, stage, cancer site, ethnicity, and Deyo score).ResultsThere was a significant main effect of path on cancer worry, depression, and posttraumatic growth (p< 0.02 for all). Patients in the Moving On group reported consistently low worry, depression, and growth compared to the other groups. Patients in the Seeing the World Differently and Taking One Day at a Time paths both reported moderate worry and depression; but those in the Seeing the World Differently path reported the highest posttraumatic growth, whereas patients in the Taking One Day at a Time path reported little growth. Finally, patients in the Never the Same path reported the highest worry and depression but lowest posttraumatic growth.Significance of resultsThis longitudinal study reinforces the notion that cancer survivorship is not a one-size-fits-all experience nor a dichotomized experience of “distress” or “no distress.” Additionally, this hypothesis-generating study suggests future directions for potential self-report measures to help clinicians identify cancer survivors’ trajectory to develop a more patient-centered survivorship care plan.
Replication-dependent size reduction precedes differentiation in Chlamydia trachomatis
Authors: Lee Jennifer K. , Enciso Germán A. , Boassa Daniela , Chander Christopher N. , Lou Tracy H. , Pairawan Sean S. , Guo Melody C. , Wan Frederic Y. M. , Ellisman Mark H. , Sütterlin Christine , Tan Ming 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChlamydiatrachomatis is the most common cause of bacterial sexually transmitted infection. It produces an unusual intracellular infection in which a vegetative form, called the reticulate body (RB), replicates and then converts into an elementary body (EB), which is the infectious form. Here we use quantitative three-dimensional electron microscopy (3D EM) to show that C. trachomatis RBs divide by binary fission and undergo a sixfold reduction in size as the population expands. Conversion only occurs after at least six rounds of replication, and correlates with smaller RB size. These results suggest that RBs only convert into EBs below a size threshold, reached by repeatedly dividing before doubling in size. A stochastic mathematical model shows how replication-dependent RB size reduction produces delayed and asynchronous conversion, which are hallmarks of the Chlamydia developmental cycle. Our findings support a model in which RB size controls the timing of RB-to-EB conversion without the need for an external signal.
Role of outer surface probes for regulating ion gating of nanochannels
Authors: Li Xinchun , Zhai Tianyou , Gao Pengcheng , Cheng Hongli , Hou Ruizuo , Lou Xiaoding , Xia Fan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNanochannels with functional elements have shown promise for DNA sequencing, single-molecule sensing, and ion gating. Ionic current measurement is currently a benchmark, but is focused solely on the contribution from nanochannels’ inner-wall functional elements (NIWFE); the attributes of functional elements at nanochannels’ outer surface (NOSFE) are nearly ignored, and remain elusive. Here we show that the role of NOSFE and NIWFE for ion gating can be distinguished by constructing DNA architectures using dual-current readout. The established molecular switches have continuously tunable and reversible ion-gating ability. We find that NOSFE exhibits negligible ion-gating behavior, but it can produce a synergistic effect in alliance with NIWFE. Moreover, the high-efficiency gating systems display more noticeable synergistic effect than the low-efficiency ones. We also reveal that the probe amount of NOSFE and NIWFE is almost equally distributed in our biomimetic nanochannels, which is potentially a premise for the synergistic ion-gating phenomena.
Transient rotation of photospheric vector magnetic fields associated with a solar flare
Authors: Xu Yan , Cao Wenda , Ahn Kwangsu , Jing Ju , Liu Chang , Chae Jongchul , Huang Nengyi , Deng Na , Gary Dale E. , Wang Haimin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAs one of the most violent eruptions on the Sun, flares are believed to be powered by magnetic reconnection. The fundamental physics involving the release, transfer, and deposition of energy have been studied extensively. Taking advantage of the unprecedented resolution provided by the 1.6 m Goode Solar Telescope, here, we show a sudden rotation of vector magnetic fields, about 12–20° counterclockwise, associated with a flare. Unlike the permanent changes reported previously, the azimuth-angle change is transient and cospatial/temporal with Hα emission. The measured azimuth angle becomes closer to that in potential fields suggesting untwist of flare loops. The magnetograms were obtained in the near infrared at 1.56 μm, which is minimally affected by flare emission and no intensity profile change was detected. We believe that these transient changes are real and discuss the possible explanations in which the high-energy electron beams or Alfve′n waves play a crucial role.
Inferring giant planets from ALMA millimeter continuum and line observations in (transition) disks
Authors: Facchini S. , Pinilla P. , van Dishoeck E. F. , de Juan Ovelar M. 
Published: December 2017

Context. Radial gaps or cavities in the continuum emission in the IR-mm wavelength range are potential signatures of protoplanets embedded in their natal protoplanetary disk are. Hitherto, models have relied on the combination of mm continuum observations and near-infrared scattered light images to put constraints on the properties of embedded planets. Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) observations are now probing spatially resolved rotational line emission of CO and other chemical species. These observations can provide complementary information on the mechanism carving the gaps in dust and additional constraints on the purported planet mass.
Aims. We investigate whether the combination of ALMA continuum and CO line observations can constrain the presence and mass of planets embedded in protoplanetary disks.
Methods. We post-processed azimuthally averaged 2D hydrodynamical simulations of planet-disk models, in which the dust densities and grain size distributions are computed with a dust evolution code that considers radial drift, fragmentation, and growth. The simulations explored various planet masses (1 MJ ≤ Mp ≤ 15 MJ) and turbulent parameters (10−4 ≤ α ≤ 10−3). The outputs were then post-processed with the thermochemical code DALI, accounting for the radially and vertically varying dust properties. We obtained the gas and dust temperature structures, chemical abundances, and synthetic emission maps of both thermal continuum and CO rotational lines. This is the first study combining hydrodynamical simulations, dust evolution, full radiative transfer, and chemistry to predict gas emission of disks hosting massive planets.
Results. All radial intensity profiles of 12CO, 13CO, and C18O show a gap at the planet location. The ratio between the location of the gap as seen in CO and the peak in the mm continuum at the pressure maximum outside the orbit of the planet shows a clear dependence on planet mass and is independent of disk viscosity for the parameters explored in this paper. Because of the low dust density in the gaps, the dust and gas components can become thermally decoupled and the gas becomes colder than the dust. The gaps seen in CO are due to a combination of gas temperature dropping at the location of the planet and of the underlying surface density profile. Both effects need to be taken into account and disentangled when inferring gas surface densities from observed CO intensity profiles; otherwise, the gas surface density drop at the planet location can easily be overestimated. CO line ratios across the gap are able to quantify the gas temperature drop in the gaps in observed systems. Finally, a CO cavity not observed in any of the models, only CO gaps, indicating that one single massive planet is not able to explain the CO cavities observed in transition disks, at least without additional physical or chemical mechanisms.
Geometric Three-Dimensional End-to-Side Microvascular Anastomosis: A Simple and Reproducible Technique
Authors: Ooi Adrian , Butz Daniel , Fisher Sean , Collier Zachary , Gottlieb Lawrence 
Published: December 2017

Background End-to-side (ETS) anastomoses are useful when preservation of distal vascularity is critical. The ideal ETS microanastomosis should maintain a wide aperture and have a smooth take-off point to minimize turbulence, vessel spasm, and thrombogenicity of the suture line. We have developed a unique, dependable, and reproducible geometric technique for ETS anastomoses, and analyze its efficacy in our series of patients.
Methods The geometric ETS technique involves creating a three-dimensional (3D) diamond-shaped defect on the recipient vessel wall, followed by a slit incision of the donor vessel to create a “spatula” fitting this defect. This technique removes sutures from the point of most turbulent blood flow while holding the recipient vessel open with a patch vesselplasty effect. We perform a retrospective review of a single surgeon's experience using this technique.
Results The geometric 3D ETS technique was used in 87 free flaps with a total of 102 ETS anastomoses in a wide range of cases including head and neck, trunk and genitourinary, and extremity reconstruction. Overall, free flap success rates were 98%.
Conclusions The geometric 3D ETS technique creates a wide anastomosis, minimizes turbulence-inducing thrombogenicity, and mechanically holds the recipient vessel open. It is reliable and reproducible, and when performed properly has been shown to have high rates of success in a large group of free tissue transfer patients.
AGE–RAGE Stress, Stressors, and Antistressors in Health and Disease
Authors: Mishra Manish , Prasad Kailash 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAdverse effects of advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) on the tissues are through nonreceptor- and receptor-mediated mechanisms. In the receptor-mediated mechanism, interaction of AGEs with its cell-bound receptor of AGE (RAGE) increases generation of oxygen radicals, activates nuclear factor-kappa B, and increases expression and release of pro-inflammatory cytokines resulting in the cellular damage. The deleterious effects of AGE and AGE–RAGE interaction are coined as “AGE-RAGE stress.” The body is equipped with defense mechanisms to counteract the adverse effects of AGE and RAGE through endogenous enzymatic (glyoxalase 1, glyoxalase 2) and AGE receptor-mediated (AGER1, AGER2) degradation of AGE, and through elevation of soluble receptor of AGE (sRAGE). Exogenous defense mechanisms include reduction in consumption of AGE, prevention of AGE formation, and downregulation of RAGE expression. We have coined AGE and RAGE as “stressors” and the defense mechanisms as “anti-stressors.” AGE–RAGE stress is defined as a shift in the balance between stressors and antistressors in the favor of stressors. Measurements of stressors or antistressors alone would not assess AGE–RAGE stress. For true assessment of AGE–RAGE stress, the equation should include all the stressors and antistressors. The equation for AGE–RAGE stress, therefore, would be the ratio of AGE + RAGE/sRAGE + glyoxalase1 + glyoxalase 2 + AGER1 +AGER2. This is, however, not practical in patients. AGE–RAGE stress may be assessed simply by the ratio of AGE/sRAGE. A high ratio of AGE/sRAGE indicates a relative shift in stressors from antistressors, suggesting the presence of AGE–RAGE stress, resulting in tissue damage, initiation, and progression of the diseases and their complications.
Does Comprehensive Culture Change Adoption via the Household Model Enhance Nursing Home Residents’ Psychosocial Well-being?
Authors: Hermer Linda , Bryant Natasha S , Pucciarello Madeline , Mlynarczyk Carolina , Zhong Bridget 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Background and Objectives
Several studies suggest that to substantially improve residents’ psychosocial well-being, traditional-model nursing homes should redesign themselves as small, homelike “households” along with comprehensively adopting other aspects of “culture change,” a set of reforms meant to improve residents’ quality of life. But this evidence mainly comes from qualitative studies. This comparative, observational study tested quantitatively whether residents in a household-model nursing home that had comprehensively adopted culture change reforms displayed greater positive affect, increased cognitive engagement, more extensive social interactions with staff and greater use of the environment than did residents at partial culture-change-adopting facilities with traditional, institutional environments.

Research Design and Methods
Household-model residents were matched on clinical and demographic factors with residents at two institutional control facilities that had partially adopted culture change and were observed for 8 hours each. To provide potentially converging evidence, aides and nurses were also observed. Finally, a culture change implementation assessment was conducted.

Results
The implementation assessment showed that the household-model home had implemented culture change beyond national norms, whereas the control facilities were U.S.-typical partial adopters. It also revealed that household-model staff cared for residents in a more person-centered manner. Observation analyses revealed that household-model residents spent less time idle and less time stationary at wheelchair hubs. Moreover, although household-model residents did not spend the most time in the dining area overall, they spent the greatest percentage of time there talking with staff, displaying positive affect, and displaying active engagement. Finally, household-model residents and staff spent the most time in task-oriented interactions, including personal care.

Discussion and Implications
These results suggest that the intended psychosocial benefits materialize in household-model facilities, particularly in the dining area and in resident–staff relationships. The findings raise the possibility that facilities may be able to achieve these outcomes without entirely redesigning their environment.
Examining the Association Between Psychiatric Disorders and Cocaine Binges: Results From the COSMO Study
Authors: Juteau Louis-Christophe , Roy Élise , Berbiche Djamal , Arruda Nelson , Bruneau Julie , Jutras-Aswad Didier 
Published: December 2017

Objectives:
Although cocaine binges and mental health problems have both been identified as significant risk factors for different health hazards, little is known about the relationship between mental health and cocaine binging. Hence, the aim of this study is to examine the association between psychiatric disorders and cocaine binge.

Methods:
Participants were part of a prospective cohort study of individuals who either smoke or inject cocaine. The dependent variable, namely a cocaine binge within the past month, was defined as the repetitive use of large quantities of cocaine until the individual was unable to access more of the drug or was physically unable to keep using. Psychiatric disorders were assessed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview and the Diagnostic Interview Schedule questionnaires. Logistic regression models were performed to examine the association between cocaine binging and psychiatric disorders, adjusting for potential confounders.

Results:
Of the 492 participants, 24.4% reported at least 1 cocaine binging episode during the prior month. Among the study population, 48.0% met the criteria for antisocial personality disorder (ASPD), 45.5% for anxiety disorders, and 28.2% for mood disorders. Participants with ASPD were more likely to binge (adjusted odds ratio 1.73, 95% confidence interval 1.10–2.73), whereas those with a mood disorder were not. The association between anxiety disorders and cocaine binging was significant only in univariate analyses.

Conclusion:
ASPD increased the odds of reporting cocaine binge in our study population. These results highlight the need for a better understanding of the specific dimensions of ASPD that contribute to the increased risk of unsafe drug use behaviors.
PARACENTRAL ACUTE MIDDLE MACULOPATHY IN PURTSCHER RETINOPATHY
Authors: Rivera-De La Parra David , Fromow-Guerra Jans 
Published: December 2017

Purpose:
To describe paracentral acute middle maculopathy associated with Purtscher retinopathy, particularly in Purtscher flecken lesions as a retinal complication in a case secondary to fractures of long bones.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 16-year-old boy with bilateral paracentral scotomata presented with bilateral paracentral acute middle maculopathy as part of Purtscher retinopathy in both eyes as consequence of tibia and fibula fractures.

Conclusion:
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy is one of the optical coherence tomography findings in Purtscher retinopathy.
Magnetic Resonance Enterography Cannot Replace Upper Endoscopy in Pediatric Crohn Disease
Authors: Church Peter C. , Kuint Ruth Cytter , Ledder Oren , Navas‐López Victor M. , Sladek Malgorzata , Brückner Annecarin , Baldassano Robert N. , Weiss Batia , Yerushalmi Baruch , Saeed Shehzad A. , Hyams Jeffrey , Otley Anthony , Griffiths Anne M. , Turner Dan , Greer Mary‐Louise C. ,   ImageKids Study group
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:Although magnetic resonance enterography (MRE) can accurately reflect ileal inflammation in pediatric Crohn disease (CD), there are no pediatric data on the accuracy of MRE to detect upper gastrointestinal tract (UGI) lesions. We aimed to compare MRE and esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in detecting the spectrum and severity of UGI disease in children.Methods:This is an ancillary study of the prospective multi‐center ImageKids study focusing on pediatric MRE. EGD was performed within 2 weeks of MRE (at disease onset or thereafter) and explicitly scored by SES‐CD modified for the UGI and physician global assessment. Local and central radiologists scored the UGI region of the MRE blinded to the EGD. Accuracy of MRE compared with EGD was examined using correlational coefficients (r) and area under receiver operating characteristic curves (AUC).Results:One hundred and eighty‐eight patients were reviewed (mean age 14 ± 1 years, 103 [55%] boys); 66 of 188 (35%) children had macroscopic ulcerations on EGD (esophagus, 13 [7%]; stomach, 34 [18%]; duodenum, 45 [24%]). Most children had aphthous ulcers, but 10 (5%) had larger ulcers (stomach, 2 [1%]; duodenum, 8 [4%]). There was no agreement between local and central radiologists on the presence or absence of UGI inflammation on MRE (Kappa = −0.02, P = 0.71). EGD findings were not accurately detected by MRE, read locally or centrally (r = −0.03 to 0.11, P = 0.18–0.88; AUC = 0.47–0.55, P = 0.53–1.00).No fistulae or narrowings were identified on either EGD or MRE.Conclusions:MRE cannot reliably assess the UGI in pediatric CD and cannot replace EGD for this purpose.
Treatment of Chronic Hepatitis C Virus Infection in Children
Authors: Indolfi Giuseppe , Hierro Loreto , Dezsofi Antal , Jahnel Jörg , Debray Dominique , Hadzic Nedim , Czubkowski Piotr , Gupte Girish , Mozer‐Glassberg Yael , van der Woerd Wendy , Smets Françoise , Verkade Henkjan J. , Fischler Björn 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTObjectives:In 2017, the European Medicines Agency and the Food and Drug Administration approved the use of the fixed‐dose combination of ledipasvir/sofosbuvir and of the combination of sofosbuvir and ribavirin for treatment of adolescents (12–17 years or weighing >35 kg) with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1, 4, 5, and 6 and genotype 2 and 3 infections, respectively. Although trials with direct‐acting antivirals are ongoing for younger children, the only available treatment in the United States and Europe for those <12 years is still the dual therapy of pegylated interferon and ribavirin. There is currently a lack of a systematic approach to the care of these patients. The Hepatology Committee of the European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition developed an evidence‐based position paper for the management of chronic HCV infection in children.Methods:A systematic literature search and meta‐analysis were performed using MEDLINE and Embase from June 1, 2007 to June 1, 2017. The approach of the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation was applied to evaluate outcomes. European Society of Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Committee members voted on each recommendation, using the nominal voting technique.Results:The efficacy of the different direct‐acting antivirals combinations tested was higher, the relapse and the treatment discontinuation rates lower when compared to pegylated interferon and ribavirin.Conclusions:This position paper addresses therapeutic management issues including goals, endpoints, indications, contraindications, and the optimal treatment regimen in children with chronic HCV infection.