bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Randomised Comparison of Two Laser Iridotomy Techniques in Patients of Primary Angle Closure Disease with Absent Iris Crypts
Authors: Singh Manav Deep , Aggarwal Pradeep , Sharma Nidhi 
Published: June 2016

Purpose:
Patients with absent iris crypts are the most challenging cases for performing laser peripheral iridotomy. This study was conducted on patients of primary angle closure disease belonging to this group to find out the difference in the quantum of energy and number of attempts required to achieve optimum peripheral iridotomy by sequentially using double frequency Nd:YAG and Nd:YAG laser versus Nd:YAG laser alone.

Methods:
Forty eyes of 40 patients of 35 years or more, with primary angle closure disease and absent iris crypts, in whom laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI) was indicated, were prospectively randomized into two groups. Patients in group one sequentially underwent double frequency Nd:YAG & Nd:YAG laser and group two underwent Nd:YAG laser alone. Follow up was done one hour, three hours, one day and one week post laser. Any rise of IOP of > 8 mmHg from base line or an absolute figure of 30 mmHg at any visit was considered significant. Post laser topical loteprednol etabonate 4 times per day for one week and pilocarpine nitrate 2% eye drops twice a day for five days were used in all cases. Statistical testing was conducted with the statistical package for the social science system (SPSS) version 17.0.

Results:
Group one had 3 male and 16 female patients whereas group two had 9 and 12 male and female patients respectively. Nd:YAG energy required in group one (n=19) was 48.79 ± 19.41 mJ and in group two (n=21) was 88.81 ± 37.36 mJ (p=<0.001). In group one, an optimum LPI could be achieved in single sitting in 18 out of 19 patients. In group two, out of a total of 21 patients, 8 (38.1%) required one sitting, 11 (52.4%) required two sittings and two (9.5%) required three sittings to achieve patent PI. The difference was highly significant (p<0.001). The reasons for multiple sittings included haemorrhage (n=8) and iris chafing (n=8).

Conclusion:
Sequential use of the double frequency Nd:YAG followed by Nd:YAG laser is superior to YAG laser alone in terms of required energy and number of sittings for the purpose of doing laser peripheral iridotomy among patients with absent iris crypts.
Southern Ocean biological impacts on global ocean oxygen
Authors: Keller David P. , Kriest Iris , Koeve Wolfgang , Oschlies Andreas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSouthern Ocean (SO) physical and biological processes are known to have a large impact on global biogeochemistry. However, the role that SO biology plays in determining ocean oxygen concentrations is not completely understood. These dynamics are investigated here by shutting off SO biology in two marine biogeochemical models. The results suggest that SO biological processes reduce the ocean's oxygen content, mainly in the deep ocean, by 14 to 19%. However, since these processes also trap nutrients that would otherwise be transported northward to fuel productivity and subsequent organic matter export, consumption, and the accompanying oxygen consumption in midlatitude to low‐latitude waters, SO biology helps to maintain higher oxygen concentrations in these subsurface waters. Thereby, SO biology can influence the size of the tropical oxygen minimum zones. As a result of ocean circulation the link between SO biological processes and remote oxygen changes operates on decadal to centennial time scales.
Radiation belt electron acceleration during the 17 March 2015 geomagnetic storm: Observations and simulations
Authors: Li W. , Ma Q. , Thorne R. M. , Bortnik J. , Zhang X.‐J. , Li J. , Baker D. N. , Reeves G. D. , Spence H. E. , Kletzing C. A. , Kurth W. S. , Hospodarsky G. B. , Blake J. B. , Fennell J. F. , Kanekal S. G. , Angelopoulos V. , Green J. C. , Goldstein J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractVarious physical processes are known to cause acceleration, loss, and transport of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts, but their quantitative roles in different time and space need further investigation. During the largest storm over the past decade (17 March 2015), relativistic electrons experienced fairly rapid acceleration up to ~7 MeV within 2 days after an initial substantial dropout, as observed by Van Allen Probes. In the present paper, we evaluate the relative roles of various physical processes during the recovery phase of this large storm using a 3‐D diffusion simulation. By quantitatively comparing the observed and simulated electron evolution, we found that chorus plays a critical role in accelerating electrons up to several MeV near the developing peak location and produces characteristic flat‐top pitch angle distributions. By only including radial diffusion, the simulation underestimates the observed electron acceleration, while radial diffusion plays an important role in redistributing electrons and potentially accelerates them to even higher energies. Moreover, plasmaspheric hiss is found to provide efficient pitch angle scattering losses for hundreds of keV electrons, while its scattering effect on > 1 MeV electrons is relatively slow. Although an additional loss process is required to fully explain the overestimated electron fluxes at multi‐MeV, the combined physical processes of radial diffusion and pitch angle and energy diffusion by chorus and hiss reproduce the observed electron dynamics remarkably well, suggesting that quasi‐linear diffusion theory is reasonable to evaluate radiation belt electron dynamics during this big storm.
Strain rate dependency of oceanic intraplate earthquake b‐values at extremely low strain rates
Authors: Sasajima Ryohei , Ito Takeo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe discovered a clear positive dependence of oceanic intraplate earthquake (OCEQ) b‐values on the age of the oceanic lithosphere. OCEQ b‐values in the youngest (<10 Ma) oceanic lithosphere are around 1.0, while those in middle to old (>20 Ma) oceanic lithosphere exceed 1.5, which is significantly higher than the average worldwide earthquake b‐value (around 1.0). On the other hand, the b‐value of intraplate earthquakes in the Ninety East‐Sumatra orogen, where oceanic lithosphere has an anomalously higher strain rate compared with normal oceanic lithosphere, is 0.93, which is significantly lower than the OCEQ b‐value (about 1.9) with the same age (50–110 Ma). Thus, the variation in b‐values relates to the strain rate of the oceanic lithosphere and is not caused by a difference in thermal structure. We revealed a negative strain rate dependency of the b‐value at extremely low strain rates (<2 × 10−10/year), which can clearly explain the above b‐values. We propose that the OCEQ b‐value depends strongly on strain rate (either directly or indirectly) at extremely low strain rates. The high OCEQ b‐values (>1.5) in oceanic lithosphere >20 Ma old imply that future improvement in seismic observation will capture many smaller magnitude OCEQs, which will provide valuable information on the evolution of the oceanic lithosphere and the driving mechanism of plate tectonics.
Malvinas Current variability from Argo floats and satellite altimetry
Authors: Artana Camila , Ferrari Ramiro , Koenig Zoé , Saraceno Martin , Piola Alberto R. , Provost Christine 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Malvinas Current (MC) is an offshoot of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current (ACC). Downstream of Drake Passage, the northern fronts of the ACC veer northward, cross over the North Scotia Ridge (NSR) and the Malvinas Plateau, and enter the Argentine Basin. We investigate the variations of the MC circulation between the NSR and 41°S and their possible relations with the ACC circulation using data from Argo floats and satellite altimetry. The data depict meandering and eddy shedding of the northern ACC jets as they cross the NSR. The altimetry fields show that these eddies are trapped, break down, and dissipate over the Malvinas Plateau, suggesting that this region is a hot spot for dissipation of mesoscale variability. Variations of sea level anomalies (SLA) across the NSR do not impact the MC further north, except for intra‐seasonal variability associated with coastal trapped waves. Altimetry and float trajectories show events during which a large fraction of the MC is cut off from the ACC. Blocking events at around 48.5°S are a recurrent feature of the MC circulation. Over the 23 year altimetry record, we detected 26 events during which the MC surface transport at 48.5°S was reduced to less than half its long‐term mean. Blocking events last from 10 to 35 days and do not present any significant trend. These events were tracked back to positive SLA that built up over the Argentine Abyssal Plain. Future work is needed to understand the processes responsible for these blocking events.
Scaling of the entropy budget with surface temperature in radiative‐convective equilibrium
Authors: Singh Martin S. , O'Gorman Paul A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe entropy budget of the atmosphere is examined in simulations of radiative‐convective equilibrium with a cloud‐system resolving model over a wide range of surface temperatures from 281 to 311 K. Irreversible phase changes and the diffusion of water vapor account for more than half of the irreversible entropy production within the atmosphere, even in the coldest simulation. As the surface temperature is increased, the atmospheric radiative cooling rate increases, driving a greater entropy sink that must be matched by greater irreversible entropy production. The entropy production resulting from irreversible moist processes increases at a similar fractional rate as the entropy sink and at a lower rate than that implied by Clausius‐Clapeyron scaling. This allows the entropy production from frictional drag on hydrometeors and on the atmospheric flow to also increase with warming, in contrast to recent results for simulations with global climate models in which the work output decreases with warming. A set of approximate scaling relations is introduced for the terms in the entropy budget as the surface temperature is varied, and many of the terms are found to scale with the mean surface precipitation rate. The entropy budget provides some insight into changes in frictional dissipation in response to warming or changes in model resolution, but it is argued that frictional dissipation is not closely linked to other measures of convective vigor.
Media Use:India
Authors: Kumar Keval J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIndian media and communication research related to use patterns and effects is dominated by market research agencies; this research is focused on counting heads in terms of demographics and psychographics. Social science research in India, however, probes media uses and effects from sociological, psychological, and cultural perspectives. This entry integrates the marketing and social science approaches in order to review research in use patterns and effects of both the traditional mass media and the new social media.
German Tectonics
Authors: Schwarzer Mitchell 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

This chapter examines the nineteenth‐century development of German tectonics, or the attempt to coordinate ornamentation and structural technology at a time when each architectural endeavor was changing rapidly. At the time, many architects worried that advances in functional program and constructional technology were inadequately harmonized with the predominant classical and medieval systems of ornamentation. Karl Friedrich Schinkel first broke art apart from construction, advocating the use of stylistic décor, derived from history, as a language to explicate emerging structural technologies. His former pupil, Karl Bötticher, developed this approach into a theory of tectonics. A building's
Werkformen
, or utilitarian/mechanical actions, were to be communicated through
Kunstformen
derived from Greek ornamentation, which he felt was the best articulated system of artistic forms in the history of architecture. Bötticher later extended the relationship between
Werkformen
and
Kunstformen
to the new, revolutionary material of iron. Finally, Gottfried Semper argued that ornamentation has functioned historically as a means to communicate deeper architectural values to its users. Ornamental systems deviated from a building's functional and structural demands, existing as a higher‐order language of spiritual and artistic yearnings. Connecting architecture to the oldest craft arts, such as textiles, ceramics, and stonework, Semper understood the evolution of architectural styles as the reinterpretation of past artistic languages in emerging materials.
Using Implementation Intentions in Shopping Situations: How Arousal Can Help Shield Consumers Against Temptation
Authors: Serfas Benjamin G. , Büttner Oliver B. , Florack Arnd 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPrevious research has suggested that individuals who repeatedly experience self‐regulatory failure in purchasing behaviour have trouble shielding themselves against temptations. Because shopping is often accompanied by increased arousal, we examined whether attending to affective arousal could help people keep their attention focused. Before participants completed a visual distraction task embedded in a shopping context, we (i) instructed them to formulate an implementation intention with affective arousal as the eliciting cue and concentrating on the task as the intention; (ii) instructed them to formulate the goal intention of concentrating on the task without mentioning an eliciting cue; or (iii) gave them no further instructions. During the task, we recorded eye movements to measure the time they looked at the target products. The findings suggest that implementation intentions with affective arousal as an eliciting cue enable consumers who repeatedly perceive self‐regulatory failure to focus their attention on their initial shopping goal. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of Fe3O4/poly(l‐glutamic acid) microspheres and their adsorption of Cu(II) ions
Authors: Wang Huashan , Liu Yufang , Deng Zijie , Han Shixin 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTFe3O4/poly(l‐glutamic acid) (P‐l‐Glu) magnetic microspheres were synthesized in an l‐glutamic acid solution by coprecipitation and a dehydration condensation reaction and were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and ζ‐potential measurement. P‐l‐Glu was coated on the surface of Fe3O4 microspheres. The average particle diameter of Fe3O4/P‐l‐Glu was 388 nm and dispersed homogeneously in water. The adsorption of Cu(II) ions on Fe3O4/P‐l‐Glu was further studied. The effect of different pH values and reaction times on the adsorption of Fe3O4/P‐l‐Glu was discussed. The adsorption equilibrium was reached in 40 min, and the maximum adsorption for Cu(II) ions was more than 500 mg/g; this value occurred at pH 8 in water. The adsorption dynamic process fit the Freundlich isotherms well, and the adsorption kinetics followed the adsorption mechanism of the pseudo‐second‐order equation, which was the main complexation reaction. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43730.
Macromolecular photoinitiators enhance the hydrophilicity and lubricity of natural rubber
Authors: Chin Stacy L. , Xiao Ruiqing , Cooper Benjamin G. , Varongchayakul Nitinun , Buch Karen , Kim Ducksoo , Grinstaff Mark W. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTA mild and facile strategy to coat natural rubber (NR) with a hydrophilic coating is described that uses light and photoinitiator copolymers. Five high molecular weight photoinitiator copolymers, composed of hydrophilic (e.g., 2‐hydroxyethyl acrylate [HEA], poly(ethylene glycol) [PEG], N‐vinylpyrrolidone [NVP], N‐isopropylacrylamide [NIDAM], and acrylic acid [AA]) and hydrophobic benzophenone (BP) units, are synthesized and evaluated for coating NR on UV irradiation. When the HEA/BP, NVP/BP, and AA/BP macromolecular photoinitiators attach to the NR surface, the latter becomes hydrophilic. The resulting hydrophilic coatings on NR sheets are analyzed via FT‐IR spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, contact angle measurements, and transwell cytotoxicity assays using NIH 3T3 fibroblast cells. The addition of high molecular weight hydrophilic polymers (e.g., polyvinylpyrrolidone and poly(2‐methacryloyloxyethyl phosphorylcholine)) to the coating further enhances the coating's hydrophilicity and lubricity. The application of these non‐cytotoxic, hydrophilic, and lubricious coatings on NR expands current applications and usage of NR. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43930.
Synthesis of Hollow Platinum–Palladium Nanospheres with a Dendritic Shell as Efficient Electrocatalysts for Methanol Oxidation
Authors: Lu Qingqing , Wang Hongjing , Eid Kamel , Alothman Zeid Abdullah , Malgras Victor , Yamauchi Yusuke , Wang Liang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEngineering the size, composition, and morphology of platinum‐based nanomaterials can provide a great opportunity to improve the utilization efficiency of electrocatalysts and reinforce their electrochemical performances. Herein, three‐dimensional platinum–palladium hollow nanospheres with a dendritic shell (PtPd‐HNSs) are successfully fabricated through a facile and economic route, during which SiO2 microspheres act as the hard template for the globular cavity, whereas the triblock copolymer F127 contributes to the formation of the dendritic shell. In contrast with platinum hollow nanospheres (Pt‐HNSs) and commercial platinum on carbon (Pt/C) catalyst, the novel architecture shows a remarkable activity and durability toward the methanol oxidation reaction (MOR) owing to the coupled merits of bimetallic nanodendrites and a hollow interior. As a proof of concept, this strategy is also extended to trimetallic gold–palladium–platinum hollow nanospheres (AuPdPt‐HNSs), which paves the way towards the controlled synthesis of other bi‐ or multimetallic platinum‐based hollow electrocatalysts.
Neural correlates of text‐based emoticons: a preliminary fMRI study
Authors: Kim Ko Woon , Lee Sang Won , Choi Jeewook , Kim Tae Min , Jeong Bumseok 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroductionLike nonverbal cues in oral interactions, text‐based emoticons, which are textual portrayals of a writer's facial expressions, are commonly used in electronic device–mediated communication. Little is known, however, about how text‐based emoticons are processed in the human brain. With this study, we investigated whether the text‐based emoticons are processed as face expressions using fMRI.MethodsDuring fMRI scan, subjects were asked to respond by pressing a button, indicating whether text‐based emoticons represented positive or negative emotions. Voxel‐wise analyses were performed to compare the responses and contrasted with emotional versus scrambled emoticons and among emoticons with different emotions. To explore processing strategies for text‐based emoticons, brain activity in the bilateral occipital and fusiform face areas were compared.ResultsIn the voxel‐wise analysis, both emotional and scrambled emoticons were processed mainly in the bilateral fusiform gyri, inferior division of lateral occipital cortex, inferior frontal gyri, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (DLPFC), dorsal anterior cingulate cortex (dACC), and parietal cortex. In a percent signal change analysis, the right occipital and fusiform face areas showed significantly higher activation than left ones. In comparisons among emoticons, sad one showed significant BOLD signal decrease in the dACC, the left AIC, the bilateral thalamus, and the precuneus as compared with other conditions.ConclusionThe results of this study imply that people recognize text‐based emoticons as pictures representing face expressions. Even though text‐based emoticons contain emotional meaning, they are not associated with the amygdala while previous studies using emotional stimuli documented amygdala activation.
MicroRNAs in glioblastoma multiforme pathogenesis and therapeutics
Authors: Shea Amanda , Harish Varsha , Afzal Zainab , Chijioke Juliet , Kedir Habib , Dusmatova Shahnoza , Roy Arpita , Ramalinga Malathi , Harris Brent , Blancato Jan , Verma Mukesh , Kumar Deepak 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGlioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common and lethal cancer of the adult brain, remaining incurable with a median survival time of only 15 months. In an effort to identify new targets for GBM diagnostics and therapeutics, recent studies have focused on molecular phenotyping of GBM subtypes. This has resulted in mounting interest in microRNAs (miRNAs) due to their regulatory capacities in both normal development and in pathological conditions such as cancer. miRNAs have a wide range of targets, allowing them to modulate many pathways critical to cancer progression, including proliferation, cell death, metastasis, angiogenesis, and drug resistance. This review explores our current understanding of miRNAs that are differentially modulated and pathologically involved in GBM as well as the current state of miRNA‐based therapeutics. As the role of miRNAs in GBM becomes more well understood and novel delivery methods are developed and optimized, miRNA‐based therapies could provide a critical step forward in cancer treatment.
Cigarette smoking, comorbidity, and general health among survivors of adolescent and young adult cancer
Authors: Kaul Sapna , Veeranki Sreenivas P. , Rodriguez Ana M. , Kuo Yong‐Fang 
Published: June 2016

BACKGROUNDWe examined the associations between cigarette smoking, comorbidity, and general health among survivors of adolescent and young adult (AYA) cancer and a comparison group.METHODSFrom the 2012 to 2014 National Health Interview Surveys, we identified 1019 survivors of AYA cancer, defined as individuals who had been diagnosed with cancer between 15 and 39 years of age and were at least 5 years after their initial cancer diagnosis. A noncancer comparison group was matched on age, sex, and other factors. Self‐reported smoking status (never smoker, former smoker, or current smoker), comorbidities (eg, asthma and diabetes), and general health status (excellent, very good, or good versus poor or fair) were compared among these groups. Survivors' smoking status before diagnosis and interaction with health care professionals regarding smoking cessation were reported. Multivariable logistic regressions modeled the associations between smoking status and comorbidity and general health.RESULTS33% of survivors were current smokers compared with 22% in the comparison group (P < .001). Prevalence of comorbidities and fair/poor health was significantly higher among survivors. Current smokers among survivors were more likely to report greater comorbidities (odds ratio [OR], 1.62; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06‐2.47; P = .03) and less likely to report at least good health (OR, 0.34; 95% CI, 0.22‐0.54; P < .001) than never‐smokers. Among survivors who smoked currently, 92% started smoking before diagnosis, and 37% reported having no smoking‐related discussions with health care professionals in the previous year.CONCLUSIONSSmoking among survivors of AYA cancer is associated with greater comorbidities and poorer general health. Younger survivors may need to be targeted for effective smoking cessation interventions. Addressing cigarette smoking during medical visits may encourage survivors to quit smoking. Cancer 2016. © 2016 American Cancer Society. Cancer 2016;122:2895–2905. © 2016 American Cancer Society