bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in soil aeration and soil respiration of simulated grave soils after quicklime application
Authors: Mordhorst Anneka , Zimmermann Iris , Fleige Heiner , Horn Rainer 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe decomposition of buried human remains on cemeteries can be delayed in poorly aerated graves due to high water levels and a low permeable pore system for oxygen and water transport. With aim to improve the soil aeration properties in the burial environment, the addition of quicklime (CaO) to the grave backfill was tested. Quicklime is expected to promote a stronger aggregation and stabilization of the backfilled soil mainly by forcing an immediate dehydration and particle cementation processes.Two different grave simulations (without buried corpses) were prepared: (1) mixing the grave backfill with 20 kg m−3 quicklime (“CaO”) and (2) backfill without CaO (“NIL”) on a cemetery in Northern Germany. The soil type was a Terric Anthrosol (Stagnic) with a loamy sand texture. Undisturbed soil cores were taken from two depths before and after excavation and backfill at regular intervals of 3 months in order to analyze changes in (1) gaseous transport functions expressed by air‐filled porosity, air permeability (air permeameter), gas diffusivity (double chamber method) and related pore continuity indices as well as in (2) soil respiration (alkali trap method) representing microbial activity.Results clearly demonstrated a more conductive pore system in the CaO variant reflected by higher gas diffusivity and air permeability over 1 year compared to the NIL variant. Pore continuity indices also indicated a more connective pore system for the CaO variant. Effects of CaO application on soil respiration rate differed between the quarterly sampling times. Results indicated that microorganism were still active under alkaline soil conditions induced by CaO application, but the quantitative determination of biologically produced CO2 is influenced by chemical reactions when hydrated quicklime [Ca(OH)2] was reformed to limestone under consumption of CO2. The experiments indicate that the application of quicklime is a promising approach to improve aeration properties of grave soils and is therefore proposed as an adequate method to improve the aeration of burials on cemeteries.
Upper aerodigestive injuries from detergent ingestion in children
Authors: Sjogren Phayvanh P. , Skarda David E. , Park Albert H. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo describe the clinical presentations and management of detergent pod ingestion at a tertiary children's hospital.Study DesignCase series.MethodsA retrospective chart review of children diagnosed with detergent pod ingestion from June 2010 and March 2015.ResultsNine cases of detergent pod ingestion were included over a 5‐year period. The average age was 26.3 months (range, 11–43 months). Eight (89%) of the cases were female. The patients had ingested laundry detergent pods (n = 7) and dishwasher detergent pods (n = 2). The majority of patients (67%) had more than one clinical manifestation from ingestion. Presenting symptoms included emesis (78%), respiratory symptoms (56%), throat pain (22%), drooling (33%), and foaming at the mouth (33%). The management of patients depended on the severity of their symptoms and included admission to an overnight observation unit (n = 5), discharge to home directly from the emergency department (n = 2), and admission to the hospital (n = 2). Two (22%) children underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy. One child (11%) required intubation from bilateral vocal fold immobility.ConclusionInjuries to the upper aerodigestive tract after detergent ingestion range from mild gastrointestinal symptoms to respiratory compromise. The majority of children improve with observation alone; however, clinicians should maintain a low threshold for endoscopic evaluation in cases of severe symptoms and airway involvement.Level of Evidence4. Laryngoscope, 2016 127:509–512, 2017
The role of infection and antibiotics in chronic rhinosinusitis.
Authors: Barshak Miriam Baron , Durand Marlene L. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo review the current understanding of the role of infection and antibiotics in chronic rhinosinusitis.Review methodsPubMed literature searchResultsChronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) in adults is an inflammatory condition and the role of infection is unclear. Biofilms are present in both CRS and normal patients so their role in CRS is unknown. Sinus cultures in CRS demonstrate a mixture of aerobic and anaerobic bacteria but may be hard to interpret due to contaminating nasal flora. Staphylococcus aureus is common in CRS patients but also present in 20‐30% of nasal cultures in the normal population; eradicating this organism did not lead to symptom improvement versus placebo in a randomized controlled trial (RCT). In CRS patients who develop an episode of acute rhinosinusitis (ARS), bacteria typical of ARS can generally be cultured and require short‐course treatment. For CRS, topical antibacterial or antifungal agents have shown no benefit over placebo in RCTs, although RCTs of topical antibacterial agents have been small. Oral macrolides and doxycycline, antibiotics with anti‐inflammatory properties, are the only systemic antibiotics that have been evaluated in RCTs. One RCT found 3 weeks of doxycycline beneficial in patients with polyps but follow up was short (<3 months); RCTs of prolonged macrolide therapy have produced mixed results, and most show no benefit after cessation of therapy. Long‐term antibiotic therapy may produce side effects and select increasingly resistant flora. The American Academy of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery guidelines recommend against treatment of CRS with antifungal agents but do not comment on the role of antibacterial treatment.ConclusionThe role of infection in CRS is unknown, and the only well‐defined role for antibiotics is for treatment of ARS episodes or their infectious complications.Level of EvidenceN/A.
Understanding pathways of dissimilatory and assimilatory dissolved inorganic nitrogen uptake in streams
Authors: Ribot M. , von Schiller D. , Martí E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN) in streams is mostly available as two different species: nitrate (
) and ammonium (
). These two DIN species undergo specific dissimilatory uptake pathways and show distinct preference during biological assimilation. These differences ultimately dictate how DIN is cycled within streams and its further export to downstream ecosystems. Here, we provide a synthesis analysis of the uptake of
and
at the reach scale and on the contribution of dissimilatory and assimilatory uptake pathways. We combined 15N‐tracer experiments in a single stream with compiled results of
and
uptake from the literature. As expected, streams were more efficient in processing
than
at the reach scale. These results were partially explained by the fact that, on average, dissimilatory
uptake (i.e., denitrification and DNRA) had a low incidence on total
uptake, whereas dissimilatory
uptake (i.e., nitrification) contributed to a high proportion of total
uptake thereby increasing in‐stream
concentration. Furthermore, assimilatory uptake by in‐stream biotic compartments dominated the total uptake of the two DIN species and was generaly higher for
than for
. Overall, results from this study indicate that assimilatory uptake by biotic compartments rather than permanent removal dominates total
uptake in streams. In contrast, both assimilatory and dissimilatory uptake can contribute similarly to total
uptake. Our findings have strong implications for a better understanding of N cycling within the context of widespread increases in DIN concentration and changes in the
:
ratio driven by human activities.
Effects of grain refinement on age hardening behavior and precipitation kinetics of Al–Si–Cu–Mg alloys
Authors: Lu T. , Tao S. , Chen Y. , Pan Y. , Pi J. 
Published: January 2017

The influences of grain refinement on precipitation kinetics were investigated for an Al–11 wt% Si–1.5 wt% Cu–0.3 wt% Mg casting alloy doped with B and and with La–B respectively by microstructure observation, hardness test and Johnson–Mehl–Avrami (JMA) equation. Co‐alloying of La–B facilitates the faster hardening response with higher hardness value for the alloy. The calculated Avarmi exponent indicates that the nucleation of θ′‐Al2Cu precipitates occurs on grain boundaries for the refined alloys. The activation energies for the precipitation are of 42 kJ/mol and 30 kJ/mol for B‐doped and La–B co‐doped alloys, respectively.
Pedicled chimeric sensitive fasciocutaneous anterolateral thigh (ALT) and vastus lateralis muscle (VLM) flap for groin defect reconstruction: A case report
Authors: Scaglioni Mario F. , Franchi Alberto , Giovanoli Pietro 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap is one of the most commonly used flap worldwide, as both free flap and pedicled local flap. Here, we report the use of a pedicled chimeric sensitive ALT and vastus lateralis muscle (VLM) flap in a patient with a 12 cm × 8 cm contaminated soft tissue defect of the right inguinal region with exposed femoral vessels. The flap was harvested based on two perforators, one musculocutaneous and one pure muscular, each nourished separately a sensitive fasciocutaneous component and a vastus lateralis muscle component, respectively. The muscle part was tailored to wrap around the exposed vascular structures, while the innervated skin and fascia component of the flap provided a tension‐free closure of the wound. The post‐operative course was uneventful and the patient was discharged at 1 week post‐operative. Even though it requires technical skills and experience in perforator dissection, we believe that the pedicled chimeric sensitive ALT and VLM flap may be one of the best solutions in case of exposed femoral vessels in contaminated wounds.
New method to characterize and correct with sub‐µs precision gradient delays in bipolar multispoke RF pulses
Authors: Gras Vincent , Vignaud Alexandre , Amadon Alexis , Mauconduit Franck , Le Bihan Denis , Boulant Nicolas 
Published: January 2017

PurposeSmall gradient delays with respect to radiofrequency (RF) events can have disastrous effects on the performance of bipolar spokes RF pulses used in parallel transmission (pTx). In this work, we propose a new method to characterize and correct this delay with sub‐µs precision.MethodsBy determining experimentally the phase
producing a 0 ° flip angle excitation in a
bipolar two‐spoke pulse configuration at multiple slice locations, we demonstrate the possibility of deducing the underlying gradient delay with precision. The technique also suggests prospectively compensating for the same delay by altering the phase of the second pulse. The approach was tested with a multislice gradient echo sequence on a phantom and on one healthy volunteer at 7 Tesla.ResultsApplication of the method returned an accuracy of approximately 50 ns on the gradient delay measurement, a performance shown in fact to be desirable for high‐performance pTx 2D applications. Phase corrections of up to 180 ° on the second spoke RF pulse in the bipolar configuration allowed us to obtain similar performance as for unipolar designs, yet with significantly shorter excitations.ConclusionsA simple and accurate gradient‐delay calibration method was proposed that offers the possibility of using bipolar multispoke pulses in multislice protocols. Magn Reson Med 78:2194–2202, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Permeability of the plasma membrane to water and cryoprotectants in mammalian oocytes and embryos: Its relevance to vitrification
Authors: Edashige Keisuke 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe permeability of the plasma membrane to water and cryoprotectants is one of the important factors for determining the suitable condition for the vitrification of mammalian oocytes and embryos. Water and cryoprotectants move slowly through oocytes and early embryos, principally by simple diffusion, in the mouse, bovine, pig, and human. In contrast, water, glycerol, and ethylene glycerol move rapidly through morulae and blastocysts, principally by facilitated diffusion via aquaporin 3, in the mouse and bovine; whereas, in the pig, the permeability to water and these cryoprotectants increases not at the morula stage but at the blastocyst stage and further increases at the expanded blastocyst stage. Dimethyl sulfoxide also moves rapidly via channels other than aquaporin 3 in the mouse. In contrast, propylene glycol moves through morulae and blastocysts principally by simple diffusion in the mouse, bovine, and pig, as through oocytes. Therefore, the permeability of mammalian oocytes and embryos at early stages to water and cryoprotectants is low, but that of embryos at later stages to water and some cryoprotectants is markedly high by channel processes, although species specificity exists in some cases.
Economics
Authors: Ormerod Paul 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEconomics is by no means an empty box. For example, it offers what is possibly the only general law of behaviour in the social sciences, namely that agents react to incentives. Over the past two decades or so, at the micro level, the level of individual agent decision making, the discipline has made progress. Developments in the econometric theory of the analysis of large longitudinal data bases and the rise of behavioural and experimental economics have made the discipline much more empirical. However, at the macro level, economics has, if anything, gone backwards. The main intellectual effort since the 1980s has been to import the concept of equilibrium into macroeconomics. It is no surprise that policymakers during the financial crisis of the late 2000s found the mainstream economic models to be of little or no help at all. In the 1950s, there was an active debate about the computational limits which agents faced when making decisions. The polymath Nobel Laureate Herbert Simon was prominent in arguing that the rational model of choice, the core model of economic theory, was not realistic in many situations because of these limits. Even after the event, it may not be possible to determine what the optimal decision would have been at any given time. The world is in general too complex. Mainstream economics gradually lost sight of this fundamental challenge to one of its key assumptions. The rise of cyber society and Big Data mean that Simon’s challenge is more relevant than ever. Looking to the future, new models of ‘rational’ agent behaviour are required which are better suited to the cyber society of the twenty-first century. Key areas of research include: agent decision making rules; heuristics to identify decision types in any given context; network percolation of imitation, incentives, ideas, beliefs, influence and sentiments; networks evolution; the policy implications of different modes of behaviour; fundamental theory and tools to operationalise narrative dynamics; computational theories of narratives, including Big Data; tools for processing narratives and sentiment; and predicting the emergence of narratives.
Social Psychology and the Narrative Economy
Authors: Nowak Andrzej , Kacprzyk-Murawska Marta , Serwotka Ewa 
Published: January 2017

AbstractEconomics can benefit through adopting various ideas from social psychology. Social and economic processes can be analysed at different levels: the microlevel (individuals), mesolevel (system structures), and macrolevel (whole socioeconomic system). Contrary to classic economic models, when making decisions, people do not consider all available information at the microlevel—this is not possible. Decisions may have many competing dimensions and there may be no single optimum. Whereas in traditional economy the main difference between the levels is the degree of aggregation,social constructionismstudies how individuals cooperatively create, change and maintain their understanding of the world. Meanings arise as a result of coordinated action of humans who interpret their world by building models of it and how it functions. A natural way of acquiring meanings and conveying them to others is throughnarratives—stories that have a beginning, a body, and an end. Narratives exist at all levels of social reality. They provide the structure by which an individual can understand the world, with their roles in narratives individuals suggesting how to behave. Interacting individuals socially construct narratives bottom-up. Group narratives emerge from integration of stories describing individual experiences of actors. Shared narratives allow actors to find commonality in their experiences, find coherence in the flow of events and allow them to coordinate in common actions. At the macrolevel narratives define the system and its common culture. Sometimes narration may have more impact on an economy than hard data. Even the choice of which facts we refer to and those we do not may determine the leading narrative and hence the behaviour of people. Socio-economic processes can and should be analysed in line with narratives linking individuals, organisations and societies to better understand what is happening in the whole economic system.
Global Political Dynamics and the Science of Complex Systems
Authors: Root Hilton L. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDo the complex dynamics of international relations resemble the long-term evolution observed in living systems? This chapter will try to identify the mechanisms associated with those dynamics, and to determine if the science of complex adaptive systems can aid in the understanding of international development.It tries to address the weaknesses of current theories of international political economy to adequately explain global diversity and queries its empirical and theoretical limitations. Providing insight on the mechanisms by which divergence is a response to heightened interconnectivity, complexity theory offers a way to overcome the limitations of conventional political economy analysis.We find that at a qualitative level the dynamics of the international system resemble known aspects of biological behaviour, speciation and intermittent behaviour. The next frontier for the study of social development is to find quantitative measures that define these processes.
Corporate distress and turnaround: integrating the literature and directing future research
Authors: Schweizer Lars , Nienhaus Andreas 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe topic of corporate distress and turnaround has been of interest to organizational change theory for many decades. This article considers existing reviews in discussing the current body of turnaround literature across multiple research fields and structures its work along a holistic framework. The numerous facets of corporate turnaround, resorting to general corporate restructuring research classifications, are clustered in a more detailed manner than those that merely rely on two commonly employed turnaround dimensions: “retrenchment” and “recovery.” The authors develop an agenda for future research based on this cross-disciplinary literature aggregation by highlighting current gaps and offering potential research questions. The review contributes to the understanding of corporate distress and turnaround by integrating different research streams. Additionally, the work emphasizes the need for further harmonization and operationalization in turnaround success metrics.
Serum IL‐8 is a marker of white‐matter hyperintensities in patients with Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Zhu Yanan , Chai Yuek Ling , Hilal Saima , Ikram M. Kamran , Venketasubramanian Narayanaswamy , Wong Boon‐Seng , Chen Christopher P. , Lai Mitchell K.P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionNeuroinflammation and cerebrovascular disease (CeVD) have been implicated in cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease (AD). The present study aimed to examine serum inflammatory markers in preclinical stages of dementia and in AD, as well as to investigate their associations with concomitant CeVD.MethodsWe performed a cross‐sectional case–control study including 96 AD, 140 cognitively impaired no dementia (CIND), and 79 noncognitively impaired participants. All subjects underwent neuropsychological and neuroimaging assessments, as well as collection of blood samples for measurements of serum samples interleukin (IL)‐6, IL‐8, and tumor necrosis factor α levels. Subjects were classified as CIND or dementia based on clinical criteria. Significant CeVD, including white‐matter hyperintensities (WMHs), lacunes, and cortical infarcts, was assessed by magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsAfter controlling for covariates, higher concentrations of IL‐8, but not the other measured cytokines, were associated with both CIND and AD only in the presence of significant CeVD (CIND with CeVD: odds ratios [ORs] 4.53; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.5–13.4 and AD with CeVD: OR 7.26; 95% CI 1.2–43.3). Subsequent multivariate analyses showed that among the types of CeVD assessed, only WMH was associated with higher IL‐8 levels in CIND and AD (WMH: OR 2.81; 95% CI 1.4–5.6).DiscussionSerum IL‐8 may have clinical utility as a biomarker for WMH in AD. Longitudinal follow‐up studies would help validate these findings.
Creating Community Resilience Through Elder-Led Physical and Social Infrastructure
Authors: Aldrich Daniel P. , Kyota Emi 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveNatural disasters and rapidly aging populations are chronic problems for societies worldwide. We investigated the effects of an intervention in Japan known asIbasho, which embeds elderly residents in vulnerable areas within larger social networks and encourages them to participate in leadership activities. This project sought to deepen the connections of these elderly residents to society and to build elderly leadership and community capacity for future crises.MethodsWe carried out surveys of participants and nonparticipant residents across the city of Ofunato in Tohoku, Japan, 1 year after the intervention began. Our surveys included questions assessing participation levels inIbasho, demographic characteristics, efficacy, social networks, and a sense of belonging.ResultsRegression analysis and propensity score matching of more than 1100 respondents showed that regular participation in theIbashoproject had a statistically significant and positive connection with various measures of social capital.ConclusionsGiven its relatively low cost and focus on deepening cohesion, we suggest that this community-based project could be replicated and scaled up in other countries to deepen resilience, elder health, and social capital. Moving away from an emphasis on investing in physical infrastructure, we believe that disaster risk reduction strategies should center on social infrastructure. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:120–126)
The Problem of Habitual Body and Memory in Hegel and Merleau-Ponty
Authors: Magrì Elisa 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this paper, I shall focus on the relation between habitual body and memory in Hegel’sPhilosophy of Subjective Spiritand Merleau-Ponty’sPhenomenology of Perception. Both Hegel and Merleau-Ponty defend a view of the self that is centred on the role of habituality as embodied activity situated in a context. However, both philosophers avoid committing to what Edward Casey has defined habitual body memory, i.e., an active immanence of the past in the body that informs present bodily actions in an efficacious, orienting and regular manner. I shall explore the reasons why neither Hegel nor Merleau-Ponty develops an explicit account of habitual body memory. This will shed light not only on Hegel’s account of lived experience, but also on Hegel and Merleau-Ponty’s common concern with the habitual body.