bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Q&A with Stuart Clayton, Vice President of Hydrocarbon Recovery Technologies, Shell
Authors: Henni Abdelghani 
Published: July 2016

Q&A
Describe the energy production and consumption in the Middle East.
Energy demand in the Middle East is expected to increase by 60% by 2035. Despite the fact that the Middle East holds more than 40% of the global oil and gas reserves, meeting local and global future energy demands will be a major challenge.
It is evident that the global energy system will go through a major transition this century. Shell expects the global energy supply mix to evolve significantly in the decades ahead, with gas, the cleanest burning fossil fuel, becoming more widely used for power generation. While we expect renewables such as wind, solar, and biofuels to play an increasingly important role, oil and gas will be vital to meet the considerable expected increases in energy demand. Building a sustainable energy future is a complex challenge. Irrespective of how long the transition will last, technology innovation will be a crucial driver and will play a vital role to facilitate the transition.
It is imperative for our industry that we maximize the economic ultimate recovery from our existing fields. With the global average field recovery from waterflooding currently being around 35%, leaving from 60% to 70% of the oil in place is a very large opportunity. However, many current and future development opportunities are dominated by complex improved oil recovery (IOR) and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) projects, challenging fluids (heavy oil and sour gas), challenging reservoirs (tight formations, deep reservoirs, high temperature and high pressure), or challenging environmental settings (deep water and Arctic).
Shell has been deeply committed to EOR technology deployment for more than 40 years, throughout the time that EOR has been featured on the industry agenda. In-depth knowledge and an extensive tool box of proven and novel recovery technology solutions are the result.
The Middle East is an important region for Shell and we are proud of the many long-standing partnerships we have established. We have worked with Petroleum Development Oman (PDO) for many decades. Our relationship with the UAE dates back more than 75 years. We are also involved in major projects elsewhere in the region: in Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Egypt, and Iraq.
Technology Focus: Formation Evaluation (August 2015)
Authors: Ma Shouxiang Mark 
Published: July 2016

Technology Focus
Comprehensive formation evaluation is performed by integrating logs, cores, well tests, and other geoscience and engineering information. It plays a critical role in resources assessment and is equally important in well-placement development and reservoir surveillance. It is one of the technical focus areas that is fundamental across almost all upstream businesses, from initial exploration through final field abandonment. So how well are we doing in modern formation evaluation?
In resources exploration, we have come a long way from the historical wireline (WL) triple combination of logging of bulk density, neutron porosity, and resistivity for reservoir lithology, porosity, and saturation, respectively. With continuing development in technologies such as acoustic, mud logging, nuclear magnetic resonance, imaging, and formation testing and sampling, we can identify fluid types and contacts; quantify viscosity, free fluid, and mobility; and characterize pore structure and rock mechanical properties. In addition, elemental mineralogy logs have significantly improved multimineral formation evaluation in complex reservoirs, especially unconventional shale formations.
In field development, a paradigm shift has occurred in the last decade in terms of wells drilled (i.e., we are drilling more and more horizontal, multilateral wells for maximum/extreme reservoir contact). Consequently, logging-while-drilling technologies have advanced so much that they can provide almost WL-log quality and capability. To achieve the ultimate goal of maximizing reservoir performance, looking-around and -ahead technologies are also evolving quickly.
In reservoir surveillance, game-changing technologies are emerging that enable us to illuminate the reservoir in four dimensions through measurements across wells, from wellbore to surface, and monitor smart-nanoparticle movement in situ. Development of these reservoir-scale technologies is actually in line with the grand challenges facing the exploration-and-production industry identified by SPE (i.e., developing higher-resolution subsurface imaging and increasing hydrocarbon recovery factor) because they are critical for improvements in identifying bypassed oil and assessing remaining oil.
Core analysis has historically been considered as a reference for log interpretation. Major developments in core analysis in the last decade are digital rock physics and unconventional-resources evaluation. These developments continue to push the envelope of our understanding of rock and of rock/fluid interactions.
In summary, significant progress has been made recently in formation evaluation, and we are in the process of a great journey to help resolve the grand challenges with fit-for-purpose and cost-effective solutions, as demonstrated in the selected papers and recommended additional reading. JPT
Digital Rocks: Emerging Technology to Business-Proven Capability
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 170752, “Digital Rocks: Developing an Emerging Technology Through to a Proven Capability Deployed in the Business,” by J.T. Fredrich, D.L. Lakshtanov, N.M. Lane, E.B. Liu, C.S. Natarajan, D.M. Ni, and J.J. Toms, BP, prepared for the 2014 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Amsterdam, 27–29 October. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper describes the development of “digital-rocks” technology, in which high-resolution 3D image data are used in conjunction with advanced modeling and simulation methods to measure petrophysical rock properties. This technology has developed into a proven capability sanctioned for use in the operating assets of a large multinational oil company. Digital-rocks technology can improve evaluation of reservoir quality and quantification of hydrocarbons in place, and it can help inform the development of improved-recovery methods.
Introduction
The premise of the technology is to apply state-of-the-art high-resolution 3D imaging technologies to derive digital descriptions of reservoir rocks, typically at a resolution of approximately 1–5 Μm, or even lower for complex rocks with significant microporosity less than 1 Μm in dimension. These digital descriptions can be thought of as a numerical grid or mesh and, in conjunction with the appropriate models and numerical algorithms, can be used to perform massively parallel simulations of pore-scale processes of interest. These simulations can then be interpreted to derive macroscopic static and dynamic rock properties.
Because the geometrically and topologically complex pore-scale architecture of the rock is captured in the 3D image and faithfully represented in the computational mesh, the numerical solution of the underlying physics is not compromised as long as the image is acquired with the requisite fidelity, and at a suitable resolution and over a representative elementary volume. In the field of computational physics, this general approach is known as direct numerical simulation (DNS). While DNS is often used to describe a solution method for problems in computational fluid dynamics, there exists an underlying generality and the same concept can be applied to other partial-differential equations (PDEs) of interest, thereby expanding application to various rock properties in addition to intrinsic permeability.
Lucius Subsea-Production-System Design and Installation
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: July 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper OTC 26016, “Lucius Subsea Design and Installation,” by Timothy Dean, Anadarko; Paul Haines, Wood Group Kenny; and Marsha Carlstrom, EXP Engineering International, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper describes the architecture of the Lucius Gulf of Mexico subsea production system and the drivers behind it. Novel technologies are detailed, and innovative installation techniques and highlights are described, including a “strong-back” system for rigid jumpers. Difficulties and lessons learned are also shared.
Introduction
The Lucius field is located in water depths ranging from 6,800 to 7,100 ft. Lucius has been developed with six initial subsea wells split between two 8-in.-nominal production loops, each with a six-well manifold. The system is designed for a maximum-allowable operating pressure of 9,300 psi. An early discovery well is located away from the well clusters and is daisy chained into the west-manifold flowline loop. Two other delineation wells are produced back to the east manifold with short-stepout flowlines. The step-out wells add some flow-assurance complexity. Unfortunately, permitting restrictions drove the location of one of the step-out wells. The other was drilled by another operator and later was captured by the development with unitization. It is expected that all future wells will be located adjacent to one of the two manifolds.
System Overview
The system relies heavily on the operator’s subsea-hardware supply-chain alliances for standardized building blocks. A flow test was used to obtain additional reservoir information to help move the project forward to sanction. The discovery well was completed with a stock tree and controls for the flow test. This well and the equipment are now part of the completed system.
Safe Handling and Disposal of Nanostructured Materials
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: July 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 25975, “Safe Handling and Disposal of Nanostructured Materials,” by Pavan M.V. Raja, SPE, Monica Huynh, and Valery N. Khabashesku, SPE, Baker Hughes, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Nanostructured materials are substances that contain at least one dimension in the nanometer-size regime and can include nanoparticulate materials such as quantum dots, nanofibrous materials such as carbon nanotubes, and nanoporous material such as activated carbon. Potential applications of these novel materials in the oil and gas industry include wastewater treatment, antimicrobial additives, and multifunctional coatings. These applications cause concerns regarding safe handling and disposal of the materials. This paper provides a firsthand perspective on the appropriate handling of nanomaterials in a laboratory setting.
Introduction
After several cycles of technological advances in fields such as polymers, electronics, and the energy sector, the world is currently undergoing a nano revolution, wherein materials with increasingly smaller dimensions are generating considerable interest in the interdisciplinary technology community. Such materials, known as nanomaterials or nanostructured materials, typically have at least one dimension in the nanometer range. These materials have been found to possess many useful properties, such as high strength, high surface area, abrasion resistance, and tunable chemical reactivity. They are currently being researched extensively or actively proposed for related applications in critical realms (e.g., aerospace, defense, medicine) such as aircraft composites, electronic devices, biomedical sensors, and coatings. This trend makes it evident that nanomaterials and nanotechnology, the science and application of such material or the manipulation of material at molecular or atomic scales, are here to stay and will grow in popularity. A wide range of economic institutions worldwide estimate the global market for nano-related products and technologies to be worth currently more than USD 1 trillion.
As with any new material or technology, there will be unknowns such as questions related to safety, economy of handling and processing, and effect on the environment. Therefore, the increasing use of nanomaterials in research laboratories and industries makes it essential to understand and address these questions better.
This paper focuses on prevention of possible safety issues related to nanomaterials through a review of current good practices and regulatory developments as applied to an industrial laboratory setting. As the saying goes, “Prevention is better than cure.” As with any material or activity associated with human endeavor, risks exist and can always be addressed by the judicious use of appropriate protective or preventive measures in the research-and-development phase and during manufacturing and commercialization.
Regular Nitrogen Application Increases Nitrogen Utilization Efficiency and Grain Yield in Indica Hybrid Rice
Authors: Zhou Wei , Lv Tengfei , Zhang Peipei , Huang Yun , Chen Yong , Ren Wanjun 
Published: July 2016

On the basis of research and practical production experience of many years, regular nitrogen fertilizer application (RFA) was used to improve rice (Oryza sativa L.) yield and increase nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUE). Two field experiments (manually transplanted rice with three indica hybrid rice cultivars and four N treatments, mechanically transplanted rice with eight N applications) were conducted in 2011 and 2012, to investigate the effects of RFA on rice yield and NUE. The results showed that RFA increased the total amount of N uptake in the plants and improved NUE when compared with the farmers’ nitrogen fertilizer practices (FFP). The average increment in agronomy efficiency (AE), recovery efficiency (RE), and partial factor productivity for applied nitrogen (PFP) were 12.16, 10.91, and 6.01% for the mechanically transplanted rice and 30.81, 65.57, 6.18% for the manually transplanted rice. The main reason for the increase was the improvement in N concentration of the plant organs. For RFA, the grains per panicle was 12.15 and 7.59% higher than that of FFP, which was the main reason for the 6.19 and 3.33% increase in the yield of the manually and mechanically transplanted rice, respectively. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first RFA strategy to be applied, and the jointing stage and 15 to 20 d after the jointing stage are the key periods for increasing the total amount of N uptake and grain yield; this strategy should be widely applied for indica hybrid rice production.Core Ideas

Regular nitrogen fertilizer application significantly increased grains per panicle and then improve rice yield.
Regular nitrogen fertilizer application improved plant N concentration and then increased N use efficiency.
Jointing stage and 15 to 20 d after jointing stage are the two key stages to apply N fertilizers.
Regular N fertilizer application is suitable for both manually and mechanically transplanted rice.
Ambientes virtuais e mídias de comunicação, abordando a explosão das mídias na sociedade da informação e seu impacto na aprendizagem o uso do WhatsApp como plataforma de m-learning
Authors: Alves Jesimar Cruz , Pereira Paulo Cesar , Pereira Rafael Silva 
Published: July 2016

Este trabalho tem como objetivo verificar o atual uso e desenvolvimento das plataformas denominadas m-learning, suas vantagens e desafios a serem enfrentados para a sua disseminação na educação à distância. Descreve brevemente a evolução dos ambientes de aprendizagem através do uso das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação e avalia a possibilidade de utilização da tecnologia de computação móvel no auxílio ao processo de aprendizagem. O trabalho foi realizado através de pesquisa exploratória, de campo e bibliográfica, consistindo no levantamento do conhecimento bibliográfico disponível em produções atuais e no levantamento das percepções de professores de diversos níveis de formação, vinculação, tempo de docência e idades a respeito do uso de ambientes de M-Learning, em especial o Wattsapp. Por meio do desenvolvimento do presente estudo, foi possível observar que o uso do M-learning ainda está em fase embrionária no contexto brasileiro, mas o uso de dispositivos móveis na educação é algo que não deve ser ignorado ou pensado como improvável em pouco tempo, pois atualmente, alunos e professores buscam a interação pessoal, entre si, permitida por esta tecnologia, muito além de ser somente um distribuidor de conteúdos educacionais. Palavras–chave: Educação, Educação à Distância, M-learning.
Anatomic Versus Mechanically Aligned Total Knee Arthroplasty for Unicompartmental Knee Arthroplasty Revision
Authors: Toliopoulos Panagiota , LeBlanc Marc-Andre , Hutt Jonathan , Lavigne Martin , Desmeules Francois , Vendittoli Pascal-Andre 
Published: July 2016

Objectives:The purpose of this study was to compare the intra-operative benefits and the clinical outcomes from kinematic or mechanical alignment for total knee arthroplasty (TKA) in patients undergoing revision of failed unicompartmental kneel arthroplasty (UKA) to TKA.Methods:Ten revisions were performed with a kinematic alignment technique and 11 with a mechanical alignment. Measurements of the hip-knee-ankle angle (HKA), the lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA), and the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) were performed using long-leg radiographs. The need for augments, stems, and constrained inserts was compared between groups. Clinical outcomes were compared using the WOMAC score along with maximum distance walked as well as knee range of motion obtained prior to discharge. All data was obtained by a retrospective review of patient files.Results:The kinematic group required less augments, stems, and constrained inserts than the mechanical group and thinner polyethylene bearings. There were significant differences in the lateral distal femoral angle (LDFA) and the medial proximal tibial angle (MPTA) between the two groups (p<0.05). The mean WOMAC score obtained at discharge was better in the kinematic group as was mean knee flexion. At last follow up of 34 months for the kinematic group and 58 months for the mechanical group, no orthopedic complications or reoperations were recorded.Conclusion:Although this study has a small patient cohort, our results suggest that kinematic alignment for TKA after UKA revision is an attractive method. Further studies are warranted.
Le calcul du coefficient de gradation q d'après De Liocourt a l'aide du volume total et du diamètre maximal
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

De Liocourt stelde vast, dat in het ideale plenterbos de stamtaIIen afnemen voIgens een meetkundige reeks van de vorm ; a a. q-1 a. q-2 ......... a. q-(n-2) a. q-(n-1) De Liocourt berekent de drie factoren a, q en n ais volgt: a = ((3 . Z)/(4. m'))xp. n, gelijk aan het aantal diameterklassan, wordt bepaald door het vastleggen van de kapbaarheidsgrens. log q = 1/(n-1).log a (uit a. -(n-1) = 1). Volgens deze traditionele methode is het echter zeer moeilijk om «a », n en q juist te bepalen, zodat het niet te verwonderen is, dat twee auteurs, uitgaande van dezeIfde basisgegevens, een verschillende evenwichtscurve opsteIIen. De voornaamste oorzaak hiervan is de foutieve bepaling van de gradatiecoefficient q. het was dan ook de bedoeling een nauwkeuriger berekening voor deze parameter uit te werken. Hiervoor werd uitgegaan van het totale volume V en de einddiameter DE. Aan de hand van de verhouding tussen V en verschillende waarden van q en DE en de betrekking tussen de einddiameter en de waarde van q bij een constante voorraad kan de vergelijking q = a.DE2 + b . DE + c (1) opgesteld worden, die het mogelijk maakt bij een gegeven volume de waarde van q te berekenen. De formule 1 kan als volgt veralgemeend worden: q = (0,0071382 . V-0,61776) . DE2 - (0,534348 . V-0,41655) DE + (9,9170. V-0,15413) (formule 2) Deze formule laat toe op een eenvoudige wijze de gradatiecoefficient en aldus ook de evenwichtscurve te berekenen, tenminste als V en DE gekend zijn. Deze twee faktoren moeten door de bosbouwer op voorhand bepaald worden, daar zij kunnen verschillen naargelang de standplaats en het bedrijfsdoel. Het blijkt echter, dat bij een bepaald volume niet alle waarden van DE kunnen gebruikt worden omdat het procent hoomhout te groot zou worden. De maximale einddiameter die bij een bepaald volume toegelaten is, kan berekend worden door volgende vergelijking : Max. DE = 49,057 + 0,138 . V Aan deze maximale waarden van DE beantwoorden minimale waarden van q : Min. q = 0,000001807136. V2 - 0,002039781 . V + 1,790206 Er bestaat evenwel ook een maximale waarde van q, daar het anders mogelijk zou zijn, dat bij een bepaalde waarde van V en DE de waarde van « a » te groot zou worden. Om te beletten dat bij een bepaald volume «a» groter zou zijn dan 140, kan gebruik gemaakt worden van de formule: Max. q = 0,000001886. V2 - 0,001948. V + 1,858171 Om de maximale waarde van q niet te overschrijden moet bij een bepaald volume DE een minimale waarde hebben : Min. DE = -0,000111428. V2 + 0,165228. V + 43,083 Deze werkwijze biedt het grote voordeel, dat voor de bepaling van de faktor q geen metingen meer noodzakelijk zijn. Daarenboven is de waarde van q nu afhankelijk van het volume en de beoogde einddiameter, d.w.z. dat op eenzelfde standplaats, de gradatiecoefficient kan verschillen naargelang het bedrijfsdoel. Dit sluit aan met de ideeën van Mitscherlich (16) die vooropstelt, dat op eenzelfde standplaats meerdere evenwichtscurven mogelijk zijn.
A forest classification based on management and treatment
Authors: Van Miegroet M. 
Published: July 2016

The following forest types are used as basic units for classification: 1. The natural forest 2. The semi-natural forest 3. The intermediary forest 4. The artificial forest 5. The naturalized forest 6. The marginal forest forms The proposed classification of forests tries to establish a systematic order, based partly on morphological aspects of the forest stand, but principally on the degree and the characteristics of human interference as expressed by use, treatment and the aims of management. Its application belongs essentially to the domain of forest policy. The number of types it covers is not to be considered limitative: practical use of the classification will give the opportunity to find out its weaker points and eventually lead to necessary modifications. It can be used simultaneously with other classifications based on floristic, ecological, phytosoeiological and phytogeographical characteristics. Neither is it intended as a substitute for usual stand description, needed for planning management and silvicultural treatment, because it does not take into consideration the particularities of the local situation.
Le teck (Tectona grandis L.) en plantation dans la région de Kinshasa République du Zaire
Authors: Pieters A. , De Maerschalk J. 
Published: July 2016

Studies on a teak plantation of the Kinshasa region (Zaire) – A teak plantation established in part in 1935 and in 1947 in the vicinity of Kinshasa was assessed both from the point of view of dendrometry and silviculture. Compared to other teak plantations that can be found elsewhere in Africa and whose yield is actually known, the Kinshasa plantation looks promising. The standing volume projected at the end of the rotation would amount to about 200 m3 /ha based on the present state of development and maintenance of the forest.