bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social Functioning in First- and Multiepisode Schizophrenia
Authors: Grant Christina , Addington Jean , Addington Donald , Konnert Candace 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To compare the social functioning of individuals experiencing their first episode of schizophrenia with those who have experienced multiple episodes and with nonpsychiatrically ill control subjects. Method: Subjects included 40 patients with first-episode (FE) schizophrenia, 40 patients with multiepisode (ME) schizophrenia, and a control group of 40 nonpsychiatrically ill individuals. Three social-functioning measures were used: the Social Functioning Scale (SFS), the Quality of Life Scale (QOL), and the Assessment of Interpersonal Problem-Solving Skills (AIPSS). Results: Control subjects significantly outperformed FE and ME participants on all social-functioning measures. FE and ME samples did not differ in their performance on the SFS and the AIPSS. On the QLS, ME participants outperformed FE participants. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that deficits in social functioning are present near the onset of schizophrenia.
Anxiety Disorders in Children and Adolescents with Bipolar Disorder: A Neglected Comorbidity
Authors: Masi Gabriele , Toni Cristina , Perugi Giulio , Mucci Maria , Millepiedi Stefania , Akiskal Hagop S 
Published: July 2017

Objective: We describe a consecutive clinical sample of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder to define the pattern of comorbid anxiety and externalizing disorders (attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder [ADHD] and conduct disorder [CD]) and to explore the possible influence of such a comorbidity on their cross-sectional and longitudinal clinical characteristics. Methods: The sample comprised 43 outpatients, 26 boys and 17 girls, (mean age 14.9 years, SD 3.1; range 7 to 18), with bipolar disorder type I or II, according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria. All patients were screened for psychiatric disorders using historical information and a clinical interview, the Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents-Revised (DICA-R). To shed light on the possible influence of age at onset, we compared clinical features of subjects whose bipolar onset was prepubertal or in childhood (< 12 years) with those having adolescent onset. We also compared different subgroups with and without comorbid externalizing and anxiety disorders. Results: Bipolar disorder type I was slightly more represented than type II (55.8% vs 44.2%). Only 11.6% of patients did not have any other psychiatric disorder; importantly, 10 subjects (23.5%) did not show any comorbid anxiety disorder. Comorbid externalizing disorders were present in 12 (27.9%) patients; such comorbidity was related to the childhood onset of bipolar disorder type II. Compared with other subjects, patients with comorbid anxiety disorders more often reported pharmacologic (hypo)mania.
The Pharmacologic Treatment of the Early Phase of First-Episode Psychosis in Youths
Authors: Walter Garry , Wiltshire Catherine , Anderson Josephine , Storm Victor 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To summarize available knowledge about pharmacologic treatments that are used for first-onset (or early) psychosis in youths, with particular consideration of the prodromal stage and the effectiveness and safety of novel antipsychotic drugs and mood stabilizers. Method: A computerized search of medical databases (for example, Medline and Embase), a manual searching of articles and textbooks, and the use of vignettes to highlight treatment issues. Results: There are limited data about the effectiveness and safety of psychotropic agents for youths with psychosis and scarce information about the drug treatment of the prodromal stage of early psychosis in all age groups. The available data are encouraging, although the newer agents are not without safety concerns. Conclusions: Despite the paucity of studies, there is a range of psychotropics that may be used in the early stages of psychotic illness in youths. Drug choice is influenced by several factors, including the clinical picture, side effect profile, and patient preference. In certain situations, the decision may be not to use medication.
Psychosocial Risk Factors in Poststroke Depression: A Systematic Review
Authors: Ouimet MA , Primeau F , Cole MG 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To review systematically the psychosocial risk factors for poststroke depression. Methods: Medline was searched using the key words “poststroke depression” (PSD) for the period January 1, 1966, to June 30, 2000; using the key words “cerebrovascular disease” and “depression” it was searched from June 1, 1996, to June 30, 2000. Corollary articles were obtained from the bibliographies. Inclusion criteria were as follows: original research in French or English; prospective, case-control or cross-sectional study design; assessment of PSD in the first 6 months following the stroke; an acceptable definition of depression; an acceptable definition of stroke; and at least one psychosocial risk factor. Interrater reliability was tested for the selection and quality of the articles. A qualitative risk factor analysis was conducted. Results: The risk factors most consistently associated with PSD are a past history of depression, past personal psychiatric history, dysphasia, functional impairments, living alone, and poststroke social isolation. Risk factors not associated with PSD are dementia and cognitive impairment. Controversial risk factors are age, socioeconomic status (SES), prior social distress, dependency in regard to activities of daily living (ADL), and sex. Conclusions: Over approximately 30 years, some 25 qualitative studies have addressed psychosocial risk factors for PSD. Further studies should aim for quantitative analysis. The results suggest that identifying psychiatric history and preventing social deterioration and impairment should be part of multidisciplinary efforts to care for poststroke patients.
Antipsychotic Drugs and Obesity: Is Prolactin Involved?
Authors: Baptista Trino , Lacruz Anny , Meza Teraiza , Contreras Quilianio , Delgado Carlos , Mejìas Maria A , Hernàndez Luis 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To correlate the anthropometric indexes (Body Mass Index [BMI] and Waist–Hip ratio [WHR]) with the serum prolactin levels in a heterogeneous population of patients treated with typical antipsychotic (AP) drugs. Methods: We evaluated BMI, WHR, and fasting serum prolactin of inpatients ( n = 105) and outpatients ( n = 122) treated with APs, in outpatients receiving other psychotropic drugs (OPDs) ( n = 77), and in drug-free subjects (n = 33). Outpatients had free access to food, whereas the inpatient sample comprised people with a monotonous diet of approximately 2000 Kcal daily. Results: Prolactin correlated positively with the BMI in the whole group of AP-treated outpatient men ( P = 0.03) and with the WHR in AP-treated inpatient men ( P = 0.053). Regarding treatment duration, prolactin and BMI correlated positively in men consecutively treated for more than 1 year ( P = 0.023). By contrast, a trend toward a negative correlation between prolactin and BMI was observed in AP-treated outpatient women ( P = 0.08). No significant correlation, or even a trend, was observed in the other groups. Conclusions: Prolactin may be involved in AP-induced weight gain, particularly in men. Future studies should characterize the period of maximal prolactin impact on body weight during AP treatment. Specific populations particularly sensitive to hyperprolactinemia might be identified as well. The negative correlation between prolactin and BMI detected in AP-treated women resembles the dampened prolactin response observed in severe primary obesity.
Factorial Structure of the Sensation-Seeking Scale-Form V: Confirmatory Factorial Analyses in Nonclinical and Clinical Samples
Authors: Loas Gwenolé , Verrier Annie , Flament Martine F , Perez-Diaz Fernando , Corcos Maurice , Halfon Olivier , Lang François , Bizouard Paul , Venisse Jean Luc , Guelfi Julien Daniel , Jeammet Philippe 
Published: July 2017

Objective: The factor structure of the Sensation-Seeking Scale (SSS)-Form V was studied in 2 large French samples, using confirmatory factorial analyses (CFA) to test the 4-dimensional model of sensation seeking postulated by Zuckerman. Method: The study included 769 healthy subjects and 659 patients who met the DSM-IV criteria for substance use disorders or eating disorders and completed the SSS. The correlation matrices for each of the samples were analyzed using CFA. Results: In each sample, we found the 4-factor model to be replicable. Conclusion: The multidimensionality of sensation seeking is supported by the results, and the 4-dimensional model of sensation seeking identified by Zuckerman can be explored in French-speaking people.
Mental Retardation in Teenagers: Prevalence Data from the Niagara Region, Ontario
Authors: Bradley Elspeth A , Thompson Ann , Bryson Susan E 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: There are few Canadian prevalence studies of mental retardation (MR); those that do exist were conducted prior to the era of community integration. We undertook a population-based study to explore mental health disturbances in young persons with MR. The first requirement was to identify a population with MR and to establish its prevalence. Here, we report data on the prevalence of MR in a population aged 14 to 20 years. Method: We conducted the study in the Niagara Region of Ontario, which has a population base of around 400 000. Researchers worked closely with schools and with agencies providing services to persons with MR to identify the study group. We confirmed the functioning level of participants through standard tests of nonverbal intelligence and receptive language; teachers and other service personnel provided information relevant to the estimation of nonparticipants' functioning level. Results: We identified 255 individuals as having MR (IQ ≤ 75). Of these, 171 chose to participate (defined as “participants with MR”; the remaining 84 were “nonparticipants with MR”). Thus, the participation rate was 67% (171/255). Participants and nonparticipants with MR did not differ on age, sex, or IQ, although there were more nonparticipants in the lower social strata. Overall prevalence for MR was 7.18/1000. For mild mental retardation (MMR; that is, IQ = 50 to 75), prevalence was 3.54/1000, and for severe mental retardation (SMR; that is, IQ < 50), it was 3.64/1000. Conclusions: Our prevalence estimate for SMR is similar to rates from previous studies conducted worldwide. Our estimate for MMR parallels the lower rates found in Scandinavian countries and contrasts with the higher rates generally reported in the US.
Treatment-Seeking Rates and Associated Mediating Factors among Individuals with Depression
Authors: Bristow Kristin , Patten Scott 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To systematically review the literature with respect to treatment-seeking rates for depression and associated mediating factors. This review focuses on adolescents and adults of all ages. Methods: A structured literature review using Medline and PsychInfo databases revealed 38 relevant papers. Two trained reviewers independently and blindly assessed each study according to 4 inclusion criteria. A total of 17 papers met all 4 criteria. Results: Between 17.0% and 77.8% of individuals with depressive episodes or disorders sought treatment in these studies. We could explain the range in rates by diverse measures of depression, mediating factors that influence treatment-seeking, varied years in which the studies were done, and different time periods over which treatment-seeking was assessed. Conclusions: Treatment-seeking rates for major depression appear to have increased over the years. Age, race, social supports, and clinical and psychiatric factors seem to influence treatment-seeking rates most. Public health initiatives can use this information to facilitate service access and delivery.
Risperidone Decreases Craving and Relapses in Individuals with Schizophrenia and Cocaine Dependence
Authors: Smelson David A , Losonczy Miklos F , Davis Craig W , Kaune Maureen , Williams John , Ziedonis Douglas 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To examine the efficacy of atypical neuroleptics for decreasing craving and drug relapses during protracted withdrawal in individuals dually diagnosed with schizophrenia and cocaine dependence. Method: We conducted a 6-week, open-label pilot study comparing risperidone with typical neuroleptics in a sample of withdrawn cocaine-dependent schizophrenia patients. Results: Preliminary results suggest that individuals treated with risperidone had significantly less cue-elicited craving and substance abuse relapses at study completion. Further, they showed a trend toward a greater reduction in negative and global symptoms of schizophrenia. Conclusion: Atypical neuroleptics may help reduce craving and relapses in this population. Future research should include more rigorous double-blind placebo-controlled studies with this class of medications.
Effective Use of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Late-Life Depression
Authors: Flint Alastair J , Gagnon Nadine 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To review literature pertaining to the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) in treating late-life depression. Method: We undertook a literature review with an emphasis on research studies published in the last 10 years. Results: There is a positive association between advancing age and ECT efficacy. Age per se does not necessarily increase the risk of cognitive side effects from ECT, but this risk is increased by age-associated neurological conditions such as Alzheimer's dementia and cerebrovascular disease. With appropriate evaluation and monitoring, ECT can be used safely in patients of very advanced age and in those with serious medical conditions. Several technical factors, including dose of electricity relative to a patient's seizure threshold, position of electrodes, frequency of administration, and total number of treatments, have an impact on the efficacy and cognitive side effects of ECT and need to be taken into account when administering ECT. Naturalistic studies have found that 50% or more of patients have a relapse of depression within 6 to 12 months of discontinuing acute ECT. Conclusions: In recent years, there has been substantial progress in our understanding of the effect of technical factors on the efficacy and cognitive side effects of ECT. When administered in an optimal manner, ECT is a safe, well-tolerated, and effective treatment in older patients. Relapse of depression after response to ECT remains a significant problem, and there is a need for further research into the prediction and prevention of post-ECT relapse.
A Test of the Phase Model of Psychotherapy Change
Authors: Joyce Anthony S , Ogrodniczuk John , Piper William E , McCallum Mary 
Published: July 2017

Objective: A comparative trial of 2 forms (interpretive and supportive) of short-term, time-limited individual (STI) therapy provided data that were used to test the propositions of the Howard and others phase model of psychotherapy change. Method: Patients completed the Integra Outpatient Tracking Assessment Form on 5 occasions during the 20-session treatments. The measure assesses 3 dimensions: subjective well-being, current symptoms, and current life dysfunction. Howard and others regard these as dimensions that represent successive phases in the therapy change process (that is, well-being improves first, followed by resolution of symptoms, and finally by change in long-standing life dysfunction). We conducted a test of their model, using their approach to data analysis. Results: The comparative trial data provided no support for the phase model. Conclusions: Possible explanations for the absence of confirmatory findings are considered.
Sleep Quality in Chronic Pain Patients
Authors: Sayar Kemal , Arikan Meltem , Yontem Tulin 
Published: July 2017

Objective: Chronic pain patients have been reported to complain about poor sleep quality. Research aimed at delineating the predictors of poor sleep has produced conflicting results. Depressive mood and pain severity are the most frequently encountered predictors. This study aimed to find out whether chronic pain patients differed from healthy control subjects who had no pain on subjective sleep quality measures and, if so, which factors contributed most to poorer sleep quality. Method: We compared 40 patients with chronic pain who met inclusion criteria with 40 healthy control subjects on the measures of sleep quality, anxiety, and depression. The predictors of sleep quality were investigated with multiple regression in the pain group. Results: Chronic pain patients had higher scores than did healthy control subjects on the Beck Anxiety Scale, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). At the bivariate level, pain intensity, anxiety, and depression correlated significantly with poorer sleep quality. At the multivariate level, depression was found to be the only significant factor correlating with the quality of sleep, and the model explained 34% of the variance. Conclusions: Chronic pain patients suffer from poor sleep quality—a function of depressed mood rather than pain intensity, duration, or anxiety. However, it is difficult to draw a causal relation in this relatively small sample size. Besides, our study sample comprised a mostly psychiatric population and may not represent the general group of patients with chronic pain.
Psychiatric Disorders and Use of Mental Health Services by Ontario Women
Authors: Frise Sarah , Steingart Allan , Sloan Margaret , Cotterchio Michelle , Kreiger Nancy 
Published: July 2017

Objectives: To describe the lifetime prevalence of selected psychiatric disorders in Ontario women and to compare these estimates with use of mental health resources. Methods: We obtained data from a survey of 3062 Ontario women, aged 25 to 74 years, who participated in the Women's Health Study. A 5-item scale assessed lifetime prevalence of 5 psychiatric disorders (anxiety, depression, posttraumatic stress disorder [PTSD], obsessive–compulsive disorder [OCD], and anorexia [AN] or bulimia [BN]). We assessed use of mental health services by comorbidity. We employed stratified random sampling to select study subjects. Prevalence estimates were weighted and 95%CIs were obtained using Taylor linearization techniques (1). Results: Nearly 30% of those surveyed reported at least 1 of the disorders studied. The most common were depression (27%) and anxiety (21%). Lifetime prevalence of PTSD, OCD, and AN or BN were 10.7%, 6.1%, and 3.9%, respectively. Successively younger birth cohorts displayed an increase in prevalence and a decrease in onset-age for all disorders. “Ever” use of mental health services was higher for women with 3 or more comorbid disorders (65%) than for those with no disorder (9.8%), or only 1 disorder (51.4%). Conclusions: The results of this study highlight the need to conduct more research into the reasons for the low rates of professional service use, especially for women with high comorbidity. They also highlight the need to understand the phenomenon underlying the possibly increasing rates of disorders in younger birth cohorts, so that outreach strategies can be modified to accommodate differences in younger women.
Homicide in the Canadian Prairies: Elderly and Nonelderly Killings
Authors: Ahmed AG , Menzies Robin PD 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To examine the psychosocial and clinical characteristics of male perpetrators of elderly and nonelderly homicides in the Canadian Prairies. Method: We examined data drawn from a study of 901 adult homicide offenders who were incarcerated or on parole between 1988 and 1992 in Alberta, Saskatchewan, and Manitoba. Results: Of those studied, 67 men were convicted of homicide involving 79 elderly victims, and 671 were convicted of homicide involving 675 nonelderly victims. Most perpetrators were single and engaged in irregular patterns of employment at the time of their index offence. Fourteen (20.8%) offenders with elderly victims had a history of psychiatric treatment, compared with 98 (14.6%) offenders with nonelderly victims; however, this difference was not statistically significant. Approximately 30% of both groups were diagnosed with personality disorders. A comparison of the index-offence characteristics showed no significant differences between the 2 groups. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that elderly individuals are more likely to be killed in their own homes by strangers. Social isolation appears to be a significant risk factor in cases of elderly homicide.
Substance Use Disorders: Sex Differences and Psychiatric Comorbidities
Authors: Zilberman Monica L , Tavares Hermano , Blume Sheila B , el-Guebaly Nady 
Published: July 2017

Objective: This article reviews sex differences in psychiatric comorbidity among individuals with substance use disorders and, in particular, the clinical significance of these differences for treatment outcome among women. Method: We undertook a computerized search of major health care databases. To enhance the search, we drew prior relevant articles from the reference list. Results: Women with alcohol and other drug use disorders present higher rates of psychiatric comorbidity, particularly mood and anxiety disorders, than do men. Moreover, the comorbid diagnosis, particularly of depression, is more often primary in women, while in men the comorbidity is more often secondary to the substance abuse diagnosis. In addition, there is evidence that psychiatric comorbidity is associated with distinct, sex-specific outcomes for substance use treatment. Conclusions: Sex differences in the clinical presentation of substance-dependent individuals with psychiatric comorbidity present specific treatment challenges and opportunities.
Clinical Aspects of Substance Abuse in Persons with Schizophrenia
Authors: Negrete Juan C 
Published: July 2017

Objective: To review the current knowledge on the problem of psychoactive substance abuse by persons with schizophrenia, with particular attention to issues of direct relevance to clinical practice. Method: The author examined the literature from the last 2 decades and data from studies in which he was involved. Results: Schizophrenia sufferers show an elevated liability for substance abuse. Such comorbidity may derive from self-medication attempts, a common neuropathology for addiction and schizophrenia, the psychotogenic properties of certain drugs, or the influence of environmental factors. Among schizophrenia patients receiving treatment, substance misuse is associated with more severe symptoms and poorer therapeutic response. The presence of a chronic psychosis impedes treatment of the substance problem in traditional, nonpsychiatric addiction programs. Better outcomes are observed in integrated therapy services, where patients receive appropriate care for both conditions. Conclusion: Dual-pathology patients need comprehensive care with appropriate pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions. This treatment can be best provided within the context of a continuing care psychiatric service.