bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiscale Experimental Characterization of the Delamination Resistant Mechanisms Found in the Biomineralized Exoskeleton Fish Scale Composite
Authors: Hodo Wayne , Nelms Matt , Crawford Bryan , Livi Kenneth , Rajendran A. M. “Raj” 
Published: February 2017

Engineered man-made composite (inhomogeneous) materials are well known for their superior structural properties. Man-made composite materials and multilayered systems are widely used in civilian and military applications. The combined multilayered systems are attractive because they have the characteristics of being energy absorbent, lightweight, high-strength, high-stiffness, and can provide good fatigue and corrosion resistance. Although the engineered composites are promising and offer mutual exclusive material properties that are not found in other structural materials, they are prone to delamination at the glued layered interface.
In contrast to man-made composites, most superior performing materials found in nature possess a hierarchal biomineralized composite structure that tends to be delamination resistant. These delaminate resistant biocomposite structures [e.g. alligator gar’s (Atractosteus Spatula) exoskeleton fish scale] have mechanical properties that vastly exceed the properties of their relatively weak constituents. The fish scale is made up of 90 percent hard (inorganic minerals) and 10 percent soft (polymer-like organic collagen fibers) by volume. Nature integrates hard and soft materials at different length scales to form a two-layered composite that better resists delamination.
The objective of this research was to use scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and nanoindentation to investigate the delamination resistant behavior occurring at the layered interface for the alligator gar fish scale composite. The SEM imagery showed at the micron level the collagen bundles + B-Ap crystals (C/B-Ap) form a distinctive two-layered system that is connected by what is described as sawtooth geometrically structured interface. The outermost layer for the exoskeleton fish scale is called ganoine while the inner layer called bone. The layers interface seems to be mainly bonded by mechanical means using sawtooth notches, rather than the chemicals adhesives used in the man-made laminated planar interfaced composites. The notched regions for ganoine+bone materials overlap and are embedded at various depths within each layer to form periodic “repeating” bonded connections.
The indentation measurements taken at the nano-level showed that elastic moduli have property gradients occurring through the interfacial transition zone. Noticeably the ganoine layer has elastic moduli ranging from [98–67] GPa while the bone layer elastic moduli ranged from [20–13] GPa. The research findings indicate the sawtooth connections perhaps provide enhanced shear resistance at the interface and may help inhibit debonding. Additionally, the notched interlocking provides a less discrete (graded) interface, which seems to promote durability and delamination resistance.
Crystallinity Control of Electroplated Interconnections for Improving Their Stability and Lifetime
Authors: Liu Jiatong , Suzuki Ken , Miura Hideo 
Published: February 2017

In a three-dimensional (3D) packaging systems, the interconnections which penetrate stacked silicon chips have been employed. Such interconnection structure is called TSV (Through Silicon Via) structure, and the via is recently filled by electroplated copper thin film. The electroplated copper thin films often consist of fine columnar grains and porous grain boundaries with high density of defects which don’t appear in conventional bulk material. This unique micro texture has been found to cause the wide variation of physical and chemical properties of this material. In the TSV structure, the shrinkage of the copper thin film caused by thermal deformation and recrystallization of the unique texture during high-temperature annealing is strictly constrained by surrounding rigid Si and thus, high tensile residual stress remains in the thin film after thermal annealing. High residual stress should give rise to mechanical fracture of the interconnections and the shift of electronic function of thin film devices formed in Si.
Therefore, the residual stress in the interconnections should be minimized by controlling the appearance of the porous boundaries during electroplating for assuring the longterm reliability of the interconnections. As the lattice mismatch between Cu and its barrier film (Ta) is as larger as 18%, which is the main reason for the fine columnar structures and porous grain boundaries, it is necessary to control the underlayer crystallinity to improve the crystallinity of electroplated copper thin films.
In this study, the effective method for controlling the crystallinity of the underlayer was investigated by improving the atomic configuration in the electroplated copper thin film. The result showed that by controlling the crystallinity of underlayer, crystallinity of electroplated copper thin films can be improved, the mechanical properties of thin films was improved and thus, stability and lifetime of electroplated copper interconnections can be improved.
Incorporating Phase Change Materials to Mitigate Extreme Temperatures in Asphalt Concrete Pavements
Authors: Athukorallage Bhagya , James Darryl 
Published: February 2017

The use of Phase Change Materials (PCMs) in asphalt pavement mixtures potentially offers a solution for regulating extreme temperatures that can cause thermally-induced rutting in pavement systems. The primary objective of this study is to fundamentally understand the effect on the heat transfer and maximum surface temperature in flexible pavement systems that includes PCMs. In particular, we consider a pavement structure in which PCM is embedded in the asphalt-concrete layer with varying volume fractions.
Our simulation results show that the pavement system embedded with PCMs yield lower surface temperature values than systems without PCM (maximum temperature decrease is 1.5°C for the distributed PCM with a volume fraction of 30%). Further, we observe a higher temperature drop through the PCM-embedded asphalt layer compared to a pavement without PCM, and regions possessing temperature values less than 45°C that may help to reduce the thermally induced rutting problems. The simulation yields another interesting result: increasing PCM volume fraction beyond 60% results in higher surface temperature values. This increase in the maximum surface temperature may be explained by the fact that the PCM used in the simulation has a lower thermal conductivity than that of the asphalt-concrete that ultimately results in a lower effective thermal conductivity value for the system. Finally, we observe that an increase in the effective thermal conductivity yields lower surface temperature for the PCM embedded pavement system.
Influence of Z-Aligned Carbon Nanofibers on the Through-Thickness Thermal Conductivity of Paraffin Wax
Authors: Scruggs Alexander M. , Kirmse Sebastian , Hsiao Kuang-Ting 
Published: February 2017

This research paper specifically focuses on experimentally characterizing and elaborating the effect of z-aligned carbon nanofibers (CNFs) on the through-thickness (i.e., z-direction) thermal conductivity of paraffin wax. The z-aligned CNF network present within the paraffin sample was hypothesized to provide a thermally-conductive nanostructure throughout the sample thickness, thereby increasing the thermal conductivity and the thermal energy charging/discharging capabilities of the paraffin wax. It was further hypothesized that the effectiveness of this thermally-conductive nanostructure was strongly related to both CNF alignment and CNF concentration.
To experimentally analyze the respective impact of CNF concentration (measured as a percentage of sample weight) and CNF alignment on the through-thickness thermal conductivity, z-aligned CNF-modified paraffin wax samples with various CNF concentrations were manufactured and compared with unmodified (i.e. control) paraffin wax samples and unaligned CNF-modified paraffin wax samples; the concentration of CNF-reinforcement was tested at both 0.1wt.% and 0.3wt.%. The through-thickness thermal conductivities were characterized for all samples using a steady-state parallel plate testing device and the results were compared and discussed against the experimental parameters. It was found that both CNF alignment and concentration had a strong influence on the improvement of through-thickness thermal conductivity of paraffin wax.
Thermal Performance of Domestic Replacement A19 LED Lighting Products
Authors: Storey Thomas , Rackerby Robin , Dillon Heather , Gingerich Lydia 
Published: February 2017

In an effort to create a Light Emitting Diode (LED) lighting system that is as efficient as possible, the heat dissipation system must be accurately measured for proper design and operation. Because LED lighting technology is new, little optimization has been performed on typical cooling system required for most A19 replacement products. This paper describes the research process for evaluating the thermal performance of over 15 LED lighting products and compares their performance to traditional lighting sources, namely incandescent and compact fluorescent (CFL). This process uses radiation and convection to model typical cooling mechanisms for domestic A19 type replacement LED products.
The A19 products selected for this investigation had input wattages ranging between 7 to 60 Watts, with outputs ranging from 450 to 1100 lumens. The average LED tested dissipated 43% (± 5%) of the total heat generated in the lighting product through the heat exchanger. The best thermal performance was observed in an LED product that dissipated approximately 58% of the total product heat through the heat exchanger. Results indicate that significant improvements to the current LED heat exchanger designs are possible, which will help lower the cost of future LED products, improve performance, and reduce the environmental footprint of the products.
Application of Moving Frame Method to Solve 3D Dynamics Problems
Authors: Rezaei Amir G. , Lee Shannon , Impelluso Thomas J. 
Published: February 2017

This paper presents application of a new method to solve 3D Dynamics problems. Briefly: 1. The method uses the special orthogonal group, SO(3), and the special Euclidean group, SE(3), of the Lie Algebra. 2. The method uses Cartan’s Moving Frames 3. The method uses a new notation developed in the discipline of Geometrical Physics.
The method makes 3D Dynamics easier than 2D. It offers a more efficient way to model dynamics of rigid bodies and a new approach to linked mechanisms. The new method is founded on rigorous math and avoids the historical ambiguities that accompany traditional methods (such as the vector cross product that produces pseudo-vectors). It is easily learned with the simple mathematical tools of matrix multiplication and second semester calculus. We plan to apply the method to two different 3D dynamics problems: 1. Holonomic and 2. Non-holonomic. The solutions using the new method will be compared to the traditional method in Dynamics.
The Effect of Thermal Cycling on Mechanical Behavior of U-10Mo Monolithic Mini-Plate
Authors: Roh Hee Seok , Mohamed Walid 
Published: February 2017

Mini fuel plates used in Advanced Test Reactor (ATR) undergo five steps during the reator operation: startup, ATR Cycle 146A, transition from Cycle 146A to 146B, ATR Cycle 146B, and shutdown. Although the overall irradiation behavior of U-10Mo fuel is expected to be similar to the reactors operating at comparable power levels, there is a concern regarding how variation in operation schedules (that is, how many start-ups and shut-downs could be inserted during the Cycle A and Cycle B) may affect the mechanical behavior of the fuel plate during operation. To investigate any potential effect of number of start-stop activities, we simulated the thermo-mechanical behavior of L1P756 mini-plate, one of fuel plates inserted in ATR under RERTR-12 irradiation conditions with various numbers of start-stop activities artificially added at different points of time in irradiation cycle.
This paper reviews four cases by varying the number of thermal cycles. Finite Element (FE) analyses were performed on the cases to investigate the effect of thermal cycling on the mechanical performance of L1P756 mini-plate. As a result, we observed that U-10Mo is in low stress level during the irradiation Cycle A and B due to creep behavior and that the maximum stress of aluminum cladding increases as the irradiation Cycle A and Cycle B proceeds. However, the number of thermal cycles did not affect the maximum stresses of U-10Mo, liner, and aluminum cladding.
Effects of Linear Hysteric Material Damping and Shock Pulse Shapes for Uniform Board Response
Authors: Kallolimath Sharan , Zhou Jiang 
Published: February 2017

Validation of surface mounted electronic devices for drop test performance is considered as one of the most challenging tasks for researchers to search for key dynamic parameters either by experimentation or by numerical simulation. It has not only become challenging task to capture some of the important parameters that affect board flexural rigidity, stiffness, dynamic stresses and strains, but also avoid stress concentrations near undesired locations resulting in non-uniform strain distribution throughout the test board. There is a requirement to simulate exact drop condition that quantifies high impact energy on the board and also control drop to improve the board surface stress/strain distribution measured should be independent from standoff stress region. In this paper, an effort to find the importance of viscous and linear hysteric damping characteristics on uniform board response has been made. The influence of damped responses during no ring impact has been analyzed.
Two different types of computational models are developed and an approximate FEA numerical solutions are obtained to compare current JEDEC test board and alternative hexagonal boards at reduced computational time and challenging experimental cost. The effect of board responses with two types of linear damping models are considered to study the effect. An approach towards finding key parameters that affect stress/strain distribution under both free as well as constrained model has been made, with including different pulse shapes parameters into effect. Maximum board strains are validated and compared using Global FEA model and maximum stresses on the components are evaluated using cut boundary interpolation method. Comparative to empirical results data, an effort to improve uniform stress strain distribution of package solder joints has been made and results are correlated.
Analysis of the Fatigue Performance of Thick T-Joint Samples Considering Residual Stresses
Authors: Esnaola J. A. , Ulacia I. , Ugarte D. , Lopez-Jauregi A. , Torca I. , Larranaga J. 
Published: February 2017

Residual stress (RS) pattern of thick T-joint welds, which directly affects fatigue life, varies considerably depending on the thickness and number of passes. Nowadays, most approaches to predict fatigue life do not consider RS real value due to the difficulty of estimating them, hence, they tend to be conservatives. However, recent works have demonstrated that considering RS the conservative error in life prediction can be reduced down to around 15%.
In the present work, the fatigue performance of multipass T-joints of S275JR plates for a thickness range from 20 to 60mm is evaluated considering RS. It is observed that maximum RS value for thick plates decreases progressively (down to 66% of yield stress). Consequently, fatigue performance of different thickness T-joint samples subjected to the same stress load cycles varies considerably in the HCF regime.
Heat Transfer Analysis of Shell-and-Helical-Coil Heat Exchangers
Authors: Morris Anthony Edward , Wei C. S. , Unnthorsson Runar , Dell Robert 
Published: February 2017

Since 2006, The Center for Innovation and Applied Technology (CIAT) at Cooper Union for the Advancement of Science and Art has been developing a system to use thermal pollution to heat the growth medium of green roofs. CIAT is researching various apparatus and techniques, including shell-and-tube and shell-and-coil heat exchangers, to improve its heated ground agricultural projects. There are limited recorded observations on shell-and-coil heat exchangers; therefore a laboratory work station was created of interchangeable components to test the efficiency of a variety of coil designs.
This paper discusses the data collected on temperature, pressure, and flow rates for a straight tube and two different helical coils. The analysis of this data indicates the superiority of a helical coil design when compared to a straight tube design with respect to both rating and heat transfer rate. The same data analysis has lead to preliminary observations on how the contour properties of a helical coil influence the heat transfer rate through a coil. The authors intend to further this helical coil research to develop a useful mathematical model for determining efficient designs for shell-and-coil heat exchangers.
Design of a Low-Power Quadruped Robot for Remote Data Acquisition in a Heated Garden
Authors: Mitchell Nicholas , Miller Kristin , Wei C. S. , Unnthorsson Runar , Foley William , Dell Robert 
Published: February 2017

The authors have developed test beds heated green roofs in New York City and geothermal heated gardens in Iceland using waste heat. A thermoelectric generator developed by the authors for these gardens currently provides more than 6 watts of steady state power. This sustainable power source is independent from the grid and is used for web cameras. The test beds need a mobile, web-accessible robot platform for additional monitoring that is battery-charged by the thermoelectric generator. This robot’s power consumption must match the constraints of the thermoelectric generator’s output.
This paper presents the design and construction of a low-power walking quadruped robotic platform with a specifically designed walking algorithm. The robot will eventually provide the needed web accessible remote monitoring and maintenance capabilities for the test beds. Remote supervision and control of multiple heated green roofs and heated gardens will be possible from a central location.
Design and Construction of a Heated Garden System Utilizing Steam Condensate From an On Site Boiler
Authors: Dell Robert , Wei C. S. , Parikh Raj , Unnthorsson Runar , Mitchell Nicholas , Foley William 
Published: February 2017

Municipal District Heating Services and Combined Heat and Power (CHP) systems can produce waste heat in the form of steam condensate and hot water. The authors have demonstrated (IMECE2014-39066) the potential of open field heating of green roofs to reduce thermal pollution, save potable water, and while increasing plant growth. Subsequent research in both Iceland and New York City using similar systems has resulted in the growth of out of region plants. The latest plant growth results are detailed.
The latest research has indicated additional potential impediments, including the need for an additional CHP system pump. A thorough structural analysis on existing older roofs is necessary to avoid an overstressed roof. Substantial UV shielding of the plastic piping and upgrading of the pipes from braided PVC to PEX(a) was also needed.
The details of selecting an appropriate heat exchanger were analyzed for a specific building and associated construction details are provided.
An Experimental Study on Human Milk Viscosity
Authors: Alatalo Diana , Hassanipour Fatemeh 
Published: February 2017

Human milk is a complex fluid suspension of many ingredients — such as fats, proteins, lactose, and minerals — that differs greatly from bovine and other mammalian milks. The rheological properties of human milk impact its flow inside the breast and when fed through artificial feeding methods. Past research concerning the flow characteristics of human milk is extremely limited and does not account for milks non-Newtonian behavior. In order to produce an accurate model of milk flow in the human breast, experimental work was performed on human milk donated by eight mothers at different stages of lactogenesis II.
The results of this small study reveal the complexity of human milk flow characteristics and the challenges involved with modeling its flow, especially at low shear rates. Within the human breast, shear rates vary greatly from as low as 12 s−1 to as high as 2.5 × 1016 s−1 depending on the ductal system geometry and flow rate. For researchers involved in experimentation, the environmental conditions, handling methods, and age of milk are extremely important and must be reported if the data is to be of any value. Further experimentation is required to fully understand the mechanisms behind the time-dependence behavior of human milk.
The Siderophore Product Ornibactin Is Required for the Bactericidal Activity of Burkholderia contaminans MS14
Authors: Deng Peng , Foxfire Adam , Xu Jianhong , Baird Sonya M. , Jia Jiayuan , Delgado Keren H. , Shin Ronald , Smith Leif , Lu Shi-En 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia contaminans
MS14 was isolated from soil in Mississippi. When it is cultivated on nutrient broth-yeast extract agar, the colonies exhibit bactericidal activity against a wide range of plant-pathogenic bacteria. A bacteriostatic compound with siderophore activity was successfully purified and was determined by nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy to be ornibactin. Isolation of the bactericidal compound has not yet been achieved; therefore, the exact nature of the bactericidal compound is still unknown. During an attempt to isolate the bactericidal compound, an interesting relationship between the production of ornibactin and the bactericidal activity of MS14 was characterized. Transposon mutagenesis resulted in two strains that lost bactericidal activity, with insertional mutations in a nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS) gene for ornibactin biosynthesis and a
luxR
family transcriptional regulatory gene. Coculture of these two mutant strains resulted in restoration of the bactericidal activity. Furthermore, the addition of ornibactin to the NRPS mutant restored the bactericidal phenotype. It has been demonstrated that, in MS14, ornibactin has an alternative function, aside from iron sequestration. Comparison of the ornibactin biosynthesis genes in
Burkholderia
species shows diversity among the regulatory elements, while the gene products for ornibactin synthesis are conserved. This is an interesting observation, given that ornibactin is thought to have the same defined function within
Burkholderia
species. Ornibactin is produced by most
Burkholderia
species, and its role in regulating the production of secondary metabolites should be investigated.

IMPORTANCE
Identification of the antibacterial product from strain MS14 is not the key feature of this study. We present a series of experiments that demonstrate that ornibactin is directly involved in the bactericidal phenotype of MS14. This observation provides evidence for an alternative function for ornibactin, aside from iron sequestration. Ornibactin should be further evaluated for its role in regulating the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites in other
Burkholderia
species.