bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Het Commissiepakket ‘betere regelgeving voor betere resultaten’ en het nieuwe Interinstitutioneel Akkoord beter wetgeven: Too little, too late?
Authors: Senden L.A.J. 
Published: August 2016

Het Commissiepakket ‘betere regelgeving voor betere resultaten’ en het nieuwe Interinstitutioneel Akkoord beter wetgeven, too little, too late?
De EU krijgt nog steeds veelal gestalte via de uitoefening van de wetgevende bevoegdheden die ze in de loop der tijd heeft gekregen. De toenemende kritische houding van de burger tegenover de Unie – niet alleen in het Verenigd Koninkrijk, maar ook elders – heeft druk gezet op zowel de lidstaten als de Europese instellingen om de manier waarop die bevoegdheden worden uitgeoefend opnieuw te doordenken. Als zodanig kan de hernieuwde focus op ‘betere regelgeving’ goed worden begrepen. Het nieuwe Uniebeleid roept echter wel de vraag op, betere regelgeving voor wie? Die vraag heeft na het Britse ‘nee’ tegen het Unielidmaatschap nog meer lading gekregen.BR-Mededeling (COM (2015)215 final), BR-richtsnoeren (SWD (2015)111 final), REFIT (SWD (2015)110 final), Interinstitutioneel Akkoord, PbEU2016, L 123.
Lacrimal Gland Repair Using Progenitor Cells
Authors: Gromova Anastasia , Voronov Dmitry A. , Yoshida Miya , Thotakura Suharika , Meech Robyn , Dartt Darlene A. , Makarenkova Helen P. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In humans, the lacrimal gland (LG) is the primary contributor to the aqueous layer of the tear film. Production of tears in insufficient quantity or of inadequate quality may lead to aqueous-deficiency dry eye (ADDE). Currently there is no cure for ADDE. The development of strategies to reliably isolate LG stem/progenitor cells from the LG tissue brings great promise for the design of cell replacement therapies for patients with ADDE. We analyzed the therapeutic potential of epithelial progenitor cells (EPCPs) isolated from adult wild-type mouse LGs by transplanting them into the LGs of TSP-1−/− mice, which represent a novel mouse model for ADDE. TSP-1−/− mice are normal at birth but progressively develop a chronic form of ocular surface disease, characterized by deterioration, inflammation, and secretory dysfunction of the lacrimal gland. Our study shows that, among c-kit-positive epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM+) populations sorted from mouse LGs, the c-kit+dim/EpCAM+/Sca1−/CD34−/CD45− cells have the hallmarks of an epithelial cell progenitor population. Isolated EPCPs express pluripotency factors and markers of the epithelial cell lineage Runx1 and EpCAM, and they form acini and ducts when grown in reaggregated three-dimensional cultures. Moreover, when transplanted into injured or “diseased” LGs, they engraft into acinar and ductal compartments. EPCP-injected TSP-1−/− LGs showed reduction of cell infiltration, differentiation of the donor EPCPs within secretory acini, and substantial improvement in LG structural integrity and function. This study provides the first evidence for the effective use of adult EPCP cell transplantation to rescue LG dysfunction in a model system.
Litterasitetsfremmende samtaler i barnehagen
Authors: Slettner Sigrun , Gjems Liv 
Published: August 2016

Abstract:The aim with this study is to examine how early literacy can be supported in different conversations between a preschool teacher and children. Theory and research on children’s early literacy underline that children improve their language skills when they engage in conversations with adults. A preschool teacher must manage to support children with different language and conversation experiences. The preschool teacher in this study was video-observed in language interactions with different children in many types of activities. He managed to adapt his support to the children in accordance with their language experiences.Sammendrag: Formålet med denne studien er å undersøke hvordan tidlig litterasitet kan støttes og fremmes i samtaler mellom en barnehagelærer og ulike barn. Teori og forskning om barns tidlige litterasitet vektlegger at barn lærer vokabular og pragmatiske samtaleferdigheter gjennom samtaler med voksne. Barnehagelærere må tilstrebe å støtte barn med ulike erfaringer til å bruke språk og delta i samtaler. Barnehagelæreren i denne studien ble videoobservert i språklige interaksjoner med ulike barn i mange typer aktiviteter. Han klarte å tilpasse sin språklige støtte til hvert av de ulike barna i samsvar med deres språklige erfaringer.
Controlling Electromagnetic Wavefronts Using Huygens' Metasurfaces
Authors: Eleftheriades George V. , Michael Selvanayagam 
Published: August 2016

An electric and a magnetic dipole that are superimposed and orthogonal to each other have interesting properties, since the dipoles can be designed to radiate primarily into one half of space only. Such a configuration is referred to as a Huygens’ source. Both active and passive configurations of Huygens’ sources can be envisioned. In this article, the properties of such arrays of passive and active Huygens’ sources are investigated for electromagnetic wavefront manipulation. These arrays are referred to as Huygens’ surfaces and are interesting because they can be designed to implement, thin, low‐profile devices that is desirable for RF/microwave hardware. The design of active and passive Huygens’ surfaces is investigated for three specific applications in the microwave frequency range: cloaking, refraction, and polarization control.For the problem of refraction, the synthesis and analysis of a passive Huygens’ surface to refract a plane wave is discussed for the application of thin microwave lenses. Equivalent circuit models and the implementation of such refracting Huygens’ metasurfaces are discussed. On the problem of polarization control, the design of passive Huygens’ metasurfaces is examined from theoretical, numerical, and measurement perspectives to demonstrate polarization manipulation. Passive Huygens’ surfaces are constructed to perform polarization conversion and chiral polarization effects (circular birefringence). This idea of implementing chiral surfaces is further examined by looking at the design and measurement of surfaces consisting of an electric response only. Finally for the problem of cloaking, active Huygens’ surfaces are investigated to implement a cloak that suppresses scattering from an object in all directions. Both theoretical and experimental aspects are examined and limitations and possible workarounds of active cloaking are briefly discussed.These kinds of Huygens’ metasurfaces have applications in radar, imaging, and point‐to‐point links such as in satellite communications.
Mutations affecting the internal equilibrium of the reaction catalyzed by 6‐aminohexanoate‐dimer hydrolase
Authors: Negoro Seiji , Kawashima Yasuyuki , Shibata Naoki , Kobayashi Tatsuya , Baba Takeshi , Lee Young‐Ho , Kamiya Katsumasa , Shigeta Yasuteru , Nagai Keisuke , Takehara Ikki , Kato Dai‐ichiro , Takeo Masahiro , Higuchi Yoshiki 
Published: August 2016

The enzyme 6‐aminohexanoate‐dimer hydrolase catalyzes amide synthesis. The yield of this reverse reaction in 90% t‐butyl alcohol was found to vary drastically when enzyme mutants with substitutions of several amino acids located at the entrance of the catalytic cleft were used. Movement of the loop region and the flip‐flop of Tyr170 generate a local hydrophobic environment at the catalytic center of the enzyme. Here, we propose that the shift of the internal equilibrium between the enzyme–substrate complex and enzyme–product complex by the ‘water‐excluding effect’ alters the rate of the forward and reverse reactions. Moreover, we suggest that the local hydrophobic environment potentially provides a reaction center suitable for efficient amide synthesis.DatabasePDB code 3VWL: Hyb‐24DNY‐S187PDB code 3VWM: Hyb‐24DNY‐A187PDB code 3VWN: Hyb‐24DNY‐G187PDB code 3A65: Hyb‐24DN‐A112/Ahx complexPDB code 3A66: Hyb‐24DNY‐A112/Ahx complexPDB code 3VWP: Hyb‐24DNY‐S187A112/Ahx complexPDB code 3VWQ: Hyb‐24DNY‐A187A112/Ahx complexPDB code 3VWR: Hyb‐24DNY‐G187A112/Ahx complex
A study on the variability of ionospheric total electron content over the East African low‐latitude region and storm time ionospheric variations
Authors: Olwendo O. J. , Yamazaki Yosuke , Cilliers P. J. , Baki P. , Doherty P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe variation of total electron content (TEC) derived from the International Global Navigation Satellite Systems Service receiver (formerly IGS) over the East African low‐latitude region from up to 12 observation stations for the period 2012 was analyzed. The diurnal and annual TEC contour plots generated from data over the region show that the equatorial anomaly crests manifest remarkable seasonal variations. The crest of the equatorial ionization anomaly is fully formed and yields the maximum values of TEC during the equinoxes (March/April and September/October) and minimum in the solstice (June/July and November/December). The results of this observation show that the crest develops between 12:00 and 16:00 LT and is greatly dependent on the time when the ionosphere is uplifted at the dip equator via the E × B drift force. The postsunset TEC enhancements at stations away from dip equator depict the ionospheric plasma density diffusion (flow) from the dip equator leading to the formation of ionization anomaly crests that lasts for few hours after the sunset local time. The ionospheric response to the strong geomagnetic storm of the March 2015 has also been examined. The ionospheric response to the geomagnetic storms has shown a strong thermosphere‐ionosphere coupling. The negative storm effect that occurred over the anomaly crest region is more likely due to the composition disturbances associated with high energy deposits.
Long‐term predictability of soil moisture dynamics at the global scale: Persistence versus large‐scale drivers
Authors: Nicolai‐Shaw Nadine , Gudmundsson Lukas , Hirschi Martin , Seneviratne Sonia I. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHere we investigate factors that influence the long lead time predictability of soil moisture variability using standard statistical methods. As predictors we first consider soil moisture persistence only, using two independent global soil moisture data sets. In a second step we include three teleconnection indices indicative of the main northern, tropical, and southern atmospheric modes, i.e., the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), and the Antarctic Oscillation (AAO). For many regions results show significant skill in predicting soil moisture variability with lead times up to 5 months. Soil moisture persistence plays a key role at monthly to subseasonal time scales. With increasing lead times large‐scale atmospheric drivers become more important, and areas influenced by teleconnection indices show higher predictability. This long lead time predictability of soil moisture may help to improve early warning systems for important natural hazards, such as heat waves, droughts, wildfires, and floods.
Foreshock migration preceding the 2016 Mw 7.0 Kumamoto earthquake, Japan
Authors: Kato Aitaro , Fukuda Jun'ichi , Nakagawa Shigeki , Obara Kazushige 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigated the spatiotemporal evolution of an earthquake sequence following a series of large shallow intraplate earthquakes, including a Mw 6.2 foreshock and Mw 7.0 main shock, in the Kumamoto area of Kyushu, SW Japan. To more precisely characterize the evolution of the earthquake sequences, we applied a matched filter technique to continuous waveform data, using template events obtained via a double‐difference relocation algorithm. Migrations of seismicity fronts along the directions of fault strike and dip are clearly seen, starting immediately after the Mw 6.2 foreshock. These migrations are interpreted to result from aseismic slip triggered by the foreshock, propagating toward the nucleation point of the subsequent Mw 7.0 main shock rupture. When combined with static stress changes induced by the Mw 6.2 foreshock, it is likely that stress transfer from both aseismic and seismic slip during the foreshock sequence loaded stress onto the main shock rupture faults, bringing them closer to failure.
Conjugate observations of quasiperiodic emissions by the Cluster, Van Allen Probes, and THEMIS spacecraft
Authors: Němec F. , Hospodarsky G. , Pickett J. S. , Santolík O. , Kurth W. S. , Kletzing C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present results of a detailed analysis of two electromagnetic wave events observed in the inner magnetosphere at frequencies of a few kilohertz, which exhibit a quasiperiodic (QP) time modulation of the wave intensity. The events were observed by the Cluster and Van Allen Probes spacecraft and in one event also by the THEMIS E spacecraft. The spacecraft were significantly separated in magnetic local time, demonstrating a huge azimuthal extent of the events. Geomagnetic conditions at the times of the observations were very quiet, and the events occurred inside the plasmasphere. The modulation period observed by the Van Allen Probes and THEMIS E spacecraft (duskside) was in both events about twice larger than the modulation period observed by the Cluster spacecraft (dawnside). Moreover, individual QP elements occur about 15 s earlier on THEMIS E than on Van Allen Probes, which might be related to a finite propagation speed of a modulating ULF wave.
A new multimodel ensemble method using nonlinear genetic algorithm: An application to boreal winter surface air temperature and precipitation prediction
Authors: Ahn Joong‐Bae , Lee Joonlee 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA new multimodel ensemble (MME) method that uses a genetic algorithm (GA) is developed and applied to the prediction of winter surface air temperature (SAT) and precipitation. The GA based on the biological process of natural evolution is a nonlinear method which solves nonlinear optimization problems. Hindcast data of winter SAT and precipitation from the six coupled general circulation models participating in the seasonal MME prediction system of the Asia‐Pacific Economic Conference Climate Center are used. Three MME methods using GA (MME/GAs) are examined in comparison with a simple composite MME strategy (MS0): MS1 which applies GA to single‐model ensembles (SMEs), MS2 which applies GA to each ensemble member and then performs a simple composite method for MME, and MS3 which applies GA to both MME and SME. MS3 shows the highest predictability compared to MS0, MS1, and MS2 for both winter SAT and precipitation. These results indicate that biases of ensemble members of each model and model ensemble are more reduced with MS3 than with other MME/GAs and MS0. The predictability of the MME/GAs shows a greater improvement than that of MS0, particularly in higher‐latitude land areas. The reason for the more improved increase of predictability over the land area, particularly in MS3, seems to be the fact that GA is more efficient in finding an optimum solution in a complex region where nonlinear physical properties are evident.
Joint identification of contaminant source location, initial release time, and initial solute concentration in an aquifer via ensemble Kalman filtering
Authors: Xu Teng , Gómez‐Hernández J. Jaime 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhen a contaminant is detected in a drinking well, source location, initial contaminant release time, and initial contaminant concentration are, in many cases, unknown; the responsible party may have disappeared and the identification of when and where the contamination happened may become difficult. Although contaminant source identification has been studied extensively in the last decades, we propose—to our knowledge, for the first time—the use of the ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF), which has proven to be a powerful algorithm for inverse modeling. The EnKF is tested in a two‐dimensional synthetic deterministic aquifer, identifying, satisfactorily, the source location, the release time, and the release concentration, together with an assessment of the uncertainty associated with this identification.
Three‐dimensional dense distributed temperature sensing for measuring layered thermohaline systems
Authors: Hilgersom K. P. , van de Giesen N. C. , de Louw P. G. B. , Zijlema M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDistributed temperature sensing has proven a useful technique for geoscientists to obtain spatially distributed temperature data. When studies require high‐resolution temperature data in three spatial dimensions, current practices to enhance the spatial resolution do not suffice. For example, double‐diffusive phenomena induce sharp and small‐scale temperature patterns in water bodies subject to thermohaline gradients. This article presents a novel approach for a 3‐D dense distributed temperature sensing setup, the design of which can be customized to the required spatial resolution in each dimension. Temperature is measured along fiber‐optic cables that can be arranged as needed. In this case, we built a dense cage of very thin (1.6 mm) cables to ensure that interference with flow patterns was minimal. Application in water bodies with double‐diffusion‐induced sharp temperature gradients shows that the setup is well able to capture small‐scale temperature patterns and even detects small unsuspected seeps and potential salt‐fingers. However, the potential effect of the setup on the flow patterns requires further study.
Landscape controls on spatiotemporal discharge variability in a boreal catchment
Authors: Karlsen R. H. , Grabs T. , Bishop K. , Buffam I. , Laudon H. , Seibert J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractImproving the understanding of how stream flow dynamics are influenced by landscape characteristics, such as soils, vegetation and terrain, is a central endeavor of catchment hydrology. Here we investigate how spatial variability in stream flow is related to landscape characteristics using specific discharge time series from 14 partly nested subcatchments in the Krycklan basin (0.12 – 68 km2). Multivariate principal component analyses combined with univariate analyses showed that while variability in landscape characteristics and specific discharge were strongly related, the spatial patterns varied with season and wetness conditions. During spring snowmelt and at the annual scale, specific discharge was positively related to the sum of wetland and lake area. During summer, when flows are lowest, specific discharge was negatively related to catchment tree volume, but positively related to deeper sediment deposits and catchment area. The results indicate how more densely forested areas on till soils become relatively drier during summer months, while wet areas and deeper sediment soils maintain a higher summer base flow. Annual and seasonal differences in specific discharge can therefore be explained to a large extent by expected variability in evapotranspiration fluxes and snow accumulation. These analyses provide an organizing principle for how specific discharge varies spatially across the boreal landscape, and how this variation is manifested for different wetness conditions, seasons and time scales.
Ring Species and Speciation
Authors: Pruett Christin L 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA ring species is a monophyletic group whose range has expanded around a geographic barrier producing a ring‐shaped distribution. Populations that make up the ring should be contiguous and without barriers to gene flow except at one location where two reproductively isolated populations co‐occur. Ring species that meet this definition provide an opportunity for studying how speciation occurs through the gradual accrual of differences leading to reproductive isolation. However, few if any of the species that have a ring‐shaped distribution meet these requirements. The most studied species, greenish warblerPhylloscopus trochiloidesandEnsatina eschscholtziisalamanders, fail to exhibit all of the characteristics of a strict ring species. However, the study of species with ring distributions has provided information about the processes that cause population divergence through time, and the use of new genomics and modelling tools could provide valuable insights into how geographic speciation, with or without adaptive divergence, could occur.Key ConceptsFew organisms exhibit all of the requirements to be considered a true ring species.Ring species are helpful tools that can be used to help elucidate evolutionary processes.The preponderance of terrestrial and temperate ring species may be an ascertainment bias.New methods in genomics and modelling will provide answers to questions about ring species formation and the processes of speciation.Species from a wide range of taxa, other than birds and mammals, are now being examined as possible ring species.
Dormancy in Plants
Authors: Soppe Wim JJ , Bentsink Leónie 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Dormancy is a strategy of higher plants to survive adverse conditions by pausing growth and development, which can occur in different organs like seeds and buds. Dormancy is controlled both by genetic and environmental factors and most of our knowledge about its regulation has been obtained by studying seeds. Seed dormancy is an important adaptive trait in wild plants and has been under negative selection during domestication. The plant hormone abscisic acid has been shown to play a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of dormancy, whereas gibberellins promote germination. Additional regulators include reactive oxygen species and epigenetic modifications. Large differences in seed dormancy have been found within species and the identification of the underlying genes revealed several novel genes that specifically regulate dormancy.

Key Concepts

Dormancy allows plants to hold life when conditions do not favour growth.

Dormancy is one of the main determinants of timing in the plant life cycle.

Dormancy is an adaptive trait with strong variation between and within plant species.

Dormancy is regulated both by (epi)genetic and environmental factors.

The plant hormone abscisic acid has a crucial role in the establishment and maintenance of dormancy.

Specific dormancy regulators show haplotype variation in nature.
Data Protection Legislation
Authors: Holm Søren 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Data protection legislation regulates the acquisition, storage, transfer and processing of personal data of all kinds. The article introduces the key distinction between data security and wider data protection, and further explores the key legal requirements for data protection. The approach to data protection differs between the European Union and the United States. These differences and the rules for transfer of data between different data protection regimes are explained. In both Europe and the United States, personal health data are seen as a particularly sensitive type of data and they are therefore protected more strictly than most other types of data. This has implications for the type of consent needed to collect health data, and the type of anonymisation techniques needed to make them non‐identifiable.

Key Concepts

The purpose of data protection legislation is to ensure (1) the security of the data, (2) that the acquisition and processing of data is lawful and (3) that the data subjects have an appropriate degree of control over the use of their data.

Data acquisition usually requires informed consent from the data subject.

There are different rules for the processing of identifiable and non‐identifiable personal data.

There are specific protections in relation to sensitive data, including health data.

Identifiability is only absent if deductive identification is very difficult.

The approach to data protection differs significantly between the European Union and the United States.