bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Children's selective trust decisions: rational competence and limiting performance factors
Authors: Hermes Jonas , Behne Tanya , Bich Anna Elisa , Thielert Christa , Rakoczy Hannes 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRecent research has amply documented that even preschoolers learn selectively from others, preferring, for example, reliable over unreliable and competent over incompetent models. It remains unclear, however, what the cognitive foundations of such selective learning are, in particular, whether it builds on rational inferences or on less sophisticated processes. The current study, therefore, was designed to test directly the possibility that children are in principle capable of selective learning based on rational inference, yet revert to simpler strategies such as global impression formation under certain circumstances. Preschoolers (N = 75) were shown pairs of models that either differed in their degree of competence within one domain (strong vs. weak or knowledgeable vs. ignorant) or were both highly competent, but in different domains (e.g., strong vs. knowledgeable model). In the test trials, children chose between the models for strength‐ or knowledge‐related tasks. The results suggest that, in fact, children are capable of rational inference‐based selective trust: when both models were highly competent, children preferred the model with the competence most predictive and relevant for a given task. However, when choosing between two models that differed in competence on one dimension, children reverted to halo‐style wide generalizations and preferred the competent models for both relevant and irrelevant tasks. These findings suggest that the rational strategies for selective learning, that children master in principle, can get masked by various performance factors.
Functional connectivity in amygdalar‐sensory/(pre)motor networks at rest: new evidence from the Human Connectome Project
Authors: Toschi Nicola , Duggento Andrea , Passamonti Luca 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe word ‘e‐motion’ derives from the Latin word ‘ex‐moveo’ which literally means ‘moving away from something/somebody’. Emotions are thus fundamental to prime action and goal‐directed behavior with obvious implications for individual's survival. However, the brain mechanisms underlying the interactions between emotional and motor cortical systems remain poorly understood. A recent diffusion tensor imaging study in humans has reported the existence of direct anatomical connections between the amygdala and sensory/(pre)motor cortices, corroborating an initial observation in animal research. Nevertheless, the functional significance of these amygdala‐sensory/(pre)motor pathways remain uncertain. More specifically, it is currently unclear whether a distinct amygdala‐sensory/(pre)motor circuit can be identified with resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI). This is a key issue, as rs‐fMRI offers an opportunity to simultaneously examine distinct neural circuits that underpin different cognitive, emotional and motor functions, while minimizing task‐related performance confounds. We therefore tested the hypothesis that the amygdala and sensory/(pre)motor cortices could be identified as part of the same resting‐state functional connectivity network. To this end, we examined independent component analysis results in a very large rs‐fMRI data‐set drawn from the Human Connectome Project (n = 820 participants, mean age: 28.5 years). To our knowledge, we report for the first time the existence of a distinct amygdala‐sensory/(pre)motor functional network at rest. rs‐fMRI studies are now warranted to examine potential abnormalities in this circuit in psychiatric and neurological diseases that may be associated with alterations in the amygdala‐sensory/(pre)motor pathways (e.g. conversion disorders, impulse control disorders, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and multiple sclerosis).
Randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled phase 2 study of ganaxolone as add‐on therapy in adults with uncontrolled partial‐onset seizures
Authors: Sperling Michael R. , Klein Pavel , Tsai Julia 
Published: February 2017

SummaryObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of ganaxolone as adjunctive therapy in adults with uncontrolled partial‐onset seizures despite taking up to three concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs).MethodsAdults aged 18–69 years and refractory to conventional AEDs were enrolled in a multicenter, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled trial. After an 8‐week baseline period, patients were randomized 2:1 to ganaxolone 1,500 mg/day or placebo for a 10‐week treatment period (2‐week forced titration and 8‐week maintenance) followed by either tapering or entry into an open‐label extension study. The primary endpoint was mean weekly seizure frequency. Secondary endpoints included the proportion of patients experiencing ≥50% reduction in seizure frequency (responder rate), percent change in mean weekly seizure frequency, seizure‐free days, and quality of life. Safety and tolerability assessments included adverse events (AEs), treatment discontinuation, and clinical laboratory evaluations. Efficacy analyses were performed on the intent‐to‐treat population.ResultsOf 147 randomized patients (98 ganaxolone, 49 placebo), 131 completed the study; 95% of participants titrated up to 1,500 mg/day and 78% maintained this dose. From baseline to endpoint, mean weekly seizure frequency decreased with ganaxolone (6.5–5.2) versus placebo (9.2–10.8), representing an 11.4% decrease versus placebo (p = 0.0489, analysis of covariance [ANCOVA]). Mean percent change from baseline was −17.6% with ganaxolone versus 2.0% with placebo (p = 0.0144, Kruskal‐Wallis test). Responder rates were 24% with ganaxolone versus 15% with placebo (p = 0.19). Discontinuation due to adverse events was similar with ganaxolone (7.1%) and placebo (6.1%). Common adverse events were mild to moderate in severity and included dizziness (16.3% vs. 8.2%), fatigue (16.3% vs. 8.2%), and somnolence (13.3% vs. 2.0%).SignificanceGanaxolone 1,500 mg/day reduced partial‐onset seizure frequency and was generally safe and well tolerated in this phase 2 study. These results support continued development of ganaxolone for adult patients with refractory partial‐onset seizures.
Modelling of overload effects on fatigue crack initiation in case of carbon steel
Authors: Mlikota M. , Schmauder S. , Božić Ž. , Hummel M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper deals with the modelling of short crack initiation within a microstructure of medium carbon steel under fatigue loading, as well as with the influence of overload on the crack initiation period. Studies on the long crack growth show that the overload introduces first an increase in the crack growth rate that is then followed with a decrease, a so‐called retardation. A micro‐model containing the microstructure of the material is analysed using the finite element method in combination with a model for crack development – the assessment of number of cycles needed for crack initiation was based on the Tanaka–Mura equation. The analysis brings in a correlation between the crack growth rate and the crack length together with the effects of the overload on the crack growth rate. The overload is found to accelerate the short crack growth; however, the following retardation could not be captured due to the inability of the model to produce residual stresses, which are considered to be the main cause of the retardation effect.
Honokiol protects skin cells against inflammation, collagenolysis, apoptosis, and senescence caused by cigarette smoke damage
Authors: Costa Adilson , Facchini Gustavo , Pinheiro Ana Lúcia T. A. , da Silva Michelle S. , Bonner Michael Y. , Arbiser Jack , Eberlin Samara 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundPollution, especially cigarette smoke, is a major cause of skin damage.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of the small molecule polyphenol, honokiol, on reversing cigarette smoke‐induced damage in vitro to relevant skin cells.MethodsKeratinocytes (HaCat) cultures were exposed to cigarette smoke and, after 48 hours, IL‐1α and IL‐8 were measured in cell supernatants. Moreover, TIMP‐2 production, apoptosis rate, and senescence β‐galactosidase expression were evaluated in primary human foreskin fibroblasts (HFF‐1) cultures.ResultsHonokiol at 10 μm reduced IL‐1α production by 3.4 folds (P < 0.05) and at 10 and 20 μm reduced IL‐8 by 23.9% and 53.1% (P < 0.001), respectively, in HaCat keratinocytes. In HFF‐1, honokiol restored TIMP‐2 production by 96.9% and 91.9% (P < 0.001), respectively, at 10 and 20 μm, as well as reduced apoptosis by 47.1% (P < 0.001) and 41.3% (P < 0.01), respectively. Finally, honokiol reduced senescence‐associated β‐galactosidase expression in HFF‐1.ConclusionHonokiol protects both HFF‐1 and HaCat against cigarette smoke‐induced inflammation, collagenolysis, apoptosis, and senescence.
Expression levels of transcription factor PU.1 and interleukin‐9 in atopic dermatitis and their relation to disease severity and eruption types
Authors: Hamza Ashraf M. , Omar Salma S. , Abo El‐Wafa Reham A. H. , Elatrash Marwa J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe role of immunological factors in atopic dermatitis (AD) pathogenesis is well established. T‐helper (TH) cells are central in AD pathogenesis. A relatively new subset of T cells, Th9 cells, was shown to be involved in the development of allergic asthma and allergic rhinitis, while its role in AD is still to be investigated. This study aimed to measure gene expression levels of interleukin‐9 (IL‐9) and PU.1, and to examine relationships with disease severity, serum IgE, and eruption types in AD patients.MethodsThe study enrolled 30 AD patients, 30 psoriasis patients, and 30 healthy subjects. The severity of AD was assessed using the SCORAD index. IL‐9 and PU.1 expressions were measured by using real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RQ‐PCR). Serum IgE was measured by IgE (human) enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kit.ResultsIL‐9 and PU.1 gene expressions were significantly higher in AD patients than in controls (P1 = 0.007, P2 < 0.001, respectively). In the atopic dermatitis patients, expression of IL‐9 and PU.1 were significantly positively correlated with SCORAD index (P1 = 0.004, P2 = 0.002) and clinically with erythema and edema scores. IL‐9 and PU.1 expressions were positively significantly correlated (P = 0.005) and positively correlated with serum IgE in the AD group (P1 = 0.017, P2 = 0.023). No significant difference was noted between AD patients with or without histories of other atopies regarding expression levels of IL‐9 and PU.1 (P1 = 0.677, P2 = 0.135).ConclusionsPU.1 and IL‐9 may play a role in AD pathogenesis and relate to disease severity and clinical eruption types.
The mourning process of older people with dementia who lost their spouse
Authors: Watanabe Akiko , Suwa Sayuri 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimsTo explore the mourning process of people with dementia who have lost their spouse, using family caregivers’ and professionals’ perspectives and to devise grief care for people with dementia.BackgroundThere have been studies on the loss of one's spouse; however, little is known about widows and widowers with dementia as they may find it hard to tell their perception and feelings to others accurately because of cognitive impairment.DesignQualitative descriptive study using semi‐structured interviews.MethodSeven family caregivers and six professional caregivers from day care centres were interviewed between June and September 2015. Qualitative content analysis was used to identify mourning behaviours of people with dementia.ResultsIn the mourning process of people with dementia, different behaviours were found according to dementia stages and different circumstances. In FAST2, they could remember their spouse's death. In FAST4 ‐6, it took 1 year to be able to perceive their spouse's death and more time to store it. In FAST 7, people with dementia did not discern his spouse's death throughout the process. Furthermore, it was revealed that people with dementia followed a different mourning process from conventional ones.ConclusionIn the care of widows and widowers with dementia it is crucial to adjust circumstances to allow people with dementia to guess reality. Further studies are needed to clarify differences between the mourning process of people with dementia and that of intact older people to develop a grief model and educational programmes.
Phylogeography of the rare velvety tree ant Liometopum microcephalum (Formicidae: Dolichoderinae)
Authors: Petráková Lenka , Tóthová Andrea , Schlaghamerský Jiří 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimThe European velvety tree ant (Liometopum microcephalum), forming large colonies defending territories, has specific habitat requirements and occurs in isolated populations irregularly distributed across its range. Its dispersal is slow and colony numbers have been declining in many areas. We aim to assess the origin of populations across the species range and to reconstruct its distributional and evolutionary history.LocationFrom Italy to Israel in the south, from Czechia to Russia (Lower Volga) in the north.MethodsThree mitochondrial and one nuclear DNA markers were sequenced in 157 specimens collected at 42 sites. We constructed haplotype networks, calculated analysis of molecular variance and performed Bayesian evolutionary analysis with lineage divergence time estimations and ancestral area reconstructions.ResultsWe found 39 mitochondrial haplotypes, the nuclear marker had no variability. More than one haplotype was found within six colonies. Two groups, the European and the Asian, diverged genetically. Seven clades were delimited based on Bayesian evolutionary analysis: the Levantine, Western Anatolian, Black Sea, Northern, Balkan, Northwestern Balkan and Western. The species arose during the Pliocene and the youngest divergences within European clades occurred during the last glaciation. The Levantine clade is the basal one, the ancestral area of European populations is probably the Pannonian Basin.Main conclusionsLiometopum microcephalum is an ancient species, which speciated probably in Anatolia during the Pliocene. Although the species as such dispersed towards the northwest, reaching the Pannonian Basin, and later also the Italian Peninsula, the Levantine population stayed isolated. The European clades diverged during the Pleistocene climate oscillations, most probably during the Riss glaciation. Parts of the ancestral population survived the glaciations in the Mediterranean (Italian and Balkan Peninsulas), while others survived in extra‐Mediterranean refugia (Carpathian Arc, Black Sea coast) and evolved separately for a long time. Later, the north of the Pannonian Basin was re‐colonized from at least two source populations.
Maternal perinatal and concurrent depressive symptoms and child behavior problems: a sibling comparison study
Authors: Gjerde Line C. , Eilertsen Espen Moen , Reichborn‐Kjennerud Ted , McAdams Tom A. , Zachrisson Henrik Daae , Zambrana Imac Maria , Røysamb Espen , Kendler Kenneth S. , Ystrom Eivind 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundPrevious studies have found significant associations between maternal prenatal and postpartum depression and child behavior problems (CBP). The present study investigates whether associations remain in a prospective, longitudinal design adjusted for familial confounding.MethodsThe sample comprised 11,599 families including 17,830 siblings from the Norwegian Mother and Child Cohort study. Mothers reported depressive symptoms at gestational weeks 17 and 30, as well as 6 months, 1.5, 3, and 5 years postpartum. Fathers’ depression was measured at gestational week 17. At the last three time‐points, child internalizing and externalizing problems were concurrently assessed. We performed multilevel analyses for internalizing and externalizing problems separately, using parental depression as predictors. Analyses were repeated using a sibling comparison design to adjust for familial confounding.ResultsAll parental depressive time‐points were significantly and positively associated with child internalizing and externalizing problems. After sibling comparison, however, only concurrent maternal depression was significantly associated with internalizing [estimate = 2.82 (1.91–3.73, 95% CI)] and externalizing problems [estimate = 2.40 (1.56–3.23, 95% CI)]. The effect of concurrent maternal depression on internalizing problems increased with child age.ConclusionsOur findings do not support the notion that perinatal maternal depression is particularly detrimental to children's psychological development, as the most robust effects were found for maternal depression occurring during preschool years.
Reactivation of hepatitis B in patients of chronic hepatitis C with hepatitis B virus infection treated with direct acting antivirals
Authors: Yeh Ming‐Lun , Huang Chung‐Feng , Hsieh Meng‐Hsuan , Ko Yu‐Min , Chen Kuan‐Yu , Liu Ta‐Wei , Lin Yi‐Hung , Liang Po‐Cheng , Hsieh Ming‐Yen , Lin Zu‐Yau , Chen Shinn‐Cherng , Huang Ching‐I , Huang Jee‐Fu , Kuo Po‐Lin , Dai Chia‐Yen , Yu Ming‐Lung , Chuang Wan‐Long 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and AimHepatitis B virus (HBV) may reactivate when treating chronic hepatitis C (CHC) with direct acting antivirals (DAA). We aim to investigate the risk of HBV reactivation during DAA therapy.MethodsChronic hepatitis C patients receiving pan‐oral DAA therapy from December 2013 to August 2016 were evaluated. Fifty‐seven patients that had a past HBV infection (negative hepatitis B surface antigen [HBsAg] and positive hepatitis B core antibody) and seven patients that had a current HBV infection (positive HBsAg) were enrolled. Serum HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) markers were regularly measured. The endpoints were the HCV sustained virological response (SVR) and the HBV virological/clinical reactivation.ResultsThe overall SVR12 rate was 96.9%, and two patients, one with positive HBsAg, had a relapse of HCV. No episodes of HBV virological reactivation were observed among the patients with a past HBV infection. For the seven patients with a current HBV infection, HBV virological reactivation was found in four (57.1%) of the seven patients. Clinical reactivation of HBV was observed in one patient with pretreatment detectable HBV DNA and recovered after entecavir administration. For the other three patients with HBV virological reactivation, the reappearance of low level HBV DNA without clinical reactivation was observed. HBsAg levels demonstrated only small fluctuations in all the patients.ConclusionsThere was a minimal impact of hepatitis B core antibody seropositivity on HCV efficacy and safety. For CHC patients with current HBV infection, the risk of HBV reactivation was present, and monitoring the HBV DNA level during therapy is warranted.
Body Mass Index, Waist Circumference, and Mortality in a Large Multiethnic Postmenopausal Cohort—Results from the Women's Health Initiative
Authors: Chen Zhao , Klimentidis Yann C. , Bea Jennifer W. , Ernst Kacey C. , Hu Chengcheng , Jackson Rebecca , Thomson Cynthia A. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether the relationship between anthropometric measurements of obesity and mortality varies according to age, race, and ethnicity in older women.DesignProspective cohort study of multiethnic postmenopausal women.SettingWomen's Health Initiative (WHI) observational study and clinical trials in 40 clinics.ParticipantsPostmenopausal women aged 50–79 participating in WHI (N = 161,808).MeasurementsBaseline height, weight, and waist circumference (WC) were measured, and body mass index (BMI) was calculated based on height and weight. Demographic, health, and lifestyle data from a baseline questionnaire were used as covariates. The outcome was adjudicated death (n = 18,320) during a mean follow‐up of 11.4 ± 3.2 years.ResultsHazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) indicated that ethnicity and age modified (P < .01) the relationship between obesity and mortality. Underweight was associated with higher mortality, but overweight or slight obesity was not a risk factor for mortality in most ethnic groups except for Hispanic women in the obesity I category (HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.04–1.95). BMI was not or was only weakly associated with mortality in individuals aged 70–79 (HR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.85–0.95 for overweight; HR = 0.98, 95 CI = 0.92–1.06 for obese I; HR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.00–1.23 for obese II; HR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.92–1.26 for obese III). In contrast, higher central obesity measured using WC was consistently associated with higher mortality in all groups.ConclusionUnderweight is a significant risk factor for mortality in older women, and healthy BMI ranges may need to be specific for age, race, and ethnicity. The findings support a consistent relationship between central obesity and mortality.
Short‐Term Market Risks Implied by Weekly Options
Authors: ANDERSEN TORBEN G. , FUSARI NICOLA , TODOROV VIKTOR 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTWe study short‐maturity (“weekly”) S&P 500 index options, which provide a direct way to analyze volatility and jump risks. Unlike longer‐dated options, they are largely insensitive to the risk of intertemporal shifts in the economic environment. Adopting a novel seminonparametric approach, we uncover variation in the negative jump tail risk, which is not spanned by market volatility and helps predict future equity returns. As such, our approach allows for easy identification of periods of heightened concerns about negative tail events that are not always “signaled” by the level of market volatility and elude standard asset pricing models.
Adaptive divergence in wine yeasts and their wild relatives suggests a prominent role for introgressions and rapid evolution at noncoding sites
Authors: Almeida Pedro , Barbosa Raquel , Bensasson Douda , Gonçalves Paula , Sampaio José Paulo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the main yeast in wine fermentation, the opportunity to examine divergence at the molecular level between a domesticated lineage and its wild counterpart arose recently due to the identification of the closest relatives of wine strains, a wild population associated with Mediterranean oaks. As genomic data are available for a considerable number of representatives belonging to both groups, we used population genomics to estimate the degree and distribution of nucleotide variation between wine yeasts and their closest wild relatives. We found widespread genomewide divergence, particularly at noncoding sites, which, together with above average divergence in trans‐acting DNA binding proteins, may suggest an important role for divergence at the level of transcriptional regulation. Nine outlier regions putatively under strong divergent selection were highlighted by a genomewide scan under stringent conditions. Several cases of introgressions, originating in the sibling species Saccharomyces paradoxus, were also identified in the Mediterranean oak population. FZF1 and SSU1, mostly known for conferring sulphite resistance in wine yeasts, were among the introgressed genes, although not fixed. Because the introgressions detected in our study are not found in wine strains, we hypothesize that ongoing divergent ecological selection segregates the two forms between the different niches. Together, our results provide a first insight into the extent and kind of divergence between wine yeasts and their closest wild relatives.