bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: PERHALOGENMETHYLMERCAPTO‐HETEROCYCLEN 3. MITT. PERHALOGENMETHYLMERCAPTO‐BARBITURSAEUREN
Authors: HAAS ALOIS , HINSCH WILHELM 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUmsetzung von Barbitursäure mit F3CSCl in THF bei Raumtemperatur ergibt das Trifluormethylmercaptoderivat (Ia), das sich in 5‐Stellung weder acetylieren noch mit Äthyljodid alkylieren ließ.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKOHOLYSE DES SIS2 6. MITT. DI‐T‐BUTOXY‐SILAN‐DITHIOL
Authors: WOJNOWSKI W. , WOJNOWSKA M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindung (I) entsteht durch Reaktion einer benzolischen Lösung von SiS, mit tert.‐Butanol bei 20‐60°C in 26%iger Ausbeute neben Tris‐[tert.‐butoxy]‐ silanthiol.
ChemInform Abstract: BASIZITAET VON PHOSPHAZOVERBINDUNGEN 2. MITT. N‐(4‐TRIPHENYLPHOSPHAZOBENZYLIDEN)‐ANILINE UND TRIPHENYLPHOSPHAZOANILINE
Authors: KUKHAR' V. P. , ZHMUROVA I. N. , ZOLOTAREVA L. A. , TUKHAR' A. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie durch Kondensation von 4‐Azido‐benzaldehyd mit geeigneten Anilinen in siedendem Benzol oder‐ in Gegenwart von Essigsäure in siedendem Äthanol dargestellten Azidoazomethine (I) (Ausbeute 64‐89%) werden mit Triphenylphosphin in Benzol bei 25°C zu den Phosphazo‐azomethinen (II) (77‐95%) umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: TETRAHALOGENOMETALLATE UND METALLSULFATSALZE DES 2,4‐DIMETHYL‐3H‐1,5‐BENZODIAZEPINIUM‐KATIONS
Authors: HUNTER P. W. W. , WEBB G. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion stöchiometrischer Mengen entsprechender Metallhalogenide mit den Diazepiniumhalogeniden bzw. Metallsulfate mit dem Diazepiniumhydrogensulfat in wäßrigen Äthanollösungen liefert die Verbindungen (I) bzw. (II).
ChemInform Abstract: KOMPLEXE DER ALKALIMETALLSILANOLAT‐CLUSTER
Authors: SCHMIDBAUR HUBERT , ADLKOFER JUERGEN 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie je nach Aggregatzustand und Lösungsmittel in verschiedenen clusterartigen Oligomeren vorkommenden Alkalimetalltrimethylsilanolate bilden mit Trimethylphosphinoxid tetramere Komplexe, denen aufgrund von analytischen Daten, Molekulargewichtsbestimmungen und NMR‐ sowie IR‐spektroskopischen Befunden die Kuban‐Struktur (I) mit tetraedrisch koordinierten Metallatomen zugeschrieben wird.
ChemInform Abstract: ZERS.‐RK. VON DIMETHYLBLEIDICHLORID IN LOESUNGEN MIT UND OHNE FREMDSALZZUSATZ
Authors: HAUPT H. J. , HUBER F. , GMEHLING J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractUV‐ und NMR‐spektroskopische Untersuchungen zeigen, daß die Titelverbindung in wäßriger Lösung (D20) in Abwesenheit und in Gegenwart von Fremdsalzen und in [D6]DMSO zwischen 20 und 60°C unabhängig von der Salzkonzentration nach 1. Ordnung quantitativ zu Trimethyl‐Pb‐chlorid, Pb(II)‐chlorid und Methylchlorid zerfällt.
ChemInform Abstract: THERMISCHE ZERS. VON EISEN(II)‐MALONATDIHYDRAT
Authors: KWIATKOWSKI ANTONI 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDurch Lösen von reinem Eisen in wäßriger Lösung von Malonsäure in sauerstofffreiem Medium erhält man die Titelverbindung, deren thermische Zersetzung in Luft und Argon mit Hilfe von Thermogravimetrie und DTA untersucht wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTH. UND EIGENSCHAFTEN REDUZIERTER KOBALT‐PHTHALOCYANINE
Authors: BANSHO Y. , SHIMURA T. , UEDA O. , TANZAKI H. , TAKEI K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDurch Reduktion von Kobalt‐Phthalocyanin (I) mit Natriumsulfid in Dimethylsulfoxid oder mit Natrium in flüssigem Ammoniak werden die Reduktionsprodukte (II) und (III) erhalten, die grüne oder rote Lösungen in organischen Lösungsmitteln ergeben.
ChemInform Abstract: EINE SYNTH. VON 10,11‐DIHYDRO‐2,3,7,8‐TETRAMETHOXY‐10,5‐(N‐METHYLIMINOMETHANO)‐5H,12H‐DIBENZO(A,D)CYCLOOCTEN (HOMOISOPAVIN), (UNTERSUCHUNGEN UEBER DIE SYNTH. HETEROCYCLISCHER VERBINDUNGEN 456. MITT.)
Authors: KAMETANI T. , MIZUSHIMA M. , TAKANO S. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDas durch Hydrierung des Chalkons (I) über Palladium/Calciumcarbonat hergestellte Keton (II) läßt sich mit Aminoacetaldehyd‐diäthylacetal (III) in Xylol zu dem Azomethin (IV) kondensieren, das nach der Hydrierung über Raney‐ Nickel mit Formaldehyd in Äthanol über Platinoxid hydrierend N‐methyliert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE SYNTH. VON ALPHA‐D‐GLUCOPYRANOSYL‐PHOSPHAT‐6‐H(3)
Authors: SHIBAEV V. N. , KUSOV YU. YU. , KOCHETKOV N. K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractZur Herstellung eines α‐D‐Glucopyranosyl‐phosphats mit einem markierten Wasserstoff‐Atom (H3) in 6‐Stellung (VI) wurde das Trioctylammonium‐Salz des α‐D‐Glucopyranosyl‐phosphats (I) mit Hexamethyl‐disilazan und Trimethylchlorsilan (II) in Pyridin in das 2,3 ,4,6‐Tetra‐trimethylsilylderivat (III) übergeführt.
ChemInform Abstract: HERST. VON DELTA(1,3,5(10))‐OESTRATRIEN‐4,17BETA‐DIOL
Authors: SEGAL G. M. , CHERNYAVSKAYA M. A. , TORGOV I. V. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract′11′) A4‐Östren‐17β‐ol (I) wird mit N‐Brom‐succinimid in wasserhaltigem Dioxan in Gegenwart von Perchlorsäure in das Bromhydrin (II) übergeführt und dieses mit Chromtrioxid zu (III) oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: KERNMAGNETISCHE RESONANZSPEKTROSKOPIE VON DIPHENYLALLYL‐CARBANIONEN 1. MITT. BESTIMMUNG DER GLEICHGEWICHTSKONSTANTEN FUER DIE IONENPAAR‐BLDG.
Authors: BURLEY J. W. , YOUNG R. N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractProtonenmagnetische Resonanzuntersuchungen der Alkalimetallsalze von 1,3‐Di‐ j phenyl‐propen in verschiedenen Äthern führen zu einem weiteren Beweis für die Existenz von kontaktierenden bzw. durch das Lösungsmittel getrennten Ionenpaaren.
ChemInform Abstract: UEBER DIE ALDOLSTUFE DER PERKIN‐RK. 2. MITT. DIE STEREOSELEKTIVE SYNTH. VON ERYTHRO‐3‐ACETOXY‐3‐ARYL‐2‐PHENYLPROPANSAEUREN
Authors: KRATCHANOV C. G. , OBRETENOV TS. D. , KURTEV B. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Benzaldehyde (I) reagieren bei ‐24°C mit Phenylessigsäure (II) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin und Acetanhydrid im Sinne einer Perkin‐Reaktion zu den Carbonsäuren (III) und (IV), die sich leicht zu den Hydroxycarbonsäuren (V) und (VI) hydrolysieren lassen.
ChemInform Abstract: RK. VON PHOSPHORVERBINDUNGEN 31. MITT. RK. SUBSTITUIERTER ALPHA‐IMINOKETONE MIT VINYLTRIPHENYLPHOSPHONIUMBROMID
Authors: SCHWEIZER E. E. , KOPAY C. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAus den Keto‐oximen (IIa)‐(IIc) erhält man nach Behandlung mit NaH durch Reaktion mit Vinyl‐triphenylphosphonium‐bromid (III) anstelle des erwarteten Oxazins (I) das N‐Hydroxy‐pyrrol (IV) über diskutierte Zwischenstufen.
ChemInform Abstract: EISEN‐, MOLYBDAEN‐ UND WOLFRAM‐KOMPLEXE, SYNTH. VON CYCLOPENTENON‐PI‐KOMPLEXEN DURCH CYCLISIERUNG DER INTERMEDIAER GEBILDETEN SIGMA‐PI‐ALLENE
Authors: ROUSTAN J. L. , BENAIM J. , CHARRIER C. , MEROUR J. Y. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDie Carbonylate (I) reagieren mit den Allenyl‐bromiden (II) zu den Substitutions‐Produkten (III), aus denen beim Erhitzen je nach den Bedingungen die Derivate (IV) und (V) gebildet werden.
Preparation of Highly Monodisperse Electroactive Pollen Biocomposites
Authors: Seo Jeongeun , Wang Lili , Ng WeiBeng , Cho Nam‐Joon 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSunflower pollen (SFP) was used as a novel biotemplate to fabricate nanoporous and spiked particles coated with carboxyl‐functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotubes (COOH‐MWCNTs). The MWCNT coating on SFPs was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, dynamic imaging particle analysis and Raman spectroscopy. The electrical properties of MWCNT‐coated SFPs offer great potential to develop highly functional materials for electronics and optical applications.
In Silico Modeling of Novel Drug Ligands for Treatment of Concussion Associated Tauopathy
Authors: Zhao Wei , Ho Lap , Wang Jun , Bi Weina , Yemul Shrishailam , Ward Libby , Freire Daniel , Mazzola Paolo , Brathwaite Justin , Mezei Mihaly , Sanchez Roberto , Elder Gregory A. , Pasinetti Giulio Maria 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe objective of this study was to develop an in silico screening model for characterization of potential novel ligands from commercial drug libraries able to functionally activate certain olfactory receptors (ORs), which are members of the class A rhodopsin‐like family of G protein couple receptors (GPCRs), in the brain of murine models of concussion. We previously found that concussions may significantly influence expression of certain ORs, for example, OR4M1 in subjects with a history of concussion/traumatic brain injury (TBI). In this study, we built a 3‐D OR4M1 model and used it in in silico screening of potential novel ligands from commercial drug libraries. We report that in vitro activation of OR4M1 with the commercially available ZINC library compound 10915775 led to a significant attenuation of abnormal tau phosphorylation in embryonic cortico‐hippocampal neuronal cultures derived from NSE‐OR4M1 transgenic mice, possibly through modulation of the JNK signaling pathway. The attenuation of abnormal tau phosphorylation was rather selective since ZINC10915775 significantly decreased tau phosphorylation on tau Ser202/T205 (AT8 epitope) and tau Thr212/Ser214 (AT100 epitope), but not on tau Ser396/404 (PHF‐1 epitope). Moreover, no response of ZINC10915775 was found in control hippocampal neuronal cultures derived from wild type littermates. Our in silico model provides novel means to pharmacologically modulate select ubiquitously expressed ORs in the brain through high affinity ligand activation to prevent and eventually to treat concussion induced down regulation of ORs and subsequent cascade of tau pathology. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2241–2248, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prediction of oxidation parameters of purified Kilka fish oil including gallic acid and methyl gallate by adaptive neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) and artificial neural network
Authors: Asnaashari Maryam , Farhoosh Reza , Farahmandfar Reza 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDAs a result of concerns regarding possible health hazards of synthetic antioxidants, gallic acid and methyl gallate may be introduced as natural antioxidants to improve oxidative stability of marine oil. Since conventional modelling could not predict the oxidative parameters precisely, artificial neural network (ANN) and neuro‐fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) modelling with three inputs, including type of antioxidant (gallic acid and methyl gallate), temperature (35, 45 and 55 °C) and concentration (0, 200, 400, 800 and 1600 mg L−1) and four outputs containing induction period (IP), slope of initial stage of oxidation curve (k1) and slope of propagation stage of oxidation curve (k2) and peroxide value at the IP (PVIP) were performed to predict the oxidation parameters of Kilka oil triacylglycerols and were compared to multiple linear regression (MLR).RESULTSThe results showed ANFIS was the best model with high coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.99, 0.99, 0.92 and 0.77 for IP, k1, k2 and PVIP, respectively). So, the RMSE and MAE values for IP were 7.49 and 4.92 in ANFIS model. However, they were to be 15.95 and 10.88 and 34.14 and 3.60 for the best MLP structure and MLR, respectively. So, MLR showed the minimum accuracy among the constructed models.CONCLUSIONSensitivity analysis based on the ANFIS model suggested a high sensitivity of oxidation parameters, particularly the induction period on concentrations of gallic acid and methyl gallate due to their high antioxidant activity to retard oil oxidation and enhanced Kilka oil shelf life. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Real valued diffusion‐weighted imaging using decorrelated phase filtering
Authors: Sprenger Tim , Sperl Jonathan I. , Fernandez Brice , Haase Axel , Menzel Marion I. 
Published: February 2016

PurposeBecause of the intrinsic low signal‐to‐noise ratio in diffusion‐weighted imaging (DWI), magnitude processing often causes an overestimation of the signal's amplitude. This results in low‐estimation accuracy of diffusion models and reduced contrast because of a superposition of the image signal and the noise floor. We adopt a new phase correction (PC) technique that yields real valued diffusion data while maintaining a Gaussian noise distribution.MethodsWe conduct simulations of the noise propagation in the echo‐planar imaging reconstruction chain to determine the spatial noise correlation in the image. Using the correlation pattern, optimized filter kernels are derived to estimate the true phase of the signal in each voxel. Furthermore, we adopt an outlier detection technique to replace the real value by the magnitude in case of substantial signal loss resulting from incorrect PC.ResultsThe benefits of our method are demonstrated on Monte Carlo simulations, DWI data acquired from healthy volunteer experiments, estimated parameters of the diffusion kurtosis imaging model, and the model‐free diffusion spectrum imaging technique. The improved PC approach significantly reduces the noise bias and only slightly increases the sensitivity to local phase variations.ConclusionPC can enhance the usefulness of higher b‐values, allowing deeper insights into tissue microstructure. Magn Reson Med 77:559–570, 2017. © 2016 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Current needs in pediatric pharmacoepidemiology
Authors: Lasky Tamar , Artaman Al , Czaja Angela S. , Maruti Sonia S. , Osokogu Osemeke U. , Verhamme Katia M.C. , Sobel Rachel E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeWe report on a needs assessment conducted by the International Society of Pharmacoepidemiology (ISPE) Pediatric Special Interest Group (SIG) to identify critical needs in pediatric pharmacoepidemiology and directions for future activities.MethodsA mixed methods survey using a structured interview was conducted in the SIG and ISPE membership to elicit information about current activities in pediatric pharmacoepidemiology and identify critical methodologic issues. The interviews were conducted in two phases over 2013 and 2014, beginning with interviews of SIG members and expanding to the wider ISPE membership. Members of the SIG conducted the interviews and summarized the responses.ResultsTwenty‐nine ISPE members participated in the needs assessment The respondents reported working with a total of 59 distinct databases, with only eight databases used by more than one respondent. Seventeen respondents (57%) reported issues of limited sample sizes, noting that the problem intensifies when studying age sub‐groups or specific genetic populations. Missing data elements were a problem in three main areas: lack of detailed medication information, inability to link to parental data, and lack of detailed information about age. Respondents reported the need for data elements not typically required in studies of adults, such as birthweight and current height and weight, as well as school performance and mental health status.ConclusionsOur needs assessment describes a preliminary picture of the emerging sub‐specialty of pediatric pharmacoepidemiology encompassing a range of age sub‐groups, disease areas, and medical specialties. The assessment also documents a body of methodologic challenges unique to pharmacoepidemiologic research in children. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Mapping private keys into one public key using binary matrices and masonic cipher: Caesar cipher as a case study
Authors: Manasrah Ahmad M. , Al‐Din Basim Najim 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCaesar cipher is a mono alphabetic cipher. It is also a type of substitution cipher in which each letter in the plaintext is “shifted” a certain number of places down the alphabet. However, Caesar cipher method did not last long because of its simplicity and lack of communication security. Therefore, we believe that strengthen the key mechanism should increase its complexity against the various cryptanalysis attacks. This paper proposes an enhanced Caesar cipher method through adopting two private keys that are tied to the character positions (i.e. odd and even) for encryption and/or decryption. The two private keys are mapped into one public key to be transferred to the recipient. At the end, the results show that the new cryptosystem is inevitable to cryptanalysis attack. And the cipher text is reduced in size and thus, memory space. The public key generation process is proven to be a one‐way function utilizing binary matrices that are generated and shared between the two communicating parties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of Al2O3 in High-Strength Mo Alloy Sheets by High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Zhou Yucheng , Gao Yimin , Wei Shizhong , Hu Yajie 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA novel type of alumina (Al2O3)-doped molybdenum (Mo) alloy sheet was prepared by a hydrothermal method and a subsequent powder metallurgy process. Then the characterization of α-Al2O3 was investigated using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy as the research focus. The tensile strength of the Al2O3-doped Mo sheet is 43–85% higher than that of the pure Mo sheet, a very obvious reinforcement effect. The sub-micron and nanometer-scale Al2O3 particles can increase the recrystallization temperature by hindering grain boundary migration and improve the tensile strength by effectively blocking the motion of the dislocations. The Al2O3 particles have a good bond with the Mo matrix and there exists an amorphous transition layer at the interface between Al2O3 particles and the Mo matrix in the as-rolled sheet. The sub-structure of α-Al2O3 is characterized by a number of nanograins in the
$\left[ {2\bar{2}1} \right]$
direction. Lastly, a new computer-based method for indexing diffraction patterns of the hexagonal system is introduced, with 16 types of diffraction patterns of α-Al2O3 indexed.
Neuregulin-1 attenuates cognitive function impairments in a transgenic mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease
Authors: Ryu J , Hong B-H , Kim Y-J , Yang E-J , Choi M , Kim H , Ahn S , Baik T-K , Woo R-S , Kim H-S 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe neuregulin (NRG) family of epidermal growth factor-related proteins is composed of a wide variety of soluble and membrane-bound proteins that exert their effects via the tyrosine kinase receptors ErbB2-ErbB4. In the nervous system, the functions of NRG1 are essential for peripheral myelination, the establishment and maintenance of neuromuscular and sensorimotor systems and the plasticity of cortical neuronal circuits. In the present study, we report that an intracerebroventricular infusion of NRG1 attenuated cognitive impairments in 13-month-old Tg2576 mice, an animal model of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). In addition, according to Golgi-Cox staining, NRG1 rescued the reduction in the number of dendritic spines detected in the brains of Tg2576 mice compared with vehicle (PBS)-infused mice. This result was also corroborated in vitro as NRG1 attenuated the oligomeric amyloid beta peptide1-42 (Aβ1-42)-induced decrease in dendritic spine density in rat primary hippocampal neuron cultures. NRG1 also alleviated the decrease in neural differentiation induced by oligomeric Aβ1-42 in mouse fetal neural stem cells. Collectively, these results suggest that NRG1 has a therapeutic potential for AD by alleviating the reductions in dendritic spine density and neurogenesis found in AD brains.
Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase promotes hypoxic survival by activating the mitochondrial unfolded protein response
Authors: Mao X R , Kaufman D M , Crowder C M 
Published: February 2016

AbstractGain-of-function mutations in the mouse nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase type 1 (Nmnat1) produce two remarkable phenotypes: protection against traumatic axonal degeneration and reduced hypoxic brain injury. Despite intensive efforts, the mechanism of Nmnat1 cytoprotection remains elusive. To develop a new model to define this mechanism, we heterologously expressed a mouse Nmnat1 non-nuclear-localized gain-of-function mutant gene (m-nonN-Nmnat1) in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans and show that it provides protection from both hypoxia-induced animal death and taxol-induced axonal pathology. Additionally, we find that m-nonN-Nmnat1 significantly lengthens C. elegans lifespan. Using the hypoxia-protective phenotype in C. elegans, we performed a candidate screen for genetic suppressors of m-nonN-Nmnat1 cytoprotection. Loss of function in two genes, haf-1 and dve-1, encoding mitochondrial unfolded protein response (mitoUPR) factors were identified as suppressors. M-nonN-Nmnat1 induced a transcriptional reporter of the mitoUPR gene hsp-6 and provided protection from the mitochondrial proteostasis toxin ethidium bromide. M-nonN-Nmnat1 was also protective against axonal degeneration in C. elegans induced by the chemotherapy drug taxol. Taxol markedly reduced basal expression of a mitoUPR reporter; the expression was restored by m-nonN-Nmnat1. Taken together, these data implicate the mitoUPR as a mechanism whereby Nmnat1 protects from hypoxic and axonal injury.
Cdk12 Is A Gene-Selective RNA Polymerase II Kinase That Regulates a Subset of the Transcriptome, Including Nrf2 Target Genes
Authors: Li Xuan , Chatterjee Nirmalya , Spirohn Kerstin , Boutros Michael , Bohmann Dirk 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Nrf2 transcription factor is well conserved throughout metazoan evolution and serves as a central regulator of adaptive cellular responses to oxidative stress. We carried out an RNAi screen in Drosophila S2 cells to better understand the regulatory mechanisms governing Nrf2 target gene expression. This paper describes the identification and characterization of the RNA polymerase II (Pol II) kinase Cdk12 as a factor that is required for Nrf2 target gene expression in cell culture and in vivo. Cdk12 is, however, not essential for bulk mRNA transcription and cells lacking CDK12 function are viable and able to proliferate. Consistent with previous findings on the DNA damage and heat shock responses, it emerges that Cdk12 may be specifically required for stress activated gene expression. Transcriptome analysis revealed that antioxidant gene expression is compromised in flies with reduced Cdk12 function, which makes them oxidative stress sensitive. In addition to supporting Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) induced gene activation, Cdk12 suppresses genes that support metabolic functions in stressed conditions. We suggest that Cdk12 acts as a gene-selective Pol II kinase that engages a global shift in gene expression to switch cells from a metabolically active state to “stress-defence mode” when challenged by external stress.
Kondo-like zero-bias conductance anomaly in a three-dimensional topological insulator nanowire
Authors: Cho Sungjae , Zhong Ruidan , Schneeloch John A. , Gu Genda , Mason Nadya 
Published: February 2016

AbstractZero-bias anomalies in topological nanowires have recently captured significant attention, as they are possible signatures of Majorana modes. Yet there are many other possible origins of zero-bias peaks in nanowires—for example, weak localization, Andreev bound states, or the Kondo effect. Here, we discuss observations of differential-conductance peaks at zero-bias voltage in non-superconducting electronic transport through a 3D topological insulator (Bi1.33Sb0.67)Se3 nanowire. The zero-bias conductance peaks show logarithmic temperature dependence and often linear splitting with magnetic fields, both of which are signatures of the Kondo effect in quantum dots. We characterize the zero-bias peaks and discuss their origin.