bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land Use Change in India (1700–2000) as Examined through the Lens of Human Appropriation of Net Primary Productivity
Authors: deSouza Priyanka , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: August 2017

SummaryLand use caused by human socioeconomic activities is a driver of change in the global environment. To understand and quantify land‐use change on Earth's natural systems, interdisciplinary approaches linking biophysical and socioeconomic parameters are required. One approach to understand the degree of terrestrial colonization of the biosphere is using the human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP). HANPP is defined as the difference between the net primary productivity (NPP) of potential vegetation and the actual NPP for a given area of land. Here, we use HANPP as a lens to examine land‐use change in India from 1700 to 2007 using a spatially explicit data set that extends over this period. We also used the nongridded, Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data set to calculate HANPP for India from 1961 to 2012 and compared our results. The average potential NPP for India was estimated to be 664 grams of carbon per square meter per year (g C/m2/year). Between 1700 and 2012, the fraction of pastureland and cropland increased from 20% to almost 60%. HANPP as a fraction of the potential NPP increased from 29% to 73% over this period. Calculations of HANPP using the FAO data set yielded an increase from 600 g C/m2 to just over 700 g C/m2 between 1961 and 2012. We also calculated the embodied HANPP of India by considering imports and exports, but the difference between the two is negligible in comparison to the HANPP of India. We further examined the variation of HANPP with socioeconomic parameters such as the Human Development Index (HDI) and population density. There was a roughly negative trend of HANPP with HDI. HANPP roughly increases with population density and then plateaus above a population density of roughly 200 persons per square kilometer.
Life Cycle Inventory Analysis of the Wood Pallet Repair Process in the United States
Authors: Park Jonghun , Horvath Laszlo , Bush Robert J. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThis study developed gate‐to‐gate life cycle inventory (LCI) data for the repair of 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 millimeter [mm]) stringer‐class wood pallets in the United States. Data were collected from seven wood pallet repair facilities. Approximately 1.98 FBM (foot, board measure) (4.67E‐03 cubic meters) of lumber were used for repairing each 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 mm) stringer‐class wood pallet, the majority (97%) recovered from damaged pallets received by the pallet repair facilities. Repair equipment powered by electricity made the largest contribution to greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Steel nails used for the pallet repair had the largest contribution to GHG emissions among the material inputs, while use of recovered lumber yielded the largest GHG emissions credits. Overall, the repair process for a 48 by 40 inch (1,219 by 1,016 mm) stringer‐class wood pallet had GHG credits rather than a positive GHG emission due to the GHG offsets from co‐products.
NaMYB8 regulates distinct, optimally distributed herbivore defense traits
Authors: Schäfer Martin , Brütting Christoph , Xu Shuqing , Ling Zhihao , Steppuhn Anke , Baldwin Ian T. , Schuman Meredith C. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryWhen herbivores attack, plants specifically reconfigure their metabolism. Herbivory on the wild tobacco Nicotiana attenuata strongly induces the R2R3 MYB transcriptional activator MYB8, which was reported to specifically regulate the accumulation of phenolamides (PAs). We discovered that transcriptional regulation of trypsin protease inhibitors (TPIs) and a threonine deaminase (TD) also depend on MYB8 expression. Induced distributions of PAs, TD and TPIs all meet predictions of optimal defense theory: their leaf concentrations increase with the fitness value and the probability of attack of the tissue. Therefore, we suggest that these defensive compounds have evolved to be co‐regulated by MYB8.
Regulatory network and genetic interactions established by OsMADS34 in rice inflorescence and spikelet morphogenesis
Authors: Meng Qingcai , Li Xiaofeng , Zhu Wanwan , Yang Li , Liang Wanqi , Dreni Ludovico , Zhang Dabing 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGrasses display highly diversified inflorescence architectures that differ in the arrangement of spikelets and flowers and determine cereal yields. However, the molecular basis underlying grass inflorescence morphogenesis remains largely unknown. Here we investigate the role of a functionally diversified SEPALLATA MADS‐box transcription factor, OsMADS34, in regulating rice (Oryza sativa L.) inflorescence and spikelet development. Microarray analysis showed that, at the very early stages of inflorescence formation, dysfunction of OsMADS34 caused altered expression of 379 genes that are associated with protein modification and degradation, transcriptional regulation, signaling and metabolism activity. Genetic analysis revealed that OsMADS34 controls different aspects of inflorescence structure, branching and meristem activity synergistically with LAX PANICLE1 (LAX1) and FLORAL ORGAN NUMBER4 (FON4), as evidenced by the enhanced phenotypes of osmads34 lax1 and osmads34 fon4 compared with the single mutants. Additionally, double mutant between osmads34 and the sterile lemma defective mutant elongated empty glume (ele) displayed an enhanced phenotype, that is, longer and wider sterile lemmas that were converted into lemma/palea‐like organs, suggesting that ELE and OsMADS34 synergistically control the sterile lemma development. OsMADS34 may act together with OsMADS15 in controlling sterile lemma development. Collectively, these findings provide insights into the regulatory function of OsMADS34 in rice inflorescence and spikelet development.
Plasma stem cell factor levels are associated with risk of cardiovascular disease and death
Authors: Björkbacka H. , Yao Mattisson I. , Wigren M. , Melander O. , Fredrikson G. N. , Bengtsson E. , Gonçalves I. , Almgren P. , Lagerstedt J. O. , Orho‐Melander M. , Engström G. , Nilsson J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveStem cell factor (SCF) is a key growth factor for several types of stem and progenitor cells. There is experimental evidence that such cells are of importance for maintaining the integrity of the cardiovascular system. We investigated the association between circulating levels of SCF and risk for development of cardiovascular events and death.MethodsSCF was analysed by the proximity extension assay technique in plasma from 4742 subjects participating in the Malmö Diet and Cancer Study. Cardiovascular events and death were monitored through national registers with a mean follow‐up time of 19.2 years.ResultsSubjects with high baseline levels of SCF had lower cardiovascular (n = 340) and all‐cause mortality (n = 1159) as well as a lower risk of heart failure (n = 177), stroke (n = 318) and myocardial infarction (n = 452). Smoking, diabetes and high alcohol consumption were associated with lower levels of SCF. Single nucleotide polymorphisms in the gene region encoding PDX1 C‐terminal inhibiting factor 1 (PCIF1) and matrix metalloproteinase‐9 were associated with plasma SCF levels. The highest SCF quartile remained independently associated with a lower risk of a lower risk of cardiovascular [hazard ratio and 95% confidence interval 0.59 (0.43–0.81)] and all‐cause mortality [0.68 (0.57–0.81)], heart failure [0.50 (0.31–0.80)] and stroke [0.66 (0.47–0.92)], but not with MI [0.96 (0.72–1.27)] as compared with the lowest quartile when adjusting for traditional cardiovascular risk factors in Cox proportional hazard regression models.ConclusionsThis prospective population‐based study demonstrates that subjects with high levels of SCF have a lower risk of cardiovascular events and death. The findings provide clinical support for a protective role of SCF in maintaining cardiovascular integrity.
The Surprising Duality of Jugaad: Low Firm Growth and High Inclusive Growth
Authors: Shepherd Dean A. , Parida Vinit , Wincent Joakim 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWestern theories on creativity emphasize the importance of access to resources and the generation of innovations as a source of sustainable competitive advantage for firms. However, perhaps the emphasis on slack resources and the firm as the level of analysis may be less appropriate for understanding the benefits of individual creative problem solving in resource‐poor environments of the east; focusing solely on the firm is not sufficiently inclusive and may underestimate the benefits of creative problem solving under resource scarcity. Through an inductive interpretive case study of 12 problem solvers in the highly resource‐poor environment of rural India, we identified the antecedents, dimensions and duality of outcomes for an Indian cultural source of creative problem solving called jugaad. Jugaad relies on assertive defiance, trial‐and‐error experiential learning and the recombination of available resources to improvise a frugal quick‐fix solution. Our inductive framework provides new insights into the dual outcomes of creative problem solving from an eastern perspective; jugaad is unlikely to be a source of competitive advantage for firm growth but represents a source of enhanced wellbeing for inclusive growth.
Explaining Mandate Loss of Regional Headquarters: The Difference between Full and Partial Loss
Authors: Kähäri Perttu , Saittakari Iiris , Piekkari Rebecca , Barner‐Rasmussen Wilhelm 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe fluidity of regional headquarters (RHQ) mandates is a core aspect of disaggregating HQ activities in MNCs. While ‘slicing’ of global value chains has received attention in previous research, the parallel disaggregation of management activities has not. Our longitudinal study of 374 RHQ between 1998 and 2010 redresses this omission by asking why RHQ lose their mandates. We apply the concept of absorptive capacity and find two different explanatory mechanisms for full and partial mandate loss driven by RHQ‐specific capabilities and location‐specific capabilities. Full mandate loss is associated with deficient RHQ‐specific capabilities and realised absorptive capacity. By contrast, partial mandate loss is driven by an RHQ's lack of the location‐specific capabilities to respond to local changes, leading to removal of mandates for some subunits only. The distinction between full and partial loss offers a more nuanced and granular explanation of how geographic regions of MNCs are composed.
Parents' traces in life: When and how parents are presented in spontaneous life narratives
Authors: Köber Christin , Habermas Tilmann 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveAlthough parents are acknowledged to be a part of their children's personality and narrative identity and to remain important across the life span, narrative personality research has not yet explored the spontaneous presentation of parents in life stories. Therefore, this study examined longitudinally the place given to parents when crafting one's life narrative and how this changes with age. Furthermore, in contrast to prior studies, we focused on spontaneous mentions of parents.MethodWe investigated how often parents are mentioned in life narratives of six age groups spanning from age 8 to 69, how the parental relationship is evaluated, whether narrators express understanding of their parents, and whether they respond to parental values.ResultsPeople of all ages dedicated a substantial part of their life narratives to their parents and evaluated their relationship with them in an increasingly differentiated manner. Parents were increasingly perceived as individuals beyond their parental nurturing role. Until late in life, individuals reflect on values and opinions that were transferred to them by their parents.ConclusionsParents hold a consistent place in life narratives, emphasizing their importance for narrative identity. Results are discussed in terms of lifelong child–parent relationships. Directions for future research are outlined.
Medication‐Assisted Opioid Treatment Prescribers in Federally Qualified Health Centers: Capacity Lags in Rural Areas
Authors: Jones Emily B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPurposeThis study explores correlates of on‐site availability of substance use disorder treatment services in federally qualified health centers, including buprenorphine treatment that is critical to addressing the opioid epidemic.MethodsWe employed descriptive and multivariable analyses with weighted 2010 Assessment of Behavioral Health Services survey data and the 2010 Uniform Data System.FindingsIn 2010, 47.6% of health centers provided on‐site substance use disorder treatment, 12.3% provided buprenorphine treatment for opioids, and 38.8% were interested in expanding buprenorphine availability. Urban health centers, those in the West, and health centers with electronic health records had higher odds of offering on‐site substance use disorder treatment. Compared with on‐site mental health treatment, substance use disorder treatment was available in fewer clinic sites within each organization. Health centers in rural areas had lower odds of providing on‐site buprenorphine treatment (OR = 0.49, 95% CI: 0.26‐0.94), and those in the South had lower odds of providing on‐site buprenorphine treatment compared with health centers in other regions. Rural health centers had lower odds of expressing interest in expanding the availability of buprenorphine treatment (OR = 0.58, 95% CI: 0.35‐0.97).ConclusionsImproving access to substance use disorder treatment in primary care is a critical part of the strategy to combat the opioid use disorder epidemic. These findings highlight the important role of health centers as portals of access to substance use disorder treatment services in underserved communities. Recent investments to expand treatment capacity in health centers will expand the availability of substance use disorder services, but urban/rural and regional disparities should be monitored.
The Effect of Rurality on Out‐of‐Hospital Cardiac Arrest Resuscitation Incidence: An Exploratory Study of a National Registry Utilizing a Categorical Approach
Authors: Masterson Siobhán , Teljeur Conor , Cullinan John , Murphy Andrew W. , Deasy Conor , Vellinga Akke 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPurposeVariation in incidence is a universal feature of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA). One potential source of variation is the rurality of the location where the OHCA incident occurs. While previous work has used a simple binary approach to define rurality, the purpose of this study was to use a categorical approach to quantify the impact of urban‐rural classification on OHCA incidence in the Republic of Ireland.MethodsThe observed versus expected ratio of OHCA incidence where resuscitation was attempted for the period January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2014, was calculated for each of the 3,408 electoral divisions (ED). EDs were then classified into 1 of 6 urban‐rural classes. Multilevel modeling was used to test for variation in incidence ratios (IR) across the urban‐rural classes.FindingsA total of 4,755 cases of adult OHCA, not witnessed by Emergency Medical Services, where resuscitation was attempted were included in the study. The number of EDs in each category was as follows: city (n = 477); town (n = 293); near village (n = 182); remote village (n = 84); near rural (n = 1,479); remote rural (n = 893). The IR per ED varied from 0 to 18.38 (EDs, n = 3,408). Multilevel modeling showed that 2.36% of variation in IR was due to urban‐rural classification. This dropped to 0.45% when adjusted for ED deprivation score and median distance to an ambulance station. The addition of other explanatory variables did not improve the model.ConclusionOHCA variation in Ireland is limited and almost fully explained by area‐level deprivation and proximity to ambulance stations.
Surface energy and viscoelasticity influence caramel adhesiveness
Authors: Wagoner Ty B. , Foegeding Edward Allen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAdhesion is an important textural attribute that directs consumer eating patterns and behaviors and can be a negative attribute during food processing. The objectives of this study were to modify caramel formulation and compare adhesion to different materials to quantify the influence of surface energetics and viscoelasticity on caramel adhesiveness. Mechanical adhesion was viewed in the context of pressure sensitive tack theory, where adhesion is controlled by viscoelasticity of the adhesive material and the surface energy relationship of material and probe. Caramel samples varied in total amount of fat and protein, and mechanical adhesion was measured using a series of materials with total surface energies of 39.7–53.2 mJ/m2. Adhesiveness decreased as fat and protein content increased, with a significant effect of total surface energy. Viscoelasticity was modeled using creep recovery data fit to a four‐element Burger mechanistic model. Burger model parameters representing retarded elasticity correlated strongly with adhesiveness. The results suggest two zones of adhesion based on formulation, one driven by both surface energy relationships—most notably dispersive and total surface energy—and viscoelasticity, and the other driven solely by viscoelasticity.Practical applicationsRelationships between mechanical properties and adhesion have been explored but are still not well understood, and could aid in the design of food products with a controlled level of adhesion. The results of this study indicate the importance of considering material surface energy when measuring mechanical adhesion or texture profile analysis. Understanding the relationships between viscoelastic behavior and adhesion can be used to make inferences on perceived texture.
A Method to Identify and Classify the Vertical Alignment of Existing Roads
Authors: Higuera de Frutos Santiago , Castro María 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA detailed knowledge of the geometric characteristics of already built roads is necessary for various tasks related to their exploitation. However, sufficiently accurate or updated information about their geometric characteristics is frequently not available. Therefore, it is common to collect data of road geometry normally by means of a vehicle equipped with various sensors and, from the data obtained, generate analytically a geometric design that fits reality as closely as possible. There are several procedures to recreate the horizontal alignment of existing roads. However, no such effort has been made for vertical alignment. Knowledge of vertical profile's geometry is important for safety traffic studies as sight distance. This article presents a method of obtaining the geometrical elements of the vertical profile of highways through the longitudinal slope of their centerline points. The procedure has been successfully validated by its application on five rural highways in Spain.
Surveillance of biting midges (Culicoides spp.) in Northern Ireland: influence of seasonality, surrounding habitat and livestock housing
Authors: JESS S. , THOMPSON G. M. , CLAWSON S. , FORSYTHE I. W. N. , REA I. , GORDON A. W. , MURCHIE A. K. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBiting midges, Culicoides spp. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), are important vectors of viral pathogens. Following the outbreak of bluetongue serotype 8 in Europe between 2006 and 2009, many Culicoides surveillance programmes were initiated to identify vector‐active periods, in accordance with European Commission regulation 2007/1266/EC. This study utilized surveillance data from 4 years of continuous light‐trapping at 14 sites in Northern Ireland. The number of captured Culicoides varied from none during the vector‐free period (December–April) to more than 36 000 per night during peak activity in the summer. The Obsoletus group represented 75% of Culicoides collected and the Pulicaris group represented 21%. A total of 91% of Culicoides were female, of which 42% were parous. Abundance data, sex ratios and parous rates suggested that both the Obsoletus and Pulicaris groups underwent three generations/year. The Obsoletus group was associated with cattle‐rearing habitats and woodland, the Impunctatus group was found in habitats related to sheep rearing and the Pulicaris group were associated with both cattle and sheep. Housing did not reduce incursion of female Obsoletus group Culicoides but it did for males and for the Pulicaris group Culicoides. The influence of housing was strongly affected by time of year, probably reflecting the presence of livestock indoors/outdoors.
Explanatory Roles for Minimal Content
Authors: Borg Emma 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA standard objection to so‐called ‘minimal semantics’ (Borg 2004, 2012, Cappelen and Lepore 2005) is that minimal contents are explanatorily redundant as they play no role in an adequate account of linguistic communication (those making this objection include Levinson 2000, Carston 2002, Recanati 2004). This paper argues that this standard objection is mistaken. Furthermore, I argue that seeing why the objection is mistaken sheds light both on how we should draw the classic Gricean distinction between saying and implicating, and how we should think about the key philosophical notion of assertion. Specifically, it reveals that these ideas are best understood primarily in socio‐linguistic terms (resting on the degree of liability a speaker is held to have for linguistically conveyed content).
Inquiry and Belief
Authors: Friedman Jane 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this paper I look at belief and degrees of belief through the lens of inquiry. I argue that belief and degrees of belief play different roles in inquiry. In particular I argue that belief is a “settling” attitude in a way that degrees of belief are not. Along the way I say more about what inquiring amounts to, argue for a central norm of inquiry connecting inquiry and belief and say more about just what it means to have an inquiry or question settled.
Who still remains at risk of arrhythmic death at time of implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator generator replacement?
Authors: Madeira Marta , António Natália , Milner James , Ventura Miguel , Cristóvão João , Costa Marco , Nascimento José , Elvas Luís , Gonçalves Lino , Mariano Pego Guilherme 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundImplantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) is associated with reduction in arrhythmic mortality. However, at the time of generator replacement (GR) some patients had not experienced therapies and had a different clinical profile. Therefore, the risk‐benefit ratio of ICD may have changed. Our aim was to determine the proportion of patients with ICD implanted in primary prevention that maintain guideline‐derived indications at the time of GR and assess predictors of therapies in the postreplacement period. We evaluate the long‐term benefit of ICD after GR in nonischemic cardiomyopathy (NICM) versus ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM).MethodsWe included 141 patients undergoing GR from 11/2009 to 7/2015. Patients were divided into: G1 – guideline congruent indication for ICD at the time of GR (left ventricular ejection fraction [LVEF] ≤ 35% or appropriate therapies) and G2 – guideline incongruent indication (patients without appropriate therapies and LVEF >35%). We also compared ICD benefit between ICM and NICM patients.ResultsMaintenance of guideline‐driven indications for ICD (G1) was present in 68% of patients and 32% had recovery of LVEF and no ICD therapies at the time of GR (G2). After GR, G2 patients showed a lower rate of appropriate therapies (3% vs 33%, P < 0.01). LVEF ≤ 35% was the only independent predictor of appropriate therapies (OR 12.0, P < 0.01). In multivariate analysis, etiology of heart failure did not predict the arrhythmic risk.ConclusionAt the time of GR, a significant proportion of patients no longer met guideline indications for ICD and their need for therapies is reduced. The etiology of heart failure did not predict freedom from therapies.