bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INTERNAL DYNAMICS OF A TWIN-LAYER SOLAR PROMINENCE
Authors: Xia C. , Keppens R. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT
Modern observations revealed rich dynamics within solar prominences. The globally stable quiescent prominences, characterized by the presence of thin vertical threads and falling knobs, are frequently invaded by small rising dark plumes. These dynamic phenomena are related to magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor instability, since prominence matter, 100 times denser than surrounding coronal plasma, is lifted against gravity by weak magnetic field. To get a deeper understanding of the physics behind these phenomena, we use three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamic simulations to investigate the nonlinear magnetoconvective motions in a twin-layer prominence in a macroscopic model from chromospheric layers up to 30 Mm height. The properties of simulated falling “fingers” and uprising bubbles are consistent with those in observed vertical threads and rising plumes in quiescent prominences. Both sheets of the twin-layer prominence show a strongly coherent evolution due to their magnetic connectivity, and demonstrate collective kink deformation. Our model suggests that the vertical threads of the prominence as seen in an edge-on view, and the apparent horizontal threads of the filament when seen top-down are different appearances of the same structures. Synthetic images of the modeled twin-layer prominence reflect the strong degree of mixing established over the entire prominence structure, in agreement with the observations.
Le contrat unique
Authors: Barthelemy Jacques , Cette Gilbert 
Published: July 2016

Le débat sur le contrat unique découle le plus souvent du constat d’une dualité du marché du travail, avec d’un côté des salariés qui seraient très protégés, les CDI et tout particulièrement les fonctionnaires, et de l’autre côté les actifs alternant emplois précaires peu protégés et périodes de chômage. Ce contraste traduit des inégalités flagrantes, avec des conséquences sociales et économiques importantes. En réponse à cette dualité, des propositions sont souvent avancées qui consisteraient à créer un « contrat unique » atténuant les écarts de statut et de droits entre emplois précaires (CDD et intérim) et emplois en CDI. Mais ce concept de « contrat unique » est souvent peu défini. C’est même une auberge espagnole si l’on prend en considération les différences importantes de contenu constatées dans les propos des uns ou des autres ! Les trois objectifs déclarés de la proposition de contrat unique sont : (i) de réduire les inégalités de statuts liées à la coexistence de contrats dits précaires (CDD et intérim) et de CDI ; (ii) de réduire la complexité et les incertitudes coûteuses de la judiciarisation des licenciements ; (iii) d’internaliser en partie le coût social des licenciements. Notre analyse montre qu’un contrat unique ne peut pas répondre véritablement à ces objectifs, mieux servis par d’autres voies, et qu’il présenterait des risques juridiques majeurs.
Modeling and Computation of CO2Allowance Derivatives Under Jump-Diffusion Processes
Authors: Zhang Shuhua , Wang Jing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we study carbon emission trading whose market is gaining in popularity as a policy instrument for global climate change. The mathematical model is presented for pricing options on CO2emission allowance futures with jump diffusion processes, and a so-called fitted finite volume method is proposed to solve the pricing model for the spatial discretization, in which the Crank-Nicolson is employed for time stepping. In addition, the stability and the convergence of the fully discrete scheme are given, and some numerical results, which are compared with the closed form solution and the Monte Carlo simulation solution, are provided to demonstrate the rates of convergence and the robustness of the numerical method.
Identification of Elastic Orthotropic Material Parameters by the Singular Boundary Method
Authors: Chen Bin , Chen Wen , Wei Xing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis article addresses the resolution of the inverse problem for the parameter identification in orthotropic materials with a number of measurements merely on the boundaries. The inverse problem is formulated as an optimization problem of a residual functional which evaluates the differences between the experimental and predicted displacements. The singular boundary method, an integration-free, mathematically simple and boundary-only meshless method, is employed to numerically determine the predicted displacements. The residual functional is minimized by the Levenberg-Marquardt method. Three numerical examples are carried out to illustrate the robustness, efficiency, and accuracy of the proposed scheme. In addition, different levels of noise are added into the boundary conditions to verify the stability of the present methodology.
Multi-year record of atmospheric mercury at Dumont d'Urville, East Antarctic
coast: continental outflow and oceanic influences
Authors: Angot Hélène , Dion Iris , Vogel Nicolas , Legrand Michel , Magand Olivier , Dommergue Aurélien 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Under the framework of the Global Mercury Observation System (GMOS) project, a 3.5-year record of atmospheric gaseous elemental mercury (Hg(0)) has been gathered at Dumont d'Urville (DDU, 66°40′ S, 140°01′ E, 43 m above sea level) on the East Antarctic coast. Additionally, surface snow samples were collected in February 2009 during a traverse between Concordia Station located on the East Antarctic plateau and DDU. The record of atmospheric Hg(0) at DDU reveals particularities that are not seen at other coastal sites: a gradual decrease of concentrations over the course of winter, and a daily maximum concentration around midday in summer. Additionally, total mercury concentrations in surface snow samples were particularly elevated near DDU (up to 194.4 ng L−1) as compared to measurements at other coastal Antarctic sites. These differences can be explained by the more frequent arrival of inland air masses at DDU than at other coastal sites. This confirms the influence of processes observed on the Antarctic plateau on the cycle of atmospheric mercury at a continental scale, especially in areas subject to recurrent katabatic winds. DDU is also influenced by oceanic air masses and our data suggest that the ocean plays a dual role on Hg(0) concentrations. The open ocean may represent a source of atmospheric Hg(0) in summer whereas the sea-ice surface may provide reactive halogens in spring that can oxidize Hg(0). This paper also discusses implications for coastal Antarctic ecosystems and for the cycle of atmospheric mercury in high southern latitudes.
Joint retrieval of aerosol and water-leaving radiance from
multispectral, multiangular and polarimetric measurements over ocean
Authors: Xu Feng , Dubovik Oleg , Zhai Peng-Wang , Diner David J. , Kalashnikova Olga V. , Seidel Felix C. , Litvinov Pavel , Bovchaliuk Andrii , Garay Michael J. , van Harten Gerard , Davis Anthony B. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. An optimization approach has been developed for simultaneous retrieval of aerosol properties and normalized water-leaving radiance (nLw) from multispectral, multiangular, and polarimetric observations over ocean. The main features of the method are (1) use of a simplified bio-optical model to estimate nLw, followed by an empirical refinement within a specified range to improve its accuracy; (2) improved algorithm convergence and stability by applying constraints on the spatial smoothness of aerosol loading and Chlorophyll a (Chl a) concentration across neighboring image patches and spectral constraints on aerosol optical properties and nLw across relevant bands; and (3) enhanced Jacobian calculation by modeling and storing the radiative transfer (RT) in aerosol/Rayleigh mixed layer, pure Rayleigh-scattering layers, and ocean medium separately, then coupling them to calculate the field at the sensor. This approach avoids unnecessary and time-consuming recalculations of RT in unperturbed layers in Jacobian evaluations. The Markov chain method is used to model RT in the aerosol/Rayleigh mixed layer and the doubling method is used for the uniform layers of the atmosphere–ocean system. Our optimization approach has been tested using radiance and polarization measurements acquired by the Airborne Multiangle SpectroPolarimetric Imager (AirMSPI) over the AERONET USC_SeaPRISM ocean site (6 February 2013) and near the AERONET La Jolla site (14 January 2013), which, respectively, reported relatively high and low aerosol loadings. Validation of the results is achieved through comparisons to AERONET aerosol and ocean color products. For comparison, the USC_SeaPRISM retrieval is also performed by use of the Generalized Retrieval of Aerosol and Surface Properties algorithm (Dubovik et al., 2011). Uncertainties of aerosol and nLw retrievals due to random and systematic instrument errors are analyzed by truth-in/truth-out tests with three Chl a concentrations, five aerosol loadings, three different types of aerosols, and nine combinations of solar incidence and viewing geometries.
From event analysis to global lessons: disaster forensics for building resilience
Authors: Keating Adriana , Venkateswaran Kanmani , Szoenyi Michael , MacClune Karen , Mechler Reinhard 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. With unprecedented growth in disaster risk, there is an urgent need for enhanced learning and understanding of disasters, particularly in relation to the trends in drivers of increasing risk. Building on the disaster forensics field, we introduce the post-event review capability (PERC) methodology for systematically and holistically analysing disaster events, and identifying actionable recommendations. PERC responds to a need for learning about the successes and failures in disaster risk management and resilience, and uncovers the underlying drivers of increasing risk. We draw generalisable insights identified from seven applications of the methodology to date, where we find that across the globe policy makers and practitioners in disaster risk management face strikingly similar challenges despite variations in context, indicating encouraging potential for mutual learning. These lessons highlight the importance of integrated risk reduction strategies. We invite others to utilise the freely available PERC approach and contribute to building a repository of learning on disaster risk management and resilience.
Hierarchical scale dependence associated with the extension of the nonlinear feedback loop in a seven-dimensional Lorenz model
Authors: Shen Bo-Wen 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. In this study, we construct a seven-dimensional Lorenz model (7DLM) to discuss the impact of an extended nonlinear feedback loop on solutions' stability and illustrate the hierarchical scale dependence of chaotic solutions. Compared to the 5DLM, the 7DLM includes two additional high wavenumber modes that are selected based on an analysis of the nonlinear temperature advection term, a Jacobian term (J(ψ, θ)), where, ψ and θ represent the streamfunction and temperature perturbations, respectively. Fourier modes that represent temperature in the 7DLM can be categorized into three major scales as the primary (the largest scale), secondary, and tertiary (the smallest scale) modes. Further extension of the nonlinear feedback loop within the 7DLM can provide negative nonlinear feedback to stabilize solutions, thus leading to a much larger critical value for the Rayleigh parameter (rc  ∼  116.9) for the onset of chaos, as compared to an rc of 42.9 for the 5DLM as well as an rc of 24.74 for the 3DLM. The rc is determined by an analysis of ensemble Lyapunov exponents (eLEs) with a Prandtl number (σ) of 10. To examine the dependence of rc on the value of the Prandtl number, a linear stability analysis is performed near the nontrivial critical point using a wide range of the Rayleigh parameter (40  ≤  r  ≤  195) and the Prandtl number (5  ≤  σ  ≤  25). Then an eLE analysis is conducted using selected values of the Prandtl number. The linear stability analysis is done by solving for the analytical solutions of the critical points, by linearizing the 7DLM with respect to the analytical solutions, and by calculating the eigenvalues of the linearized system. Within the range of (5  ≤  σ  ≤  25), the 7DLM requires a larger rc for the onset of chaos than the 5DLM. In addition to the negative nonlinear feedback illustrated and emulated by the quasi-equilibrium state solutions for high wavenumber modes, the 7DLM reveals the hierarchical scale dependence of chaotic solutions. For chaotic solutions with r  =  120, the Pearson correlation coefficients (PCCs) between the primary and secondary modes (i.e., Z and Z1) and between the secondary and tertiary modes (i.e., Z1 and Z2) are 0.988 and 0.998, respectively. Here, Z, Z1, and Z2 represent the time-varying amplitudes of the primary, secondary, and tertiary modes, respectively. High PCCs indicate a strong linear relationship among the modes at various scales and a hierarchy of scale dependence. Future work will be undertaken to examine how higher-dimensional LMs may produce a larger critical value for the Rayleigh parameter for the onset of chaos and reveal stronger hierarchical scale dependence.
Overvåking av norsk kosthold - metoder og resultater
Authors: Johansson Lars 
Published: July 2016

SAMMENDRAGKunnskap om endringer i matvarenes sammensetning og befolkningens kosthold er grunnleggende for utformingog oppfølging av en helsefremmende mat- og ernæringspolitikk. Dagens system for overvåking avkostholdet bygger først og fremst på en matvaredatabase og opplysninger om forbruket av matvarer fra tretyper datasett; matforsyningsstatistikk, forbruksundersøkelser og kostholdsundersøkelser. Det avgis årlig envurdering av utviklingen i norsk kosthold i forhold til mat- og ernæringspolitiske målsettinger. Det norskesystemet for overvåking av kostholdet er blitt betydelig styrket i løpet av 1990-årene ved innføringen avregelmessige kostholdsundersøkelser blant landsrepresentative utvalg av befolkningen i ulike aldersgrupperog økte ressurser til analyse av næringsinnholdet i matvarer. Det er imidlertid beskjedent sammenlignet meddatainnsamlingen i land som USA og Storbritannia. Det norske overvåkingssystemet er forsatt i enutviklingsfase, og det må justeres og kompletteres etter hvert. Dessuten vil det arbeides med å kvalitetssikredatainnsamlingen.Johansson L. Surveillance of the diet in Norway – methods and results.Nor J Epidemiol ENGLISH SUMMARYKnowledge about changes in composition and intake of foods, as well as changes in the prevalence of dietrelatedhealth problems is fundamental for an effective food and nutrition policy. The National Council onNutrition and Physical Activity is responsible for evaluating changes in the diet. Annually the Council publishesreports about trends in the Norwegian diet, and suggests measures to improve the diet. The Council, incooperation with the National Food Authority and the Institute for Nutrition Research, University of Oslo,has established a national food and dietary surveillance system. This system is mainly based on a fooddatabase and food consumption data. The food consumption data include three principally different datasets: food supplies, household consumption surveys, and dietary surveys. Food supplies have been publishedannually since 1952. Household consumption surveys among random nation-wide samples of privatehouseholds have been performed annually by Statistics Norway since 1975. Dietary surveys were includedon a regular basis in the surveillance system in 1993 when the first Norwegian nation-wide dietary surveysamong students 13 and 18 years old and the general population aged 16-79 years were conducted. Thesecond dietary survey among the general population was made in 1997, and the first survey among infantswas performed in 1998-99. The second survey among children 5-13 years is planned for 2000-2001. TheNorwegian surveillance system has been considerably improved during the 1990s. However, the collectionof dietary data is still modest compared to what is done in the USA and Great Britain. The system isdeveloping, and will be adjusted and supplemented. Quality assurance of methods will be given priority.2000; 10 (1): 31-42.
The Finnish database on drug utilisation
Authors: Klaukka Timo 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThis article describes main sources of data used to study drug utilisation in Finland. National healthinterview studies have been used for this since 1964. Sales statistics are based on information fromwholesalers, and the Nordic ATC/DDD methodology is availed in order to make the numbers comparablewith the other countries. The most important database is a national prescription register, which exists since1994 and includes all reimbursed medication purchases. The data were originally collected for administrativepurposes, but they provide useful material also for pharmaco-epidemiological and -economic research.Key words : Drug utilisation, prescription register, health interview surveys, sales statistics
Pharmacoepidemiology – from description to quality assessment. A Swedish perspective
Authors: Bergman Ulf 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTParallel with increasing concerns about drug safety, the importance of drug surveillance and the applicationof epidemiological techniques have grown rapidly during the past decades. The increasing use of computerizedhealth care data facilitates the establishment of populations large enough to allow epidemiologicalstudies. By the use of computerized pharmacy or billing records, drug exposure is linked to files whichinclude outcome data (diagnoses). Pioneering pharmacoepidemiology surveys of prescriptions purchasedfrom defined populations were initiated in the late 1960s. Two such population-based drug databases forresearch (Jämtland and Tierp) are still in use in Sweden and can provide key epidemiological data such asincidence and prevalence of drug use by age and sex. This basic information on drug use can only beobtained if there is a personal identifier on the prescription. Important studies such as quality of care, polypharmacy,drug interactions, drug abuse and physicians' prescribing habits all require data on drug use byindividuals. Unfortunately, because of sensitivity to the issue of data confidentiality in Sweden, the correspondinglyrecorded data on prescriptions relative to individual patients is not available for use in healthcare audits or research. With these limitations in access to patient specific data on drug use, focus is nowinstead on improving the quality of drug prescribing by use of available drug statistics. The number ofdrugs that account for 90% of the use – the Drug Utilization 90% segment – and adherence to guidelines inthis segment are now being tested as general indicators for assessing the quality of drug prescribing.
Kreft og dødelighet blant norske feiere: Vurdering av datakvalitet
Authors: Møller Bjørn , Andersen Aage 
Published: July 2016

ENGLISH SUMMARYMøller B, Andersen Aa. Cancer and mortality among Norwegian chimney sweeps.Nor J Epidemiol 2001; 11 (2): 193-196.The aim of the study was to investigate cancer incidence and mortality among Norwegian chimneysweeps. A cohort of 1483 persons was established by collecting information about current and formerchimney sweeps from all the local authorities. Information from housing censuses (HS) in 1960, 1970and 1980 were used to study the quality of the data. This revealed that the mortality among those chimneysweeps in HS that are included in our cohort is lower than the mortality among those not reportedto us from the local authorities. Because of this, only a sub-cohort of 287 chimney sweeps from thelargest cities were considered reliable. The uncertainty concerning risks for the different cancer sites inthis group is large, since calculations are based on very few cases. The standardized incidence rate(SIR) for total cancer is 1.3 (95% CI: 1.0–1.8), and the standardized mortality rate (SMR) for all deathsis 1.2 (95% CI: 1.0–1.4). We also analyzed the 1292 persons who stated chimney sweep as occupationin the housing censuses in 1960, 1970 or 1980. SIR and SMR analyses in this group show no increasedrisk for any specific cancer sites, nor for any cause specific death.
Comportamento morfológico no período de crescimento de genótipos de Carthamus tinctorius L. em cultivo sob sequeiro e irrigado
Authors: Santos Reginaldo Ferreira , Silva Marcelo De Almeida , Klar Antonio Evaldo , Zanotto Mauricio Dutra , Bassegio Douglas 
Published: July 2016

Foi realizado um estudo a fim de determinar o efeito da irrigação no início do estágio de crescimento vegetativo em cártamo (Carthamus tinctorius L.) cultivado em solo arenoso, na estação seca de inverno no Estado de São Paulo. O ensaio à campo foi realizado no município de Engenheiro Coelho-SP, sob Argissolo arenoso B textural pouco profundo. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente cazualizado, com quatro repetições em esquema fatorial (2 × 4): dois níveis de água (irrigado e sequeiro) e quatro genótipos de cártamo (I, II, III e IV). Foram avaliados no período de estudo o comportamento de altura de planta (AP), número de folhas (NF), massa fresca de folhas (MF), comprimento total das folhas (CF), largura total das folhas (LF), área foliar (AF) e massa fresca de raízes (MR) aos 30 dias após a emergência. Os resultados deste estudo mostram que os genótipos de cártamo foram significativamente afetados pela escassez de água no solo devido ao período de seca durante a fase vegetativa. Os rendimentos morfométricos mais elevados foram observados para as variáveis no cultivo sob irrigação. As interações foram significativas, exceto dimensões métricas das folhas. Sob interação, as demais variáveis foram afetadas de forma negativa pelo cultivo de sequeiro independentemente do genótipo. Palavras-Chave: Safflower, deficit hídrico, irrigação.
Influência do Fator de Correção Espectral na Caracterização de Módulos Fotovoltaicos de Diferentes Tecnologias
Authors: Rampinelli Giuliano Arns , Bühler Alexandre José , Gasparin Fabiano Perin , Krenzinger Arno 
Published: July 2016

A caracterização elétrica de um dispositivo fotovoltaico é de fundamental importância na avaliação da eficiência de conversão do mesmo, permitindo avaliar com determinado grau de precisão a energia que um sistema fotovoltaico é capaz de converter em certo período e sob específicas condições de operação. O grau de precisão da caracterização elétrica de um dispositivo fotovoltaico está entre outros aspectos, ligado ao fator de descasamento espectral, uma vez que a determinação da curva I-V não tenha sido feita sob o espectro padrão no qual se deseja conhecer o comportamento do dispositivo e uma vez que não tenha sido utilizada uma célula de referência de mesma tecnologia para a medida da irradiância. Este trabalho apresenta a metodologia empregada pelo Laboratório de Energia Solar (LABSOL) da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS) para a determinação e avaliação do fator de correção espectral para diferentes tecnologias de módulos fotovoltaicos. Foi realizado um estudo do efeito do fator de correção espectral para duas distribuições espectrais distintas na caracterização de oito módulos fotovoltaicos de distintas tecnologias e os resultados indicaram correções de até 7%, comprovando a importância desse processo na caracterização de dispositivos fotovoltaicos.