bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neural Substrate Essential for Suppression of Vasopressin Secretion and Excretion of a Water Load
Authors: Pennington Glenn L. , McKinley Michael J. 
Published: November 2015

Suppression of vasopressin secretion to very low levels is essential for the excretion of excess water. To investigate a role for the preoptic brain region in the suppression of vasopressin secretion and the excretion of a water load, lesions were made in the vicinity of the lamina terminalis in ewes (LTX‐sheep) and responses to water‐loading or reduction of cerebrospinal fluid NaCl by i.c.v. isotonic mannitol solution were investigated. In normal conscious sheep, intraruminal water‐loading resulted in the urine flow rate increasing and urine osmolality decreasing within 1 h, such that renal free water clearance (CH2O) increased from −1.02 ± 0.16 ml/min (mean ± SEM) to a maximum of +4.99 ± 0.62 ml/min at 2.5 h after water‐loading (P < 0.05, n = 6). Plasma vasopressin levels fell from 0.88 ± 0.17 pg/ml to undetectable levels (< 0.4 pg/ml, n = 4). In LTX‐sheep (n = 6), CH2O did not change significantly after water‐loading (−1.78 ± 0.13 to −2.03 ± 0.49 ml/min at 2.5 h after water‐loading). Plasma vasopressin levels were inappropriately elevated in water‐loaded LTX‐sheep (n = 3). Intracerebroventricular mannitol (1 ml/h for 2 h) resulted in a water diuresis and increase in CH2O (−1.16 ± 0.12 to +2.81 ± 0.58 ml/min, P < 0.05) after 2 h in normal sheep, and plasma vasopressin levels fell significantly from to 0.88 ± 0.23 pg/ml to < 0.4 pg/ml (P < 0.05, n = 6). However, in LTX‐sheep, there was no change in CH2O (−1.31 ± 0.14 to −1.35 ± 0.12 ml/min) or the plasma vasopressin concentration (1.47 ± 0.18 to 1.60 ± 0.44 pg/ml, not significant) with i.c.v. mannitol. The results suggest that an inhibitory pathway from the vicinity of the median preoptic nucleus to the supraoptic and hypothalamic paraventricular nuclei plays an important role in the suppression of vasopressin secretion and the excretion of excess water.
Distinct expression patterns for type II topoisomerases IIA and IIB in the early foetal human telencephalon
Authors: Harkin Lauren F. , Gerrelli Dianne , Gold Diaz Diana C. , Santos Chloe , Alzu'bi Ayman , Austin Caroline A. , Clowry Gavin J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractTOP2A and TOP2B are type II topoisomerase enzymes that have important but distinct roles in DNA replication and RNA transcription. Recently, TOP2B has been implicated in the transcription of long genes in particular that play crucial roles in neural development and are susceptible to mutations contributing to neurodevelopmental conditions such as autism and schizophrenia. This study maps their expression in the early foetal human telencephalon between 9 and 12 post‐conceptional weeks. TOP2A immunoreactivity was restricted to cell nuclei of the proliferative layers of the cortex and ganglionic eminences (GE), including the ventricular zone and subventricular zone (SVZ) closely matching expression of the proliferation marker KI67. Comparison with sections immunolabelled for NKX2.1, a medial GE (MGE) marker, and PAX6, a cortical progenitor cell and lateral GE (LGE) marker, revealed that TOP2A‐expressing cells were more abundant in MGE than the LGE. In the cortex, TOP2B is expressed in cell nuclei in both proliferative (SVZ) and post‐mitotic compartments (intermediate zone and cortical plate) as revealed by comparison with immunostaining for PAX6 and the post‐mitotic neuron marker TBR1. However, co‐expression with KI67 was rare. In the GE, TOP2B was also expressed by proliferative and post‐mitotic compartments. In situ hybridisation studies confirmed these patterns of expression, except that TOP2A mRNA is restricted to cells in the G2/M phase of division. Thus, during early development, TOP2A is likely to have a role in cell proliferation, whereas TOP2B is expressed in post‐mitotic cells and may be important in controlling expression of long genes even at this early stage.
Impact of morbid obesity and bariatric surgery on antioxidant/oxidant balance of the unstimulated and stimulated human saliva
Authors: Knaś Małgorzata , Maciejczyk Mateusz , Sawicka Katarzyna , Hady Hady Razak , Niczyporuk Marek , Ładny Jerzy R. , Matczuk Jan , Waszkiel Danuta , Żendzian‐Piotrowska Małgorzata , Zalewska Anna 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveThere is no study evaluating the influence of morbid obesity and bariatric surgery on antioxidant/oxidant homeostasis of the unstimulated and stimulated human saliva.Materials and MethodsSalivary flow rate, total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative status index (OSI), the total amount of uric acid (UA), polyphenols (pPh), catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), specific activity of peroxidase (Px), as well as malondialdehyde (MDA), and advanced glycation end products (AGE) concentrations were determined in the unstimulated (UWS) and stimulated (SWS) whole saliva of patients with morbid obesity before and after bariatric surgery.ResultsIn both UWS and SWS, the total amount of TOS, OSI, SOD2, and MDA was statistically higher in patients with morbid obesity as compared to the healthy controls, as well as significantly lower in the patients treated surgically as compared to the obese patients. The median values of the total amount of TAS, CAT, UA, pPh, and specific activity of Px were significantly reduced in UWS and SWS in patients with morbid obesity as compared to the control group and also statistically elevated in patients after bariatric surgery as compared to the patients with morbid obesity.ConclusionsIn morbid obesity, reduced unstimulated and stimulated salivary flow can be observed. Bariatric surgery restored only unstimulated salivary flow to normal values. Disturbances in oxidant/antioxidant homeostasis may be observed in UWS and SWS of obese patients before and after treatment.
Establishing an essential amino acid profile for maintenance in poultry using deletion method
Authors: Dorigam J. C. P. , Sakomura N. K. , de Lima M. B. , Sarcinelli M. F. , Suzuki R. M. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThis study aimed to estimate the essential amino acid profile and the ideal ratio for the maintenance of poultry by deletion method. A nitrogen balance (NB) trial was conducted using 198 adult roosters, housed individually in metabolic cages. The treatments were 33 purified diets being 11 diets with an amino acid mixture providing high protein intake of 500 mg N/BWkg0.75 per day, 11 diets providing medium protein intake of 250 mg N/BWkg0.75 per day (in each diet, one amino acid tested was diluted 50%) and 11 diets providing low protein intake of 125 mg N/BWkg0.75 per day (made by omitting the amino acid tested). Each treatment had six replicates. After 48 h of fasting receiving water plus sucrose, the roosters were fed 40 g of the diets by tube once a day for 3 days. The excreta were collected within 72 h after the first feeding. The diets and excreta were analysed for nitrogen content. For each amino acid studied, a linear regression was fitted by NB and amino acid intake (AAI). The maintenance requirements were estimated as the AAI to maintain the NB equal to zero. The daily amino acid requirements for maintenance were estimated to be Lys 11, Met 29, Thr 23, Trp 5, Arg 50, Val 29, His 6, Gly 54, Phe 49, Leu 78 and Ile 21 mg/BWkg0.75 per day. Therefore, the amino acid ratio for maintenance was concluded to be Lys 100, Met 276, Thr 220, Trp 48, Arg 467, Val 275, His 60, Gly 511, Phe 467, Leu 735 and Ile 198% independent of the scale. The essential amino acid profile and the ideal ratio for the maintenance of poultry estimated in this study contributed to improve the factorial model for estimating essential amino acid requirements for poultry.
Is Travel Time to Colonoscopy Associated With Late‐Stage Colorectal Cancer Among Medicare Beneficiaries in Iowa?
Authors: Charlton Mary E. , Matthews Kevin A. , Gaglioti Anne , Bay Camden , McDowell Bradley D. , Ward Marcia M. , Levy Barcey T. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundColorectal cancer (CRC) screening has been shown to decrease the incidence of late‐stage colorectal cancer, yet a substantial proportion of Americans do not receive screening. Those in rural areas may face barriers to colonoscopy services based on travel time, and previous studies have demonstrated lower screening among rural residents. Our purpose was to assess factors associated with late‐stage CRC, and specifically to determine if longer travel time to colonoscopy was associated with late‐stage CRC among an insured population in Iowa.MethodsSEER‐Medicare data were used to identify individuals ages 65 to 84 years old diagnosed with CRC in Iowa from 2002 to 2009. The distance between the centroid of the ZIP code of residence and the ZIP code of colonoscopy was computed for each individual who had continuous Medicare fee‐for‐service coverage for a 3‐ to 4‐month period prior to diagnosis, and a professional claim for colonoscopy within that time frame. Demographic characteristics and travel times were compared between those diagnosed with early‐ versus late‐stage CRC. Also, demographic differences between those who had colonoscopy claims identified within 3‐4 months prior to diagnosis (81%) were compared to patients with no colonoscopy claims identified (19%).ResultsA total of 5,792 subjects met inclusion criteria; 31% were diagnosed with early‐stage versus 69% with late‐stage CRC. Those divorced or widowed (vs married) were more likely to be diagnosed with late‐stage CRC (OR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.06‐1.37). Travel time was not associated with diagnosis of late‐stage CRC.DiscussionAmong a Medicare‐insured population, there was no relationship between travel time to colonoscopy and disease stage at diagnosis. It is likely that factors other than distance to colonoscopy present more pertinent barriers to screening in this insured population. Additional research should be done to determine reasons for nonadherence to screening among those with access to CRC screening services, given that over two‐thirds of these insured individuals were diagnosed with late‐stage CRC.
Hypersexuality, Paraphilic Behaviors, and Gender Dysphoria in Individuals with Klinefelter’s Syndrome
Authors: Fisher Alessandra D. , Castellini Giovanni , Casale Helen , Fanni Egidia , Bandini Elisa , Campone Beatrice , Ferruccio Naika , Maseroli Elisa , Boddi Valentina , Dèttore Davide , Pizzocaro Alessandro , Balercia Giancarlo , Oppo Alessandro , Ricca Valdo , Maggi Mario 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Introduction
An increased risk of autistic traits in Klinefelter syndrome (KS) has been reported. In addition, some studies have shown an increased incidence of gender dysphoria (GD) and paraphilia in autism spectrum disorder.

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of (i) paraphilic fantasies and behaviors; and (ii) GD symptomatology in KS.

Methods and Main Outcomes Measures
A sample of 46 KS individuals and 43 healthy male controls (HC) were evaluated. Subjects were studied by means of several psychometric tests, such as Autism Spectrum Quotient (AQ) and Reading the Mind in the Eyes Revised (RME) to measure autistic traits, Gender Identity/GD questionnaire (GIDYQ-AA), and Sexual Addiction Screening Test (SAST). In addition, body uneasiness psychopathological symptoms were assessed using Symptom Checklist 90 Revised (SCL-90-R). The presence and frequency of any paraphilic fantasy and behavior was assessed by means of a clinical interview based on Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th Edition criteria. Finally, all individuals included were assessed by Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised to evaluate intelligence quotient (IQ). Data from a subsample of a previous published series of male to female GD individuals, with the battery of psychological measures useful to provide a psychopathological explanation of GD in KS population available, was also considered.

Results
When compared with HC, KS reported significantly lower total, verbal and performance IQ scores and higher SCL-90 obsession-compulsive symptoms (all P  &lt; 0.001). In line with previously reported findings, KS showed higher autistic traits according with both RME and AQ tests (P  &lt; 0.001). With respect to sexuality, KS showed a significant higher frequency of voyeuristic fantasies during masturbation (52.2% vs. 25.6%) and higher SAST scores (P  = 0.012). A mediation role of obsessive symptoms on the relationship between Klinefelter and SAST was confirmed (unstandardized estimate b  = 2.75, standard error = 0.43 P  &lt; 0.001). Finally, KS individuals showed significantly higher gender dysphoric symptoms than HC (P  = 0.004), which were mediated by the presence of autistic traits (Sobel’s test; P  &lt; 0.05).

Conclusions
KS is associated with hypersexuality, paraphilic behaviors, and GD, which were mediated by obsessive-compulsive and autistic traits.
White matter alterations in narcolepsy patients with cataplexy: tract‐based spatial statistics
Authors: Park Yun K. , Kwon Oh‐Hun , Joo Eun Yeon , Kim Jae‐Hun , Lee Jong M. , Kim Sung T. , Hong Seung B. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryFunctional imaging studies and voxel‐based morphometry analysis of brain magnetic resonance imaging showed abnormalities in the hypothalamus–thalamus–orbitofrontal pathway, demonstrating altered hypocretin pathway in narcolepsy. Those distinct morphometric changes account for problems in wake–sleep control, attention and memory. It also raised the necessity to evaluate white matter changes. To investigate brain white matter alterations in drug‐naïve narcolepsy patients with cataplexy and to explore relationships between white matter changes and patient clinical characteristics, drug‐naïve narcolepsy patients with cataplexy (n = 22) and healthy age‐ and gender‐matched controls (n = 26) were studied. Fractional anisotropy and mean diffusivity images were obtained from whole‐brain diffusion tensor imaging, and tract‐based spatial statistics were used to localize white matter abnormalities. Compared with controls, patients showed significant decreases in fractional anisotropy of white matter of the bilateral anterior cingulate, fronto‐orbital area, frontal lobe, anterior limb of the internal capsule and corpus callosum, as well as the left anterior and medial thalamus. Patients and controls showed no differences in mean diffusivity. Among patients, mean diffusivity values of white matter in the bilateral superior frontal gyri, bilateral fronto‐orbital gyri and right superior parietal gyrus were positively correlated with depressive mood. This tract‐based spatial statistics study demonstrated that drug‐naïve patients with narcolepsy had reduced fractional anisotropy of white matter in multiple brain areas and significant relationship between increased mean diffusivity of white matter in frontal/cingulate and depression. It suggests the widespread disruption of white matter integrity and prevalent brain degeneration of frontal lobes according to a depressive symptom in narcolepsy.
Neighbour effects on shrub seedling establishment override climate change impacts in a Mediterranean community
Authors: Rysavy Anne , Seifan Merav , Sternberg Marcelo , Tielbörger Katja 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuestionsCan theory about plant–plant interactions along climate gradients help us predict how climate change will affect shrub establishment? How does a predicted reduction in rainfall affect the outcome of the interactions between shrub seedlings and herbaceous plants in a dryland ecosystem?LocationThree field sites along a rainfall gradient and an adjacent experimental site at the Botanical Gardens of Tel Aviv University, Israel.MethodWe measured seedling survival of a dominant shrub species in response to the presence of herbaceous neighbours and to rainfall amount using two approaches: First, we employed a space‐for‐time approach and studied seedling survival along an aridity gradient that was shown to mimic the predicted rainfall changes. Second, we monitored seedling survival in a common garden experiment in which we simulated drought using rainout shelters. In both experiments we contrasted the importance of water availability relative to the presence of herbaceous neighbours and the origin of the shrub seedlings.ResultsOur results showed that neighbours always had a negative effect on shrub seedling survival. In contrast to theoretical predictions, the intensity of competition increased with reduction in water availability. Shrub seedlings originating from drier conditions showed higher survival than seedlings from mesic origin.ConclusionsThese results emphasize the importance of incorporating biotic interactions in studies predicting changes in plant dynamics under climate change. Moreover, plant species growing in ecosystems prone to high rainfall variability showed a greater ability to cope with dry conditions, which suggests more nuanced origin‐specific predictions than suggested by recent climate models.
Geoepidemiology of hepatocellular carcinoma in the island of Crete, Greece. A possible role of pesticides
Authors: Sifaki‐Pistolla Dimitra , Karageorgos Spyridon A. , Koulentaki Mairi , Samonakis Dimitrios , Stratakou Soultana , Digenakis Emmanuel , Kouroumalis Elias 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsGeoepidemiological data of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are lacking. Crete has a genetically homogeneous population and is suitable for studies to identify a possible contribution of environmental factors in HCC.MethodsDatabases for HCC (316 cases), hepatitis B virus (HBV) (633) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) (392), constructed over the past 20 years in our Unit, were used. Data included place of birth and place of residence for the last 15 years. Hellenic Statistical Authority provided population statistics from 1980 to 2014. Time‐spatial methods were applied in Gis‐ArcMap 10 software. Spatial autocorrelation tests (Moran's index) detected differences between the spatial distribution to place of residence. Spatial density maps were created. Kriging Interpolation was applied, to produce prediction maps of HCC.ResultsHepatitis C virus appears in areas of high prevalence while HBV is uniformly distributed. HCC is more prevalent in Eastern Crete. A spatial autocorrelation between HCC and either HCV (Moran's I = 0.88, P < 0.001) or HBV (I = 0.84, P < 0.02) was found as expected. However, there is a discrepancy in the South East of Crete, where a higher prevalence of HCC than expected was observed. This is an area where extensive use of pesticides in large green houses is practiced.ConclusionsHepatocellular carcinoma is associated with the dispersion of HCV and HBVs. In an area with widespread use of pesticides, a higher than expected spatial distribution of HCC was detected.
The UV signature of carbon in the solar system
Authors: Hendrix Amanda R. , Vilas Faith , Li Jian‐Yang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractCarbon compounds are ubiquitous in the solar system but are challenging to study using remote sensing due to the mostly bland spectral nature of these species in the traditional visible‐near‐infrared regime. In contrast, carbonaceous species are spectrally active in the ultraviolet (UV) but have largely not been considered for studies of solar system surfaces. We compile existing UV data of carbon compounds—well‐studied in contemplation of the ISM extinction “bump”—to review trends in UV spectral behavior. Thermal and/or irradiation processing of carbon species results in the loss of H and ultimately graphitization. Graphitization is shown to produce distinct spectral features in the UV, which are predicted to be more readily detected in the inner solar system, whereas outer solar system bodies are expected to be more dominated by less‐processed carbon compounds. Throughout the solar system, we can thus consider a “carbon continuum” where the more evolved carbons in the inner solar system exhibit a stronger UV absorption feature and associated far‐UV rise. We compare carbon spectral models with spacecraft data of two bodies from different points in the carbon continuum, Ceres and Iapetus. We find that the apparent strong far‐UV upturn in Ceres’ spectrum (in the 150–200 nm range) can be explained by an anthracite‐like species while Iapetus’ spectrum features a reflectance peak consistent with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. We make generalized predictions for UV spectral characteristics in other regions of the solar system.
Class Structure and the US Personal Income Distribution, 1918–2012
Authors: Mohun Simon 
Published: November 2015

AbstractQuantitative measures of class, by percentile position and income share, are constructed using U.S. personal income distribution tax‐unit data from 1918 to 2012. Three classes are identified: ‘capitalists’ with sufficient non‐labour income that they do not need an employment contract (although typically they are in employment); ‘managers’, with insufficient non‐labour income to meet that threshold; and ‘workers’ with no supervisory responsibilities in employment. Class measures of inequality show that inequality was very much greater by 2010‐11 than at any time since 1918. The paper concludes with how causal explanations might be constructed and how the data might be used.
Dual RNA‐seq reveals Meloidogyne graminicola transcriptome and candidate effectors during the interaction with rice plants
Authors: Petitot Anne‐Sophie , Dereeper Alexis , Agbessi Mawusse , Da Silva Corinne , Guy Julie , Ardisson Morgane , Fernandez Diana 
Published: November 2015

SummaryRoot‐knot nematodes secrete proteinaceous effectors into plant tissues to facilitate infection by suppressing host defences and reprogramming the host metabolism to their benefit. Meloidogyne graminicola is a major pest of rice (Oryza sativa) in Asia and Latin America, causing important crop losses. The goal of this study was to identify M. graminicola pathogenicity genes expressed during the plant–nematode interaction. Using the dual RNA‐sequencing (RNA‐seq) strategy, we generated transcriptomic data of M. graminicola samples covering the pre‐parasitic J2 stage and five parasitic stages in rice plants, from the parasitic J2 to the adult female. In the absence of a reference genome, a de novo M. graminicola transcriptome of 66 396 contigs was obtained from those reads that were not mapped on the rice genome. Gene expression profiling across the M. graminicola life cycle revealed key genes involved in nematode development and provided insights into the genes putatively associated with parasitism. The development of a ‘secreted protein prediction’ pipeline revealed a typical set of proteins secreted by nematodes, as well as a large number of cysteine‐rich proteins and putative nuclear proteins. Combined with expression data, this pipeline enabled the identification of 15 putative effector genes, including two homologues of well‐characterized effectors from cyst nematodes (CLE‐like and VAP1) and a metallothionein. The localization of gene expression was assessed by in situ hybridization for a subset of candidates. All of these data represent important molecular resources for the elucidation of M. graminicola biology and for the selection of potential targets for the development of novel control strategies for this nematode species.
Perceiving Necessity
Authors: Legg Catherine , Franklin James 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn many diagrams one seems to perceive necessity – one sees not only that something is so, but that it must be so. That conflicts with a certain empiricism largely taken for granted in contemporary philosophy, which believes perception is not capable of such feats. The reason for this belief is often thought well‐summarized in Hume's maxim: ‘there are no necessary connections between distinct existences’. It is also thought that even if there were such necessities, perception is too passive or localized a faculty to register them. We defend the perception of necessity against such Humeanism, drawing on examples from mathematics.