bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verifying Permeability Distribution Using Interventionless Production Logging Technology
Authors: Williams Brock 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper reviews the use of intelligent chemical tracer technology that provides quantitative insight into the inflow distribution across the reservoir interval.
Arctic developments are frequently characterized by complex reservoir geology, challenging directional drilling requirements and complicated wellbore design. Understanding the permeability distribution that is encountered in these wells is key to optimizing the future well placement and field reservoir management decisions.
Assessing permeability distribution is best performed by measuring the reservoir inflow distribution under flowing conditions. Acquiring inflow distribution using conventional technologies, such as production logging tools, is very problematic in the arctic operational environment where wireline intervention into live wells is a major risk and cost.
Intelligent tracer technology provides insight into the inflow distribution without requiring any intervention into the well or major modification to the completion design. Unique chemical tracers are incorporated in polymers comprising an intelligent tracer system. These tracer systems are embedded into completion components during the manufacturing process. The completion components are assembled as part of the completion without any impact to normal operations. The components containing the tracer systems are placed at strategic locations along the completion interval.
Inflow from the reservoir contacts the intelligent tracers which release unique chemical molecules that can be detected at 1 part per trillion. Each of the tracers contain a unique molecule. The flow from the reservoir transports the molecules to the surface where samples of the well's production are acquired and analyzed for the concentration of each type of molecule. The concentration profile of each type of molecule is used to assess the inflow occurring at that location.
This capability can yield answers to very valuable reservoir management questions such as: Are all the intervals producing?What is the relative contribution of each interval?Where is water break-thru occurring?
Two independent mathematical models have been developed that provide the ability to quantitatively determine the reservoir inflow that is associated with the change in the molecular concentration. These models are referred to as the tracer arrival method and the flush out method.
This paper reviews how intelligent tracers work, laboratory testing to develop quantitative interpretation models and case histories that demonstrate the validity of the mathematical model.
Conceptual Design and Testing of an Ice Force Measurement System
Authors: Hinse Philipp 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper the force measurements system which was tested on the CCGS Amundsen Trail in April and May 2015 is presented. Ice forces were measured on the ship hull by force sensors during drifting motion of the vessel. Four test runs were conducted around St. Johns and Labrador coast. Based on an adapted sensor calibration the measurement results are presented as well as the analysis of ship ice floe interaction is discribed. At the end trail experiences of the measurement- system are reflected and further prospect for ice force measurements are given.
Study on Ice Formation and Its Effect in Oil Pipelines
Authors: Xu H. , Pereyra E. , Dellacase E. , Volk M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Ice may form in pipelines where ambient temperature is below freezing point of water. It was reported that ice delayed the restart of the Poplar pipeline system which gathers crude from Montanan and North Dakota (Sunne, 2015). Concerns of ice also exist in the Trans-Alyeska Pipeline System. The declining throughput makes the oil get colder much faster. If oil temperature is below the freezing point, ice forms, which may coat critical valves, accumulate in the pipe and restrict flow (APSC, 2011).
This paper investigates the mechanisms of ice formation, its behaviors and impacts on oil transportation systems. A 2-inch inner diameter carbon steel flow loop was instrumented to measure pressure, temperature, and differential pressure. The effects of pipeline components, fluid properties, and water fractions were analyzed using the experimental setup. The experimental results show that ice formation can restrict flow at the low sport in front of the flow meter, the inserted thermocouples, and the perforated plate. Annular ice deposition was found at the pipe wall. The morphology of the deposition on the pipe wall was rime ice, indicating the deposition was due to small ice crystals sticking to the pipe surface. In addition, the formation of annular deposition requires a negative temperature gradient. The mechanisms for ice deposition along the pipe are discussed.
Representing Ice Loads with Pressure Patches in the Analysis of Ship Structures
Authors: Kõrgesaar M. , Kujala P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCurrent design standards for ships operating in ice-covered waters involve great deal of uncertainty in the associated risk level. The main reason for this uncertainty is the stochastic nature of ice failure process during ice-structure interaction, which means that the load imposed by ice on structures cannot be accurately defined. Therefore, rule requirements by Classification Societies define the pressure loads on patches of predefined sizes, which cannot accurately represent the real ice-structure interaction process. To partly overcome this limitation, this paper proposes alternative approaches for applying pressure, discusses the relevance of these loading scenarios and compares the resulting structural damage to the one obtained with current design approach.
Model Based Estimation of Sea Ice Parameters
Authors: Prasad S. , Zakharov I. , Bobby P. , Power D. , McGuire P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The work focuses on retrieving sea ice parameters using reanalysis, climatological and remote sensing data. A numerical sea ice model was implemented with a data assimilation scheme on a high performance computer. The model input includes atmospheric reanalysis and ocean climatological data. The assimilation of data acquired from satellite microwave radiometer improves model accuracy. The advantage of the model is the possibility to forecast ice parameters such as concentration, thickness, draft, ridging etc. on a high resolution scale. The modeled ice parameters can be used for risk analysis for offshore infrastructure and ship navigation in the ice covered regions. The results can also be used in regional climate studies by coupling with ocean-atmospheric models. The model was extensively tested and evaluated with satellite data and field measurements. The simulated ice draft results demonstrated a good agreement with the measurements from upward looking sonar (ULS) deployed on the Makkovik Bank (in the Labrador Sea). For example, the standard deviation (STD) of level ice draft is less than 5.0 cm and the bias is less than 0.2 cm for March-April of 2009. The simulated ice thickness was also compared with the thickness derived from Soil Moisture Ocean Salinity - Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis (SMOS-MIRAS) (). The results show that the estimated thickness from the model is within the uncertainty limits of the SMOS product.
Geotechnical Considerations for Man-Made Islands in the Alaskan Beaufort Sea
Authors: Bashaw E. , Hebeler G. , Musial M. , Crowell W. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents recent investigation results and geotechnical considerations used to design a manmade gravel island in support of offshore oil production in the Beaufort Sea off the coast of Alaska. Winter geotechnical investigations were conducted in 1997, 1998, 2013, 2014, and 2015 along multiple subsea pipeline alignments and several proposed island locations and included finding a gravel resource, analyzing sea ice safety, drilling boreholes, performing cone penetrometer tests, recording subsea ground temperatures, and laboratory testing to measure engineering properties of the soils. The results were used to characterize the geologic setting and permafrost conditions, estimate thaw settlement of the gravel fill and underlying permafrost, compressibility and strength of seabed sediments, island slope stability, and shear resistance to global ice forces. The island site is located in 20 feet of water with a finish elevation 15 feet above sea level for a total fill thickness of 35 feet. Total island surface settlement outside of the well row is estimated at three feet in the long term. A soft marine organic deposit underlies the island and critical slope stability conditions will occur during construction when steep subsea perimeter slopes are possible. Fill placement above the water line integrates a 30-foot setback from the edge of submerged fill to maintain minimum factors of safety and improve constructability. After consolidation and soil strength gain, the island stability factor of safety increases and long term ice pack loading and local wave scour management become more critical. Based on island geometry, seabed soil properties, and global ice forces, the island has an expected safety factor of 3.0 against shear failure. The results of the geotechnical investigations allowed permitting efforts to proceed by confirming conventional and proven island construction materials and methods can be used with some additional engineering considerations.
Experimental Investigation of Wave Loads on Ice Masses at Different Proximity to Fixed Offshore Structure
Authors: Sayeed Tanvir , Colbourne Bruce , Molyneux David , Akinturk Ayhan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Wave driven iceberg and bergy bits’ impact load with an offshore structure is an important design concern. Hydrodynamic interaction between iceberg / bergy bit and an offshore structure in close proximity is an important factor that governs the impact load. Recently, a set of experiments has been conducted at Ocean Engineering Research Center (OERC) at Memorial University of Newfoundland to measure the wave loads on different sized spherical ice masses at different proximity to a fixed structure. A six component dynamometer was used to measure the loads in a quasi-static manner in six regular head waves. The objective was to investigate change in wave loads as the ice mass approaches to the structure. The experimental results show that the distance to wavelength ratio dictates the corresponding wave loads in horizontal and vertical directions. The mean drift force in the horizontal direction becomes negative (against the direction of wave propagation) for most of the cases when the body is close to the structure. Also, as the body is positioned closer to the structure, the non-dimensional RMS forces in the horizontal direction decrease and the non-dimensional RMS forces in the vertical direction increase.
Adaptive Heading Controller on an Underwater Glider for Underwater Iceberg Profiling
Authors: Zhou Mingxi , Bachmayer Ralf , deYoung Brad 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A Slocum-class underwater glider has been modified for autonomous mapping of the underside of icebergs. A scanning sonar has been integrated inside the extended nose-section of the vehicle. The sonar is oriented to scan a sector to forward-side of the vehicle. A control algorithm using returns from the sector scanning sonar has been implemented in order to adapt the path of the vehicle around an iceberg. With the sonar implemented together with the adaptive heading controller, the Slocum glider is programmed to circumnavigate the target iceberg at a desired standoff distance. In this paper, the design of the adaptive control algorithm will be presented. Initially, the control algorithm is validated in a simulation environment that models the iceberg-profiling mission for a moving iceberg with the modified Slocum underwater glider. In July 2015, the Slocum glider was deployed to map an iceberg in Conception Bay, Newfoundland, with the proposed adaptive controller integrated. The detailed planning for this field trial together with results will be presented. The results show that using the Slocum-class underwater glider for underwater iceberg profiling has the potential of reducing the operational cost, while improving the quality of the data obtained on icebergs. The operation of underwater glider only requires minimal number of operational personnel and equipment. The acoustic noise is much lower than for a larger support vessel, and the glider can stay closer to the iceberg resulting in improved quality of the sonar measurements. More importantly, environmental data around the iceberg, such as salinity, water temperature and potentially water current profiles, are also measured during the mission that is necessary for scientists in understanding iceberg dynamics leading to an improved iceberg drift prediction model.
An Iceberg Drift Prediction Study Offshore Newfoundland
Authors: Andersson L. E. , Imsland L. , Scibilia F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIceberg drift forecast is a challenging process. Large uncertainties in iceberg geometry and in the driving forces – current, wind and waves – make accurate forecasts difficult. The two forecast schemes, the ancillary current and the inertial current estimation-forecast scheme are presented. In both schemes, the moving horizon estimator is used, to estimate the needed parameters. Furthermore, a switching scheme is proposed, which switches between the two iceberg drift forecast schemes. A criterion is introduced that identifies when to switch between both schemes. The switching scheme is implemented and tested on an iceberg drift trajectory, measured during a research expedition offshore Newfoundland conducted by ArcticNet and Statoil. It is shown, that the use of two forecast schemes and a timely decision which scheme to use, improves the iceberg drift forecast compared to using only one scheme.
Safely Extending the Drilling Season from a Warranty/Claims Perspective
Authors: Bintcliffe Chris 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
There has been much in the press about Arctic oil exploration and the oil majors' hopes of extending the drilling season. The controversy surrounding the environmental impacts and risks associated with ice have not materialized, from a warranty/claims perspective, in the claims witnessed to date. Instead, conventional claims have been brought forth, such as ones for broken towlines, underpowered tugs with mechanical problems and heavy weather damage. This leads to the question: Is ice really the critical issue, or is it just a distraction from the conventional limitations of tows when mobilizing and demobilizing assets in the Arctic?
This paper addresses this question by identifying the key risks of Arctic exploration from a warranty/claims perspective and by determining how these risks can be mitigated in advance of exploration operations. New numerical simulation tools are providing information previously unavailable to the industry, and they are helping to mitigate claims that the insurance market often considers preventable. These tools use Monte Carlo methods to model both the return-period weather criteria and the human aspects of vessel navigation. A captain's decision mimic is used to vary route, speed, and go/no-go criteria, providing a more comprehensive picture of the risks than was previously available.
Through preemptive risk simulations and calculations for the probability of exceedance, key cut-off points can be identified to mandate mobilization and demobilization dates. By creating bespoke simulations of assets prior to mobilization, options such as safe havens, shelter, and tug selection can be addressed statistically to bring risk to acceptable levels from an underwriter's perspective. This can be used to define drilling seasons and to screen prospective asset capabilities.
Investigation of Iceberg Hydrodynamics
Authors: Talimi Vandad , Ni Shaoyu , Qiu Wei , Fuglem Mark , MacNeill Andrew , Younan Adel 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
As offshore oil and gas developments increase in northern areas such as the Grand Banks and the Arctic region, the operators face challenging conditions. Icebergs are among one of the challenges for both surface and subsea structures if they drift toward those facilities. Prediction of the iceberg drift and dynamic response to any towing process requires a good understanding of hydrodynamic effects induced by currents, waves, tow lines, etc. A reasonable estimation of added mass and RAOs are other prominent parameters required when modeling iceberg dynamics is of interest. Having access to the high resolution full 3D iceberg profiles collected in 2012 (Younan et al. 2016), it is now possible to investigate iceberg hydrodynamics using numerical and experimental methods.
This paper presents an overview of the numerical simulation results and lessons learned during various hydrodynamic simulations such as decay analysis, towing, and iceberg-structure interaction. The Diffraction Model and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) are the tools utilized in these simulations. The conclusions provide key findings and suggestions for future analysis of iceberg hydrodynamics.
New Low Temperature Alloy Core-Shell Structures for Joining Applications
Authors: Stephenson Richard , Bandaccari Kyle , Imhof Howard 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Silver and copper core-shell powder materials are introduced and discussed in low temperature joining applications. Properties of the core-shell powders are reviewed and suggested process conditions are shown. Examination of ductile fracture area corroborate bonding strength results for both silver and copper core-shell materials. Selectable materials sets are presented to address different application process needs for lead-free systems.
The use of spiritual resources to cope with trauma in daily existence
Authors: Magezi Vhumani , Manda Charles 
Published: November 2016

The article explores the link between trauma and spirituality, and investigates whether and how spirituality can be used as a resource to address the needs of people in traumatic situations. The authors address the following questions: Why is it that spirituality and God himself may seem to make little or no sense to people who are experiencing trauma? Is spirituality an abstract concept that lacks practical relevance in crisis situations? Do peoples’ understanding of God and what they believe about his nature and power affect their spirituality and determine how they understand God’s intervention in coping with trauma? To answer these questions, the authors make use of the life history research method to analyse the case of Nokwazi Chiya, a Zulu woman who abandoned God and all spiritual support systems after the traumatic death of her fiancé. The findings demonstrate how traumatic events destroy not only the psychosocial aspects, but also the survivor’s faith in a natural or divine order and cast the survivor into a state of existential crisis. The findings further show the role spirituality plays in enhancing the healing, recovery and developing resilience of trauma survivors. The study subsequently argues for an integrated approach to working through trauma, which brings spirituality into the psychotherapeutic dialogue – particularly in the South African context, where the majority of the population is exposed to various types of trauma. This integrated psychotherapy approach will have implications for the disciplines of practical theology and psychology or psychiatry, especially with regard to how we understand, assess and treat the needs of different people exposed to trauma and other existential crises.
Museo de Arraiolos en Vimieiro. Arraiolos. Portugal
Authors: Fátima Fernandes y Michele Cannatà Arquitectos 
Published: November 2016

<p>El Centro de Interpretación del Mundo Rural en Arraiolos, de los arquitectos Fátima Fernandes y Michele Cannatá es un buen ejemplo de integración con las preexistencias en base al uso de la abstracción como método de trabajo. </p>
Validation of INSAT-3D sounder data with in situ measurements and other similar satellite observations over India
Authors: Venkat Ratnam Madineni , Hemanth Kumar Alladi , Jayaraman Achuthan 
Published: November 2016

Abstract. To date, several satellites measurements are available which can provide profiles of temperature and water vapour with reasonable accuracies. However, the temporal resolution has remained poor, particularly over the tropics, as most of them are polar orbiting. At this juncture, the launch of INSAT-3D (Indian National Satellite System) by the Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) on 26 July 2013 carrying a multi-spectral imager covering visible to long-wave infrared made it possible to obtain profiles of temperature and water vapour over India with higher temporal and vertical resolutions and altitude coverage, besides other parameters. The initial validation of INSAT-3D data is made with the high temporal (3 h) resolution radiosonde observations launched over Gadanki (13.5° N, 79.2° E) during a special campaign and routine evening soundings obtained at 12:00 UTC (17:30 LT). We also compared INSAT-3D data with the radiosonde observations obtained from 34 India Meteorological Department stations. Comparisons were also made over India with data from other satellites like AIRS, MLS and SAPHIR and from ERA-Interim and NCEP reanalysis data sets. INSAT-3D is able to show better coverage over India with high spatial and temporal resolutions as expected. Good correlation in temperature between INSAT-3D and in situ measurements is noticed except in the upper tropospheric and lower stratospheric regions (positive bias of 2–3 K). There is a mean dry bias of 20–30 % in the water vapour mixing ratio. Similar biases are noticed when compared to other satellites and reanalysis data sets. INSAT-3D shows a large positive bias in temperature above 25° N in the lower troposphere. Thus, caution is advised when using these data for tropospheric studies. Finally it is concluded that temperature data from INSAT-3D are of high quality and can be directly assimilated for better forecasts over India.