bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GraSp: Combining Spatially‐aware Mobile Devices and a Display Wall for Graph Visualization and Interaction
Authors: Kister U. , Klamka K. , Tominski C. , Dachselt R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGoing beyond established desktop interfaces, researchers have begun re‐thinking visualization approaches to make use of alternative display environments and more natural interaction modalities. In this paper, we investigate how spatially‐aware mobile displays and a large display wall can be coupled to support graph visualization and interaction. For that purpose, we distribute typical visualization views of classic node‐link and matrix representations between displays. The focus of our work lies in novel interaction techniques that enable users to work with personal mobile devices in combination with the wall. We devised and implemented a comprehensive interaction repertoire that supports basic and advanced graph exploration and manipulation tasks, including selection, details‐on‐demand, focus transitions, interactive lenses, and data editing. A qualitative study has been conducted to identify strengths and weaknesses of our techniques. Feedback showed that combining mobile devices and a wall‐sized display is useful for diverse graph‐related tasks. We also gained valuable insights regarding the distribution of visualization views and interactive tools among the combined displays.
Internal and External Visual Cue Preferences for Visualizations in Presentations
Authors: Kong Ha‐Kyung , Liu Zhicheng , Karahalios Karrie 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPresenters, such as analysts briefing to an executive committee, often use visualizations to convey information. In these cases, providing clear visual guidance is important to communicate key concepts without confusion. This paper explores visual cues that guide attention to a particular area of a visualization. We developed a visual cue taxonomy distinguishing internal from external cues, designed a web tool based on the taxonomy, and conducted a user study with 24 participants to understand user preferences in choosing visual cues. Participants perceived internal cues (e.g., transparency, brightness, and magnification) as the most useful visual cues and often combined them with other internal or external cues to emphasize areas of focus for their audience. Interviews also revealed that the choice of visual cues depends on not only the chart type, but also the presentation setting, the audience, and the function cues are serving. Considering the complexity of choosing visual cues, we provide design implications for improving the organization, consistency, and integration of visual cues within existing workflows.
The State‐of‐the‐Art in Predictive Visual Analytics
Authors: Lu Yafeng , Garcia Rolando , Hansen Brett , Gleicher Michael , Maciejewski Ross 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPredictive analytics embraces an extensive range of techniques including statistical modeling, machine learning, and data mining and is applied in business intelligence, public health, disaster management and response, and many other fields. To date, visualization has been broadly used to support tasks in the predictive analytics pipeline. Primary uses have been in data cleaning, exploratory analysis, and diagnostics. For example, scatterplots and bar charts are used to illustrate class distributions and responses. More recently, extensive visual analytics systems for feature selection, incremental learning, and various prediction tasks have been proposed to support the growing use of complex models, agent‐specific optimization, and comprehensive model comparison and result exploration. Such work is being driven by advances in interactive machine learning and the desire of end‐users to understand and engage with the modeling process. In this state‐of‐the‐art report, we catalogue recent advances in the visualization community for supporting predictive analytics. First, we define the scope of predictive analytics discussed in this article and describe how visual analytics can support predictive analytics tasks in a predictive visual analytics (PVA) pipeline. We then survey the literature and categorize the research with respect to the proposed PVA pipeline. Systems and techniques are evaluated in terms of their supported interactions, and interactions specific to predictive analytics are discussed. We end this report with a discussion of challenges and opportunities for future research in predictive visual analytics.
Current Status and Open Issues Concerning Global Clinical Trials (GCTs) in Japan and East Asia
Authors: Miyazaki Koichi , Sato Yasunori , Hanaoka Hideki , Uyama Yoshiaki 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhen global clinical trials are carried out, it is important to consider the influence of racial and ethnic differences on the outcome. From this viewpoint, global clinical trials in East Asia, where racial differences are estimated to be small, are now attracting close attention. Under such circumstances, we conducted a survey using the data registered with ClinicalTrial.gov to investigate the status of participation of East Asian countries in global clinical trials and differences in the regions selected for drug development between Japanese enterprises and non‐Japanese enterprises. This survey revealed that about 90% of all global clinical trials and those involving East Asian countries were sponsored by non‐Japanese enterprises. Global clinical trials involving only East Asia have been accepted as one of the development strategies by Japanese enterprises, but this strategy has not spread widely among non‐Japanese enterprises.
Morphologies of Bacillus subtilis communities responding to environmental variation
Authors: Tasaki Sohei , Nakayama Madoka , Shoji Wataru 
Published: July 2017

Bacterial communities exhibit a variety of growth morphologies in constructing robust systems under different environmental conditions. We review the diverse morphologies of Bacillus subtilis communities and their mechanisms of self‐organization. B. subtilis uses different cell types to suit environmental conditions and cell density. The subpopulation of each cell type exhibits various environment‐sensitive properties. Furthermore, division of labor among the subpopulations results in flexible development for the community as a whole. We review how B. subtilis community morphologies and growth strategies respond to environmental perturbations.
The Explanatory Challenge: Moral Realism Is No Better Than Theism
Authors: Baras Dan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMany of the arguments for and against robust moral realism parallel arguments for and against theism. In this article, I consider one of the shared challenges: the explanatory challenge. The article begins with a presentation of Harman's formulation of the explanatory challenge as applied to moral realism and theism. I then examine two responses offered by robust moral realists to the explanatory challenge, one by Russ Shafer‐Landau and another by David Enoch. Shafer‐Landau argues that the moral realist can plausibly respond to the challenge in a way unavailable to theists. I argue that Shafer‐Landau's response is implausible as it stands and that once revised, it will apply to theism just as well. I then argue that Enoch's response, to the extent that it is plausible, can be used to defend theism as well.
Introduction to the 2nd Meeting on Immunity and Inflammation in Epilepsy (IIE2016)
Authors: Vezzani Annamaria , Rüegg Stephan 
Published: July 2017

SummaryWe report about the main topics presented during this meeting which was devoted to discuss the new emerging evidence for a role of immune‐ and inflammation‐related mechanisms in various autoimmune and nonautoimmune forms of epilepsy. Major emphasis was given to novel immune/inflammatory mechanisms contributing to seizures and neurological comorbidities as well as to the discovery and validation of noninvasive biomarkers of brain inflammation which may be used to monitor epileptogenesis and predict the therapeutic effects of treatments. The key question was whether our scientific community is ready for the translation of the results of laboratory research to clinical studies, and how to best design clinical trials of anti‐inflammatory drugs with potential disease‐modifying effects.
Experimentally increased nutrient availability at the permafrost thaw front selectively enhances biomass production of deep‐rooting subarctic peatland species
Authors: Keuper Frida , Dorrepaal Ellen , van Bodegom Peter M. , van Logtestijn Richard , Venhuizen Gemma , van Hal Jurgen , Aerts Rien 
Published: July 2017

AbstractClimate warming increases nitrogen (N) mineralization in superficial soil layers (the dominant rooting zone) of subarctic peatlands. Thawing and subsequent mineralization of permafrost increases plant‐available N around the thaw‐front. Because plant production in these peatlands is N‐limited, such changes may substantially affect net primary production and species composition. We aimed to identify the potential impact of increased N‐availability due to permafrost thawing on subarctic peatland plant production and species performance, relative to the impact of increased N‐availability in superficial organic layers. Therefore, we investigated whether plant roots are present at the thaw‐front (45 cm depth) and whether N‐uptake (15N‐tracer) at the thaw‐front occurs during maximum thaw‐depth, coinciding with the end of the growing season. Moreover, we performed a unique 3‐year belowground fertilization experiment with fully factorial combinations of deep‐ (thaw‐front) and shallow‐fertilization (10 cm depth) and controls. We found that certain species are present with roots at the thaw‐front (Rubus chamaemorus) and have the capacity (R. chamaemorus, Eriophorum vaginatum) for N‐uptake from the thaw‐front between autumn and spring when aboveground tissue is largely senescent. In response to 3‐year shallow‐belowground fertilization (S) both shallow‐ (Empetrum hermaphroditum) and deep‐rooting species increased aboveground biomass and N‐content, but only deep‐rooting species responded positively to enhanced nutrient supply at the thaw‐front (D). Moreover, the effects of shallow‐fertilization and thaw‐front fertilization on aboveground biomass production of the deep‐rooting species were similar in magnitude (S: 71%; D: 111% increase compared to control) and additive (S + D: 181% increase). Our results show that plant‐available N released from thawing permafrost can form a thus far overlooked additional N‐source for deep‐rooting subarctic plant species and increase their biomass production beyond the already established impact of warming‐driven enhanced shallow N‐mineralization. This may result in shifts in plant community composition and may partially counteract the increased carbon losses from thawing permafrost.
Phase transformation of molybdenum trioxide to molybdenum dioxide: An in‐situ transmission electron microscopy investigation
Authors: Chen Jian , Wei Qiang 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe use in‐situ environmental transmission electron microscopy (ETEM) to investigate the phase transformation of α‐MoO3 in vacuum. In‐situ selected area electron diffraction (SAED) indicates that α‐MoO3 directly transfers to monoclinic MoO2 without intermediate phase; however, high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) study reveals that Mo4O11 precipitates on the surface of MoO2 matrix. Judging from the size of Mo4O11 and its orientation relationship with MoO2, we believe that the formation of Mo4O11 is due to the reaction between MoO2 and the untransformed MoO3.
Synthesis and study of ZnO nanoparticles by polymer pyrolysis route using two different polymerization initiators
Authors: Mansour Shehab , Farha Ashraf , Kotkata Mohamed 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAmmonium persulfate (APS) and sonochemical (SON) as different polymerization initiators were used to obtain ZnO polyacrylate salt via an intermediate stabilized step for the synthesization of zinc oxide nanocrystals (nc‐ZnO). Impurity‐free nc‐ZnO with wurtzite structure was obtained, after calcinating both synthesized ZnO polyacrylic salts. The way by which the polymerization initiation was done greatly affect the morphological nature, shape, and size, of both synthesized samples. The obtained particle size values of the sample range from 15 to 45 nm when using APS (S1) and range from 58 to 120 nm when using sonochemical (S2). This difference in the range of particle size for both samples was reflected on the respective values of their optical energy gaps that found to be 3.33 and 3.26 eV for S1 and S2, respectively. The intensities and shift of the visible emissions of photoluminescence (PL) spectra showed strong correlation with the particle size of both considered samples. The photocatalytic activities (PCA) of the synthesized samples were tested using UV‐VIS irradiation for methyl orange (MO), where the difference in PCA for both samples was discussed in view of their PL spectra as well as their microstructure and morphology features.
Predictors for fatal human infections with avian H7N9 influenza, evidence from four epidemic waves in Jiangsu Province, Eastern China, 2013‐2016
Authors: Ma Wang , Huang Haodi , Chen Jian , Xu Ke , Dai Qigang , Yu Huiyan , Deng Fei , Qi Xian , Wang Shenjiao , Hong Jie , Bao Changjun , Huo Xiang , Zhou Minghao 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundFour epidemic waves of human infection with H7N9 have been recorded in China up to 1 June 2016, including in Jiangsu Province. However, few studies have investigated the differences in patients' characteristics among the four epidemic waves, and the analyses of factors associated with fatal infection lacked statistical power in previous studies due to limited sample size.MethodsAll laboratory‐confirmed A(H7N9) patients in Jiangsu province were analysed. Patients' characteristics were compared across four waves and between survivors and those who died. Multivariate analyses were used to identify independent predictors of death.ResultsSignificant differences were found in the lengths of several time intervals (from onset of disease to laboratory confirmation, to onset of ARDS and respiratory failure, and to death) and in the development of heart failure. The proportions of overweight patients and rural patients increased significantly across the four waves. Administration of glucocorticoids and double‐dose neuraminidase inhibitors became the norm. Predictors of death included complications such as ARDS, heart failure and septic shock, administration of glucocorticoids, and disease duration.ConclusionCharacteristics of H7N9 patients and clinical treatment options changed over time. Particular complications and the use of particular treatment, along with disease duration, could help clinicians predict the outcome of H7N9 infections.
The Taste Question in Animal Ethics
Authors: Kazez Jean 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAdvocates of veganism often assume that food enjoyment has little moral weight, because it involves mere taste pleasure. Because of the triviality of taste pleasure, they consider it obvious that harming animals to secure particular tastes is ‘unnecessary’. After discussing the elements of taste, defending the importance of taste, exploring what ‘unnecessary harm’ means, and introducing a number of taste related thought experiments, I argue that harm to animals is not always unnecessary, when what's at stake is taste. However, by supplementing considerations involving necessity with considerations of character, I conclude that vegans are often, though not always, praiseworthy.
Hydrologic and geologic history of the Ozark Plateau drive phylogenomic patterns in a cave‐obligate salamander
Authors: Phillips John G. , Fenolio Danté B. , Emel Sarah L. , Bonett Ronald M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimHabitat specialization can constrain patterns of dispersal and drive allopatric speciation in organisms with limited dispersal ability. Herein, we tested biogeographic patterns and dispersal in a salamander with surface‐dwelling larvae and obligate cave‐dwelling adults.LocationOzark Plateau, eastern North America.MethodsA population‐level phylogeny of grotto salamanders (Eurycea spelaea complex) was reconstructed using mitochondrial (mtDNA) and multi‐locus nuclear DNA (nucDNA), primarily derived from anchored hybrid enrichment (AHE). We tested patterns of molecular variance among populations and associations between genetic distance and geographic features.ResultsDivergence time estimates suggest rapid formation of three major lineages in the Middle Miocene. Contemporary gene flow among divergent lineages appears negligible, and mtDNA suggests that most populations are isolated. There is a significant association between phylogenetic distance and palaeodrainages, contemporary drainages and sub‐plateaus of the Ozarks, as all features explain a proportion of genetic variation. However, the greatest proportion of genetic variation is explained by the combined effects of palaeodrainages and sub‐plateaus.Main conclusionsThe geologic and hydrologic history of the Ozark Plateau has influenced lineage diversification in the grotto salamander, leading to genetic isolation among populations. Limited gene flow and strong phylogeographic structure in this complex may result from the restriction of highly specialized adults to caves.
The historical connections between the Amazon and the Atlantic Forest revisited
Authors: Ledo Roger Maia Dias , Colli Guarino Rinaldi 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAimTo assess ancient biotic connections between the Amazon Forest (AmF) and the Atlantic Forest (AtF) based on environmental niche modelling (ENM), palaeobiological, and molecular evidence; to test Por ()'s hypothesis of the south‐eastern—north‐western (SE—NW) route as the most important route in terms of frequency and duration; to evaluate past climatic conditions associated with the routes.LocationSouth America.MethodsWe generated random points in climate space of AmF and AtF and identified two major climatic groups in the shared environmental space (colder and warmer) with a K‐means cluster analysis. We modelled each climatic group using eleven algorithms of ENM and selected the best model, projecting the results back to 120 ka. We used published data on South American palaeopalynology, speleothem and travertine chronology for model validation. We also accessed vertebrate molecular studies and extracted the split timing of lineages distributed both in the AmF and the AtF to test Por ()'s hypothesis in more ancient times.ResultsPalynological and speleothem studies supported the results of our ENM models, indicating expansion of cold‐adapted species along the SE—NW and NE routes in the LGM. The SE—NW route was also supported in the LIG, however, involving warm‐adapted species. Our results support Por ()'s hypothesis and suggest that the SE—NW was established more than once in the past, involving different plant communities each time, adapted to different temperature conditions. Vertebrate molecular studies also support Por ()'s hypothesis and suggest that the SE—NW route was established since the Andean uplift.Main ConclusionsThe SE—NW route is the most ancient connection route between the AmF and the AtF and probably was established since the Andean uplift and the formation of the South American monsoon system. This route was established many times in the past, alternating by the distribution expansion of cold‐adapted and warm‐adapted plant communities.
Interlead heterogeneity of R‐ and T‐wave morphology in standard 12‐lead ECGs predicts sustained ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation and arrhythmic death in patients with cardiomyopathy
Authors: Tan Alex Y. , Nearing Bruce D. , Rosenberg Michael , Nezafat Reza , Josephson Mark E. , Verrier Richard L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIntroductionNonuniformities in depolarization and repolarization morphology are critical factors in ventricular arrhythmogenesis.Methods and resultsWe assessed interlead R‐wave heterogeneity (RWH) and T‐wave heterogeneity (TWH) in standard 12‐lead electrocardiograms (ECGs) using second central moment analysis. This technique quantifies variance about the mean morphology of beats in adjoining precordial leads, V4, V5, and V6 in this study. The study was conducted in 120 consecutive patients without an apparent reversible trigger for ventricular tachycardia (VT), recent myocardial infarction, or active ischemia, who presented for electrophysiologic study, implantable cardioverter defibrillator (ICD) placement, or generator change at our institution from 2008 to 2011. Primary outcome was sustained VT/ventricular fibrillation (VF) or appropriate ICD therapies. Secondary outcome was arrhythmic death or resuscitated cardiac arrest. Cutpoints for elevated RWH (>160 μV) and TWH (>80 μV) identified 67% of primary outcome cases and 85% of secondary outcome cases. Cardiomyopathy patients who met the primary outcome (n = 42) had significantly higher TWH than those who did not (n = 28) (TWH: 95 ± 11 μV vs. 44 ± 9 μV, P < 0.002). Likewise, cardiomyopathy patients who met secondary outcome (N = 13) had VT/VF during follow‐up and also had significantly higher TWH than survivors (N = 57) (TWH: 105 ± 24 μV vs. 67 ± 8 μV, P < 0.002). Kaplan‐Meier analysis revealed significant differences in arrhythmia‐free survival (P = 0.012) and total survival (P = 0.011) among cardiomyopathy patients with (n = 37) compared to without (n = 33) elevated RWH and/or TWH independent of age, sex, and left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF).ConclusionInterlead RWH and TWH in 12‐lead ECGs predict sustained ventricular arrhythmia, appropriate ICD therapies, and arrhythmic death or cardiac arrest in cardiomyopathy patients independent of LVEF and other standard variables.
Minimizing imbalances on patient characteristics between treatment groups in randomized trials using classification tree analysis
Authors: Linden Ariel , Yarnold Paul R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractRationale, aims, and objectivesRandomization ensures that treatment groups do not differ systematically in their characteristics, thereby reducing threats to validity that may otherwise explain differences in outcomes. Large observed imbalances in patient characteristics may indicate that selection bias is being introduced into the treatment allocation process. We introduce classification tree analysis (CTA) as a novel algorithmic approach for identifying potential imbalances in characteristics and their interactions when provisionally assigning each new participant to one or the other treatment group. The participant is then permanently assigned to the treatment group that elicits either no or less imbalance than if assigned to the alternate group.MethodUsing data on participant characteristics from a clinical trial, we compare 3 different treatment allocation approaches: permuted block randomization (the original allocation method), minimization, and CTA. Treatment allocation performance is assessed by examining balance of all 17 patient characteristics between study groups for each of the allocation techniques.ResultsWhile all 3 treatment allocation techniques achieved excellent balance on main effect variables, Classification tree analysis further identified imbalances on interactions and in the distributions of some of the continuous variables.ConclusionsClassification tree analysis offers an algorithmic procedure that may be used with any randomization methodology to identify and then minimize linear, nonlinear, and interactive effects that induce covariate imbalance between groups. Investigators should consider using the CTA approach as a real‐time complement to randomization for any clinical trial to safeguard the treatment allocation process against bias.