bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pigmented basal cell carcinoma: increased melanin or increased melanocytes?
Authors: Brankov Nikoleta , Prodanovic Edward M. , Hurley M. Yadira 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundStudies on the precise cause of increased melanization in pigmented basal cell carcinomas (BCC) are limited. We aimed to determine whether the cause of melanization is from increased number of melanocytes or increased melanin pigment, and if there is a difference in the number of melanocytes on different sun‐exposed locations.MethodsA retrospective review of 45 skin biopsies from January 2011 to February 2011 was performed; 30 were diagnosed as pigmented BCC and 15 as non‐pigmented BCC. Immunohistochemistry for MART‐1 (melanoma‐associated antigen recognized by T‐cell 1)/Melan‐A (clone M2‐7610 + M2‐9E3; Leica Microsystems Inc. Buffalo Grove, IL, USA) from Biocare Medical (Concord, CA, USA) was performed on all biopsies. Associations between histopathologic features, number of melanocytes, location, and specific diagnoses were analyzed by Mann–Whitney U test.ResultsThe mean melanocyte count per high powered field in pigmented BCCs from sun‐exposed skin was 101.9 and from intermittently sun‐exposed skin was 122.5, as compared to the controls (nodular non‐pigmented BCC) of 27.4 (p = 0.002) and 34.9 (p = 0.002), respectively.ConclusionsPigmented BCCs have a higher mean melanocyte count as compared to non‐pigmented BCCs irrespective of location. Therefore, the pigment is not only due to increased melanin, but also due to increased melanocytes.
Impacts of habitat change and protected areas on alpha and beta diversity of Mexican birds
Authors: Hiley Jonathan R. , Bradbury Richard B. , Thomas Chris D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsTo investigate how habitat change and different levels of protection interact to determine variation in the (alpha and beta) diversity of bird communities in three bioclimatic zones, considering the impacts of non‐native species, and the contribution of these effects to global (gamma) diversity.LocationSierra Gorda Biosphere Reserve, central Mexico.MethodsWe carried out bird surveys in a number of locations which varied according to their underlying vegetation type, their level of protection and the degree to which they had undergone modification by humans. We conducted a range of analyses to determine the impacts of protection and modification on the richness and mean global population trends of the species found in each location. We compared community composition to assess the homogenization effect of habitat modification.ResultsHuman‐modified environments in each of three bioclimatic zones held significantly greater numbers of species (alpha diversity) than unmodified habitats. Human‐mediated changes to local bird communities altered patterns of beta diversity in opposite directions; communities across bioclimatic zones were more similar to one another in modified areas than in unmodified areas but, on a local scale, modification of vegetation increased community dissimilarity. The changes are likely to contribute to a decline in global (gamma) diversity, given that globally vulnerable (declining) birds were mostly associated with unmodified, strictly protected areas.Main conclusionsWe highlight that assessment of human impacts and conservation need depends on the metric of biodiversity used and scale considered: small‐scale habitat change increased local and regional avian diversity but strictly protected areas are still required to protect globally vulnerable species.
Inspiration in the Act of Reading: A Discussion of Ulrich H. J. Körtner's Hermeneutics
Authors: Zeller Kinga 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn German‐language theology, Professor Ulrich H. J. Körtner's theory of inspiration, as it relates to the Bible reader's perspective, is well known. His attempt to gain fruitful insights from contemporary literary hermeneutics while linking them to theological concerns makes his approach a valued yet not uncontroversial example of a reception‐aesthetics twist on the Lutheran sola Scriptura. This article presents Körtner's hermeneutical considerations with special regard to inspiration related to the Bible reader's perspective and shows how this approach may be related to some aspects of the crisis that the Lutheran churches and theology suffer today.
The Roman Catholic Church and Slavery in José Evaristo d'Almeida's O Escravo (The Slave)
Authors: Pereira Jairzinho Lopes 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis installment of Dialog's Theology in Film and Fiction series introduces the first Cape Verdean novel, The Slave, by José Evaristo d'Almeida (1856). This vivid story depicts a number of social and moral issues tied together within the tragic plot of the novel. The article discusses the historical relationship of the Roman Catholic Church to slavery, the colonial history of Portugal and Cape Verde, and the theological use of the Bible in this history. This discussion is applied to Almeida's novel, revealing the manifold nineteenth‐century varieties of the literary history and theology of colonialism.
Early detection and integrated care for adolescents and young adults with severe psychotic disorders: rationales and design of the Integrated Care in Early Psychosis Study (ACCESS III)
Authors: Lambert Martin , Schöttle Daniel , Sengutta Mary , Ruppelt Friederike , Rohenkohl Anja , Luedecke Daniel , Nawara Luise Antonia , Galling Britta , Falk Anne‐Lena , Wittmann Linus , Niehaus Vivien , Sarikaya Gizem , Handwerk Ute , Rothländer Wiebke , Rietschel Liz , Gagern Charlotte , Lange Benjamin , Meigel‐Schleiff Christina , Naber Dieter , Schulte‐Markwort Michael , Krüger Helmut , Unger Hans‐Peter , Sippel Sven , Ott Sabine , Romer Georg , Daubmann Anne , Wegscheider Karl , Correll Christoph U. , Schimmelmann Benno G. , Bock Thomas , Gallinat Jürgen , Karow Anne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThe Integrated Care in Early Psychosis (ACCESS III) Study examined the efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of a combined intervention consisting of strategies to improve early detection and quality of care (integrated care including therapeutic assertive community treatment) in adolescents and young adults in the early phase of a severe psychotic disorder from 2011 to 2014.MethodsThis is a prospective, single‐centre, 1‐year cohort study comparing an intervention condition (early detection plus integrated care, n = 120) to the historical control condition (standard care, SC, n = 105) for adolescents and young adults aged 12–29 years suffering from a severe, early‐phase psychotic disorder (i.e. within 2 years of treatment).ResultsPrimary outcome is the rate of combined symptomatic (i.e. Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS) criteria) and functional (i.e. Global Assessment of Functioning scale (GAF) ≥ 60 points criterion) remission over at least 6 months at study endpoint. Secondary outcome comprises the comparison of the reduction in the duration of untreated psychosis within the 4‐year study duration between integrated care and SC, course of psychopathology, functioning, quality of life, satisfaction with care, cost and quality‐adjusted life years (QALYs) in comparison to a historical control group.ConclusionTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study assessing the efficacy and cost‐effectiveness of a combined intervention consisting of early detection strategies and strategies to improve quality of care in both adolescents and young adults with early‐phase psychosis. The results will be published in 2016.
Identifying patterns of dispersal, connectivity and selection in the sea scallop,Placopecten magellanicus,usingRADseq‐derivedSNPs
Authors: Van Wyngaarden Mallory , Snelgrove Paul V. R. , DiBacco Claudio , Hamilton Lorraine C. , Rodríguez‐Ezpeleta Naiara , Jeffery Nicholas W. , Stanley Ryan R. E. , Bradbury Ian R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUnderstanding patterns of dispersal and connectivity among marine populations can directly inform fisheries conservation and management. Advances in high‐throughput sequencing offer new opportunities for estimating marine connectivity. We used restriction‐site‐associatedDNAsequencing to examine dispersal and realized connectivity in the sea scallopPlacopecten magellanicus, an economically important marine bivalve. Based on 245 individuals sampled rangewide at 12 locations from Newfoundland to the Mid‐Atlantic Bight, we identified and genotyped 7163 single nucleotide polymorphisms; 112 (1.6%) were identified as outliers potentially under directional selection. Bayesian clustering revealed a discontinuity between northern and southern samples, and latitudinal clines in allele frequencies were observed in 42.9% of the outlier loci and in 24.6% of neutral loci. Dispersal estimates derived using these clines and estimates of linkage disequilibrium imply limited dispersal; 373.1 ± 407.0 km (mean ± SD) for outlier loci and 641.0 ± 544.6 km (mean ± SD) for neutral loci. Our analysis suggests restricted dispersal compared to the species range (>2000 km) and that dispersal and effective connectivity differ. These observations support the hypothesis that limited effective dispersal structures scallop populations along eastern North America. These findings can help refine the appropriate scale of management and conservation in this commercially valuable species.
Experimental metagenomics and ribosomal profiling of the human skin microbiome
Authors: Ferretti Pamela , Farina Stefania , Cristofolini Mario , Girolomoni Giampiero , Tett Adrian , Segata Nicola 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe skin is the largest organ in the human body, and it is populated by a large diversity of microbes, most of which are co‐evolved with the host and live in symbiotic harmony. There is increasing evidence that the skin microbiome plays a crucial role in the defense against pathogens, immune system training and homoeostasis, and microbiome perturbations have been associated with pathological skin conditions. Studying the skin resident microbial community is thus essential to better understand the microbiome‐host crosstalk and to associate its specific configurations with cutaneous diseases. Several community profiling approaches have proved successful in unravelling the composition of the skin microbiome and overcome the limitations of cultivation‐based assays, but these tools remain largely inaccessible to the clinical and medical dermatology communities. The study of the skin microbiome is also characterized by specific technical challenges, such as the low amount of microbial biomass and the extensive human DNA contamination. Here, we review the available community profiling approaches to study the skin microbiome, specifically focusing on the practical experimental and analytical tools necessary to generate and analyse skin microbiome data. We describe all the steps from the initial samples collection to the final data interpretation, with the goal of enabling clinicians and researchers who are not familiar with the microbiome field to perform skin profiling experiments.
An Examination of the edTPA Portfolio Assessment and Other Measures of Teacher Preparation and Readiness
Authors: Russell Victoria , Davidson Devall Kelly F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe authors examined the outcomes on several measures of world language teacher preparedness, including university‐ and state‐mandated summative evaluations and the edTPA portfolio assessment, for seven world language teacher candidates during their final semester of clinical practice. The candidates were enrolled in an initial certification program (Spanish P–12) at the same university in Georgia. The results revealed that edTPA scores were not well aligned with mentor teachers’ and supervisors’ evaluations on the university‐wide instrument and that measures of teacher content knowledge and target language proficiency did not correlate well with candidates’ edTPA scores. The disparity between edTPA scores and other measures of teacher preparation was most apparent for the two nonnative English speakers. The findings suggest that candidates whose primary language is not English may need additional support with academic English. Moreover, the present study found that candidates, mentors, and supervisors lacked an understanding of how the various university, state, and national assessments fit together to measure the knowledge, skills, and dispositions that are necessary for effectively teaching a world language. Training on the content and purpose of the edTPA may be needed so that stakeholders understand the benefit of having a national‐level view of candidates’ knowledge and skills.
Stability in a changing world – palm community dynamics in the hyperdiverse western Amazon over 17 years
Authors: Olivares Ingrid , Svenning Jens‐Christian , van Bodegom Peter M. , Valencia Renato , Balslev Henrik 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAre the hyperdiverse local forests of the western Amazon undergoing changes linked to global and local drivers such as climate change, or successional dynamics? We analyzed local climatic records to assess potential climatic changes in Yasuní National Park, Ecuador, and compared two censuses (1995, 2012) of a palm community to assess changes in community structure and composition. Over 17 years, the structure and composition of this palm community remained remarkably stable. Soil humidity was significantly lower and canopy conditions were significantly more open in 2012 compared to 1995, but local climatic records showed that no significant changes in precipitation, temperature or river level have occurred during the last decade. Thus, we found no evidence of recent directional shifts in climate or the palm community in Yasuní. The absence of changes in local climate and plant community dynamics in Yasuní contrasts with recent findings from eastern Amazon, where environmental change is driving significant changes in ecosystem dynamics. Our findings suggest that until now, local forests in the northwest Amazon may have escaped pressure from climate change. The stability of this rich palm community embedded in the hyperdiverse Yasuní National Park underlines its uniqueness as a sanctuary for the protection of Amazonian diversity from global change impacts.
Robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy confers excellent long‐term outcomes for the treatment of complex cystic renal tumors: Median follow up of 58 months
Authors: Abdel Raheem Ali , Alatawi Atalla , Soto Irela , Kim Dae Keun , Kim Lawrence HC , Santok Glen Denmer , Lum Trenton GH , Choi Young Deuk , Rha Koon Ho 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesTo analyze long‐term outcomes of robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy for treatment of complex cystic renal tumors.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed the data of patients who underwent robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy for cystic (n = 32) and solid (n = 263) renal masses at Severance Hospital, Seoul, Korea. The primary outcome was assessment of perioperative safety for cystic tumor. Secondary outcomes were evaluation of long‐term oncological and functional results.ResultsPatients' clinical and demographic characteristics were similar among both groups. The median follow up of cystic and solid masses were 58 and 46 months, respectively. Cystic masses were more likely to have low Fuhrman grade 1 and 2 (P = 0.03), and shorter operative time (P = 0.04) compared with solid masses. There was no statistically significant difference regarding warm ischemia time, estimated blood loss, trifecta achievement, length of hospital stay, complication rates and renal function preservation (P > 0.05) between groups. In the solid group, 12 patients (4.1%) recurred, and six patients (2%) died from metastatic renal cell carcinoma, whereas the patients in the cystic group did not have any local or distance recurrence, and the survival rates were 100%. The 5‐year cancer‐free survival (P = 0.77), cancer‐specific survival (P = 0.65) and overall survival (P = 0.83) rates were similar between the groups.ConclusionRobot‐assisted partial nephrectomy appears to be safe and feasible treatment for complex cystic renal masses. It confers excellent long‐term oncological outcomes. Robot‐assisted partial nephrectomy should be the treatment of choice for complex cysts whenever feasible.
Structural basis for decreased induction of class IB PI3‐kinases expression by MIF inhibitors
Authors: Singh Abhay Kumar , Pantouris Georgios , Borosch Sebastian , Rojanasthien Siripong , Cho Thomas Yoonsang 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMacrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is a master regulator of proinflammatory cytokines and plays pathological roles when not properly regulated in rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, atherosclerosis, asthma and cancer. Unlike canonical cytokines, MIF has vestigial keto‐enol tautomerase activity. Most of the current MIF inhibitors were screened for the inhibition of this enzymatic activity. However, only some of the enzymatic inhibitors inhibit receptor‐mediated biological functions of MIF, such as cell recruitment, through an unknown molecular mechanism. The goal of this study was to understand the molecular basis underlying the pharmacological inhibition of biological functions of MIF. Here, we demonstrate how the structural changes caused upon inhibitor binding translate into the alteration of MIF‐induced downstream signalling. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor activates phosphoinositide 3‐kinases (PI3Ks) that play a pivotal role in immune cell recruitment in health and disease. There are several different PI3K isoforms, but little is known about how they respond to MIF. We demonstrate that MIF up‐regulates the expression of Class IB PI3Ks in leucocytes. We also demonstrate that MIF tautomerase active site inhibitors down‐regulate the expression of Class IB PI3Ks as well as leucocyte recruitment in vitro and in vivo. Finally, based on our MIF:inhibitor complex crystal structures, we hypothesize that the reduction in Class IB PI3K expression occurs because of the displacement of Pro1 towards the second loop of MIF upon inhibitor binding, which results in increased flexibility of the loop 2 and sub‐optimal MIF binding to its receptors. These results will provide molecular insights for fine‐tuning the biological functions of MIF.
Exposure degree of broilers to ochratoxin A through naturally contaminated feed
Authors: Bordini Jaqueline Gozzi , Rossi Carolina Nachi , Ono Mario Augusto , Hirooka Elisa Yoko , Sataque Ono Elisabete Yurie 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe degree of exposure of broilers to ochratoxin A (OTA) in naturally contaminated feed and the hygienic quality of feeds were evaluated. Thus, total fungal count and OTA occurrence were evaluated in four feed types (pre‐starter, starter, grower and finisher) intended for broilers from a poultry breeding farm in Paraná State, Brazil. In most feed samples the total mold and yeast count were below 1.0 × 104 CFU/g, the maximum limit tolerated to assure good hygienic quality of the feed. OTA was detected in 19.1% samples at levels ranging from 0.1 to 8.26 μg/kg. The estimated daily intake of OTA was 0.015 µg/kg body weight (bw)/day (pre‐starter), 0.005 (starter), 0.028 (grower) and 0.015 µg/kg bw/day for finisher feed samples. These results indicated that the exposure degree of broilers and the risk of OTA carry‐over to human food (broiler meat) would be very low.Practical applicationsThe risk of mycotoxin contamination in grains and feed is an important food safety concern. OTA is one of the most important mycotoxins contaminating broiler feed because of its potential toxic effects to humans and animals. OTA is heat stable and cannot be removed by industrial processing; therefore carry‐over of OTA to kidney, liver and muscle increase the human hazard exposure. Evaluation of the exposure degree is one of the most important parameters for the risk assessment of mycotoxins. Considering the world globalization, this study is essential because Brazil is the third largest producer of broilers worldwide and the leading exporter of chicken meat supplying 158 countries. The results of this study showed that the exposure degree of broilers and the risk of OTA carry‐over to human food (broiler meat) would be very low, indicating that the meat exported by Brazil would be safe for consumption concerning OTA.
Effect of cold and heat shock treatments on the response of Brucella melitensis to various environmental stresses
Authors: Zarei Mehdi , Pourmahdi Borujeni Mahdi , Yousefvand Amin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe effect of cold shock (10 °C for 2 h) and heat shock (42 °C for 45 min) treatments on the viability of Brucella melitensis under adverse conditions was investigated. Viability of B. melitensis cells during storage at 4 °C was significantly affected by cold shock and heat shock treatments. While cold‐shocked cells became more resistant to cold storage, a significant decrease in the viable population of heat‐shocked cells was observed. Similarly, cold‐shocked cells of B. melitensis became more resistant and heat‐shocked cells became more susceptible to acidic conditions. Although cold shock treatment did not affect the thermal tolerance of B. melitensis, heat shock treatment increased significantly the thermal tolerance of the bacterium. Nevertheless, these shock treatments, under the conditions tested, did not alter the susceptibility of B. melitensis to incubation at −18 °C and the presence of 10% NaCl.Practical applicationsIn the food industry, cooling chains and heating processes could potentially induce a cold or heat shock phenomenon. Hence, this information should be taken into account in the development of food preservation measures and for conducting risk assessments on the importance of this pathogen in food processing operations.
Where Do You Feel Safest? Demographic Factors and Place of Birth
Authors: Sperlich Mickey , Gabriel Cynthia , Seng Julia 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionThe vast majority of planned out‐of‐hospital births in the United States occur among white women; no study has addressed whether black women prefer out‐of‐hospital birth less or whether this racial disparity is due to other causes such as constrained access. This study sought to answer the question of whether white and black women feel safest giving birth in out‐of‐hospital settings at different rates and whether this answer is associated with other socioeconomic indicators.MethodsAn interview of 634 nulliparous women during the third trimester of their pregnancy in Michigan provided data regarding where women felt safest giving birth. Feeling safest giving birth out‐of‐hospital was examined in relation to socioeconomic factors including race, age, household income, education, residence in a high‐crime neighborhood, partnered status, and type of insurance.ResultsThis study found that black and white women say they feel safest giving birth in out‐of‐hospital settings at similar rates (11.5% and 13.1%, respectively). Logistic regression results showed that poverty and having education beyond high school were the only sociodemographic indicators significantly associated with feeling safest giving birth out‐of‐hospital.DiscussionDisparities evident in planned home birth and birth center rates cannot be explained by racial differences in feelings toward out‐of‐hospital birth and should be addressed more specifically in public policy and future studies.
LOCAL FOOD, URBANIZATION, AND TRANSPORT‐RELATED GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS
Authors: De Cara Stéphane , Fournier Anne , Gaigné Carl 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTWe argue that “buying local” does not necessarily reduce transport‐related greenhouse gas emissions, even if production technologies and yields are homogeneous in space. We develop a partial‐equilibrium model of rural‐urban systems where the spatial distribution of food production within and between regions is endogenous. We exhibit cases where locating some food production in the least‐urbanized regions results in lower emissions and higher welfare than if all regions are self‐sufficient. The optimal spatial allocation of food production does not exclude the possibility that some regions should be self‐sufficient, provided that their urban population sizes are neither too large nor too small.