bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mesospheric temperature soundings with the new, daylight-capable IAP RMR lidar
Authors: Gerding Michael , Kopp Maren , Höffner Josef , Baumgarten Kathrin , Lübken Franz-Josef 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Temperature measurements by lidar are an important tool for the understanding of the mean state of the atmosphere as well as the propagation of gravity waves and thermal tides. Though, mesospheric lidar soundings are often limited to nighttime conditions (e.g., solar zenith angle  >  96°) due to the low signal-to-noise ratio during the day. By this, examination of long-period gravity waves and tides is inhibited, as well as soundings in summer at polar latitudes. We developed a new daylight-capable Rayleigh–Mie–Raman (RMR) lidar at our site in Kühlungsborn, Germany (54° N, 12° E), that is in routine operation since 2010 for temperature soundings up to 90 km or  ∼  75 km (night or day) and soundings of noctilucent clouds. Here we describe the setup of the system with special emphasis on the daylight suppression methods like spatial and spectral filtering. The small bandwidth of the Fabry–Pérot etalons for spectral filtering of the received signal induces an altitude-dependent transmission of the detector. As a result, the signal is no longer proportional to the air density and the hydrostatic integration of the profile results in systematic temperature errors of up to 4 K. We demonstrate a correction method and the validity of correction by comparison with data obtained by our co-located, nighttime-only RMR lidar where no etalon is installed. As a further example a time series of temperature profiles between 20 and 80 km is presented for day and night of 9–10 March 2014. Together with the other data of March 2014 these profiles are used to calculate tidal amplitudes. It is found that tidal amplitudes vary between ∼  1 and 5 K depending on altitude.
Share Repurchases: A Literature Review
Authors: Jena Sarthak Kumar , Mishra Chandra Sekhar , Rajib Prabina 
Published: August 2016

<p>Share repurchases evolved as an alternative method of payout and a corporate finance tool in 1950 in the USA. From 1980 to 2000 it has achieved a significant growth as compared to dividend payment by companies. Then, share repurchase is gradually spread to other countries like UK, Canada, etc. Pertinent to its growing importance, over the years an enormous literature has emerged that deals with many facets of share repurchase. This article classifies and organizes literature in relations to the established hypotheses, determinants affecting share repurchase decisions, the effect of share repurchase on liquidity and earning management around share repurchase. In additions to the above, this article also analyses the regulatory framework of Indian buyback starting from 1998. It gives a brief view of sections of old Companies Act (1956) and new Companies Act (2013) dealing with buyback. This article also provides a snapshot of SEBI buyback regulations, 1998 and also accommodates all the amendments.</p>
Caracterización del estado de salud de las personas en su periodo de convalecencia de un episodio de dengue
Authors: Luengas Laura Lizeth , Tiga Diana Carolina , Herrera Victor Mauricio , Villar-Centeno Luis Ángel 
Published: August 2016

<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> El dengue y sus manifestaciones agudas se han descrito ampliamente en la literatura, sin embargo, los síntomas en la fase de convalecencia se han estudiado poco.<br /><strong>Objetivo.</strong> Describir las manifestaciones clínicas de una población durante su periodo de convalecencia de un episodio de dengue.<br /><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Se hizo un estudio observacional en sujetos que estuvieron hospitalizados con dengue diagnosticado por serología. Después del alta se les visitó para evaluar la persistencia de la sintomatología clínica, la fatiga (evaluada mediante el <em>Fatigue Questionnaire de Chalder</em>) y la calidad de vida (evaluada mediante el cuestionario EuroQoL-5D). Se determinó como fatiga significativa aquella con un puntaje igual o superior a cuatro en la escala empleada. Se hizo seguimiento telefónico y domiciliario de los participantes con fatiga hasta tres meses después del alta hospitalaria.<br /><strong>Resultados.</strong> La prevalencia de fatiga en los 32 sujetos seleccionados (edad media: 35 años, sexo femenino: 59 %) fue de 34,4 % (IC95% 17,0-51,8). No se observaron diferencias sociodemográficas en relación con la fatiga, pero sí con relación a una mayor frecuencia de cansancio físico (100,0 % Vs. 47,6 %; p=0,005) y mental (54,6 % Vs. 9,5 %; p=0,010). Aunque los pacientes con fatiga reportaron una peor calidad de vida, esta no fue estadísticamente diferente a la del grupo sin fatiga al ajustar por edad y sexo (OR=5,5; IC95% 0,83-36,5). Además, el puntaje de fatiga decayó en promedio medio punto por cada diez días de seguimiento (p=0,007).<br /><strong>Conclusiones.</strong> Estos resultados demuestran que la carga de enfermedad de la infección por el virus del dengue no se ha descrito del todo, pues en la fase de convalecencia se siguen presentando síntomas clínicos que dificultan la recuperación normal del individuo.</p>
Fiebre por virus chikungunya en neonatos y lactantes con manifestaciones mucocutáneas atípicas, municipios de Cúcuta, Los Patios y Villa del Rosario, Norte de Santander, Colombia, 2014
Authors: Muñoz Claudia Marcela , Castillo José Orlando , Salas Daniela , Valderrama Milena Alexandra , Rangel Claudia Teresa , Vargas Heiddy Patricia , Silva Diana Carolina 
Published: August 2016

<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> Se han observado manifestaciones clínicas atípicas en recién nacidos y lactantes que presentan fiebre del virus chikungunya.</p><p><strong>Objetivo</strong><strong>.</strong> Describir los casos de fiebre causada por el virus chikungunya en recién nacidos y lactantes con lesiones mucocutáneas atípicas.</p><p><strong>Materiales y métodos. </strong>Revisión de casos de recién nacidos y lactantes diagnosticados con el virus chikungunya que presentaron lesiones mucocutáneas atípicas. Se revisaron en tres hospitales regionales, los registros clínicos y los resultados de laboratorio y patología. Además, se realizó búsqueda activa comunitaria en los barrios de residencia de los casos.</p><p class="Cuadrculamedia21"><strong>Resultados.</strong> De un total de 18 casos sospechosos de chikungunya en recién nacidos y lactantes, 11 tenían un diagnóstico positivo de chikungunya con manifestaciones mucocutáneas atípicas; 54,5% (06/11) de los casos confirmados eran niños menores de cinco meses de edad. Los síntomas más frecuentes fueron fiebre, eritema, irritabilidad y diarrea. Tres de los casos estaban infectados con dengue y chikungunya. Las úlceras se presentaron en cuero cabelludo, abdomen, región genital y perianal. En las búsquedas activas comunitarias se encontraron altas tasas de ataque para la enfermedad. <strong>Conclusiones.</strong> Este es el primer informe de manifestaciones mucocutáneas en recién nacidos y lactantes diagnosticados con fiebre por el virus chikungunya en Colombia. El rápido desarrollo de las úlceras se presenta probablemente consecuencia de la respuesta inmune al virus. Es necesario priorizar la atención de las embarazadas que presenten síntomas una semana antes del parto y realizar seguimiento a los recién nacidos para un diagnóstico temprano de chikungunya y evitar posibles complicaciones.</p>
Análisis de los niveles de adiposidad y condición física en jóvenes escolares colombianos
Authors: Palomino-Devia Constanza , Otero-Saborido Fernando Manuel , González-Jurado José Antonio 
Published: August 2016

<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> El índice de masa corporal (IMC) y la condición física son indicadores de un estilo de vida saludable.</p><p><strong>Objetivo.</strong> Analizar los niveles de adiposidad y condición física en jóvenes colombianos y estudiar las diferencias por sexo y edad.</p><p><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Participaron 1.150 estudiantes. Hombres 46,6% (n= 536) y mujeres 53,4% (n= 614), rango de edad 10-20 años (15,45 ± 2,52). Los test de condición física aplicados fueron Course-Navette, Salto Horizontal y carrera de 20 m. También se evaluó el IMC y el porcentaje de grasa.</p><p><strong>Resultados.</strong> Las mujeres tenían mayor adiposidad que los hombres, IMC (20,4 vs. 19,5) y porcentaje de grasa (23% vs. 11%). En la condición física los hombres registraron mejor rendimiento en todas las variables estudiadas con diferencias significativas (p &lt;0,001), excepto en la flexibilidad, donde las mujeres alcanzaron mejores resultados (3,1cm vs. 1,3 cm; p = 0,003). En ambos sexos el IMC aumentaba con la edad (p&lt;0,001), mientras el porcentaje de grasa disminuyó con la edad en los hombres (p&lt;0,0001) y aumentó en las mujeres (p&lt;0,001). En los hombres la condición física mejora con la edad en todas las variables, mientras que en las mujeres no hubo diferencias significativas entre grupos de edad, salvo en VO<sub>2</sub>max. (p&lt;0.001).</p><p><strong>Discusión.</strong> La adiposidad es significativamente mayor en las mujeres que en los hombres. Los hombres muestran mejores niveles de condición física en todas las cualidades excepto en la flexibilidad. La condición física mejora significativamente en los hombres con la edad, sin embargo en las mujeres no cambia.</p><p> </p>
Mortalidad por suicidios en Colombia y México: tendencias e impacto entre 2000 y 2013
Authors: Dávila Claudio Alberto , Pardo Ana Melisa 
Published: August 2016

<p><strong>Introducción.</strong> Los suicidios son uno de los principales problemas de salud pública a nivel mundial.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Objetivo.</strong> Analizar la tendencia e impacto de la mortalidad por suicidios en Colombia y México entre 2000 y 2013 a escala nacional, por sexo y grupos de edad.</p><p><strong>Materiales y métodos.</strong> Los datos se obtuvieron de las estadísticas de mortalidad del DANE (Colombia) y del INEGI (México). Estudio descriptivo y transversal para el cual se calcularon tasas estandarizadas de mortalidad y años de vida perdidos en menores a 100 años de edad.</p><p><strong>Resultados.</strong> En Colombia, la tasa de mortalidad por suicidios disminuyó entre 2000 y 2013 en ambos sexos (28% en hombres y 38% para mujeres); en México se presentó una tendencia opuesta (un incremento de 34% en hombres y 67% para mujeres). Los años de vida perdidos en Colombia alcanzaron 0,32 años en 2013 para hombres y 0,15 en mujeres, con una tendencia decreciente desde 2000; en México se situaron en 0,42 años para hombres y 0,2 años para mujeres, con una tendencia creciente desde 2000. Los grupos de edad con mayor impacto fueron de 15-49 años para hombres en ambos países; para mujeres se distribuyeron relativamente uniforme entre los 15-84 años.</p><p><strong>Conclusiones.</strong> La mortalidad por suicidios se incrementó de manera constante en México, mientras que en Colombia se observó una tendencia opuesta. Los suicidios son prevenibles, por lo que es fundamental implementar políticas públicas en salud a través de acciones de identificación oportuna, estrategias integrales de prevención y el estudio de los factores de riesgo asociados.</p><p> </p>
Stereotactically-navigated percutaneous Irreversible Electroporation (IRE) compared to conventional IRE: a prospective trial
Authors: Beyer Lukas P. , Pregler Benedikt , Nießen Christoph , Schicho Andreas , Haimerl Michael , Jung Ernst Michael , Stroszczynski Christian , Wiggermann Philipp 
Published: August 2016

Purpose.The purpose of this study was to compare CT-navigated stereotactic IRE (SIRE) needle placement to non-navigated conventional IRE (CIRE) for percutaneous ablation of liver malignancies.Materials and Methods.A prospective trial including a total of 20 patients was conducted with 10 patients in each arm of the study. IRE procedures were guided using either CT fluoroscopy (CIRE) or a stereotactic planning and navigation system (SIRE). Primary endpoint was procedure time. Secondary endpoints were accuracy of needle placement, technical success rate, complication rate and dose-length product (DLP).Results.A total of 20 IRE procedures were performed to ablate hepatic malignancies (16 HCC, 4 liver metastases), 10 procedures in each arm. Mean time for placement of IRE electrodes in SIRE was significantly shorter with 27 ± 8 min compared to 87 ± 30 min for CIRE (p< 0.001). Accuracy of needle placement for SIRE was higher than CIRE (2.2 mm vs. 3.3 mm mean deviation,p< 0.001). The total DLP and the fluoroscopy DLP were significantly lower in SIRE compared to CIRE. Technical success rate and complication rates were equal in both arms.Conclusion.SIRE demonstrated a significant reduction of procedure length and higher accuracy compared to CIRE. Stereotactic navigation has the potential to reduce radiation dose for the patient and the radiologist without increasing the risk of complications or impaired technical success compared to CIRE.
Understanding Pacific Ocean influence on interannual precipitation variability in the Sahel
Authors: Pomposi Catherine , Giannini Alessandra , Kushnir Yochanan , Lee Dong Eun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMoisture budget decomposition is performed for the Sahel (10°–20°N and 20°W–40°E) in order to understand the processes that govern regional hydroclimate variability on interannual time scales and frame them in the context of their primary ocean driver. Results show that warm conditions in the Eastern Tropical Pacific remotely force anomalously dry conditions primarily through affecting the low‐troposphere mass divergence field. This behavior is related to increased subsidence over the tropical Atlantic and into the Sahel and an anomalous westward flow of moisture from the continent, both resulting in a coherent drying pattern. Understanding the physical processes relating remote sea surface temperature anomalies to atmospheric circulation changes and the resulting complex local convergence patterns is important for advancing seasonal prediction of precipitation over West Africa.
Vielseitige Reaktivität eines elektrophilen Phosphasilens gegenüber anionischen Nukleophilen: Substitution oder Metall‐Amino‐Austausch
Authors: Willmes Philipp , Junk Lukas , Huch Volker , Yildiz Cem B. , Scheschkewitz David 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion von MesLi (Mes=2,4,6‐Trimethylphenyl) mit dem elektrophilen Phosphasilen R2(NMe2)Si‐RSi=PNMe2(2, R=Tip=2,4,6‐Triisopropylphenyl) liefert glatt R2(NMe2)Si‐RSi=PMes und stellt somit das erste Beispiel einer Substitutionsreaktion an einer unbeeinträchtigten Si=P‐Bindung dar. In Toluol verläuft die Reaktion von2mit Lithium‐Disilenid, R2Si=Si(R)Li (1) offensichtlich ebenfalls zunächst über einen nukleophilen Substitutionsschritt (wie DFT‐Rechnungen nahelegen), ergibt aber ein gesättigtes Bicyclo[1.1.0]butan‐Analogon als endgültiges Produkt, das in Form des Fe(CO)4‐Komplex weiter charakterisiert wurde. Dagegen führt die Reaktion von1mit2in 1,2‐Dimethoxyethan zu einer präzedenzlosen Metall‐Amino‐Austauschreaktion.
Effiziente, thermische Aktivierung von Methan durch TaN+ unter C‐N‐Kupplung
Authors: Zhou Shaodong , Li Jilai , Schlangen Maria , Schwarz Helmut 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDie thermische Reaktion des zweiatomigen Tantalnitridkations [TaN]+ mit Methan ist mittels FT‐ICR‐Massenspektrometrie und genauen quantenchemischen Rechnungen untersucht worden. Durch diesen experimentell‐theoretischen Ansatz konnten mechanistische Details einer hocheffizienten C‐N‐Kupplung aufgeklärt werden. Im Unterschied zu [TaN]+ sind die leichteren Nitride [VN]+ und [NbN]+ unter thermischen Bedingungen gegenüber Methan inert. Die Ursachen dieser deutlich unterschiedlichen Effizienzen der drei Nitride konnten durch CCSD(T)‐Rechnungen aufgeklärt werden.
Iodinated (Perfluoro)alkyl Quinoxalines by Atom Transfer Radical Addition Using ortho‐Diisocyanoarenes as Radical Acceptors
Authors: Leifert Dirk , Studer Armido 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA simple method for the preparation of functionalized quinoxalines is reported. Starting from readily accessible ortho‐diisocyanoarenes and (perfluoro)alkyl iodides, the quinoxaline core is constructed during (perfluoro)alkylation by atom transfer radical addition (ATRA), resulting in 2‐iodo‐3‐(perfluoro)alkylquinoxalines. The radical cascades are readily initiated either with visible light or by using α,α′‐azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN). The heteroarene products are obtained in high yields (up to 94 %), and the method can be readily scaled up. Useful follow‐up chemistry documents the value of the novel radical quinoxaline synthesis.
Biorefineries in Sweden: Perspectives on the opportunities, challenges and future
Authors: Palgan Yuliya Voytenko , McCormick Kes 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA growing political interest in the development of biorefineries is being shaped by climate change and a need to develop economically viable substitutes (i.e., fuels, products and chemicals) to those produced in traditional oil refineries. The pulp and paper industry in Sweden has been stagnating and it is therefore potentially promising to integrate biorefining into its activities as one way of diversifying its business. Sweden has good prerequisites for a transition to a bioeconomy due to its natural geographic conditions, industry, and infrastructure. It has developed a bioeconomy strategy and piloted several biorefinery projects. At the same time, the deployment of biorefineries has been slow, and they have not reached commercial scale. The aim of this paper is to provide an overview of the current and future development of biorefineries in the context of the emerging bioeconomy in Sweden. It is based on a literature review, policy analysis, and ten interviews with bioeconomy experts. It maps key political and legal aspects, economic and raw material aspects, social and cognitive aspects, and technology and infrastructure aspects that facilitate and hinder the development and deployment of biorefineries in Sweden. This paper identifies four action points important to the development of biorefineries and the bioeconomy: (i) commitments – establish targets and policies that drive the transition; (ii) contradictions – improve alignment on visions, goals, and activities; (iii) capacity – build up infrastructure and competences to harness the potential; and (iv) collaboration – develop cooperation across sectors and between actors. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Magnesium‐doped Zinc Oxide as Electron Selective Contact Layers for Efficient Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Song Jiaxing , Zheng Enqiang , Liu Leijing , Wang Xiao‐Feng , Chen Gang , Tian Wenjing , Miyasaka Tsutomu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe electron‐selective contact layer (ESL) in organometal halide‐based perovskite solar cells (PSCs) determines not only the power conversion efficiency (PCE) but also the thermostability of PSCs. To improve the thermostability of ZnO‐based PSCs, we developed Mg‐doped ZnO [Zn1−xMgxO (ZMO)] as a high optical transmittance ESL for the methylammonium lead trihalide perovskite absorber [CH3NH3PbI3]. We further investigated the optical and electrical properties of the ESL films with Mg contents of 0–30 mol % and the corresponding devices. We achieved a maximum PCE of 16.5 % with improved thermal stability of CH3NH3PbI3 on ESL with the optimal ZMO (0.4 m) containing 10 mol % Mg. Moreover, this optimized ZMO PSC exhibited significantly improved durability and photostability owing to the improved chemical/photochemical stability of the wider optical bandgap ZMO.
Long‐term Effects of Managed Care
Authors: Kauer Lukas 
Published: August 2016

AbstractManaged care (MC) plans have been introduced to curb the ever increasing health care costs. Many previous studies on effectiveness lacked a long‐term perspective; hence, the sustainability of (possible) savings remains unclear. Moreover, because of their incentives, MC plans are susceptible to under‐provision of care. Most of these possibly negative effects can only be observed in the long‐term. This paper analyzes the long‐term effects of MC plans on cost savings, mortality, and the use of service, using administrative data from a large Swiss health insurer. The identification is based on a propensity‐score matching approach, where individuals who enter an MC plan are compared over 10 years to individuals who remain in a standard fee‐for‐service plan. Cost savings are substantial and sustainable, and the mortality rate is lower in MC plans. Cost savings are driven by fewer consultations and fewer days in hospital care, although the probability of visiting a provider at least once per year is similar or even higher for persons in MC plans. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sarcopenia among patients receiving hemodialysis: weighing the evidence
Authors: Kittiskulnam Piyawan , Carrero Juan J. , Chertow Glenn M. , Kaysen George A. , Delgado Cynthia , Johansen Kirsten L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundThere is no consensus on how best to define low muscle mass in patients with end‐stage renal disease. Use of muscle mass normalized to height‐squared has been suggested by geriatric societies but may underestimate sarcopenia, particularly in the setting of excess adiposity. We compared four definitions of low muscle mass in a prevalent hemodialysis cohort.MethodsACTIVE/ADIPOSE enrolled prevalent patients receiving hemodialysis from the San Francisco and Atlanta areas from June 2009 to August 2011. Whole‐body muscle mass was estimated using bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy, performed before a midweek dialysis session (n = 645; age 56.7 ± 14.5 years, 41% women). We defined low muscle mass as muscle mass of 2SD or more below sex‐specific bioelectrical impedance spectroscopy‐derived means for young adults (18–49 years) from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey and indexed to height2, body weight (percentage), body surface area (BSA) by the DuBois formula, or Quételet's body mass index (BMI). We compared prevalence of low muscle mass among the four methods and assessed their correlation with strength and physical performance.ResultsThe prevalence of low muscle mass ranged from 8 to 32%. Muscle mass indexed to height2 classified the smallest percentage of patients as having low muscle mass, particularly among women, whereas indexing by BSA classified the largest percentage. Low muscle mass/height2 was present almost exclusively among normal or underweight patients, whereas indexing to body weight and BMI classified more overweight and obese patients as having low muscle mass. Handgrip strength was lower among those with low muscle mass by all methods except height2. Handgrip strength was directly and modestly correlated with muscle mass normalized by percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI (ρ = 0.43, 0.56, and, 0.64, respectively) and less so with muscle/height2 (ρ = 0.31, P < 0.001). The difference in grip strength among patients with low vs. normal muscle mass was largest according to muscle/BMI (−6.84 kg, 95% CI −8.66 to −5.02, P < 0.001). There were significant direct correlations of gait speed with muscle mass indexed to percentage of body weight, BSA, and BMI but not with muscle mass indexed to height2.ConclusionsSkeletal muscle mass normalized to height2 may underestimate the prevalence of low muscle mass, particularly among overweight and obese patients on hemodialysis. Valid detection of sarcopenia among obese patients receiving hemodialysis requires adjustment for body size.