bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of different desensitizers and lasers on dentine tubules: An in‐vitro analysis
Authors: Öncü Elif , Karabekiroğlu Said , Ünlü Nimet 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundDentin hypersensitivity is an important clinical problem affecting a large percentage of the population, and various therapies have been suggested for its treatment—among them desensitizing agents and lasers. The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro effects of different in‐office desensitizing agents and different type lasers, alone or in combination, on human dentinal tubules.Materials and MethodsEighty‐four dentinal specimens obtained from freshly extracted impacted third molars were included and subsequently divided into seven groups: Group 1 (Control), Group 2 (Gluma desensitizer), Group 3 (Teethmate desensitizer), Group 4 (Nd:YAG laser), Group 5 (Er:YAG laser), Group 6 (Gluma desensitizer + Er:YAG laser), and Group 7 (Teethmate desensitizer + Er:YAG laser). The dentinal specimens of all groups were evaluated using SEM. A total of 12 images per sample were taken, and the numbers of open, partially occluded, and totally visible (open + partially occluded) dentinal tubules were counted. AFM was used to further substantiate the blocking mechanism. The data were analyzed by one‐way ANOVA and Dunnett‐C tests.ResultsComparison of the number of occluded dentinal tubules per 100 µm2 revealed that the laser and laser combined‐treated groups showed the most occluded dentinal tubules. Gluma desensitizer + Er:YAG laser combination demonstrated significantly more tubule occlusion than all the other groups (p < .05).ConclusionsThe results of this study show that combined treatment methods were effective in the occlusion of dentinal tubules.
Early diagnosis and severity assessment of acute pancreatitis (AP) using MR elastography (MRE) with spin‐echo echo‐planar imaging
Authors: Shi Yu , Liu Ying , Liu Yan‐qing , Gao Feng , Li Jia‐hui , Li Qiu‐ju , Guo Qi‐yong 
Published: March 2017

PurposeTo evaluate the accuracy of magnetic resonance elastography (MRE) in comparison to contrast‐enhanced computed tomography (CE‐CT) for early diagnosis and prediction of severity in acute pancreatitis (AP).Materials and MethodsThis cross‐sectional prospective study included 76 patients with suspected AP who underwent both CE‐CT and 3.0T MRE within 24 hours of hospital admission. Pancreatic stiffness, CT severity index (CTSI), Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation (APACHE)‐II, and Bedside Index for Severity in AP (BISAP) scores were comparatively evaluated using data from the first 24 hours of admission, and diagnosis and severity of AP were confirmed according to the revised Atlanta Classification (2012). The accuracy of MRE for predicting disease severity was compared with that of CE‐CT and the clinical scoring systems using area under the receiver‐operating curve (AUC) analysis.ResultsAP was confirmed in 56/76 patients (73.7%). Pancreatic stiffness values of >1.47 kPa showed significantly better diagnostic performance than CE‐CT (AUC: 0.993 vs. 0.818, P < 0.001) along with greater sensitivity (96.4% vs. 78.6%, P = 0.006) and accuracy (96.1% vs. 81.6%, P = 0.007). Ten patients (10/76; 13.2%) had clinically severe AP. The accuracy of pancreatic stiffness >2.47 kPa was comparable to that of the CTSI, APACHE‐II and BISAP scores for predicting severe AP (accuracy = 85.5%, 75.0%, 88.2%, and 78.9%, respectively). The pairwise comparisons were not significant after Bonferroni correction (P < 0.008 [0.05/6]), with P values of 0.008 (MRE vs. CTSI), 0.823 (MRE vs. APACHE‐II) and 0.414 (MRE vs. BISAP).ConclusionEarly MRE is a useful, noninvasive method for both diagnosis and early severity assessment of AP. We recommend MRE at hospital admission for initial evaluation of AP.Level of Evidence: 1Technical Efficacy: Stage 2J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2017;46:1311–1319.
Effect of a polysaccharide‐rich hydrolysate from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (LipiGo®) in body weight loss: randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial in overweight and obese adults
Authors: Santas Jonathan , Lázaro Elisabet , Cuñé Jordi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDIn the present study we evaluated the weight loss effect of a polysaccharide‐rich food supplement, LipiGo®, comprising a specific β‐glucan–chitin–chitosan fraction (BGCC) obtained from the chemical hydrolysis of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, resulting as a by‐product of the brewing process.RESULTSA randomised, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial was performed enrolling 56 overweight and obese subjects (body mass index, BMI, 25–35 kg m−2) who were not following any specific diet, and were given placebo or BGCC (3 g d−1) for 12 weeks. Results were analysed by intention‐to‐treat (ITT) and per‐protocol (PP) methods. Body weight increased in the placebo group compared to baseline (ITT: 1.0 kg, P < 0.001; PP: 1.5 kg, P = 0.003), while it was slightly lowered in the BGCC group (ITT: −0.8 kg, P = 0.210; PP: −1.1 kg, P = 0.182). BGCC, but not the consumption of placebo, also resulted in a reduction of waist circumference and body fat compared to baseline.CONCLUSIONSResults suggest that daily supplementation of BGCC may be useful for improving body weight and waist circumference in overweight and obese subjects, without relevant adverse effects. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Effective length calibration method for processing the fluorescence signal detected by charge‐coupled device in capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Ni Yi , Liu Chenchen , Chen Jin , Chen Qinmiao , Zhu Xifang , Dou Xiaoming 
Published: March 2017

A novel method named effective length calibration method has been developed to process the fluorescence signal detected by charge‐coupled device during capillary electrophoresis. The new method treated each pixel as an individual point detector, and effectively binned a large number of pixels into a final electropherogram without losing the narrow detection window defined by a single pixel. Capillary electrophoresis separations of DNA were carried out and detected by charge‐coupled device and conventional detector (photomultiplier tube). Detection properties including signal‐to‐noise ratio, peak width, detection frequency, and tilt of detector were investigated. It was found that the new method achieved much higher signal‐to‐noise ratio and smaller peak width than the conventional detector did. A Detection width of 0.5 μm was easily achieved.
White light‐emitting diodes: History, progress, and future
Authors: Cho Jaehee , Park Jun Hyuk , Kim Jong Kyu , Schubert E. Fred 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAbout twenty years ago, in the autumn of 1996, the first white light‐emitting diodes (LEDs) were offered for sale. These then‐new devices ushered in a new era in lighting by displacing lower‐efficiency conventional light sources including Edison's venerable incandescent lamp as well as the Hg‐discharge‐based fluorescent lamp. We review the history of the conception, improvement, and commercialization of the white LED. Early models of white LEDs already exceeded the efficiency of low‐wattage incandescent lamps, and extraordinary progress has been made during the last 20 years. The review also includes a discussion of advances in blue LED chips, device architecture, light extraction, and phosphors. Finally, we offer a brief outlook on opportunities provided by smart LED technology.
image
Primal‐dual and forward gradient implementation for quantitative susceptibility mapping
Authors: Kee Youngwook , Deh Kofi , Dimov Alexey , Spincemaille Pascal , Wang Yi 
Published: March 2017

PurposeTo investigate the computational aspects of the prior term in quantitative susceptibility mapping (QSM) by (i) comparing the Gauss‐Newton conjugate gradient (GNCG) algorithm that uses numerical conditioning (ie, modifies the prior term) with a primal‐dual (PD) formulation that avoids this, and (ii) carrying out a comparison between a central and forward difference scheme for the discretization of the prior term.Theory and MethodsA spatially continuous formulation of the regularized QSM inversion problem and its PD formulation were derived. The Chambolle‐Pock algorithm for PD was implemented and its convergence behavior was compared with that of GNCG for the original QSM. Forward and central difference schemes were compared in terms of the presence of checkerboard artifacts. All methods were tested and validated on a gadolinium phantom, ex vivo brain blocks, and in vivo brain MRI data with respect to COSMOS.ResultsThe PD approach provided a faster convergence rate than GNCG. The GNCG convergence rate slowed considerably with smaller (more accurate) values of the conditioning parameter. Using a forward difference suppressed the checkerboard artifacts in QSM, as compared with the central difference. The accuracy of PD and GNCG were validated based on excellent correlation with COSMOS.ConclusionsThe PD approach with forward difference for the gradient showed improved convergence and accuracy over the GNCG method using central difference. Magn Reson Med 78:2416–2427, 2017. © 2017 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine.
Up and down with climate politics 2013–2016: the repeal of carbon pricing in Australia
Authors: Crowley Kate 
Published: March 2017

The 2013 election of Australia's conservative Abbott Coalition (Liberal and National parties) government saw the repeal of carbon pricing, (which had previously been implemented by the Labor government in 2012), assume the first order of business. This Focus article reviews expert and political commentary and analysis of the repeal, and provides an overview of the Abbott government's dismantling and attempted dismantling of other climate initiatives. It reviews commentary and critiques of the government's substitute Direct Action (DA) policy and its capacity to reduce emissions. The views of the international community on the Abbott government's repositioning of Australia's climate policy are considered, as are the prospects of achieving effective emissions reduction policy under Abbott's successor, Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull. The paper notes the role of the Senate in both assisting and frustrating government reforms, as well as aspects of policy continuity that could see a form of carbon pricing revived in future. It explores the correlation between the political ascension of Tony Abbott and his rejection of carbon pricing, whether his substitute DA mechanism will effectively reduce emissions, and the adequacy of Australia's current global climate policy aspirations. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e458. doi: 10.1002/wcc.458This article is categorized under:

Policy and Governance > National Climate Change Policy
Evolution of Consciousness I
Authors: Mould Richard A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The existence of a psycho-physical parallelism in humans and other conscious creatures requires an “interaction” between subjectivity and physiology, where consciousness is as much a casual agent as the molecules and atoms of the system. This interaction is illustrated in the fanciful case of an ancient fish that has a “painful” experience and a corresponding physiological response. The model gives consciousness properties of both cause and effect that are deterministic; and yet, it reflects our experience of having choice. Experiments are discussed involving PET scans with humans and autoradio-graphies with rats. They are designed to demonstrate the influence of consciousness on concentrations of narcotics in the brain.
Mitochondrial acetoacetyl‐CoA thiolase deficiency: basal ganglia impairment may occur independently of ketoacidosis
Authors: Paquay Stéphanie , Bourillon Agnès , Pichard Samia , Benoist Jean‐François , de Lonlay Pascale , Dobbelaere Dries , Fouilhoux Alain , Guffon Nathalie , Rouvet Isabelle , Labarthe François , Mention Karine , Touati Guy , Valayannopoulos Vassili , Ogier de Baulny Hélène , Elmaleh‐Bergès Monique , Acquaviva‐Bourdain Cécile , Vianey‐Saban Christine , Schiff Manuel 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundMitochondrial acetoacetyl‐CoA thiolase (T2) deficiency affects ketone body and isoleucine catabolism. Neurological impairment may occur secondary to ketoacidotic episodes. However, we observed neuromotor abnormalities without ketoacidotic events in two T2‐deficient families. We hypothesized that the neurological signs were related to the genetic defect and may occur independently of ketoacidotic episodes. We therefore conducted a retrospective review on a French T2‐deficient patient series searching for neuromotor impairment.MethodsIn total, 26 cases were retrospectively analysed for clinical, biological and neuroimaging data.ResultsNeurological findings were observed for 6/26 (23%) patients. Among these, two had never experienced ketoacidotic episodes, though they developed extrapyramidal signs with putamen involvement. Two of the other four patients developed neurological abnormalities before the first ketoacidotic crisis, with putamen involvement in one case. The third patient developed extrapyramidal symptoms more than 10 years after the initial decompensation with globus pallidus involvement. The last patient developed extrapyramidal signs immediately after a severe ketoacidotic crisis with putaminal lesions.ConclusionsMost T2‐deficient patients achieved normal neurodevelopment. However, on account of the role of T2 in isoleucine catabolism, these patients are potentially exposed to accumulation of toxic isoleucine‐derived metabolites, which may contribute to neurological impairment. Our findings confirm previous observations that neurological symptoms in T2 deficiency may occur unrelated to ketoacidosis. The role of protein restriction as a preventive measure against neurological symptoms could not be established in this study and deserves further evaluation. Long‐term follow‐up data on children diagnosed by newborn screening may clarify the pathogenesis of this neurometabolic association.
Lipase‐Mediated Synthesis of Fatty Acid Esters Using a Blending Alcohol Consisting of Methanol and 1‐Butanol
Authors: Zhao TingTing , Choi Nakyung , Kim Heejin , Kim Yangha , Kim Hak‐Ryul , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLipase‐mediated transesterification of soybean oil with a blending alcohol consisting of methanol and 1‐butanol for synthesis of fatty acid esters was carried out. Lipase from Thermomyces lanuginosa (Lipozyme TL IM) was used as a biocatalyst. The lipase was purchased from Novozymes (Seoul, Republic of Korea). The effects of the molar proportions of methanol and 1‐butanol in the blending alcohol, reaction temperature, enzyme loading and water content were investigated, for reaction optimization. The relative consuming rates of methanol and 1‐butanol during the reaction were also explored. Among seven different ratios of alcohol blends employed in this study, that containing 80 mol% methanol gave the highest yield of fatty acid esters. Optimum reaction temperature, enzyme loading, and water content were 30 °C, 15% (based on the substrate weight), and 0.3% (based on the substrate weight), respectively. Water influenced significantly the reaction rate and yield. On the transesterification, the degree of reaction of methanol was higher than that of 1‐butanol and the presence of 1‐butanol contributed to increase of the reaction rate as well as yield. The maximum yield of ca. 98 wt% was achieved under the optimized condition.
Cerebrospinal fluid biomarker examination as a tool to discriminate behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia from primary psychiatric disorders
Authors: Vijverberg Everard G.B. , Dols Annemiek , Krudop Welmoed A. , Del Campo Milan Marta , Kerssens Cora J. , Gossink Flora , Prins Niels D. , Stek Max L. , Scheltens Philip , Teunissen Charlotte E. , Pijnenburg Yolande A.L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionTo prospectively determine the diagnostic value of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels total‐tau (tau) to amyloid‐β1–42 ratio (Aβ1–42) ratio (tau/Aβ1–42 ratio), phosphorylated‐tau (p‐tau) to tau ratio (p‐tau/tau ratio), neurofilament light chain (NfL) and YKL40 in the late‐onset frontal lobe syndrome, in particular for the differential diagnosis of behavioral variant frontotemporal dementia (bvFTD) versus primary psychiatric disorders (PSY).MethodWe included patients with a multidisciplinary 2‐year‐follow‐up diagnosis of probable/definite bvFTD (n = 22) or PSY (n = 25), who underwent a detailed neuropsychiatric clinical examination, neuropsychological test battery, and magnetic resonance imaging at baseline. In all cases, CSF was collected through lumbar puncture at baseline. We compared CSF biomarker levels between the two groups and measured the diagnostic accuracy for probable/definite bvFTD, using the follow‐up diagnosis as the reference standard.ResultsThe best discriminators between probable/definite bvFTD and PSY were the levels of CSF NfL (area under the curve [AUC] 0.93, P < .001, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.85–1.00), p‐tau/tau ratio (AUC 0.87, P < .001, 95% CI 0.77–0.97), and YKL40 (AUC 0.82, P = .001, 95% CI 0.68–0.97). The combination of these three biomarkers had a sensitivity of 91% (95% CI 66%–100%) at a specificity of 83% (95% CI 65%–95%) with an AUC of 0.94 (P < .001, 95% CI 0.87–1.00) for bvFTD. CSF tau/Aβ1–42 ratio was less accurate in differentiating between bvFTD and PSY.DiscussionWe found a good diagnostic accuracy for higher levels of CSF NfL and YKL40 and reduced p‐tau/tau ratio in distinguishing bvFTD from PSY. We advocate the use of these CSF biomarkers as potential additional tools to neuroimaging in the diagnosis of bvFTD versus PSY.
δ scores predict mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer's disease conversions from nondemented states
Authors: Royall Donald R. , Palmer Raymond F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe tested the latent variable “δ” (for “dementia”)'s ability to predict conversion to “mild cognitive impairment” (MCI) and Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsAn ethnicity equivalent d homolog (“dEQ”) was constructed in n = 1113 Mexican‐ American (MA) and n = 1958 non‐Hispanic white (NHW) participants in the Texas Alzheimer's Research and Care Consortium. “Normal Controls” (NC) (n = 1276) and MCI cases (n = 611) were followed annually for up to 6 years [m = 4.7(0.6)].Results22.0% (n = 281) of NC converted to “MCI” or “AD”. 17.3% (n = 106) of MCI converted to “AD.” Independently of covariates, each quintile increase in the dEQ scores of NC increased the odds of conversion by 52%. Each quintile increase in the dEQ scores of MCI cases increased the odds of conversion to AD almost three‐fold.DiscussionBaseline δ scores predict MCI and AD conversions from nondemented states in MA and NHW.
Critical points of embeddings of \( H_{0}^{1 , n} \) into Orlicz spaces
Authors: Struwe Michael 
Published: March 2017

For a domain

Ω ⊂ ℝ^n

embeddings

u → \mathrm{exp}(α(|u|/{∥u∥_{1, n}})^{n/{n − 1}})

of

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1,n}(\mathrm{\Omega })

into Orlicz spaces are considered. At the critical exponent

α = α_n

a loss of compactness reminiscent of the Yamabe problem is encountered; however by a result of Carlesson and Chang, if

Ω

is a ball the best constant for the above embedding is attained.

In dimension

n = 2

we identify the “limiting problem” responsible for the lack of compactness at the critical exponent

α_2 = 4π

in the radially symmetric case and establish the existence of extremal functions also for nonsymmetric domains

Ω

. Moreover, we establish the existence of two “branches” of critical points of this embedding beyond the critical exponent

α_2 = 4π

.

Résumé

Étant donné un domaine

Ω ⊂ ℝ^n

, on considère des immersions de

\mathrm{H}_{0}^{1,n}(\mathrm{\Omega })

dans des espaces d’Orlicz, du type

u → \mathrm{exp}(α(|u|/{∥u∥_{1, n}})^{n/{n − 1}})

. Pour l’exposant critique

α = α_n

, se produit une perte de compacité. Toutefois, grâce à un résultat de Carleson et Chang, si

Ω

est une boule, la meilleure constante pour l’immersion est atteinte.

Dans le cas

n= 2

, le problème limite responsable de la perte de compacité à l’exposant critique

α_2 = 4π

est identifié dans le cas radialement symétrique. Dans le cas non symétrique, on démontre encore l’existence de fonctions extrêmales. En outre, on montre l’existence de deux branches de points critiques d’immersion au-delà de l’exposant critique

α_2 = 4π

.
Effect of a Clinical and Translational Science Award institute on grant funding in a major research university
Authors: Kabo Felichism W. , Mashour George A. 
Published: March 2017

IntroductionPrevious studies have examined the impact of Clinical and Translational Science Awards programs on other outcomes, but not on grant seeking. The authors examined the effects on grant seeking of the Michigan Institute for Clinical & Health Research (MICHR), a Clinical and Translational Science Awards institute at the University of Michigan.MethodsWe assessed over 63,000 grant proposals submitted at the University of Michigan in the years 2002–2012 using data from the university and MICHR’s Tracking Metrics and Reporting System. We used a retrospective, observational study of the dynamics of grant-seeking success and award funding. Heckman selection models were run to assess MICHR’s relationship with a proposal’s success (selection), and subsequently the award’s size (outcome). Models were run for all proposals and for clinical and translational research (CTR) proposals alone. Other covariates included proposal classification, type of grant award, academic unit, and year.ResultsMICHR had a positive and statistically significant relationship with success for both proposal types. For all grants, MICHR was associated with a 29.6% increase in award size. For CTR grants, MICHR had a statistically nonsignificant relationship with award size.ConclusionsMICHR’s infrastructure, created to enable and enhance CTR, has also created positive spillovers for a broader spectrum of research and grant seeking.
Morphological awareness: Construct and predictive validity in Arabic
Authors: TIBI SANA , KIRBY JOHN R. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe purposes of this study were to examine the dimensions underlying morphological awareness (MA) in Arabic (construct validity) and to determine how well MA predicted reading (predictive validity). Ten MA tasks varying in key dimensions (oral vs. written, single word vs. sentence contexts, and standard vs. local dialect) and two reading tasks (real word and pseudoword reading) were administered to 102 Arabic-speaking Grade 3 children in Abu-Dhabi. Factor analysis of the MA tasks yielded one predominant factor, supporting the construct validity of MA in Arabic. Closer inspection revealed that this factor had two subcomponents, oral and written. Hierarchical regression analyses, controlling for age and gender, indicated that both the one- and the two-factor solutions accounted for 48% of the variance in word reading, and 40% of the variance in pseudoword reading, supporting the predictive validity of MA. Implications for future research, assessment, and instruction are discussed.