bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Public Financing of Election Campaigns
Authors: Briffault Richard 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Public financing consists of the provision of public dollars to candidates or parties to use to pay for campaign expenses. Public financing has the potential to reduce the influence of wealthy donors and special interests, reduce the burdens of fundraising, and, by leveling the playing field, promote electoral competition and political equality more generally. With the Supreme Court increasingly hostile to campaign finance measures that limit the use of private campaign money, public financing, which puts money into the system, is one reform measure that has consistently passed constitutional muster. In theory, public funding could have many benefits, but it is uncertain whether and to what extent public funding in practice accomplishes these goals. Moreover, some scholars have urged that public financing can contribute to political polarization. This chapter examines the variety of public funding programs currently in place in the United States; the constitutional doctrine that has both sustained and constrained public funding; and the evidence of the extent to which public funding may promote electoral competitiveness, stimulate political participation, affect policy outcomes, and contribute to polarization. These effects are often debated and uncertain, but for now public financing is central to the campaign finance reform agenda.
Disclosure
Authors: Wood Abby K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Political committees must disclose the sources of their contributions and the recipients of their expenditures, and government agencies then make some of that information publicly available. Voters can then use this information to inform their votes. The Supreme Court has usually upheld campaign finance disclosure laws, but it has carved out exceptions for certain groups. The jurisprudence has not evolved since Buckley v. Valeo. The Supreme Court acknowledges that while disclosure might chill speech, its benefits tend to justify disclosure laws. Disclosure’s information benefits are well documented by scholars, and disclosure is politically popular among voters. However, opponents of disclosure claim that disclosure chills their speech because they fear harassment related to their political contributions. For some, particularly marginalized groups that organize for unpopular policies, the risk of harassment may be serious. However, it has proved difficult for scholars to detect consistent and significant chilling effects in the campaign finance data or in survey experiments. In recent years, disclosure’s opponents have come from more powerful groups in society, rather than marginalized groups. At the same time, a lower level of threat—even hypothetical threats—have satisfied the Supreme Court that a First Amendment problem may exist in various disclosure contexts. The current configuration of ideologies on the Court could threaten campaign finance disclosure laws. The Court should proceed thoughtfully. Social science evidence generally supports the continued use of campaign finance disclosure. Moreover, several underexamined evidentiary issues remain in this jurisprudence.
Urban Relations of the Sacred
Authors: Hammond Timur 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Although scholars of Islam have long been interested in what sacredness is, there has been relatively less scholarly focus on where it is. This chapter addresses that gap by outlining how a relational geographic approach can provide a new understanding of sacredness. It begins by briefly describing a relational geography and highlighting how this approach resonates with existing scholarly traditions. The chapter then discusses how sacred sites function as centers of devotion and debate and introduces one approach for studying the making of sacred places. It closes by surveying a variety of methods and sources for the study of the sacred and looking ahead to several emerging trends in the scholarship on sacredness.
Material Buddhist Culture in Healing
Authors: Wu Emily S. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter introduces a few ways that Buddhist organizations, communities, and households in Taiwan engage in healing through material-related practices, particularly after death. These practices take advantage of the liminal phase after death and before the next reincarnation as opportunities to heal the souls of the deceased from physical sufferings and karmic debts, and they simultaneously accumulate karmic merits for those who commission and participate in the living world. Contextualized in a cosmology that is shared and influenced by Confucian, Daoist, and other folk and indigenous ideologies on perspectives on health and healing, the contemporary Taiwanese Buddhist interpretations and understandings of disease and suffering also incorporate ideology and remedies from traditional Chinese medicine, and they are subject to the framing of omnipresent biomedicine and the limitations of biomedical institutional structures.
Foreign Companies in the Americas during the first half of the 20th Century
Authors: Prieto-Ríos Enrique , Rivas-Ramírez Daniel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a comprehensive examination of the role multinational corporations played in shaping Latin America and the Caribbean during the first half of the 20th century. Against the backdrop of global economic and political tumult, the region emerged as an attractive destination for foreign investment, leading to the adoption of various economic models to facilitate capital influx. The analysis delves deep into the economic and political dynamics of the Americas during this era, tracing the enduring colonial legacies that influenced Latin American economies and exploring the impact of independence movements on foreign investment patterns. Furthermore, the chapter scrutinizes the emergence of multinational enterprises, classifying them into free-standing companies, holding companies, and joint ventures, and elucidates their profound influence on the region. It also investigates the ramifications of multinational corporations, encompassing financial manipulation, natural resource depletion, and political interference, shedding light on the erosion of regulatory capacity within Latin American nations. Ultimately, the chapter emphasizes the coercive nature of multinational influence, echoing historical colonial patterns of exploitation and setting the stage for ongoing challenges in the economic development of the region.
Consequentialism
Authors: Ryberg Jesper 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The consequentialist view of punishment such as, in particular, the utilitarian theory, has constituted the dominant approach to punishment for almost two centuries. However, the theory has very few advocates in modern considerations of punishment. In fact, it has become almost conventional to hold that the theory has been ultimately rejected. In this chapter it is argued that this contention is mistaken. First, a few initial comments on the nature and implications of the consequentialist view of punishment are outlined. Second, it is argued that the standard objection that has been repeatedly raised against the consequentialist view—i.e., the punishment of the innocent objection—is non-conclusive. It is suggested that the evaluation of an ethical theory is basically a comparative question and that the interpretation of the objection as a reductio ad absurdum argument is consequently premature. Third, a few comparative advantages of the consequentialist view of punishment are presented.
Byron at Home and Abroad
Authors: Beaton Roderick 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe chapter gives an account of the places where Byron lived, both in the UK and in mainland Europe, and of the travels he undertook at different points in his life. It also explores the motivation for his many moves, beginning with his early cosmopolitanism and ending with his dedication to the Greek Revolution of the 1820s against the rule of the Ottoman Empire, and the ways in which these are reflected in his poetry and correspondence. The first section deals with the places where Byron can be said to have been ‘at home’ (Aberdeenshire in Scotland, London, and Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire). The second follows the trajectory of his ‘Grand Tour’ to Greek lands and his later self-imposed exile in Switzerland and Italy. The final section follows him to his final destination, Messolonghi in western Greece, where he would die of fever on 19 April 1824.
Byron’s Lyric Poetry
Authors: Shears Jonathon 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter proposes that Byron’s lyrics are best understood not as part of the tradition of the imaginative, introspective Romantic lyric, but as an exploration of human relations revealed through close attention to subtle shifts in voice, tone, and mood. It argues that however solipsistic Byron’s lyric speakers become, his lyrics usually have a centrifugal momentum addressed outwards to life’s material and social circumstances. It suggests that one of the key traditions in which Byron worked as a lyricist was the amour courtois or amatory mode, and that the powerful effects of his lyrics develop from and eventually outstrip the dramatic social relations found in courtly Renaissance lyricists. Byron’s concerns with power relations and shifting subject positions emerge in many minor lyrics and more extensively in celebrated lyrics such as ‘So We’ll Go No More a Roving’, ‘Epistle to Augusta’, and ‘To the Po’. The chapter identifies the latter as the crowning achievement of Byron’s social lyricism.
Byron’s Poetic EndingsThe Deformed Transformed,The Vision of Judgment,The Island, and ‘On This Day I Complete My Thirty-Sixth Year’
Authors: Ward Matthew 
Published: October 2024

AbstractByron’s concern with carving out a place in literary history, and what might (or might not) be his ‘epitaph’, takes on particular significance in his late works. This chapter considers the phenomenal range of Byron’s creative output and situates his last works within his oeuvre, exploring how ‘endings’ are (for him) voyages toward new discoveries that also emerge from an imaginative revisiting of previous works. The Deformed Transformed shapes new forms out of Faustian myth and personal biography. The Island mediates between tragic despair and comic optimism in ways that echo Don Juan, and refashions ideas of heroism and love previously explored in the Turkish Tales and Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. ‘On This Day’ recalls Byron’s previous lyric works, but also shows new framings of the self – a matter that takes on renewed force in The Vision of Judgment, where Byron casts a comic eye over the agency of poetry itself.
Exposure to fungal infection decreases eye size in the zooplankton, Daphnia
Authors: Wilson Patrick J , Cáceres Carla E , Stewart Merrill Tara E 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Immune responses can be energetically expensive and subject to trade-offs. Prior work on the freshwater zooplankton, Ceriodaphnia cornuta, demonstrated an association between eye size and infection, leading to questions about whether investment in eyes trades off against investment in immunity. We used the crustacean host, Daphnia dentifera, and its fungal parasite, Metschnikowia bicuspidata, to investigate the relationships between eye size, parasite resistance and infection. In the field, we found a negative correlation between size-corrected eye area (SCEA) and Metschnikowia infection, suggesting that either SCEA decreases infection (thereby indicating resistance) or that infection decreases SCEA. Controlled laboratory experiments reinforced the latter result: exposure to the fungal parasite decreased a host’s SCEA, regardless of the parasite dose or host genotype. We also uncovered significant plasticity in this trait—both host age and resource level increased SCEA. Identifying causality in physiological correlations is challenging. Our results suggest that negative associations between parasitism and energetically-expensive traits can arise through plasticity.
Developing a measure to evaluate education research-practice partnerships
Authors: Soland James , Penuel William R , Farrell Caitlin C , Wellberg Sarah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Research practice partnerships (RPPs) are an increasingly popular approach for bringing together research and practice in ways that can improve and transform education. To date, however, evaluators have lacked measures to evaluate such partnerships. This paper describes a project to develop validity evidence for a survey to evaluate the effectiveness of RPPs in education. The survey is intended to be used in conjunction with interview, observation, and other evidence to draw inferences about the effectiveness of projects within RPPs and support partnership improvement. The measurement effort followed an evidence-centered design approach to developing and evaluating the validity of the survey measure for its intended uses, collecting and analyzing data from sixty-five different RPPs. Results indicate the scales were reliable overall, but that measurement was not entirely consistent for educators and researchers. Implications for appropriate use of these measures in the context of evaluating RPPs are discussed.
Real Consequences of Shocks to Intermediaries Supplying Corporate Hedging Instruments
Authors: Jung Hyeyoon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
I show that shocks to financial intermediaries supplying hedging instruments to corporations have real effects. I exploit a quasi-natural experiment in South Korea in 2010, where regulations required banks to hold enough capital for taking foreign exchange derivatives (FXD) positions. Using variation in exposure to this regulation across banks, I find that the regulation caused a reduction in FXD supply, leading to a significant decline in exports for firms contracting derivatives with more exposed banks. Results indicate the crucial role of intermediaries in allocating risks through derivatives provision and establish a causal relationship between financial hedging and real economic outcomes.
The role of polo‐like kinases 2 in the proteasomal and lysosomal degradation of alpha‐synuclein in neurons
Authors: Sung Chun Chau , Lam Wai Yun , Chung Kenny K. K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractParkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the brain stem. PD is mostly sporadic, but familial PD (FPD) cases are recorded in different studies. The first gene mutation that is linked to FPD is α‐synuclein (α‐syn). It was then found that α‐syn is also accumulated in Lewy body (LB), a classical pathological hallmark in PD patients. Different studies have shown that α‐syn accumulation and aggregation can be a crucial factor contributing to the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in PD. α‐syn has been found to be degraded by the ubiquitin proteasomal system (UPS) and autophagy–lysosomal pathway (ALP). In this study, we initially explored how α‐syn phosphorylation by GRK6, PLK2 and CK2α would facilitate its degradation in relation to the UPS or ALP. Unexpectedly, we found that the degradation of α‐syn through PLK2 phosphorylation could be modulated by UPS and ALP in a novel mechanism. Specially, attenuation of UPS could increase the amount of PLK2 and then could facilitate the phosphorylation and degradation of α‐syn through ALP. To test this further in vivo, we attenuate the proteasomal activity in a well‐established A53T α‐syn transgenic PD mouse model. We found that attenuation of proteasomal activity in the A53T α‐syn transgenic mice could reduce the accumulation of α‐syn in the striatum and midbrain. Based on our results, this study provides a new insight into how α‐syn is degraded through the UPS and ALP.
FTO in oral diseases: Functions, mechanisms, and therapeutic potential
Authors: Li Biao , Wang Leilei , Du Mingyuan , He Hong 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFat mass and obesity‐associated protein (FTO) is the first identified N6‐methyladenosine (m6A) demethylase widely distributed in various tissues in adults and children. It plays an essential role in diverse mRNA‐associated processes including transcriptional stability, selective splicing, mRNA translocation, and also protein translation. Recently, emerging studies have shown that FTO is involved in the genesis and development of oral diseases. However, the correlation between FTO and oral diseases and its specific regulatory mechanism still needs further study. In this review, we will summarize the discovery, distribution, gene expression, protein structure, biological functions, inhibitors, and quantifying methods of FTO, as well as its regulatory role and mechanism in oral diseases. Notably, FTO genetic variants are strongly associated with periodontal diseases (PDs), temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis (TMJOA), and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Besides, the latest studies that describe the relationship between FTO and PDs, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCCs), TMJOA, and OSA will be discussed. We elaborate on the regulatory roles of FTO in PDs, HNSCCs, and TMJOA, which are modulated through cell proliferation, cell migration, apoptosis, bone metabolism, and immune response. The review will enrich our understanding of RNA epigenetic modifications in oral diseases and present a solid theoretical foundation for FTO to serve as a novel diagnosis and prognostic biomarker for oral diseases.
Validation of the 2019 American Society of Colposcopy and Cervical Pathology Online Cervical Cancer Screening Program via 9 Large-Cohort Data of Chinese Women
Authors: Dai Wenkui , Guo Chunlei , Yang Qing , Zhang Yi , Wu Di , Wang Chun , Belinson Jerome L. , Li Changzhong , Du Hui , Qu Xinfeng , Wu Ruifang 
Published: October 2024

Objective
The aim of the study is to validate the applicability and performance of the 2019 US risk-based guideline for Chinese women.

Materials and Methods
The authors analyzed 10,055 cases with data on human papillomavirus testing, cytology, and pathologically confirmed diagnosis (analysis-set). According to the 2019 US risk-based guideline, the authors recorded the risk value and triage recommendations for each case. Then, they assessed the concordance of the guideline triage recommendations with pathology diagnosis for the relevant case from the real-world projects.

Results
Among the analysis-set, 9,495 cases with an estimated risk value were identified as analysis cohort while the remaining 560 cases were cataloged as “special cases.” Among the analysis cohort, 960 and 526 cases were pathologically confirmed as cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) 2+ and CIN3+, respectively. The US risk-based guideline recommended colposcopy or more aggressive interventions (Colp+) for 86.8% (833/960) of the CIN2+ and 95.8% (504/526) of the CIN3+ cases, with 87.1% sensitivity and 82.5% specificity for CIN3+ cases (AUC = 0.926, p < .0001). The US risk-based recommended no-Colp for 98.0% (6,142/6,269) of the pathologically confirmed CIN1 or benign cases. In addition, 97.3% (545/560) of the “special cases” cases were recommended as Colp+.

Conclusions
The 2019 US risk-based guideline works well with satisfied clinical sensitivity for CIN2+ and CIN3+ and seems applicable for cervical cancer screening in China.
Frequency and characteristics of ectopic parathyroid adenomas in a cohort of patients referred for 18F-fluorocholine PET/CT
Authors: van der Zant Friso M. , Wondergem Maurits , Broos Wouter A.M. , Lazarenko Sergiy V. , Knol Remco J.J. 
Published: October 2024

Aim
This article aimed to study the frequency and characteristics of ectopic/intrathyroidal parathyroid adenomas in patients referred for 18F-fluorocholine PET/computed tomography (CT).

Patients and methods
From 11 June 2015 to 15 January 2024, 729 patients were studied. Recorded patient variables included hyperparathyroidism type, sex, age, presence of symptoms, renal involvement, bone involvement, parathyroid hormone (PTH), and serum calcium, phosphate, and vitamin D as well as 24-h urine calcium excretion. PET/CT results were also collected. In case of parathyroidectomy, the weight of the adenomas was recorded. Continuous variables were expressed as mean ± SD. Differences were evaluated with Mann–Whitney U-tests or two-sample t-tests, when appropriate. P-values ≤0.05 were considered statistically significant.

Results
PET/CT showed no adenoma in 163 (22%), adenoma in 451 (62%), hyperplasia/multiglandular disease in 32 (4%), and equivocal results in 83 (11%) patients. A total of 6/729 (1%) adenomas were located intrathyroidally and 16/729 (2%) had an ectopic location. Patients with ectopic/intrathyroidal adenoma showed significantly higher serum PTH levels than patients with no visualization of adenoma on PET. The mean mass of the adenoma was 1 ± 2.3 g in patients with orthotopic adenomas versus 2.7 ± 3.3 g in patients with ectopic/intrathyroidal adenomas; however, this was not significantly different (P = 0.09).

Conclusion
In the presented cohort, the frequency of ectopic/intrathyroidal parathyroid adenomas was 3%. No significant difference in weight was found between orthotopic and ectopic/intrathyroidal parathyroid adenomas.
Elements Supporting Translation of Evidence Into Practice
Authors: Smith Joshua D. , Eberhardt Gina L. , Atwood Bethany I. , Romito Kenneth J. , Bradley David F. , Schmidt Patricia M. 
Published: October 2024

Purpose/Objectives
To present evidence-based elements supporting the synergistic relationship between nurse scientists and clinical nurse specialists to improve the translation of evidence into practice.

Description of the Project/Program
Using best-practice elements to support the improvement of evidence-based translation, we define the roles and synergies between nurse scientists and clinical nurse specialists within clinical environments.

Outcome
Five themes were identified in the literature review:
● Although clinical nurse specialists and nurse scientists differ in focus and competencies, they are in key positions to collaborate to meet healthcare demands.
● Clinical nurse specialists are well-equipped to implement the science developed by nurse scientists.
● To meet the increased demands and complexity of the healthcare system and patient needs, organizational leadership must lend support to clinical nurse specialists and nurse scientist collaboration.
● Clinical nurse specialists are well-positioned to foster interprofessional partnerships and generate opportunities for evidence-based project initiatives across healthcare disciplines.
● Clinical nurse specialists should utilize professional models to inform practice to improve the review, translation, and implementation of research into practice.

Conclusion
Projects conducted using a collaborative structure had a system-level impact and long-term sustainability capabilities. Additionally, projects were more likely to be disseminated by clinical nurse specialists within a formal structure.