bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fighting Locusts Together: Pest Control and the Birth of Soviet Development Aid, 1920-1939
Authors: Forestier-Peyrat Etienne 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
During the interwar period, Soviet authorities put a particular emphasis on fighting agricultural pests. Locust invasions were a tremendous concern for Soviet borderlands in the Caucasus and Central Asian. Antiacridian campaigns thus became an important element of the social contract between local populations and the Bolsheviks, embodying the Communist modernising project. However, they were also a diplomatic issue, since scientific progress demonstrated ever more clearly the transnational dimension of the locust threat. Debates erupted among Soviet institutions as to the way this cross-border dimension should be managed. As the 1920s went on, forms of international cooperation were developed with Iran, Afghanistan and Mongolia. These relations were an opportunity to showcase the Soviet model of development and to gain political influence. Interactions between the USSR and Iran were especially advanced and served as a model for other bilateral agreements. This paper argues that this relatively forgotten episode laid the basis for the ulterior Soviet development policy.
Collapses of island societies from environmental forcing: Does history hold lessons for the future?
Authors: Nunn Patrick , Carson Mike 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Societies that develop on islands in oceans, distant from continental shores and one another, are unusually vulnerable to fundamental change (collapse). It is argued that a common cause of such change is the effect of external (climate-driven) environmental forcing on food resources, especially those on which coastal-dwelling island peoples invariably depend. Relative changes in sea level that were comparatively rapid are implicated in several instances of societal collapse on islands; two examples are discussed.
The first refers to western tropical Pacific Island groups in which Early Period societies are distinctive, representing periods of human settlement beginning 3,500–2,800 years ago and undergoing major transformative change a few centuries later. The end of these Early Period societies appears to have been near-synchronous, an observation requiring an external and region-wide driver rather than local drivers. Sea-level fall, which began 4,000–3,000 years ago in this region, continued for some centuries and is considered to have dropped below a critical threshold about 2,570 years ago, abruptly reducing useful coastal bioproductivity and forcing the inhabitants of these islands to sharply reduce their dependence on coastal foods.
Second is the effect of sea-level fall during the AD 1300 Event (approximately AD 1250–1350) that rapidly reduced coastal food availability and resulted in conflict that forced human groups throughout the higher islands of the tropical Pacific to abandon coastal settlements in favour of those in defensible locations inland, upslope and offshore. On lower islands (atolls), people made use of islands newly formed as a result of the sea-level fall during the ad 1300 Event, while some islands were abandoned by people altogether.
External environmental change, particularly sea-level change, has demonstrated potential to force fundamental alterations to island societies and even cause their collapse. This situation remains the same in today’s more globalised island world, where some islands are likely to become uninhabitable within a few decades as a result of sea-level rise, while on others deleterious impacts on coastal food systems are likely to force coastal peoples to seek new ways of feeding themselves.
The Soviet Dust Bowl and the Canadian Erosion Experience in the New Lands of Kazakhstan, 1950s-1960s
Authors: Elie Marc 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In the 1950s and 1960s, the steppe regions of the USSR went through a period of destructive dust storms similar in causation and massive scale to the North American 'Dust Bowl' of the 1930s. Hence, in the mid-1960s, the 'New Land' programme that the post-Stalin leadership had launched in 1954 to solve the country's food problems virtually reached a point of failure. To overcome this environmental disaster, agronomists turned to the erosion experience of Canadian farmers. They lobbied the Soviet government to impose soil conservation measures similar to those employed in Canada's prairies and to produce farm equipment modeled on Canadian prototypes. New Land settlers succeeded in limiting deflation and resuming farming, but at the price of entering a race with the soil's decreasing ability to support them that would soon spark new ecological difficulties.
Climigration: How to Plan Climate Migration by Learning from History?
Authors: Ketola Tarja 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Climate change migration, climigration, has occurred through the ages, but with anthropogenic climate change it is predicted to swell. A Special Issue of this journal has earlier discussed environmental change related migration in history. This paper takes a complementary approach by studying other migratory movements in history and applying their lessons to plan climigration. Examples of six historically documented phenomena are investigated: mass migration, refuge seeking, evacuation, exile, slave trade and colonialism. These are explored in relation to the most inhabitable climigration destinations: the northern parts of the United States, Canada, the Nordic countries, Northern European Russia and Siberia. The purpose of this research is to help governments and global organisations to turn desperate, chaotic clirefuge-seeking into orderly, purposeful climigration, so that the migrants maintain their cultural identities, and, with the local inhabitants of the destination areas, build economically, socially, culturally and environmentally sustainable communities.
Evaluation of anticonvulsant, antimicrobial and hemolytic activity of <i>Aitchisonia rosea</i>
Authors: Rasool Shahid , Khan Farrukh Zia , Ahmad Mobasher 
Published: November 2015

<p class="Abstract">The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anticonvulsant, antimicrobial and hemolytic effect of <em>Aitchisonia rosea</em>. The anticonvulsant effect was studied at doses 400 and 800 mg/kg against pentylenetetrazole, strychnine and picrotoxin-induced seizures in albino mice. The antimicrobial assay was conducted by disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration. Hemolytic effect was analyzed by reported method. Phenolic compounds present in the n-butanol fraction of the plant were estimated by HPLC. The plant showed maximum response against drug-induced convulsions and provided protection to animals at both doses. It also showed maximum zone of inhibition and highly significant MIC against all bacterial and fungal strains. The plant protected the RBCs from hemolysis. The highest amount of phenolics found was caffeic acid (7.5 ± 0.04).</p><p> </p>
Justice pénale et lois d’exception sous le Directoire. La répression du brigandage dans les départements belges
Authors: Berger Emmanuel 
Published: November 2015

Le Directoire se caractérise par l’adoption de législations d’exception destinées à réprimer spécifiquement le brigandage. La première loi est votée le 26 floréal an V, d’autres lui succéderont jusqu’au Consulat. Sous une apparente continuité, ces législations mettent en lumière des différences fondamentales dans la perception du brigandage et dans les moyens utilisés pour l’éradiquer. Les débats au Corps législatif éclairent les tensions entre les trois pouvoirs constitutionnels. Ils mettent aux prises les partisans d’une justice soumise aux politiques du gouvernement et ceux défendant son indépendance. Le soulèvement des départements belges en l’an VII joue un rôle décisif dans le renforcement de ces réformes pénales. À travers l’analyse des pratiques des tribunaux belges et des discours des représentants, il s’agira de déterminer les implications politiques de la législation « anti-brigands » et de mesurer les ruptures qu’elle provoque entre le Directoire et le Consulat.
D’Hondt secret
Authors: Baudart Anne 
Published: November 2015

« D’Hondt secret » met au jour des aspects cachés, mais bien vivants, du philosophe herméneute de Hegel. Par un jeu de miroirs riche en paradoxes, le Hegel de D’Hondt dessine aussi un chemin de vie facilitant l’accès à la pensée, à l’abstraction des concepts, à la visée totalisante d’une œuvre. Il ouvre une voie de communication inédite, irréductible à toute facilité ou réduction malvenue. Le biographe de Hegel sert, sans discontinuer, un dessein d’exhaustivité et de complétude. Rien n’est à mépriser de ce qui constitue la teneur insigne d’une pensée magistrale, inscrite dans la chair de l’histoire concrète. Pour le dévoiler avec constance, il fallait être proche d’une sagesse que les Anciens incarnaient en plénitude, ne pas se prendre excessivement au sérieux au point de recouvrir et mutiler les visages du philosophe étudié. Il fallait manier humour, ironie, dérision, pour résister aux critiques, toujours prêtes à détruire le geste novateur.
Jacques D’Hondt et les Lumières, au prisme hégélien
Authors: Bloch Olivier 
Published: November 2015

La pratique philosophique de Jacques D’Hondt est celle d’un historien de la philosophie au sens fort du terme, qui dans son cas se place au point de vue de Marx et surtout de Hegel pour étudier et apprécier les périodes, auteurs et courants philosophiques, en l’occurrence les Lumières, quelques-uns de ses protagonistes, et leurs aboutissements dans la Révolution française, à travers en particulier le sort réservé dans la Phénoménologie de l’Esprit à quelques passages majeurs de Diderot, ou par exemple à Marivaux et Dom Deschamps. Il en allait de même pour l’intérêt porté par Hegel dans les années 1790 à la franc-maçonnerie, et à des publications francophones d’orientation révolutionnaire, qui conduit D’Hondt à s’attacher à de tels courants et positions d’auteurs des Lumières tardives comme Volney, Rabaut de Saint-Étienne, ou Louis-Sébastien Mercier.
Le lien de caritas dans la société chrétienne médiévale et la justification du baptême des enfants en bas-âge
Authors: Neyrinck Axelle 
Published: November 2015

Au Moyen Âge, les penseurs réfèrent la société chrétienne occidentale au divin et, par conséquent, se représentent le lien social en termes de caritas, « dans le sens de l’amour spirituel, véhiculé par le Saint-Esprit et transitant par Dieu » (Anita Guerreau-Jalabert), qui irrigue toute la société. Cette caritas est dispensée par les sacrements qui rythment la vie du chrétien, au premier rang desquels le baptême, rite d’entrée dans la communauté. Celui-ci, destiné, aux premiers temps de l’Église, aux catéchumènes adultes, prenait la forme d’un engagement personnel. Or, au cours du haut Moyen Âge, le baptême des petits enfants se généralise. Cependant, ce pédobaptême n’est pas sans poser problème : comment l’enfant, étymologiquement incapable de parler (in-fans), peut-il prendre un engagement et témoigner de sa foi ? Les théologiens médiévaux, à la recherche de solutions doctrinales à ce problème, élaborent une réflexion sur les martyrs non baptisés que sont les saints Innocents, petits enfants juifs dont l’Évangile de Matthieu (2, 16-18) rapporte le massacre. Tués sur ordre d’Hérode, averti par les Mages de la naissance d’un roi des juifs, Jésus, amené à lui prendre sa place, ils font l’objet d’une élaboration théologique complexe en lien avec ces problématiques baptismales, dont cet article tente de rendre compte.
Impaired SNX9 Expression in Immune Cells during Chronic Inflammation: Prognostic and Diagnostic Implications
Authors: Ish-Shalom Eliran , Meirow Yaron , Sade-Feldman Moshe , Kanterman Julia , Wang Lynn , Mizrahi Olga , Klieger Yair , Baniyash Michal 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Chronic inflammation is associated with immunosuppression and downregulated expression of the TCR CD247. In searching for new biomarkers that could validate the impaired host immune status under chronic inflammatory conditions, we discovered that sorting nexin 9 (SNX9), a protein that participates in early stages of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, is downregulated as well under such conditions. SNX9 expression was affected earlier than CD247 by the generated harmful environment, suggesting that it is a potential marker sensing the generated immunosuppressive condition. We found that myeloid-derived suppressor cells, which are elevated in the course of chronic inflammation, are responsible for the observed SNX9 reduced expression. Moreover, SNX9 downregulation is reversible, as its expression levels return to normal and immune functions are restored when the inflammatory response and/or myeloid-derived suppressor cells are neutralized. SNX9 downregulation was detected in numerous mouse models for pathologies characterized by chronic inflammation such as chronic infection (Leishmania donovani), cancer (melanoma and colorectal carcinoma), and an autoimmune disease (rheumatoid arthritis). Interestingly, reduced levels of SNX9 were also observed in blood samples from colorectal cancer patients, emphasizing the feasibility of its use as a diagnostic and prognostic biomarker sensing the host’s immune status and inflammatory stage. Our new discovery of SNX9 as being regulated by chronic inflammation and its association with immunosuppression, in addition to the CD247 regulation under such conditions, show the global impact of chronic inflammation and the generated immune environment on different cellular pathways in a diverse spectrum of diseases.
The DNA Ligase IV Syndrome R278H Mutation Impairs B Lymphopoiesis via Error-Prone Nonhomologous End-Joining
Authors: Park Jihye , Welner Robert S. , Chan Mei-Yee , Troppito Logan , Staber Philipp B. , Tenen Daniel G. , Yan Catherine T. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Hypomorphic mutations in the nonhomologous end-joining (NHEJ) DNA repair protein DNA ligase IV (LIG4) lead to immunodeficiency with varying severity. In this study, using a murine knock-in model, we investigated the mechanisms underlying abnormalities in class switch recombination (CSR) associated with the human homozygous Lig4 R278H mutation. Previously, we found that despite the near absence of Lig4 end-ligation activity and severely reduced mature B cell numbers, Lig4R278H/R278H (Lig4R/R) mice exhibit only a partial CSR block, producing near normal IgG1 and IgE but substantially reduced IgG3, IgG2b, and IgA serum levels. In this study, to address the cause of these abnormalities, we assayed CSR in Lig4R/R B cells generated via preassembled IgH and IgK V region exons (HL). This revealed that Lig4R278H protein levels while intact exhibited a higher turnover rate during activation of switching to IgG3 and IgG2b, as well as delays in CSR kinetics associated with defective proliferation during activation of switching to IgG1 and IgE. Activated Lig4R/RHL B cells consistently accumulated high frequencies of activation-induced cytidine deaminase–dependent IgH locus chromosomal breaks and translocations and were more prone to apoptosis, effects that appeared to be p53-independent, as p53 deficiency did not markedly influence these events. Importantly, NHEJ instead of alternative end-joining (A-EJ) was revealed as the predominant mechanism catalyzing robust CSR. Defective CSR was linked to failed NHEJ and residual A-EJ access to unrepaired double-strand breaks. These data firmly demonstrate that Lig4R278H activity renders NHEJ to be more error-prone, and they predict increased error-prone NHEJ activity and A-EJ suppression as the cause of the defective B lymphopoiesis in Lig4 patients.
Calpains Released by T Lymphocytes Cleave TLR2 To Control IL-17 Expression
Authors: Perez Joëlle , Dansou Boris , Hervé Roxane , Levi Charlène , Tamouza Houda , Vandermeersch Sophie , Demey-Thomas Emmanuelle , Haymann Jean-Philippe , Zafrani Lara , Klatzmann David , Boissier Marie-Christophe , Letavernier Emmanuel , Baud Laurent 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Calpains are intracellular proteases that play a key role in inflammation/immunity. Rare studies show that they are partially externalized. However, the mechanism of this secretion and the functions of exteriorized calpains remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that mouse and human lymphocytes secreted calpains through an ABCA1-driven process. In turn, extracellular calpains inhibited IL-17A expression. We were able to attribute this function to a cleavage of the TLR2 extracellular domain, which prevented TLR2-induced transcription of molecules essential for IL-17A induction. Calpain exteriorization and TLR2 cleavage were critical for the control of IL-17A expression by low doses of IL-2. By using newly developed transgenic mice in which extracellular calpains are specifically inactivated, we provide evidence for the relevance of calpain externalization in vivo in regulating IL-17A expression and function in experimental sterile peritonitis and autoimmune arthritis, respectively. Thus, this study identifies calpain exteriorization as a potential target for immune modulation.
Serum Lipoproteins Are Critical for Pulmonary Innate Defense against Staphylococcus aureus Quorum Sensing
Authors: Manifold-Wheeler Brett C. , Elmore Bradley O. , Triplett Kathleen D. , Castleman Moriah J. , Otto Michael , Hall Pamela R. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Hyperlipidemia has been extensively studied in the context of atherosclerosis, whereas the potential health consequences of the opposite extreme, hypolipidemia, remain largely uninvestigated. Circulating lipoproteins are essential carriers of insoluble lipid molecules and are increasingly recognized as innate immune effectors. Importantly, severe hypolipidemia, which may occur with trauma or critical illness, is clinically associated with bacterial pneumonia. To test the hypothesis that circulating lipoproteins are essential for optimal host innate defense in the lung, we used lipoprotein-deficient mice and a mouse model of Staphylococcus aureus pneumonia in which invasive infection requires virulence factor expression controlled by the accessory gene regulator (agr) operon. Activation of agr and subsequent virulence factor expression is inhibited by apolipoprotein B, the structural protein of low-density lipoprotein, which binds and sequesters the secreted agr-signaling peptide (AIP). In this article, we report that lipoprotein deficiency impairs early pulmonary innate defense against S. aureus quorum-sensing–dependent pathogenesis. Specifically, apolipoprotein B levels in the lung early postinfection are significantly reduced with lipoprotein deficiency, coinciding with impaired host control of S. aureus agr-signaling and increased agr-dependent morbidity (weight loss) and inflammation. Given that lipoproteins also inhibit LTA- and LPS-mediated inflammation, these results suggest that hypolipidemia may broadly impact posttrauma pneumonia susceptibility to both Gram-positive and -negative pathogens. Together with previous reports demonstrating that hyperlipidemia also impairs lung innate defense, these results suggest that maintenance of normal serum lipoprotein levels is necessary for optimal host innate defense in the lung.
A CpG-Ficoll Nanoparticle Adjuvant for Anthrax Protective Antigen Enhances Immunogenicity and Provides Single-Immunization Protection against Inhaled Anthrax in Monkeys
Authors: Kachura Melissa A. , Hickle Colin , Kell Sariah A. , Sathe Atul , Calacsan Carlo , Kiwan Radwan , Hall Brian , Milley Robert , Ott Gary , Coffman Robert L. , Kanzler Holger , Campbell John D. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Nanoparticulate delivery systems for vaccine adjuvants, designed to enhance targeting of secondary lymphoid organs and activation of APCs, have shown substantial promise for enhanced immunopotentiation. We investigated the adjuvant activity of synthetic oligonucleotides containing CpG-rich motifs linked to the sucrose polymer Ficoll, forming soluble 50-nm particles (DV230-Ficoll), each containing &gt;100 molecules of the TLR9 ligand, DV230. DV230-Ficoll was evaluated as an adjuvant for a candidate vaccine for anthrax using recombinant protective Ag (rPA) from Bacillus anthracis. A single immunization with rPA plus DV230-Ficoll induced 10-fold higher titers of toxin-neutralizing Abs in cynomolgus monkeys at 2 wk compared with animals immunized with equivalent amounts of monomeric DV230. Monkeys immunized either once or twice with rPA plus DV230-Ficoll were completely protected from challenge with 200 LD50 aerosolized anthrax spores. In mice, DV230-Ficoll was more potent than DV230 for the induction of innate immune responses at the injection site and draining lymph nodes. DV230-Ficoll was preferentially colocalized with rPA in key APC populations and induced greater maturation marker expression (CD69 and CD86) on these cells and stronger germinal center B and T cell responses, relative to DV230. DV230-Ficoll was also preferentially retained at the injection site and draining lymph nodes and produced fewer systemic inflammatory responses. These findings support the development of DV230-Ficoll as an adjuvant platform, particularly for vaccines such as for anthrax, for which rapid induction of protective immunity and memory with a single injection is very important.
Primary plasma cell leukaemia in a 22-year-old woman: A case report
Authors: Marshall Robyn , Vaughan Jenifer , David Ria , Schapkaitz Elise , Carmona Sergio , Wiggill Tracey 
Published: November 2015

Introduction: Primary plasma cell leukaemia is a rare and highly aggressive disease that is commonly diagnosed a decade earlier than multiple myeloma, at a median age of 55 years. However, it has also been described in younger patients, as documented in this case report. It often presents with hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy, whilst the presence of bony lesions are less-commonly seen when compared to multiple myeloma.Case presentation: This report describes the case of a young woman who presented with symptoms of anaemia and a history of menorrhagia. On further careful examination, she was found to have additional signs and symptoms and was later diagnosed with primary plasma cell leukaemia.Management and outcome: On admission, the patient received supportive care measures, including blood products. At diagnosis, a specific chemotherapy regimen was commenced; however, this failed to induce remission. The decision to continue with supportive care only was made and the patient died seven months later.Discussion: This case study is presented because of its rarity, the young age of the patient at presentation and the unusual clinical and laboratory findings. Persistent anaemia unresponsive to standard treatment should raise the index of suspicion and further investigations directed to exclude malignancies should be considered. (Full article to follow)