bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychosis: an autoimmune disease?
Authors: Al‐Diwani Adam A. J. , Pollak Thomas A. , Irani Sarosh R. , Lennox Belinda R. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryPsychotic disorders are common and disabling. Overlaps in clinical course in addition to epidemiological and genetic associations raise the possibility that autoimmune mechanisms may underlie some psychoses, potentially offering novel therapeutic approaches. Several immune loci including the major histocompatibility complex and B‐cell markers CD19 and CD20 achieve genome‐wide significance in schizophrenia. Emerging evidence suggests a potential role via neurodevelopment in addition to classical immune pathways. Additionally, lymphocyte biology is increasingly investigated. Some reports note raised peripheral CD19+ and reduced CD3+ lymphocyte counts, with altered CD4 : CD8 ratios in acute psychosis. Also, post‐mortem studies have found CD3+ and CD20+ lymphocyte infiltration in brain regions that are of functional relevance to psychosis. More specifically, the recent paradigm of neuronal surface antibody‐mediated (NSAb) central nervous system disease provides an antigen‐specific model linking adaptive autoimmunity to psychopathology. NSAbs bind extracellular epitopes of signalling molecules that are classically implicated in psychosis such as NMDA and GABA receptors. This interaction may cause circuit dysfunction leading to psychosis among other neurological features in patients with autoimmune encephalitis. The detection of these cases is crucial as autoimmune encephalitis is ameliorated by commonly available immunotherapies. Meanwhile, the prevalence and relevance of these antibodies in people with isolated psychotic disorders is an area of emerging scientific and clinical interest. Collaborative efforts to achieve larger sample sizes, comparison of assay platforms, and placebo‐controlled randomized clinical trials are now needed to establish an autoimmune contribution to psychosis.
The Drosophila simulans Y chromosome interacts with the autosomes to influence male fitness
Authors: Archer C. R. , Stephens R. M. , Sharma M. D. , Hosken D. J. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe Y chromosome should degenerate because it cannot recombine. However, male‐limited transmission increases selection efficiency for male‐benefit alleles on the Y, and therefore, Y chromosomes should contribute significantly to variation in male fitness. This means that although the Drosophila Y chromosome is small and gene‐poor, Y‐linked genes are vital for male fertility in Drosophila melanogaster and the Y chromosome has large male fitness effects. It is unclear whether the same pattern is seen in the closely related Drosophila simulans. We backcrossed Y chromosomes from three geographic locations into five genetic backgrounds and found strong Y and genetic background effects on male fertility. There was a significant Y‐background interaction, indicating substantial epistasis between the Y and autosomal genes affecting male fertility. This supports accumulating evidence that interactions between the Y chromosome and the autosomes are key determinants of male fitness.
Evolutionary allometry reveals a shift in selection pressure on male horn size
Authors: Tidière M. , Lemaître J.‐F. , Pélabon C. , Gimenez O. , Gaillard J.‐M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHow selection pressures acting within species interact with developmental constraints to shape macro‐evolutionary patterns of species divergence is still poorly understood. In particular, whether or not sexual selection affects evolutionary allometry, the increase in trait size with body size across species, of secondary sexual characters, remains largely unknown. In this context, bovid horn size is an especially relevant trait to study because horns are present in both sexes, but the intensity of sexual selection acting on them is expected to vary both among species and between sexes. Using a unique data set of sex‐specific horn size and body mass including 91 species of bovids, we compared the evolutionary allometry between horn size and body mass between sexes while accounting for both the intensity of sexual selection and phylogenetic relationship among species. We found a nonlinear evolutionary allometry where the allometric slope decreased with increasing species body mass. This pattern, much more pronounced in males than in females, suggests either that horn size is limited by some constraints in the largest bovids or is no longer the direct target of sexual selection in very large species.
Is bigger better? The relationship between size and reproduction in female Asian elephants
Authors: Crawley J. A. H. , Mumby H. S. , Chapman S. N. , Lahdenperä M. , Mar K. U. , Htut W. , Thura Soe A. , Aung H. H. , Lummaa V. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe limited availability of resources is predicted to impose trade‐offs between growth, reproduction and self‐maintenance in animals. However, although some studies have shown that early reproduction suppresses growth, reproduction positively correlates with size in others. We use detailed records from a large population of semi‐captive elephants in Myanmar to assess the relationships between size (height and weight), reproduction and survival in female Asian elephants, a species characterized by slow, costly life history. Although female height gain during the growth period overlapped little with reproductive onset in the population, there was large variation in age at first reproduction and only 81% of final weight had been reached by peak age of reproduction at the population level (19 years). Those females beginning reproduction early tended to be taller and lighter later in life, although these trends were not significant. We found that taller females were more likely to have reproduced by a given age, but such effects diminished with age, suggesting there may be a size threshold to reproduction which is especially important in young females. Because size was not linked with female survival during reproductive ages, the diminishing effect of height on reproduction with age is unlikely to be due to biased survival of larger females. We conclude that although reproduction may not always impose significant costs on growth, height may be a limiting factor to reproduction in young female Asian elephants, which could have important implications considering their birth rates are low and peak reproduction is young – 19 years in this population.
Choosing not to compete: Can firms maintain high prices by confusing consumers?
Authors: Crosetto Paolo , Gaudeul Alexia 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFirms with very similar products often present their products in different ways. This makes it difficult for consumers to find out which product fits their needs best, or which one is the cheapest. Why is there no convergence toward common ways to present products? Is it possible for firms to maintain high prices by confusing consumers? We run a market experiment to investigate those questions. In our market, firms choose how to present their products in addition to choosing their price. We find that firms maintain different ways to present their products and that this allows them to maintain high prices. This behavior is not consistent with competitive behavior, such as when firms adopt best responses to each other, imitate the most successful firm, or learn the best strategy over time. Rather, our results are only consistent with cooperation between firms. Firms cooperate by not imitating the way other firms present their products. Cooperation is maintained by the threat of tough competition if a firm makes its product easy to compare with others. Firms are all the more likely to maintain such cooperation if their products do not actually differ much. This is because in that case, maintaining differences in the presentation of their products is the only way to maintain profits.
Introduction to anatomy on Wikipedia
Authors: Ledger Thomas Stephen 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWikipedia (www.wikipedia.com) is the largest encyclopaedia in existence. Of over five million English‐language articles, about 6000 relate to Anatomy, which are viewed roughly 30 million times monthly. No work parallels the amount of attention, scope or interdisciplinary layout of Wikipedia, and it offers a unique opportunity to improve the anatomical literacy of the masses. Anatomy on Wikipedia is introduced from an editor's perspective. Article contributors, content, layout and accuracy are discussed, with a view to demystifying editing for anatomy professionals. A final request for edits or on‐site feedback from anatomy professionals is made.
Current treatments of acne: Medications, lights, lasers, and a novel 650‐μs 1064‐nm Nd: YAG laser
Authors: Gold Michael H , Goldberg David J , Nestor Mark S 
Published: July 2017

SummaryThe treatment of acne, especially severe acne, remains a challenge to dermatologists. Therapies include retinoids, antibiotics, hormones, lights, lasers, and various combinations of these modalities. Acne is currently considered a chronic rather than an adolescent condition. The appropriate treatment depends on the patient and the severity of disease. The purpose of this study was to review current therapies for acne of all severities and to introduce the 650‐μs 1064‐nm laser for the treatment of acne.
Light‐based devices in the treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions: An updated review
Authors: Garden Benjamin C. , Garden Jerome M. , Goldberg David J. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryBackgroundLight‐based devices have been used to treat cutaneous vascular lesions almost since the original development of the laser. After the introduction of the initial continuous wave and pulsed laser systems, the pulsed lasers became the gold standard device. Since then, new devices and methods to treat patients have been introduced.ObjectiveTo review and summarize the current literature specific to treatment of cutaneous vascular lesions with light‐based devices.MethodsA review of the current literature of light‐based devices used for the treatment of vascular lesions.Results and conclusionsNew systems continue to be developed to treat vascular lesions with advantages and disadvantages compared to older devices. Nonlaser sources such as intense pulsed light and radiofrequency devices can also be used in the treatment of these patients. Newer approaches may lead to even better results.
Chronic Diarrhea in Dogs – Retrospective Study in 136 Cases
Authors: Volkmann M. , Steiner J.M. , Fosgate G.T. , Zentek J. , Hartmann S. , Kohn B. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundChronic diarrhea (CD) is common in dogs, and information on frequency and distribution of primary and secondary causes is lacking.ObjectivesTo evaluate underlying causes and predictors of outcome in dogs withCD.AnimalsOne hundred and thirty‐six client‐owned dogs withCD(≥3 weeks duration).MethodsRetrospective review of medical records (Small Animal Clinic, Freie Universität Berlin, Germany, 09/2009‐07/2011). Quantification of final diagnoses and comparison of clinical aspects including disease severity and clinicopathological abnormalities among dogs with clinical remission (either complete [gastrointestinal signs absent] or partial [clinical improvement of gastrointestinal signs and reduced episodes with shortened duration]), and those without recovery.ResultsNinety percent of dogs were diagnosed with a primary enteropathy: inflammatory (71%; of those 66% dietary responsive, 23% idiopathic, 11% antibiotic responsive), infectious (13%), neoplastic (4%), and in one dog each mechanical disease or systemic vasculitis. Secondary causes were diagnosed in 10% of dogs: exocrine pancreatic (6%), endocrine (2%), and in one dog each hepatic, renal, and cardiac disease. In total, 87% of dogs had clinical remission, whereas 13% died or did not respond to treatment: Lack of recovery was frequently recorded for dogs with primary inflammatory (idiopathic) or neoplastic disease and was significantly associated with increased disease severity scores (P= .005), anemia (hematocrit < 40%,P< .001), severe hypoalbuminemia (serum albumin <2.0 g/dL,P= .008), and severe hypocobalaminemia (serum cobalamin concentration <200 pg/mL,P= .006).Conclusions and clinical importanceInflammatory enteropathies and particularly those of dietary origin were the most common causes ofCDin dogs. Findings support the usefulness of hematocrit, and serum albumin and cobalamin concentration as prognostic markers in dogs withCD.
Coronary artery calcification score and common iliac artery calcification score in non‐dialysis CKD patients
Authors: Mizuiri Sonoo , Nishizawa Yoshiko , Yamashita Kazuomi , Mizuno Kenji , Ishine Masahiro , Doi Shigehiro , Masaki Takao , Shigemoto Kenichiro 
Published: July 2017

Summary at a GlanceVascular calcification is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality in patients with CKD, although the optimal method and site for measurement of vascular calcification have not been determined. This study assesses and compares coronary artery calcification and common iliac artery calcification determined by CT in a cohort of non‐dialysis CKD patients and reports on associated variables and outcomes.
An autopsy case of Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease with a prion protein gene codon 180 mutation presenting with pathological laughing and an exaggerated startle reaction
Authors: Iwasaki Yasushi , Mori Keiko , Ito Masumi , Akagi Akio , Mimuro Maya , Kitamoto Tetsuyuki , Yoshida Mari 
Published: July 2017

A 78‐year‐old Japanese woman presented with slow progressive disorientation and memory disturbances. Pathological laughing was observed at an early disease stage and continued for several months. Around the same time, the patient began to exhibit an exaggerated startle reaction and mild myoclonus. The pathological laughing and startle reaction disappeared before the patient reached an akinetic mutism state approximately 16 months after symptom onset. MRI showed extensive hyperintensity of the cerebral cortex and striatum on diffusion‐weighted images, and swelling in the cerebral cortex on T2‐weighted and fluid attenuated inversion recovery images. A prion protein (PrP) gene analysis revealed a V180I mutation with methionine homozygosity at codon 129. Neuropathological examination showed extensive spongiform changes with characteristic various‐sized and non‐confluent (VaSNoC) vacuoles in the cerebral neocortex and striatum. Gliosis and hypertrophic astrocytosis were generally mild in character. Neurons were relatively preserved in number. We believe that pathological laughing and an exaggerated startle reaction are possible pathognomonic findings of V180I genetic Creutzfeldt‐Jakob disease. Based on the pathological findings of the present case, the presence of the VaSNoC‐type spongiform changes with relative preservation of the neurons in the cerebral cortex and a lack of apparent brainstem involvement are associated at least in part with the pathological laughing and startle reaction.
Genetic changes in a novel breeding population of Brassica napus synthesized from hundreds of crosses between B. rapa and B. carinata
Authors: Zou Jun , Hu Dandan , Mason Annaliese S. , Shen Xueqi , Wang Xiaohua , Wang Nian , Grandke Fabian , Wang Meng , Chang Shihao , Snowdon Rod J. , Meng Jinling 
Published: July 2017

SummaryIntrogression of genomic variation between and within related crop species is a significant evolutionary approach for population differentiation, genome reorganization and trait improvement. Using the Illumina Infinium Brassica 60K SNP array, we investigated genomic changes in a panel of advanced generation new‐type Brassica napus breeding lines developed from hundreds of interspecific crosses between 122 Brassica rapa and 74 Brassica carinata accessions, and compared them with representative accessions of their three parental species. The new‐type B. napus population presented rich genetic diversity and abundant novel genomic alterations, consisting of introgressions from B. rapa and B. carinata, novel allelic combinations, reconstructed linkage disequilibrium patterns and haplotype blocks, and frequent deletions and duplications (nonrandomly distributed), particularly in the C subgenome. After a much shorter, but very intensive, selection history compared to traditional B. napus, a total of 15 genomic regions with strong selective sweeps and 112 genomic regions with putative signals of selective sweeps were identified. Some of these regions were associated with important agronomic traits that were selected for during the breeding process, while others were potentially associated with restoration of genome stability and fertility after interspecific hybridization. Our results demonstrate how a novel method for population‐based crop genetic improvement can lead to rapid adaptation, restoration of genome stability and positive responses to artificial selection.
Phototherapy in systemic sclerosis: Review
Authors: Chaowattanapanit Suteeraporn , Choonhakarn Charoen , Foocharoen Chingching , Julanon Narachai 
Published: July 2017

SummarySystemic scleroderma—also known as systemic sclerosis (SSc)—is a chronic systemic connective tissue disease characterized by collagen deposition in cutaneous and internal organs, leading to skin sclerosis and multiple organ fibrosis. The pathogenesis is complex and remains poorly understood. Treatment is based on organ involvement and requires a multidisciplinary approach. Skin sclerosis can cause disability, leading to decreasing quality of life. Various systemic antifibrotic therapies have been used; however, most have unsatisfactory results. Recently, phototherapy and in particular ultraviolet A (UVA) has been used to treat skin sclerosis in SSc patients with satisfactory results. The main mechanisms include lymphocyte apoptosis, cytokine alteration, inhibition of collagen synthesis and increased collagenase production, and neovascularization, leading to the breakdown of collagen fibrils resulting in skin softening or even healing digital ulcers. Most studies reported that psoralen plus UVA (PUVA) and UVA1 phototherapy improved clinical outcomes vis‐à‐vis skin sclerosis, joint mobility, ulcers, and histopathology. PUVA and UVA1 phototherapy therefore have potential as an alternative or adjunctive therapy for patients with SSc.
Ascaris suum infection modulates inflammation: Implication of CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ T cells and IL‐10
Authors: Titz T. de O. , de Araújo C. A. A. , Enobe C. S. , Rigato P. O. , Oshiro T. M. , de Macedo‐Soares M. F. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryHelminth infections have the ability to modulate host's immune response through mechanisms that allow the chronic persistence of the worms in the host. Here, we investigated the mechanisms involved on the suppressive effect of Ascaris suum infection using a murine experimental model of LPS‐induced inflammation. We found that infection with A. suum markedly inhibited leucocyte influx induced by LPS into air pouches, suppressed secretion of pro‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐1β, TNF‐α and IL‐6) and induced high levels of IL‐10 and TGF‐β. Augmented frequency of CD4+ CD25high Foxp3+ T cells was observed in the mesenteric lymph nodes of infected mice. Adoptive transfer of purified CD4+ CD25+ T cells to recipient uninfected mice demonstrated that these cells were able to induce a suppressive effect in the LPS‐induced inflammation in air pouch model. In addition, adoptive transfer of CD4+ CD25+ T cells derived from IL‐10 knockout mice suggests that this suppressive effect of A. suum infection involves IL‐10 cytokine. In conclusion, our results demonstrated that A. suum experimental infection was capable of suppressing LPS‐induced inflammation by mechanisms, which seem to be dependent on responses of CD4+ CD25+ T cells and secretion of IL‐10 cytokine.
Carbapenemase Detection among Carbapenem-Resistant Glucose-Nonfermenting Gram-Negative Bacilli
Authors: Simner Patricia J. , Opene Belita N. A. , Chambers Krizia K. , Naumann Matthew E. , Carroll Karen C. , Tamma Pranita D. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Accurate detection of carbapenemase-producing glucose-nonfermenting Gram-negative bacilli (CPNFs), including
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
and
Acinetobacter baumannii
, is necessary to prevent their dissemination within health care settings. We performed a method comparison study of 11 phenotypic carbapenemase detection assays to evaluate their accuracy for the detection of CPNFs. A total of 96 carbapenem-resistant glucose-nonfermenting isolates were included, of which 29% produced carbapenemases. All CPNFs were molecularly characterized to identify β-lactamase genes. A total of 86% of the carbapenemase-producing
P. aeruginosa
isolates produced class B carbapenemases. Several assays performed with a sensitivity of >90% for the detection of carbapenemase-producing
P. aeruginosa
, including all rapid chromogenic assays and the modified carbapenem inactivation method. Most included assays, with the exception of the Manual Blue Carba assay, the Modified Carba NP assay, the boronic acid synergy test, and the metallo-β-lactamase Etest, had specificities of >90% for detecting carbapenemase-producing
P. aeruginosa
. Class D carbapenemases were the most prevalent carbapenemases among the carbapenemase-producing
A. baumannii
strains, with 60% of the carbapenemase-producing
A. baumannii
isolates producing acquired OXA-type carbapenemases. Although several assays achieved >90% specificity in identifying carbapenemase-producing
A. baumannii
, no assays achieved a sensitivity of greater than 90%. Our findings suggest that the available phenotypic tests generally appear to have excellent sensitivity and specificity for detecting carbapenemase-producing
P. aeruginosa
isolates. However, further modifications to existing assays or novel assays may be necessary to accurately detect carbapenemase-producing
A. baumannii
.