bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sepsis-induced acute kidney injury
Authors: Gómez Hernando , Kellum John A. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose of review
Sepsis is a common and frequently fatal condition in which mortality has been consistently linked to increasing organ dysfunction. For example, acute kidney injury (AKI) occurs in 40–50% of septic patients and increases mortality six to eight-fold. However, the mechanisms by which sepsis causes organ dysfunction are not well understood and hence current therapy remains reactive and nonspecific.

Recent findings
Recent studies have challenged the previous notion that organ dysfunction is solely secondary to hypoperfusion, by showing, for example, that AKI occurs in the setting of normal or increased renal blood flow; and that it is characterized not by acute tubular necrosis or apoptosis, but rather by heterogeneous areas of colocalized sluggish peritubular blood flow and tubular epithelial cell oxidative stress. Evidence has also shown that microvascular dysfunction, inflammation, and the metabolic response to inflammatory injury are fundamental pathophysiologic mechanisms that may explain the development of sepsis-induced AKI.

Summary
The implications of these findings are significant because in the context of decades of negative clinical trials in the field, the recognition that other mechanisms are at play opens the possibility to better understand the processes of injury and repair, and provides an invaluable opportunity to design mechanism-targeted therapeutic interventions.
Prognostic Significance of Hemodynamic and Clinical Stages in the Prediction of Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Suk Ki Tae , Kim Eun Jin , Kim Dong Joon , Kim Hyo Sun , Bang Chang Seok , Park Tae Young , Baik Gwang Ho , Kim Sung Eun , Park Ji Won , Park Sang Hoon , Lee Myung Seok , Kim Hyoung Su , Jang Myoung Kuk , Park Seung Ha , Choi Eunhee , Kim Chang H. , Sung Hotaik , Park Choong Kee 
Published: September 2016

Background & Goals:
Early identification of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is associated with improved survival for patients with chronic liver disease (CLD). We evaluated the prognostic significance of hemodynamic stage (HS) and clinical stage (CS) in predicting HCC in CLD patients.

Methods:
Between January 2006 and May 2014, 801 patients with CLD who underwent hepatic venous pressure gradient (HVPG) measurement were prospectively enrolled. HS was classified by HVPG (mm Hg) as follows: HS-1 (HVPG≤6), HS-2 (6<HVPG≤10), HS-3 (10<HVPG≤12), HS-4 (12<HVPG≤20), and HS-5 (20<HVPG). CS was classified as follows: CS-0 (no cirrhosis), CS-1 (cirrhosis without varix), CS-2 (cirrhosis with varix), CS-3 (varix bleeding without other complications), CS-4 (first nonbleeding decompensating event), and CS-5 (any second decompensating event). The HCC development and risk factors for HCC were evaluated in all patients and patients with cirrhosis, respectively.

Results:
HCC developed in 53 patients (6.6%). The incidence densities of HCC according to HS-1 to HS-5 and CS-0 to CS-5 were 4, 16, 36, 45, and 49/1000 person years and 0, 15, 25, 33, 36, and 53/1000 person years of observation, respectively. Ascites aggravation [P=0.008, odd ratio (OR)=2.33], HVPG>12 mm Hg (P=0.033, OR=2.17), CS>2 (P=0.039, OR=2.36), and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP; P=0.017, OR=1.01) were significant predictors of HCC development in all patients. For patients with cirrhosis, ascites aggravation (OR=2.51), HVPG >12 mm Hg (OR=2.46), and CS >2 (OR=2.62) were correlated with HCC development. Areas under receiver operating characteristic curves of the prediction-model, CS, HVPG score, and AFP were 0.797, 0.707, 0.701, and 0.653, respectively.

Conclusions:
HCC development correlates with advancing liver fibrosis or disease as measured by HS and CS. In addition, ascites aggravation and elevated AFP appears to be associated with increased incidence of HCC.
Acute gastrointestinal bleeding cases presenting to the emergency department are associated with age, sex and seasonal and circadian factors
Authors: Lenzen Henrike , Musmann Eliane , Kottas Martina , Schönemeier Bastian , Köhnlein Thomas , Manns Michael P. , Lankisch Tim O. 
Published: September 2016

Background
Gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) is one of the most common emergencies in gastroenterology. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between the incidence of GIB and seasonal, circadian and meteorological patterns in the emergency department (ED) of a tertiary hospital.

Patients and methods
From January 2007 until December 2012, we retrospectively evaluated patients presenting to the ED with respect to the number and location of GIB, season, time of day and weather.

Results
Of 45 458 patients, 578 (1.3%) presented with a GIB. Of these, 62.5% were men compared with 54.7% of all patients in the ED (χ
2, P=0.0002). Patients with GIB were on average 4.4 years older than those without GIB (95% confidence interval 2.76–5.98, t-test, P<0.001). In addition, 304 (52.6%) patients had upper GIB and 138 (23.9%) had lower GIB. In total, 136 (23.5%) patients required no endoscopy because of initial laboratory and circulatory stability. In univariate analysis, meteorological parameters, including air temperature, cloud cover, relative humidity, vapour pressure, amount of precipitation, sunshine duration and snow height, were each associated with an increased risk of acute GIB (all P-values<0.05). In the 6-year study period, patients with GIB presented to the ED mainly during the winter months. Independent predictors of GIB on multivariate logistic regression were older age, male sex, season and daytime, all P less than 0.005. Emergency admissions during the night were associated with a 54 and 35% higher risk of GIB compared with daytime (8 a.m. to 4 p.m., P=0.0002) and late evening hours (4 p.m. to midnight, P=0.0142), respectively.

Conclusion
Presentation of patients with acute GIB in the ED is age and sex specific and shows seasonal and circadian differences in distribution, with an increased incidence in winter months and during night-time. This should be considered when determining possible emergency endoscopic interventions and the availability of emergency endoscopy services.
Do Sleep Disturbances Predict or Moderate the Response to Psychotherapy in Bipolar Disorder?
Authors: Sylvia Louisa G. , Salcedo Stephanie , Peters Amy T. , Magalhães Pedro Vieira da Silva , Frank Ellen , Miklowitz David J. , Otto Michael W. , Berk Michael , Nierenberg Andrew A. , Deckersbach Thilo 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This study examined whether sleep disturbance predicted or moderated responses to psychotherapy in participants who participated in STEP-BD, a national, multisite study that examined the effectiveness of different treatment combinations for bipolar disorder. Participants received either a brief psychosocial intervention called collaborative care (CC; n = 130) or intensive psychotherapy (IP; n = 163), with study-based pharmacotherapy. Participants (N = 243) were defined as current (past week) short sleepers (<6 hours/night), normal sleepers (6.5–8.5 hours/night), and long sleepers (≥9 hours/night), according to reported average nightly sleep duration the week before randomization. Sleep disturbances did not predict the likelihood of recovery nor time until recovery from a depressive episode. There was no difference in recovery rates between IP versus CC for normal sleepers, and medium effect sizes were observed for differences in short and long sleepers. In this study, sleep did not play a major role in predicting or moderating response to psychotherapy in bipolar disorder.
Prediction of Catheter-Associated Thrombosis in Critically Ill Children
Authors: Marquez Alexandra , Shabanova Veronika , Faustino Edward Vincent S. 
Published: September 2016

Objective:
We determined whether in critically ill children with an untunneled central venous catheter, the risk of catheter-associated deep venous thrombosis can be predicted within 24 hours after insertion of the catheter.

Design:
Secondary analysis of two multicenter prospective cohort studies.

Setting:
PICUs in Northeastern United States.

Patients:
A total of 175 children admitted to the PICU within 24 hours after insertion of an untunneled central venous catheter who did not receive anticoagulation were included. Of these, 53 (30.3%) developed catheter-associated thrombosis detected with active surveillance with ultrasonography.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We used logistic regression (models 1 and 2) and recursive partitioning (models 3 and 4) methods to develop risk prediction models with predictors present at any time while catheterized (models 1 and 3), or within 24 hours after insertion of the catheter (models 2 and 4). Age, recent surgery, catheter in the subclavian vein, and blood product transfusion were included in models 1 and 2. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves were similar for these models (model 1: 0.80 vs model 2: 0.80; p = 0.44). Except for recent surgery, predictors in model 1 were identified as partitioning variables for model 3. In addition to the predictors in model 2, severity of illness was used in partitioning for model 4. The area under the curve of model 3 appeared smaller than that of model 4 (0.75 vs 0.80; p = 0.08). Groups of children at low, intermediate, and high risks of catheter-associated thrombosis were identified using model 4.

Conclusions:
Critically ill children at high risk of catheter-associated thrombosis can be identified within 24 hours after insertion of an untunneled central venous catheter.
Changes in Motor Development During a 4-Year Follow-up on Children With Univentricular Heart Defects
Authors: Mäenpää Heidi , Häkkinen Arja , Sarajuuri Anne 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:
To compare changes in motor development from 1 to 5 years of age among 18 children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome and 12 with univentricular heart to 42 children without heart defect.

Methods:
Motor development was assessed with the Alberta Infant Motor Scale and Movement Assessment Battery for Children (Movement ABC).

Results:
Children with hypoplastic left heart syndrome or univentricular heart had significantly lower scores on the Alberta Infant Motor Scale test at the age of 1 and on the Movement ABC test at the age of 5 years compared with controls. Children with clear abnormalities on brain magnetic resonance imaging had lower scores compared with those with normal images or mild changes, and their relative motor scores decreased during follow-up.

Conclusions:
Some children with univentricular heart defects may benefit from physiotherapeutic interventions to support their motor development.
Ciliary Body/Iris Appositioning Producing Mechanical Pupillary Defects in Carotid-Cavernous Sinus Fistula: An Overlooked Pathophysiologic Mechanism
Authors: Todorova Margarita G. , Parsa Cameron F. 
Published: September 2016

Background:
Variable pupillary responses have been described with carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas. These often are associated with a decrease in visual acuity and attributed to retinal ischemia. We propose a novel pathophysiologic mechanism for changes in pupillary reactivity involving anatomic changes secondary to choroidal effusion.

Methods:
To demonstrate proof-of-concept, we investigated 2 consecutive patients with carotid-cavernous sinus fistulas and pupillary disturbances using repeated refractions and anterior segment ultrasound biomicroscopy.

Results:
Ultrasound biomicroscopy demonstrated choroidal thickening and ciliary body effusion with forward rotation of the lens–iris diaphragm altering refraction and mechanically limiting iris movements.

Conclusions:
Where there are acute elevations in orbital venous pressure causing ciliary body effusion, changes in visual acuity and pupillary abnormalities can be produced by mechanical effects.
Repeated divergent selection on pigmentation genes in a rapid finch radiation driven by sexual selection
Authors: Campagna Leonardo , Repenning Márcio , Silveira Luis Fabio , Fontana Carla Suertegaray , Tubaro Pablo L , Lovette Irby J 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe search for molecular targets of selection is leading to a better understanding of how evolution shapes biological diversity. Instances of recent and rapid speciation are suitable for associating phenotypes with their causal genotypes, because gene flow may homogenize areas of the genome that are not under divergent selection. Locating differentiated genomic regions among taxa allows us to test associations between the genes in these regions and their contributions to phenotypic diversity. Here we study a rapid radiation of nine sympatric bird species known as southern capuchino seedeaters, which are strikingly differentiated in sexually selected characters of male plumage and song. We sequenced the genomes of 72 individuals representing a diverse set of species and associated phenotypes to search for differentiated genomic regions. We asked what genes are harbored in divergent regions and to what extent has selection on the same targets shaped phenotypic diversity across different lineages. Capuchinos show differences in a small proportion of their genomes, yet selection has acted independently on the same targets during the groups’ radiation. Many divergence peaks contain genes involved in the melanogenesis pathway, with the strongest signal originating from a regulatory region upstream of the gene coding for the Agouti-signaling protein. Across all divergence peaks, the most differentiated areas are similarly likely regulatory. Our findings are consistent with selection acting on the same genomic regions in different lineages to shape the evolution of cis-regulatory elements, which control how more conserved genes are expressed and thereby generate diversity in sexually selected traits.
Intraspecific variation shapes community-level behavioural responses to urbanisation in spiders: from traits to function
Authors: Dahirel Maxime , Dierick Jasper , Cock Maarten De , Dries Bonte 
Published: September 2016

SummaryApproaches based on functional traits have proven especially valuable to understand how communities respond to environmental gradients. Until recently, they have, however, often ignored the potential consequences of intraspecific trait variation (ITV). This position becomes potentially more problematic when studying animals and behavioural traits, as behaviours can be altered very flexibly at the individual level to track environmental changes.Urban areas are an extreme example of human-changed environments, exposing organisms to multiple, strong, yet relatively standardized, selection pressures. Adaptive behavioural responses are thought to play a major role in animals’ success or failure in these new environments. The consequences of such behavioural changes for ecosystem processes remain understudied.Using 62 sites of varying urbanisation level, we investigated how species turnover and ITV influenced community-level behavioural responses to urbanisation, using orb web spiders and their webs as models of foraging behaviour.ITV explained around 30% of the total trait variation observed among communities. Spiders altered their web-building behaviour in cities in ways that increase the capture efficiency of webs. These traits shifts were partly mediated by species turnover, but ITV increased their magnitude. The importance of ITV varied depending on traits and on the spatial scale at which urbanisation was considered. Available prey biomass decreased with urbanisation; the corresponding decrease in prey interception by spiders was less important when ITV in web traits was accounted for.By facilitating trait-environment matching despite urbanisation, ITV thus helps communities to buffer the effects of environmental changes on ecosystem functioning. Despite being often neglected from community-level analyses, our results highlight the importance of accounting for intraspecific trait variation to fully understand trait responses to (human-induced) environmental changes and their impact on ecosystem functioning.
Histone deacetylase inhibitors correct the cholesterol storage defect in most NPC1 mutant cells
Authors: Pipalia Nina H. , Subramanian Kanagaraj , Mao Shu , Balch William E. , Maxfield Frederick R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNiemann Pick C disease (NPC) is an autosomal recessive disorder that leads to excessive storage of cholesterol and other lipids in late endosomes and lysosomes. The large majority of NPC disease is caused by mutations in NPC1, a large polytopic membrane protein that functions in late endosomes. There are many disease-associated mutations in NPC1, and most patients are compound heterozygotes. The most common mutation NPC1I1061Thas been shown to cause endoplasmic reticulum associated degradation of the NPC1 protein. Treatment of patient derived NPC1I1061Tfibroblasts with histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) Vorinostat or Panobinostat increases expression of the mutant NPC1 protein and leads to correction of the cholesterol storage. Herein we show that several other human NPC1 mutant fibroblast cell lines can also be corrected by Vorinostat or Panobinostat and that treatment with Vorinostat extends the lifetime of the NPC1I1061Tprotein. To test effects of HDACi on a large number ofNPC1mutants, we engineered a U2OS cell line to suppress NPC1 expression by shRNA and then transiently transfected these cells with 81 different NPC1 mutant constructs. The mutant NPC1 did not significantly reduce cholesterol accumulation, but approximately 80% of the mutants showed reduced cholesterol accumulation when treated with Vorinostat or Panobinostat.
Laurdan and Di-4-ANEPPDHQ probe different properties of the membrane
Authors: Amaro Mariana , Reina Francesco , Hof Martin , Eggeling Christian , Sezgin Erdinc 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLipid packing is a crucial feature of cellular membranes. Quantitative analysis of membrane lipid packing can be achieved using polarity sensitive probes whose emission spectrum depends on the lipid packing. However, detailed insight into the exact mechanism that causes the spectral shift is essential to interpret the data correctly. Here, we analysed frequently used polarity sensitive probes, Laurdan and di-4-ANEPPDHQ, to test whether the underlying physical mechanisms of their spectral shift is the same, thus whether they report on the same physico-chemical properties of the cell membrane. Their steady-state spectra as well as time-resolved emission spectra in solvents and model membranes showed that they probe different properties of the lipid membrane. Our findings are important for the application of these dyes in cell biology.
dbOTU3: A new implementation of distribution-based OTU calling
Authors: Olesen Scott , Duvallet Claire , Alm Eric 
Published: September 2016

1AbstractDistribution-based operational taxonomic unit-calling (dbOTU) improves on other approaches by incorporating information about the input sequences’ distribution across samples. Previous implementations of dbOTU presented challenges for users. Here we introduce and evaluate a new implementation of dbOTU that is faster and more user-friendly. We show that this new implementation has theoretical and practical improvements over previous implementations of dbOTU, making the algorithm more accessible to microbial ecology and biomedical researchers.
The antitumour drug 7-ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin monohydrate and its solid-state hydrolysis mechanism on heating
Authors: Ali Md. Ashraf , Noguchi Shuji , Watanabe Miteki , Iwao Yasunori , Itai Shigeru 
Published: September 2016

7-Ethyl-10-hydroxycamptothecin [systematic name: (4S)-4,11-diethyl-4,9-dihydroxy-1H-pyrano[3′,4′:6,7]indolizino[1,2-b]quinoline-3,14(4H,12H)-dione, SN-38] is an antitumour drug which exerts activity through the inhibition of topoisomerase I. The crystal structure of SN-38 as the monohydrate, C22H20N2O5·H2O, reveals that it is a monoclinic crystal, with one SN-38 molecule and one water molecule in the asymmetric unit. When the crystal is heated to 473 K, approximately 30% of SN-38 is hydrolyzed at its lactone ring, resulting in the formation of the inactive carboxylate form. The molecular arrangement around the water molecule and the lactone ring of SN-38 in the crystal structure suggests that SN-38 is hydrolyzed by the water molecule at (x,y,z) nucleophilically attacking the carbonyl C atom of the lactone ring at (x − 1,y,z − 1). Hydrogen bonding around the water molecules and the lactone ring appears to promote this hydrolysis reaction: two carbonyl O atoms, which are hydrogen bonded as hydrogen-bond acceptors to the water molecule at (x,y,z), might enhance the nucleophilicity of this water molecule, while the water molecule at (−x,y + {1\over 2}, −z), which is hydrogen bonded as a hydrogen-bond donor to the carbonyl O atom at (x − 1,y,z − 1), might enhance the electrophilicity of the carbonyl C atom.
Social media based value creation and business models
Authors: Ketonen-Oksi Sanna , Jussila Jari J. , Kärkkäinen Hannu 
Published: September 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to create an organized picture of the current understanding of social media-based value creation and business models.

Design/methodology/approach
Following the process model presented by Fink (2005), a systematic literature review of academic journal articles published between 2005 and 2014 was conducted. The research was grounded on the theoretical foundations of service-dominant logic.

Findings
This study offers detailed descriptions and analyses of the major social media mechanisms affecting how value is created in social media-based value networks and the kinds of impact social media can have on present and future business models.

Research limitations/implications
The study is limited to academic research literature on business organizations, excluding all studies related to public and non-profit organizations.

Practical implications
Attention is given to developing an in-depth understanding of the functions and concrete value creation mechanisms of social media-based co-creation within the different organizational processes (e.g. in product and service development and customer services) and to updating the related practices and knowledge.

Originality/value
This study provides new insight into the challenges related to research models and frameworks commonly used for observing value creation, thus highlighting the need for further studies and updates.