bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Transparency in Emissions Trading Schemes: The Chinese Experience
Authors: Deane Felicity , Hamman Evan , Pei Yilin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTransparency is fundamental to environmental governance. It promotes public trust, goodwill, and credibility in environmental decision making. It also ensures that monitoring and enforcement of emissions reduction targets are efficient and effective. As the impacts of climate change increase, it is urgent that scholars and policy makers develop and test criteria for transparency in both the calculation of emissions reductions and the public reporting of emissions. This article highlights basic principles of transparency that should inform such criteria and that may be applied on a transnational basis. We also examine China’s recently implemented pilot emissions trading schemes and find that the approach in China does not yet comply with our suggested principles. Nevertheless, the positive direction of environmental governance in this region is encouraging.
How Dialogic Settings Influence Evidence Use in Adolescent Students
Authors: Mayweg-Paus Elisabeth , Macagno Fabrizio 
Published: June 2016

Welchen Einfluss haben dialogische Lernsituationen auf den Gebrauch von Evidenz bei adoleszenten Schülerinnen und Schülern? Zusammenfassung. Diese Studie untersucht wie sich argumentativer Diskurs und individuelles Argumentieren in Bezug auf den Gebrauch von Evidenz unterscheiden. In einem 1 × 2 Cross-over Design diskutierten 37 Mittelstufenschülerinnen und –Schüler ein gesellschaftliches Thema mit ihrem Partner, entweder bevor oder nachdem sie einen kurzen Aufsatz zu ihrer eigenen Meinung verfassten. Als Hintergrundinformationen erhielten sie eine Sammlung qualitativ unterschiedlicher Evidenzen zu dem Themenbereich. Die Dialoge und Aufsätze wurden untersucht in Hinblick auf a) die Art der Evidenz und b) auf welche Weise diese genutzt wurde. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass sich die Schülerinnen und Schüler in den Aufsätzen häufiger auf die ihnen gemeinsam vorliegenden Evidenzen beziehen (geteilte Evidenz). In den Dialogen nutzen sie Evidenz hingegen häufiger, um den gegenteiligen Standpunkt zu adressieren und zeigen dabei eine klarere Argumentationslinie. Die Ergebnisse weisen auf eine höhere Effizienz der Dialoge im Vergleich zum individuellen Schreiben hin. Gleichzeitig gibt die Studie erste Hinweise für die Gestaltung von Curricula, die Schülerinnen und Schüler dazu anregen Evidenz in ihrer Argumentation einzusetzen.
Better to Agree or Disagree? The Role of Critical Questioning and Elaboration in Argumentative Discourse
Authors: Thiebach Monja , Mayweg-Paus Elisabeth , Jucks Regina 
Published: June 2016

Ist Zustimmung oder Dissens besser? Die Rolle des Kritischen Hinterfragens und Elaborierens im Argumentativen DiskursZusammenfassung. Beim Umgang mit wissenschaftsbezogenen Informationen im Internet spielt der argumentative Austausch mit anderen eine immer zentralere Rolle. Als besonders förderlich für den Wissenserwerb durch argumentativen Diskurs haben sich das kritische Hinterfragen und Elaborieren der Information des Partners erwiesen. In der vorliegenden Studie wurde untersucht, wie diese lernförderlichen Kommunikationsaktivitäten im argumentativen Diskurs über wissenschaftsbezogene Informationen gefördert werden können. In einem 1 × 2 Zwischengruppendesign wurde entweder ein Unterschieds- oder ein Gemeinsamkeitenfokus erzeugt, indem Dyaden instruiert wurden, während der Diskussion eines wissenschaftsbezogenen Themas insbesondere auf Unterschiede oder auf Gemeinsamkeiten in den Sichtweisen und Argumenten zu achten. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass ein Fokus auf Unterschiede sich förderlich auf die Qualität des argumentativen Diskurses sowie auf das individuelle kritische Denken auswirkte. Die intrinsische Motivation hinsichtlich der Zusammenarbeit mit dem Partner und der Aufgaben war hingegen bei einem Gemeinsamkeitenfokus höher. Implikationen für die Verbesserung der Qualität argumentativer Diskurse und die Förderung des individuellen kritischen Denkens werden diskutiert.
New Directions for Research on Argumentation: Insights from the AIR Framework for Epistemic Cognition
Authors: Duncan Ravit Golan , Chinn Clark A. 
Published: June 2016

Neue Wege für Forschung über das Argumentieren: Einblicke aus dem AIR-Framework for Epistemic CognitionZusammenfassung. Dieser Kommentar befasst sich mit den vielen unterschiedlichen und interessanten Artikeln des Themenhefts. Zuerst wird überblicksartig eine Zusammenschau der Befunde mit Blick auf neue Erkenntnisse gegeben. Dabei werden Aspekte von Argumentation und Lernen kritisiert, um die Wichtigkeit dieser Erkenntnisse für die weiterführende Forschung in diesem Bereich herauszustellen. Anschließend wird kurz ein neues Bezugssystem für epistemische Kognition beschrieben und als Linse verwendet, um einige Themen der Artikel genauer zu beleuchten. Dies hat das Ziel, neue Denkweisen in Bezug auf Argumentation und das Erlernen und Vermitteln dieser zentralen Praxis zu eröffnen.
Kriterien zur Bestimmung des Schweregrades einer neuropsychologischen Störung sowie Zuordnungen zur Funktions- und Arbeitsfähigkeit
Authors: Frei Adrian , Balzer Christian , Gysi Françoise , Leros Julie , Plohmann Andrea , Steiger Gregor 
Published: June 2016

Zusammenfassung. Im Folgenden wird ein Beurteilungssystem zur Einschätzung des Schweregrades von neuropsychologischen Störungen vorgestellt. Insbesondere umfasst es spezifische Kriterien zur Ermittlung des Schweregrades einer Störung, die wiederum in Beziehung zur Funktions- und Arbeitsfähigkeit eines Patienten oder Versicherten gesetzt werden. Das Beurteilungssystem beruht auf den in der Suva-Tabelle 8 zur Einschätzung der psychischen Folgen einer Hirnverletzung definierten Kriterien. Infolgedessen ist es auch grundsätzlich damit vereinbar, stellt aber aufgrund des Miteinbezugs von neuropsychologischen Testergebnissen in Form von Standardwerten als Beurteilungskriterium sowie verbunden mit den Erläuterungen zu deren Interpretation und Anwendung eine wesentliche Weiterentwicklung dar. Im Gegensatz zur Suva-Tabelle 8 ist das Beurteilungssystem unabhängig vom kausalen Versicherungskontext des UVG. Es kann somit unter anderem auch in Rahmen des IVG und KVG/VVG angewandt werden. In diesem Sinne ist es sowohl unabhängig von der Ätiologie des jeweiligen Beschwerdebildes wie auch unabhängig von der artifiziellen dichotomen Unterscheidung zwischen „organischen“ und „nichtorganischen“ psychischen Störungen. Mit der Erstellung und Publikation dieser neuen Kriterien-Tabelle soll ein Beitrag zur weiteren Verbesserung der Interrater-Reliabilität im Rahmen der Beurteilung des Schweregrades von neuropsychologischen Störungen sowie der Einschätzung der Funktionsfähigkeit geleistet werden. Nicht zuletzt ist das Beurteilungssystem auch kompatibel mit den im DSM-5 festgelegten Kriterien zur Einschätzung des Schweregrades einer neurokognitiven Störung.
A multigene mutation classification of 468 colorectal cancers reveals a prognostic role for APC
Authors: Schell Michael J. , Yang Mingli , Teer Jamie K. , Lo Fang Yin , Madan Anup , Coppola Domenico , Monteiro Alvaro N. A. , Nebozhyn Michael V. , Yue Binglin , Loboda Andrey , Bien-Willner Gabriel A. , Greenawalt Danielle M. , Yeatman Timothy J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractColorectal cancer (CRC) is a highly heterogeneous disease, for which prognosis has been relegated to clinicopathologic staging for decades. There is a need to stratify subpopulations of CRC on a molecular basis to better predict outcome and assign therapies. Here we report targeted exome-sequencing of 1,321 cancer-related genes on 468 tumour specimens, which identified a subset of 17 genes that best classify CRC, with APC playing a central role in predicting overall survival. APC may assume 0, 1 or 2 truncating mutations, each with a striking differential impact on survival. Tumours lacking any APC mutation carry a worse prognosis than single APC mutation tumours; however, two APC mutation tumours with mutant KRAS and TP53 confer the poorest survival among all the subgroups examined. Our study demonstrates a prognostic role for APC and suggests that sequencing of APC may have clinical utility in the routine staging and potential therapeutic assignment for CRC.
Genome editing in butterflies reveals that spalt promotes and Distal-less represses eyespot colour patterns
Authors: Zhang Linlin , Reed Robert D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractButterfly eyespot colour patterns are a key example of how a novel trait can appear in association with the co-option of developmental patterning genes. Little is known, however, about how, or even whether, co-opted genes function in eyespot development. Here we use CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing to determine the roles of two co-opted transcription factors that are expressed during early eyespot determination. We found that deletions in a single gene, spalt, are sufficient to reduce or completely delete eyespot colour patterns, thus demonstrating a positive regulatory role for this gene in eyespot determination. Conversely, and contrary to previous predictions, deletions in Distal-less (Dll) result in an increase in the size and number of eyespots, illustrating a repressive role for this gene in eyespot development. Altogether our results show that the presence, absence and shape of butterfly eyespots can be controlled by the activity of two co-opted transcription factors.
A CD36 ectodomain mediates insect pheromone detection via a putative tunnelling mechanism
Authors: Gomez-Diaz Carolina , Bargeton Benoîte , Abuin Liliane , Bukar Natalia , Reina Jaime H. , Bartoi Tudor , Graf Marion , Ong Huy , Ulbrich Maximilian H. , Masson Jean-Francois , Benton Richard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCD36 transmembrane proteins have diverse roles in lipid uptake, cell adhesion and pathogen sensing. Despite numerous in vitro studies, how they act in native cellular contexts is poorly understood. A Drosophila CD36 homologue, sensory neuron membrane protein 1 (SNMP1), was previously shown to facilitate detection of lipid-derived pheromones by their cognate receptors in olfactory cilia. Here we investigate how SNMP1 functions in vivo. Structure–activity dissection demonstrates that SNMP1’s ectodomain is essential, but intracellular and transmembrane domains dispensable, for cilia localization and pheromone-evoked responses. SNMP1 can be substituted by mammalian CD36, whose ectodomain can interact with insect pheromones. Homology modelling, using the mammalian LIMP-2 structure as template, reveals a putative tunnel in the SNMP1 ectodomain that is sufficiently large to accommodate pheromone molecules. Amino-acid substitutions predicted to block this tunnel diminish pheromone sensitivity. We propose a model in which SNMP1 funnels hydrophobic pheromones from the extracellular fluid to integral membrane receptors.
Robust estimates of overall immune-repertoire diversity from high-throughput measurements on samples
Authors: Kaplinsky Joseph , Arnaout Ramy 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe diversity of an organism’s B- and T-cell repertoires is both clinically important and a key measure of immunological complexity. However, diversity is hard to estimate by current methods, because of inherent uncertainty in the number of B- and T-cell clones that will be missing from a blood or tissue sample by chance (the missing-species problem), inevitable sampling bias, and experimental noise. To solve this problem, we developed Recon, a modified maximum-likelihood method that outputs the overall diversity of a repertoire from measurements on a sample. Recon outputs accurate, robust estimates by any of a vast set of complementary diversity measures, including species richness and entropy, at fractional repertoire coverage. It also outputs error bars and power tables, allowing robust comparisons of diversity between individuals and over time. We apply Recon toin silicoand experimental immune-repertoire sequencing data sets as proof of principle for measuring diversity in large, complex systems.
Printable enzyme-embedded materials for methane to methanol conversion
Authors: Blanchette Craig D. , Knipe Jennifer M. , Stolaroff Joshuah K. , DeOtte Joshua R. , Oakdale James S. , Maiti Amitesh , Lenhardt Jeremy M. , Sirajuddin Sarah , Rosenzweig Amy C. , Baker Sarah E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn industrial process for the selective activation of methane under mild conditions would be highly valuable for controlling emissions to the environment and for utilizing vast new sources of natural gas. The only selective catalysts for methane activation and conversion to methanol under mild conditions are methane monooxygenases (MMOs) found in methanotrophic bacteria; however, these enzymes are not amenable to standard enzyme immobilization approaches. Using particulate methane monooxygenase (pMMO), we create a biocatalytic polymer material that converts methane to methanol. We demonstrate embedding the material within a silicone lattice to create mechanically robust, gas-permeable membranes, and direct printing of micron-scale structures with controlled geometry. Remarkably, the enzymes retain up to 100% activity in the polymer construct. The printed enzyme-embedded polymer motif is highly flexible for future development and should be useful in a wide range of applications, especially those involving gas–liquid reactions.
A Myc-driven self-reinforcing regulatory network maintains mouse embryonic stem cell identity
Authors: Fagnocchi Luca , Cherubini Alessandro , Hatsuda Hiroshi , Fasciani Alessandra , Mazzoleni Stefania , Poli Vittoria , Berno Valeria , Rossi Riccardo L. , Reinbold Rolland , Endele Max , Schroeder Timm , Rocchigiani Marina , Szkarłat Żaneta , Oliviero Salvatore , Dalton Stephen , Zippo Alessio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStem cell identity depends on the integration of extrinsic and intrinsic signals, which directly influence the maintenance of their epigenetic state. Although Myc transcription factors play a major role in stem cell self-renewal and pluripotency, their integration with signalling pathways and epigenetic regulators remains poorly defined. We addressed this point by profiling the gene expression and epigenetic pattern in ESCs whose growth depends on conditional Myc activity. Here we show that Myc potentiates the Wnt/β-catenin signalling pathway, which cooperates with the transcriptional regulatory network in sustaining ESC self-renewal. Myc activation results in the transcriptional repression of Wnt antagonists through the direct recruitment of PRC2 on these targets. The consequent potentiation of the autocrine Wnt/β-catenin signalling induces the transcriptional activation of the endogenous Myc family members, which in turn activates a Myc-driven self-reinforcing circuit. Thus, our data unravel a Myc-dependent self-propagating epigenetic memory in the maintenance of ESC self-renewal capacity.
Genetically and functionally defined NTS to PBN brain circuits mediating anorexia
Authors: Roman Carolyn W. , Derkach Victor A. , Palmiter Richard D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe central nervous system controls food consumption to maintain metabolic homoeostasis. In response to a meal, visceral signals from the gut activate neurons in the nucleus of the solitary tract (NTS) via the vagus nerve. These NTS neurons then excite brain regions known to mediate feeding behaviour, such as the lateral parabrachial nucleus (PBN). We previously described a neural circuit for appetite suppression involving calcitonin gene-related protein (CGRP)-expressing PBN (CGRPPBN) neurons; however, the molecular identity of the inputs to these neurons was not established. Here we identify cholecystokinin (CCK) and noradrenergic, dopamine β-hydroxylase (DBH)-expressing NTS neurons as two separate populations that directly excite CGRPPBN neurons. When these NTS neurons are activated using optogenetic or chemogenetic methods, food intake decreases and with chronic stimulation mice lose body weight. Our optogenetic results reveal that CCK and DBH neurons in the NTS directly engage CGRPPBN neurons to promote anorexia.
Diet-dependent, microbiota-independent regulation of IL-10-producing lamina propria macrophages in the small intestine
Authors: Ochi Takanori , Feng Yongjia , Kitamoto Sho , Nagao-Kitamoto Hiroko , Kuffa Peter , Atarashi Koji , Honda Kenya , Teitelbaum Daniel H. , Kamada Nobuhiko 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntestinal resident macrophages (Mϕs) regulate gastrointestinal homeostasis via production of an anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)-10. Although a constant replenishment by circulating monocytes is required to maintain the pool of resident Mϕs in the colonic mucosa, the homeostatic regulation of Mϕ in the small intestine (SI) remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that direct stimulation by dietary amino acids regulates the homeostasis of intestinal Mϕs in the SI. Mice that received total parenteral nutrition (TPN), which deprives the animals of enteral nutrients, displayed a significant decrease of IL-10-producing Mϕs in the SI, whereas the IL-10-producing CD4+ T cells remained intact. Likewise, enteral nutrient deprivation selectively affected the monocyte-derived F4/80+ Mϕ population, but not non-monocytic precursor-derived CD103+ dendritic cells. Notably, in contrast to colonic Mϕs, the replenishment of SI Mϕs and their IL-10 production were not regulated by the gut microbiota. Rather, SI Mϕs were directly regulated by dietary amino acids. Collectively, our study highlights the diet-dependent, microbiota-independent regulation of IL-10-producing resident Mϕs in the SI.
Size distribution of ring polymers
Authors: Medalion Shlomi , Aghion Erez , Meirovitch Hagai , Barkai Eli , Kessler David A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present an exact solution for the distribution of sample averaged monomer to monomer distance of ring polymers. For non-interacting and local-interaction models these distributions correspond to the distribution of the area under the reflected Bessel bridge and the Bessel excursion respectively and are shown to be identical in dimensiond ≥ 2, albeit with pronounced finite size effects at the critical dimension,d = 2. A symmetry of the problem reveals that dimensiondand 4 − dare equivalent, thus the celebrated Airy distribution describing the areal distribution of thed = 1 Brownian excursion describes also a polymer in three dimensions. For a self-avoiding polymer in dimensiondwe find numerically that the fluctuations of the scaled averaged distance are nearly identical in dimensiond = 2, 3 and are well described to a first approximation by the non-interacting excursion model in dimension 5.
Continuous Compressed Sensing for Surface Dynamical Processes with Helium Atom Scattering
Authors: Jones Alex , Tamtögl Anton , Calvo-Almazán Irene , Hansen Anders 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCompressed Sensing (CS) techniques are used to measure and reconstruct surface dynamical processes with a helium spin-echo spectrometer for the first time. Helium atom scattering is a well established method for examining the surface structure and dynamics of materials at atomic sized resolution and the spin-echo technique opens up the possibility of compressing the data acquisition process. CS methods demonstrating the compressibility of spin-echo spectra are presented for several measurements. Recent developments on structured multilevel sampling that are empirically and theoretically shown to substantially improve upon the state of the art CS techniques are implemented. In addition, wavelet based CS approximations, founded on a new continuous CS approach, are used to construct continuous spectra. In order to measure both surface diffusion and surface phonons, which appear usually on different energy scales, standard CS techniques are not sufficient. However, the new continuous CS wavelet approach allows simultaneous analysis of surface phonons and molecular diffusion while reducing acquisition times substantially. The developed methodology is not exclusive to Helium atom scattering and can also be applied to other scattering frameworks such as neutron spin-echo and Raman spectroscopy.
Modulation of the Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome Using Computer-Controlled Bioreactors: Impact on Neuronal Cell Proliferation, Survival and Differentiation
Authors: Teixeira Fábio G. , Panchalingam Krishna M. , Assunção-Silva Rita , Serra Sofia C. , Mendes-Pinheiro Bárbara , Patrício Patrícia , Jung Sunghoon , Anjo Sandra I. , Manadas Bruno , Pinto Luísa , Sousa Nuno , Behie Leo A. , Salgado António J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn recent years it has been shown that the therapeutic benefits of human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (hMSCs) in the Central Nervous System (CNS) are mainly attributed to their secretome. The implementation of computer-controlled suspension bioreactors has shown to be a viable route for the expansion of these cells to large numbers. As hMSCs actively respond to their culture environment, there is the hypothesis that one can modulate its secretome through their use. Herein, we present data indicating that the use of computer-controlled suspension bioreactors enhanced the neuroregulatory profile of hMSCs secretome. Indeed, higher levels ofin vitroneuronal differentiation and NOTCH1 expression in human neural progenitor cells (hNPCs) were observed when these cells were incubated with the secretome of dynamically cultured hMSCs. A similar trend was also observed in the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) of rat brains where, upon injection, an enhanced neuronal and astrocytic survival and differentiation, was observed. Proteomic analysis also revealed that the dynamic culturing of hMSCs increased the secretion of several neuroregulatory molecules and miRNAs present in hMSCs secretome. In summary, the appropriate use of dynamic culture conditions can represent an important asset for the development of future neuro-regenerative strategies involving the use of hMSCs secretome.
Phototheranostics of CD44-positive cell populations in triple negative breast cancer
Authors: Jin Jiefu , Krishnamachary Balaji , Mironchik Yelena , Kobayashi Hisataka , Bhujwalla Zaver M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is one of the most lethal subtypes of breast cancer that has limited treatment options. Its high rates of recurrence and metastasis have been associated, in part, with a subpopulation of breast cancer stem-like cells that are resistant to conventional therapies. A compendium of markers such as CD44high/CD24low and increased expression of the ABCG2 transporter and increased aldehyde dehydrogenase (ALDH1), have been associated with these cells. We developed a CD44-targeted monoclonal antibody photosensitizer conjugate for combined fluorescent detection and photoimmunotherapy (PIT) of CD44 expressing cells in TNBC. The CD44-targeted conjugate demonstrated acute cell killing of breast cancer cells with high CD44 expression. This cell death process was dependent upon CD44-specific cell membrane binding combined with near-infrared irradiation. The conjugate selectively accumulated in CD44-positive tumors and caused dramatic tumor shrinkage and efficient elimination of CD44-positive cell populations following irradiation. This novel phototheranostic strategy provides a promising opportunity for the destruction of CD44-positive populations that include cancer stem-like cells, in locally advanced primary and metastatic TNBC.