bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
RUMOURS, RIOTS AND THE REJECTION OF MASS DRUG ADMINISTRATION FOR THE TREATMENT OF SCHISTOSOMIASIS IN MOROGORO, TANZANIA
Authors: Hastings Julie 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn 2008 in Morogoro region, Tanzania, mass drug administration (MDA) to school-aged children to treat two neglected tropical diseases (NTDs) – urinary schistosomiasis and soil-transmitted helminths – was suspended by the Ministry of Health and Social Welfare after riots broke out in schools where drugs were being administered. This article discusses why this biomedical intervention was so vehemently rejected, including an eyewitness account. As the protest spread to the village where I was conducting fieldwork, villagers accused me of bringing medicine into the village with which to ‘poison’ the children and it was necessary for me to leave immediately under the protection of the Tanzanian police. The article examines the considerable differences between biomedical and local understandings of one of these diseases, urinary schistosomiasis. Such a disjuncture was fuelled further by the apparent rapidity of rolling out MDA and subsequent failures in communication between programme staff and local people. Rumours of child fatalities as well as children’s fainting episodes and illnesses following treatment brought about considerable conjecture both locally and nationally that the drugs had been either faulty, counterfeit, hitherto untested on humans or part of a covert sterilization campaign. The compelling arguments by advocates of MDA for the treatment of NTDs rest on the assumption that people suffering from these diseases will be willing to swallow the medicine. However, as this article documents, this is not always the case. For treatment of NTDs to be successful it is not enough for programmes to focus on economic and biomedical aspects of treatment, rolling out ‘one size fits all’ programmes in resource-poor settings. It is imperative to develop a biosocial approach: to consider the local social, biological, historical, economic and political contexts in which these programmes are taking place and in which the intended recipients of treatment live their lives. If this is not done, the world’s poor will continue to be neglected.
The nature of music itself, and the knowledge versus skills debate in music education
Authors: FAUTLEY MARTIN , MURPHY REGINA 
Published: July 2016

Back in 2013, in the BJME editorial for issue 30(2), we considered the place of knowledge in the curriculum (Fautley & Murphy, 2013). Things have not stood still since that date, certainly in England, and other parts of the world too. What we have now is a situation where the idea of knowledge as assuming supremacy over skills is on the increase. For those of us concerned with music education, many aspects of this increasingly fractious debate are to be viewed with concern. Allied to this, we have neoliberal-leaning governments in many parts of the world, Britain included, who seem to find it difficult to understand the important role that music education has – or should have – in the education of our children and young people. Indeed, in the UK, the education secretary is on record as making this observation:
Education secretary Nicky Morgan has warned young people that choosing to study arts subjects at school could ‘hold them back for the rest of their lives’ (The Stage, 2014)
This attitude, and Britain is certainly not alone in this, is clearly going to be problematic for those of us involved in music and the arts.
Prosodic differences between declaratives and interrogatives in infant-directed speech
Authors: GEFFEN SUSAN , MINTZ TOBEN H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn many languages, declaratives and interrogatives differ in word order properties, and in syntactic organization more broadly. Thus, in order to learn the distinct syntactic properties of the two sentence types, learners must first be able to distinguish them using non-syntactic information. Prosodic information is often assumed to be a useful basis for this type of discrimination, although no systematic studies of the prosodic cues available to infants have been reported. Analysis of maternal speech in three Standard American English-speaking mother–infant dyads found that polar interrogatives differed from declaratives on the patterning of pitch and duration on the final two syllables, butwh-questions did not. Thus, while prosody is unlikely to aid discrimination of declaratives fromwh-questions, infant-directed speech provides prosodic information that infants could use to distinguish declaratives and polar interrogatives. We discuss how learners could leverage this information to identify all question forms, in the context of syntax acquisition.
The Certification of Civil Transport Rotorcraft with particular Reference to Multi-Engines
Authors: Le Sueur H. E. 
Published: July 2016

For the past 150 years man's ingenuity has been exercised in producing machines to transport himself faster and faster until today he is talking of aircraft which can travel faster than the rotating speed of the earth at the equator, and such that any point on the earth's surface is within ten hours flight time from any other point. But such is the contrariness of the situation that these speeds involve the use of extensive runways away from the crowded city centres and, what with the crowded roads and trains, the journey from the airport to the city centre can be long, tedious and uncomfortable.The helicopter enthusiast suggests that this problem can be overcome by using a machine that can take off vertically from the city centre and carry the passenger rapidly in comfort to the airport. He also suggests that for journeys up to 200 miles or more, the helicopter is the quickest form of transport from city centre to city centre.
The Royal Aeronautical Society The First Fifty Years
Authors: Laurence Pritchard J. 
Published: July 2016

The first paper read at the 1876 meeting was by D. S. Brown, his fifth paper to the Society, entitled “ The Advantages of employing power for aerial propulsion in an intermittent manner, and on the soaring of birds.”Brown was silent on the advantages of intermittent application of power for flight, and was not much impressed by Sir George Cayley's ideas about birds soaring in upward currents of air reflected from cliffs, hills, and so on. But he spoke with obvious knowledge of the effects of increased size on a weight-strength ratio in the light of the cube/square law.James Armour, whose paper, “ Wings for Men,” filled fifty pages of small type in the 1873 Annual Report, presented a further paper on the subject, read this time by Brearey in the absence of the author, entitled “ Air Compression under Wingplanes.” James Armour was a good engineer, and had to confess that though he argued on general principles about the supporting forces of an aeroplane in full flight, there were many unknown parameters.
VTOL and STOL: Simple Solutions to Some of the Operating Problems During Take-off and Landing
Authors: Fearon, J. R. C. , Norman, D. H. 
Published: July 2016

The lightweight and compact separate jet lift engine has been with us long enough to have built up an acceptable level of confidence in its abilities, but there have been misgivings over the magnitude of some of the operational problems, in particular those of ground erosion and hot gas reingestion due to the high velocity jet.The object of this paper is to present a Series of tests which has been made by Rolls-Royce to ascertain the nature of the problems and to put forward some simple solutions. It is not suggested that any of these solutions is unique but merely that they are adequate for our present needs.
Aircraft Safety and Missile Reliability
Authors: Wrigley H. B. 
Published: July 2016

I feel that the title of this lecture needs clarification, because it would appear from it that aircraft reliability is necessary only in the interests of Flight Safety. Although safety is vital, the operational capability of the aircraft must also be considered because, as in a missile system, operational reliability is of paramount importance. An aircraft may be completely reliable from the Flight Safety aspect without necessarily having a reliable weapons system.In the past few years, of course, much has been said about the need for reliability. Conventions have been held in this country and in other countries and it might be thought that the lesson has been so often and so well propounded that to discuss it again is hardly necessary. However, I hope to show that we still have some way to go before we even begin to approach the ideal.
An Introduction to Hypersonic Ablation
Authors: Simpkins Peter G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis paper is intended as an introduction to the theory of ablative processes in a hypersonic environment. The various types of ablation are discussed and the general heat transfer equation for an ablating body is given. The effects of radiation are introduced and the physical significance of the gasification ratio is explained. Throughout the paper the effects of a chemically reacting boundary layer are ignored.
Receptance Series for Systems Possessing “Rigid Body” Modes
Authors: Gladwell G. M. L. , Bishop R. E. D. , Johnson D. C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryCertain elastic systems may not only vibrate freely at proper (non-zero) natural frequencies, but may also move as rigid bodies. Such systems have “rigid body” modes which behave like principal modes corresponding to zero natural frequencies. These modes may be disregarded in the series representation of static distortions of such systems but must be taken into account in the representation of forced vibrations.This note is concerned with the series representation of receptances of certain simple systems of this type, namely strings, bars, shafts and beams. These systems were discussed in reference 1, but there the rigid body modes were omitted. As the matter appears to raise some points of interest, a discussion of it seems to be called for. A similar analysis to that presented here may be applied to other unsupported, or partially supported systems, such as an unsupported plate.
A Note on the Undercarriage Aquaplaning of Aircraft Landing on Water-covered Runways
Authors: Gadd G. E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWhen an aircraft lands on a runway on which there are extensive puddles, it appears that sometimes the water exerts a large upwards force on the wheels, so preventing them from making contact with the ground. The wheels are then said to “aquaplane”. In the aquaplaning condition the braking effectiveness of the wheels is reduced virtually to zero, and even at touch-down speeds insufficient to cause aquaplaning, when there is some contact between the wheels and the ground, water on the runway may cause appreciable reductions of runway friction forces. This note offers some tentative suggestions concerning the nature of the water flow when aquaplaning occurs, and is put forward as a basis for discussion of this important practical problem.
Configurations for High Supersonic Speeds Derived from Simple Shock-waves and Expansions
Authors: Flower J. W. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe Nonweiler method of designing delta wings (caret wings) to have plane shocks on the lower surface is extended to the design of upper surfaces. Cambered and shock-free surfaces are also deduced, and methods of design for complete configurations suggested.An important point is that all surfaces are of single curvature.
Bristol Gas Turbines —The First Decade
Authors: Owner F. M. 
Published: July 2016

The invitation to read this, the Ninth Barnwell Memorial Lecture, gives me the opportunity of acknowledging publicly the friendship and encouragement I used to receive from that great and kind gentleman. For several years before his death, he accorded me the privilege of a weekly meeting, and although I was in every way very junior, he invariably treated me as a friend as well as a colleague, thereby adding affection to the deep respect I felt for him.I do not recall any details of our discussions of gas turbines, although I am certain we did review their possible advent on more than one occasion. Had he lived to see them, I am sure our efforts would have received his encouragement and support.
The Flow and Pressure Losses in Smooth Pipe Bends of Constant Cross Section
Authors: Ward Smith A. J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIncompressible turbulent flow in smooth pipe bends of circular-arc curvature and constant cross section is discussed. The effects of bend angle, radius ratio, duct cross-sectional shape and Reynolds number are considered. Particular attention is paid to the influence of the tangents on the flow and losses in a bend. In addition consideration is given to the definition and measurement of the bend loss.A correlation of experimental pressure loss data is made. It is shown that large variations in experimental results, which cannot be ascribed to the effects of geometrical parameters or Reynolds number, are accounted for by the effects of the downstream tangent and position at which the pressure measurements were made. The inadequacy of existing experimental information is an obstacle to the presentation of comprehensive data on the effect of geometrical parameters on bend losses.
The Effect of Mach Number, Incidence and Hole Position on the Static Pressure Measured by a Square Ended Probe
Authors: Hahn J. F. 
Published: July 2016

Static probes, although widely used in supersonic tunnels and in flight, have not formed the basis for many reports on their design and behaviour at high Mach number.It is known, however, that the flow over the nose of the probe causes pressure variations such that it is some distance along the probe before the static pressure is equal to free stream static pressure. The NPL, in a series of tests at M = 1.6 showed that the pressure measured at a point situated less than 10 calibres (probe diameters) downstream of the beginning of the parallel portion of the probe was dependent on the shape of the nose.
An Analytical Method for the Design of Two-Dimensional Contractions
Authors: Lau W. T. F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAn analytical method is presented for the design of two-dimensional contractions. In this method, the complex potential of the flow of an infinite row of equally spaced line sources normal to a uniform stream is obtained. By adjusting the strength of the sources, the streamlines of the main stream are used as boundaries of two-dimensional contractions of various contraction ratios. It is found that, in all cases, there is a region in the main stream between two neighbouring sources in which the speed of flow increases monotonically along streamlines. Contractions formed by any of the streamlines in this region would therefore have favourable pressure distribution along their boundaries except for very small adverse pressure gradient at the inlet and outlet which are due to the introduction of parallel sections.
The Speed of Sound and Mach Number Effects
Authors: Naylor V. D. 
Published: July 2016

In a recent paper the suggestion is made that “it would be sensible when discussing the flow to use a Mach number based on the actual propagation velocity in the given circumstances.”This directs attention to the deeper question of whether or not a Mach number however defined is a rational parameter in terms of which to express effects of flow.In certain cases the quantity γp/ρ occurs quite naturally, regardless of any physical interpretation that can be given to it.
Some Experiments with Vortex Breakdown
Authors: Lowson M. V. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWater tunnel flow visualisation experiments on a slender delta wing have revealed some new phenomena connected with vortex breakdown. Vortex breakdown hysteresis has been found, there being two steady flow states at some incidences, one with breakdown on the wing and one without. The formation of vortex breakdown has been studied and found to be a non-axisymmetric instability. It is suggested that pressure gradient plays a more general part in the phenomenon than has been thought hitherto.
The Rôle of the Test Pilot
Authors: Bedford A. W. 
Published: July 2016

It is an honour, a privilege and a pleasure to deliver the Inaugural Lecture of the Test Pilots’ Group. It is encouraging to see such strong support for this function and on looking round it is only too apparent that there are many more able and deserving pilots present to deliver this lecture.It is perhaps appropriate, first, to say a few words about the Group itself.On the 28th November 1963 the Council unanimously approved the formation of a Test Pilots’ Group within the Society. The aim of the Group is The general advancement of aeronautical knowledge in the test flying field. It is hoped that through the Group the test pilot will be able to make a worthwhile contribution to the objects and purposes of the Society, at the same time advancing his own professional knowledge and standing.
Factors Affecting the Application of Low-Volume Sprays
Authors: Amsden R. C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryAerial crop spraying necessitates the lowest feasible application rates to minimise costs. The low volumes now being used in the Tropics and in this country often require very high concentrations of active ingredient. Most agricultural sprays are formulated for use in 10-100 gallons per acre. When the same weight of chemical is applied in one gallon or less per acre any one of hitherto disregarded factors, such as surface tension, rate of evaporation, density, viscosity, dynamic catch, and so on, may unexpectedly reach a critical value. An understanding of the limits of these factors is essential for the diagnosis or prevention of faulty biological performance.
The Use of Agricultural Aircraft in the Frozen Food and Canning Industry
Authors: Norman R. F. 
Published: July 2016

The continuing increase in the standard of living has brought with it a marked trend towards the use of processed vegetables, especially those which are prepared and require little or no attention before serving. This has been particularly marked in frozen foods and more recently dried foods, including accelerated freeze dried products.The customer demands products which are of a consistently high quality and the food industry is therefore concerned with the purchase of crops of a very high standard in order to produce consistent products for sale. This creates a demand for produce which is free from blemish, pest and disease effects. It also necessitates crops being harvested at the optimum time and any one crop should be as uniformly mature as is possible.
Forest Fire Control Aircraft in Canada
Authors: Fraser D. G. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe economic losses occasioned by forest fires in Canada are serious. Although the forest lands are largely under the jurisdiction of the provincial governments the forest resources are of national interest. For this reason the federal government, through the Department of Forestry, carries out a national programme of forestry research. The research in forest fire control encompasses the use of aircraft. This paper reviews the early developments in the use of aeroplanes in Canadian forestry operations. The more recent developments of direct fire suppression techniques, such as water dropping, are discussed in detail.
On the Performance of Lanchester’s “Aerial Tourbillion“
Authors: Parkinson C. V. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWind tunnel measurements of the auto-rotation characteristics of Lanchester’s “aerial tourbillion” are presented in the form of tip speed plotted against wind speed. Three configurations were tested, a 10.94 inch diameter model with and without a cowling, and a 7.50 inch diameter model without a cowling. All showed a minimum wind speed for auto-rotation, dependent on friction at the shaft. At each wind speed above this value, there were two equilibrium rotational speeds, an unstable one, giving the required initial rpm for auto-rotation, and a higher stable one, the auto-rotation speed, which with increasing wind speed rapidly approached proportionality to the wind speed.Fairly good agreement with an approximate blade element theory was demonstrated, the best agreement being obtained with the measurements on the model with cowling.
Some Problems Arising from the Use of Hydrogen-Fuelled Propulsion Systems
Authors: Maher L. E. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIt is now generally recognised that liquid hydrogen offers a considerable increase in vehicle performance over the more conventional fuels, despite its relatively low density.A design study on an upper stage, which uses a liquid hydrogen/ liquid oxygen chemical propulsion system, revealed a number of problem areas which extend beyond the current levels of experience and knowledge in rocket technology existing in the U.K. This study was made on the third stage of a communication satellite launching vehicle, and a number of the problems high-lighted during the course of the investigation, covering both the propulsion system and the structure, are described and discussed in terms of their importance and their effects on the launcher system. Solutions are suggested where possible—although, lacking practical confirmation, these must be tentative in the circumstances.While no fundamental difficulties are anticipated in the development of a rocket engine using hydrogen, it is essential to accumulate some background of data and experience to ensure that early policy and designs are sound; the importance of beginning practical work as soon as possible is emphasised.
The Light Observation Helicopter Programme of the United States Army
Authors: Crawford Charles C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe United States Army is now engaged in the selection of a Light Observation Helicopter (commonly referred to as the LOH) from three competing designs. It is estimated that large quantities will be procured to fulfil an operational requirement during the 1966-1975 time period. The paper describes the overall programme by examining the basic requirement and the development concept. In addition, a description of the actual hardware being developed is given and some economic considerations of the modernisation of the observation fleet are discussed.
The Work of the Royal Aircraft Establishment
Authors: Nicholson L. F. 
Published: July 2016

To write a paper on the work of the Royal Aircraft Establishment is a formidable task. To summarise the programme of work of the Establishment would either provide material for a series of lectures or, if compressed to a single lecture, would lead to a cursory and superficial treatment. I make no apologies, therefore, for not attempting any sort of complete survey. Within the scope of this lecture all I intend to do is to give a brief description of the RAE, what it is, what it does and how it is organised and then to consider a few items drawn from three of the RAE's research programmes, which have been selected to show some of the characteristics of the RAE and the kind of work which goes on there.The first series of items to be presented fall in the field of the slender wing. The great potentiality of the slender wing for a wide range of applications was apparent from the time the concept was first considered. What I want to stress is the enormous range of detailed researches which are required before such a concept can be used in practical designs.
Helicopter Trials Over Sand and Sea
Authors: Hibbert W. A. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:—The experience from several environmental trials on helicopters is reviewed to show how the life of main and tail rotor blades was reduced by erosion and how effective various modifications have been in protecting these blades. The compressors of the gas turbine power units were also affected by sand ingestion and intake filters were used on later trials to protect the engines. The engine erosion problem is discussed with reference to the position of the intake, the degree and type of filtration and the design of the compressor itself. The design features of the helicopter which affect its ability to operate in dust and salt-laden atmospheres are also considered, along with suggestions for further research and development.