bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Partial reactivation of a huge deep-seated ancient rock slide: recognition, formation mechanism, and stability
Authors: Tang Minggao , Xu Qiang , Li Yusheng , Huang Runqiu , Rengers Niek , Zhu Xing 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. About 18 years ago, a large-scale discontinuous layer in properties and colour was found in the new Fengjie town at the shore of the Three Gorges Reservoir area in China. There are many resettled residents and buildings on the sloping area, the safety of which is potentially affected by this layer, so it has become the focus of attention. Before this study started there were two viewpoints regarding the origin of this layer. One was that is was from a huge ancient slide and the other was that is was from a fault graben. In order to find out how it was formed and to be able to carry out a stability analysis of the slope the authors have carried out a research program, including geological field investigations and mapping, a deep drilling hole, a geotechnical centrifuge model test, and a simulation analysis. The results of the research led to the conclusion that the layer is the sliding plane of a huge deep-seated ancient rock slide, which we called the Sanmashan landslide. An important argument for the conclusion is the recognition of a regional compressive tectonic stress field in this area, which cannot lead to the formation of a fault graben because it needs a tensional tectonic stress field. Moreover, numerous unique geological features, sliding marks, and other relics of the ancient slide have been discovered in the field. The formation process of the ancient slide could be repeated in a large geotechnical centrifuge model test. The test shows that a deformation and failure process of "creep–crack–cut" has occurred. The type of the ancient slide can be classified as a "successive rotational rock slide". Finally, the role of seepage in the stability of the Sanmashan landslide has been analysed. Our final conclusions are that, during rainfall and filling–drawdown cycles in the Three Gorges Reservoir, the Sanmashan landslide as a whole is dormant and stable and the secondary landslides in the toe area of the slope are presently stable but can be reactivated. This research provides an important basis for the remedial measures and land use planning in the new Fengjie town, and a well-documented case history for researchers worldwide.
Systemic sclerosis-related calcinosis
Authors: Herrick Ariane L. , Gallas Andrzej 
Published: August 2016

Purpose To provide an update on the clinical burden of calcinosis (subcutaneous or intracutaneous deposition of calcium salts) in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc), and discuss advances in our understanding of pathogenesis, associates, and measurement techniques, as well as an overview of the current approach to management. Methods Four case scenarios are presented, to illustrate the clinical spectrum of calcinosis. Epidemiology (including associates), pathogenesis, imaging and measurement, and treatment are reviewed. Results Calcinosis represents a major clinical problem in patients with SSc. Up to 40% of patients are affected, the proportion depending in part on how carefully calcinosis is looked for. Associates of calcinosis include longer disease duration, anticentromere antibody, and digital ulceration. When severe, calcinosis causes pain, disability, and disfigurement. Pathogenesis is unknown, but tissue ischaemia, microtrauma, and loss of balance between calcification stimulants and inhibitors are likely contributors. Calcinosis deposits are mainly composed of hydroxyapatite. They are very visible on plain radiographs, and radiographic scoring systems are being developed, and other imaging modalities (including computed tomography and ultrasound) are being explored. Despite a number of proposed treatments, currently there is no effective ‘disease-modifying’ therapy for calcinosis and the main aspects of management are antibiotics, analgesics, multidisciplinary team input, and surgical debulking. Conclusions Up until recently, SSc-related calcinosis has received very little attention in terms of research into pathogenesis, measurement, and treatment. This imbalance is now being redressed and although we still do not have an effective treatment, progress is being made.
Wall Paintings in the Qadisha Valley, Lebanon: Various Styles and Dates
Authors: Hajj May 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
This article offers a new approach to the study of paintings from four churches in the Qadisha Valley, Lebanon, including the paintings of Deir es-Salib and Saydet Qannubine, where a large part of the paintings are still in situ—albeit in a bad state of preservation; those in the church of Mart Shmuni, which were destroyed in the 1980s and are only known from photographs and the small fragments still visible today; and the paintings in the church of Deir Mar Asya, where the only remaining parts require immediate conservation. The focus here will be on the plaster used in these paintings, especially from the church of Deir es-Salib as it reveals many phases of intervention. Comparing the paintings and their iconography will also help define their styles and establish their dating.
Documenting Living Oral Traditions: China’s Institute of Ethnic Literature as Case Study
Authors: Bamo Qubumo , Chao Gejin , Niles John D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Institute of Ethnic Literature of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences is in the forefront of efforts to record, document, and analyze the living oral traditions of China’s ethnic minorities, including works in the epic genre such as the three heroic epic cycles, namely the Gesar epic, the Janggar epic, and the Manas epic. In part, thanks to personal contacts between Chinese, North American, and European scholars, the Institute’s current research initiatives are formulated in close interaction with theoretical models known in the West. Moreover, these initiatives are grounded in a threefold “archive/base/network” approach to the living oral traditions of China as vital elements of the intangible cultural heritage of humanity.
Oral Epics into the Twenty-First Century: The Case of the Kyrgyz Epic Manas
Authors: Reichl Karl 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The end of oral epics in Central Asia has been prophesied since the nineteenth century. With growing literacy in all parts of the world, oral traditions have become marginalized, and with the ever increasing pace of technical innovations, wide segments of the population have access to all kinds of entertainment, making the voice of the oral singer redundant, it would seem. Nevertheless, we can observe a surprising vitality of oral performance and oral traditions among the Kyrgyz. This paper discusses the transmission of the Kyrgyz epic tradition to the younger generation and the reasons why the epic of Manas plays such an important role for Kyrgyz cultural identity.
Franz–Keldysh effect in n-type GaN Schottky barrier diode under high reverse bias voltage
Authors: Maeda Takuya , Okada Masaya , Ueno Masaki , Yamamoto Yoshiyuki , Horita Masahiro , Suda Jun 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The photocurrent of GaN vertical Schottky barrier diodes was investigated under sub-bandgap wavelength light irradiation. Under a low reverse bias voltage, the photocurrent is induced by internal photoemission, while under a high reverse bias voltage, the photocurrent increases significantly with the bias voltage. This is due to sub-bandgap optical absorption in a depletion region due to the Franz–Keldysh effect. The voltage and wavelength dependences of the photocurrent are successfully explained quantitatively.
Electrically active light-element complexes in silicon crystals grown by cast method
Authors: Sato Kuniyuki , Ogura Atsushi , Ono Haruhiko 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Electrically active light-element complexes called thermal donors and shallow thermal donors in silicon crystals grown by the cast method were studied by low-temperature far-infrared absorption spectroscopy. The relationship between these complexes and either crystal defects or light-element impurities was investigated by comparing different types of silicon crystals, that is, conventional cast-grown multicrystalline Si, seed-cast monolike-Si, and Czochralski-grown Si. The dependence of thermal and the shallow thermal donors on the light-element impurity concentration and their annealing behaviors were examined to compare the crystals. It was found that crystal defects such as dislocations and grain boundaries did not affect the formation of thermal or shallow thermal donors. The formation of these complexes was dominantly affected by the concentration of light-element impurities, O and C, independent of the existence of crystal defects.
Quality of Life and Medico‐Legal Implications Following Iatrogenic Bile Duct Injuries
Authors: Hariharan Deepak , Psaltis Emmanouil , Scholefield John H. , Lobo Dileep N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this review we aimed to evaluate quality of life after bile duct injury and the consequent medico‐legal implications. A comprehensive English language literature search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, Science Citation Index and Google™ Scholar databases for articles published between January 2000 and April 2016. The last date of search was 11 April 2016. Key search words included bile duct injury, iatrogenic, cholecystectomy, prevention, risks, outcomes, quality of life, litigation and were used in combination with the Boolean operators AND, OR and NOT. Long‐term survival after bile duct injury is significantly impaired (all‐cause long‐term mortality approximately 21 %) along with the quality of life (especially psychological/mental state remains affected). Bile duct injury is associated with high rates of litigation. Monetary compensation varied from £2500 to £216,000 in the UK, €9826–€55,301 in the Netherlands and $628,138–$2,891,421 in the USA. Bile duct injuries have profound implications for patients, medical personnel and healthcare providers as they cause significant morbidity and mortality, high rates of litigation and raised healthcare expenditure.
Grain Refinement of Deoxidized Copper
Authors: Balart María José , Patel Jayesh B. , Gao Feng , Fan Zhongyun 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This study reports the current status of grain refinement of copper accompanied in particular by a critical appraisal of grain refinement of phosphorus-deoxidized, high residual P (DHP) copper microalloyed with 150 ppm Ag. Some deviations exist in terms of the growth restriction factor (Q) framework, on the basis of empirical evidence reported in the literature for grain size measurements of copper with individual additions of 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5 wt pct of Mo, In, Sn, Bi, Sb, Pb, and Se, cast under a protective atmosphere of pure Ar and water quenching. The columnar-to-equiaxed transition (CET) has been observed in copper, with an individual addition of 0.4B and with combined additions of 0.4Zr-0.04P and 0.4Zr-0.04P-0.015Ag and, in a previous study, with combined additions of 0.1Ag-0.069P (in wt pct). CETs in these B- and Zr-treated casts have been ascribed to changes in the morphology and chemistry of particles, concurrently in association with free solute type and availability. No further grain-refining action was observed due to microalloying additions of B, Mg, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mn, In, Fe, and Zn (~0.1 wt pct) with respect to DHP-Cu microalloyed with Ag, and therefore are no longer relevant for the casting conditions studied. The critical microalloying element for grain size control in deoxidized copper and in particular DHP-Cu is Ag.
Influence of burnt ash additives on stabilisation of soft clay soils
Authors: Rangaswamy K. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This paper discusses the results of the improvement in compaction, consolidation and shear strength parameters of soft clay when stabilised with burnt ash additives those derived from a furnace in the thermal power industry. Different combinations of soil–ash mixtures are prepared with the addition of ash in the range of 10–40 % by weight of soil to arrive the optimum dosage of ash which one exhibiting maximum UCS. Herein the ash additives including both the fly ash and bottom ashes are used as the stabilising agents. The influence of curing time is also studied on UCS strength property of various soil combinations. Results indicate that the stabilisation of soft clay with ash additives is improving the UCS up to certain level of ash amounts, and further the strength is decreased. The strength of soil–fly ash mixture is much more than the strength of soil–bottom ash mixture, and it was found to be 4.86 times the strength of soft clay. The mixing of ash additives in the soil could lead to speed up the time required to consolidate the clay soil and become more permeable.
From snapshots to modal expansions – bridging low residuals and pure frequencies
Authors: Noack Bernd R. 
Published: August 2016

Data-driven low-order modelling has been enjoying rapid advances in fluid mechanics. Arguably, Sirovich (Q. Appl. Maths, vol. XLV, 1987, pp. 561–571) started these developments with snapshot proper orthogonal decomposition, a particularly simple method. The resulting reduced-order models provide valuable insights into flow physics, allow inexpensive explorations of dynamics and operating conditions, and enable model-based control design. A winning argument for proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) is the optimality property, i.e. the guarantee of the least residual for a given number of modes. The price is unpleasant frequency mixing in the modes which complicates their physical interpretation. In contrast, temporal Fourier modes and dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) provide pure frequency dynamics but lose the orthonormality and optimality property of POD. Sieber et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 792, 2016, pp. 798–828) bridge the least residual and pure frequency behaviour with an ingenious interpolation, called spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD). This article puts the achievement of the TU Berlin authors in perspective, illustrating the potential of SPOD and the challenges ahead.
Evolution and Coevolution: Dynamic Knowledge Capability Building for Catching-up in Emerging Economies
Authors: Dong Xiaoying , Yu Yan , Zhang Na 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTKnowledge has always been a strategic resource for firms; however, there is a lack of research regarding how a firm's knowledge management (KM) contributes to its capability catching-up and adaptation in emerging economies. This article focuses on the knowledge capability building of Chinese private firms that were set up in the 1990s and pays particular attention to how firms with limited resources and knowledge went on to achieve remarkable success. This paper presents its analysis through a multi-level co-evolutionary lens and a case study on the Li-Ning Company. The case study depicts the macro coevolution between the changing business environment and the firm's strategic choices, as well as the micro coevolution of the organizational strategy and the KM orientations, processes, and infrastructures within the firm. The research sheds light on the dynamic capability building trajectory for the firms in emerging economies.
Normal Shock Wave Phenomena in a Convergent-Divergent Nozzle
Authors: Martin B. W. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIn recent years, aerodynamics and thermodynamics have found common ground in the specialised field of gas dynamics. Developments in this subject have led to a much more complete and widespread knowledge of subsonic, sonic and supersonic flow of gases in the conventional type of convergent-divergent nozzle. When the back pressure is raised above the value against which the nozzle is designed to discharge, oblique and then normal shock waves are set up in the divergent cone at a position along the nozzle axis determined by the magnitude of that back pressure. The gas which has crossed the shock wave is subjected to a process of subsonic compression.In this paper a theoretical investigation is made of the changes in pressure, temperature, density and Mach number which occur across a normal shock wave, when the position of the wave varies along the nozzle axis. The investigation illustrates the effect of change of medium, for which the relevant property is the ratio of specific heats. This ratio for certain polyatomic gases may approach unity (e.g. for Dichlorodifluoromethane CCl2F2, in gaseous form, γ=1·06), and for the inert monatomic gases γ= 1·667. The analysis is made non-dimensional by expressing such quantities as gas pressure, temperature, and density at any given position along the nozzle axis relative to the values of the particular parameter at entry to the convergent section.
Aeroelastic Problems in connection with High-Speed Flight
Authors: Broadbent E. G. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA review is given of developments in the field of aeroelasticity during the past ten years. The effect of steadily increasing Mach number has been two-fold: on the one hand the aerodynamic derivatives have changed, and in some cases brought new problems, and on the other hand the design for higher Mach numbers has led to thinner aerofoils and more slender fuselages for which the required stiffness is more difficult to provide. Both these aspects are discussed, and various methods of attack on the problems are considered. The relative merits of stiffness, damping and massbalance for the prevention of control surface flutter are discussed. A brief mention is made of the recent problems of damage from jet efflux and of the possible aeroelastic effects of kinetic heating.
The Propeller-Turbine in Airline Service
Authors: Corson T. M. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThis paper gives an account of the engineering and operational aspects of the introduction and first three years' operation by British European Airways of the first propellerturbine engine to go into airline service—the Rolls-Royce Dart which powers the Vickers Viscount air liner. The origin of this type of gas turbine engine and its chief advantages and disadvantages are considered. The main features and operational characteristics of the Dart engine are detailed. The training, operational handling, flight planning and maintenance aspects of the introduction and operation of the Dart engine in the Viscount are reviewed, and the experience accumulated is summarised. It is noted that apart from all the new ground that has had to be covered and all the associated development, no special problems have been encountered. Considerable advantages in respect of engineering and operational simplification have been demonstrated. Experience indicates that this type of engine has good reliability and long overhaul life characteristics, and confirms its general suitability for medium-speed air transportation. The paper ends with mention of some of the probable trends of propeller-turbine development, and with suggestions for some additional improvements which the author considers would benefit civil operators.
Structures
Authors: Farrar D. J. 
Published: August 2016

The main factors determining the shape of a supersonic aeroplane or missile are aerodynamic in origin. However, as always, a compromise with structural considerations must be achieved, zero wing thickness for supersonic aircraft being just as unattainable as infinite aspect ratio for subsonic ones.This compromise is more far-reaching in the supersonic aircraft because of the much greater importance of aeroelasticity.In addition, there are entirely new problems which arise from the high structural temperatures attained in supersonic flight.
A Method for Designing Wind Tunnel Contractions
Authors: Harrop R. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe contraction of a wind tunnel should be free from adverse pressure gradients, since this might cause boundary layer separation.A wall contour has been designed for a circular cross-section contraction using incompressible flow theory. This gave a favourable pressure gradient at the beginning of the contraction where separation is likely to occur.Appendix I compares the theory with experimental results obtained from a model of a proposed supersonic tunnel of which the contraction is rectangular in cross-section and which has been based on the results obtained in this report.
Of Honeymoons and Economic Performance: Comment on Hibbs
Authors: Keech William R. 
Published: August 2016

Professor Hibbs's article presents an ingenious model wherein political support of the government depends on “cumulative discounted relative performance.” Specifically, “the worse (better) the performance of the prior government, the higher (lower) will be the initial support of the new government… (G)overnments following bad acts by the opposition are likely to enjoy greater initial support than governments following good acts.”This is a reasonable hypothesis, and it may well be correct. However, Hibbs offers no evidence of its correctness other than the overall performance of his model, and he reports no consideration, let alone rejection, of alternative hypotheses. Instead he assumes that the discounted past performance affects the new government's support with the opposite sign but with the same slope. Pursuit of Hibbs's illustrative example shows that the assumption is far from trivial, and that it produces some startling results.
Test-meal palatability is associated with overconsumption but better represents preceding changes in appetite in non-obese males
Authors: Deighton Kevin , Frampton James , Gonzalez Javier T. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSingle-course,ad libitummeals are recommended for the assessment of energy intake within appetite research. This study represents the first investigation of the comparative sensitivity of two single-course,ad libitummeals designed to differ in palatability. We conducted two experiments using a preload study design. All protocols were identical except for the energy content of the preloads (Expt 1: 579 and 1776 kJ; Expt 2: 828 and 4188 kJ). During each experiment, ten healthy men completed four experimental trials constituting a low- or high-energy preload beverage, a 60-min intermeal interval and consumption of a pasta-based or a porridge-based,ad libitummeal. Appetite ratings were measured throughout each trial, and palatability was assessed after food consumption. Preload manipulation did not influence appetite (P=0·791) or energy intake (P=0·561) in Expt 1. Palatability and energy intake were higher for the pasta meal than for the porridge meal in both experiments (palatabilityP≤0·002; energy intakeP≤0·001). In Expt 2, consumption of the high-energy preload decreased appetite (P=0·051) and energy intake (P=0·002). Energy compensation was not significantly different between pasta and porridge meals (P=0·172), but was more strongly correlated with preceding changes in appetite at the pasta meal (r−0·758;P=0·011) than the porridge meal (r−0·498;P=0·143). The provision of a highly palatable, pasta-based meal produced energy intakes that were more representative of preceding appetite ratings, but the moderately palatable, porridge-based meal produced more ecologically valid energy intakes.Ad libitummeal selection and design may require a compromise between sensitivity and ecological validity.