bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Recombination of ecologically and evolutionarily significant loci maintains genetic cohesion in thePseudomonas syringaespecies complex
Authors: Dillon Marcus M. , Thakur Shalabh , Almeida Renan N.D. , Guttman David S. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTPseudomonas syringaeis a highly diverse bacterial species complex capable of causing a wide range of serious diseases on numerous agronomically important crop species. Here, we examine the evolutionary relationships of 391 agricultural and environmental strains from theP. syringaespecies complex using whole-genome sequencing and evolutionary genomic analyses. Our collection includes strains from 11 of the 13 previously described phylogroups isolated off of over 90 hosts. We describe the phylogenetic distribution of all orthologous gene families in theP. syringaepan-genome, reconstruct the phylogeny ofP. syringaeusing a core genome alignment and a hierarchical clustering analysis of pan-genome content, predict ecologically and evolutionary relevant loci, and establish the forces of molecular evolution operating on each gene family. We find that the common ancestor of the species complex likely carried a Rhizobium-like type III secretion system (TTSS) and later acquired the canonical TTSS. The phylogenetic analysis also showed that the species complex is subdivided into primary and secondary phylogroups based on genetic diversity and rates of genetic exchange. The primary phylogroups, which largely consist of agricultural isolates, are no more divergent than a number of other bacterial species, while the secondary phylogroups, which largely consists of environmental isolates, have levels of diversity more in line with multiple distinct species within a genus. An analysis of rates of recombination within and between phylogroups revealed a higher rate of recombination within primary phylogroups than between primary and secondary phylogroups. We also found that “ecologically significant” virulence-associated loci and “evolutionary significant” loci under positive selection are over-represented among loci that undergo inter-phylogroup genetic exchange. These results indicate that while inter-phylogroup recombination occurs relatively rarely in the species complex, it is an important force of genetic cohesion, particularly among the strains in the primary phylogroups. This level of genetic cohesion and the shared plant-associated niche argues for considering the primary phylogroups as a true biological species.
Learning to live with public expenditure: politics and budgeting in britain since 1976
Authors: McLaughlin Andrew M. , Richardson Jeremy. J. 
Published: December 2017

Budgetary reform in the UK since the International Monetary Fund (IMF) intervention under a Labour government in 1976 has been prompted by a new conventional wisdom that public expenditure was too high, and consequently, "crowded out" private sector investment. Although this belief became widespread in western democracies, in Britain it developed relatively early and was closely linked to the wider debate about Britain's relative economic decline. The first section of this article reviews the main reforms of the budgetary process which these concerns prompted.
In the second section we note that, despite the political concern with reducing public expenditure in the 1980s, success has been limited and priority is now the improvement of the underlying control and evaluation mechanisms in government spending. In practice, the main policy activity of the Thatcher administrations was on gaining "value for money" from existing expenditure. These developments are discussed and the likelihood of success considered. The nature of the present annual budgetary cycle is described as are the most recent developments designed to finally gain some form of effective expenditure control.
Vibration sensor for the health monitoring of the large rotating machinery: review and outlook
Authors: Xu Shaoyi , Xing Fangfang , Wang Ruilin , Li Wei , Wang Yuqiao , Wang Xianghui 
Published: December 2017

Purpose
At present, one of the key equipment in pillar industries is a large rotating machinery. Conducting regular health monitoring is important for ensuring safe operation of the large rotating machinery. Because vibrations sensors play an important role in the workings of the rotating machinery, measuring its vibration signal is an important task in health monitoring. This paper aims to present these.

Design/methodology/approach
In this work, the contact vibration sensor and the non-contact vibration sensor have been discussed. These sensors consist of two types: the electric vibration sensor and the optical fiber vibration sensor. Their applications in the large rotating machinery for the purpose of health monitoring are summarized, and their advantages and disadvantages are also presented.

Findings
Compared with the electric vibration sensor, the optical fiber vibration sensor of large rotating machinery has unique advantages in health monitoring, such as provision of immunity against electromagnetic interference, requirement of less insulation and provision of long-distance signal transmission.

Originality/value
Both contact vibration sensor and non-contact vibration sensor have been discussed. Among them, the electric vibration sensor and the optical fiber vibration sensor are compared. Future research direction of the vibration sensors is presented.
Development of microsatellite markers for the endangered semi‐shrubChimaphila umbellata(Ericaceae)
Authors: Kikuchi Ai , Miyazaki Taisuke , Maki Masayuki 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBased on the DNA sequencing reads obtained using 454 pyrosequencing, primers amplifying 16 microsatellite loci were developed for the endangered semi‐shrubChimaphila umbellata, which occurs sporadically in the Japanese Archipelago. These 16 loci were polymorphic in the populations sampled from the Hokkaido and Tohoku Districts; the mean number of alleles was 3.31 and 3.44, and the mean expected heterozygosity was 0.42 and 0.44, respectively. These loci were not linked to each other and contained no null alleles. Amplification using these primers was also tested in the congeneric speciesC. japonica, but only three of them successfully amplified DNA of the species. These markers will be used to examine genetic diversity and genetic differentiation in populations ofC. umbellata.
A novel Chromatiales bacterium is a potential sulfide oxidizer in multiple orders of marine sponges
Authors: Lavy Adi , Keren Ray , Yu Ke , Thomas Brian C. , Alvarez‐Cohen Lisa , Banfield Jillian F. , Ilan Micha 
Published: December 2017

SummarySponges are benthic filter feeders that play pivotal roles in coupling benthic‐pelagic processes in the oceans that involve transformation of dissolved and particulate organic carbon and nitrogen into biomass. While the contribution of sponge holobionts to the nitrogen cycle has been recognized in past years, their importance in the sulfur cycle, both oceanic and physiological, has only recently gained attention. Sponges in general, and Theonella swinhoei in particular, harbour a multitude of associated microorganisms that could affect sulfur cycling within the holobiont. We reconstructed the genome of a Chromatiales (class Gammaproteobacteria) bacterium from a metagenomic sequence dataset of a T. swinhoei‐associated microbial community. This relatively abundant bacterium has the metabolic capability to oxidize sulfide yet displays reduced metabolic potential suggestive of its lifestyle as an obligatory symbiont. This bacterium was detected in multiple sponge orders, according to similarities in key genes such as 16S rRNA and polyketide synthase genes. Due to its sulfide oxidation metabolism and occurrence in many members of the Porifera phylum, we suggest naming the newly described taxon Candidatus Porisulfidus.
The DataLab of the Australian Bureau of Statistics
Authors: Parker Talei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOver and above the current multitude of licensed micro‐level datasets that the Australian Bureau of Statistics (ABS) provides for research purposes, the ABS has expanded its support to include the new DataLab protected research environment to allow unparalleled access to Australia's valuable micro‐level research datasets. The environment is highly protected by multiple layers of data security but allows access to unprecedented levels of data detail in real‐time to datasets such as the 2006–2011 linked census (ACLD), the ABS firm survey and tax panel (BLADE) and linked census and administrative data (MADIP).
Technological Progress in Developing Renewable Energies
Authors: Jiang Kejun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChina's old model of growth was heavily energy intensive, with energy overwhelmingly reliant on coal. This imposed immense pressures on the global and domestic environment. Since 2012, there has been decisive change in the trajectory of coal use and emissions. Renewable energy has been encouraged by a wide range of policies. Increased scale and innovation have radically reduced renewables costs and China has become the main generator of renewable energy and source of wind turbines and solar panels for the world. The whole of the increase in China's electricity since 2012 is from low emissions sources, making attainment of global climate goals possible.
RACIAL DISCRIMINATION, RACIAL SOCIALIZATION, AND CRIME OVER TIME: A SOCIAL SCHEMATIC THEORY MODEL
Authors: BURT CALLIE H. , LEI MAN KIT , SIMONS RONALD L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent studies evince that interpersonal racial discrimination (IRD) increases the risk of crime among African Americans and familial racial socialization fosters resilience to discrimination's criminogenic effects. Yet, studies have focused on the short‐term effects of IRD and racial socialization largely among adolescents. In this study, we seek to advance knowledge by elucidating how racialized experiences—in interactions and socialization—influence crime for African Americans over time. Elaborating Simons and Burt's (2011) social schematic theory, we trace the effects of childhood IRD and familial racial socialization on adult offending through cognitive and social pathways and their interplay. We test this life‐course SST model using data from the FACHS, a multisite study of Black youth and their families from ages 10 to 25. Consistent with the model, analyses reveal that the criminogenic consequences of childhood IRD are mediated cognitively by a criminogenic knowledge structure and socially through the nature of social relationships in concert with ongoing offending and discrimination experiences. Specifically, by increasing criminogenic cognitive schemas, IRD decreases embeddedness in supportive romantic, educational, and employment relations, which influence social schemas and later crime. Consonant with expectations, the findings also indicate that racial socialization provides enduring resilience by both compensating for and buffering discrimination's criminogenic effects.
Human Rights Risks in Global Supply Chains: Applying the UK Modern Slavery Act to the Public Sector
Authors: Martin‐Ortega Olga 
Published: December 2017

AbstractGlobal supply chains (GSCs) are organised through complex networks which leave workers vulnerable to exploitation and unprotected against abusive labour practices including modern slavery. In the past decade's, attention has focused on business responsibilities for the impact of commercial activities on human rights with little focus on the role of states as economic actors and their duties regarding their own supply chain, including through public procurement. This article analyses the application of the Transparency in Supply Chains provision (TiSCs) of the UK Modern Slavery Act (2015) to the public sector. Since 2016 commercial organisations are obliged to report on efforts to identify, prevent, and mitigate modern slavery in their supply chain. This includes over one hundred higher education institutions (HEIs). This article finds that while most reporting in the first year fall short of what is expected of institutions according to Government guidance the exercise of reporting has initiated an important process of awareness. HEIs face a steep learning curve to develop effective human rights due diligence in their supply chain however, the TiSCs obligation has proved a catalyst for a wider process of understanding human rights risks and responsibilities of the public sector, and more specifically HEIs.
Tell Abraq during the second and first millennia BC: site layout, spatial organisation, and economy
Authors: Magee Peter , Händel Marc , Karacic Steven , Uerpmann Margarethe , Uerpmann Hans‐Peter 
Published: December 2017

AbstractResearch recommenced at Tell Abraq in 2007, carried out by Bryn Mawr College with an international team in co‐operation with the Sharjah Archaeology Authority. Between 2007 and 2010 fieldwork was limited to documenting sections of the previous excavations and one small sounding while our attention focused mainly on the nearby shell‐midden site of Hamriya and the fortified Iron Age settlement site of Muweilah. Since 2010, large‐scale excavations have been conducted which have fundamentally altered our understanding of the layout of the settlement and its economic relations during the second and first millennia BC. In this report, we detail the results of this work and present preliminary interpretations.
A higher level of ketonaemia does not predict oral rehydration failure in vomiting paediatric patients and routine measurement is unnecessary
Authors: Torres Lucía , Sánchez Marina , Cid Blanca , Vicente Eva , Velasco Roberto 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAimThis study determined if blood levels of beta‐hydroxybutyrate were associated with the rate of failure in oral rehydration in paediatric patients with vomiting.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study that was carried out from December 1, 2015 to November 30, 2016 in the Rio Hortega University Hospital, Valladolid, Spain. The study cohort were patients up to 14 years old who attended the emergency department with three or more vomiting episodes in the last four hours and glycaemia higher than 45 mg/dL. Blood was measured for beta‐hydroxybutyrate levels prior to the administration of oral rehydration solution for 90 minutes. Two or more vomiting episodes during this period were considered failed oral rehydration.ResultsWe analysed 248 patients, with a median age of four years and 7.5 months and 233 (94%) of the parents took part. The median number of vomiting episodes in the previous four hours was five and oral rehydration was successful in 183 (78.5%) patients. The multivariate analysis showed that the initial beta‐hydroxybutyrate blood level was not associated with the failure of oral rehydration.ConclusionBlood levels of beta‐hydroxybutyrate had no predictive value for oral rehydration failure in young patients with vomiting and this routine measurement is unnecessary.
Digital era policy advising: Clouding ministerial perspectives?
Authors: Marando Dylan , Craft Jonathan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe growing body of literature on digital governance, and policy advisory systems, often neglects the perspective of elected decision makers. What types of policy advice do ministers need in the digital governance era? Is digitization of government and policymaking reshaping supply and demand dynamics, the content of policy advice, or how advice is used within the policy process? This article borrows existing theoretical frames on digital governance to examine these and other questions from the perspective of ministers. The digital governance era will undoubtedly introduce novel disruptions and dilemmas, but it will also intensify longstanding tensions inherent in advisory work linked to questions of influence, capacity, and how well advisory systems adapt to serve ministers. We use information processing dynamics, policy entrepreneurship, and control and coordination to ground analysis of ministers’ advisory demand in the digital governance era. We highlight unique considerations that apply to ministers as well as reflection on their place within the broader context of advisory work. We employ vignettes from the perspective of ministers throughout the article as a useful way to personalize the digital era disruptions and dilemmas particular to ministers.
Haemorrhage following transoral robotic surgery
Authors: Hay A. , Migliacci J. , Karassawa Zanoni D. , Boyle J.O. , Singh B. , Wong R.J. , Patel S.G. , Ganly I. 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundTo report our experience of postoperative haemorrhage in patients following transoral robotic surgery (TORS).MethodsData were collected on patients having TORS. Postoperative haemorrhage within 30 days was graded using the Mayo Clinic grading system.ResultsTransoral robotic surgery operations were performed on 122 patients. There were 23 bleeding events classified as minor to severe following 19 operations (16%). Haemorrhage requiring a return to the operating room occurred after 7 operations (6%). The odds of an emergent haemorrhage were 5.19 times greater in patients who had a staged neck dissection after TORS (P = .05). The odds of a postoperative bleeding event were 2.6 times greater in patients receiving a larger resection (P = .107). There were no haemorrhage events in the 36 patients who received a synchronous neck dissection with transcervical ligation of the external carotid artery.ConclusionsSurgical intervention for TORS haemorrhage occurred in 6% patients. No haemorrhage occurred in patients who had ligation of the external carotid artery.
Dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type mediates understory plant invasions
Authors: Jo Insu , Potter Kevin M. , Domke Grant M. , Fei Songlin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractForest mycorrhizal type mediates nutrient dynamics, which in turn can influence forest community structure and processes. Using forest inventory data, we explored how dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type affects understory plant invasions with consideration of forest structure and soil properties. We found that arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) dominant forests, which are characterised by thin forest floors and low soil C : N ratio, were invaded to a greater extent by non‐native invasive species than ectomycorrhizal (ECM) dominant forests. Understory native species cover and richness had no strong associations withAMtree dominance. We also found no difference in the mycorrhizal type composition of understory invaders betweenAMandECMdominant forests. Our results indicate that dominant forest tree mycorrhizal type is closely linked with understory invasions. The increased invader abundance inAMdominant forests can further facilitate nutrient cycling, leading to the alteration of ecosystem structure and functions.
European crises of legally‐constituted public power: From the ‘law of corporatism’ to the ‘law of governance’
Authors: Kjaer Poul F. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe ‘turn to corporatism’ in the interwar period implied an erosion of the fragile institutionalisation of legally‐constituted public power due to its suspension of the legal infrastructure of society and the concomitant breakdown of the distinction between the public and private realms of society. The dual (trans‐)national re‐constitution of Western Europe in the years immediately after the Second World War, which the European integration process was an integrated part of, successfully remedied this development. However, over the last decades, Europe has experienced a ‘turn to governance’, which also implies an erosion of the distinction between the public and private realms, and increasingly challenges the normative integrity and functional capacity of law. This development has been further reinforced by the new post‐crisis legal and institutional architecture of the EU as it implies the emergence of a ‘dual Union’ partly based upon formality and partly upon informality and an increased suspension of open‐ended democratic decision‐making.
Beyond the crisis: The societal effects of the European transformation
Authors: Eigmüller Monika 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe European Union has been in crisis mode for a decade now. Both the global economic and financial crisis of 2009 and, more recently, the so‐called “refugee crisis” have clearly revealed the serious institutional misalignments of the EU, its absence of intergovernmental solidarity, and the fragility of a European construction that has achieved little more than the creation of a common market. The EU's failure to successfully meet these challenges has led to a serious crisis of confidence, triggering widespread popular distrust of the EU and its institutions and suspiciousness towards politics and political decisions in general. At the same time, and somewhat paradoxically, Europeans still express support for the EU; furthermore, there are tangible shows of solidarity between European citizens. Thus, contrary to the common assumption, the lack of social integration matters considerably less than institutional misalignment and a failing process of system integration in accounting for the EU's current crises and challenges. Thus it seems important to look more closely at the type of social integration involved, given the uncertain institutional supports. The question facing Europe today is what kind of trust and affective European attitude and sense of belonging that will sustain over time.
From transconstitutionalism to transdemocracy
Authors: Neves Marcelo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article relates to the author's project “transdemocracy”. It starts with a discussion of “transconstitutionalism” and its limits. Transconstitutionalism concerns the fact that multiple legal orders of the same or different kind are simultaneously involved with the same constitutional issue or case, i.e. issue or case concerning basic rights or legal limitation and control of political power. Constitutional problems, thus go beyond the state and entangle several legal orders, although no new constitution arises in this context. The article points out the limits of transconstitutionalism in an asymmetric world society so as to seek new alternatives beyond it. Two alternatives are considered: post‐constitutionalism, which demands transcendence of today's world society and thus negate constitutionalism in general, and transdemocracy, which is rather immanent to our social formation and claims to be complementary to transconstitutionalism. Because the author prefers the second alternative, the article begins to outline an approach to transdemocracy that goes across state boundaries and beyond “We the People”, that is popular sovereignty, in order to emphasize the sustainable responsiveness for other peoples in the same world society. It is a question of sustainability of democracy. In this context, the author intends to develop an ecological approach to democracy with the background of Niklas Luhmann's systems theory, but from a heterodox, critical perspective.
Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension in Children and Adolescents: An Update
Authors: Cleves‐Bayon Catalina 
Published: December 2017

PremiseIdiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH), previously known as pseudotumor cerebri syndrome (PTC) is a serious neurological disorder that can lead to irreversible visual loss. Predominantly a disorder affecting women in reproductive years, the pediatric population is not spared.ProblemIn the past few years, the condition has been redefined, due to new accepted values for opening pressure in children and advances in neuroimaging. Emerging techniques in ophthalmology are being increasingly used to monitor disease in these patients. And, although the treatment tools have not changed in several years, important evidence for efficacy for acetazolamide finally came to light in recent years in the Idiopathic Intracranial Hypertension Treatment Trial (IIHTT).Potential SolutionThis review article provides an overview on recent advances in diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of IIH.