bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cellular cannibalism in giant cells of central giant cell granuloma of jaw bones and giant cell tumors of long bones
Authors: Sarode Gargi S. , Sarode Sachin C. , Gawande Shailesh , Patil Snehal , Anand Rahul , Patil Shankar Gouda , Patil Prakash 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship of central giant cell granuloma (CGCG) and giant cell tumor of long bones (GCT) with respect to cannibalistic giant cells (GCs).MethodSixteen cases each of CGCG and GCT were histopathologically analyzed for cannibalistic GCs. One hundred GCs were examined in each section, and the number of cannibalistic GCs was expressed in percentage.ResultsCannibalistic GCs were seen in all cases of CGCG and GCT (100%). GCT showed significantly higher mean cannibalistic GC frequency (44.81 ± 1.013) than CGCG (32.06 ± 1.398), aggressive CGCG (38.17 ± 1.579), non‐aggressive CGCG (28.40 ± 0.6360), non‐recurrent CGCG (30.42 ± 1.417), and recurrent CGCG (37.00 ± 2.483). In aggressive CGCG, the mean cannibalistic GC frequency was significantly higher (38.17 ± 1.579) than the non‐aggressive variant (28.40 ± 0.6360). Recurrent CGCG cases showed significantly higher mean cannibalistic GC frequency (37.00 ± 2.483) than non‐recurrent cases (30.42 ± 1.417). Similarly, recurrent GCT showed significantly higher mean cannibalistic GC frequency (47.4 ± 4.97) than non‐recurrent GCT (43.63 ± 3.1).ConclusionThe distinctness of CGCG and GCT was observed in terms of mean cannibalistic GC count. The assessment of cannibalistic GC in CGCG and GCT could help in predicting the biological behavior and grading of the tumor.
Wheat ear carbon assimilation and nitrogen remobilization contribute significantly to grain yield
Authors: Zhou Bangwei , Serret Maria Dolores , Elazab Abdelhalim , Bort Pie Jordi , Araus José Luis , Aranjuelo Iker , Sanz‐Sáez Álvaro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe role of wheat ears as a source of nitrogen (N) and carbon (C) in the grain filling process has barely been studied. To resolve this question, five wheat genotypes were labeled with 15N‐enriched nutrient solution. N remobilization and absorption were estimated via the nitrogen isotope composition of total organic matter and Rubisco. Gas exchange analyses showed that ear photosynthesis contributed substantially to grain filling in spite of the great loss of C due to respiration. Of the total kernel N, 64.7% was derived from the N acquired between sowing and anthesis, while the remaining 35.3% was derived from the N acquired between anthesis and maturity. In addition, 1.87 times more N was remobilized to the developing kernel from the ear than from the flag leaf. The higher yielding genotypes showed an increased N remobilization to the kernel compared to the lower yielding genotypes. In addition, the higher yielding genotypes remobilized more N from the ears to the kernel than the lower yielding genotypes, while the lower yielding genotypes remobilized more N from the flag leaf to the kernel. Therefore, the ears contribute significantly toward fulfilling C and N demands during grain filling.
Elucidation of the interplay between Fe(II), Fe(III), and dopamine with relevance to iron solubilization and reactive oxygen species generation by catecholamines
Authors: Sun Yingying , Pham A. Ninh , Waite T. David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe non‐enzymatically catalyzed oxidation of dopamine (DA) and the resultant formation of powerful oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (•OH) through ‘Fenton chemistry’ in the presence of iron within dopaminergic neurons are thought to contribute to the damage of cells or even lead to neuronal degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. An understanding of DA oxidation as well as the transformation of the intermediates that are formed in the presence of iron under physiological conditions is critical to understanding the mechanism of DA and iron induced oxidative stress. In this study, the generation of H2O2 through the autoxidation and iron‐catalyzed oxidation of DA, the formation of the dominant complex via the direct reaction with Fe(II) and Fe(III) in both oxygen saturated and deoxygenated conditions and the oxidation of Fe(II) in the presence of DA at physiological pH 7.4 were investigated. The oxidation of DA resulted in the generation of significant amounts of H2O2 with this process accelerated significantly in the presence of Fe(II) and Fe(III). At high DA:Fe(II) ratios, the results from this study suggest that DA plays a protective role by complexing Fe(II) and preventing it from reacting with the generated H2O2. However, the accumulation of H2O2 may result in cellular damage as high intracellular H2O2 concentrations will result in the oxidation of remaining Fe(II) mainly through the peroxidation pathway. At low DA:Fe(II) ratios however, it is likely that DA will act as a pro‐oxidant by generating H2O2 which, in the presence of Fe(II), will result in the production of strongly oxidizing •OH radicals.
imagePowerful oxidants such as the hydroxyl radical (•OH) have previously been thought to be generated through the interplay between dopamine (DA) and iron, contributing to damage to cells and, potentially, leading to neuronal degenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease. Our results suggest that DA plays a dual role as high DA/Fe(II) ratios prevent Fe(II) from reacting with the generated H2O2 thereby reducing •OH generation, whereas low DA/Fe(II) ratios enhance •OH generation as a result of reaction of unbound Fe(II) and H2O2 produced via both autoxidation and iron‐catalyzed oxidation of DA.
Intramuscular delivery of p75NTR ectodomain by an AAV vector attenuates cognitive deficits and Alzheimer's disease‐like pathologies in APP/PS1 transgenic mice
Authors: Wang Qing‐Hua , Wang Ye‐Ran , Zhang Tao , Jiao Shu‐Sheng , Liu Yu‐Hui , Zeng Fan , Li Jing , Yao Xiu‐Qing , Zhou Hua‐Dong , Zhou Xin‐Fu , Wang Yan‐Jiang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe neurotrophin receptor p75 (p75NTR) is a receptor for amyloid‐beta (Aβ) and mediates Aβ‐induced neurodegenerative signals. The ectodomain of p75NTR (p75ECD) is a physiological protective factor against Aβ in Alzheimer's disease (AD). We have previously demonstrated that the shedding of p75ECD from the cell surface is down‐regulated in AD brains and restoration of the p75ECD level in the brain, through intracranial administration of p75ECD by adeno‐associated virus vectors, attenuates AD‐like pathologies in an AD mouse model. In this study, we further investigated the feasibility and efficacy of peripheral administration of AAV‐p75ECD on brain amyloid burden and associated pathogenesis. We found that intramuscular delivery of AAV‐p75ECD increased the level of p75ECD in the blood, significantly improved the behavioral phenotype of amyloid precursor protein/PS1 transgenic mice, and reduced brain amyloid burden, attenuated Tau hyperphosphorylation, and neuroinflammation. Furthermore, intramuscular delivery of AAV‐p75ECD was well tolerated. Our results indicate that peripheral delivery of p75ECD represents a safe and effective therapeutic strategy for AD.
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The ectodomain of p75NTR (p75ECD) is a physiological protective factor against amyloid‐beta (Aβ) in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Intramuscular delivery of AAV‐p75ECD increased the p75ECD levels in the blood, reduced brain amyloid burden through a ‘peripheral sink’ mechanism and alleviates AD‐type pathologies. Peripheral delivery of p75ECD represents a promising therapeutic strategy for AD.
Nursing competency standards in primary health care: an integrative review
Authors: Halcomb Elizabeth , Stephens Moira , Bryce Julianne , Foley Elizabeth , Ashley Christine 
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectivesThis paper reports an integrative review of the literature on nursing competency standards for nurses working in primary health care and, in particular, general practice.BackgroundInternationally, there is growing emphasis on building a strong primary health care nursing workforce to meet the challenges of rising chronic and complex disease. However, there has been limited emphasis on examining the nursing workforce in this setting.DesignIntegrative review.MethodsA comprehensive search of relevant electronic databases using keywords (e.g. ‘competencies’, ‘competen*’ and ‘primary health care’, ‘general practice’ and ‘nurs*’) was combined with searching of the Internet using the Google scholar search engine. Experts were approached to identify relevant grey literature. Key websites were also searched and the reference lists of retrieved sources were followed up. The search focussed on English language literature published since 2000.ResultsLimited published literature reports on competency standards for nurses working in general practice and primary health care. Of the literature that is available, there are differences in the reporting of how the competency standards were developed. A number of common themes were identified across the included competency standards, including clinical practice, communication, professionalism and health promotion. Many competency standards also included teamwork, education, research/evaluation, information technology and the primary health care environment.ConclusionGiven the potential value of competency standards, further work is required to develop and test robust standards that can communicate the skills and knowledge required of nurses working in primary health care settings to policy makers, employers, other health professionals and consumers.Relevance to clinical practiceCompetency standards are important tools for communicating the role of nurses to consumers and other health professionals, as well as defining this role for employers, policy makers and educators. Understanding the content of competency standards internationally is an important step to understanding this growing workforce.
Combating antibiotic resistance, mitigating future threats and ongoing initiatives
Authors: Velez Roseann , Sloand Elizabeth 
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectivesTo emphasise the impact of antibiotic resistance as a persistent, global health threat and highlight efforts to improve this complex problem.BackgroundPolitical agendas, legislation, development of therapies and educational initiatives are essential to mitigate the increasing rate of antibiotic resistance.DesignOriginal manuscript.ResultsPrescribers, policymakers and researchers are charged with the complex task of mitigating antibiotic resistance in an era when new treatments for bacterial infections are limited.ConclusionsMonitoring, surveillance and incentivising of practice, policy and new treatments provide solutions to antibiotic resistance in both the human and agricultural sectors.Relevance to clinical practiceThis article emphasises the complexity of antibiotic resistance and highlights the need for a multifaceted approach to improve health care outcomes.
Transfemoral temporary aortic balloon occlusion in surgical treatment of second trimester intramural ectopic pregnancy
Authors: Li Shuhong , Liu Honjie , Li Xiaoyan , Liu Zhifen , Li Yan , Li Ning 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntramural ectopic pregnancy is a rare type of ectopic pregnancy that may lead to life‐threatening hemorrhage. In the present case, a 20‐year‐old woman at 18.5 weeks of gestation, G1P0, was diagnosed with intramural ectopic pregnancy on ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging, which showed a 14‐cm × 14‐cm gestational sac on the right posterior lateral side of the uterus fundus, surrounded completely by myometrium. Considering the increased risk of bleeding during surgery, transfemoral temporary aortic balloon occlusion was performed during laparotomy. The intramural ectopic gestational sac was successfully resected without life‐threatening obstetric hemorrhage. This procedure could offer an alternative approach to classic uterine artery embolization in reducing intraoperative bleeding thus avoiding blood transfusion. Aortic balloon occlusion is the temporary occlusion of the aorta, therefore it does not influence future fertility. In conclusion, transfemoral temporary aortic balloon occlusion is an effective procedure in the surgical treatment of intramural ectopic pregnancy diagnosed beyond the first trimester.
A Revelation Mechanism for Soft Information under Moral Hazard
Authors: ROGER GUILLAUME 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper constructs a revelation mechanism to address a problem of moral hazard under soft information. The agent alone observes the stochastic outcome of her action, which she reports to the principal. Therefore the principal also faces a problem of ex post adverse selection. Economically relevant restrictions induce constraints on the principal's choice of mechanism and the Revelation Principle fails to apply. Specifically, a direct mechanism induces some pooling, which does not replicate the allocation obtained using a larger message space. Pooling also weakens the ex ante incentives. The Revelation Principle is extended to obtain type separation. A better audit relaxes frictions.
Regulated Competition under Increasing Returns to Scale
Authors: GREVE THOMAS , KEIDING HANS 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the classical models of regulation economics, a mechanism that secures truthful revelation involves paying a subsidy to the firm. In this paper, we investigate whether it is possible to create a regulatory mechanism under a no‐subsidy constraint that induces the firm to report its private information truthfully. We consider a number of firms operating under regulated competition and with increasing returns to scale technology. It is shown that in equilibrium each firm chooses to report truthfully without receiving any subsidy. The use of competition may give rise to an efficiency loss due to the increasing returns to scale. However, we show that our mechanism may still be better, from a social welfare point of view, than the case of monopoly regulation that involves no subsidy.
Cost‐effectiveness of preventing dental caries and full mouth dental reconstructions among Alaska Native children in the Yukon–Kuskokwim delta region of Alaska
Authors: Atkins Charisma Y. , Thomas Timothy K. , Lenaker Dane , Day Gretchen M. , Hennessy Thomas W. , Meltzer Martin I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveWe conducted a cost‐effectiveness analysis of five specific dental interventions to help guide resource allocation.MethodsWe developed a spreadsheet‐based tool, from the healthcare payer perspective, to evaluate the cost effectiveness of specific dental interventions that are currently used among Alaska Native children (6‐60 months). Interventions included: water fluoridation, dental sealants, fluoride varnish, tooth brushing with fluoride toothpaste, and conducting initial dental exams on children <18 months of age. We calculated the cost‐effectiveness ratio of implementing the proposed interventions to reduce the number of carious teeth and full mouth dental reconstructions (FMDRs) over 10 years.ResultsA total of 322 children received caries treatments completed by a dental provider in the dental chair, while 161 children received FMDRs completed by a dental surgeon in an operating room. The average cost of treating dental caries in the dental chair was $1,467 (∼258,000 per year); while the cost of treating FMDRs was $9,349 (∼1.5 million per year). All interventions were shown to prevent caries and FMDRs; however tooth brushing prevented the greatest number of caries at minimum and maximum effectiveness with 1,433 and 1,910, respectively. Tooth brushing also prevented the greatest number of FMDRs (159 and 211) at minimum and maximum effectiveness.ConclusionsAll of the dental interventions evaluated were shown to produce cost savings. However, the level of that cost saving is dependent on the intervention chosen.
Timing of primary tooth emergence among U.S. racial and ethnic groups
Authors: Warren John J. , Fontana Margherita , Blanchette Derek R. , Dawson Deborah V. , Drake David R. , Levy Steven M. , Kolker Justine L. , Phipps Kathy R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo compare timing of tooth emergence among groups of American Indian (AI), Black and White children in the United States at 12 months of age.MethodsData were from two sources – a longitudinal study of a Northern Plains tribal community and a study with sites in Indiana, Iowa and North Carolina. For the Northern Plains study, all children (n = 223) were American Indian, while for the multisite study, children (n = 320) were from diverse racial groups. Analyses were limited to data from examinations conducted within 30 days of the child's first birthday.ResultsAI children had significantly more teeth present (Mean: 7.8, Median: 8.0) than did Whites (4.4, 4.0, P < 0.001) or Blacks (4.5, 4.0, P < 0.001). No significant differences were detected between Black and White children (P = 0.58). There was no significant sex difference overall or within any of the racial groups.ConclusionsTooth emergence occurs at a younger age for AI children than it does for contemporary White or Black children in the United States.
Melatonin attenuates postharvest physiological deterioration of cassava storage roots
Authors: Ma Qiuxiang , Zhang Ting , Zhang Peng , Wang Zhen‐Yu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMelatonin reportedly increases abiotic and biotic stress tolerance in plants, but information on its in vivo effects during postharvest physiological deterioration (PPD) in cassava is limited. In this study, we investigated the effect of melatonin in regulating cassava PPD. Treatment with 500 mg/L melatonin significantly delayed cassava PPD and reduced the accumulation of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) while increasing the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione reductase (GR), but not ascorbate peroxidase (APX). Transcript analysis further showed that expression of copper/zinc SOD (MeCu/ZnSOD), MeCAT1, glutathione peroxidase (MeGPX), peroxidase 3 (MePX3), and glutathione S‐transferases (MeGST) was higher in cassava roots sliced treated with 500 mg/L melatonin than in those not exposed to exogenous melatonin. These data demonstrate that melatonin delays cassava PPD by directly or indirectly maintaining homoeostasis of cellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). We also found that accumulation of endogenous melatonin and the transcript levels of melatonin biosynthesis genes changed dynamically during the PPD process. This finding suggested that endogenous melatonin acts as a signal modulator for maintaining cassava PPD progression and that manipulation of melatonin biosynthesis genes through genetic engineering might prevent cassava root deterioration.
Bacteria may induce the secretion of mucin‐like proteins by the diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Authors: Buhmann Matthias T. , Schulze Birgit , Förderer Alexander , Schleheck David , Kroth Peter G. 
Published: March 2016

Benthic diatoms live in photoautotrophic/heterotrophic biofilm communities embedded in a matrix of secreted extracellular polymeric substances. Closely associated bacteria influence their growth, aggregation, and secretion of exopolymers. We have studied a diatom/bacteria model community, in which a marine Roseobacter strain is able to grow with secreted diatom exopolymers as a sole source of carbon. The strain influences the aggregation of Phaeodactylum tricornutum by inducing a morphotypic transition from planktonic, fusiform cells to benthic, oval cells. Analysis of the extracellular soluble proteome of P. tricornutum in the presence and absence of bacteria revealed constitutively expressed newly identified proteins with mucin‐like domains that appear to be typical for extracellular diatom proteins. In contrast to mucins, the proline‐, serine‐, threonine‐rich (PST) domains in these proteins were also found in combination with protease‐, glucosidase‐ and leucine‐rich repeat‐domains. Bioinformatic functional predictions indicate that several of these newly identified diatom‐specific proteins may be involved in algal defense, intercellular signaling, and aggregation.
Gender differences in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome
Authors: BaHammam Ahmed S. , Pandi‐Perumal Seithikurippu R. , Piper Amanda , Bahammam Salman A. , Almeneessier Aljohara S. , Olaish Awad H. , Javaheri Shahrokh 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThe role of gender and menopause in obstructive sleep apnoea is well known; however, no study has reported the impact of gender on the clinical presentation and the nocturnal respiratory events in patients with obesity hypoventilation syndrome. Therefore, this study prospectively evaluated differences in the clinical characteristics of women and men with obesity hypoventilation syndrome in a large cohort of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea. During the study period, a total of 1973 patients were referred to the sleep clinic with clinical suspicion of obstructive sleep apnoea. All patients underwent overnight polysomnography, during which time spirometry, arterial blood samples and thyroid tests were routinely obtained. Among 1973 consecutive patients, 1693 (617 women) were diagnosed with obstructive sleep apnoea, among whom 144 suffered from obesity hypoventilation syndrome (96 women). The prevalence of obesity hypoventilation syndrome among women and men was 15.6% and 4.5%, respectively (P < 0.001). Women with obesity hypoventilation syndrome were significantly older than men with obesity hypoventilation syndrome (61.5 ± 11.9 years versus 49.1 ± 12.5 years, P < 0.001). Although there were no significant differences between genders regarding symptoms, body mass index, spirometric data or daytime PaCO2, women with obesity hypoventilation syndrome suffered significantly more from hypertension, diabetes and hypothyroidism. The prevalence of obesity hypoventilation syndrome was higher in post‐menopausal (21%) compared with pre‐menopausal (5.3%) women (P < 0001). HCO3 and duration of SpO2 <90% were the only independent predictors of obesity hypoventilation syndrome. In conclusion, this study reported that among subjects referred to the sleep disorders clinic for evaluation of obstructive sleep apnoea, obesity hypoventilation syndrome is more prevalent in women than men, and that women with obesity hypoventilation syndrome suffer from significantly more co‐morbidities. Post‐menopausal women with obstructive sleep apnoea have the highest prevalence of obesity hypoventilation syndrome.