bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Derivation of Three-Dimensional Radiation Stress Based on Lagrangian Solutions of Progressive Waves
Authors: Ji Chao , Zhang Qinghe , Wu Yongsheng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA new approach has been proposed to derive the expressions for three-dimensional radiation stress using solutions of the pressure and velocity distributions and the coordinate transformation function that are derived from a Lagrangian description wherein the pressure is zero (relative to the atmospheric pressure) at the sea surface. Using this approach, analytical expressions of horizontal and vertical depth-dependent radiation stress are derived at a uniform depth and for a sloping bottom, respectively. The results of the depth integration of the expressions agree well with the theory of Longuet-Higgins and Stewart. In the case involving a sloping bottom, the radiation stress expressions from this study provide a better balance of the net momentum compared to those from previous studies.
Atmospheric Ice Particle Shape Estimates from Polarimetric Radar Measurements and In Situ Observations
Authors: Matrosov Sergey Y. , Schmitt Carl G. , Maahn Maximilian , de Boer Gijs 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA remote sensing approach to retrieve the degree of nonsphericity of ice hydrometeors using scanning polarimetric Ka-band radar measurements from a U.S. Department of Energy Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) Program cloud radar operated in an alternate transmission–simultaneous reception mode is introduced. Nonsphericity is characterized by aspect ratios representing the ratios of particle minor-to-major dimensions. The approach is based on the use of a circular depolarization ratio (CDR) proxy reconstructed from differential reflectivity ZDR and copolar correlation coefficient ρhυ linear polarization measurements. Essentially combining information contained in ZDR and ρhυ, CDR-based retrievals of aspect ratios are fairly insensitive to hydrometeor orientation if measurements are performed at elevation angles of around 40°–50°. The suggested approach is applied to data collected using the third ARM Mobile Facility (AMF3), deployed to Oliktok Point, Alaska. Aspect ratio retrievals were also performed using ZDR measurements that are more strongly (compared to CDR) influenced by hydrometeor orientation. The results of radar-based retrievals are compared with in situ measurements from the tethered balloon system (TBS)-based video ice particle sampler and the ground-based multiangle snowflake camera. The observed ice hydrometeors were predominantly irregular-shaped ice crystals and aggregates, with aspect ratios varying between approximately 0.3 and 0.8. The retrievals assume that particle bulk density influencing (besides the particle shape) observed polarimetric variables can be deduced from the estimates of particle characteristic size. Uncertainties of CDR-based aspect ratio retrievals are estimated at about 0.1–0.15. Given these uncertainties, radar-based retrievals generally agreed with in situ measurements. The advantages of using the CDR proxy compared to the linear depolarization ratio are discussed.
Outcome-based Instructional Management: A Sociological Perspective
Authors: Spady William G. 
Published: September 2017

During the past decade, a series of related instructional concepts and approaches has been refined and implemented which requires major adjustments in traditional patterns of instructional management and delivery. These approaches are known by names such as ‘mastery learning’, ‘individually programmed instruction’, ‘competency based education’, and ‘learner-responsive instruction’, and they often produce impressive improvements in the learning achievement of whole groups of ‘average’ and ‘poor’ students. While understood and implemented in a variety of ways, they share a set of common underlying principles and operational features identified here as ‘outcome-based’.In describing these outcome-based philosophical principles and program characteristics, this paper focuses on changes in the management of time, students, instructional resources, and testing required of both teachers and administrators by such programs. In brief, the paper develops the thesis and framework that outcome-based approaches require an instructional management system that is assessment driven rather than assignment driven. Among other things, assessment driven systems rely on the existence of time-flexible instructional delivery, student grouping, and testing/assessment conditions in order to assure that virtually all students reach publicly acknowledged and operationalized learning goals. This mode of management represents a major departure from the clock, schedule, calendar, and age-grade based assignment structure within which conventional instructional systems operate.
Eligibility and Self Selection: Discontinuities in Transition to Tertiary Education in Victoria
Authors: Elsworth Gerald R. , Day Neil A. 
Published: September 2017

Most studies of transition to tertiary education focus on a single outcome variable: expectations of further study, a dichotomous indicator of participation in college and university, or simply years of further education achieved. In this paper, the authors contend that a more complete analysis of the social and personal factors which determine tertiary participation can be gained by regarding transition as a series of discontinuities in the individual's educational history. If an analysis was to commence with a cohort of Year 12 students, indicators of these discontinuities could include completion of Year 12, application to a college or university, receipt of an offer, self-selection at enrolment, and delayed entry. In a recent published study of college and university applicants in Victoria, the authors used administrative and survey data to develop causal models of the decision of successful applicants to enrol either full- or part-time rather than defer or decline. In this paper the administrative data are used to specify a model which includes two transition variables. The variables identify those who received an offer, from a defined cohort of applicants, and those who subsequently took up the offer. This model enables a distinction to be made between factors which affect the students’ eligibili!y to enrol and factors that affect subsequent self-selection into tertiary education. Group and individual inequalities can therefore be assessed in terms of their total effecton transition and their separate effects on eligibility and self-selection.
Reasoning Ability of Preservice Primary Teachers: Implications for Science Teaching
Authors: Tobin Kenneth , Garnett Patrick J. 
Published: September 2017

The study investigated formal reasoning ability of preservice primary teachers in a Western Australian teacher training institution. The paper explores the implications of a wide range in reasoning ability of teachers for teaching science in primary grade levels. Relationships between reasoning ability and prior studies in science, science elective choice in a preservice teacher education program, and integrated process skill achievement in a science education course were also investigated. A sample of 299 students enrolled in the second year of a preservice primary teacher education course participated in the study. The results of the study suggest that students with high formal reasoning ability are best equipped to teach primary science. As well as having the intellectual capacity to utilize formal modes of thinking during science lessons, students in this group are more likely to have studied physical science subjects at Year 12 level and to have engaged in science elective studies in the preservice teacher education program. In contrast, students with lower reasoning ability are likely to encounter significant difficulties in implementing an effective science program. In addition to problems associated with reasoning limitations, teachers from this group tend to have a background in biological sciences at Year 12 level and have usually avoided additional elective studies in science during their preservice teacher education program.
Abnormal lipids and the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: is there a problem and what should we do about it?
Authors: Crook M A , Mir N 
Published: September 2017

Recent research has shown abnormal lipids in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). In human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection hypocholesterolaemia, hypertriglyceridaemia and also low high density lipoprotein (HDL)-cholesterol have all been described. In addition, increased dense low density lipoprotein (LDL) particles and also lipoprotein (a) have been observed in some patients. The use of the protease inhibitors has been associated with diabetes mellitus and also features of insulin resistance. This article looks at these lipid abnormalities in detail and discusses possible therapeutic options that may be available, in order to address them.
Effects of Interactive Multimedia Training on Knowledge, Attitudes, and Self-Efficacy of Social Work Students
Authors: Cauble A. Elizabeth , Thurston Linda P. 
Published: September 2017

Objective Building Family Foundations (BFF), an interactive multimedia (1M) training curriculum for child welfare workers, and its use with baccalaureate social work students is described. Students’ attitudes toward technology and multimedia, instructional efficacy, and knowledge acquisition were examined. Method Social work students viewed selected units from BFF and completed pretests and posttests using the BFF Competency Rating Scale (CRS), the Child Welfare Knowledge Assessment (CWKA), and the Technology Rating Scale, adapted for use with multimedia. To provide a control group, items from a unit the students did not view were included in the BFF CRS and the CWKA. Results Significant differences between the pretest and posttest means were found. Users increased knowledge, developed a sense of competence in the subject area, and became more comfortable with the use of technology. Conclusion The results indicate that IM is an effective means of providing baccalaureate social work education.
Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: Expert Consensus Guidelines
Authors: Conners C.K. , March J.S. , Frances A. , Wells K.C. , Ross R. 
Published: September 2017

Objective To develop treatment guidelines for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) based upon consensus among physicians and psychologists, particularly concerning aspects of management not yet well established by controlled research. Method Eighty questions regarding preferred modes of therapy, sequencing of treatments, developmental considerations, management of comorbid conditions, and partial response to treatment were developed by the authors. The survey was modified by expert consultants in psychology, psychiatry, neurology, pediatrics, and family practice. The survey was mailed to 50 psychologists and 51 physicians, with a 94% and 86% return rate, respectively. The survey used a modified version of the Rand Corporation Delphi method, and results were expressed statistically in terms of averages and confidence intervals. Results A high level of agreement between psychologists and psychiatrists was usually reached. First-line treatments were identified for most areas surveyed. Results were similar in most instances to practices recommended in guidelines developed by more qualitative methods. Conclusions Pharmacological and behavioral treatments for ADHD under a wide variety of conditions are well agreed upon by expert clinician-researchers. The resulting guidelines will provide reasonable guidance for most practice issues in ADHD until more controlled evidence is available.
The associations of body composition and anthropometric measures with carotid intima-media thickness in obese and non-obese schoolchildren: A possible predictor for cardiovascular diseases
Authors: Al-Shorman Alaa , Al-Domi Hayder , Al-Atoum Muatasem 
Published: September 2017

Background Increased carotid intima-media thickness is one of the predictors of future cardiovascular diseases. However, it is still unknown which body composition parameter or anthropometric measure is the best predictor for carotid intima-media thickness change among children and young adolescents. Objective To investigate the associations of body composition and anthropometric measures with carotid intima-media thickness among a group of obese and normal bodyweight schoolchildren. Methods A total of 125 schoolchildren (10–15 years) were recruited from four public schools in Amman, Jordan. Of them, 60 (29 boys and 31 girls) were normal bodyweight students and 65 (35 boys and 30 girls) were obese students. Anthropometric measures, fat mass and fat-free mass were determined. Carotid intima-media thickness of the common artery was measured using high-resolution B-mode ultrasound. Results Compared to normal bodyweight students, obese participants exhibited greater carotid intima-media thickness (mm) (0.45 ± 0.10 vs. 0.38 ± 0.08, p = 0.002) and fat-free mass (kg) (48.01 ± 11.39 vs. 32.65 ±7.65, p < 0.001). Pearson’s correlation coefficient and linear regression analysis revealed significant associations ( p≤0.05) between mean carotid intima-media thickness and body mass index, waist circumference, hip circumference, waist-to-hip ratio, fat mass and fat-free mass. Stepwise linear regression analysis revealed that waist circumference was the only measure that was statistically significant ( p ≤ 0.05) with mean carotid intima-media thickness (r2 = 0.129, p = 0.002). Conclusions Obesity is related to greater carotid intima-media thickness and other cardiovascular risk factors among schoolchildren. Waist circumference is more sensitive in predicting increased carotid intima-media thickness than other body composition or anthropometric measures. Waist circumference measurement in the analysis of future studies assessing the cardiovascular risk among obese children is warranted.
Irritable bowel syndrome diagnosis and management: A simplified algorithm for clinical practice
Authors: Moayyedi Paul , Mearin Fermín , Azpiroz Fernando , Andresen Viola , Barbara Giovanni , Corsetti Maura , Emmanuel Anton , Hungin A Pali S , Layer Peter , Stanghellini Vincenzo , Whorwell Peter , Zerbib Frank , Tack Jan 
Published: September 2017

BackgroundEffective management of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a common functional gastrointestinal disorder, can be challenging for physicians because of the lack of simple diagnostic tests and the wide variety of treatment approaches available.ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to outline a simple algorithm for day‐to‐day clinical practice to help physicians navigate key stages to reaching a positive IBS diagnosis and guidance on how to prioritise the use of specific management strategies.MethodsThis algorithm was based on the opinion of an expert panel evaluating current evidence.ResultsThe key principles forming the foundation of this evidence‐supported algorithm are: confidently naming and explaining an IBS diagnosis for the patient, followed by assessment of key patient characteristics likely to influence the choice of therapy, such as predominant symptoms, and exploring the patient agenda and preferences. Consultation should always include education and reassurance with an explanatory model of IBS tailored to the patient. Individualised lifestyle changes, dietary modifications, pharmacological therapies, psychological strategies or a combination of interventions may be used to optimise treatment for each patient.ConclusionThe simple visual tools developed here navigate the key stages to reaching a positive diagnosis of IBS, and provide a stepwise approach to patient‐centred management targeted towards the most bothersome symptoms. Establishing a strong patient‐physician relationship is central to all stages of the patient journey from diagnosis to effective management.
Role of Granulocyte-Macrophage Colony-Stimulating Factor in Acute Myeloid Leukemia/Myelodysplastic Syndromes
Authors: Kassem Neemat M. , Ayad Alya M. , El Husseiny Noha M. , El-Demerdash Doaa M. , Kassem Hebatallah A. , Mattar Mervat M. 
Published: September 2017

Purpose Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) cytokine stimulates growth, differentiation, and function of myeloid progenitors. We aimed to study the role of GM-CSF gene expression, its protein, and antibodies in patients with acute myeloid leukemia/myelodysplastic syndromes (AML/MDS) and their correlation to disease behavior and treatment outcome. The study included 50 Egyptian patients with AML/MDS in addition to 20 healthy volunteers as control subjects. Patients and Methods Assessment of GM-CSF gene expression was performed by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. GM-CSF proteins and antibodies were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results There was significant decrease in GM-CSF gene expression ( P = .008), increase in serum level of GM-CSF protein ( P = .0001), and increase in anti–GM-CSF antibodies ( P = .001) in patients with AML/MDS compared with healthy control subjects. In addition, there was a significant negative correlation between serum levels of GM-CSF protein and initial peripheral blood blasts, percentage as well as response to therapy. Conclusion Any alteration in GM-CSF gene expression could have implications in leukemogenesis. In addition, GM-CSF protein serum levels could be used to predict outcome of therapy. GM-CSF antibodies may also play a role in the pathogenesis of AML/MDS. The use of these GM-CSF parameters for disease monitoring and as markers of disease activity needs further research.
Peripheral Nerve Hyperexcitability Syndromes
Authors: Sawlani Komal , Katirji Bashar 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: This article provides a review of the clinical phenotypes and evaluation of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes. These rare diagnoses include cramp-fasciculation syndrome, Isaacs syndrome, and Morvan syndrome. Recent investigations have led to an understanding of the autoimmune underpinnings of these conditions and their specific associated antibodies. As the presentation of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes includes muscle stiffness, twitches, and spasms, which are also shared with certain central nervous system and myopathic conditions, the differential diagnosis of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes is reviewed.

Recent Findings: Peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes share clinical and electrodiagnostic evidence of motor nerve instability; however, their clinical presentations are varied. Case reviews have helped us understand the spectrum of symptoms associated with the three peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes reviewed here: cramp-fasciculation syndrome, Isaacs syndrome, and Morvan syndrome. More recently, research has focused on understanding the voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies as well as neoplasms associated with these conditions.

Summary: The diagnosis of peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes requires a high index of suspicion, support from the physical examination, familiarity with the spectrum of symptoms associated with peripheral nerve hyperexcitability syndromes, and recognition of diagnostic EMG features. Voltage-gated potassium channel complex antibodies are associated with these conditions. Optimum treatment and autoimmune pathogenesis remain areas of active research.
Long-term outcome of carpal tunnel release surgery in patients with severe carpal tunnel syndrome
Authors: Tang C. Q. Y. , Lai S. W. H. , Tay S. C. 
Published: September 2017

Aims Few studies have examined the long-term outcome of carpal tunnel release (CTR). The aim of this study was to evaluate the patient-reported long-term outcome of CTR for electrophysiologically severe carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS). Patients and Methods We reviewed the long-term outcome of 40 patients with bilateral severe CTS who underwent 80 CTRs (46 open, 34 endoscopic) between 2002 and 2012. The outcomes studied were patient-reported outcomes of numbness resolution, the Boston Carpal Tunnel Questionnaire (BCTQ) score, and patient satisfaction. Results The mean follow-up was 9.3 years. Complete resolution of numbness was reported by 93.8% of patients, persistent numbness by 3.8%, and recurrent numbness by 2.5%. The mean BCTQ symptom score was 1.1 (sd 0.3; 1.0 to 2.55) and the mean Boston function score was 1.15 (sd 0.46; 1.0 to 3.5). 72.5% of patients were asymptomatic and had no functional impairment. Men had poorer outcomes than women and patients < 55 years had poorer outcomes than patients ≥ 55 years. All patients who had undergone endoscopic CTR reported complete resolution of numbness compared with 89.1% of those who had undergone open release (p = 0.047). There was no significant difference in outcome between dominant and non-dominant hands. Patient satisfaction rates were good. There were no adverse events. Conclusion CTR has a favourable outcome and good rates of satisfaction, even in patients with bilateral severe CTS at a mean of nine years after surgery. Endoscopic CTR has a higher rate of numbness resolution than open surgery. There were no significant differences in outcome between the dominant and non-dominant hand. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1348–53.
A comparison study of stem taper material loss at similar and mixed metal head-neck taper junctions
Authors: Langton D. J. , Sidaginamale R. P. , Joyce T. J. , Meek R. D. , Bowsher J. G. , Deehan D. , Nargol A. V. F. , Holland J. P. 
Published: September 2017

AimsWe sought to determine whether cobalt-chromium alloy (CoCr) femoral stem tapers (trunnions) wear more than titanium (Ti) alloy stem tapers (trunnions) when used in a large diameter (LD) metal-on-metal (MoM) hip arthroplasty system.Patients and MethodsWe performed explant analysis using validated methodology to determine the volumetric material loss at the taper surfaces of explanted LD CoCr MoM hip arthroplasties used with either a Ti alloy (n = 28) or CoCr femoral stem (n = 21). Only 12/14 taper constructs with a rough male taper surface and a nominal included angle close to 5.666° were included. Multiple regression modelling was undertaken using taper angle, taper roughness, bearing diameter (horizontal lever arm) as independent variables. Material loss was mapped using a coordinate measuring machine, profilometry and scanning electron microscopy.ResultsAfter adjustment for other factors, CoCr stem tapers were found to have significantly greater volumetric material loss than the equivalent Ti stem tapers.ConclusionWhen taper junction damage is identified during revision of a LD MoM hip, it should be suspected that a male taper composed of a standard CoCr alloy has sustained significant changes to the taper cone geometry which are likely to be more extensive than those affecting a Ti alloy stem. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2017;99-B:1304–12.