bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A LARGE WEEKLY INCREASE IN HANDBALL PARTICIPATION INCREASES THE SHOULDER INJURY RATE IN DANISH YOUTH HANDBALL
Authors: Møller Merete , Nielsen Rasmus , Attermann Jørn , Wedderkopp Niels , Lind Martin , Sørensen Henrik , Myklebust Grethe 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundKnowledge of injury patterns, an integral step towards injury prevention, is lacking in youth handball.ObjectiveTo investigate if an increase in weekly handball participation is associated with increased shoulder injury rates compared with decrease or a minor increase, and if a potential association is influenced by scapular control, isometric shoulder strength, or glenohumeral range of motion (ROM).DesignProspective cohort study with weekly reports on shoulder injury, and handball participation over 31 weeks using the SMS, Phone and Medical Examination system. Assessment of shoulder isometric rotational and abduction strength, ROM and scapular control was performed at baseline and mid-season.SettingDanish elite youth handball.Participants686 players were enrolled. Seven players were excluded, and data from 36 players were censored.Assessment of Risk FactorsWeekly change in handball participation categorised into (1) <20% increase or decrease (reference), (2) increase between 20–60%, (3) increase >60% relative to the weekly average amount of handball participation the preceding four weeks. Scapular control, isometric shoulder strength and ROM were included as effect measure modifiers.Main Outcome MeasurementsAny handball-related shoulder problem irrespective of the need for time loss or medical attention.ResultsAn increase in handball participation by >60% was associated with greater shoulder injury rate (Hazard Ratio (HR):1.91; 95% Confidence Interval (CI) 1.00; 3.70, p=0.05) compared with the reference group. The effect of an increase in handball participation between 20% to 60% was exacerbated amongst players with reduced external rotation strength (HR:4.0; 95% CI 1.1; 15.2, p=0.04) or scapular dyskinesis (HR 4.8; 95% CI 1.3; 18.3, p=0.02). Reduced external strength also exacerbated the effect of an increase above 60% (HR: 4.2; 95% CI 1.4; 12.8, p=0.01).ConclusionsA large increase in weekly handball participation increases the shoulder injury rate in elite youth handball players; particularly in the presence of reduced external rotational strength or scapular dyskinesis.
THE EFFECT OF AN IRONMAN TRIATHLON ON ACHILLES TENDON STRUCTURE:A CASE REPORT
Authors: O'Neill Seth , Simon Barry 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundTransient changes in Achilles tendon structure are known to occur post exercise, it is unknown whether completing an ironman affects tendon structure.ObjectiveAssess the effect of an ironman on Achilles tendon structure.DesignCase study of a subject completing an ironman triathlon. The study utilised Ultrasound tissue characterization (UTC) scanning to quantify tendon structure pre and post activity. The UTC scan was completed 1 day prior to the Ironman and on day 2 by one examiner. The quantification of the UTC scan was completed by two experienced users who were blinded to the scan order.SettingUK University.Patients (or Participants)49 year old male subject.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)An ironman triathlon involves 3.86 km swim, 180.25 km bicycle ride and a marathon (42.20 km).Main Outcome MeasurementsUTC quantification of Achilles tendon using percentage volume of each of the four echo types, tendon volume and mean cross-sectional area (mCSA).ResultsData is presented as the mean of the two examiners results. The mCSA increased by 10.7 mm2and 5.4 mm2on the right and left Achilles respectively. Tendon volume of the right Achilles tendon increased by 321.8 mm3and whilst the left increased by 162.9 mm3. Data for the right and left leg were combined with the mean change in percentage of the different echo types presented post intervention. Echo type I increased by 1.7%, echo type II increased by 0.6% whilst echo type III and IV reduced by 1.7% and 0.6% respectively.ConclusionsThe results indicate a change in Achilles tendon volume, mCSA and percentage of the different echo types post ironman. This preliminary study suggests that further work is required to assess alterations in Achilles tendon post ironman, specifically this work should determine if this change is observable in a larger group of athletes and whether this change is transient in nature.
EFFECTIVENESS OF ECCENTRIC HIP ABDUCTION EXERCISE ON KNEE ABDUCTION MOMENT FOR ONE-YEAR FOLLOW-UP
Authors: Okawa Yasuaki , Saho Yasuaki , Iwano Kana , Yasui Sayaka 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAn ACL tear is one of the most serious injuries in sports, especially for females. A clinically based ACL injury prediction algorithm is thought to identify female athletes with high Knee Abduction Moment and has gained popularity. The hip abductors are considered as one of most important muscle groups to control knee position.ObjectiveTo investigate the effectiveness of eccentric hip abduction exercise on Knee Abduction Moment.DesignIntervention, one-year follow-up.SettingUniversity Division 1 (cheerleading), Clinical settingParticipants18 knees of 9 female freshman (18 yrs old).InterventionWe used an eccentric hip abduction exercise. To start the athletes lay on contralateral side, lifting the upper leg to the end of hip abduction range of motion. Then, the partner pushed the leg downwards until the foot hit the other foot laying ob the ground while the athlete resisted. The athletes implemented one set of 10 repetitions each training session as part of the warm-up routine.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe probability of High Knee Load was calculated by scoring points of tibia length, knee valgus motion, knee flexion ROM, body mass, and quadriceps:hamstrings torque ratio. Knee Abduction Moment was measured at baseline and one year after starting training. We defined a 75% or higher probability of high knee load as being at a high risk.ResultsAt baseline, when the 9 athletes entered university as freshmen, there 3 out of 18 knees were scored as being at high risk, compared to 1 knee one year after implementing the eccentric knee abduction exercise.ConclusionsImplementing an eccentric hip abduction exercise as part of routine warm-up has the potential to decrease the number of knees with high knee load among collegiate cheerleaders.
IMPACT OF A COMPREHENSIVE FIFA 11+ WORKSHOP ON YOUTH SOCCER COACHES' TASK SELF-EFFICACY FOR PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Authors: Owoeye Oluwatoyosi , Bulat Muge , McKay Carly , Hubka Tate , Palacios-Derflingher Luz , Schneider Kathryn , Emery Carolyn 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundCoach-led delivery of the FIFA 11+ warm-up program is an effective strategy for program implementation. There is emerging evidence that coaches' task self-efficacy (TSE) predicts FIFA 11+ implementation in youth soccer.ObjectiveTo determine the impact of a comprehensive FIFA 11+ workshop on youth soccer coaches' TSE.DesignQuasi-experimental pilot study.SettingCommunity youth soccer.ParticipantsThis study involved 73 Canadian coaches (66.7% male, aged 18–66 years) participating in a pilot pre-implementation FIFA 11+ workshop (Spring 2016).InterventionsExperts with experience in program implementation delivered a coach workshop, comprising an extensive theory-based classroom session and a field-based practical demonstration of the FIFA 11+ program.Main Outcome MeasurementsA questionnaire was used to assess coaches' TSE for implementing the FIFA 11+ on a 7-point Likert scale. Difference in the pre-post workshop ratings of TSE as measured by coaches' confidence in both their understanding the FIFA 11+ program (TSE1) and their ability to use the program with their teams (TSE2). Wilcoxon matched-pairs signed-ranks test analysis was used to assess any statistical differences between baseline and post-workshop ratings of TSE.ResultsCoaches had a median (1st, 3rd quartiles) baseline TSE1 rating of 6 (4, 6) and TSE2 rating of 6 (5, 6). There were statistical significant differences in coaches' TSE1 (z=−3.99; p<0.001) and TSE2 (z=−2.48; p=0.013) following workshop participation as compared to baseline.ConclusionsA comprehensive FIFA 11+ workshop generated positive increases in coach TSE, which may help optimize program uptake and implementation. Further evaluation of this coach workshop strategy on behavioural and implementation outcomes will be performed in a large population of coaches across different cities in Canada in an ongoing nationwide implementation of the FIFA 11+ program in youth soccer.
INJURY RISK DURING DUTCH PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION: A PROSPECTIVE COHORT STUDY OVER THE PERIOD 2000–2014
Authors: Barendrecht Maarten , Barten Carl , Smits-Engelsman Bouwien , Verhagen Evert 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundInjury risk is high during 4-year PE teacher education (PETE). However, recent studies have focussed on injury risk during the first year only.ObjectiveTo compare the overall, intra- and extracurricular injury risk per sex and curriculum year, and trends over time in Dutch PETE.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA Dutch polytechnic for PETE.Patients (or Participants)PE students (male n=635, female n=448), who completed their full curriculum between 2000 and 2014.Assessment of Risk FactorsSport setting (intra- versus extracurricular), sex, curriculum year and (consecutive) cohorts.Main Outcome MeasurementsAny musculoskeletal complaint related to sports participation for which medical advice was sought. Intracurricular iincidence rates (injuries/1000 hours) were calculated using the scheduled time table. Overall/extracurricular exposure time was calculated in months from the start of the curriculum until injury or graduation date of individual students. Clinical incidence (CI; injuries/student) was calculated as well. Risk was compared using Cox regression analysis or Relative Risk (RR) and their 95% Confidence Intervals (95%CI).ResultsOverall 599 (55.3%, 95% CI 51.1–59.9%) students sustained at least one injury. Female students had a significantly higher risk for overall (RR 1.34, 95% CI 1.23–1.47) and for intracurricular injuries (RR 1.60, 95% CI 1.43–1.79). CI for intracurricular injuries was significantly higher than for extracurricular injuries (RR 2.27, 95% CI 1.98–2.61), specifically in female students during their first year (RR 4.29, 95% CI 3.13–5.88). Compared to the first year, overall CI dropped significantly during the 2nd (RR 0.62, 95% CI 0.54–0.71) and consecutive years. Injury risk increased over the period from 2000 to 2014 (RR 1.59, 95% CI 1.36–1.86).ConclusionsInjury risk in Dutch PETE is increasing. Risk factors for the relatively high intracurricular injury risk found for the first year and for female students, should be investigated in prospective multi-center research.
COMPARISON OF THE GLENOID RETROVERSION BY AGE AND POSITION IN ELITE BASEBALL PLAYERS: ASSESSMENT OF 291 ELITE PLAYERS FROM JUNIORS TO PROFESSIONALS
Authors: Park Jin-Young , Lim Jung-Joo 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundIn the throwing shoulder, repetitive motion increases proximal humerus and glenoid retroversion. However, clinical factors that affect this adaptation are poorly understood.ObjectiveEvaluate and compare the degree of glenoid retroversion of the throwing and non-throwing shoulders of elite baseball players, and clarify their correlations with clinical factors such as age, position, or period of playing baseball.DesignRetrospective study. The subject group in this study consisted of 291 elite baseball players over 13 yrs who visited our clinic for medical check and performed bilateral shoulder three-dimensional computed tomography from December 2011 to December 2014. We reviewed player's hand dominance, age at pitching onset, number of years of playing baseball, position, and demographic data (height, weight).Patients (or Participants)291 elite baseball players. Players were subdivided into different age groups (juvenile: 13–15, B adolescent: 16–18, youth: 19–25) and their position groups.MethodsWe measured glenoid version of both throwing and non-throwing shoulders by modified method of Friedman's using developed 3D analysis software.Main Outcome MeasurementsEach subject underwent three-dimensional (3D) CT, which include bilateral scapulas and proximal humeri. We developed the 3D analysis software to quantitatively measure the glenoid version angle.ResultsThe average glenoid retroversion was significantly larger in the throwing than the non-throwing shoulder. The glenoid retroversion of the non-throwing shoulder became smaller in older age groups (Pearson correlation with age: −0.125; p=0.034). Also, glenoid retroversion of the non-throwing shoulder decreased gradually in proportion to period of playing. The difference between the throwing and non-throwing shoulder became larger in older age groups (correlation with age: 0.121; p=0.039). The difference in retroversion of both shoulders was positively correlated with age and period of playing. Similarly, height and weight also showed significant results (correlation with height: 0.116; p=0.048, with weight: 0.144; p=0.014). But, the glenoid retroversion of throwing shoulder had no statistically significant tendency (p>0.05). There was no difference in glenoid retroversion between different player positions (p>0.05).ConclusionsIn throwing athletes, glenoid retroversion of the non-throwing shoulder decreased with age, displaying a similar natural course as by normal development. Glenoid retroversion of the throwing shoulder showed no tendency to change and it seems likely that the developmental anteversion course is offset by the retroversion force of the throwing mechanism. The difference between shoulders increases with the age and the duration of the period of playing baseball.
HEAD IMPACT CHARACTERISTICS IN YOUTH ICE HOCKEY
Authors: Patton Declan , Maciek Krolikowski , Carolyn Emery 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundFew studies have investigated head impacts in youth ice hockey, none of which have reported impact mechanisms.ObjectiveTo investigate head impact characteristics in youth ice hockey.DesignVideo analysis.Setting2013/2014 Calgary bantam (13–14 years) ice hockey season.MethodsA previously compiled video database of 7260 bantam ice hockey player-to-player contacts from 22 games was searched for head impact cases. Eight games were randomly selected, two elite and six non-elite, from which head impact cases were analysed.ResultsA total of 254 head impact cases were identified, which represented 3.5% of all player-to-player contacts at a rate of 11.5 head contacts per game. A total of 100 head impact cases were analysed. Two-thirds of all cases (67%) occurred in close proximity to the boards and 11% of all cases resulted in a penalty. Over half of all impacts (55%) were to the side of the helmet, followed by the cage (29%), rear (7%), front (6%) and top (2%). The primary impacting object was an opposing player in 69% of all cases with the most common being the shoulder (31%), helmet (12%) and glove (10%). The impacting object was the glass and boards for 17% and 11% of all cases, respectively. A secondary impact occurred in 21% of all cases, which was most commonly to the side of the helmet and impacting the glass. One case involving a tertiary impact was identified, which comprised of two impacts to the shoulder of an opposing player and then an impact against the boards during the subsequent fall.ConclusionsImpacts in youth ice hockey games are typically to the side and cage of helmets by an opposing player. Helmet performance and standards testing should include representative impacts by compliant surfaces to simulate player-to-player contact.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF SPORTS INJURIES DURING DUTCH PHYSICAL EDUCATION TEACHER EDUCATION OVER THE PERIOD 2000–2014
Authors: Barendrecht Maarten , Barten Carl , Verhagen Evert , Smits-Engelsman Bouwien 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundInjury risk is high during PE teacher education (PETE) and varies between curriculum years, settings and sex. Prospective studies covering the full 4-year period of PETE training are needed to identify risk factors.ObjectiveTo identify the contribution of specific sports, settings (intra- versus extracurricular), curriculum years and sex to the nature and distribution of sports injuries in PE students.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingA Dutch polytechnic for PETE.Patients (or Participants)All 2,903 PE students (male n=1,951, female n=954), who were enrolled between 2000 and 2014.Assessment of Risk FactorsNature and distribution of sports injuries were summarized for the following categories: sex, sports, setting, and curriculum year.Main Outcome MeasurementsAll new musculoskeletal complaints related to sports participation, for which medical advice was sought by any of the PETE students.ResultsA total of 2,326 new injuries were reported by 1,332 students. For both sexes injuries to the ankle (n=494, 21.2%), knee (n=474, 20.4%), lower leg (n=249, 10.7%), shoulder (n=209, 9.0%) and back (n=183, 7.9%) were most frequently reported. The percentage of knee and back injuries increased after the first year, whereas the percentage of lower leg injuries decreased by 57%. Most intracurricular injuries were sustained during gymnastics (20.7%), team sports (20.4%) and track and field athletics (12.0%). Soccer (40.0%; female 19.8%, male, 51.0%) and other team sports (22.2%; female 35.4%, male 15.1%) accounted for most extracurricular injuries. Most ankle injuries (89.7% acute) were sustained during team sports (51.9%) and gymnastics (16.4%). Lower leg injuries (84.3% overuse), and knee, shoulder and back, injuries were sustained during more diverse sports activities.ConclusionsDifferential injury distributions for specific injuries between curriculum years, setting and sports need to be taken into consideration in further research on injury risk and preventive measures in PETE.
EFFECTIVENESS OF AN INTERMITTENT EXERCISE-HEAT EXPOSURE PROTOCOL TO SUSTAIN HEAT ACCLIMATION ADAPTATIONS
Authors: Pryor J. Luke , Pryor Riana , Casa Douglas , Armstrong Lawrence , DiStefano Lindsay , Anderson Jeffrey , Lee Elaine , Maresh Carl 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundHeat acclimation (HA) reduces the risk of exertional heat illnesses (EHI). However, HA adaptations are temporary and must be sustained to safely perform physical activity in hot environments.ObjectiveTo determine if intermittent exercise-heat exposures every fifth day mitigates HA decay, 25 days after initial HA (+25 d).DesignRandomized pair-matched design.SettingLaboratory.ParticipantsSixteen non-heat acclimatized recreationally active males (age=22.7±3.4 y; weight=72.9±7.8 kg; VO2max=55.0±5.5 ml·kg−1·min−1).InterventionsAll participants heat acclimated by completing 10–11 days of low-to-moderate intensity exercise (90–240 min; 40°C, 40%RH). A heat stress test (HST; 120 min, 45% VO2max) before (Pre) and after (Post) HA in similar hot conditions assessed HA status. Matched participants were randomly allocated into a control group receiving no heat exposure (CON; n=7) or treatment group receiving intermittent heat exposure (IHE; n=9). After the Post HA HST, participants completed an HST every fifth day for 25 days in either a hot (IHE; 40°C, 40%RH) or mild environment (CON; 24°C, 21%RH) with both groups exercising in the hot environment +25 d.Main Outcome MeasurementsRectal temperature (Tre), heart rate (HR), and sweat rate (SR).ResultsBoth groups accomplished HA after the 10–11 day initial protocol, as evidenced by lower post-exercise HR and Tre, with higher SR compared to Pre HA (p≤0.05). Moderate-to-large between-treatment mean differences (MD; CON-IHE) and effect sizes (ES) were observed for HR (MD=28 bpm, 95% CI [8, 48], ES=1.41) and Tre(MD=0.47°C, 95% CI [−0.24, 1.19], ES=0.68) but not SR (−0.13 L·hr−1, 95% CI [−0.47, 0.21], ES=0.36). At +25 d, HA adaptation decay was greater in CON than IHE (Tre: 87% vs. 2.7%; HR: 163% vs. 53%; SR: 77% vs. 70%).ConclusionsPeriodic exercise-heat exposures every five days after initial HA better sustained HR and Trein the IHE, suggesting periodic exercise-heat exposures may help reduce EHI risk for up to one month after initial HA.
ALLOMETRICALLY SCALED H:Q RATIOS: TIME TO SHARPEN OUR VISION CONCERNING STRENGTH RATIOS AS INJURY RISK FACTOR!
Authors: Radin Rafeeuddin , Sharir Raihana , Robinson Mark , George Keith , Atkinson Greg , Lolli Lorenzo , Konopinski Matt , Vanrenterghem Jos 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundOur recent systematic review showed that prospective studies found contradicting results concerning hamstring-quadriceps (H:Q) strength ratios as a risk factor for ACL injuries. All studies that express hamstring relative to quadriceps strength assume a proportional relationship yet this is not likely.Objectivei) To investigate if the H:Q strength relationship is proportional in athlete populations and ii) To evaluate the differences in participant rankings between the traditional way of calculating H:Q ratios and allometrically scaled H:Q ratios.DesignControlled laboratory study.SettingThe study was conducted both in a club and biomechanics laboratory setting.Participants71 male elite football athletes, 55 male recreational athletes and 48 female recreational athletes participated in the study.Assessment of Risk FactorsConcentric hamstring and quadriceps strength (Hcon and Qcon), and eccentric hamstring strength (Hecc) were tested in participants' dominant and non-dominant limbs using isokinetic dynamometry at an angular velocity of 60°/s.Main Outcome Measurementsi) Allometric exponents (AE) of the Hcon:Qcon and Hecc:Qcon relationships and ii) Chi-square relationships between population rankings based on the traditional H:Q ratios and the allometrically scaled H:Q ratios.Resultsi) Linear regression analyses showed that the Hcon:Qcon and Hecc:Qcon relationships were systematically non-proportional (AE ranged between 0.61 and 0.84) and ii) correcting H:Q ratios based on an average allometric exponent (0.65 for Hcon:Qcon and 0.78 for Hecc:Qcon) successfully removed bias from quadriceps strength, and significantly altered population rankings.ConclusionsQuadriceps strength meaningfully affects H:Q ratios, causing bias in proportionally scaled H:Q ratios. Unless if quadriceps strength itself is a risk factor, allometrically scaled H:Q ratios are a superior measure of H:Q strength (im)balance for injury risk analyses in athlete populations.