bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of Teratosphaeria leaf disease on plantation Eucalyptus globulus productivity
Authors: Smith A.H. , Wardlaw T.J. , Pinkard E.A. , Ratkowsky D. , Mohammed C.L. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe effects of Teratosphaeria leaf disease (TLD) on Eucalyptus globulus are varied, and it is currently poorly understood whether infection by TLD can cause long‐term growth effects. Such information would greatly assist disease management and pruning regimes on E. globulus plantation sites, resulting in both financial and ecological benefits. Two trials were established to quantify the effects of TLD on long‐term growth. The first was a 2‐year fungicide exclusion trial that aimed to determine initial growth losses between trees treated with fungicide and untreated trees. It was found that tree growth was not affected until a threshold value of 20% damage was reached. Volume was reduced by 17% between treated and untreated trees over the course of the 2‐year trial. The second trial, a 5‐year growth study, used differentially affected adjacent stands (one infected and the other unaffected) to look at the longer term effects of more severe defoliation (44–60%) caused by an epidemic of TLD. Results recorded 5 years after the epidemic showed that trees recovered to regain normal growth trajectories after the epidemic, but growth was retarded by ca. 1.2 years for both height and diameter compared with that of the adjoining unaffected stand. As the growth of trees was not permanently reduced by the epidemic, it is concluded that the financial impacts of TLD are more likely to be associated with the loss of income resulting from extensive branch death in the lower crown after leaf and stem infection, which makes the affected stands not suitable for pruning and hence prevents them from being managed as a higher value solid wood crop.
Real‐time PCR assays for the detection of Heterobasidion irregulare, H. occidentale, H. annosum sensu stricto and the Heterobasidion annosum complex
Authors: Lamarche J. , Potvin A. , Stewart D. , Blais M. , Pelletier G. , Shamoun S. F. , Hamelin R. C. , Tanguay P. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryA set of quantitative hierarchical real‐time PCR assays was developed for the detection of Heterobasidion irregulare, H. occidentale, H. annosum sensu stricto and of the entire Heterobasidion annosum complex. These assays enable specific and accurate detection and quantification of the target species from DNA extracted on airborne collected spores. Heterobasidion‐specific TaqMan™ real‐time PCR detection assays were designed to function under homogeneous conditions so that they may be used in 96‐ or 384‐well plate format arrays for high‐throughput testing of large numbers of samples against multiple targets. Assays were validated for (i) specificity, (ii) sensitivity and (iii) repeatability. All assays were highly specific when evaluated against a panel of pure cultures of target and phylogenetically closely related species. Sensitivity, evaluated by assessing the limit of detection (with a threshold of 95% of positive samples), was found to be between one and a hundred ITS gene region copies or one conidia count equivalent. Precision or repeatability of each assay revealed a mean coefficient of variation of 5.9%. These molecular tools are now available for rapid and reliable monitoring of one of the most significant pathogen species complex of temperate northern coniferous forest around the world.
Current status of the Dutch elm disease pathogen populations affecting Ulmus minor in Greece
Authors: Tziros G. T. , Nakopoulou Z. G. , Perlerou C. , Diamandis S. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryOne hundred and eightOphiostoma ulmisensulatoisolates were collected from field elm trees with symptoms in 14 Prefectures of Greece. The purpose of this study was to assign Greek isolates to species and afterwards subspecies of theDEDfungi and to analyse the genetic variability within the Greek populations of these pathogens. Isolates were compared with six reference strains belonging toO. ulmiand the two subspecies ofO. novo‐ulmi. The structure of the population has been analysed by means of morpho‐physiological features (growth rates, colony morphology and fertility responses) and byDNAsequencing andPCR‐RFLPamplification of the cerato‐ulmin (cu) and the colony type (col1) gene regions. According to fertility tests, both subspecies ofO. novo‐ulmiwere detected in Greece, but none of the isolates collected was identified asO. ulmi.O. novo‐ulmissp.novo‐ulmioccurred more frequently than ssp.americana(73 and 35 isolates, respectively) and their ranges overlapped. All isolates that behaved as ssp.novo‐ulmiin the fertility tests had thecu, as well as thecol1profile of ssp.novo‐ulmi. Surprisingly, all isolates that behaved asO. novo‐ulmissp.americanain the fertility test had thecu, as well as thecol1(with one exception) profile ofO. novo‐ulmissp.novo‐ulmi. A possible explanation for this inconsistency could be the occurrence of hybridization between the two subspecies in Greece.
Peripheral Nerve Blocks for the Treatment of Headache in Older Adults: A Retrospective Study
Authors: Hascalovici Jacob R. , Robbins Matthew S. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to provide demographical and clinical descriptions of patients age 65 years old and older who were treated with peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs) at our institution and evaluate the safety and efficacy of this treatment.BackgroundHeadache disorders are common, disabling chronic neurological diseases that often persist with advancing age. Geriatric headache management poses unique therapeutic challenges because of considerations of comorbidity, drug interactions, and adverse effects. Peripheral nerve blocks are commonly used for acute and short‐term prophylactic treatment for headache disorders and may be a safer alternative to standard pharmacotherapy in this demographic.DesignWe performed a single center, retrospective chart review of patients at least 65 years of age who received peripheral nerve blocks for headache management over a 6 year period.ResultsSixty‐four patients were mostly female (78%) with an average age of 71 years (range 65‐94). Representative headache diagnoses were chronic migraine 50%, episodic migraine 12.5%, trigeminal autonomic cephalalgia 9.4%, and occipital neuralgia 7.8%. Average number of headache days/month was 23. Common comorbidities were hypertension 48%, hyperlipidemia 42%, arthritis 27%, depression 47%, and anxiety 33%. Eighty‐nine percent were prescribed at least 1 medication fulfilling the Beers criteria. The average number of peripheral nerve blocks per patient was 4. Peripheral nerve blocks were felt to be effective in 73% for all headaches, 81% for chronic migraine, 75% for episodic migraine, 67% for chronic tension type headache, 67% for new daily persistent headache, and 60% for occipital neuralgia. There were no adverse events related to PNBs reported.ConclusionsPNBs might be a safe and effective alternative headache management strategy for older adults. Medical and psychiatric comorbidities, medication overuse, and Beers list medication rates were extraordinarily high, giving credence to the use of peripherally administered therapies in the geriatric population that may be better tolerated and safer.
Association of ultrasound‐based measures of fetal body composition with newborn adiposity
Authors: Ikenoue S. , Waffarn F. , Sumiyoshi K. , Ohashi M. , Ikenoue C. , Buss C. , Gillen D. L. , Simhan H. N. , Entringer S. , Wadhwa P. D. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundNewborns exhibit substantial variation in gestational age‐adjusted and sex‐adjusted fat mass proportion. The antecedent characteristics of fetal body composition that are associated with newborn fat mass proportion are poorly understood.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to determine whether a composite measure of fetal fat mass is prospectively associated with newborn adiposity.MethodsIn a longitudinal study of 109 low‐risk pregnancies, fetal ultrasonography was performed at approximately 12, 20 and 30 weeks gestation. Estimated fetal adiposity (EFA) was derived by integrating cross‐sectional arm and thigh per cent fat area and anterior abdominal wall thickness. Newborn per cent body fat was quantified by Dual Energy X‐Ray Absorptiometry. The association between EFA and newborn per cent body fat was determined by multiple linear regression.ResultsAfter controlling for confounding factors, EFA at 30 weeks was significantly associated with newborn per cent body fat (standardized β = 0.41, p < 0.001) and explained 24.0% of its variance, which was substantially higher than that explained by estimated fetal weight (8.1%). The observed effect was driven primarily by arm per cent fat area.ConclusionsA composite measure of fetal adiposity at 30 weeks gestation may constitute a better predictor of newborn per cent body fat than estimated fetal weight by conventional fetal biometry. Fetal arm fat deposition may represent an early indicator of newborn adiposity. After replication, these findings may provide a basis for an improved understanding of the ontogeny of fetal fat deposition, thereby contributing to a better understanding of its intrauterine determinants and the development of potential interventions.
Combined use of a wristband and a smartphone to reduce body weight in obese children: randomized controlled trial
Authors: Mameli C. , Brunetti D. , Colombo V. , Bedogni G. , Schneider L. , Penagini F. , Borsani B. , Zuccotti G. V. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundTechnological instruments may help control paediatric obesity.ObjectiveWe tested whether a personalized programme based on the energy expenditure obtained from a wristband (WB) and the energy intake obtained from a smartphone application (APP) is superior to a standard approach at promoting weight loss.MethodsWe performed a randomized controlled trial in obese children aged 10–17 years. The experimental (EXP) and control (CTR) groups were given a low‐energy diet and a prescription for physical activity. The EXP group was equipped with a WB and an APP and given personalized feedback every 7 days. The main outcome was weight loss at 3 months.ResultsThe mean (standard deviation) z‐score of body mass index at the enrollment was 2.20 (0.47) in the EXP (n = 16 out of 23) and 2.09 (0.34) in the CTR group (n = 14 out of 20) of children who completed the trial. The mean (95%CI) difference in weight loss at 3 months was 0.07 kg (95%CI: 2.81 to 2.96) for EXP vs. the CTR.ConclusionA personalized lifestyle programme based on a WB and an APP was not superior to a standard lifestyle programme at promoting weight loss in obese children.
Diagnostic Masking and Overshadowing in Intellectual Disability—How Structured Evaluation Helps
Authors: Manohar Harshini , Subramanian Karthick , Kandasamy Preeti , Penchilaiya Venkatalakshmi , Arun Anandbabu 
Published: November 2016

PROBLEMComorbid psychiatric diagnoses tend to be underdiagnosed in patients with intellectual disability. Diagnosing anxiety disorders in such patients can pose challenges, in particular with regard to obsessive and compulsive disorder (OCD).METHODSWe present the case of an adolescent diagnosed with intellectual disability with poor expressive language skills who presented with nonspecific mood and behavioral symptoms, not improving with routine clinical evaluations and treatment. A structured assessment was done to decipher the psychopathology.FINDINGSThe structured evaluation was able to diagnose OCD, and the treatment response was accentuated, bringing about a significant reduction in patient and caregiver distress. Psychosocial interventions through nurses played a significant role.CONCLUSIONSThe case highlights the need for a systematic assessment of patients with intellectual disability to arrive at reliable diagnoses and to plan appropriate treatment strategies.
Physical Activity and Other Determinants of Survival in the Oldest Adults
Authors: Muscari Antonio , Bianchi Giampaolo , Forti Paola , Giovagnoli Marco , Magalotti Donatella , Pandolfi Paolo , Zoli Marco ,   the Pianoro Study Group
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo determine the role of physical activity as a possible survival determinant in the oldest adults.DesignProspective, longitudinal, population‐based cohort.SettingThe Pianoro Study of community‐dwelling older adults in three towns in northern Italy.ParticipantsNoninstitutionalized individuals aged 85 and older (n = 500; mean age 89.6 ± 3.1, 65% female).MeasurementsParticipants provided information on marital status, educational level, previous work activity, cardiovascular risk factors, previous cardiovascular events, self‐rated health, joint pain, and functional status. Physical activity was quantified using the Physical Activity Scale for the Elderly. Seven‐year mortality was known for all subjects.ResultsDuring the 7 years of follow‐up, 365 subjects died. According to Cox proportional hazards regression, the following factors were found to be independently associated with mortality: PASE score (hazard ratio (HR) = 0.987, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.981–0.993, P < .001), male sex (HR = 1.642, 95% CI = 1.411–2.068, P < .001), age in years (HR = 1.077, 95% CI = 1.040–1.116, P < .001), previous stroke (HR = 1.908, 95% CI = 1.362–2.673, P < .001), poor self care (HR = 1.662, 95% CI = 1.231–2.246, P < .001), neck pain (HR = 0.649, 95% CI = 0.497–0.849, P = .002), self rated health (HR = 0.991, 95% CI = 0.985–0.997, P = .002).ConclusionIn the oldest adults, accurate quantification of physical activity may provide important prognostic information. The predictive value of cardiovascular risk factors, except age, male sex, and prior stroke, was confirmed to be negligible. An unexpected inverse association between neck pain and mortality may require further investigation.
Cape Town’s Metabolism: Insights from a Material Flow Analysis
Authors: Hoekman Paul , von Blottnitz Harro 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThis work aims to contribute to the number of urban metabolism case studies using a standardized methodology. An economy‐wide material flow analysis (EW‐MFA) was conducted on the Metropolitan Municipality of Cape Town (South Africa) for the year 2013, using the Eurostat framework. The study provides insights into the city's metabolism through various indicators including direct material input (DMI), domestic material consumption (DMC), and direct material output (DMO), among others. In order to report on the uncertainty of the data, a set of data quality indicators originating from the life cycle assessment literature was used.The results show that domestic extraction involves significant quantities of non‐metallic minerals, and that imports consist primarily of biomass and fossil fuels. The role of the city as a regional hub is also made clear from this study and illustrated by large quantities of food and other materials flowing through the city on their way to or from international markets. The results are compared with indicators from other cities and with previous metabolism work done on Cape Town.To fully grasp the impacts of the city's metabolism, more work needs to be done. It will be necessary to understand the upstream impact of local consumption, and consumption patterns should be differentiated on a more nuanced level (taking into account large differences between household income levels as well as separating the metabolism of industry and commerce from residential consumption).
Photoperiod‐ and temperature‐mediated control of phenology in trees – a molecular perspective
Authors: Singh Rajesh Kumar , Svystun Tetiana , AlDahmash Badr , Jönsson Anna Maria , Bhalerao Rishikesh P. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryTrees growing in boreal and temperate regions synchronize their growth with seasonal climatic changes in adaptive responses that are essential for their survival. These trees cease growth before the winter and establish a dormant state during which growth cessation is maintained by repression of responses to growth‐promotive signals. Reactivation of growth in the spring follows the release from dormancy promoted by prolonged exposure to low temperature during the winter. The timing of the key events and regulation of the molecular programs associated with the key stages of the annual growth cycle are controlled by two main environmental cues: photoperiod and temperature. Recently, key components mediating photoperiodic control of growth cessation and bud set have been identified, and striking similarities have been observed in signaling pathways controlling growth cessation in trees and floral transition in Arabidopsis. Although less well understood, the regulation of bud dormancy and bud burst may involve cell–cell communication and chromatin remodeling. Here, we discuss current knowledge of the molecular‐level regulation of the annual growth cycle of woody trees in temperate and boreal regions, and identify key questions that need to be addressed in the future.

Contents

Summary
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I.
Introduction
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II.
Key developmental stages of the annual growth cycle
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III.
Control of growth cessation and bud set by seasonal cues
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IV.
How does photoperiod control developmental transitions?
513

V.
The role of temperature in growth cessation and bud set
517

VI.
Establishment and release of bud dormancy
517

VII.
Natural variation in the regulation of distinct stages of annual growth cycles in trees
521

VIII.
Conclusions
521

Acknowledgements
521

References
521
Anesthesia maintenance with ‘induction dose only’ sevoflurane during pediatric ophthalmic examination: comparison with standard low‐flow technique through a randomized controlled trial
Authors: Datta Priyankar K. , Sinha Renu , Ray Bikash Ranjan , Jambunathan Venkateswaran , Kundu Riddhi 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundSevoflurane is preferred for pediatric day care procedures. However, financial and environmental costs remain major limitations. Induction dose of sevoflurane could itself be sufficient for maintaining anesthesia with low fresh gas flow during short noninvasive procedures.MethodsFifty children, aged 1–5 years, scheduled for ophthalmic examination under anesthesia, were randomized into two groups. All children were induced with 8% sevoflurane in O2 : N2O (40 : 60). In the Group S, anesthesia was maintained with 2% sevoflurane at 1 l·min−1 fresh gas flow [O2 : N2O = 50 : 50]. In Group L, the sevoflurane vaporizer was turned off and fresh gas flow was reduced to 0.5 l·min−1 [O2 : N2O = 50 : 50]. HR, BP, MAC, BIS, total sevoflurane consumption, ocular deviation, body movement, time to laryngeal mask airway removal (TWO), and airway complications were compared between the groups. Rescue propofol bolus was used, if needed.ResultsMedian duration of examination was 14 min (IQR = 9–17) in Group S and 15 min (IQR = 10–17) in Group L. Sevoflurane consumption was lower in the Group L (7 ml) compared to Group S (9 ml) [median difference = 2 ml, P < 0.001, 95% CI = 0.96–3.04]. TWO was lower in Group L (86 s) compared to Group S (131 s) [median difference = 45 s, P = 0.002, 95% CI = 19.85–70.15]. There was no difference in hemodynamic parameters, incidence of ocular deviation, movement or airway complications, and need for rescue propofol.ConclusionInduction dose of sevoflurane is, in itself, adequate for maintaining anesthesia for short noninvasive ophthalmic examinations lasting approximately 15 min. This method significantly reduces sevoflurane consumption and cost.
First steps in validating the pediatric anesthesia parent satisfaction (PAPS) survey
Authors: Milliken‐Glabe Sarah J. , Zuk Jeannie , Ziniel Sonja I. , Bjur Kara A. , Alvarez Monica , Szolnoki Judit M. , Janosy Norah R. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryBackgroundIn the last few decades, patient satisfaction has become a critical component of quality assessment and is being incorporated into payment for performance plans. However, assessment of satisfaction with anesthesia services is problematic and few validated satisfaction tools have been published. Assessing parent satisfaction with pediatric anesthesia services is even more challenging.ObjectiveOur aim was to develop, implement, and start validating a set of survey questions that evaluate parental satisfaction with the pediatric anesthesia services in order to identify strengths and potential areas for improvement.MethodsThe Pediatric Anesthesia Parent Satisfaction (PAPS) survey contained 17 questions adapted from the American Society of Anesthesiologists Committee on Outcomes and Performance Measures. With consent of the hospital quality improvement committee, the PAPS survey was randomly administered on iPads to 250 English‐speaking parents in the main operating room and procedure center postanesthesia care units prior to discharge. Statistical analyses including descriptive statistics, exploratory factor analysis, Cronbach's alpha and Raykov's rho coefficients, composite scale creation, correlations between items, composite scores, and overall satisfaction measures were used to provide evidence for a subset of validity and reliability types.Results and ConclusionsThe PAPS survey is a short and simple tool for evaluation of parent satisfaction with pediatric anesthesia services and provides some evidence for validity and reliability. The majority (greater than 95%) of parents reported were satisfied or very satisfied with the care provided by the pediatric anesthesia department.
Facilitators and Repressors of Transcription‐coupled DNA Repair in Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: Li Wentao , Li Shisheng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNucleotide excision repair is a well‐conserved DNA repair pathway that removes bulky and/or helix‐distorting DNA lesions, such as UV‐induced cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers and pyrimidine (6‐4) pyrimidone photoproducts. Transcription‐coupled repair (TCR) is a subpathway of nucleotide excision repair that is dedicated to rapid removal of DNA lesions in the transcribed strand of actively transcribed genes. In eukaryotic cells, TCR is triggered by RNA polymerase II (RNAP II). Rad26, a DNA‐dependent ATPase, Rpb9, a nonessential subunit of RNAP II, and Sen1, a 5′ to 3′ RNA/DNA and DNA helicase, have been shown to facilitate TCR in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In contrast, a number of factors have also been found to repress TCR in the yeast. These TCR repressors include Rpb4, another nonessential subunit of RNAP II, Spt4/5, a transcription elongation factor complex, and the RNAP II‐associated factor 1 complex (PAFc). It appears that the eukaryotic TCR process involves intricate interplays of RNAP II with TCR facilitators and repressors. In this minireview, we summarize recent advances in TCR in S. cerevisiae.