bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simulating climate and stable water isotopes during the Last Interglacial using a coupled climate‐isotope model
Authors: Gierz Paul , Werner Martin , Lohmann Gerrit 
Published: August 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the dynamics of warm climate states has gained increasing importance in the face of anthropogenic climate change, and while it is possible to simulate warm interglacial climates, these simulated results cannot be evaluated without the aid of geochemical proxies. One such proxy is δ18O, which allows for inference about both a climate state's hydrology and temperature. We utilize a stable water isotope equipped climate model to simulate three stages during the Last Interglacial (LIG), corresponding to 130, 125, and 120 kyr before present, using forcings for orbital configuration as well as greenhouse gases. We discover heterogeneous responses in the mean δ18O signal to the climate forcing, with large areas of depletion in the LIG δ18O signal over the tropical Atlantic, the Sahel, and the Indian subcontinent, and with enrichment over the Pacific and Arctic Oceans. While we find that the climatology mean relationship between δ18O and temperature remains stable during the LIG, we also discover that this relationship is not spatially consistent. Our results suggest that great care must be taken when comparing δ18O records of different paleoclimate archives with the results of climate models as both the qualitative and quantitative interpretation of δ18O variations as a proxy for past temperature changes may be problematic due to the complexity of the signals.
Electron number density profiles derived from radio occultation on the CASSIOPE spacecraft
Authors: Shume Esayas B. , Vergados Panagiotis , Komjathy Attila , Langley Richard B. , Durgonics Tibor 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper presents electron number density profiles derived from high‐resolution Global Positioning System (GPS) radio occultation (RO) observations performed using the Enhanced Polar Outflow Probe payload on the high inclination CAScade, Smallsat and IOnospheric Polar Explorer (CASSIOPE) spacecraft. We have developed and applied a novel inverse Abel transform algorithm on high rate RO total electron content measurements performed along GPS to CASSIOPE radio links to recover electron density profiles. The high‐resolution density profiles inferred from the CASSIOPE RO are (1) in very good agreement with density profiles estimated from ionosonde data, measured over stations nearby to the latitude and longitude of the RO tangent points; (2) in good agreement with density profiles inferred from GPS RO measured by the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC); and (3) in general agreement with density profiles estimated using the International Reference Ionosphere climatological model. Using both CASSIOPE and COSMIC RO observations, we identify, for the first time, that there exist differences in the characteristics of the electron number density profiles retrieved over landmasses and oceans. The density profiles over oceans exhibit widespread values and scale heights compared to density profiles over landmasses. We provide an explanation for the ocean‐landmass discrepancy in terms of the unique wave coupling mechanisms operating over oceans and landmasses.
Capillary trapping quantification in sandstones using NMR relaxometry
Authors: Connolly Paul R. J. , Vogt Sarah J. , Iglauer Stefan , May Eric F. , Johns Michael L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCapillary trapping of a non‐wetting phase arising from two‐phase immiscible flow in sedimentary rocks is critical to many geoscience scenarios, including oil and gas recovery, aquifer recharge and, with increasing interest, carbon sequestration. Here we demonstrate the successful use of low field 1H Nuclear Magnetic Resonance [NMR] to quantify capillary trapping; specifically we use transverse relaxation time [T2] time measurements to measure both residual water [wetting phase] content and the surface‐to‐volume ratio distribution (which is proportional to pore size] of the void space occupied by this residual water. Critically we systematically confirm this relationship between T2 and pore size by quantifying inter‐pore magnetic field gradients due to magnetic susceptibility contrast, and demonstrate that our measurements at all water saturations are unaffected. Diffusion in such field gradients can potentially severely distort the T2‐pore size relationship, rendering it unusable. Measurements are performed for nitrogen injection into a range of water‐saturated sandstone plugs at reservoir conditions. Consistent with a water‐wet system, water was preferentially displaced from larger pores while relatively little change was observed in the water occupying smaller pore spaces. The impact of cyclic wetting/non‐wetting fluid injection was explored and indicated that such a regime increased non‐wetting trapping efficiency by the sequential occupation of the most available larger pores by nitrogen. Finally the replacement of nitrogen by CO2 was considered; this revealed that dissolution of paramagnetic minerals from the sandstone caused by its exposure to carbonic acid reduced the in situ bulk fluid T2 relaxation time on a timescale comparable to our core flooding experiments. The implications of this for the T2‐pore size relationship are discussed.
Critical conditions of incipient motion of cohesive sediments
Authors: Zhang Minxi , Yu Guoliang 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe critical condition of incipient motion of cohesive sediments was investigated in a laboratory study. One‐hundred experimental runs were performed with sediment samples by varying the yield stress to determine the relationship between the critical condition of incipient motion and the rheological properties of the cohesive sediments. The results indicate that yield stress is a factor that has a major influence on the incipient motion of cohesive sediments. In addition, the critical Shields parameter is found to be exponentially proportional to the yield stress and inversely proportional to the median grain size. The effect of yield stress on the critical Shields parameter is significant for the cohesive sediments and becomes progressively weaker with increasing median grain size. Furthermore, an empirical formula for calculating the critical Shields parameter of cohesive sediments that includes a rheological term and a gravity term is proposed by introducing the yield stress. According to this formula, a modified Shields diagram is obtained in which the values of the critical Shields parameter for cohesive sediments vary within a band that contains countless curves (instead of on a single line) to reflect the influence of the yield stress. This modification of the traditional Shields curve is effective for fine sediments, but the effects tend to vanish for coarse sediments as the behavior of sediments changes from cohesive to noncohesive. Finally, potential further investigations are discussed.
From Eyewitness to Academic Contexts: Examining the Effect of Misinformation in First and Second Languages
Authors: Smith Kendra C. , Multhaup Kristi S. , Ihejirika Rivka C. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThe present study adapts the typical eyewitness misinformation paradigm into an academic context. Unbalanced English–Spanish bilinguals (N = 81) listened to a lecture in English (L1) or Spanish (L2), read notes in L1 or L2, and completed a forced‐choice recognition test in the lecture language. Unlike prior studies with proficient bilinguals, unbalanced English‐dominant participants showed greater recognition memory accuracy for material presented in English only than did material presented in Spanish only. English misinformation had a greater impact on memory for the Spanish lecture than vice versa. Most importantly, the modified misinformation paradigm is an effective tool to investigate academic misinformation effects and could be used in bilingual and monolingual research. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Radiographic Progression in Psoriatic Arthritis Achieving a Good Response to Treatment: Data Using Newer Composite Indices of Disease Activity
Authors: Helliwell Philip S. , Kavanaugh Arthur 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo compare radiographic outcomes according to the magnitude of the response utilizing 3 new psoriatic composite disease activity measures (the Psoriatic Arthritis Disease Activity Score [PASDAS], the Group for Research and Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis Composite Exercise [GRACE], and the Disease Activity in PsA [DAPSA]).MethodsThe data were taken from the GO‐REVEAL data set, a large randomized, double‐blind study that evaluated the safety and efficacy of 2 doses of the tumor necrosis factor inhibitor golimumab in subjects with active psoriatic arthritis (PsA). Response criteria at 24 weeks were applied across the whole data set, irrespective of treatment group. Radiographic scores at baseline and 24 weeks were assessed using the modified Sharp/van der Heijde method for PsA.ResultsOverall, for each measure, radiographic progression was significantly greater in subjects with a moderate or poor outcome, and absent in those with a good outcome. The proportion of subjects without radiographic progression in the good outcome group was 83% using the PASDAS (χ2 = 7.9; P = 0.02), 80% using the GRACE (χ2 = 5.8; P = 0.05), and 76% using the DAPSA (χ2 = 3.4; P = 0.19).ConclusionResponse criteria for disease‐specific composite measures enable separation between groups in terms of radiographic progression and may therefore be used as suitable targets for interventional studies, as well as in the clinic.
Multishelled CaO Microspheres Stabilized by Atomic Layer Deposition of Al2O3 for Enhanced CO2 Capture Performance
Authors: Armutlulu Andac , Naeem Muhammad Awais , Liu Hsueh‐Ju , Kim Sung Min , Kierzkowska Agnieszka , Fedorov Alexey , Müller Christoph R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractCO2 capture and storage is a promising concept to reduce anthropogenic CO2 emissions. The most established technology for capturing CO2 relies on amine scrubbing that is, however, associated with high costs. Technoeconomic studies show that using CaO as a high‐temperature CO2 sorbent can significantly reduce the costs of CO2 capture. A serious disadvantage of CaO derived from earth‐abundant precursors, e.g., limestone, is the rapid, sintering‐induced decay of its cyclic CO2 uptake. Here, a template‐assisted hydrothermal approach to develop CaO‐based sorbents exhibiting a very high and cyclically stable CO2 uptake is exploited. The morphological characteristics of these sorbents, i.e., a porous shell comprised of CaO nanoparticles coated by a thin layer of Al2O3 (<3 nm) containing a central void, ensure (i) minimal diffusion limitations, (ii) space to accompany the substantial volumetric changes during CO2 capture and release, and (iii) a minimal quantity of Al2O3 for structural stabilization, thus maximizing the fraction of CO2‐capture‐active CaO.
Comprehensive evaluation of the revised international staging system in multiple myeloma patients treated with novel agents as a primary therapy
Authors: Cho Hyungwoo , Yoon Dok Hyun , Lee Jung Bok , Kim Sung‐Yong , Moon Joon Ho , Do Young Rok , Lee Jae Hoon , Park Yong , Lee Ho Sup , Eom Hyeon Seok , Shin Ho‐Jin , Min Chang‐Ki , Kim Jin Seok , Jo Jae‐Cheol , Kang Hye Jin , Mun Yeung‐Chul , Lee Won Sik , Lee Je‐Jung , Suh Cheolwon , Kim Kihyun ,   and the Korean Multiple Myeloma Working Party
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe revised International Staging System (R‐ISS) has recently been developed to improve the risk stratification of multiple myeloma (MM) patients over the ISS. We assessed the R‐ISS in MM patients who were treated with novel agents as a primary therapy and evaluated its discriminative power and ability to reclassify patients from the ISS. A total of 514 newly diagnosed MM patients treated with novel agents including thalidomide, bortezomib, and lenalidomide as a primary therapy were included in this retrospective analysis. With a median follow‐up duration of 42.3 months (range, 40.5–44.1), the median overall survival (OS) was 61.0 months. There was a significant difference in median OS (not reached, 60.9, and 50.1 months for stages 1, 2, and 3, respectively, P < 0.001) among the three stages of R‐ISS. The C‐statistic was significantly greater for R‐ISS than for ISS (0.769 vs. 0.696, P < 0.001). The event NRI was −0.08 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.18–0.01) and the non‐event NRI was 0.05 (95% CI, −0.03–0.10), resulting in a total NRI of −0.03 (95% CI, −0.14–0.08, P = 0.602). The R‐ISS performs well and has significantly better discriminative power than the ISS in MM patients treated with novel agents as a primary therapy. However, it does not better reclassify patients from the ISS, suggesting that there is still room to improve the staging system. Moreover, new statistical measures for assessing and quantifying the risk prediction of new prognostic models are necessary in future studies.
Financial hardship assistance behind the scenes: Insights from financial counsellors
Authors: Ali Paul , Bourova Evgenia , Ramsay Ian 
Published: August 2017

AbstractFinancial hardship, in a credit society such as Australia, can affect almost anyone. To protect consumers from the negative impacts of financial hardship—which can include the stresses of enforcement action and disconnection from essential services—legal protections have been incorporated into the regulatory frameworks for the consumer credit, energy, water and telecommunications sectors. In this article, we outline the findings of our study, which used a survey of financial counsellors around Australia and focus group interviews with Victorian financial counsellors to examine how these legal protections are being implemented by service providers in these four sectors. Our findings highlight a tendency on the part of service providers to take a generic, one‐size‐fits‐all approach to compliance with these legal protections that prevents them from effectively assisting consumers struggling with debt. We discuss the particular shortcomings of this approach in the context of consumers living on low incomes—especially Centrelink incomes—and outline the policy implications of our findings for assisting these vulnerable groups.
A Rewritable, Reprogrammable, Dual Light‐Responsive Polymer Actuator
Authors: Gelebart Anne Helene , Mulder Dirk J. , Vantomme Ghislaine , Schenning Albertus P. H. J. , Broer Dirk J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe report on the fabrication of a rewritable and reprogrammable dual‐photoresponsive liquid crystalline‐based actuator containing an azomerocyanine dye that can be locally converted into the hydroxyazopyridinium form by acid treatment. Each dye absorbs at a different wavelength giving access to programmable actuators, the folding of which can be controlled by using different colors of light. The acidic patterning is reversible and allows the erasing and rewriting of patterns in the polymer film, giving access to reusable, adjustable soft actuators.
Olefin‐Bildung durch eliminierende Dimerisierung und eliminierende Kreuzkupplung von Carbenoiden: eine stereochemische Herausforderung
Authors: Blakemore Paul R. , Hoffmann Reinhard W. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBei der Dimerisierung von Carbenoiden entstehen Olefine, und zwar über die Bildung eines At‐Komplexes, eine nachfolgende 1,2‐Metallat‐Umlagerung und eine abschließende β‐Eliminierung. Da jeder dieser Schritte stereospezifisch ist, kann man das stereochemische Endergebnis nachvollziehen und – im Prinzip – auch steuern, vorausgesetzt, die absolute Konfiguration der reagierenden Carbenoide ist festgelegt. Eine eliminierende Kreuzkupplung zweier unterschiedlicher Carbenoide ermöglicht eine Aufbaureaktion, bei der im Unterschied zu bekannten Olefin‐Synthesen die Geometrie der Doppelbindung unabhängig von der Art der Reste an der Doppelbindung festgelegt werden kann. Die Bildung von Olefinen durch eliminierende Dimerisierung/Kreuzkupplung von Carbenoiden wird an einer Reihe von typischen Beispielen illustriert, etwa an Reaktionen von α‐lithiierten Halogenalkanen, Epoxiden und Carbamaten. Dabei gilt das Augenmerk auch der Erzeugung von sp3‐hybridisierten Carbenoiden mit definierter Konfiguration und deren stereochemischer Zuordnung.
Molecular Design of Bisphosphonates To Adjust Their Reactivity toward Metal Sources for the Surfactant‐Assisted Synthesis of Mesoporous Films
Authors: Kimura Tatsuo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe precise control of primary reactions in solutions is one of the most significant steps for the nanoscale design of inorganic solids in multidisciplinary fields. However, further growth of the inorganic species to give bulkier species disturbs such designs. The surfactant‐assisted synthesis of mesoporous materials is a good strategy for addressing such concerns because pores formed by supramolecularly mediated processes are surrounded by nanometer‐sized continuous frameworks. Many experiments are generally conducted to optimize the reaction conditions for the synthesis of highly ordered mesostructures. Herein, to minimize such trial‐and‐error efforts, a new and practical concept is proposed for the precise design of porous materials. By adjusting the reactivity between bisphosphonates and metal sources through molecular design of the starting bisphosphonate compound, it was possible to synthesize mesoporous films with unique compositions by a surfactant‐assisted approach.
Synthesis of [18F]Fluoroarenes by Nucleophilic Radiofluorination of N‐Arylsydnones
Authors: Narayanam Maruthi Kumar , Ma Gaoyuan , Champagne Pier Alexandre , Houk Kendall N. , Murphy Jennifer M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA practical method for radiofluorination of anilines with [18F]fluoride via N‐arylsydnone intermediates is described. These precursors are stable, easy to handle and facilitate direct and regioselective 18F‐labeling to prepare [18F]fluoroarenes. The value of this methodology is further highlighted by successful application to prepare an 18F‐labeled neuropeptide.
Electrochemically Enabled, Nickel‐Catalyzed Amination
Authors: Li Chao , Kawamata Yu , Nakamura Hugh , Vantourout Julien C. , Liu Zhiqing , Hou Qinglong , Bao Denghui , Starr Jeremy T. , Chen Jinshan , Yan Ming , Baran Phil S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAlong with amide bond formation, Suzuki cross‐coupling, and reductive amination, the Buchwald–Hartwig–Ullmann‐type amination of aryl halides stands as one of the most employed reactions in modern medicinal chemistry. The work herein demonstrates the potential of utilizing electrochemistry to provide a complementary avenue to access such critical bonds using an inexpensive nickel catalyst under mild reaction conditions. Of note is the scalability, functional‐group tolerance, rapid rate, and the ability to employ a variety of aryl donors (Ar−Cl, Ar−Br, Ar−I, Ar−OTf), amine types (primary and secondary), and even alternative X−H donors (alcohols and amides).
Three‐Dimensional Architectures Constructed from Transition‐Metal Dichalcogenide Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage and Conversion
Authors: Yun Qinbai , Lu Qipeng , Zhang Xiao , Tan Chaoliang , Zhang Hua 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTransition‐metal dichalcogenides (TMDs) have attracted considerable attention in recent years because of their unique properties and promising applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion. However, the limited number of active sites as well as blocked ion and mass transport severely impair their electrochemical performance. The construction of three‐dimensional (3D) architectures from TMD nanomaterials has been proven to be an effective strategy to solve the aforementioned problems as a result of their large specific surface areas and short ion and mass transport distances. This Review summarizes the commonly used routes to build 3D TMD architectures and highlights their applications in electrochemical energy storage and conversion, including batteries, supercapacitors, and electrocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The challenges and outlook in this research area are also discussed.
Analytical Description of NMR Relaxation Highlights Correlated Dynamics in Intrinsically Disordered Proteins
Authors: Salvi Nicola , Abyzov Anton , Blackledge Martin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe dynamic fluctuations of intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) define their function. Although experimental nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation reveals the motional complexity of these highly flexible proteins, the absence of physical models describing IDP dynamics hinders their mechanistic interpretation. Combining molecular dynamics simulation and NMR, we introduce a framework in which distinct motions are attributed to local libration, backbone dihedral angle dynamics and longer‐range tumbling of one or more peptide planes. This model provides unique insight into segmental organization of dynamics in IDPs and allows us to investigate the presence and extent of the correlated motions that are essential for function.
Excellent alkene epoxidation catalytic activity of macrocyclic‐based complex of dioxo‐Mo(VI) on supermagnetic separable nanocatalyst
Authors: Payami Fatemeh , Bezaatpour Abolfazl , Eskandari Habibollah 
Published: August 2017

A phenoxybutane‐based Schiff base complex of cis‐dioxo‐Mo(VI) was supported on paramagnetic nanoparticles and characterized using powder X‐ray diffraction, infrared, diffuse reflectance and atomic absorption spectroscopies, scanning and transmission electron microscopies and vibrating sample magnetometry. The separable nanocatalyst was tested for the selective epoxidation of cyclohexene, cyclooctene, styrene, indene, α‐pinene, 1‐octene, 1‐heptene, 1‐dodecene and trans‐stilbene using tert‐butyl hydroperoxide (80% in di‐tert‐butyl peroxide–water, 3:2) as oxidant in chloroform. The catalyst was efficient for oxidation of cyclooctene with 100% selectivity for epoxidation with 98% conversion in 10 min. We were able to separate magnetically the nanocatalyst using an external magnetic field and used the catalyst at least six successive times without significant decrease in conversion. The turnover frequency of the catalyst was remarkable (2556 h−1 for cyclooctene). The proposed nanomagnetic catalyst has advantages in terms of catalytic activity, selectivity, catalytic reaction time and reusability by easy separation.
Different Steric‐Twist‐Induced Ternary Memory Characteristics in Nonconjugated Copolymers with Pendant Naphthalene and 1,8‐Naphthalimide Moieties
Authors: Wang Ming , Li Zhuang , Li Hua , He Jinghui , Li Najun , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHerein, novel random copolymers PMNN and PMNB were designed and synthesized, and the memory devices Al/PMNN and PMNB/ITO both exhibited ternary memory performance. The switching voltages of the OFF–ON1 and ON1–ON2 transitions for both memory devices are around −2.0 and −3.5 V, respectively, and the ON1/OFF, ON2/ON1 current ratios are both up to 103. The observed tristable electrical conductivity switching could be attributed to field‐induced conformational ordering of the naphthalene rings in the side chains, and subsequent charge trapping by 1,8‐naphthalimide moieties. More interestingly, by adjusting the connection sites of 1,8‐naphthalimide moieties to tune the steric‐twist effect, different memory properties were achieved (PMNN showed nonvolatile write once, read many (WORM) memory behavior, whereas PMNB showed volatile static RAM (SRAM) memory behavior). This result will offer a guideline for the design of different high‐performance multilevel memory devices by tuning the steric effects of the chemical moieties.