bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prediction of Information Transfer from Computer-Generated Dot Matrix Displays
Authors: Maddox Michael E. 
Published: November 2015

Two separate experiments derived and validated predictive metrics (or equations) of information transfer from dot matrix displays. The initial experiment involved three levels of dot size, three levels of dot shape, three levels of dot spacing, and two levels of ambient illuminance. The predictor variable pool was obtained by Fourier analysis of vertical and horizontal microphotometric scans of each experimental display combination. Multiple regression techniques were used to derive predictive equations for each task. Substantial proportions of experimental variance were accounted for by these equations. These proportions ranged from R2 = .47 for the menu search model to R2 = .57 for the reading task model. An external validation study was conducted using dot parameters equivalent to three commercially available displays. In addition, the matrix size was varied in this experiment. Except for the random search performance, the predictions derived in the first study correlated well with the meassured performance in this study (Spearman r = .73). The equations were found to be very sensitive to predictor variables which were outside the range of the original regression. The photometric scan and Fourier analysis methodology was found to be accurate and very repeatable in this research. This research has demonstrated that it is possible to account for large proportions of experimental variance on visual performance tasks with relatively simple display-related parameters. The proportion of variance accounted for by the derived models ranged from .47 for the menu search model to .57 for the Tinker SOR model. The terms used in the metrics inherently contain information about many display parameters usually treated as isolated from one another. The values predicted from the metrics have been shown to be well correlated with actual performance when the predictor variables are within the range of the original variables from which the metrics were derived. The methodology developed during this research has been shown to be valid and the photometric procedures and mathematical treatment have proved stable in a real experimental setting.
The Lineages of Neuroglial Cells
Authors: Skoff Robert P. 
Published: November 2015

The study of neuroglial cell lineages in the CNS identifies the time in development, when astrocytes and oligodendrocytes diverge from a common precursor cell. Recent studies using retroviral tracing show that the lineages for astrocytes and oligodendrocytes begin to diverge as early as embryonic day 13 (E13) in the cerebellum and as early as E15 in the forebrain. A very small percentage of glial precursor cells present in late pre- and postnatal development are pluripotential, but the vast majority of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in the brain are derived from “committed” precursors. The precursors for these postmitotic astrocytes and oligodendrocytes are immature astrocytes and oligodendrocytes (progenitors) that express molecular properties unique to each of these cell types. It is critical to distinguish glial lineage (thought of in terms of a glial cell's ancestry in normal development) from glial plasticity (the potential of a glial cell to alter its fate when its normal environment is changed). In tissue culture, a bipotential cell known as the O-2A cell generates oligodendrocytes under one set of culture conditions and retains plasticity to become a subtype of astrocyte under another set. Whether all cells phenotyped as O-2A cells in culture are bipotential or whether only a subset displays this capacity is still unclear.
Don't Tie Me down!
Authors: Minges Norma , Gato Jeanette , Kresser Robert 
Published: November 2015

The individual can simultaneously probe deeply into innermost thoughts while reaching expansively into the world. The ability to turn inward allows one to live a life that is personally satisfying. The opportunity to encounter the richness of the outer world permits one to live in community with others. Qualities of being alone and being in community must combine in the same person to assure a rich, full life. —Association for Supervision and Curriculum Development, Feeling, Valuing and the Art of Growing, prepared by the 1977 Yearbook Committee, page 1.
An Environmental Assessment of How Technology is Reshaping the Hospitality Industry
Authors: Connolly Daniel J. , Olsen Michael D. 
Published: November 2015

Leading strategists suggest that the key to winning the future is to develop industry foresight and to stake one's territorial claim before anyone else. Following this advice, however, is not as easy as it may sound, especially when one takes into account how quickly things change in the era of high-tech. Each day, the seeds of change are sown. By using disciplined approaches, these seeds can be spotted early on as they germinate, sprout and grow into something big. To help the hospitality industry develop foresight in a disciplined manner, identify the antecedents of change and prepare for the future, the International Hotel and Restaurant Association (IH&RA) called together over 160 people worldwide from various organisations, industries and geographic regions to participate in a series of Visioning Workshops and Technology Think-Tank sessions. Collectively, these sessions define the forces shaping change and identify what is in store for the industry as the future draws near. The findings to date suggest that information technology is the single greatest force affecting change in the hospitality industry. Everywhere one looks, one can find evidence of how technology is reshaping the industry and changing the very dynamics of competition and customer/employee interaction. Going forward, technology will be the most important competitive weapon for any hospitality company. If hospitality organisations want to compete successfully, they must do so by using technology to drive value to both the customer and the firm. What follows is a detailed summary of the proceedings from three Technology Think-Tank workshops held in Singapore; Nice, France; and Vienna, Austria from 1997 to 1999.
Measurement of the Photometric Properties of the Upper Atmosphere
Authors: Waldram J. M. 
Published: November 2015

This paper describes the procedure in and the results of measurements made of the photometric properties of the atmosphere. The data were required for the solutten of a number of visibility and similar problems; the need for data is outlined, and the relevant photometric properties of the atmosphere are described. The experiments fall into two groups: measurements made in clean air, and those made in industrial atmospheres. In both atmospheres the polar distribution of light scattered by an element of the atmosphere was measured by polar nephelometers built for the purpose. In the clean air measurements, a nephelometer was carried on an aeroplane and a series of flights was made, several up to 30,000 ft., over different parts of the country and at different times of the year. A series was also obtained at sea level on a ship. On one series of experiments several other measurements were made in addition, including the brightness of a searchlight beam measured from the air, and the air-ground transmission. Both these formed checks to the nephelometry. In the industrial atmospheres a nephelometer was carried on an observation balloon. In these experiments the air-ground transmission was also measured carefully; and it was possible to deduce from the results the absorption as distinct from the scattering coefficient. Three series of measurements were made over two industrial towns to heights of 3,000 ft. The polar distributions of scattered light obtained varied greatly; there appeared to be little correlation with altitude or with scattering coefficient in most cases, though one type of curve was usual on and near the ground. Some measurements were made in extremely clear air, when distributions not unlike the Rayleigh distribution were obtained. There is a hope that the size of the scattering particles might, in some cases, be deduced from the shapes of the curves. In industrial atmospheres the absorption coefficient seems to be independent of the scatter, and there is a slight indication that it is small away from the vicinity of sources of pollution. Its amount is very variable. The meteorological conditions for each flight are given in an appendix, and another appendix outlines other methods which have been tried for obtaining some of the data.
The Operation and Maintenance of Fluorescent Lamp Installations
Authors: Stoyle W. A. R. , Jones-Thomas G. D. 
Published: November 2015

Because of the many new ratings of lamps and new circuits, the operation and maintenance of fluorescent lamp installations has brought fresh responsibilities to the maintenance engineer. Effective maintenance requires fundamental knowledge of lamps and their associated circuits. This paper, therefore, deals with lamp and circuit characteristics from a practical point of view. A detailed description of circuit components is also given, together with recommended testing methods and advice as to how troubles can be detected, identified and remedied.
Lighting in the Design of Schools
Authors: Pott Anthony 
Published: November 2015

Changes in ideas on education, in teaching methods, in building techniques and in economic conditions are combining to produce new forms of school used in new ways. The importance of scale and character is becoming more widely appreciated and the newer teaching methods are demanding rooms which can be used for many different purposes. The provision of natural and artificial lighting, adequate both in quantity and quality, for these new schools is discussed, and some recent installations and fittings are critically reviewed.
The Design of Interior Lighting Equipment
Authors: Hubble L. H. 
Published: November 2015

The object of this paper is to record major developments in interior lighting equipment and in so doing to indicate the direction in which future developments are most likely to move. A short section is devoted to fittings in general use up to 1940 when the first impact of the fluorescent lamp was felt. The effective use of high-pressure mercury vapour lamps is considered and the value of horizontal burning lamps is emphasised. After discussing some of the problems in the design of standard fluorescent fittings, with a particular reference to the complication caused by the many different types required, brief analyses are given of the lighting units required for some special types of installation. For example, in a power station, the crane rail may be used as the main rigid structure for fluorescent lighting fittings built around it: commercial fittings have also been designed on this principle. Another interesting technique uses composite fittings of metal and plaster, since plaster can be formed easily and cheaply to a desired curvature. The author believes that fundamental changes are now taking place in the mechanics of lighting practice, which may have a far-reaching effect on fittings design, but that progress may be hampered by too great complexity. Advances in lamps are inevitable and desirable, but every effort should be made to rationalise the design of lamps and components to assist the fittings maker in reducing some of the many variables in his equipment.
Lamps and Their Uses
Authors: Aldington J. N. 
Published: November 2015

The design of a light source cannot be separated from its use. Increasingly in recent years has this fact influenced lamp development and research. Some of the factors of which account has to be taken in the evolution of new sources are mentioned. It is considered that the remarkably active phase of invention in the associated fields of metal vapour discharge lamps and fluorescent lamps is now merging into a period of consolidation characterised by the continuous improvement of existing types. Following the basic classification used in the light source reports to the 1948 and 1951 Plenary Sessions of the C.I.E., certain special features of lamps for each group are described to illustrate their relation to user requirements. Mention is made of the special problems which arise in determining the optimum colour for fluorescent lamps for different uses.
The Lighting of Standard Factories on a Trading Estate
Authors: McCulloch J. S. 
Published: November 2015

After the depression in industry in the 1930s the Government passed the Special Areas (Development and Improvement) Act of 1934 and that led to the formation in May, 1936, of a company called the North Eastern Trading Estates Limited, with registered offices on the Team Valley Estate, Gateshead on Tyne. The Company acted as the agent for the Commissioner of Special Areas, to acquire and develop estates to attract light industries to the Area and so secure a better national distribution of industrial activity. There are now 35 estates in the North Eastern Development Area, housing over 300 tenants and giving employment in light industries to over 52,000 people. In 1945 the Estate Company developed a Standard Factory of which large numbers were built on its estates. A standard lighting installation was developed to meet the requirements of the majority of prospective tenants, who connected various light sources to it. The annual cost of these lighting installations using different light sources is compared, taking into account the annual charges of wiring installation and fittings, replacement charges for lamps and cost of the electrical energy consumed. Some comments are made on the types of fittings used by the tenants.
Television Studio Lighting Equipment
Authors: Ackerman K. R. 
Published: November 2015

The paper summarises the present state of development of lighting equipment for television studios in Great Britain, with particular reference to the studios of the B.B.C., and outlines the rapid progress which has been made in recent years in the mechanisation and flexible control of this equipment. This development has included improvements in mechanical handling of luminaires, the introduction of remote controlled dimming and switching systems, and improvements in studio luminaires themselves. The difficulties in lighting a television production effectively are outlined and the paper shows how these difficulties can be minimised by equipment specifically designed for the purpose. The equipment used is shown to have developed logically from that designed for filming and for the stage, but modified to meet the special requirements of television. Light sources are discussed and the paper shows that the tungsten lamp remains the most suitable for this application, though fluorescent lamps and carbon arcs are used for special purposes.
Paints and Surface Coatings for Lighting Fittings
Authors: Rhind-Tutt A. J. 
Published: November 2015

The use of organic coatings in the lighting fittings industry is reviewed and the need for the protection and decoration of a wide variety of materials of construction is considered. The properties of the various types of coatings, vitreous enamel, alkyds, acrylics, epoxies and pvc are outlined and their important properties listed. Vitreous enamel coatings are now needed only in very corrosive or hot environments and most fittings are now coated with alkyd or acrylic based paints which have a life equal to that of the fitting itself. On-site painting methods are used when special effects, such as particular colours or resistance properties, are required. A summary of the types of paints commonly used on a range of typical fittings is included.
Breast Cancer Screening: A Social Marketing Study
Authors: Bryant Carol A. , Cole Stephen , Salazar Bonnie , Lindenberger James , Perrin Kay , Sorrell Connie , Flynn Michael , Courtney Anita , Dennis Carolyn , Markesbery Barbara A. , Gaskin Erin 
Published: November 2015

Breast cancer is one of the leading types of preventable cancer among women in the United States. Despite improvements in mammography and early detection techniques for breast cancer, special population groups within the United States continue to experience high incidence and mortality rates. This paper focuses on Kentucky's underserved populations. The research objectives were to: 1) identify the factors that motivate women at risk to be screened for breast cancer; and, 2) identify the factors that deter women at risk from being screened for breast cancer. A combination of quantitative (survey n=407) and qualitative (focus groups=19; in-depth interviews=58) research methods were used to examine factors that influence mammography use. Factors that motivate women to have mammograms include: physician referral; the belief that early detection will improve breast cancer outcomes; and, the belief that a mammogram is an effective test. Factors deterring women from having mammograms include: lack of physician referral; cost; and, the belief that mammography is dangerous. Research findings point to the need for a comprehensive, integrated approach to increasing utilization rates. This approach includes recommendations for increasing physician referrals, modifying service delivery, training staff, and development of client education materials and a public information campaign. These recommendations have been incorporated into a social marketing plan to increase utilization of mammography services in the state of Kentucky.
Development of a Health-Related Quality of Life Measure for Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Vickrey Barbara G. , Hays Ron D. , Beckstrand Maggi 
Published: November 2015

Statement of Problem: To develop and evaluate a self-administered health-related quality of life (HRQOL) measure for peripheral neuropathy. Methods: A field test measure of 162 items was developed that included the RAND-36 Health Survey as a generic core and a neuropathy-targeted supplement whose content was driven by results from three focus groups with 22 adults having peripheral neuropathy. It was administered at baseline and at 3- and 6-month follow-ups to 80 adult clinical trial enrollees with diabetic neuropathy. Item reduction and placement into scales, reliability, construct validity, responsiveness, and HRQOL comparisons to a general U.S. population were conducted. Results: The final 97-item instrument includes 16 multi-item scales and 6 single items. Internal consistency reliabilities ranged from 0.67 to 0.93 (median = 0.88); intraclass correlation coefficients for those reporting no change in health between baseline and 3 months ranged from 0.42 to 0.84 (median = 0.77). Factor analysis of scales revealed physical and mental health as the two underlying dimensions. Correlations between selected HRQOL scales and sociodemographic variables were modest; there were more noteworthy associations between HRQOL scales and employment, disability days, and neurologic symptom ratings. Associations of HRQOL with neurologic examination (strength and reflexes) and with electrophysiologic findings were nonsignificant (all p > 0.10). Responsiveness of a physical health summary score relative to a criterion of change in subject's ratings of neuropathy symptom severity yielded a moderate effect size (= 0.60) and a Guyatt statistic exceeding 1.0. Conclusions: Results provide preliminary support for the measure's reliability and validity among adults with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. HRQOL was more strongly associated with symptom ratings than with examination and electrophysiologic test results.
The Processing of Stereoscopic Information in Human Visual Cortex: Psychophysical and Electrophysiological Evidence
Authors: Skrandies Wolfgang 
Published: November 2015

Three-dimensional depth perception relies in part on the binocular fusion of horizontally disparate stimuli presented to the left and right eye. The mammalian visual system offers a unique possibility to study electrophysiologically cortical neuronal mechanisms: since the input of the two eyes remains separated up to the level of the visual cortex, evoked potential components that are generated exclusively by cortical structures may be explored when dynamic random-dot stereograms (dRDS) are presented. In a series of independent studies, we determined the scalp topography of dRDS evoked brain activity in different groups of healthy subjects, and we found consistent results. Major differences between stereoscopic and contrast evoked brain activity are seen in the strength of the potential fields as well as in their topography. Our findings suggest that there are fewer neurons in the human visual cortex that are responsive to horizontal disparity, and that higher visual areas like V2 are more engaged with stereoscopic processing than the primary visual cortex. On the other hand, component latencies of evoked brain activity show no effect signifying that the binocular information flow to the visual cortex has a similar time course for both the processing of contrast information and of dRDS stimuli. We could also verify that healthy subjects can learn to perceive 3D structure contained in dRDS. Changes in perceptual ability as measured with psychophysical tests are paralleled by systematic alterations in the topography of stereoscopically evoked potential fields. Stereoscopic VEP recordings may also be of clinical use: in patients with selectively disturbed depth perception but normal visual acuity there is a high correlation between clinical symptoms, perceptual deficiency, and altered VEP amplitudes and latencies.
Electrophysiology of the Frontal Lobe
Authors: Niedermeyer E. 
Published: November 2015

The electrophysiology of the frontal lobe appears to be unimpressive when the view is limited to the routine EEG recording of a healthy waking adult. There is usually low voltage fast activity, which becomes more pronounced when recorded with depth leads. Three special EEG patterns of marginal to slightly abnormal character are discussed: a) rhythmical midfrontal 6–7/sec activity of juveniles, b) rhythmical midfrontal sharp 4–6/sec activity of infancy and early childhood with arousal from sleep, and c) frontal intermittent rhythmical delta activity (FIRDA) in waking adults with frontopolar maximum, possibly related to thought processes under abnormal conditions. With extension of the frequency range, ultraslow (DC-like) as well as fast beta (gamma, 40–80/sec) and ultrafast activity (80–1000/sec) are found particularly over the frontal lobes. Ultraslow baseline shifts are arousal-related and mixed with overlying ultrafast waves. Attention control and the “working memory” involve chiefly the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, investigated with P300 responses and likely to show ultrafast spectra. Perception-related 40–80/sec gamma activity has been thought to be associated with the entrance into consciousness. Initiation and design of motor activity spreads from prefrontal to the frontomotor cortex, associated with powerful event-related potentials: contingent negative variation (CNV) and “Bereitschafts potential” (“readiness potential,” RP). Neuroscientific research of the highest frontal lobe functions has become a very active domain of neuroimaging. With the use of the extended frequency range, EEG and also evoked potential studies could add further information with acquisition in real time. Ultrafast frequency ranges presented in computerized frequency analysis and mapping might show impressive correlates of highest frontal lobe functions.