bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Diagnosis and classification of idiopathic inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Lundberg I. E. , Miller F. W. , Tjärnlund A. , Bottai M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIMs) are a heterogeneous group of diseases, collectively termed myositis, sharing symptoms of muscle weakness, fatigue and inflammation. Other organs are frequently involved, supporting the notion that these are systemic inflammatory diseases. The IIMs can be subgrouped into dermatomyositis, polymyositis and inclusion body myositis. The myositis‐specific autoantibodies (MSAs) identify other and often more distinct clinical phenotypes, such as the antisynthetase syndrome with antisynthetase autoantibodies and frequent interstitial lung disease and anti‐SRP and anti‐HMGCR autoantibodies that identify necrotizing myopathy. The MSAs are important both to support myositis diagnosis and to identify subgroups with different patterns of extramuscular organ involvement such as interstitial lung disease. Another cornerstone in the diagnostic procedure is muscle biopsy to identify inflammation and to exclude noninflammatory myopathies. Treatment effect and prognosis vary by subgroup. To develop new and better therapies, validated classification criteria that identify distinct subgroups of myositis are critical. The lack of such criteria was the main rationale for the development of new classification criteria for IIMs, which are summarized in this review; the historical background regarding previous diagnostic and classification criteria is also reviewed. As the IIMs are rare diseases with a prevalence of 10 in 100 000 individuals, an international collaboration was essential, as was the interdisciplinary effort including experts in adult and paediatric rheumatology, neurology, dermatology and epidemiology. The new criteria have been developed based on data from more than 1500 patients from 47 centres worldwide and are based on clinically easily available variables.
Contrasting patterns of population connectivity between regions in a commercially important mollusc Haliotis rubra: integrating population genetics, genomics and marine LiDAR data
Authors: Miller A. D. , van Rooyen A. , Rašić G. , Ierodiaconou D. A. , Gorfine H. K. , Day R. , Wong C. , Hoffmann A. A. , Weeks A. R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEstimating contemporary genetic structure and population connectivity in marine species is challenging, often compromised by genetic markers that lack adequate sensitivity, and unstructured sampling regimes. We show how these limitations can be overcome via the integration of modern genotyping methods and sampling designs guided by LiDAR and SONAR data sets. Here we explore patterns of gene flow and local genetic structure in a commercially harvested abalone species (Haliotis rubra) from southeastern Australia, where the viability of fishing stocks is believed to be dictated by recruitment from local sources. Using a panel of microsatellite and genomewide SNP markers, we compare allele frequencies across a replicated hierarchical sampling area guided by bathymetric LiDAR imagery. Results indicate high levels of gene flow and no significant genetic structure within or between benthic reef habitats across 1400 km of coastline. These findings differ to those reported for other regions of the fishery indicating that larval supply is likely to be spatially variable, with implications for management and long‐term recovery from stock depletion. The study highlights the utility of suitably designed genetic markers and spatially informed sampling strategies for gaining insights into recruitment patterns in benthic marine species, assisting in conservation planning and sustainable management of fisheries.
Quantitative reference value of dopamine transporter single‐photon emission computed tomography in healthy Japanese older adults
Authors: Koh Jinsoo , Yamamoto Kazumi , Sakata Mayumi , Murata Ken‐ya , Ito Hidefumi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundN‐ω‐fluoropropyl‐2b‐carbomethoxy‐3b‐(4‐123I‐iodophenyl) nortropane (123I‐FP‐CIT) single‐photon emission computed tomography is an effective diagnostic tool for parkinsonism . However, a lack of quantitative reference values of the specific binding ratio of normal Japanese controls is a crucial limitation when we apply this procedure for evaluating Japanese parkinsonian patients.AimIn the present study, we aimed to obtain a control database of specific binding ratio in healthy, Japanese older adults.MethodsWe studied 123I‐FP‐CIT single‐photon emission computed tomography in 20 healthy Japanese older adults, and obtained the specific binding ratio with and without attenuation correction.ResultsClinically and practically relevant data were obtained from 19 participants (10 women, 9 men, age 68.7 ± 8.8 years). The mean specific binding ratio with attenuation correction ± standard deviation was 6.84 ± 1.01, being significantly higher than that of the preceding study of Caucasians by Tossici‐Bolt et al. The mean specific binding ratio without attenuation correction was 5.31 ± 1.04. These were not different between the sexes. The specific binding ratio decreased age‐dependently in the specific binding ratio both with and without attenuation correction. The mean decreasing rate of specific binding ratio with AC was approximately 0.7 per decade. Most of the striatal asymmetry index of specific binding ratio with AC was lower than 8.4%.ConclusionWe presented the quantitative reference values of Japanese healthy older adults feasible for diagnostic and research use for Japanese parkinsonian patients.
Moral Disagreement and Moral Semantics
Authors: Khoo Justin , Knobe Joshua 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhen speakers utter conflicting moral sentences (“X is wrong”/“X is not wrong”), it seems clear that they disagree. It has often been suggested that the fact that the speakers disagree gives us evidence for a claim about the semantics of the sentences they are uttering. Specifically, it has been suggested that the existence of the disagreement gives us reason to infer that there must be an incompatibility between the contents of these sentences (i.e., that it has to be the case that at least one of them is incorrect). This inference then plays a key role in a now‐standard argument against certain theories in moral semantics. In this paper, we introduce new evidence that bears on this debate. We show that there are moral conflict cases in which people are inclined to say both (a) that the two speakers disagree and (b) that it is not the case at least one of them must be saying something incorrect. We then explore how we might understand such disagreements. As a proof of concept, we sketch an account of the concept of disagreement and an independently motivated theory of moral semantics which, together, explain the possibility of such cases.
Practical Know‐Wh
Authors: Farkas Katalin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe central and paradigmatic cases of knowledge discussed in philosophy involve the possession of truth. Is there in addition a distinct type of practical knowledge, which does not aim at the truth? This question is often approached through asking whether states attributed by “know‐how” locutions are distinct from states attributed by “know‐that”. This paper argues that the question of practical knowledge can be raised not only about some cases of “know‐how” attributions, but also about some cases of so‐called “know‐wh” attributions; and that certain features of this practical knowledge‐wh put pressure on the standard analysis of know‐wh.
Evil and God's Toxin Puzzle
Authors: Pittard John 
Published: June 2016

AbstractI show that Kavka's toxin puzzle raises a problem for the “Responsibility Theodicy,” which holds that the reason God typically does not intervene to stop the evil effects of our actions is that such intervention would undermine the possibility of our being significantly responsible for overcoming and averting evil. This prominent theodicy seems to require that God be able to do what the agent in Kavka's toxin story cannot do: stick by a plan to do some action at a future time even though when that time comes, there will be no good reason for performing that action (and very good reason not to). I assess various approaches to solving this problem. Along the way, I develop an iterated variant of Kavka's toxin case and argue that the case is not adequately handled by standard causal decision theory.
Unravelling the in vivo regulation and metabolic role of the alternative oxidase pathway in C3 species under photoinhibitory conditions
Authors: Florez‐Sarasa Igor , Ribas‐Carbo Miquel , Del‐Saz Néstor Fernández , Schwahn Kevin , Nikoloski Zoran , Fernie Alisdair R. , Flexas Jaume 
Published: June 2016

Summary

The mitochondrial alternative oxidase pathway (AOP) has been suggested to act as a sink for excess reducing power generated in the chloroplast under high‐light (HL) stress and thus may reduce photoinhibition. The aim of this study was to compare different species to investigate the in vivo regulation and role of AOP under HL stress.

The in vivo activities of AOP (νalt) and the cytochrome oxidase pathway, chlorophyll fluorescence, metabolite profiles, alternative oxidase (AOX) capacity and protein amount were determined in leaves of five C3 species under growth light and after HL treatment.

Differences in respiration and metabolite levels were observed among species under growth light conditions. The HL response of νalt was highly species dependent, correlated with the AOP capacity and independent of AOX protein content. Nevertheless, significant correlations were observed between νalt, levels of key metabolites and photosynthetic parameters.

The results show that the species‐specific response of νalt is caused by the differential post‐translational regulation of AOX. Significant correlations between respiration, metabolites and photosynthetic performance across species suggest that AOP may permit stress‐related amino acid synthesis, whilst maintaining photosynthetic activity under HL stress.
Cytokinins influence root gravitropism via differential regulation of auxin transporter expression and localization in Arabidopsis
Authors: Pernisova Marketa , Prat Tomas , Grones Peter , Harustiakova Danka , Matonohova Martina , Spichal Lukas , Nodzynski Tomasz , Friml Jiri , Hejatko Jan 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Redirection of intercellular auxin fluxes via relocalization of the PIN‐FORMED 3 (PIN3) and PIN7 auxin efflux carriers has been suggested to be necessary for the root gravitropic response. Cytokinins have also been proposed to play a role in controlling root gravitropism, but conclusive evidence is lacking.

We present a detailed study of the dynamics of root bending early after gravistimulation, which revealed a delayed gravitropic response in transgenic lines with depleted endogenous cytokinins (Pro35S:AtCKX) and cytokinin signaling mutants. Pro35S:AtCKX lines, as well as a cytokinin receptor mutant ahk3, showed aberrations in the auxin response distribution in columella cells consistent with defects in the auxin transport machinery.

Using in vivo real‐time imaging of PIN3‐GFP and PIN7‐GFP in AtCKX3 overexpression and ahk3 backgrounds, we observed wild‐type‐like relocalization of PIN proteins in the columella early after gravistimulation, with gravity‐induced relocalization of PIN7 faster than that of PIN3. Nonetheless, the cellular distribution of PIN3 and PIN7 and expression of PIN7 and the auxin influx carrier AUX1 was affected in AtCKX overexpression lines.

Based on the retained cytokinin sensitivity in pin3 pin4 pin7 mutant, we propose the AUX1‐mediated auxin transport rather than columella‐located PIN proteins as a target of endogenous cytokinins in the control of root gravitropism.
Fleshing out facilitation – reframing interaction networks beyond top‐down versus bottom‐up
Authors: Watson David M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryRather than direct plant–plant interactions, research on the community‐scale influence of mistletoes reveals hitherto unappreciated roles of animals in mediating facilitation. Lacking roots and reliant upon animal vectors, mistletoes represent model systems with which to understand mechanisms underlying interaction networks. In addition to direct effects on nutrient dynamics via enriched litter‐fall, mistletoes are visited by pollinators, seed dispersers and natural enemies, complementing increased heterogeneity in nutrient returns reallocated from infected hosts with increased external inputs. These amplified bottom‐up effects are coupled with top‐down influences of insectivores attracted to infected hosts and stands by increased availability of favoured prey. Simultaneously influencing nutrient dynamics and plant–plant interactions from below and above, visiting animals help explain variation in the context dependence of facilitation.

Contents

Summary
803

I.
Introduction
803

II.
Case study 1 – Mediterranean pine forest
804

III.
Case study 2 – semi‐arid tropical savannah
804

IV.
Mistletoes as facilitators – top‐down, bottom‐up or both?
805

V.
Beyond parasitic plants – do animals drive facilitation cascades?
805

VI.
Conclusions
806

References
807
Symbiodinium sp. cells produce light‐induced intra‐ and extracellular singlet oxygen, which mediates photodamage of the photosynthetic apparatus and has the potential to interact with the animal host in coral symbiosis
Authors: Rehman Ateeq Ur , Szabó Milán , Deák Zsuzsanna , Sass László , Larkum Anthony , Ralph Peter , Vass Imre 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Coral bleaching is an important environmental phenomenon, whose mechanism has not yet been clarified. The involvement of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been implicated, but direct evidence of what species are involved, their location and their mechanisms of production remains unknown.

Histidine‐mediated chemical trapping and singlet oxygen sensor green (SOSG) were used to detect intra‐ and extracellular singlet oxygen (1O2) in Symbiodinium cultures.

Inhibition of the Calvin–Benson cycle by thermal stress or high light promotes intracellular 1O2 formation. Histidine addition, which decreases the amount of intracellular 1O2, provides partial protection against photosystem II photoinactivation and chlorophyll (Chl) bleaching. 1O2 production also occurs in cell‐free medium of Symbiodinium cultures, an effect that is enhanced under heat and light stress and can be attributed to the excretion of 1O2‐sensitizing metabolites from the cells. Confocal microscopy imaging using SOSG showed most extracellular 1O2 around the cell surface, but it is also produced across the medium distant from the cells.

We demonstrate, for the first time, both intra‐ and extracellular 1O2 production in Symbiodinium cultures. Intracellular 1O2 is associated with photosystem II photodamage and pigment bleaching, whereas extracellular 1O2 has the potential to mediate the breakdown of symbiotic interaction between zooxanthellae and their animal host during coral bleaching.
Aboveground mammal and invertebrate exclusions cause consistent changes in soil food webs of two subalpine grassland types, but mechanisms are system‐specific
Authors: Vandegehuchte Martijn L. , van der Putten Wim H. , Duyts Henk , Schütz Martin , Risch Anita C. 
Published: June 2016

Ungulates, smaller mammals, and invertebrates can each affect soil biota through their influence on vegetation and soil characteristics. However, direct and indirect effects of the aboveground biota on soil food webs remain to be unraveled. We assessed effects of progressively excluding aboveground large‐, medium‐ and small‐sized mammals as well as invertebrates on soil nematode diversity and feeding type abundances in two subalpine grassland types: short‐ and tall‐grass vegetation. We explored pathways that link exclusions of aboveground biota to nematode feeding type abundances via changes in plants, soil environment, soil microbial biomass, and soil nutrients.In both vegetation types, exclusions caused a similar shift toward higher abundance of all nematode feeding types, except plant feeders, lower Shannon diversity, and lower evenness. These effects were strongest when small mammals, or both small mammals and invertebrates were excluded in addition to excluding larger mammals. Exclusions resulted in a changed abiotic soil environment that only affected nematodes in the short‐grass vegetation. In each vegetation type, exclusion effects on nematode abundances were mediated by different drivers related to plant quantity and quality. In the short‐grass vegetation, not all exclusion effects on omni–carnivorous nematodes were mediated by the abundance of lower trophic level nematodes, suggesting that omni–carnivores also depended on other prey than nematodes.We conclude that small aboveground herbivores have major impacts on the soil food web of subalpine short‐ and tall‐grass ecosystems. Excluding aboveground animals caused similar shifts in soil nematode assemblages in both subalpine vegetation types, however, mechanisms turned out to be system‐specific.
High genetic and virulence diversity detected in Neofusicoccum luteum and N. australe populations in New Zealand vineyards
Authors: Baskarathevan J. , Jones E. E. , Jaspers M. V. , Ridgway H. J. 
Published: June 2016

Genotypic and virulence diversity of Neofusicoccum luteum and N. australe isolates recovered from grapevines displaying symptoms of dieback and decline in New Zealand were investigated. The universally primed PCR (UP‐PCR) method was used to investigate the genetic diversity of 40 isolates of N. luteum and 33 isolates of N. australe. Five UP‐PCR primers produced a total of 51 loci from N. luteum and 57 from N. australe with a greater number of polymorphic loci produced in N. australe (86%) compared with N. luteum (69%). Analysis of UP‐PCR data showed both species found in New Zealand vineyards were genetically diverse at both the inter‐ and intra‐vineyard levels with only a single pair of clonal isolates in N. luteum. Cluster analysis of UP‐PCR data produced four genetic groups in N. luteum and 10 in N. australe (P < 0.05). For both species, there was no relationship between the genetic groups and the origin of isolates. The mean genetic diversity (H) of N. luteum was less than for N. australe, being 0.1791 and 0.2417, respectively. Pathogenicity assays of both species using isolates from either the same or different genetic groups inoculated onto either green shoots or grapevine trunks, showed virulence diversity within the population; however, no correlation was identified between genetic groups and virulence.
Effect of Different Levels of Silymarin and Caproic Acid on Storage of Ram Semen in Liquid Form
Authors: Roostaei‐Ali Mehr M , Parisoush P 
Published: June 2016

ContentsTwo experiments were designed to evaluate the effect of silymarin on stored spermatozoa using four rams. In experiment 1, silymarin was evaluated as a supplement for Tris–glucose extender. Semen samples (n = 20) were diluted with extender containing 0, 50, 100, 150 and 200 μg/ml silymarin and incubated at 5°C for 72 h. Membrane integrity, acrosome integrity, sperm viability and motility were evaluated at 72 h. Concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) was determined after 48 h. Membrane integrity was higher in 100 μg/ml silymarin (65.2%) than control group (43.2%, p < 0.05). Acrosome integrity was highest in 100 μg/ml silymarin (71.3%, p < 0.05). Progressive motility was higher in 100 (58.5%), 150 (60.62%) and 200 μg/ml silymarin (54.7%) than control group (30.7%, p < 0.05). The highest MDA concentration was observed in control group (400 mm/10 × 106 sperm; p < 0.05). The goal of experiment 2 was to determine the interaction between silymarin and caproic acid on ram stored sperm. Ejaculates (n = 20) were diluted by Tris–glucose extender, added 0 (S−) or 100 μg/ml (S+) silymarin and 0 (C−) or 0.3125% (C+) caproic acid, and thereafter, aliquots were incubated at 5°C for 72 h. Membrane integrity was lower in C−S− (57.6%) than C−S+ (73.2%), C+S− (80.2%) and C+S+ (72.1%, p > 0.05). The highest sperm viability and acrosome integrity were observed in C+S‐ (82.4 and 80.1%, respectively; p < 0.05). There was no difference between C‐S+ and C+S+ on sperm viability and membrane integrity, progressive motility and MDA concentration (p > 0.05). Therefore, the supplementation of extender with silymarin and caproic acid improved sperm quality and caproic acid was superior to caproic acid plus silymarin.
Domestic Effects of Offshoring High‐skilled Jobs: Complementarities in Knowledge Production
Authors: Abramovsky Laura , Griffith Rachel , Miller Helen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe provide evidence on how changes in the use of high‐skilled workers (inventors) in a foreign location affect a firm's domestic use of the same type of worker. We exploit rich data that provide variation in the location of inventors within multinational firms across industries and countries to control for confounding firm–time and industry factors. We find that a 10% increase in the use of foreign inventors leads to a 1.9% increase in the use of domestic inventors. Our results suggest that foreign and domestic inventors are complementary in the production of knowledge.
Endless Pressure: Life on a Low Income in Austere Times
Authors: Pemberton Simon , Fahmy Eldin , Sutton Eileen , Bell Karen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMuch has been written that details the decline in living standards following the ‘credit crunch’ in the UK. It remains that we understand to a lesser degree the lived reality of poverty through the Great Recession and into the era of austerity. This article draws on testimonies of 62 participants from low income households conducted in three different areas of the UK during 2012–13 to document the pressures that this period brought to bear on these households. According to these testimonies, the experience of poverty intensified in key respects: first, participants reported feeling, more than ever before, that they were ‘existing, rather than living’ due to the meagre budgets they were forced to live on; second, the precarious nature of work and social security contributed to a sense of insecurity that was all pervasive in our participants' lives; third, due to the pejorative political rhetoric and media coverage of poverty, our participants felt that their lives were placed under increased scrutiny which deleteriously impacted their wider relationships and sense of belonging. Our analysis demonstrates the profound consequences for those living on low incomes of the continued shift to residual forms of state welfare and the increased reliance on the ‘Big Society’ as a means to deal with the pressures identified in this article.