bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in France
Authors: Maxwell Winston J. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on France’s legal framework for access to private-sector data by law enforcement and intelligence agencies. Post-9/11, France enacted provisions to require telecommunications operators and providers of hosting services to retain significant amounts of metadata. The French laws on data retention went beyond the scope of the now-invalidated EU directive on data retention, and the French laws remain on the books today in spite of a recent CJEU decision holding that similar laws in the UK and Sweden violate fundamental rights. France’s intelligence agencies have wide-ranging powers to collect data and conduct interceptions without prior court approval, including the right to analyze metadata of all French Internet users to detect suspicious patterns of behavior. In 2016, the French Constitutional Court invalidated a 25-year-old law permitting intelligence authorities to conduct untargeted monitoring of radio transmissions without supervision; so far, other provisions of government surveillance laws have survived constitutional challenge.
Systematic Government Access to Private-Sector Data in India
Authors: Abraham Sunil 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter focuses on India’s policies and practices regarding systematic government access to private-sector data. India does not have many laws that explicitly prescribe or prohibit systematic government access to private-sector data apart from provisions in laws such as the Information Technology Act, Anti-Money Laundering Act, and Epidemic Diseases Act. Nevertheless, the appetite in some parts of the government for systematic access appears to be growing. In February 2012, the Intelligence Bureau wrote to the Department of Telecom demanding that telecom operators and ISPs cooperate to enable comprehensive real-time tracking of Internet usage on mobile phones. This included the establishment of a core group “for finalisation of Internet Protocol Detail Record (IPDR) for Internet and GPRS service, and standardisation of parameters that will have to be stored by mobile phone companies….” The chapter also discusses proposals for the NATGRID and the Comprehensive Monitoring System.
Surveillance and Privacy Protection in Latin America
Authors: Bertoni Eduardo , Kurre Collin 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This chapter covers surveillance and privacy protection in Latin America providing examples, principles, and suggestions. The first part offers an overview of governmental surveillance regulation through an analysis of existing legislation in Argentina, Colombia, Mexico, and Peru. It should be noted that this analysis merely seeks to identify trends in legal frameworks, rather than provide a comprehensive account of existing laws. Regulating state surveillance and creating a precedent of rights protection both off- and online is critical. To provide a more nuanced and updated understanding of how human rights should be protected online, the second part of this chapter examines several sets of principles that have been created by civil society actors, technical experts, and human rights specialists. The chapter compares those principles with the actual legislation in the four countries surveyed. Finally, the chapter concludes with some suggestions for future policymaking concerning communications interceptions and surveillance in Latin America.
Trust but Verify
Authors: Charney Scott 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Broad government access to personal data held by the private sector, meaning access not tied to any specific account or person, is not acceptable, and it cannot be made acceptable through oversight or governance mechanisms. In considering the merits of bulk collection programs, it helps to have an overarching framework to decompose such programs into their component parts: actors, objectives, actions, and impacts. Although law enforcement and intelligence investigations vary in their objectives and methods, and governance models need to be tailored appropriately, several important principles apply to both. First, there should be no broad or unfettered access. Second, the process for accessing data should include appropriate oversight. Third, there should be transparency. Finally, in a globally connected world, it is important to think about the international implications of surveillance programs.
Introduction to ideas of development
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The 2008 financial crisis has sparked student demands to rewrite the economics curriculum, giving more space to economic history and the history of economic thought. This can be done within a survey of the main narratives of socioeconomic development. Pre-18th-century discussions of improvement were narratives of linear social progress, however. Once the moderns triumphed over the ancients, the term ‘development’ became common in English. The alternative ‘civilization’ proved to be too ambiguous and too controversial. The development concept bifurcated into ‘organic and constructive versions’, the first with passive (evolutionary) and the latter with active (policy) implications. All development narratives stem from one or the other of these two strands.
Evolutionary social progress, 1762–1848
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Early travellers’ accounts of the lifestyles of native Americans inspired Adam Smith to create the first model of human socioeconomic progress. Each of the four stages of progressive change were based on a distinctive mode of subsistence, but the transaction between stages was explained poorly. The advent of the Industrial Revolution provoked Karl Marx to update this model by drawing on Guizot’s history of medieval class conflict as the mechanism of transition in a universal scheme of evolutionary stages of the mode of production and their distinctive methods of labour exploitation. This was the basis of Marx’s claim to have done for social science what Darwin had done for evolutionary theory in the natural sciences.
Development within the limits of order, 1820–70
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
After the upheavals of the French Revolution, Enlightenment thinkers were blamed for loosening the bonds of society. In nineteenth-century France, Saint-Simon advocated a social compromise whereby scientists and artists planned the path of progress while the propertied classes retained political power albeit acting as trustees for the interests of the poor. Comte called for a scientific sociology to inform the design of political institutions. In Britain, Bentham rejected the doctrine of natural rights in favour of the principle of utility, while J. S. Mill flirted with Comte’s positivism briefly. Marx made little impact and socialism came in the guise of Fabianism and middle-class trusteeship for the poor. In Germany, Hegel interpreted the French Revolution as a phase in a moral struggle for freedom and called for freedom to be reconciled with the idea of the common good embodied in the state. List envisaged the common good as protectionist trade policy.
Double-edged development, 1767–
Authors: Toye John 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Many writers on development are extremists, either venerating it as the source of economic cornucopia and human fulfilment or denouncing it as bringing loss of authentic community and culture, greater exploitation, and the curtailment of liberty. A minority, however, have taken a more nuanced and ambivalent position—that, like the curate’s egg, development is good in parts. For example, Adam Ferguson acknowledged the benefits of commercial society but warned against the infinite expansion of human wants, increasing inequality, and the loss of community cohesion. Similar emphasis on the mixed results of development arises in the work of J. S. Mill, Friedrich Engels, and Joseph Schumpeter (‘creative destruction’). In more recent times Albert Hirschman pointed out the negative externalities such as environmental pollution caused by economic production growth—but man-made global climate change is a newer version. All change creates both winners and losers and this fuels the extreme evaluation of it.
Scaling Up Human Immunodeficiency Virus Screening and Antiretroviral Therapy Among Men Who Have Sex With Men to Achieve the 90-90-90 Targets in China
Authors: Zhuang Xun , Peng Peng , Sun Huamin , Chu Minjie , Jiang Shengyang , Jiang Liying , Zhou Pingyu , Zhu Bowen , Zhang Lei 
Published: October 2017

Introduction
The Joint United Nations Programme on human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/acquired immune deficiency syndrome has proposed the 90-90-90 targets by 2020. Human immunodeficiency virus epidemic is spreading rapidly among men who have sex with men (MSM) in China. This study investigates how the scale-up of HIV testing and treatment in achieving the targets and its cost-effectiveness.

Methods
We constructed a compartmental model to forecast the HIV epidemic in Chinese MSM based on various “test-and-treat” scale-up scenarios. We assessed their cost effectiveness based on the cost for each HIV infection, death, and disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) prevented by the scale-up.

Results
If the current epidemic continued, HIV prevalence among Chinese MSM would increase from 9.2% in 2016 to 12.6% (9.2–15.6%) in 2020 and 16.2% (11.3–20.0%) in 2025. By 2020, 49.2% of infected MSM would be diagnosed and 40.1% of whom on treatment, falling short of the 90-90-90 targets, so would be even by 2025. To achieve these targets by 2020, additional 850,000 HIV screening tests and 112,500 person-years of antiretroviral treatment (ART) annually are necessary. This spending is US $478 million during 2016 to 2020, which almost tripled the status quo. However, by delaying to 2025, an investment of US $1210 million over 2016 to 2025 corresponding to 52% increase to the status quo, will enable extra 340,000 HIV screening tests and 60,000 person-year on ART annually. In both scenarios, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio was US $733 to 960 for each DALY prevented, indicating highly cost-effective scenarios.

Conclusions
Achieving the 90-90-90 targets by 2020 requires steep increase in investment, but delaying the targets to 2025 is practical and cost-effective.
Extragenital Chlamydia and Gonorrhea in Young Black Men Who Have Sex With Men: Missed Treatment Opportunities for Human Immunodeficiency Virus–Infected Men Who Have Sex With Men?
Authors: Mena Leandro , Crosby Richard A. , Chamberlain Nicholas 
Published: October 2017

Objectives
This study of young black men who have sex with men (YBMSM) assessed the prevalence of extragenital chlamydia and gonorrhea among those testing negative for urethral infections, and compared prevalence of both by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) status.

Methods
A convenience sample of 609 YBMSM was recruited for a cross-sectional study from 2 sexual health clinics located in Jackson, MS. To detect Chlamydia trachomatis (CT) and Neisseria gonorrhoeae (NG), nucleic acid amplification testing was performed on urine, rectal swabs, and oral swabs. OraSure was used to detect HIV.

Results
Seventy-three percent of all chlamydia infections and 77% of gonorrhea infections were found from anal and oral swabs in the absence of urethral positivity. Compared with HIV-uninfected men, HIV-infected men were significantly more likely to have pharyngeal chlamydia (P = 0.03), multiple CT infections (P = 0.02), rectal NG (P < 0.001), multiple NG infections (P = 0.04), both CT/NG rectal infections (P = 0.001).

Conclusions
As much as three quarters of all chlamydia and gonorrhea infections may be missed when only urine-based nucleic acid amplification testing is used to screen YBMSM for bacterial sexually transmitted infections. These missed opportunities for diagnosis may be particularly likely among HIV-infected YBMSM.
A dynamic mechanism for allosteric activation of Aurora kinase A by activation loop phosphorylation
Authors: Ruff Emily F. , Muretta Joseph M. , Thompson Andrew , Lake Eric , Cyphers Soreen , Albanese Steven K. , Hanson Sonya M. , Behr Julie M. , Thomas David D. , Chodera John D. , Levinson Nicholas M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMany eukaryotic protein kinases are activated by phosphorylation on a specific conserved residue in the regulatory activation loop, a post-translational modification thought to stabilize the active DFG-In state of the catalytic domain. Here we use a battery of spectroscopic methods that track different catalytic elements of the kinase domain to show that the ~100-fold activation of the mitotic kinase Aurora A (AurA) by phosphorylation occurs without a population shift to the DFG-In state, and that the activation loop of the activated kinase remains highly dynamic. Instead, molecular dynamics simulations and electron paramagnetic resonance experiments show that phosphorylation profoundly alters the structure and dynamics of the DFG-In subpopulation, leading to activation of the kinase. Kinetics experiments tracking structural transitions during nucleotide binding suggest that a substantial DFG-Out subpopulation is an important feature of activated AurA that evolved to optimize the kinetics of substrate binding and product release.
Plasmodium vivax-like genome sequences shed new insights into Plasmodium vivax biology and evolution
Authors: Gilabert Aude , Otto Thomas D. , Rutledge Gavin G. , Franzon Blaise , Ollomo Benjamin , Arnathau Céline , Durand Patrick , Moukodoum Nancy D. , Okouga Alain-Prince , Ngoubangoye Barthélémy , Makanga Boris , Boudenga Larson , Paupy Christophe , Renaud François , Prugnolle Frank , Rougeron Virginie 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAlthough Plasmodium vivax is responsible for the majority of malaria infections outside Africa, little is known about its evolution and pathway to humans. Its closest genetic relative, Plasmodium vivax-like, was discovered in African great apes and is hypothesized to have given rise to P. vivax in humans. To unravel the evolutionary history and adaptation of P. vivax, we generated using long and short read sequence technologies the two first P. vivax-like reference genomes and 9 additional P. vivax-like genotypes. Analyses show that the genomes of P. vivax and P. vivax-like are highly similar and co-linear within the core regions. Phylogenetic analyses clearly show that P. vivax-like parasites form a genetically distinct clade from P. vivax. Concerning the relative divergence dating, we show that the evolution of P. vivax in humans did not occur at the same time as the other human malaria agents, thus suggesting that the transfer of Plasmodium parasites to humans happened several times independently over the history of the Homo genus. We further identify several key genes that exhibit signatures of positive selection exclusively in the human P. vivax parasites. Interestingly, two of these genes have been identified to also be under positive selection in the other main human malaria agent, P. falciparum, thus suggesting their key role in the evolution of the ability of these parasites to infect humans or their anthropophilic vectors. We finally demonstrate that some gene families important for red blood cell (RBC) invasion (a key step of the life cycle of these parasites) have undergone lineage-specific evolution in the human parasite (e.g. Reticulocyte Binding Proteins).Significance statementsAmong the five species responsible for this malaria in humans, Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent outside Africa and causes severe and incapacitating clinical symptoms with significant effects on human health. Its closest known relative was recently discovered in African great apes, Plasmodium vivax-like. This study aims to characterize the genome of the closest ape-relative to the human P. vivax parasite in order to get a better understanding of the evolution of this parasite.A total of eleven P. vivax-like samples were obtained from infected chimpanzee blood samples and an infected Anopheles mosquito collected in Gabon. Through technical accomplishment and using short and long read sequence technologies, two newly genomes of P. vivax-like and further nine additional draft sequences were obtained. The genome-wide analyses performed provided new insights into the biology and adaptive evolution of P. vivax to different host species.
Genomic evidence of a widespread southern distribution during the Last Glacial Maximum for two eastern North American hickory species
Authors: Bemmels Jordan B. , Dick Christopher W. 
Published: October 2017

AimPhylogeographic studies of temperate forest taxa often infer complex histories involving population subdivision into distinct refugia during the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). However, temperate forests may have been broadly distributed in southeastern North America during the LGM. We investigate genome-wide genetic structure in two widespread eastern North America tree species to determine if range expansion from a contiguous area or from genetically isolated refugia better explains the postglacial history of trees and forests from this region.LocationEastern North America (ENA).TaxaBitternut hickory (Carya cordiformis(Wangenh.) K.Koch) and shagbark hickory (Carya ovata(Mill.) K.Koch).MethodsGenetic diversity and differentiation indices were calculated from >1,000 nuclear SNP loci genotyped in ca. 180 individuals per species sampled across ENA. Genetic structure was investigated using principle component analysis and genetic clustering algorithms. As an additional tool for inference, areas of suitable habitat during the LGM were predicted using species distribution models (SDMs).ResultsPopulations across all latitudes showed similar levels of genetic diversity. Most genetic variation was weakly differentiated across ENA, with the exception of an outlier population ofCarya ovatain Texas. Genetic structure in each species exhibited an isolation-by-distance pattern. SDMs predicted high LGM habitat suitability over much of the southeastern United States.Main conclusionsBoth hickory species likely survived the LGM in a large region of continuous habitat and recolonized northern areas in a single expanding front that encountered few migration barriers. More complex scenarios, such as forest refugia, need not be invoked to explain genetic structure. The genetically distinct Texas population ofCarya ovatacould represent a separate glacial refugium, but other explanations are possible. Relative to that of other temperate forest regions, the phylogeographic history of ENA may have been exceptionally simple, involving a northward range shift but without well defined refugia.
Cooperative recruitment of Yan to paired high affinity ETS sites organizes repression to confer specificity and robustness to cardiac cell fate specification
Authors: Boisclair Lachance Jean-François , Webber Jemma L. , Rebay Ilaria 
Published: October 2017

AbstractCis regulatory elements (CREs) are defined by unique combinations of transcription factor binding sites. Emerging evidence suggests that the number, affinity and organization of sites play important roles in regulating enhancer output and ultimately gene expression. Here, we investigate how the cis-regulatory logic of a tissue-specific CRE responsible foreven-skipped(eve) induction during cardiogenesis organizes the competing inputs of two ETS members, the activator Pointed (Pnt) and the repressor Yan. Using a combination of reporter gene assays and CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing, we show that Yan and Pnt have distinct preferences for affinity of sites. Not only does Yan prefer high affinity sites, but a tandem pair of such sites is necessary and sufficient for Yan to tune Eve expression levels in newly specified cardioblasts and to block ectopic Eve induction and cell fate specification in surrounding progenitors. Mechanistically, the cooperative Yan recruitment promoted by this conserved high affinity ETS pair not only biases Yan-Pnt competition at the specific CRE, but also organizes Yan repressive complexes in 3D across theevelocus. Taken together our results uncover a novel mechanism by which differential interpretation of CRE syntax by a competing repressor-activator pair can confer both specificity and robustness to developmental transitions.
Can you put too much on your plate? Uncertainty exposure in servitized triads
Authors: Kreye Melanie E. 
Published: October 2017

PurposeServitization increases the uncertainty exposure of provider firms due to the operational differences between services and production which is further increased when operations are set in triads. The purpose of this paper is to analyse the uncertainty exposure in servitized triads and explore suitable organisational responses.Design/methodology/approachA conceptual frame is defined detailing three uncertainty types (environmental, organisational and relational uncertainty) and suitable organisational responses to these. This frame guided the analysis of in-depth case evidence from a cross-national servitized triad in a European-North African set-up which was collected through 29 semi-structured interviews and secondary data.FindingsThe empirical study identified the existence of the three uncertainty types and directional knock-on effects between them. Specifically, environmental uncertainty created organisational uncertainty which in turn created relational uncertainty. The uncertainty types were reduced through targeted organisational responses where formal relational governance reduced environmental uncertainty, service capabilities reduced organisational uncertainty and informal relational governance reduced relational uncertainty. The knock-on effects were reduced through organisational and relational responses.Originality/valueThis paper makes two contributions. First, a structured analysis of the uncertainty exposure in servitized triads is presented which shows the existence of three individual uncertainty types and the knock-on effects between them. Second, organisational responses to reduce the three uncertainty types individually and the knock-on effects between them are presented.
E-procurement quality from an internal customer perspective
Authors: Brandon-Jones Alistair 
Published: October 2017

Purpose
Despite significant investment in e-procurement by many organisations, perceived failings in the quality of such technologies and of the support provided to use them – termed here e-procurement quality – continue to generate resistance from internal customers who must assimilate e-procurement into their daily routines. Hence, the purpose of this paper is to advance the understanding of e-procurement quality from an internal customer perspective and to develop, refine, and validate construct measures.

Design/methodology/approach
Research was undertaken in the UK and the Netherlands incorporating a literature review, a qualitative study with 58 interviews, a quantitative study with 274 survey respondents, and a replication study with 154 survey respondents.

Findings
Analysis reveals that e-procurement quality comprises five universally applicable dimensions: processing, content, usability, professionalism, and training. A sixth dimension, specification, appears to be applicable, but context specific.

Originality/value
The study represents one of the most extensive investigations of e-procurement quality to date and is the first to examine its underlying dimensional structure. The multi-item scales developed and validated using a mixed-methods process are suitable for theory building and testing, as well as providing useful diagnostic value to practitioners.