bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of Group Versus Individual Prenatal Care on Phase of Labor at Hospital Admission
Authors: Tilden Ellen L. , Emeis Cathy L. , Caughey Aaron B. , Weinstein Sarah R. , Futernick Sarah B. , Lee Christopher S. 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionGroup prenatal care, an alternate model of prenatal care delivery, has been associated with various improved perinatal outcomes in comparison to standard, individual prenatal care. One important maternity care process measure that has not been explored among women who receive group prenatal care versus standard prenatal care is the phase of labor (latent vs active) at hospital admission.MethodsA retrospective case‐control study was conducted comparing 150 women who selected group prenatal care with certified nurse‐midwives (CNMs) versus 225 women who chose standard prenatal care with CNMs. Analyses performed included descriptive statistics to compare groups and multivariate regression to evaluate the contribution of key covariates potentially influencing outcomes. Propensity scores were calculated and included in regression models.ResultsWomen within this sample who received group prenatal care were more likely to be in active labor (≥ 4 cm of cervical dilatation) at hospital admission (odds ratio [OR], 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.03‐2.99; P = .049) and were admitted to the hospital with significantly greater cervical dilatation (mean [standard deviation, SD] 5.7 [2.5] cm vs. 5.1 [2.3] cm, P = .005) compared with women who received standard prenatal care, controlling for potential confounding variables and propensity for group versus individual care selection.DiscussionGroup prenatal care may be an effective and safe intervention for decreasing latent labor hospital admission among low‐risk women. Neither group prenatal care nor active labor hospital admission was associated with increased morbidity.
cGMP/cGMP‐dependent protein kinase pathway modulates nicotine‐induced currents through the activation of α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptors from insect neurosecretory cells
Authors: Mannai Safa , Bitri Lofti , Thany Steeve H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInsect neurosecretory cells, called dorsal unpaired median neurons, are known to express two α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) subtypes, nAChR1 and nAChR2. It was demonstrated that nAChR1 was sensitive to cAMP/cAMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKA) regulation, resulting in a modulation of nicotine currents. In this study, we show that cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP)/cGMP‐dependent protein kinase (PKG) pathway modulates nicotine‐induced currents, as increased cGMP affects the second compound of the biphasic current–voltage curve, corresponding to the nAChR2 receptors. Indeed, maintaining the guanosine triphosphate level with 100 μM guanosine triphosphate‐γ‐S increased nicotine currents through nAChR2. We also demonstrated that inhibition of PKG activity with 0.2 μM (8R,9S,11S)‐(‐)‐9‐methoxy‐carbamyl‐8‐methyl‐2,3,9,10‐tetrahydro‐8,11‐epoxy‐1H,8H,11H‐2,7b,11a‐trizadibenzo‐(a,g)‐cycloocta‐(c,d,e)‐trinden‐1‐one (KT5823), a PKG specific inhibitor, reduced nicotine‐induced current amplitudes. KT5823 effect on nicotine currents is associated with calcium (Ca2+) activity because inhibition of Ca2+ concentration with cadmium chloride (CdCl2) abolished KT5823‐induced inhibition mediated by nAChR2. However, specific inhibition of nitric oxide‐guanylyl cyclase (GC) complex by 10 μM 1H‐[1,2,4]oxadiazolo[4,3‐a]quinoxalin‐1‐one (ODQ) significantly increased nicotine‐induced current amplitudes on both nAChR1 and nAChR2. These results suggest that nicotine‐induced currents mediated by both α‐bungarotoxin‐insensitive nAChR1 and nAChR2 are coupled to the cGMP/PKG pathway.
imageWe propose that nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation induces an increase in intracellular calcium (Ca2+) concentration. Elevation of intracellular Ca2+ results in the formation of Ca2+‐calmodulin (CaM) complex, which activates guanylyl cyclase (GC) and/or adenylyl cyclase (AC). Ca2+‐CaM complex could activate Ca2+ calmodulin kinase II which could directly or indirectly modulate the nicotinic response. The mechanisms by which cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) interact remain unclear. We demonstrate that nicotine‐induced currents are coupled to the cGMP/PKG pathway.
The function and performance of aqueous aerosol devices for inhalation therapy
Authors: Carvalho Thiago C , McConville Jason T 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Objectives
In this review paper, we explore the interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations for several types of devices, namely jet, ultrasonic and vibrating-mesh nebulizers; colliding and extruded jets; electrohydrodynamic mechanism; surface acoustic wave microfluidic atomization; and capillary aerosol generation.

Key findings
Nebulization is the transformation of bulk liquids into droplets. For inhalation therapy, nebulizers are widely used to aerosolize aqueous systems, such as solutions and suspensions. The interaction between the functioning mechanism of different nebulizers and the physicochemical properties of the formulations plays a significant role in the performance of aerosol generation appropriate for pulmonary delivery. Certain types of nebulizers have consistently presented temperature increase during the nebulization event. Therefore, careful consideration should be given when evaluating thermo-labile drugs, such as protein therapeutics. We also present the general approaches for characterization of nebulizer formulations.

Summary
In conclusion, the interplay between the dosage form (i.e. aqueous systems) and the specific type of device for aerosol generation determines the effectiveness of drug delivery in nebulization therapies, thus requiring extensive understanding and characterization.
Effect of permeability enhancers on paracellular permeability of acyclovir
Authors: Ates Muge , Kaynak Mustafa Sinan , Sahin Selma 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Objectives
According to Biopharmaceutics Classification System (BCS), acyclovir is a class III (high solubility, low permeability) compound, and it is transported through paracellular route by passive diffusion. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of various pharmaceutical excipients on the intestinal permeability of acyclovir.

Methods
The single-pass in-situ intestinal perfusion (SPIP) method was used to estimate the permeability values of acyclovir and metoprolol across different intestinal segments (jejunum, ileum and colon). Permeability coefficient (Peff) of acyclovir was determined in the absence and presence of a permeation enhancer such as dimethyl β-cyclodextrin (DM-β-CD), sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), sodium caprate (Cap-Na) and chitosan chloride.

Key findings
All enhancers increased the permeability of paracellularly transported acyclovir. Although Cap-Na has the highest permeability-enhancing effect in all segments, permeation-enhancing effect of chitosan and SLS was only significant in ileum. On the other hand, DM-β-CD slightly decreased the permeability in all intestinal segments.

Conclusions
These findings have potential implication concerning the enhancement of absorption of paracellularly transported compounds with limited oral bioavailability. In the case of acyclovir, Cap-Na either alone or in combination with SLS or chitosan has the potential to improve its absorption and bioavailability and has yet to be explored.
Preliminary Assessment of Biofouling on Offshore Mussel Farms
Authors: Atalah Javier , Fletcher Lauren M. , Hopkins Grant A. , Heasman Kevin , Woods Chris M. C. , Forrest Barrie M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBiofouling is a significant operational problem for the aquaculture industry globally; however, options for on‐farm management are limited. In New Zealand, the green‐lipped mussel,Perna canaliculus, has historically been cultivated at inshore locations, but increased competition for space has led the industry to develop offshore farming sites several kilometers from the coast. We hypothesize that the distance to these farm sites from coastal locations, and their placement over extensive soft‐sediment habitats, may provide a barrier to colonization by biofouling species with limited natural dispersal abilities. A study of two offshore mussel farms revealed that they supported relatively impoverished biofouling communities by comparison with inshore mussel farms and other artificial structures. Offshore sites had a relatively low number of taxa and a low prevalence of short‐dispersing organisms such as ascidians, which are a problematic group of fouling organisms in aquaculture. We suggest that newly established offshore marine farms have the potential to be kept free of a range of problematic fouling organisms, provided the introduction of such species via human transport pathways can be mitigated.
Evaluation of Soy Protein Concentrate and Meat and Bone Meal as a Replacement for Fish Meal in the Diet of Nile Tilapia Fingerlings
Authors: Ribeiro Manoel Joaquim Peres , Vidotti Rose M. , Ferreira Leandro A. , Gonçalves Giovani Sampaio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis experiment evaluated soy protein concentrate (SPC) and meat and bone meal as a replacement for fish meal protein (FP) in the diet of Nile tilapia fingerlings. Five diets were evaluated including a control diet (50.0% crude protein [CP], of which half the protein came from fish meal [FM]), and four diets in which FM was replaced by increasing amounts of SPC (25.5, 50.0, 75.5, and 100.0%) in combination with meat and bone meal. At the conclusion of a 60‐d growth trial, the following parameters were determined: final weight (FW), final length (FL), weight gain (WG), feed intake (FI), apparent feed conversion (AFC), survival (SUR), and production cost. The estimate of the best replacement value was determined by polynomial regression and the linear response plateau. The results showed significant (P < 0.05) improvement for WG and AFC ratio as FM was gradually replaced by SPC. The parameters FL and FI reached their optimum value at a replacement level of 100% SPC. These results show that it is feasible to use a combination of SPC and meat and bone meal in a balanced feed formulation as an alternative protein source in the diets of Nile tilapia fingerlings.
The HopF family of Pseudomonas syringae type III secreted effectors
Authors: Lo Timothy , Koulena Noushin , Seto Derek , Guttman David S. , Desveaux Darrell 
Published: April 2016

SummaryPseudomonas syringae is a bacterial phytopathogen that utilizes the type III secretion system to inject effector proteins into plant host cells. Pseudomonas syringae can infect a wide range of plant hosts, including agronomically important crops such as tomatoes and beans. The ability of P. syringae to infect such numerous hosts is caused, in part, by the diversity of effectors employed by this phytopathogen. Over 60 different effector families exist in P. syringae; one such family is HopF, which contains over 100 distinct alleles. Despite this diversity, research has focused on only two members of this family: HopF1 from P. syringae pathovar phaseolicola 1449B and HopF2 from P. syringae pathovar tomato DC3000. In this study, we review the research on HopF family members, including their host targets and molecular mechanisms of immunity suppression, and their enzymatic function. We also provide a phylogenetic analysis of this expanding effector family which provides a basis for a proposed nomenclature to guide future research. The extensive genetic diversity that exists within the HopF family presents a great opportunity to study how functional diversification on an effector family contributes to host specialization.
Non‐dermatophytic onychomycosis diagnostic criteria: an unresolved question
Authors: Bombace Francesca , Iovene Maria Rosaria , Galdiero Marilena , Martora Francesca , Nicoletti Giovanni Francesco , D'Andrea Mirella , Della Pepa Maria Elena , Vitiello Mariateresa 
Published: April 2016

SummaryNon‐dermatophytic moulds (NDMs) have been increasingly recognised as causative agents of onychomycosis. The diagnosis of onychomycosis is most often obtained by microscopic observation of nail specimens where fungal elements can be detected and cultured by standard mycological techniques. Direct microscopic examination does not always result positive in NDM onychomycosis; therefore to perform a correct diagnosis, a proper mycological culture is often required. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the role of direct microscopic examination in the NDM onychomycosis diagnosis. The results show that only 57.2% of the specimens from onychomycosis patients could be properly diagnosed showing positivity to both direct microscopic examination and NDMs culture isolation in two or more subsequent inoculations, while 42.8% of analysed specimens with a negative direct microscopic examination, showed NDMs growth after three or more subsequent inoculations. The large proportion of false negatives (more than 42%) could be related to the duration of the infection and/or to the experience and skills of the personnel dedicated to specimen collection. We point out the need for thoroughly evaluating all specimens showing cultural growth in at least three subsequent medium inoculations, whatever the result of the microscopic examination, in order to reduce false‐negative rates. This strategy would allow for more accurate diagnosis of this mycosis.
How Superior–Subordinate Relationship Quality and Conflict Management Styles Influence an Employee's Use of Upward Dissent Tactics
Authors: Redmond Valeska , Jameson Jessica Katz , Binder Andrew R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study examined employees’ use of upward dissent tactics to express disagreement with organizational policies or practices to their supervisors. Employees (N = 242) from three organizations completed a survey instrument in which they reported the types of upward dissent tactics and types of conflict management styles they used with their supervisors as well as their perceptions of the quality of those relationships. The integrating conflict management style was positively correlated with the prosocial dissent tactic and negatively correlated with the threatening resignation dissent tactic. The dominating conflict management style was positively correlated with threatening resignation, circumvention, and repetition dissent tactics. When looking at relationships between the use of upward dissent tactics, superior–subordinate relationship quality, and conflict management styles, we found that conflict management styles were a stronger predictor of the use of upward dissent tactics than superior–subordinate relationship quality. Implications for employee voice are discussed.
An Exploration of the Structure of Effective Apologies
Authors: Lewicki Roy J. , Polin Beth , Lount Robert B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractViolations of trust are an unfortunate but common occurrence in conflict and negotiation settings: negotiators make promises that they do not keep; parties in conflict behave in unexpected ways, escalating tensions and breaking past trust. What often follows these violations is some form of an account, specifically an apology, in an effort to repair that trust. But are some apologies more effective than others? Two studies reported here examine the structural components of apologies. Six components of an apology were defined from previous research and presented to subjects—singly and in combination—in the form of component definitions and in the context of a trust violation scenario. Results indicate that not all apologies are viewed equally; apologies with more components were more effective than those with fewer components, and certain components were deemed more important than others. Moreover, apologies following competence‐based trust violations were seen as more effective than apologies following integrity‐based violations. Implications and future directions for research in the structure of effective apologies are presented.
Adverse childhood experiences are associated with irritable bowel syndrome and gastrointestinal symptom severity
Authors: Park S. H. , Videlock E. J. , Shih W. , Presson A. P. , Mayer E. A. , Chang L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundEarly adverse life events (EALs) are associated with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Exposure to EALs as assessed by the Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE) questionnaire is associated with greater disease prevalence, but ACE has not been studied in gastrointestinal disorders. Study aims were to: (i) Estimate the prevalence of EALs in the IBS patients using the ACE questionnaire; (ii) Determine correlations between ACE and Early Trauma Inventory Self Report‐Short Form (ETI‐SR) scores to confirm its validity in IBS; and (iii) Correlate ACE scores with IBS symptom severity.MethodsA total of 148 IBS (73% women, mean age = 31 years) and 154 HCs (59% women, mean age = 30 years) completed the ACE and ETI‐SR between June 2010 and April 2015. These surveys measured EALs before age 18 in the domains of physical, sexual, and emotional abuse, and general trauma. IBS and abdominal pain severity was measured by a 20‐point scale (0 = none, 20 = worst symptoms).Key ResultsThe ACE score increased the odds of having IBS (odds ratio [OR] = 2.05, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.21–3.48, p = 0.008). Household mental illness (p < 0.001), emotional abuse (p = 0.004), and incarcerated household member (p = 0.019) were significant predictors of IBS. Adverse childhood experiences and ETI‐SR scores were strongly correlated (r = 0.59, p < 0.001). ACE, but not ETI‐SR, modestly correlated with IBS severity (r = 0.17, p = 0.036) and abdominal pain (r = 0.20, p = 0.015).Conclusions & InferencesThe ACE questionnaire is a useful instrument to measure EALs in IBS based on its use in large studies, its ability to measure prevalence across different EAL domains, and its correlation with symptom severity.
Subcutaneous Double “Purse String Suture”—A Safe Method for Femoral Vein Access Site Closure after Leadless Pacemaker Implantation
Authors: KYPTA ALEXANDER , BLESSBERGER HERMANN , LICHTENAUER MICHAEL , KAMMLER JUERGEN , LAMBERT THOMAS , KELLERMAIR JOERG , NAHLER ALEXANDER , KIBLBOECK DANIEL , SCHWARZ STEFAN , STEINWENDER CLEMENS 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundLeadless cardiac pacemaker (LCP) requires large‐caliber venous sheaths for device placement. Sheath sizes for these procedures vary from 18‐ to 23‐French (F). The most common complications are hematomas, pseudoaneurysms, and arteriovenous fistulas. Complete and secure closure of the venous access is an important step at the end of such a procedure.MethodsWe performed a retrospective analysis of all patients who had undergone LCP implantation at our institution. Patients and procedural characteristics as well as groin complications at 30 days and 3 months were evaluated. After sheath removal venous access sites were closed performing a so‐called “purse‐string” suture (PSS).ResultsSeventy‐seven patients received an LCP at our institution. In 27 (35%) of these patients a heparin bolus was given at the beginning of the procedure. Anticoagulation therapy with phenprocoumon was present in 32 (40%) of patients. In 76 (98.7%) patients, the LCP was implanted without complications. In one (1.3%) patient a perforation occurred during implantation, which required surgical intervention. Access site complications occurred in three (3.9%) patients, two (2.6%) groin hematomas, and one (1.3%) arteriovenous fistula. The hematomas disappeared completely after 3 weeks, and the fistula was not detectable by ultrasound anymore after 4 weeks.ConclusionUse of subcutaneous absorbable double PSS closure after removal of large‐caliber venous sheaths is a safe technique to achieve immediate postprocedural hemostasis. Especially for sheath sizes with an inner diameter of 23F, this technique creates a very secure and also cosmetically appealing closure.
Impact of interspecific competition and drought on the allocation of new assimilates in trees
Authors: Hommel R. , Siegwolf R. , Zavadlav S. , Arend M. , Schaub M. , Galiano L. , Haeni M. , Kayler Z. E. , Gessler A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn trees, the interplay between reduced carbon assimilation and the inability to transport carbohydrates to the sites of demand under drought might be one of the mechanisms leading to carbon starvation. However, we largely lack knowledge on how drought effects on new assimilate allocation differ between species with different drought sensitivities and how these effects are modified by interspecific competition. We assessed the fate of 13C labelled assimilates in above‐ and belowground plant organs and in root/rhizosphere respired CO2 in saplings of drought‐tolerant Norway maple (Acer platanoides) and drought‐sensitive European beech (Fagus sylvatica) exposed to moderate drought, either in mono‐ or mixed culture. While drought reduced stomatal conductance and photosynthesis rates in both species, both maintained assimilate transport belowground. Beech even allocated more new assimilate to the roots under moderate drought compared to non‐limited water supply conditions, and this pattern was even more pronounced under interspecific competition. Even though maple was a superior competitor compared to beech under non‐limited soil water conditions, as indicated by the changes in above‐ and belowground biomass of both species in the interspecific competition treatments, we can state that beech was still able to efficiently allocate new assimilate belowground under combined drought and interspecific competition. This might be seen as a strategy to maintain root osmotic potential and to prioritise root functioning. Our results thus show that beech tolerates moderate drought stress plus competition without losing its ability to supply belowground tissues. It remains to be explored in future work if this strategy is also valid during long‐term drought exposure.
Colonization of the vegetative stage of rice plants by the false smut fungus Villosiclava virens, as revealed by a combination of species‐specific detection methods
Authors: Tanaka E. , Kumagawa T. , Ito N. , Nakanishi A. , Ohta Y. , Suzuki E. , Adachi N. , Hamada A. , Ashizawa T. , Ohara T. , Tsuda M. 
Published: April 2016

Rice false smut disease caused by the ascomycete fungus Villosiclava virens (Clavicipitaceae) reduces rice yield worldwide. It invades rice panicles and forms dark‐green false smut balls composed of thick‐walled conidia. Although the infection process during the booting stage is well studied, its infection route before this is unclear. It was hypothesized that the thick‐walled conidia in soil penetrate rice roots, and the fungus latently colonizes roots and tiller buds at the vegetative stage. This hypothesis was tested using species‐specific detection methods. First, real‐time PCR with species‐specific primers and probe was used to estimate thick‐walled conidial number in the paddy field soil. Secondly, nested PCR with species‐specific primers showed that fungal DNA was detected in roots and shoot apices of rice plants in the vegetative stage. Thirdly, colourimetric in situ hybridization with a species‐specific oligonucleotide probe targeting 18S rRNA suggested that sparse mycelia or tightly condensed mycelia were present on the external surface of tiller buds enveloped by juvenile leaf sheaths at the vegetative stage. Thin hyphae were found around leaf axils at the surface of elongated stems at the heading stage, and the fungal hyphae grew in the rice root tissues. In addition, it was demonstrated that eGFP‐tagged transformants of the fungus invaded rice roots and colonized the surface of roots and leaf sheaths under artificial conditions.