bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinação do extrato seco de leite fermentado, leite UHT e creme de leite: avaliação de uma metodologia simplificada
Authors: Corrêa Frederico Teixeira , Corrêa Patrícia Teixeira , De Abreu Luiz Ronaldo 
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1807-0221.2016v13n24p83O extrato seco do leite e de produtos lácteos é uma fração de extrema importância na qualidade e no indicativo nutricional desses alimentos. No caso do leite, o seu valor nutricional e a capacidade de gerar produtos como queijo, iogurte e manteiga são inerentes à fração seca. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar a cinética de secagem e comparar o desempenho das diferentes metodologias analíticas na determinação do extrato seco total em leite UHT integral, creme de leite e leite fermentado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado (DIC), com três tratamentos e três repetições para cada um dos produtos. Cada análise foi feita em duplicata. As metodologias usadas para o leite UHT foram AOAC (1998), Pereira et al. (2001) e placa de Petri sem areia purificada e sem pérola de vidro. A forma de secagem foi em estufa a 102 ± 2 oC. Na avaliação dos resultados, foi feita análise de variância (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey para resultados significativos, ao nível de 5% de probabilidade e a construção de curvas de secagem. As diferenças entre as metodologias não foram significativas indicando que qualquer uma delas pode ser utilizada com segurança na determinação do extrato seco total dos produtos utilizados. O método da placa de Petri mostrou-se mais eficiente na velocidade de secagem, mais barato e simples de ser executado para pesquisadores que buscam alternativas em análises laboratorais.
Ação socioeducativa sobre reciclagem e preservação ambiental em uma cooperativa de catadores na cidade de Lorena/SP
Authors: Da Silva Janaína Aparecida , Grillo Camila Cezar , Saron Clodoaldo 
Published: July 2017

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/1807-0221.2017v14n25p2O trabalho teve como objetivo realizar uma análise sobre o ambiente de trabalho em uma cooperativa de reciclagem de materiais na cidade de Lorena-SP e realizar intervenções socioeducativas no sentido valorizar a autoestima, disseminar o conhecimento ambiental sobre a problemática do lixo e motivar os cooperados, conscientizando-os sobre a importância que eles têm no contexto social. A metodologia utilizada consistiu do mapeamento dos trabalhos, desafios e problemas enfrentados no cotidiano da cooperativa de forma semanal e realização de aulas, vídeos e atividades em grupo. A aplicação da educação ambiental como transmissor de conhecimento proporcionou mudanças nos envolvidos, como a conscientização sobre a importância de seus atos para a sociedade e ao meio ambiente, bem como permitiu compreender que os desafios e dificuldades em empreendimentos que lidam com a reciclagem possibilitam vivências únicas tanto no campo profissional como pessoal. Além disso, observou-se que os principais desafios no ambiente da cooperativista são referentes às relações humanas.
Nietzsche's Ethics of Power and the Ideas of Right, Justice, and Dignity
Authors: Himmelmann Beatrix 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this article, I first show in which ways Nietzsche's doctrine of the will to power informs his understanding of practical ideas, such as right, justice, and dignity. Subsequently, I challenge his view by contrasting it with approaches that emphasize the significance of thinking beyond power relations. Particularly, I draw on arguments brought forward by three major figures of the philosophical tradition, namely Plato, Kant, and Schiller, all of whom Nietzsche criticizes. While they maintain the unique reality and far-reaching impact of ideas of reason that defy any given constellation of powers, Nietzsche does not accept orders independent of the fabrics of power. I discuss the implications of Nietzsche's position and finally argue, in accordance with the tradition, that there is a specifically human capacity for reflection that reaches beyond the antagonisms of power. Nonetheless, it is neither obscure nor weird nor dogmatic, but provides for a kind of orientation that is indispensable.
Currículum enfermero y estrategias pedagógicas en materia de sostenibilidad medioambiental en los procesos de salud y cuidado
Authors: Álvarez Nieto Carmen , López-Medina Isabel Mª , Linares-Abad Manuel , Grande-Gascón Mª Luisa , Álvarez-García Cristina 
Published: July 2017

Fundamentos: Las enfermeras deben ser conocedoras de cómo afecta el cambio climático a la salud. Para la obtención de estos conocimientos es necesario definir las competencias a adquirir y las estrategias pedagógicas que afronten la sostenibilidad medioambiental en la formación de Enfermería. Objetivo: Describir las dimensiones que debe incluir la formación enfermera en materia de sostenibilidad medioambiental, cambio climático y cuidados de salud y determinar las estrategias pedagógicas más adecuadas. <br />Métodos: Se realizó una revisión narrativa de publicaciones sobre sostenibilidad medioambiental en relación a enfermería y cuidados de salud de los últimos 10 años. Se diseñaron estrategias de búsqueda para quince bases de datos de enfermería y ciencias de la salud. Los resultados se sistematizaron en matrices de datos. <br />Resultados: La formación enfermera en sostenibilidad medioambiental debe incluir contenidos sobre globalización, impacto ambiental, promoción de salud, uso de recursos y gestión adecuada de residuos, alimentos e influencias de los procesos de producción, los efectos del tabaquismo y los efectos ambientales en la salud de la infancia. Los enfoques educativos más adecuados para incluir la sostenibilidad medioambiental en la formación enfermera son la Investigación-Acción Participativa y el aprendizaje basado en problemas. <br />Conclusiones: La formación enfermera en materia de sostenibilidad medioambiental debe incluir competencias en diferentes niveles: en lo individual, comprendiendo los fundamentos y el alcance del problema y actuando consecuentemente en el ámbito profesional y en el personal, y en el plano social, Enfermería tiene un papel clave en la promoción de la salud medioambiental.<br /><br />
Recursos audiovisuales en la educación en enfermería: revisión de la literatura
Authors: Agama Sarabia Adiel , Trejo Niño Gabriela , De la Peña León Belinda , Islas Ortega Mariana , Crespo Knofler Silvia , Martínez Felipe Lizette , González Velázquez María Susana 
Published: July 2017

Introducción. Los recursos audiovisuales como estrategias de enseñanza fomentan el cambio de una educación tradicional hacia una que integra los cambios tecnológicos, la cual utiliza y dispone de los recursos para mejorar el aprendizaje, por lo que es necesario contar con la mejor evidencia disponible para apoyar su utilización en la formación de los estudiantes.<br />Objetivo. Analizar la evidencia existente del impacto que tienen los recursos audiovisuales en el mejoramiento de la enseñanza en enfermería.<br />Metodología. Búsqueda sistematizada en las bases de datos Medline, CINAHL, EBSCO, SciELO, ERIC, PubMed, LILACS y Cochrane. Utilizando el método PICo y Descriptores de Ciencias de la Salud (DeSC) en inglés, español y portugués.<br />Resultados. Se seleccionaron 7 estudios experimentales y cuasi-experimentales dónde se observa que los recursos audiovisuales ayudan a mejorar el aprendizaje declarativo, contextual y actitudinal, sin embargo, no superan a las estrategias situadas como la simulación, práctica tutorizada y actividades interactivas.<br />Conclusiones. La evidencia demuestra que el uso de los recursos audiovisuales desarrolla la empatía y favorece la expresión de la interioridad del alumno, sin embargo, por sí solos no superan a estrategias de aprendizaje constructivistas.<br /><br /><br /><br /><p><strong> </strong></p>
An improved digital polymerase chain reaction protocol to capture low‐copy KRAS mutations in plasma cell‐free DNA by resolving ‘subsampling’ issues
Authors: Ono Yusuke , Sugitani Ayumu , Karasaki Hidenori , Ogata Munehiko , Nozaki Reo , Sasajima Junpei , Yokochi Tomoki , Asahara Shingo , Koizumi Kazuya , Ando Kiyohiro , Hironaka Katsunori , Daito Tsutomu , Mizukami Yusuke 
Published: July 2017

Genetic alterations responsible for the initiation of cancer may serve as immediate biomarkers for early diagnosis. Plasma levels of cell‐free DNA (cfDNA) in patients with cancer are higher than those in healthy individuals; however, the major technical challenge for the widespread implementation of cfDNA genotyping as a diagnostic tool is the insufficient sensitivity and specificity of detecting early‐stage tumors that shed low amounts of cfDNA. To establish a protocol for ultrasensitive droplet digital polymerase chain reaction (ddPCR) for quantification of low‐frequency alleles within a limited cfDNA pool, two‐step multiplex ddPCR targeting eight clinically relevant mutant KRAS variants was examined. Plasma samples from patients with colorectal (n = 10) and pancreatic cancer (n = 9) were evaluated, and cfDNA from healthy volunteers (n = 50) was utilized to calculate reference intervals. Limited cfDNA yields in patients with resectable colorectal and pancreatic cancers did not meet the requirement for efficient capture and quantification of rate mutant alleles by ddPCR. Eight preamplification cycles followed by a second‐run ddPCR were sufficient to obtain approximately 5000–10 000 amplified copies per ng of cfDNA, resolving the subsampling issue. Furthermore, the signal‐to‐noise ratio for rare mutant alleles against the extensive background presented by the wild‐type allele was significantly enhanced. The cutoff limit of reference intervals for mutant KRAS was determined to be ~ 0.09% based on samples from healthy individuals. The modification introduced in the ddPCR protocol facilitated the quantification of low‐copy alleles carrying driver mutations, such as oncogenic KRAS, in localized and early‐stage cancers using small blood volumes, thus offering a minimally invasive modality for timely diagnosis.
The influence of evaporation and rainfall on supratidal groundwater dynamics and salinity structure in a sandy beach
Authors: Geng Xiaolong , Boufadel Michel C. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEvaporation has been recognized as a major driving force affecting coastal aquifer systems. However, its effects on subsurface flow and salinity structure have not been investigated in sufficient detail. This paper presents field measurements and numerical simulations of pore water flow and subsurface salinity structure in the supratidal zone of a sandy beach subjected to evaporation as well as rainfall. It was found that evaporation significantly increased pore water salinity, up to 85 g/L, within a shallow layer, approximately 10 cm below the beach surface. The induced density gradient generated salt fingers near the beach surface, which caused local groundwater circulation (i.e., fingering flow). However, unlike inland aquifers, the salt fingering was significantly diminished by tidal action that prompted the horizontal mixing of salt in the beach. The subsequent precipitation (e.g., rainfall) diluted the evaporation‐induced high saline plume near the beach surface and drove the plume to migrate downward; the plume gradually dispersed and was diluted along the groundwater pathways. The simulation results indicated that evaporation as well as precipitation at the beach surface induced complex driving mechanisms for supratidal groundwater flow. Depending on the intensity at the beach surface, evaporation and rainfall significantly altered the pore water flow and associate solute transport processes in the supratidal zone of the beach.
Prison Nurseries
Authors: Feintuch Sophie 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Prison nurseries are residential facilities located within prisons that accommodate incarcerated mothers and their babies or young children. These units prevent the mother–child separation that otherwise occurs when mothers go to prison. Prison nurseries are common throughout the world, with almost every country allowing some children to reside in women's prisons. Programs vary greatly by region, and while some only permit babies to remain with their mothers for a number of weeks, others house school‐aged children. Prison nursery programs commonly have a rehabilitative focus, and incarcerated mothers may be able to access education and training opportunities in addition to parenting courses. Few studies have measured the impact of prison nurseries, and scholars continue to debate whether they are in the best interest of the child. This entry presents an overview of prison nursery policies and designs throughout the world and explores some of the primary arguments for and against their use, in addition to alternatives to prison nurseries that some countries have implemented.
M
achiavelli:
The Prince
Authors: Chapman‐Schmidt Ben 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Machiavelli's
The Prince
has generated controversy for nearly half a millennium for its unapologetically state‐centered consequentialist moral philosophy. When it comes to corrections,
The Prince
sublimates not only individual rights but even abstract notions of justice to the good of the state and, by extension, its ruler.
The Prince
encourages rulers to fake virtues such as mercy and integrity while ignoring them when the situation requires it; to be careful in deciding guilt but ruthless in applying punishment; to seek to inspire fear rather than love while avoiding inspiring hatred; to use cruelty wisely; and to use elites as scapegoats to be tossed aside when they have served their purpose. Though seemingly amoral, these guidelines are grounded in a belief that a strong state is necessary to prevent the greater suffering that accompanies disorder, and that small cruelties in the present can prevent greater cruelties in the future.
Prison Labor and Convict Lease System
Authors: Scott Julian 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The convict lease system, whereby prisoners' labor is exploited for private organizations' gain, has been in existence for more than 200 years within the United States, and American political and economic interests have created a symbiotic relationship between private industry and prison labor. Historically, the convict labor system has undergone various transitional stages between the early modern era (1790–1970s) and the postmodern era. The convict lease system can be viewed as an arrangement between politicians and entrepreneurs that has creatively expanded patterns of degradation with the intent and purpose of manipulating social control strategies for economic purposes.
Motivational Interviewing for Juveniles
Authors: Brown Michael P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMotivational Interviewing (MI) is a treatment philosophy that utilizes a unique set of therapeutic methods to motivate people who are struggling with problematic behaviors, but are nevertheless ambivalent about making changes to those behaviors. MI assumes that, if motivated, people have what it takes to make the necessary behavioral changes. The client–therapist relationship is critical to the change process. Therapists seek to establish strong and collaborative relationships with their clients and to do this they exhibit empathy, genuineness, and warmth. MI has been found to be effective for adolescents who have marijuana, alcohol, illicit drug, and tobacco addictions. It has also been found to be effective at reducing behaviors that heighten risk of contracting HIV/AIDS.
Juveniles in Adult Prisons
Authors: Grant Lorna E. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The change in legislation in the United States in recent years has contributed to more juveniles finding themselves in adult correctional facilities. Since 1992, 45 states have passed or amended their legislation which makes it easier to prosecute juveniles as adults and send them to adult prisons. This is contrary to the juvenile justice philosophy and the Juvenile Court Act of 1899, which focused on rehabilitation for juveniles. According to the Equal Justice Initiative (2014), on any given day in America approximately 10,000 juveniles are housed in adult jails and prisons nationwide. This entry provides a historical overview of what has led to change in legislations, followed by sections on legislative reforms for juvenile offenders from 1974 to 2013, policies impacting juveniles in correctional facilities, the consequences of housing juveniles in adult correctional facilities, and a policy recommendation based on best practices.
G
hana, Corrections in
Authors: Akoensi Thomas D. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Corrections in Ghana has evolved from communal traditional practices emphasizing offender reintegration and restitution to offender punishment in prisons. Prisons in Ghana represent a colonial legacy and its
modus operandi
via the maintenance of safe custody, and welfare provision since independence remains unchanged. The raison d'être of prison administration is security and discipline, with little emphasis and resource provision geared toward offender rehabilitation. With no parole system or alternatives to imprisonment, Ghana's prisons remain severely overcrowded with a concomitant effect on both prisoners' and prison officers' stress and well‐being. This entry gives a broad overview of corrections in Ghana with a focus on (1) the history of imprisonment, (2) the structure of the Ghanaian prison system, with attention to both adult and juvenile corrections, and (3) a profile of prison officers, the principal custodians of incarceration.
Mental Health Issues of Inmates
Authors: Deitzer Jessica 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Mental illness is overrepresented in prisons and jails, both in the United States and internationally. Since the 1980s in the United States, the already overcrowded prison system has been dealing with an influx of mentally ill prisoners for which it is neither prepared nor well‐suited. This change may be attributed to deinstitutionalization. Mentally ill offenders are often given inadequate treatment and experience many problems associated with their incarceration. With this in mind, many scholars, practitioners, and advocates are proposing changes to current mental health policies and practices. This entry includes a review of the history of mental health care, the current state of mental health treatment, problems associated with incarcerating mentally ill offenders, and recommendations for policy changes proposed by various organizations.
Judicial Discretion
Authors: Kern Leesa J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Judicial discretion is the practice of allowing judges the freedom to make decisions on the merit of the case before them, guided to some extent by both precedent and legislative action. Where sentencing decisions have been questioned for being too lenient or too discriminatory, steps have been taken by legislatures to limit the scope of discretion available for sentencing through the use of sentencing grids, mandatory minimums, and determinate sentencing guidelines.
Irwin:The Jail
Authors: Shammas Victor L. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn the United States, the jail population totaled around 700,000 persons per day by the early 2010s, and an annual total of nearly 12 million detainees were confined across more than 3,000 facilities. InThe Jail, published in 1985, John Irwin scrutinizes the American system of pretrial detention and short‐term internment. Arguing that jails are imbued with greater “pains of imprisonment” than traditional penitentiaries because of a distinct lack of emphasis on rehabilitative procedures, Irwin contends that these liminal holding facilities produce four stages of mortification as citizens pass through their gates. The jail causes psychic disintegration and disorientation of lower‐class citizens drawn from deteriorating urban quarters, and the jail degrades and prepares marginalized populations for a continued existence at the bottom tiers of the social order. Far from protecting the public from predatory and dangerous offenders, Irwin argues, jails are instead filled with non‐serious offenders whose primary crime is that they are offensive to public sensibilities.
Home Confinement (House Arrest)
Authors: Nellis Mike 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
House arrest has yet to find its formal historian but from fragmented sources we know that it was used in the pre‐modern era, usually but not necessarily as a form of detention for more privileged critics of political or ecclesiastical authority. It acquired sinister, antidemocratic connotations as a penal intervention in the authoritarian and totalitarian regimes of the twentieth century, and is still used in China (sometimes with government closed‐circuit television cameras trained on the home), often but not always for more privileged dissidents with strident supporters in the West. With the exception of its occasional use as a wartime “emergency power”, pretrial detention at home (bail) has been its only legacy in Western democratic societies. Both this and home confinement as a judicial or executive punishment increased in penal status when electronic monitoring became available to enforce them.
Institutionalization
Authors: Marcum Catherine , Workman Haylea 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Immersion into a life of incarceration involves adopting a new system of values, beliefs, and even language. This new subculture can entail behaviors and beliefs from an existence previous to incarceration, as well as embracing standards and ideals of prison life. Together, these work to ensure that an inmate becomes institutionalized into the corrections system.
Hungary, Corrections in
Authors: Howard‐Bostic Chiquita D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPolitical, social, and economic changes following Hungary's transition from state socialism to democratization have shaped the formation of the current criminal and juvenile justice systems. Social movements among alternative organizations and the Communist Party encouraged constitutional changes and shifts in power and control. Issues such as money laundering, drug abuse and distribution, human trafficking, and homelessness are challenges for Hungarian police officers and public officials. Recent policy and criminal justice initiatives reflect social inequalities that emerged from market corruption, access to modern technology, and the availability of housing. After 1990, the implementation of a centralized police department, drug reform movements, and decriminalization programs decreased recidivism rates and encouraged policies that do not disproportionately impact impoverished groups.
I
slam in Prisons
Authors: Rush Jeffrey , Whitman Erica 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Departments of correction in the United States offer a variety of programs and opportunities for inmates aimed to help in rehabilitation and/or reducing prison time. Most of these can be classified into one of four areas: work, education, counseling/therapy, and religion. Of these religion is typically the most controversial. Islam in prison is one of these programs. In a post‐ 9/11 environment, the introduction of Islam in prisons has been controversial. Given that many inmates may lack close ties with family members or others in their communities, Islam may provide structure and a sense of belonging. The conversion of inmates to Islam in US prisons is widespread. While offering a structured future for inmates, it has also led to the radicalization of some prison inmates.