bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
One‐Dimensional Man
: Role of Media
Authors: Bounds Philip 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

This entry examines the ideas about media effects contained in Herbert Marcuse's book
One‐Dimensional Man
(1964), one of the most influential works associated with the Frankfurt School of Marxist thinkers. The central argument of the book is that advanced capitalist societies such as the United States are much less liberal than they at first appear. Despite their ostensibly democratic character, they are organized in such a way as to make meaningful opposition all but impossible. Marcuse believed that the media play an important role in securing social control, but he did not regard them as being primarily responsible for the political docility of modern men and women. Instead he argued that the media
reinforce
a series of highly repressive economic, social, and cultural shifts that exist independently of them. These include the emergence of “technological rationality,” the blurring of class distinctions, “repressive desublimation,” and the emasculation of the arts.
Content Effects: Health Campaign Communication
Authors: Rossmann Constanze 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Since the first sporadic trials to improve public health by means of communication in the early eighteenth century, many advances have been made in the development, design, and dissemination of health campaign communication. This entry defines and classifies health campaigns, describes the history of campaign development, and provides an overview of factors influencing campaign effectiveness. It describes the process of campaign development, emphasizing the role of behavioral theories, message strategies, disseminations channels, and environmental factors. Finally, challenges for health campaign development and research are discussed.
Content Effects: Online and Offline Games
Authors: Griffiths Mark D. , McLean Lavinia 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The amount of time people spend playing video games is steadily increasing and this finding is evident internationally. There is consistent evidence that video game play can lead to changes in physiology and psychology. The effects of these changes can be both positive and negative. The accessibility of video games on the Internet and on mobile phones has had a large impact on the gaming environment, and this affects gaming at several levels. This entry explores, selectively rather than systematically, key areas of research in this field and briefly overviews the effects of video gaming. Video games have been shown to have positive effects on both health and education. There is little evidence that playing in moderation, online or offline, has any negative effects. Most reported negative effects (e.g., medical–psychosocial impacts of gaming, playing violent video games, and gaming addiction) appear to occur when individuals play excessively.
Audience Effects: Journalists and Journalism
Authors: Rössler Patrick 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Reversing the traditional logic of media effects research, this entry looks at the impact of media on professional communicators in general and on journalists in particular. They engage in distinct patterns of media use, which are assumed to result in outcomes that in turn influence their professional behavior and their audiences, in a multistep process. This notion is explained from six different perspectives: journalists as media users, coorientation of journalists, reciprocal coverage effects, dynamics of news diffusion at a macro level, sources effects, and direct versus indirect audience feedback. Future challenges follow from the changing roles of communicators and audiences in online media.
Audience Effects: Children and Adolescents
Authors: Lemish Dafna 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The effects of media on children have been a focus of research and public debate after the introduction of each new medium into children's lives. This research has focused on a variety of areas pertaining to children's developmental stages. The areas in question relate, most notably, to the negative effects of media violence, sex, and advertising and to the positive effects of prosocial behavior and learning. Other effects that have also been studied make up a long list. The accumulated research suggests a need to consider children's individual characteristics, the content they are interacting with, and the context in which they are grounded in evaluating potential positive and negative effects. The critiques of this research tradition and alternative approaches are discussed as well. Effects studies have the potential to contribute to policy, media literacy, and parental mediation toward promoting children's well‐being.
Audience Effects: Minority and Majority Groups
Authors: Mastro Dana 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry documents the existing research examining the effects of exposure to media depictions of race and ethnicity on majority and minority group audiences in the United States. Comparable investigations in Europe and Canada are also addressed. The harmful implications of consuming unfavorable and stereotypical depictions of racial–ethnic groups are addressed. Additionally, the ability of auspicious messages to support identity needs and to encourage positive interracial–ethnic dynamics in society is also detailed.
Interpersonal Communication: Media Influence on
Authors: Podschuweit Nicole 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Interpersonal communication
denotes an exchange of information between at least two individuals, carried out in order to coordinate thinking, behavior, or specific action between the communication partners. Interpersonal communication is regarded as influenced by the media if it exists only with the current appearance of (the coverage of) mass media or in anticipation of the future existence of mass media coverage. Mass media influence interpersonal communication in various respects. Media technologies enable new ways of interpersonal communication and change regularities. Media coverage provides topics, arguments, opinions, and patterns of behavior that participants can adapt to in their exchanges with others. These media effects can occur during collective media reception or later, in a different context; they might as well result from the mere expectation of future mass media offers.
Media Effects: Conceptualization of
Authors: Potter W. James 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry presents a broad conceptual analysis of media effects. It begins with an examination of schemes used to organize this vast literature and uses a template to reveal four fundamental functions of media influence: acquiring, triggering, altering, and reinforcing. Altering and reinforcing exhibit themselves as baseline effects, developed over the long term, as the media interact with other influences to shape a person's level of risk for manifesting a media effect, either negative or positive. Acquiring and triggering exhibit themselves as fluctuation effects—sudden spikes from the baseline. The entry then explores six of the challenges of conceptualizing media effects and four additional challenges of conceptualizing the nature of media influence. The entry concludes with an outline of the new challenges media effects scholars face in moving forward as media undergo dramatic changes, then presents a seven‐stage model illuminating the evolving nature of the scholarly field of media effects.
Media Representation: Racial and Ethnic Stereotypes
Authors: Trebbe Joachim , Paasch‐Colberg Sünje , Greyer Janine , Fehr Ada 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
A stereotype is commonly understood as a generalizing image of individuals (or groups of individuals) who are not evaluated according to their individual characteristics but rather according to their group membership. The stereotype concept has three dimensions: categorization, value‐neutral generalization, and negative generalization. The media representation of racial and ethnic minorities is highly relevant in the context of social integration of groups and minorities into mainstream society. In the literature on media representation of minorities, a common observation is their low visibility or marginalization as well as their negative generalizations and contextualization.
Entertainment Effects: Political Outcomes
Authors: Tsfati Yariv , Walter Nathan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPolitical entertainment has many consequences. It influences or reinforces attitudes, informs audiences about the political world, affects the criteria they use when judging politicians, impacts system‐level perceptions such as political trust and cynicism, and shapes political tolerance and empathy. Some of our perceptions of ethnic and racial groups are fostered, if not created, by entertainment media. Entertainment can increase our engagement in politics, create interest in more serious political content, and impact our discussions about politics with others. Many of these effects depend on third variables and, in particular, some are stronger for those presumably most detached from politics. Like any other media effects, most of the effects of political entertainment depend on the types of messages consumed.
Identification
Authors: Lin Jih‐Hsuan Tammy 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Identification pertains to audience involvement with media characters and has long been considered critical to understanding media effects. Although its definition has changed with the development of media forms, identification generally refers to cases in which an individual loses a sense of him‐ or herself and perceives him‐ or herself as a media character. The term can also refer to the degree to which an individual's self‐concept is automatically altered to match that of a character. When individuals identify with a media character, they adopt the character's traits, empathize with it emotionally and cognitively, and lose awareness of themselves. Similarities between audiences and characters and technological features of media are found to be antecedent factors that trigger higher levels of identification. Identification effects increase the persuasiveness of media messages, values, and character beliefs. This entry describes the theoretical development, measurement, current status, and future directions of empirical research on identification.
Profiling of Compositions of Essential Oils and Volatiles of Salvia limbata Using Traditional and Advanced Techniques and Evaluation for Biological Activities of Their Extracts
Authors: Mohammadhosseini Majid , Akbarzadeh Abolfazl , Flamini Guido 
Published: March 2017

In the present work, the essential oils and volatiles from flowers, leaves, and stems of Salvia limbata obtained using microwave‐assisted hydrodistillation, solvent‐free microwave extraction, headspace‐assisted analysis, and headspace‐solid phase microextraction have been characterized for the first time. The results have been also compared with those from traditional separation techniques involving hydrodistillation and steam distillation. Regardless of some common compounds in all of the profiles, some dissimilarities were noted due to the use of different extracting approaches. Taking into account the chemical categories, sesquiterpene hydrocarbons were found as the most represented group of natural compounds contributing to the chemical profiles. It was also noted that the methanol extracts obtained from the flowers of Sal. limbata showed a desirable antioxidant activity, comparable to the standard antioxidant butylated hydroxytoluene. Furthermore, using the disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods, all the tested bacteria demonstrated weak to moderate and moderate to strong sensibilities to the MeOH extracts obtained from different plant parts of Sal. limbata.
Lymphangiography and subsequent sclerotherapy can be easily applied by cannulation of the lymph duct with a catheter for the neonatal central vein
Authors: Kimura Tomomi , Hasegawa Kenjiro , Morisada Sunao , Inagawa Kiichi , Tsukahara Kouhei , Ensako Takaaki , Ebisudani Shogo , Nagashima Fumiaki , Osugi Ikuko , Ishikawa Masaharu , Harada Takashi , Teramoto Miori , Inai Masateru 
Published: March 2017

Key Clinical MessageTherapeutic lipiodol lymphangiography for postoperative chyle leakage due to lymph duct damage has recently been attracting attention. Lymph duct puncture is technically complex and difficult. Lymphangiography and sclerotherapy can be easily applied by cannulation with a catheter for the neonatal central vein to the lymph duct under a microscope.
Biocatalytic Process Optimization for the Production of High‐Added‐Value 6‐O‐Hydroxy and 3‐O‐Hydroxy Glycosyl Building Blocks
Authors: Callaghan Ciara , Redmond Martin , Alnoch Robson Carlos , Mateo Cesar , Filice Marco , Palomo Jose M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA biocatalytic process to synthesize regioselective monohydroxy glycosyl building blocks has been optimized. Lipases immobilized on commercial supports were treated with water‐soluble carbodiimide (EDC) at different concentrations. In the presence of cosolvents, the stability of lipases adsorbed on octyl‐Sepharose improved after the EDC modification. The new Candida rugosa lipase (CRL) modified heterogeneous biocatalysts were tested in the production of 6‐OH hydroxyl‐tetraacetyl glucose by a regioselective mono‐deacetylation in aqueous media. Improvements in activity and excellent regioselectivity were obtained for octyl‐CRL‐EDC10mM preparation, with 95 % isolated yield of product on a multimilligram scale. We also observed excellent recyclability. The C‐6 alcohol was transformed to a C‐3 alcohol by chemical migration, and both compounds were transformed successfully in the corresponding new trichloroacetimidyl glucoderivatives. Modified CRL biocatalysts were also tested in the selective deprotection of peracetylated thymidine, and octyl‐CRL‐EDC10mM showed excellent specificity and improved regioselectivity to produce 3‐hydroxy‐5‐acetyl‐thymidine, a precursor of azidethymidine (AZT), in 95 % yield. The new Rhizomucor miehei lipase (RML)‐modified heterogeneous biocatalysts showed excellent regioselectivity and recyclability in the 3‐OH mono‐deprotection of peracetylated lactal.
Improved Rate Capability of Li‐Rich Cathode Materials by Building a Li+‐Conductive LixBPO4+x/2 Nanolayer from Residual Li2CO3 on the Surface
Authors: Ma Leilei , Li Yang , Chen Zonghai , Zhang Fan , Ding Pengchong , Mao Lei , Lian Fang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLithium‐ and manganese‐rich layered oxides face great challenges for practical applications, including gradual voltage decay upon normal charge/discharge cycling and the relatively low volumetric energy density. This series of materials generally suffer from a great reduction in reversible capacity with an increase of the current density and the loading density of the electrode, which can be attributed to the low Li+ conductivity of the material, as previously reported. Herein, BPO4 is proposed to encapsulate Li1.16(Ni0.25Mn0.75)0.84O2 (LNMO) particles and is expected to form a Li‐doped LixBPO4+x/2 (LBP) layer as a lithium‐ion conductor on the particle surface to facilitate the transportation of Li+ across the solid−liquid interface. The results confirm that the LBP layer was formed, providing a lithium‐ion diffusion path and suppressing the undesired interfacial reactions. A LNMO sample coated with 1.6 mol% LBP (LBP@LNMO) demonstrated excellent rate capability, retaining 90.2, 80.2, 61.2, and 43.5 % at 1, 2, 5, and 10 C rates of the capacity at the 0.5 C rate. Moreover, the modified material is clearly relieved from voltage fading and offers improved cycling stability at 55 °C, which mainly contributes to a decrease in the polarization and an increase in the interfacial stability under the protection of the LBP layer. It implies that the dual functional coating is an effective route to promote the lithium‐transport kinetics.
Synthesis of Hexagonal FeMnP Thin Films from a Single‐Source Molecular Precursor
Authors: Leitner Andrew P. , Schipper Desmond E. , Chen Jing‐Han , Colson Adam C. , Rusakova Irene , Rai Binod Kumar , Morosan Emilia , Whitmire Kenton H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe first heterobimetallic phosphide thin film containing iron, manganese, and phosphorus, derived from the single‐source precursor FeMn(CO)8(μ‐PH2), has been prepared using a home‐built metal‐organic chemical vapor deposition apparatus. The thin film contains the same ratio of iron, manganese, and phosphorus as the initial precursor. The film becomes oxidized when deposited on a quartz substrate, whereas the film deposited on an alumina substrate provides a more homogeneous product. Powder X‐ray diffraction confirms the formation of a metastable, hexagonal FeMnP phase that was previously only observed at temperatures above 1200 °C. Selected area electron diffraction on single crystals isolated from the films was indexed to the hexagonal phase. The effective moment of the films (μeff=3.68 μB) matches the previously reported theoretical value for the metastable hexagonal phase, whereas the more stable orthorhombic phase is known to be antiferromagnetic. These results not only demonstrate the successful synthesis of a bimetallic, ternary thin film from a single‐source precursor, but also the first low temperature approach to the hexagonal phase of FeMnP.
Magnesium‐Catalyzed Electrophilic Trifluoromethylation: Facile Access to All‐Carbon Quaternary Centers in Oxindoles
Authors: Katayev Dmitry , Kajita Harutake , Togni Antonio 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe first example of a magnesium‐catalyzed direct trifluoromethylation of 3‐substituted oxindoles using an electrophilic hypervalent iodine reagent is reported. The reaction proceeds under unprecedented mild conditions leading to the formation of an all‐carbon quaternary center in oxindoles in high chemical yield and demonstrates excellent functional group tolerance. In addition to trifluoromethyl, other perfluoroalkyl groups can be introduced with similar level of efficacy. Mechanistic investigations are consistent with the involvement of a radical pathway. The chemical versatility of the obtained products is further illustrated through their conversion in situ into valuable organofluorine building blocks, making the protocol more widely applicable.
Scared for the scar: fearsome impact of acute cardiovascular disease on perceived kinesiophobia (fear of movement)
Authors: Brunetti Natale D. , Guerra Antonio , Ieva Riccardo , Correale Michele , Santoro Francesco , Tarantino Nicola , Di Biase Matteo 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundTo assess levels of kinesiophobia (fear of movement) in patients hospitalized for acute cardiovascular disease.HypothesisIncreased levels of kinesiophobia can be found in subjects hospitalized for acute cardiovascular disease.MethodsSeventy‐four consecutive patients admitted for acute coronary syndrome and 58 for acute heart failure were enrolled in the study and assessed by the Tampa Scale for the evaluation of kinesiophobia. Subjects were compared with a reference population with stable coronary artery disease and healthy controls.ResultsNo significant differences were found between acute coronary syndrome and acute heart failure in terms of kinesiophobia, even considering the rates of high kinesiophobia (Tampa score >37) and the 4 groups of questionnaire items (danger, fear, avoidance, dysfunction). Differences, however, were significant comparing our population with an historical population of subjects with stable coronary artery disease and controls (43 ± 5 vs 35 ± 7 vs 33 ± 6, P < 0.0001 in both cases). A significant correlation was found between the grade of kinesiophobia in the Tampa Scale and the age of subjects (r = 0.27, P = 0.001) and inversely with level of education (r = −0.33, P < 0.0001).ConclusionsIncreased levels of kinesiophobia can be found in subjects hospitalized for acute cardiovascular disease. Kinesiophobia is related to age and education. Kinesiophobia should be carefully considered in subjects hospitalized in acute cardiac care units.
Transcatheter aortic valve implantation improves carotid and vertebral arterial blood flow in patients with severe aortic stenosis: practical role of orthostatic stress test
Authors: Kleczyński Pawel , Petkow Dimitrow Pawel , Dziewierz Artur , Surdacki Andrzej , Dudek Dariusz 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundThere are no data on the impact of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI) on carotid and vertebral arterial blood flow. Our aim was to assess the effects of the orthostatic stress test on carotid and vertebral artery blood flow in patients with severe aortic stenosis (AS) undergoing TAVI.HypothesisTAVI may have beneficial effect on carotid and vertebral artery flow in patients with severe aortic stenosis.MethodsThirty carefully selected patients with severe AS undergoing TAVI were enrolled. Peak systolic blood‐flow velocity and end‐diastolic velocity in the common carotid artery, internal carotid artery, and vertebral artery, as well as spectral analysis of flow pattern with time‐averaged maximum velocity (centimeters per second), time‐averaged mean velocity (centimeters per second), and flow volume (milliliters per minute) on both sides were measured by duplex ultrasound. Measurements were performed in the supine position and at 1 to 2 minutes after the assumption of the standing position at baseline and 3 months after TAVI.ResultsAll duplex ultrasound parameters assessed in the supine position have significantly improved in patients after TAVI as compared to baseline (P < 0.001 for all). The orthostatic stress test induced decrease of carotid and vertebral arterial flow velocities in AS patients before and after TAVI. However, the drop in velocities and flow volume was numerically lower after TAVI.Conclusions
TAVI may have some beneficial effect on extracranial artery blood flow by minimalization of its decrease as a response to orthostatic stress.
Accuracy of next‐generation sequencing for the identification of clinically relevant variants in cytology smears in lung adenocarcinoma
Authors: Baum Jordan E. , Zhang Pan , Hoda Rana S. , Geraghty Brian , Rennert Hanna , Narula Navneet , Fernandes Helen D. 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUNDMinimally invasive diagnostic procedures such as needle‐core biopsy and fine‐needle aspiration provide adequate material for molecular analyses. Advances in precision oncology are trending toward the interrogation of limited amounts of genomic material to guide clinical and therapeutic decisions. The aim of this study was to investigate the minimum cellularity needed on cytologic smears for the identification of clinically relevant variants with next‐generation sequencing (NGS).METHODSThirty cases of cytologically diagnosed, resection‐proven primary lung adenocarcinoma were identified. Nineteen of the 30 cases were known to harbor actionable variants. One Diff‐Quik (DQ)–stained slide and 1 Papanicolaou (Pap)‐stained slide were selected from each case. Cases were categorized as containing fewer than 100 tumor cells, 100 to 500 tumor cells, or more than 500 tumor cells. NGS was performed on the Ion Torrent platform.RESULTSNGS was successfully performed on all cell blocks and on 90% of the smears. Paired DQ and Pap smears showed similar cellularity, and cases that differed in cellularity were within 1 category of each other. The cases with more than 100 tumor cells had a 93% success rate; this was significantly different from the situation for cases with fewer than 100 tumor cells, which were successfully sequenced only 67% of the time. Overall, NGS was able to provide clinically relevant information for 83% of DQ smears and for 90% of Pap smears tested.CONCLUSIONSThe data show a significantly higher likelihood of successful NGS with cytologic smears with more than 100 tumor cells. There was a trend for a higher NGS success rate with Pap smears versus DQ smears. Cancer Cytopathol 2017;125:398–406. © 2017 American Cancer Society.