bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In situearthworm breeding in orchards significantly improves the growth, quality and yield of papaya (Carica papayaL.)
Authors: Xiang Huimin , Zhang Jia-en , Guo Lei , Zhao Benliang 
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of four fertilizer applications—control (C), chemical fertilizer (F), compost (O), and in situ earthworm breeding (E)—on the growth, quality and yield of papaya (Carica papaya L.). In this study, 5 g plant−1urea (CH4N2O, %N = 46.3%) and 100 g plant−1microelement fertilizer was applied to each treatment. The fertilizer applications of these four treatments are different from each other. The results showed that the E treatment had the highest growth parameters over the whole growth period. At 127 days after transplantation, the plant heights were ordered E > F > O > C, and the stem diameters were E > F > O > C, with significant differences between all treatments. Soluble-solid, sugar, vitamin C, and protein content significantly increased in the E treatment. In addition, the total acid and the electrical conductivity of the fruit significantly decreased in the E treatment. Fruit firmness clearly increased in the O treatment, and decreased in the F treatment. The fresh individual fruit weights, fruit numbers, and total yields were greatly improved in the F and E treatments, and the total yield of the E treatment was higher than that in the F treatment. In conclusion, the in situ earthworm breeding treatment performed better than conventional compost and chemical fertilizer treatments. Furthermore, in situ earthworm breeding may be a potential organic fertilizer application in orchards because it not only improves the fruit quality and yield but also reduces the amount of organic wastes from agriculture as a result of the activities of earthworms.
Mortality in tongue cancer patients treated by curative surgery: a retrospective cohort study from CGRD
Authors: Tsai Ming-Shao , Lai Chia-Hsuan , Lee Chuan-Pin , Yang Yao-Hsu , Chen Pau-Chung , Kang Chung-Jan , Chang Geng-He , Tsai Yao-Te , Lu Chang-Hsien , Chien Chih-Yen , Young Chi-Kuang , Fang Ku-Hao , Liu Chin-Jui , Yeh Re-Ming A. , Chen Wen-Cheng 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundOur study aimed to compare the outcomes of surgical treatment of tongue cancer patients in three different age groups.MethodsFrom 2004 to 2013, we retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 1,712 patients who were treated in the four institutions constituting the Chang Gung Memorial Hospitals (CGMH). We divided and studied the patients in three age groups: Group 1, younger (<65 years); Group 2, young old (65 to <75); and Group 3, older old patients (≥75 years).ResultsMultivariate analyses determined the unfavorable, independent prognostic factors of overall survival to be male sex, older age, advanced stage, advanced T, N classifications, and surgery plus chemotherapy. No significant differences were found in adjusted hazard ratios (HR) of death in early-stage disease (stage I–II) among Group 1 (HR 1.0), Group 2 (HR 1.43, 95% confidence interval (CI) [0.87–2.34],p= 0.158), and Group 3 (HR 1.22, 95% CI [0.49–3.03],p= 0.664) patients. However, amongst advanced-stage patients (stage (III–IV)), Group 3 (HR 2.53, 95% CI [1.46–4.38],p = 0.001) showed significantly worse survival than the other two groups after other variables were adjusted for. Fourteen out of 21 older old, advanced-staged patients finally died, and most of the mortalities were non-cancerogenic (9/14, 64.3%), and mostly occurred within one year (12/14, 85%) after cancer diagnosis. These non-cancer cause of death included underlying diseases in combination with infection, pneumonia, poor nutrition status, and trauma.ConclusionsOur study showed that advanced T classification (T3–4), positive nodal metastasis (N1–3) and poorly differentiated tumor predicted poor survival for all patients. Outcome of early-stage patients (stage I–II) among three age groups were not significantly different. However, for advanced-stage patients (stage III–IV), the older old patients (≥75) had significantly worse survival than the other two patient groups. Therefore, for early-stage patients, age should not deny them to receive optimal treatments. However, older old patients (≥75) with advanced cancer should be comprehensively assessed by geriatric tools before surgical treatment and combined with intensive postoperative care to improve outcome, especially the unfavorable non-cancerogenic mortalities within one year after cancer diagnosis.
Manifestações clínicas e terapia de reposição enzimática da Síndrome de Hunter: relato de caso
Authors: Filho Daher Sabbag , Betinardi Helena Garcia Betinardi , Audi Leticia De Oliveira 
Published: December 2016

<p><strong>Introdução: </strong>Na Síndrome de Hunter ou Mucopolissacaridose tipo II (MPS II), uma doença genética recessiva ligada ao cromossomo X, ocorre uma deficiência ou ausência da enzima Iduronato-2-Sulfatase, responsável pelo catabolismo da Heparan sulfato e da Dermatan sulfato, causando, assim, um depósito desses mucopolissacarídeos. Estes são encontrados na pele, nos vasos sanguíneos, no coração, em válvulas cardíacas, nos pulmões, nas artérias e superfícies celulares, tendo seu acúmulo intralisossomal diversas consequências morfofisiológicas e de piora gradual. Para tratamento dos pacientes com Síndrome de Hunter é oferecida a Terapia de Reposição Enzimática (TRE), que consiste na administração intravenosa da enzima deficiente. Nesse estudo objetiva-se analisar a evolução do quadro pré e pós TRE. <strong>Método: </strong>para essa análise usou-se o relato de caso do paciente em questão. <strong>Resultados: </strong>encontrou-se um paciente com clássicas manifestações clínicas da MPS II, as quais evoluíram a partir da TRE, com intensa melhora no quadro clínico a partir de avanços no quadro respiratório, no desenvolvimento puberal, da diminuição da rigidez articular e da estabilização plaquetária. <strong>Conclusões: </strong>foi possível concluir que é de extrema importância iniciar a TRE precocemente, uma vez que esta melhora muito o prognóstico e a qualidade de vida do paciente. </p>
Atividade motora em camundongos submetidos a tratamento prévio com Cloreto de magnésio (MgCl2) e Clonazepam
Authors: Treto Rafael Ramón Rodriguez , Da Cunha Renildo Moura , Pinto Wagner De Jesus , De Souza Mardelson Nery , Gutierrez Luiz Aaron Silvério 
Published: December 2016

<p align="center"><strong>RESUMO</strong></p><p><strong>Objetivos: </strong>Verificar o efeito do MgCl<sub>2, </sub>associado ou não ao Clonazepam, sobre a atividade motora e relaxamento muscular esquelético em camundongos Swiss.</p><p><strong>Métodos: </strong>Camundongos Swiss foram submetidos a tratamento com diferentes doses de MgCl<sub>2 </sub>de forma única e combinadas com Clonazepam no sentido de se determinar em diferentes tempos a resposta motora através do “teste de campo aberto”. O teste de campo aberto consiste em quantificar (através de piso quadriculado) o deslocamento do animal em uma “caixa de conduta”. Além disso, verificou-se nos animais de experimentação o relaxamento muscular mediante o teste da “grade metálica vertical” a fim de observar a conduta postural, locomoção na decida e sua fixação ou não à grade.</p><p><strong>Resultados: </strong>O MgCl<sub>2 </sub>em doses de 24.4 e 27.7mg de Magnésio/Kg de peso provocaram aumento da atividade motora na caixa de conduta. O MgCl<sub>2 </sub>(100 e 130mg/Kg) combinado com Clonazepam (0.066mg/Kg) provocou redução na velocidade de queda da atividade motora em animais submetidos pela segunda vez à prova de “campo aberto” se opondo, em parte ao fenômeno normal de habituação ao ambiente. Provavelmente, a ação despolarizante do magnésio (Mg<sup>+2</sup>)seja responsável pelos resultados observados. No teste de miorelaxamento a resposta de todos os animais foi semelhante não apresentando, portanto, diferenças estatísticas.</p><p><strong>Conclusões: </strong>O MgCl<sub>2</sub> (24.4 e 27.7mg de Magnésio/Kg de peso) bem como as doses de 100 e 130mg de MgCl<sub>2</sub>/Kg de peso corporal combinadas com Clonazepam, conduziram ao aumento da atividade motora. Provavelmente a ação despolarizante do íon Mg<sup>+2</sup> seja o responsável por esses resultados. Não houve alterações na coordenação motora, no equilíbrio corporal nem da força muscular e tônus muscular esquelético.</p><p><strong>DESCRITORES: </strong>cloreto de magnésio; atividade motora; clonazepam; relaxamento muscular.</p><p align="center"><strong><br /></strong></p>
Coal Conversion Processes
Authors: Speight James G. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Composed primarily of carbon, coal is a solid fuel of plant origin. The use of coal, an abundant energy source, has increased during the twentieth century. However, emissions resulting from the use of coal have had harmful effects on the environment, which require controlling the type and amount of gaseous products released into the atmosphere.Coal conversion processes and their products are discussed in detail in this article, including carbonization, gasification, and liquefaction. Coal cleaning technologies, including chemical and biological methods and coal desulfurization, are also discussed.
Polymers From Renewable Resources
Authors: Gandini Alessandro , Lacerda Talita M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This article provides an up‐to‐date overview of the vigorously growing field of polymers from renewable resources, that is, macromolecular materials derived from the biomass. Three distinct approaches are discussed: (i) the synthesis of polymers already available from fossil resources, but using renewable counterparts, (ii) the exploitation of natural polymers as such, or after specific chemical modifications, and (iii) the use of monomers and polymers from renewable resources for the synthesis of novel macromolecular materials. The first topic deals mostly with polyolefins and polyesters; the second discusses polysaccharides, lignin, and natural rubber; the third covers sugars, furans, terpenes and rosin, diols and diacids, glycerol, plant oils, and poly(lactic acid) and poly(hydroxyalkanoate)s.
Veterinary Drugs
Authors: Martin Krysta (Moffitt) 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe use of pharmaceuticals in the treatment and prevention of diseases in animals has expanded greatly since the 1960s. The modern veterinarian, whether in companion animal practice, equine service, food animal medicine, exotic animal medicine, zoo management, or any animal medical or surgical specialty, has a wide range of products to choose from. This includes both veterinary labeled and human labeled products.Pharmaceuticals are subject to governmental regulations, which vary by country. Product development takes a minimum of 8–10 yr and usually requires large sum of money. An understanding of the pharmacokinetic profile of drugs is important when evaluating drug therapy.Antimicrobial therapy against bacteria, fungi, and parasites is an important and frequently utilized drug class in veterinary medicine, just as in human medicine. Anti‐inflammatory agents represent another large class of medications frequently utilized in veterinary medicine. Epilepsy is controlled with anticonvulsants, such as phenobarbital or levetiracetam. Hormones are used in regulating reproductive cycles, gestation, and parturition. Sedatives and anesthetics are needed to perform surgical procedures and to manage excitement in animals to avoid injury. As the understanding of cancer biology and development of targeted pharmaceuticals advances, the use of antineoplastic chemotherapy grows.
High Pressure Chemistry
Authors: Landskron Kai 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe article provides an overview of high pressure materials chemistry up to megabars of pressure. It begins with a general description of the effect of pressure on the structure of matter and chemical reactions followed by a discussion of practical applications of high pressure chemistry. High pressure apparatuses suitable for hydrothermal and solid‐state high pressure chemistry are described. Examples from high pressure solid‐state and hydrothermal chemistry are given, in particular the high pressure chemistry of carbon, nitrides, and oxides including zeolites. Principles of hydrothermal crystal growth are discussed and illustrated by examples.
Advances in 3‐D electromagnetic focusing: Optimized time reversal and optimal constrained power focusing
Authors: Iero D. A. M. , Crocco L. , Isernia T. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we show how to successfully deal with the problem of focusing a vector field in a 3‐D scenario, by properly extending two recently introduced procedures developed with respect to 2‐D fields. In particular, to address this problem relevant in many applications, we describe an improved version of the well‐known time reversal technique, the optimized time reversal, and a procedure able to provide an optimal focusing in the presence of arbitrary upper bounds for the field intensity, the optimal constrained power focusing. The two approaches are presented, discussed, and comparatively assessed in two different scenarios representative of realistic working conditions. The results confirm the possibility of tackling the problem of focusing a 3‐D vector field in an efficient way and that the optimal constrained power focusing, while computationally heavier, provides the best possible focusing performance.
Poleward eddy heat flux anomalies associated with recent Arctic sea ice loss
Authors: Hoshi Kazuhira , Ukita Jinro , Honda Meiji , Iwamoto Katsushi , Nakamura Tetsu , Yamazaki Koji , Dethloff Klaus , Jaiser Ralf , Handorf Dörthe 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDetails of the characteristics of upward planetary wave propagation associated with Arctic sea ice loss under present climate conditions are examined using reanalysis data and simulation results. Recent Arctic sea ice loss results in increased stratospheric poleward eddy heat fluxes in the eastern and central Eurasia regions and enhanced upward propagation of planetary‐scale waves in the stratosphere. A linear decomposition scheme reveals that this modulation of the planetary waves arises from coupling of the climatological planetary wavefield with temperature anomalies for the eastern Eurasia region and with meridional wind anomalies for the central Eurasia region. Propagation of stationary Rossby wave packets results in a dynamic link between these temperature and meridional wind anomalies with sea ice loss over the Barents‐Kara Sea. The results provide strong evidence that recent Arctic sea ice loss significantly modulates atmospheric circulation in winter to modify poleward eddy heat fluxes so as to drive stratosphere‐troposphere coupling processes.
Spatiotemporal variability of lake pCO2 and CO2 fluxes in a hemiboreal catchment
Authors: Natchimuthu Sivakiruthika , Sundgren Ingrid , Gålfalk Magnus , Klemedtsson Leif , Bastviken David 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGlobally, lakes are frequently supersaturated with carbon dioxide (CO2) and are major emitters of carbon to the atmosphere. Recent studies have generated awareness of the high variability in pCO2aq (the partial pressure corresponding to the concentration in water) and CO2 fluxes to the atmosphere and the need for better accounting for this variability. However, studies simultaneously accounting for both spatial and temporal variability of pCO2aq and CO2 fluxes in lakes are rare. We measured pCO2aq (by both manual sampling and mini loggers) and CO2 fluxes, covering spatial variability in open water areas of three lakes of different character in a Swedish catchment for 2 years. Spatial pCO2aq variability within lakes was linked to distance from shore, proximity to stream inlets, and deepwater upwelling events. Temporally, pCO2aq variability was linked with variability in dissolved organic carbon, total nitrogen, and dissolved oxygen. While previous studies over short time periods (1 to 6 h) observed gas transfer velocity (k) to be more variable than pCO2aq, our work shows that over longer time (days to weeks) pCO2aq variability was greater and affected CO2 fluxes much more than k. We demonstrate that ≥8 measurement days distributed over multiple seasons in combination with sufficient spatial coverage (≥8 locations during stratification periods and 5 or less in spring and autumn) are a key for representative yearly whole lake flux estimates. This study illustrates the importance of considering spatiotemporal variability in pCO2aq and CO2 fluxes to generate representative whole lake estimates.
Antigen–Antibody Binding
Authors: Tsumoto Kouhei , Caaveiro Jose MM 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Antibodies are a family of glycoproteins that bind specifically to target molecules (antigens). The antibody‐binding sites are formed by six segments of variable structure (CDRs) supported by a scaffold of essentially invariant architecture (framework regions). Shape complementarity between the contact surfaces (in the case of protein antigens) or close interactions with small antigens (hapten, peptide or others), together with complementation of water molecules, are important to achieve high affinity and specificity. The binding of an antigen to an antibody takes place by the formation of multiple noncovalent bonds between the antigen and the amino acids of the binding site. The increase in van der Waals contacts and/or buried surfaces upon complexation generally correlates well with the binding strength. Hydrogen bonds are in most cases critical to achieve high specificity and affinity for the antigen target. Importantly, antibodies have at least two antigen binding sites, boosting the effective affinity of the antibody for its target by a mechanism termed avidity.

Key Concepts

The binding between antibodies and antigens is characterised by high specificity and affinity resulting from distinct structural and energetic features.

Non‐covalent forces dominate antibody‐antigen interactions.

Generally, the recognition of an antigen is driven by the favorable change of enthalpy, and opposed by the entropy term.

Multivalency is an important property of antibodies that govern their interaction with antigens in a biological setting.

Progress in the fundamental understanding of antigen‐antibody interactions will lead to the rational design of more efficient and potent therapeutic antibodies.
Death Receptors
Authors: Krammer Peter H , Pietkiewicz Sabine , Lavrik Inna N 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a common property of all multicellular organisms and maintains essential cellular homeostasis in tissues by balancing cell renewal and removal of mutated or old cells. It can be triggered by a number of factors including ultraviolet (UV) or γ‐irradiation, chemotherapeutic drugs or growth factor withdrawal. A death signal can either be induced by the activation of death receptors (DRs, extrinsic pathway) or via the mitochondria (intrinsic pathway). The DR family is a subfamily of the tumour necrosis factor receptor (TNFR) superfamily. Stimulation of the DRs results in the formation of high‐molecular‐weight protein complexes that transduce apoptotic, necroptotic or survival signals.

Key Concepts

Stimulation of the death receptors (DRs) leads to apoptosis, necroptosis or NF‐κB activation.

All DRs are distinguished by the presence of the death domain (DD).

Cross‐linking of DR with death ligands results in the formation of the death‐inducing signalling complex (DISC).

Caspases play the central role in the transduction of DR‐induced apoptotic signal.

Procaspase‐8 is activated at the death effector domain (DED) chains at the DISC.

c‐FLIP proteins block or promote caspase‐8 activation at the DISC depending on their amount at the receptor complex and thereby regulate DR‐induced apoptosis.

Stimulation of DR might lead to the induction of receptor‐interacting protein kinase 1 and 3 (RIPK1‐ and RIPK3)‐mediated nonapoptotic cell death, necroptosis.

Apoptosis and necroptosis are triggered by high‐molecular‐weight protein complexes consisting of similar proteins.
Effects of Organic Farming on Biodiversity
Authors: Rundlöf Maj , Smith Henrik G , Birkhofer Klaus 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Changes in farming practices over the past century have had negative influence on farmland biodiversity. Organic farming excludes most agrochemicals, such as inorganic fertilisers and synthetic pesticides, and can be an alternative to conventional farming. A recent meta‐analysis indicates that there is on average 30% higher species richness on organically managed farmland compared to conventionally managed farmland. There are, however, large variation between organism groups, with a positive influence on plants and pollinators and possibly predators and birds, but less influence on and insufficient knowledge for other groups. Using more formal experimental design, focusing on understudied organism groups and aspects of biodiversity, such as genetic and ecosystem diversity, and evaluating effects on rare species would advance our knowledge. The yield reduction under organic farming, resulting in more land needed to produce the same amount, could offset some of the biodiversity benefits of organic farming.

Key Concepts

Agricultural landscapes are both used to produce food and other agricultural products and as habitat for farmland biodiversity.

Agricultural intensification, with increased use of agrochemical, mechanisation, crop breeding and conversion of land, is a threat to biodiversity.

Organic farming is aimed at ecosystem management and reduction of agrochemical use.

Organic farming results in around 30% higher biodiversity compared to conventional farming.

The effects of organic farming vary between organism groups owing to their ecological traits.

The effect of organic farming on biodiversity can be modified by landscape heterogeneity, land use intensity and time since conversion to organic farming.

There are remaining gaps in the knowledge about how to combine agricultural production and biodiversity conservation.