bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSX-6 Genome-wide association study on hippocampal biomarkers of cumulative affective experience in chicken layers
Authors: Neuert Lindsay , Osborne Vern R , Armstrong Elena A , Boswell Timothy , Smulders Tom V , Baes Christine F , Makanjuola Bayode O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Recurring stress, which can be termed a negative cumulative affective experience has numerous detrimental phenotypic impacts on poultry welfare. Consequently, this negative experience could lead to reduced productivity. Biomarkers that serve as indicators of cumulative affective experience have been found through the density of highly plastic neurons in the hippocampus. There is limited published research on biomarkers of cumulative affective experience in poultry. Therefore, identifying genomic regions associated with the biomarkers of poultry susceptible or resistant to the negative affective experience could aid in creating more efficient and sustainable farming practices. For this study, H&N and Hy-Line Brown hens (n = 42) housed in a multi-tier free range and enriched cage system, respectively, were available. All hens were genotyped with a proprietary 200K SNP panel and phenotypic data were collected from brain tissue sections stained using an antibody to doublecortin (DCX), which was used to quantify densities of highly plastic neurons in the hippocampus. A genome-wide association study (GWAS) was used to detect genomic regions associated with biomarkers of cumulative affective experience in poultry. The GWAS results found a total of 19 regions from 8 chromosomes with a comparatively high proportion of genetic variance explained, which is associated with the cumulative affective experience. From these regions, 39 different genes were found to be within 100 kb upstream and downstream of the identified regions. These genes were examined for their biological function and role in the cumulative affective experience. The identified genes are associated with cellular processes and genetic information processing. Of the genes, PIKR6, VPS37D, STX1A, BAZ1B, HGH1, MAF, MAPK15, PIT54 were identified as important candidate genes for the cumulative affective experience. Notably, the identified gene, PIK3R6, overlapped with previously reported genes for the stress response in chickens. These identified genes with association to the hippocampal neural density serve as potential candidate genes underlying the cumulative affective experience in poultry. This study shows that genomic regions associated with cumulative affective experience can be detected and help to provide insight into the genetic architecture of the trait.
PSIII-25 Isolation of a deoxynivalenol (DON)-degrading microbial consortia from soil
Authors: Bumunang Emmanuel , Alexander Trevor , Ellert Benjamin , Jin Long 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Mycotoxins, such as deoxynivalenol (DON) produced by Fusarium, are harmful fungal secondary metabolic products that cause economic losses and health risks to humans and livestock. Measures to control and prevent feed contamination with DON are necessary to ensure the safety of livestock. These include strategies based on preventing fungal contamination of feed or limiting contaminants in feed through mycotoxin adsorption and degradation. Soil is a valuable source of diverse microbial communities, potentially harboring DON-degrading bacteria that can be developed into feed additives to mitigate DON. This study aimed to identify microbial consortia from diverse soil samples, that could degrade DON. Soil from central (Lacombe; LA) and southern (Lethbridge; LE) Alberta were used as microbial inoculant. These soils were suspected to host Fusarium spp. which could produce DON in cereal crops growing upon them. The LE samples were further categorized into soil amended with manure (LE-MA) or non-manure (LE-UF). Prior to the study, soil pH and moisture content were measured. After soil collection, field-moist samples were mixed with DON-contaminated wheat (10% wt/wt; d 0) and each soil type was divided into triplicate pots and placed in a controlled environment for 32 d. On d 0, 7, 14 and 32, subsamples were collected from pots, serially diluted in a limited medium containing DON (10 µg/mL) as the only carbon source, and incubated for 2 wk (30°C). The degradation of DON in bacterial cultures was calculated using ELISA. The LA soil was slightly acidic (pH 6.4) compared with LE-MA (7.3) and LE-UF (pH 7.0), while moisture content was greater in LA (18.4%) than LE-MA (14.7%) and LE-UF (13.5%) soils. DON-degrading activity was only detected in LA soil samples and was greatest after 7 d of incubation (21%). We are currently isolating individual bacteria from LA soil for identification and are characterizing the soil microbiota using 16S rRNA sequencing. Overall, this study showed that soil contained bacteria capable of degrading DON, however variation existed depending on soil source.
PSIV-21 Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) challenge alters the plasma metabolome of beef cattle
Authors: Barker Samantha N , Carroll Jeffery A , Sanchez Nicole C Burdick , Broadway Rand R , Richeson John T , Kerth Christopher , Hernandez Manuel S , Legako Jerrad F 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the serum metabolome at 3 major time points in cattle subjected to a lipopolysaccharide challenge. Steers (n = 10; 379 kg ± 30.7) were challenged intravenously with LPS [0.25 µg/kg body weight (BW)], and plasma was isolated from blood at -2, 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 18, 24, 36, and 48 h relative to the LPS challenge at 0 h. Samples were selected for metabolomic analysis at -2, 2, and 8 h of the challenge based on oxidative stress markers present in companion studies. Liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-high resolution mass spectrometry was used to separate and detect metabolites (50 to 1,400 m/z). Mass spectral features were annotated using MS-DIAL. Total ion count intensities were median normalized, log10 transformed, and analyzed using MetaboAnalyst v.5. Partial least squares-discriminant analysis (PLS-DA), agglomerative clustering (AHC), and an analysis of variance (ANOVA) with a false discovery rate (FDR) adjusted P &lt; 0.05 were conducted. Of the 245 annotated metabolites, 155 differed between time points. Partial Least Squares- Discriminant Analysis (PLS-DA) and variable importance in projection (VIP) plot were used to visualize treatments and identify compounds driving discrimination between groups. Hierarchical clustering using the Ward method was used to determine metabolite differences present following an endotoxin challenge in cattle. Pathway analyses were also conducted via KEGG Bos taurus pathway library. Based on AHC, 2 clusters were generated where -2 h clustered separate from 2h and 8h. A PLS-DA explained most variation within the model across Component 1 (47.5%), with clear separation of metabolites present at -2 h versus those present at 2 and 8 h post challenge. A VIP plot recognized metabolite differences driven by taurocholic acid, LysoPE (18:3; Lysophospholipid), butyric acid, acitretin, and tauromuricholic acid. Pathway analyses further identified arginine biosynthesis, beta-alanine metabolism, arginine and proline metabolism, and histidine metabolism as the metabolic pathways likely driving differences in the data (FDR P &lt; 0.05). These data suggest that metabolites change drastically following an immune response and identify differences which may be further related to or contributing to oxidative stress in vivo. Additional research could aid in the identification of biomarkers significant to recognizing immune dysfunction and oxidative stress.
PSIV-16 The role of veterinary services on nutrition schemes, management, and health practices for sheep and goats in rural Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, North West Province of South Africa
Authors: Mokolopi Baitsholetsi Gloria , Oguttu James W 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Poverty is a feature of rural households, and as a result rural people usually adopt low-input agriculture to alleviate poverty. Many households in Ngaka Modiri Molema District keep animals, particularly sheep and goats, for a variety of reasons, including as source of income, milk, and meat. However, they lack the management skills that are necessary for their livestock to increase their productivity. Inadequate animal management, including poor feeding and housing standards and poor application of proper animal health procedures are compounded by a lack of agricultural experience and low-input farming methods. In addition, poor animal nutrition, sickness and a high prevalence of parasites, and low animal production output further contribute to low overall productivity. Therefore, support offered by the veterinary services, and the impact these interventions have on sheep and goat farming among rural farmers need to be investigated. The present study will seek to describe the feeding schemes and management practices adopted by sheep and goat owners, as well as the role of veterinary and extension services in the development of such practices. Health care provided to sheep and goat farmers by the veterinary services will also be determined. A survey will be conducted in Ngaka Modiri Molema District Municipality, a rural area in North West Province of South Africa. The study population will consist of all farmers, both female and male, rearing sheep and goats. Animal and farm information level data and general farm management practices will be collected via a questionnaire survey. Using the Statistical Kit for STATA (version 16), data will be examined by computing frequency, percentages, and proportions based on the characteristics of the sample population. This survey will help to provide opportunities for resource-poor farmers in rural areas to develop their flocks.
PSI-12 Comparison of body composition ultrasound versus carcass collection data, Warner-Bratzler shear force and ether extract testing on Beefmaster Steers
Authors: Fuqua Ainslea E , Lawrence Ty E , Lust David G , Perkins Tommy L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to determine if ultrasound estimates of carcass quality traits could predict the final quality factors that influence purchases of consumers. Beefmaster steers (n = 86) representing two different sires were ultrasounded 48 d and 73 d before harvest using an Aloka 500 ultrasound unit, equipped with a 17.2cm probe to collect 12th rib fat thickness (BFU), 12th rib longissimus muscle area (LMAU), intramuscular fat (%FATU) and rump fat (RFU). International Livestock Image Analysis (I.L.I.A) software (Harrison, Arkansas) was used for processing images to determine BFU, LMAU, %FATU and RFU using chute side captured ultrasound images on all steers. An Ultrasound Guidelines Council (UGC) field and lab certified technician captured all ultrasound images. Carcass data collection included 12th rib fat thickness (BFC), 12th rib longissimus muscle area (LMAC) and marbling score (MS). Additionally, Warner Bratzler shear force (WBSF) and ether extraction (EE) estimates were determined on 12 to 13th longissimus muscle samples. All carcass data was collected by the Beef Carcass Research Center (BCRC) at West Texas A&M University. Data were analyzed using SAS version 9.4. Simple descriptive statistics were 1.03 ± 0.26 cm, 88.8 ± 8.61 cm2, 5.02 ± 0.93, 1.27 ± 0.36 for BFU, LMAU, %FATU, and RFU, respectively. Simple descriptive statistics were 1.72 ± 0.41 cm, 90.06 ± 7.24 cm2, 5.06.7 ± 0.69, 6.08 ± 1.92, and 3.34 ± 0.79 kg for BFC, LMAC and MS, EE and WBSF, respectively. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.71 (P &lt; 0.001) between BFU and BFC, 0.42 (P &lt; 0.0001) between LMAU and LMAC, and 0.35 (P &lt; 0.001) between %FATU and MS. Pearson correlation coefficients were 0.42 (P &lt; 0.001) between EE and %FATU and 0.59 (P &lt; 0.0001) between EE and MS. These results suggest that ultrasound measures of final body composition should be taken closer to the final harvest date to better estimate endpoints of fat thickness, longissimus muscle area and intramuscular fat in harvest ready beef cattle.
PSI-9 An evaluation of cow activity traits during the breeding season to determine the effect on conception method
Authors: Dubowsky Jason P , Katz Amelia R G , Huzzey Julie M , McFarlane Zachary D 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate grazing activity traits and their influence on conception method during the breeding season. In a 1-yr study, crossbred Angus cows (n = 29) were blocked by age and then randomly assigned to be fitted with a Knight global positioning system (GPS) tracking collar. All cows, except first-calf heifers (n = 12), were synchronized for fixed-timed artificial insemination (TAI) utilizing a 7d CO-Synch + CIDR protocol. Bulls and first-calf heifers were turned out on native rangeland with the cowherd 7 d after TAI for a 65-d breeding season. Cattle were managed in an intensive rotational grazing system (15 pasture movements in the first 21 d of the breeding season) with several daily pasture movements. Cows were retrospectively classified into the following groups for comparison: conception to TAI (AI; n = 12), bull-bred (BB; n =17). Total daily distance traveled (km/d), average daily elevation gain (m/d), and percentage of time spent grazing challenging topography (i.e., &gt; 15% slope) were measured during the first 21 d of the breeding season. Data were analyzed using the MIXED procedure in SAS 9.4. The model included the main effects of conception method, pasture, and their interactions. Total daily distance travelled, and elevation gain exhibited a conception method × pasture interaction (P &lt; 0.05). Amongst the 15 pastures, AI cows in pasture F (d 7 of breeding season, 7.69 ha, minimum elevation 36.27 m, maximum elevation 46.94 m) travelled further than BB cows (P &lt; 0.001). Overall, cows that conceived to AI tended to travel further each day compared with BB cows (P = 0.06). Bull-bred cows exhibited a greater daily elevation gain in pasture F when compared with AI cows (P ≤ 0.001). The percentage of time spent on a challenging slope did not differ among cows (P = 0.20). These data indicate that grazing behavior patterns change based on pasture characteristics and timing of conception. Selection for grazing behavior attributes may be an important tool for selection of cows that are more reproductively punctual.
PSI-21 Limited impact of hypothyroidism on porcine fetal growth during mid to late gestation
Authors: Rudy Kaylyn , Smith Alyssa A , Cabot Bea , Pasternak J Alex A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the fetal pig, both circulating thyroid hormone and growth rate are known to increase throughout gestation; however, the functional association between these coincident factors has not been established. Thus, the objective of this project was to investigate this cause-and-effect relationship by evaluating the impact of induced fetal hypothyroidism on fetal growth during mid to late gestation. To induce fetal hypothyroidism, n = 12 pregnant gilts were orally treated with the goitrogen methimazole (MMI) at a dose of 5 mg/kg/d for 21 d, with n = 3 gilts starting treatment on gestation d 34, 45, 55 and 65. An equivalent group n = 12 of gilts were sham treated for the same periods to produce gestationally age-matched euthyroid control litters (CON). Upon completion of the treatment period, gilts were humanely euthanized, and the resulting populations of n = 174 MMI and n = 166 CON fetuses deeply phenotyped. No meconium-stained fetuses were observed at any time point, and only 5 mummified fetuses were observed (3 CON, 2 MMI), indicating treatment has no effect on fetal viability. Fetal body weight (BW) and the weights of individual organs including thyroid, liver, heart, lung, kidney, spleen, and brain were collected. In addition, fetuses were imaged in both left and right lateral recumbency for subsequent morphometric assessment using a custom analysis pipeline in ImageJ. Image analysis yielded parameters including crown-rump length, girth, brow length, depth at the snout/skull junction, depth at the snout/nose junction, and area under the skull curvature (AUC). Left and right measurements for all morphometric parameters were found to be highly correlated (r2 &gt; 0.9) indicating a repeatable measure using this approach. Statistical analysis of all phenotypic differences was carried out using a linear mixed effect model including gestational age and treatment as fixed effects and gilt as a random effect. A significant increase in both absolute and relative thyroid weights indicated the development of goiter and thus, successful induction of hypothyroidism within the MMI litters. In addition, a significant treatment by time interaction was observed, with 0.014 g and 0.21 g increase at d 55 and 66, respectively, indicating reduced compensatory action within the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis during this earliest period. Liver weight as a percentage of BW decreased from 6.06% to 2.56% between d 55 and 86 in the CON group but was significantly increased at all time points in response to MMI induced hypothyroidism (P &lt; 0.01). A corresponding increase in brain to liver weight ratio over time was suppressed in MMI fetuses (P &lt; 0.05). While all other phenotypic parameters were significantly altered by gestational age, there was no significant impact of fetal hypothyroidism. Collectively, the results indicate that fetal growth during mid to late gestation is not driven by fetal thyroid hormone.
PSI-4 The effects of Total Equinegrain containing Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract and chelated minerals on cecal digestibility during the recovery period of recovering, malnourished horses
Authors: Boyd Jamie A , Bardassi Ariane Tabari , Martinez Janette , Martinez Jaqueline , Rosa L Patterson 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
From April to June 2023, we conducted a study to evaluate the effects of Total Equine containing Ascophyllum nodosum seaweed extract and chelated minerals on cecal digestibility in 10 recovering malnourished horses. Horses were used on a preceding 8-wk study and given a 21-d washout period with 24 h turnout and ad libitum access to Bermuda hay between trials. Once the washout was complete horses were randomly assigned to one of three diets: Control (Ctrl), a commercial grain product and Bermuda hay (n = 3); Treatment (Trt), Total Equine and Bermuda hay (n = 4); and Grain only (Grn), Total Equine without Bermuda hay (n = 3) for 8 wk with ad libitum access to water. For Ctrl and Trt diets, hay was offered hay twice a day in port-a-grazer tubs to control waste. Orts were collected 2x/d and hay offered was adjusted daily to maintain a 3 % refusal rate. Horses were weighed weekly with an electronic equine scale and BCS was evaluated at wk 0, 4, and 8. Grain was offered at a rate of 0.005% BW + 227 kg and divided into 2 equal feedings for Ctrl and Trt diets, while Grn diet horses were offered up to 9.07 kg of grain per day divided into 3 feedings. Grain offered was adjusted weekly based on BW. For physical reconditioning, horses were exercised 5 d/wk with a Priefert hot walker with an increase in duration and intensity from wk 1-8. Samples were collected of grain, hay, and orts for DM, NDF, ADF, EE, CP, and ash analysis. Cecal digestibility (dNDF and dADF) of Bermuda was measured using the Ankom Daisy system at wk 4 8 for 48 and 72 h. Jars were inoculated with a fresh composite fecal sample. Fecal samples were equally composited by diet. Data were analyzed using Proc Mixed procedures in SAS. No effect was observed on dNDF by diet (P = 0.21), yet diet*week (P = 0.0005) and diet* hour (P = 0.04) differed. dADF was improved by diet*week (P ≤ 0.0004) for diets containing Total Equine grain versus the Ctrl diet. Results indicate dNDF and dADF improved for wk 8 versus wk 4, which may indicate recovery of microbial efficiency as horses recovered. The improvement in dADF for Trt and Grn diets versus Ctrl is noteworthy, particularly the increase in dADF (Grn) because of the lack of hay in this diet. Improvement in fiber digestibility may help explain the improved body weight gain of horses on Trt and Grn diets in comparison to the Ctrl. Further research is needed to fully evaluate the impact of Total Equine on cecal digestibility especially in recovering, malnourished horses.
PSI-18 Intra-articular triamcinolone acetonide administration does not affect microbial culture or synovial fluid volume in young, exercising Quarter Horses
Authors: Pavel Lauren R , Leatherwood Jessica L , Gualandri Cecilia R , Paris Brittany L , Arnold Carolyn E , Glass Kati G , Carter Maggie M , George James M , Linne Paige K , Martinez Rafael E , Moore Grace E , Spooner Holly , Bradbery Amanda N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Intra-articular corticosteroids (IAC) are administered to horses experiencing joint inflammation, at times with a concurrent articular antibiotic for prophylaxis. However, information regarding the biologic effects of IAC and potential for microbial contamination in IAC-administered joints is limited in young, exercising horses. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of IAC on traditional microbial culture, synovial fluid (SF) volume, and the presence of IAC; hypothesizing negative microbial culture, no change of SF volume, and detection of IAC in SF post-administration. To test this, 2-yr-old Quarter Horses {n = 24; body weight (BW) = 409 ± 6 kg; 825 ± 21 d of age; 12 fillies, 12 geldings) were stratified by BW, age, and sex, and randomly assigned to 1 of 3 treatment groups for a 56-d trial. Horses were housed individually in stalls with runs and fed concentrate offered at 0.75% BW/d split evenly every 12 h with ad libitum Coastal bermudagrass hay and water. Every 21 d, BW and body condition score (BCS) were recorded, and concentrate was adjusted accordingly. Horses were exercised 5 d/wk, up to 45 min/d in a progressive workload using a free-stall exerciser. Blood was collected post-exercise during wk 1, 4, and 7 via jugular venipuncture and lactate (BL) was measured to monitor increasing workload. Intra-articular treatments consisted of 0 mg (CON; n = 8), 6 mg (CORT6; n = 8), or 12 mg (CORT12; n = 8) of triamcinolone acetonide (TA). On d 0, treatments were administered in one randomly selected radiocarpal joint per horse. Following aseptic preparation, SF from both radiocarpal joints was collected before administration (pre), and on d 7, 14, 28, and 56. Volume of SF was recorded, and standard microbial culture and detection of TA were performed by a commercial laboratory. Data were analyzed using PROC MIXED (BW, BCS, BL, SF volume) and PROC GLM (TA) of SAS. For SF volume, data from the contralateral radiocarpal joint were used as a covariate. Horses increased BW and BCS over time (P ≤ 0.01) across treatments. Post-exercise BL increased from wk 1 to 4 and remained increased through wk 7 (P &lt; 0.01). Microbial culture for all horses and time points were negative. Concentration of TA was not evaluated on d 7 due to limited SF volume, but TA was detected on d 14 and concentration did not differ between CORT6 and CORT12 (P = 0.13). Recorded SF volume did not change from d 0 (pre) to 7 but increased to d 56, regardless of treatment (P &lt; 0.01). These results indicate that, based on standard culture, TA administration did not result in positive microbial culture, or decrease SF volume in young horses undergoing regular exercise, however, TA was detectable to d 14.