bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two-dimensional Assessment of the Nasal Valve Area Cannot Predict Minimum Cross-Sectional Area or Airflow Resistance
Authors: Bhatia Daman D. S. , Palesy Tom , Ramli Raziqah , Barham Henry P. , Christensen Jenna M. , Gunaratne Dakshika A. , Marcells George N. , Harvey Richard J. 
Published: May 2016

Background Clinicians who manage nasal obstruction often comment on the shape and size of the nasal valve (NV) area. However, correlation of the symptoms of obstruction, nasal airflow dynamics, and the endoscopic appearance of the anatomic cross-sectional area of the NV is poorly understood. Endoscopic imaging and calculation of the NV area is investigated as a tool for either clinical or research use. Objective To describe and evaluate a two-dimensional measurement of the minimum cross-sectional area (MCA) of the NV by using endoscopic imaging. Methods A cross-sectional study of patients with symptoms of nasal obstruction who were undergoing nasal assessment was performed. The NV was measured with digital imaging taken from the endoscopy. Adobe Photoshop was used to calculate the digital MCA of the NV based on pixel count and a reference marker placed in the image field. Airway parameters were assessed by using a nasal obstruction visual analog scale, nasal airway resistance via rhinomanometry, and acoustic rhinometry derived MCA (acoustic MCA). Correlation of the digital MCA and airway parameters was made and interobserver correlation of the MCA measures was calculated. Results Thirty-three nasal airways were assessed: mean (standard deviation) digital MCA (0.28 ± 0.13 cm2) and mean (standard deviation) acoustic MCA (0.51 ± 0.15 cm2). Correlation of the digital MCA with visual analog scale was poor (Pearson r = 0.10, p = 0.56). Similar finding between digital and acoustic MCA was poor (Pearson r = 0.50, p = 0.56, respectively) despite a moderately strong interobserver correlation for the digital MCA (Pearson r = 0.79, p < 0.001). Conclusion Qualitative endoscopic assessment of the NV may help clinicians predict NV dysfunction but simple two-dimensional measures seemed to be of limited value in accurately assessing the three-dimensional NV quantitatively.
HMGB1-TLR4 Signaling Contributes to the Secretion of Interleukin 6 and Interleukin 8 by Nasal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Shimizu Shino , Kouzaki Hideaki , Kato Tomohisa , Tojima Ichiro , Shimizu Takeshi 
Published: May 2016

Background Alarmins play important roles in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. However, the role of the alarmin protein high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) in upper airway inflammation is unclear. Objective To determine if HMGB1 is present in the nasal mucosa and, if so, to elucidate its role in upper airway inflammation. Methods Nasal secretions were collected from a total of 32 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp, allergic rhinitis, and control subjects. The concentration of HMGB1 in nasal secretions and its tissue and cellular localization were examined by enzyme immunoassays and immunofluorescent staining of nasal polyps and cultured nasal epithelial cells. We then examined whether nasal epithelial cells secrete HMGB1 after inflammatory stimulation by tumor necrosis factor (TNF) α. The effects of HMGB1 on the production and secretion of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-8 were also examined in cultured nasal epithelial cells. Results Significantly higher concentrations of HMGB1 were found in nasal secretions from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyp or allergic rhinitis compared with the control subjects. HMGB1 expression was localized in the nuclei of epithelial cells and other constitutive cells in nasal polyps and in the nuclei of cultured nasal epithelial cells. TNF-α stimulated the production and secretion of HMGB1 by cultured nasal epithelial cells. HMGB1 stimulated the production and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by cultured nasal epithelial cells, and anti–toll-like receptor 4 blocking antibody significantly inhibited HMGB1-induced secretion of IL-6 and IL-8. Conclusions Nasal secretions contain substantial amounts of HMGB1. TNF-α stimulates the production of HMGB1, which, in turn, upregulates the production and secretion of IL-6 and IL-8 by nasal epithelial cells via toll-like receptor 4, which indicated that HMGB1 plays an important role in the pathogenesis of upper airway inflammation.
Asthma in Ear, Nose, and Throat Primary Care Patients with Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps
Authors: Frendø Martin , Håkansson Kåre , Schwer Susanne , Rix Iben , Ravn Andreas T. , Backer Vibeke , von Buchwald Christian 
Published: May 2016

Background Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is a common inflammatory disorder associated with asthma. This association is well described in patients with CRSwNP undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS); however, some patients are never referred for surgery, and the frequency of asthma in this group is largely unknown. Objective To determine the frequency of asthma in patients with CRSwNP treated in a primary care (PC) setting who have never been referred for surgery and to compare this with ESS patients. Methods Fifty-seven patients with CRSwNP who had never undergone ESS were prospectively recruited from nine PC ear, nose, and throat clinics in the Copenhagen area. CRSwNP was diagnosed according to the European Position Paper on Chronic Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps; severity was assessed by using a visual analog scale. Allergy, lung function, and asthma tests (reversibility to β2-agonist, peak expiratory flow variability, and mannitol challenge) were performed. Findings were compared with our previously published data from patients with CRSwNP referred for surgery. Results Asthma was diagnosed in 25 patients (44%) based on respiratory symptoms and a positive asthma test; of these, 12 (48%) had undiagnosed asthma prior to study onset. Furthermore, when using the same methods, we found a lower frequency of asthma in PC patients compared with ESS patients (44% versus 65%, p = 0.04). Conclusion A high prevalence of asthma in PC patients with CRSwNP was found. Frequently, asthma was undiagnosed. However, asthma was significantly less prevalent in PC patients compared with patients referred for ESS. The frequent concomitance of asthma, i.e., united airways disease, in PC patients calls for closer collaboration between ear, nose, and throat specialists, and asthma specialists.
Protective Effects of Melatonin and Selenium against Apoptosis of Olfactory Sensory Neurons: A Rat Model Study
Authors: Koc Sema , Cayli Sevil , Aksakal Ceyhun , Ocakli Seda , Soyalic Harun , Somuk Battal Tahsin , Yüce Salim 
Published: May 2016

Background Selenium plays a role in the prevention of oxidative damage and has been linked to regulatory functions in cell growth, apoptosis, cell survival, and cytotoxicity. Melatonin has an antioxidant effect, which protects against a number of free radical species. Given its antioxidant properties, melatonin has been widely known to inhibit neuronal apoptosis. We examined the cytoprotective effects of melatonin and selenium in rat olfactory sensory neurons after rhinosinusitis by immunohistochemical evaluation of olfactory bulb mucosa. Methods Rhinosinusitis was induced bilaterally in 24 animals. Twenty-four rats were randomly divided into three equal groups. The melatonin group was treated with intraperitoneal (i.p.) melatonin and ampicillin-sulbactam, the selenium group was treated with i.p. selenium and ampicillin-sulbactam, the antibiotic group was treated with i.p. ampicillin-sulbactam; all three groups were treated for 10 days. After a period of 10 days of treatment, the animals were killed for immunohistochemical analyses. All olfactory bulb mucosae were removed immediately. Results No histochemical differences were found in the three groups. Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end labeling–positive cells were detected in each group. In the antibiotic group, the appearance of apoptotic cells was higher, whereas the number of apoptotic cells significantly decreased in the melatonin group. When compared with the selenium group, fewer terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase 2′-deoxyuridine 5′-triphosphate nick end labeling–positive cells were observed in the melatonin group, which was not significant. In the antibiotic group, the cytoplasmic active caspase-3 and Bax immunostaining in the olfactory epithelium and glandular cells of stroma were higher when compared with the immunostaining in melatonin and selenium groups. Active caspase-3 and Bax immunostaining in the subepithelial stroma was dramatically reduced in the melatonin group. In contrast, the staining intensity and the number of Bcl-2 immunopositive cells were significantly increased in the melatonin group. In the selenium group, Bax and active caspase-3 were moderately immunopositive in the epithelium and subepithelial stroma. However, Bcl-2 immunostaining was more pronounced in the olfactory epithelium and some stromal cells. Conclusion Our results indicated the possibility that the supplementation of melatonin and selenium, two antioxidant agents for the treatments in the rhinosinusitis rat model, might be reduced or prevent anosmia.
Skin Diseases of the Nose
Authors: Yigider Ayse Pelin , Kayhan Fatma Tulin , Yigit Ozgur , Kavak Ayse , Cingi Cemal 
Published: May 2016

Objectives The goal of this study was to review the main lesion types of the nasal skin and appropriate treatment strategies rather than to present a comprehensive list of all diseases that affect the skin that can involve the nose. Methods We reviewed the main nasal skin lesion types and available treatment strategies. Nasal skin lesions were classified as benign, premalignant, or malignant. Results Benign lesions of the nose include nonmalignant tumoral lesions (i.e., freckles, comedo, adenoma sebaceum [Pringle disease], hydrocystoma, fibrous papules, sebaceous hyperplasia, and rhinophyma), autoimmune and inflammatory conditions (i.e., pemphigus, sarcoidosis, systemic lupus erythematosus, facial eosinophilic granuloma, rosacea, herpes zoster infection, leishmaniasis, and leprosy), and vascular lesions (i.e., telangiectasis, hemangioma, and spider nevus). Premalignant lesions are actinic keratosis and keratoacanthoma; and malignant tumors are melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma. Regardless of whether or not they are malignant, all facial lesions can yield significant cosmetic discomfort that should be evaluated carefully before commencing any curative or corrective intervention. In general, benign lesions are treated with dermabrasive modalities, such as trichloroacetic acid, phenol, salicylate, and laser ablation. Electrocautery, cryosurgery, and surgical excision are also used, although these methods may result in scar formation, which can sometimes be more problematic than the original lesion itself. Conclusion Any disease that affects the skin, especially those diseases that are triggered by ultraviolet exposure, can involve the face and nose. Cosmetic defects due both to the lesion itself and the intervention must be discussed with the patient, preferably in the presence of a first-degree relative, before commencement of treatment. As a result of heterogeneity of skin lesions of the nose, appropriate education of general practitioners as well as otorhinolaryngologists is mandatory.
Primer ID Ultra-Deep Sequencing Reveals Dynamics of drug Resistance-Associated Variants in Breakthrough Hepatitis C Viruses: Relevance to Treatment Outcome and Resistance Screening
Authors: Barnard Richard , Chopra Abha , James Ian , Blinco John , Watson Mark W , Jabara Cassandra B , Hazuda Daria , Lemon Stanley M , Mallal Simon , Gaudieri Silvana 
Published: May 2016

Background Use of direct-acting antiviral drugs (DAAs) that target HCV may be hampered by the rapid selection of viral strains that harbour drug resistance-associated variants (RAVs). These RAVs are often associated with a fitness cost and tend to occur on low-frequency strains within treatment-naive subjects. To address the clinical relevance of low frequency RAVs in the setting of DAAs, this study utilized a Primer ID ultra-deep sequencing approach to mitigate PCR errors and bias to accurately quantify viral sequences in subjects that failed DAA treatment. Methods Subjects were enrolled in the follow-up study P05063, and had previous treatment with boceprevir and all had detectable RAVs at virological failure (VF) based on Sanger-based population sequencing. Twelve subjects had three time points available: baseline, VF and follow-up (median 830.5 days). Viral RNA was amplified using unique primer identifiers (Primer IDs) and sequenced using 454 ultra-deep sequencing. Results The sequencing strategy used in this study improved the detection of clinically relevant low frequency strains bearing RAVs compared to population sequencing and showed that these strains can persist for up to 2 years post-treatment failure. Strains carrying multiple RAVs were common in breakthrough viruses. Putative compensatory mutations were identified. Conclusions The Primer ID ultra-deep sequencing approach identifies RAVs that can reduce drug sensitivity at levels below the detection threshold for population sequencing. The approach also removes PCR errors and biases, suggesting this sequencing strategy should become the standard approach by which to perform temporal quasispecies studies and resistance screening. ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00689390.
Grandeur et déclin des Frères musulmans égyptiens : les mutations de l’élite parlementaire frériste de Moubarak à Morsi, 2005-2012
Authors: Vannetzel Marie 
Published: May 2016

À partir d’une étude prosopographique comparative, cet article analyse les recompositions des propriétés sociales et politiques du personnel parlementaire des Frères musulmans, en amont et au cours de la situation révolutionnaire. Dans la configuration de l’ancien régime, ce personnel se caractérisait par une forte implantation dans les structures sociales et caritatives locales situées à l’articulation des réseaux étatiques, sociétaux et fréristes. Néanmoins, ces anciens acteurs – et, avec eux, la stratégie d’implantation sociale – ont fait l’objet d’une relégation partielle de la part de l’organisation islamiste au profit de nouveaux enjeux devenus prioritaires durant la période 2011-2013. L’épisode parlementaire de 2012 est ainsi interprété comme une séquence essentielle, quoique négligée, de l’ascension et de la chute des Frères musulmans. L’étude propose ce faisant une réflexion sur le caractère contraignant des normes de l’activité politique, y compris en contexte révolutionnaire.
Les mobilisations professionnelles comme mobilisations politiques : les avocats tunisiens de la « révolution » à la « transition »
Authors: Gobe Éric 
Published: May 2016

Le 14 janvier 2011, le président Ben Ali s’enfuyait de Tunisie après un mois d’insurrection populaire. Les manifestations d’avocats qui ont accompagné les mouvements protestataires de décembre 2010-janvier 2011 s’inscrivent en partie dans la continuité des mobilisations sectorielles qui les ont précédées dans la mesure où le régime autoritaire de Ben Ali en refusant d’accéder aux principales revendications professionnelles du barreau a contribué à donner aux actions collectives des avocats une forte tonalité politique. Toutefois, ces mobilisations « révolutionnaires » ne sont pas de même nature que les précédentes, car elles ont participé à un mouvement de révolte populaire et ont contribué à la désectorisation de l’espace social, avant de se déployer dans une arène politique caractérisée par une conjoncture fluide propice à la reformulation des formes de légitimité professionnelle.
Les femmes entrepreneures en Algérie : savoir, vouloir et pouvoir !
Authors: Tahir Metaiche Fatima , Bendiabdellah Abdeslam 
Published: May 2016

Cet article constitue une partie d’une large étude menée en 2010 auprès de 36 entreprises créées et gérées par des femmes à travers le territoire national. L’investigation est complétée par des interviews confirmatoires menées auprès de 5 femmes ayant déjà participé à l’enquête quantitative. À partir des observations et des renseignements qualitatifs recueillis de ces interviews, cette contribution se donne pour objectif de dresser une vue d’ensemble du profil des femmes algériennes reconnues comme entrepreneures. Précisément, il s’agit d’appréhender leur savoir-faire managérial et entrepreneurial, de mettre en lumière leur volonté de réussir, de contourner les contraintes auxquelles elles font face dans le contexte actuel et d’identifier plus généralement, les difficultés et les obstacles au développement de l’entreprenariat féminin en Algérie. Les principaux résultats qui découlent de cette étude montrent que les femmes entrepreneures possédant des qualités particulières en termes de savoir-faire entrepreneurial, sont davantage préoccupées par la réussite professionnelle, et elles ont une volonté affirmée pour faire face au quotidien aux barrières d’ordre socioéconomique notamment le besoin de formation, la carence du financement et le manque d’information. Classification JEL : L26
Le pédagogue et la mort : penser l’éducation avec Michel de Certeau
Authors: Jacomino Baptiste 
Published: May 2016

Il y a, dans l’œuvre de Michel de Certeau, des outils pour penser la place centrale qu’occupe la mort dans l’école et la relation essentielle que le pédagogue peut entretenir avec elle. Éduquer, c’est mourir, explique Certeau, parce que le maître a vocation à articuler, autour de sa propre disparition, la tradition qu’il transmet et le travail d’invention qui revient à l’élève. D’autre part, Certeau soutient que la littérature est le lieu unique où peut se dire l’innommable de la mort dans un monde qui la proscrit. Cette conception de la littérature conduit à reconsidérer l’enseignement des lettres : ses finalités, son contenu et sa forme pédagogique.
Chronique de jurisprudence : Arrêt Gazprom
Authors: de Verdelhan Hubert 
Published: May 2016

L’arrêt Gazprom, rendu par la grande chambre de la Cour de justice de l’Union européenne (ci-après la « Cour ») le 13 mai 2015, offre, pour la première fois depuis l’arrêt controversé West Tankers, des développements essentiels s’agissant de la relation entre l’arbitrage et le règlement Bruxelles I. La Cour juge que le règlement Bruxelles I ne s’oppose pas à la reconnaissance et à l’exécution, par une juridiction d’un État membre, d’une sentence arbitrale ordonnant à une partie de se soumettre à l’arbitrage. Ce jugement, d’une importance certaine pour le fonctionnement des tribunaux arbitraux, donne l’occasion à la Cour de préciser les contours de sa jurisprudence West Tankers, qui avait posé certaines limites au pouvoir des juridictions des États membres de prendre des mesures en soutien à l’arbitrage. Gazprom offre d’importantes précisions concernant tant le principe de confiance mutuelle que le principe de compétence-compétence. Reconnaissant, d’une part, que le premier de ces principes n’est pas de nature à s’appliquer aux tribunaux arbitraux, la Cour estime, d’autre part, qu’une sentence arbitrale anti-suit dénuée de sanction financière n’entraîne pas d’effets incompatibles avec le second. En outre, elle rejette toute primauté des règles du règlement Bruxelles I sur celles de la Convention de New York, s’agissant de la reconnaissance des sentences arbitrales. Ce faisant, la Cour réaffirme une certaine séparation entre le règlement Bruxelles I et l’arbitrage, en limitant l’ingérence du premier dans la pratique des tribunaux arbitraux.
Fast descent routes from within or near the stratosphere to the surface at Fukuoka, Japan, studied using 7Be measurements and trajectory calculations
Authors: Itoh Hisanori , Narazaki Yukinori 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. By using high concentrations of 7Be as an indicator, we clarify fast descent routes from within or near the stratosphere to Earth's surface, with the study site being in Fukuoka, Japan. Most routes arise from high latitudes through the following processes. First, the descent associated with a tropopause fold occurs, followed by southward movement with slow descent at the rear side of a strong trough. Because this motion occurs along an isentropic surface, the descending air parcels nearly conserve the potential temperature. As an extension, a strong descent associated with a sharp drop in the isentropic-surface height occurs at the southern edge of the trough; this transports air parcels to low altitudes. This process involves irreversible phenomena such as filamentation and cutoff of potential vorticity. Finally, upon meeting appropriate near-surface disturbances, parcels at low altitudes are transported to Earth's surface.In some cases, parcels descend within midlatitudes. In such routes, because the potential temperature is much higher at high altitudes than at low altitudes, descent with conservation of the potential temperature is impossible, and the potential temperature decreases along the trajectories through mixing.The prevalence of the high-latitude route is explained as follows. In the midlatitude route, because parcels at high and relatively low altitudes mix, the high concentrations of 7Be included in high-altitude parcels are difficult to maintain. Therefore, for parcels to arrive at low altitudes in the midlatitude while maintaining high concentrations of 7Be, i.e., conserving the potential temperature, their area of origin should be high altitudes in high latitudes where the potential temperature is almost the same as that in the arrival area.In spring, tropopause folds are frequent in high latitudes, disturbances in the southward transport of parcels are strong, and disturbances occur by which parcels descend to the surface. Therefore, high concentrations of 7Be occur most frequently in spring.