bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dilution of Cigarette Smoke through Ventilation of Filters
Authors: Selke W. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA graphical method is presented showing the inter-relationship of the air flow resistance of the cigarette, itself, and that of the ventilation in the filter tips in determining the dilution produced by that ventilation. The method was checked by direct, steady-state measurements of dilution of unlit cigarettes to which a resistance was added simulating the resistance of the burning coal.
The Determination of Dithiocarbamate Residues in Tobacco: Results of Joint Experiments Carried out Between 1976 and 1978 by CORESTA Pesticide Sub-Group
Authors: Ayers C.W. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The CORESTA Pesticide Sub-Group has examined various methods for the determination of dithiocarbamate residues in tobacco. As a result of this work the method described in this paper is recommended.
Identification of Dyes in Paper for Tobacco Products with Particular Consideration of Humic Acid/Identifizierung von Farbstoffen bei Papieren für Tabakerzeugnisse unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Huminsäure
Authors: Jodl R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
After a brief look at the food law situation, the particular problems of the presence of humic acid in paper are dealt with. Origin and significance as well as physical and chemical properties of humic acid are described. The principle of the method of analysis is that the dyes transferred from the paper to an aqueous solution are freed of humic acid by acidification and extracted from the centrifugate, using isoamyl alcohol. The concentrated aqueous eluate from the amyl alcohol is examined paper chromatographically. The Rf figures for the dyes after their said preparation are quoted and the analytical procedure explained by means of examples.
Composition Studies on some Varieties of Tobacco and their Smoke: I. Major Components in Smoke Condensate
Authors: Matsushima Sanji , lshiguro Shigeo , Sugawara Shiro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The relative proportions of the major smoke components and N-containing components in the semi-volatile phase and the non-volatile phase from some varieties of tobacco, i.e. flue-cured, Burley and Turkish tobacco, were determined. In flue-cured tobacco smoke, 2-furfural, 5-methylfurfural, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and other carbohydrate pyrolysates, catechols and organic acids were present in higher concentrations than in the smoke from the other tobaccos. In Burley tobacco smoke, myosmine was present in much higher concentration than in the smoke from the other tobaccos. In Turkish tobacco smoke, glycerol and β-methylvaleric acid were both present in much higher concentrations.
Quantitative Determination of Naphthalenes in Tobacco Smoke by Gas Chromatography
Authors: Arrendale R. F. , Severson R. F. , Snook M. E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOur previously developed method for the determination of three-ring and larger polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (P AH) of cigarette smoke was modified to allow quantitative determination of the more volatile P AH. Recovery tests with 14C-naphthalene showed that this smoke P AH was being lost to a large extent during the usual solvent evaporation steps. Special solvent removal techniques, using very efficient distillation equipment, were developed and tested to quantitatively recover the naphthalenes. The gas chromatographic profile for the volatile P AH, including naphthalenes, fluorenes, and related compounds, is discussed in relation to the modified procedure. Quantitative values for some of the PAH of cigarette smoke are given. The developed solvent removal and concentration techniques should be most applicable to the analysis of environmental samples containing volatile compounds.
Effects Attributed to Maleic Hydrazide when used for Chemical Sucker Control on Bright Tobacco
Authors: Seltmann Heinz 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effect of maleic hydrazide (MH) per se on bright tobacco was determined by comparing plants treated with MH to those without MH under conditions of good chemical sucker control. Sequential applications of each of five contact-type agents with MH one week later (Group I) were compared to dual applications of each of the same contact agents (Group II). In Group II suckers missed during applications were individually wetted to ensure excellent control. Sucker control was measured as 95 % for Group I and assumed to be 99 % for Group II. There were no agronomic differences between Groups I and II. In the visual warehouse appraisal, there was only a statistical difference for thin-bodied tobaccos between the two groups and a trend for slightly more heavy-bodied tobaccos in Group I. The chemical and physical analyses showed that filling value at 13 % moisture and equilibrium moisture content (EMC) measured at 60 % relative humidity were significantly lower in Group I than Group II. The result for EMC was questioned. Actual values for total alkaloids, total volatile bases minus nicotine, total ash, and alkalinity number of water-soluble ash were lower and reducing sugars were higher where MH was used. Except for EMC, the findings in this study reflected those established in studies where MH-treated and normally hand-suckered tobaccos were compared, but the differences here were generally not as great.
Transfer of Organochlorine Pesticide Residues into Cigarette Smoke as a Function of Tobacco Blends and Filter Types
Authors: Ceschini P. , Chauchaix R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe transfer during smoking of pesticides contained in tobacco into the smoke and the filter of cigarettes was investigated. The overall transfer into the mainstream smoke was 17 %. It was found to be independent of the type of the tobacco blend (American, Maryland, Virginia and Oriental). The pesticide retention of the following four filters was investigated: cellulose filter, cellulose acetate filter with low and high pressure drop, and a charcoal filter, characterized by nicotine retentions of 38 %, 27 %, 48 % and 54 %, respectively. The corresponding pesticide retentions found were 40 %, 21 %, 39 % and 38 %, i.e. lower than the nicotine retention in the cellulose acetate, and significantly lower in the charcoal filter. A 3 % degradation of p,p'-DDT and o,p'-DDT contained in tobacco to p,p'-DDE and o,p'-DDE respectively, was also observed. The pesticides initially contained in the tobacco part of the cigarette butt decreased during smoking. This appears to be the result of some initial condensation of substances carried through by the smoke stream (as indicated by the presence of pesticide degradation products), followed by strong desorption during the very last puffs.
Cigarette Smoke Formation Studies: VI. The Carbon Contribution to Total Smoke from Each Individual Component in the 1R1-Type Cigarette
Authors: Jenkins R. W. , Chavis M. K. , Bass R. T. , Osdene T. S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractShown for the first time is the contribution of carbon into each smoke phase from each ingredient in the 1R1-type cigarette. In many cases, the actual percentage contribution is greatly different from the theoretical contribution assumed correct for many years. The bright lamina is a larger carbon contributor to mainstream total particulate matter (MS-TPM) than expected and the bright stem contributes considerably less. These data imply that Burley tobacco contributes more than the expected amounts of carbon to those smoke components which are more easily condensable, as compared to bright tobacco, which contributes more than expected to the non-volatile particulate phase and less to the condensable phase. The cigarette paper was shown to contribute a disproportionate share of carbon to the side-stream total particulate matter (SS-TPM). Glycerol was shown to contribute heavily to the MS-TPM, in keeping with what would be expected for distillable materials.
The Effect of Moisture on the Growth of Cigarette Smoke Particles
Authors: Ishizu Y. , Ohta K. , Okada T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effect of water vapour on the growth of cigarette smoke particles was investigated by a light-scattering method which can measure the particle size distribution and the refractive index. The particle growth, below 90 % relative humidity, was less than 10 % for both main and side-stream smoke. The results were discussed with equations derived from the weight changes of smoke condensate in moist air, and with the changes of the refractive index. Calculations showed that the cigarette smoke particle reaches equilibrium very quickly and that it doubles its radius at about 99.5 % relative humidity.
Measurements of Low Concentrations of Carbonyl Sulfide
Authors: Kamstrup Ole , Hugod Carl , Larsen Elfinn 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThree methods are described for measuring carbonyl sulfide at low concentration levels (1-120 ppm): mass spectrometry (MS), gas chromatography with an electron capture detector (GC/ECD) and measurements by a Beckman carbon monoxide infra-red analyser (B-CO). When the results obtained by mass spectrometry were used as reference values the two other methods gave linear responses. The practical applicability for gas chromatography with an electron capture detector for measurements of the carbonyl sulfide content of mainstream and sidestream cigarette smoke is demonstrated. The values obtained revealed an approximately eight times higher concentration of carbonyl sulfide in mainstream than in sidestream cigarette smoke.
Hormonal Effects on the Biosynthesis of Tobacco RuBPCase in vitro
Authors: Kung S.D. , Rhodes P.R. , Schaeffer G.W. , Tso T.C. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract1. The three genotypes, Su/Su, Su/su, su/su, of John Williams Broadleaf tobacco (N. tabacum) grew equally well on Murashige-Skoog medium. On a fresh weight basis, the heterozygous (Su/su) yellow mutant and the homozygous (su/su) wild type plants contain similar amounts of RuBPCase and Fraction II protein in roughly equal proportions, but with a somewhat reduced amount of 70S and 80S free ribosomes. The homozygous albino (Su/Su) plants contain appreciable amounts of RuBPCase and free 70S ribosomes, although the chlorophyll levels are extremely low. In the case of the yellow and albino forms, there appears to be no correlation between RuBPCase and chlorophyll content.`2. When equal concentrations (1 mg/l) of kinetin and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), or kinetin alone, were added to the medium, a drastic reduction of RuBPCase and disappearance of free 70S ribosomes were observed in the yellow mutant and wild type plants, whereas the effect on the albino plants was not significant.
Effects of Nitrogen and Potassium on Certain Agronomic and Chemical Characteristics of Samsun Tobacco In Greece
Authors: Mylonas V. A. , Athanasiadis V. N. , Sidiropoulos I. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractField experiments were conducted in 1973-1975 at Katerini, Greece, to determine the effects of nitrogen and potassium fertilization rates on the yield, value and chemical composition of Samsun tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L. (cv. Samsun 53)) leaves. Nitrogen was applied at rates of 20, 40, 60 and 80 kg/ha and potassium at rates of 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg/ha. Leaf yield increased significantly as applied nitrogen increased from 20 to 40 kg/ha, whereas further increase of nitrogen to 60 or to 80 kg/ha resulted in an insignificant increase in leaf yield. There was a tendency for value/ha of tobacco to increase as nitrogen rate increased from 20 to 40 kg/ha. A further increase of nitrogen to 60 and 80 kg/ha tended to decrease the value of tobacco. Generally, burning capacity and percentage of total alkaloids, total nitrogen, calcium and magnesium increased significantly as applied nitrogen increased. Percentage leaf potassium tended to increase as rate of nitrogen increased. Leaf yield and value/ha tended to increase as applied potassium increased from 30 to 60 kg/ha, beyond which no further increase occurred. Burning capacity and concentration of leaf potassium tended to increase, whereas the percentage of total alkaloids and magnesium tended to decrease as the rate of potassium increased. Concentrations of nitrogen and calcium were not affected by potassium rates. Generally, for production of a good yield and quality of Samsun tobacco in soils similar to that of Katerini, Greece, the rate of applied nitrogen should be higher than 20 kg/ha but lower than 60 kg/ha, while the rate of applied potassium should be above 30 kg/ha and up to 90 kg/ha.
The Effect of Water Supply on the Growth of lzmir, Palotina and Amarelinho Tobaccos
Authors: Comber R. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The Oriental tobacco variety Izmir has been grown in sand culture in a greenhouse under various degrees of water stress. Plants given 400 cm3 of water (or nutrient solution) twice a week produced leaves of approximately the same size as field-grown Izmir tobacco, but they were somewhat taller. Plants given 25 cm3 or less of water twice a week died, and those given more than 400 cm3 of water twice a week grew larger than field-grown Izmir tobacco. At 49 days after transplanting, the total leaf area per plant was approximately proportional to the amount of water supplied, at least in the range 100-1600 cm3. In a second water stress experiment, the growth patterns of the varieties Amarelinho and Palotina, which are not normally grown in conditions of water stress, were found to be different from that of Izmir. Izmir was more tolerant of water stress than the other two varieties, in that complete (but small) plants developed in a shorter time.
Particle Size Studies on Tobacco Smoke
Authors: Keith C. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo evaluate the effects of dilution and filtration on the particle size of tobacco smoke, a cyanoacrylate fixation technique has been applied directly to smoke issuing from a cigarette. This fresh, undiluted smoke has appreciable numbers of particles with diameters less than 0.1 and relatively few particles with diameters greater than 0.5 micrometer. For a middle puff on an unfiltered tobacco cigarette, the median and mass median diameters are 0.20 and 0.32 micrometer. The experimental method involves the injection of cyanoacrylate vapor directly into the issuing smoke stream, collecting a sample of fixed particles on a membrane filter, and the use of image analysis to separate, size and count individual particles. Aging of undiluted smoke for up to 1.4 seconds essentially doubles the number and mass median diameters and decreases the particulate concentration in line with coagulation theory. Different puffs on unfiltered cigarettes have little effect on the size distribution and particulate concentration. Addition of a filter removes both larger and smaller particles, and tends to skew the distribution to smaller sizes. The reduction in particulate concentration in filtered smoke is as expected from nicotine removal efficiencies. Filter dilution tends to skew the size distribution to larger sizes, while tobacco column dilution has no great effect. Particulate concentration correlates well with overall dilution levels.
Leaf Proteins and Chemical Constituents in Tobacco Chlorophyll Genotypes
Authors: Sheen S. J. , Lowe R. H. , Burton H. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBright and Burley tobacco breeding lines carrying the chlorophyll-deficiency genes Py and yg were compared with the corresponding normal genotypes and dark fire-cured and Maryland tobacco types during the growing season for the quantity of proteins and chemical constituents affecting the quality of homogenized cured leaves. Varietal difference in soluble leaf protein content was not observed in the immature plant stage but became evident upon approach to leaf maturation. Fraction I protein (F I protein) accumulated to a maximum level of about 130 mg / g dry weight in all tobaccos analysed before topping. The greatest quantity of Fraction II protein (F II protein), ranging from 100 to 160 mg / g dry weight, occurred one to two weeks after maximum F I protein accumulation. F I protein concentration decreased at a faster rate than F II protein during leaf maturation and senescence. Among the chlorophyll genotypes, Ky14 and Burley 21-yg had the highest amounts of soluble leaf proteins and the lowest levels of plastid pigments and/or chlorogenic acid. These characteristics are desirable for the homogenized leaf curing (HLC) process, which yields smoking material as a main product and heat-denatured protein as a by-product. The present results also suggest that tobacco can be grown for the production of both water-soluble and insoluble proteins as main products and deproteinized fibers as a by-product. In this regard, protein production would be affected by the yield of leaf biomass since the concentrations of soluble and insoluble proteins were similar in plants of the different tobacco types and chlorophyll genotypes under comparison.
Migration and Delivery of Filter Flavours
Authors: Mathis D.E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe migration and delivery of filter flavour agents were studied by dissolving 10 model flavour compounds in triacetin at 10 mg/ml each and fabricating cigarettes with flavoured filter tips. The concentrations of these compounds in filters, tobacco, and smoke particulates collected on Cambridge filters were determined by capillary column gas chromatography initially and after 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 weeks. Flavour migration was found to obey first-order kinetics, with the rate constant being determined by the volatility of the flavour compound dissolved in the plasticized filter. Delivery of flavour compounds decreased with time at a greater rate than could be explained by flavour migration. A high correlation between the solubility characteristics of the flavour and its rate of delivery efficiency loss lead to the proposed explanation that flavour compounds diffuse into the cellulose acetate fibers with time and become less accessible for elution into the smoke aerosol. Model compounds with poor solubilities in plasticized cellulose acetate remain near the surface of the fibers where they are readily eluted into the mainstream smoke and, consequently, exhibit smaller delivery efficiency losses with time. Ventilation was observed to initially increase the ratio of flavour to TPM delivery, but this advantage was lost as the cigarette aged.
Determination of the Antioxidant Properties of Tobacco Smoke by Cytochrome C
Authors: M. Neri 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe reduction of cytochrome c was taken as an index of the antioxidant activity of the whole smoke and the vapour phase. The method developed consists in the determination of the antioxidant activity in smoke by spectrophotometric and potentiometric determinations. Cigarette smoke was placed in direct contact with the buffer solution of the cytochrome c, thus avoiding the collection and extraction necessitated by other systems. The antioxidant activity of smoke was determined by spectrophotometric analysis as a function of thee variation in the absorption value of 550 nm caused by the reduced cytochrome, while the potentiometric analysis determines the rapid decrease in the reduction potential. The data obtained by these two methods corresponded perfectly with each other and they also showed that the above methods were reliable as an index of the antioxidant activity of smoke. Reduction of cytochrome in the smoke of ventilated cigarettes shows a difference in the vapour phase and not in the whole smoke.
Physical Properties of Tobacco Smoke Particles Produced under Different Conditions
Authors: Ishizu Y. , Ohta K. , Tomita H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSmall samples of tobacco powder, prepared by grinding the dried tobacco leaves, were heated in a micro-thermo-balance in different atmospheres and at different heating rates. The size distribution and the mass concentration of the smoke particles produced were measured simultaneously with a laser particle counter and a piezo balance mass monitor. In addition, the change of weight loss with time was also measured during each experiment. It was found that a larger amount of smoke particles was produced when tobacco was heated in the atmosphere of inert gas and/or at higher heating rates. Furthermore, comparison of measured and calculated size distributions showed that the particle size distribution was governed mainly by coagulation.
The Effect of Tip Dilution on the Filtration Efficiency of Upstream and Downstream Segments of Cigarette Filters
Authors: Norman V. , Ihrig A. M. , Shoffner R. A. , Ireland M. S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The amount of particulate matter captured by the upstream and downstream segments of ventilated filters was directly determined by a UV method. With 25 mm 3.3 dpf/35000 total denier filters the dry particulate matter efficiency of the upstream section approximately doubled and the nicotine efficiency increased by about a half in going from 0 to 70 % tip ventilation. The efficiency of the downstream segment showed only minor variations. This resulted in an increase of total filtration efficiency from 48 % to 63 % for dry particulate matter and from 40 % to 49 % for nicotine. The dry particulate matter/nicotine ratio decreased from about 15 for non-ventilated cigarettes to less than 10 at 70 % tip ventilation because the tobacco column produced smoke containing relatively more nicotine and the difference between dry particulate matter and nicotine filtration efficiencies became successively larger as ventilation increased.
The Application of Capillary Gas Chromatography to the Analyses of Acidic Constituents of Tobacco Leaf and Smoke
Authors: Arrendale R. F. , Severson R. F. , Chortyk O. T. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Extensive details are presented for the laboratory preparation of specific glass capillary columns for the gas chromatographic analysis of various phenolic and acidic compounds of leaf and smoke. The chromatography of derivatized and underivatized mono- and dihydroxybenzenes, volatile acids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids is evaluated on both Pyrex glass and fused silica columns prepared by our methodology. The stability, efficiency, and low surface activity of columns prepared from different liquid stationary phases (SE-54, Superox-4, SP-1000, Silar 10C) are illustrated by numerous separations.
Effect of Cigarette Circumference on Weight Loss during Puffs and Total Delivery of Tar and Nicotine
Authors: Yamamoto T. , Anzai U. , Okada T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUsing cigarettes of different circumference but a constant packing density, the weight loss during a puff, Wp, and the total deliveries of tar and nicotine were measured. The results obtained can be summarized as follows: the puff count, n, and the weight loss during a puff, Wp, were nearly proportional to the radius of the cigarette. The total deliveries of tar and nicotine were closely proportional to the weight loss during puffs. Based on these results the following equations were derived:for tar:for nicotine:whereTNW = weight of tobacco column,L = length of tobacco column,nllµµKFrom these equations, the amount of tar and nicotine in mainstream smoke can easily be estimated.