bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multisensory Integration Uses a Real-Time Unisensory–Multisensory Transform
Authors: Miller Ryan L. , Stein Barry E. , Rowland Benjamin A. 
Published: April 2017

The manner in which the brain integrates different sensory inputs to facilitate perception and behavior has been the subject of numerous speculations. By examining multisensory neurons in cat superior colliculus, the present study demonstrated that two operational principles are sufficient to understand how this remarkable result is achieved: (1) unisensory signals are integrated continuously and in real time as soon as they arrive at their common target neuron and (2) the resultant multisensory computation is modified in shape and timing by a delayed, calibrating inhibition. These principles were tested for descriptive sufficiency by embedding them in a neurocomputational model and using it to predict a neuron's moment-by-moment multisensory response given only knowledge of its responses to the individual modality-specific component cues. The predictions proved to be highly accurate, reliable, and unbiased and were, in most cases, not statistically distinguishable from the neuron's actual instantaneous multisensory response at any phase throughout its entire duration. The model was also able to explain why different multisensory products are often observed in different neurons at different time points, as well as the higher-order properties of multisensory integration, such as the dependency of multisensory products on the temporal alignment of crossmodal cues. These observations not only reveal this fundamental integrative operation, but also identify quantitatively the multisensory transform used by each neuron. As a result, they provide a means of comparing the integrative profiles among neurons and evaluating how they are affected by changes in intrinsic or extrinsic factors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTMultisensory integration is the process by which the brain combines information from multiple sensory sources (e.g., vision and audition) to maximize an organism's ability to identify and respond to environmental stimuli. The actual transformative process by which the neural products of multisensory integration are achieved is poorly understood. By focusing on the millisecond-by-millisecond differences between a neuron's unisensory component responses and its integrated multisensory response, it was found that this multisensory transform can be described by two basic principles: unisensory information is integrated in real time and the multisensory response is shaped by calibrating inhibition. It is now possible to use these principles to predict a neuron's multisensory response accurately armed only with knowledge of its unisensory responses.
Spatial Attention, Motor Intention, and Bayesian Cue Predictability in the Human Brain
Authors: Kuhns Anna B. , Dombert Pascasie L. , Mengotti Paola , Fink Gereon R. , Vossel Simone 
Published: April 2017

Predictions about upcoming events influence how we perceive and respond to our environment. There is increasing evidence that predictions may be generated based upon previous observations following Bayesian principles, but little is known about the underlying cortical mechanisms and their specificity for different cognitive subsystems. The present study aimed at identifying common and distinct neural signatures of predictive processing in the spatial attentional and motor intentional system. Twenty-three female and male healthy human volunteers performed two probabilistic cueing tasks with either spatial or motor cues while lying in the fMRI scanner. In these tasks, the percentage of cue validity changed unpredictably over time. Trialwise estimates of cue predictability were derived from a Bayesian observer model of behavioral responses. These estimates were included as parametric regressors for analyzing the BOLD time series. Parametric effects of cue predictability in valid and invalid trials were considered to reflect belief updating by precision-weighted prediction errors. The brain areas exhibiting predictability-dependent effects dissociated between the spatial attention and motor intention task, with the right temporoparietal cortex being involved during spatial attention and the left angular gyrus and anterior cingulate cortex during motor intention. Connectivity analyses revealed that all three areas showed predictability-dependent coupling with the right hippocampus. These results suggest that precision-weighted prediction errors of stimulus locations and motor responses are encoded in distinct brain regions, but that crosstalk with the hippocampus may be necessary to integrate new trialwise outcomes in both cognitive systems.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe brain is able to infer the environments' statistical structure and responds strongly to expectancy violations. In the spatial attentional domain, it has been shown that parts of the attentional networks are sensitive to the predictability of stimuli. It remains unknown, however, whether these effects are ubiquitous or if they are specific for different cognitive systems. The present study compared the influence of model-derived cue predictability on brain activity in the spatial attentional and motor intentional system. We identified areas with distinct predictability-dependent activation for spatial attention and motor intention, but also common connectivity changes of these regions with the hippocampus. These findings provide novel insights into the generality and specificity of predictive processing signatures in the human brain.
Heart Failure and Multimorbidity in Australian General Practice
Authors: Taylor Clare J. , Harrison Christopher , Britt Helena , Miller Graeme , Hobbs FD Richard 
Published: April 2017

Background Heart failure (HF) is a serious condition that mostly affects older people. Despite the ageing population experiencing an increased prevalence of many chronic conditions, current guidelines focus on isolated management of HF. Objective To describe the burden of multimorbidity in patients with HF being managed in general practice in Australia. Design Data from the Bettering the Evaluation And Care of Health (BEACH) programme were used to determine (i) the prevalence of HF, (ii) the number of co-existing long-term conditions, and (iii) the most common disease combinations in patients with HF. The study was undertaken over fifteen, 5-week recording periods between November 2012 and March 2016. Results The dataset included a total of 25,790 general practitioner (GP) encounters with patients aged ≥45 years, collected by 1,445 GPs. HF had been diagnosed in 1,119 of these patients, a prevalence of 4.34% (95% confidence interval [CI] 3.99–4.68) among patients at GP encounters, and 2.08% (95% CI 1.87–2.29) when applied to the general Australian population overall. HF rarely occurred in isolation, with 99.1% of patients having at least one and 53.4% having six or more other chronic illnesses. The most common pair of comorbidities among active patients with HF was hypertension and osteoarthritis (43.4%). Conclusion Overall, one in every 20–25 GP encounters with patients aged ≥45 years in Australia is with a patient with HF. Multimorbidity is a typical presentation among this patient group and guidelines for general practice must take this into account.
Genetic Architecture of a Rice Nested Association Mapping Population
Authors: Fragoso Christopher A , Moreno Maria , Wang Zuoheng , Heffelfinger Christopher , Arbelaez Lady J , Aguirre John A , Franco Natalia , Romero Luz E , Labadie Karine , Zhao Hongyu , Dellaporta Stephen L , Lorieux Mathias 
Published: April 2017

AbstractDescribing the genetic diversity in the gene pool of crops will provide breeders with novel resources for varietal improvement. Nested Association Mapping (NAM) populations are uniquely suited for characterizing parental diversity through the shuffling and fixation of parental haplotypes. Here, we describe a set of 1879 rice NAM lines created through the selfing and single-seed descent of F1 hybrids derived from elite IR64 indica crossed with 10 diverse tropical japonica lines. Genotyping data indicated tropical japonica alleles were captured at every queried locus despite the presence of segregation distortion factors. Several distortion loci were mapped, both shared and unique, among the 10 populations. Using two-point and multi-point genetic map calculations, our datasets achieved the ∼1500 cM expected map size in rice. Finally, we highlighted the utility of the NAM lines for QTL mapping, including joint analysis across the 10 populations, by confirming known QTL locations for the trait days to heading.
Evolutionary Conservation and Emerging Functional Diversity of the Cytosolic Hsp70:J Protein Chaperone Network of Arabidopsis thaliana
Authors: Verma Amit K , Diwan Danish , Raut Sandeep , Dobriyal Neha , Brown Rebecca E , Gowda Vinita , Hines Justin K , Sahi Chandan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Heat shock proteins of 70 kDa (Hsp70s) partner with structurally diverse Hsp40s (J proteins), generating distinct chaperone networks in various cellular compartments that perform myriad housekeeping and stress-associated functions in all organisms. Plants, being sessile, need to constantly maintain their cellular proteostasis in response to external environmental cues. In these situations, the Hsp70:J protein machines may play an important role in fine-tuning cellular protein quality control. Although ubiquitous, the functional specificity and complexity of the plant Hsp70:J protein network has not been studied. Here, we analyzed the J protein network in the cytosol of Arabidopsis thaliana and, using yeast genetics, show that the functional specificities of most plant J proteins in fundamental chaperone functions are conserved across long evolutionary timescales. Detailed phylogenetic and functional analysis revealed that increased number, regulatory differences, and neofunctionalization in J proteins together contribute to the emerging functional diversity and complexity in the Hsp70:J protein network in higher plants. Based on the data presented, we propose that higher plants have orchestrated their “chaperome,” especially their J protein complement, according to their specialized cellular and physiological stipulations.
Identification of Ceruloplasmin as a Gene that Affects Susceptibility to Glomerulonephritis Through Macrophage Function
Authors: Chen Tai-Di , Rotival Maxime , Chiu Ling-Yin , Bagnati Marta , Ko Jeong-Hun , Srivastava Prashant K , Petretto Enrico , Pusey Charles D , Lai Ping-Chin , Aitman Timothy J , Cook H Terence , Behmoaras Jacques 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCrescentic glomerulonephritis (Crgn) is a complex disorder where macrophage activity and infiltration are significant effector causes. In previous linkage studies using the uniquely susceptible Wistar Kyoto (WKY) rat strain, we have identified multiple crescentic glomerulonephritis QTL (Crgn) and positionally cloned genes underlying Crgn1 and Crgn2, which accounted for 40% of total variance in glomerular inflammation. Here, we have generated a backcross (BC) population (n = 166) where Crgn1 and Crgn2 were genetically fixed and found significant linkage to glomerular crescents on chromosome 2 (Crgn8, LOD = 3.8). Fine mapping analysis by integration with genome-wide expression QTLs (eQTLs) from the same BC population identified ceruloplasmin (Cp) as a positional eQTL in macrophages but not in serum. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry confirmed Cp as a protein QTL in rat macrophages. WKY macrophages overexpress Cp and its downregulation by RNA interference decreases markers of glomerular proinflammatory macrophage activation. Similarly, short incubation with Cp results in a strain-dependent macrophage polarization in the rat. These results suggest that genetically determined Cp levels can alter susceptibility to Crgn through macrophage function and propose a new role for Cp in early macrophage activation.
Experimental Evolution Reveals Favored Adaptive Routes to Cell Aggregation in Yeast
Authors: Hope Elyse A , Amorosi Clara J , Miller Aaron W , Dang Kolena , Heil Caiti Smukowski , Dunham Maitreya J 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Yeast flocculation is a community-building cell aggregation trait that is an important mechanism of stress resistance and a useful phenotype for brewers; however, it is also a nuisance in many industrial processes, in clinical settings, and in the laboratory. Chemostat-based evolution experiments are impaired by inadvertent selection for aggregation, which we observe in 35% of populations. These populations provide a testing ground for understanding the breadth of genetic mechanisms Saccharomyces cerevisiae uses to flocculate, and which of those mechanisms provide the biggest adaptive advantages. In this study, we employed experimental evolution as a tool to ask whether one or many routes to flocculation are favored, and to engineer a strain with reduced flocculation potential. Using a combination of whole genome sequencing and bulk segregant analysis, we identified causal mutations in 23 independent clones that had evolved cell aggregation during hundreds of generations of chemostat growth. In 12 of those clones, we identified a transposable element insertion in the promoter region of known flocculation gene FLO1, and, in an additional five clones, we recovered loss-of-function mutations in transcriptional repressor TUP1, which regulates FLO1 and other related genes. Other causal mutations were found in genes that have not been previously connected to flocculation. Evolving a flo1 deletion strain revealed that this single deletion reduces flocculation occurrences to 3%, and demonstrated the efficacy of using experimental evolution as a tool to identify and eliminate the primary adaptive routes for undesirable traits.
Current Workforce of Pediatric Subspecialists in the United States
Authors: Freed Gary L. , Moran Lauren M. , Van Kenton D. , Leslie Laurel K. ,   on behalf of the Research Advisory Committee of the American Board of Pediatrics
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND:
Concerns exist regarding the adequacy of the pediatric subspecialty workforce in the United States. Data on practice patterns and job characteristics are necessary to help develop policies to ensure availability.

METHODS:
We performed survey data analysis of all pediatric subspecialists enrolled in Maintenance of Certification in 2013 and 2014, assessing demographic information, characteristics of current positions, plans for retirement, and satisfaction with allocation of professional and clinical responsibilities. Four logistic regression models examined the independent association of demographic variables collected along with variables of practice ownership and academic appointment with the outcome variables of pediatric subspecialists reporting match of desired with current actual professional duties, match of desired with current actual clinical responsibilities, current part-time employment, and expected age of retirement &lt;65 years of age.

RESULTS:
Data from 5100 subspecialists were analyzed (response rate 87.2%). Most (83%; N = 4251) reported their current allocation of professional time was what they desired in their current position; similarly, 93% (N = 4755) reported likewise for clinical responsibilities. Differences by gender and years in subspecialty were evident, with women much more likely to work part time than men (odds ratio 6.22); those &gt;20 years in practice were less likely to retire before the age of 65 compared with those &lt;10 years in practice (odds ratio 0.33).

CONCLUSIONS:
This study is the largest to date of practicing pediatric subspecialists. Variation in work patterns found between genders, with time in practice, and between subspecialties suggests that future research should focus on these issues.
Polinización por abejas en Syagrus orinocensis (Arecaceae) en la Orinoquia colombiana
Authors: Nuñez Avellaneda Luis Alberto , Carreño Javier Isnardo 
Published: April 2017

La ecología de la polinización de Syagrus orinocensis fue estudiada durante tres períodos reproductivos, en un bosque de piedemonte en Casanare, Orinoquia colombiana. Syagrus orinocensis crece hasta 10m., produce de una a cuatro inflorescencias bisexuales aunque ocasionalmente son unisexuales. Las bisexuales presentan flores estaminadas y pistiladas agrupadas en tríadas, y las unisexuales llevan sólo estaminadas en díadas. Las inflorescencias protándricas abren de día, y permanecieron activas 26 días; la fase masculina se extendió los primeros 15 días, siguió una fase inactiva por 8 días, y finalmente, la fase pistilada por tres días. Las inflorescencias fueron visitadas por 43 especies de insectos de los ordenes Coleoptera, Hymenoptera y Diptera. Los insectos visitaron las inflorescencias en fase masculina, donde buscaban polen y lugares para reproducirse, mientras que en la fase femenina buscaban néctar. Los polinizadores más efectivos fueron abejas meliponinas (Apidae, Meliponini), que transfirieron adherido a su cuerpo el 83 % del polen. La presencia, constancia y eficiencia de abejas durante el estudio son evidencia sólida de melitofilia en palmas. Este caso de melitofilia permitió proponer los criterios para redefinir este tipo de polinización en palmas silvestres neotropicales.
Evaluación comportamental del trasplante de hMSC-GFP+ en un modelo experimental de hemiparkinson en rata Wistar
Authors: Arzuza Jéssica Paola Alcázar , Bayona Arciniegas Andrea Julieth , De Los Reyes Lina María , Francis Turner Liliana 
Published: April 2017

Se evaluó el efecto del trasplante de hMSC-GFP+ en un modelo experimental de Enfermedad de Parkinson (EP) en 27 ratas Wistar con tres grupos experimentales: control: animales sin cirugía, (CON n=7), lesionado: animales lesionados intracerebralmente con 6-OHDA a nivel de SNpc (LES n=10) y trasplantado: animales LES con trasplante de hMSC-GFP+ intraestriatalmente (LES-T n=10). Con el fin de evaluar la influencia del trasplante en el comportamiento motor, un mes después de la lesión, se desarrolló una batería comportamental compuesta por Test Neurológico (compuesto también por Pole Test y Test de Barra transversal, además, de inmunofluorescencia para células de SNpc con TH). Utilizando el test de Anova, se demostró una disminución en el número de giros en animales trasplantados (p=0.005), así como en el test neurológico (p=0,0004) y en el Test de barra transversal, que colocan a este grupo en una posición intermedia con respecto a LES y CON. Existe una posible recuperación de la vía nigroestriatal mediada por el trasplante de hMSC-GFP+.
Solution and type curves for the seepage model of the water-bearing coalbed with leakage recharge
Authors: Chen Wangang , Yang Yu , Sun Hansen , Zhang Chengwei , Wen Qin , Li Yanyan 
Published: April 2017

To analyze the effects of the leakage recharge of the aquifer on the initial dewatering of coalbed methane wells, the mathematical seepage model of water in the coalbed considering the aquifer leakage was established by using the leakage coefficient according to the unsteady seepage theory. The model was solved after Laplace transform and the Stehfest numerical reverse inversion was used to obtain the solution in right space. Then, the log-log type curves of pressure and pressure derivative were created with new combinations of parameters. Based on the natural seepage mechanism, the influence of aquifer leakage on curve shape was judged. It is found that the radial flow ends earlier as the leakage coefficient increases. Moreover, it was proposed to obtain reservoir permeability, skin factor, and leakage coefficient by using type curve matching. The type curves are useful for quantitatively evaluating the level of leakage, thereby guiding the adjustment of the following production system for CBM wells. Curvas de solución y tipo para el modelo de filtración de capas carboníferas acuíferas con recarga de fugasResumenEste estudio estableció el modelo matemático de filtración de agua en una capa carbonífera al estimar la salida acuífera con el uso del coeficiente de fuga, de acuerdo con la teoría de filtración inestable, para analizar los efectos en la recarga de pérdida de fluidos de un acuífero en el drenado inicial para pozos de gas metano. El modelo se resolvió tras usar la transformación Laplace y la inversión numérica Stehfest para encontrar la respuesta en el lugar indicado. Luego, se creó la representación algorítmica de la presión y la presión derivativa con nuevas combinaciones de parámetros. Se evaluó la influencia de la pérdida de fluido del acuífero en la forma de la curva con base al mecanismo físico de filtración. Se estableció que el flujo radial finaliza antes de que el coeficiente de pérdida de fluido se incremente. Además, se propone el uso de la curva tipo correspondiente para obtener la permeabilidad del reservorio, el factor de daño y el coeficiente de pérdida de fluido. Las curvas tipo son útiles para evaluar cuantitativamente el nivel de la pérdida de fluido, y de esta manera guiar el ajuste de un sistema de producción consecuente para pozos de gas metano de carbón.
Ambientalização curricular no ensino superior: formação e sustentabilidade nos cursos de graduação
Authors: Rotta Mariza , Batistela Airton Carlos , Ferreira Sergio Ricardo 
Published: April 2017

Este ensaio apresenta a proposta de articulação curricular de cursos de graduação de licenciatura, bacharelado e tecnólogo por meio das disciplinas que congregam o eixo - ambientalização dos espaços educativos sustentáveis – como forma de apresentar a proposição de uma formação acadêmica voltada ao desenvolvimento sustentável e à educação ambiental dentro e fora da universidade. A linha de formação está explanada de forma que alinhave ensino e investigação propiciando práticas e desenvolvimento de conhecimentos a partir dos elementos que integram o tema meio ambiente e sustentabilidade nas atividades acadêmicas e de gestão institucional. O contexto base da discussão se dá a partir da construção do desenho curricular com disciplinas de cunho interdisciplinar que integrará a práxis pedagógica da Faculdade Municipal de Educação e Meio Ambiente – FAMA da região Sul do Brasil. Buscando romper com currículos disciplinares tradicionais que apresentam maiores limitações ao tratar de questões centrais de formação que requer olhar integrado e compreensão da complexidade das questões ambientais. Este ensaio se inicia expondo a problemática ambiental a partir da estruturação do pensamento moderno para, em seguida, abordar o assunto nos dias atuais e, por fim, expor a proposta institucional sobre esta questão.Este ensayo presenta la propuesta de articulación curricular de cursos de graduación de licenciatura y tecnología por medio de las asignaturas que congregan el eje - ambientación de los espacios educativos sustentables como forma de presentar la proposición de una formación académica volcada al desarrollo sustentable y a la educación ambiental dentro y fuera de la universidad. La línea de formación está expuesta de forma que articula la enseñanza e investigación propiciando prácticas y desarrollo de conocimientos a partir de los elementos que integran el tema medio ambiente y sostenibilidad en las actividades académicas y de gestión institucional. El contexto base de la discusión se da a partir de la construcción del diseño curricular con asignaturas de cuño interdisciplinario que integrará la praxis pedagógica de la Facultad Municipal de Educación y Medio Ambiente - FAMA de la región Sur de Brasil. Este busca romper con currículos disciplinares tradicionales que presentan mayores limitaciones al tratar de cuestiones centrales de formación que requiere una mirada integrada y comprensión de la complejidad de las cuestiones ambientales. Este ensayo se inicia exponiendo la problemática ambiental a partir de la estructuración del pensamiento moderno para, después, abordar el asunto en la actualidad y, por fin, exponer la propuesta institucional sobre este tema.