bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolonged droughts, short‐term responses, and diaspora: the power of water and pilgrimage at the sacred cenotes of Cara Blanca, Belize
Authors: Lucero Lisa J. , Harrison Jessica , Larmon Jean , Nissen Zachary , Benson Erin 
Published: April 2016

Every society considers some aspect of water holy or sacred, which was the case for the ancient Maya, where everything in life was rainfall dependent. Pilgrimage to such places, where people interact and engage with the sacred to keep the world on course, was vital. When pilgrimage does not work, more drastic measures can result, as we attempt to show with the Classic Maya (250–900 CE). Several prolonged droughts between 800 and 900 CE, ultimately resulted in an urban diaspora from interior southern lowland centers (and their intricate reservoirs) and most hinterland areas. During droughts, the Maya intensified their visits and rites at sacred water places, such as cenotes (steep‐sided sinkholes filled by groundwater), to appease gods and ancestors. Excavation results from two structures near one cenote at Cara Blanca, Belize demonstrate via structure layout, artifact assemblages, and botanical remains, that the pool served as a pilgrimage destination for Maya who traveled from near and far to supplicate the gods to end the droughts—but it was to no avail. The Maya ultimately left this region that has some of the richest tropical soils in the world, and which in previous centuries had witnessed the emergence of the most powerful kings. People emigrated in all directions in search of water, land, and new opportunities. In the end, short‐term responses did not work, but drastic ones such as urban diaspora did. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1148. doi. 10.1002/wat2.1148This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Water and Environmental Change
Human Water > Water as Imagined and Represented
Extracellular targeting of an active endoxylanase by a TolB negative mutant ofGluconobacter oxydans
Authors: Kosciow Konrad , Domin Claudia , Schweiger Paul , Deppenmeier Uwe 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGluconobacter (G.) oxydans strains have great industrial potential due to their ability to incompletely oxidize a wide range of carbohydrates. But there is one major limitation preventing their full production potential. Hydrolysis of polysaccharides is not possible because extracellular hydrolases are not encoded in the genome of Gluconobacter species. Therefore, as a first step for the generation of exoenzyme producing G. oxydans, a leaky outer membrane mutant was created by deleting the TolB encoding gene gox1687. As a second step the xynA gene encoding an endo-1,4-β-xylanase from Bacillus subtilis was expressed in G. oxydans ΔtolB. More than 70 % of the total XynA activity (0.91 mmol h−1 l culture−1) was detected in the culture supernatant of the TolB mutant and only 10 % of endoxylanase activity was observed in the supernatant of G. oxydans xynA. These results showed that a G. oxydans strain with an increased substrate spectrum that is able to use the renewable polysaccharide xylan as a substrate to produce the prebiotic compounds xylobiose and xylooligosaccharides was generated. This is the first report about the combination of the process of incomplete oxidation with the degradation of renewable organic materials from plants for the production of value-added products.
Understanding the Psychosocial Effects of WES Test Results on Parents of Children with Rare Diseases
Authors: Krabbenborg Lotte , Vissers L. E. L. M. , Schieving J. , Kleefstra T. , Kamsteeg E. J. , Veltman J. A. , Willemsen M. A. , Van der Burg S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe use of whole exome sequencing (WES) for diagnostics of children with rare genetic diseases raises questions about best practices in genetic counselling. While a lot of attention is now given to pre‐test counselling procedures for WES, little is known about how parents experience the (positive, negative, or inconclusive) WES results in daily life. To fill this knowledge gap, data were gathered through in‐depth interviews with parents of 15 children who underwent WES analysis. WES test results, like results from other genetic tests, evoked relief as well as worries, irrespective of the type of result. Advantages of obtaining a conclusive diagnosis included becoming more accepting towards the situation, being enabled to attune care to the needs of the child, and better coping with feelings of guilt. Disadvantages experienced included a loss of hope for recovery, and a loss by parents of their social network of peers and the effort necessary to re‐establish that social network. While parents with conclusive diagnoses were able to re‐establish a peer community with the help of social media, parents receiving a possible diagnosis experienced hurdles in seeking peer support, as peers still needed to be identified. These types of psychosocial effects of WES test results for parents are important to take into account for the development of successful genetic counselling strategies.
Numerical simulation of wing vortex generators – methodologies and validation
Authors: Zastawny M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper presents the results of a study of different Vortex Generator (VG) modelling approaches that have been performed in order to develop a better understanding of the current Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) capability to simulate transonic flows where wing-mounted VGs are present.The practicality of using CFD methods commonly employed in the aerospace industry to predict the influence of VGs on wing performance is studied. It is hoped that presenting the experience gained will be of value to aerodynamicists working on similar problems in industry. An approach, using fully resolved, conformal mesh around the VGs, has been investigated through studying Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) simulations with two alternate turbulence models, the Spalart-Allmaras (SA) model and the Speziale-Sarkar-Gatski (SSG) Reynolds Stress Model. An initial assessment of two alternative VG modelling techniques, use of the Chimera overset meshing and a reduced-order VG model has also been performed. In addition, an investigation of the impact of the wing deformation under aerodynamic loading was conducted. The results obtained were compared with the wind-tunnel measurements acquired in the Aircraft Research Association Transonic Wind Tunnel, using the N47-05 half model with installed VGs.It was observed that the VGs significantly modify the flow behaviour at sufficiently high incidence, which leads to higher lift coefficient values. While the SA turbulence model was unable to capture the complicated nature of the flow when VGs were present, SSG simulations yielded promising results.Each of the VG modelling approaches has shown some strengths and weaknesses. Further study on the subject is suggested in order to develop best practices that can be applied for solutions of industrial-scale problems.
Self-sustaining process of minimal attached eddies in turbulent channel flow
Authors: Hwang Yongyun , Bengana Yacine 
Published: April 2016

It has been recently shown that the energy-containing motions (i.e. coherent structures) in turbulent channel flow exist in the form of Townsend’s attached eddies by a numerical experiment which simulates the energy-containing motions only at a prescribed spanwise length scale using their self-sustaining nature (Hwang, J. Fluid Mech., vol. 767, 2015, pp. 254–289). In the present study, a detailed investigation of the self-sustaining process of the energy-containing motions at each spanwise length scale (i.e. the attached eddies) in the logarithmic and outer regions is carried out with an emphasis on its relevance to ‘bursting’, which refers to an energetic temporal oscillation of the motions (Flores & Jiménez, Phys. Fluids, vol. 22, 2010, 071704). It is shown that the attached eddies in the logarithmic and outer regions, composed of streaks and quasi-streamwise vortical structures, bear the self-sustaining process remarkably similar to that in the near-wall region: i.e. the streaks are significantly amplified by the quasi-streamwise vortices via the lift-up effect; the amplified streaks subsequently undergo a ‘rapid streamwise meandering motion’, reminiscent of streak instability or transient growth, which eventually results in breakdown of the streaks and regeneration of new quasi-streamwise vortices. For the attached eddies at a given spanwise length scale ${\it\lambda}_{z}$ between ${\it\lambda}_{z}^{+}\simeq 100$ and ${\it\lambda}_{z}\simeq 1.5h$, the single turnover time period of the self-sustaining process is found to be $Tu_{{\it\tau}}/{\it\lambda}_{z}\simeq 2$ ($u_{{\it\tau}}$ is the friction velocity), which corresponds well to the time scale of the bursting. Two additional numerical experiments, designed to artificially suppress the lift-up effect and the streak meandering motions, respectively, reveal that these processes are essential ingredients of the self-sustaining process of the attached eddies in the logarithmic and outer regions, consistent with several previous theoretical studies. It is also shown that the artificial suppression of the lift-up effect of the attached eddies in the logarithmic and outer regions leads to substantial amounts of turbulent skin-friction reduction.
Analytical Solution for Rotational Rub-Impact Plate Under Thermal Shock
Authors: Zhao T.-Y. , Yuan H.-Q. , Li B.-B. , Li Z.-J. , Liu L.-M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe analysis method is developed to obtain dynamic characteristics of the rotating cantilever plate with thermal shock and tip-rub. Based on the variational principle, equations of motion are derived considering the differences between rubbing forces in the width direction of the plate. The transverse deformation is decomposed into quasi-static deformation of the cantilever plate with thermal shock and dynamic deformation of the rubbing plate under thermal shock. Then deformations are obtained through the calculation of modal characteristics of rotating cantilever plate and temperature distribution function. Special attention is paid to the influence of tip-rub and thermal shock on the plate. The results show that tip-rub has the characteristics of multiple frequency vibrations, and high frequency vibrations are significant. On the contrary, thermal shock shows the low frequency vibrations. The thermal shock makes the rubbing plate gradually change into low frequency vibrations. Because rub-induced vibrations are more complicated than those caused by thermal shock, tip-rub is easier to result in the destruction of the blade. The increasing friction coefficient intensifies vibrations of the rubbing plate. Minimizing friction coefficients can be an effective way to reduce rub-induced damage through reducing the surface roughness between the blade tip and the inner surface of the casing.
Occupational musculoskeletal pain amongst ENT surgeons – are we looking at the tip of an iceberg?
Authors: Vijendren A , Yung M , Sanchez J , Duffield K 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjective:Surgeons are exposed to a variety of occupational risks, including work-related musculoskeletal disorders. This study investigated the prevalence of these latter disorders amongst UK ENT surgeons and compared this with the existing literature.Methods:A survey containing questions on work-related musculoskeletal disorders was distributed to the entire membership of ENT-UK electronically, with the assistance of its Survey Guardian. A literature review on the subject was then performed.Results:A total of 323 completed questionnaires were received (a 24 per cent response rate). Work-related musculoskeletal disorders had been experienced by 47.4 per cent of respondents. There were no statistical differences between the occurrence of work-related musculoskeletal disorders and: grade, length of time spent in the specialty or the subspecialty of respondents. Eighty-five per cent of affected surgeons sought treatment, with 22.9 per cent taking time off work and six surgeons retiring early. The literature review only identified five related studies.Conclusion:Despite the scarcity of studies, work-related musculoskeletal disorders are common amongst ENT surgeons in the UK. Such disparity highlights the need for more research and appropriate ergonomic intervention within the specialty.
Are we ready for Taenia solium cysticercosis elimination in sub-Saharan Africa?
Authors: JOHANSEN MARIA VANG , TREVISAN CHIARA , GABRIËL SARAH , MAGNUSSEN PASCAL , BRAAE UFFE CHRISTIAN 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYThe World Health Organization announced in November 2014 at the fourth international meeting on ‘the control of neglected zoonotic diseases – from advocacy to action’, that intervention tools for eliminating Taenia solium taeniosis/cysticercosis (TSTC) are in place. The aim of this work was to elucidate theoretical outcomes of various control options suggested for TSTC elimination in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) over a 4-year period. Our current knowledge regarding T. solium epidemiology and control primarily builds on studies from Latin America. A simple transmission model – built on data from Latin America – has been used to predict the effect of various interventions such as mass treatment of humans, vaccination and treatment of pigs, and health education of communities, potentially leading to change in bad practices and reducing transmission risks. Based on simulations of the transmission model, even a 4-year integrated One Health approach fails to eliminate TSTC from a small community and in all simulations, the prevalence of human taeniosis and porcine cysticercosis start to rise as soon as the programmes end. Our current knowledge regarding transmission and burden of TSTC in SSA is scarce and while claiming to be tool ready, the selection of diagnostic and surveillance tools, as well as the algorithms and stepwise approaches for control and elimination of TSTC remain major challenges.
Who speaks up for Inés Fonseca? Representing violence against vulnerable subjects and the ethics of care in fictional narrative about Alzheimer's disease:Ahora tocad música de baile(2004) by Andrés Barba
Authors: MEDINA RAQUEL 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper studies the 2004 Spanish fictional novel by Andrés Barba,Ahora tocad música de baile, one of the first cultural texts dealing entirely with Alzheimer's disease to appear in Spain. It argues that the significance of Barba's fictional novel rests on two important issues: the ethics of representation of violence against vulnerable subjects and the ethics of care. The paper analyses how these two issues allow Barba to create a story in which the verbal and physical abuse to which the person living with Alzheimer's disease is subjected places the reader, on the one hand, as voyeur/witness of the abuse; and, on the other, as interpreter, and ultimately judge, of the fine line that separates euthanasia, assisted suicide and murder. The open ending of the novel defers all ethical and moral judgement to the reader. It examines how the novel offers a monolithic perspective about Alzheimer's disease, in which care is presented as a burden. In fact, this study shows that the novel's multi-layered structure and polyphonic nature places the emphasis on stigmas, stereotypes and negative metaphors around Alzheimer's disease, as found in contemporary social discourses.
Governance challenges for commercial exploitation of a non-timber forest product by marginalized rural communities
Authors: BALL ALAINE A. , BRANCALION PEDRO H.S. 
Published: April 2016

SUMMARYWhile conservation and development projects focusing on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) remain popular approaches to address complex issues of livelihood improvement and conservation, governance of NTFPs is still poorly understood. In the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot of Brazil, non-governmental organizations, researchers and community leaders are encouraging the commercialization of fruit pulp-based products from the endangered palm Euterpe edulis, known as juçara, to replace income from illegal heart of palm extraction. In order to assess the governance of development of juçara pulp as an NTFP and the potential to increase conservation of juçara through management on smallholder properties, we conducted qualitative research in São Paulo State from October 2012 to October 2013. Major challenges include policy barriers, difficulties integrating production and commercialization, problematic assumptions about poverty alleviation and the inability of the most disadvantaged members of communities to benefit. These governance challenges are a function of poor access, or the ‘bundle of powers’ that enables the ability to benefit. However, engagement with juçara fruit pulp production links farmers and former poachers with sustainable agricultural concepts and with networks, changing their perceptions of conservation and enhancing ability to benefit from improved policy.
Post-fledging habitat selection in a rapidly declining farmland bird, the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur
Authors: DUNN JENNY C. , MORRIS ANTONY J. , GRICE PHILIP V. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryPost-fledging survival plays a vital role in the dynamics of bird populations and yet is the least-studied avian life-stage. Habitat requirements post-fledging may have important implications for behaviour and survival, especially for declining populations in landscapes that have undergone wide-scale anthropogenic modification, resulting in an altered distribution and composition of habitats. The European Turtle Dove is a widespread but rapidly declining species both within the UK and across Europe. Reduced seed food availability is thought to influence breeding success of this species, but it is not known whether post-fledging survival may also be influenced by seed availability. Here, we use leg-ring radio-tag attachments to monitor post-fledging survival and movements in 15 Turtle Dove nestlings from eight nests monitored during 2014 as part of a wider autecological study. Fledglings remained in close proximity to their nest for three weeks post-tagging, spending more than half their time in the immediate vicinity (within ∼20 m) of the nest. 95% of foraging trips during this period were within 329 m of the nest and fledglings selected seed-rich habitat (semi-natural grassland, low-intensity grazing, fallow and quarries). Fledglings that were heavier and in better body condition at seven days old were more likely to survive for 30 days post-fledging, and the proportion of available seed-rich habitat was a strong predictor of nestling weight and condition at seven days old. Whilst our sample size is modest, this study highlights the crucial role of food availability in juvenile survival, both while adults are feeding nestlings, and to recently fledged young, and the potential for agri-environment schemes providing foraging and nesting habitats in close proximity to provide important benefits.
Euromaidan and the Role of Protest in Democracy
Authors: Beesley Celeste 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTProtest can be seen as a highly democratic expression of popular opinion. However, protest is also a non-representative, extra-institutional process for political change. In hybrid regimes, such as Ukraine, the legitimacy of effecting change through mass protest is a subject of debate. Because of the influence of mass protests in Ukrainian politics, individual views on the democratic legitimacy of protest are potentially important in perceptions of government legitimacy. Using original survey data from December 2013, this article finds that, whereas satisfaction with the functioning of democracy, partisanship, and the oft-cited regional divide are important determinants of approval for the Euromaidan protests, they do not influence how Ukrainians perceive the role of protest in a democracy. However, among those less committed to democracy, protest is more likely to be seen as illegitimate.
Lessons from a Decade of Replications at the Quarterly Journal of Political Science
Authors: Eubank Nicholas 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTTo allow researchers to investigate not only whether a paper’s methods are theoretically sound but also whether they have been properly implemented and are robust to alternative specifications, it is necessary that published papers be accompanied by their underlying data and code. This article describes experiences and lessons learned at theQuarterly Journal of Political Sciencesince it began requiring authors to provide this type of replication code in 2005. It finds that of the 24 empirical papers subjected to in-house replication review since September 2012, only four packages did not require any modifications. Most troubling, 14 packages (58%) had results in the paper that differed from those generated by the author’s own code. Based on these experiences, this article presents a set of guidelines for authors and journals for improving the reliability and usability of replication packages.
Encountering Your IRB 2.0: What Political Scientists Need to Know
Authors: Yanow Dvora , Schwartz-Shea Peregrine 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTThis essay corrects and updates one that was originally published inQualitative &amp; Multi-Method Researchand, in a condensed version, in three other APSA Organized Section newsletters. Our research into IRB policy has shown that many political scientists are not familiar with some of its key provisions. The intent of the essay is to increase awareness of the existing policy’s impact on political scientific research and, in particular, on graduate students and junior faculty. We remain concerned that at present, faculty are leaving discussions of research ethics to IRBs (and their counterparts worldwide), whereas these Boards largely focus on complying with the regulatory details of governmental policy. Even though this essay seeks to clarify the latter, we remain convinced that research ethics ought to be vigorously taken up within disciplinary and departmental conversations.
Testing the Effectiveness of a Number-Based Classroom Exercise
Authors: Guay Brian , Chandler Caroline , Erkulwater Jennifer , Landy David 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTLarge numbers permeate political life, and students of political science can expect to encounter a wide range of numbers in newspaper articles, course readings, and statistics. Recent research in cognitive psychology demonstrates that American adults make systematic errors when comparing numbers in the millions, billions, and trillions. Political decisions made by voters often require weighing large quantities that range across many orders of magnitude, which is difficult without at least a basic understanding of relative magnitudes. If students also lack an understanding of large numbers, professors cannot meaningfully teach them about political phenomena involving such magnitudes. The authors designed and tested an exercise to improve students’ accuracy in dealing with large magnitudes, which had immediate and sustained effects on their political judgments about information involving large numbers.