bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Feasibility study from a randomized controlled trial of standard closure of a stoma site vs biological mesh reinforcement
Authors:   the Reinforcement of Closure of Stoma Site (ROCSS) Collaborative and the West Midlands Research Collaborative
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimHernia formation occurs at closed stoma sites in up to 30% of patients. The Reinforcement of Closure of Stoma Site (ROCSS) randomized controlled trial is evaluating whether placement of biological mesh during stoma closure safely reduces hernia rates compared with closure without mesh, without increasing surgical or wound complications. This paper aims to report recruitment, deliverability and safety from the internal feasibility study.MethodA multicentre, patient and assessor blinded, randomized controlled trial, delivered through surgical trainee research networks. A 90‐patient internal feasibility study assessed recruitment, randomization, deliverability and early (30 day) safety of the novel surgical technique (ClinicalTrials.gov registration number NCT02238964).ResultsThe feasibility study recruited 90 patients from the 104 considered for entry (45 to mesh, 45 to no mesh). Seven of eight participating centres randomized patients within 30 days of opening. Overall, 41% of stomas were created for malignant disease and 73% were ileostomies. No mesh‐specific complications occurred. Thirty‐one postoperative adverse events were experienced by 31 patients, including surgical site infection (9%) and postoperative ileus (6%). One mesh was removed for re‐access to the abdominal cavity, for reasons unrelated to the mesh. Independent review by the Data Monitoring and Ethics Committee of adverse event data by treatment allocation found no safety concerns.ConclusionMulticentre randomization to this trial of biological mesh is feasible, with no early safety concerns. Progression to the full Phase III trial has continued. ROCSS shows that trainee research networks can efficiently develop and deliver complex interventional surgical trials.
An analysis of the accuracy of computed tomography colonography when defining anatomy for novel full‐thickness colonic excision techniques in early colonic neoplasia
Authors: Currie A. C. , Burling D. , Mainta E. , Ilangovan R. , Moorghen M. , Lung P. , Faiz O , Kennedy R. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimFull‐thickness laparo‐endoscopic excision (FLEX) is a new technique developed for the full‐thickness excision of colonic adenomas and, potentially, early cancer, avoiding the need for colectomy. FLEX requires accurate preoperative characterization of three key morphological features of the tumour, including its relation to the mesenteric border, its diameter and the circumferential extent of involvement of the bowel wall. This study evaluated the accuracy of CT colonography (CTC) for the assessment of these features in early colonic tumours.MethodConsecutive patients undergoing CTC prior to colonic resection for complex benign polyps or UICC Stage 1 cancer were retrospectively analysed by two specialist gastrointestinal radiologists blinded to the subsequent histopathological findings. The location of the tumour in relation to the mesenteric border, its maximum diameter and the circumferential extent of involvement of the colonic wall were correlated with the histopathological examination of the surgical resection specimen. Pearson's correlation coefficient (r) and Kappa agreement (κ) were used to compare the maximum diameter and the circumferential extent of involvement of the colonic wall.ResultsTwenty‐eight patients with early colonic neoplasia were included. All had had a surgical segmental resection. Four had a benign adenoma and 24 had a TNM Stage 1 cancer. Histopathological assessment of the resected surgical specimen showed that 21 of the 28 lesions were located on the mesenteric border. The median diameter was 35 (interquartile range 28–42) mm; 13 lesions involved less than one‐third of the circumference, 11 between one and two‐thirds and four more than two‐thirds. CTC correctly identified the location of the lesion in relation to the mesenteric border in all 28 cases. Correlation between CTC and histopathology was good for the assessment of the maximum diameter of the lesion (r = 0.81) and the circumferential extent of involvement of the colonic wall (κ = 0.76).ConclusionCTC can accurately assess the key morphological features for the selection of patients with early colonic neoplasia for full‐thickness laparo‐endoscopic excision.
Language Reflects “Core” Cognition: A New Theory About the Origin of Cross‐Linguistic Regularities
Authors: Strickland Brent 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe underlying structures that are common to the world's languages bear an intriguing connection with early emerging forms of “core knowledge” (Spelke & Kinzler, 2007), which are frequently studied by infant researchers. In particular, grammatical systems often incorporate distinctions (e.g., the mass/count distinction) that reflect those made in core knowledge (e.g., the non‐verbal distinction between an object and a substance). Here, I argue that this connection occurs because non‐verbal core knowledge systematically biases processes of language evolution. This account potentially explains a wide range of cross‐linguistic grammatical phenomena that currently lack an adequate explanation. Second, I suggest that developmental researchers and cognitive scientists interested in (non‐verbal) knowledge representation can exploit this connection to language by using observations about cross‐linguistic grammatical tendencies to inspire hypotheses about core knowledge.
Pilot study of a novel, large‐bore, fully covered self‐expandable metallic stent for unresectable distal biliary malignancies
Authors: Mukai Tsuyoshi , Yasuda Ichiro , Isayama Hiroyuki , Iwashita Takuji , Itoi Takao , Kawakami Hiroshi , Kogure Hirofumi , Nakai Yousuke 
Published: February 2016

Background and AimIn patients with unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction, covered self‐expandable metallic stents (CSEMS) may remain patent longer than uncovered self‐expandable metallic stents as a result of tumor ingrowth prevention. One main cause of recurrent biliary obstruction (RBO) in CSEMS is sludge formation, which can be prevented using a large‐bore stent. Therefore, we developed a novel, 12‐mm diameter fully covered SEMS (FCSEMS) and investigated its clinical safety, efficacy, and rate of adverse events.MethodsThis prospective, multicenter pilot study, which ran between June 2011 and November 2012, included 38 consecutive patients with unresectable malignant distal biliary obstruction. All patients underwent endoscopic insertion of our novel stent. Primary endpoint was non‐RBO rate 6 months after placement.ResultsTechnical and functional success rates of the procedures were 100%. Six‐month non‐RBO rate was 50%, and median time to RBO was 184 days. Median survival time was 241 days. Twelve patients died within 6 months after stent placement without RBO. RBO was observed in 10 patients (26%), with seven experiencing stent occlusion and three experiencing stent migration. Adverse events other than RBO (at <30 days) developed in six patients (16%; cholecystitis, one; pancreatitis, one; hyperamylasemia, one; pancreatic ductitis, one; abdominal pain, two). Stent removal for reintervention was successfully completed in eight patients.ConclusionOur novel FCSEMS may be safe and effective for managing malignant distal obstruction with an acceptable incidence of adverse events.
Relation of Pulmonary Artery Pressure and Renal Impairment in ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction Patients
Authors: Shacham Yacov , Gal‐Oz Amir , Topilsky Yan , Keren Gad , Arbel Yaron 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundRecent reports have demonstrated the adverse effects of venous congestion on renal function in patients having heart failure. None of the above trials, however, included patients with acute ischemia.HypothesisEchocardiographic correlates of increased right ventricular afterload would be associated with an increased risk of acute kidney injury (AKI) in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) patients undergoing primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).MethodsWe conducted a retrospective study of consecutive 930 STEMI patients who underwent primary PCI and had a full echocardiography study performed within 72 hours of hospital admission between June 2011 and December 2014.ResultsEchocardiography demonstrated that patients with AKI had significantly lower left ventricular (LV) ejection fraction, higher systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP), and right atrial pressures (P < 0.001 for all). Following the performance of logistic multivariate analysis model, SPAP (HR 1.07, 95% CI 1.04–1.11; P < 0.001) and LV ejection fraction (HR 0.95, 95% CI 0.92–0.99; P = 0.03) emerged as independent predictors of AKI. On receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis, the optimal cutoff value of SPAP to predict AKI was measured as more than 32 mmHg, with 71% sensitivity and 62% specificity (AUC 0.739, 95% CI 0.671–0.806, P < 0.001).ConclusionsAmong STEMI patients undergoing primary PCI, worse LV function and elevated SPAP were associated with increased risk of AKI.
Dorsolateral neostriatum contribution to incentive salience: opioid or dopamine stimulation makes one reward cue more motivationally attractive than another
Authors: DiFeliceantonio Alexandra G. , Berridge Kent C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPavlovian cues for rewards can become attractive incentives: approached and ‘wanted’ as the rewards themselves. The motivational attractiveness of a previously learned cue is not fixed, but can be dynamically amplified during re‐encounter by simultaneous activation of brain limbic circuitry. Here it was reported that opioid or dopamine microinjections in the dorsolateral quadrant of the neostriatum (DLS) of rats selectively amplify attraction toward a previously learned Pavlovian cue in an individualized fashion, at the expense of a competing cue. In an autoshaping (sign‐tracking vs. goal‐tracking) paradigm, microinjection of the mu opioid receptor agonist (DAMGO) or dopamine indirect agonist (amphetamine) in the DLS of sign‐tracker individuals selectively enhanced their sign‐tracking attraction toward the reward‐predictive lever cue. By contrast, DAMGO or amphetamine in the DLS of goal‐trackers selectively enhanced prepotent attraction toward the reward‐proximal cue of sucrose dish. Amphetamine also enhanced goal‐tracking in some sign‐tracker individuals (if they ever defected to the dish even once). That DLS enhancement of cue attraction was due to stronger motivation, not stronger habits, was suggested by: (i) sign‐trackers flexibly followed their cue to a new location when the lever was suddenly moved after DLS DAMGO microinjection; and (ii) DAMGO in the DLS also made sign‐trackers work harder on a new instrumental nose‐poke response required to earn presentations of their Pavlovian lever cue (instrumental conditioned reinforcement). Altogether, the current results suggest that DLS circuitry can enhance the incentive salience of a Pavlovian reward cue, selectively making that cue a stronger motivational magnet.
Effects of rapamycin and curcumin treatment on the development of epilepsy after electrically induced status epilepticus in rats
Authors: Drion Cato M. , Borm Lars E. , Kooijman Lieneke , Aronica Eleonora , Wadman Wytse J. , Hartog Aloysius F. , van Vliet Erwin A. , Gorter Jan A. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObjectiveInhibition of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been suggested as a possible antiepileptogenic strategy in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE). Here we aim to elucidate whether mTOR inhibition has antiepileptogenic and/or antiseizure effects using different treatment strategies in the electrogenic post–status epilepticus (SE) rat model.MethodsEffects of mTOR inhibitor rapamycin were tested using the following three treatment protocols: (1) “stop‐treatment”—post‐SE treatment (6 mg/kg/day) was discontinued after 3 weeks; rats were monitored for 5 more weeks thereafter, (2) “pretreatment”—rapamycin (3 mg/kg/day) was applied during 3 days preceding SE; and (3) “chronic phase‐treatment”—5 days rapamycin treatment (3 mg/kg/day) in the chronic phase. We also tested curcumin, an alternative mTOR inhibitor with antiinflammatory and antioxidant effects, using chronic phase treatment. Seizures were continuously monitored using video–electroencephalography (EEG) recordings; mossy fiber sprouting, cell death, and inflammation were studied using immunohistochemistry. Blood was withdrawn regularly to assess rapamycin and curcumin levels with high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).ResultsStop‐treatment led to a strong reduction of seizures during the 3‐week treatment and a gradual reappearance of seizures during the following 5 weeks. Three days pretreatment did not prevent seizure development, whereas 5‐day rapamycin treatment in the chronic phase reduced seizure frequency. Washout of rapamycin was slow and associated with a gradual reappearance of seizures. Rapamycin treatment (both 3 and 6 mg/kg) led to body growth reduction. Curcumin treatment did not reduce seizure frequency or lead to a decrease in body weight.SignificanceThe present study indicates that rapamycin cannot prevent epilepsy in the electrical stimulation post‐SE rat model but has seizure‐suppressing properties as long as rapamycin blood levels are sufficiently high. Oral curcumin treatment had no effect on chronic seizures, possibly because it did not reach the brain at adequate levels.
Market and design solutions to the short‐term economic impacts of marine reserves
Authors: Ovando Daniel , Dougherty Dawn , Wilson Jono R 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWell‐managed fisheries support healthy ocean ecosystems, coastal livelihoods and food security for millions of people. However, many communities lack the resources to implement effective fisheries management. No‐take marine reserves are a ubiquitous management intervention that provide conservation benefits and under certain circumstances can provide long‐term fishery benefits as a result of larval and adult emigration from reserve boundaries. But, support for marine reserves by fishery participants is often limited due to short‐term economic impacts resulting from foregone yields. In this study, we examine the timing and magnitude of economic impacts of marine reserves by utilizing a novel metric that discounts future economic benefits of enhanced productivity resulting from reserve protection. We ask under what circumstances long‐term benefits outweigh short‐term impacts of marine reserve implementation. We simulate fisheries for six species commonly caught in coastal environments and show that while conservation benefits accrue rapidly, more than a decade is often required to provide net fisheries benefits, even under circumstances favourable for reserves. We explore a suite of strategies for mitigating these short‐term economic losses, including flexible reserve designs, loans and enhanced ex‐vessel revenues. Results indicate that market‐based incentives show promise to offset short‐term economic losses. Our findings highlight the importance of understanding and communicating likely outcomes from marine reserve implementation and the need to engage supply chain actors to incentivize marine conservation that minimizes impacts to fishermen.
The influence of the biological pump on ocean chemistry: implications for long‐term trends in marine redox chemistry, the global carbon cycle, and marine animal ecosystems
Authors: Meyer K. M. , Ridgwell A. , Payne J. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe net export of organic matter from the surface ocean and its respiration at depth create vertical gradients in nutrient and oxygen availability that play a primary role in structuring marine ecosystems. Changes in the properties of this ‘biological pump’ have been hypothesized to account for important shifts in marine ecosystem structure, including the Cambrian explosion. However, the influence of variation in the behavior of the biological pump on ocean biogeochemistry remains poorly quantified, preventing any detailed exploration of how changes in the biological pump over geological time may have shaped long‐term shifts in ocean chemistry, biogeochemical cycling, and ecosystem structure. Here, we use a 3‐dimensional Earth system model of intermediate complexity to quantitatively explore the effects of the biological pump on marine chemistry. We find that when respiration of sinking organic matter is efficient, due to slower sinking or higher respiration rates, anoxia tends to be more prevalent and to occur in shallower waters. Consequently, the Phanerozoic trend toward less bottom‐water anoxia in continental shelf settings can potentially be explained by a change in the spatial dynamics of nutrient cycling rather than by any change in the ocean phosphate inventory. The model results further suggest that the Phanerozoic decline in the prevalence ocean anoxia is, in part, a consequence of the evolution of larger phytoplankton, many of which produce mineralized tests. We hypothesize that the Phanerozoic trend toward greater animal abundance and metabolic demand was driven more by increased oxygen concentrations in shelf environments than by greater food (nutrient) availability. In fact, a lower‐than‐modern ocean phosphate inventory in our closed system model is unable to account for the Paleozoic prevalence of bottom‐water anoxia. Overall, these model simulations suggest that the changing spatial distribution of photosynthesis and respiration in the oceans has exerted a first‐order control on Earth system evolution across Phanerozoic time.
Field and laboratory studies reveal interacting effects of stream oxygenation and warming on aquatic ectotherms
Authors: Verberk Wilco C.E.P. , Durance Isabelle , Vaughan Ian P. , Ormerod Steve J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAquatic ecological responses to climatic warming are complicated by interactions between thermal effects and other environmental stressors such as organic pollution and hypoxia. Laboratory experiments have demonstrated how oxygen limitation can set heat tolerance for some aquatic ectotherms, but only at unrealistic lethal temperatures and without field data to assess whether oxygen shortages might also underlie sublethal warming effects. Here, we test whether oxygen availability affects both lethal and nonlethal impacts of warming on two widespread Eurasian mayflies, Ephemera danica, Müller 1764 and Serratella ignita (Poda 1761). Mayfly nymphs are often a dominant component of the invertebrate assemblage in streams, and play a vital role in aquatic and riparian food webs. In the laboratory, lethal impacts of warming were assessed under three oxygen conditions. In the field, effects of oxygen availability on nonlethal impacts of warming were assessed from mayfly occurrence in 42 293 UK stream samples where water temperature and biochemical oxygen demand were measured. Oxygen limitation affected both lethal and sublethal impacts of warming in each species. Hypoxia lowered lethal limits by 5.5 °C (±2.13) and 8.2 °C (±0.62) for E. danica and S. ignita respectively. Field data confirmed the importance of oxygen limitation in warmer waters; poor oxygenation drastically reduced site occupancy, and reductions were especially pronounced under warm water conditions. Consequently, poor oxygenation lowered optimal stream temperatures for both species. The broad concordance shown here between laboratory results and extensive field data suggests that oxygen limitation not only impairs survival at thermal extremes but also restricts species abundance in the field at temperatures well below upper lethal limits. Stream oxygenation could thus control the vulnerability of aquatic ectotherms to global warming. Improving water oxygenation and reducing pollution can provide key facets of climate change adaptation for running waters.
Listening to the consumer voice: developing multilingual cancer information resources for people affected by liver cancer
Authors: Robotin Monica C. , Porwal Mamta , Hopwood Max , Nguyen Debbie , Sze Minglo , Treloar Carla , George Jacob 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundIn Australia, liver cancer incidence is rising, particularly among people born in hepatitis B‐endemic countries. We sought to build an understanding of the information needs of people affected by liver cancer, to inform the design of in‐language consumer information resources.MethodsWe searched the World Wide Web for available in‐language consumer information and conducted a literature search on consumers’ information needs and their preferred means of accessing it. Qualitative data collection involved bilingual researchers conducting focus group discussions (26 participants) and in‐depth interviews (22 participants) with people affected by liver cancer in English, Vietnamese, Cantonese and Mandarin. Sessions were audio‐recorded, transcribed, translated and thematically analysed. The key themes and salient findings informed the development of in‐language multimedia information resources.ResultsMany consumer resources did not cater for people with low literacy levels. The participants wanted more information on cancer diagnostic and treatment options, nutrition and Chinese Medicine and experienced communication challenges speaking to health professionals. While Vietnamese speakers relied entirely on information provided by their doctors, other participants actively searched for additional treatment information and commonly used the Internet to source it. We developed multilingual, multimedia consumer information resources addressing identified consumer information needs through an iterative process, in collaboration with our multilingual consumer panel. These resources are available in four languages, as separate modules accessible online and in DVD format.ConclusionThis process enabled the development of user‐friendly patient resources, which complement health‐care provider information and supports informed patient decision making.
Antioxidant and antitumour activities of exopolysaccharide from liquid‐cultured Grifola frondosa by chemical modification
Authors: Zhang Wenna , Lu Yongming , Zhang Yaping , Ding Qiuying , Hussain Sajid , Wu Qingxi , Pan Wenjuan , Chen Yan 
Published: February 2016

SummaryGrifola frondosa is a popular edible mushroom for its tasty flavour and can be used as a dietary supplement for its functional substances. In this study, an exopolysaccharide (EPS), purified from the submerged culture of G. frondosa, was chemically modified to obtain its carboxymethylated (CM‐EPS) and selenising derivatives (Se‐EPS). The chemical characteristics of these polysaccharides were determined based on high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and infrared analysis (IR). The antioxidant and antitumour activities of EPS and its derivatives were further investigated, respectively. The results showed that the antioxidant capacity of CM‐EPS and Se‐EPS were much better than that of EPS. Moreover, the Se‐EPS could significantly inhibit the proliferation of Hela cells compared with EPS. This study demonstrated that the carboxymethylation and selenylation played a great influence on enhancing the antioxidant and antitumour activities of exopolysaccharides from G. frondosa.