bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collegia and their Impact on the Constitutional Structure of the Roman State
Authors: Perry Jonathan S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Focusing on a few key passages, derived principally from law codes and literary sources, this chapter sketches out the legal situation of collegia vis-à-vis “the state”. However, this material is weighed against the rich epigraphic evidence (i.e. inscribed documents) that suggests the widespread and, in practical effect, unrestricted nature of Roman associations. It suggests that the appearance of governmental interference and regulation, from the late Republic throughout the Principate, was itself merely a pretext, as the government continued to encourage the development and proliferation of collegia as a means of social and political control. It questions whether the senate and the emperors had an interest in actually regulating and licencing collegial assembly, and whether legal texts can be reconciled with the inscriptional material attesting extensive collegial organisation, particularly in Italy and the Empire’s western provinces.
Legal Education and Training of Lawyers
Authors: Harries Jill 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on legal education. It surveys Justinian’s command-and-control model of legal education compared to the unstructured, ad hoc and sociable methods of instruction practised under the Republic by a Servius, or, under the Empire, by a Papinian—or, for philosophy, by a Plotinus. For centuries, Romans had operated in line with what had worked for them. Lawyers in their seminars would not necessarily have taught “to” the order of topics present in Scaevola’s treatise on the Civil Law (or Sabinus’ abbreviated version) or to the Edict, but they would have been aware of them as frameworks for the written outcomes of their oral discussions. As the fashion for teaching from core texts and a set syllabus took hold, discussion of written text became the central, but not exclusive focus, of legal instruction and the way was open for the construction of the definitive legal syllabus by Justinian.
Greek Philosophy and Classical Roman Law
Authors: Giltaij Jacob 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores the relation between Greek philosophy and classical Roman law, focusing on various currents as intellectual backgrounds to the works of individual jurists as well as apparently philosophical notions and theories present in the Roman legal sources. These notions range from systematic considerations such as the subdivision of certain legal categories, to moral and ethical concepts like justice and natural law. Even though there are many methodological difficulties associated with exploring the relation between Greek philosophy and Roman law, it seems certain the Roman jurists employed Greek philosophy in a scientific manner in their legal practice, to define and elucidate points of law, and perhaps even to develop new legal theories.
Social Status, Legal Status and Legal Privilege
Authors: Taylor Tristan S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The legal categories under the Roman law of persons tell us relatively little about social status. The impact of social status on law is best understood through an examination of elite views of rank and social status. Rank and social status were closely connected as these elite markers of social esteem were requirements for admission to elite ranks. Social status bore a complex relationship to legal status: possession of the legal statuses of citizenship and free birth was a prerequisite for certain ranks, which conferred social status. Legal rules helped guide the behaviour of the social elite. Social status, rather than legal status, conferred advantages in the law, both in the structure of the legal system and through the monopoly of members of the social elite over the application of the law. These advantages could be mitigated by recourse to the patronage or petitioning of an official or the emperor.
More than Codes
Authors: Mantovani Dario 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe concept of a code, heavy laden with modern meaning, is not well suited as a historiographical category for interpreting the reality of Roman law. The risk of anachronism is increased by the fact that the modern ideology of codification has not only drawn on ancient catchwords (in particular from the constitutions to Justinian’s enactments), but has also altered their meaning. The Romans were no less aware of the need to organise and render accessible the law and responded to this need in different ways depending upon the particular epoch (from the XII Tables to Justinian). An overview of these types of responses point to a complex system of communication, giving rise to a “written space” within which the work of jurists operated alongside norms (appearing in various forms and with varying degrees of efficacy) promulgated positively and rendered public.
Manumission
Authors: Mouritsen Henrik 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
While manumission has been practised in almost all slave societies the Romans appear to have freed their slaves with unparalleled frequency. The chapter looks at three aspects of Roman manumission: the status of freedmen, the Augustan reforms of manumission and the legal discourse on freedmen under the Empire. It is suggested that the background for the Roman practice of enfranchising former slaves should be sought in the social and legal structures of early Rome, which delegated many “state” functions to the heads of households. The enfranchisement of freedmen was compatible with the political structures of the Republic, but in response to changes to the Roman citizenship the first emperor introduced a new legal framework, which remained until late Antiquity. The details of this framework were refined over the following centuries, as jurists explored a wide range of complex legal issues associated with manumission and the place of freedmen in society.
Defining Gender
Authors: Perry Matthew J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines how law contributed to the definition and establishment of gender in the Roman world, and ways that gender shaped the law. Lawmakers and jurists established distinct legal statuses for men and women, and it was critical to elucidate precisely how individuals fit into this legal framework. Even when not deliberately defining gender to clarify law or legislating overtly gendered matters, legal sources reveal gendered thinking. In establishing the specific rules governing Roman society, lawmakers and jurists drew upon and reproduced prevalent and entrenched assumptions and beliefs about the nature of men and women and their place in the world. The final section of the chapter outlines the legal regulation of sexuality, critical to defining gender norms in the Roman world. The proper performance of sexual conduct was an important element of gender archetypes; those individuals who deviated from established standards were deemed problematic and potentially dangerous.
Child and Parent in Roman Law
Authors: Vuolanto Ville 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the issues in which the Roman jurisdiction of the Empire intervened in the relationships between parents and their (minor) children. It discusses the ownership and use of the property of the children, the consequences of legal incapacity of the children, guardianship, limits of patria potestas and filial and parental duties. Children were to be constantly under someone else’s authority. This meant not only restrictions in managing property, and in incapacity to represent oneself or others, but also some privileges. Moreover, while patria potestas was an important tool in organising family finances, in propagating Romanness and proper family relationships during the Roman Empire, it was not without limits. The powers of the fathers were balanced by the requirement of pietas between parents and the children.
Ownership and Power in Roman Law
Authors: Colognesi Luigi Capogrossi 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Private ownership played a central role in all periods of Roman society. In its early development, the Roman law of property knew two different ways in which private ownership of res mancipi and res nec mancipi could be transferred. In the late third century BC, the Roman jurists and the praetor were able to distinguish clearly between simple possession and full ownership: dominium ex iure Quiritium. Later on, they separated from this same dominium certain entitlements to use and enjoyment, which they classified as iura in re aliena. On one side, the original bundle of powers of the owner was hived off to constitute the usufruct, which coincided with what we might refer to as the “ordinary enjoyment” of the object. On the other side many praedial servitudes were created which allowed a landowner to make a limited use of another’s land. This chapter surveys that process.
Jonson and Performance
Authors: Steggle Matthew 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
For Una Ellis-Fermor, there is a ‘deeply inherent non-dramatic principle’ in the drama of Ben Jonson, a fundamental dislike of theatricality, and a pursuit instead of ‘psychological truth’. Conversely, theatre directors such as Sam Mendes see Jonson’s plays as beautifully engineered blueprints for performance, and locate the psychological truth of Jonson precisely in performance on the stage. This chapter considers current approaches to the whole question of Jonson in performance. It examines the idea of an antitheatrical Jonson, rooted in Jonson’s own critical writings and developed by Ellis-Fermor, Herford and Simpson, and Jonas A. Barish, among others. It contrasts that with the more theatre-friendly version of Jonson which informs much recent performance criticism. The chapter builds up to a reading of the metatheatrical and performance aspects of the most often staged Jonson play of all: Volpone.
A Brief History of Upper Limb Ideomotor Apraxia
Authors: Heilman Kenneth M. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
To successfully interact with the environment, goal-oriented movements made by human limbs must be guided by instructions from the brain. Loss of the ability to program purposeful skilled movements, in the absence of any motor, sensory, or cognitive deficit that could fully account for this disability, is called apraxia. Several types of apraxia were described by Hugo Liepmann in the beginning of the 20th century: ideomotor apraxia, where patients make spatial movement and postural errors as well as temporal errors, limb-kinetic apraxia, where patients are unable to perform precise independend and coordinated finger movements and ideational apraxia, where patients fail to correctly sequence a series of action. More recently, three other types of apraxia have been described: conceptual apraxia, where patients have a loss of mechanical knowledge; dissociation apraxia, where patients are impaired at performing a skilled act in response to stimuli in one modality but can perform normally when the stimulus is given in another modality; and conduction apraxia, where patients are impaired at action imitation. This chapter, using an historical approach, reviews the signs associated with each of these forms of apraxia, as well as their pathophysiology.
Perceptual Dialectology
Authors: Cramer Jennifer 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter introduces the topic of Perceptual Dialectology (PD), an area of sociolinguistics concerned with how nonlinguists understand dialectal variation. The chapter provides a brief history of the field and explores the ways in which the perceptions and language attitudes of nonlinguists have typically been elicited in research conducted within the modern tradition of PD with a particular focus on mental maps. Additionally, this chapter identifies ways in which these methods have been improved upon, specifically through the use of geographic information systems (GIS) tools. As an illustration of both the typical tools used in PD research and these recent advances in data analysis, a research project on the perceptions of dialectal variation within and across the state of Kentucky is presented.
Prosecution in France
Authors: Hodgson Jacqueline , Soubise Laurène 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis essay examines the increasingly ambivalent role and status of the French prosecutor, the procureur. As a judicial officer (magistrat), she is required to act in and to uphold the public interest, but her hierarchical accountability to the executive and her role in the formation and implementation of local criminal justice policy threaten her independence, notably in the eyes of her fellow magistrats. The dominance of the executive, both politically and through the imposition of managerialist imperatives, is felt in the ever-expanding role of the procureur, especially in the local sphere. While the limited forms of legal and structural accountability in place leave the prosecutor with broad discretion, this is diminished through the drive to standardization resulting from the delegation of work to fulfill the demands of dealing with greater numbers of cases more quickly, with fewer resources.
Jesuits and India
Authors: Fernando Leonard 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Jesuits have been a continuing presence in India since the sixteenth century. With the help of local people, they not only spread the Christian faith but also did a lot for the growth of the Indian nation, especially through education, scientific advancements, and betterment of the lives of underprivileged people. They attempted enculturation of the Christian faith in multicultural India; learnt of, discussed, and respected other religions; and mastered and contributed to the growth of Indian languages. Now about 4,000 Jesuits—mostly Indians—are working in eighteen Provinces/Regions in India. There are three major phases in the history of Jesuits in India—the beginning, suppression, and restoration. All along, true to the Ignatian charism, members of the Society of Jesus have kept their daring missionary zeal of moving to the frontiers—challenging, unknown, and unexplored.
Current recommendations for treating autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
Authors: Ness Becky , Stovall Kathryn 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease is the most common inherited kidney disease in the United States, causing hypertension, cerebral aneurysms, nephrolithiasis, and kidney failure. This article reviews the pathogenesis, diagnosis, associated complications, and current treatment recommendations for the condition.
Liquid biopsy for early detection of lung cancer
Authors: Hofman Paul 
Published: November 2016

Purpose of review
The possibility of complete recovery for a lung cancer patient depends on very early diagnosis, as it allows total surgical resection. Screening for this cancer in a high-risk population can be performed using a radiological approach, but this holds a certain number of limitations. Liquid biopsy could become an alternative and complementary screening approach to chest imaging for early diagnosis of lung cancer.

Recent findings
Several circulating biomarkers indicative of lung cancer can be investigated in blood, such as circulating tumor cells, circulating free nucleic acids (RNA and DNA) and proteins. However, none of these biomarkers have yet been adopted in routine clinical practice and studies are ongoing to confirm or not the usefulness and practical interest in routine early diagnosis and screening for lung cancers.

Summary
Several potential circulating biomarkers for the early detection of lung cancer exist. When coupled to thoracic imaging, these biomarkers must give diagnosis of a totally resectable lung cancer and potentially provide new recommendations for surveillance by imagery of high-risk populations without a detectable nodule. Optimization of the specificity and sensitivity of the detection methods as well as standardization of the techniques is essential before considering for daily practice a liquid biopsy as an early diagnostic tool, or possibly as a predictive test, of lung cancer.
Enhancing Descemet Membrane Endothelial Keratoplasty in Postvitrectomy Eyes With the Use of Pars Plana Infusion
Authors: Sorkin Nir , Einan-Lifshitz Adi , Ashkenazy Zach , Boutin Tanguy , Showail Mahmood , Borovik Armand , Alobthani Murad , Chan Clara C. , Rootman David S. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:
To present a modified surgical technique to perform Descemet membrane endothelial keratoplasty (DMEK) in previously vitrectomized eyes and to analyze its safety and efficacy.

Methods:
A retrospective analysis of previously vitrectomized eyes that underwent DMEK at Toronto Western Hospital was performed. The modified DMEK technique that was used included placement of a posterior pars plana infusion to reduce fluctuations in the anterior chamber depth and its excessive deepening.

Results:
Twelve eyes of 12 patients (5 females and 7 males) aged 65.3 ± 21.5 years were included. Mean best-corrected visual acuity improved significantly from 1.72 ± 0.62 logMAR (mean Snellen ∼20/1040) preoperatively to 1.01 ± 0.64 logMAR (mean Snellen ∼20/200) at 6 months postoperatively (P = 0.017). Mean donor endothelial cell density was 2658 ± 229 cells/mm2 preoperatively and 1732 ± 454 cells/mm2 at 6 months after the procedure (mean percentage cell loss of 31.8%) (P = 0.046). There were no significant intraoperative complications, and no graft failures. One eye had graft detachment, which resolved after 2 rebubbling procedures. One eye had retinal detachment, which was corrected surgically.

Conclusions:
The use of posterior pars plana infusion in previously vitrectomized eyes stabilizes the anterior segment during DMEK, allowing for performance of DMEK surgery, and can potentially reduce intraoperative and postoperative complications.
A Novel Method to Measure Artificial Eye Motility
Authors: Mourits Daphne L. , Hartong Dyonne T. , van Beek Johannes H. M. , Witte Birgit I. , Tan H. Stevie , Moll Annette C. 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:
To measure objectively, reproducibly, and noninvasively artificial eye motility, a fundamental aspect in the (cosmetic) outcome of enucleation.

Method:
A gaze- and pupil-tracking system, the “iView X,” was implemented to measure horizontal eye motility. The system, with adjusted software, was tested with patients wearing 1 prosthetic eye after enucleation for retinoblastoma. Measurements were repeated 5 times in every patient and analyses were performed twice by 2 independent observers. Reproducibility was tested via linear mixed models. After the implementation of the method, more data were obtained, including more patients with a history of enucleation for the treatment of retinoblastoma for eye tracker measurement, and differences in motility percentages between implant types and sizes were analyzed via Mann-Whitney U tests.

Results:
The intraclass correlation coefficient of the interobserver variable in the patient test group (n = 27, 6–53 years) was 0.98 and 0.96 for measurement of left gaze and right gaze, respectively. Intraobserver variation was <0.001. In the total of 58 included patients for comparative analysis, mean difference of prosthesis motility compared with the contralateral eye in abduction was 57.1% (range 3.2–91.5%); in adduction 65.8% (range 24.0–92.0%). No statistical differences were found between the different implant types and sizes.

Conclusion:
Motility measurements of the prosthetic eye in comparison to the contralateral eye using the iView X system are reproducible and reliable. This is, to the authors’ knowledge, the first easy applicable, noninvasive, reproducible, and commercially available instrument to evaluate prosthesis motility. With the adjusted software program (freely available on request), a similar objective measurement can be performed worldwide. The implant size or type did not influence the outcome of the motility measurement; this finding deserves additional study.
Cognitive Function Predicts Risk for Clinically Significant Weight Gain in Adults With Heart Failure
Authors: Dolansky Mary A. , Hawkins Misty A.W. , Schaefer Julie T. , Gunstad John , Sattar Abdus , Redle Joseph D. , Vehovec Anton , Josephson Richard , Moore Shirley M. , Hughes Joel W. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Few investigators have examined whether cognitive deficits predict poorer self-care of weight management recommendations and weight gain in adults with heart failure.

Objective:
The purposes of this study were (1) to examine whether cognition is associated with adherence to daily weighing and weight gain incidence and (2) to explore self-reported symptom perception and management when a weight increase occurs.

Methods:
In this observational study, participants completed neuropsychological testing, were given an electronic scale, and were instructed to record their weight for 21 days. Data for 301 participants were collected at baseline and 3 weeks after weight monitoring.

Results:
At baseline, only 35% of the enrolled respondents knew when to call their physician for increased weight gain, and 37% of the analyzed sample (n = 110/301) experienced a clinically significant weight gain. Regressions tested whether baseline attention, executive function, or memory predicted adherence to daily weighing and the likelihood of weight gain incidence. In unadjusted and adjusted covariate analyses, none of the cognitive domains predicted adherence to daily weighing (P ≥ .375); however, all 3 cognitive domains predicted an increased risk of a clinically significant weight gain (P ≤ .05). Importantly, 65% of participants with a weight gain did not identify this symptom on self-report questions.

Conclusions:
Although cognitive deficits are not associated with adherence to daily weighing, adults with cognitive deficits may be at an increased risk for experiencing a clinically significant weight gain, and most do not perceive symptoms.

Clinical Implications:
Adults with heart failure require more than directions on self-care related to weight monitoring.
Get the Picture
Authors: de Heide John , Vroegh C.J. , Szili Torok T. , Gobbens R.J.J. , Zijlstra F. , Takens-Lameijer M. , Lenzen M.J. , Yap S.C. , Scholte op Reimer W.J.M. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Postprocedural complications after elective cardiac interventions include hematomas and infections. Telemedical wound assessment using mobile phones with integrated cameras may improve quality of care and help reduce costs.

Aims:
We aimed to study the feasibility of telemedical wound assessment using a mobile phone. The primary aim was the number of patients who were able to upload their pictures. Secondary aims were image interpretability, agreement between nurse practitioners, and patient evaluation of the intervention.

Methods:
This is a prospective study of all consecutive patients who underwent an elective cardiac intervention. Patients were instructed to photograph their wound or puncture site after hospital discharge and upload the pictures to a secure email address 6 days after hospital discharge. Received photos were assessed by 2 nurse practitioners. The intervention was evaluated using a peer-reviewed questionnaire and photo assessment scheme.

Results:
In total, 46 eligible patients were included in the study, with 5 screen failures (eg, clinical stay ≥ 6 days) and 1 patient lost to follow-up. Thirty-three of 40 patients (83%) were able to upload their pictures. Smartphone users were more successful in uploading their pictures compared with feature phone users (93% vs 55%, P < .01). Eighty-eight percent of the clinical pictures were interpretable. The interobserver variability had an agreement between 93% and 97%.

Conclusions:
Patients are able to take and upload the mobile clinical photos to the secure email address, and the vast majority was interpretable. Smartphone users were more successful than feature phone users in uploading their pictures. The interobserver variability was good.