bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of electrode biasing on m/n  =  2/1 tearing modes in J-TEXT experiments
Authors: Liu Hai , Hu Qiming , Chen Zhipeng , Yu Q. , Zhu Lizhi , Cheng Zhifeng , Zhuang Ge , Chen Zhongyong 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The effects of electrode biasing (EB) on the m/n  =  2/1 tearing mode have been experimentally studied in J-TEXT tokamak discharges, where m and n are the poloidal and toroidal mode numbers. It is found that for a negative bias voltage, the mode amplitude is reduced, and the mode frequency is increased accompanied by the increased toroidal plasma rotation speed in the counter-I
p direction. For a positive bias voltage, the mode frequency is decreased together with the change of the rotation velocity towards the co-I
p direction, and the mode amplitude is increased. Statistic results show that the variations in the toroidal rotation speed, the 2/1 mode frequency and its amplitude linearly depend on the bias voltage. The threshold voltages for complete suppression and locking of the mode are found. The experimental results suggest that applied electrode biasing is a possible method for the avoidance of mode locking and disruption.
Transport hysteresis of core plasma, isotope effect, and H-mode physics
Authors: Itoh S.-I. , Itoh K. , Inagaki S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article assesses the understanding of and impact by the hysteresis in transport relation. The rapid changes of fluxes compared to slow changes of plasma parameters are overviewed for both edge barrier and core plasmas. The theoretical approaches to understanding the direct influence of heating power on turbulent transport are addressed. Based on this new theoretical framework, the ‘isotope effect’ of plasma confinement time is discussed. A trial explanation is given for this unresolved mystery in plasma confinement. The advanced data analysis method to research the hysteresis in gradient-flux relation is explained.
ELM behavior in ASDEX Upgrade with and without nitrogen seeding
Authors: Frassinetti L. , Dunne M.G. , Beurskens M. , Wolfrum E. , Bogomolov A. , Carralero D. , Cavedon M. , Fischer R. , Laggner F.M. , McDermott R.M. , Meyer H. , Tardini G. , Viezzer E. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The Type I ELM behavior in ASDEX Upgrade with full W plasma facing components is studied in terms of time scales and energy losses for a large set of shots characterized by similar operational parameters but different nitrogen seeding rate and input power. ELMs with no nitrogen can have two typical behaviors, that can be classified depending on their duration, the long and the short ELMs.
The work shows that both short and long ELMs have a similar first phase, but the long ELMs are characterized by a second phase with further energy losses. The second phase disappears when nitrogen is seeded with a flux rate above 1022 (e s−1). The phenomenon is compatible with a threshold effect. The presence of the second phase is related to a high divertor/scrape-off layer (SOL) temperature and/or to a low pedestal temperature.
The ELM energy losses of the two phases are regulated by different mechanisms. The energy losses of the first phase increase with nitrogen which, in turn, produce the increase of the pedestal temperature. So the energy losses of the first phase are regulated by the pedestal top parameters and the increase with nitrogen is due to the decreasing pedestal collisionality. The energy losses of the second phase are related to the divertor/SOL conditions. The long ELMs energy losses increase with increasing divertor temperature and with the number of the expelled filaments.
In terms of the power lost by the plasma, the nitrogen seeding increases the power losses of the short ELMs. The long ELMs have a first phase with power losses comparable to the short ELMs losses. Assuming no major difference in the wetted area, these results suggest that (i) the nitrogen might increase the divertor heat fluxes during the short ELMs and that (ii) the long ELMs, despite the longer time scale, are not beneficial in terms of divertor heat loads.
On the volume of sections of a convex body by cones
Authors: Fradelizi Matthieu , Meyer Mathieu , Yaskin Vlad 
Published: September 2016

We prove that in small codimensions, the sections of a convex body in

R

n

\mathbb R^n

through its centroid are quite symmetric with respect to volume. As a consequence of our estimates we give a positive answer to a problem posed by M. Meyer and S. Reisner regarding convex intersection bodies.
Zeros of polynomials of derivatives of zeta functions
Authors: Nakamura Takashi 
Published: September 2016

Let

P
s

∈

D

s

[

X
0

,

X
1

,
…
,

X
l

]

P_s \in \mathcal {D}_s[X_0,X_1, \ldots ,X_l]

be a polynomial whose coefficients are the ring of all general Dirichlet series which converge absolutely in the half-plane

ℜ
(
s
)
>
1

/

2

\Re (s) > 1/2

. In the present paper, we show that the function

P
s

(
L
(
s
)
,

L

(
1
)

(
s
)
,
…
,

L

(
l
)

(
s
)
)

P_s(L(s), L^{(1)}(s),\ldots , L^{(l)}(s))

has infinitely many zeros in the vertical strip

D
:=
{
s
∈

C

:
1

/

2
>
ℜ
(
s
)
>
1
}

D:= \{ s \in {\mathbb {C}} : 1/2 > \Re (s) >1\}

if

L
(
s
)

L(s)

is hybridly universal and

P
s

∈

D

s

[

X
0

,

X
1

,
…
,

X
l

]

P_s \in \mathcal {D}_s[X_0,X_1, \ldots ,X_l]

is a polynomial such that at least one of the degrees of

X
1

,
…
,

X
l

X_1,\ldots ,X_l

is greater than zero. As a corollary, we prove that the function

(

d
k

/

d

s
k

)

P
s

(
L
(
s
)
)

(d^k / ds^k) P_s(L(s))

with

k
∈

N

k \in {\mathbb {N}}

has infinitely many zeros in the strip

D
D

when

L
(
s
)

L(s)

is hybridly universal and

P
s

∈

D

s

[
X
]

P_s \in \mathcal {D}_s[X]

is a polynomial with degree greater than zero. The upper bounds for the numbers of zeros of

P
s

(
L
(
s
)
,

L

(
1
)

(
s
)
,
…
,

L

(
l
)

(
s
)
)

P_s(L(s), L^{(1)}(s),\ldots , L^{(l)}(s))

and

(

d
k

/

d

s
k

)

P
s

(
L
(
s
)
)

(d^k / ds^k) P_s(L(s))

are studied as well.
Commutants of weighted shift directed graph operator algebras
Authors: Kribs David , Levene Rupert , Power Stephen 
Published: September 2016

We consider non-selfadjoint operator algebras

L

(
G
,
λ
)

\mathcal {L} (G,\lambda )

generated by weighted creation operators on the Fock-Hilbert spaces of countable directed graphs

G
G

. These algebras may be viewed as non-commutative generalizations of weighted Bergman space algebras or as weighted versions of the free semigroupoid algebras of directed graphs. A complete description of the commutant is obtained together with broad conditions that ensure the double commutant property. It is also shown that the double commutant property may fail for

L

(
G
,
λ
)

\mathfrak {L} (G,\lambda )

in the case of the single vertex graph with two edges and a suitable choice of left weight function

λ
\lambda

.
QUBIC: a bioconductor package for qualitative biclustering analysis of gene co-expression data
Authors: Zhang Yu , Xie Juan , Yang Jinyu , Fennell Anne , Zhang Chi , Ma Qin 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Motivation
Biclustering is widely used to identify co-expressed genes under subsets of all the conditions in a large-scale transcriptomic dataset. The program, QUBIC, is recognized as one of the most efficient and effective biclustering methods for biological data interpretation. However, its availability is limited to a C implementation and to a low-throughput web interface.

Results
An R implementation of QUBIC is presented here with two unique features: (i) a 82% average improved efficiency by refactoring and optimizing the source C code of QUBIC; and (ii) a set of comprehensive functions to facilitate biclustering-based biological studies, including the qualitative representation (discretization) of expression data, query-based biclustering, bicluster expanding, biclusters comparison, heatmap visualization of any identified biclusters and co-expression networks elucidation.

Availability and Implementation
The package is implemented in R (as of version 3.3) and is available from Bioconductor at the URL: http://bioconductor.org/packages/QUBIC, where installation and usage instructions can be found.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
IT-CARES: an interactive tool for case-crossover analyses of electronic medical records for patient safety
Authors: Caron Alexandre , Chazard Emmanuel , Muller Joris , Perichon Renaud , Ferret Laurie , Koutkias Vassilis , Beuscart Régis , Beuscart Jean-Baptiste , Ficheur Grégoire 
Published: September 2016

Background: The significant risk of adverse events following medical procedures supports a clinical epidemiological approach based on the analyses of collections of electronic medical records. Data analytical tools might help clinical epidemiologists develop more appropriate case-crossover designs for monitoring patient safety.
Objective: To develop and assess the methodological quality of an interactive tool for use by clinical epidemiologists to systematically design case-crossover analyses of large electronic medical records databases.
Material and Methods: We developed IT-CARES, an analytical tool implementing case-crossover design, to explore the association between exposures and outcomes. The exposures and outcomes are defined by clinical epidemiologists via lists of codes entered via a user interface screen. We tested IT-CARES on data from the French national inpatient stay database, which documents diagnoses and medical procedures for 170 million inpatient stays between 2007 and 2013. We compared the results of our analysis with reference data from the literature on thromboembolic risk after delivery and bleeding risk after total hip replacement.
Results: IT-CARES provides a user interface with 3 columns: (i) the outcome criteria in the left-hand column, (ii) the exposure criteria in the right-hand column, and (iii) the estimated risk (odds ratios, presented in both graphical and tabular formats) in the middle column. The estimated odds ratios were consistent with the reference literature data.
Discussion: IT-CARES may enhance patient safety by facilitating clinical epidemiological studies of adverse events following medical procedures. The tool’s usability must be evaluated and improved in further research.
Clues to the nature of ultradiffuse galaxies from estimated galaxy velocity dispersions
Authors: Zaritsky Dennis 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We describe how to estimate the velocity dispersions of ultradiffuse galaxies (UDGs) using a previously defined galaxy scaling relationship. The method is accurate for the two UDGs with spectroscopically measured dispersions, as well as for ultracompact galaxies, ultrafaint galaxies, and stellar systems with little or no dark matter. This universality means that the relationship can be applied without further knowledge or prejudice regarding the structure of a galaxy. We then estimate the velocity dispersions of UDGs drawn from two published samples and examine the distribution of total masses. We find, in agreement with the previous studies of two individual UDGs, that these systems are dark matter dominated systems, and that they span a range of at least 1010 &lt; M200/M⊙ &lt; 1012. These galaxies are not, as an entire class, either all dwarfs or all failed L* galaxies. Estimates of the velocity dispersions can also help identify interesting subsets of UDGs, such as those that are likely to have the largest mass-to-light ratios, for subsequent spectroscopic study.
Embodying Empire: European Tattooing and German Colonial Power*
Authors: Fitzpatrick Matthew P 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Via an investigation of the broader historical conditions of European tattooing practices, this article argues that the example of the last German Governor of Samoa, Erich Schultz, demonstrates the key role of the body in colonial entanglements. By allowing himself to be tattooed in Samoan style, Schultz signalled his strong affinity with Samoan social practices and politics. Not merely indicative of a subjective shift, his tattooing also furthered his authority as a German colonial official. At a time when other European officials, including Germans in other colonies, shied away from engaging with the cultural and political practices of those they governed, Schultz and other German officials in Samoa self-consciously sought to colonize the Samoans while accepting and employing Samoan symbols of authority.
The economic effect of a physician assistant or nurse practitioner in rural America
Authors: Eilrich Fred C. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Revenues generated by physician assistants (PAs) and NPs in clinics and hospitals create employment opportunities and wages, salaries, and benefits for staff, which in turn are circulated throughout the local economy. An input-output model was used to estimate the direct and secondary effects of a rural primary care PA or NP on the community and surrounding area. This type of model explains how input/output from one sector of industry can be the output/input for another sector. Given two example scenarios, a rural PA or NP can have an employment effect of 4.4 local jobs and labor income of $280,476 from the clinic. The total effect to a community with a hospital increases to 18.5 local jobs and $940,892 of labor income.
Expanding Group Peer Review: A Proposal for Medical Education Scholarship
Authors: Dumenco Luba , Engle Deborah L. , Goodell Kristen , Nagler Alisa , Ovitsh Robin K. , Whicker Shari A. 
Published: September 2016

After participating in a group peer-review exercise at a workshop presented by Academic Medicine and MedEdPORTAL editors at the 2015 Association of American Medical Colleges Medical Education Meeting, the authors realized that the way their work group reviewed a manuscript was very different from the way by which they each would have reviewed the paper as an individual. Further, the group peer-review process yielded more robust feedback for the manuscript’s authors than did the traditional individual peer-review process. This realization motivated the authors to reconvene and collaborate to write this Commentary to share their experience and propose the expanded use of group peer review in medical education scholarship.
The authors consider the benefits of a peer-review process for reviewers, including learning how to improve their own manuscripts. They suggest that the benefits of a team review model may be similar to those of teamwork and team-based learning in medicine and medical education. They call for research to investigate this, to provide evidence to support group review, and to determine whether specific paper types would benefit most from team review (e.g., particularly complex manuscripts, those receiving widely disparate initial individual reviews). In addition, the authors propose ways in which a team-based approach to peer review could be expanded by journals and institutions. They believe that exploring the use of group peer review potentially could create a new methodology for skill development in research and scholarly writing and could enhance the quality of medical education scholarship.
Integrating Theory, Content, and Method to Foster Critical Consciousness in Medical Students: A Comprehensive Model for Cultural Competence Training
Authors: Dao Diane K. , Goss Adeline L. , Hoekzema Andrew S. , Kelly Lauren A. , Logan Alexander A. , Mehta Sanjiv D. , Sandesara Utpal N. , Munyikwa Michelle R. , DeLisser Horace M. 
Published: September 2016

Many efforts to design introductory “cultural competence” courses for medical students rely on an information delivery (competence) paradigm, which can exoticize patients while obscuring social context, medical culture, and power structures. Other approaches foster a general open-minded orientation, which can remain nebulous without clear grounding principles. Medical educators are increasingly recognizing the limitations of both approaches and calling for strategies that reenvision cultural competence training. Successfully realizing such alternative strategies requires the development of comprehensive models that specify and integrate theoretical frameworks, content, and teaching principles.
In this article, the authors present one such model: Introduction to Medicine and Society (IMS), a required cultural competence course launched in 2013 for first-year medical students at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania. Building on critical pedagogy, IMS is centered on a novel specification of “critical consciousness” in clinical practice as an orientation to understanding and pragmatic action in three relational domains: internal, interpersonal, and structural. Instead of transmitting discrete “facts” about patient “types,” IMS content provokes students to engage with complex questions bridging the three domains. Learning takes place in a small-group space specifically designed to spur transformation toward critical consciousness. After discussing the three key components of the course design and describing a representative session, the authors discuss the IMS model’s implications, reception by students and faculty, and potential for expansion. Their early experience suggests the IMS model successfully engages students and prepares future physicians to critically examine experiences, manage interpersonal dynamics, and structurally contextualize patient encounters.
Propofol Pharmacodynamics and Bispectral Index During Key Moments of Awake Craniotomy
Authors: Soehle Martin , Wolf Christina F. , Priston Melanie J. , Neuloh Georg , Bien Christian G. , Hoeft Andreas , Ellerkmann Richard K. 
Published: September 2016

Background:
During awake craniotomy, the patient’s language centers are identified by neurological testing requiring a fully awake and cooperative patient. Hence, anesthesia aims for an unconscious patient at the beginning and end of surgery but an awake and responsive patient in between. We investigated the plasma (C
plasma) and effect-site (C
effect-site) propofol concentration as well as the related Bispectral Index (BIS) required for intraoperative return of consciousness and begin of neurological testing.

Materials and Methods:
In 13 patients, arterial C
plasma were measured by high-pressure liquid chromatography and C
effect-site was estimated based on the Marsh and Schnider pharmacokinetic/dynamic (pk/pd) models. The BIS, C
plasma and C
effect-site were compared during the intraoperative awakening period at designated time points such as return of consciousness and start of the Boston Naming Test (neurological test).

Results:
Return of consciousness occurred at a BIS of 77±7 (mean±SD) and a measured C
plasma of 1.2±0.4 μg/mL. The Marsh model predicted a significantly (P<0.001) higher C
plasma of 1.9±0.4 µg/mL as compared with the Schnider model (C
plasma=1.4±0.4 µg/mL) at return of consciousness. Neurological testing was possible as soon as the BIS had increased to 92±6 and measured C
plasma had decreased to 0.8±0.3 µg/mL. This translated into a time delay of 23±12 minutes between return of consciousness and begin of neurological testing. At begin of neurological testing, C
plasma according to Marsh (C
plasma=1.3±0.5 µg/mL) was significantly (P=0.002) higher as compared with the Schnider model (C
plasma=1.0±0.4 µg/mL).

Conclusions:
To perform intraoperative neurological testing, patients are required to be fully awake with plasma propofol concentrations as low as 0.8 µg/mL. Following our clinical setup, the Schnider pk/pd model estimates propofol concentrations significantly more accurate as compared with the Marsh model at this neurologically crucial time point.
The Economics of Skin Cancer: An Analysis of Medicare Payment Data
Authors: Chen Jenny T. , Kempton Steven J. , Rao Venkat K. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:
The incidence and cost of nonmelanoma skin cancers are skyrocketing. Five million cases cost $8.1 billion in 2011. The average cost of treatment per patient increased from $1000 in 2006 to $1600 in 2011. We present a study of the economics and costs of skin cancer management in Medicare patients.

Methods:
We studied data released by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services in 2014. Treatment modalities for the management of skin cancer were reviewed, and costs of treatment were quantified for a sample of 880,000 providers.

Results:
Review of Medicare payment records related to the management of skin cancer yielded data from over 880,000 health care providers who received $77 billion in Medicare payments in 2012. From 1992 to 2009, the rate of Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) has increased by 700%, and these procedures typically have Medicare payments 120% to 370% more than surgical excision, even when including pathology fees. From 1992 to 2009, MMS increased by 700%, whereas surgical excisions increased by only 20%. In 2009, 1800 providers billed Medicare for MMS; in 2012, that number increased to 3209. On average, 1 in 4 cases of skin cancer is treated with MMS.

Conclusion:
Mohs excision is more expensive than surgical excision in an office setting. Procedures requiring the operating room are much more expensive than office procedures. In an era of high deductible health plans, patients’ financial burden is much less with simple excisions of skin cancers done in a clinic when compared with Mohs surgery or operative interventions.
Current State of Pediatric Intensive Care and High Dependency Care in Nepal*
Authors: Khanal Aayush , Sharma Arun , Basnet Sangita 
Published: September 2016

Objectives:
To describe the state of pediatric intensive care and high dependency care in Nepal. Pediatric intensive care is now a recognized specialty in high-income nations, but there are few reports from low-income countries. With the large number of critically ill children in Nepal, the importance of pediatric intensive care is increasingly recognized but little is known about its current state.

Design:
Survey.

Setting:
All hospitals in Nepal that have separate physical facilities for PICU and high dependency care.

Patients:
All children admitted to these facilities.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
A questionnaire survey was sent to the chief of each facility. Eighteen hospitals were eligible and 16 responded. Two thirds of the 16 units were established in the last 5 years; they had a total of 93 beds, with median of 5 (range, 2–10) beds per unit. All 16 units had a monitor for each bed but only 75% could manage central venous catheters and only 75% had a blood gas analyzer. Thirty two percent had only one functioning mechanical ventilator and another 38% had two ventilators, the other units had 3–6 ventilators. Six PICUs (38%) had a nurse-to-patient ratio of 1:2 and the others had 1:3 to 1:6. Only one institution had a pediatric intensive care specialist. The majority of patients (88%) came from families with an income of just over a dollar per day. All patients were self funded with a median cost of PICU bed being $25 U.S. dollars (interquartile range, 15–31) per day. The median stay was 6 (interquartile range, 4.8–7) days. The most common age group was 1–5. Sixty percent of units reported respiratory distress/failure as their primary cause for admission. Mortality was 25% (interquartile range, 20–35%) with mechanical ventilation and 1% (interquartile range, 0–5%) without mechanical ventilation.

Conclusions:
Pediatric intensive care in Nepal is still in its infancy, and there is a need for improved organization, services, and training.