bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Absence of Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase BCSOD1 reduces Botrytis cinerea virulence in Arabidopsis and tomato plants, revealing interplay among reactive oxygen species, callose and signalling pathways
Authors: López‐Cruz Jaime , Óscar Crespo‐Salvador , Emma Fernández‐Crespo , Pilar García‐Agustín , Carmen González‐Bosch 
Published: January 2016

SummaryPlants activate responses against pathogens, including the oxidative burst. Necrotrophic pathogens can produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) that benefit the colonization process. Previously, we have demonstrated that tomato plants challenged with Botrytis cinerea accumulate ROS and callose, together with the induction of genes involved in defence, signalling and oxidative metabolism. Here, we studied the infection phenotype of the Δbcsod1 strain in both tomato and Arabidopsis plants. This mutant lacks bcsod1, which encodes Cu–Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD). This enzyme catalyses the conversion of superoxide ion (
) into hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). ROS play a protective role and act as signals in plants. Δbcsod1 displayed reduced virulence compared with wild‐type B05.10 in both species. Plants infected with Δbcsod1 accumulated less H2O2 and more
than those infected with B05.10, which is associated with an increase in the defensive polymer callose. This supports a major role of fungal SOD in H2O2 production during the plant–pathogen interaction. The early induction of the callose synthase gene PMR4 suggested that changes in ROS altered plant defensive responses at the transcriptional level. The metabolites and genes involved in signalling and in response to oxidative stress were differentially expressed on Δbcsod1 infection, supporting the notion that plants perceive changes in ROS balance and activate defence responses. A higher O2–/H2O2 ratio seems to be beneficial for plant protection against this necrotroph. Our results highlight the relevance of callose and the oxylipin 12‐oxo‐phytodienoic acid (OPDA) in the response to changes in the oxidative environment, and clarify the mechanisms that underlie the responses to Botrytis in Arabidopsis and tomato plants.
Creating Stable Agreements in Marine Policy: Learning from the California South Coast Marine Life Protection Act Initiative
Authors: McCreary Scott , Grifman Phyllis , Cowart Meredith 
Published: January 2016

In this article, we examine the California South Coast Marine Life Protection Act Initiative stakeholder process, evaluate its shortcomings, and consider what could have been done differently. Our objective is to make recommendations to improve future multi‐stakeholder marine policy processes. In our view, while the South Coast stakeholder process had many positive outcomes, it failed to reach what we call here a “stable agreement.” Our analysis is based on two of the authors’ involvement (one as a facilitator and the other as a stakeholder representative) in the process and a post‐hoc survey of participants. We find that several ill‐advised process design and management choices significantly destabilized the negotiations, leading to an ultimately unstable agreement.We highlight four major problematic process design and management decisions, including the following: representation on the multi‐stakeholder group was imbalanced, the pre‐meeting caucuses were not paired with training in interest‐based negotiation, adequate incentives to negotiate toward a consensus agreement were not provided, and the use of straw voting at one point in the process was unclear and inconsistent. As a result of these and other process design and management flaws, many stakeholders believed that the process was biased and that their ends would be better achieved by anchoring negotiations and engaging in positional bargaining. Ultimately, this meant that near‐consensus on a single cross‐interest marine protected area proposal was not reached, the scientific guidelines put forth were not fully met, the process was not and is not viewed as fair by the stakeholders directly or indirectly involved, and the marine protected area regulations lack broad‐scale support.These pitfalls of the South Coast stakeholder process could have been avoided had the management and facilitation team consistently followed best practices in dispute resolution. We recommend that future marine planning processes learn from this example, particularly those occurring in highly complex, urban ocean environments.
BK virus nephropathy in renal transplant recipients
Authors: Jamboti Jagadish S 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBK virus nephropathy (BKVN) occurs in up to 10% of renal transplant recipients and can result in graft loss. The reactivation of BK virus in renal transplant recipients is largely asymptomatic, and routine surveillance especially in the first 12–24 months after transplant is necessary for early recognition and intervention. Reduced immunosuppression and anti‐viral treatment in the early stages may be effective in stopping BK virus replication. Urinary decoy cells, although highly specific, lack sensitivity to diagnose BKVN. Transplant biopsy remains the gold standard to diagnose BKVN, good surrogate markers for surveillance using quantitative urinary decoy cells, urinary SV40 T immunochemical staining or polyoma virus‐Haufen bodies are offered by recent studies. Advanced BKVN results in severe tubulo‐interstitial damage and graft failure. Retransplantation after BKVN is associated with good outcomes. Newer treatment modalities are emerging.
Online CO2 and H2O oxygen isotope fractionation allows estimation of mesophyll conductance in C4 plants, and reveals that mesophyll conductance decreases as leaves age in both C4 and C3 plants
Authors: Barbour Margaret M. , Evans John R. , Simonin Kevin A. , von Caemmerer Susanne 
Published: January 2016

Summary

Mesophyll conductance significantly, and variably, limits photosynthesis but we currently have no reliable method of measurement for C4 plants.

An online oxygen isotope technique was developed to allow quantification of mesophyll conductance in C4 plants and to provide an alternative estimate in C3 plants. The technique is compared to an established carbon isotope method in three C3 species.

Mesophyll conductance of C4 species was similar to that in the C3 species measured, and declined in both C4 and C3 species as leaves aged from fully expanded to senescing. In cotton leaves, simultaneous measurement of carbon and oxygen isotope discrimination allowed the partitioning of total conductance to the chloroplasts into cell wall and plasma membrane versus chloroplast membrane components, if CO2 was assumed to be isotopically equilibrated with cytosolic water, and the partitioning remained stable with leaf age.

The oxygen isotope technique allowed estimation of mesophyll conductance in C4 plants and, when combined with well‐established carbon isotope techniques, may provide additional information on mesophyll conductance in C3 plants.
UNDERSTANDING MULTIPLE SPECIES ECOSYSTEM DYNAMICS USING A CONSUMER RESOURCE MODEL
Authors: COLLINS OBIORA C. , DUFFY KEVIN J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMost ecological systems comprise multiple species coexisting and the dynamics of these multiple species can be important for understanding, management, and conservation. One method to study such ecological system dynamics is the use of heterogeneous models. Here we formulate and analyze a multiple species (n patches or groups) consumer resource model. Initial insights are gained by analyzing the special cases and . A threshold consumption number C0 is used to investigate system stability and hence the long‐term dynamics of the system. It is shown how this threshold consumption number can measure the effects and extent of multiple species coexistence in the system.
Clinical effectiveness of very‐low‐energy diets in the management of weight loss: a systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Parretti H. M. , Jebb S. A. , Johns D. J. , Lewis A. L. , Christian‐Brown A. M. , Aveyard P. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryGuidelines suggest that very‐low‐energy diets (VLEDs) should be used to treat obesity only when rapid weight loss is clinically indicated because of concerns about rapid weight regain.Literature databases were searched from inception to November 2014. Randomized trials were included where the intervention included a VLED and the comparator was no intervention or an intervention that could be given in a general medical setting in adults that were overweight. Two reviewers characterized the population, intervention, control groups, outcomes and appraised quality. The primary outcome was weight change at 12 months from baseline.Compared with a behavioural programme alone, VLEDs combined with a behavioural programme achieved −3.9 kg [95% confidence interval (CI) −6.7 to −1.1] at 1 year. The difference at 24 months was −1.4 kg (95%CI −2.6 to −0.2) and at 38–60 months was −1.3 kg (95%CI −2.9 to 0.2). Nineteen per cent of the VLED group discontinued treatment prematurely compared with 20% of the comparator groups, relative risk 0.96 (0.56 to 1.66). One serious adverse event, hospitalization with cholecystitis, was reported in the VLED group and none in the comparator group.Very‐low‐energy diets with behavioural programmes achieve greater long‐term weight loss than behavioural programmes alone, appear tolerable and lead to few adverse events suggesting they could be more widely used than current guidelines suggest.
The Effectiveness of Written Action Plans in Atopic Dermatitis
Authors: Sauder Maxwell B. , McEvoy Alana , Sampson Margaret , Kanigsberg Nordau , Vaillancourt Regis , Ramien Michele L. , Zemek Roger 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAtopic dermatitis (AD) is a chronic dermatosis requiring a stepwise and dynamic approach to management. The use of written action plans has been shown to improve outcomes in other chronic diseases that require a similar incremental approach. A systematic review was performed to evaluate the effect of a written eczema action plan (EAP) in AD management and to identify characteristics of effective action plans in children with eczema. Only two trials were identified as eligible, which highlights the need for more research on EAPs.
Clinical Efficacy of Herbal Medicine for Pediatric Lymphatic Malformations: A Pilot Study
Authors: Hashizume Naoki , Yagi Minoru , Egami Hideaki , Asagiri Kimio , Fukahori Suguru , Ishii Shinji , Saikusa Nobuyuki , Yoshida Motomu , Masui Daisuke , Tanaka Yoshiaki 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundLymphatic malformations (LMs) are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system that commonly affect the head and neck region and cause marked cosmetic and functional complications. In this pilot study, we present eight children with LMs treated using an herbal medicine for this indication.MethodsBetween January 2009 and May 2014, eight children (four boys, four girls) with LMs were treated using oral administration of an herbal medicine, Eppikajyutsuto (TJ‐28; Tsumura, Tokyo, Japan), as monotherapy.ResultsFour of the cases were macrocystic and four were mixed micro‐ and macrocystic. The mean treatment duration was 7.2 ± 2.9 months (range 5–12 mos). The mean LM volume shrinkage on magnetic resonance imaging was 54.5 ± 38.3% (macrocystic 73.6 ± 27.0%; mixed micro‐ and macrocystic 35.4 ± 41.5%). One of four macrocystic lesions had a marked reduction, two had a moderate reduction, and one had no response. A marked reduction was observed in three of the four mixed micro‐ and macrocystic cases; the other mixed cystic case had no response. The treatment was well tolerated, without severe adverse events.ConclusionsThis preliminary study demonstrates the beneficial effects of TJ‐28. Further evaluations of this therapeutic modality are warranted.
Pharmacokinetic Profile, Safety, and Tolerability of Crisaborole Topical Ointment, 2% in Adolescents with Atopic Dermatitis: An Open‐Label Phase 2a Study
Authors: Tom Wynnis L. , Van Syoc Merrie , Chanda Sanjay , Zane Lee T. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundPhosphodiesterase‐4 (PDE4) is an emerging target in treating inflammatory skin diseases. Crisaborole topical ointment, 2% is a novel, boron‐based, topical PDE4 inhibitor under investigation for treatment of mild to moderate atopic dermatitis (AD).MethodsAdolescent patients aged 12 to 17 years with treatable AD lesions involving ≥10% to ≤35% body surface area (BSA) were enrolled into a phase 2a, open‐label study comprising pharmacokinetic (PK), safety, tolerability, and efficacy assessments. Crisaborole topical ointment, 2% was applied twice daily to affected areas for 28 days, with dosage based on baseline treatable BSA. PK blood samples were collected on days 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 9. Safety assessments included adverse events (AEs), laboratory parameters, and vital signs. Efficacy assessments included the Investigator's Static Global Assessment (ISGA) score and severity of AD signs and symptoms.ResultsTwenty‐three patients were enrolled; 22 completed the study (1 patient discontinued due to an AE [application site dermatitis]). PK analysis demonstrated limited exposure to crisaborole topical ointment, 2% after 8 days of dosing. Ten patients reported a total of 19 AEs, most commonly application site pain and nasopharyngitis (3 patients each). There were no clinically meaningful changes in laboratory or vital sign parameters. Efficacy was demonstrated by reductions in mean ISGA and AD sign and symptom severity scores. At day 29, eight patients (35%) had achieved an ISGA score ≤1 with ≥2‐grade improvement. Mean treatable BSA declined from 17.6% to 8.2%.ConclusionThese results provide preliminary evidence for the limited systemic exposure, safety, and effectiveness of crisaborole topical ointment, 2% in adolescents with mild to moderate AD.
Aggression, anger and hostility: Evaluation of moral disengagement as a mediational process
Authors: Rubio‐Garay Fernando , Carrasco Miguel A. , Amor Pedro J. 
Published: January 2016

This study examines how the mechanisms underlying moral disengagement serve as a mediator between anger and hostility and physical and verbal aggression. The study was carried out on 424 participants (61.1% females), aged 15 to 25 years, assessing the direct and indirect effects of the distinct variables using a hierarchical multiple regression analysis and structural equation modeling. The findings suggest that anger and hostility contribute independently and positively to physical and verbal aggression. Moreover, the relationships between anger, hostility, and aggression appear to be mediated by moral disengagement. Indeed, this process of mediation was invariant across sexes, and it tended to be stronger for physical – as opposed to verbal – aggression.
Detection of specific immunoglobulin E antibodies toward common airborne allergens, peanut, wheat, and latex in solvent/detergent‐treated pooled plasma
Authors: Apelseth Torunn O. , Kvalheim Venny L. , Kristoffersen Einar K. 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDAllergic transfusion reactions (ATRs) present with a broad range of symptoms probably caused by mediators released from mast cells and basophil granulocytes upon activation. Passive immunoglobulin (Ig)E sensitization may yield clinical symptoms and positive allergy tests. Unexpected findings of IgE antibodies in pooled solvent/detergent (S/D)‐treated plasma (Octaplas, Octapharma) during routine analysis initiated an investigation of serum proteins.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSConsecutive batches of S/D‐plasma transfused during September 2014 through March 2015 were investigated for IgE, IgG, IgA IgM, C3, C4, haptoglobin, anti‐nuclear antibodies (ANAs), and red blood cell (RBC) antibodies.RESULTSDuring the study period, 4203 S/D‐plasma units were transfused. Nineteen (14 Octaplas A and five Octaplas AB) of 20 batches of S/D‐plasma were included, representing 99.9% of total number of plasma units. A total of 0.4% of units and five batches reported ATRs. Concentrations of total IgE higher than expected values in adults (<120 kU/L) were observed in 18 of the 19 (95%) batches investigated (median concentration [quartiles], 161 [133‐183]). Specific IgE antibodies (expected < 0.35 kilounits antigen [kUA]/L) against house dust mite (2.52 [1.01‐5.09]), timothy (2.83 [2.48‐3.24]), cat (1.13 [0.58‐1.52]), dog (0.83 [0.50‐1.05]), mugwort (0.69 [0.53‐0.97]), birch (0.62 [0.28‐0.92]), peanut (0.52 [0.29‐075]), wheat (0.46 [0.33‐0.69]), and latex (0.32 [0.21‐0.53]) were also detected. IgG, IgA, IgM, C3, C4, and haptoglobin were within or below normal ranges. No RBC antibodies were observed, but 18% of batches showed low levels of ANA (anti‐RNP).CONCLUSIONSpecific IgE antibodies against airborne allergens, food allergens, and latex were detected in S/D‐treated pooled plasma.
Dengue virus persists and replicates during storage of platelet and red blood cell units
Authors: Sutherland Michael R. , Simon Ayo Y. , Serrano Katherine , Schubert Peter , Acker Jason P. , Pryzdial Edward L.G. 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDDengue virus (DENV) is a transfusion‐transmissible arbovirus that threatens blood donor systems with approximately 200 million high‐titer asymptomatic infections occurring annually. Here we investigated the viability of DENV during storage of donor‐derived platelet (PLT) and red blood cell (RBC) units. While purified PLTs have been shown to generate viable DENV, RBCs are replication incompetent. Combined with different storage criteria, distinct virus persistence profiles were anticipated in PLT and RBC units.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSMimicking the virus titer of asymptomatic donors, purified DENV was spiked (105‐106 infectious units/mL) into PLT or RBC units produced and stored according to blood bank operating procedures. DENV was measured by infectious plaque‐forming assays and by quantitative reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction.RESULTSIn both PLT (7 days, 20‐24°C) and RBC (42 days, 1‐6°C) units, infectious DENV persisted throughout storage despite logarithmic decay. In buffer alone, DENV infectivity was insignificant by Day 1 at 20 to 24°C or 14 days at 1 to 6°C. Infectious virus production was identified in stored PLT units using a translation inhibitor and supported by virus genome replication. Surprisingly, DENV was also produced in RBC units, implying the involvement of cells other than RBCs.CONCLUSIONBoth virus propagation and effects independent of cell function mitigate the intrinsic lability of DENV. Nevertheless, the overall rapid storage decay suggests that aged PLT and RBC units may be safer. These data raise awareness to the possible persistence of other conceivably more robust RNA viruses during the storage of cellular blood products.
Rituximab‐refractory thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura responsive to intravenous but not subcutaneous bortezomib
Authors: Patel Priyank P. , Becker Joanne , Freyer Craig , Griffiths Elizabeth , Thompson James E. , Wang Eunice S. 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) is often characterized by formation of antibodies against a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin repeat, member 13 (ADAMTS13). Therapeutic plasma exchange (PEX) is the basis of TTP therapy, with additional immunosuppression to eradicate ADAMTS13 antibody–producing B cells.CASE REPORTWe describe a case of a 22‐year‐old female with TTP refractory to PEX, high‐dose corticosteroid therapy, and rituximab. Laboratory blood tests showed a severe ADAMTS13 deficiency and the presence of an inhibitor. Although one cycle of subcutaneous bortezomib resulted in clinical improvement, the patient remained PEX dependent. A second course of intravenous (IV) bortezomib resulted in a complete remission without evidence of relapse after 18 months.CONCLUSIONThis case confirms the efficacy of bortezomib for refractory TTP and suggests that the in vivo activity of IV bortezomib may be distinct from subcutaneous drug in this setting.
Exploring new biomarkers in the tumour microenvironment of canine inflammatory mammary tumours
Authors: Raposo T. P. , Pires I. , Prada J. , Queiroga F. L. , Argyle D. J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHuman inflammatory breast cancer (IBC) and canine inflammatory mammary cancer (CIMC) are the most aggressive forms of mammary cancer. Current research aims to identify new therapeutic targets. Here, we investigated gene expression levels of biomarkers associated with the inflammatory microenvironment. A total of 32 formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded samples of canine mammary carcinoma (CIMC = 26; non‐CIMC = 6) were used and their cDNA subjected to quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) to establish gene expression levels for mediators commonly implicated in linking carcinogenesis with inflammation. Gene expression differences between CIMC and non‐CIMC types were obtained for cyclooxygenase 2 (COX‐2) (P = 0.004), synuclein gamma (SNCG) (P = 0.006), tribbles 1 (P = 0.025), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) (P = 0.017) and CSF1R (P = 0.045). Among these biomarkers correlations were found, particularly between SNCG and tribbles 1 (r = 0.512, P = 0.001). The efficient metastasis of CIMC is intimately linked to components in the tumour microenvironment. This study suggests that upregulation and correlation of SNCG and tribbles 1 deserves to be further explored.
Ultrastructural characteristics of blood cells in the Yellow‐Bellied Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta)
Authors: Hernández Juan D. , Orós Jorge , Artiles Minerva , Castro Pedro , Blanco Alfonso 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThe classification of blood cells from the Yellow‐Bellied Slider Turtle (Trachemys scripta scripta) is relevant due to their increasing importance as pets and as object of study in clinical settings and research projects. However, no previous ultrastructural characterization of blood cells from turtles of the genusTrachemyshas been reported.ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to provide an ultrastructural characterization of blood cells of the Yellow‐Bellied Slider Turtle.MethodsBlood samples from 10 healthy adult turtles (5 males and 5 females) were obtained and processed for transmission electron microscopy using standard methods.ResultsSome erythrocytes had intracytoplasmic inclusions compatible with hemoglobin precipitates; mitochondria and ribosomes in the cytoplasm of erythrocytes were also observed. Five types of white blood cells were ultrastructurally identified: heterophils, eosinophils, basophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes. Heterophils were similar to those described from Sea Turtles, with only one morphologic variation of this cell. Eosinophils were homogeneous in size and had intracytoplasmic granules without crystalline structures. Basophils were ultrastructurally described for the first time for a turtle and had heterogeneous intracytoplasmic granules. Lymphocytes and monocytes were similar to those described from other chelonians. Some thrombocytes had an irregularly lobulated nucleus and intracytoplasmic canalicular structures.ConclusionThis study provides the first ultrastructural classification of blood cells inTrachemys scripta scripta, as a baseline for further hematologic studies in this species.