bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Juvenile Competency and Pretrial Due Process: A Call for Greater Protections in Massachusetts for Juveniles Residing in Procedural Purgatory
Authors: Rapisarda Mark , Kaplan Wendy J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWhile juvenile courts continue to balance and reevaluate the dual goals of community safety and rehabilitation of youth, juveniles who are not competent to stand trial have been left without sufficient procedural protections. This paper examines Massachusetts’ approach to juvenile competency, due process, and pretrial procedure, within a national context. The inadequacies of the Massachusetts juvenile competency laws are not unique. Currently there are nineteen states that either entirely lack juvenile‐specific competency legislation or merely incorporate inapposite adult criminal statutes and standards into the juvenile context—making it difficult or impossible for those juvenile courts to dismiss or divert a delinquency petition following an incompetency finding. Massachusetts and states similarly situated should adopt explicit statutory language to delineate the basis for a juvenile incompetency finding and the grounds for dismissing delinquency complaints pretrial after an incompetency finding has been made. This paper proposes that Massachusetts adopt a timeline for effecting such dismissals based in part on the amount of time a juvenile could face if committed to the juvenile correctional authority following an adjudication of delinquency. The paper also recommends best practices of states that are pioneering juvenile legislative reforms like dismissal timelines and incompetency presumptions. Finally, we suggest a more stringent regulatory framework be put in place governing the pretrial detention of youths who have been found not competent to stand trial—a framework that recognizes and preserves the juvenile's substantive rights to education, mental health and rehabilitative services. Without legislation, juveniles found not competent to stand trial remain subject to the prospect of indefinite locked detention, often without access to the necessary services that contribute to future success as well as attainment of competency. This lack of due process runs counter to the foundational goals of the juvenile justice system.
Threats to Perceptions of Fairness in the Termination of Parental Rights
Authors: Wayne Raymie H. , Smith Brenda D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTermination of parental rights (TPR) proceedings are among the most important family court activities. This study contributes to knowledge of the TPR process by illustrating practices employed in TPR proceedings and considering ways that certain practices can hinder perceptions of fairness. TPR court records from one state were analyzed using inductive coding procedures. The analysis identified nine categories of threats to perceptions of fairness in the TPR process. Findings have implications for procedural justice and the legitimacy of child welfare practice.
Empathy through Animals: Generating Evidence‐based Outcomes for Empathy Development
Authors: Dawson Jamie 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLow empathy is a prominent trait associated with juvenile offenders. Many juvenile justice service providers strive to reduce risk factors associated with juvenile delinquency, while producing evidence‐based outcomes for targeted programming. The Youth Services Agency (YSA) Nature Center provides empathy development through animal therapy to adjudicated youth. This project generates evidence‐based outcomes and quantifies the impact of animal therapy on empathy development of adjudicated youth at the YSA Nature Center by utilizing self‐assessment tools. Results indicated trends that animal therapy increases the emotional empathy of YSA clients. Qualitative evidence implied that animal therapy had notable therapeutic value to YSA clients.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of a Juvenile Drug Court: Comparisons to Traditional Probation
Authors: Gummelt Ginger , Sullivan Michael 
Published: December 2016

AbstractJuvenile Drug Courts have been in operation in the United States for over 20 years, yet their effectiveness and design have been challenged throughout the literature. Using data collected from a Juvenile Drug Court (JDC) in Southeast Texas, this project sought to determine if the JDC intervention reduced recidivism compared to a comparison sample of juvenile offenders. Results indicate that the recidivism rates of participants in the JDC were lower than the comparison group, suggesting that the Drug Court intervention was successful. The program completion rates for JDC youths were also higher for those with fewer infractions. Although the JDC youths had statistically lower infractions, the intervention overall appears to need strengthening. A close inspection of program components could document which programmatic skills are tied to efficacy, leading to the achievement of better outcomes.
How the Framework of Implementation Science Guided an Evidence‐Based Dependency Parenting Program Initiative in Florida
Authors: Katz Lynne , Gonzalez Sindy , Ullery Mary Anne , Lang Jovasha K. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn Florida, like most states, many of the parenting programs that are being utilized with families in the dependency system are non‐evidence based, and fail to provide quantifiable data on parent progress during and after completion of the programs. Providing pertinent information in court on parents’ progress in a parenting program, as opposed to simply monitoring attendance, is a growing need voiced by dependency judges and child welfare case management professionals. Clear, reliable information related to parenting skills acquisition and insight can help to ensure that families involved in the child welfare system have access to quality services that improve outcomes for their children. The purpose of this paper is to detail how a statewide initiative to increase the number of Florida circuits providing evidence‐based parenting programs to their clients utilized implementation science to guide their process, and the degree to which the participating circuits achieved full implementation of evidence‐based parenting programs.
Not Enough Time in the Day: A Qualitative Assessment of In‐School Physical Activity Policy as Viewed by Administrators, Teachers, and Students
Authors: Gamble Abigail , Chatfield Sheryl L. , Cormack Michael L. , Hallam Jeffrey S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDIn recent decades, the alignment of health and education has been at the forefront of school reform. Whereas the establishment of national in‐school physical activity (ISPA) recommendations and state‐level mandates demonstrates success, there has been less achievement in areas that address health disparities. The purpose of this investigation was to explore barriers and facilitators to implementing state‐mandated ISPA policies in the Mississippi Delta.METHODSFocus groups or interviews were conducted with district administrators, school principals, teachers, and students. A total of 2 semistructured moderator guides were developed to focus on (1) student ISPA practices and preferences and (2) facilitators and barriers to implementing ISPA policies and practices.RESULTSA total of 6 themes were developed. In that, 2 themes addressed participant‐described barriers (primary challenges and interferences and excuses). Three themes highlighted participant‐described facilitators (compromises, things that work, and being active at school). Finally, 1 theme encompassed the participant‐described need to address educating the whole child.CONCLUSIONSThere is a critical need for meaningful and relevant solutions to circumvent challenges to implementing ISPA policies and practices in the Mississippi Delta. The Whole School, Whole Community, Whole Child model offers a broad means of visualizing rural, low‐income, racially concentrated schools to circumvent challenges and foster ISPA policies and practices.
Living donor risk model for predicting kidney allograft and patient survival in an emerging economy
Authors: Zafar Mirza Naqi , Wong Germaine , Aziz Tahir , Abbas Khawar , Adibul Hasan Rizvi S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimLiving donor kidney is the main source of donor organs in low to middle income countries. We aimed to develop a living donor risk model that predicts graft and patient survival in an emerging economy.MethodsWe used data from the Sindh Institute of Urology and Transplantation (SIUT) database (n = 2283 recipients and n = 2283 living kidney donors, transplanted between 1993 and 2009) and conducted Cox proportional hazard analyses to develop a composite score that predicts graft and patient survivals.ResultsDonor factors age, creatinine clearance, nephron dose (estimated by donor/recipient body weight ratio) and human leukocyte antigen (HLA) match were included in the living donor risk model. The adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) for graft failures among those who received a kidney with living donor scores (reference to donor score of zero) of 1, 2, 3 and 4 were 1.14 (95%CI: 0.94–1.39), 1.24 (95%CI:1.03–1.49), 1.25 (95%CI:1.03–1.51) and 1.36 (95%CI:1.08–1.72) (P‐value for trend =0.05). Similar findings were observed for patient survival.ConclusionsSimilar to findings in high income countries, our study suggests that donor characteristics such as age, nephron dose, creatinine clearance and HLA match are important factors that determine the long‐term patient and graft survival in low income countries. However, other crucial but undefined factors may play a role in determining the overall risk of graft failure and mortality in living kidney donor transplant recipients.
Cd‐induced Cu deficiency responses in Arabidopsis thaliana: are phytochelatins involved?
Authors: Gielen Heidi , Vangronsveld Jaco , Cuypers Ann 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCadmium (Cd) exposure can disturb the homeostasis of essential elements. In Arabidopsis thaliana, Cd induces a squamosa promoter binding protein‐like 7 (SPL7)‐dependent Cu deficiency response. We investigated how Cd induces a Cu deficiency response. The Cu deficiency response consists of the active SPL7 transcription factor binding to GTAC motifs in promoters of among others several Cu transporters, a Cu chaperone, and cupro‐miRNAs to regulate Cu homeostasis. We demonstrated that the addition of supplemental Cu to Cd‐exposed A. thaliana plants diminished the Cu deficiency response in roots, while it even disappeared in leaves. Exposure of plants to Cd in combination with extra Cu reduced Cd levels in both roots and leaves resulting in an improved cellular oxidative state. Furthermore, we demonstrated a role for phytochelatins (PCs) in the Cd‐induced Cu deficiency response, because it was reduced in roots of cad1‐3 mutant plants exposed to Cd. In conclusion, a working mechanism is provided in which it is suggested that Cd increases PC levels that can complex both Cd and Cu. This results in cellular Cu deficiency and subsequently the activation of SPL7 and hence the induction of the Cu deficiency response.
Exploring growth‐defence trade‐offs in Arabidopsis: phytochrome B inactivation requires JAZ10 to suppress plant immunity but not to trigger shade‐avoidance responses
Authors: Cerrudo Ignacio , Caliri‐Ortiz M. Emilia , Keller Mercedes M. , Degano M. Eugenia , Demkura Patricia V. , Ballaré Carlos L. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractUnder conditions that involve a high risk of competition for light among neighbouring plants, shade‐intolerant species often display increased shoot elongation and greater susceptibility to pathogens and herbivores. The functional links between morphological and defence responses to crowding are not well understood. In Arabidopsis, the protein JAZ10 is thought to play a key role connecting the inactivation of the photoreceptor phytochrome B (phyB), which takes place under competition for light, with the repression of jasmonate‐mediated plant defences. Here, we show that a null mutation of the JAZ10 gene in Arabidopsis did not affect plant growth nor did it suppress the shade‐avoidance responses elicited by phyB inactivation. However, the jaz10 mutation restored many of the defence traits that are missing in the phyB mutant, including the ability to express robust responses to jasmonate and to accumulate indolic glucosinolates. Furthermore, the jaz10phyB double mutant showed a significantly increased resistance to the pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea compared with the phyB parental line. Our results demonstrate that, by inactivating JAZ10, it is possible to partially uncouple shade avoidance from defence suppression in Arabidopsis. These findings may provide clues to improve plant resistance to pathogens in crops that are planted at high density.
Characterization of poplar metabotypes via mass difference enrichment analysis
Authors: Moritz Franco , Kaling Moritz , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter , Schmitt‐Kopplin Philippe 
Published: December 2016

AbstractInstrumentation technology for metabolomics has advanced drastically in recent years in terms of sensitivity and specificity. Despite these technical advances, data analytical strategies are still in their infancy in comparison with other ‘omics’. Plants are known to possess an immense diversity of secondary metabolites. Typically, more than 70% of metabolomics data are not amenable to systems biological interpretation because of poor database coverage. Here, we propose a new general strategy for mass‐spectrometry‐based metabolomics that incorporates all exact mass features with known sum formulas into the evaluation and interpretation of metabolomics studies. We extend the use of mass differences, commonly used for feature annotation, by redefining them as variables that reflect the remaining ‘omic’ domains. The strategy uses exact mass difference network analyses exemplified for the metabolomic description of two grey poplar (Populus × canescens) genotypes that differ in their capability to emit isoprene. This strategy established a direct connection between the metabotype and the non‐isoprene‐emitting phenotype, as mass differences pertaining to prenylation reactions were over‐represented in non‐isoprene‐emitting poplars. Not only was the analysis of mass differences able to grasp the known chemical biology of poplar, but it also improved the interpretability of yet unknown biochemical relationships.
Monoterpene ‘thermometer’ of tropical forest‐atmosphere response to climate warming
Authors: Jardine Kolby J. , Jardine Angela B. , Holm Jennifer A. , Lombardozzi Danica L. , Negron‐Juarez Robinson I. , Martin Scot T. , Beller Harry R. , Gimenez Bruno O. , Higuchi Niro , Chambers Jeffrey Q. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTropical forests absorb large amounts of atmospheric CO2 through photosynthesis but elevated temperatures suppress this absorption and promote monoterpene emissions. Using 13CO2 labeling, here we show that monoterpene emissions from tropical leaves derive from recent photosynthesis and demonstrate distinct temperature optima for five groups (Groups 1–5), potentially corresponding to different enzymatic temperature‐dependent reaction mechanisms within β‐ocimene synthases. As diurnal and seasonal leaf temperatures increased during the Amazonian 2015 El Niño event, leaf and landscape monoterpene emissions showed strong linear enrichments of β‐ocimenes (+4.4% °C−1) at the expense of other monoterpene isomers. The observed inverse temperature response of α‐pinene (−0.8% °C−1), typically assumed to be the dominant monoterpene with moderate reactivity, was not accurately simulated by current global emission models. Given that β‐ocimenes are highly reactive with respect to both atmospheric and biological oxidants, the results suggest that highly reactive β‐ocimenes may play important roles in the thermotolerance of photosynthesis by functioning as effective antioxidants within plants and as efficient atmospheric precursors of secondary organic aerosols. Thus, monoterpene composition may represent a new sensitive ‘thermometer’ of leaf oxidative stress and atmospheric reactivity, and therefore a new tool in future studies of warming impacts on tropical biosphere‐atmosphere carbon‐cycle feedbacks.
God and gratuitous evil (Part I)
Authors: Kraay Klaas J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn contemporary analytic philosophy, the problem of evil refers to a family of arguments that attempt to show, by appeal to evil, that God does not (or probably does not) exist. Some very important arguments in this family focus on gratuitous evil. Most participants in the relevant discussions, including theists and atheists, agree that God is able to prevent all gratuitous evil and that God would do so. On this view, of course, the occurrence of even a single instance of gratuitous evil falsifies theism. The most common response to such arguments attempts to cast doubt on the claim that gratuitous evil really occurs. The focus of these two survey papers will be a different response—one that has received less attention in the literature. This response attempts to show that God and gratuitous evil are compatible. If it succeeds, then the occurrence of gratuitous evil does not, after all, count against theism. After introducing some key terms, I survey the literature surrounding the attempts by Michael Peterson and John Hick to execute this strategy. In a follow‐up paper, I discuss the attempts of William Hasker, Peter van Inwagen, and Michael Almeida, respectively.
Exploitation as Domination: A Response to Arneson
Authors: Vrousalis Nicholas 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn a recent paper in this journal, Richard Arneson criticizes the domination account of exploitation and attributes it to me and Allen Wood. In this paper, I defend the domination account against Arneson's criticisms. I begin by showing that the domination view is distinct from the vulnerability‐based view defended by Wood. I also show that Alan Wertheimer's influential account of exploitation is congenial to the domination view. I then argue that Arneson's own fairness‐based view of exploitation generates false negatives and trivializes the concept of exploitation, rendering it entirely parasitic on the notion of unfairness.
Bad Luck for the Anti‐Luck Epistemologist
Authors: Borges Rodrigo 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAnti‐luck epistemologists tell us that knowledge is incompatible with epistemic luck and that epistemic luck is just a special case of luck in general. Much work has been done on the intricacies of the first claim. In this paper, I scrutinize the second claim. I argue that it does not survive scrutiny. I then offer an analysis of luck that explains the relevant data and avoids the problems from which the current views of luck suffer. However, this analysis of luck is of no help to the anti‐luck epistemologist for it uses knowledge to explain luck, making this account of knowledge circular. The main lesson is that the only viable analysis of luck is not suited for the anti‐luck epistemologist's coveted noncircular analysis of knowledge.
Natural and Ethical Normativity
Authors: Fisher Naomi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this paper, I argue that ethical normativity can be grounded in the natural normativity of organisms without being reducible to it. Michael Thompson and Philippa Foot both offer forms of neo‐Aristotelian ethical naturalism; I argue that both accounts have gaps that point toward the need for a constructive virtue ethics grounded in natural normativity. Similarly, Korsgaard's constructivist ethics ignores the ongoing relevance of natural norms in human ethical life. I thus offer an account according to which the self‐shaping activity of human organisms supplements and transforms natural normativity, giving rise to ethical norms. Such an account grounds human ethical distinctiveness in rationality without excluding nonrational humans from the ethical community. In the final section of the paper, I argue that ethical standards can be discovered (or hidden) through human activities, thus allowing for gradual progression (or regression) in ethical knowledge, both on individual and cultural levels.
Formal Proper Parts through Strong Supplementation: A Reply to Bennett
Authors: Tomaszewski Christopher M. P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractKathrin Koslicki argues that ordinary material objects like tables and motorcycles have formal proper parts that structure the material proper parts. Karen Bennett rejects a key premise in Koslicki's argument according to which the material ingredient out of which a complex material object is made is a proper part of that object. Koslicki defends this premise with a principle motivated by its power to explain three important phenomena of material composition. But these phenomena can be equally well explained by a weaker principle that does not support the questioned premise in Koslicki's argument, Bennett argues. I show that Bennett's weaker principle, together with an appropriate strengthening of a different premise in Koslicki's original argument, still yields a sound argument for the existence of formal parts.
The Place of Philosophy in Africa
Authors: Olivier Abraham 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRecently there has been a strong movement towards reflections about the “geography of reason,” especially among philosophers who deal with postcolonial thinking. There is also a renewed interest among different schools of thought, both analytical and continental, in the ways our “life world,” or “embodiment,” or “situated cognition,” shape our minds and eventually the philosophy we do. As a result, we have seen some recent publications on the nature and import of the concept of “place” by authors such as Edward Casey, Jeff Malpas, and Bruce Janz. In Philosophy in an African place, Bruce Janz introduces the concept of “philosophy‐in‐place” with the question as to what it is to do philosophy in a particular context of lived experience or, more specifically, what it is to do philosophy in an African place. This paper expands on Janz's “philosophy‐in‐place” by developing what will be called a “philosophy through place.” It starts with Janz's discussion of the problem of placing philosophy and a philosophy‐in‐place. Then it attempts to develop an argument for a “philosophy through place” and its implications for considering the place of philosophy in Africa and the challenge it poses to philosophy.
The Ontological Import of Heidegger's Analysis of Anxiety in Being and Time
Authors: Magid Oren 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHeidegger's primary concern in Being and Time is the question of the meaning of being—a distinctly ontological concern. Yet, with discussions of death, guilt, conscience, anxiety, uncanniness, authenticity, and inauthenticity, Heidegger seems to end up in existential territory. The ontological import of these existential excursions is difficult to discern—indeed, it has not been identified in leading interpretations. In this paper, I aim to highlight the ontological import of Heidegger's analysis of anxiety—it manifests the inadequacy of Dasein's fallen and inauthentic self‐understanding, which is motivated by the inadequacy of Dasein's fallen and inauthentic, average understanding of being. In making this case, I will clarify the sense in which anxiety involves an experience of world‐collapse and show how it functions to reveal the possibilities of authenticity and inauthenticity.
Finding inspiration in high blood pressure
Authors: Macefield Vaughan 
Published: December 2016

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