bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microbial-Influenced-Corrosion-Related Coiled-Tubing Failures and Equipment Damage
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 173658, “Microbial-Influenced-Corrosion-Related Coiled-Tubing Failures and Equipment Damage,” by Scott Sherman, SPE, Duane Brownlee, SPE, and Sarkis Kakadjian, SPE, Trican Well Service, prepared for the 2014 SPE Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 24–25 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Microbial-influenced corrosion (MIC) has been implicated in few corrosion-related challenges in the well-service industry in the past. Recently, however, the industry is observing an increase of MIC-related equipment damage. This upsurge of MIC coincides with a switch to unconventional water sources, including recycled water. This paper is an overview of premature coiled-tubing and other-well-servicing-equipment failures and pumping-equipment damage related to MIC.
Introduction
Recycled fracturing water has been found to contain high levels of bacteria, typically on the order of 106–109 colony-forming units (CFU) per mL. The bacteria can originate from essentially anywhere in the water-handling system: the water source, transportation, storage, pumps, or downhole. Tanks and pits used for storage of flowback water are ideal habitats for bacteria; typically, these are sessile environments; the water temperature is commonly 15–35°C; and organic compounds found in the water such as oil carryover, surfactants, or polymers can be ideal carbon and energy sources for many microbial species. Higher-than-normal bacteria populations and clear evidence of MIC have been identified from flowback water in the Eagle Ford, Marcellus, Haynesville, and Horne River shale plays.
MIC
Microbes do not have a significant impact on general metal corrosion. MIC, on the other hand, is localized. This is because microbes tend to locate themselves in out-of-the-way locations such as cracks and pits or under scale or other deposits, presumably because these places are less affected by the flow of passing fluids. Once one or more species have attached themselves to a surface, many more species follow suit. It is through this process that a biofilm is built. MIC occurs where the biofilm and the metal come into contact. Probably the most notorious and widely studied of the microbes implicit in MIC are sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB) and acid-producing bacteria, although iron-oxidizing bacteria, sulfate-reducing archaea, thiosulfate- reducing bacteria, nitrate-reducing bacteria, and methanogenic archaea are also known to be involved.
Visualization of Acid Treatments With 3D Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Imaging
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 168198, “The First Visualization of Acid Treatments on Carbonates With 3D Nuclear-Magnetic-Resonance Imaging,” by M. Krebs, SPE, Clausthal University of Technology; B. Lungwitz, SPE, A. Souza, SPE, A. Pépin, SPE, S. Montoya, P. Schlicht, and A. Boyd, SPE, Schlumberger; and E. Vidoto, R. Polli, and T. Bonagamba, University of Sao Paulo, prepared for the 2014 SPE International Symposium and Exhibition on Formation Damage Control, Lafayette, Louisiana, USA, 26–28 February. The paper has been peer reviewed and is scheduled to appear in SPE Journal.
Core-flow tests are usually conducted to test and model stimulation treatments at laboratory scale, to predict the performance of such treatments in carbonate reservoirs. The visualization of wormholes created within core-flow tests requires novel technologies for evaluation and pathway-prediction purposes. Unfortunately, past visualization techniques were always associated with the destruction of the core sample. This paper describes the use of nuclear-magnetic-resonance imaging (NMRI) as a nondestructive visualization method in correlation with 3D rock imaging.
Introduction
The experiments described in the complete paper were conducted with different core samples such as Indiana limestone, Silurian dolomite, Winterset limestone, and carbonate outcrops. The core samples were selected according to their properties, which greatly differ for each type with respect to their origin. The core-flow tests or acidizing tests performed in this study serve the purpose of simulating field treatments at laboratory scale.
NMRI applies a gradient static magnetic field such that the strength of the field decreases with increasing distance away from the source. The Larmor frequency becomes dependent on the position of the nuclei, which will be associated with a single value of the gradient magnetic field. Hence, it is possible to locate the nuclei in a region radially around the source. More specifically, NMRI uses mostly pulsed gradient magnetic fields that belong to a group of linear gradient fields in order to link acquired signals to a specific volume element. Therefore, it is possible to locate the nuclei more exactly in the 3D space instead of only defining a region. The gradient fields are used for spatial encoding to acquire a location-dependent signal, and they are the slice-selection gradient, phase-encoding gradient, and frequency-encoding gradient.
Monitoring Acid-Stimulation Treatments With Slickline Distributed-Temperature Sensing
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 173640, “Monitoring Acid-Stimulation Treatments in Naturally Fractured Reservoirs With Slickline Distributed-Temperature Sensing,” by Stephen Grayson, SPE, Yosmar Gonzalez, Kevin England, SPE, Ryan Bidyk, and S. Farrell Pitts, SPE, Schlumberger, prepared for the 2015 SPE Coiled Tubing and Well Intervention Conference and Exhibition, The Woodlands, Texas, USA, 24–25 March. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Mechanical-diversion techniques can ensure acid injection into the various intervals of naturally fractured reservoirs. With these methods, surface pressure can be monitored to assess fluid-placement effectiveness for each zone treated, but uncertainty of the friction pressure in the pipe while pumping can result in an incorrect interpretation of fluid entry. A new technique using fiber-optic distributed-temperature-sensing (DTS) measurements offers a solution when bullheading by providing an indication of where the acid has been injected into the fractured reservoir.
Introduction
The variability of fracture density and aperture along with fluid conductivity poses challenges to the goal of achieving uniformity of acid distribution to all fractures in a well. The optimum technique would allow effective treatment of all fractures, be operationally efficient, and facilitate the determination of treatment effectiveness in real time.
Diversion of the treatment fluid helps ensure that the entire interval is stimulated effectively on the basis of design objectives. When diversion is not considered, there is a significant reduction in the ensurance of complete zonal coverage. In the past, the rule of thumb has been to recommend diversion when attempting matrix stimulation of more than 20 ft of zone.
Diverters can be separated into two broad categories, mechanical and chemical.
Mechanical diversion is the category that comprises devices such as staged completion systems, bridge plugs and packers, straddle packers, balls and baffles, and sliding sleeves.
Chemical diversion relies on the ability to perform an action to reduce fluid injection into these zones taking most of the early-time injection fluid and to redistribute the injection to other regions of the formation that also need to be stimulated.
Mechanical diversion is the most certain option for ensuring that the treatment fluid is pumped into the intended zone. This is achieved by positive isolation within the wellbore and the requirement of hydraulic zonal isolation on the outside of the pipe for cased-and-cemented wells. A straddle packer that can be set and unset multiple times or opposing swab cups are very effective when run on coiled tubing. They can also be run on jointed pipe with a workover rig, but there are significant additional complexity and safety considerations with this option. Ball sealers have been used for many years and can be effective under certain conditions.
Development of Drillpipe-Riser-Intervention Systems Offshore West Africa
Authors: Carpenter Chris 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Chris Carpenter, contains highlights of paper SPE 170308, “Drillpipe-Riser-Intervention-System Successful Experience in Offshore West Africa,” by Henri de Fonvielle and Laurent Bordet, Vallourec Drilling Products; William Campbell and Nenad Susak, Total; and Mitra Marajh, FMC Kongsberg International, prepared for the 2014 SPE Deepwater Drilling and Completions Conference, Galveston, Texas, USA, 10–11 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
This paper details the technical and economic challenges in west Africa that have led to the design of drillpipe-riser-intervention-system (DPRIS) solutions. Depending upon the field requirements, two different types of drillpipe-riser systems using a proprietary double-shoulder connection have been used by operators. A first solution was developed in 1999 featuring a seal ring close to the external shoulder. Subsequently, a new solution featuring a gas-tight metal-to-metal seal on the pin nose was developed.
Introduction
Well-completion and -intervention operations in offshore environments are growing in complexity because of increasing water depths and working- pressure requirements. These environmental factors are having a major effect on tubebody minimum-tensile-load capacity and gas-tight-connection requirements. As early as 1996, an operator accelerated the development of a new type of completion and intervention system when it discovered the Roncador field in 1800 m of water offshore Brazil. A dedicated project team was created to develop the DPRIS. The operator had already identified its need for a mobile early-production riser for use with a floating production unit performing extended flow testing of production wells. The new DPRIS could be used for subsea tubing-hanger and production-tree installations and as an early-production riser.
DPRIS use has greatly expanded; more than 50 systems currently operate in deepwater offshore regions. The first use of the system in west Africa occurred in 1999 on the Girassol project. A second-generation drillpipe riser has since been designed featuring new connection designs and hydrogen-sulfide-resistant materials and has been subject to evaluation, testing, and field performance.
Field Pilots Show Effectiveness of Foams in Low-Porosity Naturally Fractured Reservoir
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: May 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper IPTC 17950, “Foams Prove Effectiveness for Gas-Injection Conformance and Sweep-Efficiency Improvement in a Low-Porosity Fractured Reservoir—Field Pilots,” by A. Ocampo, SPE, A. Restrepo, N. Rendon, J. Coronado, J. Correa, D. Ramirez, M. Torres, and R. Sanabria, Equion Energia, and S. Lopera, National University of Colombia, prepared for the 2014 International Petroleum Technology Conference, Kuala Lumpur, 10–12 December. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Foams have proved to be efficient at temporarily blocking high-conductivity layers and improving gas-injection conformance and sweep efficiency in predominantly matrix reservoir systems, at least in laboratory and field pilot tests. However, their successful use in naturally fractured reservoirs has yet to be fully demonstrated. This paper presents the evaluation process and the successful results for two foam-enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) field pilots.
Introduction
The Recetor area corresponds to the northern extension of the larger Cupiagua field, which is 115 km northeast of BogotÁ in the foothills of the Eastern Mountain chain in Colombia. The main reservoir is the Mirador formation, a quartzarenite with matrix porosities between 3 and 9% and permeabilities in the range of 0.01 to 10 md, located below 13,000-ft true vertical depth subsea.
In the Recetor area, the fracture corridors are confirmed to play an important role both in well productivity/ injectivity and in interwell connectivity and gas channeling between gas injectors and oil producers. This is confirmed by the high connectivity between most of the wells and the observed levels of gas recycling, which could not be explained by the low matrix permeabilities. Current condensate recovery factor is approximately 34%, and steep evolution of gas production has been observed in the wells influenced by the two main gas injectors (LR YR-7 and LR YZ-11) during the last 2 years, with gas/ oil ratios (GORs) ranging from 40,000 to 100,000 scf/STB.
The foam-EOR pilot projects in the Mirador formation of the Recetor area were aimed at controlling, or at least mitigating, the high levels of gas recycling between the main gas injectors and their respective oil producers. They were engineered to improve both the vertical conformance of the gas at the injector wells and the sweep efficiency deep into the reservoir, by use of limited slugs of liquid foaming solutions followed by gas injection.
The Myth of Huitzilopochtli: Diachronic and Structural Interpretation
Authors: Seke Igor 
Published: May 2016

The paper investigates the myth about the birth of Huicilopochtli, the deity considered by the Spanish conquistadors to be the supreme god of the Aztecs. Aztec myths are even today usually interpreted diachronically, strictly following the sequence of events. Structural analysis, on the other hand, in attempting to uncover the message a myth holds, doesn’t deem the sequence of events in the story important, but rather, studies the interrelation of chains of essential units of myth – mythemes. These two kinds of analysis provide two different interpretations of the same myth: while formal analysis gives a cosmological interpretation, structural analysis points to the powerful social contradictions which this myth tries to reconcile.
Serious games: Theory in anthropology since the 1980s
Authors: Bošković Aleksandar 
Published: May 2016

The paper presents a critical overview of recent theories in anthropology, particularly following Ortner’s groundbreaking 1984 summary, as well as debates opened up by the Writing Culture symposium and the book that followed (Clifford and Marcus 1986). Beginning with Ortner’s theory of practice, the author presents basic elements of several theoretical currents that influenced anthropology’s development in the last few decades, with particular emphasis on the use of the concept of culture. Post-1980s years provided for increased visibility of other anthropologies, outside of traditional “centers” of anthropological knowledge (i.e. Anglo-American, French and German anthropologies).Some representatives of these traditions, together with certain modifications of structuralism, aided by representatives of the “deconstructionˮ movement (especially in France), additionally influenced the self-questioning in contemporary anthropology, leading gradually to what is sometimes referred to the “ontological turnˮ in contemporary anthropology, exemplified by the Brazilian anthropologist Eduardo Viveiros de Castro. Representatives of this “turn” also see themselves as successors of the theory of practice. The author points to some serious implications of this “turnˮ – including pushing anthropology into the realm of pseudo-science, and making it completely irrelevant for understanding and interpretation of the contemporary world.
The Serbian family in the late Middle ages
Authors: Mišić Siniša 
Published: May 2016

Marriage in Serbia in the middle ages was conducted only between persons belonging to the same social class. It was arranged and the woman would bring a dowry which would be controlled by the husband as long as the marriage lasted. Male children would inherit their father. Daughters played a significant role in connecting families through marriage. A man, unlike a woman would not bear any consequences in case of adultery. The consequence of this was a large number of extramarital children.
In the Serbian state in the middle ages the family, or the “home” (kuća as it is named in sources), was the basic unit of society. The family could be nuclear or cooperative. Through the analysis of diplomatic data, as well as the first Turkish books – defters, one can see that one quarter of the population lived in nuclear families. More than half of the families which lived in cooperative arrangements were made up of small cooperatives numbering no more than two or three members. Almost all cooperative families were made up of father-son or brotherly cooperatives. The type of cooperative was largely influenced by the length of life or the capability of giving birth. The source material shows a small number of large cooperatives.
Nuclear families and cooperative families are present in both the nobility and the small folk (dependents). There is no difference in the family structure with regard to social status. Nuclear families are omnipresent, and the characteristics of cooperative families are the same in nobility, serfs, sokalniks (a class a little above the serfs, who were most often servants, with certain privileges), priests, repairmen or fishermen. The difference is seen only within the Vlach population where in the cooperative there are more sons in law than in other populations. This is the result of an attempt of an agrarian population to move toward the status of herdsmen which was more favorable for them.
How to Deal With Economic Depression: Experimental and Theoretical Lessons from the Great Depression
Authors: Radonjić Ognjen 
Published: May 2016

The purpose of this paper is to explain not only why the Euro Area debt crisis does not subside, but also, why it deepens. We believe that the experience of the Great Depression can help economic theorists and officials to look at the problem from a different perspective since it is apparent that the economic orthodoxy and economic policies supported by its conventional wisdom do not provide desired results. Roosevelt's fiscal activism and Keynes' revolutionary theory deliver an answer to the question of why is, in crisis periods, vigorous reaction of economic authorities needed and why the free market is not able by itself to find way out of the fog, which, as time passes, becomes more and more dense.
Portraits from the second half of the 18th century in Croatia
Authors: Simončić Katarina Nina 
Published: May 2016

This paper will attempt to analyze the clothing from the rococo period and underline fashion as an important segment in the reconstruction of a specific style era. Based on conserved portraits from the second half of the 18th century, as well as rare artifacts of clothing from the period found in Croatia, a description of primarily women’s types of clothing, accessories and the terms used to describe them will be given. Influences had, primarily through cultural and trade routes, come from the fashion capital of the period – France, and fashion innovations and the intensity of their changes were under the influence of the personal style first of Madame de Pompadour and afterwards Marie Antoinette. Croatia, which had at the time been part of the Habsburg monarchy and under the Republic of Venice, tended toward French influences in fashion, which represents a considerable move from the prior influence of Italian and German style.
Risk Factors for Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) Progression: A Study Ruled in Torino
Authors: Actis A.G. , Versino E. , Brogliatti B. , Rolle T. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:Aim of this retrospective, observational study is to describe features of a population sample, affected by primary open angle glaucoma (POAG) in order to evaluate damage progression on the basis of the emerged individual risk factors.Methods:We included 190 caucasian patients (377 eyes), evaluating relationship between individual risk factors (explicative variables) and MD (Mean Deviation) of standard automated perimetry. We also considered the dependent variable NFI (Neural Fiber Index) of GDx scanning laser polarimetry. Progression has been evaluated through a statistic General Linear Model on four follow up steps (mean follow up 79 months).Results:Factors reaching statistical significance, determining a worsening of the MD variable, are: age (P<0.0001), intraocular pressure (IOP) at follow up (P< 0.0001), female gender (P<0.0001), hypertension (P< 0.0001) and familiarity (P= 0.0006).Factors reaching statistical significance, determining a worsening of the NFI variable, are only IOP at follow up (P= 0.0159) and depression (P= 0.0104).Conclusion:Results of this study confirm and enforce data coming from most recent studies: IOP remains the main risk factor for glaucoma assess and progression; age and familiarity are great risk factors as underlined in the last decades; female sex can be an important risk factors as emerged only in the last years; arterial hypertension should always be evaluated in timing of our clinic follow up.
Microstructures of Friction Surfaced Coatings – a TEM Study
Authors: Akram J. , Dilip J. J. S. , Pal D. , Stucker B. , Kalvala P. R. , Misra M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The microstructures of dissimilar metal welds between 9Cr-1Mo (Modified) (P91) and austenitic stainless steel (AISI 304) with Ni-based alloy interlayers (Inconel 625, Inconel 600 and Inconel 800H) are reported. These interlayers were deposited by the friction surfacing method one over the other on P91 alloy, which was finally friction welded to AISI 304. In this paper, the results of microstructural evolution in the friction surfaced coated interlayers (Inconel 625, 600, 800H) are reported. For comparative purposes, the microstructures of consumable rods (Inconel 625, 600, 800H) and dissimilar metal base metals (P91 and AISI 304) were also reported. Friction surfaced coatings exhibited dynamic recrystallization. In friction surfaced coatings, the carbide particles were found to be finer and distributed uniformly throughout the matrix, compared to their rod counterparts.