bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Plant Functional Types on Coherence Between Precipitation and Soil Moisture: A Wavelet Analysis
Authors: Liu Qi , Hao Yonghong , Stebler Elaine , Tanaka Nobuaki , Zou Chris B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMapping the spatiotemporal patterns of soil moisture within heterogeneous landscapes is important for resource management and for the understanding of hydrological processes. A critical challenge in this mapping is comparing remotely sensed or in situ observations from areas with different vegetation cover but subject to the same precipitation regime. We address this challenge by wavelet analysis of multiyear observations of soil moisture profiles from adjacent areas with contrasting plant functional types (grassland, woodland, and encroached) and precipitation. The analysis reveals the differing soil moisture patterns and dynamics between plant functional types. The coherence at high‐frequency periodicities between precipitation and soil moisture generally decreases with depth but this is much more pronounced under woodland compared to grassland. Wavelet analysis provides new insights on soil moisture dynamics across plant functional types and is useful for assessing differences and similarities in landscapes with heterogeneous vegetation cover.
A Subsolidus Olivine Water Solubility Equation for the Earth's Upper Mantle
Authors: Padrón‐Navarta J. A. , Hermann J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe pressure and temperature sensitivity of the two most important point hydrous defects in mantle olivine involving Si vacancies (associated to trace amounts of titanium [TiChu‐PD] or exclusively to Si vacancies [Si]) was investigated at subsolidus conditions in a fluid‐saturated natural peridotite from 0.5 to 6 GPa (approximately 20–200 km depth) at 750 to 1050°C. Water contents in olivine were monitored in sandwich experiments with a fertile serpentine layer in the middle and olivine and pyroxene sensor layers at the border. Textures and mineral compositions provide evidence that olivine completely recrystallized during the weeklong experiments, whereas pyroxenes displayed only partial equilibration. A site‐specific water solubility law for olivine has been formulated based on the experiments reconciling previous contradictory results from low‐ and high‐pressure experiments. The site‐specific solubility laws permit to constrain water incorporation into olivine in the subducting slab and the mantle wedge, as these are rare locations on Earth where fluid‐present conditions exist. Chlorite dehydration in the hydrated slab is roughly parallel to the isopleth of 50 ± 20 ppm wt H2O in olivine, a value which is independent of the pressure and temperature trajectory followed by the slab. Hydrous defects are dominated by [Si] under the relevant conditions for the mantle wedge affected by fluids coming from the slab dehydration (slab‐adjacent low viscosity/seismic low‐velocity channel, P > 3 GPa). In cold subduction zones at 5.5 km from the slab surface the storage capacity of the mantle wedge at depths of 100–250 km ranges from 400 to 2,000 ppm wt H2O.
Regional Pn Body‐Wave Magnitude Scale mb(Pn) for Earthquakes Along the Northern Mid‐Atlantic Ridge
Authors: Kim Won‐Young , Ottemöller Lars 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe obtained a robust regional body wave magnitude scale mb(Pn) for earthquakes along the Northern mid‐Atlantic Ridge by using Pn wave recorded at continental stations. The new magnitude scale is mb(Pn) = log10 A [nm] − 1.86 log10 (100/Δ) [km] + C + 1.62, where A is the zero‐to‐peak amplitude of Pn wave on the simulated vertical Wood‐Anderson seismogram in nanometers, Δ is the epicentral distance in kilometers, 1.86 represents amplitude attenuation, C is the station correction, and 1.62 anchors the mb(Pn) to the moment magnitude (Mw), plus amplitude loss in the two crustal legs. By using moment magnitude as reference, we obtained the event magnitude adjustments (EMAs), which represent the difference between the known long‐period Mw and the short‐period mb(Pn). EMAs correlate with the source property, where ridge events show strong long‐period waves but poor high‐frequency signals that lead to mb(Pn) < Mw and positive EMA of +0.08 ± 0.26 magnitude units (m.u.), whereas transform fault earthquakes show relatively strong high‐frequency waves that lead to mb(Pn) > Mw and negative adjustment of −0.20 ± 0.24 m.u. Almost all normal faulting events are along spreading ridges, whereas strike‐slip events are along the fracture zones and transform faults; hence, we developed source‐specific magnitude adjustments (SSMAs), which range from +0.27 m.u. for earthquakes along the ridges, to −0.26 m.u. for earthquakes along the transform faults. Using SSMA, we obtained a regional Pn magnitude that is consistent with Mw and mb(P). The regression relationship is Mw = 0.91 mb(Pn)[SSMA] + 0.46 with a standard deviation of ±0.15 m.u.
Topological Characterization of Fractured Coal
Authors: Jing Yu , Armstrong Ryan T. , Ramandi Hamed L. , Mostaghimi Peyman 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCoal transport properties are highly dependent on the underlying fractured network, known as cleats, which are characterized by geometrical and topological properties. X‐ray microcomputed tomography (micro‐CT) has been widely applied to obtain 3‐D digital representations of the cleat network. However, segmentation of 3‐D data is often problematic due to image noise, which will result in inaccurate estimation of coal properties (e.g., porosity and specific surface area). To circumvent this issue, a discrete fracture network (DFN) model is proposed. We develop a characterization framework to determine if the developed DFN models can preserve the topological properties of the coal cleat network found in micro‐CT data. We compute the Euler characteristic, fractal dimension, and percolation quantities to analyze the topology locally and globally and compare the results between micro‐CT data (before denoising), filtered micro‐CT data (after denoising), and the DFN model. We find that micro‐CT data with noise have extensive connectivity while filtered micro‐CT data and DFN models have similar topology both globally and locally. It is concluded that the topology of the DFN models are closer to that of the realistic cleat network that do not have segmentation‐induced pores. In addition, micro‐CT imaging always struggles with the trade‐off between sample size and resolution, while the presented DFN models are not restricted by imaging resolution and thus can be constructed with extended domain size. Overall, the presented DFN model is a reliable alternative with realistic cleat topology, extended domain size and favorable data format for direct numerical simulations.
Impact of Langmuir Turbulence on Upper Ocean Response to Hurricane Edouard: Model and Observations
Authors: Blair A. , Ginis I. , Hara T. , Ulhorn E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTropical cyclone intensity is strongly affected by the air‐sea heat flux beneath the storm. When strong storm winds enhance upper ocean turbulent mixing and entrainment of colder water from below the thermocline, the resulting sea surface temperature cooling may reduce the heat flux to the storm and weaken the storm. Recent studies suggest that this upper ocean turbulence is strongly affected by different sea states (Langmuir turbulence), which are highly complex and variable in tropical cyclone conditions. In this study, the upper ocean response under Hurricane Edouard (2014) is investigated using a coupled ocean‐wave model with and without an explicit sea state dependent Langmuir turbulence parameterization. The results are compared with in situ observations of sea surface temperature and mixed layer depth from AXBTs, as well as satellite sea surface temperature observations. Overall, the model results of mixed layer deepening and sea surface temperature cooling under and behind the storm are consistent with observations. The model results show that the effects of sea state dependent Langmuir turbulence can be significant, particularly on the mixed layer depth evolution. Although available observations are not sufficient to confirm such effects, some observed trends suggest that the sea state dependent parameterization might be more accurate than the traditional (sea state independent) parameterization.
Niño4 as a Key Region for the Interannual Variability of the Western Pacific Warm Pool
Authors: Jia Fan , Hu Dunxin , Hu Shijian , Feng Junqiao 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Western Pacific Warm Pool (WPWP) plays an important role in the global climate through modulating deep convections, ENSO, monsoon onsets, etc. Due to the vast spatial range and huge heat storage of the WPWP, near‐real‐time monitoring of its three‐dimensional variations remains challenging. Based on Argo observations and three reanalysis data sets, we find that the Niño4 sea surface temperature (SST) index captures the interannual variability of the WPWP well. The Niño4 SST can explain approximately half of the variance of the WPWP heat content and almost all the variance of the east‐west migration of the WPWP. An assessment of 31 CMIP5 models also reveals that models with larger interannual spectral powers and amplitudes of the Niño4 SST tend to simulate larger variations in the heat content and east‐west migration of the WPWP. A surface heat budget analysis further shows that the Niño4 SST and WPWP are physically connected through basin‐scale horizontal advections of mean temperatures by anomalous horizontal currents, which dominate the interannual variations of both the Niño4 SST and WPWP. Our results indicate that the Niño4 SST can efficiently estimate the interannual WPWP changes and a reliable predictor of the onset time of the South China Sea summer monsoon and Bay of Bengal summer monsoon, without the need to calculate the eastern boundary location and heat content of the WPWP. Moreover, a better simulation of the SST and horizontal currents in the Niño4 region can help to reduce model bias when reproducing the WPWP's interannual variabilities.
The Surface Velocity Structure of the Florida Current in a Jet Coordinate Frame
Authors: Archer Matthew R. , Shay Lynn K. , Johns William E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe structure and variability of the Florida Current between 25° and 26°N are investigated using HF radar ocean current measurements to provide the most detailed view of the surface jet to date. A 2‐D jet coordinate analysis is performed to define lateral displacements of the jet in time (meandering), and associated structural variations over a 2 year period (2005–2006). In the jet coordinate frame, core speed has a median value of ∼160 cm s−1 at the central latitude of the array (25.4°N), with a standard deviation (STD) of 35 cm s−1. The jet meanders at timescales of 3–30 days, with a STD of 8 km, and a downstream phase speed of ∼80 km d−1. Meandering accounts for ∼45% of eddy kinetic energy computed in a fixed (geographical) reference frame. Core speed, width, and shear undergo the same dominant 3–30 day variability, plus an annual cycle that matches seasonality of alongshore wind stress. Jet transport at 25.4°N exhibits a different seasonality to volume transport at 27°N, most likely driven by input from the Northwest Providence Channel. Core speed correlates inversely with Miami sea level fluctuations such that a 40 cm s−1 deceleration is associated with a ∼10 cm elevation in sea level, although there is no correlation of sea level to jet meandering or width. Such accurate quantification of the Florida Current's variability is critical to understand and forecast future changes in the climate system of the North Atlantic, as well as local impacts on coastal circulation and sea level variability along south Florida's coastline.
Stabilizing Effects of Bacterial Biofilms: EPS Penetration and Redistribution of Bed Stability Down the Sediment Profile
Authors: Chen X. D. , Zhang C. K. , Zhou Z. , Gong Z. , Zhou J. J. , Tao J. F. , Paterson D. M. , Feng Q. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBiofilms, consisting of microorganisms and their secreted extracellular polymeric substances (EPSs), serve as “ecosystem engineers” stabilizing sedimentary environments. Natural sediment bed provides an excellent substratum for biofilm growth. The porous structure and rich nutrients allow the EPS matrix to spread deeper into the bed. A series of laboratory‐controlled experiments were conducted to investigate sediment colonization of Bacillus subtilis and the penetration of EPS into the sediment bed with incubation time. In addition to EPS accumulation on the bed surface, EPS also penetrated downward. However, EPS distribution developed strong vertical heterogeneity with a much higher content in the surface layer than in the bottom layer. Scanning electron microscope images of vertical layers also displayed different micromorphological properties of sediment‐EPS matrix. In addition, colloidal and bound EPSs exhibited distinctive distribution patterns. After the full incubation, the biosedimentary beds were eroded to test the variation of bed stability induced by biological effects. This research provides an important reference for the prediction of sediment transport and hence deepens the understanding of the biologically mediated sediment system and broadens the scope of the burgeoning research field of “biomorphodynamics.”
Tree Mortality Decreases Water Availability and Ecosystem Resilience to Drought in Piñon‐Juniper Woodlands in the Southwestern U.S.
Authors: Morillas L. , Pangle R. E. , Maurer G. E. , Pockman W. T. , McDowell N. , Huang C.‐W. , Krofcheck D. J. , Fox A. M. , Sinsabaugh R. L. , Rahn T. A. , Litvak M. E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractClimate‐driven tree mortality has increased globally in response to warmer temperature and more severe drought. To examine how tree mortality in semiarid biomes impacts surface water balance, we experimentally manipulated a piñon‐juniper (PJ) woodland by girdling all adult piñon trees in a 4 ha area, decreasing piñon basal area by ~65%. Over 3.5 years (2009–2013), we compared water flux measurements from this girdled site with those from a nearby intact PJ woodland. Before and after girdling, the ratio of evapotranspiration (ET) to incoming precipitation was similar between the two sites. Girdling altered the partitioning of ET such that the contribution of canopy transpiration to ET decreased 9–14% over the study period, relative to the intact control, while noncanopy ET increased. We attributed the elevated noncanopy ET in the girdled site each year to winter increases in sublimation and summer increases in both soil evaporation and below‐canopy transpiration. Although we expected that mortality of a canopy dominant would increase the availability of water and other resources to surviving vegetation, we observed a decrease in both soil volumetric water content and sap flow rates in the remaining trees at the girdled site, relative to the control. This postgirdling decrease in the performance of the remaining trees occurred during the severe 2011–2012 drought, suggesting that piñon mortality may trigger feedback mechanisms that leave PJ woodlands drier relative to undisturbed sites and potentially more vulnerable to drought.
Incorporation of Silicon Carbide and Diamond‐Like Carbon as Adhesion Promoters Improves In Vitro and In Vivo Stability of Thin‐Film Glassy Carbon Electrocorticography Arrays
Authors: Vomero Maria , Castagnola Elisa , Ordonez Juan S. , Carli Stefano , Zucchini Elena , Maggiolini Emma , Gueli Calogero , Goshi Noah , Ciarpella Francesca , Cea Claudia , Fadiga Luciano , Ricci Davide , Kassegne Sam , Stieglitz Thomas 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThin‐film neural devices are an appealing alternative to traditional implants, although their chronic stability remains matter of investigation. In this study, a chronically stable class of thin‐film devices for electrocorticography is manufactured incorporating silicon carbide and diamond‐like carbon as adhesion promoters between glassy carbon (GC) electrodes and polyimide and between GC and platinum traces. The devices are aged in three solutions—phosphate‐buffered saline (PBS), 30 × 10−3 and 150 × 10−3m H2O2/PBS—and stressed using cyclic voltammetry (2500 cycles) and 20 million biphasic pulses. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and image analysis are performed to detect eventual changes of the electrodes morphology. Results demonstrate that the devices are able to undergo chemically induced oxidative stress and electrical stimulation without failing but actually improving their electrical performance until a steady state is reached. Additionally, cell viability tests are carried out to verify the noncytotoxicity of the materials, before chronically implanting them into rat models. The behavior of the GC electrodes in vivo is monitored through EIS and sensorimotor evoked potential recordings which confirm that, with GC being activated, impedance lowers and quality of recorded signal improves. Histological analysis of the brain tissue is performed and shows no sign of severe immune reaction to the implant.
Multifunctional Cellular Materials Based on 2D Nanomaterials: Prospects and Challenges
Authors: Qiu Ling , He Zijun , Li Dan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRecent advances in emerging 2D nanomaterial‐based cellular materials (2D‐CMs) open up new opportunities for the development of next generation cellular solids with exceptional properties. Herein, an overview of the current research status of 2D‐CMs is provided and their future opportunities are highlighted. First, the unique features of 2D nanomaterials are introduced to illustrate why these nanoscale building blocks are promising for the development of novel cellular materials and what the new features of 2D nanoscale building blocks can offer when compared to their 0D and 1D counterparts. An in‐depth discussion on the structure–property relationships of 2D‐CMs is then provided, and the remarkable functions that can be achieved by engineering their cellular architecture are highlighted. Additionally, the use of 2D‐CMs to tackle key challenges in different practical applications is demonstrated. In conclusion, a personal perspective on the challenges and future research directions of 2D‐CMs is given.
Boron Doped ZIF‐67@Graphene Derived Carbon Electrocatalyst for Highly Efficient Enzyme‐Free Hydrogen Peroxide Biosensor
Authors: Li Zehui , Wang Wenbo , Cao Hongbin , Zhang Qiang , Zhou Xinyuan , Wang Dongbin , Wang Yaling , Zhang Shuangshuang , Zhang Guangjin , Liu Chenming , Zhang Yi , Liu Rongji , Jiang Jingkun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA new hydrogen peroxide detection sensitive material, boron doped carbonized ZIF‐67@graphene (Co‐N/C@G‐B) is synthesized through pyrolysis of a sandwich‐like ZIF‐67 coating graphene material. After doping boron atoms by using chemical vapor deposition method, new active sites such as Co2B and BNC bonds are created, and mesopores are significantly increased. Most importantly, this Co‐N/C@G‐B material is found to exhibit excellent performance as an enzyme‐free biosensor for detecting hydrogen peroxide with a very wide detection range (from 0.5 × 10−6 to 60 × 10−3m), a low detection limit (0.19 × 10−6m), and a rapid response time (≈3 s). The prepared biosensor also shows strong anti‐interference ability in the complex working occasions. Furthermore, for real application of the materials, an electronic device of biosensor is developed by using technologies of screen printing electrode, integrated circuit, 3D printed shell, and custom‐developed program, which shows high sensitivity and portability to detect hydrogen peroxide. Such device paves a way for further practical application of advanced materials in commercial scale.
Origin of Voltage‐Dependent High Ideality Factors in Graphene–Silicon Diodes
Authors: Park Hong‐Ki , Choi Jaewu 
Published: November 2017

AbstractUndoubtedly graphene–silicon (GS) heterostructure devices will play significant roles as future rectifiers, potential barrier modulators, photodetectors, photovoltaic devices, biochemical sensors, and so on. However, typical GS devices suffer from unusually wide‐range voltage‐dependent high ideality factors (η = 1.1–33.5). To overcome this hurdle, the origin of this wide‐range voltage‐dependent ideality factor should first be identified but this has not yet been fully studied. This study focuses on identifying the origin using impedance spectroscopy in conjunction with current–voltage, Raman, and X‐ray photoemission spectroscopy. The impedance spectra are analyzed with an equivalent distributed circuit model that accounts for the voltage‐dependent resistance and capacitance of graphene, the graphene–metal contact, the silicon interface states, and the nonequilibrium behavior in GS junction. This study clearly shows that the voltage‐dependent resistance and capacitance of interface states, graphene, and graphene–metal contact are responsible for the wide‐range voltage‐dependent high ideality factors. This study provides a potential method to overcome the drawbacks of GS devices.
Impact of gene mutations on treatment response and prognosis of acute myeloid leukemia secondary to myeloproliferative neoplasms
Authors: Venton Geoffroy , Courtier Frédéric , Charbonnier Aude , D'incan Evelyne , Saillard Colombe , Mohty Bilal , Mozziconacci Marie‐Joëlle , Birnbaum Daniel , Murati Anne , Vey Norbert , Rey Jérôme 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAcute myeloid leukemias secondary (sAML) to myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN) have variable clinical courses and outcomes, but remain almost always fatal. Large cohorts of sAML to MPN are difficult to obtain and there is very little scientific literature or prospective trials for determining robust prognostic markers and efficient treatments. We analyzed event‐free survival (EFS) and overall survival (OS) of 73 patients with MPN who progressed to sAML, based on their epidemiological characteristics, the preexisting MPN, the different treatments received, the different prognostic groups and the responses achieved according to the ELN, and their mutational status determined by next‐generation DNA sequencing (NGS). For 24 patients, we were able to do a comparative NGS analysis at both MPN and sAML phase. After acute transformation EFS and OS were respectively of 2.9 months (range: 0‐48.1) and 4.7 months (range: 0.1‐58.8). No difference in EFS or OS regarding the previous MPN, the ELN2017 prognostic classification, the first‐line therapy or the response was found. After univariate analysis, three genes, TP53, SRSF2 and TET2, impacted pejoratively sAML prognosis at sAML time. In multivariate analysis, TP53 (P = .0001), TET2 (P = .011) and SRSF2 (P = .018) remained independent prognostic factors. Time to sAML transformation was shorter in SRSF2‐mutated patients (51.2 months, range: 14.7‐98) than in SRSF2‐unmutated patients (133.8 months, range: 12.6‐411.2) (P < .001). Conventional clinical factors (age, karyotype, ELN2017 prognostic classification, treatments received, treatments response, Allo‐SCT…) failed to predict the patients' outcome. Only the mutational status appeared relevant to predict patients' prognosis at sAML phase.
An Expeditious Approach for the Synthesis of β‐Carboline−Pyrazole‐Based Molecular Hybrids
Authors: Singh Dharmender , Sharma Pooja , Kumar Rakesh , Pandey Satyendra K. , Malakar Chandi C. , Singh Virender 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA simple and highly efficient one‐pot, metal‐free approach has been developed for the synthesis of β‐carboline−pyrazole/−pyrazoline‐based molecular hybrids. The synthesis of C1‐tethered β‐carboline−(N‐acetyl)pyrazolines was achieved by using a cyclocondensation approach, whilst β‐carboline‐substituted pyrazoles were synthesized through an I2‐mediated oxidative condensation reaction. This procedure provides easy access to biologically interesting di‐ and trisubstituted pyrazoles that are decorated with β‐carboline frameworks.