bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impact of Stakeholders on Implementation of Strategic Plans in Tanzania’s Public Sector
Authors: Salum Venance Shillingi , Gakure Roselyn. W. , Othiambo Romanus 
Published: December 2017

The study investigated the impact of stakeholders on implementation of strategic plans in Tanzania’s public sector. Organisations fail not due to bad formulation of strategies, but the execution of strategies is vital to their failure or demise; and hence implementation process remains a challenge towards achieving organisation objectives. The main objective of the study was to investigate the impact of stakeholders on implementation of Strategic Plans in public sector. Seven (7) executive agencies which made 26% of all 27 executive agencies in Tanzania were randomly drawn using simple random sampling. Then, stratified random sampling was used to obtain a sample size of one hundred eighty-eight (188) respondents which was 30% of the target populations (632 employees) in the headquarters of sampled executive agencies. The study found that there was weak positive relationship (R = 0.236) between role of stakeholders and execution of strategic plans; although was statistically significant at alpha = 0.000. Also, = 0.056 at significance level of 0.05 indicated that, 5.6% of the total variations in implementation of strategic plans is influenced by stakeholders and 94.4% is contributed by other factors which were not considered in this study. The study concluded that stakeholders do influence implementation of strategic plans in public sector. In line with findings, the study recommended that management in public sector should pay more attention on stakeholders if they have to benefit from, otherwise may negatively influence implementation process of strategic plans in public sector.
Gassmann Theory Applies to Nanoporous Media
Authors: Gor Gennady Y. , Gurevich Boris 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent progress in extraction of unconventional hydrocarbon resources has ignited the interest in the studies of nanoporous media. Since many thermodynamic and mechanical properties of nanoscale solids and fluids differ from the analogous bulk materials, it is not obvious whether wave propagation in nanoporous media can be described using the same framework as in macroporous media. Here we test the validity of Gassmann equation using two published sets of ultrasonic measurements for a model nanoporous medium, Vycor glass, saturated with two different fluids, argon, and n‐hexane. Predictions of the Gassmann theory depend on the bulk and shear moduli of the dry samples, which are known from ultrasonic measurements and the bulk moduli of the solid and fluid constituents. The solid bulk modulus can be estimated from adsorption‐induced deformation or from elastic effective medium theory. The fluid modulus can be calculated according to the Tait‐Murnaghan equation at the solvation pressure in the pore. Substitution of these parameters into the Gassmann equation provides predictions consistent with measured data. Our findings set up a theoretical framework for investigation of fluid‐saturated nanoporous media using ultrasonic elastic wave propagation.
The Response of Atlantic Tropical Cyclones to Suppression of African Easterly Waves
Authors: Patricola Christina M. , Saravanan R. , Chang Ping 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAtlantic tropical cyclone (TC) genesis is strongly linked with African easterly waves (AEWs) on the synoptic time scale. However, the TC‐AEW relationship is unclear on interannual to climate time scales, and it is unknown whether AEWs are necessary to maintain climatological TC frequency, that is, whether TCs are limited by AEWs. We investigated the impact of AEW suppression on seasonal Atlantic TC activity using a 10‐member ensemble of regional climate model simulations in which AEWs were either prescribed or removed through the lateral boundary condition. The climate model experiments produced no significant change in seasonal Atlantic TC number, indicating that AEWs are not necessary to maintain climatological basin‐wide TC frequency even though TCs readily originate from these types of disturbances. This suggests that the specific type of “seedling” disturbance is unimportant for determining basin‐wide seasonal Atlantic TC number and that in the absence of AEWs, TCs will generate by other mechanisms. The results imply that changes in the presence of AEWs may not be reliable predictors of seasonal variability and future change in Atlantic TC frequency.
Decadal Comparisons of Particulate Matter in Repeat Transects in the Atlantic, Pacific, and Indian Ocean Basins
Authors: Gardner W. D. , Mishonov A. V. , Richardson M. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBasin‐wide sections of beam cp (proxy for particle concentration) in ocean basins collected during numerous oceanographic programs over the last four decades record variable concentrations in euphotic surface waters, very low concentrations through most of the water column, and very low to very high concentrations near the seafloor. Sections resampled at decadal intervals show that intense benthic nepheloid layers (BNLs) recur in the same general locations in these repeat sections, most often where eddy kinetic energy (EKE: cm2 s−2) is high in overlying waters. Areas beneath regions of low surface EKE consistently have weak to no BNLs. The decadal persistence of the close connection between surface and benthic EKE and presence or absence of BNLs is clear. Understanding the location and causes of intense versus weak BNLs helps in assessing scavenging of adsorption‐prone elements in the deep sea and quantifying the impact of deep ocean sediment dynamics on sediment redistribution.
New Paleomagnetic and 40Ar/39Ar Geochronological Results for the South Shetland Islands, West Antarctica, and Their Tectonic Implications
Authors: Gao Liang , Zhao Yue , Yang Zhenyu , Liu Jianmin , Liu Xiaochun , Zhang Shuan‐Hong , Pei Junling 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTo reconstruct the paleoposition of the Antarctic Peninsula relative to the South American Plate during the breakup of Gondwana, as well as the opening kinematics of the Drake Passage, we conducted detailed paleomagnetic, rock magnetic, and isotopic chronology studies of Byers Peninsula (Livingston Island) and Fildes Peninsula (King George Island) of the South Shetland Islands. The 40Ar/39Ar ages of the Agate Beach Formation to the Long Hill Formation in Fildes Peninsula range from 56.38 ± 0.2 Ma to 52.42 ± 0.19 Ma. Low natural remanent magnetization/isothermal remanent magnetization ratios, inconsistency with the polarity constrained by the paleomagnetic results and 40Ar/39Ar age constraints, as well as the widespread cation‐deficient titanomagnetite and Ti‐free magnetite of secondary origin, indicate that the volcanic and sedimentary rocks of Fildes Peninsula were remagnetized at about 55 Ma. Combining our results with previous data from the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula, we calculated the paleopoles for 110 Ma and 55 Ma for the South Shetland Islands and the Antarctic Peninsula. The paleomagnetic reconstruction of the relative paleoposition of the Antarctic Peninsula and South America shows that these plates were connected and experienced a southward movement and clockwise rotation from 110 to 55 Ma. Subsequently, southward translation and clockwise rotation of the Antarctic Peninsula between 55 and 27 Ma separated the Antarctic Peninsula and South America, forming the Drake Passage. Northward translation of South America after 27 Ma increased the N‐S divergence and increased the distance between the Antarctic Peninsula and the South American Plate.
Multiphase Reactive Transport and Platelet Ice Accretion in the Sea Ice of McMurdo Sound, Antarctica
Authors: Buffo J. J. , Schmidt B. E. , Huber C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSea ice seasonally to interannually forms a thermal, chemical, and physical boundary between the atmosphere and hydrosphere over tens of millions of square kilometers of ocean. Its presence affects both local and global climate and ocean dynamics, ice shelf processes, and biological communities. Accurate incorporation of sea ice growth and decay, and its associated thermal and physiochemical processes, is underrepresented in large‐scale models due to the complex physics that dictate oceanic ice formation and evolution. Two phenomena complicate sea ice simulation, particularly in the Antarctic: the multiphase physics of reactive transport brought about by the inhomogeneous solidification of seawater, and the buoyancy driven accretion of platelet ice formed by supercooled ice shelf water onto the basal surface of the overlying ice. Here a one‐dimensional finite difference model capable of simulating both processes is developed and tested against ice core data. Temperature, salinity, liquid fraction, fluid velocity, total salt content, and ice structure are computed during model runs. The model results agree well with empirical observations and simulations highlight the effect platelet ice accretion has on overall ice thickness and characteristics. Results from sensitivity studies emphasize the need to further constrain sea ice microstructure and the associated physics, particularly permeability‐porosity relationships, if a complete model of sea ice evolution is to be obtained. Additionally, implications for terrestrial ice shelves and icy moons in the solar system are discussed.
Convectively Driven Tropopause‐Level Cooling and Its Influences on Stratospheric Moisture
Authors: Kim Joowan , Randel William J. , Birner Thomas 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCharacteristics of the tropopause‐level cooling associated with tropical deep convection are examined using CloudSat radar and Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere and Climate (COSMIC) GPS radio occultation measurements. Extreme deep convection is sampled based on the cloud top height (>17 km) from CloudSat, and colocated temperature profiles from COSMIC are composited around the deep convection. Response of moisture to the tropopause‐level cooling is also examined in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere using microwave limb sounder measurements. The composite temperature shows an anomalous warming in the troposphere and a significant cooling near the tropopause (at 16–19 km) when deep convection occurs over the western Pacific, particularly during periods with active Madden‐Julian Oscillation (MJO). The composite of the tropopause cooling has a large horizontal scale (~6,000 km in longitude) with minimum temperature anomaly of ~ −2 K, and it lasts more than 2 weeks with support of mesoscale convective clusters embedded within the envelope of the MJO. The water vapor anomalies show strong correlation with the temperature anomalies (i.e., dry anomaly in the cold anomaly), showing that the convectively driven tropopause cooling actively dehydrate the lower stratosphere in the western Pacific region. The moisture is also affected by anomalous Matsuno‐Gill‐type circulation associated with the cold anomaly, in which dry air spreads over a wide range in the tropical tropopause layer (TTL). These results suggest that convectively driven tropopause cooling and associated transient circulation play an important role in the large‐scale dehydration process in the TTL.
Combined Flow Abstraction and Climate Change Impacts on an Aggrading Alpine River
Authors: Bakker M. , Costa A. , Silva T. A. , Stutenbecker L. , Girardclos S. , Loizeau J.‐L. , Molnar P. , Schlunegger F. , Lane S. N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractRecent climatic warming and associated glacial retreat may have a large impact on sediment release and transfer in Alpine river basins. Concurrently, the sediment transport capacity of many European Alpine streams is affected by hydropower exploitation, notably where flow is abstracted but the sediment supply downstream is maintained. Here, we investigate the combined effects of climate change and flow abstraction on morphodynamics and sediment transfer in the Borgne River, Switzerland. From photogrammetrically derived historical Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), we find considerable net aggradation of the braided river bed (up to 5 m) since the onset of flow abstraction in 1963. Reaches responded through bed level steepening which was strongest in the upper most reach. Widespread aggradation however did not commence until the onset of glacier retreat in the late 1980s and the dry and warm years of the early 1990s. Upstream flow intake data shows that this aggradation coincided with an increase in sediment supply, although aggradation accounts for no more than 25% of supplied material. The remainder was transferred through the studied reaches. Estimations of bed load transport capacity indicate that flow abstraction reduces transport capacity by 1–2 orders of magnitude. While residual transport rates vary with morphological evolution, they are in the same order of magnitude as the sediment supply rates, which is why significant transport remains. However, the reduction in transport capacity makes the system more sensitive to short‐term (annual) changes in climate‐driven hydrological variability and climate‐induced changes in intake management and sediment delivery rates.
Pore‐Scale Determination of Gas Relative Permeability in Hydrate‐Bearing Sediments Using X‐Ray Computed Micro‐Tomography and Lattice Boltzmann Method
Authors: Chen Xiongyu , Verma Rahul , Espinoza D. Nicolas , Prodanović Maša 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis work uses X‐ray computed micro‐tomography (μCT) to monitor xenon hydrate growth in a sandpack under the excess gas condition. The μCT images give pore‐scale hydrate distribution and pore habit in space and time. We use the lattice Boltzmann method to calculate gas relative permeability (krg) as a function of hydrate saturation (Shyd) in the pore structure of the experimental hydrate‐bearing sand retrieved from μCT data. The results suggest the krg‐ Shyddata fit well a new model krg = (1‐Shyd)·exp(–4.95·Shyd) rather than the simple Corey model. In addition, we calculate krg‐Shydcurves using digital models of hydrate‐bearing sand based on idealized grain‐attaching, coarse pore‐filling, and dispersed pore‐filling hydrate habits. Our pore‐scale measurements and modeling show that the krg‐Shydcurves are similar regardless of whether hydrate crystals develop grain‐attaching or coarse pore‐filling habits. The dispersed pore filling habit exhibits much lower gas relative permeability than the other two, but it is not observed in the experiment and not compatible with Ostwald ripening mechanisms. We find that a single grain‐shape factor can be used in the Carman‐Kozeny equation to calculate krg‐Shyddata with known porosity and average grain diameter, suggesting it is a useful model for hydrate‐bearing sand.
Hot Spots and Hot Moments of Nitrogen in a Riparian Corridor
Authors: Dwivedi Dipankar , Arora Bhavna , Steefel Carl I. , Dafflon Baptiste , Versteeg Roelof 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe use 3‐D high‐resolution reactive transport modeling to investigate whether the spatial distribution of organic‐carbon‐rich and chemically reduced sediments located in the riparian zone and temporal variability in groundwater flow direction impact the formation and distribution of nitrogen hot spots (regions that exhibit higher reaction rates when compared to other locations nearby) and hot moments (times that exhibit high reaction rates as compared to longer intervening time periods) within the Rifle floodplain in Colorado. Groundwater flows primarily toward the Colorado River from the floodplain but changes direction at times of high river stage. The result is that oxic river water infiltrates the Rifle floodplain during these relatively short‐term events. Simulation results indicate that episodic rainfall in the summer season leads to the formation of nitrogen hot moments associated with Colorado River rise and resulting river infiltration into the floodplain. The results further demonstrate that the naturally reduced zones (NRZs) present in sediments of the Rifle floodplain have a higher potential for nitrate removal, approximately 70% greater than non‐NRZs for typical hydrological conditions. During river water infiltration, nitrate reduction capacity remains the same within the NRZs, however, these conditions impact non‐NRZs to a greater extent (approximately 95% less nitrate removal). Model simulations indicate chemolithoautotrophs are primarily responsible for the removal of nitrate in the Rifle floodplain. These nitrogen hot spots and hot moments are sustained by microbial respiration and the chemolithoautotrophic oxidation of reduced minerals in the riparian zone.
Grote, George (1794–1871)
Authors: Chambers Mortimer 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

George Grote (1794–1871) was an English historian, politician, and student of philosophy. He is best known for his twelve‐volume
History of Greece
(1846–56), a response to the conservative histories of William Mitford and Edward Gibbon. He was greatly influenced by the Utilitarian movement of James Mill and his son, John Stuart Mill. His work was greatly influential in the later nineteenth century, particularly in Germany, where some historians were inspired by him, others replied to him.
Dyestuff, dyeing
Authors: Martínez García M. Julia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractColor was of great importance in ancient societies as a hierarchical symbol and means of differentiation between groups. Archaeological remains and written sources, especially some technical writings of the third and fourth centuriesce, provide evidence for ancient dyeing. They contain the most important recipes for the elaboration of the fashionable colors in Late Antiquity. The textile remains, colored or decorated with dyed wool from this period, are abundant in the Egyptian necropoleis and show us that the dyers were well acquainted with the art of dyeing. Likewise, the study of ancient workshops in important archaeological sites of the Roman period provides knowledge of the materials and instruments necessary for dyeing operations in antiquity.
Bridges
Authors: Fodorean Florin‐Gheorghe 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Bridge construction has been attested since the second millennium
bce
. In the Bronze Age, Mycenaean Greeks built a bridge at Arkadiko around 1300
bce
. The most famous examples of pontoon bridges are Xerxes’ bridges over the Hellespont, erected in 480
bce
. The Romans transformed bridge construction from technical engineering to monumental art. There are said to be 931 bridges spread across the empire: 800 in Europe, seventy‐four in Asia, and fifty‐seven in Africa. Among the most famous bridges are Trajan's bridge over the Tagus at Alcántara, built in 104
ce
; the Pont du Gard in southern France, spanning the Gardon, built in the middle of the first century
ce
; the bridge over the Danube between Drobeta and Pontes, designed by Apollodorus of Damascus and built under Trajan between 103 and 105
ce
; and Constantine's bridge over the Danube, built in 328
ce
.
Insects
Authors: Hollander David B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Countless species of insect inhabit the Mediterranean and Near East, and many of them influenced, directly or indirectly, the lives of those who inhabited these regions in antiquity. Their impact ranged from merely irritating (e.g., gnats) to potentially devastating (e.g., locusts) or lucrative (bees, silk worms). Ancient zoological and agricultural texts discuss insects at considerable length, and these animals regularly appear in other genres of literature. Depictions of insects are found on coins, amulets, paintings, and in other media.
Lights, lighting, lamps
Authors: Moullou Dorina 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Light is the natural phenomenon that stimulates our eyes and makes us see. It can be either natural (sunlight) or artificial. Natural light, during daytime, is captured indoors through openings in the walls or roofs of buildings (windows, doors, oculi). At night, artificial light is necessary.
In antiquity, all means of artificial lighting were devices for containing fire. The main types of artificial lighting prior to electricity were hearths, torches, candles, and lamps. These were universally used throughout human history, although the fuel and containers differed from place to place.
Satyrs
Authors: Isler‐Kerényi Cornelia , Beerens Anna 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Satyrs are singular creatures – part man, part beast, and hard to understand for us today. Mythology makes little mention of them, but they figure frequently in Greek and Roman art. Moreover, in classical Athens they had their own dramatic genre, the satyr play. In accordance with their dual nature, satyrs could be art‐loving and friendly, but also subversive and aggressive. They embodied the existence without boundaries, which, for good as well as evil, was the realm of Dionysos.
Busolt, Georg (1850–1920)
Authors: Chambers Mortimer 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Georg Busolt (1850–1920) wrote a history of Greece on a scale that will never be surpassed. His history had been planned to come down through 338
bce
but concluded with the end of the Peloponnesian War in 404
bce
. The first volume of his great final work,
Griechische Staatskunde
, surveyed the laws and customs of the Greek states; the second volume examined Sparta, Athens, and Crete in detail.
War in art, Greek
Authors: Schwartz Adam 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
War was an all‐important aspect of Greek antiquity. As such, it was from the outset a pervasive influence on both iconography and literature, providing a rich source material. War and fighting were regularly portrayed in both public and private art, and formed an integral part of the self‐perception of both states and individuals. War was in fact a major generator of art in that war booty was often used for the erection of public monuments at Panhellenic sanctuaries. No less a popular theme in non‐public art, war and its concomitant imagery loomed large from the earliest times in vase and wall paintings, as well as on grave markers, normally underscoring the predominant societal values of the Archaic and Classical periods.
Knucklebones
Authors: Vuolanto Ville 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Knucklebones were used throughout the ancient world to play games and for gambling. They were used with different sets of rules and scoring, and were also used for divination, having a strong cultural presence in the Greco‐Roman world. Playing knucklebones was a standard way of presenting children in painting and sculpture even though they were used at all levels of society by males and females of all ages.
Cassius Longinus, Gaius
Authors: Welch Kathryn 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

C. Cassius Longinus (ca. 86–42
bce
, praetor 44
bce
) is most famous for instigating, together with his brother‐in‐law and collaborator, M. Iunius Brutus, the plot to murder C. Iulius Caesar on the Ides of March 44
bce
. In 53
bce
, he saved the province of Syria from possible Parthian incursions after the Roman defeat at Carrhae. He fought for Gnaeus Pompeius in the civil war until the defeat at Pharsalus (48
bce
), after which he accepted Caesar's clemency and served as his legate (47–46
bce
).
Aristokles of Messene
Authors: Karamanolis George 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Aristokles of Messene is a little‐known Peripatetic of imperial times (he is probably to be dated in the early first century
ce
). In his work
On Philosophy
, preserved in fragments, Aristokles is critical of materialism, relativism, and skepticism, which is advocated mainly by the Eleatics, the Skeptics, the Epicureans, and the Cyrenaics, while he stresses the value of Platonic and Aristotelian philosophy. Aristocle's profile comes close to that of Antiochus of Ascalon, who also considered the philosophies of Plato and Aristotle in agreement and was also critical of skepticism.