bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of patient dose from imaging protocols for dental implant planning using conventional radiography and computed tomography
Authors: Lecomber A R , Yoneyama Y , Lovelock D J , Hosoi T , Adams A M 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare the radiation doses from imaging protocols for dental implant planning either using conventional radiography only (dental panoramic radiography (DPR), cephalometry and linear cross-sectional tomography) or involving computed tomography (CT).

METHODS
Organ absorbed doses were measured using a female Rando anthropomorphic phantom loaded with lithium fluoride thermoluminescent dosemeters (TLD). Standard mandibular protocols for dental implant planning were followed using either a conventional dental radiographic unit (PM 2002 CC Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland) or CT scanner (Excel Twin Elscint, Haifa, Israel). Organ absorbed and effective doses were calculated. Effective dose was calculated using two approaches, one based on the ICRP method which excludes the salivary tissue from the remainder organs (designated E(exc)), and the other with its inclusion (E(inc)).

RESULTS
The greatest individual organ doses for any examination were measured in the salivary tissue. E(exc) for panoramic, cephalometric and cross-sectional tomography using DPR was 0.004 mSv, 0.002 mSv and 0.002 mSv, respectively, whereas with CT it was 0.314 mSv. The value of E(inc) calculated using these data was between two and five times E(exc).

CONCLUSIONS
E(inc) greatly increases the apparent radiation burden, especially with high dose procedures. CT techniques can provide excellent images, but at the cost of increased radiation detriment. DPR with a cross-sectional tomography facility may give adequate clinical information at a greatly reduced dose.
Fractal dimension on dental radiographs
Authors: Bollen A M , Taguchi A , Hujoel P P , Hollender L G 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
(1) To compare fractal dimension (FD) from periapical radiographs with FD from panoramic radiographs; (2) to correlate FD with cortical thickness and morphology; and (3) to correlate FD with a reported history of osteoporotic fractures.

METHODS
Information on fracture and smoking history was obtained by a telephone interview with 281 elderly (&gt;60 years of age) patients who had periapical and panoramic radiographs exposed on the same date. FD was measured in several locations on both types of radiograph. Mandibular cortical thickness and morphology were obtained from the panoramic radiograph.

RESULTS
FD measured in the mandible was lower than FD in the maxilla. Same-jaw measurements had a higher correlation than same-side measurements. FD measured on panoramic radiographs was lower than FD from periapical radiographs. There was a negative correlation between cortical thickness and FD. FD was higher in subjects with more mandibular cortical porosities and resorption. The mean panoramic FD from subjects with a history of osteoporotic fractures was significantly higher, after adjusting for smoking, gender, age, height and weight.

CONCLUSIONS
FD measured on panoramic radiographs is lower than FD measured on periapical radiographs. FD is higher in both types of radiograph in subjects with a thinner, severely eroded mandibular cortex and a history of osteoporotic fractures. This study confirms other reports that FD increases when bone mass decreases. In addition, it suggests that panoramic radiographs can be used as a possible alternative for the measurement of FD to periapical radiographs.
Evaluation of tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT) in the localization of simulated periodontal defects
Authors: Ramesh A , Ludlow J B , Webber R L , Tyndall D A , Paquette D 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare the diagnostic efficacy of tuned aperture computed tomography (TACT) with the application of the 'buccal object rule' (BOR) in the localization of simulated periodontal defects.

METHODS
Thirty interproximal sites were selected in fifteen cadaver segments of maxillae and mandible. Artificial periodontal defects were created using round burs and 40% formic acid in the buccal, lingual or mid-buccolingual areas. Eight basis projections were obtained and TACT slices were reconstructed for each region of interest. Two of the basis images were used in application of BOR for localization of the defect. Eight observers scored the location of defects using TACT slices and the paired radiographs separately. Data were analysed using the kappa statistic and ANOVA.

RESULTS
A mean weighted kappa of 0.14 for localization was obtained with both BOR and TACT. Using ANOVA, there was no significant difference between modality and observer. There was however, a significant difference (P=0.019) between different defect sizes. Both modalities performed better with larger defect sizes. TACT performed slightly better than BOR when the smaller lesions were included; however, with larger lesions, this trend was reversed.

CONCLUSIONS
The results confirm the relationship between correlation distance (the resultant slice width) and object size in the application of TACT for localization. BOR remains a simple yet effective tool for localization. The clinical significance is not clear considering the low kappa scores obtained with both the modalities.
Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF): a method for assessment of incipient caries lesions
Authors: Angmar-Månsson B , ten Bosch J J 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To review the literature on validation and application of the quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) method for quantitative assessment of early enamel lesions in vivo and in vitro.

METHODS
QLF uses light with wavelengths around 405 nm to excite yellow fluorescence at wavelengths above 520 nm. Its diagnostic capacity is based on the mechanism that the intensity of natural fluorescence of a tooth is decreased by scattering due to a caries lesion. The equipment, the data processing and the interaction between equipment and operator are described.

RESULTS
The method has been validated by many authors; the results are presented and compared. For artificial lesions, the validation line is curved. For larger mineral losses, the curve is linear with a slope of 10% fluorescence loss corresponding with a mineral loss of 0.15 kg x m(-2). For lesions caused by natural caries, it is tentatively concluded that fluorescence loss is linear to mineral loss with a slope similar to that of artificial lesions. Reliability and reproducibility have been tested in vivo and show interexaminer values of the interclass correlation coefficient, r, of 0.93&lt;r&lt;0.99. Confounding factors are inadequate reconstruction of sound fluorescence values and drying of the lesion before or during measurement. In vivo application showed that statistically significant changes between different preventive regimes could be proven in only 6 months of study time.

CONCLUSION
QLF offers a potential tool to reduce the time needed for clinical research. Its objectivity will prove useful in epidemiological surveys. QLF provides visual and quantitative feedback to patients.
Influence of the validation method on diagnostic accuracy for caries. A comparison of six digital and two conventional radiographic systems
Authors: Hintze H , Wenzel A 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the influence of the validation method on the diagnostic accuracy and the relative comparison of eight radiographic systems for caries detection.

METHODS
Three hundred and thirty-eight approximal and 145 occlusal surfaces were radiographed under standardised conditions using six CCD-based sensor systems: MPDx (Dental/Medical Diagnostic Systems Inc., Woodland Hills, CA, USA), Dixi (Planmeca, Helsinki, Finland), Sidexis (Sirona, Bensheim, Germany), RVG(old) (Trophy, Paris, France, 1994 model), RVG(new) (Trophy, Paris, France, 2000 model) and Visualix (Gendex, Milan, Italy) and two film systems: Ektaspeed Plus and Insight (Eastman Kodak, Rochester, NY, USA). Four observers examined the radiographs for approximal and occlusal caries using a five-point confidence scale. The presence of caries was validated histologically and radiographically. Diagnostic accuracy was evaluated using ROC curve areas (A(z)).

RESULTS
For both approximal and occlusal caries the mean A(z) of the eight radiographic systems was significantly higher using radiographic than histological validation (P&lt;0.001). Using histological validation for approximal caries, Dixi (A(z)=0.71) and Ektaspeed Plus (A(z)=0.7) were not significantly different, but Dixi was significantly more accurate than the other digital systems and the Insight film. Using radiographic validation for approximal caries, Ektaspeed Plus (A(z)=0.87) was significantly more accurate than Dixi (A(z)=0.82). Dixi was significantly more accurate than MPDx (A(z)=0.74), RVG(old) (A(z)=0.77), RVG(new) (A(z)=0.77) and Visualix (A(z)=0.76). Corresponding variations were found for occlusal caries depending on the validation method. Using histological validation, MPDx (A(z)=0.76) was significantly less accurate than Dixi (A(z)=0.81), Sidexis (A(z)=0.8), Ektaspeed Plus (A(z)=0.82) and Insight (A(z)=0.81). Using radiographic validation, MPDx (A(z)=0.83) was also significantly less accurate than RVG(old) (A(z)=0.89) and RVG(new) (A(z)=0.9).

CONCLUSION
A(z) obtained from radiographic validation was significantly higher than A(z) obtained from histological validation. Comparison of the diagnostic efficacy for caries of the eight radiographic systems was strongly influenced by the validation method. DOI: 10.1038/sj/dmfr/4600645
Comparison of three-dimensional computed tomography with rapid prototype models in the management of coronoid hyperplasia
Authors: Asaumi J , Kawai N , Honda Y , Shigehara H , Wakasa T , Kishi K 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare (1) the accuracy of 3DCT with rapid prototyping (RP) models and (2) their application in the management of coronoid hyperplasia.

METHODS
An adult dry skull was used to compare 3DCT and a RP model for accuracy of reproduction; Polymerisation contraction and 17 distances between 27 anatomical points were measured. Two patients with coronoid process hyperplasia were assessed by means of 3DCT and plastic models.

RESULTS
Differences in measurements with the RP model and the dried skull were smaller than those with 3DCT (P=0.04). Polymerisation contraction was greater than the errors in reproduction with the RP model and approximately equal to those with the 3DCT. The coronoid process was thick and prominent in the patients with coronoid process hyperplasia and the small space and early contact between zygomatic arch and the coronoid process demonstrated. The plastic model duplicated the exostosis of the inner surface of the malar bone facing the concavity of the elongated process. The coronoid process had an anterior tilt in one case.

CONCLUSION
The plastic model duplicated the relationship between the maxillofacial deformity and the coronoid process with tolerable accuracy. Trismus may be due to the direction as well as the length of the enlarged coronoid process.
Effect of dose reduction in digital dental panoramic radiography on image quality
Authors: Dannewitz B , Hassfeld Stefan , Eickholz P , Mühling J 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To investigate the effect of dose reduction in digital panoramic radiography on subjective image quality and diagnostic performance.

METHODS
Two digital panoramic radiographs were obtained with the Orthophos DS(Sirona, Bensheim, Germany) of patients (n=100) receiving dental care. The first image was taken at the standard exposure setting. For the second image the tube current was reduced by between 48 and 53%, 63 and 69%, 75 and 80% and 80 and 81% respectively. Ten observers rated both images for 21 specific anatomical details and 30 pathological findings.

RESULTS
All radiographs taken at reduced mA levels had a significantly inferior score (P&lt;0.01) for anatomical details. There was no difference in the scores for pathological findings.

CONCLUSION
Radiographs obtained at reduced mA had inferior subjective image quality, but there was no difference in diagnostic performance. Thus, a reduction in tube current of approximately 50% is recommended. In certain circumstances such as follow-up radiographic examinations, a reduction of up to 65% should be considered.
Comparing the accuracy of Dutch dentists and dental students in the radiographic diagnosis of dentinal caries
Authors: Mileman P A , van den Hout W B 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To compare the diagnostic accuracy of dental students using bitewing radiographs for the diagnosis of dentinal caries with that of general dental practitioners and to establish a bench mark for testing for improvement in diagnostic performance.

METHODS
Fourth year dental students (n=259) viewed bitewing radiographs of 105 proximal tooth surfaces. According to a micro-radiography "gold standard" 45 surfaces had dentine caries. The students were asked to diagnose presence and absence of dentine caries from which, under supervision, they calculated their sensitivity (TPR) and false positive rate (FPR). The students binary diagnostic data was compared with the historical data from a random sample of Dutch dentists (n=273). The Summary Receiver Operating Characteristic (SROC) curve method was used to analyse the data. The two groups were tested for differences in (a) diagnostic odds ratio and (b) the area under the SROC curve.

RESULTS
The students mean TPR for dentine caries diagnosis was 67.2% (s.d. 11.8%) and the FPR was 8.3% (s.d. 8.4%). The corresponding values for dentists were: TPR 54.0% (s.d. 14.1%) and FPR 3.1% (s.d. 4.5%). Significantly more dentists (85%) than students (72%, P&lt;0.001) had a diagnostic odds ratio &gt; or =21. The area under the SROC curve (Az) was 0.8194 for students and 0.8140 for dentists (P=0.70).

CONCLUSIONS
In our study (i) the students had a higher TPR but also a higher FPR than the dental practitioners, (ii) their overall performance (Az) was similar but (iii) for a clinically relevant population the dental practitioners would out-perform the students in diagnostic performance.
The genu of the submandibular duct--is the angle significant in salivary gland disease?
Authors: Drage Nicholas A , Wilson R F , McGurk M 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVES
To investigate whether the angle of the genu of the submandibular duct is a significant contributory factor in the development of salivary calculi or sialoadenitis.

METHODS
A preliminary test with a phantom was performed, taking oblique lateral views with different vertical and horizontal beam angulations to assess the effect on the genu angle. The phantom comprised a dried mandible and a piece of wire bent to simulate the submandibular duct. There were no differences in the measured angle of the bend in the wire within the range of beam angulations used in the clinical study. One hundred and two sialographs were analysed from three separate groups of patients, normal controls (n=18), proven salivary calculi (n=61) and those with sialoadenitis (n=23). The oblique lateral radiographs were digitised and imported into the Denoptix digital system, and the angle measured using the VixWin 2000 software. Differences in angle between groups were investigated using analysis of variance.

RESULTS
The mean angle of the genu was 103 degrees (range 41 degrees-147 degrees) in the control group, 108 degrees (range 46 degrees-178 degrees) salivary calculi group, and 91 degrees (range 24 degrees-155 degrees) in sialoadenitis patients. There were no statistical differences in the angle between the groups.

CONCLUSIONS
There is a wide variation in the angle of the genu of the submandibular duct (24 degrees -178 degrees ). This angle does not appear to be associated with either sialolithiasis or sialoadenitis.
Precise image-receptor calibration and monitoring of beam quality with a step wedge
Authors: Couture R A , Hildebolt C F 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To describe an extended bootstrap calibration procedure that uses a step-wedge absorber and minimal equipment for rapid, accurate calibration of image receptors and simultaneous monitoring of beam quality.

METHODS
Multiple radiographs of a step wedge are made at different exposures, with a precision dosimeter as a reference. An iterative least-squares minimization procedure is used to fit the data with a single calibration function. The calibration range can be extended by varying two exposure parameters in addition to stepwedge thickness. Small variations in beam quality and other experimental artifacts can be detected by testing redundant data for self-consistency. As a demonstration, two photostimulable phosphor (PSP) systems were calibrated, one with a well-regulated X-ray source and the other with a poorly regulated source.

RESULTS
The first PSP system was calibrated over a range of 3.2 orders of magnitude with a relative standard deviation of the estimate of only 0.36%. The slope of the calibration curve agreed with the nominal, factory-set value within 0.8% (on a logarithmic scale). The second PSP system had a nearly linear response with a relative standard deviation of the estimate of 0.44% over the upper 97% of its range. Both X-ray sources showed easily detectable variations in tube potential.

CONCLUSIONS
The new calibration method eliminates many of the sources of error of previous techniques such as inverse-square sensitometry. If a suitably precise X-ray source is available, the relative accuracy is limited only by the precision of the receptor system.
Virtual radiographs computed from TACT volume data as a gold standard for image registration prior to subtraction
Authors: Lehmann T M , Hemler P F , Webber R L 
Published: October 2024

OBJECTIVE
To develop a three-dimensional (3D) model for quantitative analysis of image subtraction methods simulating clinical conditions and relevant to dental radiology.

METHOD
A high-resolution volume representation of a formalin-preserved segment of a human maxilla was synthesized from a set of 51 digital radiographs equidistantly covering the entire sampling aperture by means of Tuned-Aperture Computed Tomography (TACT). Two-dimensional (2D) projection renderings of a 3D model were generated yielding arbitrary but well-known 2D projections with, and without, structured noise producing 'virtual radiographs'.

RESULTS
Virtual radiographs were found to be similar to actual clinical images with respect to appearance, structure, and texture. Because the TACT reconstruction process allows all possible positions and orientations of source, specimen, and image plane to be simulated with negligible under sampling over a reasonable range of solid angles (sampling aperture), the resulting 3D model provided a rigorous method for establishing a truly objective gold standard (ground truth) for testing different registration techniques.

CONCLUSIONS
TACT image registration can be assessed quantitatively by comparing actually observed vs theoretically professed parameters that presumably constrain the underlying projection geometries. Other attributes that vary from one method to the next, such as the use of nonlinear or region-specific techniques to facilitate registration, likewise, now can be rigorously measured by context-based methods such as quantitative determination of image similarity. Hence, a 3D model that renders idealized virtual radiographs from any desired projection geometry makes possible truly objective comparison of various digital subtraction techniques.
Low-energy fusion hindrance in medium-light systems
Authors: Montagnoli Giovanna 
Published: October 2024

Heavy-ion fusion reactions give fundamental information on the quantum tunnelling of many-body systems where several intrinsic degrees of freedom are contributing. Moreover, the existence of hindrance in the fusion of light systems is critical for a variety of stellar environments.
Hindrance is often characterised by a maximum of the astrophysical S factor with decreasing energy, and is an interesting link between heavy-ion fusion and astrophysics. The underlying physical background is still under debate. Recently it has been pointed out that the Pauli exclusion principle influences the ion-ion potential and, as a consequence, low-energy fusion hindrance is produced because of the thicker and higher Coulomb barrier. We recently performed systematic investigations on the fusion of several medium-light systems to establish a reliable basis for the extrapolation to the lighter cases of astrophysical interest. The results obtained for 12C + 24,26Mg and 12C + 30Si are discussed here. Hindrance is observed in all cases, however, with differing features, so extrapolating to lighter systems is not straightforward. Additionally, oscillations are observed in the sub-barrier logarithmic slopes of the 12C + 24,26Mg excitation functions, which complicates identifying the hindrance threshold in those two cases.
Coupled-channels calculations for all these systems have been performed. The results show that fusion cross sections are well reproduced by simple tunnelling through the potential barrier, at the lowest energies. An alternative way to represent the data is discussed, which helps identifying the various channel couplings.
Single-cycle CEP-stable Cr:ZnS lasers
Authors: Lenke Nathalie , Steinleitner Philipp , Kowalczyk Maciej , Rosenberger Philipp , Gröbmeyer Sebastian , Sebesta Aleksandar , Pervak Vladimir , Karpowicz Nicholas , Krausz Ferenc , Weigel Alexander 
Published: October 2024

We showcase a coherent infrared light source capable of producing single-cycle pulses with exceptional waveform stability. With ALBATROSS, a commercial solution is made available to chart new horizons in infrared spectroscopy and high-speed opto-electronics.
© 2024 The Author(s)
Analyzing descriptive report writing among English language learners in Japan through a genre-based approach to second
language writing
Authors: Nagao Akiko 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This mixed-methods study evaluated the evolution of thematic development in descriptive report writing among 12
first-year English for Academic Purposes (EAP) university students in Japan over the course of a 15-week program. The program
employed a genre-based approach within a Systemic Functional Linguistic framework. Four consecutive information report essays (two
pre-essays, a post-essay, and a delayed test essay) were analyzed to assess the student’s writing progress. The results revealed a
general progression, starting with limited Theme development in the first pre-essay, to some students exhibiting a growing
familiarity with coherence and cohesion in terms of the generic structure of descriptive reports.
“One soft kiss” in a derelict world
Authors: Pietrzak Wit 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The paper focuses on the contemporary Irish poet Alan Gillis’s latest collection, The Readiness,
with special attention paid to “Metropolis” and “Vespers,” two long poems that come in the latter part of the volume. In them, the
pressures of late modernity, which are thematised throughout The Readiness, are given sustained attention,
revealing loneliness and dereliction as the most excruciating aspects of an individual’s life. While the bleak perspective on late
modern existence is characteristic of Gillis work to date, I show that the poems included in this collection, each in its own
distinct way, discover relief from the alienation in the establishment of meaningful relationships with other people.