bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gabapentenoids in pain management in urological chronic pelvic pain syndrome: Gabapentin or pregabalin?
Authors: Agarwal Mayank Mohan , Elsi Sy Mudelin 
Published: February 2017

AIMSTo compare efficacy of gabapentin and pregabalin in patients with urological chronic pelvic‐pain syndrome (UCPPS).METHODSDesign—retrospective, setting—urology outpatient services of a secondary‐care private hospital, inclusion criteria—men 18‐50 years, presenting with pelvic pain (lower abdomen, groin, scrotum, perineum, low‐back, hip) with or without lower urinary tract symptoms for at least 3 months duration. Hospital database was searched using keywords for neuropathic pain (ICD9—729.2, 719.45) and prostatitis (ICD9—601.1, 601.9). Clinical data were retrieved from patient‐records, laboratory and radiology data, and analyzed using SPSS‐19 statistical software.RESULTSBetween Mar 2013 and Oct 2015, data of consecutive 119 patients fulfilling the above criteria was analyzed. Median age of patients was 35 years (IQR 29‐43) and median duration of symptoms 12 months (IQR 6‐24 months). Before treatment median VAS (0‐10) pain score was 5 (IQR 4‐6). Gabapentin was significantly more effective in controlling pain compared to pregabalin. Three fourth of patients on gabapentin alone (47/62) reported at least 50% improvement in pain compared to only 40% on pregabalin alone (12/30) (P = 0.0012; χ2 = 9.765. NNT 2.9, 95%CI 1.8‐6.5). Twenty patients who were initially put on pregabalin had to switch to gabapentin for lack of efficacy. Forty four percent of patients on pregabalin required amitriptyline (24/54) compared to only 13.6% of those on gabapentin (10/72) required the same (P value of difference 0.0001; χ2 = 14.622. NNT 4, CI 95% 2.2‐6.6).CONCLUSIONSGabapentin may be more effective than pregabalin in UCPPS.
A local artificial‐boundary condition for simulating transient wave radiation in fluid‐saturated porous media of infinite domains
Authors: Xu Chengshun , Song Jia , Du Xiuli , Zhao Mi 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe dynamic problem of wave propagation in infinite fluid‐saturated porous media is usually solved using the finite element method. Therefore, proper artificial‐boundary conditions are required to be imposed on the truncated boundaries of the dynamic finite‐element model to consider the radiation damping effect of the truncated media. A local artificial‐boundary condition is proposed for the dynamic problems in fluid‐saturated porous media in the u−p formulation. It avoids making the unrealistic assumption of zero permeability that is widely used in the existing artificial‐boundary conditions. Moreover, the proposed method can be implemented easily into finite element or finite difference codes as stress and flow velocity boundary conditions. Numerical results obtained from the finite element model using the proposed artificial boundary indicate that the proposed method is stable for long time and is more accurate than several existing methods. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Cumulative effects of neonatal hyperoxia on murine alveolar structure and function
Authors: Cox Angela M. , Gao Yong , Perl Anne‐Karina T. , Tepper Robert S. , Ahlfeld Shawn K. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) results from alveolar simplification and abnormal development of alveolar and capillary structure. Survivors of BPD display persistent deficits in airflow and membrane and vascular components of alveolar gas diffusion. Despite being the defining feature of BPD, various neonatal hyperoxia models of BPD have not routinely assessed pulmonary gas diffusion.MethodsTo simulate the most commonly‐utilized neonatal hyperoxia models, we exposed neonatal mice to room air or ≥90% hyperoxia during key stages of distal lung development: through the first 4 (saccular), 7 (early alveolar), or 14 (bulk alveolar) postnatal days, followed by a period of recovery in room air until 8 weeks of age when alveolar septation is essentially complete. We systematically assessed and correlated the effects of neonatal hyperoxia on the degree of alveolar–capillary structural and functional impairment. We hypothesized that the degree of alveolar–capillary simplification would correlate strongly with worsening diffusion impairment.ResultsNeonatal hyperoxia exposure, of any duration, resulted in alveolar simplification and impaired pulmonary gas diffusion. Mean Linear Intercept increased in proportion to the length of hyperoxia exposure while alveolar and total lung volume increased markedly only with prolonged exposure. Surprisingly, despite having a similar effect on alveolar surface area, only prolonged hyperoxia for 14 days resulted in reduced pulmonary microvascular volume. Estimates of alveolar and capillary structure, in general, correlated poorly with assessment of gas diffusion.ConclusionOur results help define the physiological and structural consequences of commonly‐employed neonatal hyperoxia models of BPD and inform their clinical utility. Pediatr Pulmonol. 2017;52:616–624. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Activating nuclear xenobiotic receptors and triggering ER stress and hepatic cytochromes P450 systems in quails (Coturnix C. coturnix) during atrazine exposure
Authors: Du Zheng‐Hai , Qin Lei , Lin Jia , Sun Yan‐Chun , Xia Jun , Zhang Cong , Li Xue‐Nan , Li Jin‐Long 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAtrazine (ATR) is one of the most widely detected contaminant in the ecosystem. Nuclear xenobiotic receptors are activated by herbicides and induce the transcription of CYP450 isoforms involved in xenobiotic metabolism and transport. However, little is known about hepatic nuclear xenobiotic receptors in birds are responsible for ATR‐induced hepatotoxicity via regulating the cytochrome P450 enzyme systems (CYP450s). The objective of this study was to investigate the mechanism of ATR hepatotoxicity in quails. For this purpose, male quails were dosed by oral gavage from sexual immaturity to maturity with 0, 50, 250, and 500 mg/kg/day ATR for 45 days. The results showed that ATR exposure caused the hepatotoxicity damage and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) degeneration. It suggested that ER is a target organelle of ATR toxicity in hepatocytes. ATR exposure disrupted the hepatic CYP450s homeostasis. This study also demonstrated that ATR triggered the CYP450 isoforms transcription via activating the hepatic CAR/PXR pathway. The present study provides new insights regarding the mechanism of the ATR‐induced hepatotoxicity through activating nuclear xenobiotic receptors and triggering ER stress and hepatic CYP450s in quails.
What [shall][should] we do? Why a binding climate treaty is in your interest
Authors: Hall Nicholas 
Published: February 2017

This paper investigates whether and under what conditions a binding climate treaty can affect our individual moral obligations. Walter Sinnott‐Armstrong has argued that our sole moral obligation regarding climate change is to develop something like a binding treaty. On such an understanding, a binding agreement of the right type would absolve individuals of any further moral responsibilities to reduce carbon emissions. However, while something like this may be true in ideal circumstances of strict compliance, this paper argues that this is not the case in nonideal circumstances of partial compliance. The paper will proceed, first, by outlining the distinction between constitutive and nonconstitutive rules, or practice and summary rules, in Rawlsian terminology. I will then suggest that climate treaties, under the right circumstances, could fulfill the role of a practice with constitutive rules. If this is right, then the binding or nonbinding nature of a treaty (as well as the content of the treaty itself) could make it such that, under ideal circumstances, individuals have no obligation to reduce their carbon output beyond the requirements of the treaty. However, in the nonideal conditions of the actual world, the absence of full compliance to such institutions results in individual actions being subject to strict moral obligations. Consequently, it is in an individual's interest to enact such a binding treaty, at least insofar as they are at least somewhat concerned with fulfilling their moral obligations and would like to reduce the burdens of doing so.WIREs Clim Change2017, 8:e459. doi: 10.1002/wcc.459This article is categorized under:Climate, Nature, and Ethics > Climate Change and Human Rights
Climate change, migration, and the crisis of humanism
Authors: Baldwin Andrew 
Published: February 2017

Climate change is more and more said to be a problem of migration. The common refrain is that climate change will bear in some way on patterns of human mobility, resulting in either insecurity, humanitarian crises, or all manner of inventive adaptive responses. The inherent challenge in such claims is, however, that of causality: the degree to which climate change influences migration alongside the myriad social, political, and economic reasons people migrate. This challenge is far from being settled. Importantly, the unsettled question of causality exposes how the crisis of humanism is central to the construction of the climate migrant or climate refugee. Coming to terms with this crisis means having to confront how issues of power and knowledge shape how we understand the relationship between climate change and migration. But even more importantly it means having to ask probing questions about what it means to be human today. The study develops these arguments through an engagement with the concept of the monster and with Timothy Morton's concept of the hyperobject. WIREs Clim Change 2017, 8:e460. doi: 10.1002/wcc.460This article is categorized under:

Trans‐Disciplinary Perspectives > Humanities and the Creative Arts
State‐to‐state quantum reactive scattering in four‐atom systems
Authors: Zhao Bin , Guo Hua 
Published: February 2017

The recent advances in quantum mechanical studies of four‐atom reactions at the state‐to‐state level are reviewed. With six internal degrees of freedom, such reactions offer richer chemistry than the much studied atom–diatom reactions, but also pose challenges to the quantum mechanical treatment of the state‐to‐state scattering process. Several approaches that are capable of providing a complete solution to the problem have recently been suggested and a brief description and comparison of these approaches are given here. In addition, recent quantum mechanical state‐to‐state results for tetratomic reactions are discussed and a simple transition‐state‐based model is shown to provide useful insights into the correlation between reactant and product quantum states during a reaction. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2017, 7:e1301. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1301This article is categorized under:

Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Reaction Dynamics and Kinetics
Nonparametric functional concurrent regression models
Authors: Maity Arnab 
Published: February 2017

Function‐on‐function regression refers to the situation where both independent and dependent variables in a regression model are of functional nature. Functional concurrent regression is a specific type of function‐on‐function regression that relates the response function at a specific point to the covariate value at that point and the point itself. Standard functional concurrent models are linear (a linear combination of the covariates is used), and often criticized due to their linearity assumption and lack of flexibility. This gives rise to nonparametric functional concurrent regression that models the response function at a specific point using a multivariate nonparametric function of both the point and the covariate value at that point. Such models allow for much more flexibility and predictive accuracy, especially when the underlying relationship is nonlinear. In the past decade, several methods have been proposed to perform estimation, prediction and inference in the nonparametric concurrent models using various methods such as spline smoothing, Gaussian process regression and local polynomial kernel regression. Such models have been shown to be useful tools in functional regression as well as stepping stone for further development. WIREs Comput Stat 2017, 9:e1394. doi: 10.1002/wics.1394This article is categorized under:

Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Nonparametric Methods
An introduction toMajorization‐Minimizationalgorithms for machine learning and statistical estimation
Authors: Nguyen Hien D. 
Published: February 2017

MM(majorization–minimization) algorithms are an increasingly popular tool for solving optimization problems in machine learning and statistical estimation. This article introduces theMMalgorithm framework in general and via three commonly considered example applications: Gaussian mixture regressions, multinomial logistic regressions, and support vector machines. Specific algorithms for these three examples are derived and Mathematical Programming Series A numerical demonstrations are presented. Theoretical and practical aspects ofMMalgorithm design are discussed.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2017, 7:e1198. doi: 10.1002/widm.1198This article is categorized under:Algorithmic Development > StatisticsTechnologies > Machine Learning
Randomness in neural networks: an overview
Authors: Scardapane Simone , Wang Dianhui 
Published: February 2017

Neural networks, as powerful tools for data mining and knowledge engineering, can learn from data to build feature‐based classifiers and nonlinear predictive models. Training neural networks involves the optimization of nonconvex objective functions, and usually, the learning process is costly and infeasible for applications associated with data streams. A possible, albeit counterintuitive, alternative is to randomly assign a subset of the networks’ weights so that the resulting optimization task can be formulated as a linear least‐squares problem. This methodology can be applied to both feedforward and recurrent networks, and similar techniques can be used to approximate kernel functions. Many experimental results indicate that such randomized models can reach sound performance compared to fully adaptable ones, with a number of favorable benefits, including (1) simplicity of implementation, (2) faster learning with less intervention from human beings, and (3) possibility of leveraging overall linear regression and classification algorithms (e.g.,ℓ1norm minimization for obtaining sparse formulations). This class of neural networks attractive and valuable to the data mining community, particularly for handling large scale data mining in real‐time. However, the literature in the field is extremely vast and fragmented, with many results being reintroduced multiple times under different names. This overview aims to provide a self‐contained, uniform introduction to the different ways in which randomization can be applied to the design of neural networks and kernel functions. A clear exposition of the basic framework underlying all these approaches helps to clarify innovative lines of research, open problems, and most importantly, foster the exchanges of well‐known results throughout different communities.WIREs Data Mining Knowl Discov2017, 7:e1200. doi: 10.1002/widm.1200This article is categorized under:Technologies > Machine Learning
Deconstruction of complex protein signaling switches: a roadmap toward engineering higher‐order gene regulators
Authors: Davey James A. , Wilson Corey J. 
Published: February 2017

The control of gene expression is an important tool for metabolic engineering, the design of synthetic gene networks, gene‐function analysis, and protein manufacturing. The most successful approaches to date are based on modulating messenger RNA (mRNA) synthesis via their inducible coupling to transcriptional effectors, which requires biosensing functionality. A hallmark of biological sensing is the conversion of an exogenous signal, usually a small molecule or environmental cue such as a protein–ligand interaction, into a useful output or response. One of the most utilized regulatory proteins is the lactose repressor (LacI). In this review we will (1) explore the mechanochemical structure–function relationship of LacI; (2) discuss how the physical attributes of LacI can be leveraged to identify and understand other regulatory proteins; (3) investigate the designability (tunability) of LacI; (4) discuss the potential of the modular design of novel regulatory proteins, fashioned after the topology and mechanochemical properties of LacI. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1461. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1461This article is categorized under:

Diagnostic Tools > Biosensing
Nanotechnology Approaches to Biology > Nanoscale Systems in Biology
Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures
Understanding the mTOR signaling pathway via mathematical modeling
Authors: Sulaimanov Nurgazy , Klose Martin , Busch Hauke , Boerries Melanie 
Published: February 2017

The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulatory pathway that integrates a variety of environmental cues to control cellular growth and homeostasis by intricate molecular feedbacks. In spite of extensive knowledge about its components, the molecular understanding of how these function together in space and time remains poor and there is a need for Systems Biology approaches to perform systematic analyses. In this work, we review the recent progress how the combined efforts of mathematical models and quantitative experiments shed new light on our understanding of the mTOR signaling pathway. In particular, we discuss the modeling concepts applied in mTOR signaling, the role of multiple feedbacks and the crosstalk mechanisms of mTOR with other signaling pathways. We also discuss the contribution of principles from information and network theory that have been successfully applied in dissecting design principles of the mTOR signaling network. We finally propose to classify the mTOR models in terms of the time scale and network complexity, and outline the importance of the classification toward the development of highly comprehensive and predictive models. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1379. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1379This article is categorized under:

Biological Mechanisms > Cell Signaling
Models of Systems Properties and Processes > Mechanistic Models
Xylitol production by genetically modified industrial strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae using glycerol as co-substrate
Authors: Kogje Anushree B , Ghosalkar Anand 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Xylitol is commercially used in chewing gum and dental care products as a low calorie sweetener having medicinal properties. Industrial yeast strain of S. cerevisiae was genetically modified to overexpress an endogenous aldose reductase gene GRE3 and a xylose transporter gene SUT1 for the production of xylitol. The recombinant strain (XP-RTK) carried the expression cassettes of both the genes and the G418 resistance marker cassette KanMX integrated into the genome of S. cerevisiae. Short segments from the 5′ and 3′ delta regions of the Ty1 retrotransposons were used as homology regions for integration of the cassettes. Xylitol production by the industrial recombinant strain was evaluated using hemicellulosic hydrolysate of the corn cob with glucose as the cosubstrate. The recombinant strain XP-RTK showed significantly higher xylitol productivity (212 mg L−1 h−1) over the control strain XP (81 mg L−1 h−1). Glucose was successfully replaced by glycerol as a co-substrate for xylitol production by S. cerevisiae. Strain XP-RTK showed the highest xylitol productivity of 318.6 mg L−1 h−1 and titre of 47 g L−1 of xylitol at 12 g L−1 initial DCW using glycerol as cosubstrate. The amount of glycerol consumed per amount of xylitol produced (0.47 mol mol−1) was significantly lower than glucose (23.7 mol mol−1). Fermentation strategies such as cell recycle and use of the industrial nitrogen sources were demonstrated using hemicellulosic hydrolysate for xylitol production.
Seasonal leaf phenology data for 12 tree species in a cool‐temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in Japan from 2005 to 2014
Authors: Nagai Shin , Nasahara Kenlo Nishida 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis paper reports seasonal data regarding leaf number, leaf length and width, leaf area, leaf angle, and SPAD (leaf chlorophyll content index) for 11 genera (12 species) in a cool‐temperate deciduous broadleaved forest in Japan. Knowing the leaf phenology of tree species is important for accurately evaluating the temporal variability of ecosystem functions (e.g., photosynthesis and evapotranspiration) under rapid climate change. However, there is a lack of freely available long‐term observation data regarding leaf phenological characteristics for many tree species. We collected leaf phenological data from tagged shoots every 1–4 weeks from April or May to October or November each year from 2005 to 2014 in Takayama, Japan (36°08′46″N, 137°25′23″E, 1420 m a.s.l.). We targeted typical dominant, codominant, and understory tree species at the site. To evaluate differences among individuals and between sunlit and shaded leaves, we measured one to four shoots of some species and individuals. Our data provide input, calibration, and validation parameters for a terrestrial ecosystem and for radiative‐transfer models and remote‐sensing observations.
The peer's point of view: Observing a peer performing an action enhances third‐person perspective in adolescents
Authors: Conson Massimiliano , Salzano Sara , Frolli Alessandro , Mazzarella Elisabetta 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTAdolescents are particularly prone to peer influence. Since group membership modulates the person's tendency to take someone else's viewpoint, here we decided to investigate whether adolescents are influenced by the presence of a peer when taking another person's perspective. A group of adolescents from upper secondary schools in Naples (Italy) had to observe scenes of an actor (an adolescent or an adult) gazing, grasping, gazing/grasping an object or staying still. When required to judge the spatial location of the object, the adolescent participants adopted the actor's viewpoint (third‐person perspective) more frequently when the actor was an adolescent rather than when he was an adult and when the adolescent actor grasped the object. Thus, adolescents seem particularly prone to mentally simulate someone else's actions when the other person is a peer. These findings suggest that modulating motor simulation processes via social environmental factors could influence adolescents' perspective taking.
A PREQUEL TOLAW AND REVOLUTION: A LONG LOST MANUSCRIPT OF HAROLD J. BERMAN COMES TO LIGHT
Authors: Witte John , Manzer Christopher J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe late Harold Berman was a pioneering scholar of Soviet law, legal history, jurisprudence, and law and religion; he is best known today for his monumentalLaw and Revolutionseries on the Western legal tradition. Berman wrote a short book,Law and Language, in the early 1960s, but it was not published until 2013. In this early text, he adumbrated many of the main themes of his later work, includingLaw and Revolution.He also anticipated a good deal of the interdisciplinary and comparative methodology that we take for granted today, even though it was rare in the intense legal positivist era during which he was writing. This essay contextualizes Berman'sLaw and Languagewithin the development of his own legal thought and in the evolution of interdisciplinary legal studies. It focuses particularly on the themes of law and religion, law and history, and law and communication that dominated Berman's writing until his death in 2007.