bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Social cognition, functional capacity and symptoms in the longitudinal prediction of outcome in subjects with first-episode schizophrenia
Authors: Nordentoft M. , Wills R. , Gotfredsen D. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundSeveral national guidelines recommend continuous use of antipsychotic medication after a psychotic episode in order to minimize the risk of relapse. However some studies have identified a subgroup of patients who can obtain remission of psychotic symptoms while not being on antipsychotic medication for a long period of time. This study investigated the long-term outcome and characteristics of patients in remission of psychotic symptoms with no use of antipsychotic medication at the 10-year follow-up.MethodsThe study was a cohort study including 496 patients diagnosed with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (ICD 10: F20 and F22-29). Patients were included in the Danish OPUS Trial and followed up 10 years after inclusion, where patient data was collected on socio-demographic factors, psychopathology, level of functioning and medication.FindingsAmong the patients, 30% had remission of psychotic symptoms at the time of the 10-year follow up with no current use of antipsychotic medication. This favorable outcome was associated with female gender, high GAF-F score, participation in the labor market and absence of substance abuse.InterpretationResults from several RCTs advise against discontinuation of antipsychotic medication, but our results from the 10-year follow-up indicate that a subgroup do obtain long-term remission while not being on antipsychotic medication. Hence, guidelines on antipsychotic medication do not pay sufficient attention to patients who discontinue antipsychotic medication and are still able to obtain remission of psychotic symptoms.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Future direction of suicidal risk assessment
Authors: Blasco-Fontecilla H. 
Published: May 2016

Objectiveto explore future directions on the assessment of the risk of suicidal behavior (SB).Methodsnarrative review of current and future methods to improving the assessment of the risk of suicidal behavior (SB).ResultsPredicting future SB is a long-standing goal. Currently, the identification of individuals at risk of SB is based on clinician's subjective reports. Unfortunately, most individuals at risk of SB often do not disclose their suicidal thoughts. In the near future, predicting the risk of SB will be enhanced by: (1) introducing objective, reliable measures – i.e. biomarkers – of suicide risk; (2) selecting the most discriminant variables, and developing more accurate measures – i.e. questionnaires – and models for suicide prediction; (3) incorporating new sources of information – i.e. facebook, online monitoring; (4) applying novel methodological instruments such as data mining, or computer adaptive testing; and, (5) most importantly, combining predictors from different domains (clinical, neurobiological and cognitive).ConclusionsGiven the multi-determined nature of SB, a combination of clinical, neuropsychological, biological, and neuroimaging factors, among other might help overcome current limitations in the prediction of SB. Furthermore, given the complexity of prediction of future SB, currently our efforts should be focused on the prevention of SB.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
Electrodermal hyporeactivity evaluation for detecting suicidal propensity in depressed patients
Authors: Thorell L.H. 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionSince 1987 several publications have focused on electrodermal reactivity in groups with different suicidal behaviors, but with varying results. However, using an untraditional statistical approach with clinical application in focus revealed between themselves confirming results of a strong relationship between electrodermal hyporeactivity and suicide.ObjectivesThe objectives were to investigate how this research tool can be implemented for detecting suicide risk in depressed patients.AimsThe aims were to find a base for the objective test of electrodermal reactivity to be used as support in suicidal risk assessments in depressed patients.MethodsMore than ten published studies on electrodermal hyporeactivity and suicide were reviewed subsequent to the application of an untraditional statistical approach. Gender, age,subdiagnoses and depressive depth were considered. All subjects were tested in a habituation experiment of the electrodermal response to a moderately strong tone stimulus.ResultsThe percentage of electrodermally hyporeactive depressed patients who later committed suicide was 86–97%. The percentage of electrodermally reactive patients that did not commit suicide was 96–98%. Hyporeactivity seems to be stable in at least 1–2 years in remission.ConclusionsIt was considered favorable to test for hyporeactivity as early as possible, i.e. already in the primary care. That enables right treatment of right patients very early. The number of referrals to psychiatric specialists could be expected to decrease. Possible causes of hyporeactivity begin to be revealed, giving ideas of several treatment approaches.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
The second-generation assessment scales: Brief negative symptom scale and clinical assessment interview for negative symptoms
Authors: Mucci A. , Galderisi S. 
Published: May 2016

The construct of negative symptoms has undergone significant changes since the introduction of first generation assessment scales, such as the Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms or the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. Blunted affect, Alogia, Asociality, Anhedonia and Avolition are largely recognized as valid domains of the negative symptoms construct.Among the new assessment instruments, both the Brief Negative Symptom Scale (BNSS) and the Clinical Assessment Interview for Negative Symptoms (CAINS) are considered adequate in their coverage of the negative symptoms domains. They include the assessment of both behavior and internal experience for Anhedonia, Asociality and Avolition to avoid overlap with functional outcome measures, as well as consummatory and anticipatory components of anhedonia with an emphasis on the internal experience of pleasure.Strengths and limitations of these new assessment instruments will be reviewed in the light of some existing challenges, such as the distinction between primary and secondary negative symptoms and development of innovative treatments.Disclosure of interestThe authors have not supplied their declaration of competing interest.
Effects of Phase-Lag on Thick Circular Plate with Heat Sources in Modified Couple Stress Thermoelastic Medium
Authors: Kumar R. , Devi S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe main objective of the present paper is to analyze the effects of phase-lag on thick circular plate with heat sources in modified couple stress thermoelastic medium. The mathematical formulation is prepared for three-phase-lag heat conduction model subjected to prescribed normal heat flux along with stress free boundary. Laplace and Hankel transforms are used to deal the problem. The displacements, stresses and temperature change are obtained in the transformed domain. Numerical inversion technique has been used to obtain the solutions in the physical domain. The results obtained numerically for these quantities are presented graphically. Some particular cases are also discussed in the present problem.
Analysis of Cross Ply Laminated Beams Under Partial Heating
Authors: Khdeir A. A. , Aldraihem O. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThermal deformations in symmetric and antisymmetric cross-ply laminated beams subjected to partial heating are investigated. Some regions of the beam are subjected to thermal loads and the others are thermally unloaded (ΔT = 0). The thermal field is expressed in terms of Heaviside discontinuity functions. The state space approach along with Jordan canonical form is used to generate exact solutions for the thermoelastic response of beams for arbitrary boundary conditions. A first order shear deformation theory is used in the analysis. Deflections are computed for beams subjected to partial heating with various lamination schemes and boundary conditions undergoing uniform and linearly varying temperature through the thickness. Exact thermal deflection curves are presented for beams under step-wise varying temperature field. The solutions presented in this study can readily be used to investigate the thermoelastic behavior of narrow chip-substrate structure, laminated member in laser cutting, composite link in hypersonic vehicle, and etc.
Lateral accretion of modern unvegetated rivers: remotely sensed fluvial–aeolian morphodynamics and perspectives on the Precambrian rock record
Authors: IELPI ALESSANDRO 
Published: May 2016

AbstractModern unvegetated rivers flowing through aeolian-dune fields demonstrate potential as analogues for pre-vegetation fluvial landscapes. A prominent example is contained in the Lençóis Maranhenses of Brazil, a coastal aeolian system hosting the semi-perennial Rio Negro. Remotely sensed images covering c. 45 years display the rhythmic expansion and wind-driven shift of single-threaded and sinuous fluvial trunks alternating with wider braided plains. Sinuous tracts feature mid-channel and bank-attached bars, including expansional point bars with subdued relief. The morphology, accretion and sediment transport of unvegetated point bars in the Rio Negro are compared to the morphodynamics of vegetated meandering rivers. Unvegetated point bars are composed of large coalescent unit bars, lack apparent scroll topography and are preferentially attached to channel banks located on the windward side of the river course. Unvegetated meanders have expansional behaviour related to downwind channel trailing. Point bars maintain an expansional planform despite spatial confinement induced by aeolian dunes. Channel-flow impingement onto cohesion-less banks favours scouring of deep pools along the bar tails, which host bank-collapse deposits subsequently reworked into new bars. Analogies to Precambrian rivers suggest that ancient unvegetated fluvial landscapes were not unequivocally featured by low sinuosity, especially if characterized by a low gradient and stable discharge. This inference is supported by ongoing studies on Proterozoic fluvial–aeolian systems in the Canadian Shield. Lack of scroll topography introduces overlap with low-sinuosity fluvial facies models, underscoring the value of observing ancient fluvial deposits in planform, or along 3D sections where the palaeodrainage of channel bodies and attached bars can be compared.
Anaesthesia for head and neck surgery: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Charters P , Ahmad I , Patel A , Russell S 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. The anaesthetic considerations for head and neck cancer surgery are especially challenging given the high burden of concurrent comorbidity in this patient group and the need to share the airway with the surgical team. This paper provides recommendations on the anaesthetic considerations during surgery for head and neck cancer.Recommendations• All theatre staff should participate in the World Health Organization checklist process. (R)• Post-operative airway management should be guided by local protocols. (R)• Patients admitted to post-operative care units with tracheal tubes in place should be monitored with continuous capnography. Removal for tracheal tubes is the responsibility of the anaesthetist. (R)• Anaesthetists should formally hand over care to an appropriately trained practitioner in the post-operative or intensive care unit. (G)• Intensive care unit staff looking after post-operative tracheostomies must be clear about which patients are not suitable for bag-mask ventilation and/or oral intubation in the event of emergencies. (R)
Restorative dentistry and oral rehabilitation: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Butterworth C , McCaul L , Barclay C 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK and provides recommendations on the pre-treatment oral and dental assessment, during and after treatment and oral rehabilitation. Restorative dentists are core members of the multidisciplinary team treating head and neck cancer patients, involved from the treatment planning phase through to long-term rehabilitation.Recommendations• Preventative oral care must be delivered to patients whose cancer treatment will affect the oral cavity, jaws, salivary glands and oral accessibility. (G)• Close working and communication between the surgeons, oncologists and restorative dental specialists is important in ensuring optimal oral health outcomes. (G)• Intensity-modulated radiotherapy has been shown to reduce long-term xerostomia and should be offered to all appropriate patients. (R)• If patients are deemed at risk of trismus they should be warned and its progressive and potentially irreversible nature explained. (G)• Where it is known that adjuvant radiotherapy will be given, extractions should take place at primary surgery to maximise the time for healing and minimise the number of surgical events for patients. (G)• Osseointegrated implants should be considered for all patients having resection for head and neck cancer. (G)
Radiotherapy in head and neck cancer management: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Nutting C 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. Radiotherapy is one of the key treatment modalities used in head and neck cancer management. This paper summarises the current role and some of the recent advances in radiotherapy in head and neck cancer management.
Surgery in head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Homer J J , Fardy M J 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. Surgery is one of the key modalities used in head and neck cancer treatment. Recent advances and a greater awareness of the short- and long-term toxicities associated with non-surgical modalities and newer technologies that permit minimal access resections have led to a resurgence in surgery. This paper provides an overview of the role of surgery in head and neck cancer practice.
Oral cavity and lip cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Kerawala C , Roques T , Jeannon J-P , Bisase B 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. It provides recommendations on the assessment and management of patients with cancer of the oral cavity and the lip.Recommendations• Surgery remains the mainstay of management for oral cavity tumours. (R)• Tumour resection should be performed with a clinical clearance of 1 cm vital structures permitting. (R)• Elective neck treatment should be offered for all oral cavity tumours. (R)• Adjuvant radiochemotherapy in the presence of advanced neck disease or positive margins improves control rates. (R)• Early stage lip cancer can be treated equally well by surgery or radiation therapy. (R)
Nose and paranasal sinus tumours: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Lund V J , Clarke P M , Swift A C , McGarry G W , Kerawala C , Carnell D 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. With only limited high-level evidence for management of nasal and paranasal sinus cancers owing to low incidence and diverse histology, this paper provides recommendations on the work up and management based on the existing evidence base.Recommendations• Sinonasal tumours are best treatedde novoand unusual polyps should be imaged and biopsied prior to definitive surgery. (G)• Treatment of sinonasal malignancy should be carefully planned and discussed at a specialist skull base multidisciplinary team meeting with all relevant expertise. (G)• Complete surgical resection is the mainstay of treatment for inverted papilloma and juvenile angiofibroma. (R)• Essential equipment is necessary and must be available prior to commencing endonasal resection of skull base malignancy. (G)• Endoscopic skull base surgery may be facilitated by two surgeons working simultaneously, utilising both sides of the nose. (G)• To ensure the optimum oncological results, the primary tumour must be completely removed and margins checked by frozen section if necessary. (G)• The most common management approach is surgery followed by post-operative radiotherapy, ideally within six weeks. (R)• Radiation is given first if a response to radiation may lead to organ preservation. (G)• Radiotherapy should be delivered within an accredited department using megavoltage photons from a linear accelerator (typical energies 4–6 MV) as an unbroken course. (R)
Management of neck metastases in head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Paleri V , Urbano T G , Mehanna H , Repanos C , Lancaster J , Roques T , Patel M , Sen M 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. A rational plan to manage the neck is necessary for all head and neck primaries. With the emergence of new level 1 evidence across several domains of neck metastases, this guideline will identify the evidence-based recommendations for management.Recommendations• Computed tomographic or magnetic resonance imaging is mandatory for staging neck disease, with choice of modality dependant on imaging modality used for the primary site, local availability and expertise. (R)• Patients with a clinically N0 neck, with more than 15–20 per cent risk of occult nodal metastases, should be offered prophylactic treatment of the neck. (R)• The treatment choice of for the N0 and N+ neck should be guided by the treatment to the primary site. (G)• If observation is planned for the N0 neck, this should be supplemented by regular ultrasonograms to ensure early detection. (R)• All patients with T1 and T2 oral cavity cancer and N0 neck should receive prophylactic neck treatment. (R)• Selective neck dissection (SND) is as effective as modified radical neck dissection for controlling regional disease in N0 necks for all primary sites. (R)• SND alone is adequate treatment for pN1 neck disease without adverse histological features. (R)• Post-operative radiation for adverse histologic features following SND confers control rates comparable with more extensive procedures. (R)• Adjuvant radiation following surgery for patients with adverse histological features improves regional control rates. (R)• Post-operative chemoradiation improves regional control in patients with extracapsular spread and/or microscopically involved surgical margins. (R)• Following chemoradiation therapy, complete responders who do not show evidence of active disease on co-registered positron emission tomography–computed tomography (PET–CT) scans performed at 10–12 weeks, do not need salvage neck dissection. (R)• Salvage surgery should be considered for those with incomplete or equivocal response of nodal disease on PET–CT. (R)
Follow-up after treatment for head and neck cancer: United Kingdom National Multidisciplinary Guidelines
Authors: Simo R , Homer J , Clarke P , Mackenzie K , Paleri V , Pracy P , Roland N 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis is the official guideline endorsed by the specialty associations involved in the care of head and neck cancer patients in the UK. In the absence of high-level evidence base for follow-up practices, the duration and frequency are often at the discretion of local centres. By reviewing the existing literature and collating experience from varying practices across the UK, this paper provides recommendations on the work up and management of lateral skull base cancer based on the existing evidence base for this rare condition.Recommendations• Patients should be followed up to a minimum of five years with a prolonged follow-up for selected patients. (G)• Patients should be followed up at least two monthly in the first two years and three to six monthly in the subsequent years. (G)• Patients should be seen in dedicated multidisciplinary head and neck oncology clinics. (G)• Patients should be followed up by dedicated multidisciplinary clinical teams. (G)• The multidisciplinary follow-up team should include clinical nurse specialists, speech and language therapists, dietitians and other allied health professionals in the role of key workers. (G)• Clinical assessment should include adequate clinical examination including fibre-optic rigid or flexible nasopharyngolaryngoscopy. (R)• Magnetic resonance imaging and positron emission tomography combined with computed tomography imaging should be used when recurrence is suspected. (R)• Narrow band imaging can be used in the follow-up in selected sites. (R)• Second primary tumours should be part of rationale of follow-up and therefore adequate screening strategies should be used to detect them. (G)• Patients should be educated with regard to the appearance and detection of recurrences. (G)• Patients with persistent pain should be investigated to exclude recurrent disease. (R)• Patients should be offered support with tobacco and alcohol cessation services. (R)
Advocating Inoculation in the Eighteenth Century: Exemplarity and Quantification
Authors: Eriksen Anne 
Published: May 2016

ArgumentSmallpox inoculation was introduced in Europe in the early eighteenth century and has been considered the first mass treatment of disease based on practical use of probability calculations and mathematical tools of computation. The article argues that these new approaches were deeply entangled with other rationalities, most emphatically that of exemplarity. Changes in inoculation methods around mid-century gradually changed the conceptualization of disease, seeing all cases as fundamentally equal, and thus making it more relevant to count them. Arithmetic changed the ways of thinking about smallpox epidemics, but new ways of conceptualizing disease were vital to making it a matter of arithmetic at all. The article investigates what happened when numbers and figures were introduced into medical matters: Who did the figures really concern, and what types of argument were they fitted into? How were numbers transformed into metaphors, and how did quantitative argument work together with arguments from exemplarity?