bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Вузловий зоб та рак щитоподібної залози: які підходи до діагностики та лікування рекомендує Американська тиреоїдна асоціація у 2015 р.
Authors: Cherenko S.М. 
Published: August 2016

У критичному огляді новітніх рекомендацій найавторитетнішої у світі команди фахівців Американської тиреоїдної асоціації розглянуто основні з більше ніж 100 рекомендацій щодо діагностики, лікування та тривалого спостереження пацієнтів із тиреоїдними вузлами та диференційованим раком щитоподібної залози. Дано оцінку можливостям застосування клінічних настанов в умовах вітчизняної системи охорони здоров’я. Розглянуті перспективи використання генетичних досліджень в диференціальній діагностиці тиреоїдних пухлин. Підкреслено важливість нового прогностичного підходу — динамічної оцінки ризиків залежно від відгуку на первинне лікування, а також зваженого та індивідуалізованого ставлення до застосування радіоактивного йоду та супресивної терапії препаратами тиреоїдних гормонів у пацієнтів із диференційованими карциномами.
Measuring the Stigma Surrounding Type 2 Diabetes: Development and Validation of the Type 2 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale (DSAS-2)
Authors: Browne Jessica L. , Ventura Adriana D. , Mosely Kylie , Speight Jane 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE
To develop and validate a self-report measure of perceived and experienced stigma for use with adults with type 2 diabetes: the Type 2 Diabetes Stigma Assessment Scale (DSAS-2).

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
An item pool was drafted based on qualitative data from 25 adults with type 2 diabetes and content from other health-related stigma questionnaires. Thirteen adults with type 2 diabetes completed 57 draft diabetes stigma items and participated in cognitive debriefing interviews. Based on participant feedback, the pool was reduced to 48 items with a 5-point Likert scale (strongly disagree to strongly agree). A total of 1,064 adults with type 2 diabetes completed a survey including these 48 items and other validated measures. Data were subject to principal components analysis and Spearman ρ correlations.

RESULTS
The scale was reduced to 19 items, with an unforced three-factor solution indicative of three subscales: Treated Differently (6 items, α = 0.88), Blame and Judgment (7 items, α = 0.90), and Self-stigma (6 items, α = 0.90). A forced one-factor solution supported the calculation of a total score (α = 0.95). Satisfactory concurrent, convergent, and discriminant validity were demonstrated.

CONCLUSIONS
The 19-item DSAS-2 is a reliable and valid measure of type 2 diabetes stigma. A rigorous design and validation process has resulted in a relatively brief measure of perceived and experienced stigma in type 2 diabetes. The novel scale has satisfactory psychometric properties and is now available to facilitate much-needed research in this field.
Evaluating the complexity of online patient education materials about brain aneurysms published by major academic institutions
Authors: Gupta Raghav , Adeeb Nimer , Griessenauer Christoph J. , Moore Justin M. , Patel Apar S. , Kim Christopher , Thomas Ajith J. , Ogilvy Christopher S. 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVEHealth care education resources are increasingly available on the Internet. A majority of people reference these resources at one point or another. A threshold literacy level is needed to comprehend the information presented within these materials. A key component of health literacy is the readability of educational resources. The National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the American Medical Association have recommended that patient education materials be written between a 4th- and a 6th-grade education level. The authors assessed the readability of online patient education materials about brain aneurysms that have been published by several academic institutions across the US.METHODSOnline patient education materials about brain aneurysms were downloaded from the websites of 20 academic institutions. The materials were assessed via 8 readability scales using Readability Studio software (Oleander Software Solutions), and then were statistically analyzed.RESULTSNone of the patient education materials were written at or below the NIH's recommended 6th-grade reading level. The average educational level required to comprehend the texts across all institutions, as assessed by 7 of the readability scales, was 12.4 ± 2.5 (mean ± SD). The Flesch Reading Ease Scale classified the materials as “difficult” to understand, correlating with a college-level education or higher. An ANOVA test found that there were no significant differences in readability among the materials from the institutions (p = 0.215).CONCLUSIONSBrain aneurysms affect 3.2% of adults 50 years or older across the world and can cause significant patient anxiety and uncertainty. Current patient education materials are not written at or below the NIH's recommended 4th- to 6th-grade education level.
Comparison of Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging & Quantification (VTIQ) and Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification (VTQ) for diagnosis of thyroid nodules
Authors: Yang Yu-Ping , Xu Xiao-Hong , Bo Xiao-Wan , Liu Bo-Ji , Guo Le-Hang , Xu Jun-Mei , Sun Li-Ping , Xu Hui-Xiong 
Published: August 2016

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare the diagnostic performance of Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging & Quantification (VTIQ) and Virtual Touch Tissue Quantification (VTQ) in differentiating benign from malignant thyroid nodules (TNs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study 107 TNs in 107 patients were enrolled and analyzed. All of them were detected by conventional ultrasound (US) and confirmed by fine-needle aspiration (FNA) biopsy or surgery. VTIQ and VTQ examinations were performed on each nodule. Thereafter the median and mean of shear wave speed (SWS) values in lesions on VTIQ and VTQ were computed (SWS-median and SWS-mean). With cytological results of FNA and histological results adopted as the reference standard, area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve analysis was performed to evaluate the diagnostic efficiency of VTIQ and VTQ in differentiation of TNs. RESULTS: Among the 107 lesions, 19 were papillary thyroid carcinomas (PTCs), 1 was medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) and 87 were benign. In total lesions, AUROC-median in VTIQ was significantly higher than that in VTQ (0.851 vs.0.759; p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: VTIQ and VTQ were equivalent in diagnosing TNs when using SWS-mean, whereas VTIQ showed better performance in comparison with VTQ when using SWS-median.
Effects of salinity and flooding on post‐hurricane regeneration potential in coastal wetland vegetation
Authors: Middleton Beth A. 
Published: August 2016

PREMISE OF THE STUDY:The nature of regeneration dynamics after hurricane flooding and salinity intrusion may play an important role in shaping coastal vegetation patterns.METHODS:The regeneration potentials of coastal species, types and gradients (wetland types from seaward to landward) were studied on the Delmarva Peninsula after Hurricane Sandy using seed bank assays to examine responses to various water regimes (unflooded and flooded to 8 cm) and salinity levels (0, 1, and 5 ppt). Seed bank responses to treatments were compared using a generalized linear models approach. Species relationships to treatment and geographical variables were explored using nonmetric multidimensional scaling.KEY RESULTS:Flooding and salinity treatments affected species richness even at low salinity levels (1 and 5 ppt). Maritime forest was especially intolerant of salinity intrusion so that species richness was much higher in unflooded and low salinity conditions, despite the proximity of maritime forest to saltmarsh along the coastal gradient. Other vegetation types were also affected, with potential regeneration of these species affected in various ways by flooding and salinity, suggesting relationships to post‐hurricane environment and geographic position.CONCLUSIONS:Seed germination and subsequent seedling growth in coastal wetlands may in some cases be affected by salinity intrusion events even at low salinity levels (1 and 5 ppt). These results indicate that the potential is great for hurricanes to shift vegetation type in sensitive wetland types (e.g., maritime forest) if post‐hurricane environments do not support the regeneration of extent vegetation.
Microsatellites in the tree Foetidia mauritiana (Lecythidaceae) and utility in other Foetidia taxa from the Mascarene Islands
Authors: Martos Florent , Lebreton Gérard , Rivière Eric , Humeau Laurence , Chevallier Marie‐Hélène 
Published: August 2016

Premise of the study:Polymorphic markers were required for a native tree of the Mascarene Islands, Foetidia mauritiana (Lecythidaceae), to investigate the effects of fragmentation of lowland tropical habitats on tree mating systems and on gene flow.Methods and Results:Using microsatellite enrichment and next‐generation sequencing, we identified 13 microsatellite loci (dinucleotide repeats). They were highly polymorphic in 121 trees sampled in the largest three populations on Réunion, revealing 2–17 different alleles per locus. Furthermore, they were found to be polymorphic in conspecific populations on Mauritius and in F. rodriguesiana from Rodrigues.Conclusions:These results indicate the utility of these markers to investigate genetic diversity, mating systems, and gene flow in a genus native to the biodiversity hotspot of Madagascar and the Indian Ocean islands.
Base Selection in Analogical Change in Yiddish
Authors: Albright Adam 
Published: August 2016

A notable difference between Yiddish and German verb paradigms is that Yiddish has no vowel alternations in the present tense. Whereas Middle High German(MHG) and Modem German (NHG)often have alternations among the singular forms or between the singular and plural, Yiddish never does. The form that has been extended in Yiddish is always the expected 1 sg form. Interestingly, although this change is across the board in Yiddish, it is apparently unattested in any other German dialect.
Transparency and Building Lexical Dependency Graphs
Authors: Fillmore Charles J. , Sato Hiroaki 
Published: August 2016

The authors are participants in a project, called "FrameNet" which is aimed at building a large computer lexicon of contemporary written English and making it accessible through the World Wide Web for both computational and lexicographic interests. In the process of designing this resource, we have to keep in mind how it can serve its intended applications. A prerequisite to most imaginable NLP applications is word sense disambiguation (WSD), the automatic process by which a word in a linguistic context can be (probabilistically) assigned its locally intended meaning. This paper will introduce FrameNet and will characterize a facility, based on its tools and data, that could in principle be directed to WSD efforts, and will suggest how both technical (engineering) and linguistic considerations must be called on to build it.
DEEP HST/STIS VISIBLE-LIGHT IMAGING OF DEBRIS SYSTEMS AROUND SOLAR ANALOG HOSTS
Authors: Schneider Glenn , Grady Carol A. , Stark Christopher C. , Gaspar Andras , Carson Joseph , Debes John H. , Henning Thomas , Hines Dean C. , Jang-Condell Hannah , Kuchner Marc J. , Perrin Marshall , Rodigas Timothy J. , Tamura Motohide , Wisniewski John P. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present new Hubble Space Telescope observations of three a priori known starlight-scattering circumstellar debris systems (CDSs) viewed at intermediate inclinations around nearby close-solar analog stars: HD 207129, HD 202628, and HD 202917. Each of these CDSs possesses ring-like components that are more massive analogs of our solar system's Edgeworth–Kuiper Belt. These systems were chosen for follow-up observations to provide imaging with higher fidelity and better sensitivity for the sparse sample of solar-analog CDSs that range over two decades in systemic ages, with HD 202628 and HD 207129 (both ∼2.3 Gyr) currently the oldest CDSs imaged in visible or near-IR light. These deep (10–14 ks) observations, made with six-roll point-spread-function template visible-light coronagraphy using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph, were designed to better reveal their angularly large debris rings of diffuse/low surface brightness, and for all targets probe their exo-ring environments for starlight-scattering materials that present observational challenges for current ground-based facilities and instruments. Contemporaneously also observing with a narrower occulter position, these observations additionally probe the CDS endo-ring environments that are seen to be relatively devoid of scatterers. We discuss the morphological, geometrical, and photometric properties of these CDSs also in the context of other CDSs hosted by FGK stars that we have previously imaged as a homogeneously observed ensemble. From this combined sample we report a general decay in quiescent-disk F
disk/F
star optical brightness ∼t
−0.8, similar to what is seen at thermal IR wavelengths, and CDSs with a significant diversity in scattering phase asymmetries, and spatial distributions of their starlight-scattering grains.
THERMAL NON-EQUILIBRIUM REVEALED BY PERIODIC PULSES OF RANDOM AMPLITUDES IN SOLAR CORONAL LOOPS
Authors: Auchère F. , Froment C. , Bocchialini K. , Buchlin E. , Solomon J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We recently detected variations in extreme ultraviolet intensity in coronal loops repeating with periods of several hours. Models of loops including stratified and quasi-steady heating predict the development of a state of thermal non-equilibrium (TNE): cycles of evaporative upflows at the footpoints followed by falling condensations at the apex. Based on Fourier and wavelet analysis, we demonstrate that the observed periodic signals are indeed not signatures of vibrational modes. Instead, superimposed on the power law expected from the stochastic background emission, the power spectra of the time series exhibit the discrete harmonics and continua expected from periodic trains of pulses of random amplitudes. These characteristics reinforce our earlier interpretation of these pulsations as being aborted TNE cycles.
SUB-KILOPARSEC ALMA IMAGING OF COMPACT STAR-FORMING GALAXIES AT z ∼ 2.5: REVEALING THE FORMATION OF DENSE GALACTIC CORES IN THE PROGENITORS OF COMPACT QUIESCENT GALAXIES
Authors: Barro G. , Kriek M. , Pérez-González P. G. , Trump J. R. , Koo D. C. , Faber S. M. , Dekel A. , Primack J. R. , Guo Y. , Kocevski D. D. , Muñoz-Mateos J. C. , Rujoparkarn W. , Seth K. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present spatially resolved Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (ALMA) 870 μm dust continuum maps of six massive, compact, dusty star-forming galaxies at z ∼ 2.5. These galaxies are selected for their small rest-frame optical sizes (

kpc) and high stellar mass densities that suggest that they are direct progenitors of compact quiescent galaxies at z ∼ 2. The deep observations yield high far-infrared (FIR) luminosities of

and star formation rates (SFRs) of SFR = 200–700 M
⊙ yr−1, consistent with those of typical star-forming “main sequence” galaxies. The high spatial resolution (FWHM ∼ 0.″12–0.″18) ALMA and Hubble Space Telescope photometry are combined to construct deconvolved, mean radial profiles of their stellar mass and (UV+IR) SFR. We find that the dusty, nuclear IR–SFR overwhelmingly dominates the bolometric SFR up to r ∼ 5 kpc, by a factor of over 100× from the unobscured UV–SFR. Furthermore, the effective radius of the mean SFR profile (

kpc) is ∼30% smaller than that of the stellar mass profile. The implied structural evolution, if such nuclear starburst last for the estimated gas depletion time of Δt = ±100 Myr, is a 4× increase of the stellar mass density within the central 1 kpc and a 1.6× decrease of the half-mass–radius. This structural evolution fully supports dissipation-driven, formation scenarios in which strong nuclear starbursts transform larger, star-forming progenitors into compact quiescent galaxies.
O MERCADO IMOBILIÁRIO DA REGIÃO METROPOLITANA DE MARINGÁ E SEUS REFLEXOS NA OCUPAÇÃO SÓCIO-ESPACIAL DOS CONDOMÍNIOS RESIDENCIAIS HORIZONTAIS
Authors: Vercezi Jaqueline Telma , Töws Ricardo Luiz , Mendes César Miranda 
Published: August 2016

O propósito dessa reflexão é retratar a ocupação do espaço urbano, enfocando a existência dos condomínios residenciais horizontais na cidade média de Maringá e em sua região metropolitana e o processo de segregação existente nesta realidade. O trabalho foi pautado na utilização de embasamento teórico e empírico, possibilitando nortear as reflexões em questão. As resultantes do capitalismo que monopoliza as forças organizadoras do espaço sócio-político e econômico em que vivemos apresentam elementos que ora atraem, ora repulsam processos redefinidores do espaço conforme o estágio e o interesse do capital. Esses espaços elitizados, com seus altos muros, nos remetem a, um padrão de organização do espaço urbano com particularidades dentro da cidade e intensificam ainda mais a diferenciação em morar nas aglomerações, acentuando o processo de segregação.
IL-36–Induced Toxicity in Neonatal Mice Involves TNF-α Production by Liver Myeloid Cells
Authors: Palomo Jennifer , Mastelic-Gavillet Beatris , Woldt Estelle , Troccaz Sabina , Rodriguez Emiliana , Palmer Gaby , Siegrist Claire-Anne , Gabay Cem 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Human and mouse neonates exhibit limited vaccine responses characterized by predominant Th2 and limited Th1 responses. Because IL-36 exerts a synergic adjuvant effect with IL-12, enhancing Th1 polarization in adult (AD) mice, we administered IL-36β to neonatal (1-wk old) and AD control mice at the time of immunization with tetanus toxoid adsorbed to aluminum hydroxide (TT/Alum). Unexpectedly, the combination of IL-36β with TT/Alum, which was well tolerated in AD mice, proved toxic and even lethal in neonates. This neonatal toxicity was associated with high Il36r mRNA expression in neonatal liver, resulting in increased cytokine production. Liver Il36r mRNA expression decreased with the termination of fetal liver hematopoiesis, and this decrease correlated with a complete protection from TT/Alum/IL-36β–induced mortality. The combination of IL-36β and TT/Alum induced the rapid production of TNF-α and IFN-γ by liver myeloid and lymphoid cells, respectively. These responses were less marked when IL-36β was used alone, with no adverse effect. The toxicity of IL-36β + TT/Alum was abrogated by the administration of a neutralizing anti–TNF-α Ab, confirming causality. In conclusion, liver myeloid cells in neonatal mice are an important source of proinflammatory cytokines that may lead to TNF-α–mediated toxicity and even lethality.
Performance of Kalon herpes simplex virus 2 assay using dried blood spots among young women in Uganda
Authors: Nsobya Sam L. , Hewett Paul C. , Kalibala Sam , Mensch Barbara S. 
Published: August 2016

This study evaluated the performance of the Kalon Biological HSV2 IgG enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (Kalon Biological Ltd, Surrey, United Kingdom) on dried blood spots (DBS) of various dilutions compared with plasma from young women aged 18–24 years in Uganda. We estimated the sensitivity and specificity of three DBS dilutions using plasma as the reference. All three evaluated DBS dilutions yielded low sensitivities and specificities, with DBS 1:2 yielding the highest concurrence. Other herpes simplex virus type 2 assays should be examined with regard to their utility for testing DBS.
Computed Tomography of Paranasal Sinus Pathologies with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery/Nasal Endoscopy Correlation
Authors: Rao Kiran 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
A prospective study was conducted on 50 patients at the SGRD Institute of Medical Sciences and Research, Amritsar, suffering from paranasal sinus disease correlating the findings of computed tomography (CT) using Siemens SOMATOM Emotion 6 slice CT machine with diagnostic nasal endoscopy or functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS).
Infection of the paranasal sinuses is very common. Surgical clearance of these chronically infected sinuses while maintaining their ventilation and drainage is the treatment of choice. To achieve this goal, there should be some diagnostic modality that guides us toward the exact diagnosis and safe intervention. Computed tomography proves to be the most reliable method of preoperative assessment of patients undergoing FESS as it delineates the extent of the disease and defines any anatomical variants and relationship of the sinuses with the surrounding important structures, thus providing a road map for sinus surgery.
In our study, most patients were in the 3rd and 4th decades of their life with equal disease incidence in males and females. The most common sinus involved was anterior ethmoid sinus, while sphenoid sinus was the least commonly involved. The most common pattern of inflammation was sinonasal polyposis followed by osteomeatal unit pattern. On correlating CT diagnosis with the final diagnosis, chronic sinusitis had 86% sensitivity and 96.5% specificity. Polyps had sensitivity of 96.15% and specificity of 95.83%. Again for fungal sinusitis, CT had a lower sensitivity of 71.4% and specificity of 93.02%. For diagnosing benign and malignant lesions, CT had 100% sensitivity and specificity, which could be due to the small number of masses evaluated. This study proved that CT is the modality of choice for evaluating and planning the management of symptomatic patients of paranasal sinus pathologies.

How to cite this article
Rao K. Computed Tomography of Paranasal Sinus Pathologies with Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery/Nasal Endoscopy Correlation. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):1-5.
Morphometric Analysis and Degree of Satisfaction of Nasal Profiles in Young Medical Students in Northern India
Authors: Sharma Rohit , Agarwal Jolly 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
The nose is the most prominent feature on the face, giving it an exaggerated importance than other facial features. Many people have some complaints about the shapes of their noses. There is increasing interest in cosmetic rhinoplasty in recent times, but reports of anthropometric measurements of the Indian population are limited.

Aims
The objective of this survey was to provide anthropometric data for reconstructive and cosmetic surgery, and medical esthetics.

Materials and methods
A random sample of medical students of both the sexes between the ages of 18 and 25 years from our medical college was obtained for this study. We measured the nasal height, nasal width, and anatomical nasal index. We also inquired about the degree of satisfaction and, in case of dissatisfaction, what an individual wants with his/her nose. The data were analyzed statistically.

Results
Nasal indices were leptorrhine type and showed sexual dimorphism (female vs male: 60.44 vs 67.79). Most of the individuals were satisfied with their nose. Those unsatisfied had larger nasal indices and wanted smaller noses.

Conclusion
This study can help in understanding the need of those who want a more “shapely” nose and can contribute to satisfactory results of cosmetic and reconstructive nasal surgery, anthropology, and forensic medicine.

How to cite this article
Agarwal J, Sharma R, Kumar V. Morphometric Analysis and Degree of Satisfaction of Nasal Profiles in Young Medical Students in Northern India. Clin Rhinol An Int J 2016;9(1):24-27.
Foreign Body (Bullet) in Maxilla
Authors: Gupta Ashok , Bansal Sandeep , Chauhan Neha 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Foreign bodies in the maxillary sinus are not unusual findings. Many cases have been reported so far with foreign bodies like tooth, dental amalgam, chopstick, matchstick, guttapercha point, etc. This paper reports a case of bullet injury with a lodged bullet in maxillary sinus and was retrieved by Caldwell-Luc approach with no intraoperative and postoperative complications.

How to cite this article
Bansal S, Chauhan N, Gupta AK. Foreign Body (Bullet) in Maxilla. J Postgrad Med Edu Res 2016;50(1):30-32.