bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isotopic fractionation with morphological change and sexual specificity in the lappet moth Euthrix potatoria
Authors: Sato Nozomu , Azuma Nobuyuki 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe δ15N values of adult holometabolous insects exceed those of larvae, but otherwise little information on terrestrial invertebrates has been obtained in food‐web analyses using stable isotope ratios (δ15N, δ13C). Changes in δ13C during metamorphosis and differences between males and females have not been examined. We collected the larvae and cocoons of Euthrix potatoria (L.) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) in the field and used them to assess the species’ isotopic fractionation. Each emerged moth was divided into five body parts. We conducted stable N and C isotope analyses for each body part, as well as for cocoons and exuviae, and also compared stable isotope ratios between sexes. We confirmed δ15N enrichment through metamorphosis and estimated that δ15N enrichment is accomplished by the relative concentration of 15N due to the excretion of copious meconium, which contains abundant 14N. We also observed changes in δ13C values through metamorphosis. Both isotope values tended to change more in males than in females. The proportion of the whole‐adult weight represented by meconium was higher in males than in females, suggesting that high meconium secretion in males contributes to the sexual difference in δ15N. These phenomena may be common in Holometabola, which require a pupal stage. For more accurate food‐web assessments, it is important to consider stable isotope changes during different life cycles, as well as sexual differences.
Changes in visibility as a function of spatial frequency and microsaccade occurrence
Authors: Costela Francisco M. , McCamy Michael B. , Coffelt Mary , Otero‐Millan Jorge , Macknik Stephen L. , Martinez‐Conde Susana 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFixational eye movements (FEMs), including microsaccades, drift, and tremor, shift our eye position during ocular fixation, producing retinal motion that is thought to help visibility by counteracting neural adaptation to unchanging stimulation. Yet, how each FEM type influences this process is still debated. Recent studies found little to no relationship between microsaccades and visual perception of spatial frequencies (SF). However, these conclusions were based on coarse analyses that make it hard to appreciate the actual effects of microsaccades on target visibility as a function of SF. Thus, how microsaccades contribute to the visibility of stimuli of different SFs remains unclear. Here, we asked how the visibility of targets of various SFs changed over time, in relationship with concurrent microsaccade production. Participants continuously reported on changes in target visibility, allowing us to time‐lock ongoing changes in microsaccade parameters to perceptual transitions in visibility. Microsaccades restored/increased the visibility of low SF targets more efficiently than that of high SF targets. Yet, microsaccade rates rose before periods of increased visibility, and dropped before periods of diminished visibility, for all the SFs tested, suggesting that microsaccades boosted target visibility across a wide range of SFs. Our data also indicate that visual stimuli fade/become harder to see less often in the presence of microsaccades. In addition, larger microsaccades restored/increased target visibility more effectively than smaller microsaccades. These combined results support the proposal that microsaccades enhance visibility across a broad variety of SFs.
Phenomenological vs. biophysical models of thermal stress in aquatic eggs
Authors: Martin Benjamin T. , Pike Andrew , John Sara N. , Hamda Natnael , Roberts Jason , Lindley Steven T. , Danner Eric M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPredicting species responses to climate change is a central challenge in ecology. These predictions are often based on lab‐derived phenomenological relationships between temperature and fitness metrics. We tested one of these relationships using the embryonic stage of a Chinook salmon population. We parameterised the model with laboratory data, applied it to predict survival in the field, and found that it significantly underestimated field‐derived estimates of thermal mortality. We used a biophysical model based on mass transfer theory to show that the discrepancy was due to the differences in water flow velocities between the lab and the field. This mechanistic approach provides testable predictions for how the thermal tolerance of embryos depends on egg size and flow velocity of the surrounding water. We found support for these predictions across more than 180 fish species, suggesting that flow and temperature mediated oxygen limitation is a general mechanism underlying the thermal tolerance of embryos.
Normal ‘heart’ in Parkinson's disease: is this a distinct clinical phenotype?
Authors: Kim J.‐S. , Park H.‐E. , Park I.‐S. , Oh Y.‐S. , Ryu D.‐W. , Song I.‐U. , Jung Y.‐A. , Yoo I. R. , Choi H.‐S. , Lee P. H. , Lee K.‐S. 
Published: November 2016

Background and purposeReduction of metaiodobenzylguanidine (MIBG) uptake has been observed in almost all patients with Parkinson's disease (PD), associated with hyposmia, orthostatic hypotension and rapid eye movement sleep behavioral disorder (RBD). In contrast, a subgroup of patients with PD with normal MIBG uptake have been reported to have milder disease and preserved cognition compared with those with lower MIBG. The aim of this study was to investigate whether non‐motor manifestations of PD differ between patients with normal and abnormal myocardial MIBG uptake.MethodsAmong 160 de‐novo cases of PD, 44 had normal MIBG uptake. Twelve candidate non‐motor features were evaluated using questionnaires and laboratory tests.ResultsPatients with decreased MIBG uptake had more constipation, RBD, cognitive impairment, hyposmia and orthostatic hypotension than did those with normal MIBG uptake. On linear regression analysis, orthostatic hypotension, olfactory function and probable RBD were significantly associated with MIBG uptake in PD. The principal component analysis showed that the group with normal MIBG was not associated with non‐motor impairments.ConclusionsThese results suggest that patients with PD with normal MIBG scans have a relatively low disease burden compared with those with abnormal MIBG. Fewer synuclein pathologies in the myocardia and sympathetic ganglia in PD with preserved MIBG uptake might be associated with lower threshold patterns of Braak synuclein pathology for non‐motor manifestations compared with PD with decreased MIBG.
Identifying the epileptogenic zone in interictal resting‐stateMEGsource‐space networks
Authors: Nissen Ida A. , Stam Cornelis J. , Reijneveld Jaap C. , van Straaten Ilse E. C. W. , Hendriks Eef J. , Baayen Johannes C. , De Witt Hamer Philip C. , Idema Sander , Hillebrand Arjan 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveIn one third of patients, seizures remain after epilepsy surgery, meaning that improved preoperative evaluation methods are needed to identify the epileptogenic zone. A potential framework for such a method is network theory, as it can be applied to noninvasive recordings, even in the absence of epileptiform activity. Our aim was to identify the epileptogenic zone on the basis of hub status of local brain areas in interictal magnetoencephalography (MEG) networks.MethodsPreoperative eyes‐closed resting‐stateMEGrecordings were retrospectively analyzed in 22 patients with refractory epilepsy, of whom 14 were seizure‐free 1 year after surgery. Beamformer‐based time series were reconstructed for 90 cortical and subcortical automated anatomic labeling (AAL) regions of interest (ROIs). Broadband functional connectivity was estimated using the phase lag index in artifact‐free epochs without interictal epileptiform abnormalities. A minimum spanning tree was generated to represent the network, and the hub status of eachROIwas calculated using betweenness centrality, which indicates the centrality of a node in a network. The correspondence of resection cavity to hub values was evaluated on four levels: resection cavity, lobar, hemisphere, and temporal versus extratemporal areas.ResultsHubs were localized within the resection cavity in 8 of 14 seizure‐free patients and in zero of 8 patients who were not seizure‐free (57% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 73% accuracy). Hubs were localized in the lobe of resection in 9 of 14 seizure‐free patients and in zero of 8 patients who were not seizure‐free (64% sensitivity, 100% specificity, 77% accuracy). For the other two levels, the true negatives are unknown; hence, only sensitivity could be determined: hubs coincided with both the resection hemisphere and the resection location (temporal versus extratemporal) in 11 of 14 seizure‐free patients (79% sensitivity).SignificanceIdentifying hubs noninvasively before surgery is a valuable approach with the potential of indicating the epileptogenic zone in patients without interictal abnormalities.
A novel c132‐134del mutation in Unverricht‐Lundborg disease and the review of literature of heterozygous compound patients
Authors: Assenza Giovanni , Benvenga Antonella , Gennaro Elena , Tombini Mario , Campana Chiara , Assenza Federica , Di Pino Giovanni , Di Lazzaro Vincenzo 
Published: November 2016

SummaryUnverricht‐Lundborg disease or progressive myoclonic epilepsy type 1 (EPM1) is an autosomal recessive disease caused by mutation of the cystatin B gene (CSTB), located on chromosome 21q22.3. The most common mutation is an expansion of unstable dodecamer repetition (CCCCGCCCCGCG), whereas other types of mutations are rare. Among these, heterozygous compound mutations are described to induce a more severe phenotype than that of homozygous dodecameric repetition. We report two siblings affected by heterozygous compound mutations carrying a novel mutation of the deletion of three nucleotides in exon 2 of the gene in position 132–134 of the coding sequence (c.132‐134del) in the allele not including the dodecamer repetition. This mutation results in the loss of two amino acid residues and insertion of an asparagine in position 44 (p.Lys44_Ser45delinsAsn). Our patients presented a very different clinical picture. The male patient had a severe myoclonus, drug‐resistant epilepsy and psychiatric comorbidity, while his affected sister had only very rare seizures and sporadic myoclonic jerks at awakening. The revision of literature about heterozygous compound EPM1 patients confirms this gender phenotypic expressivity, with female patients carrying less severe symptoms than male patients. These data lead to the hypothesis of complex gender‐specific factors interacting with CSTB expressivity in EPM1 patients.
EMILIN3, an extracellular matrix molecule with restricted distribution in skin
Authors: Corallo Diana , Schiavinato Alvise , Bizzotto Dario , Milanetto Martina , Guljelmovic Marija , Keene Douglas R. , Sengle Gerhard , Braghetta Paola , Bonaldo Paolo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractEMILIN3 is an extracellular matrix glycoprotein that displays a dynamic and restricted expression pattern in connective tissues during post‐natal life. In this study, we report the characterization of EMILIN3 deposition in the skin. In addition, to unravel the functions of this protein in skin homeostasis, we generated Emilin3 null mice and provide evidence that EMILIN3 is dispensable for hair follicle growth and maintenance throughout adult life.
SVEP1 plays a crucial role in epidermal differentiation
Authors: Samuelov Liat , Li Qiaoli , Bochner Ron , Najor Nicole A. , Albrecht Lauren , Malchin Natalia , Goldsmith Tomer , Grafi‐Cohen Meital , Vodo Dan , Fainberg Gilad , Meilik Benjamin , Goldberg Ilan , Warshauer Emily , Rogers Tova , Edie Sarah , Ishida‐Yamamoto Akemi , Burzenski Lisa , Erez Noam , Murray Steve A. , Irvine Alan D. , Shultz Lenny , Green Kathleen J. , Uitto Jouni , Sprecher Eli , Sarig Ofer 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSVEP1 is a recently identified multidomain cell adhesion protein, homologous to the mouse polydom protein, which has been shown to mediate cell‐cell adhesion in an integrin‐dependent manner in osteogenic cells. In this study, we characterized SVEP1 function in the epidermis. SVEP1 was found by qRT‐PCR to be ubiquitously expressed in human tissues, including the skin. Confocal microscopy revealed that SVEP1 is normally mostly expressed in the cytoplasm of basal and suprabasal epidermal cells. Downregulation of SVEP1 expression in primary keratinocytes resulted in decreased expression of major epidermal differentiation markers. Similarly, SVEP1 downregulation was associated with disturbed differentiation and marked epidermal acanthosis in three‐dimensional skin equivalents. In contrast, the dispase assay failed to demonstrate significant differences in adhesion between keratinocytes expressing normal vs low levels of SVEP1. Homozygous Svep1 knockout mice were embryonic lethal. Thus, to assess the importance of SVEP1 for normal skin homoeostasis in vivo, we downregulated SVEP1 in zebrafish embryos with a Svep1‐specific splice morpholino. Scanning electron microscopy revealed a rugged epidermis with perturbed microridge formation in the centre of the keratinocytes of morphant larvae. Transmission electron microscopy analysis demonstrated abnormal epidermal cell‐cell adhesion with disadhesion between cells in Svep1‐deficient morphant larvae compared to controls. In summary, our results indicate that SVEP1 plays a critical role during epidermal differentiation.
Towards a bacterial treatment for armpit malodour
Authors: Callewaert Chris , Lambert Jo , Van de Wiele Tom 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAxillary malodour is a frustrating condition for many people. It can lead to significant discomforts and various psychological effects. The underarm microbiome plays a major role in axillary malodour formation. Not only the bacteria on the epidermis, but also and especially those living in the sweat glands, sweat pores and hair follicles play a pivotal role in malodour development. To treat underarm malodour, this viewpoint article envisions a bacterial treatment. Replacing the autochthonous malodour‐causing microbiome with a non‐odour‐causing microbiome, through an armpit bacterial transplantation or direct application of probiotics/non‐odour‐causing bacteria, could resolve the condition. Selective steering of the microbiome with prebiotics, biochemicals or plant extracts can likewise greatly help in improving the underarm odour. Elimination/inhibition of the “bad bugs” and application/stimulation of the “good bugs” will be part of the future treatment for axillary body odour.
Do invasive alien plants benefit more from global environmental change than native plants?
Authors: Liu Yanjie , Oduor Ayub M. O. , Zhang Zhen , Manea Anthony , Tooth Ifeanna M. , Leishman Michelle R. , Xu Xingliang , van Kleunen Mark 
Published: November 2016

AbstractInvasive alien plant species threaten native biodiversity, disrupt ecosystem functions and can cause large economic damage. Plant invasions have been predicted to further increase under ongoing global environmental change. Numerous case studies have compared the performance of invasive and native plant species in response to global environmental change components (i.e. changes in mean levels of precipitation, temperature, atmosphericCO2concentration or nitrogen deposition). Individually, these studies usually involve low numbers of species and therefore the results cannot be generalized. Therefore, we performed a phylogenetically controlled meta‐analysis to assess whether there is a general pattern of differences in invasive and native plant performance under each component of global environmental change. We compiled a database of studies that reported performance measures for 74 invasive alien plant species and 117 native plant species in response to one of the above‐mentioned global environmental change components. We found that elevated temperature andCO2enrichment increased the performance of invasive alien plants more strongly than was the case for native plants. Invasive alien plants tended to also have a slightly stronger positive response to increased N deposition and increased precipitation than native plants, but these differences were not significant (N deposition:P = 0.051; increased precipitation:P = 0.679). Invasive alien plants tended to have a slightly stronger negative response to decreased precipitation than native plants, although this difference was also not significant (P = 0.060). So while drought could potentially reduce plant invasion, increases in the four other components of global environmental change considered, particularly global warming and atmosphericCO2enrichment, may further increase the spread of invasive plants in the future.
Effects of seasonality, transport pathway, and spatial structure on greenhouse gas fluxes in a restored wetland
Authors: McNicol Gavin , Sturtevant Cove S. , Knox Sara H. , Dronova Iryna , Baldocchi Dennis D. , Silver Whendee L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWetlands can influence global climate via greenhouse gas (GHG) exchange of carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O). Few studies have quantified the full GHG budget of wetlands due to the high spatial and temporal variability of fluxes. We report annual open‐water diffusion and ebullition fluxes of CO2, CH4, and N2O from a restored emergent marsh ecosystem. We combined these data with concurrent eddy‐covariance measurements of whole‐ecosystem CO2 and CH4 exchange to estimate GHG fluxes and associated radiative forcing effects for the whole wetland, and separately for open‐water and vegetated cover types. Annual open‐water CO2, CH4, and N2O emissions were 915 ± 95 g C‐CO2 m−2 yr−1, 2.9 ± 0.5 g C‐CH4 m−2 yr−1, and 62 ± 17 mg N‐N2O m−2 yr−1, respectively. Diffusion dominated open‐water GHG transport, accounting for >99% of CO2 and N2O emissions, and ~71% of CH4 emissions. Seasonality was minor for CO2 emissions, whereas CH4 and N2O fluxes displayed strong and asynchronous seasonal dynamics. Notably, the overall radiative forcing of open‐water fluxes (3.5 ± 0.3 kg CO2‐eq m−2 yr−1) exceeded that of vegetated zones (1.4 ± 0.4 kg CO2‐eq m−2 yr−1) due to high ecosystem respiration. After scaling results to the entire wetland using object‐based cover classification of remote sensing imagery, net uptake of CO2 (−1.4 ± 0.6 kt CO2‐eq yr−1) did not offset CH4 emission (3.7 ± 0.03 kt CO2‐eq yr−1), producing an overall positive radiative forcing effect of 2.4 ± 0.3 kt CO2‐eq yr−1. These results demonstrate clear effects of seasonality, spatial structure, and transport pathway on the magnitude and composition of wetland GHG emissions, and the efficacy of multiscale flux measurement to overcome challenges of wetland heterogeneity.
Extended half‐life pegylated, full‐length recombinant factor VIII for prophylaxis in children with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Mullins E. S. , Stasyshyn O. , Alvarez‐Román M. T. , Osman D. , Liesner R. , Engl W. , Sharkhawy M. , Abbuehl B. E. 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionPrimary factor VIII (FVIII) prophylaxis is the optimal treatment in children with severe haemophilia A. They are expected to benefit from extended half‐life (T1/2) FVIII coverage by reduced infusion frequency while maintaining haemostatic efficacy.AimsTo determine immunogenicity, pharmacokinetics (PK), efficacy, safety and quality of life of prophylaxis with a polyethylene glycol (peg)‐ylated FVIII (BAX 855) based on full‐length recombinant FVIII (ADVATE) in paediatric previously treated patients (PTPs) with severe haemophilia A.MethodsPTPs <12 years without history of FVIII inhibitors received twice‐weekly infusions of 50 ± 10 IU kg−1 BAX 855 for ≥50 exposure days. Prophylactic dose increases to ≤80 IU kg−1 were allowed under predefined conditions. PK was evaluated after single infusions of 60 ± 5 IU kg−1.ResultsT1/2 and mean residence time were extended 1.3‐ to 1.5‐fold compared to ADVATE (n = 31), depending on the analysis used. The point estimate for the mean annualized bleeding rate in 66 subjects receiving a median of 1.9 weekly infusions of 51.3 IU kg−1 of BAX 855 each was 3.04 (median 2.0); 1.10 (median 0) for joint and 1.16 (median 0) for spontaneous bleeds. Overall, 38% of subjects had zero bleeds. No bleeds were severe. Haemostatic efficacy was rated excellent or good for 90% of bleeds; 91% were treated with one or two infusions. In 8/14 subjects all target joints resolved. No subject developed FVIII inhibitors or persistent binding antibodies that affected safety or efficacy. No adverse reactions occurred.ConclusionTwice‐weekly prophylaxis with BAX 855 was safe and efficacious in paediatric PTPs with severe haemophilia A.
Pathological Findings of NASH and NAFLD
Authors:   Working Group*,   Association of Pathologists** for Guidebook of NASH and NAFLD, 2015: The Japan Society of Hepatology
Published: November 2016

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an increasingly common chronic liver disease worldwide. NAFLD comprises a variety of clinical and histopathological changes that can be broadly divided into nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFL, simple steatosis) and nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). The differential diagnosis between NAFL and NASH is important because NASH is a more advanced form. This diagnosis therefore determines the prognosis and therapeutic management. At present the interpretation of NASH is made based on the histopathological features of steatohepatitis, i.e. ‘steatosis’, ‘lobular inflammation’, hepatocyte ‘ballooning, ‘Mallory‐Denk bodies’ and ‘fibrosis’.Here, we summarize the pathological findings guidelines for NASH as it was already published in 2015 in Japanese in the clinical guidebook organized by the Japan Society of Hepatology.
IgG4‐related disease—experience of 100 consecutive cases from a specialist centre
Authors: Bateman Adrian C , Culver Emma L 
Published: November 2016

AimsTo describe the features of 100 consecutive cases referred to a single UK institution in which a diagnosis of IgG4‐related disease (IgG4‐RD) was under consideration.Methods and resultsThe histological features were reviewed by a single histopathologist, and cases were categorized according to the 2012 Boston criteria: Category 1—histologically highly suggestive of IgG4‐RD; Category 2—probable histopathological features of IgG4‐RD; and Category 3—insufficient histopathological evidence of IgG4‐RD. A ‘global assessment’ was performed with the available clinical information: Assessment group 1—’definite/very likely IgG4‐RD’; Assessment group 2—’possible IgG4‐RD’; Assessment group 3—’not IgG4‐RD’; and Assessment group 4—insufficient information. The mean IgG4+ plasma cell count and IgG4+/IgG+ ratio were highest in Category 1 [134/high‐power field (HPF); 57%] and Assessment group 1 (113/HPF; 52%), and lowest in Category 3 (11/HPF; 18%) and Assessment group 3 (43/HPF; 31%) (Category comparison of IgG4+ count and ratio, both P < 0.001; Assessment group comparison of IgG4+ count, P < 0.0002; and Assessment group comparison of ratio, P = 0.04). A non‐IgG4‐RD diagnosis was rare in Category 1 (7%) but common in Category 2 (60%) and Category 3 (47%). Stromal reactions to neoplasia and chronic oral ulceration were simulants of IgG4‐RD.ConclusionsThe Boston criteria are linked to the likelihood of IgG4‐RD. Other conditions may show some histological features of IgG4‐RD. The likelihood of IgG4‐RD is much greater when the histological features reach the threshold for Category 1 than when they reach the thresholds for Categories 2 and 3. Despite the utility of the Boston criteria, this study highlights the crucial importance of careful clinicopathological correlation when a diagnosis of IgG4‐RD is under consideration.