bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Treatment of NEN of Small Bowel: A Retrospective Analysis
Authors: Watzka F. M. , Fottner C. , Miederer M. , Weber M. M. , Schad A. , Lang H. , Musholt T. J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground
Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the small intestine have been noticed more frequently over the past 35 years. They constitute about 25 % of all NENs and 29 % of all tumors of the small intestine. Due to the predominantly indolent nature and overall good prognosis, the benefit of surgical treatment is still debated.MethodsIn a retrospective study, data of 83 surgically treated patients with neuroendocrine neoplasms of the small intestine, 48 males and 35 females with a median age of 62 years (range 25–86 years) were analyzed. Patient data were documented in the MaDoc database for neuroendocrine tumors of the University Medical Center of Mainz. IBM SPSS Statistics 20 was used for statistical analysis. Kaplan–Meier survival curves and Log‐Rank tests, censoring patients at the time of last follow‐up, were used to compare the overall survival depending on potential prognostic factors (stage, grade, surgical treatment).ResultsAt the time of diagnoses, the most common clinical symptoms were abdominal pain (n = 31, 37.3 %), bowel obstruction (n = 11, 13.3 %), bowel perforation and peritonitis (n = 3, 3.6 %), gastrointestinal bleeding (n = 9, 10.8 %), weight loss (n = 11, 13.3 %), and carcinoid syndrome (n = 27, 32.5 %). 65 patients (78.3 %) had lymph node metastasis and in 58 patients (69.9 %) distant metastasis were present. Segmental bowel resection (44) was the most common surgical procedure, followed by right hemi‐colectomy (32) and explorative laparotomy (7). In most patients (78.9 %), lymphadenectomy (systematic/selective) was performed. The 5‐year survival of patients who underwent a systematic or a selective lymphadenectomy differed significantly (82.2 vs. 40.0 %). The overall 3‐, 5‐, and 10‐year survival rates were 88.2, 80.3, and 71.0 %, respectively.ConclusionMesenteric lymph node metastases are almost invariably present and have significant impact on patients’ prognosis. Systematic lymphadenectomy prevents complications and improves the survival. Early surgical treatment should be the goal in order to prevent complications.
Intravaginal practices among HIV‐negative female sex workers along the US–Mexico border and their implications for emerging HIV prevention interventions
Authors: Seidman Dominika , Rusch Melanie , Abramovitz Daniela , Stockman Jamila K. , Martinez Gustavo , Rangel Gudelia , Vera Alicia , Ulibarri Monica D. , Strathdee Steffanie A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe intravaginal practices (IVPs) among female sex workers (FSWs) who inject drugs in two cities—Tijuana and Ciudad Juarez—on the border between the USA and Mexico.MethodsData for a secondary analysis were obtained from interviews conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial in FSWs who injected drugs between October 28, 2008, and May 31, 2010. Eligible individuals were aged at least 18 years and reported sharing injection equipment and having unprotected sex with clients in the previous month. Descriptive statistics were used to assess frequency and type of IVPs. Logistic regression was used to assess correlates of IVPs.ResultsAmong 529 FSWs who completed both surveys, 229 (43.3%) had performed IVPs in the previous 6 months. Factors independently associated with IVPs were reporting any sexually transmitted infection in the previous 6 months (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 1.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.1–3.1; P = 0.03), three or more pregnancies (aOR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.2; P = 0.02), and having clients who became violent when proposing condom use (aOR 5.8, 95% CI 1.0–34.3; P = 0.05), which are all factors related to inconsistent condom use.ConclusionScreening for IVPs could help to identify FSW at increased risk of HIV, and facilitate conversations about specific risk‐reduction methods.
Contraception usage and timing of pregnancy among pregnant teenagers in Cape Town, South Africa
Authors: Vollmer Linda R. , van der Spuy Zephne M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate knowledge and use of contraception among pregnant teenagers in the Cape Town metropolitan area.MethodsA cross‐sectional study enrolled women aged 16 to 19 years who were pregnant and attending prenatal clinics, and prenatal and labor wards at regional hospitals and midwife‐run obstetric clinics in the Cape Town area between March 1, 2011 and September 30, 2011. Data were collected using an administered questionnaire.ResultsThe study enrolled 314 participants. Of the participants, 240 (76.4%) felt their pregnancies had occurred at the “wrong time” but only 38 (12.1%) were using contraception at the time of conception. The form of contraception that participants most commonly had knowledge of was injectable hormonal contraception (274 [87.3%]). Contraception use was low, with 126 (40.1%) participants having never used contraception. The forms of contraception used most commonly were the male condom (106 [33.8%]) and injectable contraception (98 [31.2%]). The majority of participants found it easy to get contraception (192 [61.1%]) and felt that information regarding contraception was readily available (233 [74.2%]).ConclusionContraception use is suboptimal but this may not simply be a reflection of ineffective family‐planning services. Further research is needed to fully explain the lack of contraceptive use in this population.
Flexible bronchoscopy in children
Authors: Terkawi Rayan S. , Altirkawi Khaild A. , Terkawi Abdullah S. , Mukhtar Gawahir , Al-Shamrani Abdullah 
Published: January 2016

Background and objectives:
The flexible bronchoscope has become widely used by pediatric pulmonologists as a diagnostic and therapeutic tool. Nevertheless, there are several gaps in our knowledge to help refine its use and reduce its complications. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the utility and complications of pediatric bronchoscopy.

Design and setting:
We conducted a retrospective review of bronchoscopy cases between March 2006 and April 2015 at a tertiary care medical center (King Fahad Medical City). One-hundred forty nine patients were studied.

Patients and methods:
We evaluated how bronchoscopy contributed to the patients’ diagnosis, assessed the accuracy of bronchoalveolar lavage white blood cell count (BAL WBC) to differentiate between infectious and non-infectious conditions, assessed the ability of clinical factors to predict high risk of desaturation during bronchoscopy, and finally summarized the reported procedural complications.

Results:
We found pediatric bronchoscopy was a crucial diagnostic (confirming, ruling out, and discovering unexpected diagnosis) and therapeutic tool. The accuracy of BAL WBC counts is poor (AUC (95% CI) = 0.609 (0.497-0.712)); however, using two cutoff values (<10 WBCs (sensitivity = 84.44% and specificity = 29.27%) to rule out, and >400 WBCs (sensitivity = 33.33% and specificity 81.49%) to rule in infection) helped in early differentiation between infectious and non-infectious conditions. From the factors that we test, none we found predictive of desaturation. The most common procedural complication was desaturation (pooled incidence (95% CI) = 13 (8—19)%) followed by cough, mild airway bleeding, and spasm.

Conclusions:
Flexible bronchoscopy is an important and relatively safe diagnostic and therapeutic tool in pediatric medicine, and utilization of this service should be encouraged after a careful consideration of which patient needs this procedure and a rigorous estimate of its pros and cons.
Channel Choice in the 21st Century: The Hidden Role of Distribution Services
Authors: Betancourt Roger R. , Chocarro Raquel , Cortiñas Monica , Elorz Margarita , Mugica Jose Miguel 
Published: January 2016

A fundamental distinction between goods and services is that in the retailing of goods and some services the costs of production and distribution are clearly separable in a non-arbitrary fashion, usually identified as costs of goods sold. They have type I separability. Distribution services, which are also known as attributes, marketing mix or output variables, are produced, distributed and consumed just as goods or physical products or core services sold directly to consumers at an explicit price. When online settings generate separability of production distribution and consumption of all these distribution services in space and time we have strong type II separability, which has not been identified in the literature. The latter plays an essential role in the emergence, sustainability and sometimes dominance of online channels. It has profound implications for both the demand side and the supply side of firms in online channels. We develop implications of this result with respect to potential maximum levels of these services in electronic channels and for a broad range of other important topics relevant for marketing and economics.
The Effect of Body Mass Index on Fluoroscopic Time and Radiation Dose During Intra‐articular Hip Injections
Authors: Cushman Daniel M. , Mattie Ryan , Clements Nathan D. , McCormick Zachary L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundIntra‐articular hip injections are commonly performed for both diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Because of the risk of damage to neurovascular structures, fluoroscopic guidance with injection of contrast material has been established as the gold standard to ensure proper needle placement into the intra‐articular space. However, fluoroscopically guided intra‐articular hip injections put patients at risk due to radiation exposure.ObjectiveTo examine the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and fluoroscopy time and radiation dose during intra‐articular hip injections.DesignRetrospective study.SettingThe study was conducted at an academic orthopedic center. All procedures were performed by physicians board‐certified in PM&R and/or with subspecialty certification in sports medicine, or by a trainee under close supervision from an attending physician.ParticipantsAll patients who underwent fluoroscopically guided intra‐articular hip injections between the years 2003‐2014 with a documented height/weight, fluoroscopy time, and radiation dose.InterventionsAll patients received unilateral or bilateral intra‐articular hip injections with fluoroscopic guidance. Fluoroscopy time and dose were recorded.Main Outcome MeasuresThe main outcome measures were fluoroscopy time and radiation dose. A Bonferroni correction was implemented for multiple comparisons, defining statistical significance at P < .01.ResultsA total of 438 subjects (446 injections) were included. Mean fluoroscopy times were 17.4 ± 9.9, 17.5 ± 11.4, and 19.1 ± 13.4 seconds for normal, overweight, and obese body mass (BMI) index groups, respectively, with no significant difference between groups (P = .148). The mean radiation doses were 601 ± 690, 678 ± 558, and 1049 ± 812 mGy‐cm2, respectively (P < .001, r = 0.29). There was no association of age (P = .03), needle length (P = .34) or trainee involvement (P = .159) with fluoroscopy time.ConclusionThis study demonstrates that increasing BMI leads to elevated radiation dose during fluoroscopically guided intra‐articular hip injections. The increased radiation experienced by patients with a larger BMI, however, is likely negligible.
Influence of betaine and arginine supplementation of reduced protein diets on fatty acid composition and gene expression in the muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue of cross-bred pigs
Authors: Madeira Marta S. , Rolo Eva A. , Alfaia Cristina M. , Pires Virgínia R. , Luxton Richard , Doran Olena , Bessa Rui J. B. , Prates José A. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe isolated or combined effects of betaine and arginine supplementation of reduced protein diets (RPD) on fat content, fatty acid composition and mRNA levels of genes controlling lipid metabolism in pigm. longissimus lumborumand subcutaneous adipose tissue (SAT) were assessed. The experiment was performed on forty intact male pigs (Duroc×Large White×Landrace cross-breed) with initial and final live weights of 60 and 93 kg, respectively. Pigs were randomly assigned to one of the following five diets (n8): 16·0 % of crude protein (control), 13·0 % of crude protein (RPD), RPD supplemented with 0·33 % of betaine, RPD supplemented with 1·5 % of arginine and RPD supplemented with 0·33 % of betaine and 1·5 % of arginine. Data confirmed that RPD increase intramuscular fat (IMF) content and total fat content in SAT. The increased total fat content in SAT was accompanied by higher GLUT type 4, lipoprotein lipase and stearoyl-CoA desaturase mRNA expression levels. In addition, the supplementation of RPD with betaine and/or arginine did not affect either IMF or total fat in SAT. However, dietary betaine supplementation slightly affected fatty acid composition in both muscle and SAT. This effect was associated with an increase of carnitineO-acetyltransferase mRNA levels in SAT but not in muscle, which suggests that betaine might be involved in the differential regulation of some key genes of lipid metabolism in pig muscle and SAT. Although the arginine-supplemented diet decreased the mRNA expression level ofPPARGin muscle and SAT, it did not influence fat content or fatty acid composition in any of these pig tissues.
Comparison of short-term energy intake and appetite responses to active and seated video gaming, in 8–11-year-old boys
Authors: Allsop Susan , Green Benjamin P. , Dodd-Reynolds Caroline J. , Barry Gillian , Rumbold Penny L. S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe acute effects of active and seated video gaming on energy intake (EI), blood glucose, plasma glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-17–36) and subjective appetite (hunger, prospective food consumption and fullness) were examined in 8–11-year-old boys. In a randomised, crossover manner, twenty-two boys completed one 90-min active and one 90-min seated video gaming trial during which food and drinks were provided ad libitum. EI, plasma GLP-17–36, blood glucose and subjective appetite were measured during and following both trials. Time-averaged AUC blood glucose was increased (P=0·037); however, EI was lower during active video gaming (1·63 (sem 0·26) MJ) compared with seated video gaming (2·65 (sem 0·32) MJ) (P=0·000). In a post-gaming test meal 1 h later, there were no significant differences in EI between the active and seated gaming trials. Although estimated energy expenditure was significantly higher during active video gaming, there was still no compensation for the lower EI. At cessation of the trials, relative EI (REI) was significantly lower following active video gaming (2·06 (sem 0·30) MJ) v. seated video gaming (3·34 (sem 0·35) MJ) (P=0·000). No significant differences were detected in time-averaged AUC GLP-17–36 or subjective appetite. At cessation of the active video gaming trial, EI and REI were significantly less than for seated video gaming. In spite of this, the REI established for active video gaming was a considerable amount when considering the total daily estimated average requirement for 8–11-year-old boys in the UK (7·70 MJ).
Hungry for Change: Urban Bias and Autocratic Sovereign Default
Authors: Ballard-Rosa Cameron 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhat drives autocrats to default on their sovereign debt? This article develops the first theory of sovereign debt default in autocracies that explicitly investigates survival incentives of political actors in nondemocracies. Self-interested elites, fearful of threats to their tenure because of urban unrest, may be willing to endure the long-term borrowing costs that defaulting creates rather than risk the short-term survival costs of removing cheap food policies for urban consumers. I test my main claims that both urbanization and food imports should be associated with greater likelihood of autocratic default using panel data covering forty-three countries over fifty years, finding that autocracies that are more reliant on imported food and that are more urbanized are significantly more likely to be in default on their external sovereign debt. I emphasize the regime-contingent nature of these effects by demonstrating that they are reversed when considering democratic sovereign default. I also substantiate the mechanisms put forward in my theory through illustrative historical cases of sovereign debt default in Zambia and Peru, in which I demonstrate that fear of urban unrest in the face of rapidly increasing food prices did indeed drive autocratic elites to default on international debt obligations. In addition to providing the first political theory of debt default in autocracies, the article introduces two robust predictors of autocratic default that have been overlooked in previous work, and highlights the importance of urban-rural dynamics in nondemocratic regimes.
Molecular and comparative morphological analysis of central European parasitic flatworms of the superfamily Brachylaimoidea Allison, 1943 (Trematoda: Plagiorchiida)
Authors: HENEBERG PETR , SITKO JILJÍ , BIZOS JIŘÍ 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYThe Brachylaimoidea are digenean parasites of vertebrates, including humans, domestic animals, poultry and wild game. Numerous Brachylaimoidea, particularly adults ofBrachylaimaandLeucochloridium, are difficult to identify to species. We provide and analyse sequences of two nuclear (18S rDNA, ITS2) and two mitochondrial (CO1, ND1) DNA loci of central European species of the Brachylaimoidea, namelyLeucochloridium holostomum, Leucochloridium paradoxum, Leucochloridium perturbatum, Leucochloridium subtilis, Leucochloridium vogtianum, Urotocus rossitensis, Urogonimus macrostomus, Michajlovia migrata, Leucochloridiomorpha lutea, Brachylaima arcuatus, Brachylaima fuscataandBrachylaima mesostoma. We identified three clades in the genusLeucochloridium, which do not correspond to the previously suggested subgeneraNeoleucochloridium, PapilloleucochloridiumandLeucochloridium. We reject classification ofUrotocusandUrogonimusin Leucochloridiinae, and, instead, re-establish the subfamilies Urotocinae and Urogoniminae. We synonymize the genusRenylaimawith the genusBrachylaima. We rejectM. migrataas a member of Leucochloridiinae sensu stricto or Brachylaimidae suggested by some previous authors. We found that the previously sequencedGlaphyrostomumsp. does not cluster with any hitherto sequenced Brachylaimidae. We also provide comparative measurements of the examined central European Brachylaimoidea, address the the specificity of their localization in the host and discuss their host-specific prevalence and intensity of infections based on the extensive dataset of birds examined in 1962–2015.
One Health: competing perspectives in an emerging field
Authors: KINGSLEY P. , TAYLOR E. M. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYOver the last decade, One Health has attracted considerable attention from researchers and policymakers. The concept argues that the fields of human, animal and environmental health ought to be more closely integrated. Amid a flurry of conferences, projects and publications, there has been substantial debate over what exactly One Health is and should be. This review summarizes the main trends in this emerging discussion, highlighting the fault lines between different perspectives on One Health. Some have shown that One Health's call to synthesize knowledge from different disciplines can lead to better interventions. Others, however, argue that One Health's challenge to existing practice must go further, and set out a vision that foregrounds the social and economic drivers of disease. Meanwhile, recent examples of One Health in practice highlight the potential but also the challenges of institutionalizing cooperation. We also discuss the promise and pitfalls of using complexity theory to tackle multifaceted problems, and consider how the One Health concept has been brought to bear on other issues, such as emerging new technologies. Ultimately, One Health is an important and worthwhile goal, and requires a debate that clarifies both the competing uses and the political nature of the project.
Silencing nonstandard speakers: A content analysis of accent portrayals on American primetime television
Authors: Dragojevic Marko , Mastro Dana , Giles Howard , Sink Alexander 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAccent is a potent cue to social categorization and stereotyping. An important agent of accent-based stereotype socialization is the media. The present study is the first quantitative content analysis to comprehensively examine accent portrayals on American primetime television. We focused our analysis on portrayals of Standard American (SA), Nonstandard American (NSA), Foreign-Anglo (FA), and Foreign-Other (FO) accents. Results provide clear evidence that American media's portrayals of different accents are biased, reflecting pervasive societal stereotypes. Whereas SA and FA speakers are over-represented on television, NSA and FO speakers are effectivelysilenced, by virtue of their sheer absence and gross under-representation. Moreover, when NSA and FO speakers do rarely appear on television, they tend to be portrayed less favorably on status-related traits and physical appearance than SA and FA speakers. These findings provide insight into the potential influence of media consumption on consumers’ social perceptions of different linguistic groups. (Accents, media, language attitudes, stereotypes, content analysis)*
‘Planning for uncertainty’: narratives on retirement transition experiences
Authors: MOFFATT SUZANNE , HEAVEN BEN 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTRetirement is a major life transition which is associated in public discourses with reduced economic productivity and a raft of personal vulnerabilities. Consequently, governmental, health and employment sectors have promoted ‘active’ planning of affordable and ‘healthy’ retirements. This study presents a qualitative exploration of retirement transition and preparation experiences among 52 men and women from rural and urban areas of North East England, United Kingdom. The sample was diverse in terms of social class, income level, health status and type of work exit. Health, finance, social relationships and third-age opportunities were required resources for a good transition into retirement, and a degree of planning was required to mobilise these resources. However, the degree of choice and control around the transition to retirement was highly variable and socially structured. Thenotionof planning was embedded as a normative practice, particularly in relation to finances, but the practice of planning was highly contingent primarily due to personal circumstances (ill-health, bereavement, relationships) and work exit (redundancy, work stress, changes to shift patterns or hours). The findings offer insights into the reasons why many people do not plan and indicate that many of the assumptions associated with retirement planning warrant further consideration both theoretically and practically.
Noninvasive imaging of the thirteen-lined ground squirrel photoreceptor mosaic
Authors: SAJDAK BENJAMIN , SULAI YUSUFU N. , LANGLO CHRISTOPHER S. , LUNA GABRIEL , FISHER STEVEN K. , MERRIMAN DANA K. , DUBRA ALFREDO 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGround squirrels are an increasingly important model for studying visual processing, retinal circuitry, and cone photoreceptor function. Here, we demonstrate that the photoreceptor mosaic can be longitudinally imaged noninvasively in the 13-lined ground squirrel (Ictidomys tridecemlineatus) using confocal and nonconfocal split-detection adaptive optics scanning ophthalmoscopy using 790 nm light. Photoreceptor density, spacing, and Voronoi analysis are consistent with that of the human cone mosaic. The high imaging success rate and consistent image quality in this study reinforce the ground squirrel as a practical model to aid drug discovery and testing through longitudinal imaging on the cellular scale.