bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antibiotic Sensitivity in Post Cesarean Surgical Site Infection at a Tertiary Care Centre in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Chhetry Manisha , Subedi Shanti , Ghimire Sita , Lamichhane Sabina , Banerjee Basudev , Singh Ganesh Kumar 
Published: December 2016

Introduction: Post cesarean surgical site infection (SSI) is one of the common complications diagnosed in 2.5%-16% of the cases and is associated with significant increase in maternal morbidity, hospital stay, costs, and psychological stress to the new parents. This study was designed to study the incidence of SSI and the antimicrobial resistance pattern in our hospital.

Methods: This was a prospective observational study conducted from July 2015 to December 2015, in which all patients who were admitted with post cesarean SSI or developed SSI during their stay were included. Wound specimens were collected and susceptibility testing was carried out using disc diffusion technique.

Results: The incidence of post cesarean SSI was 6.07% (47/774). Out of the 47 patients who had SSI, 35 (74.75%) had positive swab culture. The most important organism isolated was Staphylococcus aureus (82.85%) out of which 17 (58.62%) were MRSA strain. The resistance of Staphylococcus to penicillin was 84.6% whereas amikacin was found to be highly sensitive (>96%). Among the MRSA strain, resistance to ciprofloxacin, which is the currently used drug for prophylaxis, was 94%. Resistance to penicillins, cephalosporins, and clavulanate was also high. Resistance to vancomycin was also high (53%). Amikacin and chloramphenicol were found to be highly sensitive (94% and 90% respectively) in the MRSA group.

Conclusion: MRSA is the leading cause of post cesarean SSI and is a matter of great concern. Amikacin and chloramphenicol were found to be highly sensitive in this group but unlike other studies, resistance of vancomycin was showing an increasing trend.
Outcome of Inferior Patellar Pole Avulsion Fractures
Authors: Joshi Ruban Raj , Dwivedi Rajeev , Byanjankar Subin , Shrestha Rahul 
Published: December 2016

Introduction: The optimal treatment for inferior pole patella avulsion fractures has still been a topic of debate. The options include (a) internal fixation of the pole fragment and (b) resection of the avulsed fragment and repair of the patellar ligament to the patella. We present the comparative outcomes for patients with displaced inferior pole patella treated by resection and transosseous Ethibond® Krackow suture repair of patellar ligament with open reduction and internal fixation with modified tension band wiring and circumferential wiring.

Methods: During a three year period between August 2013 and September 2016, twenty consecutive patients with distal pole fractures of the patella were prospectively enrolled in this study. These patients were divided into two groups. Group-T patients were treated with open reduction and internal fixation with modified tension band wire and group-R patients by resection of the avulsed fragment and reattachment of the patellar ligament to the patella with #5 Ethibond®. Data entry and analysis was done by using SPSS version 20. Anatomical and functional outcome were compared.

Results: Consecutive 20 patients were treated either with resection lower patellar pole (n=10) or with open reduction internal fixation with tension band wiring (n=10). Demographics were matched in two groups. Group-T required a longer hospital stay (U=13.5, p=0.005). Complications were seen more often in Goup-T compared to Group-R (p=0.005). Group-R had better scores (Bostman score U=6, p=0.001; SFMA U=7.5, p=0.001) and range of movement (p<0.05).

Conclusion: Resection of the avulsed fragment and reattachment of the patellar ligament to the patella had better outcome according to the Bostman and SFMA dysfunction score, shorter hospital stay, and less complications as compared to open reduction and internal fixation with tension band wire and circumferential wiring.
Response of Wheat Genotypes to Different Levels of Nitrogen
Authors: Shrestha Shukra Raj , Manandhar Sarita , Chaudhary Bedanand , Sapkota Bibek , Bhattarai Rudra , Adhikari Suraya Prasad 
Published: December 2016

A field experiment was conducted using six genotypes of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) for response to different levels of nitrogen (N) use. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha-1) as main plots and six wheat genotypes (BL 3623, BL 3629, BL 3872, NL 1008, NL 1055 and Vijay, a check variety) as sub-plots. Grain yield and other yield components increased linearly in response to N concentrations in both seasons. Only two parameters: days to heading (DOH) and days to maturity (DTM) varied significantly (p ≤ 0.05) among wheat genotypes in both the years. None of the parameters showed interaction effects in both seasons. Vijay showed highest grain yield of 3.12 t ha-1 in 2013 with the application of 100 kg N ha-1, and 3.23 t ha-1 in 2014 with 150 kg N ha-1. Spike length, productive tillers m-2, number of spikes m-2 and test weight were greater with higher N rates. The straw yield of wheat fertilized with 150 kg N ha-1 was the highest in Vijay (4.35 t ha-1) and BL 3872 (4.33 t ha-1), respectively. Vijay with 100 kg N ha-1 produced the highest number of productive tillers m-2 (276.33) in 2013 and 296.00 with the application of 150 kg N ha-1 in 2014.
Biovar Differentiation and Variation in Virulence of Ralstonia solanacearum Isolates Infecting Solanaceous Vegetables
Authors: Timila Ram Devi , Manandhar Shrinkhala 
Published: December 2016

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum E.F. Smith is one of the destructive diseases of solanaceous vegetables specially tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and eggplant (Solanum melongena L.). Experiments were conducted to determine biovar types existing among the strains or isolates of Nepal and variation in virulence in some vegetables belonging to solanaceae family. A total of 39 isolates infecting tomato, eggplant, chilli and potato collected from different parts of Nepal were analyzed for biovar types on the basis of 3 disaccharides and 3 hexose alcohols oxidation test. Experiments were conducted to determine variation in virulence or aggressiveness of some of the isolates under screen house conditions using three host differentials such as Pusa Ruby (susceptible), Bishesh (moderately resistant) and Srijana (resistant) tomato cultivars. Of the 39 isolates, 23 were biovar III, three biovar II, three biovar IV, and one was biovar I. Nine isolates could not be differentiated into any of the five biovars. For breeding and epidemiological purposes it is very important to analyze the variability of aggressiveness. A total of 5 isolates collected from different places were included in the test. Isolates from Bhaktapur was found the most virulent causing wilt in the variety Bishesh (moderately resistant). Other isolates had the negative impact with zero wilt on the differentials used. Isolates from Jungekhola of Dhading district did not induce wilt even on susceptible variety (Pusa Ruby), but exhibited only senescence reaction. The result indicated that there is some slight variation among the isolates tested. Some effective management tactics might be needed in those locations where highly aggressive or virulent strain of bacterial wilt is prevalent, because resistant variety may not be stable in such locations.
Multiple Cropping for Raising Productivity and Farm Income of Small Farmers
Authors: Paudel Mina Nath 
Published: December 2016

Multiple cropping is an agriculture system long adopted by marginalized small holder farmers especially in hills and mountains. This practice was a meant to enhance farm productivity when farming area is limited. Here, in this paper, a brief review on the benefits of multiple cropping is presented focusing on the practices adopted by marginalized farmers, in general. In multiple cropping, it is generally argued that the practice favors an efficient utilization of resources like air, water, light, space, and nutrients by companion crops in both temporal and spatial dimensions due to their differential growth habits and seasonality. Multiple cropping could be one of the viable alternatives to cope uncertainties and changes, where food and nutritional uncertainty looming large. The ultimate outcome of multiple cropping could be visualized in adverse or harsh environment for increase agriculture production, livelihood and income. Various food products are obtained through multiple cropping. Land equivalent ratio (LER), relative yield total (RYT) and income equivalent ratio (IER) can be increased with mixed/intercropping systems. Multiple cropping helps in getting more than one crop simultaneously, so even if the selling price of one commodity is less, the other might compensate. In the tropics, smallholder farms, which produce over 60% of the food resources of developing nations from intercropping of cereals with many crops mostly legumes, had been the field of much investigation because of synergistic effects of diversifying food production and household cash incomes in these systems. This clearly implies the importance of multiple cropping for small farmers who constitute majority in the developing countries.
Enabling Water-Energy–Food Nexus: A New Approach for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Security in Mountainous Landlocked Countries
Authors: Gurung Tek Bahadur 
Published: December 2016

Majority of landlocked mountainous countries are poorly ranked in Human Development Index (HDI), mostly due to poor per capita agriculture production, increasing population, unemployment, expensive and delayed transportation including several other factors. Generally, economy of such countries substantially relies on subsistence agriculture, tourism, hydropower and largely on remittance etc. Recently, it has been argued that to utilize scarce suitable land efficiently for food production, poor inland transport, hydropower, irrigation, drinking water in integration with other developmental infrastructures, an overarching policy linking water - energy – food nexus within a country for combating water, energy and food security would be most relevant. Thus, in present paper it has been opined that promotion of such linkage via nexus approach is the key to sustainable development of landlocked mountainous countries. Major land mass in mountainous countries like Nepal remains unsuitable for agriculture, road and other infrastructure profoundly imposing food, nutrition and energy security. However, large pristine snowy mountains function as wildlife sanctuaries, pastures, watershed, recharge areas for regional and global water, food and energy security. In return, landlocked mountainous countries are offered certain international leverages. For more judicious trade off, it is recommended that specific countries aerial coverage of mountains would be more appropriate basis for such leverages. Moreover, for sustainability of mountainous countries an integrated approach enabling water - energy – food nexus via watershed-hydropower-irrigation-aquaculture-agriculture-integrated linking policy model is proposed. This model would enable protection of watershed for pico, micro, and mega hydro power plants and tail waters to be used for aquaculture or irrigation or drinking water purposes for food and nutrition security.
Uterovaginal Packing as Treatment in Primary Postpartum Hemorrhage in Patan Hospital
Authors: Pradhan Binita , RC Laxmi , Sharma P , Singh Alka 
Published: December 2016

Aims: To study the effectiveness of uterovaginal packing in the management of primary postpartum hemorrhage (PPH).Methods: This is a retrospective study conducted in Patan hospital, Lalitpur from January 2009-2011. Patients included in the study were those with intractable hemorrhage not responding to oxytocics. Exclusion criteria included cases of PPH due to trauma. Packing was done using approximately six inches sterile gauze soaked with povidine iodine packed into the uterus from the uterine fundus up to the vaginal canal. The packing is removed after 48 hours of insertion or earlier in cases of failure to control hemorrhage.Results: There were 46 cases of uterovaginal packing for primary PPH. Uterine atony was the commonest cause of packing. Uterovaginal packing was successful in 39(84.7%) cases.Conclusion: Uterovaginal packing is safe, easy and quick procedure to manage primary PPH. It is beneficial in cases of PPH due to atony thereby conserve the uterus.
THE STELLAR OBLIQUITY, PLANET MASS, AND VERY LOW ALBEDO OF QATAR-2 FROM K2 PHOTOMETRY
Authors: Dai Fei , Winn Joshua N. , Yu Liang , Albrecht Simon 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
The Qatar-2 transiting exoplanet system was recently observed in short-cadence mode by Kepler as part of K2 Campaign 6. We identify dozens of starspot-crossing events, when the planet eclipses a relatively dark region of the stellar photosphere. The observed patterns of these events demonstrate that the planet always transits over the same range of stellar latitudes and, therefore, that the stellar obliquity is less than about 10°. We support this conclusion with two different modeling approaches: one based on explicit identification and timing of the events and the other based on fitting the light curves with a spotted-star model. We refine the transit parameters and measure the stellar rotation period (18.5 ± 1.9 days), which corresponds to a “gyrochronological” age of 1.4 ± 0.3 Gyr. Coherent flux variations with the same period as the transits are well modeled as the combined effects of ellipsoidal light variations (15.4 ± 4.8 ppm) and Doppler boosting (14.6 ± 5.1 ppm). The magnitudes of these effects correspond to a planetary mass of

and

, respectively. Both of these independent mass estimates agree with the mass determined by the spectroscopic Doppler technique (

). No occultations are detected, giving a 2σ upper limit of 0.06 on the planet’s visual geometric albedo. We find no evidence for orbital decay, although we are only able to place a weak lower bound on the relevant tidal quality factor:

(95% confidence).
IMAGING PARITY-VIOLATING MODES IN THE CMB
Authors: Contaldi Carlo R. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Correlations of polarization components in the coordinate frame are a natural basis for searches of parity-violating modes in the cosmic microwave background. This fact can be exploited to build estimators of parity-violating modes that are local and robust with respect to partial-sky coverage or inhomogeneous weighting. As an example application of a method based on these ideas, we develop a peak stacking tool that isolates the signature of parity-violating modes. We apply the tool to Planck maps and obtain a constraint on the monopole of the polarization rotation angle

at 95% We also demonstrate how the tool can be used as a local method for reconstructing maps of direction dependent rotation

.
MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF SOLAR ACTIVE REGIONS THAT GOVERN LARGE SOLAR FLARES AND ERUPTIONS
Authors: Toriumi Shin , Schrijver Carolus J. , Harra Louise K. , Hudson Hugh , Nagashima Kaori 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
Solar flares and coronal mass ejections (CMEs), especially the larger ones, emanate from active regions (ARs). With the aim of understanding the magnetic properties that govern such flares and eruptions, we systematically survey all flare events with Geostationary Orbiting Environmental Satellite levels of ≥M5.0 within 45° from disk center between 2010 May and 2016 April. These criteria lead to a total of 51 flares from 29 ARs, for which we analyze the observational data obtained by the Solar Dynamics Observatory. More than 80% of the 29 ARs are found to exhibit δ-sunspots, and at least three ARs violate Hale’s polarity rule. The flare durations are approximately proportional to the distance between the two flare ribbons, to the total magnetic flux inside the ribbons, and to the ribbon area. From our study, one of the parameters that clearly determine whether a given flare event is CME-eruptive or not is the ribbon area normalized by the sunspot area, which may indicate that the structural relationship between the flaring region and the entire AR controls CME productivity. AR characterization shows that even X-class events do not require δ-sunspots or strong-field, high-gradient polarity inversion lines. An investigation of historical observational data suggests the possibility that the largest solar ARs, with magnetic flux of 2 × 1023 Mx, might be able to produce “superflares” with energies of the order of 1034 erg. The proportionality between the flare durations and magnetic energies is consistent with stellar flare observations, suggesting a common physical background for solar and stellar flares.
TIDALLY INDUCED PULSATIONS IN KEPLER ECLIPSING BINARY KIC 3230227
Authors: Guo Zhao , Gies Douglas R. , Fuller Jim 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
KIC 3230227 is a short period (P ≈ 7.0 days) eclipsing binary with a very eccentric orbit (e = 0.6). From combined analysis of radial velocities and Kepler light curves, this system is found to be composed of two A-type stars, with masses of M
1 = 1.84 ± 0.18 M
⊙, M
2 = 1.73 ± 0.17 M
⊙ and radii of R
1 = 2.01 ± 0.09 R
⊙, R
2 = 1.68 ± 0.08 R
⊙ for the primary and secondary, respectively. In addition to an eclipse, the binary light curve shows a brightening and dimming near periastron, making this a somewhat rare eclipsing heartbeat star system. After removing the binary light curve model, more than 10 pulsational frequencies are present in the Fourier spectrum of the residuals, and most of them are integer multiples of the orbital frequency. These pulsations are tidally driven, and both the amplitudes and phases are in agreement with predictions from linear tidal theory for l = 2, m = −2 prograde modes.
CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF A CARBON-ENHANCED VERY METAL-POOR STAR: CD-27 14351
Authors: Karinkuzhi Drisya , Goswami Aruna , Masseron Thomas 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT
We present, for the first time, an abundance analysis of a very metal-poor carbon-enhanced star CD-27 14351 based on a high-resolution (R ∼ 48,000) FEROS spectrum. Our abundance analysis performed using local thermodynamic equilibrium model atmospheres shows that the object is a cool star with stellar atmospheric parameters, effective temperature T
eff = 4335 K, surface gravity log g = 0.5, microturbulence ξ = 2.42 km s−1, and metallicity [Fe/H] = −2.6. The star exhibits high carbon and nitrogen abundances with [C/Fe] = 2.89 and [N/Fe] = 1.89. Overabundances of neutron-capture elements are evident in Ba, La, Ce, and Nd, with estimated [X/Fe] > 1, the largest enhancement being seen in Ce with [Ce/Fe] = 2.63. While the first peak s-process elements Sr and Y are found to be enhanced with respect to Fe, ([Sr/Fe] = 1.73 and [Y/Fe] = 1.91), the third peak s-process element Pb could not be detected in our spectrum at the given resolution. Europium, primarily an r-process element also shows an enhancement with [Eu/Fe] = 1.65. With [Ba/Eu] = 0.12, the object CD-27 14351 satisfies the classification criterion for a CEMP-r/s star. The elemental abundance distributions observed in this star are discussed in light of the chemical abundances observed in other CEMP stars in the literature.
Complicated skin and soft tissue infection with Mycobacterium fortuitum following excision of a sebaceous cyst in Taiwan
Authors: Tsai Shih-Chen , Chen Li-Hsin , Liao Hsien-Hua , Chiang Chih-Yu , Lin Wea-Lung , Chen Shiuan-Chih , Tsao Shih-Ming , Hung Hung-Chang , Lee Yuan-Ti 
Published: December 2016

Mycobacterium fortuitum group (M. fortuitum), also known as rapidly growing Mycobacteria, can cause pyogenic infections in human beings, most commonly in immunocompromised patients. Herein, we present a 40-year-old immunocompetent male patient who underwent planned excision of a sebaceous cyst in the abdominal wall. He suffered from tender erythematous lesions with purulent discharge around the healing wound that developed 2 weeks after surgery. Gram stain, bacterial and fungal culture results of the wound were negative. A diagnosis of non-tuberculous mycobacteria was made from a wound culture from the area of operative debridement, which was subsequently confirmed to be M. fortuitum group using PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65 gene. The patient received 4 weeks of parenteral imipenem/cilastatin 500 mg every 6 hours and amikacin 500 mg every 12 hours, plus oral clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily, and the wound recovered completely. He was discharged and followed up regularly at our outpatient clinic, and continued taking oral ciprofloxacin and clarithromycin 500 mg twice daily for 6 months. This case highlights the importance of strict aseptic precautions even during minor procedures, and also the characteristics of M. fortuitum infections in immunocompetent patients, which usually develop as localized postsurgical wound infections. We also share our experience in successfully treating a M. fortuitum complicated skin and soft tissue infection.
Apprendre sur les apprentissages
Authors: Bastien Claude , Bastien-Toniazzo Mireille 
Published: December 2016

L’objectif de ce texte est de montrer ce que l’ouvrage de Jean-François Richard « Les activités mentales » a apporté à la compréhension des apprentissages, en particulier à celle des apprentissages scolaires. Partant de trois problèmes intéressants posés par Daniel Pennac dans « Chagrin d’école », on analyse diverses tentatives de solutions peu satisfaisantes qui ont pu être proposées avant d’aborder les éléments extraits de l’œuvre de J.-F.. Richard qui nous semblent permettre d’apporter des réponses pertinentes. Rôle du but, « point de vue » et traitement analogique sont les trois concepts invoqués dans cette perspective. On insiste enfin sur l’importance de la méthode d’analyse des protocoles individuels.
Enjeux sémantiques pour les apprentissages arithmétiques
Authors: Sander Emmanuel 
Published: December 2016

Les typologies de problèmes arithmétiques, si elles distinguent différentes structures sémantiques relevant d’une même structure mathématique, méconnaissent les intrications profondes qui existent entre connaissances arithmétiques et sémantique quotidienne. En effet, les notions arithmétiques s’ancrent sur la base de connaissances quotidiennes, sources d’analogie pour la construction des notions, privilégiant une classe de la typologie et occultant les autres. Elles se développent comme des catégories mentales dynamiques et ne s’assimilent pas à un découpage en classes exclusives, comme la typologie l’implique. La difficulté de résolution d’un problème dépend de deux sortes de relations sémantiques, d’une part, de l’efficience de la procédure « quotidienne », induite par le codage spontané de la situation, indépendamment de connaissances arithmétiques, et, d’autre part, de la congruence entre la structure induite par la sémantique quotidienne de l’énoncé et la structure mathématique de cet énoncé. Enfin le développement des notions arithmétiques dépend d’un recodage, qui repose sur l’adoption d’une grille de lecture de l’énoncé, dissonante pour la situation décrite, mais consonante avec celle d’une autre situation familière. L’abstraction qui caractérise un recodage pertinent est donc, elle aussi, dirigée par des connaissances quotidiennes.