bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustainability via Intergenerational Transfers in a Stock‐Flow‐Consistent Model
Authors: Rosenbaum Eckehard , Ciuffo Biagio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSustainability is about meeting present needs without compromising the needs of future generations. Achieving sustainability is thus bound to have distributional consequences. But to what extent is it possible to correct the ex‐post distribution via transfers between generations? Starting from a numerical example, the analysis uses a stock‐flow‐consistent model with a view to investigate the limitations and consequences of such transfers. It shows that inter‐generational transfers face significant limitations which render compensation payments practically impossible. Moreover, the analysis allows some conclusions regarding the effects of introducing a pension systems and/or a more explicit role of public investment in capital accumulation.
Predictors of unanticipated admission following ambulatory surgery in the pediatric population: a retrospective case–control study
Authors: Whippey Amanda , Kostandoff Gregory , Ma Heung K. , Cheng Ji , Thabane Lehana , Paul James 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundAmbulatory surgery plays an important role in pediatric anesthesia. However, it is difficult to predict which patients will experience complications. Age >80, ASA class 3 or 4, duration of surgery >3 h, and BMI 30–35 are independent predictors of unanticipated admission in adults. In this study, we retrospectively evaluate risk factors for unanticipated admission, following ambulatory surgery in children.MethodsAll ambulatory patients requiring unanticipated admission between 2005 and 2013 were compared to a random sample of patients not requiring admission in this case–control study. Demographic data, surgical information, medications, intraoperative events, and patient comorbidities were collected from both groups. The reason for admission was classified according to five subtypes. Multiple conditional logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with unanticipated admissions.ResultsThe incidence of unanticipated admission was 0.97% (213). Of these, 47% (98) was anesthesia related. Age <2 years (odds ratio [OR] 4.26 95% CI 1.19–15.25), ASA 3 class (OR 3.77 95% CI 1.46–9.71), duration of surgery >1 h (OR 6.54 95% CI 3.47–12.33), completion of surgery >3 pm (OR 2.17 95% CI 1.05–4.51), orthopedic (OR 2.52 95% CI 1.03–6.20), dental (OR 0.21 95% CI 0.06–0.81), ENT (OR 6.47 95% CI 2.99–14.03) surgery, intraoperative events (OR 4.45 95% CI 1.35–18.12), and OSA (OR 6.32 95% CI 1.54–25.94) were factors associated with unanticipated admission.ConclusionThe incidence of unanticipated admission in children following ambulatory surgery is low. Age, ASA class, duration, and time of completion of surgery are predictors common to pediatrics and adults. Interestingly, intraoperative complications, OSA, and type of surgery (ENT, orthopedic, dental) are specific to pediatrics.
Health‐related quality of life in adolescent survivors of bronchopulmonary dysplasia
Authors: Bozzetto Sara , Carraro Silvia , Tomasi Lisanna , Berardi Mariangela , Zanconato Stefania , Baraldi Eugenio 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveBronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) is the most common chronic lung disease of infancy in the developed countries. Outcomes for BPD patients have traditionally been assessed using physiological parameters such as lung function, and no data are available on the health‐related quality of life (HRQOL) for adolescents with BPD. The aim of this study was to assess HRQOL in adolescents with BPD, in comparison with age‐matched and sex‐matched control groups of healthy volunteers and asthmatic subjects.MethodsWe enrolled 27 BPD patients (age range 11–19 years), 27 asthmatic patients and 27 healthy controls. HRQOL was assessed by the Short Form 36 (SF‐36) questionnaire. Lung function was assessed by spirometry.ResultsThe BPD group did not differ significantly from the healthy controls in any scale or dimension of the SF‐36 (the BPD group's summary scores were as follows: physical component summary mean 55.6 + 4.98 and mental component summary 51.8 + 7.75 vs 55.8 + 6.25 and 49.2 + 9.45 for the healthy control group, P > 0.5 and P = 0.26, respectively). Asthmatic adolescents scored lower than those of both healthy controls and patients with BPD in several SF‐36 dimensions despite adolescents with BPD having lower lung function. No correlation emerged between lung function and HRQOL in BPD subjects.ConclusionDespite their impaired lung function, BPD patients have an HRQOL comparable with healthy peers and better than asthmatic patients. We did not find any association between HRQOL and lung function parameters.
Metformin use and asthma outcomes among patients with concurrent asthma and diabetes
Authors: Li Chun‐Yi , Erickson Steven R. , Wu Chung‐Hsuen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveMetformin is a first‐line treatment for patients with diabetes. Recent animal studies indicated that metformin can reduce airway inflammation. However, it remains unclear whether the use of metformin can help patients maintain asthma control. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between the use of metformin and asthma‐related outcomes, which include asthma‐related hospitalization, asthma‐related emergency room visits and asthma exacerbation, among patients with concurrent asthma and diabetes.MethodsWe conducted an 11‐year (2001–2011) retrospective cohort study using the Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database. Patients with concurrent asthma and diabetes were included. The date of the first observed prescription of metformin was defined as the index date. For each metformin user, two matched metformin non‐users of the same age and gender were randomly selected. Patients were followed for 3 years to measure the occurrence of asthma‐related outcomes. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to assess the association between metformin use and asthma‐related outcomes.ResultsOf 1332 patients with concurrent asthma and diabetes, 444 (33.3%) were metformin users. Compared with non‐users, metformin users had a lower risk of asthma‐related hospitalization (OR = 0.21, 95% CI: 0.07–0.63) and asthma exacerbation (OR = 0.39, 95% CI: 0.19–0.79).ConclusionThe risk of asthma‐related outcomes was lower for metformin users than non‐users. Health‐care providers should consider metformin as a treatment strategy for patients with concurrent asthma and diabetes.
Incentive or Selection? A New Investigation of Local Leaders’ Political Turnover in China*
Authors: Chen Jie , Luo Danglun , She Guoman , Ying Qianwei 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesThis article aims to investigate how local leaders’ promotion is governed by the central state's concerns of maintaining political legitimacy in China.MethodsWe offer a theoretical framework regarding how to understand the statistical association between economic performance and local leaders’ promotion in China. The empirical work is based on Probit models that were applied on a panel of data covering local leaders of 335 cities between 1999 and 2009.ResultsOur research confirms that a better record of relative local economic growth significantly boosts the promotion probability of the city‐level party secretary. However, the importance of economic work will significantly decrease if the cadres have strong open signals of their competence.ConclusionsThe findings in this article suggest that there exists a performance‐based screening scheme for selecting political elites in China. Portraying the positive image of political elites by the “tags” of their capacity in fostering economic development helps to boost both regime legitimacy and political authoritativeness in the Chinese‐style authoritative political regime.
Does Brain Drain Lead to Institutional Gain?
Authors: Li Xiaoyang , McHale John , Zhou Xuan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA country's endowment of human capital affects its institutions through various channels. This raises the possibility that skilled emigration can leave its mark on a country's institutional development. We explore the impact of emigrant human capital on home country's institutional quality. Using geographical and genetic distance‐based instrumental variables for emigration and a dynamic panel estimation method, we find that human capital emigration helps the home country's political institutions, but hurts economic institutions. The conventional ‘brain drain’ argument, therefore, needs to incorporate the institutional changes due to skilled labour emigration.
Scintigraphic Tracking of Allogeneic Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Distal Limb After Intra‐Arterial Injection in Standing Horses
Authors: Espinosa Pablo , Spriet Mathieu , Sole Albert , Walker Naomi J. , Vaughan Betsy , Galuppo Larry D. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the feasibility of intra‐arterial administration of allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the median artery of standing horses and evaluate the distribution and retention of radiolabeled cells.Study DesignIn vivo experimental study.AnimalsSix research horses.MethodsTechnetium99m‐HexaMethyl‐Propylene‐Amine Oxime‐labeled MSC were injected under ultrasound guidance in the median artery of 6 front limbs of 3 horses, standing under sedation. Scintigraphic images were obtained at the time of injection, and at 1, 6, and 24 hours postinjection. Six additional limbs from 3 horses were similarly injected with unlabeled MSC. Ultrasound was performed the following day for assessment of vascular changes.ResultsIntra‐arterial injection was performed successfully in 11 of 12 limbs. In 1 limb, partial periarterial injection compromised the success of the procedure. Homogeneous distribution of radiolabeled MSC was observed through the entire distal limb, including within the hoof. Partial venous thrombosis was found in both groups of horses, but was subjectively less severe in horses injected with unlabeled MSC. No lameness was observed. Transient swelling of the distal limb occurred in only 1 limb.ConclusionIntra‐arterial injection of MSC can be performed in standing horses under sedation and successfully distribute MSC to the distal limb. A risk of periarterial injection was identified but can be reduced with proper sedation, local anesthesia, and increased experience. Partial venous thrombosis was observed as a complication, but did not cause changes of clinical importance, other than rare transient swelling.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young James 
Published: May 2016

International Journal of Social Science Studies (IJSSS) would like to acknowledge the following reviewers for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Many authors, regardless of whether IJSSS publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review for this issue. Reviewers for Volume 4, Number 6 Abdul Azim Akhtar Ahmet Yıkmış Anastasia Panagakos Bashar Malkawi Bonnie L McIntyre Dipankar Chatterjee Hanaa Youssef Shaarawy Henry Poduthas Jehu Onyekwere Nnaji Jianquan Cheng Rachita Shrivastava Roy James Young Editorial Assistant On behalf of, The Editorial Board of International Journal of Social Science Studies Redfame Publishing 9450 SW Gemini Dr. #99416 Beaverton, OR 97008, USA URL: http://ijsss.redfame.com
Acquired Tolerance to Ivermectin and Moxidectin after Drug Selection Pressure in the Nematode Caenorhabditis elegans
Authors: Ménez Cécile , Alberich Mélanie , Kansoh Dalia , Blanchard Alexandra , Lespine Anne 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Ivermectin and moxidectin are the most widely administered anthelmintic macrocyclic lactones (MLs) to treat human and animal nematode infections. Their widespread and frequent use has led to a high level of resistance to these drugs. Although they have the same mode of action, differences in terms of selection for drug resistance have been reported. Our objective was to study and compare changes occurring upon ivermectin or moxidectin selection in the model nematode
Caenorhabditis elegans
.
C. elegans
worms were submitted to stepwise exposure to increasing doses of moxidectin. The sensitivity of moxidectin-selected worms to MLs was determined in a larval development assay and compared with those of wild-type and ivermectin-selected strains. Selection with either ivermectin or moxidectin led to acquired tolerance to ivermectin, moxidectin, and eprinomectin. Importantly, moxidectin was the most potent ML in both ivermectin- and moxidectin-selected strains. Interestingly, this order of potency was also observed in a resistant
Haemonchus contortus
isolate. In addition, ivermectin- and moxidectin-selected strains displayed constitutive overexpression of several genes involved in xenobiotic metabolism and transport. Moreover, verapamil potentiated sensitivity to ivermectin and moxidectin, demonstrating that ABC transporters play a role in ML sensitivity in ML-selected
C. elegans
strains. Finally, both ivermectin- and moxidectin-selected strains displayed a dye-filling-defective phenotype. Overall, this work demonstrated that selection with ivermectin or moxidectin led to cross-resistance to several MLs in nematodes and that the induction of detoxification systems and defects in the integrity of amphidial neurons are two mechanisms that appear to affect the responsiveness of worms to both ivermectin and moxidectin.
Distinct Residues Contribute to Motility Repression and Autoregulation in the Proteus mirabilis Fimbria-Associated Transcriptional Regulator AtfJ
Authors: Bode Nadine J. , Chan Kun-Wei , Kong Xiang-Peng , Pearson Melanie M. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Proteus mirabilis
contributes to a significant number of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, where coordinated regulation of adherence and motility is critical for ascending disease progression. Previously, the mannose-resistant
Proteus
-like (MR/P) fimbria-associated transcriptional regulator MrpJ has been shown to both repress motility and directly induce the transcription of its own operon; in addition, it affects the expression of a wide range of cellular processes. Interestingly, 14 additional
mrpJ
paralogs are included in the
P. mirabilis
genome. Looking at a selection of MrpJ paralogs, we discovered that these proteins, which consistently repress motility, also have nonidentical functions that include cross-regulation of fimbrial operons. A subset of paralogs, including AtfJ (encoded by the ambient temperature fimbrial operon), Fim8J, and MrpJ, are capable of autoinduction. We identified an element of the
atf
promoter extending from 487 to 655 nucleotides upstream of the transcriptional start site that is responsive to AtfJ, and we found that AtfJ directly binds this fragment. Mutational analysis of AtfJ revealed that its two identified functions, autoregulation and motility repression, are not invariably linked. Residues within the DNA-binding helix-turn-helix domain are required for motility repression but not necessarily autoregulation. Likewise, the C-terminal domain is dispensable for motility repression but is essential for autoregulation. Supported by a three-dimensional (3D) structural model, we hypothesize that the C-terminal domain confers unique regulatory capacities on the AtfJ family of regulators.

IMPORTANCE
Balancing adherence with motility is essential for uropathogens to successfully establish a foothold in their host.
Proteus mirabilis
uses a fimbria-associated transcriptional regulator to switch between these antagonistic processes by increasing fimbrial adherence while simultaneously downregulating flagella. The discovery of multiple related proteins, many of which also function as motility repressors, encoded in the
P. mirabilis
genome has raised considerable interest as to their functionality and potential redundancy in this organism. This study provides an important advance in this field by elucidating the nonidentical effects of these paralogs on a molecular level. Our mechanistic studies of one member of this group, AtfJ, shed light on how these differing functions may be conferred despite the limited sequence variety exhibited by the paralogous proteins.
Toxoplasma gondii Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinase Subunit 3 Is Involved in the Switch from Tachyzoite to Bradyzoite Development
Authors: Sugi Tatsuki , Ma Yan Fen , Tomita Tadakimi , Murakoshi Fumi , Eaton Michael S. , Yakubu Rama , Han Bing , Tu Vincent , Kato Kentaro , Kawazu Shin-Ichiro , Gupta Nishith , Suvorova Elena S. , White Michael W. , Kim Kami , Weiss Louis M. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT

Toxoplasma gondii
is an obligate intracellular apicomplexan parasite that infects warm-blooded vertebrates, including humans. Asexual reproduction in
T. gondii
allows it to switch between the rapidly replicating tachyzoite and quiescent bradyzoite life cycle stages. A transient cyclic AMP (cAMP) pulse promotes bradyzoite differentiation, whereas a prolonged elevation of cAMP inhibits this process. We investigated the mechanism(s) by which differential modulation of cAMP exerts a bidirectional effect on parasite differentiation. There are three protein kinase A (PKA) catalytic subunits (
Tg
PKAc1 to -3) expressed in
T. gondii
. Unlike
Tg
PKAc1 and
Tg
PKAc2, which are conserved in the phylum Apicomplexa,
Tg
PKAc3 appears evolutionarily divergent and specific to coccidian parasites.
Tg
PKAc1 and
Tg
PKAc2 are distributed in the cytomembranes, whereas
Tg
PKAc3 resides in the cytosol.
Tg
PKAc3 was genetically ablated in a type II cyst-forming strain of
T. gondii
(Pru
Δku80Δhxgprt
) and in a type I strain (RH
Δku80Δhxgprt
), which typically does not form cysts. The Δ
pkac3
mutant exhibited slower growth than the parental and complemented strains, which correlated with a higher basal rate of tachyzoite-to-bradyzoite differentiation. 3-Isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX) treatment, which elevates cAMP levels, maintained wild-type parasites as tachyzoites under bradyzoite induction culture conditions (pH 8.2/low CO
2
), whereas the Δ
pkac3
mutant failed to respond to the treatment. This suggests that
Tg
PKAc3 is the factor responsible for the cAMP-dependent tachyzoite maintenance. In addition, the Δ
pkac3
mutant had a defect in the production of brain cysts
in vivo
, suggesting that a substrate of
Tg
PKAc3 is probably involved in the persistence of this parasite in the intermediate host animals.

IMPORTANCE
Toxoplasma gondii
is one of the most prevalent eukaryotic parasites in mammals, including humans. Parasites can switch from rapidly replicating tachyzoites responsible for acute infection to slowly replicating bradyzoites that persist as a latent infection. Previous studies have demonstrated that
T. gondii
cAMP signaling can induce or suppress bradyzoite differentiation, depending on the strength and duration of cAMP signal. Here, we report that
Tg
PKAc3 is responsible for cAMP-dependent tachyzoite maintenance while suppressing differentiation into bradyzoites, revealing one mechanism underlying how this parasite transduces cAMP signals during differentiation.
How is the sustainability of chronic disease health programmes empirically measured in hospital and related healthcare services?—a scoping review
Authors: Francis Linda , Dunt David , Cadilhac Dominique A 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesProgrammes to address chronic disease are a focus of governments worldwide. Despite growth in ‘implementation science’, there is a paucity of knowledge regarding the best means to measure sustainability. The aim of this review was to summarise current practice for measuring sustainability outcomes of chronic disease health programmes, providing guidance for programme planners and future directions for the academic field.SettingsA scoping review of the literature spanning 1985–2015 was conducted using MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsychINFO and The Cochrane Library limited to English language and adults. Main search terms included chronic disease, acute care, sustainability, institutionalisation and health planning. A descriptive synthesis was required. Settings included primary care, hospitals, mental health centres and community health.ParticipantsProgrammes included preventing or managing chronic conditions including diabetes, heart disease, depression, respiratory disease, cancer, obesity, dental hygiene and multiple chronic diseases.Primary and secondary outcome measuresOutcome measures included clarifying a sustainability definition, types of methodologies used, timelines for assessment, criteria levels to determine outcomes and how methodology varies between intervention types.ResultsAmong 153 abstracts retrieved, 87 were retained for full article review and 42 included in the qualitative synthesis. Five definitions for sustainability outcome were identified with ‘maintenance of programme activities’ most frequent. Achieving sustainability was dependent on inter-relationships between various organisational and social contexts supporting a broad scale approach to evaluation. An increasing trend in use of mixed methods designs over multiple time points to determine sustainability outcomes was found.ConclusionsDespite the importance and investment in chronic disease programmes, few studies are undertaken to measure sustainability. Methods to evaluate sustainability are diverse with some emerging patterns in measurement found. Use of mixed methods approaches over multiple time points may serve to better guide measurement of sustainability. Consensus on aspects of standardised measurement would promote the future possibility of meta-analytic syntheses.
Colonic lesion characterisation skills among UK endoscopists and the impact of a brief training intervention
Authors: Basford P , Longcroft-Wheaton G , Higashi Reiji , Uraoka Toshio , Bhandari P 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveTo assess UK gastroenterology registrars' and consultants' competence in in vivo characterisation of polyps, plus the impact of a dedicated colonic lesion characterisation training intervention.DesignProspective evaluation of a computer-based colonic lesion training module.SettingThree UK general hospitals.PatientsHigh-quality endoscopic images obtained during colonoscopy in a previous study.Interventions30 min computer-based training module covering in vivo characterisation of colonic lesions viewed under white light, chromoendoscopy and magnification chromoendoscopy.Main outcome measuresAccuracy of characterisation of colonic lesions (hyperplastic vs adenoma vs cancer) before and after training and differences between groups (bowel cancer screening (BCS) nurses vs gastroenterology trainees vs consultant gastroenterologists).ResultsMean accuracy pretraining was 61.1%, 67.6% and 60.0% for the trainee, consultant and nurse groups respectively with no significant difference between the groups. Mean accuracy post-training improved significantly to 71.2%, 72.6% and 67.2% for the trainee, consultant and nurse groups (p<0.001 vs pretraining) with no significant difference between the three groups. Mean sensitivity and specificity improved significantly for the 15 participants overall.ConclusionsThe baseline level of colonic lesion characterisation skills is limited for gastroenterology consultants and trainees and does not differ from that of non-endoscopist BCS nurses. Accuracy of lesion characterisation can be modestly improved with a brief computer-based training intervention. Lesion characterisation should become a standard part of training in colonoscopy, and should be learnt alongside technical skills for endoscope handing and therapeutic procedures.