bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Basic understanding and therapeutic approaches to target toll‐like receptors in cancerous microenvironment and metastasis
Authors: Khajeh Alizadeh Attar Mojtaba , Anwar Muhammad Ayaz , Eskian Mahsa , Keshavarz‐Fathi Mahsa , Choi Sangdun , Rezaei Nima 
Published: December 2017

AbstractToll‐like receptors (TLRs) are transmembrane components that sense danger signals, like damage‐ and pathogen‐associated molecular pattern molecules, as receptors, and maintain homeostasis in tissues. They are mainly involved in immune system activation through a variety of mediators, which either carry out (1) elimination of pathogenic threats and redressing homeostatic imbalances or (2) contribution to the initiation and worsening of pathological conditions, including cancers. Under physiological conditions, TLRs coordinate the innate and adaptive immunity, and inhibit autoimmune disorders. In pathological conditions, such as cancer, they can present both tumor and receptor‐specific roles. Although the roles of individual TLRs in various cancers have been described, the effects of targeting TLRs to treat cancer and prevent metastasis are still controversial. A growing body of literature has suggested contribution of both activators and inhibitors of TLR signaling pathway for cancer treatment, dependent on several context‐specific factors. In short, TLRs can play dual roles with contradictory outcomes in neoplastic conditions. This hampers the development of TLR‐based therapeutic interventions. A better understanding of the interwoven TLR pathways in cancerous microenvironment is necessary to design TLR‐based therapies. In this review, we consider the molecular mechanisms of TLRs signaling and their involvement in tumor progression. Therapeutic modalities targeting TLRs for cancer treatment are discussed as well.
Decision curve analysis as a framework to estimate the potential value of screening or other decision‐making aids
Authors: Martin Michael S. , Wells George A. , Crocker Anne G. , Potter Beth K. , Colman Ian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivesThere is an increasing debate about the impact of mental health screening. We illustrate the use of a decision making framework that can be applied when there is no sufficient data to support a traditional cost‐benefit analysis.MethodsWe conducted secondary analyses of data from 459 male prisoners who were screened upon intake. We compared the potential benefit of different approaches (screening, history taking, and universal interventions) to allocating treatment resources using decision curve analysis.ResultsScreening prisoners for distress at typical levels of sensitivity (75%) and specificity (71%) were estimated to provide the greatest net benefit if between 2 and 5 false positives per detected illness are tolerable. History taking and self‐harm screening provide the largest net benefit when only 1 or 2 false positives per detected illness would be tolerable. The benefits of screening were less among those without a recent psychiatric history, ethnic minorities, and those with fewer psychosocial needs.ConclusionsAlthough screening has potential to increase detection of treatment, important subgroup differences exist. Greater consideration of responses to positive screens or alternatives to screening are needed to maximize the impact of efforts to improve detection and treatment of mental illness.
Triangulation of simple arbitrarily shaped polyhedra by cutting off one vertex at a time
Authors: Zhang Qi‐Hua , Lin Shao‐Zhong , Ding Xiu‐Li , Wu Ai‐Qing 
Published: December 2017

SummaryWe describe a heuristic method of triangulating arbitrarily shaped polyhedra without the addition of Steiner points. The polyhedra are simple, with each vertex connected to at least 3 other vertices (ie, coplanarity and colinearity are not considered). They may, however, be convex or concave and consist of dozens or even hundreds of facets. This makes the treatment universal enough to well meet the requirements of models used to simulate fractured rock masses. Certain concepts are defined in the work, eg, adjacent vertices, polygon of adjacent vertices, and closed cone of a vertex. A polygon of adjacent vertices of an apex can be subdivided into a set of nonoverlapping triangles without adding any vertices. These triangles, together with the apex, form tetrahedra whose union is the closed cone of the apex. The polyhedron is thus the union of the closed cones. Subsequently, we triangulate the polyhedron by gradually removing the closed cones of its vertices. The number of vertices of the polyhedron decreases by one each time a closed cone is removed. A block with n vertices can produce no more than n−3 tetrahedra. We present the analysis procedure and discuss the core issues of the method proposed.
RNAi technique, how far is it from pediatrics?
Authors: Zhaori Getu 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe new technology of ribonucleic acid interference (RNAi) or small/short interfering RNA (siRNA) can be used to reduce expression of genes in a sequence specific manner, and thereby can treat various diseases caused by expression or overexpression of genes. Phase 1 and phase 2 clinical studies on application of this technology to treat diseases have demonstrated efficacy and safety of this approach in a few specialties/subspecialties. However, no clinical trials have been reported in the fields of pediatrics. This article aimed to describe very briefly what the RNAi technique is, examples of demonstration of the efficacy and safety of RNAi techniques in a few different fields of clinical medicine, and to encourage pediatricians and pediatric researchers to actively participate in studies on this new therapeutic approach for treatment of various pediatric diseases.
Evolution of cell cracks in PV‐modules under field and laboratory conditions
Authors: Buerhop Claudia , Wirsching Sven , Bemm Andreas , Pickel Tobias , Hohmann Philipp , Nieß Monika , Vodermayer Christian , Huber Alexander , Glück Bernhard , Mergheim Julia , Camus Christian , Hauch Jens , Brabec Christoph J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDamaged modules, especially with cell cracks, can be observed quite often in photovoltaic‐installations. Little knowledge exists about long‐term stability of precracked modules at real operating conditions. Previous investigations and existing standards focus on the degradation of new, defect‐free modules. This work highlights a twofold approach for life‐time study of precracked modules: (1) outdoor exposure of 54 precracked modules for 1 year and (2) artificial stressing of 20 representative precracked modules with a novel load test setup simulating snow and wind loads. The outdoor exposure reveals that at moderate weather conditions, no changes were detectable, neither in electric performance nor in EL‐images. However, the accelerated static load tests with stepwise increasing pressures point out that above a certain threshold, cracks grow. Below this threshold, formerly unseen cracks become visible at the loaded stage. In addition, modules with a smaller number of damaged cells have a stronger tendency to degrade further than modules with an already large number of cracked cells. Remarkably, the power output measured with a solar simulator after a stress test up to 2500 Pa (describing conservative proof conditions for severe snow loads according IEC 61215) remains unchanged for almost all modules.
Bonding and in‐channel microfluidic functionalization using the huisgen cyclization
Authors: Rambarran Talena , Gonzaga Ferdinand , Fatona Ayodele , Coulson Michael , Saem Sokunthearath , Moran‐Mirabal Jose , Brook Michael A. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThe bonding of layers of silicone elastomers during the manufacturing of microfluidic devices is often accomplished using plasma oxidation. The process can be costly, may require a clean room and materials that ensure the flatness of the bonding layers and, as a consequence of hydrophobic recovery, can lead to high variability in the degree of adhesion. As importantly, the process precludes incorporation of chemical functionalities that work as anchors to immobilize biomolecules within the microfluidic channel. We hypothesized that it would be possible to fabricate microfluidic channels using the Huisgen 1,3‐dipolar cycloaddition of azides to alkynes to crosslink silicones and form PDMS elastomers and, in a subsequent step, bond one PDMS layer to another simply by heating, with the added advantage of producing microfluidic channels with embedded chemical functionalities. After thermal bonding, the microfluidic devices underwent cohesive failure (rupture of the elastomer layer) at ∼145 kPa during pressure tests, but did not exhibit adhesive failure (delamination), showing that the azide–alkyne reaction provides a strong bond between elastomer layers. Furthermore, the internal microfluidic channel surfaces retained alkyne and azide functionality during the process, as shown by the grafting of one or more fluorescent dyes, through Huisgen cyclization. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 589–597
Acetalization of poly(vinyl alcohol) by a fatty aldehyde in water medium: Model study, kinetics, and structure analysis
Authors: Piluso Pierre , Da‐Cruz Boisson Fernande , Bounor‐Legaré Véronique , Espuche Eliane 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTAcid catalyzed poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) acetalization was investigated in aqueous medium at 80 °C for a PVA concentration of 8 wt %. The reactant, 10‐undecenal, was composed of a long alkyl chain with a vinyl end group, and the functionalization reaction was studied in heterogeneous media for low reactant concentrations (from 0.33 to 2.0 mol % compared with PVA hydroxyl groups concentration). First, the reaction was scrutinized with pentane‐2,4‐diol, as a model compound of PVA. Besides the expected reaction, the oxidation of the aldehyde into 10‐undecenoic acid in the presence of water was evidenced. This carboxylic acid appeared unreactive toward esterification of pentane‐2,4‐diol and PVA in water. Characterization of acetal stereochemical structure formed on the PVA backbone was performed by NMR spectroscopy in accordance to the model approach. A protocol based on 1H NMR analysis was developed to quantify grafted aldehyde, residual aldehyde, and created carboxylic acid through direct sampling of the reaction medium. Conversions and reaction rate constants were calculated for pH ranging from 1 to 3. Finally, the acetalization yield was found to be enhanced at low pH and, in such conditions, the oxidation reaction contribution was limited. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 661–671
Facile measurement of surface heat loss from polymer thin films via fluorescence thermometry
Authors: Firestone Gabriel , Bochinski Jason R. , Meth Jeffrey S. , Clarke Laura I. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTQuantitative determination of heat loss and transport within complex systems having inhomogeneous temperatures and several different components is important for applications ranging from electronics to solar cells. An approach and material system to study heat transport within and heat loss from polymer thin films is presented. In a thin film configuration with a cylindrical heating source, the theoretical solution for temperature as a function of radial position can be determined from fundamental principles. Use of embedded fluorescent molecules as temperature probes and manipulation of the relative location of heating and thermometry light sources allows experimental measurements of temperature versus position within the plane of the film. For a large range of practical cases, the exact theoretical solution can be well‐approximated by a single term, which enables a fit to experimental data, and subsequent determination of either the heat loss coefficient at the film's surface or the material's effective thermal conductivity. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2018, 56, 643–651
A Lipidomics Approach to Identifying Key Lipid Species Involved in VEGF‐Inhibitor Mediated Attenuation of Bleomycin‐Induced Pulmonary Fibrosis
Authors: Kulkarni Yogesh M. , Dutta Sucharita , Iyer Anand Krishnan V. , Wright Clayton A. , Ramesh Vani , Kaushik Vivek , Semmes Oliver John , Azad Neelam 
Published: December 2017

PurposePoor molecular characterization of idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) has led to insufficient understanding of the pathogenesis of the disease, resulting in lack of effective therapies and poor prognosis. Particularly, the role of lipid imbalance due to impaired lipid metabolism in the pathogenesis of IPF has been poorly studied.Experimental designThe authors have used shotgun lipidomics in a bleomycin (BLM) mouse model of pulmonary fibrosis with vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐inhibitor CBO‐P11 as a therapeutic measure, to identify a comprehensive set of lipids that contribute to the pathogenesis of pulmonary fibrosis.ResultsThe authors report that attenuation of BLM‐induced fibrotic response with CBO‐P11 cotreatment is accompanied by a decrease in total lipid content and specific downregulation of lipids, which are upregulated in response to BLM treatment.Conclusion and clinical relevanceDysregulated lipids identified in this study hold the potential of being future biomarkers for IPF.
Frequency and circumstances of falls for people with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease: A cross sectional survey
Authors: Ramdharry Gita M. , Reilly‐O'Donnell Louise , Grant Robert , Reilly Mary M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectivePeople with Charcot–Marie–Tooth (CMT) disease may be at risk of falls due to distal muscle weakness and sensory impairment. We aimed to understand the frequency of falls in a cohort, where they occurred, injury and to what people attributed the possible cause.DesignA cross‐sectional survey design was used. It was sent by post to ascertain the frequency of falls and near falls, plus the circumstances of the last three falls events they could recall.SettingThe survey was administered to 252 people with CMT who were patients at a specialist neuromuscular centre.ParticipantsPeople were approached who had a clinical diagnosis by a neuromuscular specialist neurologist.InterventionsNot applicable.Main Outcome MeasureThe Falls Event Questionnaire.ResultsResponses were received from 107 people with CMT. Falls and near falls were reported by 86% of survey respondents. The majority of falls occurred at home, and muscular weakness appeared to be blamed the most, with participants describing tripping due to foot drop or joints giving way. A similar pattern was observed for near falls, but they tended to be more frequent. Moderate and major injuries were relatively rare, with the majority of falls resulting in scrapes and bruises or the faller feeling shaken by the experience.DiscussionThe impact of falls is far reaching, in terms of injury risk and the consequences of the fear of falling. Interventions to improve balance and reduce falls are an important rehabilitation focus for people with CMT.
Identifying the Genotypes of Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) with DNA Origami Label
Authors: Liu Ke , Pan Dun , Wen Yanqin , Zhang Honglu , Chao Jie , Wang Lihua , Song Shiping , Fan Chunhai , Shi Yongyong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe hepatitis B virus (HBV) genotyping may profoundly affect the accurate diagnosis and antiviral treatment of viral hepatitis. Existing genotyping methods such as serological, immunological, or molecular testing are still suffered from substandard specificity and low sensitivity in laboratory or clinical application. In a previous study, a set of high‐efficiency hybridizable DNA origami‐based shape ID probes to target the templates through which genetic variation could be determined in an ultrahigh resolution of atomic force microscopy (AFM) nanomechanical imaging are established. Here, as a further confirmatory research to explore the sensitivity and applicability of this assay, differentially predesigned DNA origami shape ID probes are also developed for precisely HBV genotyping. Through the specific identification of visualized DNA origami nanostructure with clinical HBV DNA samples, the genetic variation information of genotypes can be directly identified under AFM. As a proof‐of‐concept, five genotype B and six genotype C are detected in 11 HBV‐infected patients' blood DNA samples of Han Chinese population in the single‐blinded test. The AFM image‐based DNA origami shape ID genotyping approach shows high specificity and sensitivity, which could be promising for virus infection diagnosis and precision medicine in the future.
Biological Functions and Current Advances in Isolation and Detection Strategies for Exosome Nanovesicles
Authors: Boriachek Kseniia , Islam Md. Nazmul , Möller Andreas , Salomon Carlos , Nguyen Nam‐Trung , Hossain Md. Shahriar A. , Yamauchi Yusuke , Shiddiky Muhammad J. A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractExosomes are nanoscale (≈30–150 nm) extracellular vesicles of endocytic origin that are shed by most types of cells and circulate in bodily fluids. Exosomes carry a specific composition of proteins, lipids, RNA, and DNA and can work as cargo to transfer this information to recipient cells. Recent studies on exosomes have shown that they play an important role in various biological processes, such as intercellular signaling, coagulation, inflammation, and cellular homeostasis. These functional roles are attributed to their ability to transfer RNA, proteins, enzymes, and lipids, thereby affecting the physiological and pathological conditions in various diseases, including cancer and neurodegenerative, infectious, and autoimmune diseases (e.g., cancer initiation, progression, and metastasis). Due to these unique characteristics, exosomes are considered promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of various diseases via noninvasive or minimally invasive procedures. Over the last decade, a plethora of methodologies have been developed for analyzing disease‐specific exosomes using optical and nonoptical tools. Here, the major biological functions, significance, and potential role of exosomes as biomarkers and therapeutics are discussed. Furthermore, an overview of the most commonly used techniques for exosome analysis, highlighting the major technical challenges and limitations of existing techniques, is presented.
Bmi1+ Progenitor Cell Dynamics in Murine Cornea During Homeostasis and Wound Healing
Authors: Kalha Solja , Shrestha Bideep , Sanz Navarro Maria , Jones Kyle B. , Klein Ophir D. , Michon Frederic 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The outermost layer of the eye, the cornea, is renewed continuously throughout life. Stem cells of the corneal epithelium reside in the limbus at the corneal periphery and ensure homeostasis of the central epithelium. However, in young mice, homeostasis relies on cells located in the basal layer of the central corneal epithelium. Here, we first studied corneal growth during the transition from newborn to adult and assessed Keratin 19 (Krt19) expression as a hallmark of corneal maturation. Next, we set out to identify a novel marker of murine corneal epithelial progenitor cells before, during and after maturation, and we found that Bmi1 is expressed in the basal epithelium of the central cornea and limbus. Furthermore, we demonstrated that Bmi1+ cells participated in tissue replenishment in the central cornea. These Bmi1+ cells did not maintain homeostasis of the cornea for more than 3 months, reflecting their status as progenitor rather than stem cells. Finally, after injury, Bmi1+ cells fueled homeostatic maintenance, whereas wound closure occurred via epithelial reorganization.
Ecosystem engineers in rivers: An introduction to how and where organisms create positive biogeomorphic feedbacks
Authors: Polvi Lina E. , Sarneel Judith M. 
Published: December 2017

Ecosystem engineers substantially alter physical flow characteristics and shape a river's form and function. Because the recurrence interval of geomorphic processes and disturbances in rivers commonly match the temporal scale of plants’ life cycles or alterations by animals, the resulting feedbacks are an important component of rivers. In this review, we focus on biota that directly or indirectly induce a physical change in rivers and cause positive feedbacks on the functioning of that organism. We provide an overview of how various ecosystem engineers affect rivers at different temporal and spatial scales and plot them on a conceptual gradient of river types. Various plants engineer the river environment through stabilizing sediment and reducing flow velocities, including macrophytes, woody plants, and algal mats and biofilms. Among animals that engineer, beaver that build dams cause substantial changes to river dynamics. In addition, benthic macroinvertebrates and mussels can stabilize sediment and reduce velocities, and aquatic and riparian grazers modulate the effect of plants. Humans are also considered river ecosystem engineers. Most of the ecosystem engineers reported in literature occur in rivers with low to intermediate relative stability, intermediate channel widths, and small to intermediate grain sizes. Ecosystem engineers that create positive biogeomorphic feedbacks are important to take into account when managing river systems, as many common invasive species are successful due to their engineering capabilities. River restoration can use ecosystem engineers to spur holistic recovery. Future research points towards examining ecosystem engineers on longer spatial and temporal scales and understanding the co‐evolution of organisms and landforms through engineering. WIREs Water 2018, 5:e1271. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1271This article is categorized under:

Water and Life > Nature of Freshwater Ecosystems
Water and Life > Conservation, Management, and Awareness
Inductive reasoning 2.0
Authors: Hayes Brett K. , Heit Evan 
Published: December 2017

Inductive reasoning entails using existing knowledge to make predictions about novel cases. The first part of this review summarizes key inductive phenomena and critically evaluates theories of induction. We highlight recent theoretical advances, with a special emphasis on the structured statistical approach, the importance of sampling assumptions in Bayesian models, and connectionist modeling. A number of new research directions in this field are identified including comparisons of inductive and deductive reasoning, the identification of common core processes in induction and memory tasks and induction involving category uncertainty. The implications of induction research for areas as diverse as complex decision‐making and fear generalization are discussed.This article is categorized under:

Psychology > Reasoning and Decision Making
Psychology > Learning