bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The evolution of optimal emergence times: bet hedging and the quest for an ideal free temporal distribution of individuals
Authors: Poethke Hans Joachim , Hovestadt Thomas , Mitesser Oliver 
Published: February 2016

Proper timing of activities is one of the principal challenges faced by most organisms. Organisms need to account for various aspects in decision making like avoiding inordinate risks, synchronizing with resource availability, or finding mates. We provide analytical and simulation models to investigate the influence of life expectancy, resource competition and unpredictable environmental conditions (environmental uncertainty) on the evolutionarily stable distribution of emergence times in organisms depending on seasonally available resources. We focus on the partitioning of total phenotypic variance in emergence times into 1) genetic variance in mean emergence times between lineages and 2) environmental trait variance that determines the intra‐lineage variance in the timing of emergence.Both, life expectancy of organisms and intensity of competition severely influence the evolutionary response to environmental uncertainty. Our main findings can be summarized as follows: 1) in general diversifying bet hedging (environmental trait variance) is the adequate mechanism to reduce the risk arising from environmental uncertainty while conservative bet hedging, i.e. delaying emergence into ‘safe’ phases of the season is restricted to short lived organisms and to situations with vanishing competition. 2) Environmental trait variance increases with increasing environmental uncertainty whereas 3) significant genetic variance evolves only under severe resource competition; it is driven by selection for an ideal free distribution of emergence times. 4) The level of genetic variance evolving declines with increasing life expectancy of organisms. 5) With sufficiently short life expectancy evolutionary branching and coexistence of distinctly different emergence strategies occurs; the number of co‐occurring strategies is determined by the level of environmental uncertainty.Our model provides cues for understanding how different ecological factors contribute and interact to shape the evolution of emergence strategies.
Modelling Function-Valued Stochastic Processes, with Applications to Fertility Dynamics
Authors: Chen Kehui , Delicado Pedro , Müller Hans-Georg 
Published: February 2016

Summary
We introduce a simple and interpretable model for functional data analysis for situations where the observations at each location are functional rather than scalar. This new approach is based on a tensor product representation of the function-valued process and utilizes eigenfunctions of marginal kernels. The resulting marginal principal components and product principal components are shown to have nice properties. Given a sample of independent realizations of the underlying function-valued stochastic process, we propose straightforward fitting methods to obtain the components of this model and to establish asymptotic consistency and rates of convergence for the estimates proposed. The methods are illustrated by modelling the dynamics of annual fertility profile functions for 17 countries. This analysis demonstrates that the approach proposed leads to insightful interpretations of the model components and interesting conclusions.
Safety of third‐generation artificial turf in male elite professional soccer players in Italian major league
Authors: Lanzetti R. M. , Ciompi A. , Lupariello D. , Guzzini M. , De Carli A. , Ferretti A. 
Published: February 2016

Our hypothesis is that there are no difference in the injury incidence on artificial turf and natural grass. During the 2011/2012 season, we recorded injuries which occurred to two Italian stadiums equipped with third‐generation artificial turf during 36 games (391 players). Data were compared with the injuries which occurred in the same season in two stadiums equipped with natural grass (372 players). We recorded 43 injuries during the playing time (16.7 per 1000 h). About 23 (18.1 per 1000 h) injuries occurred on artificial turf, while 20 (15.2 per 1000 h) on the natural grass with no statistical differences P > 0.05. We recorded 10 (7.87 per 1000 h) contact and 13 (10.23 per 1000 h) non‐contact injuries on artificial turf, while 5 (3.8 per 1000 h) contact and 15 (11.4 per 1000 h) non‐contact injuries on natural grass P > 0.05. The overall relative risk was 1.15; 95% CI: 0.64–2.07). Our study demonstrates a substantial equivalence in injury risk on natural grass and artificial turf in elite professional soccer athletes during official matches.
Tolerance of exercise‐induced pain at a fixed rating of perceived exertion predicts time trial cycling performance
Authors: Astokorki A. H. Y. , Mauger A. R. 
Published: February 2016

To compare the predictive capacity of experimental pain and exercised‐induced pain (EIP) on exercise performance. Thirty‐two recreationally active male (n = 23) and female (n = 9) participants were recruited. Participants completed measures of pain tolerance by cold pressor test (CPT), pain pressure threshold via algometry (PPT), and EIP tolerance using an RPE clamp trial. A VO2max test provided traditional predictors of performance [VO2max, gas‐exchange threshold‎ (GET), peak power output (PPO)]. Finally, participants completed a 16.1‐km cycling time trial (TT). No correlation was found between experimental pain measures (CPT, PPT) and TT performance. However, there was a significant correlation between EIP tolerance and TT performance (R = −0.83, P < 0.01). Regression analysis for pain and physiological predictor variables (mean pain in CPT, PPT, EIP tolerance, VO2max, PPO, GET) revealed that a significant model (P < 0.01) emerged when only PPO (Adjusted R2 = 0.739) and EIP tolerance (ΔR2 = 0.075) were used to predict TT performance. These findings suggest that EIP tolerance is an important factor in endurance performance. However, PPT and CPT have limited ability to assess this relationship, and so their use in EIP research should be treated with caution.
KAGAWA TOYOHIKO (1888–1960): WITNESS TO THE COSMIC DRAMA
Authors: Hastings Thomas John 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAt home and abroad, Kagawa Toyohiko was probably the best‐known Japanese Christian evangelist, social reformer, writer, and public intellectual of the twentieth century, nominated for the Nobel Prize in Literature twice (1947, 1948) and the Nobel Peace Prize three times (1954, 1955, 1956). Appealing to the masses with little knowledge of Christian faith, Kagawa believed that a positive, religio‐aesthetic interpretation of nature and science was a key missiological concern in Japan. He reasoned that a faith rooted in the kenotic movement of incarnation and self‐giving must strongly support the scientific quest. A voracious reader of science and especially biology, he argues for “directionality,” or what he calls “initial purpose” in the long, painful, cosmic journey from matter to life to mind (or consciousness). Through an antireductionistic, a posteriori methodological pluralism that sought to “see all things whole,” this “scientific mystic” employed Christian, Buddhist, Neo‐Confucian, personalist, and vitalist ideas to envision complementary roles for science and religion in modern society.
SHINTO RESEARCH AND THE HUMANITIES IN JAPAN
Authors: Toji Kamata 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThree approaches to scholarship are “scholarship as a way,” which aims at perfection of character; “scholarship as a method,” which clearly limits objects and methods in order to achieve precise perception and new knowledge; and “scholarship as an expression,” which takes various approaches to questions and inquiry. The “humanities” participate deeply and broadly in all three of these approaches. In relation to this view of the humanities, Japanese Shinto is a field of study that yields rich results. As a religion of awe, shrine groves, community, arts, and entertainment, it offers a research field that joins together the study of human beings, nature, society, and expression. Though we elucidate the characteristics of Shinto and its differences with Buddhism, we also draw attention to the seven dimensions of “place, way, beauty, festival, technique, poetry, and ecological wisdom,” and then finally take up “research on techniques of body and mind transformation” as a comprehensive and creative development in the “humanities.”
MULTILAYERED SOCIOCULTURAL PHENOMENA: ASSOCIATIONS BETWEEN SUBJECTIVE WELL‐BEING AND ECONOMIC STATUS
Authors: Shintaro Fukushima 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn this article, incoherent results of the associations between subjective well‐being and economic status at multiple social levels are shown. Although individual‐level positive associations are shown within developed countries, national‐level associations disappear among developed countries. Group/area‐level associations, meanwhile, do exist within Japanese societies. From these inconsistent phenomena, a sociocultural unit is proposed, within which well‐being of people is collectively shared based on mutual reciprocity. The simple addition of social scientific results themselves cannot reconstruct the whole range of phenomena. Humanities could be considered as the glue, which adds sociocultural meanings to the generalized scientific results.
AMERICAN MISSIONARIES TRANSMITTING SCIENCE IN EARLY TWENTIETH‐CENTURY EASTERN TIBET
Authors: Aidong Zhao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article is based on the author's extensive research on the missionaries to Tibet from the Disciples of Christ (Christian Church) USA, and discusses various missionary efforts to transmit scientific and practical knowledge such as medicine, building, and agriculture in Eastern Tibet from 1904–1919. It shows that American missionaries played a prominent and distinctive role in the dissemination of scientific and practical knowledge as a result of their hard work and wisdom. In this sense, they made an important contribution to the development of Tibetan society and the modernization movement in early twentieth‐century Eastern Tibet.
HUMANISTIC APPROACH OF THE EARLY PROTESTANT MEDICAL MISSIONARIES IN NINETEENTH‐CENTURY CHINA
Authors: Jane Si Jia , Shaoxin Dong 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe efficacies of Western and Chinese medicine have been under debate for a long time, and the whole issue still raises questions for the contemporary world. The article emphasizes the humanistic approach as well as the scientific method of the early Protestant medical missionaries to China, so as to give a more comprehensive scope to understand their historical roles and practices in a cross‐cultural context. The authors also wish to call for a global readership to further discuss this historical legacy with regard to the reception of Christianity in contemporary China and other East Asian countries.
AN EAST ASIAN MATHEMATICAL CONCEPTUALIZATION OF THE TRANSHUMAN
Authors: Woosik Hyun 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study explores the transhuman from an East Asian perspective. In terms of cognitive science, mathematics, and theology, we define the transhuman system as characterized by (1) transcendence, (2) extension by compactification, and (3) samtaegeuk. Compactification is conceptualized here in mathematical terms, as adding one or more elements so that a system becomes more complete—as one might join both ends of a line, and thereby create a circle. We assert that the East Asian transhuman could be defined as a three‐point compactification: (1) as an extension of biophysical objects and events such as robots, cyborgs, and environments (Earth); (2) as an extension of culture, science, and art (Human); and (3) as an extension of the interaction between the human and Cosmic Absolute such as in religions. Such a notion of the Transhuman might be associated with God, but any description of God, the Absolute Infinite, will apply to something less than God.
EAST ASIA AND HUMAN KNOWLEDGE—A PERSONAL QUEST
Authors: Yu‐Ting Lee 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis essay is a reflection on the ways we understand East Asia, as well as how East Asia is related to our knowledge construction. In spite of the personal tone, which I use strategically to formulate arguments in a carefully designed narrative flow, the article remains critical throughout and its conclusion is clear: exploration of the essence of East Asian civilization can constitute a meaningful effort to reevaluate and even restructure our current world of knowledge.
Does cerebral hypoxia facilitate central fatigue?
Authors: Siebenmann Christoph , Rasmussen Peter 
Published: February 2016

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
This review addresses whether a mismatch between cerebral O2 demand and delivery accelerates the development of central fatigue during endurance‐type exercise.
What advances does it highlight?
The difficulty with studying the importance of cerebral O2 availability for exercise performance is to manipulate cerebral O2 availability independently of muscular O2 availability. The different approaches to overcome this limitation indicate that cerebral oxygenation is not a major limiting factor in normoxia, but may limit performance in submaximal exercise tasks in hypoxia.
Central fatigue originates within the central nervous system and is characterized by a decrease in voluntary muscle activation. Reduced systemic O2 availability can facilitate central fatigue by enhancing the afferent input of the chemosensitive nerves that play a pivotal role in development of central fatigue. There is accumulating evidence that, in some situations, inadequate O2 availability to the brain itself promotes central fatigue. This short review presents some of the recent findings supporting a direct effect of inadequate cerebral O2 availability on central fatigue and addresses the persisting limitations.
Physical Activity and Children in Care: A Scoping Review of Barriers, Facilitators, and Policy for Disadvantaged Youth
Authors: Quarmby Thomas , Pickering Katie 
Published: February 2016

Background:It is argued that regular engagement in physical activity (PA) has the potential to mitigate the negative health and educational outcomes that disadvantaged children living in care frequently face. However, little is currently known about children in care’s participation in PA. This scoping review primarily aimed to identify barriers and facilitators to PA participation for children in care.Methods:The main phases of the scoping review were 1) identifying relevant studies; 2) selecting studies based on predefined inclusion criteria; 3) charting the data; and 4) collating, summarizing, and reporting the results. All relevant studies were included in the review regardless of methodological quality and design.Results:The 7 articles that met the inclusion criteria were published between 1998 and 2013 and conducted in the USA (3), England (2), and Norway (2). A social ecological model was incorporated to map results against levels of influence.Conclusions:Various factors influence PA engagement for children in care. Barriers include low self-efficacy, instability of their social environment, which impacts on schooling and maintaining friendship groups, and, specific institutional practices and policies that may prevent access to PA. Before fully considering policy implications, further research with children in care is warranted in this area.
Zika Virus: Diagnostics for an Emerging Pandemic Threat
Authors: Waggoner Jesse J. , Pinsky Benjamin A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an
Aedes
mosquito-borne flavivirus that emerged in Brazil in 2015 and then rapidly spread throughout the tropical and subtropical Americas. Based on clinical criteria alone, ZIKV cannot be reliably distinguished from infections with other pathogens that cause an undifferentiated systemic febrile illness, including infections with two common arboviruses, dengue virus and chikungunya virus. This minireview details the methods that are available to diagnose ZIKV infection.
State-of-the-Art Microbiologic Testing for Community-Acquired Meningitis and Encephalitis
Authors: Polage Christopher R. , Cohen Stuart H. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Meningitis and encephalitis are potentially life-threatening diseases with a wide array of infectious, postinfectious, and noninfectious causes. Diagnostic testing is central to determining the underlying etiology, treatment, and prognosis, but many patients remain undiagnosed due to suboptimal testing and lack of tests for all pathogens. In this article, we summarize the epidemiology, barriers to diagnosis, and current best tests for meningitis and encephalitis in developed countries. We end with a brief discussion of new test methods, such as multiplex panel-based tests and metagenomic sequencing, which are likely to alter diagnostic strategies for these conditions in the near future.
Detection of Human Herpesvirus 6B (HHV-6B) Reactivation in Hematopoietic Cell Transplant Recipients with Inherited Chromosomally Integrated HHV-6A by Droplet Digital PCR
Authors: Sedlak Ruth Hall , Hill Joshua A. , Nguyen Thuy , Cho Michelle , Levin Greg , Cook Linda , Huang Meei-Li , Flamand Louis , Zerr Danielle M. , Boeckh Michael , Jerome Keith R. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The presence of inherited chromosomally integrated human herpesvirus 6 (ciHHV-6) in hematopoietic cell transplant (HCT) donors or recipients confounds molecular testing for HHV-6 reactivation, which occurs in 30 to 50% of transplants. Here we describe a multiplex droplet digital PCR clinical diagnostic assay that concurrently distinguishes between HHV-6 species (A or B) and identifies inherited ciHHV-6. By applying this assay to recipient post-HCT plasma and serum samples, we demonstrated reactivation of HHV-6B in 25% (4/16 recipients) of HCT recipients with donor- or recipient-derived inherited ciHHV-6A, underscoring the need for diagnostic testing for HHV-6 infection even in the presence of ciHHV-6.
Emerging Roles of Protein Deamidation in Innate Immune Signaling
Authors: Zhao Jun , Li Junhua , Xu Simin , Feng Pinghui 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Protein deamidation has been considered a nonenzymatic process associated with protein functional decay or “aging.” Recent studies implicate protein deamidation in regulating signal transduction in fundamental biological processes, such as innate immune responses. Work investigating gammaherpesviruses and bacterial pathogens indicates that microbial pathogens deploy deamidases or enzyme-deficient homologues (pseudoenzymes) to induce deamidation of key signaling components and evade host immune responses. Here, we review studies on protein deamidation in innate immune signaling and present several imminent questions concerning the roles of protein deamidation in infection and immunity.
Analyses of Coronavirus Assembly Interactions with Interspecies Membrane and Nucleocapsid Protein Chimeras
Authors: Kuo Lili , Hurst-Hess Kelley R. , Koetzner Cheri A. , Masters Paul S. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
The coronavirus membrane (M) protein is the central actor in virion morphogenesis. M organizes the components of the viral membrane, and interactions of M with itself and with the nucleocapsid (N) protein drive virus assembly and budding. In order to further define M-M and M-N interactions, we constructed mutants of the model coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus (MHV) in which all or part of the M protein was replaced by its phylogenetically divergent counterpart from severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV). We were able to obtain viable chimeras containing the entire SARS-CoV M protein as well as mutants with intramolecular substitutions that partitioned M protein at the boundaries between the ectodomain, transmembrane domains, or endodomain. Our results show that the carboxy-terminal domain of N protein, N3, is necessary and sufficient for interaction with M protein. However, despite some previous genetic and biochemical evidence that mapped interactions with N to the carboxy terminus of M, it was not possible to define a short linear region of M protein sufficient for assembly with N. Thus, interactions with N protein likely involve multiple linearly discontiguous regions of the M endodomain. The SARS-CoV M chimera exhibited a conditional growth defect that was partially suppressed by mutations in the envelope (E) protein. Moreover, virions of the M chimera were markedly deficient in spike (S) protein incorporation. These findings suggest that the interactions of M protein with both E and S protein are more complex than previously thought.

IMPORTANCE
The assembly of coronavirus virions entails concerted interactions among the viral structural proteins and the RNA genome. One strategy to study this process is through construction of interspecies chimeras that preserve or disrupt particular inter- or intramolecular associations. In this work, we replaced the membrane (M) protein of the model coronavirus mouse hepatitis virus with its counterpart from a heterologous coronavirus. The results clarify our understanding of the interaction between the coronavirus M protein and the nucleocapsid protein. At the same time, they reveal unanticipated complexities in the interactions of M with the viral spike and envelope proteins.
Expert consensus statement to guide the evidence-based classification of Paralympic athletes with vision impairment: a Delphi study
Authors: Ravensbergen H J C (Rianne) , Mann D L , Kamper S J 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundParalympic sports are required to develop evidence-based systems that allocate athletes into ‘classes’ on the basis of the impact of their impairment on sport performance. However, sports for athletes with vision impairment (VI) classify athletes solely based on the WHO criteria for low vision and blindness. One key barrier to evidence-based classification is the absence of guidance on how to address classification issues unique to VI sport. The aim of this study was to reach expert consensus on how issues specific to VI sport should be addressed in evidence-based classification.MethodA four-round Delphi study was conducted with 25 participants who had expertise as a coach, athlete, classifier and/or administrator in Paralympic sport for VI athletes.ResultsThe experts agreed that the current method of classification does not fulfil the requirements of Paralympic classification, and that the system should be different for each sport to account for the sports’ unique visual demands. Instead of relying only on tests of visual acuity and visual field, the panel agreed that additional tests are required to better account for the impact of impairment on sport performance. There was strong agreement that all athletes should not be required to wear a blindfold as a means of equalising the impairment during competition.ConclusionsThere is strong support within the Paralympic movement to change the way that VI athletes are classified. This consensus statement provides clear guidance on how the most important issues specific to VI should be addressed, removing key barriers to the development of evidence-based classification.