bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Out of the shadows: Classifying economies by the extent and nature of employment in the informal economy
Authors: WILLIAMS Colin C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGiven the prevalence of informality, this article proposes a typology for classifying countries by the extent and nature of employment in the informal economy, rather than by the composition of their formal economies. The author analyses ILO data on employment in the informal economy in 36 developing countries, and shows that there is a significant correlation between cross‐national variations in the degree and intensity of informalization and cross‐national variations in social and economic indicators such as levels of GNP per capita, corruption, poverty, taxation and social contributions. The article concludes by discussing implications for theory and policy.
Transformational and abusive leadership practices: impacts on novice nurses, quality of care and intention to leave
Authors: Lavoie‐Tremblay Mélanie , Fernet Claude , Lavigne Geneviève L. , Austin Stéphanie 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAimsTo investigate the impact of nurse managers exercising transformational vs. abusive leadership practices with novice nurses.BackgroundIn a nursing shortage context, it is important to understand better the factors that potentially influence the retention of nurses in the early stages of their career. A large body of research has found that transformational leadership practices have a positive influence on employee functioning. However, very little research exists about the detrimental impact of abusive leadership practices, much less in a nursing context.DesignA cross‐sectional design where 541 nurses from the province of Quebec (Canada) were questioned in the fall of 2013.MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire was completed by nurses with less than five years of nursing experience.ResultsResults from three linear regression analysis indicated that transformational leadership practices potentially lead to high quality care and weak intention to quit the healthcare facilities. Conversely, abusive leadership practices potentially lead to poorer quality care and to strong intention to quit the healthcare facilities and the nursing profession.ConclusionPaying close attention to the leadership practices of nurse managers could prove effective in improving patient care and increasing the retention of new nurses, which is helpful in resolving the nursing shortage. Our results specifically suggest not only that we promote supportive leadership practices (transformational leadership) but, most of all, that we spread the word that abusive leadership creates working conditions that could be detrimental to the practice of nursing at career start.
Evidence of gene orthology and trans‐species polymorphism, but not of parallel evolution, despite high levels of concerted evolution in the major histocompatibility complex of flamingo species
Authors: Gillingham M. A. F. , Courtiol A. , Teixeira M. , Galan M. , Bechet A. , Cezilly F. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe major histocompatibility complex (MHC) is a cornerstone in the study of adaptive genetic diversity. Intriguingly, highly polymorphic MHC sequences are often not more similar within species than between closely related species. Divergent selection of gene duplicates, balancing selection maintaining trans‐species polymorphism (TSP) that predate speciation and parallel evolution of species sharing similar selection pressures can all lead to higher sequence similarity between species. In contrast, high rates of concerted evolution increase sequence similarity of duplicated loci within species. Assessing these evolutionary models remains difficult as relatedness and ecological similarities are often confounded. As sympatric species of flamingos are more distantly related than allopatric species, flamingos represent an ideal model to disentangle these evolutionary models. We characterized MHC Class I exon 3, Class IIB exon 2 and exon 3 of the six extant flamingo species. We found up to six MHC Class I loci and two MHC Class IIB loci. As all six species shared the same number of MHC Class IIB loci, duplication appears to predate flamingo speciation. However, the high rate of concerted evolution has prevented the divergence of duplicated loci. We found high sequence similarity between all species regardless of codon position. The latter is consistent with balancing selection maintaining TSP, as under this mechanism amino acid sites under pathogen‐mediated selection should be characterized by fewer synonymous codons (due to their common ancestry) than under parallel evolution. Overall, balancing selection maintaining TSP appears to result in high MHC similarity between species regardless of species relatedness and geographical distribution.
Expression of class II histone deacetylases in two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Jagirdar Rohan , Drexel Meinrad , Bukovac Anneliese , Tasan Ramon O. , Sperk Günther 
Published: November 2015

AbstractEpigenetic mechanisms like altered histone acetylation may have a crucial role in epileptogenesis. In two mouse models of temporal lobe epilepsy, we investigated changes in the expression of class II histone deacetylases (HDAC), a group of signal transducers that shuttle between nucleus and cytoplasm. Intrahippocampal injection of kainic acid (KA) induced a status epilepticus, development of spontaneous seizures (after 3 days), and finally chronic epilepsy and granule cell dispersion. Expression of class II HDAC mRNAs was investigated at different time intervals after KA injection in the granule cell layers and in sectors CA1 and CA3 contralateral to the site of KA injection lacking neurodegeneration. Increased expression of HDAC5 and 9 mRNAs coincided with pronounced granule cell dispersion in the KA‐injected hippocampus at late intervals (14–28 days after KA) and equally affected both HDAC9 splice variants. In contrast, in the pilocarpine model (showing no granule cell dispersion), we observed decreases in the expression of HDAC5 and 9 at the same time intervals. Beyond this, striking similarities between both temporal lobe epilepsy models such as fast decreases in HDAC7 and 10 mRNAs during the acute status epilepticus were observed, notably also in the contralateral hippocampus not affected by neurodegeneration. The particular patterns of HDAC mRNA expression suggest a role in epileptogenesis and granule cell dispersion. Reduced expression of HDACs may result in increased expression of pro‐ and anticonvulsive proteins. On the other hand, export of HDACs from the nucleus into the cytoplasm could allow for deacetylation of cytoplasmatic proteins involved in axonal and dendritic remodeling, like granule cell dispersion.image
HDAC 5 and HDAC 9 expression is highly increased in granule cells of the KA‐injected hippocampus and parallels granule cell dispersion. Both HDACs are thought to be targeted to the cytoplasm and to act there by deacetylating cytoplasmatic (e.g. cytosceleton‐related) proteins.
Liver injury from nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs in the United States
Authors: Schmeltzer Paul A. , Kosinski Andrzej S. , Kleiner David E. , Hoofnagle Jay H. , Stolz Andrew , Fontana Robert J. , Russo Mark W. ,   the Drug‐Induced Liver Injury Network (DILIN)
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground & AimsNonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are commonly used and have been associated with hepatotoxicity. Studies of liver injury from NSAIDs have been retrospective and prospective data are lacking. The aim was to report the features and outcomes of the subjects with severe drug‐induced liver injury from NSAIDS.MethodsThe U.S. Drug Induced Liver Injury Network is a prospective registry of idiosyncratic drug hepatotoxicity. All patients are evaluated in a standard fashion and followed up for at least 6 months.ResultsOf 1221 Drug Induced Liver Injury Network cases that were adjudicated, 30 cases were attributed to eight different NSAIDs. The mean age was 52 years old, 24 (80%) were women, and 21 (70%) were Caucasian. The mean latency was 67 days. Common signs and symptoms at presentation were nausea (73%), jaundice (67%) and dark urine (67%). Mean peak serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, total bilirubin and alkaline phosphatase were 898 U/L, 1060 U/L, 12.2 mg/dl and 326 U/L. The most common pattern of injury was hepatocellular (70%) and autoantibodies were detected in 33% of cases. Diclofenac, was the most frequently implicated NSAID (16/30 cases), and characterized by hepatocellular injury. Seventeen cases resulted in hospitalization or prolongation of hospitalization and one patient died from complications of Stevens–Johnson syndrome because of diclofenac.ConclusionsHepatocellular injury is the most common pattern seen with NSAID hepatotoxicity, and diclofenac is the most frequently implicated agent. Given the number of NSAID alternatives, diclofenac should be reserved for patients who fail other NSAIDs and a high level of suspicion for hepatotoxicity should be maintained.
Lack of endogenous cholecystokinin promotes cholelithogenesis in mice
Authors: Wang H. H. , Liu M. , Portincasa P. , Tso P. , Wang D. Q.‐H. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundCeliac disease is an autoimmune enteropathy caused by a permanent intolerance to dietary gluten in genetically predisposed individuals. Cholecystokinin (CCK) release from the proximal small intestine and gallbladder emptying in response to a fatty meal are greatly reduced in celiac patients before they start the gluten‐free diet, showing a genetic predisposition to gallstones.MethodsTo elucidate the complex pathophysiological mechanisms determining the biliary characteristic of celiac disease, we investigated the effect of the absence of endogenous CCK on cholesterol crystallization and gallstone formation in mice fed a lithogenic diet for 28 days.Key ResultsFasting gallbladder volumes were increased and the response of gallbladder emptying to the high‐fat diet was impaired in CCK knockout (KO) mice compared to wild‐type mice. Because of the absence of CCK, small intestinal transit time was prolonged and intestinal cholesterol absorption was increased. During 28 days of feeding, elevated biliary cholesterol concentrations and gallbladder stasis promoted the growth and agglomeration of solid cholesterol crystals into microlithiasis and stones. Thus, cholesterol crystallization and gallstone formation were accelerated in CCK KO mice. In contrast, daily intraperitoneal administration of CCK‐8 reduced gallstone formation in CCK KO mice even on the lithogenic diet.Conclusions & InferencesThe lack of endogenous CCK enhances susceptibility to gallstones by impairing gallbladder contractile function and small intestinal motility function. These findings show that celiac disease is an important risk factor for gallstone formation and the gallbladder motility function should be routinely examined by ultrasonography and gallbladder stasis should be prevented in celiac patients.
Is YouTube useful as a source of information for Sjögren's syndrome?
Authors: Delli K , Livas C , Vissink A , Spijkervet FKL 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesTo quantitatively and qualitatively assess the characteristics of YouTube videos dealing with Sjögren's syndrome.Materials & MethodsA comprehensive electronic search was performed for ‘Sjögren's syndrome' in YouTube. After excluding duplicates, irrelevant videos, and non‐English‐language domains, 70 videos were included for analysis. Videos were classified as useful, misleading, or personal experience. The overall quality of videos was scored according to the Global Quality Scale (GQS). Useful videos were assessed for reliability and comprehensiveness based on two 5‐point scales. Key points of the misleading videos were explored and patients' personal experiences were further investigated.ResultsThirty‐six videos (51.4%) were classified as useful, 6 (8.6%) as misleading, and 28 (40%) as patient's personal experience. Independent users tend to upload videos with personal experience, while university channels/professional organizations share useful videos with evidence‐based information. Significant difference was observed in GQS among useful, misleading videos, and patient's experiences. The mean reliability, comprehensiveness, and GQS scores of useful videos were 2.5 (s.d.:1.2), 2.6 (s.d.:1.4), and 3.4 (s.d.:1.0), respectively, whereas only six videos (16.7%) were rated as complete vis‐à‐vis content. The most frequently misleading topics were etiology and treatment.ConclusionsSpecialists should refer their patients to validated e‐information resources and actively participate in the development of video‐sharing platforms.
Skeletal adaptations and phylogeny of the oldest mole Eotalpa (Talpidae, Lipotyphla, Mammalia) from the UK Eocene: the beginning of fossoriality in moles
Authors: Hooker Jerry J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe oldest talpid, Eotalpa, was previously known only from isolated cheek teeth from the European late Middle Eocene to earliest Oligocene. Screenwashing of Late Eocene sediments of the Hampshire Basin, UK, has yielded cranial and postcranial elements: maxilla, dentary, ulna, metacarpals, distal tibia, astragalus, calcaneum, metatarsals and phalanges. In addition to M1–2 myotodonty, typical talpid features are as follows: ulna with long medially curved olecranon and deep abductor fossa and astragalar body with lateral process. However, Eotalpa retains certain soricid‐like primitive states (M1 preparacrista, P4 with prominent mesiolingual protocone lobe, strongly angled astragalar neck and calcaneum with no space for a cuboid medial process) not found in modern talpids. Eotalpa is more derived than the most primitive living talpid Uropsilus in having lost the M1–2 talon shelf, developed a convex radial facet on the ulna, an incipient proximal olecranon crest, relatively shorter metapodials and depressed manual unguals. Its astragalus with medial trochlear ridge taller than the lateral one and massive medial plantar process is typical of the Lipotyphla. Eotalpa lacks synostosis of tibia and fibula, found in other Talpidae, Soricidae and Erinaceidae, suggesting that synostosis in these groups has been independently acquired. Cladistic analysis places Eotalpa as stem member of the Talpidae and shows that much homoplasy arose during the early evolution of the family. Ground dwelling in Eotalpa is indicated by the following: astragalus with a medially dipping head, curved in a single plane; calcaneum with distal peroneal process and strongly overlapping ectal and sustentacular facets; and matching sized ectal and sustentacular facets on calcaneum and astragalus. These features would have restricted ankle mobility. Ungual and metatarsal shape and ulnar structure suggest a primitive stage in fossorial evolution and argue against a semiaquatic precursor stage in talpid fossoriality. Shrew‐moles may represent a reversal to surface foraging rather than an intermediate stage in fossoriality.
Coblation of Femoral and Sciatic Nerve for Stump Pain and Phantom Limb Pain: A Case Report
Authors: Zeng Yuanjie , Wang Xiaoping , Guo Yuna , He Liangliang , Ni Jiaxiang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThere is currently no reliable treatment for stump pain and phantom limb pain. Peripheral factors play a significant role in the pathophysiology of stump pain and phantom limb pain. Coblation technology is a relatively new technology that has shown promise in treating neuropathic pain.Case ReportThis report describes the use of coblation technology on femoral and sciatic nerve for stump pain and phantom limb pain. An ultrasound‐guided perineural infiltration anesthesia surrounding the neuroma was first performed and achieved approximately 60% stump pain relief that lasted for 2 hours, but no relief of the phantom limb pain. An ultrasound‐guided femoral and sciatic nerve block was performed to obtain longer pain relief. The patient reported approximately 80% pain relief in both stump pain and phantom limb pain that lasted for 40 hours. This finding suggested other factors in addition to the ultrasound‐detected neuroma in the residual limb generating pain for this patient. Coblation of femoral and sciatic nerves was performed. The stump pain was completely relieved immediately after operation. At 1, 3, and 6 months postoperative review, 80% relief of both stump and phantom limb pain was achieved. Overall activity was improved and there was no need for pain medications. The analgesic effect was stable during the 6‐month follow‐up period.ConclusionOur report suggests that coblation technology may be useful treatment for stump pain and phantom limb pain. Treatments focusing on peripheral nerves may be more effective than those focusing on the neuroma. This finding needs additional study for confirmation.
Oral health status in children and adolescents with Fanconi anemia
Authors: Lyko Karine , Lemes Aline Louise , Bonfim Carmem , Torres‐Pereira Cassius Carvalho , Amenábar José Miguel 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe aim of the study was to investigate the caries experience, dental care level, and oral hygiene in children and adolescents with Fanconi anemia.MethodsDecay‐missing‐filled teeth index, restorative index and simplified oral hygiene index were examined in two groups of children and adolescents: FA, diagnosed with Fanconi anemia (n = 35) and a healthy control group, non‐FA (n = 35). Oral hygiene habits were assessed through questionnaires completed by parents.ResultsFA group presents higher decay‐missing‐filled teeth index values, dental care index, oral hygiene index. Nevertheless, no statistical difference was observed between the groups. Frequency of visits to the dentist was higher in the non‐FA group. Frequency of tooth brushing was higher in FA group and it was performed by the subjects without the help of their parents.ConclusionsNo difference was observed in caries experience, dental care level, and oral hygiene in children and adolescents with FA when compare with non‐FA.
Polygonal mounds in the Barents Sea reveal sustained organic productivity towards the P–T boundary
Authors: Alves Tiago M. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThree‐dimensional (3D) seismic‐reflection data from the Barents Sea show geometric similarities between Permian cool‐water mounds and older carbonate build‐ups. In detail, the Samson Dome area records the development of polygonal mounds in Upper Permian strata; at the same time, a gradual drowning event took place in the Barents Sea. The presence of these polygonal mounds is interpreted to reflect: (i) shallower conditions around the Samson Dome than in other parts of the Barents Sea; and (ii) earlier drowning of Upper Permian mounds towards the west and northwest into the Ottar Basin. Based on the recognition of mounds ~20 m below the Permian–Triassic stratigraphic boundary, this paper proposes for the first time that shallow areas of the Barents Sea, such as the Samson Dome, witnessed sustained organic productivity until the onset of the P–T extinction event.
Cellular events during scar‐free skin regeneration in the spiny mouse, Acomys
Authors: Brant Jason O. , Yoon Jung H. , Polvadore Trey , Barbazuk William Brad , Maden Malcolm 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn contrast to the lab mouse, Mus musculus, several species of spiny mouse, Acomys, can regenerate epidermis, dermis, hairs, sebaceous glands with smooth muscle erector pili muscles and skeletal muscle of the panniculus carnonsus after full thickness skin wounding. Here, we have compared the responses of these scarring and nonscarring organisms concentrating on the immune cells and wound cytokines, cell proliferation, and the collagenous components of the wound bed and scar. The blood of Acomys is very neutropenic but there are greater numbers of mast cells in the Acomys wound than the Mus wound. Most importantly there are no F4/80 macrophages in the Acomys wound and many proinflammatory cytokines are either absent or in very low levels which we suggest may be primarily responsible for the excellent regenerative properties of the skin of this species. There is little difference in cell proliferation in the two species either in the epidermis or mesenchymal tissues but the cell density and matrix composition of the wound is very different. In Mus there are 8 collagens which are up‐regulated at least 5‐fold in the wound creating a strongly trichrome‐positive matrix whereas in Acomys there are very few collagens present and the matrix shows only light trichrome staining. The major component of the Mus matrix is collagen XII which is up‐regulated between 10 and 30‐fold after wounding. These results suggest that in the Acomys wound the absence of many cytokines resulting in the lack of macrophages is responsible for the failure to up‐regulate fibrotic collagens, a situation which permits a regenerative response within the skin rather than the generation of a scar.
Phylogenetic Distribution of CRISPR-Cas Systems in Antibiotic-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: van Belkum Alex , Soriaga Leah B. , LaFave Matthew C. , Akella Srividya , Veyrieras Jean-Baptiste , Barbu E. Magda , Shortridge Dee , Blanc Bernadette , Hannum Gregory , Zambardi Gilles , Miller Kristofer , Enright Mark C. , Mugnier Nathalie , Brami Daniel , Schicklin Stéphane , Felderman Martina , Schwartz Ariel S. , Richardson Toby H. , Peterson Todd C. , Hubby Bolyn , Cady Kyle C. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is an antibiotic-refractory pathogen with a large genome and extensive genotypic diversity. Historically,
P. aeruginosa
has been a major model system for understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying type I clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and CRISPR-associated protein (CRISPR-Cas)-based bacterial immune system function. However, little information on the phylogenetic distribution and potential role of these CRISPR-Cas systems in molding the
P. aeruginosa
accessory genome and antibiotic resistance elements is known. Computational approaches were used to identify and characterize CRISPR-Cas systems within 672 genomes, and in the process, we identified a previously unreported and putatively mobile type I-C
P. aeruginosa
CRISPR-Cas system. Furthermore, genomes harboring noninhibited type I-F and I-E CRISPR-Cas systems were on average ~300 kb smaller than those without a CRISPR-Cas system.
In silico
analysis demonstrated that the accessory genome (
n
= 22,036 genes) harbored the majority of identified CRISPR-Cas targets. We also assembled a global spacer library that aided the identification of difficult-to-characterize mobile genetic elements within next-generation sequencing (NGS) data and allowed CRISPR typing of a majority of
P. aeruginosa
strains. In summary, our analysis demonstrated that CRISPR-Cas systems play an important role in shaping the accessory genomes of globally distributed
P. aeruginosa
isolates.

IMPORTANCE
P. aeruginosa
is both an antibiotic-refractory pathogen and an important model system for type I CRISPR-Cas bacterial immune systems. By combining the genome sequences of 672 newly and previously sequenced genomes, we were able to provide a global view of the phylogenetic distribution, conservation, and potential targets of these systems. This analysis identified a new and putatively mobile
P. aeruginosa
CRISPR-Cas subtype, characterized the diverse distribution of known CRISPR-inhibiting genes, and provided a potential new use for CRISPR spacer libraries in accessory genome analysis. Our data demonstrated the importance of CRISPR-Cas systems in modulating the accessory genomes of globally distributed strains while also providing substantial data for subsequent genomic and experimental studies in multiple fields. Understanding why certain genotypes of
P. aeruginosa
are clinically prevalent and adept at horizontally acquiring virulence and antibiotic resistance elements is of major clinical and economic importance.