bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Two Cultures in Modern Science and Technology: For Safety and Validity Does Medicine Have to Update?
Authors: Becker Robert E. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Two different scientific cultures go unreconciled in modern medicine. Each culture accepts that scientific knowledge and technologies are vulnerable to and easily invalidated by methods and conditions of acquisition, interpretation, and application. How these vulnerabilities are addressed separates the 2 cultures and potentially explains medicine's difficulties eradicating errors. A traditional culture, dominant in medicine, leaves error control in the hands of individual and group investigators and practitioners. A competing modern scientific culture accepts errors as inevitable, pernicious, and pervasive sources of adverse events throughout medical research and patient care too malignant for individuals or groups to control. Error risks to the validity of scientific knowledge and safety in patient care require systemwide programming able to support a culture in medicine grounded in tested, continually updated, widely promulgated, and uniformly implemented standards of practice for research and patient care. Experiences from successes in other sciences and industries strongly support the need for leadership from the Institute of Medicine's recommended Center for Patient Safely within the Federal Executive branch of government.
Multiphasic Dynamic Computed Tomography Evaluation of Liver Tissue Perfusion Characteristics Using the Dual Maximum Slope Model in Patients With Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Authors: Lee Dong Ho , Lee Jeong Min , Klotz Ernst , Han Joon Koo 
Published: January 2016

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of multiphasic dynamic computed tomography (CT) scans in providing liver tissue perfusion characteristics using the dual maximum slope model in patients with liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Materials and Methods
With institutional review board approval and acquisition of informed consent, we retrospectively analyzed the prospectively collected perfusion CT (PCT) data of 36 patients enrolled in a prospective clinical trial for pretherapeutic assessment of HCC. To obtain perfusion parameters including arterial liver perfusion (ALP), portal venous perfusion (PVP), and the hepatic perfusion index (HPI), 5-phase dynamic CT data sets with triple arterial phases including peak aortic and splenic enhancement information were selected from the PCT data sets. The PCT and 5-phase dynamic CT data sets extracted from the PCT data were analyzed using dedicated perfusion software based on the dual maximum slope model. Comparisons between the perfusion parameters of each method were performed using Wilcoxon signed rank test and intraclass correlation coefficients.

Results
The extraction of liver perfusion parameters from 5-phase dynamic CT scans was feasible using the dual maximum slope model, and no significant differences were observed between perfusion parameters obtained from 5-phase dynamic CT and from PCT in the liver parenchyma (ALP, P = 0.137; PVP, P = 0.110; HPI, P = 0.793) and in HCCs (ALP, P = 0.162; HPI, P = 0.131). Regarding intraclass correlation coefficients, excellent agreement was observed between perfusion parameters obtained using 5-phase dynamic CT and from PCT in both the liver parenchyma (ALP, 0.793; PVP, 0.831; HPI, 0.934) and in HCCs (ALP, 0.889; HPI, 0.943).

Conclusions
The extraction of liver perfusion parameters from 5-phase dynamic CT scans was feasible using the dual maximum slope model and provided comparable values to those obtained from PCT.
cis,trans,cis-1,2,3,4-Tetrakis[2-(ethylsulfanyl)phenyl]cyclobutane
Authors: Sohr Barbara , Glöcklhofer Florian , Stöger Berthold , Weil Matthias , Fröhlich Johannes 
Published: January 2016

The title cyclobutane derivative, C36H40S4, formed serendipitously through a photochemically initiated [2 + 2] cycloaddition. The asymmetric unit contains half a molecule with the 2-(ethylsulfanyl)phenyl substituents in acisconfiguration, the other half of the molecule being generated by the application of a twofold rotation operation. The substituents in both halves of the molecules are in atransarrangement relative to each other. The cyclobutane ring shows angular and torsional strains, with C—C—C bond angles of 89.80 (8) and 88.40 (8)°, and an average absolute torsion angle of 14.28 (10)°. The angle of pucker in the ring is 20.27 (12)°. The Ccb—Ccb—Cbangles between the cyclobutane (cb) ring atoms and the attached benzene (b) ring atoms are widened and range from 115.19 (10) to 121.66 (10)°. A weak intramolecular C—H...S hydrogen-bonding interaction between one of the cyclobutane ring H atoms and the S atom may help to establish the molecular conformation. No specific intermolecular interactions are found.
Measuring university-to-work success: development of a new scale
Authors: Oliveira Marina Cardoso de , Melo-Silva Lucy Leal , Taveira Maria do Céu , Grace Randolph C. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to develop a subjective multidimensional measure of early career success during university-to-work transition.Design/methodology/approach– The construct of university-to-work success (UWS) was defined in terms of intrinsic and extrinsic career outcomes, and a three-stage study was conducted to create a new scale.Findings– A preliminary set of items was developed and tested by judges. Results showed the items had good content validity. Factor analyses indicated a four-factor structure and a second-order model with subscales to assess: career insertion and satisfaction, confidence in career future, income and financial independence, and adaptation to work. Third, the authors sought to confirm the hypothesized model examining the comparative fit of the scale and two alternative models. Results showed that fits for both the first- and second-order models were acceptable.Research limitations/implications– The proposed model has sound psychometric qualities, although the validated version of the scale was not able to incorporate all constructs envisaged by the initial theoretical model. Results indicated some direction for further refinement.Practical implications– The scale could be used as a tool for self-assessment or as an outcome measure to assess the efficacy of university-to-work programs in applied settings.Originality/value– This study provides a useful single measure to assess early career success during the university-to-work transition, and might facilitate testing of causal models which could help identify factors relevant for successful transition.
Development idiosyncratic deals and career success
Authors: Guerrero Sylvie , Jeanblanc Hélène , Veilleux Marisol 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to rely on the sponsored-mobility perspective of career success (Turner, 1960) to explore the antecedents and consequences of development idiosyncratic deals (i-deals). The authors position career planning as an antecedent of development i-deals, and subjective and objective measures of career success as an outcome.Design/methodology/approach– The authors led a two-wave study among a sample of 325 engineers to test the research hypotheses.Findings– Results support the hypotheses. Development i-deals are positively related to three objective measures of career success (e.g. promotions, hierarchical level, and salary) and one subjective measure of career success (e.g. career satisfaction).Practical implications– The results offer new perspectives to practitioners who want to better manage the careers of their talented employees by highlighting the positive effects of development i-deals on career success.Originality/value– This paper relates i-deals to the field of careers.
Suboptimal financial policies and executive ownership in the UK: evidence from a pre-crisis
Authors: Iona Alfonsina , Leonida Leone 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to identify firms in the UK adopting a policy of high cash and low leverage and investigate how executive ownership contributes to this decision.

Design/methodology/approach
Firms following this policy are identified both by using a fixed classification approach and the analysis of the distribution of cash and leverage. Logit analysis is then used to estimate the probability of adopting the policy as a function of executive ownership.

Findings
Extreme financial policies are suboptimal as firms adopting these policies tend to undershoot (overshoot) their target leverage (cash holdings) ratios. The impact of the executive ownership on the probability of adopting this policy is U-shaped, in line with the alignment–entrenchment hypothesis.

Practical implications
Despite the substantial presence of non-executive directors in the boards and a significant amount of shareholdings by executive directors, the firms under analysis have adopted suboptimal financial policies possibly because poorly governed or because executive ownership is the range where entrenchment is feasible.

Originality/value
This is the first attempt at recognising policies of high cash and low leverage as being explicitly interdependent. It is also the first study focussing on the UK, a country of interest, because ownership structure is relatively dispersed. Moreover, instead of choosing fixed threshold levels of the variable in defining the extreme financial policy, this paper proposes the analysis of the distribution of cash holdings and leverage and accounts for target levels of cash and leverage.
Psychographics of comparison shoppers
Authors: Mittal Banwari 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of the paper is to identify the psychographics of comparison shoppers. How do comparison shoppers differ from their counterparts? This question has remained unaddressed in extant literature.

Design/methodology/approach
– Two separate surveys of convenience samples of consumers were used to identify comparison shoppers and non-comparison shoppers and their profiles.

Findings
– Comparisons shoppers enjoyed shopping more and were on a tight budget. They also saw themselves as smart shoppers compared to their counterparts. However, non-comparison shoppers did not lack in buying gratification, decision confidence or satisfaction with their choices. Both groups were also at par on achievement orientation, optimism, spirited living and happiness.

Research limitations/implications
– Findings of differences are important: comparison shoppers do not find the shopping task stressful, instead they enjoy shopping more. The findings of no difference are even more important: the act of engaging in comparison shopping did not, in and of itself, heighten (nor lessen) the decision confidence, consumption pleasure, optimism or happiness.

Practical implications
– Given that comparison shoppers are just as optimists and achievement oriented, their self-esteem is likely just as high, and, as such, they would expect to be treated with respect. Thus, even low-service, value-priced stores need to make shopping hassle free, pleasant and respectful.

Originality/value
– Comparison shopping has not been studied before as a focal construct. The present paper contributes by identifying important psychographic traits of comparison shoppers, both those that separate them from their counterparts and those that unite them.
The bvg‐repressed gene brtA, encoding biofilm‐associated surface adhesin, is expressed during host infection by Bordetella bronchiseptica
Authors: Nishikawa Sayaka , Shinzawa Naoaki , Nakamura Keiji , Ishigaki Keisuke , Abe Hiroyuki , Horiguchi Yasuhiko 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBordetella species display phase modulation between Bvg+ and Bvg− phases. Because expression of known virulence factors is up‐regulated in the Bvg+ phase, bacteria in this phase are considered competent for infection. However, the Bvg− phase is of negligible importance for infection. No studies have shown that bacterial factors specific to the Bvg− phase (bvg‐repressed factors) are expressed in the course of Bordetella infection. In the present study, the gene brtA (Bordetella RTX‐family Adhesin), which is a typical bvg‐repressed gene but is expressed in B. bronchiseptica infecting hosts, was characterized. BrtA is composed of repeated pairs of the VCBS unit and dystroglycan‐type cadherin‐like unit, the von Willebrand Factor A domain, RTX motif and type I secretion target signal. It is herein demonstrated that BrtA is secreted by the type I secretion system and is essential for Ca2+‐dependent bacteria‐to‐substrate adherence, followed by biofilm formation. Although the contribution of BrtA to bacterial colonization of the rat trachea currently remains unclear, this is the first study to present concrete evidence for the expression of a bvg‐repressed gene during infection, which may provide a novel aspect for analyses of Bordetella pathogenesis.
Physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties of Egyptian Kariesh cheese containing wheat bran
Authors: Abd Elhamid Abeer M 
Published: January 2016

The physicochemical, rheological and sensory properties during the storage of Kariesh cheeses made with 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4 or 0.5 g wheat bran/100 g milk were evaluated at 0, 7 and 15 days. The cheeses with 0.5 g wheat bran/100 g milk had a significantly (P < 0.01) higher yield and moisture content, and lower pH and protein content than the control. No significant differences (P > 0.01) in salt and ash contents were observed among the cheeses studied. Texture profile analysis showed that the rheological characteristics decreased significantly in cheeses made with wheat bran. These results suggested that wheat bran (up to 0.4%) can be used to produce a fibre fortified Kariesh cheese.
Potential Prophylactic Properties of Apple and Characterization of Potent Bioactive from cv. “Granny Smith” Displaying Strong Antimutagenicity in Models Including Human Lymphoblast TK6+/− Cell Line
Authors: Saxena Sudhanshu , Verma Jyoti , Gautam Satyendra 
Published: January 2016

AbstractPotential prophylactic attributes in terms of antimutagenicity, antioxidant, and radioprotective properties were evaluated for 8 common apple cultivars namely “Fuji,” “Golden Delicious,” “Granny Smith,” “Ambri Kashmiri,” “Kinnaur,” “Red Delicious,” “Royal Gala,” and “Shimla,” where cultivar based significant variation was observed. Cv. “Granny Smith” displayed significantly higher and broad spectrum antimutagenicity in Escherichia coli rpoB based rifampicin resistance (RifR) assay, whereas, “Ambri Kashmiri,” “Royal Gala,” and “Shimla” showed lower antimutagenicity. Cultivars “Ambri Kashmiri,” “Kinnaur,” and “Red Delicious” exhibited strong antioxidant activity than cv. “Granny Smith” as assayed by radical scavenging, reducing potential and radioprotective property assays. The antioxidant and radioprotective properties were found to be better correlated than antimutagenicity. Suppression of error‐prone DNA repair pathway (such as E. coli SOS response) was found to be one of the possible mechanisms contributing to its antimutagenicity. Phenolic extract of “Granny Smithˮ showing higher antimutagenicity was HPLC purified and the bioactive fraction (tR 35.4 min) contributing maximally (∼80%) to the observed antimutagenicity was identified as procyanidin dimer (PD) by ESI‐MS/MS. The above observed antimutagenicity in bacterial assay system was well reproduced in Thymidine Kinase Mutation (TKM) assay performed using human lymphoblast cell line (TK6+/−) cell line making the findings more prophylactically relevant.
Rye and Wheat Bran Extracts Isolated with Pressurized Solvents Increase Oxidative Stability and Antioxidant Potential of Beef Meat Hamburgers
Authors: Šulniūtė Vaida , Jaime Isabel , Rovira Jordi , Venskutonis Petras Rimantas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRye and wheat bran extracts containing phenolic compounds and demonstrating high DPPH• (2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl), ABTS•+ (2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulphonic acid) scavenging and oxygen radical absorbance capacities (ORAC) were tested in beef hamburgers as possible functional ingredients. Bran extracts significantly increased the indicators of antioxidant potential of meat products and their global antioxidant response (GAR) during physiological in vitro digestion. The extracts also inhibited the formation of oxidation products, hexanal and malondialdehyde, of hamburgers during their storage; however, they did not have significant effect on the growth of microorganisms. Hamburgers with 0.8% wheat bran extract demonstrated the highest antioxidant potential. Some effects of bran extracts on other quality characteristics such as pH, color, formation of metmyoglobin were also observed, however, these effects did not have negative influence on the overall sensory evaluation score of hamburgers. Consequently, the use of bran extracts in meat products may be considered as promising means of increasing oxidative product stability and enriching with functional ingredients which might possess health benefits.
Impact of Added Encapsulated Phosphate Level on Lipid Oxidation Inhibition during the Storage of Cooked Ground Meat
Authors: Kılıç B. , Şimşek A. , Claus J.R. , Atılgan E. , Bilecen D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe effect of levels (0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%) of added encapsulated (e) phosphate (sodium tripolyphosphate, STP; sodium hexametaphosphate, HMP; sodium pyrophosphate, SPP) on lipid oxidation inhibition during storage (0, 1, and 7 d) of ground meat (chicken, beef) was evaluated. The use of eSTP and eSPP resulted in lower and higher cooking loss (CL) compared to eHMP, respectively (P < 0.05). Increasing encapsulated phosphate level (PL) enhanced the impact of phosphates on CL in both chicken and beef samples (P < 0.05). Encapsulated STP increased pH, whereas eSPP decreased pH (P < 0.05). pH was not affected by PL. The highest orthophosphate (OP) was obtained with eSTP, followed by eSPP and eHMP (P < 0.05). The level of OP determined in both chicken and beef samples increased (P < 0.05) during storage. Increasing PL caused an increase in OP (P < 0.05). The highest reduction rate in the formation of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) and LPO for both meat species were obtained with eSPP, followed by eSTP and eHMP (P < 0.05). Increasing PL resulted in lower TBARS and LPO (P < 0.05). Findings suggest that encapsulated phosphates can be a strategy to inhibit lipid oxidation for the meat industry and the efficiency of encapsulated phosphates on lipid oxidation inhibition can be enhanced by increasing PL.
Effect of CMC Molecular Weight on Acid‐Induced Gelation of Heated WPI‐CMC Soluble Complex
Authors: Huan Yan , Zhang Sha , Vardhanabhuti Bongkosh 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAcid‐induced gelation properties of heated whey protein isolate (WPI) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) soluble complex were investigated as a function of CMC molecular weight (270, 680, and 750 kDa) and concentrations (0% to 0.125%). Heated WPI‐CMC soluble complex with 6% protein was made by heating biopolymers together at pH 7.0 and 85 °C for 30 min and diluted to 5% protein before acid‐induced gelation. Acid‐induced gel formed from heated WPI‐CMC complexes exhibited increased hardness and decreased water holding capacity with increasing CMC concentrations but gel strength decreased at higher CMC content. The highest gel strength was observed with CMC 750 k at 0.05%. Gels with low CMC concentration showed homogenous microstructure which was independent of CMC molecular weight, while increasing CMC concentration led to microphase separation with higher CMC molecular weight showing more extensive phase separation. When heated WPI‐CMC complexes were prepared at 9% protein the acid gels showed improved gel hardness and water holding capacity, which was supported by the more interconnected protein network with less porosity when compared to complexes heated at 6% protein. It is concluded that protein concentration and biopolymer ratio during complex formation are the major factors affecting gel properties while the effect of CMC molecular weight was less significant.
On Efficient and Accurate Calculation of Significance P‐Values for Sequence Kernel Association Testing of Variant Set
Authors: Wu Baolin , Guan Weihua , Pankow James S. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe objective of this paper is to discuss and develop alternative computational methods to accurately and efficiently calculate significance P‐values for the commonly used sequence kernel association test (SKAT) and adaptive sum of SKAT and burden test (SKAT‐O) for variant set association. We show that the existing software can lead to either conservative or inflated type I errors. We develop alternative and efficient computational algorithms that quickly compute the SKAT P‐value and have well‐controlled type I errors. In addition, we derive an alternative and simplified formula for calculating the significance P‐value of SKAT‐O, which sheds light on the development of efficient and accurate numerical algorithms. We implement the proposed methods in the publicly available R package that can be readily used or adapted to large‐scale sequencing studies. Given that more and more large‐scale exome and whole genome sequencing or re‐sequencing studies are being conducted, the proposed methods are practically very important. We conduct extensive numerical studies to investigate the performance of the proposed methods. We further illustrate their usefulness with application to associations between rare exonic variants and fasting glucose levels in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study.
Hierarchical foraging by giraffe in a heterogeneous savannah, Tanzania
Authors: Mahenya Obeid , Mathisen Karen Marie , Andreassen Harry P. , Skarpe Christina 
Published: January 2016

AbstractUnderstanding foraging decisions made by wildlife at different spatio‐temporal scales is important for wildlife management and conservation. We tested whether foraging decisions by Masai giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis tippelskirchiMatschie) differed with scales; habitat, patch and tree in a heterogeneous savannah. We collected data from Arusha National Park, Tanzania, in March–May and August–October 2013. Visual observations were used to collect data on foraging behaviour. Measurements of tree height and stem height and scoring of accumulated browsing were made in 133 patches around trees where the giraffes had been seen browsing, and in a corresponding number of available patches. Giraffes selectedAcaciashrub andDodoneashrub habitats but not for water availability or predator avoidance. For patch use, giraffe selected high quantity ofAcacia xanthophloeaandDodonea viscosa. Between plant species,A. xanthophloeawas the most preferred and within plant species, tree quality was enhanced by tree height and high score of accumulated browsing. Generally, giraffes selected forA. xanthophloeaat all scales.