bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Functional Plasticity of Adipose-Derived Stromal Cells During Development of Obesity
Authors: Zhu Xiang-Yang , Ma Shuangtao , Eirin Alfonso , Woollard John R. , Hickson LaTonya J. , Sun Dong , Lerman Amir , Lerman Lilach O. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Obesity is a major risk factor for a number of chronic diseases, including diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and cancer. Expansion of the adipose mass requires adipocyte precursor cells that originate from multipotent adipose-derived stromal cells (ASCs), which in turn also participate in repair activities. ASC function might decline in a disease milieu, but it remains unclear whether ASC function varies during the development of obesity. We tested the hypothesis that microenvironmental inflammatory changes during development of metabolic disorders in obesity affect ASC function. Domestic pigs were fed with an atherogenic (n = 7) or normal (n = 7) diet for 16 weeks. Abdominal adipose tissue biopsies were collected after 8, 12, and 16 weeks of diet for ASC isolation and immunohistochemistry of in situ ASCs and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α). Longitudinal changes in proliferation, differentiation, and anti-inflammatory functions of ASCs were assessed. At 16 weeks, upregulated TNF-α expression in adipose tissue from obese pigs was accompanied by increased numbers of adipocyte progenitors (CD24+/CD34+) in adipose tissue and enlarged adipocyte size. In vitro, ASCs from obese pigs showed enhanced adipogenic and osteogenic propensity, which was abolished by anti-TNF-α treatment, whereas lean ASCs treated with TNF-α showed enhanced adipogenesis. Furthermore, obese ASCs showed increased senescence compared with lean ASCs, whereas their immunomodulatory capacity was preserved. Adipose tissue inflammation promotes an increase in resident adipocyte progenitors and upregulated TNF-α enhances ASC adipogenesis. Thus, adipose tissue anti-inflammatory strategies might be a novel target to attenuate obesity and its complications.

Significance
Adipose-derived stromal cell (ASC) function might decline in a disease milieu, but it remains unclear whether ASC function varies during the development of obesity. This study tested the hypothesis that microenvironmental inflammatory changes during development of metabolic disorders in obesity affect ASC function. It was found that ASCs show increased propensity for differentiation into adipocytes, which is partly mediated by upregulated tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), likely in their adipose tissue microenvironment. Furthermore, TNF-α magnified obese ASC senescence, although it did not regulate their anti-inflammatory properties. Thus, adipose tissue inflammation might be a novel therapeutic target to avert ASC maldifferentiation and senescence.
Rapid Induction of Cerebral Organoids From Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Using a Chemically Defined Hydrogel and Defined Cell Culture Medium
Authors: Lindborg Beth A. , Brekke John H. , Vegoe Amanda L. , Ulrich Connor B. , Haider Kerri T. , Subramaniam Sandhya , Venhuizen Scott L. , Eide Cindy R. , Orchard Paul J. , Chen Weili , Wang Qi , Pelaez Francisco , Scott Carolyn M. , Kokkoli Efrosini , Keirstead Susan A. , Dutton James R. , Tolar Jakub , O'Brien Timothy D. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Tissue organoids are a promising technology that may accelerate development of the societal and NIH mandate for precision medicine. Here we describe a robust and simple method for generating cerebral organoids (cOrgs) from human pluripotent stem cells by using a chemically defined hydrogel material and chemically defined culture medium. By using no additional neural induction components, cOrgs appeared on the hydrogel surface within 10–14 days, and under static culture conditions, they attained sizes up to 3 mm in greatest dimension by day 28. Histologically, the organoids showed neural rosette and neural tube-like structures and evidence of early corticogenesis. Immunostaining and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction demonstrated protein and gene expression representative of forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain development. Physiologic studies showed responses to glutamate and depolarization in many cells, consistent with neural behavior. The method of cerebral organoid generation described here facilitates access to this technology, enables scalable applications, and provides a potential pathway to translational applications where defined components are desirable.

Significance
Tissue organoids are a promising technology with many potential applications, such as pharmaceutical screens and development of in vitro disease models, particularly for human polygenic conditions where animal models are insufficient. This work describes a robust and simple method for generating cerebral organoids from human induced pluripotent stem cells by using a chemically defined hydrogel material and chemically defined culture medium. This method, by virtue of its simplicity and use of defined materials, greatly facilitates access to cerebral organoid technology, enables scalable applications, and provides a potential pathway to translational applications where defined components are desirable.
Missionaries, merchants, and Inuit entrepreneurs: An examination of trade relations along the Labrador coast
Authors: Fay Amelia 
Published: May 2016

The study of Inuit-European contact in Labrador has often divided the coast into north and south, creating a dichotomy that ignores Inuit mobility and emphasizes the arrival and placement of Europeans along the coast. This has caused some researchers to focus too heavily on missionary trade involvement in the north while ignoring merchant activity in the south, and vice versa. This paper seeks to provide further evidence in support of Inuit entrepreneurs as catalysts for the abundance and diversity of European-made trade goods along the coast, rather than the missionaries or merchants themselves. This study presents an analysis of four Inuit dwellings dating from the mid-18th through early 19th centuries, both pre- and post- missionary arrival, from two distinct regions: Nain and Hamilton Inlet. The results show no significant difference in the quantity of trade goods between the two regions, either before or after the arrival of Moravian missionaries. There may have been another factor at work: influential Inuit traders who were a key component of the trade network, who likely rose to entrepreneurial status prior to the arrival of missionaries, and who continued to move items along the coast thereafter. Thus, the increasing European presence did not largely affect the trade network that had emerged by the early 18th century, aside from providing the Inuit population with access to additional resources and more options.
Intermédiaire d’intermédiaires
Authors: Desmazières1 Albert 
Published: May 2016

Le champ de la sécurité connaît actuellement un développement exponentiel du secteur privé, générant de nouveaux modes de gouvernance hybrides basés sur des partenariats public-privé (PPP). Cette recherche propose d’étudier un dispositif sécuritaire spécifique cherchant à combattre une forme de l’objet particulier qu’est le crime en col blanc, c’est-à-dire la lutte anticontrefaçon (LAC) en Belgique, à travers l’analyse complète de ses pratiques de gouvernance, en tentant de trouver des explications à l’impunité relative caractérisant le phénomène criminel. Pour ce faire, une observation participante a été réalisée au sein du Bureau d’investigations privées (le BIP), possédant une place stratégique dans la lutte, et les données recueillies ont été analysées à la lumière de la classification triple des questions de sécurité de Valverde (2011). Il en ressort que l’impunité émanant du dispositif de la LAC, tiraillé par des logiques contradictoires d’application de la loi et de rentabilisation économique, n’est pas à imputer à un manque de collaboration au sein du PPP, le BIP s’appliquant à la garantir. Le dispositif apparaissant paradoxalement stable, l’impunité serait davantage le produit d’une définition des priorités, fréquente lorsqu’il s’agit de crime en col blanc, de la part des acteurs aux commandes : les magistrats et les marques.
Quand les corps adolescents parlent de l’enfermement
Authors: Jaspart1 Alice 
Published: May 2016

L’article propose d’entrer dans l’enfermement des jeunes garçons contrevenants en Belgique, en s’intéressant aux corps des adolescents et à leurs expériences sensorielles. C’est éclairée par la littérature traitant du corps des détenus en prison pour adultes, et plus particulièrement du corps comme « site de contrôle » et « site de résistance » (Frigon, 2012), que nous proposons de (ré)explorer un matériau ethnographique récolté dans quatre institutions fermées pour jeunes garçons. Après avoir situé le propos au regard des institutions concernées et de la méthodologie adoptée, nous suivrons les corps en mutation qui grandissent ou sont arrêtés dans leur croissance dans l’enfermement pour interroger les marques institutionnelles ainsi que les dynamiques de défense corporelle que l’on peut y déceler.
The impact of HIV infection on blood leukocyte responsiveness to bacterial stimulation in asymptomatic patients and patients with bloodstream infection
Authors: Huson Michaëla A M , Hoogendijk Arie J , de Vos Alex F , Grobusch Martin P , van der Poll Tom 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionHIV‐induced changes in cytokine responses to bacteria may influence susceptibility to bacterial infections and the consequent inflammatory response.MethodsWe examined the impact of HIV on whole blood responsiveness to bacterial stimulation in asymptomatic subjects and patients with bacterial bloodstream infection (BSI). Whole blood was stimulated ex vivo with two bacterial Toll‐like receptor agonists (lipopolysaccharide and lipoteichoic acid) and two pathogens (Streptococcus pneumoniae and non‐typhoidal Salmonella), which are relevant in HIV‐positive patients. Production of interferon‐γ, tumour necrosis factor‐α, interleukin‐1β and interleukin‐6 was used as a read‐out.ResultsIn asymptomatic subjects, HIV infection was associated with reduced interferon‐γ, release after stimulation and priming of the pro‐inflammatory cytokine response to non‐typhoidal Salmonella. In patients with BSI, we found no such priming effect, nor was there evidence for more profound sepsis‐induced immunosuppression in BSI patients with HIV co‐infection.ConclusionsThese results suggest a complex effect of HIV on leukocyte responses to bacteria. However, in patients with sepsis, leukocyte responses were equally blunted in patients with and without HIV infection.
Leaky‐Wave Antennas
Authors: Galli Alessandro , Baccarelli Paolo , Burghignoli Paolo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLeaky‐wave antennas (LWAs) represent a class of radiators whose features can efficiently be described in terms of an electromagnetic traveling wave with complex wavenumber (leaky wave) able to propagate in guiding structures that do not completely confine the field. These guiding structures allow for a gradual loss of power to the external environment (leakage). In this article, in conjunction with the fundamental operating principles, the distinctive features of LWAs are described in terms of types and relevant radiation patterns. The basic analysis and the design techniques are summarized, and the main configurations are reviewed, emphasizing historical developments as well as new trends of such radiating elements.
Inductive Power Transmission Systems
Authors: Kiani Mehdi , Ghovanloo Maysam 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPowering up and recharging a variety of mobile devices, such as implantable medical devices (IMD), smartphones, and electric vehicles, are governed by the same fundamental principles of near‐field inductive coupling, which guide the design constraints and practical considerations of inductive power transmission described in this article. The coupling coefficient and power transmission efficiency (PTE) of an inductive link, which are affected by important geometrical and circuit design parameters on both transmitter (Tx) and receiver (Rx) sides, are discussed. The inductive link PTE has been modeled based on the reflected load theory, indicating that the mutual coupling between the coils has the most significant effect on the PTE, followed by the primary and secondary coils' quality factors. To these factors, one should add the load resistance, source resistance, carrier frequency, and the surrounding environment. Three and four‐coil inductive links have been utilized as a way to achieve optimal loading condition and to reduce the negative effect of load/source resistances on the PTE. This article also includes an optimization method for the wireless links that are made of printed spiral coils (PSC), which are suitable for IMDs and radio‐frequency identification (RFID) applications.
Ocular and Periocular Biometrics
Authors: Jillela Raghavender , Ross Arun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSeveral ocular modalities have been proven to serve as biometric indicators. Among all ocular traits, iris is considered to provide highly reliable recognition performance. However, several challenges exist in iris recognition under uncontrolled scenarios. In such situations, periocular information could be of benefit due to its ease of acquisition and matching. The goal of this chapter is to provide an overview of periocular recognition and the progress made over the past few years. Other ocular biometric traits such as retina, iris, and conjunctival vasculature are also discussed.
Ferroelectric Antenna Technology
Authors: Miranda Félix A. , Romanofsky Robert R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFerroelectrics represent a broad class of materials exhibiting spontaneous polarization that can be controlled by application of an external dc electric field. Many crystal families support ferroelectricity, but for microwave device and circuit applications, attention has been focused on perovskites, and especially barium strontium titanate. Since the polarization and hence dielectric constant can be modified, frequency‐ and phase‐agile microwave components can be realized. This article focuses on microwave antenna applications, including tunable antennas, phase shifters, and scanning antennas based on both bulk and thin film materials.
Electromagnetic Radiation Physics: Demonstrations Using Free Charge and Simple Wire Objects
Authors: Miller E. K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractElectromagnetic radiation is discussed from the analytical perspective that charge acceleration is necessary to produce an electromagnetic field that falls off distance with R as 1/R from a radiating source. The discussion begins with the Lienard–Wiechert potentials that show a radiation field is proportional to charge acceleration. A graphical construction known as theE‐field kink model is discussed as a second way to illustrate the connection between charge acceleration and radiation. A generic wire object is introduced as a means to demonstrate the various ways that charge acceleration and subsequent radiation will occur. These features include exciting sources; wire‐radius discontinuities; impedance loads; wire bends; wire curvature; open ends; and straight‐wire sections. Each of these is explored in various levels of detail in the discussion that follows, which are illustrated with numerous computed examples using the frequency‐domain model NEC (Numerical Electromagnetics Code) and the time‐domain model TWTD (thin‐wire time domain). A technique called FARS (far‐field analysis of radiation sources) is also introduced as a means of showing quantitatively where radiation originates from the generic wire model.
Natural Polymers for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells: Electrolytes and Electrodes
Authors: Bella Federico , Gerbaldi Claudio 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
It has been argued that the application of biosourced materials holds a promise for improved environmental performance. This promise has also been argued to apply to photovoltaic and solar cells. Frontrunners in this respect are the dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSSCs), also known as Grätzel cells. DSSCs are the most investigated third‐generation photovoltaic devices, due to a number of attractive features, including quasi‐flexibility and quasi‐transparency, which offer a variety of uses not applicable to glass‐based systems, such as low‐cost and ease of manufacturing via conventional roll‐printing techniques. However, important drawbacks of DSSCs are represented by the poor long‐term stability due to the volatility of the electrolyte contained organic solvent and the use of toxic and expensive components. DSSCs exploiting biosourced polymer electrolytes and electrode materials are presently under intense investigation as a next‐generation sustainable solar energy converter because of their simple structure, low manufacturing cost, and green aspect. This article details the preparation and characteristics of some recently developed electrolytes and electrodes by using biosourced materials.
Lunar meteoritic gardening rate derived from in situ LADEE/LDEX measurements
Authors: Szalay Jamey R. , Horányi Mihály 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Lunar Atmosphere and Dust Environment Explorer (LADEE) orbited the Moon for approximately 6 months, taking data with the Lunar Dust Experiment (LDEX). LDEX was uniquely equipped to characterize the current rate of lunar impact gardening as it measured the very particles taking part in this process. By deriving an average lunar dust density distribution, we calculate the rate at which exospheric dust rains back down onto the lunar surface. Near the equatorial plane, we find that approximately 40 μm/Myr of lunar regolith, with a cumulative size distribution index of 2.7, is redistributed due to meteoritic bombardment, a process which occurs predominantly on the lunar apex hemisphere.
Evaluation of geostationary satellite observations and the development of a 1–2 h prediction model for future storm intensity
Authors: Mecikalski John R. , Rosenfeld Daniel , Manzato Agostino 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA study was conducted to gain insights into the use of geostationary satellite‐based indicators for characterizing and identifying growing cumulus clouds that evolve into severe weather producing convective storms. Eleven convective initiation (CI), 41 cloud top temperature–effective radius (T‐re), and 9 additional fields were formed for 340 growing cumulus clouds that were manually tracked for 2 h and checked for association with severe weather to 2–3 h into the future. The geostationary satellite data were at 5 min resolution from Meteosat‐8 on six convectively active days in 2010, 2012, and 2013. The study's goals were to determine which satellite fields are useful to forecasting severe storms and to form a simple model for predicting future storm intensity. The CI fields were applied on 3 × 3 pixel regions, and the T‐re fields were analyzed on 9 × 9 and 51 × 51 pixel domains (needed when forming T‐re vertical profiles). Of the 340 growing cumulus clouds examined, 34 were later associated with severe weather (using European Severe Weather Database reports), with the remaining being nonsevere storms. Using a multivariate analysis, transforming predictors into their empirical posterior probability, and maximizing the Peirce skill score, the best predictors were T1451 (51 × 51 pixel T, where re exceeds 14 µm), TG9 (9 × 9 pixel glaciation T surrounding a growing cloud), and ReBRTG51 (51 × 51 pixel re at the breakpoint T in the T‐re profile). Rapid cloud growth prior to severe storm formation leads to delayed particle growth, colder temperatures of the first 14 µm particles, and lower TG values.
Evaluation of reanalysis, spatially interpolated and satellite remotely sensed precipitation data sets in central Asia
Authors: Hu Zengyun , Hu Qi , Zhang Chi , Chen Xi , Li Qingxiang 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe accuracy of any gridded climatic data sets is as important as their availability for regional climate and ecological studies. In this study, the accuracy of estimated precipitation in central Asia from three recently developed reanalysis data sets, Modern‐Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA), ECMWF Interim Re‐Analysis (ERA‐Interim), and Climate Forecast System Reanalysis (CFSR), is evaluated through comparisons with observations from 399 stations during 1979–2010. An interpolated precipitation data set from station observations and a satellite remotely sensed data set, Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) 3B42, are included in the evaluation. Major results show that MERRA data have higher accuracy than ERA‐Interim and CFSR, although they all overestimate the observed precipitation especially in late spring and early summer months, suggesting errors in their ways of representing convective precipitation in that region. In comparison, the interpolated and satellite‐sensed data, which provide no upper air information/data, have higher accuracy. While all these data sets have difficulty in describing stations' precipitation in mountainous areas, the reanalysis data sets have particularly large discrepancies. In examining the discrepancy in the reanalysis data, a Precipitation‐Topography Partial Least Squares method is proposed to incorporate certain terrain/geographic effects on precipitation in mapping the gridded data to the station locations for comparison with the observation. The outcome suggests that the estimated station precipitation by this new method is closer to the observed than the method without considering those factors. The improvement by this method and by possible other methods taking into account different details/aspects of the influences indicates that it is only meaningful to compare the accuracy or relevance of gridded data sets to station observations in a relative sense among various data sets.
Radiation Tolerance
Authors: Battista John R 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Life on earth was not exposed to high‐dose ultraviolet (UV) light or ionising radiation (IR) until the last century. Despite this fact, it is possible to isolate species from within the
Bacteria
and
Archaea
that display an unusually high resistance to the lethal effects of UV light and/or IR when compared to the rest of the tree of life. Questions concerning what mechanisms mediate this radiation tolerance and why radiotolerance evolved in an environment void of sources of high‐energy radiation define the study of these species. A great deal is known concerning the specific biochemical and physiological processes that counteract the damage caused by electromagnetic radiations, but almost all species express the proteins that mediate these processes. The nature of what distinguishes a radioresistant species from a radiosensitive species remains elusive.

Key Concepts

A small subset of
Bacteria
and
Archaea
express unusually high resistance to the lethal effects of UV and ionising radiations.

Beyond experimental evaluation, there are no overt characteristics that predict radiation tolerance; species can be defined as radiation‐tolerant only empirically.

UV and ionising radiations kill by altering the DNA structure in a manner that interferes with the irradiated cell's ability to propagate.

A number of active and passive mechanisms are known to contribute to a species' radiation tolerance, but a comprehensive explanation for radioresistance in any single species has remained elusive.

Endospores tolerate UV and ionising radiations by mechanisms not available to their vegetative forms.

The flux of UV and ionising radiations on earth have never been great enough to explain why high‐level resistance to these stresses evolved; a number of hypotheses have been put forward to account for the existence of radioresistant phenotypes.