bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cultural isolation is greater than genetic isolation across an avian hybrid zone
Authors: Kenyon H. L. , Alcaide M. , Toews D. P. L. , Irwin D. E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractElucidating the relationship between genetic and cultural evolution is important in understanding speciation, as learned premating barriers might be involved in maintaining species differences. Here, we test this relationship by examining a widely recognized premating barrier, bird song, in a hybrid zone between black‐throated green (Setophaga virens) and Townsend's warblers (S. townsendi). We use song analysis, genomic techniques and playback experiments to characterize the cultural and genetic backgrounds of individuals in this region, expecting that if song is an important reproductive barrier between these species, there should be a strong relationship between song and genotype. We show that songs in the hybrid zone correspond to the distinctly different songs found in allopatry but that song and genotype are not tightly coupled in sympatry. Allopatric individuals responded only to local songs, indicating that individuals may have learned to respond to songs they commonly hear. We observed discordance between song and genotype clines; a narrower cline suggests that cultural selection on song is stronger than natural selection on genotype. These findings indicate that song is unlikely to play a role in reproductive isolation between these species, and we suggest that spatial variation in song may nonetheless be maintained by frequency‐dependent cultural selection. This decoupling of genes and culture may contribute to hybridization in this region.
Self and identity over time: dementia
Authors: Brown Juliette 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHere, the author revisits the discussion on the impact of dementia on experiences of self and identity over time that formed part of the workshop session on Mental Disorder and Selfhood at Kings College London, September 1, 2015. Dementia is described as being synonymous with loss, but this, in the author's view, is due to conscious and unconscious focus on the later stages of the illness that undermine all our abilities to think about and use the intervening years. Those years can deliver remarkable insights into the capacity to navigate fragmented identities. They can also remind us vividly of the importance of a relational, interactive quality to identity and the degree to which aspects of our selves and identities reside and thrive in the minds of others.
Identification and characterization of a phospholipase A1 activity type three secreted protein, PP_ExoU from Pseudomonas plecoglossicida NB2011, the causative agent of visceral granulomas disease in large yellow croaker (Larimichthys crocea)
Authors: Zhang J , Wang Y , Guo H , Mao Z , Ge C 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPseudomonas plecoglossicida NB2011, the causative agent of visceral granulomas disease in farmed Larimichthys crocea in China, encodes a predicted type three effector PP_ExoU, a homolog of the cytotoxin ExoU of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In this study, secretion of PP_ExoU was tested in various broth, the protein was expressed with the pET30a prokaryotic system, the phospholipase A (PLA) activity of the recombinant protein was determined with fluorogenic phospholipid substrates, fusion expression with green fluorescent protein in transfected HeLa cells was investigated, and the lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) level was measured. The results showed the protein was type three secreted in several media; the recombinant protein displayed significant PLA1 activity with ubiquitin. Fluorescence was observed on the cell membrane and scattered in the cytoplasm of HeLa cells expressing catalytic wild‐type PP_ExoU, blebbing and stretching developed in the cell membranes indicating of membrane damage. Fluorescence scattered in the cytoplasm of cells expressing the catalytic inactive protein. A significant LDH level was detected in HeLa cells expressing wild‐type PP_exoU, but not in the Ser/Asp‐mutated protein, suggestion mutation of predicted catalytic residues abolished the PLA activity. This is the first report on the function of a secreted type three protein from P. plecoglossicida.
Use of pineapple waste for single cell protein (SCP) production and the effect of substrate concentration on the yield
Authors: Mensah Jim K. M. , Twumasi Peter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSingle cell protein (SCP) is used as a protein supplement in animal feed and protein rich foods for humans. In this study, extracts of pineapple waste were used as substrate for SCP production using Saccharomyces cerevisiae sp. (Baker or brewing yeast). The study also focused on the effect of the pineapple substrate concentration on the yield of SCP. Pineapple waste were collected from food processing companies in Kumasi and processed into pineapple juice extracts. The residual soluble sugars in the extract were measured and the concentration adjusted (40–100% v/v) for various submerged yeast fermentations to produce the SCPs. Initially, the yeast cells were cultured on Yeast Potato Dextrose Agar (YPDA) and then transferred into a Nutrient Broth to generate the activated yeast inoculum for the final fermentation. Pineapple extracts in 2.50 × 10−4 m3 conical flasks at various concentrations were each inoculated with 1 mL inoculum. The set‐ups were incubated at 298 K and the yeast cells or colonies counted at 24 hr interval for 5 days. Biochemical analysis of the substrate revealed the following composition: pH of 5.5 and 4.7% (m/v) total soluble sugars. Maximum yield and doubling time/hr of SCPs (3.01 kg/m3, 1,108 hr) was observed for the 60% (v/v) pineapple substrate concentration. The 100% (v/v) substrate concentration produced the least SCP yield of 2.5 × 10−2 kg/m3. It is concluded from this study that pineapple waste generated in the food processing industry serves as good substrates for SCP production with high‐potential economic value.Practical applicationsSingle cell proteins are utilized mainly as food supplement for human beings and animals. Several other applications of single cell proteins are available. It is used as a health food to control obesity, and provide instant energy to especially sports men. It is also used in therapeutic and natural medicines to: reduce body weight, cholesterol, stress, lower blood sugar in diabetic patients, promote healthy eyes and skin, and increase lactation. It is further used in the technical field for paper and leather processing, and as foam stabilizer.
Effect of lactic acid bacteria on microbial safety of angelica keiskei juice
Authors: Xie Fan , Wang Yuqiang , Zhou Yiming , Wu Jinhong , Wang Zhengwu 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the inhibitory activities of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) against Bacillus cereus in the Angelica keiskei juice. After pasteurization, yeasts, molds, Pseudomonas, and coliform bacteria can be inactivated effectively, but population of Bacillus cereus did not show significantly decreased. To inhibit the growth of B. cereus, Lactobacillus plantarum, casei, and acidophilus were applied to ferment the pasteurized Angelica keiskei juice. Through 48 hr fermentation, the populations of LABs increased 4.12, 3.64, and 3.59 log10 CFU/ml, respectively. The population of B. cereus increased 1.30, 1.92, and 2.04 log10 CFU/ml, respectively, but in the control group, it increased 3.23 log10 CFU/ml. Cereulide (a B. cereus emetic toxin) was identified in the control group, 36 as well as 48 hr of L. casei, and 48 hr of L. acidophilus fermented juice, but not in L. plantarum. The amount of the cereulide biosynthesis genes expression of B. cereus in Lactobacillus fermented juice was significant lower than that in the control group. These findings indicate that Lactobacillus can inhibit the growth of B. cereus in Angelica keiskei juice, and L. plantarum shows the best effect.Practical applicationsFresh Angelica keiskei juice is considered to be a healthy beverage, attributing to its numerous beneficial effects recently. However, microbial risk is always existent due to fresh Angelica keiskei juice is easy to be contaminated by some soil and heat resistant microorganisms, including B. cereus, which is unable to be inactivated by pasteurization. LAB are used in Angelica keiskei juice to inhibit the growth of B. cereus since they can generate a large amount of organic acids and bacteriocins. Hence, Angelica keiskei juice can be developed as a healthily fermented juice.
Fecal biomarkers in inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Lopez Robert N , Leach Steven T , Lemberg Daniel A , Duvoisin Gilles , Gearry Richard B , Day Andrew S 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOver the last two decades, knowledge on fecal biomarkers has substantially increased. Nowadays, these non‐invasive markers of inflammation have significant clinical utility in the management of inflammatory bowel disease. Their use informs the decision to perform endoscopy before diagnosis is made right through to influencing therapeutic choices and the need for interval endoscopic assessment. In this review, the roles of two S100 proteins, calprotectin, and S100A12 are described along with that of lactoferrin, in the context of inflammatory bowel disease.
Quantitative and qualitative analysis of breakfast nutritional composition in French schoolchildren aged 9–11 years
Authors: Lepicard E. M. , Maillot M. , Vieux F. , Viltard M. , Bonnet F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed to analyse the nutritional quality of childrens' breakfasts using data collected during a cross‐sectional observational study on the prevalence of urinary osmolality in 529 French children aged 9–11 years.MethodsTotal nutrient intake, mean adequacy ratio (MAR), energy density and solid energy density were calculated from breakfast food and fluid nutritional composition. To identify the main qualitative breakfast patterns, each breakfast item was categorised into 15 solid and liquid food categories and a principal component analysis followed by a cluster analysis was performed.ResultsOnly 9.8% included skipped breakfast. Breakfast provided, on average, 22.9% of the recommended daily energy intake and 24.7% of the mean adequacy ratio of 23 key nutrients. Four breakfast patterns were identified: ‘Sweets breakfast’ (40.0% of children), ‘Traditional French breakfast’ (27.2%), ‘Ready‐to‐eat cereal (RTEC) + milk’ (18.1%) and ‘Dairy and juice breakfast’ (9.5%). Nutritionally, the ‘RTEC+ milk’ pattern was the most advantageous. Flavoured milk was the most frequently consumed food (50.5%) and the major component of the ‘Traditional French breakfast’.ConclusionsAlthough breakfast provided a substantial contribution to a range of nutrients, opportunity for improvement, particularly to less nutrient breakfast patterns, should not be overlooked.
Trends in added sugar intake and food sources in a cohort of older Australians: 15 years of follow‐up from the Blue Mountains Eye Study
Authors: Moshtaghian H. , Louie J. C. Y. , Charlton K. E. , Probst Y. C. , Gopinath B. , Mitchell P. , Flood V. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe trend of added sugar (AS) intake has not been investigated in the Australian population, including in older adults. The present study aimed to assess trends and food sources of AS intake among a cohort of older Australians during 15 years of follow‐up.MethodsDietary data from participants of the Blue Mountains Eye Study (1264 men and 1614 women), aged ≥49 years at baseline, were collected. Dietary intakes were assessed at 5‐yearly intervals (1992–94 to 2007–09) using a 145‐item food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). AS content of FFQ food items was estimated using a stepwise systematic method. Trends for AS intake between baseline and the three follow‐up periods were assessed using linear mixed modelling.ResultsIn men, the mean (SEM) percentage of energy provided by AS intake (EAS%) declined from 10.4% (0.1%) at baseline to 9.4% (0.2%) at 15‐year follow‐up (Ptrend = 0.028). Women's mean (SEM) EAS% intake at baseline and 15‐year follow‐up was 9.2% (0.1%) and 8.8% (0.2%), respectively (Ptrend = 0.550). EAS% intake of men was significantly higher than that of women for 10 years (P < 0.05). Sugar products (table sugar, syrup, jam and honey) were the major sources of AS at all‐time points and contributed to more than 40% and 35% of AS intake in men and women, respectively. Intake of sugar products decreased in men during follow‐up (Ptrend < 0.001).ConclusionsAn overall downward trend was observed in AS intake in both genders, however, was only significant for men during 15 years of follow‐up. Table sugar and sugar‐containing spreads represent the major source of AS in this cohort of older Australians.
A Framework for Accurately Informing Facilitated Regional Industrial Symbioses on Environmental Consequences
Authors: Dumoulin François , Wassenaar Tom , Avadí Angel , Paillat Jean‐Marie 
Published: October 2016

SummaryFacilitated regional industrial symbiosis (FRIS) initiatives mainly aim at increasing regional resource‐use efficiency, but should also assess and anticipate other environmental consequences of the intended structural system changes. To successfully embed environmental criteria in an FRIS process, the environmental impacts resulting from induced system changes should comprehensively address all environmental aspects relevant to stakeholders. Normative environmental assessment frameworks used in FRIS, such as life cycle assessment, fail to address the ambiguity surrounding the concept of environment itself and its social foundations. The “environment” is a polysemous (i.e., has multiple meanings), relative and subjective construction and environmental consequences of FRIS initiative should be selected by means of environmental assessment frameworks that enable subjective identification of environmental phenomena of interest. We propose such an environmental assessment framework providing both (1) a logical basis accommodating all FRIS stakeholders’ perceptions of the environment and environmental consequences and (2) a method, embedding that logical basis, for the consideration of environmental consequences in FRIS. The logical basis is built by conceptually structuring independent key elements of the perception of “environment,” that is, the relation between environmental consequences and FRIS stakeholders (object‐subject relation). This generic environmental assessment framework contrasts with the direct use of normative frameworks under which both the phenomena of interest and their indicators are conflated and predefined. The proposed framework is partially illustrated by describing its application to a specific case: the identification of phenomena of interest within an FRIS process aiming to recycle organic residues in Réunion.
When Cultural and Natural Patrimony Collide: Sovereignty, State Power, and Political Strategy among the Picapedreros (Stonemasons) of San Pablo, Ecuador
Authors: Hill Michael D. , Fernández‐Salvador Consuelo 
Published: October 2016

ResumenEste artículo analiza el caso de los picapedreros de San Pablo, Ecuador, y su batalla político‐legal con el fin de obtener el estatus de minería patrimonial para continuar con la extracción de la piedra andesita blanca de un área ubicada en la Reserva Faunística del Chimborazo, y así continuar con la fabricación de objetos decorativos para la venta y mantener su trabajo artesanal de escultura en piedra. En el contexto del boom extractivista en Ecuador post‐neoliberal y del establecimiento de políticas que garantizan tanto los derechos de la naturaleza como del bienestar humano, el sumak kawsay, el caso de San Pablo muestra tanto el poder como las limitaciones de la soberanía del estado sobre el patrimonio natural y cultural. También visibiliza las tensiones entre las definiciones esencialistas y estructurales del patrimonio, los usos políticos estratégicos del patrimonio por parte del estado y de los ciudadanos, las contradicciones en los discursos y políticas estatales sobre el sumak kawsay, y la falta de claridad alrededor de la diversidad de niveles de soberanía, sea ésta nacional, regional y local, dado el poder definitivo del estado que le permite intervenir o no tanto en favor del patrimonio cultura y/o natural.
Polymetamorphism in garnet micaschists of the Saualpe Eclogite Unit (Eastern Alps, Austria), resolved by automated SEM methods and EMP–Th–U–Pb monazite dating
Authors: Schulz B. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTPolymetamorphic garnet micaschists from the Austroalpine Saualpe Eclogite Unit (Kärnten, Austria, Eastern Alps) display complex microstructural and mineral–chemical relationships. Automated scanning electron microscopy routines with energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectral mapping were applied for monazite detection and garnet mineral–chemical characterization. When the Fe, Mg, Mn and Ca element wt% compositions are used as generic labels for garnet EDX spectra, complex zonations and porphyroblast generations can be resolved in complete thin sections for selective electron‐microprobe analyses. Two garnet porphyroblast generations and diverse monazite age populations have been revealed in low‐Ca and high‐Al‐metapelites. Garnet 1 has decreasing Mn, constant Ca and significantly increasing Mg from cores to rims. Geothermobarometry of garnet 1 assemblages signals a crystallization along a M1 prograde metamorphism at ~650 °C/6–8 kbar. Sporadic monazite 1 crystallization started at c. 320 Ma. Subsequent pervasive 300–250 Ma high‐Y and high‐Gd monazite 1 formation during decompression coincided with the intrusion of Permian and Early Triassic pegmatites. Monazite 1 crystallized along the margin of garnet 1. Coronas of apatite and allanite around the large 320–250 Ma monazite signal a retrogressive stage. These microstructures suggest a Carboniferous‐to‐Early‐Permian age for the prograde M1 event with garnet 1. Such a M1 event at an intermediate‐P/T gradient has not yet been described from the Saualpe, and preceded a Permo‐Triassic low‐P stage. The M2 event with garnet 2 postdates the corona formation around Permian monazite. Garnet 2 displays first increasing XCa at decreasing XMg, then increasing XCa and XMg, and finally decreasing XCa with increasing XMg, always at high Ca and Mg, and low Mn. This records a P–T evolution which passed through eclogite facies conditions and reached maximum temperatures at ~750 °C/14 kbar during decompression‐heating. A monazite 2 population (94–86 Ma) with lower Y and Gd contents crystallized at decreasing pressure during the Cretaceous (Eo‐Alpine) metamorphism M2 at a high‐P/T gradient. The Saualpe Eclogite Unit underwent two distinct clockwise metamorphic cycles at different P–T conditions, related to continental collisions under different thermal regimes. This led to a characteristic distribution pattern of monazite ages in this unit which is different from other Austroalpine basement areas.
Quantifying the structural integrity of nanorod arrays
Authors: THÖLE FLORIAN , XUE LONGJIAN , HEß CLAUDIA , HILLEBRAND REINALD , GORB STANISLAV N. , STEINHART MARTIN 
Published: October 2016

SummaryArrays of aligned nanorods oriented perpendicular to a support, which are accessible by top‐down lithography or by means of shape‐defining hard templates, have received increasing interest as sensor components, components for nanophotonics and nanoelectronics, substrates for tissue engineering, surfaces having specific adhesive or antiadhesive properties and as surfaces with customized wettability. Agglomeration of the nanorods deteriorates the performance of components based on nanorod arrays. A comprehensive body of literature deals with mechanical failure mechanisms of nanorods and design criteria for mechanically stable nanorod arrays. However, the structural integrity of nanorod arrays is commonly evaluated only visually and qualitatively. We use real‐space analysis of microscopic images to quantify the fraction of condensed nanorods in nanorod arrays. We suggest the number of array elements apparent in the micrographs divided by the number of array elements a defect‐free array would contain in the same area, referred to as integrity fraction, as a measure of structural array integrity. Reproducible procedures to determine the imaged number of array elements are introduced. Thus, quantitative comparisons of different nanorod arrays, or of one nanorod array at different stages of its use, are possible. Structural integrities of identical nanorod arrays differing only in the length of the nanorods are exemplarily analysed.
Survival of motor neurone protein is required for normal postnatal development of the spleen
Authors: Thomson Alison K. , Somers Eilidh , Powis Rachael A. , Shorrock Hannah K. , Murphy Kelley , Swoboda Kathryn J. , Gillingwater Thomas H. , Parson Simon H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA), traditionally described as a predominantly childhood form of motor neurone disease, is the leading genetic cause of infant mortality. Although motor neurones are undoubtedly the primary affected cell type, the severe infantile form of SMA (Type I SMA) is now widely recognised to represent a multisystem disorder where a variety of organs and systems in the body are also affected. Here, we report that the spleen is disproportionately small in the ‘Taiwanese’ murine model of severe SMA (Smn−/−;SMN2tg/0), correlated to low levels of cell proliferation and increased cell death. Spleen lacks its distinctive red appearance and presents with a degenerated capsule and a disorganised fibrotic architecture. Histologically distinct white pulp failed to form and this was reflected in an almost complete absence of B lymphocytes necessary for normal immune function. In addition, megakaryoctyes persisted in the red pulp. However, the vascular density remained unchanged in SMA spleen. Assessment of the spleen in SMA patients with the infantile form of the disease indicated a range of pathologies. We conclude that development of the spleen fails to occur normally in SMA mouse models and human patients. Thus, further analysis of immune function is likely to be required to fully understand the full extent of systemic disease pathology in SMA.
Two new mini‐slings compared with transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape for treatment of stress urinary incontinence: A 1‐year follow‐up randomized controlled trial
Authors: Gaber Mohamed E. , Borg Tamer , Samour Hazem , Nawara Mai , Reda Ahmed 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to compare the outcome of two single‐incision mini‐slings (the Contasure‐Needleless [C‐NDL] and the endopelvic free anchorage) with the standard midurethral transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT‐O) procedure.MethodsA double blind randomized controlled study was conducted at Ain Shams University Maternity Hospital from August 2014 until July 2015. A total of 209 patients were randomized into three groups. The first group underwent the TVT‐O procedure, the second group underwent the endopelvic free anchorage procedure and the third group underwent the C‐NDL procedure. Patients were followed up for 12 months in terms of subjective cure, objective cure, and complications rate.ResultsAfter 12 months of follow‐up, there were no differences among the three groups in terms of objective cure rate, subjective cure rate, patient satisfaction, or incidence of complications (de novo urge, hemorrhage, infection, and mesh erosion). The C‐NDL was associated with a shorter operative time (P < 0.001) and less blood loss (P = 0.021) than the standard TVT‐O.ConclusionThe new single‐incision mini‐slings showed similar efficacy and patient acceptance to that of the standard TVT‐O for up to 12 months postoperatively with no difference in the complications rate. The C‐NDL is associated with shorter operative time and less blood loss.