bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial Comment: Law and Negotiation in Conflict: Theory, Policy and Practice
Authors: Turner Catherine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe relationship between law and negotiation is increasingly at the forefront of the international agenda. International organisations whose role includes the mediation of peace, such as the Mediation Support Unit of the United Nations, and the European Union, are seeking to understand the relationship between mediation, law and justice in conflict and post conflict societies. While such organisations acknowledge that international law places normative constraints on the practice of peace making, they also recognise that key principles of mediation, such as consent, inclusivity and local ownership, are crucial to the success of negotiated peace processes (United Nations, ). These questions have risen to the top of international policy agendas, but there is little academic scrutiny of how the relationship between law and negotiation itself it to be negotiated (Kastner, ). Research to date has focused on discrete aspects of the relationship between law and negotiation, such as the role of human rights in peace agreements (Bell, ), or in setting transitional justice priorities (Bell ; Wierda, ). It has not addressed the overarching question of the relationship between law and negotiation that underpins these divisive issues. Binding norms as well as normative expectations serve to shape the mediation process. Yet while law can play a key role in providing guidance for peacemakers, and in providing legitimacy for peace agreements, it can also come into conflict with the political task of negotiation.
Systematic review with network meta‐analysis: comparative effectiveness and safety of strategies for preventing NSAID‐associated gastrointestinal toxicity
Authors: Yuan J. Q. , Tsoi K. K. F. , Yang M. , Wang J. Y. , Threapleton D. E. , Yang Z. Y. , Zou B. , Mao C. , Tang J. L. , Chan F. K. L. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundMany strategies are used to prevent nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drug (NSAID)‐associated gastrointestinal toxicity, but the comparative effectiveness remains unclear.AimTo evaluate the comparative effectiveness of clinical strategies for preventing gastrointestinal toxicity induced by NSAIDs.MethodsMEDLINE, EMBASE and the Cochrane Library (from their inception to May 2015) were searched for randomised controlled trials comparing the risk of gastrointestinal adverse events in patients taking nonselective NSAIDs, selective cyclooxygenase(COX)‐2 inhibitors or nonselective NSAIDs/COX‐2 inhibitors plus gastroprotective agents [proton pump inhibitors (PPIs), histamine‐2 receptor antagonists, misoprostol]. Both pairwise meta‐analysis and Bayesian network meta‐analysis were performed.ResultsAnalyses were based on 82 trials including 125 053 participants. Network meta‐analysis demonstrated that selective COX‐2 inhibitors + PPIs [Risk ratio (RR), 95% Credible Interval (CrI): ulcer complications 0.07, 0.02–0.18], selective COX‐2 inhibitors (RR, 95% CrI: ulcer complications 0.25, 0.15– 0.38; symptomatic ulcer 0.12, 0.04–0.30), nonselective NSAIDs + PPIs (RR, 95% CrI: ulcer complications 0.28, 0.18–0.41; symptomatic ulcer 0.11, 0.04–0.23), nonselective NSAIDs + misoprostol (RR, 95% CrI: ulcer complications 0.47, 0.24–0.81; symptomatic ulcer 0.41, 0.13–1.00) were associated with significantly lower risk of clinical gastrointestinal events compared with nonselective NSAIDs. For all effectiveness endpoints, selective COX‐2 inhibitors + PPIs was associated with the lowest absolute event probability and the highest rank, followed by selective COX‐2 inhibitors and thirdly by nonselective NSAIDs + PPIs.ConclusionThe combination of selective COX‐2 inhibitors plus PPIs provides the best gastrointestinal protection, followed by selective COX‐2 inhibitors, and thirdly by nonselective NSAIDs plus PPIs.
Sex‐specific dispersal by a parasitoid wasp in the field
Authors: Asplen Mark K. , Chacón Jeremy M. , Heimpel George E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough parasitoid wasps are important regulators of herbivorous insect populations, very little is known regarding their movement under field conditions. Here, we examined the vertical and cardinal directionality of dispersal by Binodoxys communis (Gahan) (Hymenoptera: Braconidae: Aphidiinae), an exotic Asian parasitoid released as a biological control agent of the soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsumura (Hemiptera: Aphididae: Aphidinae), in North American soybeans, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae). The patterns are consistent with time‐dependent, sex‐specific dispersal strategies; whereas males show flight that is devoid of vertical or cardinal directionality, females consistently move at or above soybean canopy height toward the east and north. Male capture rates also appear to be more correlated with local conditions than those of females. These results suggest that females actively cross the flight boundary layer (the space above which insect flight is largely wind‐driven as opposed to self‐directed) and follow air currents away from soybean fields, whereas males engage in more localized movement. The data also suggest differing response potentials of the sexes to changing local resource conditions (host availability, female availability, host plant cultivar). We discuss the implications for sex‐specific movement on the basic biology of introduced parasitoid species, and their applied role as potential agents in importation biological control programs.
Wolbachia from Drosophila incompta: just a hitchhiker shared by Drosophila in the New and Old World?
Authors: Wallau G. L. , da Rosa M. T. , De Ré F. C. , Loreto E. L. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWolbachia are intracellular endosymbionts that infect arthropods and filarial nematodes, occasionally causing a wide variety of modifications in host biology, such as male‐killing and cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI), amongst others. This study assembled draft genomes for Wolbachia infecting Drosophila incompta, a species that uses flowers as exclusive breeding and feeding sites, in two distinct Brazilian populations. The absence of four genes involved in CI from this genome, together with literature reports of low frequencies of infected flies in wild populations that contain high mitogenome polymorphism, suggests that this bacterium does not induce CI in D. incompta. Phylogenomic analysis placed Wolbachia infecting D. incompta as closely related to the wMel strain which received such name since it was originally detected in Drosophila melanogaster. In addition, phylogenetic analysis using the Wolbachia surface protein gene and five genes used for multilocus sequence typing of Wolbachia found infecting Drosophila and other arthropod species of Old and New World displayed a complex evolutionary scenario involving recent horizontal transfer bursts in all major clades of Wolbachia pipens belonging to the supergroup A in both geographical regions.
General practitioners' attitudes towards electronic prescribing and the use of the national prescription centre
Authors: Kivekäs Eija , Enlund Hannes , Borycki Elizabeth , Saranto Kaija 
Published: April 2016

AbstractRationale, aims and objectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess general practitioners' (GP) experience of an electronic prescription (e‐prescription) system and the use of a national prescription centre.MethodsA web‐based survey with 29 structured questions and 8 open‐ended questions was used. The technology acceptance model was used to explain first users' use of e‐prescribing technology. GPs (n = 269) in two different primary health care organizations, which implemented the e‐prescribing module as the first of its kind in Finland.ResultsOf the 269 GPs, 69 (26%) completed the survey. E‐prescribing had influenced GP work and their management of patients' medication positively. Electronic health records and e‐prescribing increased GPs' flexibility at work. There was a notable improvement in the management of prescription of narcotics with the introduction of e‐prescribing. Issues with the e‐prescribing system software delayed data processing and produced negative experience as users were forced to browse through too many pages to write a prescription.ConclusionsE‐prescribing has improved GP's patient medication management, meeting Finland's national objectives. E‐prescriptions not only reinforce the process of writing, transmitting and checking the authenticity of prescriptions but also make it mandatory for all key prescription information to be present for transmission. The perceived usefulness of e‐prescribing by GPs could lead to more widespread adoption of the technology. Making e‐prescribing more user friendly requires reforming work processes, which in turn would enhance the effectiveness of GP work.
The proportion of minimally verbal children with autism spectrum disorder in a community‐based early intervention programme
Authors: Rose V. , Trembath D. , Keen D. , Paynter J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundEstimates of the proportion of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) who are minimally verbal vary from 25%to 35%. However, there is a lack of consensus in defining minimally verbal and few detailed reports of communication outcomes for these children following intervention. The aim of this study was to explore how minimally verbal children have been defined and to document the proportion of minimally verbal children in a group of children with ASD receiving a community based early intervention programme.MethodA longitudinal cohort design was used to examine the proportion of children who met criteria for minimally verbal in 246 children with ASD when they entered and exited an early intervention programme.ResultsOverall, 26.3% of the children in this study exited the programme using ‘fewer than five spontaneous and functional words’ and 36.4% exited not using ‘two word phrases’ as indicated by direct assessment. However, our findings were mixed depending on measures and definitions used, with parent report indicating that as many as 29.4% of children were not ‘naming at least three objects’ consistently, and 43.3% not using ‘phrases with a noun and verb’ consistently at exit. More than half of the children who entered the programme with minimal speech exited the programme with a similar language profile. A small percentage of children (1.2%–4.7%) regressed in their language level over time.ConclusionsDespite advances in early intervention, and access to services at a younger age, around a quarter of individuals with ASD in this study exited early intervention with significant communication needs. Our findings are considered in relation to the literature and clinical implications, and future research directions are discussed.
Assessment of cognition and language in the early diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: usefulness of the Bayley Scales of infant and toddler development, third edition
Authors: Torras‐Mañá M. , Gómez‐Morales A. , González‐Gimeno I. , Fornieles‐Deu A. , Brun‐Gasca C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to test the usefulness of the Cognitive and Language scales Bayley‐III in the early assessment of cognitive and language functions in the context of an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) diagnosis. This paper focuses on the application of the Bayley‐III and studies the predictive value of the test result in children with ASD with different levels of verbal ability.MethodA sample of 135 children (121 boys, 14 girls) with a confirmed ASD diagnosis at age 4 years were assessed with the Bayley‐III before 42 months of age (m = 36.49, s = 4.46) and later with other rating scales of different psychological and psycholinguistic functions as part of a longitudinal study [McCarthy Scales of Children's Abilities (MSCA) (n = 48, 90% boys), Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children (K‐ABC) (n = 38, 87% boys) or Illinois Test of Psycholinguistic Abilities (ITPA) (n = 44, 89% boys)]. Age assessment in months: MSCA (m = 48.80, s = 3.33), K‐ABC (m = 51.80, s = 7.17) and ITPA (m = 54.48, s = 3.34).ResultsLower scores on the cognitive and language Bayley‐III scales before 3.5 years of age predicted lower cognitive and oral language levels at 4 years of age. A significant correlation was found between the Cognitive Bayley‐III Scale and the General Cognitive MSCA Scale, and with the Compound K‐ABC Mental Processing. An association between the nonverbal cognitive level and oral language level acquired at 4 years of age was found.ConclusionsThe Bayley‐III is a useful instrument in cognitive and language assessment of ASD.
Satisfaction With a Family‐Focused Intervention for Mild Cognitive Impairment Dyads
Authors: Lu Yvonne Yueh‐Feng , Ellis Jennifer , Yang Ziyi , Weaver Michael T. , Bakas Tamilyn , Austrom Mary Guerriero , Haase Joan E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeThis article describes satisfaction that persons with mild cognitive impairment (PwMCI) and their caregivers had with the Daily Enhancement of Meaningful Activity (DEMA) intervention.MethodsThis randomized controlled pilot study compared satisfaction (usefulness, ease of use, and acceptability) with DEMA (n = 17 dyads) to an information support (IS) control group (n = 19 dyads). Six biweekly sessions (two in person and four by telephone) were delivered by trained nurses. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, independent‐sample t tests, and content analysis.FindingsPwMCI receiving DEMA rated their satisfaction significantly higher (p = .033) than did the control group; there was no difference in satisfaction between caregivers across groups. Qualitative interview data supported the usefulness, ease of use, and acceptability of DEMA for both PwMCI and caregivers.ConclusionsResults documented PwMCI's satisfaction with DEMA as implemented by nurses to support PwMCI–caregiver dyads’ engagement in meaningful activity. DEMA may need revision to increase satisfaction for caregivers.Clinical RelevanceThe DEMA intervention was evaluated as useful, easy to use, and acceptable to PwMCI and their caregivers based on positive mean ratings. The study findings provide preliminary support of DEMA as a means to improve quality of life by helping to support patient and caregiver engagement in meaningful activities and problem solving.
Active Travel to School: Findings From the Survey of US Health Behavior in School‐Aged Children, 2009‐2010
Authors: Yang Yong , Ivey Stephanie S. , Levy Marian C. , Royne Marla B. , Klesges Lisa M. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWhereas children's active travel to school (ATS) has confirmed benefits, only a few large national surveys of ATS exist.METHODSUsing data from the Health Behavior in School‐aged Children (HBSC) 2009‐2010 US survey, we conducted a logistic regression model to estimate the odds ratios of ATS and a linear regression model to estimate the adjusted mean differences of the percentage of ATS within a school.RESULTSOverall, 21.4% of children engaged in at least one way of active travel to or from school. ATS was less common for trips to school than from school. Greater distance to school was a major barrier preventing children from ATS. Children living in large cities were more likely to engage in ATS, and schools located in a large city had higher proportions of ATS rate. Children having lower family satisfaction, or engaging in a greater number of physically active days during the past week were all more likely to engage in ATS.CONCLUSIONSAlthough ATS is low among US children, significant variation exists. HBSC is a promising data source for an ATS study. As the first study to explore the variation of ATS at school level, this research contributes uniquely to current knowledge.
The isoflavone daidzein directly affects porcine ovarian cell functions and modifies the effect of follicle‐stimulating hormone
Authors: Sirotkin A. V. , Alexa R. , Kádasi A. , Štochmaľová A. , Morovič M. , Laurinčik J. , Harrath A. H. , Grossmann R. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe key biological active molecule of soya is the isoflavone daidzein, which possesses phytoestrogenic activity. The direct effect of soya and daidzein on ovarian cell functions is not known. This study examined the effect of daidzein on basic porcine ovarian granulosa cell functions and the response to follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH). We studied the effects of daidzein (0, 1, 10 and 100 μm), FSH (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 IU/ml) and combinations of FSH (0, 0.01, 0.1, 1 IU/ml) + daidzein (50 μm) on proliferation, apoptosis and hormone release from cultured porcine ovarian granulosa cells and ovarian follicles. The expression of a proliferation‐related peptide (PCNA) and an apoptosis‐related peptide (Bax) was analysed using immunocytochemistry. The release of progesterone (P4) and testosterone (T) was detected using EIA. Leptin output was analysed using RIA. Daidzein administration increased granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis and T and leptin release but inhibited P4 output. Daidzein also increased T release and decreased P4 release from cultured ovarian follicles. Follicle‐stimulating hormone stimulated granulosa cell proliferation, apoptosis and P4, T and leptin release. The addition of daidzein promoted FSH‐stimulated apoptosis (but not proliferation) but suppressed FSH‐stimulated P4, T and leptin release. Our observations of FSH action confirm previous data on the stimulatory effect of FSH on ovarian cell proliferation, apoptosis and steroidogenesis and demonstrate for the first time the involvement of FSH in the upregulation of ovarian leptin release. Our observations of daidzein effects demonstrated for the first time that this soya isoflavone affected basic ovarian cell functions (proliferation, apoptosis and hormones release) and modified the effects of FSH. Daidzein promoted FSH action on ovarian cell proliferation and apoptosis and suppressed, and even inverted, FSH action on hormone release. The direct action of daidzein on basic ovarian cell functions and the ability of these cells to respond to FSH indicate the potential influence of soya‐containing diets on female reproductive processes via direct action on the ovary.
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic evaluations of a 10 mg/kg enrofloxacin intramuscular administration in bearded dragons (Pogona vitticeps): a preliminary assessment
Authors: Salvadori M. , Vercelli C. , De Vito V. , Dezzutto D. , Bergagna S. , Re G. , Giorgi M. 
Published: April 2016

Enrofloxacin (E) is commonly used in veterinary medicine. It is necessary to perform pharmacokinetic/dynamic studies to minimize the selection of resistant mutants of bacteria and extend the efficacy of antimicrobial agents. Eight healthy adult Pogona vitticeps were assigned into two groups of equal size and treated with a single intramuscular injection of E at 10 mg/kg. Blood samples were withdrawn at different scheduled times for each group, and rectal swabs were collected. E and ciprofloxacin (active metabolite) blood concentrations were quantified by an HPLC validated method, while the in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility was evaluated by the Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion susceptibility test. The pharmacokinetic profiles of E gave similar pharmacokinetic parameters irrespective of the collection time schedule. Bacteria isolation showed the presence of both E. coli, Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica and subspecies 3a, Proteus spp., and Pseudomonas spp. The majority of isolated colonies were sensitive to E, but the treatment did not reduce the number of bacteria in faeces. Results suggest that E is able to reach blood concentrations high enough to kill susceptible bacteria (MIC < 0.9 μg/mL), but at the same time does not significantly affect intestinal bacteria.
The clinical course of alcoholic cirrhosis: development of comorbid diseases. A Danish nationwide cohort study
Authors: Jepsen Peter , Lash Timothy L. , Vilstrup Hendrik 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsWe aimed to determine associations between alcoholic cirrhosis and incidence of comorbidity, and to describe the clinical course of alcoholic cirrhosis in terms of comorbidity development. The comorbid diseases we studied were acute myocardial infarction, heart failure, peripheral arterial disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, chronic kidney disease, epilepsy, diabetes and cancer.MethodsThis was a registry‐based nationwide historical cohort study. We included 10 650 Danish citizens diagnosed with alcoholic cirrhosis at age 45–69 years in 1994–2014 and 43 150 age‐ and gender‐matched persons. None of them had the comorbid diseases we studied at inclusion. We compared rates and cumulative risks of comorbidity development between patients and controls.ResultsPatients with alcoholic cirrhosis had a higher rate of comorbidity (hazard ratio for any comorbidity = 3.74, 95% CI 3.56–3.94), including all the non‐cancer comorbidities (hazard ratio for any non‐cancer comorbidity = 4.33, 95% CI 4.06–4.62) except acute myocardial infarction. They also had a higher rate of developing cancer (hazard ratio = 2.94, 95% CI 2.70–3.19). Still, relatively few patients actually lived to experience development of non‐cancer (10‐year risk: 21.4% vs. 13.2% for controls) or cancer comorbidity (10‐year risk: 10.9% vs. 10.0%) because they died before they developed any comorbid disease. Hepatocellular carcinoma and oropharyngeal cancer were the only two comorbidities that were much more likely to develop in patients than in controls.ConclusionsAlcoholic cirrhosis promotes development of several comorbid diseases, but only few patients with alcoholic cirrhosis live long enough to actually develop them.
Trophic status of the largest freshwater lakes in the world
Authors: Izmailova Anna V. , Rumyantsev Vladislav A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe problem of lake eutrophication has been a relevant challenge for more than a century. Eutrophication has presently affected not only small‐sized and middle‐sized lakes, but most of the largest lakes in the world as well. The most rapid eutrophication has occurred for shallow water bodies in both tropical and temperate latitudinal zones. These processes are intensified by consistently high temperatures in tropical lakes, which contribute to accelerated biological processes. The eutrophication processes in deep lakes that contain large water volumes have mostly local impacts and primarily affect the shallow water zones. The dynamics of trophic status changes for the largest lakes in the world are discussed in this study, considering changes in the total water volumes characterizing different trophic categories that occurred during the period from 1950 to 2010. As the largest lakes are the most important reserves of surface fresh water on our planet, it is very important to have an understanding of the quality changes taking place in regard to this important water resource.