bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relevance of cross-cultural understanding for evaluations in development practice
Authors: Rhodes Deborah 
Published: January 2018

In the evaluation profession, there is shared agreement that cross-cultural understanding is relevant for those working in communities and countries different from their own. This helps inform the selection of appropriate approaches, tools and processes. Perhaps more importantly, the concept of evaluation itself could be considered through a cross-cultural lens; such consideration may reveal a lack of shared understanding between different cultures. The idea of evaluation reflects values about change, development and risk; knowledge and wisdom; access to information and education; the completion of tasks; and, the maintenance of harmonious relationships. These values are not necessarily shared universally. This article draws links between understanding differences in cultural values and the practice of evaluation in international development—beyond the level of culturally appropriate method selection. A widely used model for understanding cultural value differences is applied to the concept of evaluation and it raises questions about the idea itself. Notwithstanding this analysis, the article applies the model to practice and considers implications for those involved in commissioning and undertaking evaluations. To maximise relevance of the article for practitioners, a suggested set of skills is provided to support effective cross-cultural evaluation processes. The article brings together learning from multiple disciplines to the practice of cross-cultural evaluation. It is particularly relevant for Australian and New Zealand audiences and those working in Pacific and Asian countries, however, the issues are global. The article also raises some conceptual questions, which are relevant to cross-cultural evaluation practice.
Conscious Perception of Facial Asymmetry in a Unilateral Cleft Lip Model
Authors: Dobbie Allison M. , Ward Ralph C. , Oyer Samuel L. , Overton Lewis J. , Hill Elizabeth G. , Patel Krishna G. 
Published: January 2018

Objective: Lip asymmetry after a unilateral cleft lip repair can be perceived as an unsatisfactory result. The objective of this study is to determine the degree of upper lip asymmetry and/or nasal alar hooding required for recognition of asymmetry in a simulated model of unilateral cleft lip. Design: A model of unilateral cleft lip was created using digital morphing software to simulate asymmetries in vermilion height and nasal hooding in photographs of children. Volunteers were shown photographs for different time intervals and with varying degrees of asymmetry. Ability to detect facial asymmetry was recorded and analyzed. Setting: This study was conducted by surveying layperson volunteers in public community settings. Participants: 108 layperson volunteers were randomly surveyed. Main Outcome Measures: The primary outcome measure was a reported lip or nose asymmetry by the volunteers. Proportions and corresponding 95% confidence intervals were obtained to estimate the probability of reporting an asymmetry at 3- and 10-second intervals. Results: After 3- and 10-second exposure, labial asymmetry was perceived by ≥50% of subjects at 2 mm (62%, P = .001) and 1 mm (89%, P < .0001), respectively. Nasal asymmetry was detected by <50% of subjects at 3 seconds, but ≥50% perceived a 3-mm alteration at 10 seconds (64%, P < .0001). Photographs with combined nasal and labial modification did not lower the threshold for asymmetry perception compared to either deformity alone. Conclusions: This study is the first to determine a predictable millimeter threshold for perceived asymmetry in cleft lip deformity using a digital model.
The Influences of Child Intelligibility and Rate on Caregiver Responses to Toddlers With and Without Cleft Palate
Authors: Frey Jennifer R. , Kaiser Ann P. , Scherer Nancy J. 
Published: January 2018

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the influences of child speech intelligibility and rate on caregivers’ linguistic responses. Design: This study compared the language use of children with cleft palate with or without cleft lip (CP±L) and their caregivers’ responses. Descriptive analyses of children’s language and caregivers’ responses and a multilevel analysis of caregiver responsivity were conducted to determine whether there were differences in children’s productive language and caregivers’ responses to different types of child utterances. Setting: Play-based caregiver-child interactions were video recorded in a clinic setting. Participants: Thirty-eight children (19 toddlers with nonsyndromic repaired CP±L and 19 toddlers with typical language development) between 17 and 37 months old and their primary caregivers participated. Main Outcome Measures: Child and caregiver measures were obtained from transcribed and coded video recordings and included the rate, total number of words, and number of different words spoken by children and their caregivers, intelligibility of child utterances, and form of caregiver responses. Results: Findings from this study suggest caregivers are highly responsive to toddlers’ communication attempts, regardless of the intelligibility of those utterances. However, opportunities to respond were fewer for children with CP±L. Significant differences were observed in children’s intelligibility and productive language and in caregivers’ use of questions in response to unintelligible utterances of children with and without CP±L. Conclusions: This study provides information about differences in children with CP±L’s language use and caregivers’ responses to spoken language of toddlers with and without CP±L.
Effect of Cytokines on Regulation of the Production of Transforming Growth Factor Beta-1 in Cultured Human Tenon's Capsule Fibroblasts
Authors: Denk P.O. , Roth-Eichhorn S. , Gressner A.M. , Knorr M. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) is thought to play a pivotal role in the regulation of the wound healing process after glaucoma filtering surgery. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether platelet-derived growth factor isoforms (PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), epidermal growth factor (EGF), in-terleukin-1β (IL-1β) and transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) modulate the production of latent and/or active TGF-β1 by cultured human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts (HTF). Methods Human Tenon's capsule fibroblasts were seeded at two different densities (30 cells/mm2 and 150 cells/mm2) and stimulated for five days with PDGF-AA, PDGF-BB, bFGF, EGF, IL-1β and TGF-β1. Control cells were treated with serum-free medium (WM/F12). The concentrations of latent and active TGF-β1 in the medium were determined using an immunoassay before and after activation of TGF-β1 by transient acidification. Results The concentration of latent TGF-β1 in conditioned media from HTF seeded at high density (150 cells/mm2) significantly increased after stimulation with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 (151.5 ± 41.7 pg/ml) or 10 ng/ml IL-1β (45.7 ± 8.1 pg/ml). The concentration of active TGF-β1 in conditioned media also significantly increased after stimulation of HTF with 5 ng/ml TGF-β1 (48.4 ± 27.5 pg/ml). Conclusions The present results indicate that TGF-β1 is the most potent inducer of its own synthesis in HTF. Activation of an autocrine TGF-β1 loop may play a role in the wound healing response after glaucoma filtering surgery.
Evaluation of Retinoic Acid Ophthalmic Emulsion in Dry Eye
Authors: Selek H. , Ünlü N. , Orhan M. , Irkeç M. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose An oil in water emulsion of 0.01% all-trans-retinoic acid (tretinoin) was prepared and clinically evaluated in dry eye patients. Methods The ophthalmic emulsion consisted of 10% of arachis oil and 90% of the hydro-gel of Carbopol 940. To evaluate retinoic acid emulsion clinically, a placebo-controlled, open-labeled, randomized study was performed with 22 dry-eye patients. Symptoms were recorded before and after the treatments. The Schirmer 112067210001000205l test, measurement of tear film break-up time (BUT), rose Bengal and fluorescein staining of cornea and conjunctiva, and mucus fern test were done. Results Retinoic acid did not improve the dryness, photophobia and foreign body sensation more than placebo. Schirmer test and BUT were significantly improved by retinoic acid treatment. Corneal and conjunctival epithelium maintained their characteristics during the use of retinoic acid, as indicated by rose Bengal and fluorescein staining. Conclusions Ophthalmic emulsion of retinoic acid can be suggested as a promising approach for the treatment of dry eye.
Circulating Antibodies to Human and Bovine Cornea in Human Keratoplasty
Authors: Robert P.-Y. , Adenis J.-P. , Cogné M. , Drouet M. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To compare anti-human cornea and anti-bovine cornea serum reactivity in corneal transplantation and pathology. Methods We investigated the presence of IgG and IgM antibodies to bovine corneal extract (BCE) and human corneal extract (HCE) by ELISA in 48 healthy adults and in 30 corneal allograft recipients before and after grafting. Baseline levels of antibodies in healthy controls served to establish a positivity threshold. Anti-HLA antibodies were investigated in all patients. Results Preoperatively, five and one patient were positive respectively for IgG and IgM anti-BCE; one and ten patients were positive for IgG and IgM anti-HCE. The presence or absence of antibodies was not modified after grafting, and was not associated with rejection. Anti-HCE of the IgM class were more frequent in patients with keratoconus. Two patients had anti-HLA antibodies. Conclusions Antibodies to non-HLA corneal antigens are detectable in corneal allograft recipients. Reactions against bovine and human substrates differ in frequency and class. This reactivity is not modified after grafting or rejection, but is increased in corneal disorders, including keratoconus.
Factors Influencing Anatomic and Visual Results in Primary Scleral Buckling
Authors: Ahmadieh H. , Entezari M. , Soheilian M. , Azarmina M. , Dehghan M.H. , Mashayekhi A. , Sajjadi H. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To identify the factors influencing anatomical and visual results in cases of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment undergoing primary scleral buckling. Methods A retrospective study of 233 eyes of 226 patients was done. The data were evaluated by univariate analysis and stepwise logistic regression analysis. Results Retinal reattachment was achieved with primary scleral buckling in 197 eyes (84.5%). The extent of retinal detachment, preoperative proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR), preoperative visual acuity and relative afferent pupillary defects were identified as influencing anatomical results, by univariate analysis. The predictive roles of extent of retinal detachment (p<0.0001) and preoperative PVR (P=0.0085) were shown to be significant by stepwise logistic regression. As well as the above factors, the patient's age, the duration of symptoms and the status of the macula were predictors of visual results, by univariate analysis. Stepwise logistic regression analysis confirmed the predictive roles of preoperative visual acuity (P < 0.0001) and the extent of retinal detachment (P=0.0089). Conclusions Cases with a larger extent of retinal detachment, more advanced preoperative PVR and poorer preoperative visual acuity have less favorable anatomical and functional results.
Analysis of the Pterygium Size Inducing Marked Refractive Astigmatism
Authors: Oner F.H. , Kaderli B. , Durak I. , Cingil G. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Astigmatic changes induced by the pterygium and their relation to its size and morphology were analysed to establish the critical size for surgery before significant astigmatism occurs. Materials and Methods We evaluated the refraction in 148 eyes of 108 adult patients with primary pterygia. We grouped the astigmatic values according to the keratometric results correlating with the maximal length, width and the approximate total area of the pterigium encroaching on the corneal surface. Results Pterygia with length or width ≥ 3.00 mm were related to significantly higher astigmatism than other groups (p<0.01). The effect of the pterygium morphology on corneal astigmatism was not significant. Conclusions Pterygia exceeding 3.00 mm of length or width should be considered within the limits of surgery.
Brucella Melitensis Dacryoadenitis: A Case Report
Authors: Bekir N. A. , Güngör K. , Namiduru M. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To present a case of brucellosis-related unilateral dacryoadenitis. Methods A 16-year-old boy had unilateral lacrimal gland enlargement, shown by magnetic resonance imaging of the orbits. Clinical findings, tube agglutination, the culture of a lacrimal gland aspirate, and histopathological examination confirmed the diagnosis of brucellosis. Results Tube agglutination testing for brucellosis gave a titer of over 1/640. The aspirate from the lacrimal glands grew Brucella melitensis and histopathological findings were consistent with brucellosis. Conclusions Dacryoadenitis may occur in the course of systemic brucellosis caused by Brucella melitensis
Merkel Cell Carcinoma of the Eyebrow Extending into the Orbit
Authors: Seiberth V. , Woldt C. 
Published: January 2018

Background Merkel cell carcinoma is a rare and aggressive cutaneous neoplasm with high local recurrence and metastatic rates. Purpose To highlight an unusual presentation of a Merkel cell carcinoma. Case Report We report a large Merkel cell tumor in an 85-year-old woman. It extended from the eyebrow into the upper nasal orbit posterior to the equator of the eye globe. Local resection resulted in microscopically complete removal of the tumor. During follow-up (20 months) no local recurrence was noticed but there was a metastasis in a lymphatic nodule. Conclusions Merkel cell carcinoma often presents in the eyelids and periorbital region. However, extension from the eyebrow deep into the orbit is unusual.
Asteroid Hyalosis
Authors: Yazar Z. , Hanioglu S. , Karakoç G. , Gürsel E. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose This study evaluated ocular and systemic diseases in patients with asteroid hyalosis and compared axial lengths of asteroid hyalosis patients with the normal population. Methods The examination of 26 patients with asteroid hyalosis consisted of complete history, complete ocular examination, blood pressure and laboratory studies in order to detect systemic diseases, A and B scan ultrasonography to measure axial lengths and to detect posterior vitreous detachment. Results All patients had unilateral asteroid hyalosis; 10 (38.5%) were symptomatic. Eight patients (20.5%) had type II diabetes mellitus, 13 (33.3%) patients had systemic arterial hypertension and 7 (18%) had atherosclerotic heart disease; 5 (12.8%) had hyperlipidemia and 6 (15.4 %) had hypercholesterolemia. Posterior vitreous detachment was found in 3 (11.5%) patients with asteroid hyalosis, and 6 patients in the control group (23.1%) had posterior vitreous detachment (p<0.01). In patients with asteroid hyalosis, the mean axial length difference between two eyes was 0.32 ±0.06, against 0.10 ± 0.02 in the control group (p<0.01). Conclusion Asteroid hyalosis may be found together with systemic diseases and such patients must be evaluated systematically for diabetes mellitus, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. Asteroid hyalosis can also cause artefactual lowering of axial length measurement, leading to significant error in calculations of intraocular lens power. This must be kept in mind before cataract surgery.
Isolated Ocular Ischemic Syndrome with no Cerebral Involvement in Common Carotid Artery Occlusion
Authors: Karacostas D. , Terzidou C. , Voutas S. , Rafou J. , Artemis N. , Georgiadis N. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose The ocular ischemic syndrome (OIS) is sometimes a complication of common carotid artery (CCA) occlusion causing complete interruption of blood flow through both the internal and external carotid arteries we investigated a single case of an isolated OIS that remained undiagnosed for two years, because the underlying CCA pathology caused no cerebral involvement. Case Report A 57-year-old man presented with subacute painful visual loss in the right eye in a setting of hypertension, smoking and coronary artery disease. Results Neurological examination, a brain CT and MRI scan were all normal. Extensive laboratory work-up excluded small artery disease, inflammatory arteritis or cardiac causes of retinal embolism. Ophthalmologic evaluation and fluorescein angiography gave findings consistent with OIS, while vascular ultrasound evaluation and aortic arch angiography verified right CCA occlusion accompanied by an extensive collateral network. Conclusions Had this patient been referred sooner for a simple carotid artery work-up, both the CCA occlusion and the OIS could probably had been prevented.
Comparative Efficacy of β-Irradiation and Mitomycin-C in Primary and Recurrent Pterygium
Authors: Şimşek T. , Günalp I. , Atilla H. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To determine the efficacy and safety of mitomycin-C as adjunctive treatment and to compare this drug with beta irradiation with strontium-90 after surgical excision of primary and recurrent pterygia. Materials and Methods The study group consisted of 193 patients with primary and recurrent pterygia who underwent surgical excision with the bare sclera technique. They were divided into two groups according to the type of adjunctive treatment. In group I, 130 patients (141 eyes, 67.8%) were treated with beta irradiation with Sr-90 doses of 1000–7000 cGy. In group II 63 patients (67 eyes, 32.2%) received topical mitomycin-C at a concentration of 0.02% four times daily for one week postoperatively. Recurrence rates, complications and efficacy of these treatments were compared with the chi-square of Fisher's exact test. Results The recurrence rates were 6.4% in group I after a mean postoperative follow-up of 89 months and 17.9% in group II after a mean follow-up of 14.9 months. Recurrence rates and complications were higher in group II and the difference was significant (p<0.05, p<0.001). Life-table analysis showed a success rate of 93.6% for Sr-90 and 81.9% for the mitomycin-C, the difference being significant (p<0.005). Conclusions Beta irradiation with Sr-90 after surgical excision was more effective than topical mitomycin-C in patients with primary and recurrent pterygium in terms of recurrence rates, and safer in terms of complications.
Methicillin Resistance of Bacteria Isolated from Vitreous Fluid from Patients Undergoing Vitrectomy
Authors: Labit C.M. , Claeys G.W. , Verbraeken H.E. , Verschraegen G.L. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose The aim of this study was to compare the resistance patterns of bacteria in vitreous fluid from patients undergoing vitrectomy for diagnostic reasons, with bacteria of other nosocomial infections. Methods Vitreous fluid samples (n=144) were obtained from 133 patients undergoing vitrectomy for endophthalmitis, and 11 for uveitis as suspected endophthalmitis. They were Gram stained and cultured. Antibiotic susceptibility tests were run on all isolates. Results Gram stains were positive in 45/144 cases (31%), among which 38/45 (84%) were confirmed by a positive culture. Cultures were positive in 74/144 patients (51%) with mainly coagulase-negative staphylococci (n = 44) and Staphylococcus aureus (n = 13). In 133 patients endophthalmitis occurred after lens implantation (80 cases) and in 53 cases there was another origin (e.g. corneal transplantation, endogenous). In 26/ 80 post-lens implantation infections, culture remained negative; 32 infections occurred with coagulase-negative staphylococci, 10 with Staphylococcus aureus, 9 with streptococci and 3 with Gramnegative bacteria. For endophthalmitis, ophthalmologists in our institution give an intraocular injection of vancomycin and ceftazidim after vitrectomy. Among the 44 isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci, 12 (27%) were resistant to methicillin. This is in contrast to other hospital-related coagulase-negative staphylococcus infections in general, and the resistance rate is 75% in our hospital. Only 2/13 Staphylococcus aureus isolates were methicillin-resistant. Conclusions We conclude that isolates of coagulase-negative staphylococci from vitreous fluid are less resistant to methicillin than those isolated in other nosocomial infections.
Palbebral Anthrax
Authors: Çelebí S. , Aykan Ü. , Alagöz G. , EsmerlíGíl S. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Anthrax is a rare infection transmitted to humans from animals or animal products. In cutaneous anthrax it may produce lesions of the eyelids which can lead to cicatricial ectropion. Methods We examined three women and five men with anthrax of the eyelids. Intravenous penicillin G was used alone as therapy. Results All patients presented with a localized itchy erythematous papule of the eyelid. A necrotising ulcer formed in each case, resulting in black eschar. The lesions resolved, with only mild cicatrization of the eyelid in all the patients. Conclusions Anthrax is primarily an infectious disease of domestic animals but it is also seen in humans. Eyelids are rarely affected but cutaneous anthrax should be considered in any patient with a painless ulcer or black eschar who has a history of exposure to animals.
Necrotising Fasciitis of the Orbit: Early Recognition and Treatment a Key to Success
Authors: Puri P. , Innes JR. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose To report a case of necrotising fasciitis which was managed successfully with timely intervention. Case Report A 77-year-old lady diagnosed as having narcotizing fasciitis of the orbit based on the clinical picture and microbiology report is presented. Early recognition of the condition followed by timely surgical intervention in the form of surgical debridement and subsequent exenteration led to a favorable prognosis. Discussion Necrotising fasciitis is a fulminant synergistic infection. It spreads along facial planes causing necrosis of the overlying skin. Management of this condition includes both medical treatment and surgical debridement. Early intervention is of vital importance to save the patient's life as septicemia often leads to death within 24–96 hours. Conclusions Early recognition and treatment are the key to successful management of cases with necrotising fasciitis of the orbit.
Optic Nerve Lesion following Neuroborreliosis: A Case Report
Authors: Burkhard C. , Gleichmann M. , Wilhelm H. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose Neuroborreliosis may cause various neuro-ophthalmological complications. We describe a case with a bilateral optic neuropathy. Case Report A 58-year-old female developed facial paresis six weeks after an insect bite. One week later she developed bilateral optic disc swelling with haemorrhages and nerve fibre bundle defects in the lower visual field of the left eye. In CSF and serum, raised IgM and IgG titres to Borrelia burgdorferi were found. Systemic antibiotic treatment led to improvement of the vision and facial paresis, but not all visual field defects resolved, probably due to ischemic lesions of the optic disc. Discussion/Conclusions In optic nerve lesions due to neuroborreliosis it is difficult to distinguish between inflammatory and ischemic lesions. This patient demonstrated features of an ischemic optic nerve lesion.