bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Standard Model: how far can it go and how can we tell?
Authors: Butterworth J. M. 
Published: July 2016

The Standard Model of particle physics encapsulates our current best understanding of physics at the smallest distances and highest energies. It incorporates quantum electrodynamics (the quantized version of Maxwell’s electromagnetism) and the weak and strong interactions, and has survived unmodified for decades, save for the inclusion of non-zero neutrino masses after the observation of neutrino oscillations in the late 1990s. It describes a vast array of data over a wide range of energy scales. I review a selection of these successes, including the remarkably successful prediction of a new scalar boson, a qualitatively new kind of object observed in 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider. New calculational techniques and experimental advances challenge the Standard Model across an ever-wider range of phenomena, now extending significantly above the electroweak symmetry breaking scale. I will outline some of the consequences of these new challenges, and briefly discuss what is still to be found.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Unifying physics and technology in light of Maxwell's equations’.
Connectivity map of bipolar cells and photoreceptors in the mouse retina
Authors: Behrens Christian , Schubert Timm , Haverkamp Silke , Euler Thomas , Berens Philipp 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVisual processing begins at the first synapse of the visual system. In the mouse retina, three different types of photoreceptors provide input to 14 bipolar cell (BC) types. Classically, most BC types are thought to contact all cones within their dendritic field; ON BCs would contact cones exclusively via so-called invaginating synapses, while OFF BCs would form basal synapses. By mining publically available electron microscopy data, we discovered interesting violations of these rules of outer retinal connectivity: ON BC type X contacted only ~20% of the cones in its dendritic field and made mostly atypical non-invaginating contacts. Types 5T, 5O and 8 also contacted fewer cones than expected. In addition, we found that rod BCs received input from cones, providing anatomical evidence that rod and cone pathways are interconnected in both directions. This suggests that the organization of the outer plexiform layer is more complex than classically thought.
Grey system based novel forecasting and portfolio mechanism on CSE
Authors: Rathnayaka R.M. Kapila Tharanga , Seneviratna D.M.K.N , Jianguo Wei 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– Because of the high volatility with unstable data patterns in the real world, the ability of forecasting price indices is notoriously embarrassing and represents a major challenge with traditional time series mechanisms; especially, most of the traditional approaches are weak to forecast future predictions in the high volatile and unbalanced frameworks under the global and local financial depressions. The purpose of this paper is to propose a new statistical approach for portfolio selection and stock market forecasting to assist investors as well as stock brokers to predict the future behaviors.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study mainly takes an attempt to understand the trends, behavioral patterns and predict the future estimations under the new proposed frame for the Colombo Stock Exchange (CSE), Sri Lanka. The methodology of this study is carried out under the two main phases. In the first phase, constructed a new portfolio mechanism based on k-means clustering. In the second stage, proposed a nonlinear forecasting methodology based on grey mechanism for forecasting stock market indices under the high-volatile fluctuations. The autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA) predictions are used as comparison mode.

Findings
– Initially, the k-mean clustering was applied to pick out the profitable sectors running under the CSE and results indicated that BFI is more significant than other 20 sectors. Second, the MAE, MAPE and MAD model comparison results clearly suggested that, the newly proposed nonlinear grey Bernoulli model (NGBM) is more appropriate than traditional ARIMA methods to forecast stock price indices under the non-stationary market conditions.

Practical implications
– Because of the flexible nonlinear modeling capability, proposed novel concepts are more suitable for applying in various areas in the field of financial, economic, military, geological and agricultural systems for pattern recognition, classification, time series forecasting, etc.

Originality/value
– For the large sample of data forecasting under the normality assumptions, the traditional time series methodologies are more suitable than grey methodologies. However, the NGBM is better both in model building and ex post testing stagers under the s-distributed data patterns with limited data forecastings.
Multivariate discrete grey model base on dummy drivers
Authors: Zhang Ke 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to solve the problem that the qualitative relative factors cannot be employed in traditional multivariate grey models.

Design/methodology/approach
– First, a new model is constructed though introducing dummy drivers. Then, the parameters estimation method and recursive function of the model are discussed. Furthermore, dummy driver setting, pre and post test methods of dummy drivers are proposed. At last, the per capita income forecasting of rural residents in Henan province of China is solved with the proposed model.

Findings
– The proposed model is the reasonable extension of original one. The accuracy of it is higher than former model. In the case study, the forecasting results of proposed model are compared with other grey forecasting models, and prove that proposed model has not only high accuracy, but also clear physical meaning.

Practical implications
– The method proposed in the paper could be used in policy effect measure, marketing forecasting, etc., when the predictor variables are influenced by some qualitative variables.

Originality/value
– It will promote the accuracy of multivariate grey forecasting model.
Seller-induced scarcity and price-leadership
Authors: Ishfaq Rafay , Raja Uzma , Rao Shashank 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the interaction between inventory availability (scarcity) and pricing levels (price-leadership (PL)), and its effect on product returns in the internet retail supply chain. Specifically, this paper investigates how supply chain managers can use inventory (seller-induced scarcity) and pricing (PL) levers to control product returns.

Design/methodology/approach
– Empirical data of sales and product returns from an internet retailer is analyzed to identify the scale of the effect that product scarcity and PL has on product returns. These factors are considered in developing a sales-return process model which is used with empirical data in a simulation study. The study evaluates changes in product returns for different policy settings related to PL and inventory levels. Findings of the simulation study are validated using statistical analysis of empirical data.

Findings
– PL and seller-induced product scarcity affect the rate of product returns; however, the scale of this effect depends on inventory and pricing decisions. The results identify an inflection boundary based on scarcity and PL levels which reverses this effect. This reversal is explained by underlying principles at play regarding buyers’ valuation of the sale and corresponding product attributes.

Practical implications
– Supply chain managers in internet retail can leverage lower inventory under the seller-induced scarcity approach to improve revenues. However, reducing inventory levels beyond a threshold is counterproductive, due to an associated increase in product returns. Similarly, setting market competitive prices (PL) can help reduce product returns. Under the seller-induced scarcity condition, this effect is reversed for inventory levels below a threshold. Retailers can implement the methodology developed in this paper to identify the inventory-price threshold that can help increase revenues while keeping the rate of product returns at a manageable level.

Originality/value
– This research extends prior work regarding the role of product scarcity and pricing on product returns and develops a deeper understanding of how these factors can be managed to control product returns in the internet retail setting.
Availability analysis of a LNG processing plant using the Markov process
Authors: Hassan Jakiul , Thodi Premkumar , Khan Faisal 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to propose a state dependent stochastic Markov model for availability analysis of process plant instead of traditional time dependent model.

Design/methodology/approach
– The traditional concepts of system performance measurement and reliability (namely, binary; two-state concepts) are observed to be inadequate to characterize performance of complex system components. Availability analysis considering an intermediate state, such as a degraded state, provides a better alternative mechanism for system performance mapping. The availability model provides a better assessment of failure and repair characteristics for equipment in the sub-system and its overall performance. In addition to availability analysis, this paper also discusses the preventive maintenance (PM) program to achieve target availability. In this model, the degraded state is considered as a PM state. Using Markov analysis the optimum maintenance interval is determined.

Findings
– Markov process provides an easier way to measure the performance of the process facility. This study also revealed that the maintenance interval has a major influence in the availability of a process facility as well as in maintaining target availability. The developed model is also applicable to the varying target availability as well as having the capability to handle even the reconfigured process systems.

Research limitations/implications
– Considering the degraded state as an operative state, a higher availability of the plant is predicted. The consideration of the degraded state of the system makes the availability estimation more realistic and acceptable. Availability quantification, target availability allocation and a PM model are exemplified in a sub-system of an liquefied natural gas facility.

Originality/value
– The unique features of the present study are; Markov modeling approach integrating availability and PM; optimum PM interval determination of stochastically degrading components based on target availability; consideration of three-state systems; and consideration of increasing failure rates.
Observing the effect of a policy: a maintenance case
Authors: Rijsdijk Chris , Tinga Tiedo 
Published: July 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to show that maintenance performance is potentially better predictable from recording routines.Design/methodology/approach– An attempt is made to observe an effect of a policy. Maintenance cases seem exceptional because of the efficiently obtainable evidence about policy violations which potentially provides access to the counterfactual reality to be avoided by the decision maker. The approach followed in this work is to use maintenance policy compliance to observe the effect of a maintenance policy.Findings– Conventional maintenance scorecards are not geared to accommodate maintenance performance predictions. The proposed alternative representation of maintenance performance indicators much better accommodates maintenance performance predictions.Research limitations/implications– This work focuses on the operationalisation and the sampling procedure of maintenance performance indicators; the selection of a predictive model is not considered.Practical implications– This work demonstrates that maintenance decision makers have the possibility to observe the effects of their policy, which potentially enables them to better control their objectives. This work provides guidelines to construct performance indicators that much better accommodate maintenance performance predictions than conventional maintenance performance indicators.Originality/value– The approach to make the effects of maintenance policy compliance observable is an original contribution to normative decision theory. To construct a maintenance scorecard that accommodates maintenance performance predictions is an original contribution to the field of maintenance performance measurement.
Automatic extraction of geometrical characteristics hidden in ground‐penetrating radar sectional images using simultaneous perturbation artificial bee colony algorithm
Authors: Jafrasteh B. , Fathianpour N. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTGround‐penetrating radar is one of the most effective methods of detecting shallow buried objects. Ground‐penetrating radar radargram is a vertical map of the radar pulse reflections that returns from subsurface objects, and in the case of cylindrical objects, it would be a hyperbola. In order to get clear and accurate information on the presence, location, and geometry of the buried objects, the radargrams need to be interpreted. Interpretation of the results is a time‐consuming task and needs an expert with vast knowledge. Development of an automatic interpretation method of B‐scan ground‐penetrating radar images would be an effective and efficient solution to this problem. A novel automatic interpretation method of ground‐penetrating radar images, based on simultaneous perturbation artificial bee colony algorithm using tournament selection strategy, simultaneous perturbation stochastic approximation method, and new search equations, is introduced in this paper. The proposed algorithm is used to extract geometrical parameters, i.e. depth, location, and radius, of buried cylindrical objects in order to assess its accuracy. Synthetic data, simulated using GprMax2D forward modelling program, and real data, surveyed in the campus of Isfahan University of Technology, are used in the assessment. The performance of the proposed method in detecting synthetic hyperbolas is compared with that of the original artificial bee colony algorithm, genetic algorithm, and modified Hough transform. The results show superiority of the proposed algorithm, in detecting synthetic hyperbolas. Furthermore, the performance of the proposed method in estimating depth and radius of pipes in real ground‐penetrating radar images is compared with that of the modified Hough transform. The results indicate higher accuracy of the proposed method in estimating geometrical parameters of the buried cylindrical objects.
Changing my perspective: How the development of emergency medicine in Sri Lanka can inform the Australasian experience
Authors: Taylor Nicholas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhen compared to an Australasian ED, the two major differences in the emergency medicine practice at Teaching Hospital Karapitiya are which patients are selected at triage and how those selected present. These differences have caused me to reflect on emergency medicine practice in Australasia and wonder if this practice is sustainable.
Familial Mediterranean fever patients homozygous for E148Q variant may have milder disease
Authors: Topaloglu Rezan , Batu Ezgi Deniz , Yıldız Çigdem , Korkmaz Emine , Özen Seza , Beşbaş Nesrin , Özaltın Fatih 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimFamilial Mediterranean fever (FMF) results from MEFV gene mutations. E148Q is a variant of unknown significance in MEFV. We aimed to define characteristics of FMF patients homozygous for E148Q, check for other MEFV variants in a subgroup, and compare the characteristics with FMF patients carrying other mutations.MethodsThirty FMF patients homozygous for E148Q were reviewed. MEFV variant analysis was performed with strip assay. All MEFV exons were screened by direct DNA sequencing in 14 randomly selected E148Q/E148Q patients. E148Q was also checked in 100 healthy adolescents. We compared the characteristics of FMF patients between three groups: E148Q/E148Q (n = 30), M694V/E148Q (n = 19) and exon 10/exon 10 MEFV mutations (n = 48).ResultsAmong 30 FMF patients (E148Q/E148Q), the median age at disease onset and diagnosis were 60 (12–168) and 94 (41–196) months, respectively. Fifteen (50%) patients had mild, 14 (46.7%) moderate and one (3.3%) had severe disease. Twenty‐two (73.3%) patients had complete, seven (23.3%) had incomplete response to colchicine, while only one was unresponsive. The detected MEFV variants in 14 E148Q/E148Q FMF patients were as follows: R314R (n = 9; 64.3%), E474E (n = 13; 92.9%), Q476Q (n = 13; 92.9%), D510D (n = 13; 92.9%), and P588P (n = 8; 57.1%). The E148Q allele frequency was 6.5% in healthy adolescents. When compared to FMF patients with other MEFV mutations, disease onset was later, disease was less severe and the ratio of patients responding completely to colchicine was higher in E148Q/E148Q patients.ConclusionPatients homozygous for E148Q and negative for other pathogenic MEFV variants may display FMF phenotype and may experience moderate/severe disease activity, although the disease may be milder when compared to FMF patients with other mutations.
Development and Testing of Shared Decision Making Interventions for Use in Emergency Care: A Research Agenda
Authors: Melnick Edward R. , Probst Marc A. , Schoenfeld Elizabeth , Collins Sean P. , Breslin Maggie , Walsh Cheryl , Kuppermann Nathan , Dunn Pat , Abella Benjamin S. , Boatright Dowin , Hess Erik P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDecision aids are evidenced‐based tools designed to increase patient understanding of medical options and possible outcomes, facilitate conversation between patients and clinicians, and improve patient engagement. Decision aids have been used for shared decision making (SDM) interventions outside of the ED setting for more than a decade. Their use in the ED has only recently begun to be studied. This article provides background on this topic and the conclusions of the 2016 Academic Emergency Medicine consensus conference SDM in practice work group regarding “Shared Decision Making in the Emergency Department: Development of a Policy‐Relevant, Patient‐Centered Research Agenda.” The goal was to determine a prioritized research agenda for the development and testing of SDM interventions for use in emergency care that was most important to patients, clinicians, caregivers, and other key stakeholders. Using the nominal group technique, the consensus working group proposed prioritized research questions in six key domains: 1) content (i.e., clinical scenario or decision area), 2) level of evidence available, 3) tool design strategies, 4) risk communication, 5) stakeholders, and 6) outcomes.
Evidence of the effect of rural background on rural practise in Australian dental practitioners: Does gender play a role?
Authors: Godwin D , Blizzard L , Hoang H , Crocombe L 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundPeople residing outside the capital cities have poorer oral health than their city counterparts. Health workforce shortages and stability issues can have negative health effects on rural populations. There has been an increasing proportion of women entering the dental practitioner workforce in Australia. This study investigated whether dental practitioners who have a rural background are more likely to work in a rural area than those who do not have a rural background; and whether the gender of dental practitioners plays a role.MethodsA self‐administered questionnaire was sent to a sample of dental practitioners via their professional dental associations. Practice location was assigned as either ‘urban' or ‘rural' using the Australian Standard Geographical Classification – Remoteness Area categories and measured with demographic characteristics of the respondents. Prevalence ratios (PR) were estimated using Poisson regression with robust standard errors.ResultsParticipants with a rural background were more than twice as likely (male PR = 2.23, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.79–6.26; female PR = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.35–5.87) to practise in a rural area than those with an urban background.ConclusionsDental practitioners with rural backgrounds were more than twice as likely to work in a rural practice as their urban counterparts.
Change from paddy rice to vegetable growing changes nitrogen‐cycling microbial communities and their variation with depth in the soil
Authors: Qin H. L. , Zhang Z. X. , Lu J. , Zhu Y. J. , Webster R. , Liu X. L. , Yuan H. Z. , Hou H. J. , Chen C. L. , Wei W. X. 
Published: July 2016

Changes in land use are likely to affect the abundance and functioning of microorganisms in the soil. In China many paddy fields are being converted for vegetable growing. We wished to determine how these changes affected the microbial populations in one particular region in Hunan province, where the climate is subtropical monsoon, as an example. We sampled the soil down to 1 m in several fields: three that were still growing paddy rice, three that had been converted for vegetable growing 2 years earlier and three that had been growing vegetables for 25 years. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and terminal‐restriction fragment length polymorphism (T‐RFLP) were used to determine the abundance and community composition of nxrA‐containing nitrifiers and narG‐containing denitrifiers in the soil. The abundances of these organisms depended largely on the amount of organic matter in the soil and decreased with increasing depth, as did the potential nitrification rate (PNR) and nitrate reductase activity (NRA). Enzyme activity was significantly correlated with the abundance of nitrogen‐cycling bacteria. The change from rice to vegetable growing resulted in more residual nitrate‐N in the soil, which correlated more strongly with the abundance of nxrA‐containing nitrifiers in the topsoil (0–20 cm) and narG‐containing denitrifiers in the deeper soil (80–100 cm). In general, the numbers of nitrogen‐cycling microorganisms decreased markedly with increasing depth, but were less affected by the change from rice to vegetable cultivation in the fields investigated. Our results suggest that the abundances of nitrogen‐cycling microbial communities are affected more by depth in the soil than by change of land use in these circumstances.HighlightsThe abundance and function of soil microorganisms change when paddy fields are converted to vegetable growing.
Residual nitrate‐N in the soil is affected by nitrifiers in topsoil and denitrifiers in the deeper soil.
Their abundances depend largely on the amount of organic matter in soil and decrease with increasing depth.
The genetic structures of the microorganisms depend more on depth in the soil than on change from rice to vegetable growing.
Plant diversity and root traits benefit physical properties key to soil function in grasslands
Authors: Gould Iain J. , Quinton John N. , Weigelt Alexandra , De Deyn Gerlinde B. , Bardgett Richard D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPlant diversity loss impairs ecosystem functioning, including important effects on soil. Most studies that have explored plant diversity effects belowground, however, have largely focused on biological processes. As such, our understanding of how plant diversity impacts the soil physical environment remains limited, despite the fundamental role soil physical structure plays in ensuring soil function and ecosystem service provision. Here, in both a glasshouse and a long‐term field study, we show that high plant diversity in grassland systems increases soil aggregate stability, a vital structural property of soil, and that root traits play a major role in determining diversity effects. We also reveal that the presence of particular plant species within mixed communities affects an even wider range of soil physical processes, including hydrology and soil strength regimes. Our results indicate that alongside well‐documented effects on ecosystem functioning, plant diversity and root traits also benefit essential soil physical properties.