bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrated Reservoir Delineation in Karst Carbonate: Case Study of Middle Tarim Basin, West China
Authors: Zhang Zhenghong , Tong Yanming , Li Shiyin , Yang Pin , Guan Baozhu , Zhao Chunduan , Lu Guanghui , Hauser Ken 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The study area covering about 700 square km is located at the west of middle Tarim basin of West China. And the study interval is the top of Yingshan formation of early Ordovician which is a carbonate unconformity, from which the operator just plans to develop much more hydrocarbon than that at previous exploration stage.
The burial depth of study interval is usually around 6000 m deep and the carbonate matrix is too tight to hold any hydrocarbon, so the storage spaces are of dominantly karstic types such as caves, vugs and fractures. But the characteristics of these karstic reservoirs seem to be very different from the ones of fracture-cave systems formed by continental underground streams.
The main aim of this study is to predict and recommend optimized placements of future wells for this possibly different kind of karstic carbonate reservoirs based on multi-disciplinary study results. So the study is really an integrated one, including seismic processing, petrophysical review, combined geophysical and geological (G&G) interpretation and analysis, seismic inversion, geomechanics modeling, reservoir engineering analysis, sweet spot screening and trajectory recommendation.
Optimising Reservoir Management With Improved Time-Lapse Processing on 10 Acquisition Vintages Over the Foinaven-Schiehallion-Loyal Fields
Authors: Campbell S. , Schons M. , Mathew S. , Riley D. , Hill C. , Allan P. , Gubbala E. , Alexe M. , Dervish-Uman C. , Khalil A. , Deschizeaux B. , Hoeber H. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The Foinaven-Schiehallion-Loyal area, located west of Shetlands on the UK Continental Shelf, has provided significant oil production for BP (operator) and its partners Shell (Schiehallion/Loyal), Marathon (Foinaven/East Foinaven), OMV (Schiehallion) and Faroe Petroleum (East Foinaven). 4D seismic has been successfully used in this region for infill drilling and reservoir management decision-making since the late 1990s. With a new 4D monitor survey acquired approximately every two years, the total number of vintages now stands at 10. The very earliest monitor surveys were acquired without 4D specification, but all later acquisitions were designed for 4D. The latest monitor survey from 2013 incorporates broadband acquisition technology and can serve as a baseline for future acquisitions.
This paper shows how recent improvements in seismic time-lapse processing enhance the quality of the 4D seismic compared to the previous processing between 2008 and 2011 (Campbell et al., 2011): The 4D background noise is reduced, giving us a better stand-out of the 4D signal. Importantly, legacy data acquired before the advent of dedicated 4D acquisitions can also be significantly improved with new processing methods. A combination of incremental changes to the 4D processing sequence, new 4D algorithms such as 4D demultiple, and careful QC and developments from the continuous technology collaboration gives us increased confidence in the 4D interpretation and satisfies the needs of the reservoir management team.
Managing the Upstream-Midstream Integration for FLoating LNG Projects
Authors: van der Velde Harry 
Published: December 2015

Objectives
The objectives of this paper are:
To explain that conventional interface management is not sufficient to design an integrated system for a Floating LNG facility To describe methods used by Shell to design upstream and midstream components ensuring that they will jointly work as an integrated system from well bore to off-loading arm To explain FLNG specific issues i.e. differences in FLNG upstream – midstream integration relative to conventional FPSO and onshore LNG design
Study on the Optimal Topological Structure of the Producing Pipeline Network System of CBM Fields
Authors: Haoran Zhang , Yongtu Liang , Mengyu Wu , Chen Qian , Ke Li , YueLong Yan 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Coalbed methane has attracting much attention as a kind of the new energy source, with ever increasing demand in energy consumption. Pipeline networks of CBM fields are characterized by their complex topological structures and high investment costs. Therefore, the optimization of the pipeline network topology structure will be very helpful in lowering the production costs. The paper discusses four main structures: (1) the well gathering connection, (2) the nearby insertion connection,(3) the valve gathering connection and (4) the combination of well gathering and valve gathering connection. The optimal models which aim at minimizing total investment are solved by genetic algorithm with hybrid encoding by Hash table. The models have taken factors such as flow rate balance at nodes, constraints of the flow velocity, the minimum inlet pressure, maximum operating pressure, maximum number of wells connecting the valve block and the geographic condition into consideration. The paper comes up with a sort of regionally surviving convergence criterion which focuses on models that are strongly discontinuous and prone to be trapped in a local optimum. Taking 46 wells in a CBM field as an example, the paper works out the optimal topological connection for each structure. The result shows that the investment costs, calculated by the regionally surviving convergence criteria, are reduced by a maximum of 11.94% as compared to the traditional one. Also computing time is sharply saved. This study provides a guide line for reducing the cost of producing pipeline networks in CBM fields.
Integrated Workflows for Recognizing Geohazards and Modelling of Karst: A Case Study From the Bul Hanine Field, Qatar
Authors: Al-Jaadi O. S. , Sugiharto A. , Srivastava A. K. , De Almeida Netto S. L. , Bliefnick D. M. , Djebbar Z. , Al-Ali M. A. , Kamal M. A. , Abdo Aly T. M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe presence of shallow gas pockets, karsts and dissolution features in proximity to faults is a common geological phenomenon in carbonate reservoirs. Such subsurface features have been known to have an impact on well planning, assessment of hydrocarbon volume in place, well management and overall development strategy. Therefore, there is a strong business case to identify and map out these features in detail for field development purposes.The presence of karstification in carbonates causes heterogeneity at various scales. In the Bul Hanine Field, several wells have experienced losses of various degrees. Mud losses at the reported depths have been correlated with the presence of karst-related features. Knowledge of the distribution and geometries of the karst geobodies in carbonates is essential for well planning and reservoir modelling. The geohazard recognition and modelling workflows described in this paper rely on the integration of available subsurface data. Evidence of karst features was characterized with 3D seismic data, core, log and production data. Using Petrel geobody mapping techniques, the karst was picked as 3D geobodies which were then extracted based on optimized clipping parameters of the various seismic attributes. This was performed after the separation of actual signal versus noise. Several sensitivities were performed in order to optimize the final result before being integrated into a geo-cellular model.An integrated geohazard workflow on the Bul Hanine Field revealed the presence of four distinct types of geohazards which were observed at various stratigraphic intervals. Various seismic characterization techniques were deployed to detect and map karst-related geobodies. These geobodies were then incorporated into a 3D geo-cellular model and their impact on volumes was assessed. A more detailed geohazard analysis was then performed along the trajectory of the planned wells minimizing operational risks.
New Optical Gas Imaging Technology for Quantifying Fugitive Emission Rates
Authors: Abdel-Moati Hazem , Morris Jonathan , Zeng Yousheng , Kangas Petroula , McGregor Duane 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated regulations governing the detection and repair of equipment leaks that cause fugitive emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOC). These regulations are embedded in various emission standards and are generally referred to as Leak Detection and Repair (LDAR) programs. The primary method used currently in the U.S. to detect leaks is EPA Method 21.1 Method 21 requires operators to use portable instruments, typically a Flame Ionization Detector (FID) or a Photon Ionization Detector (PID), to "sniff" around the circumference of individual equipment components (e.g., valves, flanges, pump seals, etc.)2. If the detector reading (parts per million or PPM) is higher than target thresholds, the component is deemed to be leaking and it must be repaired within a certain time. Fugitive VOC emissions from a facility are calculated based upon the PPM readings (referred to as screening values or SVs) and empirical correlations between SVs and mass emission rates.2 Because the leak check is performed on each individual component basis, the implementation of a Method 21 based LDAR program is tedious, labor intensive, and prone to errors.
Optical gas imaging (OGI) technology has been developed and can be used to detect VOC leaks from process equipment. The OGI technology allows operators to use a specially designed Infrared (IR) video camera to see VOC plumes leaking from components that are not visible to the naked eye. Detecting VOC leaks using OGI is more efficient than Method 21 because leak checking using OGI is visual, making detection faster, and can be performed over an area instead of component-by-component. The OGI method allows operators to detect larger leaks easily and more frequently, achieving the same environmental benefit with a lower cost. For this reason, the OGI method is also referred to as "Smart LDAR". In December 2008, U.S. EPA promulgated the "Alternative Work Practice" (AWP) rule allowing operators to use OGI for LDAR compliance.3 However, the AWP rule requires operators to continue to perform leak checks using Method 21 at least once a year.
Although OGI can be very effective in detecting leaks, it does not provide a quantitative measure of leak rate. This has been one of the shortcomings of OGI from a regulatory perspective, thereby hindering its adoption as a true alternative to Method 21. This paper describes development of quantitative OGI (QOGI) technology. Existing OGI camera technology is the basis the new GOCI technology. If an OGI camera detects a leak, then, the operator can apply the new QOGI technology quantify the mass leak rate from the captured video images.
Innovative Initiatives in Increasing Gas & Oil Production from Sour Brownfield Facility (EPF-50) and Other Upcoming Non-Associated Gas Projects of Kuwait Oil Company
Authors: Al-Kandari Ali , Mirza Babar 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The paper outlines Kuwait Oil Company’s (KOC) series of initiatives undertaken towards achieving company’s strategic target of 1 BSCFD non-associated gas and 300 MBOPD light oil by 2021/22. The initiatives include facility and integrity enhancements of its recently acquired Early Production Facility EPF-50, three new temporary Jurassic production facilities (JPF-I, II & III) to be leased and operated by contractor, as well as two major upcoming Jurassic gas facilities (JGF-I & II) for handling sour field gas & crude of north Kuwait area.
Mainly, the paper highlights the details of four (4) innovative initiatives accomplished for increasing and sustaining gas & crude production from the existing sour brownfield EPF-50 facility and the cumulative impact of these initiatives with comparative results before and after EPF-50 modifications are presented. These initiatives respectively demonstrate the benefits of utilizing new technology (proprietary Hi-Fi trays for tower internals & related alterations), use of temporary (mobile, readily available / customized) separation equipment, novel fit-for-purpose conversion of desalting process and hydrate inhibitor technology transfer in achieving increased production with enhanced product quality. Besides, the paper briefly discusses other project initiatives like EPF-50 facility and integrity enhancement projects, presently in construction phase, and other planned temporary facilities & major Jurassic gas projects.
In conclusion, the combined effect of the four innovative initiatives adopted at EPF-50 have yielded extremely favorable results not only in enhancing gas and crude production rates but also in the quality of these vital oil & gas commodities.
Additionally, as a result of installing temporary separator facility and other modifications executed at EPF-50, the crude carry-over into gas compressor was reduced thereby ensuring its uninterrupted operational availability and consequently the flaring performance has improved and chemical treatment quality of amine is enhanced.
A Simplified Transient Multi-Phase Model for Automated Well Control Applications
Authors: Ambrus Adrian , Aarsnes Ulf Jakob Flø , Vajargah Ali Karimi , Akbari Babak , Oort Eric van 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Real-time estimation of the annular pressure profile is crucial for the planning and execution of well control operations, particularly while drilling wells in formations having narrow mud windows. Currently, the industry employs either simplified heuristic techniques, or complicated and often cost prohibitive commercial simulators, which are essentially "black boxes" with no options for further change by the user. Neither of the two approaches is particularly suitable for precise real-time well control analysis or design of robust automatic well control algorithms. Therefore, a simple transient multi-phase simulator amenable to real-time applications, which can represent essential dynamics with minimal cost and computational requirements, is highly desirable.
In this paper, we present a novel reduced Drift-Flux approach to model multi-phase well control situations. The model still preserves the transient multi-phase behavior of liquids and gas in the well. The proposed formulation consists of a lumped parameter model of the pressure dynamics, a transport equation for gas bubble migration, and the associated closure relations. Together, they form a system of coupled ordinary and partial differential equations with limited complexity. We then employ an explicit numerical solution algorithm that is fast and thereby reduces computational time and cost, making it suitable for control purposes.
The validity of the model is tested against experimental data from a test well with a simulated gas kick event. The model is also compared against a well control scenario generated by a commercial multi-phase flow simulator extensively used in the industry. There is good agreement between the results of the proposed model and the experimental data, on the one hand, and the commercial simulator results, on the other, thereby justifying the applicability of this model to real-world scenarios. The model provides a powerful tool to estimate and manage the surface pressures during a well control event for a given kick size and intensity. It has evident applications in well control analysis, automated Managed Pressure Drilling and well control management. As such, it has the potential to improve well control risk mitigation, enhance rig safety, and reduce non-productive time associated with well control-related trouble events.
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) VSP for Imaging and Velocity Model Building
Authors: Nizkous I. , Gerritsen S. , Kiyashchenko D. , Joinson D. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) deployed in multiple wells was used in Brunei for simultaneous recording of seismic signals emitted by a source grid on the surface. Such a configuration works similar to a 3D Vertical Seismic Profiling (VSP) survey with conventional geophones and provides interval velocities, time-depth relationship as well as images below the wells based on the reflected seismic rays. DAS VSP data has provided the opportunity of impacting asset performance by: (1) improving the image of the legacy 3D surface seismic by remigration using the updated shallow velocity model, thus minimizing both the structural as well as the depth uncertainty, and by (2) providing compelling DAS-only 2D and 3D images beneath the wells with higher resolution than the surface seismic. These can be employed for the reservoir static and dynamic model update and identification of sub-surface seismic faults and/or other events. Additionally, this technology presents the possibility of fluid monitoring in this type of reservoir where production is supported by water injection.
Competency Based New Hires Roadmap; A Case Study of Kuwait Oil Company
Authors: Al-Daihani Eisa Hadi , Nandi Arun Kumar , Matar Maqhim Bander , Raza Syed Mohammad 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Competency is the ability to apply knowledge and skills to perform a specific task effectively and consistently within time frame and demonstrated by relevant behavior. Levels of competencies with knowledge and skills defined separately have been identified under different job families in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) like Geoscience, Petroleum, Reservoir and Drilling Engineering. These competency levels can be equated with 4 internationally recognized levels of competencies i.e. Awareness, Basic Application, Skilled Application and Mastery.
The desire towards international standards of performance and increasing nationalization of technical manpower has caused a major shift in how the oil and gas industry trains and develops its workforce. Like Kuwait Oil Company, many companies are facing problems due to bimodal age distribution of their technical manpower i.e. a sizeable group of experienced personnel are close to their retirement age and a large pool of young professionals and new hires are joining the oil and gas sector with no or very little practical exposure. As a result there is a significant shortage of fully qualified, mid-level technical workforce to bridge this generation gap. Therefore, the need of the hour is a fast track development of these new hires to equip them with sufficient knowledge and skills in a shortest possible time.
In view of above objective, a competency based new hire's roadmap has been designed by KOC. The present paper has come out with an approach which is being implemented successfully to develop new hires on fast track basis. It involves four stages namely Familiarization, Customized Workshops (Discipline wise), Mandatory Foundation Assignments (MFA) and Career Path Oriented Project. After completion of the New Hires Roadmap, a technical employee may attain the competency level where He or She can perform routine tasks and related assignments independently.
Lessons Learnt From a 3D Seismic Reprocessing in a Middle East Carbonate Field
Authors: Pernia Soto L. R. , Brunellière J. , Piazza J. L. , Chenot D. , Toubiana H. , Gigou G. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This paper presents the lessons learnt from a seismic reprocessing performed to improve the seismic reservoir characterization of a Middle East carbonate reservoir. The reservoir characterization objective is to optimize the porosity modeling driven by seismic data; hence, improving seismic amplitudes was crucial as they drive the inversion process for elastic properties. The new seismic reprocessing sequence was focused on the restoration of genuine primary amplitudes and improvement of the angle stacks design at the reservoir. In order to monitor the seismic amplitudes quality improvement throughout the processing sequence, a thorough quality assessment strategy has been implemented for decision making. It has allowed adjusting the amount of testing depending on the quality of intermediate results at selected key steps. The results obtained by using this QC strategy showed the importance to monitor in details the amplitudes quality progress by tuning at an early time the processing parameters that impact all the remaining steps. At the end of the reprocessing, a cleaner dataset, less affected by multiples interferences, with a more consistent amplitude balance and optimized angle stacks design has been obtained. It is deemed to be more appropriate for pre-stack inversion purposes in view of seismic reservoir characterization.
Development and Infill of the Late Albian to Turonian Shilaif Intrashelf Basin at the Eastern Margin of the Giant Mesozoic Arabian Carbonate Platform: Basin Architecture and Time Stratigraphy
Authors: Vahrenkamp V. , Franco B. J. , Popa D. , Barata J. , Grelaud C. , Razin P. , Grosheny D. , Bulot L. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The Upper Cretaceous Shilaif intra-shelf basin at the eastern margin of the Arabian platform contains rich source rock sequences in the hydrocarbon generation window, which are targets for ongoing exploration work. Time stratigraphy and sedimentology are key components to unravel the complex development of the hydrocarbon system. This paper presents detailed bio-, chemo- and sequence-stratigraphic data in combination with sedimentological analysis from core, well, seismic and outcrop data to support an analysis of basin architecture and regional time stratigraphic correlations.
The Late Albian to Turonian saw the final intra-shelf basin development and infill on the eastern margin of the Arabian plate Cretaceous carbonate platform. Basin development began with the deposition of the Late Albian Mauddud Formation. Mauddud cycles are laterally continuous over large distances but thin in western and central Abu Dhabi in the area of the future intra-shelf basin. Differential aggradation is likely to have been accentuated by unfavorable climatic and water-quality conditions related to the Albian/Cenomanian Oceanic Anoxic Event.
The Mauddud is overlain in the west and east of Abu Dhabi by the shallow marine aggrading & prograding carbonates of the Mishrif Formation with a SSW-NNE elongated intrashelf basin forming in central Abu Dhabi. This basin is filled by the Shilaif, Tuwayil and Ruwaydah Formations. Four depositional sequences with organic rich intervals are recognized in the Shilaif Fm corresponding in time to pulses of aggradation, progradation and retrogradation of Mishrif shallow-water platform margin sediments.
The Tuwayil is a shaly lowstand/transgressional sequence onlapping onto the Mishrif, which was at this time partially exposed based on erosional channel incisions on the platform top. The Ruwaydah Fm is composed significantly of calcispheres recording continued transgression, increased accomodation space and an increase of carbonate production. The Coniacian Laffan shales unconformably overlie the Cenomanian/Turonian sedimentary sequences.
Basin-fill sequences have been age dated with detailed chemo- and biostratigraphy. Based on carbon isotopes the Mauddud predates/coincides with the OAE at the Albian/Cenomanian boundary and is hence late Albian. Other carbon peaks, ammonites, calcispheres and planktonic foraminifera align the Shilaif with the Cenomanian reaching near its top the Cenomanian/Turonian boundary. The Tuwayil and Ruwaydah Fms are Turonian.
4D Seismic in Stacked Reservoirs - from Puzzles to Insights on Production Drive Mechanisms
Authors: Kiyashchenko Denis , Norzalenna Haji Puasa Siti , Field Chris , Skogly Odd Petter , Suut Suria 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Time-lapse seismic is used to monitor production for an offshore Brunei oil field (Field ‘M’). Several unusual observations have been made there - aquifer softening, considerable gas cap growth despite small reservoir pressure changes, and oil rim softening signals interpreted as a signature of aquifer water ingress. These observations suggested a new reservoir drive mechanism based on gas migrating from other blocks and charging gas caps.