bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing New Best Response Standards through Positive Communication: A Look at Best Response Criteria 20 Years Later
Authors: Vihonski LT David , Plourde Kristy , Porter LT Donald , Erickson LCDR Ryan 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
When Kuchin and Hereth published the best response criteria at the 1999 International Oil Spill Conference, there was finally a concrete measure of success for response to oil spills. This criterion has been used since then by leaders of spill response operations to assist them in ensuring that they are maximizing the effectiveness of the response to an oil spill. One of the trends noted in their work was that not all of the criteria were the same when measured against each other. In particular, Kuchin and Hereth highlighted that Incident Commanders (ICs)/emergency responders should have focused more heavily on public communication and stakeholder service and support. This still holds true today with the increased demand for 24/7 updates in the news and on social media. When the ICs/emergency responders do not devote a significant amount of time communicating with the public and stakeholders through any and all available means, they are often not successful in a response. This paper addresses some of the overall changes to the response environment that affect Kuchin and Hereth’s best response criteria, discusses the changes in the measures of success, and provides recommendations for ICs/emergency responders to consider during an incident response. The goal is to assist ICs/emergency responders in being successful during their incident responses in the future through setting a new best response standard.
OIL BEHAVIOUR AND THE RESPONSE TO A SUNKEN OIL SPILL OF SLURRY IN QUINTERO BAY, CHILE
Authors: Piraino E. , Owens E. , Rios J. , Graham A. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Slurry oils are one of the few groups of oils that have a density greater than full salinity seawater. Slurry spills at sea are rare, but when they do occur, the response can be difficult, with low final recovery rates. Oil spill response planning and recovery techniques have been refined over many years and the research and development of most methods has been underpinned by the principle that oil floats on water. This recent case study provides an example of the behavior of a slurry spill and the subsequent response operations. A leak of an API gravity 4° slurry occurred from a submarine pipeline in Quintero Bay, Chile, on 14th May 2016. The oil sank to the adjacent sea bed and covered an area of approximately 10,000 m2 in water depths of 18–22 m. The initial response involved over 20 dry-suit divers with surface air to recover the oil with vacuum hoses. These were then supplemented by four diver-operated vacuum dredges. Fortunately weak bottom currents did not redistribute the oil; nevertheless “sea bed booms” were deployed around the perimeter to prevent migration. These “booms” were initially a screen mesh that was later supplemented by sturdier metal frame screens deployed around the zone of the sunken oil in a zigzag configuration. Baseline benthic sediment samples were collected from the adjacent unaffected area and subsequently from the treatment area after completion of operations. A benthic SCUBA SCAT survey using a track-line positioning system was conducted to systematically document the distribution of the oil and post-treatment systematic ROV survey ensured that the end-point oiling conditions had been achieved.
Recent Research and Development Testing Conducted at Ohmsett – The National Oil Spill Response Research and Renewable Energy Test Facility
Authors: Meyer Paul 
Published: December 2017

Abstract 2017-321
The Department of the Interior’s Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) National Oil Spill Response Research and Renewable Energy Test Facility, Ohmsett, plays a critical role in advancing oil spill response capabilities through research, development, testing, and training. Ohmsett’s 10 million liter (l) saltwater wave tank provides an independent venue to conduct research and development with full-size response equipment using real oil, in realistic, repeatable conditions.
This paper will discuss recent research and development conducted at Ohmsett, including: Remote sensing of surface oil by BSEE, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States Army, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), and the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA); using acoustics to measure oil slick thickness; creating large volumes of emulsions for Ohmsett tests; mechanical recovery of chemically treated, undispersed oil; skimmer testing in diminishing slick thickness; a USCG and BSEE test of a skimmer ice management system; and an autonomous skimmer development.
This paper will summarize the setup and methodology used during recent testing, training, and research conducted at Ohmsett. Reports of BSEE funded oil spill response research can be found at https://www.bsee.gov/site-page/master-list-of-oil-spill-response-research.
EVALUATION OF OLEOPHILIC SKIMMER PERFORMANCE IN DIMINISHING OIL SLICK THICKNESSES
Authors: McKinney Kristi , Caplis John , DeVitis Dave , Van Dyke Keith 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT 2017-086
ASTM F2709-15 “Standard Test Method for Determining a Measured Nameplate Recovery Rate of Stationary Oil Skimmer Systems” has become the standard for testing the performance of stationary skimmers. This standard specifies testing the skimmer in “ideal conditions” in order to measure a skimming system’s maximum performance. These ideal conditions are created by testing the skimmer in calm conditions and allowing the skimmer to recover either in pure oil or in a thick layer of oil on water. When testing the skimmer in oil and water, the skimmer recovers oil in a starting oil thickness of 75mm and continues recovery until the oil thickness reaches 50mm. Performance values obtained from this test include measured nameplate recovery rate (NRR) which is the maximum rate at which the skimmer system can recover and process oil under ideal conditions, and the recovery efficiency (RE) which is the percentage of oil collected to total fluid collected.
In actual oil spills it cannot be assumed that a skimmer will encounter enough oil to continuously conduct recovery operations in 50–75mm of oil. As these performance values are becoming a tool used by regulators to verify the capabilities of response equipment listed in oil spill response contingency plans, it is important to understand if and how a skimmer’s performance will vary as oil slick thickness changes. To explore this question, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) and Ohmsett - The National Oil Spill Response Research and Renewable Energy Test Facility, recently conducted independent performance testing of two oleophilic skimming systems to better understand the relationship between oil recovery rate, recovery efficiency, and different oil slick thicknesses. Skimmers were tested in various oil slick thicknesses ranging from 75mm down to 6mm at the Ohmsett facility. Skimmers were tested in a type I refined test oil as defined by the ASTM F631-15 “Standard Guide for Collecting Skimmer Performance Data in Controlled Environments.”
Testing results suggest that reduced oil thicknesses do indeed have a significant impact on the measured recovery capabilities of a skimmer. This paper outlines the final testing results, and discusses the potential implications of using ASTM F2709-15 performance values in conjunction with various oil spill response planning standards for mechanical oil recovery equipment.
VERIFICATION OF A MARINE POLLUTANT SURFACE PLUME MODEL FOR USE IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF AUTONOMOUS VEHICLE TRACKING SYSTEMS
Authors: Fitzpatrick Laura M. , Trimble A Zachary , Bingham Brian S. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
A marine pollutant spill environmental model that can accurately predict fine scale pollutant concentration variations on a free surface is needed in early stages of testing robotic control systems for tracking pollutant spills. The model must reproduce, for use in a robotic control system simulation environment, the fine-scale surface concentration variations observed by a robot. Furthermore, to facilitate development of robotic control systems, the model must reproduce sample spill distributions in minimal computational time. A combination Eulerian-Lagrangian type model, with two tuning parameters, was developed to produce, with minimal computational effort, the fine scale concentrations that would be observed by a robot. Multiple model scenarios were run with different tuning parameters to determine the effects of those parameters on the model’s ability to reproduce an experimental measured pollutant plume’s structure. A qualitative method for analyzing the concentration variations was established using amplitude and temporal statistical parameters. The differences in the statistical parameters between the model and experiment vary from 69%–316%. After tuning, the model produces a sample spill, which includes a high frequency concentration component not observed in the experimental data, but that generally represents the real-time, fine scale pollutant plume structure and can be used for testing control algorithms.
Oil Spill Response Technologies (OSR) Since Macondo – A Review of Improvements and Novelties
Authors: Rowe Jill , Morandi Alicia , Li Zhengkai , Walker Ann Hayward , Joeckel John , McPeek Melinda , Blanc Philippe , Basseres Anne 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTA surge in oil spill response technology projects occurred in the five years following the Deepwater Horizon (DWH). To assess the alignment of advances with identified research and technology needs and identify improvement points, Total SA conducted a review of oil spill response (OSR) technology projects conducted since 2010. Of specific interest was the extent to which R&D projects advanced the Technology Readiness Level (TRL), the need for additional improvements in, and the degree of stakeholder acceptance of the full range of OSR technologies. The paper describes a broad approach to the review of existing reports on the use and effectiveness of various OSR technologies: natural attenuation, surface and subsea dispersants, in-situ burning, herders, oil sensing and tracking, mechanical containment and recovery, bioremediation, shoreline cleanup, waste management, and spill response planning. Each of these technologies fulfills a role in a systematic approach to oil spill response. An underlying premise to achieve a successful response is the active, appropriate use of all OSR technologies to mitigate a spill event.The key objectives of this work were to review recent literature on OSR technology work since 2010; discuss improvements in oil response technologies since 2010; determine the Technical Readiness Level (TRL) of different technologies; determine stakeholder acceptance level (SAL) for different technologies, and summarize improvement points where further research and development could occur. The key questions addressed in this project included determining how much previous and current research has or will result in improvements to oil spill response, and what domains in our knowledge and equipment would still benefit from additional improvement with future R&D.This paper summarizes one technology covered in the study report, i.e., dispersants. The authors highlight some research activities and improvements in dispersant technology since Macondo, and the TRL and SAL of dispersants. Through this review, some key research activities regarding OSR technology that would benefit from further development are identified.
Advances in Remote Sensing Research on Oil and Ice from the IOGP Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology JIP
Authors: Palandro David , Mullin Joseph 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT (2017-044)
The IOGP Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology Joint Industry Program’s Remote Sensing Technical Working Group was initiated in 2012 with the objective to expand the oil industry’s detection and monitoring capabilities for spills on, under, around or in ice. The first phase produced two state-of-knowledge reports assessing sensor capabilities above and below the ice. A key finding from these studies was that many existing remote sensing platforms and sensors originally developed for oil on open water can also provide effective sensing in a broad range of ice conditions. The second phase covered an integrated experiment that included sensor testing in a cold basin, followed by modeling to determine potential applicability of different sensors in a wider range of sea-ice conditions. Five above-ice (Frequency Modulated Continuous Wave Radar (FMCW), ground penetrating radar (GPR), visible and infrared cameras and laser fluorescence polarization [LP] sensor) and seven below-ice (high dynamic range optical camera, visible and infrared spectrometer, LP sensor, broadband and narrowband sonar and multibeam echo sounder) sensors were tested with varying ice thickness and oil concentrations at the US Army Corps of Engineers Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) over a three-month period. All of the sensors used during this experiment showed some ability to detect oil on, in, or below ice under certain conditions and major advances in the knowledge of sensor applicability were made. Three follow-on projects (late 2016) include an operations guide providing a concise operationally oriented review of the different sensor technologies in key oil and ice scenarios, and additional field testing with medium to long-wave infrared, and the FMCW radar.
Oil in and under Ice Detection using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance
Authors: Palandro David , Nedwed Tim , Altobelli Steve , Fukushima Eiichi , Conradi Mark , Sowko Nick , DeMicco Erik 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT (2017-387)
The application of existing remote sensing sensors and technologies for the detection of oil in and under ice is an ongoing and active research area. Currently, the suite of sensors that have and are being tested include acoustic, radar, optical and fluorosensors. Another technology being tested is Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) in the earth’s magnetic field. NMR to detect oil in and under ice has undergone extensive testing since 2006 and results to date have been promising. Field tests performed using a prototype 1 × 1 m flat transmitting/receiving antenna coil have differentiated seawater and Crisco® oil, a crude-oil surrogate. Research has been focused on scaling-up the 1 m2 prototype to increase the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and allow the sensor to detect oil beneath ice that is up to 1 m thick. The coil currently being tested has a diameter of 6 m in a modified figure-8 pattern. This coil was being tested at Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory (CRREL) in Hanover, New Hampshire, USA. The final phase of feasibility testing was completed in late 2016 with the use of a ruggedized NMR system flown under a helicopter over a pond. The ruggedized NMR system was able to detect a 1.0 cm thick layer of a crude oil surrogate under ~ 110 cm of simulated ice.
Challenges of OPA and NMSA Related Responses in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa: NO.1 JI HYUN
Authors: Symons Lisa C. , Paulin Joseph , Peau Atuatasi Lelei 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT: 2017-226
Fa’a-Samoa (the Samoan way) is a living tradition and continues to define the Samoan way of life. It is the foundation of Polynesia’s oldest culture - dating back some 3,000 years. Fa’a-Samoa is interconnected with Samoan lands and waters and by sharing the intact and vibrant traditions, values, and legends that connect the Samoan people to the land and sea, the local community plays an INTEGRAL role in the protection and preservation of natural and cultural resources of the area. Fa’a-Samoa places great importance on the dignity and achievements of the group rather than individuals.
On April 14, 2016, the 62 ft. FV NO1 JI HYUN lost the main engines and grounded off the west side of Aunu’u Island in the National Marine Sanctuary of American Samoa (NMSAS). This area is of ecological and cultural significance for the local residents using hook-and-line, casting nets, spearfishing (non-scuba assisted) and other non-destructive fishing methods including those traditionally used for sustenance and cultural purposes such as gleaning, ‘enu and ola. The village on Aunu’u was extremely wary of inclusion of the waters of Aunu’u in the expansion of the sanctuary being concerned about loss of control of their traditional uses of the nearshore environment.
In what became an extension of Fa’a-Samoa, the United States Coast Guard (USCG), the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) and the American Samoa Territorial government worked, together to address both the pollution hazards from the incident and the impact to the coral reef ecosystem even after the fuel was removed. While a relatively straight forward response were it to happen in the continental U.S., severe weather (Tropical Cyclone Amos), high winds and swells, limitations on site access, daylight high tides, and availability of resources to include tugs, tow lines and trained personnel made this quite challenging. Three removal attempts occurred under Oil Pollution Act (OPA) authorization and three efforts occurred under the National Marine Sanctuaries Act (NMSA), with guidance from a professional salvage master.
This prolonged 4-month response has prompted some new dialogue and hopefully new commitment to increase preparedness and spill response capabilities within the territory. The designation of the NMSAS allowed for the use of the combined authorities of OPA and the NMSA, forging new path that protects and preserves both the natural and cultural resources of the region from the impacts of pollution and from future groundings whether large or small.
Strengthening Preparedness and Response Decision-Making At the Local Level: Adaptations to Manage Better and Suffer Less
Authors: Walker Ann Hayward 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
Decisions about response strategies to mitigate threats to people and the environment from an oil spill must be made rapidly because an oil spill on water is dynamic. Science to inform the decision making process is applied when possible; but ultimately decision makers rely on their judgement, available technical knowledge, advisors and experience, and contingency plans to inform their time-critical choices. Given real-time needs, it’s important to organize approval and support for decisions pre-spill, including stakeholder inputs about potential risks and benefits of response actions. Oil spill stakeholders include those with the legal authority to make decisions, those who could be affected by decisions, and those who have knowledge to contribute to the decision making process, such as practitioners, researchers, scientists and engineers, in addition to the public at large. The Deepwater Horizon National Incident Commander observed in late 2010 cautioned that our options going forward are to adapt, manage or suffer. The paper discusses oil spill stakeholders and their roles in preparedness and response decisions. Adaptations are proposed to increase and strengthen support for oil spill decisions at the regional and local levels, e.g., Regional and Area Contingency Plans in the US, response actions and technologies, particularly dispersants, as well as to speed recovery and promote community and environmental resilience. Examples of proposed practices also are provided.
Joint Industry Sponsored Effort to Evaluate Post-Macondo Dispersant Research
Authors: Coolbaugh Thomas , Hague Emily , Cox Rob , Varghese Geeva 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACT
As an outcome of the creation of the American Petroleum Institute’s (API) Oil Spill Prevention and Response Joint Industry Task Force (OSPR JITF) following the Macondo oil release, and with support from the IPIECA-IOGP Oil Spill Response JIP, a team was formed to evaluate emerging dispersant-related research. It was clear that there was a need to interact with research and development consortia and other oil spill response-related research groups to provide input and potential guidance in order to encourage real world relevance, especially since the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative (GoMRI) had been created with a funding level of $500 million over a 10 year period.
A specific outcome of the effort has been a review of research papers on dispersant fate and effects published post-Macondo. The main objective was to review results of recent dispersant research with a goal of providing a link to existing dispersant knowledge and to spill response management questions facing spill response planners in the post-Macondo environment. This effort was viewed as an opportunity to solidify a working relationship between federal government and industry personnel and academic researchers in an area of oil spill-related research that would be important for the foreseeable future.
Dispersants are one of the tools that may be used to respond to oil spills, especially to those that are large and offshore. When used appropriately, dispersants may prevent slicks from reaching shorelines and adversely impacting sensitive coastal ecosystems. The use of dispersants during the Macondo incident resulted in an increased awareness of their use, especially among the academic community and the general public.
The review panel had a primary goal to identify recurring misunderstandings and inconsistencies that might arise due to researchers’ inexperience with the real-world aspects of oil spills, spill response, and the way in which dispersants are designed to be used (spraying on slicks, usually in offshore waters) or with applicable oil toxicity research standards (e.g., use of appropriate dispersed oil concentrations during studies). The objectives were to identify:Potential problems for researchers so that they can be avoided in ongoing studiesEvaluate and share potentially misleading results, especially as they might influence global dispersant regulations inappropriately
The paper will review results to date and highlight those areas that are viewed to be the most consistent and problematic (e.g., the inappropriate use of nominal versus measured exposure conditions, a focus on dispersant rather than dispersed oil toxicity).