bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In plantacomparative transcriptomics of host-adapted strains ofRalstonia solanacearum
Authors: Ailloud Florent , Lowe Tiffany M. , Robène Isabelle , Cruveiller Stéphane , Allen Caitilyn , Prior Philippe 
Published: January 2016

Background.Ralstonia solanacearumis an economically important plant pathogen with an unusually large host range. The Moko (banana) and NPB (not pathogenic to banana) strain groups are closely related but are adapted to distinct hosts. Previous comparative genomics studies uncovered very few differences that could account for the host range difference between these pathotypes. To better understand the basis of this host specificity, we used RNAseq to profile the transcriptomes of anR. solanacearumMoko strain and an NPB strain underin vitroandin plantaconditions.Results.RNAs were sequenced from bacteria grown in rich and minimal media, and from bacteria extracted from mid-stage infected tomato, banana and melon plants. We computed differential expression between each pair of conditions to identify constitutive and host-specific gene expression differences between Moko and NPB. We found that type III secreted effectors were globally up-regulated upon plant cell contact in the NPB strain compared with the Moko strain. Genes encoding siderophore biosynthesis and nitrogen assimilation genes were highly up-regulated in the NPB strain during melon pathogenesis, while denitrification genes were up-regulated in the Moko strain during banana pathogenesis. The relatively lower expression of oxidases and the denitrification pathway during banana pathogenesis suggests thatR. solanacearumexperiences higher oxygen levels in banana pseudostems than in tomato or melon xylem.Conclusions.This study provides the first report of differential gene expression associated with host range variation. Despite minimal genomic divergence, the pathogenesis of Moko and NPB strains is characterized by striking differences in expression of virulence- and metabolism-related genes.
Biased sampling of methane release from northern lakes: A problem for extrapolation
Authors: Wik Martin , Thornton Brett F. , Bastviken David , Uhlbäck Jo , Crill Patrick M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMethane emissions from lakes are widely thought to be highly irregular and difficult to quantify with anything other than numerous distributed measurement stations and long‐term sampling campaigns. In spite of this, a large majority of the study sites north of 50°N have been measured over surprisingly short time periods of only one to a few days. Using long‐term data from three intensively studied small subarctic lakes, we recommend that measurements of diffusive methane flux and ebullition should be made over at least 11 and 39 days scattered throughout the ice‐free season using depth‐stratified sampling at 3 and 11 or more locations, respectively. We further show that low temporal and spatial resolutions are unlikely to cause overestimates. Therefore, we argue that most sites measured previously are likely underestimated in terms of emission potential. Avoiding these biases seen in much of the contemporary data is crucial to further constrain large‐scale methane emissions from northern lakes and ponds.
Statistics of the field‐aligned currents at the high‐latitude energetic electron boundaries in the nightside: Cluster observation
Authors: Ren Jie , Zong Q. G. , Zhou X. Z. , Zhang Hui , Fu S. Y. , Wang Y. F. , Liu Yong C.‐M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMagnetic field disturbances with a clear bipolar signature are frequently observed when the Cluster spacecraft fleet passes through both southern and northern high‐latitude energetic electron boundaries at the nightside magnetosphere. The dominant variation of the bipolar signature is in the azimuthal direction of the local mean field‐aligned coordinate, indicating a field‐aligned current. From 2001 to 2008, we have examined 110 events with the magnetic field and energetic electron measurements. The main results can be summarized as follows: (1) The density and thickness of the field‐aligned current, calculated under the assumption of the one‐dimensional sheet, are in order of tens of nA/m2 and hundreds of kilometers, respectively. (2) Currents flowing into and away from the ionosphere tend to be observed in the postmidnight and premidnight sector, respectively, which have the same polarity as the region 1 current system. (3) These currents mainly distribute in the 60°–75° magnetic latitude region after mapping to the ionosphere. We also find that the current density and corresponding magnetic field variation are positively correlated with the Kp index and solar wind pressure, but almost independent of the AE index.
Potassium Iodide/tert‐Butyl Hydroperoxide‐Mediated Oxidative Annulation for the Selective Synthesis of N‐Substituted 1,2,3‐Benzotriazine‐4(3H)‐ones Using Nitromethane as the Nitrogen Synthon
Authors: Yan Yizhe , Niu Bin , Xu Kun , Yu Jianhua , Zhi Huanhuan , Liu Yanqi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA novel and efficient oxidative annulation of 2‐aminobenzamides with nitromethane has been developed for the chemoselective synthesis of N‐substituted 1,2,3‐benzotriazine‐4(3H)‐ones in moderate to excellent yields under transition metal‐free conditions. Two NN bonds were constructed in one pot via CN cleavage of nitromethane, which was selectively employed as the nitrogen synthon. The preliminary mechanistic studies revealed that this protocol proceeded under hypoiodite catalysis generated in situ.magnified image
Retracted: Palladium‐Catalyzed Decarboxylative Selective Acylation of 4H‐Benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐one Derivatives with α‐Oxo Carboxylic acids via Preferential Cyclic Imine‐N‐Directed Aryl C−H Activation
Authors: Majhi Biju , Kundu Debasish , Ghosh Tubai , Ranu Brindaban C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe benzoxazine scaffolds are of much interest as they are found in a large array of natural products and pharmaceutical drugs with diverse activities. We have developed a palladium‐catalyzed decarboxylative selective mono‐ and bis‐acylation of 4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐one derivatives with α‐oxo carboxylic acids via preferential cyclic imine‐N‐directed C−H activation. 2‐Aryl‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐one was acylated with a variety of substituted phenylglyoxylic acids to produce the corresponding products. It was observed that electron‐donating groups (CH3, OCH3) at any position of the aromatic ring of phenylglyoxylic acid provided good to excellent yields, whereas phenylglyoxylic acids containing electron‐withdrawing groups (COCH3, CN, NO2) gave the products in moderate yields. Interestingly when the reaction was performed with silver triflate (AgOTf) in place of silver nitrate (AgNO3) in the presence of 4 equivalents of glyoxylic acid, the bis‐acylated product was obtained together with a small amount of mono‐acylated product. This is the first report of acylation of 2‐aryl‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐ones via C−H activation. The notable features of this reaction are acylation with more challenging heteroarene‐oxo carboxylic acids and alkyl oxo carboxylic acids. This new protocol provides an easy and efficient access to a variety of o‐acyl‐4H‐benzo[d][1,3]oxazin‐4‐one derivatives which are of pharmaceutical importance.magnified image
Synthesis of Exocyclic Trisubstituted Alkenes via Nickel‐ Catalyzed Kumada‐Type Cross‐Coupling Reaction of gem‐ Difluoroalkenes with Di‐Grignard Reagents
Authors: Dai Wenpeng , Zhang Xuxue , Zhang Juan , Lin Yingyin , Cao Song 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA practical, nickel‐catalyzed Kumada‐type double cross‐coupling reaction of gem‐difluoroalkenes with 1,4‐ or 1,5‐di‐Grignard reagents was developed. The reaction proceeded efficiently at room temperature and a variety of cyclization products, arylmethylenecyclopentanes and arylmethylenecyclohexanes, were obtained in high to excellent yields, respectively.magnified image
Convergent Activation Concept for CO2 Fixation in Carbonates
Authors: Desens Willi , Werner Thomas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractConcepts to facilitate the conversion of epoxides with carbon dioxide to the corresponding cyclic carbonates commonly focus on the activation of the epoxide. Herein we report a catalytic system which allows the simultaneous activation of carbon dioxide and the epoxide. This convergent activation concept is realized by combining a suitable carbene as catalyst for the carbon dioxide activation with a second catalytic system based on potassium iodide for epoxide activation. Initial experiments showed synergistic effects and thus proving the feasibility of this activation concept. Moreover a standard protocol was developed and the substrate scope under these conditions has been studied. Under mild and solvent‐free conditions 14 epoxides could be converted. The respective cyclic carbonates were obtained in good to excellent yields with selectivities ≥ 99 % after simple filtration.magnified image
Nanostructured Amorphous Nickel Boride for High‐Efficiency Electrocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution over a Broad pH Range
Authors: Zeng Min , Wang Hao , Zhao Chong , Wei Jiake , Qi Kuo , Wang Wenlong , Bai Xuedong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA fruitful paradigm in the development of low‐cost and efficient water splitting systems for hydrogen generation is to search the highly active non‐noble catalysts towards hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Here, the electrocatalytic HER activity of nanostructured amorphous nickel boride (Ni−B) alloy has been investigated. Amorphous Ni−B has exhibited excellent catalytic efficiency and long‐term stability for HER over a broad pH range, which is actually comparable to the performance of Pt. This high catalytic activity is due to the amorphous structure and the moderate electron structure of Ni−B. The Ni−B catalyst is easily obtained via electroless plating technique and we could get a supported Ni−B catalyst on desired substrates. Given the low cost, abundance, corrosion resistance, high efficiency and ease of fabrication, amorphous Ni−B is among the best alternatives to noble metal hydrogen evolution catalysts for water splitting.
Catalyst‐Controlled Selectivity in C−S Bond Formation: Highly Efficient Synthesis of C2‐ and C3‐Sulfonylindoles
Authors: Yang Yong , Li Wanmei , Xia Chengcai , Ying Beibei , Shen Chao , Zhang Pengfei 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 02/2016 is provided by the Zhang group, Hangzhou Normal University (P.R. China). The image shows the choice of two different methods to accomplish C−S bond formation for the highly effective synthesis of C2‐ and C3‐sulfonylindoles. See the Full Paper itself at http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201500917.
Experimental and Model Studies on Continuous Separation of 2‐Phenylpropionic Acid Enantiomers by Enantioselective Liquid–Liquid Extraction in Centrifugal Contactor Separators
Authors: Feng Xiaofeng , Tang Kewen , Zhang Pangliang , Yin Shuangfeng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMultistage enantioselective liquid–liquid extraction (ELLE) of 2‐phenylpropionic acid (2‐PPA) enantiomers using hydroxypropyl‐β‐cyclodextrin (HP‐β‐CD) as extractant was studied experimentally in a counter‐current cascade of centrifugal contactor separators (CCSs). Performance of the process was evaluated by purity (enantiomeric excess, ee) and yield (Y). A multistage equilibrium model was established on the basis of single‐stage model for chiral extraction of 2‐PPA enantiomers and the law of mass conservation. A series of experiments on the extract phase/washing phase ratio (W/O ratio), extractant concentration, the pH value of aqueous phase, and the number of stages was conducted to verify the multistage equilibrium model. It was found that model predictions were in good agreement with the experimental results. The model was applied to predict and optimize the symmetrical separation of 2‐PPA enantiomers. The optimal conditions for symmetric separation involves a W/O ratio of 0.6, pH of 2.5, and HP‐β‐CD concentration of 0.1 mol L−1 at a temperature of 278 K, where eeeq (equal enantiomeric excess) can reach up to 37% and Yeq (equal yield) to 69%. By simulation and optimization, the minimum number of stages was evaluated at 98 and 106 for eeeq > 95% and eeeq > 97%. Chirality 28:235–244, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.Research highlights are as follows:

Multistage enantioselective liquid‐liquid extraction is suitable for the separation of 2‐phenylpropionic acid enantiomers with HP‐β‐CD as hydrophilic chiral selector.
Model predictions of multistage countercurrent centrifugal extraction of 2‐phenylpropionic acid enantiomers are in good agreement with the experimental results.
Purity for 2‐phenylpropionic acid enantiomers could be remarkably improved by changing W/O ratio or extractant concentration, and or adding the number of centrifugal contact separators.
Multistage enantioselective liquid‐liquid extraction in centrifugal contactor separators can be hopeful for separations of various enantiomers at a large‐scale.
Fully automated liver segmentation using Sobolev gradient‐based level set evolution
Authors: Göçeri Evgin 
Published: January 2016

SummaryQuantitative analysis and precise measurements on the liver have vital importance for pre‐evaluation of surgical operations and require high accuracy in liver segmentation from all slices in a data set. However, automated liver segmentation from medical image data sets is more challenging than segmentation of any other organ due to various reasons such as vascular structures in the liver, high variability of liver shapes, similar intensity values, and unclear edges between liver and its adjacent organs. In this study, a variational level set‐based segmentation approach is proposed to be efficient in terms of processing time and accuracy. The efficiency of this method is achieved by (1) automated initialization of a large initial contour, (2) using an adaptive signed pressure force function, and also (3) evolution of the level set with Sobolev gradient. Experimental results show that the proposed fully automated segmentation technique avoids local minima and stops evolution of the active contour at desired liver boundaries with high speed and accuracy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Examining the influence of distal radius orientation on distal radioulnar joint contact using a finite element model
Authors: Greybe Desney , Boland Michael R. , Wu Tim , Mithraratne Kumar 
Published: January 2016

SummaryDistal radius malunion is a problem that is common to distal radius fractures and can affect the contact mechanics of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). The goal of this study was to use a computational model of the DRUJ to investigate the influence distal radius orientation has on its contact mechanics. Detailed, finite element models of the radius and ulna bones were constructed from magnetic resonance imaging data. The orientation of the distal radius was rotated in 2° increments about three orthogonal axes representing dorsal–palmar rotation, radial–ulnar rotation and anteversion‐retroversion. A computational model was used to predict joint contact at the DRUJ in each condition. Joint contact was found to be most sensitive to dorsal rotation of the distal radius, while radial and ulnar rotation did not substantially affect joint contact pressure. Slight retroversion was found to lower joint contact pressure. In most cases, more than 6° rotation in a given direction resulted in dislocation of the DRUJ, so that adaptation at the joint would be required to maintain articular contact. The joint contact model implemented in this study allowed the relationship between distal radius orientation and DRUJ contact to be examined systematically, in a way that is difficult to achieve using a cadaver‐based approach. The results demonstrated the distal radius displacements most critical for maintaining healthy joint mechanics at the DRUJ. It is important that clinicians consider the influence of distal radius malunion and its treatment on DRUJ mechanics, in addition to its consequences for wrist function and forearm rotation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sexual and Non‐Sexual Trauma, Depression and Self‐Esteem in a Sample of Polish Women. A Cross‐Sectional Study
Authors: Kucharska Justyna 
Published: January 2016

The purpose of this research was to explore the issue of the psychological aftermaths of traumatic events in women. According to the existing body of evidence, women suffer more often than men from mental health problems as a result of a traumatic event—one of the explanations for this is that women experience sexual trauma more frequently and this type of trauma causes more severe negative consequences. Therefore, the main aim of this research was to compare the aftermaths of sexual and non‐sexual traumatic events in women. Only traumatic events in adulthood were taken into consideration and were divided into two categories: recent events (previous two years) and those of an earlier occurrence. Depression and low level of self‐esteem were included in the research model as possible consequences of traumatic events. A total of 273 women from Poland took part in a questionnaire survey. As hypothesized, in the case of recent events, participants who experienced a sexual trauma showed a higher level of depression and lower level of self‐esteem compared with those subjects, who experienced a non‐sexual trauma or did not experience a traumatic event at all. However, this effect was not observed in the case of events of earlier occurrence. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Message

Relations between traumatic experiences and the level of depression and self‐esteem in women were demonstrated.
Women who experienced sexual trauma showed higher levels of depression and lower levels of self‐esteem than women who experienced other types of trauma.
Time of the occurrence of the traumatic events matters: the relations between traumatic events, depression and self‐esteem were demonstrated in the case of the events that occurred within the last two years.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine actions and use in man
Authors: von Euler U.S. 
Published: January 2016

Our present concepts of the role and use of epinephrine and norepinephrine in man are largely based on the doctrine of epinephrine as the emergency hormone of the adrenal medulla, originally outlined by Cannon and his associates, and the more recent finding that norepinephrine serves as neurotransmitter of the adrenergic nervous system and also as a medullary hormone. Important contributions to the knowledge of these amines have also been gained by empirical work on their use as remedies in various conditions.While soon after its discovery epinephrine was introduced into the therapeutic arsenal, it was almost 50 years before norepinephrine came to be used more regularly as a drug.As soon as it became recognized in the 1940's, however, that norepinephrine served as an adrenal medullary hormone as well as adrenergic nerve transmitter, the situation changed. It is true that inadequate experimentation and defective conclusions in the beginning caused some of the important physiologic differences between the two hormones to be overlooked, but gradually the pattern of actions and, based upon these, the indications for the use of both epinephrine and norepinephrine became clearer.In this review an outline is given of what is now regarded as the physiologic roles of the two hormones, based on a survey of some of their most important pharmacologic actions in man, and these are compared with reported results of the therapeutic effects of the hormones.
Comparison of the effectiveness of phenobarbital, mephobarbital, primidone, diphenylhydantoin, ethotoin, metharbital, and methylphenylethylhydantoin in motor seizures
Authors: Gruber Charles M. , Brock Joseph T. , Dyken Mark , Gibson Martha 
Published: January 2016

Forty‐four patients with focal brain damage and epilepsy were given phenobarbital, mephobarbital, primidone, diphenylhydantoin, ethotoin, metharbital, methylphenylethylhydantoin, and blank on a double blind basis as replacement for their usual anticonvulsant medications. The number of seizures observed provided a score which was used to determine drug effectiveness.The results indicate that the patients differed with regard to the severity of epilepsy, their response to medication and dose, and their response during 5 days of study. With effective doses of medication, the seizure scores increased more slowly than when ineffective doses were given. With all of the treatments except the blank and the smaller doses of diphenylhydantoin and ethotoin, there was an inverse relationship between dose and seizure scores.The doses of phenobarbital, diphenylhydantoin, metharbital, methylphenylethylhydantoin, mephobarbital, and primidone which were calculated to be equally effective were, respectively, 30, 200, 110, 112, 128, and 93 mg. Doses of 70 mg. diphenylhydantoin and 470 mg. ethotoin appeared to lower the seizure scores equally.
Part IV. The concept of threshold in carcinogenesis
Authors: Mantel Nathan 
Published: January 2016

Whether or nat there is a threshold level of a carcinogen depends on the nature of the cancer‐inducing mechanisms. It may be that under some mechanisms thresholds do exist. In general, with the mechanisms proposed, the carcinogenic hazard never disappears with diminishing dose but rather becomes indefinitely small. A more practical approach is then not to attempt to determine the threshold level of a carcinagen, but rather to determine some arbitrarily safe (1/100,000,000) level. Such levels can be established from knawledge of the carcinagenic mechanism or, when the mechanism is not known, through the use of conservative procedures.The concept of a carcinogenic threshold becomes further obscured when one considers alterations which may occur in the environment. Safe or threshold levels of a carcinogen may become unsafe if a promoting agent is introduced into the environment.From these considerations various recommendations are made as to the conduct of a carCinogen testing program. These recommendations include testing over a wide dose range, testing in conjunction with knawn promoters or initiators, use of both skin‐painting tests and tests which permit the agent to be metabolized by the host.
The limited clinical pharmacology of nitrous oxide
Authors: Hamilton William K. 
Published: January 2016

Despite more than a century of clinical use, there is a bare minimum of precise information on the pharmacology of nitrous oxide. This is probably the consequence of (1) weakness of general effect which makes results difficult to measure and provides unstable conditions for study, (2) inadequate number of studies of nitrous oxide without accompanying depressant drugs, and (3) failure of many reports to provide data. Nitrous oxide now has been proved to he analgetic and, at least to some degree, anesthetic. It does not depend upon hypoxia for this effect. Serious neurological sequelae coincident to use of the agent are due to asphyxia.Clinical use of such a weak agent gives rise to interesting problems of pharmacologic concept. There is question as to whether weakness of the drug and its lack of tOXicity are separate phenomena or different ways of expressing the same thing. The use of supplemental drugswith nitrous oxide brings up "polypharmacy versus purism" as an approach to anesthetic depression and gives information suggesting that other agents add to toxicity as well as "potency." Exposure of patients to surgical procedures during very "light" anesthesia has been suggested as cause for shock and perhaps other sequelae. Current usage fails to support this concept.Nitrous oxide remai118 a useful clinical anesthetic agent and knowledge has increased, even with few precise pharmacologic studies, and the scope of clinical usefulness has been enlarged thereby.