bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE "LEGAL EPIDEMIOLOGY" OF THE TEEN SEXTING EPIDEMIC: HOW THE MEDIA INFLUENCED A LEGISLATIVE OUTBREAK
Authors: Podlas Kimberlianne 
Published: June 2016

This article considers the media‟s impact on the “legal epidemiology” of the teen sexting epidemic. Here, “teen sexting epidemic” refers to two things: (1) the belief that sext messaging by teens is rampant and spreading, hence, is an epidemic; and (2) the process by which a piece of information spreads like a virus, came to be understood as a pathogen infecting teens, resulted in a rash of child pornography prosecutions, and erupted into an outbreak of sexting legislation, hence, the epidemiology of the legal issue. This article argues that the media was both a carrier of this virus, in that it communicated the information and conceptual frameworks that formed the public‟s knowledge base of sexting and its legal implications, and a host environment in which forces interacted and transformed. To better understand the media‟s role, this article includes an empirical analysis of the past five years of media coverage of teen sexting, and identifying both its temporal and topical trends. With this quantitative and qualitative base, the article then analyzes the relationship between coverage and the progression of the teen sexting epidemic from a social issue to a legal issue and, ultimately, to an outbreak of “curative” legislation. In doing so, it focuses on the child pornography prosecutions of teen sexters, the media‟s criticism of that course of action, the reincarnated stories of sext-related suicides, and the nation‟s recent sext-related legislation.
TAXING VIRTUAL WORLDS: CAN THE IRS PWN YOU?
Authors: Roscoe Eric G. 
Published: June 2016

This article examines whether the transactions between players of online virtual world games can give rise to taxable events. It also compares two earlier articles on the same topic, and argues that the intellectually pure conclusion is that every transaction in virtual worlds creates a taxable event. While the article concludes that the events are taxable, it argues that similar to frequent flier miles, the income from a virtual transaction should not be taxed until it is converted to real world currency. The IRS has implemented Section 6050W designed to require companies like PayPal to report the transactions of their biggest customers. The rules are applicable to virtual world players, but do not perform a sufficient function of ensuring reporting compliance because the number of transactions required to trigger a report are far too high.
CODING FOR LIFE - SHOULD ANY ENTITY HAVE THE EXCLUSIVE RIGHT TO USE AND SELL ISOLATED DNA?
Authors: Rogers Douglas L. 
Published: June 2016

Myriad Genetics, Inc. ("Myriad") obtained patents in the 1990s on two "isolated" human breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility genes ("BRCA"). Myriad did not list all the isolated sequences it claims to have a right to monopolize, but instead claims a patent on the physical phenomena itself -- all DNA segments that code for the BRCA1 polypeptide, even the sequences Myriad has not identified and even those someone else in the future creates or isolates the sequences of through a method or methods not contemplated by Myriad. An impressive array of non-profit medical societies, doctors and patients sued to have the Myriad patents declared invalid. In 2010, the District Court for the Southern District of New York held in Association for Molecular Pathology v. United States Patent and Trademark Office that the claimed product patents for isolated DNA segments constituted unpatentable subject matter under 35 U.S.C. §101. On July 29, 2011, a divided panel of the Federal Circuit reversed the District Court and held that the isolated DNA segments constituted patentable subject matter. Of the three member panel, Judge Lourie concluded that the isolated DNA was markedly different than the native DNA, so constituted patentable subject matter. Although Judge Moore agreed that certain DNA segments constituted patentable subject matter, she believed that the longer isolated DNA segments probably did not constitute patentable subject matter. However, primarily in light of the fact that the US Patent and Trademark Office has been granting patents for isolated DNA for years, Judge Moore concurred in the judgment of Judge Lourie. Judge Bryson concurred on one of the product claims (for synthetic cDNA) but dissented on claims pertaining to the isolated DNA segments on the grounds that isolated DNA did not differ markedly from the native DNA and that the function of the isolated DNA was identical to the function of the native DNA.The Supreme Court stated that "Congress may not authorize the issuance of patents whose effects are to remove existent knowledge from the public domain, or to restrict free access to materials already available." This article argues that the Federal Circuit - not Congress - has done just that and has given Myriad a wall to restrict free access to materials that have literally been in humans for centuries. The isolated DNA segments of claim 1 do exactly the same coding as do the native segments--nothing more; nothing less. The segments of claim 1 do not act as primers or probes, so they do not have markedly different characteristics or utility than native DNA, which the Supreme Court has ruled courts must consider. Moreover, the functioning of the sequence of the nucleotide bases is a physical phenomenon that Myriad has not created but has captured in its claim. Judges Lourie and Moore disregarded Supreme Court precedent and the fundamental principle that physical phenomena are not patentable subject matter.
DIMINISHING THE ATTRACTIVENESS OF TROLLING: THE IMPACTS OF RECENT JUDICIAL ACTIVITY ON NON-PRACTICING ENTITIES
Authors: Forsberg Holly 
Published: June 2016

The United States patent system has increasingly been faced with complications presented by a type of non-practicing entity known as ‗patent trolls‘—patent owner entities that do not actively innovate, develop or manufacture patented material but instead seek to profit from patent ownership through licensing agreements and litigation. This article explores arguments on both sides of the non-practicing entity debate and evaluates perceptions of this activity as both an accessible secondary commodities market and a litigation-based business model.
MOBILE REMITTANCES AND DODD-FRANK: REVIEWING THE EFFECTS OF THE CFPB REGULATIONS
Authors: Richard Colin C. 
Published: June 2016

International remittances provide $325 billion in capital each year to developing countries and serve as an essential tool for international economic development. The growth of mobile money and mobile banking around the world will significantly increase access to remittance services and reduce costs for senders and recipients, but policy changes could irreparably deter the use of mobile phones for remittances. In July 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act proposed for the first time substantive federal regulation of international remittances and required the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) to develop certain rules for the industry. This article analyzes the CFPB's February 2012 rule in the context of mobile remittances.
Los efectos de género del derecho de inmigración por razones familiares: interpretación en contexto como posible remedio judicial
Authors: Staiano Fulvia 
Published: June 2016

El marco normativo sobre inmigración por razones familiares pueden afectar de manera desproporcionada y negativa a las mujeres inmigrantes y a sus derechos, produciendo efectos de género. En algunos casos, estos efectos están conectados con la imposición legislativa y judicial de modelos de familia que son muy difíciles de satisfacer (por ejemplo, el modelo de ‘buena madre’, el de proveedor único, o el basado en una rígida distinción entre el trabajo productivo y el reproductivo). En otros casos, dichos efectos se deben a la subestimación de las dificultades y necesidades específicas de las mujeres inmigrantes, en sus familias y en el más amplio contexto normativo y social del país de acogida. Para revelar y corregir eficazmente estos efectos de discriminación indirecta, en este artículo propongo una visión alternativa del derecho a la vida familiar de la mujer inmigrante, como conjunto de derechos y titularidades más que como derecho mono-dimensional. Como enfoque teórico, esta construcción permite poner de manifiesto, de manera eficaz, las complejas experiencias de las mujeres inmigrantes en el espacio jurídico europeo. También posibilita desvelar los efectos de género que no se derivan de normas individuales, sino que son producto de la interacción de normas tradicionalmente atribuidas a diferentes ámbitos del derecho (como por ejemplo el derecho migratorio y el derecho penal). Como estrategia judicial, esta visión posibilita que los tribunales supranacionales y nacionales se aproximen a las mujeres inmigrantes como sujetos en contexto, y nosólo como personas aisladas. Esta interpretación judicial, atenta al contexto familiar, social, y normativo en el que viven las mujeres inmigrantes, se puede definir como interpretación contextualizada. Ella tiene un gran potencial para neutralizar los efectos de género de carácter negativo derivados de ciertas normas que regulan la inmigración por razones familiares. Para ilustrar estos extremos, este artículo analiza distintos ejemplos judiciales significativos ofrecidos por el Tribunal Europeo de los Derechos Humanos (TEDH) y por las jurisdicciones nacionales de países con una incidencia particularmente alta de mujeres inmigrantes (Italia y España).
Theory as Noir: a cartoon version of an academic article
Authors: Gray Chris H. 
Published: June 2016

Expanding on the growing movement to take academic and other erudite subjugated knowledges and distill them into some graphic form, this “cartoon” is a recounting of the author’s 2014 article, “Big Data, Actionable Information, Scientific Knowledge and the Goal of Control,” Teknokultura, Vol. 11/no. 3, pp. 529-54. It is an analysis of the idea of Big Data and an argument that its power relies on its instrumentalist specificity and not its extent. Mind control research in general and optogenetics in particular are the case study. Noir seems an appropriate aesthetic for this analysis, so direct quotes from the article are illustrated by publically available screen shots from iconic and unknown films of the 20th century. The only addition to the original article is a framing insight from the admirable activist network CrimethInc.
Unashamed: Negative Affect and Shaw's Psychology of Money
Authors: Watt Stephen 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
In his “Preface to Major Barbara,” Shaw engages with a topic that he spent much of his life refining: the various importance of money. In this preface, he adds texture to his meditations by citing examples of the far-reaching influence of capital: its imbrication in “our social conscience” and its complicity in causing poverty. Understanding money's pervasive effects, however, as Shaw lamented in his 1905 preface to The Irrational Knot (1880), was beyond his power: “[A]s I had no money, I had to blind myself to its enormous importance” (“Preface,” xxx). Under capitalism, this “enormous importance” often extends to an assessment of people but of oneself as well. Writing in 1921 to introduce Immaturity, a novel written over forty years earlier, Shaw suggests the connection between materiality and human subjectivity, suggesting money's relationship to intensity of feeling, especially negative feeling or affect. In short, the same writer who in this preface deprecates psychoanalysis as a “craze” (xviii) formulates over his career what his contemporary Georg Simmel initially embarked upon as a scholar and expanded into a philosophy: namely, a psychology of money. This essay delineates the terms of this psychology.
GBS as Philanthropist and Social Entrepreneur: Bridging Nineteenth-Century Charity and Twenty-First-Century Social Innovation
Authors: Lyons Al 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Bernard Shaw is not generally known for philanthropic theories and practices. In his dramatic and political writings, Shaw believed that isolated acts of charity could not address social ills and encourage progress. He sought meaningful social impact through political solutions, highlighted by his involvement in the Fabian Society, but also recognized the social role of private actions of generous visionaries. Shaw's ideas on these private acts were influenced by the rise of early twentieth-century scientific philanthropy and anticipated twenty-first-century social entrepreneurs. His “revolutionists,” depicted in plays such as Man and Superman, Widowers' Houses, Major Barbara, The Devil's Disciple, and Saint Joan, laid the groundwork for modern social activists.
Legal Constraints on the Indeterminate Control of ‘Dangerous’ Sex Offenders in the Community: The French Perspective
Authors: Herzog-Evans Martine 
Published: June 2016

Legal Constraints on the Indeterminate Control of ‘Dangerous’ Sex Offenders in the Community: The French Perspective
France literally ‘discovered’ sexual abuse following neighbour Belgium’s Dutroux case in the late 1990s. Since then, sex offenders have been the focus of politicians, media and law-makers’ attention. Further law reforms have aimed at imposing mandatory supervision and treatment, and in rare cases, preventive detention. The legal framework for mandatory supervision and detention is rather complex, ranging from a mixed sentence (custodial and mandatory supervision and treatment upon release or as a stand-alone sentence) to so-called ‘safety measures’, which supposedly do not aim at punishing an offence, but at protecting society. The difference between the concepts of sentences and safety measures is nevertheless rather blurry. In practice, however, courts have used safety measures quite sparingly and have preferred mandatory supervision as attached to a sentence, notably because it is compatible with cardinal legal principles. Procedural constraints have also contributed to this limited use. Moreover, the type of supervision and treatment that can thus be imposed is virtually identical to that of ordinary probation. It is, however, noteworthy that a higher number of offenders with mental health issues who are deemed ‘dangerous’ are placed in special psychiatric units, something that has not drawn much attention on the part of human rights lawyers.
THE INVESTIGATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL SECURITY OF LADIES PARK USING CRIME PREVENTION THROUGH ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN (CPTED) APPROACH - CASE STUDY- QOM NARGES PARK
Authors: Bazregari Saman , Ostovareh Mohadese 
Published: June 2016

Environmental security enhancement (based on people understanding about their surroundings) is one of the most important approaches which are considered by advanced societies in the social sciences, management and “environment designing” in order to improve the use of “ladies parks”. Safety as an objective and subjective receiving is arising from the structure and layout of the environment. Therefore, to increase it, required criteria and standards should be considered for designing the ladies parks. The aim of this study is to investigate the environmental security of Ladies Park by using Crime Prevention through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach. This is a kind of descriptive and analytical study based on survey using inventory technique. This study expresses the problems of ladies parks by using CPTED approach. The statistical population of this research is Narges Park (Qom, Iran), the first park which has been constructed in the city for women. The results of the study show that women in their exclusive parks look for relaxation away from the masculine environment. The existence of environmental security and preventing people from seeing inside the park is one of the key factors which can increase the parks privacy and create peace of mind for users of the park. To increase the level of security in our environment, this study suggests the spaces proper design according to social cultural and ideological conditions of the city and park landscaping using Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (CPTED) approach.
Low-temperature electrochemical characterization of sputtered yttria-stabilized zirconia thin film on silicon substrate
Authors: Hua Ching-Han , Chou Chen-Chia 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The microstructure and electrical conductivity of yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) thin films with Pt electrodes were evaluated through three configurations in the temperature range from 25 to 500 °C. Using ac-impedance spectra, the contribution of the Si substrate to resistance was separated by an equivalent-circuit analysis. The colossal ionic conductivity of YSZ thin films at temperatures higher than 125 °C was observed parallel to the interface. The total ionic conductivity of YSZ thin films increased significantly in comparison w the bulk YSZ electrolyte. An alternative conductive pathway ascribed to the homogeneous and heterogeneous interfaces with high strain and charge-containing defects was proposed.
Resolution doubling using confocal microscopy via analogy with structured illumination microscopy
Authors: Hayashi Shinichi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) is a super-resolution fluorescence microscopy with a 2-fold higher lateral resolution than conventional wide-field fluorescence (WF) microscopy. Confocal fluorescence (CF) microscopy has approximately the same optical cutoff frequency as SIM; however, the maximum theoretical increase in lateral resolution over that of WF is 1.4-fold with an infinitesimal pinhole diameter. Quantitative comparisons based on an analytical imaging formula revealed that modulation transfer functions (MTFs) of SIM reconstructed images before postprocessing are nearly identical to those of CF images recorded with an infinitesimal pinhole diameter. Here, we propose a new method using an adequate pinhole diameter combined with the use of an apodized Fourier inverse filter to increase the lateral resolution of CF images to as much as that SIM images without significant noise degradation in practice. Furthermore, the proposed method does not require a posteriori parameterization and has reproducibility. This approach can be easily applied to conventional laser scanning CF, spinning disk CF, and multiphoton microscopies.
Dissociation degree of nitrogen molecule in low-pressure microwave-discharge nitrogen plasma with various rare-gas admixtures
Authors: Kuwano Kei , Nezu Atsushi , Matsuura Haruaki , Akatsuka Hiroshi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The dissociation degree of nitrogen molecules is examined in a microwave discharge nitrogen–rare gas mixture plasma with a total discharge pressure of 1 Torr, by actinometry measurement. Although the spectral line from the excited nitrogen atoms is overlapped by the band spectrum of the N2 first positive system (1PS), the subtraction of the 1PS spectrum fitted theoretically can successfully extract the atomic nitrogen line, which enables actinometry measurement. The nitrogen dissociation degree decreases with increasing mixture ratio of Ar to Kr, whereas it increases with He, which is attributed to the variations in the electron temperature and density. When we dilute the nitrogen with neon, however, we find an anomalous increase in the nitrogen dissociation degree by several orders of magnitude even at a downstream region in the discharge tube. The reason for the dissociation enhancement upon adding neon is discussed in terms of atomic and molecular processes in the plasma.
Method to predict length dependency of negative bias temperature instability degradation in p-MOSFETs
Authors: Seo Ji-Hoon , Kim Gang-Jun , Son Donghee , Lee Nam-Hyun , Kang Yongha , Kang Bongkoo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
We propose a method to predict the length dependency of the magnitude of degradation caused by negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) stress applied to a p-MOSFET. Threshold voltage degradation ΔV
th varied according to the drain bias V
d, during the measurement of drain current I
d. The depletion length L
dep into the channel was calculated based on a particular V
d value and the channel doping concentration. L
dep was used to extract the channel edge region length L
edge, then the center channel region length L
cen was obtained by subtracting L
edge from the gate length L
gate. We proposed an equation that uses L
dep, L
cen, L
edge and degree of ΔV
th variation to calculate ΔV
th according to L
gate while the p-MOSFET is under NBTI stress. Equation estimates of ΔV
th at different L
gate were similar to measurements.
Sub-chronic testosterone treatment increases the levels of epithelial sodium channel (ENaC)-α,βandγin the kidney of orchidectomized adult male Sprague–Dawley rats
Authors: Loh Su Yi , Giribabu Nelli , Salleh Naguib 
Published: June 2016

Testosterone has been reported to cause blood pressure to increase. However mechanisms that underlie the effect of this hormone on this physiological parameter are currently not well understood. The aims of this study were to investigate effects of testosterone on expression ofα,βandγ-epithelial sodium channel (ENaC) proteins and messenger RNAs (mRNAs) in kidneys, the channel known to be involved in Na+reabsorption, which subsequently can affect the blood pressure.Methods.Adult male Sprague–Dawley (SD) rats were orchidectomized fourteen days prior to receiving seven days treatment with testosterone propionate (125 µg/kg/day or 250 µg/kg/day) with or without flutamide (androgen receptor blocker) or finasteride (5α-reductase inhibitor). Following sacrifice, the kidneys were removed and were subjected forα,βandγ-ENaC protein and mRNA expression analyses by Western blotting and Real-time PCR (qPCR) respectively. The distribution ofα,βandγ-ENaC proteins in kidneys were observed by immunofluorescence.Results.Theα,βandγ-ENaC proteins and mRNA levels in kidneys were enhanced in rats which received testosterone-only treatment. In these rats,α,βandγ-ENaC proteins were distributed in the distal tubules and collecting ducts of the nephrons. Co-treatment with flutamide or finasteride resulted in the levels ofα,βandγ-ENaC proteins and mRNAs in kidneys to decrease. In conclusions, increases inα,βandγ-ENaC protein and mRNA levels in kidneys mainly in the distal tubules and collecting ducts under testosterone influence might lead to enhance Na+reabsorption which subsequently might cause an increase in blood pressure.