bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hierarchical filters determine community assembly of urban species pools
Authors: Aronson Myla F. J. , Nilon Charles H. , Lepczyk Christopher A. , Parker Tommy S. , Warren Paige S. , Cilliers Sarel S. , Goddard Mark A. , Hahs Amy K. , Herzog Cecilia , Katti Madhusudan , La Sorte Frank A. , Williams Nicholas S. G. , Zipperer Wayne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe majority of humanity now lives in cities or towns, with this proportion expected to continue increasing for the foreseeable future. As novel ecosystems, urban areas offer an ideal opportunity to examine multi‐scalar processes involved in community assembly as well as the role of human activities in modulating environmental drivers of biodiversity. Although ecologists have made great strides in recent decades at documenting ecological relationships in urban areas, much remains unknown, and we still need to identify the major ecological factors, aside from habitat loss, behind the persistence or extinction of species and guilds of species in cities. Given this paucity of knowledge, there is an immediate need to facilitate collaborative, interdisciplinary research on the patterns and drivers of biodiversity in cities at multiple spatial scales. In this review, we introduce a new conceptual framework for understanding the filtering processes that mold diversity of urban floras and faunas. We hypothesize that the following hierarchical series of filters influence species distributions in cities: (1) regional climatic and biogeographical factors; (2) human facilitation; (3) urban form and development history; (4) socioeconomic and cultural factors; and (5) species interactions. In addition to these filters, life history and functional traits of species are important in determining community assembly and act at multiple spatial scales. Using these filters as a conceptual framework can help frame future research needed to elucidate processes of community assembly in urban areas. Understanding how humans influence community structure and processes will aid in the management, design, and planning of our cities to best support biodiversity.
Enhancement of carbon dioxide capture by amine‐modified rice husk mesoporous material
Authors: Boonpoke Anusorn , Chiarakorn Siriluk , Laosiripojana Navadol , Chidthaisong Amnat 
Published: July 2016

Carbon dioxide capture and sequestration (CCS) has become a promising mitigation measure to reduce carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from large stationary point sources. The CO2 capture process is the core limitation in terms of operating costs and energy consumption. To address this problem, this work aims to produce low cost solid sorbents for capturing CO2. Rice husk was used as a silica source for Mobil Composition of Matter No. 41 (MCM‐41) synthesis (called R‐MCM‐41). To enhance the CO2 adsorption performance at a high temperature, polyethyleneimine (PEI), monoethanolamine (MEA), and aniline (ANL) were applied as modification reagents onto the R‐MCM‐41 surface. The adsorption test was conducted by using an adsorption column. The results indicated that the adsorption capacity of R‐MCM‐41 decreased with an increase in adsorption temperature. However, amine modification can enhance the adsorption capacity at high adsorption temperatures. Out of all the materials tested, the R‐MCM‐41 impregnated with 50 wt % of PEI provided the highest adsorption capacity at 1.70 mmol g−1. © 2016 American Institute of Chemical Engineers Environ Prog, 35: 1716–1723, 2016
Can channel banks be the dominant source of fine sediment in a UK river?: an example using 137Cs to interpret sediment yield and sediment source
Authors: Pulley Simon , Foster Ian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCultivated fields have been shown to be the dominant sources of sediment in almost all investigated UK catchments, typically contributing 85 to 95% of sediment inputs. As a result, most catchment management strategies are directed towards mitigating these sediment inputs. However, in many regions of the UK such as the Nene basin there is a paucity of sediment provenance data. This study used the caesium‐137 (137Cs) inventories of lake and floodplain cores as well as the 137Cs activities of present day sediment to determine sediment provenance. Sediment yields were also reconstructed in a small lake catchment.Low 137Cs inventories were present in the lake and floodplain cores in comparison to the reference inventory and inventories in cores from other UK catchments. Caesium‐137 activities in the present day sediments were low; falling close to those found in the channel bank catchment samples. It was estimated that 60 to 100% of the sediment in the Nene originated from channel banks.Pre‐1963 sediment yields were approximately 11.2 t km−2 yr−1 and post‐1963 was approximately 11.9 t km−2 yr−1. The lack of increased sediment yield post‐1963 and low sediment yield is unusual for a UK catchment (where a yield of 28 to 51 t km−2 yr−1 is typical for a lowland agricultural catchment), but is explained by the low predicted contribution of sediment from agricultural topsoils. The high channel bank contribution is likely caused by the river being starved of sediment from topsoils, increasing its capacity to entrain bank material.The good agreement between the results derived using cores and recently transported sediments, highlight the reliability of 137Cs when tracing sediment sources. However, care should be taken to assess the potential impacts of sediment particle size, sediment focusing in lakes and the possible remobilization of 137Cs from sedimentary deposits. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Using the Weibull distribution to improve the description of riverine wood loads
Authors: Stout Justin C. , Rutherfurd Ian , Grove James , Webb J. Angus , Kitchingman Adrian , Tonkin Zeb 
Published: July 2016

AbstractReporting uncertainty in environmental measurements and estimates is important for cross‐comparison and inter‐comparison of sites and other spatial units. One such measure is the load of large in‐stream wood in river systems. In this paper we propose the use of the Weibull distribution to describe the central tendency and variability of wood loads along a river reach. We illustrate the link between the average wood load and the central tendency or scale parameter of the Weibull distribution. The shape of the Weibull distribution is strongly related to the ability of rivers to transport and rearrange the wood in a reach. We use six Victorian rivers to test the fit of the Weibull distribution, showing that the Weibull is a useful and flexible distribution that provides common reporting metrics useful for future studies. Using common reporting metrics provides a stronger tool for comparisons of wood loads between rivers and with reaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spheroidal weathering of granite porphyry with well‐developed columnar joints by oxidation, iron precipitation, and rindlet exfoliation
Authors: Hirata Yasuto , Chigira Masahiro , Chen Youqing 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSpheroidal weathering, one of the important rock weathering styles, has been attributed to chemical weathering by the water from joint surfaces, and mechanical aspects of the weathering have not been well addressed. We made an investigation on spheroidal weathering of Miocene granite porphyry with well‐developed columnar joints and found that this spheroidal weathering proceeds through chemical processes and accompanying mechanical processes. The investigation of the textures, physical properties, mineralogy, and chemistry of the porphyry revealed the presence of a brown band on the surface margins of corestones, representing the oxidation of pyrite and chlorite, and the precipitation of iron hydroxides, and the consequent generation of micro‐cracks within the band. During weathering, oxidation progresses inwards from joints that surround the rindlets, including both high‐angle columnar and low‐angle planar joints, and causes rounding of the unweathered interior portion of the rock. Microscopic observations of the brown band embedded with fluorescent resin show that pores are first filled with iron hydroxides, and that micro‐cracks then form parallel to the oxidation front in the outer portion of the brown band. Iron hydroxide precipitation increases the P‐wave velocity in the brown band, while micro‐crack formation decreases the tensile strength of the rock. Where the brown band has thickened to ~6 cm, the micro‐cracks are connected to one another to create continuous cracks, which separate the rindlets from the corestone. Micro‐crack formation parallel to the corestone surface may be attributed to compressive stresses generated by small amounts of volumetric expansion due to the precipitation of iron hydroxides in the brown band. Earth surface is under oxidizing environments so that precipitation of iron hydroxides commonly occurs; the spheroidal weathering in this paper is a typical example of the combination of chemical and mechanical processes under such environments. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Design of a Gigabit DSL modem using super orthogonal complete complementary codes
Authors: van Wyk Jacques H. , Linde Louis P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper describes the preliminary design and simulation towards a gigabit digital subscriber line modem that provides multi‐user interference‐free communication in a far‐end crosstalk dominated environment by incorporating super orthogonal complete complementary spreading into the existing xDSL modem architecture. This is in contrast to existing vectoring and dynamic spectral management techniques that use joint processing and pre‐processing of each user's signal to mitigate far‐end crosstalk. A novel code allocation algorithm is introduced to provide all users with equal data rate ratios, even with bad line profiles and high‐required data rates. Preliminary simulation results show that 1 Gbps aggregate throughput can be obtained for the system over a single pair of 0.5 mm copper wire over a distance from 180 to 150 m, depending on whether ADSL2+ or VDSL2 Profile 30a service bands are avoided, if present. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stabilized mixed three‐field formulation for a generalized incompressible Oldroyd‐B model
Authors: Kwack JaeHyuk , Masud Arif , Rajagopal K. R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis paper presents a generalization of the incompressible Oldroyd‐B model based on a thermodynamic framework within which the fluid can be viewed to exist in multiple natural configurations. The response of the fluid is viewed as a combination of an elastic component and a dissipative component. The dissipative component leads to the evolution of the underlying natural configurations, while the response from the natural configuration to the current configuration is considered elastic and therefore non‐dissipative. For an incompressible fluid, it is necessary that both the elastic behavior as well as the dissipative behavior is isochoric. This is achieved by ensuring that the determinant of the stretch tensor associated with the elastic response meets the constraint that its determinant is unity.A new stabilized mixed method is developed for the velocity, pressure and the kinematic tensor fields. Analytical models for fine scale fields are derived via the solution of the fine‐scale equations facilitated by the Variational Multiscale framework that are then variationally embedded in the coarse‐scale variational equations. The resulting method inherits the attributes of the classical SUPG and GLS methods, while a significant new contribution is that the form of the stabilization tensors is explicitly derived. A family of linear and quadratic tetrahedral and hexahedral elements is developed with equal‐order interpolations for the various fields. Numerical tests are presented that validate the incompressibility of the elastic stretch tensor, show optimal L2 convergence for the conformation tensor field, and present stable response for high Weissenberg number flows. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Impacts of relative permeability formulation on forecasts of CO2 phase behavior, phase distribution, and trapping mechanisms in a geologic carbon storage reservoir*
Authors: Moodie Nathan , Pan Feng , Jia Wei , McPherson Brian 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA critical aspect in the risk assessment of geologic carbon storage, a carbon‐emissions reduction method under extensive review and testing, is effective multiphase CO2 flow and transport simulation. Relative permeability is a flow parameter particularly critical for accurate forecasting of the multiphase behavior of CO2 in the subsurface. The relative permeability relationship assumed and especially the residual saturation of the gas phase greatly impacts predicted CO2 trapping mechanisms and long‐term plume migration behavior. A primary goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of the selection of relative permeability formulations on the efficacy of regional‐scale CO2 sequestration models. To accomplish this, we selected the San Rafael Swell area of East‐central Utah as a case study to evaluate the impact of relative permeability formulations on CO2 plume movement and behavior. A 2D vertical cross section model was built to simulate injection of CO2 into a brine aquifer for 30 years followed by 970 years of post‐injection monitoring. We evaluated five different relative permeability relationships to quantify their relative impacts on forecasted flow results of the model, with all other parameters maintained uniform and constant. Because of the interdependence between phase saturation and relative permeability in numerical simulations we expected to see some variation in phase behavior, phase distribution, and CO2 trapping mechanisms. An almost 60% difference in residually trapped gas was observed across the different relative permeability relationships. Large variations of up to 40% in the saturation of both dissolved phase and mobile supercritical phase CO2 were also observed. The pressure buildup and decay observed was not significantly affected by the relative permeability formulation until after injection pressures have dissipated. Results of this analysis suggest that CO2 plume movement and behavior are significantly dependent on the specific relative permeability formulation assigned, including the assumed residual saturation values of CO2 and brine. More specifically, different relative permeability relationships translate to significant differences in CO2 plume behavior and corresponding trapping mechanisms. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Surgical prophylaxis with gram‐negative activity for reduction of surgical site infections after microvascular reconstruction for head and neck cancer
Authors: Wagner Jamie L. , Kenney Rachel M. , Vazquez Jose A. , Ghanem Tamer A. , Davis Susan L. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine the incidence of and risk factors for surgical site infections in microvascular reconstruction for patients with head and neck cancer.MethodsOne hundred seventeen patients with head and neck cancer undergoing microvascular reconstruction received postoperative surgical infection prophylaxis and were followed for 30 days. Surgical infection prophylaxis was categorized by empiric spectrum of activity. Risk factors for surgical site infection development and cumulative incidence of surgical site infections were characterized.ResultsThirty‐seven patients developed surgical site infection (cumulative surgical site infection incidence of 31.6%). Risk factors identified in logistic regression include alcohol use (odds ratio [OR] = 2.704; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.029–7.106), increased surgical duration (OR = 1.403; 95% CI = 1.185–1.661), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class IV (OR = 3.075; 95% CI = 1.000–9.459), and lack of postoperative gram‐negative coverage (OR = 15.139; 95% CI = 3.083–74.347).ConclusionAlcohol use, longer surgical duration, and lack of gram‐negative postoperative prophylactic coverage are modifiable risk factors for surgical site infection development. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: First–1454, 2016
Understanding the time‐varying importance of different uncertainty sources in hydrological modelling using global sensitivity analysis
Authors: Pianosi Francesca , Wagener Thorsten 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSimulations from hydrological models are affected by potentially large uncertainties stemming from various sources, including model parameters and observational uncertainty in the input/output data. Understanding the relative importance of such sources of uncertainty is essential to support model calibration, validation and diagnostic evaluation and to prioritize efforts for uncertainty reduction. It can also support the identification of ‘disinformative data’ whose values are the consequence of measurement errors or inadequate observations. Sensitivity analysis (SA) provides the theoretical framework and the numerical tools to quantify the relative contribution of different sources of uncertainty to the variability of the model outputs. In traditional applications of global SA (GSA), model outputs are aggregations of the full set of a simulated variable. For example, many GSA applications use a performance metric (e.g. the root mean squared error) as model output that aggregates the distances of a simulated time series to available observations. This aggregation of propagated uncertainties prior to GSA may lead to a significant loss of information and may cover up local behaviour that could be of great interest. Time‐varying sensitivity analysis (TVSA), where the aggregation and SA are repeated at different time steps, is a viable option to reduce this loss of information. In this work, we use TVSA to address two questions: (1) Can we distinguish between the relative importance of parameter uncertainty versus data uncertainty in time? (2) Do these influences change in catchments with different characteristics? To our knowledge, the results present one of the first quantitative investigations on the relative importance of parameter and data uncertainty across time. We find that the approach is capable of separating influential periods across data and parameter uncertainties, while also highlighting significant differences between the catchments analysed. Copyright © 2016 The Authors. Hydrological Processes. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Gender and geographical variability in the exposure pattern and metabolism of deoxynivalenol in humans: a review
Authors: Chen Liangkai , Yu Miao , Wu Qinghua , Peng Zhao , Wang Di , Kuča Kamil , Yao Ping , Yan Hong , Nüssler Andreas K. , Liu Liegang , Yang Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDeoxynivalenol (DON, also known as vomitoxin) is a common mycotoxin found worldwide, especially in contaminated food. DON is toxic to a variety of cells and tissues in humans. Three kinds of conjugated products (DON‐3‐glucuronide, DON‐15‐glucuronide and DON‐7‐glucuronide) can be found as major metabolites in human urine. Females and males show different patterns of exposure levels, and human exposure to DON also shows some geographical differences because of different DON levels in cereal‐based foods, food intake habits and UDP‐glucuronosyltransferase expression. Specifically, the C12, 13‐deepoxy metabolite was found predominantly in French adults but was rarely detected in UK adults. However, a cohort of Spanish individuals demonstrated even lower DON levels than the levels in the UK populations, whereas a very high DON exposure level was detected in South Africa and Linxian, China. Recent publications have further indicated that DON could be detected in the urine of pregnant women from different countries, which suggests that there is a potential risk to both mothers and foetuses. Additionally, phytochemicals have been shown to be less toxic to cells and laboratory animals in research studies and may also be used as food additives for reducing the toxic effects of DON. In this review, we provide global information on DON metabolism, human exposure and gender differences in humans. Also, control strategies for this mycotoxin are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Ureteral double‐J stents performances toward encrustation after long‐term indwelling in a dynamic in vitro model
Authors: Cauda Valentina , Chiodoni Angelica , Laurenti Marco , Canavese Giancarlo , Tommasi Tonia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThree different single‐lumen double‐J ureteral stents of different materials were studied and compared after the insertion into a dynamic in vitro model with sterile artificial urine up to 6 months. The aim was to evaluate, at selected time steps of 1, 3, and 6 months, the material performances of the stents in preventing the formation of inorganic encrustations. Morphological, compositional, and qualitative analyses were carried out both before stent insertion and after stent permanence for the different time steps, showing an increasing level of encrustation which remains particularly low in the case of two polyurethane stents. Mechanical tests show that both the polyurethane stents and the chitosan one do not decrease the tensile strength after 6 months of indwelling. Evaluation of the wetting behavior of the stent outer surfaces indicates a hydrophilic behavior in most of the cases, which is generally preserved after immersion in artificial urine for the different time steps. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater, 105B: 2244–2253, 2017.
Temperature and precipitation regional climate series over the central Pyrenees during 1910–2013
Authors: Pérez‐Zanón Núria , Sigró Javier , Ashcroft Linden 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTQuality controlled homogenized regional anomaly series of temperature and precipitation are obtained for the central Pyrenees for the period 1910–2013. A 0.1 °C decade−1 positive trend is found for minimum and maximum annual temperature exceeding the significance level of 0.05 for the whole studied period. A significant warming is found in all seasons except boreal spring in minimum temperature and winter in maximum temperature. The annual regional precipitation anomaly series shows a high inter‐annual variability and a slightly negative non‐significant trend of −0.6% decade−1. Non‐significant negative trends of precipitation are found in all seasons for the whole period examined. Considering the recent period 1970–2013, values of temperature trends are generally higher than those obtained for the whole period. For this latest period, all maximum temperature trends are significant while only the minimum temperature trend in winter is non‐significant. Spring is the season that presents the greatest warming, with 0.9 °C decade−1 for maximum temperature and 0.4 °C decade−1 for minimum temperature. Evaluating the same period for precipitation anomalies, trends in the annual, winter and summer series remain negative, while spring and autumn trends are positive although non‐significant. This series represents the longest homogenized climate data set available for the central Pyrenees region, including the newly recovered period 1910–1949, offering new possibilities for climate analysis and paleoclimate proxy calibration.
On a free boundary problem for a class of anisotropic equations
Authors: Barbu Luminita , Enache Cristian 
Published: July 2016

This paper deals with a certain condenser capacity in an anisotropic environment. More precisely, we are going to investigate a free boundary problem for a class of anisotropic equations on a ring domain
N≥2. Our aim is to show that if the problem admits a solution in a suitable weak sense, then the underlying domain Ω is a Wulff‐shaped ring. The proof makes use of a maximum principle for an appropriate P‐function, in the sense of L. E. Payne, a Rellich type identity and some geometric arguments involving the anisotropic mean curvature of the free boundary. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.