bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Titanium Elastic Nailing has Superior Value to Plate Fixation of Midshaft Femur Fractures in Children 5 to 11 Years
Authors: Allen Jerad D. , Murr Kevin , Albitar Ferras , Jacobs Cale , Moghadamian Eric S. , Muchow Ryan 
Published: January 2018

Background:
American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) Clinical Practice Guidelines for pediatric femoral shaft fractures indicate titanium elastic nails (TENs) for children 5 to 11 years old. Growing evidence suggests these fractures may also be treated with open or submuscular plating. The purpose of this study was to compare estimated blood loss (EBL), operative time, fluoroscopy time, cost, and subjective and objective pain scores between TENs and plating techniques used in 5- to 11-year-old children with midshaft femur fractures based on length stability. We hypothesized that EBL, operative time, and fluoroscopy time would be greater and pain would be lower with plate fixation.

Methods:
We retrospectively identified all pediatric midshaft femur fractures treated with TENs, submuscular plating, or open plating between 2004 and 2014. Demographic, injury, and surgical data were obtained for analysis. Cost data were obtained from Synthes Inc. Outcomes were determined using the TEN outcome scoring system. Variables were compared between the 3 fixation methods using paired t tests or Fisher exact test as appropriate. Cost data were compared with Mann-Whitney nonparametric test.

Results:
There were 65 midshaft femur fractures in 63 patients included. TENs accounted for 77% and plating 23%. There were no statistical differences in injury severity score, length of stay, length unstable fractures, open fractures, fluoroscopy time, or pain. However, there was a significantly greater operative time (P=0.007) and a notably greater EBL (P=0.057) for the plating technique compared with TENs. Patient outcomes were found to be equivalent. Implant cost was not significantly different although increased surgical costs were seen in plating (P=0.0007).

Conclusions:
This study supports the use of TENs or plating for midshaft femur fractures in children 5 to 11 years old, regardless of length stability. The use of plates resulted in higher EBL, longer operative time, increased cost, and equivalent pain compared with TENs. To our knowledge, this study represents the first direct comparison of the common fixation methods specifically for midshaft femur fractures and favors the use of TENs.

Level of Evidence:
Level III.
Do Professional Society Advocacy Campaigns Have an Impact on Pediatric Orthopaedic Injuries?
Authors: Karkenny Alexa J. , Burton Denver A. , Maguire Kathleen J. , Hanstein Regina , Otsuka Norman Y. 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
The American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons (AAOS) and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) both advocate for childhood injury prevention by publishing recommendations to orthopaedic surgeons, pediatricians, and the public. Popular topics of advocacy campaigns have included trampolines, all-terrain vehicles (ATVs), and lawnmowers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the temporal relationship between AAOS/AAP advocacy and pediatric orthopaedic injury rates, using these topics as examples. We hypothesized that pediatric orthopaedic injury rates decline in years, following related AAOS/AAP recommendations.

Methods:
A retrospective review of fractures associated with trampolines, lawnmowers, and ATVs among patients aged 2 to 18 years from 1991 to 2014 was performed using the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System (NEISS). Fracture rates and percent changes year-to-year were calculated. A timeline of AAOS and AAP advocacy statements published on the products was created.

Results:
Trampoline-related fractures rose 14% yearly from 1991 to 1999, reached a plateau from 1999 to 2003, corresponding with a 1999 AAP statement. Injury rates dropped 4.3% from 2006 to 2010 after 2005 and 2006 statements, and reached another plateau thereafter, as 2010 and 2012 statements were published. ATV-related fractures rose 14% yearly between 1997 and 2002, then dropped 15% from 2007 to 2010 following yearly AAP or AAOS statements from 2004 to 2007. From 2010 to 2014, the injury rate held constant during which time 2010, 2013, and 2014 statements were published. Lawnmower injury rates did not fall despite statements in 1998 and 2001 and a poster campaign in 2001. A 25% drop from 2007 to 2008 coincided with an AAOS statement in 2008. Fracture rates further dropped 31% from 2009 to 2011 and 21% from 2012 to 2014, amidst 2012 and 2014 statements. For ATV-related and lawnmower-related injuries, more male individuals were affected than female individuals, and for ATVs alone, injury rates increased with age.

Conclusions:
Although AAOS/AAP statements did not universally coincide with dropping fracture rates, statements often were associated with substantial decreases in following years. This is likely because injury prevention messages are dispersed from providers to the public over time and outcomes depend on highly variable patient behaviors.

Level of Evidence:
Level V—systematic review of descriptive data.
INTRAVITREAL AFLIBERCEPT IN THE TREATMENT OF POLYPOIDAL CHOROIDAL VASCULOPATHY ASSOCIATED WITH MORNING GLORY SYNDROME
Authors: Iovino Claudio , Fossarello Maurizio , Peiretti Enrico 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
To describe an unusual case of polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy secondary to morning glory syndrome successfully treated with three aflibercept intravitreal injections.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 68-year-old white man presented with a 2-month history of diminished vision of his left eye. Fundus examination showed a morning glory syndrome disk anomaly with some perimacular subretinal hemorrhages and lipid depositions. Fundus autofluorescence, fluorescein and green indocyanine angiography, spectral domain optical coherence tomography, and optical coherence tomography angiography were performed and confirmed the presence of a juxtapapillary polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy with intraretinal and subretinal fluid. Patient underwent 3 monthly intravitreal injections of aflibercept and at 4-month follow-up visit, multimodal imaging findings did not show any kind of neovascular lesion activity.

Conclusion:
Polypoidal choroidal vasculopathy can occur in morning glory syndrome and it can be successfully treated with anti–vascular endothelial growth factor intravitreal injections of aflibercept.
Pythium Keratitis Leading to Fatal Cavernous Sinus Thrombophlebitis
Authors: Rathi Anubha , Chakrabarti Arunaloke , Agarwal Tushar , Pushker Neelam , Patil Mukesh , Kamble Hemant , Titiyal Jeewan S. , Mohan Rishi , Kashyap Seema , Sharma Sanjay , Sen Seema , Satpathy Gita , Sharma Namrata 
Published: January 2018

Purpose:
To report a case of Pythium insidiosum keratitis leading to fatal cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis.

Methods:
Case report.

Results:
A 70-year-old man presented with excruciating pain, redness, and diminution of vision in his left eye for 2 weeks after washing his hair with tap water. A total corneal ulcer with surrounding infiltrates and associated corneal thinning was present. Corneal scraping revealed the presence of Gram-positive cocci. KOH wet mount and in vivo confocal microscopy revealed branching hyphae. Combined antibacterial and antifungal treatment was started, but 4 days later, the ulcer showed signs of worsening with perforation for which a large therapeutic penetrating keratoplasty was done. The host cornea showed branching septate hyphae on Sabarouds Dextrose Agar. Two weeks later, the patient developed left eye proptosis with associated extraocular movement restriction. Magnetic resonance imaging of the head and orbit revealed cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis. Lid sparing partial exenteration was performed. Polymerase chain reaction revealed P. insidiosum. The patient subsequently developed a cerebrovascular attack and died of its complications.

Conclusions:
Ocular pythiosis may lead to cavernous sinus thrombophlebitis and can even be life threatening. Timely diagnosis and early radical surgery are of value. A high index of suspicion must be kept for P. insidiosum in cases with suspected fungal etiology not responding to conventional treatment.
Forward Masking of the Speech-Evoked Auditory Brainstem Response
Authors: Hodge Sarah E. , Menezes Denise C. , Brown Kevin D. , Grose John H. 
Published: January 2018

Hypothesis:
The hypothesis tested was that forward masking of the speech-evoked auditory brainstem response (sABR) increases peak latency as an inverse function of masker-signal interval (Δt), and that the overall persistence of forward masking is age dependent.

Background:
Older listeners exhibit deficits in forward masking. If forward-masked sABRs provide an objective measure of the susceptibility of speech sounds to prior stimulation, then this provides a novel approach to examining the age dependence of temporal processing.

Methods:
A /da/ stimulus forward masked by speech-shaped noise (Δt = 4–64 ms) was used to measure sABRs in 10 younger and nine older participants. Forward masking of subsegments of the /da/ stimulus (Δt = 16 ms) and click trains (Δt = 0–64 ms) was also measured.

Results:
Forward-masked sABRs from young participants showed an increase in latency with decreasing Δt for the initial peak. Latency shifts for later peaks were smaller and more uniform. None of the peak latencies returned to baseline by Δt = 64 ms. Forward-masked /da/ subsegments showed peak latency shifts that did not depend simply on peak position, while forward-masked click trains showed latency shifts that were dependent on click position. The sABRs from older adults were less robust but confirmed the viability of the approach.

Conclusion:
Forward masking of the sABR provides an objective measure of the susceptibility of the auditory system to prior stimulation. Failure of recovery functions to return to baseline suggests an interaction between forward masking by the prior masker and temporal effects within the stimulus itself.
Fractures Related to Tenofovir: A Case/Noncase Study in the European Pharmacovigilance Database
Authors: García Montserrat G. , Larrinaga-Torrontegui Unai , Eduardo Martinez Eduardo , Lertxundi Unax , Palacios-Zabalza Itziar , Aguirre Carmelo 
Published: January 2018

Background:
There is no clear consensus on the relationship between tenofovir (TDF) and fracture risk because the studies published so far present contradictory findings.

Study Question:
Our objective was to detect, from the European pharmacovigilance database (EudraVigilance), a signal of fracture risk during TDF exposure in patients infected with HIV.

Methods:
Herein, we analyze all the cases of fractures suspected to be related to TDF recorded in EudraVigilance between 2001 and November 10, 2016. A case/noncase method was used to assess the association between fractures and TDF, calculating proportional reporting ratios (PRRs) and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) as a measure of disproportionality. According to the Medical Dictionary for Regulatory Activities (MedDRA) terminology, osteoporotic fractures are included in High Level Group Term (HLGT) “Fractures” and traumatic fractures in HLGT “Bone and joint injuries,” so, we selected cases included in both HLGTs. The noncases used as controls were all the remaining adverse drug reaction reports recorded in EudraVigilance during the same period.

Results:
There were 68,113 cases of fractures in the 4,776,472 reports recorded in EudraVigilance during the study period. TDF was involved in 181 cases. The median latency period until the appearance of fracture was 995 days. TDF was present as the only suspect drug in 140 cases. The PRR of TDF and fractures was 1.11 (95% CI, 0.96–1.28). Nevertheless, disproportionality was observed for some types of fractures: osteoporotic fractures (PRR 17.24; 95% CI, 9.90–30.01), bone fissure (PRR 16.60; 95% CI, 6.11–45.10), and pathological fracture (PRR 4.40; 95% CI, 2.77–7.00).

Conclusions:
Our findings do not show a disproportionality for fractures in patients treated with TDF, although disproportionality was found for some types of fractures, mainly osteoporotic fractures.
Self-Reported Chlamydia and Gonorrhea Testing and Diagnosis Among Men Who Have Sex With Men—20 US Cities, 2011 and 2014
Authors: Hoots Brooke E. , Torrone Elizabeth A. , Bernstein Kyle T. , Paz-Bailey Gabriela 
Published: January 2018

Background
Annual screening for chlamydia and gonorrhea is recommended for sexually active men who have sex with men (MSM) at anatomical sites of contact, regardless of condom use.

Methods
We assessed differences in self-reported chlamydia and gonorrhea testing and diagnosis in the past 12 months among MSM using National HIV Behavioral Surveillance data from 2011 and 2014. Men who have sex with men who had 1 or more partners in the past 12 months were included in analyses. Analyses of chlamydia and gonorrhea diagnosis data were limited to participants who reported past 12 months chlamydia and gonorrhea testing, respectively. Differences in testing and diagnosis over time were assessed using Poisson regression models with robust standard errors separately for chlamydia and gonorrhea.

Results
Analyses included data from 18,896 MSM (2011, n = 9256; 2014, n = 9640). Testing for chlamydia was 37% in 2011 and 47% in 2014 (prevalence ratio [PR], 1.25; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.20–1.30) and 38% and 47% for gonorrhea (PR, 1.24; 95% CI, 1.19–1.29). Testing was higher in 2014 among most demographic subgroups. Prevalence of chlamydia diagnoses was 8% in 2011 and 11% in 2014 (PR, 1.37; 95% CI, 1.18–1.59) and of gonorrhea diagnoses was 10% in 2011 and 14% in 2014 (adjusted PR: 1.40, 95% CI, 1.23–1.60). Larger changes in diagnoses were observed among MSM in the white and “other” racial categories and those who disclosed same-sex behavior to their health care provider.

Conclusions
Self-reported testing and diagnoses among MSM increased from 2011 to 2014. Increased efforts are needed to meet annual sexually transmitted disease screening recommendations among MSM at high HIV risk.
Maintaining a Competent Public Health Workforce: Lessons Learned From Experiences With Public Health Accreditation Domain 8 Standards and Measures
Authors: Yeager Valerie A. , Wharton M. Kristina , Beitsch Leslie M. 
Published: January 2018

Context:
Public health accreditation is an ongoing national movement to improve the quality of public health departments and the public health system in the United States; however, calls have been made for more evidence regarding best practices in the accreditation process.

Objective:
The purpose of this work is to provide evidence about best practices in the accreditation process, specifically within the workforce development domain. It is the first in-depth investigation into workforce development using data collected by Public Health Accreditation Board (PHAB).

Design:
Using deidentified accreditation application data from PHAB, this study employs a mixed-methods approach to examining practices, lessons learned, challenges, and strategies pertaining to workforce development planning for Domain 8.

Setting:
United States.

Participants:
US state (n = 19) and local health departments (n = 115).

Main Outcome Measures:
Public Health Accreditation Board assessment scores for the workforce measures and the relationship between the health department's approach to meeting a PHAB measure criteria and the PHAB assessment score.

Results:
Of the 9 different approaches identified as ways of encouraging the development of a sufficient number of qualified public health workers (version 1, measure 8.1.1), only 1 approach (local health department internship programs with schools of public health; B = 0.25, P < .03) was significantly related to higher scores. An opportunity for improvement identified for measure 8.2.1 was that plans missing a clear identification of the gap between current staff competencies and staff needs were associated with a 0.88-point decrease in the 4-point score (P < .001).

Conclusions:
Findings suggest that there are approaches adopted for meeting PHAB domain 8 measures that will impact the overall conformance assessment and score of a health department pursuing accreditation. There are several opportunities for improvement that health departments might consider when planning for accreditation or assessing their activities.
A complete analytical solution of the Fokker–Planck and balance equations for nucleation and growth of crystals
Authors: Makoveeva Eugenya V. , Alexandrov Dmitri V. 
Published: January 2018

This article is concerned with a new analytical description of nucleation and growth of crystals in a metastable mushy layer (supercooled liquid or supersaturated solution) at the intermediate stage of phase transition. The model under consideration consisting of the non-stationary integro-differential system of governing equations for the distribution function and metastability level is analytically solved by means of the saddle-point technique for the Laplace-type integral in the case of arbitrary nucleation kinetics and time-dependent heat or mass sources in the balance equation. We demonstrate that the time-dependent distribution function approaches the stationary profile in course of time.
This article is part of the theme issue ‘From atomistic interfaces to dendritic patterns’.
Whole brain comparative anatomy using connectivity blueprints
Authors: Mars Rogier B. , Sotiropoulos Stamatios N. , Passingham Richard E. , Sallet Jerome , Verhagen Lennart , Khrapitchev Alexandr A. , Sibson Nicola , Jbabdi Saad 
Published: January 2018

AbstractComparing the brains of related species faces the challenges of establishing homologies whilst accommodating evolutionary specializations. Here we propose a general framework for understanding similarities and differences between the brains of primates. The approach uses white matter blueprints of the whole cortex based on a set of white matter tracts that can be anatomically matched across species. The blueprints provide a common reference space that allows us to navigate between brains of different species, identify homologue cortical areas, or to transform whole cortical maps from one species to the other. Specializations are cast within this framework as deviations between the species’ blueprints. We illustrate how this approach can be used to compare human and macaque brains.
Structure cristalline, caractérisation spectroscopique, calcul DFT et analyse de surface Hirshfeld du perchlorate de p-toluidinium
Authors: Ben Jomaa Meriam , Chebbi Hammouda , Fakhar Bourguiba Noura , Zid Mohamed Faouzi 
Published: January 2018

The synthesis of p-toluidinium perchlorate (systematic name: 4-methylanilinium perchlorate), C7H10N+·ClO4
−, was carried out from an aqueous reaction of perchloric acid with p-toluidine. This compound was characterized by powder XRD, IR and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The structure was further confirmed by a single-crystal X-ray diffraction study. The crystal structure is formed by a succession of two-dimensional molecular layers consisting of perchlorate anions and organic cations parallel to the (100) plane and located at x = 2n + ½ (n ∈ Z). Each mixed layer is formed by infinite chains {C7H10N+·ClO4
−}
n
parallel to the [010] direction and developing along the c axis, generating R
2
4(8), R
2
2(4) and R
4
4(12) graph-set motifs. The results of a theoretical study using the DFT method at the B3LYP/6–311++G(d,p) level are in good agreement with the experimental data. Hirshfeld surface and fingerprint plots reveal that the structure is dominated by O...H/H...O (54.2%), H...H (26.9%) and C—H ...π (14.3%) contacts. The studied crystal was refined as a two-component twin
A study on firm size distribution of the service sector and manufacturing sector
Authors: Sup Cho Sang 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This study aims to estimate the firm size distributions that belong to the service sector and manufacturing sector in Korea.

Design/methodology/approach
When estimating the firm size distribution, the author considers the following two major factors. First, the firm size distribution can have a gamma distribution rather than traditional accepted distributions such as Pareto distribution or log-normal distribution. In particular, industry-specific enterprises can have different size distributions of the type of gamma distribution. Second, the firm size distribution that is applied to this study’s data set should reflect a number of factors. For example, estimating mixture gamma distribution for firm size distribution should be required and compared, because the total amount of configuration data is composed of small businesses, medium-sized and large companies.

Findings
Using 8,230 number of firm data in 2013, the author estimates mixture gamma distribution for the firm size.

Originality/value
From the comparison, empirical results are found for the following characteristics of core firm size distribution: first, the firm size distribution of the manufacturing sector has a longer tail than firm size distribution of the service sector. Second, the manufacturing firm size distribution dominates the entire country firm size distribution. Third, one factor among the three factors that make up the mixed gamma firm size distribution is described for 99 per cent of the firm size distributions. From the estimated firm size distributions of the service sector and manufacturing sector in Korea, the author simply implies the strategy and policy implications for the start-up firm.
Thermal interface materials based on graphene and silver nanopowder
Authors: Sobik Piotr , Pawlowski Radoslaw , Pawlowski Bartlomiej , Drabczyk Boguslaw , Drabczyk Kazimierz 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present results of the studies on modification of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) encapsulation foil to be used as thermal interface material (TIM). It is estimated that poor thermal management in electronic devices can cause over 50 per cent of failures. As the junction temperature rises, the failure rate for electronics increases exponentially. To ensure sufficient heat transfer from its source, TIMs are used in various circuits. On the other hand, it is important to ensure high electric resistivity of the designed TIM.

Design/methodology/approach
The focus of the investigation was twofold: modification of EVA with both graphene oxide (GO) and silver nanopowder (nAg); and TIM applicability through lamination of photovoltaic cells with standard and modified EVA foil. The main problem of a new type of encapsulant is proper gas evacuation during the lamination process. For this reason, reference and modified samples were compared taking into account the percentage of gas bubbles in visible volume of laminated TIM. Finally, reference and modified TIM samples were compared using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and laser flash analysis (LFA) measurements.

Findings
The proper parameters of the lamination process for the modified EVA foil - with both GO and organometallic nAg particles - were selected. The nAg addition results in an increase in thermal conductivity of the proposed compositions with respect to unmodified EVA foil, which was confirmed by DSC and LFA measurements.

Originality/value
The experiments confirmed the potential application of both EVA foil as a matrix for TIM material and nAg with GO as an active agent. Proposed composition can bring additional support to a solar cell or other electronic components through effective heat removal, which increases its performance.