bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Determinants of neurological dysfunction in first episode schizophrenia
Authors: BROWNE S. , CLARKE M. , GERVIN M. , LANE A. , WADDINGTON J. L. , LARKIN C. , O'CALLAGHAN E. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Although it is well recognized that individuals with schizophrenia display evidence of
subtle neurological impairment, its aetiopathological and clinical significance continues to be
unclear.Methods. Patients presenting with a first episode of schizophrenia or schizophreniform psychosis
(DSM-IV criteria) were examined using two previously validated neurological examinations. The
majority (N = 35) were examined prior to their ‘first ever’ dose of neuroleptic while the remaining
patients (N = 21) had been medicated for less than one month. The manner in which neurological
functioning is influenced by symptomatology and handedness was ascertained.Results. The majority of patients who were examined neuroleptic-naive displayed evidence of
neurodysfunction. A combination of relative hand preference and symptomatology explained a
significant proportion of the variance in neurological functioning. Mixed handedness among adults
at the time of first presentation with schizophrenia was associated with more severe neurological
impairment and a history of poorer scholastic attainment and pre-morbid social adjustment.Conclusions. Neurological soft signs are an intrinsic part of schizophrenia rather than a direct
consequence of treatment. Early developmental processes are associated with the level of
subsequent neurological impairment in first episode schizophrenia. However, symptomatology
appears to have an influence on the apparent severity of neurological impairment.
On topological invariants of real analytic singularities
Authors: SZAFRANIEC ZBIGNIEW 
Published: July 2002

Let F = (f1, …, fm):
(Kn, 0) → (Km, 0),
where K is either R or C, be an analytic
mapping defined in a neighbourhood of the origin. Let Br ⊂ Kn
be a closed ball of small radius r centred at the origin. For any regular value
y ∈ Km close to the origin, the fibre
Wy = F−1(y) ∩ Br
is called the Milnor fibre of F. We assume that
m [les ] n, because in the other case Wy is void.Several authors investigated the topology of the Milnor fibres. Let us recall the
most important results in the complex case. Let [Oscr ]C,0 denote the ring of germs of
analytic functions f: (Cn, 0) → C.
Population status and behaviours of the Samoan flying fox (Pteropus samoensis) on Tutuila Island, American Samoa
Authors: Brooke Anne P. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe small population and limited range of the Samoan flying fox Pteropus samoensis has generated concern regarding the survival of this large, diurnally active bat. During 1995–96, surveys were conducted monthly in six study valleys on Tutuila Island, American Samoa, to assess population size. The amount of diurnal and nocturnal activity was investigated to gauge the accuracy of diurnal surveys, and territorial behaviours were observed to determine how they influenced local dispersion. Individuals showed long‐term fidelity to a series of roosts and small core areas that were used both nocturnally and diurnally. Territorial defence was observed only of temporary feeding territories in fruiting or flowering trees. Bats defended food resources by aerial patrols and extended aerial chases in which intruders were frequently bitten. Foraging movements changed seasonally, with up to 80% of individuals observed bypassing study valleys. The mean density of bats observed within the study valleys was 6.1 bats/km2 (range = 0.9–18.5 bats/km2). Pteropus samoensis were active both nocturnally and diurnally with greatest activity in late afternoon and evening, 16:00–22:00. Because bats were most active at night, it is probable that daytime surveys of flying bats undercount the number of individuals present. Greatest densities were found in valleys that were contiguous with large tracts of forest inaccessible to people. Most observations of roosting bats were of solitary males on dead branches that jutted above the forest canopy, while females and dependant young roosted below the canopy, hidden within vegetation. Adult male–female pairs were rarely seen together other than during the mating period in August–January. The population has increased following a ban on hunting, but reliance on mature forest makes long‐term species survival dependant on protection of the limited mature forest remaining and continued hunting restrictions.
Limb excursion during quadrupedal walking: how do primates compare to other mammals?
Authors: Larson Susan G. , Schmitt Daniel , Lemelin Pierre , Hamrick Mark 
Published: July 2002

AbstractPrimate quadrupeds are said to use relatively large limb excursions for mammals of their body size. Until recently, this claim was based on a comparison of hindlimb excursion data derived from small samples of primates and non‐primates. Using video recordings collected at zoos and primate research centres, the present study documents this contrast on much wider samples of quadrupedal mammals. The results indicate that while on average hindlimb excursion is relatively larger in quadrupedal primates, this contrast is somewhat less dramatic than first reports suggested. Comparisons between the data reported here and previously collected forelimb excursion data reveal a surprising asymmetry between the fore‐ and hind excursions for most mammalian species. Most commonly, forelimb excursion exceeds that of the hindlimb. We suggest that this is related to a complementary asymmetry in limb length (forelimbs shorter than hind) for the purpose of achieving equal step lengths for both pairs of limbs. Relatively large hindlimb excursions in primates have been related to a mechanism that reduces stresses on the forelimbs and then recovers mechanical energy during gait. We suggest that large excursions of both the fore‐ and hindlimbs are linked to other alterations in gait parameters, such as step length, contact time, and limb compliance, that have been adopted in quadrupedal primates to facilitate locomotion along slender arboreal substrates.
EDITORIAL: A HOT opportunity
Authors: Wadler Philip 
Published: July 2002

The Java phenomenon means that programmers that once laughed at garbage
collection and strong typing have started to use it daily, and this opens up a
wonderful opportunity for the functional programming community.Bob Harper coined the acronym HOT to summarise much of what functional
programmers have to offer the world: expertise in languages that are Higher-Order
and Typed. Bob argued for a broad interpretation of these terms, so that Higher-Order includes languages where objects contain methods (even though functions are
not first-class citizens), and Typed includes both static and dynamic typing. By
these criteria Java is HOT, and so are Haskell, ML and Scheme.
Very abstract specifications: a formalism independent approach
Authors: CERIOLI MAURA , REGGIO GIANNA 
Published: July 2002

Two operations are presented for a modular approach to the definition
of frameworks for
rigorous development of software, formally represented as institutions.The first generalizes models, allowing them to have more structure than
the minimum
required by their declared signatures, as happens for software modules,
which may have
local routines that do not appear in their interface.The second extends sentences, and their interpretation in models, allowing
sentences on
richer signatures to be used as formulae for poorer ones.Combining the application of these operations, powerful institutions
can be defined, like
those for very abstract entities, or for hyper-loose
algebraic specifications.The compatibility of different sequential applications of these operations
and properties of
the resulting institutions are also studied.
Temporal algebra
Authors: von KARGER BURGHARD 
Published: July 2002

We develop temporal logic from the theory of complete lattices,
Galois connections and
fixed points. In particular, we prove that all seventeen axioms of Manna
and Pnueli's sound
and complete proof system for linear temporal logic can be derived from
just two postulates,
namely that ([oplus ], &[ominus ]tilde;) is a Galois connection and that
([ominus ], [oplus ])
is a perfect Galois connection. We also obtain a similar result for
the branching time logic CTL.A surprising insight is that most of the theory can be developed without
the use of
negation. In effect, we are studying intuitionistic temporal logic. Several
examples of such
structures occurring in computer science are given. Finally, we show temporal
algebra at
work in the derivation of a simple graph-theoretic algorithm.This paper is tutorial in style and there are no difficult technical
results.
To the experts in
temporal logics, we hope to convey the simplicity and beauty of algebraic
reasoning as
opposed to the machine-orientedness of logical deduction. To those familiar
with the
calculational approach to programming, we want to show that their methods
extend easily
and smoothly to temporal reasoning. For anybody else, this text may serve
as a gentle
introduction to both areas.
ROBERT AND ELIZABETH BARRETT BROWNING: AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY FOR 1996
Authors: Donaldson Sandra M. , Brotton Melissa 
Published: July 2002

The following abbreviations appear in this year’s bibliography:BSN Browning Society NotesDAI Dissertation Abstracts InternationalNCL Nineteenth Century LiteratureTLS Times Literary SupplementVLC Victorian Literature and CultureVP Victorian PoetryVR Victorian ReviewVS Victorian StudiesAn asterisk* indicates that we have not seen the item. Cross references with citation numbers between 51 and 70 followed by a colon (e.g., C68:) refer to William S. Peterson’s Robert and Elizabeth Barrett Browning: An Annotated Bibliography, 1951–1970 (New York: Browning Institute, 1974); higher numbers refer to Robert Browning: A Bibliography 1830–1950, compiled by L. N. Broughton, C. S. Northup, and Robert Pearsall (Ithaca: Cornell UP, 1953).
A potential vorticity view of synoptic development
Authors: Hoskins Brian 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA physical discussion of vorticity and its change by stretching and tilting is presented. The discussion naturally leads on to the conservation of quasi‐geostrophic potential vorticity, q, and the flow associated with anomalies in q. The extension to full potential vorticity (PV) and the associated conservation and inversion properties is made. The use for illustrating and understanding synoptic developments of maps of PV on isentropic surfaces and potential temperature (θ) on PV surfaces is shown by considering two recent examples in the North Atlantic–Europe regions. The first is a summer situation and the second is the major blocking in January 1996. Concluding comments about the role of diabatic processes and other possible uses of these diagnostics are made. Copyright © 1997 Royal Meteorological Society
Differential Transcription of Phycobiliprotein Components in Rhodella violacea (Light and Nitrogen Effects on the 33-Kilodalton Phycoerythrin Rod Linker Polypeptide, Phycocyanin, and Phycoerythrin Transcripts)
Authors: Lichtle C. , Garnier F. , Bernard C. , Zabulon G. , Spilar A. , Thomas J. C. , Etienne A. L. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
In Rhodella violacea phycoerythrin (PE) has two transcripts, a premessenger and a mature messenger (the gene contains an intron). Phycocyanin, which is plastid-encoded, and the 33-kD PE rod linker polypeptide, which is nuclear-encoded, have only one transcript. The PE premessenger had a rapid turnover; mature transcripts were stable in the light and more stable in the dark. In the presence of rifampicin, cells that shifted from dark to light exhibited an active translation of preexisting transcripts. There are indications of a modulation of the nuclear genome expression by the chloroplast; it may involve an unstable, plastid-encoded translational activator. All transcripts disappeared rapidly during nitrogen starvation. If nitrogen addition was carried out in the dark, active transcription and translation resumed as in light conditions, but ceased after 2 d. Both nitrogen and light were required for a total recovery after nitrogen starvation. Compared with the transcripts of phycobilisome components studied so far in cyanobacteria and Rhodophyceae, the mature transcripts of R. violacea are very stable when nitrogen is not limiting. The unstable PE premessenger is a good indicator of active transcription. This organism is therefore an interesting model to study the regulation of gene expression and the interactions between chloroplastic and nuclear genomes.
Induction of Phloem Unloading in Arabidopsis thaliana Roots by the Parasitic Nematode Heterodera schachtii
Authors: Bockenhoff A. , Prior DAM. , Grundler FMW. , Oparka K. J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Phloem unloading of both the fluorescent probe carboxyfluorescein (CF) and 14C-labeled solutes was induced in Arabidopsis thaliana L. roots by the parasitic nematode Heterodera schachtii Schmidt. Confocal laser scanning microscopy demonstrated that anomalous unloading of CF from the sieve element companion cell complexes occurred specifically into the syncytium, the nematode- induced feeding structure located within the stele of the root. From this syncytial complex of modified root cells, both fluorescent and radioactive labels were withdrawn by feeding nematodes. Movement of CF was unidirectional from the phloem to the syncytium. A range of low-molecular-weight fluorescent probes (including CF) microinjected into the syncytium stayed in this structure, demonstrating that it is symplastically isolated from the surrounding root tissue. The mechanism of unloading in this host-pathogen relationship therefore appears to be apoplastic. Our results provide unequivocal evidence that sedentary cyst-forming nematodes have direct access to phloem-derived solutes.
Genetic and Developmental Control of Nuclear Accumulation of COP1, a Repressor of Photomorphogenesis in Arabidopsis
Authors: von Arnim A. G. , Osterlund M. T. , Kwok S. F. , Deng X. W. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Using a β-glucuronidase (GUS) reporter-COP1 fusion transgene, it was shown previously that Arabidopsis COP1 acts within the nucleus as a repressor of seedling photomorphogenic development and that light inactivation of COP1 was accompanied by a reduction of COP1 nuclear abundance (A.G. von Arnim, X.-W. Deng [1994] Cell 79: 1035–1045). Here we report that the GUS-COP1 fusion transgene can completely rescue the defect of cop1 mutations and thus is fully functional during seedling development. The kinetics of GUS-COP1 relocalization in a cop1 null mutant background during dark/light transitions imply that the regulation of the functional nuclear COP1 level plays a role in stably maintaining a committed seedling's developmental fate rather than in causing such a commitment. Analysis of GUS-COP1 cellular localization in mutant hypocotyls of all other pleiotropic COP/DET/FUS loci revealed that nuclear localization of GUS-COP1 was diminished under both dark and light conditions in all mutants tested, whereas nuclear localization was not affected in the less pleiotropic cop4 mutant. Using both the brassinosteroid-deficient mutant det2 and brassinosteroid treatment of wild-type seedlings, we have demonstrated that brassinosteroid does not control the hypocotyl cell elongation through regulating nuclear localization of COP1. The growth regulator cytokinin, which also dramatically reduced hypocotyl cell elongation in the absence of light, did not prevent GUS-COP1 nuclear localization in dark-grown seedlings. Our results suggest that all of the previously characterized pleiotropic COP/DET/FUS loci are required for the proper nuclear localization of the COP1 protein in the dark, whereas the less pleiotropic COP/DET loci or plant regulators tested are likely to act either downstream of COP1 or by independent pathways.
Osmotic Stress Induces Expression of Choline Monooxygenase in Sugar Beet and Amaranth1
Authors: Russell Brenda L. , Rathinasabapathi Bala , Hanson Andrew D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Choline monooxygenase (CMO) catalyzes the committing step in the synthesis of glycine betaine, an osmoprotectant accumulated by many plants in response to salinity and drought. To investigate how these stresses affect CMO expression, a spinach (Spinacia oleracea L., Chenopodiaceae) probe was used to isolate CMO cDNAs from sugar beet (Beta vulgarisL., Chenopodiaceae), a salt- and drought-tolerant crop. The deduced beet CMO amino acid sequence comprised a transit peptide and a 381-residue mature peptide that was 84% identical (97% similar) to that of spinach and that showed the same consensus motif for coordinating a Rieske-type [2Fe-2S] cluster. A mononuclear Fe-binding motif was also present. When water was withheld, leaf relative water content declined to 59% and the levels of CMO mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity rose 3- to 5-fold; rewatering reversed these changes. After gradual salinization (NaCl:CaCl2 = 5.7:1, mol/mol), CMO mRNA, protein, and enzyme levels in leaves increased 3- to 7-fold at 400 mm salt, and returned to uninduced levels when salt was removed. Beet roots also expressed CMO, most strongly when salinized. Salt-inducible CMO mRNA, protein, and enzyme activity were readily detected in leaves of Amaranthus caudatus L. (Amaranthaceae). These data show that CMO most probably has a mononuclear Fe center, is inducibly expressed in roots as well as in leaves of Chenopodiaceae, and is not unique to this family.
Two Structurally Similar Maize Cytosolic Superoxide Dismutase Genes,Sod4andSod4A, Respond Differentially to Abscisic Acid and High Osmoticum1
Authors: Guan Lingqiang , Scandalios John G. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe maize (Zea mays) superoxide dismutase genes Sod4 and Sod4Aare highly similar in structure but each responds differentially to environmental signals. We examined the effects of the hormone abscisic acid (ABA) on the developmental response of Sod4 andSod4A. Although both Sod4 andSod4A transcripts accumulate during late embryogenesis, only Sod4 is up-regulated by ABA and osmotic stress. Accumulation of Sod4 transcript in response to osmotic stress is a consequence of increased endogenous ABA levels in developing embryos. Sod4 mRNA is up-regulated by ABA inviviparous-1 mutant embryos. Sod4transcript increases within 4 h with ABA not only in developing embryos but also in mature embryos and in young leaves.Sod4A transcript is up-regulated by ABA only in young leaves, but neither Sod4 nor Sod4Atranscripts changed in response to osmotic stress. Our data suggest that in leaves Sod4 and Sod4A may respond to ABA and osmotic stress via alternate pathways. Since theSod genes have a known function, we hypothesize that the increase in Sod mRNA in response to ABA is due in part to ABA-mediated metabolic changes leading to changes in oxygen free radical levels, which in turn lead to the induction of the antioxidant defense system.
Biosynthesis of the Monoterpenes Limonene and Carvone in the Fruit of Caraway1
Authors: Bouwmeester Harro J. , Gershenzon Jonathan , Konings Maurice C.J.M. , Croteau Rodney 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The biosynthesis of the monoterpenes limonene and carvone in the fruit of caraway (Carum carvi L.) proceeds from geranyl diphosphate via a three-step pathway. First, geranyl diphosphate is cyclized to (+)-limonene by a monoterpene synthase. Second, this intermediate is stored in the essential oil ducts without further metabolism or is converted by limonene-6-hydroxylase to (+)-trans-carveol. Third, (+)-trans-carveol is oxidized by a dehydrogenase to (+)-carvone. To investigate the regulation of monoterpene formation in caraway, we measured the time course of limonene and carvone accumulation during fruit development and compared it with monoterpene biosynthesis from [U-14C]Suc and the changes in the activities of the three enzymes. The activities of the enzymes explain the profiles of monoterpene accumulation quite well, with limonene-6-hydroxylase playing a pivotal role in controlling the nature of the end product. In the youngest stages, when limonene-6-hydroxylase is undetectable, only limonene was accumulating in appreciable levels. The appearance of limonene-6-hydroxylase correlates closely with the onset of carvone accumulation. At later stages of fruit development, the activities of all three enzymes declined to low levels. Although this correlates closely with a decrease in monoterpene accumulation, the latter may also be the result of competition with other pathways for substrate.
A Functional Calvin Cycle Is Not Indispensable for the Light Activation of C4Phosphoenolpyruvate Carboxylase Kinase and Its Target Enzyme in the Maize Mutantbundle sheath defective2-mutable11
Authors: Smith Lucy H. , Langdale Jane A. , Chollet Raymond 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We used a pale-green maize (Zea mays L.) mutant that fails to accumulate ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) to test the working hypothesis that the regulatory phosphorylation of C4 phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC) by its Ca2+-insensitive protein-serine/threonine kinase (PEPC kinase) in the C4mesophyll cytosol depends on cross-talk with a functional Calvin cycle in the bundle sheath. Wild-type (W22) and bundle sheath defective2-mutable1 (bsd2-m1) seeds were grown in a controlled environment chamber at 100 to 130 μmol m−2 s−1 photosynthetic photon flux density, and leaf tissue was harvested 11 d after sowing, following exposure to various light intensities. Immunoblot analysis showed no major difference in the amount of polypeptide present for several mesophyll- and bundle-sheath-specific photosynthetic enzymes apart from Rubisco, which was either completely absent or very much reduced in the mutant. Similarly, leaf net CO2-exchange analysis and in vitro radiometric Rubisco assays showed that no appreciable carbon fixation was occurring in the mutant. In contrast, the sensitivity of PEPC to malate inhibition in bsd2-m1 leaves decreased significantly with an increase in light intensity, and there was a concomitant increase in PEPC kinase activity, similar to that seen in wild-type leaf tissue. Thus, although bsd2-m1 mutant plants lack an operative Calvin cycle, light activation of PEPC kinase and its target enzyme are not grossly perturbed.
Mannose Inhibits Arabidopsis Germination via a Hexokinase-Mediated Step1
Authors: Pego Jónatas V. , Weisbeek Peter J. , Smeekens Sjef C.M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractLow concentrations of the glucose (Glc) analog mannose (Man) inhibit germination of Arabidopsis seeds. Man is phosphorylated by hexokinase (HXK), but the absence of germination was not due to ATP or phosphate depletion. The addition of metabolizable sugars reversed the Man-mediated inhibition of germination. Carbohydrate-mediated regulation of gene expression involving a HXK-mediated pathway is known to be activated by Glc, Man, and other monosaccharides. Therefore, we investigated whether Man blocks germination through this system. By testing other Glc analogs, we found that 2-deoxyglucose, which, like Man, is phosphorylated by HXK, also blocked germination; no inhibition was observed with 6-deoxyglucose or 3-O-methylglucose, which are not substrates for HXK. Since these latter two sugars are taken up at a rate similar to that of Man, uptake is unlikely to be involved in the inhibition of germination. Furthermore, we show that mannoheptulose, a specific HXK inhibitor, restores germination of seeds grown in the presence of Man. We conclude that HXK is involved in the Man-mediated repression of germination of Arabidopsis seeds, possibly via energy depletion.