bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations of conjugate MSTIDS over the Brazilian sector during daytime
Authors: Jonah O. F. , Kherani E. A. , De Paula E. R. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study focuses on the daytime medium‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (MSTIDs) observed at conjugate hemispheres. It is the first time that the geomagnetical conjugate daytime MSTIDs are observed over the South America sector. To observe the MSTID characteristics, we used detrended total electron content (TEC) derived from Global Navigation Satellite Systems receivers located at Brazilian sector covering the Northern and Southern Hemispheres along the same magnetic meridian. The geographic grid of 1°N to 14°S in latitude and 60°S to 50°S in longitude was selected for this study. The cross‐correlation method between two latitudes and longitudes in time was used to observe the propagation of the MSTID waves. The following features are noted: (a) MSTIDs are well developed at both hemispheres; (b) the peak MSTIDs amplitudes vary from one hemisphere to another; hence, we suppose that MSTIDs generated in Southern Hemisphere or Northern Hemisphere mirrored in the conjugate hemisphere; (c) the gravity wave‐induced electric fields from one hemisphere map along the field lines and generate the mirrored MSTIDs in the conjugate region. To investigate the hemispheric mapping mechanism, a rough approximation for the integrated field line conductivity ratio of E and F regions is calculated using digisonde E and F region parameters. We noted that during the period of mapping the decrease in E region conductivity results in an increase in total conductivity. This shows that the E region was partially short circuited; hence, electric field generated at F region could map to the conjugate hemisphere during daytime: daytime MSTIDs at conjugate regions; mechanisms responsible for daytime electrified MSTIDs; gravity wave‐induced electric field role in daytime MSTIDs.
Bounding the moment deficit rate on crustal faults using geodetic data: Methods
Authors: Maurer Jeremy , Segall Paul , Bradley Andrew M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe geodetically derived interseismic moment deficit rate (MDR) provides a first‐order constraint on earthquake potential and can play an important role in seismic hazard assessment, but quantifying uncertainty in MDR is a challenging problem that has not been fully addressed. We establish criteria for reliable MDR estimators, evaluate existing methods for determining the probability density of MDR, and propose and evaluate new methods. Geodetic measurements moderately far from the fault provide tighter constraints on MDR than those nearby. Previously used methods can fail catastrophically under predictable circumstances. The bootstrap method works well with strong data constraints on MDR, but can be strongly biased when network geometry is poor. We propose two new methods: the Constrained Optimization Bounding Estimator (COBE) assumes uniform priors on slip rate (from geologic information) and MDR, and can be shown through synthetic tests to be a useful, albeit conservative estimator; the Constrained Optimization Bounding Linear Estimator (COBLE) is the corresponding linear estimator with Gaussian priors rather than point‐wise bounds on slip rates. COBE matches COBLE with strong data constraints on MDR. We compare results from COBE and COBLE to previously published results for the interseismic MDR at Parkfield, on the San Andreas Fault, and find similar results; thus, the apparent discrepancy between MDR and the total moment release (seismic and afterslip) in the 2004 Parkfield earthquake remains.
Northern Hemisphere winter warming and summer monsoon reduction after volcanic eruptions over the last millennium
Authors: Zambri Brian , LeGrande Allegra N. , Robock Alan , Slawinska Joanna 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObservations show that all recent large tropical volcanic eruptions (1850 to Present) were followed by surface winter warming in the first Northern Hemisphere (NH) winter after the eruption. Recent studies show that climate models produce a surface winter warming response in the first winter after the largest eruptions but require a large ensemble of simulations to see significant changes. It is also generally required that the eruption be very large, and only two such eruptions occurred in the historical period: Krakatau in 1883 and Pinatubo in 1991. Here we examine surface winter warming patterns after the 10 largest volcanic eruptions between 850 and 1850 in the Paleoclimate Modeling Intercomparison Project 3 last millennium simulations and in the Community Earth System Model Last Millennium Ensemble. These eruptions were all larger than those since 1850. Though the results depend on both the individual models and the forcing data set used, we have found that models produce a surface winter warming signal in the first winter after large volcanic eruptions, with higher temperatures over NH continents and a stronger polar vortex in the lower stratosphere. We also examined NH summer precipitation responses in the first year after the eruptions and find clear reductions of summer Asian and African monsoon rainfall.
Spatial variation in concentration and sources of organic carbon in the Lena River, Siberia
Authors: Kutscher Liselott , Mörth Carl‐Magnus , Porcelli Don , Hirst Catherine , Maximov Trofim C. , Petrov Roman E. , Andersson Per S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGlobal warming in permafrost areas is expected to change fluxes of riverine organic carbon (OC) to the Arctic Ocean. Here OC concentrations, stable carbon isotope signatures (δ13C), and carbon‐nitrogen ratios (C/N) are presented from 22 sampling stations in the Lena River and 40 of its tributaries. Sampling was conducted during two expeditions: the first in July 2012 in the south and southeastern region and the second in June 2013 in the northern region of the Lena basin. The data showed significant spatial differences in concentrations and major sources of OC. Mean subcatchment slopes were correlated with OC concentrations, implying that mountainous areas in general had lower concentrations than lowland areas. δ13C and C/N data from tributaries originating in mountainous areas indicated that both dissolved and particulate OC (DOC and POC) were mainly derived from soil organic matter (SOM). In contrast, tributaries originating in lowland areas had larger contributions from fresh vegetation to DOC, while aquatically produced OC was the major source of POC. We suggest that these differences in dominant sources indicated differences in dominant flow pathways. Tributaries with larger influence of fresh vegetation probably had surficial flow pathways, while tributaries with more SOM influence had deeper water flow pathways. Thus, the future export of OC to the Arctic Ocean will likely be controlled by changes in spatial patterns in hydroclimatology and the depth of the active layers influencing the dominant water flow pathways in Arctic river basins.
Active transpressional tectonics in the Andean forearc of southern Peru quantified by10Be surface exposure dating of an active fault scarp
Authors: Benavente Carlos , Zerathe Swann , Audin Laurence , Hall Sarah R. , Robert Xavier , Delgado Fabrizio , Carcaillet Julien , Team ASTER 
Published: July 2017

AbstractOur understanding of the style and rate of Quaternary tectonic deformation in the forearc of the Central Andes is hampered by a lack of field observations and constraints on neotectonic structures. Here we present a detailed analysis of the Purgatorio fault, a recently recognized active fault located in the forearc of southern Peru. Based on field and remote sensing analysis (Pléiades DEM), we define the Purgatorio fault as a subvertical structure trending NW‐SE to W‐E along its 60 km length, connecting, on its eastern end, to the crustal Incapuquio Fault System. The Purgatorio fault accommodates right‐lateral transpressional deformation, as shown by the numerous lateral and vertical plurimetric offsets recorded along strike. In particular, scarp with a 5 m cumulative throw is preserved and displays cobbles that are cut and covered by slickensides. Cosmogenic radionuclide exposure dating (10Be) of quartzite cobbles along the vertical fault scarp yields young exposure ages that can be bracketed between 0 to 6 ka, depending on the inheritance model that is applied. Our preferred scenario, which takes in account our geomorphic observations, implies at least two distinct rupture events, each associated with ~3 and ~2 m of vertical offset. These two events plausibly occurred during the last thousand years. Nevertheless, an interpretation invoking more tectonic events along the fault cannot be ruled out. This work affirms crustal deformation along active faults in the Andean forearc of southern Peru during the last thousand years.
Pliocene‐Quaternary orogenic systems in Central Mediterranean: The Apulia‐Southern Apennines‐Tyrrhenian Sea example
Authors: Milia Alfonsa , Torrente Maurizio M. , Iannace Pietro 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn the Central Mediterranean the Africa‐Eurasia convergence led to the development of complex orogenic systems and back‐arc basins. Throughout Pliocene‐Quaternary times the Southern Apennines accretionary prism migrated toward the Apulia foreland and, contemporaneously, the Tyrrhenian Sea back‐arc basin opened. In this study, we investigated the offshore of the southern Apulia foreland and the Southern Apennines. Using seismic reflection profiles and well data in a dedicated GIS software, we made a detailed stratigraphic analysis, reconstructed the structural pattern, and built 2‐D geological models of the main geological surfaces. The structure of the Apulia region formed during two main tectonic stages: lower Pleistocene complex extensional faulting developed in a transtensional regime and middle‐upper Pleistocene transpression/shortening. The Southern Apennines accretionary prism developed through the Pliocene‐early lower Pleistocene and was overprinted by late lower Pleistocene‐middle Pleistocene NW‐SE sinistral faults. Through linking new data from the accretionary prism and the foreland with previous information from the Tyrrhenian Sea back‐arc, we provide an original interpretation for the relationships between the various provinces that make the Central Mediterranean crustal puzzle and reconstruct the main phases of the evolution of its Pliocene‐Quaternary orogenic cycle. We recognized collisional stages of uncoupled plates, followed by late lower‐middle Pleistocene postcollisional stages of coupled continental plates. This Pleistocene plate reorganization of Central Mediterranean was probably due to the rupture of the Apulia/Ionian slab or to NNW intraplate shortening transmitted from Africa.
Atomic Force Microscopy as a Tool to Assess the Specificity of Targeted Nanoparticles in Biological Models of High Complexity
Authors: Gomes Carla P. , Lopes Cátia D. F. , Leitner Michael , Ebner Andreas , Hinterdorfer Peter , Pêgo Ana P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe ability to design nanoparticle delivery systems capable of selectively target their payloads to specific cell populations is still a major caveat in nanomedicine. One of the main hurdles is the fact that each nanoparticle formulation needs to be precisely tuned to match the specificities of the target cell and route of administration. In this work, molecular recognition force spectroscopy (MRFS) is presented as a tool to evaluate the specificity of neuron‐targeted trimethyl chitosan nanoparticles to neuronal cell populations in biological samples of different complexity. The use of atomic force microscopy tips functionalized with targeted or non‐targeted nanoparticles made it possible to assess the specific interaction of each formulation with determined cell surface receptors in a precise fashion. More importantly, the combination of MRFS with fluorescent microscopy allowed to probe the nanoparticles vectoring capacity in models of high complexity, such as primary mixed cultures, as well as specific subcellular regions in histological tissues. Overall, this work contributes for the establishment of MRFS as a powerful alternative technique to animal testing in vector design and opens new avenues for the development of advanced targeted nanomedicines.
Malnutrition‐related early childhood exposures and enamel defects in the permanent dentition: A longitudinal study from the Bolivian Amazon
Authors: Masterson Erin E. , Fitzpatrick Annette L. , Enquobahrie Daniel A. , Mancl Lloyd A. , Conde Esther , Hujoel Philippe P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectivesWe investigated the relationship between early childhood malnutrition‐related measures and subsequent enamel defects in the permanent dentition.Materials and MethodsThis cohort study included 349 Amerindian adolescents (10–17 years, 52% male) from the Bolivian Amazon. Exposures included: stunted growth (height‐for‐age z‐scores), underweight (weight‐for‐age z‐scores), anemia (hemoglobin), acute inflammation (C‐reactive protein) and parasitic infection (hookworm). We measured the occurrence (no/yes) and extent (<1/3, 1/3–2/3, >2/3) of enamel defects. We estimated associations between childhood exposures and enamel defect measures using log‐binomial and multinomial logistic regression.ResultsThe prevalence of an enamel defect characterized by an orange peel texture on a large central depression on the labial surface of the central maxillary incisors was 92.3%. During childhood (1–4 years), participants had a high prevalence of stunted growth (75.2%), anemia (56.9%), acute inflammation (39.1%), and hookworm infection (49.6%). We observed associations between childhood height‐for‐age (OR = 0.65; P = 0.028 for >2/3 extent vs. no EH) and gastrointestinal hookworm infection (OR = 3.43; P = 0.035 for >2/3 extent vs. no defects or <1/3 extent) with enamel defects.DiscussionThe study describes a possibly novel form of enamel hypoplasia and provides evidence for associations of malnutrition‐related measures in early childhood, including stunted growth and parasitic helminth infection, with the observed enamel defects.
Biomarkers in subtypes of mild cognitive impairment and subjective cognitive decline
Authors: Eliassen Carl F. , Reinvang Ivar , Selnes Per , Grambaite Ramune , Fladby Tormod , Hessen Erik 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjectivesPreclinical Alzheimers disease (AD) patients may or may not show cognitive impairment on testing. AD biomarkers are central to the identification of those at low, intermediate, or high risk of later dementia due to AD. We investigated biomarker distribution in those identified as subjective cognitive decline (SCD), amnestic (aMCI), and nonamnestic (naMCI) mild cognitive impairment (MCI) subtypes. In addition, the clinical groups were compared with controls on downstream neuroimaging markers.Materials and MethodsCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid‐β42 (A β42) and total tau (t‐tau), phosphorylated tau (p‐tau), fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG), positron‐emission tomography (PET), and MRI neuroimaging measures were collected from 116 memory clinic patients. They were characterized as SCD, aMCI, and naMCI according to comprehensive neuropsychological criteria. ANOVAs were used to assess differences when biomarkers were treated as continuous variables and chi square analyses were used to assess group differences in distribution of biomarkers.ResultsWe did not find any between group differences in Aβ42, nor in p‐tau, but we observed elevated t‐tau in aMCI and SCD relative to the naMCI group. Significantly lower cortical glucose metabolism (as measured by FDG PET) was found in aMCI relative to SCD and controls, and there was a trend for lower metabolism in naMCI. Significant thinner entorhinal cortex (ERC) was found in aMCI and SCD. As expected biomarkers were significantly more frequently pathological in aMCI than in naMCI and SCD, whereas the naMCI and SCD groups displayed similar pathological biomarker burden.ConclusionsaMCI cases show the most pathologic biomarker burden. Interestingly naMCI and SCD subjects show similar levels of pathological biomarkers albeit the former displayed neuropsychological deficits. That the latter group may represent a risk group is supported by our observation of both elevated CSF tau and thinner ERC relative to controls.
Parents' Self‐Reported Use of Corporal Punishment and Other Humiliating Upbringing Practices in Finland and Sweden – A Comparative Study
Authors: Ellonen Noora , Lucas Steven , Tindberg Ylva , Janson Staffan 
Published: July 2017

Sweden and Finland were the first countries to ban corporal punishment 30 years ago. Since then, the prevalence of attitudes supporting the use of corporal punishment and the practice itself have decreased. This study examines the current frequencies of corporal punishment and other humiliating upbringing practices in Finnish and Swedish families. The analysis is based on survey data among 3170 Finnish and 1358 Swedish parents with children from newborn to 12 years of age. Data were analysed using univariate tests (chi‐square) and logistic regression. According to the analysis, a larger proportion of Finnish parents, and especially mothers, use humiliating upbringing practices compared to Swedish parents. This difference is not found with regard to corporal punishment. A larger proportion of Finnish parents push their children compared to Swedish parents, while a larger proportion of Swedish parents shake their children. In both countries, corporal punishment is more frequently used by fathers, boys are more often victimised than girls, toddlers are more often exposed to corporal punishment and school‐age children are more often subjected to psychologically abusive practices. Corporal punishment and other humiliating upbringing practices are strongly correlated in both countries. The differences found between countries were not explained by socio‐demographic factors.‘This study examines the current frequencies of corporal punishment and other humiliating upbringing practices in Finnish and Swedish families’Key Practitioner Messages

Use of corporal punishment is still quite common among Finnish and Swedish parents.
Parents use corporal punishment more often towards children aged two to six years while other humiliating upbringing practices are used more often towards children above age six.
The differences between Finland and Sweden in the use of corporal punishment and other humiliating upbringing practices are not explained by traditional socioeconomic characteristics, nor by the parents' own experiences.
Chemically Deposited Cobalt‐Based Oxygen‐Evolution Electrocatalysts on DOPA‐Displaying Viruses
Authors: Rho Jihun , Lim Sung Yul , Hwang Inseong , Yun Jeongse , Chung Taek Dong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractFilamentous bacteriophages were engineered to display 3,4‐dihydroxy‐l‐phenylalanine (DOPA) onto which a cobalt oxide based oxygen‐evolution catalyst (Co‐OEC) spontaneously deposited at room temperature. Relative to the electrodeposited Co‐OEC, the catalyst formed on the virus exhibited improved durability and current density in a small overpotential region, as well as decreased oxidation states for the formation of Co(OH)2, as confirmed by electrochemical and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy analysis. Chemically deposited Co(OH)2 on the virus was oxidized to CoOOH during the water‐oxidation process. Thus, the DOPA‐displaying virus illustrates the affordability of a genetically engineered bacteriophage as a molecular support that can improve the catalytic performance of inorganic materials without any additional electrical energy.
Model driven generation of mobility traces for distributed virtual environments with TRACE
Authors: Carlini Emanuele , Lulli Alessandro , Ricci Laura 
Published: July 2017

SummaryAvatars' mobility is an essential element to design, validate, and compare different distributed virtual environment architectures. It has a direct impact on the management of such systems because it defines the workload associated with the areas in the virtual world. Currently, a relevant part of this evaluation is conducted by means of synthetic traces generated through mobility models. Despite that, in the last decade, several models have been proposed in literature to describe avatars mobility. However, a standard methodology that drives researchers in their evaluation does not yet exist. In order to alleviate this issue, we present TRACE, an open source tool supporting the generation and analysis of traces by means of embedded mobility models. TRACE's ultimate aim is to facilitate the evaluation and comparison of virtual environments and allow researchers to focus on developing their solution rather than spend time to code and test custom mobility traces. TRACE provides a unified format to describe the traces. It enables scalable and efficient trace generation and analysis for thousands of avatars with seven built‐in models. Also, it defines APIs enabling the integration of additional models, different configurations of the environment, and several built‐in metrics to analyze the generated traces.
A randomized controlled trial comparing EMDR and CBT for obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Marsden Zoe , Lovell Karina , Blore David , Ali Shehzad , Delgadillo Jaime 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundThis study aimed to evaluate eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) as a treatment for obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), by comparison to cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) based on exposure and response prevention.MethodThis was a pragmatic, feasibility randomized controlled trial in which 55 participants with OCD were randomized to EMDR (n = 29) or CBT (n = 26). The Yale‐Brown obsessive–compulsive scale was completed at baseline, after treatment and at 6 months follow‐up. Treatment completion and response rates were compared using chi‐square tests. Effect size was examined using Cohen's d and multilevel modelling.ResultsOverall, 61.8% completed treatment and 30.2% attained reliable and clinically significant improvement in OCD symptoms, with no significant differences between groups (p > .05). There were no significant differences between groups in Yale‐Brown obsessive–compulsive scale severity post‐treatment (d = −0.24, p = .38) or at 6 months follow‐up (d = −0.03, p = .90).ConclusionsEMDR and CBT had comparable completion rates and clinical outcomes.
Broadband‐Emitting 2 D Hybrid Organic–Inorganic Perovskite Based on Cyclohexane‐bis(methylamonium) Cation
Authors: Neogi Ishita , Bruno Annalisa , Bahulayan Damodaran , Goh Teck Wee , Ghosh Biplab , Ganguly Rakesh , Cortecchia Daniele , Sum Tze Chien , Soci Cesare , Mathews Nripan , Mhaisalkar Subodh Gautam 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA new broadband‐emitting 2 D hybrid organic–inorganic perovskite (CyBMA)PbBr4 based on highly flexible cis‐1,3‐bis(methylaminohydrobromide)cyclohexane (CyBMABr) core has been designed, synthesized, and investigated, highlighting the effects of stereoisomerism of the templating cation on the formation and properties of the resulting perovskite. The new 2 D material has high exciton binding energy of 340 meV and a broad emission spanning from 380 to 750 nm, incorporating a prominent excitonic band and a less intense broad peak at room temperature. Significant changes in the photoluminescence (PL) spectrum were observed at lower temperatures, showing remarkable enhancement in the intensity of the broadband at the cost of excitonic emission. Temperature‐dependent PL mapping indicates the effective role of only a narrow band of excitonic absorption in the generation of the active channel for emission. Based on the evidences obtained from the photophysical investigations, we attributed the evolution of the broad B‐band of (CyBMA)PbBr4 to excitonic self‐trapped states.