bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inégalité mondiale et inégalités nationales : niveaux et durées de vie
Authors: Bourguignon François 
Published: August 2016

Cet article analyse l'évolution de l'inégalité mondiale des niveaux de vie individuels et aborde la question de savoir si la baisse de l'inégalité mondiale observée au cours des dernières décennies, largement imputable à la diminution des inégalités entre pays, pourrait être entravée à l'avenir par l'évolution inverse constatée au sein de nombreux pays. Cette double évolution de l'inégalité mondiale et des inégalités nationales dans le domaine des niveaux de vie est comparée à une autre dimension du bien-être, celle de la santé, telle qu'appréhendée par la durée de vie. Classification JEL : I30, J11, O15.
Vivre (très) vieux avec les moyens requis : quels produits viagers ?
Authors: Masson André 
Published: August 2016

L'allongement de l'espérance de vie, notamment aux âges élevés, depuis le milieu des années 1970 fait que le risque de longévité s'accroît à nouveau, avec l'incertitude affectant les pensions futures et les coûts croissants associés à la santé âgée et à la dépendance. Cette évolution inédite milite pour le développement des produits viagers acquis au cours de la retraite (rente, viager, prêt viager), aujourd'hui peu diffusés. Les solutions proposées passent par des formes rénovées de ces produits – rente ou crédit adossé contractés sur une durée déterminée, « viager mutualisé » ou viage , prêt-viager ciblé sur la dépendance –, dont le développement serait encore stimulé par une réforme originale des droits de succession. L'intervention de l'État pour réguler ces marchés s'avère indispensable, elle passe notamment par une codification des tables de mortalité et une protection spécifique des catégories modestes. Classification JEL : D31, G22, J14, J18.
La reconstitution d’un souvenir de Thomas More
Authors: Susini Marie-Laure 
Published: August 2016

Sur le modèle de la reconstitution d’un souvenir refoulé dans la pratique de la psychanalyse selon Freud, la reconstruction d’un épisode refoulé de l’enfance de Thomas More éclaire ce qui demeurait négligé et inexpliqué : les contradictions du grand personnage historique, et les paradoxes de son œuvre majeure, Utopie . On peut dès lors comprendre aussi, en raison, ce qui se pose comme une énigme : l’identique destin, à plus de trois siècles d’intervalle, de Thomas More et de Thomas Becket.
Work force retention: Role of work environment, organization commitment, supervisor support and training & development in ceramic sanitary ware industries in India
Authors: S Umamaheswari , Krishnan Jayasree 
Published: August 2016

Purpose: Although retention of employees has become hot topic in this career turbulent era, practically no empirical research is carried out in the fast growing ceramic sector till now and this research fills the gap in the literature. The literatures surveys reported that organization commitment is an important determinant of retention and work environment, supervisor support and training and development are the most relevant antecedents increasing commitment towards organization. This paper examines the impact of the above factors over organization commitment and explores the effects of organization commitment on retention, and verifies the mediating effect of organization commitment on the relationship between proposed factors and retention.Design/methodology/approach: A survey was completed by 416 employees working in five ceramic sanitary ware factories located at different places in India. Questionnaire consisting of items adopted from previous researches were used to collect data. The selection of respondents was based on the simple random sampling.Findings: Findings reveals that organization commitment influences retention and all the above factors enhances it. Moreover organization commitment partially mediates the relationship between proposed factors and retention. However multiple regression analysis indicated that training and development did not have any notable influence on retention.Limitations: This study was conducted in a particular country and also in a particular sector of manufacturing industry, which limits generalization .Possibility of bias towards their organization and assumption that respondents know about their organization are other limitations.Implications: This paper offers recommendations to HR(Human resource) managers that they should extend their support to work environment, supervisor support and training and development in order to generate better relationship with employees and to reduce their likelihood of leaving the company.Originality/value: This article makes significant contribution to most turnover prone Indian environment, highlighting the important factors to be given priority for employee’s retention.
T Cell Fates Zipped Up: How the Bach2 Basic Leucine Zipper Transcriptional Repressor Directs T Cell Differentiation and Function
Authors: Richer Martin J. , Lang Mark L. , Butler Noah S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent data illustrate a key role for the transcriptional regulator bric-a-brac, tramtrack, and broad complex and cap’n’collar homology (Bach)2 in orchestrating T cell differentiation and function. Although Bach2 has a well-described role in B cell differentiation, emerging data show that Bach2 is a prototypical member of a novel class of transcription factors that regulates transcriptional activity in T cells at super-enhancers, or regions of high transcriptional activity. Accumulating data demonstrate specific roles for Bach2 in favoring regulatory T cell generation, restraining effector T cell differentiation, and potentiating memory T cell development. Evidence suggests that Bach2 regulates various facets of T cell function by repressing other key transcriptional regulators such as B lymphocyte–induced maturation protein 1. In this review, we examine our present understanding of the role of Bach2 in T cell function and highlight the growing evidence that this transcriptional repressor functions as a key regulator involved in maintenance of T cell quiescence, T cell subset differentiation, and memory T cell generation.
Amniotic Membrane as Allograft for Construction of Neovagina by McIndoe Technique in Vaginal Agenesis
Authors: Yilanlioglu Necip Cihangir , Semiz Altug , Akpak Yasam Kemal , Kahraman Semra 
Published: August 2016

<p><strong>BACKGROUND: </strong>To assess the anatomical and functional results of neovagina creation with amniotic membrane.</p><p><strong>METHODS: </strong>We operated on three young women with vaginal agenesis two of whom had a diagnosis of Mayer-Rokitansky-Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome and the other mixed gonadal dysgenesis. The mean age was 29.67 years (range 28-33). A fresh amniotic membrane retrieved from a Cesarean section on the same operation date was prepared over a mould and inserted into the newly formed tunnel between the bladder and the rectum as per McIndoe technique. The patients were followed up for one year minimum. </p><p><strong>RESULTS: </strong>Mean vaginal depth achieved was 8, 10 and 7 cm (average 8.3 cm) at the 12 month follow-up clinic. Two patients expressed having satisfactory sexual life at follow-up interview. One patient who had infrequent coitus and neglected appropriate use of mould needed further follow-up in clinic and self-dilation.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSİONS: </strong>McIndoe vaginoplasty with fresh-homologous amniotic membrane is an effective low-risk procedure. It can produce good results in fairly short time span with modest demand on patient compliance and rare morbidity.</p>
Epidemiologic Correlates of Chronic Respiratory Infections in Adults an Urban Slum of Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India
Authors: Kar Sonali , Mohapatra Ipsa , Konar Amrita 
Published: August 2016

<p><strong>INTRODUCTION:</strong> Urbanization is marked by emergence of slum areas, wherein migrants from the nearby villages stay in temporary establishments for seeking avenues of employment. These dwellings lack most of the essential living conditions like safe water, healthy living conditions and access to health services. This population is also vulnerable to social evils like alcohol and tobacco addiction. KIMS, a medical college in Bhubaneswar, Odisha, India has an Urban Health Training Centre (UHTC) that caters to a slum population of nearly 12,000 population for their primary health needs. Out of the monthly average of 200 patients /day, it is observed that respiratory symptoms complaints were highest both among the young and adults. Hence the study was conceived with the following objectives.</p><p><strong>AIMS &amp; OBJECTIVES:</strong> To assess the cumulative prevalence of Chronic Respiratory Infections and prevalence of specific respiratory symptoms in urban slum population along with a gender break up.</p><p>To assess the association between the living conditions, tobacco use with the respiratory manifestations if any.</p><p><strong>METHODOLOGY:</strong> A house to house survey was done wherein all population aged 20-64years were interviewed using a pretested predesigned questionnaire adapted from questionnaire used in International Union Against Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases (IUATLD) study. Given the prevalence of nearly 4%, with 95% CI and a relative error of 20%, the optimum sample is considered to be nearly 400. For the study Chronic Respiratory Infections (CRI) was defined as reporting of 3 or more episodes of some specific common respiratory symptoms in last one year or a diagnosed case of asthma/COPD, warranting medical treatment.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> The cumulative prevalence for CRI was seen as 11.7%, dry cough being the most common complaint ie 23.25% in both sexes. Smoking (both men and women), overcrowding and history of TB were seen as positive predictors of the disease. Use of wood or kerosene in case of women gave an OR of 6.1 times for manifestation of the disease.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION: </strong>Chronic Respiratory Illness is a major burden for slum dwellers and they should be educated against the risk factors and take appropriate precautions to safeguard against the illness. </p>
Marine aerosol source regions to Prince of Wales Icefield, Ellesmere Island, and influence from the tropical Pacific, 1979–2001
Authors: Criscitiello Alison S. , Marshall Shawn J. , Evans Matthew J. , Kinnard Christophe , Norman Ann‐Lise , Sharp Martin J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUsing a coastal ice core collected from Prince of Wales (POW) Icefield on Ellesmere Island, we investigate source regions of sea ice‐modulated chemical species (methanesulfonic acid (MSA) and chloride (Cl−)) to POW Icefield and the influence of large‐scale atmospheric variability on the transport of these marine aerosols (1979–2001). Our key findings are (1) MSA in the POW Icefield core is derived primarily from productivity in the sea ice zone of Baffin Bay and the Labrador Sea, with influence from waters within the North Water (NOW) polynya, (2) sea ice formation processes within the NOW polynya may be a significant source of sea‐salt aerosols to the POW core site, in addition to offshore open water source regions primarily in Hudson Bay, and (3) the tropical Pacific influences the source and transport of marine aerosols to POW Icefield through its remote control on regional winds and sea ice variability. Regression analyses during times of MSA deposition reveal sea level pressure (SLP) anomalies favorable for opening of the NOW polynya and subsequent oceanic dimethyl sulfide production. Regression analyses during times of Cl− deposition reveal SLP anomalies that indicate a broader oceanic region of sea‐salt sources to the core site. These results are supported by Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer‐ and Special Sensor Microwave/Imager‐based sea ice reconstructions and air mass transport density analyses and suggest that the marine biogenic record may capture local polynya variability, while sea‐salt transport to the site from larger offshore source regions in Baffin Bay is likely. Regression analyses show a link to tropical dynamics via an atmospheric Rossby wave.
Physical complexity to model morphological changes at a natural channel bend
Authors: Guan M. , Wright N. G. , Sleigh P. A. , Ahilan S. , Lamb R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study developed a two‐dimensional (2‐D) depth‐averaged model for morphological changes at natural bends by including a secondary flow correction. The model was tested in two laboratory‐scale events. A field study was further adopted to demonstrate the capability of the model in predicting bed deformation at natural bends. Further, a series of scenarios with different setups of sediment‐related parameters were tested to explore the possibility of a 2‐D model to simulate morphological changes at a natural bend, and to investigate how much physical complexity is needed for reliable modeling. The results suggest that a 2‐D depth‐averaged model can reconstruct the hydrodynamic and morphological features at a bend reasonably provided that the model addresses a secondary flow correction, and reasonably parameterize grain‐sizes within a channel in a pragmatic way. The factors, such as sediment transport formula and roughness height, have relatively less significance on the bed change pattern at a bend. The study reveals that the secondary flow effect and grain‐size parameterization should be given a first priority among other parameters when modeling bed deformation at a natural bend using a 2‐D model.
A comparison of watershed storage trends over the eastern and upper Midwestern regions of the United States, 2003–2015
Authors: Thomas Brian F. , Landerer Felix W. , Wiese David N. , Famiglietti James S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBasin‐scale groundwater storage trends calculated from long‐term streamflow records provide insight into the evolution of watershed behaviors. Our study presents the first spatially relevant validation of recession‐based trend approaches by comparing three independent storage trend estimates using GRACE‐derived groundwater storage, in situ groundwater elevation observations, and recession‐based approaches for the time period of 2003–2015. Results documented consistent agreement between spatially interpolated groundwater observation trends and recession‐based storage trends, while GRACE‐derived groundwater trends were found to exhibit variable, poor comparisons. A decreasing trend in watershed storage was identified in the southeastern U.S. while increasing trends were identified in the northeast and upper Midwest estimated from recession‐based approaches. Our recession‐based approach conducted using nested watershed streamflow records identified variable watershed storage trends at scales directly applicable for comparative hydrology studies and for assisting in watershed‐based water resources management decisions.
Current Population Survey
Authors: Fienberg Stephen E. , Tanur Judith M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe current population survey (CPS) is the world's longest continuing large‐scale sample survey. Carried out by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the CPS forms the basis of the monthly release of U.S. employment rates. The design of the CPS involves a complex combination of stratification, clustering, and random selection, and it follows a special rotating panel structure of households that allows for special month to month and year to year comparisons. The CPS is perhaps the most‐studied survey in the world and is widely emulated, but its monthly employment statistics are not without controversy.
Statistical Methods in Nuclear Material Safeguards
Authors: Bonner Elisa , Burr Tom , Krieger Thomas , Norman Claude 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe nuclear industry must account for nuclear material (NM), such as items that contain plutonium‐239, uranium‐233, or uranium enriched in the 235 or 233 isotopes. Such materials are expensive, plus play a role in weapons production, so there are national and international security considerations. There are two fields of NM safeguards. First, the field of NM domestic safeguards protects NM and monitors for possible NM loss, and does not include the possibility that a facility might alter the accounting data to mask NM diversion. Second, the field of NM international safeguards does not control NM, but monitors for possible NM loss or diversion where inspectors take measurements to determine whether a facility diverted NM and could have altered the accounting records to try to mask the diversion. Domestic safeguards has two main components: physical security to monitor and control access to NM and accounting procedures to monitor the flow and location of NM quantities. Analogously, the banking industry also uses physical security (guards, cameras, locked vaults, etc.) together with accounting procedures to monitor money flow. However, the nuclear industry is more complicated owing to the multitude of physical forms and chemical compositions of NM in bulk quantities, resulting in measurement errors and statistical methods to monitor NM flow.
Mixture Distributions – Further Developments
Authors: McLachlan Geoffrey J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFinite mixtures of distributions have provided a mathematical‐based approach to the statistical modeling of a wide variety of random phenomena. They underpin a variety of techniques in major areas of statistics, including cluster and latent class analyses, discriminant analysis, image analysis, and survival analysis, in addition to their more direct role in data analysis and inference of providing descriptive models for complex and/or heterogeneous distributions. We provide an update here on recent developments on mixture distributions and their applications.
Interpoint Distance Distribution
Authors: Bonetti Marco 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe interpoint distance distribution (IDD) is the distribution of the random variable defined as the distance, or dissimilarity, between two i.i.d. random variables. Estimation and testing procedures are available, based on samples of i.i.d. observations for the one‐sample and the two‐sample problem. The IDD allows for a reduction in dimensionality and can be used to perform shape classification. It is also related to local quantities in spatial point processes.
Species Richness: Estimation and Comparison
Authors: Chao Anne , Chiu Chun‐Huo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOn the basis of the sampling data from an assemblage, estimation of species richness (observed plus undetected) is statistically difficult especially for highly diverse assemblages with many rare species. Simple counts of species richness in samples typically underestimate and strongly depend on sampling effort and sample completeness. There are two approaches to infer species richness and make fair comparisons among multiple assemblages based on possibly unequal sampling effort and incomplete samples that miss many species. (i) An asymptotic approach: this approach compares the estimated asymptotes of species accumulation curves. It is based on statistical sampling‐theory methods of estimating species richness. Both parametric and nonparametric methods are reviewed. We focus on the nonparametric estimators that are universally valid for all species abundance distributions. (ii) A nonasymptotic approach: this approach compares the estimated species richnesses of standardized samples with a common finite sample size or sample completeness. It is based on the seamless sample‐size‐ and coverage‐based rarefaction and extrapolation sampling curves. This approach aims to compare species richness estimates for equally large or equally complete samples. These two approaches allow researchers to efficiently use all data to make robust and detailed inferences about species richness. Two R packages (SpadeR and iNEXT) are applied to rainforest tree data for illustration.
M
onte
C
arlo Methods
Authors: Robert Christian P. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
With the prevalence of high‐powered computing, Monte Carlo methods are increasingly used in a wide range of disciplines. In this article, we review some of the principles behind these methods, note the relationship with other techniques used in systems reliability, and demonstrate some methods in practice. In particular, the accept–reject algorithm, the importance sampler, and the method of composition are highlighted here. While this is not the central topic of the introduction, we also mention the connections with Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods.
Markov ChainMonteCarlo Item Response Theory Estimation
Authors: Colvin Kimberly F. , Keller Lisa A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractItem response theory (IRT) is the cornerstone of modern measurement. The benefits of using IRT have been well documented. In order to use IRT models, it is necessary to estimate item parameters. As assessments become more complex, more sophisticated models need to be developed. The difficulty in making models more complex is the issue of parameter estimation, and, without the ability to estimate parameters, the models are not useful. With the growth of computer technology, new estimation techniques are being developed for IRT. One such technique is Markov chain Monte Carlo (MCMC). MCMC provides parameter estimates by simulating draws from the posterior distribution of the parameters and uses the constructed samples to provide point estimates of the parameters (e.g., means and modes). Both Gibbs sampling and Metropolis–Hastings within Gibbs are described, and examples of estimating parameters of dichotomous IRT models are provided.
Model Selection
Authors: Li Ang , Pericchi Luis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn the first two sections, we review both general ideas and some specific methods for model selection from Frequentist and Bayesian viewpoints, respectively. Information criteria‐based methods that have played important roles for both schools are discussed. Moreover, we briefly review LASSO, its Bayesian interpretation, and some recently developed Bayesian shrinkage methods that are closely related to LASSO.
Gene Therapy
Authors: Ginn Samantha L. , Alexander Ian E. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Conducting a clinical trial poses a unique set of challenges that must be addressed to ensure the safety of human subjects. In this article, we discuss issues that relate in particular to gene‐therapy clinical trials. These issues include the choice of gene delivery system, the need for extensive preclinical testing to ensure the feasibility and safety of the approach, and careful monitoring of subjects for short‐ and long‐term toxicity associated with the gene‐transfer protocol. We consider the translational challenges specific for gene‐therapy trials that comprise additional regulatory oversight, unique ethical considerations, and the need for specialized personnel, infrastructure, and reagents. We also provide a brief overview of current clinical activity, highlight the main lessons learned from landmark gene‐therapy trials, and conclude by discussing the challenges facing the field as it moves into the future.
Sample Support
Authors: Goovaerts Pierre 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSample support generally refers to the length, area, or volume associated with a measurement or observation. The term originates in the field of geostatistics, primarily from mining applications. To appreciate the issues associated with this term, this entry provides (i) a more complete definition of sample support as used in geostatistics; (ii) a description of the problems that arise in working with data of differing supports; (iii) a brief overview of the solutions to change of support problems.