bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nutrition of the Finishing lamb
Authors: Webster G. M. , Povey Gillian M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn order to achieve maximum economic returns, the finished-lamb producer needs to plan his production system to meet the requirements of his chosen market. These requirements are now becoming more specific as consumer demands for a quality product increase and new markets (e.g. Europe) become available. With the diversity of genetic and environmental backgrounds of lambs destined for slaughter, together with the seasonality of breeding in sheep, it is not surprising that a range of finishing systems exists. This paper highlights recent developments in the nutrition of the finishing lamb and examines their potential.In the early lambing flock, where fast growth rates are essential, lambs are often weaned when they are 4 to 6 weeks old. Similarly, in flocks lambing more than once per year, early weaning is necessary to allow the ewe to recover body condition before the next mating. Cereals are rich sources of energy and highly palatable to young lambs. Their rapid rate of fermentation in the rumen makes intensive finishing on cereal-based diets a relatively easy process, with growth rates of 350 to 400 g/day allowing lambs to reach slaughter weight at 12 to 14 weeks of age. To avoid the production of soft fat, which arises from high levels of propionic acid in the rumen, cereals should be offered as whole grains. Considerable benefits in terms of growth rate may be achieved by the inclusion of high quality protein sources of low rumen degradability, such as fish meal, in the diet.The use of fodder crops grazed in situ for finishing store lambs has declined in recent years with the result that interest in indoor finishing systems has increased. These systems based on concentrate foods result in rapid growth rates. Alternatively, silage-based diets with appropriate supplements may be used to produce more modest growth rates, allowing lambs to be taken to heavier weights. Maintenance feeding during the store period has a major influence on the response of these lambs to improved nutrition, particularly to protein of low rumen degradability. Environmental limitations such as shortening daylength may also be an important consideration.Lamb carcass quality is becoming increasingly important in market specifications and the ability of lambs to produce more lean and less fat has been demonstrated in experiments involving pharmacological manipulation. While these techniques may not be acceptable to the consumer, the potential to enhance carcass composition by dietary means clearly still exists.
Changes in quality specifications for different markets
Authors: Kilkenny J. B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThere are three major markets for lamb — retail and catering domestic markets, and the export market. Most of the latter is within the European Community (EC) and as 1992 approaches the differences between the domestic and EC export markets will become less distinct. The basis of specifications for all of these markets, and sectors within them, is weight range, fatness and conformation. The majority of lamb is sold to the consumer (whether retail or catering) in a ‘bone-in’ form and weight range is therefore critical for many cuts, for example chops and leg joints, in determining either weight at sale (and price of pack) or portion size.In the domestic market major multiple supermarkets are gaining market share at the expense of independent butchers. With their purchasing power they can and do impose increasingly tight and sophisticated specifications. All, for their majority of ‘bone-in’ cuts, specify a carcass weight range of 16 to 20 kg. It is estimated by the Meat and Livestock Commission (MLC) that around 8% of lamb is now sold retail in a boneless form (boneless joints, lamb steaks, cubed lamb and minced lamb) and that this is a growing sector of the lamb market. Lamb is a small carcass unit (in comparison with beef and pork), has a high bone content and thus the cost of boning-out lamb carcasses is high. To reduce costs there is advantage in buying heavier lambs (but only if they are lean) and the premium specification for lambs for producing boneless cuts (and other forms of products) are increasingly in the range 20 to 24 kg.Fatness continues to be the primary consumer negative about lamb. For ‘bone-in’ cuts it is difficult to trim, for boneless cuts extra trimming is possible but at the cost of reduced yields. There is a common specification for fatness in terms of MLC carcass classification — fat class 2 or 3L with increasing preference for the former. Conformation is the least important aspect of domestic market specifications. Nevertheless, for ‘bone-in’ cuts, particularly the important leg joint, shape is considered by many meat buyers as being important and most will be specifying carcasses of at least average shape, i.e. carcass class R. The export market is more complicated in terms of basic specifications. For the major market in northern and central France the specification is more or less identical to that of the major supermarkets in the domestic market. In south Europe requirement is for a much lighter lamb, 8 to 12 kg, very lean, fat class 1 and 2, and shape is almost irrelevant. Belgium and Germany require heavier lambs (18 to 22 kg) and this reflects usage in catering and processing.There is growing interest in quality assurance schemes for lamb in the UK based on various carcass, slaughterhouse, storage and distribution factors.
Drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease (II): atypical
neuroleptics
Authors: Wolters E.CH. , Tissingh G. , Kuiper M.A. , Zwaan W.A. , Horstink M.W.I.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this second part of a review on drug-induced psychosis in Parkinson's disease, the characteristics of typical and atypical neuroleptics will be compared and the therapeutic efficacy and the extrapyramidal side-effects of ‘atypical’ antipsychotic drugs will be discussed. These drugs affect serotonergic, adrenergic as well as dopaminergic neurotransmission and are best distinguished from the typical neuroleptics on the basis of the relationship between strong 5-HT2 and weak D2 affinities. Their succes may rely on this spectrum of effects. Clozapine, being the first choice, will be discussed in more detail.
Psychofarmacotherapy: history
Authors: Hoes M.J.A.J.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryA survey of the history of psychopharmacotherapy is presented.In Antiquity some psycho-active plant extracts were already known . Since the rise of chemistry in early nineteenth century, sedative drugs were synthesized first. Since the fifties of this century the four groups of psychotherapeutic drugs proper, anxiolytics, hypnotics, antipsychotics and antidepressants have been discovered.Astute clinical or preclinical observation and the understanding of coincidences, serendipity, has been the basis of these discoveries. Since the prototypes were discovered, no real breakthroughs have been achieved.
Behavioral neurology versus biological psychiatry: intellectual origins of their position within neuropsychiatry. Part I. Academic neuropsychiatry versus alienistic psychiatry in the late 19th century
Authors: van den Bergh W. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe intellectual roots of the schism between neurology and psychiatry are discussed. The opposition between the 19th century academic neuropsychiatry and the alienistic psychiatry is discussed. The evolution of aphasiology is discussed as a paradigm of neuropsychiatry.
Alternative treatment strategies for lithium in bipolar disorder
Authors: Bouvy P.F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIndications for lithium in the treatment of bipolar disorders are acute mania, depression and preventive treatment. In the case of insufficient efficacy or adverse effects the first alternative for lithium in acute mania is carbamazepine. However, the role of carbamazepine in preventive treatment is still uncertain. Well designed prospective research is hardly done. Clearly positive reports on the efficacy of carbamazepine concern specific lithium-resistant groups such as the ‘rapid-cyclers’. Valproic acid has been found effective in a few studies in bipolar disorders, especially in acute mania. Clonazepam is sometimes mentioned as a possible alternative, however recent research seriously questions the efficacy of clonazepam in bipolar disorders. Calcium-antagonists, especially verapamil, may have some efficacy in the treatment of acute mania, their role is still very uncertain.
Evidence for enhanced sensitivity for pentagastrin in panic disorder patients
Authors: van Megen H.J.G.M. , Westenberg H.G.M. , Boer J.A. Den 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWe studied the effects of pentagastrin, an analogue of the cholecystokinin tetrapeptide (CCK4), in 15 patients with panic disorder and 15 healthy controls. Three different intravenous dosages of pentagastrin (0.1, 0.3 and 0.6 μ/kg) and placebo (saline) were investigated. Subjects were randomly allocated to two of the four dosage groups and tested on two separate occasions, one week apart, using a double-blind incomplete block design. A total of 59 intravenous injections were carried out. The panic rate with pentagastrin, irrespective of the dosage, was 55% (12/22) for patients and 5% (1/22) for controls. None of the subjects panicked with saline. The frequency of panic attacks between the three pentagastrin doses in patients was not different. One control subject had a panic-like attack at the highest dose of pentagastrin. These findings concur with previous studies on the panicogenic effect of CCK4 and pentagastrin and suggest a greater sensitivity for CCK agonists in patients suffering from panic disorder than in healthy controls.
The TRH-test in depression: a review
Authors: Christiaens F. , Maes M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe TRH-test in depression: a reviewThis paper reviews the literature on the thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)-test in depressive patients. The TRH-test appears to exhibit some use as an external validating criterion for the clinical diagnosis of major depression and, in particular melancholia versus minor depression once the clinical diagnosis depression is made. However, the clinical use of this test is hampered by the low sensitivity (±50%) and by the fact that abnormal tests occur in non-depressive states such as borderline personality disorder, schizophrenia, and anxiety disorders. The TRH-test may be used as a predictor for a positive response to biological therapies. In addition, the test has some value for the outcome of a depressive episode. The pathophysiology underpinning an abnormal TRH-test may be determined by noradrenergic (central and peripheric) or serotonergic (central) dysfunctions, thyroid hormone and cortisol hypersecretion, phenomena that are pertinent to severe depression. Recently, it has been established that an abnormal depression-linked TRH-test reflects lower basal thyroid secreting hormone (TSH) secretion. The determination of basal TSH may, in the future, replace TRH-testing.
Cognitive neurobiology of schizophreni
Authors: van den Bosch R.J. 
Published: July 2016

SummarySchizophrenia is a neurobiological developmental disorder of basic neuro-integrative functions, resulting in failures of cognitive selfregulation. Neurophysiological and psychophysiological dysfunctions should be considered in connection with the ubiquitous cognitive dysfunctions. Schizophrenic patients have problems with the integration of information, resulting in deficits of perceptual organization, and in ‘metacognitive’ deficits of executive functions in the area of behavior and experience. The biological basis of these cognitive functions is in the frontal cortex, but the primary dysfunction seems to be a subcortical one. Negative symptoms can be understood as a secondary exhaustion mechanism, and partly as an adaptive process, corresponding with energetic deficits in information processing. Psychophysiological studies of regional cerebral blood flow, positron emission tomography, electrophysiological recordings and measures of eye tracking point to frontal dysfunction and hypoactivation in patients with negative symptoms. This agrees well with the results of cognitive studies. Psychophysiologists and cognitive psychologists are studying different aspects of the same systems disorder.
Treatment with depressions in Parkinson's disease
Authors: Smit R.A.V. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryPeople with Parkinson's disease often suffer from depressions. Treatment of these depressions requires the use of antidepressants. The advanced age of most patients, however, can put limitations on the range of suitable antidepressants. Moreover, the drug should not aggravate Parkinson's disease. Many patients suffering from Parkinson's disease are currently prescribed selegiline. This drug is commonly considered to be a contraindication for antidepressants.In this article, criteria for the choice of a suitable psychofarmacon are discussed. In particular suggestions are offered for the treatment of patients who are already taking selegiline.
Influence of Propofol on the Mood - a comparative study
Authors: Keyzer P.J. De , D'haese J. , D'haenen H.A.H. , Camu F. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe influence of propofol on mood was evaluated, considering the potential use of propofol as an anesthetic for electroconvulsive therapy. The mood state of 80 psychologically healthy subjects was assessed before and from 1/2 hour till 4 hours after surgery under anesthesia with either propofol or methohexitone. The mood was assessed with the Profile of Mood States (POMS). The propofol group was more elated from one hour until 4 hours after anesthesia (p<0,01 )(factor 1). 1 hour after anesthesia the propofol group was continuously more composed than the methohexitone group (p<0,01) (factor 4) and after two hours the propofol group was more agreeable (p<0,05) (factor 2). Moreover, patients, who received propofol, were less tired (factor 3) and confused (factor 5). It can be concluded that, compared with methohexitone, propofol has a favorable influence on different aspects of mood.
Hospital treatment and the control of violent behaviour
Authors: van Marle H.J.C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryViolent behaviour between inpatients and wardpersonnel is seen from a relational viewpoint. The reactions of the staff show a strong similarity with regressive transferences from the patients. Limit-setting as a method should be employed to contain the individuel behaviour of the patient as also so further the social climate on the ward. The method of limit-setting involves the reality testing of the patient, the transference reactions between patient and staff, clarity in decision-making and regulations, and architectural arrangements. These four levels of influence are separately discussed.
The crossroads of anticipatory attention and motor preparation. I
Authors: Brunia C.H.M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThis series of papers suggests that processes underlying anticipatory attention and motor preparation share a common control mechanism. Both functions are of utmost importance for an optimal adaptation to our environment. While the posterior part of the cortex is aimed at the analysis of incoming information, both from the outer world and our own body, the anterior part is involved in action and reaction. If we know when in the near future we will be confronted with relevant information, and how this has to be responded upon, modality specific sensoric and motoric information channels have to be open in order to guarantee an adequate response. The anterior and posterior parts of the cortex are activated from the thalamus and the information transmission is influenced via the reticular nucleus (RN) of the thalamus. The RN itself is under a double control: excitatory from the prefrontal cortex and inhibitory from the neostriatum. It is suggested that selection in anticipatory attention and motor preparation is realized in a comparable way via the RN. In Part I the relevant anatomical structures are described. In Part II the model for anticipatory attention and motor preparation is presented. In Part III the supporting neuropsychological evidence is presented, after which psychophysiological experiments will be discussed having lead to the formulation of the model.
Focus II: Is there agreement between DSM-IV and ICD-10?
Authors: Hoes M.J.A.J.M. 
Published: July 2016

Gedurende de laatste jaren zijn nieuwe edities van twee grote classificatiesystemen uitgebracht. De American Psychiatric Association heeft in 1994 de vierde editie van de Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-IV) gepubliceerd en de Wereldgezondheids-organisatie in 1991 de tiende editie van de International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10). Van de laatste is hier het vijfde hoofdstuk (V of F) over psychische stoornissen van belang.Vergeleken met de DSM-III (-R) uit 1980 (1987) is de DSM-IV qua structuur niet veranderd. Vergeleken met de DSM-III-R zijn er wel quantitatieve verschillen: 105 veranderde categorieën op as-I, 3 veranderde op as-II, 9 nieuwe voorstellen voor klinische aandacht, 13 nieuwe diagnoses, terwijl 8 classificaties verwijderd zijn en as-IV anders is gestructureerd, naar type belasting in plaats van ernst van belastende factoren.
Lithium als adjuvans bij een therapie-resistente depressie: een casus
Authors: Dirkx J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryLithium was added to imipramine in case of a 55-year old depressed woman who didn't respond to imipramine alone. There was a clear improvement within a few days on 900 mg lithium carbonate a day (lithium plasmalevel 0.9 mmol/l). However when after two weeks the lithium dose was reduced to 600 mg a day (lithium plasmalevel 0.5 mmol/l), an almost immediate relapse followed. On resuming lithium in the old dose the depression disappeared again. After four weeks the second attempt at reducing and eventually stopping the lithium appeared to be successful. Half a year after cessation of lithium imipramine was also stopped. More than a year afterwards there hasn't been a depression again.In this case, after a fast potentiation of imipramine by lithium, a relapse followed when the lithium dose was reduced. It seems to be that even a high and successful starting dose of lithium needs to be continued for some time in order to prevent a relapse.
Neuropsychiatry of corticosubcortical relations Aphasia and depression as paradigms
Authors: van den Bergh W. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn an introduction the evolution of a neuropsychological and neuropsychiatrie approach in the two last decades is discussed. The role of the basal ganglia, the thalamus and their cortical connections in aphasia is discussed. This review is given as a paradigm to demonstrate a neuropsychiatrie approach of psychiatric disorders. The role of corticosubcortical relations in depression is discussed.
The tyramine conjugation test and depression
Authors: Storosum J.G. , de Jonghe F. , Schalken H.F.A. , Huyser J. , Sno H.N. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this article the value of the tyramine conjugation test (TCT) as a predictor of the response to antidepressive medication is reviewed. The TCT seems of little discomfort for the patient, is easy to perform and is suggested to have a high sensitivity and specificity. In addition, there are indications that a decreased tyamine conjugation could be a traitmarker for the vulnerability of depression. Hypotheses concerning the, as yet unclear etiology of the decreased tyramine are reviewed.
Frontal cortex reactivity differentiates between schizophrenic subtypes: auditory ERP-evidence
Authors: Sweden B. Van , Erp M.G. Van , Mesotten F. , Maes M. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYObjectives: To extend the hypothesis that late auditory EP shifts represent pathophysiologcial markers in schizophrenia. Methods: Early negative (±100 μs) and late positive (>300 ms) auditory oddball and CNV responses are topographically compared in 3 medicated schizophrenic subtypes.Results: Only late cortical responses differentiate between paranoid, residual and disorganised schizophrenia. Core features of the deficit residual state encompass low-voltage N2P3 responses and missing central initial CNV components. Both paranoid and disorganised schizophrenics show a distinctive reactivity of the frontal cortex. Paranoid schizophrenia is characterized by an extensive frontal spread of the task-related P3 response. Disorganised schizophrenia shows a specifically increased frontal CNV component indicating a nonspecific arousal reaction.Conclusion: Combinations of late auditory EP-patterns fairly fit with the cognitive/behavioral status observed in schizophrenia spectrum disorders.
Verminderde vergrijzing en M. Korsakov; toeval of een voorbeeld van serendiptisme?
Authors: Doorakkers M.Ch. , Tuinier S. , Sijben A.E.S. , Wester A.J. , Meijer R.J. , Verhoeven W.M.A. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYThe clinical observation that patients with an alcohol amnestic disorder get grey hair at a higher age was investigated by comparing a group of Korsakov patients and patients with alcohol abuse with a reference sample from the literature. Korsakoff patients appeared to be significantly less grey than age-matched alcoholics and controls. Some putative etiological factors including the mechanism of apoptosis are discussed.
Brain 5-HT function in bipolar affective disorder
Authors: Young A.H. , Hughes J.H. , Ashton C.H. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBackground: Previous studies suggest that brain serotonin neurotransmission may mediate the actions of lithium carbonate. Acute tryptophan depletion (ATD) reduces brain serotonin and allows the study of this neurotransmitter in patient groups. Serotonin modulates electroencephalographic (EEG) activity, which is abnormal in bipolar disorder, and EEG abnormalities persist in euthymic bipolar patients. The EEG may therefore be a sensitive marker of 5-HT function in bipolar disorder.Aims: This study examined the effects of ATD on mood, suicidal ideation and EEG activity in bipolar patients who were symptomatically stable on lithium.Methods: 19 subjects satisfying DSM-IV criteria for bipolar I disorder participated in a within-subject, double-blind, placebo-controlled random-order crossover study. Following acute tryptophan depletion (induced by a 100g amino acid drink following an overnight fast) symptoms were evaluated, quantitative power spectrum brain mapping and measurement of auditory evoked potentials were carried out.Results: ATD produced a significant fall in the amplitude of N1P2 and P300 components of the auditory evoked potential, but no significant changes in the power spectrum. There was an 83% reduction in plasma tryptophan (p<0.05, paired t-test) after the depleting but not the control drink. No significant changes in mood or suicidally scores were recorded after ATD.Conclusions: ATD attenuates auditory evoked potentials in bipolar disorder but does not reverse lithium's effects on mood and suicidally in bipolar disorder.