bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preoperative and postoperative measurements of retinal vessel oxygen saturation in patients with different grades of cataracts
Authors: Chen Hui , Lin Haotian , Chen Wan , Zhang Bo , Xiang Wu , Gao Qianying , Chen Weirong , Liu Yizhi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeTo assess the retinal vessel blood oxygen saturation preoperatively and postoperatively in patients with different grades of cataracts.MethodsThis study included 40 eyes from 40 patients with senile cataracts ranging from grade 1 to 3. All 40 eyes received standard phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation. The mean retinal arterial and venular oxygen saturation (SO2) levels were measured using the Oxymap system prior to, immediately after and 3 months after cataract surgery. The arterial–venular difference (AVD) was calculated as the difference between the arterial and venular saturations. Linear regression analysis was performed to identify the relationship between the lens density grades and changes in the measured retina vessel SO2.ResultsThe mean age of the subjects was 64.1 ± 7.8 years, and 14 (35%) were male. The mean SO2 level increased in the retinal arterioles from 90.5 ± 7.8% to 95.0 ± 6.7% immediately postoperatively and to 98.3 ± 5.3% at 3 months after surgery (p < 0.001). The mean venular saturation levels were 43.4 ± 9.7%, 58.0 ± 8.5% and 61.9 ± 6.5% at baseline, immediately after and at 3 months postoperatively, respectively, with a statistically significant increase after surgery (p < 0.001). The mean AVD significantly decreased from 47.1 ± 8.9% before surgery to 37.1 ± 7.3% immediately after and 36.4 ± 6.4% 3 months after surgery (p < 0.02). A linear regression model indicated that denser lens opacity was significantly associated with a larger amplitude of the venular SO2 level and the AVD after cataract surgery: change of venous SO2 = 5.934–0.191 × Age + 13.534 × Lens Grade (age: p = 0.586; lens grade: p < 0.001); change in AVD = −7.438–0.037 × Age + 7.744 × Lens Grade (age: p = 0.917; lens grade: p = 0.031).ConclusionsRetinal arterial and venular oxygen saturation levels are significantly increased after cataract surgery, and increase rates vary with the preoperative grading of lens density.
The role of retinopathy distribution and other lesion types for the definition of examination intervals during screening for diabetic retinopathy
Authors: Ometto Giovanni , Erlandsen Mogens , Hunter Andrew , Bek Toke 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPurposeIt has previously been shown that the intervals between screening examinations for diabetic retinopathy can be optimized by including individual risk factors for the development of the disease in the risk assessment. However, in some cases, the risk model calculating the screening interval may recommend a different interval than an experienced clinician. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of factors unrelated to diabetic retinopathy and the distribution of lesions for discrepancies between decisions made by the clinician and the risk model.MethodsTherefore, fundus photographs from 90 screening examinations where the recommendations of the clinician and a risk model had been discrepant were evaluated. Forty features were defined to describe the type and location of the lesions, and classification and ranking techniques were used to assess whether the features could predict the discrepancy between the grader and the risk model.ResultsSuspicion of tumours, retinal degeneration and vascular diseases other than diabetic retinopathy could explain why the clinician recommended shorter examination intervals than the model. Additionally, the regional distribution of microaneurysms/dot haemorrhages was important for defining a photograph as belonging to the group where both the clinician and the risk model had recommended a short screening interval as opposed to the other decision alternatives.ConclusionsFeatures unrelated to diabetic retinopathy and the regional distribution of retinal lesions may affect the recommendation of the examination interval during screening for diabetic retinopathy. The development of automated computerized algorithms for extracting information about the type and location of retinal lesions could be expected to further optimize examination intervals during screening for diabetic retinopathy.
Enhanced contractility of intraparenchymal arterioles after global cerebral ischaemia in rat – new insights into the development of delayed cerebral hypoperfusion
Authors: Spray S. , Johansson S. E. , Radziwon‐Balicka A. , Haanes K. A. , Warfvinge K. , Povlsen G. K. , Kelly P. A. T. , Edvinsson L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimDelayed cerebral hypoperfusion is a secondary complication found in the days after transient global cerebral ischaemia that worsens the ischaemic damage inflicted by the initial transient episode of global cerebral ischaemia. A recent study demonstrated increased cerebral vasoconstriction in the large arteries on the brain surface (pial arteries) after global cerebral ischaemia. However, smaller arterioles inside the brain (parenchymal arterioles) are equally important in the regulation of cerebral blood flow and yet their pathophysiology after global cerebral ischaemia is largely unknown. Therefore, we investigated whether increased contractility occurs in the intraparenchymal arterioles.MethodsGlobal cerebral ischaemia was induced in male Wistar rats by bilateral common carotid occlusion for 15 min combined with hypovolaemia. Regional cerebral blood flow was determined by quantitative autoradiography. Intraparenchymal arterioles were isolated and pressurized, and concentration–response curves to endothelin‐1 with and without the endothelin B receptor‐selective antagonist BQ788 was generated. Endothelin B receptor expression was investigated by quantitative flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry.ResultsWe observed increased endothelin‐1‐mediated contractility of parenchymal arterioles correlating with reduced cerebral blood flow of the cortex, hippocampus and caudate nucleus 48 h after global cerebral ischaemia. The increased endothelin‐1‐mediated contractility was abolished by BQ788, and the vascular smooth muscle cell‐specific expression of endothelin B receptors was significantly increased after global cerebral ischaemia.ConclusionIncreased endothelin‐1‐mediated contractility and expression of endothelin B receptors in the intraparenchymal vasculature contributes to the development of delayed cerebral hypoperfusion after global cerebral ischaemia in combination with vascular changes of the pial vasculature.
Topographic variables improve climatic models of forage species abundance in the northeastern United States
Authors: Wang Audrey , Goslee Sarah C. , Miller Douglas A. , Sanderson Matt A. , Gonet Jeffery M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractQuestionSpecies distribution modelling has most commonly been applied to presence‐only data and to woody species. Can similar methods be used to create detailed predicted abundance maps for forage species? These predictions would be of great value for agricultural management and land‐use planning.LocationNortheastern USA.MethodsWe used field data from 31 grazed farms to model abundances for six forage species with three statistical methods: GLM, GAM and Random Forest models. A hierarchical ecological framework encompassing climatic, edaphic and topographic variables related to the plant species requirements for water, light and temperature was used to guide variable selection.ResultsAlthough many species distribution modelling studies have used only climatic variables, the inclusion of topography greatly improved explanatory power. Edaphic variables contributed little more beyond the information already provided by climate and topography. Random Forest models had higher overall predictive capability, and were used to produce the final potential abundance maps for the six forage species.ConclusionsClimate‐only predictions may be suitable for state or regional planning, but topographic variables must be included in species distribution models used to support decision‐making at the farm and field scales.
IgG4‐related hypophysitis is highly prevalent among cases of histologically confirmed hypophysitis
Authors: Bernreuther Christian , Illies Christopher , Flitsch Jörg , Buchfelder Michael , Buslei Rolf , Glatzel Markus , Saeger Wolfgang 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIgG4‐related disease is an immune‐mediated disease with manifestations in most organ systems among them the pituitary gland. To date, few cases of histologically confirmed cases of IgG‐related hypophysitis have been reported. The aim of this study was to retrospectively determine the prevalence of IgG4‐related hypophysitis among cases previously diagnosed as primary hypophysitis (lymphocytic hypophysitis, granulomatous hypophysitis and hypophysitis not otherwise specified). Histological and immunohistochemical analysis revealed that 12 of 29 cases (41.4%) previously diagnosed as primary hypophysitis fulfilled the criteria for IgG4‐related disease and, thus, IgG4‐related hypophysitis should always be considered in the differential diagnosis of primary hypophysitis. All cases of IgG4‐related hypophysitis showed a dense lymphoplasmacytic infiltrate with more than 10 IgG4‐positive cells per high power field and a ratio of IgG4/IgG‐positive cells of more than 40%, whereas storiform fibrosis was an inconsistent histological feature and was also seen in few cases of non‐IgG‐related hypophysitis, thus lacking sensitivity and specificity. Obliterative phlebitis was not seen in any case. Thus, histological criteria defined for IgG4‐related disease in other organs should be modified for IgG4‐related hypophysitis, accordingly.
Age‐related small vessel disease: a potential contributor to neurodegeneration in multiple sclerosis
Authors: Geraldes Ruth , Esiri Margaret M. , DeLuca Gabriele C. , Palace Jacqueline 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMultiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disorder of the central nervous system wherein, after an initial phase of transient neurological defects, slow neurological deterioration due to progressive neuronal loss ensues. Age is a major determinant of MS progression onset and disability. Over the past years, several mechanisms have been proposed to explain the key drivers of neurodegeneration and disability accumulation in MS. However, the effect of commonly encountered age‐related cerebral vessel disease, namely small vessel disease (SVD), has been largely neglected and constitutes the aim of this review. SVD shares some features with MS, that is, white matter demyelination and brain atrophy, and has been shown to contribute to the neuronal damage seen in vascular cognitive impairment. Several lines of evidence suggest that an interaction between MS and SVD may influence MS‐related neurodegeneration. SVD may contribute to hypoperfusion, reduced vascular reactivity and tissue hypoxia, features seen in MS. Venule and endothelium abnormalities have been documented in MS but the role of arterioles and of other neurovascular unit structures, such as the pericyte, has not been explored. Vascular risk factors (VRF) have recently been associated with faster progression in MS, though the mechanisms are unclear since very few studies have addressed the impact of VRF and SVD on MS imaging and pathology outcomes. Therapeutic agents targeting the microvasculature and the neurovascular unit may impact both SVD and MS and may benefit patients with dual pathology.
Biomarkers of oxidative and nitro‐oxidative stress: conventional and novel approaches
Authors: Cipak Gasparovic Ana , Zarkovic Neven , Zarkovic Kamelija , Semen Khrystyna , Kaminskyy Danylo , Yelisyeyeva Olha , Bottari Serge P. 
Published: November 2016

The concept of oxidative stress (OS) that connects altered redox biology with various diseases was introduced 30 years ago and has generated intensive research over the past two decades. Whereas it is now commonly accepted that macromolecule oxidation in response to ROS is associated with a variety of pathologies, the emergence of NO as a key regulator of redox signalling has led to the discovery of the pathophysiological significance of reactive nitrogen species (RNS). RNS can elicit various modifications of macromolecules and lead to nitrative or nitro‐OS. In order to investigate oxidative and nitro‐OS in human and in live animal models, circulating biomarker assays have been developed. This article provides an overview of key biomarkers used to assess lipid peroxidation and NO/NO2 signalling, thereby stressing the necessity to analyse several OS biomarkers in relation to the overall (aerobic) metabolism and health condition of patients. In addition, the potential interest of heart rate variability as the non‐invasive integrative biomarker of OS is discussed.Linked ArticlesThis article is part of a themed section on Redox Biology and Oxidative Stress in Health and Disease. To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.12/issuetoc
Anthoxanthin Polyphenols Attenuate Aβ Oligomer‐induced Neuronal Responses Associated with Alzheimer's Disease
Authors: Pate Kayla M. , Rogers McCall , Reed John Will , van der Munnik Nicholas , Vance Steven Zebulon , Moss Melissa A. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryAimsEpidemiological evidence implicates polyphenols as potential natural therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease (AD). To investigate this prospect, five anthoxanthin polyphenols were characterized for their ability to reduce amyloid‐β (Aβ) oligomer‐induced neuronal responses by two mechanisms of action, modulation of oligomerization and antioxidant activity, as well as the synergy between these two mechanisms.MethodsAnthoxanthin oligomerization modulation and antioxidant capabilities were evaluated and correlated with anthoxanthin attenuation of oligomer‐induced intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and caspase activation using human neuroblastoma cell treatments designed to isolate these mechanisms of action and to achieve dual‐action.ResultsWhile modulation of oligomerization resulted in only minor reductions to neuronal responses, anthoxanthin antioxidant action significantly attenuated oligomer‐induced intracellular ROS and caspase activation. Kaempferol uniquely exhibited synergism when the two mechanisms functioned in concert, leading to a pronounced reduction in both ROS and caspase activation.ConclusionsTogether, these findings identify the dominant mechanism by which these anthoxanthins attenuate Aβ oligomer‐induced neuronal responses, elucidate their prospective synergy, and demonstrate the potential of anthoxanthin polyphenols as natural AD therapeutics.
Caregiver‐directed home‐based intensive bimanual training in young children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy: a randomized trial
Authors: Ferre Claudio L , Brandão Marina , Surana Bhavini , Dew Ashley P , Moreau Noelle G , Gordon Andrew M 
Published: November 2016

AimTo examine the efficacy of caregiver‐directed, home‐based intensive bimanual training in children with unilateral spastic cerebral palsy (USCP) using a randomized control trial.MethodTwenty‐four children (ages 2y 6mo–10y 1mo; 10 males, 14 females) performed home‐based activities directed by a caregiver for 2 hours per day, 5 days per week, for 9 weeks (total=90h). Cohorts of children were age‐matched into groups and randomized to receive home‐based hand‐arm bimanual intensive therapy (H‐HABIT; n=12) or lower‐limb functional intensive training (LIFT‐control; n=12). Caregivers were trained before the intervention and supervised remotely via telerehabilitation. Dexterity and bimanual hand function were assessed using the Box and Blocks test (BBT) and the Assisting Hand Assessment (AHA) respectively. Caregiver perception of functional goals was measured using the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM).ResultsH‐HABIT showed greater improvement on the BBT compared to LIFT‐control and no improvement on the AHA. H‐HABIT demonstrated significant improvement in COPM‐Performance compared to LIFT‐control and both groups showed equal improvement in COPM‐Satisfaction.InterpretationH‐HABIT improved dexterity and performance of functional goals, but not bimanual performance, in children with USCP compared to a control group receiving intervention of equal intensity/duration that also controlled for increased caregiver attention. Home‐based models provide a valuable, family‐centered approach to achieve increased treatment intensity.
Capturing differences in dental training using a virtual reality simulator
Authors: Mirghani I. , Mushtaq F. , Allsop M. J. , Al‐Saud L. M. , Tickhill N. , Potter C. , Keeling A. , Mon‐Williams M. A. , Manogue M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVirtual reality simulators are becoming increasingly popular in dental schools across the world. But to what extent do these systems reflect actual dental ability? Addressing this question of construct validity is a fundamental step that is necessary before these systems can be fully integrated into a dental school's curriculum. In this study, we examined the sensitivity of the Simodont (a haptic virtual reality dental simulator) to differences in dental training experience. Two hundred and eighty‐nine participants, with 1 (n = 92), 3 (n = 79), 4 (n = 57) and 5 (n = 61) years of dental training, performed a series of tasks upon their first exposure to the simulator. We found statistically significant differences between novice (Year 1) and experienced dental trainees (operationalised as 3 or more years of training), but no differences between performance of experienced trainees with varying levels of experience. This work represents a crucial first step in understanding the value of haptic virtual reality simulators in dental education.
Activity of the anticonvulsant lacosamide in experimental and human epilepsy via selective effects on slow Na+ channel inactivation
Authors: Holtkamp Dominik , Opitz Thoralf , Niespodziany Isabelle , Wolff Christian , Beck Heinz 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveIn human epilepsy, pharmacoresistance to antiepileptic drug therapy is a major problem affecting ~30% of patients with epilepsy. Many classical antiepileptic drugs target voltage‐gated sodium channels, and their potent activity in inhibiting high‐frequency firing has been attributed to their strong use‐dependent blocking action. In chronic epilepsy, a loss of use‐dependent block has emerged as a potential cellular mechanism of pharmacoresistance for anticonvulsants acting on voltage‐gated sodium channels. The anticonvulsant drug lacosamide (LCM) also targets sodium channels, but has been shown to preferentially affect sodium channel slow inactivation processes, in contrast to most other anticonvulsants.MethodsWe used whole‐cell voltage clamp recordings in acutely isolated cells to investigate the effects of LCM on transient Na+ currents. Furthermore, we used whole‐cell current clamp recordings to assess effects on repetitive action potential firing in hippocampal slices.ResultsWe show here that LCM exerts its effects primarily via shifting the slow inactivation voltage dependence to more hyperpolarized potentials in hippocampal dentate granule cells from control and epileptic rats, and from patients with epilepsy. It is important to note that this activity of LCM was maintained in chronic experimental and human epilepsy. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the efficacy of LCM in inhibiting high‐frequency firing is undiminished in chronic experimental and human epilepsy.SignificanceTaken together, these results show that LCM exhibits maintained efficacy in chronic epilepsy, in contrast to conventional use‐dependent sodium channel blockers such as carbamazepine. They also establish that targeting slow inactivation may be a promising strategy for overcoming target mechanisms of pharmacoresistance.
Structured clinical documentation in the electronic medical record to improve quality and to support practice‐based research in epilepsy
Authors: Narayanan Jaishree , Dobrin Sofia , Choi Janet , Rubin Susan , Pham Anna , Patel Vimal , Frigerio Roberta , Maurer Darryck , Gupta Payal , Link Lourdes , Walters Shaun , Wang Chi , Ji Yuan , Maraganore Demetrius M. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveUsing the electronic medical record (EMR) to capture structured clinical data at the point of care would be a practical way to support quality improvement and practice‐based research in epilepsy.MethodsWe describe our stepwise process for building structured clinical documentation support tools in the EMR that define best practices in epilepsy, and we describe how we incorporated these toolkits into our clinical workflow.ResultsThese tools write notes and capture hundreds of fields of data including several score tests: Generalized Anxiety Disorder‐7 items, Neurological Disorders Depression Inventory for Epilepsy, Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Quality of Life in Epilepsy–10 items, Montreal Cognitive Assessment/Short Test of Mental Status, and Medical Research Council Prognostic Index. The tools summarize brain imaging, blood laboratory, and electroencephalography results, and document neuromodulation treatments. The tools provide Best Practices Advisories and other clinical decision support when appropriate. The tools prompt enrollment in a DNA biobanking study. We have thus far enrolled 231 patients for initial visits and are starting our first annual follow‐up visits and provide a brief description of our cohort.SignificanceWe are sharing these EMR tools and captured data with other epilepsy clinics as part of a Neurology Practice Based Research Network, and are using the tools to conduct pragmatic trials using subgroup‐based adaptive designs.
Individual hippocampal subfield assessment indicates that matrix macromolecules and gliosis are key elements for the increased T2 relaxation time seen in temporal lobe epilepsy
Authors: Peixoto‐Santos Jose Eduardo , Kandratavicius Ludmyla , Velasco Tonicarlo Rodrigues , Assirati Joao Alberto , Carlotti Carlos Gilberto , Scandiuzzi Renata Caldo , Salmon Carlos Ernesto Garrido , Santos Antonio Carlos dos , Leite Joao Pereira 
Published: November 2016

SummaryObjectiveIncreased T2 relaxation time is often seen in temporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) with hippocampal sclerosis. Water content directly affects the effective T2 in a voxel. Our aim was to evaluate the relation between T2 values and two molecules associated with brain water homeostasis aquaporin 4 (AQP4) and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan (CSPG), as well as cellular populations in the hippocampal region of patients with TLE.MethodsHippocampal T2 imaging and diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) were obtained from 42 drug‐resistant patients with TLE and 20 healthy volunteers (radiologic controls, RCs). A similar protocol (ex vivo) was applied to hippocampal sections from the same TLE cases and 14 autopsy control hippocampi (histologic and radiologic controls, HRCs), and each hippocampal subfield was evaluated. Hippocampal sections from TLE cases and HRC controls were submitted to immunohistochemistry for neurons (neuron nuclei [NeuN]), reactive astrocytes (glial fibrillary acidic protein [GFAP]), activated microglia (human leukocyte antigen‐D–related [HLA‐DR]), polarized AQP4, and CSPG.ResultsPatients with TLE had higher in vivo and ex vivo hippocampal T2 relaxation time. Hippocampi from epilepsy cases had lower neuron density, higher gliosis, decreased AQP4 polarization, and increased CSPG immunoreactive area. In vivo relaxation correlated with astrogliosis in the subiculum and extracellular CSPG in the hilus. Ex vivo T2 relaxation time correlated with astrogliosis in the hilus, CA4, and subiculum, and with microgliosis in CA1. The difference between in vivo and ex vivo relaxation ratio correlated with mean diffusivity and with the immunopositive area for CSPG in the hilus.SignificanceOur data indicate that astrogliosis, microgliosis, and CSPG expression correlate with the increased T2 relaxation time seen in the hippocampi of patients with TLE.