bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investitionen im regulativen Umfeld – Ein Überblick über den aktuellen Stand der Forschung
Authors: Rammerstorfer Margarethe 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This paper will give an overview of the literature, concerning investments in the public sector. With regarding investment in the public sector in general, the discount factors and the risk the investors are confronted with, must therefore be taken into account. For analyzing the public sector we must have in mind that this is not a complete and perfect market as it is often supposed for capital markets. Investors are faced with many constraints like regulatory regimes, subsidies and burdens from the government as well as biased conditions for competition. The aim of the paper is to show which regulatory regimes exist and how they influence investment behavior.
Konvergenzstudien zu Deutschland: Was lässt sich aus den empirischen Ergebnissen für die Ausgestaltung der deutschen Regionalpolitik lernen?
Authors: Eckey Hans-Friedrich , Döring Thomas , Türck Matthias 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
In Germany there is a discussion on the design of regional policy, whether cohesion is still appropriate or should be replaced by a regional growth policy for efficiency reasons. This discussion is most notably founded with theoretical arguments from the new growth theory as well as the (empirical) insight that despite an extensive redistribution of wealth regional differences still exist. Crucial for the effectiveness of cohesion measures is the development of regions in the long run, whether regions converge or diverge. From German convergence studies it follows that there is a tendency for convergence. Our empirical analysis gives empirical evidence that the Commontask “Improvement of Regional Economic Structure” has an influence on the convergence process.
Umlegung der Erbschaftsteuer auf die Einkommensteuer
Authors: Suntum Ulrich van , Westermeier Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Due to a decision of the German supreme court the current system of evaluating assets within the inheritance tax is unconstitutional. It is shown that it is not only the way of evaluating but the whole current system that lacks a solid fiscal systematic and economic fundament and might be therefore itself unconstitutional. In order to avoid these problems, the article suggests to abolish the inheritance tax and to raise the income tax in order to achieve tax revenue neutrality.
Sicherung privater Investitionen – ein geeignetes Instrument der Entwicklungshilfe?
Authors: Egger Peter , Freytag Andreas , Voll Sebastian , Harms Philipp 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Peter Egger’s paper provides a synthesis of findings with regard to the impact of bilateral as well as multilateral means of protection of cross-border direct investments in less developed countries and, in turn, on their economic growth. In particular, he focuses on the role of bilateral investment treaties and multilateral agreements such as the GATS in this regard. Previous empirical work identifies a significant positive impact of bilateral investment treaties on FDI. It suggests a similar impact of the GATS on FDI. He argues that these agreements contribute significantly to economic growth in less developed economies and countries in transition by spurring technology transfers through multinational activity of the developed countries in other economies
Andreas Freytag and Sebastian Voll emphasize the important role of adequate institutions both for investment and development. The question is, whether investment guarantees as insurance for political risks in the recipient country support economic development or not. Actually, the German Federal Republic is the leading warrantor for FDI-insurances on the world, but the benefiting countries are not the LDC’s. Using these warranties as an instrument of development policy in the future is content of actual political discussion. They argue that, in case of economies with weak domestic institutions, investment guarantees could provide disincentives for politicians in the target country to establish rule of law and good governance. On the other hand, investment guarantees could foster development by providing additional access to FDI, especially in emerging market economies with sufficient and improving institutional quality
Philipp Harms points out while foreign direct investment (FDI) flows to developing countries and emerging markets have increased substantially in recent years, many low-income countries are still shunned by multinational firms. One of the key causes for this observation is the poor quality of institutions and an often precarious political environment in these countries. Given the benefits of FDI for host country productivity and income levels, it could thus be argued that protecting the security of property rights is an effective way of enhancing growth and prosperity in poor countries. While he agrees with this point of view, he argues that “traditional” forms of development aid can substantially contribute to an improved investment climate in developing countries. This argument is based on the notion that insecure property rights reflect distributional conflicts in the host country population, and that appropriate development support can shift agents’ distributional interests in favor of foreign firms.
Freiheit für Arbeitskräfte und Dienstleistungen in der EU – Protektion in Deutschland?
Authors: Glismann Hans H. , Schrader Klaus 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
It is analysed whether the EU’s Eastern Enlargement has been an obstacle to further European integration. Does the Enlargement provoke protectionist policies in core member countries, such as Germany? The paper deals with the institutional settings pertaining to labour supply and trade in services within the Union. It is shown that Germany is one of the two EU 15 countries still denying free access of new member countries to its labour market. In addition, Germany has been pushing for protection regarding trade in services. Statistics indicate that German protection and EU free trade have made the UK a winner in the game of labour migration.
Die Wirtschaft in der Krise – Wie weit sollte der Staat eingreifen?
Authors: Starbatty Joachim , Horn Karen , Horn Gustav A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
From Joachim Starbatty’s point of view the answer of many politicians to today’s economic crisis is deficit spending and protectionism. He declares that these are typical keynesian tools - which are - even in Keynes’ theory - only suitable in special circumstances and argues that the actual economic crisis is no Keynesian crisis. The actual lack of demand was predominantly caused by a problematic US monetary policy, not by a lack of marginal efficiency of capital. Keynesian tools cannot solve the crisis and risk to even worsen the situation in different ways.
Karen Horn represents the opinion that the global financial and economic crisis has brought about a shift in the relative importance of government and market as well in terms of scope as in popularity. She says: The dichotomy may however seem overstated: both politics and the market are no more than evolved arenas for the social interaction of fallible humans. The crisis just demonstrates the natural failures and limitations of both more clearly than ever. But this is precisely the reason why social processes should become freer discovery procedures allowing for a dynamic generation of new knowledge. The precautionary principle recommends more active government focus on the rule level and clear limits of state action elsewhere in order to prevent a ratchet effect of intervention. In politics, a slippery slope leads directly from pragmatism to constructivism.
Gustav Horn addresses the question if and under what conditions economic policy should intervene with markets during an economic crisis. He explains that two different forms of interventions are distinguished: A macroeconomic and microeconomic intervention. Their mutual impact is discussed and a theoretical macroeconomic approach of de Grauwe is used to derive a theoretical foundation. The conclusion is that at a time of crisis both macroeconomic interventions as well as microeconomic interventions that serve to stabilize production of a public good are appropriate. Not appropriate is a state intervention for purely microeconomic reasons.
Private Equity und Hedge Fonds im Kreuzfeuer der Kritik: Eine Bewertung aus ökonomischer und ethischer Perspektive
Authors: Zölls Frederik , Brink Alexander 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Concerning hedge funds and private equity, opinions differ: Critics refer to it as predatory capitalism, supporters enthuse about the champions league of investment industry. A theoretical analysis with focus on speculation will be followed by an overview of the market. Considering that social concerns cannot be overcome solely with theoretical, economic argumentation, financial companies will be reconstructed as moral stakeholders in a subsequent business ethical evaluation. Based on this stakeholder approach the business model will be described in the context of individual ethical responsibilities and the corporate governance debate. With this interdisciplinary survey the authors break new ground and show further research perspectives. Economic and moral arguments will promote to deal with criticism on hedge funds and private equity companies on a factual basis.
Die deutsche “Schuldenbremse”: Ein wirksames Instrument zur Vermeidung eines Bailout?
Authors: Gröteke Friedrich , Mause Karsten 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn 2009, a new “debt brake” has been introduced into the German constitution. According to this fiscal rule, the federal government has to limit its annual net borrowing from the year 2016 on to a maximum of 0.35 percent of GDP; the German Laender must not take out new loans from the year 2020. Based on findings of the economic theory of fiscal federalism, this paper argues that the new debt brake - within the existing institutional framework - seems not to be an effective instrument to ban the risk of a bailout. For example, the Laender which de jure face the toughest budget constraint have no sufficient tax autonomy in order to react to a looming budget deficit through tax increases.
Lehren aus der Krise – Notwendige Änderungen der Finanzmarktregeln und zur Begrenzung systemischer Risiken
Authors: Issing Otmar , Griffith-Jones Stephany , Pagliari Stefano , Buch Claudia M. , Neugebauer Katja 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The latest financial crisis has been caused by a mixture of state and market failure, argues Otmar Issing. To avoid future crises, more transparency is needed - not by gathering more information, but by gathering it systematically and thereby creating “intelligent transparency”. Furthermore, regulation has to be global, he states. The necessary institutions are in place: The International Monetary Fund, the Financial Stability Board and the Bank for International Settlements.
Stephany Griffith-Jones and Stefano Pagliari point out, that containing “systemic risk” is one of the most important rationales for regulating financial markets. Our understanding of the sources of systemic risk has repeatedly been challenged by major episodes of financial instability. The crisis that started in the summer of 2007 has been no exception. They discuss how the latest global financial crisis urges analysts and regulators to rethink the origin of systemic risk beyond a narrow focus on the banking sector, beyond the “too big to fail problem”, and beyond a narrow micro-prudential focus. They focus on two regulatory principles: comprehensiveness and countercyclicality.
Claudia Buch und Katja Neugebauer review the existing empirical evidence on whether the increase in cross-border activities has allowed banks to diversify risks and to what extent it has increased banks’ exposure to systemic risks.
Konzepte der sozialen Kohäsion im deutschen ökonomischen Denken seit dem 19. Jahrhundert
Authors: Zweynert Joachim 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The paper gives an overview over the discussion about the importance of the market for social cohesion in German economic thought in the 19th and early 20th century. During this period close ties were kept between economics and sociology in Germany. As a result, there still was an intense reception of Adam Smith’s Theory of Moral Sentiments in the late 19th century. However, after the death of Gustav Schmoller in 1917 the links between economics and sociology became significantly weaker. This might be an explanation for the fact that the fathers of the Social Market Economy have surprisingly little to say about the relationship between the market and social cohesion.
Effizienz oder Moral? Wirtschaft und Gerechtigkeit aus Sicht ökonomischer Laien
Authors: Fetchenhauer Detlef , Enste Dominik H. , Köneke Vanessa 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The present article investigates how economic experts and laypersons deal with issues of fairness in the economic area. Most economic experts follow an ethic that can be described as both, deductive and utilitarian. The ethical judgment of an economic system as a whole or a specific economic measure follows its economic consequences. Measures that increase economic wealth are also judged as fair. The putative motives of individuals or institutions are neglected. To the contrary, laypeople follow an ethic that is both, deontic and intuitive. Ethical judgments are heavily influenced by the motives of the acting individuals and institutions. Questions of efficiency are rather neglected. Laypeople tend to accept those measures which are perceived as fair. Using a number of empirical examples we show how these differences in moral reasoning can explain the huge gap between experts and laypeople in their acceptance of different economic policies.
Inklusion als Zielpunkt einer modernen Sozialpolitik
Authors: Fuchs-Goldschmidt Inga , Goldschmidt Nils 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Following the logic of constitutional economics a market economy is not legitimized by its efficiency, but by the agreement of individuals on a specific economic and political order. Consequently, it is plausible that individuals will agree on such orders, which guarantee to a large extent participation in societal life. In the current sociological theory and political practice this aspect is centred in the discussion of “inclusion”. In our paper we will discuss inclusion and its possibilities and constraints in regard to the economic system. We will show that a modern understanding of social policy is an essential and indispensable part of a modern society that will focus on inclusion as its main criterion of legitimization.
Kommunale Sozialpolitik und die Integration von Zuwanderern
Authors: Luft Stefan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Cities in Western Germany seriously suffer from the consequences of the recruitment campaigns for foreign workers in the 1950s. Most of the so called “Gastarbeiter” (“guest workers”) and their families settled down in the inner quarters, thus intensifying social polarisation within the cities. Today, the areas of the cities with the highest percentage of foreign inhabitants turn out to be exactly those, where most of the poor natives and most of all children live. Therefore social local politics gains more and more importance. The structural financial crisis of many cities, which will change for the worse before long, sets a clear limit to the execution of countermeasures.
Sind Umweltzölle ein geeignetes Instrument zur Ermöglichung fairen Wettbewerbs zwischen Ländern mit hohen und geringen Klimaschutzanforderungen?
Authors: Dröge Susanne 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Border measures to support unilateral climate policy efforts are being discussed in particular in the EU and the US. The EU has stipulated in its 2008 Directive on the European Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS) that in order to address the potential for carbon leakage, an inclusion of importers in the ETS could be a policy option amongst others. A climate policy adjustment at the border could take various forms and it could be motivated in three ways. First, trade measures could be announced as a “stick”, sanctioning those countries who are not willing to cooperate on climate protection. Second, the border adjustment for importers (making them pay at the border according to the carbon they emitted for producing the traded good) or a rebate for exporters for the CO2-price they paid at home, would take away the competitive disadvantage vis-à-vis producers from third countries. Third, and as the flip side of the competitiveness effects, the border adjustment could be motivated from a climate policy point of view: in order to secure the environmental integrity of a domestic carbon pricing scheme, such measures could prevent leakage of emissions (caused by relocation of production, in parts or as a whole). While a strong economic case could be made for preventing leakage and also competitiveness effects from CO2 pricing through a cost adjustment at the border for a few sectors, there is little evidence that trade measures as such help to create international leverage for climate policy cooperation. From a legal point of view the justification of such measures very much depends on their designs and motivations. From a political point of view, the risk of disruptions amongst trade partners is fairly high and this is a major argument for limiting the use of border adjustments altogether.
Lohnen sich Auslandsdirektinvestitionen wirklich?
Authors: Helfenbein David , Westermeier Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article analyses the question whether FDIs have a positive or negative impact on employment and turnover. The analysis is done with the IAB establishment panel and covers the years 2005 to 2007. While the descriptive analysis shows no clear pattern, the econometric analysis leads to the conclusion that FDIs have a positive impact on employment. Since the time period is rather short, it is worthwhile to analysis the development of firms with FDI and without FDI over a longer time period.
Zyklische Mehrheiten, Stimmentausch und Stabilität. Konsequenzen für die normative Konstitutionenanalyse des Deutschen Bundesrates
Authors: Voßwinkel Jan S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Bicameral parliaments are a normal feature of constitutions in federal states. They are often said to be used because of their stabilizing function for intransitive collective decisions. Intransitive decisions may occur because of logrolling. But while theory states the ubiquity of voting cycles, cycles are observed very rarely. The article argues that logrolling does not lead to cycles, but to coalitions, that are stable for a time period. The reason lies in the endogeneity of alternatives in collective decisions, as is shown by Buchanan/Congleton (1998). If logrolling does not lead to cycles, but to stable outcomes, bicameral parliaments do not stabilize collective decisions. But they alter the nature of equilibrium outcomes. The article applies these findings to the Deutscher Bundesrat.
Das Gut der Rationierung
Authors: Kliemt Hartmut 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Contrary to the conventional view that rationing is tantamount to „withholding“ rationing must be understood as a process of „giving“ at „prices“ below the recipients’ willingness or ability to pay at the moment of assignment. Rationing is neither throughout a „bad“ nor is it to be found merely in the public sphere - a private HMO contract concerns a rationing scheme for the contingency of illness. In the public sphere rationing in medicine, however, raises specific issues of rule of law and the legitimacy of the legal order as a whole. These rather than medical issues are addressed in the paper.
Warum Priorisierung unumgänglich ist
Authors: Friedrich Daniel R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Political tabooing of notions like rationing is complicating the discussion on pressing problems of scarce health care resources in Germany. Obviously this taboo is fostered by confused concepts standing behind these notions. Nevertheless there have been cuttings in the health care system over the last 30 years, however it is called: slowing down cost-increases, rationalisation, or rationing. Such cuttings must have opportunity costs but it is not clear at all who paid these costs. This calls for transparent, acceptable, and fair instruments of rationing. Setting priorities seems a promising candidate for this task. Even there remain some technical and ethical problems to be solved first there are potential criteria in sight.
Die Eingliederungsvereinbarung des SGB II. Eine kritische Betrachtung aus ordnungsökonomischer Perspektive
Authors: Etges Milena Susanne , Lenger Alexander 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The paper analyzes the „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ from a perspective of constitutional political economy. The „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ (§ 15 SGB II) is a formal contract between registered unemployed persons and the German Federal Employment Office (Bundesagentur für Arbeit) with the objective of reintegrating the jobless person into the job market promptly. It regulates the so-called „Eingliederungsstrategie“ which defines the mutual rights and duties between the employment office and the jobless person.
Using qualitative date the paper highlights existing shortcomings of the „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ and suggests necessary improvements. Although the „Eingliederungsvereinbarung“ matches the constitutional interest of jobless people of being reintegrated into the job market the actual arrangement of this social policy instrument run contrary to its purpose. To gain a deeper understanding of the dynamic process of negotiating this contract, a theoretical model is developed which allows for a clear distinction between the level of rules and the level of action.
Bürgerentlastungsgesetz Krankenversicherung: Ambivalente Effekte auf die Lohnsteuer
Authors: Stöwhase Sven 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
From 2010 on, a new tax law („Bürgerentlastungsgesetz“), which allows for more generous deductions, lowers total revenue from income taxation by more than 9 billion Euros per year. In addition, this new law leads to extensive changes concerning the source taxation of wage income. The present paper explores these effects and shows that wage taxes increase for some tax payers, despite the fact that their final tax liability decreases. On the other hand, the new law reduces the wage tax of secondary wage earners and thereby helps to diminish the negative work incentives associated with the German income tax system.
Erste Elemente eines Jahrhundertprojekts – ökonomische Betrachtungen zur Entwicklung der Europäischen Energiepolitik
Authors: Bettzüge Marc , Growitsch Christian , Panke Timo 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Europe’s current energy strategy focuses on a functioning internal energy market, security of supply, energy efficiency and the development and deployment of renewable energy technologies. In this article, we discuss selected European energy policy actions from an economic perspective. We find that several activities seem economically reasonable in general. This assessment depends however on a cost efficient and incentive compatible implementation. Also, the current equilibrium of national sovereignty and European coordination does not seems to be stable in the long run if the European Union sticks to its challenging transformation targets. Instead, a further deepening of coordination is necessary, ending in a true convergence of European energy policy.