bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Approaching Lease Accounting Regulations and Its Impact on Cost of Capital, "A Practical Case Study"
Authors: El-qawaqneh Shahir , Binti Laili Dr Nur Hidayah , Bin Khairi Dr Khairil 
Published: November 2015

<p>We examine how the approaching international lease accounting regulations influence credit rating of particular airfreight company, we capitalize all of still effective operation lease agreements commencing in 2002 and expired on 2026. In particular we use actual operation lease data, not only the disclosed with off-balance sheet. Our results suggest that, on average, capitalization of over 12 months term operation leases, dramatically alter capital structure. Results either reports a positive impact on weighted average cost of capital WACC, credit rating is a financial risk assessment measurement used by credit holders, investors, and analysis, our results is consistent with the lease accounting standard sitters point of view; investors and credit holders have the right to obtain a full transparent picture about firms lease activities in benefit of all parties. We also find some evidence that the positive change in WACC is related to the increasing portion of capitalized lease liability accompanied with an escalating decreeing in conventional debt, in certain conditions, this result suggests that financial lease has the advantage over conventional debt. </p>
A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Use of Antifibrinolytic Agents in Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Huang Fei , Wu Yunfeng , Yin Zongsheng , Ma Guangwen , Chang Jun 
Published: December 2015

Background Antifibrinolytic agents such as tranexamic acid (TXA), epsilon aminocaproic acid (EACA), and aprotinin are widely used to reduce bleeding and the need for transfusion in cardiac, orthopaedic, and hepatic surgery. We aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of antifibrinolytic agents in total hip arthroplasty (THA). Methods A systematic literature search was performed using MEDLINE, PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases, as well as the reference lists of relevant articles. Only randomised controlled trials were eligible for this study. The weighted mean difference in blood loss, number of transfusions per patient, and the summary risk ratio of transfusion requirements and deep-vein thrombosis (DVT) were calculated in the antifibrinolytic agents-treated and control groups. Results A total of 28 randomised controlled trials involving 2,131 patients were included. Patients receiving antifibrinolytic agents had a reduced total blood loss by a mean of 389.14 ml (95% CI, −483.05 to −295.23), and the number of blood transfusions per patient by 0.65 units (95% CI, −1.19 to −0.12). Antifibrinolytic agents led to a significant reduction in transfusion requirements (RR 0.55; 95% CI, 0.43 to 0.70) and no increase in the risk of DVT (RR 0.85; 95% CI, 0.51 to 1.42). Conclusions Our meta-analysis demonstrated that antifibrinolytic agents significantly reduce blood loss and blood transfusion requirements while not increasing the risk of DVT in patients undergoing total hip arthroplasty.
Equivalent Boundary Conditions for Heterogeneous Acoustic Media
Authors: De Castro Manuela Longoni , Diaz Julien , Perón Victor 
Published: December 2015

In this work, we have worked on possibilities to model artificial boundaries needed in the simulation of wave propagation in acoustic heterogeneous media. Our motivation is to restrict the computational domain in the simulation of seismic waves that are propagated from the earth and transmitted to the stratified heterogeneous media composed by ocean and atmosphere. Two possibilities were studied and compared in computational tests: the use of absorbing boundary conditions on an artificial boundary in the atmosphere layer and the elimination of the atmosphere layer using an equivalent boundary condition that mimics the propagation of waves through the atmosphere. <br />
Head raising analysis and case revaluation
Authors: Gondra Ager 
Published: December 2015

This paper shows that Basque relative clause construction follows the Head Raising Analysis: the CP of the relative clause is a complement to the external D and the Head of the relative clause, base-generated inside the TP, moves to the specifier position of the CP. This analysis predicts that the raised DPwill show a TP-internal Case. However, this is not the case, and the DP manifests the Case associated with the main clause. In order to address these Case inconsistencies, Precariousness Condition is proposed. This condition states that a DCase valued u-feature is precarious until it is sent to Spell-Out and therefore, the value is visible for further targeting by a c-commanding Probe. Evidence for this multiple Agree operation comes from a DP long distance extraction.
Adjectival 'cuco / cuqui' as "cute" and "astute"
Authors: Jódar Sánchez José Antonio 
Published: December 2015

In this squib, we present an analysis of the nowadays commonly used adjective cuco/cuqui in Spanish. We hypothesize that its two adjectival meanings, as “cute” and as “astute”, are metonymically derived from the meanings of cuco as “carrycot” and “bird/card game”, respectively. Blending theory accounts for how these emergent meanings are combined with new referents in speech. This analysis can be extended to other frequently used colloquial adjectives in Spanish like panoli and choni.
Pyrrole‐Imidazole Polyamides: Automated Solid‐Phase Synthesis
Authors: Fang Lijing , Pan Zhengyin , Cullis Paul M. , Burley Glenn A. , Su Wu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this unit, the fully automated solid‐phase synthetic strategy of hairpin Py‐Im polyamides is described using triphosgene (BTC) as a coupling agent. This automated methodology is compatible with all the typical building blocks, enabling the facile synthesis of polyamide libraries in 9% to 20% yield in 3 days. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Polymeric Cryogel‐Based Boronate Affinity Chromatography for Separation of Ribonucleic Acid from Bacterial Extracts
Authors: Shakya Akhilesh Kumar , Srivastava Akshay , Kumar Ashok 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThree‐dimensional monolithic columns are preferred stationary phase in column chromatography. Conventional columns based on silica or particles are efficient in bioseparation though associated with limitations of nonspecific interaction and uneven porosity that causes high mass transfer resistance for the movement of big molecules. Cryogels as a monolith column have shown promising application in bioseparation. Cryogels column can be synthesized in the form of a monolith at sub‐zero temperature through gelation of pre‐synthesized polymers or polymerization of monomers. Cryogels are macroporous and mechanically stable materials. They have open interconnected micron‐sized pores with a wide range of porosity (10‐200 μm). Current protocol demonstrated the ability of poly(hydroxymethyl methacrylate)‐co‐vinylphenyl boronic acid p(HEMA‐co‐VPBA) cryogel matrix for selective separation of RNA from the bacterial crude extract. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Immunofluorescence Staining
Authors: Donaldson Julie G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis unit provides a protocol for indirect immunofluorescence, which is a method that provides information about the locations of specific molecules and the structure of the cell. Antibody molecules for a specific target molecule are exposed to the cell or tissue being investigated. The binding of these molecules is detected by incubating the sample with a secondary antibody specific for immunoglobulin molecules and conjugated to a fluorophore. This provides both a visible signal and amplification of the signal and the results are observed with a fluorescence microscope. This unit describes the widely used and powerful technique of localization of proteins in cells by immunofluorescence. The location can be determined by double labeling with an antibody directed against a protein of known location. The technique can be used as a supplement to immunolocalization by electron microscopy and subcellular fractionation. It allows not only identification of the antigen distribution in the cell but also a survey of the dynamic aspects of protein movements in the cell—on and off membranes, into and out of the nucleus, and through membrane traffic pathways. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Natural and unnatural oil slicks in the Gulf of Mexico
Authors: MacDonald I. R. , Garcia‐Pineda O. , Beet A. , Daneshgar Asl S. , Feng L. , Graettinger G. , French‐McCay D. , Holmes J. , Hu C. , Huffer F. , Leifer I. , Muller‐Karger F. , Solow A. , Silva M. , Swayze G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWhen wind speeds are 2–10 m s−1, reflective contrasts in the ocean surface make oil slicks visible to synthetic aperture radar (SAR) under all sky conditions. Neural network analysis of satellite SAR images quantified the magnitude and distribution of surface oil in the Gulf of Mexico from persistent, natural seeps and from the Deepwater Horizon (DWH) discharge. This analysis identified 914 natural oil seep zones across the entire Gulf of Mexico in pre‐2010 data. Their ∼0.1 µm slicks covered an aggregated average of 775 km2. Assuming an average volume of 77.5 m3 over an 8–24 h lifespan per oil slick, the floating oil indicates a surface flux of 2.5–9.4 × 104 m3 yr−1. Oil from natural slicks was regionally concentrated: 68%, 25%, 7%, and <1% of the total was observed in the NW, SW, NE, and SE Gulf, respectively. This reflects differences in basin history and hydrocarbon generation. SAR images from 2010 showed that the 87 day DWH discharge produced a surface‐oil footprint fundamentally different from background seepage, with an average ocean area of 11,200 km2 (SD 5028) and a volume of 22,600 m3 (SD 5411). Peak magnitudes of oil were detected during equivalent, ∼14 day intervals around 23 May and 18 June, when wind speeds remained <5 m s−1. Over this interval, aggregated volume of floating oil decreased by 21%; area covered increased by 49% (p < 0.1), potentially altering its ecological impact. The most likely causes were increased applications of dispersant and surface burning operations.
Assessing Cognition in Mice
Authors: Hölter Sabine M. , Garrett Lillian , Einicke Jan , Sperling Bettina , Dirscherl Petra , Zimprich Annemarie , Fuchs Helmut , Gailus‐Durner Valerie , Hrabě de Angelis Martin , Wurst Wolfgang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGenetically modified mouse models have proven useful to study learning and memory processes and the neurocircuitry and molecular mechanisms involved, as well as to develop therapies for diseases involving cognitive impairment. A variety of tests have been developed to measure cognition in mice, and here we present those established and regularly used in the German Mouse Clinic. The test paradigms have been carefully chosen according to reliability of results and disease relevance of the cognitive functions assessed. Further criteria were time efficiency and ease of application. All tests assess slightly different but also overlapping or interacting aspects of learning and memory so that they can be used to complement each other in a comprehensive assessment of cognitive function. The five protocols described are for spontaneous alternation in the Y‐maze, social discrimination, object recognition, automated assessment of learning and memory using the IntelliCage, and olfactory discrimination learning. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Uncertainty and Communication in Organizations
Authors: Kramer Michael W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUncertainty is a constant experience for individuals in organizational settings, not only for newcomers joining an organization but for established members as well as they face changes in their organizational situation. At the interpersonal level, individuals cope with different types of uncertainty including work requirements, relationships to others, and organizational issues among others. They manage the uncertainty by seeking information through a variety of strategies, such as direct requests or observation, and from a variety of internal (e.g., peers and supervisors) and external sources (e.g., family and friends). Reducing uncertainty leads to various positive outcomes like more job clarity and satisfaction. Recent developments suggest managing uncertainty does not always mean reducing it and is sometimes accomplished without seeking information. Competing motives also may inhibit information seeking when facing uncertainty. At the organizational level, leaders making decisions also face uncertainty as they cope with uncertainty from stakeholders and the environment.
Demand–Withdrawal Sequences in Conflict
Authors: Caughlin John P. , Reznik Rachel M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Demand/withdraw is a conflict pattern in which one person nags, criticizes, or complains while the target of such demands tries to avoid the issue. This pattern is related to several negative outcomes for relationships and individuals in those relationships. Demand/withdraw is typically studied via individuals self‐reporting on conflict behaviors or outside observers rating these behaviors. Several distinct explanations for demand/withdraw have been proposed, and there is at least partial support for each, yet no single perspective explains the pattern fully.
Serial Arguing
Authors: Reznik Rachel M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSerial arguments occur when individuals in a relationship extend an argument beyond a single episode resulting in multiple argumentative episodes over time about the same issue. The degree to which the parties perceive that they will eventually resolve the argument impacts their satisfaction with their relationship and their physical and mental health. Individuals have different goals that they want to enact during the episodes and these goals impact how parties communicate during the argument. Different communication patterns may be enacted in a single episode and over the life course of the argument. Individuals cope with arguments in different ways and these strategies impact how resolvable the argument is perceived to be as well as individuals’ well‐being.
Verbal Aggressiveness
Authors: Rancer Andrew S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Communication traits have been found to explain much of a person's communication behavior. Verbal aggressiveness is one of two aggressive communication traits which influence people's behavior when engaged in interpersonal conflict. Verbal aggressiveness is the predisposition to attack the self‐concept of another person in order to inflict psychological pain, hurt, and embarrassment. The consequences of trait verbal aggressiveness and the use of verbally aggressive messages have been found to result in negative outcomes in a variety of interpersonal communication contexts including family, dating, marital, and instructional. As such, verbal aggressiveness is considered a destructive communication trait.
End‐of‐Life Communication
Authors: Keeley Maureen P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
End‐of‐life communication focuses on verbal and nonverbal communication that occurs between individuals following the diagnosis of a terminal illness until the point of death. It is the context of an impending death that shapes the communication for the participants. The communication encompasses personal conversations with family and friends through final conversations, clinical‐task focused conversations with palliative healthcare professionals, as well as interactions with caregivers and Hospice volunteers.
Relational Dialectics Theory
Authors: Baxter Leslie A. , Norwood Kristen M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRelational dialectics theory is a theory of how meanings are constructed through speaker utterances, whether verbal or nonverbal, oral or written. The theory views meaning‐making as a fluid, polemic process in which different, often competing discourses or worldviews struggle for dominance. Sometimes, emergent from this struggle, new transformative meanings are constructed. The theory moves away from a psychologized view of interpersonal communication, in which the individual is centered, to an approach in which discourses become the focus of attention.
Cross‐Generational Communication
Authors: Harwood Jake 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry addresses age‐related changes that influence communication between younger and older people. These include physical and psychological aspects of aging, as well as social and identity related concerns, as well as addressing contexts of cross‐generational communication such as family, healthcare, and culture. The entry discusses positive and negative aspects of aging and attempts to differentiate myth from reality in understanding when and why cross‐generational communication succeeds and fails.
Communal and Exchange Relationships
Authors: Roloff Michael E. , Chiles Benjamin W. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Relationships are a means by which individuals acquire needed resources. Indeed, resource acquisition is a reason for creating and maintaining relationships. Relationships differ with regard to the norms that guide how benefits are provided. Theories focused on communal and exchange relationships have been used to understand these differences and how they are related to communication. This entry looks at the assumptions and research associated with these literatures.
Romantic Relationships in the Workplace
Authors: Sias Patricia M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Romantic workplace relationships sometimes occur between two people who work at the same organization and share a mutual attraction. Research has focused on identifying types of relationships, how employees initiate and develop such relationships, and how workplace romantic relationships influence the attitudes and job performance of the relationship partners as well as their coworkers. Studies have also examined the types of formal and informal policies organizations implement to manage workplace romance.
Power and Negotiation
Authors: Roloff Michael E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
When negotiators have divergent interests, they must find some way to deal with them and power plays in important role in how that is done. Their control of resources is related to how parties influence each other during a negotiation as well as the final outcome. Because of the integral role that power plays in negotiation, a large literature has focused on it and it is scattered across a variety of fields and disciplines including communication, social psychology, management, and sociology. This entry describes nine approaches that have been used to study power and negotiation.
Uncertainty Reduction Strategies
Authors: Berger Charles R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Although there may be conditions under which individuals involved in communication with others may not wish to reduce their uncertainties about those with whom they are communicating, when individuals wish to do so, they can employ three classes of uncertainty reduction strategies. Passive strategies entail the unobtrusive observation of others. Active strategies employ indirect means for gathering information. Interactive strategies are deployed during ongoing social interactions. Specific strategies subsumed under each of these three classes are discussed and their strengths and weaknesses considered with respect to their efficiency and social appropriateness. Strategies for resisting these information acquisition attempts are also considered. Implications for the management of uncertainty are identified.
Communication Styles
Authors: de Vries Reinout E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCommunication styles refer to the characteristic way a person sends verbal and nonverbal signals during social interactions. In many areas of life, communication styles are deemed to be important, for instance in interactions among partners, friends, colleagues, parents and children, leaders and subordinates, doctors and patients, and sales representatives and clients. Recent research suggests that communication styles can be described using six main dimensions: Expressiveness, Preciseness, Verbal Aggressiveness, Questioningness, Emotionality, and Impression Manipulativeness. These six dimensions are intimately tied to personality, although cultural norms, habitual interpersonal interaction patterns, and communication channel usage may also have an impact on an individual's communication style. Communication situations, such as Explaining, Exploring, Socializing, Supporting, Influencing, and/or Negotiating situations, are likely to determine which communication styles will have an effect on communication outcomes (e.g., communication effectiveness and satisfaction).
Communication in Support Groups
Authors: Guthrie Jennifer A. , Kunkel Adrianne 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Support groups are collections of people who provide mutual support for each other regarding a shared characteristic or dilemma (Cline, 1999). Members can empathize with each other and legitimize experiences, share coping strategies and information, and provide a sense of community. Traditionally, support groups are small groups of people who meet face‐to‐face, but with today's technological advances, thousands of support groups have been created online. Although some investigations of the efficacy of support groups suggest that there are potential drawbacks of attending them, support groups can nonetheless provide a vast array of benefits for members.
Weak and Strong Tie Relationships
Authors: Parks Malcolm R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Over the past 40 years interpersonal communication researchers have often focused on stronger, more highly developed social relationships at the expense of weaker, less developed relationships. Weak ties are characterized as less frequent, less intimate, less developed relationships that are often contextually bound. Weak ties make distinctive contributions to fundamental processes including social comparison, social support, the diffusion of new ideas and information, and large‐scale collective action.
Action Assembly Theory
Authors: Greene John O. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAction Assembly Theory is a group of theories that seek to explain verbal and nonverbal message behavior by describing the system of cognitive structures and processes that gives rise to those behaviors. Central to these theories is the idea that a person's behavior at any moment is an amalgam of a great many elemental features that are selectively retrieved from memory and integrated, or assembled, to form thoughts and overt action. Specific details of three action assembly theories are discussed, and research based on the various theories is reviewed.
Sibling Communication
Authors: Myers Scott A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The sibling relationship is one of most pervasive and important relationships in which individuals will participate during their lives. Generally, siblings view their relationships favorably and actively work toward maintaining their relationships with each other. They do so by utilizing positive communication behaviors such as self‐disclosure and affectionate communication; they also communicate in ways that reveal their closeness and commitment. Not all sibling communication is positive; at times, siblings engage in verbal aggressiveness toward one another.