bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectrophotometric pH measurements in the presence of dissolved organic matter and hydrogen sulfide
Authors: Müller Jens Daniel , Schneider Bernd , Aßmann Steffen , Rehder Gregor 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSpectrophotometric pH measurements were first introduced for oceanic environments and they facilitated the determination of the marine CO2 system, including the direct observation of Ocean Acidification. Extended characterizations of the indicator dye m‐Cresol purple over the past two decades enabled the application of this method to natural waters ranging from brines to freshwaters. However, the required determination of the dye's dissociation constants and absorbance properties were exclusively performed in buffer solutions prepared with artificial seawater. Potential perturbations by substances that occur in natural waters, but are not included in the buffer solutions, have never been tested. Therefore, we studied the impact of elevated amounts of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) on spectrophotometric pH measurements. We did not observe an impact on spectrophotometric pH measurements by H2S concentrations up to 400 μmol kg−1, which reflect high levels such as those reported from the Black Sea. Likewise, natural DOM did not interfere with the spectrophotometric measurements at concentrations typical for oceanic environments and large estuarine systems. However, strongly colored river waters can cause spectral disturbances resulting in calculated pH values that are up to tenths of pH units too low. To circumvent such disturbances, we recommend using intense light sources, a shorter cuvette length or spectrophotometrically calibrated glass electrodes when performing spectrophotometric measurements under critical conditions.
A novel ammonium‐free seawater preparation method for determination of trace quantities of ammonium in seawater
Authors: Zhu Yong , Yuan Dongxing , Chen Jianfang , Lin Kunning , Huang Yongming 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA novel method for preparation of ammonium‐free seawater, which is used as a carrier solution and matrix for standard solutions, was designed. These standard solutions are used for calibration curve in flow analysis to detect trace quantities of ammonium in seawater. The system, which consisted of only a peristaltic pump and a hydrophilic‐lipophilic balance (HLB) cartridge, was simple, convenient, and easy to operate. The original seawater used in the method could be collected from the coastal regions. And appropriate quantities of o‐phthaldialdehyde (OPA) and sulfite solution were added to the original seawater (The molar proportions of ammonium : OPA : sulfite were 1 : 200 : 80). After allowing it to set for more than 16 h, the seawater was pumped through the HLB cartridge. The reaction product of ammonium (present in the matrix), OPA and sulfite was retained by the HLB column and the solution coming out of the cartridge was ammonium‐free seawater. The ammonium in the original seawater was efficiently removed and also its concentration in the ammonium‐free seawater prepared by this method was much lower than that of the seawater collected from the surface of the South China Sea. The difference in the salinity of the seawater before and after the process was negligible, and also the pH was slightly increased. Moreover, ammonium‐free seawater could be prepared whenever required, and contamination due to transportation and storage could be prevented.
Blow‐up analysis for a class of nonlinear reaction diffusion equations with Robin boundary conditions
Authors: Ding Juntang , Shen Xuhui 
Published: November 2017

This paper is devoted to the study of the blow‐up phenomena of following nonlinear reaction diffusion equations with Robin boundary conditions:

urn:x-wiley:mma:media:mma4697:mma4697-math-0001
Here,
is a bounded convex domain with smooth boundary. With the aid of a differential inequality technique and maximum principles, we establish a blow‐up or non–blow‐up criterion under some appropriate assumptions on the functions f,g,ρ,k, and u0. Moreover, we dedicate an upper bound and a lower bound for the blow‐up time when blowup occurs.
Technical Note: Solving the “Chinese postman problem” for effective contour deformation
Authors: Wang Jingqian , Zhang Yongbin , Zhang Lifei , Dong Lei , Balter Peter A. , Court Laurence E. , Yang Jinzhong 
Published: November 2017

PurposeTo develop a practical approach for accurate contour deformation when deformable image registration (DIR) is used for atlas‐based segmentation or contour propagation in image‐guided radiotherapy.MethodsWe developed a contour deformation approach based on 3D mesh operations. The 2D contours represented by a series of points in each slice were first converted to a 3D triangular mesh, which was deformed by the deformation vectors resulting from DIR. A set of parallel 2D planes then cut through the deformed 3D mesh, generating unordered points and line segments, to be reorganized into a set of 2D contour points. The reorganization problem was equivalent to solving the “Chinese postman problem” (CPP) by traversing a graph built from the unordered points with the least cost. Alternatively, deformation could be applied to a binary image converted from the original contours. The deformed binary image was then converted back into contours at the CT slice locations. We validated the mesh‐based contour deformation approach using lung and heart contours from 10 patients with thoracic cancer.ResultsDIR could change the 3D mesh considerably, complicating 2D contour representations after deformation. CPP could effectively reorganize the points in 2D planes regardless of how complicated the 2D contours were. Among the 10 patients, the Dice similarity coefficient between the mesh‐based contour and binary image‐based contour was 97.6% ± 0.3% for lung and 97.5% ± 0.7% for heart, and the Hausdoroff distance between them was 19.8 ± 5.1 mm for lung and 6.1 ± 2.2 mm for heart. Subjective evaluation showed that the mesh‐based approach could keep fine details, especially for the lung. The image‐based approach seemed to overprocess contours and suffered from image resolution limits.ConclusionWe developed a practical approach for accurate contour deformation and demonstrated its effectiveness for both clinical and research applications.
Technical Note: Defining cyclotron‐based clinical scanning proton machines in a FLUKA Monte Carlo system
Authors: Fiorini Francesca , Schreuder Niek , Van den Heuvel Frank 
Published: November 2017

PurposeCyclotron‐based pencil beam scanning (PBS) proton machines represent nowadays the majority and most affordable choice for proton therapy facilities, however, their representation in Monte Carlo (MC) codes is more complex than passively scattered proton system‐ or synchrotron‐based PBS machines. This is because degraders are used to decrease the energy from the cyclotron maximum energy to the desired energy, resulting in a unique spot size, divergence, and energy spread depending on the amount of degradation. This manuscript outlines a generalized methodology to characterize a cyclotron‐based PBS machine in a general‐purpose MC code. The code can then be used to generate clinically relevant plans starting from commercial TPS plans.MethodsThe described beam is produced at the Provision Proton Therapy Center (Knoxville, TN, USA) using a cyclotron‐based IBA Proteus Plus equipment. We characterized the Provision beam in the MC FLUKA using the experimental commissioning data. The code was then validated using experimental data in water phantoms for single pencil beams and larger irregular fields. Comparisons with RayStation TPS plans are also presented.ResultsComparisons of experimental, simulated, and planned dose depositions in water plans show that same doses are calculated by both programs inside the target areas, while penumbrae differences are found at the field edges. These differences are lower for the MC, with a γ(3%–3 mm) index never below 95%.ConclusionsExtensive explanations on how MC codes can be adapted to simulate cyclotron‐based scanning proton machines are given with the aim of using the MC as a TPS verification tool to check and improve clinical plans. For all the tested cases, we showed that dose differences with experimental data are lower for the MC than TPS, implying that the created FLUKA beam model is better able to describe the experimental beam.
Continuous Automated Model EvaluatiOn (CAMEO) complementing the critical assessment of structure prediction in CASP12
Authors: Haas Jürgen , Barbato Alessandro , Behringer Dario , Studer Gabriel , Roth Steven , Bertoni Martino , Mostaguir Khaled , Gumienny Rafal , Schwede Torsten 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEvery second year, the community experiment “Critical Assessment of Techniques for Structure Prediction” (CASP) is conducting an independent blind assessment of structure prediction methods, providing a framework for comparing the performance of different approaches and discussing the latest developments in the field. Yet, developers of automated computational modeling methods clearly benefit from more frequent evaluations based on larger sets of data. The “Continuous Automated Model EvaluatiOn (CAMEO)” platform complements the CASP experiment by conducting fully automated blind prediction assessments based on the weekly pre‐release of sequences of those structures, which are going to be published in the next release of the PDB Protein Data Bank. CAMEO publishes weekly benchmarking results based on models collected during a 4‐day prediction window, on average assessing ca. 100 targets during a time frame of 5 weeks. CAMEO benchmarking data is generated consistently for all participating methods at the same point in time, enabling developers to benchmark and cross‐validate their method's performance, and directly refer to the benchmarking results in publications. In order to facilitate server development and promote shorter release cycles, CAMEO sends weekly email with submission statistics and low performance warnings. Many participants of CASP have successfully employed CAMEO when preparing their methods for upcoming community experiments. CAMEO offers a variety of scores to allow benchmarking diverse aspects of structure prediction methods. By introducing new scoring schemes, CAMEO facilitates new development in areas of active research, for example, modeling quaternary structure, complexes, or ligand binding sites.
Identification, characterization and distribution of terpene indole alkaloids in ethanolic extracts of Catharanthus roseus using high‐performance liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry and the study of their geographical variation
Authors: Kumar Sunil , Bajpai Vikas , Singh Awantika , Kumar Brijesh 
Published: November 2017

RationaleCatharanthus roseus is a well‐known dicotyledonous medicinal plant containing diverse classes of bioactive terpene indole alkaloids (TIAs), in particular the anticancer agents vinblastine and vincristine. In view of the commercial importance of these compounds there is an urgent need to develop an accurate and reliable method for the screening of TIAs from C. roseus.MethodsA method for the separation and characterization of these compounds was developed using high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with positive electrospray ionization quadrupole time‐of‐flight tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC/ESI‐QTOF‐MS/MS). Chromatographic separation of TIAs was carried out using a Thermo Betasil C8 column (250 mm × 4.5 mm, 5 μm) at 25°C using 0.1% formic acid in water and acetonitrile.ResultsDiagnostic fragmentation pathways for vinpocetine, vindesine, catharanthine, vinblastine, vindoline and vincristine were established on the basis of their product ions. A total of 72 TIAs were detected of which 11 were unambiguously identified by comparison with their standards, and the remaining 61 were tentatively identified. The geographical distribution of the TIAs in ethanolic extracts of 30 samples of C. roseus collected from five states of India was studied using principal component analysis (PCA).ConclusionsThe developed analytical method together with diagnostic fragment patterns were used to rapidly and effectively identify targeted and untargeted TIAs in C. roseus. A PCA study of the results obtained was used to discriminate among the C. roseus samples.
Nanostructured Host Materials for Trapping Sulfur in Rechargeable Li–S Batteries: Structure Design and Interfacial Chemistry
Authors: Zhang Jun , Huang Hui , Bae Jiwoong , Chung Sheng‐Heng , Zhang Wenkui , Manthiram Arumugam , Yu Guihua 
Published: November 2017

AbstractLithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries are considered as a promising candidate for next‐generation energy‐storage devices due to their high energy density, low cost, and ecofriendliness. However, the practical application of Li–S batteries faces challenges arising from the cathode, the electrolyte, and the anode, including the intrinsically low conductivity of sulfur and lithium sulfide (Li2S), the high solubility of polysulfides in the electrolytes commonly used, and the dendrite growth of metallic lithium anodes. In recent years, much effort has been made to improve the performance of Li–S batteries by modifying the cathode, host material, binder, electrolyte, membrane, anode, and cell configuration. Here, the focus is on the cathode aspect, and the design and surface modification of nanostructured host materials for sulfur and Li2S are investigated in detail.
The Complexity of Datafication: Putting Digital Traces in Context
Authors: Breiter Andreas , Hepp Andreas 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter deepens the discussion on the problem of contextualizing digital traces. First, digital traces are reflected as a phenomenon of media-related complexity more generally. Secondly, the example of data from learning management systems is taken to discuss possible strategies of how to put such automatically generated data into context by the use of qualitative methods that become triangulated. On such a basis, some conclusions are drawn about the future challenges of this kind of research. Overall, this chapter can only argue in an exemplary way, taking a specific and thus limited case of analysis. But such detailed discussion makes it possible to outline different options for future methodological developments in media and communication research.
Communicative Figurations of Expertization: DIY_MAKER and Multi-Player Online Gaming (MOG) as Cultures of Amateur Learning
Authors: Wolf Karsten D. , Wudarski Urszula 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the question of whether a changing media environment in times of deep mediatization opens up informal expertise development for a new culture of learning. It builds upon a theory of autodidaxy and prior research on the role of media in processes of expertise acquisition. In two learning domains that are open to autodidactical learning (DIY_MAKER and multiplayer online gaming), data was collected in a multi-site study based on interviews, observations and netnographic analysis to reconstruct communicative figurations of expertise development and compare them across different learning domains. It can be shown that the learning domain’s media ensembles both share and differ in respect of their media usage. While mainstream media such as Facebook or YouTube are part of both ensembles, each learning domain’s very specific media types are described. In the analysis of constellations of actors, a ‘learning arena’ and a ‘commercialization arena’ can be identified in both domains. In DIY_MAKER, a central arena for informal learning is sharing/community, while in Multiplayer Online Gaming we find a meta-game arena. Both maps of media ensembles and constellations of actors are helpful in grasping the complexity of communicative practices and the role of media for expertise acquisition in the two learning domains. The research clearly shows the specific learning-domain characteristics of communicative figurations of learning.
The Communicative Construction of Space-Related Identities. Hamburg and Leipzig Between the Local and the Global
Authors: Robel Yvonne , Marszolek Inge 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The chapter analyzes the communicative construction of space-related identities in mass communication from a historical point of view. Focusing on the 1950s, it deals with the medial construction of space-related identities in Hamburg and Leipzig. The main question is how the changing cities’ media ensembles relate to the transformations in urban collectivity building. Elaborating to what extent the local in Hamburg and Leipzig was constantly constructed by discourses on the global, we argue that the constructions of global images are very stable umbrella notions, even though the changing media ensembles and the worsening Cold War during the 1950s had some impact on gradually emerging new formations of space-related identities. Finally, the chapter discusses the idea of an entangled perspective, which could enrich the historical view of communicative figurations.
Variability-based model transformation: formal foundation and application
Authors: Strüber D. , Rubin J. , Arendt T. , Chechik M. , Taentzer G. , Plöger J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Model transformation systems often contain transformation rules that are substantially similar to each other, causing maintenance issues and performance bottlenecks. To address these issues, we introduce
variability-based model transformation
. The key idea is to encode a set of similar rules into a compact representation, called
variability-based rule
. We provide an algorithm for applying such rules in an efficient manner. In addition, we introduce rule merging, a three-component mechanism for enabling the automatic creation of variability-based rules. Our rule application and merging mechanisms are supported by a novel formal framework, using category theory to provide precise definitions and to prove correctness. In two realistic application scenarios, the created variability-based rules enabled considerable speedups, while also allowing the overall specifications to become more compact.
Changed land management policy and the emergence of a novel forest ecosystem in South Korea: landscape dynamics in Pohang over 90 years
Authors: Cho Yong‐Chan , Kim Nam‐Shin , Koo Bon‐Yeol 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEcosystem management in South Korea dramatically changed in the early 1970s, shifting from historical utilization of natural resources to a strong management system that included forest promotion and restoration. The socio‐economic and biological context underpinning this effort and the ecological consequences of this new policy have not been studied in South Korea. We analyzed landscape dynamics over a 90‐year period (1918–2005), with particular attention to forest soil erosion, by using historical map and satellite images in Pohang. Our analysis revealed a dramatic increase in total vegetation cover (from 10,006.9 ha in 1918 to 17,868.7 ha in 2005) and an increase in the developed area. Meanwhile, the amount of barren mountainous area declined, shrub vegetation almost completely disappeared from the given area, and the salt marsh in the estuary completely disappeared. Mean soil loss declined from 12.6 ton ha−1 year−1 in 1973 to 0.2 ton ha−1 year−1 in 2005. A gradual landscape simplification occurred during the 90‐year period. Socio‐economic changes were the most important factor contributing to forest growth in South Korea. Various biological factors, including the absence of apex consumers due to their local extinction in the late 20th century, likely accounted for the rapid landscape transition. The new land management policy in South Korea resulted in the emergence of a forest ecosystem that is novel to this region and differs markedly from the historical environment, with a changed spatial arrangement of landscape elements and species assemblages.
Fluid and Melt Inclusions from Subvolcanic to Surface Environment in the Campi Flegrei (Napoli, Italy) Active Volcanic System
Authors: Lima A. , Esposito R. , De Vivo B. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
We present a summary of the results obtained on more than 25 years of research achieved on Campi Flegrei (CF) past eruptions, focusing our attention on the role played by fluids in the magmatic system based on fluid (FI) and melt inclusions (MI).
Particularly FI and MI data from subvolcanic igneous systems in the CF area provide valuable information on the nature of fluid and melt phases trapped during the late evolutionary stages of the alkaline magmatic systems. They also document liquid immiscibility at pre-eruptive magma conditions and furnish evidence of high salinity fluids (brines) exsolving directly from magma in the upper part of the plumbing system at the magmatic/hydrothermal transition and playing critical roles in ore metal transport. CF volcanic system can be interpreted as representing a modern analogue of low sulfidation epithermal deposits or a porphyry copper system. This interpretation led to the formulation of a model to explain ground movements (bradyseism) in the CF.
Finally new finding for the estimations of pre-eruptive volatile contents in CF through MI are discussed. MI are the only direct samples to measure volatile contents of undegassed melt at sub-volcanic conditions. Since the depth of formation of MI is estimated using H2O-CO2-silicate melt solubility models, it is important to emphasize that, to obtain a more accurate measure of the pre-eruptive CO2 concentration, not only the CO2 in the glass but also in the bubble have to be measured otherwise the minimum CO2 content in MI is obtained.
Fluid Inclusion Characteristics of Basemetal Mineralization in Southern Part of Aladahalli - Nuggihalli Schist Belt, Western Dharwar Craton, Karnataka, India
Authors: Talukdar Debojit , Singh Ajit , Raul Ashish Kumar , Mandal Nivedita , Mohanty Satya Narayan , Mohanty Manoranjan , Kumar M. Girish 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
Aladahalli-Nuggihalli Schist belt of Karnataka in Western Dharwar Craton is well known for its remobilized volcanic exhalative type base-metal mineralization. The schist belt comprises metamorphosed mafic-ultramafic rock assemblage, traversed by quartz veins. The study area belonging to the southern extension of the schist belt is chosen on the basis of bipolar aero-magnetic anomaly (magnetic high) and higher order EM channels (4th, 5th and 6th) along with favourable geological conditions for mineralization. Lithology of the area includes metabasics (dominant) and meta-ultramafics intricately associated with pegmatite dykes and quartz veins. Subsurface mineral exploration programmes carried out in Aladahalli belt shows a close link between the quartz veins and sulphide mineralisation. Fluid inclusion study has been carried out on quartz samples from these veins to characterise the composition and P – T condition of entrapment of fluid inclusions. Three contrasting types of fluid inclusions are reported suggesting moderate to low salinity hydrothermal fluid pertaining to shallow-level epithermal condition.