bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Statistics of Reconnection-driven Turbulence
Authors: Kowal Grzegorz , Falceta-Gonçalves Diego A. , Lazarian Alex , Vishniac Ethan T. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Magnetic reconnection is a process that changes magnetic field topology in highly conducting fluids. Within the standard Sweet–Parker model, this process would be too slow to explain observations (e.g., solar flares). In reality, the process must be ubiquitous as astrophysical fluids are magnetized and motions of fluid elements necessarily entail crossing of magnetic frozen-in field lines and magnetic reconnection. In the presence of turbulence, the reconnection is independent of microscopic plasma properties and may be much faster than previously thought, as proposed in Lazarian & Vishniac and tested in Kowal et al. However, the considered turbulence in the Lazarian–Vishniac model was imposed externally. In this work, we consider reconnection-driven magnetized turbulence in realistic three-dimensional geometry initiated by stochastic noise. We demonstrate through numerical simulations that the stochastic reconnection is able to self-generate turbulence through interactions between the reconnection outflows. We analyze the statistical properties of velocity fluctuations using power spectra and anisotropy scaling in the local reference frame, which demonstrates that the reconnection produces Kolmogorov-like turbulence, compatible with the Goldreich & Sridhar model. Anisotropy statistics are, however, strongly affected by the dynamics of flows generated by the reconnection process. Once the broad turbulent region is formed, the typical anisotropy scaling

is formed, especially for high resolution models, where the broader range of scales is available. The decay of reconnection outflows to turbulent-like fluctuations, characterized by different anisotropy scalings, strongly depends on the β plasma parameter. Moreover, the estimated reconnection rates are weakly dependent on the model resolution, suggesting that no external processes are required to make reconnection fast.
Galaxy Cluster Pressure Profiles as Determined by Sunyaev Zel’dovich Effect Observations with MUSTANG and Bolocam. II. Joint Analysis of 14 Clusters
Authors: Romero Charles E. , Mason Brian S. , Sayers Jack , Mroczkowski Tony , Sarazin Craig , Donahue Megan , Baldi Alessandro , Clarke Tracy E. , Young Alexander H. , Sievers Jonathan , Dicker Simon R. , Reese Erik D. , Czakon Nicole , Devlin Mark , Korngut Phillip M. , Golwala Sunil 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We present pressure profiles of galaxy clusters determined from high-resolution Sunyaev–Zel’dovich (SZ) effect observations of 14 clusters, which span the redshift range of

. The procedure simultaneously fits spherical cluster models to MUSTANG and Bolocam data. In this analysis, we adopt the generalized NFW parameterization of pressure profiles to produce our models. Our constraints on ensemble-average pressure profile parameters, in this study γ, C
500, and P
0, are consistent with those in previous studies, but for individual clusters we find discrepancies with the X-ray derived pressure profiles from the ACCEPT2 database. We investigate potential sources of these discrepancies, especially cluster geometry, electron temperature of the intracluster medium, and substructure. We find that the ensemble mean profile for all clusters in our sample is described by the parameters

, cool core clusters are described by

, and disturbed clusters are described by

. Of the 14 clusters, 4 have clear substructure in our SZ observations, while an additional 2 clusters exhibit potential substructure.
A History of H i Stripping in Virgo: A Phase-space View of VIVA Galaxies
Authors: Yoon Hyein , Chung Aeree , Smith Rory , Jaffé Yara L. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We investigate the orbital histories of Virgo galaxies at various stages of H i gas stripping. In particular, we compare the location of galaxies with different H i morphology in phase space. This method is a great tool for tracing the gas stripping histories of galaxies as they fall into the cluster. Most galaxies at the early stage of H i stripping are found in the first infall region of Virgo, while galaxies undergoing active H i stripping mostly appear to be falling in or moving out near the cluster core for the first time. Galaxies with severely stripped, yet symmetric, H i disks are found in one of two locations. Some are deep inside the cluster, but others are found in the cluster outskirts with low orbital velocities. We suggest that the latter group of galaxies belong to a “backsplash” population. These present the clearest candidates for backsplashed galaxies observationally identified to date. We further investigate the distribution of a large sample of H i-detected galaxies toward Virgo in phase space, confirming that most galaxies are stripped of their gas as they settle into the gravitational potential of the cluster. In addition, we discuss the impact of tidal interactions between galaxies and group preprocessing on the H i properties of the cluster galaxies, and link the associated star formation evolution to the stripping sequence of cluster galaxies.
Relativistic Disk Reflection in the Neutron Star X-Ray BinaryXTE J1709-267 with NuSTAR
Authors: Ludlam R. M. , Miller J. M. , Cackett E. M. , Degenaar N. , Bostrom A. C. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We perform the first reflection study of the soft X-ray transient and Type 1 burst source XTE J1709-267 using NuSTAR observations during its 2016 June outburst. There was an increase in flux near the end of the observations, which corresponds to an increase from ∼0.04 L
Edd to ∼0.06 L
Edd assuming a distance of 8.5 kpc. We have separately examined spectra from the low- and high-flux intervals, which are soft and show evidence of a broad Fe K line. Fits to these intervals with relativistic disk reflection models have revealed an inner-disk radius of

(where

) for the low-flux spectrum and

for the high-flux spectrum at the 90% confidence level. The disk is likely truncated by a boundary layer surrounding the neutron star (NS) or the magnetosphere. Based on the measured luminosity and the accretion efficiency for a disk around an NS, we estimate that the theoretically expected size for the boundary layer would be

from the NS’s surface, which can be increased by spin or viscosity effects. Another plausible scenario is that the disk could be truncated by the magnetosphere. We place a conservative upper limit on the strength of the magnetic field at the poles (assuming

and

) of

G, though X-ray pulsations have not been detected from this source.
Decline and Changing Profile of Hepatitis Delta among Injection Drug users in Spain
Authors: Aguilera Antonio , Trastoy Rocio , Barreiro Pablo , Costa José Javier , de Mendoza Carmen , Peña Jose M , Soriano Vicente 
Published: March 2017

Background Roughly 15 million people worldwide have hepatitis delta, the most severe form of chronic viral hepatitis that often leads to cirrhosis and liver cancer. Injection drug users (IDUs) are the largest HDV reservoir. Their resurgence in North America and Europe may represent a new opportunity for HDV to spread more widely. Methods We examined all consecutive active IDUs seen for the first time and enrolled in detoxification programmes at two clinics in Spain during two periods (1993–1996 and 2011–2014, respectively). Serum markers of HIV, HBV and HDV infection were tested. Results A total of 209 IDUs were examined in the first period. Mean age was 27-years-old. All had markers of past or current HBV infection. The rate of HIV-antibody (Ab), hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HDV-Ab was as follows: 122 (58.4%), 73 (34.9%) and 62 (29.7%), respectively. Serum HDV-Ab was recognized in 53.4% of HBsAg+ and 16.9% of HBsAg- patients ( P<0.001). Positivity for HDV-Ab was associated with HIV regardless HBsAg status. In the second period we tested 47 active IDUs. Anti-HDV was found in only two (4.2%), both immigrants from HDV endemic countries and with HBsAg+. Conclusions Acute HBV–HDV coinfections and self-limited HDV infections were frequent in the 1990s among IDUs in Spain, especially in HIV+ individuals. In contrast, circulation of HDV has dramatically declined among active IDUs in Spain and is currently very rare, being concentrated in foreign immigrants. It may refect the benefit of universal HBV vaccination as well as the success of needle exchange programmes in Spain.
Reexamining the Schmalensee effect
Authors: Kim Jeong-Yoo , Berg Nathan 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The authors reexamine the Schmalensee effect from a dynamic perspective. Schmalsensee’s argument suggesting that high quality can be signaled by high prices is based on the assumption that higher quality necessarily incurs higher production cost. In this paper, the authors argue that firms producing high-quality products have a stronger incentive to lower the marginal cost of production cost because they can then sell larger quantities than low-quality firms can. If this dynamic effect is large enough, then the Schmalensee effect degenerates and, thus, low prices signal high quality. This result is different from the Nelson effect relying on the assumption that only the high-quality product can generate repeat purchase, because the result is valid even if low-quality products can also be purchased repeatedly. The authors characterize a separating equilibrium in which a highquality monopolist invests more to reduce cost and, as a result, charges a lower price. Separation is possible due to a difference in quantities sold in the second period across qualities.
Atmospheric trace metals measured at a regional background site (Welgegund) in South Africa
Authors: Venter Andrew D. , van Zyl Pieter G. , Beukes Johan P. , Josipovic Micky , Hendriks Johan , Vakkari Ville , Laakso Lauri 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Atmospheric trace metals can cause a variety of health-related and environmental problems. Only a few studies on atmospheric trace metal concentrations have been conducted in South Africa. Therefore the aim of this study was to determine trace metal concentrations in aerosols collected at a regional background site, i.e. Welgegund, South Africa. PM1, PM1–2. 5 and PM2. 5–10 samples were collected for 13 months, and 31 atmospheric trace metal species were detected. Atmospheric iron (Fe) had the highest concentrations in all three size fractions, while calcium (Ca) was the second-most-abundant species. Chromium (Cr) and sodium (Na) concentrations were the third- and fourth-most-abundant species, respectively. The concentrations of the trace metal species in all three size ranges were similar, with the exception of Fe, which had higher concentrations in the PM1 size fraction. With the exception of titanium (Ti), aluminium (Al) and manganese (Mg), 70 % or more of the trace metal species detected were in the smaller size fractions, which indicated the influence of industrial activities. However, the large influence of wind-blown dust was reflected by 30 % or more of trace metals being present in the PM2. 5–10 size fraction. Comparison of trace metals determined at Welgegund to those in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex indicated that at both locations similar species were observed, with Fe being the most abundant. However, concentrations of these trace metal species were significantly higher in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex. Fe concentrations at the Vaal Triangle were similar to levels thereof at Welgegund, while concentrations of species associated with pyrometallurgical smelting were lower. Annual average Ni was 4 times higher, and annual average As was marginally higher than their respective European standard values, which could be attributed to regional influence of pyrometallurgical industries in the western Bushveld Igneous Complex. All three size fractions indicated elevated trace metal concentrations coinciding with the end of the dry season, which could partially be attributed to decreased wet removal and increases in wind generation of particulates. Principal component factor analysis (PCFA) revealed four meaningful factors in the PM1 size fraction, i.e. crustal, pyrometallurgical-related and Au slimes dams. No meaningful factors were determined for the PM1–2. 5 and PM2. 5–10 size fractions, which was attributed to the large influence of wind-blown dust on atmospheric trace metals determined at Welgegund. Pollution roses confirmed the influence of wind-blown dust on trace metal concentrations measured at Welgegund, while the impact of industrial activities was also substantiated.
Financial Twilight Re-Appraisal: Ending the Judicially Created Quagmire of Fiduciary Duties to Creditors
Authors: Hargovan Anil , Todd Timothy M. 
Published: March 2017

Directors owe fiduciary duties of care and loyalty to their corporations, and by extension to their shareholders. When a corporation approaches or enters insolvency, however, courts have recently found that the fiduciary duty calculus may change. Recognizing that creditors have financial interests similar to those of shareholders at or near insolvency, courts in several countries have extended fiduciary duty protection to creditors on equitable grounds. This trend has led to a state of flux and uncertainty in corporate law. Consequently, courts and commentators are battling to fully comprehend the controversial subject of director fiduciary duties to creditors in various jurisdictions. Due to this jurisprudential flux, unresolved issues include, for example, the core notion that the duty arises when the company enters into an “ill-defined sphere” known as the “zone” or “vicinity” of insolvency. The law is remarkably short of specific judicial guidance as to how directors who engage in commercial risk-taking with a view to corporate rescue should discharge their duties without harming the interests of creditors. Indeed, the debate continues even on the critical doctrinal question of whether such a duty is even needed.This Article uses corporate law in both the United States and Australia as emblematic of the real practical concerns inherent in the expansion of fiduciary duties. Consequently, the Article argues that the judicial recognition of directors’ fiduciary duties to creditors when at or near insolvency is objectionable, both from a policy and a doctrinal standpoint, and that any further attempt to develop the common law in this regard should be jettisoned in favor of reliance upon the existing, or modified, statutory regime aimed at creditor protection during times of financial distress.
Compelling Interest Cacodoxy: Why the Contraception Mandate Fails RFRA's Compelling Interest Analysis
Authors: Prichard Wesley A. 
Published: March 2017

Since its birth in 2011, the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act’s (“ACA”) Contraception Mandate (the “Mandate”) has been a frequent subject of discussion, debate, and litigation. From the outset, the government has defended the Mandate generally in the name of public health and gender equality. While both public health and gender equality are well within the government’s regulatory domain, these broadly framed interests are inadequate to survive the compelling interest test under the Religious Freedom Restoration Act (“RFRA”) and its companion, the Religious Land Use and Institutionalized Persons Act (“RLUIPA”).As RFRA’s text provides, when a person’s sincere religious exercise is substantially burdened, the government must demonstrate that application of the burden to the person is in furtherance of a compelling governmental interest. As the Supreme Court unanimously held in O Centro, RFRA’s “to the person” language requires that strict scrutiny is applied to the asserted harm of granting specific exemptions to a particular religious claimant, rather than the broadly formulated interests justifying the general applicability of a law. As will be explained, there is no compelling governmental interest under RFRA to enforce the Mandate against religious non-profits or closely-held businesses that sincerely hold religious objections, especially for coverage of contraceptives that operate to prevent implantation after fertilization. In Hobby Lobby, the Court assumed arguendo that the government had a compelling interest in the Mandate in order to base its decision on narrow tailoring. In doing so, the Court never conducted a RFRA compelling interest analysis. The purpose of this Note is to argue that the government lacks a compelling interest in enforcing the Mandate against religious non-profits or closely-held businesses after such an organization proves that the Mandate substantially burdens a sincere religious belief. Part I lays the scope and foundation of this Note, providing information on RFRA’s compelling interest test, the organizations and their beliefs, the Mandate, and the coverage mandated. Part II applies RFRA’s compelling interest test to religious non-profits and closely-held businesses. It notes the numerous exemptions already in place, the lack of evidence supporting the government’s claim that the Mandate furthers women’s health, and the small impact the Mandate has on a national scale for employers whose sincerely held religious beliefs are not substantially burdened by its imposition. Part III gives the current status of the Zubik cases, which in part involve the subject of this Note.
The Effects of Computerized Clinical Decision Support Systems on Laboratory Test Ordering: A Systematic Review
Authors: Delvaux Nicolas , Van Thienen Katrien , Heselmans Annemie , de Velde Stijn Van , Ramaekers Dirk , Aertgeerts Bert 
Published: March 2017

Context.—
Inappropriate laboratory test ordering has been shown to be as high as 30%. This can have an important impact on quality of care and costs because of downstream consequences such as additional diagnostics, repeat testing, imaging, prescriptions, surgeries, or hospital stays.

Objective.—
To evaluate the effect of computerized clinical decision support systems on appropriateness of laboratory test ordering.

Data Sources.—
We used MEDLINE, Embase, CINAHL, MEDLINE In-Process and Other Non-Indexed Citations, Clinicaltrials.gov, Cochrane Library, and Inspec through December 2015. Investigators independently screened articles to identify randomized trials that assessed a computerized clinical decision support system aimed at improving laboratory test ordering by providing patient-specific information, delivered in the form of an on-screen management option, reminder, or suggestion through a computerized physician order entry using a rule-based or algorithm-based system relying on an evidence-based knowledge resource. Investigators extracted data from 30 papers about study design, various study characteristics, study setting, various intervention characteristics, involvement of the software developers in the evaluation of the computerized clinical decision support system, outcome types, and various outcome characteristics.

Conclusions.—
Because of heterogeneity of systems and settings, pooled estimates of effect could not be made. Data showed that computerized clinical decision support systems had little or no effect on clinical outcomes but some effect on compliance. Computerized clinical decision support systems targeted at laboratory test ordering for multiple conditions appear to be more effective than those targeted at a single condition.
Professional Practice Evaluation for Pathologists: The Development, Life, and Death of the Evalumetrics Program
Authors: Volmar Keith E. , McCall Shannon J. , Schifman Ronald B. , Talbert Michael L. , Tworek Joseph A. , Hulkower Keren I. , Guidi Anthony J. , Nakhleh Raouf E. , Souers Rhona J. , Bashleben Christine P. , Blond Barbara J. 
Published: March 2017

Context.—In 2008, the Joint Commission (JC) implemented a standard mandating formal monitoring of physician professional performance as part of the process of granting and maintaining practice privileges.Objective.—To create a pathology-specific management tool to aid pathologists in constructing a professional practice-monitoring program, thereby meeting the JC mandate.Design.—A total of 105 College of American Pathologists (CAP)–defined metrics were created. Metrics were based on the job descriptions of pathologists' duties in the laboratory, and metric development was aided by experience from the Q-Probes and Q-Tracks programs. The program was offered in a Web-based format, allowing secure data entry, customization of metrics, and central data collection for future benchmarking.Results.—The program was live for 3 years, with 347 pathologists subscribed from 61 practices (median, 4 per institution; range, 1–35). Subscribers used 93 of the CAP-defined metrics and created 109 custom metrics. The median number of CAP-defined metrics used per pathologist was 5 (range, 1–43), and the median custom-defined metrics per pathologist was 2 (range, 1–5). Most frequently, 1 to 3 metrics were monitored (42.7%), with 20% each following 4 to 6 metrics, 5 to 9 metrics, or greater than 10 metrics. Anatomic pathology metrics were used more commonly than clinical pathology metrics. Owing to low registration, the program was discontinued in 2016.Conclusions.—Through careful vetting of metrics it was possible to develop a pathologist-specific management tool to address the JC mandate. While this initial product failed, valuable metrics were developed and implementation knowledge was gained that may be used to address new regulatory requirements for emerging value-based payment systems.
Jornal de pesquisa e diários de aula particular: Uma experiência formativa voltada ao ensino de acordeom para terceira idade
Authors: Weiss Douglas Rodrigo Bonfante , Louro-Hettwer Ana Lúcia De Marques E 
Published: March 2017

Neste trabalho apresenta-se a problematização de uma aplicação prática de Diários de Aula (ZABALZA, 2004) e do Jornal de Pesquisa (BARBOSA; HESS, 2010). Com intuito de pesquisar e teorizar sobre o ensino de acordeom voltado a alunos da terceira idade, este estudo possibilitou identificar fatores sobre a educação musical neste contexto. Foi perceptível, dentro dos diários analisados, como a qualidade da sala de aula, o mapeamento estético e a flexibilidade em relação à progressão de conteúdos auxiliam na motivação para o estudo musical. Enviado em: 06 de outubro de 2016.Aprovado em: 27 de novembro de 2016.
Towards the metaphorical transformation of urban space: digital art and the city after web 2.0
Authors: Barranha Helena , Ribeiro António Pinto , Pereira Raquel 
Published: March 2017

A revolução digital tem sido muitas vezes associada à indefinição de fronteiras geográficas, levando a novas formas de reconhecimento e (in)diferenciação territorial. À medida que as distâncias físicas se dissiparam, as barreiras tornaram-se ambíguas e crescentemente condicionadas por reconfigurações digitais de lugares reais ou ficcionados. Depois da Web 2.0, as representações geográficas de cidades foram redefinidas por ligações eletrónicas, abrindo assim o caminho para novas cartografias em rede, paralelas à realidade material, mas não necessariamente dependentes da mesma. Esta transformação metafórica do espaço físico em imagens e informação, permanentemente alteradas, partilhadas e atualizadas na Internet, promoveu uma dialética instável entre as dimensões tangíveis e subjetivas. Enquanto algumas fronteiras tendem a desaparecer, outras estão também a ser criadas, dado que o aparecimento de novos territórios digitais (ou digitalizados), com protocolos de acesso e cartografias específicas, tem gerado novas formas de exclusão social e cultural. Centrando-se na Arte Digital e Pós-Digital, este artigo discute esta situação recente, observando como os artistas contemporâneos têm proposto sistemas alternativos para a apropriação e representação de espaços urbanos. Enviado em: 22 de outubro de 2016.Aprovado em: 15 de novembro de 2016.