bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of prednisolone on energy and fat metabolism in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: tissue‐specific insulin resistance with commonly used prednisolone doses
Authors: Radhakutty Anjana , Mangelsdorf Brenda L. , Drake Sophie M. , Samocha‐Bonet Dorit , Heilbronn Leonie K. , Smith Malcolm D. , Thompson Campbell H. , Burt Morton G. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectiveGlucocorticoids can cause postprandial hyperglycaemia, but the effects on postprandial energy and fat metabolism are uncertain. We investigated the effects of acute and chronic low‐dose prednisolone on fasting and postprandial energy expenditure and substrate metabolism.DesignAn open interventional and cross‐sectional study was undertaken.Patients and measurementsEighteen patients who had not taken oral glucocorticoids for ≥6 months were studied before and after 7 days prednisolone (6 mg/day) to assess the acute effects of prednisolone. Baseline data from patients, not on glucocorticoids, were compared with 18 patients on long‐term prednisolone (6·5 ± 1·8 mg/day for >6 months) to assess the chronic effects. Energy expenditure and substrate oxidation were measured using indirect calorimetry before and after a mixed meal. Adipocyte insulin resistance index and insulin‐mediated suppression of NEFA were calculated from fasting and postprandial insulin and NEFA concentrations.ResultsThere were no significant differences in resting energy expenditure or diet‐induced thermogenesis with prednisolone. Acute (−2·1 ± 6·2 vs −16·3 ± 4·8 mg/min, P = 0·01) and chronic (−1·4 ± 2·8 vs −16·3 ± 4·8 mg/min, P = 0·01) prednisolone attenuated postprandial suppression of fat oxidation. Chronic (31·6 ± 3·8 vs 17·0 ± 3·3, P = 0·007), but not acute, prednisolone increased adipocyte insulin resistance index. However, insulin‐mediated suppression of NEFA was not significantly different after acute or chronic prednisolone.ConclusionsPrednisolone does not alter energy expenditure. However, even at low doses, prednisolone exerts adverse effects on fat metabolism, which could exacerbate insulin resistance and increase cardiovascular risk. Attenuated postprandial suppression of fat oxidation, but not lipolysis, suggests that prednisolone causes greater insulin resistance in skeletal muscle than in adipocytes.
Visual Text Analysis in Digital Humanities
Authors: Jänicke S. , Franzini G. , Cheema M. F. , Scheuermann G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn 2005, Franco Moretti introduced Distant Reading to analyse entire literary text collections. This was a rather revolutionary idea compared to the traditional Close Reading, which focuses on the thorough interpretation of an individual work. Both reading techniques are the prior means of Visual Text Analysis. We present an overview of the research conducted since 2005 on supporting text analysis tasks with close and distant reading visualizations in the digital humanities. Therefore, we classify the observed papers according to a taxonomy of text analysis tasks, categorize applied close and distant reading techniques to support the investigation of these tasks and illustrate approaches that combine both reading techniques in order to provide a multi‐faceted view of the textual data. In addition, we take a look at the used text sources and at the typical data transformation steps required for the proposed visualizations. Finally, we summarize collaboration experiences when developing visualizations for close and distant reading, and we give an outlook on future challenges in that research area.
The LOREC APE registry: operative technique, oncological outcome and perineal wound healing after abdominoperineal excision
Authors: Jones H. , Moran B. , Crane S. , Hompes R. , Cunningham C. ,   on behalf of LOREC group
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimThe Low Rectal Cancer Development programme (LOREC) perineal wound healing registry was developed to record data on abdominoperineal excision (APE) for rectal cancer in colorectal units in England between 2012 and 2014, to understand current practice in operative technique and results.MethodSurgeons wishing to participate received secure Web‐based access to the registry. Data were collected on preoperative staging, neoadjuvant treatment, operative details, histopathology, early outcome and follow up at 12 months.ResultsForty‐two units entered 266 patients. Of these, 172 (65%) patients underwent extralevator APE (ELAPE) and 94 had non‐ELAPE procedures. On preoperative staging, 64% were mrT3/4, and 67% received neoadjuvant treatment. For the ELAPE group the perineal wound was closed primarily with mesh in 55% of patients, without mesh in 15% and with a flap in 21%. For non‐ELAPE procedures, 54% of wounds were closed primarily without mesh, 29% primarily with mesh and 5% by a flap. Wound breakdown occurred in 30% and 31% of patients in the ELAPE and non‐ELAPE groups, respectively, and was more common after neoadjuvant radiotherapy. Donor‐site complications occurred in 17% of patients treated with a flap. Perineal morbidity was recorded in 11% of patients at 12 months. On histopathology, the resection margin was positive in 13% of patients in the ELAPE group and in 4% of patients in the non‐ELAPE group.ConclusionThe LOREC registry provides a picture of current APE practice in England. ELAPE was used in two‐thirds of patients but does not appear to confer any additional morbidity. Primary closure with mesh appeared as effective as flap reconstruction. The prevalence of an involved resection margin was lower than reported in many historical series but still remains high in the ELAPE group.
Modeling Lag‐2 Revisits to Understand Trade‐Offs in Mixed Control of Fixation Termination During Visual Search
Authors: Godwin Hayward J. , Reichle Erik D. , Menneer Tamaryn 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn important question about eye‐movement behavior is when the decision is made to terminate a fixation and program the following saccade. Different approaches have found converging evidence in favor of a mixed‐control account, in which there is some overlap between processing information at fixation and planning the following saccade. We examined one interesting instance of mixed control in visual search: lag‐2 revisits, during which observers fixate a stimulus, move to a different stimulus, and then revisit the first stimulus on the next fixation. Results show that the probability of lag‐2 revisits occurring increased with the number of target‐similar stimuli, and revisits were preceded by a brief fixation on the intervening distractor stimulus. We developed the Efficient Visual Sampling (EVS) computational model to simulate our findings (fixation durations and fixation locations) and to provide insight into mixed control of fixations and the perceptual, cognitive, and motor processes that produce lag‐2 revisits.
An Extension of a Parallel‐Distributed Processing Framework of Reading Aloud in Japanese: Human Nonword Reading Accuracy Does Not Require a Sequential Mechanism
Authors: Ikeda Kenji , Ueno Taiji , Ito Yuichi , Kitagami Shinji , Kawaguchi Jun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHumans can pronounce a nonword (e.g., rint). Some researchers have interpreted this behavior as requiring a sequential mechanism by which a grapheme‐phoneme correspondence rule is applied to each grapheme in turn. However, several parallel‐distributed processing (PDP) models in English have simulated human nonword reading accuracy without a sequential mechanism. Interestingly, the Japanese psycholinguistic literature went partly in the same direction, but it has since concluded that a sequential parsing mechanism is required to reproduce human nonword reading accuracy. In this study, by manipulating the list composition (i.e., pure word/nonword list vs. mixed list), we demonstrated that past psycholinguistic studies in Japanese have overestimated human nonword reading accuracy. When the more fairly reevaluated human performance was targeted, a newly implemented Japanese PDP model simulated the target accuracy as well as the error patterns. These findings suggest that PDP models are a more parsimonious way of explaining reading across various languages.
Color in Reference Production: The Role of Color Similarity and Color Codability
Authors: Viethen Jette , van Vessem Thomas , Goudbeek Martijn , Krahmer Emiel 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIt has often been observed that color is a highly preferred attribute for use in distinguishing descriptions, that is, referring expressions produced with the purpose of identifying an object within a visual scene. However, most of these observations were based on visual displays containing only colors that were maximally different in hue and for which the language of experimentation possessed basic color terms. The experiments described in this paper investigate whether speakers’ preference for color is reduced if the color of the target referent is similar to that of the distractors. Because colors that look similar are often also harder to distinguish linguistically, we also examine the impact of the codability of color values. As a third factor, we investigate the salience of available alternative attributes and its impact on the use of color. The results of our experiments show that, while speakers are indeed less likely to use color when the colors in a display are similar, this effect is mostly due to the difficulty in naming similar colors. Color use for color with a basic color term is affected only when the colors of target and distractors are very similar (yet still distinguishable). The salience of our alternative attribute size, manipulated by varying the difference in size between target and distractors, had no impact on the use of color.
Containment and Support: Core and Complexity in Spatial Language Learning
Authors: Landau Barbara , Johannes Kristen , Skordos Dimitrios , Papafragou Anna 
Published: June 2016

AbstractContainment and support have traditionally been assumed to represent universal conceptual foundations for spatial terms. This assumption can be challenged, however: Englishinandonare applied across a surprisingly broad range of exemplars, and comparable terms in other languages show significant variation in their application. We propose that the broad domains of both containment and support have internal structure that reflects different subtypes, that this structure is reflected in basic spatial term usage across languages, and that it constrains children's spatial term learning. Using a newly developed battery, we asked how adults and 4‐year‐old children speaking English or Greek distribute basic spatial terms across subtypes of containment and support. We found that containment showed similar distributions of basic terms across subtypes among all groups while support showed such similarity only among adults, with striking differences between children learning English versus Greek. We conclude that the two domains differ considerably in the learning problems they present, and that learninginandonis remarkably complex. Together, our results point to the need for a more nuanced view of spatial term learning.
Pulmonary fibrolysis in a patient with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis: improvement of clinical and radiological pattern after treatment with pirfenidone
Authors: Varone Francesco , Mastrobattista Annelisa , Franchi Paola , Viglietta Luca , Poletti Venerino , Tomassetti Sara , Dubini Alessandra , Tagliaboschi Linda , Calandriello Lucio , Farchione Alessandra , Larici Anna Rita 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIdiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a chronic, progressive, fibrosing interstitial pneumonia associated with the histologic and/or radiologic pattern of usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP). Nowadays, the high‐resolution computed tomography pattern of “definite UIP” is enough to define a diagnosis of UIP without histological proof. This is pivotal especially in elderly patients with comorbidities. Early recognition of IPF is relevant for its prognostic implication. Some pharmacological strategies have been proposing novel molecules that tend to slow lung function decline, even though without healing fibrosis. We report a case of ex‐heavy smoker male with IPF showing clinical and radiological improvement after 11 months of treatment with Pirfenidone. The definite diagnosis was challenging and it was reached by a multidisciplinary approach.
Bilingual children's long‐term outcomes in English as a second language: language environment factors shape individual differences in catching up with monolinguals
Authors: Paradis Johanne , Jia Ruiting 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBilingual children experience more variation in their language environment than monolingual children and this impacts their rate of language development with respect to monolinguals. How long it takes for bilingual children learning English as a second language (L2) to display similar abilities to monolingual age‐peers has been estimated to be 4–6 years, but conflicting findings suggest that even 6 years in school is not enough. Most studies on long‐term L2 development have focused on just one linguistic sub‐domain, vocabulary, and have not included multiple individual difference factors. For the present study, Chinese first language‐English L2 children were given standardized measures of vocabulary, grammar and global comprehension every year from 4 ½ to 6 ½ years of English in school (ages 8½ to 10½); language environment factors were obtained through an extensive parent questionnaire. Children converged on monolingual norms differentially according to the test, with the majority of children reaching monolingual levels of performance on the majority of tests by 5 ½ years of English exposure. Individual differences in outcomes were predicted by length of English exposure, mother's education, mother's English fluency, child's use of English in the home, richness/quality of the English input outside school and age of arrival in Canada. In sum, the timeframe for bilinguals to catch up to monolinguals depends on linguistic sub‐domain, task difficulty and on individual children's language environment, making 4–6 years an approximate estimate only. This study also shows that language environment factors shape not only early‐stage but also late‐stage bilingual development.
Part‐based representations of the body in early childhood: evidence from perceived distortions of tactile space across limb boundaries
Authors: Le Cornu Knight Frances , Cowie Dorothy , Bremner Andrew J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStudies show that touch in adults is referenced to a representation of the body that is structured topologically according to body parts; the perceived distance between two stimuli crossing over a body part boundary is elongated relative to the perceived distance between two stimuli presented within one body part category. Here we investigate this influence of body parts on tactile space perception in children of 5, 6 and 7 years of age. We presented children with pairs of tactile stimuli on the left hand/arm, either within the hand, within the forearm, or over the wrist. With their eyes closed children were asked to adjust the distance between the thumb and forefinger of their right hand to represent the felt distance between the two tactile stimuli. Like adults, the children perceived the distance between two stimuli that cross the body part boundary to be further apart than those that were presented within the hand or arm. They also perceive tactile distance to be greater on the hand than the arm which is the first observation of Weber's illusion in young children. We propose that a topological mode of body representation is particularly advantageous during early life given that body part categories remain constant while the metric proportions of the body change substantially as the child grows.
Aberrant topologies and reconfiguration pattern of functional brain network in children with second language reading impairment
Authors: Liu Lanfang , Li Hehui , Zhang Manli , Wang Zhengke , Wei Na , Liu Li , Meng Xiangzhi , Ding Guosheng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPrior work has extensively studied neural deficits in children with reading impairment (RI) in their native language but has rarely examined those of RI children in their second language (L2). A recent study revealed that the function of the local brain regions was disrupted in children with RI in L2, but it is not clear whether the disruption also occurs at a large‐scale brain network level. Using fMRI and graph theoretical analysis, we explored the topology of the whole‐brain functional network during a phonological rhyming task and network reconfigurations across task and short resting phases in Chinese children with English reading impairment versus age‐matched typically developing (TD) children. We found that, when completing the phonological task, the RI group exhibited higher local network efficiency and network modularity compared with the TD group. When switching between the phonological task and the short resting phase, the RI group showed difficulty with network reconfiguration, as reflected in fewer changes in the local efficiency and modularity properties and less rearrangement of the modular communities. These findings were reproducible after controlling for the effects of in‐scanner accuracy, participant gender, and L1 reading performance. The results from the whole‐brain network analyses were largely replicated in the task‐activated network. These findings provide preliminary evidence supporting that RI in L2 is associated with not only abnormal functional network organization but also poor flexibility of the neural system in responding to changing cognitive demands.
Pubertal development shapes perception of complex facial expressions
Authors: Motta‐Mena Natalie V. , Scherf K. Suzanne 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe previously hypothesized that pubertal development shapes the emergence of new components of face processing (Scherf et al., 2012; Garcia & Scherf, 2015). Here, we evaluate this hypothesis by investigating emerging perceptual sensitivity to complex versus basic facial expressions across pubertal development. We tested pre‐pubescent children (6–8 years), age‐ and sex‐matched adolescents in early and later stages of pubertal development (11–14 years), and sexually mature adults (18–24 years). Using a perceptual staircase procedure, participants made visual discriminations of both socially complex expressions (sexual interest, contempt) that are arguably relevant to emerging peer‐oriented relationships of adolescence, and basic (happy, anger) expressions that are important even in early infancy. Only sensitivity to detect complex expressions improved as a function of pubertal development. The ability to perceive these expressions is adult‐like by late puberty when adolescents become sexually mature. This pattern of results provides the first evidence that pubertal development specifically influences emerging affective components of face perception in adolescence.
Termite cohabitation: the relative effect of biotic and abiotic factors on mound biodiversity
Authors: MARINS ALESSANDRA , COSTA DIOGO , RUSSO LAURA , CAMPBELL COLIN , DESOUZA OG , BJØRNSTAD OTTAR N. , SHEA KATRIONA 
Published: June 2016

1. Termites are important ecosystem engineers that improve primary productivity in trees and animal diversity outside their mounds. However, their ecological relationship with the species nesting inside their mounds is poorly understood.2. The presence of termite cohabitant colonies inside 145Cornitermes cumulansmounds of known size and location was recorded. Using network‐theoretical methods in conjunction with a suite of statistical analyses, the relative influence of biotic and abiotic drivers of termite within‐mound diversity on the composition and species richness of the termite community was investigated, specifically builder presence and physical aspects of the mound.3. We found that richness inside the mound increases with mound size, and the species similarity between mounds decreases with distance. The physical attributes (abiotic drivers) of termite mounds (size and relative distance to other mounds) are the strongest predictors of termite species richness and composition. The biotic driver (presence of a builder colony) has an important, though smaller, negative effect on within‐mound termite species richness.4. The findings suggest that the termites' physical manipulation of their environment is an important driver of within‐mound community diversity. More generally, the approach taken here, using a combination of statistical and network‐theoretical methods, can be used to determine the relative importance of abiotic and biotic drivers of diversity in a wide range of communities of interacting species.
First evidence of Wolbachia infection in populations of grasshopper Podisma sapporensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae)
Authors: Bugrov Alexander G. , Ilinsky Yury Yu. , Strunov Anton , Zhukova Mariya , Kiseleva Elena , Akimoto Shin‐ichi , Tatsuta Haruki 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe brachypterous grasshopper Podisma sapporensis (Orthoptera: Acrididae) is distributed throughout the Sakhalin, Kunashir and Hokkaido Islands. Karyotypes of this species consist of two major chromosomal races with different sex chromosome systems, XO/XX and XY/XX. Molecular phylogeographic analysis of the chromosome races and subraces confirms the genetic divergence of the races and subraces in P. sapporensis. Here we first report that P. sapporensis is infected with Wolbachia consisting of three variants on wsp locus, while gatB locus was monomorphic. Furthermore, observation of cell tissue of P. sapporensis using electron microscopy confirmed the infection of Wolbachia that was inferred from polymerase chain reaction and revealed the distribution of the bacteria in the head, thorax and abdomen of P. sapporensis embryos. Our finding may shed new light on Wolbachia as a possible agent causing hybrid dysfunction resulting from experimental crosses between chromosome races or subraces of P. sapporensis.
Rapid evolution of photoperiodic response in a recently introduced insect Ophraella communa along geographic gradients
Authors: Tanaka Koichi , Murata Kouhei 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe introduced beetle Ophraella communa was first found in 1996 in Japan and has rapidly expanded its distribution to include regions that encompass a wide range of latitude and altitude and are dominated by different host‐plants. In this study, we investigated geographic variation in its photoperiodic response for the induction of reproductive diapause, with which the beetle adjusts its life cycle to local climate and host‐plant phenology. The beetle lines were collected from 18 sites in Japan. The diapause incidence under a photoperiodic condition of 13 h light : 11 h dark (LD 13:11) and the critical day length differed among the beetle lines. Analysis with the generalized linear model showed that latitude, altitude and host‐plant species (Ambrosia artemisiifolia vs. Ambrosia trifida) had significant effects on diapause incidence under LD 13:11. These results suggest that the O. communa populations have rapidly adapted to local environmental conditions after their colonization. However, the photoperiodic response of the O. communa population in Tomakomai, the northernmost part of its distribution range in Japan, deviated significantly from the general trend. We suggest that this deviation is attributed to either: (i) that this beetle has colonized Tomakomai more recently compared to the other sites; or (ii) that the Tomakomai population has adapted to local environments in a different way from other populations.