bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The New Panorama of Radioepidemiology - Problems and Possibilities that Emerge in a Changed Europe
Authors: Kellerer (INVITED) A.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The political change in the former Soviet Union and its sphere of influence has brought into the open information on various situations involving the radiation exposure of large populations, and has thus widened the field of radioepidemiological investigations that need to be performed. Three issues are considered. The consequences of the Chernobyl accident are still largely unresolved, and the hopes for radioepidemiological investigations have been gravely disappointed due to the lack of coordinated efforts. The steep increase of childhood thyroid carcinoma rates in Belarus is the only observed late effect so far; but even in the face of this alarming situation there is little readiness to accept help with regards to medical treatment and to scientific investigations. The attempts to block all information after the reactor accident in the former Soviet Union must be seen against the background of earlier occurrences that were successfully hidden for decades, and a particularly grave issue was the large scale contaminations in the Southern Urals of the River Techna and adjacent villages. An epidemiological study on the affected population has led to first results; it may develop into a major body of knowledge on radiation risks from protracted exposures. A third broad task in the years to come will be the analysis of the health effects in the underground miners of the Wismut AG, the former Soviet-German uranium mining enterprise. Exposure data and health information on several 100,000 miners will need to be analysed, and this may further the knowledge of the effects of radon exposures.
Generalised Microdosimetric Calculations of Cell-to-Cell Variance
Authors: Brenner D.J. , Sachs R.K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The cell-to-cell variance of an endpoint gives extra information, which is highly model dependent and thus potentially useful for distinguishing between possible mechanisms. Some years ago, Virsik and Harder calculated variances of dicentric chromosome aberrations using two assumptions: first, that dicentrics are produced independently by different radiation tracks, and second, that the dicentric yield due to a single track is Poisson distributed. It is shown that the formalism can be generalised so that the Poisson assumption is dropped. This affects predictions of neutron induced variances quite markedly. For lesions formed directly, such as immediate, irremediable chromosomal breaks, the formalism is general. For lesions formed by pairwise damage interaction, such as exchange-type chromosomal aberrations, the first assumption (single track action) limits the applicability of the results to high LET or low dose situations. In general, therefore, estimating variances requires the use of spatially inhomogeneous models.
Calculation of Neutron Energy Deposition in Nanometric Sites
Authors: Morstin K. , Olko P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Simulations of charge particle tracks in water vapour were used to build a parametric model enabling the calculation of ionisation distributions in spherical targets, including the influence of straggling and d rays. The model has been applied to assess neutron energy deposition in nanometric sites in tissue. Emission and slowing down spectra of charged particles from neutron interactions and of photo-induced electrons were combined with the model. All kinds of ionisation events were taken into account, although in such small sites crossers and touchers definitely predominate. The approach has been coupled with macroscopic radiation transport calculations, thus allowing for biophysical modelling of realistic radiobiological situations.
Kerma Associated with High Energy Neutrons
Authors: Binns P.J. , Hough J.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The kerma for monoenergetic neutrons of nominal energies 27, 42 and 63 MeV was measured with commercial tissue-equivalent and carbon proportional counters. By operating the detectors in helix mode and exposing them to pulsed beams of quasi-monoenergetic neutrons, time-of-flight (TOF) techniques enabled the unambiguous identification of pulse height events associated with the neutron energies of interest. The microdosimetric spectra so obtained were used to derive gas-to-wall dose conversion factors for the TE gas filled carbon proportional counter. Subsequently the kerma ratios for carbon to A-150 plastic at the three nominal neutron energies were determined with the monoenergetic data. The results concur with other published data using different techniques.
Microdosimetry and Cellular Radiation Effects of Radon Progeny in Human Bronchial Airways
Authors: Hofmann W. , Nösterer M. , Ménache M.G. , Crawford-Brown D.J. , Caswell R.S. , Coyne J.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This microdosimetric interaction model simulates individual interactions of alpha particles with nuclei of sensitive target cells in human bronchial airway generations 2, 4, 6 and 10. For a normalised source density of 218Po and 214Po alpha particles, number of hits, microdosimetric spectra and related parameters for cell nuclei located at various depths in bronchial epithelium are calculated. The lineal energy spectrum in a spherical nuclear target is then converted into probabilities for cell killing, mutation and transformation by multiplying the single event chord length distribution with event specific probabilities per unit track length as a function of LET. These effect probabilities are finally weighted by the depth-density distributions of basal and secretory cells. The predicted transformation probability is compared with other physical indicators of lung cancer risk, such as dose, dose equivalent, biologically weighted dose, mean lineal energy, and number of alpha particle hits.
Radon Mitigation in Schools Utilising Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Systems
Authors: Fisher G. , Ligman B. , Brennan T. , Shaughnessy R. , Turk B.H. , Snead B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
As part of a continuing radon in schools technology development effort, EPA's School Evaluation Team has performed radon mitigation in schools by the method of ventilation/pressurisation control technology. Ventilation rates were increased, at a minimum, to meet the American Society of Heating, Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) standard Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality (ASHRAE 62-1989). This paper presents the results and the preliminary evaluations which led to the team's decision to implement this technology. Factors considered include energy penalties, comfort, indoor air quality (IAQ), building shell tightness, and equipment costs. Cost benefit of heat recovery ventilation was also considered. Earlier results of the SEP team's efforts have indicated a severe ventilation problem within the schools of the United States. An integrated approach to radon mitigation in schools and other large buildings which control radon as well as improve overall IAQ should be the goal of radon remediation where practical. Two case studies are presented where HVAC technology was implemented for controlling radon concentrations. One involved the installation of a heat recovery ventilator to depressurise a crawl space and provide ventilation to the classrooms which previously had no mechanical ventilation. The other involved the restoration of a variable air volume system in a two-storey building. The HVAC system's controls were restored and modified to provide a constant building pressure differential to control the entry of radon. Pre-mitigation and post-mitigation indoor air pollutant measurements were taken, including radon, carbon dioxide (CO2), particulates, and bio-aerosols. Long-term monitoring of radon, CO2 building pressure differentials, and indoor/outdoor temperature and relative humidity is presented.
Radon: Occupational or Domestic Carcinogen?
Authors: Monchaux G. , Masse (INVITED) R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
An association between an excess risk of lung cancer and exposure to radon and its daughters has been demonstrated in uranium miners and in other miners. In various countries, radon measurements in dwellings showed that indoor radon concentrations are in the same range as in underground mines. Geographical epidemiological studies do not show an excess risk of lung cancer in people living in radon rich areas and case-control studies of domestic exposures lead to conflicting results. A joint study allowing meta-analysis of the results from 19 epidemiological studies carried out throughout the world should provide reliable data by and after 1995. Experimental data and biological data from radon-induced human tumours might allow the identification of tumours induced by irradiation compared with tumours induced by other agents. Until now, the role of domestic exposure in the occurrence of lung cancer remains unclear and therefore the usefulness of remedial actions questionable.
Lung Cancer Risk at Low Doses: What Can Cellular Radiobiology Tell Us?
Authors: Hofmann W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The inevitable interaction of confounding factors limits the validity of any epidemiological estimate of lung cancer risk at low, environmental exposures to radon progeny. The present study therefore investigates how the functional form of the dose-effect relationship can be derived from in vitro radiobiological observations at the cellular level relevant for radiation carcinogenesis. The way by which the initial cellular response may be modified by the specific in vivo exposure conditions of individual cells in an organised tissue structure is then discussed.
Radon Sources, Radon Ingress and Models
Authors: Scott (INVITED) A.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Information available 20 years ago suggested that unusual soil conditions were needed to produce high radon concentrations in houses. Based on this belief, simple models were developed to predict house radon concentrations based on estimates of soil radium concentration and soil type (related to permeability). Recent radon-in-housing surveys show that clay soils, which cover much of North America, are radon-prone. The permeability of these soils is not controlled by the soil type, but by the fracture patterns that develop as the soil dries out. Realistic prediction models must take the macroscopic soil structure into account. They must also deal with the effect of the rapid variations in driving force produced by wind velocity variations. The interaction between house and soil is complex, and simple models cannot give realistic results. Many people live in apartment buildings, and are exposed to radon released from building materials. Better models are needed for this source to help develop better controls. Many radon-prone areas have been identified by house surveys, so modelling is now needed only to explain what we know. The priority task today is not prediction, but encouraging production of low-radon dwellings in known high-radon areas.
Models for Determining the Response of Passive Alpha Particle Detectors to Radon and Its Progeny in Cylindrical Detecting Volumes
Authors: McLaughlin J.P. , Fitzgerald B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Many radon detectors exist in the form of a planar disc shaped alpha particle detector mounted in one end of a small cylindrical chamber. Models have been developed to determine the sensitivity of such detectors to radon exposure. A model, adapted from the Jacobi-Porstendorfer room models, is used to determine the partitioning of short-lived radon progeny between airborne and surface deposited states within the detecting volume. This is used in conjunction with Monte Carlo simulation to obtain the radon sensitivity. The use of these models with passive alpha track detectors is highlighted although they are of general applicability to passive detectors using other alpha detecting media. Using these models it is possible to design passive detectors with dimensions such that the alpha track densities may be optimised to a chosen radon exposure range. Validation of the modelling is presented in the form of comparisons between predicted and experimentally determined sensitivities of CR-39 alpha track detectors.
Regional Variations in Occupational Exposure to Radon and the Resulting Regulatory Action
Authors: Ross B.C. , Atkinson M.R. , Dixon D.W. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Measurements in over 3000 workplaces throughout Great Britain show that radon concentrations in about 10% of these premises exceed the level at which the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1985 may apply. Most of the measurements and high results are in Cornwall and Devon, but high results have also been obtained in other counties, particularly Derbyshire, Northamptonshire and Somerset. The data for workplaces are supplemented by the results of measurements in about 100,000 homes suitably transposed to indicate the likely impact of the Regulations where workplace data are scarce. These findings have been used to develop advisory and regulatory strategies for workplaces.
Mechanism of Non-Linear TL Response Characteristics of Thermoluminescence Phosphors - Competing Quasi-Continuous TL Trap Distribution Model
Authors: Srivastava J.K. , Supe S.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A new TL model, namely a competing quasi-continuous trap distribution model, has been proposed for explaining the physical mechanism of TL processes. It takes into account the capture reaction mechanism of TL traps (activation energy) and the effect of the trap distribution on the accompanied competition processes. The model is quite general in nature and it has been examined for a number of TL phosphors with diverse trap distribution characteristics e.g. CaSO4:Dy, CaF2:Dy, Li2B4O7:Mn and Li2B4O7:Cu.
Phosphate Glass Energy Compensation Filters for the Measurement of Operational Dose Quantities
Authors: Burgkhardt B. , Röber H.G. , Piesch E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Different perforated energy compensation filters have been developed using a D-7 phosphate glass dosemeter, 16 x 16 x 1.5 mm3 in size, with common and laser UV excitation for the measurement of the effective dose equivalent and the dose equivalent in tissue depths of 10 mm, 3 mm and 0.07 mm.
Development of an Australian TLD Personal Monitoring Badge Based on CaSO4:Dy
Authors: Boas J.F. , Martin L.J. , Mika J.F. , Murray A. , Young J.G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The TLD personal monitoring badge developed by the Australian Radiation Laboratory for use by workers in the uranium mining industry uses two CaSO4:Dy-Teflon discs. One of these is unshielded and the other is shielded by 2.5 mm copper. The factors involved in the calculation of the whole body dose are considered. Further development of the filter to enable the badge to be used at photon energies down to 20 keV is described.
Thermoluminescence of Borate Glass Containing Copper
Authors: Fukuda Y. , Okuno T. , Takeuchi N. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Thermoluminescence (TL) of X ray irradiated borate glass containing copper (0.01 to 1.0 mol%) has been studied. Samples were made from mixtures of B2O3 and CuCl2. They were melted at 1100 oC for 1 hour in a platinum crucible followed by annealing in a brass mould. Samples were irradiated with various doses of X rays at room temperature. The samples containing CuCl2 showed a much stronger TL response than pure B2O3 glass. The kinetic orders for the TL peaks in CuCl2 doped samples were always about 1.5, while those in undoped glass obeyed 2nd order kinetics. The sample doped with 0.05 mol% CuCl2 had the strongest TL response. The TL emission spectra for samples containing CuCl2 showed a maximum at 2.77 eV (448 nm) for all temperatures during the TL measurements. The emission is possibly due to the recombination reaction: Cu+ + hole ® Cu2+* ® Cu2+ + h?. Thermally stimulated current (TSC) for X ray irradiated glass showed maxima in the temperature region 90 ~ 100 oC when a bias voltage was applied to the sample. The TSC is thought to be related to the TL.
The Performance of the NRPB Radon Personal Dosemeter
Authors: Bartlett D.T. , Gilvin P.J. , Dixon D.W. , Solanki H.L. , Miles J.C.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The NRPB has developed a radon personal dosemeter for use in mines. The dosemeter is being introduced into operational service subject to approval by the appropriate authorities. The principle of operation of the dosemeter is established both experimentally and theoretically. The dosemeter acts as a radon diffusion chamber, excluding radon progeny and detritus, limiting access of moisture but allowing relatively free access of radon gas. The alpha particles from the decay of radon and its progeny are recorded in a piece of polyallyl diglycol carbonate (PADC). The net density of the electrochemically etched pits is proportional to the time integral of the radon gas concentration external to the dosemeter. Prior to its introduction, trials of the dosemeter have been carried out in various mines in the United Kingdom. These trials were in addition to laboratory investigations of the performance of the dosemeter under simulated miners' conditions. The performance of the dosemeter is reported in terms of its ability to measure the time integral of the radon gas concentration unaffected by the environmental condition.
The Characteristics of New LiF Preparations and Sensitised LiF
Authors: Driscoll C.M.H. , McWhan A.F. , O'Hagan J.B. , Dodson J. , Mundy S.J. , Todd C.D. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The patent governing the preparation and production of lithium fluoride (LiF) awarded to the Harshaw Chemical Co. has expired. Other companies have become interested in developing additional preparations of this material. Two of these preparations include LiF:Mg,Ti manufactured by Vinten Instruments plc and high sensitivity LiF:Mg,Cu,P distributed by them. The properties of these materials, including sensitivity, dose threshold, photon energy response, re-usability and storage characteristics, are presented in this paper and compared with those of Harshaw TLD-100 and with those of sensitised LiF.
Measurement of Extremely Low Level Dose with LiF(Mg,Cu,P) TL Chips
Authors: Ziying Z. , Shoushan W. , Fang W. , Guolong C. , Yuanfang L. , Jianhuan Z. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This paper presents some of the dosimetric characteristics of newly developed LiF(Mg,Cu,P) TL chips with high signal-to-noise ratio for measurement at the 10-7 to 10-4 Gy dose level. Measuring techniques and optimum procedures for annealing and readout are also presented.
Energy Response of Hot-Pressed Thin Layer Detectors to Photon and Electron Irradiations
Authors: Holzapfel G. , Lesz J. , Petel M. , Scharmann A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Hot-pressed thin layer detectors for integrating solid state dosemeters (C/B/Al2O3/LiF:Mg,Ti and Al/Al2O3/LiF:Na,Mg,Ti structures) were investigated with respect to sensitivity for X and ? irradiations with different energies (6 keV - 1 MeV) and variable radiation incidence (±60o isotropy) with and without the presence of phantoms. TL and TSEE readouts showed characteristic over- and under-estimations of the applied doses. The TL response of the new detectors to ß irradiations (90Sr-90Y, 204Tl, 147Pm) meets the requirements of practice by decreasing only for the low energy electron source.
Parallel-to-Anode Alpha Probe in a Cylindrical TEPC at Simulated Lengths Less than 1 µm
Authors: Colautti P. , Leuthold G. , Talpo G. , Tornielli G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The renewed interest in radiation ionisation patterns in volumes of a few nanometres in size encourages the employment of tissue-equivalent proportional counters (TEPC) at very low counting gas pressures in order to simulate lengths of less than 1 µm. In this condition the counters work at such reduced electrical fields that there is no reliable theory available that can describe these avalanche characteristics in detail. An experimental set-up has been developed to measure the limit between drift and avalanche regions in a TEPC by employing an ion probe which can be positioned at different radial distances from the collecting anode. Results obtained with an a particle probe are reported. The determination of the avalanche limit is uncertain because of the relevant d ray cloud which makes the probe size larger than that defined by the collimators. Nevertheless, the results are encouraging, and they suggest that a better description of the working limits of a cylindrical proportional counter at low pressure is possible by employing a more suitable probe as a low energy ion beam.
Microdosimetric Characterisation of Radiation Fields with a High Pressure Ionisation Chamber: A Comparison with the Low Pressure Proportional Counter
Authors: Makrigiorgos G.M. , Waker A.J. , Kassis A.I. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The application is described of a tissue-equivalent (TE) high pressure ionisation chamber that permits evaluation of the mean quality factor in mixed neutron-gamma radiation fields and compares the data obtained with those acquired with a TE proportional counter (Rossi counter). Irradiations are produced by a research fission reactor. The radiation spectrum composition is modified by moderating the beam by various heavy water (D2O) or lead thicknesses and by inserting boral shutters in the neutron beam. Thus, radiation fields with most of the radiation dose originating from thermal neutrons or fast neutrons are obtained, with associated gamma ray absorbed doses ranging from 35% to 90%. The mean quality factors derived are in agreement (±10%) for situations where most of the radiation dose is due to fast neutrons. When most of the delivered dose is due to thermal or intermediate neutrons, the Rossi counter systematically predicts smaller (30 to 40%) quality factors than the high pressure TE chamber, this observation being confirmed on theoretical grounds, as most of the neutrons interacting with the Rossi counter do not cross the counter at these energies (i.e. they are 'stoppers'). The practical advantages and disadvantages of using either instrument in a particular situation are discussed.
The Contribution of OH* in Densely Ionising Electron Track Ends or Particle Tracks to the Induction of DNA Double Strand Breaks
Authors: Frankenberg D. , Frankenberg-Schwager M. , Harbich R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The extent of the OH* -mediated induction of DNA double strand breaks (DSB) was determined for sparsely ionising 25 MeV electrons and for densely ionising 4.2 MeV alpha particles. Using haploid yeast cells which, in stationary phase, are not capable of DSB repair, DSB induction can be determined simply by measuring cell survival of these cells. The OH* -mediated DSB induction for 25 MeV electrons amounts to 27% under anoxic and 60% under oxic conditions whereas for 4.2 MeV a particles these contributions are 44% and 53%, respectively. For 25 MeV electrons the OER value of the OH* -mediated DSB induction is 5.9 whereas it is only 1.5 for the direct effect. For 4.2 MeV a particles the OER values are 1.4 (OH* -mediated) and 1.0 (direct).