bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Combination Therapy of Cyclophosphamide and Immunomodulating Agents in Cancer
Authors: Bakar Siti Nursyahirah , Kue Chin Siang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract:
Cyclophosphamide is a precursor of alkylating nitrogen mustard and was initially claimed to have antineoplastic and immunosuppressive properties. However, the role of cyclo-phosphamide as an immune activator has also been reported, depending on the dosage used. The application of lower-dose cyclophosphamide has emerged as a potential approach to cancer treatment. Cyclophosphamide selectively depletes regulatory T cells (Tregs), which dampens the immunological response, thereby rebalancing the immune system to allow other immune cells to act more efficiently. Cyclophosphamide can be either a friend or a foe in cancer treatment, de-pending on the therapeutic regime. The following questions remain to be answered: Can the cy-clophosphamide be used in the presence of other agents? Is there any single immunotherapeutic agent that acts synergistically with cyclophosphamide to effectively alter the immunosuppres-sive tumor microenvironment? This review emphasizes the role of cyclophosphamide as an im-mune modulator, both alone and in combination with other immunotherapeutic agents, for effec-tive cancer treatment in preclinical and clinical settings.
Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency in Patients with Fatigue and Neuropsychiatric Symptoms of Long COVID and its Correlation with Symptom
Severity
Authors: Charoenporn Veevarin , Charernboon Thammanard 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Despite the potential role of vitamin D in the acute phase of COVID-19,
studies on its prevalence and association with long COVID severity are limited, leaving the relationship
between vitamin D levels and long COVID symptoms unclear.

Aim:
The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of vitamin D deficiency in patients
with fatigue or neuropsychiatric symptoms of long COVID and its correlation with the severity
of symptoms.

Methods:
A cross-sectional, single-center study was conducted at Thammasat University Hospital,
Thailand. The study recruited participants between the ages of 18 and 60 years who had received
a diagnosis of COVID-19 and had at least one long COVID symptom, including fatigue or
neuropsychiatric symptoms. Vitamin D level was collected, and clinical severity was assessed using
the Chalder Fatigue Scale [CFQ-11], Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale-21 Items
[DASS-21], Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], Addenbrooke's Cognitive Examination III
[ACE], and Trail Making Test A & B [TMT-A and TMT-B].

Results:
A total of 82 patients were recruited; most were female [78%], with a mean age of 34.2
years. Most participants had a vitamin D deficiency [<20 ng/mL, 73.2%], accounting for 23.2% vitamin
D insufficiency [20-30 ng/mL], and 3.6% had an adequate vitamin D level. Only gender
was associated with vitamin D levels. Multivariable analysis demonstrated that the vitamin D level
was not correlated with all clinical outcomes, including total CFQ, total DASS, DASS depression,
DASS anxiety, total PSQI, total ACE score, and total TMT scores.

Conclusion:
The prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency was high in patients with
long COVID, with female gender serving as predictors of lower vitamin D levels. However, no associations
were found between vitamin D level and fatigue syndrome, depression, anxiety, sleep
problems, or cognitive function.
Heterocyclic Compounds as Bcr-Abl Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitors Against Chronic Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Gado Sarah , Hassan Mohammed Al-Kassim , Kisla Mehmet Murat , Ates-Alagoz Zeynep 
Published: October 2024

Abstract:
Despite significant progress in oncology therapeutics, cancer remains a leading cause of
mortality worldwide. Chronic myeloid leukemia, which accounts for 15% of all adult leukemia
cases, is characterized by chromosomal abnormalities involving the fusion of the Bcr and Abl genes
to form the Bcr-Abl oncogene. Current drug treatment of the disease involves the use of Bcr-Abl
tyrosine kinase inhibitors belonging to the first, second, and third generations. However, the toxicity
and resistance associated with the use of imatinib, a first-generation Bcr-Abl inhibitor, in cases
where the T315I mutation exists, necessitates the need for new tyrosine kinase inhibitors. This review
focuses on recent synthetic compounds that exhibit potential as inhibitors of the Bcr-Abl protein
which could be utilized in chemotherapy. Herein, we evaluated and summarized 36 studies
published in the last few years that reported on newly synthesized and biologically evaluated novel
small molecules with different heterocyclic scaffolds as Bcr-Abl tyrosine kinase inhibitors. The
intricacy of the structure of newly synthesized compounds and the fact that each compound contains
more than one scaffold makes it difficult to infer the potentially active core or scaffold. However,
investigating different combined scaffolds enhances the chance of successfully developing
novel drug candidates. Overall, the information provided in this review can be beneficial to researchers
with an interest in chronic myeloid leukemia and tyrosine kinase inhibitors.
Optimization of Graphene-based Antenna using Metasurface for THz Applications using Ensemble Learning models
Authors: Sharma Nipun , Kaur Amrit 
Published: October 2024

Aims and Background:
These days, communication is governed by scaled-down devices
with extremely high data transfer rates. The days of data transfer rates in megabytes are long
gone and the systems are touching data speeds of hundreds of gigabytes. To cater to this requirement,
the evolution of metasurface-based antennas working in the THz frequency range is gaining
pace.

Objectives and Methodology:
Metasurface layers in antennas have unique mechanical and electrical
properties that make them feasible. Graphene is a preferred metasurface material when designing
antennas. In this paper, two novel designs of graphene-based metasurface antennas are proposed.
These patch antennas with graphene metasurface layers have two configurations for slotted
patches. Both graphene and gold-slotted patches are tested in this paper, and results are presented
and validated for various performance parameters like return loss, peak gain, peak directivity, and
radiation efficiency.

Results:
The design of the proposed Graphene Patch Antennas (GPA) is done in HFSS, and once
the design is complete, the data is collected for variations in antenna parameters and is further processed
via machine learning for better convergence in terms of return loss using ensemble learning.
Optimal tuning of antenna components like substrate length, patch length, slot width, etc., is done
using two regressor algorithms viz Histogram-based Gradient Boosting Regression Tree (HBDT)
and Random Forest Tree (RFT) in machine learning. The radiation efficiencies of the two designs
presented in this work are 89.04%, 97.54%, an average radiation efficiency of of 93.29%. The
bandwidth of the two antenna designs is 8.63 THz and 8.69 THz, respectively.

Conclusion:
Experimental results indicate that the proposed designs are achieved better
bandwidth, and radiation efficiencies compared to state-of-art designs.
Exploring Emergent Nanotechnology Applications in Mechanical and Health Engineering
Authors: Nobile Lucio , Nobile Stefano 
Published: October 2024

Abstract:
Nanotechnology is a promising area of research in science and technology with potential
benefits in automotive, aircraft, construction, energy, healthcare, agriculture, food processing, although
it has its own risks in environmental sustainability. Recent advances in this area have stimulated
research and their applications in different fields, with important results in mechanical engineering
and health engineering. The aim of this article is to give an overview of some recent advances
of nanotechnology, exploring emerging applications of these typical technologies. Examples
of some successful practical applications in mechanical and healthcare engineering based on this
technology are given, and an analysis of the prospects and main problems of this area is also conducted.
Furthermore, mechanical engineers and health professionals would find this review valuable
in updating their knowledge on the latest developments in nanotechnology applications.
Graphene Coating and its Effect on Performance of Box Type Solar Cooker: An Experimental Investigation
Authors: Swarnkar Harshita , Jain Ritu , Tiwari Amit 
Published: October 2024

Background:
Solar cookers have been the subject of several theoretical and empirical
investigations, with numerous modifications attempted to increase efficiency and security. Solar
cookers need much sophisticated research and enhancement work to function better. A thorough
grasp of the application of graphene in box-type solar cooking systems is crucial for both solar energy
and graphene.

Objective:
To improve the performance of box-type solar cookers, this patent research aims to offer
an experimental investigation and insightful information on of applying graphene coating to the absorber
plate and its derivative.

Materials and Methods:
To ensure equal dispersion of graphene into the black paint, three samples
containing (1, 3, and 5wt%) of graphene embedded with the paint were produced with 1mm, 3mm,
and 5mm thickness of the coating and stirred at 400 rpm for two hours using a magnetic stirrer. Xray
diffraction and scanning electron microscopy have been studied to comprehend the influence of
graphene nanoparticles on the surface morphology of the coated absorber panel. Performance evaluations
of the box-type solar cookers were conducted with and without a graphene coating on the
absorber plate, and data has been recorded for each case.

Results:
The results of patent research show that the absorber plate with (1, 3, and 5wt.%) of graphene
embedded with black paint 1mm, 3mm, and 5mm thickness coating has a maximum thermal
efficiency of 41.48% with 97.08 W cooking power, 46% with 109.35 W cooking power, and 49%
with 114.77 W cooking power for the average solar irradiation is 978 W/m2.

Discussion:
It was determined that the cooking power (P), the first figure of merit (F1), and the second
figure of merit (F2) were all satisfactorily achieved. Embedding black paint into graphene
coating has been shown to significantly influence the heat transmission and thermal performance
enhancement of box-type solar cookers, as demonstrated by the findings of X-ray diffraction and
Scanning Electron Microscopy analysis.

Conclusion:
The current research makes it abundantly evident that the incorporation of graphene
into the absorber plate of a box-type solar cooker, together with the application of a black paint
coating, leads to increased heat transfer rates, which in turn provides an increase in cooking power.
Because of this, graphene is an attractive nanomaterial that has the potential to improve the performance
of box-type solar cookers, which is the novelty of this research work.
Microwave Assisted Williamson Synthesis: A Green Approach towards the Preparation of Ethers
Authors: Devasthali Seema , Kulkarni Aparna , Bhatkar Neha , Waghadhare Shruti 
Published: October 2024

Introduction:
Microwave-assisted reactions align with the principles of green chemistry
by significantly reducing synthesis time, avoiding high temperatures, and typically yielding high
product quantities.

Method:
A catalyst was synthesized from waste banana peels, ensuring both availability and lowcost
production. Ethers were synthesized using microwave irradiation at 300W, employing two different
alkyl halide variants with both substituted and unsubstituted phenols.

Results:
The reaction proceeded efficiently without the need for corrosive bases such as caustic
soda or caustic potash. Microwave irradiation facilitated reduced reaction times for ether formation.
Additionally, the supported catalyst demonstrated the advantage of reusability.

Conclusion:
This protocol offers several benefits, including the use of a green solvent and the exclusion
of phase transfer catalysts and harsh conditions. Consequently, an efficient and green synthesis
of ethers has been achieved.
Bio-Adsorbent for Elimination of Reactive Dye from Aqueous Solution: Kinetic and Statistical Modelling Study
Authors: K. Verma Akshaya 
Published: October 2024

Introduction/Background:
The use of various dyes to colour products is a general
practice in various industries. The occurrence of these dyes in water, even at small
concentrations, is highly noticeable and aesthetically objectionable. In the present study,
the applicability of inexpensive and eco-friendly bio-adsorbent has been tested as an alternative
substitution of the commercially available activated carbon for the removal of reactive
dye from the aqueous solution.

Materials and Methods:
Bio-adsorbent prepared from pomegranate peel was successfully
used to remove the reactive dye (Reactive Black 5) from the aqueous solution. The effects
of major parameters such as pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time on dye removal efficiency
were studied. Statistical models were articulated based on selected variables to optimize
the decolourisation efficiency of the adsorption process using a full factorial central
composite design.

Results:
Dye removal efficiency of close to 100% was observed at a pH 12 using 1 g adsorbent/
200 mL dye solution within a contact time of 60 min., yielding a virtually colourless
solution. A fixed-bed column study with an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L at
bed depths of 4 cm, 8 cm, and 12 cm yielded a breakthrough time of 300 min, 570 min,
and 780 min, respectively.

Discussion:
Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were applied to analyze
the sorption equilibrium parameters. The experimental results of the analysis revealed that
the Langmuir isotherm fits better than the other isotherms with a linear regression coefficient
(R2) of 0.99. The high correlation coefficient (R² > 0.95) and low p-values (< 0.0001)
indicate that the model and its terms are significant, making it effective for optimizing operational
parameters and accurately predicting the response.

Conclusion:
The breakthrough curve serves as a tool to evaluate the effectiveness of the
prepared adsorbent in real-world applications. The present work not only provides an alternative
to commercially available activated carbon for dye wastewater colour removal
but also emphasizes the importance of repurposing fruit residues, which could otherwise
become environmental pollutants if improperly disposed of.
Recent Advancement of Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Topical Anaesthesia Formulations
Authors: Sahu Sumit , Ghosh Vijayalakshmi , Jain Parag , Ajazuddin  
Published: October 2024

Abstract:
In recent years, there have been exciting developments in improving how we deliver
anaesthesia through the skin. Nanotechnology is a key player, using tiny particles to encapsulate
and transport anaesthetic agents, ensuring a controlled and steady release. This helps overcome
challenges like inconsistent absorption and short-lasting effects seen with traditional methods.
Transdermal patches are gaining attention too; they release drugs slowly and steadily, eliminating
the need for frequent reapplication while maintaining a constant drug level at the application site.
Smart polymers are bringing innovation by responding to specific triggers, enabling on-demand
drug release. This allows for personalized anaesthesia based on individual patient needs. In recent
years, there have been exciting developments in improving how we deliver anaesthesia through
the skin. Nanotechnology is a key player, using tiny particles to encapsulate and transport anaesthesia
agents, ensuring a controlled and steady release. This helps overcome challenges like inconsistent
absorption and other short-lasting effects seen with traditional methods. Microemulsion systems,
made of water, oil, surfactants, and co-surfactants, are another promising approach. They enhance
drug solubility and availability, providing a stable environment for including anaesthesia
agents. Transdermal patches are gaining attention too; they release drugs slowly and steadily, eliminating
the need for frequent reapplication and maintaining a constant drug level at the application
site. Smart polymers are bringing innovation by responding to specific triggers, enabling on-demand
drug release. This allows for personalized anaesthesia based on individual patient needs. Together,
these advancements mark a significant shift towards more effective, patient-friendly, and
personalized topical anaesthesia delivery systems.
The Relationship of Self-Care Knowledge Towards COVID-19 Crisis with Anxiety and Quality of Life in Infertile Women
Authors: Sharifi Farangis , Jahromi Bahia Namavar , Alirezaei Somayeh , Bordbar Mohammadreza Fayyazi , Roudsari Robab Latifnejad 
Published: October 2024

Introduction:
Self-care is any activity that establishes and maintains one’s own health and
prevents and deals with illnesses. According to the evidence, epidemiological crises affect individuals'
mental health. Also, dealing with infertility can lead to mental health issues. The present study
aimed to investigate the relationship of self-care knowledge towards the COVID-19 crisis with anxiety
and quality of life in infertile women.

Methods:
A cross-sectional online survey via the social media platform WhatsApp based on convenience
sampling of infertile women was conducted from April to December 2019 during the COVID-
19 pandemic in Infertility centers of Shiraz, a metropolis in the South of Iran. Data was collected by
demographic and infertility-related questionnaire, self-structured questionnaire of self-care
knowledge towards the COVID-19 crisis, Spielberger state anxiety and Fertility Quality of Life
questionnaire using Porsline software on a self-report basis. Inclusion criteria were infertile women
active in the virtual network. SPSS software IBM company version 20 was used for data analysis.

Results:
Most of the participants (62.2%) had average self-care knowledge about Covid-19. There
was an inverse, and significant relationship between self-care knowledge of COVID-19 and anxiety
of infertile women, i. e., the lower level of self-care knowledge of infertile women towards Covid-19
crisis was associated with a higher level of anxiety (p < 0.05). No significant relationship was found
between the level of self-care knowledge of COVID-19 and infertile women’s quality of life (P >
0.05).

Conclusion:
Increasing self-care knowledge of COVID-19 among infertile women could affect their
mental health. Education and increasing self-care knowledge during pandemics are recommended to
manage the anxiety of infertile women and, as a consequence, promote fertility.
Evaluation of a Kenaf Nanocrystalline Cellulose-based Hydrogel Containing
Platelet Lysate for Full-thickness Wound Healing
Authors: Bhatnagar Payal , Law Jia-Xian , Ng Shiow-Fern 
Published: October 2024

Introduction:
Healing full-thickness wounds is often challenging and time-consuming, with
complications such as scarring and infections. The standard treatment, split skin grafting, has limitations
due to the availability of healthy donors and suitability for immunocompromised patients.

Method:
Autologous platelet lysate (PL) has been popular for tissue regenerative potential because
it contains growth factors (GF) and is a safer option for bedridden patients with weak immune systems.
However, PL has inconsistent clinical efficacy, high costs, and a short half-life. To address
these issues, this study explores a novel delivery system by fabricating a chitosan/nanocrystalline
cellulose (CS/NCC) hydrogel to sustainably deliver autologous PL to the wound site. Notably, NCC
was prepared from kenaf bast fibers using acid hydrolysis and integrated into the CS matrix through
physical entrapment without any chemical crosslinkers. The composite hydrogel was then enriched
with autologous PL and further characterized for its physicochemical properties, in vitro GF release,
and compatibility with skin cells. At the molecular level, gene expression of wound healing genes
was facilitated using qPCR, revealing that the PL-supplemented hydrogel upregulated the expression
of extracellular matrix genes. An in vivo study using a full-thickness wound model demonstrated
that the CS-NCC-PL hydrogel dressing achieved 81.8% wound closure within 14 days, compared
to the control groups.

Result:
Histological analysis indicated enhanced re-epithelialization, angiogenesis, and collagen
deposition. Particularly, the CS-NCC-PL hydrogel group showed a significantly higher hydroxyproline
content (60.62 ± 11.46 μg/100 mg) by day 14. Immunohistochemistry results revealed elevated
levels of α-SMA and CD31, markers of myofibroblast presence and angiogenesis, peaking at day 7.

Conclusion:
These findings suggest that the CS-NCC-PL hydrogel is a promising personalized
wound dressing for bedridden patients, offering improved healing outcomes in hospital settings.
Medication Burden and Adverse Cardiovascular Events and Death in Patients Treated with Maintenance Hemodialysis
Authors: Park Cheol Ho , Ko Ye Eun , Heo Ga Young , Kim Bo Yeon , Oh Seong Ju , Han So Young , Park Jung Tak , Han Seung Hyeok , Yoo Tae-Hyun , Kang Shin-Wook , Kim Hyung Woo 
Published: October 2024

Key Points

A higher medication burden was associated with a higher risk of adverse events in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis.Medication burden can serve as a clinically relevant risk indicator for cardiovascular events and all-cause death in patients on maintenance hemodialysis.

Background
A high medication burden is associated with adverse outcomes. Although patients with ESKD have a substantial medication burden, the relationship between the number of medications in use and clinical outcomes in these patients remains unclear. Hence, this study aimed to investigate the prognostic implications of medication burden regarding adverse outcomes in patients with ESKD on maintenance hemodialysis.

Methods
We analyzed 29,690 patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis who participated in the Periodic Hemodialysis Quality Assessment conducted by the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service. The exposure of interest was the number of routinely prescribed oral medications. The main outcome was a composite of nonfatal cardiovascular events (nonfatal myocardial infarction, coronary revascularization, nonfatal stroke, or hospitalization for heart failure) or all-cause death (major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events [MACCEs]). The secondary outcomes were the individual components of the primary outcome.

Results
During a follow-up period of 146,749 person-years (median, 6.0 years), MACCEs occurred in 17,573 patients (59.2%). Higher medication burden was associated with progressively higher incidence of MACCEs (84.7, 107.2, 130.2, and 168.9 events per 1000 person-years in Q1–Q4, respectively). In a multivariable Cox proportional hazard model, the adjusted hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) for the second, third, and highest quartiles were 1.05 (1.00 to 1.10), 1.12 (1.07 to 1.17), and 1.27 (1.21 to 1.33), respectively, compared with the lowest quartile. In continuous modeling, each increase in the number of medication was associated with a 1.03-fold (95% confidence interval, 1.03 to 1.04) higher risk of the primary outcome.

Conclusion
A high medication burden was independently associated with higher risk of adverse cardiovascular outcomes and all-cause death in patients receiving maintenance hemodialysis. These findings suggest that a high medication burden could be a useful indicator of adverse clinical outcomes in patients undergoing hemodialysis.