bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Behaviors and Knowledge of HealthCorps New York City High School Students: Nutrition, Mental Health, and Physical Activity
Authors: Heo Moonseong , Irvin Erica , Ostrovsky Natania , Isasi Carmen , Blank Arthur E. , Lounsbury David W. , Fredericks Lynn , Yom Tiana , Ginsberg Mindy , Hayes Shawn , Wylie‐Rosett Judith 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDHealthCorps provides school wellness programming using curricula to promote changes in nutrition, mental health, and physical activity behaviors. The research objective was to evaluate effects of implementing its curricula on nutrition, mental health, and physical activity knowledge and behavior.METHODSPre‐ and postsurvey data were collected (N = 2255) during the 2012–2013 academic year from 14 New York City public high schools. An 18‐item knowledge questionnaire addressed 3 domains; 26 behavioral items were analyzed by factor analysis to identify 6 behavior domains, breakfast being a seventh 1‐item domain. We examined the effects stratified by sex, applying mixed‐effects models to take into account clustering effects of schools and participants adjusted for age.RESULTSThe HealthCorps program significantly increased all 3 knowledge domains (p < .05), and significantly changed several key behavioral domains. Boys significantly increased fruits/vegetables intake (p = .03). Girls increased acceptance of new fruits/vegetables (p = .03) and breakfast consumption (p = .04), and decreased sugar‐sweetened beverages and energy dense food intake (p = .03). The associations between knowledge and behavior were stronger in boys than girls.CONCLUSIONThe HealthCorps program significantly increased participants' knowledge on nutrition, mental health, and physical activity. It also improved several key behavioral domains, which are targets of the 2010 Dietary Guidelines to address obesity in youth.
The Impact of Tobacco‐Free School Policies on Youth Smoking Rates in Florida Public School Districts
Authors: Terry Amanda , Zhang Ning Jackie 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDeveloping and implementing policies to curb and prevent youth tobacco use is of the utmost importance. In Florida, public school districts were authorized to develop tobacco‐free school policies through an amendment to the Florida Clean Indoor Air Act in 2011. The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of tobacco‐free school policies on smoking rates among youth in Florida.METHODSAnalysis of covariance (ANCOVA) and a multiple regression analysis were used to determine whether the comprehensiveness and enforcement of tobacco‐free school policies affect the youth smoking rates within Florida public school districts. The 2010 and 2014 youth smoking rates were calculated based on the Florida Youth Tobacco Survey results.RESULTSThe 2010 youth smoking rate and the inclusion of the enforcement component with provision of cessation resources were statistically significant predictors of the 2014 youth smoking rate. However, the comprehensiveness level of a policy and the inclusion of an enforcement component were not statistically significant predictors.CONCLUSIONSThe inclusion of an enforcement component with provision of cessation resources is important in efforts to reduce youth smoking rates. The content of the tobacco‐free school policies seems to be less relevant to their effectiveness than the enforcement of the policies.
Periodontal tissue engineering by nano beta‐tricalcium phosphate scaffold and fibroblast growth factor‐2 in one‐wall infrabony defects of dogs
Authors: Ogawa K. , Miyaji H. , Kato A. , Kosen Y. , Momose T. , Yoshida T. , Nishida E. , Miyata S. , Murakami S. , Takita H. , Fugetsu B. , Sugaya T. , Kawanami M. 
Published: January 2016

Background and ObjectiveNanoparticle bioceramics are being investigated for biomedical applications. We fabricated a regenerative scaffold comprising type I collagen and beta‐tricalcium phosphate (β‐TCP) nanoparticles. Fibroblast growth factor‐2 (FGF‐2) is a bioeffective signaling molecule that stimulates cell proliferation and wound healing. This study examined the effects, on bioactivity, of a nano‐β‐TCP/collagen scaffold loaded withFGF‐2, particularly on periodontal tissue wound healing.Material and MethodsBeta‐tricalcium phosphate was pulverized into nanosize particles (84 nm) and was then dispersed. A nano‐β‐TCPscaffold was prepared by coating the surface of a collagen scaffold with a nanosize β‐TCPdispersion. Scaffolds were characterized using scanning electron microscopy, compressive testing, cell seeding and rat subcutaneous implant testing. Then, nano‐β‐TCPscaffold, nano‐β‐TCPscaffold loaded withFGF‐2 and noncoated collagen scaffold were implanted into a dog one‐wall infrabony defect model. Histological observations were made at 10 d and 4 wk postsurgery.ResultsScanning electron microscopy images show thatTCPnanoparticles were attached to collagen fibers. The nano‐β‐TCPscaffold showed higher compressive strength and cytocompatibility compared with the noncoated collagen scaffold. Rat subcutaneous implant tests showed that theDNAcontents of infiltrating cells in the nano‐β‐TCPscaffold and theFGF‐2‐loaded scaffold were approximately 2.8‐fold and 3.7‐fold greater, respectively, than in the collagen scaffold. Histological samples from the periodontal defect model showed about five‐fold greater periodontal tissue repair following implantation of the nano‐β‐TCPscaffold loaded withFGF‐2 compared with the collagen scaffold.ConclusionThe β‐TCPnanoparticle coating strongly improved the collagen scaffold bioactivity. Nano‐β‐TCPscaffolds containingFGF‐2 are anticipated for use in periodontal tissue engineering.
Pharmacokinetics of guaifenesin following administration of multiple doses to exercised Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Knych H. K. , Stanley S. D. , Benson D. , Arthur R. M. 
Published: January 2016

Guaifenesin is an expectorant commonly used in performance horses to aid in the clearance of mucus from the airways. Guaifenesin is also a centrally acting skeletal muscle relaxant and as such is a prohibited drug with withdrawal necessary prior to competition. To the authors' knowledge, there are no reports in the literature describing single or multiple oral administrations of guaifenesin in the horse to determine a regulatory threshold and related withdrawal time. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to describe the pharmacokinetics of guaifenesin following oral administration in order to provide data upon which appropriate regulatory recommendations can be established. Nine exercised Thoroughbred horses were administered 2 g of guaifenesin orally BID for a total of five doses. Blood samples were collected immediately prior to drug administration and at various times postadministration. Serum guaifenesin concentrations were determined and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated. Guaifenesin was rapidly absorbed (Tmax of 15 min) following oral administration. The Cmax was 681.3 ± 323.8 ng/mL and 1080 ± 732.8 following the first and last dose, respectively. The serum elimination half‐life was 2.62 ± 1.24 h. Average serum guaifenesin concentrations remained above the LOQ of the assay (0.5 ng/mL) by 48 h postadministration of the final dose in 3 of 9 horses.
Jewish conditions, theories of nationalism: cartographical notes
Authors: Riga Liliana , Hall John A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThinkers with Jewish backgrounds contributed powerfully to our understanding of nationalism. We examine the different Jewish conditions in East Central Europe and Russia at the end of the nineteenth and at the start of the twentieth century so as to map the theories of nationalism that resulted. Four such theories are identified, each illustrated with reference to particular thinkers.
Unexpected identification of a recurrent mutation in the DLX3 gene causing amelogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Kim Y‐J , Seymen F , Koruyucu M , Kasimoglu Y , Gencay K , Shin TJ , Hyun H‐K , Lee ZH , Kim J‐W 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo identify the molecular genetic aetiology of a family with autosomal dominant amelogenesis imperfecta (AI).Subjects and MethodsDNA samples were collected from a six‐generation family, and the candidate gene approach was used to screen for the enamelin (ENAM) gene. Whole‐exome sequencing and linkage analysis with SNP array data identified linked regions, and candidate gene screening was performed.ResultsMutational analysis revealed a mutation (c.561_562delCT and p.Tyr188Glnfs*13) in the DLX3 gene. After finding a recurrent DLX3 mutation, the clinical phenotype of the family members was re‐examined. The proband's mother had pulp elongation in the third molars. The proband had not hair phenotype, but her cousin had curly hair at birth.ConclusionsIn this study, we identified a recurrent 2‐bp deletional DLX3 mutation in a new family. The clinical phenotype was the mildest one associated with the DLX3 mutations. These results will advance the understanding of the functional role of DLX3 in developmental processes.
The “Heart Sign”: An Early Indicator of Dose‐Dependent Doxycycline‐Induced Phototoxicity
Authors: Nguyen Tuyet A. , Krakowski Andrew C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOral doxycycline is an antibiotic commonly used for the treatment of inflammatory acne in adolescents. Dose‐dependent phototoxicity, unrelated to dose duration, is a well‐known complication of its use. We present three adolescents who developed bilateral phototoxic rashes on the dorsal thenar spaces of their hands while taking doxycycline for their acne. Identification of the “heart sign” rash as a specific doxycycline‐related phototoxic reaction should alert clinicians to the need for prompt intervention, including sun protection counseling and a possible change in antibiotics, in the uniquely vulnerable adolescent population. Early recognition may allow patients to avoid future, more widespread phototoxic drug reactions.
Dynamics of perceived social network support for same‐sex versus mixed‐sex relationships
Authors: HOLMBERG DIANE , BLAIR KAREN L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIndividuals in mixed‐sex (n = 248) and same‐sex (n = 159) romantic relationships completed several online questions for each member of their social network, including the member's perceived support for their romantic relationship. Those in same‐sex relationships perceived less support for their relationship, but only from family members, not from friends. Levels of relationship support were lower among subjectively more distant network members than among closer network members. As hypothesized, associations between perceived support for the relationship and relationship, mental, and physical well‐being were weaker for those in same‐sex compared to mixed‐sex relationships. Principles of social network management and attributional ambiguity were used to explain the findings.
Ability of bed bug (Hemiptera:Cimicidae) defensive secretions (E)‐2‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐octenal to attract adults of the common bed bugCimex lectularius
Authors: Ulrich Kevin R. , Kramer Matthew , Feldlaufer Mark F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAccurate and timely surveillance of bed bug infestations is critical for the development of effective control strategies. Although the bed bug‐produced volatiles (E)‐2‐hexenal and (E)‐2‐octenal are considered as defensive secretions, the present study demonstrates, usingethovision®video‐tracking software (NoldusInformationTechnologyInc.,Leesburg,Virginia), that low amounts of these commercially‐obtained aldehydes function as attractants, and high amounts function as local repellents, against the common bed bugCimex lectulariusL. In behavioural assays, both males and femaleC. lectulariusare attracted to 0.04 µg of an aldehyde blend (1 : 1) for up to 1 h after initial treatment of filter paper disks. Males differ from females in their response to higher amounts of aldehydes, with females and males exhibiting maximum local repellency at 40 µg and 400 µg, respectively. The results suggest that these bed bug secretions may be candidates for lures and monitors.
Corticimorbus sinomyrti gen. et sp. nov. (Cryphonectriaceae) pathogenic to native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae) in South China
Authors: Chen S. F. , Wingfield M. J. , Li G. Q. , Liu F. F. 
Published: January 2016

The Cryphonectriaceae includes many important tree pathogens, especially of the Myrtales. Disease surveys on Myrtales in South China revealed a stem canker disease on native Rhodomyrtus tomentosa (Myrtaceae, Myrtales) trees in the proximity of Eucalyptus plantations in GuangXi Province and in a natural forestry area in the Hong Kong Region. Fruiting structures with typical characteristics of the Cryphonectriaceae were observed on the canker surfaces. The fungus was identified based on DNA sequence comparisons and morphological features, and its pathogenicity was tested on R. tomentosa under field conditions. DNA sequence comparisons for the partial large subunit, partial internal transcribed spacer nuclear ribosomal DNA, and two regions of the β‐tubulin gene showed that the fungus represents a previously undescribed genus and species in the Cryphonectriaceae. Based on morphology, the fungus is most similar to species in the genus Chrysoporthe, but can be distinguished from this and the other genera of Cryphonectriaceae. The fungus provided with the name Corticimorbus sinomyrti gen. et sp. nov., is described. Field inoculations showed that it is highly pathogenic to R. tomentosa trees, with the ability to kill inoculated branches within 4 weeks. Pathogenicity tests also showed that C. sinomyrti is pathogenic to a tested Eucalyptus clone. Pathogenicity on both native R. tomentosa and non‐native Eucalyptus suggests that this fungus should be monitored carefully to limit its possible spread to commercially grown Eucalyptus in South China.
Gender Inequality, Processes of Adaptation, and Female Local Initiatives in Cash Crop Production in Northern Tanzania
Authors: Manzanera‐Ruiz Roser , Lizárraga Carmen , Mwaipopo Rosemarie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis article contributes to development research, as well as research studying inequality in agricultural systems. We use empirical data from an ethnographic study in the village of Mamba, in northern Tanzania (2006–2009). This study analyzes the question of changing gender relations and the patriarchal constraints to collective action under market liberalization of cash crops. Our findings demonstrate that the shift to a market economy has influenced the nature of production relations, deepening inequalities in gender relations and the position of women. However, some women circumvent their disadvantaged situations through their association with various types of collective action groups or networks. In order to investigate the different impacts on women's lives, we analyze women's interest and motivations for these collective actions. We also identify the processes of adaptation to the new production relations through the coffee trade network and tomato cultivation groups, two local initiatives. We analyze the differences between these two forms of collective action and theorize on their different impacts on women's empowerment.
Malocclusion and the need for orthodontic treatment in 8‐year‐old children with Down syndrome: a cross‐sectional population‐based study
Authors: Andersson Els‐Marie , Axelsson Stefan , Katsaris Kristoffer P. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo describe the arch morphology and the prevalence and severity of malocclusions in 8‐year‐old children with DS, and to evaluate their need for treatment using the Norwegian Need for Orthodontic Treatment Index (NOTI), and comparing the findings with a control group.Materials and methodsThis population‐based cross‐sectional study was part of a national prospective study evaluating upper airway function, hearing, dental, and craniofacial characteristics in a cohort of children with DS in Norway. The cohort consisted of 32 children with DS and represented 57% of all children born with DS in Norway in 2002. Dental arch morphology and malocclusion were assessed on dental casts. Data were collected prospectively at the TAKO‐centre, National Resource Center for Oral Health in Rare Medical Conditions.ResultsAll the children with DS (100%) had objectively assessed needs for orthodontic treatment, compared with 30% of the normative comparison group. Among the children with DS, 68% were objectively categorized as being in “great need” (Category B) for treatment and the 75% were categorized as having “obvious need” (Category C). In comparison, only 20% of children without DS were in Category B, and 44% were in Category C.ConclusionThis study indicates significantly higher prevalence and severity of malocclusions in 8‐year‐old children with DS compared with control group.
Evaluation of optimal water fluoridation on the incidence and skeletal distribution of naturally arising osteosarcoma in pet dogs
Authors: Rebhun R. B. , Kass P. H. , Kent M. S. , Watson K. D. , Withers S. S. , Culp W. T. N. , King A. M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractExperimental toxicological studies in laboratory animals and epidemiological human studies have reported a possible association between water fluoridation and osteosarcoma (OSA). To further explore this possibility, a case‐control study of individual dogs evaluated by the UC Davis Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital was conducted using ecologic data on water fluoridation based on the owner's residence. The case group included 161 dogs with OSA diagnosed between 2008–2012. Two cancer control groups included dogs diagnosed with lymphoma (LSA) or hemangiosarcoma (HSA) during the same period (n = 134 and n = 145, respectively). Dogs with OSA were not significantly more likely to live in an area with optimized fluoride in the water than dogs with LSA or HSA. Additional analyses within OSA patients also revealed no significant differences in age, or skeletal distribution of OSA cases relative to fluoride status. Taken together, these analyses do not support the hypothesis that optimal fluoridation of drinking water contributes to naturally occurring OSA in dogs.
N‐Acetylcysteine reduces hyperacute intermittent hypoxia‐induced sympathoexcitation in human subjects
Authors: Jouett Noah P. , Moralez Gilbert , White Daniel W. , Eubank Wendy L. , Chen Shande , Tian Jun , Smith Michael L. , Zimmerman Matthew C. , Raven Peter B. 
Published: January 2016

New Findings

What is the central question of this study?
This study evaluated the following central question: does N‐acetylcysteine (N‐AC), an antioxidant that readily penetrates the blood–brain barrier, have the capability to reduce the increase in sympathetic nerve activity observed during hyperacute intermittent hypoxia?

What is the main finding and its importance?
We demonstrate that N‐AC decreases muscle sympathetic nerve activity in response to hyperacute intermittent hypoxia versus placebo control. This finding suggests that antioxidants, such as N‐AC, have therapeutic potential in obstructive sleep apnoea.

This investigation tested the following hypotheses: that (i) N‐acetylcysteine (N‐AC) attenuates hyperacute intermittent hypoxia‐induced sympathoexcitation, (ii) without elevating superoxide measured in peripheral venous blood. Twenty‐eight healthy human subjects were recruited to the study. One hour before experimentation, each subject randomly ingested either 70 mg kg−1 of N‐AC (n = 16) or vehicle placebo (n = 12). Three‐lead ECG and arterial blood pressure, muscle sympathetic nerve activity (n = 17) and whole‐blood superoxide concentration (using electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy; n = 12) were measured. Subjects underwent a 20 min hyperacute intermittent hypoxia training (hAIHT) protocol that consisted of cyclical end‐expiratory apnoeas with 100% nitrogen. N‐AC decreased muscle sympathetic nerve activity after hAIHT compared with placebo (P < 0.02). However, N‐AC did not alter superoxide concentrations in venous blood compared with placebo (P > 0.05). Moreover, hAIHT did not increase superoxide concentrations in the peripheral circulation as measured by electron paramagnetic resonance (P > 0.05). Based on these findings, we contend that (i) hAIHT and (ii) the actions of N‐AC in hAIHT are primarily mediated centrally rather than peripherally, although central measurements of reactive oxygen species are difficult to obtain in human subjects, thus making this assertion difficult to verify. This investigation suggests the possibility of developing a pharmaceutical therapy to inhibit the sympathoexcitation associated with obstructive sleep apnoea.
Continuous attractor network models of grid cell firing based on excitatory–inhibitory interactions
Authors: Shipston‐Sharman Oliver , Solanka Lukas , Nolan Matthew F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNeurons in the medial entorhinal cortex encode location through spatial firing fields that have a grid‐like organisation. The challenge of identifying mechanisms for grid firing has been addressed through experimental and theoretical investigations of medial entorhinal circuits. Here, we discuss evidence for continuous attractor network models that account for grid firing by synaptic interactions between excitatory and inhibitory cells. These models assume that grid‐like firing patterns are the result of computation of location from velocity inputs, with additional spatial input required to oppose drift in the attractor state. We focus on properties of continuous attractor networks that are revealed by explicitly considering excitatory and inhibitory neurons, their connectivity and their membrane potential dynamics. Models at this level of detail can account for theta‐nested gamma oscillations as well as grid firing, predict spatial firing of interneurons as well as excitatory cells, show how gamma oscillations can be modulated independently from spatial computations, reveal critical roles for neuronal noise, and demonstrate that only a subset of excitatory cells in a network need have grid‐like firing fields. Evaluating experimental data against predictions from detailed network models will be important for establishing the mechanisms mediating grid firing.
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