bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Species Status Assessment Process for Decisions under the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Authors: Smith David R. , Allan Nathan L. , McGowan Conor P. , Szymanski Jennifer A. , Oetker Susan R. , Bell Heather M. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Decisions under the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA) require scientific input on the risk that the species will become extinct. A series of critiques on the role of science in ESA decisions have called for improved consistency and transparency in species risk assessments and clear distinctions between science input and policy application. To address the critiques and document the emerging practice of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), we outline an assessment process based on principles and practices of risk and decision analyses that results in a scientific report on species status. The species status assessment (SSA) process has three successive stages: 1) document the life history and ecological relationships of the species in question to provide the foundation for the assessment, 2) describe and hypothesize causes for the current condition of the species, and 3) forecast the species' future condition. The future condition refers to the ability of a species to sustain populations in the wild under plausible future scenarios. The scenarios help explore the species' response to future environmental stressors and to assess the potential for conservation to intervene to improve its status. The SSA process incorporates modeling and scenario planning for prediction of extinction risk and applies the conservation biology principles of representation, resiliency, and redundancy to evaluate the current and future condition. The SSA results in a scientific report distinct from policy application, which contributes to streamlined, transparent, and consistent decision-making and allows for greater technical participation by experts outside of the USFWS, for example, by state natural resource agencies. We present two case studies based on assessments of the eastern massasauga rattlesnake Sistrurus catenatus and the Sonoran Desert tortoise Gopherus morafkai to illustrate the process. The SSA builds upon the past threat-focused assessment by including systematic and explicit analyses of a species' future response to stressors and conservation, and as a result, we believe it provides an improved scientific analysis for ESA decisions.
Cumulative Spring Discharge and Survey Effort Influence Occupancy and Detection of a Threatened Freshwater Mussel, the Suwannee Moccasinshell
Authors: Holcomb Jordan M. , Shea Colin P. , Johnson Nathan A. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Freshwater mussels (Unionidae) are among the most imperiled groups of organisms in the world, and the lack of information regarding species distributions, life-history characteristics, and ecological and biological requirements may limit the protection of remaining mussel populations. We examined the influence of hydrologic factors on the occurrence of the Suwannee Moccasinshell Medionidus walkeri, a federally threatened freshwater mussel species, endemic to the Suwannee River Basin in Georgia and Florida. We also evaluated the influence of survey effort on detection of Suwannee Moccasinshell during field surveys. We compiled all recent (2013–2016) mussel survey records in the Suwannee River Basin. We calculated cumulative discharge contributed by upstream springs for each of 220 survey locations. We combined the spring discharge predictor variable with Suwannee Moccasinshell detection and nondetection data from each survey location to develop a suite of occupancy models. Modeling results indicated that detection of Suwannee Moccasinshell during surveys was strongly and positively related to survey effort. Modeling results also indicated that sites with cumulative spring discharge inputs exceeding ∼28 cubic meters per second were most likely (i.e., predicted occupancy probabilities &gt;0.5) to support Suwannee Moccasinshell populations. However, occupancy declined in the lowermost reaches of the Suwannee mainstem despite high spring discharge inputs, presumably due to greater tidal influences and differences in physicochemical habitat conditions. Historical localities where Suwannee Moccasinshell has presumably been extirpated are all devoid of springs in their upstream watersheds. We hypothesize that springs may buffer extremely tannic, and at times polluted, surface waters, in addition to maintaining adequate flows during periods of drought, thereby promoting the persistence of Suwannee Moccasinshell populations. Our study suggests that springs are a critical resource for Suwannee Moccasinshell and may be more important for conservation planning than was previously recognized.
Reduced High-order Aberrations using Wavefront-guided Partial Photorefractive Keratectomy and Accelerated Epithelium-off Corneal Cross-linking for Keratoconus
Authors: Rocha Guillermo , Penner Victor , Lewis Kylee 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To demonstrate clinical outcomes of epithelium-off corneal cross-linking (CXL) in combination with wavefront-guided photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) for the treatment of keratoconuns.

Materials and methods
Total, 28 keratoconic eyes of 21 patients were included. The Sirius Wavefront Analyzer (SCHWIND eye-tech-solutions GmbH and Co. KG) was used to evaluate the high-order aberrations (HOAs). The coupled Amaris 750S excimer laser then performed a PRK of no more than 40 μm using the measured HOA. The CXL was then carried out respecting the standard of 400 μm of corneal thickness.

Results
The average age was 32 (15—48) years. Uncorrected distance visual acuity (UDVA) improved from 0.58 to 0.31 logMAR (p < 0.001), with best corrected distance visual acuity (CDVA) improving from 0.03 to 0.02 logMAR (p = 0.7).
On manifest refraction, the average spherical component decreased from –1.87 to –1.40 D (0.47 ± 2.12, p = 0.4). Cylinder decreased from 2.18 to 0.87 D (1.31 ± 1.14 D, p < 0.001).
All HOAs decreased: total HO 0.94 to 0.58 (0.36 ± 0.42, p = 0.05); spherical aberration: 0.142 to –0.018 (0.160 ± 0.160, p < 0.001); secondary astigmatism: 0.21 to 0.11 (0.10 ± 0.11, p = 0.02); coma: 0.80 to 0.42 (0.38 ± 0.47, p = 0.03); trefoil: 0.33 to 0.29 (0.04 ± 0.17, p = 0.7).

Conclusion
Utilizing HOA to guide the laser treatment in combination with CXL resulted in a significant decrease of HOA at 6 months postprocedure. This is a small case series, but demonstrates a promising trend of improved HOA. Considering that keratoconic eyes have very irregular surfaces with significant HOA, reducing these aberrations should improve best corrected quality of vision. Having longer follow-up and greater numbers may demonstrate a clearer improvement.

How to cite this article
Penner V, Lewis K, Rocha G. Reduced High-order Aberrations using Wavefront-guided Partial Photorefractive Keratectomy and Accelerated Epithelium-off Corneal Cross-linking for Keratoconus. Int J Kerat Ect Cor Dis 2017;6(2):73-77.
We Think a Lot
Authors: Cummings Alex Sayf 
Published: January 2018

The Research Triangle has been called North Carolina’s “axis of cool” and “hipster vibe factory” full of food trucks and indie bands. For decades, North Carolinians have boasted that the three-city “triangle” of Raleigh, Durham, and Chapel Hill includes the greatest concentration of PhDs of any region in the country. This essay shows planners and boosters successfully leveraged local universities and cultural resources to attract firms such as IBM and Glaxo since the late 1950s, arguing that smart people—scientists and engineers—wanted to live around other smart people. In doing so, they not only established one of the South’s most dynamic tech hubs, but also prefigured the “creative class” strategy of development over forty years before urbanist Richard Florida coined it.
The concurrence of atmospheric rivers and explosive cyclogenesis in the North Atlantic and North Pacific basins
Authors: Eiras-Barca Jorge , Ramos Alexandre M. , Pinto Joaquim G. , Trigo Ricardo M. , Liberato Margarida L. R. , Miguez-Macho Gonzalo 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The explosive cyclogenesis of extratropical cyclones and the occurrence of
atmospheric rivers are characteristic features of a baroclinic atmosphere,
and are both closely related to extreme hydrometeorological events in the
mid-latitudes, particularly on coastal areas on the western side of the
continents. The potential role of atmospheric rivers in the explosive cyclone
deepening has been previously analysed for selected case studies, but
a general assessment from the climatological perspective is still missing.
Using ERA-Interim reanalysis data for 1979–2011, we analyse the concurrence
of atmospheric rivers and explosive cyclogenesis over the North Atlantic and
North Pacific basins for the extended winter months (ONDJFM). Atmospheric
rivers are identified for almost 80 % of explosive deepening cyclones.
For non-explosive cyclones, atmospheric rivers are found only in roughly
40 % of the cases. The analysis of the time evolution of the high
values of water vapour flux associated with the atmospheric river during the
cyclone development phase leads us to hypothesize that the identified
relationship is the fingerprint of a mechanism that raises the odds of an
explosive cyclogenesis occurrence and not merely a statistical relationship.
These new insights on the relationship between explosive cyclones and
atmospheric rivers may be helpful to a better understanding of the associated
high-impact weather events.
INVESTIGATION OF CARBON BLACK AND SILICA SURFACE STRUCTURE BY STATIC GAS ADSORPTION WITH VARIOUS GASES
Authors: Plagge J. , Klüppel M. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
The surface of various carbon black and silica grades is characterized via static gas adsorption using different gases. From decomposition of the adsorption isotherm into distinct energetic contributions, the adsorption energy distribution as well as the surface area are obtained. The decomposition is done by an iterative expectation maximization algorithm specifically designed for this problem. It is found that the adsorption isotherms of the various gases differ significantly in the low-pressure regime, leading to characteristic energy distributions with distinct maxima. As expected, the mean adsorption energy generally increases with the cross section of the gases, and systematic deviations are found reflecting the polar and dispersive interaction characteristics of silica and carbon black, respectively. The surface fractal dimension of two different carbon black grades is estimated using the yardstick method. The obtained values 2.6 and 2.7 agree with previous findings that the carbon black surface morphology is very rough. The adsorption of CO2 on both carbon blacks delivers unexpectedly low values of the monolayer coverage or specific surface area, indicating that mainly high energetic sites of the surface are covered. In consequence, compared with N2, a relatively high value of the mean adsorption energy is found. For both investigated silicas, the mean adsorption energy scales with the quadrupole moments of CO2 and N2, which is indicative of a large polar contribution to interaction energy.
The Gift, and Death, of Blackness
Authors: Winters Joseph 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In this article, I respond to the idiom of “Black people's gifts,” a term that is often associated with W. E. B. Du Bois and that was frequently invoked in the wake of the Emmanuel AME Massacre. I contend that there are at least two different ways of thinking about Black gifts, a doubleness that runs throughout Du Bois's writings. On the one hand, we can read the gift simply as Black people's positive contributions to U.S. exceptionalism—Black courage, sacrifice, and even death ultimately function to advance and fortify imperial projects. Yet Du Bois also indicates that we might think of the gift of Blackness as that which cuts against these kinds of instrumental logics. To develop this second sense of the gift, I turn to the work of Georges Bataille and Toni Morrison, authors who link the gift of (Black) death with anguish, opacity, and intimacy with the dismembered.
Gordon Matta-Clark’s Anarchitecture
Authors: Wallace Erin 
Published: January 2018

Gordon Matta-Clark’s ‘anarchitecture’ applied anarchist strategies of mutual-aid, direct action, and critiques of property to urban spaces in a bid to destabilize the top-down procedures of architecture and urban renewal. This chapter challenges scholarship's predominantly biographical approach to Matta-Clark’s work with a study of Window Blowout, a pivotal work that connects Matta-Clark to social justice and artist protest actions in 1960s-70s New York. Confronting the complacency of architects, Matta-Clark shot out windows at an architecture exhibition, placing photographs of South Bronx housing—blighted with broken windows—in the casements. With this action as a focal point, I explore Matta-Clark’s challenge to mainstream perspectives on violence, urban renewal, and vandalism in the context of New York’s urban crisis.
Selección y diseño de tareas e ítems en las pruebas del SIELE
Authors: Soria Inés , Duque Aurora , Fruns Javier , López Francisco 
Published: January 2018

La Unidad de Certificación Lingüística del Instituto Cervantes ha participado en el diseño del SIELE, Servicio Internacional de Evaluación de la Lengua Española. Este artículo:- analiza las características de este nuevo sistema certificativo en contraste con los DELE;- explica los criterios que se han utilizado en el diseño de las pruebas de este examen por ordenador;- y describe el proceso de creación de tareas, en el que participan las instituciones promotoras, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Universidad de Salamanca, Universidad de Buenos Aires e Instituto Cervantes, junto con Telefónica Educación Digital.
Investigación-acción sobre un programa de aprendizaje-servicio en la didáctica de la educación física
Authors: Chiva-Bartoll Òscar , Capella Peris Carlos , Pallarès Piquer Marc 
Published: January 2018

<p class="Default">Introducción: El artículo relata una investigación-acción realizada sobre un programa de Aprendizaje-Servicio en el área de Didáctica de la Educación Física. El trabajo se fundamenta sobre los resultados de múltiples investigaciones previas y tiene por objetivo mejorar un programa de Aprendizaje-Servicio para favorecer la adquisición de habilidades y actitudes sociales de los futuros docentes. Para alcanzar un marco de comprensión amplio y exhaustivo sobre los efectos de la intervención planificada se empleó un método de investigación mixto. Método: por una parte, se analizó el contenido de entrevistas y diarios de seguimiento del alumnado y, por otra, se implementó un diseño cuasi-experimental con tres grupos no equivalentes. El análisis cuantitativo estuvo constituido por pruebas t student para comparaciones pretest-postest, y un análisis de varianza (ANOVA) para la comparación postest. Resultado: de estas pruebas se desprende que los dos grupos experimentales, al contrario que el grupo control, mejoraron significativamente sus habilidades y actitudes sociales tras sendos programas de Aprendizaje-Servicio. Discusión: el estudio cualitativo contribuyó a complementar y mejorar la comprensión sobre los efectos del programa al matizar las habilidades y actitudes sociales logradas, que tras el análisis multi-fase realizado se agrupaban en torno a tres categorías: conciencia de grupo, implicación y organización grupal, y habilidades de comunicación. Conclusiones: se concluyó que podría ser necesario mejorar el modelo de reflexión y deliberación inherente al programa, estableciéndose así las bases para una nueva planificación.<em><br /></em></p>
Insurrection as anti-securitization communication
Authors: Loadenthal Michael 
Published: January 2018

In the final chapter, the reader is tasked with evaluating three central claims. First, the question of canonization is revisited to argue not for a library of thought based in aged texts, but rather a fluid framework based in action and post-action analysis. Secondly, using the lens of poststructuralism the notion of deterritorialized power is discussed as conceived of by non-insurrectionary theorists. Through the exploration of key thinkers such as Michael Hardt, Antonio Negri, Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari, the book argues that the insurrectionary notion of “The Totality” serves to expand the notion of intersectionality, making key connections that allow a critical understanding of structural violence and security. Finally, the chapter examines the performative and spectacular nature of insurrectionary violence specifically, and political violence generally. Through a discussion of speaking via communiqués, the chapter concludes by modeling a relationship between those that produce spectacle as a form of communication, and the audience the traditionally receives it.
‘Poetry, as I comprehend the word’: Charlotte Brontë’s lyric afterlife
Authors: Barton Anna 
Published: January 2018

This chapter explores the apparently limited afterlife of Charlotte Brontë’s poetry. Addressing the critical fortunes of the Aylott and Jones collection of 1846 and considering Brontë's discussion of poetry in her letters, it argues that the author incorporates traces of the early poetry into her novels in different guises. Focusing on The Professor, Jane Eyre and Shirley, this chapter proposes Brontë’s fiction as a sequence of experiments in the poetics of the Victorian novel that retrieve and reform the Romantic lyric, granting it a marketable posthumousness and securing the feminine lyric voice for the printed page.
To travel to suffer: towards a reverse anthropology of the early modern colonial body
Authors: Vanhaesebrouck Karel 
Published: January 2018

By focusing on the way early modern plays staged these colonial encounters, this contribution will address the question of the enslaved body which functioned as a site of both cultural exoticism and compassionate identification, directly dealing with complex issues such as pain, cruelty and martyrdom. This chapter will take two specific texts as its starting point: the fascinating play Les Portugais infortunés (1608) by Nicolas Chrétien des Croix, which stages an encounter of a shipwrecked Portuguese crew with an indigenous African tribe, and La Peinture spirituelle (1611) by Louis Richome, the account of the massacre of 39 Catholic martyrs from the ‘Compagnie de Jésus’, murdered by Protestants, on their way to Brazil on the 15th of July in 1570. In both cases the human body functions as a spectacular locus of intercultural dialogue (or warfare). This chapter proposes an analysis of both texts, not as literature in the first place, but as artefacts of cultural imagination which question the idea of alterity and the all too easy dichotomy between the self and the other, while at the same time showing that Europe, Africa and Brazil (or by extension South America) share a history and a culture of the (hurt) body.
Galileo Programme: Planning Uncertainty and Imagining the Possible and the Impossible
Authors: Benedicto Javier , Plasencia Adolfo 
Published: January 2018

The engineer, Javier Benedicto, head of the Galileo Programme Department at ESA, describes in this dialogue the frustration felt by scientists who work in space agencies. The long-term nature of their projects means that those who envision and design a space mission are forced to leave the future generation to implement the mission as well as processing the results. He explains that although it is hard to believe, uncertainty also hovers over the Galileo space programme meaning they also have to consider that the impos∫sible could actually occur. He relates how in Galileo they ‘manufacture’ their own notion of ‘universal time’ that will be used worldwide and explains how they are working with this time, which is accurate to a nanofraction of a second. He goes on to explain how they managed to persuade the Russians (Glasnoss), Chinese (Beidou) and North Americans (GPS) to agree to cooperate and, at the same time, make their systems compatible with Galileo’s future GPS system for civilian use.
“Affective Computing” Is Not an Oxymoron
Authors: Picard Rosalind W. , Plasencia Adolfo 
Published: January 2018

In this dialogue, the scientist Rosalind W. Picard from MIT Media Lab begins by explaining why the expression "Affective computing" is not an oxymoron, and describes how they are trying to bridge the gap between information systems and human emotions in her laboratory. She details how they are attempting to give computers and digital machines better abilities so that they can “see” the emotions of their users, and outlines what a machine would have to be like to pass the Turing ‘emotions’ test. Rosalind goes on to describe why emotion is part of all communication, even when the communication itself might not explicitly have emotion in it, arguing that consciousness also involves feelings that cannot be expressed and why emotional experience is an essential part of the normal functioning of the conscious system. Later she outlines her research in affective computing, where they managed to measure signals using a sensor that responds to some human emotion or feelings, and explains how technology can become a sort of ‘affective prosthesis’ to help the disabled, and people with difficulties, in understanding and handling emotions.
Mind, Brain, and Behavior
Authors: Pascual-Leone Alvaro , Plasencia Adolfo 
Published: January 2018

In this dialogue, the Harvard neuroscientist, Alvaro Pascual-Leone initially reflects on the importance of ‘unlearning’ and forgetting. He then gives a detailed explanation of, and how he carries out, transcraneal magnetic stimulation (TMS) and how he uses this technology to fight diseases, as well as explaining his experiments on inattentional blindness. He then discusses how the brain acts as a hypothesis generator and whether the brain, the mind and the soul are different things or not. Later reflect on the questions: Is the mind and what we are a consequence of the brain’s structure? Do changes in the brain change our reality? And why are a person’s dreams important? Then he explains how freewill and decision-making work from the brain, and relates his vision of intelligence and where it may be generated from, explaining the differences between the mind and the brain. He finally reflects on what is known so far about the brain’s “dark energy” and the way we are continuously being surprised by the wonders of the brain's plasticity.
Lagrangian Timescales of Southern Ocean Upwelling in a Hierarchy of Model Resolutions
Authors: Drake Henri F. , Morrison Adele K. , Griffies Stephen M. , Sarmiento Jorge L. , Weijer Wilbert , Gray Alison R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this paper we study upwelling pathways and timescales of Circumpolar Deep Water (CDW) in a hierarchy of models using a Lagrangian particle tracking method. Lagrangian timescales of CDW upwelling decrease from 87 years to 31 years to 17 years as the ocean resolution is refined from 1° to 0.25° to 0.1°. We attribute some of the differences in timescale to the strength of the eddy fields, as demonstrated by temporally degrading high‐resolution model velocity fields. Consistent with the timescale dependence, we find that an average Lagrangian particle completes 3.2 circumpolar loops in the 1° model in comparison to 0.9 loops in the 0.1° model. These differences suggest that advective timescales and thus interbasin merging of upwelling CDW may be overestimated by coarse‐resolution models, potentially affecting the skill of centennial scale climate change projections.