bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding the Sunni Realignment inIraq with Complexity Theory
Authors: Maye Diane L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractConcurrent to the surge of U.S. forces in Iraq between 2006 and 2008, Sunni tribesmen in the U.S. Marine‐controlled western Anbar province of Iraq experienced an “awakening” movement, which led them to side with U.S. and coalition forces. The Sunni Awakening demonstrates that individuals will often realign because of betrayal and opportunities for advancement. It also demonstrates that individual motives can have macrolevel social consequences. Complexity theory suggests that political factions will realign based on individual considerations that then develop into macrolevel movements. Complexity theory also combines both agency (in terms of microbehaviors) and structure (in terms of initial conditions). An important concept within the complexity literature is the idea of “critical mass.” Theories of self‐organization suggest that individual considerations aggregate to a point of critical mass to become macrolevel movements. In the case of Iraq, you had individuals who decided as individuals to align with the Americans, but the macrolevel Awakening movement did not gain momentum until enough individuals had joined the movement. This pattern suggests that complexity theory can be used as a framework for understanding how critical mass is achieved in realignment.
Eusocial bee male aggregations: spatially and temporally separated but genetically homogenous
Authors: dos Santos Charles Fernando , Francisco Flávio de Oliveira , Imperatriz‐Fonseca Vera Lucia , Arias Maria Cristina 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMale insects mostly aggregate near sites where sexually reproductive virgin females are found and where mating occur. This reproductive strategy is quite common in Hymenoptera and appears to decrease the chances of inbreeding. In Hymenoptera, inbred mating frequently result in sterile diploid males. Production of diploid males may reach high proportions in small bee populations, and it usually lead to population extinction within a small number of generations. Aggregation of males during a short period of time allow the mixing of local genes. In this paper, we analyzed male aggregations of Tetragonisca angustula (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Apidae), a eusocial stingless bee, using microsatellite molecular markers. We used population genetic statistics for haplodiploid organisms to address genetic structuring among male aggregations. Our findings indicate that, in general, male aggregations of T. angustula occurring over short time scales and in close proximity are genetically homogeneous as if a single aggregation. We conclude that T. angustula males randomly disperse within a population looking for mating chances rather than settle on a distinct male aggregation. This behavior seems to contribute to the reduction of inbreeding in this species.
Presence of weed fungus in a non‐social beetle–fungus cultivation mutualism
Authors: TOKI WATARU , KAWAKITA ATSUSHI , TOGASHI KATSUMI 
Published: February 2016

1. Farming by non‐human organisms has arisen independently in several animal lineages, allowing them to survive on food sources that are otherwise difficult to access. However, agricultural gardens are prone to invasion by parasites that overgrow cultivars in the absence of host animals. The presence of garden parasites and associated host adaptations are well studied in advanced fungal agriculture practised by social insects (ants, termites, and ambrosia beetles), but the impact of garden parasites in more primitive forms of agriculture is poorly known. The aim of the present study was to report the presence of weed fungi in fungal gardens of the non‐social lizard beetle Doubledaya bucculenta Lewis (Coleoptera: Erotylidae: Languriinae), which cultivates the yeast Wickerhamomyces anomalus (E.C. Hansen) Kurtzman, Robnett & Bas.‐Powers in the internodes of recently dead bamboo culms.2. The filamentous fungi Arthrinium spp., Fusarium spp., and an unidentified species were isolated from the inner wall and insect‐made wall debris of bamboo internodes inhabited by the beetle.3. When cultured together with the yeast in the absence of host larvae, Arthrinium sp.1 outcompeted the yeast, suggesting that this filamentous fungus can invade yeast gardens but is normally suppressed under natural conditions.4. Rearing experiments showed that beetle larvae grew faster when grown on yeast cultures than when fed only Arthrinium sp.1.5. These results suggest that Arthrinium sp.1 acts as a weed in the fungal gardens of D. bucculenta, inhibiting both growth of the beetle larvae and proliferation of the beneficial yeast.
Measuring floral resource availability for insect pollinators in temperate grasslands – a review
Authors: SZIGETI VIKTOR , KŐRÖSI ÁDÁM , HARNOS ANDREA , NAGY JÁNOS , KIS JÁNOS 
Published: February 2016

1. The relationship between pollinators and flowering plants plays a crucial role in the function of terrestrial ecosystems. Although pollinators use floral nectar and pollen as food resources, no general methodology for floral resource availability estimates exists.2. A brief review is provided on floral resource sampling methods frequently used in pollination studies. The focus is on how representative vegetation samples are both spatially and temporally, and how these are constrained by sampling effort.3. Field studies investigating flowering plant abundance for insect pollinators in temperate grasslands were selected. We categorised the reviewed studies according to aims, sampling units, and count variables used and provide a descriptive summary on methodology. We also searched for trade‐offs between different aspects of sampling investment.4. One hundred and fifty‐eight pollination studies were reviewed. Large methodological differences were found, and vegetation sampling was presented in many studies insufficiently. Sampling covered a small proportion (median: 0.69%) of the study sites, with long intervals (median: 30 days), and most studies lasted only a few years. The most often used count variables were indirect proxies of floral resources. Negative relationships were found in some of the different aspects of sampling, e.g. the proportion of site covered with sampling decreased with increasing site area.5. By tailoring sampling methods to specific research questions, research effort should be optimally allocated to obtain proper spatio‐temporal resolution and data coverage. Guidelines were suggested to design sampling, e.g. to increase coverage and frequency. Further field work on optimising sampling techniques is mandatory.
A framework for integrating thermal biology into fragmentation research
Authors: Tuff K. T. , Tuff T. , Davies K. F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHabitat fragmentation changes thermal conditions in remnant patches, and thermal conditions strongly influence organism morphology, distribution, and activity patterns. However, few studies explore temperature as a mechanism driving ecological responses to fragmentation. Here we offer a conceptual framework that integrates thermal biology into fragmentation research to better understand individual, species, community, and ecosystem‐level responses to fragmentation. Specifically, the framework addresses how fragmentation changes temperature and how the effects of those temperature changes spread through the ecosystem, from organism response via thermal sensitivity, to changes in species distribution and activity patterns, to shifts in community structure following species' responses, and ultimately to changes in ecosystem functions. We place a strong emphasis on future research directions by outlining “Critical gaps” for each step of the framework. Empirical efforts to apply and test this framework promise new understanding of fragmentation's ecological consequences and new strategies for conservation in an increasingly fragmented and warmer world.
Intermediate activity of midge antifreeze protein is due to a tyrosine‐rich ice‐binding site and atypical ice plane affinity
Authors: Basu Koli , Wasserman Samantha S. , Jeronimo Paul S. , Graham Laurie A. , Davies Peter L. 
Published: February 2016

An antifreeze protein (AFP) from a midge (Chironomidae) was recently discovered and modelled as a tightly wound disulfide‐braced solenoid with a surface‐exposed rank of stacked tyrosines. New isoforms of the midge AFP have been identified from RT‐PCR and are fully consistent with the model. Although they differ in the number of 10‐residue coils, the row of tyrosines that form the putative ice‐binding site is conserved. Recombinant midge AFP has been produced, and the properly folded form purified by ice affinity. This monomeric AFP has a distinct circular dichroism spectrum, a melting temperature between 35 and 50 °C and is fully renaturable on cooling. Mutagenesis of the middle tyrosine in the rank of seven eliminates antifreeze activity, whereas mutation of a tyrosine off this predicted ice‐binding face had no such effect. This AFP has unusual properties compared to other known AFPs. First, its freezing‐point depression activity is intermediate between that of the hyperactive and moderately active AFPs. As with hyperactive AFPs, when midge AFP‐bound ice crystals exceed their freezing‐point depression, ice grows explosively perpendicular to the c‐axis. However, midge AFP does not bind to the basal plane of ice as do hyperactive AFPs, but rather to a pyramidal plane that is at a shallower angle relative to the basal plane than binding planes of moderate AFPs. These properties distinguish midge AFP from all other ice‐binding proteins and the intermediate activity level fits well to the modest challenge of protecting newly emerged adult insects from late spring frosts.DatabaseNucleotide sequences of new midge AFP isoforms are available in the GenBank database under accession numbers KU094814–8. Sequences will be released after publication.
Life prediction based on weight‐averaged maximum shear strain range plane under multiaxial variable amplitude loading
Authors: Tao Z.‐Q. , Shang D.‐G. , Liu H. , Chen H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBased on Wang and Brown's reversal counting method, a new approach to the determination of the critical plane is proposed by the defined plane with a weight‐averaged maximum shear strain range under multiaxial variable amplitude loading. According to the determined critical plane, a detailed procedure of multiaxial fatigue life prediction is introduced to predict lives in the low‐cycle multiaxial fatigue regime. The proposed approach is verified by two multiaxial fatigue damage models and Miner's linear cumulative damage law. The results showed that the proposed approach can effectively predict the orientation of the failure plane under multiaxial variable amplitude loading and give a satisfactory life prediction.
Student Enrollment in World Languages:L'Égalité des Chances?
Authors: Baggett Hannah Carson 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStudents enrolled in world language classes experience many positive academic and developmental outcomes, and world language classes are often gateways to institutions of higher education in the United States. However, not all learners have access to world language classes. Differences in language class availability exist not only between school districts but also within individual districts. The purpose of this study was to explore world language offerings and middle and high school enrollment patterns across different school contexts in four large local education agencies in North Carolina during the 2013–2014 academic year. Findings indicated that more choices and levels of languages were offered in schools where 50% or more of the students were white. In addition, results from chi‐square tests revealed that African American and Latino male students were consistently underrepresented in world language classes. Implications for students and policy makers are discussed.
Interactive effects of global change factors on soil respiration and its components: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Zhou Lingyan , Zhou Xuhui , Shao Junjiong , Nie Yuanyuan , He Yanghui , Jiang Liling , Wu Zhuoting , Hosseini Bai Shahla 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs the second largest carbon (C) flux between the atmosphere and terrestrial ecosystems, soil respiration (Rs) plays vital roles in regulating atmosphericCO2concentration ([CO2]) and climatic dynamics in the earth system. Although numerous manipulative studies and a few meta‐analyses have been conducted to determine the responses of Rs and its two components [i.e., autotrophic (Ra) and heterotrophic (Rh) respiration] to single global change factors, the interactive effects of the multiple factors are still unclear. In this study, we performed a meta‐analysis of 150 multiple‐factor (≥2) studies to examine the main and interactive effects of global change factors on Rs and its two components. Our results showed that elevated [CO2] (E), nitrogen addition (N), irrigation (I), and warming (W) induced significant increases in Rs by 28.6%, 8.8%, 9.7%, and 7.1%, respectively. The combined effects of the multiple factors,EN,EW,DE,IE,IN,IW,IEW, andDEW, were also significantly positive on Rs to a greater extent than those of the single‐factor ones. For all the individual studies, the additive interactions were predominant on Rs (90.6%) and its components (≈70.0%) relative to synergistic and antagonistic ones. However, the different combinations of global change factors (e.g.,EN,NW,EW,IW) indicated that the three types of interactions were all important, with two combinations for synergistic effects, two for antagonistic, and five for additive when at least eight independent experiments were considered. In addition, the interactions of elevated [CO2] and warming had opposite effects on Ra and Rh, suggesting that different processes may influence their responses to the multifactor interactions. Our study highlights the crucial importance of the interactive effects among the multiple factors on Rs and its components, which could inform regional and global models to assess the climate–biosphere feedbacks and improve predictions of the future states of the ecological and climate systems.
Community Changes and Growth in Small Cities: Resident Perceptions of Growth in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada
Authors: Ramsey Doug , Michalos Alex , Eberts Derrek 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWhile research on rural depopulation and urbanization to large cities has dominated the literature for decades, small city growth has been largely ignored. Yet, small cities are important to the regional systems in which they are located, including serving as centres to their rural surround. This paper is concerned about growth and change in small cities. Using Brandon, Manitoba as an example, citizen perceptions of a range of specific aspects of city growth are analyzed. The study is based on a household postal survey conducted in May and June 2010 in which 2,500 randomly selected households in Brandon, Manitoba received questionnaires. The results are based on the 518 useable, completed questionnaires that were returned. Differences in perceptions of the pace of change in a range of aspects of development were found based on income, age, educational attainment, employment status, and home ownership. No differences were found based on gender. The paper concludes with comments about how city governments need to be aware of citizen perceptions when pursuing and managing development. The paper also illustrated the importance of citizen perceptions in understanding the pace and direction of change in small cities.
Migraineurs Initially Visiting the Gastroenterology Department
Authors: Kim Byung‐Su , Chung Chin‐Sang , Lee Chung‐Bin , Rhee Poong‐Lyul 
Published: February 2016

Background and ObjectivesMigraine‐related nausea and vomiting are usually associated with severe and debilitating headache. However, there are unique headache patients with a chief complaint of prominent gastrointestinal (GI) discomfort, instead of headache. We sought to investigate distinctive characteristics and clinical outcomes of such patients, compared to migraine patients initially visiting headache clinic.MethodsThis was a retrospective case‐control study using a headache registry from April 2012 to December 2013. Case subjects were defined as patients who had first visited the gastroenterology clinic with chief complaint of nausea and/or vomiting, but then referred to the headache clinic for evaluation and management of concurrent headache. They were 1:2 matched to control subjects who met the migraine criteria based on propensity scores adjusted for age, sex, aura, headache frequency, and headache intensity.ResultsWe identified 51 case subjects, of which 80.4% were compatible with the migraine criteria. In multivariate testing, the case subjects were inversely associated with family history of headache (odds ratios [OR]: 0.36, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.13–0.99), alcohol drinking (OR: 0.18, 95% CI: 0.05–0.69), and aggravation by physical activity (OR: 0.19, 95% CI: 0.08–0.43). The proportions of subjects with a favorable clinical outcome in migraine management did not differ between the case and control groups (82.2% vs 79.1%, P = .670).ConclusionsPrimary symptoms of the case subjects had been GI; however, migraine management was most effective in relieving both prominent GI discomfort and headache. Our findings suggest that physicians should consider and investigate for the presence of migraine in patients with prominent GI symptoms and concurrent headache.
Saltiness enhancement of oil roasted peanuts induced by foam‐mat salt and soy sauce odour
Authors: Chokumnoyporn Napapan , Sriwattana Sujinda , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: February 2016

SummaryOdour‐induced saltiness enhancement (OISE) method can be used to reduce salt in food. This study was performed to examine the effect of OISE on saltiness perception of oil roasted peanuts seasoned with foam‐mat salt. First, 410 consumers rated saltiness intensity elicited by odour names of fifty‐seven food/ingredient items. Soy sauce odour name was among from the top five items with higher saltiness intensities, hence it was selected to further investigate the effect of saltiness enhancement in conjunction with foam‐mat salt. The control (commercial salt, 100%), CS50 (commercial salt:soy sauce odour; 50:50) or FS50 (foam‐mat salt:soy sauce odour; 50:50) was mixed with roasted peanuts, which were subsequently evaluated by a descriptive panel for saltiness intensity and by consumers for sensory acceptance. OISE in conjunction with foam‐mat salt produced FS50 roasted peanuts, having 10 mg of sodium per 100 g sample less than CS50 but being as acceptable as the control.
Effect of roasting conditions on the antioxidant compounds of quinoa seeds
Authors: Carciochi Ramiro Ariel , Galván D′Alessandro Leandro , Manrique Guillermo Daniel 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe effect of different roasting conditions on the antioxidant properties and the phenolic content of quinoa seeds was studied. Advanced and final products of the Maillard reaction were also quantified in order to evaluate the contribution to DPPH radical scavenging capacity and reducing power of samples. In general, response surface analysis showed significant increases in the phenolic content, the antioxidant activity and the level of Maillard reaction products (MRPs), mainly as processing temperature increased, while roasting time had a minor impact on these response variables. The highest antioxidant activity was achieved in extracts of quinoa seeds roasted at 190 °C for 30 min. Principal component analysis applied to the data suggested that MRPs had a greater contribution to antioxidant properties than phenolic compounds in the processed samples. These results demonstrated that roasted quinoa seeds/flour may be considered as a nontraditional ingredient with enhanced antioxidant capacity for the production of functional foods.
Development of a long‐life vacuum‐packaged ready‐to‐eat meat product based on a traditional Portuguese seasoned meat
Authors: Laranjo Marta , Gomes Ana , Potes Maria Eduarda , Fernandes Maria José , Fraqueza Maria João , Elias Miguel 
Published: February 2016

SummaryCarne do alguidar is a Portuguese traditional pork fried meat, usually manufactured for self‐consumption purposes. This study developed a ready‐to‐eat (RTE) meat product, to meet today's consumers’ convenience, manufactured at the industrial scale evaluating its quality and shelf life, assessing the effect of vacuum packaging and the use of an antioxidant (50 ppm BHT) to enhance oxidative stability. Physicochemical and microbiological parameters were assessed, and a sensory analysis was performed. Interestingly, no significant differences were recorded between control (non‐BHT) and antioxidant (BHT) samples. Microbiological counts remained at low levels throughout the storage period, ensuring the product's required microbiological quality. At later storage stages, higher values of thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances arose and off flavours and aromas were perceived. Still, overall appreciation was not affected until 12 months of storage and a significant depreciation was perceived only after 15 months. Fibrousness and rising of off flavours were negatively correlated with overall appreciation.
Effects of pineapple pomace fibre on physicochemical properties of composite flour and dough, and consumer acceptance of fibre‐enriched wheat bread
Authors: Chareonthaikij Phantipha , Uan‐On Tanat , Prinyawiwatkul Witoon 
Published: February 2016

SummaryPineapple pomace fibre (PF, containing 70.2% total dietary fibre) can be added to increase dietary fibre of wheat bread. This study was performed to evaluate effects of PF added at 0, 5 or 10% (wheat flour‐basis) on physicochemical properties of the composite flour (wheat flour as the control, CPF‐5 and CPF‐10, respectively) and its dough, to evaluate consumer acceptance of CPF breads and to identify factors affecting willingness to purchase of CPF breads. Incorporating PF affected rheological and pasting properties of CPF. Water‐ and oil‐holding capacity of CPF increased (P < 0.05) as PF levels increased. Bread made with CPF‐5 was more acceptable than that with CPF‐10; however, it was not significantly different from the control, having similar specific volume and texture, but having about three times higher total dietary fibre than the control (4.4% vs. 1.5%). Product label and health benefit information potentially affected consumers' willingness to purchase of fibre‐enriched bread.
Development of rice as potential carriers for probiotic Lactobacillus amylovorus
Authors: Chumphon Thapakorn , Sriprasertsak Permpong , Promsai Saran 
Published: February 2016

SummaryAn experiment using a standard strain of Lactobacillus amylovorus TISTR1110 to test for the capability of carbohydrate utilisation of nine cultivars of rice found that L. amylovorus TISTR1110 could utilise carbohydrate from all cultivars and also exhibit nonhaemolytic properties. After testing the viability of the strain under simulated gastrointestinal tract conditions by enumeration after 5 h, the results showed that the amount of L. amylovorus TISTR1110 present was 4.0 × 105 CFU/mL or a 73.78% survival rate. From the evaluation of Thai rice cultivars as carriers in probiotic products, the highest amount of probiotic bacteria was found in baked and encapsulated glutinous Luem Pua Thai sticky rice up to 4.9 × 106 CFU/g or a survival rate of 69.39 ± 0.06%. The second highest rate (4.8 × 105 CFU/g) was found in heat–moisture steamed rice of Riceberry rice cultivar or a survival rate of 59.74 ± 0.11%. After testing the capability of adherence using SEM, the results showed that glutinous Luem Pua sticky rice resulted in considerably high survival rate of probiotic bacteria compared with other rice. Additionally, the microbiological safety test reported that the amounts of contaminants were acceptable.