bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Evaluation and Restoration of a Deteriorated Buried Gas Pipeline
Authors: Dovico Ricardo , Montero Eduardo 
Published: October 2016

Historically, the Argentine gas transmission and distribution industry was owned and operated by the State. In 1992, by government decree, this entire industry was transferred to private owners and operators, and divided into two Gas Transmission Companies (TGN and TGS) and eight Gas Distribution Companies.
The pipelines and related facilities had been left in an operating condition, however major capital investments were required to assure that the integrity, reliability and operability of the facilities were intact. These capital expenditures were mandatory in many areas as part of the privatization.
Maintenance and rehabilitation tasks were developed for the entire transmission system, with the intent to reduce the number of unscheduled outages, optimize system maintenance costs, increase operation safety, and upgrade the pipeline to ensure compliance with the international code.
Transportadora de Gas del Norte (TGN), operated by Nova Gas International of Calgary, Canada, consists of two major pipeline transmission systems. The North Line, which transports gas from Northern Argentina and Bolivia to markets south to Buenos Aires is a 24 inch, 3,000 Km system constructed in 1960. It was constructed using a field applied asphalt coating system. The Center West Line, which transports gas from central Argentina (Neuquen) to markets in the western part of the country and also to the Buenos Aires area, is a 30 inch, 1,400 Km system constructed in 1981. It was constructed using a field applied polyethylene tape coating system.
Restoring the Supporting Capacity of Compressor Station (CS)’s Framework With Pipe Surface Defects
Authors: Kurganova I. N. , Zayets A. F. 
Published: October 2016

In the technologic pipeline framing of CS shop there are revealed defect sections which emerging is caused by tearing-out of pipeline support channels in their places of welding to supports. Because of it there emerged defects like cavities, fissures Russian CS pipelines are related to highly dangerous ones and there are no regulative materials for exploitation of such systems with defects. But removing of all defect places in this binding equals to its disassemblying and building of new one, this is existing defects.
With this aim there are conducted complex surveys and developed repair method, considerably increasing capacity of technologic framing without cutting of defect places. Complex measures include long-term nature measurings of stress-strain state in vicinities of defects; cyclic longevity (remaining capacity) tests of soil with defects cut from operating framework; calculation-theoretical developments patent workings-up, creation of new repair method and its approbation in CS conditions.
As results of nature and cyclic tests there are gotten factual value of stress polus on pipe and remaining capacity data. On basis of gotten results there are made static calculations on crack-resisting and load-bearing capacity of designs with defects and dynamic calculation for remaining capacity. There is developed repair method of pipeline binding, preconcerted with exploitation situation and allowing to lift framing’s reliability level up to project one.
Recommissioning NPS 30 Pipeline
Authors: Saad Ziad A. , O’Rourke Dan J. 
Published: October 2016

This paper will discuss all the steps taken to reclaim an 80 kilometre (50 Mile) NPS 30 (30″) pipeline loop, including the project planning, the labour requirements, the techniques utilized to complete the various stages of the project, some of the unique problems encountered, as well as, some options that were examined for hydrostatic test leak detection and water treatment.
This project was a component of the Trans Mountain, Cdn $30 million, Stage II capacity expansion. This component of Stage II resulted in an increase of 3,000 m3/d (18,909 barrel/d) to the overall pipeline capacity achieving a 36,300 m3/d sustainable pipeline pumping capacity1 (230,000 barrel/d).
Problems of Restructurisation and Renewal of Old Gas Distribution Network in Wroclaw
Authors: Rygier Jan 
Published: October 2016

Changing environment, growing demand for gas for heating, and shut down of old gas plant, cause necessity of restructurisation of the old gas distribution network in the city.
Aging distribution network, replacement of manufactured gas by natural gas and rapid growth in number of leaks cause urgent necessity of replacement and rehabilitation of the old gas pipelines.
Modern materials and technologies have enabled rehabilitation gas pipelines in the narrow busy streets of the city.
Establishing the “Fitness for Use Criteria” for Pipe Line Variable Frequency Drives
Authors: Spencer Roy C. , Rivera Arnold 
Published: October 2016

“Fitness For Use”[1] criteria are used to define project quality. This paper documents how to establish the “Fitness For Use” criteria for pipe line variable frequency drives (VFD’s). A Pipe Line VFD project’s life cycle process together with the technical requirements” determine its “fitness for use”. Effective definition and management of these “life cycle requirements”, therefore ensures a quality result.
In summary, this paper documents how the “Fitness For Use Criteria” methodology was successfully used on the IPL Capacity Expansion Program to:
(a) establish the project process;
(b) engineer, procure, construct, commission and start-up the VFD systems; and
(c) carry out training plus technically support the pipe line’s early operation phase.
The Canadian section of IPL’s Line 13 is powered by eight pump stations containing five 3750 hp and three 6250hp, current source inverter (CSI)[2] based VFDs; this equipment was installed and commissioned in 1994, and has been in operation for 18 months.
Gas Turbine Compressor Unit Repowering
Authors: Taylor Joe S. 
Published: October 2016

This paper presents how a major U.S. gas transmission and storage company restored gas storage peaking capacity by repowering obsolete gas turbine compressor units. Consumers Power Company’s Ray Field located in Macomb County, Michigan, USA, was developed as a 44 BCF working capacity gas storage field in 1966. Due to the high deliverability, the field is operated as a peaking reservoir, handling rates as high as 500 MMCFD on injection and 1,200 MMCFD on withdrawal. Ten (10) 2,750 horsepower gas turbine driven 4-stage centrifugal compressor units were installed in the mid to late 1960’s at the field. The compression is operated 2, 4 and 8 stage, as needed, to cover storage pressures of 450 to 1800 psig.
Each centrifugal compressor is driven by a Pratt Whitney (PW) GG-12 Gas Generator firing into a Cooper-Bessemer (CB) RT-27 Power Turbine. By 1980 parts and maintenance services for the PW GG-12 Gas Generator became very expensive to non-existent. Aircraft use of the GG-12 (JT-12) had been phased out. Consumers Power, with 13 of these turbines on their system, was becoming the only remaining user. In the mid 1980’s four (4) of the Ray Field gas turbine compressor units were replaced with two (2) 6,000 horsepower reciprocating engine compressor units. These replacements maintained the deliverability of the field and provided salvageable engines and other parts to maintain the six (6) remaining turbines. However, by 1993 maintenance parts returned as a major problem as well as unit availability on the 6 remaining turbine units.
In 1994 Consumers Power committed to a gas turbine unit repowering program as the preferred choice over unit replacement. Two (2) refurbished Solar Centaur T4500 Gas Turbine drives were purchased and installed to repower 2 of the obsolete turbine units. These installations have been very successful. Existing compressors, foundations, piping, coolers and auxiliary systems were re-used with only minor modification. The complete installed cost for repowering was about 33% of the cost experienced for replacement. Installation was completed within eight (8) months of project commitment. The low emission rates from the Solar SoLoNOx Combustors allowed short lead time (6 months) on air emissions permit. New sound attenuation enclosures met the new local noise ordinance and replaced equipment that had been a source of local complaint. PLC based controls improved reliability and flexibility of operation. The additional horsepower available from the T4500 Turbine (4,300 vs 2,750) allows for increased future capacity.
Because of the success of the Ray Turbine Repowering Project, Consumers Power has committed to 2 more refurbished Solar Centaur T4500 Units to repower PW/CB Turbines at the St Clair Compressor Station. Solar is scheduled to delivery these 2 units by year-end 1995 for installation in 1996.
Dry Gas Seal Developments and Contamination Prevention
Authors: Uptigrove Stan O. , Eakins Paul S. , Sears John E. 
Published: October 2016

Dry gas seals have become the pipeline industry standard for sealing of centrifugal gas compression equipment. Recent applications have pushed the limits of materials used in their construction from exposure to ever increasing levels of pressure, speed and temperature. This provides the focus for a discussion of recent advances with the use of advanced materials, higher pressure, speed and temperature applications and bidirectional designs.
Operating experience has been very favourable, enough to make dry gas seals a preferred standard, but the failures that have occurred raise two fundamental questions. The first concerns the resistance of gas seals to contamination and the second is their influence upon rotor dynamic behavior. Both of these predominant issues are reviewed along with advancements and preventive measures now available to address these concerns.
Experiences With Simulation of Reciprocating Compressor Valve Dynamics
Authors: Howes Brian , Lin Leonard , Zacharias Val 
Published: October 2016

Experience with compressor valve modelling has shown that reciprocating compressor performance can sometimes be improved by subtle changes in valve design. Modelling has led to a better understanding of the physical behaviour of valves and of the compression process. Three compressor valve studies presented here demonstrate the benefits of valve modelling.
Case 1 challenges the commonly held assumption that reducing the lift of a compressor valve will reduce the efficiency of the compressor. The capacity of this compressor is increased by reducing the valve lift. A plot of BHP/MMSCFD versus valve lift shows an inflection point that assists the analyst in optimizing the design. Case 1 also presents a method of calculating the economic effect of improvements in valve performance.
Case 2 demonstrates the effect of inadequate flow area through the valve. Pressure in the clearance volume cannot decrease fast enough if flow areas are inadequate; the result is late valve closure, and therefore decreased valve life.
Case 3 shows the importance of considering the design of the cylinder casting in addition to that of the valves. Here, insufficient cylinder flow area constricted gas flow.
Since these cases were simulated, the analyst had the opportunity to evaluate the proposed solution over the entire range of operating conditions. He was able to select a valve which solved the immediate problem and be confident that it would perform adequately throughout the specified range of conditions.
Evaluating the Effective Friction Factor and Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient During Unsteady Pipeline Operation
Authors: Price Glenn R. , McBrien Robert K. , Rizopoulos Sandy N. , Golshan Hossein 
Published: October 2016

This paper presents a method to determine the effective friction factor and overall heat transfer coefficient for a high pressure, natural gas pipeline during fully transient flow conditions. Time varying SCADA (Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition) measurements at the pipeline boundaries (i.e., inlet and outlet) provide boundary conditions for a transient flow model as well as additional information that is utilized to determine these parameters. The resulting friction factor and overall heat transfer coefficient minimize the least-squared difference between the additional SCADA measurements at the pipeline outlet and the corresponding values predicted from the transient flow model. This concept is referred to as parameter estimation. The transient flow model is based on a numerical solution of the one-dimensional, unsteady flow equations (i.e., continuity, momentum and energy) which are discretized using a highly accurate compact finite-difference scheme.
The transient flow model and parameter estimation are incorporated into a computer program that is initially tested on a simple pipeline with steady flow conditions. Here, the predicted outlet pressure and temperature, using the estimated friction factor and overall heat transfer coefficient, exactly matches the corresponding prescribed values. Subsequently, a portion of the Foothills Pipe Line Ltd. transmission system in Alberta is considered using time varying SCADA flow measurements. The resulting outlet pressure and temperature from the transient flow model are in good agreement with SCADA measurements at this location.
The Importance of Dynamic Simulation on the Design and Optimization of Pipeline Transmission Systems
Authors: Mohitpour M. , Thompson William , Asante Benjamin 
Published: October 2016

Traditionally, pipeline transmission systems have been designed using steady state simulations. Steady state simulations are sufficient for optimizing a pipeline when supply/demand scenarios are relatively stable. In the case of a gas pipeline, it is also important that flows in and out of storage are not highly variable. In general, steady state simulations will provide the designer with a reasonable level of confidence when the system is not subject to radical changes in mass flow rates or operating conditions.
However, situations do arise which require more than a conventional analysis such as large load factors, surges in mass flow rates, the loss of facilities and facility operation (e.g. pigging procedures). In these and other instances, the designer will want to perform a dynamic (or transient) analysis to test the capability of the system, choose the system components and maintain the appropriate level of safety.
This paper will illustrate the importance of transient simulations when designing transmission systems subject to aggressive conditions. Example scenarios, taken from current major projects, are used to depict a diverse range of dynamic problems. The examples help identify the need for a transient analysis and exemplify the downfalls in a system when the analysis is not employed during the optimization and design process.
Rehabilitation of Pipelines in Seismic Regions
Authors: Gershtein Mark 
Published: October 2016

The susceptibility of oil and gas pipelines to seismic damage has been demonstrated in earthquakes everywhere around the world. The latest examples of the dangerous failures are the ruptures of gas pipelines caused by Los-Angeles earthquake 1994 and oil pipelines caused by Sakhalin earthquake 1995.
A significant part of oil and gas pipelines were designed some decades ago. Earthquake design specifications acting today are more restrictive than before. That is why pipelines built more than ten years ago are of major concern to managers and engineers.
Basic approaches to the aseismic design of new pipelines and retrofitting of buried pipes and above-ground transmission pipelines and piping systems located in high risk seismic regions represent the main topic of the paper.
A realistic assessment of earthquake damage potentials is needed to develop construction and retrofitting procedures. Supporting this type of constructing and rehabilitation activity for pipelines requires a better definition of key input parameters like area seismicity, the identification and characterization of ground moving hazards.
The nonlinear approach for predicting spatial bending, torsion, and upheaval buckling of curved pipeline is applied for stress and stability analysis of buried pipelines under operational and seismic loading. The example of calculations useful for retrofit design of pipelines is given.
An experience of damping devices application to mitigate seismic movement of above-ground pipelines has demonstrated an excellent ability to prevent damages during earthquake and operational dynamic loading. These devices are useful for above-ground pipeline retrofitting.
To reduce uncertainty regarding the ability of a pipe to continue to hold pressure after seismic damages and retrofitting measures, it is important to develop the test programs, which should include investigations of buried and above-ground pipeline samples.
Control of Industrial Engine and Gas Turbine Exhaust Emissions to Meet Present and Future Clean Air Regulations
Authors: Harris Harold L. , Taber Walter R. 
Published: October 2016

Increasingly stringent regulations by the EPA and state air quality agencies in the U.S., as well as new regulations by Environment Canada, are making the reduction of exhaust emissions from industrial engines and gas turbines ever more important far their operators. Not only are these regulations getting increasingly strict with time, but there will be both substantial fines and possible criminal penalties for non-compliance in the future.
This presentation describes how harmful exhaust emissions are formed during the combustion process, what the current regulations are in various areas of North America and where they are probably headed in the foreseeable future. It then discusses possible emission reduction strategies in two broad categories, combustion modification and post-combustion treatment, using catalytic converters.
The three types of catalyst substrates are discussed, with the advantages and disadvantages of each, as well as the relative advantages and disadvantages of the four possible catalyst locations.
Rainfall-Ground Movement Modeling for Natural Gas Pipelines Through Landslide Terrain
Authors: O’Neil G. D. , Simmonds G. R. , Grivas D. A. , Schultz B. C. 
Published: October 2016

Perhaps the greatest challenge to geotechnical engineers is to maintain the integrity of pipelines at river crossings where landslide terrain dominates the approach slopes. The current design process at NOVA Gas Transmission Ltd. (NGTL) has developed to the point where this impact can be reasonably estimated using in-house models of pipeline-soil interaction. To date, there has been no method to estimate ground movements within unexplored slopes at the outset of the design process. To address this problem, rainfall and slope instrumentation data have been processed to derive rainfall-ground movement relationships.
Early results indicate that the ground movements exhibit two components: a steady, small rate of movement independent of the rainfall, and; increased rates over short periods of time following heavy amounts of rainfall. Evidence exists of a definite threshold value of rainfall which has to be exceeded before any incremental movement is induced. Additional evidence indicates a one-month lag between rainfall and ground movement. While these models are in the preliminary stage, results indicate a potential to estimate ground movements for both initial design and planned maintenance actions.
Floating-Roof Tank Heel Reduction Options and Heel Turnover Emissions
Authors: Gallagher Terry A. , Laverman Royce J. , Desjardins Christian R. 
Published: October 2016

The net working capacity of floating roof tanks is the product inventory that is stored between the maximum and minimum operating levels of the floating roof. The product that remains in the tank when the floating roof is at its minimum operating level is residual inventory, referred to as the product heel. This trapped inventory is a valuable product asset that is not part of the tank net working capacity. This paper describes considerations that must be made when lowering the minimum operating level of floating roofs, both for new and retrofit tank applications, and presents methods of achieving these improvements.
Some tank turnover operations require that the floating roof be landed and the tank drained dry. Tank turnover operations include those where it is important to avoid cross contamination of products.
Recent studies have shown the importance of the emissions that occur during heel turnover operations. This paper describes a method for determining the heel turnover emissions and presents abatement options for controlling these emissions.
Pipeline Information Control System Overview
Authors: Wengreniuk G. W. 
Published: October 2016

The Pipeline Information Control System (PICS) is a information system to collect, organize, store and interpret technical and other data relating to pipelines. This data is generically referred to a “life cycle data” and specifically as design, materials manufacture, equipment supply, construction, inspection, commissioning, operations, In-Line-Inspection, pipeline excavation, corrosion assessment, pipeline repair and environmental data.
The ability to efficiently capture, correlate and make pipeline data actionable can provide owners and operators the opportunity to;
• Be lower cost service providers, therefore improving the economics of the pipeline project and the value for the shareholders and the customers,
• Demonstrate due diligence in the operations and maintenance of the pipeline demonstrating concern for the public and safety for the environment,
• More accurately allocate appropriate resources according to assessed risks,
• Demonstrate compliance with company or government standards,
• Identify similarities between characteristics which will eventually lead to failure.
Non-Destructive Techniques for Measurement and Assessment of Corrosion Damage on Pipelines
Authors: Kania Richard , Carroll L. Blair 
Published: October 2016

Integrity assessments for internal or external corrosion damage on an exposed pipeline are only as accurate as the methods which measure the extent of the damage. Inaccuracies in measurement can lead to unnecessary repairs or non-conservative assessments.
This paper describes the development and use of three systems used to reliably and efficiently measure corrosion damage on both internal and external pipe surfaces of exposed in-service pipeline segments. They are based upon the application of laser optics, magnetic flux leakage and ultrasonics. The use of these systems allows for more accurate corrosion damage assessments, thereby reducing the number of unnecessary repairs and cut-outs, and reducing the risk of non-conservative assessments.
The laser-based and ultrasonic systems provide contour maps of corroded areas. Software that incorporates the RSTRENG method is used to assess the significance of the damage from the data.
Examples of the applications of all systems on large-diameter gas and oil pipelines are provided along with a discussion of their impact.