bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A
ldhelm
Authors: Thornbury Emily V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Aldhelm of Malmesbury (c. 640–709) was the first important Anglo‐Saxon author. Connected to West Saxon royalty and highly educated, he developed a sophisticated Latin literary style in both prose and verse, and wrote a number of books, including
De uirginitate
(On virginity) and the
Enigmata
(Riddles). His work was very widely read during the Anglo‐Saxon period, becoming a touchstone of English style. Aldhelm's poetry also demonstrates formulaic techniques that illuminate the composition of Old English verse.
Chronicle Tradition
Authors: Kennedy Edward Donald 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis entry surveys the tradition of using chronicles to record past and contemporary events in medieval England, Wales, and Scotland with some attention to Ireland. It is a literary history of one of the most popular types of medieval literature: more than 450 chronicles were written in the Middle Ages and early Renaissance in what is now the United Kingdom and Ireland. They were in Latin and in vernacular languages and in prose and verse. After brief introductory discussions of characteristics of chronicles, the terminology used (chronica,annales,historia,gesta), the nature of historical truth in the Middle Ages, and purposes for which history was written (instruction, entertainment, patriotism, propaganda), it focuses on major chronicles and chroniclers of England, Scotland, and Wales and various types of chronicle, such as national, world, town, and genealogical.
C
ulhwch
ac O
lwen
Authors: Hughes Ian 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Culhwch ac Olwen
is based upon a simple narrative plot: The “hero,” Culhwch, is destined to marry only Olwen, the daughter of the giant Ysbaddaden. To do this he must accomplish a number of tasks set by the giant. These he succeeds in completing with the aid of his cousin Arthur and his war‐band. For this reason, Welsh scholars have often regarded
Culhwch ac Olwen
as the earliest extended Arthurian narrative in any language. This however has not always been recognized outside of Wales. Nevertheless, this text is important in that it reveals an Arthurian world which has not yet come under the influence of English and French writers and poets. This world is by no means Norman in outlook – it appears to contain a native Welsh portrayal of a more primitive era. The emphasis is more on the heroic nature of Arthur as a leader of a band of warriors such as Cai (Kay), Bedwyr (Bedivere), and Gwythyr. The enemies are giants, witches, and beasts, all of whom dwell in the wild parts of the Island of Britain. Culhwch eventually achieves his goal and marries Olwen.
A
ndreas
Authors: Godlove Shannon 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Andreas
is an Old English poem in the Vercelli Book manuscript that recounts the apocryphal legend of St. Andrew's adventure to rescue his fellow apostle Matthew from imprisonment in the cannibal land of Mermedonia, as well as Andrew's own conversion of the heathen Mermedonians to Christianity. The poem uses a heroic idiom similar to that of
Beowulf
, and has been compared to the works of the Old English poet known as Cynewulf.
Andreas
has been studied extensively from the perspectives of typological criticism, postcolonial criticism, theories of the body, and ecocriticism, among others.
Antifeminism
Authors: Schuurman Anne 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe term “antifeminism” refers to the long tradition of misogynist and misogamist writing in medieval Europe, a tradition that originated primarily with the Roman Catholic Church's struggle to establish a celibate priesthood, and that culminated in the early modern period in a wide‐ranging debate about the nature and roles of women. Much medieval antifeminist writing was produced by clerics, much of it is satirical, and all of it is characterized by the repetition of proverbial and stereotypical complaints about women.
Number Needed to Treat: Overview
Authors: Bender Ralf 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe number needed to treat (NNT) has gained much attention in the past years as a useful way of reporting the results of randomized controlled trials (RCTs). Defined as the reciprocal of the absolute risk reduction (ARR), NNT is the average number of patients needed to be treated to prevent an adverse outcome in one additional patient. This measure has been applied to a number of other research areas involving the development of more sophisticated techniques to calculate and interpret NNTs in medical research. The most important application areas are screening studies, public health research, epidemiology (case–control and cohort studies), crossover studies, studies measuring continuous and survival time data, risk–benefit analyses, and systematic reviews. An overview of the recent developments regarding NNT and a discussion of the advantages, drawbacks, and usefulness of the NNT statistic as a reporting tool are given.
Approximate
B
ayesian Computation
Authors: Drovandi Christopher C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Bayesian statistics provides a principled framework for performing statistical inference for an unknown parameter of a stochastic model assumed to be responsible for generating some observed data. However, standard Bayesian algorithms to sample from the posterior require that the likelihood function, the probability density of the data given the parameter represented as a function of the parameter for fixed observed data, is computationally tractable. However, there are an increasing number of models across Science and Technology where the likelihood function is difficult or impossible to compute. When simulation from the model is comparatively cheaper, a class of likelihood‐free methods called approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) can be used. However, ABC introduces an approximation to the posterior. This article gives an introduction to ABC, describes the approximation behavior of ABC, and provides advice on the successful implementation of ABC. Some current challenges facing ABC methods are also discussed.
Synthesis of 1‐Vinyl/Arylbenzotriazole 3‐Oxides through a Copper‐Mediated C–N Bond Coupling Reaction
Authors: Shi Wei‐Min , Liu Feng‐Ping , Wang Zhi‐Xin , Bi Hong‐Yan , Liang Cui , Xu Li‐Ping , Su Gui‐Fa , Mo Dong‐Liang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of 1‐vinyl/arylbenzotriazole 3‐oxides via the copper‐promoted coupling of N‐hydroxybenzotriazoles with alkenyl‐ or arylboronic acids is reported. This strategy features mild reaction conditions, good functional group tolerance, broad substrate scope and rapid introduction of benzotriazole N‐oxide moieties into molecules. Density functional theory calculations revealed that the formation of the favored N‐coupling product depends on the kinetically more favorable C–N bond formation pathway.magnified image
Copper‐Induced Topology Switching and Thrombin Inhibition with Telomeric DNA G‐Quadruplexes
Authors: Engelhard David M. , Nowack Julia , Clever Guido H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe topological diversity of DNA G‐quadruplexes may play a crucial role in its biological function. Reversible control over a specific folding topology was achieved by the synthesis of a chiral, glycol‐based pyridine ligand and its fourfold incorporation into human telomeric DNA by solid‐phase synthesis. Square‐planar coordination to a CuII ion led to the formation of a highly stabilizing intramolecular metal–base tetrad, substituting one G‐tetrad in the parent unimolecular G‐quadruplex. For the Tetrahymena telomeric repeat, CuII‐triggered switching from a hybrid‐dominated conformer mixture to an antiparallel topology was observed. CuII‐dependent control over a protein–G‐quadruplex interaction was shown for the thrombin–tba pair (tba=thrombin‐binding aptamer).
LiTMP Trans‐Metal‐Trapping of Fluorinated Aromatic Molecules: A Comparative Study of Aluminum and Gallium Carbanion Traps
Authors: McLellan Ross , Uzelac Marina , Kennedy Alan R. , Hevia Eva , Mulvey Robert E. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractFluoroaromatic scaffolds pose a challenge to lithiation due to low stability of lithiated intermediates. Here we apply trans‐metal‐trapping (TMT) to a series of key fluorinated aromatics. In TMT, LiTMP performs the metalation, while an organometallic trap intercepts the emergent carbanion. This study contrasts the trapping abilities of iBu2AlTMP and Ga(CH2SiMe3)3, structurally mapping their TMT reactions and probing relative stabilities of metalated fluoroaromatic intermediates by NMR studies. Results show the installed Al−C(aryl) bonds are more prone to decomposition by benzyne formation and Li‐F liberation, than the Ga−C(aryl) species. The latter are thus better for onward reactivity as demonstrated in cross‐coupling reactions with benzoyl chloride that produce ketones.
Rare form of autosomal dominant familial Cornelia de Lange syndrome due to a novel duplication in SMC3
Authors: Infante Elena , Alkorta‐Aranburu Gorka , El‐Gharbawy Areeg 
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical MessageClinical features are variable in patients with Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS). Milder forms exist with structural maintenance of chromosomes 3 (SMC3) mutations. Inherited milder forms of CdLS are uncommon and may be missed if genetic testing is limited to Nipped‐B‐like protein (NIPBL) and SMC1A. Parental studies should be pursued if there is a history of learning disabilities and/or dysmorphic features.
Successful difficult airway management of a child with Coffin‐siris syndrome
Authors: Ozkan Ahmet Selim , Akbas Sedat , Yalin Mehmet Ridvan , Ozdemir Emine , Koylu Zeynep 
Published: June 2017

Key Clinical MessageManagement of airway in patients who have Coffin‐Siris syndrome (CSS) is often problematic because most of these patients have difficult airway. NTI via C‐MAC VL is an useful alternative to direct laryngoscope for orotracheal intubation in airway and anesthetic management in a case of CSS. Alternative airway devices should be readily available.
Laserless Additive Manufacturing of Membrane Electrode Assemblies
Authors: Linkhorst John , Percin Korcan , Kriescher Stefanie , Wessling Matthias 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNew electrode geometries with high porosities are of great interest for electrochemical processes. By using additive manufacturing design, the limitations of conventional production processes can be overcome. The presented laserless additive manufacturing method allows us to print any geometrical shape using metal and ceramic pastes. Here, the paste compounds were 70 vol% nanocellulose and 30 vol% metal/ceramic powder. Two different electrode geometries were printed, the disc and the gyroid. Furthermore, two different geometries of membrane electrode assemblies (MEAs) were printed: a flat and a tubular MEA. Following printing, the green samples were sintered. Afterwards, the disc electrode and flat membrane electrode assembly were coated with IrO2 (anode) and Pt (cathode) catalysts. The coated samples were assembled into a polymeric MEA water electrolyzer (pMEA) and into a ceramic MEA water electrolyzer (cMEA) to evaluate their potentials.
Zur Verwendung von QR‐Codes in Uni‐Seminaren – ein Baustein in den neu konzipierten Übungen zur Vorlesung „Organische Chemie für Studierende im Nebenfach“
Authors: Hermanns Jolanda , Schmidt Bernd 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDie Verwendung von QR‐Codes in Begleitseminaren zur Vorlesung „Organische Chemie“ für Studierende mit Chemie im Nebenfach wird vorgestellt. Die Hausaufgaben zu den Seminaren wurden mit einem QR‐Code versehen. Dieser führt zu weiterführenden Hilfen. Der Einsatz der QR‐Codes sowie die Neukonzeption der Seminare wurden evaluiert.
Organic Nanowire Lasers with Epitaxially Grown Crystals of Semiconducting Oligomers
Authors: Torii Kazuki , Higuchi Tetsuya , Mizuno Kei , Bando Kazuki , Yamashita Kenichi , Sasaki Fumio , Yanagi Hisao 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEpitaxially grown nanowires of semiconducting thiophene/phenylene co‐oligomers (TPCOs) were prepared by mask‐shadowing deposition on a cleaved (001) surface of a potassium chloride (KCl) crystal. Under optical pumping, single nanowires of both unsubstituted (p‐type) and cyano‐substituted (n‐type) TPCOs exhibited axial Fabry–Pérot (F‐P) lasing above a threshold fluence which decreased to 11–15 μJ cm−2 with increasing nanowire lengths. Their lying molecular orientation and stacking along the nanowire axis in both TPCOs are suitable for effective light propagation with transverse‐electric mode resulting in better lasing performances compared to two‐dimensional platelet crystals of TPCOs.
Proximate composition, phytochemical analysis, and in vitro antioxidant potentials of extracts of Annona muricata (Soursop)
Authors: Agu Kingsley C. , Okolie Paulinus N. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNumerous bioactive compounds and phytochemicals have been reported to be present Annona muricata (Soursop). Some of these chemical compounds have been linked to the ethnomedicinal properties of the plant and its antioxidant properties. The aim of this study was to assess the proximate composition, phytochemical constituents and in vitro antioxidant properties of A. muricata using standard biochemical procedures. The defatted Annona muricata crude methanolic extracts of the different parts of the plant were used for the estimation of proximate composition and phytochemical screening. The crude methanolic extracts of the different parts of the plant were also fractionated using solvent–solvent partitioning. Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate, methanol, and methanol‐water (90:10) were the solvents used for the fractionation. The different fractions obtained were then used to perform in vitro antioxidant analyses including, 1, 1‐diphenyl‐2‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical scavenging ability, ferric reducing properties, and hydroxyl radical scavenging ability. The leaf methanolic extract had a higher lipid content, whereas its chloroform fraction demonstrated a better ability to quench DPPH free radical. The root‐bark methanol‐water, leaf methanol, fruit pulp chloroform, and leaf petroleum ether fractions demonstrated potent ferric reducing properties. The leaf and stem‐bark petroleum ether fractions demonstrated better hydroxyl‐free radical scavenging abilities. The leaf and fruit pulp of Annona muricata have a very potent antioxidant ability compared to the other parts of the plant. This can be associated with the rich phytochemicals and other phytoconstituents like phenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and essential lipids, etc. Significant correlations were observed between the antioxidant status and phytochemicals present. These results thus suggest that some of the reported ethnomedicinal properties of this plant could be due to its antioxidant potentials.
Investigation of perioperative complications associated with use of uterine compression sutures
Authors: Suzuki Yosuke , Matsuzaki Shinya , Mimura Kazuya , Kumasawa Keiichi , Tomimatsu Takuji , Endo Masayuki , Kimura Tadashi 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the association between use of uterine compression sutures (UCSs) and postoperative complications.MethodsIn a retrospective analysis, data were reviewed from cesarean deliveries at a medical center in Osaka, Japan, between January 2011 and March 2016. The deliveries were divided into elective and emergency cesarean groups. For each group, data on postoperative complications were compared between patients with UCSs and those without UCSs but at least 1500 mL of blood loss.ResultsData from 158 patients were included in the study. No severe complications were observed. Among the patients who underwent elective cesarean, no differences were observed between the UCS and non‐UCS groups in the frequency of postoperative endometritis (3/28 [10.7%] vs 6/54 [11.1%]; P=0.957) or ileus (2/28 [7.1%] vs 3/54 [5.6%]; P=0.776). After emergency cesarean, postoperative endometritis was significantly more common in the UCS than in the non‐UCS group (8/39 [20.5%] vs 4/37 [10.8%]; P=0.021), but the frequency of ileus did not differ (1/39 [2.6%] vs 2/37 [5.4%]; P=0.61).ConclusionUse of UCSs during emergency cesarean delivery might increase the risk of postoperative endometritis.
Diagnostic utility of radiological heterogeneity in acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis
Authors: Fujiwara Keiichi , Yasui Shin , Yokosuka Osamu , Oda Shigeto , Kato Naoya 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundHistological examination is useful for the diagnosis of acute severe (fulminant) autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), but it is sometimes difficult to perform liver biopsy due to the complicated coagulopathy and ascites. We have shown that heterogeneous hypoattenuation on unenhanced computed tomography (CT) is a characteristic imaging feature of acute severe (fulminant) AIH. In the present study, we examined the utility of the imaging feature by applying the score to diagnose acute severe (fulminant) AIH.MethodsTwenty‐three patients with acute severe (fulminant) AIH were analyzed retrospectively. Modified AIH score was created by adding three points to AIH score with/without histological points in case of the presence of heterogeneous hypoattenuation on unenhanced CT.ResultsAreas of hypoattenuation were present in 15 (65%) patients, all of which were heterogeneous pattern. Five (22%) patients were diagnosed as “definite” AIH, 16 (69%) as “probable” and two (9%) as “non‐diagnosis” by the revised original score without histological score. By adding three points, two of “non‐diagnosis” changed to “probable” AIH, and all patients were diagnosed as AIH.ConclusionsModified AIH score using heterogeneous CT image finding would be beneficial especially for patients in whom histological examinations cannot be performed because of complications.
Quantity and quality of particulate organic matter controls bacterial production in the Columbia River estuary
Authors: Crump Byron C. , Fine Lindy M. , Fortunato Caroline S. , Herfort Lydie , Needoba Joseph A. , Murdock Sheryl , Prahl Fredrick G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEstuaries function as “bioreactors” for fluvial materials in which microbial, biogeochemical, and ecological processes transform organic matter and nutrients prior to export to coastal oceans. The impact of estuarine bioreactors is linked to the bioavailability and residence time of fluvial material, and to rates of microbial activity. In the Columbia River estuary, water residence time is short (approximately 2 d), but particle residence time is extended by estuarine turbidity maxima (ETM). To investigate relationships between organic matter and microbial activity, samples were collected in spring and fall 2012 and summer 2013, and ETM particles were fractionated by settling velocity using an Owen‐style settling column. Data were also analyzed from 16 other sampling campaigns conducted in 1990–2009. The composition of suspended particulate matter shifted seasonally following the spring freshet and river phytoplankton bloom with decreasing organic content, increasing C/N ratio, and an increasing contribution of autochthonous particulate organic matter (POM) produced in four shallow lateral bays (based on del‐PO13C and pigment ratios). Heterotrophic bacterial production responded to seasonal changes in POM and correlated most strongly with estimates of labile particulate nitrogen during any particular season, and with the riverine flux of chlorophyll a (Chl a) across all seasons. Regression models suggest that labile particulate nitrogen and bacterial production can be predicted from sensor‐based measurements including turbidity, salinity, and temperature in the estuary and Chl a in the river. These results demonstrate that heterotrophic activity in the Columbia River estuary is controlled by POM lability, and by the degree to which ETM retain and concentrate POM.
Metagenomic analysis of the complex microbial consortium associated with cultures of the oil‐rich alga Botryococcus braunii
Authors: Sambles Christine , Moore Karen , Lux Thomas M. , Jones Katy , Littlejohn George R. , Gouveia João D. , Aves Stephen J. , Studholme David J. , Lee Rob , Love John 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMicroalgae are widely viewed as a promising and sustainable source of renewable chemicals and biofuels. Botryococcus braunii synthesizes and secretes significant amounts of long‐chain (C30‐C40) hydrocarbons that can be subsequently converted into gasoline, diesel, and aviation fuel. B. braunii cultures are not axenic and the effects of co‐cultured microorganisms on B. braunii growth and hydrocarbon yield are important, but sometimes contradictory. To understand the composition of the B. braunii microbial consortium, we used high throughput Illumina sequencing of metagenomic DNA to profile the microbiota within a well established, stable B. braunii culture and characterized the demographic changes in the microcosm following modification to the culture conditions. DNA sequences attributed to B. braunii were present in equal quantities in all treatments, whereas sequences assigned to the associated microbial community were dramatically altered. Bacterial species least affected by treatments, and more robustly associated with the algal cells, included members of Rhizobiales, comprising Bradyrhizobium and Methylobacterium, and representatives of Dyadobacter, Achromobacter and Asticcacaulis. The presence of bacterial species identified by metagenomics was confirmed by additional 16S rDNA analysis of bacterial isolates. Our study demonstrates the advantages of high throughput sequencing and robust metagenomic analyses to define microcosms and further our understanding of microbial ecology.
Urinary manifestations in Isaacs's syndrome. Our experience in 8 cases
Authors: Gonzalez Primomo Silvia N. , Blas Leandro , Bertotti Alicia C. , Ameri Carlos 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionIsaacs's syndrome (IS), is a rare neurological disorder, characterized by sustained muscular activity, fasciculations, cramps, myokymia, excessive sweating, and occasional elevation of creatine phosphokinase (CPK) enzyme.AimTo report our experience in patients with IS and urinary manifestations, describing clinical findings, test's results, and response to treatment.Methods An observational, retrospective analysis of patients with IS and urinary manifestations treated at German Hospital of Buenos Aires between 2001 and 2011 was done. Diagnosis was performed with clinical examination and electromyography (EMG) of external sphincter of the anus and/or urethra. Demographic, clinical, and treatment variables were analyzed. International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) at diagnosis and follow up was made.ResultsEleven IS patients were recruited, of whom 8 (72.72%) were females with a mean age 47.87 years (DS ± 13.95) and presented associated lower tract urinary symptoms (LUTS). Six of them (75%) had voiding and 2 (25%) filling symptoms. Urodynamic and electromyographic findings reproduced symptomatology in all patients. Patients with voiding symptomatology were treated with combination of alpha‐blockers with benzodiazepines; membrane stabilizings agents; antiepileptics; neurotropic; corticoids; posterior tibial nerve stimulation and botulinum toxin, achieving improvement in 4/6. The two patients with storage symptoms were treated in first instance with anticholinergic drugs, one of which did not respond completely was added oral pentosansulfate and electrical stimulation, reversing the symptomatology. Four patients had associated pathologies: Hashimoto's thyroiditis; Sjögren's syndrome; dysautonomia, and myasthenia gravis.ConclusionsIn our experience, IS urinary manifestations are common and usually has a good evolution with adequate treatment for each patient.