bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the Ballistics and Thermodynamics of Bow Spray Droplets for Marine Icing
Authors: Hoes Carlet M. , Aalbers Albert B. , Hoving Jeroen S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In preparation to the SALTO JIP (Safe Arctic Logistics, Transport & Operations) work was done towards developing an improved model for icing due to sea spray at the bow of a ship. The so-called SHIPICE model may be used in a probabilistic risk-based approach and consists of two main segments: Probabilistic modeling of spray water volumes and the break-up in droplets rising above the freeboard, andModeling the ballistic and thermodynamic processes of these droplets when falling and freezing to the ship.
The present paper deals with the second phase of the SHIPICE model. The modeling of marine spray shows that spray is a phenomenon with sharply increasing volumes with speed and sea state. Furthermore, the droplet size of spray rising above the freeboard has a distinctive effect on the distribution of the spray volume landing on deck. The thermodynamic freezing model takes into account intermittent wetting and run-off, and depends also on the droplet size distribution due to in-flight cooling of the droplets when falling to the ship. The results from the model seem realistic when computed icing growth is compared with two measured icing events reported in literature. The development of SHIPICE will allow users to dimension pre-cautions to the area and time of operation. Additionally, it will provide an improved basis for regulations and guidelines (e.g. ISO TC 67 SC8). For ship owners, it will help evaluate the susceptibility of their ship to marine spray icing.
Infrared Image Analysis for Estimation of Ice Load on Structures
Authors: Fazelpour Azam , Dehghani Saeed R. , Masek Vlastimil , Muzychka Yuri S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
An analysis using infrared and visual images is made to measure the ice thickness of a cylindrical component. The proposed method is useful for ice detection and measurement on structures, even in harsh conditions and low light situations such as night. This type of analysis can fill a gap of knowledge related to ice measurement using both visual and thermal images. Thermal imaging shows differences in the emissivity and temperature of objects. This can help to detect objects and measure the amount of ice accumulated on the objects. Combining the information of visual and thermal images can compensate for their weak points and present better results. Combinations of the color-visual image (CVI), grayscale-visual image (GVI), color-infrared image (CII) and grayscale-infrared image (GII) are used to find the most accurate results. A binary image is acquired using the threshold method based on data collected from infrared and visual images. Using threshold levels removes irrelevant data that come from the background. Common ice pixels detected from both infrared and visual images are considered as the ice area. Thresholding methods cause unwanted gaps and strips in binary images. Morphological algorithms are used to remove these imperfections. The best results are obtained when one of the elements of the combinations is CII. The results of using CVI and GVI are almost the same. The experiments show that this method is reliable and its results are aligned with the real data.
A Joint Industry Programme to Improve Oil Spill Response in the Arctic
Authors: Mullin Joseph V. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Results from hundreds of studies, laboratory and basin experiments and field trials conducted worldwide over the past 50 years, in particular in the United States, Canada and Scandinavia, show that the industry has a wide range of viable technologies, beyond mechanical recovery, for oil spill response in the presence of ice in open water. To continue to build on this existing research and improve the technologies and methodologies for Arctic oil spill response, nine international oil and gas companies (BP, Chevron, ConocoPhillips, Eni, ExxonMobil, North Caspian Operating Company, Shell, Statoil, and Total) are working collaboratively in the Arctic Oil Spill Response Technology - Joint Industry Programme (JIP).
The JIP has brought together the world’s foremost experts on oil spill response research, development, and operations from across industry, academia, and independent research centres to undertake the technical work and scientific studies. The core areas of research are: dispersants, environmental effects, trajectory modelling, remote sensing, mechanical recovery, and in situ burning (ISB) in Arctic and ice-prone regions. Significant work is committed to developing a robust information database that will support the use of Net Environmental Benefit Analysis for response decision-making and environmental impact assessments related to the Arctic environment.
Phase one of the JIP is complete and seventeen research reports dedicated to literature and state-of-theart reviews are available on the JIP website (www.arcticresponsetechnology.org). This initial phase identified specifically targeted research projects to improve industry capabilities and coordination in the area of Arctic oil spill response. Phase two activities actively underway include dispersant effectiveness testing; modelling the fate of dispersed oil in ice; assessing the environmental effects of an Arctic oil spill; advancing oil spill trajectory modelling capabilities in ice; extending the capability to detect and map oil in darkness, low visibility, in and under ice; and expanding the ‘window of opportunity’ for ISB response operations. The JIP is committed to sharing information with the public on the progress and results of its projects with the objective of improving Arctic spill response capabilities.
Oil Spill Response Options in the Outer Continental Shelf
Authors: Bruce Harland , Mitchell Vince 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Description of the Paper: Our paper outlines the history of spill response requirements in the U.S. Arctic and how incidents have shaped spill legislation. A review of the equipment utilized in spill response from the 1980’s and focuses on the exploration efforts in the Beaufort and Chukchi Seas. It also covers a review of the changing spill response requirements and their impact on the Shell exploration effort.
The experiments and real life experience with spills in ice are reviewed and the equipment and tactics developed from this experience will be described. The limitations of each recovery option are explored and when each tactic would be effective in a spill event.
Proposed spill response platforms for effective spill response operations are identified and how spill response equipment can be deployed in the field.
Application: Spill response options are shown for working in the Arctic in the various ice conditions that may be experienced throughout the year.
Results, Observations and Conclusions: The paper covers the changes in response equipment designed to operate in the Arctic and the tactics that are effective as well as touch on future research that is needed to improve recovery options.
Significance of Subject Matter: The effectiveness of a spill mitigation plan is critical in securing the permits and social license to explore for hydrocarbons in the fragile Arctic environment.
Design of a Multibody Dynamics Based Model Scale Test for Towing Operations in Managed Sea Ice
Authors: Lu Wenjun , Samardzija Ilija , Lubbad Raed , Sukhorukov Sergiy , Hagen Dagfinn , Rognaas Gunnar , Østlund Hilde Benedikte 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWith a series of physical model tests performed during February to August 2016, Arctic towing operation was investigated while towing a Gravity Base Structure (GBS) in managed sea ice with varying parameters: ice concentration, floe size, towing speed and towing configuration. The CONDRILL™ Arctic driller (Gravity Base Concrete structure) is a promising structural concept for extended exploration drilling operations in limited open water season and in harsh ice conditions. In the studies, the model-scale Arctic driller concept were constructed and tested in different paraffin-made model ice conditions. The tests, designed to shed light on both the physics and the practicalities of moving the GBS in varying ice conditions where towing force and structural stability, influenced by ice resistance are central for a successful platform design. The current model test is the first in a series where the results will be used as design input as well as subsequent marine operations employed for moving the platform in managed sea ice. This paper discusses initial assessments of towing force under varying ice conditions through physically modelling the most significant ice load contributor (i.e., the ice accumulation and clearing process). Based on the model tests, an optimum towing configuration, which involves no permanent ice jamming in all the tested ice conditions, was identified. In addition, it was found that for ice concentrations lower than 60%, the towing speed (or hydrodynamics) governs the towing resistance and the influence from ice floes are minor. However, while at high ice concentration (e.g., ≥70 - 75%), we are shifting from a hydrodynamics governed scenario into multibody dynamic interaction governed scenarios, in which, ice accumulation/clearing and internal friction resistance between the ice floes dominate the tow resistance. The study highlights the importance of an efficient ice clearing mechanism to release the pressure built-up in front of the structure and transport broken ice to the wake region of the structure, which results in lower resistance during towing. The studies reported in this paper contribute to the following items: 1) The multibody dynamic based physical modelling test would be the first of its kind to isolate this important physical process and to study it thoroughly without the influence from other physical processes such as sea ice fractures. 2) The test results are useful to validate currently available numerical simulation tools based on Discrete Element Method (DEM).
How to Unlock the North East Greenland Offshore Reservoirs
Authors: Anink Wouter , Jong de Douwe , Wassink Alain 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The hydrocarbon reservoirs offshore North East Greenland are found in one of the most challenging environments in the world. Rigs will have to cope with, amongst others, short to non-existent open water seasons and large amounts of multi-year ice transported directly down from the North Pole, causing year around multi-year ice presence in the area.
Several potential solutions for unlocking these reservoirs are being discussed, ranging from dedicated arctic rigs, to winterized and ice classed open water rigs.
The paper will present an evaluation of four different rig designs comprising a turret moored arctic drillship, two winterized and ice classed open water drill ships and a winterized and ice classed drilling semi-submersible. The evaluation will address both the requirements to drilling operations offshore North East Greenland as well as the resulting capabilities for each rig design. In addition off-season usage possibilities will be addressed as part of the evaluation.
The winterization and ice class requirements for the open water rig designs will be specified in a way which allows the rigs to operate offshore North East Greenland during the summer season. Capabilities of all designs will be determined on the basis of in house and publically available ice-load data. The consequential operability offshore North East Greenland will be determined on the basis of available ice data allowing for a comparison of the operational window lengths for the different units.
As it is unlikely that any of the designs will be able to operate year around offshore North East Greenland in an economically attractive way, off-season usage possibilities will be evaluated as well, considering relevant areas in or near the Atlantic basin.
The results of the offshore North East Greenland evaluation will be combined with the off-season usage possibilities in an overall comparison of the four rig designs.
As a final result the paper will present a rationalized comparison between several potential solutions to unlock the hydrocarbon reservoirs offshore North East Greenland. As a consequence the paper eliminates to a large extent the subjective part in the design selection process for this specific application. Thus providing a valuable overview that has been missing until now.
Empirical Prediction of Sea Ice Surface Temperature from Surface Meteorological Parameters in Pistolet Bay Northern Newfoundland
Authors: Turnbull Ian D. , Taylor Rocky S. , Bailey-Dudley Eleanor , Pritchett Robert , Crocker Greg 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Thermodynamic models of sea ice are important tools for the prediction of the patterns of the seasonal evolution of regional ice concentration, thickness, as well as the flexural and compressive strength of the ice. These models aid in offshore operational planning, decision-making, and structural design in the sectors of marine transport and hydrocarbon development in ice-prone environments. The initialization of vertical ice temperature profiles and the definition of boundary conditions for temperature at the ice surface and base have a significant impact on the evolution of internal ice temperatures in these models and the associated melt, growth, and strength response of the ice. While the ice basal temperature in thermodynamic models is relatively straightforward to define as the freezing temperature of seawater, the ice surface temperature is less certain and is traditionally estimated using a surface energy flux balance. During February 27-29, 2016, six Temperature Acquisition Cables (TACs) and two data loggers were installed on the snow-free land-fast sea ice in Pistolet Bay, northern Newfoundland in Atlantic Canada. The TACs and data loggers recorded vertical ice temperature profiles and surface air temperatures at five-minute intervals. Two co-located tripod-mounted anemometers recorded oneminute surface wind speeds. Dew point temperatures and cloud areal fraction were obtained from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) ERA-Interim Reanalysis, and downwelling longwave radiation was inferred from the surface air temperature measurements and cloud cover data. Incoming shortwave radiation was also calculated. In this paper, an alternative robust and more computationally efficient method is presented for solving the ice surface temperature as a linear function of the aforementioned surface meteorological parameters. Subsequently, the linear model is used to establish ice surface temperature boundary conditions in order to demonstrate its use in modeling the evolution of the vertical ice temperature profile as recorded by one of the TACs.
InSAR Monitoring of Alaska Highway Instability in Permafrost Regions Near Beaver Creek, Yukon
Authors: Chen Zhaohua , English Jerry , Adlakha Paul 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThaw subsidence can damage the infrastructure including buildings, roads and airfields founded on ice- rich permafrost, increase their maintenance costs, change the landscape and influence the sustainable development in the northern region. Information about the ground movements is important for making decisions on various geotechnical approaches to reduce impacts of permafrost degradation. However, field measurements of ground movements and long term monitoring using traditional field survey may be logistically expensive in vast and remote Northern Canada and Alaska, USA. The ability to measure surface displacements, identify the areas being impacted, and provide information of seasonal timing using remote sensing techniques would improve the knowledge and expertise of those involved in infrastructure engineering and management where permafrost is degrading. Traditional Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) measurements of deformation do not consider the effects of seasonal freeze-thaw, thus may not effectively reveal the long term trend of ground movements in permafrost region. In this paper we propose to quantitatively evaluate the seasonal ground movements resulted from on-going seasonal freezing and thawing, and estimate long term deformation of linear infrastructure in permafrost area using InSAR technique. The proposed approach has been tested on Alaska Highway built on permafrost at Beaver Creek, Yukon, Canada using Radarsat 2 data acquired during 2013-2015. Results indicate that there was long term deformation at a rate of five cm/year, in addition to an average of magnitude of vertical movement of 4 cm between winter heaving and summer thawing during annual climate cycles.
Effect of Rudder Force on Stern Shoulder Region Ice Loads
Authors: Valtonen Ville 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the relationship between the rudder lift force and ice loads on the stern shoulder of a vessel hull is studied. The study is based on full-scale measurements with research vessel SA Agulhas II on Antarctic voyage 2012-2013. The results show that rudder lift force has a significant effect on the ice loads on the stern shoulder region.
Deepwater Newfoundland and Labrador: Technology Application and Opportunities for Exploration and Production
Authors: Brown Murray , Power Desmond , King Tony , McAffee Rodney , Dodge Kelley 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThere has been considerable interest in deepwater opportunities offshore Newfoundland and Labrador (NL). The significant discovery of Mizzen, Harpoon and Bay du Nord fields by Statoil and partner Husky Energy, as well as the regional seismic data and metocean characterization projects by Nalcor, has generated industry interest in the area resulting in successful calls for bids in the deepwater region by the Canada Newfoundland Offshore Petroleum Board (CNLOPB) in 2014 and 2015. With the recent exploration license activity and significant deepwater discovery, the potential for further exploration and near-term development is rapidly approaching. There has been extensive operations experience and research and development within the shallow waters of continental shelf Jeanne d'Arc Basin over the past 40 years. With the progression of opportunities for exploration and development in deep water, the operations experience and applied research proven in shallow water can be utilized and adopted to deep water. The technical aspects of Remote Sensing, Ice Engineering, Ice Management and Geotechnical Engineering will be reviewed and discussed in the context of deepwater developments and opportunities for enhancement of technology will be presented.
Ice Drift in the Beaufort Sea from Tracking Beacons, Winter 2009-2010
Authors: McGonigal David , Hill Michael C. , Guzman Leonardo , Hagen Douglas 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In the winter of 2009-2010, seven ice tracking beacons were deployed in two separate arrays in the ExxonMobil/Imperial Oil lease known as Ajurak in the Canadian sector of the Beaufort Sea. The Ajurak lease lies 100 to 160 km north of the Mackenzie Delta, in water depths ranging from 60 m to 600 m. The purpose of the deployment was to assess the fate of a hypothetical under-ice well blow-out. The purpose of this paper is to describe the planning process prior to field operations including a Health, Safety and Environmental (HSE) plan and a Safe Operations Plan (SOP), the deployment, the data analysis and the resulting drift tracks and velocity statistics. Satellite imagery was used to monitor ice conditions prior to deployment to assess the competence of the ice cover, and also to chart the development of land fast ice throughout the winter. An array of beacons deployed in early December followed the expected pattern of westerly drift with periods of rapid drift and occasional reversals and stationary periods. The leading beacon passed Point Barrow, 750 km west of Ajurak, in 4 months. By July, this beacon had drifted well into the Chukchi Sea, a total of 1370 km from its deployment location. The second array of beacons, deployed in mid-January, remained within the Canadian Beaufort Sea.
The longest surviving beacon in this array drifted about 200 km west of Ajurak and stopped reporting in late April. Drift of this array appeared to be impeded by the development of large seaward extensions in the land fast ice adjacent to the Alaskan coast, as well as a series of onshore movements of the polar pack ice.
Underwater Noise of an Azipod® Propulsion Unit with Heavy Ice Class
Authors: Veikonheimo T. , Roivainen J. , Huttunen T. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Acoustically the submerged components of an Azipod propulsion unit comprise two uncorrelated noise sources, namely the propeller and the electrial motor. The propeller hydrodynamic noise is highly dependent on the load & speed whereas the magnetic noise of the electric motor exhibits a smoother dependency on the load & speed. The electromagnetic noise of the motor is highly dependent on the converter supply properties such as the number of voltage levels and current/voltage modulation parameters.
The paper deals with the challenge of estimating the total underwater sound emission of an Azipod unit using both the airborne sound power measurements and underwater sound emission simulations and current hydrodynamical tools available.
The airborne electromagnetic noise emission of the unit can be measured at a factory testbed using the designed converter supply together with correct shaft loading. Sound intensity based methods are favoured in the paper due to their ability to exclude the extraneous noise from the results (factory background noise & noise from the loading machine). Once the airborne noise figures are obtained, a conversion to corresponding underwater noise figures is needed. This is accomplished by computing the airborne and underwater noise radiation with same electromagnetic loading using FE-method for the structural dynamics and BEM for the acoustic radiation. The conversion factor K from airborne to waterborne sound emission is finally obtained for each of the electomagnetic excitation patterns. The accuracy or goodness of K is then validated by comparing future underwater noise measurements during sea-trials and the measured airborne emission at the test floor.
Separate analysis of hydrodynamic acoustic characteristics are performed with three different tools and finally combined to total URN level with electromagnetic noise emission estimation.
In this work, the underwater fluid loading on the Azipod unit surface plates is included by using a very simple approach, which is to be addressed in future studies.
La proyección exterior del teatro español contemporáneo: el papel del Centro Dramático Nacional y la Compañía Nacional de Teatro Clásico
Authors: Colina Martín Sergio , Gaviño Carlota 
Published: November 2016

<p>La existencia de líneas estratégicas en materia de acción cultural exterior por parte de las Administraciones Públicas puede ser un factor clave para una internacionalización eficaz del teatro y la dramaturgia españoles. El presente artículo se propone analizar el papel que han desempeñado en este sentido las unidades de producción del INAEM (el CDN y la CNTC) durante los primeros 35 años de democracia (1978-2013), tratando de identificar fortalezas y debilidades en sus trayectorias históricas, así como señalar potencialidades a partir de un enfoque que combina el análisis desde la gestión cultural y las relaciones internacionales.</p>