bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Extreme under‐reporting of body weight by young adults with obesity: relation to social desirability
Authors: King B. M. , Cespedes V. M. , Burden G. K. , Brady S. K. , Clement L. R. , Abbott E. M. , Baughman K. S. , Joyner S. E. , Clark M. M. , Pury C. L. S. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryObjectiveThe objective of this study was to determine whether there is an association between under‐reporting of body weight and social desirability as is found with self‐reports of energy intake.MethodsTwenty‐seven lean individuals (mean body mass index ± standard deviation = 21.6 ± 2.0 kg m−2) and 26 individuals with obesity (mean body mass index = 35.4 ± 4.8 kg m−2) were e‐mailed a questionnaire on which they had to state their body weight and conduct a home food inventory. The next day, research team members went to their homes to weigh the participants, conduct their own food inventory and administer the Marlowe–Crowne scale for social desirability.ResultsAmong individuals with obesity, lower social desirability scores were associated with a greater degree of under‐reporting body weight (r = +0.48, p < 0.02). Among lean individuals, the correlation was negative but statistically non‐significant (p = −0.22, p > 0.10). Nine individuals with obesity were extreme under‐reporters (2.27 kg or more), and eight of these had social desirability scores in the bottom half of the Marlowe–Crowne scale (p < 0.01). Six under‐reported on the home food inventory by three or more items.ConclusionsIndividuals with obesity and low social desirability scores are more likely than others to be extreme under‐reporters of body weight, possibly due to a lack of awareness of their own weight.
Risk‐Aware or Risk‐Averse? Challenges in Implementing Security Risk Management Within Humanitarian NGOs
Authors: Schneiker Andrea 
Published: January 2018

AbstractHumanitarian aid agencies that deliver assistance in complex emergencies increasingly face violent incidents that not only put the humanitarians’ lives at risk but also jeopardize the delivery of life‐saving aid, thus affecting those parts of populations in need that are already the most vulnerable. In response, numerous humanitarian aid agencies have introduced professional security risk management systems. However, these systems are not implemented to the full extent in every humanitarian organization. I conducted 29 interviews with and a survey among 54 representatives from European and U.S. humanitarian not‐for‐profit non‐governmental organizations to study the implementation of security risk management systems within aid agencies. Combining an organizational perspective with findings from the International Relations literature on norms allows to understand security risk management in terms of ideas and values, which in turn makes it possible to study how security risk management systems are perceived and appropriated within the organizations in order to identify internal organizational barriers to the implementation of relevant policies, procedures, and structures as well as the different ways in which these concerns are addressed by those who are responsible for the implementation of security risk management.
Multi‐scale approach for strength properties estimation in functional materials
Authors: Gitman I. M. , Klyuev A. V. , Gitman M. B. , Stolbov V. Yu. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA new methodology to obtain metallic functional materials with predefined sets of strength properties has been developed. It has been shown that in order to accurately estimate set of material properties at the macro‐level, information from the micro‐level needs to be taken into account. As a result a two‐level estimation model, based on the theory of fuzzy sets, has been proposed. To demonstrate the developed methodology, a reinforcing steel has been analysed. Using microstructural information, derived from an available set of experimentally obtained digital images of material microsections under different heat treatment conditions, macroscopic strength properties of reinforcing steel have been determined.
Introduction
Authors: Yokoyama Hisashi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis book overviews the poisoning which occurred in the 1950s and 1960s among the residents in Minamata, Japan, who ate seafood contaminated with methylmercury discharged from the chemical factory, Chisso Corporation. This chapter describes the purpose in writing this book and the reason why the author used MPM (methylmercury poisoning in Minamata) as a disease name instead of so-called Minamata disease.
The status–power arena: a comprehensive agent-based model of social status dynamics and gender in groups of children
Authors: Hofstede Gert Jan , Student Jillian , Kramer Mark R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDespite the urgency of this issue, AI still struggles to represent social life. This article presents a comprehensive agent-based model that investigates status-power dynamics in groups. Kemper’s sociological status–power theory of social relationships, and a literature review on school children in middle youth, is its basis. The model allows us to investigate causation of the near-ubiquitous phenomenon that females have lower social status on average than males. Possible causes included in the model are children’s dispositional traits (kindness, beauty, and physical power), schoolyard culture (social acceptability of fighting), behavioural strategy (amount of rough-and-tumble play) and the balance between public and dyadic sources of status. An agent-based model of a virtual schoolyard was created in which the children assemble in changing groups and mutually confer status. The status conferred upon a child modifies the status it holds. Rough-and-tumble is modelled as ambiguous: it is intended as a status conferral, but may be perceived as a power move. Running many trials of the model we found that in time, depending on the parameter settings, a gender-based status gap emerged. Rough-and-tumble play had more impact on emergent status differences than did physical power differences. Social acceptability of fighting also strongly moderated the resulting status gap. Placing more weight on dyadic relationship could alleviate status loss. All these model behaviours are in line with empirical findings of child behaviour studies at schools. They have face validity for social status issues in the adult world. We conclude from this that this kind of agent-based model merits use in studying the status–power dynamics of other issues in child behaviour, or indeed in social behaviour in general.
UNIVERSALLY BAIRE SETS AND GENERIC ABSOLUTENESS
Authors: WILSON TREVOR M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe prove several equivalences and relative consistency results regarding generic absoluteness beyond Woodin’s ${\left( {{\bf{\Sigma }}_1^2} \right)^{{\rm{u}}{{\rm{B}}_\lambda }}}$ generic absoluteness result for a limit of Woodin cardinals λ. In particular, we prove that two-step $\exists ^&#x211D; \left( {{\rm{\Pi }}_1^2 } \right)^{{\rm{uB}}_\lambda } $ generic absoluteness below a measurable limit of Woodin cardinals has high consistency strength and is equivalent, modulo small forcing, to the existence of trees for ${\left( {{\bf{\Pi }}_1^2} \right)^{{\rm{u}}{{\rm{B}}_\lambda }}}$ formulas. The construction of these trees uses a general method for building an absolute complement for a given tree T assuming many “failures of covering” for the models $L\left( {T,{V_\alpha }} \right)$ for α below a measurable cardinal.
PERFECT SUBSETS OF GENERALIZED BAIRE SPACES AND LONG GAMES
Authors: SCHLICHT PHILIPP 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe extend Solovay’s theorem about definable subsets of the Baire space to the generalized Baire spaceλλ, whereλis an uncountable cardinal withλ<λ= λ. In the first main theorem, we show that the perfect set property for all subsets ofλλthat are definable from elements ofλOrd is consistent relative to the existence of an inaccessible cardinal aboveλ. In the second main theorem, we introduce a Banach–Mazur type game of lengthλand show that the determinacy of this game, for all subsets ofλλthat are definable from elements ofλOrd as winning conditions, is consistent relative to the existence of an inaccessible cardinal aboveλ. We further obtain some related results about definable functions onλλand consequences of resurrection axioms for definable subsets ofλλ.
DEFINABILITY OF DERIVATIONS IN THE REDUCTS OF DIFFERENTIALLY CLOSED FIELDS
Authors: ASLANYAN VAHAGN 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLet${\cal F}$=(F; +, .,0, 1, D) be a differentially closed field. We consider the question of definability of the derivation D in reducts of${\cal F}$of the form${\cal F}$R= (F; +, .,0, 1,P)PεRwhereRis some collection of definable sets in${\cal F}$. We give examples and nonexamples and establish some criteria for definability of D. Finally, using the tools developed in the article, we prove that under the assumption of inductiveness of Th (${\cal F}$R) model completeness is a necessary condition for definability of D. This can be seen as part of a broader project where one is interested in finding Ax-Schanuel type inequalities (or predimension inequalities) for differential equations.
ON EQUIVALENCE RELATIONS GENERATED BY SCHAUDER BASES
Authors: DING LONGYUN 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this article, a notion of Schauder equivalence relation ℝℕ/L is introduced, where L is a linear subspace of ℝℕ and the unit vectors form a Schauder basis of L. The main theorem is to show that the following conditions are equivalent:(1) the unit vector basis is boundedly complete;(2) L is a Fσ in ℝℕ;(3) ℝℕ/L is Borel reducible to ℓ∞.We show that any Schauder equivalence relation generalized by a basis of ℓ2 is Borel bireducible to ℝℕ/ℓ2 itself, but it is not true for bases of c0 or ℓ1. Furthermore, among all Schauder equivalence relations generated by sequences in c0, we find the minimum and the maximum elements with respect to Borel reducibility.
Romeand theRomains: laughter on the border between Kinshasa and Brazzaville
Authors: Devlieger Clara 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article considers humour at the international border between Kinshasa (DR Congo) and Brazzaville (Republic of Congo) as a means through which ordinary people navigate between fulfilling the values of individual opportunism and interpersonal responsibility. Kinshasa's border zone, nicknamedRome, often echoes with laughter as people who engage in unregulated livelihood strategies (Romains) engage in two genres of humour: verbal irony, expressed in nicknames for people, places and activities; and interpersonal joking, expressed in playful teasing. Laughter and jokes are a prevailing mode of interaction at the border, and the ways in which humour is constructed and experienced reveal much about social and moral life. The jokes define membership of a community ofRomainsdistinct from other urban citizens, while making further distinctions between physically disabled people, who dominate trade as intermediaries, and others by playing with hierarchical social relationships in which disabled people are expected to be subordinate. Ultimately, the humour that shapes the community allows for a critical voice on values within it. This article argues that the inconsistencies pinpointed by humour reflect and shape the instability of social relationships and contradictory values thatRomainsaspire to fulfil. Humour is a means of navigating critical commentary on the conflicting values of individual aspiration and responsibility towards others.
Electron energy and vibrational distribution functions of carbon monoxide in nanosecond atmospheric discharges and microsecond afterglows
Authors: Pietanza L. D. , Colonna G. , Capitelli M. 
Published: January 2018

Nanopulse atmospheric carbon monoxide discharges and corresponding afterglows have been investigated in a wide range of applied reduced electric field (130 < E/N < 200 Td) and different pulse durations (2–50 ns). The results have been obtained by solving an appropriate Boltzmann equation for the electron energy distribution function (EEDF) coupled to the kinetics of vibrational and electronic excited states as well as to a simplified plasma chemistry for the different species formed during the activation of CO. The molar fraction of electronically excited states generated in the discharge is sufficient to create structures in the EEDF in the afterglow regime. On the other hand, only for long duration pulses (i.e. 50 ns), non-equilibrium vibrational distributions can be observed especially in the afterglow. The trend of the results for the case study E/N = 200 Td, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}_{\text{pulse}}=2$ ns is qualitatively and quantitatively similar to the corresponding case for CO2 implying that the activation of CO2 by cold plasmas should take into account the kinetics of formed CO with the same accuracy as the CO2 itself.
Improved yield and control of spectra from high-intensity laser-generated neutron beams
Authors: Albright Brian J. , Yin Lin , Favalli Andrea 
Published: January 2018

AbstractKinetic modeling of laser-ion beam generation from the “break-out afterburner” (BOA) has been modeled for several deuteron-rich solid-density target foils. Modeling the transport of these beams in a beryllium converter shows as much as a fourfold increase in neutron yield over the present state of the art through the use of alternative target materials. Additionally, species-separation dynamics during the BOA can be exploited to control the hardness of the neutron spectra, of interest for, for example, enhancing penetrability in shielded material in active neutron interrogation settings.
Development of C-lignin with G/S-lignin and lipids in orchid seed coats – an unexpected diversity exposed by ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy
Authors: Barsberg S.T. , Lee Y.-I. , Rasmussen H.N. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMembers of the orchid family occupy many germination niches, in terrestrial, epiphytic and epilithic environments. How orchid seeds attach to their substrate and survive after dispersal is largely unknown. C-lignin is a recently discovered specialized lignin, found in seed coats of some plants, including orchid species, but its functional and biological significance is obscure. We studied seed coat ontogenesis in three species (Neuwiedia veratrifolia,Cypripedium formosanumandPhalaenopsis aphrodite) that represent basal and advanced branches in orchid phylogeny and divergent life forms. From each species, controlled pollination yielded several stages of seed development, from which seed coats (testa) were isolated and analysed by ATR-FT-IR spectroscopy. The use of the ATR set-up ensured that the chemical information originated only from the integral outer seed surface layers. The FT-IR bands of C-lignin are presented here for the first time, and distinguished from bands of G/S-lignin. In the seed coats, C-lignin developed after G/S-lignin inN. veratrifoliaandC. formosanum, while only G/S-lignin developed inP. aphrodite. We discuss C-lignin properties and possible function in relation to seed coat properties. The species differed with respect to sequence and amounts of deposition, not only of lignins but also lipids, resulting in differences in mature seed coat compositions. Thus we revealed an unexpected and marked diversity among orchids with respect to seed surface chemistry, with possible implications for seed and germination ecology.
Seidlitzella hoffeinsorum sp. nov., the first representative of the beetle tribe Gymnochilini (Coleoptera: Trogossitidae) from Baltic amber
Authors: Kolibáč Jiří , Alekseev Vitalii 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTBased on two well-preserved specimens from late Eocene Baltic amber, a new fossil species belonging to the family Trogossitidae, Seidlitzella hoffeinsorum sp. nov., is described. This is the second known fossil species of the tribe Gymnochilini and the second known species of the genus Seidlitzella. The systematic and biogeographical relations of the genus to other members of the Gymnochilini are discussed. It is hypothesised that the extant eastern Mediterranean species Seidlitzella procera may be phylogenetically related to the genus Phanodesta, today distributed in New Zealand, New Caledonia, Lord Howe Island, Juan Fernandez Island and Sulawesi.
Anogenital distance in newborn daughters of women with polycystic ovary syndrome indicates fetal testosterone exposure
Authors: Barrett E. S. , Hoeger K. M. , Sathyanarayana S. , Abbott D. H. , Redmon J. B. , Nguyen R. H. N. , Swan S. H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPolycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) affects ~7% of reproductive age women. Although its etiology is unknown, in animals, excess prenatal testosterone (T) exposure induces PCOS-like phenotypes. While measuring fetal T in humans is infeasible, demonstratingin uteroandrogen exposure using a reliable newborn biomarker, anogenital distance (AGD), would provide evidence for a fetal origin of PCOS and potentially identify girls at risk. Using data from a pregnancy cohort (The Infant Development and Environment Study), we tested the novel hypothesis that infant girls born to women with PCOS have longer AGD, suggesting higher fetal T exposure, than girls born to women without PCOS. During pregnancy, women reported whether they ever had a PCOS diagnosis. After birth, infant girls underwent two AGD measurements: anofourchette distance (AGD-AF) and anoclitoral distance (AGD-AC). We fit adjusted linear regression models to examine the association between maternal PCOS and girls’ AGD. In total, 300 mother–daughter dyads had complete data and 23 mothers reported PCOS. AGD was longer in the daughters of women with a PCOS diagnosis compared with daughters of women with no diagnosis (AGD-AF: β=1.21,P=0.05; AGD-AC: β=1.05,P=0.18). Results were stronger in analyses limited to term births (AGD-AF: β=1.65,P=0.02; AGD-AC: β=1.43,P=0.09). Our study is the first to examine AGD in offspring of women with PCOS. Our results are consistent with findings that women with PCOS have longer AGD and suggest that during PCOS pregnancies, daughters may experience elevated T exposure. Identifying the underlying causes of PCOS may facilitate early identification and intervention for those at risk.
Bruno Faria Receives 2017 Africa Award for Research Excellence in Earth Science
Authors:   AGU
Published: January 2018

Bruno Faria received the 2017 Africa Award for Research Excellence in Earth Science at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 13 December 2017 in New Orleans, La. The award honors an early-career scientist from the African continent for “completing significant work that shows the focus and promise of making outstanding contributions to research in Earth or ocean sciences.”
Deciphering the nature of the coral–Chromeraassociation
Authors: Mohamed Amin R , Cumbo Vivian R , Harii Saki , Shinzato Chuya , Chan Cheong Xin , Ragan Mark A , Satoh Nori , Ball Eldon E , Miller David J 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSince the discovery of Chromera velia as a novel coral-associated microalga, this organism has attracted interest because of its unique evolutionary position between the photosynthetic dinoflagellates and the parasitic apicomplexans. The nature of the relationship between Chromera and its coral host is controversial. Is it a mutualism, from which both participants benefit, a parasitic relationship, or a chance association? To better understand the interaction, larvae of the common Indo-Pacific reef-building coral Acropora digitifera were experimentally infected with Chromera, and the impact on the host transcriptome was assessed at 4, 12, and 48 h post-infection using Illumina RNA-Seq technology. The transcriptomic response of the coral to Chromera was complex and implies that host immunity is strongly suppressed, and both phagosome maturation and the apoptotic machinery is modified. These responses differ markedly from those described for infection with a competent strain of the coral mutualist Symbiodinium, instead resembling those of vertebrate hosts to parasites and/or pathogens such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Consistent with ecological studies suggesting that the association may be accidental, the transcriptional response of A. digitifera larvae leads us to conclude that Chromera could be a coral parasite, commensal, or accidental bystander, but certainly not a beneficial mutualist.
Gamma oscillatory activity in vitro: a model system to assess pathophysiological mechanisms of comorbidity between autism and epilepsy
Authors: Subramanian D. , Pralong E. , Daniel R. T. , Chacko A. G. , Stoop R. , Babu K. S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) and temporal lobe epilepsy exhibit remarkable comorbidity, but for reasons not clearly understood. To reveal a common pathophysiological mechanism, we here describe and characterize an in vitro epileptiform activity in the rat hippocampus that exhibits common features with in vivo activity in rodent ASD models. We discovered the development of this activity in the CA1 region of horizontal slices after prolonged interictal-like epileptiform activity in the CA3 region that was provoked by incubation in high potassium artificial cerebrospinal fluid. The CA1 epileptiform bursts were insensitive to blockers of glutamatergic transmission, and were carried by synaptic as well as extrasynaptic, tonically activated gamma-aminobutyric acid type A (GABA(A)) receptors. The bursts bear resemblance to in vivo gamma-oscillatory activity found in rat ASD models with respect to their gamma frequency spectrum, their origin (in the CA1), and their sensitivity to blockers of cation-chloride pumps (NKCC1 and KCC2), as well as to oxytocin. Considering this bursting activity as an in vitro model for studying comorbidity between epilepsy and ASD may help to disentangle the intricate interactions that underlie the comorbidity between both diseases and suggests that extrasynaptic tonic GABAergic transmission could represent a potential target for ASD.
Floats with bio-optical sensors reveal what processes trigger the North Atlantic bloom
Authors: Mignot A. , Ferrari R. , Claustre H. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe North Atlantic bloom corresponds to a strong seasonal increase in phytoplankton that produces organic carbon through photosynthesis. It is still debated what physical and biological conditions trigger the bloom, because comprehensive time series of the vertical distribution of phytoplankton biomass are lacking. Vertical profiles from nine floats that sampled the waters of the North Atlantic every few days for a couple of years reveal that phytoplankton populations start growing in early winter at very weak rates. A proper bloom with rapidly accelerating population growth rates instead starts only in spring when atmospheric cooling subsides and the mixed layer rapidly shoals. While the weak accumulation of phytoplankton in winter is crucial to maintaining a viable population, the spring bloom dominates the overall seasonal production of organic carbon.