bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Independent evolution of sexual dimorphism and female‐limited mimicry in swallowtail butterflies (Papilio dardanus and Papilio phorcas)
Authors: Timmermans M. J. T. N. , Thompson M. J. , Collins S. , Vogler A. P. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSeveral species of swallowtail butterflies (genus Papilio) are Batesian mimics that express multiple mimetic female forms, while the males are monomorphic and nonmimetic. The evolution of such sex‐limited mimicry may involve sexual dimorphism arising first and mimicry subsequently. Such a stepwise scenario through a nonmimetic, sexually dimorphic stage has been proposed for two closely related sexually dimorphic species: Papilio phorcas, a nonmimetic species with two female forms, and Papilio dardanus, a female‐limited polymorphic mimetic species. Their close relationship indicates that female‐limited polymorphism could be a shared derived character of the two species. Here, we present a phylogenomic analysis of the dardanus group using 3964 nuclear loci and whole mitochondrial genomes, showing that they are not sister species and thus that the sexually dimorphic state has arisen independently in the two species. Nonhomology of the female polymorphism in both species is supported by population genetic analysis of engrailed, the presumed mimicry switch locus in P. dardanus. McDonald–Kreitman tests performed on SNPs in engrailed showed the signature of balancing selection in a polymorphic population of P. dardanus, but not in monomorphic populations, nor in the nonmimetic P. phorcas. Hence, the wing polymorphism does not balance polymorphisms in engrailed in P. phorcas. Equally, unlike in P. dardanus, none of the SNPs in P. phorcas engrailed were associated with either female morph. We conclude that sexual dimorphism due to female polymorphism evolved independently in both species from monomorphic, nonmimetic states. While sexual selection may drive male–female dimorphism in nonmimetic species, in mimetic Papilios, natural selection for protection from predators in females is an alternative route to sexual dimorphism.
Isolation with asymmetric gene flow during the nonsynchronous divergence of dry forest birds
Authors: Oswald Jessica A. , Overcast Isaac , Mauck William M. , Andersen Michael J. , Smith Brian Tilston 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDry forest bird communities in South America are often fragmented by intervening mountains and rainforests, generating high local endemism. The historical assembly of dry forest communities likely results from dynamic processes linked to numerous population histories among codistributed species. Nevertheless, species may diversify in the same way through time if landscape and environmental features, or species ecologies, similarly structure populations. Here we tested whether six co‐distributed taxon pairs that occur in the dry forests of the Tumbes and Marañón Valley of northwestern South America show concordant patterns and modes of diversification. We employed a genome reduction technique, double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, and obtained 4407–7186 genomewide SNPs. We estimated demographic history in each taxon pair and inferred that all pairs had the same best‐fit demographic model: isolation with asymmetric gene flow from the Tumbes into the Marañón Valley, suggesting a common diversification mode. Overall, we also observed congruence in effective population size (Ne) patterns where ancestral Ne were 2.9–11.0× larger than present‐day Marañón Valley populations and 0.3–2.0× larger than Tumbesian populations. Present‐day Marañón Valley Ne was smaller than Tumbes. In contrast, we found simultaneous population isolation due to a single event to be unlikely as taxon pairs diverged over an extended period of time (0.1–2.9 Ma) with multiple nonoverlapping divergence periods. Our results show that even when populations of codistributed species asynchronously diverge, the mode of their differentiation can remain conserved over millions of years. Divergence by allopatric isolation due to barrier formation does not explain the mode of differentiation between these two bird assemblages; rather, migration of individuals occurred before and after geographic isolation.
Positive selection on sperm ion channels in a brooding brittle star: consequence of life‐history traits evolution
Authors: Weber A. A.‐T. , Abi‐Rached L. , Galtier N. , Bernard A. , Montoya‐Burgos J. I. , Chenuil A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractClosely related species are key models to investigate mechanisms leading to reproductive isolation and early stages of diversification, also at the genomic level. The brittle star cryptic species complex Ophioderma longicauda encompasses the sympatric broadcast‐spawning species C3 and the internal brooding species C5. Here, we used de novo transcriptome sequencing and assembly in two closely related species displaying contrasting reproductive modes to compare their genetic diversity and to investigate the role of natural selection in reproductive isolation. We reconstructed 20 146 and 22 123 genes for C3 and C5, respectively, and characterized a set of 12 229 orthologs. Genetic diversity was 1.5‐2 times higher in C3 compared to C5, confirming that species with low parental investment display higher levels of genetic diversity. Forty‐eight genes were the targets of positive diversifying selection during the evolution of the two species. Notably, two genes (NHE and TetraKCNG) are sperm‐specific ion channels involved in sperm motility. Ancestral sequence reconstructions show that natural selection targeted the two genes in the brooding species. This may result from an adaptation to the novel environmental conditions surrounding sperm in the brooding species, either directly affecting sperm or via an increase in male/female conflict. This phenomenon could have promoted prezygotic reproductive isolation between C3 and C5. Finally, the sperm receptors to egg chemoattractants differed between C3 and C5 in the ligand‐binding region. We propose that mechanisms of species‐specific gamete recognition in brittle stars occur during sperm chemotaxis (sperm attraction towards the eggs), contrary to other marine invertebrates where prezygotic barriers to interspecific hybridization typically occur before sperm–egg fusion.
Temptation and the efficient taxation of education and labor
Authors: Bethencourt Carlos , Kunze Lars 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis paper studies efficient tax policies in Ramsey's tradition when consumers face temptation and self control problems in intertemporal decision making. We embed the class of preferences developed by Gul and Pesendorfer into a simple two‐period life‐cycle model and show that education should be effectively subsidized if the elasticity of the earnings function is increasing in education and if temptation problems are sufficiently severe. By contrast, if temptation problems are not sufficiently severe, efficient education policy calls for taxing education. Moreover, efficient labor taxation calls for subsidizing qualified labor if the strength of temptation is sufficiently large.
What is ‘needed’ to keep remembering? War‐specific communication, parental exemplar behaviour and participation in national commemorations
Authors: Coopmans Manja , Van der Lippe Tanja , Lubbers Marcel 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGiven the abundance of literature on collective memory practices, there is relatively little empirical research on the socialization processes explaining the transmission of such practices. This article examines to what extent war‐specific communication and parental exemplar behaviour function as a link between the collected memories of individuals and society's collective memory. Utilizing data from an online survey conducted in 2014, we focus on participation in the activities organized on Remembrance Day and Liberation Day in the Netherlands in remembrance of the Second World War. We distinguish between public and private practices. Our findings highlight that different forms of socialization substitute for one another. Whereas communication with non‐relatives is particularly relevant for those communicating less frequently with parents about past war experiences, parental exemplar behaviour, such as participating in the two‐minute silence on Remembrance Day, plays a bigger role amongst those with lower levels of communication with either relatives or non‐relatives.
Living with cardiac resynchronization therapy: Challenges for people with heart failure
Authors: Dehghanzadeh Shadi , Dehghan Nayeri Nahid , Varaei Shokoh , Kheirkhah Jalal 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe number of people with heart failure requiring implantation of a cardiac resynchronization device is increasing in Iran. Although this intervention is an effective life‐saving treatment, several challenges are associated with patients’ lifestyle after insertion. This study identified the challenges and coping mechanisms of Iranians with heart failure living with cardiac resynchronization therapy. A qualitative approach using conventional content analysis was adopted. Seventeen people with heart failure and three nurses were recruited between December 2014 and November 2015 from a teaching hospital and a private clinic in Rasht, Iran. Participants were interviewed using semi‐structured interviews lasting 30–60 min. Five themes emerged: (i) fear of implantation, (ii) the panic of receiving a shock from the device, (iii) lack of control over life, (iv) inadequacies of the healthcare system, and (v) psychosocial coping. A heightened understanding of these challenges and coping strategies could prepare healthcare professionals to provide better routine care, education, and support to the recipients of cardiac resynchronization therapy prior to implantation, during the recovery period, and for long‐term management.
Methods of anorectal manometry vary widely in clinical practice: Results from an international survey
Authors: Carrington E. V. , Heinrich H. , Knowles C. H. , Rao S. S. , Fox M. , Scott S. M. ,   The International Anorectal Physiology Working Party Group (IAPWG)
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundAno‐rectal manometry (ARM) is the most commonly performed investigation for assessment of anorectal dysfunction. Its use is supported by expert consensus documents and international guidelines. Variation in technology, data acquisition, and analysis affect results and clinical interpretation. This study examined variation in ARM between institutions to establish the status of current practice.MethodsA 50‐item web‐based questionnaire assessing analysis and interpretation of ARM was distributed by the International Anorectal Physiology Working Group via societies representing practitioners that perform ARM. Study methodology and performance characteristics between institutions were compared.Key ResultsOne hundred and seven complete responses were included from 30 countries. Seventy‐nine (74%) institutions performed at least two studies per week. Forty‐nine centers (47%) applied conventional ARM (≤8 pressure sensors) and 57 (53%) high‐resolution ARM (HR‐ARM). Specialist centers were most likely to use HR‐ARM compared to regional hospitals and office‐based practice (63% vs 37%). Most conventional ARM systems used water‐perfused technology (34/49); solid‐state hardware was more frequently used in centers performing HR‐ARM (44/57). All centers evaluated rest and squeeze. There was marked variation in the methods used to report results of maneuvers. No two centers had identical protocols for patient preparation, setup, study, and data interpretation, and no center fully complied with published guidelines.Conclusions & InferencesThere is significant discrepancy in methods for data acquisition, analysis, and interpretation of ARM. This is likely to impact clinical interpretation, transfer of data between institutions, and research collaboration. There is a need for expert international co‐operation to standardize ARM.
Conservation vs divergence in LEAFY and APETALA1 functions between Arabidopsis thaliana and Cardamine hirsuta
Authors: Monniaux Marie , McKim Sarah M. , Cartolano Maria , Thévenon Emmanuel , Parcy François , Tsiantis Miltos , Hay Angela 
Published: January 2017

Summary

A conserved genetic toolkit underlies the development of diverse floral forms among angiosperms. However, the degree of conservation vs divergence in the configuration of these gene regulatory networks is less clear.

We addressed this question in a parallel genetic study between the closely related species Arabidopsis thaliana and Cardamine hirsuta.

We identified leafy (lfy) and apetala1 (ap1) alleles in a mutant screen for floral regulators in C. hirsuta. C. hirsuta lfy mutants showed a complete homeotic conversion of flowers to leafy shoots, mimicking lfy ap1 double mutants in A. thaliana. Through genetic and molecular experiments, we showed that AP1 activation is fully dependent on LFY in C. hirsuta, by contrast to A. thaliana. Additionally, we found that LFY influences heteroblasty in C. hirsuta, such that loss or gain of LFY function affects its progression. Overexpression of UNUSUAL FLORAL ORGANS also alters C. hirsuta leaf shape in an LFY‐dependent manner.

We found that LFY and AP1 are conserved floral regulators that act nonredundantly in C. hirsuta, such that LFY has more obvious roles in floral and leaf development in C. hirsuta than in A. thaliana.
The effect of blue light on stomatal oscillations and leaf turgor pressure in banana leaves
Authors: Zait Yotam , Shapira Or , Schwartz Amnon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractStomatal oscillations are cyclic opening and closing of stomata, presumed to initiate from hydraulic mismatch between leaf water supply and transpiration rate. To test this assumption, mismatches between water supply and transpiration were induced using manipulations of vapour pressure deficit (VPD) and light spectrum in banana (Musa acuminata). Simultaneous measurements of gas exchange with changes in leaf turgor pressure were used to describe the hydraulic mismatches.An increase of VPD above a certain threshold caused stomatal oscillations with variable amplitudes. Oscillations in leaf turgor pressure were synchronized with stomatal oscillations and balanced only when transpiration equaled water supply. Surprisingly, changing the light spectrum from red and blue to red alone at constant VPD also induced stomatal oscillations – while the addition of blue (10%) to red light only ended oscillations. Blue light is known to induce stomatal opening and thus should increase the hydraulic mismatch, reduce the VPD threshold for oscillations and increase the oscillation amplitude. Unexpectedly, blue light reduced oscillation amplitude, increased VPD threshold and reduced turgor pressure loss. These results suggest that additionally, to the known effect of blue light on the hydroactive opening response of stomata, it can also effect stomatal movement by increased xylem–epidermis water supply.
Evolutionary origin of phytochrome responses and signaling in land plants
Authors: Inoue Keisuke , Nishihama Ryuichi , Kohchi Takayuki 
Published: January 2017

AbstractPhytochromes comprise one of the major photoreceptor families in plants, and they regulate many aspects of plant growth and development throughout the plant life cycle. A canonical land plant phytochrome originated in the common ancestor of streptophytes. Phytochromes have diversified in seed plants and some basal land plants because of lineage‐specific gene duplications that occurred during the course of land plant evolution. Molecular genetic analyses using Arabidopsis thaliana suggested that there are two types of phytochromes in angiosperms, light‐labile type I and light‐stable type II, which have different signaling mechanisms and which regulate distinct responses. In basal land plants, little is known about molecular mechanisms of phytochrome signaling, although red light/far‐red photoreversible physiological responses and the distribution of phytochrome genes are relatively well documented. Recent advances in molecular genetics using the moss Physcomitrella patens and the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha revealed that basal land plants show far‐red‐induced responses and that the establishment of phytochrome‐mediated transcriptional regulation dates back to at least the common ancestor of land plants. In this review, we summarize our knowledge concerning functions of land plant phytochromes, especially in basal land plants, and discuss subfunctionalization/neofunctionalization of phytochrome signaling during the course of land plant evolution.
Schoolyard Shade and Sun Exposure: Assessment of Personal Monitoring During Children's Physical Activity
Authors: Vanos Jennifer K. , McKercher Grant R. , Naughton Kylie , Lochbaum Marc 
Published: January 2017

AbstractChildhood exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) is a major risk factor for the development of melanoma later in life. However, it is challenging to accurately determine personal outdoor exposure to UVR, specifically erythemally weighted UVR (UVEry), due to technological constraints, variable time–activity patterns, and the influence of outdoor environmental design. To address this challenge, this study utilized mobile and stationary techniques to examine the UVEry exposures of 14 children in a schoolyard in Lubbock, TX, in spring 2016. The aims of the study were to examine the influence of artificial shade on personal UVEry exposures and to assess full sun exposure ratios (ERs) within the same playground microenvironment. On average, personal wrist dosimeters worn during play in the sun measured 18% of the total onsite UVEry measured by a stationary UV pyranometer. Shade was found to significantly reduce the personal UVEry exposures by 55%, UVB280–315 nm exposures by 91%, and the overall solar radiation by 84%. Substantial benefits can be garnered through focused design of children's recreational space to utilize shade—both natural and artificial—to reduce UVR exposures during play, and to extend safe outdoor stays. Finally, although the wrist is a practical location for a dosimeter, it often underestimates full exposures, particularly during physical activity.
HPV type 45‐positive condyloma acuminata of the bladder in a renal transplant recipient
Authors: Sarier Mehmet , Ozel Esin , Duman Ibrahim , Yuksel Yucel , Demirbas Alper 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCondyloma acuminata (CA) are warty lesions caused by human papilloma virus (HPV) that generally affect the external genitalia and mucocutaneous junctions. Involvement of the urinary tract is rare, and involvement of the urinary bladder is thought to be due to immunosuppression. A 30‐year‐old woman was diagnosed with urethral CA 12 months after renal transplantation. She underwent transurethral resection (TUR) of the urethral lesions. During the operation, multiple sessile warty lesions were found incidentally inside the bladder and were also removed by TUR. The patient's postoperative course was uneventful. Pathological examination confirmed that the lesions were CA. Multiplex real‐time polymerase chain reaction was performed to confirm the HPV genotype and revealed type 45 HPV DNA. CA of the urethra are uncommon, and bladder involvement is extremely rare. This case is the first reported, to our knowledge, to involve HPV type 45 in bladder condyloma. TUR may be the preferred option for the management of CA in the urinary bladder.
Role of Renal Drug Exposure in Polymyxin B-Induced Nephrotoxicity
Authors: Manchandani Pooja , Zhou Jian , Babic Jessica T. , Ledesma Kimberly R. , Truong Luan D. , Tam Vincent H. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT
Despite dose-limiting nephrotoxic potentials, polymyxin B has reemerged as the last line of therapy against multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. However, the handling of polymyxin B by the kidneys is still not thoroughly understood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impact of renal polymyxin B exposure on nephrotoxicity and to explore the role of megalin in renal drug accumulation. Sprague-Dawley rats (225 to 250 g) were divided into three dosing groups, and polymyxin B was administered (5 mg/kg, 10 mg/kg, and 20 mg/kg) subcutaneously once daily. The onset of nephrotoxicity over 7 days and renal drug concentrations 24 h after the first dose were assessed. The effects of sodium maleate (400 mg/kg intraperitoneally) on megalin homeostasis were evaluated by determining the urinary megalin concentration and electron microscopic study of renal tissue. The serum/renal pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B were assessed in megalin-shedding rats. The onset of nephrotoxicity was correlated with the daily dose of polymyxin B. Renal polymyxin B concentrations were found to be 3.6 ± 0.4 μg/g, 9.9 ± 1.5 μg/g, and 21.7 ± 4.8 μg/g in the 5-mg/kg, 10-mg/kg, and 20-mg/kg dosing groups, respectively. In megalin-shedding rats, the serum pharmacokinetics of polymyxin B remained unchanged, but the renal exposure was attenuated by 40% compared to that of control rats. The onset of polymyxin B-induced nephrotoxicity is correlated with the renal drug exposure. In addition, megalin appears to play a pivotal role in the renal accumulation of polymyxin B, which might contribute to nephrotoxicity.
Inhibition of the β-Lactamase Bla
Mab
by Avibactam Improves the
In Vitro
and
In Vivo
Efficacy of Imipenem against Mycobacterium abscessus
Authors: Lefebvre Anne-Laure , Le Moigne Vincent , Bernut Audrey , Veckerlé Carole , Compain Fabrice , Herrmann Jean-Louis , Kremer Laurent , Arthur Michel , Mainardi Jean-Luc 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium abscessus
pulmonary infections are treated with a macrolide (clarithromycin or azithromycin), an aminoglycoside (amikacin), and a β-lactam (cefoxitin or imipenem). The triple combination is used without any β-lactamase inhibitor, even though
M
.
abscessus
produces the broad-spectrum β-lactamase Bla
Mab
. We determine whether inhibition of Bla
Mab
by avibactam improves the activity of imipenem against
M. abscessus
. The bactericidal activity of drug combinations was assayed in broth and in human macrophages. The
in vivo
efficacy of the drugs was tested by monitoring the survival of infected zebrafish embryos. The level of Bla
Mab
production in broth and in macrophages was compared by quantitative reverse transcription-PCR and Western blotting. The triple combination of imipenem (8 or 32 μg/ml), amikacin (32 μg/ml), and avibactam (4 μg/ml) was bactericidal in broth (<0.1% survival), with 3.2- and 4.3-log
10
reductions in the number of CFU being achieved at 72 h when imipenem was used at 8 and 32 μg/ml, respectively. The triple combination achieved significant intracellular killing, with the bacterial survival rates being 54% and 7% with the low (8 μg/ml) and high (32 μg/ml) dosages of imipenem, respectively.
In vivo
inhibition of Bla
Mab
by avibactam improved the survival of zebrafish embryos treated with imipenem. Expression of the gene encoding Bla
Mab
was induced (20-fold) in the infected macrophages. Inhibition of Bla
Mab
by avibactam improved the efficacy of imipenem against
M. abscessus
in vitro
, in macrophages, and in zebrafish embryos, indicating that this β-lactamase inhibitor should be clinically evaluated. The
in vitro
evaluation of imipenem may underestimate the impact of Bla
Mab
, since the production of the β-lactamase is inducible in macrophages.
Peak Measurement for Vancomycin AUC Estimation in Obese Adults Improves Precision and Lowers Bias
Authors: Pai Manjunath P. , Hong Joseph , Krop Lynne 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACT

Vancomycin area under the curve (AUC) estimates may be skewed in obese adults due to weight-dependent pharmacokinetic parameters. We demonstrate that peak and trough measurements reduce bias and improve the precision of vancomycin AUC estimates in obese adults (
n
= 75) and validate this in an independent cohort (
n
= 31). The precision and mean percent bias of Bayesian vancomycin AUC estimates are comparable between covariate-dependent (
R
2
= 0.774, 3.55%) and covariate-independent (
R
2
= 0.804, 3.28%) models when peaks and troughs are measured but not when measurements are restricted to troughs only (
R
2
= 0.557, 15.5%).