bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the External Training Load of an English Premier League Football Team With Special Reference to Acceleration
Authors: Akenhead Richard , Harley Jamie A. , Tweddle Simon P. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Akenhead, R, Harley, J, and Tweddle, S. Examining the external training load of an English Premier League football team with special reference to acceleration. J Strength Cond Res 30(9): 2424–2432, 2016—Practitioners and coaches often use external training load variables such as distance run and the number of high-speed running (HSR) activities to quantify football training. However, an important component of the external load may be overlooked when acceleration activities are not considered. The aim of this study was to describe the within-microcycle distribution of external load, including acceleration, during in-season 1-game weeks in an elite football team. Global Positioning System technology was used to collect time-motion data from 12 representative 7-day microcycles across a competitive season (48 training days, 295 data sets). Training time, total distance (TD), high-speed running (HSR) distance (>5.8 m·s−1), sprint running distance (>6.7 m·s−1) and acceleration variables were recorded during each training session. Data were analysed for interday and interposition differences using mixed linear modeling. The distribution of external load was characterized by the second training day of the microcycle (5 days prematch) exhibiting the highest values for all variables of training load, with the fourth day (1 day prematch) exhibiting the lowest values. Central midfield players covered ∼8–16% greater TD than other positions excluding wide midfielders (p ≤ 0.03, d = 0.2–0.4) and covered ∼17% greater distance accelerating 1–2 m·s−2 than central defenders (p = 0.03, d = 0.7). When expressed relative to training duration and TD, the magnitude of interday and interposition differences were markedly reduced (p = 0.03, d = 0.2–0.3). When managing the distribution of training load, practitioners should be aware of the intensity of training sessions and consider the density of external load within sessions.
Neuronal Modulation in the Prefrontal Cortex in a Transitive Inference Task: Evidence of Neuronal Correlates of Mental Schema Management
Authors: Brunamonti Emiliano , Mione Valentina , Di Bello Fabio , Pani Pierpaolo , Genovesio Aldo , Ferraina Stefano 
Published: January 2016

When informed that A > B and B > C, humans and other animals can easily conclude that A > C. This remarkable trait of advanced animals, which allows them to manipulate knowledge flexibly to infer logical relations, has only recently garnered interest in mainstream neuroscience. How the brain controls these logical processes remains an unanswered question that has been merely superficially addressed in neuroimaging and lesion studies, which are unable to identify the underlying neuronal computations. We observed that the activation pattern of neurons in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) during pair comparisons in a highly demanding transitive inference task fully supports the behavioral performance of the two monkeys that we tested. Our results indicate that the PFC contributes to the construction and use of a mental schema to represent premises. This evidence provides a novel framework for understanding the function of various areas of brain in logic processes and impairments to them in degenerative, traumatic, and psychiatric pathologies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn cognitive neuroscience, it is unknown how information that leads to inferential deductions are encoded and manipulated at the neuronal level. We addressed this question by recording single-unit activity from the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex of monkeys that were performing a transitive inference (TI) task. The TI required one to choose the higher ranked of two items, based on previous, indirect experience. Our results demonstrated that single-neuron activity supports the construction of an abstract, mental schema of ordered items in solving the task and that this representation is independent of the reward value that is experienced for the single items. These findings identify the neural substrates of abstract mental representations that support inferential thinking.
Effects of Early and Late Bilingualism on Resting-State Functional Connectivity
Authors: Berken Jonathan A. , Chai Xiaoqian , Chen Jen-Kai , Gracco Vincent L. , Klein Denise 
Published: January 2016

Of current interest is how variations in early language experience shape patterns of functional connectivity in the human brain. In the present study, we compared simultaneous (two languages from birth) and sequential (second language learned after age 5 years) bilinguals using a seed-based resting-state MRI approach. We focused on the inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) as our ROI, as recent studies have demonstrated both neurofunctional and neurostructural changes related to age of second language acquisition in bilinguals in this cortical area. Stronger functional connectivity was observed for simultaneous bilinguals between the left and right IFG, as well as between the inferior frontal gyrus and brain areas involved in language control, including the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, inferior parietal lobule, and cerebellum. Functional connectivity between the left IFG and the right IFG and right inferior parietal lobule was also significantly correlated with age of acquisition for sequential bilinguals; the earlier the second language was acquired, the stronger was the functional connectivity. In addition, greater functional connectivity between homologous regions of the inferior frontal gyrus was associated with reduced neural activation in the left IFG during speech production. The increased connectivity at rest and reduced neural activation during task performance suggests enhanced neural efficiency in this important brain area involved in both speech production and domain-general cognitive processing. Together, our findings highlight how the brain's intrinsic functional patterns are influenced by the developmental timeline in which second language acquisition occurs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOf current interest is how early life experience leaves its footprint on brain structure and function. In this regard, bilingualism provides an optimal way to determine the effects of the timing of language learning because a second language can be learned from birth or later in life. We used resting-state fMRI to look at simultaneous and sequential bilinguals who differed only in age of acquisition, and found stronger connectivity between language and cognitive control regions in bilinguals who learned their two languages simultaneously, a pattern that was associated with more efficient brain activation during speech. Our findings highlight how functional connections in the brain differ depending upon when learning takes place.
The Dynamic Multisensory Engram: Neural Circuitry Underlying Crossmodal Object Recognition in Rats Changes with the Nature of Object Experience
Authors: Jacklin Derek L. , Cloke Jacob M. , Potvin Alphonse , Garrett Inara , Winters Boyer D. 
Published: January 2016

Rats, humans, and monkeys demonstrate robust crossmodal object recognition (CMOR), identifying objects across sensory modalities. We have shown that rats' performance of a spontaneous tactile-to-visual CMOR task requires functional integration of perirhinal (PRh) and posterior parietal (PPC) cortices, which seemingly provide visual and tactile object feature processing, respectively. However, research with primates has suggested that PRh is sufficient for multisensory object representation. We tested this hypothesis in rats using a modification of the CMOR task in which multimodal preexposure to the to-be-remembered objects significantly facilitates performance. In the original CMOR task, with no preexposure, reversible lesions of PRh or PPC produced patterns of impairment consistent with modality-specific contributions. Conversely, in the CMOR task with preexposure, PPC lesions had no effect, whereas PRh involvement was robust, proving necessary for phases of the task that did not require PRh activity when rats did not have preexposure; this pattern was supported by results from c-fos imaging. We suggest that multimodal preexposure alters the circuitry responsible for object recognition, in this case obviating the need for PPC contributions and expanding PRh involvement, consistent with the polymodal nature of PRh connections and results from primates indicating a key role for PRh in multisensory object representation. These findings have significant implications for our understanding of multisensory information processing, suggesting that the nature of an individual's past experience with an object strongly determines the brain circuitry involved in representing that object's multisensory features in memory.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ability to integrate information from multiple sensory modalities is crucial to the survival of organisms living in complex environments. Appropriate responses to behaviorally relevant objects are informed by integration of multisensory object features. We used crossmodal object recognition tasks in rats to study the neurobiological basis of multisensory object representation. When rats had no prior exposure to the to-be-remembered objects, the spontaneous ability to recognize objects across sensory modalities relied on functional interaction between multiple cortical regions. However, prior multisensory exploration of the task-relevant objects remapped cortical contributions, negating the involvement of one region and significantly expanding the role of another. This finding emphasizes the dynamic nature of cortical representation of objects in relation to past experience.
Neural Mechanisms of Credit Assignment in a Multicue Environment
Authors: Akaishi Rei , Kolling Nils , Brown Joshua W. , Rushworth Matthew 
Published: January 2016

In complex environments, many potential cues can guide a decision or be assigned responsibility for the outcome of the decision. We know little, however, about how humans and animals select relevant information sources that should guide behavior. We show that subjects solve this relevance selection and credit assignment problem by selecting one cue and its association with a particular outcome as the main focus of a hypothesis. To do this, we examined learning while using a task design that allowed us to estimate the focus of each subject's hypotheses on a trial-by-trial basis. When a prediction is confirmed by the outcome, then credit for the outcome is assigned to that cue rather than an alternative. Activity in medial frontal cortex is associated with the assignment of credit to the cue that is the main focus of the hypothesis. However, when the outcome disconfirms a prediction, the focus shifts between cues, and the credit for the outcome is assigned to an alternative cue. This process of reselection for credit assignment to an alternative cue is associated with lateral orbitofrontal cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTLearners should infer which features of environments are predictive of significant events, such as rewards. This “credit assignment” problem is particularly challenging when any of several cues might be predictive. We show that human subjects solve the credit assignment problem by implicitly “hypothesizing” which cue is relevant for predicting subsequent outcomes, and then credit is assigned according to this hypothesis. This process is associated with a distinctive pattern of activity in a part of medial frontal cortex. By contrast, when unexpected outcomes occur, hypotheses are redirected toward alternative cues, and this process is associated with activity in lateral orbitofrontal cortex.
AbobotulinumtoxinA for Equinus Foot Deformity in Cerebral Palsy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Delgado Mauricio R. , Tilton Ann , Russman Barry , Benavides Oscar , Bonikowski Marcin , Carranza Jorge , Dabrowski Edward , Dursun Nigar , Gormley Mark , Jozwiak Marek , Matthews Dennis , Maciag-Tymecka Iwona , Unlu Ece , Pham Emmanuel , Tse Anissa , Picaut Philippe 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUND:
Although botulinum toxin is a well-established treatment of focal spasticity in cerebral palsy, most trials have been small, and few have simultaneously assessed measures of muscle tone and clinical benefit.

METHODS:
Global, randomized, controlled study to assess the efficacy and safety of abobotulinumtoxinA versus placebo in cerebral palsy children with dynamic equinus foot deformity. Patients were randomized (1:1:1) to abobotulinumtoxinA 10 U/kg/leg, 15 U/kg/leg, or placebo injections into the gastrocnemius-soleus complex (1 or both legs injected). In the primary hierarchical analysis, demonstration of benefit for each dose required superiority to placebo on the primary (change in Modified Ashworth Scale from baseline to week 4) and first key secondary (Physician’s Global Assessment at week 4) end points.

RESULTS:
Two hundred and forty-one patients were randomized, and 226 completed the study; the intention to treat population included 235 patients (98%). At week 4, Modified Ashworth Scale scores significantly improved with abobotulinumtoxinA; mean (95% confidence interval) treatment differences versus placebo were –0.49 (–0.75 to –0.23; P = .0002) for 15 U/kg/leg and –0.38 (–0.64 to –0.13; P = .003) for 10 U/kg/leg. The Physician’s Global Assessment treatment differences versus placebo of 0.77 (0.45 to 1.10) for 15 U/kg/leg and 0.82 (0.50 to 1.14) for 10 U/kg/leg were also significant (both Ps &lt; .0001). The most common treatment-related adverse event was muscular weakness (10 U/Kg/leg = 2; placebo = 1).

CONCLUSIONS:
AbobotulinumtoxinA improves muscle tone in children with dynamic equinus resulting in an improved overall clinical impression and is well tolerated.
Social Integration of Immigrants within the Linguistically Diverse Workplace: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kaushik Vibha , Walsh Christine A. , Haefele Diana 
Published: January 2016

<p>As a consequence of international migration, a large number of workplaces are becoming linguistically diverse. This creates challenges for the workplace integration of immigrants and increases the risk of their social exclusion. A systematic review was conducted to determine the effects of linguistic diversity on social integration of immigrants within the workplace. Articles were identified by reviewing abstracts in electronic databases using key words related to linguistic diversity, social integration, immigrants and workplace. The search yielded ten peer reviewed articles, published in English, between 2000 and 2014. Information was extracted and synthesized from both quantitative and qualitative studies. The studies in this review were found to be concerned on three key areas of investigation: (1) social integration or social inclusion/exclusion, (2) social interaction and inter-group perception, and (3) accent discrimination. Smooth social and professional assimilation and the equality of opportunities for the immigrants were considered as the determining factors of their complete social integration in the workplace. Most studies in this review established a connection between social integration and local language skills; some also identified that factors such as racial discrimination and ethnicity based stereotyping contributed to social exclusion of immigrants, particularly when the studies involved visible minorities. The review enhances our understanding of challenges of complete social integration faced by immigrants and reinforces the need to invest in policies and program aimed at preventing marginalization of immigrants. However, due to limited number of studies identified by this review and the variation in findings, further research is necessary to investigate the role of linguistic diversity in the workplace integration of immigrants in immigrant receiving countries. </p>
Matrix Permittivity Measurements for Rock Powders
Authors: Seleznev Nikita V. , Fellah Kamilla , Phillips John , Zulkipli Siti Najmi , Fournié Bastien 
Published: January 2016

Summary
Formation water content is one of the key petrophysical quantities provided by dielectric logging. However, to determine water content from formation permittivity measurements, the rock matrix permittivity must be known. Uncertainty in the rock matrix permittivity values translates into uncertainty in the water-content estimate, which is especially important in low-porosity formations or complex lithologies. Matrix permittivity values are not well-known for a number of minerals and can also vary for the same type of mineral in different formations. Thus, a laboratory methodology for the accurate determination of matrix permittivity at dielectric logging frequencies is required to facilitate accurate log interpretation.
One can measure matrix permittivity values on solid plugs (Seleznev et al. 2011). However, the plug-based methodology can be challenging in very-low-permeability or unconventional reservoirs because of difficulties with plug drying. In addition, it is not readily applicable to unconsolidated formations. Finally, it may be impossible to cut solid plugs because of limited availability of rock material. Matrix permittivity measurements made on rock powders are capable of addressing all these issues.
We introduce a methodology for laboratory measurements of matrix permittivity on rock powders at 1 GHz. The methodology is based on conducting dielectric measurements on mixtures of rock powders and liquids with variable permittivities in a dielectric resonator. The permittivity of the rock matrix is inverted from a series of measurements obtained on pure liquids and powder/liquid mixtures. The methodology was benchmarked on a collection of samples representing common oilfield lithologies with matrix-permittivity values between 4.6 and 8.6. The reference matrix-permittivity values were first measured on solid plugs. Then, the plugs were crushed into powders, and the matrix permittivity values were determined on powders following the proposed methodology. The values obtained on powders matched the ones measured on solid plugs within 0.2 dielectric units, resulting in accuracies better than 1% for the water-filled porosity and better than 1,000 ppm for water salinity.
This new methodology was applied to a number of core samples from a carbonate reservoir offshore Sarawak, where dielectric logging was performed along with conventional core analysis. The resulting measured matrix permittivity values were then used to interpret the dielectric log measurement. Results showed a better estimation of water-filled porosity and of the textural MN parameter, equivalent to the Archie's cementation exponent in a water-bearing zone, than would have resulted from using “chartbook” values of matrix permittivity. A consistent and optimized interpretation was obtained in porosities ranging from 5% to more than 30%.
Landing String: Breaking the 2.5 Million Pounds Limit
Authors: Plessis Guillaume J. , Verhoef Richard , Ringstad Svein-Inge , Pangilinan Alberto , Liotta Joe 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Landing heavy casing strings, which operating companies run in nowadays deeper prospects, is challenging and numerous papers have covered some aspects of the solutions used in these world class operations. To date most of these papers (Brock and al. 2010) (Chandler and al. 2012) cover casing landing application running up to 2.5 million pounds (1,250 sTon), which is the hoisting capacity of most offshore mobile drilling units. A trend is well established in the industry with more frequent requests for landing strings of higher tensile capacity for which designs exist with ratings of 2.75 or even 3.0 million pounds.
Reaching this level of tension in a string is demanding in terms of its own design and also brings additional challenges when it comes to hoisting it on the rig, sitting it on slips, torquing it, being able to shear it with BOP in the event that quick disconnect is required. Our group of authors covers these various aspects in this paper that addresses the impact of design choices and details the industry's best options for every landing string interface. Often, the system components are selected in isolation bringing partial answers to this industry challenge; the true answer goes beyond this and is an integrated solution.
This paper presents an array of technologies, which allow operating companies to safely run casing strings weights in excess of today's standard and could serve as guidelines for drilling engineers when they plan deeper frontier prospects.
The Role of Filtercake in Wellbore Strengthening
Authors: Cook John , Guo Quan , Way Paul , Bailey Louise , Friedheim Jim 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Recent experiments and associated modelling on wellbore strengthening have revealed the importance of the filtercake in inhibiting the growth of fractures that would otherwise cause lost circulation. As a result, this increases the pressure that the wellbore can sustain, during both drilling and cementing.
In preventive wellbore strengthening treatments, the rock formation is assumed to have no open fractures. Fractures are induced during the drilling process and the treatment inhibits their growth. This technique is most often used in drilling through depleted formations and has proven to be very effective. The basis of design is that particles of loss prevention material (LPM) in the drilling fluid are sized to enter the fractures, form a bridge within them, and then restrict fluid flow to the tip.
A second mechanism has also been identified. Several hundred block tests on sandstone samples have been performed using various fluids, from drilling muds to cements, under various treatment conditions. These tests revealed the importance of filtercake in preventive wellbore strengthening. Particles sized to block a specific fracture were not needed. Provided that the filtercake itself can bridge the very narrow fractures that form at early times, it can prevent the fluid flow into the fracture that then allows the fracture to extend and widen.
The properties, in particular the strength, of filtercake are important in determining the effectiveness of this kind of strengthening. Tests were performed to characterize filtercake and LPM effects on filtercake for both water and oil-base muds. Results showed that incorporation of particulate LPM to water-base mud filtercakes has little effect on the filtercake strength, but has appreciable effect on oil-base mud filtercake strength. Filtercake tensile strength is much more difficult to measure, particularly in relationship to the critical fracture width before the filtercake ruptures.