bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“A Darker Hue”: Race and Adoption in Richmond, Virginia, 1959
Authors: Trembanis Sarah L. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This article examines the intersecting issues of race, identity, and colorism in African American adoptions and state adoption policies during the 1950s and early 1960s through the case study of the contested adoption of David Alexander Rowe in Richmond, Virginia, in 1959. Rowe was born to a fourteen-year-old African American mother, who, while working as a prostitute, became pregnant by a twenty-seven-year-old married white father of two. Confined to a home for wayward girls until her eighteenth birthday, the mother requested that her son be adopted by her aunt. Instead of authorizing this seemingly noncontroversial adoption, the Virginia Department of Welfare officially opposed it on the grounds that the baby was “too fair” to be adopted by a dark-skinned family member. Outraged, the aunt brought her story and her case to the black press and to the state courts. Within the complicated, legislative racial policies of 1950s Virginia, the liminal status of mixed-race children (who under antimiscegenation laws should not exist) threatened the strict racial binarism through which the state operated its segregationist policies. By placing David’s story within a larger discussion of adoption drives for foreign-born “brown babies” and the Baby-Boom commodification of white babies, this article interrogates the competing narratives about racial identities offered by state policies, adoption workers, and individual families.
Invasive fungal infections: A diagnostic challenge
Authors: Puri Akshjot , Chesser Michael , Lidner Thomas 
Published: April 2017

Introduction: Overall incidence of invasive fungal infections in solid organ transplant recipients is low with the more common infections being invasive candidiasis, aspergillosis and cryptococosis. Zygomycosis comprises of only 0.2%-1.2% of infections in renal transplant recipients with current recommendations advising against routine prophylaxis.Case: The patient was a 60-year-old male with a history of renal transplant 25 years ago on immunosuppressants, chronic transplant glomerulopathy, squamous cell carcinoma post penectomy and bilateral orchiectomy 2 years ago, controlled diabetes and hypertension who presented with pain in the perineal region for 4 days. On exam he was discovered to be afebrile and had a scrotal skin fold with urethral opening from his previous surgery and 2.5 cm induration and tenderness in the left gluteal fold. He was treated with 5 days of Unasyn. A biopsy was taken to rule out recurrence of squamous cell carcinoma and he was discharged home. The patient returned with worsening perineal pain within 3 days. On exam he had progressive induration with erythema, swelling and tenderness in the perineum. An initial white blood cell count of 15.8 increased to 25.8 and blood cultures remained negative. The computed tomography scan showed diffuse edema in the perineum without any evidence of abscesses. Immunosuppression was held and broad spectrum antibiotics were started. His renal failure progressively worsened eventually requiring continuous renal replacement therapy, intensive care transfer and vasopressor support. The biopsy revealed intermingled fibrous tissue with focal necrosis and no evidence of malignant cells. A repeat incision and debridement (I&D) culture showed growth consistent with mucor. He was started on liposomal amphotericin B and taken to the OR for multiple debridements. Unfortunately he progressed to multisystem organ failure and died after transitioning to comfort care.Conclusions: Invasive fungal infections remain one of the life threatening differentials for cellulitis like skin lesions, especially for patients not responding to antibiotics and those who are immunocompromised. Early cultures and histopathology of lesions should be done for diagnosis and to avoid delays in treatment.
2017/1 Early retirement pension cannot justify age discrimination (AU)
Authors: Schöffmann Peter C. , Tinhofer Andreas 
Published: April 2017

Early retirement pension cannot justify age discrimination (AU)
The Austrian Supreme Court has held that the selection of employees for redundancy because of their entitlement to an early retirement pension constitutes unfair dismissal on grounds of direct age discrimination. Although it was accepted that individual employers (here the Austrian Broadcasting Corporation) can pursue a legitimate aim within the meaning of Article 6(1) of Directive 2000/78/EC, the means to achieve that aim were not considered appropriate and necessary. The Court stressed that a balance must be struck between the interests of older and younger employees, taking into account that it is generally easier for younger employees to find a new job. In the case at hand, however, the employer had not managed to show that its redundancy selection programme met that requirement.
2017/2 Length of service is not a protected characteristic for discrimination and roles with different educational requirements are not comparable (HU)
Authors: Ormai Gabriella 
Published: April 2017

2017/2 Length of service is not a protected characteristic for discrimination and roles with different educational requirements are not comparable (HU)
The Curia (Hungarian Supreme Court) stated in its ruling that length of service is not a protected characteristic under discrimination law. Length of employment cannot be considered as a core feature of the individual based on which he or she would belong to a specific group, as it is a result of his or her own actions. It therefore cannot be treated as a ‘miscellaneous’ ground for the purposes of the Hungarian Equal Treatment Act. Further, length of service cannot be linked to age discrimination. The length of service of an employee is not directly connected to age, therefore treatment of an employee based on length of service with a specific organisation cannot be considered age discriminatory.A claim based on discrimination must be supported by a comparator. Employees with different educational backgrounds and jobs with different the educational requirements, are not comparable for the purposes of equal treatment law.
Privacy bij digitale gegevensuitwisseling tussen toezicht en opsporing Inspectieview Milieu als praktijkvoorbeeld
Authors: Coolen Caroline 
Published: April 2017

Privacy bij digitale gegevensuitwisseling tussen toezicht en opsporing Inspectieview Milieu als praktijkvoorbeeld
Digitale gegevensuitwisseling tussen toezicht- en opsporingsinstanties betekent een nieuwe manier van werken. Voor welke vragen staat de uitvoeringspraktijk en is die er klaar voor? En hoe staat het met de wetgeving? In dit artikel staat de praktijk bij de totstandkoming van Inspectieview Milieu centraal. Dit traject is een voorbeeld van hoe het elders gaat of zou kunnen gaan. Maar er is meer nodig… In eerste instantie een brede verkenning naar de manier waarop toezicht en opsporing met elkaar samenwerken en op welke wijze ICT daarbij kan ondersteunen. Een belangrijke vervolgvraag is wat daar wettelijk nog voor nodig is. De uitvoeringspraktijk hoeft daar niet op te wachten. Er kan al gestart worden met een gezamenlijke ‘Gedragscode samenwerking en informatie-uitwisseling toezicht en opsporing’ zodat niemand meer het wiel hoeft uit te vinden.
Rechtsbescherming bij het gebruik van big data door toezichthouders: een verkenning
Authors: Zwenne Gerrit-Jan , Steenbruggen Wilfred , Reker Michael 
Published: April 2017

Rechtsbescherming bij het gebruik van big data door toezichthouders: een verkenning
Willen toezichthouders en bestuursorganen gebruikmaken van big data predictive analytics, dan moeten zij dit doen binnen de daarvoor geldende bestuursrechtelijke en privacyrechtelijke kaders. Zij krijgen te maken met rechtsvragen over beschikbaarheid en bruikbaarheid en – omdat er bij toezicht vrijwel altijd op enig moment sprake zal zijn van een verwerking van persoonsgegevens – de privacywetgeving. In dit artikel komen aan de orde over welke gegevens toezichthouders kunnen en mogen beschikken, welke conclusies zij op basis van big-data-analyses kunnen trekken en hoe in dit alles de belangen van rechtssubjecten kunnen worden gewaarborgd.
Morphological Features and Prognostic Significance of ARID1A-Deficient Esophageal Adenocarcinomas
Authors: Drage Michael G. , Tippayawong Mingkhwan , Agoston Agoston T. , Zheng Yifan , Bueno Raphael , Hornick Jason L. , Odze Robert D. , Srivastava Amitabh 
Published: April 2017

Context.—
The clinicopathologic and prognostic significance of ARID1A mutation in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is unknown.

Objective.—
To determine the morphological correlates and prognostic significance of ARID1A-deficient EAC.

Design.—
One hundred twenty cases of primary EAC were evaluated for a predetermined set of histologic features and immunohistochemistry for ARID1A, p53, and MLH1 performed on EAC, as well as adjacent Barrett esophagus and Barrett esophagus–associated dysplasia, when feasible. Associations between categorical clinicopathologic variables were analyzed by Fisher exact test, and survival analysis was performed by a Cox proportional hazards analysis.

Results.—
The study group included 97 men and 23 women (mean age, 66 years). Loss of ARID1A expression was seen in 12 of 120 EACs (10%). ARID1A-deficient tumors showed a strong correlation with a medullary and mucinous phenotype, and 8 of 12 (67%) had at least one feature reminiscent of high microsatellite instability colon carcinomas (mucinous or medullary differentiation, marked intratumoral or peritumoral lymphoid infiltrate). A mutant p53 pattern was present in 52 of 120 EACs (43%) and showed no correlation with ARID1A deficiency (P &gt; .05). MLH1 loss was present in only 2 of 120 EACs (2%); both of which were also deficient in ARID1A. ARID1A-deficient EACs showed a trend toward increased risk of nodal metastasis but had no effect on overall patient survival.

Conclusions.—
ARID1A-deficient EACs show a phenotype similar to colon cancer with high microsatellite instability but do not appear to have any prognostic significance. Concurrent MLH1 loss is not seen in most ARID1A-deficient tumors, suggesting that ARID1A may be a primary driver of carcinogenesis in a subset of EACs.
NOTCH signalinio kelio ir ginekologinių piktybinių navikų sąsaja
Authors: Lachej Nadežda , Dabkevičienė Daiva , Sasnauskienė Aušra , Trimonytė Rūta Marija , Kanopienė Daiva , Kazbarienė Birutė , Didžiapetrienė Janina 
Published: April 2017

Įvadas. Organizmo ląstelėse vykstančius procesus kontroliuoja įvairūs signaliniai keliai. Vienas iš jų yra NOTCH signalinis kelias. Nustatyta, kad dalinis NOTCH funkcijos praradimas arba nenormalus NOTCH signalo aktyvinimas susijęs su įvairiais žmogaus vystymosi sutrikimais ir ligomis.
Medžiaga ir metodika. Pagrindinis informacijos šaltinis ieškant duomenų – PubMed duomenų bazė.
Rezultatai. Straipsnyje nagrinėjama onkologinių ligų bei NOTCH signalinio kelio dalyvių sąsaja. NOTCH signalas, vystantis vėžiui, gali veikti dvejopai: kaip onkogenas ir kaip naviko augimo slopiklis. Tikslus tokio poveikio mechanizmas dar nėra žinomas. NOTCH signalinio kelio tyrimai svarbūs siekiant atrasti naujus vėžio gydymo būdus, farmakologiniais ir genetiniais metodais valdant NOTCH signalinį kelią. Šioje apžvalgoje daugiausia dėmesio skiriama ginekologiniams piktybiniams navikams, ypač gimdos kūno vėžiui.
Išvados. Pastarųjų metų mokslinių tyrimų duomenys rodo, kad NOTCH signalinis kelias yra neabejotinai svarbus formuojantis gimdos kūno vėžiui, todėl jo komponentai gali būti potencialūs prognoziniai biožymenys ir molekuliniai terapiniai taikiniai. Siekiant patikslinti NOTCH signalinio kelio dalyvių reikšmę bei jų sąveiką su kitų signalinių kelių dalyviais, kurie taip pat gali būti svarbūs formuojantis ir progresuojant gimdos kūno vėžiui, reikalingi tolesni šios srities moksliniai tyrimai.
Stigma, access to healthcare, and HIV risks among men who sell sex to men in Nigeria
Authors: Crowell Trevor A , Keshinro Babajide , Baral Stefan D , Schwartz Sheree R , Stahlman Shauna , Nowak Rebecca G , Adebajo Sylvia , Blattner William A , Charurat Manhattan E , Ake Julie A ,   for the TRUST/RV368 Study Group
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Among men who have sex with men (MSM), men who sell sex (MSS) may be subject to increased sexual behaviour‐related stigma that affects uptake of healthcare and risk of sexually transmitted infections (STIs). The objectives of this study were to characterize stigma, access to care, and prevalence of HIV among MSS in Nigeria.Methods: Respondent‐driven sampling was used to recruit MSM in Abuja and Lagos into the ongoing TRUST/RV368 study, which provides HIV testing and treatment. Detailed behavioural data were collected by trained interviewers. MSS were identified by self‐report of receiving goods or money in exchange for sex with men. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to explore the impact of sex‐selling on the risk of HIV.Results: From 12 initial seed participants, 1552 men were recruited from March 2013‐March 2016. Of these, 735 (47.4%) reported sex‐selling. Compared to other MSM, MSS were younger (median 22 vs. 24 years, p < 0.001) and more likely to identify as gay/homosexual (42.4% vs. 31.5%, p < 0.001). MSS were more likely to report perceived and experienced stigmas such as healthcare avoidance (27.6% vs. 21.5%, p = 0.005) and verbal harassment (39.2% vs. 26.8%, p < 0.001). Total HIV prevalence was 53.4%. After controlling for other factors, HIV prevalence among MSS was similar to that observed among other MSM (relative risk 0.94 [95% confidence interval 0.84–1.05]).Conclusions: These data highlight increased sexual behaviour‐related stigma affecting MSS, as compared with other MSM, that limits uptake of healthcare services. The distinct characteristics and risks among MSS suggest the need for specific interventions to optimize linkage to HIV prevention and treatment services in Nigeria.
New HIV testing technologies in the context of a concentrated epidemic and evolving HIV prevention: qualitative research on HIV self‐testing among men who have sex with men and transgender women in Yangon, Myanmar
Authors: Wirtz Andrea L. , Clouse Emily , Veronese Vanessa , Thu Kaung Htet , Naing Soe , Baral Stefan D. , Beyrer Chris 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Global effort to increase early diagnosis and engagement in HIV care emphasize the importance of developing novel approaches to reaching those missed by traditional methods. Such needs are particularly great for men who have sex with men (MSM), transgender women (TW), and other populations who face stigma. Myanmar's HIV epidemic is concentrated among key populations and the revised National Strategy aims to reduce late diagnosis and barriers to care to curb HIV incidence among these groups. HIV self‐testing (HIVST) may be one method to improve testing and diagnosis among key populations, by placing HIV testing and disclosure within the individual's control.Methods: Formative, qualitative research including in‐depth interviews with adult MSM (N = 12) and TW (N = 13) and focus group discussions with MSM, TW, and community key informants (N = 35) were conducted in June‐September 2015 in Yangon, Myanmar. To inform a subsequent HIV care continuum intervention, including HIVST, participants’ opinions and perceptions about HIVST were elicited.Results: The confidentiality and privacy of HIVST, particularly as it related to disclosure of HIV status and sexual behaviour, was widely recognized among participants. These major advantages were further supported by the opportunity to avoid stigma, convenience of self‐testing (reduced need for transportation and time to go to clinics), and the availability of a pain‐free testing option. Participants weighed these benefits against perceived disadvantages of HIVST, the majority of which centred on the perception that HIVST does not include counselling. Participants were concerned that potential lack of counselling would result in poor mental health outcomes, inadequate linkage to HIV care and surveillance, and reductions in disclosure of HIV status. Participants did not view these disadvantages as an impediment, but provided suggestions for future implementation of HIVST in Myanmar.Conclusions: MSM and TW are optimistic about the confidentiality and privacy afforded by HIVST but wanted HIV counselling and linkage to appropriate services. The domestic reprioritization of HIV and opening of the country to international support has substantially increased the availability of HIV treatment and provides new opportunities, like HIVST, to potentially improve the HIV response for key populations who are at risk for HIV acquisition.
Enhancement of Cardiomyogenesis in Murine Stem Cells by Low‐Intensity Ultrasound
Authors: Teo Ailing , Morshedi Amir , Wang Jen‐Chieh , Zhou Yufeng , Lim Mayasari 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesLow‐intensity ultrasound (LIUS) has been shown to enhance bone and cartilage regeneration from stem cells. The ease of its incorporation makes it an attractive mechanical stimulus for not only osteogenesis and chondrogenesis, but also cardiomyogenesis. However, to date, no study has investigated its effects on cardiomyogenesis from embryonic stem cells.MethodsIn this study, murine embryonic stem cells were differentiated via embryoid body formation and plating, and after 3 days they were subjected to daily 10 minutes of LIUS treatment with various conditions: (1) low‐pulsed (21 mW/cm2, 20% duty cycle), (2) low‐continuous, (3) high‐pulsed (147 mW/cm2, 20% duty cycle), and (4) high‐continuous LIUS.ResultsLow‐pulsed and high‐continuous LIUS had improved beating rates of contractile areas as well as increased late cardiac gene expressions, such as α‐ and β‐myosin heavy chain and cardiac troponin T, showing its benefits on cardiomyocyte differentiation. Meanwhile, an early endodermal marker, α‐fetoprotein, was significantly attenuated after LIUS treatments.ConclusionsWith these observations, it is demonstrated that LIUS simulation could enhance cardiomyogenesis from embryonic stem cells and increase its selectivity toward cardiomyocytes by reducing spontaneous differentiation.
On the spatial coherence of the Atlantic Water inflow across the Nordic Seas
Authors: Herbaut Christophe , Houssais Marie‐Noëlle , Close Sally , Blaizot Anne‐Cécile 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe covariability of the Atlantic Water (AW) branches in the Nordic Seas is investigated over the period 1979–2012 using an eddy permitting model. A noticeable circulation change is found in the mid‐1990s. Prior to the mid‐1990s, the leading mode of variability defines a large‐scale pattern, with concomitant variations in the Atlantic Water (AW) inflow in the Faroe‐Shetland Channel (FSC), the Norwegian Atlantic Slope Current (NwASC), the AW inflow to the Barents Sea, and the West Spitsbergen Current (WSC). After the mid‐1990s, the covariability between the NwASC and the AW inflow in both the FSC and the WSC is lost. Consequently, the northern Barents Sea circulation anomaly pattern, which is present throughout the full period, becomes the leading mode of circulation in the northern Nordic Seas after the mid‐1990s. The circulation change of the mid‐1990s appears to be linked to a weakening of the southwesterly wind anomalies in Norwegian Sea, as the northern center of action of the first mode of sea level pressure weakens. Passive tracer experiments suggest that this circulation change may be accompanied by increased heat transfer from the AW current to the interior Nordic Seas. This in turn may have limited the influence of the recently observed AW warming in the Iceland‐Scotland Passage on the NwASC downstream.
Improvements to the snow melting process in a partially double moment microphysics parameterization
Authors: Brown Bonnie R. , Bell Michael M. , Thompson Gregory 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPolarimetric upgrades to the U.S. radar network have allowed new insight into the precipitation processes of tropical cyclones. Previous work by the authors compared the reflectivity at horizontal polarization and differential reflectivity observations from two hurricanes to simulated radar observations from the WRF model, and found that the aerosol‐aware Thompson‐Eidhammer microphysical scheme performed the best of several commonly used bulk microphysical parameterizations. Here we expand our investigation of the Thompson‐Eidhammer scheme, and find that though it provided the most accurate forecast in terms of wind speed and simulated radar signatures, the scheme produces areas in which the differential reflectivity was much higher than observed. We conclude that the Thompson‐Eidhammer scheme produces drop size distributions that have a larger median drop size than observed in regions of light stratiform precipitation. Examination of the vertical structure of simulated differential reflectivity indicates that the source of the discrepancy between the model and radar observations likely originates within the melting layer. The treatment of number production of rain drops from melting snow in the microphysical scheme is shown to be the ultimate source of the enhancement of differential reflectivity. A modification to the scheme is shown to result in better fidelity of the radar variables with the observations without degrading the short‐term intensity forecast. Additional tests with an idealized squall line simulation are consistent with the hurricane results, suggesting the modification is generally applicable. The modifications to the Thompson‐Eidhammer scheme shown here have been incorporated into updates of the WRF model starting with version 3.8.1.
Addendum to Chlorinated biphenyls [BAT Value Documentation 2015]
Authors: Rettenmeier A.W. , Kraus T. , Drexler H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated chlorinated biphenyls and has derived a BAT value (biological tolerance value) for the combined plasma levels of the PCB congeners PCB 28, PCB 52, PCB 101, PCB 138, PCB 153 and PCB 180. Available publications are described in detail.
The evaluation of the BAT value was based on studies in rats and has therefore to be regarded as preliminary. In a 2‐year NTP study of PCB 153 in female SD rats, a NOAEL of 10 µg/kg body weight was observed. Liver hypertrophy was the critical toxic effect. The mean blood concentration of PCB 153 was 17.4 µg/l. After extrapolation to humans and considering the non‐dioxin‐like indicator congeners, a BAT value for the combined plasma concentrations of PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153 and 180 of 15 µg/l was established. A specific sampling time is not required.
The BAR („Biologische Arbeitsstoff‐Referenzwerte“) in plasma of 0.02 µg/l for PCB 28, <0.01 µg/l for PCB 52, and <0.01 µg/l for PCB 101 were reconfirmed. Exceeding the BAR indicates additional occupational exposure.