bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Generalized Itô’s lemma and the stochastic thermodynamics of diffusion with resetting
Authors: Bressloff Paul C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Methods from the theory of stochastic processes are increasingly being used to extend classical thermodynamics to mesoscopic non-equilibrium systems. One characteristic feature of these systems is that averaging the stochastic entropy with respect to an ensemble of stochastic trajectories leads to a second law of thermodynamics that quantifies the degree of departure from thermodynamic equilibrium. A well known mechanism for maintaining a diffusing particle out of thermodynamic equilibrium is stochastic resetting. In its simplest form, the position of the particle instantaneously resets to a fixed position x
0 at a sequence of times generated from a Poisson process of constant rate r. Within the context of stochastic thermodynamics, instantaneous resetting to a single point is a unidirectional process that has no time-reversed equivalent. Hence, the average rate of entropy production calculated using the Gibbs–Shannon entropy cannot be related to the degree of time-reversal symmetry breaking. The problem of unidirectionality can be avoided by considering resetting to a random position or diffusion in an intermittent confining potential. In this paper we show how stochastic entropy production along sample paths of diffusion processes with resetting can be analyzed in terms of extensions of Itô’s formula for stochastic differential equations (SDEs) that include both continuous and discrete processes. First, we use the stochastic calculus of jump-diffusion processes to calculate the rate of stochastic entropy production for instantaneous resetting, and show how previous results are recovered upon averaging over sample trajectories. Second, we formulate single-particle diffusion in a switching potential as a hybrid SDE and develop a hybrid extension of Itô’s stochastic calculus to derive a general expression for the rate of stochastic entropy production. We illustrate the theory by considering overdamped Brownian motion in an intermittent harmonic potential. Finally, we calculate the average rate of entropy production for a population of non-interacting Brownian particles moving in a common switching potential. In particular, we show that the latter induces statistical correlations between the particles, which means that the total entropy is not given by the sum of the 1-particle entropies.
Scaling study of diffusion in dynamic crowded spaces
Authors: Bendekgey Harry , Huber Greg , Yllanes David 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We formulate a scaling theory for the long-time diffusive motion in a space occluded by a high density of moving obstacles in dimensions 1, 2 and 3. Our tracers diffuse anomalously over many decades in time, before reaching a diffusive steady state with an effective diffusion constant

D

eff

, which depends on the obstacle diffusivity and density. The scaling of

D

eff

, above and below a critical regime, is characterized by two independent critical parameters: the conductivity exponent µ, also found in models with frozen obstacles, and an exponent ψ, which quantifies the effect of obstacle diffusivity.
Mechanical characterization and performance evaluation of twisted Jute-Kevlar hybrid composites with varied fiber orientations
Authors: Gurusamy P , R Deepak Suresh Kumar , N Ramanan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Composite materials play a vital role in developing new materials in engineering and technology. Composites show how the properties of the matrix and reinforcement work together to create more robust, more rigid materials than would be possible from the individual components working alone. They consist of two or more component materials combined with notably dissimilar physical or chemical characteristics. Two categories of composite coupons have been developed in this research work: the first category (C1) is made up of jute twisted-Kevlar twisted jute fiber (0/90 degree), and the second category (C2) is made up of jute twisted-Kevlar twisted jute fiber (0/45 degree). The nano-silica is reinforced with the matrix with a weight percentage of 0%,5%,10% and 15%. This involved various mechanical tests, analysis of wear surfaces, as well as DMA, DSC, and FEA testing, and ultimately, the machining of the composites studied. The machining parameters used in waterjet machining have been carefully analyzed. The tensile strength of S3 in category C1 was 163 N mm−2, while S2 in category C2 had 154 N mm−2. The flexural strength of S3 in category C1 was the highest, with 200.23 N mm−2, and S3 in category C2 had 189.32 N mm−2. The impact strength, hardness values having higher than the Category C 2 composites. Overall, the mechanical behaviour of Category C1 exhibits better performance. An increase in reinforcement shows better damping behaviour in DMA study. The performance of up to 10% of nanoparticles was found to be good, in a thermal analysis (DSC). Morphological analysis revealed improper fiber pullout in the developed composites. The material’s wear performance is similar to adhesive wear, with a slight wear loss in the pin on the disc. The machining parameters of the composite showed a relationship between velocity and surface roughness.
Prediction of puncturing events through LSTM for multilayer tissue
Authors: Behera Bulbul , Orlando M Felix , Anand R S 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Recognizing penetration events in multilayer tissue is critical for many biomedical engineering applications, including surgical procedures and medical diagnostics. This paper presents a unique method for detecting penetration events in multilayer tissue using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks. LSTM networks, a form of recurrent neural network (RNN), excel at analyzing sequential data because of their ability to hold long-term dependencies. The suggested method collects time-series insertion force data from sensors integrated from a 1-DOF prismatic robot as it penetrates tissue. This data is then processed by the LSTM network, which has been trained to recognize patterns indicating penetration events through various tissue layers. The effectiveness of this approach is validated through experimental setups, demonstrating high accuracy and reliability in detecting penetration events. This technique offers significant improvements over traditional methods, providing a non-invasive, real-time solution that enhances the precision and safety of medical procedures involving multilayer tissue interaction.
A comparative study of friction stir welding and friction stir scribe technique for dissimilar metal joining
Authors: Solanki Sapna A , Dhruv Anand B 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Friction stir welding (FSW) has emerged as a novel method for joining similar and dissimilar ferrous and non-ferrous materials. This solid-state welding process utilizes frictional heat generated between a tool shoulder and the base material. The stirring action facilitates the movement and consolidation of the material, resulting in localized fusion and the formation of a joint. This review examines their effectiveness in joining various material combinations, with particular focus on automotive and aerospace applications. FSW utilizes frictional heat and stirring action to create localized plasticity and material flow, while FSS incorporates a cutting feature to mechanically interlock dissimilar materials. The review paper shows comparison of various experimental investigations considering variables such as tool geometry, welding parameters, and material combinations. FSW has some significant parameters to enhance weld quality such as traverse speed, plunge depth, and tool design. These techniques show promising applications for multi-material integration, offering advantages over conventional fusion welding methods. Future research directions include expanding material combinations, developing automated systems, and exploring hybrid joining approaches.
Optimal and simultaneous synthesis of fractional order QFT controllers and prefilters for non-minimum phase hydro power systems
Authors: Katal Nitish , Verma Pankaj , Mahapatro Soumya Ranjan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ideally, the operating frequency of the power units, working in parallel, must not deviate from its nominal value. However, due to the dynamic nature of the load, operating frequency varies throughout the day; thus, the control of governors in the prime movers is essential to balance out the demand, and prevent any frequency deviation. To address this, present study investigates the design of optimal and robust quantitative feedback theory based (QFT) controllers and pre-filters for single area load frequency control of hydro power systems. Hydropower system model considered in the present study features a right-hand side zero, thus exhibiting non-minimum phase; these characteristics make the control more challenging. Also, the work investigates the optimal design of the QFT controllers and prefilters simultaneously by automating the loop shaping procedure, which else follows a sequential manual process on Nichols charts. The proposed automation also empowers the control designer to predefine the controller structure. In the present work the design of fractional order QFT controllers and pre-filters is considered. The study also compares the proposed work with the methods proposed in the existing literature as well as the optimal controllers obtained using the time domain indices. The obtained results establishes that the developed fractional QFT controller offers good tracking, stability, and robustness to disturbances when compared to existing approaches. The proposed fractional order QFT controllers offer the elimination of the overshoot and the undershoot from the closed loop response of the system; outperforms the existing controllers in terms of disturbance rejection; offers 0% steady-state deviation, while providing improved phase margin (60.1°) for enhanced stability compared to existing controllers. Also, the proposed QFT-GA attains the ideal values for both the peak complementary sensitivity functions; thus, establishing excellent robustness. Also, the proposed controllers ensure adequate tolerance to frequency deviation in case of load change.
Use your power for good: Collective action to overcome institutional injustices impeding ethical science communication in the academy
Authors: Broder E Dale , Merkle Bethann Garramon , Balgopal Meena M , Weigel Emily G , Murphy Shannon M , Caffrey Joshua J , Hebets Eileen A , Sher Anna A , Gumm Jennifer M , Lee Jennifer , Schell Chris J , Tinghitella Robin M 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Science communication (scicomm) shapes our world by helping people use science to make societal and personal decisions. Supporting and doing ethical scicomm requires valuing diverse perspectives and the people who do scicomm. Unfortunately, institutional hurdles ingrained in academia impede and undermine ethical scicomm. The injustices impeding scicomm stem from the prestige paradigm of academia (articulated in the present article), which reinforces hierarchical relationships in an exclusionary and exploitative system. To move academia forward, we name and review these injustices through the lens of five realms of scicomm (scientific communication, teaching scicomm, academics engaging in scicomm, scicomm research, and scicomm careers beyond academia). We then provide a novel framework, helping readers identify axes of influence and how they can leverage their intersectional, academic capital to take concrete action to remove the hurdles impeding ethical scicomm in academia.
Application value of individualized tube voltage, contrast injection, and adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction V algorithm based on body mass index in renal computed tomography angiography for radiation and iodinated contrast dose reduction
Authors: Li Junjun , Xiao Yi , Cao Le , Cheng Yannan , Li Yanan , Jia Xiaoqian , Li Xinyu , Fan Ganglian , Li Jianying , Guo Jianxin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
To explore the application value of body mass index (BMI)-based kilovoltage peak (kVp) selection and contrast injection protocol combined with different adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction V (ASIR-V) strengths in renal computed tomography angiography (CTA) in reducing radiation and contrast medium (CM) doses.

Methods
One-hundred renal CTA patients were prospectively enrolled and were divided into individualized kVp group (group A, n = 50) and conventional 100 kVp group (group B, n = 50), both with automatic tube current modulation and CM of Iohexol at 350 mgI/mL concentration. Group A: 70 kVp, noise index (NI) of 18 and CM dose rate of 17 mgI/kg/s for 10 s for BMI &lt;25 kg/m2 patients; 80 kVp, NI = 17, and CM dose rate of 19 mgI/kg/s for 10 s for 25 kg/m2≤BMI≤30 kg/m2 patients. Group B: 100 kVp, 50 mL of CM at the flow rate of 4.5 mL/s. The objective image quality, effective radiation dose, CM dose, injection rate, and image quality were compared between the 2 groups.

Results
There was no significant difference in patient characteristics between the 2 groups (P &gt; .05). Compared to group B, group A significantly reduced effective radiation dose by 28.4%, CM dose by 27.2%, and injection rate by 22.7% (all P &lt; .001). The 2 groups had similar SD values in erector spine (P &gt; .05). Group A had significantly higher CT values, SNR, and CNR values of the renal arteries than group B (all P &lt; .001). The 2 radiologists had excellent agreement (Kappa value &gt; 0.8) in the subjective scores of renal CTA images and showed no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups (4.57 ± 0.42 vs 4.41 ± 0.49) (P &gt; .05).

Conclusions
BMI-based scan and reconstruction protocol in renal CTA significantly reduces radiation and contrast doses while maintaining diagnostic image quality.

Advances in knowledge
(i) BMI-based individualized tube voltage selection and contrast injection protocol in renal CTA reduces both radiation and contrast doses over conventional protocol. (ii) The combination of lower kVp and higher weight ASIR-V maybe used to improve image quality in terms of contrast enhancement and image noise under lower radiation and contrast dose conditions. (iii) Renal CTA of normal size (BMI ≤ 30 kg/m2) patients acquired at low radiation dosage and low iodine contrast dose through the combination of low tube voltage and ASIR-V algorithm achieves excellent diagnostic image quality with a good inter-rater agreement.
Value of contrast-enhanced ultrasound in differentiating granulomatous mastitis from invasive ductal carcinoma
Authors: Xu Yan , Yuan Liqin , Liu Ziru , Long Jie , Luo Yan , Chen Chengcai , Niu Chengcheng 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
This study aims to analyse the imaging manifestations of granulomatous mastitis (GM) and invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) using conventional ultrasound (US) and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). The objective is to investigate the clinical value of CEUS in differentiating between GM and IDC.

Methods
We retrospectively enrolled 39 GM patients and 64 IDC patients between January 2020 and June 2023. All diagnoses were confirmed via core needle biopsy or surgical pathology. The characteristics of both conventional US and CEUS in these patients were analysed to distinguish GM from IDC.

Results
Based on CEUS features, GM lesions most commonly presented as hypoechoic areas (43.6%), followed by pseudocysts (28.2%), hypoechoic nodules (15.4%), and honeycomb cysts (12.8%). The diffuse enhancement pattern was an independent characteristic for distinguishing GM from IDC, with the ROC analysis revealing an area under the curve (AUC) value of 0.794.

Conclusion
US is the preferred initial examination for GM, and both its conventional and CEUS features can enhance diagnostic accuracy and guide clinical treatment. CEUS demonstrates high differential diagnostic value in distinguishing GM from IDC.

Advances in knowledge
This study categorizes GM manifestations on CEUS into four types, each corresponding to different pathological stages of GM. We identified that the diffuse enhancement pattern on CEUS is a distinctive characteristic associated with GM, aiding in its differentiation from IDC.
Computed tomographic angiography in planning thoraco-dorsal artery perforator flap in breast and soft tissue reconstruction: a systematic review
Authors: Soliman Mahmoud , Metwally Islam H , Denewer Adel , Abdallah Ahmed , Denewar Fatmaelzahraa Abdelfattah , Healy Nuala Ann , Romics Laszlo , Agrawal Amit 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Thoraco-dorsal artery perforator (TDAP) flaps have been increasingly used in breast and soft tissue reconstruction. Perforator localization is often done using a hand-held doppler, however, false results are not uncommon. This study aimed to systematically review the literature on the value of preoperative computed tomographic angiography (CTA) in TDAP flaps examining scanning protocol, mapping technique, concordance with operative findings, and disadvantages.

Methods
A PRISMA-compliant comprehensive search of Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and CINAHL databases was conducted in November 2023. We included studies evaluating CTA mapping of free and pedicled TDAPs for breast or soft tissue reconstruction using The Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) Critical Appraisal Tools.

Results
Five studies were included and considered at high risk of bias. The studies included 72 patients with a mean age of 43.8 years. Concordance between CT findings and Doppler mapping or operative visualization was reported in two studies. In three studies, CTA was combined with Doppler flowmetry, whilst dynamic infrared thermography was used in one study. Standardized scanning protocol and patient positioning were lacking in all reports.

Conclusions
This study highlights the paucity of evidence on the value of CTA in TDA perforator mapping with inconsistent outcomes and non-standardized scanning protocols. Despite difficult imaging acquisition and interpretation, 3D reconstructed images and detailed vascular anatomy may facilitate planning.

Advances in knowledge
Further research is required to explore the practical value of CTA in TDAP planning and standardizing protocols.
Multiparameter MRI features of prostatic malakoplakia
Authors: Zeng Han-Jiang , Yang Ling , Yao Jin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
To summarize the multiparameter MRI (mpMRI) features of prostatic malakoplakia.

Methods
Eleven patients (median age 62 years; IQR 59-71 years) with pathologically confirmed prostatic malakoplakia were included in this study. MpMRI features of the lesions were retrospectively reviewed and summarized.

Results
The Prostate Imaging-Reporting and Data System (PI-RADS) scores of the patients were 4 or 5, with a medium diameter of 3.7 cm (IQR 2.0-5.2 cm). All the lesions involved the peripheral zone, of which three cases (3/11, 27.3%) involved the transition zone simultaneously. A diffuse symmetrical distribution was found in five cases, a focal distribution in five cases, and a focal symmetrical distribution in one case. Both the surgical capsule and prostatic margin were bulged and compressed, but no signs of infiltration were found. Nearly all the lesions had moderate hypointensity on T2-weighted images and slightly higher signal intensity on T1-weighted images. Among the lesions, early enhancement occurred in all cases, prolonged enhancement occurred in eight cases, and ring enhancement persisted in one case. All lesions displayed periprostatic enhancement in the delayed phase.

Conclusions
Lesions distributed diffusely and symmetrically in the peripheral zone with preserved surgical capsule and margin are characteristic features of malakoplakia as opposed to cancer, especially in those with slightly high T1 signal intensity and delayed periprostatic enhancement. Those locally distributed lesions with the above signs should also be suspected.

Advances in knowledge
Prostatic malakoplakia are more likely to distribute diffusely and symmetrically, with slightly high T1 signal intensity and delayed periprostatic enhancement.
A review on optimization of Wilms tumour management using radiomics
Authors: Alhashim Maryam , Anan Noushin , Tamal Mahbubunnabi , Altarrah Hibah , Alshaibani Sarah , Hill Robin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Wilms tumour, a common paediatric cancer, is difficult to treat in low- and middle-income countries due to limited access to imaging. Artificial intelligence (AI) has been introduced for staging, detecting, and classifying tumours, aiding physicians in decision-making. However, challenges include algorithm accuracy, translation into conventional diagnosis, reproducibility, and reliability. As AI technology advances, radiomics, an AI tool, emerges to extract tumour morphology and stage information.

Objectives
This review explores the application of radiomics in Wilms tumour management, including its potential in diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment. Additionally, it discusses the future prospects of AI in this field and potential directions for automation-aided Wilms tumour treatment.

Methods
The review analyses various research studies and articles on the use of radiomics in Wilms tumour management. This includes studies on automated deep learning-based classification, interobserver variability in histopathological analysis, and the application of AI in staging, detecting, and classifying Wilms tumours.

Results
The review finds that radiomics offers several promising applications in Wilms tumour management, including improved diagnosis: it helps in classifying Wilms tumours from other paediatric kidney tumours, prognosis prediction: radiomic features can be used to predict both staging and response to preoperative chemotherapy, Treatment response assessment: Radiomics can be used to monitor the response of Wilms and to predict the feasibility of nephron-sparing surgery.

Conclusions
This review concludes that radiomics has the potential to significantly improve the diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment of Wilms tumours. Despite some challenges, such as the need for further research and validation, AI integration in Wilms tumour management offers promising opportunities for improved patient care.

Advances in knowledge
This review provides a comprehensive overview of the potential applications of radiomics in Wilms tumour management and highlights the significant role AI can play in improving patient outcomes. It contributes to the growing body of knowledge on AI-assisted diagnosis and treatment of paediatric cancers.