bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cyclization of Pseudoionone Catalyzed by Sulfuric Acid in a Microreactor
Authors: Zhou Feng , Zhang Boyu , Yao Chaoqun , Zhu Kai , Yang Mei , Chen Guangwen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA microreactor system was developed to investigate the cyclization of pseudoionone (PI) catalyzed by sulfuric acid. The conversion of PI and selectivities of α‐ionone and β‐ionone were explored under various conditions. The effects of residence time, molar ratio of acid/PI (M‐ratio), reaction temperature, and sulfuric acid concentration on the reaction were evaluated. Sulfuric acid concentration was found to play a vital role in the reaction system, which could greatly influence the conversion and selectivities. A high yield of β‐ionone and total yield of α‐ionone and β‐ionone were achieved under optimized conditions. The formation of by‐products was determined in detail and the side reactions could be restrained by optimizing the reaction parameters.
Current developments in fire protection – Changeover to design and classification according to the Eurocode / Aktuelle Entwicklungen im Brandschutz – Umstellung auf die Bemessung und Klassifizierung nach europäischen Normen
Authors: Zehfuß Jochen , Mittmann Thorsten 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe European requirements for fire safety design and testing of structural masonry members are already the governing requirements in many cases. In principle, both the European and the German classification may be used according to the Bauregelliste. However, the latter may only be used when European classification of a member or construction material is not possible because the appropriate European standards do not exist. The European standards do not differ fundamentally from the German standard DIN 4102‐2. One significant difference is that according to the DIN 4102‐2, it was required to carry out two tests with the most unfavourable result governing, while according to the European standard, only one test is required. According to the EN Standard, the tests for fire resistance and the reaction to fire are carried out separately. There are other differences related to the pressure in the furnace as well as the use of plate thermocouples instead of jacketed thermocouples. Fire safety design of masonry is carried out in accordance with EC 6‐1‐2 and the National Annex. Only the members not regulated in the EC 6‐1‐2, e.g. pre‐cast masonry members, non‐load‐bearing walls, lintels, connections and joints, should be designed and checked according to the revised DIN 4102‐4.
Epidemiology of heart failure: the prevalence of heart failure and ventricular dysfunction in older adults over time. A systematic review
Authors: van Riet Evelien E.S. , Hoes Arno W. , Wagenaar Kim P. , Limburg Alexander , Landman Marcel A.J. , Rutten Frans H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe ‘epidemic’ of heart failure seems to be changing, but precise prevalence estimates of heart failure and left ventricular dysfunction (LVD) in older adults, based on adequate echocardiographic assessment, are scarce. Systematic reviews including recent studies on the prevalence of heart failure and LVD are lacking. We aimed to assess the trends in the prevalence of LVD, and heart failure with reduced (HFrEF) and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) in the older population at large. A systematic electronic search of the databases Medline and Embase was performed. Studies that reported prevalence estimates in community‐dwelling people ≥60 years old were included if echocardiography was used to establish the diagnosis. In total, 28 articles from 25 different study populations were included. The median prevalence of systolic and ‘isolated’ diastolic LVD was 5.5% (range 3.3–9.2%) and 36.0% (range 15.8–52.8%), respectively. A peak in systolic dysfunction prevalence seems to have occurred between 1995 and 2000. ‘All type’ heart failure had a median prevalence rate of 11.8% (range 4.7–13.3%), with fairly stable rates in the last decade and with HFpEF being more common than HFrEF [median prevalence 4.9% (range 3.8–7.4%) and 3.3% (range 2.4–5.8%), respectively]. Both LVD and heart failure remain common in the older population at large. The prevalence of diastolic dysfunction is on the rise and currently higher than that of systolic dysfunction. The prevalence of the latter seems to have decreased in the 21st century.
Infrared Spectra and DFT Calcula­tions of Planar and Bridged Methyl­idene Intermediates in Reactions of Laser‐Ablated Yttrium and Lanthanum Atoms with Di‐, Tri‐, and Tetrahalomethanes
Authors: Cho Han‐Gook , Andrews Lester 
Published: January 2016

AbstractReactions of laser‐ablated Y and La atoms with di‐, tri‐, and tetrahalomethanes in excess argon were investigated and the products were identified from their infrared matrix spectra, isotopic shifts, and comparison with frequencies computed by density functional theory. These DFT calculations also show that the primary products are planar and bridged methylidenes depending on the number of halogen atoms with no trace of insertion and products, parallel to the previous Sc results. While the C–M bond in the planar configuration has a considerable amount of π‐character, the observed bridged Y and La methylidene structures are indicative of strong electron donation to the empty d‐orbtals on the metal center. These identified products reconfirm that the electronic structures of group 3 metals (d1s2) do not allow formation of the higher oxidation‐state product in reaction with halomethanes. The preference of a group 3 metal product with more M–F bonds over those with more M–Cl bonds is also investigated.
Substituent Effects on the Fluorescence Properties of ortho‐Carbor­anes: Unusual Emission Behaviour in C‐(2′‐Pyridyl)‐ortho‐carboranes
Authors: Böhling Lena , Brockhinke Andreas , Kahlert Jan , Weber Lothar , Harder Rachel A. , Yufit Dmitry S. , Howard Judith A. K. , MacBride J. A. Hugh , Fox Mark A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeventeen compounds including the parent ortho‐, meta‐ and para‐carboranes and derivatives of ortho‐carborane were investigated for luminescence in cyclohexane and dichloromethane solutions. Fifteen of these carboranes revealed very weak emissions in the 285–493 nm range. These carboranes may arguably be viewed as non‐emissive in solutions at room temperatures. No emissions could be observed for 1,2‐dimethyl‐ortho‐carborane and 2‐methyl‐1‐phenyl‐ortho‐carborane. The carboranes with a 2′‐pyridyl substituent at the cluster carbon atom gave unusual local and charge‐transfer emissions indicating that different excited states are generated on photoexcitation. Of all the carboranes investigated, only 2‐(diphenylphosphino)‐1‐phenyl‐ortho‐carborane, 1,2‐diphenyl‐ortho‐carborane and 1‐phenyl‐2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐ortho‐carborane are luminescent in the solid state with emissions at 476–612 nm and large Stokes shifts of 12000–13600 cm–1. The solid‐state structures of 1,2‐bis(2′‐pyridyl)‐ and 1‐phenyl‐2‐(2′‐pyridyl)‐ortho‐carborane were determined by X‐ray crystallography.
Study of thermal behavior of deoiled karanja seed cake biomass: thermogravimetric analysis and pyrolysis kinetics
Authors: Muktham Radhakumari , Ball Andrew S. , Bhargava Suresh K. , Bankupalli Satyavathi 
Published: January 2016

AbstractKaranja is a medium sized evergreen tree which has minor economic importance in India. The nonedible seed kernel contains 27–30% oil that is used for biodiesel production, leaving the remaining nonedible seed cake as a waste product. The aim of the present work was to obtain kinetic parameters in relation to technological parameters in nonedible seed cake biomass pyrolysis conversion process to bio‐oil and biochar. Effects of heating rate on karanja seed cake slow pyrolysis behavior and kinetic parameters were investigated at heating rates of 5, 10, and 20°C/min using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Thermogravimetric experiments showed the onset and offset temperatures of the devolatilization step shifted toward the high‐temperature range, and the activation energy values increased with increasing heating rate. In the present study, isoconversional method was applied for the pyrolysis of karanja seed cake biomass byTGAand the activation energies (118–124 kJ/mol) and the pre‐exponential factors obtained using progressive conversion. Proximate–ultimate analyses, energy value, surface structure, and Fourier transform infrared spectra of the biomass processed under conditions were reported. The pyrolysis resulted in upgradation of the energy value of seed cake biomass from 18.1 to 24.5 MJ/kg; importantly with high carbon and low oxygen contents. The approach represents a novel method for the upgrading of karanja seed cake that has significant commercial potential.
Celebrating Our Elders Who Led Us Across the Bridge: A Call to Action for the Academy
Authors: Parham William D. , Clauss‐Ehlers Caroline S. 
Published: January 2016

This issue of the Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development launches an inaugural series, Hearing Our Elders, and introduces the Honorable Congressman John Lewis as the series' 1st guest. The social, environmental, and political contexts within which the civil rights and multicultural counseling movements were shaped and unfolded are highlighted as are the incredible contributions by this history‐making icon to these 2 momentous and consequential social reform campaigns. The article, with excerpts from an interview with Congressman Lewis, illuminates central and overlapping themes of both movements that, in turn, represent cornerstones of the Hearing Our Elders series. The authors conclude with an invitation to guess the name of the next historic hero to be featured in the Hearing Our Elders series.Este número del Journal of Multicultural Counseling and Development inaugura una nueva serie, Escuchar a Nuestros Mayores, y presenta al Honorable Congresista John Lewis como primer invitado. Se destaca el contexto social, medioambiental y político en el que se formaron y desarrollaron los movimientos por los derechos sociales y la consejería multicultural, así como también las increíbles contribuciones realizadas por este ícono de gran influencia en la historia a estas dos significativas y trascendentales campañas de reforma social. El artículo, a través de extractos obtenidos de una entrevista con el Congresista Lewis, ilumina temas centrales y comunes de ambos movimientos que, a su vez, representan los fundamentos de la serie Escuchar a Nuestros Mayores. Los autores concluyen con una invitación a adivinar el nombre de la próxima figura histórica heroica que protagonizará la serie Escuchar a Nuestros Mayores.
What's Values Got to Do With It? Thriving Among Mexican/Mexican American College Students
Authors: Morgan Consoli Melissa L. , Llamas Jasmín , Consoli Andrés J. 
Published: January 2016

The authors examined traditional Mexican/Mexican American and perceived U.S. mainstream cultural values as predictors of thriving. One hundred twenty‐four (37 men, 87 women) self‐identified Mexican/Mexican American college students participated in the study. The traditional Mexican/Mexican American cultural values of family support and religion were significant positive predictors of thriving. In addition, the perceived U.S. mainstream cultural value of competition negatively predicted thriving, and the perceived U.S. mainstream cultural value of material success positively predicted thriving. Implications and limitations of the study are discussed.Los autores examinaron valores culturales tradicionales mexicano‐americanos y percibidos como dominantes en los Estados Unidos como indicadores de prosperidad. Ciento veinticuatro (37 hombres y 87 mujeres) estudiantes universitarios que se identifican como mexicanos o mexicano‐americanos participaron en el estudio. Los valores mexicano‐americanos de apoyo familiar y religión fueron indicadores significativamente positivos de prosperidad. Además, el valor percibido como dominante en EE. UU. de competitividad fue indicador negativo de prosperidad, y el valor percibido como dominante en EE. UU. de éxito material fue indicador positivo de prosperidad. Se discuten las implicaciones y limitaciones del estudio.
Application of Raman Spectroscopy to Characterization of Residence Time Distribution and Online Monitoring of a Pilot‐Scale Tubular Reactor for Acrylic Acid Solution Polymerization
Authors: Chevrel Marie‐Claire , Hoppe Sandrine , Meimaroglou Dimitrios , Chapron David , Bourson Patrice , Wilson James , Ferlin Patrick , Falk Laurent , Durand Alain 
Published: January 2016

A pilot‐scale tubular reactor containing static mixers is equipped with several Raman probes in order to perform online monitoring of radical copolymerization of acrylic acid in aqueous solution. This setup allows determination of residence time distribution while polymerization reaction occurs, using sodium nitrate as a tracer. These results prove that the use of convenient static mixers allows obtaining a nearly perfect plug‐flow reactor in all explored conditions (reactive and nonreactive medium, between 0.001 and 1 Pa s viscosity). Furthermore, the dynamics of the pilot‐scale reactor is characterized. Experimental transient and steady‐state values are compared to predictions based both on residence time distribution and model of polymerization kinetics. The applicability of Raman spectroscopy to online monitoring of pilot‐scale reactors is demonstrated.
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A hybrid‐mixed four‐node quadrilateral plate element based on sampling surfaces method for 3D stress analysis
Authors: Kulikov Gennady M. , Plotnikova Svetlana V. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThe hybrid‐mixed assumed natural strain four‐node quadrilateral element using the sampling surfaces (SaS) technique is developed. The SaS formulation is based on choosing inside the plate body N not equally spaced SaS parallel to the middle surface in order to introduce the displacements of these surfaces as basic plate variables. Such choice of unknowns with the consequent use of Lagrange polynomials of degree N–1 in the thickness direction permits the presentation of the plate formulation in a very compact form. The SaS are located at Chebyshev polynomial nodes that allow one to minimize uniformly the error due to the Lagrange interpolation. To avoid shear locking and have no spurious zero energy modes, the assumed natural strain concept is employed. The developed hybrid‐mixed four‐node quadrilateral plate element passes patch tests and exhibits a superior performance in the case of coarse distorted mesh configurations. It can be useful for the 3D stress analysis of thin and thick plates because the SaS formulation gives the possibility to obtain solutions with a prescribed accuracy, which asymptotically approach the 3D exact solutions of elasticity as the number of SaS tends to infinity. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A study of the influence of REV variability in double‐scale FEM ×DEM analysis
Authors: Shahin Ghassan , Desrues Jacques , Pont Stefano Dal , Combe Gaël , Argilaga Albert 
Published: January 2016

SummaryIn this work, the consequences of using several different discrete element granular assemblies for the representation of the microscale structure, in the framework of multiscale modeling, have been investigated. The adopted modeling approach couples, through computational homogenization, a macroscale continuum with microscale discrete simulations. Several granular assemblies were used depending on the location in the macroscale finite element mesh. The different assemblies were prepared independently as being representative of the same material, but their geometrical differences imply slight differences in their response to mechanical loading. The role played by the micro‐assemblies, with weaker macroscopic mechanical properties, on the initiation of strain localization in biaxial compression tests is demonstrated and illustrated by numerical modeling of different macroscale configurations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Moderner Zugang zur Wärmelehre
Authors: Strunk Christoph 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFührt man die Entropie als die für thermische Phänomene grundlegende extensive Größe ein, so ist ein konzeptionell und mathematisch einfacher und dennoch strenger Aufbau der Wärmelehre möglich. Dieser erlaubt es, die thermodynamischen Phänomene quantitativ zu erfassen, ohne auf das Konzept der Wärme als einer “Form der Energie” zurückzugreifen. Energie und Entropie erscheinen dann als zwei unabhängige (Pseudo‐)Fluide, deren Strömung die thermischen Prozesse beschreiben. Im Fall der Entropie kommt ihre Erzeugungsrate als Beschreibungsgröße hinzu.
Das Ionosphärenwetter
Authors: Jakowski Norbert , Berdermann Jens , Hoque Mohammed Mainul 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStruktur und Dynamik der Ionosphäre reagieren in enger Wechselwirkung mit der Magnetosphäre und der Thermosphäre sensibel auf Veränderungen der elektromagnetischen und korpuskularen Strahlung der Sonne. Das Ionosphärenwetter ist somit integraler Bestandteil des Weltraumwetters mit besonderer Wirkung auf die Ausbreitung terrestrischer und transionosphärischer Funksignale. Das sich ständig verändernde Ionosphärenwetter soll deshalb in einem am DLR Neustrelitz eingerichteten Ionospheric Monitoring and Prediction Center permanent beobachtet, erforscht und vorhergesagt werden.
Ölpulver und Fettcrumble: Genuss pur
Authors: Vilgis Thomas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWohlschmeckendes Olivenöl, Kürbiskernöl oder diverse Nussöle geben Salaten und Saucen den letzten Schliff. Kulinarisch attraktiver sind pulverisierte Öle, die komplizierten Gerichten und Desserts beigefügt werden. Sie wirken trocken, riechen nicht, aber entfalten im Mund ihr volles Aroma. Für die “Verkapselung” des Öls sind lediglich Maltodextrin und ein Schneebesen nötig.
Analogous cellular contribution and healing mechanisms following digit amputation and phalangeal fracture in mice
Authors: Dawson Lindsay A. , Simkin Jennifer , Sauque Michelle , Pela Maegan , Palkowski Teresa , Muneoka Ken 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRegeneration of amputated structures is severely limited in humans and mice, with complete regeneration restricted to the distal portion of the terminal phalanx (P3). Here, we investigate the dynamic tissue repair response of the second phalangeal element (P2) post amputation in the adult mouse, and show that the repair response of the amputated bone is similar to the proximal P2 bone fragment in fracture healing. The regeneration‐incompetent P2 amputation response is characterized by periosteal endochondral ossification resulting in the deposition of new trabecular bone, corresponding to a significant increase in bone volume; however, this response is not associated with bone lengthening. We show that cells of the periosteum respond to amputation and fracture by contributing both chondrocytes and osteoblasts to the endochondral ossification response. Based on our studies, we suggest that the amputation response represents an attempt at regeneration that ultimately fails due to the lack of a distal organizing influence that is present in fracture healing.
Epac Activation Regulates Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Migration and Adhesion
Authors: Yu Jiao-Le , Deng Ruixia , Chung Sookja K. , Chan Godfrey Chi-Fung 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
How to enhance the homing of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) to the target tissues remains a clinical challenge nowadays. To overcome this barrier, the mechanism responsible for the hMSCs migration and engraftment has to be defined. Currently, the exact mechanism involved in migration and adhesion of hMSCs remains unknown. Exchange protein directly activated by cAMP (Epac), a novel protein discovered in cAMP signaling pathway, may have a potential role in regulating cells adhesion and migration by triggering the downstream Rap family signaling cascades. However, the exact role of Epac in cells homing is elusive. Our study evaluated the role of Epac in the homing of hMSCs. We confirmed that hMSCs expressed functional Epac and its activation enhanced the migration and adhesion of hMSCs significantly. The Epac activation was further found to be contributed directly to the chemotactic responses induced by stromal cell derived factor-1 (SDF-1) which is a known chemokine in regulating hMSCs homing. These findings suggested Epac is connected to the SDF-1 signaling cascades. In conclusion, our study revealed that Epac plays a role in hMSCs homing by promoting adhesion and migration. Appropriate manipulation of Epac may enhance the homing of hMSCs and facilitate their future clinical applications.
Analysing sanity of requirements for avionics systems
Authors: Barnat Jiří , Bauch Petr , Beneš Nikola , Brim Luboš , Beran Jan , Kratochvíla Tomáš 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In the last decade it became a common practice to formalise software requirements to improve the clarity of users’ expectations. In this work we build on the fact that functional requirements can be expressed in temporal logic and we propose new sanity checking techniques that automatically detect flaws and suggest improvements of given requirements. Specifically, we describe and experimentally evaluate approaches to consistency and redundancy checking that identify all inconsistencies and pinpoint their exact source (the smallest inconsistent set). We further report on the experience obtained from employing the consistency and redundancy checking in an industrial environment. To complete the sanity checking we also describe a semi-automatic completeness evaluation that can assess the coverage of user requirements and suggest missing properties the user might have wanted to formulate. The usefulness of our completeness evaluation is demonstrated in a case study of an aeroplane control system.
Age-Specific Correlates of Child Growth
Authors: Rieger Matthias , Trommlerová Sofia Karina 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Growth faltering describes a widespread phenomenon that height- and weight-for-age of children in developing countries collapse rapidly in the first two years of life. We study age-specific correlates of child nutrition using Demographic and Health Surveys from 56 developing countries to shed light on the potential drivers of growth faltering. Applying nonparametric techniques and exploiting within-mother variation, we find that maternal and household factors predict best the observed shifts and bends in child nutrition age curves. The documented interaction between age and maternal characteristics further underlines the need not only to provide nutritional support during the first years of life but also to improve maternal conditions.
Mild cognitive impairment and dementia prevalence: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities Neurocognitive Study
Authors: Knopman David S. , Gottesman Rebecca F. , Sharrett Albert Richey , Wruck Lisa M. , Windham Beverly Gwen , Coker Laura , Schneider Andrea L.C. , Hengrui Sun , Alonso Alvaro , Coresh Josef , Albert Marilyn S. , Mosley Thomas H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe examined prevalence of mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia in the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Neurocognitive study.MethodsBeginning in June, 2011, we invited all surviving ARIC participants to undergo cognitive, neurologic, and brain imaging assessments to diagnose MCI or dementia and assign an etiology for the cognitive disorder.ResultsOf 10,713 surviving ARIC participants (age range, 69–88 years), we ascertained cognitive diagnoses in 6471 in person, 1966 by telephone interviews (participant or informant), and the remainder by medical record review. The prevalence of dementia was 9.0% and MCI 21%. Alzheimer's disease (AD) was the primary or secondary etiology in 76% of dementia and 75% of MCI participants. Cerebrovascular disease was the primary or secondary etiology in 46% of dementia and 32% of MCI participants.DiscussionMCI and dementia were common among survivors from the original ARIC cohort. Nearly 30% of the ARIC cohort received diagnoses of either dementia or MCI, and for the majority of these individuals, the etiologic basis was attributed to AD.