bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unsolved problems: Mesoscale polar cap flow channels' structure, propagation, and effects on space weather disturbances
Authors: Lyons L. R. , Nishimura Y. , Zou Y. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent evidence indicates that the magnetosphere‐ionosphere system is frequently driven by dynamic mesoscale flow structures that are first seen near the dayside cusps, move across the open field line regions of the polar caps, and then enter the plasma sheet where they lead to a large variety of space weather disturbances. It will be important to uncover the features of these flow enhancements, including their structure, how they propagate across the polar cap, and what controls their dynamic effects after reaching the nightside plasma sheet.
Exploring the Use of Experience Sampling to Assess Episodic Thought
Authors: Busby Grant Janie , Walsh Erin 
Published: March 2016

SummaryMental time travel is the ability to mentally relive events in one's own past (episodic recall) and pre‐live potential personal future events (episodic foresight). Recent research has used experience sampling to reveal when and how often we think about the past and future in everyday life; however, it remains unclear how much of thought is episodic, involving the sense of self that underpins mental time travel. In this study, we investigate the use of experience sampling to assess the frequency of episodic past and future thought in everyday life. Participants (n = 214) were exposed to 20 short message service prompts over 1 or 2 days. Half of thoughts were sited in the present; of the remainder, future‐oriented thoughts were more frequent than past‐oriented thoughts. Participants reported 20% of thoughts as episodic. This study suggests that experience sampling methodology can provide a means of assessing episodic thought during everyday activities.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hired crop worker injuries on farms in the United States: A comparison of two survey periods from the National Agricultural Workers Survey
Authors: Tonozzi Theresa R. , Layne Larry A. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundHired crop workers in the United States are at high risk of occupational injury. Targeted surveillance is important for effective occupational safety efforts.MethodsThe National Agricultural Workers Survey was utilized to collect injury data during the years 1999, 2002–2004 (period I) and 2008–2010 (period II).ResultsThe overall injury rate declined between the two periods from 4.3 to 2.9/100 per full‐time week‐based equivalents (FTEWB). Injury rates remained high during both periods for those with greater than 20 years farm experience (3.6 and 3.8/100 FTEWB) and pesticide handling work (4.9 and 5.0/100 FTEWB). Overexertion, contact with objects and equipment, and falls from height were common during both periods. Older workers comprised a greater proportion of injury cases in period II.ConclusionOverexertion that leads to sprains/strains, dangerous ladder use, and pesticide use should be targeted as important risk exposures on the farm. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:408–423, 2016. © Published 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Occupational fatalities among young workers in the United States: 2001–2012
Authors: Rauscher Kimberly J. , Myers Douglas J. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundWhile adolescent workers in the United States (US) are protected by child labor laws, they continue to suffer fatal occupational injuries. This study was designed to provide a comprehensive profile of occupational fatalities among this sub‐population of US workers.MethodsUsing Census of Fatal Occupational Injuries data between 2001 and 2012, we calculated descriptive statistics and rates to examine the magnitude and nature of fatalities among workers under age 18.ResultsDuring the study period, there were 406 fatalities among young workers which translated into 24,790 years of potential life lost; 12,241 of which were in agriculture alone. Rates declined since 2001 yet Hispanics, foreign‐born workers, males, and those working in agriculture continued to suffer a disproportionate fatality burden.ConclusionsEfforts to reduce young worker fatalities should focus on male Hispanics, particularly those who are foreign‐born, as well as agricultural workers as these groups have the greatest fatality risks. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:445–452, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Employer reasons for failing to report eligible workers’ compensation claims in the BLS survey of occupational injuries and illnesses
Authors: Rappin Christina L. , Wuellner Sara E. , Bonauto David K. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundLittle research has been done to identify reasons employers fail to report some injuries and illnesses in the Bureau of Labor Statistics Survey of Occupational Injuries and Illnesses (SOII).MethodsWe interviewed the 2012 Washington SOII respondents from establishments that had failed to report one or more eligible workers’ compensation claims in the SOII about their reasons for not reporting specific claims. Qualitative content analysis methods were used to identify themes and patterns in the responses.ResultsNon‐compliance with OSHA recordkeeping or SOII reporting instructions and data entry errors led to unreported claims. Some employers refused to include claims because they did not consider the injury to be work‐related, despite workers’ compensation eligibility. Participant responses brought the SOII eligibility of some claims into question.ConclusionSystematic and non‐systematic errors lead to SOII underreporting. Insufficient recordkeeping systems and limited knowledge of reporting requirements are barriers to accurate workplace injury records. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:343–356, 2016. © 2016 The Authors. American Journal of Industrial Medicine Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Defining appropriateness criteria for endoscopic sinus surgery during management of uncomplicated adult chronic rhinosinusitis: a RAND/UCLA appropriateness study
Authors: Rudmik Luke , Soler Zachary M. , Hopkins Claire , Schlosser Rodney J. , Peters Anju , White Andrew A. , Orlandi Richard R. , Fokkens Wytske J. , Douglas Richard , Smith Timothy L. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundAppropriate indications for endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) for chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are currently poorly defined. The lack of clear surgical indications for ESS likely contributes to the large geographic variation in surgical rates and contributes to reduced quality of care. The objective of this study was to define appropriateness criteria for ESS during management of adult patients with uncomplicated CRS.MethodsThe RAND/UCLA appropriateness methodology was performed. An international, multidisciplinary panel of 10 experts in CRS was formed and completed 2 rounds of a modified Delphi ranking process along with a face‐to‐face meeting.ResultsA total of 624 clinical scenarios were ranked, 312 scenarios each for CRS with and CRS without nasal polyps. For adult patients with uncomplicated CRS with nasal polyps, ESS can be appropriately offered when the CT Lund‐Mackay score is ≥ 1 and there has been a minimum trial of a topical intranasal corticosteroid plus a short‐course of systemic corticosteroid with a post‐treatment total SNOT‐22 score ≥ 20. For adult patients with uncomplicated CRS without nasal polyps, ESS can be appropriately offered when the CT Lund‐Mackay score is ≥ 1 and there has been a minimum trial of a topical intranasal corticosteroid plus either a short‐course of a broad spectrum/culture‐directed systemic antibiotic or the use of a prolonged course of systemic low‐dose anti‐inflammatory antibiotic with a post‐treatment total SNOT‐22 score ≥ 20.ConclusionThis study has developed and reported of list of appropriateness criteria to offer ESS as a treatment “option” during management of uncomplicated adult CRS. The extent or technique of ESS was not addressed in this study and will depend on surgeon and patient factors. Furthermore, these criteria are the minimal threshold to make ESS a treatment “option” and do not imply that all patients meeting these criteria require surgery. The decision to perform ESS should be made after an informed patient makes a preference‐sensitive decision to proceed with surgery. Applying these appropriateness criteria for ESS may optimize patient selection, reduce the incidence of unwarranted surgery, and assist clinicians in providing high‐quality, patient‐centered care to patients with CRS
Ventricular septal perforation after blunt chest trauma due to blows from a fist
Authors: Muratsu Arisa , Muroya Takashi , Onoe Atsunori , Nakamura Fumiko , Wada Daiki , Nakajima Mari , Iwamura Hiromu , Kishimoto Masanobu , Yui Rintaro , Sakuramoto Kazuhito , Hayakawa Koichi , Saito Fukuki , Nakamori Yasushi , Kuwagata Yasuyuki 
Published: March 2016

CaseA 40‐year‐old man received fist blows to his chest and abdomen. He presented with external jugular vein distention and facial congestion. Chest X‐ray showed bilateral pulmonary congestion. A Levine V/VI holosystolic murmur was audible. Echocardiography showed left‐to‐right shunt flow across the perimembranous region of the ventricular septum. The diameter of the hole was approximately 13 mm. We diagnosed ventricular septal perforation, started an infusion, and administered vasopressors. However, circulatory dynamics could not be maintained. The ventricular septal perforation was repaired directly with mattress sutures through the right ventricle. A small residual ventricular septal perforation was detected, which was repaired with a patch sutured through the left ventricle.OutcomeThe patient was discharged without cardiovascular complications 43 days after admission.ConclusionVentricular septal perforation following blunt chest trauma is a rare form of cardiac trauma. It is important to consider the timing of the operation and the best method to ensure cardiac repair.
Multimodal study of default‐mode network integrity in disorders of consciousness
Authors: Rosazza Cristina , Andronache Adrian , Sattin Davide , Bruzzone Maria Grazia , Marotta Giorgio , Nigri Anna , Ferraro Stefania , Rossi Sebastiano Davide , Porcu Luca , Bersano Anna , Benti Riccardo , Leonardi Matilde , D'Incerti Ludovico , Minati Ludovico ,   on behalf of the Coma Research Center, Besta Institute
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveUnderstanding residual brain function in disorders of consciousness poses extraordinary challenges, and imaging examinations are needed to complement clinical assessment. The default‐mode network (DMN) is known to be dysfunctional, although correlation with level of consciousness remains controversial. We investigated DMN activity with resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs‐fMRI), alongside its structural and metabolic integrity, aiming to elucidate the corresponding associations with clinical assessment.MethodsWe enrolled 119 consecutive patients: 72 in a vegetative state/unresponsive wakefulness state (VS/UWS), 36 in a minimally conscious state (MCS), and 11 with severe disability. All underwent structural MRI and rs‐fMRI, and a subset also underwent 18F‐fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET). Data were analyzed with manual and automatic approaches, in relation to diagnosis and clinical score.ResultsExcluding the quartile with largest head movement, DMN activity was decreased in VS/UWS compared to MCS, and correlated with clinical score. Independent‐component and seed‐based analyses provided similar results, although the latter and their combination were most informative. Structural MRI and FDG‐PET were less sensitive to head movement and had better diagnostic accuracy than rs‐fMRI only when all cases were included. rs‐fMRI indicated relatively preserved DMN activity in a small subset of VS/UWS patients, 2 of whom evolved to MCS. The integrity of the left hemisphere appears to be predictive of a better clinical status.Interpretationrs‐fMRI of the DMN is sensitive to clinical severity. The effect is consistent across data analysis approaches, but heavily dependent on head movement. rs‐fMRI could be informative in detecting residual DMN activity for those patients who remain relatively still during scanning and whose diagnosis is uncertain. Ann Neurol 2016;79:841–853
Synthese von Inhaltsstoffen der Amaryllisgewächse und nichtnatürlichen Derivaten
Authors: Ghavre Mukund , Froese Jordan , Pour Milan , Hudlicky Tomas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDieser Aufsatz behandelt die Fortschritte bei der Synthese von Amaryllidaceae‐Alkaloiden seit der Veröffentlichung des letzten umfassenden Übersichtsartikels im Jahr 2008. Synthesen der Hauptinhaltsstoffe – Pancratistatin, 7‐Desoxypancratistatin, Narciclasin, Lycoricidin und Lycorin – sowie anderer natürlicher Inhaltsstoffe und nichtnatürlicher Derivate werden vorgestellt, und die biologische Aktivität der nichtnatürlichen Derivate wird diskutiert. Ein Ausblick und weitere Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet beschließen den Aufsatz. Die Literatur wurde bis Ende August 2015 berücksichtigt.
Ein‐ oder Zwei‐Elektronen‐Transfer? – Zur Bestimmung des Entladeprodukts in Natrium‐Sauerstoff‐Batterien
Authors: Bender Conrad L. , Schröder Daniel , Pinedo Ricardo , Adelhelm Philipp , Janek Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWiederaufladbare Lithium‐ und Natrium‐Sauerstoff‐Batterien gelten als mögliche zukünftige Energiespeicher. Während die ablaufende Zellreaktion für die aprotische Lithium‐Sauerstoff‐Batterie (Bildung von Li2O2) eindeutig geklärt ist, gibt es widersprüchliche Berichte zum Entladeprodukt in der aprotischen Natrium‐Sauerstoff‐Batterie. Beim Entladen können Na2O2 und NaO2 entstehen, die in ihrer freien Bildungsenthalphie kaum verschieden sind. Die Zahl der übertragenen Elektronen und die Kinetik unterscheiden sich jedoch sehr stark. Beide Oxide werden unabhängig voneinander als Entladeprodukt der aprotischen Natrium‐Sauerstoff‐Batterie beschrieben. Es ist jedoch bisher ungeklärt, ob und wie sich die Entladungsreaktion so beeinflussen lässt, dass selektiv der Ein‐ oder Zwei‐ Elektronen‐Transfer erfolgt. Wir fassen die vorhandenen Daten zusammen, analysieren wichtige Einflussfaktoren auf die Zellreaktionen und zeigen Perspektiven auf. Eine entscheidende Rolle scheinen Wasser und Protonen zu spielen.
Controllable Encapsulation of “Clean” Metal Clusters within MOFs through Kinetic Modulation: Towards Advanced Heterogeneous Nanocatalysts
Authors: Liu Hongli , Chang Lina , Bai Cuihua , Chen Liyu , Luque Rafael , Li Yingwei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSurfactant‐free tiny Pt clusters were successfully encapsulated within MOFs with controllable size and spatial distribution by a novel kinetically modulated one‐step strategy. Our synthesis relies on the rational manipulation of the reduction rate of Pt ions and/or the growth rate of MOFs by using H2 as assistant reducing agent and/or acetic acid as MOF‐formation modulator. The as‐prepared Pt@MOF core–shell composites exhibited exceedingly high activity and excellent selectivity in the oxidation of alcohols as a result of the ultrafine “clean” Pt clusters, as well as interesting molecular‐sieving effects derived from the outer platinum‐free MOF shell.
Verstärkte Fibrillen‐Fragmentierung N‐terminal verkürzter, Pyroglutamat‐modifizierter Aβ‐Peptide
Authors: Wulff Melanie , Baumann Monika , Thümmler Anka , Yadav Jay K. , Heinrich Liesa , Knüpfer Uwe , Schlenzig Dagmar , Schierhorn Angelika , Rahfeld Jens‐Ulrich , Horn Uwe , Balbach Jochen , Demuth Hans‐Ulrich , Fändrich Marcus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractN‐terminal verkürzte, Pyroglutamat‐modifizierte Varianten des Aβ‐Peptids sind natürlich vorkommende chemische Modifikationen bei der Alzheimerschen Krankheit. Wir zeigen hier, dass die beiden Modifikationen die Länge der Fibrillen und den Übergangsmittelpunkt der thermischen Entfaltung der Fibrillen signifikant herabsetzen. Die Peptidkonformation in den Fibrillen bleibt jedoch weitestgehend unbeeinflusst. Diese Beobachtung lässt darauf schließen, dass der unmodifizierte N‐Terminus die Fibrillen vor mechanischem Stress und Fragmentierung schützt. Sie erklärt ebenfalls die hohe Wahrscheinlichkeit von Pyroglutamat‐modifiziertem Peptid, kleinere, besonders toxische Aggregate zu bilden.
Gold‐katalysierte 1,2‐Difunktionalisierung von Alkinen mit sichtbarem Licht ohne zusätzlichen Photosensibilisator
Authors: Huang Long , Rudolph Matthias , Rominger Frank , Hashmi A. Stephen K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie durch Bestrahlung mit sichtbarem Licht induzierte, Gold‐katalysierte intermolekulare Difunktionalisierung von Alkinen mit Aryldiazoniumsalzen in MeOH liefert verschiedene α‐Arylketone in moderaten bis guten Ausbeuten. Im Unterschied zu vorangegangenen Berichten zu auf Redoxzyklen beruhenden Gold‐katalysierten Reaktionen werden keine Oxidantien oder Photosensibilisatoren benötigt. Die Reaktion läuft unter milden Bedingungen ab und zeigt eine breite Toleranz gegenüber funktionellen Gruppen. Weitere Anwendungen dieses Protokolls demonstrieren die allgemeine Anwendbarkeit der Arylierung einer Vinylgold‐Zwischenstufe anstelle des normalerweise benutzten Protodemetallierungsschrittes. Dies ermöglicht den leichten Zugang zu höher funktionalisierten Produkten in Eintopfreaktionen. Mit einem P,N‐zweizähnigen Liganden wurde die stabile Arylgold(III)‐Spezies erhalten – der überhaupt erste experimentelle Nachweis für die allgemein postulierte direkte oxidative Addition von Aryldiazoniumsalzen an einen Pyridin‐Phosphin‐Gold(I)‐Komplex.
Visible‐Light‐Induced Photoredox Catalysis of Dye‐Sensitized Titanium Dioxide: Selective Aerobic Oxidation of Organic Sulfides
Authors: Lang Xianjun , Zhao Jincai , Chen Xiaodong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTiO2 photoredox catalysis has recently attracted much interest for use in performing challenging organic transformations under mild reaction conditions. However, the reaction scheme is hampered by the fact that TiO2 can only be excited by UV light of wavelengths λ shorter than 385 nm. One promising strategy to overcome this issue is to anchor an organic, preferably metal‐free dye onto the surface of TiO2. Importantly, we observed that the introduction of a catalytic amount of the redox mediator TEMPO [(2,2,6,6‐tetramethylpiperidin‐1‐yl)oxyl] ensured the stability of the anchored dye, alizarin red S, thereby resulting in the selective oxidation of organic sulfides with O2. This result affirms the essential role of the redox mediator in enabling the organic transformations by visible‐light photoredox catalysis.
Total Synthesis of Cryptocaryol A by Enantioselective Iridium‐Catalyzed Alcohol C−H Allylation
Authors: Perez Felix , Waldeck Andrew R. , Krische Michael J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe polyketide natural product cryptocaryol A is prepared in 8 steps via iridium catalyzed enantioselective diol double C−H allylation, which directly generates an acetate‐based triketide stereodiad. In 4 previously reported total syntheses, 17–28 steps were required.
Identifying Reactive Sites and Transport Limitations of Oxygen Reactions in Aprotic Lithium‐O2 Batteries at the Stage of Sudden Death
Authors: Wang Jiawei , Zhang Yelong , Guo Limin , Wang Erkang , Peng Zhangquan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDischarging of the aprotic Li‐O2 battery relies on the O2 reduction reaction (ORR) forming solid Li2O2 in the positive electrode, which is often characterized by a sharp voltage drop (that is, sudden death) at the end of discharge, delivering a capacity far below its theoretical promise. Toward unlocking the energy capabilities of Li‐O2 batteries, it is crucial to have a fundamental understanding of the origin of sudden death in terms of reactive sites and transport limitations. Herein, a mechanistic study is presented on a model system of Au|Li2O2|Li+ electrolyte, in which the Au electrode was passivated with a thin Li2O2 film by discharging to the state of sudden death. Direct conductivity measurement of the Li2O2 film and in situ spectroscopic study of ORR using 18O2 for passivation and 16O2 for further discharging provide compelling evidence that ORR (and O2 evolution reaction as well) occurs at the buried interface of Au|Li2O2 and is limited by electron instead of Li+ and O2 transport.
Light‐Modulated Intermittent Wave Groups in a Diffusively Fed Reactive Gel
Authors: Luo Hainan , Wang Chenlong , Ren Lin , Gao Qingyu , Pan Changwei , Epstein Irving R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInspired by the biological growth that takes place in time‐varying external fields such as light or temperature, we design an open reaction‐diffusion system in order to investigate growth dynamics. The system is composed of the Belousov–Zhabotinsky (BZ) oscillatory reaction coupled with a copolymer gel consisting of NIPAAm and a photosensitive ruthenium catalyst. When subject to a unidirectional flow of the BZ reactants, the system displays groups of chemical waves whose structure depends upon the period and amplitude of illumination. Simulations of a modified six‐variable Oregonator model exhibit all the complex wave groups found in our experiments. Studying this growth structure may aid in understanding the influence of periodic environmental variation on complex growth processes in living systems.
Schnelles Entdecken photokatalytischer Reaktionen durch mechanismusbasiertes Screening
Authors: Hopkinson Matthew N. , Gómez‐Suárez Adrián , Teders Michael , Sahoo Basudev , Glorius Frank 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEin konzeptionell neuartiger mechanismusbasierter Screeningansatz zur schnellen Entdeckung photokatalytischer Reaktionen wird beschrieben. Im Unterschied zu herkömmlichen Screeningmethoden, in denen die gesamte Reaktion betrachtet wird, wird bei diesem Ansatz nur ein einzelner mechanistischer Schritt einer katalytischen Reaktion analysiert. Durch Verwendung von Lumineszenzspektroskopie zur Identifizierung des Quenching‐Schlüsselschritts in photokatalytischen Reaktionen wurden in einem initialen Screening von 100 Komponenten zwei vielversprechende Substratklassen identifiziert. Ein zweites, fokussierteres Screening lieferte mechanistische Einblicke, die zur Entwicklung von Proof‐of‐Concept‐Reaktionen verwendet wurden. Zusammenfassend erleichtert diese schnelle und intuitive Herangehensweise die Entdeckung und Entwicklung neuer photokatalytischer Reaktionen.
Modulare Klick‐Synthese von bifunktionalen, polymeren Heterodimetallkatalysatoren
Authors: Wang Wenlong , Zhao Liyuan , Lv Hui , Zhang Guodong , Xia Chungu , Hahn F. Ekkehardt , Li Fuwei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHeterodimetallkomplexe oder strikt alternierend metallierte Polymere wurden durch Klick‐Reaktion von einkernigen Metallkomplexen (sekundäre Baueinheiten, SBUs) erhalten, die NHCs mit p‐Azidophenyl‐ oder p‐Ethinyl‐Substituenten an den Ringstickstoffatomen tragen. Ist eine der SBUs ein NHC‐Kupfer‐Komplex, sind keine weiteren Additive für die Bildung der molekularen oder polymeren Verbindungen nötig, da der Kupferkomplex die Klick‐Reaktion katalysiert. Die Transmetallierung ausgehend von Cu/Ag‐Verbindungen ermöglicht die Synthese von Cu/Pd‐Derivaten. Die Brückengruppe zwischen den SBU‐Einheiten (flexibel oder rigide) beeinflusst die katalytische Aktivität der Heterodimetallverbindungen. Das Polymer mit alternierenden NHC‐Kupfer‐ und NHC‐Silber‐Einheiten sowie einer flexiblen Methylen‐Triazol‐Brücke dazwischen zeigt die höchste Aktivität bei der katalytischen Alkinylierung von Trifluormethylketonen zu fluorierten Propargylalkoholen.