bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
INFLUENCE OF STELLAR FLARES ON THE CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF EXOPLANETS AND SPECTRA
Authors: Venot Olivia , Rocchetto Marco , Carl Shaun , Hashim Aysha Roshni , Decin Leen 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
More than three thousand exoplanets have been detected so far, and more and more spectroscopic observations of exoplanets are performed. Future instruments (James Webb Space Telescope (JWST), E-ELT, PLATO, Ariel, etc.,) are eagerly awaited, as they will be able to provide spectroscopic data with greater accuracy and sensitivity than what is currently available. This will allow more accurate conclusions to be drawn regarding the chemistry and dynamics of exoplanetary atmospheres, provided that the observational data are carefully processed. One important aspect to consider is temporal stellar atmospheric disturbances that can influence the planetary composition, and hence spectra, and potentially can lead to incorrect assumptions about the steady-state atmospheric composition of the planet. In this paper, we focus on perturbations coming from the host star in the form of flare events that significantly increase photon flux impingement on the exoplanets atmosphere. In some cases, particularly for M stars, this sudden increase may last for several hours. We aim to discover to what extent a stellar flare is able to modify the chemical composition of the planetary atmosphere and, therefore, influence the resulting spectra. We use a one-dimensional thermo-photochemical model to study the neutral atmospheric composition of two hypothetical planets located around the star AD Leo. We place the two planets at different distances from the star, which results in effective atmospheric temperatures of 412 and 1303 K. AD Leo is an active star that has already been observed during a flare. Therefore, we use the spectroscopic data from this flare event to simulate the evolution of the chemical composition of the atmospheres of the two hypothetical planets. We compute synthetic spectra to evaluate the implications for observations. The increase in the incoming photon flux affects the chemical abundances of some important species (such as H and NH3), down to altitudes associated with an atmospheric pressure of 1 bar, which can lead to variations in planetary spectra (up to 150 ppm) if performed during transit. We find that each exoplanet has a post-flare steady-state composition that is significantly different from the pre-flare steady-state. We predict that these variations could be detectable with both current and future spectroscopic instruments, if sufficiently high signal-to-noise spectra are obtained.
THE EVOLUTION OF GALAXY NUMBER DENSITY AT z < 8 AND ITS IMPLICATIONS
Authors: Conselice Christopher J. , Wilkinson Aaron , Duncan Kenneth , Mortlock Alice 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The evolution of the number density of galaxies in the universe, and thus also the total number of galaxies, is a fundamental question with implications for a host of astrophysical problems including galaxy evolution and cosmology. However, there has never been a detailed study of this important measurement, nor a clear path to answer it. To address this we use observed galaxy stellar mass functions up to z ∼ 8 to determine how the number densities of galaxies change as a function of time and mass limit. We show that the increase in the total number density of galaxies (ϕ
T), more massive than M
* = 106
M
⊙, decreases as ϕ
T ∼ t
−1, where t is the age of the universe. We further show that this evolution turns over and rather increases with time at higher mass lower limits of M
* > 107
M
⊙. By using the M
* = 106
M
⊙ lower limit we further show that the total number of galaxies in the universe up to z = 8 is

(2 trillion), almost a factor of 10 higher than would be seen in an all sky survey at Hubble Ultra-Deep Field depth. We discuss the implications for these results for galaxy evolution, as well as compare our results with the latest models of galaxy formation. These results also reveal that the cosmic background light in the optical and near-infrared likely arise from these unobserved faint galaxies. We also show how these results solve the question of why the sky at night is dark, otherwise known as Olbers’ paradox.
ON THE METALLICITY DISTRIBUTION OF THE PECULIAR GLOBULAR CLUSTER M22
Authors: Lee Jae-Woo 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
In our previous study, we showed that the peculiar globular cluster (GC) M22 contains two distinct stellar populations, namely the Ca-w and Ca-s groups, which have different physical properties, chemical compositions, spatial distributions, and kinematics. We proposed that M22 was most likely formed via a merger of two GCs with heterogeneous metallicities in a dwarf galaxy environment and then later accreted to our Galaxy. In their recent study, Mucciarelli et al. claimed that M22 is a normal monometallic globular cluster without any perceptible metallicity spread among the two groups of stars, which challenges our results and those of others. We devise new strategies for the local thermodynamic equilibrium abundance analysis of red giant branch stars in GCs and show that there exists a spread in the iron abundance distribution in M22.
DISCOVERY OF γ-RAY EMISSION FROM THE RADIO-INTERMEDIATE QUASAR III ZW 2: VIOLENT JET ACTIVITY WITH INTRADAY γ-RAY VARIABILITY
Authors: Liao Neng-Hui , Xin Yu-Liang , Fan Xu-Liang , Weng Shan-Shan , Li Shao-Kun , Chen Liang , Fan Yi-Zhong 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
III Zw 2 is the prototype of radio-intermediate quasars. Although there is the evidence of possessing strong jet, significant γ-ray emission has not been reported before. In this work, we carry out a detailed analysis of the latest Fermi-LAT Pass 8 data. No significant γ-ray signal has been detected in the time-averaged 7-year Fermi-LAT data of III Zw 2; however, we have identified two distinct γ-ray flares with isotropic luminosities of ∼1045 erg s−1. Multiwavelength data analysis (also including the optical photometric observations from Yunnan Observatories) are presented and the main finding is simultaneous optical and γ-ray flares of III Zw 2 appearing in 2009 November. Violent γ-ray variability with a doubling timescale of 2.5 hr was detected in another γ-ray flare in May 2010, for which the 3-hr γ-ray peak flux is ∼250 times of the average flux in 7 years. Rather similar behaviors are observed in blazars and the blazar model can reasonably reproduce the spectral energy distribution of III Zw 2 in a wide energy range, strongly suggesting that its central engine resembles that of blazars. In view of its core, which shares radio similarities with young radio sources, together with weak extended radio lobe emission, we suggest that III Zw 2 harbors a recurrent activity core and thus serves as a valuable target for investigating the fueling and triggering of the activity in radio-loud active galactic nuclei.
THE DISCOVERY OF SOLAR-LIKE ACTIVITY CYCLES BEYOND THE END OF THE MAIN SEQUENCE?
Authors: Route Matthew 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
The long-term magnetic behavior of objects near the cooler end of the stellar main sequence is poorly understood. Most theoretical work on the generation of magnetism in these ultracool dwarfs (spectral type ≥M7 stars and brown dwarfs) suggests that their magnetic fields should not change in strength and direction. Using polarized radio emission measurements of their magnetic field orientations, I demonstrate that these cool, low-mass, fully convective objects appear to undergo magnetic polarity reversals analogous to those that occur on the Sun. This powerful new technique potentially indicates that the patterns of magnetic activity displayed by the Sun continue to exist, despite the fully convective interiors of these objects, in contravention of several leading theories of the generation of magnetic fields by internal dynamos.
Pensée, dénomination extrinsèque et changement chez Averroès
Authors: Brenet Jean-Baptiste 
Published: October 2016

L’article examine la lecture qu’Averroès propose de la fin de Physique VII, 3 d’Aristote, où ce dernier établit qu’il n’y a pas d’altération dans la partie intellectuelle de l’âme, du fait que « ce qui possède la science appartient éminemment aux relatifs ». Dans ce cadre, on montre : premièrement, que la pensée de l’homme se comprend chez Averroès comme un acte composé, constitué d’un mouvement réel (dans le corps et l’âme sensitive) et de sa fin instantanée (dans l’intellect) ; deuxièmement, que l’averroïsme, à proprement parler, n’est pas cette philosophie dans laquelle « pensant » se prédiquerait de l’homme par dénomination extrinsèque et en vertu, seulement, d’un Cambridge change.
Two « Platonic » Scholastics on the Soul’s Presence in the Body: John Quidort and Giles of Viterbo
Authors: Guldentops Guy 
Published: October 2016

Prenant la distinction 8 du premier livre des Sentences de Pierre Lombard comme point de départ, plusieurs auteurs du Moyen Âge tardif et de la Renaissance discutent la question de savoir si l’âme est entièrement présente dans le corps entier et dans chacune de ses parties. L’article résume la préhistoire de la thèse du Lombard, selon laquelle l’âme est tout entière partout dans le corps, et analyse les positions de deux théologiens « platonisants » : d’une part celle du dominicain Jean Quidort (fin du xiii e siècle), d’autre part celle de l’augustinien Gilles de Viterbe (début du xvi e siècle).
Anonymous of Worcester’s Quaestiones super Librum Ethicorum
Authors: Suto Taki 
Published: October 2016

Le codex Q. 13 de la bibliothèque cathédrale de Worcester contient un commentaire anonyme inédit sur le premier livre de l’ Éthique à Nicomaque . L’édition est précédée d’une introduction historique et doctrinale. Ce commentaire peut être rapproché des commentaires dits « averroïstes », c’est-à-dire les commentaires parisiens sur l’ Éthique de la deuxième moitié du xiii e siècle et, surtout, de celui de Jean de Tytynsale, maître à la Faculté des Arts d’Oxford dans la deuxième moitié du xiii e siècle. L’analyse doctrinale et stylistique ainsi que l’étude du manuscrit permettent d’affirmer que le commentaire a été rédigé entre 1272 et 1295, vraisemblablement par un maître de la Faculté des Arts d’Oxford.
Estimation de la fréquence et des coûts associés aux neutropénies fébrile en France : analyse de la base de données des hôpitaux (PMSI) 2010/2011
Authors: Vainchtock Alexandre , Boudevin Florence , Chaize Gwendoline , Jouaneton Baptiste , Durand-Zaleski Isabelle 
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIFS : Estimer le nombre et les coûts du point de vue de l’Assurance Maladie des séjours des patients hospitalisés pour une neutropénie fébrile (NF) chimio-induite en France. METHODES : Le programme de médicalisation des systèmes d’information (PMSI) est une base de données exhaustive qui comprend des informations médico-administratives relatives à l’ensemble des hospitalisations survenues annuellement. Un algorithme ad hoc a permis de sélectionner les patients atteints d’un cancer hématologique ou une tumeur solide et hospitalisés pour une NF chimio-induite en 2010-2011. Une valorisation économique de ces séjours a été faite sur la base de la tarification à l’activité (T2A 2010). RESULTATS : En 2010-2011, 13 559 séjours pour NF ont été identifiés dans la base PMSI, chez 10 229 patients nouvellement diagnostiqués et traités par chimiothérapie. Le pourcentage de survenue d’une NF est estimé à 7,4 %. 80 % concernent des patients atteints de tumeur solide. La prise en charge de la NF a été réalisée par des hopitaux publics dans 86 % des cas et elle a été médicale dans 93 % des cas. La durée de séjour moyenne était de 6,3 (±8,7) jours. Le coût annuel moyen pour la prise en charge des NF s’élève à 5 198 € (±6 273 €) par patient. CONCLUSION : La base PMSI permet d’estimer les coûts hospitaliers de prise en charge induits par la neutropénie fébrile en France. En 2010/2011, les neutropénies fébriles liées à une chimiothérapie ont induits 13 559 séjours hospitaliers et un coût total de 53,2 millions € pour l’Assurance Maladie.
Traits syntaxiques « populaires » dans le français « régional » de La Réunion : très populaires dans la francophonie, jusqu’en Nouvelle Calédonie
Authors: Ledegen Gudrun 
Published: October 2016

Les jugements d’acceptabilité différents entre le français régional des DROMs (actuels et anciens : La Réunion, les Antilles, la Nouvelle-Calédonie, etc.) et le français de métropole (neutre vs populaire respectivement) sont une caractéristique très connue sur les plans du lexique, de la prononciation mais aussi de la syntaxe. Après un exposé historique permettant de cerner l’origine (« populaire » ?) commune de traits syntaxiques, le corpus d’analyse est présenté et les différents sens du terme « populaire » définis. Deux traits syntaxiques « populaires » sont ensuite examinés, i.e. l’omission du subjonctif et l’interrogation indirecte in situ , pour ce qui est de l’histoire de la tournure et de leur fonctionnement (en ce qui concerne notamment sa prosodie pour l’interrogative) et l’attestation actuelle en français régional de La Réunion ainsi que dans d’autres zones francophones, dont la Nouvelle-Calédonie.
Le français des Isles : des Antilles à la Nouvelle-Calédonie
Authors: Wissner Inka 
Published: October 2016

Cet article étudie les liens qui relient le français en Nouvelle-Calédonie et le français aux Antilles à travers une analyse historico-variétale comparative des diatopismes linguistiques qu’ils partagent. Il émet l’hypothèse selon laquelle l’essentiel de ces partages relève du « vocabulaire des Isles » et est, à ce titre, issu du français colonial. Cela est confirmé par l’analyse pour les cas identifiés (amarrer, langage, linge, nous/vous/eux autres) , un seul partage lexical étant de création récente (zoreille) . L’article montre que le français en Nouvelle-Calédonie s’intègre bien dans une dynamique partagée avec les français d’outre-mer formés à date ancienne, constituant la dernière d’une série de « vagues » de diffusion qui ont balayé l’espace francophone.
Distinct Roles for Human Cytomegalovirus Immediate Early Proteins IE1 and IE2 in the Transcriptional Regulation of MICA and PVR/CD155 Expression
Authors: Pignoloni Benedetta , Fionda Cinzia , Dell’Oste Valentina , Luganini Anna , Cippitelli Marco , Zingoni Alessandra , Landolfo Santo , Gribaudo Giorgio , Santoni Angela , Cerboni Cristina 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Elimination of virus-infected cells by cytotoxic lymphocytes is triggered by activating receptors, among which NKG2D and DNAM-1/CD226 play an important role. Their ligands, that is, MHC class I–related chain (MIC) A/B and UL16-binding proteins (ULBP)1–6 (NKG2D ligand), Nectin-2/CD112, and poliovirus receptor (PVR)/CD155 (DNAM-1 ligand), are often induced on virus-infected cells, although some viruses, including human CMV (HCMV), can block their expression. In this study, we report that infection of different cell types with laboratory or low-passage HCMV strains upregulated MICA, ULBP3, and PVR, with NKG2D and DNAM-1 playing a role in NK cell–mediated lysis of infected cells. Inhibition of viral DNA replication with phosphonoformic acid did not prevent ligand upregulation, thus indicating that early phases of HCMV infection are involved in ligand increase. Indeed, the major immediate early (IE) proteins IE1 and IE2 stimulated the expression of MICA and PVR, but not ULBP3. IE2 directly activated MICA promoter via its binding to an IE2-responsive element that we identified within the promoter and that is conserved among different alleles of MICA. Both IE proteins were instead required for PVR upregulation via a mechanism independent of IE DNA binding activity. Finally, inhibiting IE protein expression during HCMV infection confirmed their involvement in ligand increase. We also investigated the contribution of the DNA damage response, a pathway activated by HCMV and implicated in ligand regulation. However, silencing of ataxia telangiectasia mutated, ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3–related protein, and DNA-dependent protein kinase did not influence ligand expression. Overall, these data reveal that MICA and PVR are directly regulated by HCMV IE proteins, and this may be crucial for the onset of an early host antiviral response.
Blomia tropicalis–Specific TCR Transgenic Th2 Cells Induce Inducible BALT and Severe Asthma in Mice by an IL-4/IL-13–Dependent Mechanism
Authors: Chua Yen Leong , Liong Ka Hang , Huang Chiung-Hui , Wong Hok Sum , Zhou Qian , Ler Say Siong , Tang Yafang , Low Chin Pei , Koh Hui Yu , Kuo I.-Chun , Zhang Yongliang , Wong W. S. Fred , Peh Hong Yong , Lim Hwee Ying , Ge Moyar Qing , Haczku Angela , Angeli Veronique , MacAry Paul A. , Chua Kaw Yan , Kemeny David M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Previous studies have highlighted the importance of lung-draining lymph nodes in the respiratory allergic immune response, whereas the lung parenchymal immune system has been largely neglected. We describe a new in vivo model of respiratory sensitization to Blomia tropicalis, the principal asthma allergen in the tropics, in which the immune response is focused on the lung parenchyma by transfer of Th2 cells from a novel TCR transgenic mouse, specific for the major B. tropicalis allergen Blo t 5, that targets the lung rather than the draining lymph nodes. Transfer of highly polarized transgenic CD4 effector Th2 cells, termed BT-II, followed by repeated inhalation of Blo t 5 expands these cells in the lung &gt;100-fold, and subsequent Blo t 5 challenge induced decreased body temperature, reduction in movement, and a fall in specific lung compliance unseen in conventional mouse asthma models following a physiological allergen challenge. These mice exhibit lung eosinophilia; smooth muscle cell, collagen, and goblet cell hyperplasia; hyper IgE syndrome; mucus plugging; and extensive inducible BALT. In addition, there is a fall in total lung volume and forced expiratory volume at 100 ms. These pathophysiological changes were substantially reduced and, in some cases, completely abolished by administration of neutralizing mAbs specific for IL-4 and IL-13 on weeks 1, 2, and 3. This IL-4/IL-13–dependent inducible BALT model will be useful for investigating the pathophysiological mechanisms that underlie asthma and the development of more effective drugs for treating severe asthma.
DNA Prime-Boost Vaccine Regimen To Increase Breadth, Magnitude, and Cytotoxicity of the Cellular Immune Responses to Subdominant Gag Epitopes of Simian Immunodeficiency Virus and HIV
Authors: Hu Xintao , Valentin Antonio , Dayton Frances , Kulkarni Viraj , Alicea Candido , Rosati Margherita , Chowdhury Bhabadeb , Gautam Rajeev , Broderick Kate E. , Sardesai Niranjan Y. , Martin Malcolm A. , Mullins James I. , Pavlakis George N. , Felber Barbara K. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
HIV sequence diversity and the propensity of eliciting immunodominant responses targeting variable regions of the HIV proteome are hurdles in the development of an effective AIDS vaccine. An HIV-derived conserved element (CE) p24gag plasmid DNA (pDNA) vaccine is able to redirect immunodominant responses to otherwise subdominant and often more vulnerable viral targets. By homology to the HIV immunogen, seven CE were identified in SIV p27Gag. Analysis of 31 rhesus macaques vaccinated with full-length SIV gag pDNA showed inefficient induction (58% response rate) of cellular responses targeting these CE. In contrast, all 14 macaques immunized with SIV p27CE pDNA developed robust T cell responses recognizing CE. Vaccination with p27CE pDNA was also critical for the efficient induction and increased the frequency of Ag-specific T cells with cytotoxic potential (granzyme B+ CD107a+) targeting subdominant CE epitopes, compared with the responses elicited by the p57gag pDNA vaccine. Following p27CE pDNA priming, two booster regimens, gag pDNA or codelivery of p27CE+gag pDNA, significantly increased the levels of CE-specific T cells. However, the CE+gag pDNA booster vaccination elicited significantly broader CE epitope recognition, and thus, a more profound alteration of the immunodominance hierarchy. Vaccination with HIV molecules showed that CE+gag pDNA booster regimen further expanded the breadth of HIV CE responses. Hence, SIV/HIV vaccine regimens comprising CE pDNA prime and CE+gag pDNA booster vaccination significantly increased cytotoxic T cell responses to subdominant highly conserved Gag epitopes and maximized response breadth.
Cell-Extrinsic TNF Collaborates with TRIF Signaling To Promote Yersinia-Induced Apoptosis
Authors: Peterson Lance W. , Philip Naomi H. , Dillon Christopher P. , Bertin John , Gough Peter J. , Green Douglas R. , Brodsky Igor E. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Innate immune responses that are crucial for control of infection are often targeted by microbial pathogens. Blockade of NF-κB and MAPK signaling by the Yersinia virulence factor YopJ inhibits cytokine production by innate immune cells but also triggers cell death. This cell death requires RIPK1 kinase activity and caspase-8, which are engaged by TLR4 and the adaptor protein TRIF. Nevertheless, TLR4- and TRIF-deficient cells undergo significant apoptosis, implicating TLR4/TRIF-independent pathways in the death of Yersinia-infected cells. In this article, we report a key role for TNF/TNFR1 in Yersinia-induced cell death of murine macrophages, which occurs despite the blockade of NF-κB and MAPK signaling imposed by Yersinia on infected cells. Intriguingly, direct analysis of YopJ injection revealed a heterogeneous population of injection-high and injection-low cells, and demonstrated that TNF expression came from the injection-low population. Moreover, TNF production by this subpopulation was necessary for maximal apoptosis in the population of highly injected cells, and TNFR-deficient mice displayed enhanced susceptibility to Yersinia infection. These data demonstrate an important role for collaboration between TNF and pattern recognition receptor signals in promoting maximal apoptosis during bacterial infection, and demonstrate that heterogeneity in virulence factor injection and cellular responses play an important role in promoting anti-Yersinia immune defense.