bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dynamic Behaviors of Vortex Ring Rolled Up by a Butterfly Wing and its Dynamic Lift
Authors: Fuchiwaki Masaki , Tanaka Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2016

The wing motion of a flying insect such as a butterfly produces fluid force by manipulating the flow field around the wing. These forces enable a butterfly to rapidly accelerate, turn, and hover. A number of recent studies have examined the flow field around insect wings. In recent years, quantitative flow visualization techniques, such as PIV measurement, have been advanced rapidly, and the study of the flow field around insect wings using PIV has been actively performed. As a result, the two- and three-dimensional vortex structures and their dynamic behaviors have been investigated quantitatively. However, the dynamic behaviors of these vortex structures have not been related to the dynamic force characteristics. The purpose of the present study is to clarify the relationship between the dynamic lift generated by the flapping butterfly wing and the dynamic behavior of the vortex ring rolled up from the butterfly wing as well as to investigate the role of the vortex ring. We conducted a dynamic force measurement of a flapping Cynthia cardui using a six-axes sensor and three kinds of shafts: a straight shaft, a short L-shaped shaft, and a long L-shaped shaft. Moreover, a two-dimensional PIV measurement was conducted in the wake of the butterfly.
The butterfly is given not only negative dynamic lift but also the reactive force (positive lift) due to the jet flow induced by the vortex ring in the upward flapping. As a result, the butterfly produces dynamic lift in the downward flapping and produces not only negative dynamic lift but also dynamic lift in the upward flapping. Based on these results, it is considered that the vortex ring released into the wake contributes to the dynamic lift generated furing flight. That is, it was concluded that the vortex ring rolled up from the flapping wing has an important role in flight even after being released into the wake.
Effects of Shear Stress on the Growth Rate of Micro-Organisms in Agitated Reactors
Authors: Fadlallah Hadi , Jarrahi Mojtaba , Herbert Eric , Ferrari Roselyne , Mejean Annick , Peerhossaini Hassan 
Published: December 2016

The effects of hydrodynamic shear stress on the growth rate of cyanobacteria Synechocystis sp. and Chlamydomonas reinhardtii microalgae cells were studied in agitated photobioreactors, since they have different motility rates and sizes. An experimental setup was designed and constructed to monitor the growth rate of the micro-organisms versus the shear rate; experiments were carried out in a well controlled environment, under constant atmospheric pressure and 20 °C temperature. Digitally controlled magnetic agitator-photobioreactors were placed inside a closed chamber with air flow for 4 weeks, under a uniform full-time light intensity provided by two 6-watt white fluorescent light sources.
To study the effects of shear stress produced by mechanical agitation on the growth rate of a micro-organism, different agitation frequencies were tested. All reactors were filled with 150 ml of culture medium and micro-organism suspension, with initial dilution factors (mlsuspenion/mltotal volume) of 1/30 and 1/300 for Synechocystis and C. reinhardtii respectively. The vessels were placed on different agitating systems at the desired agitator rotation speed, and were sealed with a cotton membrane from the top in order to permit air exchange with the external environment. The micro-organisms’ growth was monitored daily by measuring the optical density of the suspensions using a spectrophotometer and was then correlated with the cellular concentration, which was measured in turn using a microscopic cell counter. Throughout the experiments pH levels and temperature were measured regularly and adjusted to 7 and 20 °C respectively in order to maintain the photosynthetic activity of the species.
In addition, to measure the shear stress inside the agitated reactors, a mathematical model was derived to determine the global shear stress magnitude. To determine the local shear stress distribution, the velocity field in the reactor was measured for different agitation frequencies using PIV. Different zones of high and low shear stress were identified.
The results showed that the growth rate is independent of the shear stress magnitude for Synechocystis; Synechocystis showed strong resistance, unlike C. reinhardtii, which showed linear dependence of growth rate and shear stress.
A High-Fidelity Approach for the Simulation of Flow-Induced Vibration
Authors: Merzari Elia , Solberg Jerome , Fischer Paul , Ferencz Robert M. 
Published: December 2016

Flow-induced vibration (FIV) is a widespread problem in energy systems because they rely on fluid movement for energy conversion. Vibrating structures may be damaged as fatigue or wear occur. Given the importance of reliable components in the nuclear industry, flow-induced vibrations have long been a major concern in the safety and operation of nuclear reactors. In particular, nuclear fuel and steam generators have been known to suffer from flow-induced vibrations and related failures. Over the past five years, the Nuclear Energy Advanced Modeling and Simulation program has developed the integrated multiphysics code suite SHARP. The goal of developing such a tool is to perform multiphysics modeling of the components inside a reactor core, the full reactor core or portions of it, and be able to achieve that with various levels of fidelity. This flexibility allows users to select the appropriate level of fidelity for their computational resources and design constraints. In particular SHARP contains high-fidelity single-physics codes for structural mechanics and fluid mechanics calculations: the structural mechanics implicit code Diablo and the computational fluid dynamics spectral element code Nek5000. Both codes are state-of-the-art. highly scalable (up to millions of processors in the case of Nek5000) tools that have been extensively validated. These tools form a strong basis on which to build an FIV modeling capability.
This work discusses in detail the implementation of a fluid-structure interaction methodology in SHARP for simulating flow-induced viration based on the coupling between Diablo and Nek5000. Initial verification and validation efforts are also discussed, with a focus on standard benchmark cases: the flow past a cylinder, the Turek benchmark, and the flow in a Coriolis flow meter.
Estimation of Uncertain Parameters for Thermal and Fluid Analysis in Engine Room of Construction Machinery Using Data Assimilation
Authors: Kusano Kazuya , Yamakawa Hironobu , Ikeda Kunihiko 
Published: December 2016

Recently, the cooling system of hydraulic excavator is often designed using the thermal and fluid analysis to improve the cooling performance. The reliability of the analysis results is important, since it directly influences on the efficiency of development. In the present study, the uncertain parameters were estimated using the data assimilation method to increase the reliability of the thermal and fluid analysis in an engine room of a hydraulic excavator.
The ensemble Kalman filter (EnKF) was adapted as a data assimilation method, and the thermal and fluid analysis was conducted with the three-dimensional steady simulation based on the Reynolds-average Navier-Stokes equations. The estimated parameters were set to the total heat quantities released by heat exchangers and the flow rates of the coolants. The total heat quantity is a parameter used for the heat release calculation of a heat exchanger, and the flow rate of a coolant is specified at the inlet boundary. As measurement data, temperatures of coolants which were measured at the upstream and downstream of the heat exchangers were used. Initial parameters were generated by setting parameter values in a random manner.
The simulation using estimated parameters successfully predicted temperatures at the heat exchangers, where the maximum error was 3K. In addition, the reductions of the standard deviations of the uncertain parameters were confirmed. That means the reliability of the simulation was increased.
Structure-Activity Relationships of a Series of Echinocandins and the Discovery of CD101, a Highly Stable and Soluble Echinocandin with Distinctive Pharmacokinetic Properties
Authors: James Kenneth D. , Laudeman Christopher P. , Malkar Navdeep B. , Krishnan Radha , Polowy Karen 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Echinocandins are a first-line therapy for candidemia and invasive candidiasis. They are generally safe with few drug interactions, but the stability and pharmacokinetic properties of currently approved echinocandins are such that each was developed for daily intravenous infusion. We sought to discover a novel echinocandin with properties that would enable more flexible dosing regimens, alternate routes of delivery, and expanded utility. Derivatives of known echinocandin scaffolds were generated, and an iterative process of design and screening led to the discovery of CD101, a novel echinocandin that has since demonstrated improved chemical stability and pharmacokinetics. Here, we report the structure-activity relationships (including preclinical efficacy and pharmacokinetic data) for the series of echinocandin analogs from which CD101 was selected. In a mouse model of disseminated candidiasis, the test compounds displayed clear dose responses and were generally associated with lower fungal burdens than that of anidulafungin. Single-dose pharmacokinetic studies in beagle dogs revealed a wide disparity in the half-lives and volumes of distribution, with one compound (now known as CD101) displaying a half-life that is nearly 5-fold longer than that of anidulafungin (53.1 h versus 11.6 h, respectively).
In vitro
activity data against panels of
Candida
spp. and
Aspergillus
spp. demonstrated that CD101 behaved similarly to approved echinocandins in terms of potency and spectrum of activity, suggesting that the improved efficacy observed
in vivo
for CD101 is a result of features beyond the antifungal potency inherent to the molecule. Factors that potentially contribute to the improved
in vivo
efficacy of CD101 are discussed.
Significant Divergence in Sensitivity to Antimalarial Drugs between Neighboring Plasmodium falciparum Populations along the Eastern Border of Myanmar
Authors: Zeng Weilin , Bai Yao , Wang Meilian , Wang Zenglei , Deng Shuang , Ruan Yonghua , Feng Shi , Yang Zhaoqing , Cui Liwang 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Malaria parasites in different areas where malaria is endemic display different levels of resistance to antimalarial drugs as the result of varied drug use histories. To provide updated knowledge of drug sensitivities during the malaria elimination phase in Southeast Asia, an epicenter of multidrug resistance, we determined
in vitro
susceptibilities of culture-adapted
Plasmodium falciparum
isolates from two eastern border regions (Wa and Kachin) of Myanmar to 10 drugs. Despite their close proximity, the Kachin parasites displayed higher 50% inhibitory concentrations than the Wa parasites to chloroquine, piperaquine, naphthoquine, mefloquine, quinine, pyrimethamine, pyronaridine, lumefantrine, and dihydroartemisinin. Genotyping of genes associated with drug resistance also showed significant differences in the prevalence rates of mutant alleles between the two regions. Particularly, major
pfdhfr
mutations mediating pyrimethamine resistance and the
pfdhps
A437G mutation had significantly higher frequencies in the Kachin parasites (
P
< 0.005). Moreover, when
pfdhfr
and
pfdhps
were considered together, the wild-type allele was found only in the Wa samples (22.6%). In addition, the
pfmdr1
Y184F mutation reached 38.7% in the Kachin parasites, compared to 9.7% in the Wa parasites, whereas N86Y was only detected in the Wa parasites, at 22.6%. Furthermore, the F446I mutation and all mutations in the propeller domain of the
PfK13
gene were significantly more frequent in the Kachin parasites. Collectively, this work demonstrates that even in spatially closely separated regions, parasites can exhibit drastic differences in drug sensitivities and genetic makeups underlying drug resistance, which may reflect regionally different drug histories and genetic drift of these isolated parasite populations.
Prevalence of Extended-Spectrum-β-Lactamase- and/or Carbapenemase-Producing Escherichia coli Isolated from Yellow-Legged Gulls from Barcelona, Spain
Authors: Vergara Andrea , Pitart Cristina , Montalvo Tomás , Roca Ignasi , Sabaté Sara , Hurtado Juan Carlos , Planell Raquel , Marco Francesc , Ramírez Beatriz , Peracho Víctor , de Simón Mercé , Vila Jordi 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Seventy-two (54.5%) out of 132 fecal samples from a group of yellow-legged gulls in Barcelona, Spain, were positive for
Escherichia coli
producing either extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) (51.5%), carbapenemase (1.5%), or cephamycinase (1.5%). The isolation of two carbapenemase-producing
E. coli
strains is a matter of concern.
Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae in Swine Production in the United States: Impact and Opportunities
Authors: Johnson Timothy J. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

The discovery of carbapenemase-producing
Enterobacteriaceae
in U.S. swine production is troubling and underscores a tumultuous period where the outlook on the battle against superbugs is bleak. However, all is not lost. This commentary highlights both the good and the bad that can come from such findings, including those of a recent study published by Mollenkopf et al. (Antimicrob Agents Chemother 61:e012198-16, 2017,
https://doi.org/doi:10.1128/AAC.01298-16
).
Outer Membrane Proteins BB0405 and BB0406 Are Immunogenic, but Only BB0405 Is Required for Borrelia burgdorferi Infection
Authors: Shrestha Binu , Kenedy Melisha R. , Akins Darrin R. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

We recently identified the
Borrelia burgdorferi
outer membrane protein (OMP) BB0406 and found that the gene encoding this OMP was cotranscribed with the gene encoding the OMP BB0405. Interestingly, BB0405 and BB0406 share 59% similarity and are grouped into the same
B. burgdorferi
paralogous gene family. Given their overall similarity, it is plausible that both OMPs have similar or overlapping functions in this pathogenic spirochete. BB0405 was recently shown to be required for mammalian infection despite the observations that BB0405 is poorly immunogenic and not recognized during mouse or human infection. BB0405 orthologs have also been shown to bind the complement regulator protein factor H. Therefore, to better elucidate the role of BB0405 and its paralog BB0406 during infection and in serum resistance, we examined both proteins in animal infection, factor H binding, and serum sensitivity assays. Our combined results suggest that BB0405- and BB0406-specific antibodies are borreliacidal and that both OMPs are immunogenic during nonhuman primate infection. Additionally, while BB0405 was found to be required for establishing mouse infection, BB0406 was not found to be essential for infectivity. In contrast to data from previous reports, however, neither OMP was found to bind human factor H or to be required for enhancing serum resistance of
B. burgdorferi
in vitro
.
Nonequilibrium degassing, regassing, and vapor fluxing in magmatic feeder systems
Authors: Watkins J.M. , Gardner J.E. , Befus K.S. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Magma degassing models typically invoke volatile depletion of a single parental melt, with permeable loss of exsolved gas having served for many years as the paradigm for the transition from volatile-rich, explosive eruptions to volatile-depleted lava flows. These degassing models are guided by measurements of H2O, CO2, and hydrogen isotope variations retained in melt that quenched to glass, but the existing models are not uniquely constrained by the data. There also remains uncertainty surrounding the origin and significance of volcanic glass fragments. We show that individual obsidian pyroclasts from Mono Craters, California (USA), are heterogeneous in dissolved H2O and CO2, suggesting that clasts are assembled from juvenile melt and rewelded ash during magma ascent. This is in contrast to the conventional view that clasts are chemically homogeneous and sample the chilled, glassy margins of conduit walls. The new measurements of dissolved H2O and CO2 help reconcile existing open-system degassing models used to explain elevated CO2/H2O ratios, provide time scales based on diffusion modeling for pyroclast formation, and show that magma does not necessarily lose volatiles monotonically during ascent-driven decompression.
Subjective well-being and training load predict in-season injury and illness risk in female youth soccer players
Authors: Watson Andrew , Brickson Stacey , Brooks Alison , Dunn Warren 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of training load (TL) and well-being on injury and illness risk in youth soccer players.MethodsThroughout a 20-week season, 75 female adolescent soccer players reported mood, fatigue, stress, soreness, sleep quality, sleep hours, TL, injuries and illnesses. Well-being measures were recorded from −3 (worst) to +3 (best). TL was expressed as daily, weekly and monthly, as well as an acute:chronic workload ratio (weekly divided by monthly). Variables were compared between days with and without an injury, and with or without an illness. Poisson regression models were developed to predict daily injuries and illnesses using well-being and TL (z-scores) as predictors.Results36 injuries and 52 illnesses were recorded. Days with an injury had lower (worse) daily mood (1.24±0.2 vs 1.16±0.1, p=0.012) and higher daily TL (517±138 vs 440±158, p=0.010). Average monthly TL was higher preceding days with an illness (12 442 ±409 vs 12 627 ±403, p=0.043), while no differences were found with respect to other measures of TL or well-being. Worse daily mood (p=0.011, OR=0.012), higher daily TL (p<0.001, OR=1.98), and higher prior day TL (p=0.040, OR=1.34) were independent predictors of injury, while weekly (p=0.005, OR=1.50) and monthly TL (p=0.007, OR=1.54) were predictors of illness.ConclusionsLower mood and higher acute TL are associated with increased injury risk, while higher chronic TL increases the risk of illness. Monitoring well-being and TL may facilitate intervention to reduce in-season injury and illness.
Neurosarcoidosis: unusual presentations and considerations for diagnosis and management
Authors: Radwan Walid , Lucke-Wold Brandon , Robadi Ibrahim Ahmed , Gyure Kymberly , Roberts Thomas , Bhatia Sanjay 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundSarcoidosis is a chronic, multisystem disease characterised by non-necrotising granulomatous inflammation of unknown aetiology. Most commonly, the lungs, lymph nodes, skin and eyes are affected in sarcoidosis; however, nervous system involvement occurs in approximately 5%–15% of cases. Any part of the nervous system can be affected by sarcoidosis.CasesHerein we describe three unusual patient presentations of neurosarcoidosis, one with optic neuritis, a second with hydrocephalus and a third with cervical myelopathy.ConclusionsWe include pertinent details about their presentations, imaging findings, pathology, management and clinical course.
Achieving Dynamic Data Guarantee and Data Confidentiality of Public Auditing in Cloud Storage Service
Authors: Hwang Min-Shiang , Sun Tsuei-Hung , Lee Cheng-Chi 
Published: December 2016

Recently, storage as a service of cloud computing becomes a new trend to access or share files. Once files are stored in cloud, owner can access files seamlessly by personal computer or mobile device. However, owner may worry about confidentiality and integrity of owner's files stored in cloud because cloud service providers are not always trustworthy. Therefore, there are many kinds of data correctness verification methods proposed to prevent cloud service providers from cheating data owners. Among these models for auditing, bilinear pairing can achieve the most efficient way to verify data correctness and batch auditing. Although auditing methods can ensure whether data is stored properly, it is not considered that the data may be a secret data or a data owner does not want to be known by both auditors and cloud service providers. Another important issue is providing dynamic data of auditing in cloud. Wang et al.13proposed a scheme that can provide public auditing and dynamic data, but it still cannot guarantee whether cloud has updated data honestly. For this reason, we propose a dynamic data guarantee and data confidentiality scheme for public auditing in cloud storage service.
A glimpse of Hopjs
Authors: Serrano Manuel , Prunet Vincent 
Published: December 2016

Hop.js is a multitier programming environment for JavaScript. It allows a single JavaScript program to describe the client-side and the server-side components of a web application. Its runtime environment ensures consistent executions of the application on the server and on the client.
This paper overviews the Hop.js design. It shows the JavaScript extensions that makes it possible to conceive web applications globally. It presents how Hop.js interacts with the outside world. It also briefly presents the Hop.js implementation. It presents the Hop.js web server implementation, the handling of server-side parallelism, and the JavaScript and HTML compilers.
An operational semantics for C/C++11 concurrency
Authors: Nienhuis Kyndylan , Memarian Kayvan , Sewell Peter 
Published: December 2016

The C/C++11 concurrency model balances two goals: it is relaxed enough to be efficiently implementable and (leaving aside the ``thin-air'' problem) it is strong enough to give useful guarantees to programmers. It is mathematically precise and has been used in verification research and compiler testing. However, the model is expressed in an axiomatic style, as predicates on complete candidate executions. This suffices for computing the set of allowed executions of a small litmus test, but it does not directly support the incremental construction of executions of larger programs. It is also at odds with conventional operational semantics, as used implicitly in the rest of the C/C++ standards.
Our main contribution is the development of an operational model for C/C++11 concurrency. This covers all the features of the previous formalised axiomatic model, and we have a mechanised proof that the two are equivalent, in Isabelle/HOL. We also integrate this semantics with an operational semantics for sequential C (described elsewhere); the combined semantics can incrementally execute programs in a small fragment of C.
Doing this uncovered several new aspects of the C/C++11 model: we show that one cannot build an equivalent operational model that simply follows program order, sequential consistent order, or the synchronises-with order. The first negative result is forced by hardware-observable behaviour, but the latter two are not, and so might be ameliorated by changing C/C++11. More generally, we hope that this work, with its focus on incremental construction of executions, will inform the future design of new concurrency models.