bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Many faces of rationality: Implications of the great rationality debate for clinical decision‐making
Authors: Djulbegovic Benjamin , Elqayam Shira 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGiven that more than 30% of healthcare costs are wasted on inappropriate care, suboptimal care is increasingly connected to the quality of medical decisions. It has been argued that personal decisions are the leading cause of death, and 80% of healthcare expenditures result from physicians' decisions. Therefore, improving healthcare necessitates improving medical decisions, ie, making decisions (more)rational.Drawing on writings from The Great Rationality Debate from the fields of philosophy, economics, and psychology, we identify core ingredients of rationality commonly encountered across various theoretical models. Rationality is typically classified under umbrella of normative (addressing the question how people “should” or “ought to” make their decisions) and descriptive theories of decision‐making (which portray how peopleactuallymake their decisions). Normative theories of rational thought of relevance to medicine include epistemic theories that direct practice of evidence‐based medicine and expected utility theory, which provides the basis for widely used clinical decision analyses. Descriptive theories of rationality of direct relevance to medical decision‐making include bounded rationality, argumentative theory of reasoning, adaptive rationality, dual processing model of rationality, regret‐based rationality, pragmatic/substantive rationality, and meta‐rationality.For the first time, we provide a review of wide range of theories and models of rationality. We showed that what is “rational” behaviour under one rationality theory may be irrational under the other theory. We also showed that context is of paramount importance to rationality and that no one model of rationality can possibly fit all contexts. We suggest that in context‐poor situations, such as policy decision‐making, normative theories based on expected utility informed by best research evidence may provide the optimal approach to medical decision‐making, whereas in the context‐rich circumstances other types of rationality, informed by human cognitive architecture and driven by intuition and emotions such as the aim to minimize regret, may provide better solution to the problem at hand. The choice of theory under which we operate is important as it determines both policy and our individual decision‐making.
Parvularia atlantisgen. et sp. nov., a Nucleariid Filose Amoeba (Holomycota, Opisthokonta)
Authors: López‐Escardó David , López‐García Purificación , Moreira David , Ruiz‐Trillo Iñaki , Torruella Guifré 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe opisthokonts constitute a eukaryotic supergroup divided into two main clades: the holozoans, which include animals and their unicellular relatives, and the holomycotans, which include fungi, opisthosporidians, and nucleariids. Nucleariids are phagotrophic filose amoebae that phenotypically resemble more their distant holozoan cousins than their holomycotan phylogenetic relatives. Despite their evolutionary interest, the diversity and internal phylogenetic relationships within the nucleariids remain poorly studied. Here, we formally describe and characterize by molecular phylogeny and microscopy observationsParvularia atlantisgen. et sp. nov. (formerlyNucleariasp.ATCC50694), and compare its features with those of other nucleariid genera.Parvulariais an amoebal genus characterized by radiating knobbed and branching filopodia. It exhibits prominent vacuoles observable under light microscopy, a cyst‐like stage, and completely lacks cilia.P. atlantispossesses one or two nuclei with a central nucleolus, and mitochondria with flat or discoid cristae. These morphological features, although typical of nucleariids, represent a combination of characters different to those of any other describedNucleariaspecies. Likewise, 18SrRNA‐based phylogenetic analyses show thatP. atlantisrepresents a distinct lineage within the nucleariids.
Risk For Postpartum Depression Among Immigrant Arabic Women in the United States: A Feasibility Study
Authors: Alhasanat Dalia , Fry‐McComish Judith , Yarandi Hossein N. 
Published: July 2017

IntroductionPostpartum depression (PPD) affects approximately 14% of women in the United States and 10% to 37% of Arabic women in the Middle East. Evidence suggests that immigrant women experience higher rates, but information on PPD among immigrant women of Arabic descent in the United States is nonexistent.MethodsA cross‐sectional descriptive feasibility study was conducted to assess the practicality of implementing a larger proposed research study to examine predictors of PPD in US immigrant women of Arabic descent residing in Dearborn, Michigan. Fifty women were recruited from an Arab community center and completed demographic data, the Arabic version of the Edinburgh Postpartum Depression Scale (EPDS), and the Postpartum Depression Predictors Inventory–Revised (PDPI‐R).ResultsAmong participants, 36% were considered at high risk for developing PPD. Lack of social support, antenatal anxiety, antenatal depression, maternity blues (feeling depressed during the first 4 weeks postpartum), and life stress were significantly related to risk for PPD. Multiple regression analysis revealed that social support (t = −3.77, P < .0001) and maternity blues (t = 2.19, P = .03) were the only significant predictors for postpartum depressive symptoms.DiscussionFindings of this study describe the prevalence of PPD in a sample of US immigrant women of Arabic descent and support the feasibility of a larger and more in‐depth understanding of their immigration and acculturation experiences. Study participants reported high risk for PPD. Maternity blues and lack of social support were significant predictors to the risk for PPD. Future research tailored to this minority group is recommended.
A Narrative Synthesis of Women's Out‐of‐Body Experiences During Childbirth
Authors: Bateman Lynda , Jones Catriona , Jomeen Julie 
Published: July 2017

IntroductionSome women have a dissociated, out‐of‐body experience (OBE) during childbirth, which may be described as seeing the body from above or floating above the body. This review examines this phenomenon using narratives from women who have experienced intrapartum OBEs.MethodsA narrative synthesis of qualitative research was employed to systematically synthesize OBE narratives from existing studies. Strict inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied. The included papers were critiqued by 2 of the authors to determine the appropriateness of the narrative synthesis method, procedural transparency, and soundness of the interpretive approach.ResultsWomen experiencing OBEs during labor and birth report a disembodied state in the presence of stress or trauma. Three forms of OBEs are described: floating above the scene, remaining close to the scene, or full separation of a body part from the main body. Women had clear recall of OBEs, describing the experience and point of occurrence. Women who reported OBEs had experienced current or previous traumatic childbirth, or trauma in a non‐birth situation. OBEs as prosaic experiences were not identified.DiscussionOBEs are part of the lived experience of some women giving birth. The OBEs in this review were trauma related with some women disclosing previous posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). It is not evident whether there is a connection between PTSD and OBEs at present, and OBEs may serve as a potential coping mechanism in the presence of trauma. Clinicians should legitimize women's disclosure of OBEs and explore and ascertain their impact, either as a normal coping mechanism or a precursor to perinatal mental illness. Research into the function of OBEs and any relationship to PTSD may assist in early interventions for childbearing women.
Dental and skeletal maturation in female adolescents with temporomandibular joint osteoarthritis
Authors: Kang J.‐H. , Yang I.‐H. , Hyun H.‐K. , Lee J.‐Y. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryOccurrence of temporomandibular disorders (TMDs) and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) osteoarthritis (OA) during adolescence may have interactions with mandibular and dental development. The aim of the present study was to investigate relationships between occurrence of TMD and TMJ OA and extents of dental and skeletal development in juvenile female patients. In total, 95 female adolescents (age range, 11–15 years) were selected. Among them, 15 subjects (control) had no signs of TMD, 39 TMD patients did not have OA (TMDnoOA), 17 TMD patients were at initial stage of TMJ OA (TMJOA), and 27 patients showed progressive stage of TMJ OA (TMJOA). Dental age was estimated by Demirjian's stages used in a previous study with Korean adolescents. Craniofacial parameters and cervical vertebrae maturation (CVM) stages, representing skeletal maturity levels, were measured using lateral cephalograms. The estimated dental age was significantly lower than chronological age in all groups, but CVM differences were not statistically significant. Dental age was the lowest, and differences between the chronological age and estimated dental age were the highest among initial stage of TMJOAs followed by progressive stage of TMJOAs, TMDnoOAs and control and were not associated with CVM stages. Cephalometric parameters revealed significant clockwise rotation of the mandible among the TMJOAs compared with controls and TMDnoOAs and were not associated with CVM stages as well. The juvenile female patients with TMD, particularly TMJ OA, showed retarded dental development, mandibular backward positioning and hyperdivergent facial profiles. The TMJ OA may be associated with retarded dental development but not with skeletal maturations.
Development of a lexicon for flavor and texture of fresh peach cultivars
Authors: Belisle Catherine , Adhikari Koushik , Chavez Dario , Phan Uyen Thuy Xuan 
Published: July 2017

AbstractA universal lexicon to describe the appearance, aroma/flavors, and textures/feeling factors of peaches was developed. The objective was to provide a standardized lexicon for descriptive validation. A trained descriptive panel established 29 attributes using 51 peach cultivars grown throughout the production season. This lexicon includes 18 aroma and flavor attributes to describe mature peaches as well as under‐ripe and over‐ripe, redness of flesh for appearance, three feeling factors, and seven terms for describing textures. Principal component analysis was used to discern if differences were found among peach samples using the lexicon terms utilized by trained panelists. Texture was the primary differentiating factor in the first dimension of the biplot followed by peach‐identity in the second dimension. Additionally, the attributes “peach‐identity,” “fruity,” “sweet,” “tart,” “citrus,” “sour,” along with textures and feeling factors were prominent in all peach varieties. This lexicon can be useful to identify and quantify sensory attributes in fresh peaches for food and agriculture research.Practical applicationsThe assessment of peach fruit varieties grown throughout the southeastern United States would create a basis for understanding the prominent and unique characteristics of peach varieties and their inherited variability. The peach lexicon created in this study will provide a platform for researchers and producers to understand the desirable sensory traits in peaches. It will allow comparisons among varieties currently available, create a database to be used in breeding applications, and help the growers to produce peaches with desirable sensory traits that could be commercially successful.
Assimilation Effects of Eye Shadow on Facial Colors
Authors: Kiritani Yoshie , Komuro Yurina , Okazaki Akane , Takano Ruriko , Ookubo Noriko 
Published: July 2017

AbstractMakeup can change facial complexion, making it of interest both practically and for empirical research on perception. We examined the assimilation effect of eye shadow on complexion using two series of eye shadows: typical colors that are not evenly saturated and colors with saturation as even as possible. Twenty participants assessed the degree of redness in reddish faces, yellowness in yellowish faces, and lightness in both faces via paired comparisons. The results indicated that: (a) the reddish face was perceived as redder when it had eye shadow of pinkish and purplish colors or reddish saturated colors instead of containing yellowish components; (b) the yellowish face became less yellow with colors without a greenish or yellowish component; and (c) except for the lighter yellowish shade, eye shadow made the face perceptually darker. We confirmed the assimilation effect of eye shadow on complexion and showed differences in perceptual hue change according to the original face colors.
Urban‐Rural Differences in Tubal Ligation Incidence in the State of Georgia, USA
Authors: Travers Curtis D. , Spencer Jessica B. , Cwiak Carrie A. , Mertens Ann C. , Howards Penelope P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractPurposeTo evaluate the difference in tubal ligation use between rural and urban counties in the state of Georgia, USA.MethodsThe study population included 2,160 women aged 22‐45. All participants completed a detailed interview on their reproductive histories. County of residence was categorized using the National Center for Health Statistics Urban‐Rural Classification Scheme. We estimated the association between urbanization of county of residence and tubal ligation using Cox regression. Among women with a tubal ligation, we examined factors associated with prior contraception use and the desire for more children.FindingsAfter adjustment for covariates, women residing in rural counties had twice the incidence rate of tubal ligation compared with women in large metropolitan counties (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 2.0, 95% CI = 1.4‐2.9) and were on average 3 years younger at the time of the procedure. No differences were observed between small metropolitan and large metropolitan counties (aHR = 1.1, CI = 0.9‐1.5). Our data suggest that women from large metropolitan counties are slightly more likely than women from rural counties to use hormonal contraception or long‐acting reversible contraception prior to tubal ligation and to desire more children after tubal ligation.ConclusionsWomen from rural counties are more likely to undergo a tubal ligation than their urban counterparts. Our results suggest that circumstances regarding opting for tubal ligation may differ between urban and rural areas, and recommendations of alternative contraceptive options may need to be tailored differently for rural areas.
Biochemical evaluation of storage lesion in canine packed erythrocytes
Authors: Wilson C. R. , Pashmakova M. B. , Heinz J. A. , Johnson M. C. , Minard H. M. , Bishop M. A. , Barr J. W. 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesTo describe the biochemical changes – also known as the storage lesion – that occur in canine packed red blood cells during ex vivo storage.Materials and MethodsTen 125‐mL units of non‐leuco‐reduced packed red blood cells in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine were obtained from a commercial blood bank within 24 hours of donation. Samples were aseptically collected on days 1, 4, 7, 14, 28, 35 and 42 for measurement of sodium, potassium, chloride, lactate, glucose, pH and ammonia concentrations. All units were cultured on day 42. Friedman's repeated measures test with Dunn's multiple comparison test was used for non‐parametric data. A repeated‐measures analysis of variance with Tukey's multiple comparison test was used for parametric data. Alpha was set to 0·05.ResultsAll analytes changed significantly during storage. The mean ammonia on day 1 (58·14 g/dL) was significantly lower (P<0·05) than those on days 28 (1266 g/dL), 35 (1668 g/dL) and 42 (1860 g/dL). A significant increase in median lactate concentration over time was also observed, with day 1 (4·385 mmol/L) being significantly less (P<0·05) than days 14 (19·82 mmol/L), 21 (22·81 mmol/L), 35 (20·31 mmol/L) and 42 (20·81 mmol/L). Median pH was significantly decreased after day 7. All bacterial cultures were negative.Clinical SignificanceMany biochemical alterations occur in stored canine packed red blood cells, although further studies are required to determine their clinical importance.
Effects of concentrated and dephytinized wheat bran and rice bran addition on bread properties
Authors: Özkaya Berrin , Baumgartner Burcu , Özkaya Hazım 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWheat bran and rice bran were concentrated in terms of dietary fiber and were dephytinized by two different methods (fermentation and hydrothermal). Untreated, concentrated, concentrated‐dephytinized by fermentation method, and concentrated‐dephytinized by hydrothermal method bran samples were each incorporated into flour at levels of 0, 10, 15, and 20%, and their effects on bread properties were investigated. Unprocessed wheat bran and rice bran addition decreased the volume yield, and the specific volume of the bread depends on the incorporation level. A further decrease was observed with the addition of concentrated bran. However, the dephytinization treatments slightly improved these values. The same pattern was observed for the total number of cells and the total cell area of bread crumbs. Both wheat bran and rice bran were observed to cause a darker crumb color, and the effects of bran samples on crumb color were more pronounced after the dephytinization treatment. The addition of concentrated wheat bran and rice bran significantly increased hardness, as well as decreasing springiness, cohesiveness, and resilience of the bread, depending on the bran levels. Although dephytinization treatments enhanced the textural properties of bread, these results were still inferior to those obtained using bread produced with untreated bran. Regarding the dephytinization treatments, the influence of fermentation treatment on bread properties was slightly beneficial compared to hydrothermal treatment.Practical applicationsConsumption of dietary fiber offers a range of health benefits. Cereal bran has great potential as a dietary fiber source. However, this bran's high phytic acid content and adverse effects on bread quality limit that potential. It is possible to obtain high dietary fiber and low phytic acid bran samples through bran concentration and dephytinization treatments. The dephytinization treatment is an effective method for degradation of phytic acid. The negative effects of wheat bran and rice bran on bread quality decreased significantly following the dephytinization treatments. This study demonstrated that fiber‐enriched bread with low phytic acid content and acceptable texture can be produced using concentrated and dephytinized bran.
Plasma pharmacokinetics of quinocetone in ducks after oral and intravenous administration
Authors: Qiu M. , Hao Z. , Zhang R. , Cui L. , Wang C. , Qu S. , Yuan S. , Bai Y. 
Published: July 2017

Quinocetone (QCT), an antimicrobial growth promoter, is widely used in food‐producing animals. However, information about pharmacokinetics (PK) of QCT in ducks still remains unavailable up to now. In this study, QCT and its major metabolites (1‐desoxyquinocetone, di‐desoxyquinocetone and 3‐methyl‐quinoxaline‐2‐carboxylic) in ducks were studied using a simple and sensitive UHPLC‐MS/MS assay. Twenty ducks were divided into two groups. (n = 10/group). One group received QCT by oral administration at dose of 40 mg/kg while another group received QCT intravenously at 10 mg/kg. Plasma samples were collected at various time points from 0 to 96 hr. QCT and its major metabolites in duck plasma samples were extracted by 1 ml acetonitrile and detected by UHPLC‐MS/MS, with the gradient mobile phase that consisted of 0.1% formic acid in water (A) and acetonitrile (B). A noncompartment analysis was used to calculate the PK parameters. The results showed that following oral dosing, the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) of QCT was 32.14 ng/ml and the area under the curve (AUCINF_obs) was 233.63 (h ng)/ ml. Following intravenous dosing, the Cmax, AUCINF_obs and Vss_obs were 96.70 ng/ml, 152.34 (h ng)/ ml and 807.00 L/kg, respectively. These data indicated that the QCT was less absorbed in vivo following oral administration, with low bioavailability (38.43%). QCT and its major metabolites such as 1‐desoxyquinocetone and 3‐methyl‐quinoxaline‐2‐carboxylic were detected at individual time points in individual ducks, while the di‐desoxyquinocetone was not detected in all time points in all ducks. This study enriches basic scientific data about pharmacokinetics of QCT in ducks after oral and intravenous administration and will be beneficial for clinical application in ducks.
Allopatric speciation despite historical gene flow: Divergence and hybridization in Carex furva and C. lucennoiberica (Cyperaceae) inferred from plastid and nuclear RAD‐seq data
Authors: Maguilla Enrique , Escudero Marcial , Hipp Andrew L. , Luceño Modesto 
Published: July 2017

AbstractGene flow among incipient species can act as a creative or destructive force in the speciation process, generating variation on which natural selection can act while, potentially, undermining population divergence. The flowering plant genus Carex exhibits a rapid and relatively recent radiation with many species limits still unclear. This is the case with the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal)‐endemic C. lucennoiberica, which lay unrecognized within Carex furva until its recent description as a new species. In this study, we test how these species were impacted by interspecific gene flow during speciation. We sampled the full range of distribution of C. furva (15 individuals sampled) and C. lucennoiberica (88 individuals), sequenced two cpDNA regions (atpI‐atpH, psbA‐trnH) and performed genomic sequencing of 45,100 SNPs using restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing (RAD‐seq). We utilized a set of partitioned D‐statistic tests and demographic analyses to study the degree and direction of introgression. Additionally, we modelled species distributions to reconstruct changes in range distribution during glacial and interglacial periods. Plastid, nuclear and morphological data strongly support divergence between species with subsequent gene flow. Combined with species distribution modelling, these data support a scenario of allopatry leading to species divergence, followed by secondary contact and gene flow due to long‐distance dispersal and/or range expansions and contractions in response to Quaternary glacial cycles. We conclude that this is a case of allopatric speciation despite historical secondary contacts, which could have temporally influenced the speciation process, contributing to the knowledge of forces that are driving or counteracting speciation.