bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Alternative sugar and sweetener policies for the United States.
Authors: Green R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter identifies some points of consensus on major US farm-price and income-support policies in the USA, and examines whether the sugar programme fits in with them. Given the sugar programme's inconsistency with today's policy template, it is suggested that the sugar policy will change over the course of the next several years, whether it is voluntary or involuntary.
Biotechnology and its application in agriculture and food production: the Egyptian experience.
Authors: Madkour M. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter presents an overview of the kind of agricultural biotechnology research being conducted in Egypt, and provides examples of successful private-public partnerships in the development and commercialization of biotechnology products. It also examines how the issues of biosafety, intellectual property rights, and human resource development in the field of biotechnology are being addressed in Egypt.
Post-genomic health advances and its implications in developing countries.
Authors: Badr E. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter reviews the potential of the human genome project, comparative genomics, functional genomics and proteomics in studying the molecular aspects of human health and diseases in Developing Countries. The uses of DNA technology in the molecular diagnosis of infectious and noncommunicable diseases, of gene targeting in gene therapy for genetic and non-genetic disorders, and of pharmacogenomics in developing new drugs are discussed. Some challenges to biotechnology research and development, and the role of international organizations and multinational companies are described.
Novel approaches for vaccine development against trypanosomiasis in Africa.
Authors: Murphy N. B. , Nolan D. , Black S. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

This chapter briefly describes the epidemiology and pathogenesis of and host immune response to trypanosomiasis in man and livestock animals in Africa. The early approaches in developing vaccines against trypanosomiasis, as well as the potential of African wildlife species (mostly considered as reservoirs of trypanosomiasis) as a conduit for the identification of new vaccines are discussed. The results of vaccine trials in mice and cattle are reviewed.
University of Manitoba Centre for grain storage research and development.
Authors: Jayas D. S. , White N. D. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The stored-grain-management group (including researchers in the Department of Biosystems Engineering, University of Manitoba and in the Cereal Research Centre, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada) was successful in obtaining 4.6 million dollars (Canadian) to construct and equip a new facility for research and development in all aspects of drying, handling, and storing grain. The major portion of the funds was provided by the Canada Foundation for Innovation, Manitoba Innovation Fund, Gateway to Future Capital Campaign, Manitoba Hydro, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, and the grain industry. This paper briefly describes the capabilities of the new research facility. It is indicated that research conducted using the facility will provide the knowledge required to reduce qualitative and quantitative losses in stored grain in Canada and worldwide.
Taxonomic imperatives in stored product acarology.
Authors: Halliday R. B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Despite decades of study, there are still many unresolved problems in the study of mite pests of stored food, caused by an inadequate level of research in taxonomy and basic biology. There have been several recent examples of these problems from Australia. Aleuroglyphus ovatus was recently detected in Australia, causing contact dermatitis in an employee. Research among preserved specimens then showed that this species had been present unannounced in Australia since at least 1949, causing an unknown level of food contamination and disease. Species of Rhizoglyphus cannot be identified with any confidence, because of the chaotic state of the taxonomy of the genus. This situation is causing disturbances in the international trade in stored vegetables and bulbs, and perhaps unnecessary fumigation and delays in shipments. Other genera of stored-food mites recorded from Australia also cause taxonomic difficulties (e.g. Acarus, Tyrophagus, and Pyemotes), because some species have never been adequately described and compared with the faunas of other countries. These taxonomic uncertainties pose a threat to trade, pest control, and the adequate treatment of human disease. Resolution of these issues will require an increased effort in conventional taxonomic and biological research, plus the adoption of modern technologies such as the use of molecular diagnostic tools and the production of interactive identification guides.
The effect of temperature management on Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium castaneum and Plodia interpunctella in stored maize: summer 2001 pilot bin trials.
Authors: Maier D. E. , Ileleji K. E. , Woloshuk C. P. , Szabela D. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The use of three temperature management strategies (ambient aeration, chilled aeration and no aeration) for the control of the populations of S. zeamais (maize weevil), T. castaneum (red flour beetle) and P. interpunctella (Indian meal moth) was evaluated. Chilled aeration maintained the average grain temperatures between 11.5 and 17.1°C, which were effective in controlling populations of caged maize weevil and development of red flour beetle. Maize weevil population increased by 32% from June to September, while bins with no aeration (average grain temperatures between 15.1 and 27.4°C) and ambient aeration (average grain temperatures between 13.8 and 24.9°C) increased the population by 464 and 554%, respectively. For the Indian meal moth, maintaining lower grain bulk temperatures through chilling retarded the life cycle of the moth from egg to adult. The likely causes were delayed hatching of larvae from eggs and larval diapausing, which is an adaptation to survive low temperatures. Degree-day values based on a threshold development temperature of 15°C (59°F) for no aeration, ambient aeration and chilled aeration were 126, 126 and 48, respectively. The lower degree-day values for the chilled bins correlated to the lower insect counts observed in the maize weevil, red flour beetle and Indian meal moth cages. Our results showed that temperature management was an effective non-chemical and sustainable pest control method for stored product protection (average grain temperatures between 15.1 and 27.4°C).
Areawide integrated pest management program for commercial grain stores.
Authors: Flinn P. , Hagstrum D. , Reed C. , Phillips T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

A decision support system, Stored Grain Advisor Pro, was developed to conduct risk analysis of large concrete commercial elevator facilities. A vacuum-probe sampler was used to take ten 3-kg wheat grain samples in the top 12 m of each bin at grain elevators in Kansas and Oklahoma, USA. After the insect species and numbers were determined for each sample, the data were entered into the risk analysis software. The program uses a model to predict future risk based on current insect density, grain temperature and moisture. The information was presented as a bin board layout to the manager. Recommended treatment strategies and an economic analysis were also presented to the manager. Stored Grain Advisor correctly predicted for 71-80% of bins whether they were either safe or at high risk. In only 2 of 399 bins in Kansas and in zero bins in Oklahoma, the programme predicted that the bins were safe when, in fact, they became infested 6 weeks later. Elevator operators using the program tended to fumigate only the bins with high insect densities, rather than fumigating all the bins. This resulted in better grain management because treating bins only when insect densities exceed economic thresholds and treating only the bins that need to be treated minimizes the risk of economic losses from unexpected insect problems, and reduces the cost of pest management and the use of fumigant.
Warning farmers when the risk of infestation by Prostephanus truncatus is high.
Authors: Hodges R. J. , Birkinshaw L. A. , Addo S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

P. truncatus is a serious beetle pest of the maize and cassava stored by smallholder farmers. Pheromone-trapping studies have shown that the abundance of flying beetles varies greatly both between and within years. This has led to an initiative to develop a risk-assessment system for the pest so that farmers can be warned in advance by extension services when they are at particular risk. Tests using experimental barns in Ghana and Tanzania and direct observations of farm stores in Ghana have shown that the incidence of infestation in stores is related to the numbers of beetles in the process of dispersal by flight. It has been possible to define curves relating the probability of infestation in stores to the cumulative catch of flying P. truncatus over the course of a storage season, although other factors such as previous infestation of stores can also be significant. In these experimental studies, dispersal by flight has been estimated using pheromone traps. However, the use of pheromone traps on a large scale to gather dispersal data is expensive and time-consuming and in the long term is unlikely to be sustainable. As a cheaper alternative, a rule-based model was developed to predict flight activity from climate data. The role of the risk warning system as an essential decision making tool for the integrated pest management of P. truncatus is discussed.
Development and validation of sequential sampling plans for Sitophilus species associated with pet specialty stores.
Authors: Toews M. , Subramanyam B. , Roesli R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Eight pet stores in Kansas, USA were sampled between February and August 2002, using traps baited with food and pheromone lures for capturing multiple species of beetle adults. Thirty traps were arranged in a grid pattern in each store and were checked every 2-3 weeks. The most common and abundant beetles captured in traps in all eight stores were the Sitophilus spp. (rice, granary and maize weevils). The rice weevil, Sitophilus oryzae, was the most common and predominant of the three weevils. Trap capture data from each store were used to calculate mean numbers of Sitophilus spp. trapped per week and associated variance and weekly presence or absence of adults. About 60% of the weekly trap capture data from the 8 stores were used for developing fixed precision and binomial sequential sampling plans and the other 40% of the data were used for testing the performance of these plans through computer simulations using the "Resampling for Validation of Sampling Plans" software. Green's fixed precision sampling plan was used for estimating Sitophilus spp. density of 0.62 insects trapped per week that corresponded with 50% of infested traps. The actual precision and sample sizes needed for estimating density at the fixed precision levels of 0.25, 0.35 and 0.50 were determined. Wald's sequential probability ratio test plan and a fixed sample size binomial plan were developed to classify infestation level with respect to an infestation threshold (50% of infested traps). Operating characteristic and average sample number curves generated using the validation data sets were used to gauge performance of the binomial plan. In addition, the actual errors in classifying infestation levels were also determined. The development, performance and utility of these sampling plans in retail stores are discussed.
Entomological applications of near-infrared spectroscopy.
Authors: Throne J. E. , Dowell F. E. , Perez-Mendoza J. , Baker J. E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Our recent work on applications of near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) to entomological problems is reviewed. Using an automated NIRS system to scan individual wheat kernels at the rate of 15 per minute, we were able to differentiate between uninfested kernels and kernels infested with late instar larvae of Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, or Sitotroga cerealella. The ability to rapidly scan individual kernels indicates potential for automated segregation of infested kernels from bulk grain. The automated NIRS system was used to differentiate uninfested wheat kernels, kernels infested with rice weevils, and kernels that contained rice weevils that were parasitized by Anisopteromalus calandrae. Being able to distinguish kernels containing parasitoids would be useful for quality control in commercial insectaries that rear biological control agents, and would be useful for research on natural enemies. The NIRS system was used to segregate samples of transgenic maize that contain low and high levels of the protein avidin. Avidin is toxic to a number of insect pests, and transgenic maize that contains a level of avidin that is toxic to insect pests of stored grain has been developed. A manual NIRS system was used to quantify insect fragments in flour. Although the sensitivity is not sufficient to detect insect fragments at the US Food and Drug Administration defect action level (75 fragments per 50 grams of flour), the technique is accurate at an action level of 130 fragments per 50 grams of flour and could be useful for prescreening large numbers of flour samples to select samples for more expensive and labour intensive chemical analyses. A manual NIRS system was used to identify stored product insect pests to species level. We were able to identify insects to genus with greater than 95% accuracy and to identify insects as being primary or secondary pests with greater than 99% accuracy. Ability to identify insects to species depended on the genus. This technology could be useful to pest managers who may not be familiar with insect taxonomy. The manual NIRS system was used to determine chronological age of two primary pests and one secondary pest of stored products.
Comparison of ELISA and fragment count methods for detection of insects in wheat flour.
Authors: Atui M. B. , Lazzari S. M. N. , Lazzari F. A. , Flinn P. W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In the research reported, the ELISA method used to detect the insect muscle myosin was tested and compared with a traditional method of counting insect fragments in flour using acid hydrolysis. One kilogram samples of wheat were infested with 0, 1, 2, 4, 8, and 16 adults of Rhyzopertha dominica, and milled to obtain wheat flour. The samples were analysed according to the AOAC method and by the immunoassay kit to detect myosin. The numbers of insect fragments detected by both methods were proportional to the infestation level. The number of insect fragments ranged from 4.4 in the lowest infestation level, to 73.2 in the highest infestation level. The lowest detection level of the immunoassay was 0.5 insects/50 g sample, and the maximum was 10 insects/50 g sample. The ELISA test represents a valuable tool for screening insect infestation in stored wheat kernels and flour to monitor sanitary quality, but modifications are required to increase the kit sensitivity for the lesser grain borer and other insects.
Use of electronic nose technology for the early detection of spoilage moulds in cereal products.
Authors: Naresh Magan Naresh Magan , Garima Keshri Garima Keshri , Needham R. , Sneath R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

There is a requirement for rapid early detection of mould activity in grain throughout the food chain as part of a quality assurance programme and to enable critical control points to be effectively monitored. The rapid development of electronic-nose (e.nose) technology has resulted in examination of the potential of using this qualitative approach to enable decisions to be made about the status of grain and bakery products. Since moulds produce characteristic odours when growing on different substrates, the opportunity exists to use these volatile production patterns to improve decision-support systems for making decisions about grain quality. We have examined the use of e.nose systems for the discrimination between different grain spoilage fungi in vitro and in situ in grain. A real-time grain-monitoring system was developed which is able to evaluate a sample in less than 10 mins and give information on whether the grain is "good", "bad" or "intermediate". Subsequent studies in bakery products have shown that it is possible to detect and differentiate spoilage mould growth on bread within 24-40 h of inoculation, before visible growth. Alternative methods such as enzyme detection and colony-forming units could detect changes only much later. The use of e.nose systems as part of a HACCP scheme is discussed.
Insect population dynamics and grain damage in small-farm stores in Zimbabwe, with particular reference to Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier) (Lepidoptera: Gelechiidae).
Authors: Mvumi B. M. , Golob P. , Stathers T. E. , Giga D. P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

S. cerealella is an important pest of stored grains, whose biology has been well-researched, but little is known about its population dynamics under field conditions. This study examined the importance of the moth in relation to other storage insect pests on maize and sorghum under smallholder conditions in Binga and Harare, Zimbabwe during 1998-2000. On sorghum heads, S. cerealella and Rhyzopertha dominica were dominant, but Sitophilus spp. were dominant on both maize and sorghum grain bulks. The insects themselves and associated grain damage were mostly confined to the top 30 cm of such bulks. An exception was R. dominica, which occurred in large numbers at lower grain levels. The implications of these findings are discussed with reference to reduced pesticide use through more-targeted grain treatment in tropical small-farm stores.
Distribution of Ephestia elutella in a tobacco-processing factory in Portugal.
Authors: Pereira A. P. , David A. , Mexia A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Stored tobacco may be damaged by E. elutella. The larvae eat the leaves and contaminate the product with their silk, exuvia and excreta. Pheromone traps were used to monitor the presence of male moths over a three-year period (1999-2001) in a tobacco-processing factory in Portugal. Trap captures were used to determine spatial distribution of male moths at different locations inside the factory. Of the 2574 adult E. elutella caught, 54% were captured only in one store. The lowest temperatures recorded from December to February were least favourable to E. elutella, whereas temperatures observed from June to September was most favourable. Inside the processing factory, most observations indicated an aggregated dispersion pattern of E. elutella.
Comparing insect captures in the "StorMax Insector" and other probe traps.
Authors: Bonjour E. L. , Phillips T. W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The "StorMax Insector" is a new, electronic device for detecting insects in stored grain. Naturally occurring arthropods captured using Insector prototypes were compared with those captured using Grain Guard pitfall traps (GGPT) and Storgard WB Probe II traps (WBII) in 5 small bins containing wheat. Trap location within the bin and the presence or absence of sunlight were also examined for their effect on the number of arthropods collected in the 3 trap types. The arthropods captured during the study consisted of 5 species of beetles, 2 parasitic Hymenoptera, a member of the Psocidae family, and mites. As expected, all arthropods were not captured in every bin during the 2-day sampling period in November when grain temperatures averaged 22.4°C. Total insects and mites captured were affected by trap type and trap location within the bins. Significantly more arthropods were captured in the Insector and WBII traps than in the GGPT traps. Traps located on the south sides of the bins captured more arthropods than traps located in the northern portions of the bins. Presence or absence of sunlight did not affect the total number of insects and mites collected in the traps. When comparing species, more R. dominica were captured in the WBII trap than in the other two trap types and more A. advena were captured in the Insector than in the GGPT trap. More Rhyzopertha dominica were captured in traps located in the southern part of the bin than in the northern portion. Traps in bins receiving sunlight had significantly more mites than bins with no sunlight. Just the opposite was true for A. advena. Knowing that trap type, trap location, and the presence or absence of sunlight can affect trap capture is important in interpreting species counts for developing a management strategy to control pests.
Preliminary molecular investigations of three Liposcelis species associated with grain storage systems in Australia.
Authors: Mikac K. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Molecular methods are being utilized to examine the genetic structure of three psocid (Psocoptera) species, Liposcelis bostrychophila, L. decolor and L. entomophila, that infest grain bulk storage facilities throughout Australia. As there is currently no known nucleotide sequence information on these three species, various molecular techniques are used to investigate their genetic structure and general molecular ecology. This paper documents the use of microsatellites and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs) to examine the genetic structure of these species. Outcomes from this work will determine the extent of gene flow among Liposcelis populations infesting bulk grain storage and transportation systems in Australia. In addition, this work will help characterize and monitor changes in the genetic diversity of psocid populations, while gaining a greater understanding of the origin and movement of Liposcelis species within Australian bulk grain handling systems.
Interstrain variation in larval respiration rate in Callosobruchus maculatus.
Authors: Guedes R. N. C. , Guedes N. M. P. , Smith R. H. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Variation among strains of C. maculatus in several life-history traits is well known. Differential respiration rates in larvae of this pest species may provide insights into how the behavioural process of larval competition within a seed produces different outcomes. Therefore, larval respiration rates in five strains of C. maculatus (from Brazil, Nigeria, South India, Uganda, and Yemen) were measured during their early development. Per capita consumption of cowpea seeds by larvae of the same five strains was also carried out in another bioassay. The Brazil strain is reported as having a scramble-type of outcome of larval competition and it showed the smallest respiration rate of all five strains (6.13 ml O2/day/larva), while the strains from Uganda and Nigeria that also resemble more closely the scramble-type of competition outcome showed intermediate levels of respiration rate (7.24 and 7.34 ml O2 day-1 larva-1, respectively). In contrast, the Yemen and South India strains are reported as having a contest-type of outcome of larval competition, although the behavioural process has been determined as contest only for the South India strain. The Yemen strain of C. maculatus showed the highest larval respiration rate, which did not significantly differ from the South India strain (8.39 and 7.49 ml O2 day-1 larvaminus, respectively). Larvae from Yemen and South India strains also showed significantly higher per capita consumption rates of cowpea (15.15 and 11.31 mg, respectively) than in larvae from the other strains (varying from 15.15 to 7.67 mg). This provides support for the hypothesis that the differential feeding rate is an important component of the larval competition outcomes observed in strains of C. maculatus.