bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Differential Suppression of Spontaneous and Noxious-evoked Somatosensory Cortical Activity by Isoflurane in the Neonatal Rat
Authors: Chang Pi-shan , Walker Suellen M. , Fitzgerald Maria 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAbstract
Extracellular somatosensory cortex field potentials evoked by hind paw C-fiber electrical stimulation were resistant to isoflurane compared with spontaneous activity in neonatal rat. Surgical hind paw incision enhanced the resistance of noxious-evoked responses to isoflurane, an effect that declined with age, indicating critical age-dependent differences in anesthetic suppression of cortical nociceptive activity.

Background
The effect of neonatal anesthesia and pain on the developing brain is of considerable clinical importance, but few studies have evaluated noxious surgical input to the infant brain under anesthesia. Herein, the authors tested the effect of increasing isoflurane concentration on spontaneous and evoked nociceptive activity in the somatosensory cortex of rats at different postnatal ages.

Methods
Intracortical extracellular field potentials evoked by hind paw C-fiber electrical stimulation were recorded in the rat somatosensory cortex at postnatal day (P) 7, P14, P21, and P30 during isoflurane anesthesia (n = 7 per group). The amplitudes of evoked potentials and the energies of evoked oscillations (1 to 100 Hz over 3 s) were measured after equilibration at 1.5% isoflurane and during step increases in inspired isoflurane. Responses during and after plantar hind paw incision were compared at P7 and P30 (n = 6 per group).

Results
At P7, cortical activity was silent at 1.5% isoflurane but noxious-evoked potentials decreased only gradually in amplitude and energy with step increases in isoflurane. The resistance of noxious-evoked potentials to isoflurane at P7 was significantly enhanced after surgical hind paw incision (69 ± 16% vs. 6 ± 1% in nonincised animals at maximum inspired isoflurane). This resistance was age dependent; at P14 to P30, noxious-evoked responses decreased sharply with increasing isoflurane (step 3 [4%] P7: 50 ± 9%, P30: 4 ± 1% of baseline). Hind paw incision at P30 sensitized noxious-evoked potentials, but this was suppressed by higher isoflurane concentrations.

Conclusions
Despite suppression of spontaneous activity, cortical-evoked potentials are more resistant to isoflurane in young rats and are further sensitized by surgical injury.
Sonoelastography of Breast Lymphoma
Authors: Sousaris Nicholas , Barr Richard G. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Breast lymphomas only account for approximately 0.15% of malignant breast carcinomas. Half of these are primary lymphomas, and the other half are metastatic to the breast. Ultrasound elastography has been proven to aid in the diagnosis of breast lesions as malignant or benign, with malignancy appearing stiffer compared with normal breast tissue. However, in this study, we review the findings of breast lymphoma on strain and shear wave ultrasonography. Lymphoma appears drastically different on sonoelastography than primary breast cancers, and it could easily be interpreted as benign. Therefore, the unique imaging findings in addition to the patient's clinical history are important in differentiating lymphoma of the breast from other possible diagnoses.
Heterocyclic Aromatic Amines in Cooked Meat Products: Causes, Formation, Occurrence, and Risk Assessment
Authors: Gibis Monika 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMeat products are sources of protein with high biological value and an essential source of other nutrients, such as vitamins and minerals. Heating processes cause food to become more appetizing with changes in texture, appearance, flavor, and chemical properties by the altering of protein structure and other ingredients. During heat treatment, heterocyclic aromatic amines (HAAs), potent mutagens/carcinogens, are formed due to the Maillard reaction. The HAAs are classified in at least 2 groups: thermic HAAs (100 to 300 °C) and pyrolytic HAAs (>300 °C). This review focuses on the parameters and precursors which affect the formation of HAAs: preparation, such as the marinating of meat, and cooking methods, including temperature, duration, and heat transfer, as well as levels of precursors. Additionally, factors are described subject to pH, and the type of meat and ingredients, such as added antioxidants, types of carbohydrates and amino acids, ions, fat, and other substances inhibiting or enhancing the formation of HAAs. An overview of the different analytical methods available is shown to determine the HAAs, including their preparation to clean up the sample prior to extraction. Epidemiological results and human daily intake of HAAs obtained from questionnaires show a relationship between the preference for very well‐done meat products with increased HAA levels and an enhanced risk of the incidence of cancer, besides other carcinogens in the diet. The metabolic pathway of HAAs is governed by the activity of several enzymes leading to the formation of DNA adducts or HAA excretion and genetic sensitivity of individuals to the impact of HAAs on human cancer risk.
Mycotoxins in Bovine Milk and Dairy Products: A Review
Authors: Becker‐Algeri Tania Aparecida , Castagnaro Denise , de Bortoli Kennidy , de Souza Camila , Drunkler Deisy Alessandra , Badiale‐Furlong Eliana 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a literature review of the occurrence of several mycotoxins in bovine milk and dairy products, because it is the main type of milk produced and marketed worldwide. Mycotoxins are produced by different genera of filamentous fungi and present serious health hazards such as carcinogenicity and mutagenicity. Under favorable growth conditions, toxigenic fungi produce mycotoxins which contaminate the lactating cow's feedstuff. During metabolism, these mycotoxins undergo biotransformation and are secreted in milk. Data show that there is a seasonal trend in the levels of mycotoxins in milk, with these being higher in the cold months probably due to the prolonged storage required for the cattle feeds providing favorable conditions for fungal growth. Good agricultural and storage practices are therefore of fundamental importance in the control of toxigenic species and mycotoxins. Although aflatoxins (especially aflatoxin M1) are the mycotoxins of greater incidence in milk and dairy products, this review shows that other mycotoxins, such as fumonisin, ochratoxin A, trichothecenes, zearalenone, T‐2 toxin, and deoxynivalenol, can also be found in these products. Given that milk is widely consumed and is a source of nutrients, especially in childhood, a thorough investigation of the occurrence of mycotoxins as well the adoption of measures to minimize their contamination of milk is essential.
Extension of the Vane Pump‐Grinder Technology to Manufacture Finely Dispersed Meat Batters
Authors: Irmscher Stefan B. , Gibis Monika , Herrmann Kurt , Oechsle Anja Maria , Kohlus Reinhard , Weiss Jochen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA vane pump‐grinder system was extended to enable the manufacture of finely dispersed emulsion‐type sausages by constructing and attaching a high‐shear homogenizer at the outlet. We hypothesized that the dispersing capabilities of the extended system may be improved to the point of facilitating meat‐fat emulsification due to an overall increased volumetric energy input EV. Coarsely ground raw material mixtures were processed to yield meat batters at varying volume flow rates (10 to 60 L/min) and rotational rotor speeds of the homogenizer nrotor (1000 to 3400 rpm). The normalized torques acting on pump, grinder, and homogenizer motors were recorded and unit power consumptions were calculated. The structure of the manufactured meat batters and sausages were analyzed via image analysis. Key physicochemical properties of unheated and heated batters, that is, texture, water‐binding, color, and solubilized protein were determined. The mean diameter d10 of the visible lean meat particles varied between 352 and 406 μm whereas the mean volume‐surface diameter d32 varied between 603 and 796 μm. The lightness L* ranged from 66.2 to 70.7 and correlated with the volumetric energy input and product structure. By contrast, varying process parameters did not impact color values a* (approximately 11) and b* (approximately 8). Interestingly, water‐binding and protein solubilization were not affected. An exponential process‐structure relationship was identified allowing manufacturers to predict product properties as a function of applied process parameters. Raw material mixtures can be continuously comminuted, emulsified, and subsequently filled into casings using an extended vane pump‐grinder.
Effects of Long‐Chain and Medium‐Chain Fatty Acids on Apoptosis and Oxidative Stress in Human Liver Cells with Steatosis
Authors: Wang Baogui , Li Lumin , Fu Jing , Yu Ping , Gong Deming , Zeng Cheng , Zeng Zheling 
Published: January 2016

AbstractNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is closely associated with obesity‐related metabolic complications, which caused by excess energy intake and physical inactivity apart from genetic defects. The mechanisms that promote disease progression from NAFLD to further liver injury are still unclear. We hypothesize that the progression involved “2nd hit” is strongly influenced by the type of fatty acids in diets. Flow cytometric analysis showed that medium‐chain fatty acid (MCFA) markedly decreased the percentage of late apoptotic and necrotic cells compared with long‐chain fatty acid (LCFA), and MCFA inhibited the activities of caspase‐3 and ‐9 in human liver cells with steatosis. Western blot analysis found that the levels of inflammatory markers (interleukin [IL]‐6, IL‐1‐β, and tumor necrosis factor‐α) were substantially reduced by MCFA compared with LCFA. Proteomic analysis further showed that LCFA inhibited the expression of antioxidant enzymes, and increased the expression of proteins associated with oxidative stress. It was found that LCFA (palmitate), not MCFA induced apoptosis, oxidative stress and chronic inflammatory responses in the hepatic cells with steatosis. In conclusion, reasonable selection of dietary fats has potential to translate therapeutically by ameliorating disease progression in patients with NAFLD.
Effect of Storage on the Physico‐Chemical and Antioxidant Properties of Strawberry and Kiwi Leathers
Authors: Concha‐Meyer Anibal A. , D'Ignoti Valeria , Saez Barbara , Diaz Ricardo I. , Torres Carolina A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStrawberry and kiwi leathers were used to develop a new healthy and preservative‐free fruit snack for new markets. Fruit puree was dehydrated at 60 °C for 20 h and subjected to accelerated storage. Soluble solids, titratable acidity, pH, water activity (aw), total phenolic (TP), antioxidant activity (AOA) and capacity (ORAC), and color change (browning index) were measured in leathers, cooked, and fresh purees. An untrained panel was used to evaluate consumer acceptability. Soluble solids of fresh purees were 11.24 to 13.04 °Brix, whereas pH was 3.46 to 3.39. Leathers presented an aw of 0.59 to 0.67, and a moisture content of 21 kg water/100 kg. BI decreased in both leathers over accelerated storage period. TP and AOA were higher (P ≤ 0.05) in strawberry formulations. ORAC decreased 57% in strawberry and 65% in kiwi leathers when compared to fruit puree. TP and AOA increased in strawberries during storage. Strawberry and Kiwi leathers may be a feasible new, natural, high antioxidant, and healthy snack for the Chilean and other world markets, such as Europe, particularly the strawberry leather, which was preferred by untrained panelists.
Engineering Digestion: Multiscale Processes of Food Digestion
Authors: Bornhorst Gail M. , Gouseti Ourania , Wickham Martin S.J. , Bakalis Serafim 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFood digestion is a complex, multiscale process that has recently become of interest to the food industry due to the developing links between food and health or disease. Food digestion can be studied by using either in vitro or in vivo models, each having certain advantages or disadvantages. The recent interest in food digestion has resulted in a large number of studies in this area, yet few have provided an in‐depth, quantitative description of digestion processes. To provide a framework to develop these quantitative comparisons, a summary is given here between digestion processes and parallel unit operations in the food and chemical industry. Characterization parameters and phenomena are suggested for each step of digestion. In addition to the quantitative characterization of digestion processes, the multiscale aspect of digestion must also be considered. In both food systems and the gastrointestinal tract, multiple length scales are involved in food breakdown, mixing, absorption. These different length scales influence digestion processes independently as well as through interrelated mechanisms. To facilitate optimized development of functional food products, a multiscale, engineering approach may be taken to describe food digestion processes. A framework for this approach is described in this review, as well as examples that demonstrate the importance of process characterization as well as the multiple, interrelated length scales in the digestion process.
Coalho Cheese Made with Protease from Thermomucor indicae‐seudaticae N31: Technological Potential of the New Coagulant for the Production of High‐Cooked Cheese
Authors: Merheb‐Dini Carolina , Chaves Karina S. , Gomes Eleni , da Silva Roberto , Gigante Mirna L. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to explore the use of a new coagulant from Thermomucor indicae‐seudaticae N31 for the manufacture of a high‐cooked starter‐free cheese variety, by evaluating its physicochemical and functional characteristics in comparison to cheeses made with a traditional commercial coagulant. Coalho cheese was successfully produced with the new protease as it exhibited comparable characteristics to the one produced using the commercial enzyme: pH behavior during manufacture; cheese composition; protein and fat recovery; and cheese yield. In addition, during storage, melting was low and not affected by storage time; the increase of TCA 12% soluble nitrogen (% of total nitrogen) was lower than half of that of pH 4.6 soluble nitrogen (% of total nitrogen); concentration of β‐CN significantly decreased, whereas αs1‐CN concentration was not affected by storage time.
Interpreting the National Hospital Ambulatory Medical Care Survey: United States Emergency Department Opioid Prescribing, 2006–2010
Authors: Kea Bory , Fu Rochelle , Lowe Robert A. , Sun Benjamin C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesPrescription opioid overdoses are a leading cause of death in the United States. Emergency departments (EDs) are potentially high‐risk environments for doctor shopping and diversion. The hypothesis was that opioid prescribing rates from the ED have increased over time.MethodsThe authors analyzed data on ED discharges from the 2006 through 2010 NHAMCS, a probability sample of all U.S. EDs. The outcome was documentation of an opioid prescription on discharge. The primary independent predictor was time. Covariates included severity of pain, a pain‐related discharge diagnosis, age, sex, race, payer, hospital ownership, and geographic location of hospital. Up to three discharge diagnoses were available in NHAMCS to identify “pain‐related” (e.g., back pain, fracture, dental/jaw pain, nephrolithiasis) ED visits. Multivariate logistic regression was performed to assess the independent associations between opioid prescribing and predictors. All analyses incorporated NHAMCS survey weights, and all results are presented as national estimates.ResultsOpioids were prescribed for 18.7% (95% confidence interval = 17.7% to 19.7%) of all ED discharges, representing 18.8 million prescriptions per year. There were no significant temporal trends in opioid prescribing overall (adjusted p = 0.93). Pain‐related discharge diagnoses that received the top three highest proportion of opioids prescriptions included nephrolithiasis (62.1%), neck pain (51.6%), and dental/jaw pain (49.7%). A pain‐related discharge diagnosis, non‐Hispanic white race, older age, male sex, uninsured status, and Western region were positively associated with opioid prescribing (p < 0.05).ConclusionsNo temporal trend toward increased prescribing from 2006 to 2012 was found. These results suggest that problems with opioid overprescribing are multifactorial and not solely rooted in the ED.
Physician Preparation for the American Board of Emergency Medicine ConCert Examination
Authors: Marco Catherine A. , Wahl Robert P. , Counselman Francis L. , Heller Barry N. , Kowalenko Terry , Harvey Anne L. , Joldersma Kevin B. , Reisdorff Earl J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo maintain certification by the American Board of Emergency Medicine (ABEM), physicians are required to pass the Continuous Certification (ConCert) examination at least every 10 years. On the 2014 ConCert postexamination survey, ABEM sought to understand the manner in which ABEM diplomates prepared for the test and to identify associations between test preparation approaches and performance on the ConCert examination.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional survey study. The survey was administered at the end of the 2014 ConCert examination. Analyses included chi‐square and linear regression to determine the association of preparation methods with performance.ResultsOf the 2,431 on‐time test‐takers, 2,338 (96.2%) were included. The most commonly used study approach was the review of written materials designed for test preparation (1,585; 67.8%), followed by an online training course (1,006; 43.0%). There were 758 (32.4%) physicians who took a single onsite board review course, while 41 (1.8%) took two or more onsite courses. Most physicians (1,611; 68.9%) spent over 35 hours preparing for the ConCert examination. The study method that was most associated with favorable test scores was the review of written materials designed for test preparation (p < 0.001). Attending an onsite preparation course was associated with poorer performance (p < 0.001). There was a significant association between no additional preparation and failing the examination (chi‐square with Yates correction; p = 0.001).ConclusionsA substantial majority (97.8%) of physicians taking the 2014 ABEM ConCert examination prepared for it. The majority of physicians used written materials specifically designed for test preparation. Reviewing written materials designed for test preparation was associated with the highest performance.
A Comparison of the Effect of Interposed Abdominal Compression Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Standard Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation Methods on End‐tidal CO2 and the Return of Spontaneous Circulation Following Cardiac Arrest: A Clinical Trial
Authors: Movahedi Ali , Mirhafez Seyed Reza , Behnam‐Voshani Hamidreza , Reihani Hamidreza , Kavosi Ali , Ferns Gordon A. , Malekzadeh Javad 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectivesSudden cardiac arrest is a major cause of death in the adult population of developed countries, with only 10%–15% of cardiopulmonary resuscitations (CPRs) being successful. We aimed to compare the effects of interposed abdominal compression CPR (IAC‐CPR) with standard CPR (STD‐CPR) methods on end‐tidal CO2 (ETCO2) and the return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) following cardiac arrest in a hospital setting.MethodsAfter cardiac arrest was confirmed in a patient at Mashhad Ghaem Hospital, 80 cases were randomly assigned to one of the two methods of resuscitation, either IAC‐CPR or STD‐CPR, respectively. The inclusion criteria for the study were nontraumatic cardiac arrest, in patients between the age of 18 and 85 years, and the presence of endotracheal tube. Exclusion criteria were abdominal surgery in the past 2 weeks, active gastrointestinal bleeding, pulmonary embolism, and suspected pregnancy.ResultsThere was a significant difference between the two groups in ETCO2 (p < 0.003), but there was no significant difference as far as the ROSC (p > 0.50).ConclusionThe increase in the ETCO2 during IAC‐CPR is an indicator of the increase in cardiac output following the use of this method of CPR.
Who thinks what about e‐cigarette regulation? A content analysis of UK newspapers
Authors: Patterson Chris , Hilton Shona , Weishaar Heide 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimsTo establish how frequently different types of stakeholders were cited in the UK media debate about e‐cigarette regulation, their stances towards different forms of e‐cigarette regulation, and what rationales they employed in justifying those stances.MethodsQuantitative and qualitative content analyses of 104 articles about e‐cigarette regulation published in eight UK and three Scottish national newspapers between 1 January 2013 and 31 December 2014.ResultsReporting on e‐cigarette regulation grew significantly (P < 0.001) throughout the sample period. Governments and regulatory bodies were the most frequently cited stakeholders and uniformly supported regulation, while other stakeholders did not always support regulation. Arguments for e‐cigarette regulation greatly outnumbered arguments against regulation. Regulating purchasing age, restricting marketing and regulating e‐cigarettes as medicine were broadly supported, while stakeholders disagreed about prohibiting e‐cigarette use in enclosed public spaces. In rationalizing their stances, supporters of regulation cited child protection and concerns about the safety of e‐cigarette products, while opponents highlighted the potential of e‐cigarettes in tobacco cessation and questioned the evidence base associating e‐cigarette use with health harms.ConclusionsIn the UK between 2013 and 2014, governments and tobacco control advocates frequently commented on e‐cigarettes in UK‐wide and Scottish national newspapers. Almost all commentators supported e‐cigarette regulation, but there was disagreement about whether e‐cigarette use should be allowed in enclosed public spaces. This appeared to be linked to whether commentators emphasized the harms of vapour and concerns about renormalizing smoking or emphasized the role of e‐cigarettes as a smoking cessation aid.
Metronomic therapy can increase quality of life during paediatric palliative cancer care, but careful patient selection is essential
Authors: Porkholm Mikaela , Toiviainen‐Salo Sanna , Seuri Raija , Lönnqvist Tuula , Vepsäläinen Kaisa , Saarinen‐Pihkala Ulla M. , Pentikäinen Virve , Kivivuori Sanna‐Maria 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimChildren with refractory or high‐risk malignancies frequently suffer from poor quality of life during palliative care. This study explored the effect of metronomic drug administration on survival and quality of life in paediatric patients with various refractory or high‐risk tumours.MethodsWe treated 17 patients with a maintenance therapy that consisted of metronomic thalidomide, etoposide and celecoxib. The endpoints of the study were overall and progression‐free survival, changes in the Karnofsky–Lansky scores from baseline to the end of the study therapy and radiological responses.ResultsThe median overall survival after the start of the study therapy was 6.2 months (range 2.0–57.7), and the six‐, 12‐ and 24‐month survival rates were 59%, 18% and 18%, respectively. The median progression‐free survival was 3.2 months (range 0.3–17.8). The Karnofsky–Lansky scores increased significantly during the study therapy (p = 0.02), with 35% of the patients having a transient improvement in their clinical status. Radiologically, one partial response and two disease stabilisations were encountered. Grade III‐V adverse events occurred in 76% of the patients.ConclusionMetronomic therapy may increase the quality of life during palliative care for childhood cancer, but requires careful patient selection to minimise the risk of serious adverse events.