bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Twenty Years of Psychiatric Practice
Authors: Jones Robert O. 
Published: April 2017

This paper reports the author's experience in the private practice of psychiatry in Halifax—a city of 100,000 people from 1941 to 1961. Such a population provides an adequate work load, both in numbers and variety. Many demands will be made on the psychiatrist in this kind of situation, not ordinarily thought of as clinical psychiatry. He will be a community adviser in many fields. Basically, though, he is a doctor and should act as one with regard to medical ethics and custom, as well as taking his share of responsibility for diagnosis and therapy. If he mixes with his fellow practitioners medically and socially, he will be accepted by them as any other doctor is. Careful but understandable reports to referring doctors are of great value in educating his colleagues in psychiatric ways. Many patients will be returned to these colleagues for treatment, but the consultant should be readily available for advice and support. This kind of practice will demand an eclectic approach with a readiness to improvise and compromise. In the author's opinion, electro-convulsive therapy has been the most important advance in psychiatric practice during this period. It has been astonishingly successful in relieving much human suffering and in improving community attitudes to mental health problems and to psychiatric practitioners and psychiatric patients. This kind of practice can be afforded financially by most patients and can be covered by pre-paid medical schemes. The private community practice of psychiatry allows excellent opportunity for follow-up, develops exceedingly strong doctor-patient relationships, and gives human satisfactions to the practitioner far in excess of the financial reward. Experience indicates that the private practitioner of psychiatry, living in a community and being part of that community, provides a most important community mental health resource.
Varieties and Uses of Group Psychotherapy
Authors: Powles William E. 
Published: April 2017

This has been a rather general discussion of the broad properties of group psychotherapy and psychotherapy groups, attempting to indicate how a variety of approaches and techniques is applicable to different kinds of therapeutic situations. Group psychotherapy is defined here as having three essential characteristics: A collection of people in need, a professional therapist, and a use of group dynamics. Group psychotherapy has turned out to be no panacea or cheap mass medium. On the other hand, its flexible use in a variety of situations appears to broaden our existing therapeutic armamentarium considerably, and the practical question to-day is not “What patient is suitable, or unsuitable, for group psychotherapy?”— so much as— “What particular combination of group psychotherapy methods is suitable for the group of patients presenting for treatment?” This paper has accordingly scanned some of the variables seen in treatment groups, using the psychoanalytic group as a paradigm. It seems likely that as we understand human groups better, we shall apply group methods more widely and effectively in psychiatric treatment.
Atypical Psychoses, Nomenclature, Characteristics, and Present Validity
Authors: Minde Klaus 
Published: April 2017

A study of literature of atypical psychoses was made. It was attempted to find common denominators between the more frequently used labels for these illnesses. Atypical psychoses are defined and their characteristics outlined in detail. Criticism and suggestions regarding an improvement in classification are put forward. It is stressed that the psychoses are not identical with schizophrenia, but that better objective psychological tests are needed to delineate them accurately.
Eye Movements and Body Images
Authors: Llewellyn Thomas E. , Stasiak Eugene 
Published: April 2017

The eye-movement patterns of nine hospitalized psychiatric patients were compared with those of ten non-patients when looking at pictures of themselves and others. There were highly significant differences between both the mean fixation times of the two groups and also between the area of the body to which they paid the most attention. The mean fixation times of all the non-patients grouped closely around 0.61 seconds whereas the patients varied between 0.12 seconds and 0.47 seconds and 0.72 seconds and 1.04 seconds. Non-patients looked at all body levels, but spent much more time looking at the face. Patients on the other hand paid much more visual attention to the body and tended to avoid the face. It is suggested that the variability in the fixation times and the tendency to avoid the face reflects a mechanism in the patient which is tending to avoid receiving information about certain aspects of the external world.
Value of Continuous Drug Administration for Chronic Long-Term Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Wright R. L. D. , Lynes P. G. 
Published: April 2017

1) Thirty-five long-term chronic female mental hospital patients were selected on the basis of their relatively stable pharmacotherapeutic and behavioural histories, and gradually switched from active medications to placebos. Following a variable time on placebo, those whose behaviour had not significantly changed were then taken off pills altogether. The purposes and true nature of this procedure were effectively obscured from staff and patients alike. 2) It was discovered that only a minority of patients objectively required the maintenance medication which all had been receiving; a larger number did require active psychotropic drugs from time to time; and just over half showed no significant requirement for pharmacotherapy at any time during an eight-month period. 3) It was inferred from these results that the medication practices in this particular (but not atypical) mental hospital setting were more relevant to the traditions of pharmacotherapy and to nursing staff morale, than to the objective psychiatric requirements of the patients.
LE Test Du Dessin De Famille (Symbolisation par un animal des tendances interdites)
Authors: Corman Louis 
Published: April 2017

The application of psychoanalytic rules to the family drawing permits an interpretation in depth which leads to the understanding of conflicts in the child's mind. In this work, the author has limited himself more particularly to the study of the projection of forbidden tendencies to an animal symbol, as this projection enables the subject to gratify 'by proxy' his instincts without feelings of anguish or without being punished. This is surely a theory and it will be necessary, in each case, to check it by means of an extensive clinical and projective analysis. It was possible, however, to support this theory with several arguments. The first is that the familiar animal which is supposed to assume the forbidden tendency is emphasized by the place it occupies, the care with which it is drawn and the comment describing its action. Sometimes even, it has human features which indicate its intimate collusion with the subject. Secondly, in such a case, the subject himself is absent from the drawing; he has not depicted himself. One is led to wonder under what other person's features he appears and when the super-added animal is set out, it may be assumed that it is representing the subject in the drawing. The third argument is inferred from identification. It is quite obvious that, when the subject claims to be identified with the animal, no doubt is possible. However, more often than not, as we have seen, the child evades the question, and when he is invited to identify himself, he is either the father or he is someone absent. This is quite understandable, as we have seen that the person assuming the forbidden action is also the one who will have to accept punishment. Therefore, in one case, the adder is chased away; in other cases, the aggressor animal is killed. In all those cases, it will be necessary to establish identification in an indirect manner, outside of the statements of the child. Identification will be based in the first place on the signs of emphasis given to the animal shown, as we have said; secondly, on the convergence of indices which are brought out by the other tests or psychodramas, as has been illustrated in those observations.
Le Bourreau Au Canada
Authors: Boyer Raymond 
Published: April 2017

The introduction to this paper describes some of the features associated with the development of the duties of hangmen in Europe over the centuries. The principal part of the paper is devoted to the history of the hangmen who practised their trade in French Canada, from its foundation up till the present Century. In French Canada, as elsewhere, it was always difficult to find someone willing to become the hangman. In order to do so it was sometimes necessary to pardon a prisoner condemned to death on condition that he accept the office. Three hundred years ago the hangman's duties included the execution of all forms of corporal punishment. Now his duties are restricted to one.
A Clinical Formulation of Conditions Conducive to Favourable Change in Psychotherapy.—Part III
Authors: Thomson P. G. 
Published: April 2017

This presentation represents an attempt to assess, with the use of clinical material, those conditions which seem most to bring about favourable change in patients undergoing psychotherapy. It comprises an assessment of the latter types of change according to their source in, 1) the patient, 2) the therapist, 3) the technique, 4) the therapeutic process. Factors stemming from each category are described, although it is recognized that there is a good deal of overlapping and that this division is for the purposes of convenience only. The conditions are complemented as far possible with clinical examples.
Jargon Et Argot Psychiatriques
Authors: Saucier J-Frs. 
Published: April 2017

In every society, civilized or not, there is a prejudice against the mentally ill. This prejudice is transmitted to children through a thousand ways, including mass media, which despite appearances, has not markedly changed. In this light of at least a latent social prejudice, what happens to persons exposed to the influence of medical science? How do they change from stereotyped thinking concerning the mental patient, to scientific thinking? It seems that linguistic analysis might help the understanding of the conceptual evolution of doctors and nurses. The common language, having at the same time a denotative and a connotative meaning, every science cannot be happy with it. It must constitute a specialized language, a jargon, which is strictly limited to the denotative meaning. For example, the term ‘crazy’ as used in common language will be designated in psychiatric jargon by technical terms such as ‘psychotic’, ‘hebephrenic’, etc. The expressive role of language being totally excluded from scientific jargon, it is quite possible that a secret and informal language, a slang, will be spontaneously constituted. From an indifferentiated common language evolve, in a scientific milieu, two differentiated languages, a jargon and a slang. This hypothesis seems to be supported by the results of a brief enquiry in a French-speaking hospital: certain slang expressions used secretly to designate a mental patient were found, such as ‘un cas de psy’, ‘un erodé’, ‘un cas de crodome’ and ‘un cas de crodosarcome’. Similarly, psychiatrists were named ‘poètes’ or ‘ceux du vague à l'âme’.
The Chronic Psychiatric Out-Patient in a General Hospital Setting
Authors: Straker M. , Davanloo H. , Moll A. E. 
Published: April 2017

The review of 65 cases from our psychiatric out-patient clinic in the general hospital setting reflects the interaction of several factors in determining chronicity. Chronic patients tend to have a poorly developed ego structure, which often reflects family psychopathy, and is in turn reflected by impaired social skills and a limited capacity to recover after a severe life stress. Emotional turmoil is frequently manifested by psychophysiological disturbances. There is usually a long delay before correct diagnosis is made and referral for psychiatric management is arranged. In the past our psychiatric out-patient care was also unsatisfactory and was reflected chiefly by over - reliance on drugs and limited support. At present we provide a greatly improved psychiatric out-patient service, based on sound psychotherapeutic principles. This can serve as a model for other psychiatric out-patient departments. It is hoped that continuing education will influence our physician colleagues to earlier diagnosis in these special cases. The application of mental health principles in our community programs will help to strengthen family structure and reduce the toll of human suffering. The better utilization of our existing psychiatric skills offers the best hope for the reduction of our chronically ill population.
Endogenous Features of Depression in Women
Authors: Saul H. Rosenthal , Gerald L. Klerman 
Published: April 2017

This was a retrospective study in which 50 hospitalized depressed women were rated on 25 items of symptomatology and these items were then subjected to factor analysis. Five factors were extracted and attention was focused on the first factor. Items which loaded heavily on this factor included insomnia, especially in the middle of the night and early morning, severity of depressed mood and global severity of illness, retardation, guilt and self-reproach, weight loss, delusional symptoms, visceral symptoms, agitation, and loss of interest. The symptoms and signs which loaded heavily thus fit the classical pattern of endogenous depression. The patients were scored on this factor and these factor scores were then correlated with the patients' ratings on premorbid personality, personal history, and evidence of apparent precipitant, items which were independent of the factor analysis. The factor scores were found to correlate negatively with presence of apparent precipitants and negatively with hysterical character. The distribution curve of factor scores suggested a distinct group of patients in a hump at the end of the curve. Corresponding factors in other studies were shown to approximately reproduce the items loading on this factor. When applied to our patients these factors produced factor scores which correlated highly with our factor scores and selected the patients in substantially the same distribution. We are currently engaged in investigating the characteristics of our endogenous group of patients to determine how they differ from the remainder of our population. We expect the current studies to lead to a prospective study in which we will take up problems of rater reliability and study a larger patient sample.
The Origin and Growth of the Day Hospital
Authors: Cameron D. Ewen 
Published: April 2017

The purpose in writing this paper is two-fold:1) To clarify the origin of the Day Hospital and further to consider those factors which brought it into existence. It is these factors with which we must reckon when we move on to the devising of still newer forms of setting;2) To direct attention to the most exciting part of the idea of the Day Hospital. This is its opening of the door to a new dimension. This dimension is the setting. The setting constitutes a field force. Within this field force and affected by it, the diagnostic and therapeutic exchanges taking place between the staff and the patient go forward, and in doing so are moulded by this field force of which they are constituent parts.
Electrode Placement and the Effect of E.C.T. on Mood and Memory in Depression*
Authors: Inglis J. 
Published: April 2017

A brief review has been made of the different effects of different sites of electrode placement on mood and memory in the course of the electroconvulsive treatment of depressed patients. It appears that these treatments do not differ significantly in their power to alleviate depressive symptoms. Most of the studies confirm that unilateral shock to the dominant side of the head (usually defined as the left side in right-handed patients) produces a transient defect of memory which may, in fact, be relatively specific to verbal material. Non-dominant shock, on the other hand, results in lesser defect and what temporary impairment it does produce may affect only memory for nonverbal material. The effect of bilateral stimulation may depend on how near the frontal position the electrodes are placed; the more anterior their placement the less may be the consequent impairment. These results seem analagous, though relatively mild and transient, to the more severe and lasting effects of temporal lobe surgery in man. These latter observations suggest the need for the controlled study of yet another technique in which both electrodes would be placed in as frontal a position as possible consistent with the production of convulsion. It is predicted that such frontal stimulation should alleviate mood disorder but, at the same time, produce the least memory loss of all.
A Longitudinal Investigation of Lithium as a Prophylactic Agent for Recurrent Depressions
Authors: Stancer Harvey C. , Furlong F. Wayne , Godse D. D. 
Published: April 2017

Twenty-one patients with recurrent endogenous depressions were treated with lithium carbonate for periods up to two and a half years. Although depressions did not recur in six of eight patients with non-periodic disorders who were on lithium, the treatment did not reduce the frequency of exacerbation in eleven of thirteen periodic disorders. Urinary measurements of sodium, potassium 17-ketosteroids, hydroxy-steroids and lithium in several of the patients did not help to differentiate them by their reaction to lithium. It is concluded that the notion of lithium as an effective prophylactic agent against recurrent depressions, based on decreased frequency or increased interval between episodes, is not supported by this study.
Classification Des Medicaments Psychotropes, Nosologie Et Echelles D'Appreciation
Authors: Villeneuve A. 
Published: April 2017

Various classifications of psychotropic drugs are currently in use. Generally psychotropic drugs are first classified according to their clinical action, and then divided into subgroups according to their distinctive chemical structure. Likewise, depending upon the country, there are different classifications of men-tall illnesses which do not always correspond to one another. However, for several years, efforts have been made to standardize these classifications in order to facilitate comparisons of diagnoses on an international level. Moreover, trans-cultural studies have been undertaken in recent years in the field of nosology by means of rating scales. Rating scales are also used in psycho-pharmacology to assess the change in the mental state during clinical trials. Some of them can be applied to most psychotic states, while others are limited in scope to one nosological entity or to one symptom. Stereotyped profiles, an empiric typology and profiles of drug-responders have been derived from some rating scales. However, the data obtained from these scales and submitted to elaborate statistical analyses are directly dependent upon the accuracy of the clinical assessment. It is clear that no deduction, statistical or other, based upon these scales will yield valid results if the clinical assessment is deficient. In summary if the clinical observations are adequate the rating scales can provide precious information concerning nosology, diagnosis or symptomatology. They constitute a useful tool in the objective evaluation of more specific effects of drugs and help in their classification.
Drugs and Reality in Captive Society
Authors: Scott George D. 
Published: April 2017

The prison world is a captive society with its government, its policies, its sanctions, its language and its customs. It forms part of a greater population of ‘rounders’ who live in free society, are associated with criminal activity and have had previous prison experience. The rounder justifies his actions with general statements: “there is no really honest man”; “honesty is just a fear of getting caught.” He is prevented from belonging to the free society once it has banished him to prison, and his criminal record and his past associations are never forgotten. He usually lives out his ‘rounder life’ because there is no other society for him. The prison custodial and professional staff are part of the ‘world in opposition’, and the inmate calls them ‘squares’, scoffs at their apparent honesty and well-meaning efforts, feels they are deceitful, untrustworthy and justifiable targets for opportunity, connivance and manipulation. In parallel, the uses of drugs, chemicals and fermentations in prison have a distinctly different set of values and frame of reference than in free society. These variations and modifications in the use of drugs, together with the role of chemicals and poisons, reflect the ambivalent attitude which the inmate has towards the social system in general. The Medical Officer must not allow himself to be identified as an inmate man or an institutional man. He cannot be party to any plan or activity either by the administration or the inmate population. He must function only in his role as doctor in the society of antagonists, and use his professional standards and his judgment to carry out his medical duties in his neutral position, to interpret the language of the two societies, one to the other, and prevent both groups from using the medical department for reasons of their own. The Medical Officer is truly the ‘third man’ in the institutional life.
Child Murder by Depressed Parents*
Authors: Rodenburg Martin 
Published: April 2017

Although it is common practice to try to assess the risk of suicide in depressed patients the possibility of homicidal tendencies is often overlooked. Homicidal acts are frequently directed towards children by either parents or strangers and there is also a risk that children may be killed by parents suffering from severe depressive illness. It is proposed that early recognition might lead to the prevention of this type of crime. The terms infanticide, filicide, and neonaticide are used idiosyncratically by the different authors and may therefore be confusing. Infanticide in Canada is a medicolegal term; it indicates a relationship between child murder and child birth. All other cases of child killings are designated as murder. In Canada there were 1,276 incidents of homicide over a period of five years, (19641968). Of these 141 (11 per cent) were incidents of child murder - child murder being defined as the killing of a person 16 years and under. Seventy-six (54 per cent) of these were caused by parents, 41 were mothers and 35 were fathers. The mothers killed their children only, but 40 per cent of the fathers also murdered their wives. Suicide or attempted suicide following the crime was more likely to occur in those cases where the father was the assailant. Most children killed by their parents are between one and five years of age. Sixty-five (46 per cent) of child murders were caused by non-relatives and 32 per cent of these assaulted their victims sexually, the crime occurring most frequently in the evening. The dynamics of child murder by depressed parents has been reviewed. It is proposed that a child is particularly vulnerable when a depressive illness is superimposed upon a constellation of parental factors which can be recognized and specified.