bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Preliminary Geotechnical Characterization of a Site in Southwest Nigeria using Integrated Electrical and Seismic Methods
Authors: Oladunjoye Michael Adeyinka , Salami Ademola Jamiu , Aizebeokhai Ahzegbobor Philips , Sanuade Oluseun Adetola , Kaka SanLinn Isma’il 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Geophysical investigation using Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES), Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Seismic Refraction at a proposed conference center site along Ajibode-Labani road, Ibadan, southwestern Nigeria has been carried out. The investigation aims at characterizing and delineating the sub-surface strata to understand the weathered profile at the site. Understanding the weathered profile is essential in determining the suitability of the site for engineering construction of the future conference center. A total of 25 VES and 10 ERT profiles were acquired in a systematic grid pattern using both Schlumberger and Wenner configurations with Allied omega terrameter. The VES data were processed and analyzed using WinResist and the ERT data were inverted using RES2DINV. The data were combined to form a 3-D data set of the site and RES3DINV was used to produce the depth slices. Seismic refraction data were also acquired with an ABEM seismograph and processed using SeisImager and Fajseis software. Seismic data were used in understanding the velocity distribution and thickness. The results of VES, ERT and seismic refraction show good correlation. Four sub-surface layers were delineated: top layer of reworked sand, clayey sand/ lateritic hard pan, clay/ sandy clay and fracture/ fresh basement. The 3-D model permits a pictorial view of the sub-surface in relation to materials that overlie the basement. The thickness of unconsolidated materials to bedrock varies from 2.7 m to 12.2 m which revealed inhomogeneity in weathering under the shallow sub-surface. It is found that the integrated geophysical tool is well suited to characterize and delineate sub-surface structure (weathered profile) for engineering site characterization.
Recent advances in molecular machines based on toehold‐mediated strand displacement reaction
Authors: Guo Yijun , Wei Bing , Xiao Shiyan , Yao Dongbao , Li Hui , Xu Huaguo , Song Tingjie , Li Xiang , Liang Haojun 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundThe DNA strand displacement reaction, which uses flexible and programmable DNA molecules as reaction components, is the basis of dynamic DNA nanotechnology, and has been widely used in the design of complex autonomous behaviors.ResultsIn this review, we first briefly introduce the concept of toehold‐mediated strand displacement reaction and its kinetics regulation in pure solution. Thereafter, we review the recent progresses in DNA complex circuit, the assembly of AuNPs driven by DNA molecular machines, and the detection of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) using DNA toehold exchange probes in pure solution and in interface state. Lastly, the applications of toehold‐mediated strand displacement in the genetic regulation and silencing through combining gene circuit with RNA interference systems are reviewed.ConclusionsThe toehold‐mediated strand displacement reaction makes DNA an excellent material for the fabrication of molecular machines and complex circuit, and may potentially be used in the disease diagnosis and the regulation of gene silencing in the near future.
Bistability and oscillations in co‐repressive synthetic microbial consortia
Authors: Sadeghpour Mehdi , Veliz‐Cuba Alan , Orosz Gábor , Josić Krešimir , Bennett Matthew R. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundSynthetic microbial consortia are conglomerations of genetically engineered microbes programmed to cooperatively bring about population‐level phenotypes. By coordinating their activity, the constituent strains can display emergent behaviors that are difficult to engineer into isogenic populations. To do so, strains are engineered to communicate with one another through intercellular signaling pathways that depend on cell density.MethodsHere, we used computational modeling to examine how the behavior of synthetic microbial consortia results from the interplay between population dynamics governed by cell growth and internal transcriptional dynamics governed by cell‐cell signaling. Specifically, we examined a synthetic microbial consortium in which two strains each produce signals that down‐regulate transcription in the other. Within a single strain this regulatory topology is called a “co‐repressive toggle switch” and can lead to bistability.ResultsWe found that in co‐repressive synthetic microbial consortia the existence and stability of different states depend on population‐level dynamics. As the two strains passively compete for space within the colony, their relative fractions fluctuate and thus alter the strengths of intercellular signals. These fluctuations drive the consortium to alternative equilibria. Additionally, if the growth rates of the strains depend on their transcriptional states, an additional feedback loop is created that can generate oscillations.ConclusionsOur findings demonstrate that the dynamics of microbial consortia cannot be predicted from their regulatory topologies alone, but are also determined by interactions between the strains. Therefore, when designing synthetic microbial consortia that use intercellular signaling, one must account for growth variations caused by the production of protein.
The Effects of a 36-Hour Mixed Task Ultraendurance Race on Mucosal Immunity Markers and Pulmonary Function
Authors: Bellar David , Murphy Kellie A. , Aithal Ritvik , Davis Greggory R. , Piper Tim 
Published: March 2017

Objective The present study was conducted to assess the changes in mucosal immunity and pulmonary function among participants in a 36-hour mixed task ultraendurance race. Methods Thirteen of the 20 race participants volunteered for the investigation (age 34±5 y). The event consisted of a mixture of aerobic, strong man, and military-style exercise. Participants had a pulmonary function test and gave a finger stick capillary blood sample and unstimulated saliva samples both before the event and upon dropout or completion. The blood sample was analyzed for hematocrit, and the saliva sample was analyzed for salivary flow rate, salivary alpha amylase, salivary immunoglobulin A (IgA), and IgA type 1. Results Significant differences were noted among the finishers and those who dropped out in salivary flow rate ( P = .026), salivary IgA ( P = .017), and peak expiratory flow ( P = .05) measurements. Salivary flow rate and IgA for the race finishers were reduced from pre- to postrace, whereas the nonfinishers showed no change or small increases. No significant differences emerged for other variables. Conclusions Based on the results of the present investigation, finishing a 36-hour mixed task ultra-endurance event results in a decline in both pulmonary function and mucosal immunity compared with competitors who do not finish.
An Assessment of Diarrhea Among Long-Distance Backpackers in the Sierra Nevada
Authors: Meyer Derek J. , Costantino Amber , Spano Susanne 
Published: March 2017

Introduction Diarrhea is a common problem among long-distance backpackers, ranging in overall incidence from 11–56% as reported by previous studies on the Appalachian Trail and Long Trail. Differences in age, sex, and regularity of standard backcountry hygiene recommendations and practices have been shown to significantly affect the incidence of diarrhea. No study to date has investigated these trends among long-distance backpackers on the John Muir Trail (JMT) in the Sierra Nevada mountain range of California. Methods Retrospective analysis of online survey data gathered from long-distance backpackers who attempted a JMT trek in 2014. Data were assessed for the significance of variables that might contribute to the incidence and severity of on-trail diarrhea. Results Of 737 valid responders, 16.4% reported experiencing diarrhea (82% with minimal/mild severity; 18% with significant severity). Regular hand sanitizer use was significantly correlated with more severe diarrhea ( P < .05), but had no effect on incidence. Regular hand sanitizer users followed all other recommended hygiene practices as frequently as or better than those not using hand sanitizer regularly. Of all backpackers, 88% filtered or treated their drinking water regularly, with 18% of those reporting diarrhea of any severity. Conclusions JMT backpackers have a comparatively lower incidence of diarrhea than backpackers on other major long-distance backpacking routes in the United States. Most JMT backpackers follow standard backcountry hygiene recommendations, including regular filtration or treatment of drinking water. No statistical significance was found between the incidence of diarrhea and compliance with standard hygiene recommendations. Regular hand sanitizer use was significantly correlated with more severe diarrhea but was not associated with incidence. There was no significant difference in compliance with standard backcountry hygiene practices between regular and infrequent hand sanitizer users.
Can latitudinal richness gradients be measured in the terrestrial fossil record?
Authors: Fraser Danielle 
Published: March 2017

AbstractStudying the deep-time origins of macroecological phenomena can help us to understand their long-term drivers. Given the considerable spatiotemporal bias of the terrestrial fossil record, it behooves us to understand how much biological information is lost. The aim of this study is to establish whether latitudinal diversity gradients are detectable in a biased terrestrial fossil record. I develop a simulated fossilization approach, weighting the probability of terrestrial mammal species appearing in the fossil record based on body size and geographic-range size; larger species with larger range sizes are more likely to enter the fossil record. I create simulated fossil localities from the modern North American mammal record. I vary the percentage of species successfully fossilized and estimate the magnitude of the latitudinal diversity gradient (slope of the richness gradient and degree of species turnover). I find that estimates of the latitudinal diversity gradient are sensitive to the loss of species with small body size and geographic-range sizes. In some cases, simulated fossil-record bias completely obliterates evidence of declining richness with latitude, a phenomenon that is not ameliorated by the application of nonparametric richness estimation. However, if the rate of preservation is medium (50% of species) to high (75% of species), the magnitude of the latitudinal diversity gradient can be reliably estimated. Similarly, changes in the diversity gradient estimates are largely explained by differences in the diversity–climate relationship among iterations, suggesting that these relationships may be measurable in the fossil record.
Flight performance of Macdunnoughia crassisigna (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae)
Authors: Fu X.-W. , Chang H. , He L.-M. , Zhao S.-Y. , Wu K.-M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMacdunnoughia crassisigna Warren (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a highly destructive herbivore that poses a serious risk to cotton, maize, soybean, and cruciferous vegetables in East Asia. Examining the effects of various biotic and abiotic factors on the flight performance of M. crassisigna is crucial for a better understanding of its trans-regional migration. In this study, the flight activity of M. crassisignai moths of different ages, under different temperatures and relative humidity (RH) levels, was evaluated by tethering individuals to computerized flight mills for a 24-h trial period. The results showed that M. crassisignai had the capacity for sustained flight and the flight ability was strongest in 3-day-old individuals, and then their flight performance decreased significantly in older moths. For both sexes, temperature had a significant effect on their flight performance, and the flight activity was relatively higher at 24–28°C than other temperatures. There was a significant effect of RH on all flight parameters of the tested moths, and the flight activity was relatively higher at RH of 60–75% than other RH levels. For 3-day-old moths under the optimum conditions (24°C and 75% RH) throughout the 24 h scotophase, their mean flight distance reached 66 km, and the mean flight duration reached 13.5 h, suggesting M. crassisigna possess strong potential to undertake long-distance migration. These findings will be helpful for developing sound forecasting systems of this pest species.
Topical tamoxifen in the therapy of cutaneous leishmaniasis
Authors: TRINCONI CRISTIANA T. , REIMÃO JULIANA Q. , BONANO VIVIAN I. , ESPADA CAROLINE R. , MIGUEL DANILO C. , YOKOYAMA-YASUNAKA JENICER K. U. , ULIANA SILVIA R. B. 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYThe aims of the present work were to test the effect of tamoxifen administered topically and the therapeutic efficacy of tamoxifen and pentavalent antimonial combinations in an experimental model of cutaneous leishmaniasis. BALB/c mice infected with a luciferase expressing line of Leishmania amazonensis were treated with topical tamoxifen in two different formulations (ethanol or oil-free cream) as monotherapy or in co-administration with pentavalent antimonial. Treatment efficacy was evaluated by lesion size and parasite burden, quantified through luminescence, at the end of treatment and 4 weeks later. Topical tamoxifen, formulated in ethanol or as a cream, was shown to be effective. The interaction between tamoxifen and pentavalent antimonial was additive in vitro. Treatment with combined schemes containing tamoxifen and pentavalent antimonial was effective in reducing lesion size and parasite burden. Co-administration of tamoxifen and pentavalent antimonial was superior to monotherapy with antimonial.
Host specificity and basic ecology ofMammomonogamus(Nematoda, Syngamidae) from lowland gorillas and forest elephants in Central African Republic
Authors: ČERVENÁ BARBORA , VALLO PETER , PAFČO BARBORA , JIRKŮ KATEŘINA , JIRKŮ MILOSLAV , PETRŽELKOVÁ KLÁRA JUDITA , TODD ANGELIQUE , TURKALO ANDREA K. , MODRÝ DAVID 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYSyngamid strongylids of the genusMammomonogamusundoubtedly belong among the least known nematodes with apparent zoonotic potential and the real diversity of the genus remains hard to evaluate without extensive molecular data. Eggs ofMammomonogamussp. are frequently found in feces of African forest elephants (Loxodonta cyclotis) and western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in Dzanga-Sangha Protected Areas. Using sedimentation-based coproscopic techniques, we found the eggs ofMammomonogamusin 19·7% elephant and 54·1% gorilla fecal samples with 8–55 and 1–24 eggs per gram of fecal sediment for elephants and gorillas, respectively. We used a combination of light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and analysis of cytochromecoxidase subunit I (cox1) and a partial sequence of 18S rDNA isolated from single eggs to test the hypothesis of possibleMammomonogamusconspecificity in gorillas and elephants. Whereas 18S rDNA sequences were identical in both gorillas and elephants, we distinguished seven different haplotypes within thecox1. Two haplotypes were found in both gorillas and elephants suggesting sharing ofMammomonogamus.Assignment of the parasite toM. loxodontisis proposed. Provided sequences represent the first genomic data onMammomonogamusspp.
Intra- and interspecific genetic diversity of New Zealand hairworms (Nematomorpha)
Authors: TOBIAS ZACHARY J. C. , YADAV ARUN K. , SCHMIDT-RHAESA ANDREAS , POULIN ROBERT 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYHairworms (Nematomorpha) are a little-known group of parasites, and despite having been represented in the taxonomic literature for over a century, the implementation of molecular genetics in studies of hairworm ecology and evolution lags behind that of other parasitic taxa. In this study, we characterize the genetic diversity of the New Zealand nematomorph fauna and test for genetic structure within the most widespread species found. We provide new mitochondrial and nuclear ribosomal sequence data for three previously described species from New Zealand:Gordius paranensis, Parachordodes diblastusandEuchordodes nigromaculatus. We also present genetic data on a previously reported but undescribedGordiussp., as well as data from specimens of a newGordionussp., a genus new for New Zealand. Phylogenetic analyses of CO1 and nuclear rDNA regions correspond with morphological classification based on scanning electron microscopy, and demonstrate paraphyly of the genusGordionusand the potential for cryptic species withinG. paranensis. Population-level analyses ofE. nigromaculatusshowed no genetic differentiation among sampling locations across the study area, in contrast to previously observed patterns in known and likely definitive hosts. Taken together, this raises the possibility that factors such as definitive host specificity, intermediate host movement, and passive dispersal of eggs and larvae may influence host–parasite population co-structure in hairworms.
Galectins expressed differently in genetically susceptible C57BL/6 and resistant BALB/c mice during acute ocularToxoplasma gondiiinfection
Authors: CHEN S.-J. , ZHANG Y.-X. , HUANG S.-G. , LU F.-L. 
Published: March 2017

SUMMARYOcular toxoplasmosis (OT) caused byToxoplasma gondiiis a major cause of infectious uveitis, however little is known about its immunopathological mechanism. Susceptible C57BL/6 (B6) and resistant BALB/c mice were intravitreally infected with 500 tachyzoites of the RH strain ofT. gondii. B6 mice showed more severe ocular pathology and higher parasite loads in the eyes. The levels of galectin (Gal)-9 and its receptors (Tim-3 and CD137), interferon (IFN)-γ, IL-6 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the eyes of B6 mice than those of BALB/c mice; however, the levels of IFN-αand -βwere significantly decreased in the eyes and CLNs of B6 mice but significantly increased in BALB/c mice after infection. After blockage of galectin–receptor interactions byα-lactose, neither ocular immunopathology nor parasite loads were different from those of infected BALB/c mice withoutα-lactose treatment. Although the expressions of Gal-9/receptor were significantly increased in B6 mice and Gal-1 and -3 were upregulated in both strains of mice upon ocularT. gondiiinfection, blockage of galectins did not change the ocular pathogenesis of genetic resistant BALB/c mice. However, IFN-αand -βwere differently expressed in B6 and BALB/c mice, suggesting that type I IFNs may play a protective role in experimental OT.
De S0 à SV: Vers le sujet obligatoire et antéposé en français, les dernières phases d'un changement
Authors: MARCHELLO-NIZIA CHRISTIANE 
Published: March 2017

RÉSUMÉOn examine les étapes par lesquelles en français le sujet non exprimé (S0) et le sujet postposé au verbe (VS) ont régressé, sans disparaître, jusqu’à l’état moderne, entre le 9e s. et le premier tiers du 17e s. Dès le milieu du 16e s., les taux d'expression et d'antéposition du sujet au verbe sont comparables à ceux du français moderne, la syntaxe du sujet conservant par ailleurs des constructions archaïques. Sur un corpus de dix-sept extraits de textes diversifiés (11e–20e s.), on analyse dans quel ordre et selon quelle chronologie les facteurs corrélés à S0 ou VS depuis l'ancien français ont disparu, à quel moment les traits régressifs S0 et VS sont devenus des traits distinctifs caractérisant des constructions spécifiques, à quel moment et dans quelles constructions se situent les derniers développements de ce changement, et à partir de quelle période se trouvent des textes offrant – et n'offrant que – la syntaxe du sujet moderne.
Do institutions moderate globalization's effect on growth?
Authors: MULLINGS ROBERT 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe hypothesis that institutional factors affect real economic growth has received support in both the theoretical and empirical literature. Globalization has also, though not unanimously, been found to affect growth outcomes. Bridging the gap between the two strands of the literature, this paper investigates the existence and strength of the interaction between institutional quality and globalization on real economic growth using a panel dataset covering 82 countries and spanning 25 years (1986–2010). Dimensionality reduction techniques are employed to identify key components of ‘institutional quality’: the rule of law, civil liberties and political rights. The empirical results reveal that while ‘institutional quality’ robustly and positively affects growth, the direct effect of economic globalization is not significant and the interaction effects, perhaps as a consequence, are muted over the review period. Direct and interaction effects of institutional quality and economic globalization on growth are, however, observed for the sub-sample of developing countries.
p53 loss-of-heterozygosity is a necessary prerequisite for mutant p53 stabilization and gain-of-function in vivo
Authors: Alexandrova Evguenia M , Mirza Safia A , Xu Sulan , Schulz-Heddergott Ramona , Marchenko Natalia D , Moll Ute M 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMissense mutations in TP53 comprise >75% of all p53 alterations in cancer, resulting in highly stabilized mutant p53 proteins that not only lose their tumor-suppressor activity, but often acquire oncogenic gain-of-functions (GOFs). GOF manifests itself in accelerated tumor onset, increased metastasis, increased drug resistance and shortened survival in patients and mice. A known prerequisite for GOF is mutant p53 protein stabilization, which itself is linked to aberrant protein conformation. However, additional determinants for mutant p53 stabilization likely exist. Here we show that in initially heterozygous mouse tumors carrying the hotspot GOF allele R248Q (p53Q/+), another necessary prerequisite for mutant p53 stabilization and GOF in vivo is loss of the remaining wild-type p53 allele, termed loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH). Thus, in mouse tumors with high frequency of p53 LOH (osteosarcomas and fibrosarcomas), we find that mutant p53 protein is stabilized (16/17 cases, 94%) and tumor onset is significantly accelerated compared with p53+/− tumors (GOF). In contrast, in mouse tumors with low frequency of p53 LOH (MMTV-Neu breast carcinomas), mutant p53 protein is not stabilized (16/20 cases, 80%) and GOF is not observed. Of note, human genomic databases (TCGA, METABRIC etc.) show a high degree of p53 LOH in all examined tumor types that carry missense p53 mutations, including sarcomas and breast carcinomas (with and without HER2 amplification). These data – while cautioning that not all genetic mouse models faithfully represent the human situation – demonstrate for the first time that p53 LOH is a critical prerequisite for missense mutant p53 stabilization and GOF in vivo.