bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early remodelling of the extracellular matrix proteins tenascin‐C and phosphacan in retina and optic nerve of an experimental autoimmune glaucoma model
Authors: Reinehr Sabrina , Reinhard Jacqueline , Wiemann Susanne , Stute Gesa , Kuehn Sandra , Woestmann Julia , Dick H. Burkhard , Faissner Andreas , Joachim Stephanie C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGlaucoma is characterized by the loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) and optic nerve fibres. Previous studies noted fewer RGCs after immunization with ocular antigens at 28 days. It is known that changes in extracellular matrix (ECM) components conduct retina and optic nerve degeneration. Here, we focused on the remodelling of tenascin‐C and phosphacan/receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase β/ζ in an autoimmune glaucoma model. Rats were immunized with optic nerve homogenate (ONA) or S100B protein (S100). Controls received sodium chloride (Co). After 14 days, no changes in RGC number were noted in all groups. An increase in GFAP mRNA expression was observed in the S100 group, whereas no alterations were noted via immunohistochemistry in both groups. Extracellular matrix remodelling was analyzed after 3, 7, 14 and 28 days. Tenascin‐C and 473HD immunoreactivity in retinae and optic nerves was unaltered in both immunized groups at 3 days. At 7 days, tenascin‐C staining increased in both tissues in the ONA group. Also, in the optic nerves of the S100 group, an intense tenascin‐C staining could be shown. In the retina, an increased tenascin‐C expression was also observed in ONA animals via Western blot. 473HD immunoreactivity was elevated in the ONA group in both tissues and in the S100 optic nerves at 7 days. At 14 days, tenascin‐C and 473HD immunoreactivity was up‐regulated in the ONA retinae, whereas phosphacan expression was up‐regulated in both groups. We conclude that remodelling of tenascin‐C and phosphacan occurred shortly after immunization, already before RGC loss. We assume that both ECM molecules represent early indicators of neurodegeneration.
School Breakfast‐Club Program Changes and Youth Eating Breakfast During the School Week in theCOMPASSStudy
Authors: Leatherdale Scott T. , Stefanczyk Jennifer M. , Kirkpatrick Sharon I. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDespite the importance of breakfast consumption, breakfast skipping is common among Canadian youth. This study examines how changes to school‐based breakfast programs are associated with breakfast‐skipping behavior.METHODSUsing school‐level longitudinal data from Year 1 (Y1: 2012‐2013) and Year 2 (Y2: 2013‐2014) of theCOMPASSstudy, quasi‐experimental methods evaluated the impact over time that changes to school‐based breakfast programs had on breakfast skipping or participating in school‐based breakfast program.RESULTSBetweenY1andY2, the school‐level prevalence of breakfast skipping (54.5%‐54.9%) and breakfast program participation (12.3%‐13.6%) increased. Of the 43 participating schools, 5 implemented a new school breakfast program. Among the intervention schools, 1 school (School 4) observed a significant, and 1 school (School 3) observed a significant increase in the school‐level prevalence of skipping breakfast; there was no significant change in the other 3 intervention schools.CONCLUSIONSDespite the availability of free school breakfast programs, the majority of youth skipped breakfast at least once a school week. Owing to the variation in the types of programs implemented, additional evaluation evidence is necessary to determine which students benefited the most from these programs.
Planning Adolescent Mental Health Promotion Programming in Saskatoon
Authors: Cushon Jennifer , Waldner Cheryl , Scott Christina , Neudorf Cordell 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe assessed associations between key demographic risk factors and the outcome of depressed mood in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, to inform the planning and implementation of mental health promotion programming in schools.METHODSIn the 2008/2009 school year, 3958 students from grades 5 through 8 from 76 elementary schools completed questions regarding depressed mood on the Student Health Survey administered by the Saskatoon Health Region. The demographic risk factors for depressed mood considered in this study included age, sex, cultural status, and neighborhood income, as well as the role of school and age cohorts or grades within schools.RESULTSWe found Aboriginal students were significantly more likely to report moderate/severe depressed mood than other students. We also found older female adolescents were significantly more likely to report moderate/severe depressed mood. Neighborhood income explained the largest proportion (40%) of depressed mood differences between schools.CONCLUSIONSThese results can inform the planning and implementation of mental health promotion programming by the health sector in Saskatoon's elementary schools, including an appropriate balance between targeted and population‐based interventions that address both the distal and proximal determinants of depressed mood in adolescents.
Effectiveness of an Adaptation of the Project Connect Health Systems Intervention: Youth and Clinic‐Level Findings
Authors: Loosier Penny S. , Doll Shelli , Lepar Danielle , Ward Kristin , Gamble Ginger , Dittus Patricia J. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDThe Project Connect Health Systems Intervention (Project Connect) uses a systematic process of collecting community and healthcare infrastructure information to craft a referral guide highlighting local healthcare providers who provide high quality sexual and reproductive healthcare. Previous self‐report data on healthcare usage indicated Project Connect was successful with sexually experienced female youth, where it increased rates of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and sexually transmitted disease (STD) testing and receipt of contraception. This adaption of Project Connect examined its effectiveness in a new context and via collection of clinic encounter‐level data.METHODSProject Connect was implemented in 3 high schools. (only 2 schools remained open throughout the entire project period). Participant recruitment and data collection occurred in 5 of 8 participating health clinics. Students completed Youth Surveys (N = 608) and a Clinic Survey (paired with medical data abstraction in 2 clinics [N = 305]).RESULTSStudents were more likely than nonstudents to report having reached a clinic via Project Connect. Nearly 40% of students attended a Project Connect school, with 32.7% using Project Connect to reach the clinic. Students were most likely to have been referred by a school nurse or coach.CONCLUSIONSProject Connect is a low‐cost, sustainable structural intervention with multiple applications within schools, either as a standalone intervention or in combination with ongoing efforts.
The gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase‐to‐platelet ratio predicts liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in HBeAg‐positive chronic HBV infection patients with high HBV DNA and normal or mildly elevated alanine transaminase levels in China
Authors: Li Q. , Li W. , Huang Y. , Chen L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe gamma‐glutamyl transpeptidase‐to‐platelet ratio (GPR) is a new serum diagnostic model, which is reported to be more accurate than aspartate transaminase‐to‐platelet ratio index (APRI) and fibrosis index based on the four factors (Fib‐4) for the diagnosis of significant fibrosis and cirrhosis in chronic HBV infection (CHBVI) patients in West Africa. To evaluate the performance of the GPR model for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis in HBeAg‐positive CHBVI patients with high HBV DNA (≥5 log10 copies/mL) and normal or mildly elevated alanine transaminase (ALT) (≤2 times upper limit of normal (ULN)) in China. A total of 1521 consecutive CHBVI patients who underwent liver biopsies and routine laboratory tests were retrospectively screened. Of these patients, 401 treatment naïve HBeAg‐positive patients with HBV DNA≥5 log10 copies/mL and ALT≤2 ULN were included. The METAVIR scoring system was adopted as the pathological diagnosis standard of liver fibrosis. Using liver histology as a gold standard, the performances of GPR, APRI, and Fib‐4 for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis were evaluated and compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the area under the ROC curves (AUROCs). Of 401 patients, 121 (30.2%), 49 (12.2%) and 17 (4.2%) were classified as having significant fibrosis (≥F2), severe fibrosis (≥F3) and cirrhosis (=F4), respectively. After estimating the AUROC to predict significant fibrosis, the performance of GPR (AUROC=0.66, 95% CI 0.60–0.72) was higher than APRI (AUROC=0.58, 95% CI 0.52–0.64, P=.002) and Fib‐4 scores (AUROC=0.54, 95% CI 0.47–0.60, P<.001). After estimating the AUROC to predict severe fibrosis, the performance of GPR (AUROC=0.71, 95% CI 0.63–0.80) was also higher than APRI (AUROC=0.65, 95% CI 0.56–0.73, P=.003) and Fib‐4 scores (AUROC=0.67, 95% CI 0.58–0.75, P=.001). After estimating the AUROC to predict cirrhosis, the performance of GPR (AUROC=0.73, 95% CI 0.56–0.88) was higher than APRI (AUROC=0.69, 95% CI 0.54–0.83, P=.041) and Fib‐4 scores (AUROC=0.69, 95% CI 0.55–0.82, P=.012) too. The GPR is a new serum model for the diagnosis of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis and shows obvious advantages in Chinese HBeAg‐positive patients with HBV DNA≥5 log10 copies/mL and ALT≤2 ULN compared with APRI and Fib‐4, thus warranting its widespread use for this specific population.
Effects of Acute Handling Stress on Expression of Growth‐Related Genes in Pampus argenteus
Authors: Sun Peng , Yin Fei , Tang Baojun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn fish, growth and development are mainly regulated by growth hormone/insulin‐like growth factors. Common aquaculture practices subject fish to stress. To investigate the effects of acute stress on growth‐related genes in cultured fish, the expression of growth hormone receptors (ghr1 and ghr2), insulin‐like growth factor binding proteins (igfbp1, igfbp4, and igfbp5), preprosomatostatin I and II (ppss1and ppss2), somatostatin receptors (sstr2 and sstr5), myostatin (mstn1 and mstn2), and glucocorticoid receptors (gr1 and gr2) were examined in Pampus argenteus subjected to handling stress. Plasma growth hormone levels increased significantly and peaked at 12 h and then decreased significantly at 24 h after treatment (P<0.05). Plasma cortisol and glucose concentrations in stressed fish began to increase significantly at 2 and 6 h after treatment, respectively. Real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that hepatic ghr2 mRNA levels in liver and muscle decreased sharply in response to the stressor. Igfbp1, 4, and 5 mRNA expressions in muscle also decreased sharply after exposure, while expression of ppss1, sstr2, and mstn2 increased significantly. This study showed that acute handling stress can affect expression of growth‐related genes in P. argenteus. Our findings could be helpful for the further study on response to stress in this species.
The Effect of Kefir as a Dietary Supplement on Nonspecific Immune Response and Disease Resistance in Juvenile Rainbow Trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum 1792)
Authors: Uluköy Gülşen , Metin Seçil , Kubilay Ayşegül , Güney Şefik , Yıldırım Pınar , Güzel‐Seydim Zeynep , Kok‐Tas Tugba , Gümüş Erkan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this study, juvenile rainbow trout fed with commercial pellets containing kefir provided increased nonspecific immune response and improved disease resistance against lactococcosis and yersiniosis. Kefir was used as a feed supplement at 2, 5, and 10% inclusion rates and several nonspecific immune parameters were observed at day(s) 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 following the treatment. A total of four experimental groups, including control, was established. The various parameters including hematocrits, nitroblue tetrazolium positive neutrophils, total leukocytes, serum lysozyme activity, total serum protein, and immunoglobulin M (IgM) levels were examined. As a result of this study, kefir‐fed fish had an increase in measured nonspecific immune parameters, especially in the group received the 10% kefir treatment. The challenged fish fed with kefir‐supplemented diet showed a better survival rate against Lactococcus garvieae than Yersinia ruckeri. Kefir supplementation reduced fish mortality significantly against L. garvieae.
Dr Jekyll and Mrs Hyde: Risky hybrid sex by amphibian‐parasitizing chytrids in the Brazilian Atlantic Forests
Authors: Ghosh Pria , Fisher Matthew C. 
Published: July 2016

In their article in this issue of Molecular Ecology, Jenkinson et al. () and colleagues address a worrying question—how could arguably the most dangerous pathogen known to science, Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis (Bd), become even more virulent? The answer: start having sex. Jenkinson et al. present a case for how the introduction into Brazil of the globally invasive lineage of Bd, BdGPL, has disrupted the relationship between native amphibians and an endemic Bd lineage, BdBrazil. BdBrazil is hypothesized to be native to the Atlantic Forest and so have a long co‐evolutionary history with biodiverse Atlantic Forest amphibian community. The authors suggest that this has resulted in a zone of hybrid Bd genotypes which are potentially more likely to cause fatal chytridiomycosis than either parent lineage. The endemic–nonendemic Bd hybrid genotypes described in this study, and the evidence for pathogen translocation via the global amphibian trade presented, highlights the danger of anthropogenic pathogen dispersal. This research emphasizes that biosecurity regulations may have to refocus on lineages within species if we are to mitigate against the danger of new, possibly hypervirulent genotypes of pathogens emerging as phylogeographic barriers are breached.
Gene duplication and divergence produce divergent MHC genotypes without disassortative mating
Authors: Dearborn Donald C. , Gager Andrea B. , McArthur Andrew G. , Gilmour Morgan E. , Mandzhukova Elena , Mauck Robert A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGenes of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) exhibit heterozygote advantage in immune defence, which in turn can select for MHC‐disassortative mate choice. However, many species lack this expected pattern of MHC‐disassortative mating. A possible explanation lies in evolutionary processes following gene duplication: if two duplicated MHC genes become functionally diverged from each other, offspring will inherit diverse multilocus genotypes even under random mating. We used locus‐specific primers for high‐throughput sequencing of two expressed MHC Class II B genes in Leach's storm‐petrels, Oceanodroma leucorhoa, and found that exon 2 alleles fall into two gene‐specific monophyletic clades. We tested for disassortative vs. random mating at these two functionally diverged Class II B genes, using multiple metrics and different subsets of exon 2 sequence data. With good statistical power, we consistently found random assortment of mates at MHC. Despite random mating, birds had MHC genotypes with functionally diverged alleles, averaging 13 amino acid differences in pairwise comparisons of exon 2 alleles within individuals. To test whether this high MHC diversity in individuals is driven by evolutionary divergence of the two duplicated genes, we built a phylogenetic permutation model. The model showed that genotypic diversity was strongly impacted by sequence divergence between the most common allele of each gene, with a smaller additional impact of monophyly of the two genes. Divergence of allele sequences between genes may have reduced the benefits of actively seeking MHC‐dissimilar mates, in which case the evolutionary history of duplicated genes is shaping the adaptive landscape of sexual selection.
Scholarly Authority and Lay Mobilization: Yusuf al‐Qaradawi's vision of da‘wa, 1976‐1984
Authors: Rock‐Singer Aaron 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe late 1970s and early 1980s were a propitious yet challenging time for the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt, as its elites sought to define the movement's priorities in the face of new opportunities to spread their call (da‘wa). The debate over preaching, while one of strategic assessment, also involved a negotiation of intellectual hierarchy: Should laymen lead Egypt's oldest Islamist organization, or should scholars? In contrast to previous studies that focus on how laymen led the Brotherhood's return to grassroots preaching, this article reintegrates scholars into the story of da‘wa by focusing on the organization's most prominent ‘ālim, Shaykh Yusuf al‐Qaradawi, and his vision of institution‐based preacher education and extra‐institutional activism. Drawing on three books written by Qaradawi on this topic between the mid‐1970s and early 1980s, this article casts lights not only on this Islamist scholar's claim to religious authority as he sought to mold the Brotherhood, but also on the ways in which projects of mass mobilization – whether grassroots preaching or the reform of state‐sponsored educational curricula – have transformed scholarly claims to authority more broadly.
Staffing and the incidence of pressure ulcers in German hospitals: A multicenter cross‐sectional study
Authors: Schneider Paul Peter , Geraedts Max 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the association between nurse and physician staffing and the incidence of hospital‐acquired pressure ulcers in acute care hospitals in Germany. The study population, derived from the Quality Reports of German Hospitals and the Hospital Directory, consisted of 710 hospitals covering 716,281 cases in the first quarter of 2010, and 672 hospitals covering 757,665 cases in the first quarter of 2012. The relationship between staffing variables and the standardized incidence ratios of pressure ulcers was examined using bivariate and multivariable linear regression models. Estimates were controlled for several patient and hospital characteristics. The total number of nurses and physicians per 100 beds did not show significant associations with outcome variables. However, the proportion of nurses with at least 3 years of training to total nursing staff was inversely associated with the incidence of pressure ulcers at hospital level, indicating a higher efficacy of pressure ulcer‐prevention measures.
Andean microrefugia: testing the Holocene to predict the Anthropocene
Authors: Valencia Bryan G. , Matthews‐Bird Frazer , Urrego Dunia H. , Williams Joseph J. , Gosling William D. , Bush Mark 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Microrefugia are important for supporting populations during periods of unfavourable climate change and in facilitating rapid migration as conditions ameliorate. With ongoing anthropogenic climate change, microrefugia could have an important conservation value; however, a simple tool has not been developed and tested to predict which settings are microrefugial.

We provide a tool based on terrain ruggedness modelling of individual catchments to predict Andean microrefugia. We tested the predictions using nine Holocene Polylepis pollen records. We used the mid‐Holocene dry event, a period of peak aridity for the last 100 000 yr, as an analogue climate scenario for the near future.

The results suggest that sites with high terrain rugosity have the greatest chance of sustaining mesic conditions under drier‐than‐modern climates. Fire is a feature of all catchments; however, an increase in fire is only recorded in settings with low rugosity.

Owing to rising temperatures and greater precipitation variability, Andean ecosystems are threatened by increasing moisture stress. Our results suggest that high terrain rugosity helps to create more resilient catchments by trapping moisture through orographic rainfall and providing firebreaks that shelter forest from fire. On this basis, conservation policy should target protection and management of catchments with high terrain rugosity.
Closure of aortopulmonary window using Nit‐Occlud® PDA‐R device in a 3‐month‐old infant
Authors: Odemis Ender , Guvenc Osman , Saygi Murat , Demir Ibrahim Halil 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAortopulmonary window (APW) is a rare abnormality in which a pulmonary defect exists between the ascending aorta and the main pulmonary artery. Given that it may result in cardiac failure and pulmonary vascular disease in the early period, treatment needs to be performed without delay. In addition to surgical treatment, transcatheter closure may also be performed for selected patients. This study describes the case of an infant diagnosed with APW and who underwent successful transcatheter closure using a Nit‐Occlud®PDA‐R device.
Safety of peritoneal and pleural drain placement in pediatric stem cell transplant recipients with severe veno‐occlusive disease
Authors: Madenci Arin L. , Stetson Alyssa , Weldon Christopher B. , Lehmann Leslie E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHepatic VOD (veno‐occlusive disease) is a serious complication of HSCT (hematopoietic stem cell transplantation) and has historically been associated with high mortality. This obstruction to hepatic flow often results in fluid collections in the peritoneal and pleural cavities. Catheter placement to drain ascites or pleural fluid may reduce intra‐abdominal hypertension and/or improve respiratory parameters. The safety of these interventions among critically ill, immunocompromised children is unknown. Among 32 HSCT recipients (2000–2012) with severe VOD, we assessed the primary outcome of procedural complication from peritoneal drain placement. Twenty‐four (75%) patients underwent peritoneal drain placement. No patient sustained visceral perforation or hemorrhage with drain placement. Overall mortality was 47% (n = 15). The procedure was not associated with increased overall mortality (p > 0.99). Eight (25%) peritoneal drains required replacement for malfunction. Of 24 patients with peritoneal drains, one (4%) patient had a positive culture from ascitic fluid. Eight (25%) patients underwent pleural drain placement. No pleural drain‐related procedural complication or infection occurred. Four (50%) of the eight patients with pleural drains had de‐escalation in oxygen requirement at drain removal, compared to time of placement. In this study, peritoneal and pleural drains were safe interventions for children with severe VOD.
Epistemic Reasons I: Normativity
Authors: Sylvan Kurt 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper is an opinionated guide to the literature on normative (i.e., good) epistemic reasons. After making some distinctions in §1, I begin in §2 by discussing the ontology of normative epistemic reasons, assessing arguments for and against the view that they are mental states, and concluding that they are not mental states. In §3, I examine the distinction between normative epistemic reasons there are and normative epistemic reasons we possess. I offer a novel account of this distinction and argue that we in fact ought to acknowledge a threefold distinction between objective, possessed, and apparent normative epistemic reasons. In §4, I discuss the question of which normative reasons for doxastic attitudes are the epistemic ones, evaluating reasons against a simple evidentialist answer. Finally, in §5, I look at the role of reasons in epistemology, considering challenges to viewing reasons as the building blocks of epistemic normativity and maintaining that the challenges recommend a novel bi‐level epistemology rather than a marginalization of reasons in epistemology.