bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PUBLIC POLICY AND ISLAMIC LAW: THE MODERN DHIMMĪ IN CONTEMPORARY EGYPTIAN FAMILY LAW
Authors: Berger Maurits 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEgyptian law has maintained the Islamic system of interreligious law in which the Muslim, Christian and Jewish communities are governed by their own courts and their own laws. In the course of the twentieth century, however, these separate courts were abolished and the application of non-Muslim laws was restricted to matters of marriage and divorce, and then only if the non-Muslim spouses share the rite and sect of the same religion. In all other cases Islamic law applies. In addition, non-Muslim laws may not be applied if they violate Egyptian "public policy", a European concept which refers to the fundamentals of a national legal order. Egyptian public policy can be defined as those principles which are essential in Islamic law. In this article I analyse the status of the non-Muslim Egyptian in contemporary personal status law, based on Egyptian case law and legal literature. The concept of public policy plays a key role in understanding the mechanics of interreligious law in Egypt. I will argue that public policy serves as a legal barometer of the coexistence between Muslim and non-Muslim communities in Egypt.
Reproductive and feeding ecology of the amphisbaenian Anops kingii in east-central Argentina
Authors: Vega Laura 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe reproductive and feeding ecology of Anops kingii was studied at the pampas mountain range of Argentina. Reproduction occurred from late winter (July) to early summer (December). Mean clutch size, based on the number of oviductal eggs, ranged from 2 to 4 eggs (x¯= 3), whereas mean clutch size based on the number of yolked follicles was 2.2 eggs. Adult females were significantly larger than males and all male individuals had conspicuous precloacal pores, whereas all females lacked them. Diet was not diverse and consisted mainly of coleopteran larvae. Foraging activity decreased during the coldest months of the year. Individuals were found under large rocks predominantly during winter and spring. This seasonal pattern of activity near the surface would seem to be related more to thermoregulatory than to trophic requirements.
A NEW SPECIES OF TORTANUS (COPEPODA, CALANOIDA) FROM TAIWAN
Authors: Chen Qing-Chao , Hwang Jiang-Shiou 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA new species, Tortanus taiwanicus of the family Tortanidae (Copepoda, Calanoida), is described and illustrated from zooplankton collected in the coastal waters of Hualien, Taiwan. Tortanus (Atortus) taiwanicus may be distinguished from other species of the subgenus by the thoracic somites 4 and 5 being fused and protruding middorsally in the female, and by urosomal somite 2 of the male being furnished on the right side with postero-lateral and postero-ventral processes of unequal size, as well as by the shape of the male's fifth legs. This species may be endemic to Taiwan. Une nouvelle espece, Tortanus taiwanicus, de la famille des Tortanidae (Copepoda, Calanoida) est decrite et illustree du zooplancton des eaux cotieres de Hualien, Taiwan. Tortanus (Atortus) taiwanicus peut etre distinguee des autres especes du sous-genre par les somites thoraciques 4 et 5 qui sont fusionnes et font saillie medio-dorsalement chez la femelle et par le somite 2 de l'urosome du male qui est pourvu du cote droit de processus postero-lateral et postero-ventral de taille inegale, ainsi que par la forme des cinquiemes pattes de ce dernier. Cette espece peut etre endemique de Taiwan.
ON SOME INLAND CRUSTACEA AND THEIR HABITATS OF MONA ISLAND IN THE NORTHERN CARIBBEAN REGION
Authors: Wier Andrew , Smith Douglas 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA recent extensive survey of Mona Island, an unihabited island between Puerto Rico and Hispaniola, has revealed the presence of four inland crustacean species previously unreported from the island, a new genus and species of terrestrial amphipod, Cariborchestia xerophila, a clam shrimp in the genus Eulimnadia, a terrestrial isopod, Venezillo culebrae, and a subterranean shrimp, Macrobrachium faustinum var. A few of these species are briefly discussed with respect to their systematics and their habitats. The three taxa other than the new amphipod are taxonomically poorly understood. The habitats all species occur in are small, isolated, and ephemeral to varying degrees and very susceptable to alteration. Such habitats are now rare or have been destroyed in larger developed islands of the region. Protection of these remaining habitats is neccessary to allow study of inhabitants and their role in the ecology of limestone islands. Une etude extensive recente de Mona Island, une ole inhabitee entre Puerto Rico et Hispaniola, a revele la presence de quatre especes auparavant non signalees des eaux interieures de cette ole, un genre et une espece nouveaux d'amphipode terrestre, Cariborchestia xerophila, un branchiopode Spinicaudata du genre Eulimnadia, un isopode terrestre, Venezillo culebrae, et une crevette souterraine, Macrobrachium faustinum var. Quelques-unes de ces especes sont discutees brievement quant a leur systematique et leurs habitats. Les trois taxa autres que l'amphipode nouveau sont peu connus sur le plan systematique. Les habitats qui abritent ces especes sont petits, isoles et ephemeres a des degres divers, et susceptibles d'etre exposes a des modifications. La protection de ces habitats survivants est necessaire pour permettre l'etude des organismes qui y vivent et leur role dans l'ecologie des oles calcaires.
ORIGIN AND DIVERSITY OF CAINOZOIC DEEP-SEA OSTRACODA
Authors: Harten Dick Van 
Published: July 2002

AbstractRecent developments in deep-sea ostracodology are reviewed with special reference to diversity and evolution. Origin and composition of modern deep-sea ostracod faunas are discussed as are some relationships with palaeoceanographic events. Les developpements actuels dans l'ostracodologie de la mer profonde sont resumes en se referant specifiquement a la diversite et l'evolution. L'origine et la composition des faunes d'ostracodes des mers profondes sont discutes ainsi que quelques connections avec des evenements paleoceanographiques.
THE GROUNDWATER AMPHIPOD BOGIDIELLA TURCICA N. SP. AND OTHER BOGIDIELLIDS (MALACOSTRACA, AMPHIPODA) IN SOUTHWEST TURKEY
Authors: Vonk  , Notenboom  , Seveso  
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Bogidiella turcica n. sp. and the male of Bogidiella minotaurus Ruffo & Schiecke, 1976 are described from, respectively, a brackish littoral submarine spring and the interstitial of a river mouth in Turkey. Bogidiella longiflagellum S. Karaman, 1959 was found in 13 inland wells and riverbeds in the region between Izmir and Antalya (Anatolia). Morphological variation within and between three populations of B. longiflagellum from distant localities has been measured by comparing 8 specimens per station.
Bogidiella turcica sp. nov. et le male de Bogidiella minotaurus Ruffo & Schiecke, 1976 sont decrits de, respectivement, une source littorale sous-marine saumatre et de l'interstitiel de l'embouchure d'une riviere en Turquie. Bogidiella longiflagellum S. Karaman, 1959 a ete trouve en 13 puits et lits de riviere de l'interieur, entre Izmir et Antalya (Anatolie). La variation morphologique dans et entre 3 populations de B. longiflagellum a ete mesuree par comparaison de 8 specimens par station.
A new genus of Carnoyidae (Nematoda: Rhigonematida) with descriptions of Cattiena trachelomegali gen. n., sp. n. and C. trigoniuli gen. n., sp. n., parasites of Spirobolida (Diplopoda) from Vietnam
Authors: Spiridonov Sergei , Hunt David 
Published: July 2002

AbstractCattiena gen. n., a new genus from the Carnoyidae, is described from the posterior gut of two genera of spirobolid diplopods from Vietnam. The new genus is characterised by: presence of eight somatic spine rows in the cervical region of both male and female, the four sublateral spine rows being better developed; presence of six cuticularised plates around the female oral opening; extremely posterior vulva; two anteriorly directed ovaries; isomorphic and isometric spicules; boat-shaped gubernaculum of similar form to the spicules; gubernaculum with a dorsal hole; well developed, smooth cephalic cap in the male and 15 copulatory papillae with three pairs located lateral, sublateral or subdorsal. The new genus has morphological affinities with Raonema Kloss, 1965, a poorly known genus from India, but is easily differentiated by the extremely posterior vulva and the presence of spine rows in the male. Two new species are described in the genus: the type, C. trachelomegali gen. n., sp. n. from Trachelomegalus sp. and C. trigoniuli gen. n., sp. n. from Trigoniulus sp. The two species differ primarily in the position of the vulva (consistently more anterior in the latter species), degree of development of the vulval flap, body length, tail length and in the relative development of the somatic spine rows.
Clay mineral distribution in the Devonian-Carboniferous sandstones of the Clair Field, west of Shetland, and its significance for reservoir quality
Authors: Pay M. D. , Astin T. R. , Parker A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Devonian-Carboniferous reservoir of the Clair Field contains a complex and variably abundant clay mineral assemblage. An abrupt vertical change in clay mineralogy has been observed in both wells studied (UKCS 206/8-7 and 206/8-8) from being rich in Mg-chlorite, chlorite- smectite (including dioctahedral corrensite), illite, illite-smectite and Fe-chlorite, to being smectite- rich. This change broadly coincides with the unconformable boundary between the Lower Clair Group and Upper Clair Group of the reservoir which possibly defines the Devonian-Carboniferous boundary. The clay minerals present reflect interaction between: (1) tectonic stability and climate that controlled the detrital composition of the sediment; (2) the pore-waters that developed; and (3) the result of diagenetic modification.Matrix porosity and permeability is severely restricted where the pore-lining clays are abundant (>15%) and where the clays bridge or fill pores. The type of clay mineral species appears to have a minor influence on reservoir quality, although they may be extremely important during production. The best reservoir quality occurs in mature aeolian sediments with a thin illite and illite-smectite clay coating.
Different rates of smectite illitization in mudstones and sandstones from the Niigata Basin, Japan
Authors: Niu B. , Ishida H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe different rates of smectite illitization have been investigated in interbedded sandstone and mudstone samples from the Neogene to Lower Pleistocene stratigraphy of the Niigata sedimentary basin. For samples of approximately the same age and under the same temperature and pressure conditions, the analytical results of XRD and EDS show that differences in the transformation from R = 1 I-S to R≥3 I-S at a temperature of ~30–40°C and 1000 m in depth are determined by the initial smectite composition and the relative ion concentration of pore-fluid in the sedimentary rock system. The ordered I-S and illite in the mudstone have inherited compositional characteristics from the initial detrital smectite and illite. In the sandstone, the I-S composition was changed by interaction with pore-fluids and by precipitation and crystal growth during diagenesis.
Swelling pressure and microstructure of an activated swelling clay with temperature
Authors: Tessier D. , Dardaine M. , Beaumont A. , Jaunet A. M. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractClay from Fourges has been selected by the Commissariat à l'Energie Atomique as a support in radioactive waste disposal studies. This material was activated by adding Na2CO3, then compacted at 60 MPa. Subsequently, its swelling behaviour was monitored at 90°C and 145°C for 330 days and at the end of this period the samples were examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). For this, they were embedded in a resin then sectioned with an ultramicrotome for mineralogical and chemical analyses. The initial material is essentially composed of kaolinite and smectite. Addition of Na2CO3 at room temperature induces a replacement of Ca ions by Na ions and the precipitation of finely divided carbonates on the surface of the constituents. At the end of 330 days at 90°C under a hydraulic pressure of 1 MPa, the initial particles combine and the material exerts a swelling pressure of 20 MPa. A complete reorganisation of the clay crystallites is observed without significant dissolution of the solid phases. After the same time at 145°C under a hydraulic pressure of 10 MPa, in a basic medium, the combined conditions are such that a high proportion of the clay is dissolved with formation of amorphous aluminosilicates correlated with a marked drop in the swelling pressure to 5 MPa. This work establishes the advantages of following the macroscopic properties in parallel with the microstructure variations for understanding the changes in the properties of clays.
Kinetic study by controlled-transformation rate thermal analysis of the dehydroxylation of kaolinite
Authors: Dion P. , Alcover J.-F. , Bergaya F. , Ortega A. , Llewellyn P. L. , Rouquerol F. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlthough the kinetics of the dehydroxylation of kaolinite have been widely studied, there is no definitive explanation of its mechanism due to its dependence on a variety of parameters. In this study, the dehydroxylation of kaolinite has been studied using controlled-transformation rate thermal analysis (CRTA), allowing precise control of the reaction rate, and thus of both the temperature and pressure above the sample. Modelling of the experimental results obtained by CRTA as well as those from TEM and MAS-NMR show that two elementary processes (diffusion and firstorder) can occur in competition. At the start of the decomposition the diffusion mechanism is predominant, but as the reaction progresses, the first-order mechanism prevails. It would seem that the importance of each process depends, in particular, on the presence of defects as well as on the local vapour pressure.
Clay mineralogy at Rothamsted: 1934—1988
Authors: Loveland P. J. , Wood I. G. , Weir A. H. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractSoil clay mineralogy at Rothamsted began in the early 1930s, and quickly focused on technique, swelling minerals, micas and sorption phenomena. By the mid-1940s interest had extended to the formation and spatial distribution of soil clays with the move of the Soil Survey of England and Wales to Rothamsted. These themes continued for the next 40 years. Considerable contributions were made to crystal chemistry and structure determinations, and the relationship of these to the sorption and desorption of water and organic molecules, and the behaviour of soil K. The pattern of soil clay mineralogy was determined for large parts of England and Wales, and absorbed into soil mapping. The work on X-ray diffraction appeared in the Mineralogical Society Monographs on this subject. These, and the Monograph on Clay Chemistry, which reached their final form in the 1980s, are the lasting monuments to soil clay mineralogical research at Rothamsted.
Distribution of manganese in synthetic goethite
Authors: Gasser U. G. , Nüesch R. , Singer M. J. , Jeanroy E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractA series of Mn-goethites was synthesized at highly alkaline conditions. The samples were aged for 15 days at a final [KOH] of 0.3 M. Products were washed free from non-goethite phases using 3 M H2SO4. The bulk mineralogy of the samples was determined by X-ray diffraction and verified on selected individual crystals by electron diffraction. The samples had a relatively low magnetic susceptibility (300≤MS≤400×10-9 m3/kg). As revealed by total acid dissolution, the Mn mole fraction XMn ranged from zero to 0.125. Five samples (XMn: 0.025, 0.050, 0.077, 0.099, 0.125) were selected to investigate the variability of the XMn value in single goethite needles (crystals) by analytical electron microscopy (AEM) using rastered and spot analyses. Linear regressions of both as a function of total Mn yielded unit slopes and zero intercepts, indicating that acid dissolution gave the same results as AEM. Spot AEM, however, revealed significant variation of Mn distribution within individual crystals which argues in favour of Mn zoning in goethite. Inhomogeneous transformation of ferrihydrite to goethite may partly explain the Mn zoning.
Gahnite in the ∼3.75 Ga Isua Greens tone Belt, West Greenland
Authors: Appel P. W. U. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Zn-spinel gahnite has been discovered in the ∼3.75 Ga Isua Greenstone Belt, West Greenland. It is light blue-green to colourless in hand specimen and colourless in thin section as opposed to most other gahnites which are dark green to brown. The gahnites from Isua have very low Fe and Mg contents, and their compositions are thus close to the endmember gahnite. The gahnite was formed, during metamorphism, from sphalerite, in the absence of Fe-rich sulphides.
Microtexture and water content of alkali feldspar by Fourier-transform infrared microspectroscopy
Authors: Nakano Satoshi , Makino K. , Eriguchi T. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractAlkali feldspar (Or64.5Ab34.8An0.6) in a granite pegmatite from Hanazono, Kosei Town, Shiga Prefecture, southwest Japan, consists of two types of regions observable with the naked eye: one is colourless and transparent, and the other is pale pink and opaque. The colourless regions are clear, cryptoperthitic and almost free of micropores, and the pale pink regions are turbid, vein microperthitic and with many micropores visible under a microscope. The latter regions may have been changed from the former by the catalytic action of water. Integrated absorbance values were calculated for both types of regions from Fourier-transform infrared microspectra in the range 2500–4000 cm−1. These values were used as semi-quantitative parameters of water contents. The turbid regions are much more enriched in water compared to the clear regions. The chemical states of water in both regions were also evaluated. Water in the turbid regions is estimated to be present mainly as H2O inclusions in micropores and to be present to a lesser extent as structural OH groups. A small amount of water in the clear regions may be present as structural OH groups. The water distribution in the feldspar records the cooling history of hydrothermal reactions causing the coarsening of cryptoperthites to microperthites.
The origin of igneous layering in the Nunarssuit syenite, South Greenland
Authors: Hodson M. E. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe rhythmic modal layering in the Nunarssuit syenite has a vertical extent of >150 m and a lateral extent of >15 km. Individual layers average 20 cm thick and grade from a relatively melanocratic base into more leucocratic syenite over a distance of up to 5 cm. The major cumulus phases are alkali feldspar, ferro-salite/hedenbergite and fayalite. Two basic stratigraphic cycles have been identified in which faint modal layering becomes more pronounced up section, each cycle terminating in a thick melanocratic zone. Slumps, slump breccias, troughs, micro-rhythmic layering and one occurrence of crossed layers were observed.Qualitative grain size analysis indicates no size sorting in the layers. Preliminary application of crystal size distribution theory to ferro-salite/hedenbergite and fayalite from the bases of individual layers gives results which may be interpreted as indicating a relative lack of coarse grains. If the layers were deposited from density currents it would be expected that the coarsest grains would be deposited close to the source of the currents. There is no evidence in the majority of the syenite that the cumulus pile underwent compaction during crystallization.There was little, or no, primary chemical variation across individual layers. Whole-rock compositions and the ferro-salite/hedenbergite, fayalite, biotite and amphibole present in the syenites show a slight, but statistically significant, increase in the ratio Mg/(Mg+Fetotal), from the base up to the top of the layered succession.A model is suggested in which successive magma layers become more ferroan towards the top of the chamber. Cooling is concentrated at the top of the chamber and layers of magma crystallize sequentially, the uppermost, ferroan layers first. As layers of magma cool and crystallize they sink, as crystal-melt plumes, to the bottom of the chamber where they source density currents from which layers are deposited.
Hyalotekite, (Ba,Pb,K)4(Ca,Y)2Si8(B,Be)2(Si,B)2O28F, a tectosilicate related to scapolite: new structure refinement, phase transitions and a short-range ordered 3bsuperstructure
Authors: Christy A. G. , Grew E. S. , Mayo S. C. , Yates M. G. , Belakovskiy D. I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHyalotekite, a framework silicate of composition (Ba,Pb,K)4(Ca,Y)2Si8(B,Be)2(Si,B)28F, is found in relatively high-temperature (⩾ 500°C) Mn skarns at Långban, Sweden, and peralkaline pegmatites at Dara-i-Pioz, Tajikistan. A new paragenesis at Dara-i-Pioz is pegmatite consisting of the Ba borosilicates leucosphenite and tienshanite, as well as caesium kupletskite, aegirine, pyrochlore, microcline and quartz. Hyalotekite has been partially replaced by barylite and danburite. This hyalotekite contains 1.29–1.78 wt.% Y2O3, equivalent to 0.172–0.238 Y pfu or 8–11% Y on the Ca site; its Pb/(Pb+Ba) ratio ranges 0.36–0.44. Electron microprobe F contents of Långban and Dara-i-Pioz hyalotekite range 1.04–1.45 wt.%, consistent with full occupancy of the F site. A new refinement of the structure factor data used in the original structural determination of a Långban hyalotekite resulted in a structural formula, (Pbl.96Bal.86K0.18)Ca2(B1.76Be0.24)(Sil.56B0.44)Si8O28F, consistent with chemical data and all cations with positive-definite thermal parameters, although with a slight excess of positive charge (+57.14 as opposed to the ideal +57.00). An unusual feature of the hyalotekite framework is that 4 of 28 oxygens are non-bridging; by merging these 4 oxygens into two, the framework topology of scapolite is obtained. The triclinic symmetry of hyalotekite observed at room temperature is obtained from a hypothetical tetragonal parent structure via a sequence of displacive phase transitions. Some of these transitions are associated with cation ordering, either Pb–Ba ordering in the large cation sites, or B–Be and Si–B ordering on tetrahedral sites. Others are largely displacive but affect the coordination of the large cations (Pb, Ba, K, Ca). High-resolution electron microscopy suggests that the undulatory extinction characteristic of hyalotekite is due to a fine mosaic microstructure. This suggests that at least one of these transitions occurs in nature during cooling, and that it is first order with a large volume change. A diffuse superstructure observed by electron diffraction implies the existence of a further stage of short-range cation ordering which probably involves both (Pb,K)–Ba and (BeSi,BB)–BSi.