bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vagal nerve endings in visceral pleura and triangular ligaments of the rat lung
Authors: Wang Feng‐Bin , Liao Yi‐Han , Wang Yao‐Chen 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe inner thoracic cavity is lined by the parietal pleura, and the lung lobes are covered by the visceral pleura. The parietal and visceral plurae form the pleural cavity that has negative pressure within to enable normal respiration. The lung tissues are bilaterally innervated by vagal and spinal nerves, including sensory and motor components. This complicated innervation pattern has made it difficult to discern the vagal vs. spinal processes in the pulmonary visceral pleura. With and without vagotomy, we identified vagal nerve fibres and endings distributed extensively in the visceral pleura (‘P’‐type nerve endings) and triangular ligaments (‘L’‐type nerve endings) by injecting wheat germ agglutinin‐horseradish peroxidase as a tracer into the nucleus of solitary tract or nodose ganglion of male Sprague–Dawley rats. We found the hilar and non‐hilar vagal pulmonary pleural innervation pathways. In the hilar pathway, vagal sub‐branches enter the hilum and follow the pleural sheet to give off the terminal arborizations. In the non‐hilar pathway, vagal sub‐branches run caudally along the oesophagus and either directly enter the ventral‐middle‐mediastinal left lobe or follow the triangular ligaments to enter the left and inferior lobe. Both vagi innervate: (i) the superior, middle and accessory lobes on the ventral surfaces that face the heart; (ii) the dorsal‐rostral superior lobe; (iii) the dorsal‐caudal left lobe; and (iv) the left triangular ligament. Innervated only by the left vagus is: (i) the ventral‐rostral and dorsal‐rostral left lobe via the hilar pathway; (ii) the ventral‐middle‐mediastinal left lobe and the dorsal accessory lobe that face the left lobe via the non‐hilar pathway; and (iii) the ventral‐rostral inferior lobe that faces the heart. Innervated only by the right vagus, via the non‐hilar pathway, is: (i) the inferior (ventral and dorsal) and left (ventral only) lobe in the area near the triangular ligament; (ii) the dorsal‐middle‐mediastinal left lobe; and (iii) the right triangular ligament. Other regions innervated with unknown vagal pathways include: (i) the middle lobe that faces the superior and inferior lobe; (ii) the rostral‐mediastinal inferior lobe that faces the middle lobe; and (iii) the ventral accessory lobe that faces the diaphragm. Our study demonstrated that most areas that face the dorsal thoracic cavity have no vagal innervation, whereas the interlobar and heart‐facing areas are bilaterally or unilaterally innervated with a left‐rostral vs. right‐caudal lateralized innervation pattern. This innervation pattern may account for the fact that the respiratory regulation in rats has a lateralized right‐side dominant pattern.
The effect of craniokinesis on the middle ear of domestic chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus)
Authors: Claes Raf , Muyshondt Pieter G. G. , Van Hoorebeke Luc , Dhaene Jelle , Dirckx Joris J. J. , Aerts Peter 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe avian middle ear differs from that of mammalians and contains a tympanic membrane, one ossicle (bony columella and cartilaginous extra‐columella), some ligaments and one muscle. The rim of the eardrum (closing the middle ear cavity) is connected to the neurocranium and, by means of a broad ligament, to the otic process of the quadrate. Due to the limited number of components in the avian middle ear, the possibilities of attenuating the conduction of sound seem to be limited to activity of the stapedius muscle. We investigate to what extent craniokinesis may impact the components of the middle ear because of the connection of the eardrum to the movable quadrate. The quadrate is a part of the beak suspension and plays an important role in craniokinesis. Micro‐computed tomography was used to visualize morphology and the effect of craniokinesis on the middle ear in the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus). Both hens and roosters are considered because of their difference in vocalization capacity. It is hypothesized that effects, if present, of craniokinesis on the middle ear will be greater in roosters because of their louder vocalization. Maximal lower jaw depression was comparable for hens and roosters (respectively 34.1 ± 2.6° and 32.7 ± 2.5°). There is no overlap in ranges of maximal upper jaw elevation between the sexes (respectively 12.7 ± 2.5° and 18.5 ± 3.8°). Frontal rotation about the transversal quadrato‐squamosal, and inward rotation about the squamosal‐mandibular axes of the quadrate were both considered to be greater in roosters (respectively 15.4 ± 2.8° and 11.1 ± 2.5°). These quadrate rotations did not affect the columellar position or orientation. In hens, an influence of the quadrate movements on the shape of the eardrum could not be detected either; however, craniokinesis caused slight stretching of the eardrum towards the caudal rim of the otic process of the quadrate. In roosters, an inward displacement of the conical tip of the tympanic membrane of 0.378 ± 0.21 mm, as a result of craniokinesis, was observed. This is linked to a flattening and slackening of the eardrum. These changes most likely go along with a deformation of the extra‐columella. Generally, in birds, larger beak opening is related to the intensity of vocalization. The coupling between larger maximal upper jaw lifting in roosters and the slackening of the eardrum suggest the presence of a passive sound attenuation mechanism during self‐vocalization.
The effects of cracks on the quantification of the cancellous bone fabric tensor in fossil and archaeological specimens: a simulation study
Authors: Bishop Peter J. , Clemente Christofer J. , Hocknull Scott A. , Barrett Rod S. , Lloyd David G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCancellous bone is very sensitive to its prevailing mechanical environment, and study of its architecture has previously aided interpretations of locomotor biomechanics in extinct animals or archaeological populations. However, quantification of architectural features may be compromised by poor preservation in fossil and archaeological specimens, such as post mortem cracking or fracturing. In this study, the effects of post mortem cracks on the quantification of cancellous bone fabric were investigated through the simulation of cracks in otherwise undamaged modern bone samples. The effect on both scalar (degree of fabric anisotropy, fabric elongation index) and vector (principal fabric directions) variables was assessed through comparing the results of architectural analyses of cracked vs. non‐cracked samples. Error was found to decrease as the relative size of the crack decreased, and as the orientation of the crack approached the orientation of the primary fabric direction. However, even in the best‐case scenario simulated, error remained substantial, with at least 18% of simulations showing a > 10% error when scalar variables were considered, and at least 6.7% of simulations showing a > 10° error when vector variables were considered. As a 10% (scalar) or 10° (vector) difference is probably too large for reliable interpretation of a fossil or archaeological specimen, these results suggest that cracks should be avoided if possible when analysing cancellous bone architecture in such specimens.
Dental pain in the medical emergency department: a cross‐sectional study
Authors: Currie C. C. , Stone S. J. , Connolly J. , Durham J. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to examine the number of patients attending a medical emergency department (MED) with dental problems over a three‐year period. This cross‐sectional study was carried out as part of a service evaluation. Data were collected via a database search of patient attendances at the MED using free text and the 10th revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD‐10) for oral and dental diagnoses. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics, t‐test and chi‐squared tests. Over the three‐year period, there were 2504 visits to the MED for dental‐related complaints, accounting for 0·7% of all attendances. The majority of patients were male (53·9%), with a mean age of 29 (s.d. 19·4) years for men, and 32 (s.d. 19·7) years for females. The mean index of multiple deprivation per cent rank was 35·0%. The most common diagnosis was unspecified dental disorder. Ten per cent of dental attendances to MED were repeat attendances by the same patients. In conclusion, patient attendances at MED for dental problems account for 0.7% of all attendances. MED may not be the most appropriate place for these patients to attend, in terms of care pathways, and also for economic reasons. The reasons why patients attend MED for dental problems clearly warrant further research.
A mechanism for sequence specificity in plant‐mediated interactions between herbivores
Authors: Huang Wei , Robert Christelle A. M. , Hervé Maxime R. , Hu Lingfei , Bont Zoe , Erb Matthias 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Herbivore communities are shaped by indirect plant‐mediated interactions whose outcomes are strongly dependent on the sequence of herbivore arrival. However, the mechanisms underlying sequence specificity are poorly understood.

We examined the mechanisms that govern sequence‐specific effects of the interaction between two specialist maize herbivores, the leaf feeder Spodoptera frugiperda and the root feeder Diabrotica virgifera virgifera. In the field, S. frugiperda reduces D. v. virgifera abundance, but only when it arrives on the plant first.

In behavioral experiments, D. v. virgifera larvae continued feeding on plants that they had infested before leaf infestation, but refused to initiate feeding on plants that were infested by S. frugiperda before their arrival. Changes in root‐emitted volatiles were sufficient to elicit this sequence‐specific behavior. Root volatile and headspace mixing experiments showed that early‐arriving D. v. virgifera larvae suppressed S. frugiperda‐induced volatile repellents, which led to the maintenance of host attractiveness to D. v. virgifera.

Our study provides a physiological and behavioral mechanism for sequence specificity in plant‐mediated interactions and suggests that physiological canalization of behaviorally active metabolites can drive sequence specificity and result in strongly diverging herbivore distribution patterns.
Structure–function analyses of the Pth11 receptor reveal an important role for CFEM motif and redox regulation in rice blast
Authors: Kou Yanjun , Tan Yi Han , Ramanujam Ravikrishna , Naqvi Naweed I. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

The interaction of Magnaporthe oryzae, the rice blast fungus, and rice begins when M. oryzae establishes contact with the host plant surface. On perception of appropriate surface signals, M. oryzae forms appressoria and initiates host invasion. Pth11, an important G‐protein‐coupled receptor necessary for appressorium formation in M. oryzae, contains seven transmembrane regions and a CFEM (common in several fungal extracellular membrane proteins) domain with the characteristic eight cysteine residues.

We focused on gaining further insight into the role of the CFEM domain in the putative surface sensing/response function of Pth11.

Increased/constitutive expression of CFEM resulted in precocious, albeit defective, appressoria formation in wild‐type M. oryzae. The Pth11C63A/C65A mutant, probably with disrupted disulfide bonds in the CFEM, showed delayed appressorium formation and reduced virulence. Furthermore, the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was found to be altered in the pth11Δ strain. Strikingly, antioxidant treatment induced appressorium formation in pth11Δ. The Gα subunit MagB and the mitogen‐activated protein (MAP) kinase Pmk1 were required for the formation of antioxidant‐induced appressoria.

We conclude that the CFEM domain of Pth11 is required for proper development of the appressoria, appressoria‐like structures and pathogenicity. Highly regulated ROS homeostasis is important for Pth11‐mediated appressorium formation in M. oryzae.
Florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia: analysis of 47 Sudanese cases and review of the literature
Authors: Elbeshir E.I. , Mohammed Alhadad M.A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAimWe studied the prevalent cases of florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia (FCOD) in Sudanese patients reporting to Khartoum Dental Hospital, Sudan.Material and methodsCase records of FCOD and osteomyelitis over a 3 years period were retrieved, reassessed for confirmation of diagnosis and evaluation.ResultsThere were a total of 47 cases of FCOD and 35 (74.5%) of them fulfilled the criteria for initial diagnosis of FCOD. Out of 56 cases diagnosed with osteomyelitis, 12 (25.5%) cases fulfilled the criteria of FCOD, making a total of 47 cases of FCOD. Forty‐five patients were females and most of them were from western and northern areas of the Sudan. Thirty‐seven (78.7%) patients were symptomatic with pain, swellings, discharging sinuses and non‐healing sockets being the most frequent complaints, and extraction was the most common cause of infection and all symptomatic cases were exclusively in the mandible. In asymptomatic areas, sound teeth were vital and alveolar bone swellings were encountered in 23% of the cases. The mandible was affected in all cases and the maxilla in two‐thirds of the cases 64%. Diagnosis was made on the bases of clinical and radiographic features, and 12 cases were examined histologically and the diagnosis was confirmed. Asymptomatic cases received restorative and preventive management. Symptomatic cases were treated with antibiotics alone or in combination with surgery.ConclusionsUntil now, this is the largest series to be reported on prevalent cases of florid cemento‐osseous dysplasia in Sudan. Dentists must look for these lesions and adopt a preventive role to minimize complications that may arise thereof. The female predilection and distribution between two major ethnic groups warrant further investigations.
International Menu Costs and Price Dynamics
Authors: Schoenle Raphael 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe pricing behavior of firms systematically differs across domestic and export markets. First, domestic producer prices change approximately twice as often, the probability of synchronized price adjustment across markets is 21% for upwards adjustments and 14% for downwards adjustments, the size of export price changes is substantially larger and there are strong seasonality effects. Second, economic fundamentals can only partially explain adjustment decisions and cross‐market synchronization. Third, I attribute the remaining unexplained part in adjustment decisions to differences in menu costs across countries. Model‐implied export menu costs are 1.5% of steady state revenues and three times domestic market menu costs.
Knowledge Search Pattern and Product Innovation of Firms in Low and High‐Technology Industrial Clusters: A Knowledge Relatedness Perspective
Authors: Wu Aiqi , Wang Cassandra C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGeographical knowledge search and innovation have attracted much attention in recent years. Yet the existing literature placed much emphasis on the way firms search for new ideas and knowledge as well as the geographical dimensions of knowledge sourcing without taking accounting into the nature and characteristics of knowledge per se. We examine the relationship between knowledge search and product innovation in both low and high‐tech industry with a survey data from China. While both internal and external knowledge search are conducive to product innovation of high‐tech firms, only external knowledge search is valuable for low‐tech firms. External unrelated knowledge is significant for innovation of high‐tech firms whereas external related knowledge search is significantly enough for low‐tech firms. It highlights the importance of knowledge relatedness in innovation and appeals a shift of theoretical focus from ‘how to search’ and ‘where to search’ to ‘what to search’ in the process of innovation.
IMAGING DIAGNOSIS—MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING OF A NEURONAL HETEROTOPIA IN THE BRAIN OF A CAT
Authors: DeJesus Antonia , Turek Bradley J. , Galban Evelyn , Suran Jantra Ngosuwan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA domestic shorthair kitten was presented for evaluation and further treatment of seizures. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain revealed a large multilobulated mass in the third ventricle extending into the right lateral ventricle with secondary obstructive hydrocephalus. The mass was homogeneously isointense to gray matter on T2W, T2‐FLAIR, T2*W, T1W, and ADC images, and hyperintense on DW‐EPI. There was no appreciable contrast enhancement. Seizures were managed medically and with subsequent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement. Clinical status later deteriorated and the cat was euthanized. Histopathology confirmed that the mass was the result of neuronal heterotopia. To the authors’ knowledge this is the first report of neuronal heterotopia in a cat.
Reduced Radius of Curvature Nitinol-on-Pt Bimorph Actuators Based on Reversible Shape Memory Effect
Authors: Knick Cory R. , Smith Gabriel L. , Srour Merric D. , Morris Christopher J. 
Published: November 2016

In this work we discuss the design and fabrication of NiTi on Pt bimorph cantilever arrays that may be actuated by utilizing the martensite to austenite phase transformation of a sputtered thin film of equiatomic NiTi shape memory alloy (SMA). The cantilever devices were fabricated on a silicon wafer using standard micro fabrication techniques, and may therefore be applicable to microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) switch or actuator applications. This paper details the development of a co-sputtering process to yield a SMA film with controllable composition of Ni50Ti50 and transformation temperature around 60 °C. Shape memory effects were characterized and verified using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), which demonstrated a martensite-austenite phase change near 60 °C for a co-sputter deposited film onto a Si wafer at 600 °C for in-situ crystallization.
We used wafer stress versus temperature measurements as additional confirmation for the repeatable measurement of reversible phase transformation which completed by 80 °C upon heating. Up to 900 MPa completely reversible stress change was available for actuation during the thermally induced phase change. The tightest curling devices were based on a 600 nm NiTi film on 20 nm Pt and were actuated between a 200 μm curl at 25 °C and flat states when heated beyond 70 °C. Using a 532 nm (green), 440 mW laser, we also characterized actuation times of NiTi on Pt cantilever actuators from 4–240 milliseconds using optical intensities ranging from 2–24 W/cm2.
A Performance Prediction for Fe-Ga Magnetostrictive Strain Sensor
Authors: Yoo JinHyeong 
Published: November 2016

This study will present a proof-of-concept non-contact strain sensor, utilizing a prototype magnetostrictive (Fe-Ga alloy, Galfenol) strip on a steel plate; coupled mechanical-magnetostrictive equations will be used to evaluate sensor performance prediction. In contrast with typical piezo-ceramic materials, Galfenol is ductile and has an excellent ability to withstand mechanical shock. Galfenol also changes its permeability in response to applied stress. This stress-based permeability change is not time dependent and can measure static loads. The variation of magnetic induction with stress depends strongly on bias magnetic field. Typically, the performance of Galfenol is measured in a compressional load region because it has higher response there. However, in this study, we are aiming to develop a sensor for tensile stress measurement. To achieve a compression load in the sensing element, a Galfenol strip is aligned perpendicular to a tension bar, so that tension in the bar creates compression in the strip, via the Poisson effect.
The experimental setup in this study consists of a polycrystalline Galfenol strip bonded in the horizontal direction of a steel dog-bone shaped tension specimen. Two permanent magnets are attached at both ends of the Galfenol strip to provide a magnetic bias field through the strip. The magnetic flux through the Galfenol strip is measured with a non-contact Hall sensor during the tensile load test. The design reported here aims at low frequency applications, such as static and dynamic tension monitoring.
Electrode Fabrication for Scanning Electrochemical Microscopy and Shear Force Imaging
Authors: Northcutt Robert , Maddox Jacob , Sundaresan Vishnu-Baba 
Published: November 2016

The development of novel characterization techniques is critical for understanding the fundamentals of material systems. Bioinspired systems are regularly implemented but poorly defined through quantitative measurement. In an effort to specify the coupling between multiple domains seen in biologically inspired systems, high resolution measurement systems capable of simultaneously measuring various phenomena such as electrical, chemical, mechanical, or optical signals is required. Scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) and shear-force (SF) imaging are nanoscale measurement techniques which examine the electrochemical behavior at a liquid-solid or liquid-liquid interface and simultaneously probe morphological features. It is therefore a suitable measurement technique for understanding biological phenomena.
SF imaging is a high resolution technique, allowing for nanoscale measurement of extensional actuation in materials with high signal to noise ratio. The sensing capabilities of SECM-SF techniques are dependent on the characteristics of the micro-scale electrodes (ultramicroelectrodes or UMEs) used to investigate surfaces. Current limitations to this technique are due to the fabrication process which introduces structural damping, reducing the signal produced. Additionally, despite the high cost of materials and processing, contemporary processes only produce a 10% yield. This article demonstrates a UME fabrication process with a 60% yield as well as improved amplitude (250% increase) and sensitivity (210% increase) during SF imaging. This process is expected to improve the signal to noise ratio of SF-based measurement systems. With these improvements, SECM-SF could become a more suitable technique for measuring cell or tissue activity, corrosion of materials, or coupled mechanics of synthetic faradaic materials.
Finite Element Model of a Hydrogel-Based Micro-Valve
Authors: Mehner Philipp J. , Haefner Sebastian , Franke Markus , Voigt Andreas , Marschner Uwe , Richter Andreas 
Published: November 2016

Micro-valves play an important role in controlling and operating microfluidic systems. Utilizing stimuli-sensitive hydrogels facilitates the construction of smart micro-valves controlled by temperature, concentration (salt, organic solvent) or pH level.
We propose a finite element model which uses the thermal domain as an auxiliary domain for the volume change response of hydrogels. Behaviors like local displacements within the hydrogel are difficult to measure, but can be reproduced with finite elements. For the application of the micro-valve, the hydrogel model is connected to the fluid domain. The hydrogel is placed directly into the fluid flow and opens or closes the flow path. For this, a full iterative cycle with material properties and remeshing in each simulation step is implemented in ANSYS®.
This model concept and the results will help to better understand, predict and visualize the behavior of hydrogels and support the development of highly integrated hydrogel-based microfluidic circuits.