bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECT OF DIFFERENT METHODS AND SOLVENTS ON THE EXTRACTION OF POLYPHENOLS IN GINGER (Zingiber officinale
Authors: Sharif Mohd Faez , Bennett Muhd Taha 
Published: November 2016

Food ingredients derived from plants are a rich source of polyphenols. In recent times, polyphenols have become popular for their therapeutic properties as antioxidants. 6-gingerol, the main bioactive phenolic compound in Zingiber officinale, is well known for its free radical scavenging capabilities in treating multiple ailments. The most common method for extracting polyphenols from plant materials is through the use of solvents. The extraction of polyphenols from plant matrix is largely dependent on the type of solvent used and the extraction method employed. However, due to the complexity of plant chemistry there is no obvious choice in solvent or extraction method. In this study we made use of three different solvents; acetone, ethanol, and methanol. Variations of two different methods were used. The reflux was run for 30 minutes at 95 and maceration was done at room temperature for 8 hours. Between the different methods, maceration extracts generally showed better TPC, 6-gingerol content and antioxidant activity. Ethanol was significantly the best extracting solvent due to its higher polarity index. While the maceration ethanol extracts significantly had the highest TPC and 6-gingerol content, its antioxidant activity was not significantly different from the ethanol reflux extracts. A significantly positive correlation was determined between TPC and antioxidant activity, with reflux extracts having a better correlation than the maceration extracts. A significant positive correlation was also drawn between TPC and 6-gingerol content.
Amnion-assisted conjunctival epithelial redirection in limbal stem cell grafting
Authors: Dua Harminder S , Miri Ammar , Elalfy Mohamed S , Lencova Anna , Said Dalia G 
Published: November 2016

AimsTo develop a technique using amniotic membrane (AM) to prevent admixture of conjunctival epithelial cells and limbal explant-derived corneal epithelial cells in patients undergoing limbal stem cell transplantation. To compare this technique with the current method of ‘sequential sector conjunctival epitheliectomy’ (SSCE).Methods26 patients with total limbal stem cell deficiency who underwent ocular surface reconstruction with limbal stem cells transplantation were retrospectively studied. Patients were categorised into group A (11) in which AM was used to direct the conjunctival epithelial cells away from the corneal surface so that the latter could be covered by the limbal explant-derived epithelial cells—the procedure was termed ‘amnion-assisted conjunctival epithelial redirection’ (ACER)—and group B (15) in which the conjunctival epithelium was prevented from migrating on to the corneal surface by SSCE.ResultsIn nine eyes of group A, the conjunctival epithelium was successfully directed on to the AM, preventing admixture with limbal explant-derived corneal epithelial cells. The AM was removed or it came off spontaneously within 1–4 weeks. Patients treated with SSCE (group B) underwent two to four interventions until complete re-epithelialisation. 12 patients had pain or discomfort. 11 patients had conjunctival haemorrhage during SSCE. The cornea was epithelised from the limbal explant-derived epithelium in all patients.ConclusionsACER is a viable option in limbal transplantation that reduces multiple patient visits, bleeding and pain that can be associated with SSCE.
Long-term visual and systemic prognoses of 83 cases of biopsy-proven sarcoid uveitis
Authors: Rochepeau Cédric , Jamilloux Yvan , Kerever Sebastien , Febvay Camille , Perard Laurent , Broussolle Christiane , Burillon Carole , Kodjikian Laurent , Seve Pascal 
Published: November 2016

AimsTo determine the long-term visual and systemic outcomes of uveitis patients with biopsy-proven sarcoidosis.MethodsA retrospective study of biopsy-proven sarcoid uveitis, with a 3-year minimum follow-up, seen at Lyon University Hospital, between April 2004 and January 2016.ResultsA total of 83 patients were included, with a median age at onset of 52 (37−62) years and an unbalanced gender ratio (women 77.1%). Thirty-one patients had original systemic sarcoidosis in addition to ocular localisation, whereas 52 initially presented with isolated sarcoid uveitis. Among the latter, 7.7% (n=4) developed an extraocular disease after a median follow-up duration of 60 (44−110) months. The systemic spread in these patients included cutaneous sarcoids (n=2), arthritis (n=1) and multiple mononeuritis (n=1). Complete visual recovery was obtained for 60.2% of all patients and 89.2% had retrieved best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) >20/50 in both eyes. A unilateral loss of BCVA of worse than 20/200 was documented in two patients in the isolated sarcoid uveitis group. No patient suffered from bilateral severe visual impairment or blindness. Factors linked to a poor visual prognosis, defined by BCVA ≤20/50 in at least one eye, were chronic macular oedema (p=0.009) and persistent ocular inflammation (p=0.0005).ConclusionsIn this large European series of biopsy-proven sarcoidosis to date, with a prolonged follow-up, sarcoid uveitis was suggestive of a favourable systemic and visual outcome. Clinically isolated uveitis that revealed sarcoidosis remained a strictly ocular condition in most cases.
Coach-directed education is associated with injury-prevention behaviour in players: an ecological cross-sectional study
Authors: Brown James C , Gardner-Lubbe Sugnet , Lambert Michael Ian , van Mechelen Willem , Verhagen Evert 
Published: November 2016

Background/aimRugby union (‘rugby’) presents an above-average risk of injury to participants.BokSmartis a South African nationwide intervention that aims to reduce rugby-related injuries in players. This is achieved by educating coaches and referees to improve injury behaviour of players. Thus, the aim of this study was to assess if the receipt of injury-prevention education was associated with player behaviour.MethodsJunior (n=2279) and senior (n=1642) players, who attended merit-based South African Rugby tournaments (2008–2012), completed an anonymous questionnaire. Logistic regressions investigated if player injury-prevention behaviours were associated with the receipt of education on the same topic. Additionally, players' preferred sources of education were explored through frequency and χ2analyses.ResultsOf the 16 injury-prevention behaviours, 12 (75%) were associated with receiving education on that topic. The four behaviours not associated with education were: warming-up (before trainingandmatches), and avoiding heatandmassage post injury. Of the seven possible sources of this education, the majority of players chose either coaches or physiotherapists as their preferred media. In comparison with junior players, more senior players chose physiotherapists instead of coaches for warming-up and cooling-down education.ConclusionsThe results of this study support, to a large degree, the strategy ofBokSmart—influence of player behaviour through coach education. However, these findings also suggest thatBokSmartcould target team physiotherapists in addition to coaches and referees with their safety education. Also, players might have different preferences for this education depending on their age.
Cardiorespiratory fitness and death from cancer: a 42-year follow-up from the Copenhagen Male Study
Authors: Jensen Magnus Thorsten , Holtermann Andreas , Bay Hans , Gyntelberg Finn 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesPoor cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is associated with death from cancer. If follow-up time is short, this association may be confounded by subclinical disease already present at the time of CRF assessment. This study investigates the association between CRF and death from cancer and any cause with 42 years and 44 years of follow-up, respectively.Setting, participants and main outcome measuresMiddle-aged, employed and cancer-free Danish men from the prospectiveCopenhagen Male Study, enrolled in 1970–1971, were included. CRF (maximal oxygen consumption (VO2max)) was estimated using a bicycle ergometer test and analysed in multivariable Cox models including conventional risk factors, social class and self-reported physical activity. Death from cancer and all-cause mortality was assessed using Danish national registers. Follow-up was 100% complete.ResultsIn total, 5131 men were included, mean (SD) age 48.8 (5.4) years. During 44 years of follow-up, 4486 subjects died (87.4%), 1527 (29.8%) from cancer. In multivariable models, CRF was highly significantly inversely associated with death from cancer and all-cause mortality ((HR (95% CI)) 0.83 (0.77 to 0.90) and 0.89 (0.85 to 0.93) per 10 mL/kg/min increase in estimated VO2max, respectively). A similar association was seen across specific cancer groups, except death from prostate cancer (1.00 (0.82 to 1.2); p=0.97; n=231). The associations between CRF and outcomes remained essentially unchanged after excluding subjects dying within 10 years (n=377) and 20 years (n=1276) of inclusion.ConclusionsCRF is highly significantly inversely associated with death from cancer and all-cause mortality. The associations are robust for exclusion of subjects dying within 20 years of study inclusion, thereby suggesting a minimal influence of reverse causation.
Coxsackie–adenovirus receptor expression is enhanced in pancreas from patients with type 1 diabetes
Authors: Hodik M , Anagandula M , Fuxe J , Krogvold L , Dahl-Jørgensen K , Hyöty H , Sarmiento L , Frisk G ,   POD-V Consortium
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesOne of the theories connecting enterovirus (EV) infection of human islets with type 1 diabetes (T1D) is the development of a fertile field in the islets. This implies induction of appropriate proteins for the viral replication such as the coxsackie–adenovirus receptor (CAR). The aim of this study was to investigate to what extent CAR is expressed in human islets of Langerhans, and what conditions that would change the expression.DesignImmunohistochemistry for CAR was performed on paraffin-embedded pancreatic tissue from patients with T1D (n=9 recent onset T1D, n=4 long-standing T1D), islet autoantibody-positive individuals (n=14) and non-diabetic controls (n=24) individuals. The expression of CAR was also examined by reverse transcription PCR on microdissected islets (n=5), exocrine tissue (n=5) and on explanted islets infected with EV or exposed to chemokines produced by EV-infected islet cells.ResultsAn increased frequency of patients with T1D and autoantibody-positive individuals expressed CAR in the pancreas (p<0.039). CAR staining was detected more frequently in pancreatic islets from patients with T1D and autoantibody-positive subjects (15/27) compared with (6/24) non-diabetic controls (p<0.033). Also in explanted islets cultured in UV-treated culture medium from coxsackievirus B (CBV)-1-infected islets, the expression of the CAR gene was increased compared with controls. Laser microdissection of pancreatic tissue revealed that CAR expression was 10-fold higher in endocrine compared with exocrine cells of the pancreas. CAR was also expressed in explanted islets and the expression level decreased with time in culture. CBV-1 infection of explanted islets clearly decreased the expression of CAR (p<0.05). In contrast, infection with echovirus 6 did not affect the expression of CAR.ConclusionsCAR is expressed in pancreatic islets of patients with T1D and the expression level of CAR is increased in explanted islets exposed to proinflammatory cytokines/chemokines produced by infected islets. T1D is associated with increased levels of certain chemokines/cytokines in the islets and this might be the mechanism behind the increased expression of CAR in TID islets.
Association between adolescent tobacco, alcohol and illicit drug use and individual and environmental resilience protective factors
Authors: Hodder Rebecca Kate , Freund Megan , Bowman Jenny , Wolfenden Luke , Gillham Karen , Dray Julia , Wiggers John 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesResearch suggests that individual and environmental resilience protective factors may be associated with adolescent substance use; however, the associations between a broad range of such factors and use of various types of substances have not been examined. The study aimed to determine the association between a comprehensive range of adolescent individual and environmental resilience protective factors and measures of tobacco, alcohol and illicit substance use.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting32 Australian secondary schools.ParticipantsGrade 7–10 students (aged 11–17 years).MeasuresData regarding 14 student individual and environmental resilience protective factors and seven substance use measures (tobacco, alcohol, marijuana, other illicit drug use) were obtained via an online self-report survey. Adjusted multivariate logistic regression analyses examined the association between all student resilience protective factors and seven substance use measures.ResultsInverse univariate associations were found for 94 of 98 relationships examined (n=10 092). Multivariate analyses found: consistent inverse associations between 2 of 14 protective factors and all substance use measures (‘goals and aspirations’, ‘prosocial peers’); inverse associations between 4 protective factors with multiple substance use measures (‘home support’ (5 of 7), ‘school support’ (3 of 7), ‘self-awareness’ (2 of 7), ‘community meaningful participation’ (2 of 7)); positive associations between 2 resilience protective factors with multiple measures of substance use (‘community support’ (3 of 7), ‘peer caring relationships’ (5 of 7)) and 6 protective factors not to be associated with any substance use measure.ConclusionsDespite individual relationships between the majority of resilience protective factors and substance use types, the protective benefit of such factors for adolescent substance use was limited to only a small number of such factors when considered collectively. Such results suggest that interventions seeking to reduce adolescent substance use may need to target specific protective factors to address specific types of substance use.Trial registration numberACTRN12611000606987, Results.
Study protocol for a cluster-randomised controlled trial of an NCD access to medicines initiative: evaluation ofNovartis Accessin Kenya
Authors: Rockers Peter C , Wirtz Veronika J , Vian Taryn , Onyango Monica A , Ashigbie Paul G , Laing Richard 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionNovartis recently launchedNovartis Access, an initiative to provide a basket of reduced price medicines for non-communicable diseases (NCDs) to be sold through the public and private non-profit sectors in programme countries. This study will evaluate the impact ofNovartis Accesson the availability and price of NCD medicines at health facilities and households in Kenya, the first country to receive the programme.Methods and analysisThis study will be a cluster-randomised controlled trial. 8 counties in Kenya will be randomly assigned to the intervention or control group using a covariate constrained randomisation method to maximise balance on demographic and health characteristics. In intervention counties, public and private non-profit health facilities will be able to orderNovartis AccessNCD medicines from the Mission for Essential Drugs and Supplies (MEDS). Data will be collected from a random sample of 384 health facilities and 800 households at baseline, midline after 1-year of intervention, and end-line after 2 years. Quarterly surveillance data will also be collected from health facilities and a subsample of households through phone-based interviews. Households will be eligible if at least one resident has been previously diagnosed and prescribed a medicine for an NCD addressed byNovartis Access, including hypertension and diabetes. The primary outcomes will be availability and price of NCD medicines at health facilities, and availability, price, and expenditures on NCD medicines at households. Impacts will be estimated using intention-to-treat analysis.Ethics and disseminationThis protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Boards at Strathmore University and at Boston University. Informed consent will be obtained from all participants at the start of the trial. The findings of the trial will be disseminated through peer-reviewed journals, international conferences, and meetings and events organised with local stakeholders.Trial registration numberNCT02773095.
Predicting tuberculosis risk in the foreign-born population of British Columbia, Canada: study protocol for a retrospective population-based cohort study
Authors: Ronald Lisa A , Campbell Jonathon R , Balshaw Robert F , Roth David Z , Romanowski Kamila , Marra Fawziah , Cook Victoria J , Johnston James C 
Published: November 2016

IntroductionImproved understanding of risk factors for developing active tuberculosis (TB) will better inform decisions about diagnostic testing and treatment for latent TB infection (LTBI) in migrant populations in low-incidence regions. We aim to examine TB risk factors among the foreign-born population in British Columbia (BC), Canada, and to create and validate a clinically relevant multivariate risk score to predict active TB.Methods and analysisThis retrospective population-based cohort study will include all foreign-born individuals who acquired permanent resident status in Canada between 1 January 1985 and 31 December 2013 and acquired healthcare coverage in BC at any point during this period. Multiple administrative databases and disease registries will be linked, including a National Immigration Database, BC Provincial Health Insurance Registration, physician billings, hospitalisations, drugs dispensed from community pharmacies, vital statistics, HIV testing and notifications, cancer, chronic kidney disease and dialysis treatment, and all TB and LTBI testing and treatment data in BC. Extended proportional hazards regression will be used to estimate risk factors for TB and to create a prognostic TB risk score.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study has been obtained from the University of British Columbia Clinical Ethics Review Board. Once completed, study findings will be presented at conferences and published in peer-reviewed journals. An online TB risk score calculator will also be created.
Access of non-specialist sexual health services by men who have sex with men: do they differ from those attending specialist services?
Authors: Mebrahtu Helen , Furegato Martina , Sile Bersabeh , Were John , Mohammed Hamish , Hughes Gwenda 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesMen who have sex with men (MSM) bear a disproportionate burden of STIs. While routine STI surveillance data suggest MSM regularly access specialist genitourinary medicine (GUM) clinics for their sexual healthcare, the extent to which MSM attend non-specialist sexual health services (SHSs) is unclear.MethodsWe used data from the GUM Clinic Activity Data Set (GUMCADv2), the national STI surveillance system, to compare the characteristics, service usage and STI outcomes of MSM accessing specialist and non-specialist (non-GUM) SHSs in England in 2014. Pearson's χ2, Student's t-test and logistic regression analysis were used.ResultsWhere sexual orientation was recorded (92%), 11% (4552/41 597) of non-GUM attendances were among MSM compared with 28% (280 466/999 331) of GUM attendances (p<0.001). Compared with those attending GUM services, MSM attending non-GUM services were younger (mean age: 30.2 years vs 37.7 years; p<0.001) and were more likely to be of mixed ethnicity (4.9% vs 3.5%; p<0.001), to have had a full sexual health screen (chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis and HIV tests) (48.0% vs 37.0%; p<0.001) and to be diagnosed with chlamydia (7.4% vs 4.1%; p<0.001) and gonorrhoea (8.5% vs 6.5%: p<0.001). MSM attending non-GUM services had slightly lower HIV test uptake (87.0% vs 95.0%; p=0.157) and were less likely to be diagnosed with HIV (0.5% vs 0.8%; p=0.019), compared with those attending GUM clinics.ConclusionsNon-specialist SHSs play an important role in the care of MSM and should ensure services meet their needs.
Investigations on Cu2+-substituted Ni–Zn ferrite nanoparticles
Authors: Amarjeet  , Kumar Vinod 
Published: November 2016

[Formula: see text] ([Formula: see text] = 0.1, 0.3 and 0.5) nanoparticles were prepared by chemical co-precipitation method. The developed nanoparticles were characterized for structural properties by powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) techniques. Peak position in the X-ray diffraction pattern confirmed the single spinel phase of the developed particles. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy in mid-IR range showed the presence of characteristic absorption bands corresponding to octahedral and tetrahedral bonds in the spinel structure of prepared samples. Thermo-gravimetric analysis (TGA) measurements showed a considerable weight loss in the developed samples above 700[Formula: see text]C. Frequency dependence of the electrical properties of the developed material pellets was studied in the frequency range of 1 kHz–5 MHz. Temperature dependence of the dielectric constant of [Formula: see text] was studied at different temperatures, i.e. at 425, 450 and 475 K, in the frequency range of 1 kHz–5 MHz. It was found that the electrical conductivity decreases with increasing Cu[Formula: see text] ion content while it increases with the increase in temperature.
A tale of two lakes: the Newberry Volcano twin crater lakes, Oregon, USA
Authors: Lefkowitz J. N. , Varekamp J. C. , Reynolds R. W. , Thomas E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Newberry Volcano in Oregon, USA, has two small crater lakes inside its caldera: East Lake and Paulina Lake. The 50–80 m deep lakes differ in morphology, water chemistry and sediment composition, although separated only by a narrow volcanic ridge. East Lake is a terminal lake with gaseous geothermal inputs, whereas Paulina Lake has an outlet (Paulina Creek) and subaqueous, high-alkalinity hot springs. The sediment in both lakes is organic-rich and mainly consists of diatom frustules (SiO
2
) with some volcanic ash, accumulating at sedimentation rates of 1.5–2 mm a
−1
(
210
Pb dated). In Paulina Lake the sediment has up to 14% Fe
2
O
3
of hydrothermal origin and 250 ppm As. Sediment in East Lake is Fe-poor but has up to 4 ppm Hg, and fish are also Hg-rich. Both lakes host productive ecosystems, with primary producers using geothermal CO
2
, P and Si, and nitrogen fixed by cyanobacteria (
Nostoc
sp.). Water budgets and water residence times were calculated from stable isotope budgets. East Lake has a steep vertical δ
13
C (dissolved inorganic carbon, DIC) gradient, with surface δ
13
C values of up to 5.5‰, largely due to diffusional CO
2
losses and photosynthetic carbon withdrawal. Paulina Lake is better mixed, has a lower organic productivity and limited surface CO
2
evasion; its δ
13
C (DIC) gradient is small. We theorize that the lakes are fed by different geothermal components as a result of phase separation below East Lake. The gas component (CO
2
, H
2
S, Hg) enters East Lake, as indicated by the rising bubble trains in the lake. A residual fluid, depleted in Hg but rich in Si, Fe, carbonate, P and As, enters Paulina Lake. The presence of highly toxic components and the gas-charging of East Lake present natural hazards, which may change when new volcanic activity is initiated, and thus should be monitored.