bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Distribution of Various Tobacco Smoke Components among Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke (A Survey) / Verteilung verschiedener Tabakrauchbestandteile auf Haupt- und Nebenstromrauch (Eine Übersicht)
Authors: Klus H. , Kuhn H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOn the basis of the literature, which is at present still readily surveyable, the results of the research done so far into the occurrence of various components of tobacco smoke in the sidestream smoke have been summarized. The amount of the smoke constituents occurring in the sidestream smoke is compared with that of the mainstream smoke:
Investigation of an Odour Problem on Cigarette Packets
Authors: Downer G.M. , Marriott J.E. , Westcott D.T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe cause of an odour in certain packets of a batch of cigarettes has been investigated. Two compounds identified as being responsible for the odour were 1,4-dioxaspiro(4,5)decane and 2-methyl-1,4-dioxaspiro(4,5)decane which were formed from the reaction of cyclohexanone, a component of the tearstrip solvent, with ethane-1,2-diol and propane-1,2-diol. These diols had been found as plasticizers in the film used for some packet overwraps but no odour was produced when diethylene glycol, the usual plasticizer, was used in the film.
Selective Adsorption of Nitrate and Nitrite from Tobacco Leaf Homogenates
Authors: Rhodes P.R. , Saunders J.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA procedure has been developed for the reduction of nitrate / nitrite in tobacco during the homogenized leaf curing process. This procedure involves the precipitation of these anions with a polymer composed of the nitron 1,4-diphenyl-3,5-endoanilino-4,5-dihydro-1,2,4-triazole linked to poly(vinylbenzyl chloride). This poly(vinylbenzyl-nitron chloride) complex was coated onto several inert supporting materials and tested for anion binding capacity using nitrate/nitrite standards and tobacco leaf extracts. When coated onto the surface of acid-washed sand, the nitron polymer was capable of repeated regeneration with no detectable loss of nitrate / nitrite binding capacity. The nitron polymer had a slightly greater affinity for nitrite than for nitrate; however, due to the high ratio of nitrate to nitrite in tobacco leaf tissues, nitrate was the principle anion adsorbed from leaf homogenates. Large scale application of this selective nitrate adsorbing polymer during homogenized leaf curing of tobacco could significantly reduce these potentially harmful components in smoking products.
Structural Study of Nicotine Salts
Authors: Perfetti T.A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe structures of three types of nicotine salts have been determined. These salts have acid to base ratios of either 1 : 1, 2 : 1, or 3 : 1. Salt formation between organic acids and nicotine is dependent upon the structure of the acids (aliphatic or aromatic) and their functionality. The 1 : 1 salts of nicotine have amino acids or benzoic-type acids bound to the N-methylpyrrolidine nitrogen of nicotine. The 2 : 1 salts are found to bind to one acid group as in the 1 : 1 salts and a second to the nitrogen of the pyridine ring. The 2 : 1 salts of nicotine are formed with formic acid, aliphatic dicarboxylic acids, and/or nitroaromatic acids. Nicotine forms 3 : 1 salts with aliphatic monocarboxylic acids starting with acetic acid. Here one acid is bound as in the 1 : 1 salts while the other two acids dimerize and bind to the nitrogen of the pyridine group. Infra-red (IR), ultra-violet (UV), proton nuclear magnetic resonance (PMR), and carbon nuclear magnetic resonance (CMR) spectroscopy as well as field desorption - mass spectroscopy (FD-MS) were used in this investigation of the structure of nicotine salts.
The Distribution of Cigarette Smoke Components between Mainstream and Sidestream Smoke: I. Acidic Components
Authors: Sakuma H. , Kusama M. , Munakata S. , Ohsumi T. , Sugawara S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractYields in sidestream (SS) and mainstream (MS) smokes and sidestream to mainstream distribution ratios (SS/MS) of acidic components were examined for four types of cigarette made from bright, Burley, Turkish and domestic (c.v. Matsukawa) tobacco. Of the acidic components, formic and acetic acids were analysed by GC following n-butyl esterification, and acids other than formic and acetic acids and phenols similarly after trimethylsilylation. In acidic fractions of sidestream and mainstream smokes of four types of cigarettes, major phenolic components were phenol, catechol and hydroquinone, and major acids were formic, acetic, lactic, glycolic and succinic The following compounds gave SS/MS ratios > 1 for all types of cigarettes tested: phenol, cresols, xylenols, guaiacol, formic acid and acetic acid.
Determination of Aldicarb Residues in Tobacco/Bestimmung von Aldicarb-Rückständen in Tabak
Authors: Guhlmann A. , Hollweg J. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo supplement known gas chromatographic processes for determining the residues of the aldicarb pesticide in tobacco, we have developed a method which makes use of high-pressure liquid chromatography. This is of particular importance inasmuch as the German Law on Pesticides provides for a maximum amount of aldicarb in tobacco.
Tobacco Cembranoids
Authors: Wahlberg I. , Enzell C. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe discovery of the first diterpenoids of the cembrane type in tobacco dates back to the early 1960's. Since then some forty tobacco cembranoids have been encountered. Most of these have a hydroxyl substituent at C-4 and are commonly divided into two series: those having a 4R- and those having a 4S-configuration. Additional oxygenation is found at C-6, C-7, C-8, C-11 or C-12. These compounds, which are present in the gummy exudate of the tobacco leaf and flower, are susceptible to biodegradation thus accounting for the presence of the large number of odoriferous norcembranoids in tobacco. They are also reported to include representatives having growth inhibiting and insect resistance properties. A considerable insight into the biological transformations of the tobacco cembranoids has been obtained by isolation and determination of the stereostructures of new compounds and by biomimetic experiments. The latter have involved singlet oxygen reactions, epoxidations and acid- and base-induced rearrangements. The results obtained support the importance of the (1S,2 E,4R,6R,7E,11 E)- and (1 S,2 E,4 S,6R,7 E,11 E)-2,7,11-cembratriene-4,6-diols, the major tobacco cembranoids, as key metabolites in the biogenesis of the other cembranic compounds. An account of these biogenetic reactions will be given and the isolation of a few new cembranoids will be reported.
Neutral Sugar Analysis of Tobacco Cell Wall Fractions
Authors: Ryan Jr. W. S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA method for the determination of the neutral sugar content of tobacco cell wall fractions has been developed. The seven neutral sugars - rhamnose, fucose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose and galactose - determined in the analysis represent the usual glycosyl residues found in plant cell wall polysaccharides. In this procedure, the structural polysaccharides are acid hydrolysed into their constituent monosaccharides. The monosaccharides are then reduced with sodium borohydride to the corresponding alditols. The alditols are converted to the acetates with acetic anhydride. The alditol acetates are quantitatively measured by capillary gas chromatography with flame ionization detection. Both 72 % H
The Methylation of Nornicotine to Nicotine, a Minor Biosynthetic Pathway in Nicotiana tabacum
Authors: Leete E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIt has been well established that nornicotine is formed in Nicotiana species by the demethylation of nicotine. However, the reverse reaction has not been unequivocally substantiated. This problem has been examined by feeding (RS)-[2'-
The Effects of the Properties of Materials in a Cigarette on Filter Ventilation
Authors: Schneider W. , Schlüter A. , Seehofer F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA computer model was developed which makes it possible to predict the effects of several cigarette properties on the different degrees of ventilation (total degree of ventilation, degree of ventilation of the tobacco rod, degree of ventilation of the filter) and on the pressure drop. A special advantage of this model is its ability to predict the degree of ventilation from the properties of the materials (e.g. of filter, paper, tobacco) instead of from the properties of the manufactured cigarette. Thus it is no longer necessary to manufacture an experimental cigarette each time. Another advantage results from the fact that the fluctuations of the degree of ventilation can be attributed directly to the factors responsible. Each contribution of the individual factors responsible can be determined separately, which is normally not possible by means of experiments. Thus this model is not only a component of a computer-aided product design, but is also a useful tool for quality control. Some examples are presented which are typical of the effects of various properties of the materials on the ventilation. It becomes obvious that a low level of fluctuations of the filter ventilation does not only imply constant properties of the applied materials (such as tipping paper) but also a uniform primary process.
Component Analysis of Pressure Drop and Ventilation Variability
Authors: Mathis Dale E. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Mathematical models were derived that describe the variability of ventilation and pressure drop as functions of cigarette design specifications and the variabilities of cigarette components. These models and the graphical isovariation contour representation have several important potential applications for quality control and improvement. For example, the models can be used in cigarette performance studies to determine the relative contributions of each source of variability and to identify the largest source of variability. The models can be used in quality improvement to target programs for maximum effectiveness and to set realistic goals for quality improvement. The quantitative variability values that the models produce can also be used to establish acceptance limits for the variabilities of the cigarette components which control ventilation and pressure drop variability within specified limits. These applications and the insight into the causes of variability that these models can provide should make them a valuable tool for improving the uniformity of cigarette performance.
Partial Purification and Characterization of Proteases in Tobacco Leaf and Callus
Authors: Liu D. , Sheen S. J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Ammonium sulfate fra.ctionation, gel permeation and cation-exchange column chromatography were employed for panial purification of proteases from leaf laminae and callus tissues of Samsun NN tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum L). The predominant proteases in the leaf and callus are acidic sulfhydryl proteases which are activated by 2-mercaptoethanol and ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid, completely inhibited- by iodoacetic acid, and partially inhibited by phenylmethane sulfonyl fluoride and pepstatin A. With hemoglobin and tobaccl:l Fraction I protein as substrates, leaf and callus proteases showed a pH optimum of 5. However, specific activity was significandy higher in the callus than in the leaf. Tobacco proteases digested hemoglobin more effectively than Fraction I protein and showed the least activity with casein. Gel permeation resolved three -protease variants in leaf extracts but only two in callus samples. Rechromatography of the large molecular weight fraction in a cation-exchange column produced three and two variants for leaf and callus, respectively. The present results suggest that there are at least five variants of sulfhydryl protease in tobacco leaf and three in callus tissue and that tobacco Fraction I protein can be metabolized by both leaf and callus proteases.
Quantitative Analysis of Cigarette Smoke Condensate Monophenols by Reverse-Phase High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
Authors: Jeanty G. , Masst J. , Berçot P. , Coq F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA rapid and quantitative method for the determination of cigarette smoke condensate monophenols using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) was developed. Total particulate matter was collected on cigarette filter tips and Cambridge filter pads. Phenolic compounds were extracted with a 1 N sodium hydroxide solution. Five different brands of filter-tipped cigarettes from the French market were analysed. Their phenol, guaiacol, methylphenols and dimethylphenols levels were determined in comparison with an internal standard, o-chlorophenol. With the same method we compared the phenolic retention efficiency of different cigarette filter tips.
The Inhibition of Axillary and Terminal Bud Growth on Tobacco by a Series of C2 to C10 Diol Formulations
Authors: Steffens G. L. , Barer S. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA series of straight chain or n-diols were evaluated as aqueous emulsions for their ability tO inhibit terminal or axillary bud growth of tobacco plants. These n-C
Pyrolytic Disintegration of Selected Tobacco Constituents and Pyrosynthetic Formation of Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Cleavage Products Formed by Pyrolysis
Authors: Lam J , Pedersen BO , Thomasen T 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A rapid pyrolysis technique, combined with gas chromatographic separation and interpretation of mass spectra obtained from the resulting pyrolysispyrosynthesis products, has been used in the study of three different compounds present in processed tobacco: n-C25 alkane, neophytadiene and phytol. The compounds are representative for a homologous series of n-alkanes and for a series of branched-chain compounds including neophytadiene, phytol, solanesol and esters of solanesol (tobacco constituents). At temperatures below 600°C the pyrolysis in the absence of oxygen, but in a helium flow gives only slight aromatisation when n-alkanes are treated. For the isoprenoid compounds neophytadiene and phytol aromatisation starts between 500 and 600°C. The products formed tend to develop more-condensed ring structures at increasing temperature, although benzene and toluene are dominating even at temperatures as high as 800 to 900°C. Aromatisation leading to relatively less methyl substitution results with increasing temperature. Previous pyrolysis work and recent interpretations point to the formation of structures such as acenaphthylene, acenaphthene, cyclopenta[cd]pyrene, 3,4-dihydrocyclopenta[cd]pyrene and probably similar structures derived from three and four-membered condensed ring structures produced.
Ultrastructural Changes of Tobacco Cell Walls Following Sequential Extraction
Authors: Baliga V , Morgan WR 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The role of calcium in plants has been the subject of research for many years. Calcium has been postulated to cover a wide variety of functions which have major and minor influences on the plant's metabolism. Calcium interaction with pectin has been postulated as a major source of cell wall stability, however, no direct measurements of this interaction have been made. In this study, a sequential extraction method has been utilized to fractionate the various forms of calcium present in cured bright and Burley tobacco. The extraction method uses water, potassium chloride, lanthanum chloride and hydrochloric acid with emphasis on the lanthanum chloride extraction which appears to preferentially replace the structural calcium. Extraction data in conjunction with light microscopy (LM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) data have been used to predict the role of structural calcium in the cell wall. Oxalate and calcium analyses have been made at each of the extraction steps for bright tobacco. It is shown that the major portion of calcium extracted is not associated with oxalate except for the hydrochloric acid step. The data show that approximately 20 % of the calcium is structurally related and that calcium oxalate utilizes a maximum of another 20 % of the total calcium. The remaining 60 % is non-structural and non-oxalate and is probably inorganic salts and salts of organic acids. Combining these two techniques provides a means of obtaining quantitative information that either technique used independently could not provide. The techniques used in this study are applicable to the investigation of other plant types and may be useful in furthering the general knowledge of the role of calcium in plant materials.
A Comparison between the Rate of Reaction of Nitric Oxide in the Gas Phase and in Whole Cigarette Smoke
Authors: Borland CDR , Chamberlain AT , Higenbottam TW , Barber RW , Thrush BA 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
There remains uncertainty about the rate of oxidation of nitric oxide (NO) in cigarette smoke. Using a single-port smoking machine and a chemiluminescence NO analyser we have investigated the rate of NO disappearance during cigarette smoke ageing over 10 minutes for gas phase and whole smoke. The disappearance of NO in whole smoke conformed to the (pseudo) second order kinetics observed for oxidation of NO in air. In the gas phase however the rate of disappearance was more rapid and appeared to follow first order kinetics. The possible mechanisms for this difference in behaviour are discussed.
Factors Effecting Discolouration and Carbonization of Unmanufactured Flue-cured Tobacco
Authors: Holt BS , Chilton DM , Sampson JA 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Modern advances in the mechanical processing of unmanufactured tobacco have developed conditions which could be favourable for the discolouration, carbonization, and possible pyrogenic reaction of flue-cured tobacco. Severe carbonization has been found in flue-cured tobaccos with moisture, packed temperature, and packed densities as low as 11 %, 40°C, and 370 kg / m3 respectively, and sugar contents as low as 14 % (moisture-free basis). We have focused our investigation on the redrying, prizing, and storage processes. The parameters chosen for this study included moisture content, packed temperature and packed density, and the insulative effects of packing containers as well as the effect of row position in storage. Data from the redrying and prizing processes were recorded for each container of tobacco. The tobacco temperature was monitored every four hours for the first 72 hours after packing and periodically thereafter when conditions so indicated. Samples for colour comparison and chemical analysis were taken at the beginning of each test, after 72 hours in storage and later as necessary. Key factors identified were packed density, moisture content and sustained internal temperature. A model for carbonization is proposed and an extension is made for the pyrogenic reaction.
Predicting the Pressure Drops across Cellulose Acetate Filters
Authors: Dwyer RW 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A theoretical model of the pressure drop across a fibrous cigarette filter is derived. The pressure drop is expressed as a function of the filter dimensions, the fiber tow characteristics, the filter weight, the fluid flow rate, and a filter fiber factor. The fiber factor is affected by the distribution of the fibers within the filter, the relative orientations of the fibers, and their cross-sectional shapes. The model allows one to accurately calculate the influences of these variables on the filter pressure drop. Additionally, it can be used to predict capability curves and select an optimum cellulose acetate tow for a given filter pressure drop.
A Study on Precursors of Nitric Oxide in Sidestream Smoke
Authors: Umemura S , Muramatsu M , Okada T 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
By a method of thermal analysis and smoke analysis of cellulose cigarettes treated with various nitrogenous compounds, it was found that nitric oxide in sidestream smoke is formed not only from nitrates but also from amino acids and water-insoluble protein, while little of the nitric oxide in mainstream smoke is formed from these organic nitrogenous compounds.
The Effect of the Increase of Tobacco Tax on 1st of June 1982 on the Length of Cigarette Butts in the Federal Republic of Germany - Die Auswirkung der Tabaksteuererhöhung vom 1. Juni 1982 auf die Länge der Zigarettenstummel in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland
Authors: Schulz W 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The butts of cigarettes of different origins and product categories (35 383 in all) were examined. Evaluation of the results according to filter and plain cigarettes shows that because of the tax increase in 1982 the butts were shorter than those of previous years. A similar reaction on the part of the smoker to higher tobacco tax had already been established in a previous investigation. The actual length of the butt in the Düsseldorf and Ruhr area was 33.24 mm and 26.70 mm in the case of filter and plain cigarettes respectively. Since 1978/1979 the butts were on average 0.4 mm and 1.3 mm shorter for filter and plain cigarettes respectively.
Determination of Catechol in Cigarette Smoke Condensate by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) Analysis with an Automated Precolumn Sample Preparation
Authors: Gerstenberg B , Speck M 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A procedure has been developed for a simple and specific determination of catechol in cigarette smoke condensate. The analysis is performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with column switching between a precolumn and an analytical column. Catechol is separated from most of the condensate components by selective adsorption on a dihydroxyboryl silica gel precolumn. It is then determined without interference on a reverse-phase (C18) column. By column switching this procedure is run automatically within 15 min. The method is well suited for the routine measurement of a large number of samples, since it allows condensate solutions to be injected directly into the analysis system without prior laborious and time-consuming clean-up procedures.
The Efficiencies of Cellulose Acetate Filters
Authors: Dwyer RW , Abel SG 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Cigarette filters remove both particles and condensable vapours from tobacco smoke aerosols. The particulate contribution to filtration can be isolated by allowing the smoke aerosol to attain thermal equilibrium before it is introduced to the filter. Such experiments show the effects of filter length, filter pressure drop, and aerosol flow rate on particulate filtration. The relative roles of diffusion, impaction, and interception on particle removal have been examined. The extent to which vapour condensation occurs in filters has been found to be dependent on the length to which the tobacco rod has been smoked and independent of the pressure drop of the filter.
Determination of Triacetin in Cigarette Filters by Pulsed Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy - Bestimmung von Triacetin in Zigarettenfiltern mit Hilfe der gepulsten Kernresonanzspektroskopie
Authors: Finster P , Hollweg J , Seehofer F 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Our investigations show that pulsed nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (p-NMR) is a suitable method of determining the triacetin content of freshly produced filter rods. The table-top pulse spectrometer tested in filter rod production distinguishes itself by the fact that it enables exact and reproducible direct measurements of whole filter rods to be made in seconds. There is no need for the whole process of preparing samples; after measurement the filters can be fed back into the production process. With the measuring method we have developed triacetin can be determined completely automatically, independent of sample weight and to a large extent independent of the moisture content of the filter material. The period of time between the triacetin application and the p-NMR measurement should be as short as possible and accurately reproducible.