bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactions of Some Triorganotin(IV) Esters of Arsenous Acid.
Authors: PANDEY J. N. , SRIVASTAVA G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe tris(triorganostannyl) arsenites (II) and triorganostannyl alkylene arsenites (V) are obtained for the first time as solids or viscous liquids by the condensation reactions as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of (Tetraphenylporphyrin)chromium(III) Chloride by Styrene Ozonide.
Authors: SCHMIDT E. S. , BRUICE T. C. , BROWN R. S. , WILKINS C. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWhile the reaction of iodosobenzene and percarboxylic acids with the title chromium complex provides a mixture of oxo‐Cr(V) and oxo‐Cr(IV) complexes, the title reaction yields the isoporphyrin complex (I) as established by its quite distinctive electronic spectrum.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses and Michael Additions to Vinylidene Diphosphine Complexes of Type (M(CO)4((Ph2P)2C=CH2)) (M: Cr, Mo, or W).
Authors: COOPER G. R. , MCEWAN D. M. , SHAW B. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of the carbanions, generated by deprotonation of the diphosphinomethane complexes (I) as shown, with ClCHR1OMe at 20 °C leads to the methoxyalkyl derivatives (II).
ChemInform Abstract: The Chemistry of Uranium. Part 34. Structural and Thermal Properties of UX4L2 Complexes (X: Cl and Br; L: N,N,N′,N′‐Tetramethylurea).
Authors: DU PREEZ J. G. H. , ZEELIE B. , CASELLATO U. , GRAZIANI R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title complexes (I) are isomorphous and crystallize in the space group P1 with Z=2.
ChemInform Abstract: Modification of the Human Serum Albumin‐Heme System with Metal Tetrasulfonated Phthalocyanines.
Authors: TRYNDA L. , PRZYWARSKA‐BONIECKA H. , KOSCIUKIEWICZ T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSpectroscopic investigations of the systems involving human serum albumin and iron or cobalt tetrasulfonated phthalocyanines, under conditions of low phthalocyanine concentration, show complex formation between the protein and the phthalocyanine derivative at the molar ratio 1:1.
ChemInform Abstract: Reversible Double Addition of H2 on a Bis(μ‐sulfido) Binuclear Rhodium Complex.
Authors: BIANCHINI C. , MEALLI C. , MELI A. , SABAT M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of the mononuclear Rh(I) complex (I) with H2S leads to the cationic binuclear thiolo‐bridged addition product (II) isolated as its tetraphenylborate.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Reactivity Studies of Phosphido‐Bridged Heterobimetallic Cr‐Os and Fe‐Os Formyl Complexes.
Authors: ROSENBERG S. , LOCKLEDGE S. P. , GEOFFROY G. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe dilithium derivatives of (I) generated by deprotonation of the coordinated phosphines react in situ with Os(CO)4Br2 to give the phosphido‐bridged heterobimetallic compounds (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Characterization, and Reactivity of the (η2‐Acetone)pentaammineosmium(II) Complex.
Authors: HARMAN W. D. , FAIRLIE D. P. , TAUBE H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe reduction of the complex (I) in acetone yields the novel complex (II), which crystallizes in the space group Pbca with Z = 8. (II) has the unusual η2 structure with the acetone bound to the metal through both carbon and oxygen.
ChemInform Abstract: The Behavior of L‐Sorbose Towards Anhydrous Hydrogen Fluoride.
Authors: DEFAYE J. , GADELLE A. , PEDERSEN C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTreatment of L‐sorbose (I) with anhydrous hydrogen fluoride yields the dianhydrides (II) ‐ (VII) which are characterized as their acetates.
ChemInform Abstract: Oxidation of Methyl α‐ and β‐D‐Xylopyranoside and a Xylan with Bromine in the Presence of Borate.
Authors: AUGUSTINSSON B. , LARM O. , SCHOLANDER E. , NAHAR N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOxidation of the xylopyranosides (I) with bromine in the presence of sodium metaborate gives the corresponding 4‐uloses which are isolated and characterized as their O‐methyloximes (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Some New Derivatives of Harmaline Series of Bases.
Authors: SIDDIQUI S. , SIDDIQUI B. S. , BEGUM S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHarmaline (I), 8‐aminoharmaline (III) and harmalol (VI) are converted to the novel derivatives (II), (IV), (V) and (VII) (in part no yields given).
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structures of Acid Hydrates and Oxonium Salts. Part 24. Fluorides and Fluoro Acids. Part 14. First Examples of Type I Clathrate Hydrates of Strong Acids: Polyhydrates of Hexafluorophosphoric, Tetrafluoroboric, and Perchloric Acid.
Authors: MOOTZ D. , OELLERS E.‐J. , WIEBCKE M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHPF6·7.67 H2O (I), HBF4·5.75 H2O (II), and HClO4·5,5 H2O (III), obtained by crystallization at low temp., are the first examples of polyhydrates of strong acids with the type I or 12‐Å crystal structure of the polyhedral clathrate hydrates.
ChemInform Abstract: Bonding Conditions in Crystalline Phases of CsOH and CsOD
Authors: JACOBS H. , MACH B. , HARBRECHT B. , LUTZ H.‐D. , HENNING J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstracthave been investigated between 23 K and m.p. by means of X‐ray and neutron diffraction, IR and Raman spectroscopy as well as by calorimetric methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Crystal Structure of KAuS and KAuSe.
Authors: KLEPP K. O. , BRONGER W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compounds have been prepared by melting K2S‐Au‐S and K2Se‐Au‐Se mixtures (750 °C, a few days, subsequent annealing at 350 °C, 2 weeks, yields not given).
ChemInform Abstract: New Compounds of BaPtNd2O5‐Type: BaMLn2O5 (M: Pt, Ln: Sm, Gd; M: Pd, Ln: Pr, Tb).
Authors: SCHIFFLER ST. , MUELLER‐BUSCHBAUM HK. + 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSingle crystals of the four title compounds have been prepared by melting 1:1:1 mixtures of BaCO3, Ln2O3, and PtO2 or PdO in the presence of excess BaCl2.
ChemInform Abstract: Crystal Structure of Tl6Ag20‐xSe14‐y and Its Relations to the Rh20Si13‐ and Zr6Ni20P13‐Type Structures.
Authors: KLEPP K. O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe new title compound, observed as intermediate phase in the Tl2Se‐Ag2Se section, crystallizes in the hexagonal system, space group P63/m, Z=1.
ChemInform Abstract: Catalytic Photooxidation of Some Secondary Alcohols by Decatungstate Isopolyanion and Keggin‐type Dodecatungstophosphate Heteropolyanion in Homogeneneous System Under Excess of Oxygen and the Effect of Counterions on Redox Cycle of Polyanions.
Authors: NOMIYA K. , MIYAZAKI T. , MAEDA K. , MIWA M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe photooxidation of i‐PrOH, cyclohexanol, and ethyl lactate has been studied using H3(PW12O40), (Bu4N)3(PW12O40), K4(W10O32), and (Bu4N)4(W10O32) as catalysts.
ChemInform Abstract: Comparison of Electron Donor and Proton Abstraction Activities of Thermally Activated Pure Magnesium Oxide and Doped Magnesium Oxides.
Authors: KLABUNDE K. J. , MATSUHASHI H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTwo well known reactions on activated MgO are compared and monitored while the surface properties of MgO are modified by 1) activation at 400‐700 °C under vacuum, 2) activation under rapid flows of high temp. gases N2, Ar, O2, and H2/N2, and 3) doping by impregnation or coprecipitation with LiOH, NaOH, or Al(OH)3 before activation.
ChemInform Abstract: Ligand‐Exchange Reactions of (TcNX4) Complexes (X: Cl, Br).
Authors: ABRAM U. , ABRAM S. , SPIES H. , KIRMSE R. , STACH J. , KOEHLER K. + 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe ligand‐exchange reactions of the Tc(VI) compounds (Bu4N)TcNBr4 (I) and (Bu4N)TcNCl4 (II) using organic ligands with different donor atoms result in the formation of Tc(V) nitrido complexes.
ChemInform Abstract: Enantiospecific Complexation Gas Chromatography of Nerve Agents. Isolation and Properties of the Enantiomers of Ethyl N,N‐Dimethylphosphoramidocyanidate (tabun).
Authors: DEGENHARDT C. E. A. M. , VAN DEN BERG G. R. , DE JONG L. P. A. , BENSCHOP H. P. , VAN GENDEREN J. , VAN DE MEENT D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe gas chromatographic resolution of all stereoisomers of soman (Ia) (4 isomers), sarin (Ib) and tabun (II) and the use of this procedure to monitor the isolation of the tabun enantiomers is reported.
ChemInform Abstract: Applications of Fluorinated 1,3‐Dipolar Compounds as Building Blocks of Heterocycles with Fluorine Groups. Part 10. Exo/Endo Stereoselectivity in 1,3‐Dipolar Cycloaddition of Trifluoroacetonitrile Oxide and ‐nitrilimine with Bicyclic Olefins.
Authors: TANAKA K. , MASUDA H. , MITSUHASHI K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the norbornenes (I) with trifluoroacetonitrile oxide ‐ generated by base treatment of (II) ‐ results in the exclusive formation of the exo‐adducts (III), while in the case of the norbornadienes (IV), both the exo‐adducts (V) and the endo‐adducts (VI) are formed.
ChemInform Abstract: Organic Syntheses via Transition Metal Complexes. Part 19. β‐Methylenecyclopentenones via Iron Carbonyl‐Induced (2 + 2 + 1) Cycloaddition of Alkynes to Allenes and Carbon Monoxide.
Authors: AUMANN R. , WEIDENHAUPT H.‐J. 
Published: May 2016

Abstractβ‐Methylenecyclopentenones such as (IV)‐(XI) are obtained in a one‐pot procedure involving a template‐induced (2 + 2 + 1) cycloaddition reaction between the alkynes (I), allenes (II), and CO (III) via carbonyl iron complexes as intermediates.
ChemInform Abstract: 2,2,2‐Triphenyl‐4,5‐(2′,2′′‐biphenylene)‐1,3,2‐dioxaphospholane: An Effective Reagent for Converting Diols, Amino Alcohols, and Especially Mercapto Alcohols to the Corresponding Heterocycles.
Authors: KELLY J. W. , ROBINSON P. L. , EVANS S. A. JUN. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractReaction of the phenanthrenequinone (I) with triphenylphosphine (II) yields the tetracyclic dioxaphospholene (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Seleninyl Chloride as an Active Chlorinating Reagent.
Authors: MOISEENKOV A. M. , LOZANOVA A. V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSeleninyl chloride (III), prepared from selenium dioxide and trimethylchlorosilane, is used as a chlorinating agent for citronellyl acetate (V), (VI), or isoprene (IX), giving the chlorinated products (VII) and (VIII) or (X) and (XI).
ChemInform Abstract: C‐Prenylation of Phenols Promoted by Aluminum Oxide Surfaces.
Authors: GLUESENKAMP K.‐H. + , BUECHI G. + 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe phenols (I) or (IV) are C‐prenylated with prenyl bromide (II) in a two phase system with either Al2O3 or BaO/Al2O3 as the solid phase.
ChemInform Abstract: A New Route for the Synthesis of Cyclobutane.
Authors: LEVITIN I. YA. , SIGAN A. L. , TUVIN M. YU. , NOVODAROVA G. N. , VOL'PIN M. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCyclobutane (II) is the main product yielded by passing 1,4‐dichlorobutane (I) over potassium/sodium alloy at 220°C, not ethylene or butene as reported earlier.
ChemInform Abstract: A Carbocationic Route to 3‐Substituted 1,4‐Cycloheptadienes.
Authors: MAYR H. , HEILMANN W. , LAMMERS R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAddition of HCl to cycloheptatriene (I) yields the chlorocycloheptadiene (II) accompanied by 20% of the anti‐Markovnikov adduct (III).
ChemInform Abstract: σ‐Complexes of Transition Metals in Organic Synthesis. Part 2. Regioselectivity in the Allyldemetalation Reaction of Organo‐Titanium Compounds Catalyzed by Palladium Complexes.
Authors: KASATKIN A. N. , KULAK A. N. , TOLSTIKOV G. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe palladium‐catalyzed phenylation of crotyl bromide (II) with the phenyltitanium compounds (I) yields the phenylbutenes (IV) and (V), together with biphenyl (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: Facile Synthesis of Allylic Nitro Compounds by N,N‐Dimethylethylenediamine‐Catalyzed Condensation of Aliphatic and Alicyclic Ketones with Primary Nitroalkanes.
Authors: TAMURA R. , SATO M. , ODA D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCoupling of the ketones (I) and (VI) with the nitroalkanes (II) and (VII) in the presence of the diamine (III) yields the allylic nitro compounds (IV) and (VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Condensed Ring Systems. Part 18. Synthesis of Cyclobutene Derivatives from the Corresponding Thiolanes ‐ Crystal and Molecular Structure of 2,5‐o‐Benzeno‐3,4‐benzo(4.2.2)propella‐3,7,9‐triene.
Authors: WEINGES K. , SIPOS W. , KLEIN J. , DEUTER J. , IRNGARTINGER H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractCyclobutene derivatives can be prepared from the corresponding thiolanes in better yields by using the chloro sulfoxides than by the chloro sulfones, which are intermediates in the Ramberg‐Bäcklund reaction.
ChemInform Abstract: An Efficient Route to 1,3‐Amino Hydroxyl System via Electrophilic Lactonization of 2‐Amino‐4‐pentenoic Acid Derivatives. Stereoselective Synthesis of (‐)‐Bulgecinine.
Authors: OHFUNE Y. , HORI K. , SAKAITANI M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe 4‐pentenoic acids (I) are cyclized with N‐bromosuccinimide to yield the bromomethyllactones (II), together with small amounts of the stereoisomers (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis and Equilibrium Studies of New Dihydrothiophene Sulfoxides.
Authors: MIKLOS P. , SENNING A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Knoevenagel condensation of 3‐oxotetrahydrothiophene (I) with the active methylene compounds (II) affords the tautomeric sulfides (III)‐(V), which are oxidized to yield the corresponding sulfoxides (VI)‐(VIII).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of n‐Glycylthiazolidine Derivatives as Potential Radioprotectors.
Authors: ABOULWAFA O. , OIRY J. , IMBACH J.‐L. , FATOME M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title compounds (V) are prepared from the heterocycles (III) by means of the mixed anhydride method (→ (IV)) followed by two different deprotection procedures (the triethylsilane method fails to convert (IVb) and (IVc) to the corresponding (V)).
ChemInform Abstract: Imidazo(2,1‐b)thiazole Derivatives. Part 7. Fungistatic Activity of 3‐Aroylmethyl‐ and 3‐(β‐Aryl‐β‐hydroxyethyl)‐5,6‐dihydro‐imidazo(2,1‐b)thiazoles.
Authors: HABLOUJ M. , ROBERT J.‐F. , PANOUSE J. J. , SIMERAY J. , CHAUMONT J.‐P. , MARECHAL G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractTitle compounds of type (IV) and (V) are synthesized as shown and screened, together with the intermediates (III), for fungistatic activity.
ChemInform Abstract: Intramolecular (4 + 2) Cycloadditions of (Z)‐α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes with Vinyl Sulfides and Ketene Dithioacetals.
Authors: DENMARK S. E. , STERNBERG J. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe E/Z isomers (VII) and (VIII) are prepared from (I) by stereoselective olefination of the common intermediate (IV) using either (V) or (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: The Oxirane Ring Openings of the Dianhydro Sugar with High Regioselectivity and Its Use in Preparation of Two Chiral Segments of 6‐Deoxyerythronolide B.
Authors: WAKAMATSU T. , NAKAMURA H. , NISHIKIMI Y. , YOSHIDA K. , NODA T. , TANIGUCHI M. , BAN Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLevoglucosan (I) is converted to the epoxide (II) which undergoes Grignard reaction, yielding the substitution products (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 6‐Endo‐Dig vs. 5‐Exo‐Dig Ring Closure in o‐Hydroxyaryl Phenylethynyl Ketones. A New Approach to the Synthesis of Flavones and Aurones.
Authors: GARCIA H. , IBORRA S. , PRIMO J. , MIRANDA M. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe phenyl propynoates (III), prepared from the phenols (I), are rearranged photochemically to give the hydroxyaryl ketones (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: Quinazoline Carboxylic Acids. Part 10. Synthesis of 1‐Methyl‐2,4‐dioxo‐quinazolin‐3‐yl‐acetic Acid, 2,3‐Dioxo‐quinazolin‐1‐yl‐acetic Acids, 2,4‐Dioxo‐1,3‐quinazolinediacetic Acids and Their Esters.
Authors: SUESSE M. + , JOHNE S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe esters (II) are prepared by three different procedures from either (I) or (III); the corresponding acids (e.g.
ChemInform Abstract: Phosphorus Pentoxide in Organic Synthesis. Part 28. Synthesis of 2H‐Pyrido(3,2‐b)‐1,4‐oxazin‐3‐amines.
Authors: JOERGENSEN A. , HAMMAD M. , PEDERSEN E. B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe preparation of the title compounds (III) is described.
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis of Chelating Ditelluroether Ligands, RTeCH2CH2CH2TeR (R: Me, Ph).
Authors: HOPE E. G. , KEMMITT T. , LEVASON W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Te compounds (I), prepared in situ by adding RLi to a frozen mixture of THF and elemental tellurium and allowing the mixture to warm to 20 °C, react with the dihalopropanes (II) in refrozen solution to yield the title compounds (III).
ChemInform Abstract: Synthesis, Spectroscopic Studies (Moessbauer and IR), and the Crystal and Molecular Structure of the Organotin(IV)‐pyrazine Adducts (Sn(CH3)2Cl2)2pyz and (Sn(CH3)2Br2pyz).
Authors: RIVAROLA E. , CAMALLI M. , CARUSO F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title complexes (I) and (II) are obtained at 20 °C by mixing cyclohexane solutions of the tin halides with pyrazine in the appropriate amounts.
ChemInform Abstract: Kinetic Study of the Conversion of cis‐Diaquo(1,4,7,10‐tetraazacyclotridecane)nickel(II) to the Planar Complex.
Authors: MARTIN A. M. , GRANT K. J. , BILLO E. J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe title complex (I) spontaneously isomerizes to the stable planar complex (II).
ChemInform Abstract: Convergent Solid Phase Peptide Synthesis. Part 4. Synthesis of the 35‐43 and 32‐34 Protected Segments of the Toxin II of Androctonus australis Hector.
Authors: GRANDAS A. , PEDROSO E. , GIRALT E. , GRANIER C. , VAN RIETSCHOTEN J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe protected peptide segments (III) and (IV) corresponding to the sequences 35‐43 and 32‐34 of toxin II of the North African scorpion Androctonus a. Hector are synthesized by the solid phase method using the polymer support (I).
ChemInform Abstract: Novel Cyclosporins from Tolypocladium inflatum. The Cyclosporins K‐Z.
Authors: TRABER R. , HOFMANN H. , LOOSLI H.‐R. , PONELLE M. , VON WARTBURG A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe novel bioactive cyclosporins (Cy's) (I) (Cy K, L, N, O, P), (II) (Cy M), (III) (Cy Q, R, T, U), (IV) (Cy S, W), (V) (Cy V, X, Y), and (VI) (Cy Z) are isolated from the title fungus in addition to the already described Cy's A‐I. Their structures are elucidated by various methods.
ChemInform Abstract: Syntheses of (‐)‐8‐epi‐Swainsonine and (‐)‐1,8‐Di‐epi‐swainsonine, Stereoisomers of Physiologically Interesting Indolizidine Alkaloid, Swainsonine.
Authors: TADANO K. , IIMURA Y. , HOTTA Y. , FUKABORI C. , SUAMI T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe glucopyranoside (I) is transformed to (‐)‐8‐epi‐swainsonine (VII) as shown in the scheme.
ChemInform Abstract: Microbial‐Mediated Syntheses of EPC. Part 2. New Syntheses of Optically Active Vitamin E Side Chain by Chemicoenzymatic Approach.
Authors: GRAMATICA P. , MANITTO P. , MONTI D. , SPERANZA G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe two independent routes to the enantiomerically pure alcohol (IX), required for the synthesis of Vitamin E, start from the alcohols (I) or (X).
ChemInform Abstract: Arachidonate Epoxygenase: Total Synthesis of Both Enantiomers of 8,9and 11,12‐Epoxyeicosatrienoic Acid.
Authors: MOSSET P. , YADAGIRI P. , LUMIN S. , CAPDEVILA J. , FALCK J. R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDimethyl‐L‐malate (I) is converted to the acetal (IIa) which undergoes Wittig reaction, producing diene (IIb).
ChemInform Abstract: Metal‐Organic Chemical Vapour Deposition (MOCVD) of Compound Semiconductors. Part 2. Preparation of ZnSe Epitaxial Layers on (100) Oriented GaAs Single‐Crystalline Substrates.
Authors: FAN G. , WILLIAMS J. O. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractZnSe epitaxial layers grown from diethylzinc and H2Se by MOCVD contain impurities such as Na and Li, originating from the silica reactor wall or the Zn‐precursor, which act as electron acceptors.
Irrigation Management Transfer Between Public Organizations and the Role of Participatory Irrigation Management Under Public Irrigation Management in Korea†
Authors: Choi Soo‐Myung , Yoon Kwang‐Sik , Kim Jin‐Soo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe recent irrigation management transfer (IMT) from local government to the Korean Rural Community Corporation (KRC) run by the government for better service is an emerging social issue. In this study, we conducted an extensive survey to learn about IMT between the KRC and local government. Structured questionnaires were prepared and a survey conducted with farmers, KRC members and local government officials. Most agreed with the IMT from local government to the KRC. However, the transfer of assets revealed divided opinions. The survey results show that the farmers' contribution to the maintenance of canals, including clearing water weeds and dredging ditches, was required to maintain quality even after the transition to KRC management in accordance with political and social issues. The survey also confirmed that some actions have to be implemented to improve irrigation management by encouraging farmers' participation under the public irrigation management (PubIM) system. These actions include reorganization of the discarded water management committee to revive the concept of participatory irrigation management (PIM) and subsidies (direct payments) for loyal farmers as an incentive for their labour. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Spotting the Danger Zone: Forecasting Financial Crises With Classification Tree Ensembles and Many Predictors
Authors: Ward Felix 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThis paper introduces classification tree ensembles (CTEs) to the banking crisis forecasting literature. I show that CTEs substantially improve out‐of‐sample forecasting performance over best‐practice early‐warning systems. CTEs enable policymakers to correctly forecast 80% of crises with a 20% probability of incorrectly forecasting a crisis. These findings are based on a long‐run sample (1870–2011), and two broad post‐1970 samples which together cover almost all known systemic banking crises. I show that the marked improvement in forecasting performance results from the combination of many classification trees into an ensemble, and the use of many predictors. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Resistance to 3‐HTMC‐Induced Apoptosis Through Activation of PI3K/Akt, MEK/ERK, and p38/COX‐2/PGE2 Pathways in Human HT‐29 and HCT116 Colorectal Cancer Cells
Authors: Semaan Josiane , Pinon Aline , Rioux Benjamin , Hassan Lama , Limami Youness , Pouget Christelle , Fagnère Catherine , Sol Vincent , Diab‐Assaf Mona , Simon Alain , Liagre Bertrand 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTIncreasing incidence and mortality of colorectal cancer brings the necessity to uncover new possibilities in its prevention and treatment. Chalcones have been identified as interesting compounds having chemopreventive and antitumor properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of the synthetic chalcone derivative 3‐hydroxy‐3′,4,4′,5′‐tetra‐methoxy‐chalcone (3‐HTMC) on proliferation, cell cycle distribution, apoptosis, and its mechanism of action in human colorectal HT‐29 (COX‐2 sufficient) and HCT116 (COX‐2 deficient) cancer cells. We showed that 3‐HTMC decreased cell viability in a dose‐dependent manner with a more potent antiproliferative effect on HCT116 than HT‐29 cells. Flow cytometric analysis revealed G2/M cell cycle accumulation in HT‐29 cells and significant G2/M arrest in HCT116 cells with a subsequent apoptosis shown by appearance of Sub‐G1 peak. We demonstrated that 3‐HTMC treatment on both cell lines induced apoptotic process associated with overexpression of death receptor DR5, activation of caspase‐8 and ‐3, PARP cleavage, and DNA fragmentation. In addition, 3‐HTMC induced activation of PI3K/Akt and MEK/ERK principal survival pathways which delay 3‐HTMC‐induced apoptosis in both cell lines. Furthermore, COX‐2 overexpression in HT‐29 cells contributes to apoptosis resistance which explains the difference of sensitivity between HT‐29 and HCT116 cells to 3‐HTMC treatment. Even if resistance mechanisms to apoptosis reduced chalcone antitumoral potential, our results suggest that 3‐HTMC may be considered as an interesting compound for colorectal cancer therapy or chemoprevention. J. Cell. Biochem. 117: 2875–2885, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.