bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How corruption affects loan portfolio quality in emerging markets?
Authors: Bougatef Khemaies 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to empirically investigate the impact of corruption on the asset quality of banks operating in emerging market economies over the period 2008-2012. This issue is of crucial importance given the role of banking systems in economic development and the worldwide spread of corruption. Using panel data set of 22 countries, our findings provide a strong and robust support to the hypothesis according to which corruption aggravates the problem with non-performing loans. This evidence suggests that corruption may hinder economic development through the misallocation of loanable funds. Other results are as follows: economic expansion and capitalization level improve the loan portfolio quality. By contrast, unemployment deteriorates the debt servicing capacity of borrower which in turn contributes to lower the bank asset quality.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use panel data techniques on a sample of 22 emerging market economies over the period 2008-2012 to test the relevance of corrupt practices on the soundness of banks.

Findings
Their findings reveal a robust positive relationship between corruption and non-performing loans (NPLs). This evidence corroborates previous results on the detrimental effect of corrupt practices on financial development. The subdivision of our main sample into two groups on the basis of the level of corruption reveals the importance of the effectiveness of collateral and bankruptcy laws in reducing the effect of corruption on loan portfolio. Moreover, we find that the accessibility to more credit information is helpful only in low corrupt countries since it enhances the soundness of banks by facilitating lending decisions.

Originality/value
The novelty of this paper is to take into consideration the implications of corruption in investigating the determinants of credit risk.
Internal controls and fraud – empirical evidence from oil and gas company
Authors: Zakaria Khairul Mizan , Nawawi Anuar , Salin Ahmad Saiful Azlin Puteh 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to examine the type of internal control weaknesses and its impact that leads to fraud activities in an oil and gas company, which is rarely found in empirical research.

Design/methodology/approach
A case study approach was taken to investigate and analyse the fraud incidents to the deepest understanding. A mixed method of data collection, specifically document analysis and interviews, was used.

Findings
The study found that internal control weaknesses can be major contributing factors for fraud to be committed. Poor supervision and improper documentation process provide opportunity to misappropriate the assets, worst off if it includes several people that cooperate to conduct those illegal malpractices.

Research limitations/implications
The results provide further confirmation of the fraud triangle theory on the causes of the fraud, i.e. opportunity because of weak internal control. It also validates with many prior studies conducted by global professional firms such as KPMG, PricewaterhouseCoopers and Association of Certified Fraud Examiners on fraud and its related causes and implications. This study, however, was conducted on only one company with limited number of interviews.

Practical implications
This study provides some recommendations to improve weak internal control, which in turn will reduce opportunities of fraud committed in the company.

Originality/value
This study is original, as it focuses on a company that operates in the highly specialized industry, i.e. oil and gas, which is rare in fraud literature, particularly in developing markets such as Malaysia. It has examined various documents and reports of employee fraud that are generally difficult to be accessed by researchers to be finally published in an academic journal. The findings of this study are inferred from direct access of company documents that are private and confidential.
Moral dilemmas in migration policy: economic and commercial implications
Authors: Francis Ronald D. , Grow Heath S. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to alert commercial enterprises, and politicians, of the moral implications of policy decisions.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper is a review of some moral issues of migration policy, and their commercial implications.

Findings
This paper concluded that strict attention be paid to the commercial implications of migration policy.

Research limitations/implications
As this is a review paper, it does not have research limitations. Rather, it considers the wider implications of migration policy.

Practical implications
The practical implication is for a more serious consideration of the commercial implications of policy decisions.

Social implications
The wider social benefit should be to include the existing populace in such debates and policy formulation.

Originality/value
This paper is an original look at the moral implications of migration policy decisions with regard to the economy and commerce.
Tackling bribery and corruption in the Middle East: perspectives from the front line
Authors: Goldstraw-White Janice , Gill Martin 
Published: December 2016

PurposeThe aim of this paper is to see how senior managers in Middle East, an area frequently associated with high levels of bribery and corruption, tackle these in their organisations.Design/methodology/approachA qualitative approach was employed, using interviews with 66 employees responsible for bribery and corruption management in their organisations. The research instrument used included both open and closed questions which allowed participants to expand on their answers. Qualitative data and some descriptive statistics are used to analyse and summarise interview findings.FindingsOver the past few decades, governments have tried to control bribery and corruption via legislation. However, this is a contested area and many argue that legislation is an inappropriate mechanism. This paper assesses the implications in one geographical area, the Middle East. As well as exploring current approaches for tackling corruption, it discusses how culture and tradition affect organisational practices. We show that whereas the majority of organisations have been committed to stamping out bribery and corruption, some have been willing to tolerate such illegal behaviours.Originality/valueThis paper informs academics, policy-makers and those responsible for managing bribery and corruption about the challenges faced by those in the Middle East.
Legislative policy on the regulation of corporations as the subject of crimes
Authors: Supriyadi Supriyadi 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine the criteria of the provision on the corporation as the subject of crimes regulated in criminal legislation outside Indonesian Penal Code (KUHP) in the past five years. The criteria will be used to explore the construction of corporate criminal responsibility.

Design/methodology/approach
The method of the research is normative-legal study using the library research. The method of the examination is a qualitative-description. The data used are secondary data, including legislations, books, journals and other materials.

Findings
It is found that in the past five years, there are 25 criminal legislations outside KUHP which have the provision on corporation as the subject of crimes. In those 25 legislations, only four legislations which have the criteria of corporate criminal responsibility. In those legislation, it can be concluded that the construction of corporate criminal responsibility is based on identification and aggregation theory.

Originality/value
This research is novel in Indonesia. This research examines the specific articles of several legislations to deeply describe the corporate criminal responsibility.
An international comparison of regulatory capture and regulatory outcomes
Authors: Turner John , Hughes Gerard , Maher Michelle 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to analyze how the administrative structure of pension regulators affects regulatory capture or regulatory influence. It uses a historical institutionalist methodology to analyze regulatory capture.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors argue that the less complex allocation of regulatory authority in Ireland makes it more susceptible to regulatory capture or regulatory influence by the regulated industry than in the USA. Also, it is argued that stand-alone agencies are more susceptible to regulatory capture than are agencies that are embedded within larger departments of government. The authors present a five-step process in regulatory capture, with the later steps being used by the regulated industry if the earlier ones have failed.

Findings
The authors find that if the regulated industry has difficulty achieving regulatory capture through influencing the executive branch of government, it can also attempt to influence the legislative and judicial branches, as evidenced by a regulatory episode the USA has recently completed. Ireland has also recently completed reforms that may make regulatory capture more difficult. With a complex regulatory structure including overlapping authority as in the USA, when one agency has been strongly influenced by the regulated industry, another agency may take action to protect the public.

Originality/value
The paper presents international evidence as to the effect of the administrative structure of regulators on regulatory outcomes. It tests a hypothesis that the more complex, overlapping allocation of regulatory authority in the USA makes it less susceptible to regulatory capture.
Bank regulation and stock market stability across countries
Authors: ElKelish Walaa Wahid , Tucker Jon 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate whether bank capital strength and external auditing requirements influenced international stock market stability during the 2007/2008 global financial crisis.

Design/methodology/approach
Bank mandatory regulation data are obtained from the World Bank database, while stock market stability is gauged for 385 listed banks across 43 countries by means of generalised least squares regression models.

Findings
The authors find that mandatory capital strength requirements and the existence of mandatory audit increase stock market stability across countries. Further, more profitable banks increase stock market stability. The results are robust to both country institutional settings and economic freedom characteristics.

Originality/value
This paper provides evidence of the impact of bank regulations on stock market stability during the global financial crisis, thereby providing a useful insight for stakeholders to enhance financial regulation and policy.
Perceived inequality and support for trade liberalization in Latin America
Authors: Fattore Christina , Fitzpatrick Brian 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
Previous studies have focused on individual preferences regarding trade liberalization without considering an individual’s perceptions of income inequality. This study aims to utilize the 2007 Latinobarametro to test a hypothesis regarding the relationship between an individual’s perceived income inequality and their support for trade liberalization in their country. The authors focus primarily on Latin America, as it is a region that has a long, entrenched tradition of income inequality with far reaching political and economic consequences. It is also a region that is relatively new to trade liberalization, as it only began to open up in the 1980s, after a decade-long commitment to import substitution industrialization.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors utilize a logit model to analyze the 2007 Latinobarametro data to test the hypothesis.

Findings
The authors find that individuals who perceive income inequality to be fair in their country are more likely to support trade liberalization, whereas those who perceive income inequality to be unfair are less likely to support liberalization.

Originality/value
This study allows for a more complete portrait of what influences individual preferences toward trade policy and advocates for policy elites to be more responsive to their citizens’ concerns about trade liberalization.
Distributor orientation and channel profitability for manufacturing-centered SMEs
Authors: Guo Chiquan , Wang Yong , Zhu Ying 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
This study aims to explore how the distributor orientation of manufacturing-centered small and medium-sized enterprises (MCSMEs) influences relationship building outcomes, distributor satisfaction, and channel profitability.

Design/methodology/approach
This study examines the moderating role of competitive intensity and coordinative culture in the association between distributor orientation and relationship building outcomes.

Findings
Empirical results from 115 MCSMEs reveal a strong positive relationship between distributor orientation and distributor satisfaction. The findings also show a positive relationship between distributor orientation and channel profitability. Furthermore, although competitive intensity strengthens the positive relationship between distributor orientation and the two relationship building outcomes, coordinative intensity weakens the positive relationship between distributor orientation and the two relationship outcomes.

Practical implications
Managerial implications and future research opportunities were discussed.

Originality/value
The research contributes to the literature on the management of small and medium-sized enterprises and offers practical implications for manufacturers and distribution channel managers.
Training needs of paraprofessional library staff in university libraries in South-East Nigeria
Authors: Ibegbulam Ijeoma , Eze Jacintha U. 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to investigate the training needs of paraprofessional library staff in university libraries in South-East Nigeria with the objective to find out their training needs, the training programmes available to them, their utilization of training opportunities, hindrances to their training and strategies for enhancing training for them.

Design/methodology/approach
The descriptive survey design and total enumeration technique were used for the study. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. The collected data were analysed using frequency counts and percentages and are presented in tables for clarity. The population of the study was comprised of all the paraprofessional staff of the university libraries in South-East Nigeria.

Findings
Major findings showed that paraprofessional staff had a variety of training needs. The findings also showed that training opportunities available for them were very limited and that staff based their utilization on availability rather than need. Factors such as inadequate training facilities and lack of fund hindered training. Strategies that can enhance training were also indicated.

Practical implications
This study has practical implication as it is an empirical study conducted among paraprofessional library staff to identify their training needs, training opportunities available, utilization of training opportunities, hindrances to their training and strategies that can effectively enhance training for them.

Originality/value
Looking at the objectives of the study and the fact that most researches are focussed on librarians not the support staff (paraprofessionals), it will be useful to library administrators, the library professional field and planners of training programmes.
Reconsidering the multi-sports club business model: designing effective new strategies in the face of environmental changes
Authors: Antoldi Fabio , Capelletti Elisa , Capelli Chiara 
Published: December 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to discuss the importance of reconsidering the business model in the organizations, to ensure success over time. The paper lies on the analysis and development of the strategies of ten “Società” Canottieri’ – multi-sports clubs in Northern Italy.

Design/methodology/approach
The strategies of these clubs have been studied via detailed interviews, as well as data and document analysis. Subsequently, two workshops with the management of the clubs were carried out, to collect evidence of the challenges to their sustainability and to identify possible strategies to overcome these challenges.

Findings
Drawing on Osterwalder’s Business Model Canvas framework and Demil et Lecocq’s approach to business model (a Penrosian approach about the on-going dimension of change as a permanent state of organization), the paper describes how recently emerging issues (external and internal changes) have challenged the traditional business model of these clubs. Finally, authors identify specific actions necessary to (re)create a new value proposition and to modify the sports clubs’ organization in the future, to assure sustainability and success.

Originality/value
Currently, business model analysis within contexts of (apparent) no economic value creation still remains a relatively unexplored field. The paper describes an effective methodology to implement the business model analysis into a group of independent non-profit organizations. To implement this analysis, the authors adopted the model of Business Model Canvas, but using a transformational and dynamic approach.
Complete genome sequence of Streptococcus troglodytae TKU31 isolated from the oral cavity of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes)
Authors: Okamoto Masaaki , Naito Mariko , Miyanohara Mayu , Imai Susumu , Nomura Yoshiaki , Saito Wataru , Momoi Yasuko , Takada Kazuko , Miyabe‐Nishiwaki Takako , Tomonaga Masaki , Hanada Nobuhiro 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTStreptococcus troglodytae TKU31 was isolated from the oral cavity of a chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) and was found to be the most closely related species of the mutans group streptococci to Streptococcus mutans. The complete sequence of TKU31 genome consists of a single circular chromosome that is 2,097,874 base pairs long and has a G + C content of 37.18%. It possesses 2082 coding sequences (CDSs), 65 tRNAs and five rRNA operons (15 rRNAs). Two clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats, six insertion sequences and two predicted prophage elements were identified. The genome of TKU31 harbors some putative virulence associated genes, including gtfB, gtfC and gtfD genes encoding glucosyltransferase and gbpA, gbpB, gbpC and gbpD genes encoding glucan‐binding cell wall‐anchored protein. The deduced amino acid identity of the rhamnose‐glucose polysaccharide F gene (rgpF), which is one of the serotype determinants, is 91% identical with that of S. mutans LJ23 (serotype k) strain. However, two other virulence‐associated genes cnm and cbm, which encode the collagen‐binding proteins, were not found in the TKU31 genome. The complete genome sequence of S. troglodytae TKU31 has been deposited at DDBJ/European Nucleotide Archive/GenBank under the accession no. AP014612.
Fibroids that do not distort the uterine cavity and IVF success rates: an observational study using extensive matching criteria
Authors: Christopoulos G , Vlismas A , Salim R , Islam R , Trew G , Lavery S 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of non‐cavity‐distorting fibroids on in vitro fertilisation (IVF) pregnancy outcomes.DesignA retrospective, matched, single‐centre, cohort study was performed.SettingThe IVF unit of a tertiary, university hospital.PopulationWe analysed all women with non‐cavity‐distorting uterine fibroids undergoing IVF/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) cycles from 1 January 2011 to 1 May 2015.MethodsEach woman was matched with two separate controls of the same age (±6 months), stimulation protocol (gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist or antagonist), starting dose of follicle‐stimulating hormone (FSH), number of embryos transferred (one or two), day of transfer (day 3 or day 5), and no uterine fibroids identified by transvaginal ultrasound.Main outcome measuresClinical pregnancy and live birth rates.ResultsOur study demonstrates that the presence of non‐cavity‐distorting fibroids appears to negatively affect clinical pregnancy (odds ratio, OR 0.62; 95% confidence interval, 95% CI 0.41–0.94) and live birth rates (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.48–0.78) in patients undergoing their first IVF/ICSI cycle, when matched with controls of the same age, starting dose of FSH, stimulation protocol, number of embryos, and day of embryo transfer. The deleterious effect of fibroids on live birth rates was significant in women with two or more fibroids (OR 0.47; 95% CI 0.26–0.83) and in women with fibroids of ≥30 mm in diameter (OR 0.41; 95% CI 0.19–0.89). The negative impact of non‐cavity‐distorting fibroids was also present in women with an embryo transfer on day 5 (OR 0.58; 95% CI 0.35–0.94). Conversely, in women with single fibroids of <30 mm in diameter, no difference in pregnancy outcomes was identified.ConclusionsA well‐designed, adequately powered, randomised controlled trial is required to address the role of medical or surgical interventions in patients with intramural and subserosal fibroids before undergoing fertility treatment.Tweetable abstractNon‐cavity‐distorting fibroids negatively affect pregnancy rates after IVF.
The significance of sampling time in therapeutic drug monitoring of clozapine
Authors: Jakobsen M. I. , Larsen J. R. , Svensson C. K. , Johansen S. S. , Linnet K. , Nielsen J. , Fink‐Jensen A. 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveTherapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) of clozapine is standardized to 12‐h postdose samplings. In clinical settings, sampling time often deviates from this time point, although the importance of the deviation is unknown. To this end, serum concentrations (s‐) of clozapine and its metabolite N‐desmethyl‐clozapine (norclozapine) were measured at 12 ± 1 and 2 h postdose.MethodForty‐six patients with a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and on stable clozapine treatment, were enrolled for hourly, venous blood sampling at 10–14 h postdose.ResultsMinor changes in median percentage values were observed for both s‐clozapine (−8.4%) and s‐norclozapine (+1.2%) across the 4‐h time span. Maximum individual differences were 42.8% for s‐clozapine and 38.4% for s‐norclozapine. Compared to 12‐h values, maximum median differences were 8.4% for s‐clozapine and 7.3% for s‐norclozapine at deviations of ±2 h. Maximum individual differences were 52.6% for s‐clozapine and 105.0% for s‐norclozapine. The magnitude of s‐clozapine differences was significantly associated with age, body mass index and the presence of chronic basophilia or monocytosis.ConclusionThe impact of deviations in clozapine TDM sampling time, within the time span of 10–14 h postdose, seems of minor importance when looking at median percentage differences. However, substantial individual differences were observed, which implies a need to adhere to a fixed sampling time.
Wheat variety yield data: Do commercial and public performance tests provide the same information?
Authors: Nti Frank Kyekyeku , Barkley Andrew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWheat yields from reported performance test results are of economic importance to wheat producers, since their profits depend on selecting the optimal variety for their location. However, our data shows differences in absolute and relative wheat yields between commercial and public wheat breeding program's performance test data in Kansas. Newly available data are used to test if the difference in yields arose from potential selectivity bias, and to determine the contribution of private and public wheat breeding programs to varietal yield improvement during 2007–2012. Both Heckman selection models and multiple regression showed no statistical evidence of the potential presence of selectivity bias rather, managerial practices, agronomic conditions, field location, and inherent genetic traits of the seed variety were identify as the source of yield differences.