bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Performance of Dental Students in Shade Matching: Impact of Training
Authors: Samra Adriana P. Buhrer , Moro Marcella G. , Mazur Rui F. , Vieira Sergio , De Souza Evelise M. , Freire Andrea , Rached Rodrigo N. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe present study evaluated the effect of training on dental students’ ability for matching two different shade guides.Materials and MethodsThe study was conducted in 2012. The participants were 88 male and female undergraduate dental students from Brazil and Portugal, with or without previous color education and vision refractive errors (response rate of 73.33%). They were asked to match a pair set of the shade guides Vita Classical (VC) and Vitapan 3D Master (3DM), with a 20‐minutes’ rest between each match. The sets were assembled over a neutral gray background and under controlled light. About 7–10 days later, all participants watched a video lecture on color education and repeated the matching procedure. The percentage of matches was calculated and submitted to statistical analysis for the variables gender, geographic region, shade guide and previous color education (Mann–Whitney tests), vision refractive errors (Kruskal–Wallis), and training (Wilcoxon signed rank). All tests were performed at a confidence level of 95%.ResultsTraining increased the percentage of matches for all groups, except for Portuguese and hyperopic individuals (VC and 3DM) and men (3DM). Previous color education affected VC shade matching before training. Gender, refractive errors, and geographic region did not affect shade matching ability.ConclusionsPrevious education and training in color positively affected shade‐matching ability of dental students on shade guide pairing tests.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEThe subjectivity of the visual method might not be a clinical concern in daily practice. The human eye can detect small differences in color and visualize the tooth with all its complex geometry, multilayered tissues, and secondary color parameters. Therefore, any color‐matching task will be judged by the patient and/or other observers with consideration to this complexity. In other words, visual assessment is paramount to the success/failure of esthetic restorative procedures. The efficiency of the visual color method may be improved by color education through the development of professional color discrimination ability. This would make the students responsible for color selection, reproduction, and evaluation and lead to increased capability over a layperson observer receiving the restorative treatment. (J Esthet Restor Dent 29:E24–E32, 2017)
Diffuse Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) and Impaired Physical Function: The Rancho Bernardo Study
Authors: Katzman Wendy B. , Huang Mei‐Hua , Kritz‐Silverstein Donna , Barrett‐Connor Elizabeth , Kado Deborah M. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesInvestigate associations of diffuse idiopathic skeletal hyperostosis (DISH) with self‐reported and measured physical function in older adults.DesignCross‐sectional analyses of data collected in 1992–96 from a longitudinal cohort. Setting: Research clinic within a community.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling men (n = 630) and women (n = 961), mean age 71.5 years (SD = 10.8), from the Rancho Bernardo Study.MeasurementsDISH assessed from lateral thoracic and lumbar spine radiographs; self‐reported difficulty bending over to the floor, walking 2–3 level blocks, or climbing 1 flight of stairs; performance‐based measures of grip strength and chair‐stand testing (ability to stand up and sit down in a chair 5 times without using chair arms).ResultsDISH was present in 25.6% of men and 5.5% of women. In age and sex‐adjusted models, those with DISH had 1.72‐fold increased odds (95% CI: 1.13, 2.62) of self‐reported difficulty bending; this remained significant after further adjustment for Cobb angle, weight, stroke, arthritis, and exercise, OR = 1.69, (95% CI: 1.07, 2.66). In fully adjusted multivariate models, those with DISH had worse grip strength, −1.08 kg, P = .01, but did not differ from those without DISH on walking or climbing stairs. In sex‐stratified, fully adjusted models, among men only, those with DISH were 2.17‐times (95% CI: 1.04, 4.52) more likely to be unable to complete 5 chair stands without using their arms.ConclusionsDISH was less prevalent in women but affected almost one‐quarter of older white men. People with DISH are more likely to experience physical functional impairment, suggesting that DISH has clinical correlations and is not an incidental radiographic finding.
Maternal and neonatal outcomes in birth centers versus hospitals among women with low‐risk pregnancies in Japan: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Kataoka Yaeko , Masuzawa Yuko , Kato Chiho , Eto Hiromi 
Published: March 2017

AimIn order for low‐risk pregnant women to base birth decisions on the risks and benefits, they need evidence of birth outcomes from birth centers. The purpose of this study was to describe and compare the maternal and neonatal outcomes of low‐risk women who gave birth in birth centers and hospitals in Japan.MethodsThe participants were 9588 women who had a singleton vaginal birth at 19 birth centers and two hospitals in Tokyo. The data were collected from their medical records, including their age, parity, mode of delivery, maternal position at delivery, duration of labor, intrapartum blood loss, perineal trauma, gestational weeks at birth, birth weight, Apgar score, and stillbirths. For the comparison of birth centers with hospitals, adjusted odds ratios for the birth outcomes were estimated by using a logistic regression analysis.ResultsThe number of women who had a total blood loss of >1 L was higher in the midwife‐led birth centers than in the hospitals but the incidence of perineal lacerations was lower. There were fewer infants who were born at the midwife‐led birth centers with Apgar scores of <7, compared to the hospitals.ConclusionThis study was the first to compare important maternal and neonatal outcomes of birth centers and hospitals. Additional research, using matched baseline characteristics, could clarify the comparisons for maternal and neonatal outcomes.
The natural history of humeral intracondylar fissure: an observational study of 30 dogs
Authors: Moores A. P. , Moores A. L. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo determine the risk of condylar fracture, or of needing to have a transcondylar screw placed, and to identify risk factors in a cohort of dogs with humeral intracondylar fissure (also known as incomplete ossification of the humeral condyle) that was initially managed non‐surgically.MethodsA retrospective owner survey of dogs diagnosed with humeral intracondylar fissure as an incidental finding and managed non‐surgically with a minimum of two years follow‐up. Body weight, age, estimated fissure size, gender and contralateral fracture at the time of diagnosis were evaluated as potential risk factors for the development of a humeral condylar fracture or for having a transcondylar screw placed.ResultsData were available for 30 dogs (34 elbows). Six humeral condyles with a mean fissure size of 50% fractured at a mean of 14 months after diagnosis. A transcondylar screw was placed across two humeral condyles with fissure sizes of 60 and 100% at 11 and 17 months. No risk factors were identified for fracture/screw placement. For those cases that did not fracture or have a screw placed mean fissure size was 52% and mean follow‐up time was 56 months (range 29 to 79 months).Clinical SignificanceEighteen percent of cases progressed to fracture and 24% in total required surgery. This information allows clinicians and owners to make an informed decision regarding surgery when faced with a dog with humeral intracondylar fissure identified as an incidental finding.
Assessment of Lung Ultrasound B‐Lines in Dogs with Different Stages of Chronic Valvular Heart Disease
Authors: Vezzosi T. , Mannucci T. , Pistoresi A. , Toma F. , Tognetti R. , Zini E. , Domenech O. , Auriemma E. , Citi S. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundIn dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVHD), early recognition of pulmonary edema (PE) is of paramount importance. Recent studies in dogs showed that lung ultrasound examination (LUS) is a useful technique to diagnose cardiogenic PE.ObjectivesTo describe LUS features in dogs with different stages of CVHD, and to determine its diagnostic accuracy in detecting PE using thoracic radiography as the reference standard.AnimalsSixty‐three dogs with CVHD.MethodsProspective, multicenter, cross‐sectional study. Each dog underwent physical examination, echocardiography, thoracic radiography, and LUS. The LUS findings were classified as absent, rare, numerous, or confluent B‐lines. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of LUS B‐lines to identify PE were calculated using thoracic radiography as the reference standard.ResultsDogs in stage B1 had absent or rare B‐lines in 14 of 15 cases (93.3%). Dogs in stage B2 had absent or rare B‐lines in 16 of 18 cases (88.9%). All dogs in stage C, without radiographic signs of PE, had absent or rare B‐lines. Dogs in stage C, with radiographic signs of PE, had numerous or confluent B‐lines in 18 of 20 cases (90%). Lung ultrasound examination detected PE with a sensitivity of 90%, specificity of 93%, and with positive and negative predictive values of 85.7 and 95.2%, respectively.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceLung ultrasound examination showed good diagnostic accuracy to identify cardiogenic PE and might be helpful in staging dogs with CVHD. Lung ultrasound examination should be considered as a new, noninvasive diagnostic tool for clinicians managing CVHD in dogs.
Uncertainty and depression in people with Parkinson's disease: A cross‐sectional study
Authors: Ahn Sangwoo , Lee JuHee , Chu Sang Hui , Sohn Young H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAdults with chronic disease may experience uncertainty and depression when coping with their illness. This study identifies degrees of uncertainty and depression, as well as factors associated with depression in people with Parkinson's disease. The 120 participants included patients who visited the neurology outpatient department of a tertiary hospital in Seoul and individuals who attended public events managed by the Korean Parkinson's Disease Association. The mean age of the sample was 65.01 and 50.8% of patients were men. The mean scores of uncertainty and depression, measured using the Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale and Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale were 99.03 and 6.73, respectively. Approximately 68% of participants scored above the cut‐off score for depression. Multiple regression analyses showed that uncertainty, perceived health status, and fatigue were factors significantly associated with depression. Nurses should be aware of and address these factors and their effects in order to implement interventions to prevent depression in people with Parkinson's disease.
Engineering canker‐resistant plants through CRISPR/Cas9‐targeted editing of the susceptibility gene CsLOB1 promoter in citrus
Authors: Peng Aihong , Chen Shanchun , Lei Tiangang , Xu Lanzhen , He Yongrui , Wu Liu , Yao Lixiao , Zou Xiuping 
Published: March 2017

SummaryCitrus canker, caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc), is severely damaging to the global citrus industry. Targeted editing of host disease‐susceptibility genes represents an interesting and potentially durable alternative in plant breeding for resistance. Here, we report improvement of citrus canker resistance through CRISPR/Cas9‐targeted modification of the susceptibility gene CsLOB1 promoter in citrus. Wanjincheng orange (Citrus sinensis Osbeck) harbours at least three copies of the CsLOB1G allele and one copy of the CsLOB1− allele. The promoter of both alleles contains the effector binding element (EBEPthA4), which is recognized by the main effector PthA4 of Xcc to activate CsLOB1 expression to promote citrus canker development. Five pCas9/CsLOB1sgRNA constructs were designed to modify the EBEPthA4 of the CsLOB1 promoter in Wanjincheng orange. Among these constructs, mutation rates were 11.5%–64.7%. Homozygous mutants were generated directly from citrus explants. Sixteen lines that harboured EBEPthA4 modifications were identified from 38 mutant plants. Four mutation lines (S2‐5, S2‐6, S2‐12 and S5‐13), in which promoter editing disrupted CsLOB1 induction in response to Xcc infection, showed enhanced resistance to citrus canker compared with the wild type. No canker symptoms were observed in the S2‐6 and S5‐13 lines. Promoter editing of CsLOB1G alone was sufficient to enhance citrus canker resistance in Wanjincheng orange. Deletion of the entire EBEPthA4 sequence from both CsLOB1 alleles conferred a high degree of resistance to citrus canker. The results demonstrate that CRISPR/Cas9‐mediated promoter editing of CsLOB1 is an efficient strategy for generation of canker‐resistant citrus cultivars.
Pampered Bureaucracy, Political Stability and Trade Integration
Authors: Stroup Caleb , Zissimos Ben 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the effect of trade integration and comparative advantage on one of a country's institutions, which in turn influences its economic efficiency. The environment we explore is one in which a country's lower classes may revolt and appropriate wealth owned by a ruling elite. The elite can avert revolution by incentivizing a potentially productive middle class to sink their human capital into a relatively unproductive bureaucracy. Thus the bureaucracy serves as an institution through which the elite can credibly commit to make transfers to the rest of society, but in the process this reduces economic efficiency. Trade integration alters the relative value of the elite's wealth. This alters the lower classes’ incentive to revolt on the one hand and the elite's incentive to subsidize participation in the inefficient bureaucracy on the other. Therefore, the interaction between a country's comparative advantage and an inefficient economic institution determines whether trade integration increases or reduces economic efficiency. The econometric findings support the model's main prediction.
Fast Inference for Network Models of Infectious Disease Spread
Authors: Romanescu Razvan G. , Deardon Rob 
Published: March 2017

AbstractModels of infectious disease over contact networks offer a versatile means of capturing heterogeneity in populations during an epidemic. Highly connected individuals tend to be infected at a higher rate early during an outbreak than those with fewer connections. A powerful approach based on the probability generating function of the individual degree distribution exists for modelling the mean field dynamics of outbreaks in such a population. We develop the same idea in a stochastic context, by proposing a comprehensive model for 1‐week‐ahead incidence counts. Our focus is inferring contact network (and other epidemic) parameters for some common degree distributions, in the case when the network is non‐homogeneous ‘at random’. Our model is initially set within a susceptible–infectious–removed framework, then extended to the susceptible–infectious–removed–susceptible scenario, and we apply this methodology to influenza A data.
The Cognitive Science of Sketch Worksheets
Authors: Forbus Kenneth D. , Chang Maria , McLure Matthew , Usher Madeline 
Published: March 2017

AbstractComputational modeling of sketch understanding is interesting both scientifically and for creating systems that interact with people more naturally. Scientifically, understanding sketches requires modeling aspects of visual processing, spatial representations, and conceptual knowledge in an integrated way. Software that can understand sketches is starting to be used in classrooms, and it could have a potentially revolutionary impact as the models and technologies become more advanced. This paper looks at one such effort, Sketch Worksheets, which have been used in multiple classroom experiments already, with students ranging from elementary school to college. Sketch Worksheets are a software equivalent of pencil and paper worksheets commonly found in classrooms, but they provide on‐the‐spot feedback based on what students draw. They are built on the CogSketch platform, which provides qualitative visual and spatial representations and analogical processing based on computational models of human cognition. This paper explores three issues. First, we examine how research from cognitive science and artificial intelligence, combined with the constraints of creating new kinds of educational software, led to the representations and processing in CogSketch. Second, we examine how these capabilities have been used in Sketch Worksheets, drawing upon experiments with fifth‐grade students in biology and college students in engineering design and in geoscience. Finally, we examine some open issues in sketch understanding that need to be addressed to better model high‐level aspects of vision, and for sketch understanding systems to reach their full potential for supporting education.
A nonenveloped virus with a lipid envelope: hepatitis A virus as used in virus‐reduction studies
Authors: Kapsch Anna‐Maria , Farcet Maria R. , Antoine Gerhard , Kreil Thomas R. 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUNDRecently, a quasi‐lipid–enveloped (LE) form of the traditionally nonlipid‐enveloped (NLE) hepatitis A virus (HAV) was described in human serum and cell culture‐derived HAV stocks. This discovery challenges the understanding of HAV reduction in virus clearance studies of plasma products, which were performed under the premise of an NLE nature of this virus. Here, the presence of LE particles in HAV stocks used for reduction studies was verified, and the hypothesis that LE and NLE particles might contribute to the differential heat sensitivity of HAV variants during heat treatment of human serum albumin was evaluated.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSCell culture lysates and supernatants of two cytopathic HAV variants, HM175/18f and HM175/24a, were characterized for their LE and NLE particle content by isopycnic gradient centrifugation. The obtained fractions were characterized for relative infectivity and then subjected to heat treatment (58.0 ± 1.0°C for 590 ± 10 minutes) in 12.5% human serum albumin to investigate their respective heat sensitivity.RESULTSPreparations of the two HAV variants contained either LE particles (HM175/24a) or LE and NLE particles (HM175/18f) with equivalent specific infectivity. For HM175/18f, heat sensitivity of LE and NLE fractions did not differ significantly, and inactivation of the whole virus stock was identical to the NLE particle inactivation profile, whereas the HM175/24a variant was more heat sensitive.CONCLUSIONThe results indicate that, in heat‐treatment studies, the LE or NLE HAV phenotype is less important than the choice of HAV variant, and the most heat‐resistant HM175/18f should be used.
Neoplastic pleural effusion and intrathoracic metastasis of a scapular osteosarcoma in a dog: a multidisciplinary integrated diagnostic approach
Authors: Mesquita Luis , Mortier Jeremy , Ressel Lorenzo , Finotello Riccardo , Silvestrini Paolo , Piviani Martina 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA 10‐year‐old, female spayed mixed‐breed or cross‐bred dog was referred to the Small Animal Teaching Hospital of the University of Liverpool due to tachypnea, dyspnea, and pleural effusion not responding to diuretics and antibiotics. The chest was drained and cytology of the pleural fluid was consistent with a modified transudate with presence of atypical cells initially attributed to mesothelial hyperplasia and dysplasia. Computed tomography detected, in addition to the bilateral pleural effusion, diffuse pleural thickening, multiple pleural and pulmonary nodules, and a mineralized and lytic mass in the left scapula. Imaging findings were suggestive of a primary bone tumor with intrathoracic metastasis. Cytology of the left scapular and pleural masses revealed a malignant neoplasm highly suggestive of osteosarcoma. The diagnosis was confirmed by demonstration of a positive cytochemical reaction for alkaline phosphatase on prestained cytology slides. This finding prompted review of the initial interpretation of the pleural effusion cytology. The presence of neoplastic osteoblasts in the thoracic fluid was identified by a combination of cytochemistry, cell pellet immunohistochemistry, and transmission electron microscopy findings. In this report, a multidisciplinary integrated diagnostic approach was used to diagnose and confirm a neoplastic pleural effusion due to osteosarcoma metastasis in a dog.
Does exercise increase or decrease pain? Central mechanisms underlying these two phenomena
Authors: Lima Lucas V. , Abner Thiago S. S. , Sluka Kathleen A. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractExercise is an integral part of the rehabilitation of patients suffering a variety of chronic musculoskeletal conditions, such as fibromyalgia, chronic low back pain and myofascial pain. Regular physical activity is recommended for treatment of chronic pain and its effectiveness has been established in clinical trials for people with a variety of pain conditions. However, exercise can also increase pain making participation in rehabilitation challenging for the person with pain. Animal models of exercise‐induced pain have been developed and point to central mechanisms underlying this phenomena, such as increased activation of NMDA receptors in pain‐modulating areas. Meanwhile, a variety of basic science studies testing different exercise protocols, show exercise‐induced analgesia involves activation of central inhibitory pathways. Opioid, serotonin and NMDA mechanisms acting in rostral ventromedial medulla promote analgesia associated with exercise. This review explores and discusses current evidence on central mechanisms underlying exercised‐induced pain and analgesia.
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