bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Swimming of albino mice
Authors: Wilber Charles G. , Hunn Joseph B. 
Published: December 2017

Several methods for testing the incapacitating effect of drugs in laboratory animals are under investigation. The swimming test shows some promise. Small rodents such as guinea pigs swim for predictable times in water of specified temperature. Rats swim for an inordinately long period (up to 80 hr. in a bath about 36°C) and are not particularly useful for drug testing. The present report deals with swimming in mice. These animals were forced to swim to exhaustion in water baths of different temperatures at various simulated altitudes up to 30,000 feet. Swimming time was influenced more by bath temperature than by simulated altitude. Crowding the animals decreased swimming time. If temperature is kept constant and drug and dose are varied, mice should prove useful test animals for evaluating the incapacitating effects of various chemical agents. Submitted on December 1, 1959
Effect of pressure-suit inflation on pulmonary-diffusing capacity
Authors: Ross Joseph C. , Lord Thomas H. , Ley Glen D. 
Published: December 2017

Pressure-suit inflation over the lower body produces acute pulmonary hypertension. An increase in pulmonary capillary blood volume, Vc, with this procedure should theoretically increase pulmonary-diffusing capacity, Dl. Lewis and co-workers ( J. Appl. Physiol. 12:57, 1958) found no increase in Dl with suit inflation. The subject was reinvestigated with measurement of the increase in central venous pressure, CVP, produced and with a study of effect of alveolar volume, Va, and the Valsalva maneuver on the results. Dl was determined in five seated and seven supine subjects at small and large Va, both before and during suit inflation and also with a Valsalva under each condition. Suit inflation significantly increased Dl (13%) with an increase in 21 of the 22 comparisons. Mean Dl was 16% lower when Va was decreased 34%. The Valsalva maneuver significantly decreased both control and suit inflation Dl. Results show that with controlled Va and no Valsalva and when CVP was definitely increased by the procedure, Dl significantly increased with suit inflation, probably indicating that the pulmonary capillary bed was passively dilated. Submitted on March 11, 1960
Changes in diffusing capacity of isolated cat lungs with blood pressure and flow
Authors: Rosenberg Edith , Forster Robert E. 
Published: December 2017

Nine isolated cat lungs were perfused with the animals' own blood at 37°C and ventilated by negative pressure. The diffusing capacity for CO, Dl, was measured at constant lung volume and various blood pressures and flows by a modified 10-second, breath-holding technique. In each of seven preparations in which mean intravascular pressure was raised, either by raising left atrial pressure while keeping blood flow constant, or by increasing blood flow while keeping left atrial outflow level Dl increased about 33%/10 mm Hg increase in mean intravascular pressure. In one lung, in which left atrial pressure was increased by 10 mm Hg while pulmonary artery pressure was kept constant by lowering the blood flow, Dl increased by 50%. In four preparations, in which left atrial pressure was lowered while blood flow was increased so that mean intravascular pressure remained approximately constant, there was no demonstrable increase in Dl. We conclude that the pressure across the walls of the pulmonary blood vessels is a primary factor in controlling the size of the pulmonary capillary bed as measured by Dl. No independent effect of flow was observed. Submitted on September 9, 1959
Restraint adaptation and altitude tolerance in the rat
Authors: Bartlett R. G. , Phillips N. E. 
Published: December 2017

Sixty-four adult male, albino Wistar rats were divided equally into two groups. Members of one group were subjected to the stress of light restraint for 1 week to produce adaptation to this stress. The other group was not restrained and served as controls. For the altitude tolerance studies both groups were further divided into restrained and nonrestrained animals which were simultaneously exposed to an altitude of 33,500 feet. Both the restrained and nonrestrained restraint-adapted animals showed significantly longer survival times than the corresponding nonadapted rats. Restraint adaptation, however, did not prevent the earlier deaths of the restrained as compared to the nonrestrained animals. The possible physiologic mechanisms involved are discussed. Submitted on March 18, 1960
Cardiovascular changes during acceleration stress in dogs
Authors: Hershgold Edward J. , Steiner Sheldon H. 
Published: December 2017

Dogs were accelerated on the Wright-Patterson AFB human centrifuge in positive and transverse vectors. Cardiac output, blood pressure and heart rate were measured, and stroke volume and peripheral resistance calculated. In positive (headward) acceleration, the cardiac output and stroke volume were reduced; the peripheral resistance was increased. In the transverse vectors, the cardiac output was stable or increased; stroke volume was stable, and peripheral resistance was reduced. The results suggest that the circulatory disturbances associated with positive acceleration may limit tolerance to acceleration and that these may be avoided in transverse acceleration. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Peter Grenell) Submitted on December 3, 1959
Effect of insulin on D-xylose disappearance in diabetic patients
Authors: Field James B. , Johnson Phyllis 
Published: December 2017

The effect of intravenous insulin on the rate of disappearance of d-xylose has been studied in two nondiabetics and five diabetic patients. Although insulin accelerated the disappearance rate of d-xylose in nondiabetics, it had no effect on blood levels of d-xylose in insulin-treated diabetic patients. This inability of insulin to increase the rate of disappearance of d-xylose was not related to hyperglycemia since no effect was observed in a diabetic patient at a time when her blood sugar concentration was normal. Diabetes per se was not responsible for this lack of effect since insulin did increase the rate of d-xylose disappearance in a diabetic patient who had never received insulin therapy. Since insulin caused a slower decline in the blood sugar of the insulin-treated diabetics than in the nondiabetics it is suggested that the rate at which insulin acts determines whether or not there will be an effect on d-xylose. In the insulin-treated diabetic, the presence of insulin antibodies could retard insulin action and account for the absence of an effect on d-xylose. Submitted on May 16, 1960
Comparison of thermal sensitivity of the forehead, lip, conjunctiva and cornea
Authors: Kenshalo D. R. 
Published: December 2017

The cornea is innervated by bare nerve endings of greater density than skin. If these act as thermal receptors, the cornea should be more sensitive to thermal stimulation than skin because of its dense innervation, surface proximity of the nerve terminals and absence of vascular system. Comparisons were made of the thermal sensitivities of the upper lip, forehead, conjunctiva and cornea. Although no thermal sensations were obtained from the cornea by applications of temperatures ranging from 20° to 55°C, all observers reported sensation changes at certain points on the temperature continuum. These were described in terms of irritation, whereas similar temperatures applied to the other sites felt cool, warm or hot. Comparison of the cool, warm and hot thresholds of the lip, forehead and conjunctiva showed them to be generally similar (P > 0.05). Stimulus temperatures at which corneal sensations changed were significantly different (P < 0.002) from the thresholds obtained at the other test sites. It is concluded that the cornea differs both quantitatively and qualitatively in its response to thermal stimulation from the other regions tested. Note: (With the Assistance of B. P. Childers and R. Webb) Submitted on June 10, 1960
Effect of drinking intoxicating amounts of alcoholic beverage on uropepsin excretion
Authors: Greenberg Leon A. , Lester David 
Published: December 2017

In human subjects who drank intoxicating amounts of a strong alcoholic beverage (dry martini) the amount of uropepsin excreted before, during and after drinking was measured. Hangover symptomatology was also evaluated. Each subject was tested with alcoholic beverage alone, beverage followed by aspirin and beverage followed by antacid. The alcoholic beverage alone resulted in a marked increase in uropepsin excretion shortly after drinking, with hypersecretion persisting through the hangover period. Treatment with antacid obviated this increased excretion of uropepsin, and also significantly ameliorated some of the symptoms of hangover. It was tentatively concluded from these observations that the irritating action of the alcohol on the gastric mucosa caused the increased secretion of uropepsin and some of the hangover symptomatology. Submitted on July 30, 1959
Influence of cerebral activity in wakefulness on regulation of breathing
Authors: Fink B. Raymond 
Published: December 2017

Thirteen healthy men, unaware of the objectives of this study, underwent passive or active overventilation lowering the end-expiration carbon dioxide tension to 25 mm. Hg or below. At the end of the period of hyperventilation, rhythmic respiration continued uninterrupted at approximately the control frequency. The volume of ventilation was above control during the first minute of recovery and then stabilized at about two-thirds of the control volume; it continued at this level for over 10 minutes during which time the end-expiration PCO2 gradually rose toward the control level. No instance of periodic breathing occurred. The absence of overventilatory apnea in the waking condition contrasts with its easy elicitation during general anesthesia. It is concluded that cerebral activity associated with wakefulness is a component of the normal respiratory drive, and that carbon dioxide acts by augmenting the effects of this component. Submitted on June 27, 1960
Water exchange in animal and human tumors
Authors: Bloch Jack H. , Millar Florence K. , Harris Alvin R. , Berlin Nathaniel I. , White Julius 
Published: December 2017

The equilibration of tritiated water in the blood with the water of nine tumors of wide histologic variety and anatomic location in four different host species, rat, mouse, hamster and man, was studied following intravenous injection of labeled water. Evidence is presented that the rate of water exchange for eight of these tumors is essentially the same; that tumor water in comparison with liver, muscle and skin equilibrates slowly with blood water; that the major limiting factor in this exchange is blood supply; and that the rate of water exchange in the tumor is increased by ether anesthesia. Submitted on August 9, 1960
Effect of varying indicator injection sites on values for cardiac output
Authors: Gunnells J. Caulie , Gorten Ralph 
Published: December 2017

Simultaneous injections of Evans blue dye (T-1824) and iodinated (I131) human serum albumin (IHSA) into the antecubital or femoral veins of four normal subjects gave the same values for cardiac output when arterial samples were analyzed. Two indicator dilution curves were constructed from arterial samples collected after the simultaneous injection of dye into the superior vena cava and IHSA into the antecubital or femoral vein. A third dilution curve was recorded by a crystal placed against the chest in a position where it was activated by IHSA in both right and left chambers of the heart. Observations were made in the resting state and after the circulation was increased by atropine or isoproterenol. In the analysis of arterial samples, injection of an indicator into the superior vena cava gave lower values for cardiac output than injection into the antecubital or femoral veins. When the isotope was injected (in a volume of 1.5–2 ml) into an antecubital vein, the values for cardiac output calculated by external counting were similar to values obtained by arterial sampling of dye injected into the superior vena cava. The values for cardiac output by external counting after femoral injection of the indicator were consistently higher than the values obtained with the centrally injected dye. Submitted on July 6, 1960
Effects of irradiation of chest on pulmonary function in man
Authors: Emirgil C. , Heinemann H. O. 
Published: December 2017

Fifteen patients, free from cardiac and pulmonary disease, but receiving radiotherapy for carcinoma of the breast or carcinoma of the lung, were studied to determine the effect of irradiation on pulmonary function. Lung volumes, the distribution of inspired air, the levels of gases in the arterial blood, the diffusing capacity of the lung, and the mechanics of breathing were measured before and at varying intervals after the completion of radiotherapy. The results showed: early and progressive reduction of inspiratory capacity (IC) and residual volume (RV), decreasing the total lung capacity (TLC) without changing the RV/TLC ratio; unchanged distribution of inspired air; mild hypoxemia at rest; reduced diffusing capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide; and an early and progressive decrease in pulmonary compliance. These observations indicate that irradiation of the chest is complicated by a decrease in lung volumes, an impairment of the diffusing capacity, and an increase in the work of breathing. Submitted on September 6, 1960
Adrenal catecholamines in E. coli endotoxin shock
Authors: Nykiel Florian , Glaviano Vincent V. 
Published: December 2017

In dogs with left adrenal cannulation, administration of 1 mg/kg of purified E. coli endotoxin resulted in a decrease in mean blood pressure and adrenal blood flow. These changes were accompanied by significant increases in levels of epinephrine in adrenal venous blood. Release of epinephrine by the adrenals in endotoxin shock was due to a neurogenic mechanism, since sectioning of the splanchnic nerves prevented secretion of epinephrine. The rise in epinephrine output from an intact adrenal was noted to occur only in the presence of a significant decrease in arterial blood pressure; therefore endotoxin causes adrenal stimulation from reflexes initiated by the hypothalamus or peripheral baroreceptors. Submitted on September 20, 1960
Tensile strength of bone along and across the grain
Authors: Dempster Wilfrid T. , Coleman Robert F. 
Published: December 2017

Standardized test specimens of cortical bone from museum specimens of tibia and mandible (dry and water soaked) were subjected to direct tension or to bending till failure. Cortical bone from the same bone was tested both along and crosswise to the predominant direction of the Haversian systems. The cross-grain ultimate tensile strength of bone is much less than the parallel-to-grain strength (–1/12 of the parallel-to-grain strength). The ultimate tensile strength of bone as tested cross grain is less than its compressive strength as tested cross grain. Data from wet and dry tests are presented, with photomicrographs of fracture regions. This provides clues regarding the weaker structural features of bone and type of failure observed. Weaker structural elements are the cement lines surrounding osteones and the planes between the lamellae of Haversian systems; differences in fibrous tearing at certain fracture edges suggest that bone is weaker parallel to rather than transverse with the predominant orientation of the collagenous fibers. Submitted on August 15, 1960
Chronic thoracic duct-esophageal shunt preparation in protein studies
Authors: Kolmen S. N. 
Published: December 2017

A procedure for chronic lymphaticoesophageal shunt is presented. Daily samples of blood and lymph from 10 dogs were analyzed for total protein and fibrinogen concentrations. The data obtained for a 5-day period are presented to indicate the utility of this preparation in the study of those proteins which enter the systemic circulation via the lymphatics. Submitted on October 6, 1960
Respiratory impedance and volume flow at high frequency in dogs
Authors: Hull Wayland Elroy , Long Ernest Croft 
Published: December 2017

Sinusoidal forcing at frequencies up to 11 cycle/sec was applied to the anesthetized, apneic dog in a body respirator. Using an oscilloscope and the Lissajous patterns displayed by the simultaneous recording of driving pressure and volume flow, the frequency (resonant; mean, 5.4 cycle/sec) at which there was zero phase shift was determined. By analogy with an inductance-resistance-capacitance network, inertance (mean, .041 cm H2O/liter/sec2) was derived from static compliance (mean, .022 liter/cm H2O) and resonant frequency. Impedance at each frequency and damping ratio (mean, 1.57) was calculated. Tissue resistance was found to be 19% of the total resistance (mean, 4.3 cm H2O/liter/sec). A nomogram was constructed to facilitate the determination of inertance and the coding of data as electrical analogues. Submitted on September 16, 1960
Function of leg muscles acting on foot as modified by body movements
Authors: Houtz S. J. , Fischer Frederick J. 
Published: December 2017

Leg muscles acting on the foot as a supporting base were recorded electromyographically from normal young adults during selected postural movements. Surface electrodes picked up action potentials simultaneously from the tibialis anterior and posterior, extensor digitorum longus, peroneus longus and brevis, gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorum longus. Motion pictures and photographs of the various procedures were taken to assist in analysis of changes in body position during activity. These activities included postural changes, shifting body weight, and resisting external forces applied to the upper trunk. Movements initiated in the trunk, which automatically changed position of the leg on the foot, may or may not modify the magnitude of action potentials evoked in those muscles which contract during relaxed standing. To resist gravitational or external forces, the multijointed upper segments realign to assist the foot in maintaining its position as a supporting base. The majority of activities performed by the head, trunk, upper extremities, and pelvis produced changes in position of the leg on the foot which are automatic and seldom brought into the field of conscious control. Submitted on January 9, 1961
Effect of pressure suit inflation on pulmonary capillary blood volume
Authors: Ross Joseph C. , Maddock Gene E. , Ley Glen D. 
Published: December 2017

Compression of the lower part of the body by an aviator's G suit produces acute pulmonary vascular engorgement and increases pulmonary vascular pressure. In previous studies, pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide (Dl) was increased by this procedure, presumably due to increase in the pulmonary capillary blood volume (Vc), and apparently indicating that the pulmonary capillary bed can be passively dilated by increased intravascular pressure. In the present study, the effect of G-suit inflation on Dl was again studied in 12 normal subjects, but also with determinations of Dl at different alveolar O2 tensions so that Vc and the true pulmonary membrane diffusing capacity (Dm) could be calculated. Studies were made in each subject with the suit on, uninflated and then inflated. With suit inflation, Dl was increased in all 12 subjects (27%), Vc was increased in 11 subjects (33%), and Dm was increased in 10 subjects (21%). These studies show that the pulmonary capillary bed can be passively dilated by increased intravascular pressure, but it is not possible to distinguish between the two possible mechanisms, dilatation of open capillaries or opening of previously closed ones. Submitted on December 22, 1960
Influence of ammonia on respiration
Authors: Renzetti Attilio D. , Harris Barton A. , Bowen John F. 
Published: December 2017

Elevations of the concentration of ammonia in arterial blood to 20 times that of control values, or more, were induced in nine patients by the intravenous administration of an approximately neutral solution of 2 m glycine. During the course of the infusion, increases were observed in uptake of oxygen, output of carbon dioxide, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilation, and arterial pCO2; small reductions in arterial pH accompanied these changes. The net effects observed during glycine administration were metabolic stimulation and relative respiratory depression. A poor correlation (γ = 0.23) was shown to exist between ventilation and the calculated arterial ammonia tension. In addition, in the two patients so studied, the ventilatory response to the inhalation of 5% carbon dioxide in air was decreased during a period in which the concentration of ammonia in the blood was elevated. It is concluded that elevating the concentration of ammonia in the blood to as high as 500 μg/100 ml does not stimulate respiration and may depress it perhaps by changing the pH within chemosensitive cells toward alkalinity. Submitted on February 28, 1961
Effects of training and competitive swimming on serum proteins
Authors: Johnson Thomas F. , Wong Harry Y. C. 
Published: December 2017

The major concern of this investigation was to observe chronic and/or acute effects of a typical intercollegiate training and competitive swimming program on plasma protein levels in young men. Plasma protein levels, followed over a period of 14 months in seven young college men, were analyzed by the technique of paper electrophoresis. No chronic effects in plasma proteins were observed; that is, no permanent change in plasma protein level was seen. Comparisons of data between competitive and noncompetitive seasons showed no significant difference. However, there were acute effects resulting from brief maximal exercise efforts. Albumin increased in response to participation in one or more competitive swimming events. A slight decrease was observed in the beta-globulin fraction. A similar albumin-beta pattern was seen in another group of varsity swimmers sprinting 220 yards. In both instances, the greatest deviation from pre-exercise levels was observed the next morning, some 11—20 hr later. Some of the mechanisms thought to act in causing a temporary alteration in plasma proteins during and after exercise are discussed. Submitted on October 12, 1960
Ventilation of lungs in deeply hypothermic rats
Authors: Adolph E. F. , Naberschnig A. , Orchard D. P. 
Published: December 2017

Ventilation (Vi), oxygen consumption (Vo2) and heart rate (H) were measured at esophageal temperatures (T) of 8—24 C. The trachea was cannulated; a body plethysmograph and pressure transducer registered breath volumes. Vo2 was computed from oxygen content of effluent air. Vi, Vo2, and H were each related to T by a regression of low slope from 8 to 18 C, and a high nearly-linear slope above 18∘ But the proportions among the three parameters changed; Vi was relatively less below 18∘. Breaths were increasingly irregular as T decreased below 24∘. Hypoxia induced greater Vi at 16—21∘, but not at 13∘, nor after excision of the carotid bodies. Vo2 in hypoxia was greatly reduced; at 12—17∘ a Vo2 as low as one-fifth of that in air continued for an hour. H also decreased sharply at Po2 below 50 mm Hg. Carbon dioxide induced faster Vi even at 12∘; its effects were not modified by carotidectomy. Gasps were regularly induced by hypoxia, and usually by hypercapnia; they occurred just as frequently after carotidectomy. Submitted on October 26, 1960