bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Control through Command to the Control of Discretion: Labour Time, Labour Property and the Tools of Managerial Control in Early Twentieth Century Ontario
Authors: Mummé Claire 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The common law contract of employment is often described as the ‘original’ form of modern work regulation, and tales of its origins feature in many historical narratives about the development of modern labour law. But despite its reputed pedigree and normative centrality, the historical development of the common law of employment contracts has not received significant attention. This paper begins to address this gap by investigating the evolution of the common law of employment contracts in the early twentieth century in one common law jurisdiction, the Canadian province of Ontario. Between the 1890s and 1930s the courts of Ontario applied a newly emerging legal paradigm from England, constructed around changing notions of property in employment, employment duration and the tools of managerial control. These ideas served to reorganise the common law of employments by simultaneously placing limits on the content of the exchange in an employment contract, while expanding employers’ rights of control so as to permit them to regulate workers’ exercise of discretion. Together these developments solidified Ontario’s first modern common law paradigm regarding work, ideas that would remain more or less in place until the early 1960s.
Sarcopenia and two types of presarcopenia in Japanese patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Hiraoka Atsushi , Michitaka Kojiro , Ueki Hidetaro , Kaneto Miho , Aibiki Toshihiko , Okudaira Tomonari , Kawakami Takamasa , Yamago Hiroka , Suga Yoshifumi , Tomida Hideomi , Miyamoto Yuji , Azemoto Nobuaki , Mori Kenichiro , Miyata Hideki , Tsubouchi Eiji , Ninomiya Tomoyuki , Hirooka Masashi , Abe Masanori , Matsuura Bunzo , Hiasa Yoichi 
Published: May 2016

Background/aim
The frequency of sarcopenia, defined as loss of both muscle volume and strength, was analyzed in chronic liver disease (CLD).

Methods and materials
From April to September 2015, 807 Japanese CLD patients treated as outpatients were enrolled (67.1±10.0 years, men : women=466 : 341, hepatitis C virus : hepatitis B virus : hepatitis B and C virus : alcohol : other=511 : 134 : 3 : 45 : 114). Sarcopenia was diagnosed when the patient showed muscle volume loss and reduced handgrip strength, whereas those with only muscle volume loss were classified as ‘v-presarcopenia’ and those with only reduced handgrip strength were classified as ‘s-presarcopenia’. Muscle volume loss was determined using computed tomography findings and a previously reported index (psoas index), and cut-off values for reduced handgrip strength presented by the Asia Working Group for Sarcopenia (AWGS) (AWGS/grip criteria) and European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) (EWGSOP/grip criteria) (men; 26 and 30 kg, women; 18 and 20 kg, respectively) were used. Clinical features were analyzed for diagnoses of chronic hepatitis (CH, n=381), liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh A (n=330), and liver cirrhosis Child-Pugh B/C (n=96).

Results
When the AWGS/grip criteria were used, the frequencies of sarcopenia, v-presarcopenia, and s-presarcopenia in CH were 3.9, 7.9, and 19.4%, whereas those in Child-Pugh A were 4.8, 17.6, and 21.8% and those in Child-Pugh B/C were 16.7, 11.5, and 39.6%, respectively. When the EWGSOP/grip criteria were used, these frequencies were 7.1, 4.7, and 33.1%, in CH, 11.8, 10.6, and 32.7%, in Child-Pugh A, and 21.9, 6.3, and 49.0%, in Child-Pugh B/C, respectively. The incidence rates of sarcopenia and both types of presarcopenia increased with progression of CLD.

Conclusion
Evaluation of handgrip strength and psoas index is an easy and effective method for the detection of sarcopenia and presarcopenia.
Pitfalls of Sonographic Imaging of Uterine Leiomyoma
Authors: Early Heather M. , McGahan John P. , Scoutt Leslie M. , Revzin Margarita , Lamba Ramit , Corwin Michael , Fananapazir Ghaneh , Sekhon Simran 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Leiomyomas are the most common uterine tumor and the most common cause of uterine enlargement in the nonpregnant patient. Sonography is the imaging modality of choice for the initial diagnosis and imaging workup of uterine leiomyomas and is also extremely helpful in determining the etiology of a broad range of pelvic symptoms in the female patient. Although the classic sonographic appearance of uterine leiomyomas is well established and easily recognizable, other pelvic masses may occasionally be confused with uterine leiomyomas, and the ability to distinguish between these entities is crucial in optimizing appropriate patient care. This article will review pelvic abnormalities that can be confused on ultrasound with uterine leiomyomas and potential methods that can be used to avoid these pitfalls.
The influence of hexamethylenetetramine on the structure and corrosion resistance of phosphate coating on AZ31 magnesium alloy
Authors: Li Jiansan , Li Yali , Chen Yanqin , Sun Jiawei , Wang Chunxiao , Zheng Yingcai , Zhong Huiting 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to report the influence of hexamethylenetetramine (HMTA) on phosphate coatings formed on AZ31 magnesium alloys.

Design/methodology/approach
These phosphate coatings were obtained by immersing magnesium alloys in phosphate baths with HMTA. The morphology and composition of the phosphate coatings were investigated via scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectrometry and X-ray diffraction.

Findings
The phosphate coatings were mainly composed of CaHPO4·2H2O. The HMTA concentration in the phosphate bath influenced the crystallization and corrosion resistance of the phosphate coating.

Originality/value
The polarization curve shows that the anti-corrosion qualities of the phosphate coating were optimal when the HMTA concentration was 1.0 g/L in the phosphate bath. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) shows that the electrochemical impedances increased gradually when the HMTA concentration varied from 1.0 to 3.0 g/L.
The effect of product placements on the evaluation of movies
Authors: Meyer Jeffrey , Song Reo , Ha Kyoungnam 
Published: May 2016

PurposeWhen advertising is provided in the form of product placements – the inclusion of branded products within media programming – it can increase or decrease the consumer’s utility. This paper aims to investigate the relationship between product placements and the evaluation of media programming by consumers. The authors hypothesize that consumers do not necessarily consider them as traditional advertising because placements of real brands can enhance realism even if placements sometimes interrupt consumption experience. Thus, the authors believe the relationship between product placements and consumer evaluation is overall positive. However, too many product placements in a single program may reverse this relationship. In addition, the relationship might differ based on the nature of programming, such as art versus entertainment films.Design/methodology/approachEmpirical analyses were conducted on 134 movies released between 2000 and 2007 using a generalized method of moments instrumental variable approach.FindingsThe estimation results from product placement data on 134 movies released between 2000 and 2007 show that product placements have a significant positive effect on consumer ratings, but when used in excess, the effect becomes negative. In addition, a significant interaction exists between the nature of the film (mainstream vs independent) and the number of placements, such that consumers of independent films are much less likely to view product placements positively.Originality/valueThis research is the first empirical paper that demonstrates the effect of product placements on the evaluation of the media using secondary data.
How alternative consumer markets can build community resiliency
Authors: Ozanne Lucie K. , Ozanne Julie L. 
Published: May 2016

PurposeTime banking is a form of alternative consumer market where members trade services, non-reciprocally creating a local marketplace for services. Time Banks facilitate dyadic exchanges, meeting members’ practical needs and building diverse skills. The purpose of this research was to determine the broad capabilities developed in the Time Bank economy, and to demonstrate how these capabilities were mobilised following a series of earthquakes, contributing to the larger community’s resiliency.Design/methodology/approachTaking an ethnographic approach, data were collected using a variety of methods including interviews, focus groups, participant observation and secondary research.FindingsOver time, this alternative consumer market developed a significant communication and social network that members activated to solve diverse practical problems facing the community. Similar to other exchange communities, the Time Bank also fostered a strong sense of community based on reciprocity and egalitarian values. Although the Time Bank was created as a marketplace to exchange local services, during a series of devastating earthquakes, it galvanised adaptive capacities, increasing the resiliency of the local community during disaster relief and reconstruction.Research limitations/implicationsThe data were drawn from one alternative exchange system in New Zealand.Practical implicationsThe study shows how grassroots alternative consumer markets like Time Banks build community capacities alongside the formal economy. During normal times, this system meets consumer needs, but in extraordinary times, this system provides community shock absorbers, thereby enhancing community resiliency.Social implicationsThe Time Bank was particularly adept at leveraging local knowledge to provide social support to those residents who were most vulnerable.Originality/valueData were collected before, during, and after the earthquakes, providing a rare opportunity to explore the process of community resiliency in action. This research extends existing theories of community resiliency explaining the development and activation of capacities by a local alternative consumer market.
Web-based GIS technologies for monitoring and analysis of spatio-temporal processes
Authors: Gitis Valery , Derendyaev Alexander , Weinstock Arkady 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to describe two Web-based technologies of geographic information systems (GIS) to be used in monitoring and analysis of environmental processes, proposed by the authors. The technologies analyze the temporal aspect of the process together with the spatial aspect, which defers them from most other works on environmental processes, as these are usually limited either to spatial statistics or to temporal statistics. The approach is instrumental in dynamically finding the relationships between the processes and predicting critical incidents.

Design/methodology/approach
Often, the study of natural processes is limited to the analysis of their spatial properties presented by individual time series. The principal idea of this approach consists in supplementing this traditional analysis with the analysis of time fields. In this way, the authors are able to analyze temporal and spatial properties of environmental processes together.

Findings
The paper presents two technologies which provide the analysis of spatial and temporal data obtained in natural environment monitoring. The discussed spatio-temporal data mining methods are shown to enable the research into environmental processes, and the solution of practical issues of critical situation forecasts.

Originality/value
The paper discussed Web-based GIS technologies for the analysis of the temporal aspect of the environmental process together with the spatial aspect. Application examples demonstrate the ability of this approach to find the relationships in dynamics of the processes and to predict critical incidents.
Effect of workplace incivility on job satisfaction and turnover intentions in India
Authors: Sharma Naman , Singh V. K. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the effects of workplace incivility on job satisfaction and employees’ turnover intentions in Indian work settings.Design/methodology/approach– Data were collected randomly from 283 employees at various restaurants in the Northern and Western parts of India via the survey method and, thereafter, hierarchical regression analysis was performed to analyze the data.Findings– The study established that moderate to high levels of workplace-incivility-related issues are present in India’s restaurant industry. Regression analysis further revealed that workplace incivility is negatively related to job satisfaction and positively related to employee turnover in the Indian context as well.Practical implications– Relevant recommendations are presented to restaurant owners as well as HR practitioners that could curb unethical practices in Indian restaurants and promote civil behavior in the workplace.Originality/value– Relevant extant studies have recognized that there is a need to study workplace incivility in different cultures to establish the global relevance of the subject. This research studied the impact of workplace incivility on job satisfaction and turnover intentions with respect to Indian employees.
Structure‐adaptive Shape Editing for Man‐made Objects
Authors: Fu Qiang , Chen Xiaowu , Su Xiaoyu , Li Jia , Fu Hongbo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOne of the challenging problems for shape editing is to adapt shapes with diversified structures for various editing needs. In this paper we introduce a shape editing approach that automatically adapts the structure of a shape being edited with respect to user inputs. Given a category of shapes, our approach first classifies them into groups based on the constituent parts. The group‐sensitive priors, including both inter‐group and intra‐group priors, are then learned through statistical structure analysis and multivariate regression. By using these priors, the inherent characteristics and typical variations of shape structures can be well captured. Based on such group‐sensitive priors, we propose a framework for real‐time shape editing, which adapts the structure of shape to continuous user editing operations. Experimental results show that the proposed approach is capable of both structure‐preserving and structure‐varying shape editing.
Generalized As‐Similar‐As‐Possible Warping with Applications in Digital Photography
Authors: Chen Renjie , Gotsman Craig 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDiscrete conformal mappings of planar triangle meshes, also known as the As‐Similar‐As‐Possible (ASAP) mapping, involve the minimization of a quadratic energy function, thus are very easy to generate and are popular in image warping scenarios. We generalize this classical mapping to the case of quad meshes, taking into account the mapping of the interior of the quad, and analyze in detail the most common case ‐ the unit grid mesh. We show that the generalization, when combined with barycentric coordinate mappings between the source and target polygons, spawns an entire family of new mappings governed by quadratic energy functions, which allow to control quite precisely various effects of the mapping. This approach is quite general and applies also to arbitrary planar polygon meshes.As an application of generalized ASAP mappings of the unit grid mesh, we demonstrate how they can be used to warp digital photographs to achieve a variety of effects. One such effect is modifying the perspective of the camera that took a given photograph (without moving the camera). A related, but more challenging, effect is re‐photography ‐ warping a contemporary photograph in order to reproduce the camera view present in a vintage photograph of the same scene ‐ taken many years before with a different camera from a different viewpoint. We apply the generalized ASAP mapping to these images, discretized to a unit grid. Using a quad mesh (as opposed to a triangle mesh) permits biasing towards affine maps of the unit squares. This allows the introduction of an As‐Affine‐As‐Possible (AAAP) mapping for a good approximation of the homographies present in these warps, achieving quite accurate results. We demonstrate the advantages of the AAAP mapping on a variety of synthetic and real‐world examples.
Boundary Detection in Particle‐based Fluids
Authors: Sandim Marcos , Cedrim Douglas , Nonato Luis Gustavo , Pagliosa Paulo , Paiva Afonso 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a novel method to detect free‐surfaces on particle‐based volume representation. In contrast to most particle‐based free‐surface detection methods, which perform the surface identification based on physical and geometrical properties derived from the underlying fluid flow simulation, the proposed approach only demands the spatial location of the particles to properly recognize surface particles, avoiding even the use of kernels. Boundary particles are identified through a Hidden Point Removal (HPR) operator used for visibility test. Our method is very simple, fast, easy to implement and robust to changes in the distribution of particles, even when facing large deformation of the free‐surface. A set of comparisons against state‐of‐the‐art boundary detection methods show the effectiveness of our approach. The good performance of our method is also attested in the context of fluid flow simulation involving free‐surface, mainly when using level‐sets for rendering purposes.
Effect of Low‐level Visual Details in Perception of Deformation
Authors: Han D. , Keyser J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe quantitatively measure how different low‐level visual details can influence people's perceived stiffness of a deformable sphere under physically based simulation. The result can be used to create a metric for artists in designing textures to enhance or reduce the stiffness perceived by a viewer.We use a checkerboard texture to render the simulation of a free falling sphere that collides with the ground and bounces up. We vary the spatial frequency and contrast of the checkerboard pattern according to results seen in a previous study on the Spatial‐Temporal Contrast Sensitivity Function (CSF). We find that checkerboard pattern with certain combinations of spatial frequency and contrast can reduce the perceived stiffness. We also add a high contrast checkerboard background to study how complex backgrounds can influence the effect of low‐level details in textures of foreground objects. Our study shows that the effect of low‐level visual details in foreground objects observed previously disappears in this situation. This indicates the importance of background, even if it is static.
VBTC: GPU‐Friendly Variable Block Size Texture Encoding
Authors: Krajcevski P. , Golas A. , Ramani K. , Shebanow M. , Manocha D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRecent advances in computer graphics have relied on high‐quality textures in order to generate photorealistic real‐time images. Texture compression standards meet these growing demands for data, but current texture compression schemes use fixed‐rate methods where statically sized blocks of pixels are represented using the same numbers of bits irrespective of their data content. In order to account for the natural variation in detail, we present an alternative format that allows variable bit‐rate texture compression with minimal changes to texturing hardware. Our proposed scheme uses one additional level of indirection to allow the variation of the block size across the same texture. This single change is exploited to both vary the amount of bits allocated to certain parts of the texture and to duplicate redundant texture information across multiple pixels. To minimize hardware changes, the method picks combinations of block sizes and compression methods from existing fixed‐rate standards. With this approach, our method is able to demonstrate energy savings of up to 50%, as well as higher quality compressed textures over current state of the art techniques.
Understanding Benign Liquidity Traps: The Case of Japan
Authors: Homburg Stefan 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Japan has been in a benign liquidity trap since the 1990s. In a benign liquidity trap, interest rates approach zero and monetary policy is ineffective but output and employment perform decently. Such a pattern contradicts traditional macro theories. This paper introduces a monetary general equilibrium model that is compatible with Japan’s performance and resolves puzzles associated with liquidity traps. Possible conclusions for Anglo-Saxon countries and eurozone members are also discussed.
The Role of Information Density in Infrastructure Investment
Authors: Sharma Rajiv , Knight Eric 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe twentieth century witnessed an extraordinary flow of institutional investment into urban infrastructure. Notwithstanding this, the demand for infrastructure projects exceeds supply of skills and capital. With this disconnect as a backdrop we develop a model of information flow to examine how financial assets are transacted over time and space. Specifically, we build on conceptualisations of “information content” from Clark and O'Connor () to propose a way of theorising “information density”. We apply this specifically to infrastructure investment and find four ways in which infrastructure investment is highly dense. This relates to asset‐level definitions in infrastructure, opacity with respect to how products are securitised, high variance in investment performance, and high relational and investment expertise. We draw on a large qualitative sample of 53 in‐depth interviews, which we validate with quantitative data, to support our findings.
Detection of Emetic Toxin Genes in Bacillus cereus Isolated from Food and their Production of Cereulide in Liquid Culture
Authors: Phat Chanvorleak , Kim Suhwan , Park Juhee , Lee Chan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBacillus cereus is a Gram‐positive that is ubiquitous in foods and the wider environment. The B. cereus emetic toxin, cereulide, synthesized by nonribosomal peptide synthetase (NRPS), can cause either gastrointestinal disorders and/or emetic form of food poisoning. In this study, 108 B. cereus isolates from foods were tested for a correlation between the presence of emetic toxin genes and cereulide production. Based on 16S rRNA sequence analysis, 107 isolates were identical to B. cereus spp. Further experiments showed that fourteen isolates exhibited 1,271, 2,200 and 188‐bp bands, corresponding to amplification of the ces1, ces2 and NRPS gene, respectively. However, only 7 out of 13 strains possessing the NRPS, ces1, and ces2 genes produced cereulide in liquid culture. Strain number 93, isolated from fresh vegetables, produced the highest levels of cereulide (11.17 μg/mL); maximum cereulide levels were observed after 4 days of cultivation at 30C in LB broth. The amount of cereulide produced differed between each isolate.Practical ApplicationsThe incident of Bacillus cereus in food could cause food poisoning. The results of our study on the presence of B. cereus in spoiled foods demonstrated that not all the food poisoning B. cereus spp. have the ability to synthesize the emetic toxin, cereulide. Nonribosomal peptide synthetase and cereulide synthetase genes could be used as biological markers for differentiation of cereulide producing and nonproducing B. cereus. Estimation of cereulide level reveals that the amounts of cereulide produced by some strains were very high and could be a threat to human health if consumed in contaminated foods. This study presents proper methods to select cereulide producing food‐poisoning B. cereus spp. and gives more information on the condition of cereulide production to prevent future cases of emetic food poisoning.