bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Virus‐host interplay in high salt environments
Authors: Atanasova Nina S. , Bamford Dennis H. , Oksanen Hanna M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryInteraction of viruses and cells has tremendous impact on cellular and viral evolution, nutrient cycling and decay of organic matter. Thus, viruses can indirectly affect complex processes such as climate change and microbial pathogenicity. During recent decades, studies on extreme environments have introduced us to archaeal viruses and viruses infecting extremophilic bacteria or eukaryotes. Hypersaline environments are known to contain strikingly high numbers of viruses (∼109 particles per ml). Halophilic archaea, bacteria and eukaryotes inhabiting hypersaline environments have only a few cellular predators, indicating that the role of viruses is highly important in these ecosystems. Viruses thriving in high salt are called haloviruses and to date more than 100 such viruses have been described. Virulent, temperate, and persistent halovirus life cycles have been observed among the known isolates including the recently described SNJ1‐SNJ2 temperate virus pair which is the first example of an interplay between two haloviruses in one host cell. In addition to direct virus and cell isolations, metagenomics have provided a wealth of information about virus‐host dynamics in hypersaline environments suggesting that halovirus populations and halophilic microorganisms are dynamic over time and spatially distributed around the highly saline environments on the Earth.
Dolphin sociality, distribution and calving as important behavioural patterns informing management
Authors: Smith H. , Frère C. , Kobryn H. , Bejder L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractConservation management typically focuses on protecting wildlife habitat that is linked to important behaviours such as resting, breeding or caring for young. However, development of conservation strategies of social species would benefit from inclusion of social dynamics, particularly for species where social relationships influence fitness measures such as survival and reproduction. We combined the study of dolphin sociality, distribution and calving to identify important behavioural and ecological patterns to inform management. Over 3 consecutive years, 231 boat‐based photo‐identification surveys were conducted to individually identify adult female bottlenose dolphins over a 120 km2 area in Bunbury, Western Australia. The density distribution of female dolphins was highest in the inner waters during December–February (austral summer) and March (early autumn), which also coincided in time with the majority of calving. The temporal stability of social bonds between adult females was measured (using lagged association rates) and remained stable over multiple years. A cyclic model best described female–female associations with an annual peak occurring each austral summer (Dec–Jan–Feb). These results informed the implementation of a legislative no‐go area and vessel speed restriction areas. In addition to conventional management approaches of protecting important habitat and breeding periods, our measure of dolphin sociality provides a new metric to consider in conservation efforts. We encourage studies on socially complex species to incorporate social dynamics when evaluating possible impacts of anthropogenic activities.
Clinical outcomes and toxicity of postoperative intensity‐modulated versus three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy in patients with cervical cancer
Authors: Lan Mei‐Ling , Yu Xian , Xiao He , Zhou Peng , Hu Nan , Li Jian , Wang Ge 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTo compare the clinical outcomes and toxicity of pelvic intensity‐modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and three‐dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D‐CRT) as adjuvant postoperative treatment in patients with cervical cancer.MethodsBetween April 2008 and December 2013, 115 patients with International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics stages IA–IIB cervical cancer were initially treated with radical hysterectomy and underwent adjuvant pelvic external‐beam radiation therapy (EBRT) without brachytherapy. The median postoperative pelvic EBRT dose was 50 Gy (range, 45–50 Gy). Twenty‐six patients received IMRT and 89 patients underwent 3D‐CRT. Chemotherapy consisted of two to four courses of platinum‐based treatment. Locoregional control, disease‐free survival (DFS), overall survival (OS) and treatment‐related complications were compared between the two groups. No significant difference in clinical data was observed between groups.ResultsWith a median follow‐up of 28.6 months, 2‐year OS rates were 90.3% in the 3D‐CRT group and 91.6% in the IMRT group (P = 0.674), and DFS rates were 88.8% and 86.0%, respectively (P = 0.722). The rates of acute gastrointestinal (GI) and genitourinary (GU) toxicity were lower in the IMRT group than in the 3D‐CRT group (GI, 50% vs 84.3%, P = 0.009; GU, 19.2% vs 56.2%, P = 0.007).ConclusionOur results indicate that IMRT not only significantly reduced the rate of toxicity, but also provided good clinical outcomes consistent with those achieved with 3D‐CRT. However, further studies with more patients and longer follow‐up times are warranted to confirm the benefits of IMRT.
Does a distal perfusion cannula reduce ischaemic complications of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation?
Authors: Ma Robert Wai‐Leung , Huilgol Ravi L. , Granger Emily , Jackson Andrew , Saling Samantha , Dower Ashraf , Nivison‐Smith Ian 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundExtracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) provides support to patients with severe but reversible cardiac or pulmonary failure. Vascular complications of ECMO are well recognized.MethodsWe performed a retrospective review of 70 patients (mean age 48 years; 15–85) who received peripheral veno‐arterial ECMO from 2004 to 2010 in a single centre. For statistical analysis, chi‐squared test and multivariate binary logistic regression analysis were used to assess for association between response variables (i.e. limb ischaemia, ECMO site bleeding and deep vein thrombosis (DVT)) and possible predictive variables.ResultsThere were 14 (20%) cases of acute limb ischaemia with no statistically significant relationship between acute limb ischaemia and independent variables. Thirty‐three patients received distal limb cannulas (47%). There was no statistically significant association between limb ischaemia and presence of distal limb cannula (P = 0.8). Multivariate binary logistic regression analysis identified insertion by cutdown as a predictor of lower probability of insertion site bleeding (n = 12, odds ratio 0.24, P = 0.04). Seven cases of DVT were identified; multivariate binary logistic regression analysis identified insertion by cutdown (odds ratio 0.08, P = 0.03) and days of ECMO less than five (odds ratio 0.08, P = 0.04) as predictive factors for reduced rates of DVT.ConclusionIschaemic complications of ECMO are common and occur despite the presence of a distal limb‐perfusing cannula; however in our study the distal limb cannula was a limb‐salvaging intervention in six patients. Prolonged time on ECMO is a risk factor for DVT, and a high index of suspicion must be maintained. Percutaneous insertion was associated with higher rates of bleeding and DVT.
Bicycle helmet use to reduce the impact of head injuries in ladder users
Authors: Warren Leigh R. , Harley Simon , Dutschke Jeffrey , van den Berg Andrew , Dobbins Christopher 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to determine if wearing a bicycle helmet during ladder use could reduce the incidence and severity of head injury in the event of a fall.MethodsA headform model with inbuilt accelerometers was used to determine the Head Injury Criterion (HIC) score of head impact by dropping 41 helmeted and unhelmeted headforms from eight heights. These results were compared.ResultsThere was a statistically significant difference between averaged HIC scores in helmeted and unhelmeted drops (P < 0.001). Unhelmeted HIC scores ranged from 387 at 0.25 m to 2121 at 0.6 m. Helmeted HIC scores ranged from 29 at 0.25 m to 1199 at 2.5 m. At a height of 0.5 m, the risk of severe brain injury (AIS ≥4) from direct frontal head impact is predicted to reduce from >50% to <5% with helmet use.ConclusionThere was a significant decrease in the HIC scores when helmets are used and it is likely that the benefits would be seen in the clinical setting. These results provide an argument for the use of a bicycle helmets by all ladder users, in particular those over age 50 who are at increased risk of head injuries. We recommend that bicycle helmet use be incorporated into ladder injury prevention strategies.
Impact of a clinical decision making module on the attitudes and perceptions of surgical trainees
Authors: Bhatt Nikita R. , Doherty Eva M. , Mansour Ehab , Traynor Oscar , Ridgway Paul F. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundDecision making, a cognitive non‐technical skill, is a key element for clinical practice in surgery. Specific teaching about methods in clinical decision making (CDM) is a very recent addition to surgical training curricula in the UK and Ireland. Baseline trainee opinion on decision‐making modules is unknown. The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland's postgraduate training boot camp inaugural CDM module was investigated to elucidate the impact on the attitudes of CDM naïf trainees.MethodsThree standardized two‐hour workshops for three trainee groups were delivered. The trainees were assessed by an anonymous questionnaire before and after the module. Change in attitude of the trainees was determined by comparing Likert scale ratings using the Wilcoxon signed‐rank test.ResultsFifty‐seven newly appointed basic surgical trainees attended these workshops. A statistically significant rise in the proportion of candidates recognizing the importance of being taught CDM skills (P == 0.002) revealed the positive impact of the module, as did the increased understanding of different aspects of CDM like shared decision making (P == 0.035) and different styles of decision making (P == 0.013).ConclusionThese observed positive changes in trainee understanding and attitude toward CDM teaching supports the adoption of standardized modules into the curricula. More study is needed to define whether these modules will have measurable sustained enhancements of CDM skills.
Antinociceptive fatty acid patterns differ in children with psychosomatic recurrent abdominal pain and healthy controls
Authors: Alfven Gösta , Strandvik Birgitta 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimStress is considered to trigger psychosomatic recurrent abdominal pain (RAP), but the mechanism behind the pain is unclear. Because the essential fatty acids, omega‐6 and omega‐3, are involved in pain, by regulating lipid mediators, we analysed the fatty acid patterns in children with RAP compared to healthy children.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study of plasma phospholipid fatty acids in 22 consecutively included children with RAP, aged six to 16 years, at an outpatient clinic specialising in RAP. The controls were 100 healthy children previously reported on and analysed in the same laboratory.ResultsThe children with psychosomatic RAP showed higher mean concentrations of saturated fatty acids than the controls (49.0 mol% versus 47.4 mol%) but lower mean levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids (38.6 mol% versus 39.9 mol%). Omega‐3 fatty acids were lower in children with psychosomatic RAP, resulting in higher ratios of linoleic to alpha‐linolenic acids (p < 0.001) and arachidonic to eicosapentaenoic acids (p = 0.01), despite a lower concentration of arachidonic acid in children with RAP (p < 0.01).ConclusionThe results suggested an imbalance between nociceptive omega‐6 fatty acids and antinociceptive omega‐3 fatty acids in psychosomatic RAP. Further studies, including lipid mediators and oxidative products, are necessary to confirm an association.
Do goals lead to outcomes or can it be the other way around?: Causal ordering of mastery goals, metacognitive strategies, and achievement
Authors: King Ronnel B. , McInerney Dennis M. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundGoal theory research has mostly focused on the unidirectional effects of goals on learning strategies and academic achievement. Reciprocal relationships have mostly been neglected.AimsThe primary aim of this study was to examine the reciprocal relations and causal ordering of mastery goals, metacognitive strategy use, and academic achievement.SampleA total of 8,773 secondary students drawn from three cohorts in Hong Kong participated in the study.ResultsWe found that mastery goals and metacognitive strategy use exhibited reciprocal effects. Interestingly, and contrary to previous research, academic achievement was shown to predict mastery goal adoption and metacognitive strategy use but not the other way around. Results of the model were shown to be invariant across students of different genders, year levels, and school bands. Implications for goal theory research are discussed.
The G‐protein biased partial κ opioid receptor agonist 6′‐GNTI blocks hippocampal paroxysmal discharges without inducing aversion
Authors: Zangrandi Luca , Burtscher Johannes , MacKay James P , Colmers William F , Schwarzer Christoph 
Published: February 2016

Background and PurposeWith a prevalence of 1–2%, epilepsies belong to the most frequent neurological diseases worldwide. Although antiepileptic drugs are available since several decades, the incidence of patients that are refractory to medication is still over 30%. Antiepileptic effects of κ opioid receptor (κ receptor) agonists have been proposed since the 1980s. However, their clinical use was hampered by dysphoric side effects. Recently, G‐protein biased κ receptor agonists were developed, suggesting reduced aversive effects.Experimental ApproachWe investigated the effects of the κ receptor agonist U‐50488H and the G‐protein biased partial κ receptor agonist 6′‐GNTI in models of acute seizures and drug‐resistant temporal lobe epilepsy and in the conditioned place avoidance (CPA) test. Moreover, we performed slice electrophysiology to understand the functional mechanisms of 6′‐GNTI.Key ResultsAs previously shown for U‐50488H, 6′‐GNTI markedly increased the threshold for pentylenetetrazole‐induced seizures. All treated mice displayed reduced paroxysmal activity in response to U‐50488H (20 mg·kg−1) or 6′‐GNTI (10–30 nmoles) treatment in the mouse model of intra‐hippocampal injection of kainic acid. Single cell recordings on hippocampal pyramidal cells revealed enhanced inhibitory signalling as potential mechanisms causing the reduction of paroxysmal activity. Effects of 6′‐GNTI were blocked in both seizure models by the κ receptor antagonist 5′‐GNTI. Moreover, 6′‐GNTI did not induce CPA, a measure of aversive effects, while U‐50488H did.Conclusions and ImplicationsOur data provide the proof of principle that anticonvulsant/antiseizure and aversive effects of κ receptor activation can be pharmacologically separated in vivo.
Oceanic island biogeography through the lens of the general dynamic model: assessment and prospect
Authors: Borregaard Michael K. , Amorim Isabel R. , Borges Paulo A. V. , Cabral Juliano S. , Fernández‐Palacios José M. , Field Richard , Heaney Lawrence R. , Kreft Holger , Matthews Thomas J. , Olesen Jens M. , Price Jonathan , Rigal Francois , Steinbauer Manuel J. , Triantis Konstantinos A. , Valente Luis , Weigelt Patrick , Whittaker Robert J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe general dynamic model of oceanic island biogeography (GDM) has added a new dimension to theoretical island biogeography in recognizing that geological processes are key drivers of the evolutionary processes of diversification and extinction within remote islands. It provides a dynamic and essentially non‐equilibrium framework generating novel predictions for emergent diversity properties of oceanic islands and archipelagos. Its publication in 2008 coincided with, and spurred on, renewed attention to the dynamics of remote islands. We review progress, both in testing theGDM's predictions and in developing and enhancing ecological–evolutionary understanding of oceanic island systems through the lens of theGDM. In particular, we focus on four main themes: (i) macroecological tests using a space‐for‐time rationale; (ii) extensions of theory to islands following different patterns of ontogeny; (iii) the implications ofGDMdynamics for lineage diversification and trait evolution; and (iv) the potential for downscalingGDMdynamics to local‐scale ecological patterns and processes within islands. We also consider the implications of theGDMfor understanding patterns of non‐native species diversity. We demonstrate the vitality of the field of island biogeography by identifying a range of potentially productive lines for future research.
Peer Rejection, Victimization, and Relational Self‐System Processes in Adolescence: Toward a Transactional Model of Stress, Coping, and Developing Sensitivities
Authors: Zimmer‐Gembeck Melanie J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRejection and victimization by peers are significant stressors in the lives of many teenagers; both are highly salient and associated with developing symptoms of depression and anxiety. Conversely, emotional maladjustment can result in even more rejection and victimization over time. Given that rejection or victimization and emotional maladjustment mutually influence each other over time, researchers have asked why this occurs and how events unfold in adolescents’ lives. In this article, I describe relational self‐system processes, including perceptions of peer relationships, sensitivity to rejection, attributions of cause, perceived control, and coping responses. I conclude with ideas for research and ways to apply the findings.
A randomized controlled clinical trial comparing small buccal dehiscence defects around dental implants treated with guided bone regeneration or left for spontaneous healing
Authors: Jung Ronald E. , Herzog Milan , Wolleb Karin , Ramel Christian F. , Thoma Daniel S. , Hämmerle Christoph H. F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the present randomized controlled clinical study was to test whether small bony dehiscence defects (≤5 mm) left to heal spontaneously result in the same clinical and radiological outcome as defects treated with guided bone regeneration (GBR).Materials and methodsTwenty‐two patients who received at least one implant with a small bony dehiscence defect were enrolled in the study. If the defect height was ≤5 mm, the site was randomly assigned to either the spontaneous healing (SH) group or the GBR group. In the SH group, the defect was left without any treatment. In the GBR group, the defects around the implants were grafted with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) and covered with a native collagen membrane. Clinical and radiographic measurements were performed 6 months after implant placement with a reentry surgery and at the time of crown insertion and the subsequent follow‐up appointments at 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after loading. For statistical analyses, the mixed linear model was applied for the clinical and radiographic measurements observed around the implants. Simple comparisons of the location of the measurements in the two independent groups are performed with the Mann–Whitney U‐test. In addition, the mixed model assumptions were checked.ResultsThe implant and crown survival rate 18 months after loading was 100%, revealing no serious biologic or prosthetic complication. The mean changes of the buccal vertical bone height between implant placement and reentry surgery after 6 months revealed a small bone loss of −0.17 ± 1.79 mm (minimum −4 mm and maximum 2.5 mm) for the SH group and a bone gain of 1.79 ± 2.24 mm (minimum of −2.5 mm and maximum of 5 mm) for the GBR group, respectively (P = 0.017). Radiographic measurements demonstrated a slight bone loss of −0.39 ± 0.49 mm for the SH group and a stable bone level of 0.02 ± 0.48 mm for GBR group after 18 months. All peri‐implant soft tissue parameters revealed healthy tissues with no difference between the two groups.ConclusionSmall bony dehiscence defects left for spontaneous healing demonstrated high implant survival rates with healthy and stable soft tissues. However, they revealed more vertical bone loss at the buccal aspect 6 months after implant insertion and also more marginal bone loss between crown insertion and 18 months after loading compared to sites treated with GBR.
Usefulness of rhinomanometry in the identification and treatment of patients with obstructive sleep apnoea: an algorithm for predicting the relationship between nasal resistance and continuous positive airway pressure. a retrospective study
Authors: Hueto J. , Santaolalla F. , Sanchez‐del‐Rey A. , Martinez‐Ibargüen A. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesWe tried to assess the relationship between nasal resistance measured by rhinomanometry and the pressure used in CPAP.DesignRetrospective medical case series review, January 2004 to December 2014.SettingTertiary care academic medical centre.ParticipantsThirty‐eight patients (m = 56.55 years; male = 90.5%) with CPAP settings ≤8 and 39 patients (m = 57.49 years; male = 74.9%) with pressure settings ≥12.Main outcome measuresStudy variables were BMI, neck circumference, Epworth Sleepiness Scale score, nasopharyngeal examination and computerised anterior active rhinomanometry, sitting and supine, in basal conditions and after intranasal administration of oxymetazoline (0.05%). Nocturnal polysomnography was performed to calculate the apnoea–hypopnoea index without and with CPAP to analyse the effectiveness of the treatment.ResultsBMI and resistance in supine position after vasoconstriction at 150 Pa were useful variables to predict the pressure setting that should be used. We obtained an equation to calculate the probability that a patient requires a pressure >12 cm H2O as a function of their BMI and total nasal airflow at 150 pascal in supine position after vasoconstriction.ConclusionsRhinomanometry is useful to predict the impact of structural nasal modifications on the positive pressure to support decision‐making in relation to surgery.
Impact of Bias Magnification on Supply Chain Costs: The Mitigating Role of Forecast Sharing
Authors: Sanders Nada R. , Graman Gregory A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe impact of forecast error magnification on supply chain cost has been well documented. Unlike past studies that measure forecast error in terms of forecast standard deviation, our study extends research to consider the impact of forecast bias, and the complex interaction between these variables. Simulating a two‐stage supply chain using realistic cost data we test the impact of bias magnification comparing two scenarios: one with forecast sharing between retailer and supplier, and one without. We then corroborate findings via survey data. Results show magnification of forecast bias to have a considerably greater impact on supply chain cost than magnification of forecast standard deviation. Particularly damaging is high bias in the presence of high forecast standard deviation. Forecast sharing is found to mitigate the impact of forecast error, however, primarily at higher levels of forecast standard deviation. At low levels of forecast standard deviation the benefits are not significant suggesting that engaging in such mitigation strategies may be less effective when there is little opportunity for improvement in accuracy. Furthermore, forecast sharing is found to be much less effective against high levels of bias. This is an important finding as managers often deliberately bias their forecasts and underscores the importance of exercising caution even with forecast sharing, particularly for forecasts that have inherently large errors. The findings provide a deeper understanding of the impact of forecast errors, suggest limitations of forecast sharing, and offer implications for research and practice alike.