bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Musculoskeletal Shoulder Conditions: A Systematic Review
Authors: Marik Tambra L. , Roll Shawn C. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
People with musculoskeletal disorders of the shoulder commonly experience pain, decreased strength, and restricted range of motion (ROM) that limit participation in meaningful occupational activities. The purpose of this systematic review was to evaluate the current evidence for interventions within the occupational therapy scope of practice that address pain reduction and increase participation in functional activities. Seventy-six studies were reviewed for this study—67 of Level I evidence, 7 of Level II evidence, and 2 of Level III evidence. Strong evidence was found that ROM, strengthening exercises, and joint mobilizations can improve function and decrease pain. The evidence to support physical modalities is moderate to mixed, depending on the shoulder disorder. Occupational therapy practitioners can use this evidence to guide daily clinical decision making.
Effectiveness of Occupational Therapy Interventions for Adults With Fibromyalgia: A Systematic Review
Authors: Poole Janet L. , Siegel Patricia 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE. This systematic review addresses the effectiveness of occupational therapy–related interventions for adults with fibromyalgia.
METHOD. We examined the literature published between January 2000 and June 2014. A total of 322 abstracts from five databases were reviewed. Forty-two Level I studies met the inclusion criteria. Studies were evaluated primarily with regard to the following outcomes: daily activities, pain, depressive symptoms, fatigue, and sleep.
RESULTS. Strong evidence was found for interventions categorized for this review as cognitive–behavioral interventions; relaxation and stress management; emotional disclosure; physical activity; and multidisciplinary interventions for improving daily living, pain, depressive symptoms, and fatigue. There was limited to no evidence for self-management, and few interventions resulted in better sleep.
CONCLUSION. Although the evidence supports interventions within the scope of occupational therapy practice for people with fibromyalgia, few interventions were occupation based.
Adapted ECC ozonesonde for long-duration flights aboard boundary-layer pressurised balloons
Authors: Gheusi François , Durand Pierre , Verdier Nicolas , Dulac François , Attié Jean-Luc , Commun Philippe , Barret Brice , Basdevant Claude , Clenet Antoine , Derrien Solène , Doerenbecher Alexis , El Amraoui Laaziz , Fontaine Alain , Hache Emeric , Jambert Corinne , Jaumouillé Elodie , Meyerfeld Yves , Roblou Laurent , Tocquer Flore 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. Since the 1970s, the French space agency CNES has developed boundary-layer pressurised balloons (BLPBs) with the capability to transport lightweight scientific payloads at isopycnic level and offer a quasi-Lagrangian sampling of the lower atmosphere over very long distances and durations (up to several weeks).Electrochemical concentration cell (ECC) ozonesondes are widely used under small sounding balloons. However, their autonomy is limited to a few hours owing to power consumption and electrolyte evaporation. An adaptation of the ECC sonde has been developed specifically for long-duration BLPB flights. Compared to conventional ECC sondes, the main feature is the possibility of programming periodic measurement sequences (with possible remote control during the flight). To increase the ozonesonde autonomy, the strategy has been adopted of short measurement sequences (2–3 min) regularly spaced in time (e.g. every 15 min). The rest of the time, the sonde pump is turned off. Results of preliminary ground-based tests are first presented. In particular, the sonde was able to provide correct ozone concentrations against a reference UV-absorption ozone analyser every 15 min for 4 days. Then we illustrate results from 16 BLBP flights launched over the western Mediterranean during three summer field campaigns of the ChArMEx project (http://charmex.lsce.ipsl.fr): TRAQA in 2012, and ADRIMED and SAFMED in 2013. BLPB drifting altitudes were in the range 0.25–3.2 km. The longest flight lasted more than 32 h and covered more than 1000 km. Satisfactory data were obtained when compared to independent ozone measurements close in space and time. The quasi-Lagrangian measurements allowed a first look at ozone diurnal evolution in the marine boundary layer as well as in the lower free troposphere. During some flight segments, there was indication of photochemical ozone production in the marine boundary layer or even in the free troposphere, at rates ranging from 1 to 2 ppbv h −1, which is slower than previously found in the boundary layer over land in the same region.
Parameter interactions and sensitivity analysis for modelling carbon heat and water fluxes in a natural peatland, using CoupModel v5
Authors: Metzger Christine , Nilsson Mats B. , Peichl Matthias , Jansson Per-Erik 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. In contrast to previous peatland carbon dioxide (CO2) model sensitivity analyses, which usually focussed on only one or a few processes, this study investigates interactions between various biotic and abiotic processes and their parameters by comparing CoupModel v5 results with multiple observation variables. Many interactions were found not only within but also between various process categories simulating plant growth, decomposition, radiation interception, soil temperature, aerodynamic resistance, transpiration, soil hydrology and snow. Each measurement variable was sensitive to up to 10 (out of 54) parameters, from up to 7 different process categories. The constrained parameter ranges varied, depending on the variable and performance index chosen as criteria, and on other calibrated parameters (equifinalities). Therefore, transferring parameter ranges between models needs to be done with caution, especially if such ranges were achieved by only considering a few processes. The identified interactions and constrained parameters will be of great interest to use for comparisons with model results and data from similar ecosystems. All of the available measurement variables (net ecosystem exchange, leaf area index, sensible and latent heat fluxes, net radiation, soil temperatures, water table depth and snow depth) improved the model constraint. If hydraulic properties or water content were measured, further parameters could be constrained, resolving several equifinalities and reducing model uncertainty. The presented results highlight the importance of considering biotic and abiotic processes together and can help modellers and experimentalists to design and calibrate models as well as to direct experimental set-ups in peatland ecosystems towards modelling needs.
The evolution of root-zone moisture capacities after deforestation: a step towards hydrological predictions under change?
Authors: Nijzink Remko , Hutton Christopher , Pechlivanidis Ilias , Capell René , Arheimer Berit , Freer Jim , Han Dawei , Wagener Thorsten , McGuire Kevin , Savenije Hubert , Hrachowitz Markus 
Published: December 2016

Abstract. The core component of many hydrological systems, the moisture storage capacity available to vegetation, is impossible to observe directly at the catchment scale and is typically treated as a calibration parameter or obtained from a priori available soil characteristics combined with estimates of rooting depth. Often this parameter is considered to remain constant in time. Using long-term data (30–40 years) from three experimental catchments that underwent significant land cover change, we tested the hypotheses that: (1) the root-zone storage capacity significantly changes after deforestation, (2) changes in the root-zone storage capacity can to a large extent explain post-treatment changes to the hydrological regimes and that (3) a time-dynamic formulation of the root-zone storage can improve the performance of a hydrological model.A recently introduced method to estimate catchment-scale root-zone storage capacities based on climate data (i.e. observed rainfall and an estimate of transpiration) was used to reproduce the temporal evolution of root-zone storage capacity under change. Briefly, the maximum deficit that arises from the difference between cumulative daily precipitation and transpiration can be considered as a proxy for root-zone storage capacity. This value was compared to the value obtained from four different conceptual hydrological models that were calibrated for consecutive 2-year windows.It was found that water-balance-derived root-zone storage capacities were similar to the values obtained from calibration of the hydrological models. A sharp decline in root-zone storage capacity was observed after deforestation, followed by a gradual recovery, for two of the three catchments. Trend analysis suggested hydrological recovery periods between 5 and 13 years after deforestation. In a proof-of-concept analysis, one of the hydrological models was adapted to allow dynamically changing root-zone storage capacities, following the observed changes due to deforestation. Although the overall performance of the modified model did not considerably change, in 51 % of all the evaluated hydrological signatures, considering all three catchments, improvements were observed when adding a time-variant representation of the root-zone storage to the model.In summary, it is shown that root-zone moisture storage capacities can be highly affected by deforestation and climatic influences and that a simple method exclusively based on climate data can not only provide robust, catchment-scale estimates of this critical parameter, but also reflect its time-dynamic behaviour after deforestation.
ANÁLISE DOS MOTIVOS PARA USO DO SERVIÇO DE URGÊNCIA E EMERGÊNCIA PELO PACIENTE NÃO GRAVE
Authors: Pimentel Silvania Klug , Soares Mariana Collodetto , Mazepa Melissa Mello , Kato Paulo Victor Kioshima , De Lima Rebeca Ludmila , Soares Maryella Eduarda Correa 
Published: December 2016

Objetivo: Este estudo tem como objetivo reconhecer os motivos pelos quais pacientes que possuem problemas de saúde não graves procuram atendimento médico em serviço de PS, não optando pelos serviços de Unidades Básicas de Saúde ou Unidades de Pronto Atendimento 24 horas. Métodos: A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa em Seres Humanos do Hospital do Trabalhador. Foi aplicado um questionário objetivo em uma amostra aleatória de 197 pacientes classificados como não urgentes ou pouco urgentes segundo o MTS. Resultados: Dos pacientes entrevistados 65% eram homens. Apenas 47% entendiam a real função do pronto socorro. Sobre o MTS, 52% conheciam o sistema e sabiam que seriam triados, mas mesmo assim a maioria destes veio buscando melhor resolutividade para seus problemas. Mesmo após esclarecimento sobre a função do pronto socorro em atender os casos graves, 73% afirmaram que teriam vindo da mesma forma ao PS e 83% consideram a aplicação do MTS um sistema justo de triagem. Conclusão: Concluímos que não é somente a falta de informação que faz pacientes não graves se direcionarem ao PS, mas sim a falta de confiança na capacidade resolutiva da UBS e UPA 24horas.
De zeven levens van de (gemeentelijke) bestuurswetenschappen
Authors: Reussing Rik 
Published: December 2016

The seven lives of the (municipal) administrative sciences in the Netherlands
This essay contains a short history of the municipal and other administrative sciences in the Netherlands. This history is divided into seven lives. Each life has its own specific characteristics and approaches. The story starts in 1914 with the dissertation of Gerrit van Poelje and the aldermanship of Floor Wibaut (for the Dutch Labour Party) in Amsterdam. Nevertheless, the authors make a plea to view 1921 as the actual starting point, because it is the year of the introduction to municipal administration written by Van Poelje and the first Dutch academic magazine on municipal administration (‘Gemeentebestuur’). This means that we can prepare for the celebration of 100 years of (municipal) administrative sciences in 2021. A great challenge for all universities, but certainly for the Public Administration programme of the University of Twente, which is now celebrating its 40th anniversary. The challenge is to work on current topics such as the relationship between public administration and technology in smart, sustainable and resilient cities.
Characterization of insulated-gate bipolar transistor temperature on insulating, heat-spreading polycrystalline diamond substrate
Authors: Umezawa Hitoshi , Shikata Shin-ichi , Kato Yukako , Mokuno Yoshiaki , Seki Akinori , Suzuki Hiroshi , Bessho Takeshi 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Polycrystalline diamond films have been utilized as direct bonding aluminum (DBA) substrates to improve cooling efficiency. A diamond film with a high quality factor was characterized by Raman spectroscopy and showed a high thermal conductivity of more than 1800 W m−1 K−1 and a low leakage current, even at an applied bias of 3 kV, because of the suppression of electrical conduction through the grain boundaries. The operating temperatures of Insulated-gate bipolar transistors (IGBTs) on diamond DBAs were 20–28% lower than those on AlN DBAs. The thermal resistivity of the diamond DBA module was 0.32 °C/W. The uniformity of the temperature distribution on a diamond DBA was excellent.
Mg-compensation effect in GaN buffer layer for AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistors grown on 4H-SiC substrate
Authors: Ko Kwangse , Lee Kyeongjae , So Byeongchan , Heo Cheon , Lee Kyungbae , Kwak Taemyung , Han Sang-Woo , Cha Ho-Young , Nam Okhyun 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The present study investigated the Mg doping effect in the gallium nitride (GaN) buffer layers (BLs) of AlGaN/GaN high-electron-mobility transistor (HEMT) structures grown on semi-insulating 4H-SiC substrates by metal organic chemical vapor deposition. When the Mg concentration was increased from 3 × 1017 to 8 × 1018 cm−3, the crystal quality slightly deteriorated, whereas electrical properties were significantly changed. The buffer leakage increased approximately 50 times from 0.77 to 39.2 nA at −50 V with the Mg doping concentration. The Mg-compensation effect and electron trapping effect were observed at Mg concentration of 3 × 1017 and 8 × 1018 cm−3, respectively, which were confirmed by an isolation leakage current test and low-temperature photoluminescence. When the BL was compensated, the two-dimensional electron gas (2DEG) mobility and sheet carrier concentration of the HEMTs were 1560 cm2 V−1 s−1 and 5.06 × 1012 cm−2, respectively. As a result, Mg-doped GaN BLs were demonstrated as a candidates of semi-insulating BLs for AlGaN/GaN HEMT.
The influence of carbon on the seismic properties of solid iron
Authors: Caracas Razvan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe mechanical properties of C‐doped hexagonal close‐packed (hcp) iron are studied at high pressure from first‐principles calculations. The energy required for doping with C as an interstitial impurity is 246 meV/1 wt % C at 120 GPa for one unit cell of hcp Fe and increases almost linearly with pressure. The density deficit of the inner core can be matched for 1 to 2.5 wt % in hcp Fe, depending on the thermal profile. Carbon doping in hcp iron increases the compressional seismic wave velocity, decreases the shear wave velocity, while increasing the shear wave splitting and seismic anisotropy. In general, the presence of C in the inner core helps in explaining the observed seismic properties, though it cannot be considered the only light element.
Large CO2 and CH4 emissions from polygonal tundra during spring thaw in northern Alaska
Authors: Raz‐Yaseef Naama , Torn Margaret S. , Wu Yuxin , Billesbach Dave P. , Liljedahl Anna K. , Kneafsey Timothy J. , Romanovsky Vladimir E. , Cook David R. , Wullschleger Stan D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe few prethaw observations of tundra carbon fluxes suggest that there may be large spring releases, but little is known about the scale and underlying mechanisms of this phenomenon. To address these questions, we combined ecosystem eddy flux measurements from two towers near Barrow, Alaska, with mechanistic soil‐core thawing experiment. During a 2 week period prior to snowmelt in 2014, large fluxes were measured, reducing net summer uptake of CO2 by 46% and adding 6% to cumulative CH4 emissions. Emission pulses were linked to unique rain‐on‐snow events enhancing soil cracking. Controlled laboratory experiment revealed that as surface ice thaws, an immediate, large pulse of trapped gases is emitted. These results suggest that the Arctic CO2 and CH4 spring pulse is a delayed release of biogenic gas production from the previous fall and that the pulse can be large enough to offset a significant fraction of the moderate Arctic tundra carbon sink.
Characterizing near‐surface firn using the scattered signal component of the glacier surface return from airborne radio‐echo sounding
Authors: Rutishauser Anja , Grima Cyril , Sharp Martin , Blankenship Donald D. , Young Duncan A. , Cawkwell Fiona , Dowdeswell Julian A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe derive the scattered component (hereafter referred to as the incoherent component) of glacier surface echoes from airborne radio‐echo sounding measurements over Devon Ice Cap, Arctic Canada, and compare the scattering distribution to firn stratigraphy observations from ground‐based radar data. Low scattering correlates to laterally homogeneous firn above 1800 m elevation containing thin, flat, and continuous ice layers and below 1200 m elevation where firn predominantly consists of ice. Increased scattering between elevations of 1200–1800 m corresponds to firn with inhomogeneous, undulating ice layers. No correlation was found to surface roughness and its theoretical incoherent backscattering values. This indicates that the scattering component is mainly influenced by the near‐surface firn stratigraphy, whereas surface roughness effects are minor. Our results suggest that analyzing the scattered signal component of glacier surface echoes is a promising approach to characterize the spatial heterogeneity of firn that is affected by melting and refreezing processes.
Sea‐ice retreat controls timing of summer plankton blooms in the Eastern Arctic Ocean
Authors: Janout Markus A. , Hölemann Jens , Waite Anya M. , Krumpen Thomas , von Appen Wilken‐Jon , Martynov Fedor 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTwo full‐year mooring records of sea‐ice, physical, and bio‐optical parameters illuminate tight temporal coupling between the retreating seasonal ice edge and the summer phytoplankton bloom on the Laptev Sea shelf. Our records showed no sign of pelagic under‐ice blooms despite available nutrients and thinning sea ice in early summer, presumably because stratification had not yet developed. Chlorophyll blooms were detected immediately after the ice retreated in late May 2014 and late July 2015. Despite radically different timing, the blooms were similar in both magnitude and length, interpreted as community‐level nutrient limitation. Acoustic backscatter records suggest the delayed 2015 bloom resulted in lower zooplankton abundance, perhaps due to a timing mismatch between ice algal and pelagic blooms and unfavorable thermal conditions. Our observations provide classical examples of ice‐edge blooms and further emphasize the complexity of high‐latitude shelves and the need to understand vertical mixing processes important for stratification and nutrient fluxes.
New Martian climate constraints from radar reflectivity within the north polar layered deposits
Authors: Lalich D. E. , Holt J. W. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe north polar layered deposits (NPLD) of Mars represent a global climate record reaching back millions of years, potentially recorded in visible layers and radar reflectors. However, little is known of the specific link between those layers, reflectors, and the global climate. To test the hypothesis that reflectors are caused by thick and indurated layers known as “marker beds,” the reflectivity of three reflectors was measured, mapped, and compared to a reflectivity model. The measured reflectivities match the model and show a strong sensitivity to layer thickness, implying that radar reflectivity may be used as a proxy for short‐term accumulation patterns and that regional climate plays a strong role in layer thickness variations. Comparisons to an orbitally forced NPLD accumulation model show a strong correlation with predicted marker bed formation, but dust content is higher than expected, implying a stronger role for dust in Mars polar climate than previously thought.
Ice flow dynamics forced by water pressure variations in subglacial granular beds
Authors: Damsgaard Anders , Egholm David L. , Beem Lucas H. , Tulaczyk Slawek , Larsen Nicolaj K. , Piotrowski Jan A. , Siegfried Matthew R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractGlaciers and ice streams can move by deforming underlying water‐saturated sediments, and the nonlinear mechanics of these materials are often invoked as the main reason for initiation, persistence, and shutdown of fast‐flowing ice streams. Existing models have failed to fully explain the internal mechanical processes driving transitions from stability to slip. We performed computational experiments that show how rearrangements of load‐bearing force chains within the granular sediments drive the mechanical transitions. Cyclic variations in pore water pressure give rise to rate‐dependent creeping motion at stress levels below the point of failure, while disruption of the force chain network induces fast rate‐independent flow above it. This finding contrasts previous descriptions of subglacial sediment mechanics, which either assume rate dependence regardless of mechanical state or unconditional stability before the sediment yield point. Our new micromechanical computational approach is capable of reproducing important transitions between these two end‐member models and can explain multimodal velocity patterns observed in glaciers, landslides, and slow‐moving tremor zones.
Prompt injections of highly relativistic electrons induced by interplanetary shocks: A statistical study of Van Allen Probes observations
Authors: Schiller Q. , Kanekal S. G. , Jian L. K. , Li X. , Jones A. , Baker D. N. , Jaynes A. , Spence H. E. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe conduct a statistical study on the sudden response of outer radiation belt electrons due to interplanetary (IP) shocks during the Van Allen Probes era, i.e., 2012 to 2015. Data from the Relativistic Electron‐Proton Telescope instrument on board Van Allen Probes are used to investigate the highly relativistic electron response (E > 1.8 MeV) within the first few minutes after shock impact. We investigate the relationship of IP shock parameters, such as Mach number, with the highly relativistic electron response, including spectral properties and radial location of the shock‐induced injection. We find that the driving solar wind structure of the shock does not affect occurrence for enhancement events, 25% of IP shocks are associated with prompt energization, and 14% are associated with MeV electron depletion. Parameters that represent IP shock strength are found to correlate best with highest levels of energization, suggesting that shock strength may play a key role in the severity of the enhancements. However, not every shock results in an enhancement, indicating that magnetospheric preconditioning may be required.