bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intersectionality in Third-Wave Popular Music
Authors: Keenan Elizabeth K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This essay traces popular music’s relationship to third-wave feminism through the concept of intersectionality and situates the development of popular music and feminism in the larger political context of the 1990s and 2000s. Intersectionality forms a key discourse through which the members of the movement located themselves generationally, politically, and intellectually. At the same time, the third wave’s emphasis on intersectionality has not always translated into holistically intersectional practices. Despite the commitment to understanding that aspects of identity offer greater or lesser positions of power and influence, third-wave feminists have most often foregrounded the activities of white, middle-class musicians and sometimes ignored the contributions of women of color, from hip-hop feminists to pop musicians. This essay focuses on popular music’s relationship to the third wave in sexuality, race, and, class as they play out across mainstream pop, hip-hop, and alternative/indie rock music from the 1990s to the 2000s.
Theorization, Measurement, and Standardization of Calendrical Time
Authors: Hannah Robert 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article initially considers the sociology of time in general. It presents a framework of four aspects of time—time frame, timing, temporality, and tempo—derived from the work of Barbara Adam, within which a sociology specifically applicable to the Greek and Roman world can be fruitfully developed. Calendrical time naturally sits within the notion of “time frame” but also evinces elements of “timing” and “temporality.” How calendars were developed so as to measure time is then discussed, with a particular focus on the increasing standardization of time, especially under the Roman Empire. Yet within that empire’s standardized Julian calendar, it is noted that local variations persisted.
Integrating Neuroscience Knowledge and Neuropsychiatric Skills Into Psychiatry: The Way Forward
Authors: Schildkrout Barbara , Benjamin Sheldon , Lauterbach Margo D. 
Published: December 2015

Increasing the integration of neuroscience knowledge and neuropsychiatric skills into general psychiatric practice would facilitate expanded approaches to diagnosis, formulation, and treatment while positioning practitioners to utilize findings from emerging brain research. There is growing consensus that the field of psychiatry would benefit from more familiarity with neuroscience and neuropsychiatry. Yet there remain numerous factors impeding the integration of these domains of knowledge into general psychiatry.
The authors make recommendations to move the field forward, focusing on the need for advocacy by psychiatry and medical organizations and changes in psychiatry education at all levels. For individual psychiatrists, the recommendations target obstacles to attaining expanded neuroscience and neuropsychiatry education and barriers stemming from widely held, often unspoken beliefs. For the system of psychiatric care, recommendations address the conceptual and physical separation of psychiatry from medicine, overemphasis on the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders and on psychopharmacology, and different systems in medicine and psychiatry for handling reimbursement and patient records. For psychiatry residency training, recommendations focus on expanding neuroscience/neuropsychiatry faculty and integrating neuroscience education throughout the curriculum.
Psychiatry traditionally concerns itself with helping individuals construct meaningful life narratives. Brain function is one of the fundamental determinants of individuality. It is now possible for psychiatrists to integrate knowledge of neuroscience into understanding the whole person by asking, What person has this brain? How does this brain make this person unique? How does this brain make this disorder unique? What treatment will help this disorder in this person with this brain?
Is Intraoperative Remifentanil Associated With Acute or Chronic Postoperative Pain After Prolonged Surgery? An Update of the Literature
Authors: de Hoogd Sjoerd , Ahlers Sabine J.G.M. , van Dongen Eric P.A. , van de Garde Ewoudt M.W. , Hamilton - Ter Brake Tanja A.T. , Dahan Albert , Tibboel Dick , Knibbe Catherijne A.J. 
Published: December 2015

Objective:
Remifentanil is an ultra-short-acting opioid that is used commonly during both short-term and prolonged surgery. This review investigated associations of intraoperative remifentanil administration with acute postoperative pain, hyperalgesia, and chronic postoperative pain, with emphasis on the perioperative coanesthetic drug regimen used.

Methods:
Medline and Embase databases were searched for randomized studies, evaluating the intraoperative use of remifentanil (>2 h) versus another analgesic or a different dosage of remifentanil, and reporting acute postoperative pain parameters such as postoperative pain scores, hyperalgesia, acute opioid tolerance, or analgesics requirements. Furthermore, all studies in which remifentanil was used intraoperatively and parameters for chronic postoperative pain were measured were included (pain levels after a prolonged period of time after surgery).

Results:
From the 21 studies that were identified, less than half of the studies found higher acute postoperative pain, higher postoperative analgesic requirements after intraoperative remifentanil use, or both. Coanesthetics to some extent determined this incidence, with mainly studies using volatile agents reporting increased pain levels. There was less evidence when remifentanil was combined with total intravenous anesthesia or a combination of anesthetics. The limited number of studies (n=4) evaluating chronic pain suggested a potential association with the intraoperative use of remifentanil.

Discussion:
Although studies are diverse and sample sizes small, coanesthetics used in combination with remifentanil may influence the occurrence of postoperative hyperalgesia. No firm conclusions could be made regarding acute and chronic pain, indicating that further research with the goal to investigate the effect of volatile or intravenous anesthetics along with simultaneous remifentanil infusion on acute and chronic postoperative pain is needed.
Health Care Costs and Utilization in Patients Receiving Prescriptions for Long-acting Opioids for Acute Postsurgical Pain
Authors: Gold Laura S. , Strassels Scott A. , Hansen Ryan N. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
Severe pain after joint replacement surgeries is common and is usually managed by opioid analgesics. We described joint replacement surgery patients who received prescriptions for long-acting opioids (LAOs) and compared their health care utilization and costs with postsurgical patients who did not receive LAO prescriptions.

Materials and Methods:
Patients undergoing hip, knee, or shoulder replacement surgery between January 1, 2008 and December 31, 2011were included in the study and were classified by their exposure to LAOs. We estimated multivariate models to compare the groups’ health care utilization and costs in the first 7 days and in the 1, 3, 6, and 12 months after surgery.

Results:
Of 118,816 patients who met our inclusion criteria, 15,094 (13%) received LAO prescriptions in 30 days following surgery. LAO recipients were slightly younger and more likely than nonrecipients to have taken antibiotics, antidepressants, benzodiazepines, antihypertensives, sedatives, muscle relaxants, and short-acting opioids in the 60 days before surgery. LAO recipients were more likely to have had a hospitalization and an emergency department visit in the subsequent 1 week and in the next 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Patients receiving LAO prescriptions incurred greater costs in the 1 week and in the 1, 3, 6, and 12 months following their surgeries compared with patients who did not receive LAO prescriptions.

Discussion:
We found associations between patients who received prescriptions for LAOs and increased costs and utilization. Future studies should elucidate causal relationships between LAOs and increased resource use. Providers should consider alternative pain management strategies.
Clinically Important Change in Insomnia Severity After Chronic Pain Rehabilitation
Authors: Wilson Keith G. , Kowal John , Ferguson Emma J. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives:
Insomnia is a common problem for people with chronic pain. It is unclear, however, whether interdisciplinary treatment centered on pain management, rather than sleep, confers a benefit in reducing insomnia symptoms. In this study, we examined clinically important change in insomnia severity following participation in an interdisciplinary chronic pain rehabilitation program.

Methods:
A total of 140 patients (43 men and 97 women) completed a 4-week outpatient day program for interdisciplinary rehabilitation that incorporated psychoeducation about pain, physical fitness, and group psychotherapy. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was included as an outcome, along with measures of pain, mood, and function.

Results:
On the ISI before treatment, 20 patients (14.3%) reported no insomnia, 36 (25.7%) had a mild or subthreshold problem, and 84 (60%) had moderate (31.4%) or severe (28.6%) clinical insomnia. After treatment, ISI scores showed a statistically significant improvement overall (P<0.001). Six indices of individual change were examined among those with moderate-severe insomnia at baseline. Depending on the index used, rates of clinically important improvement ranged from 2.4% to 47.6%; however, only 2 patients with insomnia met criteria for full remission. Among patients with no or subthreshold symptoms at baseline, from 0% to 14.3% were worse after treatment, depending on the criterion.

Discussion:
Insomnia improves overall following interdisciplinary rehabilitation for chronic pain, but most patients with clinical insomnia continue to have a significant sleep problem after treatment, and some patients may get worse. Interventions to alleviate persistent insomnia comorbid with chronic pain are likely to require a more intensive focus on sleep itself.
Pain Catastrophizing and Anxiety are Associated With Heat Pain Perception in a Community Sample of Adults With Chronic Pain
Authors: Terry Marisa J. , Moeschler Susan M. , Hoelzer Bryan C. , Hooten W. Michael 
Published: December 2015

Background:
The principle aim of this study was to investigate the associations between heat pain (HP) perception, pain catastrophizing, and pain-related anxiety in a heterogenous cohort of community-dwelling adults with chronic pain admitted to a 3-week outpatient pain rehabilitation program.

Methods:
All adults consecutively admitted to an outpatient pain rehabilitation program from July 2009 through January 2011 were eligible for study recruitment (n=574). Upon admission, patients completed the Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS), the short version of the Pain Anxiety Symptoms Scale (PASS-20), and HP perception was assessed using a standardized quantitative sensory testing (QST) method of levels.

Results:
Greater PCS scores were significantly correlated with lower standardized values of HP threshold (HP 0.5) (P=0.006) and tolerance (HP 5) (P=0.003). In a multiple variable model adjusted for demographic and clinical factors known to influence HP perception, every 10-point increase in the PCS was associated with a −0.124 point change in HP 0.5 (P=0.014) and a −0.142 change in HP 5 (P=0.014) indicating that participants with higher PCS scores had lower HP thresholds and tolerances, respectively. Similarly, greater PASS-20 scores significantly correlated with lower standardized values of HP 0.5 and HP 5. In a multiple variable model, every 10-point increase in the PASS-20 was associated with a −0.084 point change in HP 0.5 (P=0.005) and a −0.116 point change in HP 5 (P=0.001) indicating that participants with higher PASS-20 scores had lower HP thresholds and tolerances, respectively.

Conclusions:
The findings of this study extend the use of a standardized method for assessing HP in a heterogenous sample of adults with chronic pain. Although pain catastrophizing shares significant variance with pain-related anxiety, our findings suggest that either measure would be appropriate for use in future studies that incorporate the QST method of levels.
Dry Eye Disease: Concordance Between the Diagnostic Tests in African Eyes
Authors: Onwubiko Stella N. , Eze Boniface I. , Udeh Nnenma N. , Onwasigwe Ernest N. , Umeh Rich E. 
Published: December 2015

Objective:
To assess the concordance between the diagnostic tests for dry eye disease (DED) in a Nigerian hospital population.

Methods:
The study was a hospital-based cross-sectional survey of adults (≥18 years) presenting at the eye clinic of the University of Nigeria Teaching Hospital (UNTH), Enugu; September–December, 2011. Participants' socio-demographic data were collected. Each subject was assessed for DED using the “Ocular Surface Disease Index” (OSDI) questionnaire, tear-film breakup time (TBUT), and Schirmer test. The intertest concordance was assessed using kappa statistic, correlation, and regression coefficients.

Results:
The participants (n=402; men: 193) were aged 50.1±19.1 standard deviation years (range: 18–94 years). Dry eye disease was diagnosed in 203 by TBUT, 170 by Schirmer test, and 295 by OSDI; the concordance between the tests were OSDI versus TBUT (Kappa, κ=−0.194); OSDI versus Schirmer (κ=−0.276); and TBUT versus Schirmer (κ=0.082). Ocular Surface Disease Index was inversely correlated with Schirmer test (Spearman ρ=−0.231, P<0.001) and TBUT (ρ=−0.237, P<0.001). In the linear regression model, OSDI was poorly predicted by TBUT (β=−0.09; 95% confidence interval (CI): −0.26 to −0.03, P=0.14) and Schirmer test (β=−0.35, 95% CI: −0.53 to −0.18, P=0.18).

Conclusion:
At UNTH, there is poor agreement, and almost equal correlation, between the subjective and objective tests for DED. Therefore, the selection of diagnostic test for DED should be informed by cost-effectiveness and diagnostic resource availability, not diagnostic efficiency or utility.
Characteristics of people who rapidly and frequently reattend the emergency department for mental health needs
Authors: Beck Alison , Sanchez-Walker Emma , Evans Lauren J. , Harris Victoria , Pegler Ruth , Cross Sean 
Published: December 2015

Objective
This paper identifies the characteristics of emergency department (ED) attendees with a referral to their Mental Health Liaison Service (MHLS) who are at increased risk for rapidly reattending, attending frequently, or attending intensely at this service (which is defined here as rapid and frequent reattendance).

Methods
A retrospective 5-year longitudinal study was conducted of all visitors (n=24 010) attending four busy EDs with a referral to their MHLS from the beginning of 2009 until the end of 2013. A Cox proportional hazards regression was used to identify factors associated with intense use, and a negative binomial regression was used to identify factors associated with frequent attendance.

Results
People with certain characteristics were more likely to make ‘intense’ use of mental health emergency services, which we define as shorter time to reattendance and a higher number of visits over 5 years. The people more likely to make intense use are more likely to have certain clinical diagnoses such as substance misuse, stress disorder, personality disorder and learning disability, to have certain social characteristics such as not being in a relationship, or living alone, and to have healthcare issues such as having been detained under the Mental Health Act and having a greater number of care coordinators over 5 years.

Conclusion
Individuals with certain clinical and social characteristics were significantly more likely to reattend EDs and have referral to MHLS rapidly and frequently (i.e. intensely).
Using ambulance data to reduce community violence: critical literature review
Authors: Taylor Alexander , Boyle Adrian , Sutherland Alex , Giacomantonio Chris 
Published: December 2015

Background
Previous work has demonstrated that much violence requiring medical help is not recorded by the police. Sharing emergency department data on victims of violence is associated with reductions in community violence and is well established throughout the UK. We undertook a critical literature review to determine whether sharing ambulance data was useful to identify violence hotspots and offered unique information for violence prevention.

Method
A search of the major medical and criminological databases was undertaken using search terms related to the ambulance service, violence and assault, as well as data collection. The search was conducted within the NICE Evidence, Cochrane Library, Google Scholar, Criminal Justice Abstracts, Scopus and National Criminal Justice Reference Service databases, along with the websites of various relevant institutions.

Results
Overall, 36 papers were identified by abstract scanning and bibliography search, of which 10 were considered relevant. A further nine papers were detected in the grey literature, and two were considered to be useful in providing evidence for use of ambulance data in violence surveillance. Two of the identified papers were interventional studies, and the other 10 were observational studies.

Discussion
Although the standard of evidence was generally low, most studies demonstrated that ambulance services detected a substantial proportion of assaults that were not recorded by the police or the emergency departments. We identified only two interventional studies, but they were of low quality. Although the interventional evidence base is currently weak, ambulance data provide a unique source of information about the epidemiology of community violence and have the potential to improve current violent crime surveillance methods.
Patient and organizational characteristics predict a long length of stay in the emergency department – a Swedish cohort study
Authors: Perdahl Tobias , Axelsson Sandra , Svensson Per , Djärv Therese 
Published: December 2015

Background
Emergency departments (EDs) constitute a central part of the healthcare system that receives patients with complaints of varied urgency. A long length of stay (LOS) in the ED is associated with crowding, low patient satisfaction and poor patient outcomes. Therefore, it is important to understand the key drivers and patient characteristics associated with long LOS.

Aims
To identify patient-related and organization-related characteristics associated with the longest ED LOS.

Methods
All adult visits (n=19 503) to the ED at Karolinska University Hospital in Solna, Sweden, between 8 a.m. and 9 p.m. during 2012 were divided into quartiles on the basis of their LOS. The quartile with the longest LOS (n=4876) was compared with the two intermediate quartiles (n=9752) and the shortest quartile (n=4875). Differences in patient and organizational characteristics were assessed using multivariate logistic regression models to achieve odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Results
The patient-related factors associated with long LOS were female sex (OR 1.22, 95% CI 1.14–1.30), age 65–79 (OR 1.82, 95% CI 1.67–1.97), age 80 or older (OR 2.76, 95% CI 2.52–3.02) and the chief complaint of dyspnoea (OR 1.55, 95% CI 1.39–1.73).

Conclusion
Long LOS in the ED is associated with both patient and organizational characteristics and the elderly are at particular risk of long LOS. These insights may be used to improve patient outcome metrics and enhance ED efficiency. Further studies are needed to clarify the role of additional factors as well as the causality of the studied factors.
Serum Vitamin D Depends Less on Latitude Than on Skin Color and Dietary Intake During Early Winter in Northern Europe
Authors: Åkeson Pia Karlsland , Lind Torbjörn , Hernell Olle , Silfverdal Sven‐Arne , Öhlund Inger 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:To evaluate if dietary vitamin D intake is adequate for sufficient vitamin D status during early winter in children living in Sweden, irrespective of latitude or skin color.Methods:As part of a prospective, comparative, 2‐center intervention study in northern (63°N) and southern (55°N) Sweden, dietary intake, serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D (S‐25(OH) D), associated laboratory variables, and sociodemographic data were studied in 5 to 7‐year‐old children with fair and dark skin in November and December.Results:Two hundred six children with fair/dark skin were included, 44/41 and 64/57 children in northern and southern Sweden, respectively. Dietary vitamin D intake was higher in northern than southern Sweden (P = 0.001), irrespective of skin color, partly due to higher consumption of fortified foods, but only met 50–70% of national recommendations (10 μg/day). S‐25(OH) D was higher in northern than southern Sweden, in children with fair (67 vs 59 nmol/L; P < 0.05) and dark skin (56 vs 42 nmol/L; P < 0.001). S‐25(OH) D was lower in dark‐ than fair‐skinned children at both sites (P < 0.01), and below 50 nmol/L in 40 and 75% of dark‐skinned children in northern and southern Sweden, respectively.Conclusions:Insufficient vitamin D status was common during early winter in children living in Sweden, particularly in those with dark skin. Although, higher dietary vitamin D intake in northern than southern Sweden attenuated the effects of latitude, a northern country of living combined with darker skin and vitamin D intake below recommendations are important risk factors for vitamin D insufficiency.
Epigenetics in Paediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition
Authors: Zilbauer Matthias , Zellos Aglaia , Heuschkel Robert , Gasparetto Marco , Kraiczy Judith , Postberg Jan , Greco Luigi , Auricchio Renata , Galatola Martina , Embleton Nicholas , Wirth Stefan , Jenke Andreas 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTEpigenetics can be defined as stable, potentially heritable changes in the cellular phenotype caused by mechanisms other than alterations to the underlying DNA sequence. As such, any observed phenotypic changes including organ development, aging, and the occurrence of disease could be driven by epigenetic mechanisms in the presence of stable cellular DNA sequences. Indeed, with the exception of rare mutations, the human genome‐sequence has remained remarkably stable over the past centuries. In contrast, substantial changes to our environment as part of our modern life style have not only led to a significant reduction of certain infectious diseases but also seen the exponential increase in complex traits including obesity and multifactorial diseases such as autoimmune disorders. It is becoming increasingly clear that epigenetic mechanisms operate at the interface between the genetic code and our environment, and a large body of existing evidence supports the importance of environmental factors such as diet and nutrition, infections, and exposure to toxins on human health. This seems to be particularly the case during vulnerable periods of human development such as pregnancy and early life. Importantly, as the first point of contact for many of such environmental factors including nutrition, the digestive system is being increasingly linked to a number of “modern” pathologies. In this review article, we aim to give a brief introduction to the basic molecular principals of epigenetics and provide a concise summary of the existing evidence for the role of epigenetic mechanisms in gastrointestinal health and disease, hepatology, and nutrition.