bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compact development minimizes the impacts of urban growth on native mammals
Authors: Villaseñor Nélida R. , Tulloch Ayesha I. T. , Driscoll Don A. , Gibbons Philip , Lindenmayer David B. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Unprecedented global human population growth and rapid urbanization of rural and natural lands highlight the urgent need to integrate biodiversity conservation into planning for urban growth. A challenging question for applied ecologists to answer is: What pattern of urban growth meets future housing demand whilst minimizing impacts on biodiversity?

We quantified the consequences for mammals of meeting future housing demand under different patterns of compact and dispersed urban growth in an urbanizing forested landscape in south‐eastern Australia. Using empirical data, we predicted impacts on mammals of urban growth scenarios that varied in housing density (compact versus dispersed) and location of development for four target numbers of new dwellings.

We predicted that compact developments (i.e. high‐density housing) reduced up to 6% of the area of occupancy or abundance of five of the six mammal species examined. In contrast, dispersed developments (i.e. low‐density housing) led to increased mammal abundance overall, although results varied between species: as dwellings increased, the abundance or occurrence of two species increased (up to ∼100%), one species showed no change, and three species declined (up to ∼39%).

Two ground‐dwelling mammal species (Antechinus stuartii and Rattus fuscipes) and a tree‐dwelling species (Petaurus australis) were predicted to decline considerably under dispersed rather than compact development. The strongest negative effect of dispersed development was for Petaurus australis (a species more abundant in forested interiors) which exhibited up to a 39% reduction in abundance due to forest loss and an extended negative edge effect from urban settlements into adjacent forests.

Synthesis and applications. Our findings demonstrate that, when aiming to meet demand for housing, any form of compact development (i.e. high‐density housing) has fewer detrimental impacts on forest‐dwelling mammals than dispersed development (i.e. low‐density housing). This is because compact development concentrates the negative effects of housing into a small area whilst at the same time preserving large expanses of forests and the fauna they sustain. Landscape planning and urban growth policies must consider the trade‐off between the intensity of the threat and area of sprawl when aiming to reduce urbanization impacts.
Puma predation subsidizes an obligate scavenger in the high Andes
Authors: Perrig Paula L. , Donadio Emiliano , Middleton Arthur D. , Pauli Jonathan N. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe ungulate–carnivore–vulture complex is a key trophic module of many terrestrial ecosystems, but one that is globally under threat. Few have explored cross‐species dependencies in this module, and the degree to which vultures rely on trophic facilitation by apex carnivores is rarely known and almost never quantified.We investigated the importance of pumaPuma concolorpredation on its native camelid prey, vicuñasVicugna vicugnaand guanacosLama guanicoe, in food provisioning for Andean condorsVultur gryphusin the high Andes of north‐western Argentina. We evaluated the origin of wild food sources through carcass surveys. We quantified condor feeding habits via foraging observations and through the analysis of pellet contents and stable isotopes from moulted feathers.Of the 102 fresh camelid carcasses we monitored, nearly all (94%) resulted from puma predation, and the majority (85%) of camelid carcasses used by condors were killed by pumas. Camelids represented 88% of the prey items identified from 183 condor pellets, and isotopic analyses of moulted feathers from 86 individuals identified via multilocus genotyping revealed that camelids and Small livestock were the most important prey items, representing 45–58% and 28–38% of condor assimilated biomass, respectively.Synthesis and applications. Our results show that puma predation plays a key role in the foraging ecology of Andean condors, and highlight the importance of predatory processes that make carrion available to scavengers. We contend that targeting the conservation of ungulate–carnivore–vulture modules, rather than a species‐specific approach, will be a more effective strategy to ensure the long‐term persistence of Andean condors and other obligate scavengers.
Determinants of Potentially Inappropriate Medication Use among Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: Miller G. Edward , Sarpong Eric M. , Davidoff Amy J. , Yang Eunice Y. , Brandt Nicole J. , Fick Donna M. 
Published: September 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the determinants of potentially inappropriate medication (PIM) use.Data Sources/Study SettingU.S. nationally representative data on (n = 16,588) noninstitutionalized older adults (age ≥65) with drug use from the 2006–2010 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey.Study DesignWe operationalized the 2012 Beers Criteria to identify PIM use during the year, and we examined associations with individual‐level characteristics hypothesized to be quality enabling or related to need complexity.Principal FindingsAlmost one‐third (30.9 percent) of older adults used a PIM. Multivariate results suggest that poor health status and high‐PIM‐risk conditions were associated with increased PIM use, while increasing age and educational attainment were associated with lower PIM use. Contrary to expectations, lack of a usual care source of care or supplemental insurance was associated with lower PIM use. Medication intensity appears to be in the pathway between both quality‐enabling and need‐complexity characteristics and PIM use.ConclusionOur results suggest that physicians attempt to avoid PIM use in the oldest old but have inadequate focus on the high‐PIM‐risk conditions. Educational programs targeted to physician practice regarding high‐PIM‐risk conditions and patient literacy regarding medication use are potential responses.
Mass Transit Workers and Neoliberal Time Discipline in San Francisco
Authors: Fleming Mark D. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTSan Francisco's public transportation system is the slowest major urban transit system in the United States and has one of the worst on‐time performance rates. In this article, I examine how these problems with time—slowness and lateness—are blamed on “unproductive” workers and mobilized as part of neoliberal restructuring strategies in San Francisco. Demands for faster‐moving and more timely transit lead to the implementation and enforcement of impossible‐to‐meet schedules, putting transit drivers in the position of chronic lateness. City officials and civic organizations mobilize chronic lateness to represent the transit system's public sector workers as fundamentally inefficient and in need of labor reform. I here suggest that the enforcement of impossible time demands represents a new use of time discipline. While time discipline has traditionally been theorized as a central technique in the production of the social relations of waged labor, neoliberal time discipline works to delegitimize the wage labor contract itself and to fracture the social arrangements of long‐term, waged employment. [neoliberalism, labor, urban transportation, time discipline, United States]
Individualized follicle‐stimulating hormone dosing and in vitro fertilization outcome in agonist downregulated cycles: a systematic review
Authors: van Tilborg Theodora C. , Broekmans Frank J.M. , Dólleman Madeleine , Eijkemans Marinus J.C. , Mol Ben Willem , Laven Joop S.E. , Torrance Helen L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionThis systematic review examines whether individualized gonadotropin dosing in in vitro fertilization (IVF) leads to better outcomes with respect to safety, costs, and live birth rates compared with standard dosing.Material and methodsElectronic databases searched were PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane. The primary outcome was live birth rate. The secondary outcomes included pregnancy rate, costs, and safety. Papers were critically appraised by two reviewers.ResultsA total of 7022 articles were retrieved and assessed for eligibility, of which seven randomized controlled trials were selected. All studies used gonadotropin‐releasing hormone agonist co‐treatment. Clinical and methodological heterogeneity was present, so data could not be pooled for meta‐analysis. Only one study, that mainly included women with a good prognosis, revealed an increased chance of ongoing pregnancy in the individualized dosing group compared with standard treatment. With respect to safety, individualized dosing might reduce the occurrence of hyper‐response and ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome, without affecting the outcome of pregnancy. In predicted poor responders, higher than standard dosages do not reduce the incidence of poor response. A cost‐efficacy analysis was not performed in any of the studies included.ConclusionIt is currently not possible to conclude whether individualized dosing leads to higher pregnancy or live birth rates compared with standard dosing, because evidence from well‐designed studies that are adequately powered for one of these outcomes is lacking. So, large well‐designed studies that evaluate the impact of individualized dosing on live birth rates are needed to assess whether individualized dosing should become the standard in IVF practice.
Intrauterine fetal death and risk of shoulder dystocia at delivery
Authors: Larsen Sandra , Dobbin Joanna , McCallion Oliver , Eskild Anne 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionVaginal delivery is recommended after intrauterine fetal death. However, little is known about the risk of shoulder dystocia in these deliveries. We studied whether intrauterine fetal death increases the risk of shoulder dystocia at delivery.Material and methodsIn this population‐based register study using the Medical Birth Registry of Norway, we included all singleton pregnancies with vaginal delivery of offspring in cephalic presentation in Norway during the period 1967–2012 (n = 2 266 118). Risk of shoulder dystocia was estimated as absolute risk (%) and odds ratio with 95% confidence interval. Adjustment was made for offspring birthweight (in grams). We performed sub‐analyses within categories of birthweight (<4000 and ≥4000 g) and in pregnancies with maternal diabetes.ResultsShoulder dystocia occurred in 1.1% of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death and in 0.8% of pregnancies without intrauterine fetal death (p < 0.0001) (crude odds ratio 1.5, 95% confidence interval 1.2–4.9). After adjustment for birthweight, the odds ratio was 5.9 (95% confidence interval 4.7–7.4). In pregnancies with birthweight ≥4000 g, shoulder dystocia occurred in 14.6% of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death and in 2.8% of pregnancies without intrauterine fetal death (p < 0.001) (crude odds ratio 5.9, 95% confidence interval 4.5–7.9). In pregnancies with birthweight ≥4000 g and concurrent maternal diabetes, shoulder dystocia occurred in 57.1% of pregnancies with intrauterine fetal death and 9.6% of pregnancies without intrauterine fetal death (p < 0.001) (crude odds ratio 12.6, 95% confidence interval 5.9–26.9).ConclusionsIntrauterine fetal death increased the risk of shoulder dystocia at delivery, and the absolute risk of shoulder dystocia was particularly high if offspring birthweight was high and the mother had diabetes.
Ketamine‐induced inhibition of glycogen synthase kinase‐3 contributes to the augmentation of α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptor signaling
Authors: Beurel Eléonore , Grieco Steven F. , Amadei Celeste , Downey Kimberlee , Jope Richard S 
Published: September 2016

ObjectivesSub‐anesthetic doses of ketamine have been found to provide rapid antidepressant actions, indicating that the cellular signaling systems targeted by ketamine are potential sites for therapeutic intervention. Ketamine acts as an antagonist of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate (NMDA) receptors, and animal studies indicate that subsequent augmentation of signaling by α‐amino‐3‐hydroxy‐5‐methylisoxazole‐4‐propionic acid (AMPA) receptors is critical for the antidepressant outcome.MethodsIn this study, we tested if the inhibitory effect of ketamine on glycogen synthase kinase‐3 (GSK3) affected hippocampal cell‐surface AMPA receptors using immunoblotting of membrane and synaptosomal extracts from wild‐type and GSK3 knockin mice.ResultsTreatment with an antidepressant dose of ketamine increased the hippocampal membrane level of the AMPA glutamate receptor (GluA)1 subunit, but did not alter the localization of GluA2, GluA3, or GluA4. This effect of ketamine was abrogated in GSK3 knockin mice expressing mutant GSK3 that cannot be inhibited by ketamine, demonstrating that ketamine‐induced inhibition of GSK3 is necessary for up‐regulation of cell surface AMPA GluA1 subunits. AMPA receptor trafficking is regulated by post‐synaptic density‐95 (PSD‐95), a substrate for GSK3. Ketamine treatment decreased the hippocampal membrane level of phosphorylated PSD‐95 on Thr‐19, the target of GSK3 that promotes AMPA receptor internalization.ConclusionsThese results demonstrate that ketamine‐induced inhibition of GSK3 causes reduced phosphorylation of PSD‐95, diminishing the internalization of AMPA GluA1 subunits to allow for augmented signaling through AMPA receptors following ketamine treatment.
Folliculitis in prurigo pigmentosa: a proposed pathogenesis based on clinical and pathological observation
Authors: Kafle Santosh U. , Swe Sai Myint , Hsiao Pa‐Fan , Tsai Yi‐Chiun , Wu Yu‐Hung 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundPrurigo pigmentosa is a rare inflammatory dermatosis whose exact etiology is not understood yet. The purpose of this study was to provide evidence of hair follicle involvement in the pathogenesis by analyzing its clinicopathologic features.MethodsPatients who fulfilled both the clinical and histological diagnostic criteria of prurigo pigmentosa were recruited. Their histopathologic findings, clinical features and medical histories were analyzed.ResultsA total of 32 confirmed patients were enrolled from 2002 to 2013. Their ages ranged from 11 to 79 years with a female predominance. Patient lesions were primarily reddish‐brown and located on the back. A total of 25 patients (78%) had pathological involvement of hair follicles, either bacterial colonies in the hair follicles (21/32, 66%), folliculitis (8/32, 25%) or perifolliculitis (15/32, 47%). There was a significantly higher proportion of patients with hair follicle involvement compared with control groups with either noninflammatory (5/43, 12%, p < 0.001) or inflammatory skin diseases (12/32, 38%, p = 0.002) on the back. Minocycline was an effective antibiotic treatment either singly or in combination with steroids.ConclusionsThe frequent presence of bacterial colonies along with sequelae of inflammatory changes on biopsy provides new evidence to support the theory that prurigo pigmentosa is a reactive inflammation associated with bacterial folliculitis.
The strong influence of collection bias on biodiversity knowledge shortfalls ofBrazilian terrestrial biodiversity
Authors: Oliveira Ubirajara , Paglia Adriano Pereira , Brescovit Antonio D. , de Carvalho Claudio J. B. , Silva Daniel Paiva , Rezende Daniella T. , Leite Felipe Sá Fortes , Batista João Aguiar Nogueira , Barbosa João Paulo Peixoto Pena , Stehmann João Renato , Ascher John S. , de Vasconcelos Marcelo Ferreira , De Marco Paulo , Löwenberg‐Neto Peter , Dias Priscila Guimarães , Ferro Viviane Gianluppi , Santos Adalberto J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimThe knowledge of biodiversity facets such as species composition, distribution and ecological niche is fundamental for the construction of biogeographic hypotheses and conservation strategies. However, the knowledge on these facets is affected by major shortfalls, which are even more pronounced in the tropics. This study aims to evaluate the effect of sampling bias and variation in collection effort on Linnean, Wallacean and Hutchinsonian shortfalls and diversity measures as species richness, endemism and beta‐diversity.LocationBrazil.MethodsWe have built a database with over 1.5 million records of arthropods, vertebrates and angiosperms of Brazil, based on specimens deposited in scientific collections and on the taxonomic literature. We used null models to test the collection bias regarding the proximity to access routes. We also tested the influence of sampling effort on diversity measures by regression models. To investigate the Wallacean shortfall, we modelled the geographic distribution of over 4000 species and compared their observed distribution with models. To quantify the Hutchinsonian shortfall, we used environmental Euclidean distance of the records to identify regions with poorly sampled environmental conditions. To estimate the Linnean shortfall, we measured the similarity of species composition between regions close to and far from access routes.ResultsWe demonstrated that despite the differences in sampling effort, the strong collection bias affects all taxonomic groups equally, generating a pattern of spatially biased sampling effort. This collection pattern contributes greatly to the biodiversity knowledge shortfalls, which directly affects the knowledge on the distribution patterns of diversity.Main conclusionsThe knowledge on species richness, species composition and endemism in the Brazilian biodiversity is strongly biased spatially. Despite differences in sampling effort for each taxonomic group, roadside bias affected them equally. Species composition similarity decreased with the distance from access routes, suggesting collection surveys at sites far from roads could increase the probability of sampling new geographic records or new species.
Unveiling the influence of the environment on the migration pattern of the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) in North‐eastern Atlantic waters
Authors: Quinzán M. , Castro J. , Marín M. , Costas G. , Monserrat S. , Amores A. , Massutí E. , Hidalgo M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractHydroclimatic variability is one of the main factors that drives inter‐annual changes in fish migration patterns. This study analyses the relationship between climate‐oceanographic factors and migration of the Atlantic pomfret (Brama brama) in NE Atlantic waters. Geo‐referenced catch data from logbooks of longliners operating in European Atlantic waters from 2002 to 2013 were linked to environmental indices at different temporal and spatial scales. Our results point to a strong influence of temperature at 200 m depth as the key factor along with the upwelling in the Galician (NW Iberian) waters. However, sea surface temperature (SST) indirectly affects the geographical display of Atlantic pomfret migration, and large migrations are observed in scenarios of high SSTs in the migratory area (c. above 14.7°C). Migrations are constrained during years when temperatures are below this threshold. A longer time‐series of annual landings (1950–2013) supports this evidence and highlights the significant influence of temperature at 200‐m depth along with the landings of the previous year. Length frequency distributions suggest an increase in size between consecutive seasons supporting the hypothesis that migration is a feeding strategy and a return to tropical waters of origin for spawning. Our study shows that the temperature of intermediate waters is a key variable in determining the northward migration of the Atlantic pomfret whereas density‐dependence and surface climatic conditions trigger secondary effects on the migration pattern of this species.
Physician trust and depression influence adherence to factor replacement: a single‐centre cross‐sectional study
Authors: Tran D. Q. , Barry V. , Antun A. , Ribeiro M. , Stein S. , Kempton C. L. 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionPoor adherence to factor replacement therapy among patients with haemophilia can lead to joint bleeding and eventual disability.AimThe aim of this study was to determine patient‐related characteristics associated with adherence to factor replacement in adults with haemophilia.MethodsAdults with haemophilia were recruited to participate in this cross‐sectional study. Adherence was measured using either the Validated Hemophilia Regimen Treatment Adherence Scale (VERITAS)‐Pro or the VERITAS‐PRN questionnaire. Simple and multiple regression analyses that controlled for confounding were performed to determine the association between patient‐related characteristics and adherence to factor replacement therapy.ResultsOf the 99 subjects enrolled, all were men; 91% had haemophilia A and 78% had severe disease. Age ranged from 18 to 62 years. Most (95%) had functional health literacy; but only 23% were numerate. Mean adherence scores were 45.6 (SD 18) and 51.0 (SD 15) for those on a prophylactic and those on an episodic regimen, respectively, with a lower score indicating better adherence. On multivariable analysis, being on any chronic medication, longer duration followed at our haemophilia treatment centre, higher physician trust and better quality of life were associated with higher adherence. A history of depression was associated with lower adherence.ConclusionTwo potentially modifiable characteristics, physician trust and depression, were identified as motivator and barrier to adherence to factor replacement therapy. Promoting a high level of trust between the patient and the healthcare team as well as identifying and treating depression may impact adherence to factor replacement therapy and accordingly reduce joint destruction.
Preparation, characterization, and pharmacokinetics of tilmicosin‐ and florfenicol‐loaded hydrogenated castor oil‐solid lipid nanoparticles
Authors: Ling Z. , Yonghong L. , Changqing S. , Junfeng L. , Li Z. , Chunyu J. , Xianqiang L. 
Published: September 2016

To effectively control bovine mastitis, tilmicosin (TIL)‐ and florfenicol (FF)‐loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN) with hydrogenated castor oil (HCO) were prepared by a hot homogenization and ultrasonication method.In vitroantibacterial activity, properties, and pharmacokinetics of theTIL‐FF‐SLNwere studied. The results demonstrated thatTILandFFhad a synergistic or additive antibacterial activity againstStreptococcus dysgalactiae,Streptococcus uberis,andStreptococcus agalactiae. The size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential of nanoparticles were 289.1 ± 13.7 nm, 0.31 ± 0.05, and −26.7 ± 1.3mV, respectively. The encapsulation efficiencies forTILandFFwere 62.3 ± 5.9% and 85.1 ± 5.2%, and the loading capacities forTILandFFwere 8.2 ± 0.6% and 3.3 ± 0.2%, respectively. TheTIL‐FF‐SLNshowed no irritation in the injection site and sustained releasein vitro. After medication,TILandFFcould maintain about 0.1 μg/mL for 122 and 6 h. Compared to the control solution, theSLNincreased the area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0‐t), elimination half‐life (T½ke), and mean residence time (MRT) ofTILby 33.09‐, 23.29‐, and 37.53‐fold, and 1.69‐, 5.00‐, and 3.83‐fold forFF, respectively. These results of this exploratory study suggest that theHCO‐SLNcould be a useful system for the delivery ofTILandFFfor bovine mastitis therapy.