bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Network of Three Types of Filaments Organizes Synaptic Vesicles for Storage, Mobilization, and Docking
Authors: Cole Andy A. , Chen Xiaobing , Reese Thomas S. 
Published: March 2016

Synaptic transmission between neurons requires precise management of synaptic vesicles. While individual molecular components of the presynaptic terminal are well known, exactly how the molecules are organized into a molecular machine serving the storage and mobilization of synaptic vesicles to the active zone remains unclear. Here we report three filament types associated with synaptic vesicles in glutamatergic synapses revealed by electron microscope tomography in unstimulated, dissociated rat hippocampal neurons. One filament type, likely corresponding to the SNAREpin complex, extends from the active zone membrane and surrounds docked vesicles. A second filament type contacts all vesicles throughout the active zone and pairs vesicles together. On the third filament type, vesicles attach to side branches extending from the long filament core and form vesicle clusters that are distributed throughout the vesicle cloud and along the active zone membrane. Detailed analysis of presynaptic structure reveals how each of the three filament types interacts with synaptic vesicles, providing a means to traffic reserved and recycled vesicles from the cloud of vesicles into the docking position at the active zone.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe formation and release of synaptic vesicles has been extensively investigated. Explanations of the release of synaptic vesicles generally begin with the movement of vesicles from the cloud into the synaptic active zone. However, the presynaptic terminal is filled with filamentous material that would appear to limit vesicular diffusion. Here, we provide a systematic description of three filament types connecting synaptic vesicles. A picture emerges illustrating how the cooperative attachment and release of these three filament types facilitate the movement of vesicles to the active zone to become docked in preparation for release.
Sensory Prioritization in Rats: Behavioral Performance and Neuronal Correlates
Authors: Lee Conrad C.Y. , Diamond Mathew E. , Arabzadeh Ehsan 
Published: March 2016

Operating with some finite quantity of processing resources, an animal would benefit from prioritizing the sensory modality expected to provide key information in a particular context. The present study investigated whether rats dedicate attentional resources to the sensory modality in which a near-threshold event is more likely to occur. We manipulated attention by controlling the likelihood with which a stimulus was presented from one of two modalities. In a whisker session, 80% of trials contained a brief vibration stimulus applied to whiskers and the remaining 20% of trials contained a brief change of luminance. These likelihoods were reversed in a visual session. When a stimulus was presented in the high-likelihood context, detection performance increased and was faster compared with the same stimulus presented in the low-likelihood context. Sensory prioritization was also reflected in neuronal activity in the vibrissal area of primary somatosensory cortex: single units responded differentially to the whisker vibration stimulus when presented with higher probability compared with lower probability. Neuronal activity in the vibrissal cortex displayed signatures of multiplicative gain control and enhanced response to vibration stimuli during the whisker session. In conclusion, rats allocate priority to the more likely stimulus modality and the primary sensory cortex may participate in the redistribution of resources.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDetection of low-amplitude events is critical to survival; for example, to warn prey of predators. To formulate a response, decision-making systems must extract minute neuronal signals from the sensory modality that provides key information. Here, we identify the behavioral and neuronal correlates of sensory prioritization in rats. Rats were trained to detect whisker vibrations or visual flickers. Stimuli were embedded in two contexts in which either visual or whisker modality was more likely to occur. When a stimulus was presented in the high-likelihood context, detection was faster and more reliable. Neuronal recording from the vibrissal cortex revealed enhanced representation of vibrations in the prioritized context. These results establish the rat as an alternative model organism to primates for studying attention.
More Docked Vesicles and Larger Active Zones at Basket Cell-to-Granule Cell Synapses in a Rat Model of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy
Authors: Buckmaster Paul S. , Yamawaki Ruth , Thind Khushdev 
Published: March 2016

Temporal lobe epilepsy is a common and challenging clinical problem, and its pathophysiological mechanisms remain unclear. One possibility is insufficient inhibition in the hippocampal formation where seizures tend to initiate. Normally, hippocampal basket cells provide strong and reliable synaptic inhibition at principal cell somata. In a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy, basket cell-to-granule cell (BC→GC) synaptic transmission is more likely to fail, but the underlying cause is unknown. At some synapses, probability of release correlates with bouton size, active zone area, and number of docked vesicles. The present study tested the hypothesis that impaired GABAergic transmission at BC→GC synapses is attributable to ultrastructural changes. Boutons making axosomatic symmetric synapses in the granule cell layer were reconstructed from serial electron micrographs. BC→GC boutons were predicted to be smaller in volume, have fewer and smaller active zones, and contain fewer vesicles, including fewer docked vesicles. Results revealed the opposite. Compared with controls, epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats displayed boutons with over twice the average volume, active zone area, total vesicles, and docked vesicles and with more vesicles closer to active zones. Larger active zones in epileptic rats are consistent with previous reports of larger amplitude miniature IPSCs and larger BC→GC quantal size. Results of this study indicate that transmission failures at BC→GC synapses in epileptic pilocarpine-treated rats are not attributable to smaller boutons or fewer docked vesicles. Instead, processes following vesicle docking, including priming, Ca2+entry, or Ca2+coupling with exocytosis, might be responsible.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOne in 26 people develops epilepsy, and temporal lobe epilepsy is a common form. Up to one-third of patients are resistant to currently available treatments. This study tested a potential underlying mechanism for previously reported impaired inhibition in epileptic animals at basket cell-to-granule cell (BC→GC) synapses, which normally are reliable and strong. Electron microscopy was used to evaluate 3D ultrastructure of BC→GC synapses in a rat model of temporal lobe epilepsy. The hypothesis was that impaired synaptic transmission is attributable to smaller boutons, smaller synapses, and abnormally low numbers of synaptic vesicles. Results revealed the opposite. These findings suggest that impaired transmission at BC→GC synapses in epileptic rats is attributable to later steps in exocytosis following vesicle docking.
Mindfulness-Meditation-Based Pain Relief Is Not Mediated by Endogenous Opioids
Authors: Zeidan Fadel , Adler-Neal Adrienne L. , Wells Rebecca E. , Stagnaro Emily , May Lisa M. , Eisenach James C. , McHaffie John G. , Coghill Robert C. 
Published: March 2016

Mindfulness meditation, a cognitive practice premised on sustaining nonjudgmental awareness of arising sensory events, reliably attenuates pain. Mindfulness meditation activates multiple brain regions that contain a high expression of opioid receptors. However, it is unknown whether mindfulness-meditation-based analgesia is mediated by endogenous opioids. The present double-blind, randomized study examined behavioral pain responses in healthy human volunteers during mindfulness meditation and a nonmanipulation control condition in response to noxious heat and intravenous administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone (0.15 mg/kg bolus + 0.1 mg/kg/h infusion) or saline placebo. Meditation during saline infusion significantly reduced pain intensity and unpleasantness ratings when compared to the control + saline group. However, naloxone infusion failed to reverse meditation-induced analgesia. There were no significant differences in pain intensity or pain unpleasantness reductions between the meditation + naloxone and the meditation + saline groups. Furthermore, mindfulness meditation during naloxone produced significantly greater reductions in pain intensity and unpleasantness than the control groups. These findings demonstrate that mindfulness meditation does not rely on endogenous opioidergic mechanisms to reduce pain.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEndogenous opioids have been repeatedly shown to be involved in the cognitive inhibition of pain. Mindfulness meditation, a practice premised on directing nonjudgmental attention to arising sensory events, reduces pain by engaging mechanisms supporting the cognitive control of pain. However, it remains unknown if mindfulness-meditation-based analgesia is mediated by opioids, an important consideration for using meditation to treat chronic pain. To address this question, the present study examined pain reports during meditation in response to noxious heat and administration of the opioid antagonist naloxone and placebo saline. The results demonstrate that meditation-based pain relief does not require endogenous opioids. Therefore, the treatment of chronic pain may be more effective with meditation due to a lack of cross-tolerance with opiate-based medications.
Cardinal Orientation Selectivity Is Represented by Two Distinct Ganglion Cell Types in Mouse Retina
Authors: Nath Amurta , Schwartz Gregory W. 
Published: March 2016

Orientation selectivity (OS) is a prominent and well studied feature of early visual processing in mammals, but recent work has highlighted the possibility that parallel OS circuits might exist in multiple brain locations. Although both classic and modern work has identified an OS mechanism in selective wiring from lateral geniculate nucleus (LGN) to primary visual cortex, OS responses have now been found upstream of cortex in mouse LGN and superior colliculus, suggesting a possible origin in the retina. Indeed, retinal OS responses have been reported for decades in rabbit and more recently in mouse. However, we still know very little about the properties and mechanisms of retinal OS in the mouse, including whether there is a distinct OS ganglion cell type, which orientations are represented, and what are the synaptic mechanisms of retinal OS. We have identified two novel types of OS ganglion cells in the mouse retina that are highly selective for horizontal and vertical cardinal orientations. Reconstructions of the dendritic trees of these OS ganglion cells and measurements of their synaptic conductances offer insights into the mechanism of the OS computation at the earliest stage of the visual system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTOrientation selectivity (OS) is one of the most well studied computations in the brain and has become a prominent model system in various areas of sensory neuroscience. Although the cortical mechanism of OS suggested by Hubel and Wiesel (1962) has been investigated intensely, other OS cells exist upstream of cortex as early as the retina and the mechanisms of OS in subcortical regions are much less well understood. We identified two ON retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in mouse that compute OS along the horizontal (nasal–temporal) and vertical (dorsoventral) axes of visual space. We show the relationship between dendritic morphology and OS for each RGC type and reveal new synaptic mechanisms of OS computation in the retina.
Jogja Fashion Week Carnival Costume in The Context of Locality
Authors: Setiawan Deni 
Published: March 2016

<p>Jogja Fashion Week Carnival (JFWC) is held in order to promote the development of costume creative industry in Indonesia, especially in Yogyakarta. Woven and <em>batik </em>(Javanese traditional fabric) as products of Indonesia is reproduced into art costumes. It may add the value of both the product and the price of the product itself as the core of the continuity of the creative industry economy in Indonesia. The eastern value of the costume design worn during the carnival may reflect the traditional value of society. The concept of the costume making is rooted from Indonesia folklores, legends and myths that are still being developed in present society. Throughout the event, exploration done by the artists is seen as a genuine attempt to support the Government in promoting costume industry both in national and international scale. Costumes worn in JFWC were analysed using aesthetic theory by adopting the point of view of DeWitt Henry Parker. The point of view comprises three main aesthetic principles, i.e.: an intact unity, thematic principle, as well as balance principle. Those three concepts can be used to find out the basic locality value of a costume that later can be used as the art education’s source of material. Finally, it is concluded that the theme of JFWC costume creation concept is sourced from the rich tradition of Indonesian society. </p>
PERBAIKAN KESALAHAN KONSEP PEMBELAJARAN SEJARAH MELALUI METODE PEMECAHAN MASALAH DAN DISKUSI
Authors: Pramono Suwito Eko 
Published: March 2016

<p>History learning as an implementation of history education has a strategic value in achieving the objective of national education. Unfortunately, history learning has not played its role optimally. History learning has not been implemented yet based on the appropriate concepts of history education. Could the method of problem solving and discussion improve history learning so that it can be suitable with the concept of history education? The research employed three cycles. The collection of preliminary data used observation and test. The evaluation was conducted in the end of each cycle to trace the improvement of student capability in understanding the concept of history education as well as capability of solving currentâ€™s problem. The conclusion of the research showed that the method of problem solving and discussion are effective enough to correct the misconception of history education and they are also suitable for improving student capability to solve currentâ€™s problems.</p> <p>Keywords: misconception, teaching history, problem solving, discussion.</p> <p>Â </p> <p>Pembelajaran sejarah sebagai pelaksanaan pendidikan sejarah memiliki arti strategis dalam mencapai tujuan pendidikan nasional. Sayangnya, pembelajaran sejarah belum dapat memainkan perannya secara optimal. Pembelajaran sejarah belum dilaksanakan berdasarkan konsep-konsep pendidikan sejarah yang tepat. Dapatkah metode pemecahan masalah dan diskusi dapat memperbaiki pembelajaran sejarah yang sesuai dengan konsep pendidikan sejarah? Penelitian ini menggunakan tiga siklus. Pengumpulan data awal menggunakan observasi dan tes. Untuk melacak peningkatan kemampuan siswa dalam memahami konsep pendidikan sejarah dan memecahkan masalah yang terjadi pada saat ini, dilakukan evaluasi pada setiap akhir siklus. Sebagai kesimpulan penelitian menunjukkan bahwa metode pemecahan masalah dan diskusi cukup efektif untuk memperbaiki kesalahan konsep pendidikan sejarah dan kedua metode itu cocok untuk meningkatkan kemampuan siswa untuk memecahkan masalah yang terjadi pada saat ini.</p> <p>Kata kunci: kesalahpahaman, pengajaran sejarah, pemecahan masalah, diskusi.</p> <p>Â </p>
Límites de velocidad: Una mirada desde la ecología conductual
Authors: Leandro Mauricio 
Published: March 2016

<p>Se discute el caso de la alta velocidad en las vías públicas como una conducta insostenible, facilitada por deficientes condiciones de diseño. Se sugiere además un cambio en la forma que se calculan las velocidades máximas con el fin de incorporar democráticamente a los distintos grupos de usuarios de las vías y se recomienda para ello un enfoque ecológico al problema de la alta velocidad.</p>
Una guía de diagnóstico rápido para determinar el potencial de pago por servicios ecosistémicos hídricos en microcuencas hidrográficas
Authors: Huertas German , Jiménez Francisco 
Published: March 2016

<p>La guía se basa en cuatro componentes de análisis: condiciones de oferta y de demanda por servicios ecosistémicos hídricos, gobernabilidad y marco institucional; para cada uno de los cuales se establecen y evalúan criterios e indicadores. Este diagnóstico rápido perimite definir las acciones inmediatas necesarias para superar las debilidades de los componentes y fortalecer las condiciones para el diseño e implementación de un esquema de pago por servicios ecosistémicos hídricos (PSEH). Los resultados de la aplicación y validación de la guía demuestran que, en general, la microcuenca del río Reventado, en Cartago, Costa Rica, presenta condiciones favorables para el diseño e implementación de un esquema de PSEH.<br />Se identificaron y priorizaron, de manera participativa, algunas acciones inmediatas que deberían ser implementadas para desarrollar un PSEH en esta microcuenca.</p>
La tortuga marina negra de Guanacaste amenazada de extinción por prácticas humanas
Authors: Blanco Gabriela , Santidrián Pilar 
Published: March 2016

<p>Este trabajo tiene como objetivo dar a conocer las acciones humanas que amenazan de extinción a la tortuga verde del Pacífico o tortuga negra (<em>Chelonia mydas</em>). Se realizó un relevamiento para conocer las playas donde ocurre anidación de tortugas negras en la costa norte de Guanacaste y se registraron amenazas encontradas durante estos recorridos. Al mismo tiempo se realizaron observaciones en playas donde se estaban realizando proyectos de investigación. Las principales playas de anidación para esta especie fueron Nombre de Jesús, Zapotillal, Blanca, Matapalo, Prieta y Cabuyal. Las amenazas detectadas fueron: recolección ilegal de huevos, desarrollo de playas de anidación y turismo sin control. Costa Rica posee el segundo sitio de anidación en importancia conocido para esta especie en el océano Pacífico y las playas de mayor importancia para la especie carecen de protección. Aumentar el control en estas playas y en las aguas adyacentes es esencial para preservar a esta población de tortugas negras de la extinción. </p>
Clasificación de residuos químicos en laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional
Authors: Mora José Carlos , Benavides David 
Published: March 2016

<p>Durante 2008-2010 se generaron inventarios de residuos químicos en los laboratorios de la Universidad Nacional. La solicitud de la generación de cada inventario se realizó formalmente a cada coordinador de laboratorio de investigación y docencia. Con la información obtenida se clasificaron los residuos en nueve clases, permitiendo esto el desarrollo de patrones de distribución y tasas de generación de los residuos. Además, se identificaron las clases de residuos de mayor y menor generación, así como procedimientos y reactivos utilizados, fuente de las diferentes clases de residuos. Se concluye que una adecuada clasificación de residuos es la base para implementar un ambiente seguro de trabajo, permitiendo minimizar costos administrativos, económicos, legales, de seguridad y técnicos, relacionados con la atención a emergencias químicas y ambientales, entre otros; así como para el desarrollo y aplicación de prácticas de trabajo preventivas.<strong></strong></p>
Islamic Law in the Pancasila State
Authors: Muslimin JM 
Published: March 2016

Abstrak: Hukum Islam di Negara Pancasila. Menurut al-Mâwardî dan Ibn Taymiyyah, konsep asal penerapan hukum Islam terletak pada kemestian adanya negara Islam. Tetapi, kenyataannya konsep negara Islam itu sendiri bervariasi dari waktu ke waktu. Maka, konsep yang final dan nyata tidaklah jelas wujudnya. Dengan kata lain, dapat dikatakan bahwa dalam praktiknya hukum Islam dapat diterapkan di manapun selaras dengan konteks sosio-kultural serta perkembangan dan kemajuan. Republik Indonesia adalah contoh yang baik bagaimana hukum Islam dapat diterapkan. Meski negara secara esensial tetap dalam kondisi sekuler, ide tentang penerapan syariah tidaklah secara ekstrem dilarang. Yang perlu dicatat adalah ide tersebut haruslah diperdebatkan dalam ranah publik, sehingga secara alamiah diketahui bahwa negara Pancasila memiliki batasnya sendiri untuk dapat mengakomodasi syariah di satu pihak, dan di pihak lain syariah sendiri merasakan keperluan adanya batasan tersebut dengan memperhatikan konteks Indonesia.Kata Kunci: Pancasila, khilâfah, sekuler, perdebatanAbstract: Islamic Law in the Pancasila State. According to al-Mâwardî and Ibn Taymiyyah the original concept of applying Islamic law lies on the existence of Islamic state. But, the concept of the Islamic state varies from time to time. Thus, the final and real concept always remains unclear. It can be said that in practical sense, Islamic law can be implemented anywhere in accordance with the socio-cultural context and its progress and development. The Republic of Indonesia is a good example of how shariah can be applied. Despite the State remaining relatively secular, in essence, the idea of the application of shariah is not strictly excluded. Nevertheless, these concepts should be debated in public until it is widely known that the Pancasila state is limited in accommodating shariah on the one hand and how shariah can be practised freely by the Indonesian Islamic society on the other.Keywords: Pancasila, khilâfah, secular, debateDOI: 10.15408/ajis.v12i1.976
Menakar Keadilan Hukum Waris Islam Melalui Pendekatan Teks dan Konteks al-Nushûsh
Authors: Suma Muhammad Amin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract: Measuring the Justice of Islamic Inheritance Law by Drawing upon the Text and Context of al-Nushûsh. Accusations against the Islamic inheritance distribution system are surfacing again. Several groups are finding fault with the 2:1 distribution for Islamic inheritors. They suggest this distribution method be converted into 1:1, like it is in the Western system of inheritance and like it is to some extent in Adat inheritance law. This study points out that theoretically Islamic inheritance law looks very clear, comprehensive and fair, from whatever angle you look at it. This takes into account, in a balanced way, the distributions that use the 2:1 approach for joint male and female heirs. The key to understanding this is inheritance has to be treated entirely as a sub-system of the family law system, and even has to be understood as an integral part of the whole Islamic legal system, which is sound and comprehensive.Keywords: justice, inheritance law, textual, al-nushûshAbstrak: Menakar Keadilan Hukum Waris Islam Melalui Pendekatan Teks dan Konteks al-Nushûsh. Gugatan mengenai sistem pembagian kewarisan Islam kembali muncul ke permukaan. Beberapa kalangan mempermasalahkan perimbangan waris Islam 2:1. Mereka menawarkan metode perimbangan ini menjadi 1:1, sebagaimana pada sistem hukum kewarisan Barat dan sebagian hukum kewarisan Adat. Studi ini menunjukkan bahwa dari sisi mana pun hukum kewarisan Islam secara teoretik tampak sangat jelas, lengkap, dan adil. Termasuk dalam konteks perimbangan pembagiannya yang menggunakan pendekatan 2:1 untuk ahli waris laki-laki dan ahli waris perempuan. Kunci untuk memahaminya harus menempatkan posisi kewarisan sebagai sub sistem dari sistem hukum keluarga secara keseluruhan bahkan harus dipahami sebagai bagian integral dari keseluruhan sistem hukum Islam yang bersifat utuh dan menyeluruh.Kata Kunci: keadilan, hukum kewarisan, tekstual, al-nushûshDOI: 10.15408/ajis.v12i1.965