bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Artifacts in Establishing Connectivity Within Professional Routines
Authors: Jarzabkowski Paula , Bednarek Rebecca , Spee Paul 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the critical role of artifacts within the cycles of action through which routines are performed. Conceptualizing actors and artifact as entangled in action, it offers a multi-layered approach to the study of routines. The chapter also advances the theorizing of professional routines that stretch across organizations. Drawing on a global ethnography of the reinsurance industry, the authors demonstrate how professional knowledge is performed in such routines. They develop a processual framework that shows how the professional routine unfolds within three connected layers of entangled actions, actors, and artifacts: connecting with the profession; connecting with individual work; and connecting with collective work. The authors address the context of reinsurance, specifically examining the role of the rating sheet in the entanglement of action, actor, and artifact in performing the “deal appraisal routine” that is central to the profession of underwriting.
When “Good” is Not Good Enough
Authors: Aggerholm Helle Kryger , Asmuß Birte 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe chapter explores some of the performative resources available to individual actors when discursively creating and sustaining a certain organizational routine, namely performance appraisal interviews (PAIs). By looking at one substantial and recurrent micro-level activity in PAIs, namely the evaluation of employee performance, this chapter pursues a better understanding of the relationship between social interaction and the negotiation of power in micro-level routines on the one hand and the performance of larger organizational routines on the other. The study indicates that interactional micro-level routines are not power neutral. Due to the internal power dynamics of organizational routines, performative and ostensive aspects cannot be separated, given that both elements function as interactional resources for the participants in accomplishing the actions at stake. Although language and its effects have been acknowledged as important objects of study in organizational routines, the study highlights the constitutive role of language and interaction for organizational routines.
Dynamic In-capabilities
Authors: Swan Jacky , Robertson Maxine , Newell Sue 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter identifies the routines enacted in complex innovation processes, specifically during drug development projects. Routines performed locally are nested in an organizational ecology constituted by multiple stakeholders, and in an innovation process characterized by “unknowability.” Drawing from an extensive study of innovation projects in biotechnology firms, the authors identify strategic routines—protecting, evolving, and resourcing the science—that are enacted across organizations in order to develop new therapeutics, and three performative “guesswork” routines enacted within these firms—hedging, compressing, and reprioritizing. These routines reflect the influence of other organizations in the ecology—investors and potential investors, who demand to see swift progress and positive outcomes, and regulatory authorities that prescribe drug development as a linear process. This fosters a regime whereby guesswork routines at the project level simultaneously acquiesce to institutional pressures within the project ecology to demonstrate progress, yet may practically hinder the innovation process.
New DNA coalescent models and old population genetics software†
Authors: Grant W. Stewart , Árnason Einar , Eldon Bjarki 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The analyses of often large amounts of field and laboratory data depend on computer programs to generate descriptive statistics and to test hypotheses. The algorithms in these programs are often complex and can be understood only with advanced training in mathematics and programming, topics that are beyond the capabilities of most fisheries biologists and empirical population geneticists. The backward looking Kingman coalescent model, based on the classic forward-looking Wright–Fisher model of genetic change, is used in many genetics software programs to generate null distributions against which to test hypotheses. An article in this issue by Niwa et al. shows that the assumption of bifurcations at nodes in the Kingman coalescent model is inappropriate for highly fecund Japanese sardines, which have type III life histories. Species with this life history pattern are better modelled with multiple mergers at the nodes of a coalescent gene genealogy. However, only a few software programs allow analysis with multiple-merger coalescent models. This parameter misspecification produces demographic reconstructions that reach too far into the past and greatly overestimates genetically effective population sizes (the number of individuals actually contributing to the next generation). The results of Niwa et al. underline the need to understand the assumptions and model parameters in the software programs used to analyse DNA sequences.
Which Anesthesia Regimen Is Best to Reduce Morbidity and Mortality in Lung Surgery?
Authors: Beck-Schimmer Beatrice , Bonvini John M. , Braun Julia , Seeberger Manfred , Neff Thomas A. , Risch Tobias J. , Stüber Frank , Vogt Andreas , Weder Walter , Schneiter Didier , Filipovic Miodrag , Puhan Milo 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Background
One-lung ventilation during thoracic surgery is associated with hypoxia–reoxygenation injury in the deflated and subsequently reventilated lung. Numerous studies have reported volatile anesthesia–induced attenuation of inflammatory responses in such scenarios. If the effect also extends to clinical outcome is yet undetermined. We hypothesized that volatile anesthesia is superior to intravenous anesthesia regarding postoperative complications.

Methods
Five centers in Switzerland participated in the randomized controlled trial. Patients scheduled for lung surgery with one-lung ventilation were randomly assigned to one of two parallel arms to receive either propofol or desflurane as general anesthetic. Patients and surgeons were blinded to group allocation. Time to occurrence of the first major complication according to the Clavien-Dindo score was defined as primary (during hospitalization) or secondary (6-month follow-up) endpoint. Cox regression models were used with adjustment for prestratification variables and age.

Results
Of 767 screened patients, 460 were randomized and analyzed (n = 230 for each arm). Demographics, disease and intraoperative characteristics were comparable in both groups. Incidence of major complications during hospitalization was 16.5% in the propofol and 13.0% in the desflurane groups (hazard ratio for desflurane vs. propofol, 0.75; 95% CI, 0.46 to 1.22; P = 0.24). Incidence of major complications within 6 months from surgery was 40.4% in the propofol and 39.6% in the desflurane groups (hazard ratio for desflurane vs. propofol, 0.95; 95% CI, 0.71 to 1.28; P = 0.71).

Conclusions
This is the first multicenter randomized controlled trial addressing the effect of volatile versus intravenous anesthetics on major complications after lung surgery. No difference between the two anesthesia regimens was evident.
Corneal Thickness Profile Changes After Femtosecond LASIK for Hyperopia
Authors: Li Tao , Zhou Xiaodong , Chen Zhi , Zhou Xingtao 
Published: May 2016

Purpose:
To compare changes in the corneal thickness profile before and 6 months after femtosecond laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) for hyperopia.

Methods:
In a prospective noncomparative case series study, 24 eyes of 20 hyperopic patients undergoing femtosecond LASIK were examined preoperatively and 6 months postoperatively. Corneal profile was measured using Pentacam HR device. Paired t test was used to compare preoperative and postoperative values. Spearman correlation analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the central corneal thickness changes and attempted spherical equivalent refraction (SER).

Results:
The mean uncorrected distance visual acuity significantly improved after surgery (P<0.001). Significant differences in central, midperipheral, ablative annular, and peripheral corneal thicknesses were observed from preoperatively to 6 months postoperatively (all P<0.001). There was no significant correlation between the changes in the central corneal thickness and attempted SER (P=0.23).

Conclusions:
The corneal thicknesses across the whole ablation zone including central corneal thickness, significantly decrease postoperatively compared with preoperatively.
Factors Associated With 7-Day Rehospitalization After Heart Failure Admission
Authors: Eastwood Cathy A. , Quan Hude , Howlett Jonathan G. , King-Shier Kathryn M. 
Published: May 2016

Background:
Rehospitalizations within 7 days after discharge may reflect the quality of hospital care.

Objective:
We examined factors associated with 7-day readmissions after discharge for heart failure (HF).

Methods:
Using a matched pair case-control design, we examined health records for sociodemographic, clinical, and health system factors for patients with a primary diagnosis of HF (ICD-10 I50) discharged alive from all acute care hospitals in Calgary, Alberta, from 2004 to 2012. Logistic regression was used to identify variables associated with 7-day all-cause readmission.

Results:
We included 382 patients, or 191 in matched pairs, with 41% of readmissions due to HF. Frailty (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 2.30; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41–3.76) and attending physician as specialist (aOR, 2.10; 95% CI, 1.32–3.42) were associated with increased likelihood of readmission. Reduced likelihood of readmission was associated with documented instructions for follow-up with a family physician within 1 week of discharge (aOR, 0.56; 95% CI, 0.36–0.88). All 3 factors were easily abstracted from all patient records, including frailty, which was defined as all 3 of age older than 75 years, 3 or more comorbid conditions, and requiring assistance with activities of daily living.

Conclusion:
Very early readmission to hospital after HF admission is associated with 3 factors that may be easily identified in patient records.
Illuminating Uveitis: Metagenomic Deep Sequencing Identifies Common and Rare Pathogens
Authors: Doan Thuy , Wilson Michael R. , Crawford Emily D. , Chow Eric D. , Khan Lillian M. , Knopp Kristeene A , Xia Dongxiang , Hacker Jill K. , Stewart Jay M. , Gonzales John A. , Acharya Nisha R. , DeRisi Joseph L. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYBackgroundOcular infections remain a major cause of blindness and morbidity worldwide. While prognosis is dependent on the timing and accuracy of diagnosis, the etiology remains elusive in ~ 50% of presumed infectious uveitis cases.1,2We aimed to determine if unbiased metagenomic deep sequencing (MDS) can accurately detect pathogens in intraocular fluid samples of patients with uveitis.MethodsThis is a proof-of-concept study, in which intraocular fluid samples were obtained from 5 subjects with known diagnoses, and one subject with bilateral chronic uveitis without a known etiology. Samples were subjected to MDS, and results were compared with conventional diagnostic tests. Pathogens were identified using a rapid computational pipeline to analyze the non-host sequences obtained from MDS.FindingsUnbiased MDS of intraocular fluid produced results concordant with known diagnoses in subjects with (n=4) and without (n=1) uveitis. Rubella virus (RV) was identified in one case of chronic bilateral idiopathic uveitis. The subject’s strain was most closely related to a German RV strain isolated in 1992, one year before he developed a fever and rash while living in Germany.InterpretationMDS can identify fungi, parasites, and DNA and RNA viruses in minute volumes of intraocular fluid samples. The identification of chronic intraocular RV infection highlights the eye’s role as a long-term pathogen reservoir, which has implications for virus eradication and emerging global epidemics.
Choroidal thickness does not predict visual acuity in young high myopes
Authors: Gupta Preeti , Cheung Carol Y. , Saw Seang‐Mei , Koh Victor , Tan Mellisa , Yang Adeline , Zhao Paul , Cheung Chui Ming Gemmy , Wong Tien Yin , Cheng Ching‐Yu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the influence of choroidal thickness (CT) on visual acuity (VA) in young persons with extremely high myopia.MethodsWe conducted a case–control study of young men with extremely high myopia and controls with emmetropia recruited from a mandatory medical eye review for employment purposes. Retinal and choroidal imaging was performed using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) spectral‐domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT).ResultsWe included 105 extremely high myopic subjects with spherical equivalent (SE) ‐10 dioptre (D) or worse and 50 emmetropic subjects with SE less than 0.5 D. The mean SE was −11.56 ± 2.04 D (range, −10 to −23 D) for myopic group and 0.14 ± 0.25 D for emmetropic group. The mean age of included myopic and emmetropic subjects was 21.51 ± 1.22 years and 21.96 ± 0.89 years, respectively. In the univariate analysis, subfoveal CT was significantly associated with best‐corrected visual acuity (BCVA) (β = −0.039, p = 0.015). However, in the multiple linear regression analysis, after adjusting for SE and presence of any pathological myopia lesions such as posterior staphyloma, lacquer cracks or chorioretinal atrophy, subfoveal CT was not independently associated with BCVA (p = 0.937).ConclusionExtremely high myopic eyes had thinner choroid, but CT was not an independent predictor of VA. Other factors related to myopia are likely responsible for the diminished VA in young extremely high myopic eyes.
Long‐term outcomes of simultaneous guided bone regeneration using native and cross‐linked collagen membranes after 8 years
Authors: Schwarz Frank , Schmucker Andrea , Becker Jürgen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the clinical outcomes of simultaneous guided bone regeneration using native (CM) and cross‐linked (VN) collagen membranes at 8 years.Materials and methodsA total of n = 19 patients (19 implants) were available for the analysis. Each subject had received a simultaneous grafting of dehiscence‐type defects using a natural bone mineral (NBM) and a random allocation to either CM and VN membranes (submerged healing of 4 months). Clinical parameters (e.g., bleeding on probing – BOP, probing pocket depth – PD, mucosal recession – MR, clinical attachment level – CAL) were recorded at 8 years after prosthesis installation.ResultsAt 8 years, CM and VN groups revealed comparable median BOP, PD, MR and CAL values at both vestibular and oral aspects. From 4 to 8 years (n = 14 patients), median CAL at the vestibular aspect improved in both groups; however, these changes were significantly higher at CM‐treated sites (CM: 0.7 mm vs. VN: 0.5 mm).ConclusionThe clinical long‐term outcomes at 8 years were comparable in both VN and CM groups.
Transverse lie with prolapsed arm in a female red‐howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans –Cabrera, 1940)
Authors: Daneze Edmilson R. , Penna Beatriz L. , Marcondes Lucas F. , Léga‐Palazzo Elzylene , Magalhães Geórgia M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study focuses on a case of a red‐howler monkey (Alouatta guariba clamitans) which was found with a fetus in a transverse lie position with a prolapsed arm. The topic of this research is well justified as there are no data on this condition involving this type of non‐human primate in literature. In this study, a red‐howler monkey was observed by locals pulling at her pelvic region for 3 days near a farm. On the third day, the monkey was found lying on the ground at which point she offered no resistance when approached. The environmental police took the monkey to receive medical attention. During the physical examination, it was quickly observed that the monkey was pregnant; the right forelimb of the fetus was exposed from the vulva. An ultrasound revealed a non‐viable fetus, and due to the severe weakness of the mother, we opted for euthanasia. During the necropsy, not only was the fetus found macerated but it was also in a transverse lie position with a prolapsed arm and presented no external or internal injuries consistent with trauma.
Insights into secondary reactions occurring during atmospheric ablation of micrometeoroids
Authors: Court Richard W. , Tan Jonathan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAblation of micrometeoroids during atmospheric entry yields volatile gases such as water, carbon dioxide, and sulfur dioxide, capable of altering atmospheric chemistry and hence the climate and habitability of the planetary surface. While laboratory experiments have revealed the yields of these gases during laboratory simulations of ablation, the reactions responsible for the generation of these gases have remained unclear, with a typical assumption being that species simply undergo thermal decomposition without engaging in more complex chemistry. Here, pyrolysis–Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy reveals that mixtures of meteorite‐relevant materials undergo secondary reactions during simulated ablation, with organic matter capable of taking part in carbothermic reduction of iron oxides and sulfates, resulting in yields of volatile gases that differ from those predicted by simple thermal decomposition. Sulfates are most susceptible to carbothermic reduction, producing greater yields of sulfur dioxide and carbon dioxide at lower temperatures than would be expected from simple thermal decomposition, even when mixed with meteoritically relevant abundances of low‐reactivity Type IV kerogen. Iron oxides were less susceptible, with elevated yields of water, carbon dioxide, and carbon monoxide only occurring when mixed with high abundances of more reactive Type III kerogen. We use these insights to reinterpret previous ablation simulation experiments and to predict the reactions capable of occurring during ablation of carbonaceous micrometeoroids in atmospheres of different compositions.
Standard Genotyping Overestimates Transmission of Mycobacterium tuberculosis among Immigrants in a Low-Incidence Country
Authors: Stucki David , Ballif Marie , Egger Matthias , Furrer Hansjakob , Altpeter Ekkehardt , Battegay Manuel , Droz Sara , Bruderer Thomas , Coscolla Mireia , Borrell Sonia , Zürcher Kathrin , Janssens Jean-Paul , Calmy Alexandra , Mazza Stalder Jesica , Jaton Katia , Rieder Hans L. , Pfyffer Gaby E. , Siegrist Hans H. , Hoffmann Matthias , Fehr Jan , Dolina Marisa , Frei Reno , Schrenzel Jacques , Böttger Erik C. , Gagneux Sebastien , Fenner Lukas 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Immigrants from regions with a high incidence of tuberculosis (TB) are a risk group for TB in low-incidence countries such as Switzerland. In a previous analysis of a nationwide collection of 520
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
isolates from 2000 to 2008, we identified 35 clusters comprising 90 patients based on standard genotyping (24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive-unit–variable-number tandem-repeat [MIRU-VNTR] typing and spoligotyping). Here, we used whole-genome sequencing (WGS) to revisit these transmission clusters. Genome-based transmission clusters were defined as isolate pairs separated by ≤12 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). WGS confirmed 17/35 (49%) MIRU-VNTR typing clusters; the other 18 clusters contained pairs separated by >12 SNPs. Most transmission clusters (3/4) of Swiss-born patients were confirmed by WGS, as opposed to 25% (4/16) of the clusters involving only foreign-born patients. The overall clustering proportion was 17% (90 patients; 95% confidence interval [CI], 14 to 21%) by standard genotyping but only 8% (43 patients; 95% CI, 6 to 11%) by WGS. The clustering proportion was 17% (67/401; 95% CI, 13 to 21%) by standard genotyping and 7% (26/401; 95% CI, 4 to 9%) by WGS among foreign-born patients and 19% (23/119; 95% CI, 13 to 28%) and 14% (17/119; 95% CI, 9 to 22%), respectively, among Swiss-born patients. Using weighted logistic regression, we found weak evidence of an association between birth origin and transmission (adjusted odds ratio of 2.2 and 95% CI of 0.9 to 5.5 comparing Swiss-born patients to others). In conclusion, standard genotyping overestimated recent TB transmission in Switzerland compared to WGS, particularly among immigrants from regions with a high TB incidence, where genetically closely related strains often predominate. We recommend the use of WGS to identify transmission clusters in settings with a low incidence of TB.
Access to primary care and the route of emergency admission to hospital: retrospective analysis of national hospital administrative data
Authors: Cowling Thomas E , Harris Matthew , Watt Hilary , Soljak Michael , Richards Emma , Gunning Elinor , Bottle Alex , Macinko James , Majeed Azeem 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundThe UK government is pursuing policies to improve primary care access, as many patients visit accident and emergency (A and E) departments after being unable to get suitable general practice appointments. Direct admission to hospital via a general practitioner (GP) averts A and E use, and may reduce total hospital costs. It could also enhance the continuity of information between GPs and hospital doctors, possibly improving healthcare outcomes.ObjectiveTo determine whether primary care access is associated with the route of emergency admission—via a GP versus via an A and E department.MethodsRetrospective analysis of national administrative data from English hospitals for 2011–2012. Adults admitted in an emergency (unscheduled) for ≥1 night via a GP or an A and E department formed the study population. The measure of primary care access—the percentage of patients able to get a general practice appointment on their last attempt—was derived from a large, nationally representative patient survey. Multilevel logistic regression was used to estimate associations, adjusting for patient and admission characteristics.ResultsThe analysis included 2 322 112 emergency admissions (81.9% via an A and E department). With a 5 unit increase in the percentage of patients able to get a general practice appointment on their last attempt, the adjusted odds of GP admission (vs A and E admission) was estimated to increase by 15% (OR 1.15, 95% CI 1.12 to 1.17). The probability of GP admission if ≥95% of appointment attempts were successful in each general practice was estimated to be 19.6%. This probability reduced to 13.6% when <80% of appointment attempts were successful. This equates to 139 673 fewer GP admissions (456 232 vs 316 559) assuming no change in the total number of admissions. Associations were consistent in direction across geographical regions of England.ConclusionsAmong hospital inpatients admitted as an emergency, patients registered to more accessible general practices were more likely to have been admitted via a GP (vs an A and E department). This furthers evidence suggesting that access to general practice is related to use of emergency hospital services in England. The relative merits of the two admission routes remain unclear.
Mapping the surgery exact sequence for topological manifolds to analysis
Authors: Zenobi Vito Felice 
Published: May 2016

In this paper we prove the existence of a natural mapping from the surgery exact sequence for topological manifolds to the analytic surgery exact sequence of Higson and Roe. This generalizes the fundamental result of Higson and Roe, but in the treatment given by Piazza and Schick, from smooth manifolds to topological manifolds. Crucial to our treatment is the Lipschitz signature operator of Teleman. We also give a generalization to the equivariant setting of the product defined by Siegel in his Ph.D. thesis. Geometric applications are given to stability results for rho classes. We also obtain a proof of the APS delocalized index theorem on odd dimensional manifolds, both for the spin Dirac operator and the signature operator, thus extending to odd dimensions the results of Piazza and Schick. Consequently, we are able to discuss the mapping of the surgery sequence in all dimensions.