bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dietary Omega‐3 Fatty Acids Prevented Adipocyte Hypertrophy by Downregulating DGAT‐2 and FABP‐4 in a Sex‐Dependent Fashion
Authors: Balogun Kayode A. , Cheema Sukhinder K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObesity is characterized by an increase in fat mass primarily as a result of adipocyte hypertrophy. Diets enriched in omega (n)‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are suggested to reduce obesity, however, the mechanisms are not well understood. We investigated the effect of n‐3 PUFA on adipocyte hypertrophy and the key genes involved in adipocyte hypertrophy. Female C57BL/6 mice were fed semi‐purified diets (20 % w/w fat) containing high n‐3 PUFA before mating, during pregnancy, and until weaning. Male and female offspring were continued on high n‐3 PUFA (10 % w/w), medium n‐3 PUFA (4 % w/w), or low n‐3 PUFA (2 % w/w) diet for 16 weeks postweaning. Adipocyte area was quantified using microscopy, and gonadal mRNA expression of acyl CoA:diacylglycerol acyltransferase‐2 (DGAT‐2), fatty acid binding protein‐4 (FABP‐4) and leptin were measured. The high n‐3 PUFA group showed higher levels of total n‐3 PUFA in gonadal TAG compared to the medium and low n‐3 PUFA groups (P < 0.001). The high n‐3 PUFA male group had a lower adipocyte area compared to the medium and low n‐3 PUFA group (P < 0.001); however, no difference was observed in females. The high n‐3 PUFA male group showed lower mRNA expression of FABP‐4, DGAT‐2 and leptin compared to the low n‐3 PUFA group, with no difference in females. Plasma lipid levels were lower in the high n‐3 PUFA group compared to the other groups. Our findings show for the first time that n‐3 PUFA prevents adipocyte hypertrophy by downregulating FABP‐4, DGAT‐2 and leptin; the effects are however sex‐specific.
An Unprecedented Occurrence of Δ5,9‐ and Δ9,15‐Dienoic Fatty Acids in Ovaries of the Archaeogastropod Limpet Cellana toreuma
Authors: Kawashima Hideki , Ohnishi Masao 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA detailed structural diversity of dienoic fatty acids (FA), including non‐methylene‐interrupted dienoic FA, of triacylglycerols and polar lipids in ovaries of Cellana toreuma was clarified for the first time by using capillary gas chromatography–mass spectrometry of their 3‐pyridylcarbinol esters and argentation thin‐layer chromatography. Interestingly, in addition to 5,9‐octadecadienoic (18:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐eicosadienoic (20:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐docosadienoic (22:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐tricosadienoic (23:2Δ5,9), and 5,9‐tetracosadienoic (24:2Δ5,9) acids, previously identified in ovaries of C. grata, rare FA 5,9‐hexadecadienoic (16:2Δ5,9), 5,9‐nonadecadienoic (19:2Δ5,9), and 21‐methyl‐5,9‐docosadienoic (iso 23:2Δ5,9) were newly recognized in ovaries of C. toreuma. Detectable amounts of four Δ9,15‐dienoic FA were present in the ovary lipids. The FA identified were one novel 9,15‐heneicosadienoic (21:2Δ9,15) acid and known 9,15‐docosadienoic (22:2Δ9,15), 9,15‐tricosadienoic (23:2Δ9,15), and 9,15‐tetracosadienoic (24:2Δ9,15) acids. The findings help to explain the broad evidence of the structural diversity in marine gastropods and suggest biomarkers to evaluate marine food web relations.
The hiring and employment of older workers in Germany: a comparative perspective
Authors: Heywood John S. , Jirjahn Uwe 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper focuses on the German labor market for older workers. It does so in comparison with other countries and with a unique focus on the role of employer incentives for retaining and hiring older workers. It argues that while employment of older German workers has improved due to changes in government policy, the labor market for older workers remains characterized by far less mobility and opportunity. While we recognize the potential explanations of reduced productivity and age discrimination, we review evidence pointing to the importance of life-cycle contracts (Hutchens, J Lab Econ, 4, 439–457, 1986; Lazear, J Polit Economy, 87, 1261–1284, 1979). These contracts can be efficient but typically imply that older workers will have difficulty being re-hired into career jobs after separation. We suggest that attempts to reduce or eliminate such life-cycle contracts are likely to be counter-productive but suggest how other countries, particularly Japan, have dealt with this issue.
GENES, LEGITIMACY AND HYPERGAMY: ANOTHER LOOK AT THE ECONOMICS OF MARRIAGE
Authors: Saint-Paul Gilles 
Published: December 2015

Abstract:In order to credibly “sell” legitimate children to their spouse, women must forego more attractive mating opportunities. This paper derives the implications of this observation for the pattern of matching in marriage markets, the dynamics of human capital accumulation, and the evolution of the gene pool. A key consequence of the trade-off faced by women is that marriage markets will naturally tend to behypergamous– that is, a marriage is more likely to be beneficial to both parties relative to remaining single, the greater the man’s human capital, and the lower the woman’s human capital. As a consequence, it is shown that the equilibrium can only be of two types. In the “Victorian” type, all agents marry somebody of the same rank in the distribution of income. In the “Sex and the City” (SATC) type, women marry men who are better ranked than themselves. There is a mass of unmarried men at the bottom of the distribution of human capital, and a mass of single women at the top of that distribution. It is shown that the economy switches from a Victorian to an SATC equilibrium as inequality goes up.The model sheds light on how marriage affects the returns to human capital for men and women. Absent marriage, these returns are larger for women than for men but the opposite may occur if marriage prevails. Finally, it is shown that the institution of marriage may or may not favour human capital accumulation depending on how genes affect one’s productivity at accumulating human capital.
The Cerne Abbas Giant: 1764–1980
Authors: Grinsell Leslie 
Published: December 2015

The purpose of this paper is to draw attention to a major change in the internal iconography of the Giant since it was first illustrated in 1764. If, as is highly probable, that illustration was substantially correct, the navel has in the meantime, through the vicissitudes of periods of neglect alternating with renovations from time to time, ceased to have a separate existence and has become added to the penis, increasing the length of the latter by some 5 or 6 feet (1.5-1.8m). If the change did not originate with the renovation of 1887 when the Giant was cleaned by order of General Pitt-Rivers, it was certainly perpetuated under his direction.Apart from a reference to ‘illustrious Stanengs and his Cangick Giants’ (Gibbons, c. 1670), which is most unlikely to refer to the Cerne Giant, the earliest known definite allusion to this hill-figure was made by Francis Wise (1742, 48), who refrained from describing it in detail because he considered it preferable to leave the task to the Reverend John Hutchins, then working on his History of Dorset (1774 and later editions). The earliest known illustration to date was in the Gentleman’s Magazine for 1764 (FIG, I a), accompanying a letter addressed to the editor, ‘Silvanus Urban’, unsigned but apparently not by Hutchins, who had supplied slightly different measurements to William Stukeley in October the previous year (Lukis 1883, 129-33).
Megalithic science and some Scottish site plans
Authors: Moir Gordon , Ruggles Clive , Norris Ray 
Published: December 2015

‘A cairn supported at its edge by large stones may be removed. … The ring which is left looks like a stone circle.’ (Thom, 1967, 65).Professor A. Thom has surveyed a large number of archaeological sites (Thom, 1967; 1971). These surveys provide the basis from which he deduces the existence of the Megalithic Yard (MY), Megalithic Geometry and Megalithic Astronomy. In considering his evidence for these aspects of ‘megalithic science’ it is pertinent to enquire of each site: Does it date from the Late Neolithic or Early Bronze Age? Is it correctly identified? Do the stones occupy their original positions? Is the site plan accurate? Has the site already been discussed, or since discussed, in the archaeological literature? The example of Unival, discussed in detail later, shows that here Thom has made a serious error in identifying the site, and very probably made surveying errors. These errors vitiate part of his discussion of an important site. This mis-identification, and similar ones, could have been avoided if the archaeological literature had been consulted.
Early Maya ceremonial at Cuello, Belize
Authors: Hammond Norman 
Published: December 2015

The formative period of Maya civilization has been the subject of recent attention, both in discussion (e.g. Adams, 1977) and in excavation; several projects have been established specifically to investigate the processes that led to the Classic Maya florescence in the first millennium AD. Among these has been the Cuello Project, a joint venture of the British Museum, the National Geographic Society and Rutgers University; this article summarizes the results of the third and final season of the project’s excavations at Cuello, Belize (Fig. I), which took place from January to March, 1980. The terminology for excavated features, structures etc. is detailed in Hammond (1978).The site was discovered during extensive surveys in 1973–4 (Hammond, 1974, Fig. I), and its potential for the study of the Preclassic or Formative period which preceded the rise of Classic Maya civilization led to a test excavation in 1975. The sequence of building levels and pottery preserved by the growth of Platform 34, a large flat construction with a small superincumbent pyramid (Str. 35) (PL. XXVIa), lying to the southwest of the main part of the site (Donaghey, et al., 1976, Fig. 2), showed that the uppermost floors on the platform had been laid in the Late Formative (conventionally 300 BC–AD 250 ), over structures of the Middle Formative (1000–300 BC). Below these were earlier deposits associated with pottery of pre-Middle Formative date which was assigned to the Early Formative (2000–1000 BC).
Science or symbolism: problems of archaeo-astronomy
Authors: Burl Aubrey 
Published: December 2015

A convincing case has now been made out for linking [the cursus, avenues, alignments, henges and circles] with a remarkable store of engineering, mathematical and astronomical knowledge’ (Burgess, 1974, 195)… it is fantastic to imagine that the ill-clad inhabitants of these boreal isles should shiver night long in rain and gale, peering through the driving mists to note eclipses and planetary movements in our oft-veiled skies’ (Childe, 1930, 164).Over the last decade many claims have been made that early prehistoric Britain was the focus of a scientifically learned society whose mathematical, geometrical and astronomical discoveries anticipated those of the Babylonians and Greeks, and some of whose megalithic observatories survive for us to examine.
Labyrinthine sequestration secondary to auditory implantation: report of two cases and review of the literature
Authors: Warner E , Eze N , Connor S , Jiang D 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackground:Auditory implantation into the inner ear is increasingly performed for a variety of indications. Infective complications are rare, but when they occur they can have devastating consequences.Case reports:This paper reports two cases where vestibular sequestration of the bony labyrinth developed following implantation into the middle ear.Conclusion:To the authors' knowledge, these are the first reported cases where vestibular sequestration has resulted from auditory implant surgery. This paper outlines the radiological changes characteristic of this pathology. It also describes the surgical and conservative treatment options for this condition, challenging the previously accepted belief that affected patients always require aggressive surgical intervention.
Recent epigraphic research in central Greece: Euboea, Phokis & Lokris
Authors: Marchand Fabienne 
Published: December 2015

Over the past ten years, the regions of Euboea, Phokis and Lokris have yielded epigraphic material that is not only abundant, but also very varied – whether viewed in chronological, thematic or archaeological terms. All three regions have, for example, produced new manumission records, including the very first for the island of Euboea. The use of inscriptions has made crucial contributions to the identification of several Euboean sanctuaries, such as that of Apollo Selinaios, in the territory of Histiaia, that of Artemis Amarysia, near Amarynthos, and Apollo Delios at Zarex. The sanctuary located at the top of the acropolis of Eretria is now understood to be a sanctuary of Athena, thanks to an inscribed statuette of a lion.The region of Phokis in particular has yielded very diverse epigraphy. Once again, inscriptions associated with sanctuaries stand out, with, for example, a dedication to Pan and the Nymphs from a cave on Mount Parnassos, inscriptions from the oracular sanctuary of Apollo at Abai and from two sanctuaries of Artemis at Antikyra. Scholars working on Roman Phokis will welcome the publication of several new inscriptions, particularly a document from Elateia mentioning an Aetolarch, an honorific inscription from Antikyra, which provides the first occurrence in central Greece for a dekaprotos and, from Ambryssos, a statue base commemorating the emperor Gallienus.
Discontinuity of cortical gradients reflects sensory impairment
Authors: Saadon-Grosman Noam , Tal Zohar , Itshayek Eyal , Amedi Amir , Arzy Shahar 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Topographic organization is a key feature of human brain function, from visual, auditory, and somatosensory processing to numerosity and attention. How is topography affected in pathological states? To unravel this mystery, we scanned whole-body topographic representations under functional MRI in two unique patient populations and quantified continuity and signal power. In patients with sensory Brown-Séquard syndrome, only half of the body is impaired, enabling comparison of disturbed and nondisturbed body sides; in patients undergoing surgical repair, we compared topographies before and after intervention. In each individual patient, pathological processing was reflected by discontinuity of topographic maps rather than signal reduction. These findings highlight the importance of continuity in topographic organization and may serve as a biomarker for somatosensory pathologies.
Fitchi: haplotype genealogy graphs based on the Fitch algorithm
Authors: Matschiner Michael 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Summary: In population genetics and phylogeography, haplotype genealogy graphs are important tools for the visualization of population structure based on sequence data. In this type of graph, node sizes are often drawn in proportion to haplotype frequencies and edge lengths represent the minimum number of mutations separating adjacent nodes. I here present Fitchi, a new program that produces publication-ready haplotype genealogy graphs based on the Fitch algorithm.
Availability and implementation: http://www.evoinformatics.eu/fitchi.htm
Contact: michaelmatschiner@mac.com
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
PharmacoGx: an R package for analysis of large pharmacogenomic datasets
Authors: Smirnov Petr , Safikhani Zhaleh , El-Hachem Nehme , Wang Dong , She Adrian , Olsen Catharina , Freeman Mark , Selby Heather , Gendoo Deena M.A. , Grossmann Patrick , Beck Andrew H. , Aerts Hugo J.W.L. , Lupien Mathieu , Goldenberg Anna , Haibe-Kains Benjamin 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Summary: Pharmacogenomics holds great promise for the development of biomarkers of drug response and the design of new therapeutic options, which are key challenges in precision medicine. However, such data are scattered and lack standards for efficient access and analysis, consequently preventing the realization of the full potential of pharmacogenomics. To address these issues, we implemented PharmacoGx, an easy-to-use, open source package for integrative analysis of multiple pharmacogenomic datasets. We demonstrate the utility of our package in comparing large drug sensitivity datasets, such as the Genomics of Drug Sensitivity in Cancer and the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia. Moreover, we show how to use our package to easily perform Connectivity Map analysis. With increasing availability of drug-related data, our package will open new avenues of research for meta-analysis of pharmacogenomic data.
Availability and implementation: PharmacoGx is implemented in R and can be easily installed on any system. The package is available from CRAN and its source code is available from GitHub.
Contact: bhaibeka@uhnresearch.ca or benjamin.haibe.kains@utoronto.ca
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
BioFVM: an efficient, parallelized diffusive transport solver for 3-D biological simulations
Authors: Ghaffarizadeh Ahmadreza , Friedman Samuel H. , Macklin Paul 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Motivation: Computational models of multicellular systems require solving systems of PDEs for release, uptake, decay and diffusion of multiple substrates in 3D, particularly when incorporating the impact of drugs, growth substrates and signaling factors on cell receptors and subcellular systems biology.
Results: We introduce BioFVM, a diffusive transport solver tailored to biological problems. BioFVM can simulate release and uptake of many substrates by cell and bulk sources, diffusion and decay in large 3D domains. It has been parallelized with OpenMP, allowing efficient simulations on desktop workstations or single supercomputer nodes. The code is stable even for large time steps, with linear computational cost scalings. Solutions are first-order accurate in time and second-order accurate in space. The code can be run by itself or as part of a larger simulator.
Availability and implementation: BioFVM is written in C ++ with parallelization in OpenMP. It is maintained and available for download at http://BioFVM.MathCancer.org and http://BioFVM.sf.net under the Apache License (v2.0).
Contact: paul.macklin@usc.edu.
Supplementary information: Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Immune modulators in disease: integrating knowledge from the biomedical literature and gene expression
Authors: Geifman Nophar , Bhattacharya Sanchita , Butte Atul J 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Objective Cytokines play a central role in both health and disease, modulating immune responses and acting as diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. This work takes a systems-level approach for integration and examination of immune patterns, such as cytokine gene expression with information from biomedical literature, and applies it in the context of disease, with the objective of identifying potentially useful relationships and areas for future research.
Results We present herein the integration and analysis of immune-related knowledge, namely, information derived from biomedical literature and gene expression arrays. Cytokine-disease associations were captured from over 2.4 million PubMed records, in the form of Medical Subject Headings descriptor co-occurrences, as well as from gene expression arrays. Clustering of cytokine-disease co-occurrences from biomedical literature is shown to reflect current medical knowledge as well as potentially novel relationships between diseases. A correlation analysis of cytokine gene expression in a variety of diseases revealed compelling relationships. Finally, a novel analysis comparing cytokine gene expression in different diseases to parallel associations captured from the biomedical literature was used to examine which associations are interesting for further investigation.
Discussion We demonstrate the usefulness of capturing Medical Subject Headings descriptor co-occurrences from biomedical publications in the generation of valid and potentially useful hypotheses. Furthermore, integrating and comparing descriptor co-occurrences with gene expression data was shown to be useful in detecting new, potentially fruitful, and unaddressed areas of research.
Conclusion Using integrated large-scale data captured from the scientific literature and experimental data, a better understanding of the immune mechanisms underlying disease can be achieved and applied to research.
New method for black-hole spin measurement based on flux variation from an infalling gas ring
Authors: Moriyama Kotaro , Mineshige Shin 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We propose a new method for black hole spin measurement. In this method, we consider a gas blob or ring falling onto a black hole from the marginally stable orbit, keeping its initial orbital angular momentum. We calculate the gas motion and photon trajectories in the Kerr space-time and, assuming that the gas blob or ring emits monochromatic radiation, carefully examine how it is observed by a distant observer. The light curve of the orbiting gas blob is composed of many peaks because of periodic enhancement of the flux due to the gravitational lensing and beaming effects. Further, the intensity of each peak first gradually increases with time due to the focusing effect around the photon circular orbit and then rapidly decreases due to the gravitational redshift, as the gas blob approaches the event horizon. The light curve of the gas ring is equivalent to a superposition of those of the blobs with various initial orbital phases, and so it is continuous and with no peaks. The flux first gradually increases and then rapidly decays, as in the blob model. The flux variation timescale depends on the black hole spin and is independent of the inclination angle, while time-averaged frequency shift has dependence on both effects. We can thus, in principle, determine spin and inclination angle from observations. The observational implications and future issues are briefly discussed.
Importance of Lid Hygiene Before Ocular Surgery: Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Eyelid and Conjunctiva Microbiota
Authors: Peral Assumpta , Alonso Jose , García-García Concepción , Niño-Rueda Cristina , Calvo del Bosque Patricia 
Published: December 2015

Objective:
To evaluate the efficacy of a cleansing eyelid wipe in reducing the microbiota present on the ocular surface before cataract surgery.

Methods:
A single-center, prospective, single-blind phase IV study was conducted at the University Complutense of Madrid. Forty-five adult patients who were scheduled for ocular surgery after treatment with commercially available eyelid wipes were consecutively enrolled. The study lasted 5 days and the patients were examined at day 0 (D0), day 3 (D3), and day 5 (D5). They received instructions to apply the eyelid wipe only to the eye subject to surgery, using the other eye as a control with no treatment. Lid and conjunctival swabs were taken on each day and microbes identified. Ocular surface microbiota was estimated by measuring the area of the agar plate occupied by the grown colonies with respect to the total available area.

Results:
Measurements at D3 and D5 showed a percent reduction of 58% and 63%, respectively, in the microbial load on the eyelid in the treated eyes (P=0.0011). There was also a reduction, although nonsignificant, in the microbiota of the conjunctiva of 72% and 69% on D3 and D5, respectively.

Conclusions:
The degree of microbiota reduction was comparable with that obtained after topical application of antibiotics in other studies. The results suggest the use of these eyelid wipes as a complementary prophylactic method before any ocular surgery.