bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small Donor Empowerment Depends on the Details: Comparing Matching Fund Programs in New York and Los Angeles
Authors: Malbin Michael J. , Parrott Michael 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Political campaigns have long been financed by people with well above average incomes, but the balance has tilted dramatically since the Supreme Court’s 2010 decision in Citizens United v. FEC. A number of jurisdictions have been looking to rebalance the incentives through new (or updated) public financing programs. Much of the discussion about their potential effects, however, has been sweepingly generic. But we know that these programs do differ from each other and have good reason to expect that “success” or “failure” will depend both on their goals and the programs’ details. This article focuses on one type of program that has become a model in recent years. Until recently New York City was the only jurisdiction with a multiple matching system explicitly designed to increase the role of small donors.Previous studies noted apparent successes, but it has been difficult to feel comfortable with only one jurisdiction to test. After Los Angeles revised its system in 2013, serious comparisons became possible. This article finds that New York City’s campaign finance matching fund program increased the number, proportional role, and diversity of small donors in city council elections but that the Los Angeles program was substantially less effective. The findings were confirmed through a difference-in-differences procedure that tested each city council over time against state legislative districts representing the same geographical space. A series of explanations relating to the programs’ details were tested, leading us to conclude that the policy details were affecting the results. The results were also different in both cities for mayoral and city council candidates. This suggests alterations may be needed if one were to consider the model for offices with larger constituencies, such as Governor or the US Congress. Finally, the article concludes with a discussion of major arguments for and against increasing small donor participation as a goal for public policy.
Postdiluvian? The Effects of Outside Group Spending on Senate Elections After Citizens United and Speechnow.org v. FEC
Authors: Chaturvedi Neilan S. , Holloway Coleen 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In 2010, the Supreme Court’s decision on Citizens United v. FEC, fueled public outcry about the growth of the cost of the political campaign and the influx of outside money in the form of independent expenditures. President Barack Obama seemed to agree with this speculation calling independent expenditures, “dark money” that “pulls our politics into the gutter” [Obama, Barack. 2015. “The Citizens United Decision was Wrong.” (Press Release). Retrieved from https://www.whitehouse.gov/the-press-office/2015/01/21/statement-president.]. Indeed, signs pointing to the increase in the cost of campaigns are correct, as 2014 saw the most expensive congressional elections in history. In this paper, we examine the effects of outside group spending on Senate races in 2010, 2012, and 2014. We find that outside group spending does play a significant, though small role in determining the vote share of a candidate. We also find that outside group spending in support of a candidate is generally more effective than outside group spending against a candidate, especially for the incumbent. Still, outside group expenditures pale in comparison to campaign expenditures for the challenger in terms of overall effect.
Cooperative Media Spending in Senate Campaigns Post-Citizens United
Authors: Miller Kenneth M. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Outside groups now represent a major voice in US Senate campaigns, but it remains unclear to what degree outside groups are independent actors or are simply performing the same role once filled almost entirely by the parties. This article investigates whether independent groups distribute media expenditures in ways that mirror the objectives of parties, or if divergent interests cause independent groups to allocate these funds differently. Using a large original dataset of media spending in Senate campaigns from 2010 through 2014, this study specifies how a seat-maximizing strategy will go beyond simply directing money to the most competitive contests; that within similarly competitive races outside groups spend more on media when the candidates spend less. The observed pattern of outside group resource allocation reveals that outside group activity in the aggregate is consistent with the seat-maximizing strategy expected from parties, but one subgroup of outsiders, issue-based independent groups, are less sensitive to these considerations.
The Rhetorical Psychology of Trumpism: Threat, Absolutism, and the Absolutist Threat
Authors: Marietta Morgan , Farley Tyler , Cote Tyler , Murphy Paul 
Published: July 2017

AbstractConventional wisdom suggests that Donald Trump’s rhetoric – aggressive, insulting, often offensive – would be counterproductive to electoral success. We argue that Trump’s surprising victories in both the primary and general campaigns were partly due to the positive effects of his appeals grounded in the intersection of threat and absolutism. The content of Trump’s rhetoric focused on threats to personal safety (terrorism), personal status (economic decline), and group status (immigration). The style of Trump’s rhetoric was absolutist, emphasizing non-negotiable boundaries and moral outrage at their violation. Previous research has shown perceived threat to motivate political participation and absolutist rhetoric to bolster impressions of positive character traits. Trump employed these two rhetorical psychologies simultaneously, melding threat and absolutism into the absolutist threat as an effective rhetorical strategy. Analysis of Trump’s debate language and Twitter rhetoric, as well as original data from political elites at the Republican National Convention and ordinary voters at rallies in New Hampshire confirm the unconventional efficacy of Trump’s rhetorical approach.
Health Reform in the Trump Era: Will Politics Unmake Policy?
Authors: Kelly Andrew S. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDonald J. Trump’s unexpected victory in the 2016 presidential election cast a long shadow over the American welfare state. With continued Republican control of the House and Senate, Trump’s occupancy of the Oval Office removed a critical constraint on Republican efforts to dismantle key Democratic social policy achievements—both old and new. Despite the absence of these important institutional veto-points, the policies that were first identified and targeted by Republicans during the Trump era have proved to be more robust than many observers and policymakers initially believed. By applying the theoretical insights and methodological tools of American Political Development, this article explores how long-running policy processes have altered the political landscape in often underappreciated ways to narrow the prospects for large-scale policy reform. More specifically, this article examines the political dynamics of Medicare and the Affordable Care Act in the early days of the Trump administration. The pressures exerted on both programs by an unpredictable president and unified Republican control of Congress provides a unique opportunity to differentiate between and assess the prospects for policy sustainability and policy stability.
The Anti-Analytic Presidency Revisited
Authors: Rocco Philip 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In his first months as president, Donald Trump has demonstrated an unprecedented aversion to expert-oriented decision making. This essay examines how Trump’s presidency exposes tensions in what Skowronek and Orren (2016) refer to as the “policy state”, especially within institutions that produce expert analyses of presidential action. While an absence of policy expertise has hampered Trump’s agenda, his administration has also taken steps to discredit unfavorable analyses, subvert rules requiring the use of objective analysis, and construct new institutions to promote ‘alternative facts’. By deepening public division and distrust, such activities may restructure the political environment in which the Trump presidency itself is judged.
Repurposing the Administrative State
Authors: Callen Zachary 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In this essay, President Donald Trump’s policies are evaluated in terms of their impact on American federalism. Rather than producing an era of significant devolution, the paper argues that the Trump administration will primarily result in very typical policy changes to American federalism. In particular, the Trump administration will redirect state resources away from policy areas that undercut Trump’s political agenda while placing more support behind programs that advance the president’s agenda. The one significant change that the Trump administration could bring about is an even greater centralization of political power in the executive, perhaps to a degree that undermines the traditional checks and balances of American federalism.
Tissue kallikrein-related peptidase 4 (KLK4), a novel biomarker in triple-negative breast cancer
Authors: Yang Feng , Aubele Michaela , Walch Axel , Gross Eva , Napieralski Rudolf , Zhao Shuo , Ahmed Nancy , Kiechle Marion , Reuning Ute , Dorn Julia , Sweep Fred , Magdolen Viktor , Schmitt Manfred 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTriple-negative breast cancer (TNBC), lacking the steroid hormone receptors ER and PR and the oncoprotein HER2, is characterized by its aggressive pattern and insensitivity to endocrine and HER2-directed therapy. Human kallikrein-related peptidases KLK1-15 provide a rich source of serine protease-type biomarkers associated with tumor growth and cancer progression for a variety of malignant diseases. In this study, recombinant KLK4 protein was generated and affinity-purified KLK4-directed polyclonal antibody pAb587 established to allow localization of KLK4 protein expression in tumor cell lines and archived formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded TNBC tumor tissue specimens. For this, KLK4 protein expression was assessed by immunohistochemistry in primary tumor tissue sections (tissue microarrays) of 188 TNBC patients, mainly treated with anthracycline- or CMF-based polychemotherapy. KLK4 protein is localized in the cytoplasm of tumor and stroma cells. In this patient cohort, elevated stroma cell KLK4 expression, but not tumor cell KLK4 expression, is predictive for poor disease-free survival by univariate analysis (hazard ratio: 2.26,p=0.001) and multivariable analysis (hazard ratio: 2.12,p<0.01). Likewise, univariate analysis revealed a trend for statistical significance of elevated KLK4 stroma cell expression for overall survival of TNBC patients as well.
Digital communications and social media use in surgery: how to maximize communication in the digital age
Authors: Karpeh Martin S. , Bryczkowski Sarah 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCommunication among patients, colleagues, and staff in healthcare has changed dramatically in the last decade. Digital technology and social media sites have allowed instantaneous access to information. The potential for information technology to improve access to healthcare, enhance the quality, and lower the cost is significant. Text messaging, tweeting, chatting, and blogging are rapidly replacing e-mail as the preferred means of communication in healthcare. This review will highlight how digital technology is changing the way surgeons communicate with colleagues and patients as well as provide some guidance as to how to avoid some of the pitfalls and problems that this form of communication can bring.
On the interpretation of the indentation size effect (ISE) through gradient theory for Vickers and Berkovich indenters
Authors: Kampouris Asterios K. , Konstantinidis Avraam A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe so-called indentation size effect (ISE) observed mainly in nanoindentation measurements with prismatic tips, is theoretically modeled in this article with the use of gradient theory. It is shown that the ISE, i.e. the dependence of the calculated hardness value on the indentation depth, is rather an artifact of the geometry of the tip used, than a phenomenon related to the material tested. The model predictions are compared with nanoindentation measurements of Al specimens.
The role of ultrasound in the prediction of birth weight discordance in twin pregnancies: are we there yet?
Authors: Neves Ana Raquel , Nunes Filipa , Branco Miguel , Almeida Maria do Céu , Santos Silva Isabel 
Published: July 2017

AbstractObjective:To analyze the accuracy of ultrasound prediction of birth weight discordance (BWD) and the influence of chorionicity and fetal growth restriction (FGR) on ultrasound performance.Methods:Retrospective analysis of 176 twin pregnancies at a Portuguese tertiary center, between 2008 and 2014. Last ultrasound biometry was recorded. Cases with delivery before 24 weeks, fetal malformations, interval between last ultrasound and deliver >3 weeks, twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome and monoamniotic pregnancies were excluded. The accuracy of prediction of BWD was assessed using the area under the receiver-operating characteristics curve (AUC).Results:BWD ≥20% was present in 21.6% of twin pregnancies. EBW had the best predictive performance for BWD (AUC 0.838, 95%CI 0.760–0.916), with a negative predictive value of 86.9% and a positive predictive value of 51.3%. Chorionicity did not influence ultrasound performance. None of the biometric variables analyzed was predictive of BWD in pregnancies without FGR.Conclusion:The accuracy of ultrasound in the prediction of BWD is limited, particularly in pregnancies without fetal growth restriction. Clinical decisions should not rely on BWD alone.
Periodic array-based substrates for surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy
Authors: Mayerhöfer Thomas G. , Popp Jürgen 
Published: July 2017

AbstractAt the beginning of the 1980s, the first reports of surface-enhanced infrared spectroscopy (SEIRS) surfaced. Probably due to signal-enhancement factors of only 101to 103, which are modest compared to those of surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), SEIRS did not reach the same significance up to date. However, taking the compared to Raman scattering much larger cross-sections of infrared absorptions and the enhancement factors together, SEIRS reaches about the same sensitivity for molecular species on a surface in terms of the cross-sections as SERS and, due to the complementary nature of both techniques, can valuably augment information gained by SERS. For the first 20 years since its discovery, SEIRS relied completely on metal island films, fabricated by either vapor or electrochemical deposition. The resulting films showed a strong variance concerning their structure, which was essentially random. Therefore, the increase in the corresponding signal-enhancement factors of these structures stagnated in the last years. In the very same years, however, the development of periodic array-based substrates helped SEIRS to gather momentum. This development was supported by technological progress concerning electromagnetic field solvers, which help to understand plasmonic properties and allow targeted design. In addition, the strong progress concerning modern fabrication methods allowed to implement these designs into practice. The aim of this contribution is to critically review the development of these engineered surfaces for SEIRS, to compare the different approaches with regard to their performance where possible, and report further gain of knowledge around and in relation to these structures.
Crystal structure of catena-poly[aqua-(μ
2-hexamethylenetetramine-κ
2
N:N′)-bis(2,6-difluorobenzoato-κ
2
O:O′)cadmium(II)]monohydrate, C20H22CdF4N4O6
Authors: Hou-Qun Yuan , Wen-Min Wang , Chang-Gan Huang , Wei Xiao , Guang-Ming Bao 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
C20H22CdF4N4O6, orthorhombic, P212121 (no. 19), a = 7.475(3) Å, b = 12.246(5) Å, c = 24.615(11) Å, V =2253.0(17) Å3, Z = 4, R
gt(F) = 0.0245, wR
ref(F
2) = 0.0706, T = 296(2) K.
Age-dependance of pteridines in the malaria vector, Anopheles stephensi
Authors: Edalat Hamideh , Akhoundi Mohammad , Basseri Hamidreza 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Determining the accurate age of malaria vectors is crucial to measure the risk of malaria transmission. A group of fluorescent chemicals derived from a pyrimidine-pyrazine ring structure known as pteridines from the head, thorax and whole body of adult female Anopheles stephensi were identified and evaluated as a tool for chronological and physiological age determination of malaria vectors. The female mosquitoes were collected from an insectary colony at an interval of every 5 days, up to 30 days, and the pteridines of head, thorax and whole body were detected fluorometrically by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) using excitation and emission wavelengths of 365 and 455 nm, respectively. In addition, alteration of the pteridines compounds was compared between blood and sugar fed mosquito groups. Although four pteridines including pterin-6-carboxylic acid, biopterin, xanthopterin and isoxanthopterin were detected, some of them were absent in the head or thorax of mosquitoes. Levels of all four pteridines were similarly decreased in a linear manner throughout 30 days. No significant difference in alteration of pteridine compounds was observed between the two groups of blood or sugar fed mosquitoes. This result indicates that diet has a little effect on pteridines alteration. Age determination based on pteridines, as an age-grading technique, could be used for field collected mosquitoes, which have either sugar or blood meal. In addition, analyzing total pteridine fluorescence from only whole body could be a convenient method to estimate the age.
Avoid Drug Incompatibilities: Clinical Context in Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU)
Authors: Flamein Florence , Storme Laurent , Maiguy-Foinard Aurélie , Perez Maxime , Décaudin Bertrand , Masse Morgane , Genay Stéphanie , Odou Pascal 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe administration of several intravenous products on the same catheter is a very common situation in neonatology, where the stakes are high and the dangers sometimes unknown to clinicians. A large number of factors are involved in this administration, directly related to the installation of the infusion line. Moreover, the therapeutics used are often limited, and excluding classic “Marketing Authorization”. Some of these products may prove to be incompatible and thus lose their effectiveness, or even generate particles that are likely to be administered to the patient. We must be aware of these risks in order to optimize the prescription and administration of these intravenous products, especially as we treat fragile and immature patients. The aim of this work is to review the literature on the subject for the prescribers of neonatology units.
Ethanol as an Antifungal Treatment for Silver Gelatin Prints: Implementation Methods Evaluation
Authors: Lucas Chloé , Déniel Franck , Dantigny Philippe 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This study deals with mold damaged photographic gelatin disinfection methods. The goal of the study is to determine a suitable method to apply a solution of deionized water and absolute ethanol (30:70 v/v) mixture in order to obtain a biocide effect on four fungal strains: Alternaria alternata, Aspergillus niger, Chaetomium globosum and Penicillium brevicompactum. Three implementations were tested: solvent chamber, direct contact and direct contact followed by a mechanical removal. Different treatment times were tested for each method. The deionized water and absolute ethanol mixture, applied for two hours in a solvent chamber, succeeded in inactivating the four tested fungal strains.
Combining Theory, Model, and Experiment to Explain How Intrinsic Theta Rhythms Are Generated in anIn VitroWhole Hippocampus Preparation without Oscillatory Inputs
Authors: Ferguson Katie A. , Chatzikalymniou Alexandra P. , Skinner Frances K. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractScientists have observed local field potential theta rhythms (3–12 Hz) in the hippocampus for decades, but understanding the mechanisms underlying their generation is complicated by their diversity in pharmacological and frequency profiles. In addition, interactions with other brain structures and oscillatory drives to the hippocampus during distinct brain states has made it difficult to identify hippocampus-specific properties directly involved in theta generation. To overcome this, we develop cellular-based network models using a whole hippocampusin vitropreparation that spontaneously generates theta rhythms. Building on theoretical and computational analyses, we find that spike frequency adaptation and postinhibitory rebound constitute a basis for theta generation in large, minimally connected CA1 pyramidal (PYR) cell network models with fast-firing parvalbumin-positive (PV+) inhibitory cells. Sparse firing of PYR cells and large excitatory currents onto PV+cells are present as in experiments. The particular theta frequency is more controlled by PYR-to-PV+cell interactions rather than PV+-to-PYR cell interactions. We identify two scenarios by which theta rhythms can emerge, and they can be differentiated by the ratio of excitatory to inhibitory currents to PV+cells, but not to PYR cells. Only one of the scenarios is consistent with data from the whole hippocampus preparation, which leads to the prediction that the connection probability from PV+to PYR cells needs to be larger than from PYR to PV+cells. Our models can serve as a platform on which to build and develop an understanding ofin vivotheta generation.
Trans-ancestry Fine Mapping and Molecular Assays Identify Regulatory Variants at the ANGPTL8 HDL-C GWAS Locus
Authors: Cannon Maren E , Duan Qing , Wu Ying , Zeynalzadeh Monica , Xu Zheng , Kangas Antti J , Soininen Pasi , Ala-Korpela Mika , Civelek Mete , Lusis Aldons J , Kuusisto Johanna , Collins Francis S , Boehnke Michael , Tang Hua , Laakso Markku , Li Yun , Mohlke Karen L 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Recent genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified variants associated with high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) located in or near the ANGPTL8 gene. Given the extensive sharing of GWAS loci across populations, we hypothesized that at least one shared variant at this locus affects HDL-C. The HDL-C–associated variants are coincident with expression quantitative trait loci for ANGPTL8 and DOCK6 in subcutaneous adipose tissue; however, only ANGPTL8 expression levels are associated with HDL-C levels. We identified a 400-bp promoter region of ANGPTL8 and enhancer regions within 5 kb that contribute to regulating expression in liver and adipose. To identify variants functionally responsible for the HDL-C association, we performed fine-mapping analyses and selected 13 candidate variants that overlap putative regulatory regions to test for allelic differences in regulatory function. Of these variants, rs12463177-G increased transcriptional activity (1.5-fold, P = 0.004) and showed differential protein binding. Six additional variants (rs17699089, rs200788077, rs56322906, rs3760782, rs737337, and rs3745683) showed evidence of allelic differences in transcriptional activity and/or protein binding. Taken together, these data suggest a regulatory mechanism at the ANGPTL8 HDL-C GWAS locus involving tissue-selective expression and at least one functional variant.