bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SELECTIVITY OF CANDIDA RUGOSA LIPASE IMMOBILIZED ONTO LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDES AS CATALYST IN SYNTHESIS OF FATTY ACID ESTERS
Authors: Abdul Rahman Mohd Basyaruddin , Othman Siti Salhah , Md Yunus Noor Mona 
Published: May 2016

The enzymatic selectivity of Lipase from Candida rugosa immobilized onto a calcined layered double hydroxide (CLDHs-CRL) towards the chain-length of fatty acids and alcohols in the synthesis of fatty acid esters was investigated. The results showed that CMAN-CRL catalyzed the esterification process with fatty acids of medium chain lengths (C10-C14) effectively while, CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited high percentage conversion in fatty acids with carbon chain lengths of C8-C12 and C10-C18, respectively. In the alcohol selectivity study, CMAN-CRL showed high selectivity toward alcohols with carbon chain lengths of C4, C6 and C10. On the other hand, both CNAN-CRL and CZAN-CRL exhibited rather low selectivity towards longer carbon chain length of alcohols.
Long‐term leucine supplementation aggravates prolonged strenuous exercise‐induced cardiovascular changes in trained rats
Authors: dos Santos Gustavo Barbosa , de Oliveira André Gustavo , Ramos Luiz Alberto Ferreira , Gomes‐Marcondes Maria Cristina Cintra , Areas Miguel Arcanjo 
Published: May 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Can long‐term leucine supplementation prevent prolonged strenuous endurance exercise induced cardiac injury?

What is the main finding and its importance?
Prolonged endurance exercise does not seem to exceed cardiac energetic capacity, hence it does not represent an energy threat to this organ, at least in trained subjects. However, it may induce, in susceptible individuals, a state of cardiac electrical instability, which has been associated with ventricular arrhythmias and sudden cardiac death. This situation might be worsened when combined with leucine supplementation, which leads to increased blood pressure and cardiac injury. Leucine supplementation failed to prevent cardiac fatigue symptoms and may aggravate prolonged strenuous exercise‐induced cardiovascular disturbances in trained rats.

Observational studies have raised concerns that prolonged strenuous exercise training may be associated with increased risk of cardiac arrhythmia and even primary cardiac arrest or sudden death. It has been demonstrated that leucine can reduce prolonged exercise‐induced muscle damage and accelerate the recovery process. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of prolonged strenuous endurance exercise on cardiovascular parameters and biomarkers of cardiac injury in trained adult male rats and assess the use of leucine as an auxiliary substance to prevent the likely cardiac adverse effects caused by strenuous exercise. Twenty‐four male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to receive a balanced control diet (18% protein) or a leucine‐rich diet (15% protein plus 3% leucine) for 6 weeks. The rats were submitted to 1 h of exercise, 5 days per week for 6 weeks. Three days after the training period, the rats were submitted to swimming exercise until exhaustion, and cardiac parameters were assessed. Exercising until exhaustion significantly increased cardiac biomarker levels, cytokines and glycogen content inhibited protein synthesis signalling and led to cardiac electrical disturbances. When combined with exercise, leucine supplementation led to greater increases in the aforementioned parameters and also a significant increase in blood pressure and protein degradation signalling. We report, for the first time, that leucine supplementation not only fails to prevent cardiac fatigue symptoms, but may also aggravate prolonged strenuous exercise‐induced cardiovascular disturbances in trained rats. Furthermore, we find that exercising until exhaustion can cause cardiac electrical disturbances and damage cardiac myocytes.
Bile Acids Function Synergistically To Repress Invasion Gene Expression in Salmonella by Destabilizing the Invasion Regulator HilD
Authors: Eade Colleen R. , Hung Chien-Che , Bullard Brian , Gonzalez-Escobedo Geoffrey , Gunn John S. , Altier Craig 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Salmonella
spp. are carried by and can acutely infect agricultural animals and humans. After ingestion, salmonellae traverse the upper digestive tract and initiate tissue invasion of the distal ileum, a virulence process carried out by the type III secretion system encoded within
Salmonella
pathogenicity island 1 (SPI-1). Salmonellae coordinate SPI-1 expression with anatomical location via environmental cues, one of which is bile, a complex digestive fluid that causes potent repression of SPI-1 genes. The individual components of bile responsible for SPI-1 repression have not been previously characterized, nor have the bacterial signaling processes that modulate their effects been determined. Here, we characterize the mechanism by which bile represses SPI-1 expression. Individual bile acids exhibit repressive activity on SPI-1-regulated genes that requires neither passive diffusion nor OmpF-mediated entry. By using genetic methods, the effects of bile and bile acids were shown to require the invasion gene transcriptional activator
hilD
and to function independently of known upstream signaling pathways. Protein analysis techniques showed that SPI-1 repression by bile acids is mediated by posttranslational destabilization of HilD. Finally, we found that bile acids function synergistically to achieve the overall repressive activity of bile. These studies demonstrate a common mechanism by which diverse environmental cues (e.g., certain short-chain fatty acids and bile acids) inhibit SPI-1 expression. These data provide information relevant to
Salmonella
pathogenesis during acute infection in the intestine and during chronic infection of the gallbladder and inform the basis for development of therapeutics to inhibit invasion as a means of repressing
Salmonella
pathogenicity.
Regulatory Requirements for Staphylococcus aureus Nitric Oxide Resistance
Authors: Grosser Melinda R. , Weiss Andy , Shaw Lindsey N. , Richardson Anthony R. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The ability of
Staphylococcus aureus
to resist host innate immunity augments the severity and pervasiveness of its pathogenesis. Nitric oxide (NO˙) is an innate immune radical that is critical for the efficient clearance of a wide range of microbial pathogens. Exposure of microbes to NO˙ typically results in growth inhibition and induction of stress regulons.
S. aureus
, however, induces a metabolic state in response to NO˙ that allows for continued replication and precludes stress regulon induction. The regulatory factors mediating this distinctive response remain largely undefined. Here, we employ a targeted transposon screen and transcriptomics to identify and characterize five regulons essential for NO˙ resistance in
S. aureus
: three virulence regulons not formerly associated with NO˙ resistance, SarA, CodY, and Rot, as well as two regulons with established roles, Fur and SrrAB. We provide new insights into the contributions of Fur and SrrAB during NO˙ stress and show that the
S. aureus
Δ
sarA
mutant, the most sensitive of the newly identified mutants, exhibits metabolic dysfunction and widespread transcriptional dysregulation following NO˙ exposure. Altogether, our results broadly characterize the regulatory requirements for NO˙ resistance in
S. aureus
and suggest an intriguing overlap between the regulation of NO˙ resistance and virulence in this well-adapted human pathogen.

IMPORTANCE
The prolific human pathogen
Staphylococcus aureus
is uniquely capable of resisting the antimicrobial radical nitric oxide (NO˙), a crucial component of the innate immune response. However, a complete understanding of how
S. aureus
regulates an effective response to NO˙ is lacking. Here, we implicate three central virulence regulators, SarA, CodY, and Rot, as major players in the
S. aureus
NO˙ response. Additionally, we elaborate on the contribution of two regulators, SrrAB and Fur, already known to play a crucial role in
S. aureus
NO˙ resistance. Our study sheds light on a unique facet of
S. aureus
pathogenicity and demonstrates that the transcriptional response of
S. aureus
to NO˙ is highly pleiotropic and intrinsically tied to metabolism and virulence regulation.
GM-CSF Mediates Mesenchymal–Epithelial Cross-talk in Pancreatic Cancer
Authors: Waghray Meghna , Yalamanchili Malica , Dziubinski Michele , Zeinali Mina , Erkkinen Marguerite , Yang Huibin , Schradle Kara A. , Urs Sumithra , Pasca Di Magliano Marina , Welling Theodore H. , Palmbos Phillip L. , Abel Ethan V. , Sahai Vaibhav , Nagrath Sunitha , Wang Lidong , Simeone Diane M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDA) is characterized by a dense stroma consisting of a prevalence of activated fibroblasts whose functional contributions to pancreatic tumorigenesis remain incompletely understood. In this study, we provide the first identification and characterization of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) within the human PDA microenvironment, highlighting the heterogeneity of the fibroblast population. Primary patient PDA samples and low-passage human pancreatic cancer–associated fibroblast cultures were found to contain a unique population of cancer-associated MSCs (CA-MSC). CA-MSCs markedly enhanced the growth, invasion, and metastatic potential of PDA cancer cells. CA-MSCs secreted the cytokine GM-CSF that was required for tumor cell proliferation, invasion, and transendothelial migration. Depletion of GM-CSF in CA-MSCs inhibited the ability of these cells to promote tumor cell growth and metastasis. Together, these data identify a population of MSCs within the tumor microenvironment that possesses a unique ability, through GM-CSF signaling, to promote PDA survival and metastasis.
Significance: The role of stroma in pancreatic cancer is controversial. Here, we provide the first characterization of MSCs within the human PDA microenvironment and demonstrate that CA-MSCs promote tumorigenesis through the production of GM-CSF. These data identify a novel cytokine pathway that mediates mesenchymal–epithelial cross-talk and is amenable to therapeutic intervention. Cancer Discov; 6(8); 886–99. ©2016 AACR.
This article is highlighted in the In This Issue feature, p. 803
Capturing Parent–Child Interactions With Social Media
Authors: Leung Ricky , Dong Guanghui , Qin Xiaoxia , Lin Shao 
Published: May 2016

Zhang et al. conducted a qualitative study of children presented with 19 parental structuring behaviors of parental control and were asked to attribute the parent’s intent behind the behaviors. The authors developed several conceptual categories, “parent-centered,” “child-centered,” or “social” interests. Here, we describe how their 12 propositions could be empirically tested in further studies using social media.
The elasticity of reality and British support for the war in Afghanistan
Authors: Kriner Douglas , Wilson Graham 
Published: May 2016

Building on recent efforts to bridge the elites/events dichotomy in the wartime opinion literature, we test the explanatory power of, and offer a theoretical extension to, the elasticity of reality hypothesis using the case of British support for the war in Afghanistan from 2001 through 2010. Marshaling an array of aggregate, individual-level and experimental survey data, as well as an original database of 2677 content-coded newspaper articles, we find evidence that the unshaken elite consensus behind the Afghan campaign failed to sustain strong support for war, even among the most politically engaged segments of the British public. However, we do find evidence that elites retained a measure of influence over citizens’ prospective attitudes about the war’s future conduct, even as they were unable to influence more general and retrospective assessments of Britain’s involvement in the conflict. In stark contrast to theories of elite opinion leadership, a cross-partisan elite consensus failed to maintain strong public support among Britons for the war in Afghanistan. We argue that elites are better able to influence the public’s prospective policy preferences for war, even when they cannot shape the public’s retrospective assessments. Analyses of aggregate and individual-level public opinion data are consistent with our argument. An original survey experiment confirms the capacity of British elites to influence public’s willingness to stay the course in Afghanistan.
Direct stroke unit admission of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator: safety, clinical outcome, and hospital cost savings
Authors: Alexandrov Anne W. , Coleman Kisha C. , Palazzo Paola , Shahripour Reza Bavarsad , Alexandrov Andrei V. 
Published: May 2016

Background: In the USA, stable intravenous tissue plasminogen activator (IV tPA) patients have traditionally been cared for in an intensive care unit (ICU). We examined the safety of using an acuity-adaptable stroke unit (SU) to manage IV tPA patients. Methods: We conducted an observational study of consecutive patients admitted to our acuity-adaptable SU over the first 3 years of operation. Safety was assessed by symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (sICH) rates, systemic hemorrhage (SH) rates, tPA-related deaths, and transfers from SU to ICU; cost savings and length of stay (LOS) were determined. Results: We admitted 333 IV tPA patients, of which 302 were admitted directly to the SU. A total of 31 (10%) patients had concurrent systemic hemodynamic or pulmonary compromise warranting direct ICU admission. There were no differences in admission National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores between SU and ICU patients (9.0 versus 9.5, respectively). Overall sICH rate was 3.3% ( n = 10) and SH rate was 2.9 ( n = 9), with no difference between SU and ICU patients. No tPA-related deaths occurred, and no SU patients required transfer to the ICU. Estimated hospital cost savings were US$362,400 for ‘avoided’ ICU days, and hospital LOS decreased significantly ( p = 0.001) from 9.8 ± 15.6 days (median 5) in year 1, to 5.2 ± 4.8 days (median 3) by year 3. Conclusions: IV tPA patients may be safely cared for in a SU when nurses undergo extensive education to ensure clinical competence. Use of the ICU solely for monitoring may constitute significant overuse of system resources at an expense that is not associated with additional safety benefit.
Paclitaxel, Ifosfamide, and Cisplatin Efficacy for First-Line Treatment of Patients With Intermediate- or Poor-Risk Germ Cell Tumors
Authors: Feldman Darren R. , Hu James , Dorff Tanya B. , Lim Kristina , Patil Sujata , Woo Kaitlin M. , Carousso Maryann , Hughes Amanda , Sheinfeld Joel , Bains Manjit , Daneshmand Siamak , Ketchens Charlene , Bajorin Dean F. , Bosl George J. , Quinn David I. , Motzer Robert J. 
Published: May 2016

Purpose Paclitaxel, ifosfamide, and cisplatin (TIP) achieved complete responses (CRs) in two thirds of patients with advanced germ cell tumors (GCTs) who relapsed after first-line chemotherapy with cisplatin and etoposide with or without bleomycin. We tested the efficacy of first-line TIP in patients with intermediate- or poor-risk disease. Patients and Methods In this prospective, multicenter, single-arm phase II trial, previously untreated patients with International Germ Cell Cancer Collaborative Group poor-risk or modified intermediate-risk GCTs received four cycles of TIP (paclitaxel 240 mg/m2 over 2 days, ifosfamide 6 g/m2 over 5 days with mesna support, and cisplatin 100 mg/m2 over 5 days) once every 3 weeks with granulocyte colony-stimulating factor support. The primary end point was the CR rate. Results Of the first 41 evaluable patients, 28 (68%) achieved a CR, meeting the primary efficacy end point. After additional accrual on an extension phase, total enrollment was 60 patients, including 40 (67%) with poor risk and 20 (33%) with intermediate risk. Thirty-eight (68%) of 56 evaluable patients achieved a CR and seven (13%) achieved partial responses with negative markers (PR-negative) for a favorable response rate of 80%. Five of seven achieving PR-negative status had seminoma and therefore did not undergo postchemotherapy resection of residual masses. Estimated 3-year progression-free survival and overall survival rates were 72% (poor risk, 63%; intermediate risk, 90%) and 91% (poor risk, 87%; intermediate risk, 100%), respectively. Grade 3 to 4 toxicities consisted primarily of reversible hematologic or electrolyte abnormalities, including neutropenic fever in 18%. Conclusion TIP demonstrated efficacy as first-line therapy for intermediate- and poor-risk GCTs with an acceptable safety profile. Given higher rates of favorable response, progression-free survival, and overall survival compared with prior first-line studies, TIP warrants further study in this population.
An overview of mammalian pluripotency
Authors: Wu Jun , Yamauchi Takayoshi , Izpisua Belmonte Juan Carlos 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT
Mammalian pluripotency is the ability to give rise to all somatic cells as well as the germ cells of an adult mammal. It is a unique feature of embryonic epiblast cells, existing only transiently, as cells pass through early developmental stages. By contrast, pluripotency can be captured and stabilized indefinitely in cell culture and can also be reactivated in differentiated cells via nuclear reprogramming. Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are the in vitro carriers of pluripotency and they can inhabit discrete pluripotent states depending on the stage at which they were derived and their culture conditions. Here, and in the accompanying poster, we provide a summary of mammalian pluripotency both in vivo and in vitro, and highlight recent and future applications of PSCs for basic and translational research.
The transcriptional repressor Blimp1 is expressed in rare luminal progenitors and is essential for mammary gland development
Authors: Ahmed Mohammed I. , Elias Salah , Mould Arne W. , Bikoff Elizabeth K. , Robertson Elizabeth J. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTMammary gland morphogenesis depends on a tight balance between cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis, to create a defined functional hierarchy within the epithelia. The limited availability of stem cell/progenitor markers has made it challenging to decipher lineage relationships. Here, we identify a rare subset of luminal progenitors that express the zinc finger transcriptional repressor Blimp1, and demonstrate that this subset of highly clonogenic luminal progenitors is required for mammary gland development. Conditional inactivation experiments using K14-Cre and WAPi-Cre deleter strains revealed essential functions at multiple developmental stages. Thus, Blimp1 regulates proliferation, apoptosis and alveolar cell maturation during puberty and pregnancy. Loss of Blimp1 disrupts epithelial architecture and lumen formation both in vivo and in three-dimensional (3D) primary cell cultures. Collectively, these results demonstrate that Blimp1 is required to maintain a highly proliferative luminal subset necessary for mammary gland development and homeostasis.
DENSITY COMPOSITION OF TOPSOIL, DEPENDING ON VARIETY AND METHODS OF BASIC SOIL CULTIVATION
Authors: Шашкаров  , Shashkarov Leonid , Овчинников  , Ovchinnikov Aleksandr 
Published: May 2016

The article discusses the formation of soil density, depending on the methods of basic soil cultivation and varietal characteristics on gray forest soils of the Republic of Mari El. Such varities, as Vladimir, Roushan and Zazerskiy 85 were studied, and methods of basic soil cultivation are plowing to 20-25 cm., disking to 8-10 cm and milling to 12-14 cm.
The results of the analysis of the soil density formation were provided.
A chord programming model designed for Turkish Music Polyphony subject and its effectiveness level<p>Türk Müziği Çokseslendirme dersi için tasarlanan bir akor programlama çalışması ve etkililik düzeyleri
Authors: Uludağ Ali Korkut 
Published: May 2016

This research aims to determine effects of a chord programming model on students which was developed for Turkish Music Polyphony subject with different harmony types. Experimental process of the research was managed by the researcher over learning strategies based on chord programming study within the scope of “polyphony of Turkish folk songs belong to mode Huseyni series” subject. The study was conducted within 8 weeks with 28 students attending undergraduate program in Ataturk University, Kazım Karabekir Faculty of Education, Department of Fine Arts and Music Education Department. The study was designed with random research methods in which quantitative research methods are used predominantly. In the design, we used the Solomon Four Group Design which is regarded as the most valid complete model in terms of external and internal validity and Interview Technique which is applied to study group students. The control and experimental groups were generated through objective designation by considering equivalence test points.At the end of the experimental process, data obtained from the interview forms which were applied to the study group students showed consistency with research results, and we found a statistically significant increase in the experimental groups in terms of students’ polyphonic singing skills for the Ballad of Yemen. ÖzetTürk Müziği Çokseslendirme dersi için farklı armoni türleriyle hazırlamış bir akor programlama çalışma modelinin öğrenciler üzerindeki etkisini tespit etmek bu araştırmanın temel amacını oluşturmuştur. Araştırmanın deneysel işlem süreci, “Hüseyni makamı dizisine ait Türk halk ezgilerinin çokseslendirilmesi” konusu kapsamında akor programlama çalışmasına dayalı öğrenme stratejileri üzerinden araştırmacı tarafından kurgulanmıştır.Çalışma, Atatürk Üniversitesi, Kazım Karabekir Eğitim Fakültesi, Güzel Sanatlar Eğitimi Bölümü, Müzik Eğitimi Anabilim Dalı lisans programında öğrenim gören toplam 28 öğrenci ile 8 hafta içerisinde gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çalışma, nicel araştırma yöntemlerinin baskın olarak kullanıldığı karma araştırma yöntemleri ile tasarlanmıştır. Bu tasarı içerisinde iç ve dış geçerliliği en yüksek tam model olarak kabul edilen “Solomon Dört Grup Modeli” ve çalışma grubu öğrencileri için uygulanan “Görüşme Tekniği” yer almıştır. Kontrol ve deney grupları, denklik testi puanları dikkate alınarak yansız atama yoluyla oluşturulmuştur. Deneysel işlem sonucunda çalışma grubu öğrencileri için uygulanan görüşme formlarından elde edilen veriler araştırma sonuçları ile tutarlılık göstermiş ve öğrencilerin “Yemen Türküsü” adlı eseri çok seslendirme becerilerinde istatistiksel açıdan deney grupları lehine anlamlı düzeyde bir artış belirlenmiştir.
Reply to Four Critics
Authors: Cohen Gerald A. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This article is a response to criticisms of my book on Karl Marx’s Theory of History which were made by four authors in last December’s number of Analyse & Kritik. After clarifying (section 2) an ambiguity in an argument for historical materialism which is presented in the book , I contend (3-5), against objections raised by Philippe Van Parijs , that historical materialism is consistent only if it explains production relations functionally, by reference to their propensity to develop the productive forces. Next (6-8) I address and rebut the views of Wal Suchting and Milton Fisk , who both think that the role of class struggle in historical materialism is larger than the one I assign to it. Finally (9-12) I try to vindicate the doctrine of base and superstructure proposed in my book against the skepticism of Steven Lukes.