bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of current input–output and age of first exposure on phonological acquisition in early bilingual Spanish–English‐speaking kindergarteners
Authors: Ruiz‐Felter Roxanna , Cooperson Solaman J. , Bedore Lisa M. , Peña Elizabeth D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundAlthough some investigations of phonological development have found that segmental accuracy is comparable in monolingual children and their bilingual peers, there is evidence that language use affects segmental accuracy in both languages.AimsTo investigate the influence of age of first exposure to English and the amount of current input–output on phonological accuracy in English and Spanish in early bilingual Spanish–English kindergarteners. Also whether parent and teacher ratings of the children's intelligibility are correlated with phonological accuracy and the amount of experience with each language.Methods & ProceduresData for 91 kindergarteners (mean age = 5;6 years) were selected from a larger dataset focusing on Spanish–English bilingual language development. All children were from Central Texas, spoke a Mexican Spanish dialect and were learning American English. Children completed a single‐word phonological assessment with separate forms for English and Spanish. The assessment was analyzed for segmental accuracy: percentage of consonants and vowels correct and percentage of early‐, middle‐ and late‐developing (EML) sounds correct were calculated.Outcomes & ResultsChildren were more accurate on vowel production than consonant production and showed a decrease in accuracy from early to middle to late sounds. The amount of current input–output explained more of the variance in phonological accuracy than age of first English exposure. Although greater current input–output of a language was associated with greater accuracy in that language, English‐dominant children were only significantly more accurate in English than Spanish on late sounds, whereas Spanish‐dominant children were only significantly more accurate in Spanish than English on early sounds. Higher parent and teacher ratings of intelligibility in Spanish were correlated with greater consonant accuracy in Spanish, but the same did not hold for English. Higher intelligibility ratings in English were correlated with greater current English input–output, and the same held for Spanish.Conclusions & ImplicationsCurrent input–output appears to be a better predictor of phonological accuracy than age of first English exposure for early bilinguals, consistent with findings on the effect of language experience on performance in other language domains in bilingual children. Although greater current input–output in a language predicts higher accuracy in that language, this interacts with sound complexity. The results highlight the utility of the EML classification in assessing bilingual children's phonology. The relationships of intelligibility ratings with current input–output and sound accuracy can shed light on the process of referral of bilingual children for speech and language services.
Vespa velutinanest distribution at a local scale: An 8‐year survey of the invasive honeybee predator
Authors: Monceau Karine , Thiéry Denis 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVespa velutinais an invasive species that was observed for the first time in France and Europe in 2004, which rapidly threatened domestic honeybees with active predation. For the first time in this study, we analyzed the distribution ofV. velutinanests at a local scale to understand the pattern of nesting, and in 8 years of monitoring, a total of 528 nests were surveyed. With the exception of 2 years, the nests ofV. velutinawere randomly distributed within the monitored area, which suggested that intraspecific competition for nesting sites and/or food was unlikely. When the data for all years were combined, an aggregated distribution of nests at the seafront in the vicinity of the oyster farm and sportfishing activities was observed. This distribution suggested that seafood, attractive to vespids, might provide a valuable alternative food source that favored colony development. We also tested the effect of spring queen trapping ofV. velutinaon the distribution of nests in 2014, which was the year with the greatest number of colonies within the area; the position of the traps did not influence the distribution of the nests. For the first time, this study showed that (i) intraspecific competition was unlikely to be a mechanism for population regulation, (ii) some areas were more likely favored for hornet nests, and (iii) spring queen wasp trapping was inefficient as a method to limit the distribution of theV. velutinapopulation.
Incorporating the Nutrition Care Process model into dietetics internship evaluation: A Malaysian university experience
Authors: Karupaiah Tilakavati , Reinhard Tonia , Krishnasamy Shanthi , Tan Shy‐Pyng , Se Chee‐Hee 
Published: March 2016

AimImplementation of the Nutrition Care Process (NCP) into dietetics curricula and clinical internship evaluation in Asian countries is new. Two dietetics faculties from Malaysia and USA collaborated to assimilate NCP into clinical dietetics curriculum and internship evaluation.MethodsDietetic interns under supervised practice in hospitals were assessed using a quantitative NCP‐based evaluation tool. This tool organised learning outcomes under NCP knowledge domains and achieved high internal consistency and inter‐rater reliability. Using a 5‐point Likert scale, interns’ scores measured over a 12‐week inpatients training were collated and analysed. Subgroup analysis differentiated strong (Progressers) and weak (Regressers) performers based on a median criterion of averaged NCP component scores.ResultsMost external hospital sites (75% response rate) utilised the evaluation tool for interns’ assessment. Improvements in NCP knowledge domains were significant by week‐9 and week‐12 compared to baseline (P<0.001). Largest gain was associated with Step 2, nutrition diagnosis (95% CI: 2.63–3.09 vs 3.44–3.81, = 0.297) and ADIME (nutrition Assessment, Diagnosis, Implementation, Monitoring and Evaluation) documentation (95% CI: 2.85–3.22 vs 3.72–4.15, = 0.339). A median score of 3.5 at week‐12 identified ‘Progressers’ (>3.5) or ‘Regressers’ (<3.5). Progressers demonstrated increasing linear trends from baseline to week‐12 (P < 0.001 for all components) with change for ADIME documentation (95% CI: 4.07–4.49, = 0.456) > Step 2, nutrition diagnosis (95% CI: 3.70–4.12, = 0.348) > Step 3, nutrition intervention (95% CI: 3.65–3.96, = 0.332) > Step 1, nutrition assessment (95% CI: 3.77–4.09, = 0.307) > Step 4, monitoring and evaluation (95% CI: 3.72–4.04, = 0.269). Weaker interns achieved maximum scores at week‐9 before regressing.ConclusionsThis study found that the application of an NCP‐based evaluation tool successfully tracked interns’ clinical competencies under supervised practice.
Building dietetic student confidence and professional identity through participation in a university health clinic
Authors: Swanepoel Elizabeth , Tweedie Judith , Maher Judith 
Published: March 2016

AimThe objectives of this study were to explore the impact of participating in a university‐based dietetic clinic on student's perceived confidence and recognition of skills needed for practice and explore students’ overall experience of attending the clinic.MethodsA curriculum‐based university clinic provided third‐year students with an experiential learning opportunity to practice diet history interviewing skills on real clients. Qualitative data were gathered through focus groups with 13 (43% of total enrolment) third‐year nutrition and dietetics students who were recruited via an email invitation. Focus groups were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted by all three authors.ResultsEngaging in an authentic learning environment was viewed positively by students and enabled them to develop confidence and a sense of professional identity. The experience also enabled students to identify personal learning needs and skills required for future practice, and gain insight into the realities of practice.ConclusionsThese findings support the evidence that dietetic curriculum should provide students with authentic learning opportunities in a safe environment, prior to potentially stressful placement experiences. This enables students to discover the nuances of dietetic practice, practise people‐related skills and develop confidence in those skills that are crucial to practice.
Inhibitory Effects of Spices on Biogenic Amine Accumulation during Fish Sauce Fermentation
Authors: Zhou Xuxia , Qiu Mengting , Zhao Dandan , Lu Fei , Ding Yuting 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe presence of high levels of biogenic amines is detrimental to the quality and safety of fish sauce. This study investigated the effects of ethanol extracts of spices, including garlic, ginger, cinnamon, and star anise extracts, in reducing the accumulation of biogenic amines during fish sauce fermentation. The concentrations of biogenic amines, which include histamine, putrescine, tyramine, and spermidine, all increased during fish sauce fermentation. When compared with the samples without spices, the garlic and star anise extracts significantly reduced these increases. The greatest inhibitory effect was observed for the garlic ethanolic extracts. When compared with controls, the histamine, putrescine, tyramine, and spermidine contents and the overall biogenic amine levels of the garlic extract‐treated samples were reduced by 30.49%, 17.65%, 26.03%, 37.20%, and 27.17%, respectively. The garlic, cinnamon, and star anise extracts showed significant inhibitory effects on aerobic bacteria counts. Furthermore, the garlic and star anise extracts showed antimicrobial activity against amine producers. These findings may be helpful for enhancing the safety of fish sauce.
Are Biometric Parameters Helpful to Assess the Health Risk of Consuming Organochlorine Compounds Contaminated Silver European Eel (Anguilla anguilla)?
Authors: Ferrante Maria C. , Fusco Giovanna , Naccari Clara , Meli Rosaria , Clausi Maria T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSeveral organochlorine compounds (OCs) were measured in European eels from the Tevere river (Italy). It followed that some of them are still important chemical contaminants. Concentrations of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) are hazardous for the consumer health; those of the 6 indicator polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are often close to the current European maximum residue limit and always higher than the former limit. The relationship between OC concentrations, biometric parameters and the lipid content was then investigated. A strong positive correlation with eel size emerged for the indicator PCBs and DDTs concentrations expressed on wet weight basis. This is explained by the corresponding higher lipid percentage that characterizes bigger eels and the absence of a dilution effect for compounds of main concerns. On the basis of the PCB‐TDI threshold for a 70 kg person, we suggest that 1 should consume no more than 2 eels per week each weighing about 100 g. Thus, we conclude that eel consumption should be limited and restricted to eels relatively shorter and lighter.
Microbial Decontamination of Dried Alaska Pollock Shreds Using Corona Discharge Plasma Jet: Effects on Physicochemical and Sensory Characteristics
Authors: Choi Soee , Puligundla Pradeep , Mok Chulkyoon 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNonthermal techniques for microbial decontamination are becoming more common for ensuring food safety. In this study, a corona discharge plasma jet (CDPJ) was used for inactivation of microbial contaminants of dried Alaska pollock shreds. Corona plasma jet was generated at a current strength of 1.5 A, and a span length of 25 mm was maintained between the electrode tip and the sample. Upon the CDPJ treatment (0 to 3 min) of dried shreds, microbial contaminants namely aerobic and marine bacteria, and Staphylococcus aureus were inactivated by 2.5, 1.5, and >1.0 log units, respectively. Also, a one‐log reduction of molds and yeasts contaminants was observed. The inactivation patterns are fitted well to the pseudo‐first‐order kinetics or Singh‐Heldman model. The CDPJ treatment did not exert statistically significant (P > 0.05) changes in physicochemical properties, namely color characteristics, volatile basic nitrogen, and peroxide value of dried fish shreds, with some exceptions, as compared to untreated controls. Furthermore, CDPJ treatment had no significant impact on the sensory characteristics of dried fish shreds.
Effect of Cultivar, Temperature, and Environmental Conditions on the Dynamic Change of Melatonin in Mulberry Fruit Development and Wine Fermentation
Authors: Wang Cheng , Yin Li‐Yuan , Shi Xue‐Ying , Xiao Hua , Kang Kun , Liu Xing‐Yan , Zhan Ji‐Cheng , Huang Wei‐Dong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHigh levels of melatonin have been reported in various foods but not in mulberry or its wine. This study investigated the dynamic changes of melatonin levels during mulberry fruit development and ethanol fermentation of 2 different colored mulberry cultivars (“Hongguo2ˮ Morus nigra, black and “Baiyuwangˮ Morus alba, white) at 2 fermentation temperatures (16 and 25 °C). Our results showed that the melatonin level increased in the beginning of mulberry development but decreased in the end. The MnTDC gene expression level correlated with melatonin production, which implied that TDC may be the rate‐limiting enzyme of the melatonin biosynthetic process in mulberries. During mulberry fermentation, the melatonin concentration increased rapidly in the beginning and then decreased gradually. Low temperature delayed the melatonin production during fermentation. A relatively high level of melatonin was found in “Hongguo2ˮ compared with “Baiyuwangˮ during fruit development and fermentation. The variation of melatonin correlated with the ethanol production rate, suggesting that melatonin may participate in physiological regulation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the fermentation stage.
Innovative Soaking and Grinding Methods and Cooking Affect the Retention of Isoflavones, Antioxidant and Antiproliferative Properties in Soymilk Prepared from Black Soybean
Authors: Tan Yingying , Chang Sam K. C. , Zhang Yan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study's objective was to characterize the effect of traditional and 3 newly devised (soaking+grinding) methods combined with cooking on the content and composition of phenolic substances, antioxidant, and antiproliferative properties of soymilk prepared from black soybean. Phenolic substances and antioxidant profile were characterized and antiproliferation of prostate cancer DU145 cells was conducted using a cell culture assay. Results indicated Grinding Method 4 produced significantly (P < 0.05) higher total phenolic content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC), condensed tannin content (CTC), and total isoflavone content in both raw and cooked black soymilk as compared to Method 1. Cooking soymilk reduced 23% to 38% of total phenolic substances. Raw black soymilk produced by Method 4 displayed the highest antioxidant capability, which was determined using ORAC, FRAP, and DPPH assays, and a higher antiprostate cell proliferation ability. Cooking only slightly reduced the potency to inhibit DU145 prostate cancer cells as IC50 value was increased from the average of about 4.0 mg/mL of raw soymilk extracts to 5.5 mg/mL of cooked soymilk extracts of all grinding methods. Overall, total isoflavone content was the only component that was negatively correlated with IC50 value (r = –0.93, P < 0.05) which indicates the ability to inhibit prostate cancer cell is associated with the increase in total isoflavone content, not with any other phenolic substances or antioxidant properties.
From a conservation trap to a conservation solution: lessons from an intensively managed Montagu's harrier population
Authors: Torres‐Orozco D. , Arroyo B. , Pomarol M. , Santangeli A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMany threatened species in human‐dominated systems are managed through conservation programs. Such programs are sometimes designed based on intuition or short‐term results rather than assessing their long‐term biological and economic sustainability. The current conservation program for Montagu's harriers Circus pygargus, a ground‐nesting bird of prey, in Lleida (Catalonia, NE Spain) aims to protect nests located in farmlands by promoting crop harvest delay around the nest and compensating farmers for their economic loss. This program has been flagged as a ‘conservation trap’ as its costs have been increasing over time, possibly compromising the long‐term sustainability of the program and associated consequences to the local harrier population. In the present work, population viability analyses (PVA) were used to find a conservation management scenario that decreases the risk of the conservation trap, or at least minimizes the medium‐term expenditure on conservation. PVA simulations suggest that the current nest protection program is financially unsustainable at the medium‐term. Cost‐effectiveness analyses suggest that it would be impossible to fully avoid the conservation trap if the conservation goal is to maintain Lleida's current population size. Alternative management scenarios that minimize the medium‐term expenditure of scarce conservation funds are presented. The results suggest that selecting a conservation program based only on short‐term biological or cost‐effective targets might not be the most appropriate, and demonstrate the relevance of having clear medium‐term conservation targets.
Improving ruminal degradability and energetic values of bamboo shoot shell using chemical treatments
Authors: Zhao Liping , Ren Liping , Zhou Zhenming , Meng Qingxiang , Huo Yunlong , Wang Fei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated effects of different treatments on nutritive value of bamboo shoot shell (BSS). Five treatments were sun‐drying (control), ammoniation (5%/dry matter (DM) urea), Ca(OH)2 (4%/DM calcium hydroxide), NaOH (4%/DM sodium hydroxide), and AHP (4%/DM sodium hydroxide plus 1%/DM hydrogen peroxide). The results showed that chemical composition of BSS was greatly changed by chemicals (P < 0.01) except acid‐detergent lignin. All chemical treatments significantly reduced neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content except AHP (P < 0.01), and obviously increased acid detergent fiber (ADF) content (P < 0.01) except ammoniation. The predicted organic matter digestibility, metabolizable energy and net energy for lactation of BSS were greatly increased by chemical treatments (P < 0.01), the highest for ammoniation, followed by Ca(OH)2, NaOH and AHP. Ammoniation had higher (P = 0.03) ammonia‐N concentration than the other four treatments. There were significant differences among all treatments on total volatile fatty acids (P = 0.03), propionate (P = 0.01), butyrate concentration (P < 0.01) and C2/C3 ratio (P = 0.02). Chemical treatments greatly improved effective degradability (ED) of DM (P < 0.01) and ED of NDF (P = 0.06) and ADF (P = 0.07) numerically. Ammoniation got a higher ED of crude protein than control. In conclusion, all chemical treatments greatly improved nutritive value of BSS with highest value obtained from ammoniation, followed by strong alkalization, alkaline hydrogen peroxide and modest alkalization.
Association of tracheal mucus or blood and airway neutrophilia with racing performance in Thoroughbred horses in an Australian racing yard
Authors: Salz RO , Ahern BJ , Boston R , Begg LM 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo determine the variation of tracheal mucus scores, tracheal blood scores and transendoscopic tracheal wash (TW) cytology in a population of Thoroughbred (TB) racehorses and assess their association with racing performance.MethodsA total of 220 endoscopic examinations were performed andTWsobtained from 155TBracehorses. Samples were collected 60–120 min following gallop work. Tracheal mucus score, tracheal blood score andTWcytology were analysed and their association with racing performance assessed.ResultsOf the total examinations and samples, 194 from 135 horses fitted the criteria for inclusion. The overall prevalence of visible tracheal mucus was 2.5% (5/194) and of increased tracheal mucus was 0%. The prevalence of visible tracheal blood was 8.8% (17/194) and of increased tracheal blood was 4.6% (9/194). A total of 36% (70/194) ofTWscontained elevated percentages of neutrophils and of these, 96% (67/70) occurred in the absence of any visible tracheal mucus. There was no significant association between tracheal mucus score orTWcytology and subsequent racing performance. There was a statistically significant association (P = 0.004) between increased tracheal blood scores and poor racing performance.ConclusionsVisible tracheal blood seen after strenuous exercise in clinically normalTBracehorses was a risk factor for poor racing performance, but the presence of airway neutrophilia was not. No horses in this study were found to have increased tracheal mucus, so the association of increased tracheal mucus with racing performance could not be assessed.
Bayesian Population Size Estimation Using Dirichlet Process Mixtures
Authors: Manrique-Vallier Daniel 
Published: March 2016

Summary
We introduce a new Bayesian nonparametric method for estimating the size of a closed population from multiple-recapture data. Our method, based on Dirichlet process mixtures, can accommodate complex patterns of heterogeneity of capture, and can transparently modulate its complexity without a separate model selection step. Additionally, it can handle the massively sparse contingency tables generated by large number of recaptures with moderate sample sizes. We develop an efficient and scalable MCMC algorithm for estimation. We apply our method to simulated data, and to two examples from the literature of estimation of casualties in armed conflicts.
CCor: A Whole Genome Network-Based Similarity Measure Between Two Genes
Authors: Hu Yiming , Zhao Hongyu 
Published: March 2016

Summary
Measuring the similarity between genes is often the starting point for building gene regulatory networks. Most similarity measures used in practice only consider pairwise information with a few also consider network structure. Although theoretical properties of pairwise measures are well understood in the statistics literature, little is known about their statistical properties of those similarity measures based on network structure. In this article, we consider a new whole genome network-based similarity measure, called CCor, that makes use of information of all the genes in the network. We derive a concentration inequality of CCor and compare it with the commonly used Pearson correlation coefficient for inferring network modules. Both theoretical analysis and real data example demonstrate the advantages of CCor over existing measures for inferring gene modules.
‘Do you want to do some arm wrestling?’: children's strategies when experiencing domestic violence and the meaning of age
Authors: Överlien Carolina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study is, by analysing children's and young people's discourses, to investigate their strategies in response to domestic violence episodes, in relation to their age. The empirical data come from individual interviews with children and young people (ages 8–20 years) who had experienced domestic violence and lived at refuges for abused women. The thematic analysis shows that the children describe a wide range of strategies before, during and after a violent episode, that all children act regardless of age and that strategies vary according not only to age but also to situation and context. The theoretical framework used is the sociology of childhood, and the analysis engages with theoretical concepts of age, agency and positioning.