bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
(Re)framing Citizenship Education in the Philippines: A Twenty-First Century Imperative
Authors: Adarlo Genejane Monroy 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this era of globalization when local issues have global implications and global concerns manifest locally, traditional citizenship education aimed toward national unity and consciousness is no longer relevant. Thus, for nation-states such as the Philippines, there is a growing need to incorporate a global dimension to citizenship education. In this paper, I discuss salient points in the history of the Philippines to help the reader understand the trajectories of the Filipinos as a nation. I then identify the challenges to educate Filipinos to the civic demands of the twenty-first century and consider the value of a critical approach to citizenship education in acting against the legacies of colonization, dictatorship, and neoliberalism. Finally, I explore service learning in (re)framing citizenship education in the Philippines, highlighting the importance of reciprocity and critical reflection to bring about a citizenry committed to social transformation.
The Dissertation Dilemma and the Challenge of American Graduate Education
Authors: Loss Christopher P. , Ryan, Jr. Christopher J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
As challenges to graduate education mount, so too have calls for reevaluating the dissertation. This article argues that the dissertation is a critical institution by which knowledge production is disciplined; however, alternative models of credentialing expertise are warranted. We explore the “dissertation dilemma” by explaining that the modern university's legitimacy hinges on the expert authority that the dissertation confers and the social deference that it commands. Next, we discuss shortcomings of the dissertation process, namely that it is supposed to sift out amateurs from experts, which negatively impacts demographically underrepresented doctoral candidates while failing to prevent the overproduction of Ph.D.s. Lastly, we evaluate reform proposals that have emerged as awareness of the challenges with graduate education has grown. We argue that these reform efforts have raised important questions about the university's role in American society that demand serious reflection on the part of stakeholders in and beyond the academy.
How Many Bullets Do You Need? Contrasting and Comparing Behavioral Outcomes and Cognitive Abilities When Using a Semiautomatic Versus Automatic Firearm
Authors: Biggs Adam T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCivilian, police, and military policies about firearms attract significant attention, yet the corresponding discussions tend to focus on retrospective evidence, such as the effectiveness of previous policies or reactions to recent tragedy. Less attention is devoted to proactive research issues. In particular, recent evidence has demonstrated a strong link between shooting performance and cognitive abilities, which provides numerous implications for policy decisions, assessment procedures, and firearm training. One important issue is how the weapon’s rate of fire affects performance. Specifically, how does behavior differ when one is using a semiautomatic versus automatic weapon, and which cognitive abilities are most important with each weapon type? Results indicated that participants fired nearly twice as many rounds when armed with automatic versus semiautomatic weapons, yet they showed no difference in successfully neutralizing hostile targets. However, participants were more than twice as likely to inflict civilian casualties with automatic weapons, and different cognitive tasks aligned with the likelihood of inflicting civilian casualties for each specific weapon type. This evidence suggests substantial differences in shooting behavior based on the rate of fire. Furthermore, the cognitive evidence predicted performance regarding hostile casualties and civilian casualties inflicted even when accounting for differences in gender, previous firearm use, and video game experience. This evidence supports the idea that different cognitive mechanisms may underlie different aspects of shooting performance, which could allow for targeted assessments and training based on firearm type.
Proximity to Task: A Prerequisite for Two Cognitive Biases
Authors: Bates Kathryn B. , Peynircioğlu Zehra F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Proximity to an event or task can alter one’s perception or judgment in many situations. We extended such findings to two cognitive biases in decision making and showed that one’s psychological proximity to the task was a prerequisite that had to be met before the illusion of control and the framing effect could arise. In Experiment 1, a coin-tossing task was used to create an illusion of control. Unlike the participants who reported their guesses to the experimenter directly, participants who reported their guesses while watching themselves engage in the task on a monitor, and were thus distanced to some extent from the task, did not show an illusion of control. In Experiment 2, the Asian disease decision-making task was used to show a framing effect. The same distancing procedure as in Experiment 1 removed the participants’ wording-based risk preference bias. Thus, the proximity prerequisite was shown to extend also to the framing effect. We discuss the findings within the framework of explanations offered for these two biases and suggest that a prerequisite of proximity may generalize to other decision-making biases.
Are You Sure You’re Faster When Using a Cognitive Tool?
Authors: Virgo Jérémy , Pillon Jonathan , Navarro Jordan , Reynaud Emanuelle , Osiurak François 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Humans might have a “tool-related bias” consisting of using tools, even when they do not provide benefits compared with natural abilities. Here, we report evidence for this tool-related bias with a cognitive tool (i.e., a calculator). The task was to make series of six additions. Some series were faster to complete by mental calculation and others with the calculator. In five experiments, participants had to actually perform these additions by mental calculation or with the calculator, to estimate the time spent to perform the series with each option, and to choose which option was faster to compute the series. Our main finding is that people overestimate the time benefits provided by the calculator, confirming the existence of a tool-related bias for cognitive tools. This finding opens a promising avenue for understanding the cognitive bases of this bias.
Percepties van verantwoordelijkheid in de multilevel democratie
Authors: de Blok Lisanne , van der Brug Wouter 
Published: November 2017

Perceptions of responsibility in the multilevel democracy
The increased complexity of multilevel democracies makes the evaluation of the performances of the government an increasingly difficult task for citizens. Multilevel governance involves information costs, which makes it more difficult for citizens to give clear responsibility for government tasks to the correct level of government. This article contains the first study that is focussing on the responsibility perceptions in the Netherlands. The authors do not just look at who citizens hold responsible for certain government tasks, but they also look at the consequences of these perceptions for the mechanism of accountability. The satisfaction of citizens are with the policy in a particular area should only influence the political support for the level of government they hold responsible. Results of the research are that in line with this perspective a strong correlation exists between satisfaction with the pursued policy and trust of the citizens in this government, in proportion as they hold a level of government more responsible. On the other hand there are large differences between citizens, that correlate with their level of education. So there are also large groups of citizens for whom it is not possible to keep governments responsible for the policy pursued, because they simply do not know which government is responsible.
Análise comparativa do controle glicêmico de crianças com diabetes melito tipo 1 com base na distribuição de insumos: capital x interior da Bahia
Authors: Andrade Carlos Jefferson Do Nascimento , Dantas Alves Crésio De Aragão 
Published: November 2017

<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 0.0001pt; text-align: justify;"><strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">Objetivo</span></strong><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;">: Analisar o controle glicêmico de crianças com diabetes melito tipo 1 (DM1), com base na distribuição de insumos na capital e no interior baiano. <strong>Metodologia</strong>: Estudo de corte transversal realizado entre abril e agosto de 2013, nos Serviços de Endocrinologia Pediátrica de dois hospitais públicos universitários de Salvador, Bahia, avaliando crianças pré-púberes, com DM1. As características sociodemográficas, clínicas e de aquisição de insumos foram mensuradas por um questionário estruturado para pesquisa. Estas variáveis foram comparadas aos resultados da hemoglobina glicada (HbA1c). <strong>Resultados</strong>: Foram estudadas 68 crianças portadoras de DM1, 36 (52,9%) delas residiam em cidades do interior do Estado. Constatou-se que foi garantido fornecimento gratuito dos insumos: insulina a 10 (14,7%) pacientes, seringa a 7 (10,3%) pacientes, glicosímetro e fitas reagentes de glicemia a 5 (7,3%) e 4 (5,9%), respectivamente. Quando comparado o controle glicêmico, no grupo de pacientes residentes em Salvador, 9 (13,2%) crianças apresentaram valores de HbA1c dentro da taxa esperada e 23 (33,8%), encontravam-se acima dos valores de referência. <strong>Discussão: </strong><span style="background-image: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-size: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial;">Apesar dos avanços legislativos, constatou-se que nem todas as crianças </span>estão asseguradas quanto à aquisição de insumos, tendo que adquiri-los com recursos próprios, de forma insuficiente, fazendo reuso ou até não realizando o cuidado como indicado pela equipe, pela falta de material. <strong>Conclusão:</strong> As crianças, de Salvador e interior do estado, adquirem insumos da rede pública de saúde, contudo, essa distribuição se torna ausente e/ou insuficiente para alguns dos participantes. Os resultados apresentados fornecem elementos para uma reflexão sobre as políticas e práticas desenvolvidas no estado. </span></p>
Atmospheric Inputs of Iron and Manganese to Coastal Waters of the Southern California Current System: Seasonality, Santa Ana Winds, and Biogeochemical Implications
Authors: Félix‐Bermúdez A. , Delgadillo‐Hinojosa F. , Huerta‐Diaz M. A. , Camacho‐Ibar V. , Torres‐Delgado E. V. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe magnitude and temporal variability of mineral dust deposition and its associated Fe and Mn inputs to coastal waters of the California Current System (CCS) has been scarcely investigated. Here we report a 5 year time series (April 2010 to December 2014) of mineral dust (Fdust), Fe (FFe), and Mn (FMn) fluxes to the coastal zone of the southern CCS. Atmospheric deposition displayed a strong seasonal trend, with lowest Fdust, FFe, and FMn during the warm season (May–October), a period dominated by strong moisture‐laden winds of oceanic origin. In contrast, the highest Fdust, FFe, and FMn were recorded during the cool season (November–April), a period characterized by strong winds devoid of moisture coming from the mainland. Our analysis suggests that Santa Ana Wind events could contribute with ∼15%, 20%, and 24%, respectively, to the total annual input of dust, Fe and Mn to the region. Besides, atmospheric soluble Fe inputs are equivalent to between 11% (warm season) and 35% (cool season) of the dissolved Fe supplied by upwelling. Our calculations indicate that atmospheric Fe deposition could explain between ∼5% (warm season) and 15% (cool season) of primary production reported for the southern CCS, suggesting that this route could also be an important input of Fe for primary producers in this region. Finally, the average Fdust, FFe, and FMn for the cool seasons showed a positive interannual trend that was significantly correlated with an intensification of drought conditions over the period 2010–2014 in northwest of Mexico and southwest of the United States.
Understanding the Hydromechanical Behavior of a Fault Zone From Transient Surface Tilt and Fluid Pressure Observations at Hourly Time Scales
Authors: Schuite Jonathan , Longuevergne Laurent , Bour Olivier , Burbey Thomas J. , Boudin Frédérick , Lavenant Nicolas , Davy Philippe 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFlow through reservoirs such as fractured media is powered by head gradients which also generate measurable poroelastic deformation of the rock body. The combined analysis of surface deformation and subsurface pressure provides valuable insights of a reservoir's structure and hydromechanical properties, which are of interest for deep‐seated CO2 or nuclear waste storage for instance. Among all surveying tools, surface tiltmeters offer the possibility to grasp hydraulically induced deformations over a broad range of time scales with a remarkable precision. Here we investigate the information content of transient surface tilt generated by the pressurization a kilometer scale subvertical fault zone. Our approach involves the combination of field data and results of a fully coupled poromechanical model. The signature of pressure changes in the fault zone due to pumping cycles is clearly recognizable in field tilt data and we aim to explain the peculiar features that appear in (1) tilt time series alone from a set of four instruments and 2) the ratio of tilt over pressure. We evidence that the shape of tilt measurements on both sides of a fault zone is sensitive to its diffusivity and its elastic modulus. The ratio of tilt over pressure predominantly encompasses information about the system's dynamic behavior and extent of the fault zone and allows separating contributions of flow in the different compartments. Hence, tiltmeters are well suited to characterize hydromechanical processes associated with fault zone hydrogeology at short time scales, where spaceborne surveying methods fail to recognize any deformation signal.
Using Meteorological Analogues for Reordering Postprocessed Precipitation Ensembles in Hydrological Forecasting
Authors: Bellier Joseph , Bontron Guillaume , Zin Isabella 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMeteorological ensemble forecasts are nowadays widely used as input of hydrological models for probabilistic streamflow forecasting. These forcings are frequently biased and have to be statistically postprocessed, using most of the time univariate techniques that apply independently to individual locations, lead times and weather variables. Postprocessed ensemble forecasts therefore need to be reordered so as to reconstruct suitable multivariate dependence structures. The Schaake shuffle and ensemble copula coupling are the two most popular methods for this purpose. This paper proposes two adaptations of them that make use of meteorological analogues for reconstructing spatiotemporal dependence structures of precipitation forecasts. Performances of the original and adapted techniques are compared through a multistep verification experiment using real forecasts from the European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts. This experiment evaluates not only multivariate precipitation forecasts but also the corresponding streamflow forecasts that derive from hydrological modeling. Results show that the relative performances of the different reordering methods vary depending on the verification step. In particular, the standard Schaake shuffle is found to perform poorly when evaluated on streamflow. This emphasizes the crucial role of the precipitation spatiotemporal dependence structure in hydrological ensemble forecasting.
Cancer Vaccines
Authors: Smith Peter L , Dalgleish Angus G 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Cancer vaccines have been studied for approximately 40 years. During this time, a growing number of cancer antigen and vaccine platforms have been developed and a large number of clinical trials have been performed. These trials have regularly demonstrated an ability to activate antitumour immune responses and instances of clinical efficacy in responding patients. However, very few vaccines have achieved clinical end points in phase III trials and only one vaccine has been licenced by the FDA. With some notable exceptions, the disappointing performance of therapeutic cancer vaccines is due to a number of factors. However, recent developments in vaccination, combination immunotherapy and recent research detailing the immune suppression mediated by the tumour microenvironment offer new opportunities to realise the promise of therapeutic cancer vaccination.

Key Concepts

Cancer vaccines induce antitumour immune responses.

Cancer vaccines have yet to realise their potential in cancer immunotherapy.

The tumour microenvironment inhibits immune responses induced by cancer vaccines.

Combination therapy has the potential to improve the efficacy of cancer vaccination.

Cancer vaccines.
Hippocampal sparing approach in fractionated stereotactic brain VMAT radio therapy: A retrospective feasibility analysis
Authors: Daniela Falco Maria , Giancaterino Stefano , D'Andrea Marco , Gimenez De Lorenzo Ramon , Trignani Marianna , Caravatta Luciana , Di Carlo Clelia , Di Biase Saide , Allajbej Albina , Genovesi Domenico 
Published: November 2017

AbstractVolumetric Modulated Arc Therapy (VMAT) techniques for fractioned stereotactic brain radiotherapy (FSBRT) can achieve highly conformal dose distribution to intracranial lesions. However, they can potentially increase the dose to hippocampus (H) causing neurocognitive toxicity during the first four months after irradiation. The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of hippocampal‐sparing (HS) treatment plans in 22 patients with brain metastasis treated with VMAT technique. Firstly, we retrospectively analyzed hippocampal doses in all 22 VMAT original (not hippocampal‐sparing, NHS) plans. Plans with hippocampal dose exceeding constraints (9 out of 22) were re‐planned considering dose constraints on the hippocampus (H) and on hippocampal avoidance zone (HAZ) generated using 5 mm isotropic margin to the hippocampus. Conformity (CI) and homogeneity indexes (HI) on the target and MUs, were maintained as close as possible to the original plans. Mean CINHS and CIHS obtained were: 0.79 ± 0.11 and 0.81 ± 0.10, respectively (P = 0.75); mean HINHS and HIHS were 1.05 ± 0.02 and 1.04 ± 0.01 respectively (P = 0.72). In both sets of plans, the mean MU values were similar: 1033 ± 275 and 1022 ± 234 for NHS and HS respectively. In HS plans, the mean hippocampal dose was decreased by an average of 35%. After replanning, the Dmax (21.3 Gy) for HAZ and H was met by 45% (4/9) and 78% (7/9) of the NHS plans, respectively. The worst results were obtained for cases with target volumes extention closer than 12 mm to H, because of the difficulty to spare hippocampus without compromising target coverage. After replanning D40% constraint value (7.3 Gy) was met by all the 9 NHS plans. In conclusion, this study suggests that an hippocampal‐sparing approach to FSBRT is feasible resulting in a decrease in the dose to the hippocampus without any loss in conformity or increase in treatment time.
Normalize the response of EPID in pursuit of linear accelerator dosimetry standardization
Authors: Cai Bin , Goddu S. Murty , Yaddanapudi Sridhar , Caruthers Douglas , Wen Jie , Noel Camille , Mutic Sasa , Sun Baozhou 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNormalize the response of electronic portal imaging device (EPID) is the first step toward an EPID‐based standardization of Linear Accelerator (linac) dosimetry quality assurance. In this study, we described an approach to generate two‐dimensional (2D) pixel sensitivity maps (PSM) for EPIDs response normalization utilizing an alternative beam and dark‐field (ABDF) image acquisition technique and large overlapping field irradiations. The automated image acquisition was performed by XML‐controlled machine operation and the PSM was generated based on a recursive calculation algorithm for Varian linacs equipped with aS1000 and aS1200 imager panels. Cross‐comparisons of normalized beam profiles and 1.5%/1.5 mm 1D Gamma analysis was adopted to quantify the improvement of beam profile matching before and after PSM corrections. PSMs were derived for both photon (6, 10, 15 MV) and electron (6, 20 MeV) beams via proposed method. The PSM‐corrected images reproduced a horn‐shaped profile for photon beams and a relative uniform profiles for electrons. For dosimetrically matched linacs equipped with aS1000 panels, PSM‐corrected images showed increased 1D‐Gamma passing rates for all energies, with an average 10.5% improvement for crossline and 37% for inline beam profiles. Similar improvements in the phantom study were observed with a maximum improvement of 32% for 15 MV and 22% for 20 MeV. The PSM value showed no significant change for all energies over a 3‐month period. In conclusion, the proposed approach correct EPID response for both aS1000 and aS1200 panels. This strategy enables the possibility to standardize linac dosimetry QA and to benchmark linac performance utilizing EPID as the common detector.
Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Presentation, Treatment, and Outcomes in Aboriginal Patients in Canada: A Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Study Analysis
Authors: Nagaraj Sujay , Barnabe Cheryl , Schieir Orit , Pope Janet , Bartlett Susan J. , Boire Gilles , Keystone Edward , Tin Diane , Haraoui Boulos , Thorne J. Carter , Bykerk Vivian P. , Hitchon Carol ,   the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort Study Investigators
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveHealth inequities exist in chronic diseases for Aboriginal people. This study compared early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) presentation, treatment, and outcomes between Aboriginal and white patients in a large Canadian cohort study.MethodsLongitudinal data from the Canadian Early Arthritis Cohort, a prospective multicenter early RA study, were analyzed for participants who self‐identified as Aboriginal or white ethnicity. Disease characteristics at presentation, prognostic factors, frequency of remission, and disease‐modifying therapy strategies were contrasted between population groups. Linear mixed models were used to estimate rates of change for disease activity measures over a 5‐year period.ResultsAt baseline, 2,173 participants (100 Aboriginal and 2,073 white) had similar mean ± SD symptom duration (179 ± 91 days), 28‐joint Disease Activity Scores (DAS28; 4.87 ± 1.48), and Health Assessment Questionnaire (0.88 ± 0.68) scores. Factors associated with poor prognosis were more frequently present in Aboriginal participants, but disease‐modifying therapy selection and frequency of therapy escalation was similar between the 2 groups. DAS28 remission was achieved less frequently in Aboriginal than in white participants (adjusted odds ratio 0.39 [95% confidence interval 0.25–0.62]). Results were primarily driven by slower improvement in swollen joint counts and nonsignificant improvement in patient global scores in Aboriginal participants. Pain levels remained higher in Aboriginal patients.ConclusionAboriginal early RA patients experienced worse disease outcomes than their white counterparts. This may reflect unmeasured biologic differences and/or disparities in prognostic factors informed by inequities in determinants of health. The appropriateness of current treatment strategies applied in different contexts should be considered.