bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Deciphering the landscape of host barriers toListeria monocytogenesinfection
Authors: Zhang Ting , Abel Sören , Abel zur Wiesch Pia , Sasabe Jumpei , Davis Brigid M. , Higgins Darren E. , Waldor Matthew K. 
Published: May 2017

SignificanceDeep sequencing of bar-codedListeria monocytogenesenabled determination of the pathogen’s dissemination routes and founding population sizes. The gallbladder, which is seeded by very fewL. monocytogenescells, becomes the source for pathogen shedding in the feces. The low complexity of shed populations suggests that genetic drift may be a powerful force inL. monocytogenesevolution. Innate immune factors and microbiota differentially regulate pathogen establishment and proliferation at distal sites. Sequence tag-based analysis of microbial populations is a powerful approach for investigating the impact of host factors on pathogen population dynamics.
Positive impacts of early auditory training on cortical processing at an older age
Authors: Cheng Yuan , Jia Guoqiang , Zhang Yifan , Hao Huanhuan , Shan Ye , Yu Liping , Sun Xinde , Zheng Qingyin , Kraus Nina , Merzenich Michael M. , Zhou Xiaoming 
Published: May 2017

Significance
A decline in organic brain health paralleled by degraded perceptual and cognitive abilities is a well-established aspect of human and animal aging. Here, in a rodent model, an elementary form of attention-demanding auditory training completed in young adulthood resulted in positive changes in modulation-rate discrimination abilities that carried forward into older age. These sustained behavioral impacts for processing speed were paralleled by enduring changes in physical and functional aspects of perceptual processing, documented at the level of the primary auditory cortex. Additionally, an important generalization of training impacts was recorded in the hippocampus, a brain structure for which physical and functional declines have been long associated with the progression to infirmity and dementia in aging.
Lexical diversity and the use of academic and lower frequency words in the academic writing of EFL students
Authors: Akbari Neda 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis study focuses on lexical diversity and the use of academic and lower frequency words in essays written by EFL (English as a Foreign Language) students enrolled in Years 1 and 2 at the undergraduate university level. The purpose of this study is to find out the extent to which EFL students become more proficient in their use of academic and lower frequency words and make more diverse choices in their writing after one year of undergraduate university education in English. The study also compares essays written by EFL students and NS (native speaker) students to determine inter-language differences. Essays written by 62 EFL students and 198 NS students at Years 1 and 2 were analyzed for this study. The findings showed no statistically significant difference between the essays written by EFL students in Year 1 and those written in Year 2, either in terms of lexical diversity or in terms of the use of academic and lower frequency words. EFL students in both year levels had a preference for highly frequent words (words in the 1k frequency band). This is in contrast to the NS students, whose use of academic and some lower frequency words improved in Year 2. The findings also showed a statistically significant difference between the essays written by the EFL and the NS students in both year levels. The EFL students made less diverse lexical choices and used fewer words in various frequency bands than the NS students. Findings are discussed and recommendations are offered to EFL students and their educators on how to focus on these aspects of academic writing.
Storytelling in legal settings
Authors: Lipovsky Caroline 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
A number of linguistic studies on courtroom discourse deal with witness examinations, however counsels’ opening statements have been given relatively little attention. Drawing on the analysis of a Crown Prosecutor’s opening statement in a murder trial held at the Supreme Court of New South Wales in Sydney, Australia, and using the Systemic Functional Linguistics framework (Halliday 1994), this study highlights the ways in which the prosecutor constructs his narrative of the crime in his opening statement in order to persuade the jurors of his views. Specifically, the analysis highlights the ways in which the narrative is made persuasive through its specific rhetorical organization and over-specification of orientational information, as well as more credible through quotations from participants with personal experience in the related events. It also shows the ways in which the prosecutor seeks to engage the jurors through his use of second-person pronouns, as well as his differentiated use of the crime participants’ names. Finally, this study highlights the dialogic and heteroglossic characteristics of the adversarial legal process, in that it both refers to what was previously stated and tries to anticipate the response of the jury, whose voice comes as the last word through their verdict.
Large Wood and Instream Habitat for Juvenile Coho Salmon and Larval Lampreys in a Pacific Northwest Stream
Authors: Gonzalez Rosalinda , Dunham Jason , Lightcap Scott , McEnroe Jeff 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The influences of large wood on Pacific salmon are well-studied, but such studies on nonsalmonid species such as lampreys are uncommon. To address this need, we evaluated the potential effects of large wood on larval lampreys (Pacific Lamprey Entosphenus tridentatus and potentially Western Brook Lamprey Lampetra richardsoni) as well as on juvenile Coho Salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch in a small, coastal, Oregon stream. Our objectives were to (1) identify instream habitat characteristics associated with the presence of larval lampreys and abundance of juvenile Coho Salmon and (2) evaluate how these characteristics were associated with instream wood. To address habitat use, we quantified presence of larval lampreys in 92 pools and abundance of juvenile Coho Salmon in 44 pools during summer low flows. We focused on a study reach where large wood was introduced into the stream between 2008 and 2009. Results indicated that presence of larval lampreys was significantly associated with the availability of fine sediment and deeper substrate. The abundance of juvenile Coho Salmon (fish per pool) was strongly associated with pool surface area and to a weaker extent with the proportion of cobble and boulder substrates in pools. Pools with wood, regardless of whether they were formed by wood, had significantly greater coverage of fine sediment, deeper substrate, and greater pool surface area. Taken together, these results suggest that instream wood can provide habitat associated with the presence of larval lampreys and greater abundance of juvenile Coho Salmon.
Received September 11, 2016; accepted March 25, 2017 Published online May 31, 2017
Assessing Wild Bee Biodiversity in Cranberry Agroenvironments: Influence of Natural Habitats
Authors: Gervais Amélie , Fournier Valérie , Sheffield Cory S. , Chagnon Madeleine 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe conservation of bee populations for pollination in agricultural landscapes has attracted a lot of recent research interest, especially for crop industries undergoing expansion to meet increased production demands. In Canada, much growth has been occurring with commercial cranberry production, a field crop which is largely dependent on bee pollination. Wild bee pollinators could be negatively impacted by losses of natural habitat surrounding cranberry fields to accommodate increased production, but growers have little insight on how to manage their lands to maximize the presence of wild bees. Here, we described a 2-yr study where bee diversity and species composition were investigated to better understand the dynamic between natural habitat and cranberry fields. Bees were sampled using pan-traps and hand netting both within cranberry fields and in one of the three adjacent natural habitat types once a week during the crop flowering period. We found that bee community composition among cranberry fields did not differ based on the respective adjacent habitat type, but fields bordered by meadows were marginally less diverse than fields bordered by forest. As one would expect, field and natural habitat communities differed in terms of species composition and species richness. There was no evidence that one type of natural habitat was more favorable for the bees than another. Future agrobiodiversity studies should simultaneously examine bee diversity comprised in both crop fields and adjacent natural environments to better understand the species dynamics essential to the preservation of pollination services.
Impact of Discharge Disposition on 30-Day Readmissions Following Elective Spine Surgery
Authors: Vasquez Raul A , Chotai Silky , Freeman Thomas H , Kay Harrison F , Cheng Joseph S , McGirt Matthew J , Devin Clinton J 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Readmissions are a significant economic burden on the health care system and increasingly being utilized as a metric of quality. Patients discharged to home vs an inpatient facility have different characteristics, which might influence the readmissions following spine surgery.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the effect of discharge disposition on readmission rates and causes of readmission after spine surgery.

METHODS
Patients enrolled in a prospective registry and undergoing elective spine surgery were analyzed. Readmissions (30 d), demographic, clinical variables, and baseline patient-reported outcomes were recorded. Patients were dichotomized as discharged home vs inpatient facility.

RESULTS
Of total 1631 patients, 1444 (89%) patients were discharged home and 187 (11%) discharged to an inpatient facility. Sixty-five (4%) patients were readmitted at 30 d. There was no significant difference in readmissions between patients discharged to a facility 10 (5%) vs home 55 (4%; P = .210). In a multivariable analysis, adjusting for all the comorbidities, the discharge destination was not associated with readmission within 30 d. The medical complications (80%) were the most common cause of readmission in those discharged to a facility. Patients discharged home had significantly higher readmissions related to surgical wound issues (67%; P = .034).

CONCLUSION
Despite the older age and higher comorbidities in patients discharged to an inpatient facility, the proportion of readmissions was comparable to those discharged home. Patients discharged home had a higher proportion of readmissions related to surgical wound complications and those discharged to facility had higher readmissions associated with medical complications. Understanding causes of readmission based on discharge destination may allow targeted intervention to reduce the readmission rates following spine surgery.
Successful Pre- and Posttransplant Sofosbuvir-Based Anti-Hepatitis C Virus Treatment in Persons Living With Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection
Authors: Guaraldi Giovanni , Rossotti Roberto , Verucchi Gabriella , Tavio Marcello , Pasulo Luisa , Beghetto Barbara , Dolci Giovanni , Nardini Giulia , Badia Lorenzo , Magliano Anna , Moioli Maria Cristina , Puoti Massimo ,   HIV/HCV Italian Liver Transplant Group, Travi Giovanna , Pazzi Annamaria , De Carlis Luciano , Giacomoni Alessandro , Lauterio Andrea , Mangoni Iacopo , Di Sandro Stefano , Ferla Fabio , Fagiuoli Stefano , Colledan Michele , Cologni Giuliana , Di Benedetto Fabrizio , Tarantino Giuseppe , Serra Valentina , Dolci Giovanni 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
This retrospective study reports the data of sofosbuvir-based anti-hepatitis C virus treatment in 24 candidates and 24 recipients of liver transplantation coinfected with human immunodeficiency virus. Sustained virologic response was cumulatively 85% (90% and 100% in those treated with optimal schedules pre- and posttransplant, respectively).
Pharmacotherapy of mast cell disorders
Authors: Gülen Theo , Akin Cem 
Published: May 2017

Purpose of reviewMast cell disorders (MCDs) comprise mastocytosis and disorders referred to as mast cell activation syndrome and are caused by abnormal accumulation and/or activation of mast cells in tissues. Clinical signs and symptoms are protean; therefore, finding suitable treatment options for individual patients entails a challenge for clinicians. The purpose of this manuscript is to review the literature on the available therapeutic interventions in patients with MCD.Recent findingsPharmacotherapy is mainly directed against the effects of mast cells and their mediators. The current recommendations are exclusively based on expert opinions due to the lack of controlled clinical trials. The targeted therapies aiming at blocking mutant KIT variants and/or downstream signaling pathways are currently being developed and may be considered in severely affected, therapy-refractory patients.SummaryThere is currently no method for predicting the best available approach to control symptoms in individual patients with MCD. Therefore, a stepwise, individual-based approach in pharmacotherapy options appears to be most successful strategy and is recommended in all patients. The core component of the treatment in most patients is to control symptoms caused by mast cell mediator release, whereas cytoreductive therapies are mainly reserved for patients with advanced/aggressive systemic mastocytosis.
Improved Learning Outcomes After Flipping a Therapeutics Module: Results of a Controlled Trial
Authors: Lockman Kashelle , Haines Stuart T. , McPherson Mary Lynn 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
To evaluate the impact on learning outcomes of flipping a pain management module in a doctor of pharmacy curriculum.

Method
In a required first-professional-year pharmacology and therapeutics course at the University of Maryland School of Pharmacy, the pain therapeutics content of the pain management module was flipped. This redesign transformed the module from a largely lecture-based, instructor-centered model to a learner-centered model that included a variety of preclass activities and in-class active learning exercises. In spring 2015, the module was taught using the traditional model; in spring 2016, it was taught using the flipped model. The same end-of-module objective structured clinical exam (OSCE) and multiple-choice exam were administered in 2015 to the traditional cohort (TC; n = 156) and in 2016 to the flipped cohort (FC; n = 162). Cohort performance was compared.

Results
Learning outcomes improved significantly in the FC: The mean OSCE score improved by 12.33/100 points (P < .0001; 95% CI 10.28–14.38; effect size 1.33), and performance on the multiple-choice exam’s therapeutics content improved by 5.07 percentage points (P < .0001; 95% CI 2.56–7.59; effect size 0.45). Student performance on exam items assessing higher cognitive levels significantly improved under the flipped model. Grade distribution on both exams shifted, with significantly more FC students earning an A or B and significantly fewer earning a D or F compared with TC students.

Conclusions
Student performance on knowledge- and skill-based assessments improved significantly after flipping the therapeutics content of a pain management module.
ADAMTS5 Deficiency Protects Mice From Chronic Tobacco Smoking-induced Intervertebral Disc Degeneration
Authors: Ngo Kevin , Pohl Pedro , Wang Dong , Leme Adriana S. , Lee Joon , Di Peter , Roughley Peter , Robbins Paul D. , Niedernhofer Laura J. , Sowa Gwendolyn , Kang James D. , Shapiro Steven S. , Vo Nam V. 
Published: May 2017

Study Design.
ADAMTS5-deficient and wild type (WT) mice were chronically exposed to tobacco smoke to investigate effects on intervertebral disc degeneration (IDD).

Objective.
The aim of this study was to demonstrate a role for ADAMTS5 in mediating tobacco smoking-induced IDD.

Summary of Background Data.
We previously demonstrated that chronic tobacco smoking causes IDD in mice because, in part, of proteolytic destruction of disc aggrecan. However, it was unknown which matrix proteinase(s) drive these detrimental effects.

Methods.
Three-month-old WT (C57BL/6) and ADAMTS5−/− mice were chronically exposed to tobacco smoke (four cigarettes/day, 5 day/week for 6 months). ADAMTS-mediated cleavage of disc aggrecan was analyzed by Western blot. Disc total glycosaminoglycan (GAG) content was assessed by dimethyl methylene blue assay and safranin O/fast green histology. Vertebral osteoporosity was measured by microcomputed tomography. Human nucleus pulposus (hNP) cell cultures were also exposed directly to tobacco smoke extract (TSE), a condensate containing the water-soluble compounds inhaled by smokers, to measure ADAMTS5 expression and ADAMTS-mediated cleavage of aggrecan. Activation of nuclear factor (NF)-κB, a family of transcription factors essential for modulating the cellular response to stress, was measured by immunofluorescence assay.

Results.
Genetic depletion of ADAMTS5 prevented vertebral bone loss, substantially reduced loss of disc GAG content, and completely obviated ADAMTS-mediated proteolysis of disc aggrecan within its interglobular domain (IGD) in mice following exposure to tobacco smoke. hNP cell cultures exposed to TSE also resulted in upregulation of ADAMTS5 protein expression and a concomitant increase in ADAMTS-mediated cleavage within aggrecan IGD. Activation of NF-κB, known to be required for ADAMTS5 gene expression, was observed in both TSE-treated hNP cell cultures and disc tissue of tobacco smoke-exposed mice.

Conclusion.
The findings demonstrate that ADAMTS5 is the primary aggrecanase mediating smoking-induced disc aggrecanolysis and IDD. Mouse models of chronic tobacco smoking are important and useful for probing the mechanisms of disc aggrecan catabolism and IDD.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Development and Feasibility of an Academic Detailing Intervention to Improve Prescription Drug Monitoring Program Use Among Physicians
Authors: Barth Kelly S. , Ball Sarah , Adams Rachel S. , Nikitin Ruslan , Wooten Nikki R. , Qureshi Zaina P. , Larson Mary J. 
Published: May 2017

Introduction:
South Carolina (SC) ranks 10th in opioid prescriptions per capita—33% higher than the national average. SC is also home to a large military and veteran population, and prescription opioid use for chronic pain is alarmingly common among veterans, especially those returning from Afghanistan and Iraq. This article describes the background and development of an academic detailing (AD) educational intervention to improve use of a Prescription Drug Monitoring Program among SC physicians who serve military members and veterans. The aim of this intervention was to improve safe opioid prescribing practices and prevent prescription opioid misuse among this high-risk population.

Methods:
A multidisciplinary study team of physicians, pharmacists, psychologists, epidemiologists, and representatives from the SC's Prescription Monitoring Program used the Medical Research Council complex interventions framework to guide the development of the educational intervention. The theoretical and modeling phases of the AD intervention development are described and preliminary evidence of feasibility and acceptability is provided.

Results:
Ninety-three physicians consented to the study from 2 practice sites. Eighty-seven AD visits were completed, and 59 one-month follow-up surveys were received. Participants rated the AD intervention high in helpfulness of information, intention to use information, and overall satisfaction with the intervention. The component of the intervention felt to be most helpful was the AD visit itself. Characteristics of the participants and the intervention, as well as anticipated barriers to behavior change are detailed.

Discussion:
Preliminary results support the feasibility of AD delivery to veteran and community patient settings, the feasibility of facilitating Prescription Drug Monitoring Program registration during an AD visit, and that AD visits were generally found satisfying to participants and helpful in improving knowledge and confidence about safe opioid prescribing practices. The component of the intervention felt to be most helpful to the participants was the actual AD visit, and most participants rated their intentions high to use the information and tools from the visit. Intervention key messages, preliminary outcome measures, and successes and challenges in developing and delivering this intervention are discussed to advance best practices in developing educational interventions in this important area of public health.
Prescribers' Knowledge and Skills for Interpreting Research Results: A Systematic Review
Authors: Kahwati Leila , Carmody Dennis , Berkman Nancy , Sullivan Helen W. , Aikin Kathryn J. , DeFrank Jessica 
Published: May 2017

Introduction:
Appropriate medication prescribing may be influenced by a prescriber's ability to understand and interpret medical research. The objective of this review was to synthesize the research related to prescribers' critical appraisal knowledge and skills—defined as the understanding of statistical methods, biases in studies, and relevance and validity of evidence.

Methods:
We searched PubMed and other databases from January 1990 through September 2015. Two reviewers independently screened and selected studies of any design conducted in the United States, the United Kingdom, or Canada that involved prescribers and that objectively measured critical appraisal knowledge, skills, understanding, attitudes, or prescribing behaviors. Data were narratively synthesized.

Results:
We screened 1204 abstracts, 72 full-text articles, and included 29 studies. Study populations included physicians. Physicians' extant knowledge and skills were in the low to middle of the possible score ranges and demonstrated modest increases in response to interventions. Physicians with formal education in epidemiology, biostatistics, and research demonstrated higher levels of knowledge and skills. In hypothetical scenarios presenting equivalent effect sizes, the use of relative effect measures was associated with greater perceptions of medication effectiveness and intent to prescribe, compared with the use of absolute effect measures. The evidence was limited by convenience samples and study designs that limit internal validity.

Discussion:
Critical appraisal knowledge and skills are limited among physicians. The effect measure used can influence perceptions of treatment effectiveness and intent to prescribe. How critical appraisal knowledge and skills fit among the myriad of influences on prescribing behavior is not known.