bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vulnerability of a semienclosed estuarine sea to ocean acidification in contrast with hypoxia
Authors: Ianson Debby , Allen Susan E. , Moore‐Maley Benjamin L. , Johannessen Sophia C. , Macdonald and Robie W. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Strait of Georgia (SoG) is a large semienclosed estuary that spatially dominates the Salish Sea on the North American Pacific coast. The region is well populated, harbors significant aquaculture, and is vulnerable to climate change. We present the first inorganic carbon data collected in the SoG covering all seasons (2003 and 2010–2012) and put them into the context of local circulation and oxygen cycles. Results show that the SoG has a higher carbon content and lower pH than surrounding waters. Aragonite saturation horizons in the SoG do not become deeper than 20–30 m and shoal to the surface for extended periods. Furthermore, incoming upwelled “acidified” water from the outer coast actually increases local pH. Finally, intense mixing in the physically restricted channels connecting the SoG to the outer coast allows significant oxygen uptake but minimal CO2 out gassing, protecting the SoG from hypoxia but not from ocean acidification.
Space‐based remote imaging spectroscopy of the Aliso Canyon CH4 superemitter
Authors: Thompson D. R. , Thorpe A. K. , Frankenberg C. , Green R. O. , Duren R. , Guanter L. , Hollstein A. , Middleton E. , Ong L. , Ungar S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Aliso Canyon gas storage facility near Porter Ranch, California, produced a large accidental CH4 release from October 2015 to February 2016. The Hyperion imaging spectrometer on board the EO‐1 satellite successfully detected this event, achieving the first orbital attribution of CH4 to a single anthropogenic superemitter. Hyperion measured shortwave infrared signatures of CH4 near 2.3 μm at 0.01 μm spectral resolution and 30 m spatial resolution. It detected the plume on three overpasses, mapping its magnitude and morphology. These orbital observations were consistent with measurements by airborne instruments. We evaluate Hyperion instrument performance, draw implications for future orbital instruments, and extrapolate the potential for a global survey of CH4 superemitters.
Cloud regimes as phase transitions
Authors: Stechmann Samuel N. , Hottovy Scott 
Published: May 2016

AbstractClouds are repeatedly identified as a leading source of uncertainty in future climate predictions. Of particular importance are stratocumulus clouds, which can appear as either (i) closed cells that reflect solar radiation back to space or (ii) open cells that allow solar radiation to reach the Earth's surface. Here we show that these clouds regimes—open versus closed cells—fit the paradigm of a phase transition. In addition, this paradigm characterizes pockets of open cells as the interface between the open‐ and closed‐cell regimes, and it identifies shallow cumulus clouds as a regime of higher variability. This behavior can be understood using an idealized model for the dynamics of atmospheric water as a stochastic diffusion process. With this new conceptual viewpoint, ideas from statistical mechanics could potentially be used for understanding uncertainties related to clouds in the climate system and climate predictions.
Estimates of terms in Ohm's law during an encounter with an electron diffusion region
Authors: Torbert R. B. , Burch J. L. , Giles B. L. , Gershman D. , Pollock C. J. , Dorelli J. , Avanov L. , Argall M. R. , Shuster J. , Strangeway R. J. , Russell C. T. , Ergun R. E. , Wilder F. D. , Goodrich K. , Faith H. A. , Farrugia C. J. , Lindqvist P.‐A. , Phan T. , Khotyaintsev Y. , Moore T. E. , Marklund G. , Daughton W. , Magnes W. , Kletzing C. A. , Bounds S. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe present measurements from the Magnetospheric Multiscale (MMS) mission taken during a reconnection event on the dayside magnetopause which includes a passage through an electron diffusion region (EDR). The four MMS satellites were separated by about 10 km such that estimates of gradients and divergences allow a reasonable estimate of terms in the generalized Ohm's law, which is key to investigating the energy dissipation during reconnection. The strength and character of dissipation mechanisms determines how magnetic energy is released. We show that both electron pressure gradients and electron inertial effects are important, but not the only participants in reconnection near EDRs, since there are residuals of a few mV/m (~30–50%) of E + Ue × B (from the sum of these two terms) during the encounters. These results are compared to a simulation, which exhibits many of the observed features, but where relatively little residual is present.
Retrieval of eddy dynamics from SMOS sea surface salinity measurements in the Algerian Basin (Mediterranean Sea)
Authors: Isern‐Fontanet Jordi , Olmedo Estrella , Turiel Antonio , Ballabrera‐Poy Joaquim , García‐Ladona Emilio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe circulation in the Algerian Basin is characterized by the presence of fresh‐core eddies that propagate along the coast or at distances between 100 and 200 km from the coast. Enhancements in the processing of the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) data have allowed to produce, for the first time, satellite sea surface salinity (SSS) maps in the Mediterranean Sea that capture the signature of Algerian eddies. SMOS data can be used to track them for long periods of time, especially during winter. SMOS SSS maps are well correlated with in situ measurements although the former has a smaller dynamical range. Despite this limitation, SMOS SSS maps capture the key dynamics of Algerian eddies allowing to retrieve velocities from SSS with the correct sign of vorticity.
Toward a chemical reanalysis in a coupled chemistry‐climate model: An evaluation of MOPITT CO assimilation and its impact on tropospheric composition
Authors: Gaubert B. , Arellano A. F. , Barré J. , Worden H. M. , Emmons L. K. , Tilmes S. , Buchholz R. R. , Vitt F. , Raeder K. , Collins N. , Anderson J. L. , Wiedinmyer C. , Martinez Alonso S. , Edwards D. P. , Andreae M. O. , Hannigan J. W. , Petri C. , Strong K. , Jones N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe examine in detail a 1 year global reanalysis of carbon monoxide (CO) that is based on joint assimilation of conventional meteorological observations and Measurement of Pollution in The Troposphere (MOPITT) multispectral CO retrievals in the Community Earth System Model (CESM). Our focus is to assess the impact to the chemical system when CO distribution is constrained in a coupled full chemistry‐climate model like CESM. To do this, we first evaluate the joint reanalysis (MOPITT Reanalysis) against four sets of independent observations and compare its performance against a reanalysis with no MOPITT assimilation (Control Run). We then investigate the CO burden and chemical response with the aid of tagged sectoral CO tracers. We estimate the total tropospheric CO burden in 2002 (from ensemble mean and spread) to be 371 ± 12% Tg for MOPITT Reanalysis and 291 ± 9% Tg for Control Run. Our multispecies analysis of this difference suggests that (a) direct emissions of CO and hydrocarbons are too low in the inventory used in this study and (b) chemical oxidation, transport, and deposition processes are not accurately and consistently represented in the model. Increases in CO led to net reduction of OH and subsequent longer lifetime of CH4 (Control Run: 8.7 years versus MOPITT Reanalysis: 9.3 years). Yet at the same time, this increase led to 5–10% enhancement of Northern Hemisphere O3 and overall photochemical activity via HOx recycling. Such nonlinear effects further complicate the attribution to uncertainties in direct emissions alone. This has implications to chemistry‐climate modeling and inversion studies of longer‐lived species.
Agricultural fires in the southeastern U.S. during SEAC4RS: Emissions of trace gases and particles and evolution of ozone, reactive nitrogen, and organic aerosol
Authors: Liu Xiaoxi , Zhang Y. , Huey L. G. , Yokelson R. J. , Wang Y. , Jimenez J. L. , Campuzano‐Jost P. , Beyersdorf A. J. , Blake D. R. , Choi Y. , St. Clair J. M. , Crounse J. D. , Day D. A. , Diskin G. S. , Fried A. , Hall S. R. , Hanisco T. F. , King L. E. , Meinardi S. , Mikoviny T. , Palm B. B. , Peischl J. , Perring A. E. , Pollack I. B. , Ryerson T. B. , Sachse G. , Schwarz J. P. , Simpson I. J. , Tanner D. J. , Thornhill K. L. , Ullmann K. , Weber R. J. , Wennberg P. O. , Wisthaler A. , Wolfe G. M. , Ziemba L. D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEmissions from 15 agricultural fires in the southeastern U.S. were measured from the NASA DC‐8 research aircraft during the summer 2013 Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) campaign. This study reports a detailed set of emission factors (EFs) for 25 trace gases and 6 fine particle species. The chemical evolution of the primary emissions in seven plumes was examined in detail for ~1.2 h. A Lagrangian plume cross‐section model was used to simulate the evolution of ozone (O3), reactive nitrogen species, and organic aerosol (OA). Observed EFs are generally consistent with previous measurements of crop residue burning, but the fires studied here emitted high amounts of SO2and fine particles, especially primary OA and chloride. Filter‐based measurements of aerosol light absorption implied that brown carbon (BrC) was ubiquitous in the plumes. In aged plumes, rapid production of O3, peroxyacetyl nitrate (PAN), and nitrate was observed with ΔO3/ΔCO, ΔPAN/ΔNOy, and Δnitrate/ΔNOyreaching ~0.1, ~0.3, and ~0.3. For five selected cases, the model reasonably simulated O3formation but underestimated PAN formation. No significant evolution of OA mass or BrC absorption was observed. However, a consistent increase in oxygen‐to‐carbon (O/C) ratios of OA indicated that OA oxidation in the agricultural fire plumes was much faster than in urban and forest fire plumes. Finally, total annual SO2, NOx, and CO emissions from agricultural fires in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, and Missouri were estimated (within a factor of ~2) to be equivalent to ~2% SO2from coal combustion and ~1% NOxand ~9% CO from mobile sources.
A large‐scale methane model by incorporating the surface water transport
Authors: Lu Xiaoliang , Zhuang Qianlai , Liu Yaling , Zhou Yuyu , Aghakouchak Amir 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe effect of surface water movement on methane emissions is not explicitly considered in most of the current methane models. In this study, a surface water routing was coupled into our previously developed large‐scale methane model. The revised methane model was then used to simulate global methane emissions during 2006–2010. From our simulations, the global mean annual maximum inundation extent is 10.6 ± 1.9 km2 and the methane emission is 297 ± 11 Tg C/yr in the study period. In comparison to the currently used TOPMODEL‐based approach, we found that the incorporation of surface water routing leads to 24.7% increase in the annual maximum inundation extent and 30.8% increase in the methane emissions at the global scale for the study period, respectively. The effect of surface water transport on methane emissions varies in different regions: (1) the largest difference occurs in flat and moist regions, such as Eastern China; (2) high‐latitude regions, hot spots in methane emissions, show a small increase in both inundation extent and methane emissions with the consideration of surface water movement; and (3) in arid regions, the new model yields significantly larger maximum flooded areas and a relatively small increase in the methane emissions. Although surface water is a small component in the terrestrial water balance, it plays an important role in determining inundation extent and methane emissions, especially in flat regions. This study indicates that future quantification of methane emissions shall consider the effects of surface water transport.
Glacial onset predated Late Ordovician climate cooling
Authors: Pohl Alexandre , Donnadieu Yannick , Le Hir Guillaume , Ladant Jean‐Baptiste , Dumas Christophe , Alvarez‐Solas Jorge , Vandenbroucke Thijs R. A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe Ordovician glaciation represents the acme of one of only three major icehouse periods in Earth's Phanerozoic history and is notorious for setting the scene for one of the “big five” mass extinction events. Nevertheless, the mechanisms that drove ice sheet growth remain poorly understood and the final extent of the ice sheet crudely constrained. Here using an Earth system model with an innovative coupling method between ocean, atmosphere, and land ice accounting for climate and ice sheet feedback processes, we report simulations portraying for the first time the detailed evolution of the Ordovician ice sheet. We show that the emergence of the ice sheet happened in two discrete phases. In a counterintuitive sequence of events, the continental ice sheet appeared suddenly in a warm climate. Only during the second act, and set against a background of decreasing atmospheric CO2, followed steeply dropping temperatures and extending sea ice. The comparison with abundant sedimentological, geochemical, and micropaleontological data suggests that glacial onset may have occurred as early as the Middle Ordovician Darriwilian, in agreement with recent studies reporting third‐order glacioeustatic cycles during the same period. The second step in ice sheet growth, typified by a sudden drop in tropical sea surface temperatures by ∼8°C and the further extension of a single, continental‐scale ice sheet over Gondwana, marked the onset of the Hirnantian glacial maximum. By suggesting the presence of an ice sheet over Gondwana throughout most of the Middle and Late Ordovician, our models embrace the emerging paradigm of an “early Paleozoic Ice Age.”
Hint1 gene deficiency enhances the supraspinal nociceptive sensitivity in mice
Authors: Liu Fei , Ma Jing , Liu Peng , Chu Zheng , Lei Gang , Jia Xiao‐di , Wang Jia‐bei , Dang Yong‐hui 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntroductionPrevious studies have indicated a possible role of histidine triad nucleotide‐binding protein 1 (HINT1) on sustaining the regulatory crosstalk of N‐methyl‐D‐aspartate acid glutamate receptors (NMDARs) and G‐protein‐coupled receptors (GPCRs) such as the μ‐opioid receptor (MOR). Both receptors are present in the midbrain periaqueductal gray neurons, an area that plays a central role in the supraspinal antinociceptive process.MethodsIn the present study, a battery of pain‐related behavioral experiments was applied to Hint1 knockout, heterozygous and wild‐type mice. Both the male and female mice were investigated to assess the differences between genders.ResultsHint1−/− mice presented significant shorter latency at 50°C in both male and female in hot plate test while no significant difference was found in tail filck test. In Von Frey hairs test Hint1−/− mice were more sensitive than Hint1+/+ mice, presenting a lower withdrawal threshold and enhanced relative frequency of paw withdrawal. The average flinches and licking time of Hint1−/− mice were more than that of Hint1+/+ mice in formalin test.ConclusionThe absence of Hint1 gene‐enhanced supraspinal nociceptive sensitivity in mice, including thermal, mechanical and inflammatory hyperalgesia. Meanwhile, there was no certain evidence indicating the haploinsufficiency and gender differences of Hint1 gene in pain‐related behaviors.
Phosphoramidate Ligation of Oligonucleotides in Nanoscale Structures
Authors: Kalinowski Matthäus , Haug Rüdiger , Said Hassan , Piasecka Sylwia , Kramer Markus , Richert Clemens 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe folding of long DNA strands into designed nanostructures has evolved into an art. Being based on linear chains only, the resulting nanostructures cannot readily be transformed into covalently linked frameworks. Covalently linking strands in the context of folded DNA structures requires a robust method that avoids sterically demanding reagents or enzymes. Here we report chemical ligation of the 3′‐amino termini of oligonucleotides and 5′‐phosphorylated partner strands in templated reactions that produce phosphoramidate linkages. These reactions produce inter‐nucleotide linkages that are isoelectronic and largely isosteric to phosphodiesters. Ligations were performed at three levels of complexity, including the extension of branched DNA hybrids and the ligation of six scaffold strands in a small origami.
Benefits of a Paleolithic diet with and without supervised exercise on fat mass, insulin sensitivity, and glycemic control: a randomized controlled trial in individuals with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Otten Julia , Stomby Andreas , Waling Maria , Isaksson Andreas , Tellström Anna , Lundin‐Olsson Lillemor , Brage Søren , Ryberg Mats , Svensson Michael , Olsson Tommy 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundMeans to reduce future risk for cardiovascular disease in subjects with type 2 diabetes are urgently needed.MethodsThirty‐two patients with type 2 diabetes (age 59 ± 8 years) followed a Paleolithic diet for 12 weeks. Participants were randomized to either standard care exercise recommendations (PD) or 1‐h supervised exercise sessions (aerobic exercise and resistance training) three times per week (PD‐EX).ResultsFor the within group analyses, fat mass decreased by 5.7 kg (IQR: −6.6, −4.1; p < 0.001) in the PD group and by 6.7 kg (−8.2, −5.3; p < 0.001) in the PD‐EX group. Insulin sensitivity (HOMA‐IR) improved by 45% in the PD (p < 0.001) and PD‐EX (p < 0.001) groups. HbA1c decreased by 0.9% (−1.2, −0.6; p < 0.001) in the PD group and 1.1% (−1.7, −0.7; p < 0.01) in the PD‐EX group. Leptin decreased by 62% (p < 0.001) in the PD group and 42% (p < 0.001) in the PD‐EX group. Maximum oxygen uptake increased by 0.2 L/min (0.0, 0.3) in the PD‐EX group, and remained unchanged in the PD group (p < 0.01 for the difference between intervention groups). Male participants decreased lean mass by 2.6 kg (−3.6, −1.3) in the PD group and by 1.2 kg (−1.3, 1.0) in the PD‐EX group (p < 0.05 for the difference between intervention groups).ConclusionsA Paleolithic diet improves fat mass and metabolic balance including insulin sensitivity, glycemic control, and leptin in subjects with type 2 diabetes. Supervised exercise training may not enhance the effects on these outcomes, but preserves lean mass in men and increases cardiovascular fitness. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Oestradiol levels may differ between premenopausal women, ages 18–50, with type 1 diabetes and matched controls
Authors: Hassan Lina Saleh , Monson Rebecca S. , Danielson Kirstie K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThis study aimed to investigate whether oestradiol differs between premenopausal women with and without type 1 diabetes and whether levels are associated with such factors as age, reproductive history or diabetes management.MethodsOestradiol in premenopausal women with type 1 diabetes (n = 89; age = 18–50 years; duration = 13–18 years) and age‐matched/race‐matched controls without diabetes (n = 76) was collected during a cross‐sectional ancillary study of the Wisconsin Diabetes Registry Study, a population‐based incident cohort. Total and bioavailable oestradiol and sex hormone‐binding globulin were compared using multivariable regression (e.g. adjusting for reproductive history).ResultsAdjusted mean total and bioavailable oestradiol did not differ overall by diabetes status (p ≥ 0.74), while adjusted mean sex hormone‐binding globulin was higher in type 1 diabetes women (p = 0.02). However, only in women with type 1 diabetes and not controls (interaction p = 0.0005) was total oestradiol positively associated with the duration of reproductive years with unsuppressed ovarian function (UnsuppOvFx = years since menarche minus years on hormonal contraceptives/pregnant/breastfeeding). When stratified into less than/equal to or greater than the median 9 years' duration of UnsuppOvFx, compared with controls, women with type 1 diabetes had significantly lower total oestradiol in the ≤9 years group [β = −43.2 pg mL−1 (−158.6 pmol L−1), p = 0.04] and significantly higher total oestradiol in the >9 years group [β = 53.9 pg mL−1 (197.9 pmol L−1), p = 0.04]. Results remained consistent during additional statistical adjustments and sensitivity analyses.ConclusionsCompared with controls, women with type 1 diabetes may have lower oestradiol when they have a shorter duration of UnsuppOvFx and higher oestradiol when they have a longer duration of UnsuppOvFx. Given the potential effects of insulin on ovarian function, oestradiol production may vary across the lifespan for women with type 1 diabetes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Skin autofluorescence and peripheral neuropathy four years later in type 1 diabetes
Authors: Rajaobelina K , Farges B , Nov S , Maury E , Cephise‐Velayoudom FL , Gin H , Helmer C , Rigalleau V 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveAdvanced glycation end products (AGEs) are involved in diabetes complications. We aimed to investigate whether the accumulation of AGEs measured by skin autofluorescence (sAF) was associated with signs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy and to sensitivity, pain, motor and autonomic function 4 years later in patients with type 1 diabetes.MethodsAt baseline, 188 patients (age 51 years, diabetes duration 22 years) underwent skin autofluorescence measurement using the AGE Reader. Four years later, signs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy were defined as the presence of neuropathic pain and/or feet sensory loss or foot ulceration. Neurological tests were systematically performed: vibration perception threshold by neuroesthesiometry, neuropathic pain by the Douleur Neuropathique en 4 Questions score, muscle strength by dynamometry and electrochemical skin conductance. Multivariate analyses were adjusted by age, sex, height, body mass index, tobacco, HbA1c, diabetes duration, estimated glomerular filtration rate and albumin excretion rate.ResultsAt the 4‐year follow‐up, 13.8% of patients had signs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. The baseline sAF was higher in those with signs of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (2.5 ± 0.7 vs 2.1 ± 0.5 arbitrary units (AU), p < 0.0005). In the multivariate analysis, a 1 SD higher skin autofluorescence at baseline was associated with an increased risk of signs of neuropathy (OR = 2.68, p = 0.01). All of the neurological tests were significantly altered in the highest quartile of the baseline sAF (>2.4 AU) compared with the lowest quartiles after multivariate adjustment.ConclusionThis non‐invasive measurement of skin autofluorescence may have a value for diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 1 diabetes and a potential clinical utility for detection of diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.