bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long intragenic non‐coding RNA lincRNA‐p21 suppresses development of human prostate cancer
Authors: Wang Xiaohai , Ruan Yuan , Wang Xingjie , Zhao Wei , Jiang Qi , Jiang Chenyi , Zhao Yuyang , Xu Yongzhi , Sun Feng , Zhu Yiping , Xia Shujie , Xu Dongliang 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectivesProstate cancer is one of the most frequent malignancies in men, worldwide, although its underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. Long non‐coding RNAs participate in development of human cancers. In this invetsigation, we aimed to study the roles of lincRNA‐p21 in development of human prostate cancer.Materials and methodsExpression of lincRNA‐p21 was assessed by real‐time PCR in cell lines and in human tissues. Lentivirus carrying sh‐lincRNA‐p21, lincRNA‐p21 or control constructs were used to determine their effects on cell proliferation and apoptosis. A mouse xenograft model was employed to explore the functions of lincRNA‐p21 on cancer cell population growth in vivo. Relationships between p53 downstream genes and lincRNA‐p21 levels were explored by real‐time PCR, western blotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation.ResultsLincRNA‐p21 was found to be down‐regulated in human prostate cancer, and low levels of lincRNA‐p21 correlated with high disease stage and prediction of poor survival. We further showed that lincRNA‐p21 inhibited prostate cancer cell proliferation and colony formation in vitro and reduced rate of prostate cancer cell population growth in vivo. Study of mechanisms involved revealed that lincRNA‐p21 promoted apoptosis and induced expression of p53 downstream genes by regulating p53 binding to their promoters. Finally, we showed that expression of p53 downstream genes was reduced in the malignant prostate tissues, which correlated with lincRNA‐p21 level.ConclusionsOur findings indicated that lincRNA‐p21 inhibited development of human prostate cancer partly by regulating p53 downstream gene expression and partly by apoptotic activation.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus in people with severe mental illness: inequalities by ethnicity and age. Cross‐sectional analysis of 588 408 records from the UK
Authors: Das‐Munshi J. , Ashworth M. , Dewey M. E. , Gaughran F. , Hull S. , Morgan C. , Nazroo J. , Petersen I. , Schofield P. , Stewart R. , Thornicroft G. , Prince M. J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimsTo investigate whether the association of severe mental illness with Type 2 diabetes varies by ethnicity and age.MethodsWe conducted a cross‐sectional analysis of data from an ethnically diverse sample of 588 408 individuals aged ≥18 years, registered to 98% of general practices (primary care) in London, UK. The outcome of interest was prevalent Type 2 diabetes.ResultsRelative to people without severe mental illness, the relative risk of Type 2 diabetes in people with severe mental illness was greatest in the youngest age groups. In the white British group the relative risks were 9.99 (95% CI 5.34, 18.69) in those aged 18–34 years, 2.89 (95% CI 2.43, 3.45) in those aged 35–54 years and 1.16 (95% CI 1.04, 1.30) in those aged ≥55 years, with similar trends across all ethnic minority groups. Additional adjustment for anti‐psychotic prescriptions only marginally attenuated the associations. Assessment of estimated prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in severe mental illness by ethnicity (absolute measures of effect) indicated that the association between severe mental illness and Type 2 diabetes was more marked in ethnic minorities than in the white British group with severe mental illness, especially for Indian, Pakistani and Bangladeshi individuals with severe mental illness.ConclusionsThe relative risk of Type 2 diabetes is elevated in younger populations. Most associations persisted despite adjustment for anti‐psychotic prescriptions. Ethnic minority groups had a higher prevalence of Type 2 diabetes in the presence of severe mental illness. Future research and policy, particularly with respect to screening and clinical care for Type 2 diabetes in populations with severe mental illness, should take these findings into account.
A bioenergetics model of the entire life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback,gasterosteus aculeatus
Authors: Leloutre Charlène , Péry Alexandre R. R. , Porcher Jean‐Marc , Beaudouin Rémy 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA whole life‐cycle bioenergetic model based on the dynamic energy budget (DEB) theory was proposed for the three‐spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus). To develop this model, experiments on growth and reproduction were performed: adult and juvenile growth, size at first reproduction and amount of eggs spawned by females were monitored under different feeding levels and temperatures. TheDEBparameters were estimated, using Bayesian statistics, based on the data produced during these experiments and on other data found in the literature. The model fitted accurately the different data used for the calibration process and, in addition, predicted accurately the data sets used to assess its predictability. Our bioenergetic model of the whole life cycle of the three‐spined stickleback accounting for environmental variations could contribute in many ways to improved ecological assessment: supporting change of scale from individual to populations; developing new biomarkers of exposure and effect; analysing ecotoxicity tests with biology‐based models.
Variation in Reproductive Success Across Captive Populations: Methodological Differences, Potential Biases and Opportunities
Authors: Griffith Simon C. , Crino Ondi L. , Andrew Samuel C. , Nomano Fumiaki Y. , Adkins‐Regan Elizabeth , Alonso‐Alvarez Carlos , Bailey Ida E. , Bittner Stephanie S. , Bolton Peri E. , Boner Winnie , Boogert Neeltje , Boucaud Ingrid C. A. , Briga Michael , Buchanan Katherine L. , Caspers Barbara A. , Cichoń Mariusz , Clayton David F. , Derégnaucourt Sebastien , Forstmeier Wolfgang , Guillette Lauren M. , Hartley Ian R. , Healy Susan D. , Hill Davina L. , Holveck Marie‐Jeanne , Hurley Laura L. , Ihle Malika , Tobias Krause E. , Mainwaring Mark C. , Marasco Valeria , Mariette Mylene M. , Martin‐Wintle Meghan S. , McCowan Luke S. C. , McMahon Maeve , Monaghan Pat , Nager Ruedi G. , Naguib Marc , Nord Andreas , Potvin Dominique A. , Prior Nora H. , Riebel Katharina , Romero‐Haro Ana A. , Royle Nick J. , Rutkowska Joanna , Schuett Wiebke , Swaddle John P. , Tobler Michael , Trompf Larissa , Varian‐Ramos Claire W. , Vignal Clémentine , Villain Avelyne S. , Williams Tony D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOur understanding of fundamental organismal biology has been disproportionately influenced by studies of a relatively small number of ‘model’ species extensively studied in captivity. Laboratory populations of model species are commonly subject to a number of forms of past and current selection that may affect experimental outcomes. Here, we examine these processes and their outcomes in one of the most widely used vertebrate species in the laboratory – the zebra finch (Taeniopygia guttata). This important model species is used for research across a broad range of fields, partly due to the ease with which it can be bred in captivity. However despite this perceived amenability, we demonstrate extensive variation in the success with which different laboratories and studies bred their subjects, and overall only 64% of all females that were given the opportunity, bred successfully in the laboratory. We identify and review several environmental, husbandry, life‐history and behavioural factors that potentially contribute to this variation. The variation in reproductive success across individuals could lead to biases in experimental outcomes and drive some of the heterogeneity in research outcomes across studies. The zebra finch remains an excellent captive animal system and our aim is to sharpen the insight that future studies of this species can provide, both to our understanding of this species and also with respect to the reproduction of captive animals more widely. We hope to improve systematic reporting methods and that further investigation of the issues we raise will lead both to advances in our fundamental understanding of avian reproduction as well as to improvements in future welfare and experimental efficiency.
Conspecific Attraction Drives Intraspecific Aggregations by Nephila clavipes Spiders
Authors: Fitzgerald Meghan R. , Ives Anthony R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAggregation behavior is common throughout the animal world, although it is rare in spiders (Araneae). Nephila clavipes spiders are frequently found both in solitary webs and in aggregations of conspecifics. N. clavipes aggregations are not considered social, because these spiders do not engage in food sharing or group parental care. The currently accepted explanation for N. clavipes aggregations is that they form passively, as spiders aggregate in response to the patchy distribution of food resources in the environment. Here, we show instead that N. clavipes females actively seek out conspecifics and, therefore, that aggregations arise from conspecific attraction. We experimentally established that (1) N. clavipes females actively follow the trails left by conspecifics and (2) aggregations are formed independently of prey density in a particular area. These results suggest that while aggregations in high food patches increase encounter rates of conspecific spiders and support the nutritional needs of multiple large spiders, this potential benefit is not the proximate mechanism for aggregation. Thus, we hypothesize that N. clavipes females likely acquire fitness benefits from aggregating with conspecifics.
Galanin contributes to ultraviolet irradiation‐induced inflammation in human skin
Authors: Lee Min Jung , Oh Jang‐Hee , Park Chi‐Hyun , Kim Kyu Han , Lee Dong Hun , Chung Jin Ho 
Published: December 2016

AbstractExposure of the skin to ultraviolet (UV) irradiation causes various consequences such as inflammation and photoageing. Galanin is an active neuropeptide expressed widely in the central nervous system and peripheral tissues including the skin. Galanin promotes or inhibits inflammation in a context‐dependent manner, but its role in UV irradiation‐induced responses in human skin was still unknown. UV irradiation induced a substantial expression of galanin in primary epidermal keratinocytes in vitro and in human epidermis in vivo. Galanin knock‐down by siRNA transfection markedly inhibited UV irradiation‐induced expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐1, interleukin (IL)‐1β, IL‐6 and cyclooxygenase (COX)‐2. Moreover, siRNA‐mediated knock‐down of GAL2, a principal galanin receptor in the skin, led to a considerable decrease in these mediators in keratinocytes. Collectively, our findings suggest that galanin is an important messenger between the neuroendocrine system and UV irradiation‐damaged skin.
TRIM21 is important in the early phase of inflammation in the imiquimod‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation mouse model
Authors: Vinter Hanne , Langkilde Ane , Ottosson Vijole , Espinosa Alexander , Wahren‐Herlenius Marie , Raaby Line , Johansen Claus , Iversen Lars 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTripartite motif‐containing protein 21 (TRIM21) regulates pro‐inflammatory cytokines and type I interferons and acts as an autoantigen in certain autoimmune diseases, but TRIM21 has not been investigated in psoriasis. It has been suggested that TRIM21 may have a dual function; in the early phase of inflammation, it may function as a stimulator; but upon immune stimulation, its ubiquitinating mode of action may shift from stabilization to degradation of IRF3 causing inhibition of the immune responses. The imiquimod (IMQ)‐induced psoriasis‐like mouse model displays features similar to those of human psoriasis. However, chronicity is lacking in this model. We investigated whether the role of TRIM21 in psoriasis was pro‐inflammatory or anti‐inflammatory. We hypothesized that a shift of the TRIM21‐ubiquitinating mode of action may explain the lack of chronicity in the IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like mouse model. We showed that TRIM21 expression is increased in lesional psoriatic skin and in the early phase of IMQ‐induced inflammation both in vitro and in vivo. Surprisingly, inflammation was significantly less pronounced in TRIM21 knockout mice than in wild‐type mice as shown by ear thickness measured at days 8, 9 and 10 after treatment start, by spleen weight as a marker of systemic effect of IMQ at 10 days after treatment start and by expression of IL‐12p40 at days 3 and 10 after treatment start and IL‐17A at day 3 after treatment start. Therefore, induction of TRIM21 expression cannot explain the lack of chronicity in the IMQ‐induced psoriasis‐like skin inflammation mouse model.
Chlorophyll fluorescence tracks seasonal variations of photosynthesis from leaf to canopy in a temperate forest
Authors: Yang Hualei , Yang Xi , Zhang Yongguang , Heskel Mary A. , Lu Xiaoliang , Munger J. William , Sun Shucun , Tang Jianwu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAccurate estimation of terrestrial gross primary productivity (GPP) remains a challenge despite its importance in the global carbon cycle. Chlorophyll fluorescence (ChlF) has been recently adopted to understand photosynthesis and its response to the environment, particularly with remote sensing data. However, it remains unclear how ChlF and photosynthesis are linked at different spatial scales across the growing season. We examined seasonal relationships between ChlF and photosynthesis at the leaf, canopy, and ecosystem scales and explored how leaf‐level ChlF was linked with canopy‐scale solar‐induced chlorophyll fluorescence (SIF) in a temperate deciduous forest at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. Our results show that ChlF captured the seasonal variations of photosynthesis with significant linear relationships between ChlF and photosynthesis across the growing season over different spatial scales (R2 = 0.73, 0.77, and 0.86 at leaf, canopy, and satellite scales, respectively; P < 0.0001). We developed a model to estimate GPP from the tower‐based measurement of SIF and leaf‐level ChlF parameters. The estimation of GPP from this model agreed well with flux tower observations of GPP (R2 = 0.68; P < 0.0001), demonstrating the potential of SIF for modeling GPP. At the leaf scale, we found that leaf Fq’/Fm’, the fraction of absorbed photons that are used for photochemistry for a light‐adapted measurement from a pulse amplitude modulation fluorometer, was the best leaf fluorescence parameter to correlate with canopy SIF yield (SIF/APAR, R2 = 0.79; P < 0.0001). We also found that canopy SIF and SIF‐derived GPP (GPPSIF) were strongly correlated to leaf‐level biochemistry and canopy structure, including chlorophyll content (R2 = 0.65 for canopy GPPSIF and chlorophyll content; P < 0.0001), leaf area index (LAI) (R2 = 0.35 for canopy GPPSIF and LAI; P < 0.0001), and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) (R2 = 0.36 for canopy GPPSIF and NDVI; P < 0.0001). Our results suggest that ChlF can be a powerful tool to track photosynthetic rates at leaf, canopy, and ecosystem scales.
Global thermal niche models of two European grasses show high invasion risks in Antarctica
Authors: Pertierra Luis R. , Aragón Pedro , Shaw Justine D. , Bergstrom Dana M. , Terauds Aleks , Olalla‐Tárraga Miguel Ángel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe two non‐native grasses that have established long‐term populations in Antarctica (Poa pratensis and Poa annua) were studied from a global multidimensional thermal niche perspective to address the biological invasion risk to Antarctica. These two species exhibit contrasting introduction histories and reproductive strategies and represent two referential case studies of biological invasion processes. We used a multistep process with a range of species distribution modelling techniques (ecological niche factor analysis, multidimensional envelopes, distance/entropy algorithms) together with a suite of thermoclimatic variables, to characterize the potential ranges of these species. Their native bioclimatic thermal envelopes in Eurasia, together with the different naturalized populations across continents, were compared next. The potential niche of P. pratensis was wider at the cold extremes; however, P. annua life history attributes enable it to be a more successful colonizer. We observe that particularly cold summers are a key aspect of the unique Antarctic environment. In consequence, ruderals such as P. annua can quickly expand under such harsh conditions, whereas the more stress‐tolerant P. pratensis endures and persist through steady growth. Compiled data on human pressure at the Antarctic Peninsula allowed us to provide site‐specific biosecurity risk indicators. We conclude that several areas across the region are vulnerable to invasions from these and other similar species. This can only be visualized in species distribution models (SDMs) when accounting for founder populations that reveal nonanalogous conditions. Results reinforce the need for strict management practices to minimize introductions. Furthermore, our novel set of temperature‐based bioclimatic GIS layers for ice‐free terrestrial Antarctica provide a mechanism for regional and global species distribution models to be built for other potentially invasive species.
Risky future for Mediterranean forests unless they undergo extreme carbon fertilization
Authors: Gea‐Izquierdo Guillermo , Nicault Antoine , Battipaglia Giovanna , Dorado‐Liñán Isabel , Gutiérrez Emilia , Ribas Montserrat , Guiot Joel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractForest performance is challenged by climate change but higher atmospheric [CO2] (ca) could help trees mitigate the negative effect of enhanced water stress. Forest projections using data assimilation with mechanistic models are a valuable tool to assess forest performance. Firstly, we used dendrochronological data from 12 Mediterranean tree species (six conifers and six broadleaves) to calibrate a process‐based vegetation model at 77 sites. Secondly, we conducted simulations of gross primary production (GPP) and radial growth using an ensemble of climate projections for the period 2010–2100 for the high‐emission RCP8.5 and low‐emission RCP2.6 scenarios. GPP and growth projections were simulated using climatic data from the two RCPs combined with (i) expected ca; (ii) constant ca = 390 ppm, to test a purely climate‐driven performance excluding compensation from carbon fertilization. The model accurately mimicked the growth trends since the 1950s when, despite increasing ca, enhanced evaporative demands precluded a global net positive effect on growth. Modeled annual growth and GPP showed similar long‐term trends. Under RCP2.6 (i.e., temperatures below +2 °C with respect to preindustrial values), the forests showed resistance to future climate (as expressed by non‐negative trends in growth and GPP) except for some coniferous sites. Using exponentially growing ca and climate as from RCP8.5, carbon fertilization overrode the negative effect of the highly constraining climatic conditions under that scenario. This effect was particularly evident above 500 ppm (which is already over +2 °C), which seems unrealistic and likely reflects model miss‐performance at high ca above the calibration range. Thus, forest projections under RCP8.5 preventing carbon fertilization displayed very negative forest performance at the regional scale. This suggests that most of western Mediterranean forests would successfully acclimate to the coldest climate change scenario but be vulnerable to a climate warmer than +2 °C unless the trees developed an exaggerated fertilization response to [CO2].
Protein characteristics in grass–clover silages according to wilting rate and fermentation pattern
Authors: Bakken A. K. , Vaga M. , Hetta M. , Randby Å. T. , Steinshamn H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractEffects of wilting rate and fermentation stimulators and inhibitors on protein characteristics of forages typical for organic production were assessed using traditional analytical methods and a gas production in vitro assay. The hypotheses were that the proportion of the crude protein (CP) fraction that was soluble would be lowest, and the protein feed value highest, under rapid wilting and restricted fermentation. The solubility of the CP fraction varied according to treatments and between a first and a second cut, with moderate and high content of clover respectively. It was, however, of minor importance for the protein value, both calculated as amino acids absorbed in the small intestine (AAT20) and estimated as effective utilizable crude protein (uCP04) by the in vitro assay. In ensiled herbage, AAT20 was highest in rapidly wilted and restrictedly fermented silages made from a first cut dominated by highly digestible grasses. Silages from the second cut dominated by red clover were far lower in AAT20. The in vitro assay did not separate silages according to herbage composition or wilting rate, but ranked restrictedly fermented above extensively fermented with regard to protein supply. The assay might still have caught the characteristics that determine the true protein value in vivo.
Legitimacy on Licence: Why and How it Matters
Authors: IRWIN‐ROGERS KEIR 
Published: December 2016

AbstractPeople leaving prison typically face numerous barriers to successful reintegration – a situation reflected by high reoffending rates in many countries throughout the world. To support people to overcome these barriers, criminal justice systems often provide some form of post‐custodial supervision. Based on a multisite ethnographic study, this article provides an insight into post‐custodial supervision in England and Wales. It introduces a novel theoretical framework for understanding the dynamics of supervisory relationships, which at its core distinguishes between legitimacy based on processes and legitimacy based on outcomes. While both sources of legitimacy are desirable, the former is particularly important because the latter is largely dependent upon it. In short, constructive relationships between licencees and supervisors fail to develop when processes are neglected, which, in turn, prevents probation and hostel workers from fulfilling their supervisory roles effectively.