bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Therapeutic Aerosol Delivery during Mechanical Ventilation
Authors: Coleman Denise M , Kelly H William , Mcwilliams Bennie C , Pérez Annette , Perreault Marc M 
Published: July 2017

Objective To provide an overview of aerosol drug delivery during mechanical ventilation in the pediatric and adult populations. Data Sources Published articles and abstracts identified in a MEDLINE search (1984–July 1994) were reviewed. Study Selection All articles and abstracts found, including review articles, in vivo and in vitro studies, case reports, and case series pertaining to issues involving aerosol delivery during mechanical ventilation, were reviewed. No predetermined selection criteria were used to exclude studies. Data Extraction Percent delivery of the starting dose to either the patients or the various in vitro lung models, as well as each variable possibly affecting delivery for each study, were tabulated for each study reviewed. Data Synthesis The delivery of therapeutic aerosols to endotracheally intubated and mechanically ventilated patients presents a unique challenge for healthcare providers. Delivery can be affected by the diameter of the endotracheal tube and ventilator circuitry, type of ventilator, ventilator modes, type of delivery device, and how the delivery device is operated and introduced into the ventilator circuitry. The drug being aerosolized may behave differently from one delivery system to another. The proper operation of each device requires attention to positioning in the ventilator circuit as well as the mode of ventilation. Conclusions No apparent advantage exists for metered-dose inhalers with a large-volume adapter over jet nebulizers, as each method of delivery is capable of similar efficiency (5–15%). Sufficient attention to detail, including the use of an efficient nebulizer and/or adapter and proper placement and operating method, is required to provide optimal delivery. For bronchodilator administration, careful monitoring of outcomes will provide the most optimal dosing schedule.
The Use of the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) in Evaluating Characteristics of Virginia Traffic Fatalities
Authors: Mitchell Deborah , Lynn Cheryl 
Published: July 2017

Highway safety studies often involve a review of accident reports in order to determine those factors involved in traffic accidents. While this is a popular approach, It often entails problems resulting from incomplete information, contradictions in the available data, and difficulties in compiling information from various sources. For these reasons, the Fatal Accident Reporting System, a computerized data base, was chosen for use in evaluating the characteristics of Virginia traffic fatalities. In particular, the Fatal Accident Reporting System (FARS) was applied to investigate the reason for the increase in traffic fatalities in Virginia in 1977 and determining their characteristics. Using data from the FARS, fatal traffic accidents in Virginia during 1976 and 1977 were compared by examining demographic characteristics of the accidents such as day of week, type of road, kind of location, and the age and sex of the drivers involved. The data were examined according to three categories; 1) accident, 2) vehicle/driver, and 3) person. It was found, however, that for all levels of factors, some data were unusable because of problems in format, insufficient information, and apparent inconsistencies in coding. The system was not found to be easily accessible and was also comparativly expensive. For these reasons, it was concluded that use of the Fatal Accident Reporting System does not appear to be the best method of evaluating characteristics of Virginia traffic fatalities.
The Importance of Providing Stereoscopic Vision in Training for Nap-of-the-Earth (NOE) Flight
Authors: Erwin Donald E. 
Published: July 2017

Nap-of-the-earth (NOE) flight in Army tactical helicopter operations necessitates high speed visual-motor coordinations in order to avoid obstacles in the flight path while making maximal use of the terrain for cover and concealment from enemy air defense weapon systems. The development of simulators for training pilots in NOE flight involves the design of visual display systems which provide all the important optical information available in actual flight. At the present time, however, there is insufficient information on the role of stereopsis in NOE flight to determine whether fully binocular displays must be designed into training simulators. This paper describes results from two preliminary studies which examined the importance of binocular disparity for the perception of three-dimensional layout of the terrain in NOE flight. In the first experiment, it was determined that stereoscopic movies taken from the cockpit of a helicopter in NOE flight produce more compelling impressions of three-dimensionality than a non-disparate bioptic display. The results of the second experiment show that simple reaction times for detection of three-dimensionality in static binocular displays were substantially longer than for detection of fusibility of otherwise identical bioptic displays. Additionally, it was found that detection of fusibility required much more time than detection of a light flash. These results are interpreted as inconclusive with respect to the desirability of stereoptic displays for NOE flight training simulators, and a program of further research needed to settle this issue is discussed.
Maintenance Training and Simulation: Design Processes and Evaluation Criteria
Authors: Brock John F. 
Published: July 2017

There is general agreement among instructional designers that training people to maintain complex systems has unique characteristics not found in other training endeavors. These unique characteristics stem from the kind of cognitive and psychophysical tasks which must be performed by the system maintainer. This paper discusses the uniqueness required of maintenance training systems and sets out a model for designing such systems. Examples from basic and advanced maintenance training systems are presented with a discussion of how and why particular instructional strategies were selected. Alternative strategy selection techniques are discussed. A review of current simulation techniques for training maintenance tasks is presented in the context of general design considerations for maintenance training. Computer-based systems are compared along dimensions of cost, reliability, modifiability, hands-on capability, safety, and student performance data. A concurrent problem in maintenance training is the determination of whether a training system is, in fact, functioning efficiently and effectively. Efficiency and effectiveness are defined and a model for measuring each is proposed. A section of the paper addresses the economic issues in the evaluation of training.
Effects of Information Processing Requirements on Reaction Time of the Eye
Authors: Nelson Christine L. , London Robert M. , Robinson Gordon H. 
Published: July 2017

This experiment measured eye reaction time as a function of presence or absence of a central control task, type of command, and knowledge of target direction prior to command. It was found that eye reaction time was greater when a subject was involved in a central tracking task than when he was not; it was greater when the command was symbolic than when it was spatial; and it was longer when the target direction was unknown prior to command. These variables also interacted, so that the effect of unknown target direction was greater with a symbolic command. Results of this experiment also showed that subjects sometimes used an initial compensatory pattern of eye-head movements. There were large inter-subject differences, but use of compensation generally increased with complexity of centrally located information which required processing. It thus appears that reaction time of the eye responds to information processing variables in a manner similar to other motor response systems.
Human Operator Performance in Computer-Based Message Switching Systems: A Case Study
Authors: Mitchell-Bishop V. 
Published: July 2017

Twenty-four network control operators were observed executing monitor and control tasks involving large-scale remote networks. The networks are associated with six message switching systems. The operators tasks involved responding to software generated alarm messages, and invoke network changes via a command language, to regulate input/output traffic flow. Data were collected using activity analysis sampling, command language analysis, and error analysis in order to obtain statistics on the following factors: operator work load, alarm volume per hour, operator response time per alarm, system acknowledgement time, error type and frequency. The results indicated that the alarm volume required an operator response time of 90 seconds, which overloaded the operators. Recommendations to allocate to the software additional monitor and control tasks, and to modify the software interfaces, reducing the alarm volume, were implemented. The results of a second experiment, conducted to measure the effects of the software changes, identified a substantial improvement in operator performance, a reduction in operator workload, errors, and alarm volume. These findings led to the confirmation of several human factors principles applicable to interface design.
Planning and Designing Direction-Finding Systems
Authors: Selfridge Katherine M. 
Published: July 2017

A sign system is not merely a collection of separate signs, each with its separate purpose; but a system with several purposes: to guide and direct; to identify; to inform and instruct; and to contribute to a consistent beauty of the environment. The graphic designers' jobs in designing good sign systems are to understand how people read, perceive, and respond to signs. They need to know about the results of human factor psychology. Psychologists should in turn understand what graphic designers have to consider and what they do, so as to improve the communication between them.
Job Design as Part of the Navy Enlisted Personnel Individualized Career System
Authors: Price Harold E. 
Published: July 2017

The Navy, faced with the prospect of decreasing personnel availability, lower entry-level skills, and increased training costs has decided to develop and evaluate a personnel system concept with innovative technical manuals (Job Performance Aids) as the principal means for obtaining early and productive personnel performance. Significant features of this new concept are: (1) innovative job performance aids (JPA's) to guide minimally trained personnel in productive work, (2) deferred, front-end formal training, and (3) accounting for and individualizing the long-term aspects of the personnel system, such as job structures, career paths, performance appraisal, and advancement. The process of defining JPA-based jobs and integrating them into a total personnel system is referred to as a job design process. Total job design will be accomplished in several phases. First, the tasks necessary to operate and maintain a system will be clustered into work units called positions. A position is comprised of tasks which have some commonality of system factors and are homogenous with respect to personnel skill and knowledge demands. Positions are then arrayed in dependent sequences and ordered according to skill demands. Next, position competency requirements will be determined. A determination will then be made as to how position performance competency can be achieved, particularly through the use of innovative JPA's. The third phase is to combine positions into jobs which meet system performance objectives and result in both productive personnel performance and job satisfaction. The final phase of the job design process is to design career patterns which will provide for increased performance development through utilization of more advanced JPAs, additional job-oriented training, and continual performance assessment and advancement. The eventual product of the EPICS job design process will be a complete personnel system which emphasizes the use of JPA's or technical manuals, includes complementary training, and ensures a complete career potential for individuals who are both motivated and capable of job-oriented performance.
Visual Comfort Zone
Authors: Mital Anil , Halcomb Charles G. , Asfour S. S. 
Published: July 2017

This paper presents the panel width for console/work place design (seated operator) based upon performance. Panel width recommendations are made for male and female operators. Independent variables investigated included the two distinct color contrasts (blue on white and black on white) and sex differences. The color contrast and sex variables did not have any effect (p ≤ .05) on comfort zones although both male and female subjects made more errors with the blue on white color contrast. The visual comfort zone (panel width) was found to be the area between two approximate semi-circles (7.61 cm radius and 53.34 cm radius) which is considerably smaller than previous recommendations based on reach and visual angle.
A Simulator Evaluation of Age Effects on Symbol Sign Recognition
Authors: Allen R. Wade , Parseghian Zareh , Van Valkenburgh Paul G. 
Published: July 2017

The use of symbolic road signs is proliferating on the highways, and there is some concern in their effectiveness, particularly by elderly drivers. This paper describes an experimental study of problems encountered by a broad age range of drivers in learning and retaining symbolic information. A driving simulator was used to present 72 symbol signs to subjects during 25 minutes “drives.” Performance measures included the correctness of sign recognition, and the distance from the signs at which recognition took place. The experimental design looked at the effects of age and training on the learning and retention of symbol knowledge. The overall results showed strong age effects, but no influence due to the type of symbol training employed. All age groups learned and retained roughly the same number of symbols, but the older age groups started with less symbol knowledge initially. This result is hypothesized to be a generational effect rather than an age diminished-capability. Data interpretation also indicates that older subjects require longer recognition and response times.
The Remote Manipulator System Second Generation Schemes
Authors: McCullough J.R. 
Published: July 2017

The Shuttle Remote Manipulator System is the payload handling system of the Space Shuttle Orbiter and will be used to deploy and retrieve satellites on-orbit. This paper gives an overview of future on-orbit manipulator tasks and discusses potential second generation RMS schemes. The paper concludes by identifying areas of research and development that will be required to ensure the appropriate level of technology development.
Survey and Assessment of Nuclear Power Plant Control Room Operability
Authors: Baker Clifford C. , West Robin , Mallory Kenneth M. 
Published: July 2017

As part of an effort to develop human engineerging guidelines and a methodology for the evaluation of nuclear power plant control room operability, the Essex Corporation conducted T & E (test and evaluation) reviews of a wide sample of nuclear power plant control rooms. The objectives of these design reviews were: 1) selection, application, and development of human engineering evaluation guidelines applicable to the nuclear power industry; 2) selection and development of data collection and analysis procedures; and 3) identification of recurrent human engineering design problems in the control rooms of currently operating nuclear power plants. The present paper discusses the approach taken and the findings in item three above. Thirteen control rooms were visited, and guidelines and data collection methods under various degrees of development were applied. Following control room visits, data were analyzed according to usability, number of incidences of similar or identical operability design problems, criticality of problems with respect to both public and plant safety, and subjective assessment of operational affects due to human engineering problems in design. Results to date show that the following areas have recurrent operability design problems: layout of controls and displays according to either operational or functional use; coding of information for visual and auditory presentation; job performance aid and procedures design; communications; environmental factors such as ambient noise; violations in control and display conventions employed; use of conventions which violate population stereotypes; and failure to design within anthropometric constraints. Further work is being conducted by Essex Corporation to identify critical human engineering deficiencies in control room design and to select adequate yet cost-effective and corrective backfits.
Cost Effectiveness of Operator Features in Equipment Design
Authors: Williams Jeremy C. 
Published: July 2017

In design negotiation, the attribution of credible values to the incorporation or deletion of operator features allows engineers the freedom to judge the overall effect of human factors recommendations in relation to the achievement of a design specification. Likewise in the development phase, product planners frequently need more precise statements about productivity, training needs and general operational performance than, “it will be greater/less, worse/better than…”. The method described utilises measured and synthetic data, learning theory and Markov processes to calculate the likelihood of operator task failure. These failure rates are then treated via filter factors derived from the application of a variation of Delphi Technique to give a global statement of the likelihood of operator failure resulting in unscheduled calls for service. Using the relationship between the cost of service calls and the overall life cost of developing, manufacturing, marketing and supporting a leased product, it is then possible to place credible values on the design features in question. Thus during the design process it becomes feasible to calculate the likely effects of human factors recommendations and modifications in relation to manufacturing costs, and thereby facilitate rational assessment of their implementation on a sound economic basis. This technique has been used to considerable effect, and represents a useful additional tool for the human factors practitioner in the design negotiation process. Further developments and refinements are planned, and it is anticipated that a similar technique will shortly be available to enable assessment of the effectiveness of product training programs and job aids.
Human Interfaces for “Smart” Machines
Authors: Schulz Kenneth A. 
Published: July 2017

Microprocessor-based products pose human interface problems which are somewhat different from those encountered with either conventional equipment, or general-purpose computers. Some of the differences which lead to special problems are: (1) Special purpose interface hardware can usually be justified on the basis of production volume; (2) General purpose interface components can be easily accommodated, and shared among several display and control functions; (3) Controls, displays and functions can be (and usually are) linked through software rather than hardware, allowing interactive logic to be implemented at little cost. These capabilities expand the range of design choices beyond those covered by classical human engineering guides. Methods and data are needed to help the designer select effective interface hardware and procedures. This paper describes a preliminary conceptual scheme for the design of “smart” interfaces. Several experiments concerned with specific interface features are discussed and related to the conceptual scheme.
The Desk as a Barrier
Authors: Fong Yau , Bennett Corwin A. 
Published: July 2017

Using a scale model of a private office, 206 subjects placed a visitor's chair according to role playing instructions which defined their role, status and a discussion task. Most subjects placed the chair with the desk as a barrier from the occupant. All role playing variables had significant effects. Personal distance was of little consequence. In contrast to some behavior observed in offices, in this situation, the desk as a barrier was apparently seen as protective.
Composing Letters with Computer-Based Text Editors
Authors: Gould John D. 
Published: July 2017

This experiment studies how people compose letters using computer-based text editors, and compares the results with longhand writing of similar letters. Ten IBM Research professionals who regularly use computer- based text editors composed 4 letters with each method. These participants were videotaped while they composed (Figure 1), and their interactions with the text-editor were automatically time-stamped for later analyses. These participants generally used either Redit or Edit, both of which are line-oriented text editors. Results (Table 1) showed that participants spent two-thirds of their time “planning” their text-edited letters (just as was found in previous experiments for writing, dictating, and speaking). Text-edited letters required 50 per cent more time to compose than did written letters. This was due in part to more changes, difficulties in formatting, text positioning, and reviewing and modifying the formatted version of text-edited letters (Table 2). These results are discussed in some detail in a technical report available from the author, and they will appear in Human Factors journal in late 1981.
An Annotated Bibliography of Journalism Subjects in American Magazines
Authors: Swindler William F. ,   Assisted, Price Granville , Pride Armistead S. , Mosse Baskett 
Published: July 2017

Economic pressures constituted an ever greater threat to domestic and world press freedom in mid-1951. This was dramatized by the suspension of the St. Louis Star-Times and the transition of that community into the growing column of non-competitive newspaper territories. Rising labor and newsprint costs were cited as a basic cause of the suspension. Newsprint, already at all-time high prices, was the subject of several congressional and administrative discussions—not only in the interest of American newspapers but of publications throughout the free world which were faced with the imminent prospect of starving for paper. … Political attacks on press freedom continued abroad with passage of a highly restrictive statute in India, while in the United States a partisan effort to “investigate” certain Florida dailies was eventually snuffed out. —W. F. S.