bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intrapulmonary Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Lung: A Rare Case Presentation
Authors: Parinita S , Rao KN Mohan , LNU Vivek 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTLocalized fibrous tumors of the lung arise from the visceral pleura and are pedunculated. They also project into the pleural cavity. The tumor with an entirely pulmonary location is extremely rare. We present here a rare case of intrapulmonary localized fibrous tumor with review of the literature.How to cite this articleParinita S, Rao KNM, Vivek. Intrapulmonary Solitary Fibrous Tumor of the Lung: A Rare Case Presentation. J Med Sci 2016;2(2):42-44.
Direct oceanic emissions unlikely to account for the missing source of atmospheric carbonyl sulfide
Authors: Lennartz Sinikka T. , Marandino Christa A. , von Hobe Marc , Cortes Pau , Quack Birgit , Simo Rafel , Booge Dennis , Pozzer Andrea , Steinhoff Tobias , Arevalo-Martinez Damian L. , Kloss Corinna , Bracher Astrid , Röttgers Rüdiger , Atlas Elliot , Krüger Kirstin 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. The climate active trace-gas carbonyl sulfide (OCS) is the most abundant sulfur gas in the atmosphere. A missing source in its atmospheric budget is currently suggested, resulting from an upward revision of the vegetation sink. Tropical oceanic emissions have been proposed to close the resulting gap in the atmospheric budget. We present a bottom-up approach including (i) new observations of OCS in surface waters of the tropical Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans and (ii) a further improved global box model to show that direct OCS emissions are unlikely to account for the missing source. The box model suggests an undersaturation of the surface water with respect to OCS integrated over the entire tropical ocean area and, further, global annual direct emissions of OCS well below that suggested by top-down estimates. In addition, we discuss the potential of indirect emission from CS2 and dimethylsulfide (DMS) to account for the gap in the atmospheric budget. This bottom-up estimate of oceanic emissions has implications for using OCS as a proxy for global terrestrial CO2 uptake, which is currently impeded by the inadequate quantification of atmospheric OCS sources and sinks.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: Young Daisy 
Published: January 2017

Business and Economic Research (BER) would like to thank the following reviewers for reviewing manuscripts from December 1, 2014, to June 1, 2015. Their comments and suggestions were of great help to the authors in improving the quality of their papers. Many authors, regardless of whether Ber publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers. Macrothink Publishing appreciates the following reviewers’ rigorous and conscientious efforts for this journal. Each of the reviewers listed below returned at least one review during this period. Antonio Ruiz-PorrasBratu (Simionescu) MihaelaDavide ScaltritoEyup DoganFrantisek SvobodaGerasimos T. SoldatosPiotr SiemiątkowskiPriyono IyonRenata KorsakieneSahar BahmaniSaid JaouadiSandip SarkerTudor Ciumara
Beauty in Creation: John Wesley's Natural Philosophy
Authors: Rainey David 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
John Wesley's compendium on natural philosophy is comparable to a second book of revelation about God; the first book is scripture. In light of this, scripture can only function as a hermeneutic for creation; it is not a textbook for the discovery of creation. Wesley used the language of Thomas Aquinas to explain that there is a revealed cause and effect, which leads to a First Cause. With this understanding, creation reveals a beauty that is derivative from God and this type of beauty is an interconnected relationship within all of creation. Because of humanity's limitation of knowledge, empiricism cannot assume a primary source of knowledge for natural philosophy since it can become a misleading source. Natural philosophy, as a result, remains its own objective source of knowledge.
Therapeutic genome editing with engineered nucleases
Authors: Haas Simone , Dettmer Viviane , Cathomen Toni 
Published: January 2017

SummaryTargeted genome editing with designer nucleases, such as zinc finger nucleases, TALE nucleases, and CRISPR-Cas nucleases, has heralded a new era in gene therapy. Genetic disorders, which have not been amenable to conventional gene-addition-type gene therapy approaches, such as disorders with dominant inheritance or diseases caused by mutations in tightly regulated genes, can now be treated by precise genome surgery. Moreover, engineered nucleases enable novel genetic interventions to fight infectious diseases or to improve cancer immunotherapies. Here, we review the development of the different classes of programmable nucleases, discuss the challenges and improvements in translating gene editing into clinical use, and give an outlook on what applications can expect to enter the clinic in the near future.
Reviewer Acknowledgements for International Business Research, Vol. 9, No. 5
Authors: Duran Kevin 
Published: January 2017

International Business Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 5 Aurelija BurinskieneCristian Marian BarbuFlorin IonitaLadislav MuraLaura DanilescuMiriam JankalováRafiuddin AhmedRoxanne StevensSang-Bing Tsai Kevin DuranOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Business ResearchCanadian Center of Science and Education
De leer van de Hoge Raad over onrechtmatig bewijs (‘zozeer indruist’-criterium) door het EU Handvest op de schop?
Authors: van der Hulle R. , de Bree R. 
Published: January 2017

De leer van de Hoge Raad over onrechtmatig bewijs (‘zozeer indruist’-criterium) door het EU Handvest op de schop?
In een arrest van 20 maart 2015 heeft de belastingkamer van de Hoge Raad het toetsingskader voor het gebruik van strafrechtelijk onrechtmatig verkregen bewijs in belastingprocedures uiteengezet. De houdbaarheid van dit toetsingskader is echter in de literatuur ter discussie gesteld naar aanleiding van het WebMindLicenses-arrest van het Hof van Justitie van 17 december 2015. In deze bijdrage wordt beoordeeld of het toetsingskader van de belastingkamer van de Hoge Raad daadwerkelijk aanpassing behoeft.HR 20 maart 2015, nr. 13/03959, ECLI:NL:HR:2015:643.HvJ EU 17 december 2015, zaak C-419/14, ECLI:EU:C:2015:832.
Naar een Europees wetboek voor elektronische communicatie
Authors: van Duijvenvoorde G.P. 
Published: January 2017

Naar een Europees wetboek voor elektronische communicatie Kroniek Telecommunicatie
In deze kroniek wordt ingegaan op de ontwikkelingen in het Europese telecommunicatiekader in de afgelopen drie jaren. Het bevorderen van connectiviteit was een thema uit de voorstellen voor een ‘Connected Continent’ van Commissaris Kroes in 2013. Opnieuw is toegang tot snelle internetconnectiviteit een belangrijke doelstelling van regulering in het voorstel voor een geheel nieuw Europees wetboek voor elektronische communicatie dat de Europese Commissie in september 2016 publiceerde. Het voorstel betekent een algehele herziening van het Europees telecommunicatiekader dat gevolgen zal hebben voor de Nederlandse Telecommunicatiewet.
Saline infusion sonohysterography in nonpregnant women with previous cesarean delivery: the "niche" in the scar.
Authors: Monteagudo A , Carreno C , Timor-Tritsch I E 
Published: January 2017

To apply an existing diagnostic imaging test (saline infusion sonohysterography) to characterize the "filling defect" of a previous cervical cesarean delivery scar in the nonpregnant uterus.Forty‐four patients with histories of cesarean delivery who underwent saline infusion sonohysterography for a variety of gynecologic indications were included. During the procedure, the area below the bladder recess was examined using transvaginal sonography. A filling defect or "niche" was defined as a triangular anechoic structure at the presumed site of a previous cesarean delivery scar. The depth of the niche was measured. Uterine size, the presence of fibroids and polyps, and the number of previous cesarean deliveries were noted.All patients had a niche indenting the anterior uterine‐cervical wall. The mean +/‐ SD depth of the niche was 6.17 +/‐ 3.6 mm. There was no correlation between the number of cesarean deliveries and the depth of the niche. Thirty‐six percent of our patients had fibroids, and 18% had endometrial polyps.Saline infusion sonohysterography was able to detect filling defects in women who previously had cesarean deliveries. We hope that by focusing our attention on the transvaginal sonographic appearance of the detectable uterine scar (niche) with or without the use of saline infusion sonohysterography in the nonpregnant uterus, it will train our eyes to look for the scar in the pregnant uterus. In addition, our study patients had a high prevalence of abnormal uterine bleeding. The role of the cesarean delivery scar in women with unscheduled bleeding needs to be further evaluated.
Effectiveness of transcranial and transthoracic ultrasound and microbubbles in dissolving intravascular thrombi.
Authors: Porter T R , Kricsfeld D , Lof J , Everbach E C , Xie F 
Published: January 2017

To examine the effectiveness of 1 ‐MHz and 40‐kHz ultrasound with and without microbubbles in fragmenting thrombi in attenuated conditions.First, an vitro transcranial model was used to examine the ability of these frequencies to fragment thrombi in the presence or absence of perfluorocarbon‐exposed sonicated dextrose albumin microbubbles. Second, an in vivo transthoracic model was used to test the effectiveness of these same frequencies with intravenous perfluorocarbon‐exposed sonicated dextrose albumin in fragmenting left circumflex coronary thrombotic occlusions.In the in vitro model, both transcranial 1‐MHz and 40‐kHz ultrasonic frequencies were effective at fragmenting thrombi only in the presence of microbubbles. In the in vivo model, 1‐MHz ultrasound with intravenous perfluorocarbon‐exposed sonicated dextrose albumin angiographically recanalized only 4 of 14 occlusions but was consistently effective at improving myocardial blood flow to the risk area even in the absence of angiographic recanalization. Both 40‐kHz and 1‐MHz ultrasound with perfluorocarbon‐exposed sonicated dextrose albumin improved regional wall‐thickening and electrocardiographic abnormalities (P < .05 compared with control or ultrasound alone).Transcranial and transthoracic ultrasound in the presence of intravenous microbubbles can improve flow to ischemic regions and should be considered as a supplement to current pharmacologic therapy.
Sonographically guided renal mass biopsy: indications and efficacy.
Authors: Johnson P T , Nazarian L N , Feld R I , Needleman L , Lev-Toaff A S , Segal S R , Halpern E J 
Published: January 2017

To review the clinical indications, pathologic results, and success rate of all our sonographically guided solid renal mass biopsies over a 5‐year period.Between 1993 and 1998, 44 consecutive patients underwent sonographically guided percutaneous biopsy of a solid renal mass. Indications included prior history of nonrenal malignancy, metastatic disease of unknown primary origin, previous contralateral nephrectomy for a renal cell neoplasm, a renal transplant mass, suspected renal lymphoma, history of tuberous sclerosis, and poor surgical candidacy. Aspiration biopsies were initially performed with 22‐ to 18‐gauge spinal needles. If the initial cytologic evaluation findings were nondiagnostic, core biopsies were then performed with 20‐ to 18‐gauge core biopsy guns. Dictated sonographic reports of the biopsies were reviewed to determine the following: indication for biopsy, location and size of the renal mass, needle gauge and type, number of needle passes, and complications. Final cytologic and surgical pathologic records were reviewed.Thirty‐six (82%) of the 44 biopsy specimens were diagnostic. Aspirated smears were diagnostic in 24 (67%) of these cases, with the diagnosis made on the basis of cell block alone in an additional 2 (6%). A definitive diagnosis came from core biopsy alone in 10 cases (28%). The 18‐gauge core needle yielded diagnostic results more reliably than the 20‐gauge core needle, and a significant correlation was seen between core biopsy needle size and the rate of diagnostic core samples (P = .017). Pathologic diagnoses included renal cell carcinoma (n = 18), lymphoma (n = 4), oncocytic neoplasm (n = 4), transitional cell carcinoma (n = 2), angiomyolipoma (n = 1), papillary cortical neoplasm (n = 1), and metastatic carcinoma (n = 6). Complications were seen in 4 (9%) of 44 cases; all were treated conservatively.For specific clinical indications, sonographically guided fine‐needle aspiration and core biopsy of a solid renal mass can be performed safely. In many cases, a definitive diagnosis can be made on the basis of fine‐needle aspiration alone. However, diagnosis may ultimately require core biopsy, for which 18‐gauge core needles would be more reliably diagnostic than 20‐gauge needles.
A pilot study of time allocation and reimbursement for routine obstetric ultrasonography.
Authors: Stewart K S , Treadwell M C , Zador I E 
Published: January 2017

To evaluate time allocation during initial and repeated ultrasonography and to formulate recommendations to improve unit efficiency.Over a 2‐year period, 51 comprehensive ultrasonographic examinations between 14 and 38 weeks' gestational age were observed by a single reviewer. Each patient‐sonographer interaction was divided into timed segments, including setup, examination time, review, and turnover. Statistical analysis using descriptive statistics, Student ttest, and analysis of variance was performed to determine the effect of the number of ultrasonographic examinations, sonographer experience, estimated gestational age, and patient body mass index on examination time.The average time spent with each patient was 15 minutes 22 seconds: 2 minutes 10 seconds for setup, 9 minutes 38 seconds for examination, 1 minute 50 seconds for review, and 1 minute 44 seconds for turnover. Examination length was not significantly affected by estimated gestational age, body mass index, ultrasonography experience, or the number of ultrasonographic examinations (P > .05). No statistical significance in the duration of scanning was found between initial (15 minutes 3 seconds) and repeated (16 minutes 1 second) examinations (P = .609). Nonexamination activities, such as data entry and room cleanup, consumed 37% of the sonographer's time.Resource use within the ultrasonography department may be improved by reassigning clerical and custodial duties from sonographers to other personnel. Although differential reimbursement exists, no statistically significant difference in resource use between initial and repeated examinations was found.
Safety levels for exposure of cornea and lens to very high‐frequency ultrasound.
Authors: Silverman R H , Lizzi F L , Ursea B G , Cozzarelli L , Ketterling J A , Deng C X , Folberg R , Coleman D J 
Published: January 2017

Very high‐frequency (50‐MHz) ultrasound is widely used for imaging the anterior segment of the eye. Our aim was to determine whether exposures to ultrasound at and above those used in diagnostic imaging systems might cause bioeffects in ocular tissues.We characterized the output parameters of a polyvinylidene difluoride transducer using a needle hydrophone. We exposed sites on the cornea or lens of rabbits for up to 30 minutes at a 10‐kHz pulse repetition frequency. Tissue obtained immediately or 24 hours after exposure was examined by light microscopy. A numeric model was implemented to calculate expected temperature elevations in the cornea and lens under experimental conditions.No tissue changes were observed directly or by slit lamp. Light microscopy showed no abnormalities attributable to ultrasound exposure. Simulations showed that even long‐term exposures should produce temperature elevations of less than 1 degree C in both the cornea and lens.With the use of exposure parameters 4 to 5 orders of magnitude greater than encountered in a clinical situation, no tissue changes were observed. This is consistent with the small (0.2 degrees C) temperature rises computed in simulations. The lack of biological effects is attributable to the small dimensions of the focal zone, allowing rapid dissipation of heat, and the low total acoustic power produced by the transducer.
Prediction of Large for Gestational Age Birth Weights in Diabetic Mothers Based on Early Third‐Trimester Sonography
Authors: Nelson LaTasha , Wharton Brook , Grobman William A. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the ability of early third‐trimester sonography to predict large for gestational age (LGA) birth weights in women with diabetes mellitus.MethodsWe identified women with nonanomalous singleton gestations and pregestational and gestational diabetes mellitus who underwent sonographic examinations between gestational ages of 28 weeks and 32 weeks 6 days and subsequently delivered at 37 weeks or later. Using a cohort study design, we compared data from women with an estimated fetal weight at or above the 75th percentile (exposed group) with data from those with an estimated fetal weight below the 75th percentile (unexposed group). The primary outcome variable was LGA birth weight, defined as a birth weight of greater than 90% for gestational age.ResultsEighty‐six women met inclusion criteria over a 3‐year period: 40 were in the exposed group, and 46 were in the unexposed group. The mean body mass indices ± SD at delivery were similar for both groups: 35.4 ± 8.2 kg/m2 exposed versus 35.0 ± 8.2 kg/m2 unexposed (P = .80). There was no difference in the number of women with gestational diabetes mellitus: 40% exposed versus 39% unexposed (P = .90). Neonates whose early third‐trimester estimated fetal weight was at or above the 75th percentile were significantly more likely to be LGA at birth compared with neonates whose early third‐trimester estimated fetal weight was below the 75th percentile: 65% exposed versus 15% unexposed (P < .001; odds ratio, 10.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.7–29.1). There was no significant difference in cesarean delivery rates: 60% exposed versus 44% unexposed (P = .13)ConclusionsMeasurements obtained by early third‐trimester sonographic fetal biometry are reasonably predictive of fetal LGA birth weights at term.
Variables Influencing the Accuracy of 2‐Dimensional and Real‐time 3‐Dimensional Echocardiography for Assessment of Small Volumes, Areas, and Distances
Authors: Herberg Ulrike , Brand Manuel , Bernhardt Christine , Trier Hans Georg , Breuer Johannes 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to assess the validity, accuracy, and reproducibility of real‐time 3‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography for small distances, areas, and volumes.MethodsReal‐time 3D echocardiography using matrix technology was performed in small calibrated tissue‐mimicking phantoms and compared with 2‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography. In a systematic variation of variables on data acquisition and analysis including different 3D workstations (manual disk summation versus semiautomatic border detection), the relative contributions of sources of errors were determined. The clinical relevance of the in vitro findings was assessed in 5 neonates and infants.ResultsDistance calculation was valid (mean relative error ± SD, −0.15% ± 1.2%). Underestimation of areas and volumes was significant for both 2D and 3D echocardiography (area: 2D, −7.0% ± 2.9%; 3D, −6.0% ± 2.8%; volume: 2D, −13.1% ± 4.5%; 3D, −6.7% ± 2.5%; P < .05). Adjustment of compression and gain on data acquisition (difference of the means: 2D, 11.6%; 3D, 17.9%), gain on postprocessing (3D, 3.4%), and the border detection algorithm on analysis (2D, 4.8%; 3D, 16.6%) had a highly significant effect on volume and area calculations (P < .001). In vivo, compression and gain on acquisition (3D, 19.1%) and the 3D workstation on analysis (3D, 22.2%) had a highly significant impact on left ventricular volumetry (P < .001).ConclusionsReal‐time 3D echocardiography is a reliable method for calculation of small distances, areas, and volumes comparable with the size of the neonatal and infant heart. Variables influencing boundary identification during image acquisition and analysis have a significant impact on 2D and 3D area and volume calculations. Standardized protocols are mandatory to avoid these sources of error in both clinical practice and research.
Can Contrast‐Enhanced Sonography Detect Bowel Wall Fibrosis in Mixed Inflammatory and Fibrotic Crohn Disease Lesions in an Animal Model?
Authors: Dillman Jonathan R. , Rubin Jonathan M. , Johnson Laura A. , Moons David S. , Higgins Peter D. R. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo determine whether contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative perfusion parameters can detect bowel wall fibrosis in the setting of mixed inflammatory and fibrotic lesions in a Crohn disease animal model.MethodsThis study was approved by the institutional Committee on the Use and Care of Animals. Multiple (range, 1–5) 2,4,6‐trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid–ethanol enemas were used to create intestinal inflammatory lesions with variable fibrosis in female Lewis rats. Low–mechanical index contrast‐enhanced sonography was performed 3 days after the final enema using a 0.2‐mL bolus of sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles injected through a tail vein. Contrast‐enhanced sonographic data were analyzed with software that converts video data into echo‐power (linearized) data. Colorectal lesions were scored for histopathologic inflammation and fibrosis; bowel wall collagen was quantified by Western blotting. The Spearman correlation was used to assess associations between contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative parameters and bowel wall collagen; the Kruskal‐Wallis test was used to compare continuous results between histopathologic groups.ResultsThirty‐one animals were included in our analysis. Animals were placed into 3 histopathologic cohorts: (1) severe bowel wall inflammation/minimal or no fibrosis (n = 11); (2) severe bowel wall inflammation/moderate fibrosis (n = 9); and (3) severe bowel wall inflammation/severe fibrosis (n = 11). Western blotting showed a significant difference in bowel wall collagen between histopathologic cohorts (P = .0001). There was no correlation between any contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative parameter and bowel wall collagen (P > .05). There was no difference between histopathologic cohorts for any contrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative parameter (P > .05).ConclusionsContrast‐enhanced sonographic quantitative perfusion parameters failed to effectively detect bowel wall fibrosis in the setting of superimposed inflammation in a Crohn disease animal model.