bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk of Recurrence of Depression During Long-Term Antidepressant Treatment
Authors: Sloan Diane M. , Kornstein Susan G. 
Published: August 2016

Major depressive disorder (MDD) is widespread, costly, and frequently chronic. Internationally, the burden of depression is large and growing. By the year 2020, this disorder is projected to be the world's second leading cause of disease burden. The costs associated with depression are enormous; people with depression tend to have approximately double the health care costs of unaffected individuals. There are few other major disorders that have a negative health impact of the same magnitude.Early onset of depressive symptoms, along with underdiagnosis and undertreatment, contribute to the burden of MDD, which is also characterized by chronicity, frequent relapses, and recurrences. Risk factors for depressive recurrence include the presence of residual symptoms, >3 prior depressive episodes, chronic depression lasting more than 2 years, a family history of mood disorders, other comorbidities (eg, terminal illness, diabetes), and late onset (>60 years of age). Patients who have any of these factors should be candidates for maintenance treatment.Naturalistic studies have demonstrated that most patients with MDD without sustained treatment will eventually experience a relapse or recurrence. Furthermore, depressive episodes tend to become more autonomous over time, with decreased linkage to stressful life events, more severe, and potentially more refractory with each new relapse or recurrence. Researchers and clinicians have observed that rather than only treat or manage relapses or recurrences of MDD, the best strategy may be prevention of depressive episodes. As a result, current strategies seek to treat patients to remission, which translates to a lower overall risk of developing relapses or recurrences compared with those patients who continue to demonstrate residual symptoms. Thus, a consistent body of evidence now supports continuous pharmacotherapy for the prevention of depressive relapse and recurrence.
Initial Effectiveness, Partial Remission, and Full Remission in Depression: Focus on Long-Term Treatment with SNRIs
Authors: Dursun Serdar 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFull remission, defined as the absence of all significant symptoms of depression over at least 6 months, is the ultimate goal of antidepressant therapy. Remission takes time and studies have shown that remission rates continue to rise for at least 3 months after initial improvement. Depression is a recurrent condition with a cumulative probability of recurrence of 40% over 2 years and 70% over 5 years after the first depressive episode. In addition the risk of recurrence increases with each new depressive episode. Continuing antidepressant treatment beyond the acute response significantly decreases the risk of recurrence. A double-blind study with the serotonin norepinephrine reuptake inhibitor milnacipran, for example, has shown that patients in remission following treatment with milnacipran who continued the active treatment for a further 12 months had significantly less relapse (P<.05) than those switched to placebo. In spite of the importance of maintaining antidepressant therapy, many patients do not continue treatment. Among the principal reasons for this are side effects and worries of psychological or physical dependence. To reduce the risk of relapse, treatment with effective, well-tolerated antidepressants with few withdrawal effects should be pursued for at least 6 months and possibly longer in patients already experiencing relapse.
Excessive Daytime Sleepiness: Definition and Impact of the Disease
Authors: Duntley Stephen P. 
Published: August 2016

Sleepiness is normal when it occurs toward the end of the day, at the beginning of the habitual sleep period. At this point, physiological sleep need has accumulated and the circadian rhythm no longer opposes sleep onset, facilitating the entry into sleep. However, when sleepiness occurs outside of the habitual sleep period it can become a medically significant problem.The International Classification of Sleep Disorders, Second Edition (ICSD-2) defines excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) as an inability to stay awake and alert during the major waking episodes of the day, resulting in unintended lapses into drowsiness or sleep. To differentiate this from the sporadic sleepiness that most people experience after a night or two of poor sleep, the ICSD-2 adds a frequency and duration criteria with most disorders requiring excessive sleepiness to be present daily or almost every day for at least 3 months (Slide 1).
New Anticonvulsant Medication Uses in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Wang Po W. , Ketter Terence A. , Becker Olga V. , Nowakowska Cecylia 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTTherapy of bipolar disorders is a rapidly evolving field. Lithium has efficacy in classic bipolar disorders whereas divalproex sodium and carbamazepine may have broader spectrum efficacy that includes non-classic bipolar disorder. In the last 10 years, a series of anticonvulsants have been approved for marketing in the United States. Gabapentin has indirect γ-aminobuytric acid-ergic actions, is generally well tolerated, and appears to have anxiolytic, analgesic, and hypnotic effects. Lamotrigine has antiglutamatergic actions and is generally well tolerated (aside from rash in 1 in 10, and serious rash in 1 in 1,000 patients). Lamotrigine is indicated for maintance treatment in bipolar disorder. Emerging evidence suggests lamotrigine may have utility in bipolar disorder patients with depression and treatment-refractory rapid cycling, as well as analgesic effects. Topiramate and zonisamide may allow both weight loss, while topiramate may have specific efficacy in bulimia, binge eating disorder, and alcohol dependence. Two small studies found oxcarbazepine had similar efficacy to lithium and haloperidol in acute mania. Phenytoin, an older anticonvulsant, may have adjunctive acute mania efficacy. Levetiracetam, a newer anticonvulsant, may be worth exploring and has minimal drug-drug interactions. None of these newer agents has been shown effective in a large placebo controlled trial for acute mania. Although the clinical profiles of these newer anticonvulsants do not appear to overlap markedly with divalproex and carbamazepine (except perhaps for oxcarbazepine), these novel agents may still offer important new options in relieving a variety of specific target symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder.
Introduction: The Impact and Management of the Bipolar Spectrum in 2004
Authors: Hollander Eric 
Published: August 2016

This academic supplement to CNS Spectrums high-lights the impact of the broader bipolar spectrum as a considerable public health concern, the side effects that must be considered in a risk/benefit analysis of effective pharmacologic treatments of bipolar disorder, and the state of the art of psychosocial interventions utilized to manage the disorder.One important development in the conceptualization of bipolar disorder is that a common underlying endophenotype may mediate a range of presentations manifesting as the broader bipolar spectrum. This includes variants of bipolar disorder, such as bipolar II, cyclothymia, and mixed states; disorders characterized by affective instability, such as cluster B personality disorders; and disorders characterized by impulsivity associated with affective instability, such as impulse-control disorders. Since there may be various phenotypic expressions of a common underlying endophenotype, this may also help to explain the high rate of comorbidity found in bipolar disorder.
Targeting mental health services to severe mental illness
Authors: Thornicroft Graham 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThis paper argues within the mental health services that people who are most disabled by mental illness, the severely mentally ill (SMI), should be afforded the highest priority, and that services should be provided in relation to need. For this to occur the priority groups need first to be defined. Second, if a service wishes to provide for all prevalent cases of people suffering from severe mental illness, then a systematic method of recording local information about these people is required, and this may draw upon information about patients who are in contact with health services, social services, family health services and who contact voluntary sector and other agencies. One approach to estimating the need for services for people with SMI is by using indicative norms for service requirements. Finally, managerial methods are proposed to monitor how far targeting services to the SMI occurs in clinical practice.
Assistenza psichiatrica a Firenze. Indagine “ad hoc” sulla prevalenza dei casi in trattamento nei servizi psichiatrici pubblici (1991)
Authors: Biggeri Annibale , Bilanci Lucia , Caselli Lucia , Lucarelli Stefano , Niccolai Carlo , Paterniti Sabrina , Sirianni Franco , Ferrara Maurizio 
Published: August 2016

SummaryObjective - The aim of our research is to evaluate the prevalence of psychiatric illnesses by means of data collected at the Florence municipality community mental health services encompassing all hospital and extramural activities, providing the same kind of information given by Psychiatric Case Register (PCR) covered areas. Design - It has been carried out a one week prevalence assessment through a cross-sectional analysis of clinical records gathered by psychiatric services of the submitted area. Population studied - The inquiry has considered the area of USL (Administative Local Authority of National Health Service) 10/A, 10/B, 10/C and 10/D, which constituite togheter with USL 10/E, the Florence municipality area. Results - Total and specific rates for diagnostic categories, sex and age reveal a large variability among the four considered USLs confirmed by standardized rates: the 10/A and 10/B USLs, that include the historic centre of Florence, present the highest standardized rates (10/A 207/100.000, 10/B 189/100.000), especially for the most severe disorders (Schizophrenia: 10/A 110/100.000, 10/B 87/100.000; Major Affective Disorders: 10/A 32/100.000, 10/B 38/100.000; Organic Psichosys: 10/A 6/100.000, 10/B 9/100.000). Conclusion - In the present study, the prevalence rate for all diagnoses for the whole area considered, is about 150.6/100.000, quite close to the estimate calculated in Verona-Sud (200/100.000). As to the different rates among USLs we have to bear in mind the development of the delivery care system, and the available clinical settings (on day hospital and residentials activities for long-term patients).
La valutazione dei costi diretti ed indiretti della depressione maggiore: applicazione di una metodologia di indagine in un servizio psichiatrico pubblico
Authors: Percudani Mauro , Fattore Giovanni , Strada Loredana , Contini Agostino 
Published: August 2016

SummaryObjective- This study aims to improve the economic knowledge of major depression. It reports the investigation methodology and some preliminary indications on direct and indirect costs associated to this illness.Setting- Centro Psicosociale (CPS) USSL 72, Magenta (Mi) Italy.Design- We enrolled 10 patients (7F and 3M) with age between 34 and 65 (average 49.2 + 10.2 SD) at the first contact with CPS for an episode of major depression and we followed them up for 3 months.Main Measure Outcomes- At each visit we perform a clinical evaluation (HRS-D, CGI, DOTES) and we administered an interview to collect data in order to quantify social costs (direct and indirect) related to the observation period.Results- At the end of the 3 month period, all patients showed an improvement of the simptomatolgy as expressed by HRS-D (final score at least 50% below the initial one). Our accounting model estimated that the full cost of a psychiatric visit (on average lasting 47.8 minutes) is 107.537 Italian Liras. For the 10 patients under observation direct costs amounted to 9.402.000 It. Liras; psychiatric visits represented 70% of these costs. According to a conservative approach, indirect costs (value of labor time lost) amounted to 13.254.000 It. Liras if patients and relatives are considered and to 11.044.000 It. Liras if only patients time is evaluated.Conclusion- The paper presents a methodological proposal aimed to assess social costs of major depression. It also reports a first attempt to measure these costs in a prospective study performed in a public psychiatric centre. Our results have to be considered in the light of the limited sample of patients under observation and have to be regarded as strictly dependent on the specific context both in terms of the organizational settings and the characteristics of patients.
Executive Function in Pediatric Sleep-Disordered Breathing: A Meta-analysis
Authors: Mietchen Jonathan J. , Bennett David P. , Huff Trevor , Hedges Dawson W. , Gale Shawn D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectives:Evaluate the association between pediatric sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) and executive functioning.Methods:We searched multiple electronic databases for peer-reviewed journal articles related to pediatric SDB and executive functioning. We included studies that assessed SDBviapolysomnography, included objective or questionnaire measures of executive function, and had an age-matched control group. Fourteen articles met inclusion criteria with a total sample of 1697 children ages 5 to 17 years (M=9.81 years;SD=0.34). We calculated an overall effect size for each of the five executive domains (vigilance, inhibition, working memory, shifting, and generativity) as well as effect sizes according to SDB severity: mild, moderate, severe. We also calculated effect sizes separately for objective and subjective questionnaires of executive functioning.Results:We found a medium effect size (−0.427) for just one of five executive function domains on objective neuropsychological measures (generativity). In contrast, effect sizes on all three executive domains measuredviaquestionnaire data were significant, with effect sizes ranging from medium (−0.64) to large (−1.06). We found no difference between executive domains by severity of SDB.Conclusions:This meta-analysis of executive function separated into five domains in pediatric SDB suggested lower performance in generativity on objective neuropsychological measures. There were no differences associated with SDB severity. Questionnaire data suggested dysfunction across the three executive domains measured (inhibition, working memory, shifting). Overall, limited evidence suggested poorer performance in executive function in children with SDB according to objective testing, and subjective ratings of executive function suggested additional worsened performance. (JINS, 2016,22, 839–850)
Kognitive Interferenz im Sport
Authors: Röthlin Philipp , Horvath Stephan , Birrer Daniel , Güttinger Leonie , Holtforth Martin grosse 
Published: August 2016

Zusammenfassung. Konzentration ist für die sportliche Leistungserbringung wesentlich. Die Störung der Konzentration durch eigene Gedanken wird als kognitive Interferenz bezeichnet. Im englischsprachigen Raum wird diese Interferenz mit dem Thought Occurence Questionnaire Sport (TOQS; Hatzigeorgiadis & Biddle, 2000 ) erfasst. Die vorliegende Arbeit validiert eine deutsche Version (TOQS-D) an zwei Stichproben bestehend aus insgesamt 348 Sporttreibenden (56 % männlich, MAlter = 25, SDAlter = 6, 61 % Teamsportarten, 53 % Mitglied im Schweizer Nationalkader). Eine explorative Faktorenanalyse (Stichprobe 1) sowie eine konfirmatorische Faktorenanalyse (Stichprobe 2) bestätigen die Struktur der Originalversion mit drei interkorrelierenden Faktoren: Leistungssorgen, aufgabenirrelevante Gedanken und Fluchtgedanken. Die Skala hat gute Reliabilitätswerte (interne Konsistenz: α = .89; Retestreliabilität: r = .82). Zudem zeigt der TOQS-D die erwartete konvergente Validität (Konzentrationsstörungen, Wettkampfangst), divergente Validität (Achtsamkeit) und Kriteriumsvalidität (Selbsteinschätzung der sportlichen Leistung). Mit dem TOQS-D liegt damit ein geeignetes Instrument vor, dessen Einsatzmöglichkeiten in Praxis und Forschung abschließend diskutiert werden.
Forkhead containing transcription factor Albino controls tetrapyrrole-based body pigmentation in planarian
Authors: Wang Chen , Han Xiao-Shuai , Li Fang-Fang , Huang Shuang , Qin Yong-Wen , Zhao Xian-Xian , Jing Qing 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPigmentation processes occur from invertebrates to mammals. Owing to the complexity of the pigmentary system, in vivo animal models for pigmentation study are limited. Planarians are capable of regenerating any missing part including the dark-brown pigments, providing a promising model for pigmentation study. However, the molecular mechanism of planarian body pigmentation is poorly understood. We found in an RNA interference screen that a forkhead containing transcription factor, Albino, was required for pigmentation without affecting survival or other regeneration processes. In addition, the body color recovered after termination of Albino double stranded RNA feeding owing to the robust stem cell system. Further expression analysis revealed a spatial and temporal correlation between Albino and pigmentation process. Gene expression arrays revealed that the expression of three tetrapyrrole biosynthesis enzymes, ALAD, ALAS and PBGD, was impaired upon Albino RNA interference. RNA interference of PBGD led to a similar albinism phenotype caused by Albino RNA interference. Moreover, PBGD was specifically expressed in pigment cells and can serve as a pigment cell molecular marker. Our results revealed that Albino controls planarian body color pigmentation dominantly via regulating tetrapyrrole biogenesis. These results identified Albino as the key regulator of the tetrapyrrole-based planarian body pigmentation, suggesting a role of Albino during stem cell-pigment cell fate decision and provided new insights into porphyria pathogenesis.
Functional traits dominate the diversity-related selection of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere
Authors: Yan Yan , Kuramae Eiko E , de Hollander Mattias , Klinkhamer Peter G L , van Veen Johannes A 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We studied the impact of community diversity on the selection of bacterial communities in the rhizosphere by comparing the composition and the functional traits of these communities in soil and rhizosphere. Differences in diversity were established by inoculating into sterilized soils diluted suspensions of the same soil. We used 16S ribosomal RNA amplicon sequencing to determine the taxonomical structure of the bacterial communities and a shotgun metagenomics approach to investigate the potential functional diversity of the communities. By comparing the bacterial communities in soil and rhizosphere, the selective power of the plant was observed both at the taxonomic and functional level, although the diversity indices of soil and rhizosphere samples showed a highly variable, irregular pattern. Lesser variation, that is, more homogenization, was found for both the taxonomic structure and the functional profile of the rhizosphere communities as compared to the communities of the bulk soil. Network analysis revealed stronger interactions among bacterial operational taxonomic units in the rhizosphere than in the soil. The enrichment processes in the rhizosphere selected microbes with particular functional genes related to transporters, the Embden–Meyerhof–Parnas pathway and hydrogen metabolism. This selection was not random across bacteria with these functional traits, but it was species specific. Overall, this suggests that functional traits are a key to the assembly of bacterial rhizosphere communities.
Cold adaptation regulated by cryptic prophage excision in Shewanella oneidensis
Authors: Zeng Zhenshun , Liu Xiaoxiao , Yao Jianyun , Guo Yunxue , Li Baiyuan , Li Yangmei , Jiao Nianzhi , Wang Xiaoxue 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Among the environmental stresses experienced by bacteria, temperature shifts are one of the most important. In this study, we discovered a novel cold adaptation mechanism in Shewanella oneidensis that occurs at the DNA level and is regulated by cryptic prophage excision. Previous studies on bacterial cold tolerance mainly focus on the structural change of cell membrane and changes at the RNA and protein levels. Whether or not genomic change can also contribute to this process has not been explored. Here we employed a whole-genome deep-sequencing method to probe the changes at DNA level in a model psychrotrophic bacteria strain. We found that temperature downshift induced a 10 000-fold increase of the excision of a novel P4-like cryptic prophage. Importantly, although prophage excision only occurred in a relatively small population of bacteria, it was able to facilitate biofilm formation and promote the survival of the entire population. This prophage excision affected cell physiology by disrupting a critical gene encoding transfer-messenger RNA (tmRNA). In addition, we found that the histone-like nucleoid-structuring protein (H-NS) could silence prophage excision via binding to the promoter of the putative excisionase gene at warm temperatures. H-NS level was reduced at cold temperatures, leading to de-repression of prophage excision. Collectively, our results reveal that cryptic prophage excision acts as a regulatory switch to enable the survival of the host at low temperature by controlling the activity of tmRNA and biofilm formation.
A critical role for NF2 and the Hippo pathway in branching morphogenesis
Authors: Reginensi Antoine , Enderle Leonie , Gregorieff Alex , Johnson Randy L. , Wrana Jeffrey L. , McNeill Helen 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBranching morphogenesis is a complex biological process common to the development of most epithelial organs. Here we demonstrate that NF2, LATS1/2 and YAP play a critical role in branching morphogenesis in the mouse kidney. Removal of Nf2 or Lats1/2 from the ureteric bud (UB) lineage causes loss of branching morphogenesis that is rescued by loss of one copy of Yap and Taz, and phenocopied by YAP overexpression. Mosaic analysis demonstrates that cells with high YAP expression have reduced contribution to UB tips, similar to Ret−/− cells, and that YAP suppresses RET signalling and tip identity. Conversely, Yap/Taz UB-deletion leads to cyst-like branching and expansion of UB tip markers, suggesting a shift towards tip cell identity. Based on these data we propose that NF2 and the Hippo pathway locally repress YAP/TAZ activity in the UB to promote subsequent splitting of the tip to allow branching morphogenesis.
Optimized design and analysis of preclinical intervention studies in vivo
Authors: Laajala Teemu D. , Jumppanen Mikael , Huhtaniemi Riikka , Fey Vidal , Kaur Amanpreet , Knuuttila Matias , Aho Eija , Oksala Riikka , Westermarck Jukka , Mäkelä Sari , Poutanen Matti , Aittokallio Tero 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRecent reports have called into question the reproducibility, validity and translatability of the preclinical animal studies due to limitations in their experimental design and statistical analysis. To this end, we implemented a matching-based modelling approach for optimal intervention group allocation, randomization and power calculations, which takes full account of the complex animal characteristics at baseline prior to interventions. In prostate cancer xenograft studies, the method effectively normalized the confounding baseline variability, and resulted in animal allocations which were supported by RNA-seq profiling of the individual tumours. The matching information increased the statistical power to detect true treatment effects at smaller sample sizes in two castration-resistant prostate cancer models, thereby leading to saving of both animal lives and research costs. The novel modelling approach and its open-source and web-based software implementations enable the researchers to conduct adequately-powered and fully-blinded preclinical intervention studies, with the aim to accelerate the discovery of new therapeutic interventions.