bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haemorrhagic cholecystitis: a case report—focus on the optimal diagnosis and management algorithm
Authors: Treballi Francesca , Bicci Eleonora , Danti Ginevra , Boccioli Sofia , Miele Vittorio 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHaemorrhagic cholecystitis refers to an inflammatory process of the gallbladder, complicated by bleeding into the gallbladder or biliary system (haemobilia). Approximately 10–15% of adults have cholelithiasis, but most patients do not develop symptoms. Acute cholecystitis occurs in about 10% of symptomatic patients. Among the recognized complications of acute cholecystitis, the haemorrhagic form occurs uncommonly. Underlying risk factors include a bleeding diathesis or treatment with anticoagulants, aneurysm rupture of colecystic artery and trauma. It is often associated with cholelithiasis. The presenting feature is right upper quadrant pain, which is a dominant feature and may mimic non-haemorrhagic acute cholecystitis. Haemorrhagic cholecystitis is diagnosed by radiographic imaging. The first-choice exam is ultrasonography. However, ultrasound does not appear to be ideal for differentiating between acute and haemorrhagic cholecystitis. Computed tomography (CT) scan is the gold standard in the diagnosis of haemorrhagic cholecystitis. MRI may show breakdown products of blood and can be used to estimate the age of the haemorrhage. Surgical resection or embolization of a cystic artery pseudoaneurysm should be considered the treatment of choice, due to the high risk of fatality associated with this condition. We describe a case of haemorrhagic cholecystitis in an 80-year-old male with secondary haemophilia and cholelithiasis who presented to our department of radiology with right upper quadrant pain.
Socio-demographic factors influencing locals’ responses to human-wildlife conflicts in societies living adjacent to Swagaswaga Game Reserve, Tanzania
Authors: Mbise Franco P. , Senkondo Neema F. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractUnderstanding the factors that shape local people responses is essential for developing effective strategies to mitigate and manage conflicts between humans and wildlife while safeguarding the well-being of both. This study assessed the factors that influence the locals’ responses regarding human wildlife conflicts (HWCs) in villages surrounding Swagaswaga Game Reserve in Tanzania, where human population growth has led to increased competition for natural resources between humans and wildlife. We found a substantial majority (71%) of respondents having experienced HWCs, while others (29%) have not encountered such conflicts. A logistic regression analysis tested various independent variables to determine their significance in predicting locals’ responses to HWCs. Our results indicated that the district of residence and the age category of respondents significantly influenced their reactions to HWCs, with district identity being the most significant predictor of these responses. Additionally, the study presents pairwise comparisons of measures taken by local people to mitigate HWCs, showing preferences for non-lethal strategies such as guiding (patrol) and growing alternative crops over lethal control. Moreover, the construction of physical barriers, such as fences and steel bars, was favored over lethal control methods. Unlike previous studies, this research provides targeted guidance for conservation and management strategies that are tailored to the unique needs and preferences of the local communities surrounding Swagaswaga Game Reserve and other areas globally with similar contexts. Therefore, this study extends our understanding of HWC in Tanzania by offering detailed insights into the specific factors that shape local responses and their preferences for mitigation measures.
A Physical‐Informed Neural Network for Improving Air‐Sea Turbulent Heat Flux Parameterization
Authors: Zhou Shuyi , Shi Ruizi , Yu Hao , Zhang Xueyang , Dai Jinhui , Huang Xiaomeng , Xu Fanghua 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe parameterizations of air‐sea turbulent heat flux are one of the major bottlenecks in atmosphere‐ocean coupled model development, which play a crucial role in sea surface temperature (SST) prediction. Recently, neural networks start to be applied for the development of parameterizations of interface turbulent heat flux. However, these new parameterizations are primairily developed for specific regions and have not been tested in real atmosphere‐ocean coupled models. In this study, we propose a new air‐sea heat flux parameterization using a physical‐informed neural network (PINN) based on multiple observational data sets worldwide. Evaluated with an independent observation data set, it is shown that the PINN can significantly reduce the RMSE of latent heat flux by at least about 48.6% compared to three traditional bulk formulas. Moreover, the PINN can be flexibly updated with new observational data by transfer learning. To test the performance of the new parameterization in realistic application, we implement the PINN into a global ocean‐atmosphere coupled model and make seasonal forecasts for the first time. The PINN markedly reduce the errors of equatorial SST forecast, indicating a good performance of the PINN‐based air‐sea turbulent heat flux scheme. Noticeably, due to limited observational data, the NN‐based parameterizations tend to underestimate heat flux at high wind speeds compared with bulk formula‐based parameterizations. With more data available at extreme conditions, the PINN can be improved via transfer learning and need to be futher evaluated. This study suggests that PINN‐based air‐sea heat flux parameterization is promising to improve SST simulation.
Observational Evidence for the Neutral Wind Responses in the Mid‐Latitude Lower Thermosphere to the Strong Geomagnetic Activity
Authors: Li Yaxian , Chen Gang , Zhang Shaodong , Huang Kaiming , Gong Wanlin , Zhang Min 
Published: September 2024

AbstractBased on two meteor radars in mid‐latitudes of China, the mid‐latitude lower thermospheric neutral wind responses to the 2015 St. Patrick's Day great storm are investigated. The AE and PCN indices presented the similar quasi‐5‐hour oscillations during the storm. Interestingly, the analogous and close‐correlated storm‐time quasi‐5‐hour oscillations were also observed in both the meridional wind differences at 90–102 km derived from meteor radars. The meridional wind disturbances in the lower thermosphere also showed the extension toward the lower latitudes. It has been found that the enhanced equatorward wind disturbances at 250 km estimated by the Horizontal Wind Model‐14 and Fabry‐Perot Interferometer (FPI) emerged accordingly with the increases of AE and PCN with a time delay. And the enhancements of equatorward (poleward) wind disturbances at 250 km were accompanied by the increments of equatorward (poleward) wind disturbances at 94 km with a time lag of a few hours. It is thus suggested that the multiple intensified Joule heating events with quasi‐5‐hour time intervals were triggered by the successive substorm expansions during the storm. Then the Joule heating events led to the vertical wind and temperature disturbances in the mid‐latitude lower thermosphere via disturbing the thermospheric meridional circulation, which consequently induced the quasi‐5‐hour meridional wind disturbances therein.
A New Method for the Detection of Siliceous Microfossils on Sediment Microscope Slides Using Convolutional Neural Networks
Authors: Godbillot Camille , Marchant Ross , Beaufort Luc , Leblanc Karine , Gally Yves , Le Thang D. Q. , Chevalier Cristele , de Garidel‐Thoron Thibault 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDiatom communities preserved in sediment samples are valuable indicators for understanding the past and present dynamics of phytoplankton communities, and their response to environmental changes. These studies are traditionally achieved by counting methods using optical microscopy, a time‐consuming process that requires taxonomic expertise. With the advent of automated image acquisition workflows, large image data sets can now be acquired, but require efficient preprocessing methods. Detecting diatom frustules on microscope images is a challenge due to their low relief, diverse shapes, and tendency to aggregate, which prevent the use of traditional thresholding techniques. Deep learning algorithms have the potential to resolve these challenges, more particularly for the task of object detection. Here we explore the use of a Faster Region‐based Convolutional Neural Network model to detect siliceous biominerals, including diatoms, in microscope images of a sediment trap series from the Mediterranean Sea. Our workflow demonstrates promising results, achieving a precision score of 0.72 and a recall score of 0.74 when applied to a test set of Mediterranean diatom images. Our model performance decreases when used to detect fragments of these microfossils; it also decreases when particles are aggregated or when images are out of focus. Microfossil detection remains high when the model is used on a microscope image set of sediments from a different oceanic basin, demonstrating its potential for application in a wide range of contemporary and paleoenvironmental studies. This automated method provides a valuable tool for analyzing complex samples, particularly for rare species under‐represented in training data sets.
Activity in the dorsal hippocampus-mPFC circuit modulates stress-coping strategies during inescapable stress
Authors: Yoon Sang Ho , Song Woo Seok , Chung Geehoon , Kim Sang Jeong , Kim Myoung-Hwan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAnatomical connectivity and lesion-deficit studies have shown that the dorsal and ventral hippocampi contribute to cognitive and emotional processes, respectively. However, the role of the dorsal hippocampus (dHP) in emotional or stress-related behaviors remains unclear. Here, we showed that neuronal activity in the dHP affects stress-coping behaviors in mice via excitatory projections to the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC). The antidepressant ketamine rapidly induced c-Fos expression in both the dorsal and ventral hippocampi. The suppression of GABAergic transmission in the dHP-induced molecular changes similar to those induced by ketamine administration, including eukaryotic elongation factor 2 (eEF2) dephosphorylation, brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) elevation, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) phosphorylation. These synaptic and molecular changes in the dHP induced a reduction in the immobility time of the mice in the tail-suspension and forced swim tests without affecting anxiety-related behavior. Conversely, pharmacological and chemogenetic potentiation of inhibitory neurotransmission in the dHP CA1 region induced passive coping behaviors during the tests. Transneuronal tracing and electrophysiology revealed monosynaptic excitatory connections between dHP CA1 neurons and mPFC neurons. Optogenetic stimulation of dHP CA1 neurons in freely behaving mice produced c-Fos induction and spike firing in the mPFC neurons. Chemogenetic activation of the dHP-recipient mPFC neurons reversed the passive coping behaviors induced by suppression of dHP CA1 neuronal activity. Collectively, these results indicate that neuronal activity in the dHP modulates stress-coping strategies to inescapable stress and contributes to the antidepressant effects of ketamine via the dHP-mPFC circuit.
Blockade of STING activation alleviates microglial dysfunction and a broad spectrum of Alzheimer’s disease pathologies
Authors: Chung Sunwoo , Jeong June-Hyun , Park Jong-Chan , Han Jong Won , Lee Yeajina , Kim Jong-Il , Mook-Jung Inhee 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAbnormal glial activation promotes neurodegeneration in Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most common cause of dementia. Stimulation of the cGAS-STING pathway induces microglial dysfunction and sterile inflammation, which exacerbates AD. We showed that inhibiting STING activation can control microglia and ameliorate a wide spectrum of AD symptoms. The cGAS-STING pathway is required for the detection of ectopic DNA and the subsequent immune response. Amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau induce mitochondrial stress, which causes DNA to be released into the cytoplasm of microglia. cGAS and STING are highly expressed in Aβ plaque-associated microglia, and neuronal STING is upregulated in the brains of AD model animals. The presence of the APOE ε4 allele, an AD risk factor, also upregulated both proteins. STING activation was necessary for microglial NLRP3 activation, proinflammatory responses, and type-I-interferon responses. Pharmacological STING inhibition reduced a wide range of AD pathogenic features in AppNL-G-F/hTau double-knock-in mice. An unanticipated transcriptome shift in microglia reduced gliosis and cerebral inflammation. Significant reductions in the Aβ load, tau phosphorylation, and microglial synapse engulfment prevented memory loss. To summarize, our study describes the pathogenic mechanism of STING activation as well as its potential as a therapeutic target in AD.
Mesocorticolimbic circuit mechanisms of social dominance behavior
Authors: Choi Tae-Yong , Jeong Sejin , Koo Ja Wook 
Published: September 2024

AbstractSocial animals, including rodents, primates, and humans, partake in competition for finite resources, thereby establishing social hierarchies wherein an individual’s social standing influences diverse behaviors. Understanding the neurobiological underpinnings of social dominance is imperative, given its ramifications for health, survival, and reproduction. Social dominance behavior comprises several facets, including social recognition, social decision-making, and actions, indicating the concerted involvement of multiple brain regions in orchestrating this behavior. While extensive research has been dedicated to elucidating the neurobiology of social interaction, recent studies have increasingly delved into adverse social behaviors such as social competition and hierarchy. This review focuses on the latest advancements in comprehending the mechanisms of the mesocorticolimbic circuit governing social dominance, with a specific focus on rodent studies, elucidating the intricate dynamics of social hierarchies and their implications for individual well-being and adaptation.
Spatial variability in Arctic–boreal fire regimes influenced by environmental and human factors
Authors: Scholten Rebecca C. , Veraverbeke Sander , Chen Yang , Randerson James T. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractWildfire activity in Arctic and boreal regions is rapidly increasing, with severe consequences for climate and human health. Regional long-term variations in fire frequency and intensity characterize fire regimes. The spatial variability in Arctic–boreal fire regimes and their environmental and anthropogenic drivers, however, remain poorly understood. Here we present a fire tracking system to map the sub-daily evolution of all circumpolar Arctic–boreal fires between 2012 and 2023 using 375 m Visible Infrared Imaging Radiometer Suite active fire detections and the resulting dataset of the ignition time, location, size, duration, spread and intensity of individual fires. We use this dataset to classify the Arctic–boreal biomes into seven distinct ‘pyroregions’ with unique climatic and geographic environments. We find that these pyroregions exhibit varying responses to environmental drivers, with boreal North America, eastern Siberia and northern tundra regions showing the highest sensitivity to climate and lightning density. In addition, anthropogenic factors play an important role in influencing fire number and size, interacting with other factors. Understanding the spatial variability of fire regimes and its interconnected drivers in the Arctic–boreal domain is important for improving future predictions of fire activity and identifying areas at risk for extreme events.
Biodegradable magnesium based metal materials inhibit the growth of cervical cancer cells
Authors: Nie Xiaojing , Wang Lei , Zhao Zexiang , Yang Jingxin , Lin Chen 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTraditional chemotherapy drugs for cervical cancer often cause significant toxic side effects and drug resistance problems, highlighting the urgent need for more innovative and effective treatment strategies. Magnesium alloy is known to be degradable and biocompatible. The release of degradation products Mg2+, OH−, and H2 from magnesium alloy can alter the tumor microenvironment, providing potential anti-tumor properties. We explored the innovative use of magnesium alloy biomaterials in the treatment of cervical cancer, investigating how various concentrations of Mg2+ on the proliferation and cell death of cervical cancer cells. The results revealed that varying concentrations of Mg2+ significantly inhibited cervical cancer by arresting the cell cycle in the G0/G1 phase and inducing apoptosis in SiHa cells, effectively reducing tumor cell proliferation. In vivo experiments demonstrated that 20 mM Mg2+ group had the smallest tumor volume, exhibiting a potent inhibitory effect on the biological characteristics of cervical cancer. This enhances the therapeutic potential of this biomaterial as a local anti-tumor therapy and lays a theoretical foundation for the potential application of magnesium in the treatment of cervical cancer.
An arm swing enhances the proximal-to-distal delay in joint extension during a countermovement jump
Authors: Cefai Christina M. , Shaw Joseph W. , Cushion Emily J. , Cleather Daniel J. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAn abundance of degrees of freedom (DOF) exist when executing a countermovement jump (CMJ). This research aims to simplify the understanding of this complex system by comparing jump performance and independent functional DOF (fDOF) present in CMJs without (CMJNoArms) and with (CMJArms) an arm swing. Principal component analysis was used on 39 muscle forces and 15 3-dimensional joint contact forces obtained from kinematic and kinetic data, analyzed in FreeBody (a segment-based musculoskeletal model). Jump performance was greater in CMJArms with the increased ground contact time resulting in higher external (p = 0.012), hip (p < 0.001) and ankle (p = 0.009) vertical impulses, and slower hip extension enhancing the proximal-to-distal joint extension strategy. This allowed the hip muscles to generate higher forces and greater time-normalized hip vertical impulse (p = 0.006). Three fDOF were found for the muscle forces and 3-dimensional joint contact forces during CMJNoArms, while four fDOF were present for CMJArms. This suggests that the underlying anatomy provides mechanical constraints during a CMJ, reducing the demand on the control system. The additional fDOF present in CMJArms suggests that the arms are not mechanically coupled with the lower extremity, resulting in additional variation within individual motor strategies.
Drug resistance and genomic variations among Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates from The Nile Delta, Egypt
Authors: Soliman May S. , Hansen Chungyi H. , Hanafy Mostafa , Shawky Sherine , Rashed Heba , Abdullah Mohamed , Soliman Noha Salah , Gad Maha A. , Khairat Sahar , El-Kholy Amani , Talaat Adel M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractTuberculosis is a global public health concern. Earlier reports suggested the emergence of high rates of drug resistant tuberculosis in Egypt. This study included 102 isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis collected from two reference laboratories in Cairo and Alexandria. All clinical isolates were sub-cultured on Löwenstein–Jensen medium and analyzed using both BD BACTEC MGIT 960 SIRE Kit and standard diffusion disk assays to identify the antibiotic sensitivity profile. Extracted genomic DNA was subjected to whole genome sequencing (WGS) using Illumina platform. Isolates that belong to lineage 4 represented > 80%, while lineage 3 represented only 11% of the isolates. The percentage of drug resistance for the streptomycin, isoniazid, rifampicin and ethambutol were 31.0, 17.2, 19.5 and 20.7, respectively. Nearly 47.1% of the isolates were sensitive to the four anti-tuberculous drugs, while only one isolate was resistant to all four drugs. In addition, several new and known mutations were identified by WGS. High rates of drug resistance and new mutations were identified in our isolates. Tuberculosis control measures should focus on the spread of mono (S, I, R, E)- and double (S, E)-drug resistant strains present at higher rates throughout the whole Nile Delta, Egypt.
Revitalizing elixir with orange peel amplification of alginate fish oil beads for enhanced anti-aging efficacy
Authors: Dhasmana Archna , Preetam Subham , Malik Sumira , Jadon Vikash Singh , Joshi Nupur , Bhandari Geeta , Gupta Sanjay , Mishra Richa , Rustagi Sarvesh , Samal Shailesh Kumar 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThe research introduces a novel method for creating drug-loaded hydrogel beads that target anti-aging, anti-oxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects, addressing the interconnected processes underlying various pathological conditions. The study focuses on the development of hydrogel beads containing anti-aging compounds, antioxidants, and anti-inflammatory drugs to effectively mitigate various processes. The synthesis, characterization and in vitro evaluations, and potential applications of these multifunctional hydrogel beads are discussed. A polymeric alginate-orange peel extract (1:1) hydrogel was synthesized for encapsulating fish oil. Beads prepared with variable fish oil concentrations (0.1, 0.3, and 0.5 ml) were characterized, showing no significant decrease in size i.e., 0.5 mm and a reduction in pore size from 23 to 12 µm. Encapsulation efficiency reached up to 98% within 2 min, with controlled release achieved upto 45 to 120 min with increasing oil concentration, indicating potential for sustained delivery. Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy confirmed successful encapsulation by revealing peak shifting, interaction between constituents. In vitro degradation studies showed the hydrogel's biodegradability improved from 30 to 120 min, alongside anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidative, anti-collagenase and anti-elastase activities, cell proliferation rate enhanced after entrapping fish oil. In conclusion, the synthesized hydrogel beads are a promising drug delivery vehicle because they provide stable and effective oil encapsulation with controlled release for notable anti-aging and regenerative potential. Targeted delivery for inflammatory and oxidative stress-related illnesses is one set of potential uses. Further research may optimize this system for broader applications in drug delivery and tissue engineering.