bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A sociedade do conhecimento e o humanismo | The knowledge society and humanism
Authors: Condé Mauro Lúcio Leitão 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO Este artigo aborda aspectos epistemológicos das relações entre ciência, tecnologia e humanismo na era da informação, aqui chamada de “sociedade do conhecimento”. Seu pressuposto fundamental é de que existe um desenvolvimento simultâneo entre conhecimento científico e tecnológico, por um lado, e humanismo, por outro. Contudo, essa relação não é paralela. O humanismo opera de modo transversal à ciência e à tecnologia. Na medida em que a ciência e a tecnologia não têm um valor em si, mas nos seus usos, elas podem tanto ser instrumentos que impeçam a autonomia humana quanto, ao contrário, facilitadoras dessa autonomia. Na sociedade do conhecimento, o desenvolvimento científico e tecnológico é “condição necessária” para a emergência do humanismo – ou pelo menos do tipo de humanismo aí engendrado –, mas não é “condição suficiente”. Este artigo procura, assim, mostrar que a simultaneidade e a transversalidade entre conhecimento e humanismo, nesse modelo de sociedade, sugerem que essa relação comporte necessariamente uma perspectiva epistemológica, isto é, existe uma pressuposição epistemológica na própria condição ética humana. Somos seres éticos porque conhecemos, ainda que o ato de conhecer não nos torne, necessariamente, seres éticos.Palavras-chave: Humanismo; Sociedade do Conhecimento; Epistemologia.ABSTRACT The paper discusses epistemological aspects of the relationship among science, technology and humanism in the era of information, here called society of knowledge. The fundamental assumption is that there is a simultaneous development of scientific and technological knowledge, on the one hand, and humanism, on the other. However, this relationship is not parallel. Humanism operates transversely to science and technology. To the extent that science and technology do not have a value in themselves, but in their uses, so can they be instruments to avoid human autonomy as, on the contrary, facilitate this autonomy. In the society of knowledge, scientific and technological developments are “necessary conditions” for the emergence of humanism – or at least the kind of humanism engendered within it – , but they are not “sufficient conditions”. The paper attempts to show that the simultaneity and the transversality intersections between knowledge and humanism in this model of society suggest that this relationship necessarily includes an epistemological perspective, that is, there is an epistemological assumption in the human ethics condition itself. We are ethical beings because we know, although the act of knowing does not make us necessarily ethical beings.Keywords: Humanism; Society of Knowledge; Epistemology.
A proposta de um novo marco regulatório para a comunicação no Brasil e as políticas para o setor | The proposal of a new regulation for Communication in Brazil and the public policies for Communication
Authors: Demarchi Carlos Henrique , Kerbauy Maria Teresa Miceli 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO A realização da 1ª Conferência Nacional de Comunicação (Confecom) em 2009 no Brasil teve como consequência o fortalecimento de organizações da sociedade civil ocupadas com a democratização da mídia. Uma dessas entidades é o FNDC (Fórum Nacional pela Democratização da Comunicação), que colocou na agenda de debates a necessidade de um novo marco regulatório para a radiodifusão. A partir da metodologia e do exame da revisão bibliográfica, e tomando como aporte teórico a economia política da comunicação, o presente artigo examina a proposta de um novo marco regulatório no período, considerando a ausência de políticas para a área.Palavras-chave: Marco regulatório; Democratização; Confecom; Políticas de Comunicação; Economia Política.ABSTRACT The first National Conference on Communication (Confecom), held in 2009 in Brazil, had as its main result the strengthening of civil society organizations which dealt with media democratization. The National Forum for the Democratization of Communication (FNDC) is one of such entities and has stressed the need for new regulation regarding media broadcasting. Based on bibliographical research and the analysis of its results, as well as the theoretical support of the political economy of communication, this paper analyzes the proposal for new regulation in the period, taking into account the lack of public policies in the Communication segment.Keywords: Regulation; Democratization; Confecom; Communication Policies; Political Economy of Communication.
Environmental and trait variability constrain community structure and the biodiversity‐productivity relationship
Authors: Hodapp Dorothee , Hillebrand Helmut , Blasius Bernd , Ryabov Alexey B. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThere is still considerable debate about which mechanisms drive the relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem function (BEF). Although most scientists agree on the existence of two underlying mechanisms, complementarity and selection, experimental studies keep producing contrasting results on the relative contributions of the two effects. We present a spatially explicit resource competition model and investigate how the strength of these effects is influenced by trait and environmental variability, resource distribution, and species pool size. Our results demonstrate that the increase of biomass production with increasing species numbers depends on the concurrence of environmental and trait variability: BEF relationships are stronger if functionally different species coexist in a landscape with heterogeneous resource supply. These large biodiversity effects arise from complementarity effects, whereas selection effects are maximized when broad trait ranges coincide with narrow ranges of resource supply ratios. Our results will therefore help to resolve the debate on complementarity and selection mechanisms.
Experimental simulation of pollinator decline causes community‐wide reductions in seedling diversity and abundance
Authors: Lundgren Rebekka , Totland Ørjan , Lázaro Amparo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPollinator decline can disrupt the mutualistic interactions between plants and pollinators and potentially affect the maintenance of plant populations. However, there is still little knowledge on how changes in pollinator abundance can affect seedling recruitment, which is essential for population persistence. We experimentally simulated a community‐wide reduction in pollinator availability during four years to examine its effects on seedling recruitment in 10 perennial herbs in a Norwegian hay meadow. Our experimental reduction in pollinator availability significantly reduced community‐wide seedling diversity. Overall seedling abundance was also consistently lower under reduced pollinator availability, although this effect was only significant when the most abundant plant species in the community was excluded from the analysis. Despite an overall negative effect on seedling abundance, the experimental reduction in pollinator availability had contrasting effects on individual plant species. This tended to cause a larger change in seedling species composition in the experimental than in the control plots after the four study years. Our study demonstrates for the first time a direct causal link between reduced pollinator availability and reduced plant diversity and abundance.
Link flexibility: evidence for environment‐dependent adaptive foraging in a food web time‐series
Authors: Henri D. C. , van Veen F. J. F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTemporal variability in the distribution of feeding links in a food web can be an important stabilizing factor for these complex systems. Adaptive foraging and prey choice have been hypothesized to cause this link flexibility as organisms adjust their behavior to variation in the prey community. Here, we analyze a 10‐yr time series of monthly aphid–parasitoid–secondary‐parasitoid networks and show that interaction strengths for polyphagous secondary parasitoids are generally biased toward the larger host species within their fundamental niche; however, in months of higher competition for hosts, size‐based biases are reduced. The results corroborate a previous hypothesis stating that host selectivity of parasitoids should be correlated to the relative likelihood of egg limitation vs. time limitation. Our results evince adaptation of foraging behavior to varying conditions affects the distribution of host–parasitoid link strengths, where link‐rewiring may be integral to stability in complex communities.
Nectar microbes can reduce secondary metabolites in nectar and alter effects on nectar consumption by pollinators
Authors: Vannette Rachel L. , Fukami Tadashi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSecondary metabolites that are present in floral nectar have been hypothesized to enhance specificity in plant–pollinator mutualism by reducing larceny by non‐pollinators, including microorganisms that colonize nectar. However, few studies have tested this hypothesis. Using synthetic nectar, we conducted laboratory and field experiments to examine the effects of five chemical compounds found in nectar on the growth and metabolism of nectar‐colonizing yeasts and bacteria, and the interactive effects of these compounds and nectar microbes on the consumption of nectar by pollinators. In most cases, focal compounds inhibited microbial growth, but the extent of these effects depended on compound identity, concentration, and microbial species. Moreover, most compounds did not substantially decrease sugar metabolism by microbes, and microbes reduced the concentration of some compounds in nectar. Using artificial flowers in the field, we also found that the common nectar yeast Metschnikowia reukaufii altered nectar consumption by small floral visitors, but only in nectar containing catalpol. This effect was likely mediated by a mechanism independent of catalpol metabolism. Despite strong compound‐specific effects on microbial growth, our results suggest that the secondary metabolites tested here are unlikely to be an effective general defense mechanism for preserving nectar sugars for pollinators. Instead, our results indicate that microbial colonization of nectar could reduce the concentration of secondary compounds in nectar and, in some cases, reduce deterrence to pollinators.
Evaluating the ecological impacts of salvage logging: can natural and anthropogenic disturbances promote coexistence?
Authors: Royo Alejandro A. , Peterson Chris J. , Stanovick John S. , Carson Walter P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSalvage logging following windthrow is common throughout forests worldwide even though the practice is often considered inimical to forest recovery. Because salvaging removes trees, crushes seedlings, and compacts soils, many warn this practice may delay succession, suppress diversity, and alter composition. Here, over 8 yr following windthrow, we experimentally evaluate how salvaging affects tree succession across 11 gaps in Eastern deciduous forests of Pennsylvania, wherein each gap was divided into salvaged and control (unsalvaged) halves. Our gaps vary in size and windthrow severity, and we explicitly account for this variation as well as variation in soil disturbance (i.e., scarification) resulting from salvaging so that our results would be generalizable. Salvage logging had modest and ephemeral impacts on tree succession. Seedling richness and density declined similarly over time in both salvaged and unsalvaged areas as individuals grew into saplings. The primary impact of salvaging on succession occurred where salvaging scarified soils. Here, salvaging caused 41 to 82% declines in sapling abundance, richness, and diversity, but these differences largely disappeared within 5 yr. Additionally, we documented interactions between windthrow severity and scarification. Specifically, low‐severity windthrow and scarification combined reinforced dominance by shade‐tolerant and browse‐tolerant species (Acer pensylvanicum, Fagus grandifolia). In contrast, high windthrow severity and scarification together reduced the density of a fast‐growing pioneer tree (Prunus pensylvanica) and non‐tree vegetation cover by 75% and 26%, respectively. This reduction enhanced the recruitment of two mid‐successional tree species, Acer rubrum and Prunus serotina, by 2 and 3‐fold, respectively. Thus, our findings demonstrate that salvaging creates novel microsites and mitigates competing vegetation, thereby enhancing establishment of important hardwoods and promoting tree species coexistence. Our results, coupled with an assessment of 27 published post‐windthrow salvage studies, suggest short‐term studies may overestimate the impact of salvaging on regeneration. We conclude that the ecological costs and benefits of salvaging depend upon the variation in canopy and soil disturbance severity as well as the timescale at which effects are evaluated. Thus, our findings are inconsistent with the view that salvaging inexorably undermines plant diversity; rather we suggest salvaging can promote tree species coexistence within various contexts.
Parasites alter freshwater communities in mesocosms by modifying invasive crayfish behavior
Authors: Reisinger Lindsey S. , Lodge David M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractParasites can alter communities by reducing densities of keystone hosts, but few studies have examined how trait‐mediated indirect effects of parasites can alter ecological communities. We test how trematode parasites (Microphallus spp.) that affect invasive crayfish (Orconectes rusticus) behavior alter how crayfish impact lake littoral communities. O. rusticus drive community composition in north temperate lakes, and predatory fish can reduce crayfish activity and feeding. In laboratory studies, Microphallus parasites also alter O. rusticus behavior: infected O. rusticus eat fewer macroinvertebrates and are bolder near predatory fish than uninfected individuals. We used a 2 × 2 factorial experiment to test how predatory fish and parasites affect O. rusticus impacts in large mesocosms over 4 weeks. We predicted (1) that when predators were absent, infected crayfish would have lower impacts than uninfected crayfish on macrophytes and macroinvertebrates (as well as reduced growth and higher mortality). However, (2) when predators were present but unable to consume crayfish, infected crayfish would have greater impacts (as well as greater growth and lower mortality) than uninfected crayfish because of increased boldness. Because of its effect on crayfish feeding behavior, we also predicted (3) that infection would alter macrophyte and macroinvertebrate community composition. In contrast to our first hypothesis, we found that infected and uninfected crayfish had similar impacts on lower trophic levels when predators were absent. Across all treatments, infected crayfish were more likely to be outside shelters and had greater growth than uninfected crayfish, suggesting that the reduced feeding observed in short‐term experiments does not occur over longer timescales. However, in support of the second hypothesis, when predatory fish were present, infected crayfish ate more macroinvertebrates than did uninfected crayfish, likely due to increased boldness. We also observed a trend for greater macrophyte consumption associated with infection and a trend indicating infection might alter macroinvertebrate community composition. Our results suggest that parasites can alter aquatic communities in mesocosms merely by modifying host behavior.
Predation risk increases immune response in a larval dragonfly (Leucorrhinia intacta)
Authors: Duong Tammy M. , McCauley Shannon J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPredators often negatively affect prey performance through indirect, non‐consumptive effects. We investigated the potential relationship between predator‐induced stress and prey immune response. To test this, we administered a synthetic immune challenge into dragonfly larvae (Leucorrhinia intacta) and assessed a key immune response (level of encapsulation) in the presence and absence of a caged predator (Anax junius) at two temperatures (22°C and 26°C). We hypothesized that immune response would be lowered when predators were present due to lowered allocation of resources to immune function and leading to reduced encapsulation of the synthetic immune challenge. Contrary to our expectations, larvae exposed to caged predators had encapsulated monofilaments significantly more than larvae not exposed to caged predators. Levels of encapsulation did not differ across temperatures, nor interact with predator exposure. Our results suggest that the previously observed increase in mortality of L. intacta exposed to caged predators is not driven by immune suppression. In situations of increased predation risk, the exposure to predator cues may induce higher levels of melanin production, which could lead to physiological damage and high energetic costs. However, the costs and risks of increased allocations to immune responses and interactions with predation stress remain unknown.
Formação docente: saberes e práticas necessárias para a escola contemporânea
Authors: Barbosa Ezequiel Ferreira , Müler Maria Cândida 
Published: June 2016

Este artigo tem como objetivo abordar questões referentes à educação contemporânea e o papel da escola como espaço social de reflexão na luta contra as desigualdades e como instrumento necessário para a construção da cidadania. Traz algumas reflexões sobre a formação docente e seu papel como agente transformador na sociedade. Tendo como temática a leitura e a escrita como meio de apropriação do conhecimento, aborda questões relacionadas ao letramento e aos saberes docentes necessários para sua atuação como agente letrador. Aborda também a necessidade da busca por uma formação docente de qualidade para o desenvolvimento de práticas inovadoras e significativas. Ademais, traz os resultados de uma pesquisa realizada com professores de uma escola pública estadual de Vilhena-RO.
Políticas educacionais para a Amazônia: teorias, práticas e contradições
Authors: Carmo Eraldo Souza , Prazeres Maria Sueli Corrêa 
Published: June 2016

O artigo discute as configurações das políticas educacionais as populações do campo na Amazônia a partir da estrutura do Estado capitalista. O método de análise está assentado nas bases do materialismo histórico dialético a fim de compreender em que medida a lógica da racionalidade econômica que impera sobre tais políticas se reflete no direito à educação destas populações. Diante disso, se evidenciou os efeitos, desafios e contradições das políticas educacionais quando partem dos órgãos centrais para realidades específicas sem o conhecimento das heterogeneidades locais.
Dimensões da desigualdade educacional no Brasil
Authors: Sampaio Gabriela Thomazinho Clementino , Oliveira Romualdo Luiz Portela de 
Published: June 2016

Analisa três dimensões da desigualdade educacional: de acesso, de tratamento e de conhecimentos. Examina a concepção de igualdade associada a cada dimensão, as principais políticas públicas que visam a reduzi-las e os indicadores utilizados para medi-las. Depois é feita uma discussão sobre a interdependência entre elas e o deslocamento da desigualdade pelas dimensões e níveis de ensino. Conclui-se pela necessidade de um exame mais profundo dos fatores explicativos e consequências de cada dimensão e, ainda, de se discutir os meios mais adequados para a redução da desigualdade educacional.
O discurso da gestão democrática na Revista Brasileira de Política e Administração da Educação (1995-2004)
Authors: Silva Ana Lucia Calbaiser da , Farias Jaime , Rothen José Carlos 
Published: June 2016

Este estudo buscou investigar a participação da Revista Brasileira de Política e Administração da Educação (RBPAE) na construção do discurso educacional brasileiro, a partir da análise dos artigos publicados nessa revista no período de 1995 a 2004. A metodologia pautou-se pela articulação da bibliometria com a análise do discurso foucaultiana. A RBPAE foi considerada, neste estudo, como veículo de divulgação científica que participou do processo de dispersão do discurso educacional por meio da preponderância do discurso da gestão democrática.
THE RECONSTRUCTION OF ISLAMIC THEOLOGY IN THE UNITY OF SCIENCES
Authors: Yusriyah Yusriyah 
Published: June 2016

<p class="IIABSBARU">As a result of the processes of thinking on theological concept, Islamic theology may change according to its social dynamics. In the contemporary, theology can be studied by interdisciplinary sciences, which eventually theology became the source of the birth of some sciences. Hence, the science produced by the understanding of monotheism will produce peaceful religion for the universe (<em>raḥmatan li ’l-‘ālamīn</em>). The data presented in this article derived from the study applying literature review on the related topics of writing. Applying qualitative approach, this article showed that religion and science have a point of tangency. Science helps to facilitate human beings in their religious living. Concerning to faith, science activities can strengthen the faith and arise the motivation to express something in recognizing more toward God as the center of unity of existence (<em>tawḥīd</em>). In order to integrate the belief and sciences, it is needed the effort of islamization of science and the effort to reconstruct theology into a format that make it possible to dialogue with the reality of current development of thinking.</p><p class="IIABSBARU" align="center">***</p><p class="IIABSBARU">Sebagai hasil dari pemikiran konsep teologis teologi Islam dapat berubah sesuai dengan dinamika sosial. Dalam era kontemporer teologi dapat dikaji oleh ilmu-ilmu interdisipliner, yang akhirnya teologi merupakan sumber lahirnya beberapa ilmu sehingga ilmu yang dihasilkan oleh pemahaman <em>tawḥīd</em> akan menghasilkan agama damai bagi alam semesta (<em>raḥmatan li ’l-‘ālamīn</em>). Data yang disajikan dalam artikel ini berasal dari penelaahan terhadap literatur yang terkait dengan topik penulisan. Dengan pendekatan kualitatif artikel ini menunjukkan bahwa agama dan sains memiliki titik singgung. Ilmu membantu memfasilitasi manusia dalam kehidupan keagamaannya. Dengan iman, kegiatan ilmiah dapat memper­kuat iman dan mem­buat motivasi untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang dapat menambah peng­akuan terhadap Allah sebagai pusat kesatuan eksistensi (<em>tawḥīd</em>). Untuk me­wujudkan ketersinggungan antara iman dan ilmu maka perlu islamisasi ilmu pengetahuan dan juga dalam upaya untuk merekonstruksi teologi ke format yang dapat berdialog dengan realitas perkembangan pemikiran yang berlangsung hari ini.</p>