bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Style and Stylistics in the Work of Charles Muscatine: A Retrospect
Authors: Davlin Mary Clemente 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Charles Muscatine (1920–2010) was one of the most important stylists and students of style and stylistics in the twentieth century. This brief article analyzes the methodology he devised for literary analysis of style, how he applied it to Chaucer and to Piers Plowman in particular, and what difference that has made. In describing his methodology, this article uses his own words as much as possible, which will clarify distinctions between the New Criticism and Stylistics and show the place of history in stylistic analysis long before the advent of “New Historicism.”
Unmasking the Big Bluff of Legitimate Governance and So-Called Independence: Creolizing Rousseau through the Reflections of Anna Julia Cooper
Authors: Gordon Jane Anna 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This article explains what is meant by the creolizing of ideas and then demonstrates it through exploring a political observation about political illegitimacy made by eighteenth-century Genevan social and political thinker Jean-Jacques Rousseau and creolized when the nineteenth-century African-American educator and social critic Anna Julia Cooper argued that the ideal of independence that lay at the core of political doctrines of republican self-governance relied on forms of willful blindness that cloaked the ongoing dependence of all human beings on one another. In conclusion, the article considers what Cooper's expansion of Rousseau's insight and creolized readings of political philosophy imply for our pursuit of just political institutions today.
The Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Fair Value Mandate: Are Level 3 Assets and Liabilities Being Measured Accurately?
Authors: Cochran Robert J. 
Published: January 2018

This study asks the following question with respect to level 3 fair value assets and liabilities: are level 3 fair value assets and liabilities being measured accurately? An argument is made that since level 3 markets do not exist (as defined in ASC 820), it is not possible to determine a level 3 value. Data is examined, both pre- and post- SFAS No. 157 with respect to a specific level 3 asset that can be found on the balance sheet of most publically traded financial institutions, mortgage loan servicing rights. The data suggests that the FASB’s attempt to clarify fair value had no effect on the levels of capitalization of mortgage loan servicing rights. An additional argument is made that the language in ASC 820 undermines the requirement that level 3 fair values reflect a “market” value rather than an “investment” value.
Corporate Governance, Small Medium Enterprises (SMEs) and Firm’s Performance: Evidence from Construction Business, Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia
Authors: Azhar Hussain Malik , Razak Abdul Hadi Abdul 
Published: January 2018

Utilising agency theory, this research used primary data to identify the depth of the underlying structure and test the relationship between the variables. In addressing these issues, the study applied logistic regression to data collected from questionnaires, the study identifies the underlying structure of 9 items via factor analysis. The relationships between board committee size, board composition, remuneration committee, gender diversity, risk management committee, ownership concentration, audit committee, duality and firm’s performance measured by return on assets (ROA) were analysed by using logistic regression with the application of SAS(9.4) on data collected from 380 small and medium enterprises under the Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB) Malaysia. It was found that board size, board composition, remuneration committee, risk management committee and gender diversity has no significant impact on firm’s performance. While duality and audit committee have a significant positive relationship with firm’s performance. Meanwhile, ownership concentration has a significant negative relationship with firm’s performance. As a conclusion, the corporate governance mechanism has a significant impact on firm’s performance in the CIDB construction industry in Malaysia. The contribution of this study is deemed significant as this is the first study applied on CIDB registered enterprises in the Klang Valley, using a quantitative research design.
Update on Molecular Testing for Cytologically Indeterminate Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Nishino Michiya , Nikiforova Marina 
Published: January 2018

Context.—
Approximately 15% to 30% of thyroid nodules that undergo fine-needle aspiration are classified as cytologically indeterminate, presenting management challenges for patients and clinicians alike. During the past several years, several molecular tests have been developed to reduce the diagnostic uncertainty of indeterminate thyroid fine-needle aspirations.

Objective.—
To review the methodology, clinical validation, and recent peer-reviewed literature for 4 molecular tests that are currently marketed for cytologically indeterminate thyroid fine-needle aspiration specimens: Afirma, ThyroSeq, ThyGenX/ThyraMIR, and RosettaGX Reveal.

Data Sources.—
Peer-reviewed literature retrieved from PubMed search, data provided by company websites and representatives, and authors' personal experiences.

Conclusions.—
The 4 commercially available molecular tests for thyroid cytology offer unique approaches to improve the risk stratification of thyroid nodules. Familiarity with data from the validation studies as well as the emerging literature about test performance in the postvalidation setting can help users to select and interpret these tests in a clinically meaningful way.
Evaluation Method for Ship Hull Plates’ Process Molding
Authors: Jinxiong Xu , Lianglun Cheng 
Published: January 2018

The evaluation procedure is an important step for the ship hull plates automatic processing, which serves as a basis for secondary processing. In this paper, an evaluation method was proposed, based on the experienced workers' knowledge. The design surface and the measured surface were registered by transforming to the new coordinate system. Then the profile errors were evaluated and decomposed into three directions: transverse, longitudinal, and torsional. Finally, the experiment results shown that the evaluation indexes, which were based on the errors decomposed result, can be served as the basis for secondary processing of the ship hull plates.

1. Introduction
Ship hull plates are thick large steel plates with arbitrary threedimensional (3D) shapes. Usually, the steel plates are plastically deformed to the design shape by line heating process. And the shapes of the machining plates are evaluated by the wooden bending templates, which are generated by ship's design data. Experienced workers can evaluate the transverse bending, longitudinal bending, as well as torsional angle of the plates by this process, and get the essential factual basis for the secondary processing. However, this process has no clear-cut methodology, the evaluation results and the secondary processing plan are heavy, depending on the tacit knowledge, skill, and experience of the craftsmen during the line heating processing (Woo-Jae et al. 2010; Hiekata et al. 2011; Seong et al. 2013; Sun et al. 2013).
For ship hull plates profile error evaluation, Hiekata et al. (2011) had put forward an accuracy evaluation system, using 3D laser scanner to measure the ship hull plates, and then evaluated the displacement errors by comparing the measured surface with the design surface. This system had achieved digital evaluation, but the evaluation indexes were difficult to guide the secondary processing. Sun et al. (2013) evaluated the ship hull plates by the virtual templates, and generated the processing plan, according to the evaluation results. Nevertheless, this method only evaluates the longitudinal bending and torsional condition. it still needs to be improved. Also, other researchers (Wen et al. 2013; Liu 2014; He et al. 2015; Nasri et al. 2015) had put forward various evaluation methods, but the purposed methods were aimed to improve the evaluation accuracy, seldom consider the line heating process. Thus, these methods have failed to provide the factual basis for the secondary processing.
Learning Outcomes of African Engineering Students in a Chinese Context: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Zhu Jiabin , Yang Bo , Liu Niancai 
Published: January 2018

China’s ‘One Belt, One Road’ national strategy has brought about both opportunities and challenges to its higher education system and that of neighbouring countries. Increased internationalisation of higher education has resulted in Chinese universities attracting a large number of international students, including those from Africa. However, few studies have been conducted to assess the learning outcomes of African students in a Chinese context. This article provides insight into African engineering students’ self-reported learning outcomes and experiences after studying in China. The fndings reveal that academic and cultural knowledge, cross-cultural communication skills, teamwork skills and changes in personalities and professional vision are common areas of development. The article concludes with recommendations for the design of eﬀective learning experiences. La stratégie nationale chinoise “une ceinture, une route” a généré des opportunités et des défs pour son système d’enseignement supérieur et celui des pays voisins. Avec l’internationalisation croissante de l’enseignement supérieur, les universités chinoises attirent un grand nombre d’étudiants internationaux, y compris des étudiants en provenance d’Afrique. Cependant, peu d’études ont tenté d’évaluer les acquis de l’apprentissage des étudiants africains dans le contexte chinois. Cet article oﬀre un aperçu des acquis autodéclarés des étudiants ingénieurs africains et de leur expérience des études en Chine. Les résultats de ce projet exposent plusieurs domaines communs de développement : les connaissances académiques et culturelles, les compétences de communication interculturelle, la capacité à travailler en équipe et des changements de visions professionnelle et académique. Cet article conclut par des recommandations visant à créer des expériences d’apprentissage efcaces.
Internationalisation of the Malaysian Higher Education System Through the Prism of South-South Cooperation
Authors: Wan Chang-Da , Sirat Morshidi 
Published: January 2018

Many of the internationalisation eﬀorts in Malaysia have focused on enhancing collaboration with developed economies and Western systems. This article seeks to fll a gap in the literature by examining six initiatives to internationalise higher education within the Malaysian higher education system through the prism of South-South cooperation. It showcases the ways in which Malaysia participated in such initiatives and illustrates four levels of engagement ranging from government-to-government, institution-to-institution, international organisation-to-government using universities as intermediaries, and regional networks with Malaysian universities playing a signifcant role. Un grand nombre d’eﬀorts d’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur en Malaisie s’est concentré sur le développement de collaborations avec les économies développées et les systèmes occidentaux. Cet article cherche à combler une lacune de la littérature en examinant six initiatives visant à internationaliser l’enseignement supérieur au sein du système malaisien grâce à des coopérations sud-sud. Il expose l’engagement de la Malaisie dans de telles initiatives et illustre quatre niveaux d’engagement : intergouvernemental, interinstitutionnel, entre une organisation gouvernementale et un gouvernement en utilisant des universités comme intermédiaires et au sein des réseaux régionaux en donnant un rôle essentiel aux universités malaisiennes.
South-South and Triangular Cooperation in the Mexican Higher Education System
Authors: Didou Aupetit Sylvie 
Published: January 2018

Academic collaboration in Mexico mainly follows a traditional pattern of North-South cooperation (primarily with the United States as well as some central European Union countries). Higher Education Institutions have also developed South-South cooperation in Latin and Central America and some are now exploring new opportunities in Asia, essentially with China, Japan and Korea. While there are fewer alternative schemes for student mobility, scientifc exchanges or joint degrees, innovative opportunities have emerged. It is important to consolidate such initiatives in light of the Trump administration’s position on migration that could negatively impact the current Mexican internationalisation model for higher education and research. La collaboration académique au Mexique suit principalement le schéma traditionnel d’une coopération nord-sud (principalement avec les EtatsUnis et quelques pays majeurs de l’Union Européenne). Les institutions d’enseignement supérieur ont aussi développé des coopérations sud-sud en Amérique centrale et latine, et certaines poursuivent aujourd’hui de nouvelles opportunités en Asie, essentiellement avec la Chine, le Japon et la Corée. Bien qu’il y ait peu d’alternatives à la mobilité étudiante, aux échanges scientifques ou aux diplômes communs, des approches novatrices émergent. Il est important de renforcer de telles initiatives étant donné la position du gouvernement de Trump sur l’immigration qui pourrait avoir un impact négatif sur le modèle actuel d’internationalisation de l’enseignement supérieur et de la recherche au Mexique.
L’usage de la très longue durée dans le « raisonnement ethnographique ». Analyses comparées d’enquêtes en immersion chez les danseurs et les pompiers
Authors: Sorignet Pierre-Emmanuel , Pudal Romain 
Published: January 2018

L’enquête ethnographique implique une connaissance intime, incarnée, voire charnelle, du milieu enquêté et des acteurs sociaux. Elle exige aussi du chercheur un travail sur soi permettant d’approcher au plus près les réalités sociales, psychologiques, économiques de l’autre-enquêté, devenu au fil du temps quelqu’un de proche, parfois un ami. Mais on s’est peu focalisé sur les apports spécifiques du temps long en ethnographie : si l’aspect immersif de l’enquête a fait l’objet de nombreux débats (identification objectivation, réflexivité…), l’effet du temps long voire très long a été moins analysé. À partir de deux enquêtes de très longue durée sur le monde de la danse et des pompiers, nous proposons de montrer en quoi cette temporalité atypique du travail en sciences sociales permet d’abord de désingulariser l’individu enquêté resitué petit à petit dans un groupe, une histoire, une tradition, une famille…, contribue ensuite à établir une confiance telle que certains sujets finissent par être abordés alors qu’ils ont été soigneusement euphémisés ou mis de côté pendant des mois voire des années et enfin de dépasser la sorte de cliché instantané auquel nos enquêtes plus rapides, plus distantes, nous habituent parfois.
Attentional biases toward body images in males at high risk of muscle dysmorphia
Authors: Jin Xinhong , Jin Yahong , Zhou Shi , Yang Shun-nan , Chang Shuzhi , Li Hui 
Published: January 2018

Objective
Although research on muscle dysmorphia (MD), a body dysmorphic disorder subtype, has recently increased, the causes and mechanisms underlying this disorder remain unclear. Results from studies examining disorders associated with body image suggest the involvement of self-schema in biasing attention toward specific body information. The present study examined whether individuals at higher risk of MD also display attentional biases toward specific types of body images.

Methods
The validated Chinese version of the Muscle Appearance Satisfaction Scale was used to distinguish men at higher and lower risk of MD. Sixty-five adult Chinese men at higher (HRMD, n = 33) and lower risk of MD (LRMD, n = 32) performed a visual probe task. Initially, an image of a bodybuilder with either larger or smaller musculature was presented on one side of a central point, with a neutral image of a car exterior presented on the other side along the horizontal plane for 2,000 ms. The paired images were removed, and a visual target (a dot) was displayed in the location of one of the previously shown images. Participants were asked to indicate the location of the target, and their eye movements were recorded during the entire visual presentation. Participant reaction time and three eye movement measurements (gaze direction, first saccade latency, and first fixation duration) were recorded for use in determining attentional bias.

Results
The HRMD group revealed biases in orienting and maintaining their attention on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures. Participants in this group consequently had a shorter reaction time in identifying the target that appeared at the location in which an image of a bodybuilder with a larger musculature had been previously displayed. They also directed their initial gaze more frequently, had shorter saccade latency, and had longer first fixation duration on images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001). In comparison, the LRMD group had longer reaction times, slower attention orientation toward body images, and shorter fixation duration for images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures (all p < .0001), indicating weaker or mixed responses.

Discussion
Adult Chinese men at higher risk of MD displayed biases in orienting and maintaining their visual attention toward images of bodybuilders with larger musculatures, and these biases facilitated their information processing. These results suggest that development of MD may be due in part to attentional biases associated with established negative self-schema of specific body information. These findings provide insight into understanding and identifying the cognitive characteristics of MD in an Asian population.
Atmospheric Inputs of Nitrogen, Carbon, and Phosphorus across an Urban Area: Unaccounted Fluxes and Canopy Influences
Authors: Decina Stephen M. , Templer Pamela H. , Hutyra Lucy R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRates of atmospheric deposition are declining across the United States, yet urban areas remain hotspots of atmospheric deposition. While past studies show elevated rates of inorganic nitrogen (N) deposition in cities, less is known about atmospheric inputs of organic N, organic carbon (C), and organic and inorganic phosphorus (P), all of which can affect ecosystem processes, water quality, and air quality. Further, the effect of the tree canopy on amounts and forms of nutrients reaching urban ground surfaces is not well‐characterized. We measured growing season rates of total N, organic C, and total P in bulk atmospheric inputs, throughfall, and soil solution around the greater Boston area. We found that organic N constitutes a third of total N inputs, organic C inputs are comparable to rural inputs, and inorganic P inputs are 1.2 times higher than those in sewage effluent. Atmospheric inputs are enhanced two‐to‐eight times in late spring and are elevated beneath tree canopies, suggesting that trees augment atmospheric inputs to ground surfaces. Additionally, throughfall inputs may directly enter runoff when trees extend above impervious surfaces, as is the case with 26.1% of Boston's tree canopy. Our results indicate that the urban atmosphere is a significant source of elemental inputs that may impact urban ecosystems and efforts to improve water quality, particularly in terms of P. Further, as cities create policies encouraging tree planting to provide ecosystem services, locating trees above permeable surfaces to reduce runoff nutrient loads may be essential to managing urban biogeochemical cycling and water quality.
The Role of Localized Compressional Ultra‐low Frequency Waves in Energetic Electron Precipitation
Authors: Rae I. Jonathan , Murphy Kyle R. , Watt Clare E. J. , Halford Alexa J. , Mann Ian R. , Ozeke Louis G. , Sibeck David G. , Clilverd Mark A. , Rodger Craig J. , Degeling Alex W. , Forsyth Colin , Singer Howard J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTypically, ultra‐low frequency (ULF) waves have historically been invoked for radial diffusive transport leading to acceleration and loss of outer radiation belt electrons. At higher frequencies, very low frequency waves are generally thought to provide a mechanism for localized acceleration and loss through precipitation into the ionosphere of radiation belt electrons. In this study we present a new mechanism for electron loss through precipitation into the ionosphere due to a direct modulation of the loss cone via localized compressional ULF waves. We present a case study of compressional wave activity in tandem with riometer and balloon‐borne electron precipitation across keV‐MeV energies to demonstrate that the experimental measurements can be explained by our new enhanced loss cone mechanism. Observational evidence is presented demonstrating that modulation of the equatorial loss cone can occur via localized compressional wave activity, which greatly exceeds the change in pitch angle through conservation of the first and second adiabatic invariants. The precipitation response can be a complex interplay between electron energy, the localization of the waves, the shape of the phase space density profile at low pitch angles, ionospheric decay time scales, and the time dependence of the electron source; we show that two pivotal components not usually considered are localized ULF wave fields and ionospheric decay time scales. We conclude that enhanced precipitation driven by compressional ULF wave modulation of the loss cone is a viable candidate for direct precipitation of radiation belt electrons without any additional requirement for gyroresonant wave‐particle interaction. Additional mechanisms would be complementary and additive in providing means to precipitate electrons from the radiation belts during storm times.
Van Allen Probes Observations of Second Harmonic Poloidal Standing Alfvén Waves
Authors: Takahashi Kazue , Oimatsu Satoshi , Nosé Masahito , Min Kyungguk , Claudepierre Seth G. , Chan Anthony , Wygant John , Kim Hyomin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLong‐lasting second‐harmonic poloidal standing Alfvén waves (P2 waves) were observed by the twin Van Allen Probes (Radiation Belt Storm Probes, or RBSP) spacecraft in the noon sector of the plasmasphere, when the spacecraft were close to the magnetic equator and had a small azimuthal separation. Oscillations of proton fluxes at the wave frequency (∼10 mHz) were also observed in the energy (W) range 50–300 keV. Using the unique RBSP orbital configuration, we determined the phase delay of magnetic field perturbations between the spacecraft with a 2nπ ambiguity. We then used finite gyroradius effects seen in the proton flux oscillations to remove the ambiguity and found that the waves were propagating westward with an azimuthal wave number (m) of ∼−200. The phase of the proton flux oscillations relative to the radial component of the wave magnetic field progresses with W, crossing 0 (northward moving protons) or 180° (southward moving protons) at W ∼ 120 keV. This feature is explained by drift‐bounce resonance (mωd ∼ ωb) of ∼120 keV protons with the waves, where ωd and ωb are the proton drift and bounce frequencies. At lower energies, the proton phase space density (
) exhibits a bump‐on‐tail structure with
occurring in the 1–10 keV energy range. This
is unstable and can excite P2 waves through bounce resonance (ω ∼ ωb), where ω is the wave frequency.