bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A collaborative clinical and population-based curriculum for medical students to address primary care needs of the homeless in New York City shelters: Teaching homeless healthcare to medical students
Authors: Asgary Ramin , Naderi Ramesh , Gaughran Margaret , Sckell Blanca 
Published: June 2016

Background Millions of Americans experience homelessness annually. Medical providers do not receive adequate training in primary care of the homeless.
Methods Starting in 2012, a comprehensive curriculum was offered to medical students during their family medicine or ambulatory clerkship, covering clinical, social and advocacy, population-based, and policy aspects. Students were taught to: elicit specific social history, explore health expectations, and assess barriers to healthcare; evaluate clinical conditions specific to the homeless and develop plans for care tailored toward patients’ medical and social needs; collaborate with shelter staff and community organizations to improve disease management and engage in advocacy efforts. A mixed methods design was used to evaluate students’ knowledge, attitudes, and skills including pre- and post-curriculum surveys, debriefing sessions, and observed clinical skills.
Results The mean age of the students (n = 30) was 26.5 years; 55 % were female. The overall scores improved significantly in knowledge, attitude, and self-efficacy domains using paired t‑test (p < 0.01). Specific skills in evaluating mental health, substance abuse, and risky behaviours improved significantly (p < 0.05). In evaluation of communication skills, the majority were rated as having ‘outstanding rapport with patients.’
Conclusions Comprehensive and ongoing clinical component in shelter clinics, complementary teaching, experienced faculty, and working relationship and collaboration with community organizations were key elements.
Sliding mode-based continuous guidance law with terminal angle constraint
Authors: He S. , Lin D. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn this paper, sliding mode control and disturbance observer are used to design a new continuous composite guidance law with terminal angle constraint. The robustness and finite-time convergence of the proposed guidance law is established using the Lyapunov stability theory. For performance improvement, a nonlinear disturbance observer, which can be viewed as a ‘patch’ for the original guidance law, is designed to estimate the target manoeuvre. Theoretical analysis and simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method.
Effect of active Gurney flaps on overall helicopter flight envelope
Authors: Pastrikakis V.A. , Steijl R. , Barakos G.N. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a study of the W3-Sokol main rotor equipped with Gurney flaps. The effect of the active Gurney is tested at low and high forward flight speeds to draw conclusions about the potential enhancement of the rotorcraft performance for the whole flight envelope. The effect of the flap on the trimming and handling of a full helicopter is also investigated. Fluid and structure dynamics were coupled in all cases, and the rotor was trimmed at different thrust coefficients. The Gurney proved to be efficient at medium to high advance ratios, where the power requirements of the rotor were decreased by up to 3.3%. However, the 1/rev actuation of the flap might be an issue for the trimming and handling of the helicopter. The current study builds on the idea that any active mechanism operating on a rotor could alter the dynamics and the handling of the helicopter. A closed loop actuation of the Gurney flap was put forward based on a pressure divergence criterion, and it led to further enhancement of the aerodynamic performance. Next, a generic light utility helicopter was built using 2D aerodynamics of the main aerofoil section of the W3 Sokol blade along with a robust controller, and the response of the rotorcraft to control inputs was tested. This analysis proved that the 1/Rev actuation of the Gurney did not alter the handling qualities of the helicopter, and as a result, it can be implemented as a flow control mechanism for aerodynamic enhancement and retreating blade stall alleviation.
Multi-disciplinary analysis and optimisation methodology for conceptual design of a box-wing aircraft
Authors: Roy Salam Ishan , Bil Cees 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper presents a multi-disciplinary analysis methodology for a box-wing aircraft configuration optimised for a given mission scenario. This conceptual design methodology and associated toolchain combines well-established vortex lattice analysis and a newly developed structural analysis tool called WingMASS, allowing the design space to be explored from a combined aerodynamics and structural design perspective. For a given mission scenario, the method optimises a box-wing configuration and compares it with an equivalent conventional configuration. This study shows that, for a given mission, a box-wing configuration can lead to a fuel burn reduction of up to 5% by optimising aspect ratio, horizontal and vertical wing separation.
Hidden Reservoir: An Outbreak of Tuberculosis in Hospital Employees with No Patient Contact
Authors: Hazard Riley , Enfield Kyle B. , Low Darla J. , Giannetta Eve T. , Sifri Costi D. 
Published: June 2016

We describe an outbreak of tuberculosis (TB) in the food preparation area of a hospital, which demonstrates that employees in healthcare settings may serve as potential risks for spread of TB even if they have no direct patient contact.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1111–1113
ARE THE POOR THE WEAK LINK? DEMOCRATIC SUPPORT AND INCOME LEVELS IN POST-CRISIS SOUTH KOREA
Authors: Son Byunghwan 
Published: June 2016

AbstractExtant literature on democratization documents that ordinary citizens’ unconditional support for democracy is indispensable to democratic consolidation. Yet observers of nascent democracies have repeatedly witnessed that such support often hinges upon their economic conditions. This article argues that income levels have a conditioning effect on this relationship; the Korean poor see democracy as a tool for income redistribution and are less likely than the rich to support it when economic hardships appear to close windows of opportunities for such redistribution. Using survey data from the first round of the Asian Barometer Survey on South Korea, I find strong empirical support for this argument. The implication of this finding for broader literature on democratization is that the weakening of young democracies can be attributed to the poor in times of trouble, or the “weak link.”
EAST ASIAN PATHWAYS TOWARD DEMOCRACY: A QUALITATIVE COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF “THE THIRD WAVE”
Authors: Hao Shinan , Gao Qiqi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhat drove the East Asian tide of democratization during the “Third Wave?” Instead of focusing on a single-factor explanation, we perform qualitative comparative analysis (QCA) on fourteen cases in the region of East Asia from 1980 to 2000 and find three parallel pathways: (1) overthrow model, which features the positive effects of mass mobilization against authoritarianism under a deinstitutionalized authoritarian regime; (2) urban pressure model that works under an institutionalized authoritarian regime; and (3) inside-out model, in which democratization is triggered by the joint forces of domestic and international conditions under both types of regimes. These results demonstrate that the authoritarianstatus quo anteis an important determinant of democratic transitions.
Moffatt-drift-driven large-scale dynamo due to fluctuations with non-zero correlation times
Authors: Singh Nishant K. 
Published: June 2016

We present a theory of large-scale dynamo action in a turbulent flow that has stochastic, zero-mean fluctuations of the ${\it\alpha}$ parameter. Particularly interesting is the possibility of the growth of the mean magnetic field due to Moffatt drift, which is expected to be finite in a statistically anisotropic turbulence. We extend the Kraichnan–Moffatt model to explore effects of finite memory of ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations, in a spirit similar to that of Sridhar & Singh (Mon. Not. R. Astron. Soc., vol. 445, 2014, pp. 3770–3787). Using the first-order smoothing approximation, we derive a linear integro-differential equation governing the dynamics of the large-scale magnetic field, which is non-perturbative in the ${\it\alpha}$-correlation time ${\it\tau}_{{\it\alpha}}$. We recover earlier results in the exactly solvable white-noise limit where the Moffatt drift does not contribute to the dynamo growth/decay. To study finite-memory effects, we reduce the integro-differential equation to a partial differential equation by assuming that ${\it\tau}_{{\it\alpha}}$ be small but non-zero and the large-scale magnetic field is slowly varying. We derive the dispersion relation and provide an explicit expression for the growth rate as a function of four independent parameters. When ${\it\tau}_{{\it\alpha}}\neq 0$, we find that: (i) in the absence of the Moffatt drift, but with finite Kraichnan diffusivity, only strong ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations can enable a mean-field dynamo (this is qualitatively similar to the white-noise case); (ii) in the general case when also the Moffatt drift is non-zero, both weak and strong ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations can lead to a large-scale dynamo; and (iii) there always exists a wavenumber ($k$) cutoff at some large $k$ beyond which the growth rate turns negative, irrespective of weak or strong ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations. Thus we show that a finite Moffatt drift can always facilitate large-scale dynamo action if sufficiently strong, even in the case of weak ${\it\alpha}$ fluctuations, and the maximum growth occurs at intermediate wavenumbers.
A capital Scot: microscopes and museums in Robert E. Grant's zoology (1815–1840)
Authors: QUICK TOM 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEarly nineteenth-century zoology in Britain has been characterized as determined by the ideological concerns of its proponents. Taking the zoologist Robert E. Grant as an exemplary figure in this regard, this article offers a differently nuanced account of the conditions under which natural-philosophical knowledge concerning animal life was established in post-Napoleonic Britain. Whilst acknowledging the ideological import of concepts such as force and law, it points to an additional set of concerns amongst natural philosophers – that of appropriate tool use in investigation. Grant's studies in his native Edinburgh relied heavily on the use of microscopes. On his arrival in London, however, he entered a culture in which a different set of objects – museum specimens – held greater persuasive power. This article relates changes in Grant's ideas and practices to the uneven emphases on microscopic and museological evidence amongst European, Scottish and English natural philosophers at this time. In so doing, it identifies the reliance of London-based natural philosophers on museology as constituting a limiting effect on the kinds of claim that Grant sought to make regarding the nature of life.
NELSON MANDELA AND WITS UNIVERSITY
Authors: MURRAY BRUCE 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDrawing on the Mandela file in the Wits University Archives covering all aspects of his relationship with Wits, and on Mandela's prison correspondence, this article rotates around a remarkable story of persistence in the face of adversity and repeated failure – the story of Nelson Mandela's 46-year long pursuit of the Bachelor of Laws (LLB) degree. In 1943 he first enrolled as a part-time law student at Wits University and finally graduated with an LLB through the University of South Africa (UNISA) in 1989, a year before his release from prison. Fresh light is thrown on the Wits University Mandela dealt with, and on the obstacles placed in the way of his prison studies. Throughout there is a focus on Mandela and Wits – the university's impact on him as a student, his attempts to complete his Wits LLB while on Robben Island, his candidacy from prison for the Wits chancellorship, and, as president, his remarkable reunion with the law class of 1946.
HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY IN EAST AFRICA: PAST PRACTICE AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS
Authors: SCHMIDT PETER R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis forum article explores the major intellectual trajectories in the historical archaeology of Eastern Africa over the last sixty years. Two primary perspectives are identified in historical archaeology: one that emphasizes precolonial history and oral traditions with associated archaeology, and another that focuses mostly on the era of European contact with Africa. The latter is followed by most North American practice, to the point of excluding approaches that privilege the internal dynamics of African societies. African practice today has many hybrids using both approaches. Increasingly, precolonial historical archaeology is waning in the face of a dominant focus on the modern era, much like the trend in African history. New approaches that incorporate community participation are gaining favor, with positive examples of collaboration between historical archaeologists and communities members desiring to preserve and revitalize local histories.
STORMING THE CITADEL: DECOLONIZATION AND POLITICAL CONTESTATION IN GUINEA'S FUTA JALLON, 1945–61
Authors: STRAUSSBERGER JOHN 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article examines how contestation between political parties, politicians, and their supporters shaped Guinea's decolonization from 1945 to 1961. The last region to resist the rise of Sékou Touré's PDG, the Fulbe-dominated Futa Jallon – as both a political space and representation of Fulbe culture – was at the center of strategic and intellectual struggles over the shape of the postcolonial Guinean state and society. What resulted from contestation was the general belief that the Fulbe and the Futa Jallon were divergent from the rest of Guinea, a fragment in the making.
EDUCATION AND THE AGRARIAN QUESTION IN SOUTH AFRICA, c. 1900–40
Authors: TISCHLER JULIA 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDuring the first half of the twentieth century, deep structural changes occurred in the South African countryside. While farming became an important pillar of the national economy, more and more people left the land in search of better lives in towns and cities. This article examines agricultural education, an early avenue of state intervention in farming, to elucidate how officials and groups of farmers navigated the ‘agrarian question’ by trying to define the roles that men, women, blacks, and whites played in the sector's restructuring. I argue that agricultural planning was inextricable from ideologies and politics of segregation, a factor that historiography has not systematically taken into account. By comparing interventions in the Transkei and Ciskei with those in the Orange Free State, this article illuminates the interrelations between rural planning and segregation, as well as how they were complicated by delineations of class and gender.
Changing Patterns of Kinship: Cohabitation, Patriarchy and Social Policy in Chile
Authors: RAMM ALEJANDRA 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCohabitation is a distinctive feature of low-income groups in Latin America. In the past, it has been linked to colonial legacies including notions of familial honour, poverty, and a kinship system focused on blood ties. By contrast, some scholars consider rising levels of cohabitation in the present day to be an effect of modernisation, through increased gender equality. The present research, based on life histories of young, poor, urban co-habitees in Chile, aims to show that rising cohabitation is linked to targeted social policies and also to declining patriarchy, which is distinct from gender equality.
From one-dimensional fields to Vlasov equilibria: theory and application of Hermite polynomials
Authors: Allanson O. , Neukirch T. , Troscheit S. , Wilson F. 
Published: June 2016

We consider the theory and application of a solution method for the inverse problem in collisionless equilibria, namely that of calculating a Vlasov–Maxwell equilibrium for a given macroscopic (fluid) equilibrium. Using Jeans’ theorem, the equilibrium distribution functions are expressed as functions of the constants of motion, in the form of a Maxwellian multiplied by an unknown function of the canonical momenta. In this case it is possible to reduce the inverse problem to inverting Weierstrass transforms, which we achieve by using expansions over Hermite polynomials. A sufficient condition on the pressure tensor is found which guarantees the convergence and the boundedness of the candidate solution, when satisfied. This condition is obtained by elementary means, and it is clear how to put it into practice. We also argue that for a given pressure tensor for which our method applies, there always exists a positive distribution function solution for a sufficiently magnetised plasma. Illustrative examples of the use of this method with both force-free and non-force-free macroscopic equilibria are presented, including the full verification of a recently derived distribution function for the force-free Harris sheet (Allansonet al.,Phys. Plasmas, vol. 22 (10), 2015, 102116). In the effort to model equilibria with lower values of the plasma${\it\beta}$, solutions for the same macroscopic equilibrium in a new gauge are calculated, with numerical results presented for${\it\beta}_{pl}=0.05$.
Geometric consequences of branching growth in adeoniform Bryozoa
Authors: Cheetham Alan H. , Hayek Lee-Ann C. 
Published: June 2016

Many cheilostome bryozoans of diverse phylogenetic origin grow as erect, arborescent colonies with branches of modified planar form composed of two layers of zooids back to back. Regular branching enables a growing colony to expand in surface area, and hence in the number of zooids that feed, reproduce, and perform other vital functions, at an accelerating rate. During growth, branches first all diverge, then increasingly converge, and in late stages of growth begin to interfere with each other's growth and function. Interference can set limits to the width and thickness of branches and hence to the number and size of zooids.Simulation of growth using a 3–dimensional mathematical model shows that a narrow range of possible values of branching angles minimizes branch interference in late growth stages. These values are prevalent in fossil and modern species. Branch spacing at later growth stages is correlated with the distance between branches at first crossing, providing room for feeding organs of the two facing layers of zooids to protrude and function. Interbranch distances dwindle as branches increasingly converge, so emphasis on minimizing interference at a late stage sets a practical limit to growth beyond that stage. To gain this long-term benefit requires adhering to a regular pattern throughout growth. The considerable variation in branching properties in fossil and modern species, and a variability in spacing inherent in the growth pattern itself, limit the amount of usable interbranch space. Despite a higher intraspecific variability, branching properties are as distinctive interspecifically as zooidal properties, and variability is randomly distributed through the colony. A small reduction in variability between fossil and modern species suggests that increasing regularity may provide a selective advantage in the utilization of interbranch space.
Neural constraints and flexibility in language processing
Authors: Huyck Christian R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHumans process language with their neurons. Memory in neurons is supported by neural firing and by short- and long-term synaptic weight change; the emergent behaviour of neurons, synchronous firing, and cell assembly dynamics is also a form of memory. As the language signal moves to later stages, it is processed with different mechanisms that are slower but more persistent.
Conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) supports core claims of Christiansen and Chater
Authors: Potter Mary C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of words or pictured scenes provides evidence for a large-capacity conceptual short-term memory (CSTM) that momentarily provides rich associated material from long-term memory, permitting rapid chunking (Potter 1993; 2009; 2012). In perception of scenes as well as language comprehension, we make use of knowledge that briefly exceeds the supposed limits of working memory.
Linguistics, cognitive psychology, and the Now-or-Never bottleneck
Authors: Endress Ansgar D. , Katzir Roni 
Published: June 2016

AbstractChristiansen & Chater (C&C)'s key premise is that “if linguistic information is not processed rapidly, that information is lost for good” (sect. 1, para. 1). From this “Now-or-Never bottleneck” (NNB), C&C derive “wide-reaching and fundamental implications for language processing, acquisition and change as well as for the structure of language itself” (sect. 2, para. 10). We question both the premise and the consequentiality of its purported implications.
Robot-assisted perception augmentation for online detection of insertion failure during cochlear implant surgery
Authors: Pile J. , Wanna G. B. , Simaan N. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYDuring the past decade, robotics for cochlear implant electrode array insertion has been limited to manipulation assistance. Going beyond manipulation assistance, this paper presents the new concept ofperception augmentationto detect and warn against theonsetof intracochlear electrode array tip folding. Thisonlinefailure detection method uses a combination of intraoperative electrode insertion force data and a predictive model of insertion force profile progression as a function of insertion depth. The predictive model uses statistical characterization of insertion force profiles during normal robotic electrode array insertions as well as the history of intra-operative insertion forces. Online detection of onset of tip folding is achieved using the predictive model as an input into a support vector machine classifier. Results show that the detection of tip folding onset can be achieved with an accuracy of 88% despite the use of intra-operative insertion force data representing incomplete insertion. This result is significant because it allows the surgeon or robot to choose a corrective action for preventing intra-cochlear complications.
Manure management and environmental effects
Authors: Nielsen V. C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe management of pig manures and slurries has not responded to the changes that have occurred in the development of pig farms. Management systems have remained unchanged despite the fact that the majority of pigs (64%) are kept on 10–3% of all pig units. The pressures of heavy applications of manures on restricted areas of land and the large numbers of animals kept in buildings has given rise to environmental pollution by odours and by contamination of water and of the soil.The cause of odour formation in buildings is discussed, together with the effects of dust on odour dispersion. Methods of reducing odours and the effect of straw on odour formation and slurry handling are discussed.Methods of controlling odours from buildings, stores and from manure applied to the land are reviewed and areas which need further research and development are proposed.Environmental pollution by manures and slurries of water and soils and measures to control pollution are reviewed.