bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of the accuracy and clinical practicality of a calculation system for patient positional displacement in carbon ion radiotherapy at five sites
Authors: Kubota Yoshiki , Hayashi Hayato , Abe Satoshi , Souda Saki , Okada Ryosuke , Ishii Takayoshi , Tashiro Mutsumi , Torikoshi Masami , Kanai Tatsuaki , Ohno Tatsuya , Nakano Takashi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPurposeWe developed a system for calculating patient positional displacement between digital radiography images (DRs) and digitally reconstructed radiography images (DRRs) to reduce patient radiation exposure, minimize individual differences between radiological technologists in patient positioning, and decrease positioning time. The accuracy of this system at five sites was evaluated with clinical data from cancer patients. The dependence of calculation accuracy on the size of the region of interest (ROI) and initial position was evaluated for clinical use.MethodsFor a preliminary verification, treatment planning and positioning data from eight setup patterns using a head and neck phantom were evaluated. Following this, data from 50 patients with prostate, lung, head and neck, liver, or pancreatic cancer (n = 10 each) were evaluated. Root mean square errors (RMSEs) between the results calculated by our system and the reference positions were assessed. The reference positions were manually determined by two radiological technologists to best‐matching positions with orthogonal DRs and DRRs in six axial directions. The ROI size dependence was evaluated by comparing RMSEs for three different ROI sizes. Additionally, dependence on initial position parameters was evaluated by comparing RMSEs for four position patterns.ResultsFor the phantom study, the average (± standard deviation) translation error was 0.17 ± 0.05, rotation error was 0.17 ± 0.07, and ΔD was 0.14 ± 0.05. Using the optimal ROI size for each patient site, all cases of prostate, lung, and head and neck cancer with initial position parameters of 10 mm or under were acceptable in our tolerance. However, only four liver cancer cases and three pancreatic cancer cases were acceptable, because of low‐reproducibility regions in the ROIs.ConclusionOur system has clinical practicality for prostate, lung, and head and neck cancer cases. Additionally, our findings suggest ROI size dependence in some cases.
Nonprecious Intermetallic Al7Cu4Ni Nanocrystals Seamlessly Integrated in Freestanding Bimodal Nanoporous Copper for Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Catalysis
Authors: Sun Jie‐Song , Wen Zi , Han Li‐Ping , Chen Zhi‐Wen , Lang Xing‐You , Jiang Qing 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTremendous demands for renewable hydrogen generated from water splitting have stimulated intensive research on developing earth‐abundant, non‐noble, and versatile metal catalysts toward the hydrogen evolution reactions (HER). Here, self‐supported Cu‐Ni‐Al hybrid electrodes that are composed of electroactive Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni core/shell nanocrystals seamlessly integrated in self‐supported 3D bimodal nanoporous Cu skeleton (Bi‐NP Cu/Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni) as robust HER electrocatalysts in alkaline electrolyte are reported. As a result of the proper architecture, in which the Bi‐NP Cu skeleton not only facilitates both electron and electrolyte transports but also provides high specific surface areas to fully use high electrocatalytic activity of Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni core/shell nanocrystals, the Bi‐NP Cu/Al7Cu4Ni@Cu4Ni hybrid catalysts exhibit a low onset overpotential of 60 mV and a small Tafel slope of 110 mV dec−1, enabling the catalytic current density of 10 mA cm−2 at a low overpotential of 139 mV. The highly stable electrochemical performance makes them promising candidates as cathode catalysts in alkaline‐based devices.
Hybrid Photonic Nanostructures by In Vivo Incorporation of an Organic Fluorophore into Diatom Algae
Authors: Ragni Roberta , Scotognella Francesco , Vona Danilo , Moretti Luca , Altamura Emiliano , Ceccone Giacomo , Mehn Dora , Cicco Stefania R. , Palumbo Fabio , Lanzani Guglielmo , Farinola Gianluca M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBiotechnological processes harnessing living organisms' metabolism are low‐cost routes to nanostructured materials for applications in photonics, electronics, and nanomedicine. In the pursuit of photonic biohybrids, diatoms microalgae are attractive given the properties of the porous micro‐to‐nanoscale structures of the biosilica shells (frustules) they produce. The investigations have focused on in vivo incorporation of tailored molecular fluorophores into the frustules of Thalassiosira weissflogii diatoms, using a procedure that paves the way for easy biotechnological production of photonic nanostructures. The procedure ensures uniform staining of shells in the treated culture and permits the resulting biohybrid photonic nanostructures to be isolated with no damage to the dye and periodic biosilica network. Significantly, this approach ensures that light emission from the dye embedded in the isolated biohybrid silica is modulated by the silica's nanostructure, whereas no modulation of photoluminescence is observed upon grafting the fluorophore onto frustules by an in vitro approach based on surface chemistry. These results pave the way to the possibility of easy production of photonic nanostructures with tunable properties by simple feeding the diatoms algae with tailored photoactive molecules.
Origin and Control of Polyacrylonitrile Alignments on Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene Nanoribbons
Authors: Lee Juho , Choi Ji Il , Cho Art E. , Kumar Satish , Jang Seung Soon , Kim Yong‐Hoon 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWhile one of the most promising applications of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) is to enhance polymer orientation and crystallization to achieve advanced carbon fibers, the successful realization of this goal has been hindered by the insufficient atomistic understanding of polymer–CNT interfaces. Herein, polyacrylonitrile (PAN)‐CNT hybrid structures are theoretically studied as a representative example of polymer–CNT composites. Based on density functional theory calculations, it is first found that the relative orientation of polar PAN nitrile groups with respect to the CNT surface is the key factor that determines the PAN–CNT interface energetics and the lying‐down PAN configurations are much more preferable than their standing‐up counterparts. The CNT curvature is identified as another important factor, giving the largest binding energy in the zero‐curvature graphene limit. Charge transfer analysis explains the unique tendency of linear PAN alignments on the CNT surface and the possibility of ordered PAN–PAN assembly. Next, performing large‐scale molecular dynamics simulations, it is shown that the desirable linear PAN–CNT alignment can be achieved even for relatively large initial misorientations and further demonstrate that graphene nanoribbons are a promising carbon nano‐reinforcement candidate. The microscopic understanding accumulated in this study will provide design guidelines for the development of next‐generation carbon nanofibers.
3D Manufacture of Gold Nanocomposite Channels Facilitates Neural Differentiation and Regeneration
Authors: Qian Yun , Song Jialin , Zheng Wei , Zhao Xiaotian , Ouyang Yuanming , Yuan Weien , Fan Cunyi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConductive nerve guidance channels are promising alternative therapies in peripheral nerve tissue engineering because they have excellent biocompatibility, biodegradation, and electrical conductivity. Gold, a kind of conductive material, is investigated widely concerning its potential roles in promoting peripheral nerve repair. In the present study, a polydopamine‐coated gold/polycaprolactone nanoscaffold is fabricated via a multilayer molding method and its proliferative, adhesive, and neural differentiation potential for bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) and Schwann cells (SCs) in vitro is evaluated. Functional, electrophysiological evaluation, and morphological assessment all exhibit satisfactory recovery of sciatic nerves with increased thickness and number of myelinated fibers in vivo. In addition, increased microvessels are confirmed in gold nanocomposite channels, indicating their potential benefits in angiogenesis. Functional regeneration is further enhanced by neurotrophic growth factors released from BMSC and SC loading. The gold nanocomposite channel will have great potential in peripheral nerve restoration.
DNA‐Templated Magnetic Nanoparticle‐Quantum Dot Polymers for Ultrasensitive Capture and Detection of Circulating Tumor Cells
Authors: Li Zhi , Wang Ganglin , Shen Yi , Guo Nannan , Ma Nan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCirculating tumor cell (CTC) enumeration and analysis has emerged as an important platform for cancer diagnosis and prognosis. A great challenge, however, is to efficiently capture low abundant CTCs with high purity from blood samples in a rapid and high‐throughput manner for accurate and sensitive CTC detection. Herein, a new class of DNA‐templated magnetic nanoparticle‐quantum dot (QD)‐aptamer copolymers (MQAPs) is developed for rapid magnetic isolation of CTCs from human blood with high capture efficiency and purity approaching 80%. The phenotype of CTCs is simultaneously profiled with QD photoluminescence (PL) at single cell level. These MQAPs are constructed through hybridization chain reaction to achieve amplified magnetic response, extraordinary binding selectivity for target cells over background cells, and ultra bright ensemble QD PL for single cell detection. MQAPs are free from nonspecific binding that would otherwise compromise the capture purity of target cells. As a result, facile isolation and enumeration of rare CTCs in blood samples could be achieved in 20 min with high sensitivity and accuracy.
High‐Resolution Liquid Alloy Patterning for Small Stretchable Strain Sensor Arrays
Authors: Sahlberg Arne , Nilsson Frida , Berglund Albin , Nguyen Hugo , Hjort Klas , Jeong Seung Hee 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSoft material applied technology has in recent years become more advanced, enabling for, e.g., soft robotics, skin electronics, and wearable systems. Yet, the processing technology of soft materials has not been sufficiently developed to create high performance in soft and stretchable systems, as compared to the processing technology of conventional electronics or electromechanical systems. Liquid alloys have shown excellent properties for soft and stretchable electrical interconnectors and conductors, which is a basic building block to produce electric or electromechanical systems. In order to overcome the limited resolution of previously developed liquid alloy patterning methods for large‐area printed circuits, this work explores the possibility of employing shrinking substrates. By utilizing the characteristics of liquid alloys and elastomers the pattern resolution is improved through a stretch‐shrink patterning (SSP) process. The process provides highly conductive liquid conductors of high resolution and can be combined with existing printing techniques for liquid alloys. The SSP process increases design flexibility of soft and stretchable systems that use liquid alloys and enables designs with finer and denser patterns, and cost‐effective production for small scale systems.
Room‐Temperature Vapor Deposition of Cobalt Nitride Nanofilms for Mesoscopic and Perovskite Solar Cells
Authors: Kang Jin Soo , Kim Jae‐Yup , Yoon Jungjin , Kim Jin , Yang Jiwoong , Chung Dong Young , Kim Min‐cheol , Jeong Hansol , Son Yoon Jun , Kim Bong Gyu , Jeong Juwon , Hyeon Taeghwan , Choi Mansoo , Ko Min Jae , Sung Yung‐Eun 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganic/inorganic hybrid solar cells, typically mesoscopic and perovskite solar cells, are regarded as promising candidates to replace conventional silicon or thin film photovoltaics. There have been intensive investigations on the development of advanced materials for improved power conversion efficiencies, however, economical feasibilities and reliabilities of the organic/inorganic photovoltaics are yet to reach at a sufficient level for practical utilizations. In this study, cobalt nitride (CoN) nanofilms prepared by room‐temperature vapor deposition in an inert N2 atmosphere, which is a facile and highly reproducible procedure, are proposed as a low‐cost counter electrode in mesoscopic dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs) and a hole transport material in inverted planar perovskite solar cells (PSCs) for the first time. The CoN film successfully replaces conventional Pt in DSCs, resulting in a power conversion efficiency comparable to the ones based on Pt. In addition, PSCs employing the CoN manifest high efficiency even up to 15.0%, which is comparable to state‐of‐the‐art performance in the cases of PSCs employing inorganic hole transporters. Furthermore, flexible solar cell applications of the CoN are performed in both mesoscopic and perovskite solar cells, verifying the advantages of the room‐temperature deposition process and feasibilities of the CoN nanofilms in various fields.
Morphology, diet, and stable carbon isotopes: On the diet of Theropithecus and some limits of uniformitarianism in paleoecology
Authors: Souron Antoine 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGeladas were long supposed to be the only living primates feeding almost entirely on graminoids and accordingly display dramatic dental and manual adaptive traits. A recent study of Theropithecus gelada, the first in a relatively undisturbed habitat, revealed a more diverse diet, also incorporating large quantities of forbs. The peculiar adaptive traits of T. gelada are also observed in extinct Theropithecus as early as 3.7 Ma. Stable carbon isotopic data of extinct Theropithecus from eastern Africa indicate that specimens older than 3 Ma consumed a significant proportion of C3 plants (on average ca. 40% of total food intake) whereas specimens younger than 2 Ma consumed more C4 plants (on average ca. 80%). Recent paleobotanical evidence suggests that C3 herbaceous plants were still present in non‐negligible proportions in Plio‐Pleistocene lowland tropical ecosystems. Together, the shared morphological adaptive traits of extant and extinct Theropithecus and the varied diets of extant T. gelada suggest that the paleodiets of Theropithecus may have been dominated by herbaceous plants, comprising both C3 forbs and graminoids and C4 graminoids. The changes in stable carbon isotopes could correspond to a replacement of C3 plants by C4 plants within the herbaceous strata rather than a shift from C3 woody vegetation to C4 graminoids. This synthesis highlights the need for a more exhaustive knowledge of the ecology of extant species to achieve meaningful paleodietary and paleoenvironmental reconstructions. A strong selectivity for food resources that are rare in the landscapes (as in T. gelada) should also be considered when interpreting stable carbon isotopes of extinct African mammals (and notably hominids).
Expression profiling suggests microglial impairment in human immunodeficiency virus neuropathogenesis
Authors: Ginsberg Stephen D. , Alldred Melissa J. , Gunnam Satya M. , Schiroli Consuelo , Lee Sang Han , Morgello Susan , Fischer Tracy 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveCD16+/CD163+ macrophages (MΦs) and microglia accumulate in the brains of patients with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) encephalitis (HIVE), a neuropathological correlate of the most severe form of HIV‐associated neurocognitive disorders, HIV‐associated dementia. Recently, we found that some parenchymal microglia in brain of HIV+ subjects without encephalitis (HIV/noE) but with varying degrees of neurocognitive impairment express CD16 and CD163, even in the absence of detectable virus production. To further our understanding of microglial activation in HIV, we investigated expression of specific genes by profiling parenchymal microglia from archival brain tissue of patients with HIVE and HIV/noE, and HIV− controls.MethodsSingle‐population microarray analyses were performed on ∼2,500 laser capture microdissected CD163+, CD16+, or CD68+ MΦs/microglia per case, using terminal continuation RNA amplification and a custom‐designed array platform.ResultsSeveral classes of microglial transcripts in HIVE and HIV/noE were altered, relative to HIV− subjects, including factors related to cell stress, immune activation, and apoptosis. Additionally, several neurotrophic factors were reduced in HIV infection, suggesting an additional mechanism of neuropathogenesis. The majority of transcripts altered in HIVE displayed intermediate changes in HIV/noE.InterpretationOur results support the notion that microglia contribute to the maintenance of brain homeostasis and their potential loss of function in the context of chronic inflammation contributes to neuropathogenesis. Furthermore, they indicate the utility of profiling MΦs/microglia to increase our understanding of microglia function, as well as to ascertain alterations in specific pathways, genes, and potentially, encoded proteins that may be amenable to targeted treatment modalities in diseases affecting the brain. Ann Neurol 2018;83:406–417
Supramolecular Modulation of Structural Polymorphism in Pathogenic α‐Synuclein Fibrils Using Copper(II) Coordination
Authors: Choi Tae Su , Lee Jeeyoung , Han Jong Yoon , Jung Byung Chul , Wongkongkathep Piriya , Loo Joseph A. , Lee Min Jae , Kim Hugh I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractStructural variation of α‐synuclein (αSyn) fibrils has been linked to the diverse etiologies of synucleinopathies. However, little is known about what specific mechanism provides αSyn fibrils with pathologic features. Herein, we demonstrate Cu(II)‐based supramolecular approach for unraveling the formation process of pathogenic αSyn fibrils and its application in a neurotoxic mechanism study. The conformation of αSyn monomer was strained by macrochelation with Cu(II), thereby disrupting the fibril elongation while promoting its nucleation. This non‐canonical process formed shortened, β‐sheet enriched αSyn fibrils (<0.2 μm) that were rapidly transmitted and accumulated to neuronal cells, causing neuronal cell death, in sharp contrast to typical αSyn fibrils (ca. 1 μm). Our approach provided the supramolecular basis for the formation of pathogenic fibrils through physiological factors, such as brain Cu(II).
N‐Carboxyanhydride Polymerization of Glycopolypeptides That Activate Antigen‐Presenting Cells through Dectin‐1 and Dectin‐2
Authors: Zhou Matthew N. , Delaveris Corleone S. , Kramer Jessica R. , Kenkel Justin A. , Engleman Edgar G. , Bertozzi Carolyn R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe C‐type lectins dectin‐1 and dectin‐2 contribute to innate immunity against microbial pathogens by recognizing their foreign glycan structures. These receptors are promising targets for vaccine development and cancer immunotherapy. However, currently available agonists are heterogeneous glycoconjugates and polysaccharides from natural sources. Herein, we designed and synthesized the first chemically defined ligands for dectin‐1 and dectin‐2. They comprised glycopolypeptides bearing mono‐, di‐, and trisaccharides and were built through polymerization of glycosylated N‐carboxyanhydrides. Through this approach, we achieved glycopolypeptides with high molecular weights and low dispersities. We identified structures that elicit a pro‐inflammatory response through dectin‐1 or dectin‐2 in antigen‐presenting cells. With their native proteinaceous backbones and natural glycosidic linkages, these agonists are attractive for translational applications.
Base‐Free Generation of Organic Electron Donors from Air‐Stable Precursors
Authors: Tintori Guillaume , Nabokoff Pierre , Buhaibeh Ruqaya , Bergé‐Lefranc David , Redon Sébastien , Broggi Julie , Vanelle Patrice 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOrganic electron donors (OEDs) are powerful reducing agents recognized for their potential in the reduction of challenging substrates and in original applications. Nonetheless, their low stability in atmospheric oxygen or over time complicates their manipulation and storage. To overcome these constraints and enhance OED practicality, new air‐ and moisture‐stable aminopyridinium carboxylate and carbonate precursors were synthesized and thermally activated to generate the potent electron donor in situ. Carboxylate adducts proved to be excellent latent OED systems, enabling the facile and efficient reduction of challenging substrates. Their reduction properties were correlated to their structural characteristics by thermogravimetric and spectroscopic analysis.
Effect of tetrathionate on thiosulfate leaching of gold in copper–ammonia system
Authors: Shi Changliang , Nie Yanhe , Zi Futing , Wang Qiang , Chen Yunlong , Yu Hong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGold thiosulfate leaching have the best prospects for industrial application; however, the effect of polythionate on this system is complicated. Effect of tetrathionate on thiosulfate leaching of gold in a copper–ammonia system over a prolonged period of time was studied in detail. The results show that the gold concentration is higher in the tetrathionate‐added solution at the end of experiment. Scanning electron microscope and surface‐enhanced Raman spectroscopy were utilized to study the passive layer on gold surface. The results show that the blue material adsorbed on gold surface in tetrathionate system is copper hydroxide species. Besides that, the UV‐visible spectrophotometer absorbance peak of Cu(II) complex in tetrathionate‐added solution locates at higher wavelength.
Controlled dispersion of multiwalled carbon nanotubes modified by hyperbranched polylysine
Authors: Lu Hongwei , Zou Liming , Xu Yongjing , Li Yan Vivian 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTHyperbranched polymers have been found effective in controlling the dispersibility of carbon nanotubes in aqueous solutions. In this study, hyperbranched polylysine (HBPL) was synthesized using lysine and N,N′‐methylenebisacrylamide as precursors via Michael addition. The HBPL then was used to noncovalently modify multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) to prepare MWCNTs‐HBPL. The obtained MWCNTs‐HBPL composites were characterized using FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that the HBPL was successfully attached to the surface of MWCNTs via noncovalent interactions. The dispersibility of the MWCNTs‐HBPL composites in aqueous solutions was investigated using digital photographs, ultraviolet–visible absorption spectroscopy, and zeta potential measurements. The results demonstrated that both the mass ratio of MWCNT to HBPL and the pH of the solution had a significant impact on the dispersibility of the MWCNTs/HBPL solution, suggesting that HBPL treatment is an effective method of controlling the dispersibility of MWCNTs in aqueous solutions. © 2018 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46249.