bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Visual Deprivation During the Critical Period Enhances Layer 2/3 GABAergic Inhibition in Mouse V1
Authors: Kannan Madhuvanthi , Gross Garrett G. , Arnold Don B. , Higley Michael J. 
Published: June 2016

The role of GABAergic signaling in establishing a critical period for experience in visual cortex is well understood. However, the effects of early experience on GABAergic synapses themselves are less clear. Here, we show that monocular deprivation (MD) during the adolescent critical period produces marked enhancement of GABAergic signaling in layer 2/3 of mouse monocular visual cortex. This enhancement coincides with a weakening of glutamatergic inputs, resulting in a significant reduction in the ratio of excitation to inhibition. The potentiation of GABAergic transmission arises from both an increased number of inhibitory synapses and an enhancement of presynaptic GABA release from parvalbumin- and somatostatin-expressing interneurons. Our results suggest that augmented GABAergic inhibition contributes to the experience-dependent regulation of visual function.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTVisual experience shapes the synaptic organization of cortical circuits in the mouse brain. Here, we show that monocular visual deprivation enhances GABAergic synaptic inhibition in primary visual cortex. This enhancement is mediated by an increase in both the number of postsynaptic GABAergic synapses and the probability of presynaptic GABA release. Our results suggest a contributing mechanism to altered visual responses after deprivation.
Functional Evidence for a Cerebellar Node of the Dorsal Attention Network
Authors: Brissenden James A. , Levin Emily J. , Osher David E. , Halko Mark A. , Somers David C. 
Published: June 2016

The “dorsal attention network” or “frontoparietal network” refers to a network of cortical regions that support sustained attention and working memory. Recent work has demonstrated that cortical nodes of the dorsal attention network possess intrinsic functional connections with a region in ventral cerebellum, in the vicinity of lobules VII/VIII. Here, we performed a series of task-based and resting-state fMRI experiments to investigate cerebellar participation in the dorsal attention network in humans. We observed that visual working memory and visual attention tasks robustly recruit cerebellar lobules VIIb and VIIIa, in addition to canonical cortical dorsal attention network regions. Across the cerebellum, resting-state functional connectivity with the cortical dorsal attention network strongly predicted the level of activation produced by attention and working memory tasks. Critically, cerebellar voxels that were most strongly connected with the dorsal attention network selectively exhibited load-dependent activity, a hallmark of the neural structures that support visual working memory. Finally, we examined intrinsic functional connectivity between task-responsive portions of cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa and cortex. Cerebellum-to-cortex functional connectivity strongly predicted the pattern of cortical activation during task performance. Moreover, resting-state connectivity patterns revealed that cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa group with cortical nodes of the dorsal attention network. This evidence leads us to conclude that the conceptualization of the dorsal attention network should be expanded to include cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe functional participation of cerebellar structures in nonmotor cortical networks remains poorly understood and is highly understudied, despite the fact that the cerebellum possesses many more neurons than the cerebral cortex. Although visual attention paradigms have been reported to activate cerebellum, many researchers have largely dismissed the possibility of a cerebellar contribution to attention in favor of a motor explanation, namely, eye movements. The present study demonstrates that a cerebellar subdivision (mainly lobules VIIb/VIIIa), which exhibits strong intrinsic functional connectivity with the cortical dorsal attention network, also closely mirrors a myriad of cortical dorsal attention network responses to visual attention and working memory tasks. This evidence strongly supports a reconceptualization of the dorsal attention network to include cerebellar lobules VIIb/VIIIa.
Cue-Evoked Dopamine Release Rapidly Modulates D2 Neurons in the Nucleus Accumbens During Motivated Behavior
Authors: Owesson-White Catarina , Belle Anna M. , Herr Natalie R. , Peele Jessica L. , Gowrishankar Preethi , Carelli Regina M. , Wightman R. Mark 
Published: June 2016

Dopaminergic neurons that project from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens (NAc) fire in response to unpredicted rewards or to cues that predict reward delivery. Although it is well established that reward-related events elicit dopamine release in the NAc, the role of rapid dopamine signaling in modulating NAc neurons that respond to these events remains unclear. Here, we examined dopamine's actions in the NAc in the rat brain during an intracranial self-stimulation task in which a cue predicted lever availability for electrical stimulation of the VTA. To distinguish actions of dopamine at select receptors on NAc neurons during the task, we used a multimodal sensor that probes three aspects of neuronal communication simultaneously: neurotransmitter release, cell firing, and identification of dopamine receptor type. Consistent with prior studies, we first show dopamine release events in the NAc both at cue presentation and after lever press (LP). Distinct populations of NAc neurons encode these behavioral events at these same locations selectively. Using our multimodal sensor, we found that dopamine-mediated responses after the cue involve exclusively a subset of D2-like receptors (D2Rs), whereas dopamine-mediated responses proximal to the LP are mediated by both D1-like receptors (D1R) and D2Rs. These results demonstrate for the first time that dopamine-mediated responses after cues that predict reward availability are specifically linked to its actions at a subset of neurons in the NAc containing D2Rs.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTSuccessful reward procurement typically involves the completion of a goal-directed behavior in response to appropriate environmental cues. Although numerous studies link the mesolimbic dopamine system with these processes, how dopamine's effects are mediated on the receptor level within a key neural substrate, the nucleus accumbens, remains elusive. Here, we used a unique multimodal sensor that reveals three aspects of neuronal interactions: neurotransmitter release, cell firing, and dopamine-receptor type. We identified a key role of D2-like receptor (D2R)-expressing neurons in response to a reward-predicting cue, whereas both the D2R and D1R types modulate responses of neurons proximal to the goal-directed action. This work provides novel insight into the unique role of D2R-mediated neuronal activity to reward-associated cues, a fundamental aspect of motivated behaviors.
Disruption of Fixation Reveals Latent Sensorimotor Processes in the Superior Colliculus
Authors: Jagadisan Uday K. , Gandhi Neeraj J. 
Published: June 2016

Executive control of voluntary movements is a hallmark of the mammalian brain. In the gaze-control network, this function is thought to be mediated by a critical balance between neurons responsible for generating movements and those responsible for fixating or suppressing movements, but the nature of this balance between the relevant elements—saccade-generating and fixation-related neurons—remains unclear. Specifically, it has been debated whether the two functions are necessarily coupled (i.e., push-and-pull) or independently controlled. Here we show that behavioral perturbation of ongoing fixation with the trigeminal blink reflex in monkeys (Macaca mulatta) alters the effective balance between fixation and saccade-generating neurons in the superior colliculus (SC) and can lead to premature gaze shifts reminiscent of compromised inhibitory control. The shift in balance is primarily driven by an increase in the activity of visuomovement neurons in the caudal SC, and the extent to which fixation-related neurons in the rostral SC play a role seems to be linked to the animal's propensity to make microsaccades. The perturbation also reveals a hitherto unknown feature of sensorimotor integration: the presence of a hidden visual response in canonical movement neurons. These findings offer new insights into the latent functional interactions, or lack thereof, between components of the gaze-control network, suggesting that the perturbation technique used here may prove to be a useful tool for probing the neural mechanisms of movement generation in executive function and dysfunction.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTEye movements are an integral part of how we explore the environment. Although we know a great deal about where sensorimotor transformations leading to saccadic eye movements are implemented in the brain, less is known about the functional interactions between neurons that maintain gaze fixation and neurons that program saccades. In this study, we used a novel approach to study these interactions. By transient disruption of fixation, we found that activity of saccade-generating neurons can increase independently of modulation in fixation-related neurons, which may occasionally lead to premature movements mimicking lack of impulse control. Our findings support the notion of a common pathway for sensory and movement processing and suggest that impulsive movements arise when sensory processes become “motorized.”
Sentential Negation Might Share Neurophysiological Mechanisms with Action Inhibition. Evidence from Frontal Theta Rhythm
Authors: de Vega Manuel , Morera Yurena , León Inmaculada , Beltrán David , Casado Pilar , Martín-Loeches Manuel 
Published: June 2016

According to the literature, negations such as “not” or “don't” reduce the accessibility in memory of the concepts under their scope. Moreover, negations applied to action contents (e.g., “don't write the letter”) impede the activation of motor processes in the brain, inducing “disembodied” representations. These facts provide important information on the behavioral and neural consequences of negations. However, how negations themselves are processed in the brain is still poorly understood. In two electrophysiological experiments, we explored whether sentential negation shares neural mechanisms with action monitoring or inhibition. Human participants read action-related sentences in affirmative or negative form (“now you will cut the bread” vs “now you will not cut the bread”) while performing a simultaneous Go/NoGo task. The analysis of the EEG rhythms revealed that theta oscillations were significantly reduced for NoGo trials in the context of negative sentences compared with affirmative sentences. Given the fact that theta oscillations are often considered as neural markers of response inhibition processes, their modulation by negative sentences strongly suggests that negation uses neural resources of response inhibition. We propose a new approach that views the syntactic operator of negation as relying on the neural machinery of high-order action-monitoring processes.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPrevious studies have shown that linguistic negation reduces the accessibility of the negated concepts and suppresses the activation of specific brain regions that operate in affirmative statements. Although these studies focus on the consequences of negation on cognitive and neural processes, the proper neural mechanisms of negation have not yet been explored. In the present EEG study, we tested the hypothesis that negation uses the neural network of action inhibition. Using a Go/NoGo task embedded in a sentence comprehension task, we found that negation in the context of NoGo trials modulates frontal theta rhythm, which is usually considered a signature of action inhibition and control mechanisms.
Efektivitas Pemanfaatan Serbuk Gergaji dan Limbah Media Tanam Jamur (Baglog) sebagai Bahan Baku Pembuatan Biogas
Authors: Mulyadi Dikdik , Yuningsih Lela Mukmilah , Kusumawati Desi 
Published: May 2016

Biogas is one of energy that can be produced by anaerobic fermentation of the organic compounds. The objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the utilization of waste of media mushroom growth (baglog) with sawdust as raw material for biogas with cow dung activators. The study was conducted through anaerobic fermentation of the samples containing waste baglog (sample 1) and sawdust (sample 2), with the addition of cow manure activator to each sample. Both of these samples do anaerobic fermentation for 32 days, then measuring the volume of biogas every 4 days for 32 days. Methane content in samples 1 and 2 measured by using gas chromatography. To see the effect of the addition of activators cow dung biogas volume measurement was carried out with cow dung without addition baglog waste and sawdust. The process of degradation baglog and sawdust with an activator of cow dung could be observed in some of the parameters through total solids (TS), total volatile solids (TVS), volatile fatty acids (VFA), the degree of acidity (pH), and C/N ratio. The results showed that effectiveness of sample 1 resulted in the everage of total volume biogas 28% higher than sample 2. The content of methane in sample 1 and sampel 2 was 54% %, and 0.21% respectively. The fermentation process biogas production in this experiment was carried out at pH 7, with a value of TS, TVS and VFA showed a decrease trend after the fermentation process, C/N ratiowas lower than the baglog waste sawdust until day 32 retention time. Keywords: Sawdust, baglog waste, biogas, fermentation, methane DOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3100
Pembuatan Katalis Asam (Ni/γ-Al2O3) dan Katalis Basa (Mg/γ-Al2O3) untuk Aplikasi Pembuatan Biodiesel dari Bahan Baku Minyak Jelantah
Authors: Savitri Savitri , Nugraha Agung Setia , Aziz Isalmi 
Published: May 2016

Biodiesel is an alternative energy fuel a substitute for diesel oil produced from vegetable oil or animal fat which have the advantage easily used, they are biodegradable, not toxic and sulfur free. This research aims to do process of prosucing biodiesel using acid catalysts (Ni/γ-Al2O3) for a esterification process and base catalyst (Mg/γ-Al2O3) for transesterification process with the variation of catalyst concentration Ni/γ-Al2O3 (0.5%; 0.75%; 1% and 2%) and the time (60 minutes, 120 minutes, and 180 minutes). Research of methodology starting to the process impregnation Ni and Mg metal into a buffer γ-Al2O3, characterization a catalyst with XRD, FTIR, and the SAA, and the esterification process to lower levels of FFA and transesterification process for making it biodiesel. The characterization with X-RD does not appear a new peak, only just occurred a shift peak, and declines intensity of Ni/γ-Al2O3 and Mg/γ-Al2O3. The analysis result of the SAA, a decline in the surface area (the decline in active side of catalyst) suspected the process impregnation not run perfect because Ni and Mg metal only distributed on the surface of buffer pore. The results of the FTIR analysis does not occur the addition of acidity and alkalinity. The steady of catalyst concentration from esterification process is 1% within 120 minutes produce levels of FFA 6.85%. Keywords: Biodiesel, esterification, impregnation, used cooking oil, transesterificationDOI : http://dx.doi.org/10.15408/jkv.v2i1.3104
Tako-tsubo Cardiomyopathy following Bronchial Asthma Attack
Authors: Ozturk Cengiz , Yildirim Ali Osman , Balta Sevket , Demir Mustafa , Erdogan Siddik , Celik Turgay , Iyisoy Atila 
Published: May 2016

Takotsubo cardiomyopathy(TCM) is a reversible cardiomyopathy characterized by left ventricular dysfunction due to transient left ventricular apical hypokinesia or akinesia and basal hyperkinesis following some trigger factors like physical or emotional stressful events and may mimic myocardial infarction especially in middle age females. Pathophysiology of TCM is not clear but it is associated with excessive adrenergic stimulation[1-3]. TCM is usually precipitated by acute physical and emotional stresssors, use of exogenous <br />catecholamines or exacerbation of chronic illnesses like asthma attack. We report a case of TCM after an asthma attack as a potential stressor. This is an interesting association between asthma attack and TCM.
Cuerpos Sensibles: mujeres en la acción performatica latinoamericana
Authors: Rubiano Arroyo Laura Janeth 
Published: May 2016

En este artículo se analiza la importancia del cuerpo sensible como elemento vital del arte de acción o el performance, vinculándolo a los impactos sociales, políticos y culturales que han tenido las mujeres artistas latinoamericanas y como esto se ha convertido en un hecho histórico y revolucionario en el arte contemporáneo, trayendo a la memoria de este escrito a artistas de países como Colombia, México, Brasil, Argentina y Cuba, las cuales han enmarcado una pauta con su propio cuerpo, instalándolo en un espacio público o privado, para ser el soporte feminista de finales del siglo XIX y consecuentemente de los siglos XX y XXI.
A presença do Estado na rede: Marco Civil da Internet e reforma da Lei de Direito Autoral | The presence of the State on the web: the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet and reform of Copyright Legislation
Authors: Silveiras Raphael , Gouvêa Gilda Portugal 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO Este artigo lida com a atuação do Estado brasileiro e da sociedade civil na Internet a partir de duas consultas públicas realizadas no Brasil através da rede mundial de computadores: Marco Civil da Internet e reforma da Lei de Direito Autoral. O foco se concentra principalmente, mas não de modo exclusivo, na atuação do Estado, em especial no modo como ele exerceu o poder nesses espaços de consulta à sociedade. Analisa-se a conjuntura em que essas consultas públicas foram realizadas, o desenvolvimento de ambas e parte de seus desdobramentos em um passado recente, pois esse processo está em movimento.Palavras-chave: Poder; Estado; Internet; Consulta Pública.ABSTRACT This analyses the role played by the Brazilian government and civil society on the Internet based on two public consultations held in Brazil on the web: the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet and the reform of the Copyright Law. The focus is primarily, but not exclusively, on the performance of the State, particularly regarding the way it exercised power while consulting society. This paper analyzes the context in which these public consultations were held, the development of both and their recent outcomes.Keywords: Power; State Internet; Public Consultation.
Os desafios das consultas públicas online: lições do Marco Civil da Internet | The challenges of online public consultations: lessons from the Civil Rights Framework for the Internet
Authors: Barros Samuel 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO Este artigo apresenta uma análise das três plataformas de consulta empregadas durante o processo de elaboração do Marco Civil da Internet (MCI). O objetivo é avaliar, a partir de critérios da literatura de democracia digital, como as características das plataformas modelaram o processo de participação e quais lições podem ser tiradas desse caso paradigmático. Ao fim, enumera-se como lições: a) é necessário ter em conta a participação de públicos distintos, leigos e especialistas, cidadãos avulsos e organizações de representação de interesses; b) a ocorrência das consultas deve ser amplamente divulgada, bem como informações sobre o necessário procedimento para participar; c) as consultas devem ser responsivas; d) as consultas devem ser previstas e regulamentadas dentro do processo de tomada de decisão.Palavras-chave: Marco Civil da Internet; Democracia Digital; Participação Online; Consultas Públicas Online.ABSTRACT This article analyses three public consultation platforms used during the elaboration of the Brazilian law known as "Civil Rights Framework for the Internet". The objective is to evaluate, based on criteria of the literature on digital democracy, how the characteristics of these platforms modeled the process of public participation and what lessons could be learned from this paradigmatic case. Finally, a few of these lessons are enumerated: a) it is necessary to consider distinct publics, experts and non-experts, sundry citizens, and interested organizations; b) occurrence of consultations must be widely disseminated, as well as information on how to participate; c) consultations must be responsive; d) consultations must be accounted for within the decision-making process.Keywords: Civil Rights Framework for the Internet; Digital Democracy; Online Participation; Online Public Consultation.
Organização em rede, capital e a regulação mercantil do elo social | Network organization, capital and the mercantile regulation of social ties
Authors: Bolaño César Ricardo Siqueira 
Published: June 2016

RESUMO Este texto faz parte de um projeto amplo de esclarecimento da problemática da mediação social, no sentido da crítica da epistemologia da comunicação, com base numa leitura sistemática da obra de Marx. No que segue, pretendo sugerir apenas, retomando alguns trechos esclarecedores dos Grundrisse, um caminho para a crítica da economia política da internet, que se desdobra, como ficará explicitado, na crítica da ideia de "sociedade em rede". No fundo, trata-se de problematizar as possibilidades de regulação da internet, tendo em vista o significado último do seu surgimento neste particular momento de desenvolvimento do capitalismo.Palavras-chave: Comunicação; Internet; Capitalismo; Epistemologia; Economia Política.ABSTRACT This paper is part of a far-reaching project that aims to clarify the issue of social mediation, from a critical perspective on the epistemology of communication, based on a systematic reading of Marx's work. Here I intend only to indicate a pathway to a critique of the political economy of the Internet, based on a few clarifying excerpts from the Grundrisse, which includes a critique on the idea of "network society". It is, essentially, a discussion on the issue of regulating the Internet, considering the significance of its emergence at this particular moment of the history of capitalism.Keywords: Communication; Internet; Capitalism; Epistemology; Political Economy.
The role of competition – colonization tradeoffs and spatial heterogeneity in promoting trematode coexistence
Authors: Mordecai Erin A. , Jaramillo Alejandra G. , Ashford Jacob E. , Hechinger Ryan F. , Lafferty Kevin D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCompetition – colonization tradeoffs occur in many systems, and theory predicts that they can strongly promote species coexistence. However, there is little empirical evidence that observed competition‐ colonization tradeoffs are strong enough to maintain diversity in natural systems. This is due in part to a mismatch between theoretical assumptions and biological reality in some systems. We tested whether a competition – colonization tradeoff explains how a diverse trematode guild coexists in California horn snail populations, a system that meets the requisite criteria for the tradeoff to promote coexistence. A field experiment showed that subordinate trematode species tended to have higher colonization rates than dominant species. This tradeoff promoted coexistence in parameterized models but did not fully explain trematode diversity and abundance, suggesting a role of additional diversity maintenance mechanisms. Spatial heterogeneity is an alternative way to promote coexistence if it isolates competing species. We used scale transition theory to expand the competition – colonization tradeoff model to include spatial variation. The parameterized model showed that spatial variation in trematode prevalence did not isolate most species sufficiently to explain the overall high diversity, but could benefit some rare species. Together, the results suggest that several mechanisms combine to maintain diversity, even when a competition – colonization tradeoff occurs.