bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of the clavatus group of the lanternfly genus Pyrops (Hemiptera: Fulgoromorpha: Fulgoridae)
Authors: Constant Jérôme , Pham Hong-Thai 
Published: March 2017

The clavatus group of Pyrops Spinola, 1839 is reviewed and redefined. The new combination Pyrops atroalbus (Distant, 1918) comb. nov. is proposed, as atroalbus is reinstated as a full species from status of subspecies of Pyrops watanabei (Matsumura, 1913). Pyrops nigripennis (Chou & Wang, 1985) and Pyrops clavatus mizunumai (Sato & Nagai, 1994) are proposed as junior synonyms of P. clavatus (Westwood, 1839). The Philippine species P. polillensis (Baker, 1925) is removed from the group and not attributed to any of the currently defined species groups. Hence, the clavatus group is restricted to continental Southeast Asia and Taiwan and contains three species: P. atroalbus comb. nov., P. clavatus and P. watanabei. A key to the species of the group and illustrations of the male genitalia are provided. The intraspecific colour variation in the group is discussed and illustrated. The genus Pyrops is removed from the subfamily Fulgorinae and not attributed to any of the currently defined subfamilies of Fulgoridae.
“We are part of a family”. Benefits and limitations of community ART groups (CAGs) in Thyolo, Malawi: a qualitative study
Authors: Pellecchia Umberto , Baert Saar , Nundwe Spencer , Bwanali Andy , Zamadenga Bote , Metcalf Carol A. , Bygrave Helen , Daho Sarah , Ohler Liesbet , Chibwandira Brown , Kanyimbo Kennedy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction: In 2012 Community ART Groups (CAGs), a community‐based model of antiretroviral therapy (ART) delivery were piloted in Thyolo District, Malawi as a way to overcome patient barriers to accessing treatment, and to decrease healthcare workers’ workload. CAGs are self‐formed groups of patients on ART taking turns to collect ART refills for all group members from the health facility. We conducted a qualitative study to assess the benefits and challenges of CAGs from patients’ and healthcare workers’ (HCWs) perspectives.Methods: Data were collected by means of 15 focus group discussions, 15 individual in‐depth interviews, and participant observation in 2 health centres. The 94 study participants included CAG members, ART patients eligible for CAGs who remained in conventional care, former CAG members who returned to conventional care and HCWs responsible for providing HIV care. Patient participants were purposively selected from ART registers, taking into account age and gender. Narratives were audio‐recorded, transcribed, and translated from Chichewa to English. Data were analyzed through a thematic analysis.Results: Patients and HCWs spoke favourably about the practical benefits of CAGs. Patient benefits included a reduced frequency of clinic visits, resulting in reduced transportation costs and time savings. HCW benefits included a reduced workload. Additionally peer support was perceived as an added value of the groups allowing not only sharing of the logistical constraints of drugs refills, but also enhanced emotional support. Identified barriers to joining a CAG included a lack of information on CAGs, unwillingness to disclose one's HIV status, change of residence and conflicts among CAG members. Participants reported that HIV‐related stigma persists and CAGs were seen as an effective strategy to reduce exposure to discriminatory labelling by community members.Conclusions: In this setting, patients and HCWs perceived CAGs to be an acceptable model of ART delivery. Despite addressing important practical barriers to accessing ART, and providing peer support, CAGs were not well known by patients and had a limited impact on reducing HIV‐related stigma. The CAG model of ART delivery should be considered in similar settings. Further measures need to be devised and implemented to address HIV‐related stigma.
JAOA/AACOM. Attitudes of Family Medicine Program Directors Toward Osteopathic Residents Under the Single Accreditation System
Authors: Hempstead Laura K. , Shaffer Todd D. , Williams Karen B. , Arnold James 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background: Between 2015 and 2020, residency programs accredited through the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) are preparing the single graduate medical education (GME) system through the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME). Objectives: (1) To assess the attitudes of family medicine program directors in programs accredited dually by the AOA and ACGME (AOA/ACGME) or ACGME only toward the clinical and academic preparedness of osteopathic residency candidates and (2) to determine program director attitudes toward the perceived value of osteopathic-focused education, including osteopathic manipulative treatment (OMT) curricula. Methods: A survey was sent to program directors of AOA/ACGME and ACGME-only accredited family medicine residency programs. Items concerned program directors’ perception of the academic and clinical strength of osteopathic residents at the onset of residency, the presence of osteopathic faculty and residents currently in the program, and the presence of formal curricula for teaching OMT. The perceived value of osteopathic focus was obtained through a composite score of 5 items. Results: A total of 38 AOA/ACGME family medicine residency program directors (17%) and 211 ACGME family medicine residency program directors (45.6%) completed the survey (N=249). No difference was found in the ranking of the perceived clinical preparation of osteopathic residents vs allopathic residents in programs with and without OMT curricula (P=.054). Directors of programs with OMT curricula perceived the academic preparation of their osteopathic residents vs allopathic residents more highly than those without OMT curricula (P=.039). Directors of AOA/ACGME programs perceived both the academic preparation and clinical preparation of their osteopathic residents more highly than those at ACGME-only programs (P=.004 and P=.002, respectively). Conclusion: Directors of AOA/ACGME programs, as well as those whose programs have an osteopathic focus in curricular offerings, were more likely to rank the academic preparation of osteopathic residents higher than directors of ACGME-only programs and those without OMT curricula. Further research is needed to determine the value of osteopathic recognition in attracting strong family medicine residency candidates.
JAOA/AACOM. Blended Learning Educational Format for Third-Year Pediatrics Clinical Rotation
Authors: Langenau Erik E. , Lee Robert , Fults Marci 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Context: Traditional medical education is shifting to incorporate learning technologies and online educational activities with traditional face-to-face clinical instruction to engage students, especially at remote clinical training sites. Objective: To describe and evaluate the effectiveness of the blended learning format (combining online and face-to-face instruction) for third-year osteopathic medical students during their pediatric rotation. Methods: Third-year medical students who completed the 4-week clerkship in pediatrics during the 2014-2015 academic year were divided into a standard learning group and a blended learning group with online activities (discussion boards, blogs, virtual patient encounters, narrated video presentations, and online training modules). Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Achievement Test scores and final course grades were compared between the standard learning and blended learning groups. Students in the blended learning group completed a postsurvey regarding their experiences. Results: Of 264 third-year students who completed the 4-week clerkship in pediatrics during the 2014-2015 academic year, 78 (29.5%) participated in the blended learning supplement with online activities. Of 53 students who completed the postsurvey in the blended learning group, 44 (83.0%) agreed or strongly agreed that “The integration of e-learning and face-to-face learning helped me learn pediatrics.” Open-ended comments supported this overall satisfaction with the course format; however, 26 of 100 comments reflected a desire to increase the amount of clinical exposure and face-to-face time with patients. No statistical differences were seen between the standard learning (n=186) and blended learning (n=78) groups with regard to Comprehensive Osteopathic Medical Achievement Test scores (P=.321). Compared with the standard learning group, more students in the blended learning group received a final course grade of honors (P=.015). Conclusion: Results of this study support the use of blended learning in a clinical training environment. As more medical educators use blended learning, it is important to investigate the best balance between learning with technology and learning in a face-to-face setting. Online activities may enhance but should never fully replace face-to-face learning with real patients.
DIBALH‐Mediated Reductive Ring‐Expansion Reaction of Cyclic Ketoxime
Authors: Imaizumi Taku , Okano Kentaro , Tokuyama* Hidetoshi 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The article discusses DIBALH‐mediated reductive ring‐expansion reaction of cyclic ketoxime. In contrast to the Beckmann rearrangement, the two possible geometries of the oxime C–N double bond can give exclusively an aromatic secondary amine in the presented method.
Trichloroboron‐promoted Deprotection of Phenolic Benzyl Ether Using Pentamethylbenzene as a Non Lewis‐Basic Cation Scavenger
Authors: Okaya Shun , Okuyama Keiichiro , Okano Kentaro , Tokuyama* Hidetoshi 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This article determined that a combination of BCl3 and pentamethylbenzene (C6HMe5) facilitated smooth debenzylation even at −78 °C by modifying Yoshino's conditions using TFA and C6HMe5. Kobayashi and co‐workers applied the conditions to remove aliphatic benzyl ethers by replacing BCl3 with BBr3.11 Acid‐labile and easily reduced triene remained intact under the conditions to provide the corresponding pentaol in 59% yield.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α,α‐Disubstituted Lactones via a Chiral Brønsted Acid Catalyzed Intramolecular Cyclization
Authors: Wilent Jennifer E. , Qabaja Ghassan , Petersen* Kimberly S. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The article describes highly efficient and generalized procedure for the synthesis of enantioenriched lactones containing a quaternary center through a Brønsted acid catalyzed desymmetrization of hydroxy diesters. The process has been improved to utilize only 1 mol% of Binol based phosphoric acid and proceed in under 48 hours.
Enantioselective Synthesis of α‐Bromonitroalkanes for Umpolung Amide Synthesis: Preparation of
tert
‐Butyl ((1
R
)‐1‐(4‐(benzyloxy)phenyl)‐2‐bromo‐2‐nitroethyl)carbamate
Authors: Lim Victoria T. , Tsukanov Sergey V. , Stephens Amanda B. , Johnston* Jeffrey N. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

α‐Bromonitroalkanes could engage amines in amide bond formation with the assistance of
N
‐iodosuccinimide. Evidence collected during the initial study, and consistent with subsequent mechanistic studies, suggested that the key carbon‐nitrogen bond‐forming step involved a nucleophilic nitonate carbon and an electrophilic iodamine nitrogen. This inversion of polarity relative to all other known amide bond‐forming reactions led to the description of this reaction as Umpolung Amide Synthesis (UmAS).
Synthesis of 1‐Bromopyrene and 1‐Pyrenecarbaldehyde
Authors: Schulze Matthias , Scherer Alexander , Diner Colin , Tykwinski* Rik R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The article discusses synthesis of 1‐bromopyrene and 1‐pyrenecarbaldehyde. Due to the useful photophysical attributes of pyrene, it is a desirable component of many functional materials. Thus, 1‐bromopyrene is a key building block for a large portion of the chemical community. The first synthesis of 2 was described in 1937 by Lock, via the bromination of 1. Similar approaches have since been described using reagents such as NBS, CuBr and HBr with H
2
O The use of column chromatography in these protocols, however, limits the reaction scale. Fulfilling the demand for 1‐bromopyrene in larger amounts, a simple and chromatography free procedure has been reported in 1968 by Gumprecht. Unfortunately, this procedure require the use of CCl
4
as solvent, which has been prohibited in many countries due to toxicological and environmental concerns. Thus, there is considerable demand for a procedure with similar synthetic utility that does not require CCl
4
or column chromatography.
Preparation of Methyl 1,2,3,4‐tetra‐
O
‐acetyl‐β‐
D
‐glucopyranuronate
Authors: Cheallaigh Aisling Ní , Potter Garrett T. , Gardiner John M. , Miller* Gavin J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

This article describes the synthesis of methyl 1,2,3,4‐tetra‐
O
‐acetyl‐
β
‐D‐glucopyranuronate. it has been used to access non‐readily available L‐IdoA units for the construction of complex heparin‐related disaccharides, via an intermediate C5‐bromide. It has also seen utility for access to and characterization of the important glucuronide‐containing metabolite. Importantly, it also serves as a vital precursor for the formation of alternative C‐1 anomeric derivatives.
Oxyboration: Synthesis of Borylated Benzofurans
Authors: Faizi Darius J. , Nava Nicole A. , Al‐Amin Mohammad , Blum* Suzanne A. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The article describes the synthesis of borylated benzofurans. Boron–element additions are a powerful class of synthetic reactions capable of furnishing boron‐containing compounds that are adept at downstream functionalization. This alkoxyboration method provides access to bench‐stable borylated benzofurans isolated as the potassium organotrifluoroborate salt or the MIDA boronate ester.
Synthesis of Methyl 1‐Formylcyclopropanecarboxylate utilizing Ti‐Claisen Condensation
Authors: Ashida Yuichiro , Kajimoto Satomi , Nakatsuji* Hidefumi , Tanabe* Yoo 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
α‐formylation reaction of methyl 4‐chlorobutanoate (1) is a distinctive example of the compatibility with a base‐sensitive γ‐chloro group. Synthesis of 2 is not possible using the base‐mediated α‐formylation method due to undesirable and predominant cyclopropane formation leading to methyl cyclopropanecarboxylate. In conclusion, the present straightforward and robust synthetic strategy for the unique, but useful, building block 2 utilizing Ti‐Claisen condensation provides a new promising avenue, especially for pharmaceutical syntheses.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Direct Amination of Allylic Alcohols at Room Temperature
Authors: Gao Bao , Li Lixin , Zhang Guoying , Huang* Hanmin 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The article describes palladium‐catalyzed direct amination of allylic alcohols at room temperature. Simple palladium(II) complex has been identified to be an efficient catalyst for the direct amination of allylic alcohols with amines via C‐O bond cleavage. This simple reaction can be performed at room temperature and can be used for synthesis of a broad range of linear allylamines, which are important for natural product synthesis and drug discovery. Considering the practical importance of this atom‐ and stepeconomical amination reaction, significant further applications are expected.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Carboxylic Acids to Terminal Alkynes towards
Z
‐Enol Esters
Authors: Ganss Stephanie , Pedroni Julia , Lumbroso Alexandre , Leonhardt‐Lutterbeck Günther , Meißner Antje , Wei Siping , Drexler Hans‐Joachim , Heller Detlef , Breit* Bernhard 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Our report employing the [Rh(COD)Cl]2/DPPMP catalyst system, further investigations have led to a more active Rh(COD)acac/DPPMP catalyst system, which furnishes the desired Z‐enol esters in equally high yields and selectivities however with a reduced reaction time of only 4 hours. Furthermore, this novel catalyst system employed in the herein reported protocol was found to be compatible with a wide range of functionalities. The catalyst systems developed by us show complementary functional group compatibility, allowing for a broad application of the rhodium‐catalyzed hydro‐oxycarbonylation in organic synthesis.
Copper‐Catalyzed Semi‐Reduction of Alkynes
Authors: Cox Nick , Dang Hester , Whittaker Aaron M. , Lalic* Gojko 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe semi‐reduction of alkynes to form alkenes is one of the most important reactions in organic chemistry. The reactions reach full conversion without any over‐reduction of the alkene to the alkane, avoiding the need for careful monitoring of reaction progress. In the case of internal alkynes, the semi‐reduction is completely Z‐selective and no isomerization is detected. Finally, this transformation can be achieved using commercially available reagents without the need for a glovebox, and the products can be easily isolated by filtration through silica or alumina.
Synthesis of a 2,2‐Dichloroimidazolidine‐4,5‐dione and its Application in a Chlorodehydroxylation
Authors: Schilter* David , Bielawski* Christopher W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The article describes the synthesis of 2,2‐dichloroimidazolidine‐4,5‐dione. Dihaloimidazolidinediones exhibit electrophilic characteristics applicable to the synthesis of,
inter alia
, dioxoguanides or imidazolidinetriones upon treatment with primary amines or water, respectively. The dihaloimidazolidinediones and their carbene derivatives may be considered as privileged reagents envisioned for use in a range of transition metal‐mediated and organocatalyzed transformations.
Quantification of the SF6 lifetime based on mesospheric loss measured in the stratospheric polar vortex
Authors: Ray Eric A. , Moore Fred L. , Elkins James W. , Rosenlof Karen H. , Laube Johannes C. , Röckmann Thomas , Marsh Daniel R. , Andrews Arlyn E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a greenhouse gas with one of the highest radiative efficiencies in the atmosphere as well as an important indicator of transport time scales in the stratosphere. The current widely used estimate of the atmospheric lifetime of SF6 is 3200 years. In this study we use in situ measurements in the 2000 Arctic polar vortex that sampled air with up to 50% SF6 loss to calculate an SF6 lifetime. Comparison of these measurements with output from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM) shows that WACCM transport into the vortex is accurate and that an important SF6 loss mechanism, believed to be electron attachment, is missing in the model. Based on the measurements and estimates of the size of the vortex, we calculate an SF6 lifetime of 850 years with an uncertainty range of 580–1400 years. The amount of SF6 loss is shown to be consistent with that of HFC‐227ea, which has a lifetime of 670–780 years, adding independent support to our new SF6 lifetime estimate. Based on the revised lifetime the global warming potential of SF6 will decrease only slightly for short time horizons (<100 years) but will decrease substantially for time horizons longer than 2000 years. Also, the use of SF6 measurements as an indicator of transport time scales in the stratosphere clearly must account for potential influence from polar vortex air.
Slope, grain size, and roughness controls on dry sediment transport and storage on steep hillslopes
Authors: DiBiase Roman A. , Lamb Michael P. , Ganti Vamsi , Booth Adam M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractExisting hillslope sediment transport models developed for low‐relief, soil‐mantled landscapes are poorly suited to explain the coupling between steep rocky hillslopes and headwater channels. Here we address this knowledge gap using a series of field and numerical experiments to inform a particle‐based model of sediment transport by dry ravel—a mechanism of granular transport characteristic of steep hillslopes. We find that particle travel distance increases as a function of the ratio of particle diameter to fine‐scale (<1 m) topographic roughness, in agreement with prior laboratory and field experiments. Contrary to models that assume a fixed critical slope, the particle‐based model predicts a broad transition as hillslopes steepen from grain‐scale to hillslope‐scale mean particle travel distances due to the trapping of sediment on slopes more than threefold steeper than the average friction slope. This transition is further broadened by higher macroscale (>1 m) topographic variability associated with rocky landscapes. Applying a 2‐D dry‐ravel‐routing model to lidar‐derived surface topography, we show how spatial patterns of local and nonlocal transport control connectivity between hillslopes and steep headwater channels that generate debris flows through failure of ravel‐filled channels following wildfire. Our results corroborate field observations of a patchy transition from soil‐mantled to bedrock landscapes and suggest that there is a dynamic interplay between sediment storage, roughness, grain sorting, and transport even on hillslopes that well exceed the angle of repose.
Ancestry dynamics in a South American population: The impact of gene flow and preferential mating
Authors: Hedrick Philip W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesEuropean ancestry in many populations in Latin America at autosomal loci is often higher than that from X‐linked loci indicating more European male ancestry and more Amerindian female ancestry. Generally, this has been attributed to more European male gene flow but could also result from an advantage to European mating or reproductive success.MethodsPopulation genetic models were developed to investigate the dynamics of gene flow and mating or reproductive success. Using estimates of autosomal and X‐chromosome European ancestry, the amount of male gene flow or mating or reproductive advantage for Europeans, or those with European ancestry, was estimated.ResultsIn a population from Antioquia, Colombia with an estimated 79% European autosomal ancestry and an estimated 69% European X‐chromosome ancestry, about 15% male gene flow from Europe or about 20% mating or reproductive advantage of Europeans over Amerindians resulted in these levels of European ancestry in the contemporary population. Combinations of gene flow and mating advantage were nearly additive in their impact.ConclusionsGene flow, mating advantage, or a combination of both factors, are consistent with observed levels of European ancestry in a Latin American population. This approach provides a general methodology to determine the levels of gene flow and mating differences that can explain the observed contemporary differences in ancestry from autosomes and X‐chromosomes.
Enhancement of thermoelectric conversion efficiency of polymer/carbon nanotube nanocomposites through foaming‐induced microstructuring
Authors: Aghelinejad Mohammadmehdi , Leung Siu N. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTSemiconducting‐based materials such as bismuth antimony are current thermoelectric (TE) materials of choice because of their superior TE efficiency, which can be characterized by the dimensionless figure of merit (ZT). However, factoring the cost, weight, and environmental concerns, polymeric TE material systems have become attractive alternatives despite their lower ZT values. The potential to tailor the flexibility of polymeric TE materials also represent another key advantage, especially for wearable electronics. One of the key challenges to enhance their ZT values is the need to simultaneously increase the electrical conductivity and the Seebeck coefficient, while supressing the thermal conductivity. In this research, physical foaming is suggested as an innovative and effective processing strategy to circumvent this challenge. Multi‐walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) nanocomposite foams were fabricated as a case example. Experimental results showed that introducing cellular structures in MWCNT/HDPE nanocomposites, loaded with 15 wt % MWCNT, would result in a 600‐fold increase in their ZT values. This great improvement was achieved through significantly reducing their effective thermal conductivity, while simultaneously increasing their electrical conductivity and Seebeck coefficients. The findings have proven that foaming can serve as a novel strategy to enhance the efficiency of various polymeric TE materials. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45073.