bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
CEST imaging of fast exchanging amine pools with corrections for competing effects at 9.4 T
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Yong , Wang Feng , Li Hua , Xu Junzhong , Gochberg Daniel F. , Gore John C. , Zu Zhongliang 
Published: March 2017

Chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging of fast exchanging amine protons at 3 ppm offset from the water resonant frequency is of practical interest, but quantification of fast exchanging pools by CEST is challenging. To effectively saturate fast exchanging protons, high irradiation powers need to be applied, but these may cause significant direct water saturation as well as non‐specific semi‐solid magnetization transfer (MT) effects, and thus decrease the specificity of the measured signal. In addition, the CEST signal may depend on the water longitudinal relaxation time (T1w), which likely varies between tissues and with pathology, further reducing specificity. Previously, an analysis of the asymmetry of saturation effects (MTRasym) has been commonly used to quantify fast exchanging amine CEST signals. However, our results show that MTRasym is greatly affected by the above factors, as well as asymmetric MT and nuclear Overhauser enhancement (NOE) effects. Here, we instead applied a relatively more specific inverse analysis method, named AREX (apparent exchange‐dependent relaxation), that has previously been applied only to slow and intermediate exchanging solutes. Numerical simulations and controlled phantom experiments show that, although MTRasym depends on T1w and semi‐solid content, AREX acquired in steady state does not, which suggests that AREX is more specific than MTRasym. By combining with a fitting approach instead of using the asymmetric analysis to obtain reference signals, AREX can also avoid contaminations from asymmetric MT and NOE effects. Animal experiments show that these two quantification methods produce differing contrasts between tumors and contralateral normal tissues in rat brain tumor models, suggesting that conventional MTRasym applied in vivo may be influenced by variations in T1w, semi‐solid content, or NOE effect. Thus, the use of MTRasym may lead to misinterpretation, while AREX with corrections for competing effects likely enhances the specificity and accuracy of quantification to fast exchanging pools.
Team‐based approach to identify cardiac toxicity in critically ill hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Dandoy Christopher E. , Jodele Sonata , Paff Zachary , Hirsch Russel , Ryan Thomas D. , Jefferies John L. , Cash Michelle , Rotz Seth , Pate Abigail , Taylor Michael D. , El‐Bietar Javier , Myers Kasiani C. , Wallace Gregory , Nelson Adam , Grimley Michael , Pfeiffer Thomas , Lane Adam , Davies Stella M. , Chima Ranjit S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroductionWe observed pulmonary hypertension (PH), pericardial effusions, and left ventricular systolic dysfunction (LVSD) in multiple critically ill hematopoietic stem cell transplant (HSCT) recipients. We implemented routine structured echocardiography screening for HSCT recipients admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit (PICU) using a standardized multidisciplinary process.MethodsHSCT recipients admitted to the PICU with respiratory distress, hypoxia, shock, and complications related to transplant‐associated thrombotic microangiopathy were screened on admission and every 1–2 weeks thereafter. Echocardiography findings requiring intervention and/or further screening included elevated right ventricular pressure, LVSD, and moderate to large pericardial effusions. All echocardiograms were compared to the patient's routine pretransplant echocardiogram.ResultsSeventy HSCT recipients required echocardiography screening over a 3‐year period. Echo abnormalities requiring intervention and/or further screening were found in 35 (50%) patients. Twenty‐four (34%) patients were noted to have elevated right ventricular pressure; 14 (20%) were at risk for PH, while 10 (14%) had PH. All patients with PH were treated with pulmonary vasodilators. LVSD was noted in 22 (31%) patients; 15/22 (68%) received inotropic support. Moderate to large pericardial effusions were present in nine (13%) patients, with six needing pericardial drain placement.DiscussionEchocardiographic abnormalities are common in critically ill HSCT recipients. Utilization of echocardiogram screening may allow for early detection and timely intervention for cardiac complications in this high‐risk cohort.
Effect of Polymerizable Photoinitiators on the UV‐polymerization behaviors of photosensitive polysiloxane
Authors: Jiang Bo , Zhang Tong , Zhao Liwei , Xu Zhiming , Huang Yudong 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTIn this contribution, three polymerizable benzophenone photoinitiators containing maleimide group including 4‐maleimidebenzophenone (MBP), 4‐chlorine‐4′‐maleimide benzophenone (CMBP), and 4‐maleimide‐4′‐[(4‐maleimide)thiophenyl]benzophenone (MMTBP) were designed and synthesized to enhance the polymerization degree of photosensitive polysiloxane containing methacryloxy active groups (MAPSO). The polymerization behaviors of the MAPSO cured by different photoinitiators were investigated using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). It was noted that the MAPSO initiated by MMTBP showed a high carbon–carbon double bond conversion above 80% because of the existence of thiophenyl group which could generate more radicals from the photolysis reaction at the CS bond. In addition, the thermal stability of the UV‐cured MAPSO were studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the result showed that the initial 5% mass loss (T5%) and residual weight percent at 800 °C in nitrogen of the UV‐cured MAPSO initiated by MMTBP systems was 200 °C and 33.8%. Thus, this work provides a new perspective and efficient strategy to improve the polymerization degree of UV‐curable polysiloxanes with carbon–carbon double bonds. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1696–1705
Microtextural Inheritance on Quartz Sand Grains from Pleistocene Periglacial Environments of the Mazovian Lowland, Central Poland
Authors: Kalińska‐Nartiša Edyta , Woronko Barbara , Ning Wenxin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSand grains from Quaternary glacial, aeolian and fluvial deposits in the Mazovian Lowland, central Poland, were examined to characterize the effects of different Quaternary processes on sand‐grain surfaces that experienced repeated cycles of intense polar‐desert‐like conditions during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. A cold, dry and windy periglacial environment prevailed here at least twice between the Saalian (Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 6) and Holocene (MIS 1) stages. Because the surface characteristics of quartz sand grains can provide important palaeoenvironmental information, we examined grains extracted from sediment samples in different landforms to determine their surficial features from scanning electron microscope images. The grain surfaces were dominated by microtextures characteristic of aeolian‐induced grain transformation, indicated by a high percentage of well‐rounded, low‐relief‐worn grains with dish‐shaped depressions, bulbous edges and upturned plates. Although remnants of previous sedimentary cycles were occasionally observed, aeolian effects were dominant even in glacial and fluvial settings. Quartz microtextures indicated that none of the examined grains represented their original setting, but rather suggested remobilisation under periglacial conditions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
N‐Glycan matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging protocol for formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded tissues
Authors: Briggs Matthew T. , Ho Yin Ying , Kaur Gurjeet , Oehler Martin K. , Everest‐Dass Arun V. , Packer Nicolle H. , Hoffmann Peter 
Published: March 2017

RationaleMatrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI‐MSI) of the proteome of a tissue has been an established technique for the past decade. In the last few years, MALDI‐MSI of the N‐glycome has emerged as a novel MALDI‐MSI technique. To assess the accuracy and clinical significance of the N‐linked glycan spatial distribution, we have developed a method that utilises MALDI‐MSI followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in order to assign glycan structures to the differentiating MALDI‐MSI glycan masses released from the tissue glycoproteins.Methods and ResultsOur workflow presents a comprehensive list of instructions on how to (i) apply MALDI‐MSI to spatially map the N‐glycome across formalin‐fixed paraffin‐embedded (FFPE) clinical samples, (ii) structurally characterise N‐glycans extracted from consecutive FFPE tissue sections by LC/MS/MS, and (iii) match relevant N‐glycan masses from MALDI‐MSI with confirmed N‐glycan structures determined by LC/MS/MS.ConclusionsOur protocol provides groups that are new to this technique with instructions how to establish N‐glycan MALDI‐MSI in their laboratory. Furthermore, the method assigns N‐glycan structural detail to the masses obtained in the MALDI‐MS image. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Norovirus infection in primary immune deficiency
Authors: Brown Li‐An K. , Clark Ian , Brown Julianne R. , Breuer Judith , Lowe David M. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryNorovirus is acknowledged to be a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide, and its importance as a cause of chronic infection in immune deficient hosts is increasingly recognised. Current evidence suggests that a coordinated response of innate immune mechanisms, CD8+ cytotoxicity and a humoral response, with CD4+ orchestration, is necessary for norovirus clearance. We explain how primary immune deficiency impairs these host defences and predisposes to chronic infection, associated with protracted diarrhoea, weight loss, and requirement for parenteral nutrition. The mucosal villous atrophy frequently seen in norovirus infection appears to be immune mediated, suggesting that some functional immune response is required in order for chronic norovirus infection to become symptomatic in primary immune deficiency.We provide a comprehensive summary of published cases of norovirus infection in patients with primary immune deficiency. Spontaneous viral clearance has been described; however, the majority of reported cases have had prolonged and severe illness. Treatment strategies are discussed in detail. Approaches that have been tried in patients with primary immune deficiency include exclusion diets, enteral and intravenous immunoglobulins, breast milk, immunosuppressants, ribavirin, and nitazoxanide. To date, only ribavirin has been used with apparent success to achieve clearance of chronic norovirus in primary immune deficiency, and randomised controlled trials are needed to evaluate a number of promising therapies that are discussed.
Early Literacy Among Zambian Second Graders: The Role of Adult Mediation of Word Writing in Bemba
Authors: Kalindi Sylvia C. , McBride Catherine , Dan Lin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractConsidering the importance attached to writing as a life skill, this study investigated the nature and variability of adults’ aid to Zambian second graders in the context of shared writing in Bemba (first language), and the relations between this support and students’ literacy and cognitive‐metalinguistic skills. Fifty‐seven children and their caregivers were videotaped while writing word items in Bemba. To document the adults’ literate mediation (i.e., letter–sound correspondences) and print mediation (i.e., letter formation), the adult support was coded at the letter level, and demand for precision mediation (i.e., expectation for correcting writing errors) was coded at the word level. Results revealed that the adults provided diverse but mostly low‐level support for literate and print mediation dimensions. In contrast, the adults also provided high‐level support for the demand for precision dimension. Overall, adult literate support uniquely explained children's word reading and writing, including orthographic awareness and alphabet sound knowledge, and print support explained children's alphabet knowledge and orthographic awareness. Furthermore, demand for precision support was also linked to students’ word reading and phonological awareness. Thus, despite providing low‐level writing support, adult support was associated with children's literacy and language‐related skills. The results also underscore the potential importance of caregivers as literacy resources to enhance acquisition of literacy skills in an orthography and region not commonly investigated (i.e., Bemba in sub‐Saharan Africa).
First Characterization of Human Amniotic Fluid Stem Cell Extracellular Vesicles as a Powerful Paracrine Tool Endowed with Regenerative Potential
Authors: Balbi Carolina , Piccoli Martina , Barile Lucio , Papait Andrea , Armirotti Andrea , Principi Elisa , Reverberi Daniele , Pascucci Luisa , Becherini Pamela , Varesio Luigi , Mogni Massimo , Coviello Domenico , Bandiera Tiziano , Pozzobon Michela , Cancedda Ranieri , Bollini Sveva 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Human amniotic fluid stem cells (hAFS) have shown a distinct secretory profile and significant regenerative potential in several preclinical models of disease. Nevertheless, little is known about the detailed characterization of their secretome. Herein we show for the first time that hAFS actively release extracellular vesicles (EV) endowed with significant paracrine potential and regenerative effect. c-KIT+ hAFS were isolated from leftover samples of amniotic fluid from prenatal screening and stimulated to enhance EV release (24 hours 20% O2 versus 1% O2 preconditioning). The capacity of the c-KIT+ hAFS-derived EV (hAFS-EV) to induce proliferation, survival, immunomodulation, and angiogenesis were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The hAFS-EV regenerative potential was also assessed in a model of skeletal muscle atrophy (HSA-Cre, SmnF7/F7 mice), in which mouse AFS transplantation was previously shown to enhance muscle strength and survival. hAFS secreted EV ranged from 50 up to 1,000 nm in size. In vitro analysis defined their role as biological mediators of regenerative, paracrine effects while their modulatory role in decreasing skeletal muscle inflammation in vivo was shown for the first time. Hypoxic preconditioning significantly induced the enrichment of exosomes endowed with regenerative microRNAs within the hAFS-EV. In conclusion, this is the first study showing that c-KIT+ hAFS dynamically release EV endowed with remarkable paracrine potential, thus representing an appealing tool for future regenerative therapy.
Selective conjunction of context‐sensitivity and octagon domain toward scalable and precise global static analysis
Authors: Heo Kihong , Oh Hakjoo , Yi Kwangkeun 
Published: March 2017

SummaryWe present a practical technique for achieving a scalable and precise global static analysis by selectively applying context‐sensitivity and the octagon relational domain. For precise analysis, context‐sensitivity and relational analysis are key properties, but it has been hard to practically combine both of them. Our approach turns on those precision improvement features only when the analysis is likely to improve the precision to resolve given queries. The guidance comes from an impact pre‐analysis that estimates the impact of a fully context‐sensitive and relational octagon analysis. We designed a cost‐effective pre‐analysis and implemented this method in a realistic octagon analysis for full C. The experimental results show that our approach proves eight times more queries, while saving the time cost by 73.1% compared with a partially relational octagon analysis enabled by a syntactic heuristic. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The development and developmental consequences of social essentialism
Authors: Rhodes Marjorie , Mandalaywala Tara M. 
Published: March 2017

People often view certain ways of classifying people (e.g., by gender, race, or ethnicity) as reflecting real distinctions found in nature. Such categories are viewed as marking meaningful, fundamental, and informative differences between distinct kinds of people. This article examines the development of theseessentialistintuitive theories of how the social world is structured, along with the developmental consequences of these beliefs. We first examine the processes that give rise to social essentialism, arguing that essentialism emerges as children actively attempt to make sense of their environment by relying on several basic representational and explanatory biases. These developmental processes give rise to the widespread emergence of social essentialist views in early childhood, but allow for vast variability across development and cultural contexts in the precise nature of these beliefs. We then examine what is known and still to be discovered about the implications of essentialism for stereotyping, inter‐group interaction, and the development of social prejudice. We conclude with directions for future research, particularly on the theoretical payoff that could be gained by including more diverse samples of children in future developmental investigations.WIREs Cogn Sci2017, 8:e1437. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1437This article is categorized under:Psychology > Development and AgingPhilosophy > Knowledge and Belief
Downwind pre‐aligned rotors for extreme‐scale wind turbines
Authors: Loth Eric , Steele Adam , Qin Chao , Ichter Brian , Selig Michael S. , Moriarty Patrick 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDownwind force angles are small for current turbines systems (1–5 MW) such that they may be readily accommodated by conventional upwind configurations. However, analysis indicates that extreme‐scale systems (10–20 MW) will have larger angles that may benefit from downwind‐aligned configurations. To examine potential rotor mass reduction, the pre‐alignment concept was investigated a two‐bladed configuration by keeping the structural and aerodynamic characteristics of each blade fixed (to avoids a complete blade re‐design). Simulations for a 13.2 MW rated rotor at steady‐state conditions show that this concept‐level two‐bladed design may yield 25% rotor mass savings while also reducing average blade stress over all wind speeds. These results employed a pre‐alignment on the basis of a wind speed of 1.25 times the rated wind speed. The downwind pre‐aligned concept may also reduce damage equivalent loads on the blades by 60% for steady rated wind conditions. Even higher mass and damage equivalent load savings (relative to conventional upwind designs) may be possible for larger systems (15–20 MW) for which load‐alignment angles become even larger. However, much more work is needed to determine whether this concept can be translated into a practical design that must meet a wide myriad of other criteria. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Daily precipitation grids for Austria since 1961—development and evaluation of a spatial dataset for hydroclimatic monitoring and modelling
Authors: Hiebl Johann , Frei Christoph 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSpatial precipitation datasets that are long-term consistent, highly resolved and extend over several decades are an increasingly popular basis for modelling and monitoring environmental processes and planning tasks in hydrology, agriculture, energy resources management, etc. Here, we present a grid dataset of daily precipitation for Austria meant to promote such applications. It has a grid spacing of 1 km, extends back till 1961 and is continuously updated. It is constructed with the classical two-tier analysis, involving separate interpolations for mean monthly precipitation and daily relative anomalies. The former was accomplished by kriging with topographic predictors as external drift utilising 1249 stations. The latter is based on angular distance weighting and uses 523 stations. The input station network was kept largely stationary over time to avoid artefacts on long-term consistency. Example cases suggest that the new analysis is at least as plausible as previously existing datasets. Cross-validation and comparison against experimental high-resolution observations (WegenerNet) suggest that the accuracy of the dataset depends on interpretation. Users interpreting grid point values as point estimates must expect systematic overestimates for light and underestimates for heavy precipitation as well as substantial random errors. Grid point estimates are typically within a factor of 1.5 from in situ observations. Interpreting grid point values as area mean values, conditional biases are reduced and the magnitude of random errors is considerably smaller. Together with a similar dataset of temperature, the new dataset (SPARTACUS) is an interesting basis for modelling environmental processes, studying climate change impacts and monitoring the climate of Austria.
Revision of the concept of anti‐angiogenesis and its applications in tumor treatment
Authors: Yang Wen‐Hui , Xu Jun , Mu Jian‐Bing , Xie Jun 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAnti‐angiogenesis therapy, by blocking formation of new blood vessels in tumors, is the standard‐of‐care therapy for various cancer types. The classic concept of anti‐angiogenesis is expected to turn a tumor into a “dormant” disease. However, the combination of anti‐angiogenesis agents with conventional therapeutics has generally produced only modest survival benefits for cancer patients in clinical trials. Therefore, the concept and applications of anti‐angiogenesis have evolved dramatically along with lessons learned from recent clinical experience. In this article, we will discuss the revised concept of anti‐angiogenesis therapy and the applications of anti‐angiogenesis drugs, and focus particularly on how to utilize current anti‐angiogenesis agents and develop new approaches to provide more benefits to patients with cancer.
Management of breast cancer brain metastases: Focus on human epidermal growth factor receptor 2‐positive breast cancer
Authors: Yuan Peng , Gao Song‐Lin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAfter the introduction of trastuzumab, a monoclonal antibody that binds to human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), the overall survival (OS) among patients with HER2‐positive breast cancer has been substantially improved. However, among these patients, the incidence of brain metastases (BM) has been increasing and an increased proportion of them have died of intracranial progression, which makes HER2‐positive breast cancer brain metastases (BCBM) a critical issue of concern. For local control of limited BM, stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) and surgical resection are available modalities with different clinical indications. Postoperative or preoperative radiation is usually delivered in conjunction with surgical resection to boost local control. Adjuvant whole‐brain radiotherapy (WBRT) should be deferred for limited BM because of its impairment of neurocognitive function while having no benefit for OS. Although WBRT is still the standard treatment for local control of diffuse BM, SRS is a promising treatment for diffuse BM as the technique continues to improve. Although large molecules have difficulty crossing the blood brain barrier, trastuzumab‐containing regimens are critical for treating HER2‐positive BCBM patients because they significantly prolong OS. Tyrosine kinase inhibitors are more capable of crossing into the brain and they have been shown to be beneficial for treating BM in HER2‐positive patients, especially lapatinib combined with capecitabine. The antiangiogenic agent, bevacizumab, can be applied in the HER2‐positive BCBM scenario as well. In this review, we also discuss several strategies for delivering drugs into the central nervous system and several microRNAs that have the potential to become biomarkers of BCBM.
¿Qué podemos hacer como educadores ante la anticiencia y los «hechos alternativos»?: trascendiendo la era de la mentira
Authors: Sánchez-Mendiola Melchor 
Published: March 2017

Henos aquí, en el umbral de una nueva era, molestos, confusos, enojados, asustados y frustrados con lo que pasa en el mundo.