bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Longitudinal association between toenail zinc levels and the incidence of diabetes among American young adults: The CARDIA Trace Element Study
Authors: Park Jong Suk , Xun Pengcheng , Li Jing , Morris Steve J. , Jacobs David R. , Liu Kiang , He Ka 
Published: March 2016

AbstractData on primary prevention of zinc status and diabetes risk are sparse and inconsistent. Of note, the previous studies measured either dietary zinc intake with questionnaire or zinc status in serum or hair. Toenail zinc levels are reliable biomarkers of a relatively long-term exposure. A total of 3,960 American young adults, aged 20–32 years, free of diabetes at baseline in 1987 when toenail clippings were collected, were examined for incident diabetes through 2010. Toenail zinc levels were measured with an inductively-coupled-plasma mass spectroscopy method. Incident diabetes cases were identified by fasting or non-fasting plasma glucose levels, oral glucose tolerance tests, hemoglobin A1C levels, and/or antidiabetic medications. During the 23-year follow-up, 418 incident diabetes occurred. After adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, study center, body mass index, education, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, family history of diabetes, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, and other dietary and non-dietary potential confounders, the hazard ratio of incident diabetes comparing the highest to the lowest quartile of toenail zinc levels was 1.21 (95% CI: 0.90–1.63; Ptrend = 0.20). Findings from this study do not support the hypothesis that zinc status is inversely and longitudinally associated with the incidence of diabetes in American young adults.
Universal limiting shape of worn profile under multiple-mode fretting conditions: theory and experimental evidence
Authors: Dmitriev Andrey I. , Voll Lars B. , Psakhie Sergey G. , Popov Valentin L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe consider multiple-mode fretting wear in a frictional contact of elastic bodies subjected to a small-amplitude oscillation, which may include in-plane and out-of-plane translation, torsion and tilting (“periodic rolling”). While the detailed kinetics of wear depends on the particular loading history and wear mechanism, the final worn shape, under some additional conditions, occurs to be universal for all types and loading and wear mechanisms. This universal form is determined solely by the radius of the permanent stick region and the maximum indentation depth during the loading cycle. We provide experimental evidence for the correctness of the theoretically predicted limiting shape. The existence of the universal limiting shape can be used for designing joints which are resistant to fretting wear.
Mutual antagonism between hepatitis B viral mRNA and host microRNA let-7
Authors: Takata Akemi , Otsuka Motoyuki , Ohno Motoko , Kishikawa Takahiro , Yoshikawa Takeshi , Koike Kazuhiko 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe interplay between viral and host factors plays a major role in viral pathogenesis. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health problem that leads to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Although HBV proteins have been studied extensively about their implication in hepatocarcinogenesis, the molecular mechanisms of oncogenesis are still largely unknown. A recent concept in gene regulation, in which competitive endogenous RNAs compete for common microRNAs (miRNAs), suggests that mRNA targets are key elements in the regulation of miRNA availability. Here, we show that HBV mRNA in the preS2 region can be targeted by host miRNA let-7 g. This leads to the sequestration of let-7 g and inhibition of let-7 g function. The expression of HBV transcripts, including the preS2 region, de-repressed let-7 g targets, which may contribute to long-term oncogenesis. HBV transcript-expressing transgenic mice, but not non-targeted transcript-expressing mice, were more prone to chemically induced hepatoocarcinogenesis. Let-7 target protein expression was upregulated in human HCC tissues derived from HBV-infected patients. On the other hand, let-7 g inhibited HBV preS2 protein expression and viral products. These results suggest that the interplay between viral intermediate transcripts during HBV replication and host miRNAs is crucial to the pathogenesis of chronic viral infection.
Testing the relation between percentage change and baseline value
Authors: Tu Yu-Kang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTesting the relation between percentage change and baseline value has been controversial, but it is not clear why this practice may yield spurious results. In this paper, we first explained why the usual testing of the relation between percentage change and baseline value is inappropriate and then demonstrated how the appropriate null hypothesis could be formulated. We also proposed a simple procedure for testing the appropriate null hypothesis based on the assumption that when there is no relation between percentage change and baseline value, the coefficients of variation for repeated measurements of a random variable should remain unchanged. Two examples were used to demonstrate how the usual testing gave rise to misleading results, whilst results from our simple test were in general consistent with those from simulations. We also undertook simulations to investigate the impact of measurement errors on the performance of the proposed test. Results suggested the type-I error rates increased with the magnitude of measurement errors, whilst the statistical power to detect a genuine relation decreased. The usual approach to testing the relation between percentage change and baseline value tended to yield misleading results and should be avoided.
Increased resting state connectivity between ipsilesional motor cortex and contralesional premotor cortex after transcranial direct current stimulation with physical therapy
Authors: Chen Joyce L , Schlaug Gottfried 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNon-invasive stimulation of the brain using transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) during motor rehabilitation can improve the recovery of movements in individuals with stroke. However, the neural substrates that underlie the clinical improvements are not well understood. In this proof-of-principle open-label pilot study, five individuals with stroke received 10 sessions of tDCS while undergoing usual care physical/occupational therapy for the arm and hand. Motor impairment as indexed by the Upper Extremity Fugl Meyer assessment was significantly reduced after the intervention. Resting state fMRI connectivity increased between ipsilesional motor cortex and contralesional premotor cortex after the intervention. These findings provide preliminary evidence that the neural underpinnings of tDCS coupled with rehabilitation exercises, may be mediated by interactions between motor and premotor cortex. The latter, of which has been shown to play an important role in the recovery of movements post-stroke. Our data suggest premotor cortex could be tested as a target region for non-invasive brain-stimulation to enhance connectivity between regions that might be beneficial for stroke motor recovery.
Knockout of Foxp2 disrupts vocal development in mice
Authors: Castellucci Gregg A. , McGinley Matthew J. , McCormick David A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe FOXP2 gene is important for the development of proper speech motor control in humans. However, the role of the gene in general vocal behavior in other mammals, including mice, is unclear. Here, we track the vocal development of Foxp2 heterozygous knockout (Foxp2+/−) mice and their wildtype (WT) littermates from juvenile to adult ages, and observe severe abnormalities in the courtship song of Foxp2+/− mice. In comparison to their WT littermates, Foxp2+/− mice vocalized less, produced shorter syllable sequences, and possessed an abnormal syllable inventory. In addition, Foxp2+/− song also exhibited irregular rhythmic structure, and its development did not follow the consistent trajectories observed in WT vocalizations. These results demonstrate that the Foxp2 gene is critical for normal vocal behavior in juvenile and adult mice, and that Foxp2 mutant mice may provide a tractable model system for the study of the gene’s role in general vocal motor control.
Biotic homogenization can decrease landscape-scale forest multifunctionality
Authors: van der Plas Fons , Manning Pete , Soliveres Santiago , Allan Eric , Scherer-Lorenzen Michael , Verheyen Kris , Wirth Christian , Zavala Miguel A. , Ampoorter Evy , Baeten Lander , Barbaro Luc , Bauhus Jürgen , Benavides Raquel , Benneter Adam , Bonal Damien , Bouriaud Olivier , Bruelheide Helge , Bussotti Filippo , Carnol Monique , Castagneyrol Bastien , Charbonnier Yohan , Coomes David Anthony , Coppi Andrea , Bastias Cristina C. , Dawud Seid Muhie , De Wandeler Hans , Domisch Timo , Finér Leena , Gessler Arthur , Granier André , Grossiord Charlotte , Guyot Virginie , Hättenschwiler Stephan , Jactel Hervé , Jaroszewicz Bogdan , Joly François-xavier , Jucker Tommaso , Koricheva Julia , Milligan Harriet , Mueller Sandra , Muys Bart , Nguyen Diem , Pollastrini Martina , Ratcliffe Sophia , Raulund-Rasmussen Karsten , Selvi Federico , Stenlid Jan , Valladares Fernando , Vesterdal Lars , Zielínski Dawid , Fischer Markus 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Numerous studies have demonstrated the importance of biodiversity in maintaining multiple ecosystem functions and services (multifunctionality) at local spatial scales, but it is unknown whether similar relationships are found at larger spatial scales in real-world landscapes. Here, we show, for the first time to our knowledge, that biodiversity can also be important for multifunctionality at larger spatial scales in European forest landscapes. Both high local (α-) diversity and a high turnover in species composition between locations (high β-diversity) were found to be potentially important drivers of ecosystem multifunctionality. Our study provides evidence that it is important to conserve the landscape-scale biodiversity that is being eroded by biotic homogenization if ecosystem multifunctionality is to be maintained.
Hydrogen embrittlement in bearing steels
Authors: Alexander Stopher Miles , Rivera-Diaz-del-Castillo Pedro E. J. 
Published: March 2016

Hydrogen embrittlement is, and has been for over a century, a prominent issue within many sectors of industry. Despite this, the mechanisms by which hydrogen embrittlement occur and the suitable means for its prevention are yet to be fully established. Hydrogen embrittlement is becoming an ever more pertinent issue. This has led to a considerable demand for novel hydrogen embrittlement-resistant alloys, notably within the bearings industry. This paper provides an overview of the literature surrounding hydrogen embrittlement in bearing steels, and the means by which manufacturers may optimise alloys and accompanying processes to prevent embrittlement. Notably, novel steels combining both high strength and hydrogen embrittlement resistance are reviewed with respect to their design, evaluation methods and required future work. This paper is part of a Themed Issue on Recent developments in bearing steels.
Evaluation of Reproductive Status in Atlantic Tripletail by Traditional and Nonlethal Approaches
Authors: Parr R. T. , Jennings C. A. , Denslow N. D. , Kroll K. J. , Bringolf R. B. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Reproductive biology information is an important tool for fishery management actions such as the identification of spawning areas and the development of protective size limits, bag limits, and seasons. Such information for the management of Atlantic Tripletail Lobotes surinamensis is currently limited, particularly in the western Atlantic Ocean, as information regarding the reproductive biology of this species is sparse in the published literature. To this end, we determined the reproductive status of tripletail and compared the results of a nonlethal sampling method, plasma vitellogenin (VTG) analysis, with those of two traditional (lethal) methods, gonadosomatic index (GSI) and gonad histology. A total of 223 (122 male and 101 female) tripletail were sampled over 2 years near Jekyll Island, Georgia. Gonad histology indicated that 107 (94%) of the male tripletail were in the spawning-capable reproductive phase. Female tripletail were found in all reproductive phases, but only nine (8.9%) were in the spawning-capable phase. Plasma VTG was strongly related to GSI in females (R2 = 0.832, n = 77), and female GSI differed significantly among reproductive phases (p &lt; 0.0001). The estimated length at which 50% (L50) of female tripletail reached maturity was 463 mm; however, the L50 for male tripletail could not be determined because of the lack of immature fish within the study sample. Our study provides valuable information for the management of tripletail and indicates that a nonlethal approach (plasma VTG) may be useful for differentiating developing and spawning-capable females from males and from females in other reproductive phases.
Received July 21, 2015; accepted December 14, 2015
Fertility preservation in primary brain tumor patients
Authors: Stone Jacqueline B. , Kelvin Joanne F. , DeAngelis Lisa M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Background
Fertility preservation (FP) is an infrequently addressed issue for young adults with primary brain tumors. Given the improved prognosis and enhanced technology in reproductive medicine, more primary brain tumor patients see procreation as feasible, making the discussion of FP increasingly important. The goals of this study were to describe patients who received FP counseling by a fertility nurse specialist (FNS) and determine which sociodemographic and disease-related factors predict acceptance of referral to a reproductive specialist.

Methods
Institutional review board-approved retrospective review of primary brain tumor patients, ages 18 to 45, who were referred for FP counseling with a FNS from 2009 to 2013.

Results
Seventy patients were referred for FP counseling: 38 men, 32 women, with a median age of 32 years and median KPS of 90. Eighty-nine percent had gliomas; 58% grade III, 17% grade IV. Sixty-seven percent were referred for counseling at initial diagnosis. Of those referred, 73% accepted referral to a sperm bank (87% of men) or reproductive endocrinologist (56% of women). Patients were more likely to accept referral if they had no prior children (P = .048). There was no statistically significant difference in referral acceptance by age, race/ethnicity, marital status, religion, or tumor grade. After treatment, 3 men conceived naturally, 2 men conceived using banked sperm, and 2 women conceived naturally.

Conclusions
Despite the historically poor prognosis of patients with primary brain tumors, there is significant interest in FP among these patients, particularly if they have no prior children. Clinicians should develop strategies to incorporate FP counseling into practice.
Dahe Qin: time is limited to curb global warming
Authors: Wang Ling , Zhou Zhonghe 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The landmark international accord reached in the UN climate meeting in Paris last December stipulates the goal of limiting global warming to less than 2°C by 2100. This goal has a solid scientific basis, defined after intensive global research by scientists of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) through modeling future landscapes under different global warming scenarios, showing that 2°C of global warming is the upper limit for maintaining a sustainable Earth. Dahe Qin, an Academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Co-Chair of IPCC Working Group, has participated in climate change research for more than two decades, and knows very well the consequences of 2°C warming. In a recent interview with NSR, Qin says quite clearly, ‘Since time is limited for us to halt global warming, to achieve the rosy 2°C target, we must decrease human-produced green-house gas emissions by 40%–70% by 2050, as compared to levels from 2010, and zero (additional) emissions by 2100. This goal is unlikely to be achieved in the high-carbon emission scenario’. Currently, Qin is busy preparing the IPCC 6th Assessment Report (AR6) of IPCC with other scientists to be released in 2022. He indicates that the AR6 report will propose ‘Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs)’ that emphasize the local effects of global warming, and bring out constructive and specific recommendations for each area and country to deal with the threat and to maintain sustainable development.
The Civil Rights Movement
Authors: McAdam Doug 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter offers a critical survey of extant scholarship on the civil rights movement. It highlights topics, organizations, and specific figures and campaigns that have been extensively studied, while also calling attention to other aspects of, or persons or groups in, the movement that have received much less scholarly attention. The piece ends with an extended section on what the author terms “silences, holes, and biases” in the literature on this most important of American social movements. More specifically the author calls for a temporal and geographic broadening of research on the African American freedom struggle, more attention to black activism within a host of institutions (e.g. schools, workplaces, cultural institutions), and increased research on the dynamics of white resistance to collective political action by African Americans.
British Women Wanted
Authors: Free Melissa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis essay brings together three areas that until fairly recently had received scant attention from scholars of the British Empire: female emigration, ‘white settler colonies’, and emigration literature. In particular, it examines the generic innovations of Olive Schreiner, H. Rider Haggard, and Gertrude Page, the former a self-identified ‘English South African’ and the latter two authorial informants, British authors who spent time in southern Africa and wrote about the region as insiders. These writers, I argue, bolstered female, even feminist, subjectivity through generic innovation that is an effect of the translocal. Employing new fictional forms—the New Woman novel, the female colonial romance, and the empire romance—to solve markedly gendered problems, they not only imagine new spaces for settler women beyond the matrimonial and the maternal; they also anticipate generic developments generally associated with the metropole.
Identifying Dietary Variability in Southern Australia from Scarce Remains
Authors: Littleton Judith , Scott Rachel M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Human remains are scarce in Australian archaeology, partly due to the nature of hunter-gatherer burials, as they are rarely found in concentrated numbers. These constraints have limited studies of diet, which have relied rather on the rich ethnographic and archaeological records. The relatively few direct observations of dental remains have emphasized the abrasive nature of the diet that caused a pattern of severe dental attrition, common in many hunter-gatherer groups. The results also point to variability between groups living in close proximity. To better understand the extent of dietary variation, we analysed the dental pathology and microwear features amongst two neighbouring groups of human remains in South Australia, examining the extent of heterogeneity within and between these populations. In doing so, we identified two potential confounders to analysis of diet from human dental remains: the nature of the sample itself and the extent of non-masticatory use of teeth.
Bananas
Authors: Castillo Cristina , Fuller Dorian Q. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The banana (Musa) is one of the world’s most important crops and the most valuable fruit in the global market. In the search for varieties that are more pest- and disease-resistant plant breeders are increasingly looking to the wild progenitors,—as understanding its evolution is key to genetic improvement. The banana was also an important economic crop in prehistory although it is difficult to track its history of domestication and evolution due to preservation issues, the lack of reliable species identification criteria and limited archaeological evidence. Just two archaeobotanical studies of macro-remains and phytoliths, in New Guinea and Cameroon, have provided reliable identifications and interpretations to help our understanding of the origins and evolution of the banana. But to track the spread and growing importance of this plant in the diet, across the tropics and through time, we need to combine information drawn from botany, genetics, linguistics and archaeology.
Peculiar lapse of periodic eclipsing event at low-mass X-ray binary
GRS 1747−312 during Suzaku observation in 2009
Authors: Saji Shigetaka , Mori Hideyuki , Matsumoto Hironori , Dotani Tadayasu , Iwai Masachika , Maeda Yoshitomo , Mitsuishi Ikuyuki , Ozaki Masanobu , Tawara Yuzuru 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
GRS 1747−312 is a neutron star low-mass X-ray binary in the globular cluster Terzan 6, located at a distance of 9.5 kpc from the Earth. During its outbursts, periodic eclipses were known to occur. Observations for the outbursts were performed with Chandra in 2004 and Swift in 2013. XMM-Newton observed its quiescent state in 2004. In addition, when Suzaku observed it in 2009 as a part of Galactic center mapping observations, GRS 1747−312 was found to be in a low-luminosity state with Lx ∼ 1.2 × 1035 erg s−1. All of the observations except for XMM-Newton included the time of the eclipses predicted. We analyzed archival data of these observations. During the Chandra and Swift observations, we found clear flux decreases at the expected time of the eclipses. During the Suzaku observation, however, there were no clear signs for the predicted eclipses. The lapse of the predicted eclipses during the Suzaku observation can be explained by a contaminant source quite close to GRS 1747−312. When GRS 1747−312 is in the quiescent state, we observe X-rays from the contaminant source rather than from GRS 1747−312. However, we have no clear evidence for the contaminant source in our data. The lapse might also be explained by thick material (NH &gt; 1024 cm−2) between the neutron star and the companion star, though the origin of the thick material is not clear.