bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effect of fluctuating temperature and humidity, and aeration, on population growth of Acarus siro (L.) near the surface of a grain bulk.
Authors: Dunn J. A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The effect of fluctuating temperature and relative humidity with and without intermittent aeration on the productivity of A. siro was tested on the surface of a 250-tonne bulk of grain. Four pipes were inserted into the grain bulk. Two of the pipes had open bases and were therefore subject to the processes of aeration (i.e. airflow, cooling etc.), whereas the other two had their bases sealed. Each pipe contained mites held within nylon-mesh bags. Ten bags were removed from each of these pipes at intervals of 1008 h (every sixth week) from 18 October 1999 until 15 May 2000. A total of 482 h of low-volume cooling, controlled by set-point thermostats, was operated during the colder winter months. The number of A. siro mites at each life stage was determined by flotation analysis and light microscopy. The results showed that during those intervals when there was most aeration for cooling (141 and 284 h) or aeration for drying (18 h) there was a significant decrease in the productivity of mites in the aerated pipes. Differences were not significant when the aeration for cooling was shorter (9 and 29 h). Temperature, relative humidity and moisture content also affected mite productivity. A rise in temperature, relative humidity and/or moisture content increased the total mite productivity, whereas a decrease in temperature, relative humidity and/or moisture content decreased total mite productivity. However, there was often an interaction between these variables.
Development of a rapid immunoassay for the detection of storage mite pests in cereals.
Authors: Dunn J. A. , Danks C. , Thind B. B. , Banks J. N. , Chambers J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The detection of mites in grain and its derivatives by sampling and sieving is very subjective and dependent on the operator. Present alternatives are expensive or time-consuming, and do not lend themselves to "real-time" measurement or field application. To overcome this problem, we are investigating the potential of immunoassays. In this paper, we report for the first time on the sensitivity of an existing antibody to live and dead adult mites, to their different life stages and to their faeces. To overcome a lack of sensitivity in the presence of grain, we have raised new antibodies by a careful screening programme, using Acarus siro as the model species. These antibodies show very promising sensitivity and selectivity even in the presence of grain.
Space requirements of Cheyletus eruditus (Schrank) and Cheyletus malaccensis Oudemans (Acarina: Cheyletidae).
Authors: Z'dárková E. , Horák P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Two species of predatory mite, C. eruditus and C. malaccensis, are used for the biological control of stored food mites. They are mass-reared on lettuce seed together with their prey, Acarus siro, for application in food stores. In 100 g samples of seed, there can be as many as 2000 specimens of Cheyletus sp. In an attempt to improve the culture technique, we first determined the space demands of the two predatory mites by testing them in areas of 5, 20 and 78 cm2: both species grew more numerous in the bigger space. Lettuce seed proved to be a better rearing medium than wheatgerm. Many heteromorphic males appeared in the population of C. malaccensis, regardless of the space. The maximum number of specimens per cm2 was almost identical in both species: 37.1 and 36.5 specimens/cm2 for C. eruditus and C. malaccensis, respectively. Only C. malaccensis produced heteromorphic males, with different lengths of the pedipalps; no heteromorphic males were observed in C. eruditus. The number of original virgin females influenced the number of mites in the final population. Our results can be used for perfecting mass rearing techniques for these predators.
Physical and ecological changes in insect- and fungus-induced hotspots.
Authors: Cook D. A. , Armitage D. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Insect- and fungus-induced hotspots were observed during 1999-2001 in field trials conducted in the UK. The insect-induced hotspot (dry grain heating) occurred in an unaerated section of a 250-tonne bulk of wheat, with a free-roaming infestation of Sitophilus granarius and Oryzaephilus surinamensis of 1 insect per 2 kg grain. Sprouting at the surface was observed in December after 12 weeks. This grain heated to 40°C at 0.5 m depth. The lateral profile showed heating spreading to 1.4 m from the core, where temperatures remained at the bulk temperature of 12°C. The heating was accompanied by a sharp 60-fold increase in O. surinamensis caught in one trap on the hotspot periphery between weeks 9 and 13. The hotspot was monitored and then cooled, using an aeration spear, four weeks later. Incubation of samples and trap records suggest a succession of species responsible for hotspot formation, starting with S. granarius as the catalyst. Fungus-induced heating (damp grain heating) occurred in unventilated wheat at 19% moisture content (m.c.), which gradually increased from 20 to nearly 30°C in two months; in wheat at 24% m.c., which rose from 25 to over 50°C in eight days; and in barley at 19% m.c., which heated from about 22 to above 40°C in five weeks. The principal fungi detected were Eurotium spp., Wallemia sebi and Penicillium spp. including P. verrucosum, with ochratoxin A being detected after heating on wheat at 24% m.c. and barley at 19% m.c. These observations have relevance in the context of grain being held before drying due to harvest backlogs and point to the importance of aeration.
Kinetics of diatomaceous earth (Fossil-Shield®) uptake by Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).
Authors: Prasantha B. D. R. , Reichmuth C. , Strumpf T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Fossil-Shield is an industrial diatomaceous earth (DE) which is recommended for grain and surface applications. C. maculatus, the cowpea weevil, picks up the DE particles as it moves through the dust-treated grains. Mn+2 ion was used as a tracer element to detect the amount of DE accumulation on the bodies of male and female insects over 4 days at dosages of 500, 1000 and 2000 mg/kg. The amount of Mn+2 in the accumulated DE was analysed by inductively coupled plasma spectrometry (ICP). Before the Mn+2 was used as a tracer, the natural Mn+2 content of the insects' bodies was evaluated. The kinetics of DE uptake were analysed using three different types of kinetics models. The kinetics of Fossil-Shield uptake by a cowpea weevil can be determined more precisely by using the two compartment model than by using the one- or three-compartment models. Therefore, it can be concluded that DE uptake occurs as a two-site reaction. First, pick-up and loss happens quite rapidly. Second, picked-up DE particles are incorporated into the cuticle lipid layer. It is also significant that Fossil-Shield is effectively adherent to mung bean kernels to about 90% (wt/wt).
The granary weevil Sitophilus granarius is suppressed by the parasitoid Lariophagus distinguendus Förster (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae).
Authors: Reppchen A. , Schöller M. , Prozell S. , Adler C. , Reichmuth C. , Steidle J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The pteromalid wasp L. distinguendus is a promising candidate for the biological control of S. granarius and other stored product pest beetles. Therefore, the ability of L. distinguendus to suppress population growth of S. granarius was examined over a period of 7 months. Ten female weevils were released in glass jars containing 2 kg of wheat. For 5 weeks, 0, 2, 5, 10, 20 or 50 parasitoids were added to the jars weekly and the numbers of weevils emerging were counted after 12, 16, 20, 24 and 28 weeks. Regardless of the number of parasitoids added, the population size of S. granarius was reduced in the presence of L. distinguendus by 79-94% over the whole period. This indicates that L. distinguendus is able to significantly suppress the population growth of stored product pest weevils.
Screening of North American species of Trichogramma Westwood (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) for control of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Authors: Schöller M. , Fields P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Information on Nearctic Trichogramma species was compiled to find candidates for the biological control of stored product moths, especially the Indian meal moth P. interpunctella. We evaluated experimentally 4 species of Trichogramma native to North America: T. deion, T. minutum (2 strains), T. pretiosum (2 strains), T. sibiricum, and the Palaearctic introduction T. brassicae as candidates. Previous studies indicated that the Indian meal moth is least-preferred among the stored-product moths, so we used this species as target host. We performed the indirect Hassan-test for host preference between the mass-rearing host Ephestia kuehniella and the target host P. interpunctella at 15°C. The preparation of Trichogramma spp. in Canada balsam is described.
The use of light traps for attracting stored-product insects in a rice mill and paddy seed stores.
Authors: Nualvatna K. , Makathan N. , Chavapradit C. , Kitkuandee K. , Uraichuan J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Studies on the use of light traps for attracting stored product insects were conducted in a rice mill and in paddy seed stores. In these stores the light traps were placed near the products. Light traps with 6 W blacklight-blue alone could effectively attract Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), maize weevil (Sitophilus zeamais) and red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). When the light traps with blacklight-blue, fluorescent lamps, green colour incandescent lamps, and blacklight lamps were operated simultaneously in a store containing paddy seeds, there was no significant difference between these three kinds of light in attracting maize weevil, but Angoumois grain moth was attracted more to blacklight-blue and blacklight than to the green incandescent lamp. The lesser grain borer preferred the blacklight to the blacklight-blue and the green incandescent lamps. In the experiments, only adult insects were caught in the traps.
Learning from museums - IPM in practice.
Authors: Pinniger D. , Child B. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) has been adopted and has achieved considerable success in the heritage sector. Museums, archives and historic houses are vulnerable to the ravages of insect pests. In the past, regular treatments with residual toxicants and fumigants such as methyl bromide and ethylene oxide were used to control pests and protect objects from their attack. Museum staff recognized the risk of chemical contamination and damage to objects, and developed alternative strategies for preventing and controlling pests. The key to successful IPM in the heritage sector is a pest monitoring programme using insect traps. In addition, a high standard of housekeeping is as important to the heritage sector as to the food industry. IPM programmes have produced marked improvements in environments and care of collections as an added bonus to pest prevention. The most important contribution by the museum world to IPM has been in the development of alternatives to fumigation. Low temperature regimes are now widely used by many museums around the world for treatment of textiles, natural history specimens and ethnographic material. High temperature regimes have been developed using sophisticated humidity-controlled chambers or simple solar hot boxes. Successful carbon dioxide treatments have been carried out, often on large and difficult objects. The safest treatment for objects and staff is nitrogen anoxia using both cylinder nitrogen and oxygen scavengers. The heritage sector has demonstrated that IPM programmes enable collections and buildings to be cared for in ways that are both safe and effective. An added bonus in times of restricted budgets is that IPM programmes make much more effective use of limited human and cash resources.
Evaluation of a multi-attractant lure on the capture of several stored-product beetle species.
Authors: Athanassiou C. G. , Kavallieratos N. G. , Eliopoulos P. A. , Palyvos N. E. , Casagrande E. , Buchelos C. T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The introduction of a multi-attractant lure (a mixture of natural plant extracts) inside perforated traps (pitfall lure) was assessed for its efficiency in trapping Coleoptera adults infesting stored cereals. The experiments were carried out in two horizontal-type store rooms located in Central Greece. The first store room contained bulked wheat; control traps and traps containing the attractant at levels of 100, 200 and 500 mg were placed just below the grain surface, in five replicates. The second store room contained bulked maize, and the attractant levels examined were 500, 1000 and 2000 mg. The traps were inspected for captured insects at weekly intervals for nine weeks. On each trap-check date, grain samples were taken adjacent to the trapping location; these samples were also examined for insects. In the first store room the most abundant beetle species were Tribolium castaneum, Tribolium confusum, Oryzaephilus surinamensis and Rhyzopertha dominica. Significantly more adults were found in the traps than as the samples for T. castaneum, T. confusum and O. surinamensis. Generally, more adults were found in the traps containing 500 mg of the attractant, except on a few occasions, but no significant differences were recorded between levels. Additionally, after the third week, captures were not significantly different from the control traps. On the other hand, for R. dominica the samples contained similar adult numbers to the traps, despite the use of the attractant. In the second store room, the most abundant species were Sitophilus oryzae, O. surinamensis and R. dominica. As above, significant differences in species abundance were recorded among treatments, with the exception of R. dominica. Traps holding 1000 mg and 2000 mg of attractant contained significantly more S. oryzae and O. surinamensis adults, compared to the control traps and traps with 500 mg.
Dominance and frequency of predatory mites in stored products in Greece.
Authors: Eliopoulos P. A. , Athanassiou C. G. , Palyvos N. E. , Stathas G. J. , Buchelos C. T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

During a two-year (1999-2000) survey of the mite fauna of stored products in Greece, predatory mites were collected from various stored products from different localities. The survey was conducted on grains (wheat, maize, oats, barley), flour (wheat, maize), legumes and dried fruits (figs, raisins, sultanas) stored in varying quantities in different types of storage facilities, such as large concrete silos, warehouses, flat granaries, farm stores, flour mills and household premises. The greatest presence of predatory mites was recorded in grain. Fourteen taxa of predatory mites, belonging to two orders and six families, were recorded. The most abundant and frequent species was Cheyletus malaccensis, followed in decreasing order by Blattisocius keegani, Cheyletus eruditus, Acaropsis docta [Acaropsellina docta] and Blattisocius tarsalis. Differences in composition of predatory mite fauna among product categories were also noted.
Degradation of insect myosin affects reliability of ELISA test for internal insect infestation of wheat.
Authors: Atui M. B. , Flinn P. W. , Lazzari F. A. , Lazzari S. M. N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Current tests for assessing insect contamination in stored grain and milled products are based on insect fragment counts. These procedures have a certain degree of subjectivity, are time consuming, require highly trained personnel, and are relatively expensive. The ELISA test is a novel tool for detecting insects and their fragments inside the kernels or in flours. The method is based on the immuno-diagnostic assay of insect muscle myosin. However, myosin tends to degrade after the insect dies. Therefore, the aim of this research is to measure myosin degradation in flour samples over a period of time and to evaluate the efficiency of ELISA in detecting decreasing amounts of this muscle protein. Testing was carried out using flour samples obtained from 1500 g of wheat kernels, some of which were infected with Rhyzopertha dominica larvae. The samples were kept at room temperature (24°C) for 32 days. At the beginning of the study (day 1), insect myosin concentration in the samples averaged 3.3 ng/well. At the end (day 32) the concentration had decreased to an average of 2.3 ng/well. The study showed that the ELISA methodology is appropriate for measuring myosin content in flour samples, which results from the presence of insect muscle fragments in the kernels. Equations were developed to predict the original amount of myosin in the samples, based on time and temperature. Although the test is sensitive to small amounts of myosin, it is best to process samples within one week of milling, or to freeze the samples if they cannot be processed within a week. Further studies are needed to improve this methodology and to develop specific ELISA kits for the main stored-insect species.
Phenology and spatial analysis of some Coleoptera infesting a feed mill.
Authors: Trematerra P. , Sciarretta A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Stored-product Coleoptera were collected by food-bait traps on the ground floor of a feed mill in Central Italy. A total of 3396 beetles were found during the one-year (2000-2001) survey; a more abundant presence of specimens occurred in July and August, whereas a lesser presence was observed during February and March. The species and specimen numbers collected were different at different trap sites and changed according to the sites. Tribolium confusum, was the most abundant and widespread insect, followed by Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Tribolium castaneum, Attagenus brunneus, Sitophilus oryzae, and Stegobium paniceum. Large catches of O. surinamensis, T. castaneum, and T. confusum allowed us to tabulate monthly trap catches for the different areas of the feed mill. Comparisons of the spatiotemporal dynamics of these pests suggest that the populations were segregated in both space and time. The spatial and temporal distributions are strongly affected by such factors as food availability, processing practices, temperature conditions in different premises, and interaction among species.
Oviposition response of the Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) to food oil constituents.
Authors: Nansen C. , Phillips T. W. , Dillwith J. W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

We present data from an ongoing study on the oviposition response of P. interpunctella to food oils. The following questions were addressed: (1) are different food oils equally attractive to ovipositing P. interpunctella females? (2) What is the lowest oil dosage applied to wheat kernels which will to elicit a positive oviposition response by P. interpunctella females? (3) Which chemical fraction of the food oil seems to generate the positive oviposition response? Food oils were applied to whole wheat kernels and used as oviposition baits. In nine-choice experiments with one control oviposition bait (plain wheat kernels) and eight oviposition baits in which wheat was treated with food oils, P. interpunctella females showed a positive oviposition response to walnut oil. A subsequent dosage response experiment revealed that P. interpunctella females responded positively to oil dosages as low as 0.025 µl walnut oil per 1 g wheat kernel. Based on acid-base fractionation and thin layer chromatography, we demonstrated that the positive oviposition response to walnut oil by P. interpunctella females was mainly attributed to the free fatty acid complex. Identification of compounds that are attractive to P. interpunctella females may be used to develop trapping devices for the moths, and such traps could be used, for instance, for mass trapping and in lure-and-kill approaches (combining the attracting agent with pathogens or pesticides).
Attracticide for control of Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae).
Authors: Nansen C. , Phillips T. W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

In the present study, we evaluated attracticides using the Last Call CM gel as a carrier for varying concentrations of permethrin and the main compound of the female-produced pheromone [(Z,E)-9,12-tetradecadienyl acetate (Z9,E12-14:Oac), here referred to as ZETA]. A toxicity trial showed that even subtle contact of P. interpunctella males with attracticidal gel containing 3-18% permethrin caused a significant reduction in mating and killed male moths within 24 h. Upwind flight studies in a wind tunnel showed that male flight response to the attracticidal gel was significantly lower when the ZETA concentration was 0.32% compared to 0.16%, but P. interpunctella males showed no signs of repellency to permethrin concentration within a range of 0-18%. Hence, we recommend the use of 18% permethrin as this will reduce the likelihood of sublethal poisoning of males. From studies in semi-realistic warehouses, we conclude that the attracticidal gel may provide efficient control when used in environments in which the moth density is still at a low level.
The effectiveness of different methods of detecting and enumerating insects in stored grain.
Authors: Couldridge C. , Wilkin R. , Knight J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficiency of PC (pitfall cone) and Trécé Probe II traps for monitoring Sitophilus granarius were compared to conventional spear sampling. The work was carried out under laboratory conditions at 10, 15, 20 and 27°C. The efficiency of the traps was estimated by calculating the proportion of weevils trapped in each test bin from a known population density, to improve trap catch interpretation in farm and commercial grain stores in the UK. The results showed that both types of trap in small bins at 1 per kg are more than 20 times more effective at detecting S. granarius adults than conventional spear sampling techniques. A significant negative relationship between probe trap catch and temperature was observed in the larger bins. The high probe trap catches at 10 and 15°C were attributed to the movement of weevils deeper into the grain bulk where conditions were more favourable for survival. The opposite relationship was observed in the 500-kg bins and this was attributed to differences in the distribution of weevils. PC traps showed no significant correlation between temperature and trap catch in either bin type. However, surface PC traps caught consistently more weevils than pitfall traps buried 15 cm deep, except in the small bins at 27°C, in which weevils started to reproduce after six weeks. The results of the experiment have contributed to our knowledge of how temperature affects trap catch. The need for continued work in larger bulks of grain is highlighted.