bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Design and performance evaluation of a novel ion funnel driven by a phase‐modulated rectangular wave
Authors: Xu Hualei , Zhang Xiaohua , Wang Yuzhuo , Ling Xing , Tian Di 
Published: March 2016

RationaleThe ion funnel has proven to be an important ion transport device. It is used in mass spectrometry as a replacement for the ion transmission limited skimmer. However, conventional out‐of‐phase radiofrequency (RF) supply approaches inevitably produce potential barriers, decreasing transmission efficiency. A novel RF supply method is proposed that produces better transmission performance.MethodsWe designed an ion funnel driven by a phase‐modulated rectangular wave (PMRW). The potential field distributions of the PMRW ion funnel and a conventional ion funnel were computer simulated to evaluate their focusing properties. A series of simulations were produced using the SIMION ion‐optics simulation program to compare the transmission efficiency of the two types of funnel. Preliminary experimental results were obtained using an electrospray ionization mass spectrometry platform with polypropylene glycol, propylamine and butylamine samples.ResultsThe electrical potential distribution of a PMRW ion funnel has a bowl shape at the cross section of the electrodes, rather than in the field‐free region; this benefits focusing performance. A comparison of ion trajectories and flight time data produced by the SIMION simulations showed that the potential barrier did not exist in the PMRW mode. The experimental results showed that the PMRW method increased the signal intensity by 150–200% for propylamine and butylamine and 50% for polypropylene glycol.ConclusionsA novel PMRW ion funnel has been designed and developed. The simulation and experimental results indicate that the PMRW ion funnel has better transmission efficiency than the conventional ion funnel, particularly for low mass‐to‐charge ratio ions.
Towards matrix‐free femtosecond‐laser desorption mass spectrometry for in situ space research
Authors: Moreno‐García Pavel , Grimaudo Valentine , Riedo Andreas , Tulej Marek , Wurz Peter , Broekmann Peter 
Published: March 2016

RationaleThere is an increasing interest in the quest for low molecular weight biomarkers that can be studied on extra‐terrestrial objects by direct laser desorption mass spectrometry (LD‐MS). Although molecular structure investigations have recently been carried out by direct LD‐MS approaches, there is still a lack of suitable instruments for implementation on a spacecraft due to weight, size and power consumption demands. In this contribution we demonstrate the feasibility of LD‐MS structural analysis of molecular species by a miniature laser desorption–ionization mass spectrometer (instrument name LMS) originally designed for in situ elemental and isotope analysis of solids in space research.MethodsDirect LD‐MS studies with molecular resolution were carried out by means of a Laser Ablation/Ionization Mass Spectrometry (LIMS) technique. Two polymer samples served as model systems: neutral polyethylene glycol (PEG) and cationic polymerizates of imidazole and epichlorohydrin (IMEP). Optimal conditions for molecular fragmentation could be identified for both polymers by tuning the laser energy and the instrument‐sample distance.ResultsPEG and IMEP polymers show sufficient stability over a relatively wide laser energy range. Under mild LD conditions only moderate fragmentation of the polymers takes place so that valuable structural characterization based on fragment ions can be achieved. As the applied laser pulse energy rises, the abundance of fragment ions increases, reaches a plateau and subsequently drops down due to more severe fragmentation and atomization of the polymers. At this final stage, usually referred to as laser ablation, only elemental/isotope analysis can be achieved.ConclusionsOur investigations demonstrate the versatility of the LMS instrument that can be tuned to favourable laser desorption conditions that successfully meet molecule‐specific requirements and deliver abundant fragment ion signals with detailed structural information. Overall, the results show promise for use in similar studies on planetary surfaces beyond Earth where no or minimal sample preparation is essential. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Metabolic profiling of new synthetic cannabinoids AMB and 5F‐AMB by human hepatocyte and liver microsome incubations and high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Andersson Maria , Diao Xingxing , Wohlfarth Ariane , Scheidweiler Karl B. , Huestis Marilyn A. 
Published: March 2016

RationaleAMB (methyl (1‐pentyl‐1H‐indazole‐3‐carbonyl)‐L‐valinate)) and its fluoro analog 5F‐AMB (methyl (1‐(5‐fluoropentyl)‐1H‐indazole‐3‐carbonyl)‐L‐valinate) are two new synthetic cannabinoids that are structural analogs of AB‐PINACA and 5F‐AB‐PINACA, respectively. 5F‐AMB is scheduled as an illicit drug in China, Germany, Singapore and Japan, and no metabolism data are currently available for either drug. The aim of the present work was to investigate the metabolism of AMB and 5F‐AMB and propose appropriate markers to identify their intake in clinical or forensic cases.MethodsAMB and 5F‐AMB were incubated in human hepatocytes (10 μmol/L) to generate phase I and II metabolites, which were identified with a TripleTOF 5600+ high‐resolution mass spectrometer. AMB and 5F‐AMB metabolic stability studies also were performed with human liver microsomes (HLM) to evaluate metabolic clearances, and to adequately design the human hepatocyte experiment.ResultsAMB and 5F‐AMB were quickly metabolized in HLM with a 1.1 ± 0.1 and 1.0 ± 0.2min T1/2, respectively. The predominant metabolic pathway for AMB and 5F‐AMB in hepatocytes was ester hydrolysis, and further oxidation and/or glucuronidation. In total, 19 metabolites were identified for AMB and 17 for 5F‐AMB. We describe metabolites to differentiate AMB from 5F‐AMB, and metabolites that are common to both analytes due to oxidative defluorination of 5F‐AMB.ConclusionsFor the first time, AMB and 5F‐AMB metabolism profiles were characterized, providing valuable data for identifying these two novel psychoactive substances. The difficulties of differentiating AMB and 5F‐AMB from AB‐PINACA/5F‐AB‐PINACA metabolites also were examined. These data improve the interpretation of urinary markers after AMB and 5F‐AMB intake. Published in 2016. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA
Identity‐based key management for cloud computing
Authors: Zhu Hong , Mei Zhuolin , Xie Meiyi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecently, cloud computing has drawn much attention from research and industrial communities. With adoption of cloud computing, data providers can reap huge economic benefits by outsourcing their data to cloud. Because of serious privacy concerns, sensitive data should be encrypted before being outsourced. In order to share the encrypted and outsourced data, data providers need to distribute different keys to legal users. Thus, in the scenario of multiple data providers, a legal user may receive lots of keys from different providers and suffer from heavy burden from key management. In this paper, we proposed an identity‐based key management scheme, which can let a legal user only maintain a single root key regardless of the number of data providers. Based on the root key, a legal user can derive different resource keys to decrypt ciphertexts from different data providers. With the help of outsourcing decryption technique, a legal user could reduce the decryption overhead by outsourcing some decryption work to cloud. We proofed the correctness and analyzed the security of the proposed scheme, further implemented the proposed scheme, and conducted extensive experiments. The results demonstrate the efficiency and practicality of our scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Catalysis of Cycloaddition of Carbon Dioxide and Epoxides Using a Bifunctional Schiff Base Iron(III) Catalyst
Authors: Al‐Qaisi Feda'a M. , Nieger Martin , Kemell Marianna L. , Repo Timo J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCyclic carbonates are solvents with high boiling points and low toxicity. For synthesis of cyclic carbonates we report on bifunctional Schiff base iron(III) complex for catalytic coupling reaction of propylene oxide and CO2. Due to the presence of two imidazole groups in the ligand framework it facilitates the coupling reaction in the absence of co‐catalyst with good activity reaching TON value 225 within 4 h. Among various solvents used, the catalyst gives the highest activity in dichloromethane. Moreover, the complex catalyses also the cycloaddition reactions of CO2 and epichlorohydrin, styrene, 1‐hexene and cyclohexene oxides. The iron catalysed coupling reaction was followed with in situ infrared spectroscopy giving an apparent first order reaction (n ≈ 1) towards catalyst concentration. Accordingly, a monomolecular mechanism involving imidazole carbamate is proposed.
Light‐Active Carbon Nanodots from Autoclaved Bioresources
Authors: Chechetka Svetlana A. , Miyako Eijiro 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe preparation of carbon nanodots (CNDs) from living organisms can be expected to incur lower energy costs than existing CND synthesis methods. Here, water‐soluble and well‐dispersed fluorescent CNDs with high biocompatibility were synthesized from a variety of biological resources, i. e., arthropods and biomolecules, via a simple single‐step hydrothermal treatment. The as‐prepared CNDs exhibited a blue fluorescence, with a quantum yield of up to 1.5 %. Additionally, we discovered that synthesized CNDs can be transformed into carbon‐nanosheet structures through exposure to low‐intensity laser irradiation. High thermal energy is also generated. We further explored the use of CNDs with this powerful photothermal property as novel exothermic nanomaterials for the elimination of cancer cells. This new type of light‐active CND has considerable promise as regards the development of a variety of biological applications.
Mining static and dynamic crosscutting concerns: a role‐based approach
Authors: Bernardi Mario Luca , Cimitile Marta , Di Lucca Giuseppe 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe implementation of crosscutting concerns in object‐oriented (OO) systems entails scattering and tangling of code across several components increasing code duplication and making the system harder to comprehend, maintain, evolve and reuse. Therefore, identification of crosscutting concerns drives the re‐engineering or refactoring tasks in order to improve modularization of an existing system and increasing its overall internal quality. This paper proposes an approach to identify and analyse the components implementing the static and dynamic crosscutting in OO systems. The approach defines a meta‐model representing the structure of an OO system in terms of its components. A static analysis of an OO software system is performed to create an instance of this meta‐model. Such meta‐model is finally analysed to find static and dynamic crosscutting among concerns. The effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed approach have been validated in an empirical assessment where it was applied to some OO java systems. The obtained results show a good level of effectiveness for the crosscutting analysis. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Role of Appearance in Adolescents’ Experiences of Neurofibromatosis Type 1: A Survey of Young People and Parents
Authors: Barke Jenny , Coad Jane , Harcourt Diana 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNeurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is a genetic condition which can result in varying degrees of visible difference (disfigurement). Adolescence is a time when appearance concerns become more salient for many young people and is acknowledged as a particularly challenging time for individuals with NF1. There is currently little research into the psychosocial impact of the appearance changes associated with NF1 during this stage of life. In order to address this, surveys of young people with NF1 aged 14–24 years (n = 73), and parents of young people with NF1 (n = 55) were developed following interview studies with these groups. The surveys included the Perceived Stigma Questionnaire, Social Comfort Questionnaire, Body Esteem Scale (appearance subscale) and the Subjective Happiness Scale. Young people and parents identified appearance as central to young peoples’ experience of NF1, however no significant difference was found on measures of body esteem, happiness, stigma or social comfort between those young people who reported their NF1 was noticeable to others and those who reported it was not. Findings from the parent survey indicated that their reports of greater perceived noticeability did relate to greater perceived stigma and lower levels of social comfort. Findings highlight the importance of attending to young people's concerns around appearance in general and managing the possibility of future appearance changes, rather than the current noticeability of NF1.
Double twiddle trouble, a new variant of twiddler syndrome
Authors: Carrizo Aldo G. , Hong Paul S.G. , Amit Guy , Healey Jeff S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe twiddler syndrome results in retraction and coiling of the lead in the pacemaker pocket with subsequent pacemaker malfunction. If the lead's parameters are not affected, then the problem can be corrected by lead repositioning. We describe the first reported case of a dramatic pacemaker lead coiling with a double level of lead compromise, with one of them being intra‐cardiac. This condition affected our treatment strategy, as the repositioning of the lead was unfeasible.
Multiproxy paleoecological evidence of Holocene climatic changes on the Boothia Peninsula, Canadian Arctic
Authors: Fortin Marie-Claude , Gajewski Konrad 
Published: March 2016

A study of chironomid remains in the sediments of Lake JR01 on the Boothia Peninsula in the Central Canadian Arctic provides a high-resolution record of mean July air temperatures for the last 6.9 ka. Diatom and pollen studies have previously been published from this core. Peak Holocene temperatures occurred prior to 5.0 ka, a time when overall aquatic and terrestrial biological production was high. Chironomid-inferred summer air temperatures reached up to 7.5°C during this period. The region of Lake JR01 cooled over the mid- to late-Holocene, with high biological production between 6.1 and 5.4 ka. Biological production decreased again at ∼2 ka and the rate of cooling increased in the past 2 ka, with coolest temperatures occurring between 0.46 and 0.36 ka, coinciding with the Little Ice Age. Although biological production increased in the last 150 yr, the reconstructed temperatures do not indicate a warming during this time. During transitions, either warming or cooling, chironomid production increases, suggesting an ecosystem-level response to climate variability, seen at a number of lakes across the Arctic.
Associations between meal and snack frequency and overweight and abdominal obesity in US children and adolescents from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003–2012
Authors: Murakami Kentaro , Livingstone M. Barbara E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe association between eating frequency (EF) and adiposity in young populations is inconsistent. This cross-sectional study examined associations of EF, meal frequency (MF) and snack frequency (SF) with adiposity measures in US children aged 6–11 years (n 4346) and adolescents aged 12–19 years (n 6338) participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003–2012. Using data from two 24-h dietary recalls, all eating occasions providing ≥210 kJ of energy were divided into meals or snacks based on contribution to energy intake (≥15 or <15 %), self-report and time (06.00–09.00, 12.00–14.00 and 17.00–20.00 hours or others). When analysed without adjustment for the ratio of reported energy intake:estimated energy requirement (EI:EER), all measures of EF, MF and SF showed inverse or null associations with overweight (BMI≥85th percentile of BMI-for-age) and abdominal obesity (waist circumference≥90th percentile) in both children and adolescents. After adjustment for EI:EER, however, EF and SF, but not MF, showed positive associations in children, irrespective of the definition of meals and snacks. In adolescents, after adjustment for EI:EER, positive associations were observed for EF (abdominal obesity only), SF based on energy contribution and MF based on self-report, whereas there was an inverse association between MF based on energy contribution and overweight. In conclusion, higher SF and EF, but not MF, were associated with higher risks of overweight and abdominal obesity in children, whereas associations varied in adolescents, depending on the definition of meals and snacks. Prospective studies are needed to establish the associations observed here.
Antioxidant status in a group of institutionalised elderly people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Authors: Rodríguez-Rodríguez Elena , Ortega Rosa M. , Andrés Pedro , Aparicio Aránzazu , González-Rodríguez Liliana G. , López-Sobaler Ana M. , Navia Beatriz , Perea José M. , Rodríguez-Rodríguez Paula 
Published: March 2016

AbstractChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is one of the most important and prevalent diseases suffered by the elderly. Evidence exists that its onset and severity might be conditioned by antioxidant status. The aim of the present study was to investigate the relationship between antioxidant status and COPD in institutionalised elderly people. In all, 183 elderly people aged >65 years (twenty-one had COPD and 160 healthy controls) were studied. The subjects’ diets were investigated via the use of precise individual weighing for 7 d. Body weight, height, and biceps and triceps skinfold thickness were measured, and body fat (kg) and BMI (kg/m2) were calculated. Serum retinol, α-tocopherol, β-carotene and vitamin C levels were determined. Subjects with COPD ate less fruits than healthy controls (117 (sd 52) v. 192 (sd 161) g/d), their coverage of the recommended intake of vitamin C was smaller (150 (sd 45) v. 191 (sd 88) %; note that both exceeded 100 %) and their diets had a lower antioxidant capacity (6558 (sd 2381) v. 9328 (sd 5367) mmol trolox equivalent/d). Those with COPD had lower serum vitamin C and α-tocopherol concentrations than healthy controls (32·4 (sd 15·3) v. 41·5 (sd 14·8) µmol/l and 12·1 (sd 3·2) v. 13·9 (sd 2·8) µmol/l, respectively). In addition, subjects with α-tocopherol <14·1µmol/l (50th percentile) were at 6·43 times greater risk of having COPD than those subjects with ≥14·1µmol/l (OR 6·43; 95 % CI 1·17, 35·24; P<0·05), taking sex, age, use of tobacco, body fat and vitamin E intake as covariables. Subjects with COPD had diets of poorer antioxidant quality, especially with respect to vitamins C and E, compared with healthy controls.
James Craig and Orangeism, 1903–10
Authors: Daly T. P. 
Published: March 2016

The importance of the Orange Order to Unionism has long been accepted: J. F. Harbinson referred to ‘the marriage of the Unionist Party and the Orange Institution in the early days of the struggle against Home Rule’, while Alvin Jackson has written: ‘The significance of the Orange Order in terms of the ideological and institutional groundwork for Unionism can hardly be overstated.’ The closeness of this association and its nature can be tested for a crucial period of political mobilisation by examining the relationship of James Craig, a Unionist M.P. from 1906 and effective leader of the Ulster Unionists under Carson from 1910, and the Orange Order. This raises questions such as: What was Craig’s motivation for joining the order? What type of relationship did he have with the order? What role did Craig see the order fulfilling in Unionism?At the opening of a new Orange hall in September 1906 Craig stated that ‘he was an Orangeman first and a Member of Parliament afterwards’ and called ‘for the Protestant community to rally round the lodges, strengthen and support them’. Craig’s biographers, on the other hand, do not consider his Orangeism significant. Hugh Shearman wrote that Craig, in common with other Ulster leaders, ‘had let himself become an occasional emphatic utterer of Protestant sentiments, and he had made great use of the Orange Order’, implying that the order was a tool for Craig. To St John Ervine it was an incidental part of Craig’s Westminster career. Writing of 1919, Ervine noted that Craig ‘started an Orange Lodge in the House of Commons, a surprising society to appear in that assembly’. Patrick Buckland saw it as more of a background influence, in that Craig was a typical product of his society, and while he might have seemed more broad-minded than many Ulster Protestants he ‘had almost unthinkingly absorbed all their conventional notions and had come to share their fears and prejudices’.
Text
Authors: Temple Wm 
Published: March 2016

After the Conquest of Ireland by Henry the 2nd most of the Lands in Leinster & Munster were Distributed among those English who Served in that or the Succeeding Expeditions of our Kings into Ireland. From those English were Derived most of the Great Families in Ireland: Few of the Old native Irish remaining in those provinces besides those of Bryan or Maccarty of any Great Notte or Titles.Some of the Great English Families were Generally Imployed in the Cheif Government of this Province ‘till the tyme of Henry the 7th but Cheifly those of Ormond or Kildare.
The case of Biafra: Ireland and the Nigerian civil war
Authors: Staunton Enda 
Published: March 2016

In the 1940s and 1950s, irrespective of the government in power, Irish foreign policy faced strong domestic pressure to remain within parameters defined by religious sentiment, anti-communism and anti-colonialism. Yet two contrasting attitudes, corresponding to party allegiances, were nonetheless discernible: that of Fine Gael, which held constantly to a pro-Western line, and that of Fianna Fáil, which was capable of occasionally departing from it. By the 1960s the two approaches had converged, as Fianna Fáil under Seán Lemass repositioned itself more clearly in the American-led camp, a change most strikingly exemplified by Ireland’s response to the Cuban missile crisis of 1962. Yet before the end of the decade an issue was to arise in which Dublin’s Department of External Affairs was to find itself steering a course independent of forces both within the country and outside it.The war which erupted in Nigeria in the summer of 1967, when its Eastern Region seceded, was to reverberate across the world, causing a response in Ireland unequalled by the reaction to any foreign civil conflict between that of Spain in the 1930s and that of Yugoslavia in the 1990s. It was to bring about the greatest emotional involvement with an African problem since Ireland’s participation in the Congo conflict, leading directly to the foundation of the Africa Concern and Gorta organisations and marking a turning-point in the nature of Irish overseas aid.