bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SEASONAL EVOLUTION ON THE NUCLEUS OF COMET C/2013 A1 (SIDING SPRING)
Authors: Li (李荐扬) Jian-Yang , Samarasinha Nalin H. , Kelley Michael S. P. , Farnham Tony L. , Bodewits Dennis , Lisse Carey M. , Mutchler Max J. , A’Hearn Michael F. , Delamere W. Alan 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
We observed Comet C/Siding Spring using the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) during its close approach to Mars. The high spatial resolution images obtained through the F689M, F775W, and F845M filters reveal the characteristics of the dust coma. The dust production rate of C/Siding Spring, quantified by Afρ, is 590 ± 30, 640 ± 30, and 670 ± 30 cm in a 420 km radius aperture at a 38° solar phase angle through the three filters, respectively, consistent with other observations at a similar time and geometry, and with model predictions based on earlier measurements. The dust expansion velocity is ∼150–250 m s−1 for micron-sized dust grains, similar to the speeds found for other comets. The coma has a color slope of (5.5 ± 1.5)%/100 nm between 689 and 845 nm, similar to previous HST measurements at comparable aperture sizes, consistent with the lack of color dependence on heliocentric distance for almost all previously observed active comets. The rotational period of the nucleus of C/Siding Spring is determined from the periodic brightness variation in the coma to be 8.00 ± 0.08 hr, with no excited rotational state detected. The dust coma shows a broad and diffuse fan-shaped feature in the sunward direction, with no temporal morphological variation observed. The projected orientation of the dust feature, combined with the previous analysis of the coma morphology and other characteristics, suggests secular activity evolution of the comet in its inner solar system passage as one previously observed active region turns off whereas new regions exposed to sunlight due to seasonal illumination change.
Les professionnels du bâtiment face aux enjeux énergétiques, une perspective limitée
Authors: Villot Jonathan , Gondran Natacha , Laforest Valérie 
Published: January 2016

Cet article interroge la dynamique des professionnels français du bâtiment devant les enjeux énergétiques et environnementaux portés par ce secteur. Sur la base d’une étude menée en 2012 sur un territoire d’étude spécifique (le département de la Loire), ce travail tente d’évaluer l’état du secteur du bâtiment ainsi que les limites ou freins rencontrés par ses acteurs « humains » et « techniques ». Par l’analyse distanciée des résultats qualitatifs et quantitatifs issus d’enquêtes, la recherche révèle une pluralité de situations et d’entraves (pour certaines connues mais rarement quantifiées) dont les dispositifs palliatifs semblent encore insuffisants. Le secteur du bâtiment se révèle alors incapable de s’orienter vers de nouvelles perspectives énergétiques sans une rupture totale de ses modes de penser et d’agir. Cette rupture nécessitant alors de parfaire la rationalité des acteurs et notamment celle de la « puissance publique ».
Les « pratiquants » de l’Agriparc : mise en perspective des valeurs environnementales liées au milieu de vie
Authors: Houdayer Hélène 
Published: January 2016

La ville de Montpellier connaît une dynamique migratoire positive exerçant une pression foncière se traduisant d’une part par un étalement périurbain et d’autre part une fréquentation des espaces verts en hausse. Nous sommes partis du point de vue des promoteurs d’un des deux Agriparcs de cette ville afin de réfléchir aux processus de socialisation de l’espace vécu en tant que milieu. À cette fin, nous avons mené une enquête auprès des « pratiquants » du lieu. Ceux-ci s’inscrivent dans le concept du développement durable en présentant des projets conciliant les fonctions urbaines et agricoles que nous rencontrons dans les zones périurbaines. Notre enquête montre de quelle manière il est possible pour les pratiquants des lieux de préserver l’écosystème largement fréquenté par les habitants, tout en concédant aux agriculteurs une place déterminante dans l’appréciation des lieux. L’ensemble participe largement au processus de socialisation de l'espace. Nous montrons aussi comment le projet de l’Agriparc est attractif du point de vue des valeurs environnementales proposées : il opère les liens nécessaires nature-culture en jouant sur les émotions des pratiquants, sur le caractère biologique des cultures mises en place, tout en se voulant attentif à la biodiversité.
The Independence of South African Judges: A Constitutional and Legislative Perspective
Authors: Siyo L , Mubangizi JC 
Published: January 2016

Judicial independence is fundamental to democracy. It is in that context that this paper considers whether the existing constitutional and legislative mechanisms provide sufficient judicial independence to South African judges. In so doing, the paper focuses on impartiality, judicial appointments and security of tenure. It also discusses the sensitive matter of complaints and disciplinary proceedings against judges and their removal from office. The issue of the remuneration of judges is also explored. In discussing the challenges facing judicial independence some incidents that have appeared to compromise such independence are highlighted. These include the controversial appointments of Advocate Mpshe as an acting judge in the North West Province in 2010 and Judge Heath as the Head of the Special Investigative Unit (SIU) in 2011. The never-ending controversy surrounding the Cape Judge President John Hlophe and his alleged attempts to improperly influence two Constitutional Court judges in a case involving President Jacob Zuma is also highlighted. Another issue that has brought judicial independence into sharp focus is the June 2015 visit to South Africa of Sudan's President Omar al-Bashir, who was on a warrant of arrest from the International Criminal Court (ICC) for genocide and war crimes in the Darfur region of Sudan. A decision by the North Gauteng High Court on his presence in South Africa and the attacks on the judiciary made by various government officials as a result are discussed. Several conclusions are drawn but in the main, it is generally concluded that the constitutional and legislative framework adopted by South Africa sufficiently insulates judges from improper influence. However, there have been several notable challenges that particularly relate to judicial appointments and how the JSC has handled certain matters. Irresponsible and uninformed political statements by politicians and unwarranted political attacks on the judiciary by government are also a source of great concern. These challenges could and should be construed as threats to judicial independence, and need to be comprehensively and properly addressed.
A Contextual Analysis of the Hate Speech Provisions of the Equality Act
Authors: Marais ME , Pretorius JL 
Published: January 2016

The article presents a detailed contextual analysis of the categorical prohibition of hate speech in terms of section 10(1) of the Equality Act. It is argued that this provision is not primarily intended to describe and effectively regulate the extreme expression that falls within the narrow ambit of "hate speech" as defined in section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution. Rather, it is concerned with the promotion of equality in the broad societal context. It acknowledges the hurt and harm that discriminatory expression may entail and it condemns the reinforcement of systemic discrimination by means of expression. Therefore, the principal interpretive frame of reference for the analysis of section 10(1) of the Equality Act is the explicit constitutional obligation in terms of sections 9(3) and (4) of the Constitution to enact legislation to prevent and prohibit unfair discrimination, and not section 16(2)(c) of the Constitution. The fact that section 10(1) categorically prohibits hate speech, instead of premising its prohibition on the unfairness analysis generally applicable to discrimination in other contexts, however, implies that only expression with no reasonable prospect of meeting the constitutional fairness standard ought to be covered by section 10. Put differently, the prohibited expression may in no way promote rather than jeopardise the achievement of equality. The interpretation takes into account that section 10(1) applies only to engagement in expression that, in terms of an objective reasonableness assessment, is clearly primarily aimed at hurting or harming others, or at inciting others to hurt or harm, or at promoting hatred based on group identity. Furthermore, bona fide expression in accordance with the essential characteristics of the freedoms of expression mentioned in section 16(1) of the Constitution is explicitly excluded from its ambit. An analysis of the expression covered by section 10(1) leads to a conclusion that it prohibits only low-value discriminatory expression that obstructs the constitutional quest for the healing of our injured society. It manages to achieve this without jeopardising the constitutional guarantee of freedom of expression, construed in the light of the foundational values of the Constitution.
Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason
Authors: Meier Georg Friedrich 
Published: January 2016

First published in 1752, Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason [Auszug aus der Vernunftlehre] was written as a textbook and widely adopted by many 18th-century German instructors, but most notably by Immanuel Kant. For forty years Kant used the Excerpts as the basis of his lectures on logic making extensive notes on his copy of the text.
More than a text on formal logic, Excerpt from the Doctrine of Reason covers epistemology and the elements of thought and language Meier believed made human understanding possible. Working across the two dominant intellectual forces in modern philosophy, the rationalist and the empiricist traditions, Meier‘s work was also instrumental to the introduction of English philosophy into Germany; he was among the first German philosophers to study John Locke’s philosophy in depth.
This complete English translation of Meier’s influential textbook is introduced by Riccardo Pozzo and enhanced by a glossary and a concordance correlating Meier’s arguments to Kant’s logic lectures, the related Reflexionen and the Jäsche Logic of 1800 - the text considered of fundamental importance to Kant‘s philosophy. For scholars of Kant, Locke and the German Enlightenment, this valuable translation and its accompanying material presents the richest source of information available on Meier and his 18th-century work.
Rye Bread Fortified With Cellulose and Its Acceptance by Elderlies in Nursing Homes and Young Adults
Authors: Fuckerer Katharina , Hensel Oliver , Schmitt Joachim J. 
Published: January 2016

<p>Several clinical studies suggest that a sufficient daily intake of fibres has positive effects on prevention of different diseases. Other studies show that most elderlies ingest too less fibres daily. As bread is one of the daily consumed food by elderly a brown rye bread fortified with three different cellulose fibres length (18 µm, 300 µm, 700 µm) was developed. To find out whether elderly would consume such cellulose fortified rye breads, preference tests and a questionnaire about fibres and liking of fibres enriched rye breads were conducted with people older than 75 years and living in a nursing home. Comparable test were conducted with young adults. Preference test and questionnaire showed that young adults favoured rye bread with 18 µm cellulose, because they associated soft crumb texture with freshly baked bread. Instead elderlies preferred standard rye bread and bread with 300 µm cellulose, because those two kinds of rye breads have similar crumb texture which is popular with elderlies. These results showed that there are differences in preferring of fortified rye bread between elderlies and young adults. Parallel questionnaires showed that elderlies and young are well informed about fibres and have a positive attitude towards rye bread fortified with fibres. Therefore given information about fibres did not increase liking of the fibre rye breads. Finally, it can be concluded that elderlies would eat bread fortified with fibers and there were differences in liking of bread between elderlies and young. </p>
Remarks on a Nonlinear Wave Equation in a Noncylindrical Domain
Authors: Lopez Ivo Fernandez , Antunes Gladson Octaviano , Da Silva Maria Darci Godinho , Medeiros Luiz Adauto Da Justa 
Published: January 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>In this paper we investigate the existence and uniqueness of solution for a initial boundary value problem for the following nonlinear wave equation: </span></p><p><span>u′′</span> − ∆ u + | u | ˆρ = f in Q</p><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>where </span><span>Q </span><span>represents a non-cylindrical domain of </span><span>R^{</span><span>n</span><span>+</span><span>1}</span><span>. The methodology, cf. Lions [3], consists of transforming this problem, by means of a perturbation depending on a parameter </span><span>ε &gt; </span><span>0, into another one defined in a cylindrical domain </span><span>Q </span><span>containing </span><span>Q</span><span>. By solving the cylindrical problem, we obtain estimates that depend on </span><span>ε</span><span>. These ones will enable a passage to the limit, when </span><span>ε </span><span>goes to zero, that will guarantee, later, a solution for the non-cylindrical problem. The nonlinearity </span><span>|</span><span>u_</span><span>ε</span><span>|^</span><span>ρ </span><span>introduces some obstacles in the process of obtaining a priori estimates and we overcome this difficulty by employing an argument due to Tartar [8] plus a contradiction process. </span></p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
Challenges Associated with Sample Preparation for the Analysis of PBDEs in Human Serum
Authors: Siddique Shabana , Kosarac Ivana , Kubwabo Cariton , Harris Shelley 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are used as flame retardants in many applications; however, certain PBDE congeners are persistent, bioaccumulative, and toxic to both humans and the environment. PBDEs have been found in human specimens, and a variety of analytical techniques have been used for their determination in biological matrixes. Nevertheless, obtaining a relatively clean analytical blank sample during PBDE analysis is a big challenge because of the ubiquitous nature of these compounds. Thus, the present study was conducted to compare the PBDE background levels associated with the three most commonly used extraction techniques: liquid–liquid extraction (LLE), SPE, and accelerated solvent extraction (ASE). Conventionally used blank matrixes (HPLC grade water, Milli-Q water, and air) were spiked with internal standards and extracted using LLE, SPE, or ASE. The extracts were analyzed by GC/electron ionization-tandem MS. The ASE method achieved the lowest background levels for nearly all the PBDE congeners analyzed, which may be attributed to the stainless steel and closed-vessel nature of the ASE cells.
Modernization of AOAC Nutrient Methods by Stakeholder Panel on Infant Formula and Adult Nutritionals
Authors: Sullivan Darryl 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Infant formula is one of the most highly regulated products in the world. To comply with global regulations and to ensure the products are manufactured within product specifications, accurate analytical testing is required. Most of the AOAC INTERNATIONAL legacy test methods for infant formula were developed and validated in the 1980s and 1990s. Although these methods performed very well for many years, infant formulas have been updated, and today's products contain many new and novel ingredients. There were a number of cases in which the legacy AOAC methods began to result in problems with the analysis of modern infant formulas, and the use of these methods caused some disputes with regulatory agencies. In 2010, AOAC reached an agreement with the International Formula Council, which has changed its name to the Infant Nutrition Council of America, regarding a project to modernize these AOAC infant-formula test methods. This agreement led to the development of Standard Method Performance Requirements (SMPRs®) for 28 nutrients. After SMPR approval, methods were collected, evaluated, validated, and approved through the AOAC Official MethodsSM process. Forty-seven methods have been approved as AOAC First Action Methods, and eight have been approved as Final Action.
Multidecadal accumulation of anthropogenic and remineralized dissolved inorganic carbon along the Extended Ellett Line in the northeast Atlantic Ocean
Authors: Humphreys Matthew P. , Griffiths Alex M. , Achterberg Eric P. , Holliday N. Penny , Rérolle Victoire M. C. , Menzel Barraqueta Jan‐Lukas , Couldrey Matthew P. , Oliver Kevin I. C. , Hartman Susan E. , Esposito Mario , Boyce Adrian J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMarine carbonate chemistry measurements have been carried out annually since 2009 during UK research cruises along the Extended Ellett Line (EEL), a hydrographic transect in the northeast Atlantic Ocean. The EEL intersects several water masses that are key to the global thermohaline circulation, and therefore the cruises sample a region in which it is critical to monitor secular physical and biogeochemical changes. We have combined results from these EEL cruises with existing quality‐controlled observational data syntheses to produce a hydrographic time series for the EEL from 1981 to 2013. This reveals multidecadal increases in dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) throughout the water column, with a near‐surface maximum rate of 1.80 ± 0.45 µmol kg−1 yr−1. Anthropogenic CO2 accumulation was assessed, using simultaneous changes in apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) and total alkalinity (TA) as proxies for the biogeochemical processes that influence DIC. The stable carbon isotope composition of DIC (δ13CDIC) was also determined and used as an independent test of our method. We calculated a volume‐integrated anthropogenic CO2 accumulation rate of 2.8 ± 0.4 mg C m−3 yr−1 along the EEL, which is about double the global mean. The anthropogenic CO2 component accounts for only 31 ± 6% of the total DIC increase. The remainder is derived from increased organic matter remineralization, which we attribute to the lateral redistribution of water masses that accompanies subpolar gyre contraction. Output from a general circulation ecosystem model demonstrates that spatiotemporal heterogeneity in the observations has not significantly biased our multidecadal rate of change calculations and indicates that the EEL observations have been tracking distal changes in the surrounding North Atlantic and Nordic Seas.
Coseismic radiation and stress drop during the 2015 Mw 8.3 Illapel, Chile megathrust earthquake
Authors: Yin Jiuxun , Yang Hongfeng , Yao Huajian , Weng Huihui 
Published: January 2016

AbstractOn 16 September 2015, an Mw 8.3 earthquake struck middle Chile due to the subduction of the Nazca plate beneath the South America plate. This earthquake is the consequence of 72 years of strain accumulation in the region since the 1943 M 8.3 event. In this study, we apply the compressive sensing method (CS) to invert for the spatiotemporal distribution of the coseismic radiation at different frequencies of this event. The results show clear frequency‐dependent feature of earthquake rupture with low‐frequency (LF) radiation located in the updip region while high‐frequency (HF) radiation concentrated in the downdip region of the megathrust. We also compare the CS results with three coseismic slip models as well as the stress drop distributions inferred from these slip models. The comparison confirms our understanding of coseismic radiation that energy sources are mostly located in the margin of large coseismic slip regions. Furthermore, we find that the LF radiation sources are mainly within the stress‐decreasing (releasing) regions while the HF radiation sources are mainly located in the stress‐increasing (loading) regions due to rupturing of relatively large asperities nearby (stress decreasing and releasing). These results help to better understand the physics of the rupture process during megathrust earthquakes. Moreover, our results do not show radiation sources south of the epicenter, suggesting that the subducting Juan Fernandez Ridge probably stopped the rupture of this earthquake toward the south.
GPS TEC response to Pc4 “giant pulsations”
Authors: Watson Chris , Jayachandran P. T. , Singer Howard J. , Redmon Robert J. , Danskin Donald 
Published: January 2016

AbstractVariations in ionospheric total electron content (TEC) associated with ultralow frequency (ULF) magnetic field variations in the Pc4 (6.7–22.0 mHz) frequency band were observed in the early morning sector. TEC variations were observed by the Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver in Sanikiluaq, Nunavut (56.54°N, 280.77°E), which is located near the equatorward edge of the auroral region. Small‐amplitude Pc4 ULF waves were observed by the Sanikiluaq ground magnetometer and by the geosynchronous GOES 13 satellite. TEC and magnetic field both exhibited narrowband, highly regular, quasi‐sinusoidal waveforms, with high correlation and coherence indicating a clear link between TEC variations and Pc4 ULF activity. Variations in TEC and 30–50 keV electron flux observed by GOES 13 were also highly correlated and coherent. TEC variations observed directly above Sanikiluaq were in antiphase with eastward magnetic field variations on the ground, while TEC variations observed at the footprint of the GOES 13 satellite were in phase with GOES radial magnetic field and 30–50 keV electron flux. Intermittent occurrence of TEC variations observed by multiple GPS satellites indicated a localized ionospheric response to the Pc4 activity. This is the first clear evidence of a TEC response to these so called “giant pulsations (Pgs).” By applying a multisatellite triangulation technique, the phase velocity, group velocity, and azimuthal wave number of TEC variations were also calculated for an interval of highly coherent measurements. The phase and group propagation velocities were 2–7 km/s and 1–3 km/s north and westward, respectively, while the azimuthal wave number ranged from −35 to −310.
Flow variability and ongoing margin shifts on Bindschadler and MacAyeal Ice Streams, West Antarctica
Authors: Hulbe C. L. , Scambos T. A. , Klinger M. , Fahnestock M. A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIce streams on the Ross Sea side of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet are known to experience flow variability on hourly, annual, and multicentury time scales. We report here on observations of flow variability at the decade scale on the Bindschadler and MacAyeal Ice Streams (BIS and MacIS). Our analysis makes use of archived ice velocity data and new mappings from composited Landsat 7 and Landsat 8 imagery that together span the interval from 1985 to 2014. Both ice streams speedup and slowdown in a range of about ±5 m a−2 over our various comparison intervals. The rates of change are variable in both time and space, and there is no evidence of external forcing at work across the two streams. Widespread changes are most likely linked to instability in the subglacial till and/or subglacial water flow. Sticky spots near the confluence of the two ice streams are loci for speed changes. These relatively young and slow‐flowing features appear to be forcing shifts in margin position near the outlets of both streams. The margin jumps reduce the effective outlet widths of the streams by 20% and 30% on BIS and MacIS, respectively. Those magnitudes are similar to the outlet narrowing experienced by Kamb Ice Stream prior to its stagnation.