bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Ecocide to Eco-ally: Picloram, Herbicidal Warfare, and Invasive Species, 1963-2005
Authors: Fredrickson Leif 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Picloram is a powerful, persistent herbicide that has been in use since 1963. It has been used around the world for brush clearing, forestry, and maintenance, and was a key part of Amazonian deforestation. The United States and probably Portugal used picloram in wars in Vietnam and in Africa. Its use in war prompted strong censure and led to picloram's association with 'ecocide' - ecological destruction. After Vietnam, US environmentalists continued to be highly critical of picloram's use domestically, but in the 1980s, in response to world-wide problems with invasive species as well as changes in the understanding of ecological health, many environmentalists came to embrace the use of herbicides as necessary for maintaining and restoring ecosystem health - as an eco-ally. The radical re-orientation of some North American environmentalists toward toxic chemicals like picloram as a way to combat invasive species shows the ecological contingency of environmentalism. Controversy between environmentalists about herbicides and invasive species revealed latent tensions between human health and ecosystem health, long-term and short-term environmental goals.
The Legacy of Agent Orange: A Conversation about Risks and Responsibility
Authors: Mauch Christof , Le Nga , Lahnstein Christian , Hay Amy 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Conversation between US historian and pharmacist Amy Hay, political activist and freelance trainer Nga Le, who grew up in Germany and was born in Vietnam, and Christian Lahnstein, a member of an international reinsurance company. The discussion centers on the destructive force of Agent Orange and the fact that the impact and consequences of this herbicide have met with such little concern in the international arena. Agent Orange got its name from the orange band that marked the storage barrels of this herbicide mixture. It was used by the US military to defoliate the jungles during the Vietnam War. The three interviewees came together in Munich on several occasions to discuss their research and thoughts with environmental historian Christof Mauch of the Rachel Carson Center for Environment and Society.
Migration from the Southern Mediterranean Countries. An Analysis of Some Macro Drivers
Authors: Coderoni Silvia , Perito Maria Angela 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
As a consequence of reduced precipitation and higher temperatures, the Mediterranean region over recent decades, has been exposed to major impacts of climate change, and these are likely to worsen as the climate continues to change. Global warming in regions that are highly dependent on agricultural production will generate changing land use patterns and trigger economy-wide effects. These environmental drivers will impact on other macro drivers of migration, increasing the number of people that might choose to leave their own native region. In this paper we analyse some emerging trends that, at the macro level, affect the main drivers of migration in North Africa and we try to envisage what could be an incipient problem, arising from concurrent local elements. Looking at some long-term trends in climate change and past evidence on food production and prices, we conclude that some environmentally-induced migration in the context of global environmental change is inevitable in the future, even if its scale is uncertain. Thus, the governance gap related to climate change migrants should be bridged, in order not to face a bigger challenge in the geo-political equilibrium of Mediterranean region.
Undergrounds in the Mediterranean
Authors: Varriale Roberta 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
There are numerous man-made structures and objects to be found in the underground of the Mediterranean. Representing ways to manage natural resources, to confront the risk of conflict or simply goods and objects stored underground and consequently having survived the test of time, they allow us to extend our studies of the history of the places and the people to whom they belonged. The underground is a parallel world, the analysis of which helps throw light on many of the more obscure areas of Mediterranean history. Some common characteristics mark the ways Mediterranean populations have used underground resources, but there are also many divergences. The reasons for Mediterranean underground development aside, it is a fact that the idea of a negative building culture became very popular in order to resolve problems caused by common social and environmental conditions, such as harsh climactic conditions, communication, religious practice, scarcity of resources and more. In these cases, the dominant local building know-how was reconsidered and the underground architectures of diverse geographical locations within the basin have much more in common than their corresponding above-ground architectural styles.
The article studies the contribution of underground structures to the Mediterranean urban experience following a functional approach.
Island contributions to disaster research
Authors: Kelman Ilan , Lewis James , Gaillard J.C. , Mercer Jessica 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Island case studies have contributed significantly to disaster research theory and application, including more recent work on climate change adaptation. Island-related work in development and disasters has been particularly adept at building on the past in order to create a better development future through disaster risk reduction, one subset of which is climate change adaptation. However, recent emphasis on climate change has to a large degree bypassed previous and deeper understandings of island contributions to disaster research as well as the importance of island situations. This paper details key elements from the literature on island-based development and disaster research – especially regarding the themes of vulnerability and resilience theory as then applied in practice for island migration – linking this material with a critiquing analysis of ongoing work emerging from climate change. Despite the importance of dealing with climate change, especially for islands and islanders, it must always be placed within wider disaster and development tasks. This includes embracing previous work in order to learn from, without becoming mired in, the past.
The island community of Chenega: Earthquake, tsunami, oil spill ... What's next?
Authors: Lacher Katrina 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Small islands offer a laboratory to analyse how communities react to drastic environmental change. In particular, the small islands of Prince William Sound off the coast of Alaska present a unique case study to explore how island dwellers cope with and learn from both natural and man-made disasters. This article analyses the multiple disasters faced by the island community of Chenega in the twentieth century. From an earthquake and tsunami in 1964 to an oil spill in 1989, I study how the Alutiiq people of Chenega reacted to drastic change. In addition to analysing decisions on whether to rebuild or relocate, I also investigate how the disaster affected the Alutiiq’s livelihood: commercial fishing. As the twentieth century rolled into the twenty-first, the small island community once again drew upon its experiences with disaster to cope with significant environmental change. With rising sea levels threatening the rebuilt Chenega village and declining fish populations endangering Alutiiq livelihood, tribal leaders summoned the experiences of their elders and forbears to construct a plan for the coming decades. For at least the third time in less than fifty years, changing environmental conditions forced the Alutiiq to address pressing questions about relocation and rebuilding and the future of their tribal and island identity. Ultimately, I argue that the Alutiiq used their experiences with mid-century natural disasters to react cooperatively and creatively to late twentieth and early twenty-first century manmade disasters and hazards.
Island impressions of Typhoon Owen: Interviews with Nómwiin islanders and photographs
Authors: Hofmann Rebecca 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Over Easter 2012, Rebecca Hofmann travelled to Nómwiin, an outer atoll of Chuuk State in the Paafeng Islands (literally ‘lying to the north’, also known as Hall Islands after the first European to have encountered them). This special article contains some of her interviews with Nómwiin islanders, and photographs.
Introduction
Authors: Stein Susanne , Gestwa Klaus 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
To date there has been no systematic historical investigation of how and in what forums ideas about soil-related threats and models for combating erosion circulated, who were the protagonists involved and how these constellations changed over time. The present Special Issue addresses this gap by examining from different national and chronological perspectives the thesis of the epochal and global significance of the Dust Bowl in the twentieth century. The five articles integrate the conventional Dust Bowl story into a broader reticulation of multidirectional processes of transfer, long-lasting national traditions and regional approaches to soil conservation. Further research requires a better understanding arching across many scales - transnational, national, regional and local - and a closer look at the assemblages of substances, people, expertise, and regulation. The history of anti-wind erosion measures reveals recurring elements in time and space, but also processes of change. The Special Issue seeks to contribute to the generation of new soil stories and demonstrates the abiding intellectual vigour of global environmental history.
Lessons from the US: Australia's Response to Wind Erosion (1935-1945)
Authors: Sauter Sabine 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
During the decade of the mid-1930s to the mid-1940s, several Australian regions suffered from severe drought and accelerated wind erosion. Dust storms and sand drift triggered fears about Australia's degrading soils which were fuelled by the news of the infamous US Dust Bowl. Despite a strong sense of crisis among contemporaries, research on the Australian erosion years is scarce. Using a diversity of sources such as newspapers, journal articles or parliamentary debates, the paper focuses on the international context of Australia's erosion crisis. Similarities in the settler histories between the United States and Australia encouraged a multilayered transfer of soil conservation ideas between both countries. In the domain of policies, Australians emulated Roosevelt's New Deal conservation programme in regard to the emphasis on education and voluntary cooperation, while attempts to create a federal programme along the US lines failed due to Australia's constitutional status. With respect to the US large-scale regional planning projects as a remedy against wind erosion, Australians mainly discarded the idea of planting extensive wind breaks along the lines of the US Shelterbelt Project, but readily borrowed ideas from the dam building and hydroelectricity schemes of the Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA).
Coping with the 'World's Biggest Dust Bowl'. Towards a History of China's Forest Shelterbelts, 1950s-Present
Authors: Stein Susanne 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Since the early 2000s, numerous instances of severe dust storms affecting large parts of northern China have resulted in alarming reports on the socio-economic and ecological threats emanating from soil degradation in China's drylands. Given the magnitude of the problem, external commentators readily compare the present situation in China with the US Dust Bowl disaster of the 1930s. Chinese scientists and officials, by contrast, hardly ever mention the American experience on the Great Plains in view of China's deteriorating arid and semi-arid regions. However, the repeated attempts to plant huge forest shelterbelts in order to protect the vulnerable rangelands and croplands throughout the country bear witness that from the 1950s onwards the Chinese government based its campaigns against wind erosion on concepts that transcended political and ideological boundaries. The paper analyses China's holistic approach to transform nature and society on the country's arid frontier against the background of the Dust Bowl legacy. It shows to which extent 'high modernist' ideas of soil conservation, as expressed earlier in Roosevelt's 'Great Plains Shelterbelt Project' (1935) and the 'Great Stalin Plan for the Transformation of Nature' (1948), were adapted in China and translated into the construction of 'green Great Walls' during the latter half of the twentieth century.
The Meaning of Moving Sand. Towards a Dust Bowl Mythology
Authors: Uekötter Frank 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This article sketches the outlines of a Dust Bowl mythology as a necessary precondition for future engagement with the event. It analyses the wide array of narratives that have come forth since the 1930s and makes a point of highlighting their connection to worldviews and interests. In addition to written narratives, the article includes images, social practices, and institutional traditions such as the soil conservation bureaucracy as a part of the legacy of cultural memories. It seeks to show how different groups and generations have interpreted the Dust Bowl in widely divergent ways and provides outlines of a new Dust Bowl historiography that brings grand narratives into a dialogue with experiences on the ground.
Fear of the 'Steppes': Soil Protection and Landscape Planning in Germany 1930-1960 between Politics and Science
Authors: Zutz Axel 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
This article deals with political dimensions and the popularisation of scientific problems. The interwar and early post-World War Two years were marked by worldwide state interventions to combat soil erosion, combining social relief with environmental improvement. These activities were supported by arguments grounded on the different ideological frameworks of the individual states. In the case of Nazi Germany and the two post-war German societies 'steppe' and 'steppification' (Versteppung) played a provocative role as terms of political demagogy, denouncing the downgrading of agricultural ecosystems while simultaneously being a subject of soil science and botanical research. The article analyses this ambiguity within the context of the newly evolving occupational field of landscape planning. It will also show that despite the ideological differences between states like the US and the USSR, international professional exchanges on questions such as soil erosion and land degradation had a strong impact on the predecessors in the 1930s of post-World War Two environmental planning in Germany.
The Princely Hunt and Kshatriyahood
Authors: Ray Niladri Ranjan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Hunting wild animals by pre-colonial rulers of India often symbolised the legitimacy and assertion of their royal authority. Through collaborative imperial operations, the Raj restored many pre-colonial traditions of Indian royalty. Contextualising the metaphorical use of wildlife, this paper seeks to answer why and how the pre-colonial notion of kshatriyahood was restored and reinforced in the form of 'game' of an Anglicised Indian prince in the wilderness of northern Bengal at a time in which English masculinity, militarism and game hunting intersected and substituted each other.
Three new Scandinavian species of Culicoides (Culicoides): C. boyi sp. nov., C. selandicus sp. nov. and C. kalix sp. nov. (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)
Authors: Nielsen Søren , Kristensen Michael , Pape Thomas 
Published: November 2015

In the context of a major monitoring program of Culicoides in Denmark and Sweden due to the appearance of bluetongue disease in 2007–2008, a large number of specimens were collected by light traps and sorted morphologically, with COI barcodes generated for selected specimens.
Three species are described as new to science based on both morphological and molecular data: Culicoides (Culicoides) boyi sp. nov. (Denmark: Jutland), C. (C.) selandicus sp. nov. (Denmark: Zealand) and C. (C.) kalix sp. nov. (Sweden: Norrbotten). All are diagnosed morphologically as well as by molecular barcoding. A key to slide-mounted females of all Scandinavian species of Culicoides (Culicoides) is presented.
Défendre en justice sous la Révolution française. La fin des mémoires judiciaires imprimés (1788-1792) ?
Authors: Leuwers Hervé 
Published: November 2015

Dans l’histoire politique et culturelle de la France des Lumières, l’intérêt suscité par les mémoires judiciaires semble s’éteindre en 1789. Tandis que les historiens du xviii e siècle soulignent l’importance des factums dans les procès criminels ou civils, dans la transformation de l’opinion publique et dans le développement de la critique envers la société ou l’État, cette source est délaissée pendant la décennie révolutionnaire, avant de réapparaître, récemment, dans les études sur le xix e siècle. L’importance du factum s’éclipse lorsque l’emporte la parole dans la salle d’audience, mais aussi la presse, les brochures, les débats de l’Assemblée nationale ou des clubs dans l’espace public. Ce silence historiographique, à n’en pas douter, signifie quelque chose ; il révèle l’importance des transformations qui touchent le mémoire judiciaire et son usage dans les stratégies de défense, dans les premiers temps de la Révolution française et même dès 1788. Par l’approche de trois corpus de sources (des collections de bibliothèques, des expériences individuelles d’avocat et des affaires judiciaires), cet article tente une première synthèse et offre quelques pistes de réflexions sur le déclin du mémoire judiciaire à la fin du xviii e siècle, sur sa chronologie et sur ses raisons, mais aussi sur les transformations de la forme et des usages de ce média au début de la Révolution française.
La réorganisation du culte au village à l’heure du serment constitutionnel. L’exemple du district de Lille
Authors: Deman Marie 
Published: November 2015

Initiée au départ pour refonder l’Église de France, la Constitution Civile du Clergé et le serment eurent des répercussions profondes sur la vie religieuse dans les villages du district de Lille. En conditionnant le salaire et la charge de curé du village à la prestation d’un serment « à la Nation, à la Loi et au Roi », les lois de régénération religieuse poussèrent une grande partie des prêtres du district à refuser cette condition à leur maintien en poste. 75 % d’entre eux perdirent leur cure en quelques semaines. De fait, les fidèles, les municipalités rurales, et les autorités du district de Lille furent confrontées à l’absence de prêtre, à l’arrivée d’un nouveau constitutionnel désormais élu mais parfois aussi à la cohabitation entre deux cultes au village. Ces nouvelles formes de vie religieuse transformèrent les liens qui unissaient les villageois à leur église.
Victor Delbos, interprète de l’« idéalisme » de Descartes par « gros temps »
Authors: Maisonhaute Jean-Louis 
Published: November 2015

Cette étude vise à comprendre la double lecture delbosienne de l’héroïsme philosophique associé à l’« idéalisme » cartésien : d’une part, un héroïsme intrinsèque au régime d’évidence de l’idée où le problème est de savoir comment actualiser une idée sans la réifier ; d’autre part, un héroïsme propre au régime national de l’« idéalisme » cartésien où le problème est de savoir comment concevoir un patriotisme philosophique en temps de guerre sans succomber au nationalisme ? Où l’on verra que l’expérience métaphysique et politique de l’immédiateté de l’idée n’est pas celle d’une réalité immédiate (l’« idéalisme » cartésien étant moins « problématique » que restreint – d’où les guillemets) mais d’un jugement libre dont la conquête transforme le philosophe en un héros discret s’il en est.
Jacques D’Hondt interprète de Marx
Authors: Tertulian Nicolas 
Published: November 2015

La communication sur « Jacques D’Hondt interprète de Marx » se propose dans un premier temps de faire valoir les contributions originales du philosophe français à l’analyse des rapports d’intime connexion entre la dialectique hégélienne et la dialectique marxienne. La continuité profonde entre la dialectique de Hegel et celle de Marx – Jacques D’Hondt oppose une fin de non-recevoir catégorique aux thèses discontinuistes et rupturalistes défendues par Foucault, Althusser et Deleuze – est le pilier des nombreuses études consacrées par D’Hondt aux rapports Hegel-Marx. Sans sous-estimer l’opposition fondamentale entre l’idéalisme hégélien et le matérialisme marxien, Jacques D’Hondt se propose de démontrer l’assimilation in succum et sanguinem des grands acquis de la pensée hégélienne dans les textes de Marx, la continuité de leurs vues sur le travail, sur l’aliénation, sur les catégories fondamentales de la dialectique, à l’antipode du positivisme, du structuralisme ou de l’utopisme. Marx est désigné comme un penseur appartenant à la tradition « spéculative » de la philosophie, dans le sens antimétaphysique donné par Hegel au concept de « pensée spéculative ». La partie finale de la communication est consacrée aux vues novatrices de Jacques D’Hondt sur le concept de matérialisme, avec la valorisation de la catégorie de relation et la présence des « métaphores vitalistes » dans des textes significatifs de Marx.
La « compétence » en éducation : un renversement de logique anthropologique
Authors: Charbonnier Sébastien 
Published: November 2015

Le problème est le suivant : pourquoi faudrait-il critiquer l’usage de la notion de compétence pour penser la formation de l’homme ? Cet article se veut un effort de clarification terminologique, effort qui est toujours en même temps celui d’une clarification conceptuelle vis‑à-vis de nos propres choix éthiques (comment agir en tant qu’éducateur, parent, enseignant ?) et une clarification stratégique vis‑à-vis des expressions véhiculées et publicisées dans le champ du savoir. C’est dans le passage d’une logique anthropologique à une autre que se mettent en place des enjeux politiques dont il faut tirer toutes les conséquences. La question classique de l’éducation relevait d’une anthropologie philosophique : penser les conditions nécessaires de l’éducabilité en droit de tout homme, riche de virtualités que l’empiricité de son existence viendrait actualiser selon les circonstances. La notion de compétence pose le problème d’une anthropologie économique : penser les conditions suffisantes de l’assignation de rôles sociaux en fait occupables par un individu. Dans un cas, on pense les réquisits d’un mouvement dynamique ouvert et infini en droit (problème de l’inaugural), dans l’autre cas, on pose les coordonnées d’un seuil qui devra être atteint en fait (problème du terminal). Dans ce nouveau paradigme anthropologique s’ouvre une logique parfaitement cohérente de légitimation de la compétition généralisée entre les individus, relayée conceptuellement par l’idée de performance. Ce papier essaie de dégager l’analyticité de cette solidarité conceptuelle pour mieux suggérer la nécessité d’une stratégie d’énonciation radicale lorsqu’il s’agit de penser l’éducation de l’homme : renoncer au terme de « compétence ».