bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impacts of domestication on the arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis of 27 crop species
Authors: Martín‐Robles Nieves , Lehmann Anika , Seco Erica , Aroca Ricardo , Rillig Matthias C. , Milla Rubén 
Published: December 2017

Summary

The arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) symbiosis is key to plant nutrition, and hence is potentially key in sustainable agriculture. Fertilization and other agricultural practices reduce soil AM fungi and root colonization. Such conditions might promote the evolution of low mycorrhizal responsive crops. Therefore, we ask if and how evolution under domestication has altered AM symbioses of crops.

We measured the effect of domestication on mycorrhizal responsiveness across 27 crop species and their wild progenitors. Additionally, in a subset of 14 crops, we tested if domestication effects differed under contrasting phosphorus (P) availabilities.

The response of AM symbiosis to domestication varied with P availability. On average, wild progenitors benefited from the AM symbiosis irrespective of P availability, while domesticated crops only profited under P‐limited conditions. Magnitudes and directions of response were diverse among the 27 crops, and were unrelated to phylogenetic affinities or to the coordinated evolution with fine root traits.

Our results indicate disruptions in the efficiency of the AM symbiosis linked to domestication. Under high fertilization, domestication could have altered the regulation of resource trafficking between AM fungi and associated plant hosts. Provided that crops are commonly raised under high fertilization, this result has important implications for sustainable agriculture.
Stored root carbohydrates can maintain root respiration for extended periods
Authors: Aubrey Doug P. , Teskey Robert O. 
Published: December 2017

Summary

Tight coupling between below‐ground autotrophic respiration and the availability of recently assimilated carbon (C) has become a paradigm in the ecophysiological literature. Here, we show that stored carbohydrates can decouple respiration from assimilation for prolonged periods by mobilizing reserves from transport roots to absorptive roots.

We permanently disrupted the below‐ground transfer of recently assimilated C using stem girdling and root trenching and measured soil CO2 efflux for over 1 yr in longleaf pine (Pinus palustris), a species that has large reserves of stored carbohydrates in roots.

Soil CO2 efflux was not influenced by girdling or trenching through the 14‐month observation period. Stored carbohydrate concentrations in absorptive roots were not affected by the disrupted supply of current photosynthate for over 1 yr; however, carbohydrate concentrations in transport roots decreased.

Our results indicate that root respiration can be decoupled from recent canopy assimilation and that stored carbohydrates can be mobilized from transport roots to absorptive roots to maintain respiration for over 1 yr. This refines the current paradigm that canopy assimilation and below‐ground respiration are tightly coupled and provides evidence of the mechanism and dynamics responsible for decoupling the above‐ and below‐ground processes.
Comparative effects of aripiprazole and selected antipsychotic drugs on lipid peroxidation in plasma
Authors: Dietrich‐Muszalska Anna , Kolińska‐Łukaszuk Jolanta 
Published: December 2017

AimThe aim of the present study was to evaluate and compare the effects of a new antipsychotic, aripiprazole (unique due to its mechanism of action), with the effects of selected antipsychotic drugs, such as quetiapine, olanzapine, clozapine, risperidone, and ziprasidone (at the final concentrations corresponding to clinically effective doses used for the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia) on lipid peroxidation in human plasma measured by the level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), which is a marker of oxidative stress.MethodsThe levels of TBARS were measured spectrophotometrically, according to the modification of the Rice‐Evans method.ResultsOur results indicate that antipsychotics at doses recommended for the treatment of acute episodes of schizophrenia may induce distinct changes in the levels of lipid peroxidation products (TBARS) in plasma. Aripiprazole had no effect on the level of a lipid peroxidation marker in plasma, although used at lower doses it showed insignificant prooxidative properties similar to clozapine. Quetiapine had the strongest antioxidant properties, contrary to prooxidative action of risperidone, ziprasidone or haloperidol, and clozapine at lower doses. Olanzapine reduced the level of TBARS in plasma only at a lower dose.ConclusionAntipsychotics at doses recommended for the treatment of acute episode in schizophrenia may induce the distinct changes in plasma lipid peroxidation. Aripiprazole did not induce significant changes in plasma lipid peroxidation. In further studies, the role of oxidative stress in schizophrenic patients together with their clinical symptomatology and use of antipsychotics should be taken into account.
Gestational Weight Gain‐for‐Gestational Age Z‐Score Charts Applied across U.S. Populations
Authors: Leonard Stephanie A. , Hutcheon Jennifer A. , Bodnar Lisa M. , Petito Lucia C. , Abrams Barbara 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundGestational weight gain may be a modifiable contributor to infant health outcomes, but the effect of gestational duration on gestational weight gain has limited the identification of optimal weight gain ranges. Recently developed z‐score and percentile charts can be used to classify gestational weight gain independent of gestational duration. However, racial/ethnic variation in gestational weight gain and the possibility that optimal weight gain differs among racial/ethnic groups could affect generalizability of the z‐score charts. The objectives of this study were (1) to apply the weight gain z‐score charts in two different U.S. populations as an assessment of generalisability and (2) to determine whether race/ethnicity modifies the weight gain range associated with minimal risk of preterm birth.MethodsThe study sample included over 4 million live, singleton births in California (2007–2012) and Pennsylvania (2003–2013). We implemented a noninferiority margin approach in stratified subgroups to determine weight gain ranges for which the adjusted predicted marginal risk of preterm birth (gestation <37 weeks) was within 1 or 2 percentage points of the lowest observed risk.ResultsThere were minimal differences in the optimal ranges of gestational weight gain between California and Pennsylvania births, and among several racial/ethnic groups in California. The optimal ranges decreased as severity of prepregnancy obesity increased in all groups.ConclusionsThe findings support the use of weight gain z‐score charts for studying gestational age‐dependent outcomes in diverse U.S. populations and do not support weight gain recommendations tailored to race/ethnicity.
Behaviour in the toolbox to outsmart parasites and improve fish welfare in aquaculture
Authors: Bui Samantha , Oppedal Frode , Sievers Michael , Dempster Tim 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHost behaviour can prevent infection and moderate the fitness of parasites. Antiparasite behaviours are prevalent in many host–parasite systems and occur over fine or broad scales. With global growth in aquaculture production and the associated proliferation of parasites in farming systems, the behaviour of the fish being farmed has seldom been investigated in relation to parasites. Epidemics and outbreaks of parasites are prevalent in most aquaculture systems, and behaviour could be harnessed in concert with current methods to prevent and control parasites and pathogens. However, this requires a systematic understanding of the behaviours of hosts, their capacity for resistance and their interaction with the environment and the parasite. Herein, we present evidence for how behaviour could be used in aquaculture, and discuss the possibility for behaviour to be used in aquaculture as (i) an indicator of welfare status, (ii) a tool in prevention or control and (iii) to maintain or improve welfare. We apply this framework to a case study of a highly problematic parasite, the salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis), on farmed Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We present the current state of the system, and the drawbacks of current control or prevention methods. We synergise current knowledge on host behaviours and show how behaviour could be incorporated into current and new approaches for prevention and control. Through this first evaluation of the possibilities behaviour presents in disease management, we aim to facilitate a shift in the current disease control paradigm from reactive‐based post‐infection control to pre‐infection prevention approaches.
The axiological solution to divine hiddenness
Authors: Lougheed Kirk 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhilosophers have recently wondered whether the value impact of the existence of God on the world would be positive, negative, or neutral. Thus far discussions have distinguished between the value God's impact would have overall, in certain respects, and/or for particular individuals. A commonality amongst the various positions that have been taken up is to focus on the goods and drawbacks associated with both theism and atheism. Goods associated with atheism include things like privacy, independence, and autonomy. I argue that it is better overall and for everyone to prefer a hidden God to no God. This is because it is possible to experience many of the goods attributed to atheism if God is hidden even if they do not really obtain, while also gaining many of the additional goods connected to theism. This amounts to a new solution to the problem of divine hiddenness: God might hide in order to increase or maximize the axiological value of the world.
Association analysis of novel polymorphisms in 2′, 5′‐oligoadenylate synthetase gene with reproductive traits in indigenous and cross‐bred cattle of Indian Origin
Authors: Alex R , Ramesha KP , Singh U , Kumar S , Alyethodi RR , Deb R , Rai S , Sharma S , Sengar GS , Kumar A , Prakash B 
Published: December 2017

Contents2′, 5′‐Oligoadenylate synthetases (OAS) are important components of an interferon‐mediated antiviral pathway. No polymorphisms in exonic regions of bovine OAS1 gene have been identified and associated with reproduction traits. The objective of the study was to detect and evaluate the effects of mutations in exonic region of bovine OAS1 gene with reproduction traits in cattle. DNA samples collected from 250 individual cows of two Indian dairy breeds (Sahiwal and Frieswal) of cattle were used in the study. The genetic variants of the OAS1 gene were identified with polymerase chain reaction–single‐strand conformation polymorphism (PCR‐SSCP) and sequence analysis using seven set of primer pairs. The PCR‐SSCP analysis revealed polymorphism in the fragments comprising of exon 2, exon 5 and first fragment of exon 6 while the fragments of exons 1, 3, 4 and second fragment of exon 6 were monomorphic in Sahiwal and Frieswal cattle. The mutations in the amplified region comprising of exon 2 were found to have significant association with age at first breeding and calving, service period, dry period and pregnancy rate. Significant associations were found between SNPs in the exon 5 and service and dry periods of the animal, whereas the genetic variants in the first fragment of the exon 6 showed significant association with age at first breeding and calving. To our knowledge, this study demonstrated for the first time that the polymorphisms in OAS1 gene were associated with reproductive traits and it can be chosen as a candidate gene for improvement of reproductive performance of cattle.
They Chose to Go to the Moon: How Birth Cohorts Shape Opinions on Funding for Space Exploration*
Authors: DeSante Christopher D. 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveOftentimes, political scientists wish to measure how attitudes or behaviors have changed from one generation to the next. One obstacle to this analysis is that certain attitudinal and behavioral variables (e.g., political participation or policy preferences) correlate with the age of the respondent. In seeking to model both age‐ and cohort‐based changes in attitudes, researchers are left having to impose constraints within the generalized linear model framework to solve problems of underidentification.MethodsThis article uses a method that has been developed to work around this exact problem: the intrinsic estimator.ResultsBy using this approach to traditional age‐period‐cohort (APC) models, the IE is one solution to underidentified models of political change.ConclusionsThis article summarizes the identification problem in APC methodology and then illustrates the advantages of the IE to the traditionally used constrained generalized linear modeling (CGLIM) approach with specific applications to trends in American political attitudes regarding spending on space exploration.
Land, Wood, Water, and Space: Senator Robert S. Kerr, Congress, and Selling the Space Race to the American Public
Authors: Hayden Jessica M. , Geras Matthew J. , Gerth Nathan M. , Crespin Michael H. 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveWe examine the contribution Sen. Robert S. Kerr (D‐OK) made in promoting NASA and space exploration to Oklahoma and the general public while serving as chair of the Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences.MethodsUsing newspaper articles as well as speeches and press releases from the archival papers of Robert S. Kerr, we estimate a topic model to uncover the dimensions of debate concerning space. We also use the communications from Kerr's office to provide substantiation and context to the way the senator promoted space in Oklahoma and elsewhere.ResultsWe find that contrary to the conventional wisdom, Cold War concerns about national security and primacy were not all that fueled arguments for pursuing space technology. We demonstrate here that particularized benefits, state‐level leadership, economic development, and technological advancements were all used to “sell space” during NASA's infancy.ConclusionWhile it is easy to give credit to the executive for achieving national goals, it is almost impossible to get to the desired outcomes without buy‐in from the legislature. In turn, this means members of Congress need to sell the policy to constituents back home.
Cryptosporidiosis in a transplant recipient with severe intractable diarrhea: Detection of Cryptosporidium oocysts by intestinal biopsies
Authors: Kagawa Kumiko , Fujino Hikaru , Miki Hirokazu , Sogabe Kimiko , Takahashi Mamiko , Maruhashi Tomoko , Udaka Kengo , Iwasa Masami , Fujii Shiro , Nakamura Shingen , Abe Masahiro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDisseminated Cryptosporidium infection results in manifestations similar to those of graft‐versus‐host disease (GVHD), which hampers the detection of Cryptosporidium infection after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Surveillance of oocysts on the surface of intestinal epithelial cells is needed for early and appropriate detection of Cryptosporidium infection in transplant recipients on immunosuppressants with severe intractable diarrhea. We present the first case of Cryptosporidium meleagridis infection in Japan after allogeneic cord blood transplantation.
Early post‐transplant diagnosis of cytomegalovirus esophagitis in an ABO‐incompatible kidney transplant recipients: A case report
Authors: Yazawa Masahiko , Sasaki Hideo , Sakurai Yuko , Kudo Hiroya , Nakazawa Ryuto , Chikaraishi Tatsuya , Shibagaki Yugo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCytomegalovirus (CMV) is a common infectious pathogen in kidney transplant patients. Here, we present a case of CMV esophagitis with antigenemia, that developed within 3 days of kidney transplantation, a timeline generally considered to be too early for development of a CMV infection. Intense immunosuppressive therapy for desensitization in ABO‐incompatibility or in the presence of donor‐specific antibody can increase the risk for significant opportunistic infection immediately after or even before transplantation.
Tick‐borne illness after transplantation: Case and review
Authors: Mascarenhas Tresa Reena , Silibovsky Randi S. , Singh Pooja , Belden Katherine A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTick‐borne infections in solid organ transplant recipients are an infrequent and difficult diagnostic challenge owing to multiple routes of acquisition and unusual presentations. A 67‐year‐old male recipient of a combined liver and kidney transplant presented with recurrent fevers following surgery. Standard microbiologic workup was non‐diagnostic. Shortness of breath, confusion, lethargy, and hypotension developed along with progressive anemia, requiring multiple blood transfusions. Workup suggested hemolysis and review of the peripheral smear was diagnostic for Babesia microti infection. Tick transmission, transmission via blood products, and/or the transplanted organ were all considered. More extensive questioning revealed a history of intermittent fevers for several months before transplantation. Testing of pre‐transplant blood was positive for B. microti antibodies, suggesting infection prior to transplantation. The delayed diagnosis of babesiosis in this patient highlights the need for a detailed exposure history prior to transplantation, as well as considering the potential for atypical presentations of tick‐borne infections in immune suppressed solid organ recipients. Furthermore, this case illustrates the importance of early Infectious Disease consultation to meet the challenges exhibited by febrile transplant patients. Infectious Diseases physicians are trained to consider, diagnose, and treat tick‐borne infections, contributing to improved clinical outcome.
A study of human neutrophil antigen genotype frequencies in Hong Kong
Authors: Tam K. , Tang I. , Ho J. , Yeung W. , Lee C. K. , Ip P. , Kwok J. 
Published: December 2017

SUMMARYBackgroundAlloantibodies against human neutrophil antigens (HNA) are associated with a variety of clinical conditions. Over the past decade, the allelic and genotypic frequencies of the five HNA systems have been evaluated. Although the HNA system is less polymorphic than human leukocyte antigens (HLA), significant differences in the genotypic and allele frequencies still exist in different populations, even those living in close proximity.ObjectivesTo delineate HNA genotypic and allele frequencies to provide vital information on estimating the risk of HNA‐associated diseases for our local population.MethodsUsing a validated, in‐house‐developed assay, genotyping for HNA‐1, HNA‐3, HLA‐4 and HNA‐5 was performed on 300 samples from Chinese blood donors from Hong Kong. In addition, the frequency of the HNA‐2 c.843A > T allele was also determined.ResultsThe allele frequencies of HNA‐1a, ‐1b and ‐1c alleles were 67·8, 31·5 and 0%, respectively, whereas the frequencies of HNA‐3a and HNA‐3b were 71·0 and 29·0%, respectively. The frequencies of HNA‐4a and ‐4b alleles were 99·5 and 0·5%, respectively, and for HNA‐5a and ‐5b, alleles were 85·2 and 14·8%, respectively. Homozygotes for the HNA‐2 c.843 TT variant were absent in our population, whereas only <4% of the population were c.843AT heterozygote carriers.ConclusionsThis is the first study to define HNA genotype and allele frequencies using a validated modified in‐house PCR‐SSP method in the Hong Kong Chinese blood donor population. Our approach provides a cost‐effective assay for conducting routine HNA typing and facilitates the incorporation of these assays into routine clinical service. Our results are comparable with those reported in the Guangzhou Chinese population, but the allele frequencies in our Hong Kong Chinese population are significantly different from the reported European frequencies, confirming that a geographical difference exists for HNA allele frequencies.
Parallel adaptations and common host cell responses enabling feeding of obligate and facultative plant parasitic nematodes
Authors: Smant Geert , Helder Johannes , Goverse Aska 
Published: December 2017

SummaryParallel adaptations enabling the use of plant cells as the primary food source have occurred multiple times in distinct nematode clades. The hallmark of all extant obligate and facultative plant‐feeding nematodes is the presence of an oral stylet, which is required for penetration of plant cell walls, delivery of pharyngeal gland secretions into host cells and selective uptake of plant assimilates. Plant parasites from different clades, and even within a single clade, display a large diversity in feeding behaviours ranging from short feeding cycles on single cells to prolonged feeding on highly sophisticated host cell complexes. Despite these differences, feeding of nematodes frequently (but certainly not always) induces common responses in host cells (e.g. endopolyploidization and cellular hypertrophy). It is thought that these host cell responses are brought about by the interplay of effectors and other biological active compounds in stylet secretions of feeding nematodes, but this has only been studied for the most advanced sedentary plant parasites. In fact, these responses are thought to be fundamental for prolonged feeding of sedentary plant parasites on host cells. However, as we discuss in this review, some of these common plant responses to independent lineages of plant parasitic nematodes might also be generic reactions to cell stress and as such their onset may not require specific inputs from plant parasitic nematodes. Sedentary plant parasitic nematodes may utilize effectors and their ability to synthesize other biologically active compounds to tailor these common responses for prolonged feeding on host cells.