bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Expanded Medicaid dental coverage under the Affordable Care Act: an analysis of Minnesota emergency department visits
Authors: Laniado Nadia , Badner Victor M. , Silver Ellen Johnson 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesHospital emergency departments (EDs) function as the safety net for patients with non‐traumatic dental conditions (NTDCs). With the implementation of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act (ACA) many adults became eligible for dental benefits. We examined the impact of “early” Medicaid expansion in Minnesota on ED visits for NTDCs from 2008 (prereform) to 2014 (postreform).MethodsData from the State Emergency Department Databases for Minnesota were analyzed for 2 years: 2008 and 2014. All individuals who presented to the ED with a dental problem were identified based on the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification with a primary diagnosis of 520.0‐529.9. Demographic variables including patient age, gender, and primary payer were examined.ResultsBetween 2008 and 2014 there was a 18.8 percent increase in the number of all non‐dental ED visits and a 9.7 percent decrease in the number of NTDC visits. In that time period, young adults 18‐26 years old showed a significant decrease (19.3 percent, P < 0.001) in the number of NTDC visits.ConclusionsThe Minnesota experience suggests that the increase in Medicaid dental benefits through the ACA has significantly decreased NTDC visits, especially among young adults who were eligible for a dependent coverage policy that extends parents' health insurance to age 26. To our knowledge, no previous study has reported on the impact of early Medicaid expansion on the rate of ED use for NTDCs.
The Effects of Social Status and Culture on Delay Discounting
Authors: Ishii Keiko , Eisen Charis , Hitokoto Hidefumi 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPeople generally tend to discount future outcomes in favor of smaller but immediate gains (i.e., delay discounting). This study examines the hypothesis that culture and social status moderate this tendency, as well as the alternative hypothesis that social status and culture influence delay discounting independently of each other. American and Japanese adults were asked to choose receiving hypothetical monetary rewards either immediately or receiving rewards of different amounts with a delay of 1 year. The results replicated previous findings and supported the alternative hypothesis. Delay discounting was lower when subjective socioeconomic status (i.e., an individual’s perception of her or his social rank) was higher. Also, the Japanese were less likely to discount future rewards than the Americans. However, there was no interaction between social status and culture in influencing the rates of delay discounting.
Overt and occult hepatitis B virus infection among community children in Northwest China
Authors: Su H. , Shao Z. , Pu Z. , Wang Y. , Zhang L. , Zhang W. , Wang B. , Wang A. , Ji Z. , Yan Y. , Zhang Y. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryAlthough a universal newborn hepatitis B (HB) immunization programme has been implemented in China, hepatitis B virus (HBV) breakthrough infection, including HB surface antigen (HBsAg)‐positive infection and occult HBV infection (OBI), still occurs during infancy or childhood. Obtaining the actual prevalence of HBV infection in general children is important for preventing and controlling the spread of HB. Accordingly, we investigated the prevalence of overt infection and OBI in community children and compared the serological and virological characteristics of OBI and HBsAg carrier children to clarify the mechanisms related to OBI.In total, 6 706 community children <12 years of age were included from a population‐based HBV seroepidemiological investigation in Northwest China. The HBsAg carrier rate in community children was 1.60% (107/6706), and the anti‐HBs positive rate was 57.35% (3846/6706). Additionally, 1192 HBsAg‐negative children were examined for OBI using nested PCR. The prevalence of OBI in local children was 1.26% (15/1192), and the predominant OBI genotypes were C and D. The 15 OBI children and 29 HBsAg‐positive children from the same population did not have a statistical significant difference in age, gender, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), proportion of anti‐HBs or anti‐HBc, viral genotypes or mutations. Children with chronic overt infection had higher viral loads than OBI children (P=.004). These results suggested that HBV overt and occult infection of children was more serious in underdeveloped north‐west regions. HBV neonatal immunization and catch‐up programmes should be strengthened and supplemented. None of specific viral mutations or genotypes related to OBI were found. OBI may be a specific stage of HBV infection.
Plankton carbon metabolism and air–water CO2 fluxes at a hypereutrophic tropical estuary
Authors: Guenther Mariana , Araújo Moacyr , Noriega Carlos , Flores‐Montes Manuel , Gonzalez‐Rodriguez Eliane , Neumann‐Leitão Sigrid 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMultiple biotic and abiotic drivers regulate the balance between CO2 assimilation and release in surface waters. In the present study, we compared in situ measurements of plankton carbon metabolism (primary production and respiration) to calculated air–water CO2 fluxes (based on abiotic parameters) during 1 year (2008) in a hypereutrophic tropical estuary (Recife Harbor, NE Brazil – 08°03′S, 34°52′W) to test the hypothesis that high productivity leads to a net CO2 flux from the atmosphere. The calculated CO2 fluxes through the air–water interface (FCO2) were negative throughout the year (FCO2: –2 to –9 mmol C·m−2·day−1), indicating that Recife Harbor is an atmospheric CO2 sink. Respiration rates of the plankton community ranged from 2 to 45 mmol C·m−2·hr−1. Gross primary production ranged from 0.2 to 281 mmol C·m−2·hr−1, exceeding respiration during most of the year (net autotrophy), except for the end of the wet season, when the water column was net heterotrophic. The present results highlight the importance of including eutrophic tropical shallow estuaries in global air–water CO2 flux studies, in order to better understand their role as a sink of atmospheric CO2.
The diverse family of MmpL transporters in mycobacteria: from regulation to antimicrobial developments
Authors: Viljoen Albertus , Dubois Violaine , Girard‐Misguich Fabienne , Blaise Mickaël , Herrmann Jean‐Louis , Kremer Laurent 
Published: March 2017

SummaryMycobacterial genomes contain large sets of loci encoding membrane proteins that belong to a family of multidrug resistance pumps designated Resistance‐Nodulation‐Cell Division (RND) permeases. Mycobacterial membrane protein Large (MmpL) transporters represent a subclass of RND transporters known to participate in the export of lipid components across the cell envelope. These surface‐exposed lipids with unusual structures play key roles in the physiology of mycobacteria and/or can act as virulence factors and immunomodulators. Defining the substrate specificity of MmpLs and their mechanisms of regulation helps understanding how mycobacteria elaborate their complex cell wall. This review describes the diversity of MmpL proteins in mycobacteria, emphasising their high abundance in a few opportunistic rapid‐growing mycobacteria. It reports the conservation of mmpL loci between Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non‐tuberculous mycobacteria, useful in predicting the role of MmpLs with unknown functions. Paradoxically, whereas MmpLs participate in drug resistance mechanisms, they represent also attractive pharmacological targets, opening the way for exciting translational applications. The most recent advances regarding structural/functional information are also provided to explain the molecular basis underlying the proton‐motive force driven lipid transport. Overall, this review emphasises the Janus‐face nature of MmpLs at the crossroads between antibiotic resistance mechanisms and exquisite vulnerability to drugs.
Sofosbuvir‐based treatment is safe and effective in Indian hepatitis C patients on maintenance haemodialysis: A retrospective study
Authors: Akhil Mohammed Shujauddin , Kirushnan Balaji , Martin Melvin , Arumugam Kanakaraj , Ganesh Prasad NK , Ravichandran Rajan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAimThis study evaluates the safety and efficacy of direct‐acting antivirals (DAAs) including sofosbuvir, ledipasvir and daclatasvir in patients with hepatitis C viraemia who were on maintenance haemodialysis.MethodsData on patients who received sofosbuvir and ribavirin were analysed. Patients who experienced treatment failure with the above regimen received sofosbuvir and ledipasvir for infection with hepatitis C virus (HCV) genotype 1. Those having HCV genotype 3 infection received sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. All treatment regimens were of 12 weeks duration. Side‐effects were investigated. The HCV viral load was determined by RT‐PCR at 4,16 and 24 weeks after the initiation of therapy; haemoglobin levels and liver function tests were monitored at regular intervals during therapy.ResultsOf the 22 subjects initially treated with sofosbuvir and ribavirin, 72.72% attained sustained virologic response at 12 weeks (SVR12). Four patients experienced treatment failure and received genotype specific therapy. Patients with HCV genotype one received sofosbuvir with ledipasvir. One patient with HCV genotype 3 infection received sofosbuvir and daclatasvir. All of them attained SVR12. A statistically significant reduction in the median serum glutamic‐oxaloacetic transaminase (SGOT) and Serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase (SGPT) were observed from the baseline until the end of treatment. Anaemia was observed in 45% of patients receiving ribavirin.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that sofosbuvir‐based therapy is efficacious for HCV viraemia in patients on maintenance haemodialysis. The therapy was found to be reasonably safe with no major adverse effects noted with the use of sofosbuvir, ledipasvir or daclatasvir. However, larger studies are needed to validate our results.
Eosinophilic esophagitis phenotypes: Ready for prime time?
Authors: Atkins Dan , Furuta Glenn T. , Liacouras Chris A. , Spergel Jonathan M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEosinophilic esophagitis (EoE) is one of the most common causes of reflux‐like symptoms and feeding problems in children and food impaction and dysphagia in adults with a prevalence of 1:2500. Therapeutic options include diet, use of swallowed corticosteroids, or dilation. In the last several years, recent clinical and translational researches have identified some common and distinctive features, for example, the varying response to diet and medications. As EoE shares some characteristics with both asthma and inflammatory bowel disease, the advances in these fields suggest that various phenotypes may also exist in patients with EoE. Here, we provide a rationale for EoE phenotypes and provide some suggestions for potential phenotypes based on histology, molecular signature, response to therapy or dietary therapy.
Australian and New Zealand Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines
Authors: Alison Jennifer A. , McKeough Zoe J. , Johnston Kylie , McNamara Renae J. , Spencer Lissa M. , Jenkins Sue C. , Hill Catherine J. , McDonald Vanessa M. , Frith Peter , Cafarella Paul , Brooke Michelle , Cameron‐Tucker Helen L. , Candy Sarah , Cecins Nola , Chan Andrew S.L. , Dale Marita T. , Dowman Leona M. , Granger Catherine , Halloran Simon , Jung Peter , Lee Annemarie L. , Leung Regina , Matulick Tamara , Osadnik Christian , Roberts Mary , Walsh James , Wootton Sally , Holland Anne E. ,   on behalf of the Lung Foundation Australia and the Thoracic Society of Australia and New Zealand
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveThe aim of the Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines (Guidelines) is to provide evidence‐based recommendations for the practice of pulmonary rehabilitation (PR) specific to Australian and New Zealand healthcare contexts.MethodsThe Guideline methodology adhered to the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE) II criteria. Nine key questions were constructed in accordance with the PICO (Population, Intervention, Comparator, Outcome) format and reviewed by a COPD consumer group for appropriateness. Systematic reviews were undertaken for each question and recommendations made with the strength of each recommendation based on the GRADE (Gradings of Recommendations, Assessment, Development and Evaluation) criteria. The Guidelines were externally reviewed by a panel of experts.ResultsThe Guideline panel recommended that patients with mild‐to‐severe COPD should undergo PR to improve quality of life and exercise capacity and to reduce hospital admissions; that PR could be offered in hospital gyms, community centres or at home and could be provided irrespective of the availability of a structured education programme; that PR should be offered to patients with bronchiectasis, interstitial lung disease and pulmonary hypertension, with the latter in specialized centres. The Guideline panel was unable to make recommendations relating to PR programme length beyond 8 weeks, the optimal model for maintenance after PR, or the use of supplemental oxygen during exercise training. The strength of each recommendation and the quality of the evidence are presented in the summary.ConclusionThe Australian and New Zealand Pulmonary Rehabilitation Guidelines present an evaluation of the evidence for nine PICO questions, with recommendations to provide guidance for clinicians and policymakers.
The role of acute and chronic respiratory colonization and infections in the pathogenesis of COPD
Authors: Leung Janice M. , Tiew Pei Yee , Mac Aogáin Micheál , Budden Kurtis F. , Yong Valerie Fei Lee , Thomas Sangeeta S. , Pethe Kevin , Hansbro Philip M. , Chotirmall Sanjay H. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
COPD is a major global concern, increasingly so in the context of ageing populations. The role of infections in disease pathogenesis and progression is known to be important, yet the mechanisms involved remain to be fully elucidated. While COPD pathogens such as Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis and Streptococcus pneumoniae are strongly associated with acute exacerbations of COPD (AECOPD), the clinical relevance of these pathogens in stable COPD patients remains unclear. Immune responses in stable and colonized COPD patients are comparable to those detected in AECOPD, supporting a role for chronic colonization in COPD pathogenesis through perpetuation of deleterious immune responses. Advances in molecular diagnostics and metagenomics now allow the assessment of microbe–COPD interactions with unprecedented personalization and precision, revealing changes in microbiota associated with the COPD disease state. As microbial changes associated with AECOPD, disease severity and therapeutic intervention become apparent, a renewed focus has been placed on the microbiology of COPD and the characterization of the lung microbiome in both its acute and chronic states. Characterization of bacterial, viral and fungal microbiota as part of the lung microbiome has the potential to reveal previously unrecognized prognostic markers of COPD that predict disease outcome or infection susceptibility. Addressing such knowledge gaps will ultimately lead to a more complete understanding of the microbe–host interplay in COPD. This will permit clearer distinctions between acute and chronic infections and more granular patient stratification that will enable better management of these features and of COPD.
Superficial herpes simplex virus wound infection following lung transplantation
Authors: Karolak Wojtek , Wojarski Jacek , Zegleń Sławomir , Ochman Marek , Urlik Maciej , Hudzik Bartosz , Wozniak‐Grygiel Elzbieta , Maruszewski Marcin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSurgical site infections (SSIs) are infections of tissues, organs, or spaces exposed by surgeons during performance of an invasive procedure. SSIs are classified into superficial, which are limited to skin and subcutaneous tissues, and deep. The incidence of deep SSIs in lung transplant (LTx) patients is estimated at 5%. No reports have been published as to the incidence of superficial SSIs specifically in LTx patients. Common sense would dictate that the majority of superficial SSIs would be bacterial. Uncommonly, fungal SSIs may occur, and we believe that no reports exist as to the incidence of viral wound infections in LTx patients, or in any solid organ transplant patients. We report a de novo superficial wound infection with herpes simplex virus following lung transplantation, its possible source, treatment, and resolution.
More bark than bite: Comparative studies are needed to determine the importance of canine zoonoses in Aboriginal communities. A critical review of published research
Authors: Smout F. , Schrieber L. , Speare R. , Skerratt L. F. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe objective of this review was to identify and critique over forty years of peer‐reviewed literature concerned with the transmission of canine zoonoses to Aboriginal people and determine the zoonotic organisms documented in dogs in Australian Aboriginal communities. A systematic literature search of public health, medical and veterinary databases identified 19 articles suitable for critical appraisal. Thirteen articles documented the occurrence of recognized zoonotic organisms in dogs in Aboriginal communities, includingToxocara canis,Dirofilaria immitis,Streptococcus dysgalactiae,Rickettsia felis,Sarcoptes scabieiandGiardia. Currently, there is definitive evidence indicating that dogs act as a reservoir for human scabies in Aboriginal communities. However, there is a need for large‐scale, high‐quality, comparative studies of dogs and humans from the same household to assess the occurrence and importance of transmission ofS. scabieiand other diseases between dogs and humans. These studies should use current genetic and molecular techniques along with traditional techniques to identify and type organisms in order to better understand their epidemiology. This review has revealed that there is a lack of high‐quality comparative studies to determine whether dogs are contributing to human disease by transmitting zoonoses. Our recommendations differ significantly from current public health policy and may have substantial implications for human and dog health.
Interbacterial Adhesion Networks within Early Oral Biofilms of Single Human Hosts
Authors: Palmer Robert J. , Shah Nehal , Valm Alex , Paster Bruce , Dewhirst Floyd , Inui Taichi , Cisar John O. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTSpecific interbacterial adhesion, termed coaggregation, is well established for three early colonizers of the plaque biofilm: streptococci, actinomyces, and veillonellae. However, little is known about interactions of other early colonizers and about the extent of interactions within the bacterial community from a single host. To address these gaps, subject-specific culture collections from two individuals were established using an intraoral biofilm retrieval device. Molecular taxonomy (Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray [HOMIM]) analysis of biofilm samples confirmed the integrity and completeness of the collections. HOMIM analysis verified the isolation ofStreptococcus gordoniiandS. anginosusfrom only one subject, as well as isolation of a previously uncultivated streptococcal phylotype from the other subject. Strains representative of clonal diversity within each collection were further characterized. Greater than 70% of these streptococcal strains from each subject coaggregated with at least one other coisolate. One-third of the strains carry a known coaggregation mediator: receptor polysaccharide (RPS). Almost all nonstreptococcal isolates coaggregated with other coisolates. Importantly, certainRothiastrains demonstrated more coaggregations with their coisolated bacteria than did anyStreptococcusorActinomycesstrain, and certainHaemophilusisolates participated in twice as many. Confocal microscopy of undisturbed biofilms showed thatRothiaandHaemophiluseach occur in small multispecies microcolonies. However, in confluent high-biomass regions,Rothiaoccurred in islands whereasHaemophiluswas distributed throughout. Together, the data demonstrate that coaggregation networks within an individual's oral microflora are extensive and thatRothiaandHaemophiluscan be important initiators of cell-cell interactions in the early biofilm.IMPORTANCEExtensive involvement of specific interbacterial adhesion in dental plaque biofilm formation has been postulated based onin vitrocoaggregation between oral bacteria from culture collections that are not subject specific. In the present study, subject-specific culture collections were obtained from early plaque biofilm of two volunteers, and coaggregations within each culture collection were assayed. Coaggregations, several of which involved a coaggregation-mediating cell surface molecule known from well-studied streptococci, were widespread. Unexpectedly, the little-studied organismsHaemophilusandRothiaparticipated in the greatest numbers of interactions with community members; these two organisms showed different distributions within the undisturbed biofilm. The data show that coaggregation networks encompass most organisms within the biofilm community of each individual, and they indicate prominent participation of organisms such asHaemophilusandRothiain early plaque biofilm formation.
Industrial Relevance of Chromosomal Copy Number Variation in Saccharomyces Yeasts
Authors: Gorter de Vries Arthur R. , Pronk Jack T. , Daran Jean-Marc G. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Chromosomal copy number variation (CCNV) plays a key role in evolution and health of eukaryotes. The unicellular yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
is an important model for studying the generation, physiological impact, and evolutionary significance of CCNV. Fundamental studies of this yeast have contributed to an extensive set of methods for analyzing and introducing CCNV. Moreover, these studies provided insight into the balance between negative and positive impacts of CCNV in evolutionary contexts. A growing body of evidence indicates that CCNV not only frequently occurs in industrial strains of
Saccharomyces
yeasts but also is a key contributor to the diversity of industrially relevant traits. This notion is further supported by the frequent involvement of CCNV in industrially relevant traits acquired during evolutionary engineering. This review describes recent developments in genome sequencing and genome editing techniques and discusses how these offer opportunities to unravel contributions of CCNV in industrial
Saccharomyce
s strains as well as to rationally engineer yeast chromosomal copy numbers and karyotypes.
Gastric outlet obstruction: an unusual case of primary duodenal tuberculosis
Authors: Kalpande Sanket , Pandya Jayashri Sanjay , Tiwari Ajeet , Adhikari Devbrata 
Published: March 2017

Background:Tuberculosis is a major health problem worldwide. Gastrointestinal tuberculosis presenting as isolated involvement of the duodenum is a rare case.Case Presentation:A 13 year male, presented with features of gastric outlet obstruction. CT enterography scan showed circumferential mural thickening in first and second part of duodenal junction causing luminal narrowing. Upper GI endoscopy confirmed the narrowing of D1-D2 junction. Duodenal biopsy showed duodenitis with negative result for AFB stain,Helicobacter Pylori. Patient underwent roux-en-y gastro-jejunostomy. Histo-pathological findings were consistent with tuberculosis. Patient was started on AKT and discharged. At 3 months follow up; patient asymptomatic.Conclusion:The unusual location of gastrointestinal tuberculosis, lack of specific signs and symptoms, radiological studies and endoscopy findings makes diagnosis a challenge. The treatment of duodenal tuberculosis is still medical and surgery should be reserved for emergency like gastric outlet obstruction causing nutritional compromise.