bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ISOLASI ASAM-9Z,12Z,15Z-OKTADEKATRIENOAT DARI BIJI SELASIH (Ocimum basilicum)
Authors: Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim , Retnowati Rurini , Rahman M. , Duengo Suleman , Warsito Warsito 
Published: November 2015

<p>The α-linolenic acid (9,12,15-octadecatrieonic acid) is omega-3 fatty acid that more active than other fatty acids to inhibit cell membrane damages, formation and growth of brain functions, antiinflamatory and prevent several cronic deseases like lung desease and arthrytis. Some research explain that geometri of omega-3 fatty acids had effect on its bioactivity. This research purpose was to isolate α-linolenic acid with geometry <em>Z,Z,Z </em>(<em>9Z,12Z,15Z</em>-oktadekatrienoat).</p><p><em>O. basilicum </em>seeds oil was isolated from <em>O. basilicum </em>seeds using Soxhlet extraction with n-hexane, then hidrolized by 12 % solution of KOH in aquadest. The α-linolenic acid was separated from other fatty acids by urea inclusion methods. The optimum condition of urea inclusion was determined in various temperature (+ 5, + 3, + 1, + (-1), + (-3), + (-5))<sup>0</sup>C and ratio of fatty acid : urea 1:1; 1:1,5; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:3; 1:3,5; 1:4.</p><p>From this research, extraction of <em>O. basilicum </em>seeds oil with n-hexane as solvent resulted clear yellow-brown oil with refractive indeks 1,466 and density 0,855 g/mL. Gas Chromatography (GC) analysis of fatty acids hidrolyzed from <em>O. basilicum </em>oil showed peak at t<sub>R</sub>= 19,949 minutes with relative percentage 70,72 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with t<sub>R</sub>= 19,949 minutes, was identic with <em>9Z,12Z,15Z</em>-oktadecatrienoic acid.Isolation of α-linolenic acid from other fatty acids using urea inclusion at temperature 0-2 <sup>0</sup>C dan rasio fatty acid: urea 1:1,5 showed nonadduct fraction contains compound with t<sub>R</sub>= 19,980 minutes and relative percentage 88,51 %. Base on Mass Spectrum (MS), the fragmentation of this compound, with t<sub>R</sub>= 19,980 minutes, was identic with <em>9Z,12Z,15Z</em>-oktadecatrienoic acid.</p>
OPTIMASI METODE PENENTUAN KADAR LOGAM TEMBAGA DAN TIMBAL DALAM GULA PASIR SECARA SPEKTROFOTOMETRI SERAPAN ATOM DENGAN DESTRUKSI MICROWAVE DIGESTION
Authors: Dewi Diana Candra , Fauziyah Begum , Suryadinata Arief , Annisa Dewi , Afifah Nurul 
Published: November 2015

<p>Tembaga (Cu) dan Timbal (Pb) adalah bahan ikutan yang ditemukan dalam gula pasir. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengetahui performa analitik kurva standar dengan penentuan suhu dan waktu terbaik destruksi menggunakan <em>microwave digestion</em>, serta performa analitik kurva adisi standar menggunakan suhu dan waktu terbaik destruksi.</p><p>Penelitian ini meliputi penentuan performa analitik untuk kurva standar yaitu linearitas, batas deteksi dan batas kuantitasi, sensitivitas, akurasi serta presisi untuk larutan standar Cu dan Pb, kemudian dilakukan pendestruksian sampel gula pasir dengan destruksi basah menggunakan <em>microwave digestion</em> dengan variasi suhu 160, 180 dan 200 <sup>o</sup>C dan variasi waktu 10, 15, 20 dan 30 menit dan waktu penyimpanan 1 sampai 5 hari. Penentuan performa analitik juga ditentukan pada kurva adisi standar untuk larutan Cu dan Pb yang telah ditambahkan sampel hasil destruksi.</p><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa : Suhu dan waktu terbaik destruksi gula pasir menggunakan<em> microwave digestion </em>untuk analisis Cu yaitu suhu 200 <sup>o</sup>C dan waktu 15 menit serta waktu penyimpanan sampai 3 hari. Suhu dan waktu terbaik <em>microwave digestion</em> untuk menganalisa logam timbal (Pb) adalah 180 <sup>0</sup>C dan 10 menit serta waktu penyimpanan hanya sampai 1 hari. Performa analitik untuk kurva standar tembaga (Cu) meliputi r<sup>2</sup> = 0,9993; LOD (Limit of Detection) 0,0011 ppm dan LOQ (Limit of Quantitation) 0,0036 ppm; sensitivitas 0,2; rata-rata akurasi sebesar 99.96%; serta presisi 9,46%, sedangkan performa analitik untuk kurva adisi standar tembaga (Cu) meliputi r<sup>2</sup> = 0,9999; LOD 0,0012 ppm dan LOQ 0,004 ppm; sensitivitas 0,1729, rata-rata akurasi sebesar 100,07% serta presisi 5,38%. Performasi analitik untuk kurva standar timbal (Pb) meliputi r<sup>2</sup> = 0,9999; LOD 0,0019 ppm, LOQ 0,0066 ppm; sensitivitas 0,1069 ppm ; rata-rata akurasi sebesar 99,56 % serta presisi 2,32 %. Performasi analitik kurva adisi standar timbal (Pb) meliputi r<sup>2</sup> = 0,9999; LOD 0,0018 ppm, LOQ 0,0060 ppm; sensitivitas 0,1090 ppm; rata-rata akurasi sebesar 100,01 % serta presisi 1,94 %.</p>
KAPASITAS ANTIOKSIDAN DAN KANDUNGAN TOTAL SENYAWA FENOLIK EKSTRAK KASAR ALGA COKLAT Sargassum cristaefolium DARI PANTAI SUMENEP MADURA
Authors: Lailiyah Ahwalul , Adi Tri Kustono , Yusnawan Eriyanto 
Published: November 2015

<p>Sumberdaya kelautan merupakan kekayaan alam yang memiliki peluang besar untuk dimanfaatkan. Salah satu sumber daya alam laut tersebut adalah alga. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kapasitas antioksidan dan kandungan fenolik total pada ekstrak alga coklat Sargassum cristaefolium dari pantai Sumenep Madura serta mengetahui golongan senyawa yang memiliki kapasitas antioksidan tertinggi. Ekstraksi alga coklat dilakukan dengan metode maserasi menggunakan dua variasi pelarut yakni metanol dan n-heksana. Kandungan fenolik total ekstrak kasar dalam alga coklat ditentukan menggunakan metode Folin-Ciocalteu, sedangkan kapasitas antioksidannya diukur menggunakan metode DPPH (1,1-difenil-2-pikrilhidrazil). Identifikasi golongan senyawa dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji reagen secara kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak kasar metanol memiliki kandungan fenolik total sebesar 74,63 mg GAE/g sampel, lebih tinggi daripada ekstrak kasar n-heksana (35,85 mg GAE/g sampel). Kapasitas antioksidan ekstrak kasar metanol sebesar 80,78 %, lebih besar dibandingkan dengan ekstrak n-heksana (74,98 %). Kedua ekstrak tersebut memiliki kapasitas antioksidan yang tergolong sedang, jika dibandingkan dengan antioksidan kuat, asam askorbat (99,26 %) dan BHT (99,09 %). Identifikasi golongan senyawa dengan menggunakan uji reagen pada alga coklat menunjukkan keberadaan senyawa golongan steroid di dalam ekstrak kasar metanol.</p>
UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIOKSIDAN FRAKSI ETIL ASETAT, KLOROFORM, PETROLEUM ETER, DAN N-HEKSANA HASIL HIDROLISIS EKSTRAK METANOL MIKROALGA Chlorella sp.
Authors: Anggraeni Ony Novia , Fasya Ahmad Ghanaim , Hanapi Ahmad 
Published: November 2015

<p>Al Qur’an surat Luqman ayat 10 menyebutkan bahwa Allah menciptakan tumbuh-tumbuhan yang bermanfaat bagi manusia. <em>Chlorella sp. </em>merupakan jenis mikroalga yang mengandung komponen bioaktif sebagai antioksidan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui aktivitas antioksidan fraksi etil asetat, kloroform, petroleum eter dan n-heksana hasil hidrolisis ekstrak metanol mikroalga <em>Chlorellasp., </em>serta mengetahui golongan senyawa yang terdapat pada ekstrak mikroalga <em>Chlorellasp.</em> hasil identifikasi dari uji reagen dan kromatografi lapis tipis.</p><p><em>Chlorella sp</em>. dikultivasi dalam MET 4 % dan pemanenan dilakukan pada hari ke-10. <em>Chlorella sp</em>. dimaserasi menggunakan metanol dan dihidrolisis dengan katalis HCl 2N. Selanjutnya dipartisi menggunakan pelarut n-heksana, petroleum eter, kloroform, dan etil asetat.Uji aktivitas antioksidan dilakukan dengan metode DPPH secara spektrofotometri <em>UV-Vis</em>. Identifikasi golongan senyawa aktif dilakukan dengan uji reagen dan KLTA.</p><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa nilai EC<sub>50</sub> ekstrak metanol <em>Chlorella sp</em>., fraksi etil asetat, kloroform, petroleum eter, n-heksana, danfasa air berturut-turut 1.334; 332,7; 182; 27,26; 173,7; dan 1.411 ppm. Hasil identifikasi golongan senyawa aktif dengan uji reagen dan KLTA menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak <em>Chlorella sp</em>. mengandung steroid dan asam askorbat. Eluen yang baik untuk KLT steroid adalah n-heksana:aseton (7:3) dan n-heksana:etil asetat (7:3). Eluen terbaik untuk KLT asam askorbat adalah etanol p.a.:asam asetat 10% (9:1).</p>
Associations Between Salivary Bone Metabolism Markers and Periodontal Breakdown
Authors: Gursoy Ulvi K. , Liukkonen Joonas , Jula Antti , Huumonen Sisko , Suominen Anna L. , Puukka Pauli , Könönen Eija 
Published: November 2015

Background: A dual relationship between glycemic status and bone remodeling was suggested recently. The present study aimed to 1) analyze salivary levels of receptor activator for nuclear factor κ‐B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, and osteopontin as potential biomarkers of alveolar bone loss and 2) determine whether the glycemic status affects the relationship between bone remodeling markers and periodontal status.Methods: Salivary levels of RANKL, osteoprotegerin, osteocalcin, osteopontin, and serum glycosylated hemoglobin A1c, insulin, and glucose were analyzed in 220 participants divided into four groups according to their periodontal health status: 1) 79 participants had at least 14 teeth with probing depth (PD) ≥4 mm (generalized periodontitis [GP]); 2) 65 participants had either two or seven teeth with PD ≥4 mm (two groups of localized periodontitis [LP1 and LP2, respectively]); and 3) 76 participants had no teeth with PD ≥4 mm (non‐periodontitis control group).Results: Salivary concentrations of RANKL, osteocalcin, and osteopontin were higher, and osteoprotegerin was lower in females than in males. Salivary osteoprotegerin concentrations were higher in the GP and LP2 groups than in the control group, whereas RANKL, osteocalcin, and osteopontin were not related with periodontal status. Salivary osteopontin correlated positively with serum and salivary insulin. The association observed between increased osteoprotegerin concentrations and periodontitis was lost after salivary insulin was included into the analyses as a confounding factor.Conclusions: Salivary concentrations of bone markers are either affected by glycemic status or detected at very low levels. These factors hinder their use as salivary biomarkers of periodontitis.
Cell Responses to Conditioned Media Produced by Patient‐Matched Stem Cells Derived From Healthy and Inflamed Periodontal Ligament Tissues
Authors: Xia Yu , Tang Hao‐Ning , Wu Rui‐Xin , Yu Yang , Gao Li‐Na , Chen Fa‐Ming 
Published: November 2015

Background: Periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) derived from clinically compromised teeth with periodontitis are considered a readily accessible cell source, but their impaired stem cell functionalities, as observed in various in vitro and in vivo models, necessitate further investigation of these inflamed cells before their translation into therapeutic applications. In this study, the effects of conditioned media (CM) produced by stem cells derived from human healthy periodontal ligament tissues (H‐PDLSCs) or inflamed periodontal ligament tissues (I‐PDLSCs), referred to as H‐CM and I‐CM, respectively, on the biologic properties of H‐PDLSCs and I‐PDLSCs from the same donor are compared to explore the extent to which inflamed cells can be rescued by their extrinsic environment (i.e., by H‐CM).Methods: H‐CM and I‐CM were prepared from in vitro cell cultures, and the cellular responses of H‐PDLSCs and I‐PDLSCs to patient‐matched H‐CM and I‐CM were investigated in terms of colony‐forming ability, cell proliferation, and adipogenic/osteogenic differentiation.Results: In H‐CM and I‐CM, H‐PDLSCs and I‐PDLSCs exhibited similar adipogenic potential. However, when incubated in I‐CM, both cell types demonstrated an increased capacity to proliferate but a decreased capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts. Significantly, the impaired osteogenic differentiation of I‐PDLSCs was partially rescued by incubation in H‐CM under osteo‐inducing conditions.Conclusion: The CM of patient‐matched H‐PDLSCs and I‐PDLSCs differed, and the impaired osteogenic differentiation of inflamed stem cells had the potential to be rescued, at least partially, for therapeutic use via changing the cell culture microenvironment in vitro.
THEORY AND PRACTICE OF EVALUTION OF HEALTH INJURY’S SEVERITY IN CASES WITH MENTAL DISORDERS
Authors: Klevno V. A. , Tkachenko A. A. , Chibisova I. A. , Kononov R. V. 
Published: November 2015

This article deals with evaluation of health injury’s severity in cases with mental disorders. There are descriptions of different kinds of maladjustment. Main criteria of evaluation are temporary and permanent maladjustment.
CODING AND SELECTION OF THE UNDERLYNG CAUSE OF DEATH FOR INJURIES AND POISONINGS IN ACCORDANCE WITH ICD–10 UPDATES
Authors: Vaisman D. Sh. 
Published: November 2015

The article is devoted to new coding rules and selection of the underlying cause of death for injuries and poisoning according to official WHO updates 1996–2012. The attention to obtaining reliable statistical information about the death for the detailed analysis that is a basis for development of the arrangements directed to decline avoidable mortality rates is paid.
Idiopathic Intervertebral Disc Calcification in a Child
Authors: He Bo , Nan Guoxin , Wang Zhongliang , Su Yuxi , Qin Jiaqiang 
Published: November 2015

Case:
A seven-year-old girl presented to the emergency department with severe neck pain and restricted movement of sudden onset. A basic neurological examination supplemented by radiography showed calcification within the intervertebral disc at the C6-C7 level. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine confirmed the diagnosis and revealed additional calcification within the spine at the C3-C4, C7-T1, T1-T2, T4-T5, and T5-T6 levels.

Conclusion:
Idiopathic intervertebral disc calcification is a rare condition in children, and its etiology remains unclear. In this report, we present a rare case of idiopathic intervertebral disc calcification at numerous levels in a seven-year-old girl. The clinical and radiographic findings, laboratory examination, and follow-up are discussed.
Tear film osmolality and electrolyte composition in healthy horses
Authors: Best Lori J. , Hendrix Diane V. H. , Ward Daniel A. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the tear film osmolality and electrolyte composition in healthy horses.
ANIMALS 15 healthy adult horses.
PROCEDURES Each horse was manually restrained, and an ophthalmic examination, which included slit-lamp biomicroscopy, indirect ophthalmoscopy, and a Schirmer tear test, was performed. Tear samples were collected from both eyes with microcapillary tubes 3 times at 5-minute intervals. The tear samples for each horse were pooled, and the osmolality and electrolyte concentrations were measured. The mean (SD) was calculated for each variable to establish preliminary guidelines for tear film osmolality and electrolyte composition in healthy horses.
RESULTS The mean (SD) tear film osmolality was 283.51 (9.33) mmol/kg, and the mean (SD) sodium, potassium, magnesium, and calcium concentrations were 134.75 (10), 16.3 (5.77), 3.48 (1.97), and 1.06 (0.42) mmol/L, respectively. The sodium concentration in the tear film was similar to that in serum, whereas the potassium concentration in the tear film was approximately 4.75 times that of serum.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Results provided preliminary guidelines with which tear samples obtained from horses with keratopathies can be compared. Measurement of tear film osmolality in these horses was easy and noninvasive. The tear film concentration of divalent cations was greater than expected and was higher than the divalent cation concentrations in the tear films of rabbits and humans. These data may be clinically useful for the diagnosis and monitoring of hyperosmolar ocular surface disease in horses.
Effect of castration on the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio of male dogs
Authors: Bertieri Marie-Blanche , Lapointe Catherine , Conversy Bérénice , Gara-Boivin Carolyn 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio (UPCR) of healthy sexually intact male dogs and to compare the UPCR of these dogs before and after castration.
ANIMALS 19 client- or shelter-owned healthy adult sexually intact male dogs.
PROCEDURES Physical, hematologic, and biochemical examinations and urinalysis (including calculation of the UPCR) were performed on each dog. Dogs were then castrated, and physical examination and urinalysis (including calculation of the UPCR) were performed again at least 15 days after castration.
RESULTS A dipstick test yielded positive results for protein in the urine of 10 sexually intact male dogs, but the UPCR was < 0.5 for all sexually intact male dogs. Mean UPCR for sexually intact male dogs was 0.12 (range, 0.10 to 0.32). The UPCR was < 0.2 for all castrated dogs, except for 1. Mean UPCR for all castrated dogs was 0.08 (range, 0.05 to 0.69). There was a significant difference between mean UPCR before and after castration.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE In this study, pathological proteinuria was not detected in sexually intact male dogs. Positive results for a urine dipstick test should be interpreted with caution in sexually intact male dogs and should be confirmed by assessment of the UPCR. An increased UPCR in sexually intact male dogs may be considered abnormal.
Nesting Preferences for Two Woodpecker Species (Dendrocopos Major and Dendrocopos Medius) in Comana Forest, Southern Romania/ Preferințele de cuibărit la două specii de ciocănitori (Dendrocopos Major şi Dendrocopos Medius), în Pădurea Comana, Sudul României
Authors: Damoc Ioana , Sahlean Tiberiu , Ion Roxana , Ion Mihaela , Meşter Lotus Elena 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The main goal of this study is to get a better insight of the habitat requirements for the Great- and Middle Spotted Woodpeckers. Woodpeckers are forest specialists, threatened all over Europe mainly by the loss of forest habitats and also by the loss in quality of the habitat by reducing the food sources and nesting sites. Both species showed a strong preference for oaks, lime, large trees and dead wood for nesting, but Middle Spotted Woodpecker proved to be more selective in terms of tree species. Nest-height was influenced by tree diameter. Both species have the same nesting preferences for Turkey oak, lime and Pedunculate oak, in a Quercetum farnetto-cerris type of forest. The orientation of the nest hole on the tree was mainly NE-E-SE for Middle Spotted Woodpecker and N-NE-E for Great Spotted Woodpecker.
A Comparative Perspective of Asbestos as an Industrial and Environmental Hazard
Authors: Erker Paul 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Asbestos as a widely used hazardous material shows an unprecedented, but also exemplary, 'career of a substance' from miracle fiber to deadly dust with epidemic dimensions. In the case studies of four countries, the specific constellations of the asbestos problem are outlined and the story of the interaction of scientific knowledge, corporate practice, and public policy is traced. The analysis focuses on three aspects: the connection between industrial disease and environmental disease, the issue of asbestos knowledge and legislation, and the actions of the major players - the government of each country, multinational corporations, and the victims of asbestos-related diseases. The asbestos story illustrates impressively how much time is required for a society to recognize and deal with the risks of hazardous industrial substances. And the global dimension shows that a precarious substance can still become an acute problem again even after decades of political and scientific regulation.
Transition Towards Green Water Economies: Surrounding Issues and Needed Capacity Development
Authors: Hamdy Atef 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Challenges faced by more and more countries in their struggle for economic and social development are increasingly related to water. The water sector shows an emerging global crisis, presenting shortages, quality deterioration, flood impacts, increased competition for use and governance problems. In the mean time notable population growth, increasing water consumption and climate change have created severe limitations for social, economic and human development and poverty alleviation. This brings us to the question: why is water resource development and management a main instrument in creating a green economy? The answer to this question can be found in the definition of green economy (UNEP, 2011) as one which results in improving human well-being and social equity, while significantly reducing environmental risks and ecological scarcities. Accordingly, it is quite evident that green growth, fundamentally based on water resource development, is an outcome of green economy and that a green economy cannot be totally green unless it addresses water issues. In other words, a blue economy is a prerequisite of a green economy. Considering the core features of green economy, it is quite obvious that water-use efficiency and improving crop water productivity, i.e increasing crop by drop, are central aspects of green economy. This directly indicates the crucial role regional and locally adapted water management strategies could have in underpinning the transition towards the green economy in the water sector. Equally, policy reforms should implement integrated land and water resource management through innovative capacity development approaches, focusing on the water demand side rather than the supply side, promoting water use efficiency and the sustainable use of waste water as an additional water source. Moving towards a green economy through water resource management, specific attention should be given to capacity development programmes; to developing and retaining local capacity for sustainable maintenance of green technology; and to establishing an appropriate valuation, charging and allocation system. In the Mediterranean, transitioning to a green water economy requires a fundamental shift in the way we think and act. For this to happen, investments in people's capacities and fulfilment of their entitlement are needed by means of greater education, training, information, awareness, understanding and participation in decision-making processes. Investments and technological progress are important in moving towards a green water economy, but equally important are awareness, motivation and empowerment of individuals and communities.
Oriental Democracy
Authors: Mikhail Alan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Montesquieu, Hegel, Marx, Weber, and Wittfogel all employed the concept of Oriental despotism to describe forms of non-European politics. Although each of these thinkers used the idea in different ways for different purposes, they all accepted that one of its crucial aspects was the notion that irrigation produced forms of authoritarian politics. With the world's longest river and one of history's oldest civilisations, Egypt was seen as the quintessential example of Oriental despotism. This article uses the copious sources of the Ottoman period of rule in Egypt to tell quite a different story of irrigation and politics. It shows how peasant cultivators held much of the power in the cooperative arrangements of imperially-coordinated localism that characterised the management of irrigation in rural Egypt. Egyptian peasants had the autonomy and wherewithal to initiate and control repairs to the countryside's irrigation network from beginning to end. They - not the imperial state - were thus the most vital actors in the politics and economics of rural Ottoman Egypt.