bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographic variation in parity progression in Australia
Authors: Gray Edith , Evans Ann 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAustralia has moderately high fertility compared to many Western‐industrialized countries. The current total fertility rate is around 1.88, but fertility levels are not uniform across the country. There is a distinct geographic pattern with the total fertility rate about 0.5 higher in remote and very remote Australia (2.33) compared to major cities (1.82). In this paper, we examine 2 explanations for this pattern: the compositional hypothesis and the contextual hypothesis. Using event‐history methods with joint modelling to investigate parity progression, we find that after taking into account differences in age, country of birth, indigenous status, relationship status, education levels, and economic activity, women living in smaller towns in regional Australia are more likely to have a first, second, and third birth. Further, there is lower propensity to have a first child in inner or middle city areas that are characterized by smaller and more expensive housing than suburban or regional areas.
Gas‐phase fragmentation of 1‐adamantylbisimidazolium salts and their complexes with cucurbit[7]uril studied using selectively 2H‐labeled guest molecules
Authors: Čablová Andrea , Rouchal Michal , Hanulíková Barbora , Vícha Jan , Dastychová Lenka , Prucková Zdeňka , Vícha Robert 
Published: June 2017

RationaleBisimidazolium salts (BIMs) represent an interesting family of ditopic ligands that are used in the construction of supramolecular systems with hosts based on cyclodextrins or cucurbit[n]urils. Understanding the fragmentation mechanism of individual BIMs and how this mechanism changes after complexation with cucurbit[n]urils can bring new insight into the intrinsic host‐guest relationship, thereby allowing utilization of mass spectrometry to describe binding behavior.MethodsSelectively 2H‐labeled bisimidazolium salts were prepared and fully characterized by spectroscopic methods. All MSn experiments were conducted in the positive‐ion mode using an electrospray ionization (ESI) ion‐trap mass spectrometer. The structures of the proposed fragments were supported by theoretical optimizations performed at the B3LYP/6‐31G(d) level of density functional theory (DFT) using the Spartan'14 program.ResultsUsing selectively deuterium‐labeled isotopologues of two adamantylated bisimidazolium salts and DFT calculations, we describe the fragmentation pathways of bisimidazolium salts. The release of two important adamantane moieties, [C11H17]+ and C11H16, from M2+ was determined, although the former was strongly preferred. In contrast, when M2+ was complexed with CB7, the neutral loss of the C11H16 fragment was favored. The fragmentation pattern strongly depended on the steric hindrance of the M2+ guest against slippage of the CB7 unit over the guest molecular axle.ConclusionsThe structures of two adamantane‐based fragments and the mechanisms of their formation were rationalized. Two distinct geometric arrangements for the adamantane cage inside the CB7 cavity were hypothesized to explain the differences in the fragmentation patterns for guests with minimal, moderate, and high steric hindrance. This finding brings new insight into the understanding of intrinsic behavior of the adamantane‐based guests inside the CB7 cavity.
Challenges of soil mixing using catalyzed hydrogen peroxide with rotating dual axis blending technology
Authors: Kakarla Prasad , Symmes Frederick , Temple Michael , Dello Russo Vincent , Hall Erik , Caldicott William , Hoffman Andrew 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAlthough known to be one of the most effective oxidants for treatment of organic contaminants, catalyzed hydrogen peroxide (CHP) is typically not used for soil mixing applications because of health and safety concerns related to vapor generation and very rapid rates of reaction in open excavations. In likely the first large‐scale in situ CHP soil mixing application, an enhanced CHP, modified Fenton's reagent (MFR), was applied during soil mixing at the Kearsarge Metallurgical Superfund Site in New Hampshire. An innovative rotating dual‐axis blender (DAB) technology was used to safely mix the MFR into low‐plasticity silt and clay soils to remediate residual 1,1,1‐trichloroethane (111TCA); 1,1‐dichloroethene (11DCE); and 1,4‐dioxane (14D). It was expected that the aggressive treatment approach using relatively “greener” hydrogen peroxide (HP) chemistry would effectively treat Site contaminants without significant byproduct impacts to groundwater or the adjacent pond. The remediation program was designed to treat approximately 3,000 cubic yards of residual source area soil in situ by aggressively mixing MFR into the soils. The subsurface interval treated was from 7 to 15 feet below ground surface. To accurately track the soil mixing process and MFR addition, the Site was divided into 109 10‐foot square treatment cells that were precisely located, dosed, and mixed using the DAB equipped with an on‐board GPS system. The use of stabilizing agents along with careful calculation of the peroxide dose helped to ensure vapor‐free conditions in the vicinity of the soil mixing operation. Real‐time sampling and monitoring were critical in identifying any posttreatment exceedences of the cleanup goals. This allowed retreatment and supplemental testing to occur without impacting the soil mixing/in situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) schedule. Posttreatment 24‐hr soil samples were collected from 56 random locations after ensuring that the HP had been completely consumed. The posttreatment test results showed that 111TCA and 11DCE concentrations were reduced to nondetect (ND) or below the cleanup goals of 150 μg/kg for 111TCA and 60 μg/kg for 11DCE. Supplemental posttreatment soil samples, collected six months after treatment, showed 100 percent compliance with the soil treatment goals. Groundwater samples collected one year after the MFR soil mixing treatment program showed either ND or low concentrations for 111TCA, 11DCE, and 14D. Successful stabilization and site restoration was performed after overcoming considerable challenges associated with loss of soil structure, high liquid content, and reduced bearing capacity of the blended soils.
One‐Pot Preparation of Macroporous Organic‐Silica Monolith for the Organics‐/Oil‐Water Separation
Authors: Liu Zhongshan , Ou Junjie , Wang Hongwei , Chen Lianfang , Xu Junwen , Ye Mingliang 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThree‐dimensional porous monoliths have been considered as attractive candidates for the organics‐/oil‐water separation due to their high porosity, low density and hydrophobic/oleophilic property. To simplify the preparation process, one‐pot method based on thiol‐methacrylate click polymerization was developed to fabricate macroporous organic‐silica monolith by using octakis(3‐mercaptopropyl)octasilsesquioxane, ethylene glycol dimethacrylate and heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate as starting monomers. The rapid click polymerization was carried out at room temperature under air atmosphere, which made it possible for preparation of monolith with desired scale and geometry. The hybrid monolith with good thermal stability and compressibility generated through‐pores with diameter ranging from several microns to tens of microns. As a result of the flexible organic linkages and fluorocarbon groups, the hybrid monolith showed hydrophobic feature, and could be fast swollen in organic liquids. Particularly, a cylindrical hybrid monolith (15 mm in diameter × 11 mm in height) supported by a modified syringe, which exhibited excellent recyclability and swelling‐squeezing performance, has been applied to selectively absorb organic liquids located on the upper or under water layer.
Unraveling the Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Active Sites in N‐Functionalized Interconnected Graphene Quantum Dots
Authors: Kundu Sumana , Malik Bibhudatta , Pattanayak Deepak K. , Pitchai Ragupathy , Pillai Vijayamohanan K. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHerein, we report for the first time, a unique three‐ dimensionally (3‐D) interconnected and surface N functionalized (25%) graphene quantum dots (c‐GQDs), which has been designed by a simple hydrazine hydrate treatment of GQDs in acidic condition at low temperature followed by a heat treatment that has remarkably enhanced electrocatalytic activity. A comparable exchange current density (i0: 0.8×10−3 A/cm2) with respect to the Pt/C and a low overpotential (220 mV; η10mA/cm2) has been observed for c‐GQDs. The improved performance of the material is attributed to the unique structure of the N‐interlinkage among the individual GQDs where the pyridinic‐N‐oxide develops electron rich active sites in the carbon framework for favourable H+ adsorption and desorption. We hope that our study may build up a new platform to the graphene based materials for various energy applications.
Synthesis of 5,6‐Di(2‐fluoro‐2,2‐dinitro ethoxy)‐2,3‐Dicyanopyrazine by One–step Nucleophilic Substitution and Its Energetic Properties
Authors: Ma Qing , Gu Hao , Lu Huanchang , Liao Longyu , Huang Jinglun , Fan Guijuan , Li Jinshan , Liu Dabin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract5,6‐di(2‐fluoro‐2,2,–dinitroethoxy)‐2,3‐dicyanopyrazine was synthesized in a one‐pot process starting from 5,6‐dichloro‐2,3‐dicyanopyrazine. Its structure was fully characterized by 1H, 13C, 15N and 19F NMR, mass spectroscopy, infrared spectrum as well as elementary analysis. Low‐temperature X‐ray diffraction was employed for analyzing its crystal structure. It exhibits excellent thermal stability (onset m.p. 203 oC, onset dec. 222 oC) which is comparable to those of 1,3,5‐trinitroperhydro‐1,3,5‐triazine (RDX). Different from RDX, it shows good safety properties (IS>60 J, FS=160 N). Its detonation performance exceed those of 2,4,6‐trinitrotoluene (TNT). The above‐mentioned energetic performance show that it is insensitive and worth further potential applications.
Concise Review: Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Diseases
Authors: Volkman Rotem , Offen Daniel 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Stem cell-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases aim at halting clinical deterioration by regeneration and by providing local support for damaged tissue. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) hold great potential for cell therapy as they can be efficiently derived from adult tissue, ex vivo expanded in culture and safely transplanted autologously. MSCs were also shown to be able to differentiate toward neural fates and to secrete a broad range of factors able to promote nervous tissue maintenance and repair. Moreover, upon transplantation, MSCs were shown capable of homing toward lesioned areas, implying their potential use as vehicles for therapeutic agents administration. Indeed, various advantageous effects were reported following human MSCs transplantation into rodent models of neurodegenerative diseases, such as neurotrophic factor-mediated protection, enhanced neurogenesis, modulation of inflammation, and abnormal protein aggregate clearance. Recent studies have also used ex vivo manipulation for enhanced expression of potentially favorable factors, by so exploiting the homing capacity of MSCs for effective expression at the lesion site. Here, we will summarize current advancements in MSCs-based therapies for neurodegenerative diseases. We will examine the roles of central mechanisms suggested to mediate the beneficial effects of MSCs-based therapy and consider the augmentation of these mechanisms for superior clinical outcomes in rodent models of neurodegeneration as well as in clinical trials.
Common and Distinctive Functions of the Hippo Effectors Taz and Yap in Skeletal Muscle Stem Cell Function
Authors: Sun Congshan , De Mello Vanessa , Mohamed Abdalla , Ortuste Quiroga Huascar P. , Garcia-Munoz Amaya , Al Bloshi Abdullah , Tremblay Annie M. , von Kriegsheim Alexander , Collie-Duguid Elaina , Vargesson Neil , Matallanas David , Wackerhage Henning , Zammit Peter S. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Hippo pathway downstream effectors Yap and Taz play key roles in cell proliferation and regeneration, regulating gene expression especially via Tead transcription factors. To investigate their role in skeletal muscle stem cells, we analyzed Taz in vivo and ex vivo in comparison with Yap. Small interfering RNA knockdown or retroviral-mediated expression of wild-type human or constitutively active TAZ mutants in satellite cells showed that TAZ promoted proliferation, a function shared with YAP. However, at later stages of myogenesis, TAZ also enhanced myogenic differentiation of myoblasts, whereas YAP inhibits such differentiation. Functionally, while muscle growth was mildly affected in Taz (gene Wwtr1–/–) knockout mice, there were no overt effects on regeneration. Conversely, conditional knockout of Yap in satellite cells of Pax7Cre-ERT2/+: Yapfl°x/fl°x:Rosa26Lacz mice produced a regeneration deficit. To identify potential mechanisms, microarray analysis showed many common TAZ/YAP target genes, but TAZ also regulates some genes independently of YAP, including myogenic genes such as Pax7, Myf5, and Myod1 (ArrayExpress–E-MTAB-5395). Proteomic analysis revealed many novel binding partners of TAZ/YAP in myogenic cells, but TAZ also interacts with proteins distinct from YAP that are often involved in myogenesis and aspects of cytoskeleton organization (ProteomeXchange–PXD005751). Neither TAZ nor YAP bind members of the Wnt destruction complex but both regulated expression of Wnt and Wnt-cross talking genes with known roles in myogenesis. Finally, TAZ operates through Tead4 to enhance myogenic differentiation. In summary, Taz and Yap have overlapping functions in promoting myoblast proliferation but Taz then switches to enhance myogenic differentiation.
Chimeric RNAs in cancer and normal physiology
Authors: Chwalenia Katarzyna , Facemire Loryn , Li Hui 
Published: June 2017

Traditionally, chimeric RNAs were considered to be exclusive to cancer cells. When occasionally observed in normal samples, they were usually considered to be transcriptional ‘noises,’ or artifacts due to template switching during the reverse transcription and/or Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) steps of experimentation. However, with the advances being made in next generation sequencing technologies and software tools, as well as the accumulation of new experimental evidences, increasing numbers of chimeric transcripts are being identified in noncancerous tissues and cells. Recent studies have also demonstrated functional relevance, for at least a subset of chimeric RNAs in normal physiology. The advances have resulted in an influx of knowledge; this knowledge indicates that chimeric RNAs are a component of basic biology, and thus challenging traditional dogma. In addition to chromosomal rearrangement, chimeric RNAs can also be formed via different molecular mechanisms including cis‐splicing of adjacent genes (cis‐SAGe) and trans‐splicing, as well as others. Little is known about the details of these noncanonical splicing processes. However, research in this new field promises to not only advance our basic understanding of the human genome and gene regulation, but also lead to improvements in clinical practice, especially in the areas of cancer diagnostics and treatment. WIREs RNA 2017, 8:e1427. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1427This article is categorized under:

RNA Processing > Splicing Regulation/Alternative Splicing
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease
Modified Inflatable Penile Prosthesis Reservoir Placement Into Space of Retzius: Comparing Outcomes in Men with or Without Prior Pelvic Surgery
Authors: Capoccia Edward M. , Phelps Jessica N. , Levine Laurence A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Background
Traditional inflatable penile prosthesis (IPP) reservoir placement has rare but potentially serious complications including damage to local structures, and Levine and Hoeh (J Sex Med 2012;9:2759–2769) described a modified technique designed to avoid these complications.

Aim
To determine whether the modified Jorgenson scissors technique is safe and effective in patients who have had prior pelvic surgery.

Methods
A retrospective chart review was performed on all patients who had a three-piece IPP placed by a single urologist from 2011 to 2015. Complication rates between the prior pelvic surgery group and the virgin pelvis group were compared using χ2 test. Differences between the two groups were considered statistically significant at a P value less than .05.

Outcomes
Reservoir-related complication rate and rate of converting to ectopic placement.

Results
A total of 246 procedures were included, with 174 having no prior pelvic surgery and 72 with prior pelvic surgery. The reservoir-related complication rates were 2.8% (2 of 72) in the prior pelvic surgery group and 3.4% (6 of 174) in the virgin pelvis group. This difference was not statistically significant (P = .79). The two complications from the prior pelvic surgery cohort were inguinal hernias requiring surgical repair, which occurred in the same patient. In the virgin pelvis cohort, there were five inguinal hernias and one autoinflation. There were 16 patients who required ectopic placement of the reservoir owing to difficulty in entering the space of Retzius (SOR), 14 of whom had prior pelvic surgery.

Clinical Implications
We believe this modified technique for IPP reservoir placement into the SOR is a safe alternative because the Jorgenson scissors allow perforation into the SOR away from vital structures.

Strengths and Limitations
The study is limited by the fact that it is a retrospective, single-center, chart review of a non-randomized surgical procedure with variable follow-up in a limited number of patients. Its strength is its applicability to provide surgeons a modified technique that can be used routinely for IPP reservoir placement that appears to be safe and effective, even in men who have had prior pelvic surgery.

Conclusion
In our experience, the modified Jorgenson scissors technique allows for safe entry into the SOR through a transverse scrotal incision and is a viable alternative to the standard SOR placement and the ectopic approach.
A survey of front-line paramedics examining the professional relationship between paramedics and physician medical oversight
Authors: Foerster Christopher R. , Tavares Walter , Virkkunen Ilkka , Kämäräinen Antti 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveParamedicine is often dependent on physician medical directors and their associated programs for direction and oversight. A positive relationship between paramedics and their oversight physicians promotes safety and quality care while a strained or ineffective one may threaten these goals. The objective of this study was to explore and understand the professional relationship between paramedics and physician medical oversight as viewed by front-line paramedics.MethodsAll active front-line paramedics from four municipal paramedic services involving three medical oversight groups in Ontario were invited to complete an online survey.ResultsFive hundred and four paramedics were invited to participate in the study, with 242 completing the survey (48% response rate); 66% male, 76% primary care paramedics with an average of 13 (SD=9) years of experience. Paramedics had neutral or positive perceptions regarding their autonomy, opportunities to interact with their medical director, and medical director understanding of the prehospital setting. Paramedics perceived medical directives as rigid and ambiguous. A significant amount of respondents reported a perception of having provided suboptimal patient care due to fear of legal or disciplinary consequences. Issues of a lack of support for critical thinking and a lack of trust between paramedics and medical oversight groups were often raised.ConclusionsParamedic perceptions of physician medical oversight were mixed. Concerning areas identified were perceptions of ambiguous written directives and concerns related to the level of trust and support for critical thinking. These perceptions may have implications for the system of care and should be explored further.
Infection dynamics of Caryophyllaeid tapeworm, Adenoscolex oreini Fotedar, 1958 and impacts of intra-lake pollution gradient on intermediate host (copepods) and health attributes of Schizothorax spp.
Authors: ZARGAR U. R. , CHISHTI M. Z. , RATHER M. I. , KHANDAY S.A. 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARY
This study is an attempt to unravel the infection pattern of the Caryophyllaeid tapeworm, Adenoscolex oreini and its association with water quality, planktonic copepods and health traits of fish in a highly stressed lake. Prevalence differed significantly (P &lt; 0·05) among different fish species with highest infection recorded in Schizothorax niger (% = 36·74) compared to Schizothorax esocinus (% = 15·7). Within-lake trophic gradient affected the infection pattern as prevalence of A. oreini was significantly higher (44·62%, P = 0·0001) at hypereutrophic site as compared to least eutrophic site (8·01%). The data suggest that spatial variation in the intensity of A. oreini corresponded to the variation in the abundance of planktonic copepods. The density of Cyclops scutifer was positively correlated with the prevalence of tapeworm. Results indicate that the health condition, which was reflected by condition factor and gonadosomatic index, was lower in parasitized fish, and there seems to be synergistic effect of eutrophication and parasitism on fish health. Linear regression coefficients showed that the health indices were significantly (P &lt; 0·05) predicted by infection intensity. It is concluded from the results that within-lake pollution gradient affects the infection pattern, density of intermediate host and health attributes of fish, and therefore these finding will lead us to elucidate the predictors responsible for decline of health of fish in highly stressed water bodies.
THE NATIVE VILLAGE DEBATE IN PIETERMARITZBURG, 1848–1925: REVISITING THE ‘SANITATION SYNDROME’
Authors: EPPRECHT MARC 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article examines the history of debates around the creation of a ‘native village’ in Pietermaritzburg culminating in the construction of the city's first formal township. This, and the decision to locate the new township next to the city's main dump, have commonly been interpreted to corroborate Maynard Swanson's influential concept of the ‘sanitation syndrome’. Swanson first coined that term to explain the origins of racial segregation in Durban, but it struck a chord very widely, not only because it problematized science as metaphorical, but also because it shifted responsibility for the antecedents of apartheid onto urban, self-styled progressive English-speaking officials and voters. From the Pietermaritzburg evidence, however, I argue that the concept ‘sanitation syndrome’ now unhelpfully elides or oversimplifies a complex history. I thus question its continued utility as a critique of cultural racism within liberal or modernization discourses in the wider contemporary regional context.
Book lists from the Cairo Genizah: a window on the production of texts in the middle ages
Authors: Frenkel Miriam 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe historicity of books – their role as a force in history – has been addressed in post-war literary studies from different perspectives and across various disciplines. Nevertheless, the scholarship on the history of the book in medieval Islam is still relatively sparse, even though this society underwent a thorough process of textualization. But even authors who do consider the social and cultural role of books in medieval Islam look only at the production and consumption of Arabic books within the boundaries of Muslim society, relying on Islamic sources which reflect mainly the courtly milieu of scribes and secretariats. None discuss books produced and consumed by the religious minorities that were an indispensable part of this society, and none have made use of the abundant Genizah documents as source material. In the present programmatic article, I call attention to the many book lists found in the Cairo Genizah and to their potential as significant tools for developing a better understanding of the cultural and social history of the medieval Islamicate world.