bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Relaxants in Electro-Therapy; Technique and a Comparative Evaluation
Authors: Mason-Browne N. L. 
Published: May 2017

1) An attempt is made to clarify and standardize the technique and modification of electro-convulsive therapy. 2) The literature is briefly reviewed. 3) A technique suitable for outpatient, hospital or private practice use is suggested and discussed. Kindly and proper handling of the patient, the time element, nursing requirements, and the training of medical staff were among the factors considered in the description of this technique. 4) A total of 1863 treatments were given to 246 female patients by the author over an arbitrary period and under exactly similar conditions. The limitation of the trial to females is coincidental. 5) For the first time 8 different muscle relaxants are compared and assessed in the same paper. Six of these relaxants were given to 25 of the patients in a partially unsuccessful attempt to give each of these patients a trial with each relaxant on at least one occasion. 6) It is concluded that physical disease or age do not contra-indicate the use of E.C.T. provided this is modified. 7) It is further concluded that suxethonium bromide is at least as satisfactory, and in most cases more satisfactory, than the other relaxant drugs used for the modification of electro-shock therapy. The drugs were assessed for this purpose in terms of occurrence of fracture, degree of apnoea produced, contra-indications, antidotes, effect upon blood pressure and pulse, production of histamine-like effects, excessive secretions, cyanosis, subjective ill effects, extent of muscle fasciculations, degree of relaxation, modification of the convulsion, time required, and finally—ease of handling.
Un Aspect du Traitement Psychiatrique en Hopital General: L'Electroplexie
Authors: Gauthier Drs C. A. , Coulombe Maurice , Et Jacques Turmel René Pion 
Published: May 2017

The authors present a review of their seven years experience with electro-shock treatment in a general hospital. At first they briefly recall their ecletic approach toward the diagnosis. For instance they insist on the difficulty of differentiating a neurotic depression with anxiety from an endogenous depression and stress the usefulness of the Funkenstein and the sodium amytal tests. Since 1950, 1,974 patients were treated in their service, of this number, 25% only with E.C.T. The average number of treatments by patient was 5.1. The percentage of improved cases is 82.3%, and of relapses is 8.3%. They do not segregate their patients in a special section of the hospital, instead they try to treat them, as far as possible like ordinary general hospital cases. Their treatment room is a quiet and seclusive place, and every treatment is given very discreetly, so in the hospital this place has not the reputation of the “shock room”. They concluded in emphasizing the multidimensional approach in psychiatric treatments.
The Role of the Relative in a Psychotherapeutic Program: Anxiety Problems and Defensive Reactions Encountered
Authors: Lefebvre Paul , Atkins Junius , Duckman Jerome , Gralnick Alexander 
Published: May 2017

This paper describes a number of observations made by the medical staff of this hospital in its dealings with the relatives of our patients subjected to an intensive psycho-therapeutic program. Our frame of reference has been the recognition of mental illness as a totalized process, involving the family as a psycho-social unit. Hospitalization of one family member is observed to provoke in relatives a number of reactions which can be summarized as anxiety, and defensive operations against such anxiety. The latter characteristically create the various problems a therapist encounters and must solve in order to insure that the relatives’ participation in the treatment program will prove beneficial rather than detrimental to the patient. The importance, particularly with psychotic patients, of having repeated therapist-relative contacts has been stressed. We have found them beneficial to the patient's effective treatment. We believe that only limited goals may be sought in working with relatives since lasting attitudinal and behavioral changes are not common, although certain limited modifications along these lines may be achieved. The paper, further, reviews some of the known sources of anxiety in the relatives of hospitalized psychiatric patients. A number of troublesome defensive operations against anxiety have been illustrated with case material. While we appreciate that this report constitutes a very modest contribution to an understanding of the relatives of psychiatric patients, we do hope that it will stimulate further investigation of this important topic.
États Hysteroides D'Origine Medicamenteuse
Authors: Delay Jean , Deniker Pierre 
Published: May 2017

If it is certainly too early to answer the different questions which we have asked in this presentation, we can at least resume and analyse many points in the analysis of the facts which we have examined. — The first would be to underline the importance of psycho-pharmacology in modern psychiatry. The example which we have chosen today shows that it constitutes an important approach for the understanding of the neuroses, as well as for those of the psychoses. — A second point concerns particularly those neuroleptic drugs in which we have been interested since their discovery. The observation which we have reported shows that all types of stages intermediary between the truly neurological reaction and those psychomotor manifestations produced by the drug, from Parkinsonism to the hysteroid reactions, from the excito-motor syndromes to catalepsy exist, and it is impossible to establish limits. — A third point touches on the problem of hysteria, considered not as a disease but as a type of reaction inequally developed in various patients. If it is presently impossible to completely equate in a pure and simple manner the hysteroid states of organic origin, or of pharmacological origin, with the neurotic reaction, it is also difficult to believe that the similarities between these are completely fortuitous. In particular, we have seen that the psycho-motor reactions undergone by the patient, under the influence of the medication, produces a rupture in the unity of volition, alterations in the level of awareness, and in the field of consciousness; increase in suggestibility, and even produces infantilism, which elements have in the past been regarded as the essential components of the hysterical mentality. That which is missing is the mythomania and, in part, the symbolic and verbal expression of the affective disorder. Or, in other words, there are two aspects of hysteria: One is the utilization of the symptom by the patient for secondary gain; the other is the derangement suffered due to certain nervous disequilibrium. The study of the hysteroid side effects permits a better understanding of this last aspect, which in certain cases seems to be primordial. For if it sometimes seems that the hysteric develops and plays on his symptoms, it must not be forgotten that he is also victimized by them.
Paranoid Behaviour in Addison'S Disease
Authors: Smith Colin M. 
Published: May 2017

A brief review of papers dealing with emotional disturbances associated with Addison's disease is presented. It is pointed out that interest in these disturbances is very recent though the disease has been known for over one hundred years. The evidence suggests, however, that minor disturbances such as apathy, depression, seclusiveness, irritability and negativism are common while major psychoses though rare have been described by a number of authors. These psychoses fall into two groups: those in which the state appears to be a confusional one associated with disturbed electrolyte and carbohydrate balance, and those in which there is no such clear cut relationship. In both types, it now seems to be agreed that cortisone gives superior results to DCA and salt therapy; however, in some cases, cortisone may itself induce psychotic disturbances. A case is then presented of a paranoid reaction in a man of fifty five who had suffered from Addison's disease for ten years and had received DCA and salt therapy during this time. There have been no crises and biochemical changes were not striking. The mental disturbances commenced a year and a half after the onset of the disease and appeared to be running a slowly progressive course. When cortisone treatment was commenced, an interesting change took place and for a time the paranoid reactions alternated with a depressive picture. Finally, after four months of treatment including psychotherapy, the patient made an apparently complete recovery which was maintained over a follow-up period of eight months. Reasons are given for suggesting that the paranoid State represented a total personality reaction, the result of many factors and that psychotherapy and social therapy played an important part in bringing about the satisfactory outcome. The striking benefit received from the cortisone is also emphasized. Finally, it is suggested that, in a disease such as Addison's, which may have such complex repercussions on the life of an individual, the possibility of using psychotherapy and social therapy in addition to the standard medical treatment should always be kept in mind.
Group Management of Emotionally Ill Adolescents in a Canadian Mental Hospital
Authors: Powles William E. 
Published: May 2017

A 3½ year pilot project with group treatment of emotionally ill adolescents in a mental hospital setting is reported. Twice or thrice weekly meetings combined techniques of group. psychotherapy and social groupwork, and required a relatively high expenditure of staff effort of about 25 man-hours weekly. The group incorporated patients of both sexes, an age range of 14 to 24 years, and diagnoses of both neurotic, psychotic and behaviour-disorder types. In the first half of the group's life, the group therapy represented the only specific treatment most of its members received. Later, individual somatic and psychologic treatment was received by about half the members. About twothirds of the candidates seemed significantly benefitted; least changed were the psychotics, while those with behaviour disorders improved unexpectedly favourably. Perhaps the most beneficial result of the group's life, however, was a change in the whole staff's attitudes and the emotional climate of the hospital in regard to adolescent patients, with a decrease in the number of “troublesome” teenagers on the wards. The literature and the experience with this group suggest that the filling of a previous deficit in affectional satisfaction comes high in the hierarchy of treatment needs of adolescents. A considerable activity is necessary on the part of therapists, who must reveal themselves in a variety of non-verbal roles differing from standard psychotherapy with adults. In this group, social interaction guided by two co-therapists of opposite sexes appears to have been the most effective treatment method.
The Effect of Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (L.S.D.) on Size Constancy
Authors: Weckowicz T. E. 
Published: May 2017

1. An experiment of size constancy has been carried out on 18 volunteers who took 35 gamma of L.S.D. 2. The subjects served as their own controls. 3. The effect of L.S.D. was an increase of the variability of performance of each individual.
An Examination of the Concept of Milieu Therapy
Authors: Powles WM. E. 
Published: May 2017

In this paper an attempt is made to examine, by a brief review of literature and of diagrams of actual psychiatric wards, some present thinking about the nature of a treatment environment. Three “dimensions” are abstracted from published material, two of them American and one English in origin. These are: 1. The idea that a “therapeutic” milieu can be distinguished from an “institutional” one, by its emphasis on making of the staff and patients real people (a personalistic dimension) 2. The idea that the hospital is a society or community, with staff and patients playing integrated parts (an organismic dimension) 3. The idea that traditional staff and patient roles are not helpful in psychiatric treatment, and that more active sharing of responsibility, and more active communication and interaction, between staff and patients, will more effectively combat the regression of psychiatric illness (a communal dimension). Three examples of wards are given: 1. A large chronic ward, where anti-therapeutic size and tradition pose serious obstacles to community 2. A small day hospital, where a degree of community has been achieved 3. A high turnover admitting ward where experiments are needed to draw the group together. It would seem that the crucial element in any ward milieu is a good staff, plus an adequate recognition of the humanity of staff. An attempt is made to assess the relative importance of various staff echelons in the daily living of the ward, nurses evidently having the greatest influence and doctors probably very little, at least directly. Attention is drawn briefly to a probable heightening of conflict regarding change in staff and patient roles, as psychiatry moves more and more into the general hospital, where traditional ideas about staff and patients are clearly established.
Article
Authors: Statten Taylor 
Published: May 2017

In this paper the author describes his findings in cases of homesickness which were studied in children's camp settings. The signs, symptoms, incidence and current theoretical concepts of depression and their defences in children are examined in considerable detail. A case illustration rounds out the presentation. The author concludes by saying that in the light of these observations on childhood behavior and the hypothesis on the infant's development of object relations and emotions he has attempted to describe a concept of depressive anxieties in the child and some of the child's defences against these anxieties. He suspects that these anxieties are closely related to some of the adult depressive states, but states that his paper does not contribute to the proof of this suspicion. He hopes that it has made a contribution to increasing our understanding of some of the implications and complexities of the development of depressive states in both children and adults. He suggests that children, adults and families be examined with these concepts in mind in the hope that we may better our understanding of depressive states.
“Syndromes Hypermoteurs Et Trifluoropérazine”
Authors: Gratton L. , Houde L. , Lafontaine R. , Fournier G. 
Published: May 2017

In a long term research project we are investigating the effects of Trifluoroperazine on Ego functions and Ego structuration in children with character disorders. Enough data has been collected on a specific aspect: motor activity, to be reported here. Thirty-three children, all boarding in a residential school were chosen. All of them were investigated by a psychiatrist, a neurologist and a psychologist at the start of the experiment. The psychological tests used were the Bender-Gestalt, Goodenough and Draw-A-Tree Test. These examinations were repeated after two months. The children were then divided in three comparable groups, as regard the psychiatric, neurological and psychological pathology. Only some aspects of behaviour were not equally divided among the three groups. For instance, hypermotility was equally distributed in two groups, but nearly absent in the third group, which is then used as a control for the level of collective motor activity in the institution. One group was put on Trifluoroperazine, the second group on a placebo, (identical to the active tablet) and the third group was without medication. These groups did not correspond to natural groups inside the institution, and only one of us knew the code. Trifluoroperazine and placebo were prescribed at a dose of 0.50 mg./per 10 lbs of body weight/per day. The doses were increased when needed after two weeks, at a ration of 0.25 mg./per 10 lbs. The children were seen regularly for 5–10 minutes once a week, and a complete observation form filled every two weeks by the nursing and teaching staff. We have devised a method to obtain a score from these observations and plot them in a graph. Figure 1 shows our results with Trifluoroperazine. The poor results on the collective activity of group I is explained by its opposite effects on two types of hyperkinetic children. The qualitative and quantitative study of the individual motricity curves allows us to distinguish two main types of hyperactivity. Type 1 (Figure 2): A curve with wide oscillations, the incursions of which travel at any point of the ordinate. These curves are obviously given by children whose motor activity is capable of variations. These children so grouped according to their curves, show a normal neurological examination and no sign of anaclitic depression. They respond well to Trifluoroperazine, with a mild akinesia, handwriting changes and a decrease in their motor activity. Small doses are sufficient. This type of hyperactivity is a good indication for the drug. Type 2 (Figure 3): The characteristic of this curve is relative flatness. Clinically these patients exhibit flatness of affect, depression, and all have an Extra-Pyramidal Syndrome (not associated with medication). This association, flatness of motor activity and flatness of affect with depression seem interesting. We discuss at length the possibilities for research in this group. Trifluoroperazine would seem to be contra-indicated in these children, since it has a tendency to exacerbate their hyperactivity.
Article
Authors: Saucier Jean-Francois 
Published: May 2017

The social perception of mental illness cannot be correctly evaluated on the basis of superficial investigations and questionnaires alone: a parallel study on social pattern of behaviour towards the mentally ill is required. Those who are handicapped mentally are usually identified as such in all types of societies. The initial reaction to pronounced evidence of mental illness is a sense of uneasiness within the group for it would appear that it is the social group which is in danger rather than the insane man who is dangerous. The institutionalized reaction which follows varies from culture to culture. In all societies, however, it is characterized by a basic ambivalence where rejection and protection alternate in a strange way. The ambiguity of this attitude is in relation to the maintenance of an acceptable social conscience. The family, for instance, will take every possible precaution to conceal the presence of a mentally handicapped member from the neighbours. When he can no longer be controlled, he is driven away, he is ostracized outside the city walls. Studies have shown a stable correlation between racial prejudices and intolerance towards the mentally ill. Even the Bible (Leviticus 20: 27) shows a rejection of the latter. And this had a disastrous repercussion in the Middle-Ages at the time of the Inquisition. Even nowadays, the difficulties encountered by a former inmate in his readjustement to community living are well known. On the other hand, instances of protection are found in all cultures. From taboos which prevent primitive societies from putting the mentally ill to death, the institution of asylums in the Middle-Ages, Pinel's reforms and the open door policy in the last century, to the recent integration of psychiatry into the general hospitals and the discovery of new therapies, a slow but constant progress has been taking place including the integration of mental health services into community life. This succession of reforms and progress may lead one to believe that a final victory over secular prejudices has been won. However, recent studies show that only limited results have been achieved through intensive propaganda aimed at convincing the public that mental illness is a disease like any other disease. Therefore, it would appear that our goals should rather be: 1) To stimulate by every possible means the identification process of the average citizen to the mentally ill by the publication of expatients' personal experiences as for example Clifford Beers' and J. Charles Pagés. 2) To neutralize as much as possible the projection of aggressive affects and thus help free the mentally ill from the role of a scapegoat so often imposed upon him.
Controllers: An abstraction to ease the use of hardware accelerators
Authors: Moreton–Fernandez Ana , Ortega–Arranz Hector , Gonzalez–Escribano Arturo 
Published: May 2017

Nowadays the use of hardware accelerators, such as the graphics processing units or XeonPhi coprocessors, is key in solving computationally costly problems that require high performance computing. However, programming solutions for an efficient deployment for these kind of devices is a very complex task that relies on the manual management of memory transfers and configuration parameters. The programmer has to carry out a deep study of the particular data that needs to be computed at each moment, across different computing platforms, also considering architectural details. We introduce the controller concept as an abstract entity that allows the programmer to easily manage the communications and kernel launching details on hardware accelerators in a transparent way. This model also provides the possibility of defining and launching central processing unit kernels in multi-core processors with the same abstraction and methodology used for the accelerators. It internally combines different native programming models and technologies to exploit the potential of each kind of device. Additionally, the model also allows the programmer to simplify the proper selection of values for several configuration parameters that can be selected when a kernel is launched. This is done through a qualitative characterization process of the kernel code to be executed. Finally, we present the implementation of the controller model in a prototype library, together with its application in several case studies. Its use has led to reductions in the development and porting costs, with significantly low overheads in the execution times when compared to manually programmed and optimized solutions which directly use CUDA and OpenMP.