bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Different Effects of Hypertension and Age on the Function of Large Conductance Calcium‐ and Voltage‐Activated Potassium Channels in Human Mesentery Artery Smooth Muscle Cells
Authors: Cheng Jun , Mao Liang , Wen Jing , Li Peng‐Yun , Wang Na , Tan Xiao‐Qiu , Zhang Xiao‐Dong , Zeng Xiao‐Rong , Xu Liang , Xia Xian‐Ming , Xia Dong , He Kai , Su Song , Yao Hui , Yang Yan 
Published: September 2016

Background

Large‐conductance calcium‐ and voltage‐activated potassium channels (

BK
C

a
channels) play important roles in the maintenance of vascular tone, and their dysregulation is associated with abnormal vascular relaxation and contraction. We tested the changes in

BK
C

a
channel properties in patients at different ages to assess the effects of hypertension and aging on the functional changes of

BK
C

a
channels.

Methods and Results

Patch clamp was performed to detect the activities of

BK
C

a
channels in freshly isolated human mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells from younger patients (aged ≤45 years) without hypertension, older patients (aged ≥65 years) without hypertension, and older patients with hypertension. The expression of
mRNA
and protein from

BK
C

a
channels was evaluated by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis, respectively. Results showed that the whole‐cell current density, spontaneous transient outward current, and Ca
2+
sensitivity of the artery smooth muscle cells were significantly decreased in the older patients with hypertension; the decreases were insignificant in the older patients without hypertension, although a clear tendency to have spontaneous transient outward current was detected in these patients. The expression of both
mRNA
and protein of

BK
C

a
subunits α and β1 was significantly decreased in the older patients with hypertension but not in the older patients without hypertension compared with the younger patients without hypertension.

Conclusions

Our findings demonstrate for the first time that hypertension is an important factor for the pathological alteration of the properties of

BK
C

a
channels in human mesenteric artery smooth muscle cells, and aging itself may also be a factor in these changes in the cells.
Revising Australian Pristomerus (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Cremastinae): species with a tooth on the hind femur
Authors: KLOPFSTEIN SERAINA 
Published: September 2016

The Australian insect fauna is among the least-well studied in the world, and conservative estimates state that 75% of the species still await description. In the more species-rich groups, this percentage might be even larger, which is certainly the case in parasitoid wasps which have received very little attention by taxonomists. The genus Pristomerus of the family Ichneumonidae is distributed worldwide, with most species found in the tropics. Its members attack concealed larvae of small Lepidoptera, and several species are used in biocontrol. Five species have been reported from Australia, all of them endemic, but many more undescribed species are present in various collections. I here revise Australian Pristomerus, focussing on the species that bear a tooth on the ventral side of the hind femur. Twenty-two species are recorded, 19 of which are described as new: Pristomerus australiensis n. sp., P. bertschmanni n. sp., P. callitrinus n. sp., P. dundeei n. sp., P. flavicephalus n. sp., P. fourecksensis n. sp., P. gracilis n. sp., P. kakaduensis n. sp., P. laetus n. sp., P. luculentus n. sp., P. lunatus n. sp., P. mangiferus n. sp., P. merus n. sp., P. nedkellyi n. sp., P. pellicius n. sp., P. periculosus n. sp., P. stellatus n. sp., P. tenebrosus n. sp., and P. venustus n. sp. A dichotomous key and an online interactive key to the known Australian species with a tooth on the hind femur are provided, including photographs of all the species. The origin of the considerable number of Australian Pristomerus species remains unclear. They might represent Southern relict elements with affinities to South American taxa, or their ancestors might have immigrated from the Paleotropics in more recent times; this question can only be solved with a dated phylogeny of the genus. However, support for a Palaeotropic origin of at least a good portion of the taxa comes from their current distribution, as the Australian Pristomerus are found to be most diverse in the tropical habitats of Northern Queensland and the Northern Territories.
Many things come in small packages: Revision of the clawless geckos (Crenadactylus: Diplodactylidae) of Australia
Authors: DOUGHTY PAUL , ELLIS RYAN J. , OLIVER PAUL M. 
Published: September 2016

We provide a taxonomic revision of the genus Crenadactylus, a group of very small clawless geckos from western and central Australia, with currently only one recognized species and four subspecies. Morphological comparisons were made on genotyped specimens from two recent genetic studies, then with an expanded sample to encompass all specimens to determine diagnostic characters in addition to morphological and geographic boundaries. Based on our findings, we elevate the subspecies Crenadactylus ocellatus ocellatus from south-western Australia and C. o. horni from the Central Uplands to full species. Consultation of the types of Diplodactylus (= Crenadactylus) bilineatus indicate they are C. ocellatus based on a dorsal pattern with intermixing of dark and pale scales not shared with any other taxa; we therefore maintain synonymy of ‘D.’ bilineatus with ‘D.’ ocellatus. We describe three new Western Australian species formerly allocated to C. o. horni: C. occidentalis sp. nov. from the western coast, C. tuberculatus sp. nov. from the Cape Range and C. pilbarensis sp. nov. from the Pilbara region. To stabilize the Kimberley taxa, we also raise C. ocellatus rostralis and C. ocellatus naso, both monophyletic taxa from the monsoonal tropics, to full species, while acknowledging further work is required on the C. naso species complex. All new species treated here possess distinctive morphological characters to diagnose them, including enlarged dorsal tubercles in C. tuberculatus sp. nov., a single enlarged supranasal in C. horni and a single enlarged postmental in C. pilbarensis sp. nov. Pattern was relatively conserved among taxa, with highly contrasting dark and pale longitudinal lines, with the exception of the type species C. ocellatus that possesses intermixed dark and pale scales and ocelli. Crenadactylus species are separated by deep genetic divergences and are usually allopatrically distributed. This indicates that despite being Australia’s smallest geckos, or possibly because of it, these diminutive lizards have a long history of localised persistence through major climatic changes over millions of years.
Characterization of the 14 June 2011 Norman, Oklahoma, Downburst through Dual-Polarization Radar Observations and Hydrometeor Classification
Authors: Mahale Vivek N. , Zhang Guifu , Xue Ming 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOn 14 June 2011, thunderstorms developed along a cold front in central Oklahoma in a thermodynamic environment that was conducive for downbursts. One of the thunderstorms produced a wet downburst in Norman, Oklahoma, that resulted in surface winds in excess of 35 m s−1(>80 mi h−1) and hailstones in excess of 4 cm in diameter. Unique 1-min observations of the downburst were recorded by an Oklahoma Mesonet station. These observations indicated a 6.6-hPa pressure rise that was coincident with a rain rate of 213 mm h−1at the center of the downburst. In this event, both the research KOUN (Norman) and operational KTLX (Oklahoma City, Oklahoma) Weather Surveillance Radar-1988 Doppler (WSR-88D) instruments were scanning this downburst and its parent storm at close range (<30 km). KOUN provided polarimetric radar data (PRD) while both radars provided limited dual-Doppler coverage. The evolution of the downburst is analyzed mostly through the use of reconstructed range–height indicators of the PRD. A hydrometeor classification algorithm (HCA) is applied to the PRD to gain further understanding of the microphysical evolution of the downburst. Through the analyses, it is seen that graupel aloft made a transition to a nearly all rain and hail mixture above the 0°C level. This large area of mixed rain and hail eventually descended to the ground, causing the downburst. In this study, the HCA analyses are utilized to develop a conceptual model that characterizes the hydrometeor evolution of the parent downburst storm.
Arctic Sea Ice Patterns Driven by the Asian Summer Monsoon
Authors: Grunseich Gary , Wang Bin 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The fluctuation of Arctic sea ice concentration (SIC) has been associated with changes in ocean circulation, ecology, and Northern Hemisphere climate. Prediction of sea ice melting patterns is of great societal interest, but such prediction remains difficult because the factors controlling year-to-year sea ice variability remain unresolved. Distinct monsoon–Arctic teleconnections modulate summer Arctic SIC largely by changing wind-forced sea ice transport. East Asian monsoon rainfall produces a northward-propagating meridional Rossby wave train extending into the Siberian Arctic. The Indian summer monsoon excites an eastward-propagating circumglobal teleconnection along the subtropical jet, reaching the North Atlantic before bifurcating into the Arctic. The remote Asian monsoon variations induce a dominant dipole sea ice melt pattern in which the North Atlantic–European Arctic contrasts with the Siberian–North American Arctic. The monsoon-related sea ice variations are complementary and comparable in magnitude to locally forced Arctic Oscillation variability. The monsoon–Arctic link will improve seasonal prediction of summer Arctic sea ice and possibly explain long-term sea ice trends associated with the projected increase in Asian monsoon rainfall over the next century.
The long-term co-occurrence of psychiatric illness and behavioral problems following child sexual abuse
Authors: Papalia Nina L , Luebbers Stefan , Ogloff James RP , Cutajar Margaret , Mullen Paul E 
Published: September 2016

Objectives:There is a growing body of research investigating the relationship between child sexual abuse and a range of adverse outcomes. However, very little is known about the long-term co-occurrence of psychiatric disorders and behavioral problems among this vulnerable population, or the interaction between characteristics of the abuse, such as the nature and timing of the child sexual abuse, and the extent of subsequent adversities. This study aimed to determine the rate and co-occurrence of mental health morbidity, criminal justice system contact, and fatal self-harm among medically confirmed victims of child sexual abuse, and to identify abuse variables associated with a greater likelihood of cumulative adverse experiences.Methods:The forensic medical records of 2759 cases of child sexual abuse assessed between 1964 and 1995 were linked with public psychiatric, criminal justice and coronial administrative databases between 13 and 44 years following abuse. Cases were compared to 2677 matched comparisons from the general population.Results:Abuse victims were more likely (odds ratio = 7.2, 95% confidence interval = [4.9, 10.4], p < 0.001) to experience cumulative adverse psychiatric and behavioral problems relative to comparisons. Almost half (47.6%) of victims who died of suicide or drug overdose had a history of offending, further victimization and mental illness. Relative to comparisons, female victims demonstrated the largest increase in odds for cumulative outcomes (odds ratio = 9.8, 95% confidence interval = [5.8, 16.8], p < 0.001), whereas in absolute terms, male victims were at an elevated risk for all types and combinations of adverse outcomes, except fatal self-harm. Boys who were older at abuse, had multiple abuse episodes or who were abused by an extra-familial perpetrator were most likely to experience poorer clinical trajectories. Only being older at abuse was associated with cumulative adverse experiences for females.Conclusions:Sexual abuse, particularly during adolescence (ages 12–16 years), appears to be a risk factor for co-occurring adverse experiences. This study identifies particular groups of child sexual abuse victims as at-risk and requiring targeted intervention.
Was R2P a viable option for Syria? Opinion content in the Globe and Mail and the National Post, 2011–2013
Authors: Najem Tom Pierre , Soderlund Walter C. , Briggs E. Donald , Cipkar Sarah 
Published: September 2016

In the spring of 2011 the Syrian civil war emerged as a late chapter of the “Arab Spring,” a chapter that in retrospect has turned out to be the most complex and potentially most serious. How such crisis events are framed in press coverage has been identified as important with respect to possible responses the international community makes under the doctrine of Responsibility to Protect (R2P). By most indicators (number of casualties, number of refugees, plus the use of chemical weapons against civilians), Syria certainly qualified as a candidate for the application of a UN Security Council authorized R2P reaction response; yet during the first two-and-a-half years of the war no such action was forthcoming. This research examines editorial and opinion pieces on Syria appearing in two leading Canadian newspapers, the Globe and Mail and the National Post, from March 2011 to September 2013 in terms of assessing how the civil war was framed regarding the appropriateness of an R2P military response on the part of the international community. The research has both quantitative and qualitative dimensions. The former examines whether framing promoted or discouraged international involvement (i.e. a “will to intervene”), as well as whether diplomatic and especially military actions such as a “no-fly zone” or more direct military attacks would be likely to result in success or failure . Qualitatively, the major positions taken and arguments presented regarding R2P, and whether it should be invoked for Syria, are reviewed.
Worlding Bogotá’s Ciclovía
Authors: Montero Sergio 
Published: September 2016

“Best practices” are either celebrated as inspirational examples that can spur policy change and learning in other places or critiqued as “one-size-fits-all” models that do not consider the complexity of local contexts. Less is known about the forms of power, governance, and legitimacy that are embedded in the construction and mobilization of certain policies as world policy models. This article critically examines the concept of “best practice” by analyzing the case of Bogotá’s Ciclovía, a weekly 70-mile street-closure program to promote urban biking and physical exercise. The analysis sheds light on the shifting rationalities and constellations of local and transnational actors, networks, and agendas that have shaped the program from its experimental beginnings in the 1970s through its construction as an international “best practice” in the 2000s. Las “mejores prácticas” suelen ser o bien presentadas como ejemplos inspiradores y creativos que pueden impulsar cambios políticos en otros lugares o criticadas como modelos “universales” que no toman en consideración la complejidad de los contextos locales. No obstante, se sabe relativamente poco sobre las formas de poder, gobernanza y legitimidad que están insertadas en la construcción y movilización de ciertos programas como modelos de política mundial. El artículo hace un examen crítico del concepto de “mejores prácticas” analizando el caso de la Ciclovía de Bogotá—un programa semanal de cierre de calles que promueve el ciclismo urbano y el ejercicio físico. El análisis arroja luz sobre las racionalidades cambiantes así como las diferentes constelaciones de actores, redes, y agendas locales y globales que le han dado forma al programa desde sus tímidos comienzos en los años 70 hasta su construcción como una “mejor práctica” internacional en los últimos años.
Gendering the Urban Social Movement and Public Housing Policy in São Paulo
Authors: Levy Charmain , Latendresse Anne , Carle-Marsan Marianne 
Published: September 2016

A deteriorating economic scenario, a critical mass of unmarried female heads of households, and the institutionalization of the São Paulo housing movement in the 2000s contributed to women’s taking on a new public role within the movement. The strong presence of women at different levels of this social movement was a necessary but not determining factor in generating public awareness about gender-differentiated needs and claims for access to housing. Female leadership and a strategic alliance with the women’s movement and with nongovernmental organizations and local elected officials contributed to the development of gender-specific public housing policies. O cenário de deterioração econômica, a massa crítica de mulheres solteiras na qualidade de chefes de família, bem como a institucionalização do movimento por moradia em São Paulo no início deste século contribuíram para que as mulheres desempenhassem um novo papel nessa ação. A forte presença de mulheres em diferentes esferas desse movimento social foi um fator necessário, embora não determinante, para gerar consciência social sobre o acesso à moradia baseado em diferenças de gênero. A liderança feminina e a aliança estratégica do movimento das mulheres, além da participação de organizações não-governamentais e de políticos eleitos, auxiliaram no desenvolvimento de políticas públicas para moradias com base na especificidade de gênero.
Obesity Prevention Program in Childcare Centers: Two-Year Follow-Up
Authors: Natale Ruby A. , Messiah Sarah E. , Asfour Lila S. , Uhlhorn Susan B. , Englebert Nicole E. , Arheart Kristopher L. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose: To assess the impact of an early childhood obesity prevention intervention “Healthy Caregivers–Healthy Children” (HC2) on dietary patterns and body mass index percentile (PBMI) over 2 school years. Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting: Childcare centers. Participants: Low-income families. Intervention: Intervention centers (N = 12) received HC2 which consisted of (1) menu modifications, (2) a healthy eating and physical activity curriculum for children, and (3) a parent curriculum for healthy meal preparation, reinforced through a role-modeling curriculum. Control centers (N = 16) received an injury prevention/safety intervention. Measures: Child PBMI and parent report of child’s consumption of fruits/vegetables and unhealthy food. Analysis: Confirmatory factor analysis verified the psychometric properties of factor scores for children’s consumption of fruits/vegetables and unhealthy food. Growth curve analysis assessed the impact of HC2 on change in consumption of fruits/vegetables and unhealthy food and PBMI over 2 school years. Results: Children in the intervention group (n = 754) had a negative slope (β = −1.95, standard error [SE] = 0.97, P = .04), indicating less increase in PBMI versus control children (n = 457). Stratified analyses showed that obese children in the intervention arm had a significantly higher increase in fruit/vegetable consumption versus control group obese children (β = 0.24, SE = 0.08, P = .003). Conclusion: The HC2 intervention resulted in the maintenance of healthy PBMI over 2 preschool years among low-income multiethnic children. These findings support efforts to implement healthy weight programs in the childcare setting.
The Relationship Between Physical Activity and Alcohol Use Among Adults in the United States
Authors: Dodge Tonya , Clarke Paige , Dwan Rita 
Published: September 2016

Objective: To synthesize published literature that has tested the relationship between physical activity and alcohol use. Data Source: A systematic review of literature published between January 2005 and May 2015 was conducted by searching the databases: PsychInfo, Medline, and Pubmed. Study Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria: Inclusion criteria: must have tested for the relationship between physical activity and alcohol use; used adult samples within the United States. Exclusion criteria: utilized samples from outside the United States, adolescents, or alcohol dependent and heavy drinkers. Data Extraction: Data were extracted from studies that achieved a quality score of 4 or greater. The following information was recorded for each study: sample characteristics, the variable that served as the predictor, study design, covariates included in analyses, and the direction/nature of the relationship. Data Synthesis: The search captured 1036 unique articles, 16 of which were included in the final systematic review. Results: Nearly 88% of the studies with college students and 75% of studies with nonstudent adults reported a positive relationship between physical activity and alcohol use. Conclusion: Research published in the past decade implies a positive relationship between physical activity and alcohol use. Findings have important implications for the design of health promotion programs targeting physical activity and alcohol use.
Prevalence and Correlates of Missing Meals Among High School Students—United States, 2010
Authors: Demissie Zewditu , Eaton Danice K. , Lowry Richard , Nihiser Allison J. , Foltz Jennifer L. 
Published: September 2016

Purpose: To determine the prevalence and correlates of missing meals among adolescents. Design: The 2010 National Youth Physical Activity and Nutrition Study, a cross-sectional study. Setting: School based. Participants: A nationally representative sample of 11 429 high school students. Measures: Breakfast, lunch, and dinner consumption; demographics; measured and perceived weight status; physical activity and sedentary behaviors; and fruit, vegetable, milk, sugar-sweetened beverage, and fast-food intake. Analysis: Prevalence estimates for missing breakfast, lunch, or dinner on ≥1 day during the past 7 days were calculated. Associations between demographics and missing meals were tested. Associations of lifestyle and dietary behaviors with missing meals were examined using logistic regression controlling for sex, race/ethnicity, and grade. Results: In 2010, 63.1% of students missed breakfast, 38.2% missed lunch, and 23.3% missed dinner; the prevalence was highest among female and non-Hispanic black students. Being overweight/obese, perceiving oneself to be overweight, and video game/computer use were associated with increased risk of missing meals. Physical activity behaviors were associated with reduced risk of missing meals. Students who missed breakfast were less likely to eat fruits and vegetables and more likely to consume sugar-sweetened beverages and fast food. Conclusion: Breakfast was the most frequently missed meal, and missing breakfast was associated with the greatest number of less healthy dietary practices. Intervention and education efforts might prioritize breakfast consumption.