bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased oxidative stress in patients with severe disability: Association with nutrition
Authors: Kawaguchi Chiharu , Morinaga Marie , Kubota Masaru , Saito Hiromi , Tomiwa Kiyotaka , Uchiike Nobuo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have described a role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of various pediatric disorders, but investigation into oxidative stress status in patients with severe disability remains limited. The aim of the present study was therefore to clarify the oxidative stress status in patients with severe disability, focusing specifically on intake of three major nutrients and micronutrients with antioxidant activities.MethodsThirty‐one patients with severe disability (mean age, 14.1 ± 7.8 years) were enrolled. Three in vivo biomarkers, plasma biological antioxidant potential (BAP), plasma reactive oxygen metabolite‐derived compounds (d‐ROM), and urinary 8‐hydroxydeoxyguanosine (8‐OHdG), were determined for evaluating oxidative status. The dietary intake of three major nutrients and various micronutrients was estimated from dietary records over a 3 day period.ResultsIn patients with severe disability, BAP was significantly lower and d‐ROM and 8‐OHdG significantly higher than in historical controls. Among these markers, a significant positive correlation was found in BAP versus d‐ROM and d‐ROM versus 8‐OHdG. On multiple regression analysis, a significant inverse association between 8‐OHdG and carotenoid intake was seen.ConclusionThe oxidative/antioxidative balance shifts towards oxidative status dominance in patients with severe disability. More research is needed on nutritional intake of antioxidative nutrients to determine whether they can be used to reduce oxidative stress.
Functional and Photochemical Characterization of a Light‐Driven Proton Pump from the Gammaproteobacterium Pantoea vagans
Authors: Sudo Yuki , Yoshizawa Susumu 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPhotoactive retinal proteins are widely distributed throughout the domains of the microbial world (i.e., bacteria, archaea, and eukarya). Here we describe three retinal proteins belonging to a phylogenetic clade with a unique DTG motif. Light‐induced decrease in the environmental pH and its inhibition by carbonyl cyanide m‐chlorophenylhydrazone revealed that these retinal proteins function as light‐driven outward electrogenic proton pumps. We further characterized one of these proteins, Pantoea vagans rhodopsin (PvR), spectroscopically. Visible spectroscopy and high‐performance liquid chromatography revealed that PvR has an absorption maximum at 538 nm with the retinal chromophore predominantly in the all‐trans form (>90%) under both dark and light conditions. We estimated the pKa values of the protonated Schiff base of the retinal chromophore and its counterion as approximately 13.5 and 2.1, respectively, by using pH titration experiments, and the photochemical reaction cycle of PvR was measured by time‐resolved flash‐photolysis in the millisecond timeframe. We observed a blue‐shifted and a red‐shifted intermediate, which we assigned as M‐like and O‐like intermediates, respectively. Decay of the M‐like intermediate was highly sensitive to environmental pH, suggesting that proton uptake is coupled to decay of the M‐like intermediate. From these results, we propose a putative model for the photoreaction of PvR.
Mental health among younger and older caregivers of dementia patients
Authors: Koyama Asuka , Matsushita Masateru , Hashimoto Mamoru , Fujise Noboru , Ishikawa Tomohisa , Tanaka Hibiki , Hatada Yutaka , Miyagawa Yusuke , Hotta Maki , Ikeda Manabu 
Published: March 2016

AimCaregiver burden in dementia is an important issue, but few studies have examined the mental health of younger and older family caregivers by comparing them with age‐ and gender‐matched community residents. We aimed to compare the mental health of dementia caregivers with that of community residents and to clarify factors related to mental health problems in younger and older caregivers.MethodsWe studied 104 dementia caregivers; 46 were younger (<65 years) and 58 were older (≥65 years). A total of 104 community residents who were matched for age and gender were selected. We compared depression (Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale for younger participants; Geriatric Depression Scale for older participants), health‐related quality of life (QOL) short‐form health survey (SF‐8), sleep problems, and suicidal ideation between the caregivers and community residents by age. Behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, activities of daily living (ADL), and instrumental ADL were assessed among patients with dementia using the Neuropsychiatric Inventory, Physical Self‐Maintenance Scale, and Lawton Instrumental ADL Scale, respectively.ResultsAccording to SF‐8 results, both younger and older caregivers had significantly worse mental QOL than community residents (younger caregivers: 46.3 vs community residents: 49.7, P = 0.017; older caregivers: 48.2 vs community residents: 51.1, P = 0.024) but were not more depressive. Sleep problems were significantly more frequent in younger caregivers (39.1%) than in community residents (17.0%) (P = 0.017). Multiple regression analysis revealed that caregivers’ deteriorated mental QOL was associated with patients’ behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia in younger caregivers and with dementia patients’ instrumental ADL and female gender in older caregivers.ConclusionsDementia caregivers had a lower mental QOL than community residents. To maintain caregivers’ mental QOL, it is necessary to provide younger caregivers with skills or professional interventions for dealing with behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia, and older caregivers must be offered adequate care support.
Therapy with proton‐pump inhibitors for gastroesophageal reflux disease does not reduce the risk for severe exacerbations in COPD
Authors: Baumeler Luzia , Papakonstantinou Eleni , Milenkovic Branislava , Lacoma Alicia , Louis Renaud , Aerts Joachim G. , Welte Tobias , Kostikas Konstantinos , Blasi Francesco , Boersma Wim , Torres Antoni , Rohde Gernot G.U. , Boeck Lucas , Rakic Janko , Scherr Andreas , Tamm Michael , Stolz Daiana 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveGastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) symptoms are associated with a higher risk of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbation. We hypothesize that treatment with proton pump inhibitors reduces the risk of exacerbation in patients with stable COPD.MethodsA total of 638 patients with stable COPD for ≥6 weeks, ≥10 pack‐years of smoking and Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease II–IV seeking care in tertiary hospitals in eight European countries in the Predicting Outcome using Systemic Markers in Severe Exacerbations‐COPD cohort was prospectively evaluated by us. Comorbidities including associated medical treatment were assessed at baseline, at exacerbation and at biannual visits. Median observation time was 24 months. The primary study outcomes were exacerbation and/or death.ResultsA total of 85 (13.3%) of COPD patients were on anti‐GERD therapy. These patients had higher annual and higher severe exacerbation rates (P = 0.009 and P = 0.002), decreased quality of life (SF‐36: activity score P = 0.004, St. George's Respiratory Questionnaire: physical functioning P = 0.013 and social functioning P = 0.007), higher body mass airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index (P = 0.033) and Modified Medical Research Council scores (P = 0.002), shorter 6‐min walking distance (P = 0.0004) and a higher adjusted Charlson score (P < 0.0001). Anti‐GERD therapy was associated with a shorter time to severe exacerbation (HR 2.05 95% CI 1.37–3.08). Using three multivariable Cox‐regression models, this association was independent of the following: (i) adjusted Charlson score and FEV1% predicted (HR 1.91 95% CI 1.26–2.90); (ii) adjusted Charlson score, body mass, airflow obstruction, dyspnea and exercise capacity index and Modified Medical Research Council (HR 1.62 95% CI 1.04–2.54); and (iii) adjusted Charlson score, FEV1% predicted and nine classes of medication for comorbidities (HR 1.63 95% CI 1.04–2.53).ConclusionThese findings suggest that patients with stable COPD receiving acid‐suppressive therapy with proton pump inhibitors remain at high risk of frequent and severe exacerbations.
Outsourcing Oversight and ARRA 2009: What Factors Explain State Agencies’ Decision to Pursue Collaborative Monitoring?
Authors: Anguelov Lachezar G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe research question raised is this study is: what factors affect state agencies' decisions to outsource oversight? The outsourcing of oversight here is conceptualized as a distinct occurrence of collaborative monitoring that expands the traditional principal–agent dyad common in the contracting literature to a small network of three agents. The adoption of the Recovery Act (ARRA) of 2009 presents a workload surge for state agencies that need to implement novel monitoring requirements in addition to their traditional practices regarding the management of grants and contracts. As an external factor creating a dynamic contracting environment the Act is hypothesized to increase the probability that state agencies outsource oversight. Additionally professional capacity is also a factor that might affect state agencies’ decision to contract out monitoring functions. Results from logistic regressions suggest that on average the factors measuring workload surge due to ARRA increase the probability a sampled agency outsources oversight by roughly 5 to 10%. Professional capacity on the other hand was not found to be a significant factor in the estimated models.
Florence Nightingale, William Farr and Competing Risks
Authors: Beyersmann Jan , Schrade Christine 
Published: March 2016

Summary
Competing risks consider time to first event and type of first event. This subdiscipline of survival analysis is challenging in that multiple hazards determine the outcome probabilities. The paper demonstrates that Nightingale and Farr were aware of these connections in their co-operative work in hospital epidemiology. At the fourth International Statistical Congress (in London, 1860), they suggested forms for reporting hospital mortality that were conceptually more complete than many reported competing risks analyses today.
How Officers Create Guardianship: An Agent‐based Model of Policing
Authors: Wise Sarah C. , Cheng Tao 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCrime is a complex phenomenon, emerging from the interactions of offenders, victims, and their environment, and in particular from the presence or absence of capable guardians. Researchers have historically struggled to understand how police officers create guardianship. This presents a challenge because, in order to understand how to advise the police, researchers must have an understanding of how the current system works. The work presents an agent‐based model that simulates the movement of police vehicles, using a record of real calls for service and real levels of police staffing in spatially explicit environments to emulate the demands on the police force. The GPS traces of the simulated officers are compared with real officer movement GPS data in order to assess the quality of the generated movement patterns. The model represents an improvement on existing standards of police simulation, and points the way toward more nuanced understandings of how police officers influence the criminological environment.
A Spatial Conditioned Latin Hypercube Sampling Method for Mapping Using Ancillary Data
Authors: Gao Bingbo , Pan Yuchun , Chen Ziyue , Wu Fang , Ren Xuhong , Hu Maogui 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFor obtaining maps of good precision by the spatial inference method, the distribution of sampling sites in geographical and feature space is very important. For a regional variable with trends, the predicting error comes from trend estimation, variogram estimation and spatial interpolation. Based on the cLHS (conditioned Latin hypercube Sampling) method, a sampling method called scLHS (spatial cLHS) considering all these three aspects with the help of ancillary data is proposed in this article. Its advantage lies in simultaneously improving trend estimation, variogram estimation and spatial interpolation. MODIS data and simulated data were used as sampling fields to draw sample sets using scLHS, cLHS, cLHS with x and y coordinates as covariates, simple random and spatial even sampling methods, and the distribution and prediction errors of sample sets from different methods were evaluated. The results showed that scLHS performed well in balancing spreading in geographic and feature space, and can generate points pairs with small distances, and the sample sets drawn by scLHS produced smaller mapping error, especially when there were trends in the target variable.
Transfusion in children: epidemiology and 10‐year survival of transfusion recipients
Authors: Morley S. L. , Hudson C. L. , Llewelyn C. A. , Wells A. W. , Johnson A. L. , Williamson L. M. ,   for the EASTR study group
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of blood transfusion in children: including the incidence of transfusion, the diagnoses leading to transfusion, donor exposure (DE) and post‐transfusion survival.Study design and methodsThe Epidemiology and Survival of Transfusion Recipients (EASTR) Study was a multi‐centre epidemiological study with prospective survival monitoring. Cross‐sectional sampling of adult and paediatric transfusion recipients in 29 hospitals was used to select three separate cohorts of red cell (RBC), platelet (PLT) and fresh frozen plasma (FFP) recipients between October 2001 and September 2002. This paper presents the analysis of results for children <16 years.ResultsChildren <16 years comprised 449 (5%) of the RBC, 362 (9%) of the FFP and 452 (13%) of the PLT recipients. In children 54% of RBC, 63% FFP and 45% PLT recipients were under 1 year of age and 57% RBC, 60% FFP and 52% PLT were male. Median (IQR) DEduring the study year was 3(2–8); 5(2–13) and 11(6–21) in the RBC, FFP and PLT cohorts, respectively. A total of 20% of RBC, 31% of FFP and 54% of PLT recipients had been exposed to >10 donors.Perinatal conditions were the commonest indication for transfusion in the RBC (36%) and FFP (44%) cohorts and comprised 31% of the PLT cohort. Medical conditions (48%), predominantly malignancy (33%), were the most frequent indication in the PLT cohort. The 10 year (95% CI) survival rates were 81% (77–85%), 72% (67–76%) and 71% (66–75%)for RBC, FFP and PLT cohorts, respectively.ConclusionsAround half of paediatric transfusion recipients are under 1 year of age. Exposure to components from multiple donors is common. At least 70% of paediatric recipients are long survivors and are at risk for late complications of transfusion.
Characterisation of clinical Staphylococcus aureus isolates harbouring mecA or Panton–Valentine leukocidin genes from four tertiary care hospitals in Indonesia
Authors: Santosaningsih Dewi , Santoso Sanarto , Budayanti Nyoman S. , Suata Ketut , Lestari Endang S. , Wahjono Hendro , Djamal Aziz , Kuntaman Kuntaman , van Belkum Alex , Laurens Mitchell , Snijders Susan V. , Willemse‐Erix Diana , Goessens Wil H. , Verbrugh Henri A. , Severin Juliëtte A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo determine the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles and clonal distribution of either methicillin‐resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) or Panton–Valentine leukocidin (PVL)‐positive S. aureus obtained from clinical cultures in Indonesian hospitals.MethodsS. aureus isolates from clinical cultures of patients in four tertiary care hospitals in Denpasar, Malang, Padang and Semarang were included. We assessed the antimicrobial susceptibility profiles using the Vitek2® system, determined the presence of the mecA gene and genes encoding PVL using PCR and analysed the clonal relatedness with Raman spectroscopy. SCCmec typing was performed for all MRSA isolates. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed for a subset of isolates.ResultsIn total, 259 S. aureus strains were collected. Of these, 17/259 (6.6%) and 48/259 (18.5%) were MRSA and PVL‐positive methicillin‐susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), respectively. The prevalence of MRSA and PVL‐positive MSSA ranged between 2.5–8.9% and 9.5–29.1%, respectively and depended on geographic origin. PVL‐positive MRSA were not detected. Raman spectroscopy of the strains revealed multiple Raman types with two predominant clusters. We also showed possible transmission of a ST239‐MRSA‐SCCmec type III strain and a ST121 PVL‐positive MSSA in one of the hospitals.ConclusionsWe showed that MRSA and PVL‐positive MSSA are of clinical importance in Indonesian hospitals. A national surveillance system should be set‐up to further monitor this. To reduce the prevalence of MRSA in Indonesian hospitals, a bundle of intervention measures is highly recommended.
Hypoglycemia associated with refeeding syndrome in a cat
Authors: DeAvilla Marisa D. , Leech Elizabeth B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo describe the clinical presentation and biochemical abnormalities occurring during the successful treatment of refeeding syndrome in a cat.Case SummaryA 2‐year‐old neutered male domestic shorthair cat presented after having been missing for 12 weeks. The cat had clinical signs of severe starvation. Common complications developed during refeeding (eg, hypophosphatemia, hypokalemia, and hemolytic anemia). The cat also developed hypoglycemia, a complication common in people but not previously reported in a cat. Hypoglycemia and electrolyte deficiencies were managed with intravenous supplementation. The cat was successfully treated and was discharged alive 7 days after presentation.New or Unique Information ProvidedHypoglycemia has not been reported previously as a complication of refeeding in a cat. Frequent monitoring of electrolyte, mineral, and blood glucose concentrations is essential to successful management of refeeding syndrome. The ideal refeeding strategy is unknown at this time. Evidence suggests that a diet low in carbohydrate decreases the likelihood of metabolic derangements commonly associated with refeeding.
Frequency of Penetration of the Digital Flexor Tendon Sheath and Distal Interphalangeal Joint Using a Direct Endoscopic Approach to the Navicular Bursa in Horses
Authors: Kane‐Smyth Justine , Taylor Sarah Elizabeth , García Eugenio Cillán , Reardon Richard J.M. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the frequency of inadvertent penetration of the digital flexor tendon sheath (DFTS) and/or distal interphalangeal joint (DIPJ) when using a direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, and to evaluate an alternate direct approach to the navicular bursa.Study DesignCadaveric study.Sample PopulationEquine cadaver limbs (n = 40 for direct; n = 12 for alternate approach).MethodsFour surgeons performed the direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa on 10 limbs each. Frequencies of inadvertent synovial penetration and iatrogenic damage were compared between surgeons. Use of an alternate direct approach, adopting a straight parasagittal trajectory, was evaluated by 2 surgeons.ResultsInadvertent synovial penetration occurred in 45% of limbs (DFTS 37.5%; DIPJ 17.5%; and both structures 10%). Successful bursa entry was achieved on the first attempt in 45% of limbs. Significant variation in frequency of inadvertent synovial penetration was observed between surgeons (range 10–80%). Inadvertent synovial penetration did not occur when using the alternate direct technique. Iatrogenic damage to navicular bone fibrocartilage and/or deep digital flexor tendon occurred in 55% of limbs using the direct endoscopic approach and in 0% of limbs using the alternate direct approach.ConclusionBecause of the considerable risk of inadvertent penetration of the DFTS and/or the DIPJ when making a direct endoscopic approach to the navicular bursa, it is advisable to investigate for inadvertent penetration when treating navicular bursa sepsis using a direct approach. The alternate direct technique may reduce the risk of inadvertent penetration; however, the view within the bursa may be restricted.
Metalloproteinase production from macrophages – a perfect storm leading to atherosclerotic plaque rupture and myocardial infarction
Authors: Newby Andrew C. 
Published: March 2016

New Findings
What is the topic of this review?
The review discusses how in atherosclerotic plaques, a combination of inflammatory mediators together with loss of anti inflammatory factors is most likely to be responsible for the excess of MMP over TIMP expression that causes plaque rupture and myocardial infarction.

What advances does it highlight?
Regulation of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and tissue inhibitors of MMP (TIMPs) is divergent between human and mouse macrophages. There is prostaglandin E2‐dependent and ‐independent regulation. Inflammatory cytokines act through distinct (albeit overlapping) signalling pathways to elicit different patterns of MMP and TIMP expression. Transcriptional and epigenetic regulation occurs.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) produced from macrophages contribute to plaque rupture, atherothrombosis and myocardial infarction. New treatments could emerge from defining the mediators and underlying mechanisms. In human monocytes, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) stimulates MMP production, and inflammatory mediators such as tumour necrosis factor α, interleukin‐1 and Toll‐like receptor ligands can act either through or independently of PGE2. Differentiation of human monocytes to non‐foamy macrophages increases constitutive expression of MMP‐7, ‐8, ‐9, ‐14 and ‐19 and tissue inhibitor of MMP (TIMP)‐1 to ‐3 through unknown, PGE2‐independent mechanisms. Human macrophages express more MMP‐1, ‐7 and ‐9 and TIMP‐3 and less MMP‐12 and ‐13 than mouse macrophages. Inflammatory mediators working through activator protein‐1 and nuclear factor‐κB transcription factor pathways upregulate MMP‐1, ‐3, ‐10, ‐12 and ‐14 in human macrophages (MMP‐9, ‐12 and ‐13 in mice), and studies with plaque tissue sections and isolated foam cells confirm this conclusion in vivo. Classical activation with granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor upregulates MMP‐12, whereas interferon‐γ upregulates MMP‐12, ‐14 and ‐25 and downregulates TIMP‐3 in human but not mouse macrophages. Alternative activation with interleukin‐4 markedly stimulates the expression of only MMP‐12 in humans and MMP‐19 in mice. The anti‐inflammatory cytokines interleukin‐10 and transforming growth factor‐β decrease production of several MMPs. Epigenetic upregulation of MMP‐14 during foam cell formation or by granulocyte–macrophage colony‐stimulating factor occurs by decreasing miRNA‐24. A ‘perfect storm’ caused by a combination of these mechanisms is most likely to promote MMP‐mediated macrophage invasion, tissue destruction and atherosclerotic plaque rupture.