bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The I-SPy Insect IndicatorTM: development of an insect monitoring trap for use on flat surfaces in the cereal and food trades, and potential applications.
Authors: Collins L. E. , Chambers J. , Cogan P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Monitoring insects in stored products is essential for the efficient application of control strategies, be they chemical, physical, biological or integrated. The Pitfall Cone (PC) trap was invented and developed in the UK to monitor crawling insect pests within stored grain. The PC trap has proven to be an effective insect monitor for the primary pests of stored grain in the United Kingdom, including Sitophilus granarius (the grain weevil), Oryzaephilus surinamensis (the saw-toothed grain beetle) and Cryptolestes ferrugineus (the rust-red grain beetle). The CSL I-SPy Insect Indicator (PC Floor Trap) is a further development of the PC trap for use on flat surfaces in food and stored commodity premises. It does not rely on a sticky surface to trap insects, allowing it to be effective even in dusty environments such as flour mills. In a previous laboratory comparison with four other insect monitoring devices, the CSL I-SPy Insect Indicator has proved to be effective at trapping all six insect pest species tested. The work reported here investigates the effectiveness of this new trap, with an improved attractant lure, against the same six species and compares it with another recently introduced design, the DOME trap.
Effect of diatomaceous earths on the reproductive performance of Callosobruchus maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).
Authors: Prasantha B. D. R. , Reichmuth C. , Büttner C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The pulse beetle, C. maculatus, is a destructive pest of pulses in both storage and field. It is well known that diatomaceous earth (DE) kills the insects by locally absorbing the epicuticular lipid layers, leading to desiccation. However, the effectiveness of DE depends on its ability to kill the adults before egg-laying. Newly emerged virgin males and females of C. maculatus were exposed to the DEs, Fossil-Shield and Silico-Sec on 30 treated mung beans (Vigna radiata). Fecundity, number of beans used for egg-laying and beans without eggs were evaluated after 4 days; the number of unhatched eggs was evaluated after 10 days. F1 progeny inhibition was studied using 15 pairs of newly emerged insects. Immediate and later effects of DE were studied using two groups ("treated" and "transfer "). It was determined that the fecundity of female insects fell geometrically with increasing rate of DE content. Percentages of unhatched eggs, and seeds bearing no eggs, increased with increasing DE dosages. However, the maximum egg densities (eggs per seed used) occurred at 1200 mg DE/kg for both Fossil-Shield and Silico-Sec. The reason for such DE-stimulated behaviour of egg laying, expressed as a number of seeds with eggs of C. maculatus, is not known, but it may be related to the stress caused by the inert dusts or to the reduction of both chemical and physical (tactile) stimuli. Treatment with DEs altered the surface texture of the beans and caused less cohesion between eggs and the seed surface. Few larvae were able to penetrate the grains, possibly due to increased grain roughness and repellent effect of DE. A relatively high number of eggs was laid on the surface of those beans where the amount of dust had been locally reduced by adult movement and their pick up of DE. Therefore, several larvae tried to penetrate these treated beans, causing a high larval density per partially cleaned bean. Later effects of DEs were more significant than initial effects on mating and egg laying of C. maculatus. However, Fossil-Shield showed comparatively higher efficacy than Silico-Sec. DE particles that are packed up readily damage the external genitalia of females. Due to these, the number of progeny declined.
The use of pheromone traps for mass trapping of Lasioderma serricorne in a cigarette factory in Portugal.
Authors: Carvalho M. O. , Mexia A. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Trials were conducted from August 1997 to November 2001 in a cigarette factory containing silos (Silos-1), in which chemical control was not allowed, to study the efficacy of pheromone traps for mass trapping of cigarette beetles (Lasioderma serricorne). The results were compared with data obtained from a similar structure, Silos-2, where pheromone traps were used only for monitoring the cigarette beetle population. Pheromone mass trapping reduced L. serricorne populations below the economic threshold adopted by the industry and its efficacy increased as the population density decreased. Traps placed against the walls performed significantly better, trapping more cigarette beetles than those distributed between silos. The inherent variability in the trap catches as indices, for classifying dispersion patterns, indicated an aggregated pattern and the negative binomial distribution fitted more adequately to the data than the Poisson distribution, mainly at higher densities of cigarette beetles.
Efficacy and persistence of Indian meal moth granulovirus applied to nuts.
Authors: Vail P. V. , Tebbets J. S. , Hoffmann D. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The Indian meal moth (IMM, Plodia interpunctella) granulovirus (GV) was first isolated and characterized in 1968 by Arnott and Smith. As a group, the Baculoviridae are considered to be safe. A number have been registered worldwide for control of production pests. In the late 1960s, interest increased in the use of microbial agents to control stored-product pests in durable commodities. Numerous studies have demonstrated efficacy against IMM infestations in raisins, almonds, and walnuts. A production/formulation method for IMM-GV was later patented. The GV was combined with controlled atmospheres for initial disinfestation of IMM populations in unshelled walnuts followed by treatment with the GV for long-term storage. The IMM-GV provided excellent protection of walnuts even with severe IMM pressure for a period of four months. Similar tests were conducted with almonds. After the tests described above were complete, we determined the persistence/efficacy of GV on treated nuts through a period of two years. Immediately after the initial 3-4 months, treated and control walnuts and almonds were frozen to kill any IMM remaining in the commodities. Thereafter, walnuts or almonds were removed and placed in sealed storage at 26.7°C. Samples were removed bimonthly, placed in 3.8-litre jars, infested with approximately 1000 IMM eggs, and incubated at 26.7°C for six weeks. The tests were replicated twice in time. Following incubation the nuts were observed for numbers of IMM adults and damage (pin hole, moderate, and severe). Although efficacy was determined, the primary objective of this study was to determine persistence. Results of these studies showed that IMM-GV would persist for at least two years. Survival and damage to walnuts exceeded that of almonds. Infestation rates used in these tests are unreasonably high and bias the data towards more damage than would likely occur commercially. Our grading procedures are also likely to be more rigid than would be used commercially. The virus is now registered with the United States Environmental Protection Agency and California Environmental Protection Agency.
Optimal clutch size and oviposition strategy for the maize weevil, Sitophilus zeamais.
Authors: Danho M. , Haubruge E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Facing an oviposition host, a female insect must make at least two decisions: (1) where to lay her eggs and (2) how many eggs to lay in each site. The answers to these questions could explain the oviposition strategy, which determines fitness of offspring and growth rate in the population. Experiments were carried out to investigate the egg-laying behaviour of the maize weevil, S. zeamais. The selection of the oviposition site by the maize weevil and the effect of the presence of egg plugs on oviposition were studied. The distribution of the number of eggs per grain shows a contagious pattern due to a tendency of females to lay more than one egg on the same grains. The behaviour is independent of grain size and grain availability. No relationship was noted between the number of eggs laid on the grains and the size of the adults resulting from the offspring. Consequently, the possibility that this behaviour reflects an adaptive strategy of S. zeamais is discussed.
Traditional cereal storage and insect pests in some villages of southern Chad.
Authors: Trematerra P. , Gentile P. , Djikoloum T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Results of cognitive surveys carried out on postharvest aspects of cereal storage and insect pest infestations were reported at farm/village level in 10 villages (Bebanassa, Beboumbura, Bekila, Bekoura, Belama, Betedje, Bongmara, Doholo, Gore, and Polo) of Southern Chad. In this area, millet, sorghum, maize, and pearl millet are among the most important staple foods. Traditional methods of grain storage are applied in an economy essentially oriented towards survival and self-sufficiency. Open timber platforms are the main facilities used for temporary storage. The most common facilities for long-term storage are mud or clay silos, jute or polypropylene sacks, cribs made of plant materials exclusively, and clay jars and hats constructed of wood and straw or of earth bricks. Gourds and calabashes are usually used for domestic storage of products in small amounts. According to information received from the farmers regarding postharvest losses of cereals, 70-80% of the harvest is lost after 8-9 months of storage. The most common storage problems mentioned by the villagers are insect pest infestations and rodent activity. Local people rely on indigenous pest management approaches, which include the use of inert materials and botanicals for the control of storage pests. Stored grains revealed infestations of many insect pests. In the samples of cereals taken to the laboratory, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Cryptolestes ugandae, Palorus ratzeburgi, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae, Tribolium castaneum, and T. confusum were found most frequently. Traditional storage methods carried out by farmers are well anchored in the culture of local people; nevertheless, they seem to be ineffective in containing the heavy losses caused by pest infestations.
Insect pests in hulled wheat warehouses of central-southern Italy and field occurrence of Sitotroga cerealella (Olivier).
Authors: Trematerra P. , Gentile P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Results of studies carried out from 1998 to 2002 on stored insect pests of hulled wheat (Triticum dicoccum, T. monococcum, and T. spelta) in traditional crop areas of Central-Southern Italy (Molise and Basilicata regions) were reported. Surveys were carried out in about 50 warehouses of small farms and food factories. Stored hulled wheat revealed infestations of about 20 insect pests. Trogium pulsatorium, Ephestia elutella, Plodia interpunctella, Sitotroga cerealella, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, and Tribolium castaneum were most frequently found. Among these species the ecology of S. cerealella has been studied. Using pheromone traps (delta types) baited with 1 mg of Z7E11-16Ac, observations of adult flights in fields and in warehouses of hulled wheat were carried out. According to our research, infestations of the Angoumois grain moth can occur during both preharvest and postharvest storage. Results obtained in the fields studied showed various levels of infestation with different population abundances. The highest numbers of S. cerealella males were trapped in two fields located in the same area of the Molise region, where there are many traditional warehouses; the presence of adult males was also recorded after harvesting, until the beginning of September. In the warehouses containing the hulled wheat harvested in this area, males of Angoumois grain moths were also collected until autumn and again in the following spring. S. cerealella activity suggests adult dispersal from the warehouses to hulled wheat fields during the Summer season.
Prey preference of the predatory mite Blattisocius tarsalis (Acari: Ascidae).
Authors: Riudavets J. , Quero R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The preferences of the polyphagous predatory mite B. tarsalis were investigated for several pests of stored products. In the laboratory, B. tarsalis was able to consume a wide range of species including Acaridae, Lepidoptera, Coleoptera and Psocoptera. In no-choice conditions, B. tarsalis consumed similar numbers of eggs of Plodia interpunctella, Ephestia kuehniella, Lasioderma serricorne, and Tribolium confusum. In choice experiments, B. tarsalis showed a clear preference for eggs of P. interpunctella over those of T. confusum and E. kuehniella. No significant differences were found for the other prey species combinations.
Investigations on the biological control of Tineola bisselliella (Lepidoptera: Tineidae) with Trichogramma species (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae).
Authors: Zimmermann O. , Schöller M. , Prozell S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The common clothes moth T. bisselliella is among the most important pests in textile products containing wool and fur, e.g. clothes collections in theatres and museums as well as clothes and carpets in private homes. Biological control of T. bisselliella may be possible by the release of Trichogramma egg parasitoids. Among 30 species, Trichogramma piceum was the most promising candidate. The results of host acceptance and preference tube tests with single parasitoid females were consistent. In two experiments conducted, the performance of T. piceum was better than all other Trichogramma species tested. The species were selected from a collection of Trichogramma parasitoids at the Institute for Biological Control in Darmstadt, Germany and from a German supplier of beneficials. As there are suitable methods for Trichogramma mass production and release, practical tests will follow to transfer the results from laboratory to practical storage pest control.
Five years of biological control of stored-product moths in Germany.
Authors: Prozell S. , Schöller M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The application of macroorganisms for the biological control of stored product pests in Germany is reviewed. In bakeries and mills, the Mediterranean flour moth Ephestia kuehniella is the major pest moth. The egg parasitoid Trichogramma evanescens and the larval parasitoid Habrobracon hebetor [Bracon hebetor] are released 12 months. In the food processing industry, the wholesale trade and the retail trade, the Indian meal moth Plodia interpunctella is the major pest moth. Due to the diapause of this species, the same parasitoids are released for eight months. Empty rooms were treated to control residual populations. Additional information on control actions in herb stores, seed storage and private households is given. The cost of biological control is estimated.
Role of insects in the propagation of mycotoxigenic fungi in stores in Bénin.
Authors: Hell K. , Lamboni Y. , Cardwell K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

With their movement, maize storage pests transmit moulds harmful to human and animal health. The aim of the present work was to study the immigration and the dynamics of storage pests in traditional African maize granaries during six months of storage, and the fungal spectrum associated with these insects. In the field, maize ears were protected with gauze just after pollination. After harvest, they were stored, with non-protected ears used as the control. Thirty ears were sampled monthly from September 2000 to March 2001. The granaries were wrapped with a plastic wire netting impregnated with neutral glue (Tanglefoot) to capture pests immigrating towards stored maize ears. Eight different insect species were identified: Prostephanus truncatus, Sitophilus zeamais, Cathartus quadricollis, Carpophilus spp., Tribolium spp., Palorus spp., Gnatocerus spp. and Cryptolestes ferrugineus. During the six months of storage, P. truncatus was not observed on maize protected in the field, while after three months of storage non-protected maize was infested. Sitophilus numbers on protected maize ears were lower than on non-protected maize ears. Only Cathartus was more abundant than P. truncatus, peaking after three months of storage. Nine fungal species were associated with the storage insects. On non-protected ears the genus Fusarium (36.05%) was most frequently identified, followed by Penicillium (23.50%), Rhizoctonia (5.65%) and Aspergillus (3.95%). On protected ears, Rhizoctonia was most frequent (16.76%), followed by Fusarium (16.62%), Penicillium (8.24%) and Aspergillus (2.33%). The toxigenic species encountered were A. flavus, A. parasiticus and F. verticillioides. Cathartus appeared to carry more fungi towards the store, mainly Penicillium (51.47%), Aspergillus (46.56%) and Fusarium (32.01%). The second most important vector was Sitophilus. Storage pests, in particular Cathartus and Sitophilus, play an important role in the contamination of foods with moulds, especially those that produce toxins.
Method for rearing Oryzaephilus surinamensis (L.) (Coleoptera: Silvanidae), a pest of stored wheat, in the laboratory.
Authors: Beckel H. , Lorini I. , Lazzari S. M. N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

O. surinamensis, the sawtoothed grain beetle, is considered a secondary pest of stored grain because it is unable to attack undamaged kernels. However, mechanized harvesting of grain fractures kernels, allowing damage by this species and, thus, the beetle may be regarded as a primary grain pest. In Brazil, O. surinamensis has been found in almost all storage facilities. The aim of this work was to develop a method for laboratory production of the species using wheat grain to produce high quality specimens for research experiments, such as chemical resistance investigations. Adult insects were collected in grain storage facilities and brought to the Entomology Laboratory of Embrapa Trigo in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, and the experiment was set up rearing the insects on five diets of differently milled wheat grain, replicated four times. The adults were sieved from the culture and left for 10 days to lay eggs in glass jars filled with each medium, which were kept at 25±5°C and 65±5% relative humidity. After this period, the medium was sieved to remove all adults. The number of eggs, larvae, and pupae were counted at five-day intervals, up to the following adult generation. The results showed that a diet of grade-20 milled wheat produced the highest quantity and best quality of offspring. With this diet, it was also observed that it is possible to get 89.0% of eggs at day 5, 30.5% of larvae at day 10, 43.0% of pupae at day 30 and 63.4% of adults at day 46.
Near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy for detection of insects and mites in grain.
Authors: Hansen L. S. , Åberg L. , Kristensen M. , Sandgren M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Near-infrared transmittance spectroscopy (NIT) is used as a rapid analysis method to determine protein and moisture contents in grain arriving at commercial elevators and mills. There is great interest in expanding this technique to include mycotoxins and pests. A pilot project has studied the possibilities of a commercially available instrument (InfratecTM, Foss Tecator) that applies NIT. The following hygienic parameters were included: ergosterol (a component of fungal cell membranes); the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol; and two pest species, the granary weevil Sitophilus granarius and the grain mite Lepidoglyphus destructor. For S. granarius, the detection limit was not low enough for the method to be of practical interest. The results with mites were more encouraging; a good correlation between mite density and analysis result was found. However, further investigations are necessary to clarify performance at low mite densities as well as the lower detection limit. The work with mites and mycotoxins is being continued in a new, three-year project.
Development and validation of a simple heat-accumulation model for predicting mortality of first instars of Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) exposed to elevated temperatures.
Authors: Subramanyam B. , Flinn P. W. , Mahroof R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

First instars of the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, are more tolerant than eggs, older larval instars, pupae and adults to elevated temperatures (50-60°C) typically used during heat treatments. Therefore, heat treatments aimed at controlling first instars should eliminate all other stages. First instars of T. castaneum were exposed to four constant temperatures of 50, 54, 58 and 60°C to generate time-mortality relationships. About 157 of the 255 observations (62%) collected at the four temperatures were used for model development, and the remaining 98 observations (38%) were used for model validation. The temperature-time data were expressed in degree minutes above a base temperature. First-instar mortality at corresponding degree minutes above a certain base temperature was fitted to probit, logistic and complementary log-log (CLL) regression models. The base temperature for accumulating degree minutes was solved iteratively, and the temperature that gave the narrowest 95% confidence limits (CLs) around LT50 and LT99 values was chosen for accumulating degree minutes. The CLL model at a base temperature of 49.1°C gave the narrowest 95% CL around LT50 and LT99 values. At 49.1°C, the degree minutes (and associated 95% CLs) required to kill 50 and 99% of exposed first instars were 165.8 (148.8-180.4) and 395.2 (343.7-487.2), respectively. The CLL-based degree minute model underestimated mortality by 25%, but explained about 70% of the variation in observed mortality data. The ability of the degree minute model to accurately predict mortality of T. castaneum first instars during heat treatment of a food-processing facility still remains to be verified.