bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Psychodynamic Observations on the Side Effects Induced by Neuroleptics
Authors: Rajotte Paul 
Published: April 2017

It has been pointed out above that every side effect produced by neuroleptics is invested with a psychodynamic significance in relation to the evolution of the psychosis. This side effect can, independently from its neurobiochemical cause, momentaneously act in a favourable or unfavourable way on the course of the disease. Moreover, the patient's attitude during the follow-up will be conditioned by what he experienced when he took the drug, for schizophrenics can generally establish no cause and effect relation between the absorption of a drug and their improvement. It is therefore important to assess, for every patient, the way in which he experiences side effects at different stages of the treatment, in order to correct them or not, according to whether they are psychologically noxious or beneficial. This empirical line is defensible on the grounds that a review of the various viewpoints now prevailing on the role of neurologic symptoms provoked by neuroleptics, shows that there is no agreement on their therapeutic value and that everyone tries, in fact, to correct them without compromising the efficacy of these drugs.
Criminal Responsibility — a Secondary Problem
Authors: Swadron B. B. , Poole W. R. 
Published: April 2017

The statutory test of criminal responsibility in Canada is a modified version of the M'Naghten Rules. There are many critics of this test. In 1956, a Royal Commission (by a 3:2 majority) recommended no change in the essential part of the Canadian test of criminal responsibility. It is generally accepted that there should be some test to determine criminal responsibility. Too much time is spent, however, in arguments about what that test should be. Even the new, so-called 'enlightened' tests are meeting criticism. It would be wiser for the time being to focus our attention on the vital problem of what to do with the person once the issue of criminal responsibility has been tried—a problem far more important. Sending those acquitted on account of insanity to mental hospitals might not in every case be the proper thing to do. Likewise, sending those who are convicted to prison. In practice, it is the application of the test of criminal responsibility which determines the place of confinement. This should not be the case. Other criteria should be used. Constant arguments dealing with what is the most desirable test of criminal responsibility merely prolong the neglect of the more pressing issues. It is now time to act, channelling our energies in the proper direction.
The Effects of Long-Term Repetition of Verbal Signals
Authors: Levy L. , Cameron D. E. , Ban T. , Rubenstein L. 
Published: April 2017

1) Eighteen psychoneurotic patients exposed to long-term repetition of verbal signals developed the following attitudes: a) ten patients incorporated the verbal signals into their day-to-day patterns of behaviour. b) five patients developed a dependency upon the verbal signals, using them from time to time when they came to difficulties in their daily living. c) three patients developed a ‘mystical relationship’ to the verbal signals, using them not in terms of their manifest content, but as having ‘magical powers’ to solve their day-to-day problems. 2) The duration of favourable changes produced by verbal repetition can be prolonged and maintained by their reinforcement over a longer period of time if the repetition is continued on an out-patient basis, even at a reduced rate. 3) Modification of associated symptoms occurs as a secondary effect of continued, long-term verbal repetition. 4) Using the procedure described, relapse into older forms of neurotic behaviour can be reduced by modifying the rate and intensity of exposure to verbal signals on a continuing long-term basis.
Psychiatric Care for Lower Class Out-Patients
Authors: Hirsch Solomon , Hirsch Doris L. , Shane Aubrey 
Published: April 2017

The incongruity between the growing emphasis on massive community psychiatry and our inability to provide services is discussed. Both literature and experience in treating lower class patients in an out-patient setting are reviewed. A pilot study in which selected lay volunteers with very brief training are used as psychotherapists in an out-patient setting, is described. The preliminary results suggest that volunteers make adequate therapists for certain kinds of patients and that observation of their work may provide some useful information about the therapeutic process.
Catecholamine Excretion in Manic-Depressive and Schizophrenic Psychosis and its Relationship to Symptomatology
Authors: Sloane R.B. , Hughes W. , Haust H.L. 
Published: April 2017

In a group of depressed manic-depressive patients, urinary adrenalin, noradrenalin, creatinine and volume on admission of the patients to hospital were significantly reduced compared to the values found on their discharge. A small sample of manic-depressed manic patients showed significant elevations in the urinary output of dopamine on both admission and discharge from hospital. A group of schizophrenic patients revealed no over-all difference between the amounts of adrenalin and noradrenalin excreted at the time of their admission to hospital when they were ‘sick’ and the values found when they were discharged as ‘recovered’. The magnitude of excretion of these two amines by this group was at both stages comparable to that of the group of manic-depressive patients on discharge. There was no correlation between catecholamine excretion and clinically rated thought disorder. The more anxious manic patients were and the more bodily symptoms they had, the higher their excretion of noradrenalin. In depressed patients the greater the anxiety and depression, the higher was the excretion of all three catecholamines and the fewer were the bodily symptoms.
A Comparison of Two Butyrophenones with Trifluoperazine
Authors: Marjerrison G. , Hrychuk W. , Varsanyi E.I. 
Published: April 2017

A small study was carried out to compare the clinical effects of the two butyrophenone compounds, triperidol and haloanisone to those of trifluoperazine, in a population of chronically hospitalized long-term schizophrenics in a closed ward setting. Twenty-seven patients were randomly assigned to one of the three compounds, and treated for a twelve-week period under double-blind conditions. Observations with a modified PRP rating scale, based on ward nurses' monthly ratings, revealed an over-all improvement after one month of treatment, but differences between the three drugs were not apparent and the over-all decrease of this PRP morbidity score was not sustained in subsequent ratings. Psychiatrist's ratings on the IMPS revealed several symptom-factor differences with treatment. Between-drug differences on these factors were apparent. They are discussed in terms of the possible differences in type of drug action which they may reflect. The incidence of parkinsonistic side effects with each drug is presented. In no case did the side effects prevent continued treatment with the compound.
Conscience Operation in a Normal Population
Authors: Ramsay R.W. , Dean G. , Barrie V. , Macintosh B. , Heeren S. 
Published: April 2017

This paper started with a survey of some of the theories on the etiology of psychopathy, and our purpose in this project was not to test out various hypotheses on psychopathy, but rather to look at the other side of the problem. If the psychopath has a weak or inadequate conscience, then how does conscience operate in non-psychopathic individuals? The result showed that about 20% of the deterrent of conscience operation is reflexive, about 20% is because of identification with others, 15% due to fear of punishment, and the rest (45%) is comprised of such categories as ‘validity of achievement’, etc. In the findings reported in this article, we have supported to some extent Diamond's claims that identification plays a large part in conscience operation, but we found that there are many other dynamically integrated factors making for the successful socialization of non-psychopathic individuals. The cost to the individual in terms of early punishment in learning to be social, and the anxiety caused by the conscience factor could not be measured by our survey, but there is evidence of moral pride in behaviour which is consistent with early training, and satisfaction in doing what is ‘right’, e.g. validity of achievement. There is no way of knowing how a psychopathic population would have answered the questions on the survey, but from a study of the literature on psychopathy we could speculate with some assurance that the picture of the results would have been very different from those we obtained. In conclusion we can say that, in contradiction to many criticisms of the untestability of psychoanalytic theories, hypotheses and suggestions for research can be derived from these theories and put to the empirical test to further knowledge in the area of personality dynamics. Very little empirical research has been devoted to the study of the normal, and this study has been an attempt to remedy this deficiency in a small way.
Responsibility and Addiction
Authors: Armstrong John D. 
Published: April 2017

In legal practice it is assumed that the ordinary man intends the natural consequences of his acts. When this responsibility is questioned as a result of some change in mental state, a clear cut and absolute statement of presence or absence of mental capacity seems to be expected. This is not necessarily a helpful approach or consistent with clinical observations. Where the individual is impaired due to alcohol, narcotics, barbituates and other drugs this limitation of mental capacity is rarely total. The situation is similar in states of fatigue, hunger or chronic illness, or even of emotional disturbance. The problem of impairment, even when only partial, is that a pattern of behaviour may emerge, due to disturbances in perception, judgment, and coordination which are grossly deviant from that of the individual in a sober state and do not represent his desire or intent in that state. The extent to which this person is addicted and the extent to which permanent brain damage exists also influence the degree of manifest disturbance when alcohol or drugs are used. These have pertinence in considering the culpability of persons accused of murder and other serious crimes, especially in attempting to determine appropriate sentence or disposal.
Some Observations on Psychopathy
Authors: Mcculloch Donald J. 
Published: April 2017

There is no convincing evidence to support the view that antisocial behaviour can be accounted for by reference to concepts such as learning defect, immaturity or lack of moral fibre. The criminal displays behaviour towards authorities identical to that displayed by a patriot in an occupied country towards the enemy. This identical behaviour, it is asserted by some, shows in the one case instability, cowardice, lack of resolve and in the other case, stability, courage, resolve and strength of will. These statements reveal the attitudes and bias of the observer without illuminating the situation of the observed. It is more relevant to examine what the psychopath has learned and the conditions in which his learning took place than to pursue enquiries aimed at demonstrating a learning defect. The human being is born without the attitudes, beliefs and sentiments towards e.g. property, sexual object etc., which are necessary for his successful incorporation into his ongoing social group. It is the intention of society's socializing agents, the family and the school, to inculcate in the developing human being these necessary attitudes, sentiments and beliefs. Psychopathic personalities are the consequence of the socializing process gone wrong. This paper describes the types of psychopath together with the learning situations which brought them about. The implications for treatment programs are examined.
A Review of Schizophrenia in Childhood
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. 
Published: April 2017

Schizophrenia may be viewed as a defect in organization resulting from varying combinations of genetic, organic, intrafamilial and social influences. A number of clinical syndromes are described and their differential diagnosis considered. The clinical picture will usually change as the child grows older. Laboratory investigations including EEG. are not helpful. At whatever age the schizophrenic child is seen, the following difficulties are most likely to be encountered: 1) Lack of firm self-identity, disturbed body image and lack of clear ego boundaries. This may be directly apparent or may be determined by the use of projective methods or drawings. These difficulties constitute the core problem and are essential to the diagnosis. 2) Dereistic feeling, thinking and behaviour. 3) The simultaneous presence of impaired and precocious psychological functioning. 4) A loss of normal interests or the appearance of unusual or regressive ones. 5) Language disturbances in content or in rhythm, intonation, pitch, stress or volume. 6) Deficient social relationships with impaired capacity to empathize and a tendency to withdrawal. Certainty about individual identity and what lies outside and inside the ego is essential for normal relationships. Awareness of the changing clinical features of childhood schizophrenia and careful examination for basic problems in identity and distinction of internal and external reality will help in arriving at a diagnosis.
Psychothérapie Personnelle Du Résident, Dans UN Programme DE Formation Psychiatrique*
Authors: Laporte Jean 
Published: April 2017

In this work the author, leaning on personal consideration and individual experience, has tried to stress the importance of the following points: 1) Every psychiatrist, considered as the healer of a human mind, the functioning of which is relatively deviated in regard to an individual and social norm, is forced to utilize psychotherapy as an essential working instrument. 2) This one in turn requires of the person using it that he be an individual harbouring a so-called normal psychic organization, since in the course of treatment he will have to establish himself as a norm of adequate functioning. 3) A personal psychotherapy of the future psychiatrist will enable him to know his weaknesses and to manage and master best his interpersonal and above all professional relations. He will thus perceive more and understand better, the reality of the mentally sick. 4) The knowledge of psychopathology should not be considered complete unless it is at the same time intellectual and affective. If the former can be acquired by study, the latter is directly related to the apprehension of one's own mode of reaction and will not be fully attained without personal psychotherapy. These observations corroborate those of Frieda Fromm-Reichmann and the remarks of Karl Menninger. 5) Finally, it seems that a better understanding of mental sickness, besides allowing more efficacious help of the patient, is a precious token in view of an authentic psychiatric science.
Psychiatric Implications of Religious Conversion
Authors: Allison Gerda E. 
Published: April 2017

Some of the literature concerning religious phenomena and conversion experience is reviewed. Three cases have been described in which there are several common factors leading to religious conversion — a specific unconscious conflict, a conscious conflict with which the individual is actively struggling, adolescence, and a fundamentalist religious belief. The cases presented are examples of each of three possible solutions to the patient's conflictual dilemma. A central feature of the psychodynamics in these cases is the resolution of an Œdipal conflict through delayed identification with the parent of the opposite sex.
Family Interaction in Schizophrenia
Authors: Coates Donald B. , Mallinson Thomas J. 
Published: April 2017

Despite considerable agreement amongst psychiatrists that family relations play a critical role in the post-hospital adjustment of the mentally ill, there is disagreement as to how this operates. Combining clinical and social study methods, a study of this interaction was conducted following the method of Freeman-Simmons in Boston and Brown et al in London. One hundred and twenty-two mental hospital patients, male and female schizophrenics, discharged to families, were followed from the time of leaving hospital for one year. All patients were interviewed in the hospital. Patients were seen with their relatives at home shortly after, and direct ratings of the interaction then made. Subsequently, relatives were re-interviewed, in almost all cases, at the end of the follow-up year. The interaction data consists of: 1) direct observations; 2) attitude of the key relatives regarding their expectations for the patient; 3) systematic description of self and other collected for both the patients and the relatives; and 4) the interviewer's descriptions of the home context, including other family members. Predictive factors of one-year community tenure (expressed emotion of the relative, previous disability, clinical state at discharge) do not hold up for a Canadian population of mixed sex. The over-all rate of hospital return was low for this group, and as many from high risk subgroups returned as from more favoured groups. Particularly difficult to interpret is the finding that patients return to treatment at a constant rate each month. Re-hospitalization follows an acute flare-up, and is a rapid process when once suggested. In general, the results support the Freeman-Simmons interpretation that post-hospital social performance is closely related to the relatives' expectancy, but that symptomatic course and re-hospitalization are relatively independent of either the relatives' expectancy or the emotional climate in the family.
La Famille — Essai D'Interpretation
Authors: Garigue Philippe 
Published: April 2017

Although every period in history has been witness to a state of crisis in the family, none has ever known its complete disintegration. Each period of crisis seems to have been followed by a phase of formation of a new family behaviour. Until now scientific analysis has not succeeded in formulating the causes producing this equilibrium and the alternating disintegration and reintegration of the modes of family behaviour. Our main proposition is that any hypothesis in family behaviour must be able to analyze both the existence of integrated family groups and the phases of disintegration of family behaviour. The concept of family that we wish to introduce is that of an interrelational system, whose basic elements are the conjugal, parental and sibling relationships. The modes of familial behaviour appear, are transformed and disappear but the family as an interrelational system remains. The concept of levels of analysis, which follows logically, becomes that of the determinants of familial behaviour, psychosomatic, social and cultural. If each one of the levels of analysis is linked to one of the determinants, and by this fact has a certain autonomous existence, none alone could lead to a generalization nor even a global hypothesis on family behaviour. Moreover, it would be an illusion to present these levels as ‘complementary’ because on the contrary, their very connection shows how much their existence is ‘conflictual’, in the individual as well as in scientific theory. In the present state of research on the family it is impossible to elaborate a general theory by the simple juxta-position of conclusions and findings contributed by different specialists. The will or the capacity of the individual to maintain a certain family behaviour cannot be restricted to the subjective maturity of his individual conscience. The family situation of each person remains part of a wider interrelational system; the individual act exists in social and cultural conditions of the whole family. If it is possible analytically to separate the determinants influencing family behaviour into psychosomatic, social, cultural, and the integrative quality of the personality of each member, institutional action on the family is also another determinant, but representing very different possibilities from those usually included in the concept of determinant. This is because institutional action is global, conscious and active. We are not questioning the validity of scientific research when we emphasize how institutional action, based on this research, is at present in a very ambiguous situation. Firstly, because our scientific knowledge of the family is incomplete. Secondly, because we have not yet developed wide enough general hypotheses to serve as a basis for institutional action of a scientific nature. It is fitting then to emphasize that an institutional action which seeks to be an extension of scientific knowledge, even though it is desirable, is always of a very delicate nature because of the very limitations of scientific investigations.
Buber behind Bars
Authors: Barker E. T. , Mason M. H. 
Published: April 2017

This paper describes the structure and conceptual foundations of an intensive treatment program operated at the Ontario Hospital, Penetanguishene, a 304-bed maximum security institution which receives patients from the courts, reform institutions, and other mental hospitals. The philosophy of treatment includes the following assumptions: 1) Mental illness is fundamentally a breakdown in the communication between persons. 2) For a sick person, the most helpful experiences are acts of genuine communication — direct encounters — as defined by Martin Buber, in which each turns to the other in his present and particular being, and addresses him without pretence. 3) The patient is the principal agent of therapy. He is equipped to help his peers better in some ways than the professional whose role is seen as an administratively supportive one creating the space in which direct encounter can occur. 4) Every event in a total institution should enhance the treatment goals. 5) The use of force is legitimate in treating patients for illnesses which they do not recognize, in settings where they will be incarcerated until they change. An outline of the eighty-hour per week compulsory program describes the variety of group interactions, planned and sustained by patient committees with minimal staff supervision. The establishment of fixed pairings for an hour a day, seven days a week indefinitely as a device of confrontation; the use of video tape equipment as a device of observation; the intensive use of hyoscine hydrobromide, methamphetamine hydrochloride, imipramine hydrochloride, dextroamphetamine sulfate, amobarbital sodium, lysergic acid diethylamide as ‘demystifiers’ are sketched. Experiences in the simultaneous treatment of schizophrenic and psychopathic personality types are examined, and the need for the objective evaluation of results is affirmed. The value of this program is felt to be primarily for those settings where patients are held for long periods of time.
Twenty-Five and Thirty-Five Year Follow up of First Admissions to Mental Hospital
Authors: Beck M. N. 
Published: April 2017

This has been a report of a study designed to assess the feasibility of long-term follow-up studies on Prince Edward Island. Cohorts of patients first admitted to the Island's only mental hospital during the early nineteen-thirties and early nineteen-forties were followed in retrospect in order to determine, a) the course and outcome of the major disorders over periods ranging up to thirty-five years and, b) the long-term effects of these disorders upon the families of the patients. Needed information was gathered through a review of hospital records, a search for death records and community interviews. The results of the study suggest that lifetime prognosis in the absence of modern treatment methods may be even worse than believed by most professionals working in the field. As might be expected the outlook was found to be particularly grave for schizophrenia. Success in following up a very high proportion of the cases over several decades supports the belief that Prince Edward Island offers unusual opportunities for studies of this kind.