bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fundamentals of a Babbitted Bearing Repair Assistant
Authors: Branagan L. A. , Hesler S. H. 
Published: November 2016

Fluid film bearings provide critical support for the rotors in gas turbines, steam turbines, generators, exciters and other machines through the generation and support of a hydrodynamic film. Industrial bearings are lined with a babbitt material which serves as a sacrificial element during operation and may need to be refurbished depending on the past operating and maintenance history. After inspection, engineering judgment is typically used during a machine overhaul to determine whether a bearing requires refurbishment. This engineering judgment is developed through an understanding of the principals of bearing design, machine operation, machine monitoring and babbitt wear / damage characteristics. This paper describes the criteria to serve as a basis for a decision support tool relative to the refurbishment of a babbitted, fluid-film bearing. Those criteria start with key descriptors of any damage to the bearing and evaluate the remaining load capacity, repairability, bearing support, rotordynamics influence, journal conditions and pivot conditions. The descriptors focus on visual examinations of the condition of the babbitt and seek to be intuitive, yet remaining comprehensive; to this end a graphical interface is used where feasible.
Evaluations include specific load capacity calculations, determination of damage factors for the principal modes of babbitt damage and data from lookup tables whose input is based on experience. These evaluations are combined to provide the basis for the refurbishment decision. Scaling efforts are incorporated into the evaluations to allow their combination into a single bearing condition index. Initial experience suggests that discrete ranges of the bearing condition index are preferable to numerical value.
One goal of the tool is to allow use by inexperienced engineers as a support to their technical development. Another goal is to better document the decision process for particular bearings. The preliminary tool was applied to a cylindrical, radial bearing in a horizontal orientation and to a bumper thrust bearing. Initial results have confirmed the general strategy employed and have suggested areas requiring refinement.
Numerical Modeling and Simulation of Viscous Shear in Hydrostatic Bearing
Authors: Kishor Shyam 
Published: November 2016

Flow structure inside a thin film lubricating bearing is analyzed using computational approach. Computation Fluid Dynamics is used for detailed analysis of fluid flow and heat transfer through bearing land for different flow rates to investigate load carrying characteristics.
Results from different turbulence models are compared to ensure accurate modeling of transitional flow through the pad. Custom program is added to commercial CFD code to capture temperature dependent viscosity and its impact on load carrying capacity. Temperature, pressure, viscosity and their variations across the pad are captured for loads at different surface speeds. Effect of change in gap size on load carrying capacity of the bearing is examined. Computational results are compared with the experimental measurements.
CFD results are in close agreement with the experimental measurements. Temperature rise due to viscous sheer reduces the load carrying capacity by up to 25 %. Viscous and thermal resistance increases with increase in the flow rate. Additional reduction in load carrying capacity of up to 10 % is observed due to viscous resistance when load is moving. Most of the temperature rise happens in the region of narrow gap outside the recess depth. Pressure, temperature and viscosity variations across the bearing surface are presented.
Effect of motion creates localized thermal gradient due to reverse flow. Nature of temperature variations and locations of localized heating offer greater insight in designing a more efficient hydrostatic bearing for machines at higher speed.
Performance Analysis of Photovoltaic Thermal (PVT) Panels Considering Thermal Parameters
Authors: Jayasuriya W. J. A. , Athukorala A. U. C. D. , Perera A. T. D. , Sirimanna M. P. G. , Attalage R. A. 
Published: November 2016

Solar PVT panels are getting popular for wider spectrum of applications for concurrent heat and power generation (CHP). These panels can provide the heating demand of buildings while generating electricity which becomes ideal for building applications of urban energy systems. Energy flow analysis of such panels and performance analysis of such systems becomes essential to design PVT systems matching with the operating conditions. A number of studies have used both theoretical and experimental methods to optimize PVT. However, this task is challenging due to interrelation of CHP production based on two different phenomena where classical optimization methods cannot be applied directly. Hence basic performance analysis considering primary design parameters plays a major role.
In this study, a computational model is developed to evaluate sensitivity of design, operating and climatic parameters for a hybrid PVT system and to analyze the performances of PVT for five different design configurations. Five main configurations of the PVT system are considered based on the heat transfer fluid and the arrangements of glass and tedlar layers of PVT collector. This study presents comprehensive performance analysis conducted to evaluate the sensitivity of mass flow rate and working fluid temperature for the five different design configurations of PVT panels. Results show that glass-tedlar water collector performs better when compared to other configurations. Subsequently, the sensitivity of wind speed and solar irradiation is evaluated. The behavior of thermal and electrical efficiencies is analyzed at different wind speed and solar irradiation levels for a range of mass flow rates and working fluid temperatures. Important conclusions on the performance of PVT panels are given based on this detailed analysis.
Cross Compound Turbine Generator Unit With Elevated and Conventional Turbine Layouts
Authors: Feng Weizhong 
Published: November 2016

This engineering study demonstrates the feasibility and advantages of a cross compound unit with an elevated and conventional turbine layout.
Existing materials and equipment manufacturing capabilities were used to design a double reheat unit using the elevated and conventional turbine layout with other mature energy-saving systems to achieve a net efficiency of 48.92%.
The development of conventional coal-fired power plants is reviewed to describe the existing bottlenecks in high-efficiency Super Critical (SC) and Ultra Super Critical (USC) electrical generation units.
The development of 700 °C Advanced Ultra Super Critical (A-USC) units has been much slower than expected mainly due to the material limitations. Double reheat systems increase efficiency but also significantly increase cost and complexity.
This design reduces the use of expensive high-temperature materials, with significantly lower piping costs as well as lower pressure drops and heat losses which increase the efficiency and the performance-price ratio.
Technical Note: Rod phantom analysis for comparison of PET detector sampling and reconstruction methods
Authors: Wollenweber Scott D. , Kemp Brad J. 
Published: November 2016

PurposeThis investigation aimed to develop a scanner quantification performance methodology and compare multiple metrics between two scanners under different imaging conditions. Most PET scanners are designed to work over a wide dynamic range of patient imaging conditions. Clinical constraints, however, often impact the realization of the entitlement performance for a particular scanner design. Using less injected dose and imaging for a shorter time are often key considerations, all while maintaining “acceptable” image quality and quantitative capability.MethodsA dual phantom measurement including resolution inserts was used to measure the effects of in‐plane (x, y) and axial (z) system resolution between two PET/CT systems with different block detector crystal dimensions. One of the scanners had significantly thinner slices. Several quantitative measures, including feature contrast recovery, max/min value, and feature profile accuracy were derived from the resulting data and compared between the two scanners and multiple phantoms and alignments.ResultsAt the clinically relevant count levels used, the scanner with thinner slices had improved performance of approximately 2%, averaged over phantom alignments, measures, and reconstruction methods, for the head‐sized phantom, mainly demonstrated with the rods aligned perpendicular to the scanner axis. That same scanner had a slightly decreased performance of −1% for the larger body‐size phantom, mostly due to an apparent noise increase in the images. Most of the differences in the metrics between the two scanners were less than 10%.ConclusionsUsing the proposed scanner performance methodology, it was shown that smaller detector elements and a larger number of image voxels require higher count density in order to demonstrate improved image quality and quantitation. In a body imaging scenario under typical clinical conditions, the potential advantages of the design must overcome increases in noise due to lower count density.
Dosing and Pharmacokinetics of Polymyxin B in Patients with Renal Insufficiency
Authors: Thamlikitkul Visanu , Dubrovskaya Yanina , Manchandani Pooja , Ngamprasertchai Thundon , Boonyasiri Adhiratha , Babic Jessica T. , Tam Vincent H. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Polymyxin B remains the last-line treatment option for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections. Current U.S. Food and Drug Administration-approved prescribing information recommends that polymyxin B dosing should be adjusted according to the patient's renal function, despite studies that have shown poor correlation between creatinine and polymyxin B clearance. The objective of the present study was to determine whether steady-state polymyxin B exposures in patients with normal renal function were different from those in patients with renal insufficiency. Nineteen adult patients who received intravenous polymyxin B (1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg [actual body weight] daily) were included. To measure polymyxin B concentrations, serial blood samples were obtained from each patient after receiving polymyxin B for at least 48 h. The primary outcome was polymyxin B exposure at steady state, as reflected by the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) over 24 h. Five patients had normal renal function (estimated creatinine clearance [CL
CR
] ≥ 80 ml/min) at baseline, whereas 14 had renal insufficiency (CL
CR
< 80 ml/min). The mean AUC of polymyxin B ± the standard deviation in the normal renal function cohort was 63.5 ± 16.6 mg·h/liter compared to 56.0 ± 17.5 mg·h/liter in the renal insufficiency cohort (
P
= 0.42). Adjusting the AUC for the daily dose (in mg/kg of actual body weight) did not result in a significant difference (28.6 ± 7.0 mg·h/liter versus 29.7 ± 11.2 mg·h/liter,
P
= 0.80). Polymyxin B exposures in patients with normal and impaired renal function after receiving standard dosing of polymyxin B were comparable. Polymyxin B dosing adjustment in patients with renal insufficiency should be reexamined.
Multicenter Study of Method-Dependent Epidemiological Cutoff Values for Detection of Resistance in Candida spp. and Aspergillus spp. to Amphotericin B and Echinocandins for the Etest Agar Diffusion Method
Authors: Espinel-Ingroff A. , Arendrup M. , Cantón E. , Cordoba S. , Dannaoui E. , García-Rodríguez J. , Gonzalez G. M. , Govender N. P. , Martin-Mazuelos E. , Lackner M. , Lass-Flörl C. , Linares Sicilia M. J. , Rodriguez-Iglesias M. A. , Pelaez T. , Shields R. K. , Garcia-Effron G. , Guinea J. , Sanguinetti M. , Turnidge J. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTMethod-dependent Etest epidemiological cutoff values (ECVs) are not available for susceptibility testing of eitherCandidaorAspergillusspecies with amphotericin B or echinocandins. In addition, reference caspofungin MICs forCandidaspp. are unreliable.CandidaandAspergillusspecies wild-type (WT) Etest MIC distributions (microorganisms in a species-drug combination with no detectable phenotypic resistance) were established for 4,341Candida albicans, 113C. dubliniensis, 1,683C. glabrataspecies complex (SC), 709C. krusei, 767C. parapsilosisSC, 796C. tropicalis, 1,637Aspergillus fumigatusSC, 238A. flavusSC, 321A. nigerSC, and 247A. terreusSC isolates. Etest MICs from 15 laboratories (in Argentina, Europe, Mexico, South Africa, and the United States) were pooled to establish Etest ECVs. Anidulafungin, caspofungin, micafungin, and amphotericin B ECVs (in micrograms per milliliter) encompassing ≥97.5% of the statistically modeled population were 0.016, 0.5, 0.03, and 1 forC. albicans; 0.03, 1, 0.03, and 2 forC. glabrataSC; 0.06, 1, 0.25, and 4 forC. krusei; 8, 4, 2, and 2 forC. parapsilosisSC; and 0.03, 1, 0.12, and 2 forC. tropicalis. The amphotericin B ECV was 0.25 μg/ml forC. dubliniensisand 2, 8, 2, and 16 μg/ml for the complexes ofA. fumigatus,A. flavus,A. niger, andA. terreus, respectively. While anidulafungin Etest ECVs classified 92% of theCandida fksmutants evaluated as non-WT, the performance was lower for caspofungin (75%) and micafungin (84%) cutoffs. Finally, although anidulafungin (as an echinocandin surrogate susceptibility marker) and amphotericin B ECVs should identifyCandidaandAspergillusisolates with reduced susceptibility to these agents using the Etest, these ECVs will not categorize a fungal isolate as susceptible or resistant, as breakpoints do.
pH Alkalinization by Chloroquine Suppresses Pathogenic Burkholderia Type 6 Secretion System 1 and Multinucleated Giant Cells
Authors: Chua Jennifer , Senft Jeffrey L. , Lockett Stephen J. , Brett Paul J. , Burtnick Mary N. , DeShazer David , Friedlander Arthur M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Burkholderia mallei
and
B. pseudomallei
cause glanders and melioidosis, respectively, in humans and animals. A hallmark of pathogenesis is the formation of granulomas containing multinucleated giant cells (MNGCs) and cell death. These processes depend on type 6 secretion system 1 (T6SS-1), which is required for virulence in animals. We examined the cell biology of MNGC formation and cell death. We found that chloroquine diphosphate (CLQ), an antimalarial drug, inhibits
Burkholderia
growth, phagosomal escape, and subsequent MNGC formation. This depends on CLQ's ability to neutralize the acid pH because other alkalinizing compounds similarly inhibit escape and MNGC formation. CLQ inhibits bacterial virulence protein expression because T6SS-1 and some effectors of type 3 secretion system 3 (T3SS-3), which is also required for virulence, are expressed at acid pH. We show that acid pH upregulates the expression of Hcp1 of T6SS-1 and TssM, a protein coregulated with T6SS-1. Finally, we demonstrate that CLQ treatment of
Burkholderia
-infected Madagascar hissing cockroaches (HCs) increases their survival. This study highlights the multiple mechanisms by which CLQ inhibits growth and virulence and suggests that CLQ be further tested and considered, in conjunction with antibiotic use, for the treatment of diseases caused by
Burkholderia
.
Antibody Response to Lyme Disease Spirochetes in the Context of VlsE-Mediated Immune Evasion
Authors: Rogovskyy Artem S. , Gillis David C. , Ionov Yurij , Gerasimov Ekaterina , Zelikovsky Alex 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTLyme disease (LD), the most prevalent tick-borne illness in North America, is caused byBorrelia burgdorferi. The long-term survival ofB. burgdorferispirochetes in the mammalian host is achieved though VlsE-mediated antigenic variation. It is mathematically predicted that a highly variable surface antigen prolongs bacterial infection sufficiently to exhaust the immune response directed toward invariant surface antigens. If the prediction is correct, it is expected that the antibody response toB. burgdorferiinvariant antigens will become nonprotective asB. burgdorferiinfection progresses. To test this assumption, changes in the protective efficacy of the immune response toB. burgdorferisurface antigens were monitored via a superinfection model over the course of 70 days.B. burgdorferi-infected mice were subjected to secondary challenge by heterologousB. burgdorferiat different time points postinfection (p.i.). When the infected mice were superinfected with a VlsE-deficient clone (ΔVlsE) at day 28 p.i., the active anti-B. burgdorferiimmune response did not prevent ΔVlsE-induced spirochetemia. In contrast, most mice blocked culture-detectable spirochetemia induced by wild-typeB. burgdorferi(WT), indicating that VlsE was likely the primary target of the antibody response. As theB. burgdorferiinfection further progressed, however, reversed outcomes were observed. At day 70 p.i. the host immune response to non-VlsE antigens became sufficiently potent to clear spirochetemia induced by ΔVlsE and yet failed to prevent WT-induced spirochetemia. To test if any significant changes in the anti-B. burgdorferiantibody repertoire accounted for the observed outcomes, global profiles of antibody specificities were determined. However, comparison of mimotopes revealed no major difference between day 28 and day 70 antibody repertoires.
Functional Role of MrpA in the MrpABCDEFG Na
+
/H
+
Antiporter Complex from the Archaeon Methanosarcina acetivorans
Authors: Jasso-Chávez Ricardo , Diaz-Perez César , Rodríguez-Zavala José S. , Ferry James G. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

The multisubunit cation/proton antiporter 3 family, also called Mrp, is widely distributed in all three phylogenetic domains (
Eukarya
,
Bacteria
, and
Archaea
). Investigations have focused on Mrp complexes from the domain
Bacteria
to the exclusion of
Archaea
, with a consensus emerging that all seven subunits are required for Na
+
/H
+
antiport activity. The MrpA subunit from the MrpABCDEFG Na
+
/H
+
antiporter complex of the archaeon
Methanosarcina acetivorans
was produced in antiporter-deficient
Escherichia coli
strains EP432 and KNabc and biochemically characterized to determine the role of MrpA in the complex. Both strains containing MrpA grew in the presence of up to 500 mM NaCl and pH values up to 11.0 with no added NaCl. Everted vesicles from the strains containing MrpA were able to generate a NADH-dependent pH gradient (ΔpH), which was abated by the addition of monovalent cations. The apparent

K
m

values for Na
+
and Li
+
were similar and ranged from 31 to 63 mM, whereas activity was too low to determine the apparent

K
m

for K
+
. Optimum activity was obtained between pH 7.0 and 8.0. Homology molecular modeling identified two half-closed symmetry-related ion translocation channels that are linked, forming a continuous path from the cytoplasm to the periplasm, analogous to the NuoL subunit of complex I. Bioinformatics analyses revealed genes encoding homologs of MrpABCDEFG in metabolically diverse methane-producing species. Overall, the results advance the biochemical, evolutionary, and physiological understanding of Mrp complexes that extends to the domain
Archaea
.

IMPORTANCE
The work is the first reported characterization of an Mrp complex from the domain
Archaea
, specifically methanogens, for which Mrp is important for acetotrophic growth. The results show that the MrpA subunit is essential for antiport activity and, importantly, that not all seven subunits are required, which challenges current dogma for Mrp complexes from the domain
Bacteria
. A mechanism is proposed in which an MrpAD subcomplex catalyzes Na
+
/H
+
antiport independent of an MrpBCEFG subcomplex, although the activity of the former is modulated by the latter. Properties of MrpA strengthen proposals that the Mrp complex is of ancient origin and that subunits were recruited to evolve the ancestral complex I. Finally, bioinformatics analyses indicate that Mrp complexes function in diverse methanogenic pathways.
INVESTIGATION OF THE REWARD VALUE OF EXERCISE IN COMPARISON WITH FOOD AND MONEY
Authors: Albelwi A. , Rogers R , Kubis HP 
Published: November 2016

The aim of the present study was to determine the effect of 4 weeks high intensity intermittent Taekwondo (TKD) training program on body composition, physical fitness and performance of South African TKD athletes of Zulu ancestry. Thirty four (n=34) active TKD athletes aged 20–26 y volunteered for this study. The athletes were divided into control and experimental groups. The control participants (10 males and 7 females) are holders of green or lower belts with provincial championship exposure. The experimental group (10 males and 7 females) had blue or senior belts that had provincial and international championships exposure. Both groups were subjected to 4 weeks of TKD and strength training. The experimental group was made to perform high intensity intermittent (85–95 % VO2max) training, while the control group performed interval TKD training of lower intensity (70–75 % VO2max). All experimental participants were pre- and post-tested parameters of body composition [body mass, body fat percentage (% BF), sum of 6 skinfolds (SS)], flexibility (sit & reach), leg power (standing broad jump), muscle strength and endurance (sit-ups and push-ups), agility (T-test), VO2max(20 m bleep test). Resting heart rate (RHR), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) were measured. Data was analyzed using pairedt-test for independent samples and Z-score individual radar plots statistics for assessment of each athlete. After 4 weeks of training, athletes in the experimental group showed a reduction in body weight (p<0.05), BMI (p<0.001), SBP (p<0.05), RHR (p<0.05), SS (p<0.05), and fat % (p<0.001) and improvement (p<0.001) in flexibility, muscle strength, power, agility and VO2max. In male controls, fat % was decreased (p<0.05), flexibility and VO2maxwere increased (p<0.05). In female controls, only flexibility was improved (p<0.05). The findings of this study support the effectiveness of 4 weeks high intensity intermittent training in Taekwondo athletes of Zulu ancestry improves body composition, cardiorespiratory response and physical performance that could contribute to enhanced combat skills.
Exploring educational needs and design aspects of internet-enabled patient education for persons with diabetes: a qualitative interview study
Authors: Jafari Javad , Karimi Moonaghi Hosein , Zary Nabil , Masiello Italo 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveThe objective of this article is to explore the educational needs and design aspects of personalised internet-enabled education for patients with diabetes in Iran.DesignData were collected using semistructured interviews and then qualitatively analysed using inductive content analysis.Participants9 patients with type 2 diabetes were included. Inclusion criteria were access to and knowledge on how to use the internet. The selection ensured representation based on gender, age, occupation and educational background.SettingThe sample population was patients with diabetes who were admitted to an outpatient diabetes clinic in Mashhad, a large city of Iran with about 3 million inhabitants.Results4 core categories emerged from the data: (1) seeking knowledge about diabetes, including specific knowledge acquisition, patient's interactions and learning requirements; (2) teaching and learning, including using different teaching methods and different ways to learn about the disease; (3) facilitators, including internet and mobile phone use to learn about the disease; and (4) barriers, including lack of internet access, uncertainty of access to the internet and lack of website in the local language and also perceived cultural barriers, such as patients' fears of the internet, lack of time and awareness.ConclusionsThis study provides a better understanding of the patient's educational expectations and technical needs in relation to internet-enabled education. This knowledge will inform the development of functional mock-ups in the next research phase using a design-based research approach in order to design internet-enabled patient education for self-management of diabetes.