bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bloodborne Viral Pathogen Contamination in the Era of Laboratory Automation
Authors: Bryan Andrew , Cook Linda , Atienza Ederlyn E , Kuypers Jane , Cent Anne , Baird Geoffrey S , Coombs Robert W , Jerome Keith R , Wener Mark H , Butler-Wu Susan M 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The CDC states that laboratory testing for persons under investigation for Ebola virus disease can be safely performed using automated laboratory instruments by adhering to bloodborne pathogen practices. We therefore sought to investigate the levels of viral contamination of a total laboratory automation (TLA) system to guide risk mitigation strategies for handling infectious agents.

METHODS
Environmental swabs followed by PCR for hepatitis B (HBV) and hepatitis C (HCV) viruses were taken from a chemistry TLA system during routine clinical use and after running a small number of high-titer HCV samples. Control experiments were performed to ensure the recovery of DNA and RNA viruses by swabs from a representative nonporous surface.

RESULTS
Of 79 baseline swabs for nucleic acids performed on the TLA system, 10 were positive for HBV and 8 for HCV. Viral nucleic acid was consistently detected from swabs taken from the distal inside surface of the decapper discharge chute, with areas adjacent to the decapper instrument and the centrifuge rotor also positive for HBV or HCV nucleic acid. Contamination was occasionally detected on exposed surfaces in areas without protective barriers between samples and personnel. After running known HCV-positive samples, at least one additional site of contamination was detected on an exposed area of the line.

CONCLUSIONS
A low level of viral contamination of automated clinical laboratory equipment occurs in clinical use. Given the risks associated with highly infectious agents, there is a need for risk-mitigation procedures when handling all samples.
Talking text: Exploring SMS and e-mail use by Australian talkback radio listeners
Authors: Ewart Jacqui , Ames Kate 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Research into talkback radio has provided a great deal of information about shock jocks and their interactions with audiences, their political power and the power of radio to mobilize its audiences in negative ways. Talkback radio has been traditionally perceived as a participatory form of media, albeit limited by various gatekeeping and rules of access. However, the nature of talkback with its traditional reliance on voice and performance is changing as programmes are increasingly offering audience members the opportunity to contribute to programmes via e-mail, Short Messaging Service (SMS) and, more recently, websites and social media. This article contributes to an under-explored area of talkback radio studies by examining audience ‘participation’ in talkback programmes via SMS and e-mail. It draws data from focus groups with audiences of twelve Australian commercial and non-commercial talkback radio programmes to discover why some study participants use SMS and e-mail and why some do not contribute via these technologies. The article also examines, in what circumstances and for what purposes these talkback radio listeners use these technologies. Inductive coding was used to analyse the data through the computer program NVivo. We conclude that while study participants strongly associated talkback with phone calls, e-mail and SMS are largely accepted as regular methods of contributing to and communicating with talkback radio programmes. There is much more work to be undertaken on the topic of non-verbal contributions to talkback radio, particularly with the increasing use of social media sites such as Facebook and Twitter, which this article has not explored.
The Fall of Kaku Aka: Social and Political Change in the Mid-Nineteenth-Century Western Gold Coast
Authors: Valsecchi Pierluigi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This article deals with the radical reshaping of a system of power and a hierarchy of personal and group dependency in an area of the western Gold Coast in the mid-nineteenth century. The article focuses on the events surrounding the 1848 British expedition against King Kaku Aka of Appolonia (Nzema), which resulted in the end of the exceptionally strong monarchy and its replacement with a looser form of oligarchy. Kaku Aka’s defeat was mainly caused by the defection of his body of direct royal servants and dependents, who constituted the core of the kingdom. The abrupt end of Appolonia’s monarchy coincided with the final crisis of a system of power created in the eighteenth century, and the political seal to a wave of social change sweeping the area-and the western Gold Coast more generally-in the mid-nineteenth century. Sources convey a strong impression of growing mobility within the social landscape and substantial changes in the condition of the bonded sections of the population. The case of Appolonia provides also an excellent example of the ruling elite’s tentative responses to these growing challenges.
The Influence of Islam in Sierra Leone History: Institutions, Practices, and Leadership
Authors: Skinner David E. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
For several centuries, Islamic ideas, institutions, and leadership have contributed significantly to the cultures, political systems, and economic activities of the Upper Guinea Coast; migrants introduced and promoted Islam along the coast and in the hinterland of what developed into the modern state of Sierra Leone. This article traces the influence of Islam in the development of Sierra Leone throughout its history and demonstrates how Muslim leaders (religious, economic, and political) and Islamic institutions, ideas, and activities contributed to the process of nation-building, commercial enterprise, educational growth, and international relations from the eighteenth century to the twenty-first century.
IL2RG: A series of three novel mutations with clinical manifestations
Authors: Jamal Alisha , Upton Julia E.M. 
Published: May 2016

Background: X-linked severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID) is caused by mutations in the IL2RG gene and classically presents with absent T cells and natural killer (NK) cells. Mutational analysis has contributed to the understanding of this gene. Methods: The primary immunodeficiency (PID) registry was reviewed for patients with SCID with novel IL2RG mutations. The clinical phenotype was assessed using a retrospective chart review. Results: We describe 3 novel mutations in the IL2RG. The first was a guanine to adenine substitution at position 215 (c.215 G > A) in exon 2 leading to a cysteine to tyrosine substitution at position 72 (p.Cys72Tyr), with a typical T− B+ NK− phenotype. The second was a deletion of thymine at position 618 and adenine at position 619 (c.618_619TA) in exon 5, leading to a frameshift at the 206 amino acid (p.His206fs). The phenotype was characterized by a classic SCID presentation and immunophenotyping revealed a low number of absolute lymphocytes with mostly B cells, low levels of immunoglobulins, as well as very low NK cells. Finally, the third mutation was a guanine to cytosine substitution at position 341 (c.341 G > C) in exon 3 leading to a glycine to alanine substitution at position 114 (p.Gly114Ala), presenting with a T+ B+ NK+ phenotype. The presence of T and NK cells in IL2RG are discussed in the context of other mutations allowing for T and NK cells in IL2RG mutations, as well as in the setting of maternal engraftment. Conclusion: To the best of our knowledge we describe 3 novel mutations in the IL2RG gene and the associated phenotypes. These mutations illustrate that these patients can have atypical immunological evaluations. Statement of novelty: To the best of our knowledge, this paper describes 3 novel mutations in the IL2RG gene.
LAV Path Planning by Enhanced Fireworks Algorithm on Prior Knowledge
Authors: Bing Li , Ning You , YeHong Du 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Path planning plays an extremely important role in the design of LAVs (Loitering Air Vehicles) to accomplish the air combat task fleetly and reliably. The planned path should ensure that LAVs reach the destination along the optimal path with minimum probability of being found and minimal consumed fuel. Traditional methods tend to find local best solutions due to the large search space. So it takes a lot of time and consumes a lot of computing resources. In this paper, a new young intelligent algorithm-fireworks algorithm is introduced, and EFWA (enhanced fireworks algorithm)-its enhanced version is used to find the optimal solution. At the same time, the battlefield prior knowledge is fully utilized to predict the existence space of the potential optimal trajectory. Greatly the search space reduced, plan planning efficiency is significantly improved. Path planning method effectiveness in this paper has further been improved compared with FACPSO. Moreover, the EFWA on prior knowledge performs well on the application of dynamic path planning when the threats cruise randomly than FAC-PSO.
Health Care Visits as a Risk Factor for Tuberculosis in Taiwan: A Population-Based Case–Control Study
Authors: Pan Sung-Ching , Chen Chien-Chou , Chiang Yi-Ting , Chang Hsing-Yi , Fang Chi-Tai , Lin Hsien-Ho 
Published: May 2016

Objectives. To assess whether health care visits of nontuberculous patients are a risk factor for contracting tuberculosis. Methods. We conducted a case–control study nested within the cohort of 1 million individuals from the health insurance database in Taiwan between 2003 and 2010. We identified incident cases of tuberculosis through International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD-9) codes and prescription of antituberculosis drugs. We identified 4202 case participants and 16 808 control participants matched by age, gender, and date of diagnosis to estimate the association between frequency of health care visits and incidence of tuberculosis. Results. Frequency of health care visits was associated with increased risk of tuberculosis in a dose-dependent manner after adjustment for other medical comorbidities (P for trend < .001). Compared with individuals with fewer than 5 visits per year, those with more than 30 had a 77% increase in tuberculosis risk (adjusted odds ratio = 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.60, 1.97). Conclusions. Frequent health care visits of nontuberculous patients appear to be a risk factor for contracting tuberculosis. Public Health Implications. Efforts should focus on educating the general population to avoid unnecessary hospital visits, strengthening active case finding, and intensifying infection control in all health care settings.
Children's perceptions of smile esthetics and their influence on social judgment
Authors: Rossini Gabriele , Parrini Simone , Castroflorio Tommaso , Fortini Arturo , Deregibus Andrea , Debernardi Cesare L. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To define a threshold of acceptance of smile esthetics for children and adolescents.

Materials and Methods:
A systematic search in the medical literature (PubMed, PubMed Central, National Library of Medicine's Medline, Embase, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Clinical Trials, Web of Knowledge, Scopus, Google Scholar, and LILACs) was performed to identify all peer-reviewed papers reporting data regarding the evaluation of children's and adolescents' perceptions of dental esthetic factors. The search was conducted using a research strategy based on keywords such as “children,” “adolescents,” “smile aesthetics perception,” “smile aesthetics evaluation.” Studies analyzing smile esthetics involving at least 10 observers younger than 18 years of age were selected.

Results:
Among the 1667 analyzed articles, five studies were selected for the final review process. No study included in the review analyzed perception of smile anomalies in a quantitative or qualitative way, thus no threshold was identified for smile features. Among the analyzed samples, unaltered smiles were always significantly associated with better evaluation scores when compared with altered smiles.

Conclusions:
Smile esthetics influence social perception during childhood and adolescence. However, thresholds of smile esthetic acceptance in children and adolescents are still not available.
neXtSIM: a new Lagrangian sea ice model
Authors: Rampal Pierre , Bouillon Sylvain , Ólason Einar , Morlighem Mathieu 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The Arctic sea ice cover has changed drastically over the last decades. Associated with these changes is a shift in dynamical regime seen by an increase of extreme fracturing events and an acceleration of sea ice drift. The highly non-linear dynamical response of sea ice to external forcing makes modelling these changes and the future evolution of Arctic sea ice a challenge for current models. It is, however, increasingly important that this challenge be better met, both because of the important role of sea ice in the climate system and because of the steady increase of industrial operations in the Arctic. In this paper we present a new dynamical/thermodynamical sea ice model called neXtSIM that is designed to address this challenge. neXtSIM is a continuous and fully Lagrangian model, whose momentum equation is discretised with the finite-element method. In this model, sea ice physics are driven by the combination of two core components: a model for sea ice dynamics built on a mechanical framework using an elasto-brittle rheology, and a model for sea ice thermodynamics providing damage healing for the mechanical framework. The evaluation of the model performance for the Arctic is presented for the period September 2007 to October 2008 and shows that observed multi-scale statistical properties of sea ice drift and deformation are well captured as well as the seasonal cycles of ice volume, area, and extent. These results show that neXtSIM is an appropriate tool for simulating sea ice over a wide range of spatial and temporal scales.
Plotting Piety: Religious Spaces and the Mapping of George Whitefield's World
Authors: Parr Jessica M. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
George Whitefield's career spanned two continents, six full transatlantic voyages, and approximately 18,000 sermons. Although he self-identified as an Anglican clergyman, he frequently ignored denominational lines as counterproductive to his vision of a large, unwalled church community. Responses to Whitefield also varied a great deal both temporally and geographically, depending on the local theo-politics at the time. For example, Whitefield initially passed muster with the Bishop of London, and South Carolina Commissary Alexander Garden, but those relationships soured a few years into his career. This article proposes ways to analyse the religious spaces Whitefield's career created. Examining these spatialities can help scholars to better describe the impact of Whitefield's career.
Wesleyan Perspectives on the Education of Girls in Eighteenth-Century England
Authors: Ryan Linda Ann 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Throughout his life, John Wesley maintained an interest in how children were raised and educated, even publishing several sermons on the subject. He admitted girls into his schools at Kingswood, and provided money toward the education of daughters of his preachers. His decision to appoint a number of women preachers may have been influenced by his mother Susanna Wesley's attitude to her daughters' education. While this might suggest a progressive attitude, this article argues that John Wesley's thinking on the education of girls was far from straightforward and was contradictory in some ways. For example, Wesley advocated the thinking of Locke, and encouraged reading and learning. His Arminian theology championed self-improvement, and gave his followers an invitation for self-advancement. Nevertheless, his educational practice was more strongly evangelical than intellectual, more pious than academic. Indeed, that Wesley and his fellow evangelicals continued to argue that children were born in sin, and in need of correction, indicates that his views failed to acknowledge new concepts of the innocence of childhood which became increasingly influential during the eighteenth century.
Bioterrorism — Characteristics and Possibilities of Prevention
Authors: Ambroziak Radosław , Ambroziak Sławomir J. , Katulski Ryszard J. , Sadowski Jarosław , Stefański Jacek , Lelo Edyta 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the paper bioterrorist threats have been presented. Historical background and possible methods of attacks have been described. The most dangerous pathogens and disease entities have been classified. Selected methods of detection and identification of biological weapon have been presented. The wireless system for threats monitoring - developed at Gdansk University of Technology - has been described.
Assessment of the Possibility of Using Point -To-Point Radio L inks in the Mimo System for Constructing the Local Area Network Backbone
Authors: Pluta Sławomir , Początko Grzegorz 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The article presents the results of the research conducted to assess the possibility of replacing the wiring in the connection system of the local network backbone for constructing backup connections or for the localizations where architectonic conditions do not allow performing installation works related to structural wiring of a building. Testing laboratory environment has been developed using radio devices operating in the IEEE 802.11n standard. The paper reports the results of the transmission tests in the systems of point-to-point links using the MIMO technique to determine parameters of the data transmission performance-throughput and latency. The transfer tests in the MIMO system were conducted in the indoor and outdoor environment.
A Legal Analysis of the Precedents of Medical Disputes in the Cosmetic Surgery Field
Authors: Park Bo Young , Kim Min Ji , Kang So Ra , Hong Seung Eun 
Published: May 2016

Background Disputes regarding medical malpractice occur between practitioners and patients. As patients have become increasingly aware regarding medical care, an increase in the unexpected side effects of procedures has been observed, thereby leading to an increase in disputes regarding medical malpractice. In this study, we reviewed trends in precedents involving cosmetic surgery-related medical disputes, with the goal of helping to prevent unnecessary disputes in the future.
Methods We conducted a search of the judgments made in South Korean courts between 2000 and 2013 that were related to the field of plastic surgery. A total of 54 judgments were analyzed, and the selected precedents were reviewed and classified according to the kind of negligence involved.
Results The claim amounts ranged from under 8 million KRW (6,991 USD) to 750 million KRW (629,995 USD). The most common ratio of the judgment amount to the claim amount was 20%–30%. The judgments were classified according to the following categories: violation of the duty of explanation in 17 cases (29%), violation of the duty of care in 10 cases (17%), violation of both duties in 20 cases (35%), and no violation of duty in six cases (10%).
Conclusions Cosmetic surgery-related suits require different approaches than general malpractice suits. The Supreme Court requires plastic surgeons to determine the type, timing, methods, and scope of their treatments when considering possible results. Therefore, practitioners should be educated on their rights and responsibilities to enable them to cope with any possible medical dispute that may arise.
Climatological response of Indian low‐latitude ionosphere to geomagnetic storms
Authors: Suresh Sunanda , Dashora N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA climatological response of low‐latitude ionosphere to geomagnetic storms is presented using long‐term global ionospheric maps data from June 1998 to June 2015 covering two solar cycles 23 and 24. The results are presented for daytime forenoon and afternoon sectors under minor, moderate, and major ionospheric storm categories based on minimum Dst index criterion. For the first time the effectiveness of storms is identified using monthly standard deviation as an indicator of the day to day variability in equatorial and low‐latitude ionosphere. Thus, results on climatology are definitive and form a database that would be comparable to statistical results from any other longitude and time. Seasonal statistics for total storms, effective positive and negative storms, and amplitude of mean seasonal perturbation in total electron content are obtained. Total and effective storms are found to be higher in solar cycle 23 than in 24 and only a couple of effective storms occurred during low solar activity 2007–2009 that too in minor category. Afternoon sector is found to be favorable for occurrence of maximum number of effective positive storms. A latitudinal preference is found for a given storm to be effective in either time sectors. Equinoctial asymmetry in ionospheric response both in terms of occurrence and perturbation amplitude is found. September equinoxes are found to bear maximum total, effective positive and negative storms. Winters are found more prone to negative storms, whereas summers have recorded minimum number of either of storms and minimum perturbation amplitudes.
Climatology of aerosol properties and clear‐sky shortwave radiative effects using Lidar and Sun photometer observations in the Dakar site
Authors: Mortier A. , Goloub P. , Derimian Y. , Tanré D. , Podvin T. , Blarel L. , Deroo C. , Marticorena B. , Diallo A. , Ndiaye T. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis paper presents the analysis of nearly a decade of continuous aerosol observations performed at the Mbour site (Senegal) with Sun photometer, Lidar, and Tapered Electromagnetic Oscillating Microbalance. This site is influenced all year‐round by desert dust and sporadically, in wintertime, by biomass burning particles. Different patterns are revealed for winter and summer, seasons associated to air masses of different origin. The summer (wet season) is characterized by a high aerosol loading (optical thickness, AOT, around 0.57 at 532 nm) composed of large and weakly absorbing particles (Angstrom exponent,α, of 0.23 and single‐scattering albedo, ϖ0, of 0.94 at 532 nm). A lower aerosol loading (AOT = 0.32) is observed during winter (dry season) for finer and absorbing particles (α = 0.48 and ϖ0 = 0.87) revealing the presence of biomass burning aerosols and a greater proportion of local emissions. This latter anthropogenic contribution is visible at weekly and daily scales through AOT cycles. A decrease of about 30% in AOT has been featured in autumn since 2003. The derivation of the extinction profiles highlights a dust transport close to the ground during winter and in an aloft layer (up to 5 km) during summer. Accurate calculations of the daily aerosol radiative effect in clear‐sky conditions are finally addressed. From spring to winter, seasonal shortwave radiative forcing averages of 14.15, 11.15, 8.92, and 12.06 W m−2have been found respectively. Up to 38% of the solar clear‐sky atmospheric heating can be attributed to the aerosols in this site.