bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The “Likeness” of E-Vapour Products and Cigarettes in the World Trade Organization
Authors: FOLTEA Marina , MARKITANOVA Anna 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe regulation of e-vapour products is a relatively new topic. While the e-vapour product sector is fast evolving, the optimal regulation of these products is yet to be fully understood. Some wisdom may be borrowed from the regulation of cigarettes, but many tobacco-relevant policies may not be applied to these new products. Evaluations are underway on many aspects of e-vapour products, for example: their safety, potential health risks, illicit trade, taxation and advertising. This paper examines yet another dimension – one which arises at the intersection of international health and trade law – namely whether e-vapour products and cigarettes may be found “like” in a WTO dispute challenging trade restrictive measures applying to e-vapour products.In particular, the analysis focuses on a hypothetical ban on the importation, distribution, sale and offering for sale of e-vapour products (referred to as a general ban) – a measure that is either being contemplated or already implemented in some domestic jurisdictions. It finds that e-vapour products and cigarettes may be “like” under WTO law. In the event that a positive finding is made on other remaining tests necessary to determine discrimination (importantly the “less favourable treatment”) and provided the regulating member finds no solid evidence to justify the ban under GATT Article XX, a general ban on e-vapour products risks being found WTO inconsistent.
Qui Exanimis Nascitur? Can “Better Regulation” in the European Union really be a Servant of Technocracy?
Authors: JARLBÆK PEDERSEN Morten 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBetter regulation is of grave importance to the European Union, as it is seen as a way of obtaining output legitimacy. To achieve this, the European Commission has established a so-called REFIT Stakeholder Platform where stakeholders’ proposals for more effective and efficient EU law are discussed. The central premise for this meta-regulatory instrument is depoliticisation of the REFIT program and the whole better regulation agenda. To ensure this, the European Commission plays a crucial gatekeeping role by only granting access for proposals that echo that premise and by securing depoliticised deliberation afterwards. Utilising a novel typology linking regulatory reform proposals to the risk of politicisation, the argument advanced in this article is that only a minority of the proposals to be considered by Platform members have a low risk of depoliticisation. This, it is argued, is due to the Commission not having a sufficiently well-developed understanding of the premises for REFIT it has itself established.
Embodying values and socio-religious difference: new markets of moral learning in Christian and Muslim schools in urban Tanzania
Authors: Dilger Hansjörg 
Published: July 2017

AbstractSchools are institutionalized spaces of learning where children and young people are trained to become morally and ethically responsible members of society. Cultural ideas and values relating to friendship, social status and the nation, but also regarding one's own body, dress and emotional, verbal or gestural expression, are learned and performed by young people on an everyday basis. In this article, I build on ethnographic research on the ‘new’ generation of Christian and Muslim schools in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania (2008–10), and I show that particular ways of learning and performing values can be understood as a form of embodied morality that orients students and teachers in relation to their educational and socio-urban environments. I argue that schools do not represent monolithic ethical or moral frameworks or that the actors in these educational settings learn or embody those frameworks in uniform ways. Rather, the processes of ethical and moral (self-)formation are often highly fragmented due to the diverse (social, religious and economic) backgrounds of students and teachers as well as the logics of class formation in the neoliberal market, which causes a high degree of fluctuation across the (equally fragmented) educational landscape of Dar es Salaam. I therefore define ‘embodied morality’ as a partial and discontinuous practice whose specific forms and experience are inseparably entwined with the specific ideological, social and institutional environments of particular educational settings.
Ethics of life in the context of death: the emergence of ethical fields in HIV prevention
Authors: Bochow Astrid 
Published: July 2017

AbstractDiscussing the ethical positions of politicians and public intellectuals, mostly Christians, the article analyses the emergence of ethical fields through HIV prevention in the context of Botswana's proactive HIV politics since the turn of the millennium. I discuss the interaction between everyday experiences of death and suffering, activist engagements on the part of some leading figures in prevention, and various publics. All of these voices agree that people and institutions, such as the church, need to fulfil their responsibilities. In all these situations and among the public, kinship becomes a source of identity and of positive ethics of virtue to support behavioural changes. The virtue of responsibility becomes consensual, making it possible to bridge the apparent contestation between the imperative of safe sex, launched by public health discourses, and everyday practices, highlighting childbirth and the continuity of kinship as a way to connect to life and transcend death. These various public and private ethics feed into a political imaginary, drawing on ideas of kinship as guaranteeing social stability.
Cohesion: a method for quantifying the connectivity of microbial communities
Authors: Herren Cristina M , McMahon Katherine D 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The ability to predict microbial community dynamics lags behind the quantity of data available in these systems. Most predictive models use only environmental parameters, although a long history of ecological literature suggests that community complexity should also be an informative parameter. Thus, we hypothesize that incorporating information about a community’s complexity might improve predictive power in microbial models. Here, we present a new metric, called community ‘cohesion,’ that quantifies the degree of connectivity of a microbial community. We analyze six long-term (10+ years) microbial data sets using the cohesion metrics and validate our approach using data sets where absolute abundances of taxa are available. As a case study of our metrics’ utility, we show that community cohesion is a strong predictor of Bray–Curtis dissimilarity (R2=0.47) between phytoplankton communities in Lake Mendota, WI, USA. Our cohesion metrics outperform a model built using all available environmental data collected during a long-term sampling program. The result that cohesion corresponds strongly to Bray–Curtis dissimilarity is consistent across the six long-term time series, including five phytoplankton data sets and one bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing data set. We explain here the calculation of our cohesion metrics and their potential uses in microbial ecology.
Aurora-B kinase pathway controls the lateral to end-on conversion of kinetochore-microtubule attachments in human cells
Authors: Shrestha Roshan L. , Conti Duccio , Tamura Naoka , Braun Dominique , Ramalingam Revathy A. , Cieslinski Konstanty , Ries Jonas , Draviam Viji M. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractHuman chromosomes are captured along microtubule walls (lateral attachment) and then tethered to microtubule-ends (end-on attachment) through a multi-step end-on conversion process. Upstream regulators that orchestrate this remarkable change in the plane of kinetochore-microtubule attachment in human cells are not known. By tracking kinetochore movements and using kinetochore markers specific to attachment status, we reveal a spatially defined role for Aurora-B kinase in retarding the end-on conversion process. To understand how Aurora-B activity is counteracted, we compare the roles of two outer-kinetochore bound phosphatases and find that BubR1-associated PP2A, unlike KNL1-associated PP1, plays a significant role in end-on conversion. Finally, we uncover a novel role for Aurora-B regulated Astrin-SKAP complex in ensuring the correct plane of kinetochore-microtubule attachment. Thus, we identify Aurora-B as a key upstream regulator of end-on conversion in human cells and establish a late role for Astrin-SKAP complex in the end-on conversion process.
Two mouse models reveal an actionable PARP1 dependence in aggressive chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Authors: Knittel Gero , Rehkämper Tim , Korovkina Darya , Liedgens Paul , Fritz Christian , Torgovnick Alessandro , Al-Baldawi Yussor , Al-Maarri Mona , Cun Yupeng , Fedorchenko Oleg , Riabinska Arina , Beleggia Filippo , Nguyen Phuong-Hien , Wunderlich F. Thomas , Ortmann Monika , Montesinos-Rongen Manuel , Tausch Eugen , Stilgenbauer Stephan , P. Frenzel Lukas , Herling Marco , Herling Carmen , Bahlo Jasmin , Hallek Michael , Peifer Martin , Buettner Reinhard , Persigehl Thorsten , Reinhardt H. Christian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractChronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) remains an incurable disease. Two recurrent cytogenetic aberrations, namely del(17p), affecting TP53, and del(11q), affecting ATM, are associated with resistance against genotoxic chemotherapy (del17p) and poor outcome (del11q and del17p). Both del(17p) and del(11q) are also associated with inferior outcome to the novel targeted agents, such as the BTK inhibitor ibrutinib. Thus, even in the era of targeted therapies, CLL with alterations in the ATM/p53 pathway remains a clinical challenge. Here we generated two mouse models of Atm- and Trp53-deficient CLL. These animals display a significantly earlier disease onset and reduced overall survival, compared to controls. We employed these models in conjunction with transcriptome analyses following cyclophosphamide treatment to reveal that Atm deficiency is associated with an exquisite and genotype-specific sensitivity against PARP inhibition. Thus, we generate two aggressive CLL models and provide a preclinical rational for the use of PARP inhibitors in ATM-affected human CLL.
Heart regeneration in the salamander relies on macrophage-mediated control of fibroblast activation and the extracellular landscape
Authors: Godwin J. W. , Debuque R. , Salimova E. , Rosenthal N. A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn dramatic contrast to the poor repair outcomes for humans and rodent models such as mice, salamanders and some fish species are able to completely regenerate heart tissue following tissue injury, at any life stage. This capacity for complete cardiac repair provides a template for understanding the process of regeneration and for developing strategies to improve human cardiac repair outcomes. Using a cardiac cryo-injury model we show that heart regeneration is dependent on the innate immune system, as macrophage depletion during early time points post-injury results in regeneration failure. In contrast to the transient extracellular matrix that normally accompanies regeneration, this intervention resulted in a permanent, highly cross-linked extracellular matrix scar derived from alternative fibroblast activation and lysyl-oxidase enzyme synthesis. The activation of cardiomyocyte proliferation was not affected by macrophage depletion, indicating that cardiomyocyte replacement is an independent feature of the regenerative process, and is not sufficient to prevent fibrotic progression. These findings highlight the interplay between macrophages and fibroblasts as an important component of cardiac regeneration, and the prevention of fibrosis as a key therapeutic target in the promotion of cardiac repair in mammals.
Caregiver burden in schizophrenia following paliperidone palmitate long acting injectables treatment: pooled analysis of two double-blind randomized phase three studies
Authors: Gopal Srihari , Xu Haiyan , McQuarrie Kelly , Savitz Adam , Nuamah Isaac , Woodruff Kimberly , Mathews Maju 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe pooled analysis of two double-blind, randomized, multicenter, phase-3 studies evaluated predictors of improvement or worsening of schizophrenia-related caregiver burden following paliperidone palmitate long-acting injectables (1-monthly [PP1M] and 3-monthly [PP3M]) treatment. Caregivers were offered to complete the involvement evaluation questionnaire (involvement evaluation questionnaire; 31-item scale). Total, 1498 caregivers (intent-to-treat open-label analysis set, n = 1497; mean [SD] age: 51.5 [13.02] years, 27 countries) were included: 49% were parents and >50% caregivers spent >32 hours/week in caregiving. Majority of caregivers with considerable burden (n = 1405; mean [SD] baseline involvement evaluation questionnaire scores: 28.4 [15.07]) improved significantly from baseline to end-of-study (n = 756; mean [SD] change from open-label baseline to double-blind endpoint in long-acting injectable scores:−8.9 [14.73]); most improvements were seen in urging followed by worrying, tension, and supervision domains (mean [SD] change from open-label baseline to double-blind endpoint in involvement evaluation questionnaire scores, urging: −3.7 [6.45]; worrying:−2.6 [5.11]; tension:−2.3 [4.84]; supervision: −1.3 [3.69]). Improvements significantly correlated with relapse status, patient age, and age of diagnosis (p < 0.001) while long-acting injectable use at baseline, number, and duration of prior psychiatric hospitalizations (<24 months) had no significant correlation. Caregiver burden was significantly improved for patients on prior oral antipsychotics post-switching to long-acting injectable, with less impact on leisure days and hours spent in caregiving (p < 0.001). Family members of patients with schizophrenia experience considerable caregiver burden. Switching from oral antipsychotic to long-acting injectable can provide meaningful and significant improvement in caregiver burden.
Foragers of sympatric Asian honey bee species intercept competitor signals by avoiding benzyl acetate from Apis cerana alarm pheromone
Authors: Wen Ping , Cheng Yanan , Qu Yufeng , Zhang Hongxia , Li Jianjun , Bell Heather , Tan Ken , Nieh James 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhile foraging, animals can form inter- and intraspecific social signalling networks to avoid similar predators. We report here that foragers of different native Asian honey bee species can detect and use a specialized alarm pheromone component, benzyl acetate (BA), to avoid danger. We analysed the volatile alarm pheromone produced by attacked workers of the most abundant native Asian honey bee, Apis cerana and tested the responses of other bee species to these alarm signals. As compared to nest guards, A. cerana foragers produced 3.38 fold higher levels of BA. In foragers, BA and (E)-dec-2-en-1-yl acetate (DA) generated the strongest antennal electrophysiological responses. BA was also the only compound that alerted flying foragers and inhibited A. cerana foraging. BA thereby decreased A. cerana foraging for risky sites. Interestingly, although BA occurs only in trace amounts and is nearly absent in sympatric honeybee species (respectively only 0.07% and 0.44% as much in A. dorsata and A. florea), these floral generalists detected and avoided BA as strongly as they did to their own alarm pheromone on natural inflorescences. These results demonstrate that competing pollinators can take advantage of alarm signal information provided by other species.
Distinct brain responses to different inhibitions: Evidence from a modified Flanker Task
Authors: Xie Liufang , Ren Maofan , Cao Bihua , Li Fuhong 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWhether inhibition is a unitary or multifaceted construct is still an open question. To clarify the electrophysiological distinction among the different types of inhibition, we used a modified flanker paradigm, in which interference inhibition, rule inhibition, and response inhibition were compared to non-inhibition condition. The results indicated that, compared to the non-inhibition condition (1) the interference inhibition condition induced larger negativities during N2 epoch at the frontal region, (2) the rule inhibition condition elicited a larger N1 at the posterior region, followed by a larger P3a at the frontal region, reflecting the function of proactive cognitive control in the new stimulus-reaction (S-R) association, and (3) the response inhibition condition evoked a larger P3b at the posterior region, reflecting the process of suppressing the old response and reprogramming the new action. These findings provide new evidence that distinct neural mechanisms underlie different types of inhibition.
Extreme Quantum Advantage when Simulating Classical Systems with Long-Range Interaction
Authors: Aghamohammadi Cina , Mahoney John R. , Crutchfield James P. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractClassical stochastic processes can be generated by quantum simulators instead of the more standard classical ones, such as hidden Markov models. One reason for using quantum simulators has recently come to the fore: they generally require less memory than their classical counterparts. Here, we examine this quantum advantage for strongly coupled spin systems—in particular, the Dyson one-dimensional Ising spin chain with variable interaction length. We find that the advantage scales with both interaction range and temperature, growing without bound as interaction range increases. In particular, simulating Dyson’s original spin chain with the most memory-efficient classical algorithm known requires infinite memory, while a quantum simulator requires only finite memory. Thus, quantum systems can very efficiently simulate strongly coupled one-dimensional classical spin systems.
“High-Throughput Characterization of Region-Specific Mitochondrial Function and Morphology”
Authors: Daniele Joseph R. , Esping Daniel J. , Garcia Gilbert , Parsons Lee S. , Arriaga Edgar A. , Dillin Andrew 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe tissue-specific etiology of aging and stress has been elusive due to limitations in data processing of current techniques. Despite that many techniques are high-throughput, they usually use singular features of the data (e.g. whole fluorescence). One technology at the nexus of fluorescence-based screens is large particle flow cytometry (“biosorter”), capable of recording positional fluorescence and object granularity information from many individual live animals. Current processing of biosorter data, however, do not integrate positional information into their analysis and data visualization. Here, we present a bioanalytical platform for the quantification of positional information (“longitudinal profiling”) of C. elegans, which we posit embodies the benefits of both high-throughput screening and high-resolution microscopy. We show the use of these techniques in (1) characterizing distinct responses of a transcriptional reporter to various stresses in defined anatomical regions, (2) identifying regions of high mitochondrial membrane potential in live animals, (3) monitoring regional mitochondrial activity in aging models and during development, and (4) screening for regulators of muscle mitochondrial dynamics in a high-throughput format. This platform offers a significant improvement in the quality of high-throughput biosorter data analysis and visualization, opening new options for region-specific phenotypic screening of complex physiological phenomena and mitochondrial biology.
Effects of ultrashort laser pulses on angular distributions of photoionization spectra
Authors: Ooi C. H. Raymond , Ho W. L. , Bandrauk A. D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe study the photoelectron spectra by intense laser pulses with arbitrary time dependence and phase within the Keldysh framework. An efficient semianalytical approach using analytical transition matrix elements for hydrogenic atoms in any initial state enables efficient and accurate computation of the photoionization probability at any observation point without saddle point approximation, providing comprehensive three dimensional photoelectron angular distribution for linear and elliptical polarizations, that reveal the intricate features and provide insights on the photoionization characteristics such as angular dispersions, shift and splitting of photoelectron peaks from the tunneling or above threshold ionization(ATI) regime to non-adiabatic(intermediate) and multiphoton ionization(MPI) regimes. This facilitates the study of the effects of various laser pulse parameters on the photoelectron spectra and their angular distributions. The photoelectron peaks occur at multiples of 2ħω for linear polarization while odd-ordered peaks are suppressed in the direction perpendicular to the electric field. Short pulses create splitting and angular dispersion where the peaks are strongly correlated to the angles. For MPI and elliptical polarization with shorter pulse﻿s﻿ the peaks split into doublets and the first peak vanishes. The carrier envelope phase(CEP) significantly affects the ATI spectra while the Stark effect shifts the spectra of intermediate regime to higher energies due to interference.
Comparison of commercial ELISA assays for quantification of corticosterone in serum
Authors: Kinn Rød Anne Marie , Harkestad Nina , Jellestad Finn Konow , Murison Robert 
Published: July 2017

AbstractEnzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits are widely used to quantify corticosterone levels for the assessment of stress in laboratory animals. The aim of this experiment was simply to evaluate if four different and widely used commercial ELISA assays would yield the same or similar values of corticosterone in serum samples taken from laboratory rats after the mild stress of being held for sampling blood from the saphenous vein. Trunk blood was sampled from 32 male Wistar rats 30 minutes after this mild stress exposure and analysed with each of four commercial ELISA kits. Both the Arbor Assays and the DRG-4164 kits were significantly higher than the DRG-5186 and the Enzo kits. There were no significant differences between the DRG-5186 and Enzo kits. Overall the correlations between kits were high. In conclusion, the commercial ELISA kits tested in the present experiment yielded different values of total corticosterone in the same serum samples. The precision in determining true values of the corticosterone level is low for these commercial ELISA kits, although they may be used to determine relative differences within studies.