bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mortality rates are lower in SIAD, than in hypervolaemic or hypovolaemic hyponatraemia: Results of a prospective observational study
Authors: Cuesta Martín , Garrahy Aoife , Slattery David , Gupta Saket , Hannon Anne Marie , McGurren Karen , Sherlock Mark , Tormey William , Thompson Christopher J. 
Published: June 2017

SummaryObjectiveHyponatraemia is associated with increased mortality, but the mortality associated specifically with SIAD is not known. We hypothesized that mortality in SIAD was elevated, but that it was less than in hypervolaemic (HEN) or hypovolaemic (HON) hyponatraemia.DesignMortality rates are presented as risk ratios (RR),with 95% confidence intervals (CI), and compared to normonatraemic controls (NN).MethodsProspective, single centre, noninterventional study of all patients with hyponatraemia (≤130 mmol/L) admitted to hospital.ResultsA total of 1323 admissions with hyponatraemia were prospectively evaluated and 1136 contemporaneous NN controls. 431(32.6%) hyponatraemic patients had HON, 573(43.3%) had SIAD and 275(20.8%) patients had HEN. In patient mortality was higher in hyponatraemia than NN (9.1% vs 3.3%, P<.0001). The RRs for in‐hospital mortality compared to NN were: SIAD, 1.76 (95% CI 1.08‐2.8, P=.02), HON 2.77 (95% CI 1.8‐4.3, P<.0001) and HEN, 4.9 (95% CI 3.2‐7.4, P<.0001). The mortality rate was higher in HEN (RR 2.85; 95% CI 1.86‐4.37, P<.0001) and in HON, (RR 1.6; 95% CI 1.04‐2.52; P=.03), when compared to SIAD. The Charlson Comorbidity Index was lower in SIAD than in eunatraemic patients (P<.0001). 9/121(7.4%) patients died with plasma sodium <125 mmol/L and 4(3.3%) with plasma sodium <120 mmol/L. However, 69/121(57%) patients died with a plasma sodium above 133 mmol/L.ConclusionsWe confirmed higher all‐cause mortality in hyponatraemia than in NN. Mortality was higher in SIAD than in normonatraemia and was not explained on the basis of co‐morbidities. Mortality was higher in HON and HEN than in SIAD. Mortality rates reported for all‐cause hyponatraemia in the medical literature are not applicable to SIAD.
Patterns of offending behaviour over time for different groups of children in relation to time spent in and out of care
Authors: Hayden Carol , Graves Sam 
Published: June 2017

AbstractChildren who spend time in care are more likely to have an official record of offending behaviour than the general population. However, there is a lack of longitudinal research on the timing, severity, and volume of offending in relation to time spent in and out of care. Furthermore, differences in patterns of offending by identifiable groups in care are rarely a focus of research. This study is both longitudinal and identifies 8 groups within the care population with different volumes of recorded offending: ranging from a mean of 41.75 (prolific) to 1.60 (low). Substance misuse, gender, and reasons for referral to care were associated with different patterns of offending in and out of care. The study is primarily based on a subsample of 64 children who had offended whilst in care. The subsample represents 38.5% of a cohort of children who had been in care or were taken into care over a particular period (2008–2011) in one local authority. The placements and recorded offences of the 64 children were tracked for a further 2 years (2011–2013). The study highlights future areas of research and the need for more tailored responses to different groups within the care system.
A global bibliometric analysis of otolaryngology: Head and neck surgery literature
Authors: Saunders T.F.C. , Rymer B.C. , McNamara K.J. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveBibliometrics uses analysis of content and citations of journal articles to quantify trends in published data. We aim to use bibliometric analysis to identify the global contribution by country to the ENT surgical literature over a 5‐year period.Data sourceThe top 20 countries for number of articles published in surgery and the 11 English‐language otolaryngology surgical journals with the highest impact factors (IF) were included. Numbers of scientific articles per year (2009‐2013) per country for each journal were identified through PubMed. As a marker of quality, a mean IF for each country was calculated, using number of articles and journal IF. These data were compared against population, GDP and dollars spent on research.ResultsIn total, 10 574 articles were included. The USA was the largest contributor, with 4462 articles published over 5 years. The second largest was the UK (1215 articles). Spain's mean IF was 2.136, followed by Taiwan (2.110). The Netherlands (19.7) and the UK (18.9) had the highest number of publications per million population. When considering overall research spending per country, Greece had the most cost‐effective publication output. The least cost‐effective country was Japan. India, Greece and Japan had the greatest increase in publication quality.ConclusionsBibliometric analysis can be used to identify not only major centres of English‐language ENT surgical research, such as the USA and UK but centres that are producing high‐quality data, such as Spain, and cost‐effective research, such as the UK. It can also highlight areas of increasing success in ENT research.
Quantitative tools for implementing the new definition of significant portion of the range in the U.S. Endangered Species Act
Authors: Earl Julia E. , Nicol Sam , Wiederholt Ruscena , Diffendorfer Jay E. , Semmens Darius , Flockhart D. T. Tyler , Mattsson Brady J. , McCracken Gary , Norris D. Ryan , Thogmartin Wayne E. , López‐Hoffman Laura 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIn 2014, the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) and National Marine Fisheries Service announced a new policy interpretation for the U.S. Endangered Species Act (ESA). According to the act, a species must be listed as threatened or endangered if it is determined to be threatened or endangered in a significant portion of its range (SPR). The 2014 policy seeks to provide consistency by establishing that a portion of the range should be considered significant if the associated individuals’ “removal would cause the entire species to become endangered or threatened.” We reviewed 20 quantitative techniques used to assess whether a portion of a species’ range is significant according to the new guidance. Our assessments are based on the 3R criteria—redundancy (i.e., buffering from catastrophe), resiliency (i.e., ability to withstand stochasticity), and representation (i.e., ability to evolve)—that the FWS uses to determine if a species merits listing. We identified data needs for each quantitative technique and considered which methods could be implemented given the data limitations typical of rare species. We also identified proxies for the 3Rs that may be used with limited data. To assess potential data availability, we evaluated 7 example species by accessing data in their species status assessments, which document all the information used during a listing decision. In all species, an SPR could be evaluated with at least one metric for each of the 3Rs robustly or with substantial assumptions. Resiliency assessments appeared most constrained by limited data, and many species lacked information on connectivity between subpopulations, genetic variation, and spatial variability in vital rates. These data gaps will likely make SPR assessments for species with complex life histories or that cross national boundaries difficult. Although we reviewed techniques for the ESA, other countries require identification of significant areas and could benefit from this research.
Impact of terlipressin infusion during and after live donor liver transplantation on incidence of acute kidney injury and neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin serum levels: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Kandil Mohamed A. , Abouelenain Khalid M. , Alsebaey Ayman , Rashed Hanaa S. , Afifi Mohamed H. , Mahmoud Mohamed A. , Yassen Khaled A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackground and AimAcute kidney injury (AKI) with liver transplantation (LT) is not uncommon. Impact of terlipressin infusion on AKI, hemodynamics, and plasma concentration of neutrophil gelatinase‐associated lipocalin (NGAL) was studied.MethodsPatients (n=50) were randomized (NCT02059460, USA) into two equal groups: terlipressin vs Controls. Terlipressin (1‐4 μg/kg/h) was administrated for 5 days. Intraoperative transesophageal Doppler for hemodynamic management. Renal functions, peak portal vein blood flow velocity (PPV), and hepatic artery resistive index (HARI) were recorded. Plasma NGAL (pNGAL) was measured baseline, 2 and 24 hours postreperfusion.ResultsHepatitis C virus (HCV) was the main etiology. Age, sex, model of end‐stage liver disease (MELD), and renal functions were comparable. Postoperative AKI incidence and NGAL concentrations were comparable (P>.05) between terlipressin and controls groups (44% vs 48% and 112.5±9 vs 93.1±8 ng/mL), respectively, but intraoperative NGAL in both groups increased significantly 2 hours postreperfusion (P<.05). The three NGAL readings were comparable (P>.05) between AKI (n=23) and non‐AKI developers (n=27). Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP) was maintained in both groups with less systemic vascular resistance (SVR) fluctuations with terlipressin. Median norepinephrine consumption was lower in terlipressin vs controls (8 vs 12 mg; P=.04). The PPV and HARI were not affected by terlipressin at any stage (P>.05).ConclusionPostliver transplant AKI was not prevented by terlipressin use nor predicted by NGAL levels.
Environmental correlates of phylogenetic endemism in amphibians and the conservation of refugia in the Coastal Forests of Eastern Africa
Authors: Barratt Christopher D. , Bwong Beryl A. , Onstein Renske E. , Rosauer Dan F. , Menegon Michele , Doggart Nike , Nagel Peter , Kissling W. Daniel , Loader Simon P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimsTo quantify the spatial distribution of amphibian phylogenetic endemism (PE), an indicator of potential refugia, to test PE for correlations with current and historical environmental predictors, and to evaluate the effectiveness of current protected areas at conserving evolutionary history.LocationCoastal Forests of Eastern Africa (CFEA) and the adjacent low‐elevation Eastern Afromontane (EA).MethodsWe integrated new and existing spatial and phylogenetic data to map PE for almost the full amphibian assemblage (41 of 55 species), including 35 intraspecific lineages from several species and complexes showing high phylogeographic structure. Using spatial and non‐spatial regressive models, we tested whether PE can be predicted by measures of Quaternary climate change, forest stability, topographic heterogeneity and current climate. PE results were intersected with the protected area network to evaluate current conservation effectiveness.ResultsWe detect refugia in Tanzania and coastal Kenya previously identified as CFEA centres of endemism but also new areas (lowland Tanga region and Pangani river, Zaraninge forest, Mafia island, Matumbi hills). Results show that refugia for amphibians (high PE) are located in areas with long‐term Quaternary climate stability and benign current climate (high precipitation of driest quarter, high annual precipitation), with climatically unstable areas demonstrating low PE. Conservation analyses revealed that ten PE hotspots account for over 25% of the total PE, but only small parts of these areas are under conservation protection.Main ConclusionsUtilizing cryptic diversity from novel phylogeographic data and distribution modelling improves our understanding of endemism patterns, with climate stability being strongly correlated with the distribution of PE. Our analyses point towards high PE areas being refugia, which require an urgent need to consolidate protected areas within centres of endemism in this highly threatened biodiversity hotspot.
Mosquito female response to the presence of larvivorous fish does not match threat to larvae
Authors: SILBERBUSH ALON , RESETARITS WILLIAM J. 
Published: June 2017

1. Several species with complex life‐history traits such as amphibians and insects with aquatic immature stages and terrestrial adults avoid ovipositing in pools containing larvivorous fish. This avoidance response was assumed to be a general one for most fish species.2. The generality of ovipositing Culex to the presence of three, widespread larvivorous fish species was tested in a set of field experiments with artificial oviposition pools using caged fish.3. Larval performance was further examined under actual predation by these three fish species.4. Results show that ovipositing females responded strongly to the presence of caged mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis, while showing no significant response to the presence of caged green sunfish, Lepomis cyanellus, or the pirate perch, Aphredoderus sayanus. All three fish species consumed similar amounts of larvae.5. This is the first example of species‐specific response differences to predators during mosquito oviposition habitat selection. These results point to the existence of predator‐released kairomones affecting mosquito behaviour. These kairomones may either be species‐specific or vary in concentration among fish, and probably have an important role in the understanding of mosquito spatial distribution.
Impact of distress related to attenuated psychotic symptoms in individuals at ultra high risk of psychosis: Findings from the Longitudinal Youth at Risk Study
Authors: Rekhi Gurpreet , Rapisarda Attilio , Lee Jimmy 
Published: May 2017

AimRecent studies have highlighted that attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS) are an important source of distress in ultra high risk (UHR) individuals and that this distress is related to transition to psychosis (TTP). This study examined distress associated with APS in UHR individuals and investigated its association with TTP.MethodsThe Comprehensive Assessment of At‐Risk Mental State (CAARMS) was used to identify 173 UHR individuals, who were included as participants in the study. Distress related to APS was self‐reported. Functioning was assessed on the Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale. Associations between each of the 4 APS subscales in the CAARMS—non‐bizarre ideas (NBI), perceptual abnormalities (PA), unusual thought content (UTC) and disorganized speech (DS)—with its distress level were examined.ResultsOf the 173 UHR participants, 154 (89%) reported distress related to one or more APS. NBI was rated to be the most distressing out of the 4 APS by the highest number of participants (32.9%) compared to UTC (12.1%), PA (24.9%) and DS (2.9%). Mean distress scores were significantly associated with CAARMS composite scores (P < .001). However, there was no significant relationship between distress scores and functioning. Both mean distress scores (OR = 1.034, P = .029) and functioning (OR = 0.892, P = .022) were significant predictors of transition to psychosis at 1 year of follow‐up.ConclusionsThis study provides additional evidence to link subjective distress experienced by UHR individuals to APS and to their subsequent clinical outcomes and has significant clinical implications.
Investigation of Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor‐1 (PAI‐1) 4G/5G promoter polymorphism in Indian venous thrombosis patients: A case‐control study
Authors: Prabhudesai Aniket , Shetty Shrimati , Ghosh Kanjaksha , Kulkarni Bipin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe role of PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism in venous thrombosis has been contradictory. PAI‐1 4G/4G genotype is associated with elevated levels of PAI‐1 resulting in a hypofibrinolytic state and a higher thrombotic risk.ObjectiveIn this study, the distribution of genotypes and frequency of alleles of the 4G/5G polymorphism of PAI‐1 gene in Indian patients with different types of venous thrombosis was investigated for its role in development of thrombosis.MethodA total of 87 portal vein thrombosis (PVT), 71 Budd‐Chiari syndrome (BCS), 156 cerebral vein thrombosis (CVT), and 163 deep vein thrombosis (DVT) patients were studied alongside 251 healthy controls for the PAI‐1 4G/5G polymorphism by allele‐specific PCR.ResultsFrequency of 4G/4G genotype was higher in all groups in comparison with controls. 4G/4G was associated with PVT risk (OR=2.51, 95% CI=1.29‐4.96, P=.0075), BCS risk (OR=5.98, 95% CI=2.68‐13.42, P<.0001), and DVT risk (OR=1.75, 95% CI=0.98‐3.02, P=.0225). This is the first case‐control study from India establishing PAI‐1 4G/4G as a strong risk factor for abdominal thrombosis (PVT and BCS). Statistically significant association was not found between 4G/4G genotype and CVT risk.ConclusionPAI‐1 4G/4G is a strong risk factor for venous thrombosis in Indian patients and should be included in laboratory testing panel of thrombophilia.
Trends in the incidence of use of noninsulin glucose‐lowering drugs between 2006 and 2013 in France
Authors: Arnaud Mickael , Bezin Julien , Bégaud Bernard , Pariente Antoine , Salvo Francesco 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study aimed at describing trends in the incidence of use of noninsulin glucose‐lowering drugs (NIGLDs) between 2006 and 2013 in France. Repeated cross‐sectional studies on NIGLD new users were performed annually from 2006 to 2013 within the Echantillon Généraliste des Bénéficiaires (EGB) database, a 1/97th representative sample of the population covered by the French healthcare insurance system. NIGLD included metformin, sulfonylureas, α‐glucosidase inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, dipeptidylpeptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitors, glinides and glucagon‐like peptide‐1 analogues. New users were defined as patients with no delivery of any NIGLD (first‐line new users) or no delivery of a NIGLD of the same class (add‐on/switch new users) in the preceding year. Incidence rates of use and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were estimated per 1000 persons. Among the 507 043 persons included in the EGB in 2006, 2036 were identified as NIGLD first‐line new users and 2192 as add‐on/switch new users, which corresponded to an incidence of use of 4.0‰ (95%CI 3.8–4.2) and 4.3‰ (4.1–4.5), respectively. First‐line incidence increased to 5.3‰ (5.1–5.5) in 2010 and then decreased to 4.2‰ (4.0–4.4) in 2013; add‐on/switch incidence increased to 8.0‰ (7.8–8.2) in 2010 and then decreased to 5.3‰ (5.1–5.5) in 2013. This reduction was mainly related to DPP‐4 inhibitors, whose use as add‐on/switch NIGLDs was roughly halved between 2010 and 2013. Concomitantly, the use of sulfonylureas and glinides increased. In conclusion, after reaching a peak in 2010, the incidence of use of NIGLDs has markedly decreased in France. Since then, prescribers seem to have reverted to older and well‐known therapies.
Pan‐Arctic sea ice‐algal chl a biomass and suitable habitat are largely underestimated for multiyear ice
Authors: Lange Benjamin A. , Flores Hauke , Michel Christine , Beckers Justin F. , Bublitz Anne , Casey John Alec , Castellani Giulia , Hatam Ido , Reppchen Anke , Rudolph Svenja A. , Haas Christian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThere is mounting evidence that multiyear ice (MYI) is a unique component of the Arctic Ocean and may play a more important ecological role than previously assumed. This study improves our understanding of the potential of MYI as a suitable habitat for sea ice algae on a pan‐Arctic scale. We sampled sea ice cores from MYI and first‐year sea ice (FYI) within the Lincoln Sea during four consecutive spring seasons. This included four MYI hummocks with a mean chl a biomass of 2.0 mg/m2, a value significantly higher than FYI and MYI refrozen ponds. Our results support the hypothesis that MYI hummocks can host substantial ice‐algal biomass and represent a reliable ice‐algal habitat due to the (quasi‐) permanent low‐snow surface of these features. We identified an ice‐algal habitat threshold value for calculated light transmittance of 0.014%. Ice classes and coverage of suitable ice‐algal habitat were determined from snow and ice surveys. These ice classes and associated coverage of suitable habitat were applied to pan‐Arctic CryoSat‐2 snow and ice thickness data products. This habitat classification accounted for the variability of the snow and ice properties and showed an areal coverage of suitable ice‐algal habitat within the MYI‐covered region of 0.54 million km2 (8.5% of total ice area). This is 27 times greater than the areal coverage of 0.02 million km2 (0.3% of total ice area) determined using the conventional block‐model classification, which assigns single‐parameter values to each grid cell and does not account for subgrid cell variability. This emphasizes the importance of accounting for variable snow and ice conditions in all sea ice studies. Furthermore, our results indicate the loss of MYI will also mean the loss of reliable ice‐algal habitat during spring when food is sparse and many organisms depend on ice‐algae.
Real‐world resource use and costs of haemophilia A‐related bleeding
Authors: Shrestha A. , Eldar‐Lissai A. , Hou N. , Lakdawalla D.N. , Batt K. 
Published: June 2017

IntroductionProphylaxis treatment is recommended for haemophilia patients, but associated real‐world economic costs and potential cost‐savings associated with improved disease management are not fully known. This study aimed to assess haemophilia A‐related resource use and cost by treatment type (prophylaxis versus non‐prophylaxis) and any associated cost‐savings.MethodsTruven MarketScan Commercial claims data (2004–2012) were used to identify haemophilia A‐related healthcare utilization, healthcare costs and patterns of prophylaxis and non‐prophylaxis treatment among 6‐ to 64‐year‐old males. We estimated bleeding‐related resource utilization and costs in three age groups (6–18, 19–44, 45–64) by treatment types and assessed the extent to which early initiation of prophylactic treatment can mitigate them. T‐tests and ordinary least squares regressions were used to compare unadjusted and demographics‐adjusted cost estimates.ResultsAmong children, overall haemophilia‐ and bleeding‐related non‐pharmacy costs were substantially lower for patients receiving prophylaxis (haemophilia‐related: $15,864 vs. $53,408; P < 0.001; bleeding‐related: $696 vs. $2013, respectively; P = 0.04). Among younger adults (19–44), haemophilia‐related non‐pharmacy costs were lower for patients receiving prophylaxis ($22,028 vs. $56,311, respectively; P = 0.001). Among children, these savings fully offset the incremental pharmacy cost due to prophylaxis. Among younger adults, the savings offset approximately 34% of the incremental pharmacy cost. No differences were found for older adults (45–64).ConclusionThese results suggest that initiating prophylaxis earlier in life may reduce the healthcare costs of bleeding events and their long‐term complications. Future studies should strive to collect more detailed information on disease severity and treatment protocols to improve estimates of disease burden.