bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Quality Of Life Of Patients With Breast And Gynecological Cancer Faced With Anticancer Chemotherapy
Authors: Regino Patrícia Afonso , Elias Thaís Cristina , Silveira Caroline Freitas , Pereira Gilberto De Araújo , Pissetti Cristina Wide , Da Silva Sueli Riul 
Published: August 2017

Quality of life of patients with breast and gynecological cancer faced with anticancer chemotherapy
Backgroud: the evaluation of quality of life in cancer patients is of interest to researchers due to its impact on health policies. The aim of this study was to assess the quality of life of patients with breast and gynecological cancer, undergoing chemotherapy.
Methods and Findings: this was a quantitative, descriptive and longitudinal study, conducted in the Clinical Hospital of the Triangulo Mineiro Federal University. To assess the quality of life, the Portuguese brief version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL-BREF) instrument was applied. The paired Student’s t-test was used for the analysis of the means of/ the scores of the domains. The study included 14 women. The lowest means were observed in the physical domain, 51.78±15.89 and 50.25±15.37, respectively before and after treatment. There was also a compromise of the psychological and environment domains, however, the data analyzed did not show statistical significance. The main limitation of this study is the sample size.
Conclusion: quality of life presents itself as an important factor for the measurement of results in clinical studies.
Keywords: Quality of Life; Breast Neoplasms; Genital Neoplasms, Females; Chemotherapy.
Investigating Associations Between Proliferation Indices, C-kit, and Lymph Node Stage in Canine Mast Cell Tumors
Authors: Krick Erika Lauren , Kiupel Matti , Durham Amy C. , Thaiwong Tuddow , Brown Dorothy C. , Sorenmo Karin U. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTPrevious studies have evaluated cellular proliferation indices, KIT expression, and c-kit mutations to predict the clinical behavior of canine mast cell tumors (MCTs). The study purpose was to retrospectively compare mitotic index, argyrophilic nucleolar organizer regions (AgNORs)/nucleus, Ki-67 index, KIT labeling pattern, and internal tandem duplication mutations in c-KIT between stage I and stage II grade II MCTs. Medical records and tumor biopsy samples from dogs with Grade II MCTs with cytological or histopathological regional lymph node evaluation were included. Signalment, tumor location and stage, and presence of a recurrent versus de novo tumor were recorded. Mitotic index, AgNORs/nucleus, Ki-67, KIT staining pattern, and internal tandem duplication mutations in exon 11 of c-KIT were evaluated. Sixty-six tumors (51 stage I; 15 stage II) were included. Only AgNORs/nucleus and recurrent tumors were significantly associated with stage (odds ratio 2.8, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.0–8.0, P = .049; odds ratio 8.8, 95% CI 1.1–69.5; P = .039). Receiver-operator characteristic analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of AgNORs/cell ≥ 1.87 were 93.3% and 27.4%, respectively, (area under the curve: 0.65) for predicting stage. Recurrent tumors and higher AgNORs/nucleus are associated with stage II grade II MCTs; however, an AgNOR cutoff value that reliably predicts lymph node metastasis was not determined.
Effect of Cricoarytenoid Joint Preservation and Suture Tension on Arytenoid Lateralization
Authors: Davis Elizabeth , Salinardi Brenda , Spina Jason , Sharp Claire 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
The objective of this experimental study was to evaluate the effects of cricoarytenoid (CA) joint preservation versus disarticulation on rima glottidis (RG) area with the epiglottis open and closed under both low and high suture tension. Canine cadaver larynges were used. A unilateral arytenoid lateralization (UAL) was performed with low or high suture tension and with the CA joint preserved or disarticulated. Rima glottidis area was measured with the epiglottis in an open and closed position. Results indicated that RG area was increased over baseline when UAL was performed with both low and high suture tension when the epiglottis was in an open position. High suture tension resulted in a greater increase in RG area compared to low suture tension, both when the CA was preserved and disarticulated. There was no difference in RG area when the CA was disarticulated versus preserved at either suture tension. Rima glottidis area was not significantly increased over baseline when the epiglottis was in a closed position except in the group with CA joint preservation and high suture tension. Although this study suggests that UAL can be performed with or without CA disarticulation, further studies are warranted before UAL without CA disarticulation can be recommended clinically.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Clinical Findings Associated with Choroid Plexus Spinal Cord “Drop” Metastases
Authors: Yeamans Carmen L. , Gutierrez-Quintana Rodrigo , Haley Allison , Lamm Catherine G. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
A 5 yr old castrated male whippet presented with a unique presentation of ambulatory paraparesis and subsequent diagnosis of primary intracranial choroid plexus carcinoma, with metastases to the cervical, thoracic, lumbar, and sacral spinal cord segments. Magnetic resonance imaging was performed initially of the thoracolumbar vertebral column and was followed by MRI sequences of the brain for confirmation of the presence of a primary intracranial tumor. The dog was euthanized immediately following diagnostic imaging due to the severity of clinical signs and poor prognosis. Postmortem examination confirmed the presence of a primary choroid plexus carcinoma, with diffuse metastatic lesions to the spinal cord. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first description of MRI findings of spinal cord metastasis of a choroid plexus carcinoma in a dog. Additionally, this case demonstrates primary clinical signs arising from metastatic lesions. This confirms the importance of extensive neuroimaging investigations when suspecting choroid plexus tumors and evaluating response to treatment regimens.
Diphallia in a Mixed-Breed Puppy: Case Report
Authors: Laube Rebecca , Cook Alysa , Winkler Kevin 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT
An 8 mo old intact male mixed-breed dog presented for diphallia with paraphimosis of the nonfunctional, accessory penis. Bloodwork, an abdominal ultrasound, and a positive contrast retrograde urethrogram were performed and revealed no other structural abnormalities. Surgical excision of the accessory penis was elected. This is one of three reported cases of diphallia in the dog in the English literature, but this is the only case in which no other congenital abnormalities were identified. The authors also review diphallia in both the veterinary and human literature.
Lack of genetic differentiation among size groups of jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas)
Authors: Sandoval-Castellanos E , Uribe-Alcocer M , Díaz-Jaimes P 
Published: August 2017

The population structure of the jumbo squid (Dosidicus gigas) is complex, containing several cohorts and three groups defined by their size (small, medium, and large) and by differences in maturation, growth, and life span. Several authors have indicated the possibility of such groups representing discrete genetic units even at level subspecies or species in statu nascendi. Genetic divergence was tested in samples from the Gulf of California (Mexico) and Peruvian Sea by estimation of population divergence statistics, an exact test of homogeneity of allele frequencies, analysis of molecular variance, and genealogical trees applied to data obtained with two molecular markers: RAPDs and mtDNA sequences identified by SSCPs. Neither significant values of θ (FST) nor significant heterogeneity in allele frequencies were detected. Lack of evidence does not imply complete lack of differentiation among the groups but supports the fact that a geographically spread population can have different size groups without relevant genetic differentiation, implying that the hypothetical genetically differentiated groups can occur in different ecological niches.
Perovskite Structure Compounds
Authors: Shimakawa Yuichi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Compounds with the perovskite structure have been studied extensively because they show a wide variety of physical and chemical properties, and many of the properties are widely used in technological applications. Perovskites and perovskite‐related compounds arguably represent the most important, fundamental, and intriguing family of complex materials. In this chapter, a large variety of the perovskite structure compounds are reviewed and structural features of the fundamental compounds are highlighted. Because the diverse varieties of physical and chemical properties that the perovskite materials show are described in the following chapters, they will not be described in detail in this chapter. Some synthesis techniques for preparing perovskites are also focused on in different chapters.
Local Atomic Order in Intermetallics and Alloys
Authors: Haarmann Frank 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPhases formed by different types of metal atoms as well as those formed by metal and metalloid atoms are considered as intermetallic compounds. In contrast to this, alloys can be single‐ or multiphase materials. This chapter focuses on single‐phase materials and gives a short overview about their crystal structures focusing on local ordering of the atoms. It discusses a strategy to investigate local ordering of the atoms in intermetallic phases (IPs) by a combined application of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, quantum mechanical (QM) calculations, and diffraction methods. The chapter also discusses some investigations of local ordering in IPs following this strategy. It further describes thermoelectric materials and phase‐change materials (PCMs). Different types of IPs can be considered as potential thermoelectric materials such as several chalcogenide compounds, FeSb2, half‐Heusler phases, Skutterudites, Clathrates, and the Zintl phase Yb14MnSb11.
Ge–Sb–TePhase‐Change Materials
Authors: Deringer Volker L. , Wuttig Matthias 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPhase‐change materials (PCMs) are chemical ingredients for diverse data storage and data processing applications. They can be rapidly and reversibly switched between crystalline and amorphous phases, and a pronounced contrast in physical properties between both phases is used to encode digital “ones” and “zeroes.” In this chapter, we review the solid‐state chemistry (and physics) of Ge–Sb–Te alloys that are among the most promising PCMs and are widely used from rewriteable Blu‐ray disks to prototypes for future memory technologies. The atomic structures of crystalline and amorphous Ge–Sb–Te alloys are reviewed in sequence, and it is shown how the fundamental microscopic nature of these materials can be directly linked to unconventional and technologically valuable properties. An outlook onto emerging applications of Ge–Sb–Te PCMs is finally given, exemplifying the diversity and usefulness of this class of solid‐state materials.
Crystal Growth Via the Gas Phase by Chemical Vapor Transport Reactions
Authors: Binnewies Michael , Glaum Robert , Schmidt Marcus , Schmidt Peer 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

By means of chemical vapor transport reactions (
CVT
) a variety of solid‐state compounds can be prepared, mostly as impurity free single crystals. Representatives are well‐established for elements, intermetallics, halides, oxides, sulphides, selenides, tellurides, pnictides, and so on. The fundamental thermodynamic principles of
CVT
reactions are discussed for both single equilibrium reactions (Schaefer model) and more complex reaction mechanisms using the term “gas phase solubility.” Different working techniques for realization of vapor transport experiments are described in detail: application of suitable ampoule materials, furnace assembly, handling of different transport agents, calculation of vapor pressure, experimental procedure.

The characteristic vapor transport behavior is described for selected representatives of above‐mentioned classes of solids. Accordingly, some information is given concerning the choice of appropriate transport agent, the evaluation of transport direction, and the viable transport conditions. The simplified deduction or estimation of transport conditions for new compounds of related chemical composition or similar chemical behavior is discussed for the different substance classes. At least, complex thermodynamic modeling of
CVT
reactions applying the
CalPhaD
method using freeware is introduced.
Growth of Wide Bandgap Semiconductors by Halide Vapor Phase Epitaxy
Authors: Oshima Yuichi , Vίllora Encarnación G. , Shimamura Kiyoshi 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Halide vapor phase epitaxy (
HVPE
) is a type of chemical vapor deposition (
CVD
) that is characterized by a high rapid growth rate and high purity of the resulting crystals. Nowadays,
HVPE
is an indispensable growth technique of thick layers of various III–V semiconductors, such as
GaAs

1−
x

P

x

,
InP
,
GaN
, and
AlN
. Furthermore, HVPE is also applicable to the growth of oxide wide bandgap semiconductors such as
ZnO
and
Ga
2
O
3
. In this chapter, we first present the outline of
HVPE
technique, including the principle and technical basics of the equipment. Second, we review the production technologies of
GaN
wafers, which is one of the most important applications of
HVPE
. Finally, we overview the recent progress in the
HVPE
of
Ga
2
O
3
, a new emerging oxide with a great potential to realize high‐performance power devices.
Growth of Silicon Nanowires
Authors: Li Fengji , Zhang Sam 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis chapter summarizes essential aspects of silicon (Si) nanowire growth. Section 1 introduces growth techniques and presents problems. Section 2 discusses two thermodynamic processes ofSinanowires growth via thermal evaporation of Si‐containing powders. The chapter also presents critical rethinking of the “oxide‐assisted growth” theory that believes Si nanoparticles precipitated through the disproportionation ofSiOseed and grow into Si nanowires. Instead, a metal‐catalyzed solid–liquid–solid mechanism is proposed to explain the seeding and growth of Si nanowires during thermal evaporation. Section 3 is dedicated to theSinanowires grown through thermal annealing of metal‐coatedSiwafers. The structure and morphology of the metal catalyst layer, structure and composition, growth orientation, and morphology of the nanowires are studied systematically. Oxygen in the system quickly oxidizeSiinto coaxial and triple‐concentric nanowires with a crystallineSicore or completely amorphousSiOxnanowire, depending on the extent of protection. The growth orientation of theSinanowires is determined by the ordered planes of the metallic catalyst at the wire–catalyst interface at the onset of the growth. The morphology of theSinanowires is controlled by the diameter, phase distribution, vibration, and eutectic precipitation of the seedingNiSiOdroplet.
Neutron Diffraction
Authors: Meven Martin , Roth Georg 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Neutron diffraction as an analytical tool in solid‐state chemistry is briefly presented. We start by recalling a few characteristic properties of the neutron that make thermal neutrons a unique structural probe in solid‐state science. The generation of neutrons, some fundamentals of neutron diffraction, concepts and components of instrumentation for powder as well as single‐crystal neutron diffraction are briefly touched upon. A major part of this chapter deals with typical applications of neutron diffraction, among them being the study of hydrogen in crystals, the use of the peculiar diffraction contrast offered by neutrons to distinguish elements with similar atomic number, study of static disorder and thermal displacements in high‐
T
c
superconductors, the superior precision of structural parameters obtained from neutron diffraction data, magnetic structures from neutron diffraction, complementary use of single‐crystal
X
‐ray and neutron diffraction data to obtain bonding electron densities in crystals, and the determination of spatially resolved magnetization densities in solids. The last example contains spatially resolved
in situ
neutron diffraction on batteries.
Characterization of Quasicrystals
Authors: Steurer Walter 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Quasicrystals (QCs) are binary or ternary intermetallic phases with quasiperiodic crystal structures, which can be characterized on all length scales by the same methods and techniques as periodic intermetallics. Quantitative QC structure analysis, however, is still a challenge and requires a specific approach that is in the focus of this chapter. Electronmicroscopic techniques, such as HRTEM, HAADF‐STEM, and ABF‐STEM, are discussed for the derivation of local structural features, as well as diffraction methods for the quantitative determination of the global structure. Charge flipping (CF) and low‐density elimination (LDE) are introduced as powerful tools for QC structure solution. Some fundamental problems related with QC structure analysis are addressed.
Mößbauer Spectroscopy
Authors: Raphael Hermann 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Mössbauer spectroscopy and related synchrotron radiation‐based nuclear resonance techniques are powerful albeit specialized methods that provide unique insights into the dynamics and coordination of atoms by probing transitions between a nuclear excited state and a nuclear ground state. This chapter provides examples that bear a relation to solid‐state chemistry of how Mössbauer spectroscopy has contributed to our understanding of the structure and properties of materials. A most informative quantity that can be obtained from a Mössbauer spectroscopy experiment is the isomer shift δ. Empirically, this quantity is obtained from the center of mass of a particular component or subspectrum. Whereas the isomer shift provides a localized measure of the electronic density at the nucleus ‐ a Coulomb‐type charge monopole interaction ‐ the quadrupole splitting of the nuclear levels measures the distortion of the spatial distribution of the electronic charge around the nucleus.
Modern Electron Paramagnetic Resonance Techniques and Their Applications to Magnetic Systems
Authors: Zorko Andrej , Pregelj Matej , Arčon Denis 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEver since its invention in 1940s the electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) has been one of the most important and versatile spectroscopic methods for studies of new materials. Numerous approaches ranging from conventional continuous wave to more modern pulsedEPRtechniques were introduced to provide insight into their structure, dynamics, or chemical reactivity at the local scale. More recently, efforts to increase sensitivity and enhance resolution led to highly innovative detection methods and expandedEPRto high‐frequency high‐magnetic field experimental regimes. Such intensive experimental instrumentation development together with parallel theoretical breakthroughs in particular enabledEPRto provide unique information about the spin Hamiltonians and the nature of low‐energy excitations in magnetic systems. Here, we review such modern approaches for studies of low‐dimensional and frustrated quantum antiferromagnets and provide several examples where full strength of theEPRtechnique is demonstrated. We provide thorough overview of the “conventional” Kubo–Tomita theory and critically comment its applicability to one‐dimensional spin systems. There, alternative approaches based on exact computations of theEPRresponse and Oshikawa–Affleck field theory have been successfully implemented. Finally, we also review the (anti)ferromagnetic resonance in the magnetically ordered phase. Important instrumental and theoretical advances that we have witnesses in the last couple of decades significantly extend the range of applicability ofEPRand shall lead to many new discoveries in the future.
Organoclays and Polymer‐Clay Nanocomposites
Authors: Vicente M.A. , Gil A. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

This chapter aims at reporting on developments in the synthesis, properties, and applications of polymer organolayered clay hybrid nanocomposites. This type of hybrid organic–inorganic materials may be obtained from various synthetic routes comprising solution reaction,
in situ
intercalative polymerization and melt intercalation. Two types of structure may be obtained, namely, intercalated nanocomposites where the polymer chains are sandwiched in between silicate layers and exfoliated nanocomposites where the separated, individual silicate layers are dispersed in the polymer matrix. This family of materials exhibits enhanced properties at very low filler level, such as increased Young's modulus, increase in thermal stability and gas barrier properties, and good flame retardancy. The applications stem from the combination of the characteristics of the organic component with the functionality of the inorganic constituents.
Bioactive Glasses
Authors: Maeda Hirotaka , Kasuga Toshihiro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBioactive glasses have a specific ability to bond directly to living bones through the formation of hydroxycarbonate apatite at their interface. Ions released from the glass matrix upon dissolution can influence cellular responses. Using glass matrices has a significant advantage, as the structure and physicochemical properties of the glass matrix can be tuned by adjusting its chemical composition. This chapter introduces three types of bioactive glasses of different chemical compositions. The first section reviews silicate‐based glass systems. Therein, we demonstrate that the silicate network connectivity plays an important role in apatite‐formation and solubility of the glass system. The second section discusses borate‐based glasses. Borate glass matrices have a lower chemical durability than silicate‐based glasses and can be completely converted into apatite. Finally, the solubility and structure of phosphate‐based glasses are discussed in the third section. The section additionally presents invert glasses with unique structures.