bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Altered functional connectivity of the default mode network in Williams syndrome: a multimodal approach
Authors: Sampaio Adriana , Moreira Pedro Silva , Osório Ana , Magalhães Ricardo , Vasconcelos Cristiana , Férnandez Montse , Carracedo Angel , Alegria Joana , Gonçalves Óscar F. , Soares José Miguel 
Published: July 2016

AbstractResting state brain networks are implicated in a variety of relevant brain functions. Importantly, abnormal patterns of functional connectivity (FC) have been reported in several neurodevelopmental disorders. In particular, the Default Mode Network (DMN) has been found to be associated with social cognition. We hypothesize that the DMN may be altered in Williams syndrome (WS), a neurodevelopmental genetic disorder characterized by an unique cognitive and behavioral phenotype. In this study, we assessed the architecture of the DMN using fMRI in WS patients and typically developing matched controls (sex and age) in terms of FC and volumetry of the DMN. Moreover, we complemented the analysis with a functional connectome approach. After excluding participants due to movement artifacts (n = 3), seven participants with WS and their respective matched controls were included in the analyses. A decreased FC between the DMN regions was observed in the WS group when compared with the typically developing group. Specifically, we found a decreased FC in a posterior hub of the DMN including the precuneus, calcarine and the posterior cingulate of the left hemisphere. The functional connectome approach showed a focalized and global increased FC connectome in the WS group. The reduced FC of the posterior hub of the DMN in the WS group is consistent with immaturity of the brain FC patterns and may be associated with the singularity of their visual spatial phenotype.
A theoretical rut: revisiting and critically evaluating the generalized under/over‐connectivity hypothesis of autism
Authors: Picci Giorgia , Gotts Stephen J. , Scherf K. Suzanne 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn 2004, two papers proposed that pervasive functional under‐connectivity (Just et al., ) or a trade‐off between excessive local connectivity at the cost of distal under‐connectivity (Belmonte et al., ) characterizes atypical brain organization in autism. Here, we take stock of the most recent and rigorous functional and structural connectivity findings with a careful eye toward evaluating the extent to which they support these original hypotheses. Indeed, the empirical data do not support them. From rsfMRI studies in adolescents and adults, there is an emerging consensus regarding long‐range functional connections indicating cortico‐cortical under‐connectivity, specifically involving the temporal lobes, combined with subcortical‐cortical over‐connectivity. In contrast, there is little to no consensus regarding local functional connectivity or findings from task‐based functional connectivity studies. The structural connectivity data suggest that white matter tracts are pervasively weak, particularly in the temporal lobe. Together, these findings are revealing how deeply complex the story is regarding atypical neural network organization in autism. In other words, distance and strength of connectivity as individual factors or as interacting factors do not consistently explain the patterns of atypical neural connectivity in autism. Therefore, we make several methodological recommendations and highlight developmental considerations that will help researchers in the field cultivate new hypotheses about the nature and mechanisms of potentially aberrant functional and structural connectivity in autism.
Patient‐level predictors of achieving early glycaemic control in Type 2 diabetes mellitus: a population‐based study
Authors: Svensson E. , Baggesen L. M. , Thomsen R. W. , Lyngaa T. , Pedersen L. , Nørrelund H. , Buhl E. S. , Haase C. L. , Johnsen S. P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimsTo identify individual predictors of early glycaemic control in people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus after initiation of first glucose‐lowering drug treatment in everyday clinical practice.MethodsUsing medical registries, we identified a population‐based cohort of people with a first‐time glucose‐lowering drug prescription in Northern Denmark in the period 2000–2012. We used Poisson regression analysis to examine patient‐level predictors of success in reaching early glycaemic control [HbA1c target of < 53 mmol/mol (7%)] < 6 months after treatment start.ResultsAmong the 38 418 people (median age 63 years), 27 545 (72%) achieved early glycaemic control. The strongest predictor of achieving early control was pre‐treatment HbA1c level; compared with a pre‐treatment HbA1c level of ≤ 58 mmol/mol (7.5%), the adjusted relative risks of attaining early control were 0.63 (95% CI 0.61–0.64) for baseline HbA1c levels of > 58 and ≤ 75 mmol/mol (> 7.5 and ≤ 9%), and 0.58 (95% CI 0.57–0.59) for a baseline HbA1c level of > 9% (> 75 mmol/mol). All other examined predictors were only weakly associated with the chance of achieving early control. After adjustment, the only characteristics that remained independently associated with early control (in addition to high baseline HbA1c) were being widowed (adjusted relative risk 0.95; 95% CI 0.93–0.97) and having a high Charlson comorbidity index score (score ≥ 3; adjusted relative risk 0.94; 95% CI 0.90–0.97).ConclusionsIn a real‐world clinical setting, people with Type 2 diabetes mellitus initiating glucose‐lowering medication had a similar likelihood of achieving glycaemic control, regardless of sex, age, comorbidities and other individual factors; the only strong and potentially modifiable predictor was HbA1c before therapy start.
Efficacy and safety of liraglutide, a once‐daily human glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonist, in African‐American people with Type 2 diabetes: a meta‐analysis of sub‐population data from seven phase III trials
Authors: Shomali M. E. , Ørsted D. D. , Cannon A. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of the glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) receptor agonist liraglutide in African‐American people with Type 2 diabetes.MethodsAnalyses were performed on patient‐level data from individuals self‐defined as African‐American or non‐African‐American in seven phase III studies. Endpoints included change in HbA1c level, fasting plasma glucose level and body weight from baseline, proportion of patients reaching HbA1c target [< 53 mmol/mol (< 7.0%)], and incidence of hypoglycaemia and nausea. Analyses used data obtained after 26 weeks. Within‐population comparisons of liraglutide were performed vs placebo for African‐American and non‐African‐American patient groups. In addition, between‐population comparisons with non‐African‐American patients were performed for each treatment.ResultsIn African‐American patients (n = 225), HbA1c was significantly reduced at 26 weeks with liraglutide 1.2 and 1.8 mg (−11 and −14 mmol/mol, respectively compared with placebo; P < 0.0001). There were also significant reductions in fasting plasma glucose (−2.4 and −3.1 mmol/l, respectively, compared with placebo; P < 0.0001). Statistically significant reductions in body weight were observed with 1.8 mg liraglutide (−2.1 kg compared with placebo; P = 0.0056), but not with 1.2 mg liraglutide (−0.26 kg; P = 0.7307). The P value for interaction between treatment and race was significant for body weight (P = 0.0355). The incidence of non‐severe hypoglycaemia with liraglutide was low (11–15% of patients), and < 25% of patients receiving liraglutide experienced nausea.ConclusionsThis meta‐analysis suggests that liraglutide is well tolerated and efficacious for treatment of Type 2 diabetes in African‐American patients, with an efficacy that was shown not to differ from that observed in non‐African‐American patients over 26 weeks.
Natural enemy impacts on Bemisia tabaci (MEAM1) dominate plant quality effects in the cotton system
Authors: ASIIMWE PETER , ELLSWORTH PETER C. , NARANJO STEVEN E. 
Published: July 2016

1. Plant quality (bottom‐up effects) and natural enemies (top‐down effects) affect herbivore performance. Furthermore, plant quality can also influence the impact of natural enemies.2. Lower plant quality through reduced irrigation increased the abundance of the cryptic species from the Bemisia tabaci complex [hereafter B. tabaci Middle East Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1)], but not its natural enemies on cotton. It was therefore predicted that lower plant quality would diminish the impact of natural enemies in regulating this herbivore.3. Over three cotton seasons, plant quality was manipulated via differential irrigation and natural enemy abundance with insecticides. Life tables were used to evaluate the impact of these factors on mortality of immature B. tabaci (MEAM1) over nine generations.4. Mortality of B. tabaci (MEAM1) was consistently affected by natural enemies but not by plant quality. This pattern was driven by high levels of sucking predation, which was the primary (key) factor associated with changes in immature mortality across all irrigation and natural enemy treatments. Dislodgement (chewing predation and weather) and parasitism contributed as key factors in some cases. Analyses also showed that elimination of sucking predation and dislodgement would have the greatest effect on overall mortality.5. The top‐down effects of natural enemies had dominant effects on populations of B. tabaci (MEAM1) relative to the bottom‐up effects of plant quality. Effects were primarily due to native generalist arthropod predators and not more host‐specific aphelinid parasitoids. The findings of this study demonstrate the important role of arthropod predators in population suppression and validate the importance of conservation biological control in this system for effective pest control.
Impact of ASPECTS on computed tomography angiography source images on outcome after thrombolysis or endovascular therapy in large vessel occlusions
Authors: Wasser K. , Papanagiotou P. , Brunner F. , Hildebrandt H. , Winterhalter M. , Roth C. , Kastrup A. 
Published: July 2016

Background and purposeEndovascular therapy (ET) is superior to intravenous thrombolysis (IVT) in selected patients with anterior circulation large vessel occlusions. However, it is unclear if this positive effect also applies to patients with extensive early ischaemic changes. The aim of this study was to analyze the impact of the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS) on the CT angiography source images (SI) on outcome after ET or IVT.MethodsUsing our prospectively obtained stroke database and the admission SI‐ASPECTS divided into three groups (0–5, 6–7 and 8–10), primarily the rates of good outcome [modified Rankin Scale (mRS) ≤2 at discharge] after either ET (n = 255) or IVT (n = 479) were compared.ResultsA favorable SI‐ASPECTS (8–10) was present in 501 patients, 132 patients had a moderately favorable SI‐ASPECTS (6–7) and 101 patients had an unfavorable SI‐ASPECTS (0–5). Irrespective of the treatment modality, no patient with an unfavorable SI‐ASPECTS had a good outcome and 38% died during hospital stay. Whilst significantly more patients with a favorable SI‐ASPECTS had a good outcome after ET than after IVT (51% vs. 35%, P < 0.01), there was only a non‐significant trend towards a good outcome after ET than after IVT in patients with a moderately favorable ASPECTS (25% vs. 14%, P = 0.1).ConclusionPatients with extensive early ischaemic changes on CT scans (SI‐ ASPECTS ≤5) might not profit from ET. The impact of ET on outcome in patients with moderately favorable SI‐ASPECTS should be addressed in further trials.
Multiple origins of Hawaiian drosophilids: Phylogeography ofScaptomyzaHardy (Diptera: Drosophilidae)
Authors: Katoh Toru , Izumitani Hiroyuki F. , Yamashita Shinji , Watada Masayoshi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractScaptomyzais a highly diversified genus in the family Drosophilidae, having undergone an explosive radiation, along with the Hawaiian‐endemic genusIdiomyiain the Hawaiian Islands: about 60% of 269Scaptomyzaspecies so far described are endemic to the Hawaiian Islands. Two hypotheses have been proposed for the origin and diversification of Hawaiian drosophilids. One is the “single Hawaiian origin” hypothesis:ScaptomyzaandIdiomyiadiverged from a single common ancestor that had once colonized the Hawaiian Islands, and then non‐HawaiianScaptomyzamigrated back to continents. The other is the “multiple origins” hypothesis: HawaiianScaptomyzaandIdiomyiaderived from different ancestors that independently colonized the Hawaiian Islands. A key issue for testing these two hypotheses is to clarify the phylogenetic relationships between Hawaiian and non‐Hawaiian species inScaptomyza. Toward this goal, we sampled additional non‐HawaiianScaptomyzaspecies, particularly in the Old World, and determined the nucleotide sequences of four mitochondrial and seven nuclear genes for these species. Combining these sequence data with published data for 79 species, we reconstructed the phylogeny and estimated ancestral distributions and divergence times. In the resulting phylogenetic trees, non‐HawaiianScaptomyzaspecies were interspersed in two Hawaiian clades. From a reconstruction of ancestral biogeography, we inferred thatIdiomyiaandScaptomyzadiverged outside the Hawaiian Islands and then independently colonized the Hawaiian Islands, twice inScaptomyza, thus supporting the “multiple origins” hypothesis.
The comparative effects of diethyldithiocarbamate–copper complex with established proteasome inhibitors on expression levels of CYP1A2/3A4 and their master regulators, aryl hydrocarbon and pregnane X receptor in primary cultures of human hepatocytes
Authors: Vrzal Radim , Dvorak Zdenek 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the recent years, a therapeutic potential of disulfiram (Antabuse) complex with copper, as an anticancer drug, was recognized towards several cancer cell lines. The proteasome was suggested as one of the cellular targets for this compound. As the therapeutic use of diethyldithiocarbamate–copper complex (CuET) is expected to increase, it is of great interest to know whether this compound may be the source of drug–drug interactions via the induction of biotransformation enzymes, especially cytochromes P450 (CYPs). To this purpose, we examined the effect of CuET and compared it with typical inducers (rifampicin and dioxin) of CYPs and with well‐established proteasome inhibitors (MG132 and bortezomib). Diethyldithiocarbamate–copper complex revealed inconsistent and rather modulatory effect on the expression of CYP1A2 and CYP3A4 in several cultures of human hepatocytes. Moreover, it was able to cause neither ubiquitin accumulation nor significant and dose‐dependent inhibition of proteasome activity. It had no effect on essential transcription factors involved in regulation of selected CYPs, aryl hydrocarbon (AhR) nor pregnane X receptor (PXR). However, the AhR protein was increased in majority of examined hepatocyte cultures. The main finding of this study is that: (i) disulfiram–copper complex is not the cause of drug–drug interactions via CYP1A2/3A4 induction; (ii) proteasome inhibitors may have different impact on studied parameters in given in vitro system.
Potential therapeutic action of natural products from traditional Chinese medicine on Alzheimer's disease animal models targeting neurotrophic factors
Authors: Wei Shuyong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disorder in which the death of brain cells leads to memory loss and cognitive decline. To reduce the death rate and improve the biological activity of neurocytes, neurotrophic factors (NTFs) exhibit therapeutic effect on AD. However, therapeutic application of exogenous NTFs in treatment of AD is largely limited due to short half‐life, poor stability, etc. Various extracts of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) have been shown to exhibit therapeutic effects on AD, and some of these effects are associated with regulation on the expression of nerve growth factor, brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and glial cell line‐derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and their associated receptors. This article reviews the progress on promotion of Panax ginseng, Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch., Epimedium, Polygala tenuifolia Willd, and seven other TCMs on secretion of NTFs during AD, with a view to preparation development and clinical application of these TCMs on AD.
A Note on Capital IQ's Credit Line Data
Authors: Mathers Ani Manakyan , Giacomini Emanuela 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEmpirical work in finance is increasingly using Capital IQ's detailed data on capital structure. We compare the Capital IQ credit line data to hand‐collected data for a random sample of firms. Missing values in Capital IQ are prevalent, so the data set underreports the importance of corporate credit lines. When data are reported, Capital IQ often differs from hand‐collected credit line activity. We suggest methods for correcting the errors in the Capital IQ data, note which portions of the data are most reliable, and quantify the effects of Capital IQ's underreporting by examining the tradeoff between cash and lines of credit.
Tracking lags in historical plant species’ shifts in relation to regional climate change
Authors: Ash Jeremy D. , Givnish Thomas J. , Waller Donald M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCan species shift their distributions fast enough to track changes in climate? We used abundance data from the 1950s and the 2000s in Wisconsin to measure shifts in the distribution and abundance of 78 forest‐understory plant species over the last half‐century and compare these shifts to changes in climate. We estimated temporal shifts in the geographic distribution of each species using vectors to connect abundance‐weighted centroids from the 1950s and 2000s. These shifts in distribution reflect colonization, extirpation, and changes in abundance within sites, separately quantified here. We then applied climate analog analyses to compute vectors representing the climate change that each species experienced. Species shifted mostly to the northwest (mean: 49 ± 29 km) primarily reflecting processes of colonization and changes in local abundance. Analog climates for these species shifted even further to the northwest, however, exceeding species’ shifts by an average of 90 ± 40 km. Most species thus failed to match recent rates of climate change. These lags decline in species that have colonized more sites and those with broader site occupancy, larger seed mass, and higher habitat fidelity. Thus, species’ traits appear to affect their responses to climate change, but relationships are weak. As climate change accelerates, these lags will likely increase, potentially threatening the persistence of species lacking the capacity to disperse to new sites or locally adapt. However, species with greater lags have not yet declined more in abundance. The extent of these threats will likely depend on how other drivers of ecological change and interactions among species affect their responses to climate change.
Nucleation of amino acid‐rich crystals on the surface of dried scallop (Chlamys farreri) during storage: formation mechanism and influence of environmental relative humidity
Authors: Hu Jinhua , Zhang Junwei , Liu Dasong , Regenstein Joe M. , Zhou Peng 
Published: July 2016

SummaryFormation of crystals on the surface of dried scallop (Chlamys farreri) adductor muscle is often observed during storage. The composition of these white crystals was determined, and the effect of relative humidity (RH) during storage on their formation was also studied. The white crystals were determined as the crystal of free amino acids, mainly composed of taurine (Tau) and glycine (Gly). The main polymorphic form of glycine in the crystals was further confirmed as the γ‐form. Besides free amino acids, another major part of the crystal composition was ions, such as Na+, NH4+, K+, PO43− and Cl−. The presence of various free amino acids and Na+ and K+ might contribute to the crystallisation of γ‐glycine. RH particularly at 65% and above significantly increased the amount of crystals. RH of 43% and below was recommended to prevent the formation of amino acid‐rich crystals on dried scallops during storage.
The effect of thermal processing and storage on the physicochemical properties and in vitro digestibility of potatoes
Authors: Dupuis John H. , Lu Zhan‐Hui , Yada Rickey Y. , Liu Qiang 
Published: July 2016

SummaryShepody potatoes were cooked using three common cooking methods – microwaving, boiling and pressure cooking. Microwaving for 2.5 min retained the highest amounts of slowly digestible starch (SDS, 19.6%) and resistant starch (RS, 48.8%) as compared to the other cooking treatments. Similarly, enthalpy and FTIR results (ratio of 1047/1022 cm−1) were also higher for microwaved samples, again indicating incomplete gelatinisation. Potatoes were also boiled for 15, 30 or 45 min, followed by 1, 3 or 7 days retrogradation at 23 or 4 °C. Retrogradation enthalpy increased significantly (P ≤ 0.05) with increased storage time and decreased storage temperature; FTIR results displayed temperature dependency; at 4 °C, ordered structure increased with increasing storage time, whereas the opposite trend was seen at 23 °C. Lastly, formation of SDS and RS was favoured for longer boiling times (30 – 45 min), extended storage times (3–7 days) and 4 °C.
Association between gestational weight gain and risk of obesity in preadolescence: a longitudinal study (1997–2007) of 5125 children in Greece
Authors: Mourtakos S. P. , Tambalis K. D. , Panagiotakos D. B. , Antonogeorgos G. , Alexi C. D. , Georgoulis M. , Saade G. , Sidossis L. S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe present study aimed to investigate the association between gestational weight gain (GWG) and birth weight, as well as the body mass index (BMI) status, of children at the ages of 2 and 8 years.MethodsPopulation‐based data were obtained from a database of all 7–9‐year‐old Greek children who attended primary school during 1997–2007. The study sample consisted of 5125 children matched with their mothers, randomly selected according to region and place of residence, and equally distributed (approximately 500 per year) throughout the study period (1997–2007). A standardised questionnaire was applied; telephone interviews were carried out to collect maternal age, BMI status at the beginning and the end of pregnancy and GWG, birth weight of offspring and BMI status at the ages of 2 and 8 years, as well as several other pregnancy characteristics (e.g. pregnancy duration, gestational medical problems, maternal smoking and alcohol consumption habits, and lactation of offspring after pregnancy).ResultsGestational weight gain was positively associated with the weight status of offspring at all three life stages studied: newborn (birth weight), infant (BMI) and child (BMI) [b = 0.008 (0.001), b = 0.053 (0.009) and b = 0.034 (0.007), respectively, all P < 0.001], after adjusting for maternal age at pregnancy (significant inverse predictor only at age 2 years). The same applied to excessive GWG, as defined by the Institute of Medicine guidelines.ConclusionsExcessive GWG was associated with a higher risk of greater infant size at birth and a higher BMI status at the ages of 2 and 8 years. Healthcare providers should encourage women to limit their GWG to the range indicated by the current guidelines.