bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatio-temporally Resolved Investigation of Surface Charges, N2(A3∑u+) Metastables and Discharge Development in Barrier Discharges
Authors: Bogaczyk Marc , Nemschokmichal Sebastian , Zagoskin Anton , Sretenović Goran B. , Meichsner Jürgen , Wagner Hans-Erich 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTo study the interaction of an insulated surface with the volume of a barrier discharge, a discharge cell was developed to combine for the first time three diagnostic techniques in ONE discharge cell configuration. The discharge development was investigated by the cross-correlation-spectroscopy (CCS), the surface charge measurement on the dielectrics by the application of the optoelectronic Pockels effect in combination with a CCD camera, and the determination of the metastable N
Application of Ozonation, UV Photolysis, Fenton Treatment and other Related Processes for Degradation of Ibuprofen and Sulfamethoxazole in Different Aqueous Matrices
Authors: Epold Irina , Dulova Niina , Veressinina Yelena , Trapido Marina 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTwo pharmaceuticals ibuprofen (IBP) and sulfamethoxazole (SMX) were treated with ozone and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs): UV photolysis, O
Synthesis, Characterization and Evaluation of an Adsorbent/Photocatalyst Type Alumina by Photodegradation of Methylene Blue
Authors: Villarreal-Valencia Tania , Machuca-Martínez Fiderman , Mueses Miguel Angel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we present the synthesis, characterization and evaluation of a potential semiconductor obtained from industrial slugde of anodizing industry. The material was characterized using a proton distribution affinity, PDA and conventional techniques like: atomic absorption, free moisture, zero point charge (ZPC), XDR and BET. The material was treated to temperatures between 300 and 1200 °C. It was found that the synthesized oxide has a high concentration of α and γ-alumina which has octaedric structure and a shortage of superficial protons. The absorption and photodegradation of methylene blue show that the alumina can be used like absorbent and photocatalysts.
The Influence of Technological Parameters on Hydrogenolysis of Glycerol in the Presence of CuCr2O4 Catalyst
Authors: Wołosiak-Hnat Agnieszka , Milchert Eugeniusz , Lewandowski Grzegorz 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGlycerol hydrogenolysis was studied in the presence of CuCr2O4 catalyst both commercially available and prepared by co-precipitation. The two catalysts were characterised by transmission electron microscope (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy and X-ray microanalyses. CuCr2O4 prepared by co-precipitation method was used to study the influence of technological parameters on glycerol hydrogenolysis to 1,2- and 1,3- propanediol. The effect of temperature, hydrogen pressure, glycerol concentration, amount of catalyst and stirring speed was investigated.
Optimization of a Ti-MWW Catalysed Phenol Hydroxylation Process
Authors: Wróblewska Agnieszka 
Published: November 2016

AbstractsAs a result of phenol hydroxylation, two useful products can be received: hydroquinone and pyrocatechol. In this work the hydroxylation of phenol with hydrogen peroxide over the Ti-MWW catalyst has been studied. Optimization studies were performed by application of a statistical experimental design method utilizing a rotatable-uniform design. The influence of five parameters on the course of this process was examined: temperature (120-150°C), molar ratio of phenol/hydrogen peroxide (0.5-1.5), acetonitrile - solvent content (20- 50 wt%), catalyst - Ti-MWW content (8-18 wt%) and reaction time (60-120 min). The process description was based on four response functions: the conversion of phenol to organic compounds, the yield of pyrocatechol, the yield of hydroquinone and the conversion of phenol to tars. The most favourable parameters for the process of phenol hydroxylation were as follows: temperature 147-150°C, molar ratio of phenol/hydrogen peroxide 0.5-0.6, acetonitrile content 21-24 wt%, Ti-MWW content 10.3-10.6, reaction time 221-236 min. In summary, these the most favourable parameters allow one to obtain pyrocatechol with the yield of 18 mol%, hydroquinone with the yield of 20 mol%, at the conversion of phenol to organic compounds 38 mol% in relatively mild and safe conditions. These results also showed that Ti-MWWcatalyst can be a good substitute for TS-1 catalyst.
Gas-phase Photocatalytic Partial Oxidation of Cyclohexane to Cyclohexanol and Cyclohexanone on Au/TiO2 Photocatalysts
Authors: Sannino D. , Vaiano V. , Ciambelli P. , Murcia J. J. , Hidalgo M. C. , Navío J. A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe heterogeneous photocatalytic partial oxidation of cyclohexane in gas-phase as an alternative green process for fine chemicals synthesis was successfully achieved on Au/TiO
Calcination Effects on Properties of TiO2/HZSM-5 Photocatalyst Using Pretreated HZSM-5 Support
Authors: Zhang Wenjie , Yu Yang , Bi Feifei , He Hongbo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHZSM-5 zeolite was modified by phosphoric acid treating and a sol-gel method was used to prepare the TiO
Titanium Dioxide-mediated Photocatalysed Mineralization of Two Selected Organic Pollutants in Aqueous Suspensions
Authors: Umar Khalid , Haque M. M. , Mir Niyaz A. , Muneer M. , Farooqi I. H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTitanium dioxide-mediated photocatalytic mineralization of two selected organic pollutants such as Metalaxyl (ML) and Tinidazole (TN) has been investigated in aqueous suspensions in the presence of atmospheric oxygen under a variety of conditions. The mineralization was studied by monitoring the depletion in total organic carbon (TOC) content as a function of irradiation time. In addition HPLC analysis technique was also used to monitor the degradation of model compounds under investigations. The mineralization kinetics of both compounds were investigated under different conditions such as type of TiO
Color and COD Removal of Azo Dye ‘Basic Blue 9’ by Fenton Oxidation Process: Determined of Optimal Parameters and Kinetic Study
Authors: Ertugay Nese , Acar Filiz Nuran 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAdvanced oxidation of an azo dye, Basic Blue 9 (BB9) by Fenton oxidation was investigated in batch experiments. The UV-vis spectral changes of in aqueous solution during Fenton process were studied. It was easier to destruct the azo linkage group than to destruct the aromatic rings of (BB9) by Fenton process. The effects of different reaction parameters such as initial ferrous concentration, initial hydrogen peroxide (H
TiO2-assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Diazo Dye Reactive Red 120: Decolorization Kinetics andMineralization Investigations
Authors: Sharma Sandeep Kumar , Bhunia Haripada , Bajpai Pramod K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPhotocatalytic decolorization and mineralization of Reactive Red 120 (RR120) has been studied in the presence of Degussa P25 TiO
Zum Umgang mit ‚Mitleid‘ in der öffentlichen Gerichtspraxis: Vergleichende Überlegungen zur attischen Demokratie und späten römischen Republik
Authors: Piepenbrink Karen 
Published: November 2016

Zusammenfassung:
Der Aufsatz untersucht komparatistisch den Umgang mit ‚Mitleid‘ in den Gerichtshöfen der attischen Demokratie und der späten römischen Republik. Er zeigt diesbezüglich strukturelle Gemeinsamkeiten und Unterschiede auf und interpretiert sie in ihrem politischen, sozialen und kulturellen Kontext.
The Cults of Alexander the Great in the Greek Cities of Asia Minor
Authors: Kholod Maxim M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary:
The paper deals with the cults of Alexander the Great in the Greek cities of Asia Minor (on the coast and the nearby islands). The author argues that although some cults in these cities could be set up after the Macedonian king's death, at least most known to us (or supposed) cults of Alexander in them were instituted still in his lifetime, in all likelihood, in 324–323 BC. It seems that the cults of the king were established only in a certain, probably far from overwhelming, number of the Greek cities of Asia Minor in this period. In turn, it should be believed that the do ut des principle played an important role when these cities introduced such cults. At the same time, their institution was also caused by a sense of gratitude of the inhabitants of the Greek cities of Asia Minor to Alexander for the liberation of them from the unpopular power of both the Persians and the pro-Persian oligarchs or tyrants and, in addition, for those general and particular benefactions that were given by the Macedonian king to the communities.
Interpreting Culture in Italian Courts: A Proposal of a “Cultural Test”
Authors: Ruggiu Ilenia 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Through a series of analyses of relevant cases – such as Roma begging, genital alterations, and honor killings – this article intends to show the multiple ways in which Italian judges use, and sometimes misuse, the concept of culture. Placing Italy in the broader context of Western democracies, these analyses show the need for more certain standards to fairly assess cultural differences. The aim of this article is to suggest a legal tool to be used by judges when facing multicultural conflicts: a test consisting of a sequence of pre-established reflective questions every judge should answer when legal claims involving cultural rights are at stake. The cultural test proposed here is inspired by similar tests existing on a comparative level, and aims to offer judges a guide so as to avoid the erratic reasoning on cultural matters sometimes deployed in Italian courts.
Hirschstein oder neolithischer Menhir? Zwei konkurrierende Interpretationen zu einem ungewöhnlichen Steindenkmal in Sachsen-Anhalt
Authors: Bemmann Jan 
Published: November 2016

ZusammenfassungEine verzierte Steinstele, die um 1800 bei Seehausen, Lkr. Börde, entdeckt wurde und keinen Befundkontext bietet, der eine Datierung ermöglichen würde, hat zwei stark voneinander abweichende kulturelle Einordnungen und Datierungen erfahren, die seit Jahrzehnten zusammenhangs- und berührungslos nebeneinander stehen. Die beiden Interpretationen als spätbronze-/früheisenzeitlicher Hirschstein vom eurasischen Typ und als neolithischer Menhir werden vorgestellt und auf ihren Wahrscheinlichkeitsgrad hin überprüft. Die Stele lässt wesentliche Charakteristika eines Hirschsteines vermissen, weshalb diese Ansprache verworfen wird.
Environmental and occupational exposure to cadmium in Iran: a systematic review
Authors: Tavakkoli Leila , Khanjani Narges 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Introduction:
Cadmium (Cd) is one of the heavy metals that have negative effects on human health. In Iran, there is no policy to regularly measure Cd in the general population. However, some studies have been performed on special groups and in different cities of Iran. This paper has reviewed these studies and human contamination levels in Iran.

Method and materials:
All accessible electronic information resources such as Scientific Information Database (SID), Magiran, IranMedex, PubMed, Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and Science Direct were searched, with relevant phrases and their Persian translations. The search included all studies conducted in Iran and listed in the databases until March 15, 2016.

Results:
Eventually, 18 articles were selected from 25 retrieved articles. Cd was higher among industrial workers exposed to Cd. In the general population, Cd was higher among smokers and in people with environmental exposure from living in industrial areas.

Conclusion:
Considering the high Cd contamination in the workers of industries, it seems to be necessary to do surveillance in this group through periodic regular check-ups and avoiding unnecessary exposure to Cd as much as possible. Also due to the high concentration of Cd in smokers, there should be more awareness of the damaging effects of smoking, especially among pregnant women, and more attention to local industries, especially those dealing with Cd, is necessary. These industries should be kept at a safe distance from residential areas.
Hippocampal Damage Increases Deontological Responses during Moral Decision Making
Authors: McCormick Cornelia , Rosenthal Clive R. , Miller Thomas D. , Maguire Eleanor A. 
Published: November 2016

Complex moral decision making is associated with the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) in humans, and damage to this region significantly increases the frequency of utilitarian judgments. Since the vmPFC has strong anatomical and functional links with the hippocampus, here we asked how patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage would derive moral decisions on a classic moral dilemmas paradigm. We found that the patients approved of the utilitarian options significantly less often than control participants, favoring instead deontological responses—rejecting actions that harm even one person. Thus, patients with hippocampal damage have a strikingly opposite approach to moral decision making than vmPFC-lesioned patients. Skin-conductance data collected during the task showed increased emotional arousal in the hippocampal-damaged patients and they stated that their moral decisions were based on emotional instinct. By contrast, control participants made moral decisions based on the integration of an adverse emotional response to harming others, visualization of the consequences of one's action, and the rational re-evaluation of future benefits. This integration may be disturbed in patients with either hippocampal or vmPFC damage. Hippocampal lesions decreased the ability to visualize a scenario and its future consequences, which seemed to render the adverse emotional response overwhelmingly dominant. In patients with vmPFC damage, visualization might also be reduced alongside an inability to detect the adverse emotional response, leaving only the utilitarian option open. Overall, these results provide insights into the processes involved in moral decision making and highlight the complementary roles played by two closely connected brain regions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ventromedial prefrontal cortex (vmPFC) is closely associated with the ability to make complex moral judgements. When this area is damaged, patients become more utilitarian (the ends justify the means) and have decreased emotional arousal during moral decision making. The vmPFC is closely connected with another brain region—the hippocampus. In this study we found that patients with selective bilateral hippocampal damage show a strikingly opposite response pattern to those with vmPFC damage when making moral judgements. They rejected harmful actions of any kind (thus their responses were deontological) and showed increased emotional arousal. These results provide new insights into the processes involved in moral decision making and highlight the complementary roles played by two closely connected brain regions.
Memory Transformation Enhances Reinforcement Learning in Dynamic Environments
Authors: Santoro Adam , Frankland Paul W. , Richards Blake A. 
Published: November 2016

Over the course of systems consolidation, there is a switch from a reliance on detailed episodic memories to generalized schematic memories. This switch is sometimes referred to as “memory transformation.” Here we demonstrate a previously unappreciated benefit of memory transformation, namely, its ability to enhance reinforcement learning in a dynamic environment. We developed a neural network that is trained to find rewards in a foraging task where reward locations are continuously changing. The network can use memories for specific locations (episodic memories) and statistical patterns of locations (schematic memories) to guide its search. We find that switching from an episodic to a schematic strategy over time leads to enhanced performance due to the tendency for the reward location to be highly correlated with itself in the short-term, but regress to a stable distribution in the long-term. We also show that the statistics of the environment determine the optimal utilization of both types of memory. Our work recasts the theoretical question of why memory transformation occurs, shifting the focus from the avoidance of memory interference toward the enhancement of reinforcement learning across multiple timescales.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAs time passes, memories transform from a highly detailed state to a more gist-like state, in a process called “memory transformation.” Theories of memory transformation speak to its advantages in terms of reducing memory interference, increasing memory robustness, and building models of the environment. However, the role of memory transformation from the perspective of an agent that continuously acts and receives reward in its environment is not well explored. In this work, we demonstrate a view of memory transformation that defines it as a way of optimizing behavior across multiple timescales.
Context-Dependent Accumulation of Sensory Evidence in the Parietal Cortex Underlies Flexible Task Switching
Authors: Kumano Hironori , Suda Yuki , Uka Takanori 
Published: November 2016

Switching behavior based on multiple rules is a fundamental ability of flexible behavior. Although interactions among the frontal, parietal, and sensory cortices are necessary for such flexibility, little is known about the neural computations concerning context-dependent information readouts. Here, we provide evidence that neurons in the lateral intraparietal area (LIP) accumulate relevant information preferentially depending on context. We trained monkeys to switch between direction and depth discrimination tasks and analyzed the buildup activity in the LIP depending on task context. In accordance with behavior, the rate of buildup to identical visual stimuli differed between tasks and buildup was prominent only for the stimulus dimension relevant to the task. These results indicate that LIP neurons accumulate relevant information depending on context to decide flexibly where to move the eye, suggesting that flexibility is, at least partly, implemented in the form of temporal integration gain control.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTFlexible behavior depending on context is a hallmark of human cognition. During flexible behavior, the frontal and parietal cortices have complex representations that hinder efforts to conceptualize their underlying computations. We now provide evidence that neurons in the lateral intraparietal area accumulate relevant information preferentially depending on context. We suggest that behavioral flexibility is implemented in the form of temporal integration gain control in the parietal cortex.
Adenosine Kinase Deficiency in the Brain Results in Maladaptive Synaptic Plasticity
Authors: Sandau Ursula S. , Colino-Oliveira Mariana , Jones Abbie , Saleumvong Bounmy , Coffman Shayla Q. , Liu Long , Miranda-Lourenço Catarina , Palminha Cátia , Batalha Vânia L. , Xu Yiming , Huo Yuqing , Diógenes Maria J. , Sebastião Ana M. , Boison Detlev 
Published: November 2016

Adenosine kinase (ADK) deficiency in human patients (OMIM:614300) disrupts the methionine cycle and triggers hypermethioninemia, hepatic encephalopathy, cognitive impairment, and seizures. To identify whether this neurological phenotype is intrinsically based on ADK deficiency in the brain or if it is secondary to liver dysfunction, we generated a mouse model with a brain-wide deletion of ADK by introducing aNestin-Cretransgene into a line of conditional ADK deficient Adkfl/flmice. These AdkΔbrainmice developed a progressive stress-induced seizure phenotype associated with spontaneous convulsive seizures and profound deficits in hippocampus-dependent learning and memory. Pharmacological, biochemical, and electrophysiological studies suggest enhanced adenosine levels around synapses resulting in an enhanced adenosine A1receptor (A1R)-dependent protective tone despite lower expression levels of the receptor. Theta-burst-induced LTP was enhanced in the mutants and this was dependent on adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR) and tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling, suggesting increased activation of these receptors in synaptic plasticity phenomena. Accordingly, reducing adenosine A2Areceptor activity in AdkΔbrainmice restored normal associative learning and contextual memory and attenuated seizure risk. We conclude that ADK deficiency in the brain triggers neuronal adaptation processes that lead to dysregulated synaptic plasticity, cognitive deficits, and increased seizure risk. Therefore, ADK mutations have an intrinsic effect on brain physiology and may present a genetic risk factor for the development of seizures and learning impairments. Furthermore, our data show that blocking A2AR activity therapeutically can attenuate neurological symptoms in ADK deficiency.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTA novel human genetic condition (OMIM #614300) that is based on mutations in the adenosine kinase (Adk) gene has been discovered recently. Affected patients develop hepatic encephalopathy, seizures, and severe cognitive impairment. To model and understand the neurological phenotype of the human mutation, we generated a new conditional knock-out mouse with a brain-specific deletion ofAdk(AdkΔbrain). Similar to ADK-deficient patients, AdkΔbrainmice develop seizures and cognitive deficits. We identified increased basal synaptic transmission and enhanced adenosine A2Areceptor (A2AR)-dependent synaptic plasticity as the underlying mechanisms that govern these phenotypes. Our data show that neurological phenotypes in ADK-deficient patients are intrinsic to ADK deficiency in the brain and that blocking A2AR activity therapeutically can attenuate neurological symptoms in ADK deficiency.