bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Learning Warps Object Representations in the Ventral Temporal Cortex
Authors: Clarke Alex , Pell Philip J. , Ranganath Charan , Tyler Lorraine K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The human ventral temporal cortex (VTC) plays a critical role in object recognition. Although it is well established that visual experience shapes VTC object representations, the impact of semantic and contextual learning is unclear. In this study, we tracked changes in representations of novel visual objects that emerged after learning meaningful information about each object. Over multiple training sessions, participants learned to associate semantic features (e.g., “made of wood,” “floats”) and spatial contextual associations (e.g., “found in gardens”) with novel objects. fMRI was used to examine VTC activity for objects before and after learning. Multivariate pattern similarity analyses revealed that, after learning, VTC activity patterns carried information about the learned contextual associations of the objects, such that objects with contextual associations exhibited higher pattern similarity after learning. Furthermore, these learning-induced increases in pattern information about contextual associations were correlated with reductions in pattern information about the object's visual features. In a second experiment, we validated that these contextual effects translated to real-life objects. Our findings demonstrate that visual object representations in VTC are shaped by the knowledge we have about objects and show that object representations can flexibly adapt as a consequence of learning with the changes related to the specific kind of newly acquired information.
Addiction History Associates with the Propensity to Form Habits
Authors: McKim Theresa H. , Bauer Daniel J. , Boettiger Charlotte A. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Learned habitual responses to environmental stimuli allow efficient interaction with the environment, freeing cognitive resources for more demanding tasks. However, when the outcome of such actions is no longer a desired goal, established stimulus–response (S-R) associations or habits must be overcome. Among people with substance use disorders (SUDs), difficulty in overcoming habitual responses to stimuli associated with their addiction in favor of new, goal-directed behaviors contributes to relapse. Animal models of habit learning demonstrate that chronic self-administration of drugs of abuse promotes habitual responding beyond the domain of compulsive drug seeking. However, whether a similar propensity toward domain-general habitual responding occurs in humans with SUDs has remained unclear. To address this question, we used a visuomotor S-R learning and relearning task, the Hidden Association between Images Task, which employs abstract visual stimuli and manual responses. This task allows us to measure new S-R association learning and well-learned S-R association execution and includes a response contingency change manipulation to quantify the degree to which responding is habit-based, rather than goal-directed. We find that people with SUDs learn new S-R associations as well as healthy control participants do. Moreover, people with an SUD history slightly outperform controls in S-R execution. In contrast, people with SUDs are specifically impaired in overcoming well-learned S-R associations; those with SUDs make a significantly greater proportion of perseverative errors during well-learned S-R replacement, indicating the more habitual nature of their responses. Thus, with equivalent training and practice, people with SUDs appear to show enhanced domain-general habit formation.
Patient-centred communication and provider avoidance: Does body mass index modify the relationship?
Authors: Phibbs Sandi Cleveland , Faith Jennifer , Thorburn Sheryl 
Published: March 2016

Objective: Poor quality communication with healthcare providers has been associated with provider avoidance. Because obesity is stigmatised in healthcare settings, this association may differ for patients who are overweight or obese compared to patients who are normal weight. Our objective was to determine if associations between patient-centred communication and provider avoidance differed by body mass index (BMI) category. Methods: We used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey 3, a cross-sectional data set that is nationally representative of the USA. We examined adjusted associations between patient-centred communication (measured using a six-item scale) and healthcare provider avoidance, stratified by BMI category (normal weight, overweight or obese). Results: The association between patient-centred communication and provider avoidance was similar in normal weight (adjusted odds ratios [AOR] = .65; 95% CI, .51–.83), overweight (AOR = .69; 95% CI, .55–.86) and obese (AOR = .55; 95% CI, .43–.70) subgroups. Across all three BMI categories, higher levels of patient-centred communication were significantly associated with lower odds of provider avoidance. Conclusion: This study highlights the importance of patient-centred communication for good-quality healthcare and for patients’ healthcare decisions, regardless of patient characteristics such as BMI. Patient-centred communication can positively impact healthcare seeking for diverse groups, even those who may experience stigma and discrimination in healthcare.
Evaluation of different types of inferior vena cava cannulae placement by transesophageal echocardiography and its impact on hepatic dysfunction
Authors: Tempe Deepak K , Kiro Kiran L , Satyarthy Subodh , Virmani Sanjula , Kumar Pradeep , Betigiri Vithalkumar M , Minhas Harpreet S 
Published: March 2016

Background: Postoperative hepatic dysfunction may occur in an otherwise uncomplicated open heart surgery. One of the reasons is malpositioning of the inferior vena cava (IVC) cannula in the hepatic vein (HV) or beyond. A straight cannula is considered more likely to be malpositioned compared to the angled cannula and a malpositioned cannula can lead to hepatic dysfunction. Methods: In this prospective study, forty adult patients undergoing atrial septal defect repair were randomized into two groups as: straight cannula group (n=20) and angled cannula group (n=20). The cannula position was assessed by transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) (hepatic vein view). Alanine aminotransferase levels (ALT) and bilirubin levels were measured immediately, at 6 hours and on day 1, day 2 and day 7 after surgery as a marker of hepatic injury. Results: TEE localization of the IVC cannula was achieved in all patients except one. Visualization was good in 85% of patients. A cannula in the HV or beyond the HV in the IVC was considered malpositioned. The number of cases of cannula malposition was 10 (50%) and 4 (20%) in the straight and angled cannula groups, respectively. The pattern of change in serum bilirubin and liver enzymes levels in the postoperative period was similar in both the groups (p>0.05). The mean distance between the right atrium (RA) - inferior vena cava (IVC) junction to the hepatic vein was 1.94±0.56 cm and the mean diameters of the IVC and HV were 1.95±0.5 and 1.31±0.33 cm, respectively. Conclusion: TEE can be used to monitor IVC cannula position. A higher frequency of cannula malposition was observed with the straight cannula compared to the angled cannula, but was not found to be associated with hepatic dysfunction.
Delay of late-venous phase cortical vein filling in acute ischemic stroke patients: Associations with collateral status
Authors: Bhaskar Sonu , Bivard Andrew , Parsons Mark , Nilsson Michael , Attia John R , Stanwell Peter , Levi Christopher 
Published: March 2016

Evaluation of the venous system may be useful in stroke prognostication and patient selection for acute intervention strategies. We report a novel phenomenon, delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling, observed on dynamic computed tomography angiography obtained using multidetector computed tomography scanner, in acute ischemic stroke patients. The aim of this study was to examine the frequency of delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling and assess its association to baseline collateral status. Dynamic computed tomography angiography images of acute ischemic stroke patients, being assessed for reperfusion therapy, were prospectively studied. Delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling was defined by late venous phase opacification of cortical veins despite contrast clearance from contralateral cortical veins on dynamic computed tomography angiography. Time to peak of maximum arterial enhancement was recorded. A total of 117 patients (mean age = 70.6 ± 13.3 years; males = 48%) with hemispheric ischemic stroke who underwent acute dynamic computed tomography angiography were included in the study. Overall, 56 (48%) demonstrated delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling. Poor collateralization (OR = 13.50; 95% CI = (4.2, 43); p ≤ 0.0001) and longer time to peak of maximum arterial enhancement (OR = 3.2; 95% CI = (1.96, 5.3); p  ≤ 0.0001) were positively associated with delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling. Delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling was independently associated with poor baseline collateral status (75% vs. 15%, p ≤ 0.0001; OR = 14.38; 95% CI = (4.33, 47.8); p ≤ 0.0001). Delayed-late venous phase cortical vein filling is frequently seen in patients with acute ischemic stroke and is associated with poor baseline collateralization.
Contrast medium enhanced susceptibility imaging signal mechanism; should we use contrast medium?
Authors: Aydın Ömer , Büyükkaya Ramazan , Hakyemez Bahattin 
Published: March 2016

Background Intracranial lesions exhibit clear contrast enhancement in T1-weighted imaging, but the mechanism whereby contrast-enhanced susceptibility-weighted imaging (CE-SWI) generates signals remains unclear. Contrast enhancement patterns cannot be reliably predicted. Purpose To explore the mechanism of CE-SWI contrast enhancement. Material and Methods Fifty-five patients were retrospectively enrolled. All of the imaging employed a clinical 3T magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) system fitted with a 32-channel head coil. Minimum-intensity projection reformatted images were evaluated. Intracranial lesions and brain parenchymal intensities were explored using SWI and CE-SWI. signal intensity rates were calculated by dividing the lesional intensity by the white matter intensity, after which the SWI and CE-SWI signal intensity rate were compared. Two observers independently performed intralesional susceptibility signal analysis. Results After contrast medium administration, malignant and extra-axial tumors exhibited obvious contrast enhancement on CE-SWI ( P < 0.001 and P = 0.013, respectively). The signal intensity of white matter was significantly reduced. The signal intensity rates rose significantly in the benign, malignant, and extra-axial groups ( P < 0.001). Between-radiologist agreement in terms of intralesional susceptibility signal assessment was strong (kappa = 0.8, P < 0.001). Conclusion Contrast media can either reduce or increase SWI signal intensities. The dual contrast feature of CE-SWI can be useful when exploring intracranial disorders.
Sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and health-related quality-of-life in maintenance haemodialysis patients
Authors: Shen Quanquan , Huang Xiaohong , Luo Zhaofen , Xu Xiujun , Zhao Xiang , He Qiang 
Published: March 2016

Objectives To assess the relationship between sleep quality, daytime sleepiness and health-related quality-of-life (HRQoL) in Chinese patients undergoing maintenance haemodialysis (MHD). Methods This cross-sectional study enrolled patients undergoing MHD. Self-reported sleep quality (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI]), daytime sleepiness (Epworth Sleepiness Scale [ESS]) and HRQoL (36-item Short Form [SF-36]) were recorded for all patients. Results Sixty eight patients (mean ± SD age = 61.75 ± 16.56 years; 43 male/25 female) who regularly received MHD were included. The prevalence of poor sleepers was 69.1% (47/68) and daytime sleepiness was 11.8% (eight of 68). Poor sleepers had a significantly lower Physical Component Scale (PCS) score, Mental Component Scale (MCS) score and total SF-36 score than good sleepers. The PSQI score correlated inversely with both the PCS and MCS scores and correlated positively with age. Independent variables associated with total SF-36 score were duration of MHD, ESS score and PSQI score. Conclusions Poor sleep quality is a common and severe issue for MHD patients in east China. Both sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were associated with lower HRQoL scores.
Role of apolipoprotein B100 and oxidized low-density lipoprotein in the monocyte tissue factor induction mediated by anti-β2 glycoprotein I antibodies
Authors: Otomo K , Amengual O , Fujieda Y , Nakagawa H , Kato M , Oku K , Horita T , Yasuda S , Matsumoto M , Nakayama K I , Hatakeyama S , Koike T , Atsumi T 
Published: March 2016

Objective The objective of this paper is to elucidate the not yet known plasma molecule candidates involved in the induction of tissue factor (TF) expression mediated by β2GPI-dependent anticardiolipin antibody (aCL/β2GPI) on monocytes. Methods Human serum incubated with FLAG-β2GPI was applied for affinity chromatography with anti- FLAG antibody. Immunopurified proteins were analyzed by a liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (LC-MS). TF mRNA induced by the identified molecules on monocytes was also analyzed. Results Apolipoprotein B100 (APOB) was the only identified serum molecule in the MS search. Oxidized LDL, containing APOB as well as ox-Lig1 (a known ligand of β2GPI), was revealed as a β2GPI-binding molecule in the immunoprecipitation assay. TF mRNA was markedly induced by oxidized LDL/β2GPI complexes with either WBCAL-1 (monoclonal aCL/β2GPI) or purified IgG from APS patients. The activities of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2, one of the component molecules of oxidized LDL, were significantly higher in serum from APS patients than in those from controls. Conclusion APOB (or oxidized LDL) was detected as a major β2GPI binding serum molecule by LC-MS search. Oxidized LDL/aCL/β2GPI complexes significantly induced TF expressions on monocytes. These data suggest that complexes of oxidized LDL and aCL/β2GPI may have a crucial role in the pathophysiology of APS.
Phonological category quality in the mental lexicon of child and adult learners
Authors: Simon Ellen , Sjerps Matthias J 
Published: March 2016

Aims and objectives: The aim was to identify which criteria children use to decide on the category membership of native and non-native vowels, and to get insight into the organization of phonological representations in the bilingual mind. Methodology: The study consisted of two cross-language mispronunciation detection tasks in which L2 vowels were inserted into L1 words and vice versa. In Experiment 1, 10- to 12-year-old Dutch-speaking children were presented with Dutch words which were either pronounced with the target Dutch vowel or with an English vowel inserted in the Dutch consonantal frame. Experiment 2 was a mirror of the first, with English words which were pronounced “correctly” or which were “mispronounced” with a Dutch vowel. Data and analysis: Analyses focused on extent to which child and adult listeners accepted substitutions of Dutch vowels by English ones, and vice versa. Findings: The results of Experiment 1 revealed that between the age of ten and twelve children have well-established phonological vowel categories in their native language. However, Experiment 2 showed that in their non-native language, children tended to accept mispronounced items which involve sounds from their native language. At the same time, though, they did not fully rely on their native phonemic inventory because the children accepted most of the correctly pronounced English items. Originality: While many studies have examined native and non-native perception by infants and adults, studies on first and second language perception of school-age children are rare. This study adds to the body of literature aimed at expanding our knowledge in this area. Implications: The study has implications for models of the organization of the bilingual mind: while proficient adult non-native listeners generally have clearly separated sets of phonological representations for their two languages, for non-proficient child learners the L1 phonology still exerts a strong influence on the L2 phonology.
Involvement of NIPSNAP1, a neuropeptide nocistatin-interacting protein, in inflammatory pain
Authors: Okamoto Kazuya , Ohashi Masaki , Ohno Kana , Takeuchi Arisa , Matsuoka Etsuko , Fujisato Kyohei , Minami Toshiaki , Ito Seiji , Okuda-Ashitaka Emiko 
Published: March 2016

Background Chronic pain associated with inflammation is an important clinical problem, and the underlying mechanisms remain poorly understood. 4-Nitrophenylphosphatase domain and nonneuronal SNAP25-like protein homolog (NIPSNAP) 1, an interacting protein with neuropeptide nocistatin, is implicated in the inhibition of tactile pain allodynia. Although nocistatin inhibits some inflammatory pain responses, whether NIPSNAP1 affects inflammatory pain appears to be unclear. Here, we examined the nociceptive behavioral response of NIPSNAP1-deficient mice and the expression of NIPSNAP1 following peripheral inflammation to determine the contribution of NIPSNAP1 to inflammatory pain. Results Nociceptive behavioral response increased in phase II of the formalin test, particularly during the later stage (26–50 min) in NIPSNAP1-deficient mice, although the response during phase I (0–15 min) was not significantly different between the deficient and wild-type mice. Moreover, phosphorylation of extracellular signal-related kinase was enhanced in the spinal dorsal horn of the deficient mice. The prolonged inflammatory pain induced by carrageenan and complete Freund’s adjuvant was exacerbated in NIPSNAP1-deficient mice. NIPSNAP1 mRNA was expressed in small- and medium-sized neurons of the dorsal root ganglion and motor neurons of the spinal cord. In the formalin test, NIPSNAP1 mRNA was slightly increased in dorsal root ganglion but not in the spinal cord. In contrast, NIPSNAP1 mRNA levels in dorsal root ganglion were significantly decreased during 24–48 h after carrageenan injection. Prostaglandin E2, a major mediator of inflammation, stimulated NIPSNAP1 mRNA expression via the cAMP-protein kinase A signaling pathway in isolated dorsal root ganglion cells. Conclusions These results suggest that changes in NIPSNAP1 expression may contribute to the pathogenesis of inflammatory pain.
In-hospital mortality following lung cancer resection: nationwide administrative database
Authors: Pagès Pierre-Benoit , Cottenet Jonathan , Mariet Anne-Sophie , Bernard Alain , Quantin Catherine 
Published: March 2016

Our aim was to determine the effect of a national strategy for quality improvement in cancer management (the “Plan Cancer”) according to time period and to assess the influence of type and volume of hospital activity on in-hospital mortality (IHM) within a large national cohort of patients operated on for lung cancer.From January 2005 to December 2013, 76 235 patients were included in the French Administrative Database. Patient characteristics, hospital volume of activity and hospital type were analysed over three periods: 2005–2007, 2008–2010 and 2011–2013.Global crude IHM was 3.9%: 4.3% during 2005–2007, 4% during 2008–2010 and 3.5% during 2011–2013 (p<0.01). 296, 259 and 209 centres performed pulmonary resections in 2005–2007, 2008–2010 and 2011–2013, respectively (p<0.01). The risk of death was higher in centres performing <13 resections per year than in centres performing >43 resections per year (adjusted (a)OR 1.48, 95% CI 1.197–1.834). The risk of death was lower in the period 2011–2013 than in the period 2008–2010 (aOR 0.841, 95% CI 0.764–0.926). Adjustment variables (age, sex, Charlson score and type of resection) were significantly linked to IHM, whereas the type of hospital was not.The French national strategy for quality improvement seems to have induced a significant decrease in IHM.
The independent role of prenatal and postnatal exposure to active and passive smoking on the development of early wheeze in children
Authors: Vardavas C.I. , Hohmann C. , Patelarou E. , Martinez D. , Henderson A.J. , Granell R. , Sunyer J. , Torrent M. , Fantini M.P. , Gori D. , Annesi-Maesano I. , Slama R. , Duijts L. , de Jongste J.C. , Aurrekoetxea J.J. , Basterrechea M. , Morales E. , Ballester F. , Murcia M. , Thijs C. , Mommers M. , Kuehni C.E. , Gaillard E.A. , Tischer C. , Heinrich J. , Pizzi C. , Zugna D. , Gehring U. , Wijga A. , Chatzi L. , Vassilaki M. , Bergström A. , Eller E. , Lau S. , Keil T. , Nieuwenhuijsen M. , Kogevinas M. 
Published: March 2016

Maternal smoking during pregnancy increases childhood asthma risk, but health effects in children of nonsmoking mothers passively exposed to tobacco smoke during pregnancy are unclear. We examined the association of maternal passive smoking during pregnancy and wheeze in children aged ≤2 years.Individual data of 27 993 mother–child pairs from 15 European birth cohorts were combined in pooled analyses taking into consideration potential confounders.Children with maternal exposure to passive smoking during pregnancy and no other smoking exposure were more likely to develop wheeze up to the age of 2 years (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.03–1.20) compared with unexposed children. Risk of wheeze was further increased by children's postnatal passive smoke exposure in addition to their mothers' passive exposure during pregnancy (OR 1.29, 95% CI 1.19–1.40) and highest in children with both sources of passive exposure and mothers who smoked actively during pregnancy (OR 1.73, 95% CI 1.59–1.88). Risk of wheeze associated with tobacco smoke exposure was higher in children with an allergicversusnonallergic family history.Maternal passive smoking exposure during pregnancy is an independent risk factor for wheeze in children up to the age of 2 years. Pregnant females should avoid active and passive exposure to tobacco smoke for the benefit of their children's health.
FG-3019 anti-connective tissue growth factor monoclonal antibody: results of an open-label clinical trial in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Raghu Ganesh , Scholand Mary Beth , de Andrade João , Lancaster Lisa , Mageto Yolanda , Goldin Jonathan , Brown Kevin K. , Flaherty Kevin R. , Wencel Mark , Wanger Jack , Neff Thomas , Valone Frank , Stauffer John , Porter Seth 
Published: March 2016

FG-3019 is a fully human monoclonal antibody that interferes with the action of connective tissue growth factor, a central mediator in the pathogenesis of fibrosis.This open-label phase 2 trial evaluated the safety and efficacy of two doses of FG-3019 administered by intravenous infusion every 3 weeks for 45 weeks in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). Subjects had a diagnosis of IPF within the prior 5 years defined by either usual interstitial pneumonia (UIP) pattern on a recent high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) scan, or a possible UIP pattern on HRCT scan and a recent surgical lung biopsy showing UIP pattern. Pulmonary function tests were performed every 12 weeks, and changes in the extent of pulmonary fibrosis were measured by quantitative HRCT scans performed at baseline and every 24 weeks.FG-3019 was safe and well-tolerated in IPF patients participating in the study. Changes in fibrosis were correlated with changes in pulmonary function.Further investigation of FG-3019 in IPF with a placebo-controlled clinical trial is warranted and is underway.