bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Macrophysical, Microphysical, and Radiative Properties of Tropical Mesoscale Convective Systems over Their Life Cycle
Authors: Bouniol Dominique , Roca Rémy , Fiolleau Thomas , Poan D. Emmanuel 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Mesoscale convective systems (MCSs) are important drivers of the atmospheric large-scale circulation through their associated diabatic heating profile. Taking advantage of recent tracking techniques, this study investigates the evolution of macrophysical, microphysical, and radiative properties over the MCS life cycle by merging geostationary and polar-orbiting satellite data. These observations are performed in three major convective areas: continental West Africa, the adjacent Atlantic Ocean, and the open Indian Ocean. MCS properties are also investigated according to internal subregions (convective, stratiform, and nonprecipitating anvil). Continental MCSs show a specific life cycle, with more intense convection at the beginning. Larger and denser hydrometeors are thus found at higher altitudes, as well as up to the cirriform subregion. Oceanic MCSs have more constant reflectivity values, suggesting a less intense convective updraft, but more persistent intensity. A layer of small crystals is found in all subregions, but with a depth that varies according to the MCS subregion and life cycle. Radiative properties are also examined. It appears that the evolution of large and dense hydrometeors tends to control the evolution of the cloud albedo and the outgoing longwave radiation. The impact of dense hydrometeors, detrained from the convective towers, is also seen in the radiative heating profiles, in particular in the shortwave domain. A dipole of cooling near the cloud top and heating near the cloud base is found in the longwave; this cooling intensifies near the end of the life cycle.
Simultaneous measurement of nitrous acid, nitric acid, and nitrogen dioxide by means of a novel multipollutant diffusive sampler in libraries and archives
Authors: Vichi Francesca , Mašková Ludmila , Frattoni Massimiliano , Imperiali Andrea , Smolík Jiří 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Introduction
A novel multipollutant diffusive sampler for HONO, HNO3, and NO2 was used and tested at four different libraries/archives in different seasons. Two were located in Switzerland in Bern (Swiss National Library) and Geneve (Bibliotheque de Geneve), both with HVAC system equipped with filters for pollutants removal, and the other two in the Czech Republic in Teplice (Regional Library) and in Prague (National Archives), where in this case the former is naturally ventilated and whereas the latter is equipped with HVAC system with filtration.

Results
The ratios between indoor and outdoor concentrations of NO2 showed a greater penetration of pollutants indoors in the naturally ventilated library than in the filtrated archives. The indoor concentrations of HNO3 were very low probably due to the high deposition velocity of nitric acid on available surfaces. HONO concentration values were usually lower outdoors, which indicated that HONO was produced by reactions on indoor surfaces.

Conclusion
The results revealed that the reproducibility of the new multipollutant sampler measurements was reasonable (according to EU directives) for NO2 and HNO3 and that the newly developed multipollutant sampler can be used in archives and libraries, allowing to map the pollutants distribution indoors. Due to high efficiency of insulating systems normally employed and of filtration systems, the values recorded for the pollutants indoors are often lower than the detection limits.
Overexpression of β-Klotho in Adipose Tissue Sensitizes Male Mice to Endogenous FGF21 and Provides Protection From Diet-Induced Obesity
Authors: Samms Ricardo J. , Cheng Christine C. , Kharitonenkov Alexei , Gimeno Ruth E. , Adams Andrew C. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The endocrine hormone fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF21) is induced in the adaptive response to nutrient deprivation, where it serves to regulate the integrated response to fasting via its primary receptor complex, FGF receptor 1 coupled with the cofactor β-klotho (KLB) in target tissues. Curiously, endogenous FGF21 levels are also elevated in preclinical models of obesity and in obese/diabetic individuals. In addition to higher FGF21 levels, reduced KLB expression in liver and adipose tissue has been noted in these same individuals, suggesting that obesity may represent an FGF21 resistant state. To explore the contribution of tissue-specific KLB levels to endogenous FGF21 activity, in both fasting and high-fat diet feeding conditions, we generated animals overexpressing KLB in liver (LKLBOE) or adipose (ATKLBOE). Supportive of tissue-specific partitioning of FGF21 action, after chronic high-fat feeding, ATKLBOE mice gained significantly less weight than WT. Reduced weight gain was associated with elevated caloric expenditure, accompanied by a reduced respiratory exchange ratio and lower plasma free fatty acids levels, suggestive of augmented lipid metabolism. In contrast, LKLBOE had no effect on body weight but did reduce plasma cholesterol. The metabolic response to fasting was enhanced in LKLBOE mice, evidenced by increased ketone production, whereas no changes in this were noted in ATKLBOE mice. Taken together, these data provide further support that specific effects of FGF21 are mediated via engagement of distinct target organs. Furthermore, enhancing KLB expression in adipose may sensitize to endogenous FGF21, thus representing a novel strategy to combat metabolic disease.
The royal irises (Iris subg. Iris sect. Oncocyclus): Plastid and low‐copy nuclea data contribute to an understanding of their phylogenetic relationships
Authors: Wilson Carol A. , Padiernos Justin , Sapir Yuval 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIris sect. Oncocyclus species generally occur in small populations or locally scattered over rocky hillsides, steppes, and deserts from the north Caucasus to the eastern Mediterranean. Species of this section are easily recognized by their inflorescences of a single, large, spherical flower and sepals with a dark signal spot and adjacent beard of multicellular hairs. We present here results of the first phylogenetic study of sect. Oncocyclus based on one low‐copy nuclear and six plastid markers from 33 of approximately 42 species and infraspecific taxa. Gene trees are congruent and nuclear markers are more potentially parsimony informative than plastid markers. We identify clades that do not correspond to previously described species groups based on size, color, and shape of perianth parts and show that hypotheses of species monophyly are not supported. In general, diversification is greatest along terminal branches suggesting that species diversified in isolation. The Caucasus is suggested as the ancestral area for sect. Oncocyclus and the eastern Mediterranean as an important area of diversification.
The Role of Brand Image and Product Characteristics on Firms’ Entry and OEM Decisions
Authors: Caldieraro Fabio 
Published: February 2016

We investigate the optimal market entry and original equipment manufacturer (OEM) decisions of a firm facing a market in which firms’ brands can be horizontally differentiated and products can be vertically differentiated. The entrant might sell under its own brand and compete with an incumbent, become a supplier to the incumbent, or both. Findings reveal that when consumers perceive the firms are horizontally and vertically differentiated, the entrant profits by simultaneously entering the market and establishing an OEM arrangement with the incumbent. In such competitive scenarios, both buyer and seller increase profits by agreeing on wholesale prices that are not too low, which softens both horizontal and vertical conflict between the firms. Findings also show that the incumbent may prefer to pay high wholesale prices to the entrant even if the incumbent had the option to source the product independently at a lower marginal cost. When firms have the capability of producing each other’s product lines, supply relationships between them can still happen in equilibrium. In this case, an interesting result is that firms may optimally select to differentiate production and, because of the OEM relationship, sell the same product qualities to consumers. The reason for this outcome is that the OEM arrangement with differentiated production causes a strategic effect that reduces the firms’ aggressiveness when competing for consumers. Under certain conditions, the OEM arrangement can completely nullify the horizontal and vertical conflict between the firms. This paper was accepted by J. Miguel Villas-Boas, marketing.
Stress-host-parasite interactions: a vicious triangle?
Authors: BELDOMENICO Pablo M. , BEGON Mike 
Published: February 2016

The potential for synergy between host physiological condition and infection has recently been recognised. Here we review the evidence to support the idea that stress may play a key role in the interplay between host and parasite, integrating a three-way circular synergistic interaction between stressors, infections and host response: chronic stress can elicit responses that impoverish the host’s physiological condition (including its immune function), which predisposes to infection, which results in more stress, and so on. We argue that this introduces additional explanatory power to previous ideas posited by the authors, by including stress as a third interacting factor that intervenes in the synergy between condition and infection. This in turn, may have important implications. In nature, evolutionary forces appear to select against stress-related disease or exacerbated parasite virulence. Nonetheless, under certain circumstances, parasites and (other) stressors interact generating a vicious spiral that may affect host fitness and survival. At high host densities, this becomes a mechanism of population regulation. Also, anthropogenic stressors may cause this mechanism to misfire, with significant implications for biological conservation and public health.
Beidseitiger Einsatz eines subkutanen Ureter-Bypass bei einer Katze mit bilateraler Harnleiterobstruktion
Authors: Pashmakova Medora , Lamb Jodie H. , Spaulding Kathy A. , Cook Audrey K. , Heilmann Romy M. 
Published: February 2016

ZusammenfassungEine 6 Jahre alte, weiblich-kastrierte Kurzhaarkatze wurde mit akuter Lethargie, Dehydratation, hochgradiger Azotämie, metabolischer Azidose, linksseitiger Renomegalie und beidseitiger Hydronephrose vorgestellt. Die Diagnostik einschließlich Sonographie führte zur Verdachtsdiagnose einer bilateralen Harnleiterobstruktion durch Ureterolithiasis. Die medikamentöse Therapie blieb erfolglos. Nach Bestätigung der Verdachtsdiagnose mithilfe eines antegraden Pyelogramms unter fluoroskopischer Kontrolle wurde beidseits ein subkutanes Ureter- Bypass(SUB)-System eingesetzt. Durch intensive postoperative Überwachung und engmaschige Labordiagnostik wurde die Flüssigkeitstherapie optimiert und die kardiovaskuläre Stabilität des Patienten gewährleistet. Innerhalb von 5 Tagen verbesserten sich klinische Symptome sowie Blutwerte deutlich und die Katze konnte entlassen werden. Verordnet wurden ein Futter zur Harnsteinprophylaxe sowie ein Phosphatbinder. Die Kontrolluntersuchungen 1 bzw. 4 und 7 Monate postoperativ (Blut- und Harnanalyse, Prüfung von Position und Durchgängigkeit der implantierten SUB-Systeme) ergaben Befunde vereinbar mit IRIS CNI-Stadium II (NP-AP0). Beide SUB-Systeme sorgten für einen unbeeinträchtigten Harnabfluss. Der bilaterale Einsatz eines subkutanen Bypass zwischen Niere und Blase eignet sich somit als Therapie für die bilaterale Harnleiterobstruktion der Katze infolge Ureterolithiasis. Nach Einsatz eines SUB-Systems bedarf es einer intensiven Überwachung des Patienten und einer Anpassung des Behandlungsplans nach seinen Erfordernissen.
Hegemony within Higher Education: The Creation of an "Ideal" Student
Authors: Guziec Amy 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>This paper is an examination of how higher administration at Jesuit schools use hegemony to create an ideological definition of the ‘ideal’ student. I use rhetorical criticism as a means of explaining how students are characterized and defined based on Creighton University sanctioned webpages. The results provided two major ideological principles that influence Creighton’s discussion of the overall student population, the privileging of numbers and the construction of a preferred student model. These ideological themes in combination with hegemonic principles promote the creation of an ‘ideal’ student that no individual is fully capable of attaining. </span></p></div></div></div>
Etnoeducación 2.0: Una oportunidad de innovación educativa
Authors: García Carretero Claudia , Alonso Aroz Cristina , Diez Cercadillo Claudia 
Published: February 2016

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><p>El ámbito educativo de España desconoce el término <em>etnoeducación</em>. Se trata de un sistema innovador que trabaja la educación en base a los principios culturales de cada individuo. Tiene como objetivo la recuperación de los mismos y su mantenimiento a lo largo de futuras generaciones. Este método se ha desarrollado de forma notable en zonas concretas de América Latina. El siguiente documento muestra el caso de Colombia equiparándolo a la realidad educativa española con la intención de comprobar su viabilidad en nuestras aulas.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Palabras Clave</strong>: Etnoeducación, Innovación Educativa, Interculturalidad, Etnocentrismo.</p>
Shiftable Multistage Fracture Completion System Allows for More Options While Increasing Efficiency and Reducing Wellbore Interactions
Authors: Krupala C. T. , Young D. A. , Merron M. J. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
With the industry focused on highly efficient completions, wells with water-producing and underperforming zones create operational dilemmas that can ultimately reduce profitability. One way to improve efficiency is through the use of shiftable sleeve systems (SSS), which enable operators to stimulate multiple zones; then, later restimulate or produce specific zones without disturbing the entire wellbore. These features, which cannot be achieved with standard plug and perforation (PP) completions, add new options regarding how to best complete and produce the well.
Ball-drop shiftable sleeves (BDSS) provide the same initial stimulation efficiency as other ball-drop sleeves (BDS) but can be shifted multiple times after the initial stimulation. To shut off problem zones, the baffles in the shiftable sleeves typically must be milled out. After the milling operation, a hydraulic shifting tool run on coiled tubing (CT) is used to close the sleeve in the affected zone. The shifter is run on either CT or a work string and positioned either above or below the target sleeve. The shifter is activated hydraulically and pulled or pushed against the baffle to shift the sleeve.
The new high-expansion shifting tool (HEST) was designed to selectively shift BDSSs or shiftable pressure actuated sleeves (SPAS) by using the baffle in the tools as a shifting profile. This tool can shift multiple sleeves open or closed in the same run without the baffles being removed by a milling operation. Sleeves with baffle sizes of 1.800 in. and greater can be shifted with the HEST. When used with dissolvable balls, the HEST provides the ability to shift BDSS without a milling operation. The shiftable sleeve then performs as a standard production sleeve, enabling selective flowback of zones or shut-in of trouble zones, reducing operators’ time, money spent, and additional risks associated with milling operations.
The introduction of several new tools and processes enables operators to reduce downtime and operational risks. Operators can also add new completion options, which have the ability to extend the life of the well in ways not currently used. This paper provides an in-depth description of those tools and processes and highlights the returns and gains achieved with the methods discussed.
Well Surveillance Operation and Data Analysis in Thermal Viscous Crude Project in Kuwait- A Case Study
Authors: Al-Ballam Shaikha , Al-Dashti Hussain , Pandey Dharmesh C. , Al-Ballam Abdulla , Al-Khamees Waleed K. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A viscous heavy crude oil bearing unconsolidated sandstone reservoir of Middle Miocene age is located in a supergiant green heavy oil field that is undergoing execution of first phase of full field development in the State of Kuwait. The screening for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) methods identified Cyclic Steam Stimulation (CSS) followed by Steamflood (SF) as the most adequate combination of EOR methods for the north area of the field.
The field has been undergoing small-scale CSS pilots to evaluate the reservoir potential and to optimize well completion design. To monitor these pilots, well surveillance operations and data analysis are applied and they are playing a critical role in understanding and reducing reservoir uncertainties, a fundamental step for improving recovery and economics of heavy oil field development.
This paper presents a case study of the well surveillance operation performed for well monitoring, well completion design and ultimately production optimization in the ongoing CSS thermal pilots. It describes the different rig less surveillance jobs conducted on the pilot wells utilizing slick line and coiled tubing units (CTU) to monitor sand accumulation and cleaning. This paper also provides details on the tools utilized, their limitations, challenges faced and discusses the interpretation and utilization of the acquired data. Among the tools presented are production logging tools (PLT) which provide data for evaluating steam quality and heat injected into the reservoir. Pressure and temperature surveys assisted in understanding of steam distribution in the reservoir zones. Reservoir saturation tool (RST) are utilized along with dynamic production data for better understanding flow properties in baffle/barrier zone between upper-A and upper-B. Finally cement bond log (CBL) and variable density log (VDL) to gather data for assessing well integrity.
The interpretation of the acquired data assists in further optimization of field development plan.
Design, Development, and Field Use of a Large-Diameter Coil Tubing Downline Solution for Deepwater Pipeline Commissioning Applications
Authors: Turner Alan , Gillings Richard , Cooper Stewart , Lawson Kevin , Donald Gordon 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
This paper describes both the challenges and development of a novel solution involving 3.5-in. diameter coiled tubing (CT) for deepwater pipeline commissioning applications. The work scope required that the complete solution be capable of multiple deployments and recovery operations using a single string of 3.5-in. CT from a floating support vessel. The project began with a detailed analysis of the existing available equipment and tools to determine their suitability and limitations for this application. Factors in this analysis included the limited vessel space available for surface equipment, crane capacity, and the suitability of equipment for working outboard on a vessel. This led to the planning, designing, and sourcing of suitable CT equipment. Trials were performed onshore to optimize the rigup, stackup, vessel layout, and assemblies handling. The combination of pre-operation planning and trials led to confidence in the new tools, work methods, and risk assessments. Because the purpose of the deployment work was to complete the commissioning work on several different marine pipelines and risers, the equipment and work methods had to be easily transferred between vessels. This paper presents and discusses the range of technologies that were developed and successfully applied for the first time globally to complete the project. These include the first fully sealable subsea quick-disconnect for CT, the first pump-through modular clump weight, and the first real-time, high-cycle fatigue (HCF) monitoring system to aid in CT pipe management. The deployment and recovery operations involved a wide range of challenges and led to the development of specific tools and methods for using large-diameter CT equipment. In addition to discussing the design and development of the solution, this paper presents the results and lessons learned from successfully using the large-diameter CT downline solution for deepwater pipeline commissioning applications.
High-Strength Coiled Tubing can be Used Successfully in Sour Environments if Properly Managed
Authors: Graham-Wright T. , Elliott K. , Spoering R. , Hampson R. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
High-strength coiled tubing (CT) was subjected to sulfide stress cracking (SSC) testing for the purpose of defining acceptable operating zones in sour environments, both with and without inhibition. In this case, 130 ksi specified minimum yield strength tubing was used. This paper presents a summary of the results with conclusions, lesson learned, and recommendations for sour zones of high-strength CT with and without inhibition.
Coupons of CT were tested in accordance with NACE TM0177 Method B (four-point bent beams) (NACE TM0177-2005) to determine if cracking occurred in different sour environments. Sour environments were tested ranging from in-situ pH of 2.8 to 5.5 and H2S partial pressure of 0.005 to 10 bar. Testing was performed both including and excluding chemical inhibition. Coupons tested were removed from as-milled tubing and tubing that had been subjected to low-cycle plastic fatigue under pressure on a laboratory CT fatigue testing machine. Plasma arc bias welds, high frequency induction seam welds, and parent material coupons were tested.
Without inhibition, coupons tested in mild, intermediate, and severe sour environments failed because of sulfide stress cracking. However, when chemical inhibition was mixed into the aqueous environment, coupons tested in severe sour environments produced acceptable results, meaning that no sulfide stress cracking occurred. The acceptable results indicate that, when properly managed, high-strength CT can be used successfully in a manner similar to lower-strength CT when operating in aqueous downhole environments with high sour gas partial pressures. The sour environments tested with and without inhibitor were plotted on a pH versus H2S partial pressure diagram. Based on the failure or no-failure results of the testing, recommended operating zones were then determined and are presented.
The development of a high-strength CT SSC testing program is also presented in this work. Guidelines for the test program include the preparation of bias weld, seam weld, and parent material specimens and also simulation of the cyclic plastic strain and internal pressure typical of CT operations.