bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exhaled nitric oxide dynamics in asthmatic reactions induced by diisocyanates
Authors: Mason P. , Scarpa M. C. , Guarnieri G. , Giordano G. , Baraldi E. , Maestrelli P. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundIsocyanate‐induced asthmatic reactions are associated with delayed increase in fractional exhaled nitric oxide measured at expiratory flow of 50 mL/s (FeNO50), a biomarker of airway inflammation. The time course of FeNO increase is compatible with the activation of NO synthase, but the origin of NO production in the lung is undetermined.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to define the dynamics of airway and alveolar NO during specific inhalation challenge (SIC) with isocyanates and the role of asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of NO synthase.MethodsSpirometry, exhaled NO parameters (FeNO50, bronchial wall NO concentration, NO airway diffusing capacity, NO flux to luminal space, alveolar NO) and ADMA levels in exhaled breath condensate were measured before and at intervals up to 24 h after exposure to isocyanates. The results were compared between 17 SIC‐positive and eight SIC‐negative subjects.ResultsA significant FeNO50 increase in SIC‐positive subjects was detected 24 h after exposure and was associated with the augmented NO flux from airway wall to the lumen, whereas airway NO diffusion and alveolar NO were not affected. The changes in NO dynamics were specific for the subjects who developed an asthmatic reaction, but were independent from the pattern and magnitude of bronchoconstriction. There was no evidence that exhaled NO is modulated by the changes in ADMA concentration.Conclusions and Clinical RelevanceBecause isocyanate‐induced increase in FeNO50 was almost exclusively determined by the increase in NO flux, the use of FeNO50 appears adequate to monitor the exhaled NO dynamics during SIC. FeNO50 measurement may provide additional information to spirometry, because bronchoconstriction and airway inflammatory responses are dissociated.
Chemically modified titanium–zirconium implants in comparison with commercially pure titanium controls stimulate the early molecular pathways of bone healing
Authors: Galli Silvia , Jimbo Ryo , Naito Yoshihito , Berner Simon , Dard Michel , Wennerberg Ann 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesTitanium–zirconium (TiZr) has been proposed as a mechanically stronger alternative to commercially pure titanium for oral and orthopaedic implants. However, not much is known on the osseointegration kinetics of TiZr surfaces. In this study, we aimed to identify the genetic response of bone around TiZr implants compared to pure Ti.Material and methodsMicrotextured and hydrophilic TiZr implants (tests) and cpTi implants grade IV (controls) were placed in the tibia of 30 New Zealand white rabbits. At 2, 4 and 12 weeks, the implants were subjected to removal torque test (RTQ). The expression of a panel of genes involved in the process of osseointegration was measured in the bone around the test and control implants by means of quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and compared to the control samples.ResultsThe controls yielded statistically significant higher RTQ at 4 weeks, but the RTQ of the tests had a larger increase between 4 and 12 weeks, when both groups reached similar values. The gene expression analysis showed that all selected markers for bone formation, bone remodelling and cytokines were significantly upregulated around TiZr implants after 2 weeks. After 4 weeks of healing, two bone formation markers were significantly more expressed in the test samples, while at 12 weeks, the expression of all genes was similar in the two groups.ConclusionsTiZr implants showed comparable biomechanical outcomes to cpTi up to 12 weeks of healing. However, at early healing stages, they showed a significant upregulation of osteogenesis and osteoclastogenesis markers.
Histopathologic spectrum of hypersensitivity reactions associated with anti‐CD52 therapy (alemtuzumab)
Authors: Clark Stacie L. , Tse Julie Y. , Fisher David C. , LeBeouf Nicole R. , Murphy George F. , Kupper Thomas S. , Clark Rachael A. , Lian Christine G. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundAlemtuzumab is a humanized monoclonal antibody directed against CD52, a cell surface antigen on B and T lymphocytes, and used to treat B‐cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia and cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma. Skin rash is a common adverse reaction following treatment with alemtuzumab. However, the clinicopathologic features and immunologic basis for the reaction have not been previously reported.MethodsOur hospital's electronic pathology database was searched for cases with documentation of ‘alemtuzumab’ or ‘anti‐CD52’ in the clinical history provided by either the ordering physician or the pathologist. Clinical and histopathologic review of the cases was performed.ResultsFive patients with cutaneous T‐cell lymphoma (CTCL) or chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) were treated with alemtuzumab, and developed pruritic, erythematous papules and plaques. Histopathology of the skin lesions revealed subacute spongiotic dermatitis with multifocal parakeratosis, endothelial activation and perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate. Eosinophils were not a prominent feature.ConclusionsWe describe the clinicopathologic features of a novel hypersensitivity reaction to alemtuzumb, and hypothesize it may be due to an immunologic response precipitated by the persistence of resident memory T‐cells (TRM) in the skin. Our findings raise awareness for a novel reaction pattern and guide the histopathologic interpretation of lesions which may clinically mimic residual or recurrent cutaneous lymphoproliferative disorders.
Human pancreatic islets develop through fusion of distinct β and α/δ islets
Authors: Lee Inchul 
Published: August 2016

Human pancreatic islets show unique architecture in which α and δ cells are mostly at the peripheral and perivascular areas. It has remained unknown how such prototype is realized in every islet. Here, I report that fetal islets develop first in two distinct types consisting of β or α/δ cells, respectively. The α/δ islets are variable in shape, composed of α and δ cells evenly intermixed. They are vascularized better but encapsulated poorer than β islets in general. During the development, the β and α/δ islets adjoin and fuse with each other in such a way that α and δ cells form a crescent on β cells and, then, progress to encompass and encroach into β cells. Most mature‐form islets appear to develop through the fusion. Islets at various stages of fusion are present concurrently until late gestation, suggesting that the islet fusion is an ongoing developmental process. The α/δ islets appear to play a primary role for the process, approaching toward the fusion partner actively. Direct connection is present between the α/δ islets and neural ganglia undergoing active neurogenesis, suggesting an organ‐wide neuroendocrine network development. The fusion of precursor islets appears to be a principle of human pancreatic development providing the prototype of mature islets. The complex development might be a reference for in vitro reproduction of biologically competent islets.
Late Quaternary reptile extinctions: size matters, insularity dominates
Authors: Slavenko Alex , Tallowin Oliver J. S. , Itescu Yuval , Raia Pasquale , Meiri Shai 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimA major Late Quaternary vertebrate extinction event affected mostly large‐bodied ‘megafauna’. This is well documented in both mammals and birds, but evidence of a similar trend in reptiles is scant. We assess the relationship between body size and Late Quaternary extinction in reptiles at the global level.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe compile a body size database for all 82 reptile species that are known to have gone extinct during the last 50,000 years and compare them with the sizes of 10,090 extant reptile species (97% of known extant diversity). We assess the body size distributions in the major reptile groups: crocodiles, lizards, snakes and turtles, while testing and correcting for a size bias in the fossil record. We examine geographical biases in extinction by contrasting mainland and insular reptile assemblages, and testing for biases within regions and then globally by using geographically weighted models.ResultsExtinct reptiles were larger than extant ones, but there was considerable variation in extinction size biases among groups. Extinct lizards and turtles were large, extinct crocodiles were small and there was no trend in snakes. Lizard lineages vary in the way their extinction is related to size. Extinctions were particularly prevalent on islands, with 73 of the 82 extinct species being island endemics. Four others occurred in Australia. The fossil record is biased towards large‐bodied reptiles, but extinct lizards were larger than extant ones even after we account for this.Main conclusionsBody size played a complex role in the extinction of Late Quaternary reptiles. Larger lizard and turtle species were clearly more affected by extinction mechanisms such as over exploitation and invasive species, resulting in a prevalence of large‐bodied species among extinct taxa. Insularity was by far the strongest correlate of recent reptile extinctions, suggesting that size‐biased extinction mechanisms are amplified in insular environments.
Development of an oral health‐related self‐efficacy scale for use with older adults
Authors: Ohara Yuki , Yoshida Naomi , Kawai Hisashi , Obuchi Shuichi , Yoshida Hideyo , Mataki Shiro , Hirano Hirohiko , Watanabe Yutaka 
Published: August 2016

AimSelf‐efficacy is considered to be an important factor influencing behavior change; however, there are no existing tools to measure self‐efficacy in the context of oral health among older adults. The purpose of the present study was to develop the Geriatric Self‐Efficacy Scale for Oral Health (GSEOH) for use with older adults, and to evaluate its reliability and validity.MethodsThe self‐administered questionnaire was completed by 646 Japanese older people. The draft version of the scale consisted of 35 items that were generated to measure the three dimensions of personal beliefs in tooth brushing, observing own oral health status and oral function. We carried out a principal components factor analysis with promax rotation, and investigated the scale's internal consistency and construct validity.ResultsThe final version of the scale consisted of three dimensions measured with 20 items. Cronbach's alpha of the GSEOH total scale was 0.924. There were significant differences (P < 0.05) in total scores on the GSEOH for the change process of oral health behavior, and in relation to self‐rated oral health.ConclusionsWe developed the GSEOH, with three factors and 20 items, and confirmed its reliability and validity. More studies are necessary to investigate the cross‐cultural validity and reliability with larger samples from other countries. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2017; 17: 1406–1411.
Helicobacter pylori in children
Authors: Sustmann Andrea , Okuda Masumi , Koletzko Sibylle 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHelicobacter pylori infection in early childhood may differ in many aspects compared to infection in adulthood: the immune response in the gut, the type and prevalence of complications within and outside the stomach, and the impact on long‐term health. In high prevalence countries, transient infections seem to be common in infants and toddlers, and the consequences of this phenomenon on the short‐ and long‐term immune response are still unclear. Other controversial issues are related to the question of which H. pylori‐infected children benefit from treatment and which is the best regimen to eradicate the infection in the presence of a worldwide increasing antibiotic resistance. The first large‐scale randomized placebo‐controlled vaccination trial in schoolchildren indicates that prevention of the infection may be possible.
Analysis of papillary urothelial carcinomas of the bladder with grade heterogeneity: supportive evidence for an early role of CDKN2A deletions in the FGFR3 pathway
Authors: Downes Michelle R , Weening Berber , van Rhijn Bas W G , Have Cherry L , Treurniet Kilian M , van der Kwast Theodorus H 
Published: August 2016

AimsThe dual pathway model of urothelial carcinogenesis does not fully explain grade and stage progression in patients with initial low‐grade, non‐muscle invasive urothelial carcinomas. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) mutations are a hallmark of the low‐grade pathway, with subsequent progression to muscle invasion occurring when FGFR3 mutant tumours exhibit a homozygous CDKN2A deletion. We hypothesized that grade heterogeneity represents the morphological manifestation of molecular changes associated with disease progression.Methods and resultsWe identified retrospectively 29 non‐muscle invasive papillary urothelial carcinomas with grade heterogeneity (<20% high grade). Nineteen had sufficient material for immunohistochemistry, CDKN2A fluorescence in‐situ hybridization and FGFR3 mutation analysis. Eight pure low‐grade urothelial carcinomas (PLGUC) were also analysed. FGFR3 mutation was seen in 10 of 19 cases. A homozygous CDKN2A deletion was identified in the low‐grade areas of eight of nine (88%) technically suitable FGFR3 mutant cases (including five pTa cancers), in five of nine FGFR3 wild‐type carcinomas and in none of the PLGUC. Increased MIB‐1 expression was seen in low‐grade areas of 12 of 19, in high‐grade areas of 17 of 19 cases with grade heterogeneity and in none of the PLGUC. p53 staining was increased in one of 19 low‐grade and seven of 19 high‐grade areas.ConclusionOur findings show that grade heterogeneity in urothelial carcinoma is characterized by increased MIB‐1 labelling, and particularly in the FGFR3 mutant pathway, with homozygous deletions of CDKN2A in low‐ and high‐grade areas. This would suggest that CDKN2A deletion occurs prior to grade progression and supports the current convention to assign the highest grade to urothelial carcinomas with grade heterogeneity.
The influence of generic substitution on the content of patient–pharmacist communication in Swedish community pharmacies
Authors: Olsson Erika , Wallach-Kildemoes Helle , Ahmed Ban , Ingman Pontus , Kaae Susanne , Kälvemark Sporrong Sofia 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The objective was to study the relationship between the length and content of patient–pharmacist communication in community pharmacies, and generic substitution.

Methods
The study was conducted in six community pharmacies in Sweden. Non-participant observations with audio recordings and short structured interviews were conducted. Out of 32 pharmacists 29 agreed to participate (90.6%), as did 282 out of 407 patients (69.3%). Logistic regression analysis was applied to calculate odds ratio for occurrence of generic substitution. Linear regression (β-coefficients) was applied to test for differences in time spent on different categories.

Key findings
In encounters where generic substitution occurred more time (19.2 s) was spent on non-medical (for instance administrative or economical) issues (P = 0.01, 95% confidence interval 4.8–33.6). However, the total time of the encounter was not significantly longer. The amount of time spent on non-medical issues increased with age of patient (age 60+: β, 33 s, P &gt; 0.001). The results indicate that more time was spent on medical issues with patients who have a higher education (high school: β, 10.8 s, P = 0.07, university: β, 10.2 s, P = 0.11) relative to those with only elementary school education.

Conclusions
Occurrence of generic substitution was correlated with more time spent on communicating on non-medical, but not on medical, issues. No extra time was spent on medical information for the groups normally overrepresented among those with low health literacy. This study suggests that pharmacists need to further embrace their role in promoting rational use of medicines, not least when generic substitution occurs.
Essential Japanese guidelines for the prevention of perioperative infections in the urological field: 2015 edition
Authors: Yamamoto Shingo , Shigemura Katsumi , Kiyota Hiroshi , Wada Koichiro , Hayami Hiroshi , Yasuda Mitsuru , Takahashi Satoshi , Ishikawa Kiyohito , Hamasuna Ryoichi , Arakawa Soichi , Matsumoto Tetsuro ,   the Japanese Research Group for UTI
Published: August 2016

AbstractAfter publication of the initial version of the Japanese guidelines for urological surgery in 2007, new surgical techniques have been introduced. Furthermore, several important issues, such as criteria for use of single‐dose antimicrobial prophylaxis and control of hospitalized infection, were also established, which led to alterations of the methods used for antimicrobial prophylaxis as well as perioperative management. The purpose of antimicrobial prophylaxis is to protect the surgical wound from contamination by normal bacterial flora. Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be based on penicillins with beta‐lactamase inhibitors, or first‐ or second‐generation cephalosporins, though penicillins without beta‐lactamase inhibitors should not be prescribed because of the high prevalence of antimicrobial resistance. As an adequate intratissue concentration of the antimicrobial at the surgical site should be accomplished by the time of initiation of surgery, antimicrobial prophylaxis should be started up to 30 min before beginning the operation. Antimicrobial prophylaxis should be terminated within 24 h in clean and clean‐contaminated surgery, and within 2 days of surgery using the bowels, because a longer duration is a risk factor for surgical site infection development. Importantly, possible risk factors for surgical site infections include the antimicrobial prophylaxis methodology used as well as others, such as duration of preoperative hospitalization, hand washing, the American Society of Anesthesiologists score, diabetes and smoking history. These guidelines are to be applied only for preoperatively non‐infected low‐risk patients. In cases with preoperative infection or bacteriuria that can cause a surgical site infection or urinary tract infection after surgery, patients must receive adequate preoperative treatment based on the individual situation.
Combination of intravesical prostatic protrusion and resistive index is useful to predict bladder outlet obstruction in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia
Authors: Suzuki Takahisa , Otsuka Atsushi , Ozono Seiichiro 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo examine which parameters obtained from transrectal ultrasonography are accurate predictors of urodynamically‐confirmed bladder outlet obstruction in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia.MethodsThe records of 350 patients with complaints of lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia were reviewed. Baseline parameters were international prostate symptom score, quality of life score, postvoid residual urine volume, prostate‐specific antigen, and data obtained from uroflowmetry and transrectal ultrasonography. Urodynamic studies were carried out to determine bladder outlet obstruction. Receiver operator characteristic curves were generated to compare the accuracy of the different parameters, and the area under the curve of each parameter was calculated.ResultsBladder outlet obstruction index positively correlated with intravesical prostatic protrusion, total prostate volume, transition zone volume, transition zone index, resistive index and prostate‐specific antigen. Further, resistive index was only a significant independent variable with intravesical prostatic protrusion. Intravesical prostatic protrusion had the highest area under the curve of 0.790 among all variables, and its cut‐off value was 10 mm. The positive predictive value of intravesical prostatic protrusion was 76.2%. In addition, the positive predictive value of the combined parameters intravesical prostatic protrusion and resistive index increased to 83.8%.ConclusionsIntravesical prostatic protrusion and resistive index are useful parameters for predicting bladder outlet obstruction in patients with lower urinary tract symptoms suggestive of benign prostatic hyperplasia. In clinical practice, the combination of intravesical prostatic protrusion and resistive index on ultrasound can be diagnostic of bladder outlet obstruction.
An analysis of employment dynamics in the Republic of Korea: The role of temporary work and self‐employment
Authors: AHN Taehyun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRelative to “standard”, permanent employment, the shares of temporary employment and self‐employment are on the rise throughout much of the developed world. Here, the author examines the dynamics of this trend in the Republic of Korea by investigating employment choices among prime‐age men and women. Using panel data and a dynamic multinomial logit model with a factor‐analytic random‐effects specification, he finds that temporary employment rarely serves as a stepping stone towards permanent employment. Individuals who are self‐employed, however, are less likely than those in any other employment status category to be non‐employed in the following year.
Koilonychia: an update on pathophysiology, differential diagnosis and clinical relevance
Authors: Walker J. , Baran R. , Vélez N. , Jellinek N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractKoilonychia, a concave nail dystrophy, has multiple aetiologies and may be hereditary, acquired or idiopathic. Within dermatology, koilonychia is often a manifestation of an inflammatory dermatosis such as psoriasis or lichen planus, or a sign of onychomycosis. Other disease associations include iron store abnormalities, Plummer–Vinson Syndrome, nutritional deficiencies and occupational or traumatic aetiologies. In young children, koilonychia of the toenails is commonly transient and idiopathic, although familial and syndromic cases are reported. The dermatologist must be aware of the potential cutaneous and systemic associations with koilonychia in order to guide appropriate workup, treatment and/or referral. An algorithm for evaluation of koilonychia is presented along with discussion of common causes of koilonychia and a comprehensive list of all known associations.