bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Understanding frames: A qualitative study of young people's experiences of using standing frames as part of postural management for cerebral palsy
Authors: Goodwin J. , Lecouturier J. , Crombie S. , Smith J. , Basu A. , Colver A. , Kolehmainen N. , Parr J. R. , Howel D. , McColl E. , Roberts A. , Miller K. , Cadwgan J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundConsensus opinion supports standing frame use as part of postural management for nonambulant young people with cerebral palsy. Although the rationale for standing frame use and the associated challenges have been described, little attention has been given to the users' experiences. The aim of the current study was to explore young people's positive and negative experiences, and attitudes regarding standing frame use.MethodsFramework analysis informed an open exploration of young people's opinions of standing frames. Using semistructured interviews, 12 young people with cerebral palsy (6 female) were interviewed, providing the data set for transcription and thematic analysis.FindingsThe first theme “attitudes to standing frames” describes the young people's understanding of why they use standing frames. Although standing frames can be painful, some young people believe they should be endured to improve their body structure and function. There were mixed views about the impact standing frames have socially, with some young people feeling excluded from their peers, and others feeling as though standing frames helped them “fit in.” Some young people are not offered a choice about how and when they use their standing frame. The second theme “challenges of standing frame use” highlights the issues with standing frame use such as manual handling, interference from siblings, and the lack of aesthetically pleasing standing frame designs.ConclusionsYoung people report benefits related to choice, pain relief, and participation but can also cause pain, discomfort, and reduced independence and participation. Healthcare professionals should have open, informative conversations about potential benefits and challenges of standing frames on all aspects of the young people's lives, including participation and activity.
Early socioeconomic conditions and severe tooth loss in middle‐aged Costa Ricans
Authors: Fantin Romain , Delpierre Cyrille , Kelly‐Irving Michelle , Barboza Solís Cristina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveA wide literature shows a strong social gradient in tooth loss according to income, education and occupation, in both developed and developing countries. It has been shown associations between tooth loss and parental education and occupation, independently of adult conditions. To explore the role of early socioeconomic circumstances on tooth loss, we used a lifecourse model. We analysed the direct and indirect links between early socioeconomic conditions and severe adult tooth loss.MethodsWe used the Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study 1945‐1955 Retirement Cohort, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of Costa Rican residents born between 1945 and 1955. We used imputed data on 2796 individuals. Principal component analyses were run to integrate measures approaching the material circumstances during childhood and adulthood. We additionally examined the role of adult health behaviours and education level as potential mediators in the multivariable regression.ResultsEarly socioeconomic conditions were found strongly associated with severe tooth loss; 72.4% of the people who experienced the most deprived socioeconomic conditions during childhood (quartile 1) had severe tooth loss at the time of the interview; vs 43.3% in quartile 4 (most advantaged). This link diminished after adjustment for adult mediators. However, it remained a significant determinant of severe tooth loss in the final model.ConclusionThe lifecourse model allowed to highlight that early socioeconomic conditions could have long‐term consequences on severe tooth loss in middle ages via both direct and indirect mechanisms.
Utilization of community health workers in Canada's Children's Oral Health Initiative for indigenous communities
Authors: Mathu‐Muju Kavita R. , Kong Xiaoli , Brancato Candace , McLeod James , Bush Heather M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe Children's Oral Health Initiative (COHI) is a federally funded community‐based preventive dental programme implemented in geographically remote Canadian Indigenous communities. The study investigated the effect of the availability of local community health workers (COHI Aides) on access to the programme's preventive dental services for children.MethodsTwenty‐five communities were continuously enrolled in the COHI during the 7‐year study period. Communities were categorized as having uninterrupted (all 7 years), intermittent (≥4 years) or sporadic (<4 years) service from a community health worker. Four outcome variables measured longitudinal changes in access to preventive dental services: (i) the number of enrolments; (ii) the number of enrolled children with multiple fluoride varnishes delivered; (iii) the number of enrolled children with sealants placed; and (iv) the number of enrolled children receiving ART.ResultsThe general longitudinal trend for programme enrolment and each of the preventive dental service delivery outcomes was similar. Children in communities with uninterrupted service tended to have the highest rates of enrolment and service delivery, which remained constant over time. Children in communities with sporadic service tended to have persistently low rates of enrolment and service delivery over the study period.ConclusionsCommunity health workers were beneficial in promoting programme enrolment, as well as facilitating and augmenting the delivery of preventive dental services.
The COL5A3 and MMP9 genes interact in eczema susceptibility
Authors: Margaritte‐Jeannin P. , Babron M.‐C. , Laprise C. , Lavielle N. , Sarnowski C. , Brossard M. , Moffatt M. , Gagné‐Ouellet V. , Etcheto A. , Lathrop M. , Just J. , Cookson W. O. , Bouzigon E. , Demenais F. , Dizier M.‐H. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryBackgroundGenetic studies of eczema have identified many genes, which explain only 14% of the heritability. Missing heritability may be partly due to ignored gene–gene (G‐G) interactions.ObjectiveOur aim was to detect new interacting genes involved in eczema.MethodsThe search for G‐G interaction in eczema was conducted using a two‐step approach, which included as a first step, a biological selection of genes, which are involved either in the skin or epidermis development or in the collagen metabolism, and as a second step, an interaction analysis of the selected genes. Analyses were carried out at both SNP and gene levels in three asthma‐ascertained family samples: the discovery dataset of 388 EGEA (Epidemiological study on the Genetics and Environment of Asthma) families and the two replication datasets of 253 SLSJ (Saguenay–Lac‐Saint‐Jean) families and 207 MRCA (Medical Research Council) families.ResultsOne pair of SNPs, rs2287807 in COL5A3 and rs17576 in MMP9, that were detected in EGEA at P ≤ 10−5 showed significant interaction by meta‐analysis of EGEA, SLSJ and MRCA samples (P = 1.1 × 10−8 under the significant threshold of 10−7). Gene‐based analysis confirmed strong interaction between COL5A3 and MMP9 (P = 4 × 10−8 under the significant threshold of 4 × 10−6) by meta‐analysis of the three datasets. When stratifying the data on asthma, this interaction remained in both groups of asthmatic and non‐asthmatic subjects.ConclusionThis study identified significant interaction between two new genes, COL5A3 and MMP9, which may be accounted for by a degradation of COL5A3 by MMP9 influencing eczema susceptibility. Further confirmation of this interaction as well as functional studies is needed to better understand the role of these genes in eczema.
Modeling multiple interactions with a Markov random field in query expansion for session search
Authors: Li Jingfei , Zhao Xiaozhao , Zhang Peng , Song Dawei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHow to automatically understand and answer users' questions (eg, queries issued to a search engine) expressed with natural language has become an important yet difficult problem across the research fields of information retrieval and artificial intelligence. In a typical interactive Web search scenario, namely, session search, to obtain relevant information, the user usually interacts with the search engine for several rounds in the forms of, eg, query reformulations, clicks, and skips. These interactions are usually mixed and intertwined with each other in a complex way. For the ideal goal, an intelligent search engine can be seen as an artificial intelligence agent that is able to infer what information the user needs from these interactions. However, there still exists a big gap between the current state of the art and this goal. In this paper, in order to bridge the gap, we propose a Markov random field–based approach to capture dependence relations among interactions, queries, and clicked documents for automatic query expansion (as a way of inferring the information needs of the user). An extensive empirical evaluation is conducted on large‐scale web search data sets, and the results demonstrate the effectiveness of our proposed models.
Violent crime redistribution in a city following a substantial increase in the number of off‐sale alcohol outlets: A Bayesian analysis
Authors: Gorman Dennis M. , Ponicki William R. , Zheng Qi , Han Daikwon , Gruenewald Paul J. , Gaidus Andrew J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroduction and AimsThis study examined whether the introduction of a large number of off‐premise alcohol outlets into a city over a brief period of time could affect rates of violent crime.Design and MethodsThe study analysed annual counts of violent crime across 172 US Census block groups in Lubbock, Texas from 2006 through 2011. Spatial Poisson models related annual violent crime counts within each block group to off‐premise and on‐premise alcohol outlets active during this time period as well as neighbourhood socio‐demographic characteristics. The effects of alcohol outlets were assessed both within block groups and across adjacent block groups.ResultsOn‐premise outlets had a small, significant positive association with violence within a given block group. A similar well‐supported local effect for off‐premise outlets was not found. However, the spatially lagged effect for off‐sale premises was well‐supported, indicating that greater densities of these outlets were related to greater rates of violent crime in adjacent areas.Discussion and ConclusionsWhile these analyses confirmed a previous time‐series analysis in finding no city‐wide effect of the increase in off‐premise outlets, they do suggest that such outlets in a local area may be related to violence in nearby geographic areas. They indicate the importance of examining neighbourhood‐specific effects of alcohol outlets on violence in addition to the city‐wide effects. They also present further evidence supporting the need to examine the differential effects of on‐sale and off‐sale premises.
Alcohol taxes’ contribution to prices in high and middle‐income countries: Data from the International Alcohol Control Study
Authors: Wall Martin , Casswell Sally , Callinan Sarah , Chaiyasong Surasak , Viet Cuong Pham , Gray‐Phillip Gaile , Parry Charles D. H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroductionTaxation is increasingly being used as an effective means of influencing behaviour in relation to harmful products. In this paper we use data from six participating countries of the International Alcohol Control Study to examine and evaluate their comparative prices and tax regimes.MethodsWe calculate taxes and prices for three high‐income and three middle‐income countries. The data are drawn from the International Alcohol Control survey and from the Alcohol Environment Protocol. Tax systems are described and then the rates of tax on key products presented. Comparisons are made using the Purchasing Power Parity rates. The price and purchase data from each country's International Alcohol Control survey is then used to calculate the mean percentage of retail price paid in tax weighted by actual consumption.ResultsBoth ad valorem and specific per unit of alcohol taxation systems are represented among the six countries. The prices differ widely between countries even though presented in terms of Purchasing Power Parity. The percentage of tax in the final price also varies widely but is much lower than the 75% set by the World Health Organization as a goal for tobacco tax.ConclusionThere is considerable variation in tax systems and prices across countries. There is scope to increase taxation and this analysis provides comparable data, including the percentage of tax in final price, from some middle and high‐income countries for consideration in policy discussion.
Unravelling the evolutionary origins of biogeographic assemblages
Authors: Daru Barnabas H. , van der Bank Michelle , Davies T. Jonathan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimFloristic and faunal diversity fall within species assemblages that can be grouped into distinct biomes or ecoregions. Understanding the origins of such biogeographic assemblages helps illuminate the processes shaping present‐day diversity patterns and identifies regions with unique or distinct histories. While the fossil record is often sparse, dated phylogenies can provide a window into the evolutionary past of these regions. Here, we present a novel phylogenetic approach to investigate the evolutionary origins of present‐day biogeographic assemblages and highlight their conservation value.LocationSouthern Africa.MethodsWe evaluate the evolutionary turnover separating species clusters in space at different time slices to determine the phylogenetic depth at which the signal for their present‐day structure emerges. We suggest present‐day assemblages with distinct evolutionary histories might represent important units for conservation. We apply our method to the vegetation of southern Africa using a dated phylogeny of the woody flora of the region and explore how the evolutionary history of vegetation types compares to common conservation currencies, including species richness, endemism and threat.ResultsWe show the differentiation of most present‐day vegetation types can be traced back to evolutionary splits in the Miocene. The woody flora of the Fynbos is the most evolutionarily distinct, and thus has deeper evolutionary roots, whereas the Savanna and Miombo Woodland show close phylogenetic affinities and likely represent a more recent separation. However, evolutionarily distinct phyloregions do not necessarily capture the most unique phylogenetic diversity, nor are they the most species‐rich or threatened.Main conclusionsOur approach complements analyses of the fossil record and serves as a link to the history of diversification, migration and extinction of lineages within biogeographic assemblages that is separate from patterns of species richness and endemism. Our analysis reveals how phyloregions capture conservation value not represented by traditional biodiversity metrics.
Landscape correlates of forest plant invasions: A high‐resolution analysis across the eastern United States
Authors: Riitters Kurt , Potter Kevin , Iannone Basil V. , Oswalt Christopher , Fei Songlin , Guo Qinfeng 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimInvasive species occurrence is often related to the anthropogenic context of a given area. Quantifying the effects of roads is of particular interest as roads are a major vector for invasion. Our objective was to further quantify the effects of roads on forest plant invasion through a macroscale, high‐resolution investigation to assist effective invasion control and mitigation.LocationEastern United States.MethodsUsing invasive plant data from 23,039 forest inventory plots in 13 ecological provinces, we employed logistic regression to relate the odds of invasion to distance from a road, with adjustments for broadscale differences attributable to ecological provinces, and local scale differences in productivity, forest fragmentation and land use.ResultsThe overall proportion (P) of invaded plots was 0.58 (0.65 for plots within 50 m of a road), and the highest odds (P/1 − P) of invasion were found in relatively more productive, fragmented forest in landscapes with more than 10% agriculture or developed land cover. Wald chi‐square statistics indicated the best predictor of the odds of invasion was ecological province, followed by land use, productivity, forest fragmentation and distance from a road. Depending on the province, the adjusted odds of invasion decreased by up to 23% (typically 4%–10%) per 100 m distance from a road. The adjusted probability of invasion approached zero in only three provinces, for the least productive, least fragmented forest that was at least 2,000 m from a road in landscapes with less than 10% agricultural or developed land cover.Main conclusionsIn the eastern United States, the existence of a nearby road is less important than the landscape context associated with the road. A purely road‐mediated effect has little practical meaning because anthropogenic activities and roads are pervasive and confounded.
The rich get richer: Invasion risk across North America from the aquarium pathway under climate change
Authors: Della Venezia Lidia , Samson Jason , Leung Brian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate how the establishment risk of freshwater fish species from the aquarium trade will change under a climate change scenario forecast for the year 2050.LocationNorth America.MethodsIn order to estimate changes in the magnitude of risk across geography and across different species in the aquarium pathway, we considered an integrated approach to modelling the probability of establishment, which simultaneously included proxies of propagule pressure, environmental variables, species traits and interactions between environment and traits. We then used the parameters of our model to predict how the risk of establishment will change under a scenario of climate change forecast for the year 2050.ResultsOur joint model performed better than submodels, suggesting that combining all components is worthwhile. The most predictive factors were precipitation, maximum temperature tolerance, maximum fish length and minimum temperature. Our joint model forecasted a 40% increase in the average risk of establishment by 2050 in the United States. In contrast to our expectations, the absolute establishment risk associated with this pathway remained very low for the entire suite of species in the aquarium trade in northern regions, such as Quebec, Canada. Instead, Florida, which has one of the highest current risks of establishment, was also forecasted to have the greatest absolute risk increase.Main conclusionsOur methodology for risk assessment allows invasive species management strategies to consider entire suites of species at a time and to forecast establishment risk for each species and location. While the aquarium pathway is likely to become more important for the United States, the Quebec government should prioritize other pathways of introduction in its exotic invasive species strategy. Our approach can be extended to be applied to different sets of species pertaining to the same or different pathways.
Single‐Versus Two‐Opportunity Price Postponement and Ordering Strategies of a Seasonal Product
Authors: Herbon Avi 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTWe compare two strategies of ordering and pricing postponement for a seasonal product. In the single‐opportunity strategy, the retailer orders all base‐stock prior to the beginning of the season and sets the price when the season begins and demand information becomes available. In the two‐opportunity strategy, the retailer orders only some of her stock before the season, and places an additional order after the season starts; the second‐order quantity and the prices for each quantity of base‐stock are determined according to currently available demand information. The latter strategy can accommodate unexpected demand changes that occur late in the selling season. We provide sufficient conditions in which the two‐opportunity strategy is preferable to the single‐opportunity strategy. Each problem is analyzed using a multistage programming approach, and optimal prices as well as optimality conditions for the different base‐stock levels are obtained. In contrast to previous studies, our model addresses the effect of the timing of the arrival of the second order and accounts for holding costs over time as well as a reputation penalty associated with lost sales. Moreover, it does not ignore fixed costs associated with order placement and processing of demand information. A numerical example and sensitivity analysis of the key parameters show that the ratio between the optimal expected profits obtained under the single‐opportunity strategy and under the two‐opportunity strategy is lower for higher values of the holding costs or reputation penalty. Moreover, the ratio is higher for later splitting points as well as for higher fixed costs.
An Examination of the Relationship between Intellectual Capital and Supply Chain Integration in Humanitarian Aid Organizations: A Survey‐Based Investigation of Food Banks
Authors: Ataseven Cigdem , Nair Anand , Ferguson Mark 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTFood banks are humanitarian aid organizations that collect, organize, and deliver food to nonprofit member agencies and also to individuals to help alleviate the society's hunger problem. The supply chain of food banks is characterized by private sector companies, individual donors and governmental agencies providing monetary support and food inventory on the supply side, and the member agencies such as food pantries, soup kitchens, shelters, and volunteers delivering support on the demand side. Within the purview of this supply chain, food banks strive to improve their performance, which is commonly measured in terms of the amount of food delivered to the communities in need. Food banks rely on managerial talent that is relatively more constrained than the private sector and also use a voluntary workforce for attaining their performance goals. Considering the unique yet pertinent role of human assets in food banks to manage their supply chain integration initiatives, we employ an intellectual capital framework to analyze the human, organizational, and social capital antecedents of supply chain integration in food banks. Specifically, we suggest that intellectual capital drives supply chain integration in humanitarian organizations. Moreover, we propose specific relationships between the dimensions of intellectual capital. A carefully crafted survey is used to inform our results. The results indicate that human capital significantly impacts social capital, which, in turn, drives all supply chain integration dimensions. We discuss the implications of our findings for managing intellectual capital in the not‐for‐profit sector and offer directions for future research.