bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Management of the Formosa Color Dust Explosion: Lessons Learned from the Treatment of 49 Mass Burn Casualty Patients at Chang Gung Memorial Hospital
Authors: Cheng Ming-Huei , Mathews Alexandra L. , Chuang Shiow-Shuh , Lark Meghan E. , Hsiao Yen-Chang , Ng Chip-Jin , Chung Kevin C. 
Published: February 2016

Background:
This article reports the emergency management of a mass casualty disaster occurring on June 27, 2015, in New Taipei, Taiwan, as a fire erupted over a large crowd, injuring 499 people. Lessons learned in burn care treatment and disaster preparedness are analyzed through following the specific surgical response and patient outcomes of one hospital involved in the disaster response.

Methods:
Information regarding the fire and emergency management was obtained from the Ministry of Health and Welfare of Taiwan. Patient-specific data were obtained from Chang Gung Memorial Hospital’s patient records.

Results:
A mass casualty management system was immediately initiated by the Ministry of Health and Welfare, which contacted local hospitals to prepare for the influx of patients with severe burn injuries. In response, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital called 336 medical personnel to the emergency room for the management of 49 burn patients and divided emergency management roles among chief physicians. The mean burn total body surface area of patients presenting to this hospital was 44.2 percent (range, 10 to 90 percent). No deaths occurred in the first 48 hours after the explosion. As of 3 months after the incident, only 12 deaths had resulted from this accident, all resulting from sepsis and organ failure.

Conclusions:
Taiwan’s effective mass casualty preparation plans, highly trained medical personnel, and large centers capable of treating burn patients allowed 499 injured patients to be successfully transferred and treated in hospitals across Taiwan. Lessons learned from this disaster response can be integrated into existing disaster management plans to aid in the response to mass casualty tragedies.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Actigraphy- and Polysomnography-Measured Sleep Disturbances, Inflammation, and Mortality Among Older Men
Authors: Smagula Stephen F. , Stone Katie L. , Redline Susan , Ancoli-Israel Sonia , Barrett-Connor Elizabeth , Lane Nancy E. , Orwoll Eric S. , Cauley Jane A. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT

Objectives
To evaluate whether objectively measured sleep characteristics are associated with mortality risk independent of inflammatory burden and comorbidity.

Methods
The Osteoporotic Fractures in Men Sleep Study (conducted in 2003–2005) included community-dwelling older men (n = 2531; average [standard deviation {SD}] age = 76.3 (5.5) years). Sleep measures from in-home polysomnography and wrist actigraphy and assessments of serum inflammatory markers levels (C-reactive protein, interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor α, tumor necrosis factor α soluble receptor II, and interferon-γ) were obtained. Vital status was ascertained over an average (SD) follow-up of 7.4 (1.9 SD) years.

Results
Three of the seven main sleep measures examined were independently associated with greater inflammatory burden. Mortality risk associated with prolonged (≥10% total sleep time) blood oxygen desaturation and short (<5 hours) sleep duration was attenuated to nonsignificance after adjusting for inflammatory burden or medical burden/lifestyle factors. Severe blood oxygen desaturation (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] = 1.57, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.11–2.22), sleep fragmentation (aHR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.12–1.57), and a lower percentage of sleep in rapid eye movement (aHR per SD = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.93–0.97) were independently associated with mortality.

Conclusions
Short sleep duration and prolonged blood oxygen desaturation were independently associated with inflammatory burden, which attenuated associations between these sleep characteristics and mortality. Medical and life-style factors also substantially attenuated most sleep-mortality associations, suggesting complex relations between sleep, inflammation, and disease. Sleep fragmentation, severe blood oxygen desaturation, and the percentage of sleep time in rapid eye movement were independently related to mortality risk. Future studies with repeated measures of mediators/confounds will be necessary to achieve a mechanistic understanding of sleep-related mortality risk.
Inducible colistin resistance via a disrupted plasmid-bornemcr-1gene in a 2008 VietnameseShigella sonneiisolate
Authors: Thanh Duy Pham , Tuyen Ha Thanh , Thi Nguyen To Nguen , The Hao Chung , Wick Ryan R. , Thwaites Guy , Baker Stephen , Holt Kathryn E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThemcr-1gene, which confers resistance against the last-resort antimicrobial colistin, was recently discovered in Enterobacteriaceae circulating in China. Through genome sequencing we identified a plasmid-associated inactive form ofmcr-1in a 2008 Vietnamese isolate ofShigella sonnei. The plasmid was conjugated intoE. coliandmcr-1was activated upon exposure to colistin, suggesting the gene has been circulating in human-restricted pathogens for some time but carries a selective fitness cost.
Tunable bet hedging in yeast responses to osmotic stress
Authors: Hirate Yoshikazu , Bottani Samuel , Pang Wyming Lee , Rutherford Suzannah 
Published: February 2016

SummaryMicrobes limit risk by stochastic bet hedging – low frequency expression of less fit, slow growing cells constitutively preadapted against many stresses including antibiotics. By contrast, here we report continuous variation in theinducedfrequency of cells with slow osmotic stress signaling, survival and proliferation among 50 ecologically-distinct strains of budding yeast challenged by sudden hyperosmotic stress. Despite extensive variation in early mortality, strains displayed robust perfect adaptation and recovery of steady-state viability in moderate stress. In severe stress survival depended on strain-specific proportions of cells with divergent strategies. ‘Cautious’ cells survived without dividing; ‘reckless’ cells attempted to divide too soon and failed, killing both mother and daughter. We show that heritable frequencies of cautious and reckless cells produce a rapidly diversifying template for microbial bet hedging that mimics natural variation in stress responses whose timing, amplitude and frequency could evolve – be ‘tuned’ by – different patterns of environmental stress.
Selective maintenance mechanisms of seen and unseen sensory features in the human brain
Authors: King Jean-Rémi , Pescetelli Niccolo , Dehaene Stanislas 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecent studies of “unconscious working memory” have challenged the notion that only visible stimuli can be actively maintained over time. In the present study, we investigated the neural dynamics of subliminal maintenance using multivariate pattern analyses of magnetoencephalography recordings (MEG). Subjects were presented with a masked Gabor patch whose angle had to be briefly memorized. We show with an unprecedented level of precision, that irrelevant sensory features of contrast, frequency and phase are only encoded transiently. Conversely, the relevant feature of angle is encoded and maintained in a distributed and dynamically changing manner throughout the brief retention period. Furthermore, although the visibility of the stimulus correlates with an amplification of late neural codes, we show that unseen stimuli can be partially maintained in the corresponding neural assemblies. Together, these results invalidate several predictions of current neuronal theories of visual awareness and suggest that visual perception relies on a long sequence of neural assemblies that repeatedly recode and maintain task-relevant features at multiple levels of processing, even under unconscious conditions.
Plant diversity accurately predicts insect diversity in two tropical landscapes
Authors: Zhang Kai , Lin Siliang , Ji Yinqiu , Yang Chenxue , Wang Xiaoyang , Yang Chunyan , Wang Hesheng , Jiang Haisheng , Harrison Rhett D. , Yu Douglas W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPlant diversity surely determines arthropod diversity, but only moderate correlations between arthropod and plant species richness had been observed until Bassetet al.(2012, Science 338: 1481-1484) finally undertook an unprecedentedly comprehensive sampling of a tropical forest and demonstrated that plant species richness could indeed accurately predict arthropod species richness. We now require a high-throughput pipeline to operationalize this result so that we can (1) test competing explanations for tropical arthropod megadiversity, (2) improve estimates of global eukaryotic species diversity, and (3) use plant and arthropod communities as efficient proxies for each other, thus improving the efficiency of conservation planning and of detecting forest degradation and recovery. We therefore applied metabarcoding to Malaise-trap samples across two tropical landscapes in China. We demonstrate that plant species richness can accurately predict arthropod (mostly insect) species richness and that plant and insect community compositions are highly correlated, even in landscapes that are large, heterogeneous, and anthropogenically modified. Finally, we review how metabarcoding makes feasible highly replicated tests of the major competing explanations for tropical megadiversity.
Combating Chagas Disease Through Inhibition of Tiam1, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor
Authors: Krishna Chirag , Xie Li , DerMarderossian Celine , Bourne Philip E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractChagas disease is a major cardiovascular affliction primarily endemic to Latin American countries, affecting some ten to twelve million people worldwide. The currently available drugs, Benznidazole and Nifurtimox, are ineffecteive in the disease’s chronic stages and induce severe side effects. In an attempt to improve this situation we use anin silicodrug repurposing strategy to correlate drug-protein interactions with positive clinical outcomes. The strategy involves a protein functional site similarity search, along with computational docking studies and, given the findings, a phosphatidylinositol (PIP) strip test to determine the activity of Posaconazole, a recently developed antifungal triazole, in conjunction with Tiam1, a Rho GTPase Guanine Nucleotide Exchange Factor. The results from both computational andin vitrostudies indicate possible inhibition of phosphoinositides via Posaconazole, preventing Rho GTPase-induced proliferation ofT. cruzi, the etiological agent of Chagas Disease.SynopsisWhile Benznidazole and Nifurtimox are effective in the acute phase of Chagas’ disease, their inefficacy in the disease’s chronic phase and severe side effects motivate the search for more novel treatment pathways. Antifungal triazoles have shown promise in murine models of Chagas. Using a computational platform, the authors find that these drugs may be used to combat Chagas Disease through a previously unknown mechanism. If correct, this model could be used to motivate the production of new vaccines for Chagas. Furthermore, the model demonstrates the efficacy of computational testing in the preliminary search for effective drug candidates.
Targeted Deletion of Vitamin D receptor Gene in Mammalian Cells by CRISPR/Cas9 Systems
Authors: zhang Tao , Wang Ling , Xu Kun , Ren Chonghua , Liu Zhongtian , Zhang Zhiying 
Published: February 2016

AbstractCRISPR/Cas9 system has become a new versatile technology for genome engineering. It utilizes a single guide RNA (sgRNA) to recognize target sequences in genome function, and activates Cas9 endonucleases to cut the locus. In this study, we designed two target sites from conserved regions of vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene in mammalian cells, which cover more than 17 kb of chromosome region depending on the species. The efficacy of single sgRNA mediated gene specific modification was about 22% to 36%. Concurrently, targeted deletions of the intervening genomic segments were generated in chromosomes when the two sgRNAs worked simultaneously. The large genomic DNA segments ranging from 17.8Kb to 23.4 Kb could be precisely deleted in human and mouse chromosomes. Furthermore, the expression level of 24-hydroxylase (CYP24A1) regulated by VDR was significantly increased in cells treated withVDRCRISPR/Cas9 vectors. This study showed that CRISPR/Cas9 system can be employed to generate large genomic segment deletions in different species, providing sgRNAs are designed within conserved regions.
Building recovery capital through peer harm reduction work
Authors: Penn Rebecca Ann , Strike Carol , Mukkath Sabin 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– Peer harm reduction programmes engage service users in service delivery and may help peers to develop employment skills, better health, greater stability, and new goals. Thus far, peer work has not been discussed as an intervention to promote recovery. The purpose of this paper is to provide findings related to two research questions: first,do low-threshold employment programmes have the potential to contribute to positive recovery capital, and if so, how? Second, how are such programmes designed and what challenges do they face in supporting the recovery process?

Design/methodology/approach
– Using a community-based research approach, data were collected at a Toronto, Canada community health centre using in-depth interviews with peer workers (n=5), staff (n=5), and programme clients (n=4) and two focus groups with peer workers (n=12). A thematic analysis was undertaken to describe the programme model and to explore the mechanisms by which participation contributes to the development of recovery capital.

Findings
– The design of the Regent Park Community Health Centre peer work model demonstrates how opportunities for participation in community activities may spark cumulative growth in positive recovery capital within the community of PUDs. However, the recovery contagion of peer work may lose momentum with insufficient opportunities for new and experienced peer workers.

Originality/value
– Using the concept of recovery capital, the authors demonstrate how low-threshold employment interventions have the potential to contribute to the development of positive recovery capital.
“Once you’ve been there, you’re always recovering”: exploring experiences, outcomes, and benefits of substance misuse recovery
Authors: Timpson Hannah , Eckley Lindsay , Sumnall Harry , Pendlebury Marissa , Hay Gordon 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– Recovery is a central component of UK substance misuse policy, however, relatively little is known about the views and meanings of recovery by those experiencing it. The purpose of this paper is to explore these factors, and understand how service user experiences align to current understandings of “recovery capital”.

Design/methodology/approach
– This paper draws on qualitative interviews with 32 individuals from six UK recovery communities, including those commissioned by a statutory service (n=8) and a peer-led recovery community (n=24).

Findings
– Meanings of recovery differed between people in abstinence-based communities and those not; however, all had consistent views on their own recovery outcomes and the benefits they believed recovery brought. All viewed recovery as a process; a continuous journey with no end-point. Internal motivation, peer support, social networks and daily structure were integral to supporting individuals achieve and maintain recovery. Key benefits of recovery reflected recovery capital and included positive relationships, sense of belonging, increased self-worth and confidence, employment and education.

Research limitations/implications
– This research shows that recovery experiences and outcomes are not centred entirely on the individual but are wider, more holistic. Maintaining recovery involves being connected to themselves and to the wider environment: family, friends, peers and society. Although the recovery capital model has many elements that were discussed by the participants of this research, the discourse they used does not align with the model. To validly measure and quantify recovery outcomes, individuals need to identify with the measures themselves.

Practical implications
– From policy and commissioning perspectives, these findings suggest benefits of recovery that were viewed by participants as indicators of success: demonstrate elements which support recovery; and highlight key social value outcomes which people attribute to recovery.

Social implications
– These “softer”, qualitative benefits should be considered by policy-makers, commissioners, statutory and non-statutory services in order to evidence outcomes. However, it should also be recognised that a temporally static approach to assessing recovery may be in contradiction to the meaning and perspectives held by those in recovery communities who conceptualise it as a long term and ongoing process.

Originality/value
– This paper adds to understandings of experiences and meanings of recovery, with a particular focus on the measurement of outcomes and their meanings, and the role of abstention and continued drug use within the recovery process.
A safe place to reflect on the meaning of recovery: a recovery community co-productive approach using multimedia interviewing technology
Authors: Cox Nigel , Clayson Amanda , Webb Lucy 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to develop further the understanding of co-productive methodological practice for substance use research by demonstrating the use of a mobile, multimedia interviewing aid by members of a UK recovery community.Design/methodology/approach– A co-productive approach to data collection was piloted using a bespoke, audio-visual booth located in a range of recovery and community-focused social events. Audio-visual data were collaboratively selected, curated and analysed by recovery community partners and researchers.Findings– Findings illustrate how a mobile audio-visual booth can be used successfully within co-productive research. This approach facilitated a better understanding of the experiences and practices of self-reflection within the recovery community as they worked together to create a meaningful recovery largely independent of conventional recovery services.Research limitations/implications– This research was performed with one cohort of co-production members. However, the co-productive nature of the enquiry and the rich data this provided invites the making of cautious but firmer claims with regard to the transferability of this approach to similar recovery contexts.Social implications– Co-productive approaches confer a meaningful impact upon members of the recovery community, and wider understanding of this approach will promote an impact upon others engaging in recovery, supporting growth of a practice-based and theoretically underpinned evidence base.Originality/value– This study highlights use of digital technologies within co-productive community-based methodologies, reducing reliance upon academic expertise, and facilitating participant leadership in research. The analysis also signposts new areas for scholarly discussion in the area of co-productive, community-driven research.
Two buses and a short walk: the place of geography in recovery
Authors: Whiteford Martin , Haydock Will , Cleave Nicky 
Published: February 2016

Purpose– As UK substance misuse policy has increasingly focused on the concept of recovery, policymakers, service providers and service users have found “recovery capital” a useful concept to understand the barriers to and facilitators of recovery from substance misuse. There is a rich strand of research that considers the composition of recovery capital in terms of the relevance of resources such as access to mutual aid, familial support and friendship networks, stable housing, structured psychosocial support and education, training and employment. However, such general accounts have tended not to engage with the potential spatial element of recovery capital; that is, how location contributes to the acquisition and management of recovery capital. The purpose of this paper is to add nuance to more generalised accounts through a critical interrogation, exploration and analysis of the role of geography in recovery.Design/methodology/approach– The paper draws on in-depth interviews with service users and service providers in a predominantly rural county in the south-west of England.Findings– The ability to build and sustain recovery capital is shown to be marked by a complex web of social and spatial inclusions/exclusions.Originality/value– This paper makes three important contributions to prevailing understandings of recovery capital. First, it shows how narratives of recovery are intimately tied to perceptions and experiences of place. Second, it reveals some of the important challenges and complex dilemmas that local drug and alcohol commissioners face in designing and delivering recovery-orientated treatment systems. Third, and finally, it argues that there is a pressing need for a more nuanced appreciation of the social and spatial dynamics of recovery capital.
Disabled employees in Jordanian public sector: an exploratory study
Authors: Ababneh Raed Ismail 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the attitudes of disabled employees toward availability of work facilities, treatment of other employees, and the working conditions in the Jordanian public sector.

Design/methodology/approach
– A purposive sample of disabled public sector employees (198) was selected to participate in the study by filling the designated questionnaire.

Findings
– Disabled employees reported a relatively moderate level of satisfaction about the availability of facilities. Also, participants are satisfied with the treatment of their supervisors and colleagues and of the working conditions. Disabled female participants and those who hold graduate degrees reported high-satisfaction level about the treatment they receive from their colleagues at work. The findings also showed that 55 percent of the participants were hired based on humanitarian bases as a result of their disability cases compared with 45 percent who were hired based on their qualifications and merits.

Practical implications
– This research significantly contributes to the scarce knowledge that currently exists in the position of disabled employees in the Arab world. Policy makers and human resource managers should develop a clear strategy to provide the facilities for disabled people to accommodate at work. In addition, they should provide professional guidance and rehabilitation training programs aiming to enhance disabled employees’ participation and involvement in the labor market.

Originality/value
– The study is one of the first to investigate the status of disabled public sector employees in Jordan and in the Arab world.