bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining Changes in Central and Peripheral Pain as Mediates of Fatigue Improvement: Results From the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Druce Katie L. , Jones Gareth T. , Macfarlane Gary J. , Basu Neil 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveFollowing anti–tumor necrosis factor (anti‐TNF) therapy, improvements in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) fatigue are driven by reductions in pain. However, therapies may modify both central and peripheral pain. This study sought to examine the hypothesis that reductions in fatigue after anti‐TNF therapy reflect changes in central, not peripheral, pain mechanisms.MethodsData came from patients with severe baseline fatigue (Short Form 36 health survey [SF‐36] vitality scale ≤12.5; n = 2,652), recruited to the British Society for Rheumatology Biologics Register for RA for commencing anti‐TNF therapies between October 2000 and November 2008. Data of interest comprised change over 6 months in fatigue, pain (SF‐36 bodily pain scale), and disease activity constituents (Disease Activity Score in 28 joints, erythrocyte sedimentation rate [ESR], global health, swollen joints, and tender joints). Principal components factor analysis with varimax rotation determined latent variables of symptom change; variables were accepted provided they had eigenvalues ≥1.ResultsSix factors were identified, of which 2 met acceptance criteria (eigenvalues of 2.39 and 1.14, respectively). Following rotation, loadings indicated that factor 1 comprised markers of peripheral inflammation: change in ESR, swollen joints, tender joints, and global health. This distinct loading led to factor 1 being labeled peripheral inflammation. Conversely, factor 2 comprised change in pain, fatigue, and global health and an absence of peripheral inflammation markers and was therefore labeled central inflammation.ConclusionFollowing anti‐TNF therapies, reductions in fatigue and pain appear to reflect improvements in central, rather than peripheral, inflammation. Therefore, for those seeking to treat fatigue via pain mechanisms, improvements may be maximized by the application of treatment modalities that effectively target central mechanisms.
Dose‐ and time‐dependent benefits of iPad technology in an undergraduate human anatomy course
Authors: Raney Marcella A. 
Published: November 2015

This study examined the impact of iPad integration on performance in an undergraduate gross anatomy course. Two out of six course sections were assigned to one of the following conditions: control (no iPad, n = 61); limited access (laboratory iPads, n = 58); and unlimited access (personal iPads, n = 47). Student knowledge was assessed over time during the semester with two practical examinations in laboratory and four multiple choice/essay examinations in lecture. The same PowerPoint presentations and examinations were utilized for all conditions. Mixed ANOVA analysis identified an interaction effect between time and condition for both laboratory (F2,153 = 16.12; P < 0.05) and lecture (F6,462 = 5.47; P < 0.05) performance. Between laboratory examinations, student performance was lower by 4.2% and higher by 3.0% in control and unlimited access conditions, respectively. Unlimited access students scored higher than control and limited access (82.8 ± 2.2 vs 71.5 ± 2.6 and 74.3 ± 1.7%; P < 0.05) and higher than control students (78.7 ± 2.1 vs 70.6 ± 2.0%; P < 0.05) on the third and fourth lecture examination, respectively. Postsemester surveys completed by experimental students (89.5% response rate) indicated that a greater percentage of unlimited vs limited access students agreed that laboratory (84.8 vs 56.3%, P < 0.05) and lecture (58.7 vs 14.6%, P < 0.05) performance was enhanced with the iPad. Results suggest that if students are given the opportunity to overcome the technology learning curve, tablet devices and relevant applications can be useful tools in human anatomy courses. Anat Sci Educ 9: 367–377. © 2015 American Association of Anatomists.
Titanium(IV) Complexes Based on Tri­dentate N,N,O Ligands – Synthesis, Structure, and Thermal Decomposition
Authors: Cherepakhin Valeriy S. , Zaitsev Kirill V. , Oprunenko Yuri F. , Churakov Andrei V. , Lermontova Elmira Kh. , Zaitseva Galina S. , Karlov Sergey S. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractNew tridentate N,N,O‐type ligands MeN(CH2CH2NHTs)(CH2CR2OH) [Ts = tosyl ; R = H, 6, (N,N,OH)H2; R = Ph, 7 (N,N,OPh)H2] were prepared. The corresponding diisopropoxide complexes (N,N,OH)Ti(OiPr)2 (8) and [N,N,OPh]Ti(OiPr)2 (9) were obtained through the reactions of 6 and 7 with Ti(OiPr)4. These complexes are thermally unstable and transform into the bisligated complexes [N,N,OH]2Ti (10) and {[N,N,OPh]Ti(OiPr)}2O (11). The molecular structures of 10 and 11 were investigated by X‐ray diffraction analysis. The synthesis of 11 from 9 as a thermal decomposition process was studied.
The phylogenetic distribution, anatomy and histology of the post‐cloacal bones and adnexa of geckos
Authors: Russell Anthony P. , Vickaryous Matthew K. , Bauer Aaron M. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTPost‐cloacal bones of gekkotans may be present as a single (medial) pair, two pairs (medial and lateral), or may be lacking. We, herein, demonstrate that the presence of a single medial pair is the ancestral condition for the Gekkota, that the lateral pair is of sporadic occurrence within and between families, except for the Eublepharidae where it is universal, and that absence is also of sporadic occurrence except for the Sphaerodactylidae where it is the ancestral condition. Adult male Tokay geckos (Gekko gecko) possess only the medial pair of bones, and these exhibit a regionally‐specific expression of woven, fibrolamellar, and lamellar bone, and an enclosed medullary cavity. Females and small juvenile males lack bony elements but exhibit a conspicuous band of dense connective tissue located about the anterior and lateral margins of the cloacal sacs. As males grow and attain sexual maturity, the medial post‐cloacal bones condense in this band of dense connective tissue, and are thus shown to be dermal ossifications, similar to osteoderms but with muscular associations (although this is also known for crocodylians). Based upon ontogenetic data we set forth a scenario to explain the loss of the medial post‐cloacal bones in various lineages. Differential staining of the cloacal sacs failed to reveal any specialized glandular structures. Investigation of the post‐cloacal spurs shows them to be associated with cellular connective tissue of a type similar to that found in the vicinity of the medial post‐cloacal bones. This suggests that the lateral post‐cloacal bones may also be dermal bones, but histological evidence is needed to corroborate this. J. Morphol. 277:264–277, 2016. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Interaction of Graphene with Self Assembled Monolayers
Authors: Devanarayanan V.P. , Manjuladevi V. , Gupta Raj Kumar 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe adsorption of graphene onto solid surface is vital for the numerous device applications. In the present work, we studied interaction of graphene with chemically modified surfaces. We formed the self‐assembled monolayers (SAM) of octadecanethiol (ODT), mercapto undecanoic acid (MUA) and biphenyl dithiol (BPD) onto the gold substrates. The nature of the surfaces obtained for ODT and MUA were hydrophobic and hydrophilic, respectively. The SAM of BPD yields the surface with phenyl rings having delocalized π‐electrons. Due to hydrophobic nature of the graphene, it adsorbs onto the SAMs of ODT and BPD. The surface morphology of the graphene onto SAMs was studied using atomic force microscope. Due to π−π stacking interaction between the graphene and BPD molecules, graphene prefers planar adsorption onto the SAM of BPD. The hydrophobic interaction between the graphene and ODT leads to random and non‐uniform adsorption of graphene onto the SAM of ODT. Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) phenomenon is extremely sensitive technique to detect minute change in dielectrics at the given interface. The adsorbed layers of the organic materials were studied using a SPR instrument.
Amines as Reaction Environment Regulator for CO2 Electrochemical Reduction to CH4
Authors: Aeshala Leela Manohar , Verma Anil 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe direct electrochemical reduction of gaseous CO2 (dERC) is studied using sterically hindered polyallylamines in solid polymer matrix at room temperature and atmospheric pressure in an electrochemical reactor. It is found that the polymer electrolyte membrane is helpful to regulate the reaction zone in a great extent. Amine in the membrane have strong effect on the Faradaic efficiency and selectivity of the reaction products. The amine group helps to increase the mass transfer of CO2 at the reaction interface and at the same time regulate the reaction environment by hindering the reactants at the reactive sites.
Effect of Gamma Radiation on Chitin‐Nanosilver Membranes
Authors: Singh Rita , Singh Durgeshwer , Sadh Amit , Singh Antaryami 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe effect of gamma radiation on the structural and functional characteristics of the chitin‐nanosilver membranes for use as wound dressing was evaluated. UV‐Vis, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and Raman Spectroscopy were used to evaluate the effect of gamma irradiation on the chitin‐nanosilver membranes. No changes in the spectra of chitin‐nanosilver membranes due to gamma irradiation at 25 kGy were observed. Antimicrobial efficacy of irradiated chitin‐nanosilver membranes against Gram‐negative bacteria Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Gram‐positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus and fungal strain Candida albicans was comparable to unirradiated membranes. Impermeability of the chitin‐nanosilver membranes to different microorganisms was also not affected by gamma irradiation.
Effect of constrained annealing on the mechanical properties of electrospun poly(ethylene oxide) webs containing multiwalled carbon nanotubes
Authors: Bao Jiaxing , Clarke Laura I. , Gorga Russell E. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTIn this work, flexible nanofibrous membranes (mats) of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with and without multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) were fabricated by electrospinning. The effects of annealing and MWNT concentration on mat morphology, MWNT dispersion within the nanofibers, and the mechanical properties of electrospun mats were studied. Annealing temperatures ranged from 60 °C to 64 °C [near the melting temperature (64 °C via differential scanning calorimetry)] for 4 minutes. Samples were annealed with and without applied tension (constrained and unconstrained annealing). Annealing at the highest temperature (64 °C), before the loss of fibrous morphology, significantly improved fiber–fiber bonding and therefore the tensile strength of the mats. Compared with unconstrained annealing, constrained annealing introduced fiber alignment (and therefore molecular orientation) along the tensile axis (direction of constraint) during annealing and resulted in a significant increase in modulus for all samples (with and without MWNTs). The use of constrained annealing may be a facile approach to enhance modulus in nanofibrous mats while maintaining high porosity. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 787–796
Modeling Scientific Processes With Mathematics Equations Enhances Student Qualitative Conceptual Understanding and Quantitative Problem Solving
Authors: SCHUCHARDT ANITA M. , SCHUNN CHRISTIAN D. 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTAmid calls for integrating science, technology, engineering, and mathematics (iSTEM) in K–12 education, there is a pressing need to uncover productive methods of integration. Prior research has shown that increasing contextual linkages between science and mathematics is associated with student problem solving and conceptual understanding. However, few studies explicitly test the benefits of specific instructional mechanisms for fostering such linkages. We test the effect of students developing a modeled process mathematical equation of a scientific phenomenon. Links between mathematical variables and processes within the equation and fundamental entities and processes of the scientific phenomenon are embedded within the equation. These connections are made explicit as students participate in model development. Pre–post gains are tested in students from diverse high school classrooms studying inheritance. Students taught using this instructional approach are contrasted against students in matched classrooms implementing more traditional instruction (Study 1) or prior traditional instruction from the same teachers (Study 2). Students given modeled process instruction improved more in their ability to solve complex mathematical problems compared to traditionally instructed students. These modeled process students also show increased conceptual understanding of mathematically modeled processes. The observed effects are not due to differences in instructional time or teacher effects.
HOW TO THINK THEOLOGICALLY ABOUT RIGHTS
Authors: Hauerwas Stanley 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this essay I offer a nuanced account of my critique of “rights” language. I argue that my primary concern is not to discount the usefulness of rights language in contemporary expressions of legal and moral duties. Rather my concern is with the overreliance on rights language such that it guards a society from acknowledging prior claims to a common good. Rights language has become too powerful when appeals to rights threatens to replace first-order moral descriptions in a manner that makes us less able to make the moral discriminations that we depend upon to be morally wise. Finally, I turn to Simone Weil and Rowan Williams, who both turn to the body to suggest a more constructive way for thinking about rights as attending to the body, which forces us to attend to contingency. Human contingency can help us resist abstractions that fail to properly account for and address bodily needs.
THE BRITISH EMPIRE AND THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF INDIA (1858-1947)
Authors: Roy Tirthankar 
Published: November 2015

ABSTRACTInterpretations of the role of the state in economic change in colonial (1858-1947) and post-colonial India (1947-) tend to presume that the colonial was an exploitative and the post-colonial a developmental state. This article shows that the opposition does not work well as a framework for economic history. The differences between the two states lay elsewhere than in the drive to exploit Indian resources by a foreign power. The difference was that British colonial policy was framed with reference to global market integration, whereas post-colonial policy was framed with reference to nationalism. The article applies this lesson to reread the economic effects of the two types of state, and reflects on ongoing debates in the global history of European expansion.
Global benchmarking networks: the cases of disaster risk reduction and supply chains
Authors: PORTER TONY 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWhile the importance and key features of transnational benchmarking have received increased attention in recent years, the organisational contexts of this benchmarking have not yet been analysed systematically enough. Drawing on actor-network theory, this article identifies two key aspects of these contexts. The first is embeddedness, which refers to the degree to which there are networks that carry information and action from the benchmark to its contexts and back that are sustained institutionally, including by technical artefacts, objects, and routine local practices. Embeddedness is critical to the effectiveness of benchmarking. The second is publicness, which refers to the degree to which these networks exhibit expanding flows of information across widening circles of engagement, or instead are marked by control, domination, and exclusion. The article argues that benchmarking as a form of governance has an inherent impetus toward greater publicness, although this can be prevented by self-interested actors or problems associated with embeddedness. The article then explores the relevance of these conceptual points by examining cases of transnational benchmarking: disaster risk reduction and supply chain management.
The limits of global authority: World Bank benchmarks in Ethiopia and Malawi
Authors: SENDING OLE JACOB , LIE JON HARALD SANDE 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGlobal benchmarks (re)shape political conversations and institutionalise authoritative languages. It does not necessarily follow, however, that benchmarks can exert a lasting or significant influence over policies and behaviour of benchmarked actors. We analyse how the World Bank uses benchmarks to manage its relations with both donors and recipient governments. We analyse the role of the World Bank’s Country Policy and Institutional Assessment (CPIA), both at headquarters and in relation to the recent history of two countries in Africa: Ethiopia and Malawi. We find that the CPIA is not – and contrary to what one would expect from the CPIA’s nominal function and the literature on benchmarks – a very important tool for signalling incentives and allocating funds, or shaping the policy dialogue or the World Bank’s strategy in these two countries. Rather, the CPIA is used highly selectively as one factor among many in the negotiations between World Bank staff and governments. We conclude that the CPIA helps establish the World Bank as an actor that embodies global authority on development issues, including with donors, but that there is a tension between such global authority on the one hand, and concrete authority to shape policy in domestic contexts, on the other.
Heavy metal removal from MSS fly ash by thermal and chlorination treatments
Authors: Liu Jingyong , Chen Jiacong , Huang Limao 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe thermal behavior of heavy metals in the co-incineration of municipal solid waste-sludge incinerator fly ash (MSS fly ash) was studied using a laboratory-scale tube furnace. The results indicate that without the addition of chlorinating agents, temperature was an important parameter and had significantly influenced on heavy metal removal, whereas the residence time had a weak effect. Between 900 and 1000 °C for 60 to 300 min, heavy metals reacted with chloride-inherent in the fly ash and approximately 80 to 89% of Pb, 48% to 56% of Cd, 27% to 36% of Zn and 6% to 24% of Cu were removed. After the adding chlorinating agents, the evaporation rate of the heavy metals improved dramatically, where the evaporation rates of Cu and Zn were larger than that of Pb and Cd. As the amount of added chlorinating agents increased, the removal rate of heavy metals increased. However, the effect of the type of chlorinating agent on the chlorination of heavy metals differed considerably, where NaCl had the weakest effect on the removal rate of Cu, Cd and Zn. In terms of resource recovery and decontamination, MgCl2 and CaCl2 are the best choices due to their efficient removal of Zn.
Lévy Walk Navigation in Complex Networks: A Distinct Relation between Optimal Transport Exponent and Network Dimension
Authors: Weng Tongfeng , Small Michael , Zhang Jie , Hui Pan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe investigate, for the first time, navigation on networks with a Lévy walk strategy such that the step probability scales as pij ~ dij–α, where dij is the Manhattan distance between nodes i and j and α is the transport exponent. We find that the optimal transport exponent αopt of such a diffusion process is determined by the fractal dimension df of the underlying network. Specially, we theoretically derive the relation αopt = df + 2 for synthetic networks and we demonstrate that this holds for a number of real-world networks. Interestingly, the relationship we derive is different from previous results for Kleinberg navigation without or with a cost constraint, where the optimal conditions are α = df and α = df + 1, respectively. Our results uncover another general mechanism for how network dimension can precisely govern the efficient diffusion behavior on diverse networks.
A dialogic account of reader–text interactions
Authors: Davis Dennis S. , McElhone Dot , Tenore F. Blake 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to present a conceptualization of reading comprehension that extends beyond the traditional cognitive viewpoint on comprehension common in the field.Design/methodology/approach– Drawing on literature and theory from various perspectives (cognitive, sociocultural and critical), the authors propose a conceptual heuristic that can inform future scholarship.Findings– Using four foundational principles of reader–text interactions as a starting point (non-neutrality, tethered polysemy, variable agency and unruliness), the authors describe reader–text interactions in terms of the tethers/resources that are brought into the interaction, the moment-to-moment improvisation that occurs when readers meet a text and the changes at the intra- and interpersonal levels that result from and influence future reader–text interactions.Originality/value– The conceptualization can inform future research and practice in literacy by situating meaning making within a broader understanding of the processes and consequences of textual interaction.
Making visible the dance
Authors: Rust Julie 
Published: November 2015

Purpose– This paper aims to delve deeply into the sometimes clashing interplays in English classrooms to explore the ways in which new media makes visible long-existing discourses and assumptions about the purpose of schools and the roles of teachers and students.Design/methodology/approach– This piece draws upon discourse analysis and utilizes the frame of strategies versus tactics (de Certeau, 1984) to trace the complex classroom interplays between a high school English teacher, a partnering researcher and a high school junior during the process of a month-long digital photography project.Findings– Data reveal that, at times, both teachers and students made moves to preserve the status quo of the school space (through strategies), and at other times, worked to reshape the space for more relevant purposes (through tactics.) Strategies that emerge from teacher moves include the formalization of requirements and the controlling of bodies; the student strategy described is the perpetuation of stereotypes. Teacher tactics reported include repositioning identities, reframing “the work” and opening up space for inquiry. Student tactics include resistance, shifting to the personal, subverting a given task and self-positioning. The author argues that generative potential exists at the intersection of teacher tactics and student tactics, and calls for furthering the co-construction of classroom spaces.Originality/value– By zooming in on the process, rather than the product, that ensued as the focal student created and defended her photographs representing school as jail, this paper emphasizes the agency that both teachers and students can enact in sometimes limiting classroom spaces.