bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Python Script to Compute Isochrones for MODFLOW
Authors: Feo Alessandra , Zanini Andrea , Petrella Emma , Celico Fulvio 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMODFLOW constitutes today the most popular modeling tool in the study of water flow in aquifers and in modeling aquifers. To simplify the interface to MODFLOW various GUI have been developed for the creation of model definition files and for the visualization and interpretation of results. Recently Bakker et al. (2016) developed the FloPy interface to MODFLOW that allows to import and use the produced simulation data using Python. This allows to construct model input files, run the models, read and plot simulations results through Python scripts. In this note, we present a Python program (that uses FloPy) interface that allows us to generate time‐related capture zones (isochrones) for confined 2D steady‐state groundwater flow in unbounded domains, with one or more wells. As an application, we show a validation of the approach and the results of four basic test cases: a homogenous aquifer with one well, a heterogeneous aquifer with one well, an aquifer with four wells located both longitudinal and perpendicular to the flow direction.
Gastric poorly cohesive carcinoma: a correlative study of mutational signatures and prognostic significance based on histopathological subtypes
Authors: Kwon Chae H , Kim Young K , Lee Sojeong , Kim Ahrong , Park Hye J , Choi Yuri , Won Yeo J , Park Do Y , Lauwers Gregory Y 
Published: September 2017

AimsGenome‐wide next‐generation sequencing has revealed several driver mutations and has allowed the establishment of a molecular taxonomy of gastric cancer. However, there are few detailed studies on the mutational spectrum of poorly cohesive gastric carcinoma. Thus, this study aim to investigate its mutation profile based on clinicopathological characteristics.Methods and resultsHerein, we analysed the mutational pattern of 77 genes in a cohort of 91 patients with poorly cohesive carcinoma by using targeted sequencing, and evaluated the clinicopathological significance of the various mutations based on histological pattern, either signet ring cell (SRC) or other types of poorly cohesive carcinoma (not otherwise specified) (PCC‐NOS). Panels of seven (PIK3CA, CDH1, PTEN, RHOA, HDCA9, KRAS, and ATM), three (PIK3CA, CTNNB1, and KRAS) and two (HDCA9 and IGF1R) genes were associated with a diffuse infiltrative growth pattern, lymphovascular invasion, and perineural invasion, respectively. Furthermore, PDGFRB mutations were associated with a favourable prognosis, whereas MET mutations were associated with a poor prognosis. The PCC‐NOS‐predominant type was associated with a greater depth of invasion, lymph node metastasis and poorer prognosis than the SRC‐predominant type. Mutations in TP53, BRAF, PI3CA, SMAD4 and RHOA were associated with PCC‐NOS. Interestingly, RHOA‐mutated gastric cancers showed a distinct morphology, as they were characterised by a superficial SRC or tubular component and a deep invasive PCC‐NOS component with desmoplasia.ConclusionsTaken together, our findings demonstrate that gastric poorly cohesive carcinomas show several mutational patterns associated with specific clinicopathological characteristics, and particularly show distinct morphological findings when associated with RHOA mutation.
2. CONFRONTING DEFEAT: CARL SCHMITT BETWEEN THE VICTORS AND THE VANQUISHED
Authors: TRAVERSO ENZO 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTQuoting a text on Tocqueville written by Carl Schmitt in 1946, Reinhart Koselleck hypothesized about the epistemological advantage of being vanquished in writing history. This essay analyzes Schmitt's intellectual and political positions in reaction to three successive defeats: the collapse of the German Empire in 1918; the end of the Weimar Republic in 1933; and the overthrow of the Third Reich in 1945. Schmitt was a German nationalist and, at least until Hitler's rise to power, an anti‐Nazi conservative, but he easily adapted to both the Weimar Republic in 1919 and National Socialism in 1933, two political turns that coincided with significant improvements in his academic career. He felt vanquished only in 1945, after his double imprisonment, the Nuremberg trial, and finally his retirement to Plettenberg. 1945 was a watershed that he symbolized through two metaphorical figures: the reactionary thinker of Spanish Absolutism Juan Donoso Cortés and Melville's literary character Benito Cereno. Thus, the case of Carl Schmitt does not confirm Koselleck's hypothesis, insofar as the most productive and creative part of his intellectual life does not fit into an awareness of being vanquished. Koselleck's statement deals with the gaze of the ruled, whereas Schmitt belonged to a different tradition of political thinkers interested in building domination and smashing revolution (Hobbes, Maistre, Donoso Cortés). He was a thinker of action, not of mourning. Defeat did not inspire, but rather paralyzed his thought.
3. CARL SCHMITT'S CONTRIBUTION TO A THEORY OF POLITICAL MYTH
Authors: LARA MARÍA PÍA 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTMy goal in this essay is to show that myths have played a larger role than we might think in politics and in political theory and that myths are essential to politics. For this purpose I will use Schmitt's theory of myth, since he elaborated his theory with strong interpretations of two different myths: Hobbes's Leviathan and Shakespeare's Hamlet. I will compare Schmitt's interpretations of Hamlet with my own, as doing so will provide a critical view of Schmitt's conclusions, and it will enable me to develop my own conception of myth and its relations to political theory and history.
NOTES ON CAMPS, OR, COUNTERFACTUAL FÜHRERS AND THE STRUCTURE OF THE JOKE
Authors: Wurgaft Benjamin Aldes 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIn this review essay I explore the dynamics of “normalization” in historical and fictional depictions of the National Socialist past, examining both the “organic” normalization of catastrophic events through the passage of time, and efforts to normalize the Nazi past through aesthetics. Focusing on Gavriel Rosenfeld's Hi, Hitler: How the Nazi Past is Being Normalized in Contemporary Culture, I argue against many dimensions of Rosenfeld's account of normalization, particularly his claim that aesthetic normalization can undermine our moral judgments regarding the Holocaust. Drawing on Sigmund Freud on jokes, and Susan Sontag on Camp aesthetics, I argue that every effort to normalize the Holocaust, especially ones that work through humor and jokes (a major topic of Rosenfeld's book), actually maintain the Holocaust's status as a series of historical events resistant to “normalization.” If “normalization” is a process through which extraordinary, or morally charged, historical events lose their moral charge, then aesthetic efforts to normalize the Holocaust actually reinscribe the special moral status that Rosenfeld believes they erase.
METHODOLOGICAL INDIVIDUALISM VS. COLLECTIVIST HOLISM IN HISTORICAL EXPLANATION
Authors: Eldridge Richard 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTThis review essay surveys and assesses Rage and Denials: Collectivist Philosophy, Politics, and Art Historiography, 1890–1947 by Branko Mitrović, focusing on a) Mitrović's case that German art‐historical practices during this period were factually ill‐founded, inconsistent, and motivated by narcissism and ethnic prejudice, and b) the broader issue of whether collectivist historical explanations of artistic and cultural developments can ever be apt.
Women, Drugs and the Death Penalty: Framing Sandiford
Authors: FLEETWOOD JENNIFER , SEAL LIZZIE 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article examines the impact and significance of women subject to capital punishment for drug offences. Women are subject to the death penalty for drug offences; wherever data are available they describe low‐level offenders, primarily drug mules. Sandiford's death sentence prompts widespread discussion about her, her culpability and the appropriateness of her punishment drawing on drug war discourse, and death penalty tropes. Framing analysis reveals the powerful and persistent nature of gendered binaries. The use of capital punishment against female mules troubles the gendered binaries that underpin US‐led drug war discourse, and highlights the death penalty as a gendered punishment.
Thirty‐day mortality after systemic anticancer treatment as a real‐world, quality‐of‐care indicator: the Northland experience
Authors: Ang Edmond , Newton Los Vincent 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackgroundSystemic anticancer treatment (SACT) at the end of life is considered poor practice due to its futility and associated toxicities. Consequently, 30‐day mortality after SACT is increasingly recognised as a potential real‐world quality‐of‐care indicator in medical oncology.AimsWhangarei Base Hospital (WBH) provides outpatient SACT treatment to all patients living in the Northland region of New Zealand. The goal of this study was to report our 30‐day mortality after SACT and to contribute to the experience of its use in Australasia.MethodsIn this retrospective study, the WBH electronic database was searched to identify all patients who had received SACT in WBH from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2016. Patients who died within 30 days of their last treatment were shortlisted. Records were reviewed identifying key demographic, disease, treatment and mortality data. Composite 30‐day mortality index and that of each tumour stream were calculated. Key findings were described using descriptive statistics.ResultsOver 5 years, 1103 patients received SACT in WBH, with 57 patients dying within 30 days of treatment, resulting in a composite 30‐day mortality rate of 5.17%. One patient died receiving curative intent SACT. More deaths occurred in SACT‐naïve patients and during the first two cycles of therapy. Of the deaths, 28% was attributed to SACT, while 59.7% was attributed to cancer progression.ConclusionThirty‐day mortality rates were comparable to studies from larger institutions. We demonstrated the feasibility of this index for auditing practice in smaller oncology units over a longer timeframe.
Update on Aire and thymic negative selection
Authors: Passos Geraldo A. , Speck‐Hernandez Cesar A. , Assis Amanda F. , Mendes‐da‐Cruz Daniella A. 
Published: September 2017

SummaryTwenty years ago, the autoimmune regulator (Aire) gene was associated with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy–candidiasis–ectodermal dystrophy, and was cloned and sequenced. Its importance goes beyond its abstract link with human autoimmune disease. Aire identification opened new perspectives to better understand the molecular basis of central tolerance and self–non‐self distinction, the main properties of the immune system. Since 1997, a growing number of immunologists and molecular geneticists have made important discoveries about the function of Aire, which is essentially a pleiotropic gene. Aire is one of the functional markers in medullary thymic epithelial cells (mTECs), controlling their differentiation and expression of peripheral tissue antigens (PTAs), mTEC–thymocyte adhesion and the expression of microRNAs, among other functions. With Aire, the immunological tolerance became even more apparent from the molecular genetics point of view. Currently, mTECs represent the most unusual cells because they express almost the entire functional genome but still maintain their identity. Due to the enormous diversity of PTAs, this uncommon gene expression pattern was termed promiscuous gene expression, the interpretation of which is essentially immunological – i.e. it is related to self‐representation in the thymus. Therefore, this knowledge is strongly linked to the negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes. In this update, we focus on the most relevant results of Aire as a transcriptional and post‐transcriptional controller of PTAs in mTECs, its mechanism of action, and its influence on the negative selection of autoreactive thymocytes as the bases of the induction of central tolerance and prevention of autoimmune diseases.
Impact of Political Identity and Past Crisis Experience on Water Attitudes
Authors: Callison Coy , Holland Derrick 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWith stories of regional diminishing water resources and tainted municipal water supplies consistently populating the news, a nationwide survey was conducted to gauge overall concern and attitudes toward water scarcity and water pollution, as well as scientists and scientific information regarding water crises. Of particular interest was the question of how political ideology and past experience with scarcity and/or pollution impact pro‐water attitudes and intention to exhibit positive water behaviors. Multivariate analyses of data suggest that Liberals are more concerned about water scarcity and pollution and more likely to conserve and combat pollution than their Conservative counterparts. People who have experienced a past water crisis are also more concerned and act more favorably toward water than those without crises experience. The interaction between political ideology and water crises experience is such that Conservatives with experience display more water concern than do Conservatives without experience. Liberals, regardless of experience, exhibit water concern and favorable action. Results offer direction to policy makers, water resource managers, and strategic communicators regarding how constituent audiences can be segmented.
Land Use Modification and Changing Redox Conditions Releases Selenium and Sulfur from Historic Marsh Sediments
Authors: Hibbs Barry J. , Lee Monica , Ridgway Rachel 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSan Diego Creek Watershed forms the southern end of the Coastal Plain that covers much of Los Angeles County and Orange County, California. Prior to 1900, the central part of the watershed was marshland, and the edges of the watershed were used for grazing sheep and cattle. After 1900, cattle and sheep grazing were displaced by irrigated agriculture. Drainage ditches and channels were constructed to drain the marshes to “reclaim” the land for agriculture. Today, the drainage ditches and channels still exist in the watershed, which has undergone massive urban growth. Shallow groundwater discharges into these channels and ditches, which then flows as surface water, into Upper Newport Bay a thriving ecological habitat. Surface flows in these channels usually exceed the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) aquatic water quality criterion for selenium (Se) of 3.1 μg/L (lotic) for protection of aquatic life. Selenium in surface flows is caused by groundwater inflows. The highest concentrations of Se in shallow groundwater in the watershed coincide with the marshland area that was displaced by agriculture. Concentrations of Se in shallow groundwater beneath the former marsh area often exceed 25 μg/L and are as high as 478 μg/L. In areas where marshes were absent, concentrations of Se in groundwater are usually less than 25 μg/L. In the marsh, Se accumulated due to chemically reducing conditions in the organic‐rich marshland soils that caused it to precipitate as elemental Se(0) and metal selenides, Se(−II). We hypothesize that the elevated concentrations of Se in groundwater where the marshes once existed are a direct result of the destruction of the marsh. Today, oxidizing groundwater flows through the soils where the marshes once existed, remobilizing Se as selenate, a water soluble and oxidized form of Se(+VI) that is highly mobile in aquifer systems.
Low temperature ferroelectric behavior in morphotropic Pb (Zr1−xTix)O3
Authors: Chapman Jacob B. J. , Gindele Oliver T. , Vecchini Carlo , Thompson Paul , Stewart Mark , Cain Markys G. , Duffy Dorothy M. , Kimmel Anna V. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe provide an insight into the switching of near‐morphotropic composition of PZT, using molecular dynamics simulations and electrical measurements. The simulations and experiments exhibit qualitatively similar hysteretic behavior of the polarization for different temperatures showing widening of the P‐E loops and the decrease in the coercive field toward high temperatures. Remarkably, we have shown that polarization switching at low temperatures occurs via polarization rotation, that is a fundamentally different mechanism from high‐temperature switching, which is nucleation driven.
Emergence of defect fluorite structure in nano‐sized thoria through doping with some divalent transition‐metal ions
Authors: Kumar Manish , Tripathi Vikash Kumar , Nagarajan Rajamani 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWith the objective of incorporating some divalent transition‐metal ions in thoria and to comprehend its effect on the crystal structure, electronic as well as catalytic properties, Ni2+, Cu2+ and Cd2+ substituted thoria samples were synthesized by the epoxide gel method. Of the two concentrations investigated, 10 mol% of Ni2+, Cu2+, and Cd2+ could be substituted retaining the fluorite structure and phase separation into individual oxides was noticed for 15 mol%. The average crystallite size of thoria and 10 mol% substituted samples was 14 nm. Le‐Bail structural refinements of Powder X‐ray diffraction (PXRD) patterns indicated marginal increase in unit cell constant for the Cd2+ substituted sample and a decrease for Ni2+ and Cu2+ substituted samples. In addition to broadening of the band at around 460 cm−1 (F2g vibration of the fluorite), less intense band near 560‐590 cm−1 emerged for all the transition‐metal ion‐containing samples in the Raman spectra implying the formation of oxygen defects. The absorption edge in the UV‐visible spectra moved toward higher wavelength for Cd2+, Ni2+ and Cu2+ containing samples as compared to pure thoria. In addition, d‐d transition was observable for Ni2+ and Cu2+ containing samples. By virtue of these changes in the electronic structure of transition‐metal ion‐containing samples, they were examined as catalysts for the degradation of aqueous Rhodamine‐6G (Rh‐6G) dye solutions under visible radiation.
Interaction of a ceria‐based anode functional layer with a stabilized zirconia electrolyte: Considerations from a materials perspective
Authors: Lenser Christian , Jeong Hyeondeok , Sohn Yoo Jung , Russner Niklas , Guillon Olivier , Menzler Norbert H. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe report on the materials interaction of gadolinium‐doped ceria (GDC) and yttria‐stabilized zirconia (YSZ) in the context of high‐temperature sintering during manufacturing of anode supported solid oxide fuel cells (AS–SOFC). While ceria‐based anodes are expected to show superior electrochemical performance and enhanced sulfur and coking tolerance in comparison to zirconia‐based anodes, we demonstrate that the incorporation of a Ni–GDC anode into an ASC with YSZ electrolyte decreases the performance of the ASC by approximately 50% compared to the standard Ni–YSZ cell. The performance loss is attributed to interdiffusion of ceria and zirconia during cell fabrication, which is investigated using powder mixtures and demonstrated to be more severe in the presence of NiO. We examine the physical properties of a GDC–YSZ mixed phase under reducing conditions in detail regarding ionic and electronic conductivity as well as reducibility, and discuss the expected impact of cation intermixing between anode and electrolyte.
Addressing the Life Cycle of Sewers in Contrasting Cities through an Eco‐Efficiency Approach
Authors: Petit‐Boix Anna , Arnal Carla , Marín Desirée , Josa Alejandro , Gabarrell Xavier , Rieradevall Joan 
Published: September 2017

SummaryEvaluating the sustainability of the urban water cycle is not straightforward, although a variety of methods have been proposed. Given the lack of integrated data about sewers, we applied the eco‐efficiency approach to two case studies located in Spain with contrasting climate, population, and urban and sewer configurations. Our goal was to determine critical variables and life cycle stages and provide results for decision making. We used life cycle assessment and life cycle costing to evaluate their environmental and economic impacts. Results showed that both cities have a similar profile, albeit their contrasting features, that is, operation and maintenance, was the main environmental issue (50% to 70% of the impacts) and pipe installation registered the greatest economic capital expenditure (70% to 75%) due to labor. The location of the wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) is an essential factor in our analysis mainly due to the topography effects (e.g., the annual pump energy was 13 times greater in Calafell). Using the eco‐efficiency portfolio, we observed that sewers might be less eco‐efficient than WWTPs and that we need to envision their design in the context of an integrated WWTP‐sewer management to improve sewer performance. In terms of methodological approach, the bidimensional nature of eco‐efficiency enables the benchmarking of product systems and might be more easily interpreted by the general public. However, there are still some constraints that should be addressed to improve communication, such as the selection of indicators discussed in the article.
A Retrospective Cohort Study of the Cumulative Survival Rate of Obturator Prostheses for Marsupialization
Authors: Murakami Mamoru , Nishi Yasuhiro , Nishio Misaki , Minemoto Yoko , Shimizu Takaharu , Nishimura Masahiro 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeAfter marsupialization of benign tumors and jawbone cysts, insertion of an obturator prosthesis maintains the surgical opening and improves hygiene. To date, there have been no reports clarifying the relationship between the obturator design and treatment outcomes. The purpose of this study was to examine the survival rate of three types of obturator, and to investigate the factors that expedite the removal of the obturator.Materials and MethodsThe subject group comprised 100 patients who had an obturator inserted after marsupialization at Kagoshima University Hospital between May 31, 2012 and March 31, 2015; 73 patients with lesions in the mandible were eligible. Three types of mandibular obturator were designed and inserted, considering the teeth missing, the anteroposterior position of the lesion, and the buccolingual direction of marsupialization. The endpoint of this study was defined as the removal of the obturator. The analyzed predictor values for the endpoint were age, gender, remaining teeth, nature of primary disease, anteroposterior location of primary disease, buccolingual direction of marsupialization, type of obturator, and dates of insertion and removal.ResultsNo significant differences were found in the cumulative survival rate among the three types of obturator. Early obturator removal was more frequent in patients with cysts, anterior lesions, and/or marsupialization from the occlusal directionConclusionsBecause obturator design had minimal effect on the ability of the appliance to maintain the surgical opening, it is preferable to use the least invasive design. Our findings also suggest that the follow‐up examination should account for the type of primary disease, the anteroposterior location of the lesion, and the buccolingual direction of marsupialization.