bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phytochemical and antibacterial properties of <i>Diodia scandens</i> and <i>Phyllanthus amarus</i> on staphylococci isolated from patients in tertiary hospitals in Nigeria
Authors: Ojo Stephen K.S. , Esumeh Frederick I. , Osanyinlusi Samuel A. , Jeje Temitope O. 
Published: July 2017

Background: The rapidly growing use of herbal drugs or supplements in complementary and alternative medicine as substitute for orthodox medicine both in developed and developing countries is fast gaining ground.Aim: This study evaluated both qualitative and quantitative phytochemical constituents of Diodia scandens and Phyllanthus amarus vis-à-vis their synergistic effects on clinically isolated staphylococci.Methods: A total of 200 wounds and burns samples were obtained from patients in the accident and emergency unit of different tertiary hospitals. Staphylococci were isolated and characterised using standard microbiological procedures. Whole plants of D. scandens and P. amarus were Soxhlet extracted with absolute ethanol. The phytochemical analysis was carried out using standard methods. Also, the minimum inhibitory concentration and bactericidal effect of the combined extracts were determined.Results: The phytochemicals present in D. scandens include saponin (6.58%), tannin (2.27 mg/100g), alkaloids (10.53%) and phytin phosphorus (1.80 mg/g), while phytochemicals in P. amarus include saponin (9.99%), tannin (5.82 mg/100g), alkaloids (9.67%) and phytin phosphorus (2.44 mg/g), revealing their antibacterial properties and phytonutrients. The combination study showed that a synergistic effect exists between the two plants on the isolates tested compared with individual extracts alone at the concentrations used.Conclusion: It is noteworthy that the traditional use of these plants was not only confirmed but the combination of D. scandens and P. amarus also proved more effective as antibacterial agent compared with a previous study on the same plants using single determination.
An investigation into the future of discretionary trusts in South Africa: An income tax perspective: Part 2
Authors: Brink Sophia M. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Trusts have long been used as an estate planning mechanism, including the avoidance of estate duty and donations tax. In the 2016 National Budget the Minister of Finance indicated that Government was proposing several legislative measures during 2016/2017 to prevent individuals from using a trust to avoid estate duty (and donations tax to a certain extent). Unexpectedly, the 2016 draft Taxation Laws Amendment Bill and the final Amendment Bill did not give effect to any of these proposals, but introduced other less drastic measures to control the abuse of trusts for tax purposes, albeit with the same stated purpose.Aim: The main aim of the study was to clarify the reform proposals (albeit unclear and consequently based on certain assumptions) and to compare the reform proposals with the final amendments. This comparison will shed some light on the fairness and appropriateness of the final amendments and, more importantly, on the possibility that the reform proposals published by National Treasury in February 2016 not included in the final amendments will be enacted in the future. This investigation will assist tax practitioners and taxpayers in effective tax and estate planning, given that the reform proposals and final amendments have a possible impact on the future of discretionary trusts in South Africa.Setting: This article examines existing literature in a South African income tax environment.Methods: In order to meet this objective a qualitative approach based on a literature study of pure theoretical aspects was used.Results and conclusion: It was found that should the reform proposals become law, many trusts would become ineffective from a tax-planning perspective and these changes might erode other benefits trusts offer, jeopardising the future of discretionary trusts in South Africa.
Effects of Rapid Maxillary Expansion on Head Posture, Postural Stability, and Fall Risk
Authors: Celebi Fatih , Hologlu Feyza , Akbulut Sibel , Bicakci Ali Altug 
Published: July 2017

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on head posture, postural stability, and fall risk.

Materials and Methods
A sample of 51 adolescent patients was randomly divided into two groups. In the first group, which consisted of 28 patients (15 females and 13 males), RME was performed as a part of routine orthodontic treatment. The remaining 23 individuals (12 females and 11 males) served as the control group. Lateral cephalometric radiographs taken in natural head position, postural stability, and fall risk scores were obtained during the first visit. They were repeated on average 3.8 months and 3.5 months later for the study and control groups, respectively. The changes were analyzed using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, paired samples t-test, Mann–Whitney U-test, and independent samples t-test.

Results
As a result of RME, a statistically significant decrease was detected in the fall risk score (P < 0.05) in the study group, while the head position and postural stability remained unchanged. For the control group, no significant changes were observed in all measurements.

Conclusions
The result of the present study suggests that RME has a capacity of improving fall risk.
Local Dimensions of Measures of Finite Type II: Measures Without Full Support and With Non-regular Probabilities
Authors: Hare Kathryn E. , Hare Kevin G. , Shing Ng Michael Ka 
Published: July 2017

AbstractConsider a finite sequence of linear contractions Sj(x) = px + dj and probabilities pj > 0 with ∑Pj = 1. We are interested in the self-similar measure , of finite type. In this paper we study the multi-fractal analysis of such measures, extending the theory to measures arising from non-regular probabilities and whose support is not necessarily an interval.Under some mild technical assumptions, we prove that there exists a subset of supp μ of full μ and Hausdorff measure, called the truly essential class, for which the set of (upper or lower) local dimensions is a closed interval. Within the truly essential class we show that there exists a point with local dimension exactly equal to the dimension of the support. We give an example where the set of local dimensions is a two element set, with all the elements of the truly essential class giving the same local dimension. We give general criteria for these measures to be absolutely continuous with respect to the associated Hausdorff measure of their support, and we show that the dimension of the support can be computed using only information about the essential class.To conclude, we present a detailed study of three examples. First, we show that the set of local dimensions of the biased Bernoulli convolution with contraction ratio the inverse of a simple Pisot number always admits an isolated point. We give a precise description of the essential class of a generalized Cantor set of finite type, and show that the k-th convolution of the associated Cantor measure has local dimension at x ∊ (0,1) tending to 1 as ft: tends to infinity. Lastly, we show that within a maximal loop class that is not truly essential, the set of upper local dimensions need not be an interval. This is in contrast to the case for finite type measures with regular probabilities and full interval support.
Infrared Thermography: Not a Valid Method to Track Changes in Core Temperature in Exercising Athletes
Authors: Moorman Claude T , Boggess Blake , Stafford Harry , Berkoff David J 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT

Purpose:
Field measurement of core temperature typically requires rectal or other invasive, expensive core temperature methods. Infrared (IR) thermography uses a handheld camera to measure surface temperature at discrete locations. We attempted to validate IR thermography against core-temperature capsules for the tracking of core-temperature changes at rest, during exercise, and recovery.

Hypothesis:
Infrared thermography is a noninvasive method to follow changes in core temperature during exercise.

Materials and methods:
Twelve athletes swallowed an ingestible core-temperature (CorTemp) capsule 1-hour prior to exercise. Athletes refrained from drinking for 2 hours prior to or during the study. Temperatures were obtained using both the CorTemp capsule and IR thermography at 10-minute intervals for 30 minutes before exercise, during 30 minutes of moderate intensity aerobic exercise, and for 30 minutes of recovery. The temperatures were then averaged for each segment of data collection.

Study design:
Prospective descriptive study.

Results:
Infrared thermography results (rest = 34.7°C C 0.49, exercise = 34.1°C ± 0.77, recovery = 34.6°C ± 0.46) were significantly lower than with the CorTemp capsules (rest = 37°C ± 0.55, exercise = 38.6°C ± 0.47, recovery = 37.7°C ± 0.47) throughout the data collection period. There were no significant correlations between the two measurement methods (rest = 0.22, exercise = 0.07, recovery = 0.59; all p > 0.05).

Conclusion:
Infrared thermography is not a valid method to track core-temperature changes during exercise. In addition to IR thermography readings being consistently lower, temperature changes before, during, and after exercise showed wide and inconsistent variability.
Boggess BR, Stafford H, Moorman CT III, Berkoff DJ. Infrared Thermography: Not a Valid Method to Track Changes in Core Temperature in Exercising Athletes. The Duke Orthop J 2017;7(1):46-50.
Stability of Ankle Fracture–dislocations following Successful Closed Reduction
Authors: Zura Robert D , Matson Andrew P , Green Cynthia L , Hurwitz Shepard R 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Introduction
Following successful closed reduction, the ideal timing of operative fixation for ankle fracture–dislocations is not well understood. We sought to describe the rate at which initial reduction is lost between the Emergency Department (ED) and clinic visits, and to identify factors associated with loss of reduction.

Materials and methods
We identified 30 patients with isolated, closed ankle fracture–dislocations that were successfully reduced and splinted in the ED prior to operative intervention. The maintenance of reduction at follow-up clinic visit was defined as a success, and loss of reduction was defined as a failure.

Results
There were 17 (57%) successes and 13 (43%) failures. When the ratio of posterior malleolus (PM) fracture fragment size to complete articular surface was >0.1, rate of failure was 65% compared with 18% when the ratio was ≤0.1 (p = 0.016).

Conclusion
Ankle fracture–dislocations with a larger PM fracture fragment size may warrant consideration of earlier operative intervention.

Level of evidence
IV, Case Series.
Matson AP, Green CL, Hurwitz SR, Zura RD. Stability of Ankle Fracture–dislocations following Successful Closed Reduction. The Duke Orthop J 2017;7(1):58-63.
Observed trends in ground-level O3 in Monterrey, Mexico, during 1993–2014: comparison with Mexico City and Guadalajara
Authors: Hernández Paniagua Iván Y. , Clemitshaw Kevin C. , Mendoza Alberto 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. Here, we present an assessment of long-term trends in O3 and odd oxygen (O3 + NO2) at the industrial Monterrey metropolitan area (MMA) in NE Mexico. Diurnal amplitudes in Ox (AVd) are used as a proxy for net O3 production, which is influenced by the NO2 photolysis rate. No significant differences in the AVd are observed between weekends and weekdays, although the largest AVd values are observed at sites downwind of industrial areas. The highest O3 mixing ratios are observed in spring, with minimum values in winter. The largest annual variations in O3 are typically observed downwind of the MMA, with the lowest variations generally recorded in highly populated areas and close to industrial areas. A wind sector analysis of mixing ratios of O3 precursors revealed that the dominant sources of emissions are located in the industrial regions within the MMA and surrounding area. Significant increasing trends in O3 in spring, summer, and autumn are observed depending on site location, with trends in annual averages ranging between 0.19 and 0.33 ppb yr−1. Overall, from 1993 to 2014, within the MMA, O3 has increased at an average rate of 0.22 ppb yr−1 (p < 0. 01), which is in marked contrast with the decline of 1.15 ppb yr−1 (p < 0. 001) observed in the Mexico City metropolitan area (MCMA) for the same period. No clear trend is observed from 1996 to 2014 within the Guadalajara metropolitan area (GMA).
Study and mitigation of calibration factor instabilities in a water vapor Raman lidar
Authors: David Leslie , Bock Olivier , Thom Christian , Bosser Pierre , Pelon Jacques 
Published: July 2017

Abstract. We have investigated calibration variations in the Rameau water vapor Raman lidar. This lidar system was developed by the Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière (IGN) together with the Laboratoire Atmosphères, Milieux, Observations Spatiales (LATMOS). It aims at calibrating Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) measurements for tropospheric wet delays and sounding the water vapor variability in the lower troposphere. The Rameau system demonstrated good capacity in retrieving water vapor mixing ratio (WVMR) profiles accurately in several campaigns. However, systematic short-term and long-term variations in the lidar calibration factor pointed to persistent instabilities. A careful testing of each subsystem independently revealed that these instabilities are mainly induced by mode fluctuations in the optic fiber used to couple the telescope to the detection subsystem and by the spatial nonuniformity of the photomultiplier photocathodes. Laboratory tests that replicate and quantify these instability sources are presented. A redesign of the detection subsystem is presented, which, combined with careful alignment procedures, is shown to significantly reduce the instabilities. Outdoor measurements were performed over a period of 5 months to check the stability of the modified lidar system. The calibration changes in the detection subsystem were monitored with lidar profile measurements using a common nitrogen filter in both Raman channels. A short-term stability of 2–3 % and a long-term drift of 2–3 % per month are demonstrated. Compared to the earlier Development of Methodologies for Water Vapour Measurement (DEMEVAP) campaign, this is a 3-fold improvement in the long-term stability of the detection subsystem. The overall water vapor calibration factors were determined and monitored with capacitive humidity sensor measurements and with GPS zenith wet delay (ZWD) data. The changes in the water vapor calibration factors are shown to be fairly consistent with the changes in the nitrogen calibration factors. The nitrogen calibration results can be used to correct the overall calibration factors without the need for additional water vapor measurements to within 1 % per month.
A case of intestinal Behcet’s disease under Adalimumab
Authors: Dulaney David T. , Juakiem Wassem , Cebe Katherine , Paredes Angelo H. 
Published: July 2017

Behcet’s disease (BD) is a multisystem mucocutaneous inflammatory condition characterized by recurrent genital and oral ulcers, ocular inflammation, and can involve the gastrointestinal tract. Treatment involves the usage of immunosuppressive agents to control the disease with glucocorticoids utilized for treatment of flares. Tumor necrosis factor inhibitors are frequently used to control the disease as well. We present the case of a 40 years old African American female presenting with intestinal BD that was refractory to adalimumab therapy. In conjunction with glucocorticoids, the patient’s intestinal disease was controlled with infliximab therapy. Currently, there have been no studies comparing the efficacy of TNFα inhibitors on the treatment of BD. Future studies are needed to compare the efficacy of TNFα inhibitor agents in the treatment of intestinal manifestations of BD.
Reviewer Acknowledgements
Authors: John Albert 
Published: July 2017

International Journal of Chemistry wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal is greatly appreciated. Many authors, regardless of whether International Journal of Chemistry publishes their work, appreciate the helpful feedback provided by the reviewers.Reviewers for Volume 9, Number 3 Ahmad Galadima, Usmanu Danfodiyo University, NigeriaAhmet Ozan Gezerman, Yildiz Technical University, TurkeyAmer A. Taqa, Mosul University, IraqAsghari Gul, Comsats IIT, PakistanAyodele Temidayo Odularu, University of Fort Hare, South AfricaChanchal Kumar Malik, Vanderbilt University, USADiego Antonio Alonso, Alicante University, SpainFarkhondeh Fathi, University of Toronto, CanadaGreg Peters, University of Findlay, USAJiajue Chai, Brown University, USAJignasu P. Mehta, Bhavnagar University, IndiaJuan Rafael Garcia, Research Institute on Catalysis and Pertrochemistry (INCAPE), ArgentinaK. Ishara Silva, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, USAKallen Mulilo Nalyanya, Egerton University, KenyaLeiming Wang, Konica Minolta Laboratory, USAMeriem Belhachemi, University of Bechar, AlgeriaMonira Nessem Michael, National institute of standards (NIS), EgyptMustafa Oguzhan Kaya, Siirt University, TurkeyPriyanka Singh, University of Iowa, USAR. K. Dey, Birla Institute of Technology (BIT), IndiaRabia Rehman, University of the Punjab, PakistanSaroj Kumar Panda, Research & Development Center, Saudi ArabiaSujan Kumar Sarkar, Ruhr University Bochum, GermanyThirupathi Barla, Harvard University, USAVijay Ramalingam, Columbia University, USAWaseem Hassan, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Brazil Albert JohnOn behalf of,The Editorial Board of International Journal of ChemistryCanadian Center of Science and Education
Reviewer Acknowledgements for Sustainable Agriculture Research, Vol. 6, No. 3
Authors: Lee Joan 
Published: July 2017

Sustainable Agriculture Research wishes to acknowledge the following individuals for their assistance with peer review of manuscripts for this issue. Their help and contributions in maintaining the quality of the journal are greatly appreciated.Sustainable Agriculture Research is recruiting reviewers for the journal. If you are interested in becoming a reviewer, we welcome you to join us. Please find the application form and details at http://www.ccsenet.org/reviewer and e-mail the completed application form to sar@ccsenet.org. Reviewers for Volume 6, Number 3Aftab Alam, United StatesAmi Lokhandwala, USABed Mani Dahal, NepalBenedict Jonathan Kayombo, BotswanaBeye Amadou Moustapha, Cote d'IvoireCristina Bianca Pocol, RomaniaGunnar Bengtsson, SwedenIvo Grgic, CroatiaJiun-Yan Loh, MalaysiaKatarzyna Panasiewicz, PolandManuel Teles Oliveira, PortugalMaren Langhof, GermanyMohammad Valipour, IranMrutyunjay Swain, IndiaRabia Rehman, PakistanSait Engindeniz, TurkeySamuel Obae, United StatesShardendu K Singh, United StatesStefano Marino, ItalySuheb Mohammed, United States
WHAT THE BRICKS TELL US FROM A TEMPLE AT BURKHAN KHALDUN MOUNTAINS: CHRONOLOGICAL INSIGHTS FROM pIRIR LUMINESCENCE
Authors: S Saran , S Tengis , B Tsogtbaatar 
Published: July 2017

The Burkhan Khaldun Mountains (Mongolia) and its surrounding sacred landscape are associated with Genghis Khan’s birth and burial place as described in “The Secret History of the Mongols”. It was listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site on 4 July 2015 under the title «Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and its surrounding sacred landscape.”This study offered a great opportunity to apply the recently developed post-IR infrared luminescence (pIRIR) approach to feldspar using coarse and polymineral fine grain techniques and determine the manufacturing date of a brick sample associated with the ruins of the Buddhist temple at the Burkhan Khaldun Mountains. Furthermore, the mineralogical composition of different blue-grey colored bricks from various temple buildings such as the Buddhist temples in Karakorum, Dugan in Erdene Zuu and Avargyn Balgas were studied. The original place and date of manufacturing of the bricks was revealed using the pIRIR180 and pIRIR240 from coarse and fine grains from a heated feldspar sample and were 1280±40 AD and 1230±50 AD, correspondingly, which falls into the time period of extensive constructions in Karakorum.
A Direção de Arte no Cinema: uma abordagem sistêmica sobre seu processo de criação
Authors: Santos Marcelo Moreira 
Published: July 2017

O presente artigo tem como objetivo entender o papel do Diretor de Arte dentro de uma produção cinematográfica de caráter ficcional. Tendo como fundamento analítico os teóricos dos sistemas Edgar Morin e Jorge Vieira, o texto nos conduz a uma reflexão sobre o processo de co-autoria, fugindo das simplificações e trazendo a complexidade à poética do cinema. O artigo ainda aborda os aspectos antogônicos e contraditórios de duas metodologias de produção: a) de um lado o burocratizado modelo hollywoodiano fordista-taylorista adotado como parâmetro organizacional em produções cinematográficas no começo do século XX pelo cinema de indústria; b) de outro o modelo elitizado e romântico do “cinema de autor” cuja matriz relega apenas ao cineasta a assinatura de um filme; para depois complexificá-los por meio de parâmetros sistêmicos de análise. O artigo termina expondo o caminho evolutivo encontrado no processo de criação vinculado ao Diretor de Arte e qual seu papel na consolidação da poética cinemática de um diretor de cinema. Enviado em: 17 de julho de 2016. Aprovado em: 29 de janeiro de 2017
Maxent-directed field surveys identify new populations of narrowly endemic habitat specialists
Authors: Rhoden Cody M. , Peterman William E. , Taylor Christopher A. 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundRare or narrowly endemic organisms are difficult to monitor and conserve when their total distribution and habitat preferences are incompletely known. One method employed in determining distributions of these organisms is species distribution modeling (SDM).MethodsUsing two species of narrowly endemic burrowing crayfish species as our study organisms, we sought to ground validate Maxent, a commonly used program to conduct SDMs. We used fine scale (30 m) resolution rasters of pertinent habitat variables collected from historical museum records in 2014. We then ground validated the Maxent model in 2015 by randomly and equally sampling the output from the model.ResultsThe Maxent models for both species of crayfish showed positive relationships between predicted relative occurrence rate and crayfish burrow abundance in both a Receiver Operating Characteristic and generalized linear model approach. The ground validation of Maxent led us to new populations and range extensions of both species of crayfish.DiscussionWe conclude that Maxent is a suitable tool for the discovery of new populations of narrowly endemic, rare habitat specialists and our technique may be used for other rare, endemic organisms.