bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Extrinsic Risk Factors on National Football League Injury Rates
Authors: Lawrence David W. , Comper Paul , Hutchison Michael G. 
Published: April 2016

Background: The risk of injury associated with American football is significant, with recent reports indicating that football has one of the highest rates of all-cause injury, including concussion, of all major sports. There are limited studies examining risk factors for injuries in the National Football League (NFL). Purpose: To identify risk factors for NFL concussions and musculoskeletal injuries. Study Design: Case-control study; Level of evidence, 3. Methods: Injury report data were collected prospectively for each week over the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regular seasons for all 32 teams. Poisson regression models were used to identify the relationship between predetermined variables and the risk of the 5 most frequent injuries (knee, ankle, hamstring, shoulder, and concussion). Results: A total of 480 games or 960 team games (TGs) from the 2012-2013 and 2013-2014 regular seasons were included in this study. A trend to an increasing risk of concussion and TG ankle injury with decreasing mean game-day temperature was observed. The risk of TG concussion (incidence rate ratio [IRR], 2.16; 95% CI, 1.35-3.45; P = .001) and TG ankle injury (IRR, 1.48; 95% CI, 1.10-1.98; P = .01) was significantly greater for TGs played at a mean game-day temperature of ≤9.7°C (≤49.5°F) compared with a mean game-day temperature of ≥21.0°C (≥69.8°F). The risk of TG shoulder injury was significantly increased for TGs played on grass surfaces (IRR, 1.36; 95% CI, 1.02-1.81; P = .038) compared with synthetic surfaces. The risk of TG injury was not associated with time in season, altitude, time zone change prior to game, or distance traveled to a game. Conclusion: This study evaluated extrinsic risk factors for injury in the NFL. A hazardous association was identified for risk of concussion and ankle injury with colder game-day temperature. Further research should be conducted to substantiate this relationship and its potential implication for injury prevention initiatives.
An exceptionally preserved Eocene shark and the rise of modern predator–prey interactions in the coral reef food web
Authors: Fanti Federico , Minelli Daniela , Larocca Conte Gabriele , Miyashita Tetsuto 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Background
Following extreme climatic warming events, Eocene Lagerstätten document aquatic and terrestrial vertebrate faunas surprisingly similar to modern counterparts. This transition in marine systems is best documented in the earliest teleost-dominated coral reef assemblage of Pesciara di Bolca, northern Italy, from near the end of the Eocene Climatic Optimum. Its rich fauna shows similarities with that of the modern Great Barrier Reef in niche exploitation by and morphological disparity among teleost primary consumers. However, such paleoecological understanding has not transcended trophic levels above primary consumers, particularly in carcharhiniform sharks.

Results
We report an exceptionally preserved fossil school shark (Galeorhinus cuvieri) from Pesciara di Bolca. In addition to the spectacular preservation of soft tissues, including brain, muscles, and claspers, this male juvenile shark has stomach contents clearly identifiable as a sphyraenid acanthomorph (barracuda). This association provides evidence that a predator–prey relationship between Galeorhinus and Sphyraena in the modern coral reefs has roots in the Eocene. A growth curve of the living species of Galeorhinus fitted to G. cuvieri suggests that all specimens of G. cuvieri from the lagoonal deposits of Bolca represent sexually and somatically immature juveniles.

Conclusion
The modern trophic association between higher-degree consumers (Galeorhinus and Sphyraena) has a counterpart in the Eocene Bolca, just as Bolca and the Great Barrier Reef show parallels among teleost primary consumers. Given the age of Bolca, trophic networks among consumers observed in modern coral reefs arose by the exit from the Climatic Optimum. The biased representation of juveniles suggests that the Bolca Lagerstätte served as a nursery habitat for G. cuvieri. Ultraviolet photography may be useful in probing for exceptional soft tissue preservation before common acid preparation methods.
Alcohol screening for older adults in an acute general hospital: FAST v. MAST-G assessments
Authors: Knightly Rachel , Tadros George , Sharma Juhi , Duffield Peter , Carnall Emma , Fisher Jacqui , Salman Shaza 
Published: April 2016

Aims and methodDocumented prevalence of alcohol misuse among older adult patients at Birmingham Heartlands Hospital is significantly lower than the national prevalence. We aimed to evaluate our alcohol misuse screening protocol for older adults to identify possible shortcomings. Hospital protocol is to screen all adults for alcohol misuse in the accident and emergency (A&E) department using the Fast Alcohol Screening Test (FAST). One hundred consecutive consenting in-patients aged 65–94 admitted via A&E subsequently undertook an additional alcohol screening test (Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric version; MAST-G). Results of the two tests were compared.ResultsFAST screening was completed for 71 patients and none were FAST-positive for alcohol misuse, yet using MAST-G, 18 patients scored positively for alcohol misuse. FAST screening failed to identify 8 patients with a documented history of alcohol misuse.Clinical implicationsOlder adult alcohol misuse prevalence is significantly underreported using FAST. Screening older adults for alcohol problems requires a different approach to screening the general population.
The Prevent programme: an ethical dilemma for teachers as well as psychiatrists
Authors: Reed Stephanie 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe UK government's Prevent programme affects professionals and the people who rely on their services across the public sector, particularly now that workers are legally bound to report their concerns about individuals they believe to be at risk of radicalisation. This article discusses the risks that the strategy presents to the work of teachers and the bonds of trusts between staff and students.
Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxy Vitamin D3 on Endometriosis
Authors: Miyashita Mariko , Koga Kaori , Izumi Gentaro , Sue Fusako , Makabe Tomoko , Taguchi Ayumi , Nagai Miwako , Urata Yoko , Takamura Masashi , Harada Miyuki , Hirata Tetsuya , Hirota Yasushi , Wada-Hiraike Osamu , Fujii Tomoyuki , Osuga Yutaka 
Published: April 2016

AbstractContext:Endometriosis is an estrogen-dependent, chronic inflammatory disease. Recent studies have shown that vitamin D (VD) is an effective modulator of the immune system and plays an important role in controlling many inflammatory diseases.Objective:The objective of the study was to clarify the in vitro effects of 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D3 (1,25[OH]2D3) on human endometriotic stromal cells (ESCs) and to determine the serum levels of VD in endometriosis patients.Design, Patients, and Main Outcome Measures:ESCs were isolated from ovarian endometrioma and cultured with 1,25(OH)2D3. Gene expression of IL-8, cyclooxygenase-2, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-1, microsomal prostaglandin E synthase-2, cytosolic prostaglandin E synthase, 15-hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, and MMP-9 was examined using quantitative RT-PCR. The production of IL-8 and prostaglandin E2 was measured using an ELISA and an enzyme immunoassay. Viable cell number was assessed using a cell-counting assay, and DNA synthesis was assessed using the bromodeoxyuridine incorporation assay. Apoptosis was assessed using flow cytometry. The expression of inhibitory-κBα protein was detected using Western blotting. The serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 and 1,25(OH)2D3 were measured by a RIA.Results:In vitro studies showed that 1,25(OH)2D3 significantly reduced IL-1β- or TNF-α-induced inflammatory responses, such as IL-8 expression and prostaglandin activity. 1,25(OH)2D3 also reduced viable ESC numbers and DNA synthesis but did not affect apoptosis. MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions were reduced by 1,25(OH)2D3. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited nuclear factor-κB activation. The serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D3 levels were significantly lower in women with severe endometriosis than in the controls and women with mild endometriosis. Serum 1,25(OH)2D3 levels were not different between groups.Conclusions:VD modulates inflammation and proliferation in endometriotic cells, and a lower VD status is associated with endometriosis. Taken together, VD supplementation could be a novel therapeutic strategy for managing endometriosis.
2014 Presidential Address: Christian Salvation as Ethno-Ethnohistory: Two Views from 1714
Authors: Burkhart Louise M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Formulating the concept of “ethno-ethnohistory,” Ray Fogelson urged ethnohistorians to seek out indigenous people’s perspectives on their own pasts, which might differ from Western academic modes of representing history. In this article, slightly expanded from my 2014 Presidential Address at the American Society for Ethnohistory’s Indianapolis conference, I examine two indigenous-authored texts from colonial Mexico that adopt a Western discourse—Christian salvation—but appropriate it in such a way that it grants legitimacy to indigenous communities. The genres in question are not conventional modes of historical writing, either indigenous or Western, but in the first case a Roman Catholic catechism adapted into pictorial form and in the second a religious drama linked to Renaissance and baroque European performance traditions. Both genres had been assimilated into indigenous textual practices in the sixteenth century. The authors, Nahua noblemen, counter dominant views of indigenous religiosity by asserting full and competent participation in the Christian order.
QUASISTATIC STRAIN RATES’ EFFECT TO THE PROPERTIES OF ADVANCED STEELS FOR AUTOMOTIVE INDUSTRY
Authors: Evin Emil , Tomáš Miroslav , Výrostek Marek 
Published: April 2016

The paper presents the findings of the strain rate effect, described in constitutive material models by strain rate sensitivity index m, to the strength and deformation material properties. These were evaluated from stress-strain diagrams recorded at tensile test using PC controlled testing machine TiraTEST 2300 according to STN EN ISO 6892-1. The high strength low alloyed steel H220PD, dual phase steel DP 600 and Trip steel RAK 40/70 were investigated at strain rates  = 0.0021, 0.083 and 0.125 s-1. The results indicate major influence of the strain rate to the strength properties while only minor influence have been found when evaluate the deformation properties. The results also shown single phase materials are more sensitive to the strain rate than dual phase materials.
The outcome and prognostic factors in children with bilateral Perthes’ disease
Authors: Wiig O. , Huhnstock S. , Terjesen T. , Pripp A. H. , Svenningsen S. 
Published: April 2016

AimsThe aims of this study were to describe the course of non-operatively managed, bilateral Perthes’ disease, and to determine specific prognostic factors for the radiographic and clinical outcome.Patients and MethodsWe identified 40 children with a mean age of 5.9 years (1.8 to 13.5), who were managed non-operatively for bilateral Perthes’ disease from our prospective, multicentre study of this condition, which included all children in Norway who were diagnosed with Perthes’ disease in the five-year period between 1996 and 2000. All children were followed up for five years. The hips were classified according to the Catterall classification. A modified three-group Stulberg classification was used as an outcome measure, with a spherical femoral head being defined as a good outcome, an oval head as fair, and a flat femoral head as a poor outcome.ResultsConcurrent, simultaneous bilateral Perthes’ disease was seen in 23 children and 17 had the sequential onset of bilateral disease. The mean delay in onset for the second hip in the latter group was 1.9 years (0.3 to 5.5). The five-year radiographic outcome was good in 30 (39%), fair in 25 (33%) and poor in 21 (28%) of the hips. The strongest predictors of poor outcome were > 50% necrosis of the femoral head, with odds ratio (OR) 19.6, and age at diagnosis > 6 years (OR 3.3). Other risk factors for poor outcome were the timing of the onset of disease, where children with the sequential onset of bilateral disease had a higher risk than those with the concurrent onset of bilateral disease (p = 0.021, chi-squared test). Following a diagnosis of Perthes’ disease in one hip, there was a 5% chance of developing it in the contralateral hip.ConclusionThese results imply that we need to distinguish between children with concurrent onset and those with sequential onset of bilateral Perthes’ disease, as the outcomes may be different. This has not been previously described. Children with concurrent onset of bilateral disease had a similar outcome to our previous series of those with unilateral disease, whereas children with sequential onset of bilateral disease had a worse prognosis. The increased risk of developing Perthes’ disease in the contralateral hip in those with unilateral disease is important information for the child and parents. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:569–75.
Amputation in patients with complex regional pain syndrome
Authors: Midbari A. , Suzan E. , Adler T. , Melamed E. , Norman D. , Vulfsons S. , Eisenberg E. 
Published: April 2016

Aims Amputation in intractable cases of complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) remains controversial. The likelihood of recurrent Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), residual and phantom limb pain and persistent disability after amputation is poorly described in the literature. The aims of this study were to compare pain, function, depression and quality of life between patients with intractable CRPS who underwent amputation and those in whom amputation was considered but not performed. s There were 19 patients in each group, with comparable demographic details. The amputated group included 14 men and five women with a mean age of 31 years (sd 12) at the time of CRPS diagnosis. The non-amputated group consisted of 12 men and seven women and their mean age of 36.8 years (sd 8) at CRPS diagnosis. The mean time from CRPS diagnosis to (first) amputation was 5.2 years (sd 4.3) and the mean time from amputation to data collection was 6.6 years (sd 5.8). All participants completed the following questionnaires: Short-Form (SF) 36, Short Form McGill Pain questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Pain Disability Index (PDI), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and a clinical demographic questionnaire. Results The amputation group showed consistently better results compared to the non-amputation group in the following parameters: median pain intensity (VAS): 80 (inter-quartile range (IQR) 13 to 92) vs 91 (IQR 85 to 100); p = 0.007; median SF-MPQ score 28 (IQR 9 to 35) vs 35 (IQR 31 to 38), p = 0.025; median PDI: 42 (IQR 11 to 64) vs 58 (IQR 50 to 62), p = 0.031; median BDI: 19 (IQR 5 to 28) vs 27 (IQR 21 to 32), p = 0.061 (borderline significant) and in six of the eight SF-36 domains. Take home message: Amputation should be considered as a form of treatment for patients with intractable CRPS. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:548–54.
Outcomes of total hip arthroplasty, as a salvage procedure, following failed internal fixation of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck
Authors: Mahmoud S. S. S. , Pearse E. O. , Smith T. O. , Hing C. B. 
Published: April 2016

AimsThe optimal management of intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck in independently mobile patients remains open to debate. Successful fixation obviates the limitations of arthroplasty for this group of patients. However, with fixation failure rates as high as 30%, the outcome of revision surgery to salvage total hip arthroplasty (THA) must be considered. We carried out a systematic review to compare the outcomes of salvage THA and primary THA for intracapsular fractures of the femoral neck.Patients and MethodsWe performed a Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) compliant systematic review, using the PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane libraries databases. A meta-analysis was performed where possible, and a narrative synthesis when a meta-analysis was not possible.ResultsOur analyses revealed a significantly increased risk of complications including deep infection, early dislocation and peri-prosthetic fracture with salvage THA when compared with primary THA for an intracapsular fracture of the femoral neck (overall risk ratio of 3.15). Functional outcomes assessment using EuroQoL (EQ)-5D were not significantly different (p = 0.3).ConclusionSalvage THA carries a significantly higher risk of complications than primary THA for intracapsular fractured neck of femur. Current literature is still lacking well designed studies to provide a full answer to the question. Take home message: Salvage THA is associated with more complications than primary THA for intracapsular neck of femur fractures. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:452–60.
Radiological characteristics of the knee joint in nail patella syndrome
Authors: Tigchelaar S. , Rooy J. de , Hannink G. , Koëter S. , van Kampen A. , Bongers E. 
Published: April 2016

Aim Nail patella syndrome (NPS) is a skeletal dysplasia with patellofemoral dysfunction as a key symptom. We present the first in-depth radiological evaluation of the knee in a large series of NPS patients and describe the typical malformations. Patients and Methods Conventional radiological examination of 95 skeletally mature patients with NPS was performed. Patellar morphology was classified according to the Wiberg classification as modified by Baumgartl and Ficat criteria, and trochlear shape was classified according to the Dejour classification. Results Patellar aplasia was present in 4/90 (4%), and patellar hypoplasia in 77/90 (86%) of patients. The prevailing patellar shapes were type III, type IV and Hunter’s cap. No patellar shape genotype-phenotype association could be found. The malformations of the distal femur comprised shortening of the lateral femoral condyle in 46 out of 84 patients (55%), with a prominent anterior surface of the lateral femoral condyle in 47 out of 84 patients (56%) and a flat anterior surface of the medial femoral condyle in 78 out of 85 patients (92%). The trochlea was type A1 according to the Dejour classification in 79 out of 85 patients (93%). Conclusion An easily recognisable characteristic quartet of malformations consisting of patellar aplasiaor hypoplasia and the malformations of the distal femur was found in 22 out of 81 patients (27%), with the majority displaying at least three malformations. Take home message: The distinct malformations of the knee in nail patella syndrome are easily recognisable on conventional radiographs and lead to the correct interpretation of the aberrant morphology which is essential in the treatment of these patellofemoral disorders. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:483–9.
Induced membrane technique for the treatment of bone defects due to post-traumatic osteomyelitis
Authors: Wang X. , Luo F. , Huang K. , Xie Z. 
Published: April 2016

Objectives Induced membrane technique is a relatively new technique in the reconstruction of large bone defects. It involves the implantation of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) cement in the bone defects to induce the formation of membranes after radical debridement and reconstruction of bone defects using an autologous cancellous bone graft in a span of four to eight weeks. The purpose of this study was to explore the clinical outcomes of the induced membrane technique for the treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis in 32 patients. Methods A total of 32 cases of post-traumatic osteomyelitis were admitted to our department between August 2011 and October 2012. This retrospective study included 22 men and ten women, with a mean age of 40 years (19 to 70). Within this group there were 20 tibias and 12 femurs with a mean defect of 5 cm (1.5 to 12.5). Antibiotic-loaded PMMA cement was inserted into the defects after radical debridement. After approximately eight weeks, the defects were implanted with bone graft. Results The patients were followed for 27.5 months (24 to 32). Radiographic bone union occurred at six months for 26 cases (81%) and clinical healing occurred in 29 cases (90%) at ten months. A total of six cases had a second debridement before bone grafting because of recurrence of infection and one patient required a third debridement. No cases of osteomyelitis had recurred at the time of the last follow-up visit. Conclusion The induced membrane technique for the treatment of post-traumatic osteomyelitis is a simple, reliable method, with good early results. However, there are many challenges in determining the scope of the debridement, type of limb fixation and source of bone graft to be used. Cite this article: Dr Z. Xie. Induced membrane technique for the treatment of bone defects due to post-traumatic osteomyelitis. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:101–105. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.53.2000487.
Ethno-medicinal plants used for herbal medication of jaundice by the indigenous community of Tripura, India
Authors: DEB DIPANKAR , DATTA B.K. , DEBBARMA JABA , DEB SOURABH 
Published: April 2016

Deb D, Datta BK, Debbarma J, Deb S. 2016. Ethno-medicinal plants used for herbal medication of jaundice by the indigenous community of Tripura, India. Biodiversitas 17: 256-269. The immemorial association of medicinal plants is highlighted inÂ various utilization pattern by different indigenous community. An investigation was done for less known ethno-medicinal plants usedÂ for jaundice as well as some other ailments by the indigenous community of Tripura, Northeast India. The traditional utilization ofÂ plants for treatment of jaundice by the indigenous communities is not so well studied in the land locked hilly part of the country. TimelyÂ ethnobotanical survey was undertaken with the knowledge of the species mainly used for curing jaundice. Necessary specimens wereÂ collected and cross-checked with the existing literatures. A total of 50 ethno-medicinal plant species belonging to 37 families wereÂ documented used for the treatment of jaundice (5 plant species with an additional ingredient of 5 species) and other diseases. MainlyÂ leaves and roots were preferred to prepare decoction, pills and paste etc. Most of the plant species are sources of different chemical constituents which further contribute in formulating drug for common use. The active biochemical compounds are investigated by thorough literature survey. There is need for further critical phytochemical analysis and investigation of new valid drugs. Immediate documentation of such valuable knowledge is necessary as we are gradually missing many precious traditional herbal formulations with increasing impacts of modernization.