bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of exogenous porcine somatotropin administration on nitrogen and energy metabolism in three genotypes of pigs
Authors: Verstegen M. W. , van der Hel W. , Henken A. M. , Huisman J. , Kanis E. , van der Wal P. , van Weerden E. J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Effects of exogenous administration of porcine recombinant somatotropin (rpST) on protein gain and metabolic rate were measured in three genotypes (castrated males) of pigs (Pietrain, Duroc and a crossbreed between Dutch Yorkshire and Dutch Landrace). Six pigs of each genotype were assigned at approximately 60 kg to receive pST doses of either 0 (C) or 14 mg (T) administered i.m. twice weekly over 10 wk. Pigs were housed in individual metabolism cages at a room temperature of 20 to 22 ° C and received feed at 2.6 times maintenance. Protein gain (N × 6.25) was measured over the final 6 wk of the 10-wk test period. For 2 wk in the test period (wk 2 and wk 5), six pigs of each treatment × genotype group were placed in a large respiration chamber and energy balances (in protein and fat) and metabolic rate were measured. Rate of weight gain measured over the final 6 wk of the experimental period increased by 105 g/d (13%) with rpST administration (P < .01). Daily protein gain over 6 wk was increased by 48 g/animal with application of rpST (P < .001). There was a genotype × treatment interaction (P < .01) for protein gain. Daily protein gain in Durocs with pST treatment was increased (39%) more than in crossbreds (31%). Daily fat gain was decreased by 42 g/animal (P< .001) by T. Daily heat production with rpST was increased by 12 kcal/kg.75, which is comparable to a 12% increase in the maintenance energy requirement.
THE ILLINOIS SPRING BARROW SHOW: CARCASS TRENDS FROM 1968 TO 1989 AND USE OF CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS TO PREDICT DRESSING PERCENTAGE
Authors: McLaren D. G. , McKeith F. K. , Carr T. R. , Novakofski J. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Illinois Spring Barrow Show, a large annual carcass show of performance-tested pigs, may provide an indication of phenotypic trends in the pork industry over time. Objectives of this study were 1) to investigate time trends in live and carcass weights (LWT, CWT), dressing percentage (DP), length (LEN), loin muscle area (LEA), backfat (BF), muscle color, firmness and marbling (C,F,M) scores, estimated fat-standardized lean yield (FSL), FSL/d of age (LDOA) and FSL/d on test (LDOT) and 2) to assess use of carcass characteristics to predict DP. Data on 5,983 barrows exhibited between 1968 and 1989 were analyzed. Linear regressions expressed as change/yr (1977 to 1989, all P < .001) were .56 kg (LWT), .53 kg (CWT), .11 % (DP), .50 mm (10th rib BF), −49 g (wt-adj. FSL), 2.0 g (wt-adj. LDOA, 1977 to 1983) and −2.2 g (wt-adj. LDOT, 1984 to 1989). There were only small changes in LEN, C, F and M. Between 1968 and 1976, LEA increased .42 cm2/yr, then decreased .23 cm2/yr until 1984, increased .34 cm2/yr to 1988 and fell 1.2 cm2 in 1989 (all P < .001). Models including year, breed and their interaction (YB), ± linear and quadratic regressions on LWT, CWT, 10th rib BF, LEA and LEN, were used to assess the amount of variability in DP that could be accounted for by these carcass measures. R2 values (model effects in parentheses) were .16 (YB ± LWT), .28 (YB + CWT ± BF ± LEA) and .31 (YB + CWT + LEN ± [BF + LEA]). In conclusion, performance tested carcass show barrows have become heavier and fatter over time. Lean growth rate has decreased over the past 5 yr. Tenth rib fat and loin muscle area had no value as predictors of dressing percentage. Dressing percentage was not useful as a predictor of lean growth rate or lean yield.
Physiological relationships between microbiological status and dietary copper levels in the pig
Authors: Shurson G. C. , Ku P. K. , Waxler G. L. , Yokoyama M. T. , Miller E. R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Ten germ-free pigs and 10 conventionally reared pigs were fed one of two nutritionally balanced diets containing either 16 ppm Cu (basal) or 283 ppm Cu (high-Cu) to evaluate the physiological relationships between Cu and microbiological environment. Germ-free pigs tended to have higher ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI) than conventionally reared pigs. Feeding the high-Cu diet tended to reduce ADG and ADFI in germ-free pigs but it increased ADG and ADFI in conventionally reared pigs. Hemoglobin and hematocrit were higher in germ-free pigs than in conventionally reared pigs (P < .001), and hematocrit (P < .01) and erythrocyte count (P < .06) were reduced by feeding the high-Cu diet. Germ-free pigs had lower total leukocyte count (P < .01) and the relative percentages of differentiated leukocytes were altered compared with conventionally reared pigs. Feeding the high-Cu diet increased the percentage of band neutrophils and monocytes in germ-free pigs but reduced the percentage of these cells in conventionally reared pigs (P < .04). Germ-free pigs had higher concentrations of Cu and Zn in liver and plasma (P < .001) and greater plasma ceruloplasmin oxidase activity (P < .001) than conventionally reared pigs did. The high-Cu diet increased liver Cu and Zn (P < .001) and plasma Cu (P < .001) and reduced liver and plasma Fe (P < .05). Organ weights (g/kg BW) differed between germ-free and conventionally reared pigs, and feeding the high-Cu diet reduced thymus weights (P < .002). Intestinal weight and thickness were reduced in germ-free pigs, and feeding the high-Cu diet generally reduced villus height and width and crypt depth in germ-free pigs, whereas it increased these measurements in conventionally reared pigs.
Estradiol feedback inhibition of luteinizing hormone concentrations in the anestrous sow2
Authors: Almond G. W. , Dial G. D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The suppressive effects of exogenous 17 β-estradiol (E2) on LH concentrations in sows that remained anestrus following weaning and in those that returned to estrus were evaluated. Four anestrous and four cyclic sows were treated subcutaneously with silastic implants containing E2 at 13 d after ovariectomy (d 0). Three anestrous and six cyclic sows received silastic implants without E2. Blood was collected at 6-h intervals from d -1 to d 12 and at 15-min intervals for 8 h on d −1, 2, 7 and 12. Sows were treated with 1 µg GnRH/kg BW at the completion of each 8-h frequent sampling period. Blood was collected at intervals of 10 to 30 min for 3 h after GnRH treatment. Concentrations of E2 remained less than 5 pg/ml in sham-treated sows and were between 20 and 25 pg/ml in E2-treated females. Pulsatile LH concentrations was similar between anestrous and cyclic sows prior to implant treatment. Sham-treated anestrous sows had greater (P < .05) pulse frequency and mean LH concentrations than E2-treated anestrous sows on d 2, 7 and 12. Differences in pulsatile LH concentrations between E2-treated and sham-treated cyclic sows were not detected. Pulse frequency was less (P < .05) in E2-treated anestrous sows than in E2-treated cyclic sows on d 7 and 12. Peak LH concentrations were greater (P < .05) in E2-treated cyclic sows than in E2-treated anestrous sows at each GnRH challenge. These results suggest that the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis is more sensitive to the negative feedback effects of E2 in anestrous sows than in cyclic sows. In addition, chronic E2 treatment reduces pituitary responsiveness to GnRH to a greater extent in anestrous than in cyclic sows. Failure to return to estrus in swine may be due, at least in part, to an increased sensitivity of the hypothalamo-hypophyseal axis to the negative feedback effect of estradiol.
Effects of nutrition, sex of calf and breed type on response to zeranol: preweaning growth
Authors: Woods B. L. , Bradley N. W. , Schillo K. K. , Lowry S. R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of breed, sex and plane of nutrition on the growth response to zeranol in Angus and crossbred calves prior to weaning. Eighty-eight heifers and 118 steers received either a high or low plane of nutrition using a first and last grazing technique. Half of the calves in each nutrition group received a zeranol implant (36 mg) at an average age of 3.4 mo. Both zeranol and the higher level of nutrition increased (P < .001) growth rate prior to weaning (7.4 mo of age). Zeranol did not affect hip height at weaning (P > .1), but calves on the higher plane of nutrition were taller (P < .01) than calves on the lower plane of nutrition. The zeranol × nutrition interaction was not significant (P > .1) for growth rate or hip height. Steers grew faster (P < .01) preweaning and were taller (P < .01) at weaning than heifers. Crossbred calves gained more rapidly (P < .001) preweaning and were taller (P < .001) at weaning than Angus calves were. Neither sex nor breed interacted with zeranol to influence any of the traits examined. Based on these results we conclude that preweaning growth was affected by zeranol and this effect was consistent across sexes, breeds and planes of nutrition tested.
Selection line × diet interactions for two lines of pigs fed 12 or 24% protein diets1
Authors: Bereskin B. , Steele N. C. , Mitchell A. D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
An experiment with crossbred swine was conducted over six generations of selection based on an index (Index) of average daily gain in weight (ADG) in a test period from 56 d of age to 91 kg gross weight and average backfat thickness (ABF) measured from ultrasonic scans at 91 kg. Test pigs of the high protein select (HS) and control (HC) lines were fed a 24% crude protein (CP) diet and pigs of the low protein select (LS) and control (LC) lines were fed a 12% CP diet during the test period. The extent of genetic (selection line) × environmental (dietary) interaction effects was determined based on feeding closely related boars and gilts from both the HS and LS lines on both diets. Tests were conducted in 1986 and 1987 with progeny of the fifth and sixth generations of selection. Records for 472 pigs sired by 37 boars and out of 101 dams were analyzed for effects of selection and diets on AGE of pig at 91 kg, ADG, ABF, LMA (longissimus muscle area at the last rib) and Index. Statistically significant interactions effects of line × diet were noted (P < .01) for AGE, ADG and Index, traits with low to moderate heritabilities (h2). For ABF and LMA, body composition traits with moderate or higher h2, interaction effects of line × diet were near zero. These results suggest that for best all-around future performance, traits such as AGE and ADG, selection probably should be practiced under dietary conditions under which future populations will be produced. For body composition traits such as ABF and LMA, selection probably would be more effective if pigs were fed a more enriched protein diet. However, as a practical matter, to more rapidly improve the genetic merit of the swine population, both the central station and on-the-farm testing programs should be conducted under standard commercial production systems.
SUBMILLIMETER H2O MEGAMASERS IN NGC 4945 AND THE CIRCINUS GALAXY
Authors: Pesce D. W. , Braatz J. A. , Impellizzeri C. M. V. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present 321 GHz observations of five active galactic nuclei (AGNs) from ALMA Cycle 0 archival data: NGC 5793, NGC 1068, NGC 1386, NGC 4945, and the Circinus galaxy. Submillimeter maser emission is detected for the first time toward NGC 4945, and we present a new analysis of the submillimeter maser system in Circinus. None of the other three galaxies show maser emission, although we have detected and imaged the continuum from every galaxy. Both NGC 4945 and Circinus are known to host strong (≳10 Jy) 22 GHz megamaser emission, and VLBI observations have shown that the masers reside in the innermost ∼1 pc of the galaxies. The peak flux densities of the 321 GHz masers in both systems are substantially weaker (by a factor of ∼100) than what is observed at 22 GHz, although the corresponding isotropic luminosities are more closely matched (within a factor of ∼10) between the two transitions. We compare the submillimeter spectra presented here to the known 22 GHz spectra in both galaxies, and we argue that while both transitions originate from the gaseous environment near the AGNs, not all sites are in common. In Circinus, the spectral structure of the 321 GHz masers indicates that they may trace the accretion disk at radii interior to the 22 GHz masers. The continuum emission in NGC 4945 and NGC 5793 shows a spatial distribution indicative of an origin in the galactic disks (likely thermal dust emission), while for the other three galaxies the emission is centrally concentrated and likely originates from the nucleus.
GRB/GW ASSOCIATION: LONG–SHORT GRB CANDIDATES, TIME LAG, MEASURING GRAVITATIONAL WAVE VELOCITY, AND TESTING EINSTEIN’S EQUIVALENCE PRINCIPLE
Authors: Li (李翔) Xiang , Hu (胡一鸣) Yi-Ming , Fan (范一中) Yi-Zhong , Wei (韦大明) Da-Ming 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Short-duration gamma-ray bursts (SGRBs) are widely believed to be powered by the mergers of compact binaries, such as binary neutron stars or possibly neutron star–black hole binaries. Though the prospect of detecting SGRBs with gravitational wave (GW) signals by the advanced Laser Interferometer Gravitational-Wave Observatory (LIGO)/VIRGO network is promising, no known SGRB has been found within the expected advanced LIGO/VIRGO sensitivity range for binary neutron star systems. We find, however, that the two long–short GRBs (GRB 060505 and GRB 060614) may be within the horizon of advanced GW detectors. In the upcoming era of GW astronomy, the merger origin of some long–short GRBs, as favored by the macronova signature displayed in GRB 060614, can be unambiguously tested. The model-dependent time lags between the merger and the onset of the prompt emission of the GRB are estimated. The comparison of such time lags between model predictions and the real data expected in the era of the GW astronomy would be helpful in revealing the physical processes taking place at the central engine (including the launch of the relativistic outflow, the emergence of the outflow from the dense material ejected during the merger, and the radiation of gamma rays). We also show that the speed of GWs, with or without a simultaneous test of Einstein’s equivalence principle, can be directly measured to an accuracy of

or even better in the advanced LIGO/VIRGO era.
GALAXY CANDIDATES AT z ∼ 10 IN ARCHIVAL DATA FROM THE BRIGHTEST OF REIONIZING GALAXIES (BORG[z8]) SURVEY
Authors: Bernard S. R. , Carrasco D. , Trenti M. , Oesch P. A. , Wu J. F. , Bradley L. D. , Schmidt K. B. , Bouwens R. J. , Calvi V. , Mason C. A. , Stiavelli M. , Treu T. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The Wide Field Camera 3 (WFC3) on the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) enabled the search for the first galaxies observed at z ∼ 8–11 (500–700 Myr after the Big Bang). To continue quantifying the number density of the most luminous galaxies (M

AB
∼ −22.0) at the earliest epoch observable with HST, we search for z ∼ 10 galaxies (F125W-dropouts) in archival data from the Brightest of Reionizing Galaxies (BoRG[z8]) survey, originally designed for detection of z ∼ 8 galaxies (F098M-dropouts). By focusing on the deepest 293 arcmin2 of the data along 62 independent lines of sight, we identify six z ∼ 10 candidates satisfying the color selection criteria, detected at S/N > 8 in F160W with M

AB
= −22.8 to −21.1 if at z = 10. Three of the six sources, including the two brightest, are in a single WFC3 pointing (∼4 arcmin2), suggestive of significant clustering, which is expected from bright galaxies at z ∼ 10. However, the two brightest galaxies are too extended to be likely at z ∼ 10, and one additional source is unresolved and possibly a brown dwarf. The remaining three candidates have m

AB
∼ 26, and given the area and completeness of our search, our best estimate is a number density of sources that is marginally higher but consistent at 2σ with searches in legacy fields. Our study highlights that z ∼ 10 searches can yield a small number of candidates, making tailored follow-ups of HST pure-parallel observations viable and effective.
Reversible Femtosecond Laser-Assisted Endokeratophakia Using Cryopreserved Allogeneic Corneal Lenticule
Authors: Sun Yuan , Zhang Ting , Zhou Yuehua , Liu Manli , Zhou Yugui , Yang Xiaonan , Weng Shengbei , To Chi-ho , Liu Quan 
Published: August 2016

PURPOSE:
To evaluate outcomes, reversibility, and wound healing response after the femtosecond laser-assisted endokeratophakia procedure in a rabbit model.

METHODS:
Allogeneic rabbit corneal lenticules were cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen for 3 months. Twenty rabbits underwent the monocular endokeratophakia procedure and were divided into four groups according to the follow-up periods. The first three groups were killed at 3 days, 2 weeks, and 6 months after endokeratophakia, respectively. The rabbits in the fourth group received re-extraction of implanted lenticules at 6 months after endokeratophakia and were killed at 1 month after re-extraction. The rabbits were monitored by slit-lamp microscopy, ultrasonic pachymetry, in vivo confocal microscopy, optical coherence tomography (OCT), Corvis ST tonometry (Oculus Optikgeräte, Wetzlar, Germany), and Ocular Response Analyzer (Reichert Ophthalmic Instruments, Depew, NY). The tissue responses were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy.

RESULTS:
After endokeratophakia, corneal clarity improved continually with time. The changes in the refraction and corneal thickness were stable after implantation and could be reversed after re-extracting the lenticules. The interfaces were clearly visible on confocal microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images over the entire follow-up period. There were significant numbers of TUNEL-positive keratocytes in lenticules after endokeratophakia. CD11b-positive cells and deposition of fibronectin and tenascin were observed at earlier follow-up times. No alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive fibroblasts could be detected. In addition, the corneal biomechanics parameters were not significantly increased after endokeratophakia.

CONCLUSIONS:
The endokeratophakia procedure using allogeneic cryopreserved lenticules was clinically stable and could be reversed. The wound healing response was mild, limited, and produced no scars.

[
J Refract Surg.
2016;32(8):569–576.]
TLR Tolerance as a Treatment for Central Nervous System Autoimmunity
Authors: Anstadt Emily J. , Fujiwara Mai , Wasko Nicholas , Nichols Frank , Clark Robert B. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The role of TLR signaling in multiple sclerosis (MS) and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is unclear. This role is especially controversial in models of adoptive transfer EAE in which no adjuvant and no TLR ligands are administered. We recently reported that a microbiome-derived TLR2 ligand, Lipid 654 (L654), is present in healthy human serum but significantly decreased in the serum of MS patients. This suggested that microbiome products that gain access to the systemic circulation, rather than being proinflammatory, may normally play an immune-regulatory role by maintaining a state of relative TLR tolerance. Therefore, a loss of microbiome-mediated TLR tolerance, as suggested by lower serum levels of L654, may play a role in the pathogenesis of MS. As proof of concept we asked whether administering low-level TLR2 ligands in adoptive transfer EAE induces TLR2 tolerance and attenuates disease. We administered low-level Pam2CSK4 or L654 to mice receiving encephalitogenic cells and in doing so induced both TLR2 tolerance and attenuation of EAE. Disease attenuation was accompanied in the CNS by a decrease in macrophage activation, a decrease in a specific proinflammatory macrophage population, and a decrease in Th17 cells. In addition, disease attenuation was associated with an increase in splenic type 1 regulatory T cells. Kinetic tolerance induction studies revealed a critical period for TLR2 involvement in adoptive transfer EAE. Overall, these results suggest that inducing TLR tolerance may offer a new approach to treating CNS autoimmune diseases such as MS.
GROWTH ESTIMATES FROM RIBONUCLEIC ACID CONTENT IN SOME SMALL ORGANISMS1
Authors: Sutcliffe W. H. 
Published: August 2016

RNA concentrations were determined on whole amphipods (Orchestia platensis) of different sizes and a relationship between RNA and dry weight established by least squares. The smallest (and fastest growing) individuals had ten times the RNA concentration of the largest. Growth rate in the amphipods was estimated by length‐frequencies in a time series and then related to RNA concentration. Growth rate and RNA concentrations were determined on a laboratory population of the brine shrimp Artemia salina. Growth predictions for A. salina made by using the growth‐RNA relation for amphipods were in reasonable agreement with the actual growth. Growth rate of larvae of the mud snail, Nassarius obsoletus, estimated from RNA determinations was consistent with observed values under laboratory conditions.These results indicate that the RNA‐growth relationship might be useful in estimating growth or productivity in other species or in mixed populations of animals.
The accretion of foreland basin sediments during early stages of continental collision in the European Alps and similarities to accretionary wedge tectonics
Authors: Dielforder Armin , Berger Alfons , Herwegh Marco 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present structural observations from foreland basin sediments that were incorporated into the orogenic wedge of the central European Alps during early stages of continental collision. Our analysis focuses on the prograde evolution and considers the full history of the sediments ranging from their deposition in the basin to deep burial and metamorphism at temperatures of ~320°C. The tectonic evolution is matched with constraints on the diagenetic alteration of the sediments. For this purpose, we calculate the temperatures and depths of sediment compaction and illitization as well as the associated fluid liberation. The data set highlights that the tectonic incorporation of the sediments into the orogenic wedge was strongly controlled by their diagenetic state. Earliest deformation took place during imbrication and frontal accretion of unconsolidated and fluid‐saturated sediments. Ductile folding of the sediments occurred already at this stage and was assisted by particulate flow. With the progressive consolidation of the sediments the elastic strength increased, which resulted in an overall embrittlement. This rheological change is recorded by the onset of out‐of‐sequence thrusting, brittle faulting, and the formation of massive quartz‐calcite veins, which took place in the approximate temperature range of the seismogenic zone (i.e., ~150–350°C). Moreover, widespread pressure solution resulted in the formation of a penetrative cleavage and records slow but long‐lasting deformation at low background strain rates. In summary, the prograde tectonic evolution of the frontal Alpine wedge exhibits many similarities with the structural and mechanical evolution of accretionary wedges at active subduction zones.