bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Food as a Weapon: Interview with Andrea Graziosi
Authors: Fusco Idamaria , Quagliarotti Desirée A.L. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The interview with Andrea Graziosi deals with the shocking concept of a ‘political famine’. During human history, famines have not always been a ‘natural’ consequence of a bad harvest, or of a dry period, but have often taken on political overtones. As Graziosi explains, a political famine is ‘the use of hunger in order to achieve political or military aims: to make an enemy surrender, to force someone to do or accept something he does not like, to subjugate or destroy a people’. Therefore, in the first answer Graziosi explains that the political or military use of hunger has been a very common phenomenon throughout the centuries. In the Soviet Union there were severe political famines, for example in 1921–22, in 1931–33 and in 1946–47, as the author says in the second answer; and the same happened in other socialist countries characterised by a ‘planned’ economy. Between them, Graziosi reminds us (in the third answer) of the case of the Chinese famine in 1958–59, which followed Mao’s Great Leap Forward and which has many similarities and differences with Stalin’s political famines. To conclude, in the fourth answer Graziosi comes back to nowadays, dealing with more recent political famines and underling that in our contemporary world we could discover other cases of a political use of hunger. In few words – Graziosi is sure – ‘food will still be used also as a political tool’.
Dark matter in galaxies
Authors: Zasov A V , Saburova A S , Khoperskov A V , Khoperskov S A 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Dark matter in galaxies, its abundance, and its distribution remain a subject of long-standing discussion, especially in view of the fact that neither dark matter particles nor dark matter bodies have yet been found. Experts’ opinions range from ‘a very large number of completely dark galaxies exist’ to ‘nonbaryonic dark matter does not exist at all in any significant amounts’. We discuss astronomical evidence for the existence of dark matter and its connection with visible matter and examine attempts to estimate its mass and distribution in galaxies from photometry, dynamics, gravitational lensing, and other observations (the cosmological aspects of the existence of dark matter are not considered in this review). In our view, the presence of dark matter in and around galaxies is a well-established fact. We conclude with an overview of mechanisms by which a dark halo can influence intragalactic processes.
A drop jumps to weightlessness: a lecture demo
Authors: Mayer V V , Varaksina E I , Saranin V A 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The paper discusses the lecture demonstration of the phenomenon in which a drop lying on a solid unwettable substrate jumps when making the transition to weightlessness. An elementary theory of the phenomenon is given. A jump speed estimate is obtained for small and large drops. The natural vibrational frequency of a flying drop is determined. A full-scale model of Einstein’s elevator is described. Experimental and theoretical results are found to agree satisfactorily.
An unusually elongate endogeic centipede from Sardinia (Chilopoda: Geophilidae)
Authors: Bonato Lucio , Zapparoli Marzio , Drago Leandro , Minelli Alessandro 
Published: September 2016

Endogeophilus ichnusae gen. et sp. nov. (Chilopoda: Geophilidae sensu stricto) is described based on three specimens from two localities in south-western Sardinia, examined by light and scanning electron microscopy. The new centipede resembles the rare Ibero-Pyrenean genus Galliophilus Ribaut & Brolemann, 1927 in some features, especially in the forcipular segment, and the temperate European species Geophilus electricus (Linnaeus, 1758) in other features, especially in the ultimate leg-bearing segment. However, the true affinities of E. ichnusae gen. et sp. nov. are uncertain, because the new species departs significantly from the majority of geophilids for the higher number of legs (91–107 pairs in the specimens examined), the slender trunk segments (the sternites being longer than wide), the relatively stout legs (the tarsus being only about twice as long as wide) and the very short setae (≤ 15 mm) scattered on the body surface. All these features are probably derived and suggest adaptation to a more strictly endogeic habit than other geophilids.
Effect of Intracameral Moxifloxacin (0.5mg) on Morphology and Cell Density of Corneal Endothelium in Phacoemulsification Surgery
Authors: Malik VK , Kapoor Rohit , Malik KPS , Kumar Sanjiv , Jain Charu , Jhalani Rishi 
Published: September 2016

Purpose:
To study the effect of intracameral Moxifloxacin (0.5mg) on morphology and cell density of corneal endothelium in Phacoemulsification.

Methods:
A randomized controlled trial was conducted from December 2011 to January 2013. Sixty eyes of 60 adult patients suffering from senile cataract, planned for phacoemulsification with posterior chamber IOL implantation were randomly divided into two equal groups. In group A, 0.1 ml of 0.5% moxifloxacin (newly opened UNIMS of Brand name Occumox of Sunways india private limited) was injected intracamerally at the end of the surgery. In group B, the control group, the surgery was completed without intracameral injection of moxifloxacin. Patient's preoperative & postoperative specular microscopy was performed. Endothelial cell density, coefficient of variation (CV) in cell area, hexagonality and corneal thickness were measured on third day, seventh day, 3rd week and at sixth week post operatively. Statistical analysis was done by paired t test.

Results:
There was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between changes in endothelial cell count and corneal thickness in either of the groups. The changes in coefficient of variation (CV) in cell area and hexagonality in control group did not show any significant difference from the study group (p > 0.05).

Conclusion:
0.1 ml of 0.5% moxifloxacin (newly opened UNIMS of Brand name Occumox of Sunways india private limited can be safely used for prophylaxis against post-operative infection (endophthalmitis) in cataract surgery.
“Regional Variation of Epidemiological and Microbiological Profile of Microbial Keratitis In India”
Authors: Gupta Aruna Kumari R , Gupta Roopam Kumar R 
Published: September 2016

A cross sectional study of 208 patients was done to find the regional variation of the epidemiological and microbiological profile of patients with suspected microbial keratitis.
Sociodemographic data and risk factors were noted, clinically examination was done and corneal scrapings for stain and cultures were taken.
Maximum patients were between the age group 41-60 years, male patients more than females. Trauma especially due to vegetative matter, in farmers residing in rural part was the most common predisposing factor. Bacterial keratitis was more than fungal keratitis with Staphylococcus aureus being the predominant bacterial and Aspergillus predominant fungal pathogen.
Thus, this difference in microbial etiology for corneal ulceration in different regions of our country should be borne in mind when treating microbial keratitis.
Characterizing relative humidity with respect to ice in midlatitude cirrus clouds as a function of atmospheric state
Authors: Dzambo Andrew M. , Turner David D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMidlatitude cirrus cloud macrophysical and microphysical properties have been shown in previous studies to vary seasonally and in various large‐scale dynamical regimes, but relative humidity with respect to ice (RHI) within cirrus clouds has not been studied extensively in this context. Using a combination of radiosonde and millimeter‐wavelength cloud radar data, we identify 1076 cirrus clouds spanning a 7 year period from 2004 to 2011. These data are separated into five classes using a previously published algorithm that is based largely on synoptic conditions. Using these data and classification scheme, we find that RHI in cirrus clouds varies seasonally. Variations in cirrus cloud RHI exist within the prescribed classifications; however, most of the variations are within the measurement uncertainty. Additionally, with the exception of nonsummer class cirrus, these variations are not statistically significant. We also find that cirrus cloud occurrence is not necessarily correlated with higher observed values of RHI. The structure of RHI in cirrus clouds varies more in thicker clouds, which follows previous studies showing that macrophysical and microphysical variability increases in thicker cirrus clouds.
Slip distribution of the 2014 Mw = 8.1 Pisagua, northern Chile, earthquake sequence estimated from coseismic fore‐arc surface cracks
Authors: Loveless John P. , Scott Chelsea P. , Allmendinger Richard W. , González Gabriel 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe 2014 Mw = 8.1 Iquique (Pisagua), Chile, earthquake sequence ruptured a segment of the Nazca‐South America subduction zone that last hosted a great earthquake in 1877. The sequence opened >3700 surface cracks in the fore arc of decameter‐scale length and millimeter‐to centimeter‐scale aperture. We use the strikes of measured cracks, inferred to be perpendicular to coseismically applied tension, to estimate the slip distribution of the main shock and largest aftershock. The slip estimates are compatible with those based on seismic, geodetic, and tsunami data, indicating that geologic observations can also place quantitative constraints on rupture properties. The earthquake sequence ruptured between two asperities inferred from a regional‐scale distribution of surface cracks, interpreted to represent a modal or most common rupture scenario for the northern Chile subduction zone. We suggest that past events, including the 1877 earthquake, broke the 2014 Pisagua source area together with adjacent sections in a throughgoing rupture.
Deep and abyssal ocean warming from 35 years of repeat hydrography
Authors: Desbruyères Damien G. , Purkey Sarah G. , McDonagh Elaine L. , Johnson Gregory C. , King Brian A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGlobal and regional ocean warming deeper than 2000 m is investigated using 35 years of sustained repeat hydrographic survey data starting in 1981. The global long‐term temperature trend below 2000 m, representing the time period 1991–2010, is equivalent to a mean heat flux of 0.065 ± 0.040 W m−2 applied over the Earth's surface area. The strongest warming rates are found in the abyssal layer (4000–6000 m), which contributes to one third of the total heat uptake with the largest contribution from the Southern and Pacific Oceans. A similar regional pattern is found in the deep layer (2000–4000 m), which explains the remaining two thirds of the total heat uptake yet with larger uncertainties. The global average warming rate did not change within uncertainties pre‐2000 versus post‐2000, whereas ocean average warming rates decreased in the Pacific and Indian Oceans and increased in the Atlantic and Southern Oceans.
The quasi‐biennial oscillation of 2015–2016: Hiccup or death spiral?
Authors: Dunkerton Timothy J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOver the last 9 months, the quasi‐biennial oscillation (QBO) of the equatorial lower stratosphere has deviated significantly from its normal behavior documented since 1953. Historically, the QBO has varied mainly in the duration of individual oscillation phases or, equivalently, the rate of azimuthal propagation in a 2‐D phase space; in contrast, the oscillation in recent months seems to have ceased. Other features such as the magnitude of wind extrema, east‐west phase asymmetry, and seasonal modulation have been fairly regular over all cycles save for the current one and its closest analog in 1960. Our comment on Newman et al. (2016) highlights features of the anomaly noted by them, contrasts this evolution with the standard QBO model, and draws attention to some unusual features of the 2015–2016 El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) warm event.
Interaction of ULF waves with different ion species: Pitch angle and phase space density implications
Authors: Ren Jie , Zong Q. G. , Zhou X. Z. , Rankin R. , Wang Y. F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractULF waves can accelerate/decelerate the charged particles including the ring current ions via drift‐bounce resonance, which play an important role in the dynamics of ring current during storm times. This study compares the different behaviors of oxygen ions (10.5–35.1 keV) and protons (0.3–12.3 keV) which simultaneously interact with Pc5 ULF waves observed by Cluster on 3 June 2003. The ULF waves are identified as the fundamental mode oscillations. Both oxygen ions and protons show periodic energy dispersion and pitch angle dispersion signatures, which satisfy the drift‐bounce resonance condition of N=2. The different behaviors of oxygen ions and protons include (1) the resonant energy of oxygen ions is higher than that of protons due to mass difference; (2) the phase space density (PSD) of oxygen ions show relative variations (3.6–6.3) that are much larger than that of protons (<0.4), which indicates a more efficient energy exchange between oxygen ions and ULF waves; (3) the PSD spectra show that oxygen ions are accelerated, while protons are decelerated, which depend on the radial gradient of their PSD; (4) the pitch angle distributions (PADs) of the oxygen ions and protons show negative slope and bidirectional field‐aligned features, respectively, which is related to the preexisting state of ion PADs before the interaction with the ULF waves. In addition, the resonant ions with peak fluxes tracing back to the magnetic equator are always collocated with the accelerating (westward) electric field, which indicate that the ions are mainly accelerated near the magnetic equator and the electric field intensity of ULF waves peaks there.
An assessment of forward and inverse GIA solutions for Antarctica
Authors: Martín‐Español Alba , King Matt A. , Zammit‐Mangion Andrew , Andrews Stuart B. , Moore Philip , Bamber Jonathan L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this work we assess the most recent estimates of glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) for Antarctica, including those from both forward and inverse methods. The assessment is based on a comparison of the estimated uplift rates with a set of elastic‐corrected GPS vertical velocities. These have been observed from an extensive GPS network and computed using data over the period 2009–2014. We find systematic underestimations of the observed uplift rates in both inverse and forward methods over specific regions of Antarctica characterized by low mantle viscosities and thin lithosphere, such as the northern Antarctic Peninsula and the Amundsen Sea Embayment, where its recent ice discharge history is likely to be playing a role in current GIA. Uplift estimates for regions where many GIA models have traditionally placed their uplift maxima, such as the margins of Filchner‐Ronne and Ross ice shelves, are found to be overestimated. GIA estimates show large variability over the interior of East Antarctica which results in increased uncertainties on the ice‐sheet mass balance derived from gravimetry methods.
Temporal and spatial correlations between soil CO2 flux and crustal stress
Authors: Camarda Marco , De Gregorio Sofia , Di Martino Roberto M. R. , Favara Rocco 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn seismically active areas, tectonic stress deforms and breaks the rocks of the crust. Ongoing deformation produces detectable modifications in the shallower portions of the crust, resulting in a wide variety of changes in several parameters. In this paper, we report the results of a large‐scale spatial (across an area of 15,000 km2) and temporal (up to 3 years) investigation of the relationship between active crustal stress and soil CO2 flux. We deployed a network of 10 automatic stations in most of the seismically active districts of southern Italy to monitor the soil CO2 fluxes, and we used seismicity data to track crustal stress. The results of the investigation show that the CO2 flux signals varied independently in the districts with low and sporadic seismicity. Conversely, in the only district with nearly continuous seismic activity, almost all of the CO2 flux signals were well correlated with each other, and we recorded a clear synchronous sharp increase of the seismicity and signals recorded by several stations. The high spatial and temporal correlation between seismicity and gas discharge evidenced in this study prove that the crustal stress associated with the seismogenic process is able to effectively modulate the gas release in a seismically active area.
The onset and cessation of seasonal rainfall over Africa
Authors: Dunning Caroline M. , Black Emily C. L. , Allan Richard P. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractVariation in the seasonal cycle of African rainfall is of key importance for agriculture. Here an objective method of determining the timing of onset and cessation is, for the first time, extended to the whole of Africa. The method is applied to five observational data sets and the ERA‐Interim reanalysis. Compatibility with known physical drivers of African rainfall, consistency with indigenous methods, and generally strong agreement between satellite‐based rainfall data sets confirm that the method is capturing the correct seasonal progression of African rainfall. The biannual rainfall regime is correctly identified over the coastal region of Ghana and the Ivory Coast. However, the ERA‐Interim reanalysis exhibits timing biases over areas with two rainy seasons, and both ERA‐Interim and the ARCv2 observational data set exhibit some inconsistent deviations over West Africa. The method can be used to analyze both seasonal‐interannual variability and long‐term change. Over East Africa, we find that failure of the rains and subsequent humanitarian disaster is associated with shorter as well as weaker rainy seasons, e.g., on average the long rains were 11 days shorter in 2011. Cessation of the short rains over this region is 7 days later in El Niño and 5 days earlier in La Niña years with only a small change in onset date. The methodology described in this paper is applicable to multiple data sets and to large regions, including those that experience multiple rainy seasons. As such, it provides a means for investigating variability and change in the seasonal cycle over the whole of Africa.
An empirical thermal correction model for Moon Mineralogy Mapper data constrained by laboratory spectra and Diviner temperatures
Authors: Li Shuai , Milliken Ralph E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRadiance measured by the Moon Mineralogy Mapper (M3) at wavelengths beyond ~2 µm commonly includes both solar reflected and thermally emitted contributions from the lunar surface. Insufficient correction (removal) of the thermal contribution can modify and even mask absorptions at these wavelengths in derived surface reflectance spectra, an effect that precludes accurate identification and analysis of OH and/or H2O absorptions. This study characterized thermal effects in M3 data by evaluating surface temperatures measured independently by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter Diviner radiometer, and results confirm that M3 data (Level 2) currently available in the Planetary Data System often contain significant thermal contributions. It is impractical to use independent Diviner measurements to correct all M3 images for the Moon because not every M3 pixel has a corresponding Diviner measurement acquired at the same local time of lunar day. Therefore, a new empirical model, constrained by Diviner data, has been developed based on the correlation of reflectance at 1.55 µm and at 2.54 µm observed in laboratory reflectance spectra of Apollo and Luna soil and glass‐rich samples. Reflectance values at these wavelengths follow a clear power law,
, for a wide range of lunar sample compositions and maturity. A nearly identical power law is observed in M3 reflectance data that have been independently corrected by using Diviner‐based temperatures, confirming that this is a general reflectance property of materials that typify the lunar surface. These results demonstrate that reflectance at a thermally affected wavelength (2.54 µm) can be predicted within 2% (absolute) based on reflectance values at shorter wavelengths where thermal contributions are negligible and reflectance is dominant. Radiance at 2.54 µm that is in excess of the expected amount is assumed to be due to thermal emission and is removed during conversion of at‐sensor radiance to reflectance or I/F. Removal of this thermal contribution by using this empirically based model provides a more accurate view of surface reflectance properties at wavelengths >2 µm, with the benefit that it does not require independent measurements or modeling of surface temperatures at the same local time as M3 data were acquired. It is demonstrated that this model is appropriate for common lunar surface compositions (e.g., mare and highlands soils and pyroclastic deposits), but surface compositions with reflectance properties that deviate strongly from these cases (e.g., pyroxene‐, olivine‐, or spinel‐rich locations with minimal space weathering) may require the use of more sophisticated thermal correction models or overlapping Diviner temperature estimates.
An improved carbon dioxide snow spectral albedo model: Application to Martian conditions
Authors: Singh D. , Flanner M. G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCarbon dioxide ice is abundant on the Martian surface and plays an important role in the planet's energy budget due to its high reflectivity and seasonal variation. Here we adapt the terrestrial Snow, Ice, and Aerosol Radiation (SNICAR) model to simulate CO2 snow albedo across the ultraviolet, visible, and near‐IR spectra (0.2–5.0 µm). We apply recent laboratory‐derived refractive indices of CO2 ice, which produce higher broadband CO2 snow albedo (0.93–0.98) than previously estimated. Compared with H2O snow, we find that CO2 snow albedo is much higher in the near‐IR spectrum, less dependent on ice grain size, less dependent on solar zenith angle, and more susceptible to darkening from dust. A mass concentration of 0.01% Martian dust reduces visible and near‐IR CO2 snow albedos by about 60% and 35%, respectively. The presence of small amounts of H2O snow on top of CO2 snow can substantially decrease the surface albedo. Whereas 2.5 cm of H2O snow can completely mask the impact of underlying CO2 ice or the surface, roughly twice as much overlying CO2 snow is required to mask underlying H2O snow. Similarly, a 10% mixing ratio of H2O ice embedded in CO2 snow decreases broadband albedo by 0.18, while 10% CO2 ice elevates H2O snow broadband albedo by 0.10. We also present comparisons between hemispherical albedo produced by SNICAR and observations of directional reflectance of Martian polar ice caps. While imperfect, this best fit analysis provides general ranges of physical parameters in different Martian environments that produce reasonable model‐observation agreement.