Abstract 531: The landscape of immunostimulatory RNA transcription
Authors: Solovyov Alexander , Tanne Antoine , Ting David , Levine Arnold , Bhardwaj Nina , Greenbaum Benjamin 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Recent studies have demonstrated an unexpected connection between aberrant transcription of noncoding RNA (ncRNA) in tumors and innate immune system activation in the tumor microenvironment (TME). Such ncRNA are often of unknown function and may consist of typically silenced interspersed elements, satellite repeats, and endogenous retroviruses (ERVs). For instance, satellite RNA from the pericentromere (particularly HSATII) has been shown to be abundantly transcribed in several solid tumors, including the often lethal pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, yet is virtually silent in normal tissue. The genomic DNA repetitive regions this RNA is transcribed from frequently expand during tumerigenesis. Using a novel computational approach, we have shown that, unlike ncRNA expressed under normal conditions, a set of such repetitive elements, abundantly expressed in tumors, display patterns typically associated with viruses. We therefore predicted they are immunogenic, particularly HSATII. In a novel, theory-experiment collaboration between the laboratories of Professors Benjamin Greenbaum and Nina Bhardwaj, the most significant set of these ncRNA have been validated as immunogenic (HSATII and murine GSAT), capable of activating antigen presenting cells - HSATII stimulated production of IL-6, IL-12 and TNFalpha (Tanne, et al., PNAS, 2015).
At the same time a set of recent papers has shown that ERV transcription may be a predictor of immunotherapy response in melanoma. Hence, it is critical to profile key “immunogenic” ncRNA (i-ncRNA) in the tumor microenviroment, understand which immune pathways different sets of i-ncRNA activate, and assess the link between the specific pathways activated, prognosis, and immunotherapy. Our preliminary work on melanoma transcriptomes has shown that activation of endogenous elements implies better prognosis. We further profile the landscape of activation for i-ncRNA candidates. We have currently demonstrated a key set of ncRNAs preferentially expressed in cancer cells have sequence features that are immunostimulatory in humans. Quantitatively, our analysis uses a new, unique set of computational methods to study the innate immune system in the TME, originally designed to find motifs in viruses targeted by innate immune receptors (Greenbaum, et al., PNAS, 2014). Our methods for motif characterization utilize a novel mathematical approach we created based on transfer matrix approaches in statistical physics, and are here utilized for the purpose of discovering immunogenic nucleic acids in the tumor microenvironment. They offer several advantages over previous approaches. In particular they are far more computationally efficient, allowing the discovery of anomalous, potentially immunostimulatory patterns of motif usage in far larger sequence datasets than was previously practical.
Citation Format: Alexander Solovyov, Antoine Tanne, David Ting, Arnold Levine, Nina Bhardwaj, Benjamin Greenbaum. The landscape of immunostimulatory RNA transcription. [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 107th Annual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research; 2016 Apr 16-20; New Orleans, LA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2016;76(14 Suppl):Abstract nr 531.