bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of Bodies by Unique Serial Numbers on Implanted Medical Devices
Authors: Blessing Melissa M. , Lin Peter T. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractVisual identification is the most common identification method used by medical examiners but is not always possible. Alternative methods include X‐ray, fingerprint, or DNA comparison, but these methods require additional resources. Comparison of serial numbers on implanted medical devices is a rapid and definitive method of identification. To assess the practicality of using this method, we reviewed 608 consecutive forensic autopsies performed at a regional medical examiner office. Of these, 56 cases required an alternative method of identification due to decomposition (n = 35), gunshot wound (n = 9), blunt trauma (n = 6), or charring (n = 6). Of these 56 cases, eight (14.3%) were known to have an implanted medical device. Of these eight cases, five (63%) could be positively identified by comparing serial numbers. If an implanted medical device is known to be present, and medical records are available, identification by medical device serial number should be a first‐line method.
Moral foundations tell us why guilt induces unfair allocation in multi‐party interactions
Authors: Feng Qiudi , Xu Yan , Xu Ruijie , Zhang Enhan 
Published: July 2017

Previous studies have demonstrated that a sense of guilt promotes and maintains social fairness in two‐party interactions (Psychological Bulletin, 115, 1994 and 243). However, the situation is much more complex in three‐party or multi‐party interactions. De Hooge et al. (Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 100, 2011 and 462) found that guilt could not only induce pro‐social behaviour towards the victim, but also have a disadvantageous impact on a third party. In the present study, we attempt to explain how guilt promotes unfair allocations from a moral foundations perspective. We conducted two experiments using a ‘three‐party dictator game’ paradigm. Firstly, it was repeatedly verified that guilt could induce unfair allocations in three‐party interactions. Secondly, five moral foundations (harm, fairness, ingroup, hierarchy and purity) were measured. Then the moderating and main effects of these five indices on how guilt affects the fair allocation of resources were explored using regression analysis. The results show that competition between harm and fairness in individual traits can explain the disadvantageous effect of guilt on fair allocations: the fairness foundation promoted equality in allocation, while the harm foundation promoted victim compensation.
The Gender Deficit: Everyday Practices of Differentiation in the Chilean Labour Market
Authors: MORA CLAUDIA , BLANCO OSVALDO 
Published: July 2017

We focus on the reproduction of gender inequality in the labour market, analysing everyday practices of social boundary demarcation that exclude women from accessing resources at work. We argue that women's diminished position in the labour market – or gender deficit – is a result of taken‐for‐granted, day‐to‐day practices, conditioning the distribution of resources. Taking Chilean professional women as a case study, we focus on labour market practices that uphold gendered evaluation criteria, reproduce social classifications, and engender exclusion through social boundary work that limits women's access to labour market benefits and rewards.
The effect of routine radiological reporting of thyroid incidentalomas on rates of thyroid needle biopsy, thyroid surgery and detection of thyroid malignancy
Authors: Sinnott J. D. , Mortimer R. , Smith J. , Skelton E. , Drinkwater K. , Lipscomb D. , Howlett D. C. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryObjectiveThis study looked at the effect of a changing radiology reporting policy to routinely review the thyroid gland where visible and report on any thyroid lesion, recommending further investigation as appropriate.ContextIncidentaloma is a term used to describe a lesion found on imaging unrelated to the clinical issue under investigation. There is variability in the radiological reporting of thyroid incidentalomas and conflicting recommendations as to how these lesions should be managed.DesignData were collected retrospectively during a two‐year period, including 12 months before and 12 months after the change in reporting policy and categorized according to whether the lesion under investigation was a thyroid incidentaloma or a symptomatic thyroid lesion.PatientsAll patients undergoing ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration cytology or core biopsy were included.MeasurementsThe effects of the change in policy were analysed including rates of needle biopsy, rates of malignancy and subsequent surgical intervention.ResultsThere was a 122% increase in thyroid incidentalomas undergoing needle biopsy, the majority of these were detected on computed tomography. The number of malignancies increased from 1 to 4 from year 1 to year 2. All patients were >35 years old. One patient had a positron emission tomography (PET)‐detected cancer, two of four of the non‐PET‐detected malignancies were <1.5 cm.ConclusionThis study posits that routine radiological reporting of thyroid incidentalomas, with further investigation when clinically appropriate, is warranted. The results suggest that lesion size and CT characteristics are not reliable criteria to triage patients for investigation/biopsy.
NAT model–based compression of Bayesian network CPTs over multivalued variables
Authors: Xiang Yang , Jiang Qian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractNonimpeding noisy‐AND tree (NAT) models offer a highly expressive approximate representation for significantly reducing the space of Bayesian networks (BNs). They also improve efficiency of BN inference significantly. To enable these advantages for general BNs, several technical advancements are made in this work to compress target BN conditional probability tables (CPTs) over multivalued variables into NAT models. We extend the semantics of NAT models beyond graded variables that causal independence models commonly adhered to and allow NAT modeling in nominal causal variables. We overcome the limitation of well‐defined pairwise causal interaction (PCI) bits and present a flexible PCI pattern extraction from target CPTs. We extend parameter estimation for binary NAT models to constrained gradient descent for compressing target CPTs over multivalued variables. We reveal challenges associated with persistent leaky causes and develop a novel framework for PCI pattern extraction when persistent leaky causes exist. The effectiveness of the CPT compression is validated experimentally.
On a simple method for testing independencies in Bayesian networks
Authors: Butz Cory J. , dos Santos André E. , Oliveira Jhonatan S. , Gonzales Christophe 
Published: July 2017

AbstractTesting independencies is a fundamental task in reasoning withBayesian networks(BNs). In practice,d‐separationis often used for this task, since it has linear‐time complexity. However, many have had difficulties understanding d‐separation in BNs. An equivalent method that is easier to understand, calledm‐separation, transforms the problem from directed separation in BNs into classical separation in undirected graphs. Two main steps of this transformation are pruning the BN and adding undirected edges.In this paper, we proposeu‐separationas an even simpler method for testing independencies in a BN. Our approach also converts the problem into classical separation in an undirected graph. However, our method is based upon the novel concepts of inaugural variables and rationalization. Thereby, the primary advantage of u‐separation over m‐separation is that m‐separation can prune unnecessarily and add superfluous edges. Our experiment results show that u‐separation performs 73% fewer modifications on average than m‐separation.
Optimal data aggregation tree in wireless sensor networks based on improved river formation dynamics
Authors: Mehrjoo Saeed , Khunjush Farshad 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe restricted energy of nodes is one of the most important challenges in wireless sensor networks. Since data transmissions among nodes consume most of the nodes' energy, thus, minimizing the unnecessary transmissions reduces the consumed energy. One of the sources of this problem is the redundancy of raw data that can be eliminated at the aggregation points. As a result, data aggregation can be considered as an effective strategy to tackle the mentioned issue and to optimize the communication energy consumption. In this paper, the sensor nodes are organized in a tree structure, and the data aggregation are done in intermediate nodes at the junction of tree branches. One of the main characteristics of tree protocols is reduction of energy consumption through optimizing the structure of a data aggregation tree. For this, this paper proposes to apply a swarm intelligent algorithm named river formation dynamics. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm outperforms in comparison to the famous ant colony optimization algorithm in terms of network lifetime. Simulations show that the proposed algorithm makes nearly 4% and 50% improvement in lifetime of wireless sensor networks than ant colony optimization and shortest path routing, respectively.
Social Capital and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence from Chinese Provinces
Authors: Xiong Ailun , Westlund Hans , Li Hongyi , Pu Yongjian 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe impact of social capital on economic development has been broadly studied by scholars. However, research in the Chinese context is relatively rare. Drawing upon data from the China General Social Survey, our results suggest that the enhancing effect of social capital on total factor productivity is very limited in the case of China. The network dimension of social capital is significant only in pooled OLS estimations, and trust as well as the participation dimension of social capital exert no impact across all estimations. Our interpretation is that this is partly due to the fact that trust, values and norms formed in civil society are inherently difficult to transmit to the market sector. Besides, the impact of social capital on economic performance is undermined when physical capital plays a significant role in production. We therefore propose that the effect of social capital on economic performance is contingent on localized social and economic conditions.
Insights into optimal basal insulin titration in type 2 diabetes: Results of a quantitative survey
Authors: Berard Lori , Bonnemaire Mireille , Mical Marie , Edelman Steve 
Published: July 2017

AimsBasal insulin (BI) treatment initiation and dose titration in type 2 diabetes (T2DM) are often delayed. Such “clinical inertia” results in poor glycaemic control and high risk of long‐term complications. This survey aimed to determine healthcare professional (HCP) and patient attitudes to BI initiation and titration.MethodsAn online survey (July–August 2015) including HCPs and patients with T2DM in the USA, France and Germany. Patients were ≥18 years old and had been on BI for 6 to 36 months, or discontinued BI within the previous 12 months.ResultsParticipants comprised 386 HCPs and 318 people with T2DM. While >75% of HCPs reported discussing titration at the initiation visit, only 16% to 28% of patients remembered such discussions, many (32%–42%) were unaware of the need to titrate BI, and only 28% to 39% recalled mention of the time needed to reach glycaemic goals. Most HCPs and patients agreed that more effective support tools to assist BI initiation/titration are needed; patients indicated that provision of such tools would increase confidence in self‐titration. HCPs identified fear of hypoglycaemia, failure to titrate in the absence of symptoms, and low patient motivation as important titration barriers. In contrast, patients identified weight gain, the perception that titration meant worsening disease, frustration over the time to reach HbA1c goals and fear of hypoglycaemia as major factors.ConclusionA disconnect exists between HCP‐ and patient‐perceived barriers to effective BI titration. To optimize titration, strategies should be targeted to improve HCP–patient communication, and provide support and educational tools.Video AbstractA free Video Abstract to accompany this article is available at: https://player.vimeo.com/video/239644085.
Growth rate adjustment of two Drosophila parasitoids in response to the developmental stage of hosts
Authors: KOHYAMA TETSUO I. , ONIZAWA KOTA , KIMURA MASAHITO T. 
Published: July 2017

1. Generalist koinobiont parasitoids often exhibit high flexibility in their development; their larvae shorten or prolong the developmental period depending on the host quality at parasitisation. However, flexibility of the growth rate of parasitoid larvae has rarely been investigated so far.2. This study investigated how the koinobiont parasitoid wasps Asobara japonica and Leptopilina ryukyuensis regulate their larval growth when they parasitise host Drosophila larvae with varying larval periods.3. In both parasitoid species, the preimaginal period was longer when they parasitised 1‐day‐old larvae of Drosophila rufa than when they parasitised older larvae of D. rufa or when they parasitised larvae of Drosophila simulans, a species with a shorter larval period than D. rufa. After host pupariation, A. japonica accelerated its growth, thereby showing a biphasic growth curve. On the other hand, L. ryukyuensis did not accelerate its growth after host pupariation.4. Growth retardation of parasitoid larvae in 1‐day‐old D. rufa larvae would contribute to avoiding excess growth before host pupariation, because the excess growth of parasitoid larvae would have negative effects on host growth. The growth rate acceleration of A. japonica after host pupariation suggests that they enhance resource utilisation in a host that has reached maximum body mass. It remains uncertain as to why L. ryukuensis does not show clear accelerated growth after host pupariation. Nonetheless, these results suggest that parasitoid larvae have the ability to detect the developmental stage of hosts in a species‐specific manner.
Tracking salience in young people: A psychometric field test of the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI)
Authors: Raballo Andrea , Cicero David C. , Kerns John G. , Sanna Sara , Pintus Mirra , Agartz Ingrid , Pintus Elisa , Corrias Irene , Lai Veronica , Petretto Donatella Rita , Carta Mauro G. , Preti Antonio 
Published: July 2017

AimTo explore the prevalence of Aberrant Salience (AS, an alleged experiential feature of psychosis‐proneness) in Italian young people and corroborate the transcultural validity of the Aberrant Salience Inventory (ASI).MethodsYoung adults attending an Italian university (n = 649) underwent serial evaluations with the ASI together with psychometric proxies for help seeking General Health Questionnaire and attenuated positive and negative symptoms Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ). The distribution of ASI scores was explored with latent class analysis (LCA).ResultsReliability of the Italian version of the ASI (I‐ASI) was acceptable for all subscales (ordinal alpha >.70). Concurrent validity was in the expected direction, with higher correlations with measures of attenuated positive symptoms vs negative symptoms of psychosis (Steigers’ z test, P < .005 in all comparisons). LCA identified three classes, with 217 (33.4%) participants in the “high aberrant salience” class. Gender and age were not related to class membership. Compared to the baseline class, SPQ scores in the schizotypy range were more likely in the “high aberrant salience” class (OR = 39.1; 95%confidence interval: 5.30–288.1).Conclusion
AS is a relatively common experience among Italian young people. The study also confirmed the validity of field‐testing ASI as a tool for the real‐world characterization of people with vulnerability to psychosis, such as symptomatic help seekers with clinical high‐risk states.
Accessing support and empowerment online: The experiences of individuals with diabetes
Authors: Brady Ellen , Segar Julia , Sanders Caroline 
Published: July 2017

AbstractContextThe use of the internet for health information by those with long‐term conditions is growing. It has been argued that this represents a form of empowerment by patients, as it enables them to control the content and flow of the information available to them. To explore this, the use of online discussion groups by those with diabetes was examined.MethodSemi‐structured interviews were conducted with 21 participants with type 1 and 2 diabetes and analysed using thematic analysis. Participants were recruited via online and offline routes, namely discussion boards, newsletters, and research networks related to diabetes.ResultsBy drawing on the advice, information, and support shared online, participants were empowered to position themselves as active participants in their own health care and to further engage with health‐care professionals.ConclusionThe findings indicate that forums can play a valuable role in aiding and motivating individuals in the daily management diabetes and highlight how this support is used to complement formal health services. However, more work needs to be carried out to determine to explore when and under what circumstances online support may be particularly beneficial to those with long‐term conditions.
Social Policies and Center-Right Governments in Argentina and Chile
Authors: Niedzwiecki Sara , Pribble Jennifer 
Published: July 2017

AbstractLatin America's “left turn” expanded cash transfers and public services, contributing to lower poverty and inequality. Recently, right-leaning candidates and parties have begun to win back seats in the legislature, and in some cases have captured the executive branch. This shift has sparked debate about the future of Latin America's welfare states. This article analyzes social policy reforms enacted by two recent right-leaning governments: that of Sebastián Piñera in Chile (2010–14) and Mauricio Macri in Argentina (2015–). It finds that contrary to neoliberal adjustment policies of the past, neither Macri nor Piñera engaged in privatization or deep spending cuts. Instead, both administrations facilitated a process of policy drift in some sectors and marginal expansion in others. Policy legacies and the strength of the opposition help to explain these outcomes, suggesting that Latin America's political context has been transformed by the consolidation of democracy and the experience of left party rule.
Do English mental health services know whether they followed N.I.C.E. guidelines with patients who killed themselves?
Authors: Geekie Jim , Read John , Renton Julia , Harrop Christopher 
Published: July 2017

Freedom of Information Act requests sent to 51 NHS mental health providers in England showed an average of 20.5 suicides per organization. Only one provider, however, could report how many people that had killed themselves had been offered N.I.C.E. recommended psychological therapy. Information that might prevent suicides is being ignored.Practitioner points

Mental health services need, urgently, to develop data systems that can inform clinical team leaders about gaps in their services to suicidal people in their care

Clinical psychologists have a particular responsibility to pressure managers to effectively monitor the provision of evidence‐based treatments to suicidal people

Trusts and commissioners must be aware of, and rectify, any failings of their services in relation to the prevention of suicide
Landscape effects on pollination networks in Mediterranean gypsum islands
Authors: Santamaría S. , Sánchez A. M. , López‐Angulo J. , Ornosa C. , Mola I. , Escudero A. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Habitat fragmentation is a major driver of global change that has operated historically on Mediterranean ecosystems. However, more needs to be understood about how fragmentation influences ecological interactions, particularly pollination. Gypsum outcrops are historically fragmented Mediterranean habitats and settings for the evolution of many endangered soil‐specialist plants with narrow ranges.

In this study, we aimed to determine how fragmentation (area and connectivity) affects: (i) pollinator community composition and (ii) structural properties of pollination networks; and whether there are differences in the effects of fragmentation on: (iii) the number of interactions and visits among pollinator functional groups; and (iv) the number of interactions and specialisation degree between soil‐specialist and soil‐generalist plants. We characterised the degree of fragmentation and the pollination network structures in 12 gypsum habitat fragments embedded in a cropland matrix during two consecutive years.

We found significant relationships between fragmentation and network structure. The effects of fragmentation differed among pollinator functional groups, but not between soil‐specialist and soil‐generalist plants, in terms of number of interactions. However, the relatively higher pollinator specialisation of soil‐specialist plants suggested greater dependence on pollinators.

Inter‐annual variations in the network structures demonstrated the importance of temporal replication. The observed patterns related to the landscape structure and pollination at both the network and species levels provide insights into the key ecological processes in gypsum islands. These findings may help to identify the potential drivers of species persistence, especially for endangered soil‐specialist plants with narrow ranges in a changing scenario with exacerbated habitat fragmentation.
Threshold Estimation for Stochastic Processes with Small Noise
Authors: Shimizu Yasutaka 
Published: July 2017

AbstractConsider a process satisfying a stochastic differential equation with unknown drift parameter, and suppose that discrete observations are given. It is known that a simple least squares estimator (LSE) can be consistent but numerically unstable in the sense of large standard deviations under finite samples when the noise process has jumps. We propose a filter to cut large shocks from data and construct the same LSE from data selected by the filter. The proposed estimator can be asymptotically equivalent to the usual LSE, whose asymptotic distribution strongly depends on the noise process. However, in numerical study, it looked asymptotically normal in an example where filter was chosen suitably, and the noise was a Lévy process. We will try to justify this phenomenon mathematically, under certain restricted assumptions.
The best teacher is like a famous mage everyone knows – Just not any of your favorites
Authors: Paffenroth Kim 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis essay draws out the useful parallels between the best kind of teacher and the Good Witch of the North, Glinda, from The Wizard of Oz. Unappealing to many viewers or readers of the classic children's story, Glinda offers an inspiring reminder of four important pedagogical points: (1) the master teacher always treats her student as a peer; (2) the master teacher acknowledges and encourages her student's abilities but lets her learn how to exercise them on her own; (3) the master teacher is often not equivalent or even similar to anyone the student has encountered before; and (4) the master teacher is not a surrogate parent but a more distant figure.