bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The fiscal and human costs of immigrant detention and deportation in the United States
Authors: Patler Caitlin , Golash‐Boza Tanya Maria 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAn extensive body of literature has analyzed the individual impacts and collateral consequences of mass incarceration. However, few studies explore the consequences of a parallel and overlapping system: mass immigration detention and deportation. The last 30 years witnessed a dramatic increase in the number of noncitizens detained in and deported from the United States. Individuals detained under immigration laws are held pending adjudication, often mandatorily, and without many basic constitutional protections. Immigrant detention and deportation impose severe burdens on immigrants and their households and levy significant costs to society—financially, as well as in terms of social capital and community well‐being. Chiefly due to the difficulty in accessing noncitizens in the process of detention and deportation, this system has largely escaped sociological inquiry. This article provides a background for understanding the growth and consequences of detention and deportation in the United States. It reviews the literature on these immigration law enforcement programs and suggests topical and methodological directions for future research.
The healthy donor effect impacts self‐reported physical and mental health – results from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS)
Authors: Rigas A. S. , Skytthe A. , Erikstrup C. , Rostgaard K. , Petersen M. S. , Hjalgrim H. , Ullum H. , Kyvik K. O. , Pedersen O. B. 
Published: October 2017

SUMMARYAimsThis study aimed at quantifying the healthy donor effect by comparing self‐perceived mental and physical health between blood donors and non‐donors.BackgroundIn theory, the selection process known as the healthy donor effect should result in better self‐perceived, health‐related quality of life in donors than in non‐donors.MethodsThe Short Form‐12 data from the Danish Twin Registry (DTR) was compared with the data from the Danish Blood Donor Study (DBDS). Data on age, sex and smoking status were included in the analyses. The multivariable linear regression analysis was stratified by sex and age group intervals. Outcome variables were the mental component score (MCS) and the physical component score (PCS).ResultsA total of 28 982 and 36 913 participants from the DTR and the DBDS, respectively, were included in this study. Younger donors had higher MCS than non‐donors, whereas MCS was only marginally high in older donors compared with non‐donors. In contrast, PCS was almost similar for both young donors and non‐donors. With the increase in age, non‐donors had lower PCS than donors.ConclusionsTwo selection patterns were revealed. Among young individuals, better self‐perceived mental health was associated with a blood donor. With the increase in age, better self‐perceived physical health was associated with blood donation.
The Guarantees of the Human Rights of the Defendant in the Law System in Kosovo
Authors: Podvorica Armend , Rakaj Adelina 
Published: October 2017

The paper "The guarantees of the human rights of the defendant in the law system in Kosovo" aims to treat the access of the Republic of Kosovo in the delivery of constitutional guarantees and legal guarantees to protect the defendant in the criminal procedure. Within these guarantees, special emphasis is placed on the judicious acts in force that provide these guarantees in the Republic of Kosovo. A special analysis with regard to this paper is dedicated to the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (ECHR), the practice of European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), the Constitution of the Republic of Kosovo and the Criminal Procedure Code of Kosovo (CPCK). The analysis of those acts clarifies that the guarantees of the Legal System in Kosovo coincide with the rights of the defendant. Another dimension that finds space within the paper is the practical implementation of the guarantees provided by the aforementioned acts in terms of the rights of the defendant. The role of the Constitutional Court in the Republic of Kosovo in the past and now has been mainly analyzed in the formation of the constitutional and international guarantees, applicable in Kosovo concerning the rights of the defendant in the criminal procedure.
Hacer florecer al desierto: Análisis sobre la intensidad de uso de los recursos hídricos subterráneos y superficiales en Chihuahua, México
Authors: Manzanares Rivera José Luis 
Published: October 2017

En México, los efectos de las prácticas agrícolas especializadas sobre los recursos hídricos son objeto de atención creciente. El estado de Chihuahua representa un caso de interés, por la presencia de desarrollos agrícolas altamente especializados que dependen de la extracción de agua subterránea. Adicionalmente, en el estado se localiza el río Conchos, principal tributario mexicano del río Bravo en la frontera con Estados Unidos. El trabajo estima la intensidad de uso de los recursos hídricos por acuífero con base en información georreferenciada y aplica el enfoque metodológico de caudal ecológico para el río Conchos, a partir de registros hidrométricos en el periodo 1947-2011.
La noción de resiliencia en el análisis de las dinámicas territoriales rurales: una aproximación al concepto mediante un enfoque territorial
Authors: Sánchez-Zamora Pedro , Gallardo-Cobos Rosa , Ceña-Delgado Felisa 
Published: October 2017

En el ámbito rural, el concepto de resiliencia se ha venido aplicando desde la perspectiva de los sistemas socioecológicos y el desarrollo sostenible. Sin embargo, este concepto todavía no ha sido ampliamente utilizado en el ámbito rural con enfoque territorial. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo avanzar en la conceptualización de la resiliencia territorial, desde una perspectiva espacial, evolutiva y dinámica. Para ello, se toma como punto de partida la resiliencia de los sistemas socioecológicos y la resiliencia comunitaria, y se analizan dentro del marco interpretativo del concepto de territorio y las dinámicas territoriales rurales.
Impactos socioeconómicos del cambio climático en América Latina y el Caribe: 2020-2045
Authors: Rodríguez De Luque Jesús José , Gonzalez Rodríguez Carlos Eduardo , Gourdji Sharon , Mason-D’Croz Daniel , Obando Bonilla Diego , Mesa Diez Jeison , Prager Steven D 
Published: October 2017

En América Latina y el Caribe (ALC), el arroz, el trigo, el maíz, el frijol y la soya juegan un papel importante debido a sus aportes a la economía y a la seguridad alimentaria. Dada la existencia de evidencia que señala que a nivel mundial se presentarían cambios en el clima en el mediano plazo, en el presente texto se evalúan los impactos socioeconómicos que habría a niveles de ALC si no fueran implementadas medidas de adaptación. Con este fin, se realiza una integración entre modelos climáticos, de cultivos y económicos. Los resultados muestran que los crecimientos de las producciones de maíz y frijol caerían de manera importante en Nicaragua, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Colombia, Venezuela y Brasil, y los del arroz y trigo presentarían importantes disminuciones en Brasil, Argentina y Uruguay. Finalmente, se encuentra que el cambio climático tiene la capacidad de frenar parte de los avances en materia de seguridad alimentaria en la región, debido a sus efectos negativos sobre la disponibilidad de alimentos.
Development of a High-Throughput Respiratory Syncytial Virus Fluorescent Focus-Based Microneutralization Assay
Authors: Shambaugh Cindy , Azshirvani Sarieh , Yu Li , Pache Jared , Lambert Stacie L. , Zuo Fengrong , Esser Mark T. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Neutralizing antibodies specific for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) represent a major protective mechanism against RSV infection, as demonstrated by the efficacy of the immune-prophylactic monoclonal antibody palivizumab in preventing RSV-associated lower respiratory tract infections in premature infants. Accordingly, the RSV neutralization assay has become a key functional method to assess the neutralizing activity of serum antibodies in preclinical animal models, epidemiology studies, and clinical trials. In this study, we qualified a 24-h, fluorescent focus-based microneutralization (RSVA FFA-MN) method that requires no medium exchange or pre- or postinfection processing to detect green fluorescent protein-expressing RSV strain A2 (RSVA-GFP)-infected cells, using a high-content imaging system for automated image acquisition and focus enumeration. The RSVA FFA-MN method was shown to be sensitive, with a limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) of 1:10, or 3.32 log
2
; linear over a range of 4.27 to 9.65 log
2
50% inhibitory concentration (IC
50
); and precise, with intra- and interassay coefficients of variation of <21%. This precision allowed the choice of a statistically justified 3-fold-rise seroresponse cutoff criterion. The repeatability and robustness of this method were demonstrated by including a pooled human serum sample in every assay as a positive control (PC). Over 3 years of testing between two laboratories, this PC generated data falling within 2.5 standard deviations of the mean 98.7% of the time (
n
= 1,720). This high-throughput and reliable RSV microneutralization assay has proven useful for testing sera from preclinical vaccine candidate evaluation studies, epidemiology studies, and both pediatric and adult vaccine clinical trials.
Kinetics, Longevity, and Cross-Reactivity of Antineuraminidase Antibody after Natural Infection with Influenza A Viruses
Authors: Changsom Don , Jiang Li , Lerdsamran Hatairat , Iamsirithaworn Sopon , Kitphati Rungrueng , Pooruk Phisanu , Auewarakul Prasert , Puthavathana Pilaipan 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
The kinetics, longevity, and breadth of antibodies to influenza virus neuraminidase (NA) in archival, sequential serum/plasma samples from influenza A virus (IAV) H5N1 infection survivors and from patients infected with the 2009 pandemic IAV (H1N1) virus were determined using an enzyme-linked lectin-based assay. The reverse-genetics-derived H4N1 viruses harboring a hemagglutinin (HA) segment from A/duck/Shan Tou/461/2000 (H4N9) and an NA segment derived from either IAV H5N1 clade 1, IAV H5N1 clade 2.3.4, the 2009 pandemic IAV (H1N1) (H1N1pdm), or A/Puerto Rico/8/1934 (H1N1) virus were used as the test antigens. These serum/plasma samples were also investigated by microneutralization (MN) and/or hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assays. Neuraminidase-inhibiting (NI) antibodies against N1 NA of both homologous and heterologous viruses were observed in H5N1 survivors and H1N1pdm patients. H5N1 survivors who were never exposed to H1N1pdm virus developed NI antibodies to H1N1pdm NA. Seroconversion of NI antibodies was observed in 65% of the H1N1pdm patients at day 7 after disease onset, but an increase in titer was not observed in serum samples obtained late in infection. On the other hand, an increase in seroconversion rate with the HI assay was observed in the follow-up series of sera obtained on days 7, 14, 28, and 90 after infection. The study also showed that NI antibodies are broadly reactive, while MN and HI antibodies are more strain specific.
HIV-1 gp120 and Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) gp140 Boost Immunogens Increase Immunogenicity of a DNA/MVA HIV-1 Vaccine
Authors: Shen Xiaoying , Basu Rahul , Sawant Sheetal , Beaumont David , Kwa Sue Fen , LaBranche Celia , Seaton Kelly E. , Yates Nicole L. , Montefiori David C. , Ferrari Guido , Wyatt Linda S. , Moss Bernard , Alam S. Munir , Haynes Barton F. , Tomaras Georgia D. , Robinson Harriet L. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTAn important goal of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) vaccine design is identification of strategies that elicit effective antiviral humoral immunity. One novel approach comprises priming with DNA and boosting with modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) expressing HIV-1 Env on virus-like particles. In this study, we evaluated whether the addition of a gp120 protein in alum or MVA-expressed secreted gp140 (MVAgp140) could improve immunogenicity of a DNA prime-MVA boost vaccine. Five rhesus macaques per group received two DNA primes at weeks 0 and 8 followed by three MVA boosts (with or without additional protein or MVAgp140) at weeks 18, 26, and 40. Both boost immunogens enhanced the breadth of HIV-1 gp120 and V1V2 responses, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), and low-titer tier 1B and tier 2 neutralizing antibody responses. However, there were differences in antibody kinetics, linear epitope specificity, and CD4 T cell responses between the groups. The gp120 protein boost elicited earlier and higher peak responses, whereas the MVAgp140 boost resulted in improved antibody durability and comparable peak responses after the final immunization. Linear V3 specific IgG responses were particularly enhanced by the gp120 boost, whereas the MVAgp140 boost also enhanced responses to linear C5 and C2.2 epitopes. Interestingly, gp120, but not the MVAgp140 boost, increased peak CD4+T cell responses. Thus, both gp120 and MVAgp140 can augment potential protection of a DNA/MVA vaccine by enhancing gp120 and V1/V2 antibody responses, whereas potential protection by gp120, but not MVAgp140 boosts, may be further impacted by increased CD4+T cell responses.IMPORTANCEPrior immune correlate analyses with humans and nonhuman primates revealed the importance of antibody responses in preventing HIV-1 infection. A DNA prime-modified vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) boost vaccine has proven to be potent in eliciting antibody responses. Here we explore the ability of boosts with recombinant gp120 protein or MVA-expressed gp140 to enhance antibody responses elicited by the GOVX-B11 DNA prime-MVA boost vaccine. We found that both types of immunogen boosts enhanced potentially protective antibody responses, whereas the gp120 protein boosts also increased CD4+T cell responses. Our data provide important information for HIV vaccine designs that aim for effective and balanced humoral and T cell responses.
Varicella-Zoster Virus Expresses Multiple Small Noncoding RNAs
Authors: Markus Amos , Golani Linoy , Ojha Nishant Kumar , Borodiansky-Shteinberg Tatiana , Kinchington Paul R. , Goldstein Ronald S. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Many herpesviruses express small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs), including microRNAs (miRNAs), that may play roles in regulating lytic and latent infections. None have yet been reported in varicella-zoster virus (VZV; also known as human herpesvirus 3 [HHV-3]). Here we analyzed next-generation sequencing (NGS) data for small RNAs in VZV-infected fibroblasts and human embryonic stem cell-derived (hESC) neurons. Two independent bioinformatics analyses identified more than 20 VZV-encoded 20- to 24-nucleotide RNAs, some of which are predicted to have stem-loop precursors potentially representing miRNAs. These sequences are perfectly conserved between viruses from three clades of VZV. One NGS-identified sequence common to both bioinformatics analyses mapped to the repeat regions of the VZV genome, upstream of the predicted promoter of the immediate early gene open reading frame 63 (ORF63). This miRNA candidate was detected in each of 3 independent biological repetitions of NGS of RNA from fibroblasts and neurons productively infected with VZV using TaqMan quantitative PCR (qPCR). Importantly, transfected synthetic RNA oligonucleotides antagonistic to the miRNA candidate significantly enhanced VZV plaque growth rates. The presence of 6 additional small noncoding RNAs was also verified by TaqMan qPCR in productively infected fibroblasts and ARPE19 cells. Our results show VZV, like other human herpesviruses, encodes several sncRNAs and miRNAs, and some may regulate infection of host cells.

IMPORTANCE
Varicella-zoster virus is an important human pathogen, with herpes zoster being a major health issue in the aging and immunocompromised populations. Small noncoding RNAs (sncRNAs) are recognized as important actors in modulating gene expression, and this study demonstrates the first reported VZV-encoded sncRNAs. Many are clustered to a small genomic region, as seen in other human herpesviruses. At least one VZV sncRNA was expressed in productive infection of neurons and fibroblasts that is likely to reduce viral replication. Since sncRNAs have been suggested to be potential targets for antiviral therapies, identification of these molecules in VZV may provide a new direction for development of treatments for painful herpes zoster.
STANDING Collaboration: a study protocol for developing clinical standards
Authors: Wiles Louise K , Hibbert Peter D , Stephens Jacqueline H , Coiera Enrico , Westbrook Johanna , Braithwaite Jeffrey , Day Ric O , Hillman Ken M , Runciman William B 
Published: October 2017

IntroductionDespite widespread availability of clinical practice guidelines (CPGs), considerable gaps continue between the care that is recommended (‘appropriate care’) and the care provided. Problems with current CPGs are commonly cited as barriers to providing ’appropriate care'.Our study aims to develop and test an alternative method to keep CPGs accessible and up to date. This method aims to mitigate existing problems by using a single process to develop clinical standards (embodied in clinical indicators) collaboratively with researchers, healthcare professionals, patients and consumers. A transparent and inclusive online curated (purpose-designed, custom-built, wiki-type) system will use an ongoing and iterative documentation process to facilitate synthesis of up-to-date information and make available its provenance. All participants are required to declare conflicts of interest. This protocol describes three phases: engagement of relevant stakeholders; design of a process to develop clinical standards (embodied in indicators) for ‘appropriate care’ for common medical conditions; and evaluation of our processes, products and feasibility.Methods and analysisA modified e-Delphi process will be used to gain consensus on ‘appropriate care’ for a range of common medical conditions. Clinical standards and indicators will be developed through searches of national and international guidelines, and formulated with explicit criteria for inclusion, exclusion, time frame and setting. Healthcare professionals and consumers will review the indicators via the wiki-based modified e-Delphi process. Reviewers will declare conflicts of interest which will be recorded and managed according to an established protocol. The provenance of all indicators and suggestions included or excluded will be logged from indicator inception to finalisation. A mixed-methods formative evaluation of our research methodology will be undertaken.Ethics and disseminationHuman Research Ethics Committee approval has been received from the University of South Australia. We will submit the results of the study to relevant journals and offer national and international presentations.
Is an opportunistic primary care-based intervention for non-responders to bowel screening feasible and acceptable? A mixed-methods feasibility study in Scotland
Authors: Calanzani Natalia , Cavers Debbie , Vojt Gabriele , Orbell Sheina , Steele Robert J C , Brownlee Linda , Smith Steve , Patnick Julietta , Weller David , Campbell Christine 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesWe aimed to test whether a brief, opportunistic intervention in general practice was a feasible and acceptable way to engage with bowel screening non-responders.DesignThis was a feasibility study testing an intervention which comprised a brief conversation during routine consultation, provision of a patient leaflet and instructions to request a replacement faecal occult blood test kit. A mixed-methods approach to evaluation was adopted. Data were collected from proformas completed after each intervention, from the Bowel Screening Centre database and from questionnaires. Semi-structured interviews were carried out. We used descriptive statistics, content and framework analysis to determine intervention feasibility and acceptability.ParticipantsBowel screening non-responders (as defined by the Scottish Bowel Screening Centre) and primary care professionals working in five general practices in Lothian, Scotland.Primary and secondary outcome measuresSeveral predefined feasibility parameters were assessed, including numbers of patients engaging in conversation, requesting a replacement kit and returning it, and willingness of primary care professionals to deliver the intervention.ResultsThe intervention was offered to 258 patients in five general practices: 220 (87.0%) engaged with the intervention, 60 (23.3%) requested a new kit, 22 (8.5%) kits were completed and returned. Interviews and questionnaires suggest that the intervention was feasible, acceptable and consistent with an existing health prevention agenda. Reported challenges referred to work-related pressures, time constraints and practice priorities.ConclusionsThis intervention was acceptable and resulted in a modest increase in non-responders participating in bowel screening, although outlined challenges may affect sustained implementation. The strategy is also aligned with the increasing role of primary care in promoting bowel screening.
Study protocol for a randomised controlled trial: harmonising optimal strategy for treatment of coronary artery stenosis — coronary intervention with next-generation drug-eluting stent platforms and abbreviated dual antiplatelet therapy (HOST-IDEA) trial
Authors: Kim Chi-Hoon , Han Jung-Kyu , Yang Han-Mo , Park Kyung Woo , Lee Hae-Young , Kang Hyun-Jae , Koo Bon-Kwon , Lee Namho , Cha Tae-Joon , Yang Tae-Hyun , Jeong Myung-Ho , Yoon Myeong-Ho , Lee Seung Uk , Lee Seung Jin , Kim Jin Won , Cho Jin-Man , Han Kyu-Rock , Pyun Wook Bum , Kim Hyo-Soo 
Published: October 2017

IntroductionWe have recently seen the introduction of newer generation drug-eluting stents with ultrathin struts that use advanced polymer technologies. However, the efficacy and safety of these newest stents have not yet been fully explored. In addition, there are still controversies over the optimal duration of dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT) after stent implantation, particularly for ultrathin stents with the newest polymer technologies.Methods and analysisThe HOST-IDEA trial is a randomised, open-label, multicentre, non-inferiority trial and the first study to directly compare two of these ultrathin sirolimus-eluting stents: Orsiro stent with biodegradable polymer, and polymer-free Coroflex ISAR (CX-ISAR) stent. This study has a scheme of 2×2 factorial design according to the stent type and DAPT duration (3 vs 12 months). A total of 2152 patients will be randomised and stratified to demonstrate the non-inferiority of CX-ISAR to Orsiro, or of the abbreviated DAPT duration to the conventional 12 months (both in 1:1 ratio). For the comparison of stent type, the primary endpoint is target lesion failure (TLF), which is a composite of cardiac death, target vessel-related myocardial infarction and clinically driven target lesion revascularisation. For the comparison of DAPT duration, the net adverse clinical event is the coprimary endpoint, which is defined as a composite of TLF, definite/probable stent thrombosis and major bleeding.Ethic approval and disseminationAll the institutions involved in this study are required to have ethical approval prior to patient enrolment. This multicentre study will recruit patients through competitive registration, but institutions that have not yet obtained ethical approvals have made it impossible to enrol patients in a centralised web database. The final results will be presented at relevant international conferences and will be materialised in the form of papers.Trial registration numberNCT02601157; Pre-results.