bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The darkening of the Greenland ice sheet: trends, drivers, and projections (1981–2100)
Authors: Tedesco Marco , Doherty Sarah , Fettweis Xavier , Alexander Patrick , Jeyaratnam Jeyavinoth , Stroeve Julienne 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. The surface energy balance and meltwater production of the Greenland ice sheet (GrIS) are modulated by snow and ice albedo through the amount of absorbed solar radiation. Here we show, using space-borne multispectral data collected during the 3 decades from 1981 to 2012, that summertime surface albedo over the GrIS decreased at a statistically significant (99 %) rate of 0.02 decade−1 between 1996 and 2012. Over the same period, albedo modelled by the Modèle Atmosphérique Régionale (MAR) also shows a decrease, though at a lower rate ( ∼ −0.01 decade−1) than that obtained from space-borne data. We suggest that the discrepancy between modelled and measured albedo trends can be explained by the absence in the model of processes associated with the presence of light-absorbing impurities. The negative trend in observed albedo is confined to the regions of the GrIS that undergo melting in summer, with the dry-snow zone showing no trend. The period 1981–1996 also showed no statistically significant trend over the whole GrIS. Analysis of MAR outputs indicates that the observed albedo decrease is attributable to the combined effects of increased near-surface air temperatures, which enhanced melt and promoted growth in snow grain size and the expansion of bare ice areas, and to trends in light-absorbing impurities (LAI) on the snow and ice surfaces. Neither aerosol models nor in situ and remote sensing observations indicate increasing trends in LAI in the atmosphere over Greenland. Similarly, an analysis of the number of fires and BC emissions from fires points to the absence of trends for such quantities. This suggests that the apparent increase of LAI in snow and ice might be related to the exposure of a "dark band" of dirty ice and to increased consolidation of LAI at the surface with melt, not to increased aerosol deposition. Albedo projections through to the end of the century under different warming scenarios consistently point to continued darkening, with albedo anomalies averaged over the whole ice sheet lower by 0.08 in 2100 than in 2000, driven solely by a warming climate. Future darkening is likely underestimated because of known underestimates in modelled melting (as seen in hindcasts) and because the model albedo scheme does not currently include the effects of LAI, which have a positive feedback on albedo decline through increased melting, grain growth, and darkening.
Remembering Anna
Authors: Boniecka Romana 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Only very rarely does a person make her profession her whole purpose in life. Anna, Professor Cienciala, did so. For her, everything not connected with history was marginal. Her wartime experiences evoked an early interest in history. In December 1939, with her mother and younger sister Danusia, she escaped from German- occupied Poland. They were eventually able to join Anna’s father in England with the help of Mrs. and Mr. Cienciala’s friend, the Estonian consul Hans Markus. Using the Polish passport of her mother, they traveled by train through Germany. In Berlin their passports were taken away. An all- powerful bribe helped them obtain German identification cards, which made it possible to travel to Budapest. In Budapest Anna’s mother obtained a new Polish passport. They traveled to France through Italy, where they remained almost a year. In the summer of 1940, when the Germans attacked France, they escaped to Spain and then flew to London via Lisbon.
Anna Cienciala: What I Remember
Authors: Thompson Ewa 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
I met Professor Cienciala in 1991 or 1992 at the University of Kansas, where I gave a talk. We were probably aware of each other’s existence before my visit but had never before met in person. In those days I strictly observed the academic canon concerning appropriate attire while giving a lecture: blouse and blazer it was, and of course trousers rather than a skirt. To my amazement, she came to my talk dressed in a flowery cotton dress, of the kind one associates with the 1950s. Bear with me: the dress has a meaning of its own. We became infrequent correspondents. I was in literature; she was in history and was somewhat older than I. It appeared that we had little in common. She would, however, respond affirmatively to my requests that she review books for Sarmatian Review. She wrote quite a few reviews for us and could always be counted on to deliver them promptly. I was pleased that she mentioned Sarmatian Review in her excellent compendium of works on the history of Poland and Eastern Europe available online (http://acienciala.faculty.ku.edu/hist557/bibpt1rev.htm).
Anna Maria Cienciala as a Historian of Polish Diplomacy
Authors: Kornat Marek 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe author considers the position of the writings of Anna Cienciala within the historiography of Polish foreign relations of the interwar years and argues that the author of Poland and the Western Powers 1938–1939 upheld a consistent point of view throughout her lengthy career: that Polish policy of those years, though often criticized, had no realistic alternative. In this, Cienciala had much in common with the point of view of her mentor, Piotr S. Wandycz, and departed from the standard view of Western historians. In particular, she defended the general thrust of the policies of foreign minister Józef Beck in the difficult circumstances of the run- up to World War II and insisted that main responsibility for the calamity of 1939 rests with the weak, inconsistent, or malevolent diplomacy of the great powers.
Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance Pattern of Acinetobacter Isolated from Patients Admitted in ICUs in Mazandaran, Northern Iran
Authors: Ghasemian Roya , Ahanjan Mohammad , Fatehi Ebrahim , Shokri Mehran 
Published: March 2016

<p><strong>BACKGROUND &amp; PURPOSE: </strong>Antibiotic resistance rate is increasing in <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, especially in <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em>, as the most important pathogen of hospital and ICU . This research aimed to evaluate antibiotic resistant rate of <em>Acinetobacter</em> spp. isolated from patients admitted to ICUs in educational hospitals affiliated with Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences.</p><p><strong>METHODS:</strong> In this cross-sectional descriptive study, 50 <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were collected during 2013- 2014. After confirming <em>Acinetobacter</em> species, antibacterial sensitivity test was done using disc diffusion method and minimal inhibitor concentration (MIC) was evaluated by E-test in all isolates.</p><p><strong>RESULTS:</strong> Disc diffusion method revealed that 100% of isolates were resistant to Amikacin and Cefepim and 96% were resistant to both Meropenem and Ciprofloxacin antibiotics, 6% were sensitive, 18% were intermediate and 76% were resistant to imipenem. Also, 84% of isolates were sensitive and 16% were resistant to colistin. In E-test method, 92% of isolates were sensitive and 8% were resistant to colistin. Moreover, an isolate was sensitive, one was intermediate and the remaining isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, and 100% of isolates were resistant to other antibiotics in E-test. Over 96% of <em>Acinetobacter</em> isolates were resistant to the antibiotics frequently used in ICU (ciprofloxacin, meropenem, amikacin, and cefepim). Colistin was found as the only appropriate antibiotic that could be used for patients in ICU.</p><p><strong>CONCLUSION:</strong> We hope these results could change the attitude of physicians toward using antibiotics in ICUs and encourage them to follow antibiotic stewardship as the only effective strategy to somewhat control antibiotic resistances.</p>
Samenwerking in meerpartijenverhoudingen in de bouw: stand van zaken en praktische tools
Authors: Van Gulijk S. 
Published: March 2016

Samenwerking in meerpartijenverhoudingen in de bouw: stand van zaken en praktische tools
Bij samenwerking in meerpartijenverhoudingen, zoals bouwcontracten, gaat geregeld iets mis. Vaak komt dit voort uit onvoldoende communicatie, coördinatie en afstemming tussen betrokkenen. Op contractanten in meerpartijenverhoudingen rusten op basis van de wet slechts vrij basale verplichtingen ten behoeve van samenwerking, zoals elkaar informeren over de stand van zaken van het werk. In standaard voorwaarden is meer aandacht voor verplichtingen gericht op goede samenwerking en in hedendaagse contracten worden steeds vaker positieve prikkels opgenomen (tevredenheidsverklaringen, bonussen, besparingsmodellen) om de onderlinge samenwerking te bevorderen. Ten slotte worden specifiek in de bouwpraktijk digitale tools ingezet (o.m. BIM en LEAN thinking) om samenwerking en contracten beter te kunnen managen.”
Effects of thickness on optical characteristics and strain distribution of thin-film GaN light-emitting diodes transferred to Si substrates
Authors: Li Heng , Shi Yang-Da , Feng Meixin , Sun Qian , Lu Tien-Chang 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We investigated the effect of device thickness on the internal quantum efficiency (IQE) of thin-film GaN light-emitting diodes (LEDs), which were grown on Si substrates and transferred to other Si substrates with reduced film thickness. It was confirmed by Raman spectroscopy and photoluminescence measurement that the compressive strain is released and the quantum-confined Stark effect (QCSE) is suppressed after reducing the thickness. The best IQE of 62.9% was reached with a large suppression of the band tilting by QCSE, from 7.9 meV in the original structure to 2.4 meV in the thinnest sample, and this value can compete with that of GaN-based LEDs grown on a sapphire substrate.
Implantable micro-optical semiconductor devices for optical theranostics in deep tissue
Authors: Takehara Hiroaki , Katsuragi Yuji , Ohta Yasumi , Motoyama Mayumi , Takehara Hironari , Noda Toshihiko , Sasagawa Kiyotaka , Tokuda Takashi , Ohta Jun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Optical therapy and diagnostics using photoactivatable molecular tools are promising approaches in medical applications; however, a method for the delivery of light deep inside biological tissues remains a challenge. Here, we present a method of illumination and detection of light using implantable micro-optical semiconductor devices. Unlike in conventional transdermal light delivery methods using low-energy light (>620 nm or near-infrared light), in our method, high-energy light (470 nm) can also be used for illumination. Implanted submillimeter-sized light-emitting diodes were found to provide sufficient illumination (0.6–4.1 mW/cm2), and a complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor image sensor enabled the detection of fluorescence signals.
Universal framework for temperature dependence prediction of the negative bias temperature instability based on microscope pictures
Authors: Ma Chenyue , Zhang Lining , Lin Xinnan , Chan Mansun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
A universal framework for describing the temperature enhanced negative bias temperature instability (NBTI) is developed in this paper. Analytical time evolution models of the NBTI mechanisms, as Pb center generation and hole-transport in the oxygen vacancies, are proposed based on careful investigation of atom-level microscopic pictures. A logarithmic time function is derived to describe the interface state (Pb center) generation and recovery evolution by revealing a fact that the activation energy is significantly modified by the accumulation of generated defects. Corresponding coefficients, including the generation amplitudes and time constant, are identified depending on temperature linearly and exponentially. Moreover, the unrecoverable oxide hole-trapping is proposed resulted from the hole-transport among deep-level oxygen vacancies driven by electrical field within the gate oxide. A power-law time function is derived to describing this evolution, with time exponent linear to temperature. Parameters calculated by the proposed analytical models reveal good consistent with the parameters directly extracted from the measured data, indicating the validation and universality of the physical based framework in reproducing the parametric shift of the NBTI degradation under various temperature conditions and process technologies.
C-atom-induced bandgap modulation in two-dimensional (100) silicon carbon alloys
Authors: Mizuno Tomohisa , Nagamine Yoshiki , Omata Yuhsuke , Suzuki Yuhya , Urayama Wako , Aoki Takashi , Sameshima Toshiyuki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We experimentally studied the effects of the C atom on bandgap E
G modulation in two-dimensional (2D) silicon carbon alloys, Si1−

Y
C
Y
, fabricated by hot C+ ion implantation into the (100) SOI substrate in a wide range of Y (4 × 10−5 ≤ Y ≤ 0.13), in comparison with the characteristics of 3D silicon carbide (SiC). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and UV-Raman analysis confirm the Si–C, C–C, and Si–Si bonds in the 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
layer. The photoluminescence (PL) method shows that the E
G and PL intensity I
PL of 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
drastically increase with increasing Y for high Y (≥0.005), and thus we demonstrated a high E
G of 2.5 eV and a visible wavelength λPL less than 500 nm. Even for low Y (<10−3), I
PL of 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
also increases with increasing Y, owing to the compressive strain of the 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
layer caused by the C atoms, but the Y dependence of E
G is very small. E
G of 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
can be controlled by changing Y. Thus, the 2D-Si1−

Y
C
Y
technique is very promising for new E
G engineering of future high-performance CMOS and Si photonics.
Controllable p- and n-type doping of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-methyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] films prepared by evaporative spray deposition using ultradilute solution
Authors: Sakiyama Shin , Mizutani Naoki , Fujita Katsuhiko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Evaporative spray deposition using an ultradilute solution (ESDUS) enables polymer film preparation using diluted solution at ppm levels. We used this method for p- and n-type doping of poly[2-methoxy-5-(2′-methyl-hexyloxy)-p-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV), which is a bipolar-transport polymer semiconductor. The device characteristics indicated a drastic improvement of conductivity with carrier mobility. Moreover, the doping efficiency was higher than 15% in both p- and n-type doping owing to the wide dopant dispersion realized by the ESDUS technique.
Mechanisms of polarization switching in graphene oxides and poly(vinylidene fluoride)–graphene oxide films
Authors: Jiang Zhiyuan , Zheng Guangping , Zhan Ke , Han Zhuo , Wang Hao 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Polarization switching in graphene oxides (GOs) and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–GO nanocomposite is investigated by piezoelectric force microscopy (PFM). The dynamical switching results reveal that GO films exhibit ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties with two-dimensional characteristics. Abnormal polarization switching is observed in PVDF–GO films, which is promising for electronic applications.
Spheroidal and ellipsoidal harmonic expansions of the gravitational potential of small Solar System bodies. Case study: Comet 67P/Churyumov‐Gerasimenko
Authors: Reimond Stefan , Baur Oliver 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGravitational features are a fundamental source of information to learn more about the interior structure and composition of planets, moons, asteroids, and comets. Gravitational field modeling typically approximates the target body with a sphere, leading to a representation in spherical harmonics. However, small celestial bodies are often irregular in shape and hence poorly approximated by a sphere. A much better suited geometrical fit is achieved by a triaxial ellipsoid. This is also mirrored in the fact that the associated harmonic expansion (ellipsoidal harmonics) shows a significantly better convergence behavior as opposed to spherical harmonics. Unfortunately, complex mathematics and numerical problems (arithmetic overflow) so far severely limited the applicability of ellipsoidal harmonics. In this paper, we present a method that allows expanding ellipsoidal harmonics to a considerably higher degree compared to existing techniques. We apply this novel approach to model the gravitational field of comet 67P, the final target of the Rosetta mission. The comparison of results based on the ellipsoidal parameterization with those based on the spheroidal and spherical approximations reveals that the latter is clearly inferior; the spheroidal solution, on the other hand, is virtually just as accurate as the ellipsoidal one. Finally, in order to generalize our findings, we assess the gravitational field modeling performance for some 400 small bodies in the Solar System. From this investigation we generally conclude that the spheroidal representation is an attractive alternative to the complex ellipsoidal parameterization, on the one hand, and the inadequate spherical representation, on the other hand.
Feminist Theory in Communication
Authors: Cuklanz Lisa 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis entry provides an overview of feminist theoretical work in communication, with emphasis on media studies and rhetoric. After an introduction focusing on the historical development of these theories and their emphases, the work is divided into three main sections: gendered content and dominant ideology, objectification and the male gaze, and the third wave and postfeminism. Each section describes the major insights, concepts, and streams of scholarship within the subtopic. Suggestions for future research are included.
Metacommunication
Authors: Craig Robert T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMetacommunication is communication about communication. The significance of metacommunication goes well beyond the obvious fact that communication can be a topic of discussion. More fundamentally, metacommunication refers to a “level” of meaning through which every message implicitly defines the relationship between communicators. Jurgen Ruesch and Gregory Bateson, who introduced the term, described metacommunication as a “new order” of communication that arose in the evolution of mammals and explains some distinctively complex, creative, and deeply paradoxical qualities of social interaction. This entry introduces the theory of metacommunication and discusses applications and extensions of the theory, studies of metadiscourse and reflexive language use, and metacommunicative reflexivity in postmodernist theory and culture.
Cycloisomerisierung von 1,5‐Eninen über eine 5‐endo‐dig‐ Cyclisierungs‐Protodeborylierungs‐Sequenz mit einem frustrierten Lewis‐Paar als Katalysator
Authors: Tamke Sergej , Qu Zheng‐Wang , Sitte Nikolai A. , Flörke Ulrich , Grimme Stefan , Paradies Jan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie erste durch ein frustriertes Lewis‐Paar katalysierte Cycloisomerisierung einer Reihe von 1,5‐Eninen wurde entwickelt. Die Reaktion verläuft über die π‐Aktivierung des Alkins mit anschließender 5‐endo‐dig‐Cyclisierung. Die Gegenwart von PPh3 als Lewis‐Base war von besonderer Bedeutung, um einerseits Nebenreaktionen zu unterdrücken (z. B. 1,1‐Carboborierung) und um andererseits die Protodeborylierung für die katalytische Reaktion zu erreichen. Der Mechanismus wurde durch quantenmechanische Rechnungen untersucht und ist im Einklang mit strukturchemischen und kinetischen Daten.
Electrode Architecture in Galvanic and Electrolytic Energy Cells
Authors: Jeong Beomgyun , Ocon Joey D. , Lee Jaeyoung 
Published: March 2016

AbstractElectrodes in galvanic and electrolytic energy cells are complicated structures comprising redox‐active materials, ionic/electronic conductors, and porous pathways for mass transfer of reactants. In contrast to breakthroughs in component development, methods of optimizing whole‐system architectural design to draw maximum output have not been well explored. In this Minireview, we introduce generalized types of electrode architecture, discuss fabrication strategies, and characterize already built structures. Systematic efforts to discover optimal electrode configurations will resolve long‐standing discrepancies that arise between whole systems and the sums of their parts for a number of electrochemical reactions and technologies.
Double Deprotonation of Pyridinols Generates Potent Organic Electron‐Donor Initiators for Haloarene–Arene Coupling
Authors: Barham Joshua P. , Coulthard Graeme , Kane Ryan G. , Delgado Nathan , John Matthew P. , Murphy John A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTransition metal‐free couplings of haloarenes with arenes, triggered by the use of alkali metal alkoxides in the presence of an organic additive, are receiving significant attention in the literature. Most of the known organic additives effect coupling of iodoarenes, but not bromoarenes, to arenes. Recently it was reported that 2‐pyridinecarbinol (11) extends the reaction to aryl bromides. This paper investigates the mechanism, and reports evidence for dianions derived from 11 as electron donors to initiate the reaction. It also proposes routes by which electron‐poor benzoyl derivatives can be transformed into electron donors to initiate these reactions.
Preparation of polylactide microcapsules at a high throughput with a packed‐bed premix emulsification system
Authors: Sawalha Hassan , Sahin Sami , Schroën Karin 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTCore–shell polymer microcapsules are well known for their biomedical applications as drug carriers when they are filled with drugs and gas‐filled microcapsules that can be used as ultrasound contrast agents. The properties of microcapsules are strongly dependent on their size (distribution); therefore, equipment that allows the preparation of small and well‐defined microcapsules is of great practical relevance. In this study, we made polylactide microcapsules with a packed‐bed premix emulsification system that previously gave good results for regular emulsions. Here, we tested it for applicability to a system in which droplets shrank and solidified to obtain capsules. The packed‐bed column was loaded with glass beads of different sizes (30–90 µm) at various bed heights (2–20 mm), and coarse emulsions consisting of the polymer, a solvent, and a nonsolvent were pushed repeatedly through this system at selected applied pressures (1–4 bar). The obtained transmembrane fluxes (100–1000 m3 m−2 h−1) were much higher than those recorded for other membrane emulsification techniques. The average size of the obtained microcapsules ranged between 2 and 8 µm, with an average span of about 1; interestingly, the capsules were 2–10 times smaller than the interstitial voids of the beds. The droplets were larger when we used thicker beds and larger glass beads, and these effect correlated with the pore Reynolds number (Rep). Two breakup mechanisms were identified: spontaneous droplet snap‐off dominated the system at low Reps, and localized shear forces dominated the system at higher Rep. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43536.