bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Regime Transitions in Near-Surface Temperature Inversions: A Conceptual Model
Authors: Van de Wiel Bas J. H. , Vignon Etienne , Baas Peter , van Hooijdonk Ivo G. S. , van der Linden Steven J. A. , Antoon van Hooft J. , Bosveld Fred C. , de Roode Stefan R. , Moene Arnold F. , Genthon Christophe 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A conceptual model is used in combination with observational analysis to understand regime transitions of near-surface temperature inversions at night as well as in Arctic conditions. The model combines a surface energy budget with a bulk parameterization for turbulent heat transport. Energy fluxes or feedbacks due to soil and radiative heat transfer are accounted for by a “lumped parameter closure,” which represents the “coupling strength” of the system.
Observations from Cabauw, Netherlands, and Dome C, Antarctica, are analyzed. As expected, inversions are weak for strong winds, whereas large inversions are found under weak-wind conditions. However, a sharp transition is found between those regimes, as it occurs within a narrow wind range. This results in a typical S-shaped dependency. The conceptual model explains why this characteristic must be a robust feature. Differences between the Cabauw and Dome C cases are explained from differences in coupling strength (being weaker in the Antarctic). For comparison, a realistic column model is run. As findings are similar to the simple model and the observational analysis, it suggests generality of the results.
Theoretical analysis reveals that, in the transition zone near the critical wind speed, the response time of the system to perturbations becomes large. As resilience to perturbations becomes weaker, it may explain why, within this wind regime, an increase of scatter is found. Finally, the so-called heat flux duality paradox is analyzed. It is explained why numerical simulations with prescribed surface fluxes show a dynamical response different from more realistic surface-coupled systems.
Influence of the Stratospheric Quasi-Biennial Oscillation on the Madden–Julian Oscillation during Austral Summer
Authors: Nishimoto Eriko , Yoden Shigeo 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Influence of the stratospheric quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) on the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO) and its statistical significance are examined for austral summer (DJF) in neutral ENSO events during 1979–2013. The amplitude of the OLR-based MJO index (OMI) is typically larger in the easterly phase of the QBO at 50 hPa (E-QBO phase) than in the westerly (W-QBO) phase. Daily composite analyses are performed by focusing on phase 4 of the OMI, when the active convective system is located over the eastern Indian Ocean through the Maritime Continent. The composite OLR anomaly shows a larger negative value and slower eastward propagation with a prolonged period of active convection in the E-QBO phase than in the W-QBO phase. Statistically significant differences of the MJO activities between the QBO phases also exist with dynamical consistency in the divergence of horizontal wind, the vertical wind, the moisture, the precipitation, and the 100-hPa temperature. A conditional sampling analysis is also performed by focusing on the most active convective region for each day, irrespective of the MJO amplitude and phase. Composite vertical profiles of the conditionally sampled data over the most active convective region reveal lower temperature and static stability around the tropopause in the E-QBO phase than in the W-QBO phase, which indicates more favorable conditions for developing deep convection. This feature is more prominent and extends into lower levels in the upper troposphere over the most active convective region than other tropical regions. Composite longitude–height sections show similar features of the large-scale convective system associated with the MJO, including a vertically propagating Kelvin response.
Effectiveness of Using Multisatellite Wind Speed Estimates to Construct Hourly Wind Speed Datasets with Diurnal Variations
Authors: Kako Shin’ichiro , Okuro Atsushi , Kubota Masahisa 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study used an optimum interpolation method (OIM) to construct a sea surface wind speed (SSW) dataset with hourly resolution based on merged wind speed analysis products from four satellites [AMSR-2, ASCAT, OceanSat Scatterometer (OSCAT), and WindSat]. To validate this hourly SSW dataset, the OIM dataset was compared with observations obtained from moored buoys. These buoy observations were also compared with the products of each of the four satellites individually. The root-mean-square differences and the correlation coefficients between the buoy observations and the OIM dataset indicated that the accuracy of the dataset was slightly lower than that of the single-satellite products. However, a spectrum analysis at the buoy locations indicated that the OIM dataset was capable of resolving diurnal variations in wind speed, which was a result not reproduced by the single-satellite products. In addition, the study also found that the hourly dataset with diurnal variation was effective in obtaining accurate daily mean values by reducing the sampling error. A comparison of daily mean wind speeds derived from satellite observations with those obtained from buoy observations demonstrated that greater accuracy in daily mean SSW data could be achieved using multisatellite observations in comparison with single-satellite observations. Therefore, the application of multisatellite observations that have different observation times could be a useful and effective approach with which to construct datasets with high temporal resolution and to improve the accuracy of daily mean values.
Probabilistic Precipitation-Type Forecasting Based on GEFS Ensemble Forecasts of Vertical Temperature Profiles
Authors: Scheuerer Michael , Gregory Scott , Hamill Thomas M. , Shafer Phillip E. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A Bayesian classification method for probabilistic forecasts of precipitation type is presented. The method considers the vertical wet-bulb temperature profiles associated with each precipitation type, transforms them into their principal components, and models each of these principal components by a skew normal distribution. A variance inflation technique is used to de-emphasize the impact of principal components corresponding to smaller eigenvalues, and Bayes’s theorem finally yields probability forecasts for each precipitation type based on predicted wet-bulb temperature profiles. This approach is demonstrated with reforecast data from the Global Ensemble Forecast System (GEFS) and observations at 551 METAR sites, using either the full ensemble or the control run only. In both cases, reliable probability forecasts for precipitation type being either rain, snow, ice pellets, freezing rain, or freezing drizzle are obtained. Compared to the model output statistics (MOS) approach presently used by the National Weather Service, the skill of the proposed method is comparable for rain and snow and significantly better for the freezing precipitation types.
The Couple's Constructive and Destructive Superego Functions
Authors: Kernberg Otto F. 
Published: January 2017

Just as the couple becomes the repository of both partners' conscious and unconscious sexual fantasies and desires, and of their consciously and unconsciously activated internalized object relations, so does the couple activate both partners' conscious and unconscious superego functions. The interaction of the partners' superego over time results in the forging of a new system, which I am calling the couple's superego. The functions of the couple's joint superego structure is described, as are the symptoms of superego pathology in the couple's love life. The vicissitudes of gratitude and guilt, of stereotyping and conventionality, of deceptiveness and long-range destructive and self-destructive scenarios, are explored in the context of a spectrum reflecting the severity of joint superego pathology. A clinical case vignette illustrates some of these developments in a couple's life.
Accident or Suicide? Predictors of Coroners' Decisions in Suicide and Accident Verdicts
Authors: Stanistreet D , Taylor S , Jeffrey V , Gabbay M 
Published: January 2017

Objective To examine the factors used by Coroners to distinguish between suicide and accidental death among young men in Merseyside and Cheshire. Design Retrospective epidemiological survey of deaths due to external causes. Data sources included Coroner's Inquest, GP and hospital data. Logistic regression was carried out to determine the multiple effect of individual factors on defining Coroner's verdict. Setting Merseyside and Cheshire, United Kingdom. Subjects Males aged 15–39 years who died from unnatural causes during 1995 in Merseyside and Cheshire. Main outcome measure Coroner's verdict. Results An active mode of death was by far the strongest predictor of a suicide as opposed to an accident verdict. Other significant differentiating factors included expressed intent, behavioural change, deliberate self-harm and psychiatric contact. Conclusion The validity of using method of death as a predictor of intent is questionable. Evidence left by drug users who kill themselves may differ from that left by non-drug users and may need to be sought in less conventional ways. There may be a discrepancy between those factors deemed important by health professionals as indicators of suicide, such as deliberate self-harm, and those given most weight by the Coroner. It may be more pragmatic, in terms of public health policy development, to challenge the concept that self-destructive behaviour can be categorized as being either intentional or unintentional. There is some evidence suggesting that deaths due to suicide and accidents both result from elements of self-destructive behaviour and therefore, the practice of categorizing deaths as either suicides or accidents could be misleading.
What Happens Afterwards? A Follow-up Study of Those Diverted from Custody to Hospital in the First 2.5 Years of a Metropolitan Diversion Scheme
Authors: Geelan S D , Campbell M J , Bartlett A 
Published: January 2017

Background Court-based psychiatric services aim to identify mentally disordered defendants who require help from Mental Health Services, and attempt to arrange the necessary diversion into health care. This study followed individuals through their hospital stay to assess whether the psychiatric facility to which the individual was transferred was able to manage them, assessed whether the individual benefited from diversion into hospital, and examined how and when the individuals were discharged into the community. Method All those diverted from custody to hospital in the first 2.5 years of a metropolitan diversion scheme were followed through their hospital stay for at least 18 months. Results Fifty five people were diverted into hospital, from a total of 180 referrals to the court diversion scheme, In excess of 80 per cent were suffering from some form of psychotic disorder. This group had committed relatively serious offences. If appropriately assessed, and appropriate hospital placements are arranged, successful outcome can be achieved for the majority of people diverted from custody to hospital, in terms of improved mental states and a planned discharge. Conclusions The services provided by general psychiatric services are able to meet the needs of this group.
Rambutt—The Killer Sheep
Authors: Murray L. A. , Sivaloganathan S. 
Published: January 2017

Fatal multiple injuries may be caused by a vehicular accident, a fall from a height or by repeated heavy blows. In this unusual case the victim, a farmer, was found in a field away from any farm vehicles or buildings. It was only after consideration of the circumstances in which the deceased was found, the pattern of injuries and the statements of many people, including the local molecatcher, that the assailant was identified: a 16 stone Suffolk ram (Figure 1).
The Establishment of a District Treatment Facility for Problem Drug Takers
Authors: Bryson P. H. R. 
Published: January 2017

Multi-disciplinary teams in treatment centres were envisaged by the Second Brain Committee in 1965 (1) as the most appropriate means of treating problem drug takers. Since then the problem has changed and expanded so that treatment facilities need to exist outside the hospital-based units, but the concept of treatment by a team of different professionals remains intact. In Wolverhampton we have produced a local treatment unit that is firmly based on the multi-disciplinary concept; it is readily accessible to those who need its services; it is not staffed by full time ‘specialists' and yet has built into it safeguards against problems that ‘non-specialists' have produced. The need for local treatment facilities will continue and it is possible that others may find Wolverhampton's experience helpful in planning their own provisions for problem drug takers.
Patients' Complaints: The Disciplinary System regarding Evaluation of Physicians' Conduct
Authors: Segest E 
Published: January 2017

The study comprises all complaints which patients have made to the Danish National Board of Health in 1984–1985. The Board has disciplinary powers over physicians and advises the public prosecutor in cases of gross negligence that are to be brought before a court. There were 531 complaints on average per year. The frequency of complaints was 1.0 complaint per 10,000 population. A large part of the complaints concerned cases where no physical harm occurred (45%), and in only a small portion (16%) were there serious injuries. The Board found that negligence had occurred in 21% of the complaints, and 1% of the cases were considered to be gross negligence. There were appeals against 17% of the rulings, and of these 9% were either wholly or partly upheld.
3. Plastic Bag Suffocation
Authors: Martinez A L Perez , Chui P , Cameron J. M 
Published: January 2017

Suffocation by plastic bag is not common. The finding of a body at the scene of death with a plastic bag in situ could be diagnostically valuable to the pathologist. Otherwise the pathologist may be hard put to arrive at a firm opinion as to how the deceased met his/her death; in fact, in three of the cases reported in this paper, the local pathologist could not give a cause of death when the initial autopsy was performed. Plastic bags could be accidentally placed over the head; put there to help in the inhalation of volatile substances; with homicidal intention; or simply as an effective suicidal method. The object of this paper is to study the cases where bodies were found with a plastic bag over the head, and in particular the cases where the cause of death was due to plastic bag suffocation.
The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act Who Knows? Who Cares?
Authors: Ramsey S 
Published: January 2017

The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 provides new guidelines on obtaining consent for adults who are incapable of providing informed consent. This article surveys current practice of health workers when obtaining consent from such individuals, and theresults arecompared to the Incapacity Act and local guidelines. The survey results suggest that practice of the guidelines is variable and often legally inadequate Aims: To quantify awareness andpractical application of the Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act in surgical wardsin a central Glasgow teaching hospital, 2 years after the Act's introduction. Methods: An interviewer ledanonymous questionnaire was presented to all degree educated staff encountered on random visits to acute and elective surgical and orthopaedic wardsin a split siteteaching hospital. Results: 17 out of 50 staff approached (34%) had not heard of the Adults with Incapacity Act. There was a Significantly higher level of awareness amongst staff based on acute wards (85%) when compared with those from elective wards (54%) (p <0.05, chi-square) There wasa complete absence of formal training in using the Act and knowledge was sometimes in accurate or incorrect. Most staff that had heard of the Act could suggest causes of incapacity, but some included physical disability. There was a persistence of the belief that a relative canconsent for an incapable adult patient, and this was expressed by some of the staff despite knowledge of the Act. Conclusions: This study shows that a significant number of ward staff have no knowledge of the Act; and understanding is variable amongst staff who have heard of it. The Adults with Incapacity (Scotland) Act 2000 is a unique piece of legislation toprotect the interests of incapable patients, and doctors treating them; but is of no use if medical and nursing staff are un aware of its existence.
The Penetration of Minocycline into Human Sinus Secretions
Authors: Worgan D. , Daniel R. J. E. 
Published: January 2017

The mean minocycline content of sinus secretions aspirated during antral wash-out in 8 patients suffering from sinusitis was found to be 1.06 μg. per ml. (SD.1.03). This exceeds the M.I.C. for most strains of bacteria likely to be found in sinusitis. The mean minocycline serum level in these 8 patients was 3.16 μg. per ml. (S.D. 1.64). The sinus secretion to serum level ratio was therefore 0.34:1. No correlation was found between serum level and sinus secretion level, nor could any of the factors looked at in this study be correlated with the degree to which minocycline penetrated the sinus secretion.
Respiratory Tract Infections Caused by ß-Lactamase Producing Organisms Treated with Augmentin
Authors: Mehtar S. 
Published: January 2017

Twenty-three patients were treated with Augmentin for severe respiratory tract infections caused by β-lactamase producing organisms. The success rate, clinically and bacteriologically, was 19 out of 23. One non β-lactamase producing H. influenzae, and three mixed organisms including Staph aureus accounted for the four failures. The elimination of the organisms, sensitive to Augmentin were quick and clinical improvement was seen in 72 hours. The only side effects noted were nausea in three patients, which abated on taking the tablets with meals. Augmentin is a useful drug in the treatment of respiratory tract infection particularly in acute exacerbation of chronic bronchitis.
The Impact of Travel Acquired Illness on the World Traveller and Family Doctor and the Need for Pre-Travel Health Education
Authors: McIntosh I.B. , Reed J.M. , Power K.G. 
Published: January 2017

This retrospective study involved a 20% quota, age and sex stratified sample of people over 16 years of age, presenting to a group medical practice over a period of one year (N = 1568). A standardised, computer-scored, self-report questionnaire was administered. The response rate was 98.3%. 42% of respondents had travelled outwith the UK in the previous year. Of those, 42% had become ill whilst abroad. In 20.5% of cases the illness settled without treatment. However, 26% of the patients required consultation with a doctor whilst abroad and 48.4% of those becoming ill required further attention from the family doctor on return home. 5% of ill travellers were admitted to hospital abroad. 8% of all travellers did not have medical insurance cover. A large and significant population of travellers become ill whilst abroad, and travel-acquired illness has a large impact on general practice, with 1 in 5 travellers seeking GP consultation on return home. Improved practice-generated pre-travel health advice might decrease this burden on primary care.
Domiciliary Nebuliser Therapy — A Valuable Option in Chronic Asthma and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease?
Authors: Godden D.J. , Robertson A. , Currie N. , Legge J.S. , Friend J.A.R. , Douglas J.G. 
Published: January 2017

Domiciliary nebulisers are in widespread use for patients who have severe chronic airways disease, both asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). We report a study of the use of domiciliary nebulisers designed to assess practical problems and the value of such therapy in preventing hospital admissions. A total of 405 patients underwent a structured interview at home and their case records were reviewed. Technical performance of the nebuliser compressors was assessed The mean (SD) age of those interviewed was 64.5 (12) years. 185 patients had a physician diagnosis of asthma, and 208 had COPD. 87% patients used their nebuliser at least once daily. Side effects, reported by 54%, were related to frequency of use and commoner in younger patients. 29 subjects (7%) died within 2 years of receiving their nebuliser. Among the survivors, the 2 year periods before and after supply of the nebuliser were compared The percentage of patients requiring hospital admission for exacerbations of lung disease fell from 56% to 46% (p<0.01) but the number and duration of admissions was unchanged Those whose admission duration increased had more severely impaired spirometry when the nebuliser was supplied and had lower activity scores and higher breathlessness scores at the time of interview indicating more severe disease. Approximately half of the compressors were malfunctioning and patients' understanding of the principles of nebuliser treatment was poor. The provision of domiciliary nebuliser can influence hospital admission inpatients with obstructive airways disease. There is also a need for improved patient education and for technical support which may require the development of a nurse-run nebuliser service.
Knowing When but Not How! — Mothers' Perceptions and Use of Antibiotics in a Rural Area of Viet Nam
Authors: Halfvarsson J , Heijne N , Ljungman P , Ham M N , Holmgren G , Tomson G 
Published: January 2017

Given the world-wide focus on how to rationally use antibiotics, national drug policy programmes have been developed in many countries in order to minimize the environmental antibiotic pressure and thereby hopefully limit increasing bacterial resistance. This study investigated perceptions of antibiotics in a health system with weak drug regulation. The study was conducted in two rural communes in Viet Nam, with a drug market characterized by the increased accessibility and consumption of pharmaceuticals. The study focused on rural mothers' perceptions and use of antibiotics in the treatment of acute respiratory infections (ARI) in children 5 years and under. A combination of qualitative and quantitative methods were used including key informant interviews, focus group discussions, and interviews with mothers and drug vendors. The study demonstrated that using a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods gives a better understanding of the prevailing perceptions and use of antibiotics in communities. The results showed that the mothers recognized well the signs of severe ARI and that antibiotics were reserved for more severe illness episodes, where penicillin V and ampicillin were first drugs of choice. However, the mothers' perceptions and use of antibiotics reflects indigenization of antibiotics into traditional Vietnamese thinking and medical practice. This resulted in self-medication and a respect for antibiotics from the mothers' point of view. A first step towards the rational use of antibiotics is already taken where mothers, as the health decision-maker, know when to initiate antibiotic treatment and try to limit unnecessary use of antibiotics. The next step is to develop a well-functioning health education programme in order to promote the correct use of antibiotics for a successful clinical outcome. This requires acknowledgement of the mothers' culture based behaviour.