bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Human Performance and Personnel Resource Data Store Design Guidelines
Authors: Blanchard Robert E. 
Published: July 2017

A survey was conducted within the Navy's research and development community to obtain information on user-perceived needs for human performance and personnel resource data to support system development efforts. Findings were to be used to develop guidelines for planning and developing a human resources data store system. Twenty-two activities were contacted: eighteen Navy activities and four industrial firms. Thirty-seven separate interview sessions were held involving 48 respondents. Principal data store guidelines identified concerned data validity and generalizability, retrievability, a priority need for design trade-off decision data, and a data format responsive to users with either behavioral or engineering backgrounds. Sixteen types of data were identified as required by system planners/managers, human factors specialists, and design engineers. Twenty guidelines were developed on data presentation formats and supporting information. The sets of guidelines may be used to develop a conceptual framework for a general data bank system which would identify and relate users, types of data, potential data sources, and program priorities.
A Cost Model for Evaluating Alternative Manpower Input Strategies
Authors: Davis Thomas C. , Pinto Patrick R. 
Published: July 2017

The question of how to obtain a specified quantity of satisfactory manpower inputs for a given time period is a problem which confronts almost any personnel decisionmaker. The staffing model proposed in this paper defines selection, training, and any selection/training combination as being alternative staffing strategies which are available for coping with an organization's manpower requirement problems. Very few personnel decisionmakers, however, approach such problems with any appreciable knowledge of the relative costs associated with different alternative input strategies and of the costs of different misclassification errors which can result. The staffing model described here incorporates cost and utility considerations and suggests that the relative costs of alternative staffing strategies are amenable to systematic analysis. The model specifies the probability estimates for success and failure in both selection and training, the direct costs for each, and the potential costs which result from errors of misclassification. Then, an expression and rationale for determining the minimum total cost associated with various combinations of selection and training strategies are presented.
Technological Change and Manpower Resources: A Systems Perspective
Authors: De Greene Kenyon B. 
Published: July 2017

To date there has been no cohesive examination of the interrelationship between new technology and manpower resources. Most studies have reflected the disciplinary bias of economists or technologists. Economists have stressed supply and demand factors and the role of new technology on increase in productivity. Technologists have stressed the deterministic effects of new technology. This article synthesizes theories and findings from behavioral and social science and the field of management, as well as from economics and technology, within the framework of systems science. In sequence, the article discusses: the sociotechnical system environment in which the interaction between new technology and manpower resources takes place; the measurement of technological change; how technological change affects manpower; the prediction of skill and manpower requirements; and electronics-based computer-communications technology. The needs for advances in theory and methodology are argued. The elements of a systems theory are sketched, and the value of the systems dynamics approach to modeling and computer simulation is emphasized.
Relationships of Fatigue and Motion Sickness to Vestibulo-ocular Responses to Coriolis Stimulation
Authors: Dowd Patrick J. , Moore Edwin W. , Cramer Robert L. 
Published: July 2017

A Coriolis test on the USAFSAM biaxial stimulator was administered to 131 pilots. Two groups of pilots (“rested” and “fatigued”) were tested twice. Some of the pilots in each group got motion sickness during the initial test period. A two-parameter analog, measuring the rates of decay and sensitivity coefficients of vertical nystagmic responses, was used to compare the effects of fatigue and induced motion sickness on the nystagmic responses induced by Coriolis accelerations. Fatigue, in terms of moderate sleep deprivation of 24 to 30 hr., had significant deleterious effects on the vestibulo-ocular responses. Fatigue and induced motion sickness, simultaneously occurring, showed further deterioration of the vestibular system when compared with the nystagmic responses of rested and nonsick pilots. Such results indicate that fatigue and induced motion sickness make flying even more hazardous.
New Results in Driver Steering Control Models
Authors: McRuer Duane T. , Allen R. Wade , Weir David H. , Klein Richard H. 
Published: July 2017

The dynamic control properties of drivers and driver/vehicle systems in steering operations have been widely investigated. This paper presents a short review of the combined compensatory, pursuit, and precognitive features needed to describe the total properties of the driver as a controller. Specific combinations of these features are associated with particular driving maneuvers. Some recent results are presented to confirm previous hypotheses and more completely quantify the models. The driver-organized system structure for regulation control is reviewed with emphasis on the loops closed and adjustments made by the driver in compensating for vehicle dynamic changes. Pursuit structures are given which describe steering control with preview and as one explanation for lane change maneuvers. Precognitive behavior is then presented as the most skilled mode utilized in rapid lane changes and other well-practiced maneuvers including obstacle avoidance. For all three categories of control, full-scale or simulator data are presented as indications of model verification.
Visual Workload of the Copilot/Navigator during Terrain Flight
Authors: Sanders Michael G. , Simmons Ronald R. , Hofmann Mark A. 
Published: July 2017

The emphasis on aviator workload has been of primary concern to the U.S. Army aviation community since the incorporation of low altitude terrain flight techniques into the helicopter tactics repertory. Since navigation is a particularly acute problem at low altitudes, this project examined the visual workload of the navigator/copilot during terrain flight (nap-of-the-earth, contour, and low level) in a UH-1H helicopter. Visual performance was measured via a modified NAC Eye Mark Recorder used in conjunction with a LOCAM high speed camera. This technique provided the means to record objectively and analyze the navigator's visual performance. A visual free time task was utilized to determine the amount of visual time the navigator had available, during flight over the prescribed course, for a nonflight-related task. The data indicate that the navigator's normal workload was demanding; the visual free time task was utilized only 3% of the total time. The data also indicate that the duty of navigating required 92.2% of the copilot's total visual time, while the engine and flight instruments were utilized only 4% of the time. These data are discussed in relation to the copilot's specified duties.
Discrimination of Vowel Sounds Synthesized By Harmonic Addition
Authors: Carpenter Alan 
Published: July 2017

An experiment is described in which synthetic sounds were identified by untrained subjects as vowels. The sounds were constructed by adding together harmonics selected from a buzz source in the same relative amplitudes as were found in corresponding natural vowels. This work is the first step in an attempt to identify those qualities of a complex sound which determine its perception as a particular vowel, irrespective of theories based upon the mechanism by which speech sounds are produced.
On the Child's Acquisition of Semantic Structure Underlying the Wordfield of Prepositions
Authors: Grimm Hannelore 
Published: July 2017

Spontaneously produced prepositional phrases of 115 preschoolers, 2.7-5.11 years old and of 22 first-graders are analysed. Our main interest lies in anomalous combinations since these allow us to establish which features and selection restrictions responsible for the anomaly the children have not yet acquired. The main results are as follows: (a) the development sequence of spatial prepositions concurs with the development of spatio-geometric properties shown by Piaget. This is suggested by the distribution of frequencies of used prepositions as well as by the systematic replacements of complex by simple prepositions. (b) Temporal prepositions are much rarer than spatial ones. Only such temporal prepositions occur which are also used in a locative sense. Substitutions among prepositions indicate a still incomplete distinction between concrete-local and abstract-temporal notions. (c) Purely grammatical prepositions are acquired within a gradual process of voiding of semantic meaning. The general validity of resulting rules and the existing interrelation between structural changes in language and cognition is dealt with in the discussion.
Effects of Speech Rate on Personality Perception
Authors: Smith Bruce L. , Brown Bruce L. , Strong William J. , Rencher Alvin C. 
Published: July 2017

Using the voices of six subjects, representing various social and educational backgrounds, fifty-four synthetic voices were generated by computer. Each normal voice was both increased and decreased in rate by 121/2, 25, 371/2, and 50 per cent. Judges evaluated the fifty-four voices using a series of adjectives representing two major personality factors of " competence " and " benevolence ". Several statistical analyses were performed, and it was found that the competence factor was much more sensitive to rate manipulations than was the benevolence factor. Ratings of competence were found to increase as rate increases and decrease as rate decreases, in a linear fashion. Benevolence had an inverted U-relationship with speech rate; the highest benevolence ratings occurred with normal speech rate.
Distribution of Kinesic Hesitation Phenomena in Spontaneous Speech
Authors: Ragsdale J. Donald , Fry Silvia Catherine 
Published: July 2017

Forty college student volunteers, equally divided by sex, participated in a study of vocal hesitations and kinesic hesitation phenomena in an anxiety-producing interview conducted by male and female interviewers. The vocal hesitations were of Mahl's non-ah type and included sentence change, repetition, stutter, omission, sentence incompletion, tongue slip, and intruding incoherent sounds. The kinesic hesitation phenomena included head, hand, arm, leg, and foot movement, posture change, and body shift. The results showed a close relationship between the occurrences of vocal hesitations and movement. Additionally, they showed clear differences in the frequency of occurrence of the kinds of vocal hesitations and movements. Finally, it was found that the most common location of a kinesic phenomenon is just before or simultaneously with a nonfluency rather than after one. The findings lend support to the idea that vocal and nonvocal behaviors may not always be so interdependent as parallel.
Outbreak Bias in Illness Reporting and Case Confirmation in Ciguatera Fish Poisoning Surveillance in South Florida
Authors: Begier Elizabeth M. , Backer Lorraine C. , Weisman Richard S. , Hammond Roberta M. , Fleming Lora E. , Blythe Donna 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Ciguatera fish poisoning is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by eating coral reef fish contaminated with ciguatoxins and is the most common marine poisoning. However, existing surveillance systems capture few cases. To improve regional ciguatera surveillance in South Florida, this study compared ciguatera illnesses in the Florida Poison Information Center–Miami (FPICM) call database to ciguatera cases in the Florida Department of Health (FDOH) disease surveillance systems. Methods. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression were used to identify predictors of when FPICM reported ciguatera illnesses to FDOH and whether FDOH confirmed reported ciguatera cases. Results. FPICM staff preferentially reported ciguatera illnesses that were of shorter duration (adjusted odds ratio [AOR]=0.84 per additional illness day; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.74, 0.97); outbreak-associated (AOR=7.0; 95% CI 2.5, 19.5); and clinically more severe (AOR=21.6; 95% CI 2.3, 198.5). Among ciguatera illnesses reported to FDOH, outbreak-associated illnesses were more likely than single, sporadic illnesses to become confirmed surveillance cases (crude OR=11.1; 95% CI 2.0, 62.5). Conclusions. The over-representation of outbreak-associated ciguatera cases underestimates the true contribution of sporadic illnesses to ciguatera disease burden. This bias should be considered when evaluating surveillance systems that include both outbreak-associated and sporadic illness reports.
Infectious Disease Hospitalizations among Older American Indian and Alaska Native Adults
Authors: Holman Robert C. , Curns Aaron T. , Singleton Rosalyn J. , Sejvar James J. , Butler Jay C. , Paisano Edna L. , Schonberger Lawrence B. , Cheek James E. 
Published: July 2017

Objectives. American Indians and Alaska Natives (AI/AN) adults ≥65 years of age (older adults) have the second highest age group-specific infectious disease (ID) hospitalization rate. To assess morbidity and disparities of IDs for older AI/AN adults, this study examined the epidemiology of overall and specific infectious disease hospitalizations among older AI/AN adults. Methods. ID hospitalization data for older AI/AN adults were analyzed by using Indian Health Service hospital discharge data for 1990 through 2002 and comparing it with published findings for the general U.S. population of older adults. Results. ID hospitalizations accounted for 23% of all hospitalizations among older AI/AN adults. The average annual ID hospitalization rate increased 5% for 1990–1992 to 2000–2002; however, the rate increased more than 20% in the Alaska and the Southwest regions. The rate for older AI/AN adults living in the Southwest region was greater than that for the older U.S. adult population. For 2000–2002, lower respiratory tract infections accounted for almost half of all ID hospitalizations followed by kidney, urinary tract, and bladder infections, and cellulitis. Conclusions. The ID hospitalization rate increased among older AI/AN adults living in the Southwest and Alaska regions, and the rate for the older AI/AN adults living in the Southwest region was higher than that for the U.S. general population. Prevention measures should focus on ways to reduce ID hospitalizations among older AI/AN adults, particularly those living in the Southwest and Alaska regions.
The Effect of Message Type on Physician Compliance with Disease Reporting Requirements
Authors: Brissette Ian , Gelberg Kitty H. , Grey Anthony J. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Despite the existence of mandatory reporting laws, the underreporting of disease conditions to public health authorities is widespread. This article describes an evaluation of the effects of using different appeals to promote complete and timely reporting to the New York State Occupational Lung Disease Registry (NYS OLDR). Methods. Three-hundred sixty-eight physicians who had not reported patients were randomly assigned to receive correspondence emphasizing either the legal obligation to report, the public health benefits of reporting, or both. Chi-square tests were used to determine if the proportion of physicians who subsequently reported patients differed by message group. Chi-square tests and the Kruskall Wallis rank sum test were used to test for differences in the completeness and timeliness of reports received from physicians in the three message groups. Results. Physicians receiving correspondence describing the legal obligation to report were more likely to report patients than those receiving only the benefit message, while those receiving correspondence describing the public health benefits of reporting submitted more complete reports than those receiving only the obligation message. Conclusions. To maximize physician reporting, it is important for public health agencies to emphasize both the legal and public health basis for reporting conditions in correspondence to physicians.
Inadequate Prenatal Care and Elevated Blood Lead Levels among Children Born in Providence, Rhode Island: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Greene Anna , Morello-Frosch Rachel , Shenassa Edmond D. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. This study was conducted to determine whether children born to mothers receiving inadequate prenatal care are at an increased risk for having an elevated blood lead level during early childhood. Methods. The authors conducted a population-based study of children born in Providence, Rhode Island, from 1997 to 2001 whose mothers had received adequate, intermediate, or inadequate prenatal care. The children's blood lead levels were compared between groups using bivariate and logistic regression. To understand the regulatory implications and public health impact of changing the definition of an elevated blood lead level, “elevated” was defined as 5 μg/dL, 10 μg/dL, and 15 μg/dL. Results. Children born to mothers who received inadequate prenatal care were at an elevated risk for having an elevated blood lead level later in life. This relationship remained statistically significant for each definition of elevated blood lead level and after controlling for other socio-economic status measures and birthweight (at 5 μg/dL, odds ratio [OR]=1.36, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09, 1.68, p=0.006; at 10 μg/dL, OR=1.68, 95%CI 1.26, 2.24, p<0.0004; at 15 μg/dL, OR=1.83, 95% CI 1.10, 3.04, p=0.019) represent an opportune moment to identify expectant mothers living in lead-contaminated environments. Conclusions. Results suggest that conducting lead screening as a regular part of prenatal care provision could help identify women possibly experiencing ongoing lead exposure and help reduce or prevent exposures to their offspring.
The Contribution of Specific Causes of Death to Sex Differences in Mortality
Authors: Wong Mitchell D. , Chung Anne K. , Boscardin W. John , Li Ming , Hsieh Hsin-Ju , Ettner Susan L. , Shapiro Martin F. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. Men have higher mortality rates than women for most causes of death. This study was conducted to determine the contribution of specific causes of death to the sex difference in years of potential life lost (YPLL). Methods. The authors examined data from the National Health Interview Survey with linked mortality data through 1997. Using survival analysis estimates, a stochastic simulation model to simulate death events for cohorts of white, African American, and Latino adults was created. Results. YPLL from all causes were greater among men than women. Homicide, motor vehicle accidents, and suicide accounted for 33% of YPLL sex difference among whites, 36% among African Americans, and 52% among Latinos. For all three racial/ethnic groups, cardiovascular disease (principally ischemic heart disease) was the second largest contributor to the sex difference in YPLL (29% among whites, 23% among African Americans, and 25% among Latinos). Lung cancer was also important among whites and African Americans, accounting for 15% and 17% of the sex difference in YPLL from all causes, respectively. Conclusions. Ischemic heart disease, lung cancer, and traumatic deaths account for as much as three-quarters of the excess YPLL among men, suggesting that a few modifiable behaviors such as the use of tobacco, alcohol, and drugs and violence may account for much of the shorter life expectancy among men.
Smoking Prevalence among Asian Americans: Findings from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS)
Authors: Chae David H. , Gavin Amelia R. , Takeuchi David T. 
Published: July 2017

Objective. National studies suggest that the prevalence of current smoking among Asian Americans is lower than that for other racial/ethnic groups. However, these studies may have yielded inaccurate estimates because of the underrepresentation of non-English-speaking groups. Using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS), the authors estimated the prevalence of current and lifetime smoking among Asian Americans. Methods. Current and lifetime smoking status was assessed through a population-based survey administered to Asian American adults aged 18 and older. Results. An overall current smoking prevalence of 14.9% was found, with notable differences by gender, nativity, and other sociodemographic factors. The prevalence of current smoking was higher among foreign-born vs. U.S.-born men (24.9% vs. 15.6%), while U.S.-born women had a higher prevalence than foreign-born women (6.3% vs. 11.7%). Overall, 28.3% of Asian Americans were ever smokers (including current and former smokers), suggesting that approximately half of ever smokers cease smoking. Results indicated that some Asian American groups are more likely to initiate smoking and/or be more likely to continue smoking. Conclusion. Results revealed that the prevalence of current smoking exceeds that of the general U.S. population for some Asian American groups and suggest that excluding non-English-speaking Asian Americans may underestimate the prevalence of smoking among men. Findings indicate that some Asian American groups are at greater risk for initiating smoking and/or continuing smoking, and highlight the need for tailored interventions that address differential smoking patterns by gender, nativity, and other social characteristics.
The Personal Costs of Caring for a Child with a Disability: A Review of the Literature
Authors: Anderson Donna , Dumont Serge , Jacobs Philip , Azzaria Leila 
Published: July 2017

This article presents a review of the literature published from 1989 to 2005 for articles that examined the economic burden incurred by families as a result of caring for a child with disabilities. The review was performed according to a comprehensive economic conceptual model developed by the authors and to the guidelines set out by Canadian Coordinating Office for Health Technology Assessment. The analysis indicated that the burden incurred by these families can be substantial, especially among families who care for a child with a severe disability. However, the variability and the quality of methods is such that the return on investment in knowledge of costs in this area is not as high as it could have been had methodological procedures been more standardized. A comprehensive and systematic approach is suggested for future research.