bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yield Analysis of Oil Palm Cultivated Under Irrigation in the Brazilian Savanna
Authors: do Amaral Teles Daniel Aparecida , Braga Marcelo Fideles , Antoniassi Rosemar , Junqueira Nilton Tadeu Vilela , Peixoto José Ricardo , Malaquias Juaci Vitoria 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe oil palm is currently a major source of oil used worldwide for biofuel production and food. In Brazil, it is grown in high rainfall and high temperature regions. The high cost of this oil crop in the Brazilian Amazonia, combined with environmental and land ownership issues and the occurrence of diseases, has aroused considerable interest in growing it in other regions of the country, including the Savanna (Cerrado) Biome. This study aimed to evaluate, for 1 year, the fruit bunch, the oil yield, and other parameters of two oil palm cultivars (BRS C1001 and BRS C2501) under the typical Savanna conditions in the Federal District, Brazil. Differences between these cultivars were observed in some parameters evaluated throughout the year (p < 0.05). The oil yield/bunch ranged from 25 to 32 and 29 to 36 % for BRS C2501 and BRS C1001 cultivars, respectively and similar to those obtained for the same cultivars in the Brazilian Amazonia and for other genotypes in Indonesia, Sumatra, and Malaysia. Both cultivars proved to be promising in terms of oil yield in a trail carried out at 1000 m of altitude under irrigation at Cerrado Biome in Brazil.
Varied Presentations of Absent Ductus Venosus, Their Associations, and Outcomes
Authors: Thomas Anuja , Balakrishnan Bijoy K. , Batra Meenu , Kuriakose Rekha Raichel , Vikraman Seneesh Kumar , Gopinathan Kannoly Karunakaran 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe present study aimed at identification of fetuses with absent ductus venosus at prenatal screening ultrasound, determination of the type of umbilical venous drainage, and follow-up to assess their outcomes. This prospective study was conducted at CIMAR Hospital, Kerala, in antenatal women with singleton pregnancy, who underwent screening at 11 to 13 + 6 weeks, from November 2013 to January 2015. Ultrasonography was done according to Fetal Medicine Foundation (FMF) protocol. Absence of ductus venosus was diagnosed, when ductus venosus was not visualized connecting the portal sinus to the subphrenic confluence. The type of umbilical venous drainage was determined. Karyotyping was offered in all diagnosed cases and follow-up was obtained. Absent ductus venosus was diagnosed in three out of the 3691 women screened. Two of these had intrahepatic and the third had extrahepatic type of umbilical venous drainage. Karyotype was normal in all the three. The first patient with intrahepatic type of drainage developed polyhydramnios and ended up in intrauterine fetal demise at 26 weeks of gestation. In the second patient, malaligned ventricular septal defect and intestinal obstruction was detected in the anomaly scan. She underwent termination of pregnancy. The fetus with extrahepatic type of umbilical venous drainage developed cardiomegaly on follow-up. This baby underwent ligation of patent ductus arteriosus at third month of life. Our study suggests that absence of ductus venosus is associated with variable fetal outcome. Careful search of co-existing anomalies and follow-up is warranted in these cases.
Mind the Gap: Hong Kong’s Sexual Conviction Record Scheme
Authors: ONG Rebecca , SABAPATHY Sandy , CHUI Wing Hong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIt is likely that no criminal behaviour breeds as much condemnation and fear as sex offences. Tragic examples of young victims of sex offenders from around the world have raised societal concerns and prompted calls for increased surveillance and control. It is responsible public policy to address these concerns in ways that will increase public protection and allay unnecessary fears. The purpose of this paper is three-fold. First, the paper examines Hong Kong’s recently implemented Sexual Conviction Record Check Scheme against the Territory’s low crime victimization rate. Second, it compares the Scheme with pre-employment screening checks in Australia and the UK. The paper finally concludes with proposals for changes to the Scheme.
Current Capabilities and Capacity of Ebola Treatment Centers in the United States
Authors: Herstein Jocelyn J. , Biddinger Paul D. , Kraft Colleen S. , Saiman Lisa , Gibbs Shawn G. , Le Aurora B. , Smith Philip W. , Hewlett Angela L. , Lowe John J. 
Published: December 2015

OBJECTIVETo describe current Ebola treatment center (ETC) locations, their capacity to care for Ebola virus disease patients, and infection control infrastructure features.DESIGNA 19-question survey was distributed electronically in April 2015. Responses were collected via email by June 2015 and analyzed in an electronic spreadsheet.SETTINGThe survey was sent to and completed by site representatives of each ETC.PARTICIPANTSThe survey was sent to all 55 ETCs; 47 (85%) responded.RESULTSOf the 47 responding ETCs, there are 84 isolation beds available for adults and 91 for children; of these pediatric beds, 35 (38%) are in children’s hospitals. In total, the simultaneous capacity of the 47 reporting ETCs is 121 beds. On the basis of the current US census, there are 0.38 beds per million population. Most ETCs have negative pressure isolation rooms, anterooms, and a process for category A waste sterilization, although only 11 facilities (23%) have the capability to sterilize infectious waste on site.CONCLUSIONSFacilities developed ETCs on the basis of Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidance, but specific capabilities are not mandated at this present time. Owing to the complex and costly nature of Ebola virus disease treatment and variability in capabilities from facility to facility, in conjunction with the lack of regulations, nationwide capacity in specialized facilities is limited. Further assessments should determine whether ETCs can adapt to safely manage other highly infectious disease threats.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(3):313–318
Internal wave attractors over random, small-amplitude topography
Authors: Guo Yuan , Holmes-Cerfon Miranda 
Published: December 2015

We consider whether small-amplitude topography in a two-dimensional ocean may contain internal wave attractors. These are closed orbits formed by the characteristics (or wave beam paths) of the linear, inviscid, steady-state Boussinesq equations, and their existence may imply enhanced scattering and energy decay for the internal tide when dissipation is present. We develop a numerical code to detect attractors over arbitrary topography, and apply this to random, Gaussian topography with different covariance functions. The rate of attractors per length of topography increases with the fraction of supercritical topography, but surprisingly, it also increases as the amplitude of the topography is decreased, while the supercritical fraction is held constant. This can partly be understood by appealing to Rice’s formula for the rate of zero crossings of a stochastic process. We compute the rate of attractors for a covariance function typical of ocean bathymetry away from large features and find it is about 10 attractors per 1000 km. This could have implications for the overall energy budget of the ocean.
Identifying high growth firms: Where are we?
Authors: Dwyer Bruce , Kotey Bernice 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe article reviews the literature for the key markers of high growth firms, which create the majority of new jobs. From the review, a template is developed comprising the key markers. They include: training and experience in entrepreneurship and management; and strategies that emphasise innovation, marketing and employee and organisational learning. High growth firm owners take steps to access management skills that complement theirs through employment of a management team, outsourcing management tasks or making decisions with oversight from an informal board. Good reward structures, which may include ownership interests, are essential to performance of the management team. Access to resources, especially finance and human capital is critical to growth but abundant resources could compromise efficiency. The article finds that personality characteristics of owners and postgraduate education in management are not effective identifiers of high growth firms. Some of the barriers to identifying high growth firms are presented and suggestions made to overcome them.
CLERICAL CONFORMITY AND THE ELIZABETHAN SETTLEMENT REVISITED
Authors: MARSHALL PETER , MORGAN JOHN 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThis article re-examines the nature and extent of conformity to the Religious Settlement amongst the parish clergy in the first decades of Elizabeth I's reign. The estimate of Henry Gee, made over a century ago, that only around 300 clergymen were deprived for non-conformity to the Settlement has been remarkably influential and durable, and it continues to shape broader assessments of the ways in which religio-political change was implemented and received in this period. Using digital resources such as the Clergy of the Church of England Database, in conjunction with hitherto neglected biographical compilations, the article argues for a significant revision of Gee's figures. More broadly, it reflects on the complex meanings of ‘conformity’ in a period of perplexing change and dramatic institutional disruption, disputing any suggestion that apparent acquiescence signalled pervasive ‘acceptance’ of the alteration in religion among the clergy. In the process, it draws attention to the pitfalls of uncritical deployment of numbers and statistics, and of using them as explanatory short-cuts in understanding the dynamics of Reformation change.
Nitrogen-limited light use efficiency in wheat crop simulators: comparing three model approaches
Authors: RATJEN A. M. , KAGE H. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYThree different explanatory indicators for reduced light use efficiency (LUE) under limited nitrogen (N) supply were evaluated. The indicators can be used to adapt dry matter production of crop simulators to N-limited growth conditions. The first indicator, nitrogen factor (NFAC), originates from the CERES-Wheat model and calculates the critical N concentration of the shoot as a function of phenological development. The second indicator, N nutrition index (NNI), calculates a critical N concentration as a function of shoot dry matter. The third indicator, specific leaf nitrogen (SLN) index (SLNI), has been newly developed. It compares the actual SLN with the maximum SLN (SLNmax). The latter is calculated as a function of the green area index (GAI). The comparison was based on growth curves and fitted to empirical data, and was carried out independently from a dynamic crop model. The data set included four growing seasons (2004–2006, 2012) in Northern Germany and seven modern bread wheat cultivars with varying N fertilization levels (0–320 kg N/ha). The influence of N shortage on LUE was evaluated from the beginning of stem elongation until flowering. With the exception of 2005, the highest productivity was observed for the highest N level. A moderate N shortage primarily reduced GAI and therefore light interception, while LUE remained stable under moderate N shortage. The relative LUE (rLUE) of a specific day was defined as the ratio of actual to maximal LUE. None of the indicators was proportional to rLUE, but the relationships were described well by quadratic plateau curves. The correlation between simulated and measured rLUE was significant for all explanatory indicators, but different in terms of mean absolute error and coefficient of determination (R2). The performance of SLNI and NNI was similar, but the goodness of prediction was much lower for NFAC. Compared with NNI and NFAC, SLNI corresponded to leaf N and was therefore sensitive to N translocation from leaves to growing grains during the reproductive stage. For this reason, SLNI may have the potential to improve simulation of dry matter production in wheat crop simulators.
Agency and Environment in the Work of Jesmyn Ward Response to Anna Hartnell, “When Cars Become Churches”
Authors: CROWNSHAW RICHARD 
Published: December 2015

Throughout this interview, Jesmyn Ward emphasizes the humanity of her fictional and nonfictional subjects – subjects whose humanity has been eviscerated by what has been characterized as the postwar, neoliberal shift in American politics and economics. The socioeconomic and political neglect of African Americans was, of course, demonstrable in the wake of Hurricane Katrina, revealing the structural racism that had often resided in the US's political unconscious. Ward's emphasis on the ideas of survival and renewal – a “savage” resilience of humanity in its most precarious state – offers a corrective to the proclivities of some critical theory deployed in the framing of Hurricane Katrina's victims and the longer history of suffering they represented. For examples, theories of biopolitics used to conceptualize the ways in which African American life has been removed from the protections of citizenship and state sovereignty do run the risk of universalization. A transhistorical version of that life, consistent from slavery to the present day, might emerge from such theory, indistinct from examples of “bare” lives rendered by states of emergency beyond the US and across the twentieth and twenty-first centuries, as Giorgio Agamben might describe such life. In other words, theory risks a process of re-othering and a suspension of historical agency. Anna Hartnell finds in Ward's work the resonance of the jeremiad, and so narratives that are structured by the possibility of the redemption of historical experience – future-oriented narratives. These are narratives that represent the negotiation of historical conditions, not utter submission to them, and following Hartnell's reference they are aptly framed by Henry Giroux's reconceptualization of biopolitical life and the limits of American democracy.
The effects of single and mixed infections ofApicystis bombiand deformed wing virus inBombus terrestris
Authors: GRAYSTOCK PETER , MEEUS IVAN , SMAGGHE GUY , GOULSON DAVE , HUGHES WILLIAM O. H. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYMany pollinators are currently suffering from declines, diminishing their gene pool and increasing their vulnerability to parasites. Recently, an increasing diversity of parasites has been recorded in bumblebees, yet for many, knowledge of their virulence and hence the risk their presence poses, is lacking. The deformed wing virus (DWV), known to be ubiquitous in honey bees, has now been detected in bumblebees. In addition, the neogregarineApicystis bombihas been discovered to be more prevalent than previously thought. Here, we assess for the first time the lethal and sublethal effects of these parasites during single and mixed infections of worker bumblebees (Bombus terrestris). Fifteen days after experimental exposure, 22% of bees exposed toA. bombi, 50% of bees exposed to DWV and 86% of bees exposed to both parasites had died. Bumblebees that had ingestedA. bombihad increased sucrose sensitivity (SS) and a lower lipid:body size ratio than control bees. While dual infected bumblebees showed no increase in SS. Overall, we find thatA. bombiexhibits both lethal and sublethal effects. DWV causes lethal effect and may reduce the sub lethal effects imposed byA. bombi. The results show that both parasites have significant, negative effects on bumblebee health, making them potentially of conservation concern.
Hume and Smith on Natural Religion
Authors: Graham Gordon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe prominence of David Hume's Dialogues Concerning Natural Religion in contemporary philosophy of religion has led it to overshadow his other short work, The Natural History of Religion, and thus obscure the fact that the social psychology of religion was in many ways of greater interest and more widely debated among the philosophers of the Scottish Enlightenment than philosophical theology. This paper examines and compares the social psychology of religion advanced by Hume and Adam Smith. It argues that Hume's account of the psychological sources and social significance of religion is less satisfactory than Smith's.
Intrusive memories to traumatic footage: the neural basis of their encoding and involuntary recall
Authors: Clark I. A. , Holmes E. A. , Woolrich M. W. , Mackay C. E. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundA hallmark symptom after psychological trauma is the presence of intrusive memories. It is unclear why only some moments of trauma become intrusive, and how these memories involuntarily return to mind. Understanding the neural mechanisms involved in the encoding and involuntary recall of intrusive memories may elucidate these questions.MethodParticipants (n= 35) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) while being exposed to traumatic film footage. After film viewing, participants indicated within the scanner, while undergoing fMRI, if they experienced an intrusive memory of the film. Further intrusive memories in daily life were recorded for 7 days. After 7 days, participants completed a recognition memory test. Intrusive memory encoding was captured by comparing activity at the time of viewing ‘Intrusive scenes’ (scenes recalled involuntarily), ‘Control scenes’ (scenes never recalled involuntarily) and ‘Potential scenes’ (scenes recalled involuntarily by others but not that individual). Signal change associated with intrusive memory involuntary recall was modelled using finite impulse response basis functions.ResultsWe found a widespread pattern of increased activation for Intrusivev. both Potential and Control scenes at encoding. The left inferior frontal gyrus and middle temporal gyrus showed increased activity in Intrusive scenes compared with Potential scenes, but not in Intrusive scenes compared with Control scenes. This pattern of activation persisted when taking recognition memory performance into account. Intrusive memory involuntary recall was characterized by activity in frontal regions, notably the left inferior frontal gyrus.ConclusionsThe left inferior frontal gyrus may be implicated in both the encoding and involuntary recall of intrusive memories.
Maternal bereavement and the risk of preterm delivery: the importance of gestational age and of the precursor of preterm birth
Authors: László K. D. , Li J. , Olsen J. , Vestergaard M. , Obel C. , Cnattingius S. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundMaternal stress during pregnancy may increase the risk of preterm delivery (PD), but the associations between stress and subtypes of PD are not clear. We investigated maternal loss of a close relative and risks of very and moderately PD (<32 and 32–36 weeks, respectively) and spontaneous and medically indicated PD.MethodWe studied 4 940 764 live singleton births in Denmark (1978–2008) and Sweden (1973–2006). We retrieved information on death of women's family members (children, partner, siblings, parents), birth outcomes and maternal characteristics from nationwide registries.ResultsOverall, the death of a close family member the year before pregnancy or in the first 36 weeks of pregnancy was associated with a 7% increased risk of PD [95% confidence interval (CI) 1.04–1.10]. The highest hazard ratios (HR) for PD were found for death of an older child [HR (95% CI) 1.20 (1.10–1.31)] and for death of a partner [HR (95% CI) 1.31 (1.03–1.66)]. These losses were associated with higher risks of very preterm [HR (95% CI) 1.61 (1.29–2.01) and 2.07 (1.15–3.74), respectively] than of moderately preterm [HR (95% CI) 1.14 (1.03–1.26) and 1.22 (0.94–1.58), respectively] delivery. There were no substantial differences in the association between death of a child or partner and the risk of spontaneous v. medically indicated PD.ConclusionsDeath of a close family member the year before or during pregnancy was associated with an increased risk of PD, especially very PD. Possible mechanisms include both spontaneous and medically indicated preterm birth.
Prisons should mirror society: the debate on age-segregated housing for older prisoners
Authors: WANGMO TENZIN , HANDTKE VIOLET , BRETSCHNEIDER WIEBKE , ELGER BERNICE SIMONE 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe debate on age-segregated housing for older prisoners has seldom captured the perspectives of older prisoners and professionals (‘stakeholders’) working in a European prison setting. To address this gap in the research, 35 older prisoners from Switzerland and 40 stakeholders from three European countries (including Switzerland) were interviewed for the study. Data analysis was conducted thematically, and the validity of coding was established independently from the primary author. Interpretation of study results was agreed upon by all authors. Participants' opinions regarding age-segregated housing for older prisoners were split. An almost equal number of prisoners and stakeholders had similar arguments in favour of and against such living arrangements. The findings encompassed three major themes: ‘prisons should mirror society’ and thus age-mixed housing was preferable as it ensured generational exchange; a ‘separate unit within the prison’ would allow continuity of personal and other relationships and at the same time respond to older prisoners' specific health and environmental needs; finally, participants felt it was important to think critically about ‘the criteria’ for placing older prisoners in an age-segregated arrangement. We conclude that the debate on consolidated versus separate housing is bifurcated. Any push towards segregation based only on high prison violence and unvalidated context-specific information may result in unreliable public policy.
Self-pumped SBS effect of high-power super-Gaussian-shaped laser pulses
Authors: Wang Yulei , Zhu Xuehua , Lu Zhiwei , Zhang Hengkang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMost of the high-energy laser systems deliver temporally super-Gaussian-shaped laser pulses. The propagation properties of this kind of pulses in a nonlinear medium are studied in this paper. There is Stokes component in the sideband spectrum of super-Gaussian-shaped pulses, and the frequency difference between the Stokes component and the center frequency is equals to the Brillouin frequency of the nonlinear medium. When the laser is reflected by optical elements in the light path, Stokes component in the reflected light can be amplified by the subsequent part of the laser pulse and excite stimulated Brillouin scattering (self-pumped SBS). The self-pumped SBS is studied theoretically and experimentally, and the experimental results agreed well with the calculated results. The simulation results show that lower-order super-Gaussian-shaped pulses are more suitable for suppressing the self-pumped SBS and of great benefit to the energy delivering of the high-power laser pulses. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time to experimentally demonstrate the self-pumped SBS of high-power super-Gaussian-shaped laser pulses.