bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Christian Grave-Inscriptions from the Familia Caesaris
Authors: McKECHNIE PAUL 
Published: July 2002

In this article I shall republish a small corpus of epitaphs from the
Roman imperial household, with apparently Christian features.
These texts have not previously been published together. The dating
of these inscriptions will be discussed, and inferences about the Christian
community in the imperial service during the Severan period will be
drawn from the points of comparison which can be made between the
texts.It has long been known from literary sources that there were Christians
in the emperors' service in these years. For the generation after Justin
Martyr's death, Christian literature provides three references to
Christianity in the familia Caesaris. Hippolytus says that Callistus, later to
be bishop of Rome, was the slave of Carpophorus, a Christian ‘of the
emperor's household’ during the reign of Commodus (180–92).
Irenaeus, writing in that reign, refers in the course of a theological
argument to ‘those in the royal palace who are believers’, without giving
any hint about the number of Christians involved. Then in the 190s
Tertullian's Apologeticum lists the palace along with other commanding
heights of Roman life in which, he asserts, Christians have established a
presence. By this time it was evidently well-known in Christian circles,
including in the provinces, that there were Christians in the familia
Caesaris: of these three authors, only Hippolytus was based in Rome where
the imperial household was centred.
The energy distribution resulting from an impact on a floating body
Authors: KOROBKIN A. A. , PEREGRINE D. H. 
Published: July 2002

The initial stage of the water flow caused by an impact on a floating body is
considered. The vertical velocity of the body is prescribed and kept constant after a
short acceleration stage. The present study demonstrates that impact on a floating and
non-flared body gives acoustic effects that are localized in time behind the front of the
compression wave generated at the moment of impact and are of major significance
for explaining the energy distribution throughout the water, but their contribution to
the flow pattern near the body decays with time. We analyse the dependence on the
body acceleration of both the water flow and the energy distribution – temporal and
spatial. Calculations are performed for a half-submerged sphere within the framework
of the acoustic approximation. It is shown that the pressure impulse and the total
impulse of the flow are independent of the history of the body motion and are readily
found from pressure-impulse theory. On the other hand, the work done to oppose the
pressure force, the internal energy of the water and its kinetic energy are essentially
dependent on details of the body motion during the acceleration stage. The main
parameter is the ratio of the time scale for the acoustic effects and the duration of the
acceleration stage. When this parameter is small the work done to accelerate the body
is minimal and is spent mostly on the kinetic energy of the flow. When the sphere is
impulsively started to a constant velocity (the parameter is infinitely large), the work
takes its maximum value: Longhorn (1952) discovered that half of this work goes to
the kinetic energy of the flow near the body and the other half is taken away with
the compression wave. However, the work required to accelerate the body decreases
rapidly as the duration of the acceleration stage increases. The optimal acceleration
of the sphere, which minimizes the acoustic energy, is determined for a given duration
of the acceleration stage. Roughly speaking, the optimal acceleration is a combination
of both sudden changes of the sphere velocity and uniform acceleration.If only the initial velocity of the body is prescribed and it then moves freely under
the influence of the pressure, the fraction of the energy lost in acoustic waves depends
only on the ratio of the body's mass to the mass of water displaced by the hemisphere.
Low-dimensional control of the circular cylinder wake
Authors: GILLIES E. A. 
Published: July 2002

Many wake flows exhibit self-excited flow oscillations which are
sustained by the flow
itself and are not caused by amplification of external noise. The archetypal
example
of a self-excited wake flow is the low Reynolds number flow past a circular
cylinder.
This flow exhibits self-sustained periodic vortex shedding above a critical
Reynolds
number. In general, control of such flows requires stabilization of many
globally
unstable modes; the present work describes a multiple-sensor control strategy
for the
cylinder wake which succeeds in controlling a simplified wake model at
a Reynolds
number above that at which single-sensor schemes fail.Representation of the flow field by a finite set of coherent structures
or modes,
which are extracted by proper orthogonal decomposition and correspond to
the
large-scale wake components, allows the efficient design of a closed-loop
control
algorithm. A neural network is used to furnish an empirical prediction
of the modal
response of the wake to external control forcing. This model avoids the
need for
explicit representation of the control actuator–wake interaction.
Additionally, the
neural network structure of the model allows the design of a robust nonlinear

control algorithm. Furthermore the controller does not necessarily require
velocity
field information, but can control the wake using other quantities (for
example flow
visualization pictures) which characterize the structure of the velocity
field. Successful
control of a simplified cylinder wake model is used to demonstrate the
feasibility of
the low-dimensional control strategy.
Dust resuspension by the flow around an impacting sphere
Authors: EAMES I. , DALZIEL S. B. 
Published: July 2002

A rigid body colliding with a layer of dust is capable of resuspending dust through
two distinct mechanisms: a ballistic mechanism, where kinetic energy is transferred
from the impacting body to dust particles through direct contact, and a hydrodynamic
mechanism, where dust particles are resuspended by the flow disturbance generated
by the body. In this paper, we study the hydrodynamic resuspension mechanism by
considering the flow around a sphere moving either towards or away from a wall.
Experiments were performed using a sphere translating at a constant velocity for
Reynolds number, Re, in the range 300 to 3500, and at varying angles of approach
and departure from a wall. A wider range of Re was investigated by releasing
dense rigid spheres above the wall. The high Reynolds number flow past a steadily
translating sphere is characterized by a recirculating wake region behind the sphere.
When the sphere approaches the wall and stops on making contact with it, the wake
vortex which is initially behind the sphere threads over the sphere's surface, generating
a secondary vortex ring. The coherent structure, composed of the wake and secondary
vortices, strikes the wall and pushes fluid or dust, initially adjacent to the wall, to one
side. The resuspension of dust particles of diameter b which are initially at rest on
the wall is governed by a particle Shields' parameter, θp,
based on the sphere's impact velocity, U: θp =
ρfU2/
(ρp−ρf)bg,
where ρp and ρf are respectively the density of
the dust particles and fluid. The resuspension criterion is a function of particle Reynolds
number, Rep, based on the diameter
and fall velocity of the dust particles and occurs
when θp [ges ] θp,c where
θp,c ≈ 3.0 for Rep [gsim ] 1, and
θp,c ≈ 5.0/Re1/2p
for Rep [lsim ] 1. The
geometry of the region of dust resuspended by the sphere was studied as a function
of the impact velocity, angle of impact and the properties of the dust particles. When
the sphere impacts a thick layer of dust, the volume concentration of resuspended
dust is sufficiently high to generate a particle-driven gravity current which transports
the dust far from the point of impact. The dynamics of the gravity current were
determined as a function of dust particle properties and size of the impacting sphere.A sphere moving impulsively from rest away from a wall is found not to play a
significant role in the resuspension of dust; however trailing vorticity generated on
the surface of the sphere advects a large volume of fluid away from the wall, which
may contain dust already in suspension.
Temporal changes of feeding and absorption of biochemical components in Cerastoderma edule fed an algal diet
Authors: Ibarrola I. , Navarro E. , Iglesias J.I.P. , Urrutia M.B. 
Published: July 2002

Temporal evolution of the ingestion and absorption rates of organic matter and biochemical components in the filter-feeding bivalve Cerastoderma edule (Mollusca: Bivalvia) fed for 12 d on the same ration (1.5 mm3 l−1) of the microalgae Tetraselmis suecica (Chlorophyta: Prasinophiceae) having different biochemical composition, were measured. Cockles in group E were fed algal cells harvested at the exponential growth phase (55.5% of protein, 16.8% of carbohydrate and 27.6% of lipids) whereas cockles in group S were fed cells harvested at the stationary growth phase (45.3% of protein, 35.2% of carbohydrate and 20.0% of lipids). After the feeding period cockles were submitted to starvation and biochemical analysis of faeces produced during final steps of gut evacuation (after 24–96 h of starvation) was performed to estimate biochemical composition of metabolic faecal losses (endogenous matter lost during the process of digestion).Ingestion rate of organic matter was found to gradually increase during the feeding period in both groups. Absorption efficiency of organic matter decreased but reached an asymptotic minimum with rising ingestion rate. This relationship resulted in a gradual enhancement of absorption rate of organic matter over the time. Lipid fraction of food was found to be absorbed with significantly lower efficiency (even negative values were recorded in group S) than proteins and carbohydrates irrespective of the diet. Endogenous faecal losses presented high proportion of lipids (up to 66%) and lower proportions of proteins (∼25%) and carbohydrates (∼9%). On the other hand, increasing carbohydrate abundance in the diet brought about no apparent enhancement of carbohydrates absorption efficiency. Results are discussed in relation to the time-course of digestive enzyme activities.
Missing the entire point: Wittgenstein and religion
Authors: RICHTER DUNCAN 
Published: July 2002

In this paper I contrast some widespread ideas about what Wittgenstein
said about religious belief with statements Wittgenstein made about his purposes
and method in doing philosophy, in order to argue that he did not hold the views
commonly attributed to him. These allegedly Wittgensteinian doctrines in fact
essentialize religion in a very un-Wittgensteinian way. A truly Wittgensteinian
philosophy of religion can only be a personal process, and there can be no part in it
for generalized hypotheses or conclusions about religion in general.Why is it that in this case I seem to be missing the entire point?1
Swinburne's explanation of the universe
Authors: SMITH QUENTIN 
Published: July 2002

Richard Swinburne, Is There a God?

Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996, pp. vii+144.Swinburne's Is There A God? presents a brief,

updated version of his book,

The Existence of God, in which Swinburne argued that

criteria used in scientific

reasoning could be used to argue that God probably exists.

This new book

is designed for a wider audience than professional philosophers.

Nonetheless, there much that is new and of interest to

philosophers in Is There a God? For

example, there is a discussion of Stephen Hawking's

cosmology, some new

ideas in the philosophy of mind, and a new way of formulating

the argument that theism is a simpler explanation of the

universe than is materialism.
REM sleep: Desperately seeking isomorphism
Authors: Feinberg Irwin 
Published: July 2002

If reports given on experimental awakenings validly represent mental activity that was underway before the awakening, REM sleep is neither necessary nor sufficient for dreaming. Another intuitively attractive hypothesis for its function – that REM consolidates or otherwise modifies memory traces acquired while awake – is not supported by the preponderant evidence. There is growing acceptance of the possibility that REM functions to support sleep rather than waking brain processes.[Hobson et al.; Nielsen; Solms; Vertes & Eastman]
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF A CONSENSUS CONFERENCE ON LONG-TERM THERAPY FOR
SCHIZOPHRENIA
Authors: Glikman Jacques , Pazart Lionel , Casadebaig Françoise , Philippe Alain , Lachaux Bernard , Kovess Viviane , Terra Jean-Louis , Durocher Alain 
Published: July 2002

Objective: Our aim was to assess the impact of six recommendations
regarding drug prescription on the clinical practices of French psychiatrists.
The recommendations were part of the conclusions of a consensus conference
entitled “Long-term therapy of schizophrenia” (Paris, January
1994).Methods: The impact of the conference was assessed on the basis of
awareness of the existence of the conference, knowledge of its conclusions,
and actual changes in clinical practice. We performed: a) a survey of a
representative sample of 396 psychiatrists 2 years after the conference; and
b) an analysis of changes in drug prescriptions in a cohort of 2,407 patients
with schizophrenia under treatment at the time of the conference.Results: Overall, 78% of interviewed psychiatrists were aware of
the existence of the conference and 70% of its conclusions. Declared
prescription practices conformed with conference conclusions about 60%
(10%–95%) of the time. No difference in practices was noted between
psychiatrists who were aware of the recommendations and those who were not.
Single neuroleptic prescriptions increased in the cohort study in line with
the main conference recommendation. The increase was small, but significant
from 51.1% to 56.4%, and mainly concerned patients recently put on treatment.
Contrary to recommendations, prescriptions of anticholinergics plus
neuroleptics inexplicably rose from 48.2% to 54.3%.Conclusion: Small changes in prescription habits occurred in the
wake of the consensus conference, but we cannot really ascribe them to a
direct impact of the conference. Despite the great pains we took in
disseminating the conclusions of the conference as widely as possible, it is
clear that a more forceful action plan (e.g., including continuous medical
education) is required.
Possible Russian Contribution to the ERNP
Authors: Denisov Vladimir , Kent Peter 
Published: July 2002

This paper, and the following five papers, were presented
during the NAV 97 Conference held
at Church House, Westminster, London on 11th and 12th November 1997. A
full listing of
the Conference, and how to obtain a copy of the proceedings, is shown on
Page 279.The Government of the Russian Federation has made available, subject
to certain conditions,
the GLONASS satellite radionavigation system for civil use. Use
of the
system is free and there
is no intention to introduce coding or to cause any
deterioration to the accuracy of the signals.
Discussions are currently taking place between the European Commission
and the Russian
Federation on cooperation concerning the implementation of a navigation
satellite system for
civil purposes. Discussions are also taking place between interested European
Governments
and the Russian Federation into the possibility of developing joint Chayka/Loran-C
chains
wherever this is feasible, and in particular, to cover the Barents Sea,
the Baltic Sea and the
Black Sea. The development of a concept on integration of radionavigation
systems would
probably be a significant contribution to the European Radionavigation
Plan.
Serotypes/groups distribution and antimicrobial resistance of invasive pneumococcal isolates: implications for vaccine strategies
Authors: KYAW M. H. , CLARKE S. , EDWARDS G. F. S. , JONES I. G. , CAMPBELL H. 
Published: July 2002

Based on the invasive pneumococcal isolates referred to reference laboratories in Scotland in
1988–99, we identified the distribution of serotypes/groups and their antimicrobial resistance
patterns in order to evaluate the coverage of polysaccharide and the new pneumococcal
conjugate vaccines. A total of 5659 invasive isolates were included. Of these, 5124 (90·5%)
were blood isolates, 308 (5·5%) were CSF isolates, 143 (2·5%) were blood and CSF and 84
(1·5%) were other normally sterile isolates. The most prevalent 11 serotypes/groups were 14, 9,
19, 6, 23, 1, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 18, in numerical order. These accounted for 84% of total
serotypes/groups.The serotypes/groups included in the 23 and 14-valent polysaccharide vaccines accounted for
96% and 88% of all isolates. Both vaccines accounted for 98% of penicillin non-susceptible
and 100% of erythromycin non-susceptible isolates. The 7, 9, and 11-valent conjugate vaccines
covered 61, 68 and 80% of invasive isolates respectively. The coverage of these vaccines was
substantially higher in youngest age group with 84, 86 and 93% of invasive isolates in children
< 2 years included in the 7, 9 and 11-valent conjugate vaccines compared with 58, 64 and 77%
in adults [ges ] 65 years of age.The serotype/group distribution of invasive isolates in Scotland varied from year to year
over the period 1993–9. The coverage of the 23-valent vaccine remained above 95% in each
year but the coverage of the 7, 9 and 11-valent conjugate vaccines showed more marked
fluctuation with coverage as low as 53, 60 and 75% in some years. Continued surveillance of
invasive pneumococcal isolates is required to inform the development of appropriate vaccine
strategies to prevent pneumococcal disease in Scotland.
M genotyping and DNA fingerprinting of Streptococcus
pyogenes isolates from an area of central Italy
Authors: MENCARELLI M. , CORBISIERO R. , MARZOCCHI B. , GISTRI A. , SIGNORI R. , ROSSOLINI A. , CELLESI C. 
Published: July 2002

M protein gene typing was used to analyse Streptococcus pyogenes

clinical isolates collected
between 1983 and 1995 in an area of central Italy from patients presenting
different types of
infections; the same isolates were also characterized by means of DNA fingerprinting.M type 1 was the most common (50% of study strains), followed by M types
4, 12 and 6.
The proportion of M type 12 decreased with time, whereas M type 1 increased,
in agreement
with data obtained in many different areas. Most invasive strains belonged
to types M1 (30%)
and M12 (30%); on the other hand, the M1 type did frequently occur also
among non-invasive
isolates. DNA fingerprinting showed a correlation between M types and DNA

patterns. This report provides epidemiological information from a geographic
area not sampled
recently, and further shows the usefulness of the M genotyping technique,
which offers
potential advantages over conventional serological typing methods.
Estimation of the under-reporting rate for the surveillance of
Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 cases in Ontario, Canada
Authors: MICHEL P. , WILSON J. B. , WAYNE MARTIN S. , CLARKE R. C. , McEWEN S. A. , GYLES C. L. 
Published: July 2002

Two models estimating the proportion of Escherichia coli O157[ratio ]H7 cases not reported in the
Ontario notifiable diseases surveillance system are described. The first model is a linear series
of adjustments in which the total number of reported cases is corrected by successive under-reporting coefficients. The structure of the second model is based on a relative difference in the
proportion of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7 cases which are hospitalized between the surveillance database
and the underlying population.Based on this analysis, the rate of under-reporting of symptomatic cases of E. coli O157[ratio ]H7
infection in Ontario ranges from 78 to 88% corresponding to a ratio of 1 reported case for
approximately 4–8 symptomatic cases missed by the surveillance system. This study highlights
the need to increase awareness among public health workers of the potential biases that may
exist in the interpretation of routine surveillance data.
Towards a unified analysis of French floating quantifiers
Authors: De Cat Cécile 
Published: July 2002

In French, a quantifier can appear in various positions outside of the NP it quantifies over, whether this NP is the subject or the (direct or indirect) object of the sentence. This phenomenon, often referred to as ‘floating’, has been investigated since the early stages of the generative framework, and several analyses have been proposed to account for both the quantifier subject and the quantifier object in a unified way. However, to my knowledge, none of them has succeeded in providing such a unified account without recourse to non-explanatory restrictions. The main aim of this paper is to propose an analysis that does not require any such restrictions. The focus will be on anaphoric quantifiers (i.e. quantifiers that have to be linked to some other argument position in order to be interpretable), the analysis of which will be shown to extend straightforwardly to pronominal and adverbial quantifiers, according to the principles of Government and Binding theory.The study of floating quantifiers raises the broader question of how to account for locality requirements in a satisfactory way. Basically, there are two possible ways to account for the restrictions on the distribution of floating quantifiers: either they flow from derivational restrictions, or they are subject to representational restrictions. I will argue in favour of the latter.The analysis proposed here is essentially syntactic. However, reference will be made to the semantic interpretation of various structures: the position occupied by the floating quantifier at S-structure will be shown to constrain its interpretation. The semantics of floating quantifiers will however not be investigated beyond this.
Re-grouping information in a domain-theoretic data model
Authors: PUHLMANN HERMANN 
Published: July 2002

In recent years, the problem of incorporating a set-building type-constructor

into a domain theoretic data model has been addressed by different authors.

In Jung and Puhlmann (1995)
and Puhlmann (1995) we have shown why the so-called snack powerdomain is
particularly
suitable for modelling a set constructor. We obtain a generalized database
model that covers
the nested relational model.While, with the snack powerconstruction, the data structure of domain
theoretic
databases seems clear, suitable operations for the data model are still
to be defined.In this paper we start this task by defining the operations nest and
unnest for the
passage between different nesting-levels of the snack powerconstruction.
These functions are
shown to form an embedding-projection pair, a property that the corresponding
functions of
nested relational databases do not have. This demonstrates the usefulness
of the
domain-theoretic approach for modelling databases: for the first time we
have operators for
re-grouping nested data that respect the idea of an information ordering.The use of the snack powerdomain leads to fairly complex formulas. To
help the reader,
illustrations and pictorial interpretations of formulas are given throughout
the paper.