bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Narcissism and Communication in Marriage
Authors: Leit Lisa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Narcissism, considered a personality disorder, is defined as an all‐pervasive pattern of grandiosity in fantasy or behavior. Central features of narcissism include a need for admiration and a lack of empathy. The concept of narcissism has been extended beyond mental illness and is now considered a personality trait. It follows then that narcissistic tendencies might affect one's marital communication style. Whereas less than 1 percent of the general population is diagnosed with narcissistic personality disorder (
NPD
), conversational narcissism characterizes 78 percent of marriages, frequently renders spouses invisible, and predicts maladaptive dialogue and divorce at 7 years. This finding supports the view of America as a “culture of narcissism” in which the tendency is for individuals to focus on themselves to the detriment of others.
Communication and Narcissism
Authors: Leit Lisa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Whereas only an estimated 0.5–1.0% of the general population is diagnosed with Narcissistic Personality Disorder (
NPD
), narcissistic verbal and behavioral communication styles characterize over 75% of social interactions, frequently render others invisible, and predict negative mental and physical health outcomes, as well as relationship problems over time. The existing empirical research supports the notion that individuals with an inflated view of themselves, not necessarily to pathological levels, display self‐centered communication styles during interactions. These practices are often extremely subtle, as social norms prohibit overtly self‐centered behavior. This finding supports the view of America as a “culture of narcissism” in which the tendency is for individuals to focus on themselves to the detriment of others.
Family Mediation of Children's Media/Internet Use
Authors: Austin Erica Weintraub , Kistler Michelle 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry reviews family mediation, traditionally referred to as parental mediation. An increasing awareness of effective parenting strategies from the child development literature, combined with a perceived loss of parental control as digital media have become more accessible, has shifted scholars’ emphasis from top‐down parental effects to family mediation that emphasizes bidirectional communication among parents and children. This less authoritarian approach tends to be more effective because it increases communication competence and media literacy while decreasing youth reactance against parental control. There still is a place for rule‐making, however, in a media environment that presents very real hazards to youth not yet fully prepared to navigate them safely on their own.
Competence in Conflict Management
Authors: Canary Daniel J. , Weger Harry 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Conflict frequently occurs within relationships and tends to become more frequent as a relationship becomes more intimate. Because conflict can have both positive and negative outcomes, a large body of research has focused on how people can competently manage their disagreements. This entry looks at competence and conflict management. Specifically, we view competence at conflict management occurring during several events of the conflict process. People who can manage these various events successfully appear more competent than people who cannot. In brief, competent communicators engage in episodic control over conflict causes, individual control over their own tendencies, attributional control over how they interpret conflicts, goal emergence control to attain one's valued goals, and use of conflict strategies and tactics, as well as care in contributing to patterns of conflict interaction.
Physiological Measurement
Authors: Priem Jennifer S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPhysiological measures provide a way of examining how biology influences communication, and, in turn, communication influences biological changes within the body. Biological processes influence every aspect of human behavior. Brain structures process emotion and control cognitive functions such as planning and strategic communication. Hormonal production has been linked to almost every aspect of life including parenting, social support, television viewing, peer groups, life events, education, occupational choice, marriage, and childbearing. This entry examines physiological markers that are especially useful for understanding facets of interpersonal communication. More specifically, the entry overviews three major physiological systems: the nervous system, endocrine system, and immune system. Each section describes specific measures and how they can be used to enhance understanding of interpersonal communication and theory.
Online Deception
Authors: Markowitz David M. , Hancock Jeffrey T. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOnline deception takes many forms, ranging from overt e‐mail spam to interpersonal lies in online dating profiles. Current research has focused on the ability to understand behavioral patterns of deception (e.g., frequency of lies, language cues) in order forecast how lies differ from truths in a variety of contexts. These efforts suggest that our interpersonal deceptions are strategic, but we do not always rely on them to accomplish self‐presentation goals. In this review, we provide several examples of online deception and use two competing hypotheses to question whether online behavior reflects either an extended real‐life or idealized version of the self. We propose that while deception is a salient interpersonal concern, our intuition that suggests we are a deception default species is worthy of reconsideration.
Workplace Bullying
Authors: Alberts Jess K. , Brooks Margaret M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Workplace bullying occurs when one or more individuals is the target of a barrage of negative attacks over time. It is different from incivility and conflict due to both the intensity of the negative behaviors and the perception of the intent to cause harm. Research on workplace bullying originated in Scandinavia, though a number of scholars in the United States now study this phenomenon. To understand workplace bullying, one must examine the roles played by bullies, their accomplices, witnesses, and the targets themselves. Although workplace bullying can be difficult to stop once it begins, a number of strategies are available to targets and witnesses to help put a stop to the behavior.
Television Depictions of the American Family
Authors: Douglas William 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Depictions of the family on television quickly came to be dominated by white middle‐class couples with children. In these families, gender‐based rights and responsibilities were divided between the provider father and the nurturer/caregiver mother. This model has continued to be the most common although both family relationships and the family experience have changed significantly. From the outset, the working‐class family and black families were portrayed in quite different and substantially negative ways. These issues are discussed as well as those dealing with the ways in which the family on television has been studied.
Therapeutic Communication
Authors: Le Poire Molineux Beth A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This entry explores the intersection of therapeutic communication and interpersonal communication theories and processes. First, the unifying theme across disparate therapy modalities of accepting and affirming communication in the form of understanding from the therapist to the patient is explored; second, the role of interpersonal communication theories in informing various therapeutic processes (i.e., communication of attribution theories, attachment theory, reduction or management of uncertainty theories); finally, the intersection between “personality disorders” and interpersonal communication, where more intransigent psychological processes result in difficult and intractable communication patterns (with implications for other difficult communication exchanges explored within substance abuse and autism spectrum disorders as well). While the scope of this endeavor is limited by the nature of an encyclopedia entry, this work begins to explore the relationship between these two inter‐related fields in a way which weaves theoretic approaches together as opposed to simply reviewing literature on how to enact more effective therapeutic communication.
Sexual Harassment
Authors: Dougherty Debbie S. , Meyer MadelEine 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Workplace sexual harassment is a communication phenomenon that negatively impacts people and organizations. Negative health implications as well as decreased productivity are frequent outcomes of this behavior. Sexual harassment is not about sex, it is about power. As a result, unwelcome sexual overtures are simply one means through which perpetrators can enact power in organizational settings. Research on sexual harassment can be roughly divided into naming, defining, role, power, culture, organizational level responses, and barriers to reporting sexual harassment.
Assertiveness
Authors: Hayes Javette Grace 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Assertiveness involves standing up for one's own rights and being up front regarding one's cognitive and affective experiences while simultaneously demonstrating regard for those of others. Assertiveness is not simply about communication, although its employment necessitates the use of verbal and nonverbal cues. It involves cognition, affect, and behavior; therefore, it elicits interest from scholars across a wide variety of academic disciplines. This entry provides a glimpse into the origins, theory, measurement and research of assertiveness.
Language and Gender
Authors: Palomares Nicholas A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractGender‐based language is a product of a male–female dynamic that enhances the significance of a gender salience prototype—which usually includes a dimension of assertiveness and/or affiliation—that delineates what communicative behavior is expected for men and women. Early research focused on differences between men and women with less attention on the contextual nuances of gender‐based language. This focus resulted in a muddled understanding of when and why men and women use language differently and similarly. Contemporary research has prioritized understanding the diverse range of possible outcomes for male/female language use patterns (e.g., no differences, traditional differences, counter‐stereotypical differences) given contextual variations with a focus on gender salience and its prototype. This move has resulted in more success in predicting whether men and women will communicate differently and why the differences occur. Contemporary theorizing posits that a language difference between men and women is only a gender‐based difference if a psychological component draws on gender during language production; otherwise, it is a sex difference that has little to do with gender.
Communication and Psychological Contracts
Authors: Brown Lori A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A psychological contract constitutes a perceived exchange agreement between parties based upon made or implied promises and obligations made in that relationship. Typically studied in organizations, psychological contracts include employees’ exchange of resources for promised tangible or socioemotional rewards from the organization. Organizational communication has a distinctive role in the formation and management of psychological contracts, and the fulfillment or breach of psychological contracts has implications for employment relationships, employee well‐being, and organizational behavior. Increasingly, new dimensions to the study of psychological contracts explore the motivational and health‐enhancing elements to psychological contract fulfillment and organizations’ ethical obligation to fulfill them.
Synthesis of Polysubstituted Thiophenes via Base‐Induced [2+2+1] Cycloaddition Reaction of Alkynes and Elemental Sulfur
Authors: Liu Weibing , Chen Cui , Liu Hailing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA simple approach to polysubstituted thiophene derivatives is demonstrated. The synthesis is highlighted by the direct [2+2+1] cycloaddition reaction to construct carbon‐sulfur and carbon‐carbon bonds, without adding oxidizing, reducing and noble metal agents. All tested substrates provided their corresponding thiophene products in high isolated yields under the optimized conditions.magnified image
A Triazole Organocatalyst with Spiropyrrolidine Framework and its Application to the Catalytic Asymmetric Addition of Nitromethane to α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Liu Wen‐Xing , Chen Si‐Kai , Tian Jin‐Miao , Tu Yong‐Qiang , Wang Shao‐Hua , Zhang Fu‐Min 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA series of new water‐compatible “spiropyrrolidine triazole” catalysts was designed and synthesized. The asymmetric Michael addition of nitromethane and α,β‐unsaturated aldehydes in an aqueous system was investigated to evaluate these new catalysts, and the resulting adducts were obtained with excellent enantioselectivity (up to 95.5% ee) and moderate to good yield (63–88%).magnified image
Asymmetric Synthesis of 3,4‐Dihydrocoumarins Bearing an α,α‐Disubstituted Amino Acid Moiety
Authors: Hejmanowska Joanna , Albrecht Anna , Pięta Jakub , Albrecht Łukasz 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn organocatalytic approach for the stereoselective synthesis of 3,4‐dihydrocoumarins with an α,α‐disubstituted amino acid moiety incorporated is presented. The developed methodology is based on the cascade reaction between α‐substituted azlactones and 2‐hydroxychalcones. It is initiated by a chiral Brønsted base‐catalyzed enantio‐ and diastereoselective Michael reaction followed by the azlactone ring opening to construct a 3,4‐dihydrocoumarin framework. Products bearing two adjacent stereogenic centers, one being quaternary, were formed with high enantioselectivities and excellent diastereoselectivities. Furthermore, the complete regioselectivity of the new cascade reactivity is worthy of notice.magnified image
Direct Synthesis of 4‐Organylselanylpyrazoles by Copper‐ Catalyzed One‐Pot Cyclocondensation and CH Bond Selenylation Reactions
Authors: Oliveira Daniela H. , Aquino Thalita B. , Nascimento José Edmilson R. , Perin Gelson , Jacob Raquel G. , Alves Diego 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe describe herein an efficient protocol to synthesize selanyl‐substituted pyrazoles by cyclocondensation and copper‐catalyzed direct CH bond selenation reactions. The products were obtained in moderate to excellent yields by the one‐pot multicomponent reactions of hydrazines, 1,3‐diketones and diorganyl diselenides, using catalytic amounts of copper bromide and bipyridine. These reactions tolerated a range of substituents in the starting materials and proved to be an efficient methodology for combinatorial synthesis of new selenium‐containing pyrazoles with potential applications in biological studies.magnified image
Synthesis of α‐Tertiary Amine Derivatives by Intermolecular Hydroamination of Unfunctionalized Alkenes with Sulfamates under Trifluoromethanesulfonic Acid Catalysis
Authors: Fei Jun , Wang Zhen , Cai Zheren , Sun Hao , Cheng Xu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn efficient and mild trifluoromethanesulfonic acid‐catalyzed hydroamination of unfunctionalized alkenes to afford α‐tertiary amine derivatives at temperatures as low as room temperature is reported. 2,2,2‐Trifluoroethyl sulfamate was found to be the optimal nitrogen source because its good solubility in both organic solvents and water facilitated both conversion and purification. The reaction conditions were compatible with a variety of substrate functional groups and afforded moderate to good yields. The desired amine compounds could be obtained easily by means of a mild, one‐pot, redox‐neutral deprotection procedure. Caryolane amine was synthesized with excellent chemo‐ and regioselectivities by means of a cascade hydroamination reaction of β‐caryophyllene.magnified image
Body part representation and the extended analysis of New Zealand fishbone
Authors: CAMPBELL MATTHEW 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe conventional method of archaeological fishbone analysis employed in New Zealand for the past 40 years has been to identify five major mouthparts – dentary, articular, quadrate, maxilla and premaxilla – to the lowest possible taxonomic level. This method has the advantage of being relatively fast and easily learnt, and provides robust cross‐assemblage and cross‐site comparisons. Recent analyses have extended this method to include further sub‐cranial and cranial elements as well as vertebrae. So far, few New Zealand assemblages have been analysed using this method. This paper looks at the analysis of two of them: Parton Road (U14/2876) at Papamoa, Bay of Plenty; and Urquharts Bay (Q07/751) on the Whangarei Harbour, Northland. The results show that more species can be found across more contexts using the extended method, and that comparisons of cranial and vertebral counts demonstrate variation in the treatment of body parts.
Quantitative Assessment of Knee Effusion‐Synovitis in Older Adults: Association With Knee Structural Abnormalities
Authors: Wang Xia , Blizzard Leigh , Jin Xingzhong , Chen Zhongshan , Zhu Zhaohua , Han Weiyu , Halliday Andrew , Cicuttini Flavia , Jones Graeme , Ding Changhai 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo describe the natural history of quantitatively measured knee effusion‐synovitis and the longitudinal associations between effusion‐synovitis and knee structural factors, including cartilage defects, cartilage volume, subchondral bone marrow lesions, and meniscal pathology, in older adults.Methods A total of 406 subjects (with a mean age of 63 years, 50% women) were randomly selected at baseline and followed up 2.7 years later. T2‐ or T1‐weighted fat saturation magnetic resonance imaging was used to assess knee effusion‐synovitis maximal area, cartilage defects, cartilage volume, bone marrow lesions, and meniscal pathology at baseline and follow‐up. Multivariable generalized linear regression was performed to analyze the associations between the maximal area of effusion‐synovitis and other joint structural factors after adjustment for age, sex, body mass index, tibial bone area, and/or radiographic osteoarthritis (OA).ResultsOver 2.7 years of follow‐up, the size of effusion‐synovitis increased in 29%, remained stable in 50%, and decreased in 22% of the participants. Baseline effusion‐synovitis maximal area was significantly associated with changes in knee cartilage defects (β = 0.18 [95% confidence interval (95% CI)] 0.07, 0.29), bone marrow lesions (β = 0.17 [95% CI 0.05, 0.30]), and cartilage volume (β = −0.40 [95% CI −0.71, −0.09]) but not with change in meniscal pathology. In contrast, baseline structural measures were not associated with change or increase in effusion‐synovitis maximal area.ConclusionOur findings indicate that knee effusion‐synovitis is not static in older adults. It is predictive of, but not predicted by, other structural abnormalities, suggesting a potential role in early knee OA changes.
Audio–visual aid in teaching “fatty liver”
Authors: Dash Sambit , Kamath Ullas , Rao Guruprasad , Prakash Jay , Mishra Snigdha 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUse of audio visual tools to aid in medical education is ever on a rise. Our study intends to find the efficacy of a video prepared on “fatty liver,” a topic that is often a challenge for pre‐clinical teachers, in enhancing cognitive processing and ultimately learning. We prepared a video presentation of 11:36 min, incorporating various concepts of the topic, while keeping in view Mayer's and Ellaway guidelines for multimedia presentation. A pre–post test study on subject knowledge was conducted for 100 students with the video shown as intervention. A retrospective pre study was conducted as a survey which inquired about students understanding of the key concepts of the topic and a feedback on our video was taken. Students performed significantly better in the post test (mean score 8.52 vs. 5.45 in pre‐test), positively responded in the retrospective pre‐test and gave a positive feedback for our video presentation. Well‐designed multimedia tools can aid in cognitive processing and enhance working memory capacity as shown in our study. In times when “smart” device penetration is high, information and communication tools in medical education, which can act as essential aid and not as replacement for traditional curriculums, can be beneficial to the students. © 2015 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:241–245, 2016.
1,4‐Dihydropyridine derivatives without Ca2+‐antagonist activity up‐regulate Psma6 mRNA expression in kidneys of intact and diabetic rats
Authors: Ošiņa Kristīne , Rostoka Evita , Sokolovska Jelizaveta , Paramonova Natalia , Bisenieks Egils , Duburs Gunars , Sjakste Nikolajs , Sjakste Tatjana 
Published: December 2015

Impaired degradation of proteins by the ubiquitin–proteasome system (UPS) is observed in numerous pathologies including diabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications. Dysregulation of proteasomal degradation might be because of altered expression of genes and proteins involved in the UPS. The search for novel compounds able to normalize expression of the UPS appears to be a topical problem. A novel group of 1,4‐dihydropyridine (1,4‐DHP) derivatives lacking Ca2+‐antagonists activities, but capable to produce antidiabetic, antioxidant and DNA repair enhancing effects, were tested for ability to modify Psma6 mRNA expression levels in rat kidneys and blood in healthy animals and in rats with streptozotocin (STZ) induced DM. Psma6 gene was chosen for the study, as polymorphisms of its human analogue are associated with DM and cardiovascular diseases. 1,4‐DHP derivatives (metcarbatone, etcarbatone, glutapyrone, J‐9‐125 and AV‐153‐Na) were administered per os for three days (0.05 mg/kg and/or 0.5 mg/kg). Psma6 gene expression levels were evaluated by quantitative PCR.Psma6 expression was higher in kidneys compared to blood. Induction of diabetes caused increase of Psma6 expression in kidneys, although it was not changed in blood. Several 1,4‐DHP derivatives increased expression of the gene both in kidneys and blood of control and model animals, but greater impact was observed in kidneys. The observed effect might reflect coupling of antioxidant and proteolysis‐promoting activities of the compounds. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Experimental and Theoretical Studies on Corvol Ether Biosynthesis
Authors: Rabe Patrick , Janusko Aron , Goldfuss Bernd , Dickschat Jeroen S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe biosynthesis of corvol ethers A and B, two sesquiterpenes from Kitasatospora setae, proceeds with involvement of either one 1,3‐ or two sequential 1,2‐hydride shifts. Quantum chemical calculations revealed that the sequence of two 1,2‐hydride shifts is energetically favoured. Labelling experiments were in agreement with this finding. In addition, the stereochemical course of a reprotonation step was investigated by incubation of 13C‐labelled isotopomers of farnesyl diphosphate in water and in deuterium oxide.