bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Tenapanor on Interdialytic Weight Gain in Patients on Hemodialysis
Authors: Block Geoffrey A. , Rosenbaum David P. , Leonsson-Zachrisson Maria , Stefansson Bergur V. , Rydén-Bergsten Tina , Greasley Peter J. , Johansson Susanne A. , Knutsson Mikael , Carlsson Björn C. 
Published: June 2016

Background and objectives
Interdialytic weight gain in patients on hemodialysis is associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes and increased mortality. The degree of interdialytic weight gain is influenced by sodium intake. We evaluated the effects of tenapanor (AZD1722 and RDX5791), a minimally systemically available inhibitor of the sodium/hydrogen exchanger isoform 3, on interdialytic weight gain in patients with CKD stage 5D treated with hemodialysis.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This phase 2, randomized, double–blind study (NCT01764854; conducted January to September of 2013) enrolled adults on maintenance hemodialysis with interdialytic weight gain ≥3.0% of postdialysis weight and ≥2 kg. Patients were randomly assigned (1:1) to receive tenapanor or placebo. The primary end point was change in mean interdialytic weight gain (percentage of baseline postdialysis weight) from baseline (mean across a 2-week run-in period) to week 4. In a subgroup of inpatients, 24-hour stool sodium and stool weight were assessed for 1 week.

Results
Sixteen patients received 1 week of inpatient treatment (tenapanor, eight; placebo, eight), and 72 patients received 4 weeks of treatment in an outpatient setting (tenapanor, 37; placebo, 35; completers: tenapanor, 31; placebo, 33). In the outpatient cohort, no significant effect on interdialytic weight gain was detected; least squares mean changes in relative interdialytic weight gain from baseline to week 4 were tenapanor, −0.26% (95% confidence interval, −0.57% to 0.06%) and placebo, −0.23% (95% confidence interval, −0.54% to 0.07%; P=0.46). During week 1 (inpatient cohort only), compared with placebo, tenapanor treatment resulted in higher stool sodium content (mean [±SD]: tenapanor, 36.6 [±21.8] mmol/d; placebo, 2.8 [±2.7] mmol/d; P<0.001) and higher stool weight (tenapanor, 172.5 [±68.1] g/d; placebo, 86.3 [±30.0] g/d; P<0.01). A similar safety profile was observed across treatment groups with the exception of diarrhea, which occurred more frequently with tenapanor treatment.

Conclusions
Tenapanor treatment increased stool sodium and weight over placebo in patients undergoing hemodialysis. However, over 4 weeks of treatment, there was no difference in interdialytic weight gain between patients treated with tenapanor and those receiving placebo.
Diabetes, Kidney Disease, and Cardiovascular Outcomes in the Jackson Heart Study
Authors: Afkarian Maryam , Katz Ronit , Bansal Nisha , Correa Adolfo , Kestenbaum Bryan , Himmelfarb Jonathan , de Boer Ian H. , Young Bessie 
Published: June 2016

Background and objectives
Blacks have high rates of cardiovascular disease and mortality. Diabetes and CKD, risk factors for cardiovascular mortality in the general population, are common among blacks. We sought to assess their contribution to cardiovascular disease and mortality in blacks.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
This observational cohort study was of 3211 participants in the Jackson Heart Study (enrolled 2000–2004). Rates of incident stroke, incident coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular mortality were quantified in participants with diabetes, CKD (eGFR<60 ml/min per 1.73 m2, urine albumin-to-creatinine ratio ≥30 mg/g, or both), or both through 2012, with a median follow-up of 6.99 years.

Results
Four hundred fifty-six (14.2%) participants had only diabetes, 257 (8.0%) had only CKD, 201 (6.3%) had both, and 2297 (71.5%) had neither. Diabetes without CKD was associated with excess risks of incident stroke, incident coronary heart disease, and cardiovascular mortality after adjustment for demographic and clinical covariates, including prevalent cardiovascular disease (excess incidence rates, 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.5 to 4.7; 2.6; 95% confidence interval, 0.3 to 4.8; and 2.4; 95% confidence interval, 0.4 to 4.3 per 1000 person-years, respectively). CKD without diabetes was associated with comparable nonsignificant excess risks for incident stroke and coronary heart disease (2.5; 95% confidence interval, −0.1 to 5.2 and 2.4; 95% confidence interval, −0.8 to 5.5 per 1000 person-years, respectively) but a larger excess risk for cardiovascular mortality (7.3; 95% confidence interval, 3.0 to 11.5 per 1000 person-years). Diabetes and CKD together were associated with greater excess risks for incident stroke (13.8; 95% confidence interval, 5.3 to 22.3 per 1000 person-years), coronary heart disease (12.8; 95% confidence interval, 4.9 to 20.8 per 1000 person-years), and cardiovascular mortality (14.8; 95% confidence interval, 7.2 to 22.3 per 1000 person-years). The excess risks associated with the combination of diabetes and CKD were larger than those associated with established risk factors, including prevalent cardiovascular disease.

Conclusions
The combination of diabetes and kidney disease is associated with substantial excess risks of cardiovascular events and mortality among blacks.
Inflammation and Progression of CKD: The CRIC Study
Authors: Amdur Richard L. , Feldman Harold I. , Gupta Jayanta , Yang Wei , Kanetsky Peter , Shlipak Michael , Rahman Mahboob , Lash James P. , Townsend Raymond R. , Ojo Akinlolu , Roy-Chaudhury Akshay , Go Alan S. , Joffe Marshall , He Jiang , Balakrishnan Vaidyanathapuram S. , Kimmel Paul L. , Kusek John W. , Raj Dominic S. ,   the CRIC Study Investigators
Published: June 2016

Background and objectives
CKD is a global public health problem with significant mortality and morbidity.

Design, setting, participants, & measurements
We examined the multivariable association of plasma levels of IL-1, IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-6, TNF-α, TGF-β, high–sensitivity C–reactive protein, fibrinogen, and serum albumin with progression of CKD in 3430 Chronic Renal Insufficiency Cohort study participants.

Results
Over a median follow-up time of 6.3 years, 899 participants reached the composite end point of ≥50% decline in eGFR from baseline or onset of ESRD. Elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen, IL-6, and TNF-α and lower serum albumin were associated with a greater decline in eGFR over time. After adjusting for demographics, BP, laboratory variables, medication use, and baseline eGFR, hazard ratios for the composite outcome were greater for the patients in the highest quartile of fibrinogen (hazard ratio, 2.05; 95% confidence interval, 1.64 to 2.55; P<0.001), IL-6 (hazard ratio, 1.44; 95% confidence interval, 1.17 to 1.77; P<0.01), and TNF-α (hazard ratio, 1.94; 95% confidence interval, 1.52 to 2.47; P<0.001) compared with those in the respective lowest quartiles. The hazard ratio was 3.48 (95% confidence interval, 2.88 to 4.21; P<0.001) for patients in the lowest serum albumin quartile relative to those in the highest quartile. When also adjusted for albuminuria, the associations of fibrinogen (hazard ratio, 1.49; 95% confidence interval, 1.20 to 1.86; P<0.001), serum albumin (hazard ratio, 1.52; 95% confidence interval, 1.24 to 1.87; P<0.001), and TNF-α (hazard ratio, 1.42; 95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 1.81; P<0.001) with outcome were attenuated but remained significant.

Conclusions
Elevated plasma levels of fibrinogen and TNF-α and decreased serum albumin are associated with rapid loss of kidney function in patients with CKD.
Estimation of Bulk Melt-Temperature from In-Mold Thermal Sensors for Injection Molding, Part B: Validation
Authors: Mendible G. A. , Kazmer D. O. , Gao R. X. , Johnston S. P. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
An analytical method for estimating the bulk melt temperature in the injection molding process by means of in-mold temperature sensors was presented in Part A of this article. This method was validated using a transient cooling simulation of an injection molding process. The simulation considered the heat flux and heat accumulation in the mold starting from process startup until steady state was achieved. For the simulation, a full 3D model of the mold geometry was developed. The average coolant temperature and the initial cavity wall temperature were evaluated as boundary conditions. The first was found to provide a more accurate prediction of the bulk melt temperature although it increases the sensitivity of the method to the temperature measurement. Overall, the trends correlated well for both simulated and experimental data as well as the bulk temperature measurements.
Influences on the Magnetic Properties of Injection Molded Multipolar Rings
Authors: Kurth K. H. , Drummer D. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Polymer bonded magnets with a multipolar structure can be economically produced using the injection molding process for applications such as electric drives or sensor modules. Depending on the specific application, certain requirements of the multipolar bonded magnets, such as a high peak flux density or accurate pole length of each pole, must be assured. The multipolar magnetic structure of the parts can be applied during the injection molding process by incorporating a magnetic field inside the mold. Thus, the hard magnetic particles are oriented and magnetized directly in the injection molding process. The final properties of the multipolar molded magnets are affected by different parameters, such as the magnetic compound, the mold design and the processing parameters. This paper addresses the effects processing parameters have during the injection molding process. Additionally, the role the filler volume content plays with the properties of pole-oriented molded multipolar rings is also investigated. In particular, the magnetic characteristics, such as the maximum radial flux density, the pole length and the rate of the course of the flux density, were investigated. Further, the orientation of the particles and the influence of the varied parameters on the geometry of the rings were analyzed. It was found that the varied parameters do not significantly influence the accuracy of the pole length. The slope of the flux density curve is influenced by the peak maxima and varies slightly due to the high peak flux densities.
Statistical Approach to Analyze the Warpage, Shrinkage and Mechanical Strength of Injection Molded Parts
Authors: Marins N. Hadler , de Mello F. Bier , e Silva R. Marques , Ogliari F. Aulo 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The aim of this study is to assess the effects of different parameters of the injection molding process in warpage, shrinkage, and mechanical properties of the plastic parts using the Taguchi method and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The polyacetal copolymer (POM) and acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) were injected; and then the following processing parameters were analyzed: the mold temperature, holding pressure, holding time, melt temperature, cooling time, mold water flow, and injection speed. According to the results, statistically the most significant parameters in shrinkage were the mold temperature and cooling time for the POM molded parts; and the holding time and holding pressure for the ABS molded parts. The most significant parameters in warpage and flexural strength were the holding time and holding pressure for the POM and ABS parts, respectively. A multiple linear regression analysis was carried out to predict a theoretical ideal experiment to maximize the results.
Optical Properties of HDPE in Injection Molding and Injection Press Molding for IR System Lenses
Authors: Kaneda R. , Takahashi T. , Takiguchi M. , Hijikata M. , Ito H. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
To obtain the “high infrared radiation (IR) transmittance and low visible ray (VR) transmittance” necessary for a high-performance IR lens, cavity thickness and molding conditions were investigated experimentally for disk-shaped high-density polyethylene (HDPE). When injection molding and injection press molding were done using different cavity thicknesses, results showed that the molded part using the thinner cavity thickness maintained a semitransparent state. Simultaneously, they showed that higher IR transmittance was obtained. For high mold temperature and long cooling time, the increased core-layer thickness improved the IR transmittance. The VR transmittance decreased because crystallinity became higher. Furthermore, when injection press molding was conducted, the VR transmittance decreased because crystallinity became higher. IR transmittance and VR transmittance were obtained respectively as 65.4% and 6.4% when injection press molding was conducted at higher mold temperatures with longer cooling times.
Comparative observational study on the clinical presentation, intracranial volume measurements, and intracranial pressure scores in patients with either Chiari malformation Type I or idiopathic intracranial hypertension
Authors: Frič Radek , Eide Per Kristian 
Published: June 2016

OBJECTIVE
Several lines of evidence suggest common pathophysiological mechanisms in Chiari malformation Type I (CMI) and idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH). It has been hypothesized that tonsillar ectopy, a typical finding in CMI, is the result of elevated intracranial pressure (ICP) combined with a developmentally small posterior cranial fossa (PCF). To explore this hypothesis, the authors specifically investigated whether ICP is comparable in CMI and IIH and whether intracranial volumes (ICVs) are different in patients with CMI and IIH, which could explain the tonsillar ectopy in CMI. The authors also examined whether the symptom profile is comparable in these 2 patient groups.

METHODS
The authors identified all CMI and IIH patients who had undergone overnight diagnostic ICP monitoring during the period from 2002 to 2014 and reviewed their clinical records and radiological examinations. Ventricular CSF volume (VV), PCF volume (PCFV), and total ICV were calculated from initial MRI studies by using volumetric software. The static and pulsatile ICP scores during overnight monitoring were analyzed. Furthermore, the authors included a reference (REF) group consisting of patients who had undergone ICP monitoring due to suspected idiopathic normal-pressure hydrocephalus or chronic daily headache and showed normal pressure values.

RESULTS
Sixty-six patients with CMI and 41 with IIH were identified, with comparable demographics noted in both groups. The occurrence of some symptoms (headache, nausea, and/or vomiting) was comparable between the cohorts. Dizziness and gait ataxia were significantly more common in patients with CMI, whereas visual symptoms, diplopia, and tinnitus were significantly more frequent in patients with IIH. The cranial volume measurements (VV, PCFV, and ICV) of the CMI and IIH patients were similar. Notably, 7.3% of the IIH patients had tonsillar descent qualifying for diagnosis of CMI (that is, > 5 mm). The extent of tonsillar ectopy was significantly different between the CMI and IIH cohorts (p < 0.001) but also between these 2 cohorts and the REF group. Pulsatile ICP was elevated in both cohorts without any significant between-group differences; however, static ICP was significantly higher (p < 0.001) in the IIH group.

CONCLUSIONS
This study showed comparable and elevated pulsatile ICP, indicative of impaired intracranial compliance, in both CMI and IIH cohorts, while static ICP was higher in the IIH cohort. The data did not support the hypothesis that reduced PCFV combined with increased ICP causes tonsillar ectopy in CMI. Even though impaired intracranial compliance seems to be a common pathophysiological mechanism behind both conditions, the mechanisms explaining the different clinical and radiological presentations of CMI and IIH remain undefined.
An Impure Nature: Memory and the Neo-Materialist Flip at America’s Biggest Toxic Superfund Site
Authors: LeCain Timothy James 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In 1995, more than 300 migrating snow geese perished after landing in the flooded Berkeley Pit, a toxic open pit copper mine in the northwestern United States. Many commentators subsequently saw the snow geese as symbols of a pure natural world destroyed by the impure artificiality of humans and their technologies. In this essay, however, I avoid such oppositions by drawing on new materialist theoretical approaches that reject anthropocentric thinking and instead emphasize the powerful materiality of cultural phenomena, both for humans and snow geese. This “neo-materialist flip” suggests that industrial artifacts like the Berkeley Pit defy modernist categories of natural and artificial, or pure and impure, because they are simultaneously both material and cultural. Hence the enduring material reality of the pit persists as a site of memory that will both create and embody the culture of snow geese, humans, and countless other living things for centuries to come.
Knechtsand: A Site of Memory in Flux
Authors: Wöbse Anna-Katharina 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
On 9 September 1952, what was known as the Knechtsand Treaty came into force. It codified a barter agreement that the German chancellor Konrad Adenauer had negotiated with the Allies. The Knechtsand, a sandbank in the estuary of the Weser, would from now on serve as a bombing range for the British and American air forces stationed in England. Soon, however, objections were made by local fishermen, politicians, and bird-lovers. These objections gained support from European networks of conservationists as the victims of the bombing – molting shelducks – were migrating birds. The subsequent protest served as a practice run for civil society activism in participating in pre-ecological and in particular ethical debate about the protection of animals and nature. In the long run the sandbank would turn into one of the historical heartlands of the national park and today’s World Natural Heritage Wadden Sea. Knechtsand was a multifaceted test site for the exploration of fundamental political, social, and ecological debates. By approaching this location and its feathered inhabitants historically and sketching out a topography of memory, this article uncovers strands of tradition that are hugely significant for our understanding of the Wadden Sea and the expanding conservation regime.
5-Methoxyhydnocarpin shows selective anti-cancer effects and induces apoptosis in THP-1 human leukemia cancer cells via mitochondrial disruption, suppression of cell migration and invasion and cell cycle arrest
Authors: Xu Xiao-Yan , Wang Hui-Rui , Guo Shu-Li , Li Bo , Lv Tao 
Published: June 2016

<p class="Abstract">The primary objective of the current investigation was to study the anti-tumor effects of 5-methoxyhydnocarpin in THP-1 human leukemia cells along with evaluating its effects on apoptotic induction, cancer cell migration and cell cycle phase distribution. MTT cell viability assay revealed the cell cytotoxic effects while as clonogenic assay revealed the effects of the compound on colony formation tendency. Phase contrast microscopy revealed the effects on cell morphology while as its effects on cell cycle and apoptosis induction were evaluated by flow cytometer. Results showed that 5-methoxyhydnocarpin induced both anchorage-dependent and anchorage-independent cytotoxic effects in THP-1 cells. 5-Methoxyhydnocarpin-treated cells exhibited significant changes in cell morphology. Flow cytometry experiment indicated that 5-methoxyhydnocarpin led to sub-G1 cell cycle arrest and also led to early and late apoptosis.</p><p class="Abstract"><strong>Video Clips:</strong></p><p class="Abstract"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/GXx829BOW0U">1</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/FaN-UcPk2vo">2</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/V1Qp-Ibj3-8">3</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/crqEjgvgFE0">4</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/r7QXXlaqzCk">5</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/unGjmzO9Nhk">6</a> <a href="https://www.youtube.com/v/RpBydoaSji8">7</a> </p><p class="Abstract"> </p><p> </p>
Cooperative Activity of GABP with PU.1 or C/EBPε Regulates Lamin B Receptor Gene Expression, Implicating Their Roles in Granulocyte Nuclear Maturation
Authors: Malu Krishnakumar , Garhwal Rahul , Pelletier Margery G. H. , Gotur Deepali , Halene Stephanie , Zwerger Monika , Yang Zhong-Fa , Rosmarin Alan G. , Gaines Peter 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Nuclear segmentation is a hallmark feature of mammalian neutrophil differentiation, but the mechanisms that control this process are poorly understood. Gene expression in maturing neutrophils requires combinatorial actions of lineage-restricted and more widely expressed transcriptional regulators. Examples include interactions of the widely expressed ETS transcription factor, GA-binding protein (GABP), with the relatively lineage-restricted E-twenty-six (ETS) factor, PU.1, and with CCAAT enhancer binding proteins, C/EBPα and C/EBPε. Whether such cooperative interactions between these transcription factors also regulate the expression of genes encoding proteins that control nuclear segmentation is unclear. We investigated the roles of ETS and C/EBP family transcription factors in regulating the gene encoding the lamin B receptor (LBR), an inner nuclear membrane protein whose expression is required for neutrophil nuclear segmentation. Although C/EBPε was previously shown to bind the Lbr promoter, surprisingly, we found that neutrophils derived from Cebpe null mice exhibited normal Lbr gene and protein expression. Instead, GABP provided transcriptional activation through the Lbr promoter in the absence of C/EBPε, and activities supported by GABP were greatly enhanced by either C/EBPε or PU.1. Both GABP and PU.1 bound Ets sites in the Lbr promoter in vitro, and in vivo within both early myeloid progenitors and differentiating neutrophils. These findings demonstrate that GABP, PU.1, and C/EBPε cooperate to control transcription of the gene encoding LBR, a nuclear envelope protein that is required for the characteristic lobulated morphology of mature neutrophils.
Alternative Splice Transcripts for MHC Class I–like MICA Encode Novel NKG2D Ligands with Agonist or Antagonist Functions
Authors: Gavlovsky Pierre-Jean , Tonnerre Pierre , Gérard Nathalie , Nedellec Steven , Daman Andrew W. , McFarland Benjamin J. , Charreau Béatrice 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
MHC class I chain–related proteins A and B (MICA and MICB) and UL16-binding proteins are ligands of the activating NKG2D receptor involved in cancer and immune surveillance of infection. Structurally, MICA/B proteins contain an α3 domain, whereas UL16-binding proteins do not. We identified novel alternative splice transcripts for MICA encoding five novel MICA isoforms: MICA-A, -B1, -B2, -C, and -D. Alternative splicing associates with MICA*015 and *017 and results from a point deletion (G) in the 5′ splice donor site of MICA intron 4 leading to exon 3 and exon 4 skipping and/or deletions. These changes delete the α3 domain in all isoforms, and the α2 domain in the majority of isoforms (A, B1, C, and D). Endothelial and hematopoietic cells contained endogenous alternative splice transcripts and isoforms. MICA-B1, -B2, and -D bound NKG2D by surface plasmon resonance and were expressed at the cell surface. Functionally, MICA-B2 contains two extracellular domains (α1 and α2) and is a novel potent agonist ligand for NKG2D. We found that MICA-D is a new truncated form of MICA with weak affinity for NKG2D despite lacking α2 and α3 domains. MICA-D may functionally impair NKG2D activation by competing with full-length MICA or MICA-B2 for NKG2D engagement. Our study established NKG2D binding for recombinant MICA-B1 but found no function for this isoform. New truncated MICA isoforms exhibit a range of functions that may drive unexpected immune mechanisms and provide new tools for immunotherapy.