bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program on the Duration of
Observation Stays: Using Regression Discontinuity to Estimate Causal Effects
Authors: Albritton Jordan , Belnap Thomas , Savitz Lucy 
Published: December 2017

Research Objective: Determine whether hospitals are increasing the duration of
observation stays following index admission for heart failure to avoid potential payment
penalties from the Hospital Readmission Reduction Program. Study Design: The Hospital
Readmission Reduction Program applies a 30-day cutoff after which readmissions are no
longer penalized. Given this seemingly arbitrary cutoff, we use regression discontinuity
design, a quasi-experimental research design that can be used to make causal
inferences.Population Studied: The High Value Healthcare Collaborative includes member
healthcare systems covering 57% of the nation’s hospital referral regions. We used
Medicare claims data including all patients residing within these regions. The study
included patients with index admissions for heart failure from January 1, 2012 to June
30, 2015 and a subsequent observation stay within 60 days. We excluded hospitals with
fewer than 25 heart failure readmissions in a year or fewer than 5 observation stays in
a year and patients with subsequent observation stays at a different hospital.Principal
Findings: Overall, there was no discontinuity at the 30-day cutoff in the duration of
observation stays, the percent of observation stays over 12 hours, or the percent of
observation stays over 24 hours. In the sub-analysis, the discontinuity was significant
for non-penalized. Conclusion: The findings reveal evidence that the HRRP has resulted
in an increase in the duration of observation stays for some non-penalized
hospitals.
Hydroformylation (
OXO
) Catalysis
Authors: Stanley George G. 
Published: December 2017

Hydroformylation, also known as the oxo process, is the reaction of carbon monoxide and hydrogen with an olefinic (alkene) substrate to form isomeric aldehydes. Oxo aldehyde products are used as intermediates to alcohols, acids, polyols, and esters by the appropriate reduction, oxidation, or condensation chemistry.
Hydroformylation typically occurs in the liquid phase in the presence of a soluble metal catalyst, most frequently a member of the Co–Rh–Ir triad. Cobalt and rhodium catalysts, ligands, industrial reaction conditions, and mechanisms are discussed. Economic aspects, oxo product uses, and health and safety concerns are also discussed.
The Generation of Barriers to Melt Ascent in the Martian Lithosphere
Authors: Schools Joe W. , Montési Laurent G. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPlanetary mantles can be regarded as an aggregate of two phases: a solid, porous matrix and a liquid melt. Melt travels rapidly upward through the matrix due to its buoyancy. When this melt enters the colder lithosphere, it begins to crystallize. If crystallization happens at a high rate, the newly formed crystals can clog the pore space, reducing its permeability to essentially zero. This zone of zero permeability is the permeability barrier. We use the MELTS family of thermodynamic calculators to determine melt compositions and the crystallization sequence of ascending melt throughout Martian history and simulate the formation of permeability barriers. At lower strain rates (10−17–10−15 s−1) permeability barriers form deep in the lithosphere, possibly contributing to the formation of localized volcanic edifices on the Martian surface once fracturing or thermal erosion enables melt to traverse the lithosphere. Higher strain rates (10−13 s−1) yield shallower permeability barriers, perhaps producing extensive lava flows. Permeability barrier formation is investigated using an anhydrous mantle source or mantle sources that include up to 1,000 ppm H2O. Introducing even small amounts of water (25 ppm H2O) reduces mantle viscosity in a manner similar to increasing the strain rate and results in a shallower barrier than in the anhydrous case. Large amounts of water (1,000 ppm H2O) yield very shallow weak barriers or no barriers at all. The depth of the permeability barrier has evolved through time, likely resulting in a progression in the style of surface volcanism from widespread flows to massive, singular volcanoes.
Identification of Material Parameters for Constitutive Equations
Authors: Mahnken Rolf 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis contribution addresses various topics on parameter identification for constitutive equations on the basis of experimental data. Starting from the basic characteristics of inverse problems illustrated by simple examples, four different identification methods are introduced. Then, particular aspects of the least–squares approach are Outlined, such as direct and adjoint state differentiation methods, optimization, discretization error of FEM (finite element method), model error quantification of hierarchical modeling, consequences of instabilities, stochastic simulation, and statistical analysis. Uniform small strain problems as well as non‐uniform large strain problems are considered, where, for the latter, finite element results are incorporated into the optimization process. The examples are concerned with goal‐oriented adaptive refinement and statistical analysis for hierarchical modeling on the basis of an optical method for generation of experimental data in large strain elasticity.
Uncertainty Quantification andBayesian Inversion
Authors: Matthies Hermann G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUncertainty estimation arises at least implicitly in any kind of modeling of the real – or phenomenological – world, and it is desirable to actually quantify the uncertainty in probabilistic terms. Here the emphasis is on uncertain systems, typically modeled by partial differential equations, where the randomness is assumed spatial. Traditional computational approaches usually use some form of perturbation or Monte Carlo simulation. Here the emphasis is on recent methods based on stochastic functional or spectral approximations.Quantifying the uncertainty in mathematical models due to uncertainties in their parameters, combined with the traditional ability to predict the system behavior given external excitations or loadings, is calledsolving the stochastic forward problem. Given this capability, one has the possibility to use this to estimate or identify unknown and hence uncertain parameters in the mathematical model by observing the system response. This is called asolution to the inverse problem, and a short introduction into inverse problems in a Bayesian setting using the functional or spectral approximations is provided.
Mathematics of Isogeometric Analysis: A Conspectus
Authors: Hughes Thomas J. R. , Sangalli Giancarlo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIsogeometric analysis (IGA) is a successful generalization of finite element analysis. The use of smooth splines simplifies the interaction with geometric design, but also opens new frontiers to the numerical solution of partial differential equations. In this chapter we present an overview of the main mathematical properties and results that explain the advantages of IGA. We describe the construction of isogeometric scalar and vector spaces, and their approximation and spectral properties.
Model Reduction Methods
Authors: Chinesta Francisco , Huerta Antonio , Rozza Gianluigi , Willcox Karen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter presents an overview of model order reduction – a new paradigm in the field of simulation‐based engineering sciences, and one that can tackle the challenges and leverage the opportunities of modern ICT technologies. Despite the impressive progress attained by simulation capabilities and techniques, a number of challenging problems remain intractable. These problems are of different nature, but are common to many branches of science and engineering. Among them are those related to high‐dimensional problems, problems involving very different time scales, models defined in degenerate domains with at least one of the characteristic dimensions much smaller than the others, model requiring real‐time simulation, and parametric models. All these problems represent a challenge for standard mesh‐based discretization techniques; yet the ability to solve these problems efficiently would open unexplored routes for real‐time simulation, inverse analysis, uncertainty quantification and propagation, real‐time optimization, and simulation‐based control – critical needs in many branches of science and engineering. Model order reduction offers new simulation alternatives by circumventing, or at least alleviating, otherwise intractable computational challenges. In the present chapter, we revisit three of these model reduction techniques: proper orthogonal decomposition, proper generalized decomposition, and reduced basis methodologies.
Boundary‐Element Methods and Wave Loading on Ships
Authors: Kaklis Panagiotis D. , Politis Constantinos G. , Belibassakis Konstantinos A. , Ginnis Alexandros I. , Kostas Konstantinos V. , Gerostathis Theodoros P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe hydrodynamic problem of a ship moving with constant forward speed while undergoing small‐amplitude oscillatory motions about its mean steady‐state position is modeled as a boundary‐integral equation (BIE) involving surface distributions of the fundamental solution of Laplace's equation and its derivatives and alternative Green functions. The chapter reviews the various low‐order and higher order boundary‐element methods (BEMs) developed for the numerical solution of these BIEs via collocation or Galerkin techniques involving finite‐dimensional bases for representing the involved geometric configuration and approximating the unknown physical quantities. Then, we focus on presenting and discussing recent experience gained from embedding BEMs into isogeometric analysis (IGA) for the linear wave‐resistance problem. Two IGA‐BEM solvers, based on nonuniform rational B‐spline (NURBS) and T‐spline representations of the ship hull, are presented and compared for the so‐called Neumann–Kelvin formulation of this problem. The local refinement capabilities of the adopted T‐spline representation of the ship geometry leads to a solver with higher accuracy and efficiency as compared to the corresponding NURBS‐based solver. Furthermore, the developed hydrodynamic solvers, along with the corresponding ship‐parametric models, are integrated within an optimization environment, which is tested in two optimization problems. The first problem, of local optimization character, focuses on the optimization of the bulbous shape of a container ship against the criterion of minimum wave resistance. The second case performs a global hull‐shape optimization of a container ship targeting the minimization of both the total resistance and the deviation from a target deadweight. The chapter ends with a brief discussion for further research toward broadening the coverage of IGA‐BEM methods in application areas related to ship wave loads.
Variational Multiscale Methods in Computational Fluid Dynamics
Authors: Codina Ramon , Badia Santiago , Baiges Joan , Principe Javier 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter describes the variational multiscale (VMS) method applied to flow problems. The main idea of the formulation in the case of stationary linear problems is explained in some detail and, at the same time, generality. However, when moving to particular problems, the focus is directed to the description of different approaches that have appeared in the literature, mainly in the past decade.
Evolving Aptamers with Unnatural Base Pairs
Authors: Kimoto Michiko , Matsunaga Ken‐ichiro , Hirao Ichiro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA novel technology, genetic alphabet expansion, has rapidly advanced through the successful creation of unnatural base pairs that function as a third base pair in replication. Recently, genetic alphabet expansion has been applied to some practical areas. Among them, the application to DNA aptamer generation is a good example of the broad utility of this technology. A hydrophobic unnatural base pair, Ds–Px, which exhibits high fidelity in replication as a third base pair, has been applied to an evolutionary engineering method called SELEX (Systematic Evolution of Ligands by EXponential enrichment) to generate DNA aptamers that bind to targets. A few Ds bases in DNA aptamers significantly increase the binding affinity to targets, enabling the use of DNA aptamers as an alternative to antibodies. This protocol describes the ExSELEX (genetic alphabet Expansion for SELEX) method to generate Ds‐containing DNA aptamers. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Examining the Psychosocial Impact of Genetic Testing for Cardiomyopathies
Authors: Wynn Julia , Holland David T. , Duong Jimmy , Ahimaz Priyanka , Chung Wendy K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractInherited cardiomyopathies, including hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM), are the most common monogenic cause of cardiac disease and can rarely lead to sudden cardiac death (SCD). They are characterized by incomplete and age‐dependent penetrance and are usually initially symptomatic in adulthood yet can present in childhood as well. Over 20 genes have been identified to cause HCM, and more than 40 genes are known to cause DCM. Genetic testing for these genes has been integrated into medical care; however, the psychological impact of genetic testing and the impact of the uncertainty that comes with receiving these results have not been well studied. This study surveyed 90 adult probands and relatives with a personal or family history of cardiomyopathy from a single hospital‐based cardiac genetic program to determine the psychosocial impact of genetic testing for cardiomyopathies. Standardized psychological instruments including an adapted Multidimensional Impact of Cancer Risk Assessment (aMICRA), Impact of Event Scale (IES), and Satisfaction with Decision (SWD) scales were utilized. Patients with positive genetic test results had higher scores for intrusive thoughts, avoidance, and distress when compared to those with negative genetic test results and were also more likely to make or plan to make life changes because of the results of their genetic testing. Satisfaction with the decision to undergo genetic testing was similar regardless of genetic test results. The results of this study provide insight into the patient experience of genetic testing for cardiomyopathies and how these experiences are associated with genetic test results and cardiac history.
Maternal relationship quality and peer social acceptance as mediators between child maltreatment and adolescent depressive symptoms: Gender differences
Authors: Alto Michelle , Handley Elizabeth , Rogosch Fred , Cicchetti Dante , Toth Sheree 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTChildhood maltreatment negatively impacts the development of maternal and peer relationships and may put adolescents at risk for depression. The present study examined gender differences in maternal relationship quality and peer social acceptance as mediators of the association between childhood maltreatment and adolescent depressive symptoms in 342 (151 female, 191 male) maltreated (n = 198) and nonmaltreated (n = 144) youth in the USA. An observer report Q‐Scale measure of depressive symptoms was developed and received preliminary support. Social acceptance was a significant mediator for both genders. The significant association between maltreatment and maternal relationship quality was unique to females, and the association between maternal relationship quality and depressive symptoms was significantly stronger for females. Lower maternal relationship quality marginally significantly mediated the association between maltreatment and depressive symptoms for females only. Results have implications for the prevention and intervention of depression in adolescents with a history of childhood maltreatment.
Spatial pattern analysis of encroaching tree species (Vachellia karrooandVachellia nilotica) after fire suppression in a semi-arid savanna
Authors: Muvengwi Justice , Ndagurwa Hilton G.T. , Nyenda Tatenda , Mwembe Richard , Mbiba Monicah 
Published: December 2017

Abstract:Bush encroachment has serious consequences on ecosystem functioning through alteration of species composition and ecosystem productivity. However, little is known regarding the spatial patterning of invading shrubs in semi-arid savannas. Cartesian coordinates of two invading woody species (Vachellia karrooandV. nilotica), were recorded in a 20 × 20-m plot on a grassland at Matopos research station, south-west Zimbabwe. We recorded a total of 308 plants including both saplings and shrubs from the two study plant species. Second-order spatial statistics was applied in order to understand the spatial pattern of encroaching plants. We predicted that the encroaching plants would be spatially aggregated because of facilitation that occurs in harsh environmental conditions. Consistent with our predictions, the two species were aggregated, with no evidence of inter- and intra specific species competition. This study demonstrates that encroaching trees in semi-arid savanna generally do not show self organization during early growth stages.
Brain structure in women at risk of postpartum psychosis: an MRI study
Authors: Fusté Montserrat , Pauls Astrid , Worker Amanda , Reinders Antje A. T. S , Simmons Andrew , Williams Steven C. R. , Haro Josep M. , Hazelgrove Kate , Pawlby Susan , Conroy Susan , Vecchio Costanza , Seneviratne Gertrude , Pariante Carmine M. , Mehta Mitul A. , Dazzan Paola 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPostpartum psychosis (PP) is the most severe psychiatric disorder associated with childbirth. The risk of PP is very high in women with a history of bipolar affective disorder or schizoaffective disorder. However, the neurobiological basis of PP remains poorly understood and no study has evaluated brain structure in women at risk of, or with, PP. We performed a cross-sectional study of 256 women at risk of PP and 21 healthy controls (HC) in the same postpartum period. Among women at risk, 11 who developed a recent episode of PP (PPE) (n = 2 with lifetime bipolar disorder; n = 9 psychotic disorder not otherwise specified) and 15 at risk women who did not develop an episode of PP (NPPE) (n = 10 with lifetime bipolar disorder; n = 1 with schizoaffective disorder; n = 1 with a history of PP in first-degree family member; n = 3 with previous PP). We obtained T1-weighted MRI scans at 3T and examined regional gray matter volumes with voxel-based morphometry and cortical thickness and surface area with Freesurfer. Women with PPE showed smaller anterior cingulate gyrus, superior temporal gyrus and parahippocampal gyrus compared to NPPE women. These regions also showed decreased surface area. Moreover, the NPPE group showed a larger superior and inferior frontal gyrus volume than the HC. These results should be interpreted with caution, as there were between-group differences in terms of duration of illness and interval between delivery and MRI acquisition. Nevertheless, these are the first findings to suggest that MRI can provide information on brain morphology that characterize those women at risk of PP more likely to develop an episode after childbirth.
Increased decision thresholds trigger extended information gathering across the compulsivity spectrum
Authors: Hauser Tobias U. , Moutoussis Michael ,   NSPN Consortium, Dayan Peter , Dolan Raymond J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIndecisiveness and doubt are cognitive phenotypes of compulsive disorders, including obsessive–compulsive disorder. Little is known regarding the cognitive mechanisms that drive these behaviours across a compulsivity spectrum. Here, we used a sequential information gathering task to study indecisiveness in subjects with high and low obsessive-compulsive scores. These subjects were selected from a large population-representative database, and matched for intellectual and psychiatric factors. We show that high compulsive subjects sampled more information and performed better when sampling was cost-free. When sampling was costly, both groups adapted flexibly to reduce their information gathering. Computational modelling revealed that increased information gathering behaviour could be explained by higher decision thresholds that, in turn, were driven by a delayed emergence of impatience or urgency. Our findings show that indecisiveness generalises to a compulsivity spectrum beyond frank clinical disorder, and this behaviour can be explained within a decision-theoretic framework as arising from an augmented decision threshold associated with an attenuated urgency signal.
Pro-inflammatory hepatic macrophages generate ROS through NADPH oxidase 2 via endocytosis of monomeric TLR4–MD2 complex
Authors: Kim So Yeon , Jeong Jong-Min , Kim Soo Jin , Seo Wonhyo , Kim Myung-Ho , Choi Won-Mook , Yoo Wonbeak , Lee Jun-Hee , Shim Young-Ri , Yi Hyon-Seung , Lee Young-Sun , Eun Hyuk Soo , Lee Byung Seok , Chun Kwangsik , Kang Suk-Jo , Kim Sun Chang , Gao Bin , Kunos George , Kim Ho Min , Jeong Won-Il 
Published: December 2017

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. ROS generation by infiltrating macrophages involves multiple mechanisms, including Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4)-mediated NADPH oxidase (NOX) activation. Here, we show that palmitate-stimulated CD11b+F4/80low hepatic infiltrating macrophages, but not CD11b+F4/80high Kupffer cells, generate ROS via dynamin-mediated endocytosis of TLR4 and NOX2, independently from MyD88 and TRIF. We demonstrate that differently from LPS-mediated dimerization of the TLR4–MD2 complex, palmitate binds a monomeric TLR4–MD2 complex that triggers endocytosis, ROS generation and increases pro-interleukin-1β expression in macrophages. Palmitate-induced ROS generation in human CD68lowCD14high macrophages is strongly suppressed by inhibition of dynamin. Furthermore, Nox2-deficient mice are protected against high-fat diet-induced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance. Therefore, endocytosis of TLR4 and NOX2 into macrophages might be a novel therapeutic target for non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.
Solving for ambiguities in radar geophysical exploration of planetary bodies by mimicking bats echolocation
Authors: Carrer Leonardo , Bruzzone Lorenzo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSounders are spaceborne radars which are widely employed for geophysical exploration of celestial bodies around the solar system. They provide unique information regarding the subsurface structure and composition of planets and their moons. The acquired data are often affected by unwanted artifacts, which hinder the data interpretation conducted by geophysicists. Bats possess a remarkable ability in discriminating between a prey, such as a quick-moving insect, and unwanted clutter (e.g., foliage) by effectively employing their bio-sonar perfected in million years of evolution. Striking analogies occur between the characteristics of bats sonar and the one of a radar sounder. Here we propose an adaptation of the unique bat clutter discrimination capability to radar sounding by devising a novel clutter detection model. The proposed bio-inspired strategy proves its effectiveness on Mars experimental data and paves the way for a new generation of sounders which eases the data interpretation by planetary scientists.