bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptable history biases in human perceptual decisions
Authors: Abrahamyan Arman , Silva Laura Luz , Dakin Steven C. , Carandini Matteo , Gardner Justin L. 
Published: June 2016

Significance
Adapting to the environment requires using feedback about previous decisions to make better future decisions. Sometimes, however, the past is not informative and taking it into consideration leads to worse decisions. In psychophysical experiments, for instance, humans use past feedback when they should ignore it and thus make worse decisions. Those choice history biases persist even in disadvantageous contexts. To test this persistence, we adjusted trial sequence statistics. Subjects adapted strongly when the statistics confirmed their biases, but much less in the opposite direction; existing biases could not be eradicated. Thus, even in our simplest sensory decisions, we exhibit a form of confirmation bias in which existing choice history strategies are easier to reinforce than to relinquish.
Descriptive translation studies of audiovisual translation
Authors: Assis Rosa Alexandra 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper aims to identify theoretical and methodological issues, challenges and opportunities posed by the specific nature of research on audiovisual translation (AVT) developed within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies (DTS). For this purpose, it offers a brief presentation of the overarching principles of DTS; a selective overview of research on AVT in the 21st century, considering the main achievements and challenges involved in such research; and a discussion of some theoretical and methodological issues, challenges and opportunities faced by Descriptive Audiovisual Translation Studies.
Action research
Authors: Neves Josélia 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In this article Action Research (AR) is addressed to determine its limitations and affordances as a research approach in audiovisual translation studies. A specific case of Participatory Action Research (PAR) is presented in the context of a Museum Project in Portugal – the MCCB project –, serving as a focus for the discussion of the main characteristics of AR: planning, putting into action, reflecting upon and starting anew, in spiralling continuums that start with the AR project itself but that go beyond it to spin off into new research and development projects.
From Translation Studies and audiovisual translation to media accessibility
Authors: Remael Aline , Reviers Nina , Vandekerckhove Reinhild 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Recent developments in Translation Studies and translation practice have not only led to a profusion of approaches, but also to the development of new text forms and translation modes. Media Accessibility, particularly audio description (AD) and subtitling for the deaf and hard-of-hearing (SDH), is an example of such a ‘new’ mode. SDH has been evolving quickly in recent decades and new developments such as interlingual SDH and live subtitling with speech recognition bring it closer to established forms of translation and interpreting. On the one hand, interlingual SDH reintroduces Jakobson’s (1959) ‘translation proper’ while the use of speech recognition has led to the creation of a hybrid form that has affinities with both subtitling and interpreting. Audio description, for its part, cannot even be fitted into Jakobson’s ‘intersemiotic translation’ model since it involves translation from images into words. Research into AD is especially interesting since it rallies methods from adjacent disciplines, much in the same way that Holmes ([1972] 1988) described TS when it was a fledgling discipline. In 2008, Braun set out a research agenda for AD and the wealth of topics and research approaches dealt with in her article illustrate the immense complexity of this field and the work still to be done. Although AD and SDH research have developed at different paces and are concerned with different topics, converging trends do appear. Particularly the role of technology and the concept of multimodality seem to be key issues. This article aims to give an overview of current research trends in both these areas. It illustrates the possibilities of technology-driven research – particularly popular in SDH and live-subtitling research – while at the same time underlining the value of individual, human-driven approaches, which are still the main ‘modus operandi’ in the younger discipline of AD where much basic research is still required.
Psycholinguistics and audiovisual translation
Authors: Kruger Jan-Louis 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPsycholinguistic investigations of translated audiovisual products have been conducted since at least the 1980s. These mainly concerned the role of subtitles in the processing of language in the context of language acquisition, literacy, and education. This article provides an overview of some of the most productive lines of research from a psycholinguistic angle in audiovisual translation (AVT), focussing on studies that investigated the positive effects of subtitles on language performance, but also on a growing body of behavioural research on the cognitive processing of the language of subtitles. The article evaluates a number of methodologies in some of the most prominent studies on the processing of subtitles, primarily making use of eye tracking, and then provides some thoughts on future directions in psycholinguistic studies on the processing of the language of AVT.
The lower body muscle activation of intermediate to experienced kayakers when navigating white water
Authors: Murtagh Misha , Brooks Darrell , Sinclair Jonathan , Atkins Stephen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn white‐water kayaking, the legs play a vital part in turning, stabilising and bracing actions. To date, there has been no reported information on neuromuscular activation of the legs in an authentic white‐water environment. The aim of the current study was to identify lower body muscle activation, using ‘in‐boat’ electromyography (EMG), whilst navigating a white‐water run. Ten experienced male kayakers (age 31.5 ± 12.5 yr, intermediate to advanced experience) completed three successful runs of an international standard white‐water course (grade 3 rapids), targeting right and left sides of the course, in a zigzag formation. Surface EMG (sEMG) outputs were generated, bilaterally, for the rectus femoris (RF), vastus lateralis, biceps femoris and gastrocnemius, expressed as a percentage of a dynamic maximal voluntary contraction (dMVC). Only RF showed significantly higher activation than any muscle on the left side of the body, and only on the left side of the course (P = .004; ETA2 = 0.56). Other results showed no significant difference between muscle activation in the right and left legs during each run, nor when assessed at either the right or left side of the course (P > .05). These findings indicate that contralateral symmetry in lower limb muscle activation is evident during white‐water kayaking. This symmetry may provide a stable base to allow more asymmetrical upper body and trunk movements to be fully optimised. Lower body symmetry development should be considered useful in targeted training programmes for white‐water kayakers.
Diagnostic application of magnetic islands rotation in JET
Authors: Buratti P. , Alessi E. , Baruzzo M. , Casolari A. , Giovannozzi E. , Giroud C. , Hawkes N. , Menmuir S. , Pucella G. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Measurements of the propagation frequency of magnetic islands in JET are compared with diamagnetic drift frequencies, in view of a possible diagnostic application to the determination of markers for the safety factor profile. Statistical analysis is performed for a database including many well-diagnosed plasma discharges. Propagation in the plasma frame, i.e. with subtracted E  ×  B Doppler shift, results to be in the ion diamagnetic drift direction, with values ranging from 0.8 (for islands at the q  =  2 resonant surface) to 1.8 (for more internal islands) times the ion diamagnetic drift frequency. The diagnostic potential of the assumption of island propagation at exactly the ion diamagnetic frequency is scrutinised. Rational-q locations obtained on the basis of this assumption are compared with the ones measured by equilibrium reconstruction including motional Stark effect measurements as constraints. Systematic shifts and standard deviations are determined for islands with (poloidal, toroidal) periodicity indexes of (2, 1), (3, 2), (4, 3) and (5, 3) and possible diagnostic applications are indicated.
Empirical Identification of Behavioral Choice Models under Risk
Authors: Just David R. , Just Richard E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe generalized expected utility literature typically assumes an absence of judgment bias in the individual perception of probabilities when inferring risk preferences. This assumption is in disagreement with many other studies that document such bias. We show that models of preference anomalies are mathematically equivalent to models of perception anomalies when estimating perceptions and/or preferences based on observable risky choice data. Empirical models admitting both involve multiplicative functions of common variables and are discernible only by assuming specifications that arbitrarily separate the two. This inability to separately identify preferences and probability perceptions is not readily solved by experimental means. Vastly different combinations of preference and perception modifications fit behavioral data identically, implying that Arrow‐Pratt risk aversion estimates are arbitrary. In contrast, the risk premium and certainty equivalent are identifiable without unverifiable and untestable separating assumptions, and provide sufficient statistics for policy and welfare analysis regardless.
Effects of the Great Recession on the U.S. Agricultural Labor Market
Authors: Fan Maoyong , Pena Anita Alves , Perloff Jeffrey M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe empirically test four hypotheses regarding differences between agricultural worker earnings (wages and bonuses) during recession and non‐recessionary times, between agricultural worker time use during recession and non‐recession times, between outcomes for undocumented and documented workers, and between outcomes for agricultural workers versus those working in other sectors of interest. Regression analyses show that the wages of documented (legal) seasonal agricultural workers increased more during the last three recessions than did the wages of undocumented agricultural workers and low‐skilled nonagricultural workers. Bonus pay and weekly hours also increased for some workers, suggesting general increases in the financial wellbeing of employed agricultural workers during recessions.
Variability in the amount of homoeologous pairing among F1 hybrids
Authors: Poggio Lidia , Greizerstein Eduardo , Ferrari María 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Genes involved in the exclusive pairing of homologous chromosomes have been described in several polyploid species but little is known about the activity of these genes in diploids (which have only one dose of each homoeologous genome). Analysis of the meiotic behaviour of species, natural and artificial hybrids and polyploids of Glandularia suggests that, in allopolyploids where homoeologous genomes are in two doses, regulator genes prevent homoeologous pairing. The different meiotic phenotypes in diploid F1 hybrids between Glandularia pulchella and Glandularia incisa strongly suggest that these pairing regulator genes possess an incomplete penetrance when homoeologous genomes are in only one dose. Moreover, the meiotic analysis of natural and artificial F1 hybrids suggests that the genetic constitution of parental species influences the activity of pairing regulator genes and is mainly responsible for variability in the amount of homoeologous pairing observed in diploid hybrids. In Glandularia , the pairing regulator genes originated in South American diploid species. The cytogenetic characteristics of this genus make it a good model to analyse and explore in greater depth the activity of pairing regulator genes at different ploidy levels.
The structure of legume–rhizobium interaction networks and their response to tree invasions
Authors: Le Roux Johannes J. , Mavengere Natasha R. , Ellis Allan G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEstablishing mutualistic interactions in novel environments is important for the successful establishment of some non-native plant species. These associations may, in turn, impact native species interaction networks as non-natives become dominant in their new environments. Using phylogenetic and ecological interaction network approaches we provide the first report of the structure of belowground legume–rhizobium interaction networks and how they change along a gradient of invasion (uninvaded, semi invaded and heavily invaded sites) by Australian Acacia species in South Africa’s Cape Floristic Region. We found that native and invasive legumes interact with distinct rhizobial lineages, most likely due to phylogenetic uniqueness of native and invasive host plants. Moreover, legume–rhizobium interaction networks are not nested, but significantly modular with high levels of specialization possibly as a result of legume–rhizobium co-evolution. Although network topology remained constant across the invasion gradient, composition of bacterial communities associated with native legumes changed dramatically as acacias increasingly dominated the landscape. In stark contrast to aboveground interaction networks (e.g. pollination and seed dispersal) we show that invasive legumes do not infiltrate existing native legume–rhizobium networks but rather form novel modules. This absence of mutualist overlap between native and invasive legumes suggests the importance of co-invading rhizobium–acacia species complexes for Acacia invasion success, and argues against a ubiquitous role for the formation and evolutionary refinement of novel interactions.
Cerebral Oxygenation Under General Anesthesia Can Be Safely Preserved in Patients in Prone Position: A Prospective Observational Study
Authors: Babakhani Babak , Heroabadi Arash , Hosseinitabatabaei Narges , Schott Martin , Yekaninejad Saeed , Jantzen Jan-Peter , Baumert Jan-Hinrich 
Published: June 2016

Background:
The effects of prone position (PP) on cerebral tissue metabolism are not well known. The aim of this investigation was to evaluate regional cerebral oxygen desaturation in patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery in PP during routine anesthesia management.

Materials and Methods:
Between July 2013 and October 2013, 50 consecutive patients undergoing lumbar spine surgery under general anesthesia in PP were enrolled. The anesthetic technique was standardized. Using near-infrared spectroscopy, bilateral regional cerebrovascular oxygen saturation was recorded during the surgery.

Results:
After 30 and 60 minutes of prone repositioning, significant decreases in bilateral regional cerebral oxygen saturation were observed compared with the values in the supine position (from 76.24% to 73.18% at 30 min and 72.76% at 60 min on the right side and from 77.06% to 73.76% at 30 min and 72.92% at 60 min on the left side; P<0.05). These changes were not clinically important and returned to supine values after 90 minutes of prone positioning. Decreases in cerebral oxygen saturation were accompanied by reductions in heart rate and mean arterial pressure (P<0.05). Older age and higher perioperative risk had a significant effect on the reduction of cerebral oxygen values (P<0.05).

Conclusions:
The results of our study show that margin of safety against impaired cerebral oxygenation can be maintained in PP. Preventing bradycardia and arterial hypotension is crucial. Older patients and those at higher perioperative risk need more meticulous attention.
Correction of Angular Deformities Due to Focal Fibrocartilaginous Dysplasia Using Guided Growth: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Welborn Michelle C. , Stevens Peter 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Focal fibrocartilaginous dysplasia (FFCD) is a rare benign disorder that may result in tethering of the physis. These most commonly occur around the knee and may result in angular deformities of the involved extremity. To date treatment has ranged from observation, to curettage, to osteotomy. Our goal with this study is to evaluate the efficacy of guided growth in treating patients with angular deformity due to FFCD.

Methods:
This is a retrospective review, we included 3 patients with angular deformities due to FFCD who had undergone 8 plate placement. We reviewed their preoperative and postoperative radiographs, assessed their sagittal and coronal balance and number of procedures.

Results:
Three patients with FFCD of the femur with an average of 14 months underwent guided growth to correct their angular deformity. Once appropriate correction was achieved the hardware was removed. At final follow-up none of the patients required further surgical intervention for their angular deformity nor had they shown any evidence of recurrence.

Conclusions:
FFCD is a rare benign disorder, they most commonly affects the proximal tibia and distal femur and can result in significant angular deformities. Our review of the literature found all of the cases involving the femur progressed to the point where they needed surgical intervention. This ranged from curettage to osteotomy. In this case series we present 3 cases of FFCD of the distal femur that were treated minimally invasively with guided growth.

Level of Evidence:
Level 4.
Incidence of and Risk Factors for Loss of 1 Blood Volume During Spinal Fusion Surgery in Patients With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Jain Amit , Sponseller Paul D. , Shah Suken A. , Yaszay Burt , Njoku Dolores B. , Miyanji Firoz , Newton Peter O. , Bastrom Tracey P. , Marks Michelle C. 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Spinal fusion surgery is associated with greater blood loss in patients with cerebral palsy (CP) than in patients with adolescent idiopathic scoliosis. Risk factors for loss of 1 blood volume (LOBV) in patients with CP have not been well studied. We investigated the incidence of and risk factors for LOBV during spinal fusion surgery in young patients with CP.

Methods:
We queried a multicenter registry of CP patients for all patients 21 years or younger who had undergone spinal fusion from 2008 through 2013; 272 patients met these criteria. We analyzed data on patient characteristics, preoperative laboratory values, radiographic measures, and surgical characteristics. For univariate analysis, we used χ2 tests and logistic regression models. Factors that were significant in the univariate analysis were used to construct a multivariate logistic regression model. Significance was set at P<0.01.

Results:
Incidence of LOBV was 39.7%. On multivariate analysis, unit rod construct and coronal curve magnitude were significantly associated with LOBV (P<0.01). The multivariate model accounted for 32.2% of variance in LOBV. Compared with patients with pedicle screw-rod constructs, patients with unit rod constructs had 12.6-fold higher odds of LOBV (P<0.01). For each 1-degree increase in coronal curve magnitude, odds of LOBV increased 1.03-fold (P<0.01).

Conclusions:
In patients with CP, there is a substantial risk of LOBV during spinal fusion surgery. Use of unit rod constructs and greater preoperative coronal curves were significant risk factors for LOBV during surgery.

Level of Evidence:
Level II.
Academic Peer Detailing—The Preparation and Experience of Detailers Involved in a Project to Disseminate a Comparative Effectiveness Module
Authors: Morrow Robert W. , Tattelman Ellen , Purcell Jennifer M. , King Jason , Fordis Michael 
Published: June 2016

Introduction:
Academic detailing uses communication skills, relationship building, and feedback to facilitate behavior change. This report, part of a larger initiative to disseminate evidence summaries of systematic reviews, demonstrates the feasibility of disseminating a comparative effectiveness module to physicians using peer detailers and examines the development of faculty for this process. We describe planning and implementation of a train-the-detailer session, detailer reactions to the process, and results of the dissemination project.

Methods:
We recruited 10 experienced primary care clinical faculties in Family and Social Medicine at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine. Detailers attended a 90-minute train-the-detailer session and detailed 150 practitioners at community practices. We evaluated the experiences of the learners and detailers with questionnaires, a focus group, and individual interviews of the detailers.

Results:
The experiences of detailing in different contexts were uniformly positive. Learners felt the materials were valuable, and that they would implement them or already had implemented them. In the postsurvey completed by 65 of the 150 detailed learners, 97% percent stated that they changed their practice or had already incorporated the practice change before the detailing. All detailers reported a change in their own practice. Detailers found the teaching materials and detailers' guide helpful. Some initially expressed a concern about not knowing enough, which lessened with detailing experience.

Discussion:
Peer detailing seems doable and well received, especially with the availability of high quality, previously prepared, and tested evidence-based content and materials. Detailers were easily recruited and trained to apply their teaching skills in this new format. The amount of time spent in training sessions on detailing training as opposed to content mastery can be adjusted depending on faculty needs.
Performance of Certification and Recertification Examinees on Multiple Choice Test Items: Does Physician Age Have an Impact?
Authors: Shen Linjun , Juul Dorthea , Faulkner Larry R. 
Published: June 2016

Introduction:
The development of recertification programs (now referred to as Maintenance of Certification or MOC) by the members of the American Board of Medical Specialties provides the opportunity to study knowledge base across the professional lifespan of physicians. Research results to date are mixed with some studies finding negative associations between age and various measures of competency and others finding no or minimal relationships.

Methods:
Four groups of multiple choice test items that were independently developed for certification and MOC examinations in psychiatry and neurology were administered to certification and MOC examinees within each specialty. Percent correct scores were calculated for each examinee. Differences between certification and MOC examinees were compared using unpaired t tests, and logistic regression was used to compare MOC and certification examinee performance on the common test items.

Results:
Except for the neurology certification test items that addressed basic neurology concepts, the performance of the certification and MOC examinees was similar. The differences in performance on individual test items did not consistently favor one group or the other and could not be attributed to any distinguishable content or format characteristics of those items.

Discussion:
The findings of this study are encouraging in that physicians who had recently completed residency training possessed clinical knowledge that was comparable to that of experienced physicians, and the experienced physicians' clinical knowledge was equivalent to that of recent residency graduates. The role testing can play in enhancing expertise is described.