bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Flying with the winds: differential migration strategies in relation to winds in moth and songbirds
Authors: Åkesson Susanne 
Published: December 2015

The gamma Y moth selects to migrate in stronger winds compared to songbirds, enabling fast transport to distant breeding sites, but a
lower precision in orientation as the moth allows itself to be drifted by the winds. Photo: Ian Woiwod.In Focus: Chapman, J.R., Nilsson, C., Lim, K.S., Bäckman, J., Reynolds, D.R. & Alerstam, T. (2015) Adaptive strategies in nocturnally migrating insects and songbirds: contrasting responses to winds. Journal of Animal Ecology, 85, 115–124Insects and songbirds regularly migrate long distances across continents and seas. During these nocturnal migrations, they are exposed to a fluid medium, the air, in which they transport themselves by flight at similar speeds as the winds may carry them. It is crucial for an animal to select the most favourable flight conditions relative to winds to minimize the distance flown on a given amount of fuel and to avoid hazardous situations. Chapman et al. (2015a) showed contrasting strategies in how moths initiate migration predominantly under tailwind conditions, allowing themselves to drift to a larger extent and gain ground speed as compared to nocturnal songbird migrants. The songbirds use more variable flight strategies in relation to winds, where they sometimes allow themselves to drift, and at other occasions compensate for wind drift. This study shows how insects and birds have differentially adapted to migration in relation to winds, which is strongly dependent on their own flight capability, with higher flexibility enabling fine‐tuned responses to keep a time programme and reach a goal in songbirds compared to in insects.
Functional and genomic insights into the pathogenesis of Burkholderia species to rice
Authors: Naughton Lynn M. , An Shi‐qi , Hwang Ingyu , Chou Shan‐Ho , He Yong‐Qiang , Tang Ji‐Liang , Ryan Robert P. , Dow J. Maxwell 
Published: December 2015

SummaryA number of species of bacteria from the genus Burkholderia have been shown to be causal agents of diseases of rice. These diseases, caused by Burkholderia glumae, B. gladioli and B. plantarii, are becoming increasingly common across the globe. This is particularly so for B. glumae, whose ability to grow at elevated temperatures suggests that it may become a prevalent problem in an era of global warming. Despite the increasing threat to rice, relatively little is known about the virulence mechanisms employed by these pathogens. Work over the last 5 years has provided an increasing insight into these factors and their control by environmental and other cues. In addition, the determination of a number of genome sequences has allowed bioinformatic predictions of further possible mechanisms, which can now be investigated experimentally. Here, we review recent advances in the understanding of virulence of Burkholderia to rice, to include discussion of the roles of toxins, type II secreted enzymes, type III secreted effectors and motility as well as their regulation by quorum sensing, two‐component systems and cyclic di‐GMP signalling. Finally, we consider a number of approaches for the control of bacterial virulence through the modulation of quorum sensing and toxin degradation.
Association of placental weight with cerebral palsy: population‐based cohort study in Norway
Authors: Strand KM , Andersen GL , Haavaldsen C , Vik T , Eskild A 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo study the risk of cerebral palsy (CP) associated with placental weight, and also with placental weight/birthweight ratio and placental weight/birth length ratio.DesignPopulation‐based cohort study.SettingPerinatal data in the Medical Birth Registry of Norway were linked with clinical data in the CP Register of Norway.PopulationA total of 533 743 singleton liveborn children in Norway during 1999–2008. Of these, 779 children were diagnosed with CP.MethodsPlacental weight, placental weight/birthweight ratio, and placental weight/birth length ratio were grouped into gestational age‐specific quartiles. Odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) for CP were calculated for children with exposure variables in the lowest or in the highest quartile, using the second to third quartile as the reference.Main outcome measuresCP and CP subtypes.ResultsOverall, children with low placental weight had increased risk for CP (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.7). Low placental weight/birthweight ratio (OR 1.2, 95% CI 1.0–1.4) and low placental weight/birth length ratio (OR 1.5, 95% CI 1.2–1.8) were also associated with increased risk for CP. In children born at term, low placental weight was associated with a twofold increase in risk for spastic bilateral CP (including both quadriplegia and diplegia) (OR 2.1, 95% CI 1.5–2.9). In children born preterm, high placental ratios were associated with increased risk for spastic quadriplegia.ConclusionsOur results suggest that placental dysfunction may be involved in causal pathways leading to the more severe subtypes of CP.Tweetable abstractLow placental weight increases the risk for cerebral palsy, especially for the spastic bilateral subtype.
Evidence of Premeditation in Skin Messages in Suicide
Authors: Byard Roger W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA 34‐year‐old man with manic‐depressive disorder was found dead sitting in a vehicle with a hose running from the exhaust pipe to the cabin. Numerous suicide notes were found inside his house. At autopsy, the decedent was wearing jeans and a long‐sleeved windcheater. Upon removal of his clothes, a series of messages were also found written on the legs and forearm. Death was due to carbon monoxide toxicity with a blood level of carboxyhemoglobin of 84%. Skin messages represent a rare form of suicide note that may suggest that a suicide has not been planned, as the decedent may have used the nearest surface to write on. This case demonstrates, however, that skin messages may be more organized, being written prior to dressing and setting up the fatal episode. They also may compliment other notes and messages.
An Appraisal of Decomposition Cases Received at the Johannesburg Forensic Pathology Service Medico‐legal Mortuary During 2010–2011
Authors: Keyes Craig A. , Hill Lawrence , Gordon Guinevere M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDecomposed bodies pose many questions for researchers regarding environmental effects, cause of death, and patterns. This study aimed to observe the factors associated with decomposed bodies autopsied at the Johannesburg Forensic Pathology Service Medico‐legal Mortuary. A total of 4876 autopsies were conducted from 2010 to 2011, of which 109 were decomposed. Black individuals made up the largest proportion (67%) followed by White (26%). Males comprised 86.2%, while 12.8% were female. The mean age was 42.78 years. Most cases were in the early stages of decomposition (49.5%), with 32.1% bloated, 11.9% in active decay, 2.8% in advanced decay, and 3.7% were skeletal. Insect activity was identified in 25.7% of decomposition cases. Cause of death was determined in 48.6% of cases. Of all the cases, 64% were found indoors and 23% outdoors, while 23% had insufficient information regarding the location. Of considerable interest was the number of cases from hospitals and clinics.
Dutch diabetes prevalence estimates (DUDE‐1)
Authors: Kleefstra Nanne , Landman Gijs W.D. , Van Hateren Kornelis J.J. , Meulepas Marianne , Romeijnders Arnold , Rutten Guy E.H. , Klomp Maarten , Houweling Sebastiaan T. , Bilo Henk J.G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundRecent decades have seen a constant upward projection in the prevalence of diabetes. Attempts to estimate diabetes prevalence rates based on relatively small population samples quite often result in underestimation. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the Dutch diabetes prevalence estimate of 930 000 for 2013, based on a relatively small sample, still holds true when a larger population is studied using actual prevalence data.MethodsData were collected from 92 primary care groups, including the total number of people with and without diabetes in 2013. Patients with diabetes were identified using the International Classification of Primary Care codes T90.02 (diabetes mellitus type 2; T2DM), T90.01 (diabetes mellitus type 1) and T90 (diabetes mellitus). Prevalence data were compared with previous estimates made in 2009. Diabetes prevalence was estimated using linear extrapolation.ResultsComplete data were available from 67 (73%) care groups, which together provided care for 7 922 403 subjects; 431 396 patients were coded as having diabetes, of whom 406 183 were coded as having T2DM. Based on these results, the extrapolated Dutch diabetes prevalence was 914 387 (5.45%).ConclusionsThe results show that the previous estimate (reported in 2009), which was based on data collected in 2007, resulted in a <2% (~16 000) overestimation in diabetes prevalence in 2013 compared with the analysis presented. These results indicate that no upward adjustment in Dutch diabetes prevalence estimates is necessary. Repeated large‐scale monitoring can help develop more accurate prevalence estimates and improve future prevalence predictions.
Risk of incident atrial fibrillation in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Ungprasert Patompong , Srivali Narat , Kittanamongkolchai Wonngarm 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimsPatients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) might be at an increased risk of developing atrial fibrillation (AF) as a result of deleterious effects of inflammatory cytokines on cardiomyocytes. This study aimed to comprehensively review all available evidence to further characterize this possible association.MethodsWe conducted a systematic review and meta‐analysis of cohort studies that reported relative risk, hazard ratio, incidence ratio or standardized incidence ratio with 95% confidence intervals comparing the risk of incidence of AF in patients with RA versus non‐RA participants. Pooled risk ratio and 95% confidence interval were calculated using random‐effect, generic inverse‐variance methods of DerSimonian and Laird.ResultsThree retrospective cohort studies with 39 912 cases of RA and 4 269 161 non‐RA controls were included in the data analysis. The pooled risk ratio of subsequent development of AF in patients with RA versus controls was 1.29 (95% CI, 1.05–1.59). The statistical heterogeneity was moderate with an I2 of 71%.ConclusionOur meta‐analysis demonstrated a statistically significant increased risk of subsequent development of AF among patients with RA.
Are Barroom and Neighborhood Characteristics Independently Related to Local‐Area Assaults?
Authors: Morrison Christopher , Mair Christina F. , Lee Juliet P. , Gruenewald Paul J. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundTwo separate but complementary literatures examine bar‐related violence: one has focused on barroom features, and the other has focused on features of neighborhoods near bars. This study unifies these 2 perspectives using a microenvironmental approach.MethodsIn a purposive sample of 65 bars in 4 California cities, we used premise assessments to characterize the physical, social, and economic environments of barrooms (e.g., patron count, average pace of drinking, and restaurant service); and a combination of systematic social observation, census, and alcohol license data to characterize the neighborhoods in which they were located (e.g., physical disorder, alcohol outlet density, and median household income). Hierarchical Poisson models then assessed relationships between these features and counts of police‐reported assaults within buffer areas around bars.ResultsAspects of both barroom environments (more patrons, more dancing, and louder music) and neighborhood environments (greater bar density, greater physical disorder, lower population density, and lower income) were independently related to increased incidence of assaults.ConclusionsPreventive intervention to reduce bar‐area violence may be directed at both bar environments (e.g., limiting the number of patrons) and neighborhood environments (e.g., limiting outlet density).
The Disappearing State and the Quasi‐Event of Immigration Control
Authors: Coleman Mat , Stuesse Angela 
Published: December 2015

AbstractImmigration enforcement by sheriffs and police can be characterized as a proliferation of quasi‐events which never quite rise to the status of an event. This poses distinct challenges for feminist‐inspired scholarship on the state which seeks to document, ethnographically, how the state goes about its business on the ground. In this article we draw on our fieldwork experience in North Carolina and Georgia on sheriffs’ and police departments’ use of traffic enforcement and policing roadblocks to scrutinize drivers for their legal status, and ask how our ethnographic approach to the problem of state power inevitably stumbles in relation to the ordinariness of these practices. We conclude that feminist scholarship committed to an ethnography of the state could do much more to think through the potentially aporetic quality of that which is our common object of research—the state in practice.
Conceptualising European Privatisation Processes After the Great Recession
Authors: Mercille Julien , Murphy Enda 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA wave of privatisation is unfolding in Europe in the wake of the financial crisis, but it has yet to receive serious scholarly attention. This paper examines the case of Ireland, where an austerity strategy and European Union International Monetary Fund bailout conditionality have given impetus to the transfer of public assets to the private sector. Theoretically, the paper explains the roots of the phenomenon with reference to a reformulated concept of “accumulation by dispossession” whose usefulness lies in emphasising the politico‐economic drivers of privatisation, which have been neglected in the mainstream literature. A typology is presented that argues that accumulation by dispossession manifests itself, in practice, through four main processes: (1) private repossession of assets nationalised during the financial crisis; (2) restructuring of state‐owned enterprises; (3) commodification of assets and services hitherto located outside the market; and (4) privatised stimulus through public–private partnerships. The paper's framework should be useful to conceptualise ongoing privatisation processes in other European countries.
Requirement for nuclear autoantigenic sperm protein mRNA expression in bovine preimplantation development
Authors: Nagatomo Hiroaki , Kohri Nanami , Akizawa Hiroki , Hoshino Yumi , Yamauchi Nobuhiko , Kono Tomohiro , Takahashi Masashi , Kawahara Manabu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNuclear autoantigenic sperm protein (NASP) is associated with DNA replication, cell proliferation, and cell cycle progression through its specific binding to histones. The aim of this study was to examine the roles of NASP in bovine preimplantation embryonic development. Using NASP gene knockdown (KD), we confirmed the reduction of NASP messenger RNA (mRNA) expression during preimplantation development. NASP KD did not affect cleavage but significantly decreased development of embryos into the blastocyst stage. Furthermore, blastocyst hatching was significantly decreased in NASP KD embryos. Cell numbers in the inner cell mass of NASP KD blastocysts were also decreased compared to those of controls. These results suggest that NASP mRNA expression is required for preimplantation development into the blastocyst stage in cattle.
Alternative routes: Intergovernmental relations in Canada and Australia
Authors: Collins Emmet 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCanada and Australia bear many similarities, but historical developments have affected the way each country practices federalism. This article seeks to answer the following question: Why have institutionalized horizontal relations been present in Canadian intergovernmental relations (IGR), while they have generally not in Australia? Developments in each country have produced different dynamics in intergovernmental relations which serve to favour vertical relations in Australia and open up space for horizontal relations in Canada. These dynamics become especially apparent when the histories of the institutions for facilitating intergovernmental relations in each country, notably the Canadian Council of the Federation and the Council of Australian Governments, are considered.
Sparse GPU Voxelization of Yarn‐Level Cloth
Authors: Lopez‐Moreno Jorge , Miraut David , Cirio Gabriel , Otaduy Miguel A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMost popular methods in cloth rendering rely on volumetric data in order to model complex optical phenomena such as sub‐surface scattering. These approaches are able to produce very realistic illumination results, but their volumetric representations are costly to compute and render, forfeiting any interactive feedback. In this paper, we introduce a method based on the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) for voxelization and visualization, suitable for both interactive and offline rendering. Recent features in the OpenGL model, like the ability to dynamically address arbitrary buffers and allocate bindless textures, are combined into our pipeline to interactively voxelize millions of polygons into a set of large three‐dimensional (3D) textures (>109 elements), generating a volume with sub‐voxel accuracy, which is suitable even for high‐density woven cloth such as linen.
Moving closer to understanding the risks of living kidney donation
Authors: Steiner Robert W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractRecent studies from the United States and Norway have suggested an unexpected 8‐ to 11‐fold relative risk of ESRD after kidney donation, but a low long‐term absolute risk. Abundant renal epidemiologic data predict that these studies have underestimated long‐term risk. The 1% lifetime post‐donation risk in the US study requires medical screening to predict ESRD in 96 of 100 candidates. This is particularly unlikely in the 30–35% of candidates under age 35, half of whose lifetime ESRD will occur after age 64. Many experts have attributed the increased relative risks in these studies to loss of GFR at donation, which ultimately means that high–normal pre‐donation GFRs will reduce absolute post‐donation risks. The 8‐ to 11‐fold relative risks predict implausible risks of uninephrectomy in the general population, but lower estimates still result in very high risks for black donors. Young vs. older age, low vs. high–normal pre‐donation GFRs, black race, and an increased relative risk of donation all predict highly variable individual risks, not a single “low” or “1%” risk as these studies suggest. A uniform, ethically defensible donor selection protocol would accept older donors with many minor medical abnormalities but protect from donation many currently acceptable younger, black, and/or low GFR candidates.
Local contagion and regional compression: habitat selection drives spatially explicit, multiscale dynamics of colonisation in experimental metacommunities
Authors: Resetarits William J. , Silberbush Alon 
Published: December 2015

AbstractHabitat selection, including oviposition site choice, is an important driver of community assembly in freshwater systems. Factors determining patch quality are assessed by many colonising organisms and affect colonisation rates, spatial distribution and community structure. For many species, the presence/absence of predators is the most important factor affecting female oviposition decisions. However, individual habitat patches exist in complex landscapes linked by processes of dispersal and colonisation, and spatial distribution of factors such as predators has potential effects beyond individual patches. Perceived patch quality and resulting colonisation rates depend both on risk conditions within a given patch and on spatial context. Here we experimentally confirm the role of one context‐dependent processes, spatial contagion, functioning at the local scale, and provide the first example of another context‐dependent process, habitat compression, functioning at the regional scale. Both processes affect colonisation rates and patterns of spatial distribution in naturally colonised experimental metacommunities.
Blood–brain barrier leakage after status epilepticus in rapamycin‐treated rats I: Magnetic resonance imaging
Authors: van Vliet Erwin A. , Otte Willem M. , Wadman Wytse J. , Aronica Eleonora , Kooij Gijs , de Vries Helga E. , Dijkhuizen Rick M. , Gorter Jan A. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectiveThe mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has received increasing attention as a potential antiepileptogenic target. Treatment with the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin after status epilepticus reduces the development of epilepsy in a rat model. To study whether rapamycin mediates this effect via restoration of blood–brain barrier (BBB) dysfunction, contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (CE‐MRI) was used to determine BBB permeability throughout epileptogenesis.MethodsImaging was repeatedly performed until 6 weeks after kainic acid–induced status epilepticus in rapamycin (6 mg/kg for 6 weeks starting 4 h after SE) and vehicle‐treated rats, using gadobutrol as contrast agent. Seizures were detected using video monitoring in the week following the last imaging session.ResultsGadobutrol leakage was widespread and extensive in both rapamycin and vehicle‐treated epileptic rats during the acute phase, with the piriform cortex and amygdala as the most affected regions. Gadobutrol leakage was higher in rapamycin‐treated rats 4 and 8 days after status epilepticus compared to vehicle‐treated rats. However, during the chronic epileptic phase, gadobutrol leakage was lower in rapamycin‐treated epileptic rats along with a decreased seizure frequency. This was confirmed by local fluorescein staining in the brains of the same rats. Total brain volume was reduced by this rapamycin treatment regimen.SignificanceThe initial slow recovery of BBB function in rapamycin‐treated epileptic rats indicates that rapamycin does not reduce seizure activity by a gradual recovery of BBB integrity. The reduced BBB leakage during the chronic phase, however, could contribute to the decreased seizure frequency in post–status epilepticus rats treated with rapamycin. Furthermore, the data show that CE‐MRI (using step‐down infusion with gadobutrol) can be used as biomarker for monitoring the effect of drug therapy in rats.