bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Fiber Bundle Model of Systemic Risk in Financial Networks
Authors: Biswas Soumyajyoti , Chakrabarti Bikas K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractFailure statistics of banks in the US show that their sizes are highly unequal (ranging from a few tens of thousands to over a billion dollars) and also, they come in “waves” of intermittent activities. This motivates a self-organized critical picture for the interconnected banking network. For such dynamics, recent developments in studying the inequality of the events, measured through the well-known Gini index and the more recently introduced Kolkata index, have been proved to be fruitful in anticipating large catastrophic events. In this chapter we review such developments for catastrophic failures using a simple model called the fiber bundle model. We then analyse the failure data of banks in terms of the inequality indices and study a simple variant of the fiber bundle model to analyse the same. It appears, both from the data and the model, that coincidence of these two indices signal a systemic risk in the network.
Systemic Risk and the Insurance Sector: A Network Perspective
Authors: Labini Stefania Sylos , D’Apolito Elisabetta , Nyenno Iryna 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUnlike the banking sector, whose impact on systemic risk has been amply proven, it remains unclear whether the insurance business constitutes a source of systemic risk. The aim of this chapter is to contribute to the debate and attempt to answer this question by examining the role of insurance companies in the financial system, the existing interconnections between insurance operators, and the vulnerability factors, i.e. the elements that increase the exposure of institutions to systemic risks. In recent years, attention to systemic risk has been focused on the insurance sector and the financial activity of insurance companies, which depends heavily on the performance of the financial markets as well as the phenomenon of bancassurance in the search for new investment methods, which inevitably increases the transmission channels of systemic risk. From this perspective, the insurance sector is significant in the network of financial relations and in the global economic system where a crisis can certainly cause systemic effects and repercussions due to the highly interconnected financial activities in place. The International Association of Insurance Supervisors (IAIS) in the Global Insurance Market Report (GIMAR) of 2022 highlights how systemic risk in the global insurance sector is still moderate overall, albeit with an upward trend in insurers’ scores due to increased illiquid exposures and assets, over-the-counter derivatives, short-term loans and intra-financial assets. The role of regulators and supervisory authorities is crucial in this context. Therefore, the chapter analyses both the main and most recent European regulatory and supervisory interventions in the field of systemic risk management in insurance and the possible macro- and micro-systemic supervisory tools envisaged for the insurance sector. Based on the data available on the Acharya Volatility Lab (V-Lab) website and the Bureau van Dijk Orbis database, the insurance sector is explored in terms of systemic risk management and in relation to the global economic and financial system.
Damping Systemic Risk. The Role of Cooperative Banks
Authors: Pacelli Vincenzo , Pampurini Francesca , Quaranta Anna Grazia 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the countercyclical potentialities linked to the bank’s relational business model. We prove that cooperative banks are less involved in the mechanisms underlying systemic risk, thus verifying that their presence somehow contributes to mitigating this risk's spread in a financial system. Referring to a group of Italian banks, an innovative methodological approach is proposed, with relative empirical implementation, based on some variables—available for all banks—considered in the literature as proxies of the systemic risk propagation speed and capacity and the banks’ health managerial status.
The Dynamics of Crypto Markets and the Fear of Risk Contagion
Authors: Aliano Mauro , Ferrara Massimiliano , Ragni Stefania 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDecentralized finance has gained significance in recent years, as have concerns about the financial system’s stability. Exchange mechanisms, such as those utilized on cryptocurrency platforms, enhance volatility, and transmit risk contagion to other financial actors globally, which may increase financial calamity. We propose a Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model with a time delay to examine the mechanism of risk contagion in the cryptocurrency markets during the last decade. The governance token prices of the main cryptocurrency exchange platforms, as well as their spillover effects, crash risks and indicators of people’s attention, are assessed, and the obtained parameters are used in the Susceptible-Infected-Recovered model to replicate the dynamics of risk contagion in the examined crypto markets. Findings suggest high interconnection among crypto markets in short-run and the fear spread among people play an important contribution to financial risks. Under the new decentralized finance paradigm, predictive modeling of the temporal distribution of risk among cryptocurrencies may provide useful insights for policy and financial system stability, as well as for contagion risk.
Financial Challenges and Threats of Circular Economy Logistics
Authors: Capozza Claudia , Mokiy Anatoliy , Zvarych Iryna , Ilyash Olha , Vankevych Ivan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter explores the economic aspects related to circular economy logistics and highlights the key financial challenges and threats that organizations may face when transitioning to a circular economy business model. We developed a methodological approach for researching financial challenges and threats, which consisted of 4 steps. In the 1st stage of the research, we identified the leader in the trade of processed raw materials—Germany and characterized the factors why this country is the leader. In the next stage, the authors reasonably identified possible financial threats that prevent the effective development of circular economy logistics. In the third stage, the relationship between the rate of reuse of materials and the exchange rate, interest rates, and inflation rates was investigated using the multiple regression method. Then, based on the results obtained in the first stage, we investigated which companies carry out their activities in the field of circular economy logistics. The hypothesis of the chapter is that the transition to circular economy logistics presents several financial problems and threats that must be carefully considered and resolved. By recognizing these challenges and adopting appropriate strategies, organizations can navigate financial challenges and unlock the economic benefits associated with the circular economy, promoting sustainability and resource efficiency.
Systemic Risks to Capital Investment Flows in the Post-crisis Economy of Ukraine
Authors: Rubino Alessandro , Mokiy Anatoliy , Fleychuk Mariya , Khaustova Viktoriia , Salashenko Tetiana 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe study investigates systemic risks affecting capital investment flows in Ukraine’s post-crisis economy, employing VAR models and the Kalman filter. It analyzes the relationship between investment flows and key macroeconomic indicators. Utilizing neural network tools, the research identifies pivotal factors influencing investment processes amidst wartime. The study delineates primary strategies for risk mitigation, including the adoption of modern warfare economics principles, combating systemic dysfunctions such as corruption, and legitimizing property rights through targeted investments. Furthermore, in the financial sector, there is a notable emphasis on the imperative: to enhance commercialization in banking, align regulations with EU standards, develop money, bond, and securities markets, facilitate small business financing and financial inclusivity, and mobilize external financing to sustain financial stability.
A Holistic Journey into Systemic Risk: Theoretical Background, Transmission Channels and Policy Implications
Authors: Pacelli Vincenzo , Cananà Lucianna , Chakraborti Anirban , Di Tommaso Caterina , Foglia Matteo 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSystemic risk represents a critical challenge in modern financial systems characterized by complex interconnections. This chapter comprehensively analyses systemic risk, exploring its measurement, models, determinants, interconnections, and the key variables influencing its dynamics. One of the central focuses of this chapter is to explore the transmission channels through which systemic risk propagates. By analyzing various channels, including contagion risk, credit risk, liquidity risk, market risk, operational risk, and macroeconomic risk, the chapter unveils the mechanisms through which disruptions can spread across financial institutions, markets, and economies. The interconnected nature of these channels is also emphasized to showcase the amplification of systemic risk. The interconnections between financial institutions and markets are crucial factors of systemic risk. We discuss the significance of network analysis and emphasize the importance of considering both visible and hidden (shadow) interconnections when assessing systemic risk. By identifying the vulnerabilities and interdependencies within the financial system, policymakers could then develop targeted measures to mitigate systemic risks. The chapter highlights the need for proactive monitoring, enhanced risk management practices, and coordinated regulatory efforts across jurisdictions. These policy implications could then strengthen the financial system’s resilience and reduce the likelihood of systemic crises.
Systemic Risks and Multilayer Financial Networks: From Contagion to Mitigation
Authors: Quirici Maria Cristina , Moro-Visconti Roberto 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe global financial system’s interconnectedness has increased due to globalization, technological advancements and the integration of financial markets. Financial institutions and markets across different countries are more closely linked than ever before; while this interconnectedness facilitates global trade and investment, it also means that financial turmoil can quickly spread from one country to another. Systemic risk is the possibility that an event at the company level could trigger severe instability or collapse an entire industry or economy. The fall of Lehman Brothers in 2008 showed that the failure of a single entity could have far-reaching effects on the global financial system. This chapter innovatively interprets the financial system as a complex network formed by the relationships among various “nodes”: banks, financial institutions, markets, and consumers. These networks are intricate and opaque, making it challenging to understand and predict how risks and failures in one part of the system can affect the rest with a domino impact. In managing systemic risk, regulators and policymakers play a vital role, implementing stricter regulatory frameworks, overseeing financial institutions more closely, and developing mechanisms to identify and mitigate risks early. This chapter shows that effective strategies to mitigate systemic risk involve better risk assessment models, more robust regulatory frameworks, and international cooperation among regulatory bodies. Stress testing, capital adequacy requirements, and monitoring of “too big to fail” institutions, as well as of “too interconnected to fail” ones, are part of these strategies, that may usefully consider network theory to link economic agents to their edging patterns.
The Impact of Inflation and Financial Stability on the European Financial System: A Network Approach
Authors: Sánchez-García Javier , Cruz-Rambaud Salvador 
Published: October 2024

AbstractInflation and financial stability are pivotal elements in the fields of economics and finance, exerting a profound influence on economic performance and the overall stability of financial systems. The intricate interplay between these factors has garnered significant attention from researchers, policymakers, and market participants due to its far-reaching implications, especially since recent inflationary shocks have put many economies around the world under pressure. This chapter builds an econometric design to estimate a network of volatility connectedness, and an Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) is proposed to analyse the structure, capturing both endogenous and exogenous effects on the network. The results show no significant relationship between inflation and financial stress for this set of European countries, shedding light on potential macro-financial vulnerabilities and systemic risks within the European financial system.
Time Sensitive and Oversampling Learning for Systemic Crisis Forecasting
Authors: De Nicolò Francesco , La Rocca Marianna , Marrone Antonio , Monaco Alfonso , Tangaro Sabina , Amoroso Nicola , Bellotti Roberto 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe development of early warning systems for systemic crises has recently received growing interests. Recent studies have proposed possible solutions to address this challenging topic, in particular by means of cutting-edge artificial intelligence (AI) approaches. Financial data are fundamentally characterized by intrinsic temporal dynamics and the presence of both short-/long-term interactions. Hence, it is of paramount importance, when validating the proposed solutions to adopt validation strategies which consider this aspect. To this aim, we show here how Temporal Cross Validation (TCV) deeply affects the models’ learning. Moreover, to take into account the data imbalance often characterizing these models, we combine the TCV with a popular solution, which is the SMOTE (Synthetic Minority Oversampling TEchnique) algorithm.
Beyond Precarity? Towards a Fairer Future for Live Performers
Authors: Hancock Philip , Tyler Melissa 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this final chapter, we focus specifically on the type of support and practical changes that the performers we studied identified as necessary not only to maintaining a sustainable recovery from the ongoing effects of the pandemic, as well as Brexit and the recent cost of living crisis, but also to securing a more fair, equitable, and accessible future. The chapter draws on established research and secondary data, as well as the analysis of the research findings from our own study presented in earlier chapters throughout the book, to speak directly to funding and legislative bodies, professional and membership organisations, policymakers, employers, activists, trade unions, practitioners, and creative workers about how the UK’s live entertainment industries might move ‘beyond precarity’ and to examine what conditions might be necessary to enable this to happen.
Evaluating predictors of mortality in octogenarians undergoing urgent or emergent trauma laparotomy
Authors: Shin Jordan G. , Nahmias Jeffry , Silver Elliot , Painter Robert , Sedighim Shaina , Park Flora , Grigorian Areg 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Purpose
This study aimed to identify associated risk factors for mortality in octogenarian trauma patients undergoing urgent or emergent laparotomy (UEL).

Methods
Trauma patients ages 80–89 years-old undergoing UEL within 6-hours of arrival were included. A multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to determine associated risk of mortality.

Results
From 701 octogenarians undergoing UEL, 324 (46.2%) died. Compared to survivors, UEL octogenarians who died had higher rates of cirrhosis (3.5% vs. 1.1%, p = 0.028), injuries to the brain (17.3% vs. 5.6%, p < 0.001), heart (8.6% vs. 1.6%, p < 0.001), and lung (57.4% vs. 23.9%, p < 0.001) and lower rates of functional independence (6.4% vs. 12.6%, p = 0.007). The strongest independent associated patient-related risk factor for death was cirrhosis (OR 8.28, CI 2.25–30.46, p = 0.001). However, undergoing concurrent thoracotomy increased risk of death significantly (OR 16.59, CI 2.07-132.76, p = 0.008). Functional independence was not associated with mortality (p > 0.05).

Conclusion
This national analysis emphasizes the need to identify and manage pre-existing conditions like cirrhosis and not determine futility based on pre-trauma functional status alone. Concurrent thoracotomy for hemorrhage control increases risk of death over 16-fold.
Nano Spirulina platensis countered cisplatin-induced repro-toxicity by reversing the expression of altered steroid hormones and downregulation of the StAR gene
Authors: Khalil Eman M. , Rady Mohamed I. , Darwish Samah F. , Abd-Allah Entsar R. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCisplatin is a commonly utilized chemotherapy medication for treating different sarcomas and carcinomas. Its ability interferes with cancer cells’ DNA repair pathways and postpones unfavorable outcomes in cancer patients. The current investigation’s goal was to ascertain if nano Spirulina platensis (NSP) might shield rat testicles from cisplatin damage by assessing the expression of the StAR and SOD genes, sex hormones, 17ß-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase(17ß-HSD), sperm profile picture, oxidative condition of testes, testicular histology, and DNA damage. Four equal and random groups of 28 adult male Wistar rats were created; the control group was given saline for 8 weeks. An extraction of NSP at a concentration of 2500 mg/kg body weight was administered orally for 8 weeks to the NSP group. For the first 4 weeks, the cisplatin group was intraperitoneally injected with 2 mg/kg/body weight of cisplatin, and for the next 4 weeks, they were given a dosage of 4 mg/kg/body weight. The cisplatin + NSP group was given both NSP and cisplatin. The results of the experiment showed that intake of NSP and cisplatin improved sperm profile; re-established the balance of oxidizing agents and antioxidant state; enhanced testicular histology; promoted the histometric parameters of seminiferous tubules including epithelial height, their diameter, and Johnsen’s score, decreasing DNA breakage in testicular tissue; increased testosterone level; decreased 17ß-HSD concentration; and upregulated both the StAR and SOD gene expression in testicles compared to rats exposed to cisplatin alone. These results demonstrate that NSP is a promising agent for improving cisplatin-induced testicular injury and infertility.
Supra-pectineal quadrilateral buttress plating versus infra-pectineal plating in the management of quadrilateral plate fractures: A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Moussa Islam Sayed , Nagy Amr Mohammed 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Management of quadrilateral plate fractures is technically demanding and requires specific fixation techniques. Infra-pectineal plating is the gold standard method of fixation. However, we recorded a high incidence of medial wall displacement and reoperations. Therefore, the aim of our study was to identify whether supra-pectineal quadrilateral buttress plating provides much more rigid fixation with a better functional and radiological outcome or not.

Patients and Methods
The authors conducted this prospective, randomized control, single-blinded study at a level 1 single trauma centre. Between March 2022 and June 2023, 34 patients with quadrilateral plate fractures had anterior fixation, either via the anatomical QLP (17 cases) or infra-pectineal plating (17 cases) (Groups A and B, respectively). The radiological and clinical outcomes, as well as residual medial wall displacement, were the primary outcomes.

Results
The mean follow-up was 14.47 months in group A and 15.24 months in group B. In group A, the mean operative time (p = 0.02) was shorter, and the mean blood loss (p < 0.001) was significantly lower. However last follow-up showed no statistically significant differences as regards residual medial wall displacement (p = 1.0), final radiological (p = 0.86), and clinical outcomes (p = 1.0).

Conclusion
Authors concluded that the anatomical QLP made it easier to reduce and fix acetabular fractures with a displaced medial wall. This was done by using multidirectional screws in the posterior column through its infra-pectineal extension and a strong screw purchase aimed at the posterior column through its supra-pectineal part. The two groups were similar in terms of final radiological and clinical outcomes, as well as residual medial wall displacement rates. However, the QLP had less morbidity than the classic infra-pectineal plating (shorter operation time and less blood loss).
Enhancing clinical reasoning skills for medical students: a qualitative comparison of LLM-powered social robotic versus computer-based virtual patients within rheumatology
Authors: Borg Alexander , Jobs Benjamin , Huss Viking , Gentline Cidem , Espinosa Fabricio , Ruiz Mini , Edelbring Samuel , Georg Carina , Skantze Gabriel , Parodis Ioannis 
Published: October 2024

AbstractVirtual patients (VPs) are increasingly used in medical education to train clinical reasoning (CR) skills. However, optimal VP design for enhancing interactivity and authenticity remains unclear. Novel interactive modalities, such as large language model (LLM)-enhanced social robotic VPs might increase interactivity and authenticity in CR skill practice. To evaluate medical students’ perceptions of CR training using an LLM-enhanced social robotic VP platform compared with a conventional computer-based VP platform. A qualitative study involved 23 third-year medical students from Karolinska Institutet, who completed VP cases on an LLM-enhanced social robotic platform and a computer-based semi-linear platform. In-depth interviews assessed students’ self-perceived acquirement of CR skills using the two platforms. Thematic analysis was employed to identify themes and sub-themes. Three main themes were identified: authenticity, VP application, and strengths and limitations. Students found the social robotic platform more authentic and engaging. It enabled highly interactive communication and expressed emotions, collectively offering a realistic experience. It facilitated active learning, hypothesis generation, and adaptive thinking. Limitations included lack of physical examination options and, occasionally, mechanical dialogue. The LLM-enhanced social robotic VP platform offers a more authentic and interactive learning experience compared to the conventional computer-based platform. Despite some limitations, it shows promise in training CR skills, communication, and adaptive thinking. Social robotic VPs may prove useful and safe learning environments for exposing medical students to diverse, highly interactive patient simulations.