bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adaptation of the Practice Environment Scale for military nurses: a psychometric analysis
Authors: Swiger Pauline A. , Raju Dheeraj , Breckenridge‐Sproat Sara , Patrician Patricia A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to confirm the psychometric properties of Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index in a military population. This study also demonstrates association rule analysis, a contemporary exploratory technique.BackgroundOne of the instruments most commonly used to evaluate the nursing practice environment is the Practice Environment Scale of the Nursing Work Index. Although the instrument has been widely used, the reliability, validity and individual item function are not commonly evaluated. Gaps exist with regard to confirmatory evaluation of the subscale factors, individual item analysis and evaluation in the outpatient setting and with non‐registered nursing staff.DesignThis was a secondary data analysis of existing survey data.MethodsMultiple psychometric methods were used for this analysis using survey data collected in 2014. First, descriptive analyses were conducted, including exploration using association rules. Next, internal consistency was tested and confirmatory factor analysis was performed to test the factor structure. The specified factor structure did not hold; therefore, exploratory factor analysis was performed. Finally, item analysis was executed using item response theory. The differential item functioning technique allowed the comparison of responses by care setting and nurse type.ResultsThe results of this study indicate that responses differ between groups and that several individual items could be removed without altering the psychometric properties of the instrument.ConclusionThe instrument functions moderately well in a military population; however, researchers may want to consider nurse type and care setting during analysis to identify any meaningful variation in responses.
Factors associated with school‐aged children's body mass index in Korean American families
Authors: Jang Myoungock , Grey Margaret , Sadler Lois , Jeon Sangchoon , Nam Soohyun , Song Hee‐Jung , Whittemore Robin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimsTo examine factors associated with children's body mass index and obesity‐risk behaviours in Korean American families.BackgroundLimited data are available about family factors related to overweight and obesity in Korean American children.DesignA cross‐sectional study.MethodsConvenient sampling was employed to recruit Korean American families in the Northeast of the United States between August 2014 and January 2015. Child, family and societal/demographic/community factors were measured with self‐report questionnaires completed by mothers and children. Height and weight were measured to calculate body mass index. Data were analyzed using mixed effects models incorporating within‐group correlation in siblings.ResultsThe sample included 170 Korean American children and 137 mothers. In bivariate analyses, more child screen time, number of children in the household, greater parental underestimation of child's weight and children's participation in the school lunch program were significantly associated with higher child body mass index. In multivariate analyses that included variables showing significant bivariate relationship, no variable was associated with child body mass index.ConclusionThere were no child, family and societal/demographic/community factors related to child body mass index in Korean American families in the multivariate analysis, which is contrary to research in other racial/ethnic groups. In bivariate analyses, there is evidence that some factors were significantly related to child body mass index. Further research is needed to understand the unique behavioural, social and cultural features that contribute to childhood obesity in Korean American families.
Evidence for mega‐landslides as drivers of island colonization
Authors: García‐Olivares Víctor , López Heriberto , Patiño Jairo , Alvarez Nadir , Machado Antonio , Carracedo Juan Carlos , Soler Vicente , Emerson Brent C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimHow non‐dispersive taxa colonize islands is generalized as being by wind, or rafting, with the implicit assumption that such events involve one (wind) or a few (rafting) individuals. However, because of the evolutionary time‐scale for colonization events, the fit of individual species to a conceptual model of wind or rafting is difficult to assess. Here, we describe an alternative testable geological model for inter‐island colonization that can result in larger effective founding population sizes than traditionally accepted colonization mechanisms. We then test for the fit of genetic data to this model using weevils from the Laparocerus tessellatus species complex.LocationCanary Islands.MethodsUsing a combination of geological data for the Canary Islands, and mtDNA data from a weevil radiation within the Canary Islands, we test three species‐level predictions for mega‐landslides as drivers of oceanic rafting between islands and subsequent speciation: (1) colonization should involve multiple female lineages, (2) founding lineages should have a common geographical origin, consistent with a mega‐landslide event, and (3) colonization direction should be consistent with ocean currents.ResultsBoth individual‐level and population‐level analyses support a mega‐landslide event as the driver of colonization from the island of Tenerife to La Palma. At least four female lineages colonized La Palma from Tenerife, with the geographical range of ancestral sequences to these four lineages describing the limits of the La Orotava mega‐landslide in Tenerife.Main conclusionsIn the context of island biogeographical theory, mega‐landslides may be an important driver of colonization, and subsequent lineage diversification. They provide a framework for hypothesis testing using genetic data from species, or closely related species, with ranges that encompass landslides and potential areas of colonization.
HMGB1 contributes to glomerular endothelial cell injury in ANCA‐associated vasculitis through enhancing endothelium–neutrophil interactions
Authors: Wang Chen , Chang Dong‐Yuan , Chen Min , Zhao Ming‐Hui 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOur previous studies demonstrated that high mobility group box‐1 (HMGB1), a typical damage‐associated molecular pattern (DAMP) protein, is associated with the disease activity of antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (ANCA)‐associated vasculitis (AAV). Moreover, HMGB1 participates in ANCA‐induced neutrophil activation. The current study aimed to investigate whether HMGB1 regulated the interaction between neutrophils and glomerular endothelial cells (GEnC) in the presence of ANCA. Correlation analysis on HMGB1 levels in AAV patients and soluble intercellular cell adhesion molecule‐1 (sICAM‐1) levels or vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels, which are markers of endothelial cell activation, was performed. The effect of HMGB1 on neutrophil migration towards GEnC, respiratory burst and degranulation of neutrophils in coculture conditions with GEnC was measured. The activation of neutrophils, the activation and injury of GEnC, and the consequent pathogenic role of injured GEnC were evaluated. Plasma levels of HMGB1 correlated with sICAM‐1 and VEGF (r = 0.73, P < 0.01; r = 0.41, P = 0.04) in AAV patients. HMGB1 increased neutrophil migration towards GEnC, as well as respiratory burst and degranulation of neutrophils in the presence of ANCA in the coculture system. In the presence of robust neutrophil activation, GEnC were further activated and injured in the coculture system of GEnC and neutrophils. In addition, injured GEnC could produce TF‐positive leuco‐endothelial microparticles and endothelin‐1 (ET‐1), while NF‐κB was phosphorylated (S529) in the injured GEnC. Plasma levels of HMGB1 correlated with endothelial cell activation in AAV patients. HMGB1 amplified neutrophil activation and the activation and injury of GEnC in the presence of ANCA.
Genetic basis of between‐individual and within‐individual variance of docility
Authors: Martin J. G. A. , Pirotta E. , Petelle M. B. , Blumstein D. T. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBetween‐individual variation in phenotypes within a population is the basis of evolution. However, evolutionary and behavioural ecologists have mainly focused on estimating between‐individual variance in mean trait and neglected variation in within‐individual variance, or predictability of a trait. In fact, an important assumption of mixed‐effects models used to estimate between‐individual variance in mean traits is that within‐individual residual variance (predictability) is identical across individuals. Individual heterogeneity in the predictability of behaviours is a potentially important effect but rarely estimated and accounted for. We used 11 389 measures of docility behaviour from 1576 yellow‐bellied marmots (Marmota flaviventris) to estimate between‐individual variation in both mean docility and its predictability. We then implemented a double hierarchical animal model to decompose the variances of both mean trait and predictability into their environmental and genetic components. We found that individuals differed both in their docility and in their predictability of docility with a negative phenotypic covariance. We also found significant genetic variance for both mean docility and its predictability but no genetic covariance between the two. This analysis is one of the first to estimate the genetic basis of both mean trait and within‐individual variance in a wild population. Our results indicate that equal within‐individual variance should not be assumed. We demonstrate the evolutionary importance of the variation in the predictability of docility and illustrate potential bias in models ignoring variation in predictability. We conclude that the variability in the predictability of a trait should not be ignored, and present a coherent approach for its quantification.
Mechanism of motor coordination of masseter and temporalis muscles for increased masticatory efficiency in mice
Authors: Yoshimi T. , Koga Y. , Nakamura A. , Fujishita A. , Kohara H. , Moriuchi E. , Yoshimi K. , Tsai C.Y. , Yoshida N. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe demand for the use of mice as animal models for elucidating the pathophysiologies and pathogeneses of oral motor disorders has been increasing in recent years, as more and more kinds of genetically modified mice that express functional disorders of the stomatognathic system become available. However, the fundamental characteristics of mouse jaw movements during mastication have yet to be fully elucidated. The purpose of this study was to investigate the roles of the masseter and temporalis muscles, and the mechanisms of motor coordination of these muscles for increasing masticatory efficiency in the closing phase in mice. Twenty‐two male Jcl:ICR mice were divided into control (n = 8), masseter‐hypofunction (n = 7) and temporalis‐hypofunction groups (n = 7). Botulinum neurotoxin type A (BoNT⁄A) was used to induce muscle hypofunction. The masticatory movement path in the horizontal direction during the occlusal phase became unstable after BoNT⁄A injection into the masseter muscle. BoNT⁄A injection into the temporalis muscle decreased antero‐posterior excursion of the late‐closing phase corresponding to the power phase of the chewing cycle. These results suggest that the masseter plays an important role in stabilizing the grinding path, where the food bolus is ground by sliding the posterior teeth from back to front during the occlusal phase. The temporalis plays a major role in retracting the mandible more posteriorly in the early phase of closing, extending the grinding path. Masticatory efficiency is thus increased based on the coordination of activities by the masseter and temporalis muscles.
Hepatitis B virus covalently closed circular DNA homeostasis is independent of the lymphotoxin pathway during chronic HBV infection
Authors: Meier M.‐A. , Suslov A. , Ketterer S. , Heim M. H. , Wieland S. F. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryCurrent treatment options for patients with chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection are not curative as they are not effective in eliminating covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA). cccDNA is a stable template for HBV transcription in the nucleus of hepatocytes and is thought to be one of the main factors responsible for HBV persistence. Recently, activation of the lymphotoxin beta receptor (LTβR) has been shown to trigger degradation of cccDNA through induction of cytidine deaminases of the APOBEC3 family in HBV cell culture model systems. To assess the presence and relevance of such mechanisms in the liver of chronically HBV‐infected patients, we compared intrahepatic cccDNA levels with the expression levels of lymphotoxins and some of their target genes (eg APOBEC deaminases) in liver biopsy tissue. Our results confirm elevated gene expression levels of components of the lymphotoxin pathway including lymphotoxin alpha (LTα), lymphotoxin beta (LTβ), APOBEC3B (A3B) and APOBEC3G (A3G) in the chronically HBV‐infected liver compared to uninfected liver. Furthermore, expression levels of the genes of the APOBEC deaminase family were correlated with those of LTα and LTβ gene expression, consistent with lymphotoxin‐mediated upregulation of APOBEC gene expression. However, intrahepatic cccDNA and HBV replication levels were not correlated with LTα, LTβ and APOBEC gene expression. In conclusion, these results suggest that although the lymphotoxin pathway is activated in the chronically HBV‐infected liver, it has no major impact on HBV cccDNA metabolism in chronic HBV infection.
Molecular and structural changes related to hepatitis E virus antigen and its expression in testis inducing apoptosis in Mongolian gerbil model
Authors: Soomro M. H. , Shi R. , She R. , Yang Y. , Wang T. , Wu Q. , Li H. , Hao W. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryHepatitis E virus (HEV) infection has been associated with a wide range of extrahepatic manifestations, so this study was designed to examine the effect and role of HEV on structural and molecular changes in the testicular tissues of Mongolian gerbils experimentally infected with swine HEV. HEV RNA was first detected in testis at 14 days post‐inoculation and reached a peak between 28 and 42 days later with viral load between 3.12 and 6.23 logs/g by PCR assays. Changes including vacuolation, sloughing of germ cells, formation of multinuclear giant cells, degeneration, necrosis of tubules and damaged blood‐testis barrier were observed through transmission electron microscopy. HEV ORF2 antigen was detected in the sperm cell cytoplasm along with decrease in relative protein of zonula occludens‐1 through immunohistochemistry. HEV ORF3 antigen and ZO‐1 protein were detectable by Western blotting. Lower (P<.05) serum testosterone and higher (P<.05) blood urea nitrogen level was observed in inoculated Mongolian gerbils. Likewise, increased (P<.05) germ cell apoptosis rate was detected with significant increased expression of Fas‐L and Fas in HEV‐inoculated groups at each time points. Up‐regulation (P<.05 or P<.01) in mRNA level of Fas‐L, Fas, Bax, Bcl‐2 and caspase‐3 was observed in HEV RNA‐positive testes. Our study demonstrated that after experimental inoculation, HEV can be detected in testis tissues and viral proteins produce structural and molecular changes that in turn disrupt the blood‐testis barrier and induce germ cell apoptosis.
Plant functional traits and canopy structure control the relationship between photosynthetic CO2 uptake and far‐red sun‐induced fluorescence in a Mediterranean grassland under different nutrient availability
Authors: Migliavacca Mirco , Perez‐Priego Oscar , Rossini Micol , El‐Madany Tarek S. , Moreno Gerardo , van der Tol Christiaan , Rascher Uwe , Berninger Anna , Bessenbacher Verena , Burkart Andreas , Carrara Arnaud , Fava Francesco , Guan Jin‐Hong , Hammer Tiana W. , Henkel Kathrin , Juarez‐Alcalde Enrique , Julitta Tommaso , Kolle Olaf , Martín M. Pilar , Musavi Talie , Pacheco‐Labrador Javier , Pérez‐Burgueño Andrea , Wutzler Thomas , Zaehle Sönke , Reichstein Markus 
Published: February 2017

Summary

Sun‐induced fluorescence (SIF) in the far‐red region provides a new noninvasive measurement approach that has the potential to quantify dynamic changes in light‐use efficiency and gross primary production (GPP). However, the mechanistic link between GPP and SIF is not completely understood.

We analyzed the structural and functional factors controlling the emission of SIF at 760 nm (F760) in a Mediterranean grassland manipulated with nutrient addition of nitrogen (N), phosphorous (P) or nitrogen–phosphorous (NP). Using the soil–canopy observation of photosynthesis and energy (SCOPE) model, we investigated how nutrient‐induced changes in canopy structure (i.e. changes in plant forms abundance that influence leaf inclination distribution function, LIDF) and functional traits (e.g. N content in dry mass of leaves, N%, Chlorophyll a+b concentration (Cab) and maximum carboxylation capacity (Vcmax)) affected the observed linear relationship between F760 and GPP.

We conclude that the addition of nutrients imposed a change in the abundance of different plant forms and biochemistry of the canopy that controls F760. Changes in canopy structure mainly control the GPP–F760 relationship, with a secondary effect of Cab and Vcmax.

In order to exploit F760 data to model GPP at the global/regional scale, canopy structural variability, biodiversity and functional traits are important factors that have to be considered.
Tree species diversity affects decomposition through modified micro‐environmental conditions across European forests
Authors: Joly François‐Xavier , Milcu Alexandru , Scherer‐Lorenzen Michael , Jean Loreline‐Katia , Bussotti Filippo , Dawud Seid Muhie , Müller Sandra , Pollastrini Martina , Raulund‐Rasmussen Karsten , Vesterdal Lars , Hättenschwiler Stephan 
Published: February 2017

Summary

Different tree species influence litter decomposition directly through species‐specific litter traits, and indirectly through distinct modifications of the local decomposition environment. Whether these indirect effects on decomposition are influenced by tree species diversity is presently not clear.

We addressed this question by studying the decomposition of two common substrates, cellulose paper and wood sticks, in a total of 209 forest stands of varying tree species diversity across six major forest types at the scale of Europe.

Tree species richness showed a weak but positive correlation with the decomposition of cellulose but not with that of wood. Surprisingly, macroclimate had only a minor effect on cellulose decomposition and no effect on wood decomposition despite the wide range in climatic conditions among sites from Mediterranean to boreal forests. Instead, forest canopy density and stand‐specific litter traits affected the decomposition of both substrates, with a particularly clear negative effect of the proportion of evergreen tree litter.

Our study suggests that species richness and composition of tree canopies modify decomposition indirectly through changes in microenvironmental conditions. These canopy‐induced differences in the local decomposition environment control decomposition to a greater extent than continental‐scale differences in macroclimatic conditions.
Bajaichthys elegans from the Eocene of Bolca (Italy) and the overlooked morphological diversity of Zeiformes (Teleostei, Acanthomorpha)
Authors: Davesne Donald , Carnevale Giorgio , Friedman Matt 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Eocene (Ypresian) fauna of Bolca, Italy yields a famous assemblage of marine tropical teleosts. One of the most anatomically distinctive teleosts from Bolca is the enigmatic †Bajaichthys elegans, generally interpreted as a member of Lampridiformes (oarfishes and their allies). Re‐examination of the type and only specimen of †Bajaichthys contradicts this attribution, and we propose that its original description as a member of Zeiformes (dories) was in fact correct. †Bajaichthys bears numerous derived features of zeiforms not found in lampridiforms, including: a pelvic spine, a first vertebra closely associated with the neurocranium, and a reduced metapterygoid not contacting the quadrate. Lampridiform‐like attributes, including a greatly elongated ascending process of the premaxilla, are known to be convergent between this group and Zeiformes. Using a combination of morphological and molecular data, we confirm this revised interpretation and resolve the position of †Bajaichthys within zeiform phylogeny. In terms of overall shape, the very elongate †Bajaichthys contrasts with deep‐bodied Zeiformes and probably had distinctive ecological habits. Our inferred placement of †Bajaichthys and other fossil taxa with extended caudal peduncles (e.g. †Archaeozeus) suggests that the elongate morphotype is ancestral for Zeiformes as a whole, and that the deep‐bodied geometry typical of extant taxa probably appeared several times independently. However, these inferences must be considered preliminary due to low support for patterns of relationships within Zeiformes. The systematic reattribution of †Bajaichthys expands the taxonomic diversity of the Bolca fauna as well as the morphological and ecological diversity of the zeiform clade.
General anesthesia with a native airway for patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type III
Authors: Kamata Mineto , McKee Christopher , Truxal Kristen V. , Flanigan Kevin M. , McBride Kim L. , Aylward Shawn C. , Tobias Joseph D. , Corridore Marco 
Published: February 2017

SummaryBackgroundMucopolysaccharidosis type III is a progressive disease with worsening airway, pulmonary, and cardiac involvement that may complicate anesthetic care.AimTo prospectively evaluate the incidence of airway issues and complications during magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and lumbar puncture (LP) during general anesthesia with a native airway for patients with mucopolysaccharidosis type III.MethodThe study was a part of the natural history study. Anesthesia was induced with sevoflurane, which was discontinued after intravenous access was obtained. General anesthesia with a native airway was provided by dexmedetomidine and propofol. Dexmedetomidine (0.5 μg·kg−1) was administered over 5 min followed by a continuous infusion at 0.5 μg·kg−1·h−1. A continuous infusion of propofol was started at 150 μg·kg−1·min−1. A bolus dose of propofol (1 mg·kg−1) was administered and the propofol infusion was increased as needed. Airway management and vital signs were recorded for the entire procedure until discharge.ResultsTwenty‐five patients (6.9 ± 3.1 years) received total of 43 MRI and LP procedures in the cohort. No patient failed sedation. Although mask induction with sevoflurane was not clinically problematic, upper airway obstruction was noted during 14 procedures (33%). This required the application of continuous positive airway pressure, temporary oral airway placement, jaw thrust, or shoulder roll. Airway dynamics improved once the anesthesia was transitioned to intravenous anesthetic agents. Although a small shoulder roll was needed to improve airway patency for 11 cases (26%), a large shoulder roll tended to make the upper airway obstruction worse. Oxygen desaturation (≤90%) was noted during MRI in three cases (7%).ConclusionA combination of dexmedetomidine and propofol provided effective general anesthesia with a native airway during the procedures. Although upper airway obstruction was noted, it resolved with simple airway maneuvers without further airway intervention.