bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary topology selection and conversion in short‐segmented on‐road charging system for electrical vehicles
Authors: Liu Han , Tan Linlin , Huang Xueliang , Yan Changxin , Guo Jinpeng , Wang Wei 
Published: December 2016

In an on‐road charging system for electric vehicles where short‐segmented primary coils are energised one by one, a serious power slump occurs when a secondary coil is placed in the middle of two primary coils. This issue can be tackled by powering double segmented primary coils simultaneously. First, four circuit topologies are established based on different connections of double primary coils. Then, a method of flux linkage superposition is utilised to identify two effective topologies. Forward series connection topology is further identified as an optimal selection based on performance comparison. In addition, topology conversion points are figured out after a comparison between the curve of received power in the single primary coil model and that in the double primary coil model. Afterwards, the topology conversion strategy, that is conversion of primary circuit topologies and adjustment of source frequency, is proposed to restrain the power slump. Finally, experiments are carried out to verify the theoretical analysis including primary topology selection and conversion strategy. Results show that with the application of the topology conversion strategy, the received power rises from 9.6 to 18.7 W when the secondary coil is located in the middle of the two primary coils.
Design and implementation of a high‐efficiency 6.78 MHz resonant wireless power transfer system with a 5 W fully integrated power receiver
Authors: Moon Junil , Hwang Hyeonseok , Jo Byeonghak , Kwon Chan‐Keun , Kim Tae‐Geun , Kim Soo‐Won 
Published: December 2016

This study presents the design and implementation of a 6.78 MHz wireless power transfer (WPT) system that uses magnetically coupled resonance for 5 W mobile phone charger applications. For a resonant WPT system, one of the most significant design issues is the power receiver because of its resonant characteristics. A compact resonant‐type power receiver is required for high efficiency and robustness. To realise a compact size, a fully integrated 5 W power receiver that includes an on‐chip AC–DC converter and a DC–DC converter is implemented. A protection circuit that operates only during initial power‐up is proposed to protect the power switches in the receiver. The proposed receiver was implemented using a 0.18 µm bipolar‐complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor–double‐diffused metal–oxide–semiconductor process with a die area of 3.5mm × 3.5mm. The measured maximum power transfer efficiency of the receiver and peak efficiency of the system was 81 and 51%, respectively.
Probing conformational dynamics of an enzymatic active site by an in situ single fluorogenic probe under piconewton force manipulation
Authors: Pal Nibedita , Wu Meiling , Lu H. Peter 
Published: December 2016

Significance
The exploration of the internal conformational fluctuation dynamics of an enzyme during a catalytic event can have significant implications in the field of enzymology. How an enzyme modulates its conformations under mechanical perturbation while still retaining its activity to a significant extent can be of particular interest in the area of protein engineering. Using single-molecule total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy-guided confocal spectroscopy combined with magnetic tweezers we have interrogated the conformational dynamics of horseradish peroxidase enzyme. We have identified the presence of complex conformations during the product releasing step. However, the complexity is narrowed or even eliminated when the enzyme is deformed or unfolded under magnetic pulling force.
Diagnosis and Treatment of Leishmaniasis: Clinical Practice Guidelines by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the American Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene (ASTMH)
Authors: Aronson Naomi , Herwaldt Barbara L. , Libman Michael , Pearson Richard , Lopez-Velez Rogelio , Weina Peter , Carvalho Edgar M. , Ephros Moshe , Jeronimo Selma , Magill Alan 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
It is important to realize that leishmaniasis guidelines cannot always account for individual variation among patients. They are not intended to supplant physician judgment with respect to particular patients or special clinical situations. The IDSA and ASTMH consider adherence to these guidelines to be voluntary, with the ultimate determinations regarding their application to be made by the physician in the light of each patient's individual circumstances.
Comparative Effectiveness and Safety of Standard-, Medium-, and High-Dose Daptomycin Strategies for the Treatment of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococcal Bacteremia Among Veterans Affairs Patients
Authors: Britt Nicholas S. , Potter Emily M. , Patel Nimish , Steed Molly E. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background.
Vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus bloodstream infections (VRE-BSIs) are associated with significant mortality. Daptomycin exhibits concentration-dependent activity vs VRE in vitro, yet the clinical impact of higher-dose strategies remains unclear.

Methods.
We performed a national retrospective cohort study of hospitalized Veterans Affairs patients treated with standard-dose (6 mg/kg total body weight), medium-dose (8 mg/kg total body weight), or high-dose (≥10 mg/kg total body weight) daptomycin for VRE-BSI. Patient-related, microbiological, and outcomes data were abstracted from clinical databases. The primary outcome was overall survival, evaluated by Cox regression. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, time to microbiological clearance, and creatine phosphokinase (CPK) elevation.

Results.
A total of 911 patients were included (standard dose, n = 709; medium dose, n = 142; high dose, n = 60). Compared to high-dose daptomycin, both standard-dose (hazard ratio [HR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval; [CI], 1.33–3.06; P = .002) and medium-dose (HR, 2.66; 95% CI, 1.33–3.92; P = .003) daptomycin were associated with poorer survival. After adjusting for confounders, the relationship between poorer survival and standard-dose (adjusted HR [aHR], 2.58; 95% CI, 1.27–4.88; P = .004) and medium-dose (aHR, 2.52; 95% CI, 1.27–5.00; P = .008) daptomycin persisted. Thirty-day mortality was significantly lower among high-dose daptomycin–treated patients compared with other dosing strategies (risk ratio, 0.83; 95% CI, .74–.94; P = .015). Compared with standard-dose daptomycin, both medium-dose (HR, 0.78; 95% CI, .55–.90; P = .012) and high-dose daptomycin (HR, 0.70; 95% CI, .41–.84; P = .006) were associated with significantly improved microbiological clearance. No difference in the risk of CPK elevation was observed between the treatment groups (P = .504).

Conclusions.
High-dose daptomycin was associated with improved survival and microbiological clearance in VRE-BSI.
Ombitasvir/Paritaprevir/Ritonavir and Dasabuvir Combination Treatment in Patients With HIV/HCV Coinfection: Results of an Italian Compassionate Use Program
Authors: Andreoni Massimo , Teti Elisabetta , Antinori Andrea , Milazzoi Laura , Sollima Savatore , Rizzardini Giuliano , Biagio Antonio Di , Saracino Annalisa , Bruno Raffaele , Borghi Vanni , Luca Andrea De , Cattelan Annamaria , Hasson Hamid , Taliani Gloria , Monforte Antonella D’Arminio , Mastroianni Claudio Maria , Perri Giovanni Di , Bigoni Sara , Puoti Massimo , Spinetti Angiola , Gori Andrea , Boffa Nicola , Cacopardo Bruno , Giacometti Andrea , Parruti Giustino , Vullo Vincenzo , Chirianni Antonio , Pennica Alfredo , Pasquazzi Caterina , Segala Daniela , Sarmati Loredana ,   SIMIT (Società Italiana di Malattie Infettivee Tropicali)
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Patients coinfected with hepatitis C virus (HCV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are at high risk of liver disease progression. We report a favorable safety profile and SVR12 rates of 96.7% among HIV/HCV coinfected patients participating in an Italian compassionate-use program of ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir + dasabuvir (OBV/PTV/r + DSV) ± ribavirin (RBV).
Delayed Diagnosis of Tuberculous Meningitis Misdiagnosed as Herpes Simplex Virus-1 Encephalitis With the FilmArray Syndromic Polymerase Chain Reaction Panel
Authors: Gomez Carlos A. , Pinsky Benjamin A. , Liu Anne , Banaei Niaz 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The FilmArray meningitis/encephalitis (ME) panel is a novel syndromic, nucleic acid amplification test for diagnosis of acute meningitis and encephalitis. Emerging data on its performance are concerning for false-positive results. We present a case of tuberculous meningitis misdiagnosed as herpes simplex virus-1 encephalitis with the FilmArray ME panel. Strategies to mitigate erroneous results are discussed.
A Dynamic Transmission Model to Evaluate the Effectiveness of Infection Control Strategies
Authors: Khader Karim , Thomas Alun , Huskins W. Charles , Leecaster Molly , Zhang Yue , Greene Tom , Redd Andrew , Samore Matthew H. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background
The advancement of knowledge about control of antibiotic resistance depends on the rigorous evaluation of alternative intervention strategies. The STAR*ICU trial examined the effects of active surveillance and expanded barrier precautions on acquisition of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus (VRE) in intensive care units. We report a reanalyses of the STAR*ICU trial using a Bayesian transmission modeling framework.

Methods
The data included admission and discharge times and surveillance test times and results. Markov chain Monte Carlo stochastic integration was used to estimate the transmission rate, importation, false negativity, and clearance separately for MRSA and VRE. The primary outcome was the intervention effect, which when less than (or greater than) zero, indicated a decreased (or increased) transmission rate attributable to the intervention.

Results
The transmission rate increased in both arms from pre- to postintervention (by 20% and 26% for MRSA and VRE). The estimated intervention effect was 0.00 (95% confidence interval [CI], −0.57 to 0.56) for MRSA and 0.05 (95% CI, −0.39 to 0.48) for VRE. Compared with MRSA, VRE had a higher transmission rate (preintervention, 0.0069 vs 0.0039; postintervention, 0.0087 vs 0.0046), higher importation probability (0.22 vs 0.17), and a lower clearance rate per colonized patient-day (0.016 vs 0.035).

Conclusions
Transmission rates in the 2 treatment arms were statistically indistinguishable from the pre- to postintervention phase, consistent with the original analysis of the STAR*ICU trial. Our statistical framework was able to disentangle transmission from importation and account for imperfect testing. Epidemiological differences between VRE and MRSA were revealed.
Using Procalcitonin to Guide Antibiotic Therapy
Authors: Rhee Chanu 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Procalcitonin levels rise in response to systemic inflammation, especially of bacterial origin. Multiple randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that procalcitonin-based algorithms can safely reduce antibiotic use in 2 clinical scenarios. First, in stable, low-risk patients with respiratory infections, procalcitonin levels of &lt;0.25 µg/L can guide the decision to withhold antibiotics or stop therapy early. Second, in critically ill patients with suspected sepsis, clinicians should not initially withhold antibiotics, but procalcitonin levels of &lt;0.5 µg/L or levels that decrease by ≥80% from peak can guide discontinuation once patients stabilize. The recent stop antibiotics on procalcitonin guidance study (SAPS), the largest procalcitonin trial to date, demonstrated reduction in both antibiotic exposure and mortality in critically ill patients. Although procalcitonin is ready for routine use, future research should examine optimal strategies for implementation in hospitals, its real-world impact on clinical outcomes and costs, its applicability to immunocompromised patients, and the generalizability of trials to the US population.
A Proposed New Classification of Skin and Soft Tissue Infections Modeled on the Subset of Diabetic Foot Infection
Authors: Lipsky Benjamin A. , Silverman Michael H. , Joseph Warren S. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Schemes for classifying skin and soft tissue infections (SSTIs) pose limitations for clinicians and regulatory agencies. Diabetic foot infections (DFIs) are a subset of SSTIs. We developed and are proposing a classification to harmonize current schemes for SSTIs and DFIs. Existing schemes for classifying SSTIs are limited in both their usefulness to clinicians and to regulatory agencies. The guidelines on SSTI from the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and the guidance from the US Food and Drug Administration do not adequately address many types of wound infections. However, guidelines developed by the IDSA for DFIs provide a classification scheme that has been validated and widely used. Diabetic foot infections are similar to SSTIs in pathophysiology, microbiology, and treatment and can be seen as a subset of SSTI. Thus, based on the documents noted above, and our review of the literature, we have developed a proposed classification scheme for SSTI that harmonizes well with the DFI classification. We believe this new scheme will assist clinicians in classifying most wound infections and potentially aid regulatory agencies in testing and approving new antimicrobials for these infections.
The role of nociceptive input and tissue injury on stress regulation in borderline personality disorder
Authors: Willis Franziska , Kuniss Sarah , Kleindienst Nikolaus , Naoum Janina , Reitz Sarah , Boll Sabrina , Bohus Martin , Treede Rolf-Detlef , Baumgärtner Ulf , Schmahl Christian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractApproximately 60% to 90% of patients with borderline personality disorder (BPD) show nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior (NSSI) with cutting being the most frequently applied method. One of NSSI's functions is to reduce aversive tension. Previous studies have found a tension-reducing effect of painful tissue injury by an incision. It is still unclear whether this effect is based on the effect of tissue injury or the effect of pain experience, or both. The aim of this study was to determine whether tissue injury leads to a stronger stress reduction than a sole pain stimulus in patients with BPD. After stress induction, 57 BPD patients and 60 healthy controls (HCs) received either an incision or a non–tissue-injuring mechanical nociceptive stimulus (“blade”) typically perceived as painful or a non-nociceptive tactile sham stimulus (blunt end of scalpel). Participants were unaware of which procedure was applied. For stress assessment, subjective and objective parameters were measured. As immediate response to the stimulus application, we found greater stress reduction after both painful stimuli (incision and blade) in BPD patients but no difference in stress decrease between the tissue-injuring incision and the non–tissue-injuring pain stimulus (blade). Compared with HCs, incision and blade were followed by greater immediate decrease of arousal in BPD patients. Our findings confirm that among BPD patients, the nociceptive input leads to stress reduction. In contrast, the impact of tissue damage on stress reduction was relatively small. In addition, the results suggest that painful stimuli lead to a greater stress reduction in BPD patients compared with HCs.
Is There Any Association Between Use of Antidepressants and Preeclampsia or Gestational Hypertension?
Authors: Uguz Faruk 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objective
Hypertension in pregnant women is an important medical problem, which can cause morbidity and mortality in the fetus. This study reviewed the current literature examining the potential relationship between use of antidepressants during pregnancy and preeclampsia or gestational hypertension.

Methods
PubMed was searched for English-language reports between January 1, 1995, and December 31, 2015, by using combinations of key words pregnancy, pregnancy complications, preeclampsia, gestational hypertension, and antidepressants. Studies that reported the diagnosis of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension and use of antidepressant were included in the review.

Results
A total of 7 relevant studies that met the review criteria were examined. The studies reported that compared with nonusers adjusted relative risk of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension in antidepressant users was 1.28 to 1.53 for any antidepressant, 1.05 to 3.16 for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 1.49 to 1.95 for selective serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors, and 0.35 to 3.23 for tricyclic antidepressants. Consistently, antidepressant use during the second trimester of pregnancy was associated with increased risk of preeclampsia or gestational hypertension. However, possible contribution of severity, type, and comorbidity of underlying anxiety or depressive disorders is unclear in the current studies.

Conclusions
Although some studies have suggested a moderately increased risk in pregnancy-specific hypertensive disorders with antidepressant treatment, the current data do not allow a definitive conclusion on this topic, because the studies have many methodological limitations. In addition, the effects of untreated depression or anxiety disorders cannot be disentangled from the results.
Comparative Risk of Ventricular Arrhythmia and Sudden Cardiac Death Across Antidepressants in Patients With Depressive Disorders
Authors: Wu Chi-Shin , Tsai Yu-Ting , Hsiung Chao A. , Tsai Hui-Ju 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Objective
We aimed to evaluate the risk of ventricular arrhythmia (VA) and/or sudden cardiac death (SCD) associated with antidepressant use.

Methods
A cohort study was conducted using data from Taiwan's National Health Insurance Research Database from 2001 to 2012. A total of 793,460 new antidepressant users with depressive disorders were enrolled in the study. Outcomes were defined as the first principal diagnosis of VA or SCD in the emergency department or hospital discharge records. Cox proportional hazards models with stratification of propensity score deciles were used to evaluate the relative risk of VA/SCD for antidepressants compared with selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

Results
A total of 245 VA/SCD events occurred. The incidence rate of VA/SCD among antidepressant users was 1.5 per 1000 person-years (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.3–1.7). Compared with SSRIs, the risk of VA/SCD was significantly lower for tricyclic or tetracyclic antidepressant (TCAs) (adjusted hazards ratio [aHR], 0.54; 95% CI, 0.36–0.83), but not other antidepressant classes. However, use of moderate- to high-dose TCAs carried a higher risk than low-dose TCAs (aHR, 4.37; 95% CI, 1.23–15.60). Antidepressant polypharmacy was associated with an increased risk of VA/SCD (aHR, 1.63; 95% CI, 1.07–2.49).

Conclusions
There was no difference in VA/SCD risk across antidepressant classes except that TCAs were associated with a lower risk than SSRIs. However, the observed comparative risk of TCAs might be attributable to low-dose TCA use, which is quite common in current clinical practice. It would be of importance to carry out further investigations to scrutinize the influence of antidepressants on VA/SCD.
New Standards of Care in Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Chancellor Bree K. , Ishida Koto 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Ischemic arterial strokes of the ophthalmic artery and its branches and posterior cerebral artery are common causes of visual disability. Etiologies of stroke affecting the retina, optic nerve, optic radiation, and visual cortex overlap with other types of ischemic strokes. Stenosis of the internal carotid is the most common cause of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO). One-fourth of patients with CRAO have cerebral strokes. We report recent developments in the acute treatment and secondary prevention of ischemic stroke of relevance to clinicians who encounter patients with acute vision loss.

Evidence Acquisition:
A search of Pubmed and practice guidelines over the past 5 years was performed, with a focus on significant changes in treatment and prevention of ischemic stroke.

Results:
Recent randomized controlled trials provide Level I evidence for the use of endovascular therapy with current stent retriever devices for patients with large vessel anterior circulation occlusions within 6 hours of presentation. Number needed to treat to achieve one additional patient with an independent functional outcome was in the range of 3–7, and benefit was additive to that of intravenous tissue plasminogen activator alone. Paroxysmal atrial fibrillation (AF) is a major cause of cryptogenic stroke with incidence expected to rise with the aging population. Since 2014, prolonged 30-day cardiac monitoring has been recommended as a part of transient ischemic attack and stroke workup in patients with cryptogenic stroke. Even longer term monitoring of 6 months to 1 year with external and implantable loop recorders improves rates of diagnosing AF. First available in 2010, the novel anticoagulants—dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban, and edoxaban—have been compared with warfarin in the prevention of stroke in patients with nonvalvular AF. Apixaban demonstrated superiority in safety and efficacy, with the novel anticoagulants as a group having favorable risk–benefit profile at higher dosages compared with standard warfarin therapy.

Conclusions:
Endovascular therapy is now standard of care for eligible patients with anterior large vessel occlusions. Prolonged cardiac monitoring is recommended for patients with cryptogenic stroke. The novel anticoagulants are an alternative to warfarin in patients with AF.
Serum extracellular vesicle depletion processes affect release and infectivity of HIV-1 in culture
Authors: Liao Zhaohao , Muth Dillon C. , Eitan Erez , Travers Meghan , Lehrmann Elin , Witwer Kenneth W. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTExtracellular vesicles (EVs, including exosomes and microvesicles) are involved in intercellular communication in health and disease and affect processes including immune and antiviral responses. Ultracentrifuged serum is depleted of EVs and, when used in culture media, reduces growth and viability of some cell types. In this study, we examined the effects of serum EV depletion processes on HIV-1 replication in primary cells and cell lines, including two HIV-1 latency models. Increased HIV-1 production was observed in certain EV-depleted conditions, along with cell morphology changes and decreased cell viability. Add-back of ultracentrifuge pellets rescued baseline HIV-1 production. Primary cells appeared to be less sensitive to EV depletion. ACH-2 and U1 latency models produced more HIV-1 under EV-depleted conditions, while virus produced under processed serum conditions was more infectious. Finally, changes in cellular metabolism and gene expression were associated with EV-depleted culture. In conclusion, the EV environment of HIV-1 infected cells has a substantial effect on virus production and infectivity. EV-dependence of cell cultures should be examined carefully along with other experimental variables. However, EVs may not be the only particles depleted by ultracentrifugation or other processes. Effects of EVs may be accompanied by or confused with those of closely associated or physically similar particles.