bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separating subadditive euclidean functionals
Authors: Frieze Alan , Pegden Wesley 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe classical Beardwood‐Halton‐Hammersly theorem (1959) asserts the existence of an asymptotic formula of the form for the minimum length of a Traveling Salesperson Tour throuh n random points in the unit square, and in the decades since it was proved, the existence of such formulas has been shown for other such Euclidean functionals on random points in the unit square as well. Despite more than 50 years of attention, however, it remained unknown whether the minimum length TSP through n random points in was asymptotically distinct from its natural lower bounds, such as the minimum length spanning tree, the minimum length 2‐factor, or, as raised by Goemans and Bertsimas, from its linear programming relaxation. We prove that the TSP on random points in Euclidean space is indeed asymptotically distinct from these and other natural lower bounds, and show that this separation implies that branch‐and‐bound algorithms based on these natural lower bounds must take nearly exponential () time to solve the TSP to optimality, even in average case. This is the first average‐case superpolynomial lower bound for these branch‐and‐bound algorithms (a lower bound as strong as was not even been known in worst‐case analysis). © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 51, 375–403, 2017
Purification, characterization, and application of a thermostable dextranase from Talaromyces pinophilus
Authors: Zhang Yu-Qi , Li Ruo-Han , Zhang Hong-Bin , Wu Min , Hu Xue-Qin 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Dextranase can hydrolyze dextran to low-molecular-weight polysaccharides, which have important medical applications. In the study, dextranase-producing strains were screened from various soil sources. The strain H6 was identified as Talaromyces pinophilus by a standard ITS rDNA analysis. Crude dextranase was purified by ammonium sulfate fractionation and Sepharose 6B chromatography, which resulted in a 6.69-fold increase in the specific activity and an 11.27% recovery. The enzyme was 58 kDa, lower than most dextranase, with an optimum temperature of 45 °C and an optimum pH of 6.0, and identified as an endodextranase. It was steady over a pH range from 3.0 to 10.0 and had reasonable thermal stability. The dextranase activity was increased by urea, which enhanced its activity to 115.35% and was conducive to clinical dextran production. Therefore, T. pinophilus H6 dextranase could show its superiority in practical applications.

Graphical Abstract
Influence of temperature and soil nitrogen and phosphorus availabilities on fine‐root productivity in tropical rainforests on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo
Authors: Okada Kei‐ichi , Aiba Shin‐ichro , Kitayama Kanehiro 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe investigated how temperature and nutrient availability regulate fine‐root productivity in nine tropical rainforest ecosystems on two altitudinal gradients with contrasting soil phosphorus (P) availabilities on Mount Kinabalu, Borneo. We measured the productivity and the nutrient contents of fine roots, and analyzed the relationships between fine‐root parameters and environmental factors. The fine‐root net primary productivity (NPP), total NPP, and ratio of fine‐root NPP to total NPP differed greatly among the sites, ranging from 72 to 228 (g m−2 year−1), 281–2240 (g m−2 year−1), and 0.06–0.30, respectively. A multiple‐regression analysis suggested a positive effect of P availability on total NPP, whereas fine‐root NPP was positively correlated with mean annual temperature and with P and negatively correlated with N. The biomass and longevity of fine roots increased in response to the impoverishment of soil P. The carbon (C) to P ratio (C/P) of fine roots was significantly and positively correlated with the P‐use efficiency of above‐ground litter production, indicating that tropical rainforest trees dilute P in fine roots to maintain the C allocation ratio to these roots. We highlighted the mechanisms regulating the fine‐root productivity of tropical rainforest ecosystems in relation to the magnitude of nutrient deficiency. The trees showed C‐conservation mechanisms rather than C investment as responses to decreasing soil P availability, which demonstrates that the below‐ground systems at these sites are strongly limited by P, similar to the above‐ground systems.
T Cell Repertoire Diversity is Decreased in Type 1 Diabetes Patients
Authors: Tong Yin , Li Zhoufang , Zhang Hua , Xia Ligang , Zhang Meng , Xu Ying , Wang Zhanhui , Deem Michael W. , Sun Xiaojuan , He Jiankui 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) is an immune-mediated disease. The autoreactive T cells in T1D patients attack and destroy their own pancreatic cells. In order to systematically investigate the potential autoreactive T cell receptors (TCRs), we used a high-throughput immune repertoire sequencing technique to profile the spectrum of TCRs in individual T1D patients and controls. We sequenced the T cell repertoire of nine T1D patients, four type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients, and six nondiabetic controls. The diversity of the T cell repertoire in T1D patients was significantly decreased in comparison with T2D patients (P = 7.0E−08 for CD4+ T cells, P = 1.4E−04 for CD8+ T cells) and nondiabetic controls (P = 2.7E−09 for CD4+ T cells, P = 7.6E−06 for CD8+ T cells). Moreover, T1D patients had significantly more highly-expanded T cell clones than T2D patients (P = 5.2E−06 for CD4+ T cells, P = 1.9E−07 for CD8+ T cells) and nondiabetic controls (P = 1.7E−07 for CD4+ T cells, P = 3.3E−03 for CD8+ T cells). Furthermore, we identified a group of highly-expanded T cell receptor clones that are shared by more than two T1D patients. Although further validation in larger cohorts is needed, our data suggest that T cell receptor diversity measurements may become a valuable tool in investigating diabetes, such as using the diversity as an index to distinguish different types of diabetes.
Taming polysemous signals: The role of marketing intensity on the relationship between financial leverage and firm performance
Authors: Bae John , Kim Sang‐Joon , Oh Hannah 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study attempts to reconcile the two strands of research on the impacts of financial leverage on firm valuation. The prior literature has shown that financial leverage has a polysemous effect. In other words, it provides two opposing signals of firm performance (i.e., financial distress vs. a driver of positive change in a firm's prospects). Given that the effects of financial leverage are contradictory, we specify how these divergent signals appear and propose that there is a non‐monotonic effect of financial leverage on firm valuation. The study also shows that marketing activities can be strategically implemented to tame these polysemous signals. Marketing activities are costly actions for a firm, especially one in an adverse environment with high leverage, and are rewarded in terms of firm valuation. Therefore, marketing activities can help reinforce the driver signal and alleviate the distress signal of financial leverage, thus increasing firm valuation. This study finds a U‐shaped relationship between financial leverage and Tobin's q and a positive moderating effect of marketing intensity on the curvilinear relationship.
Active Aβ immunotherapy CAD106 in Alzheimer's disease: A phase 2b study
Authors: Vandenberghe Rik , Riviere Marie‐Emmanuelle , Caputo Angelika , Sovago Judit , Maguire R. Paul , Farlow Martin , Marotta Giovanni , Sanchez‐Valle Raquel , Scheltens Philip , Ryan J. Michael , Graf Ana 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIntroductionThis randomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, 90‐week study assessed safety, tolerability, and immunogenicity of CAD106 with/without adjuvant in patients with mild Alzheimer's disease.MethodsOne hundred twenty‐one patients received up to seven intramuscular injections of CAD106 (150 μg or 450 μg) or placebo ± adjuvant over 60 weeks. An amyloid positron emission tomography (PET) substudy was also conducted.ResultsCAD106 induced strong serological responses (amyloid‐beta [Aβ]–Immunoglobuline G[IgG]) in 55.1% (150 μg) and 81.1% (450 μg) of patients (strong serological responders [SSRs]). Serious adverse events (SAEs) were reported in 24.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 16.7–33.8) of the patients in the active treatment group and in 6.7% (95% CI 0.2–31.9) in the placebo group. Three of the SAEs were classified as possibly related to study drug by the investigators. No evidence of central nervous system inflammation was found. Amyloid‐related imaging abnormalities (ARIAs) occurred in six cases, all of them were strong serological responders. None of the ARIAs were symptomatic. Serum Aβ‐IgG titer area under the curves correlated negatively with amyloid PET standardized uptake value ratio percentage change from baseline to week 78 within the CAD106‐treated patients (r = −0.84, P = .0004). Decrease in cortical gray‐matter volume from baseline to week 78 was larger in SSRs than in controls (P = .0077).DiscussionRepeated CAD106 administration was generally well tolerated. CAD106 450 μg with alum adjuvant demonstrated the best balance between antibody response and tolerability.
Non-invasive imaging using reporter genes altering cellular water permeability
Authors: Mukherjee Arnab , Wu Di , Davis Hunter C. , Shapiro Mikhail G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractNon-invasive imaging of gene expression in live, optically opaque animals is important for multiple applications, including monitoring of genetic circuits and tracking of cell-based therapeutics. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) could enable such monitoring with high spatiotemporal resolution. However, existing MRI reporter genes based on metalloproteins or chemical exchange probes are limited by their reliance on metals or relatively low sensitivity. Here we introduce a new class of MRI reporters based on the human water channel aquaporin 1. We show that aquaporin overexpression produces contrast in diffusion-weighted MRI by increasing tissue water diffusivity without affecting viability. Low aquaporin levels or mixed populations comprising as few as 10% aquaporin-expressing cells are sufficient to produce MRI contrast. We characterize this new contrast mechanism through experiments and simulations, and demonstrate its utility in vivo by imaging gene expression in tumours. Our results establish an alternative class of sensitive, metal-free reporter genes for non-invasive imaging.
Fas/CD95 prevents autoimmunity independently of lipid raft localization and efficient apoptosis induction
Authors: Cruz Anthony C. , Ramaswamy Madhu , Ouyang Claudia , Klebanoff Christopher A. , Sengupta Prabuddha , Yamamoto Tori N. , Meylan Françoise , Thomas Stacy K. , Richoz Nathan , Eil Robert , Price Susan , Casellas Rafael , Rao V. Koneti , Lippincott-Schwartz Jennifer , Restifo Nicholas P. , Siegel Richard M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMutations affecting the apoptosis-inducing function of the Fas/CD95 TNF-family receptor result in autoimmune and lymphoproliferative disease. However, Fas can also costimulate T-cell activation and promote tumour cell growth and metastasis. Palmitoylation at a membrane proximal cysteine residue enables Fas to localize to lipid raft microdomains and induce apoptosis in cell lines. Here, we show that a palmitoylation-defective Fas C194V mutant is defective in inducing apoptosis in primary mouse T cells, B cells and dendritic cells, while retaining the ability to enhance naive T-cell differentiation. Despite inability to efficiently induce cell death, the Fas C194V receptor prevents the lymphoaccumulation and autoimmunity that develops in Fas-deficient mice. These findings indicate that induction of apoptosis through Fas is dependent on receptor palmitoylation in primary immune cells, and Fas may prevent autoimmunity by mechanisms other than inducing apoptosis.
Bio-inspired self-shaping ceramics
Authors: Bargardi Fabio L. , Le Ferrand Hortense , Libanori Rafael , Studart André R. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractShaping ceramics into complex and intricate geometries using cost-effective processes is desirable in many applications but still remains an open challenge. Inspired by plant seed dispersal units that self-fold on differential swelling, we demonstrate that self-shaping can be implemented in ceramics by programming the material’s microstructure to undergo local anisotropic shrinkage during heat treatment. Such microstructural design is achieved by magnetically aligning functionalized ceramic platelets in a liquid ceramic suspension, subsequently consolidated through an established enzyme-catalysed reaction. By fabricating alumina compacts exhibiting bio-inspired bilayer architectures, we achieve deliberate control over shape change during the sintering step. Bending, twisting or combinations of these two basic movements can be successfully programmed to obtain a myriad of complex shapes. The simplicity and the universality of such a bottom-up shaping method makes it attractive for applications that would benefit from low-waste ceramic fabrication, temperature-resistant interlocking structures or unusual geometries not accessible using conventional top–down manufacturing.
Enhancing photoluminescence yields in lead halide perovskites by photon recycling and light out-coupling
Authors: Richter Johannes M. , Abdi-Jalebi Mojtaba , Sadhanala Aditya , Tabachnyk Maxim , Rivett Jasmine P.H. , Pazos-Outón Luis M. , Gödel Karl C. , Price Michael , Deschler Felix , Friend Richard H. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn lead halide perovskite solar cells, there is at least one recycling event of electron–hole pair to photon to electron–hole pair at open circuit under solar illumination. This can lead to a significant reduction in the external photoluminescence yield from the internal yield. Here we show that, for an internal yield of 70%, we measure external yields as low as 15% in planar films, where light out-coupling is inefficient, but observe values as high as 57% in films on textured substrates that enhance out-coupling. We analyse in detail how externally measured rate constants and photoluminescence efficiencies relate to internal recombination processes under photon recycling. For this, we study the photo-excited carrier dynamics and use a rate equation to relate radiative and non-radiative recombination events to measured photoluminescence efficiencies. We conclude that the use of textured active layers has the ability to improve power conversion efficiencies for both LEDs and solar cells.
Ecological networks are more sensitive to plant than to animal extinction under climate change
Authors: Schleuning Matthias , Fründ Jochen , Schweiger Oliver , Welk Erik , Albrecht Jörg , Albrecht Matthias , Beil Marion , Benadi Gita , Blüthgen Nico , Bruelheide Helge , Böhning-Gaese Katrin , Dehling D. Matthias , Dormann Carsten F. , Exeler Nina , Farwig Nina , Harpke Alexander , Hickler Thomas , Kratochwil Anselm , Kuhlmann Michael , Kühn Ingolf , Michez Denis , Mudri-Stojnić Sonja , Plein Michaela , Rasmont Pierre , Schwabe Angelika , Settele Josef , Vujić Ante , Weiner Christiane N. , Wiemers Martin , Hof Christian 
Published: December 2016

AbstractImpacts of climate change on individual species are increasingly well documented, but we lack understanding of how these effects propagate through ecological communities. Here we combine species distribution models with ecological network analyses to test potential impacts of climate change on >700 plant and animal species in pollination and seed-dispersal networks from central Europe. We discover that animal species that interact with a low diversity of plant species have narrow climatic niches and are most vulnerable to climate change. In contrast, biotic specialization of plants is not related to climatic niche breadth and vulnerability. A simulation model incorporating different scenarios of species coextinction and capacities for partner switches shows that projected plant extinctions under climate change are more likely to trigger animal coextinctions than vice versa. This result demonstrates that impacts of climate change on biodiversity can be amplified via extinction cascades from plants to animals in ecological networks.
Measurement of transverse emittance and coherence of double-gate field emitter array cathodes
Authors: Tsujino Soichiro , Das Kanungo Prat , Monshipouri Mahta , Lee Chiwon , Miller R.J. Dwayne 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAchieving small transverse beam emittance is important for high brightness cathodes for free electron lasers and electron diffraction and imaging experiments. Double-gate field emitter arrays with on-chip focussing electrode, operating with electrical switching or near infrared laser excitation, have been studied as cathodes that are competitive with photocathodes excited by ultraviolet lasers, but the experimental demonstration of the low emittance has been elusive. Here we demonstrate this for a field emitter array with an optimized double-gate structure by directly measuring the beam characteristics. Further we show the successful application of the double-gate field emitter array to observe the low-energy electron beam diffraction from suspended graphene in minimal setup. The observed low emittance and long coherence length are in good agreement with theory. These results demonstrate that our all-metal double-gate field emitters are highly promising for applications that demand extremely low-electron bunch-phase space volume and large transverse coherence.
Biallelic JAK1 mutations in immunodeficient patient with mycobacterial infection
Authors: Eletto Davide , Burns Siobhan O. , Angulo Ivan , Plagnol Vincent , Gilmour Kimberly C. , Henriquez Frances , Curtis James , Gaspar Miguel , Nowak Karolin , Daza-Cajigal Vanessa , Kumararatne Dinakantha , Doffinger Rainer , Thrasher Adrian J. , Nejentsev Sergey 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMutations in genes encoding components of the immune system cause primary immunodeficiencies. Here, we study a patient with recurrent atypical mycobacterial infection and early-onset metastatic bladder carcinoma. Exome sequencing identified two homozygous missense germline mutations, P733L and P832S, in the JAK1 protein that mediates signalling from multiple cytokine receptors. Cells from this patient exhibit reduced JAK1 and STAT phosphorylation following cytokine stimulations, reduced induction of expression of interferon-regulated genes and dysregulated cytokine production; which are indicative of signalling defects in multiple immune response pathways including Interferon-γ production. Reconstitution experiments in the JAK1-deficient cells demonstrate that the impaired JAK1 function is mainly attributable to the effect of the P733L mutation. Further analyses of the mutant protein reveal a phosphorylation-independent role of JAK1 in signal transduction. These findings clarify JAK1 signalling mechanisms and demonstrate a critical function of JAK1 in protection against mycobacterial infection and possibly the immunological surveillance of cancer.
Electronically decoupled stacking fault tetrahedra embedded in Au(111) films
Authors: Schouteden Koen , Amin-Ahmadi Behnam , Li Zhe , Muzychenko Dmitry , Schryvers Dominique , Van Haesendonck Chris 
Published: December 2016

AbstractStacking faults are known as defective structures in crystalline materials that typically lower the structural quality of the material. Here, we show that a particular type of defect, that is, stacking fault tetrahedra (SFTs), exhibits pronounced quantized electronic behaviour, revealing a potential synthetic route to decoupled nanoparticles in metal films. We report on the electronic properties of SFTs that exist in Au(111) films, as evidenced by scanning tunnelling microscopy and confirmed by transmission electron microscopy. We find that the SFTs reveal a remarkable decoupling from their metal surroundings, leading to pronounced energy level quantization effects within the SFTs. The electronic behaviour of the SFTs can be described well by the particle-in-a-box model. Our findings demonstrate that controlled preparation of SFTs may offer an alternative way to achieve well-decoupled nanoparticles of high crystalline quality in metal thin films without the need of thin insulating layers.
Shortcut to adiabatic control of soliton matter waves by tunable interaction
Authors: Li Jing , Sun Kun , Chen Xi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe propose a method for shortcut to adiabatic control of soliton matter waves in harmonic traps. The tunable interaction controlled by Feshbach resonance is inversely designed to achieve fast and high-fidelity compression of soliton matter waves as compared to the conventional adiabatic compression. These results pave the way to control the nonlinear dynamics for matter waves and optical solitons by using shortcuts to adiabaticity.
Low abundance of Archaeorhizomycetes among fungi in soil metatranscriptomes
Authors: Choma Michal , Bárta Jiří , Šantrůčková Hana , Urich Tim 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Archaeorhizomycetes are recently discovered fungi with poorly resolved ecology. Even their abundance in soil fungal communities is currently disputed. Here we applied a PCR-independent, RNA-based metatranscriptomic approach to determine their abundance among fungi in eleven different soils across Europe. Using small subunit (SSU) ribosomal RNA transcripts as marker, we detected Archaeorhizomycetes in 17 out of 28 soil metatranscriptomes. They had average relative SSU rRNA abundance of 2.0% with a maximum of 9.4% among fungal SSU rRNAs. Network analysis revealed that they co-occur with arbuscular mycorrhizal Glomerales, which is in line with their previously suggested association with plant roots. Moreover, Archaeorhizomycetes ranked among the potential keystone taxa. This metatranscriptomic survey exemplifies the usage of non-targeted molecular approaches for the study of soil fungi. It provides PCR- and DNA-independent evidence for the low abundance of Archaeorhizomycetes in soil fungal communities, although they might be non-negligible players despite their low abundance.
Geometrical vortex lattice pinning and melting in YBaCuO submicron bridges
Authors: Papari G. P. , Glatz A. , Carillo F. , Stornaiuolo D. , Massarotti D. , Rouco V. , Longobardi L. , Beltram F. , Vinokur V. M. , Tafuri F. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractSince the discovery of high-temperature superconductors (HTSs), most efforts of researchers have been focused on the fabrication of superconducting devices capable of immobilizing vortices, hence of operating at enhanced temperatures and magnetic fields. Recent findings that geometric restrictions may induce self-arresting hypervortices recovering the dissipation-free state at high fields and temperatures made superconducting strips a mainstream of superconductivity studies. Here we report on the geometrical melting of the vortex lattice in a wide YBCO submicron bridge preceded by magnetoresistance (MR) oscillations fingerprinting the underlying regular vortex structure. Combined magnetoresistance measurements and numerical simulations unambiguously relate the resistance oscillations to the penetration of vortex rows with intermediate geometrical pinning and uncover the details of geometrical melting. Our findings offer a reliable and reproducible pathway for controlling vortices in geometrically restricted nanodevices and introduce a novel technique of geometrical spectroscopy, inferring detailed information of the structure of the vortex system through a combined use of MR curves and large-scale simulations.