bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An update of the evidence relating to plant‐based diets and cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and overweight
Authors: Harland J. , Garton L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRecent findings from meta‐analyses, European cohorts and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating the relationship between plant‐based dietary regimes (i.e. those with an emphasis on plant foods, such as vegetarian, vegan, Mediterranean or combination diets), and the incidence of, or risk factors for, cardiovascular disease (CVD), type 2 diabetes (T2D) and obesity are considered in this review. Evidence from meta‐analyses of epidemiological studies indicates that those following plant‐based dietary regimes have around 20–25% lower risk of developing CVD and a similar reduced risk of developing T2D. Evidence from RCTs indicates that those following plant‐based dietary regimes have lower total cholesterol, low‐density lipoprotein‐cholesterol and blood pressure, and modest reductions in inflammatory and endothelial markers. Higher intake of plant foods has been associated with lower incidence of obesity, lower BMI and smaller waist circumference. For weight loss, it seems that following a plant‐based dietary regime results in weight loss comparable to that achieved on conventional reduced calorie diets, but with better overall weight management. The totality of evidence indicates there are benefits for cardiovascular health, risk of developing T2D and weight management from following a plant‐based dietary regime. From a nutritional perspective, plant‐based diets tend to be lower in saturated fatty acids, higher in unsaturated fatty acids and fibre, and lower in energy density than typical ‘Western’ diets. These qualities may be at the core of the health benefits reported and/or it may be simply a greater proportion of plant foods in the diet that is beneficial in its own right.
Personalised nutrition: What makes you so special?
Authors: Betts J. A. , Gonzalez J. T. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPersonalised nutrition can be defined as developing unique nutrition guidelines for each individual; precision nutrition seeks to develop effective approaches based on the combination of an individual's genetic, environmental and lifestyle factors. The former infers variants that underlie traits are largely fixed (i.e. stable across time) and appeals to the notion that we are inherently different from one another. The latter opens up the possibility that what we do and where we are may be more important than what we are. While there are undoubtedly a specific minority of individuals who clearly require a more personalised approach to nutrition, several criteria must be fulfilled before we can justify or implement personalised nutrition for the general population. These would include identifying a desired health outcome and a valid predictor of how that outcome changes, which can be measured with sufficient accuracy and exhibit a robust correlation and/or causal relationship in the required direction (i.e. predictor‐response). Many attempts to personalise nutrition, such as profiling the genome or microbiome, do not currently meet all these criteria. Therefore, we argue that there is presently insufficient rationale for truly personalised nutrition for the majority of people based on the inter‐individual differences that separate them. Conversely, we propose that precision nutrition based on the environmental and/or behavioural ‘lifestyle’ variance within each person may provide a more effective basis for adjusting diet dynamically, with recognition of varying physiological demands and requirements over time.
Guidance for the design and implementation of human dietary intervention studies for health claim submissions
Authors: Lucey A. , Heneghan C. , Kiely M. E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe recently completedEU‐fundedBACCHUSIntegrated Project (grant number: 312090) has focused on identification of cause‐and‐effect relationships between consumption of bioactive peptides and polyphenols and physiological effects on cardiovascular health. An importantBACCHUSoutput is a toolkit to support the needs of small‐ and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) in the food sector considering making health claims on their products. The toolkit draws together best practice guides, a bioactives database, an intake assessment tool and an e‐learning platform. This paper focuses on theBest Practice Guide for Human Dietary Intervention Studies. The toolkit has been developed withSMEs in mind but this guidance is likely to have value far beyond the needs of businesses, in particular being a useful resource for students, early‐career scientists and others new to the design and implementation of dietary intervention studies. The aim of this article is to share the principles of the guide with a broader audience.
Arabidopsis thaliana FAR‐RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLS3 (FHY3) and FAR‐RED‐IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1) modulate starch synthesis in response to light and sugar
Authors: Ma Lin , Xue Na , Fu Xiaoyu , Zhang Haisen , Li Gang 
Published: November 2016

Summary

In living organisms, daily light/dark cycles profoundly affect cellular processes. In plants, optimal growth and development, and adaptation to daily light–dark cycles, require starch synthesis and turnover. However, the underlying molecular mechanisms coordinating daily starch metabolism remain poorly understood.

To explore the roles of Arabidopsis thaliana light signal transduction proteins FAR‐RED ELONGATED HYPOCOTYLS3 (FHY3) and FAR‐RED‐IMPAIRED RESPONSE1 (FAR1) in starch metabolism, the contents of starch and water‐soluble polysaccharides, and the structure of starch granules were investigated in fhy3, far1 and fhy3 far1 mutant plants.

Disruption of FHY3 or FAR1 reduced starch accumulation and altered starch granule structure in the fhy3‐4, far1‐2, and fhy3‐4 far1‐2 mutant plants. Furthermore, molecular and genetic evidence revealed that the gene encoding the starch‐debranching enzyme ISOAMYLASE2 (ISA2) is a direct target of FHY3 and FAR1, and functions in light‐induced starch synthesis.

Our data establish the first molecular link between light signal transduction and starch synthesis, suggesting that the light‐signaling proteins FHY3 and FAR1 influence starch synthesis and starch granule formation through transcriptional activation of ISA2.
Respiration climacteric in tomato fruits elucidated by constraint‐based modelling
Authors: Colombié Sophie , Beauvoit Bertrand , Nazaret Christine , Bénard Camille , Vercambre Gilles , Le Gall Sophie , Biais Benoit , Cabasson Cécile , Maucourt Mickaël , Bernillon Stéphane , Moing Annick , Dieuaide‐Noubhani Martine , Mazat Jean‐Pierre , Gibon Yves 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Tomato is a model organism to study the development of fleshy fruit including ripening initiation. Unfortunately, few studies deal with the brief phase of accelerated ripening associated with the respiration climacteric because of practical problems involved in measuring fruit respiration.

Because constraint‐based modelling allows predicting accurate metabolic fluxes, we investigated the respiration and energy dissipation of fruit pericarp at the breaker stage using a detailed stoichiometric model of the respiratory pathway, including alternative oxidase and uncoupling proteins. Assuming steady‐state, a metabolic dataset was transformed into constraints to solve the model on a daily basis throughout tomato fruit development.

We detected a peak of CO2 released and an excess of energy dissipated at 40 d post anthesis (DPA) just before the onset of ripening coinciding with the respiration climacteric. We demonstrated the unbalanced carbon allocation with the sharp slowdown of accumulation (for syntheses and storage) and the beginning of the degradation of starch and cell wall polysaccharides. Experiments with fruits harvested from plants cultivated under stress conditions confirmed the concept.

We conclude that modelling with an accurate metabolic dataset is an efficient tool to bypass the difficulty of measuring fruit respiration and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of ripening.
A core function of EDS1 with PAD4 is to protect the salicylic acid defense sector in Arabidopsis immunity
Authors: Cui Haitao , Gobbato Enrico , Kracher Barbara , Qiu Jingde , Bautor Jaqueline , Parker Jane E. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Plant defenses induced by salicylic acid (SA) are vital for resistance against biotrophic pathogens. In basal and receptor‐triggered immunity, SA accumulation is promoted by Enhanced Disease Susceptibility1 with its co‐regulator Phytoalexin Deficient4 (EDS1/PAD4). Current models position EDS1/PAD4 upstream of SA but their functional relationship remains unclear.

In a genetic and transcriptomic analysis of Arabidopsis autoimmunity caused by constitutive or conditional EDS1/PAD4 overexpression, intrinsic EDS1/PAD4 signaling properties and their relation to SA were uncovered.

A core EDS1/PAD4 pathway works in parallel with SA in basal and effector‐triggered bacterial immunity. It protects against disabled SA‐regulated gene expression and pathogen resistance, and is distinct from a known SA‐compensatory route involving MAPK signaling. Results help to explain previously identified EDS1/PAD4 regulated SA‐dependent and SA‐independent gene expression sectors.

Plants have evolved an alternative route for preserving SA‐regulated defenses against pathogen or genetic perturbations. In a proposed signaling framework, EDS1 with PAD4, besides promoting SA biosynthesis, maintains important SA‐related resistance programs, thereby increasing robustness of the innate immune system.
A cell wall reference profile for Miscanthus bioenergy crops highlights compositional and structural variations associated with development and organ origin
Authors: da Costa Ricardo M. F. , Pattathil Sivakumar , Avci Utku , Lee Scott J. , Hazen Samuel P. , Winters Ana , Hahn Michael G. , Bosch Maurice 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Miscanthus spp. are promising lignocellulosic energy crops, but cell wall recalcitrance to deconstruction still hinders their widespread use as bioenergy and biomaterial feedstocks. Identification of cell wall characteristics desirable for biorefining applications is crucial for lignocellulosic biomass improvement. However, the task of scoring biomass quality is often complicated by the lack of a reference for a given feedstock.

A multidimensional cell wall analysis was performed to generate a reference profile for leaf and stem biomass from several miscanthus genotypes harvested at three developmentally distinct time points. A comprehensive suite of 155 monoclonal antibodies was used to monitor changes in distribution, structure and extractability of noncellulosic cell wall matrix glycans.

Glycan microarrays complemented with immunohistochemistry elucidated the nature of compositional variation, and in situ distribution of carbohydrate epitopes. Key observations demonstrated that there are crucial differences in miscanthus cell wall glycomes, which may impact biomass amenability to deconstruction.

For the first time, variations in miscanthus cell wall glycan components were comprehensively characterized across different harvests, organs and genotypes, to generate a representative reference profile for miscanthus cell wall biomass. Ultimately, this portrait of the miscanthus cell wall will help to steer breeding and genetic engineering strategies for the development of superior energy crops.
Colony and evolutionary dynamics of a two‐stage model with brood cannibalism and division of labor in social insects
Authors: Rodriguez‐Rodriguez Marisabel , Kang Yun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDivision of labor (DOL) is a major factor for the great success of social insects because it increases the efficiency of a social group where different individuals perform different tasks repeatedly and presumably with increased performance. Cannibalism plays an important role in regulating colony growth and development by regulating the number of individuals in a colony and increasing survival by providing access to essential nutrients and minimizing competition among colony mates. To understand the synergy effects of DOL and cannibalistic behavior on colony dynamic outcomes, we propose and study a compartmental two‐stage model using ecological and evolutionary game theory settings. Our analytical results of the ecological and evolutionary models suggest that: (1) A noncannibalistic colony can survive if the efficiency of energy investment reflecting the DOL is greater than the relative death rate of the older population. (2) A cannibalistic colony can die out if both the efficiency of energy investment and the relative cannibalism rate (where each is also reflecting the DOL) are too large; or if the relative cannibalism rate alone is too small. (3) From our numerical analysis, cannibalism can increase or reduce the colony's total population size, which greatly depends on the benefit of egg cannibalism increasing or decreasing of adult's lifespan. (4) A cannibalistic and noncannibalistic colony can experience bistability due to cooperative behavior. (5) In the evolutionary settings, DOL can prevent colony death and natural selection can preserve strong Allee effects by selecting the traits with the largest investment on brood care and the lowest cannibalism rate. (6) Evolutionary dynamics may increase the fitness of the colony, i.e., the successful production of workforce which results in the increase of total worker population size, colony survival, and reproduction. Our results suggest both cannibalism and DOLs are adaptive strategies that increase the size of the worker population, and therefore, persistence of the colony.
Realising dignity in care home practice: an action research project
Authors: Gallagher Ann , Curtis Katherine , Dunn Michael , Baillie Lesley 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundMore than 400,000 older people reside in over 18,000 care homes in England. A recent social care survey found up to 50% of older people in care homes felt their dignity was undermined. Upholding the dignity of older people in care homes has implications for residents’ experiences and the role of Registered Nurses.Aims and objectivesThe study aimed to explore how best to translate the concept of dignity into care home practice, and how to support this translation process by enabling Registered Nurses to provide ethical leadership within the care home setting.DesignAction research with groups of staff (Registered Nurses and non‐registered caregivers) and groups of residents and relatives in four care homes in the south of England to contribute to the development of the dignity toolkit.MethodsAction research groups were facilitated by 4 researchers (2 in each care home) to discuss dignity principles and experiences within care homes. These groups reviewed and developed a dignity toolkit over six cycles of activity (once a month for 6 months). The Registered Nurses were individually interviewed before and after the activity.ResultsHard copy and online versions of a dignity toolkit, with tailored versions for participating care homes, were developed. Registered Nurses and caregivers identified positive impact of making time for discussion about dignity‐related issues. Registered Nurses identified ongoing opportunities for using their toolkit to support all staff.ConclusionsNurses and caregivers expressed feelings of empowerment by the process of action research. The collaborative development of a dignity toolkit within each care home has the potential to enable ethical leadership by Registered Nurses that would support and sustain dignity in care homes.Implications for practiceAction research methods empower staff to maintain dignity for older people within the care home setting through the development of practically useful toolkits to support everyday care practice. Providing opportunities for caregivers to be involved in such initiatives may promote their dignity and sense of being valued. The potential of bottom‐up collaborative approaches to promote dignity in care therefore requires further research.
Omenn Syndrome Presenting with Striking Erythroderma and Extreme Lymphocytosis in a Newborn
Authors: Zafar Rabia , Ver Heul Aaron , Beigelman Avraham , Bednarski Jeffrey J. , Bayliss Susan J. , Dehner Louis P. , Rosman Ilana S. , Coughlin Carrie C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOmenn syndrome is an autosomal recessive form of “leaky” severe combined immune deficiency resulting in distinct phenotypic features. The patient described herein had an atypical presentation of Omenn syndrome, with conspicuous erythroderma and extreme lymphocytosis at birth, in contrast to the typical evolution of rash seen during the first few weeks of life. In addition, the skin findings were secondary to infiltration of CD8+ (cytotoxic) T‐cells in contrast to the CD4+ (helper) T‐cells typically seen, which broadens the Omenn syndrome phenotype.
Improving the Photocatalytic Activity of Modified Anatase TiO2 with Different Concentrations of Aluminum under Visible Light: Mechanistic Survey
Authors: Afshar Shahrara , Pordel Shabnam , Tahmouresilerd Babak , Azad Alireza 
Published: November 2016

AbstractVisible light‐driven Al‐doped TiO2 with different aluminum contents (2, 5 and 10 mol%) were synthesized via a facile sol–gel method. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), UV‐visible diffuse reflectance, energy dispersive X‐ray (EDX) spectroscopy as well as X‐ray diffraction (XRD), X‐ray fluorescence (XRF) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) methods were used for the characterization of the obtained nanoparticles. The photocatalytic performance of the samples was evaluated by the degradation of rhodamine B (RhB) under visible light irradiation. The yield of the degradation RhB was estimated to be 71%, 89%, 65% and 56%, for the bare TiO2, 2%, 5% and 10% Al‐doped TiO2, respectively. It was found that 2 mol% of Al‐doped TiO2 shows the best photocatalytic performance. In low concentration of dopant, separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs promoted, and subsequently, the degradation efficiency increased. It was proposed that the degradation of RhB by 2 mol% Al‐doped TiO2 photocatalyst follows both N‐deethylation and chromophore cleavage mechanisms, while the N‐deethylation still predominated over cleavage of dye chromophore structure. The key role of hydroxyl radicals in RhB degradation was verified by the effects of scavengers. In addition, the photocatalyst can be reused for three runs without any significant loss of its catalytic activity.
A Novel Streptavidin–luciferase Fusion Protein: Preparation, Properties and Application in Hybridization Analysis of DNA
Authors: Smirnova Daria V. , Rubtsova Maya Y. , Grigorenko Vitaly G. , Ugarova Natalia N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA streptavidin–luciferase fusion protein comprising the thermostable mutant form of firefly luciferaseLuciola mingrelicaand minimal core streptavidin was constructed. The streptavidin–luciferase fusion was mainly produced in a tetrameric form with high luciferase and biotin‐binding activities. It was shown that fusion has the sameKmvalues forATPand luciferin and the bioluminescence spectra as initial luciferase. The linear dependence of the bioluminescence signal on the content of the fusion was observed within the range of 10−18–10−13mol per well. Successful application of obtained fusion in a biospecific bioluminescence assay based on biotin–streptavidin interactions was demonstrated by the example of a specificDNAhybridization analysis. ADNAhybridization analysis forEscherichia colicells identification was developed using unique for these cells gadB fragment encoding glutamate decarboxylase. The amplified biotinylated GadB fragments were hybridized with the immobilized oligonucleotide probes; then, the biotin in theDNAduplexes was detected using the streptavidin–luciferase fusion protein. To reach the high sensitivity of the assay, we optimized the conditions of the assay. It was shown that the use of Pluronic for plate modification resulted in a significant reduction in theDNAdetection limit which finally was 0.4 ng per well.
Bringing It All Together: Coupling Excision Repair to the DNA Damage Checkpoint
Authors: Lindsey‐Boltz Laura A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractNucleotide excision repair and the ATR‐mediated DNA damage checkpoint are two critical cellular responses to the genotoxic stress induced by ultraviolet (UV) light and are important for cancer prevention. In vivo genetic data indicate that these global responses are coupled. Aziz Sancar et al. developed an in vitro coupled repair‐checkpoint system to analyze the basic steps of these DNA damage stress responses in a biochemically defined system. The minimum set of factors essential for repair‐checkpoint coupling include damaged DNA, the excision repair factors (XPA, XPC, XPF‐ERCC1, XPG, TFIIH, RPA), the 5′‐3′ exonuclease EXO1, and the damage checkpoint proteins ATR‐ATRIP and TopBP1. This coupled repair‐checkpoint system was used to demonstrate that the ~30 nucleotide single‐stranded DNA (ssDNA) gap generated by nucleotide excision repair is enlarged by EXO1 and bound by RPA to generate the signal that activates ATR.
Dissociating retrieval interference and reanalysis in the P600 during sentence comprehension
Authors: Tanner Darren , Grey Sarah , van Hell Janet G. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe investigated the relative independence of two key processes in language comprehension, as reflected in the P600 ERP component. Numerous studies have linked the P600 to sentence‐ or message‐level reanalysis; however, much research has shown that skilled, cue‐based memory retrieval operations are also important to successful language processing. Our goal was to identify whether these cue‐based retrieval operations are part of the reanalysis processes indexed by the P600. To this end, participants read sentences that were either grammatical or ungrammatical via subject‐verb agreement violations, and in which there was either no possibility for retrieval interference or there was an attractor noun interfering with the computation of subject‐verb agreement (e.g., “The slogan on the political poster(s) was/were …”). A stimulus onset asynchrony manipulation (fast, medium, or slow presentation rate) was designed to modulate participants' ability to engage in reanalysis processes. Results showed a reliable attraction interference effect, indexed by reduced behavioral sensitivity to ungrammaticalities and P600 amplitudes when there was an opportunity for retrieval interference, as well as an effect of presentation rate, with reduced behavioral sensitivity and smaller P600 effects at faster presentation rates. Importantly, there was no interaction between the two, suggesting that retrieval interference and sentence‐level reanalysis processes indexed by the P600 can be neurocognitively distinct processes.