bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous sorption and mechanical entrapment during polymer flow through porous media
Authors: Farajzadeh R. , Bedrikovetsky P. , Lotfollahi M. , Lake L. W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPhysical adsorption and mechanical entrapment are two major causes of polymer retention in porous media. Physical adsorption is considered an equilibrium process and is often modeled by assuming a Langmuir isotherm. The outcome is a steady state pressure response because the permeability reduction is also accounted for by adsorption. However, some experimental data show gradual increase of pressure with time, implying that polymer retention is a time‐dependent process. We discuss simultaneous effect of sorption and mechanical entrapment on the polymer retention in porous media. An exact solution for 1‐D flow problem for the case of constant filtration coefficient and Langmuir‐sorption isotherm, including explicit formulae for breakthrough concentration and pressure drop across the core is derived. The general model with a varying filtration coefficient was successfully matched with experimental data confirming the occurrence of simultaneous sorption with deep‐bed filtration during polymer flow in porous media. In the absence of mechanical entrapment, the physical adsorption causes delay in the polymer front and does not affect the polymer concentration behind the front. Addition of mechanical entrapment results in slow recovery of the injected concentration at the outlet (for a varying filtration coefficient) or reaching to a steady state concentration, which is only a fraction of the injected concentration (for a constant filtration coefficient). Accurate assessment and quantification of the polymer retention requires both pressure and effluent concentration data at the outlet of the porous medium.
High‐velocity frictional strength across the Tohoku‐Oki megathrust determined from surface drilling torque
Authors: Ujiie Kohtaro , Inoue Tomoya , Ishiwata Junya 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHigh‐velocity frictional strength is one of the primary factors controlling earthquake faulting. The Japan Trench Fast Drilling Project drilled through the shallow plate boundary fault, where displacement was ~50 m during the 2011 Tohoku‐Oki earthquake. To determine downhole frictional strength, we analyzed the surface drilling torque data acquired at rotation rates equivalent to seismic slip rates (0.8–1.3 m/s). The results show a clear contrast in high‐velocity frictional strength across the plate boundary fault: the apparent friction coefficient of frontal prism sediments (hemipelagic mudstones) in the hanging wall is 0.1–0.3, while that of the underthrust sediments (mudstone, laminar pelagic claystone, and chert) in the footwall increases to 0.2–0.4. The apparent friction coefficient of the smectite‐rich pelagic clay in the plate boundary fault is 0.08–0.19, which is consistent with that determined from high‐velocity (1.1–1.3 m/s) friction experiments. This suggests that surface drilling torque is useful in obtaining downhole frictional strength.
Creep along the northern Jordan Valley section of the Dead Sea Fault
Authors: Hamiel Yariv , Piatibratova Oksana , Mizrahi Yaakov 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe geodetically investigate the interseismic deformation along two neighboring sections of the Dead Sea Fault in Israel and present first clear evidence for shallow creep along this fault. We obtain the velocities of near‐fault GPS campaign stations across the northern section of the Jordan Valley Fault (JVF) and the Jordan Gorge Section (JGS) that were surveyed each year between 2009 and 2015. The JVF extends from the northern shore of the Dead Sea to the eastern shore of the Sea of Galilee, and the JGS extends from the Sea of Galilee to the Hula Basin. We infer a slip rate of ~4.1 mm/yr and a locking depth of ~10 km for both sections. Data analysis indicates that while the JGS is found to be fully locked above the locking depth, the northern section of the JVF is found to be creeping from a depth of 1.5 ± 1.0 km to the surface, with a creep rate of 2.5 ± 0.8 mm/yr. Our observations also suggest that the current slip rate of the fault at the western margin of the Jordan Valley is minor, less than the GPS velocities uncertainties.
Simulated long‐term climate response to idealized solar geoengineering
Authors: Cao Long , Duan Lei , Bala Govindasamy , Caldeira Ken 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSolar geoengineering has been proposed as a potential means to counteract anthropogenic climate change, yet it is unknown how such climate intervention might affect the Earth's climate on the millennial time scale. Here we use the HadCM3L model to conduct a 1000 year sunshade geoengineering simulation in which solar irradiance is uniformly reduced by 4% to approximately offset global mean warming from an abrupt quadrupling of atmospheric CO2. During the 1000 year period, modeled global climate, including temperature, hydrological cycle, and ocean circulation of the high‐CO2 simulation departs substantially from that of the control preindustrial simulation, whereas the climate of the geoengineering simulation remains much closer to that of the preindustrial state with little drift. The results of our study do not support the hypothesis that nonlinearities in the climate system would cause substantial drift in the climate system if solar geoengineering was to be deployed on the timescale of a millennium.
Molecular Genetics of Cherubism
Authors: Reichenberger Ernst J , Ueki Yasuyoshi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Cherubism is a rare fibro‐osseous genetic disorder caused and maintained by autoinflammatory processes that are caused by mutations in the
SH3BP2
gene. Cherubism is a form of fibrodysplasia of the jaws that affects children at 2–6 years of age. The typical symmetrical bone resorption lacunae are self‐limiting to the jaws. Bone is replaced with fibrous tissue that can expand significantly and lead to the characteristic facial swelling. Disease progression normally stops at puberty and regresses thereafter. Mutations in SH3BP2 affect a six‐amino acid recognition sequence for tankyrase, a poly(ADP‐ribose)polymerase that marks proteins for ubiquitination and degradation. SH3BP2 has multiple functions in cell types of hematopoietic origin. Elevated SH3BP2 protein levels in macrophage/osteoclast precursors cause increased osteoclastogenesis with reduced thresholds for stimulants. Increased TNF‐α levels generate an inflammatory environment in a cherubism mouse model and conceivably also in the oral cavity of cherubism patients. More research to explain the spatiotemporal progression of cherubism is needed.

Key Concepts

Cherubism is a temporospatially restricted bone lysis disorder with bone being substituted by expansile fibrous tissue.

Patients with cherubism develop symmetrical bone lesions only in the maxilla and mandible.

Signs of cherubism develop in children as early as 2 years of age and bone lysis typically resolves after puberty. First diagnosed often on dental radiographs.

Known mutations are in the adaptor protein SH3BP2, which is involved in regulating the adaptive and innate immune system.

Mutations in SH3BP2 are within a six‐amino acid interval and cause inhibition of tankyrase binding, which is needed for efficient degradation.

High levels of intracellular SH3BP2 protein cause increased osteoclastogenesis and bone resorption in jaws.

Bone lysis is regulated via TLR2/TLR4 and TNF‐α‐dependent autoinflammatory response.

Jaw‐specific bone resorption in cherubism patients likely involves response to oral bacteria (pathogen‐associated molecular patterns; PAMPS) and bone remodelling during tooth eruption (damage‐associated molecular patterns; DAMPS).

Diagnosis for some patients is consistent with cherubism but no mutations are found in exons of
SH3BP2
.
Molecular Genetics of
OXPHOS
Disorders
Authors: Blázquez Alberto , Arenas Joaquín , Martín Miguel A 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

OXPHOS disorders are a common (estimated prevalence 1:5.000) clinically heterogeneous group of genetic disorders caused by dysfunction of the oxidative phosphorylation system, which is the main cellular source of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mutations in genes encoded by either nuclear deoxyribonucleic acid (nDNA) or mitochondrial deoxyribonucleic acid (mtDNA) are the underlying molecular cause. Maternal inheritance, mtDNA heteroplasmia and random mitotic segregation contribute to the phenotypic expression of mtDNA mutations. Most OXPHOS disorders are recognized to be caused by nuclear genes. Mutations in genes encoding structural and assembly factors of OXPHOS system cause isolated OXPHOS complex deficiencies and frequently severe paediatric diseases. mtDNA stability nuclear disorders produce secondary mtDNA depletion or multiple mtDNA deletions. Emerging types of OXPHOS disorders are originated by mutations in nuclear genes involved in mitochondrial transcription and translation and in Fe–S cluster biogenesis. Next‐generation sequencing approaches are paving the way to the identification of molecular defects underlying OXPHOS diseases.

Key Concepts

Mitochondrial OXPHOS disorders are caused by mutations in genes encoded by two genomes: mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) and nuclear – chromosomal – DNA (nDNA).

Most OXPHOS disorders are caused by nuclear genes, mainly in paediatric OXPHOS patients.

Mitochondrial DNA contains 13 genes encoding subunits of electron transport chain complexes I, III and IV, and FoF1‐ATP synthase (complex V). The four complex II subunits are encoded by nDNA.

mtDNA genetics key points are as follows: 16,5 kb long, polyplasmy (several copies per cell), maternal inheritance, mitotic segregation, absence of introns, polycistronic transcription and polymorphic.

mtDNA disorders could be caused by heteroplasmic or homoplasmic mutations that could be sporadic or maternal inherited.

Nuclear OXPHOS defects are caused by genes involved in highly heterogeneous biological pathways.

Mutations in genes encoding structural and assembly factors of OXPHOS system cause mainly, but not always, isolated complex defects of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC), and cause commonly severe paediatric diseases, being the most common Leigh syndrome.

mtDNA stability/maintenance disorders cause secondary mtDNA depletion or multiple mtDNA deletions by mutations in genes with roles in mtDNA replication/repair, mitochondrial dNTP pool preservation and mitochondrial dynamics.

Mitochondrial transcription and translational defects by mutations in genes involved in different steps may cause combined MRC defects, with numerous novel nuclear disease‐causing genes recently discovered.

High rates of novel nuclear disease‐causing‐genes detection involved in different OXPHOS biogenesis and functions owing to next‐generation sequencing approaches have expanded the spectrum of genes and pathways associated with OXPHOS dysfunction.
Aging in Water and in an Alkaline Medium of Unsaturated Polyester and Epoxy Resins: Experimental Study and Modeling
Authors: Arias Juan P. Morales , Bernal Celina , Vázquez Analía , Escobar Mariano M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe change in stiffness with temperature in the presence of different media has been discussed for a long time because the ability to predict this behavior becomes fundamental to the design of new materials and their applications. That is why, in this work, the application of a mathematical model, which is able to predict the elastic properties of two polymers, is presented. The study takes into account the relationship between the viscoelastic and absorption properties of these materials in alkaline solution (Ca (OH)2, pH 12.5) and in distilled water (H2O, pH 7) as the immersion media. Diffusion coefficient values were higher when the resins were immersed in water than in the alkaline solution. In addition, the effect of the alkaline medium was higher for the unsaturated polyester resin (UPR). The highest decrease in modulus at the glassy state of the polymer network was observed for the UPR immersed in the alkaline medium. The greatest reduction of the Tg value due to network plasticizing was found for the epoxy resin (ER) in the alkaline medium. Therefore, the ER exhibited a more stable behavior after aging at moderate temperature than the UPR.
APOE2 eases cognitive decline during Aging: Clinical and preclinical evaluations
Authors: Shinohara Mitsuru , Kanekiyo Takahisa , Yang Longyu , Linthicum Duane , Shinohara Motoko , Fu Yuan , Price Laura , Frisch‐Daiello Jessica L. , Han Xianlin , Fryer John D. , Bu Guojun 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveApolipoprotein E (apoE), a major cholesterol carrier in the brain, is associated with a strong risk for Alzheimer disease. Compared to the risky APOE4 gene allele, the effects of the protective APOE2 gene allele are vastly understudied, and thus need to be further clarified.MethodsWe reviewed National Alzheimer's Coordinating Center clinical records and performed preclinical experiments using human apoE‐targeted replacement (apoE‐TR) mice, which do not show amyloid pathology.ResultsClinically, the APOE2 allele was associated with less cognitive decline during aging. This effect was also seen in subjects with little amyloid pathology, or after adjusting for Alzheimer disease‐related pathologies. In animal studies, aged apoE2‐TR mice also exhibited preserved memory function in water maze tests. Regardless, apoE2‐TR mice showed similar or greater age‐related changes in synaptic loss, neuroinflammation, and oxidative stress compared to apoE3‐TR or apoE4‐TR mice. Interestingly, apoE concentrations in the cortex, hippocampus, plasma, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were positively correlated with memory performance across apoE isoforms, where apoE2‐TR mice had higher apoE levels. Moreover, apoE2‐TR mice exhibited the lowest levels of cholesterol in the cortex, despite higher levels in CSF and plasma. These cholesterol levels were associated with apoE levels and memory performance across apoE isoforms.InterpretationAPOE2 is associated with less cognitive decline during aging. This can occur independently of age‐related synaptic/neuroinflammatory changes and amyloid accumulation. Higher levels of apoE and associated cholesterol metabolism in APOE2 carriers might contribute to this protective effect. Ann Neurol 2016;79:758–774
Harnessing the Electrophilicity of Keteniminium Ions: A Simple and Straightforward Entry to Tetrahydropyridines and Piperidines from Ynamides
Authors: Lecomte Morgan , Evano Gwilherm 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn efficient, modular and straightforward entry to tetrahydropyridines and piperidines is reported. This reaction is based on a formal intramolecular hydroalkylation of readily available, properly substituted ynamides which, upon simple activation under acidic conditions, generate highly reactive activated keteniminium ions whose reactivity can be finely controlled to induce a remarkably efficient [1,5]‐hydride shift from unactivated C−H bonds and trigger a cationic cyclization which is complete within minutes.
Transition‐Metal‐Free Borylation of Allylic and Propargylic Alcohols
Authors: Miralles Núria , Alam Rauful , Szabó Kálmán J. , Fernández Elena 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe base‐catalyzed allylic borylation of tertiary allylic alcohols allows the synthesis of 1,1‐disubstituted allyl boronates, in moderate to high yield. The unexpected tandem performance of the Lewis acid–base adduct, [Hbase]+[MeO‐B2pin2]− favored the formation of 1,2,3‐triborylated species from the tertiary allylic alcohols and 1‐propargylic cyclohexanol at 90 °C.
Highly Enantioselective Rhodium‐Catalyzed Addition of Arylboroxines to Simple Aryl Ketones: Efficient Synthesis of Escitalopram
Authors: Huang Linwei , Zhu Jinbin , Jiao Guangjun , Wang Zheng , Yu Xingxin , Deng Wei‐Ping , Tang Wenjun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHighly enantioselective additions of arylboroxines to simple aryl ketones have been achieved for the first time with a Rh/(R,R,R,R)‐WingPhos catalyst, thus providing a range of chiral diaryl alkyl carbinols with excellent ee values and yields. (R,R,R,R)‐WingPhos has been proven to be crucial for the high reactivity and enantioselectivity. The method has enabled a new, concise, and enantioselective synthesis of the antidepressant drug escitalopram.
Photooxygenation of Furylalkylamines: Easy Access to Pyrrolizidine and Indolizidine Scaffolds
Authors: Kalaitzakis Dimitris , Triantafyllakis Myron , Sofiadis Manolis , Noutsias Dimitris , Vassilikogiannakis Georgios 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA highly adaptable method targeting the ubiquitous and very important pyrrolizidine and indolizidine scaffolds is presented. The general synthetic utility of the method is underscored by its application to the rapid and easy synthesis of five natural products starting from readily accessible alkylfuran precursors. These unprotected primary furylalkylamines are subjected to photooxygenation conditions, which initiate a complex cascade reaction sequence concluding with the production of high value motifs. This sequence can be tailored to need by varying the choice of both photosensitizer and base additive.
Carborane Substituents Promote Direct Electrophilic Insertion over Reduction–Metalation Reactions
Authors: Man Wing Y. , Ellis David , Rosair Georgina M. , Welch Alan J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTwo‐electron reduction of 1,1′‐bis(o‐carborane) followed by reaction with [Ru(η‐mes)Cl2]2 affords [8‐(1′‐1′,2′‐closo‐C2B10H11)‐4‐(η‐mes)‐4,1,8‐closo‐RuC2B10H11]. Subsequent two‐electron reduction of this species and treatment with [Ru(η‐arene)Cl2]2 results in the 14‐vertex/12‐vertex species [1‐(η‐mes)‐9‐(1′‐1′,2′‐closo‐C2B10H11)‐13‐(η‐arene)‐1,13,2,9‐closo‐Ru2C2B10H11] by direct electrophilic insertion, promoted by the carborane substituent in the 13‐vertex/12‐vertex precursor. When arene=mesitylene (mes), the diruthenium species is fluxional in solution at room temperature in a process that makes the metal–ligand fragments equivalent. A unique mechanism for this fluxionality is proposed and is shown to be fully consistent with the observed fluxionality or nonfluxionality of a series of previously reported 14‐vertex dicobaltacarboranes.
Confined blood chimerism in a monochorionic dizygotic sex discordant twin pregnancy conceived after induced ovulation
Authors: Mayeur Le Bras Anne , Petit François , Benachi Alexandra , Bedel Bettina , Oucherif Salima , Martinovic Jelena , Armanet Narjes , Tosca Lucie , Gautier Valérie , Parisot Frédéric , Labrune Philippe , Tachdjian Gérard , Brisset Sophie 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundMonochorionic twins are generally considered as a monozygotic twin pregnancy. However, several cases of monochorial dizygotic twin pregnancies have been reported. Case Report: We report on a rare case of monochorionic dizygotic twin pregnancy conceived after induced ovulation in a 32‐year‐old woman. The diagnosis was made on morphological ultrasound examination at 18+4 weeks of gestation, showing two fetuses with discordant sex. The amniocentesis was declined by the patient.ResultsThe monochorionic status was confirmed after a histopathalogical study of the placenta. At delivery, both a phenotypically normal boy and a phenotypically normal girl without sexual abnormality were observed. This analysis also revealed the presence of vascular anastomoses between both fetal circulations. Postnatal cytogenetic analyses indicated the presence of a chimerism in peripheral blood lymphocytes. This chimerism was not observed in cells obtained from a buccal swab. Molecular determination of zygosity confirmed the existence of the confined peripheral blood chimerism with the presence of four parental alleles.ConclusionWe report on a case of monochorionic dizygotic twin pregnancy. This observation underlies the need to carefully assess twin pregnancies, especially when obtained after assisted reproductive technology. Birth Defects Research (Part A) 106:298–303, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
X‐ray crystal structure of anhydrous chitosan at atomic resolution
Authors: Naito Philip‐Kunio , Ogawa Yu , Sawada Daisuke , Nishiyama Yoshiharu , Iwata Tadahisa , Wada Masahisa 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTWe determined the crystal structure of anhydrous chitosan at atomic resolution, using X‐ray fiber diffraction data extending to 1.17 Å resolution. The unit cell [a = 8.129(7) Å, b = 8.347(6) Å, c = 10.311(7) Å, space group P212121] of anhydrous chitosan contains two chains having one glucosamine residue in the asymmetric unit with the primary hydroxyl group in the gt conformation, that could be directly located in the Fourier omit map. The molecular arrangement of chitosan is very similar to the corner chains of cellulose II implying similar intermolecular hydrogen bonding between O6 and the amine nitrogen atom, and an intramolecular bifurcated hydrogen bond from O3 to O5 and O6. In addition to the classical hydrogen bonds, all the aliphatic hydrogens were involved in one or two weak hydrogen bonds, mostly helping to stabilize cohesion between antiparallel chains. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Biopolymers 105: 361–368, 2016.
The first case of POEMS syndrome with synchronous breast cancer: What are the associated diagnostic challenges?
Authors: Hiyama Kazuhiro , Terashima Hideo , Kuroda Akihiro , Harada Kyoichi , Shibagaki Yasuro , Hosaka Ai , Hayashi Taichi , Horiguchi Hisashi 
Published: March 2016

Key Clinical MessagePolyneuropathy, Organomegaly, Endocrinopathy, Monoclonal gammopathy, Skin changes (POEMS) syndrome is a rare plasma cell disorder that causes a paraneoplastic syndrome. We report the first case of POEMS syndrome with synchronous breast cancer. The patient was at risk of being misdiagnosed with metastatic cancer, and it is important to emphasize that physical examinations provided vital diagnostic clues.
Self‐Assembly and Compartmentalization of Nanozymes in Mesoporous Silica‐Based Nanoreactors
Authors: Huang Yanyan , Lin Youhui , Ran Xiang , Ren Jinsong , Qu Xiaogang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHerein, to mimic complex natural system, polyelectrolyte multilayer (PEM)‐coated mesoporous silica nanoreactors were used to compartmentalize two different artificial enzymes. PEMs coated on the surface of mesoporous silica could serve as a permeable membrane to control the flow of molecules. When assembling hemin on the surface of mesoporous silica, the hemin‐based mesoporous silica system possessed remarkable peroxidase‐like activity, especially at physiological pH, and could be recycled more easily than traditional graphene–hemin nanocompounds. The hope is that these new findings may pave the way for exploring novel nanoreactors to achieve compartmentalization of nanozymes and applying artificial cascade catalytic systems to mimic cell organelles or important biochemical transformations