bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prosody and Semantics Are Separate but Not Separable Channels in the Perception of Emotional Speech: Test for Rating of Emotions in Speech
Authors: Ben-David Boaz M. , Multani Namita , Shakuf Vered , Rudzicz Frank , van Lieshout Pascal H. H. M. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose
Our aim is to explore the complex interplay of prosody (tone of speech) and semantics (verbal content) in the perception of discrete emotions in speech.

Method
We implement a novel tool, the Test for Rating of Emotions in Speech. Eighty native English speakers were presented with spoken sentences made of different combinations of 5 discrete emotions (anger, fear, happiness, sadness, and neutral) presented in prosody and semantics. Listeners were asked to rate the sentence as a whole, integrating both speech channels, or to focus on one channel only (prosody or semantics).

Results
We observed supremacy of congruency, failure of selective attention, and prosodic dominance. Supremacy of congruency means that a sentence that presents the same emotion in both speech channels was rated highest; failure of selective attention means that listeners were unable to selectively attend to one channel when instructed; and prosodic dominance means that prosodic information plays a larger role than semantics in processing emotional speech.

Conclusions
Emotional prosody and semantics are separate but not separable channels, and it is difficult to perceive one without the influence of the other. Our findings indicate that the Test for Rating of Emotions in Speech can reveal specific aspects in the processing of emotional speech and may in the future prove useful for understanding emotion-processing deficits in individuals with pathologies.
Closely spaced tri‐band frequency selective surfaces based on split ring slots
Authors: Fabian‐Gongora H. , Martynyuk A.E. , Rodriguez‐Cuevas J. , Martinez‐Lopez J.I. 
Published: February 2016

A tri‐band frequency selective surface (FSS) with close band spacing based on split ring slots for y‐polarised incident waves is investigated. The close band response is obtained by reducing the strong mutual coupling between the closely packed concentric rings through splitting the ring slots and redistributing the location of the surface currents at resonances. To validate the proposed FSS, a Ka band FSS was designed, fabricated and tested. Experimental results showed closely spaced resonances at 27.3, 31.7 and 36.2 GHz. Frequency ratios of 1.16 for the second to the first resonance, and 1.14 for the third to the second one were obtained. Also, good stability is observed for oblique incidence.
Convective flow reversal in self-powered enzyme micropumps
Authors: Ortiz-Rivera Isamar , Shum Henry , Agrawal Arjun , Sen Ayusman , Balazs Anna C. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Surface-bound enzymes act as pumps in the presence of their specific substrates or promoters, thereby combining sensing and fluidic pumping into a single self-powered microdevice. Using a combination of theory and experiments, we have elucidated the mechanism of the prototypical urease-based pump. We find that even simple enzymatic reactions can drive complex, time-dependent flows whose direction and speed depend critically on the relative diffusivities and expansion coefficients of the reactants and products. Our approach allows us to accurately predict the behavior of new pump designs under different conditions.
ImmunoPET/MR imaging allows specific detection of
Aspergillus fumigatus
lung infection in vivo
Authors: Rolle Anna-Maria , Hasenberg Mike , Thornton Christopher R. , Solouk-Saran Djamschid , Männ Linda , Weski Juliane , Maurer Andreas , Fischer Eliane , Spycher Philipp R. , Schibli Roger , Boschetti Frederic , Stegemann-Koniszewski Sabine , Bruder Dunja , Severin Gregory W. , Autenrieth Stella E. , Krappmann Sven , Davies Genna , Pichler Bernd J. , Gunzer Matthias , Wiehr Stefan 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis (IPA) is a frequently fatal lung disease of immunocompromised patients, and is being increasingly reported in individuals with underlying respiratory diseases. Proven diagnosis of IPA currently relies on lung biopsy and detection of diagnostic biomarkers in serum, or in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids. This study supports the use of immunoPET/MR imaging for the diagnosis of IPA, which is so far not used for diagnosis. The antibody-guided imaging technique allows accurate, noninvasive and rapid detection of fungal lung infection and discrimination of IPA from bacterial lung infections and general inflammatory responses. This work demonstrates the applicability of molecular imaging for IPA detection and its potential for aiding clinical diagnosis and management of the disease in the neutropenic host.
Differences in codon bias and GC content contribute to the balanced expression of TLR7 and TLR9
Authors: Newman Zachary R. , Young Janet M. , Ingolia Nicholas T. , Barton Gregory M. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Codon bias, the unequal use of synonymous codons to encode amino acids, is known to influence protein expression. Our work finds that codon bias can limit the expression of Toll-like receptor 7, a receptor implicated in autoimmune diseases such as lupus. Surprisingly, we find that the improved protein production associated with codon optimization is not caused by increased translation but instead is caused by an increased rate of transcription. We attribute this change in transcription to increased guanine-cytosine (GC) content following codon optimization. Thus, our work not only addresses a fundamental aspect of immune regulation but also provides mechanistic insight into the controversial issue of how codon bias and GC content influence protein expression.
Intensification of phosphorus cycling in China since the 1600s
Authors: Liu Xin , Sheng Hu , Jiang Songyan , Yuan Zengwei , Zhang Chaosheng , Elser James J. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
The biogeochemical cycle of phosphorus (P) has been massively altered in China, challenging its food security and causing eutrophication of freshwaters. This study shows, for the first time to our knowledge, how P cycling in China was intensified in the past four centuries to sustain the increasing population and its demand for animal protein. Our analysis also reveals the spatial disparity of its concomitant eutrophication impact. The findings advance the knowledge base needed for closing the P cycle to sustain future food production and maintain healthy rivers, lakes, and oceans.
Facultative cheating supports the coexistence of diverse quorum-sensing alleles
Authors: Pollak Shaul , Omer-Bendori Shira , Even-Tov Eran , Lipsman Valeria , Bareia Tasneem , Ben-Zion Ishay , Eldar Avigdor 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Bacteria cooperate by secretion of public good molecules, which benefit the entire community. Such cooperative behaviors are often regulated by cell–cell signaling mechanisms. In many species, these signaling systems are highly diversified in their signal–receptor specificity, but the causal link between the function of signaling and the maintenance of high genetic diversity was unclear. Here we demonstrate experimentally that signaling diversity is maintained by facultative cheating—a minority strain with one signaling system will exploit the public goods production of a majority strain that possesses a different system, but resumes cooperation on its own. Mutual facultative cheating demonstrates the complexity of social strategies attained by bacteria through the regulation of cooperative behaviors and their impact on population genetics parameters.
Ultrafast energy relaxation in single light-harvesting complexes
Authors: Malý Pavel , Gruber J. Michael , Cogdell Richard J. , Mančal Tomáš , van Grondelle Rienk 
Published: February 2016

Significance
The excitation energy transfer in light-harvesting complexes is usually studied either by ultrafast bulk spectroscopy or by single-molecule spectroscopy. These methods are to a high degree complementary: Bulk spectroscopy measures ultrafast processes averaged over thousands of complexes, whereas single-molecule spectroscopy observes much slower dynamics in individual complexes. In this work, we combine these approaches using a recently developed ultrafast single-molecule spectroscopy technique. This enables us, for the first time (to our knowledge), to observe ultrafast energy relaxation with a rate around 100 fs in individual light-harvesting complexes. We determine the distribution of the relaxation times, observe changes of the relaxation time in one complex, and find how the relaxation depends on excitation wavelength.
Phylogenetically resolving epidemiologic linkage
Authors: Romero-Severson Ethan O. , Bulla Ingo , Leitner Thomas 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Phylogenetic inference of who infected whom has great value in epidemiological investigations because it should provide an objective test of an explicit hypothesis about how transmission(s) occurred. Until now, however, there has not been a systematic evaluation of which phylogeny to expect from different transmission histories, and thus the interpretation of what an observed phylogeny actually means has remained somewhat elusive. Here, we show that certain types of phylogenies associate with different transmission histories, which may make it possible to exclude possible intermediary links or identify cases where a common source was likely but not sampled. Our systematic classification and evaluation of expected topologies should make future interpretation of phylogenetic results in epidemiological investigations more objective and informative.
Inability to suppress salient distractors predicts low visual working memory capacity
Authors: Gaspar John M. , Christie Gregory J. , Prime David J. , Jolicœur Pierre , McDonald John J. 
Published: February 2016

Significance
Humans can remember the features of three or four visual objects for short periods of time. Individual differences in this working memory capacity, which accurately predict fluid intelligence and performance in numerous cognitive tasks, have been hypothesized to reflect variations in attentional processes that govern access to the memory system. However, the specific attention mechanism that differentiates high- and low-capacity individuals is unknown. Here, we show that differences in working memory capacity are specifically related to distractor-suppression activity in visual cortex. Our electrophysiological measures reveal that although high-capacity individuals are able to actively suppress distractors, low-capacity individuals cannot suppress them in time to prevent distractors from capturing attention.
Quantitative proteomic analyses of mammary organoids reveals distinct signatures after exposure to environmental chemicals
Authors: Williams Katherine E. , Lemieux George A. , Hassis Maria E. , Olshen Adam B. , Fisher Susan J. , Werb Zena 
Published: February 2016

SignificanceWe demonstrate that exposure to three environmental chemicals suggested to affect breast development—bisphenol A, mono-n-butyl phthalate, and polychlorinated biphenyl 153—at physiologically relevant doses results in unique responses and alterations in the proteome. This study provides insights into how the mammary epithelium changes in response to physiologically relevant exposures to xenobiotic chemicals. These changes could be correlated with increased risk of transformation or important changes in function.
Concomitant Migraine and Temporomandibular Disorders are Associated With Higher Heat Pain Hyperalgesia and Cephalic Cutaneous Allodynia
Authors: Chaves Thais C. , Dach Fabíola , Florencio Lidiane L. , Carvalho Gabriela F. , Gonçalves Maria C. , Bigal Marcelo E. , Speciali José G. , Bevilaqua-Grossi Débora 
Published: February 2016

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to assess differences in the levels of hyperalgesia and cutaneous allodynia (CA) among women with migraine, temporomandibular disorders (TMD), or both.

Materials and Methods:
Eighty women participated in the study. Mean ages for the control group, TMD group, migraine group, and migraine+TMD group were 26.15 (95% confidence interval [CI], 28.73 to 23.57), 31.65 (95% CI, 37.82 to 25.48), 35.05 (95% CI, 40.37 to 29.73), and 34.20 (95% CI, 37.99 to 30.41) years, respectively. The 12-item Allodynia Symptom Checklist was administered to assess CA. All participants underwent the Quantitative Sensory Test to determine the cold-pain and heat-pain thresholds. Mechanical pain thresholds were assessed using Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments. One-way analysis of variance and χ2 tests were used for statistical analysis. Alpha was set at 0.05 level for statistical significance.

Results:
For all sites evaluated, the mean cold-pain threshold values were significantly lower in the TMD, migraine, and TMD+migraine groups compared with the control group. However, the mean heat-pain threshold values in the extracephalic region were significantly smaller only for the TMD+migraine group compared with the control group (41.94°C; 95% CI, 40.54 to 43.34 vs. 44.79°C; 95% CI, 43.45 to 46.12; P=0.03). Mechanical hyperalgesia in orofacial and neck sites was significantly lower in the TMD and TMD+migraine groups compared with the control group. Mean total 12-item Allodynia Symptom Checklist score in the TMD+migraine group was significantly higher than in the migraine group (9.53; 95% CI, 7.45 to 11.60 vs. 6.95; 95% CI, 5.35 to 8.55; P=0.02).

Conclusions:
More pronounced levels of hyperalgesia and CA were found in patients with both TMD and migraine. Thus, it is suggested that the concomitant presence of TMD and migraine may be related to intensification of central sensitization.
Severe Nausea and Vomiting in the Evaluation of Nitrous Oxide in the Gas Mixture for Anesthesia II Trial
Authors: Myles Paul S. , Chan Matthew T. V. , Kasza Jessica , Paech Michael J. , Leslie Kate , Peyton Philip J. , Sessler Daniel I. , Haller Guy , Beattie W. Scott , Osborne Cameron , Sneyd J. Robert , Forbes Andrew 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAbstract
Nitrous oxide increased the risk of severe postoperative nausea and vomiting, more so in Asian subjects; the effect was eliminated by pretreatment with an antiemetic. Severe postoperative nausea and vomiting was associated with fever, poor quality of recovery, and increased hospital stay, indicating that its prevention is clinically important.
Supplemental Digital Content is available in the text.

Background
The Evaluation of Nitrous oxide in the Gas Mixture for Anesthesia II trial randomly assigned 7,112 noncardiac surgery patients to a nitrous oxide or nitrous oxide–free anesthetic; severe postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) was a prespecified secondary end point. Thus, the authors evaluated the association between nitrous oxide, severe PONV, and effectiveness of PONV prophylaxis in this setting.

Methods
Univariate and multivariate analyses of patient, surgical, and other perioperative characteristics were used to identify the risk factors for severe PONV and to measure the impact of severe PONV on patient outcomes.

Results
Avoiding nitrous oxide reduced the risk of severe PONV (11 vs. 15%; risk ratio [RR], 0.74 [95% CI, 0.63 to 0.84]; P < 0.001), with a stronger effect in Asian patients (RR, 0.55 [95% CI, 0.43 to 0.69]; interaction P = 0.004) but lower effect in those who received PONV prophylaxis (RR, 0.89 [95% CI, 0.76 to 1.05]; P = 0.18). Gastrointestinal surgery was associated with an increased risk of severe PONV when compared with most other types of surgery (P < 0.001). Patients with severe PONV had lower quality of recovery scores (10.4 [95% CI, 10.2 to 10.7] vs. 13.1 [95% CI, 13.0 to 13.2], P < 0.0005); severe PONV was associated with postoperative fever (15 vs. 20%, P = 0.001). Patients with severe PONV had a longer hospital stay (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.05 to 1.23], P = 0.002).

Conclusions
The increased risk of PONV with nitrous oxide is near eliminated by antiemetic prophylaxis. Severe PONV, which is seen in more than 10% of patients, is associated with postoperative fever, poor quality of recovery, and prolonged hospitalization.
Emergency Department Use Among Hispanic Adults
Authors: Allen Lindsay , Cummings Janet 
Published: February 2016

Objectives:
We provide the first known examination of differences in nonurgent and urgent emergency department (ED) usage between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white individuals, with varying levels of acculturation.

Materials and Methods:
We pooled cross-sectional data for Hispanic and non-Hispanic white adults (ages 18–64) from the 2011 to 2013 National Health Interview Surveys. Using logistic regression models, we examined differences in past-year ED use, urgent ED use, and nonurgent ED use by acculturation level, which we measure by combining information on respondents’ citizenship status, birthplace, and length of stay (immigrants <5, 5–10, >10 y in the United States; naturalized citizens; US born).

Results:
Overall, 17.8% of Hispanic individuals and 18.5% of non-Hispanic white individuals use the ED annually. Compared with US-born non-Hispanic white individuals, the least acculturated Hispanic individuals are 14.4% points (P<0.001) less likely to use the ED for any reason, 9.8% points (P<0.001) less likely to use it for a nonurgent reason, and 5.3% points (P<0.01) less likely to use it for an urgent reason.

Conclusions:
Contrary to popular perception, the least acculturated Hispanic individuals are the least likely to use the ED. As acculturation level rises, so does one’s likelihood of using the ED, particularly for nonurgent visits.
The molecular chaperone DnaK accelerates protein evolution
Authors: Aguilar-Rodríguez José , Sabater-Muñoz Beatriz , Berlanga Víctor , Alvarez-Ponce David , Wagner Andreas , Fares Mario A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMolecular chaperones, also known as heat-shock proteins, refold misfolded proteins and help other proteins reach their native conformation. Thanks to these abilities, some chaperones, such as the Hsp90 protein or the chaperonin GroEL, can buffer the deleterious phenotypic effects of mutations that alter protein structure and function. Hsp70 chaperones use a chaperoning mechanism different from Hsp90 and GroEL, and it is not known whether they can also buffer mutations. Here, we show that they can. To this end, we performed a mutation accumulation experiment inEscherichia coli, followed by whole-genome resequencing. Our sequence data shows that overexpression of the Hsp70 chaperone DnaK increases the tolerance of its clients for nonsynonymous nucleotide substitutions and nucleotide insertions and deletions. We also show that this elevated mutational buffering on short evolutionary time scales translates into differences in evolutionary rates on intermediate and long evolutionary time scales. To this end, we compared the evolutionary rates of DnaK clients and nonclients using the genomes ofE. coli,Salmonella typhimurium, and 83 other gamma-proteobacterial species. We find that clients that interact strongly with DnaK evolve faster than weakly interacting clients. Our results imply that all three major chaperone classes can buffer mutations and affect protein evolution. They illustrate how an individual protein like a chaperone can have a disproportionate effect on proteome evolution.
BuddySuite: Command-line toolkits for manipulating sequences, alignments, and phylogenetic trees
Authors: Bond Stephen R. , Keat Karl E. , Barreira Sofia N. , Baxevanis Andreas D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe ability to manipulate sequence, alignment, and phylogenetic tree files has become an increasingly important skill in the life sciences, whether to generate summary information or to prepare data for further downstream analysis. The command line can be an extremely powerful environment for interacting with these resources, but only if the user has the appropriate general-purpose tools on hand. BuddySuite is a collection of four independent yet interrelated command-line toolkits that facilitate each step in the workflow of sequence discovery, curation, alignment, and phylogenetic reconstruction. Most common sequence, alignment, and tree file formats are automatically detected and parsed, and over 100 tools have been implemented for manipulating these data. The project has been engineered to easily accommodate the addition of new tools, it is written in the popular programming language Python, and is hosted on the Python Package Index and GitHub to maximize accessibility. Documentation for each BuddySuite tool, including usage examples, is available at http://tiny.cc/buddysuite_wiki. All software is open source and freely available through http://research.nhgri.nih.gov/software/BuddySuite.
Arabidopsis Small Rubber Particle Protein Homolog SRPs Play Dual Roles as Positive Factors for Tissue Growth and Development and in Drought Stress Responses
Authors: Kim Eun Yu , Park Ki Youl , Seo Young Sam , Kim Woo Taek 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLipid droplets (LDs) act as repositories for fatty acids and sterols, which are used for various cellular processes such as energy production and membrane and hormone synthesis. LD-associated proteins play important roles in seed development and germination, but their functions in postgermination growth are not well understood. Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) contains three SRP homologs (SRP1, SRP2, and SRP3) that share sequence identities with small rubber particle proteins of the rubber tree (Hevea brasiliensis). In this report, the possible cellular roles of SRPs in postgermination growth and the drought tolerance response were investigated. Arabidopsis SRPs appeared to be LD-associated proteins and displayed polymerization properties in vivo and in vitro. SRP-overexpressing transgenic Arabidopsis plants (35S:SRP1, 35S:SRP2, and 35S:SRP3) exhibited higher vegetative and reproductive growth and markedly better tolerance to drought stress than wild-type Arabidopsis. In addition, constitutive over-expression of SRPs resulted in increased numbers of large LDs in postgermination seedlings. In contrast, single (srp1, 35S:SRP2-RNAi, and srp3) and triple (35S:SRP2-RNAi/srp1srp3) loss-of-function mutant lines exhibited the opposite phenotypes. Our results suggest that Arabidopsis SRPs play dual roles as positive factors in postgermination growth and the drought stress tolerance response. The possible relationships between LD-associated proteins and the drought stress response are discussed.