bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Protecting the Foundation and Magnificent Edifice of the Legal Profession: Reflections on Thukwane v Law Society of the Northern Provinces 2014 5 SA 513 (GP) and Mtshabe v Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope 2014 5 SA 376 (ECM)
Authors: Maloka Tumo Charles 
Published: April 2016

The High Court decisions in Thukwane v Law Society of the Northern Provinces 2014 5 SA 513 (GP) and Mtshabe v Law Society of the Cape of Good Hope 2014 5 SA 376 (ECM) dealing with the question whether a parolee could be considered a "fit and proper person" to be admitted and readmitted to the roll of attorneys raise important and interrelated issues demanding definitive and systematic consideration. This contribution seeks to isolate some of the vexed questions concerning the novel issue of whether a person previously convicted of a criminal offence and who is still serving a sentence under a parole could be admitted and/or readmitted to the roll of legal practitioners.
Thukwane and Mtshabe demonstrate that the admission or readmission must not be damaging to the integrity and standing of the profession, the judicial system, or the administration of justice, or be contrary to the public interest. It is trite that public confidence in the legal profession is more important than the fortunes of any one practitioner or prospective practitioner.
Implementation of a Marauding Insect Module (MIM, version 1.0) in the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS, version 2.6b4) dynamic vegetation–land surface model
Authors: Landry Jean-Sébastien , Price David T. , Ramankutty Navin , Parrott Lael , Matthews H. Damon 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Insects defoliate and kill plants in many ecosystems worldwide. The consequences of these natural processes on terrestrial ecology and nutrient cycling are well established, and their potential climatic effects resulting from modified land–atmosphere exchanges of carbon, energy, and water are increasingly being recognized. We developed a Marauding Insect Module (MIM) to quantify, in the Integrated BIosphere Simulator (IBIS), the consequences of insect activity on biogeochemical and biogeophysical fluxes, also accounting for the effects of altered vegetation dynamics. MIM can simulate damage from three different insect functional types: (1) defoliators on broadleaf deciduous trees, (2) defoliators on needleleaf evergreen trees, and (3) bark beetles on needleleaf evergreen trees, with the resulting impacts being estimated by IBIS based on the new, insect-modified state of the vegetation. MIM further accounts for the physical presence and gradual fall of insect-killed dead standing trees. The design of MIM should facilitate the addition of other insect types besides the ones already included and could guide the development of similar modules for other process-based vegetation models. After describing IBIS–MIM, we illustrate the usefulness of the model by presenting results spanning daily to centennial timescales for vegetation dynamics and cycling of carbon, energy, and water in a simplified setting and for bark beetles only. More precisely, we simulated 100 % mortality events from the mountain pine beetle for three locations in western Canada. We then show that these simulated impacts agree with many previous studies based on field measurements, satellite data, or modelling. MIM and similar tools should therefore be of great value in assessing the wide array of impacts resulting from insect-induced plant damage in the Earth system.
Does drought alter hydrological functions in forest soils?
Authors: Gimbel Katharina F. , Puhlmann Heike , Weiler Markus 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Climate change is expected to impact the water cycle and severely affect precipitation patterns across central Europe and in other parts of the world, leading to more frequent and severe droughts. Usually when projecting drought impacts on hydrological systems, it is assumed that system properties, like soil properties, remain stable and will not be affected by drought events. To study if this assumption is appropriate, we address the effects of drought on the infiltration behavior of forest soils using dye tracer experiments on six sites in three regions across Germany, which were forced into drought conditions. The sites cover clayey-, loamy- and sandy-textured soils. In each region, we compared a deciduous and a coniferous forest stand to address differences between the main tree species. The results of the dye tracer experiments show clear evidence for changes in infiltration behavior at the sites. The infiltration changed at the clayey plots from regular and homogeneous flow to fast preferential flow. Similar behavior was observed at the loamy plots, where large areas in the upper layers remained dry, displaying signs of strong water repellency. This was confirmed by water drop penetration time (WDPT) tests, which revealed, in all except one plot, moderate to severe water repellency. Water repellency was also accountable for the change of regular infiltration to fingered flow in the sandy soils. The results of this study suggest that the drought history or, more generally, the climatic conditions of a soil in the past are more important than the actual antecedent soil moisture status regarding hydrophobicity and infiltration behavior; furthermore, drought effects on infiltration need to be considered in hydrological models to obtain realistic predictions concerning water quality and quantity in runoff and groundwater recharge.
Brief communication: Two well-marked cases of aerodynamic adjustment of sastrugi
Authors: Amory C. , Naaim-Bouvet F. , Gallée H. , Vignon E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In polar regions, sastrugi are a direct manifestation of drifting snow and form the main surface roughness elements. In turn, sastrugi alter the generation of atmospheric turbulence and thus modify the wind field and the aeolian snow mass fluxes. Little attention has been paid to these feedback processes, mainly because of experimental difficulties. As a result, most polar atmospheric models currently ignore sastrugi over snow-covered regions. This paper aims at quantifying the potential influence of sastrugi on the local wind field and on snow erosion over a sastrugi-covered snowfield in coastal Adélie Land, East Antarctica. We focus on two erosion events during which sastrugi responses to shifts in wind direction have been interpreted from temporal variations in drag and aeolian snow mass flux measurements during austral winter 2013. Using this data set, it is shown that (i) neutral stability, 10 m drag coefficient (CDN10) values are in the range of 1.3–1.5 × 10−3 when the wind is well aligned with the sastrugi, (ii) as the wind shifts by only 20–30° away from the streamlined direction, CDN10 increases (by 30–120 %) and the aeolian snow mass flux decreases (by 30–80 %), thereby reflecting the growing contribution of the sastrugi form drag to the total surface drag and its inhibiting effect on snow erosion, (iii) the timescale of sastrugi aerodynamic adjustment can be as short as 3 h for friction velocities greater than 1 m s−1 and during strong drifting snow conditions and (iv) knowing CDN10 is not sufficient to estimate the snow erosion flux that results from drag partitioning at the surface because CDN10 includes the contribution of the sastrugi form drag.
Normalisatie en zelfredzaamheid binnen het gevangeniswezen
Authors: Farahi Choukri , van de Rijt Jill 
Published: April 2016

Experiences of prisoners and staff with the pilot ‘Central facility’ in a Dutch custodial facility
In recent years, the Dutch Ministry of Justice and Safety has had to deal with severe budget-cuts leading to various austerity measures. For the Dutch Custodial Institutions (DJI) this has had serious consequences, including the closure of nearly half the prisons, the reintroduction of multi-person cells and a retrenchment of the detention regime. However, the chamber announced repeatedly that these cuts would not be detrimental to the core objectives of detention: security, self-reliance, dignity and a safe return to society. The pilot ‘Central facility’ is a project in which DJI wants to ‘test’ in practice her vision for the future. In the pilot, learning and encouraging the own responsibility of detainees through a modified daily program takes a central position. The aim is to increase the self-sufficiency of detainees and to allow for life in prison to resemble more life outside (normalization). In this article we will look more closely at the experiences of prisoners and staff with the amended detention regime in the pilot.
Rechters en officieren van justitie willen maatwerk leveren met de voorwaardelijke straf
Authors: Harte Joke , Malsch Marijke , van Dijk Doris , Vergouw Bas , van der Laan Peter 
Published: April 2016

Effect of the suspended sentence according to judges and public prosecutors
In the Netherlands, the judge has the possibility to impose an entirely or partly suspended sentence. In this article, the perspective of judges and public prosecutors on the deterrent effect of the suspended sentence is investigated. For that purpose, 1000 court decisions were examined, and 15 judges and 15 public prosecutors were interviewed. The results show that the suspended sentence provides opportunities to intervene in the offender’s life regarding issues that are supposed to be related to recidivism. Judges and public prosecutors regard the suspended sentence as an important device to reduce the recidivism risk.
Prévention secondaire des dommages liés aux substances psychoactives chez les jeunes Français
Authors: Michaud Philippe , Lécallier Dorothée , Hadj-Slimane Fatima 
Published: April 2016

L’article présente une action de santé publique d’une décennie menée en France par l’Institut de promotion de la prévention secondaire en addictologie (IPPSA) en faveur de la diffusion chez les personnels soignants de l’éducation nationale d’une stratégie associant repérage par la DEP-ADO et interventions brèves motivationnelles au bénéfice des adolescents scolarisés.Cette démarche est constituée d’une succession de recherches-actions centrées sur l’adaptation au contexte français de deux stratégies : (1) formation au repérage et aux interventions dans les établissements d’enseignement secondaires et (2) association entre intervenants de premier recours (essentiellement infirmières scolaires) et entités spécialisées (consultations jeunes consommateurs).Les résultats montrent l’intérêt des personnes formées et l’acceptabilité générale pour les jeunes, mais restent limités en termes d’effectivité à long terme. La discussion porte sur les besoins de maintenir la mobilisation du premier recours pour le repérage, l’intervention et l’orientation.
Consommation problématique de substances psychoactives et comportements sexuels à risque chez les adolescents admis en centre jeunesse
Authors: Lambert Gilles , Haley Nancy , Tremblay Claude , Frappier Jean-Yves , Roy Élise , Otis Joanne 
Published: April 2016

Objectifs : Décrire les comportements sexuels à risque chez les jeunes admis dans des centres jeunesse (CJ) du Québec selon leur niveau de consommation de substances psychoactives.
Méthode : Entre juillet 2008 et mai 2009, une enquête de surveillance de deuxième génération a été menée auprès d’adolescents admis dans six centres jeunesse. Lors d’une entrevue face à face, ceux-ci ont rempli un questionnaire portant notamment sur leurs conduites sexuelles et leur consommation de substances psychoactives (au cours des 12 mois précédents l’admission en CJ). Un prélèvement urinaire a été recueilli afin d’estimer la prévalence de la chlamydiose et de l’infection gonococcique. Des analyses décrivant les comportements sexuels à risque selon le niveau de consommation (tel qu’établi par la grille DEP-ADO) ont été effectuées.
Résultats: Parmi les participants âgés de 14 à 17 ans (n= 499, filles= 205 et garçons= 294), une forte proportion (60 %) a rapporté une consommation problématique de substances psychoactives. Les jeunes présentant un niveau de consommation problématique avaient davantage de comportements sexuels à risque que les autres participants (par exemple : début des relations sexuelles avant l’âge de 13 ans, multiples partenaires sexuels, « sexe en groupe »).
Conclusion: Les comportements sexuels à risque sont fréquents chez les jeunes hébergés en CJ, et ce, de façon plus marquée chez ceux qui consomment de l’alcool et des drogues de façon problématique. Les interrelations entre la consommation de substances psychoactives et les comportements sexuels à risque sont complexes et méritent une attention spécifique. Le séjour d’adolescents en CJ, tout comme en centre spécialisé de réadaptation en dépendance, constitue un moment opportun pour détecter non seulement la consommation problématique de substances psychoactives, mais aussi les comportements sexuels à risque et les problèmes de santé associés. L’offre de ce dépistage ainsi que des interventions préventives conséquentes peuvent contribuer à améliorer l’état de santé et de bien-être de ces jeunes vulnérables.
Biosensing operations based on whispering-gallery-mode optical cavities in single 1.0-µm diameter hexagonal GaN microdisks grown by radio-frequency plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Kouno Tetsuya , Sakai Masaru , Kishino Katsumi , Hara Kazuhiko 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Biosensing operations based on a whispering-gallery-mode optical cavity in a single hexagonal GaN microdisk of approximately 1.0 µm diameter were demonstrated here. The sharp resonant peak in the photoluminescence spectrum obtained from the microdisk in aqueous sucrose solution redshifts with a change in sucrose concentration. The results indicate that an extremely small microdisk could be used as an optical transducer for sensing sugar, namely, as a biosensor. Furthermore, we investigate the relationship between the diameter of the microdisk and the sensitivity of the biosensor.
Cambodian Inclusive Education for Vulnerable Populations: Toward an Ecological Perspective Policy
Authors: Hackett Jacob D. , Hudson Roxanne F. , West Elizabeth A. , Brown Sharan E. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Cambodia is a dynamic country in transition and its population is committed to improve an economic, social, and educational system (Chandler, 2008). An imperial legacy and traumatic history involving a genocide specifically targeted at Cambodian intellectual elite continue to affect Cambodian schools with the most impact being felt by vulnerable populations including children from poverty and children with disabilities. An ecological framework of childhood development (Bronfenbrenner, 1992) is used to analyze interviews, classroom observations, and student work samples. School directors (3), teachers (3), students (2), and one parent from three public schools in three distinct provinces participated in this study, providing a broad geopolitical range of Cambodia. First, a review of Cambodian education and special education policy as well as international guidelines for inclusive education is provided. Next, a rationalization for including students with disabilities and children from poverty in the larger category of children from vulnerable populations is presented within the Cambodian context. Themes of key factors affecting the educational experience of children from vulnerable populations include: (1) school and community interconnectedness, and (2) Cambodian historical legacies. Perceptions, attitudes and beliefs of Cambodian practitioners are also key factors, and include: (1) Intersectionality of disability and poverty; (2) two distinct purposes of education, and (3) educators value responsive education. This qualitative analysis surfaces key factors affecting the educational experiences of Cambodian children from vulnerable populations by investigating perceptions, beliefs, and attitudes of various Cambodian education professionals and their decision-making concerning these students. Limitations and implications are provided.
Muscular dystrophy patients show low exercise‐induced blood flow in muscles with normal strength
Authors: Gera Orna , Shavit‐Stein Efrat , Amichai Taly , Chapman Joab , Chorin Odelia , Greenbaum Lior , Dori Amir 
Published: September 2024

AbstractObjectiveNeuromuscular evaluation increasingly employs muscle ultrasonography to determine muscle thickness, mean grayscale echointensity, and visual semiquantitative echotexture attenuation. However, these measures provide low sensitivity for detection of mild muscle abnormality. Exercise‐induced intramuscular blood flow is a physiologic phenomenon, which may be impaired in mildly affected muscles, particularly in dystrophinopathies, and may indicate functional muscle ischemia. We aimed to determine if muscle blood flow is reduced in patients with neuromuscular disorders and preserved muscle strength, and if it correlates with echointensity and digital echotexture measurements.MethodsPeak exercise‐induced blood flow, echointensity, and echotexture were quantified in the elbow flexor muscles of 15 adult patients with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD) and 13 patients with other muscular dystrophies (OMD). These were compared to 17 patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1 (CMT1) neuropathy and 21 healthy adults from a previous study.ResultsMuscle blood flow was reduced in all patient groups compared to controls, most prominently in BMD patients (p < 0.0001). Echointensity was similarly increased in all patient groups (p < 0.05), while echotexture was reduced only in muscular dystrophy patients (p ≤ 0.002). In BMD, blood flow correlated with echotexture (Pearson r = 0.6098, p = 0.0158) and strength (Spearman r = 0.5471; p = 0.0370). In patients with normal muscle strength, reduced muscle blood flow was evident in all patient groups (p < 0.001), echotexture was reduced in BMD and OMD (p < 0.01), and echointensity was increased in CMT (p < 0.05).InterpretationMuscle blood flow is a sensitive measure to detect abnormality, even in muscles with normal strength. Increased echointensity may indicate a neurogenic disorder when strength is preserved, while low echotexture suggests a dystrophic disease.
Machine Learning‐Guided Design and Synthesis of Eco‐Friendly Poly(ethylene oxide) Membranes for High‐Efficacy CO2/N2 Separation
Authors: Zheng Guangtai , Zhang Shuyuan , Meng Linghang , Zhang Sui , Wang Xiaonan 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMachine learning (ML)‐guided polymer design and synthesis will enable the next‐generation membrane material discovery for CO2 capture. Herein, ML is leveraged to establish a structure‐performance relationship for the eco‐friendly poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) membrane and guide its design for high‐efficacy CO2/N2 separation. Through a rational fragment representation method and knowledge sharing across membranes fabricated by different methods, the precise prediction of CO2/N2 separation performance for PEO membranes with high Pearson correlation coefficients (0.973 for permeability and 0.875 for selectivity) despite data scarcity is demonstrated. Expertise knowledge and external monomer databases are then utilized in a human‐in‐the‐loop workflow to effectively explore high‐performance PEO membranes in the design space. Several discovered thermally crosslinked PEO membranes achieve CO2/N2 separation performances close to the 2019 Robeson upper bound, which are promising for practical large‐scale carbon capture applications. Model interpretation techniques are employed to provide data‐driven insights into the design of PEO membranes for high‐efficacy CO2/N2 separation. Further life cycle assessment results reveal the outstanding advantage of discovered PEO membranes in terms of environmental friendliness. The work highlights the enormous potential of ML in expediting the discovery of high‐performance carbon capture membrane materials.
Mild Fabrication of Polymeric Porous/Nonporous Micro‐Composite Structures via Enhancing the Photothermal Conversion of Ultrafast Laser
Authors: Xiang Pei , Zhang Haobo , Zhang Qiurui , Yu Zhichao , Wang Yihao , Li Juqing , Lei Jincheng 
Published: September 2024

AbstractLocalized foaming of polymers is promising to fabricate polymeric composite structures for applications in biomedical, aerospace, automotive, etc. However, the severe pyrolysis and carbonization of polymer chains during localized foaming may degrade the bulk strength. Herein, a mild localized foaming strategy is proposed to fabricate poly(lactic acid) (PLA) micro‐foams within dense PLA matrices using ultrafast lasers. The PLA substrates doped with graphene (Gr) and azodicarbonamide (AC) are developed for mild foaming. A picosecond laser is applied to pattern PLA micro‐foams on the PLA/Gr/AC substrates to fabricate porous/nonporous micro‐composite structures. The thermal behavior of the PLA/Gr/AC substrates is characterized to evaluate their capability in photothermal conversion and mild foaming during ultrafast laser pulses. To optimize the laser foaming process, the microstructure of the laser‐foamed PLA processed with different laser parameters is studied. It demonstrates that the oxidation of the functional groups dominates the side reactions on the PLA chains with slight variation in molecular weight during laser foaming, indicating that the PLA chains keep almost intact and mild localized foaming is realized. Furthermore, the developed technology is demonstrated for micro‐patterning and texturing, material toughness programming, and shape memory programming, showing promising applications for smart materials, metamaterials, micro‐robotics, and biological scaffolds.
Cu34S6(PFBT)22(PPh3)6: A Cu12S6 Core‐Based Nanocluster with Long‐Lived Phosphorescent Crystallization‐Induced Emission Enhancement for Selectively Acetonitrile Sensing
Authors: Li Ting , Qi Zhikai , Zhang Nan , Zhao Xingxing , Li Huan , Zhang Xian‐Ming 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAtomically precise copper nanoclusters with crystallization‐induced emission enhancement (CIEE) have garnered significant academic interests‐ but the rational design of high‐nuclearity Cu nanoaggregates with precise atomic structures and the CIEE effect remains a long‐standing challenge. Herein, a new atomically precise copper nanocluster co‐protected by thiolate, phosphine, and S2− ligands, formulated as Cu34S6(PFBT)22(PPh3)6 (Cu34, PFBT = pentafluorobenzenethiol, PPh3 = triphenylphosphine), is reported, which possesses a typical Cu12S6 core and a Cu22S22P6 shell. Under photoexcitation at 505 nm, Cu34 exhibits strong red‐light emission with a photoluminescence quantum yield of 4.1%. DFT calculations confirm that the emission stems from the ligand‐to‐metal charge transfer (LMCT) transition. This nanoaggregate shows a strong CIEE effect, with the crystalline form exhibiting an 800‐fold enhancement in emission intensity compared to its solution form. An in‐depth structural investigation of the ligand shell reveals that the extensive C−H···F, C−H···π, and π···π interactions significantly restrict the intra‐ and inter‐molecular rotations and vibrations, accounting for the CIEE phenomena. The red emission of Cu34 can be selectively quenched by CH3CN, with a lower detection limit of 9.36 µM (0.38 ppm). This study advances the development of high‐nuclearity copper nanocluster with the CIEE effect and holds significant potential for applications in selectively sensing volatile organic compounds (VOCs).