bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tobacco Aphid Control on Flue-Cured Tobacco with Soil Insecticides Applied to Fumigated Soil, 1995
Authors: Semtner Paul J. , Dara Surendra K. , Wilkinson William B. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This experiment was conducted at the VPI & SU Southern Piedmont Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Blackstone, VA, to evaluate soil applied insecticides for TA control, and the resulting effects on value of flue-cured tobacco. Five treatments and an untreated control were arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Plots were 8 X 40 ft (2 rows X 24 plants). The entire test site was treated with Telone C-17 applied broadcast at 18 gpa on 12 Apr. Pretransplant soil treatments of the liquid formulations were applied broadcast with a CO2-pressurized, tractor-mounted boom sprayer that delivered at 32 gpa and 30 psi through 8003LP tips and immediately incorporated by double disking on 8 May. The Temik treatments were applied in a 14-inch band at bed formation using a tractor mounted-Gandy granular applicator and immediately covered with 6 inch of soil on 9 May. The soil was in excellent condition for both the pretransplant soil and bedding treatments. ‘K-326’ flue-cured tobacco was transplanted into experimental plots in a Chesterfield-Mayodan-Bourne sandy loam soil on 17 May. Virginia Cooperative Extension recommendations including disease and weed control, fertilization, topping, and sucker control were followed for production of the crop. Dipel 2X was applied to the entire test for tobacco hornworm control on 18 Jul. TA populations were estimated on the upper 4 leaves of 10 plants/plot about once a wk from 6 to 10 wk after transplanting. On 22 Aug, TA damage was rated on a scale of 0-10 where 0 = no damage and 10 = very severe injury. Tobacco was harvested as it ripened, weighted, graded by a USDA/AMS inspector, and yield and price were used to calculate value. Data were analyzed by ANOVA and significantly different means were separated by WD (K-ratio = 100). TA count data were transformed to Log10 (X+l) before analysis.
Imidacloprid (Gaucho) as an Aphicide in Spring Wheat
Authors: Bragg D. E. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots were seeded by small plot drill on 14 May (80 lb/acre) at the USDA-ARS Western Regional Plant Materials Introduction Center at Central Ferry, WA. Gaucho was applied as a seed treatment 2nd Dimethoate was applied 20 d after emergence (DAE) with a CO2 back-pack sprayer at 20 gpa and 20 psi, with the spray buffered to pH 5.0. Plots were 10 X 30 ft replicated 4 times in a RCB design. The experiment was designed to measure 1) the impact of Russian wheat aphid and other cereal aphids on spring wheat yield at economic injury levels, 2) the value of Gaucho as an aphicide in spring wheat, and 3) effects of aphid controls on parasitoids of RWA and other species.
Prophylactic Control of Aphids in Spring Wheat, Crookston, Mn, 1994
Authors: Noetzel David M. , Holder Bobby , Miller Jennifer 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Plots 25 ft X 50 ft were established in bulk wheat at the Northwest Experiment Station. The wheat was planted on 18 May and chemical applications were applied at tillering (Feekes stage 3), flag leaf (Feekes stage 8) and at late milk (Feekes stage 11.1). Insecticides and fungicides were mixed separately and applied individually. Treatments were arranged in a RCB design. Two treatments with neither insecticide nor fungicide resulted because aphid numbers did not reach our present action level of 85% of stems with one or more aphids per stem. The total volume of material applied per acre was 40 gallons. Aphid populations were sampled at early dough by collecting 20 heads, placing them into alcohol, and counting aphids at a later date. Yields were collected using a small grain plot combine and harvesting a 5 ft swath 50 ft in length. The grain was dried and moisture adjustment made for final tabulated yields.
Control of Armyworm on Heading Wheat with Bacillus Thuringiensis Products and Baculoviruses, 1994
Authors: Young S. Y. , Steinkraus D. C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
All applications were made on 26 Apr to ‘Wakefield’ winter wheat drilled on 6 inch row spacings on heading wheat in Lonoke Co., AR. A bicycle-type CO2 sprayer with a 12 ft boom equipped with TX-4 hollowcone nozzles on a 20-inch spacing, calibrated to deliver 10.5 gal/acre at 40 psi, was used for all treatments. Plots were 12 X 50 ft separated by 6 ft borders, arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. A spreader sticker (CS-7) was added at a concentration of 1 ml/gal. The application was made late in the afternoon in a moderate breeze. No rainfall occurred during the test. Six Bacillus thuringiensis products and 3 viruses [Anagrapha falcifera NPV (AfNPV), Pseudaletia unipuncta NPV (AWNPV) and P. unipuncta GV (AWGV) were tested. Larval precounts made from the perimeter of the plots prior to the application showed a mean of 14.9 larvae per ft2. Post application larval counts were made at 4 and 7 DAT. Two samples per plot, each 3 ft in length and 12 inches in width, were taken by searching the soil surface, debris, and base of plants for larvae. Just prior to the search, the plants were jostled so that larvae on plants would fall to the ground. Yields were not taken. Larvae were collected from control and virus plots at 4 and 7 DAT. Larvae (25 per replicate) were individually placed in 1 oz plastic cups half-filled with pinto bean diet and held until death or adult emergence. Data from counts and collections were analyzed by ANOVA.
Preventative Control of Black Cutworm With Merit, 1995
Authors: Swier Stanley R. , Rollins Alan 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A single high rate of Merit was applied 7 Sep at the Amherst Country Club for control of BCW larvae. Plots were 7X7, replicated 4X, in a RCB design. Sprays were applied with a CO2 boom sprayer, 8004 nozzles, at 40 PSI, in 2 gal water per 10002. Third instar BCW were added to the plots 15 days post treatment (22 Sep). Plots were rated 29 Sep by flushing larvae with a soap solution. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature, 84.3°F; wind, calm; sky, cloudy, soil temperature, 77.3°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch; slope, 0%; soil pH, 5.7; soil texture, silt loam, sand 40%, silt 59%, clay 1%; soil moisture 22.6%; post treatment precipitation, 0.1 inch, with daily irrigation; mowing height, 0.187 inch
Green June Beetle Control on Golf Course Fairways in North Carolina 1995
Authors: Hertl P. T. , Brandenburg R. L. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Two formulations of Bacillus thuringiensis japonesis Buibui were evaluated for control of GJB grubs on a bermudagrass fairway at the Quail Ridge Golf and Country Club in Sanford Turfgrass on the site is mowed at 0.88 inch and has 0.25 inch of thatch. The sandy loam soil had a pH of 5.6 and 0.51% humic matter. Plots 10 ft X 10 ft were established in an area with a history of GJB infestation and treatments (replicated 4 times) were randomly assigned to the plots. Insecticides were applied on 14 Aug under sunny skies (95°F) to a population of primarily 1st and 2nd instar grubs. The spray formulations were applied using a CO2-powered backpack sprayer with 8003 nozzles delivering approximately 30 gpa and operating at 40 psi. The area received 0.5 inch of irrigation the night before treatment and 0.25 inch of irrigation following treatment. All plots were oversprayed on 5 Sep with a 4.8 lb Al/acre rate of Sevin 80 WPS and were evaluated on 6 Sep (23 DAT) by counting all the dead grubs on the surface within two randomly placed one m2 frames in each plot. The dead grubs from the Sevin overspray are assumed to have survied the initial “test” treatments. The average number of grubs counted (per m2) in each plot are reported in the table. All data were transformed x + 0.5 prior to ANOVA and DNMRT.
Control of Annual Bluegrass Weevil With Entomophagous Nematodes, 1994:
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
A large plot efficacy trial was conducted at Rutland Country Club, Rutland, VT on a golf course fairway. Plot size was 14 X 75 ft., arrayed in an RCB design, replicated 4 times. Treatments were applied 8 June at 0800 with an FMC hydraulic sprayer using 8004 nozzles delivering 3.6 gal. water/1000 ft2. Within 30 minutes of application, 0.2 inch irrigation water was applied to the plots. Plots were 60% annual bluegrass and 40% bentgrass. Larvae were predominantly third instar. Plots were rated at 7 and 14 DAT. Five cup cutter plugs were then taken per plot and analyzed in the lab. The number of live larvae were recorded. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 64.4°F; wind, 2 MPH; sky, clear; soil temperature, 1 inch –66°F; thatch depth, 0.25 inch soil pH, 5.2; slope, 3%; soil texture, loam: 48% sand, 42% silt, 10% clay; soil organic matter, 7.5%; soil moisture, 21.3%; post-treatment precipitation, 0.2 inch every other day.
Efficacy of Merit Against Annual Bluegrass Weevil, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The trial was conducted at Hanover Country Club, Hanover, NH. Treatments were applied 3 May, at the beginning of adult emergence. The plots were 6 X 6 ft, replicated 4 times and randomly arranged along the collar of putting greens. Each plot was separated by a 3 ft buffer. Merit was applied with a CO2 backpack sprayer in 1.8 gal water/1000 ft2. After application treatments were irrigated with 0.5 inch water. Plots were rated 27 Jun by removing three, 0.1 ft2 plugs and counting live larvae in the laboratory. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 55°F; wind, 3 MPH; sky, cloudy; soil temperature, 50°F; thatch depth, 0.5 inch soil pH, 5.9; soil texture, loam; soil organic matter, 4%; soil moisture, 20%; post treatment precipitation, light rain.
Control of a Serpentine Leafminer on Chrysanthemum Under Greenhouse Conditions, Winter, 1995
Authors: Redak R. A. , Bethke J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Chrysanthemums were obtained as rooted cuttings and potted in 15 cm pots in a greenhouse at UCR and allowed 4 wk growth (20-25 cm tall) before use. During week four, Marathon 1G was applied as a soil treatment and drenched into the soil with approximately 250 ml of water. One week later, plants were assigned to treatments prior to leafminer exposure. All plants (six replicates per treatment) were exposed to an existing leafminer colony for 2 h. Pre-treatment counts and remaining spray applications were made four days after leafminer exposure. Spray applications were made using a hand sprayer at 30-40 psi. When the plants were dry, they were tipped over trays filled with sand. Pupae dropped into the trays and the sand was sifted to collect them. Pupae were held in an environmental chamber until all adults had emerged (12 days). Post-treatment counts were then made of the number of pupae and emerging adults. Data were expressed as a mean percent mortality from the pre-treatment count and analyzed using ANOVA. One replicate of the control had an unusually high mortality rate. This replicate was removed as an outlier prior to analysis (Sokal and Rohlf 1981, Dixon 1950).
Summer Management of Hairy Chinch Bug with Formulations of Chlorpyrifos on Established Fescue Turfgrass in Somerset, Pennsylvania, 1995
Authors: Heller P. R. , Walker R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The turfgrass area consisted primarily of fine leafed fescue. Treatment plots were 5 X 6 ft arranged in a randomized complete block design, replicated 3 times. Liquid formulations were applied by using a a CO2 compressed air sprayer with 4 8004VS TeeJet nozzles mounted on a 6 ft boom, operating at 28 psi, and applied in 340 ml of water/30 ft2 or delivering 2 gal (1000 ft2). At treatment time (2 Aug) the following soil and environmental conditions existed: air temperature, 79° F; soil temperature at 1 inch depth, 90° F; soil temperature at 2 inch depth, 82° F; RH, 70%; amount of thatch, 0.75-1.5 inches; soil textural class, loam; soil particle size analysis: 33.5% sand, 48.3% silt, 18.2% clay; soil moisture (oven dry weight), 9.5%; organic matter, 6.5%; water pH, 7.0; soil pH, 5.9; application time, late afternoon; and overcast skies. Immediately after treatment the experimental area was irrigated with 0.1 inch of water. Hairy chinch bugs were sampled by driving a 6 inch-diam stainless steel cylinder into the turf, filling it with water, and counting the number of chinch bug nymphs and adults floating to the surface during a 10 min period (sampling dates: 8, 17, 30 Aug). Three flotation samples were taken randomly from each replicate, and the total number of chinch bugs from each sample was recorded and converted to a ft2 count.
Allegheny Mound ant Control with Sevin and Malathion, Wv, 1994
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Smith Brad D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The study was conducted in a sparsely wooded area pastured to cattle and contained about 50 mounds per ha. Ant mounds were categorized for treatment by diam size as small (up to 1.11 m), medium (1.14 to 1.40 m) and large (½ than 1.40 m). Mounds were prepared for treatment by scraping off (with a hand trowel) the top of each mound to expose the large passage tunnels; amount of top removed on small, medium, and large mounds, respectively, was 20 to 25 cm, 30 to 35 cm, and 30 to 45 cm. The number of mounds treated with each compound included 3 small, 3 medium, and 3 large mounds; a similar number of untreated mounds were marked as checks for natural mortality. The amount of drench solution applied to the exposed scrape surface of each mound was 1, 2, and 3 liters for small, medium, and large mounds, respectively. Drenches were applied with a sprinkling can. Rates for mixing solutions (% AI) for Sevin and Malathion were similar to those recommended for fire ant control. Treatments were applied 28 Jul. Treatment efficacy was evaluated at about 2 wk intervals by excavating (with a hand trowel) a small opening into the undisturbed side of mounds and observing the responding activity of ants to this disturbed area. A mound was judged active or inactive depending on the presence or absence of ants at the excavation site. Air temperature and RH at the start and finish times of treatment were 20°C and 26°C, and 70% and 61%, respectively; partly cloudy. Accumulative precipitation at 15, 29, 43, and 56 DAT was 4.1, 16.3, 16.8, and 17.8 cm, respectively. Final evaluations (56 DAT) were made by excavating 1/3 to 1/2 of each mound down to ground level to check for ant activity.
Effect of Spray Methods and Miticides on Control of Twospotted Spider Mites Infesting Commercial Greenhouse Roses, 1994
Authors: Tjosvold Steven A. , Greene Ian D. , Colbert Don 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in a commercial cut rose greenhouse in WatsonviUe, California. Each treatment plot was 24 X 3 ft and consisted of 72 mature rose plants. Treatment plots were arranged in a randomized complete block experimental design with 4 replications. Before the treatments began, spider mite infested leaflets were selected and tagged to provide as uniform a spider mite population as possible to sample from during the experiment. Leaflets were selected from fully expanded 5-leaflet leaves. On 25 Oct, 3 leaflets in each treatment plot were randomly selected from the tagged infested leaflets; each leaflet was used as a subsample to determine the mean of the pretreatment population. In subsequent samplings, after the treatments were applied on 26 Oct, 5 leaflets were randomly selected in each treatment plot from the tagged leaflets and used as subsamples. Spider mites (motile stages) were counted immediately after removal of the leaflets from the treatment plots with the aid of a dissecting scope. Conventional spray application treatments were made with a standard spray wand with a 2 nozzled head at 500 gal/acre and 250 psi static pressure. Electrostatic spray application treatments were made with an Electrostatic Spraying Systems spray wand with a 3 nozzled head at 23 gal/acre.
Evaluation of Deltamethrin Granules for Individual Mound Control of Red Imported Fire ant in Residential Landscapes, 1995
Authors: Reinert James A. , Maranz Steven J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Fall applications of granular Deltamethrin were applied to individual mounds of RIFA in residential turf on 14 Nov, 1995 in Dallas, TX. Material was applied with either a hand held shaker over the mound (including a 6 inch perimeter area around the mound) or with a drop spreader delivering either 2 or 3 lb per 1000 ft2 over a 4 ft2 area encompassing the mound. Each chemical treatment was washed in with 1 gal of water per mound. Diazinon 5G was used as the standard control and both a water check (1 gal of water sprinkled over each mound) and an untreated check were included. All treatments were replicated on 12 isolated mounds. Mound activity was assessed the day before treatments and 3-d, 1-wk, and 2-wk posttreatment ratings were taken. Mound activity was determined by stomping hard (4-5 times) on the soil or turf ca 1 ft from the mound in a circle around each mound. For the final rating at 2 wk, each colony was also excavated to a depth of ca. 8 inches with a small shovel to determine mound activity. If no live ants were found, the colony was considered dead. The percentage mortality provided by each chemical treatment was determined and the means were separated using exact confidence intervals calculated from binomial distribution (Steel & Torrie. 1960. Principles and Procedures of Statistics. McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc.).
Control of Eastern Tent Caterpillar, Nh, 1994
Authors: Swier Stanley R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The experiment was conducted in an abandoned field in Durham, NH on 1 Jun. Four trees per treatment, 4-8 ft tall were sprayed with a hydraulic sprayer at the equivalent rate of 100 gpa. Larvae were 1-1.5 inchs in length. Foliage and nests were examined at 1 DAT and 3 DAT to determine the number of healthy, live larvae. Moribund larvae were counted as dead. Conditions at the time of treatment were: air temperature 70°F; wind, 2 mph; sky, clear; post treatment precipitation, none.
Honeylocust Plant Bug Control, Ft. Collins, Co 1995
Authors: Sclar D. Casey , Cranshaw Whitney S. , Spriggs Aaron , Bishop R. Jason 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Trials were conducted on a mature thornless honey locust tree on the campus of Colorado State University. Plots consisted of the terminals of individual branches, each averaging over 4 ft in length and plot design was a RCB with 5 replications. Treatments were applied with a hand-operated pump mister on 6 Jun to point of run-off. Evaluations were made 16 Jun by striking the terminals over a tray to dislodge the insects on the terminal 2 ft of the branch.
Speed of Action in Siege and Maxforce Gel Baits, 1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett G. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Speed of action was determined for Siege and Maxforce baits (2.0 and 2.15% hydramethylnon, respectively) against the JWax susceptible strain of the German cockroach. Forty insects were used in the test, 10 each of the following age/sex classifications: 1) adult males; 2) newly mated females; 3) 4th instar nymphs; and 4) 2nd instar nymphs; all insects were newly eclosed (&lt;48 h of eclosion). Cockroaches were housed in 30 X 24 X 10 cm plastic boxes supplied with two water vials (positioned along walls of arena) and two food dispensers (2X2 cm weigh boats positioned in the corners). Arenas were made escape-proof by use of ventilated, friction-fitted lids and an impassable barrier of petrolatum and mineral oil (1:3) on the arena walls. Baits were applied in ca. 50 mg portions within a specially constructed crack and crevice device. These were fashioned from a 1“ by 1” piece of particle board and a 1“ by 1” piece of unpainted plywood, these being separated at a distance of 0.25” by a pine strip glued along one edge. Baits were applied as single 50 mg spherical beads. Siege was applied from the Xactadose Precision Baiting System; Maxforce was applied from the manufacturer’s syringe. Once the baits had been applied in the crack and crevice device, they were stored in lab-cabinets. Here the baits were aged for 0, 3, 7, 10, 14, 28, 56, and 90 d before bioassay. Two bait placement schemes were used: 1) no-choice, where the bait in the device was placed in the opposing corners of the arena; and 2) choice, where supplemental food sources (2.5 g of Wayne™ rodent blox and grape jelly) were placed in the alternate corners of the arena. Cockroaches were released into the arenas and after a 24-h acclimation period, toxic baits and food sources were introduced to the arenas in a random order. Each combination of bait, competition, and aging was replicated three times in a completely randomized design. The speed of kill (LT50, LT95) for each combination of bait, competition, and aging was determined by regression analysis of cumulative, probit mortality against the log 10 of time (d). Further, palatability ratios (PR50, PR95) were determined by comparing the statistics in the regression analysis of the cumulative mortality in the choice bioassay to those in the no-choice bioassay for each combination of bait and aging.
Evaluation of the Victor Roach Magnet Traps, 1995
Authors: Kaakeh Walid , Bennett Gary W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Evaluation of sticky traps, with and without aggregation pheromones. was conducted to determine the effectiveness of these traps to attract cockroaches and to estimate their catch rates. Experiment was conducted in 1 m2 chambers, each provided 10,000 cm2 of floor surface area. To this floor, Plexiglas™ sheets (38 cm high by 6.35 mm thick) were fastened to form the walls. Arenas were made escape-proof by an impassable barrier of petrolatum and mineral oil (1:3) applied to the arena walls. Cockroaches were provided a harborage unit (a stack of panels separated by 5 mm spacers, each providing 250 cm2 of horizontal surface space) placed in the center of the chamber. Water and food (Wayne™ rodent blox) sources were placed on the opposite sides near the wall. Victor traps with aggregation pheromones were placed on one side of the chamber and the traps without pheromones were placed on the opposite side. Populations were released into the chambers and allowed 3 d to acclimate and establish within the harborage before treatments began. The population consisted of 75% nymphs and 25% adults. The treatment was replicated 5 times, in a randomized complete block design. In daily observations, beginning one day after placement of the traps, the number of cockroaches caught in each trap type was recorded; data were analyzed as a cumulative trend. The same traps were placed back in the chambers after each count. Attractancy of the cockroaches to a specific roach trap and the cockroach catch increase during the test period were estimated by the “attractancy” and “trap catch increase” ratios. Population size was also determined at the end of the test period by counting the cockroaches residing in the harborage unit. Analysis for daily cockroach catch to determine the reducing power of the differing sticky traps (i.e., to compare the trap’s ability to catch roaches and prevent or reduce population growth) was based on a completely randomized one-way ANOVA.