bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Proton pump inhibitors: Risks of long‐term use
Authors: Eusebi Leonardo Henry , Rabitti Stefano , Artesiani Maria Laura , Gelli Dania , Montagnani Marco , Zagari Rocco Maurizio , Bazzoli Franco 
Published: January 2017

AbstractProton pump inhibitors are among the most commonly prescribed classes of drugs, and their use is increasing, in particular for long‐term treatment, often being over‐prescribed and used for inappropriate conditions. In recent years, considerable attention has been directed towards a wide range of adverse effects, and even when a potential underlying biological mechanism is plausible, the clinical evidence of the adverse effect is often weak. Several long‐term side effects have been investigated ranging from interaction with other drugs, increased risk of infection, reduced intestinal absorption of vitamins and minerals, and more recently kidney damage and dementia. The most recent literature regarding these adverse effects and their association with long‐term proton pump inhibitor treatment is reviewed, and the mechanisms through which these possible complications might develop are discussed.
Association of Dietary Patterns With Global and Domain‐Specific Cognitive Decline in Chinese Elderly
Authors: Chen Yen‐Ching , Jung Chien‐Cheng , Chen Jen‐Hau , Chiou Jeng‐Min , Chen Ta‐Fu , Chen Ya‐Fang , Tang Sung‐Chun , Yeh Shin‐Joe , Lee Meei‐Shyuan 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundSignificant differences exist between eastern and western diets, and the way in which Chinese dietary intake relates to specific cognitive domains remains unclear. We aimed to assess the association between dietary patterns (DPs) and cognitive decline in Chinese elderly.SettingParticipants were recruited from the elderly health checkup program of a teaching hospital in Taipei, Taiwan.ParticipantsA total of 475 elders (age ≥65) were included in this prospective cohort study.MeasurementsThe outcome comprised the decline of global and domain‐specific cognition between baseline (2011‐2013) and follow‐up (2013‐2015). Dietary data from the previous year were collected via a food frequency questionnaire at baseline, and a factor analysis was performed to identify DPs. Multivariable linear regression and logistic regression models were used to assess associations between Chinese DPs and cognitive decline over 2 years adjusting for selected covariates.ResultsThree DPs (vegetable, meat, and traditional) were identified. Moderate‐ or high‐score “vegetable” DP significantly protected against decline of logical memory (recall I: β = 0.16–0.18, odds ratio (OR) = 0.42–0.48; recall II: β = 0.17–0.21); while high‐score DP increased executive function decline (β = −0.22). A high‐score “meat” DP was related to decline of verbal fluency‐total score (β = −0.19); while moderate‐ or high‐score “meat” DP protected against attention decline (β = 0.20–0.22). High‐score “traditional” DP protected against decline of logical memory‐recall I (β = 0.18). No significant association was observed for global cognition.ConclusionThese findings suggest that three DPs identified in Chinese elderly were associated with different cognitive domains. Further research is needed to explore the efficacy of dietary interventions in reducing cognitive decline in older adults.
Intellectual disability and patient activation after release from prison: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Young J. T. , Cumming C. , van Dooren K. , Lennox N. G. , Alati R. , Spittal M. J. , Brophy L. , Preen D. B. , Kinner S. A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundIntellectual disability and patient activation may be important drivers of inequities in health service access and health outcomes for people with intellectual disability transitioning from prison to the community. We assessed the association between intellectual disability and patient activation after prison release and examined whether this association varied, depending on whether intellectual disability was identified prior to prison release.MethodsOverall, 936 prisoners were screened for intellectual disability by using the Hayes Ability Screening Index and completed the Patient Activation Measure (PAM) within 6 weeks of prison release and again at 1, 3 and 6 months post‐release. We estimated the association between intellectual disability status and PAM scores by using a multilevel linear model, adjusting for sociodemographic, behavioural, health and criminogenic factors. We used propensity score matching to estimate the impact of being identified with intellectual disability prior to release from prison on the change in mean PAM score after prison release.ResultsCompared with those who screened negative for intellectual disability, ex‐prisoners who screened positive, both with and without prior identification of intellectual disability, had significantly decreased mean PAM scores [(B = −4.3; 95% CI: −6.3, −2.4) and (B = −4.5; 95% CI: −6.8, −2.3), respectively] over 6 months of follow‐up. Among those who reported being identified with intellectual disability prior to release from prison, a significant increase in PAM score at the 6‐month follow‐up interview (B = 5.89; 95% CI: 2.35, 9.42; P = 0.001) was attributable to being identified with intellectual disability prior to release.ConclusionsEx‐prisoners screening positive for possible intellectual disability have decreased patient activation for at least 6 months after release from prison. However, individuals whose possible intellectual disability is unidentified appear to be particularly vulnerable. Incarceration is a pivotal opportunity for the identification of intellectual disability and for initiating transitional linkages to health and intellectual disability‐specific community services for this marginalised population.
The nationwide register‐based prevalence of intellectual disability during childhood and adolescence
Authors: Westerinen H. , Kaski M. , Virta L. J. , Kautiainen H. , Pitkälä K. H. , Iivanainen M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundMany studies have evaluated the prevalence of intellectual disability (ID) by focusing on different ages during childhood and adolescence. Although the prevalence of ID is higher in older age groups, how cumulative prevalence increases, and what level it reaches before adulthood, remains unclear.MethodWe used Care Register for Health Care to retrieve information on individuals born in 1996–2007 with any of the inclusion diagnoses of ID (F7 group and/or aetiological diagnoses) for the period 1996 to 2013. The cumulative prevalence was calculated as percentages for every age based on Finnish population data.ResultsThe registration of new diagnoses of ID continued steadily throughout the developmental years. The cumulative prevalence reached 1.19% by age 17.5 among those born in 1996. Later‐born age groups appeared to receive their first ID diagnoses earlier in childhood. Those born in 1999 reached a cumulative prevalence of 1.21% already by age 14.5. Of all those with ID, 67% had an F7 diagnosis only, 42% had an aetiological diagnosis only and 9% had both diagnoses.ConclusionsCumulative prevalence of ID by year, until the age of 18, will provide a better estimate and understanding of the prevalence of ID than a point prevalence at any one point during the developmental years.
Prevalence of psychotropic medication use and association with challenging behaviour in adults with an intellectual disability. A total population study
Authors: Bowring D. L. , Totsika V. , Hastings R. P. , Toogood S. , McMahon M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundThere is a high prevalence of psychotropic medication use in adults with Intellectual Disabilities (ID), often in the absence of psychiatric disorder, also associated with challenging behaviour. Previous research has focused on specific sample frames or data from primary care providers. There is also a lack of consistency in the definition of challenging behaviour used.MethodsWe adopted a total population sampling method. Medication data on 265 adults with ID were classified according to the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical classification system. The Behaviour Problems Inventory – short form classified challenging behaviours. We examined the association between challenging behaviour and the use of psychotropic medication, and whether any association would still be present after accounting for socio‐demographic and clinical characteristics.Results70.57% of adults with ID were prescribed at least one class of any medication (mean per person =2.62; range 0–14). Psychotropic medications were used by 37.73% of participants with antipsychotics the commonest type used by 21.89% of individuals. Polypharmacy and high dosages were common. Generalised Linear Models indicated significant associations between psychotropic medication and the presence of a psychiatric diagnosis, challenging behaviour, older age and type of residence. Male gender was additionally associated with antipsychotic medication.ConclusionsThe use of a total population sample identified via multiple routes is less likely to overestimate prevalence rates of medication use. Current challenging behaviour was a predictor of medication use after controlling for other variables. Data indicate that there may be differences in prescribing patterns associated with different topographies of challenging behaviours.
Noradrenergic transmission in the central medial thalamic nucleus modulates the electroencephalographic activity and emergence from propofol anesthesia in rats
Authors: Fu Bao , Yu Tian , Yuan Jie , Gong Xingrui , Zhang Mazhong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAt present, the mechanisms by which general anesthetics causing loss of consciousness remain unclear. The central medial thalamic nucleus (CMT) is a rarely studied component of the midline thalamic complex, which is deemed to be a part of the nonspecific arousal system. Although the CMT participates in modulating arousal and receives excitatory noradrenergic projections from locus coeruleus, it remains unknown whether the noradrenergic pathway in the CMT takes part in modulating the arousal system. Therefore, we hypothesized that noradrenergic transmission in the CMT is involved in modulating induction and emergence of propofol anesthesia. First, we infused norepinephrine (NE) into the CMT to observe the role of CMT noradrenergic pathway in modulating the anesthetic state induced by propofol. The results showed that microinjection of NE into the CMT accelerated emergence from propofol anesthesia, but had no impact on the induction of or sensitivity to propofol anesthesia in rats. In addition, infusion of NE into the CMT caused electroencephalography changes in the prefrontal cortex and the anterior cingulate cortex. Finally, we used a whole‐cell patch clamp to examine the effects of NE on neuronal excitability and GABAergic transmission in the CMT. In the CMT slices, propofol suppressed neuronal excitability and enhanced GABAergic transmission, while application of NE partly reversed these effects. These findings support the hypothesis that the CMT noradrenergic pathway plays an important role in modulating the emergence from general anesthesia.
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Improving access to health care for chronic hepatitis B among migrant Chinese populations: A systematic mixed methods review of barriers and enablers
Authors: Vedio A. , Liu E. Z. H. , Lee A. C. K. , Salway S. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryMigrant Chinese populations in Western countries have a high prevalence of chronic hepatitis B but often experience poor access to health care and late diagnosis. This systematic review aimed to identify obstacles and supports to timely and appropriate health service use among these populations. Systematic searches resulted in 48 relevant studies published between 1996 and 2015. Data extraction and synthesis were informed by models of healthcare access that highlight the interplay of patient, provider and health system factors. There was strong consistent evidence of low levels of knowledge among patients and community members; but interventions that were primarily focused on increasing knowledge had only modest positive effects on testing and/or vaccination. There was strong consistent evidence that Chinese migrants tend to misunderstand the need for health care for hepatitis B and have low satisfaction with services. Stigma was consistently associated with hepatitis B, and there was weak but consistent evidence of stigma acting as a barrier to care. However, available evidence on the effects of providing culturally appropriate services for hepatitis B on increasing uptake is limited. There was strong consistent evidence that health professionals miss opportunities for testing and vaccination. Practitioner education interventions may be important, but evidence of effectiveness is limited. A simple prompt in patient records for primary care physicians improved the uptake of testing, and a dedicated service increased targeted vaccination coverage for newborns. Further development and more rigorous evaluation of more holistic approaches that address patient, provider and system obstacles are needed.
Persistence of antibody to Hepatitis A virus 20 years after receipt of Hepatitis A vaccine in Alaska
Authors: Plumb I. D. , Bulkow L. R. , Bruce M. G. , Hennessy T. W. , Morris J. , Rudolph K. , Spradling P. , Snowball M. , McMahon B. J. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryHepatitis A vaccine is recommended for children ≥1 year old to prevent hepatitis A virus (HAV) infection. However, the duration of vaccine‐induced immunity is unknown. We evaluated a cohort of Alaska Native persons 20 years after HAV vaccination. Children aged 3‐6 years had been previously randomized to receive three doses of HAV vaccine (360 ELISA units/dose) at: (i) 0,1,2 months; (ii) 0,1,6 months; and (iii) 0,1,12 months. We measured anti‐HAV antibody concentrations every 2‐3 years; described geometric mean concentrations (GMC) and the proportion with protective antibody (≥20 mIU mL‐1) over time; and modelled the change in GMC using fractional polynomial regression. Of the 144 participants, after 20 years 52 (36.1%) were available for the follow‐up (17, 18, 17 children in Groups A, B and C, respectively). Overall, 46 (88.5%) of 52 available participants had anti‐HAV antibody concentrations ≥20 mIU mL‐1, and overall GMC was 107 mIU mL‐1. Although GMC levels were lower in Group A (60; CI 34‐104) than in Group B (110; CI 68‐177) or Group C (184; CI 98‐345) (B vs C: P=.168; A vs B/C: P=.011), there was no difference between groups after adjusting for peak antibody levels post‐vaccination (P=.579). Models predicted geometric mean concentrations of 124 mIU mL‐1 after 25 years, and 106 mIU mL‐1 after 30 years. HAV vaccine provides protective antibody levels 20 years after childhood vaccination. Lower antibody levels in Group A may be explained by a lower initial peak response. Our results suggest a booster vaccine dose is unnecessary for at least 25‐30 years.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modelling of oxytetracycline for the porcine pneumonia pathogens Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida
Authors: Dorey L. , Pelligand L. , Cheng Z. , Lees P. 
Published: January 2017

Pharmacokinetic–pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) integration and modelling were used to predict dosage schedules of oxytetracycline for two pig pneumonia pathogens, Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and mutant prevention concentration (MPC) were determined in broth and porcine serum. PK/PD integration established ratios of average concentration over 48 h (Cav0–48 h)/MIC of 5.87 and 0.27 μg/mL (P. multocida) and 0.70 and 0.85 μg/mL (A. pleuropneumoniae) for broth and serum MICs, respectively. PK/PD modelling of in vitro time–kill curves established broth and serum breakpoint values for area under curve (AUC0–24 h)/MIC for three levels of inhibition of growth, bacteriostasis and 3 and 4 log10 reductions in bacterial count. Doses were then predicted for each pathogen, based on Monte Carlo simulations, for: (i) bacteriostatic and bactericidal levels of kill; (ii) 50% and 90% target attainment rates (TAR); and (iii) single dosing and daily dosing at steady‐state. For 90% TAR, predicted daily doses at steady‐state for bactericidal actions were 1123 mg/kg (P. multocida) and 43 mg/kg (A. pleuropneumoniae) based on serum MICs. Lower TARs were predicted from broth MIC data; corresponding dose estimates were 95 mg/kg (P. multocida) and 34 mg/kg (A. pleuropneumoniae).
Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the injectable formulation of methadone hydrochloride and methadone in lipid nanocarriers administered orally to horses
Authors: Crosignani N. , Luna S. P. , Dalla Costa T. , Pimenta E. L. , Detoni C. B. , Guterres S. S. , Puoli Filho J. N. , Pantoja J. C. , Pigatto M. C. 
Published: January 2017

We investigated the thermal, electrical and mechanical antinociceptive and physiological effects (heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, head height and abdominal auscultation score), and pharmacokinetics, of 0.5 mg/kg of the injectable formulation (ORAL) or nanoparticulated methadone (NANO) given orally, in six adult mares, using a crossover, blind and prospective design. Repeated‐measure models were used to compare parametric data between and within treatments, followed by Tukey's test. Nonparametric data were analysed with Wilcoxon signed‐rank, adjusted by Bonferroni tests. Blood samples were also collected up to 6 h after dosing for plasma drug quantification by LC‐MS/MS. Methadone pharmacokinetic parameters were determined by noncompartmental and compartmental approaches. There were no differences in pharmacodynamic parameters. No statistical differences were observed in the pharmacokinetic parameters from noncompartmental analysis for both groups, except a significant decrease in peak plasma concentration, increase in apparent volume of distribution per fraction absorbed (Vdss/F) and increased mean residence time (MRT) for NANO. One‐compartment open model with first order elimination best described the pharmacokinetic profiles for both groups. Neither ORAL nor NANO administered orally to horses produced antinociception. The nanoencapsulated formulation of methadone given orally to horses did not improve methadone pharmacokinetic parameters or increased systemic body exposure to methadone.
The wing musculature of the Brown kiwi Apteryx australis mantelli and its bearing on ratite affinities
Authors: McGowan C. 
Published: January 2017

Most previous accounts of the wing muscles of the kiwi have only dealt with the proximal muscles. The few accounts that have treated the distal muscles are incomplete in other respects and sufficient uncertainty exists to warrant the present study.The wing musculature of the kiwi is closely similar to that of other ratites but markedly dissimilar to that of the carinates. In this regard the wing muscles differ from those of the leg. Ratites have far fewer wing muscles than carinates. Significantly, they lack propatagial muscles (and almost certainly propatagia), and neither the M. pectoralis nor the M. supracoracoideus is well developed; in carinates these two flight muscles comprise the bulk of the wing musculature. Furthermore, the insertion tendon of the M. supracoracoideus does not loop through a triosseal canal to effect wing elevation as it does in the carinates. In all of these regards the ratite condition is closer to that of reptiles than of carinates. This raises the question of whether ratites should be regarded as primitive birds, rather than as advanced birds that evolved from carinates. The present skeleto‐muscular data, taken with other evidence, suggests that ratites are primitive birds that evolved from a primitive, volant ancestor.The elements of the pectoral skeleton show a greater degree of individual variation than those of the pelvic skeleton. Aside from its extreme curvature the humerus is the most rudimentary element and few of its features can be compared with those of the carinate humerus.Few of the wing muscles have attachments that can be identified with specific osteological features. Myological data for the kiwi are therefore virtually irretrievable from osteological material, as noted previously for the pelvic muscles. While this might be peculiar to the kiwi (which seems unlikely) the fact should serve as a cautionary note to palaeontologists attempting to reconstruct the muscles of extinct animals.
The statocyst of the squid Loligo
Authors: Stephens P. R. , Young J. Z. 
Published: January 2017

The cavity of the statocyst is shaped and divided to provide angular accelerometers by action of the inertial mass of endolymph upon the cupulae. Some of the anticristae that make the divisions become joined in adult Loligo, producing rather well‐defined canals. These direct the flow across the vertical crista, monitoring movements in the yawing plane. Movement of endolymph across the other sections of the crista is not restrained into canals but is directed by the anticristae and by the shapes of the sacs above and below them. The arrangement of the posterior transverse crista suggests that it may monitor linear accelerations forwards and backwards.The hooks (hamuli) at the ends of each part of the crista serve to restrict the effective flow across the cupulae. The hamuli are absent at hatching and they grow continually, maintaining a small cupula gap. These conditions are compared with those in the semicircular canals of vertebrates.The afferent nerve fibres of the crista have a small diameter at their origin, increasing rapidly to 40 µm. They run directly to the brain. The small, presumably efferent, fibres run complex courses along the crista before forming networks around its cells.The walls of the statocyst are largely covered by a plexus of nerve fibres connected with the nerves of the crista. The plexus contains few nerve cells and the origin of its fibres is uncertain.Cells beneath the epithelium send ciliated projections into the cavity. They carry an elaborate basal network of fibres in the outer statocyst wall. Their significance is not known.
Piketty, Marxian Political Economy, and the Law of the Falling Rate of Profit
Authors: Rockmore Tom 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article examines two views about the capitalism that lies at the heart of modern industrial society. We owe to Marx and Piketty two large‐scale, hugely important, but very different studies of the nature of modern industrial capitalism. In Capital, Marx provides a complex analysis of the anatomy of modern industrial capitalism, which he regards not as stable but rather as over time unstable and tending toward internal collapse on several grounds, of which the most important is apparently the so‐called tendency of the falling rate of profit. The falling rate of profit supposedly threatens its continued existence. Piketty criticizes the latter view in the context of his theory of contemporary capitalism. The article suggests, first, that Marx's view of the falling rate of interest is empirically implausible but Piketty's rival claim is empirically plausible. Second, a successful transition from capitalism to communism on Marxian grounds is unlikely in practice. And finally, despite Marx's intentions, it is unlikely to realize itself in practice, and is in this respect a traditional theory.