bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Radiation-Induced Cavernous Malformations After Single-Fraction Meningioma Radiosurgery
Authors: Nagy Gábor , McCutcheon Brandon A , Giannini Caterina , Link Michael J , Pollock Bruce E 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is a commonly performed procedure for patients with intracranial meningiomas.

OBJECTIVE
To describe the clinical features of patients with radiation-induced cavernous malformations (RICM) after single-fraction meningioma SRS.

METHODS
Retrospective study of patients having single-fraction SRS for intracranial meningioma at our center from 1990 through 2009, and 1 patient who had single-fraction SRS elsewhere. Patients were excluded if they refused research authorization (n = 7), had a World Health Organization Grade II or III meningioma (n = 65), had a genetic predisposition for tumor development (n = 52), had prior or concurrent radiation therapy (n = 49), or had less than 2 yr of magnetic resonance imaging follow-up after SRS (n = 77). The median follow-up of the remaining 426 patients was 7.9 yr (range, 2-24.9).

RESULTS
Three RICM (0.7%) were identified at 2, 10, and 21 yr after SRS. Two patients were asymptomatic, whereas 1 patient had a brainstem hemorrhage causing facial weakness and numbness. The risk of developing an RICM after SRS was 0.2% at 5 yr and 0.9% at 15 yr. All patients were observed and remained stable without additional bleeding in follow-up of 7, 12.8, and 2 yr, respectively. A fourth patient developed progressive neurological dysfunction starting 7 yr after SRS at another center and was treated for several years with bevacizumab without improvement. Surgical resection was performed 11.5 yr after SRS and histologic examination was consistent with an RICM.

CONCLUSION
The risk of RICM after single-fraction SRS for intracranial meningiomas is very low, but the latency period noted until their detection emphasizes the need for extended imaging follow-up after SRS of benign lesions.
Comprehensive Anatomic Assessment of the Pterional, Orbitopterional, and Orbitozygomatic Approaches for Basilar Apex Aneurysm Clipping
Authors: Tayebi Meybodi Ali , Benet Arnau , Rodriguez Rubio Roberto , Yousef Sonia , Lawton Michael T 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The pterional approach, along with its orbitopterional and orbitozygomatic extensions, is among the most common surgical approaches for tackling challenging aneurysms of the basilar artery apex (BAX). There is general consensus that the orbitozygomatic approach provides the best exposure for these lesions. However, there is little objective evidence to support approach selection for surgical treatment of BAX aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE
To compare different features regarding surgical treatment of BAX aneurysms between the pterional, orbitopterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches.

METHODS
The pterional, orbitopterional, and orbitozygomatic approaches were sequentially completed on 10 cadaveric specimens. The visibility of perforators, lengths of exposure, and safe clipping for major BAX branches, surgical area of exposure, and the surgical freedom for the BAX target were assessed.

RESULTS
The orbitopterional approach provided significantly greater values than the pterional approach in all variables, except for exposure of the bilateral P1 posterior cerebral artery (PCA) perforators. When compared to the orbitopterional approach, the orbitozygomatic approach did not provide a statistically significant increase in (1) surgical freedom through the carotid-oculomotor triangle, (2) area of exposure, (3) ipsilateral, and (4) contralateral P1 PCA perforator visibility, and (5) ipsilateral PCA exposure and (6) clipping lengths.

CONCLUSION
The orbitopterional approach provides significantly greater surgical exposure to BAX than the pterional approach. The orbitopterional approach is less invasive while providing similar surgical access to the BAX compared to the orbitozygomatic. The results of this study show that the orbitopterional approach may be optimal for the treatment of most BAX aneurysms, particularly to reduce morbidity resulting from the full orbitozygomatic approach.
Storytelling and Ethics
Authors: Meretoja Hanna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractChapter 3 explores the ethical implications of the hermeneutic approach to narrative. It proposes a framework for analyzing and evaluating narrative practices from an ethical perspective by differentiating between six aspects of their ethical potential. (1) It argues that the power of narratives to cultivate and expand one’s sense of the possible is ethically crucial. In relation to this key point, it suggests that narratives can (2) contribute to personal and cultural self-understanding; (3) provide an ethical mode of understanding other lives and experiences “non-subsumptively” in their singularity; (4) create, challenge, and transform narrative in-betweens; (5) develop one’s perspective-awareness and capacity for perspective-taking; and (6) function as a mode of ethical inquiry. The chapter develops a non-subsumptive model of narrative understanding and shows how the hermeneutic approach allows one to go beyond the dichotomous question of whether narratives are good or bad, toward appreciating their ethical complexity.
Political Islam in Tunisia
Authors: Wolf Anne 
Published: December 2017

Political Islam in Tunisia uncovers the secret history of Tunisia’s main Islamist movement, Ennahda, from its origins in the 1960s to the present. Banned until the popular uprisings of 2010-11 and the overthrow of Ben Ali’s dictatorship, Ennahda has until now been impossible to investigate. This is the first in-depth account of the movement: one of Tunisia’s most influential political actors.Based on more than four years of field research, over 400 interviews, and access to private archives, Anne Wolf masterfully unveils the evolution of Ennahda’s ideological and strategic orientations within changing political contexts and, at times, conflicting ambitions amongst its leading cadres. She also explores the challenges to Ennahda’s quest for power from both secularists and Salafis. As the first full history of Ennahda, this book is a major contribution to the literature on Tunisia, Islamist movements, and political Islam in the Arab world.
Inheritance and motivation in Construction Morphology
Authors: Booij Geert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The basic question to be addressed in this chapter is: what is the status of the notions ‘inheritance’ and ‘default inheritance’ in the theoretical framework of Construction Morphology (CM)? This framework, developed in Booij (2010), assumes a hierarchical lexicon with both abstract morphological schemas and stored complex words that instantiate these schemas. The lexicon of a language can be modelled in such a way that the abstract word formation schemas dominate their individual instantiations. Thus, the lexicon is partially conceived of as a hierarchical network in which lower nodes, the existing complex words, can be assumed to inherit information from dominating higher nodes. Advantages of a full-entry theory over an impoverished entry theory are outlined, and the chapter includes discussion of polysemy, allomorphy, and the class of items that fall between derivatives and compounds using ‘affixoids’.
Default inheritance and the canonical
Authors: Hippisley Andrew 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Derivation serves two purposes: to create a new sign, and to connect signs. This is manifested to the extent to which properties are inherited from the base. Illustrating with Russian nominals we show how the two goals are more or less achieved, in the full range of derivational possibilities. The extremes are represented by category-changing derivation and head-marked category-preserving derivation, manifested by their differences in default inheritance behaviours. The two goals are in an inverse relationship: the non-canonical situation with regard to one of them corresponds to the canonical with regard to the other. Representing the canonical in terms of default inheritance is therefore less straightforward in this arena than in others. We conclude that a symbolic sign, the currency of natural language, requires both distinctness and connectedness, and therefore has two levels of canonicity which act against each other.
Defaulting to the new Romance synthetic future
Authors: Gisborne Nikolas 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores the emergence of the new synthetic Romance future from a periphrasis involving habeo and the infinitive of a verb, addressing the question of how to model such a change in a theory of language which has a Word and Paradigm theory of morphology. The theoretical discussion is conducted in Word Grammar, a theory of language structured around a default inheritance architecture that treats language as a knowledge representation model, in a symbolic network. It is explicitly mentalist, and the account of the changes involved draws on WG’s mentalism, particularly to explore how language learners set defaults on the basis of their models’ grammars’ outputs which may be different from the defaults of their models’ grammars. The two phenomena that this chapter addresses from the point of view of morphological theory are periphrasis (and whether it can be formalized within a paradigm) and the status of clitics.
Inferential-realizational morphology without rule blocks
Authors: Crysmann Berthold 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The chapter outlines a formal theory of inferential-realizational morphology that eliminates (ordered) rule blocks. I show that rule blocks not only stand in the way of a more general treatment of variable morphotactics, but that they also artificially restrict the scope of Pāṇinian competition, effectively ruling out operation at a distance. Instead, it argues for a purely information-based model of global competition that reconciles competition with extended exponence by means of a distinction between realization and allomorphic conditioning. It shows, in particular, that arbitrary decisions with respect to this distinction can be eliminated, once Carstairs’s (1987) notion of Pure Sensitivity has been turned into a formal principle of our theory. Finally, the chapter shows how Information-based Morphology can account for symmetric cases of extended exponence by simultaneous introduction of exponents since the theory is able to capture many-to-many relations between form and function at the level of individual rules.
The Biology of Lakes and Ponds
Authors: Brönmark Christer , Hansson Lars-Anders 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Biology of Lakes and Ponds focuses on the interactions between the abiotic frame, such as turbulence, temperature, pH and nutrients, and the organisms, including interactions with and among organisms at the individual, population and community level. The book fills this niche between traditional limnology and evolutionary ecology by focusing on physiological, morphological and behavioural adaptations among organisms to abiotic and biotic factors and how interactions between biotic processes and abiotic constraints determine the structure and dynamics of lake and pond systems. In addition, the book describes and analyses the causes and consequences of human activities on freshwater organisms and ecosystems and covers longstanding environmental threats, such as eutrophication and acidification, as well as novel threats, such as biodiversity loss, use of everyday chemicals and global climate change. However, also signs of improvement and the possibilities to restore degraded ecosystems are discussed and provide hope for future generations.
Food Web Interactions in Freshwater Ecosystems
Authors: Brönmark Christer , Hansson Lars-Anders 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis chapter on food web interactions connects the organisms and their interactions with the abiotic frame and provides a helicopter perspective on the function of freshwater ecosystems. Initially, the theoretical basis for an ecosystem approach is outlined, including food web theory, the bottom-up and top-down concepts and how these have evolved in concert with empirical advances. Specifically, the concepts of cascading trophic interactions and alternative stable states are discussed both from a theoretical and empirical viewpoint, as well as in both benthic and pelagic habitats. This chapter links all components, from microbes to vertebrates, to temporal and spatial changes in abiotic features leading to successional patterns in populations and communities.
Managing Science
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Managing science, which includes managing scientific research and, implicitly, managing scientists, has much in common with managing any enterprise, and most of these issues (e.g. annual budget planning and reporting) form the background. Equally, much scientific research is carried in universities ancient and modern, which have their own mores, ranging from professorial autocracy to democratic plurality, as well as national and international with their missions and styles. But science has issues that require a somewhat different approach if it is to prosper and succeed. Society now expects science, whether publicly or privately funded, to deliver benefits, yet the definition of science presumes no such benefit. Managing the expectations of the scientist with those of society is the challenge of the manager of science. The book addresses some issues around science and the organizations that do science. It then deals with leadership, management and communication, team building, recruitment, motivation, managing scientists, assessing performance, cooperation and competition. This is followed by a discussion of proposal writing and reviewing, committees and meetings, project management, risk and health and safety. Finally, there is a discussion on how to deal with disaster, how to cope with the stresses of management and how to deal with difficult problems.
Councils, Boards, Committees and Panels
Authors: Peach Ken 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses the hierarchy, governance and role of the committee structure of universities and laboratories, along with the rights and responsibilities of the committee members. These days, nearly all scientific research, whether in universities or laboratories, is carried out in research teams which are embedded in some larger organization, and often derive most of their support through grants, awards or contracts from bodies established for that purpose. Many of these are public bodies, such as charities or research councils, and can have quite complex governance structures. Nowadays, many universities are structured more like businesses than the traditional ’community of scholars’ typical of the ancient seats of learning, with boards, panels and directors. It is important to understand these structures in order to understand the rights and responsibilities of individual research teams.
Powerbrokers and Patronage
Authors: Said Jonathan , Singini Khwima 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This chapter investigates the patterns of growth in Malawi from 1954 to 2013. Using the deals and development framework, it highlights four growth regimes during this period. First, a period of growth stagnation under colonial rule. Second, a period of growth acceleration post-independence as a clientelist structure emerged in key sectors of the economy under president Banda. Third, from 1978 onwards the lack of sustainability of these structures led to a period of growth decline. In 1994 Malawi transitioned to multiparty elections, however the country failed to modernize and the systems of patronage were further entrenched. Fourth, from 2003 the country has seen weak growth acceleration. However, the country has failed to transform how the economy is organized, meaning that many of the structures remain in place. An overreliance on powerbrokers and rentiers within the economy has meant that the structural changes needed to improve living standards within the country remain elusive.
Dominance and Deals in Africa
Authors: Bukenya Badru , Hickey Sam 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Uganda has experienced four growth episodes since the 1960s. In the most recent episode, 1988–2010, average growth rates have exceeded 3.5 per cent, with average growth rates of 7 per cent between 2001 and 2010. Yet this history of recent strong growth has failed to lead to structural transformation within the economy. This chapter highlights how each of the deals spaces remains closely embedded within, and informed by, the broader political settlement. This is due to the fact that Uganda is still reliant on a limited range of agricultural commodities, while recent discoveries of oil raise the spectre of Dutch Disease. It argues that greater support for agricultural processing, manufacturing, and increasing the state’s capacity, particularly through protecting the economic and regulatory technocracy for patronage politics, will help achieve this. A power shift to more market-based rents will help produce more productive dialogue between the state and business.
Evident Certainties
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
What exactly is epistemology? As fundamental to philosophy as this subject has become, it is surprisingly unclear what it is centrally about. This lecture explains how our modern conception of epistemology grew out of the decline of scholasticism. Descartes is identified as the last great champion of the expectation of certainty, and Locke and other English authors are taken to be the vanguard of a new expectation, founded in mere moral certainty and the proportioning of belief to evidence. This development is traced back to John Buridan in the fourteenth century and then traced forward to the rise of epistemology in its current sense, with its focus on justification.
Deception and Hope
Authors: Pasnau Robert 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Despite the tendency toward optimism that runs throughout the history of philosophy, the possibility of a deceiving deity looms over many traditions, calling into question just how secure our epistemic situation really is. Yet there is a surprising constraint on our vulnerability to deception, even at the hands of God. On the other hand, God himself faces a surprising vulnerability to deception, which makes even his case far less ideal than has always been supposed. With that in mind, we have reason to suspect that we are subject to epistemic defeat, meaning that, in the final analysis, we have no good evidence for the truth of any proposition. If this is so, then we might take refuge in faith, or we might take refuge in hope. Hope, I argue, is the better option.
Energy and Society
Authors: Rez Peter 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The more ‘developed’ the country and the higher the ‘standard of living’, the greater the energy use per person. Energy use can be broken down into three main categories—maintaining a comfortable environment in buildings, transportation of people and things and manufacturing stuff. More energy per person is used in colder countries than in warmer ones. Also, countries where people drive large cars over longer distances every year (United States, Canada and Australia) use more oil per person than European countries. Carbon dioxide emission is related to how much oil is used per person, and how electricity is generated. If a lot of electricity is generated from coal power stations, this will result in higher carbon dioxide emissions. As France has shown, substitution of coal by nuclear power results in a significant reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
Video Colposcopy for Reducing Patient Anxiety During Colposcopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Hilal Ziad , Alici Ferizan , Tempfer Clemens B. , Seebacher Veronika , Rezniczek Günther A. 
Published: December 2017

(Abstracted from Obstet Gynecol 2017;130:411–419)
Colposcopy—the standard diagnostic technique for women with suspected cervical dysplasia—causes anxiety and discomfort. Women undergoing this procedure may be especially anxious as a result of a potential cancer diagnosis.
Lifestyle in Progression From Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy to Chronic Hypertension in Nurses' Health Study II: Observational Cohort Study
Authors: Timpka Simon , Stuart Jennifer J. , Tanz Lauren J. , Rimm Eric B. , Franks Paul W. , Rich-Edwards Janet W. 
Published: December 2017

(Abstracted from BMJ 2017;358:j3024)
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDPs: preeclampsia and gestational hypertension) are associated with earlier onset of chronic hypertension and a higher risk of ischemic heart disease and stroke and affect between 5% and 10% of parous women. There is little guidance for the prevention of chronic hypertension among women with a history of HDPs, and the role of lifestyle in the progression from HDPs to chronic hypertension is unclear, including whether established lifestyle interventions are as effective in women with a history of HDPs as in the general population.
The ASPIRE-to-Excellence Program: A Global Effort to Improve the Quality of Medical Education
Authors: Hunt Dan , Klamen Debra , Harden Ronald M. , Ali Farzand 
Published: December 2017

Publications and organizations ranking medical schools rely heavily on schools’ research-oriented and grant-success data because those are the publicly available data. To address the vacuum of evidence for medical education quality, in 2012 the Association for Medical Education in Europe (AMEE) introduced an initiative entitled A Schools Programme for International Recognition of Excellence in Education (ASPIRE) awards. ASPIRE panels of international experts in specific areas of medical education have developed internationally peer-based criteria to benchmark excellence in social accountability, student engagement, student assessment, faculty development, and simulation; they plan to publish criteria on curriculum design and development in 2018. Schools are encouraged to use ASPIRE criteria to challenge themselves and, for a fee, may submit evidence that they have met the criteria for excellence in one or more of the five areas. The international panels then judge the evidence submitted by the school and determine whether an award of excellence is merited.
The authors share lessons learned from five years of program experience. Of the 88 schools submitting evidence, 38 have been recognized for their excellence in one of the ASPIRE topic areas. As the number of representatives from the schools that are awarded ASPIRE recognition continues to increase and those individuals find new ways to contribute, hopes are high for this program. Challenges remain in how to better define excellence in low-resources settings, what new areas to take on, and how to keep infrastructure costs down. However, as an example of continuing global interaction for quality improvement, optimism prevails.