bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intergroup Contact and Communication
Authors: Harwood Jake 
Published: September 2017

Intergroup contact occurs when a member or members of one social group come into contact with member(s) of another social group. Research has focused on whether such contact can influence attitudes about social groups, and whether certain types of contact yield the most positive prejudice‐reduction outcomes (→ Attitudes; stereotypes). Typically, the specific group memberships have significance in the local social milieu (e.g., in North America, race and sex would constitute meaningful dimensions for intergroup contact, whereas hair color would not).
Interpersonal Attraction
Authors: Jones Susanne M. 
Published: September 2017

Philosophical, empirical, and popular inquiries into what causes people to be attracted to one another are as old as humanity. As early as the fourth centurybcAristotle examined the forces of interpersonal attraction. Research on interpersonal attraction surged in the 1960s with two seminal publications (Berscheid & Walster 1969; Byrne 1971). Interpersonal attraction was conceptualized initially as a relatively stable attitude that leads to positive sentiments for another person and that serves as the catalyst for initiating interpersonal interaction. It is now viewed as a dynamic, affective force that draws people together and permeates all stages of interpersonal relationships (→ Dating Relationships; Initial Interaction; Ingratiation and Affinity Seeking; Relationship Development). McCroskey & McCain (1974) identified three types of interpersonal attraction.Task attractionrefers to our desire to work with someone, whereasphysical attractionoccurs when we are drawn to a person's physical appearance.Social attractionreflects our desire to develop a friendship with that person. Other types of attraction include sexual attraction, which reflects the desire to engage in sexual activity; relational attraction, which refers to the desire to have an intimate relationship with that person; and fatal attraction, which occurs when the very qualities that initially drew us to a person eventually contribute to relational deterioration.
Invention and Rhetoric
Authors: Jasinski James 
Published: September 2017

In classical rhetorical theory, invention was one of the five essential canons and referred to the activity or process of creating a message (a speech, an essay, a poem, etc.). (On the other canons, see → Arrangement and Rhetoric; Delivery and Rhetoric; Memory and Rhetoric; Style and Rhetoric.) Over time, rhetoricians have explored some recurrent questions, such as whether or not invention can be described and systematized, what is the precise nature of the process of invention, and what exactly is the scope and function of inventional activity. Scholars have identified four dominant approaches to explaining and guiding this activity/process: romantic, systematic, imitative, and social (Kennedy 1963; Jasinski 2001).
Issue Management
Authors: Röttger Ulrike 
Published: September 2017

Issue management is a systematic procedure that helps organizations to identify, analyze, and respond to external or internal concerns that can significantly affect them. On this note, strategic issue management is a managerial function, which creates the information bases for a proactive examination of (potentially) critical themes that can limit strategic scope (→ Strategic Communication). It has to be accentuated that issue management does not solely relate to the effects of a crisis or a conflict. For a full understanding of this aspect of the discipline, we need to also consider the positive and negative repercussions concerning promotional themes in regard to a → brand or a company image.
Journalism: Normative Theories
Authors: Benson Rodney 
Published: September 2017

Normative theories of journalism concern ideal functions of the press, what the pressshoulddo. These purposes are best understood in relation to larger claims about thegood society. In principle, there are as many normative theories of journalism as there are political systems, from Marxism–Leninism to diverse conceptions of democracy. Nonacademics as well as academics may express these theories, which are relatively coherent conceptions that cluster together specific ideals (such as representation, deliberation, accountability, and the like) in different combinations with varying emphasis (→ News Values; Standards of News; Journalists' Role Perception). Such broad theories are, to a certain extent, artificial constructs, because no one, from politicians to ordinary citizens, is entirely consistent in adhering to only one of them. Journalistic practice likewise does not always accord with normative theories of journalism, but these theories remain an important component of professional training (→ Journalism Education). Institutions and the state draw upon theories of journalism, implicitly or explicitly, when shaping media policies that carry real incentives or penalties for deviant behavior.
Journalists, Credibility of
Authors: Tsfati Yariv 
Published: September 2017

Credibility is a central professional value for journalists. For audiences, perceived credibility of the media affects choices of and responses to the news. Scholars and journalists disagree about what constitutes credibility, but agree that it relates primarily to the truthfulness and accuracy of the facts journalists report. Credible journalism is reliable and believable. However, scholars, mostly in the United States, argue that credibility goes beyond believability (Metzger et al. 2003), and demonstrate that it encompasses fairness, lack of bias, → accuracy, completeness, and trustworthiness (Meyer 1988; → Bias in the News; Credibility of Content; Fairness Doctrine; Quality of the News).
Organizational Image
Authors: Carroll Craig E. 
Published: September 2017

Organizational image is a useful concept for understanding the impressions individuals have of organizations or that organizations want to convey to individuals. The term refers to an → Image that encapsulates the likeness of an organization. Organizational images can have a strong influence on most aspects of members' organizational experiences. From an individual perspective, organizational image helps to explain how people: (1) seek membership in organizations, (2) identify with organizations, (3) make sense of and compare organizations, (4) align their decisions and behavior with others serving the same organizational cause, and (5) understand themselves and their roles in organizations. From an organizational perspective, organizational image helps the dominant coalition to establish or position the organization, its goals, and its views in the minds of its employees, customers, or other stakeholders. For employees, organizational image helps envision what types of activities are appropriate; for external constituencies, the image helps place the organization into a category of similar organizations while simultaneously differentiating the organization from others (→ Organizational Communication).
Ownership in the Media
Authors: Sussman Gerald 
Published: September 2017

Structures of media ownership take the form of either public or private enterprises. “Public” refers to those media funded at least partially out of general public revenues, whereas in the general sense “private” means media whose financing is provided by individuals, families, or groups. Public media can be state‐owned (as in the former Soviet Union; → Russia: Media System) or state‐managed, controlled by the government in power (such as China's ruling Communist Party newspaper,
Renmin Ribao
; → China: Media System), or can have a charter making them relatively independent of the state or governing power (such as Britain's → BBC; → United Kingdom: Media System). The type of structure, public or private, does not necessarily correspond either to the degree of professional freedom enjoyed by the media organ or to its quality. Some African broadcast media are modeled on the BBC but operate with far less openness and with frequent political interference (→ Africa: Media Systems). Community media, such as community newspapers and radio stations, which typically rely on listener sponsorship and grants and receive little if any government financial support, are generally much smaller in scope and reach but often exercise considerably more freedom than their public‐media counterparts and often transmit a broader range of political, social, and cultural programming (→ Community Media).
Political Efficacy
Authors: Moy Patricia 
Published: September 2017

A multidimensional concept that links political → cognitions, → attitudes, and behaviors, political efficacy refers generally to citizens' beliefs in their ability to influence the political system. In the half‐century since its emergence, research on political efficacy has focused much on its conceptualization and → operationalization. In communication research, however, scholarship has emphasized defining its antecedents and outcomes.
Political Media Content, Quality Criteria in
Authors: Hagen Lutz M. 
Published: September 2017

Media content is usually considered “political” if it refers to current events and issues, to political institutions or actors, as well as to the public discourse among these actors (→ Political Discourse). If the term “quality” is used to speak of more than just a trait, it refers to a trait that is desired according to some standard or norm. In this sense, the quality of political media content refers to the degree to which this content fulfills normative requirements.
Public Meetings
Authors: Castor Theresa 
Published: September 2017

A public meeting is a gathering in which there are limited, if any, restrictions on who may participate. Public meetings, as an ideal, are a form of democracy (→ Public Sphere), but in fact are often viewed as frustrating and futile. Researchers have studied issues and topics related to public meetings (e.g., leadership, public participation); there is now increased attention on studying public meetings themselves as structured communication events. Labeling an event as a meeting calls attention to the communicative dimensions of this activity. Communication scholars have examined public meetings as situations in which identity, social action, and culture, among other practices, are enacted.
Public Relations Evaluation
Authors: Stacks Don W. 
Published: September 2017

Evaluation is a management tool that allows the user to establish whether a project or campaign has had its intended effect. Effective evaluation is at the center of any public relations effort and should be a basic element of any planned public relations action. In reality, however, evaluation is often overlooked or not undertaken for a variety of reasons, including costs, lack of resources, or simply a failure to understand how to conduct basic evaluation. Basic evaluation provides the user not only with information on how well the project worked, but also with an indication during the project as to whether it is “on target,” or “on phase” (→ Public Relations).
Public Relations, Intercultural
Authors: Sriramesh Krishnamurthy 
Published: September 2017

Although public relations practice is slightly ahead of the public relations body of knowledge, both have developed ethnocentrically in the twentieth century, based predominantly on experience and research from the United States and to a lesser extent from some countries in Europe (Sriramesh & Vercic 2003; Van Ruler & Vercic 2004). However, public relations practice, or many of the publicity activities that we have come to characterize as → Public Relations today, took place in pre‐biblical times in many ancient cultures. There is evidence of such communication practices in ancient civilizations in Egypt, Saudi Arabia, India, and China, among others (Sriramesh & Vercic 2003; Sriramesh 2004). However, in its “modern” avatar (incarnation), public relations practice is perceived around the world to be a western (predominantly American) phenomenon (→ Communication Modes, Western).
Public Relations Planning
Authors: Devereaux Ferguson Sherry 
Published: September 2017

The 1952 edition ofEffective Public Relations: Pathway to Public Favor(Cutlip & Center) set the standard for PR education for decades to come. Chapters 5–7 introduced planning as the second of a three‐stage process model. The first step was fact‐finding, the second planning, and the third communicating. By 1958, the authors had moved evaluation (originally in step one) to step four. In 1963, Marston created the popular acronymRACE(Research, Action, Communication, and Evaluation) to represent the four‐stage process conceptualized by Cutlip and Center. As in the earlier model, planning took place at the second stage (→ Public Relations).
Rhetoric of Science
Authors: Gross Alan G. 
Published: September 2017

The rhetoric of science is the application of the resources of the rhetorical tradition to the texts, tables, and visuals of the sciences. It is a relatively new form of → rhetorical criticism that began over half a century ago with studies in science policy, shifted in the past quarter century to studies of science itself, and, in the past decade has evolved methodologically from case studies to forms more amenable to wide generalization.
Sampling, Random
Authors: Hayes Andrew F. 
Published: September 2017

One of the bigger tasks the communication researcher faces is obtaining the data to answer the research question or test the hypothesis that motivated the research in the first place. In the field of communication, data comes primarily from two sources – human beings, or some media form (which, it could be argued, ultimately are produced by human beings, so perhaps these are not distinct sources). Human beings may be asked by a researcher to fill out a survey (→ Survey) or participate in an experiment (→ Experiment, Laboratory). Alternatively, a researcher might seek out political advertisements, newspaper editorials, or speeches to include in a content analysis (→ Content Analysis, Quantitative).
Selective Attention
Authors: Nabi Robin L. 
Published: September 2017

Selective attention refers to the differential processing of multiple sources of information that are available at the same time (Johnston & Dark 1986; → Information Processing; Attention). These information sources are generally in the external environment, though they need not be. For example, internal information sources, like → Memory, may also hold attention. Further, selective attention refers not simply to the orientation toward one message or stimulus rather than another, but also to the focus on parts of a message rather than other parts (often referred to as selective processing; → Selective Perception and Selective Retention).
Sense‐Making
Authors: Buzzanell Patrice 
Published: September 2017

Sense‐making is an intersubjective process of making meaning for individuals, groups, organizations, and societies. Weick's theorizing about organizing and sense‐making (1979; 1995; 2006) has been particularly influential in considerations of sense‐making and is oriented toward understanding how people identify and work through puzzling, plausible, or equivocal experiences and how organizing emerges through micro‐level and collective communicative practices and improvisations. Weick (1995) characterizes sense‐making as a process grounded in identity construction that is retrospective, enactive of environments, social, ongoing, and driven by plausibility rather than accuracy. Although much organizational communication research uses sense‐making to depict individual meaning‐making of work, identities, and complex situations, sense‐making processes actually link micro‐ through macro‐processes such that → organizational culture, structure, and knowledge are made more resilient (→ Organizational Structure; Knowledge Management).
Social Interaction Structure
Authors: Mabry Edward A. 
Published: September 2017

How someone behaves verbally, physically, or through their presence in a social context influences the behavior of other people in that context. This is a logical and practical assumption about any form of shared human activity (→ Interactivity, Concept of). The variety of ways that behavior takes shape and is repeated over time and situations is referred to as “social interaction structure.” The concept of structure also implies that observable patterns of behavior give individual acts, messages, and other behaviors a frame of reference that can be used in their interpretation. The study of social interaction structures also encompasses analyses of natural language in multi‐speaker conversations (→ Conversation Analysis). Scholars who explore language‐based approaches to social interaction often focus on how
rules
of language use and norms governing social behavior influence communication practices (McLaughlin 1984). The study of social interaction structure is also closely aligned with the study of communication as a dynamic
process
(→ Models of Communication) and is often used as the basis for empirically representing
communication systems
. Social interaction structures are studied in a number of sub‐fields including group, intercultural, interpersonal, and organizational communication.
Sony Corporation
Authors: Einstein Mara 
Published: September 2017

Sony is a leading global producer of consumer electronic equipment. Principal products include, among many others, home and portable audio, video cameras, digital cameras, Aiwa products, and home and portable gaming systems. Sony also is a producer of media content including recorded music, motion pictures (→ Cinema), → Television programs and → video games. The company also has a fledgling financial services division, which offers insurance as well as → Internet banking.
Stakeholder Theory
Authors: de Bussy Nigel 
Published: September 2017

Stakeholder theory has provoked controversy for more than 70 years, even though the term “stakeholder” is itself of more recent origin. The theory raises a highly contentious question: in whose interests should a business corporation or other type of organization be run? Opponents stress the primacy of shareholder rights. Supporters claim corporations have wider responsibilities toward a broad range of groups and individuals with a “stake,” whether financial or otherwise, in the operations of the business. In the contemporary world, strategic stakeholder communication has become a key driver of → corporate reputation. Hence the stakeholder concept is a central concern for the field of → Public Relations (→ Organizational Image; Trust of Publics).
Trap Effect
Authors: Schoenbach Klaus 
Published: September 2017

The “trap effect” of communication is a metaphor for an effect specifically on the uninterested, unmotivated, uninvolved members of the audience (Schoenbach & Weaver

). Those people are “trapped” and subsequently influenced by any type of communication that is frequent and striking enough to overcome their weak resistance. They do not care enough to raise the threshold against attempts to teach them something (→ Media Effects).
Tuning Surface Structure of 3D Nanoporous Gold by Surfactant‐Free Electrochemical Potential Cycling
Authors: Wang Zhili , Ning Shoucong , Liu Pan , Ding Yi , Hirata Akihiko , Fujita Takeshi , Chen Mingwei 
Published: September 2017

Abstract3D dealloyed nanoporous metals have emerged as a new class of catalysts for various chemical and electrochemical reactions. Similar to other heterogeneous catalysts, the surface atomic structure of the nanoporous metal catalysts plays a crucial role in catalytic activity and selectivity. Through surfactant‐assisted bottom‐up synthesis, the surface‐structure modification has been successfully realized in low‐dimensional particulate catalysts. However, the surface modification by top‐down dealloying has not been well explored for nanoporous metal catalysts. Here, a surfactant‐free approach to tailor the surface structure of nanoporous gold by surface relaxation via electrochemical redox cycling is reported. By controlling the scan rates, nanoporous gold with abundant {111} facets or {100} facets can be designed and fabricated with dramatically improved electrocatalysis toward the ethanol oxidation reaction.
Stabilisierung eines niedrigvalenten Eisen(I)‐Ions in einem hochvalenten molekularen Vanadium(V)‐Oxid‐Cluster
Authors: Anjass Montaha H. , Kastner Katharina , Nägele Florian , Ringenberg Mark , Boas John F. , Zhang Jie , Bond Alan M. , Jacob Timo , Streb Carsten 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNiedrigvalente Eisenzentren sind wichtige Zwischenstufen in chemischen und biochemischen Prozessen. Hier wird das erste Beispiel eines niedrigvalenten Eisen(I)‐Zentrums in einem hochvalenten Polyoxometallat‐Anion beschrieben. Elektrochemische Studien zeigen, dass das Eisen(III)‐funktionalisierte molekulare Vanadium(V)‐oxid (DMA)[FeIIIClVV12O32Cl]3− (DMA=Dimethylammonium) durch zwei wohldefinierte, reversible Eisen‐basierte Reduktionen in die FeI‐Spezies (DMA)[FeIClVV12O32Cl]5− übergeht. Experimentelle und theoretische Studien, einschließlich Elektronenspinresonanz‐Spektroskopie und Dichtefunktionalrechnungen, bestätigen die Bildung der Eisen(I)‐Spezies. Die Studie beschreibt das erste Beispiel des auf den ersten Blick paradoxen Einbettens niedrigvalenter Metallionen in hochvalente Oxometallat‐Anionen und eröffnet neue Möglichkeiten für reduktive Elektronentransferprozesse durch Polyoxometallate.
A Chemical Disruptor of the ClpX Chaperone Complex Attenuates the Virulence of Multidrug‐Resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Fetzer Christian , Korotkov Vadim S. , Thänert Robert , Lee Kyu Myung , Neuenschwander Martin , von Kries Jens Peter , Medina Eva , Sieber Stephan A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe Staphylococcus aureus ClpXP protease is an important regulator of cell homeostasis and virulence. We utilized a high‐throughput screen against the ClpXP complex and identified a specific inhibitor of the ClpX chaperone that disrupts its oligomeric state. Synthesis of 34 derivatives revealed that the molecular scaffold is restrictive for diversification, with only minor changes tolerated. Subsequent analysis of the most active compound revealed strong attenuation of S. aureus toxin production, which was quantified with a customized MS‐based assay platform. Transcriptome and whole‐proteome studies further confirmed the global reduction of virulence and revealed characteristic signatures of protein expression in the compound‐treated cells. Although these partially matched the pattern of ClpX knockout cells, further depletion of toxins was observed, leading to the intriguing perspective that additional virulence pathways may be directly or indirectly addressed by the small molecule.
Joint model selection of marginal mean regression and correlation structure for longitudinal data with missing outcome and covariates
Authors: Shen Chung‐Wei , Chen Yi‐Hau 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis work develops a joint model selection criterion for simultaneously selecting the marginal mean regression and the correlation/covariance structure in longitudinal data analysis where both the outcome and the covariate variables may be subject to general intermittent patterns of missingness under the missing at random mechanism. The new proposal, termed “joint longitudinal information criterion” (JLIC), is based on the expected quadratic error for assessing model adequacy, and the second‐order weighted generalized estimating equation (WGEE) estimation for mean and covariance models. Simulation results reveal that JLIC outperforms existing methods performing model selection for the mean regression and the correlation structure in a two stage and hence separate manner. We apply the proposal to a longitudinal study to identify factors associated with life satisfaction in the elderly of Taiwan.