bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Static Stability of Floating Units in Operational Conditions: A Physics-Driven Approach
Authors: Luxcey Neil , Johannessen Øystein , Fouques Sébastien 
Published: October 2017

When designing a new floating unit concept, static stability computations are performed in order to check stability criteria defined in regulations. Calculations for design conditions generally include the estimation of buoyancy force, gravity force and wind force acting on the floater for a given condition and a desired axis of rotation. However, when studying the stability of a floating platform in operational conditions, all external forces acting on the unit should be comprised in the assessment in order to get a more realistic — and even physically admissible — picture of the platform stability. Those forces include among others wind, current and anchor line system forces. In addition, limiting the study to one axis of rotation may not provide a complete picture of the floater stability, especially when the hull is of a semi-submersible type.
Following this physical approach, a numerical tool has been developed based on the SINTEF Ocean’s SIMA software package. The latter package initially includes a time domain simulator of complex multibody systems for marine operations. The developed tool provides accurate physical models for each force component that may have effects on the stability. It opens the possibility to study the operational stability of a floater without restraining the study to one axis of rotation. It also allows the analysis of damaged conditions with large inclination angles.
This paper describes the model implemented in this numerical tool. Validation work is presented for simple geometries. Results from an operational stability study of a semi-submersible are discussed. Finally, possible further work is discussed.
Simulation of Low Frequency Motions in Severe Seastates Accounting for Wave-Current Interaction Effects
Authors: Ommani Babak , Fonseca Nuno , Stansberg Carl Trygve 
Published: October 2017

Today’s industry practice assumes wave drift forces on floating structures can be computed from zero current wave drift force coefficients for the stationary floater, while simplified correction models introduce current effects and slow drift velocity effects. The paper presents an alternative approach which overcomes some of the limitations of today’s procedures. The method, to be applied together with a time domain solution of the low frequency motions, is based on pre-calculation of mean wave drift force coefficients for a range of current velocities. During the low frequency motions simulation, the wave drift forces induced by the irregular waves are computed from the mean drift coefficients corresponding to instantaneous relative velocity resulting from the current and the low frequency velocities. A simple interpolation model, based on a quasi-steady assumption, is applied to obtain the drift forces in time-domain.
Since calculation of the wave drift forces on Semi-submersibles in severe sea states with fully consistent methods is out of reach, a semi-empirical model is applied to correct the potential flow wave drift force coefficients. This model takes into account viscous effects, that are important in high seastates, and wave-current interaction effects. The paper compares the wave drift forces and the related low frequency motions computed by the proposed method, with results applying “standard” methods and with model test data. The test data was obtained in the scope of the EXWAVE JIP, with model tests designed to investigate wave drift forces in severe seastates and assess the wave-current interaction effects.
VIV Suppression Device Development and the Perils of Reynolds Number
Authors: Allen Don W. , Liu Nicole 
Published: October 2017

Most deepwater tubulars experiencing high currents frequently require vortex-induced vibration (VIV) suppression to maintain an acceptable fatigue life. While helical strakes and fairings are by far the most popular VIV suppression devices used in the offshore industry today, a myriad of small alternations to these basic devices can significantly impact the observed levels of suppression effectiveness. Additionally, numerous novel VIV reduction devices are continually being developed and some new devices are progressing towards the product readiness phase.
It is quite common to first test suppression devices at low Reynolds numbers due to the availability of smaller scale facilities that are typically more budget-friendly than larger scale facilities. For larger scale testing, it is usually simpler and less expensive to evaluate prototype suppression devices on shorter pipe sections that are spring mounted rather than test on longer flexible pipes.
This paper utilizes results from historical VIV experiments to evaluate the merits of various test setups and scales and to underscore the importance of Reynolds number. An assortment of testing scales are presented including: a) small diameter tests at low Reynolds numbers; b) moderate diameter tests that incorporate at least part of the critical Reynolds number range; c) short pipe tests conducted at prototype Reynolds numbers; and d) long pipe tests conducted at high Reynolds numbers but at less than full scale suppression geometry. The use of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) is also briefly discussed.
Entamoeba histolytica
-Induced Mucin Exocytosis Is Mediated by VAMP8 and Is Critical in Mucosal Innate Host Defense
Authors: Cornick Steve , Moreau France , Gaisano Herbert Y. , Chadee Kris 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Intestinal mucus secretion is critical in maintaining mucosal host defense against a myriad of pathogens by preventing direct association with the epithelium.
Entamoeba histolytica
specifically binds colonic MUC2 mucin and also induces potent hypersecretion from goblet cells; however, characterization of the nature of the mechanisms controlling mucus release remains elusive. In this report, we identify vesicle SNARE vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 (VAMP8) present on mucin granules as orchestrating regulated exocytosis in human goblet cells in response to the presence of
E. histolytica
. VAMP8 was specifically activated during
E. histolytica
infection, and ablation of VAMP8 led to impaired mucin secretion. As a consequence, loss of VAMP8 increased
E. histolytica
adherence to epithelial cells associated with enhanced cell death through apoptosis characterized by caspase 3 and 9 cleavages and DNA fragmentation. With the mucosal barrier compromised in
Vamp8
−/−
animals,
E. histolytica
induced an aggressive proinflammatory response with elevated levels of interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1α), IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) secretion. This report is the first to characterize regulated mucin exocytosis in intestinal goblet cells in response to a pathogen and the downstream consequences of improper mucin secretion in mucosal barrier defense.

IMPORTANCE
The intestinal tract is exposed to countless substances and pathogens, and yet homeostasis is maintained, in part by the mucus layer that houses the microbiota and spatially separates potential threats from the underlying single layer of epithelium. Despite the critical role of mucus in innate host defense, characterization of the mechanisms by which mucus is secreted from specialized goblet cells in the gut remains elusive. Here, we describe the machinery that regulates mucus secretion as well as the consequence during infection with the colonic pathogen
Entamoeba histolytica
. Abolishment of the key machinery protein VAMP8 abrogated mucus release in cultured human colonic goblet cells and during
E. histolytica
infection in
Vamp8
−/−
mice, which showed enhanced amoeba contact and killing of epithelial cells, triggering a potent proinflammatory response. This report highlights the importance of the VAMP8 secretory machinery in facilitating mucus release from intestinal goblet cells and the dire consequences that occur during disease pathogenesis if these pathways are not functional.
Disarming Fungal Pathogens:
Bacillus safensis
Inhibits Virulence Factor Production and Biofilm Formation by
Cryptococcus neoformans
and
Candida albicans
Authors: Mayer François L. , Kronstad James W. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT

Bacteria interact with each other in nature and often compete for limited nutrient and space resources. However, it is largely unknown whether and how bacteria also interact with human fungal pathogens naturally found in the environment. Here, we identified a soil bacterium,
Bacillus safensis
, which potently blocked several key
Cryptococcus neoformans
virulence factors, including formation of the antioxidant pigment melanin and production of the antiphagocytic polysaccharide capsule. The bacterium also inhibited
de novo
cryptococcal biofilm formation but had only modest inhibitory effects on already formed biofilms or planktonic cell growth. The inhibition of fungal melanization was dependent on direct cell contact and live bacteria.
B. safensis
also had anti-virulence factor activity against another major human-associated fungal pathogen,
Candida albicans
. Specifically, dual-species interaction studies revealed that the bacterium strongly inhibited
C. albicans
filamentation and biofilm formation. In particular,
B. safensis
physically attached to and degraded candidal filaments. Through genetic and phenotypic analyses, we demonstrated that bacterial chitinase activity against fungal cell wall chitin is a factor contributing to the antipathogen effect of
B. safensis
.

IMPORTANCE
Pathogenic fungi are estimated to contribute to as many human deaths as tuberculosis or malaria. Two of the most common fungal pathogens,
Cryptococcus neoformans
and
Candida albicans
, account for up to 1.4 million infections per year with very high mortality rates. Few antifungal drugs are available for treatment, and development of novel therapies is complicated by the need for pathogen-specific targets. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify novel drug targets and new drugs. Pathogens use virulence factors during infection, and it has recently been proposed that targeting these factors instead of the pathogen itself may represent a new approach to develop antimicrobials. Here, we identified a soil bacterium that specifically blocked virulence factor production and biofilm formation by
C. neoformans
and
C. albicans
. We demonstrate that the bacterial antipathogen mechanism is based in part on targeting the fungal cell wall, a structure not found in human cells.
Topoisomerase 1 Inhibition Promotes Cyclic GMP-AMP Synthase-Dependent Antiviral Responses
Authors: Pépin Geneviève , Nejad Charlotte , Ferrand Jonathan , Thomas Belinda J. , Stunden H. James , Sanij Elaine , Foo Chwan-Hong , Stewart Cameron R. , Cain Jason E. , Bardin Philip G. , Williams Bryan R. G. , Gantier Michael P. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACT
Inflammatory responses, while essential for pathogen clearance, can also be deleterious to the host. Chemical inhibition of topoisomerase 1 (Top1) by low-dose camptothecin (CPT) can suppress transcriptional induction of antiviral and inflammatory genes and protect animals from excessive and damaging inflammatory responses. We describe the unexpected finding that minor DNA damage from topoisomerase 1 inhibition with low-dose CPT can trigger a strong antiviral immune response through cyclic GMP-AMP synthase (cGAS) detection of cytoplasmic DNA. This argues against CPT having only anti-inflammatory activity. Furthermore, expression of the simian virus 40 (SV40) large T antigen was paramount to the proinflammatory antiviral activity of CPT, as it potentiated cytoplasmic DNA leakage and subsequent cGAS recruitment in human and mouse cell lines. This work suggests that the capacity of Top1 inhibitors to blunt inflammatory responses can be counteracted by viral oncogenes and that this should be taken into account for their therapeutic development.

IMPORTANCE
Recent studies suggest that low-dose DNA-damaging compounds traditionally used in cancer therapy can have opposite effects on antiviral responses, either suppressing (with the example of CPT) or potentiating (with the example of doxorubicin) them. Our work demonstrates that the minor DNA damage promoted by low-dose CPT can also trigger strong antiviral responses, dependent on the presence of viral oncogenes. Taken together, these results call for caution in the therapeutic use of low-dose chemotherapy agents to modulate antiviral responses in humans.
A rare case of localised pigmented villonodular synovitis in the knee of a 24-year-old female soccer player: diagnosis, management and summary of tenosynovial giant cell tumours
Authors: Falster Casper , Stockmann Poulsen Simon , Joergensen Uffe 
Published: October 2017

Localised pigmented villonodular synovitis (PVNS) of the knee is a rare diagnosis, with clinical signs and symptoms mimicking meniscal damage or other common knee injuries.We report the case of a 24-year-old female soccer player, seeking treatment after 7 months of persisting knee pain. Additionally, we present an overview of tenosynovial giant cell tumours.On examination, the patient was found to have tenderness in the medial joint space of the knee. MRI revealed a heterogeneous formation in the central part of the knee. The formation was completely enucleated arthroscopically, histological analyses confirmed the diagnosis of localised PVNS. The patient was subsequently free of symptoms with no signs of recurrence on MRI and had resumed soccer practice at the 1-year follow-up appointment.
Antenatal nutritional supplementation and autism spectrum disorders in the Stockholm youth cohort: population based cohort study
Authors: DeVilbiss Elizabeth A , Magnusson Cecilia , Gardner Renee M , Rai Dheeraj , Newschaffer Craig J , Lyall Kristen , Dalman Christina , Lee Brian K 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Objective
To determine whether nutritional supplementation during pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with and without intellectual disability in offspring.

Design
Observational prospective cohort study using multivariable logistic regression, sibling controls, and propensity score matching.

Setting
Stockholm County, Sweden.

Participants
273 107 mother-child pairs identified through population registers. The study sample was restricted to children who were aged 4 to 15 years by the end of follow-up on 31 December 2011 and were born between 1996 and 2007.

Exposures
Multivitamin, iron, and folic acid supplement use was reported at the first antenatal visit.

Main outcome measure
Diagnosis of ASD with and without intellectual disability in children determined from register data up to 31 December 2011.

Results
Prevalence of ASD with intellectual disability was 0.26% (158 cases in 61 934) in the maternal multivitamin use group and 0.48% (430 cases in 90 480) in the no nutritional supplementation use group. Maternal multivitamin use with or without additional iron or folic acid, or both was associated with lower odds of ASD with intellectual disability in the child compared with mothers who did not use multivitamins, iron, and folic acid (odds ratio 0.69, 95% confidence interval 0.57 to 0.84). Similar estimates were found in propensity score matched (0.68, 0.54 to 0.86) and sibling control (0.77, 0.52 to 1.15) matched analyses, though the confidence interval for the latter association included 1.0 and was therefore not statistically significant. There was no consistent evidence that either iron or folic acid use were inversely associated with ASD prevalence.

Conclusions
Maternal multivitamin supplementation during pregnancy may be inversely associated with ASD with intellectual disability in offspring. Further scrutiny of maternal nutrition and its role in the cause of autism is recommended.
Implementation of a ‘lean’ cytopathology service: towards routine same-day reporting
Authors: Hewer Ekkehard , Hammer Caroline , Fricke-Vetsch Daniela , Baumann Cinzia , Perren Aurel , Schmitt Anja M 
Published: October 2017

ObjectivesTo systematically assess the effects of a Lean management intervention in an academic cytopathology service.MethodsWe monitored outcomes including specimen turnaround times during stepwise implementation of a lean cytopathology workflow for gynaecological and non-gynaecological cytology.ResultsThe intervention resulted in a major reduction of turnaround times for both gynaecological (3rd quartile 4.1 vs 2.3 working days) and non-gynaecological cytology (3rd quartile 1.9 vs. 1.2 working days). Introduction of fully electronic reporting had additional effect over continuous staining of slides alone. The rate of non-gynaecological specimens reported the same day increased from 4.5% to 56.5% of specimens received before noon.ConclusionsLean management principles provide a useful framework for organization of a cytopathology workflow. Stepwise implementation beginning with a simplified gynaecological cytology workflow allowed involved staff to monitor the effects of individual changes and allowed for a smooth transition.
Prevalence of asthma-like symptoms with ageing
Authors: Jarvis Debbie , Newson Roger , Janson Christer , Corsico Angelo , Heinrich Joachim , Anto Josep M , Abramson Michael J , Kirsten Anne-Marie , Zock Jan Paul , Bono Roberto , Demoly Pascal , Leynaert Bénédicte , Raherison Chantal , Pin Isabelle , Gislason Thorarinn , Jogi Rain , Schlunssen Vivi , Svanes Cecilie , Watkins John , Weyler Joost , Pereira-Vega Antonio , Urrutia Isabel , Gullón Jose A , Forsberg Bertil , Probst-Hensch Nicole , Boezen H Marike , Martinez-Moratalla Rovira Jesús , Accordini Simone , de Marco Roberto , Burney Peter 
Published: October 2017

BackgroundChange in the prevalence of asthma-like symptoms in populations of ageing adults is likely to be influenced by smoking, asthma treatment and atopy.MethodsThe European Community Respiratory Health Survey collected information on prevalent asthma-like symptoms from representative samples of adults aged 20–44 years (29 centres in 13 European countries and Australia) at baseline and 10 and 20 years later (n=7844). Net changes in symptom prevalence were determined using generalised estimating equations (accounting for non-response through inverse probability weighting), followed by meta-analysis of centre level estimates.FindingsOver 20 years the prevalence of ‘wheeze’ and ‘wheeze in the absence of a cold’ decreased (−2.4%, 95% CI −3.5 to −1.3%; −1.5%, 95% CI −2.4 to −0.6%, respectively) but the prevalence of asthma attacks, use of asthma medication and hay fever/nasal allergies increased (0.6%, 95% CI 0.1 to 1.11; 3.6%, 95% CI 3.0 to 4.2; 2.7%, 95% CI 1.7 to 3.7). Changes were similar in the first 10 years compared with the second 10 years, except for hay fever/nasal allergies (increase seen in the first 10 years only). Decreases in these wheeze-related symptoms were largely seen in the group who gave up smoking, and were seen in those who reported hay fever/nasal allergies at baseline.InterpretationEuropean adults born between 1946 and 1970 have, over the last 20 years, experienced less wheeze, although they were more likely to report asthma attacks, use of asthma medication and hay fever. Decrease in wheeze is largely attributable to smoking cessation, rather than improved treatment of asthma. It may also be influenced by reductions in atopy with ageing.
Wintertime surface energy balance of a high-altitude seasonal snow surface in Chhota Shigri glacier basin, Western Himalaya
Authors: Soheb Mohd , Ramanathan Alagappan , Mandal Arindan , Angchuk Thupstan , Pandey Naveen , Mishra Som Dutta 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We describe a time series of meteorological parameters and surface energy balance components of a seasonal snow cover from an automatic weather station (4863 m a.s.l., 32.28° N, 77.58° E), for a winter season from 1 December 2012 to 30 March 2013, located on a moraine close to the equilibrium line altitude of Chhota Shigri glacier, Himachal Pradesh, India. The analysis shows that for over 80% of the time in winter, the snow surface was at a cooling phase. During late winter however, the surface had some positive residual energy which induced some melt during peak hours of the day. The net all-wave radiation was mostly negative during winter because of the high reflective property of snow and reduced incoming longwave radiation due to low cloud. The sensible heat flux heats the surface at night and enhances the cooling during day. The latent heat flux is always negative, showing that the surface is losing mass through sublimation processes (−0.83 mm w.e./day). A correlation between the energy fluxes and temperature shows a distinct relationship between fluxes. A comparison between the two studies performed on- and off-glacier reveals a significant difference in some parameters. A higher value (−1.08 mm/day) of sublimation rate at 4863 m a.s.l. shows that a large amount of energy available at the surface was used in sublimation processes. A comparatively lower albedo, relative humidity and net longwave radiation and higher latent heat flux, wind speed and net shortwave radiation yield a distinctive surface energy balance, highlighting the need for a large number of stations at different zones to achieve a coherent picture of energy balance in the region.
Case Studies in Neuroscience: A dissociation of balance and posture demonstrated by camptocormia
Authors: St George R. J. , Gurfinkel V. S. , Kraakevik J. , Nutt J. G. , Horak F. B. 
Published: October 2017

Upright stance in humans requires an intricate exchange between the neural mechanisms that control balance and those that control posture; however, the distinction between these control systems is hard to discern in healthy subjects. By studying balance and postural control of a participant with camptocormia — an involuntary flexion of the trunk during standing that resolves when supine — a divergence between balance and postural control was revealed. A kinematic and kinetic investigation of standing and walking showed a stereotyped flexion of the upper body by almost 80° over a few minutes, and yet the participant’s ability to control center of mass within the base of support and to compensate for external perturbations remained intact. This unique case also revealed the involvement of automatic, tonic control of the paraspinal muscles during standing and the effects of attention. Although strength was reduced and MRI showed a reduction in muscle mass, there was sufficient strength to maintain an upright posture under voluntary control and when using geste antagoniste maneuvers or “sensory tricks” from visual, auditory, and haptic biofeedback. Dual tasks that either increased or decreased the attention given to postural alignment would decrease or increase the postural flexion, respectively. The custom-made “twister” device that measured axial resistance to slow passive rotation revealed abnormalities in axial muscle tone distribution during standing. The results suggest that the disorder in this case was due to a disruption in the automatic, tonic drive to the postural muscles and that myogenic changes were secondary. NEW & NOTEWORTHY By studying an idiopathic camptocormia case with a detailed biomechanical and sensorimotor approach, we have demonstrated unique insights into the neural control of human bipedalism 1) balance and postural control cannot be considered the same neural process, as there is a stereotyped abnormal flexed posture, without balance deficits, associated with camptocormia, and 2) posture during standing is controlled by automatic axial tone but “sensory tricks” involving sensory biofeedback to direct voluntary attention to postural alignment can override, when required.