bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optimising seasonal streamflow forecast lead time for operational decision making in Australia
Authors: Schepen Andrew , Zhao Tongtiegang , Wang Q. J. , Zhou Senlin , Feikema Paul 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Statistical seasonal forecasts of 3-month streamflow totals are released in Australia by the Bureau of Meteorology and updated on a monthly basis. The forecasts are often released in the second week of the forecast period, due to the onerous forecast production process. The current service relies on models built using data for complete calendar months, meaning the forecast production process cannot begin until the first day of the forecast period. Somehow, the bureau needs to transition to a service that provides forecasts before the beginning of the forecast period; timelier forecast release will become critical as sub-seasonal (monthly) forecasts are developed. Increasing the forecast lead time to one month ahead is not considered a viable option for Australian catchments that typically lack any predictability associated with snowmelt. The bureau's forecasts are built around Bayesian joint probability models that have antecedent streamflow, rainfall and climate indices as predictors. In this study, we adapt the modelling approach so that forecasts have any number of days of lead time. Daily streamflow and sea surface temperatures are used to develop predictors based on 28-day sliding windows. Forecasts are produced for 23 forecast locations with 0–14- and 21-day lead time. The forecasts are assessed in terms of continuous ranked probability score (CRPS) skill score and reliability metrics. CRPS skill scores, on average, reduce monotonically with increase in days of lead time, although both positive and negative differences are observed. Considering only skilful forecast locations, CRPS skill scores at 7-day lead time are reduced on average by 4 percentage points, with differences largely contained within +5 to −15 percentage points. A flexible forecasting system that allows for any number of days of lead time could benefit Australian seasonal streamflow forecast users by allowing more time for forecasts to be disseminated, comprehended and made use of prior to the commencement of a forecast season. The system would allow for forecasts to be updated if necessary.
On retrieving sea ice freeboard from ICESat laser altimeter
Authors: Khvorostovsky Kirill , Rampal Pierre 
Published: October 2016

Abstract. Sea ice freeboard derived from satellite altimetry is the basis for the estimation of sea ice thickness using the assumption of hydrostatic equilibrium. High accuracy of altimeter measurements and freeboard retrieval procedure are, therefore, required. As of today, two approaches for estimating the freeboard using laser altimeter measurements from Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat), referred to as tie points (TP) and lowest-level elevation (LLE) methods, have been developed and applied in different studies. We reproduced these methods for the ICESat observation periods (2003–2008) in order to assess and analyse the sources of differences found in the retrieved freeboard and corresponding thickness estimates of the Arctic sea ice as produced by the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Three main factors are found to affect the freeboard differences when applying these methods: (a) the approach used for calculation of the local sea surface references in leads (TP or LLE methods), (b) the along-track averaging scales used for this calculation, and (c) the corrections for lead width relative to the ICESat footprint and for snow depth accumulated in refrozen leads. The LLE method with 100 km averaging scale, as used to produce the GSFC data set, and the LLE method with a shorter averaging scale of 25 km both give larger freeboard estimates comparing to those derived by applying the TP method with 25 km averaging scale as used for the JPL product. Two factors, (a) and (b), contribute to the freeboard differences in approximately equal proportions, and their combined effect is, on average, about 6–7 cm. The effect of using different methods varies spatially: the LLE method tends to give lower freeboards (by up to 15 cm) over the thick multiyear ice and higher freeboards (by up to 10 cm) over first-year ice and the thin part of multiyear ice; the higher freeboards dominate. We show that the freeboard underestimation over most of these thinner parts of sea ice can be reduced to less than 2 cm when using the improved TP method proposed in this paper. The corrections for snow depth in leads and lead width, (c), are applied only for the JPL product and increase the freeboard estimates by about 7 cm on average. Thus, different approaches to calculating sea surface references and different along-track averaging scales from one side and the freeboard corrections as applied when producing the JPL data set from the other side roughly compensate each other with respect to freeboard estimation. Therefore, one may conclude that the difference in the mean sea ice thickness between the JPL and GSFC data sets reported in previous studies should be attributed mostly to different parameters used in the freeboard-to-thickness conversion.
Timed Strategy for Control of Bollworm for Sustainable Sorghum Crop Yield under Varied Regimes of Rainfall, Temperature and Soil Fertility
Authors: Mutisya Daniel L , Khamala Canute PM , Konyango Jacob JO , Kamau Clement K , Matolo Lawrence K 
Published: October 2016

<p class="sar-body"><span lang="EN-US">Various environmental factors influence yield of sorghum grain, <em>Sorghum bicolor</em> (L) in Sub-Sahara Africa. Various production conditions of rainfall amount, temperature regimes, soil fertility levels and bollworm <em>Helicoverpa armigera</em> density at specific sorghum grain stage were evaluated for effect to sorghum grain yield. High rainfall amount, high temperature and soil fertility levels were positively correlated to sorghum grain yield at three test sites at Ithookwe, Katumani and Kampi of eastern Kenya. The warmest Kampi site achieved the highest seed viability on germination test at 43, 87 and 99% for grain stage of light-green, cream-dough and hard dough, respectively. High <em>H. armigera</em> density was inversely correlated to grain yield. Comparatively, yield loss of &lt; 10% was observed when grain was at early soft dough and &gt; 35% as the grain ripened to early hard dough stage. Thus initial <em>H. armigera</em> damage occurred at late soft dough stage and increased exponentially as the grain ripened to early hard dough stage. The right time to spray against <em>H. armigera</em> was determined as at soft dough stage of sorghum grain to prevent economic damage of the crop. Thus fertility level, rainfall amount and time of bollworm pest attack were deemed worth considerations towards sustainable yield of sorghum. </span></p>
Necheminės piktžolių kontrolės sistemų įtaka ekologinio cukrinių runkelių pasėlio piktžolėtumui
Authors: Eimutytė Edita , Adamavičienė Aida , Pupalienė Rita , Oksas Mantas , Kimbirauskienė Rasa , Čekanauskas Sigitas , Romaneckas Kęstutis 
Published: October 2016

Tyrimai atlikti 2015 m. Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto Bandymų stotyje. Eksperimento dirvožemis – dulkiško lengvo priemolio giliau glėjiškas pasotintasis palvažemis (PLb-g4). Tyrimų tikslas – įvertinti necheminės piktžolių kontrolės sistemų įtaką cukrinių runkelių pasėlio piktžolėtumui ekologinės žemdirbystės sąlygomis. Tirtos tvarios necheminės piktžolių kontrolės sistemos: • tarpueilių purenimas (kontrolinis-palyginamasis variantas) (P); • tarpueilių išpjovimas ir mulčiavimas piktžolėmis (IM); • tarpueilių išpjovimas ir mulčiavimas įsėtais persiniais dobilais (PD); • tarpueilių išpjovimas ir mulčiavimas įsėtomis baltosiomis garstyčiomis (BG); • tarpueilių išpjovimas ir mulčiavimas įsėtais vasariniais miežiais (VM); • tarpueilių garinimas karštais vandens garais (VG). 2015 m. sausomis augalų vystymosi sąlygomis cukriniai runkeliai prastai konkuravo su piktžolėmis, todėl ir alternatyvios piktžolių kontrolės sistemos nebuvo efektyvios. Kontrolinio varianto laukeliuose piktžolių skaičius ir biomasė dažniausiai buvo mažesni nei kitų variantų laukeliuose. Per cukrinių runkelių vegetaciją kontroliniuose laukeliuose piktžolės sukaupė 121,71 g m–2 sausosios biomasės, kai kitų variantų laukeliuose – iki 2–3 kartų daugiau. Kiek mažiau sausosios biomasės piktžolės sukaupė tarpueilius mulčiavus vasariniais miežiais – iki 179,18 g m–2. Didžiausią sausosios biomasės kiekį cukrinių runkelių tarpueiliuose išaugino vasariniai miežiai – 338,96 g m–2, todėl jais padengtuose cukrinių runkelių tarpueiliuose buvo mažiausia piktžolių.
Organinių mulčių poveikis dirvožemio savybėms
Authors: Jodaugienė Darija , Sinkevičienė Aušra , Adamavičienė Aida , Steponavičienė Vaida , Munikienė Jurgita 
Published: October 2016

Tyrimai atlikti 2011–2012 m. Prienų rajone, Būčkiemio kaime, Jurgitos Munikienės ūkyje (54°42’N, 24°2’E). Tyrimo tikslas – įvertinti organinių mulčių įtaką dirvožemio fizikinėms (šlyties pasipriešinimui, drėgmei, temperatūrai) ir agrocheminėms (pH, judriajam fosforui ir kaliui, suminiam azotui) savybėms. Eksperimento dirvožemis – karbonatingas giliau glėjiškas išplautžemis (Calc(ar)i-Endohypogleyic Luvisol) (Buivydaitė ir kt., 2001). Granuliometrinė sudėtis – drenuotas vidutinio sunkumo priemolis ant priesmėlio paklotu moreniniu moliu. 2011 m. auginti burokėliai, o 2012 m. – bulvės. Eksperimento variantai: 1) nemulčiuota, 2) smulkinti žieminių kviečių šiaudai, 3) pjuvenos, 4) smulkinta žolė. Šiaudų, pjuvenų ir žolės mulčias uždėtas 7 cm storio sluoksniu. Apskaitinio laukelio ilgis – 3,5 m, plotis – 2,0 m. Variantai pakartojimuose išdėstyti rendomizuotai. Eksperimentas vykdytas 4 pakartojimais. Tyrimais nustatyta, kad dirvos paviršių mulčiuojant pjuvenų ir šiaudų mulčiais dirvos temperatūra ir šlyties pasipriešinimas mažėjo, o drėgmės atsargos didėjo, palyginti su nemulčiuota dirva. Organiniai mulčiai neturėjo esminės įtakos judriojo fosforo ir judriojo kalio kiekiui dirvoje, tačiau paskleistas žolės mulčias didino suminio azoto kiekį. Koreliacinės regresinės analizės duomenimis, nustatytas stiprus statistiškai patikimas koreliacinis priklausomumas tarp kalio kiekio dirvožemyje ir bulvių derlingumo. Didėjant kalio kiekiui didėjo ir bulvių gumbų derlingumas.
Egzogeninio prolino poveikis žaliosios šerytės (Setaria viridis L. Beauv.) atsparumui sausrai
Authors: Vainorienė Rimanta , Burbulis Natalija , Blinstrubienė Aušra , Jonytienė Vaida 
Published: October 2016

Tyrimai atlikti Aleksandro Stulginskio universiteto Jungtinių tyrimų cent­ro (ASU JTC) Agrobiotechnologijos laboratorijoje. Tirtas egzogeninio prolino poveikis fotosintezės parametrų (maksimalus kvantų našumas, efektyvus kvantų našumas, nefotocheminis gesinimas ir fotocheminis gesinimas), tirpiųjų sacharidų ir endogeninio prolino pokyčių dinamikai žaliosios šerytės augaluose sausros sąlygomis. Sausros sąlygos sudarytos augalams esant 13 fenologinėje fazėje (pagal BBCH skalę), juos auginant programuojamoje auginimo kameroje. Nustatyta, kad sausros sąlygos skatino endogeninio prolino ir tirpiųjų sacharidų kaupimąsi žaliosios šerytės augaluose, tačiau mažino maksimalų ir efektyvų kvantų našumus bei didino nefotocheminį ir fotocheminį gesinimą. Maksimalaus kvantų našumo ir endogeninio prolino kiekio padidėjimas bei fotocheminio gesinimo sumažėjimas 15 ir 30 mM dėl egzogeninio prolino koncentracijų poveikio didino žaliosios šerytės atsparumą sausrai. Purškimas per lapus 45 mM egzogeninio prolino koncentracija inhibavo žaliosios šerytės fotosintezės sistemos veiklą sausros sąlygomis.
Comparison of Clinical Efficacy Among Endoscopy-Assisted Radio-Frequency Ablation, Extracorporeal Shockwaves, and Eccentric Exercises in Treatment of Insertional Achilles Tendinosis
Authors: Wei Min , Liu Yujie , Li Zhongli , Wang Zhigang 
Published: October 2016

Background:
We sought to compare clinical efficacy among endoscopy-assisted radio-frequency ablation under local anesthesia, extracorporeal shockwaves (ESWs), and eccentric exercises in treating insertional Achilles tendinosis.

Methods:
In this retrospective study, 78 patients diagnosed as having unilateral insertional Achilles tendinosis were enrolled. These participants underwent endoscopy-assisted radio-frequency ablation, ESWs, and eccentric calf muscle exercises between March 1, 2006, and February 28, 2011. Clinical efficacy was evaluated by the visual analog scale (VAS), the American Orthopaedic Foot and Ankle Society (AOFAS) ankle/hindfoot scale, and the Victorian Institute of Sport Assessment–Achilles (VISA-A) scale before and after treatment.

Results:
Before treatment, there were no statistically significant differences in VAS, AOFAS ankle/hindfoot scale, and VISA-A scale scores among the different groups (all P &gt; .05). For the endoscopy and ESW groups, VAS, AOFAS ankle/hindfoot scale, and VISA-A scale scores were significantly improved after 18 months of treatment (all P &lt; .05). The VAS, AOFAS ankle/hindfoot scale, and VISA-A scale scores in the endoscopy group were significantly higher than those in the ESW and eccentric exercise groups after 18 months of therapy (all P &lt; .05).

Conclusions:
Combined with synovectomy and tendon debridement, endoscopy-assisted radio-frequency ablation yields better clinical efficacy compared with ESWs in treating insertional Achilles tendinosis.
High Prevalence of Achilles Tendon Enthesopathic Changes in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Without Peripheral Neuropathy
Authors: Ursini Francesco , Arturi Franco , D'Angelo Salvatore , Amara Lewa , Nicolosi Kassandra , Russo Emilio , Naty Saverio , Bruno Caterina , De Sarro Giovambattista , Olivieri Ignazio , Grembiale Rosa Daniela 
Published: October 2016

Background:
Metabolic disorders are known to alter the mechanical properties of tendons. We sought to evaluate the prevalence of asymptomatic Achilles tendon enthesopathic changes in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) without peripheral neuropathy.

Methods:
We recruited 43 patients with T2DM and 40 controls. Neuropathy was excluded with the Michigan Neuropathy Scoring Instrument. Bilateral ultrasonography of the Achilles tendon enthesis was performed.

Results:
Patients with T2DM had a higher prevalence of hypoechogenicity (26.7% versus 2.5%; P = .0001), entheseal thickening (24.4% versus 8.7%; P = .007), and enthesophytes (74.4% versus 57.5%; P = .02). No differences were found in the number of patients with erosions (1.2% versus 0%; P &gt; .99), cortical irregularities (11.6% versus 3.7%; P = .09), bursitis (5.8% versus 3.7%; P = .72), or tears (2.3% versus 1.2%; P &gt; .99). The mean ± SD sum of abnormalities was higher in patients with T2DM (1.5 ± 1.1 versus 0.7 ± 0.6; P &lt; .0001), as was the percentage of bilateral involvement (72.1% versus 45.0%; P = .01). Mean ± SD thickness did not differ between patients and controls (4.4 ± 1.1 mm versus 4.2 ± 0.8 mm; P = .07).

Conclusions:
According to our data, there is an elevated prevalence of asymptomatic Achilles tendon enthesopathic changes in patients with T2DM independent of peripheral neuropathy.
Assessing vulnerability of New Zealand lakes to loss of conservation value from invasive fish impacts
Authors: Collier Kevin J. , Leathwick John R. , Rowe David K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPredictions of invasion risk for seven non‐indigenous fish species, ecological impact scores for individual species, and lake conservation rankings were linked to develop Invasion Risk Impact (IRI) and Lake Vulnerability (LV) indices that help identify New Zealand lakes most at risk of loss of conservation value from potential multi‐species invasions.Species‐specificIRIscores (the product of predicted invasion risk and species impact) highlighted Eurasian perch (Perca fluviatilis) and the brown bullhead (Ameiurus nebulosus), as the species most likely to spread and cause ecological harm in lakes. For 3431 lakes >1 ha throughout New Zealand, totalIRItended to be highest for lowland riverine and dune lakes most of which are already colonized by multiple invasive fish species.TheLVindex indicated that lakes most at risk of loss of conservation value from invasive fish impacts were predominantly (i) in the northern half of the North Island where several uncommon lake types occur, and (ii) along the west coast of the South Island where conservation value is often greater, largely because of low catchment modification.TheIRIandLVindices can be used to assist with setting priorities for surveillance monitoring, advocacy, and response planning targeted at preventing the establishment of invasive fish in moderate‐to‐high value lakes most susceptible to ecological impacts. Both indices can be adapted to accommodate alternative impact and conservation scoring systems, providing a flexible tool for local‐ and national‐scale assessments of lake vulnerability to fish invasion impacts.Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A method for intermediate flooding and sinking simulation of a damaged floater in time domain
Authors: Kim Ju-Sung , Roh Myung-Il , Ham Seung-Ho 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
When a floater such as a ship or an offshore structure is damaged in the sea, it is necessary to determine whether the floater will sink in water or not. If the floater will sink, the time to sink should be estimated to make an emergency plan. In addition, causes of the flooding should be investigated carefully. For this purpose, a method for performing intermediate flooding and sinking simulation of the damaged floater in time domain is proposed in this study. Overall process of the proposed method consists of several steps. In the first step, data of the damaged floater such as hull form and compartments are prepared. In the second step, physical characteristics of the floater such as the increased weight considering incoming water, the center of gravity, the changed buoyancy, and the center of buoyancy are calculated at every time step. In the third step, the quasi-static equilibrium position of the floater is calculated. The second and third steps are repeated until the floater reaches to sink or to be in equilibrium. As a result, the final condition of the floater can be determined. To check the feasibility of the proposed method, it is applied to a simple box problem. Finally, it is applied to intermediate flooding simulation of a barge-type damaged floater. Two cases having damaged holes of different locations are selected. As a result, it was confirmed that the floater can be in equilibrium or sink according to the damaged position. The time to be in equilibrium or the time to sink was estimated.
Highlights Flooding and sinking procedures of a damaged floater is defined. A method for intermediate flooding and sinking simulation of the damaged floater in time domain is proposed. Theoretical background for the simulation is established. We perform the intermediate flooding and sinking simulation. The time to be equilibrium or the time to sink is estimated from the simulation.
A translation of the Linnaean dissertationThe Invisible World
Authors: ANTONOVICS JANIS , KRITZINGER JACOBUS 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study presents the first translation from Latin to English of the Linnaean dissertationMundus invisibilisorThe Invisible World, submitted by Johannes Roos in 1769. The dissertation highlights Linnaeus's conviction that infectious diseases could be transmitted by living organisms, too small to be seen. Biographies of Linnaeus often fail to mention that Linnaeus was correct in ascribing the cause of diseases such as measles, smallpox and syphilis to living organisms. The dissertation itself reviews the work of many microscopists, especially on zoophytes and insects, marvelling at the many unexpected discoveries. It then discusses and quotes at length the observations of Münchhausen suggesting that spores from fungi causing plant diseases germinate to produce animalcules, an observation that Linnaeus claimed to have confirmed. The dissertation then draws parallels between these findings and the contagiousness of many human diseases, and urges further studies of this ‘invisible world’ since, as Roos avers, microscopic organisms may cause more destruction than occurs in all wars.
The most brutal of human skulls: measuring and knowing the first Neanderthal
Authors: MADISON PAIGE 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA fossilized skeleton discovered in 1856 presented naturalists with a unique challenge. The strange, human-looking bones of the first recognized Neanderthal confronted naturalists with a new type of object for which they had no readily available interpretive framework. This paper explores the techniques and approaches used to understand these bones in the years immediately following the discovery, in particular 1856–1864. Historians have previously suggested that interpretations and debates about Neanderthals hinged primarily on social, political and cultural ideologies. In this paper, I will argue that much of the scientific controversy surrounding the first recognized Neanderthal centred on questions of methodology and practice, and will demonstrate this through an exploration of the tools and approaches naturalists utilized in their examinations of the fossils. This will contribute to a growing historical recognition of the complex exchange between disciplines including geology, archaeology and comparative anatomy in the early study of fossil hominins, and provide a future framework for histories of Neanderthal debates in the twentieth century.
Spain's magic mountain: narrating prehistory at Atapuerca
Authors: HOCHADEL OLIVER 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Sierra de Atapuerca in northern Spain is ranked among the most important excavation sites in human origins research worldwide. The project boasts not only spectacular hominid fossils, among them the ‘oldest European’, but also a fully fledged ‘popularization industry’. This article interprets this multimedia industry as a generator of different narratives about the researchers as well as about the prehistoric hominids of Atapuerca. It focuses on the popular works of the three co-directors of the project. Juan Luis Arsuaga, José María Bermúdez de Castro and Eudald Carbonell make deliberate use of a variety of narrative devices, resonant cultural references and strategies of scientific self-commodification. All three, in different ways, use the history of science and of their own research project to mark their place in the field of human origins research, drawing on mythical elements to tell the story of the rise of a humble Spanish team overcoming all odds to achieve universal acclaim. Furthermore, the co-directors make skilful use of palaeofiction – that of Björn Kurtén and Jean Auel, as well as writing their own – in order to tell gripping stories about compassion and solidarity in human prehistory. This mixture of nationalist and universalist narratives invites the Spanish audience to identify not just with ‘their ancestors’ but also with the scientists, as objects and subjects of research become conflated through popularization.