bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cleaning historical maintenance work order data for reliability analysis
Authors: Hodkiewicz Melinda , Ho Mark Tien-Wei 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify quality issues with using historical work order (WO) data from computerised maintenance management systems for reliability analysis; and develop an efficient and transparent process to correct these data quality issues to ensure data is fit for purpose in a timely manner.Design/methodology/approach– This paper develops a rule-based approach to data cleansing and demonstrates the process on data for heavy mobile equipment from a number of organisations.Findings– Although historical WO records frequently contain missing or incorrect functional location, failure mode, maintenance action and WO status fields the authors demonstrate it is possible to make these records fit for purpose by using data in the freeform text fields; an understanding of the maintenance tactics and practices at the operation; and knowledge of where the asset is in its life cycle. The authors demonstrate that it is possible to have a repeatable and transparent process to deal with the data cleaning activities.Originality/value– How engineers deal with raw maintenance data and the decisions they make in order to produce a data set for reliability analysis is seldom discussed in detail. Assumptions and actions are often left undocumented. This paper describes typical data cleaning decisions we all have to make as a routine part of the analysis and presents a process to support the data cleaning decisions in a repeatable and transparent fashion.
Feature based building orientation optimization for additive manufacturing
Authors: Zhang Yicha , Bernard Alain , Gupta Ravi Kumar , Harik Ramy 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to present research work based on the authors’ conceptual framework reported in the VRAP Conference 2013. It is related with an efficient method to obtain an optimal part build orientation for additive manufacturing (AM) by using AM features with associated AM production knowledge and multi-attribute decision-making (MADM). The paper also emphasizes the importance of AM feature and the implied AM knowledge in AM process planning.

Design/methodology/approach
To solve the orientation problem in AM, two sub-tasks, the generation of a set of alternative orientations and the identification of an optimal one within the generated list, should be accomplished. In this paper, AM feature is defined and associated with AM production knowledge to be used for generating a set of alternative orientations. Key attributes for the decision-making of the orientation problem are then identified and used to represent those generated orientations. Finally, an integrated MADM model is adopted to find out the optimal orientation among the generated alternative orientations.

Findings
The proposed method to find out an optimal part build orientation for those parts with simple or medium complex geometric shapes is reasonable and efficient. It also has the potential to deal with more complex parts with cellular or porous structures in a short time by using high-performance computers.

Research limitations/implications
The proposed method is a proof-of-concept. There is a need to investigate AM feature types and the association with related AM production knowledge further so as to suite the context of orientating parts with more complex geometric features. There are also research opportunities for developing more advanced algorithms to recognize AM features and generate alternative orientations and refine alternative orientations.

Originality/value
AM feature is defined and introduced to the orientation problem in AM for generating the alternative orientations. It is also used as one of the key attributes for decision-making so as to help express production requirements on specific geometric features of a desired part.
Rapid prototyping process selection using multi criteria decision making considering environmental criteria and its decision support system
Authors: KEK Vimal , S. Vinodh , P. Brajesh , R. Muralidharan 
Published: April 2016

PurposeRapid prototyping (RP) has been given focus during dynamic market conditions, as it largely helps to compress product development time. RP contains the potential to achieve environmentally friendlier operations. However, RP processes are not environmentally friendlier, as the possibilities of toxicological health and environmental risks while handling and disposing of raw material remain unresolved. This study aims to select environmentally friendlier processes without compromising required mechanical properties. Some of the RP processes considered in this study are selective laser sintering (SLS), stereo lithography apparatus (SLA), three-dimensional printing (3DP) and laser engineered net shaping (LENS).Design/methodology/approachA conceptual model comprising 25 criteria (both traditional and environmental) has been developed. An expert team was formed to evaluate the environmental performance of RP processes using the developed conceptual model. Analytic network process–technique for order preference by similarity to an ideal solution-based hybrid methodology has been adopted for this purpose. Further, to overcome ambiguity and subjectivity nature of judgment, fuzzy set concepts have been adopted. Finally, a decision support system has been developed using MATLAB software to mitigate the associated computational difficulty.FindingsThe detailed analysis of criterion weights revealed that the expert team has assigned higher importance to environmental criteria over traditional criteria. Based on environmental considerations, ranking has been generated as SLA-SLS-3DP-LENS.Research limitations/implicationsOnly point-to-point and discrete fusion-based RP process have been considered in this study to demonstrate the developed conceptual model. Also, expert knowledge has been taken to rate some of the environmental criteria. In the near future, by conducting environmental studies, these criteria can be substituted with real data to improve accuracy of RP process selection.Originality/valueReported studies in RP process selection in literature were conducted considering mainly the various traditional criteria. In this study, the environmental criteria have also been considered along with traditional criteria. This study takes the initiative toward sustainability studies in RP processes. Also, detailed inferences have been derived and the results have been compared with the existing studies and this is the novel contribution of this study.
Development of rapid tooling using fused deposition modeling: a review
Authors: Boparai Kamaljit Singh , Singh Rupinder , Singh Harwinder 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to highlight the direct fabrication of rapid tooling (RT) with desired mechanical, tribological and thermal properties using fused deposition modelling (FDM) process. Further, the review paper demonstrated development procedure of alternative feedstock filament of low-cost composite material for FDM to extend the range of RT applications.

Design/methodology/approach
The alternative materials for FDM and their processing requirements for fabrication in filament form as reported by various researchers have been summarized. The literature demonstrates the role of various post-processing techniques on surface finish of FDM prints. Further, low-cost materials for feedstock filament have been investigated experimentally to check their adaptability/suitability for commercial FDM setup. The approach was to realize the requirements of FDM (melt flow rate, flexibility, stiffness, glass transition temperature and mechanical strength), necessary for the successful run of an alternative filament. The effect of constituents (additives, plasticizers, surfactants and fillers) in polymeric matrix on mechanical, tribological and thermal properties has been investigated.

Findings
It is possible to develop composite material feedstock as filament for commercial FDM setup without changing its hardware and software. Surface finish of the parts can further be improved by applying various post-processing techniques. Most of the composite parts have high mechanical strength, hardness, thermal stability, wear resistant and better bond formation than standard material parts.

Research limitations/implications
Future research may be focused on improving the surface quality of parts fabricated with composite feedstock, solving issues related to the uniform distribution of filled materials during the fabrication of feedstock filament which in turns further increases mechanical strength, high dimensional stability of composite filament and transferring the technology from laboratory scale to various industrial applications.

Practical implications
Potential applications of direct fabrication with RT includes rapid manufacturing (RM) of metal-filled parts and ceramic-filled parts (which have complex shape and cannot be rapidly made by any other manufacturing techniques) in the field of biomedical and dentistry.

Originality/value
This new manufacturing methodology is based on the proper selection and processing of various materials and additives to form high-performance, low-cost composite material feedstock filament (which fulfil the necessary requirements of FDM process). Finally, newly developed feedstock filament material has both quantitative and qualitative advantage in RT and RM applications as compared to standard material filament.
Direct digital manufacturing of an accelerator pedal for a Formula Student racing car
Authors: Prada Jorge Gonzalez , Cazon Aitor , Carda Josu , Aseguinolaza Ander 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to focus on the design, analysis and additive manufacturing (AM) with two different technologies of an accelerator pedal for the Formula Student 2014 edition to reduce the weight of the original pedal in aluminium and maintain a reasonable level of performance.

Design/methodology/approach
The new and the original accelerator pedals were modelled in a computer-aided design application, and three finite element simulations were performed for each manufacturing technology to evaluate three different driving scenarios. Later on, two physical prototypes were manufactured using two AM technologies: poly-jet and fused deposition modelling (FDM). With these physical prototypes, static tests were carried out to verify the computational simulations and to determine the fracture load, while dynamic tests, based on an input signal from a real racing scenario, were performed to ensure their technical viability.

Findings
Simulations with poly-jet and FDM printing material show that the new design presents a maximum deformation of 4.8 and 4.09 mm, respectively, under a nominal load of 150N. The results of the static tests with the poly-jet physical prototype showed a maximum displacement of 4.05 mm under a nominal load of 150N, while the ultimate load before fracture was 450N. The FDM prototype reached 3.98 mm under 150N and the ultimate load was 350N. Dynamic tests showed that both pedals were able to withstand four Formula Student “Endurance” events without failure.

Originality/value
This paper states that AM approach is a feasible and economically affordable solution in comparison to exiting solutions with metallic alloys and composite materials when designing and manufacturing accelerator pedal arms for Formula Student competition cars. According to these results, the present research argues that, from a technical point of view, the AM pedals stand at a reasonable level of performance in displacements and stresses. This study suggests that AM pedals could be a viable option that must be considered in professional competitive automobiles.
A novel technique for reducing lead-time and energy consumption in fabrication of Inconel-625 parts by laser-based metal deposition process
Authors: Vinod A.R. , Srinivasa C.K. , Keshavamurthy R. , Shashikumar P.V. 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to focus on reducing lead-time and energy consumption for laser-based metal deposition of Inconel-625 superalloy and to investigate the effect of process parameters on microstructure, density, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and microhardness.

Design/methodology/approach
Inconel material was deposited on steel substrate by varying process parameters such as laser power, laser scan speed and powder flow rate. The deposited parts were characterized for their density, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy and microhardness.

Findings
The study reveals that with increase in laser power, laser scan speed and powder flow rate, there was an increase in density, surface roughness values and microhardness of the deposits, while there was a decrease in dimensional accuracy, deposition time and energy consumption.

Practical implications
The results of this study can be useful in fabrication of Inconel components by laser-based metal deposition process, and the methodology can be expanded to other materials to reduce the lead-time and energy consumption effectively.

Originality/value
The present study gives an understanding of effect of process parameters on density, surface roughness, dimensional accuracy, microhardness, deposition time and energy consumption for laser-based metal deposition of Inconel-625.
Influence of SLS processing parameters according to the new mathematical model on flexural properties
Authors: Pilipović Ana , Valentan Bogdan , Šercer Mladen 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is the selection of production parameters in selective laser sintering – SLS for the production of quality products (e.g. good mechanical properties). The manufacturing procedure affects the properties, which is especially significant in additive procedures, as the products are not cheap and the procedure and material need to be optimally selected.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper presents an analysis of the fabrication parameters in selective laser sintering (SLS) that affect the flexural properties of the finished product.

Findings
The influence of a new parameter has been found, the overlay ratio, and using the mathematical and scheme method, the selection of parameters for obtaining the optimal flexural properties has been proposed.

Originality/value
The paper presents a new mathematical model for the calculation of the processing parameters in SLS of polymer products and gives a diagram for the determination of which parameters are the best to use for practical purposes.
Using camera trapping and hierarchical occupancy modelling to evaluate the spatial ecology of an African mammal community
Authors: Rich Lindsey N. , Miller David A.W. , Robinson Hugh S. , McNutt J. Weldon , Kelly Marcella J. 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Emerging conservation paradigms have shifted from single to multi‐species approaches focused on sustaining biodiversity. Multi‐species hierarchical occupancy modelling provides a method for assessing biodiversity while accounting for multiple sources of uncertainty.

We analysed camera trapping data with multi‐species models using a Bayesian approach to estimate the distributions of a terrestrial mammal community in northern Botswana and evaluate community, group, and species‐specific responses to human disturbance and environmental variables. Groupings were based on two life‐history traits: body size (small, medium, large and extra‐large) and diet (carnivore, omnivore and herbivore).

We photographed 44 species of mammals over 6607 trap nights. Camera station‐specific estimates of species richness ranged from 8 to 27 unique species, and species had a mean occurrence probability of 0·32 (95% credible interval = 0·21–0·45). At the community level, our model revealed species richness was generally greatest in floodplains and grasslands and with increasing distances into protected wildlife areas.

Variation among species’ responses was explained in part by our species groupings. The positive influence of protected areas was strongest for extra‐large species and herbivores, while medium‐sized species actually increased in the non‐protected areas. The positive effect of grassland/floodplain cover, alternatively, was strongest for large species and carnivores and weakest for small species and herbivores, suggesting herbivore diversity is promoted by habitat heterogeneity.

Synthesis and applications. Our results highlight the importance of protected areas and grasslands in maintaining biodiversity in southern Africa. We demonstrate the utility of hierarchical Bayesian models for assessing community, group and individual species’ responses to anthropogenic and environmental variables. This framework can be used to map areas of high conservation value and predict impacts of land‐use change. Our approach is particularly applicable to the growing number of camera trap studies world‐wide, and we suggest broader application globally will likely result in reduced costs, improved efficiency and increased knowledge of wildlife communities.
Do space‐for‐time assessments underestimate the impacts of logging on tropical biodiversity? An Amazonian case study using dung beetles
Authors: França Filipe , Louzada Julio , Korasaki Vanesca , Griffiths Hannah , Silveira Juliana M. , Barlow Jos 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Human alteration of the global environment is leading to a pervasive loss of biodiversity. Most studies evaluating human impacts on biodiversity occur after the disturbance has taken place using spatially distinct sites to determine the undisturbed reference condition. This approach is known as a space‐for‐time (SFT) substitution. However, SFT substitution could be underestimating biodiversity loss if spatial controls fail to provide adequate inferences about pre‐disturbance conditions.

We compare the SFT substitution with a before–after control–impact (BACI) approach by assessing dung beetles before and after a logging exploration in the Brazilian Amazon. We sampled 34 logging management units, of which 29 were selectively logged with different intensities after our first collection. We used dung beetle species richness, species composition and biomass as our biodiversity response metrics and the gradient of selective logging intensity as our explanatory metric.

Only the BACI approach consistently demonstrated the negative impacts of logging intensification on all dung beetle community metrics. Moreover, the BACI approach explained significantly more of the variance in all the relationships and it doubled the estimates of species loss along the gradient of logging intensity when compared to SFT.

Synthesis and applications. Our results suggest that space‐for‐time (SFT) substitution may greatly underestimate the consequences on local species diversity and community turnover. These results have important implications for researchers investigating human impacts on biodiversity. Incentivizing before–after control–impact (BACI) approaches will require longer‐term funding to gather the data and stronger links between researchers and landowners. However, BACI approaches are accompanied by many logistical constraints, making the continued use of SFT studies inevitable in many cases. We highlight that non‐significant results and weak effects should be viewed with caution.
Drought history affects grassland plant and microbial carbon turnover during and after a subsequent drought event
Authors: Fuchslueger Lucia , Bahn Michael , Hasibeder Roland , Kienzl Sandra , Fritz Karina , Schmitt Michael , Watzka Margarete , Richter Andreas 
Published: April 2016

Summary

Drought periods are projected to become more severe and more frequent in many European regions. While effects of single strong droughts on plant and microbial carbon (C) dynamics have been studied in some detail, impacts of recurrent drought events are still little understood.

We tested whether the legacy of extreme experimental drought affects responses of plant and microbial C and nitrogen (N) turnover to further drought and rewetting. In a mountain grassland, we conducted a 13C pulse‐chase experiment during a naturally occurring drought and rewetting event in plots previously exposed to experimental droughts and in ambient controls (AC). After labelling, we traced 13C below‐ground allocation and incorporation into soil microbes using phospholipid fatty acid biomarkers.

Drought history (DH) had no effects on the standing shoot and fine root plant biomass. However, plants with experimental DH displayed decreased shoot N concentrations and increased fine root N concentrations relative to those in AC. During the natural drought, plants with DH assimilated and allocated less 13C below‐ground; moreover, fine root respiration was reduced and not fuelled by fresh C compared to plants in AC.

Regardless of DH, microbial biomass remained stable during natural drought and rewetting. Although microbial communities initially differed in their composition between soils with and without DH, they responded to the natural drought and rewetting in a similar way: gram‐positive bacteria increased, while fungal and gram‐negative bacteria remained stable. In soils with DH, a strongly reduced uptake of recent plant‐derived 13C in microbial biomarkers was observed during the natural drought, pointing to a smaller fraction of active microbes or to a microbial community that is less dependent on plant C.

Synthesis. Drought history can induce changes in above‐ vs. below‐ground plant N concentrations and affect the response of plant C turnover to further droughts and rewetting by decreasing plant C uptake and below‐ground allocation. DH does not affect the responses of the microbial community to further droughts and rewetting, but alters microbial functioning, particularly the turnover of recent plant‐derived carbon, during and after further drought periods.
Isolation of isoprene degrading bacteria from soils, development of isoA gene probes and identification of the active isoprene‐degrading soil community using DNA‐stable isotope probing
Authors: El Khawand Myriam , Crombie Andrew T. , Johnston Antonia , Vavlline Dmitrii V. , McAuliffe Joseph C. , Latone Jacob A. , Primak Yuliya A. , Lee Sang‐Kyu , Whited Gregg M. , McGenity Terry J. , Murrell J. Colin 
Published: April 2016

SummaryEmissions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (bVOCs), are an important element in the global carbon cycle, accounting for a significant proportion of fixed carbon. They contribute directly and indirectly to global warming and climate change and have a major effect on atmospheric chemistry. Plants emit isoprene to the atmosphere in similar quantities to emissions of methane from all sources and each accounts for approximately one third of total VOCs. Although methanotrophs, capable of growth on methane, have been intensively studied, we know little of isoprene biodegradation. Here, we report the isolation of two isoprene‐degrading strains from the terrestrial environment and describe the design and testing of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) primers targeting isoA, the gene encoding the active‐site component of the conserved isoprene monooxygenase, which are capable of retrieving isoA sequences from isoprene‐enriched environmental samples. Stable isotope probing experiments, using biosynthesized 13C‐labelled isoprene, identified the active isoprene‐degrading bacteria in soil. This study identifies novel isoprene‐degrading strains using both culture‐dependent and, for the first time, culture‐independent methods and provides the tools and foundations for continued investigation of the biogeography and molecular ecology of isoprene‐degrading bacteria.