bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Offence or defence? Approach and avoid goals in the multi‐agency emergency response to a simulated terrorism attack
Authors: Power Nicola , Alison Laurence 
Published: September 2016

When operating in multiteam settings, it is important that goals are cohesive between team members, especially in high‐stakes, risky, and uncertain environments. This study explored goal consistency during a multiteam emergency response simulation. A total of n = 50 commanders from the UK Police Services, Fire and Rescue Services, and Ambulance Services took part in a simulated terrorism exercise, who were split into n = 13 teams. Each team responded to the same simulated terrorist event, which was based on a ‘Marauding Terrorist Firearms Attack’ (MTFA) at a city centre train station. Data were collected using electronically time‐stamped ‘decision logs’ and post‐incident questionnaires that measured team members’ self‐reported goals. Goals that were ‘attack’ focussed (e.g., ‘treat patients’) were coded as ‘approach’ (i.e., focussed on achieving positive outcomes) and goals that were ‘defence’ focussed (e.g., protect emergency responders) were coded as ‘avoid’ (i.e., focussed on avoiding negative outcomes). It emerged that different agencies prioritized different goal types; Fire commanders initially prioritized avoid goals but then increased approach orientations, Ambulance commanders were consistently approach oriented, and Police commanders showed goal conflict (tensions between adopting approach and avoid goals). Despite goal differences, participants rated that their interagency goals were consistent in a post‐scenario questionnaire, suggesting that commanders were unaware of the nuanced differences between their agency‐specific objectives. At the multiteam level, teams who predominantly held attack/approach goals were significantly faster at decision logging early in the incident, yet defend/avoid teams were faster at decision logging later into the incident. Implications for multiteam coordination are discussed.Practitioner points

The ‘save life’ goal in multiteam emergency response settings is vague and open to interpretation. This can impede coordination when agencies assume that they are working towards the same ‘save life’ goal, but are actually focussed on different and role‐specific objectives with regard to how they will achieve it.

A joint decision model that helps to clarify agency‐specific tactical priorities may be more useful in multiteam contexts than one that uses ambiguous and abstract (i.e., ‘save life’) interagency goals.

A focus on achieving positive outcomes (attack/approach goal; e.g., ‘treat patients’) can speed up decision‐making during the early stages of an incident, but when the situation becomes more complex and dynamic, then a focus on avoiding negative outcomes (defend/avoid goal; e.g., protect emergency responders from harm) might lead to faster action.

When responding to complex emergencies, practitioners should focus on satisficing to achieve ‘least‐worst’ outcomes rather trying to maximize gains.
Enterprise Risk Management and the Cost of Capital
Authors: Berry‐Stölzle Thomas R. , Xu Jianren 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEnterprise risk management (ERM) is a process that manages all risks in an integrated, holistic fashion by controlling and coordinating any offsetting risks across the enterprise. This research investigates whether the adoption of the ERM approach affects firms' cost of equity capital. We restrict our analysis to the U.S. insurance industry to control for unobservable differences in business models and risk exposures across industries. We simultaneously model firms' adoption of ERM and the effect of ERM on the cost of capital. We find that ERM adoption significantly reduces firm's cost of capital. Our results suggest that cost of capital benefits are one answer to the question how ERM can create value.
Seasonal variability of respiratory syncytial virus infection in the Top End of the Northern Territory (2012–2014)
Authors: Fagan Peter , McLeod Charlie , Baird Robert W 
Published: September 2016

AimTo determine the prevalence of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) in the Top End of the Northern Territory and investigate potential drivers of seasonality including rainfall and humidex (humidity and heat index).MethodsWe performed a retrospective audit of laboratory confirmed cases of RSV from January 2012 to August 2014. Demographic details including age, sex and ethnicity were examined. RSV cases were correlated with monthly rainfall and humidex.ResultsThere were 272 positive isolates detected from 4305 clinical samples (positivity rate 6.3%). The majority of cases occurred in children <12 months (n = 151, 55.5%), with a higher burden of disease seen in Indigenous compared to non‐Indigenous infants in this age category (P < 0.005). The prevalence of RSV in the 0–5 years age category was 58/10 000 children per annum. Indigenous patients had higher prevalence rates (88.8/10 000 population per annum) and younger onset of infection (7.5 months; Interquartile range (IQR) 3–19 months compared to 13 months for non‐Indigenous children; IQR 5 months to 2.4 years). RSV cases correlated most strongly with rainfall in the preceding month (r = 0.72).ConclusionsThe Top End of the Northern Territory has a distinct RSV season that correlates with rainfall and humidex, which differs from Southern Australian disease patterns.
Low prevalence of Kingella kingae carriage in children aged 6–48 months in Sydney, Australia
Authors: Khatami Ameneh , Rivers Braden RL , Outhred Alexander C , Kesson Alison M 
Published: September 2016

AimA prospective observational study was conducted to estimate the prevalence of oropharyngeal carriage of Kingella kingae in healthy Australian pre‐school children.MethodsScreening for carriage of K. kingae as well as Streptococcus pyogenes, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Streptococcus agalactiae, Staphylococcus aureus, Haemophilus influenzae, and K. kingae was undertaken using a single bacterial throat swab taken from well children aged 6 months to 4 years. Standard laboratory procedures were used for culture and identification of organisms.ResultsOne hundred children were enrolled between October and December 2014 at the Children's Hospital at Westmead. Median age was 24.0 months (range 6.1–48.8 months); 52 children were male and 36 attended day‐care facilities. Forty‐one children had siblings aged less than 5 years and 67 children had siblings of any age. K. kingae oropharyngeal carriage was not detected in any of the children. Rates of carriage of other organisms were: 30% S. aureus, 21% H. influenzae, 2% S. pneumoniae and 2% S. pyogenes. Thirty‐eight children were colonised with Kingella denitrificans.ConclusionsOur results suggest that prevalence of K. kingae carriage in pre‐school children in Sydney is very low and support local and national guidelines that recommend flucloxacillin as empiric first‐line therapy for children with osteoarticular infections. Studies conducted over the winter months and in other Australian centres could help answer outstanding questions regarding differences in carriage rates of K. kingae in children.
The potential role of polyphenols in the modulation of skin cell viability by Aspalathus linearis and Cyclopia spp. herbal tea extracts in vitro
Authors: Magcwebeba Tandeka Unathi , Riedel Sylvia , Swanevelder Sonja , Swart Pieter , De Beer Dalene , Joubert Elizabeth , Andreas Gelderblom Wentzel Christoffel 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The relationship between polyphenol constituents, antioxidant properties of aqueous and methanol extracts of green tea (Camellia sinensis), the herbal teas, rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) and honeybush (Cyclopia spp.), against skin cell viability was investigated in vitro.

Methods
The effect of extracts, characterised in terms of polyphenol content and antioxidant properties, on cell viability of premalignant, normal and malignant skin cells was determined.

Key findings
Phenolic composition, particularly high levels of potent antioxidants, of rooibos and green tea methanol extracts was associated with a strong reduction in cell viability specifically targeting premalignant cells. In contrast, the aqueous extracts of Cyclopia spp. were more effective in reducing cell viability. This correlated with a relatively high flavanol/proanthocyanidin content and ABTS radical cation scavenging capacity. The major green tea flavanol (epigallocatechin gallate) and rooibos dihydrochalcone (aspalathin) exhibited differential effects against cell viability, while the major honeybush xanthone (mangiferin) and flavanone (hesperidin) lacked any effect presumably due to a cytoprotective effect. The underlying mechanisms against skin cell viability are likely to involve mitochondrial dysfunction resulting from polyphenol–iron interactions.

Conclusions
The polyphenol constituents and antioxidant parameters of herbal tea extracts are useful tools to predict their activity against skin cell survival in vitro and potential chemopreventive effects in vivo.
Productive performance of weanling piglets was improved by administration of a mixture of bacteriophages, targeted to control Coliforms and Clostridium spp. shedding in a challenging environment
Authors: Hosseindoust A. R. , Lee S. H. , Kim J. S. , Choi Y. H. , Kwon I. K. , Chae B. J. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of bacteriophages in different environments on growth performance, digestibility, ileal and caecal microbiota, gut morphology and immunity of weanling pigs. Two hundred piglets were randomly assigned to four treatment groups with five replicate pens with 10 pigs per pen. A 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments was used to investigate the response of weanling pigs to supplemental bacteriophages (0 and 1.0 g/kg of diet) in contaminated or hygienic environments. Bacteriophages supplementation did not affect average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) and gain:feed in phases I and III; however, there was a significant improvement in ADG and gain:feed in phase II. The supplementation of bacteriophages increased the overall gain:feed of pigs. The overall result showed a greater ADG and ADFI in hygienic room. There were reductions in population of both ileal (p < 0.05) and caecal (p < 0.01) Clostridium spp. and ileal coliforms (p < 0.01) with the inclusion of bacteriophages in the diet. Bacteriophages increased ileal Lactobacillus and caecal Bifidobacterium and tended to increase ileal Bifidobacterium (p = 0.08). Contaminated environment decreased ileal Lactobacillus and caecal Bifidobacterium and tended to increase ileal Clostridium (p = 0.08) and coliforms (p = 0.08). Total anaerobic bacteria was tended to decrease (p = 0.06) in contaminated environment. Jejunal villus height increased in pigs received bacteriophages, but they did not affect other morphological items. The interaction between bacteriophages and environment tended to be significant (p = 0.06) for ileal villus height and ileal villus height to crypt depth ratio. The overall faecal score was significantly greater in hygienic environment and bacteriophages groups. The present findings indicate that there is an interactive effect on feed efficiency between bacteriophages and contaminated environment. In addition, bacteriophages improve jejunum morphology, and intestinal microbiota of pigs.
Teachers' personal learning networks (PLNs): exploring the nature of self‐initiated professional learning online
Authors: Tour Ekaterina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn the field of Literacy Studies, online spaces have been recognised as providing many opportunities for spontaneous and self‐initiated learning. While some progress has been made in understanding these important learning experiences, little attention has been paid to teachers' self‐initiated professional learning. Contributing to the debates about learning online, this article explores three teachers' self‐initiated professional learning about digital technologies through their Personal Learning Networks. It reports the findings from a larger qualitative project and examines how the participants' digital literacy practices shaped their deliberate professional learning. The analysis identified several attributes of the participants' learning which, according to them, made professional learning appealing and effective: social, personalised, active and reciprocal, ongoing and blended. The article concludes by discussing how these findings can be used to draw out implications for teachers' professional learning.
Staphylococcus aureus SufT: an essential iron‐sulphur cluster assembly factor in cells experiencing a high‐demand for lipoic acid
Authors: Mashruwala Ameya A. , Roberts Christina A. , Bhatt Shiven , May Kerrie L. , Carroll Ronan K. , Shaw Lindsey N. , Boyd Jeffrey M. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryStaphylococcus aureus SufT is composed solely of the domain of unknown function 59 (DUF59) and has a role in the maturation of iron‐sulphur (Fe‐S) proteins. We report that SufT is essential for S. aureus when growth is heavily reliant upon lipoamide‐utilizing enzymes, but dispensable when this reliance is decreased. LipA requires Fe‐S clusters for lipoic acid (LA) synthesis and a ΔsufT strain had phenotypes suggestive of decreased LA production and decreased activities of lipoamide‐requiring enzymes. Fermentative growth, a null clpC allele, or decreased flux through the TCA cycle diminished the demand for LA and rendered SufT non‐essential. Abundance of the Fe‐S cluster carrier Nfu was increased in a ΔclpC strain and a null clpC allele was unable to suppress the LA requirement of a ΔsufT Δnfu strain. Over‐expression of nfu suppressed the LA requirement of the ΔsufT strain. We propose a model wherein SufT, and by extension the DUF59, is essential for the maturation of holo‐LipA in S. aureus cells experiencing a high demand for lipoamide‐dependent enzymes. The findings presented suggest that the demand for products of Fe‐S enzymes is a factor governing the usage of one Fe‐S cluster assembly factor over another in the maturation of apo‐proteins.
Regulation, sensory domains and roles of two Desulfovibrio desulfuricans ATCC27774 Crp family transcription factors, HcpR1 and HcpR2, in response to nitrosative stress
Authors: Cadby Ian T. , Ibrahim Susan A. , Faulkner Matthew , Lee David J. , Browning Douglas , Busby Stephen J. , Lovering Andrew L. , Stapleton Melanie R. , Green Jeffrey , Cole Jeffrey A. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIn silico analyses identified a Crp/Fnr family transcription factor (HcpR) in sulfate‐reducing bacteria that controls expression of the hcp gene, which encodes the hybrid cluster protein and contributes to nitrosative stress responses. There is only one hcpR gene in the model sulfate‐reducing bacterium Desulfovibrio vulgaris Hildenborough, but two copies in Desulfovibrio desulfuricans 27774, which can use nitrate as an alternative electron acceptor to sulfate. Structures of the D. desulfuricans hcpR1, hcpR2 and hcp operons are reported. We present evidence that hcp expression is regulated by HcpR2, not by HcpR1, and that these two regulators differ in both their DNA‐binding site specificity and their sensory domains. HcpR1 is predicted to be a b‐type cytochrome. HcpR1 binds upstream of the hcpR1 operon and its synthesis is regulated coordinately with hcp in response to NO. In contrast, hcpR2 expression was not induced by nitrate, nitrite or NO. HcpR2 is an iron‐sulfur protein that reacts with NO and O2. We propose that HcpR1 and HcpR2 use different sensory mechanisms to regulate subsets of genes required for defense against NO‐induced nitrosative stress, and that diversification of signal perception and DNA recognition by these two proteins is a product of D. desulfuricans adaptation to its particular environmental niche.
Aquinas and the Problem of No Best World
Authors: Keltz B. Kyle 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThomas Aquinas is often mentioned in the debate regarding whether God must create a best possible world. Contemporary philosophers usually place Aquinas alongside philosophers who also believe that there can be no best possible world. However, contemporary philosophers have been inconsistent in their understanding of Aquinas’ position. Some have placed him in the same category as Gottfried Leibniz, agreeing that God must create one best possible world.
Infection Rates of Electrical Leads Used for Percutaneous Neurostimulation of the Peripheral Nervous System
Authors: Ilfeld Brian M. , Gabriel Rodney A. , Saulino Michael F. , Chae John , Peckham P. Hunter , Grant Stuart A. , Gilmore Christopher A. , Donohue Michael C. , deBock Matthew G. , Wongsarnpigoon Amorn , Boggs Joseph W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundPercutaneous neurostimulation of the peripheral nervous system involves the insertion of a wire “lead” through an introducing needle to target a nerve/plexus or a motor point within a muscle. Electrical current may then be passed from an external generator through the skin via the lead for various therapeutic goals, including providing analgesia. With extended use of percutaneous leads sometimes greater than a month, infection is a concern. It was hypothesized that the infection rate of leads with a coiled design is lower than for leads with a noncoiled cylindrical design.MethodsThe literature was retrospectively reviewed for clinical studies of percutaneous neurostimulation of the peripheral nervous system of greater than 2 days that included explicit information on adverse events. The primary endpoint was the number of infections per 1,000 indwelling days.ResultsForty‐three studies were identified that met inclusion criteria involving coiled (n = 21) and noncoiled (n = 25) leads (3 studies involved both). The risk of infection with noncoiled leads was estimated to be 25 times greater than with coiled leads (95% confidence interval [CI] 2 to 407, P = 0.006). The infection rates were estimated to be 0.03 (95% CI 0.01 to 0.13) infections per 1,000 indwelling days for coiled leads and 0.83 (95% CI 0.16 to 4.33) infections per 1,000 indwelling days for noncoiled leads (P = 0.006).ConclusionsPercutaneous leads used for neurostimulation of the peripheral nervous system have a much lower risk of infection with a coiled design compared with noncoiled leads: approximately 1 infection for every 30,000 vs. 1,200 indwelling days, respectively.
Search for plasma biomarkers in drug‐free patients with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia using metabolome analysis
Authors: Kageyama Yuki , Kasahara Takaoki , Morishita Hiromasa , Mataga Nobuko , Deguchi Yasuhiko , Tani Munehide , Kuroda Kenji , Hattori Kotaro , Yoshida Sumiko , Inoue Koki , Kato Tadafumi 
Published: September 2016

AimThere is an urgent need for diagnostic biomarkers of bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ); however, confounding effects of medication hamper biomarker discovery. In this study, we conducted metabolome analyses to identify novel plasma biomarkers in drug‐free patients with BD and SZ.MethodsWe comprehensively analyzed plasma metabolites using capillary electrophoresis time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry in patients with SZ (n = 17), BD (n = 6), and major depressive disorder (n = 9) who had not received psychotropics for at least 2 weeks, and in matched healthy controls (n = 19). The results were compared with previous reports, or verified in an independent sample set using an alternative analytical approach.ResultsLower creatine level and higher 2‐hydroxybutyric acid level were observed in SZ than in controls (uncorrected P = 0.016 and 0.043, respectively), whereas they were unaltered in a previously reported dataset. Citrulline was nominally significantly decreased in BD compared to controls (uncorrected P = 0.043); however, this finding was not replicated in an independent sample set of medicated patients with BD. N‐methyl‐norsalsolinol, a metabolite of dopamine, was suggested as a candidate biomarker of BD; however, it was not detected by the other analytical method. Levels of betaine, a previously reported candidate biomarker of schizophrenia, were unchanged in the current dataset.ConclusionOur preliminary findings suggest that the effect of confounding factors, such as duration of illness and medication, should be carefully controlled when searching for plasma biomarkers. Further studies are required to establish robust biomarkers for these disorders.
Pretransplant patient, parent, and family psychosocial functioning varies by organ type and patient age
Authors: Eaton Cyd K. , Lee Jennifer L. , Loiselle Kristin A. , Reed‐Knight Bonney , Mee Laura L. , Gutierrez‐Colina Ana M. , Blount Ronald L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe goal of this study was to compare pretransplant patient HRQOL, parent psychological functioning, and the impact of the patient's ongoing illness on the family between organ types (ie, kidney, liver, heart) and age‐groups (ie, children, AYAs). The sample included 80 pediatric patients with end‐stage organ disease who were evaluated for transplantation and their parents. Parents completed self‐ and proxy reports at patients' pretransplant evaluations. Results indicated that patients evaluated for heart transplants consistently had lower HRQOL and their parents had greater psychological distress compared to the kidney and liver groups. Within the heart group, parents and families of children (<12 years old) experienced significantly more distress and impact of the patient's illness on the family compared to those of AYAs (≥12 years old). Pediatric patients awaiting heart transplants, particularly younger children, and their parents and families may have greater psychosocial needs compared to patients awaiting kidney or liver transplants.
Notch signaling in oral squamous neoplasia
Authors: Sakamoto Kei 
Published: September 2016

AbstractNotch signaling is involved in cell–cell communication. It is an evolutionarily ancient mechanism and plays a fundamental role in development. The typical function of Notch signaling is the regulation of cell fate segregation at asymmetric division; however, a role in tumorigenesis has also been suggested. Inactivating mutations of NOTCH1 are present in about 10 % of cases of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin, oral cavity, esophagus, and lung, rendering it one of the most frequently mutated genes in squamous cell carcinoma. Mouse knockout studies have demonstrated that Notch1 is imperative for early development but is dispensable for formation of the squamous epithelium. However, loss of Notch signaling predisposes the epidermis to hyperplasia and increases tumor incidence. This tumor‐inducing effect resulting from the loss of Notch signaling is associated with non‐cell‐autonomous effects that are elicited by subtle alteration of epithelial cell features, generating a wound‐like microenvironment in the underlying stroma. We found that Notch1 was expressed specifically in the basal cells of the oral squamous epithelium. In cancer and oral epithelial dysplasia, it was significantly downregulated, suggesting that reduced Notch activity plays a distinct role in oral neoplasia.