bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adam and Adapa
Authors: Wagner Roger , Briggs Andrew 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In 1887, among a number of tablets written in Akkadian cuneiform that had been dug up in the ruined city of el-Amarna was one, dated to 1400 bc, that told the story of Adapa—the primal man, the first of the seven sages and the son of Eridu, the first human city. In the story, Adapa is summoned to heaven because while out fishing he had ‘broken the wing of south wind’. The god Ea tells him how to behave and advises him that when he is offered the bread of death he must not eat, and when offered the water of death he must not drink. Adapa follows this instruction but then discovers he has actually refused the bread of life and the water of life, thus losing the chance for immortality. This chapter considers the relationship between this and the Genesis account of Adam and Eve.
Epilogue
Authors: Wagner Roger , Briggs Andrew 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The vast expansion of scientific modes of thinking has introduced new material and interested motives into the practice of science. But has it brought about a deeper, more philosophical change? Has the long entanglement of religious and scientific thinking now at last come to an end? Is scientific thought finally fulfilling the ancient Epicurean hope of crowding religious ways of thinking off the stage? This chapter presents a theatrical metaphor to address this question, framing it as a drama in three acts. The first act begins in the Prologue, with the appearance of straightforward conflict. In the second act (Subversion), unexpected discoveries cast doubts on whether the pursuit of ultimate questions remains a feasible enterprise. In the final act (Resolution) the attempt of science to hog the stage is unmasked as a surprising continuation of the fundamental process that our metaphor of slipstreaming has been trying to describe.
Mathematical methods
Authors: Barr G. , Devenish R. , Walczak R. , Weidberg T. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter provides a resume of the mathematical tools that are used to explain and understand the Standard Model of particle physics and the experimental data that support it. Various aspects of symmetry in physics are covered, in particular three-dimensional rotational symmetry and its associated quantum-mechanical formalism and Lorentz covariance. The invariant variables of two-body interactions, namely s (centre-of-mass energy squared) and t (4-momentum transfer squared), are defined and examples of their use are given. The concepts of cross section and phase space are introduced with examples from two- and three-body final states. The importance of graphical tools is outlined with an explanation and example of a Dalitz plot. The Breit–Wigner formula for an unstable state is explained. The last sections of the chapter cover group theory, in particular the Lie groups U(n) and SU(n).
Static quark model
Authors: Barr G. , Devenish R. , Walczak R. , Weidberg T. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter introduces the quark model of hadrons, starting with a short section on how to combine two and three spin-half particle states. The quark model is explained with reference to the hadrons formed from the light quarks (u, d, s). It is explained that even though these quarks have different masses, an approximate symmetry—known as flavour symmetry—is used to make predictions. The complete spin–flavour–colour hadronic wavefunction for a proton is described. The remaining sections cover the heavy quarks (c, b, t), for which an extended flavour symmetry is not useful. The heavy-quark systems of charmonium (ccˉ) and bottomonium (bbˉ) are described. These systems have states below the threshold for producing charm and beauty meson pairs and show clear analogies with positronium (e+e− bound system). They provide key experimental information in support of quantum chromodynamics and the concept of confinement).
Relativistic quantum mechanics
Authors: Barr G. , Devenish R. , Walczak R. , Weidberg T. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter starts with a brief summary of special relativity, describing how 4-vectors and the Lorentz transformation can be represented by complex matrices. Spinors are introduced as basic building blocks of special relativity, allowing a demonstration of how the Weyl equation and the Dirac equation emerge from the Lorentz transformation of spinors. The Klein–Gordon equation is discussed to show the problems and applicability of relativistic quantum mechanics. The Dirac equation for a free particle is then discussed, including the use of different representations (including the Dirac and Weyl representations), discrete symmetries, and the non-relativistic limit. Interactions with the classical electromagnetic field are introduced, demanding a corresponding gauge symmetry. The chapter concludes by extending the gauge symmetry to account for weak and strong interactions.
Experimental tests of electroweak theory
Authors: Barr G. , Devenish R. , Walczak R. , Weidberg T. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter aims to give a thorough introduction to the experimental techniques used at colliders by first treating the relatively simple events at an electron–positron collider (LEP) and then moving on to the more complex collisions at a hadron collider. The fundamental measurements of the properties of the weak and electroweak interactions are covered and a description is given of how precision measurements have been used to probe physics at higher energy scales. IInteractions of neutrinos and the measurement of CKM matrix elements are considered first, followed by precision measurements of the electroweak interactions at the Z pole at LEP. This includes the determination of the number of neutrino species from the Z lineshape. The chapter continues with measurements of W-boson properties at LEP2 and the Tevatron, and ends with a detailed case study of a hadron collider measurement—the discovery of the top quark.
The Negative Effect of Elections to the European Parliament on Diffuse Support for the European Project
Authors: Beaudonnet Laurie , Franklin Mark N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Do elections to the European Parliament increase or at least sustain a higher level of diffuse support for Europe? This chapter confirms and extends previous research findings by demonstrating the manner in which the reverse is true. Based on a time‐series analysis of diffuse support for Europe in twelve European Union member states (from 1985 to 2011), the chapter shows that attitudes towards integration are impacted by shocks and negatively impacted by European Parliament elections every five years. European Parliament elections contribute to declining support for the European Project by providing citizens time and again with reminders of the apparent waste of public time that EP elections involve.
Introduction
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The research heroes who take on the immense problems of the present time face bigger-than-ever challenges. However, if they adopt potent guiding principles and effective research life cycle strategies, they can solve societal problems and enhance lives. These inspirational research leaders will break free from traditional thinking, disciplinary boundaries, and narrow aspirations. They will be bold innovators and engaged collaborators who are ready to lead yet open to new ideas, and self-confident yet empathetic to others. This book reports on the growing number of initiatives to promote integrated approaches to research. The central guiding principle is that combining applied research and basic research (the ABC principle) produces more rapid progress in both areas, compared to doing them separately.
Combining Applied and Basic Research
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The first guiding principle of this book is that when research teams take on applied and basic research goals, they are more likely to produce stronger applied and basic outcomes. My goal in promoting the ABC principle is more than improving research team productivity. I seek to provoke ambitious research projects that will more frequently cope with contemporary problems such as energy sustainability, healthcare delivery, community safety, and environmental protection. These and other complex challenges require foundational science theories, innovative technology breakthroughs, and compelling designs that together will produce pro-social change for billions of people.
Blending Science, Engineering, and Design
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The goal of this book is to reduce the barriers between disciplines and encourage exchange of research methods so as to draw on the strengths of science, engineering, and design. The blended approach, which celebrates close teamwork and increases respect for diversity, seeks to link science, engineering, and design (the SED principle). Lowering disciplinary barriers will change how researchers are trained, conduct their work, and gain recognition. Since blending disciplines often requires teamwork, another challenge will be to separate the dance from the dancers, or the team contributions from the individuals who made them.
What Engineering Contributes
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Engineering is about aspirations, requiring bold visions and clear plans, driven by attention to detail, repeated measurement, and persistence in the face of setbacks. It requires experience, but each engineering challenge is a step into the unknown to build something that was never done before. Engineering successes come from an innovative spirit and an entrepreneurial style that can enlist the participation of others to create something valuable. Engineering research is risky, so anticipating and coping with failures requires mental planning to limit their damage and frequency, plus a resilient personality to pick up and keep working.
What Design Contributes
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Design thinking is needed to fashion physical objects such as pottery vases, clothing, or magazine covers, as well as intangibles such as Web pages, business services, or healthcare/wellness plans. Design thinking is tied to deeply understanding human needs, persistently reformulating the given problem, and continuously reconsidering the goals. Design processes often lead to multiple divergent solutions, seek input from stakeholders, and engage in spirited teamwork critiques. At some point, design team leaders acknowledge the limits of time and resources, forcing them to converge on a potential solution.
Apply Observation, Intervention, and Controlled Experiments
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The spectrum of research methods ranges from observations, to interventions, to controlled experiments, with many variations along the way. The outcomes manifest in solutions and theories have four components: clear descriptions, causal explanations, reliable predictions, and practical guidelines. The opportunity to test environmental and made-world interventions at massive scale grows with the increasing availability of big data resources from sensors, commercial applications, government data, and open social media discussions. Rigorous guidelines for controlled experiments would accelerate their adoption and gain respect for large-scale quantitative studies. Rigorous guidelines would also be helpful for promoting the adoption of replicated case study research using qualitative methods such as interviews and ethnographic observations.
Form Teams with Diverse Individuals and Organizations
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Teams often produce high-quality research because they bring complementary knowledge, skills, and attitudes, take on ambitious projects, apply diverse research methods, and have large networks. Teamwork is an increasingly popular way of doing research, probably because of the urgency of contemporary problems and the potential for high-impact work. Some funding agencies encourage or even require teamwork in their program announcements. However, teamwork is a complex strategy with many variations and occasionally goes badly, producing acrimonious fights and failed projects. Collaborations can come from business partnerships or interdisciplinary teams that span academic disciplines.
Promote Adoption and Assess Impact
Authors: Shneiderman Ben 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Write well, promote thoughtfully, and assess with care. Strong story-telling skills, which build on compelling narratives, can increase research impact. Addressing appropriate audiences using effective media honors a researcher team’s work. Spreading ideas is a turbulent imperfect process, so vigorous promoters can influence the attention to their work. The best form of promotion is still good writing with striking visuals. Once this foundation is laid, spin-off presentations can be produced through slide decks, podcasts, videos, blog posts, and other forms of social media. This chapter describes the politics of promoting research outcomes in the marketplace of ideas. It also discusses mixing subjective and objective assessments of research impact.
Public, Private,…and Secret
Authors: Eidinow Esther 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This chapter continues the examination of the role and pathways of gossip in and through ancient society. It turns to the genre of curse tablets or binding spells, as a vehicle for the expression of suspicion and aggression. Using conceptual blending analysis, this chapter provides an analysis of the metaphor of binding, in binding spells. This demonstrates the metaphoric connections between binding and civic punishment and gives some insight into the ancient experience of writing or fearing binding spells. In conclusion, it examines the emotions that were likely to motivate the creation of binding spells and argues that this is more likely to be phthonos than Schadenfreude (as some scholars have claimed).
Aesthetics as Philosophy of Perception
Authors: Nanay Bence 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Aesthetics is about some special and unusual ways of experiencing the world. Not just artworks, but also nature and ordinary objects. But then if we apply the remarkably elaborate and sophisticated conceptual apparatus of philosophy of perception to questions in aesthetics, we can make real progress. The aim of this book is to bring the discussion of aesthetics and perception together. Many influential debates in aesthetics will look very different and maybe not as difficult to tackle if we clarify the assumptions they make about perception and about experiences in general. The focus of the book is the concept of attention and the ways in which this concept and especially the distinction between distributed and focused attention can help us re-evaluate various key concepts and debates in aesthetics. Some of the key concepts and debates that the book covers are picture perception and depiction, about aesthetic experiences, about formalism, about the importance of uniqueness in aesthetics, about the history of vision debate, and about our identification with fictional characters (among others).
Structure and Evolution of Invertebrate Nervous Systems
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa Andreas , Harzsch Steffen , Purschke Günter 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
For many biologists the nervous system is a particularly fascinating organ system. The nervous system is involved in or is even responsible for many features that are regarded as being characteristic of animals in general. Since the last comprehensive work was published about 50 years ago, the time has probably come to provide a new review on recent, newly gathered knowledge on the structure of invertebrate nervous systems, especially since new methods have come into use. These advances now enable us to demonstrate neuronal architecture down to the level of the genes and the cell types involved, allowing a new view on nervous systems and comparisons among different taxa. These new findings may help in development of new hypotheses, or support of existing hypotheses on phylogenetic relationships and evolutionary pathways in the nervous system. In spite of many open questions we already have a good knowledge of how nervous systems work, how they are constructed, and how they may have evolved. There is certain evidence that the first nervous systems are represented by rather simple sensory–motor circuits, followed by nerve nets (plexus) located within the epithelia, and finally neuronal circuits composed of sensory cells, interneurons, and brains. Therefore, this book concentrates on invertebrates and structure and these new evolutionary aspects, here discussed as ‘research highlights’ or ‘perspectives’. Sensory structures are only touched on peripherally. Whereas some taxa have been studied extensively and well-written reviews may already exist, in other taxa our knowledge on the nervous system is still scant and scarce.
Perspective—Evolution of Neural Cell Types
Authors: Arendt Detlev 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The nervous system is composed of cell types. Thus, any attempt to elucidate the evolutionary origin of the nervous system requires comparison of the constituting neural cell types. This chapter surveys the state of the art in the comparative analysis of cell types in the nervous system, conceptually and by means of a few illustrative examples. First, what is a cell type? In essence, the definition of a ‘cell type’ is structural. It refers to the specific phenotype of a population of cells in the body that are structurally more similar to each other than to other cells. Therefore, neural cell types are defined by their specific structure reflecting their unique function. The structure of a given cell type is a manifestation of its molecular composition; and although cell types are more than the sum of their constituent parts, the comparative analysis of their molecular composition in various different ways is key to understanding cell type evolution. Typically, cellular functions require the cooperation of proteins and other biomolecules that constitute ‘modules’. We can thus envisage a neural cell type, as any other cell type, as an assembly of modules with discrete subfunctions. The focus of this chapter is on the evolutionary origin of ‘neural’ modules in early metazoans and their subsequent distribution to emergent sister cell types such as sensory neurons and interneurons.
Perspective—The First Brain
Authors: Riebli Nadia , Reichert Heinrich 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this spotlight chapter the question of whether the urbilaterian ancestor already possessed a complex brain, or whether the various brains found in extant bilaterians arose by convergent evolution is considered. Since current palaeontological data gives little insight into the origin of brains during evolution earlier than the Cambrium, evidence from comparative, developmental, and molecular genetic studies that sheds light on the origin of the first brain is reviewed. Comparative neuroanatomical data reveal complex CNS throughout the protostomes and deuterostomes, but do not resolve the question of whether the diverse brains of extant bilaterians all had a common urbilaterian origin. Studies on regionalized expression of developmental patterning genes, such as Cephalic gap genes and Hox genes, show that they not only show similar expression patterns, but also have comparable developmental roles in vertebrate and invertebrate brain development. Moreover, even conserved organizational features of complex brain circuitry such as the visual and olfactory system have recently been reported in both protostomes and deuterostomes. Taken together, there is now increasing evidence for a brain with relatively sophisticated sensory and associative brain centres in the urbilaterian ancestor of vertebrates and invertebrates, implying that the first urbilaterian brain might already have been quite complex.
Platyhelminthes: Neodermata
Authors: Biserova Natalia M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn Neodermata, the brain consists of paired ganglia (right and left lateral lobes), connected by the brain commissure; paired anterior nerves and two posterior main nerve cords extending from the lobes and the commissure. The brain is composed of numerous serotoninergic, peptidergic, and cholinergic neurons. The bilobed neuropil is a compact integrative part of the brain. Except synaptic contacts, it usually has fibrillar and glial envelopes. The architecture and ultrastructure of the bilobed neuropil is different among Neodermata. Monogeneans and trematodes possess a bilateral symmetrical bilobed brain with a broad commissure dorsally behind the pharynx. The amphilinidean brain consists of the right and left non-symmetrical ganglia, connected by the median commissure located ventrally underneath the anterior pit. In Cestodes the brain has a complicated architecture. More prominent concentrations of neurons are located around the median commissure and two main neuropils. Scoleces with four sets of attachment organs have distinct double lateral lobes with two pairs of main neuropils. The central unpaired lobe with neuropil and neurons, and also the X (or +)-shaped commissures are evidenced in some cestodes species. Anterior nerves and ganglia innervate the mouth, pharynx, lappets, and the musculo-glandular organs of monogenea and trematoda. In cestodes, the anterior ganglia innervate suckers, proboscises, and glandular organs; and anterior nerves innervate the bothria. The sensory organs are presented by the unciliated, uni-ciliated, and multiciliated aggregations of free nerve endings in the neodermis. The position of the sensory organs correlates with the morphology of attachment and copulatory apparatus.
Mollusca: Caudofoveata, Monoplacophora, Polyplacophora, Scaphopoda, And Solenogastres
Authors: Sigwart Julia D. , Sumner-Rooney Lauren H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMolluscs are the second most speciose metazoan phylum, and arguably molluscs demonstrate the largest morphological disparity. The dramatic body-plan modifications and changes among the molluscan clades leave few consistent characters that can be directly compared across all eight living classes. The five groups covered here—Caudofoveata (chaetoderms), Monoplacophora (headless deep-sea limpets), Polyplacophora (chitons), Scaphopoda (tusk shells), and Solenogastres (neomeniomorphs)—are all exclusively marine, and live as benthic or infaunal species. They are less commercially exploited than the other more speciose and edible groups of molluscs, but nonetheless demonstrate extensive diversification within each clade, and many are locally abundant and exert significant ecosystem control. They also possess fascinating specialized sensory structures, from the sensory shell ‘eyes’ or aesthetes within the shells of chitons, to the inordinate elastic sensory tentacles that scaphopods use for feeding. Neuroanatomy has long been crucial to the study of molluscs and molluscan phylogeny. Indeed, aplacophorans (Caudofoveata and Solenogastres) as well as scaphopods were historically considered to be worms, but the organization of their nervous systems helped early comparative anatomists to recognize these animals as molluscs. This assessment of the nervous systems across diverse body plans may prove essential to resolving larger questions about molluscan and metazoan evolutionary dynamics.