bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antarctic ice shelf thickness from CryoSat‐2 radar altimetry
Authors: Chuter S. J. , Bamber J. L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIce shelf thickness for the whole of Antarctica is derived from 4 years (2011–2014) of CryoSat‐2 (CS2) radar altimetry measurements using the assumption that the shelves are in hydrostatic equilibrium. The satellite orbit and novel synthetic aperture radar interferometric mode of CS2 results in 92.3% data coverage over the ice shelves, with particular improvements around the grounding zone. When compared to ICESat data, surface elevations have a mean bias of less than 1 m and a fourfold reduction in standard deviation compared with the previous data set. Over the Amery Ice Shelf there is a mean thickness difference of 3.3% between radio echo sounding measurements and the CS2‐derived thicknesses, rising to 4.7% within 10 km of the grounding line. Our new data set provides key improvements in accuracy and coverage, especially in the grounding zone, allowing for reduced uncertainties in mass budget calculations, subshelf ocean and ice sheet‐shelf modeling.
Dual‐polarization radar signatures in snowstorms: Role of snowflake aggregation
Authors: Moisseev Dmitri N. , Lautaportti Susanna , Tyynela Jani , Lim S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this article a potential role of snowflake growth by aggregation on formation of dual‐polarization radar signatures in winter storms is discussed. We advocate that the observed bands of increased values of specific differential phase (Kdp) can be linked to the onset of aggregation. These bands are caused by high number concentrations of oblate relatively dense ice particles and take place in regions where an ice phase “seeder‐feeder” is active. On the other hand, the differential reflectivity (Zdr) bands, in absence of detectable Kdp values, are observed in the areas where crystal growth is the dominating snow growth mechanism and ice particle number concentration is lower. This distinction in underlying processes explains why Kdp and Zdr bands are not always observed at the same time. Furthermore, based on surface observations of snowflakes, it is determined that early aggregates, consisting of a small number of ice crystals, are oblate. These oblate particles could contribute to the reported dual‐polarization radar signatures in snow, especially to the Kdp. This could help to explain why, where observed at the same type, Kdp and Zdr bands do not match and the altitude of the peak value of Kdp is usually lower than the Zdr one. It also means that dual‐polarization radar signatures of snowflakes may depend on a stage of aggregation.
Water‐Soluble Gold–N‐Heterocyclic Carbene Complexes for the Catalytic Homogeneous Acid‐ and Silver‐Free Hydration of Hydrophilic Alkynes
Authors: Ibrahim Houssein , de Frémont Pierre , Braunstein Pierre , Théry Vincent , Nauton Lionel , Cisnetti Federico , Gautier Arnaud 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWater‐soluble gold(III/I) N‐heterocylic carbene complexes behave as efficient catalysts for the hydration of terminal alkynes in neat water. The transformation proceeds in the absence of Brønsted acids or halide scavengers and is suitable for sensitive substrates. Kinetic profiles and DFT studies provide a clear picture of intermediates present during catalysis.magnified image
Risk Preferences, Transaction Costs, and Choice of Marketing Contracts: Evidence from a Choice Experiment with Fresh Vegetable Producers
Authors: Vassalos Michael , Hu Wuyang , Woods Timothy , Schieffer Jack , Dillon Carl 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTGrowers’ preferences for a number of marketing contract attributes, as well as the effect of growers’ risk aversion levels on the choice of marketing contracts, were examined with the use of a choice experiment. The main data source for the study is a mail survey administrated to wholesale tomato growers. The findings validate the transaction cost hypothesis and indicate heterogeneity in preferences. On the other hand, risk preferences had limited impact on contract choice.
A Robust, Recyclable Resin for Decagram Scale Resolution of (±)‐Mefloquine and Other Chiral N‐Heterocycles
Authors: Kreituss Imants , Chen Kuang‐Yen , Eitel Simon H. , Adam Jean‐Michel , Wuitschik Georg , Fettes Alec , Bode Jeffrey W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDecagram quantities of enantiopure (+)‐mefloquine have been produced via kinetic resolution of racemic mefloquine using a ROMP‐gel supported chiral acyl hydroxamic acid resolving agent. The requisite monomer was prepared in a few synthetic steps without chromatography and polymerization was safely performed on a >30 gram scale under ambient conditions. The reagent was readily regenerated and reused multiple times for the resolution of 150 grams of (±)‐mefloquine and other chiral N‐heterocylces.
First generation versus second generation drug‐eluting stents for the treatment of bifurcations: 5‐year follow‐up of the LEADERS all‐comers randomized trial
Authors: Grundeken Maik J. , Wykrzykowska Joanna J. , Ishibashi Yuki , Garg Scot , de Vries Ton , Garcia‐Garcia Hector M. , Onuma Yoshinobu , de Winter Robbert J. , Buszman Pawel , Linke Axel , Ischinger Thomas , Klauss Volker , Eberli Franz , Corti Roberto , Wijns William , Morice Marie‐Claude , di Mario Carlo , Meier Bernhard , Jüni Peter , Yazdani Ashkan , Copt Samuel , Windecker Stephan , Serruys Patrick W. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundHistorically, percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) of bifurcation lesions was associated with worse procedural and clinical outcomes when compared with PCI of non‐bifurcation lesions. Newer generation drug‐eluting stents (DES) might improve long‐term clinical outcomes after bifurcation PCI.Methods and ResultsThe LEADERS trial was a 10‐center, assessor‐blind, non‐inferiority, all‐comers trial, randomizing 1,707 patients to treatment with a biolimus A9TM‐eluting stent (BES) with an abluminal biodegradable polymer or a sirolimus‐eluting stent (SES) with a durable polymer (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT00389220). Five‐year clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without bifurcation lesions and between BES and SES in the bifurcation lesion subgroup.There were 497 (29%) patients with at least 1 bifurcation lesion (BES = 258; SES = 239). At 5‐year follow‐up, the composite endpoint of cardiac death, myocardial infarction (MI) and clinically‐indicated (CI) target vessel revascularization (TVR) was observed more frequently in the bifurcation group (26.6% vs. 22.4%, P = 0.049). Within the bifurcation lesion subgroup, no differences were observed in (cardiac) death or MI rates between BES and SES. However, CI target lesion revascularization (TLR) (10.1% vs. 15.9%, P = 0.0495), and CI TVR (12.0% vs. 19.2%, P = 0.023) rates were significantly lower in the BES group. Definite/probable stent thrombosis (ST) rate was numerically lower in the BES group (3.1% vs. 5.9%, P = 0.15). Very late (>1 year) definite/probable ST rates trended to be lower with BES (0.4% vs. 3.1%, P = 0.057).ConclusionsIn the treatment of bifurcation lesions, use of BES led to superior long‐term efficacy compared with SES. Safety outcomes were comparable between BES and SES, with an observed trend toward a lower rate of very late definite/probable ST between 1 and 5 years with the BES. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Distinctive MS/MS Fragmentation Pathways of Glycopeptide‐Generated Oxonium Ions Provide Evidence of the Glycan Structure
Authors: Yu Jin , Schorlemer Manuel , Gomez Toledo Alejandro , Pett Christian , Sihlbom Carina , Larson Göran , Westerlind Ulrika , Nilsson Jonas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPost‐translational glycosylation of proteins play key roles in cellular processes and the site‐specific characterisation of glycan structures is critical to understanding these events. Given the challenges regarding identification of glycan isomers, glycoproteomic studies generally rely on the assumption of conserved biosynthetic pathways. However, in a recent study, we found characteristically different HexNAc oxonium ion fragmentation patterns that depend on glycan structure. Such patterns could be used to distinguish between glycopeptide structural isomers. To acquire a mechanistic insight, deuterium‐labelled glycopeptides were prepared and analysed. We found that the HexNAc‐derived m/z 126 and 144 oxonium ions, differing in mass by H2O, had completely different structures and that high‐mannose N‐glycopeptides generated abundant Hex‐derived oxonium ions. We describe the oxonium ion decomposition mechanisms and the relative abundance of oxonium ions as a function of collision energy for a number of well‐defined glycan structures, which provide important information for future glycoproteomic studies.
Vom Granatapfelbaum zum Cyclooctatetraen
Authors: Heß Georg , Haiss Peter , Wistuba Dorothee , Siehl Hans‐Ullrich , Berger Stefan , Sicker Dieter , Zeller Klaus‐Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDas Alkaloid Pseudopelletierin ist zusammen mit Pelletierin und N‐Methylpelletierin in der Rinde des Granatapfelbaums abgelagert. Während Pelletierin und N‐Methylpelletierin für lange Zeit therapeutische Bedeutung als Entwurmungsmittel hatten, ist das Pseudopelletierin als Ausgangssubstanz für die erste Cyclooctatetraen‐Synthese von historischem Interesse. Wir beschreiben seine Isolierung aus der Wurzelrinde von punica granatum und den vollständigen Satz seiner analytischen Spektren. Die NMR‐Spektren und das EI‐Massenspektrum werden ausführlich diskutiert und die 13C‐chemischen Verschiebungen mit theoretisch ermittelten Werten verglichen.
A METHOD FOR DETECTING THE CHANGE OF AURORAL ACTIVITIES BASED ON THE ALL‐SKY IMAGE SEQUENCE
Authors: Qian WANG , Hong‐Qiao HU , Ze‐Jun HU , Qi QIU 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFaced with the annually increasing amount of auroral data, we need to quickly browse the auroral activities and exactly find similar auroral events as more as possible. Traditional method of browsing auroral activities is Keogram. The Keogram loses two‐dimensional information about appearance and motion, which result in missing several auroral events, such as aurora images including curl structure or luminance structure not appearing on the magnetic meridian. In this paper, considering the fact that the solar winds have magnetic fluid nature, we model the auroral motion using the continuous equation. And thereby relative motion in neighborhood is represented by the local vector difference (LVD) based on motion field. Spatiotemporally statistics of the LVDs is used as the representation of auroral sequences. By computing the difference between two successive auroral sequences using metric‐square histogram distance, the change of auroral activities can be quantitatively measured. The local peaks of the curve indicate the changes of auroral activities. Because motion field provides the information about two‐dimensional appearance and motion, the proposed method can detect auroral change and thereby the change curve makes it feasible to fast browse auroral activities and to study auroral activity period.
A STUDY OF DEEP SEISMOGENIC ENVIRONMENT IN LUSHAN MS7.0 EARTHQUAKE ZONE BY WIDE‐ANGLE SEISMIC REFLECTION/REFRACTION PROFILE
Authors: Shuai‐Jun WANG , Fu‐Yun WANG , Jian‐Shi ZHANG , Bao‐Feng LIU , Cheng‐Ke ZHANG , Jin‐Ren ZHAO , Yu‐Ling DUAN , Xiang‐Hui SONG , Xiao‐Guo DENG , Ce‐Jun MA , Yi‐Nan SUN , Yi‐Ran ZANG , Yi‐Qing LI 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAfter the Lushan earthquake in April, 2013, the Lushan earthquake scientific investigations headquarter was quickly established by China Earthquake Administration to investigate the deep structure and seismogenic environment of the earthquake. Therefore, an about 410‐km‐long artificial seismic high‐resolution wide‐angle reflection/refraction profile was carried out from September to November in the source area of Lushan earthquake by Geophysical Exploration Center of China Earthquake Administration, and the artificial seismic detection data with high signal‐to‐noise ratio was obtained by means of seismic ray tracing and travel time forward fitting solution. The crustal and upper mantle two‐dimensional P wave velocity structure model in the area was set up. The results show that the features of velocity structure in the Yangtze and the Songpan‐Garzê blocks are greatly different. The crust thickens gradually from south to north. The thickness of the sedimentary cover in the Sichuan Basin is up to 7.8 km, while in the Songpan‐Garzê block the thinnest thickness is only hundreds of meters. In the mid‐upper crust, the average velocity of the Yangtze block is 0.2 km·s−1 faster than that of the Songpan‐Garzê block. To the north of the coupling area between the basin and the plateau, about 20 km deep, there exists a weak layer/low‐velocity layer whose thickness is 8.0 km. The velocity is 5.80 km·s−1, apparently lower than the average velocity of the surrounding media, which is 6.00∼6.10 km·s−1. In the tectonic transfer zone, the seismic phase is unclear, disordered and cannot be compared sequentially. The crustal interface is discontinuous from the earth surface to the top of the upper mantle. The velocity structure is in an anomalous disorder and characterized by low velocity anomaly. In the mid‐lower crust, the velocity along the profile varies with a positive gradient and increases vertically. The fluctuation of the crustal interface is not great and the interface tends to deepen abruptly to the north of the transfer zone. The fluctuation of the Moho is especially clear. Within the scope of 50 km, the depth of the interface varies from 36.2 km in the Yangtze block to 45.8 km beneath the Songpan‐Garzê block, forming an abrupt change belt. The seismic source of Lushan Ms7.0 earthquake is located in a region in which the two‐dimension velocity structure is in an anomalous disorder and the fluctuation of the interface is obvious. The study shows that the differences of the interface and the velocity structure and the features of fluctuation have a close relation to the seismic activity in this region.
ON INELASTIC RESPONSE SPECTRA OF PULSE‐TYPE GROUND MOTION BASED ON DECOMPOSITION METHOD
Authors: Guo‐Chen ZHAO , Long‐Jun XU , Li‐Li XIE 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article aims to investigate the influence of different frequency components on the amplitude parameters and inelastic response spectral characterizations of pulse‐type ground motions. 53 pulse‐type ground motions selected from 12 large earthquakes are utilized in this study. First, the high frequency components (HFC) and low frequency components (LFC) of these ground motions are obtained based on multi‐scale decomposed method. To compare with the results obtained by traditional methods, the predominant component (PC) which can be used as the representation of the dominant velocity pulse and the residual component (RC) which is obtained by removing the PC from original ground motion are analyzed. Second, the comparison of the amplitude parameters and the inelastic response spectra between original ground motions and four kinds of ground motion components (HFC, LFC, PC, and RC) is performed in order to investigate the influence of ground motion components on the amplitude parameters and inelastic response spectral characterizations of the corresponding original ground motions. Finally, a harmonic ground motion model is used to explore the reasons for the special inelastic response spectral characterizations for pulse‐type ground motions. Analysis results show that low‐frequency component is not only the major factor that influences the velocity and displacement amplitude of pulse‐type ground motion but also can cause considerable influence on the acceleration amplitude of original ground motion. It is also the immediate causes of the larger inelastic displacement ratio and the smaller inelastic strength reduction factor for pulse‐type ground motions. That will result in higher displacement and strength demands for building structure when the structure is subjected to pulse‐type ground motions.
Comprehensive genomic profiling of 295 cases of clinically advanced urothelial carcinoma of the urinary bladder reveals a high frequency of clinically relevant genomic alterations
Authors: Ross Jeffrey S. , Wang Kai , Khaira Depinder , Ali Siraj M. , Fisher Huge A.G. , Mian Badar , Nazeer Tipu , Elvin Julia A. , Palma Norma , Yelensky Roman , Lipson Doron , Miller Vincent A. , Stephens Philip J. , Subbiah Vivek , Pal Sumanta K. 
Published: December 2015

BACKGROUNDIn the current study, the authors present a comprehensive genomic profile (CGP)‐based study of advanced urothelial carcinoma (UC) designed to detect clinically relevant genomic alterations (CRGAs).METHODSDNA was extracted from 40 µm of formalin‐fixed, paraffin‐embedded sections from 295 consecutive cases of recurrent/metastatic UC. CGP was performed on hybridization‐captured, adaptor ligation‐based libraries to a mean coverage depth of 688X for all coding exons of 236 cancer‐related genes plus 47 introns from 19 genes frequently rearranged in cancer, using process‐matched normal control samples as a reference. CRGAs were defined as GAs linked to drugs on the market or currently under evaluation in mechanism‐driven clinical trials.RESULTSAll 295 patients assessed were classified with high‐grade (International Society of Urological Pathology classification) and advanced stage (stage III/IV American Joint Committee on Cancer) disease, and 294 of 295 patients (99.7%) had at least 1 GA on CGP with a mean of 6.4 GAs per UC (61% substitutions/insertions/deletions, 37% copy number alterations, and 2% fusions). Furthermore, 275 patients (93%) had at least 1 CRGA involving 75 individual genes with a mean of 2.6 CRGAs per UC. The most common CRGAs involved cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 2A (CDKN2A) (34%), fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) (21%), phosphatidylinositol 3‐kinase catalytic subunit alpha (PIK3CA) (20%), and ERBB2 (17%). FGFR3 GAs were diverse types and included 10% fusions. ERBB2 GAs were equally divided between amplifications and substitutions. ERBB2 substitutions were predominantly within the extracellular domain and were highly enriched in patients with micropapillary UC (38% of 32 cases vs 5% of 263 nonmicropapillary UC cases; P<.0001).CONCLUSIONSUsing a CGP assay capable of detecting all classes of GA simultaneously, an extraordinarily high frequency of CRGA was identified in a large series of patients with advanced UC. Cancer 2016;122:702–711. © 2015 American Cancer Society.
Type 2 diabetes mellitus and the risk of falling into poverty: an observational study
Authors: Callander Emily J. , Schofield Deborah J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundDiabetes is known to be associated with low income; however, no longitudinal studies have documented whether developing type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a risk factor for later falling into poverty. This paper aims to determine whether Australians who are diagnosed with type 2 diabetes have an elevated risk of falling into income poverty or multidimensional poverty.MethodsData from a nationally representative, longitudinal survey conducted annually since 2001 are utilized. It identifies adults aged 21 years and over who were diagnosed with type 2 diabetes between 2007 and 2009 and compares their risk of falling into income poverty and multidimensional poverty between 2007 and 2012 relative to those who had never been diagnosed with type 2 diabetes using survival analysis with Cox regression models.ResultsAfter adjusting for confounding factors, for men who were diagnosed with T2DM, the hazard ratio for falling into income poverty was 1.89 (95% CI: 1.03–3.44) and 2.52 (95% CI: 1.24–5.12) for falling into multidimensional poverty, relative men who had never been diagnosed with T2DM. There was no significant difference in the hazard ratio for falling into income poverty (p = 0.6554) or multidimensional poverty (p = 0.9382) for women who were diagnosed with T2DM compared with women who had never been diagnosed with T2DM.ConclusionBeing diagnosed with type 2 diabetes increases the risk of men falling into poverty. The risk is higher for multidimensional poverty than income poverty. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
How does forest structure affect root reinforcement and susceptibility to shallow landslides?
Authors: Moos Christine , Bebi Peter , Graf Frank , Mattli Josias , Rickli Christian , Schwarz Massimiliano 
Published: December 2015

AbstractForests can decrease the risk of shallow landslides by mechanically reinforcing the soil and positively influencing its water balance. However, little is known about the effect of different forest structures on slope stability. In the study area in St Antönien, Switzerland, we applied statistical prediction models and a physically‐based model for spatial distribution of root reinforcement in order to quantify the influence of forest structure on slope stability. We designed a generalized linear regression model and a random forest model including variables describing forest structure along with terrain parameters for a set of landslide and control points facing similar slope angle and tree coverage. The root distribution measured at regular distances from seven trees in the same study area was used to calibrate a root distribution model. The root reinforcement was calculated as a function of tree dimension and distance from tree with the root bundle model (RBMw). Based on the modelled values of root reinforcement, we introduced a proxy‐variable for root reinforcement of the nearest tree using a gamma distribution. The results of the statistical analysis show that variables related to forest structure significantly influence landslide susceptibility along with terrain parameters. Significant effects were found for gap length, the distance to the nearest trees and the proxy‐variable for root reinforcement of the nearest tree. Gaps longer than 20 m critically increased the susceptibility to landslides. Root reinforcement decreased with increasing distance from trees and is smaller in landslide plots compared to control plots. Furthermore, the influence of forest structure strongly depends on geomorphological and hydrological conditions. Our results enhance the quantitative knowledge about the influence of forest structure on root reinforcement and landslide susceptibility and support existing management recommendations for protection against gravitational natural hazards. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Criteria for deviation from predictions by the concentration addition model
Authors: Takeshita Jun-ichi , Seki Masanori , Kamo Masashi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Loewe's additivity (concentration addition) is a well-known model for predicting the toxic effects of chemical mixtures under the additivity assumption of toxicity. However, from the perspective of chemical risk assessment and/or management, it is important to identify chemicals whose toxicities are additive when present concurrently, that is, it should be established whether there are chemical mixtures to which the concentration addition predictive model can be applied. The objective of the present study was to develop criteria for judging test results that deviated from the predictions by the concentration addition chemical mixture model. These criteria were based on the confidence interval of the concentration addition model's prediction and on estimation of errors of the predicted concentration–effect curves by toxicity tests after exposure to single chemicals. A log–logit model with 2 parameters was assumed for the concentration–effect curve of each individual chemical. These parameters were determined by the maximum-likelihood method, and the criteria were defined using the variances and the covariance of the parameters. In addition, the criteria were applied to a toxicity test of a binary mixture of p-n-nonylphenol and p-n-octylphenol using the Japanese killifish, medaka (Oryzias latipes). Consequently, the concentration addition model using confidence interval was capable of predicting the test results at any level, and no reason for rejecting the concentration addition was found. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:1806–1814. © 2015 SETAC