bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adolescent Diet Quality and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Middle‐Aged Women
Authors: Dahm Christina C. , Chomistek Andrea K. , Jakobsen Marianne Uhre , Mukamal Kenneth J. , Eliassen A. Heather , Sesso Howard D. , Overvad Kim , Willett Walter C. , Rimm Eric B. , Chiuve Stephanie E. 
Published: December 2016

Background

Primary prevention of cardiovascular disease (
CVD
) focuses on treatment of risk factors, including hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, and type 2 diabetes mellitus. We investigated whether a healthy diet in adolescence prevents development of clinical risk factors or incidence of
CVD
in adulthood.

Methods and Results

We examined the time to the first development of ≥1 clinical risk factor (hypercholesterolemia, hypertension, or type 2 diabetes mellitus) or
CVD
in relation to a high school Alternative Healthy Eating Index (
HS
‐
AHEI
) within the Nurses’ Health Study
II
. Among those who completed a food frequency questionnaire about their high school diet and adult diet (mean age 42 years), 27 406 women free of clinical risk factors and 42 112 women free of
CVD
in 1998 were followed to June 2011. Hazard ratios (
HRs
) and 95%
CIs
were adjusted for potential confounders in high school and adulthood. We documented 11 542 first diagnoses of clinical risk factors and 423
CVD
events. The
HS
‐
AHEI
was associated with a lower rate of risk factors (
HR
highest versus lowest quintiles 0.82; 95%
CI,
0.77–0.87 [
P
trend <0.001]), was inversely associated with risk of developing ≥1 clinical risk factor in women with a low, medium, and high
AHEI
score during adulthood (
HR
high
HS
‐
AHEI
/high adult
AHEI
versus low/low 0.79 [95% CI, 0.74–0.85]), but was not statistically significantly associated with incident
CVD
.

Conclusions

A healthy diet during adolescence is associated with lower risk of developing
CVD
risk factors. As diet tracks throughout life, and adult diet prevents
CVD
, healthy dietary habits that begin early are important for primordial prevention of
CVD
.
Growth of Carotid Intima‐Media Thickness in Black and White Young Adults
Authors: Hao Guang , Wang Xiaoling , Treiber Frank A. , Davis Harry , Leverett Sharika , Su Shaoyong , Kapuku Gaston 
Published: December 2016

Background

There are few longitudinal studies that have comprehensively examined the intima‐media thickness (
IMT
) growth pattern and its determinants among racial population groups.

Methods and Results

Mean and maximum
IMT
were measured by B‐mode ultrasonography up to 3 times in 253 white and 268 black participants, aged 13 to 36 years (mean age±standard deviation 24±3.2 years old). The development of
IMT
was assessed using individual growth curve modeling. A total of 521 participants with 1015
IMT
measurements were eligible for this study. We found higher
IMT
in both left and right sides in blacks compared to whites (
P
<0.001) in young adulthood. Both whites and blacks showed a strong linear increase in mean
IMT
with age. Body mass index and father's education level were associated with mean
IMT
, and only body mass index was associated with maximum
IMT
(
P
<0.05). We did not observe an interaction between age and race/ethnicity on the growth of
IMT
, suggesting that blacks and whites developed
IMT
in similar patterns. Interestingly, we found a faster increase in mean left‐side
IMT
than mean right‐side
IMT
(χ
2
=11.5,
P
<0.001) in both black and white subjects as well as in males and females.

Conclusions

Our findings provide compelling prospective evidence that blacks may have thicker
IMT
compared to whites as young adults. These racial differences could not be explained by traditional risk factors. This implies that differences in this precursor of atherosclerosis may explain racial disparity in cerebrovascular disease.
Yezidi Circumcision and Blood-Brotherhood (Including the Circumcision of the Dead)
Authors: Nicolaus Peter 
Published: December 2016

Amongst Kurds and Yezidis the circumcision of male children and the subsequent bloodbond (kerāfat), formed between the circumcised and the one chosen to hold the boy on his knees during the procedure, has been until the recent past a major rite of passage, as well as a functioning protection mechanism. However, within the last few decades significant changes have occurred in Northern Iraq; and only the Yezidis and a few Kurdish tribes in remote areas still uphold the traditions of the kerāfat. The Yezidis in Armenia and Georgia have completely abandoned this institution and have also altered their practice of circumcision.The present article sheds light on the Yezidi kerāfat, the mutual social obligations of the two blood-brothers, as well as the marriage barriers established between their respective families. Furthermore, it tracks the modifications circumcision has undergone in Northern Iraq, Turkey, and among Yezidis in the diaspora. In this context, it elaborates on the circumcision practices of the Yezidis in Northern Iraq, Germany, and Transcaucasia especially highlighting the changes introduced through contact with, and the social pressures of, the respective majority population—in particular, focusing on Armenia and Georgia where these changes have resulted in the circumcision of the dead.
And the Pearl Became an Egg: The Yezidi Red Wednesday and Its Cosmogonic Background
Authors: Rodziewicz Artur 
Published: December 2016

The paper presents a structural reading of the events accompanying the Yezidi feasts of the New Year (Serê Salê) and the Red Wednesday (Çarşemiya-sor), which can be collated with the outlines of the cosmogonic order reconstructed on the basis of the content of the Yezidi hymns. The New Year festival, especially the moment of transition from Tuesday night to Wednesday, can be seen as a representation of the initial cosmogonic stages–the transition from the dark of indefiniteness into the first steps of the new world associated with the appearance of the luminous Pearl, which takes colours and breaks apart. This paper describes the interaction between the descriptions of the Pearl in the hymns and the festival rituals associated with eggs (colouring, breaking, mixing them with clay and flowers).In addition to the relevant literature, the author refers to his own field research conducted during the Çarşemiya-sor in Lalish in 2014 and in Ba’adra and Sheikhan where he lived in April 2015.
From Yezidism to Islam: Religious Architecture of the Mahmudî Dynasty in Khoshâb
Authors: Açikyildiz-Şengül Birgül 
Published: December 2016

The Yezidi Mahmudî Dynasty controlled Khoshâb and surrounding area between Van, Nakhchivân and Marâgha during almost five centuries, from the end of the 14th century to the second half of the 19th century. Тhe Mahmudî rulers consolidated their power by their rational diplomacy with the main political forces of the region, first with the Black Sheep and White Sheep Turkomans and later with the Ottomans and the Safavids. Converted to Islam in the mid-16th century, the Mahmudîs contributed to the Islamic art by endowing buildings in Khoshâb between 1563 and 1671.The article focuses on the study of Mahmudî religious architecture in Khoshâb, tracing particularly the pre-Islamic Yezidi elements in it.
Integrative taxonomic re-description of Halisarca magellanica and description of a new species of Halisarca (Porifera, Demospongiae) from Chilean Patagonia
Authors: WILLENZ PHILIPPE , ERESKOVSKY ALEXANDER V. , LAVROV DENNIS V. 
Published: December 2016

A series of recent expeditions in fjords and canals of Southern Chilean Patagonia allowed the re-collection of Halisarca magellanica Topsent, 1901 and the discovery of a new species, Halisarca desqueyrouxae sp. nov. The material studied was collected at depths ranging from 3 to 30 m at latitudes comprised between 42° and 49°S. Both species share the same habitat and show a morphological plasticity, but differ in their colour. Halisarca magellanica is bright pink to whitish with three morphs whereas H. desqueyrouxae sp. nov. is light brown to beige with two morphs. An extensive investigation in TEM and SEM reveals several differences among cell types with inclusions between both species. Three distinct spherulous cells occur. Type 1 is shared by both species, Type 2 is occasional in H. magellanica but absent from H. desqueyrouxae sp. nov. Type 3 is rare in H. magellanica and occurs abundantly in half of the specimens of H. desqueyrouxae sp. nov. Granular cells are shared by both species but do not occur in all specimens. Microgranular cells are characteristic of H. magellanica. Both species also clearly differ by their endobiotic bacteria. Phylogenetic analysis of cox1 sequences places H. magellanica as a sister group to all other previously published Halisarca species sequences (9.1–9.7% difference) except H. harmelini, while H. desqueyrouxae sp. nov. is placed as a sister group to H. dujardini (2.3% difference).
Observed Relationships between Cloud Vertical Structure and Convective Aggregation over Tropical Ocean
Authors: Stein T. H. M. , Holloway C. E. , Tobin I. , Bony S. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Using the satellite-infrared-based Simple Convective Aggregation Index (SCAI) to determine the degree of aggregation, 5 years of CloudSat–CALIPSO cloud profiles are composited at a spatial scale of 10 degrees to study the relationship between cloud vertical structure and aggregation. For a given large-scale vertical motion and domain-averaged precipitation rate, there is a large decrease in anvil cloud (and in cloudiness as a whole) and an increase in clear sky and low cloud as aggregation increases. The changes in thick anvil cloud are proportional to the changes in total areal cover of brightness temperatures below 240 K [cold cloud area (CCA)], which is negatively correlated with SCAI. Optically thin anvil cover decreases significantly when aggregation increases, even for a fixed CCA, supporting previous findings of a higher precipitation efficiency for aggregated convection. Cirrus, congestus, and midlevel clouds do not display a consistent relationship with the degree of aggregation. Lidar-observed low-level cloud cover (where the lidar is not attenuated) is presented herein as the best estimate of the true low-level cloud cover, and it is shown that it increases as aggregation increases. Qualitatively, the relationships between cloud distribution and SCAI do not change with sea surface temperature, while cirrus clouds are more abundant and low-level clouds less at higher sea surface temperatures. For the observed regimes, the vertical cloud profile varies more evidently with SCAI than with mean precipitation rate. These results confirm that convective scenes with similar vertical motion and rainfall can be associated with vastly different cloudiness (both high and low cloud) and humidity depending on the degree of convective aggregation.
Tropical Cyclone Outflow and Warm Core Structure as Revealed by HS3 Dropsonde Data
Authors: Komaromi William A. , Doyle James D. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Dropsonde data collected during the NASA Hurricane and Severe Storm Sentinel (HS3) field campaign from 16 research missions spanning 6 tropical cyclones (TCs) are investigated, with an emphasis on TC outflow and the warm core. The Global Hawk (GH) AV-6 aircraft provided a unique opportunity to investigate the outflow characteristics due to a combination of 18+-h flight durations and the ability to release dropsondes from high altitudes above 100 hPa. Intensifying TCs are found to be associated with stronger upper-level divergence and radial outflow relative to nonintensifying TCs in the sample, regardless of current intensity. A layer of 2–4 m s−1 inflow 20–50 hPa deep is also observed 50–100 hPa above the maximum outflow layer, which appears to be associated with lower-stratospheric descent above the eye. The potential temperature of the outflow is found to be more strongly correlated with the equivalent potential temperature of the boundary layer inflow than to the present storm intensity, consistent with the outflow temperature having a stronger relationship with potential intensity than actual intensity. Finally, the outflow originates from a region of low inertial stability that extends above the cyclone from 300 to 150 hPa and from 50- to 200-km radius.
The unique nature of this dataset allows the height and structure of the warm core also to be investigated. The magnitude of the warm core was found to be positively correlated with TC intensity, while the height of the warm core was weakly positively correlated with intensity. Finally, neither the height nor magnitude of the warm core exhibits any meaningful relationship with intensity change.
Nitrous Oxide During Labor: Maternal Satisfaction Does Not Depend Exclusively on Analgesic Effectiveness
Authors: Richardson Michael G. , Lopez Brandon M. , Baysinger Curtis L. , Shotwell Matthew S. , Chestnut David H. 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUND:
Evidence on the analgesic effectiveness of nitrous oxide for labor pain is limited. Even fewer studies have looked at patient satisfaction. Although nitrous oxide appears less effective than neuraxial analgesia, it is unclear whether labor analgesic effectiveness is the most important factor in patient satisfaction. We sought to compare the relationship between analgesic effectiveness and patient satisfaction with analgesia in women who delivered vaginally using nitrous oxide, neuraxial analgesia (epidural or combined spinal-epidural [CSE]), or both (neuraxial after a trial of nitrous oxide).

METHODS:
A standardized survey was recorded on the first postpartum day for all women who received anesthetic care for labor and delivery. Data were queried for women who delivered vaginally with nitrous oxide and/or neuraxial labor analgesia over a 34-month period in 2011 to 2014. Parturients with complete data for analgesia quality and patient satisfaction were included. Analgesia and satisfaction scores were grouped into 8 to 10 high, 5 to 7 intermediate, and 0 to 4 low. These scores were compared with the use of ordinal logistic regression across 3 groups: nitrous oxide alone, epidural or CSE alone, or nitrous oxide followed by neuraxial (epidural or CSE) analgesia.

RESULTS:
A total of 6507 women received anesthesia care and delivered vaginally. Complete data were available for 6242 (96%) women; 5261 (81%) chose neuraxial analgesia and 1246 (19%) chose nitrous oxide. Of the latter, 753 (60%) went on to deliver with nitrous oxide alone, and 493 (40%) switched to neuraxial analgesia. Most parturients who received neuraxial analgesia (>90%) reported high analgesic effectiveness. Those who used nitrous oxide alone experienced variable analgesic effectiveness, with only one-half reporting high effectiveness. Among all women who reported poor analgesia effectiveness (0−4; n = 257), those who received nitrous oxide alone were more likely to report high satisfaction (8−10) than women who received epidural analgesia alone (OR 2.5; 95% CI 1.4–4.5; P = .002). Women who reported moderate analgesia (5−7) and received nitrous oxide only were more likely to report high satisfaction compared with the other groups. Among women who reported a high level of analgesic effectiveness, satisfaction with anesthesia was high and not different among groups.

CONCLUSIONS:
Patients who received nitrous oxide alone were as likely to express satisfaction with anesthesia care as those who received neuraxial analgesia, even though they were less likely to report excellent analgesia. Although pain relief contributes to the satisfaction with labor analgesia care, our results suggest that analgesia is not the only contributor to maternal satisfaction.
Military Cetology
Authors: Ritts Max , Shiga John 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThroughout the Cold War, the US Navy aggressively explored the sound-making and sound-detecting capacities of cetaceans to help it retain its supremacy in marine battle space. Whales, dolphins, and porpoises were engaged as animals that “see with sound,” that produce sophisticated echolocation “clicks,” and that harness the ocean’s complex acoustic waveguide to detect signals thousands of miles away. Other scholars have touched on the navy’s legacy in cetology (whale science), but none have made it their object of study. Our article places this relationship at the center of burgeoning engagements among media studies, sound studies, and marine spatial theory. We focus on the Cold War period, when new interests in submarine warfare facilitated the growth of naval interests in cetology. We understand the dynamic outcomes of these interests in terms of acoustemology—Steven Feld’s concept for a theory of what can be known and experienced through situated sonic encounter. At stake in this account is not only the question of cetology’s power-laden ways of engaging cetaceans but the role of sound in shifting conceptions of the ocean itself.
Approach to the Development of Human Capital
Authors: Антонов  , Antonov Sergey 
Published: December 2016

This paper analyzes theoretical justifications of the human capital development process and observed
effects. The author looks at dependence between financing and level of human capital development, defines
reproduction and implementation models, and takes an attempt to define basic elements, key questions and
problems of the human capital reproduction and development models. Actualizing more in-depth study of a
social capital and quality of life area, at the same time, as the main problem lying in the basis of the human
capital development is determination of the balancing principles of social and economic parameters.
Ten Tips for Teachers on the Formation of Reading Competence by Younger Schoolchildren
Authors: Виноградова  , Vinogradova Natalya 
Published: December 2016

The article considers the peculiarities of reading competence formation at lessons in primary school. The characteristics of different types of texts
are given. According to the specificity of the content of school subjects the advice on the use of appropriate methods and techniques of formation
by younger schoolboys of abilities to work with information and informative, instructive and reference texts is offered.
German Language Teaching Problems in Village Schools
Authors: Петрова  , Petrova A. 
Published: December 2016

The article considers on the example of village schools of Sarapul Region of the Udmurt Republic the problem of increased attention to the study
of the German language as the first and second foreign language. The general causes which impel to learn German are characterized, the ways
of motivation formation by students to choose German as the first foreign language, as well as conditions for its successful teaching at schools are
considered.
Health Saving Technologies of Younger Schoolchildren Teaching
Authors: Рыдзе  , Rydze Oxana 
Published: December 2016

The article considers learning technologies that contribute to maintaining and strengthening the spiritual (mental) health of children. The article
identifies three characteristics of health saving technology: the creation of emotional and motivational comfort that accompanies the student
activities; prevention of stress, stress relief in the performance of educational work; ensuring rational distribution of work in the classroom through
the combination of work and rest. Description of each characteristic is accompanied by examples of technologies.
Method of Plastic Training Course in the System of Additional Education and at the Theater Lessons at School
Authors: Савостьянов  , Savostyanov Aleksandr 
Published: December 2016

The article considers the concept of “plastic training course”, which aims to reveal the creative nature, fantasy and imagination of the schoolchild,
to develop internal psychotechnics of the child. The proposed author’s development of exercise system is not focused on the acquirement of plastic
scenic skills or special movement technique; it belongs to the category of general developmental, mental and physical training.
Saints' Lives and Shoemakers' Holidays: <i>The Gentle Craft</i> and the Wells Cordwainers' Pageant of 1613
Authors: Di Salvo Gina M. 
Published: December 2016

<p>This essay considers the 1613 Wells Cordwainers’ pageant of SS Crispin and Crispianus through an exploration of hagiographical appropriation in two other contemporary iterations of the St Crispin legend and the conditions of English occasional pageantry. A comparison with the prose tale <em>The Gentle Craft</em> by Thomas Deloney and the stage play <em>A Shoemaker, A Gentleman </em>by William Rowley<em> </em>indicates that the Cordwainers improvised on a popular Jacobean version of their patron saints as romance heroes instead of holy martyrs. </p>
‘Our Children Made Enterluders’: Choristers, Actors, and Students in St Paul’s Cathedral Precinct
Authors: Hentschell Roze F. 
Published: December 2016

<p>This essay explores the relationship between theatre and neighbourhood in early modern England with a focus on St Paul’s Cathedral precinct, demonstrating that the boys who performed as the Children of Paul’s were necessarily shaped by their time there in multiple ways. The seemingly discrete places of the cathedral that the boys inhabited, such as their singing school, the residence hall, the cathedral choir, the churchyard, and the grammar school, were as porous as the activities that took place there. We cannot, then, disentangle the boys’ lives as actors from their lives as denizens of Paul’s.</p>
Unusual Management of Thoracic Aortic Injury After Spinal Instrumentation: Just Glue It!
Authors: Deswysen Yannick , Labeau Jason , Kaminski Ludovik , Astarci Parla 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe report the cases of two patients who presented with screw misplacement following spinal surgery. Both benefited from unusual vascular surgical management with removal of the material and injection of biological glue facing the injury, with uneventful postoperative courses.
The Migration of Air into the Aorta from a Pneumothorax in a Patient with a Penetrating Injury of the Aorta
Authors: Yanagawa Youichi , Kondo Akihiko , Yoshizawa Toshihiko , Jitsuiki Kei , Miyake Takahito , Ohsaka Hiromichi , Sugita Manabu 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA tree fell on the back of a 77-year-old male. A postmortem computed tomographic pan scan revealed systemic air embolism, multiple rib fractures with a penetrating injury to the aorta, pneumohemothorax, and air in the aorta. A massive amount of air entered the site of a penetrating injury of the aorta. This unique case adds one more cause to the list of documented etiologies of air in the aorta.