bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Specific oral tolerance induction in childhood
Authors: Peters Rachel L. , Dang Thanh D. , Allen Katrina J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFood allergy continues to be a significant public health concern for which there are no approved treatments and management strategies primarily include allergen avoidance and pharmacological measures for accidental exposures. Food allergy is thought to result from either a failure to establish oral tolerance or the breakdown of existing oral tolerance, and therefore, experimental preventative and treatment strategies are now aimed at inducing specific oral tolerance. This may occur in infancy prior to the development of food allergy through the optimal timing of dietary exposure (primary oral tolerance induction) or as a treatment for established food allergy through oral immunotherapy (secondary oral tolerance induction). Trials examining the effectiveness of early dietary allergen exposure to prevent food allergy have yielded promising results for peanut allergy but not so for other allergens, although the results of several trials are yet to be published. Although infant feeding guidelines no longer advise to avoid allergenic foods and exposure to food allergens orally is an important step in inducing food tolerance by the immune system, evidence regarding the optimal timing, dose and form of these foods into the infant's diet is lacking. Likewise, oral immunotherapy trials appear promising for inducing desensitization; however, the long‐term efficacy in achieving sustained desensitization and optimal protocols to achieve this is unknown. More research is needed in this emerging field.
No difference in health‐related quality of life, after a food challenge with cashew nut in children participating in a clinical trial
Authors: van der Valk J. P. M. , Gerth van Wijk R. , Flokstra‐de Blok B. M. J. , van der Velde J. L. , de Groot H. , Wichers H. J. , Dubois A. E. J. , de Jong N. W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies showed that health‐related quality of life (HRQL) significantly improved after the food challenge, with greater improvements in HRQL after a negative outcome than after a positive outcome. It is currently unknown whether this also occurs in patients undergoing DBPCFCs with cashew nut in the context of a clinical trial.MethodsQuality of life was studied in children enrolled in a cashew nut study using Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaires (FAQLQs). Children, teenagers and parents of the children completed the questionnaires before the challenge test and 6 months after the DBPCFC with cashew nut. The difference in the change in HRQL between the children with a positive and negative DBPCFC outcome was studied by Mann–Whitney U‐test.ResultsIn total, 112 children (67 boys, median age of 9 years) were included. The children, teenagers and parents of the children completed 143 sets of questionnaires in total. There were no significant differences in baseline total and domain scores compared to the follow‐up scores in the FAQLQ‐CF, FAQLQ‐TF and FAQLQ‐PF. In children, the delta FAIM score in the negative DBPCFC tested group was significantly better than the delta FAIM score in the positive challenged group (p = 0.026). There were no significant differences in the changes in the scores of the FAQLQ‐CF and FAQLQ‐PF in the children with a positive challenge outcome, compared to the children with a negative challenge result. However, there was a significant difference in the change in score between the latter groups in the domain ‘accidental exposure’ of the FAQLQ‐TF (p = 0.049).ConclusionThis study showed no difference in the change in HRQL scores after a DBPCFC with cashew nut in children participating in a clinical trial. The utility of HRQL as an outcome for clinical trials in food allergy may be limited if participant baseline HRQL is relatively unimpaired.
The Virtue of Being Supportive
Authors: Tsai George 
Published: August 2016

AbstractI develop an account of the nature and value of being supportive in interpersonal relationships. In particular, I argue that the virtue of being supportive, construed as a modally demanding value, facilitates the autonomy of one's intimate and promotes a sense of unity in one's relationship. Moreover, the practice of being supportive plays an important role with regard to the familiar need to reconcile the normative demands of one's own projects with one's responsibilities to intimates.
Visual Feeling of Presence
Authors: Ferretti Gabriele 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEveryday visual experience constantly confronts us with things we can interact with in the real world. We literally feel the outside presence of physical objects in our environment via visual perceptual experience. The visual feeling of presence is a crucial feature of vision that is largely unexplored in the philosophy of perception, and poorly debated in vision neuroscience. The aim of this article is to investigate the feeling of presence. I suggest that visual feeling of presence depends on the visual representation of a very particular spatial relation with the object we interact with: the visual representation of absolute egocentric depth, which is due to stereoscopic vision.
Freezing behaviours in winteringCornus floridaflower bud tissues revisited using MRI
Authors: Ishikawa Masaya , Ide Hiroyuki , Yamazaki Hideyuki , Murakawa Hiroki , Kuchitsu Kazuyuki , Price William S. , Arata Yoji 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHow plant tissues control their water behaviours (phase and movement) under subfreezing temperatures through adaptative strategies (freezing behaviours) is important for their survival. However, the fine details of freezing behaviours in complex organs and their regulation mechanisms are poorly understood, and non‐invasive visualization/analysis is required. The localization/density of unfrozen water in winteringCornus floridaflower buds at subfreezing temperatures was visualized with high‐resolution magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). This allowed tissue‐specific freezing behaviours to be determined. MRI images revealed that individual anthers and ovules remained stably supercooled to −14 to −21 °C or lower. The signal from other floral tissues decreased during cooling to −7 °C, which likely indicates their extracellular freezing. Microscopic observation and differential thermal analyses revealed that the abrupt breakdown of supercooled individual ovules and anthers resulted in their all‐or‐nothing type of injuries. The distribution of ice nucleation activity in flower buds determined using a test tube‐based assay corroborated which tissues primarily froze. MRI is a powerful tool for non‐invasively visualizing unfrozen tissues. Freezing events and/or dehydration events can be located by digital comparison of MRI images acquired at different temperatures. Only anthers and ovules preferentially remaining unfrozen are a novel freezing behaviour in flower buds. Physicochemical and biological mechanisms/implications are discussed.
Aquaporins and plant transpiration
Authors: Maurel Christophe , Verdoucq Lionel , Rodrigues Olivier 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAlthough transpiration and aquaporins have long been identified as two key components influencing plant water status, it is only recently that their relations have been investigated in detail. The present review first examines the various facets of aquaporin function in stomatal guard cells and shows that it involves transport of water but also of other molecules such as carbon dioxide and hydrogen peroxide. At the whole plant level, changes in tissue hydraulics mediated by root and shoot aquaporins can indirectly impact plant transpiration. Recent studies also point to a feedback effect of transpiration on aquaporin function. These mechanisms may contribute to the difference between isohydric and anisohydric stomatal regulation of leaf water status. The contribution of aquaporins to transpiration control goes far beyond the issue of water transport during stomatal movements and involves emerging cellular and long‐distance signalling mechanisms which ultimately act on plant growth.
Incidence and Burden of Wheezing Disorders, Eczema, and Rhinitis in Children: findings from the Born in Bradford Cohort
Authors: Mebrahtu Teumzghi F. , Feltbower Richard G. , Parslow Roger C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundBradford city has high infant mortality and there is a major health concern in the community due to environmental pollution. The aim of the study was to investigate the incidence and burden of wheezing disorders, eczema, and rhinitis in children aged 3–7 years .MethodsIt is a prospective cohort study; the participants were 13 734 children from the Born in Bradford cohort.ResultsThere were a total of 22.1% (95% Confidence Interval (CI) 21.4, 22.8%), 52.4% (95% CI 51.5%, 53.2%), and 19.3% (95% CI 18.6, 19.9%) incidence cases of wheezing disorders, eczema, and rhinitis respectively. A total of 37% (95% CI 36.2%, 37.8%), 19.5% (95% CI 18.9%, 20.2%,) and 5.9% (95% CI 5.5%, 6.3%) of the children were affected by only one, two, and three diseases respectively. Boys to girls incidence rate ratios for wheezing disorders, eczema, and rhinitis was 1.41 (95% CI 1.31, 1.51), 1.02 (95% CI 0.97, 1.07), and 1.18 (95% CI 1.09, 1.28) respectively. The respective incidence rate ratios of Pakistani to White British were 0.94 (95% CI 0.87, 1.02), 1.31 (95% CI 1.24, 1.39), and 2.03 (95% CI 1.83, 2.25) respectively.ConclusionThis study shows that the burden of wheezing disorders, eczema, and rhinitis in this cohort is higher than previously reported in earlier studies. In addition, it indicates that while boys are more likely to suffer from wheezing disorders, rhinitis, and multiple diseases than girls, Pakistani children are more likely to suffer from eczema, rhinitis, and multiple diseases than White British children.
The aging population: demographics and the biology of aging
Authors: Kanasi Eleni , Ayilavarapu Srinivas , Jones Judith 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEpidemiologic studies show that 11% of the world's population is over 60 years of age; this is projected to increase, by 2050, to 22% of the population. Oral aging is a current focus of several organizations including the Federation Dentaire Internationale, the World Health Organization and the American and Japanese Dental Associations. In their Tokyo Declaration, the Japanese Association identified the elderly population as one of its main target groups. One of the WHO goals is for each person to retain more than 20 teeth by age 80, despite the fact that the prevalence of periodontal disease is continuously rising as the population is aging. Every species has its own characteristic lifespan, which is determined by its evolutionary history and is modified by multiple diverse factors, including biological mechanisms. In humans, the gradual accumulation of products of cellular metabolism and extensive DNA damage contribute to the aging process. Aging is thought to be associated with a low‐grade inflammatory phenotype in mammals, called ‘inflammaging’, and is the result of autophagic capacity impairing so‐called ‘housekeeping activities’ in the cells, resulting in protein aggregation, mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress. Delayed stem‐cell proliferation, associated with aging, may impact the maintenance and survival of a living being, but excessive proliferation could also result in depleted reserves of stem cells. Studies are needed to address the association of delayed cell proliferation and wound healing with the onset of periodontal diseases and response to treatment. The effects of systemic diseases, medications, psychological effects and decreased interest or ability in performing oral‐hygiene practices are thought to result in periodontal diseases, and ultimately in tooth loss, in aged individuals. Together with an aging population comes a responsibility for ‘healthy’ and ‘successful’ aging. This article describes the changing global demographic profile and the effects of an aging society on the prevalence and incidence of periodontal diseases. We review the definitions of normal and successful aging, the principles of geriatric medicine and the highlights of biological aging at cellular, tissue and systems levels.
From restoration to regeneration: periodontal aging and opportunities for therapeutic intervention
Authors: Huang Lan , Salmon Benjamin , Yin Xing , Helms Jill A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWith the march of time our bodies start to wear out: eyesight fades, skin loses its elasticity, teeth and bones become more brittle and injuries heal more slowly. These universal features of aging can be traced back to our stem cells. Aging has a profound effect on stem cells: DNA mutations naturally accumulate over time and our bodies have evolved highly specialized mechanisms to remove these damaged cells. Whilst obviously beneficial, this repair mechanism also reduces the pool of available stem cells and this, in turn, has a dramatic effect on tissue homeostasis and on our rate of healing. Simply put: fewer stem cells means a decline in tissue function and slower healing. Despite this seemingly intractable situation, research over the past decade now demonstrates that some of the effects of aging are reversible. Nobel prize‐winning research demonstrates that old cells can become young again, and lessons learned from these experiments‐in‐a‐dish are now being translated into human therapies. Scientists and clinicians around the world are identifying and characterizing methods to activate stem cells to reinvigorate the body's natural regenerative process. If this research in dental regenerative medicine pans out, the end result will be tissue homeostasis and healing back to the levels we appreciated when we were young.
The aging mouth: differentiating normal aging from disease
Authors: Lamster Ira B. , Asadourian Lynda , Del Carmen Tessa , Friedman Paula K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAging is the physiologic change that occurs over time. In humans, this change occurs at different rates and are related to lifestyle, environment and genetics. It can be challenging to differentiate normal aging from disease. In the oral cavity, with increasing age the teeth demonstrate wearing of the enamel, chipping and fracture lines, and a darker color. The pulp chamber and canals are reduced in size as a result of the deposition of secondary dentin. Coronal or root caries, however, represent disease. A limited amount of periodontal attachment loss occurs in association with aging, usually manifesting as recession on the buccal surface of teeth. Severe periodontitis occurs in 10.5–12% of the population, with the peak incidence being observed at 35–40 years of age. Changes to the mucosal tissue that occur with age include reduced wound‐healing capacity. However, environmental factors, such as smoking, dramatically increase the risk of mucosal pathology. Reduced salivary gland function is often seen in association with medication usage, as well as with disorders such as diabetes mellitus. Both medication use and chronic disorders are more common in older adults. Masticatory function is of particular importance for older adults. Maintenance of a nutritionally complete diet is important for avoiding sarcopenia and the frailty syndrome. Successful oral aging is associated with adequate function and comfort. A reduced, but functional, dentition of 20 teeth in occlusion has been proposed as a measure of successful oral aging. Healthy oral aging is important to healthy aging from both biological and social perspectives.
Implants for the aged patient: biological, clinical and sociological considerations
Authors: Bartold P. Mark , Ivanovski Saso , Darby Ivan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUntil recently, age, particularly old age, was considered a contraindication to the placement of dental implants. However, this was based largely on anecdotal dogma rather than on empirical information. This review considers the biological, clinical and socio‐economic implications of implants placed in the aged population. Aging has been shown to have an influence on the biological aspects of soft‐ and hard‐tissue wound healing and tissue remodeling, which may influence the establishment and maintenance of implant integration. However, information to date indicates that age should not be an a priori contraindication for implant placement and there is good evidence to indicate that dental implants can be placed successfully in the elderly with good clinical and socio‐economic outcomes.
Oral health and the frailty syndrome
Authors: MacEntee Michael I. , Donnelly Leeann R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe frailty syndrome is an ever‐growing area of study among older adults because of its association with an increased risk of falls, hospitalization, institutionalization, dependency and mortality. Frailty is neither a disease nor a disability but is better understood as a medical syndrome of multisystem dysregulation that results in a diminished ability to overcome everyday stressors. The prevalence of frailty in any given population can vary widely, in part because of the way in which it is defined and measured, but in general it is higher among women and in those with advanced age and declining health. Whilst it is largely understood that older adults will differ biologically, psychologically and socially, and that each of these domains can impact oral health, we are only beginning to investigate how the mouth is affected in frailty. Given that both hard and soft structures contribute to oral health and disease status among older adults with varying degrees of impairment and disability, frailty adds yet another dimension to be considered. This paper will discuss how frailty can influence and be influenced by oral disorders, as well as the potential relationship to oral neglect and the resultant consequences among this vulnerable population.
Can There Be an Artifact Theory of Law?
Authors: Burazin Luka 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe idea that particular legal institutions are artifacts is not new. However, the idea that the “law” or “legal system” is itself an artifact has seldom been directly put forward, due perhaps to the ambiguities surrounding philosophical inquiries into law. Nevertheless, such an idea has recently been invoked more often, though not always developed in detail in terms of what the characterization of the “law” or “legal system” as an artifact entails ontologically, and what consequences, if any, this has for philosophical accounts of law. As a result, the primary aim of this paper is to attempt an inquiry into what the claim that “law” by its nature or character is an artifact entails, and what an artifact theory of law might look like.
Protocols for treating patients with end‐stage renal disease: a survey of undergraduate dental programs
Authors: Sturgill Jeremiah , Howell Scott , Perry Maureen Munnelly , Kothari Hemali 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTRationale/BackgroundApproximately 14% of Americans are living with chronic kidney disease (CKD). The prevalence of end‐stage renal disease (ESRD), the result of progressing CKD continues to rise by 21,000 per year. There are no updated, evidence‐based antibiotic prophylaxis guidelines for patients with renal disease undergoing dental treatment. The most recent was a scientific statement from the American Heart Association (AHA) in 2003. Presented in three parts, the goal of the first part of this study is to determine the current protocol being used to treat renal patients at U.S. dental schools.Methods and MaterialsA 21 multiple‐choice question survey was e‐mailed to 58 clinic deans of accredited dental schools in the United States regarding renal treatment protocol details including antibiotic prophylaxis.ResultsFifty‐two percent of programs report having no established renal patient treatment protocol. For programs with a protocol, when using prophylactic antibiotics, 54% followed AHA protocol, whereas 62% used a modified protocol.ConclusionThere is a lack of consistent, established protocols among undergraduate dental programs. It is suggested that evidence‐based guidelines for the safe treatment of patients be developed.
The impact of knowledge and religion on organ donation as seen by immigrants in Sweden
Authors: Krupic Ferid , Sayed‐Noor Arkan S. , Fatahi Nabi 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundTransplantation of organs is one of the most successful medical advances of the past 60 years and transplantation is the treatment of choice for severe organ failure worldwide. Despite this situation, and the general acknowledgement of organ donation as a global priority, demand for organs outstrips supply in virtually every country in the world.AimThe aim of the study was to elucidate factors that influence immigrant's decisions regarding organ donation.MethodsData were collected through three group interviews using open‐ended questions and qualitative content analysis. 32 participants, 16 men and 16 women from Bosnia and Herzegovina, Somalia, Lebanon and Kosovo participated in focus group interviews (FGI).ResultsAnalysis of the collected data resulted in two main categories: ‘Information about organ donation’ and ‘Religious aspects of organ donation and a number of subcategories’. Some of the influencing factors concerning organ donation were mainly related to limited information from society as well as limited information from healthcare professionals. Religious aspects, fear and prejudices about organ donation were other factors that mentioned by participants as hamper regarding organ donation.ConclusionIn order to improve immigrants' attitude towards organ donation, information about this issue and identification of the hampering factors, particularly culturally related factors such as the religious aspect, is essential. In this context, different intervention studies are needed to increase monitories groups' attitude towards organ donations.
A randomized, controlled trial comparing skin health effects and comfort of two adult incontinence protective underwear
Authors: Trowbridge M. M. , Wang B. , Gutshall D. , Rodenberg C. A. , Farage M. A. 
Published: August 2016

Background/PurposeIt is important to confirm product use effects on skin health for products intended for prolonged skin contact. This study compared experimental and marketed reference adult incontinence protective underwear.MethodsRandomized, single‐blind (examiner), parallel study evaluating skin health effects in predominantly obese incontinent women normally using protective underwear (approximately 20% Type II Diabetes). Subjects wore experimental or marketed reference protective underwear daily, 14 consecutive days. Visual skin grading, transepidermal water loss (TEWL) assessed before, after 1 and 2 weeks of product wear. Overall assessment of comfort assessed.ResultsOf the 122 subjects (60 experimental and 62 marketed reference), 22 were diabetic and 88 were postmenopausal. Under the conditions of this study, there were no statistically significant differences in overall change from baseline for visual grading and TEWL between the experimental product and the marketed reference product for all subjects. Changes from baseline for skin erythema and skin marking were generally small for both products for all subjects as well as for both diabetics and non‐diabetics. There were no serious adverse events (AEs), and no withdrawals due to AEs. Overall comfort assessments of size and fit were ‘just right,’ and skin comfort in the leg, waist and crotch areas were ‘comfortable’ or ‘very comfortable’ for both products.ConclusionsIn‐use 14‐day testing demonstrated few statistical differences between experimental product with unique odor neutralizing technology and currently marketed product for skin assessments and comfort. Both products were comfortable and well‐tolerated.