bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interstitial atoms enable joint twinning and transformation induced plasticity in strong and ductile high-entropy alloys
Authors: Li Zhiming , Tasan Cemal Cem , Springer Hauke , Gault Baptiste , Raabe Dierk 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHigh-entropy alloys (HEAs) consisting of multiple principle elements provide an avenue for realizing exceptional mechanical, physical and chemical properties. We report a novel strategy for designing a new class of HEAs incorporating the additional interstitial element carbon. This results in joint activation of twinning- and transformation-induced plasticity (TWIP and TRIP) by tuning the matrix phase’s instability in a metastable TRIP-assisted dual-phase HEA. Besides TWIP and TRIP, such alloys benefit from massive substitutional and interstitial solid solution strengthening as well as from the composite effect associated with its dual-phase structure. Nanosize particle formation and grain size reduction are also utilized. The new interstitial TWIP-TRIP-HEA thus unifies all metallic strengthening mechanisms in one material, leading to twice the tensile strength compared to a single-phase HEA with similar composition, yet, at identical ductility.
The chemical enrichment of long gamma-ray bursts nurseries up to z = 2
Authors: Vergani S. D. , Palmerio J. , Salvaterra R. , Japelj J. , Mannucci F. , Perley D. A. , D’Avanzo P. , Krühler T. , Puech M. , Boissier S. , Campana S. , Covino S. , Hunt L. K. , Petitjean P. , Tagliaferri G. 
Published: January 2017

Aims. We investigate the existence of a metallicity threshold for the production of long gamma-ray bursts (LGRBs).
Methods. We used the host galaxies of the Swift/BAT6 sample of LGRBs. We considered the stellar mass, star formation rate (SFR), and metallicity determined from the host galaxy photometry and spectroscopy up to z = 2 and used them to compare the distribution of host galaxies to that of field galaxies in the mass-metallicity and fundamental metallicity relation plane.
Results. We find that although LGRBs also form in galaxies with relatively large stellar masses, the large majority of host galaxies have metallicities below log (O/H) ~ 8.6. The extension to z = 2 results in a good sampling of stellar masses also above Log(M∗/M⊙) ~ 9.5 and provides evidence that LGRB host galaxies do not follow the fundamental metallicity relation. As shown by the comparison with dedicated numerical simulations of LGRB host galaxy population, these results are naturally explained by the existence of a mild (~0.7 Z⊙) threshold for the LGRB formation. The present statistics does not allow us to discriminate between different shapes of the metallicity cutoff, but the relatively high metallicity threshold found in this work is somewhat in disagreement to most of the standard single-star models for LGRB progenitors.
What Arthroscopic Skills Need to Be Trained Before Continuing Safe Training in the Operating Room?
Authors: Cabitza Federico , Ragone Vincenza , Compagnoni Riccardo , Randelli Pietro , Tuijthof Gabrielle ,   Dutch Arthrocopy Society Teaching Committee
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to generate consensus among experienced surgeons on “what skills a resident should possess before continuing safe training in the operating room (OR).” An online survey of 65 questions was developed and distributed to surgeons in the European community. A total of 216 responded. The survey included 15 questions regarding generic and specific skills; 16 on patient and tissue manipulation, 11 on knowledge of pathology and 6 on inspection of e-anatomical structures; 5 methods to prepare residents; and 12 on specific skills exercises. The importance of each question (arthroscopic skill) was evaluated ranging from 1 (not important at all) to 6 (very important). Chi-square test, respondent agreement, and a qualitative ranking method were determined to identify the top ranked skills (p < 0.05). The top four of general skills considered important were “anatomical knowledge,” “tissue manipulation,” “spatial perception,” and “triangulation” (all chi-square test > 134, p < 0.001, all excellent agreement > 0.85, and all “high priority” level). The top ranked 2 specific arthroscopic skills were “portal placement” and “triangulating the tip of the probe with a 30-degree scope” (chi-square test > 176, p < 0.001, excellent agreement, and assigned high priority). The online survey identified consensus on skills that are considered important for a trainee to possess before continuing training in the OR. Compared with the Canadian colleagues, the European arthroscopy community demonstrated similar ranking.
Japanese wh-phrases as operators with unspecified quantificational force
Authors: Saito Mamoru 
Published: January 2017

AbstractJapanese wh-expressions appear in various kinds of operator-variable structures, including wh-questions and sentences with universal and existential quantification. The nature of the operator-variable relation is determined by an associated particle, such as the question markerkaor the universal particlemo. Given this, it has been widely assumed sinceKuroda (1965)that the wh-expressions are to be interpreted as variables bound by those quantificational particles. This paper argues against this prevailing view by proposing that these wh-expressions are operators with unspecified quantificational force. Building on an insight byNishigauchi (1990), I argue that they must covertly move to positions that allow them to probe particles and to acquire specific quantificational forces from them. I demonstrate that this analysis captures the main properties of Japanese wh-expressions as well as the differences between them and their Chinese counterparts.Huang (1982)proposed a covert movement analysis for argument wh-phrases in Chinese, which was extended to Japanese, for example, inLasnik & Saito (1984)andRichards (2001). ButTsai (1999)has convincingly shown that they are subject to unselective binding and are interpreted in situ as variables. If the analysis for Japanese in this paper is correct, it shows that Huang’s approach can be – and should be – maintained for wh-phrases in Japanese with some refinements.
Separation of electrically neutral non-metallic inclusions from molten steel by pulsed electric current
Authors: Zhang Xinfang , Qin Rongshan 
Published: January 2017

Effect of a pulsed electric current on the distribution of Al2O3 inclusions in liquid steel is explored; these inclusions ranged in size from micrometres to nanometres. When no electric current was applied, the inclusions were randomly distributed in the steel. However, when an electric current was applied, the inclusions were found in highly populated regions near the various interfaces. Moreover, this process applies to a wide range of inclusion diameters, in contrast to conventional inclusion removal methods which tend to apply to larger (>20 μm) particles only. Consequently, the application of pulsed electric current provides a method of removing inclusions from the steel and thereby improving the mechanical, physical and corrosion resistance properties of the steel. This paper is part of a themed issue on Materials in External Fields.
Ferulic acid suppresses expression of tryptophan metabolic key enzyme indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase via NFκB and p38 MAPK in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated microglial cells
Authors: Koshiguchi Manami , Komazaki Hitoshi , Hirai Shizuka , Egashira Yukari 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) is a phenol compound found in plants that has anti-inflammatory properties. Indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase (IDO) is a tryptophan catabolic enzyme induced in immune cells, including glial cells, during inflammation. Enhanced IDO expression leads to reduced tryptophan levels and increased levels of toxic metabolites, including quinolinic acid. Therefore, inhibition of IDO expression may be effective in suppressing progression of neurodegenerative diseases. In this study, we examined the effect of FA in microglial cells on IDO expression levels and related inflammatory signal molecules. FA suppressed LPS-induced IDO mRNA expression and also suppressed nuclear translocation of NF-κB and phosphorylation of p38 MAPK. However, FA did not affect the production of LPS-induced inflammatory mediators and phosphorylation of JNK. Our results indicate that FA suppresses LPS-induced IDO mRNA expression, which may be mediated by inhibition of the NF-κB and p38 MAPK pathways in microglial cells.
Solutions of Stress Intensity Factors of Multiple Internal Axial Cracks in Hollow Cylinders
Authors: Ismail Al Emran 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This paper solved numerically the stress intensity factors of multiple internal axial cracks in hollow cylinders under internal pressure. Semi-elliptical shaped cracks are modelled using ANSYS finite element program and the stress intensity factors are calculated using interaction domain integral which is based on the J-integral. There are two important parameters are considered such as crack aspect ratio, a/t is 0.2, 0.4 and 0.75 and crack spacing distance, d/c is 0.4, 0.7 and 1.1. For multiple internal axial cracks under internal pressure, stress intensity factors along the crack front decreased when crack aspect ratio, a/t is increased. It is also revealed that the role of crack spacing on the stress intensity factor is insignificant especially for the shallow cracks (a/t < 0.4). However, for the crack having a/t = 0.75, increasing the distance of d/c capable to increase the SIFs due to interaction effect.
Toenail as Non-invasive Biomarker in Metal Toxicity Measurement of Welding Fumes Exposure - A Review
Authors: Bakri S F Z , Hariri A , Ma’arop N F , Hussin N S A W 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Workers are exposed to a variety of heavy metal pollutants that are released into the environment as a consequence of workplace activities. This chemical pollutants are incorporated into the human by varies of routes entry and can then be stored and distributed in different tissues, consequently have a potential to lead an adverse health effects and/or diseases. As to minimize the impact, a control measures should be taken to avoid these effects and human biological marker is a very effective tool in the assessment of occupational exposure and potential related risk as the results is normally accurate and reproducible. Toenail is the ideal matrix for most common heavy metals due to its reliability and practicality compared to other biological samples as well as it is a non-invasive and this appears as a huge advantage of toenail as a biomarker. This paper reviews studies that measure the heavy metals concentration in toenail as non-invasive matrix which later may adapt in the investigation of metal fume emitted from welding process. The development of new methodology and modern analytical techniques has allowed the use of toenail as non-invasive approach. The presence of a heavy metal in this matrix reflects an exposure but the correlations between heavy metal levels in the toenail must be established to ensure that these levels are related to the total body burden. These findings suggest that further studies on interactions of these heavy metals in metal fumes utilizing toenail biomarker endpoints are highly warranted especially among welders.
A feasibility study on the use of phantoms with statistical lung masses for determining the uncertainty in the dose absorbed by the lung from broad beams of incident photons and neutrons
Authors: Khankook Atiyeh Ebrahimi , Hakimabad Hashem Miri , Motavalli Laleh Rafat 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Computational models of the human body have gradually become crucial in the evaluation of doses absorbed by organs. However, individuals may differ considerably in terms of organ size and shape. In this study, the authors sought to determine the energy-dependent standard deviations due to lung size of the dose absorbed by the lung during external photon and neutron beam exposures. One hundred lungs with different masses were prepared and located in an adult male International Commission on Radiological Protection (ICRP) reference phantom. Calculations were performed using the Monte Carlo N-particle code version 5 (MCNP5). Variation in the lung mass caused great uncertainty: ~90% for low-energy broad parallel photon beams. However, for high-energy photons, the lung-absorbed dose dependency on the anatomical variation was reduced to &lt;1%. In addition, the results obtained indicated that the discrepancy in the lung-absorbed dose varied from 0.6% to 8% for neutron beam exposure. Consequently, the relationship between absorbed dose and organ volume was found to be significant for low-energy photon sources, whereas for higher energy photon sources the organ-absorbed dose was independent of the organ volume. In the case of neutron beam exposure, the maximum discrepancy (of 8%) occurred in the energy range between 0.1 and 5 MeV.
Diagnosing galactic feedback with line broadening in the low-redshift Lyα forest
Authors: Viel Matteo , Haehnelt Martin G. , Bolton James S. , Kim Tae-Sun , Puchwein Ewald , Nasir Fahad , Wakker Bart P. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We compare the low-redshift (z ≃ 0.1) Lyα forest from hydrodynamical simulations with data from the Cosmic Origins Spectrograph. We find the tension between the observed number of lines with b-parameters in the range of 25–45 km s−1 and the predictions from simulations that incorporate either vigorous feedback from active galactic nuclei or that exclude feedback altogether. The gas in these simulations is, respectively, either too hot to contribute to the Lyα absorption or too cold to produce the required linewidths. Matching the observed b-parameter distribution therefore requires feedback processes that thermally or turbulently broaden the absorption features without collisionally (over)ionizing hydrogen. This suggests that the Lyα forest b-parameter distribution is a valuable diagnostic of galactic feedback in the low-redshift Universe. We furthermore confirm that the low-redshift Lyα forest column density distribution is better reproduced by an ultraviolet background with the H$\,\small {I}\,$photoionization rate a factor of 1.5–3 higher than predicted by Haardt and Madau.
Epidemiological Surveillance of Poliomyelitis During the Military and Political Conflict in the Central African Republic, 2013 and 2014
Authors: Farra Alain , Gonofio Ella C. , Manirakiza Alexandre , Mazitchi Arthur , Mbaïlao Raphaël , Manengu Casimir , Gouandjika-Vasilache Ionela 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background
Since December 2012, the Central African Republic (CAR) has been undergoing a severe military and political conflict. This situation has resulted in general insecurity and total disorganization of surveillance activities, including those for acute flaccid paralysis (AFP). In this study, we used laboratory data to evaluate surveillance of AFP in 2013 and 2014, the most critical period of the conflict.

Methods
The laboratory data on AFP were analyzed retrospectively for the age, sex, vaccination status (oral poliovirus vaccines), and geographical origin of the samples. The χ2 test was used, with P &lt; .05 as the threshold for significance.

Results
Decreased activity of AFP surveillance of 57% was registered in 2013 and 36% in 2014 compared with previous years. Only 37.3% and 49.7% of children with AFP were vaccinated in 2013 and 2014, respectively, but no wild poliovirus or vaccine-derived poliovirus (VDPV) was isolated. Laboratory performance concerning the timeliness of cell culture and intratypic differentiation/VDPV results was only 65.5% and 66.7% of the target in 2013 but reached 95.5% and 100% in 2014.

Conclusions
All personnel involved in the monitoring of AFP must be mobilized to improve vaccination coverage and surveillance activities in the CAR.
Strategies to alter the natural history of childhood asthma
Authors: Lee-Sarwar K.A. , Bacharier L.B. , Litonjua A.A. 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
Asthma exhibits significant heterogeneity in occurrence and severity over the lifespan. Our goal is to discuss recent evidence regarding determinants of the natural history of asthma during childhood, and review the rationale behind and status of major efforts to alter its course.

Recent findings
Variations in microbial exposures are associated with risk of allergic disease, and the use of bacterial lysates may be a promising preventive strategy. Exposure to air pollution appears to be particularly damaging in prenatal and early life, and interventions to reduce pollution are feasible and result in clinical benefit. E-cigarette use may have a role in harm reduction for conventional cigarette smokers with asthma, but has undefined short-term and long-term effects that must be clarified. Vitamin D insufficiency over the first several years of life is associated with risk of asthma, and vitamin D supplementation reduces the risk of severe exacerbations.

Summary
The identification of risk factors for asthma occurrence, persistence and severity will continue to guide efforts to alter the natural history of the disease. We have reviewed several promising strategies that are currently under investigation. Vitamin D supplementation and air pollution reduction have been shown to be effective strategies and warrant increased investigation and implementation.
Retesting the Hypothesis of a Clinical Randomized Controlled Trial in a Simulation Environment to Validate Anesthesia Simulation in Error Research (the VASER Study)
Authors: Merry Alan F. , Hannam Jacqueline A. , Webster Craig S. , Edwards Kylie-Ellen , Torrie Jane , Frampton Chris , Wheeler Daniel W. , Gupta Arun K. , Mahajan Ravi P. , Evley Rachel , Weller Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract

Background
Simulation has been used to investigate clinical questions in anesthesia, surgery, and related disciplines, but there are few data demonstrating that results apply to clinical settings. We asked “would results of a simulation-based study justify the same principal conclusions as those of a larger clinical study?”

Methods
We compared results from a randomized controlled trial in a simulated environment involving 80 cases at three centers with those from a randomized controlled trial in a clinical environment involving 1,075 cases. In both studies, we compared conventional methods of anesthetic management with the use of a multimodal system (SAFERsleep®; Safer Sleep LLC, Nashville, Tennessee) designed to reduce drug administration errors. Forty anesthesiologists each managed two simulated scenarios randomized to conventional methods or the new system. We compared the rate of error in drug administration or recording for the new system versus conventional methods in this simulated randomized controlled trial with that in the clinical randomized controlled trial (primary endpoint). Six experts were asked to indicate a clinically relevant effect size.

Results
In this simulated randomized controlled trial, mean (95% CI) rates of error per 100 administrations for the new system versus conventional groups were 6.0 (3.8 to 8.3) versus 11.6 (9.3 to 13.8; P = 0.001) compared with 9.1 (6.9 to 11.4) versus 11.6 (9.3 to 13.9) in the clinical randomized controlled trial (P = 0.045). A 10 to 30% change was considered clinically relevant. The mean (95% CI) difference in effect size was 27.0% (−7.6 to 61.6%).

Conclusions
The results of our simulated randomized controlled trial justified the same primary conclusion as those of our larger clinical randomized controlled trial, but not a finding of equivalence in effect size.
Midterm Radiographic and Functional Outcomes of the Anterior Subcutaneous Internal Pelvic Fixator (INFIX) for Pelvic Ring Injuries
Authors: Vaidya Rahul , Martin Adam Jonathan , Roth Matthew , Tonnos Frederick , Oliphant Bryant , Carlson Jon 
Published: January 2017

Objective:
To describe our experience using the anterior internal pelvic fixator (INFIX) for treating pelvic ring injuries.

Design:
Case Series.

Setting:
Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients:
Eighty-three patients with pelvic ring injuries were treated with INFIX. Follow-up average was 35 months (range 12–80.33).

Intervention:
Surgical treatment of pelvic ring injuries included reduction, appropriate posterior fixation, and INFIX placement.

Outcome Measurements:
Reduction using the pelvic deformity index and pubic symphysis widening, Majeed functional scores, complications; infection, implant failure, heterotopic ossification (HO), nerve injury, and pain.

Results:
All patients healed in an appropriate time frame (full weight bearing 12 weeks postoperation). The average pelvic deformity index reduction (injury = 0.0420 ± 0.0412, latest FU = 0.0254 ± 0.0243) was 39.58%. The average reduction of pubic symphysis injuries was 56.92%. The average Majeed score of patients at latest follow-up was 78.77 (range 47–100). Complications were 3 infections, 1 case of implant failure, 2 cases implantation too deep, 7 cases of lateral femoral cutaneous nerve irritation, and 3 cases of pain associated with the device. HO was seen in >50% of the patients, correlated with increased age (P < 0.007), injury severity score (P < 0.05) but only 1 case was symptomatic.

Conclusions:
The pelvic injuries had good functional and radiological outcomes with INFIX and the appropriate posterior fixation. The downside is removal requiring a second anesthetic, there is a learning curve, HO often occurs, the lateral femoral cutaneous nerve may get irritated which often resolves once the implants are removed. Surgery-specific implants need to be developed.

Level of Evidence:
Therapeutic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Can we define the optimal sequence of epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors for the treatment of epidermal growth factor receptor-mutant nonsmall cell lung cancer?
Authors: Sun Jong-Mu , Park Keunchil 
Published: January 2017

Purpose of review
The most common mechanism of resistance to epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) is acquisition of the T790M gatekeeper mutation. Third-generation EGFR TKIs irreversibly inhibit EGFR mutants (EGFRm), especially T790M, while sparing wild-type EGFR. There are several third-generation EGFR TKIs under development, including osimertinib, CO-1686 (rociletinib), HM61713 (olmutinib), ASP8273, and EGF816. These third-generation EGFR TKIs have shown promising efficacy with favorable toxicity profiles in the management of advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with an acquired T790M mutation (EGFRT790M). In the present review, we will discuss the evolving treatment landscape of EGFRm NSCLC.

Recent findings
The LUX-Lung 7 study demonstrated superior progression-free survival, time-to-treatment failure, and objective response rate with afatinib versus gefitinib, but no significant overall survival improvement in TKI-naïve EGFRm NSCLC patients. In EGFRm NSCLC patients harboring T790M after treatment with first-generation or second-generation EGFR TKIs, third-generation EGFR TKIs showed robust efficacy with tolerable toxicity. The updated results of phase I studies have demonstrated encouraging activity of first-line osimertinib in patients with EGFRm NSCLC.

Summary
Following progression with first-generation or second-generation EGFR TKIs, osimertinib was recently approved for the treatment of EGFRT790M NSCLC. Encouraging early results with osimertinib have sparked interest in first-line treatment of EGFRm NSCLC, and head-to-head comparison studies of third-generation versus first-generation EGFR TKIs are being developed.