bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Randomized Clinical Trial to evaluate the Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound and Low-level Laser Therapy on Perineal Pain following Vaginal Delivery with Episiotomy
Authors: Chougala Ashwini , Mahishale Arati 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Background and objectives
Vaginal delivery has an enormous amount of pressure on the perineum, the area between vagina and anus, which must stretch to accommodate the baby's head during its passage through the birth canal. During childbirth, the perineum may tear or the obstetrician may decide to incise to make wider opening for baby's head to pass, a procedure called as episiotomy. The area of episiotomy may be uncomfortable and painful for several days. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of therapeutic ultrasound and low-level laser therapy (LLLT) on perineal pain following vaginal delivery with episiotomy.

Materials and methods
Sixty women, who underwent vaginal delivery with episiotomy, complaining of perineal pain were recruited and randomly allocated to two treatment groups. Physiotherapy intervention included cryo gel pad and therapeutic ultrasound in group A and cryo gel pad and lowlevel laser therapy in group B once daily for 3 consecutive days.

Outcomes
Measures were documented using visual analog scale (VAS) for pain and REEDA scale (redness, edema, ecchymosis, discharge, approximation) for healing on 1st day preintervention and 3rd day postintervention respectively.

Results
The study results showed that there was statistically significant improvement postintervention in both the groups with p < 0.05, although therapeutic ultrasound with cryo gel pad showed better reduction in pain score and healing process as compared to low-level laser therapy.

Conclusion
Therapeutic ultrasound with cryo gel pad can be used to reduce perineal pain following vaginal delivery with episiotomy.

How to cite this article
Chougala A, Mahishale A. A Randomized Clinical Trial to evaluate the Effect of Therapeutic Ultrasound and Low-level Laser Therapy on Perineal Pain following Vaginal Delivery with Episiotomy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):152-156.
A Clinical Study of Primary Amenorrhea
Authors: Anitha GS , Tejeswini KK , Shivamurthy Geetha 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Menstruation is the physical herald to physiologic capacity of conception. Attainment of menarche in a girl brings in a lot of confidence and feminism in a girl. Though the incidence of primary amenorrhea is less than 1%, it accounts for significant amount of psychological trauma. In the present day scenario, there are a lot of investigative and treatment modalities which can at least restore her menstrual functions, if not reproductive, and prevent complications.

Aims
The objective of this study is to note the various causes of primary amenorrhea and the complete clinical picture and the management done in a tertiary care center like Vanivilas Hospital and Bowring Hospital, Bengaluru.

Materials and methods
This is a prospective study done in 40 patients of primary amenorrhea presenting to Vanivilas Hospital and Bowring and Lady Curzon Hospital, Bengaluru during a 2 years period. They were investigated and managed. The patients were followed up for their response to treatment.

Results
Out of the 40 patients studied, Mayer-Rokitansky- Küster-Hauser (MRKH) syndrome (32.5%) and hypergonadotropic hypogonadism (32.5%) were most common. Cryptomenorrhea (17.5%), automatic identification system (AIS) (7.5%) and miscellaneous (4%) were found.

Conclusion
Evidence of primary amenorrhea is less than 1%. A detailed investigation may lead to treatment in many cases.

How to cite this article
Anitha GS, Tejeswini KK, Shivamurthy G. A Clinical Study of Primary Amenorrhea. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):158-166.
Trends in Endometriosis among Laparoscopic Patients in Multiple Hospitals in Northern India: A 3-Year Review
Authors: Manchanda Rahul , Umelo Chijioke Caminus 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Objectives
• To determine the prevalence of the disease, its pattern of incidence, major clinical features in multiple hospitals in the North Indian region over the period of 3 years.
• To determine the most affected age group and the grades of the disease in the region.
• To evaluate the commonly affected pelvic organs and surgical management offered.

Data collection
Records were collected from five different hospitals spread mainly over North Indian region that underwent laparoscopic procedures from January 2012 to December 2014. Total cases analyzed were 440 laparoscopic cases and 110 endometriosis cases.

Design
Retrospective analytic study.

Patients
All those patients who underwent laparoscopy of all ages referred to the above-mentioned hospitals during the period.

Results
Out of the 440 laparoscopic procedure done, 110 were confirmed cases of endometriosis (25%). The mean age of the studied population was 30.6 ± 5.62 while 25 to 29 (40.0%) age bracket was the most affected. There was a yearly rise in the incidence of endometriosis with a range of 21 to 42% per 100 person-year population with a prevalence rate of 25%. The most commonly associated symptom was infertility (87.3%), followed by chronic pelvic pain (56.4%) and dysmenorrhea (34.5%). The ovary was the most affected organ (89.1%), grade II (mild) endometriosis the most common grade (35.5%), while cystectomy (30.0%) and excision of the endometriosis implants (19.1%) were the commonly performed surgical procedures.

Conclusion
Study shows that endometriosis is prevalent in this region and its major symptom is infertility and chronic pelvic pain, these facts should stimulate gynecologist to promptly examine women with symptoms suggestive of endometriosis laparoscopically with a view of offering early treatment and counseling.

How to cite this article
Umelo CC, Manchanda R. Trends in Endometriosis among Laparoscopic Patients in Multiple Hospitals in Northern India: A 3-Year Review. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):167-170.
Awareness of Obstetric Danger Signs among Pregnant Women in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital
Authors: Kumare Bhavna , Vijay Nikita R , Yerlekar Dnyanda S 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Due to lack of awareness about the danger signs of pregnancy women fail to seek care in the right time for life-threatening complications of pregnancy and child birth. This cross-sectional study was undertaken to assess the knowledge regarding danger signs among pregnant women. A self structured questionnaire was used in the study. For this, 100 women attending antenatal outpatient department (OPD) were enrolled. Chi-square test has been used to demonstrate the difference between study subject characteristics and level of significance selected for this study (p. 0.05). About 6.38% of subjects having good awareness about danger signs are from age group 20 to 25 years and 10.25% of subjects with good awareness are from 25 to 30 years. In case of 20% of subjects have fair knowledge that means they know about 50 to 75% of obstetric danger signs while 73% of subject has poor knowledge about danger signs. Among which majority, i.e. 46.48% of subjects are from age 20 to 25 years and 93.33% from large family size have poor awareness about danger signs. Majority of subjects having good knowledge about obstetric danger signs have completed their secondary (7.69%) and university (9.52%) education. About 61% of the subjects know about danger signs of pregnancy. Among which major source of knowledge is health personnel (57.37%) and other source of knowledge is mass media (42.63%). In case of 50% of subjects knows about bleeding. Thus, it is the most common obstetrical danger sign that is known by subject population.

How to cite this article
Vijay NR, Kumare B, Yerlekar DS. Awareness of Obstetric Danger Signs among Pregnant Women in Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):171-175.
Clostridium sordellii Infection of Female Genital Tract: A Rare but Fulminating Reaction
Authors: Pathak Anu , Pathak Manisha 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTClostridium sordellii, an anaerobic pathogen, is ubiquitously distributed in the environment and causes fatal necrotizing infections in approximately 70% of all reported cases.Characteristic clinical features include absence of fever and rash, dramatic leukemoid reaction (LR), capillary leak and fluid sequestration with hemoconcentration, refractory tachycardia and hypotension, and marked edema of infected tissues without gas production or extensive myonecrosis. C. sordellii has rarely been identified in the genital tract, other Clostridium species colonize the vagina in 4 to 18% of healthy women and commonly are associated with postpartum endometritis and septic abortion. Pregnancy, childbirth, or abortion may predispose a some women to acquire C. sordellii in the vaginal tract. Dilatation of the cervix may lead to ascending infection of necrotic decidual tissue. The acidic pH of the vaginal tract may enhance the cytopathic effects of C. sordellii lethal toxin C. sordellii infections pose difficult clinical challenges and are usually fatal.How to cite this articleAgrawal PK, Garg R, Singh R, Pathak A, Pathak M. Clostridium sordellii Infection of Female Genital Tract: A Rare but Fulminating Reaction. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):197-198.
Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Pregnancy
Authors: Sundari N , Swaroop Asha , Krupa BM , Madhusudhan BK , Chaitra S 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTPosterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a cliniconeuroradiological entity characterized by several symptoms of varied etiologies. The common symptoms are headache, confusion, seizures, cortical visual disturbances or blindness. Here, we report a 22 years old lady with 32 weeks of gestation who presented with complaints of acute onset of headache, sudden loss of vision with elevated blood pressure (BP), whose magnetic resonance venogram (MR venogram) revealed bilateral occipital T2 hyperintensity with restriction of diffusion suggestive of PRES. Early identification and treatment usually results in complete reversal of the deficits and delayed diagnosis and improper management can lead to irreversible sequelae.How to cite this articleKrupa BM, Sundari N, Madhusudhan BK, Swaroop A, Chaitra S. Posterior Reversible Encephalopathy Syndrome in Pregnancy. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):205-206.
Pentalogy of Cantrell: A Rare Multiple Congenital Malformation Syndrome
Authors: Kaur Balwinder , Kaur Parneet , Kaur Khushpreet , Mittal Princy 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Pentalogy of Cantrell is a rare multiple congenital malformation syndrome characterized by combination of five features: abdominal wall defect, defect of lower sternum, defect of diaphragmatic pericardium, defect of anterior diaphragm and congenital cardiac anomalies. These defects can be diagnosed as early as 1st trimester of pregnancy. The complexity of these anomalies, in particular the presence of cardiac defects, determines the management as well as prognosis.

How to cite this article
Kaur P, Kaur K, Kaur B, Mittal P. Pentalogy of Cantrell: A Rare Multiple Congenital Malformation Syndrome. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):210-212.
A Case of Vaginal Leiomyoma: A Rare Entity
Authors: Bansal Neeta , Jain Vidushi Jyala , Gupta Vineeta , Bharadwaj Aparna 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Although uterine fibroids are common, vaginal fibroids are very rare. We report one such rare case of a woman who presented with a big mass projecting in the vagina with complaints of dyspareunia, dysuria and passage of dark, altered collected blood per vaginum. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) reported it as a cervical fibroid. It was enucleated successfully through vaginal route and histopathology report confirmed diagnosis of benign vaginal leiomyoma. Diagnosis of vaginal leiomyoma is rather challenging and its complete removal should be done to prevent recurrence, rule out sarcomatous change and relieve symptoms.

How to cite this article
Bansal N, Jain VJ, Gupta V, Bharadwaj A. A Case of Vaginal Leiomyoma: A Rare Entity. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2015;7(3):231-233.
Study on Perspectives and Practice of Contraception in Women
Authors: Shetty Vishma H 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of the study
This study is undertaken to determine the knowledge, preferences, practice, experiences and perspectives of women toward contraception and also to note down the various factors influencing the acceptance and usage of contraception among women.

Methodology
Five hundred women of age group 15 to 49 years who were currently married were studied. Sexually active unmarried women were excluded from the study. The study data were obtained using a questionnaire. The questionnaire was divided under four broad headings: personal details, knowledge, usage and expectations. The data collected was analyzed. Changing trends, knowledge, usage and expectations of the women toward various contraceptive methods were noted.

Results
The most common method used was female sterilization (41.4%), followed by intrauterine contraceptive device (IUCD) (14.8%) and condom (9%). Among the sociodemographic patterns, women belonging to lower socioeconomic status, with rural background, younger women, Christians and illiterate women the prevalence of contraceptive use was lower compared to their counterparts. Spacing methods was most commonly used by women residing in urban and women with higher education background. Couple protection rate in this study was 77%. The unmet need was 9.8%. Knowledge of female sterilization was most common in 93% followed by oral contraceptives (OCP) 73.2%. The knowledge was higher among upper socioeconomic status and urban women. 78.8% had discussion with spouse. More than 70% had preference for male child.

Conclusion
This study stresses upon the fact that contraception services should be affordable delivered by informed choice and sensitive to individual's needs. The unmet need of contraception can be reduced by improving female literacy, contraceptive counseling, male involvement and availability of contraceptive services. These measures will indeed reduce unwanted pregnancies, improve self-esteem of women as they will have control over their fertility and in future reduce population explosion to some extent by limiting the family.

Capsule
Fertility control is an important medical discipline, it is essential for the welfare of the individual, family and the nation. The usage of contraceptive method depends on knowledge, preference, acceptance and experience.
Objectives of the study
• To determine the awareness, perception and acceptance of contraceptive methods
• To study the contraception usage by the women.

How to cite this article
Shetty VH, Nagarathnamma R. Study on Perspectives and Practice of Contraception in Women. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(1):16-20.
Depression and Anxiety in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Biochemical Associates
Authors: Ambreen Afshaan , Sheikh Attia , Faryad Numeera , Batool Saima , Ahmed Farhat ul ain 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
To assess the prevalence of mood depression and anxiety in women with prospectively diagnosed polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Materials and methods
A cohort study at Fatima Memorial Hospital was conducted with a total of 137 patients with PCOS and a similar number of controls, attending gynecology clinic; all participants of the study were required to complete hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) questionnaire. Later the biochemical assessment was done between PCOS with depression to PCOS without depression in order to find its associates.

Results
Study shows an increased prevalence of depression and anxiety in women with PCOS as compared to control, general population.

How to cite this article
Batool S, Ul ain Ahmed F, Ambreen A, Sheikh A, Faryad N. Depression and Anxiety in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome and Its Biochemical Associates. J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(1):44-47.
A Prospective Study to study the Efficacy and Side Effects of Ormeloxifene in Regression of Mastalgia and Fibroadenoma: Is It the Ideal Drug?
Authors: Gupta Nidhi 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTOrmeloxifene (Centchroman) is a novel nonsteroidal, selective estrogen receptor modulator birth control pill which has also been used recently for the treatment of mastalgia and fibroadenoma. Fibroadenomas are the most common benign breast tumors in women but worrisome for women fearing cancer. Mastalgia whether cyclic or noncyclic may be severely incapacitating for women.This study aims to analyze the effect of this new drug on the regression of mastalgia and fibroadenoma as an alternative to presently available steroid-based drugs with significant side effects.Materials and methodsThis was a prospective study involving 100 women of reproductive age group (up to 35 years of age) attending the outpatient department (OPD) in Malhotra Nursing Home, Agra and Rainbow Hospital Pvt Ltd., Agra, India, from August 2011 to August 2014, complaining of mastalgia and/ or fibroadenoma and fulfilling the inclusion criteria.After informed consent, these women were divided into a mastalgia group who had mastalgia with or without nodularity and a fibroadenoma group having sizes 1.5 to 2 cm, single or multiple in one or both breasts. Ormeloxifene 30 mg on alternate days was administered for 3 months in both the groups. Patients were followed at 1, 2, 4, 8, 12 and 24 weeks to assess response to therapy. Clinical examination, change in nodularity by palpation, breast lump size by ultrasonography, change in visual analog score (VAS) and breast tenderness were monitored. Results were analyzed using ‘t’ test.ResultsA total of 100 patients were included in this study. Eighty percent women belonged to the age group 25 to 35 years with a mean age of 28, 31.2 and 27.2 years in groups IA, IB and group B respectively. Mean interval between drug therapy and onset of response was 6 ± 2 days in mastalgia group and 15 ± 2 days in fibroadenoma group. 97.6 to 100% of women in the mastalgia group reported complete relief at 12 weeks of therapy with a decrease in VAS score from 10 to 3 in the first week of therapy itself while 28% of fibroadenoma group reported complete relief at 12 weeks of therapy, partial relief in 31% and equivocal response in 41%. Side effects observed were allergic rash development (2%) and a delay in menstruation of 7 to 10 days (14%) during therapy.ConclusionOrmeloxifene is a novel nonsteroidal drug found to be effective in treatment of mastalgia and partially in treatment of fibroadenoma in a short period of 3 months. As compared to the drugs presently in use namely danazol and bromocriptine, ormeloxifene is safer as suggested by its side-effect profile and is cost-effective too. There is need for prospective large randomized studies to compare this low-cost drug with the standard but costly drugs being prescribed at present.How to cite this articleGupta N. A Prospective Study to Study the Efficacy and Side Effects of Ormeloxifene in Regression of Mastalgia and Fibroadenoma: Is it the Ideal Drug? J South Asian Feder Obst Gynae 2016;8(1):48-56.
Source apportionment of ambient particle number concentrations in central Los Angeles using positive matrix factorization (PMF)
Authors: Sowlat Mohammad Hossein , Hasheminassab Sina , Sioutas Constantinos 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. In this study, the positive matrix factorization (PMF) receptor model (version 5.0) was used to identify and quantify major sources contributing to particulate matter (PM) number concentrations, using PM number size distributions in the range of 13 nm to 10 µm combined with several auxiliary variables, including black carbon (BC), elemental and organic carbon (EC/OC), PM mass concentrations, gaseous pollutants, meteorological, and traffic counts data, collected for about 9 months between August 2014 and 2015 in central Los Angeles, CA. Several parameters, including particle number and volume size distribution profiles, profiles of auxiliary variables, contributions of different factors in different seasons to the total number concentrations, diurnal variations of each of the resolved factors in the cold and warm phases, weekday/weekend analysis for each of the resolved factors, and correlation between auxiliary variables and the relative contribution of each of the resolved factors, were used to identify PM sources. A six-factor solution was identified as the optimum for the aforementioned input data. The resolved factors comprised nucleation, traffic 1, traffic 2 (with a larger mode diameter than traffic 1 factor), urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust. Traffic sources (1 and 2) were the major contributor to PM number concentrations, collectively making up to above 60 % (60.8–68.4 %) of the total number concentrations during the study period. Their contribution was also significantly higher in the cold phase compared to the warm phase. Nucleation was another major factor significantly contributing to the total number concentrations (an overall contribution of 17 %, ranging from 11.7 to 24 %), with a larger contribution during the warm phase than in the cold phase. The other identified factors were urban background aerosol, secondary aerosol, and soil/road dust, with relative contributions of approximately 12 % (7.4–17.1), 2.1 % (1.5–2.5 %), and 1.1 % (0.2–6.3 %), respectively, overall accounting for about 15 % (15.2–19.8 %) of PM number concentrations. As expected, PM number concentrations were dominated by factors with smaller mode diameters, such as traffic and nucleation. On the other hand, PM volume and mass concentrations in the study area were mostly affected by sources with larger mode diameters, including secondary aerosols and soil/road dust. Results from the present study can be used as input parameters in future epidemiological studies to link PM sources to adverse health effects as well as by policymakers to set targeted and more protective emission standards for PM.
Cirrus cloud optical and microphysical property retrievals from eMAS during SEAC4RS using bi-spectral reflectance measurements within the 1.88  µm water vapor absorption band
Authors: Meyer Kerry , Platnick Steven , Arnold G. Thomas , Holz Robert E. , Veglio Paolo , Yorks John , Wang Chenxi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract. Previous bi-spectral imager retrievals of cloud optical thickness (COT) and effective particle radius (CER) based on the Nakajima and King (1990) approach, such as those of the operational MODIS cloud optical property retrieval product (MOD06), have typically paired a non-absorbing visible or near-infrared wavelength, sensitive to COT, with an absorbing shortwave or mid-wave infrared wavelength sensitive to CER. However, in practice it is only necessary to select two spectral channels that exhibit a strong contrast in cloud particle absorption. Here it is shown, using eMAS observations obtained during NASA's SEAC4RS field campaign, that selecting two absorbing wavelength channels within the broader 1.88 µm water vapor absorption band, namely the 1.83 and 1.93 µm channels that have sufficient differences in ice crystal single scattering albedo, can yield COT and CER retrievals for thin to moderately thick single-layer cirrus that are reasonably consistent with other solar and IR imager-based and lidar-based retrievals. A distinct advantage of this channel selection for cirrus cloud retrievals is that the below-cloud water vapor absorption minimizes the surface contribution to measured cloudy top-of-atmosphere reflectance, in particular compared to the solar window channels used in heritage retrievals such as MOD06. This reduces retrieval uncertainty resulting from errors in the surface reflectance assumption and reduces the frequency of retrieval failures for thin cirrus clouds.