bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On equivalence between a variational problem and its modified variational problem with the η‐objective function under invexity
Authors: Jayswal Anurag , Antczak Tadeusz , Jha Shalini 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn this paper, a new approach to analyze optimality and saddle‐point criteria for a new class of nonconvex variational problems involving invex functions is studied. Namely, the modified objective function method is used for the considered variational problem in order to characterize its optimal solution. In this method, for the considered variational problem, corresponding modified variational problem with the η‐objective function is constructed. The equivalence in the original variational problem and its associated modified variational problem with the η‐objective function is proved under invexity hypotheses. Furthermore, by using the notion of a Lagrangian function, the connection between a saddle‐point in the modified objective function variational problem and an optimal solution in the considered variational problem is presented. Some examples of nonconvex variational problems are also given to verify the results established in the paper.
Plasma interleukin‐22 levels are associated with prediabetes and type 2 diabetes in the Han Chinese population
Authors: Shen Jizhong , Fang Yun , Zhu Huaijun , Ge Weihong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe objective of the present study was to investigate the relationship between plasma interleukin‐22 (IL‐22) levels and prediabetes or type 2 diabetes, and search the relevance between plasma concentrations of IL‐22 and selected diabetes risk factors in Chinese people.Materials and MethodsThe Han Chinese origin men and women participants were recruited in our study during a conventional medical checkup. Fasting plasma IL‐22 levels were detected by enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and their relevance with selected diabetes risk factors was explored. Multiple logistic regression analysis was carried out to assess the odds ratio of impaired fasting glucose (IFG) and type 2 diabetes according to plasma IL‐22 level.ResultsCompared with normal glucose participants (250 pg/mL [interquartile range 154–901]), the plasma IL‐22 levels in IFG participants (185 pg/mL [interquartile range 145–414]) and type 2 diabetes participants (162 pg/mL [interquartile range 128–266]) were significantly lower (P < 0.05, P < 0.001, respectively). Correlation analysis showed that plasma concentrations of IL‐22 were negatively associated with some diabetes risk factors, including body mass index, glucose, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and triglyceride. Furthermore, the plasma concentrations of IL‐22 showed a highly significant association with IFG and type 2 diabetes.ConclusionsIn Chinese subjects, the plasma concentration of IL‐22 is profoundly associated with susceptibility to IFG and type 2 diabetes, and decreased plasma IL‐22 level is a potential trigger of IFG and type 2 diabetes.
Comparative assessment of Vibrio virulence in marine fish larvae
Authors: Rønneseth A , Castillo D , D'Alvise P , Tønnesen Ø , Haugland G , Grotkjær T , Engell‐Sørensen K , Nørremark L , Bergh Ø , Wergeland H I , Gram L 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVibrionaceae infections are a major obstacle for marine larviculture; however, little is known about virulence differences of Vibrio strains. The virulence of Vibrio strains, mostly isolated from vibriosis outbreaks in farmed fish, was tested in larval challenge trials with cod (Gadus morhua), turbot (Scophthalmus maximus) and halibut (Hippoglossus hippoglossus) using a multiwell dish assays with single‐egg/larvae cultures. The strains differed significantly in virulence as some caused a high mortality of larva reaching 100% mortality after a few days, while others had no or only marginal effects on survival. Some Vibrio strains were pathogenic in all of the larva species, while some caused disease only in one of the species. Twenty‐nine of the Vibrio anguillarum strains increased the mortality of larvae from at least one fish species; however, pathogenicity of the strains differed markedly. Other Vibrio species had no or less pronounced effects on larval mortalities. Iron uptake has been related to V. anguillarum virulence; however, the presence or absence of the plasmid pJM1 encoding anguibactin did not correlate with virulence. The genomes of V. anguillarum were compared (D. Castillo, P.W. D'Alvise, M. Middelboe & L. Gram, unpublished data) and most of the high‐virulent strains had acquired virulence genes from other pathogenic Vibrio.
Inconsistency in the physico‐chemical properties of gari produced in South‐Western Nigeria: A proposal for appropriate technology
Authors: Aiyelegun Tope , Owolarafe Oseni , Ogunsina Babatunde , Samuel Taiwo 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe physico‐chemical properties of gari samples produced in South‐Western Nigeria were investigated following standard methods. The results show that moisture content, ash, crude fibre, cyanide content, and total acidity of the gari samples were in the range of 5.59–17.09%, .48–2.59%, 0.27–5.14%, 0.016–0.073 mg/kg, and 0.003–0.22%, respectively. Swelling index and particle size ranged from 2.04 to 2.80 and 0.343 to 0.577 mm, respectively. Nine of the sixty gari samples collected conform to Codex Alimentarius Standard for gari. However, all the samples conformed to the standard in terms of cyanide and total acidity. Classification by Codex Alimentarius Standard showed that 88.3% of the samples were ungraded, while 11.7% were coarse grained. The Nigerian Industrial Standard revealed that 68.3% of the samples were medium coarse grained gari, while 31.7% were fine grained. Based on the foregoing, an appropriate technology profile was proposed with the view to standardize the quality of gari produced in South‐Western Nigeria.Practical applicationsThe physico‐chemical properties of gari in south western Nigeria vary from one place to the other due to differences in the method of processing. This inconsistency is affecting local and international gari trade to a large extent in south western Nigeria where the bulk of world's gari comes from. The recommendation of an appropriate technology for gari processing in this work is with the view to standardizing gari quality wherever it processed notwithstanding.
Torsion estimation of particle paths through porous media observed by in‐situ time‐resolved microtomography
Authors: BLANKENBURG C. , RACK A. , DAUL C. , OHSER J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe torsion distribution of cell paths in two‐phase flow of a cell suspension through a porous medium is an important quantity for chromatographic processes. It can be estimated from cell tracking in sequences of three‐dimensional images of a suspension pumped through the medium, where the images are acquired by in‐situ time‐resolved microtomography using synchrotron radiation and inline phase contrast modus. This contribution presents a new method for estimating path torsion from discrete positions, where the estimation is based on an appropriate discretization of the differential‐geometric formula of the torsion of a space curve. Investigations performed for an alcoholic suspension of silica gel particles pumped through a partially open polyurethane foam show that the shape of the inner surface of the foam has a considerable impact on the particle paths. It turns out that the variance of the torsion for slow particle moving close to the surface is a half order of magnitude smaller than that of fast particles, which underlines the importance of torsion for filter efficiency.
Influence of sumac (Rhus Coriaria L.) and ginger (Zingiber officinale) on egg yolk fatty acid, cholesterol and blood parameters in laying hens
Authors: Gurbuz Y. , Salih Y. G. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe aim of the study was to evaluate the potential effect of different levels of sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) seed powder and ginger (Zingiber officinale) root powder on egg yolk fatty acid composition, blood/yolk cholesterol in laying hen. A total of 63 (ATAK‐S: Domestic Turkish Laying Hens) laying hens (average weight: 1470 g each hen, 25‐weeks of age) were assigned to seven treatment diets including sumac seed (S) and ginger root powder (G) at 0 g/kg (control), 10 g/kg (S1), 20 g/kg (S2), and 30 g/kg (S3); 10 g/kg (G1), 20 g/kg (G2), or 30 g/kg in rations respectively, for 8 weeks. After a two‐week adaptation period to cages, the hens were allocated to 7 groups with 9 replicates of 1 hen in per cage each. The replications were allotted equally into the upper and lower cages to minimize the effects of cage level. In this study, egg yolk cholesterol had a decrease (p <0.05) in supplemented diet( sumac seed and ginger root powder). Fatty acid content in yolk; saturated fatty acid, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids and rate of n6/n3 were not significant (p <0.05). However, dietary supplementation with sumac and ginger powder reduced and yolk/blood cholesterol concentrations in laying hens. Supplementation of sumac and ginger affected on HDL, there was found a significant effect (p < 0.05) in treatment groups. Moreover, LDL positively decreased in all treatment groups compared with the control group. The findings of this study suggested that feeding sumac and ginger tend to be decreasing cholesterol levels in both yolk and blood on laying hens. It can be concluded that ginger root and sumac seed powder can be used as an effective feed additive to improve fatty acid composition and yolk and blood cholesterol in ATAK‐S laying hens.
Editorial to Martinello et al.'s HCV reinfection incidence among individuals treated for recent infection
Authors: Ingiliz Patrick 
Published: February 2017

SummaryReinfections with the hepatitis C virus have been described in subgroups with ongoing risk‐behaviour, in particular in people who infect drugs (PWID) or men who have sex with men (MSM). In this article by Martinello and colleagues describe a reinfection incidence of 7.4 per 100 person years (95% CI 4.0‐13.8), mainly in HIV‐infected MSM who are also injecting drug users. A specific risk behavious counselling is mandatory in this setting.
Clinical Effects of Formulated Food of Peucedanum japonicum Extract and Saw Palmetto Extract in Male Patients with Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
Authors: KAGEYAMA Shinji , BEPPU Masanori , OHNOGI Hiromu , MIYAZAKI Sayaka , HARUNO Akihiro , ITO Yoshihiko , YAMADA Shizuo 
Published: February 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate changes over time in subjective symptom scores and urination parameters before and after oral administration of formulated food containing a combination of Peucedanum japonicum (P. japonicum) extract and saw palmetto extract (SPE) in male patients with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS).MethodsThis study was conducted in an open label manner on male patients with untreated LUTS. The urination state of patients was evaluated before and after administration of food formulated with P. japonicum extract and SPE for 4 weeks, based on urodynamic parameters and subjective symptom scores (International Prostate Symptom Score [IPSS and IPSS‐QOL], Overactive Bladder Symptom Score [OABSS], Overactive Bladder Questionnaire [OAB‐q], and International Index of Erectile Function [IIEF]).ResultsAfter the administration of food formulated with these extracts, the following results were obtained: (i) Subjective findings: The IPSS‐QOL score improved significantly; both parameters related to nocturia, i.e., frequency of nighttime urination and OABSS‐2, improved significantly; other ratings for subjective symptoms slightly improved. (ii) Objective findings: Residual urine volume decreased significantly, and blood prostate specific antigen (PSA) and urinary 8‐OHdG levels decreased slightly after the treatment. (iii) Other findings: Blood pressure decreased slightly. No adverse drug reactions were reported. (iv) Patient impressions: 75% of patients gave a rating of “Good” or higher, with 15 out of 20 patients wanting to continue treatment after the end of 4‐week administration period.ConclusionsFood formulated with P. japonicum extract and SPE may be useful to decrease frequency of nighttime urination and residual urine volume in male patients with LUTS.
Unusual evolutionary mechanisms to escape effector‐triggered immunity in the fungal phytopathogen Leptosphaeria maculans
Authors: Plissonneau C. , Blaise F. , Ollivier B. , Leflon M. , Carpezat J. , Rouxel T. , Balesdent M.‐H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLeptosphaeria maculans is the fungus responsible for the stem canker disease of oilseed rape (Brassica napus). AvrLm3 and AvrLm4‐7, two avirulence effector genes of L. maculans, are involved in an unusual relationship: AvrLm4‐7 suppresses the Rlm3‐mediated resistance. Here, we assessed AvrLm3 polymorphism in a collection of 235 L. maculans isolates. No field isolates exhibited deletion or inactivating mutations in AvrLm3, as observed for other L. maculans avirulence genes. Eleven isoforms of the AvrLm3 protein were found. In isolates virulent towards both Rlm3 and Rlm7 (a3a7), the loss of the Rlm3‐mediated resistance response was due to two distinct mechanisms. First, when AvrLm4‐7 was inactivated (deletion or inactivating mutations), amino acid substitutions in AvrLm3 generated virulent isoforms of the protein. Second, when only point mutations were observed in AvrLm4‐7, a3a7 isolates still contained an avirulent allele of AvrLm3. Directed mutagenesis confirmed that some point mutations in AvrLm4‐7 were sufficient for the fungus to escape Rlm7‐mediated resistance while maintaining the suppression of the AvrLm3 phenotype. Signatures of positive selection were also identified in AvrLm3. The complex evolutionary mechanisms enabling L. maculans to escape Rlm3‐mediated resistance while preserving AvrLm3 integrity, along with observed reduced aggressiveness of isolates silenced for AvrLm3, serves to emphasize the importance of this effector in pathogenicity towards B. napus. While the common response to resistance gene pressure is local selection of isolates depleted in the cognate avirulence gene, this example contributes to complexify the gene‐for‐gene concept of plant‐pathogen evolution with a ‘camouflaged’ model allowing retention of nondispensable avirulence effectors.
Genetic architecture and balancing selection: the life and death of differentiated variants
Authors: Llaurens Violaine , Whibley Annabel , Joron Mathieu 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBalancing selection describes any form of natural selection, which results in the persistence of multiple variants of a trait at intermediate frequencies within populations. By offering up a snapshot of multiple co‐occurring functional variants and their interactions, systems under balancing selection can reveal the evolutionary mechanisms favouring the emergence and persistence of adaptive variation in natural populations. We here focus on the mechanisms by which several functional variants for a given trait can arise, a process typically requiring multiple epistatic mutations. We highlight how balancing selection can favour specific features in the genetic architecture and review the evolutionary and molecular mechanisms shaping this architecture. First, balancing selection affects the number of loci underlying differentiated traits and their respective effects. Control by one or few loci favours the persistence of differentiated functional variants by limiting intergenic recombination, or its impact, and may sometimes lead to the evolution of supergenes. Chromosomal rearrangements, particularly inversions, preventing adaptive combinations from being dissociated are increasingly being noted as features of such systems. Similarly, due to the frequency of heterozygotes maintained by balancing selection, dominance may be a key property of adaptive variants. High heterozygosity and limited recombination also influence associated genetic load, as linked recessive deleterious mutations may be sheltered. The capture of deleterious elements in a locus under balancing selection may reinforce polymorphism by further promoting heterozygotes. Finally, according to recent genomewide scans, balanced polymorphism might be more pervasive than generally thought. We stress the need for both functional and ecological studies to characterize the evolutionary mechanisms operating in these systems.
Subjective Misidentification and Thought Insertion
Authors: Parrott Matthew 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis essay presents a new account of thought insertion. Prevailing views in both philosophy and cognitive science tend to characterize the experience of thought insertion as missing or lacking some element, such as a ‘sense of agency’, found in ordinary first‐person awareness of one's own thoughts. By contrast, I propose that, rather than lacking something, experiences of thought insertion have an additional feature not present in ordinary conscious experiences of one's own thoughts. More specifically, I claim that the structure of an experience of thought insertion consists of two distinct elements: a state of ordinary first‐person awareness and a sense that this state of awareness is highly unusual. In addition to modeling the experience of thought insertion, I also explain how a delusional pattern of thinking could lead someone who has this kind of experience to adopt a belief that some other entity is inserting thoughts into her mind. Finally, I briefly sketch a neurocomputational framework that could be developed to explain the sense that one's state of first‐person awareness is highly irregular.
Sensus Fidelium and Canon Law: Sense and Sensitivity?
Authors: Costigane Helen 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCanon law has had a negative press for many years and is often seen as insensitive, unnecessary or static. This article looks at the origins and sources of the 1983 Code of Canon Law, what it covers, and who is expected to hear it. It considers to what extent canon law finds a resonance in the minds and hearts of the People of God, ways in which the echo is heard or not, and the response of the supreme legislator to this. The idea of ‘law in theory’ and ‘law in action’ is explored in relation to a particularly neuralgic issue today, that of governance, and then three issues are considered where there continue to be particular problems of reception.
Schillebeeckx and the Sensus Fidelium
Authors: Poulsom Martin G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe article begins by making a connection between the theme of the sensus fidelium and theological hermeneutics, proposing the theology of Edward Schillebeeckx as a resource for weaving together the distinctive – and complementary – contributions to the development of doctrine made by the magisterium and by theologians. This helps to articulate an account of ‘the faithful’ that is inclusive, and can overcome the separation between the teaching Church and the learning Church that was so firmly in place between Vatican I and Vatican II. The ecclesiological image of the people of God is then explored, using two newly translated sources from Schillebeeckx's later works. This links the theological voice back to the magisterium and, drawing on the teaching of Pope Francis, the idea of ‘integral ecclesiology’ is proposed as part of the inclusive approach being recommended. Such an ecclesiology needs to draw the image of the people of God into a fruitful interaction with that of communio, and the article takes a pneumatological turn in order to do this. Using a metaphor from Pope Francis of the Holy Spirit as the source of harmony in the symphony of the church, a proposal is voiced that is retrospective and prospective at the same time, drawing the two hermeneutical strategies for the interpretation of Vatican II into a relational dialectic with each other. It also offers the possibility of a theological diversity that leads the church into greater union, and into ever deeper communion with the living God.
Failed Percutaneous Vertebroplasty Due to Insufficient Correction of Intravertebral Instability in Kummell's Disease: A Case Report
Authors: Kim Jung Eun , Choi Sang Sik , Lee Mi Kyoung , Lee Dong Kyu , Cho Seung Inn 
Published: February 2017

AbstractKummell's disease, caused by osteonecrosis of the vertebral body, is a cause of vertebral collapse. In Kummell's disease, intravertebral instability from nonunion between the cement and bone after percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) can cause persistent severe pain and dysfunction. A 75‐year‐old woman presented with severe pain in the lower back, both buttocks, groin, and both posterior thighs for a period of 30 days. Lumbar radiographs and magnetic resonance images showed an acute compression fracture of the first lumbar vertebra with an intravertebral cleft filled with fluid. The patient underwent PVP for the L1 compression fracture; however, this failed to provide sufficient pain relief. The patient was re‐evaluated with dynamic radiography, and intravertebral instability and bone cement displacement of the L1 vertebra were detected. Repeat PVP was performed. After the procedure, intravertebral instability was restored and her pain completely subsided. PVP is a good treatment choice for symptomatic Kummell's disease. However, there is no consensus on the best technique of injecting bone cement to achieve optimal results. It is important to inject more bone cement than the volume of the intravertebral cleft to prevent instability caused by nonunion in PVP for Kummell's disease. We report a case of failed PVP because of insufficient correction of intravertebral instability in Kummell's, along with a review of the literature.
Hypoxia‐induced HIF1α targets in melanocytes reveal a molecular profile associated with poor melanoma prognosis
Authors: Loftus Stacie K. , Baxter Laura L. , Cronin Julia C. , Fufa Temesgen D. ,   NISC Comparative Sequencing Program, Pavan William J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryHypoxia and HIF1α signaling direct tissue‐specific gene responses regulating tumor progression, invasion, and metastasis. By integrating HIF1α knockdown and hypoxia‐induced gene expression changes, this study identifies a melanocyte‐specific, HIF1α‐dependent/hypoxia‐responsive gene expression signature. Integration of these gene expression changes with HIF1α ChIP‐Seq analysis identifies 81 HIF1α direct target genes in melanocytes. The expression levels for 10 of the HIF1α direct targets – GAPDH, PKM, PPAT, DARS, DTWD1, SEH1L, ZNF292, RLF, AGTRAP, and GPC6 – are significantly correlated with reduced time of disease‐free status in melanoma by logistic regression (P‐value = 0.0013) and ROC curve analysis (AUC = 0.826, P‐value < 0.0001). This HIF1α‐regulated profile defines a melanocyte‐specific response under hypoxia, and demonstrates the role of HIF1α as an invasive cell state gatekeeper in regulating cellular metabolism, chromatin and transcriptional regulation, vascularization, and invasion.
Policing immigrants or policing immigration? Understanding local law enforcement participation in immigration control
Authors: Armenta Amada , Alvarez Isabela 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAs the United States has expanded its immigration control strategies, police participation in immigration enforcement has increased in scope and intensity. Local law enforcement agencies contribute to immigration enforcement in three key ways: through the direct enforcement of immigration law, through cooperation with federal immigration authorities, and through the everyday policing of immigrant communities. These enforcement approaches have consequences for unauthorized immigrants, and for the agencies and officers tasked with providing them police services. This article reviews local law enforcement practices and argues that future research should move away from an exclusive examination of police policies towards immigrants, to consider how the policing of immigrants actually occurs on the ground. Moreover, we argue that as long as discretionary arrests funnel removable immigrants into the deportation system, some immigrant communities will perceive policing as fundamentally unfair and discriminatory.