bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
State Medical Marijuana Laws and the Prevalence of Opioids Detected Among Fatally Injured Drivers
Authors: Kim June H. , Santaella-Tenorio Julian , Mauro Christine , Wrobel Julia , Cerdà Magdalena , Keyes Katherine M. , Hasin Deborah , Martins Silvia S. , Li Guohua 
Published: September 2016

Objectives. To assess the association between medical marijuana laws (MMLs) and the odds of a positive opioid test, an indicator for prior use. Methods. We analyzed 1999–2013 Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data from 18 states that tested for alcohol and other drugs in at least 80% of drivers who died within 1 hour of crashing (n = 68 394). Within-state and between-state comparisons assessed opioid positivity among drivers crashing in states with an operational MML (i.e., allowances for home cultivation or active dispensaries) versus drivers crashing in states before a future MML was operational. Results. State-specific estimates indicated a reduction in opioid positivity for most states after implementation of an operational MML, although none of these estimates were significant. When we combined states, we observed no significant overall association (odds ratio [OR] = 0.79; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.61, 1.03). However, age-stratified analyses indicated a significant reduction in opioid positivity for drivers aged 21 to 40 years (OR = 0.50; 95% CI = 0.37, 0.67; interaction P < .001). Conclusions. Operational MMLs are associated with reductions in opioid positivity among 21- to 40-year-old fatally injured drivers and may reduce opioid use and overdose.
Quality of Care in a Safe-Abortion Hotline in Indonesia: Beyond Harm Reduction
Authors: Gerdts Caitlin , Hudaya Inna 
Published: September 2016

Objectives. To examine services offered by safe-abortion hotlines in contexts in which abortion is legally restricted and to document the experiences of women contacting a safe-abortion hotline in Indonesia. Methods. We analyzed 1829 first-time contacts to a safe-abortion hotline in Indonesia as a part of routine service provision between January 1, 2012 and December 31, 2014. Results. Nearly one third (29.9%) of initial contacts reported their age as between 18 and 24 years, and most (51.2%) reported being unmarried. When asked about their reason for calling the hotline, the majority of initial contacts stated that they were pregnant and not ready to have a child. More than one third reported gestational ages below 12 weeks, and nearly one fifth (18.3%) reported a gestation of 13 weeks or greater. Conclusions. These unique data provide a window of understanding into who contacts safe-abortion hotlines and why, and enable exploration of future directions for research on the role of safe-abortion hotlines in women’s access to safe abortion. Public Health Implications. Safe-abortion hotlines should be evaluated not only for reducing harm but also for providing high-quality abortion care.
Traumatic Rupture of Posterior Tibial Tendon Following Closed Supination-Adduction Ankle Fracture
Authors: Krishna Sathya Vamsi , Pilar Anoop , Pai Sudhir N. , Issac Thomas 
Published: September 2016

Case:
A 25-year-old man with no known comorbidities presented with pain and swelling of the left ankle following a twisting injury that had occurred during a road traffic accident. On examination, a 1 × 1-cm abrasion was noted on the medial malleolus and tenderness was noted over the medial and lateral malleoli. A radiograph of the left ankle revealed a fracture of the medial malleolus and an infrasyndesmotic avulsion fracture of the lateral malleolus (a supination-adduction injury). Immediate surgery was performed for the treatment of the medial malleolar fracture. On exploration, the posterior tibial tendon was found to be severed and frayed 2 cm proximal to the medial malleolar fracture. The medial malleolus was fixed with 2 parallel malleolar screws. The ruptured tendon was explored proximally, and the ends were debrided and repaired.

Conclusion:
At 1 year of follow-up, the ankle had good union and function of the tendon was restored. Posterior tibial tendon ruptures, although rare, should be suspected in cases of closed ankle fracture, irrespective of the mechanism of injury.
Guest Editorial: How I Stopped Worrying and Learned to Love Customization
Authors: Flaharty Gary , Waheed Noman 
Published: September 2016

Guest editorial
The boom was great while it lasted, and the bust, at least in North America, has largely played out. Oil and gas companies and service companies have executed their traditional cyclical playbook, cutting staff and squeezing vendors to protect margins. With no quick recovery in sight, attention is now focused on more substantial, systemic cost cutting to improve finding and development costs and service company margins.
One area of potential savings is the standardization of equipment used to complete and produce oil and gas wells. While all the equipment is “round with a hole in it,” the degree of customization evident today is staggering. Conventional wisdom says that if we could agree on and implement standard tools for oil and gas wells, we could drive unnecessary costs out of the system. However, customization of completion and production equipment can add significant value by improving efficiency and increasing production. While some standardization makes sense, it is important for the industry to implement cost-effective supply chain practices to efficiently deliver customization when it improves efficiency and increases production.
Origins of Customization
The current level of customization did not happen overnight. Service companies introduced simple tools and simple processes to design, manufacture, and install these tools. Initially, each tool had a few defined features such as “size” or “threads,” and a few options within each feature. Over time, we added additional features and expanded the number of options within each feature. The industry rarely did this in an organized, systematic manner. A new well chemistry required a different material, so a new material option was born. A customer wanted a new setting mechanism, so the setting mechanism feature expanded with another option. Features were added to handle high-temperature and high-pressure conditions.
Service companies invested in R&D to develop differentiated technology, so the designs of tools to meet the same downhole conditions varied from company to company. Eventually, the simple tools had given rise to families with thousands of possible configurations to accommodate specific customer needs. Service company’s costs to deliver from a catalog of diverse low-volume products rose and lead times extended as every order became a special.
Growth and Forage Quality Responses of Smooth Bromegrass to Nitrogen Placement and Timing
Authors: Moyer Joseph , Sweeney Daniel 
Published: September 2016

Smooth bromegrass [Bromus inermis (L.)] is a cool‐season perennial that is widely used in pastures and meadows. More intensive management of N may be required to optimize production. This study was conducted for 4 yr to determine bromegrass dry forage mass (FM) and quality responses to annual rates of 84 or 168 kg ha−1 of N fertilizer solution with three placements at four different fall/late winter (LW) timing combinations. Vegetative forage was harvested in April to represent early grazing, or postanthesis, in May to simulate hay production. Knife (KN) placement generally resulted in less vegetative FM than broadcast (BC) and dribble (DR) placements, regardless of N rate. In two typical moisture years, FM increased an average 15% when N rate increased from 84 to 168 kg N ha−1, but the first 84 kg ha−1 did not increase yields above the check (0 N). Forage crude protein (CP) generally increased as N rate increased, particularly with KN placement, or when most was applied in LW. Nitrogen increased postanthesis FM by an average of 24% with the first 84 kg ha−1 increment, and by an additional 15% with the next 84‐kg increment, while average CP was increased by 20%. Knife placement increased mass and CP, particularly with the 168 kg ha−1 rate, and when some was applied in LW, but often with increased neutral detergent fiber and decreased digestible dry matter. The most beneficial N management system would be determined by the projected forage use.Core Ideas

Nitrogen fertility management of smooth bromegrass affects not only yield, but forage quality.
Placement of N fertilizer affects bromegrass yield and quality.
Responses to N amount and placement are also modified by application timing.
Prediction of Pesticide Toxicity in Midwest Streams
Authors: Shoda Megan E. , Stone Wesley W. , Nowell Lisa H. 
Published: September 2016

The occurrence of pesticide mixtures is common in stream waters of the United States, and the impact of multiple compounds on aquatic organisms is not well understood. Watershed Regressions for Pesticides (WARP) models were developed to predict Pesticide Toxicity Index (PTI) values in unmonitored streams in the Midwest and are referred to as WARP‐PTI models. The PTI is a tool for assessing the relative toxicity of pesticide mixtures to fish, benthic invertebrates, and cladocera in stream water. One hundred stream sites in the Midwest were sampled weekly in May through August 2013, and the highest calculated PTI for each site was used as the WARP‐PTI model response variable. Watershed characteristics that represent pesticide sources and transport were used as the WARP‐PTI model explanatory variables. Three WARP‐PTI models—fish, benthic invertebrates, and cladocera—were developed that include watershed characteristics describing toxicity‐weighted agricultural use intensity, land use, agricultural management practices, soil properties, precipitation, and hydrologic properties. The models explained between 41 and 48% of the variability in the measured PTI values. WARP‐PTI model evaluation with independent data showed reasonable performance with no clear bias. The models were applied to streams in the Midwest to demonstrate extrapolation for a regional assessment to indicate vulnerable streams and to guide more intensive monitoring.Core Ideas
WARP‐PTI models predicted PTI at unmonitored streams in the Midwest.
The taxon‐specific models varied based on explanatory variables and model fit.
Pesticide use estimates were important in the development of these predictive models.
Drainage and Nitrate Leaching from Artificially Drained Maize Fields Simulated by the Precision Nitrogen Management Model
Authors: Marjerison Rebecca D. , Melkonian Jeff , Hutson John L. , van Es Harold M. , Sela Shai , Geohring Larry D. , Vetsch Jeffrey 
Published: September 2016

Environmental nitrogen (N) losses (e.g., nitrate leaching, denitrification, and ammonia volatilization) frequently occur in maize (Zea mays L.) agroecosystems. Decision support systems, designed to optimize the application of N fertilizer in these systems, have been developed using physically based models such as the Precision Nitrogen Management (PNM) model of soil and crop processes, which is an integral component of Adapt‐N, a decision support tool providing N fertilizer recommendations for maize production. Such models can also be used to estimate N losses associated with particular management practices and over a range of current climates and future climate projections. The objectives of this study were to update the PNM model to include an option for simulating soil‐water processes in artificially drained soils, and to calibrate the revised PNM model and test it against multiyear field studies in New York and Minnesota with different soils and management practices. Minimal calibration was required for the model. Denitrification rate constants were calibrated by minimizing the error between simulated and observed nitrate leaching for each study site. The normalized root mean squared error of cumulative daily drainage for the validation sets ranged from 10 to 23%. For cumulative daily nitrate leaching, the normalized root mean squared error ranged from 11 to 28% for the validation sets. The minimal calibration required and relatively simple data inputs make the PNM model a broadly applicable tool for simulating water and N flows in maize systems.Core Ideas
The Precision Nitrogen Management model simulates NO3–N leaching in maize fields.
We evaluated an updated version of the PNM model using data from two field studies.
Drainage and NO3–N were simulated well; prediction errors were around 30% or less.
Radiación ultravioleta. Análisis de su comportamiento estacional en diferentes sectores de la región Piura. Costa Norte del Perú
Authors: Dedios Mimbela Ninell Janett 
Published: September 2016

Se denomina radiación solar a los conjuntos de radiaciones electromagnéticas emitidas por el sol. Esta energía juega un papel determinante en diversos procesos en la biosfera, siendo uno de los factores importantes en los cambios de clima terrestre. Teniendo en cuenta sus beneficios, también existen los daños que puede causar en animales, plantas y humanos al tener una exposición prolongada. En las últimas dos décadas, se comprobó una disminución gradual de la capa de ozono estimada de 0.4 s 0.5 % por año. En búsqueda de una respuesta sobre el nivel de daño y su dinamismo estacional sobre una región del norte del Perú es por el cual se realiza el análisis del comportamiento del índice de radiación ultravioleta (UV-B). Los resultados, representan una herramienta y una alerta a fin de informar a la población sobre las formas de cómo evitar los problemas e impactos en la piel.
Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors and Left Ventricular Hypertrophy in Girls and Boys With CKD
Authors: Ruebner Rebecca L. , Ng Derek , Mitsnefes Mark , Foster Bethany J. , Meyers Kevin , Warady Bradley , Furth Susan L. 
Published: September 2016

Background and objectives
Prior studies suggested that women with CKD have higher risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality than men, although putative mechanisms for this higher risk have not been identified. We assessed sex differences in (1) CVD risk factors and left ventricular hypertrophy (LVH), and (2) the relationship of left ventricular mass (LVM) with different measures of body size in children with CKD.

Design, setting, participants, and measurements
The study population comprised 681 children with CKD from the Chronic Kidney Disease in Children cohort, contributing 1330 visits. CVD risk factors were compared cross-sectionally by sex. LVH was defined as LVM/height2.7 >95th percentile and LVM relative to estimated lean body mass (eLBM) >95th percentile for age and sex. Differences in LVM by sex were assessed by adjusting for age, weight, height, and eLBM using bivariate and multivariate regression models.

Results
Girls were less likely to have uncontrolled hypertension (26% versus 38%, P=0.001), had lower diastolic BP z-scores (+0.3 versus +0.6, P=0.001), and had lower prevalence of high triglycerides (38% versus 47%, P=0.03) compared with boys. When LVH was defined by LVM indexed to height, girls had higher prevalence of LVH (16% versus 9%, P=0.01); when LVH was defined by LVM relative to eLBM, prevalence of LVH was similar between girls and boys (18% versus 17%, P=0.92). In regression models adjusting for eLBM, no sex differences in LVM were observed.

Conclusions
Despite lack of increased prevalence of CVD risk factors, indexing LVM to height showed a higher proportion of LVH among girls, while estimates of LVH based on eLBM showed no sex differences. Indexing LVM to eLBM may be an alternative to height indexing in children with CKD.
Entre Franciscanos e Beneditinos: o caso de Domingos do Loreto Couto (1696-1762)
Authors: Souto Maior de Melo Bruno Souto 
Published: September 2016

O presente artigo busca analisar a trajetória de vida do religioso pernambucano Domingos do Loreto Couto, reconhecido pela historiografia como autor de importante obra para o entendimento da primeira metade do século XVIII: Desagravos do Brasil e Glórias de Pernambuco. Não priorizaremos a face cronista de nossa personagem, antes, utilizaremos sua trajetória como elemento que nos permitirá ter uma visão mais alargada do período em tela, principalmente no que toca aos casos de religiosos que transitavam entre ordens regulares, prática recorrente até o segundo quartel do século XVIII. Assim sendo, acreditamos que a trajetória de Loreto nos convida a compreender em escala micro as estruturas de poder da esfera eclesiástica, os diálogos e embates entre ordens religiosas e poderes diocesanos, ou mesmo a relação de conectividade entre as dioceses ultramarinas e o centro da monarquia cristã.
A cidade e suas representações: Manaus no Século XIX (1850- 1883)
Authors: Braga Bruno Miranda 
Published: September 2016

O objetivo central deste artigo é discutir e apresentar elementos que evidenciem as práticas cotidianos de uma cidade: Manáos no segundo quartel do século XIX, que se tornara um local de sociabilidades múltiplas, onde uma miscelânea de pessoas do além-mar resolvera toma-la como local para residência, ou geração de renda. Nessa perspectiva, a visão dos “de fora” se distancia e muito da elite local, pois para esta última, a cidade ostentava o “orgulha da civilização” e seus habitantes todos já haviam deixados para trás os costumes e hábitos da Manáos de outrora, ligada ao atraso, ao incivil, ao rio e aos indígenas. Partimos especialmente da análise iconográfica presente no álbum souvenir da Exposição de Chicago de 1883, onde Manaus foi apresentada como um lugar de riqueza e civilização e o entorno da Província, um lugar de ruralismo e natureza extensa.
Meta-Regression in Auditing Research: Evaluating the Evidence on the Big N Audit Firm Premium
Authors: Hay David C. , Knechel W. Robert 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARY
The issue of whether the Big N audit firms charge higher fees is one of the most extensively researched areas in the auditing literature. This issue is also important to regulators. This paper applies a new technique—meta-regression analysis—to extract generalizable results from the research examining the premium charged by the Big N audit firms. The method first allows us to examine whether publication bias explains the inconsistent results of previous research on this issue. We are then able to examine contextual differences across studies that can explain when a Big N premium may or may not arise. The findings show that a statistically significant publication bias is present in research about the Big N audit firm premium, and the premium is somewhat overstated. Although this is a concern, the extent of publication bias is not so strong as to eliminate evidence of a remaining premium. Breaking down the publication bias shows evidence consistent with researchers with Big N audit firm affiliations being subject to greater publication bias, while researchers at more highly ranked business schools are subject to less. In terms of the context of the mixed results, we find that a positive premium is most likely to be observed in studies of the U.S. market and in the private sector.
JEL Classifications: L13; L84; M40; M42.
Partner-Scale Economies, Service Bundling, and Auditor Independence in the Australian Self-Managed Superannuation (Pension) Fund Industry
Authors: Arnold Bruce , Bateman Hazel , Ferguson Andrew , Raftery Adrian 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARY
Using proprietary Australian Taxation Office (ATO) data, this study examines audit pricing, service bundling, and independence issues in the self-managed superannuation fund (SMSF) sector, the fastest growing and largest segment of the Australian $2 trillion retirement savings industry. We consider the impact of partner-level scale effects for a large sample of SMSF audits for the three years to June 2010. After controlling for factors known to determine audit fees, we find evidence of fee discounting by partners with large client portfolios. However, when the dependent variable is redefined to the total “bundle” of services (including audit and non-audit fees), the firms of partners with larger client portfolios are shown to earn bundling fee premiums. This finding suggests industry specialists price strategically using audits as a conduit to supply higher margin non-audit services (NAS) to clients with more resources. Last, we find no evidence the supply of NAS impairs auditor independence, alleviating joint supply concerns raised in the Cooper Review.
Business Strategy and Auditor Reporting
Authors: Chen Yu , Eshleman John Daniel , Soileau Jared S. 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARY
This study examines whether a firm's business strategy influences auditor reporting. We rely on the organizational literature to develop our prediction that firms utilizing the innovative “prospector” strategy will be more likely than firms utilizing the cost-leadership “defender” strategy to receive both going concern and material weakness opinions. Our empirical evidence supports this prediction. Specifically, we find that, among a sample of financially troubled firms, prospectors are significantly more likely than defenders to receive a going concern opinion. We then analyze a sample of clients who subsequently filed for bankruptcy and find that auditors are less likely to issue going concern opinions to prospector clients. This indicates that auditors commit more Type II errors when auditing prospector clients. We also find that prospectors are significantly more likely than defenders to receive a material weakness opinion. Taken together, the evidence suggests that business strategy is a significant determinant of both going concern and material weakness auditor reporting.
JEL Classifications: M41; M42; L10.
Data Availability: All data are available from public sources identified in the text.
Serum Fatty Acid Binding Protein 4 (FABP4) Predicts Pre-eclampsia in Women With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Wotherspoon Amy C. , Young Ian S. , McCance David R. , Patterson Chris C. , Maresh Michael J.A. , Pearson Donald W.M. , Walker James D. , Holmes Valerie A. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
To examine the association between fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4) and pre-eclampsia risk in women with type 1 diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Serum FABP4 was measured in 710 women from the Diabetes and Pre-eclampsia Intervention Trial (DAPIT) in early pregnancy and in the second trimester (median 14 and 26 weeks’ gestation, respectively).

RESULTS
FABP4 was significantly elevated in early pregnancy (geometric mean 15.8 ng/mL [interquartile range 11.6–21.4] vs. 12.7 ng/mL [interquartile range 9.6–17]; P &lt; 0.001) and the second trimester (18.8 ng/mL [interquartile range 13.6–25.8] vs. 14.6 ng/mL [interquartile range 10.8–19.7]; P &lt; 0.001) in women in whom pre-eclampsia later developed. Elevated second-trimester FABP4 level was independently associated with pre-eclampsia (odds ratio 2.87 [95% CI 1.24–6.68], P = 0.03). The addition of FABP4 to established risk factors significantly improved net reclassification improvement at both time points and integrated discrimination improvement in the second trimester.

CONCLUSIONS
Increased second-trimester FABP4 independently predicted pre-eclampsia and significantly improved reclassification and discrimination. FABP4 shows potential as a novel biomarker for pre-eclampsia prediction in women with type 1 diabetes.