bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observational study of formation mechanism, vertical structure, and dust emission of dust devils over the Taklimakan Desert, China
Authors: Liu Chong , Zhao Tianliang , Yang Xinghua , Liu Feng , Han Yongxiang , Luan Zhaopeng , He Qing , Rood Mark , Yuen Wangki 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA field observation of dust devils was conducted at Xiaotang over the Taklimakan Desert (TD), China, from 7 to 14 July 2014. The measurements of dust devil opacity with the digital optical method and the observed atmospheric boundary layer conditions were applied to investigate the dust devils' formation mechanism, vertical structure, and dust emissions. The critical conditions in the atmospheric boundary layer for dust devil formation were revealed with the land‐air surface temperature difference of higher than 15°C, the enhanced momentum flux and sensible heat flux up to 0.54 kg m−1 s−2 and 327 W m−2, respectively, the weak vertical wind shear with the low wind shear index α < 0.10, and the unstable stratification in the lower atmosphere. Based on observed dust opacities, it is identified that a typical dust devil was vertically structured with central updrafts and peripheral downdrafts of dust particles with the asymmetrically horizontal distribution of dust in a rotating dust column. The vertical flux of near‐surface dust emissions was also estimated in a range from 5.4 × 10−5 to 9.6 × 10−5 kg m−2 s−1 for a typical dust devil event over TD.
Synoptic conditions during wintertime temperature extremes in Alaska
Authors: Cassano John J. , Cassano Elizabeth N. , Seefeldt Mark W. , Gutowski William J. , Glisan Justin M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe large‐scale atmospheric state associated with widespread wintertime warm and cold extremes in southern Alaska was identified using 1989 to 2007 European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Interim Re‐Analysis (ERA‐I) data. Extremes were defined as days with the coldest and warmest 1% of daily temperatures. Widespread extreme events were identified for days when at least 25 50 km grid cells in the study domain met the extreme temperature criteria. A total of 55 cold and 74 warm extreme days were identified in 19 winters. Composites of the atmospheric state from 5 days before through the day of the extreme events were analyzed to assess the large‐scale atmospheric state associated with the extremes. The method of self‐organizing maps (SOMs) was used to identify the range of sea level pressure (SLP) patterns present in the ERA‐I December–February data, and these SLP patterns were then used to stratify the extreme days by their large‐scale atmospheric circulation. Composites for all warm or cold extreme days showed less intense features than those for specific SLP patterns. In all of the composites temperature advection, strongest at 700 hPa, and anomalous longwave radiation were the primary factors that led to the extreme events. The anomalous downwelling longwave radiation was due to either reduced cloud cover, during cold extremes, or to increased cloud cover, during warm extremes. The SOM composites provided additional insight into the temporal evolution of the extreme days and highlighted different portions of southern Alaska most likely to experience temperature extremes for a given SOM SLP pattern.
Atmospheric histories and global emissions of halons H‐1211 (CBrClF2), H‐1301 (CBrF3), and H‐2402 (CBrF2CBrF2)
Authors: Vollmer Martin K. , Mühle Jens , Trudinger Cathy M. , Rigby Matthew , Montzka Stephen A. , Harth Christina M. , Miller Benjamin R. , Henne Stephan , Krummel Paul B. , Hall Bradley D. , Young Dickon , Kim Jooil , Arduini Jgor , Wenger Angelina , Yao Bo , Reimann Stefan , O'Doherty Simon , Maione Michela , Etheridge David M. , Li Shanlan , Verdonik Daniel P. , Park Sunyoung , Dutton Geoff , Steele L. Paul , Lunder Chris R. , Rhee Tae Siek , Hermansen Ove , Schmidbauer Norbert , Wang Ray H. J. , Hill Matthias , Salameh Peter K. , Langenfelds Ray L. , Zhou Lingxi , Blunier Thomas , Schwander Jakob , Elkins James W. , Butler James H. , Simmonds Peter G. , Weiss Ray F. , Prinn Ronald G. , Fraser Paul J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report ground‐based atmospheric measurements and emission estimates for the halons H‐1211 (CBrClF2), H‐1301 (CBrF3), and H‐2402 (CBrF2CBrF2) from the AGAGE (Advanced Global Atmospheric Gases Experiment) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration global networks. We also include results from archived air samples in canisters and from polar firn in both hemispheres, thereby deriving an atmospheric record of nearly nine decades (1930s to present). All three halons were absent from the atmosphere until ∼1970, when their atmospheric burdens started to increase rapidly. In recent years H‐1211 and H‐2402 mole fractions have been declining, but H‐1301 has continued to grow. High‐frequency observations show continuing emissions of H‐1211 and H‐1301 near most AGAGE sites. For H‐2402 the only emissions detected were derived from the region surrounding the Sea of Japan/East Sea. Based on our observations, we derive global emissions using two different inversion approaches. Emissions for H‐1211 declined from a peak of 11 kt yr−1 (late 1990s) to 3.9 kt yr−1 at the end of our record (mean of 2013–2015), for H‐1301 from 5.4 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 1.6 kt yr−1, and for H‐2402 from 1.8 kt yr−1 (late 1980s) to 0.38 kt yr−1. Yearly summed halon emissions have decreased substantially; nevertheless, since 2000 they have accounted for ∼30% of the emissions of all major anthropogenic ozone depletion substances, when weighted by ozone depletion potentials.
General circulation driven by baroclinic forcing due to cloud layer heating: Significance of planetary rotation and polar eddy heat transport
Authors: Yamamoto Masaru , Takahashi Masaaki 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA high significance of planetary rotation and poleward eddy heat fluxes is determined for general circulation driven by baroclinic forcing due to cloud layer heating. In a high‐resolution simplified Venus general circulation model, a planetary‐scale mixed Rossby‐gravity wave with meridional winds across the poles produces strong poleward heat flux and indirect circulation. This strong poleward heat transport induces downward momentum transport of indirect cells in the regions of weak high‐latitude jets. It also reduces the meridional temperature gradient and vertical shear of the high‐latitude jets in accordance with the thermal wind relation below the cloud layer. In contrast, strong equatorial superrotation and midlatitude jets form in the cloud layer in the absence of polar indirect cells in an experiment involving Titan's rotation. Both the strong midlatitude jet and meridional temperature gradient are maintained in the situation that eddy horizontal heat fluxes are weak. The presence or absence of strong poleward eddy heat flux is one of the important factors determining the slow or fast superrotation state in the cloud layer through the downward angular momentum transport and the thermal wind relation. For fast Earth rotation, a weak global‐scale Hadley circulation of the low‐density upper atmosphere maintains equatorial superrotation and midlatitude jets above the cloud layer, whereas multiple meridional circulations suppress the zonal wind speed below the cloud layer.
Changes in the trophic status of fish feeding guilds in response to flow modification
Authors: Delong M. D. , Thoms M. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRivers are among the most extensively modified ecosystems globally. Identifying linkages between critical drivers of change and ecological response is challenging because of the myriad of ways rivers are modified. This study examines longer‐term relationships (>70 years) between the trophic status of fish and historical flow changes in rivers of the Mississippi Basin. The flow regime of each river is regulated but differs in terms of character of hydrological modification. Tissue samples from specimens obtained from museum collections were used for determination of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios. Questions asked were as follows: (1) Are there differences in stable isotope ratios of fish feeding guilds prior to and following hydrological modification? (2) What hydrological attributes are associated with isotopic changes? And (3) are corresponding changes in stable isotope ratios and hydrology identifiable across different spatial scales? Significant and sustained changes in stable isotope ratios of fish feeding guilds occurred immediately following flow regulation in all rivers. These changes were not associated with human‐induced biogeochemical alterations. The subsequent response was complex because (1) different guilds exhibited pronounced shifts in isotopic ratios, (2) hydrological modification differed between rivers, and (3) differences in stable isotopic ratios varied between spatial scales.
Sensitivity analysis of simulated SOA loadings using a variance‐based statistical approach
Authors: Shrivastava Manish , Zhao Chun , Easter Richard C. , Qian Yun , Zelenyuk Alla , Fast Jerome D. , Liu Ying , Zhang Qi , Guenther Alex 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe investigate the sensitivity of secondary organic aerosol (SOA) loadings simulated by a regional chemical transport model to seven selected model parameters using a modified volatility basis‐set (VBS) approach: four involving emissions of anthropogenic and biogenic volatile organic compounds, anthropogenic semivolatile and intermediate volatility organics (SIVOCs), and NOx; two involving dry deposition of SOA precursor gases, and one involving particle‐phase transformation of SOA to low volatility. We adopt a quasi‐Monte Carlo sampling approach to effectively sample the high‐dimensional parameter space, and perform a 250 member ensemble of simulations using a regional model, accounting for some of the latest advances in SOA treatments based on our recent work. We then conduct a variance‐based sensitivity analysis using the generalized linear model method to study the responses of simulated SOA loadings to the model parameters. Analysis of SOA variance from all 250 simulations shows that the volatility transformation parameter, which controls whether or not SOA that starts as semivolatile is rapidly transformed to nonvolatile SOA by particle‐phase processes such as oligomerization and/or accretion, is the dominant contributor to variance of simulated surface‐level daytime SOA (65% domain average contribution). We also split the simulations into two subsets of 125 each, depending on whether the volatility transformation is turned on/off. For each subset, the SOA variances are dominated by the parameters involving biogenic VOC and anthropogenic SIVOC emissions. Furthermore, biogenic VOC emissions have a larger contribution to SOA variance when the SOA transformation to nonvolatile is on, while anthropogenic SIVOC emissions have a larger contribution when the transformation is off. NOx contributes less than 4.3% to SOA variance, and this low contribution is mainly attributed to dominance of intermediate to high NOx conditions throughout the simulated domain. However, we note that SOA yields have a more complex nonlinear dependence on NOx levels, which needs to be addressed by more integrated model‐measurement approaches focused on gaining a better process‐level understanding of anthropogenic‐biogenic interactions. The two parameters related to dry deposition of SOA precursor gases also have very low contributions to SOA variance. This study highlights the large sensitivity of SOA loadings to the particle‐phase processes such as oligomerization that rapidly cause large decrease in the volatility of SOA, which is neglected in most previous models.
Thermal convection of temperature‐dependent viscous fluids within three‐dimensional faulted geothermal systems: Estimation from linear and numerical analyses
Authors: Malkovsky Victor I. , Magri Fabien 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLinear stability analysis and numerical simulations of density‐driven flow are presented in order to estimate the effects of temperature‐dependent fluid viscosity variation on the onset of free thermal convection within a three‐dimensional fault embedded into impermeable rocks. The strongly coupled equations of density‐driven flow are linearized. The solution was obtained through expansion into Fourier series. Simple polynomial expressions fitting the neutral stability curves are given for a range of fault aspect ratios, fluid viscosity properties, and thermal conductivity heterogeneity, providing a new tool for the estimation of critical Rayleigh numbers in faulted systems. The results are validated against the limiting case of temperature‐invariant viscosity (i.e., constant). 3‐D numerical simulations of free convection within a fault are run using the finite element technique in order to verify the theoretical results. It turned out that at average geothermal temperature conditions, thermal convection can develop within faults which permeability is up to 4 times lower than the case of a fluid with constant viscosity, in agreement with the developed linear theory. The polynomial expressions of this study can be applied to any numerical model for testing the feasibility of fault convection in 3‐D geothermal basin.
Active tectonics west of New Zealand's Alpine Fault: South Westland Fault Zone activity shows Australian Plate instability
Authors: De Pascale Gregory P. , Chandler‐Yates Nicholas , Dela Pena Federico , Wilson Pam , May Elijah , Twiss Amber , Cheng Che 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe 300 km long South Westland Fault Zone (SWFZ) is within the footwall of the Central Alpine Fault (<20 km away) and has 3500 m of dip‐slip displacement, but it has been unknown if the fault is active. Here the first evidence for SWFZ thrust faulting in the “stable” Australian Plate is shown with cumulative dip‐slip displacements up to 5.9 m (with 3 m throw) on Pleistocene and Holocene sediments and gentle hanging wall anticlinal folding. Cone penetration test (CPT) stratigraphy shows repeated sequences within the fault scarp (consistent with thrusting). Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating constrains the most recent rupture post‐12.1 ± 1.7 ka with evidence for three to four events during earthquakes of at leastMw 6.8. This study shows significant deformation is accommodated on poorly characterized Australian Plate structures northwest of the Alpine Fault and demonstrates that major active and seismogenic structures remain uncharacterized in densely forested regions on Earth.
Are Additional Tests Needed to Rule Out Axial Spondyloarthritis in Patients Ages 16–45 Years With Short‐Duration Chronic Back Pain and Maximally One Spondyloarthritis Feature?
Authors: Bakker P. A. C. , Ez‐Zaitouni Z. , van Lunteren M. , van den Berg R. , De Hooge M. , Fagerli K. M. , Landewé R. , van Oosterhout M. , Ramonda R. , Reijnierse M. , van der Heijde D. , van Gaalen F. A. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate whether HLA–B27 testing and imaging of the sacroiliac joints are needed in patients with ≤1 spondyloarthritis (SpA) feature, referred to a secondary care setting, after medical history collection, clinical examination, and measurement of acute phase reactants.MethodsBaseline data from patients in the Spondyloarthritis Caught Early (SPACE) cohort visiting the rheumatology outpatient clinic of 5 centers across Europe (with back pain ≥3 months, ≤2 years, onset at ages <45 years) were used. All patients underwent a full diagnostic work‐up: magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and radiographs of the sacroiliac joints, HLA–B27 testing, and assessment of all other SpA features. Patients were diagnosed according to the treating rheumatologist and classified according to the Assessment of SpondyloArthritis international Society (ASAS) axial SpA criteria.ResultsOf the 354 patients, 133 (37.5%) showed 0 or 1 SpA feature after medical history collection, physical examination, and measurement of acute phase reactants (38 without SpA features, 95 with 1 SpA feature). Of the patients with ≤1 SpA feature, 18.4% (with 0 SpA features) and 17.9% (with 1 SpA feature) were diagnosed with axial SpA according to the rheumatologist after additional investigations (HLA–B27 testing and sacroiliac joint imaging). Additionally, 4 of 38 patients (10.5%) without SpA features fulfilled the ASAS axial SpA criteria (all according to the imaging arm only: 2 as MRI+/modified New York criteria (mNY)+, 1 as MRI+/mNY−, and 1 as MRI−/mNY+). Of the 95 patients with 1 SpA feature, 22 (23.2%) fulfilled the ASAS axial SpA criteria (all according to the imaging arm only: 3 as MRI+/mNY+, 15 as MRI+/mNY−, and 4 as MRI−/mNY+).ConclusionIn these patients in a secondary care setting with ≤1 SpA feature, axial SpA could not be ruled out without sacroiliac joint imaging and/or HLA–B27 testing.
Changes in the mandibular angle during adulthood in South Africans
Authors: Oettlé Anna C. , Ehlers René , Steyn Maryna 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to measure the mandibular angle as a reflection of the biomechanical forces acting on the mandible and relate it to aging and loss of teeth.MethodsA total of 717 mandibles of adult individuals were selected from the Pretoria Bone Collection. These mandibles were allocated to dentition subgroups according to their pattern of tooth loss. The angle of the mandible was measured with a mandibulometer. The variation in the mandibular angle was statistically analyzed by age regressions and comparisons between adjusted means of dentition subgroups.ResultsAging per se was not associated with a greater mandibular angle. With limited tooth loss, aging was associated with a smaller mandibular angle in females. Generally the mandibular angle increased with tooth loss and was accentuated when an even occlusion pattern was lost rather than with more extensive tooth loss. A more pronounced increase in mandibular angle with tooth loss was noted in females and individuals of European ancestry.ConclusionsTooth loss and not aging is associated with an increase in the mandibular angle. Masculinity and being from African ancestry provided some protection against an increase in the mandibular angle with tooth loss. The accentuated increase in the mandibular angle when an even occlusion pattern was disturbed supports the notion that an uneven loss of teeth was indeed associated with inefficient mastication. The unexpected decrease in angle noted in females with aging but limited tooth loss may be indicative of constructive changes beyond puberty. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:681–686, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Association between sedentary behavior time and waist‐to‐height ratio in preschool children
Authors: Mota Jorge , Silva Dos Santos Sandra , Santos Amanda , Seabra André , Vale Susana 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo explore the association between sedentary behavior time (SB), and waist‐to‐height ratio (WHtR) in preschool children.MethodsThis study included 646 preschool children (4‐ to 6‐years old). WHtR was calculated as the ratio of waist/height with a cutoff of 0.5 used to define risk of abdominal obesity. Sedentary behavior was measured during 7 consecutive days by accelerometer. Logistic regression was used to determine the association between SB and WHtR.ResultsThe prevalence of central obesity (WHtR) was 52.4 and 39.2% for girls and boys, respectively. Boys classified as being at risk for central obesity were more likely to spend more time in SB (OR: 1.6; CI: 1.1–2.5; P ≤ 0.05), adjusted by age (P ≤ 0.001).ConclusionsOur data suggested that boys classified as having higher SB were more likely to having more central obesity. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:746–748, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Carbonylation of Csp3−H Bonds through Oxidative Wittig‐Type Reaction: An Unprecedented Version of Wittig Reaction
Authors: Zhu Yingzu , Lü Shiwei , Ma Xingge , Zhang Liang , Luo Liangliang , Jia Xiaodong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA Wittig‐type reaction was achieved by radical cation salt induced aerobic oxidation of Csp3−H bonds. Different from the “standard” version of the Wittig reaction, in which a carbon‐carbon double bond is formed from a carbonyl, carbonyl groups can be installed by similar process.
Copper‐Catalyzed Regioselective Sulfenylation of Indoles with Arylsulfonyl Chlorides
Authors: Wu Zhimeng , Li Yan‐Chun , Ding Wen‐Zhang , Zhu Tao , Liu Shao‐Zhong , Ren Xuehong , Zou Liang‐Hua 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA copper‐catalyzed regioselective sulfenylation of indoles and a pyrrolo[2,3‐b]pyridine with arylsulfonyl chlorides has been developed by using low loadings of a copper catalyst and the cheap reductant PPh3. This method is effective for both N‐protected and unprotected indoles, providing a series of structurally diverse indole thioethers in good to excellent yields with extremely high regioselectivity.
Towards intrinsic phonon transport in single‐layer MoS2
Authors: Peng Bo , Zhang Hao , Shao Hezhu , Xu Yuanfeng , Zhang Xiangchao , Zhu Heyuan 
Published: March 2016

The intrinsic lattice thermal conductivity of MoS2 is an important aspect in the design of MoS2‐based nanoelectronic devices. We investigate the lattice dynamics properties of MoS2 by first‐principle calculations. The intrinsic thermal conductivity of single‐layer MoS2 is calculated using the Boltzmann transport equation for phonons. The obtained thermal conductivity agrees well with the measurements. The contributions of acoustic and optical phonons to the lattice thermal conductivity are evaluated. The size dependence of thermal conductivity is investigated as well.
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Ein Apoptose‐induzierendes Heptamer, das effizient den Todesrezeptor 5 bündelt
Authors: Valldorf Bernhard , Fittler Heiko , Deweid Lukas , Ebenig Aileen , Dickgiesser Stephan , Sellmann Carolin , Becker Janine , Zielonka Stefan , Empting Martin , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMultivalente Liganden von Todesrezeptoren sind vielversprechende tumorspezifische Wirkstoffe, da sie eine apoptotische Kaskade in Krebszellen induzieren. Hier beschreiben wir einen modularen Ansatz für den Aufbau von Konstrukten, die an den Todesrezeptor 5 (“death receptor 5”, DR5) binden. In diesen Konstrukten sind mehrere Kopien gegen DR5 gerichteter Peptide (DR5TP) kovalent mit biomolekularen Gerüsten verknüpft. Mit dieser Strategie gelingt eine effiziente Oligomerisierung der Peptide in verschiedenen räumlichen Orientierungen durch enzymvermittelte Konjugationen oder rekombinante Produktion. Heptamere Konstrukte mit einem kurzen Gerüst (60–75 Reste) der C‐terminalen Oligomerisierungdomäne des humanen C4b‐Bindeproteins zeigten eine bemerkenswert hohe proapoptotische Aktivität (EC50=3 nm), wenn DR5TP an den Carboxyterminus ligiert wurde. Unsere Daten stützen die Ansicht, dass der Interligandabstand, die relative räumliche Orientierung und die Kopienzahl der rezeptorbindenden Module wesentliche Kriterien für die Rezeptoraktivierung und Zelltötung sind.
An Apoptosis‐Inducing Peptidic Heptad That Efficiently Clusters Death Receptor 5
Authors: Valldorf Bernhard , Fittler Heiko , Deweid Lukas , Ebenig Aileen , Dickgiesser Stephan , Sellmann Carolin , Becker Janine , Zielonka Stefan , Empting Martin , Avrutina Olga , Kolmar Harald 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMultivalent ligands of death receptors hold particular promise as tumor cell‐specific therapeutic agents because they induce an apoptotic cascade in cancerous cells. Herein, we present a modular approach to generate death receptor 5 (DR5) binding constructs comprising multiple copies of DR5 targeting peptide (DR5TP) covalently bound to biomolecular scaffolds of peptidic nature. This strategy allows for efficient oligomerization of synthetic DR5TP‐derived peptides in different spatial orientations using a set of enzyme‐promoted conjugations or recombinant production. Heptameric constructs based on a short (60–75 residues) scaffold of a C‐terminal oligomerization domain of human C4b binding protein showed remarkable proapoptotic activity (EC50=3 nm) when DR5TP was ligated to its carboxy terminus. Our data support the notion that inter‐ligand distance, relative spatial orientation and copy number of receptor‐binding modules are key prerequisites for receptor activation and cell killing.