bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
REAKSI KATALITIS ESTERIFIKASI ASAM OLEAT DAN METANOL MENJADI BIODIESEL DENGAN METODE DISTILASI REAKTIF
Authors: Kusmiyati Kusmiyati 
Published: November 2017

Biodiesel is an alternative diesel fuel that is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. Generally, it is formed by trans etherification reaction of triglycerides in the vegetable oil or animal fat with an alcohol. In this work, etherification reaction was carried out using oleic acid, methanol and sulphuric acid as a catalyst by reactive distillation method. In order to determine the best conditions for biodiesel production by reactive distillation, the experiments were carried out at different temperature (1000C, 1200C, 1500C and 1800C) using methanol/oleic acid molar ratios (1:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1), catalyst/ oleic acid molar ratios (0.5%wt, 1%wt, 1.5%wt and 2%wt) and reaction times (15, 30, 45, 60, 75 and 90 minutes). Result show that at temperature 1800C, methanol/oleic acid molar ratio of 8:1, amount of catalyst 1% for 90 minute reaction time gives the highest conversion of oleic acid above 0.9581. Biodiesel product from oleic acid was analyzed by ASTM (American Standard for Testing Material). The results show that the biodiesel produced has the quality required to be a diesel substitute. Biodiesel merupakan salah satu bahan bakar alternatif pengganti bahan bakar fosil yang diproduksi dari bahan baku minyak nabati dan lemak hewan. Secara umum biodiesel diproduksi melalui reaksi transesterifikasi minyak nabati atau lemak hewan dan alkohol. Pada penelitian ini proses esterifikasi pada pembuatan biodiesel menggunakan bahan baku asam oleat murni (99%), metanol dan katalis asam sulfat dengan metode distilasi reaktif. Distilasi reaktif merupakan penggabungan antara proses reaksi dan proses pemisahan dalam satu unit proses sehingga memungkinkan diperoleh biodiesel dengan kemurnian yang tinggi. Variabel yang dipelajari pada penelitian ini adalah temperatur (1000C, 1200C, 1500C, 1800C), jumlah katalis H2SO4 (0,5% berat, 1% berat, 1,5% berat, 2% berat), rasio metanol : asam oleat dinyatakan 1:1, 5:1, 6:1, 7:1, 8:1 (dalam % berat) terhadap konversi asam oleat serta. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, konversi maksimum yang dapat dicapai sebesar 0,9581 pada kondisi reaksi berat katalis H2SO4 1% berat, rasio metanol:asam oleat 8:1 dan suhu reaksi 1800C. Berdasarkan hasil analisa ASTM, biodiesel yang diperoleh memenuhi standar bahan bakar cair dan dapat digunakan sebagai bahan bakar pengganti petroleum diesel.
PERANAN KATALIS TiO2/SiO2-MONTMORILLONIT PADA REAKSI KONVERSI SITRONELAL MENJADI ISOPULEGOL
Authors: Fatimah Is , Rubiyanto Dwiarso , Huda Torikul 
Published: November 2017

Catalytic conversion of citronellal to isopulegol over TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonite catalyst was studied for citronellal isolated from Cymbopogon leaf oil. The role of physico-chemical characteristics of montmorillonite and SiO2-montmorillonit catalyst on total conversion, activity and selectivity to produce isopulegol was studied. Activity test was conducted for citronellal cyclication for 4 hour. The total conversion, catalyst activity and catalyst selectivity to produce isopulegol were evaluated based on product composition obtained by GC-MS analysis. The experimental result showed that TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonite plays role in the increase of total conversion significantly from 87.80% over SiO2-montmorillonit and 85.38% over natural montmorillonite become 95.53%. Total conversion and selectivity of the catalyst to produce isopulegol increase could be related to Lewis acidity of TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonite, and also specific surface area enhancement. However, in the range of 1:1.25 to 1:5.0 catalyst to citronellal mass ratio, there was no influence on total conversion and selectivity to produce isopulegol. This may be caused by dominant influence of Lewis acidity compared to other physico-chemical characteristic of material. Kinetics study of the reaction showed that TiO2 dispersion on SiO2-montmorillonite almost doubles the reaction rate constant with the factor of 1.955. Konversi katalitik sitronelal menjadi isopulegol menggunakan katalis TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonit dipelajari terhadap sitronelal hasil isolasi minyak daun sereh. Peranan karakter fisikokimiawi material katalis montmorillonit alam dan SiO2-montmorillonit terhadap konversi total, aktivitas dan selektivitas dalam pembentukan isopulegol dipelajari. Uji aktivitas katalis dilakukan pada reaksi siklisasi sitronelal selama 4 jam. Konversi total, aktivitas katalis dan selektivitas terhadap isopulegol dihitung berdasar perubahan komposisi hasil reaksi yang ditentukan menggunakan GC-MS. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa katalis TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonit berperanan meningkatkan konversi total reaksi secara signifikan dari sebesar 87,80% pada penggunaan SiO2-montmorillonit dan 85,38% dengan menggunakan montmorillonit alam menjadi sebesar 95,53%. Peningkatan konversi total dan selektivitas terhadap isopulegol berkaitan dengan keasaman Lewis yang dimiliki oleh TiO2/SiO2-montmorillonit serta peningkatan luas permukaan spesifik material. Namun pada rentang perbandingan massa katalis terhadap sitronelal 1:1,25 hingga 1:5,0 tidak berpengaruh signifikan terhadap konversi total dan selektivitas produk isopulegol. Hal ini mungkin disebabkan peranan keasaman Lewis lebih dominan terhadap sifat-sifat fisikokimiawi material katalis. Studi kinetika reaksi menunjukkan bahwa dispersi TiO2 pada SiO2-montmorillonit meningkatkan konstanta laju reaksi dengan faktor sebesar 1,955.
OPTIMASI PRODUKSI METIL ESTER SULFONAT DARI METIL ESTER MINYAK JELANTAH
Authors: Hidayati Sri , Gultom Natalia , Eni Hestuti 
Published: November 2017

OPTIMATION OF METHYL ESTER SULFONATES PRODUCTION FROM WASTE COOKING METHYL ESTER. An experiment of sulfonation process of methyl ester to produce methyl ester sulfonates (MES) was caried out using waste palm methyl ester and sulfuric acid as sulfonating agent with variation of H2SO4 concentration (60% (K1), 70% (K2), dan 80% (K3)) and sulfonation time (60 minute (L1), 75 minute (L2) and 90 minute (L3)) using factorial on Randomized Complete Design Block. The experiment result showed the best sulfonation condition present in 80% H2SO4 concentration and sulfonation time of 90 minutes. The best characteristic of MES is produced showed surface tension of 27.35 dyne/cm, emulsion stability of 89.44%, acid value of 17.72 mg KOH/g and interfacial tension of 0.0361 dyne/cm at MES concentration of 2% in 10,000 ppm salinity water. Sebuah penelitian tentang proses produksi metil ester sulfonat menggunakan minyak bekas kelapa sawit dilakukan dengan menggunakan H2SO4 sebagai agen pensulfonasi dengan variasi konsentrasi H2SO4 (60% (K1), 70% (K2), dan 80% (K3)) dan lama sulfonasi (60 menit (L1), 75 menit (L2) and 90 menit (L3)) dengan menggunakan faktorial dalam Rancangan Kelompok Teracak Lengkap. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kondisi proses sulfonasi terbaik terdapat pada konsentrasi H2SO4 80% dan lama reaksi 90 menit. Karakteristik Metil Ester Sulfonat (MES) terbaik yang dihasilkan memperlihatkan nilai tegangan permukaan 27,35 dyne/cm, stabilitas emulsi 89,44%, nilai bilangan asam antara 17,72 mg KOH/g dan nilai tegangan antar muka pada konsentrasi MES 2% di dalam air dengan salinitas 10.000 ppm yaitu 0,0361 dyne/cm.
PENDUGAAN UMUR SIMPAN KERIPIK PISANG SALUT COKELAT “PURBARASA” KEMASAN POLIPROPILEN BERDASARKAN ANGKA TBA DENGAN METODE ASLT MODEL ARRHENIUS
Authors: Herawati Ervika Rahayu Novita , Nurhayati Rifa , Angwar Mukhamad 
Published: November 2017

Abstract SHELF LIFE ESTIMATION OF COCOA POWDER-COATED BANANA CHIPS “PURBARASA” BASED ON TBA VALUE USING ARRHENIUS MODEL OF ACCELERATED SHELF LIFE TEST (ASLT) METHOD. Cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" is a banana chips made from local banana in Nglanggeran Village and coated with local cocoa powder. The products are sold using polypropylene packaging with 0.08 mm thickness. The change in quality of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" during storage might occur for its rancidity which is caused by fat contained in cocoa powder and absorbed oil within banana chips during deep frying processed. This deterioration can decrease its shelf life. However, the shelf life of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" has not been studied yet, hence, it is really necessary to estimate shelf life of this products in order to comply with the requirements of food safety labeling on its package. The method which can be used to estimate the shelf life of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" is Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) with Arrhenius model. In this case, the parameter used were based on rancidity using TBA test. Observations of deterioration carried out at three different temperatures, i.e. 35, 45 and 55oC, every 7 days for 42 days. According to the study, the estimated shelf life of cocoa powder-coated banana chips "PURBARASA" at 10, 25, 28, 300C based on TBA test were 6.2, 4.6, 4.3 and 4.2 months respectively. Kata kunci: ASLT Arrhenius; cocoa powder-coated banana chips; shelf life; TBA Abstract Keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” merupakan produk olahan pisang lokal Desa Nglanggeran berupa keripik yang disalut bubuk cokelat lokal, dan dikemas menggunakan kemasan polipropilen dengan ketebalan 0,08 mm. Keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” selama penyimpanan dapat mengalami penurunan mutu berupa ketengikan yang diakibatkan oleh kandungan lemak pada bubuk cokelat dan minyak sisa hasil penggorengan deep frying yang terserap pada keripik sehingga mempengaruhi umur simpan produk. Sampai saat ini, KUBE PURBARASA belum mengetahui umur simpan produk keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” sehingga perlu dilakukan penelitian pendugaan umur simpan produk guna memenuhi persyaratan pelabelan keamanan pangan pada kemasan produk pangan. Metode pendugaan umur simpan yang digunakan yaitu metode Accelerated Shelf Life Test (ASLT) Model Arrhenius. Parameter uji yang digunakan yaitu ketengikan berdasarkan angka TBA. Pengamatan penurunan mutu dilakukan pada tiga suhu yang berbeda yaitu suhu 350C, 450C dan 550C setiap 7 hari sekali selama 42 hari. Didapatkan estimasi umur simpan keripik pisang salut cokelat “PURBARASA” pada suhu 10, 25, 28, dan 300C berdasarkan angka TBA berturut-turut yaitu selama 6,2, 4,6, 4,3 dan 4,2 bulan. Keywords: ASLT Arrhenius; keripik pisang salut cokelat; umur simpan; TBA
Application of unilateral multiple channels approach in percutaneous vertebroplasty for osteoporotic vertebral fractures
Authors: Wei H. , Ma X. 
Published: November 2017

This study aimed to investigate the application valuable of percutaneous vertebroplasty (PVP) with unilateral multiple channels approach in osteoporotic vertebral fractures patients. A retrospective review was conducted on 685 consecutive patients with osteoporotic vertebral fracture from March 2003 to October 2012. Among them, 82 cases were given PVP procedure by unilateral multiple channels approach. The timing of surgery, bone cements injection, and complications were analyzed. By using the X-ray film, the distribution of cement was detected and scored. The visual analogue scale (VAS) score and Oswestry disability index (ODI) system were used to evaluate the pain relief and improvement of daily activity function after operation. The excellent and good rate of cement distribution was 98.8% (98/99). Before surgery, the VAS score was 2.5±0.43. After surgery, the VAS score was significantly decreased to 2.0±0.33 at 1 h. Before surgery, ODI was 40.94±2.72. ODI was significantly decreased at 1 month after surgery (9.64±2.60) and at the final follow-up (7.77±2.15). No spine or nerve injury, bone cement leakage, pulmonary embolism, pneumothorax, bleeding or infection occurred intraoperatively. Thus, the PVP with unilateral multiple channels approach effectively relieve the pain and improve the functional activity, without occurrence of complications.
Removal of organic compounds from wastewater originating from the production of printed circuit boards by UV-Fenton method
Authors: Thomas Maciej , Białecka Barbara , Zdebik Dariusz 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe possibility of removing organic compounds from wastewater originating from the photochemical production of printed circuit boards by use of waste acidification and disposal of precipitated photopolymer in the first stage and the UV-Fenton method in a second stage has been presented. To optimize the process of advanced oxidation, the RSM (Response Surface Methodology) for three independent factors was applied, i.e. pH, the concentration of Fe(II) and H2O2concentration. The use of optimized values of individual parameters in the process of wastewater treatment caused a decrease in the concentration of the organic compounds denoted as COD by approx. 87% in the first stage and approx. 98% after application of both processes. Precipitation and the decomposition of organic compounds was associated with a decrease of wastewater COD to below 100 mg O2/L whereas the initial value was 5550 mg O2/L. Decomposition of organic compounds and verification of the developed model of photopolymers removal was also carried out with use of alternative H2O2sources i.e. CaO2, MgO2, and Na2CO3·1,5H2O2.
Long-term recording of electromyographic activity from multiple muscles to monitor physical activity of participants with or without a neurological disorder
Authors: Gant Katie , Bohorquez Jorge , Thomas Christine K. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Various portable monitors have been used to quantify physical activity but most rely on detecting limb movement with a sensor rather than measuring muscle activity. Our first goal was to design and validate a portable system for recording surface electromyographic activity (EMG) from eight muscles over 24 h. The modular system includes: (1) preamplifiers that filter and amplify signals; (2) a preprocessor unit for further filtering and amplification, signal offset and power supply modification; (3) a data-logger for analog-to-digital conversion; a flash memory card for data storage and (4) a rechargeable battery. The equipment samples EMG at 1000 Hz, has a resolution of 2.6 μV and records signals up to 10 mV. The built-in analog filters create a bandwidth appropriate for surface EMG. Our second aim was to test the system biologically by recording EMG from able-bodied and spinal cord injured participants. Modifications were made to electrodes for remote preamplifier placement, and to the battery connection after pilot testing. Thereafter, 31 consecutive 24-h EMG recordings were successful. Both the engineering and biological validation of this system establishes it as a valuable tool for measuring physical activity from different muscles in real-world environments whether individuals have an intact or damaged nervous system.
Il titolo taciuto. Sull’epigramma IX, 198 dell’Anthologia Palatina e la trasmissione dei Dionysiaca di Nonno di Panopoli
Authors: Castelli Emanuele 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFollowing A. Wifstrand, scholars made some speculations regarding the epigram IX, 198 of the Anthologia Palatina and its relationship with Nonnus’ Dionysiaca. Instead, a comprehensive analysis of the data to our disposal leads to the following conclusions: 1. the epigram hides the title, that is the precise topic (= Dionysus) of Nonnus’s work; 2. it gives information about the author, his provenance and his activity in Alexandria; 3. it contains three precise references to three strategic points of the Dionysiaca: the beginning, the middle and the end of the work, that is canto I, XXV, XLVIII; 4. therefore, the connection between the epigram and Nonnus’ work could only be understood by those who were either already familiar with the Dionysiaca or had the complete text at their disposal. The authorship of the epigram still remains uncertain.
Nuove osservazioni a proposito dell’origine romana del ms. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud. gr. 35
Authors: Lai Andrea 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis article contains new palaeographical observations that in the Latin uncial of ms. Oxford, Bodleian Library, Laud. gr. 35 (VI-VIIth Centuries) recognise the characteristic features of the Roman uncial, which was typical of those manuscripts produced in Rome during the Pontificate of Gregory the Great (590-604). There are several arguments, in historical and cultural terms, that are in conflict with the alleged Sardinian origin of this bilingual Greco-Latin codex of Acts of the Apostles and confirm that probably it was made in a monastery of Rome (maybe in S. Andrea al Celio) in order to be used as glossary, useful to learn Greek language.
Reference intervals for stone risk factors in 24-h urine among healthy adults of the Han population in China
Authors: Mai Zanlin , Li Xiaoxia , Cui Zelin , Wu Wenqi , Liu Yongda , Ou Lili , Liang Yueping , Zhao Zhijian , Liu Yang , Mai Xing , Zhu Wei , Zhang Tao , Cai Chao , Yang Houmeng , Zeng Guohua 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Background:
The aim of the study was to establish reference intervals for 24-h urinary stone risk factors in the healthy Chinese Han population.

Methods:
From May 2013 to July 2014, we collected and analyzed 24-h urine samples from healthy adult Han population during a cross-sectional study across China. The protocol for analysis of 24-h urine included volume, pH, oxalate, citrate, sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, phosphorous, creatinine, urate, magnesium, the ion activity products of calcium oxalate (AP(CaOx) indexs) and calcium phosphate (AP(CaP) indexs). We calculated the reference intervals according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) 2008 guidelines and compared them with those recorded in other studies.

Results:
A total of 132 male and 123 female healthy subjects with a mean (SD, range) age of 52.4 (15.2, 19–89) years were eligible in the final analysis. Men had higher 24-h excretion of creatinine, calcium, urate and phosphorus and lower levels of citrate, magnesium, chloride, sodium and potassium than women. AP(CaOx) indexs and AP(CaP) indexs were significantly higher among men than women. When urinary findings were compared with the reference intervals, most of our data showed a high abnormality rate, especially for creatinine, calcium, citrate, magnesium, chloride, sodium and potassium.

Conclusions:
The present study revealed the normal metabolic status for stone risk factors of the Chinese Han population. It is therefore necessary for each country or region to define their own reference intervals for comparison of stone risk factors between patients and healthy subjects.
Magnetic-field measurement and simulation of a field-free line magnetic-particle scanner
Authors: Stelzner Jan , Buzug Thorsten M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn 2005, B. Gleich and J. Weizenecker initially presented the tracer based medical imaging modality Magnetic Particle Imaging (MPI). It uses the nonlinear magnetization behavior of super paramagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs). MPI has the potential to perform real-time imaging in the sub millimeter-range without the use of harmful radiation. To acquire a particle signal from the tracer, an alternating homogenous magnetic field (drive field) is applied. Due to the nonlinearity of the particle magnetization, the magnetic field is distorted and higher harmonics are generated that indicate a particle concentration within the field of view (FOV). For the spatial distribution, another magnetic field that exhibits a high gradient (selection field) is applied simultaneously. Basically, there are two different types of selection fields containing either a field- free point (FFP) or a field-free line (FFL). Because of magnetic saturation, only SPIONs within the close vicinity of the FFP or FFL contribute to the particle signal. As the FFP is moved by the drive field through the FOV a spatial distribution of the SPIONs can be obtained. In the other encoding concept, the FFL rotates and is additionally translated by the drive field to obtain one dimensional projections for various angles. In this work, the currently world’s largest FFL MPI Scanner is investigated. Single components of the generated magnetic field are measured precisely to accomplish an accurate simulation of a translating and rotating FFL.
Moderate dyslipoproteinemia induced inflammation and remodeling HDL and VLDL particles in post-renal transplant patients
Authors: Kimak Elzbieta , Baranowicz-Gaszczyk Iwona , Bialopiotrowicz Tomasz 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The aim of this paper was to examine whether moderate dyslipoproteinemia can cause an increase of hsCRP and LPO levels in Tx patients who had received immunosuppressive therapy and were without acute inflammatory diseases. Herein, the lipid levels, hsCRP, LPO, apolipoprotein (apo)B, AI, AII, AIInonB, apoB-containing AII (apoB:AII), apoCIII, apoCIIInonB, apoB:CIII, LCAT level, as well as CETP and PON1 activity were determined. All examined Tx patients had moderate dyslipidemia and slightly increased hsCRP, LPO, apoB:AII and apoCIII levels, but decreased LCAT mass, PON1 activity and lipoprotein ratios. Tx patients with apoAI<150 mg/dl (n=28) had worse lipoprotein profiles than did Tx patients with apoAI>150mg/dl (n=39), but no difference in CETP activity was indicated. Multiple ridge forward regression and Spearman’s correlation test were used. The results of the presented study, show for the first time that higher apoAI/apoB and apoAI/apoCIII ratios induced a decrease of the hsCRP concentration. Moreover, the composition of apoCIIInonB, LDL-C and apoAI brought about an increase of LCAT mass and PON1 activity. In Tx patients with lower concentration of apoAI, an increase of concentration of apoB:AII in VLDL generated a mild oxidation of lipoprotein and an elevated concentration of LPO. However, lower ApoAI/apoB ratio resulted in an increase of PON1 activity and apoB, as well as nonHDL-C levels, and in turn, PON1 activity increased LCAT mass. These disorders rearranged the HDL particle, and, simultaneously, remodeled the VLDL particle. This may prevent antioxidant activity, reverse cholesterol transport and accelerate the rejection of the transplant, as well as bringing about cardiovascular diseases in Tx patients with lower apoAI. Such metabolic pathways can be used as potentially novel targets for pharmacological intervention.
Foraminiferal, ostracod, and calcareous nannofossil biostratigraphy of the latest Badenian – Sarmatian interval (Middle Miocene, Paratethys) from Poland, Romania and the Republic of Moldova
Authors: Dumitriu Simina Dumitriţa , Loghin Sergiu , Dubicka Zofia , Melinte-Dobrinescu Mihaela Carmen , Paruch-Kulczycka Jolanta , Ionesi Viorel 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This study presents detailed foraminiferal, ostracod, and calcareous nannofossil analyses of five Middle Miocene sections located in the Central Paratethyan realm, namely in Poland, Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Based on foraminiferal distribution, five biostratigraphically important assemblages (labelled A-E) are distinguished. Foraminifera data combined with ostracoda and nannofossil evidence allowed correlation between the studied sections, and a comparison with the deposits of similar age from the Transylvanian, Vienna and Pannonian basins, as well as with the Transcarpathian regions. The micropaleontological record across the Badenian-Sarmatian boundary interval is also presented.