bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androgen regulation of host defenses and response to inflammatory stimuli in the prostate gland
Authors: Quintar Amado A. , Maldonado Cristina A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe prostate gland is a strictly androgen‐dependent organ which is also the main target of infectious and inflammatory diseases in the male reproductive tract. Host defenses and immunity of the gland have unique features to maintain a constant balance between response and tolerance to diverse antigens. In this context, the effects of reproductive hormones on the male tract are thus complex and have just started to be defined. From the classical description of “the prostatic antibacterial factor,” many host defense proteins with potent microbicidal and anti‐tumoral activities have been described in the organ. Indeed, it has been proposed a central role for resident cells, that is, epithelial and smooth muscle cells, in the prostatic response against injuries. However, these cells also represent the target of the inflammatory damage, leading to the development of a Proliferative Inflammatory Atrophy‐like process in the epithelium and a myofibroblastic‐like reactive stroma. Available data on androgen regulation of inflammation led to a model of the complex control, in which the final effect will depend on the tissue microenvironment, the cause of inflammation, and the levels of androgens among other factors. In this paper, we review the current scientific literature about the inflammatory process in the gland, the modulation of host defense proteins, and the influence of testosterone on the resolution of prostatitis.
A Non‐Precious‐Metal Catalyst Derived from a Cp2‐Co+‐PBI Composite for Cathodic Oxygen Reduction under Both Acidic and Alkaline Conditions
Authors: Zhu Hong , Sun Zhaonan , Chen Nanjun , Cao Hehuan , Chen Minglin , Li Ke , Cai Yezheng , Wang Fanghui 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOne major limitation for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells is the sluggish cathode kinetics. Development of efficient noble‐free catalysts is the key resolution to the problem of the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in both acid and alkaline solutions. Herein, we report a new type of efficient non‐precious‐metal catalyst for the ORR through the direct pyrolysis of poly[2,2′‐(1,1′‐cobaltocenium)‐5,5′‐dibenzimidazole]. The cobalt oxides were produced after pyrolysis at 900 °C (Cp2‐Co+‐PBI‐900, where PBI is polybenzimidazole). The obtained catalysts exhibit higher electrocatalytic activity and stability for the ORR under both alkaline and acidic conditions. Structural characterization manifested that Cp2‐Co+‐PBI‐800 had the highest graphitic N content and Cp2‐Co+‐PBI‐900 was also produced. In alkaline media, Cp2‐Co+‐PBI‐900 showed the highest ORR activity with onset potential of 998 mV (vs. RHE), which was only 22 mV higher than that of Pt/C under identical conditions. Besides, in acidic media, Cp2‐Co+‐PBI‐800 exhibited excellent ORR activity with an onset potential of 847 mV (vs. RHE) after leaching in 6 M HCl solution for 12 h. Both optimal catalysts displayed high durability, especially in acidic media. The half‐wave potential was also improved by 11 mV after 5000 CV scanning cycles in N2. The catalysts possessed diverse active sites in different working conditions. In acid conditions, cobalt acted as the promotor, whereas, in alkaline conditions, CoO was the activity site. Moreover, graphite N and pyridine N were the main activity sites in acid and alkaline conditions, respectively. PBI has a long‐chain and π‐conjugated system, indicating that the PBI precursor can be used as a non‐precious‐metal catalyst.
The prognostic role of sex, race, and human papillomavirus in oropharyngeal and nonoropharyngeal head and neck squamous cell cancer
Authors: Fakhry Carole , Westra William H. , Wang Steven J. , van Zante Annemieke , Zhang Yuehan , Rettig Eleni , Yin Linda X. , Ryan William R. , Ha Patrick K. , Wentz Alicia , Koch Wayne , Richmon Jeremy D. , Eisele David W. , D'Souza Gypsyamber 
Published: February 2017

BACKGROUNDHuman papillomavirus (HPV) is a well‐established prognostic marker for oropharyngeal squamous cell cancer (OPSCC). Because of the limited numbers of women and nonwhites in studies to date, sex and racial/ethnic differences in prognosis have not been well explored. In this study, survival differences were explored by the tumor HPV status among 1) patients with OPSCCs by sex and race and 2) patients with nonoropharyngeal (non‐OP) head and neck squamous cell cancers (HNSCCs).METHODSThis retrospective, multi‐institution study included OPSCCs and non‐OP HNSCCs of the oral cavity, larynx, and nasopharynx diagnosed from 1995 to 2012. Race/ethnicity was categorized as white non‐Hispanic, black non‐Hispanic, Asian non‐Hispanic, and Hispanic of any race. Tumors were centrally tested for p16 overexpression and the presence of HPV by HPV16 DNA and high‐risk HPV E6/E7 messenger RNA in situ hybridization. Kaplan‐Meier and Cox proportional hazards models were used to evaluate overall survival (OS).RESULTSThe study population included 239 patients with OPSCC and 621 patients with non‐OP HNSCC with a median follow‐up time of 3.5 years. After adjustments for the tumor HPV status, age, current tobacco use, and stage, the risk of death was lower for women versus men with OPSCC (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.55; P = .04). The results were similar with p16. In contrast, for non‐OP HNSCCs, HPV positivity, p16 positivity, and sex were not associated with OS.CONCLUSIONSFor OPSCC, there are differences in survival by sex, even after the tumor HPV status has been taken into account. For non‐OP HNSCC, the HPV status and the p16 status are not of prognostic significance. Cancer 2017;123:1566–1575. © 2017 American Cancer Society.
Potential of immunotherapy for sarcoma
Authors: Hoffman Robert M. , Singh Arun S. , Eilber Fritz C. 
Published: February 2017

This editorial examines Miwa et al's article entitled “Phase 1/2 Study of Immunotherapy With Dendritic Cells Pulsed With Autologous Tumor Lysate in Patients With Refractory Bone and Soft Tissue Sarcoma: A Safe Method for Inducing an Immunological Response but With Limited Effects on Clinical Outcomes,” which appears in the current issue of Cancer. The state of the art of autologous cancer vaccines is briefly reviewed, and suggestions for improved immunological therapy for sarcomas are discussed.See also pages 1576‐84.
Percutaneous probe stimulation for intraoperative neuromonitoring in total endoscopic thyroidectomy: A preliminary experience
Authors: Zhang Daqi , Li Fang , Wu Che‐Wei , Liu Xiaoli , Xin Jingwei , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Sun Hui 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to investigate the feasibility and value of using intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) performed via percutaneous probe stimulation during total endoscopic thyroidectomy.MethodsThis study prospectively enrolled a series of 132 consecutive patients with 156 recurrent laryngeal nerves (RLNs) at risk who received total endoscopic thyroidectomy performed via bilateral breast approach using standardized IONM. The stimulation probe was introduced into the working space by percutaneous puncture. During lateral thyroid dissection, the proximal RLN was periodically stimulated to monitor adverse electromyography (EMG) changes. Preoperative and postoperative vocal cord mobility was routinely examined with laryngofiberoscopy.ResultsAll IONMs were successfully performed via percutaneous probe stimulation with no morbidity or scarring in the neck. Twelve nerves (7.7%) showed significant changes in EMG (amplitude reduction, 50% to 90% from baseline EMG) during the lateral thyroid dissection. Compression near the inferior thyroid artery (70%) and traction near the Berry's ligament (30%) were the most common causative mechanisms, and modification of the surgical maneuver resulted in partial recovery of the EMG changes (amplitude reduction, 10% to 80% before wound closure). Of the 12 nerves with adverse EMG changes (final amplitude reduction, 65% to 80%), 8 nerves showed temporary (3 months or less) vocal cord palsy. No cases of permanent vocal cord palsy occurred in this series.ConclusionPercutaneous probe stimulation is a simple, effective, and safe method of performing IONM in total endoscopic thyroidectomy when the operating space is limited. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 1001–1007, 2017
N‐cadherin Regulation of Bone Growth and Homeostasis Is Osteolineage Stage–Specific
Authors: Fontana Francesca , Hickman‐Brecks Cynthia L , Salazar Valerie S , Revollo Leila , Abou‐Ezzi Grazia , Grimston Susan K , Jeong Sung Yeop , Watkins Marcus , Fortunato Manuela , Alippe Yael , Link Daniel C , Mbalaviele Gabriel , Civitelli Roberto 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTN‐cadherin inhibits osteogenic cell differentiation and canonical Wnt/β‐catenin signaling in vitro. However, in vivo both conditional Cdh2 ablation and overexpression in osteoblasts lead to low bone mass. We tested the hypothesis that N‐cadherin has different effects on osteolineage cells depending upon their differentiation stage. Embryonic conditional osteolineage Cdh2 deletion in mice results in defective growth, low bone mass, and reduced osteoprogenitor number. These abnormalities are prevented by delaying Cdh2 ablation until 1 month of age, thus targeting only committed and mature osteoblasts, suggesting they are the consequence of N‐cadherin deficiency in osteoprogenitors. Indeed, diaphyseal trabecularization actually increases when Cdh2 is ablated postnatally. The sclerostin‐insensitive Lrp5A214V mutant, associated with high bone mass, does not rescue the growth defect, but it overrides the low bone mass of embryonically Cdh2‐deleted mice, suggesting N‐cadherin interacts with Wnt signaling to control bone mass. Finally, bone accrual and β‐catenin accumulation after administration of an anti‐Dkk1 antibody are enhanced in N‐cadherin–deficient mice. Thus, although lack of N‐cadherin in embryonic and perinatal age is detrimental to bone growth and bone accrual, in adult mice loss of N‐cadherin in osteolineage cells favors bone formation. Hence, N‐cadherin inhibition may widen the therapeutic window of osteoanabolic agents. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effects Of Hypoxia in Long‐Term In Vitro Expansion of Human Bone Marrow Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Pezzi Annelise , Amorin Bruna , Laureano Álvaro , Valim Vanessa , Dahmer Alice , Zambonato Bruna , Sehn Filipe , Wilke Ianaê , Bruschi Lia , Silva Maria Aparecida Lima da , Filippi‐Chiela Eduardo , Silla Lucia 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are considered multipotent stromal, non‐hematopoietic cells with properties of self‐renovation and differentiation. Optimal conditions for culture of MSC have been under investigation. The oxygen tension used for cultivation has been studied and appears to play an important role in biological behavior of mesenchymal cells. The aim is characterize MSC in hypoxia and normoxia conditions comparing their morphological and functional characteristics. Bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells obtained from 15 healthy donors and cultured. MSC obtained from each donor were separated into two cultivation conditions normoxia (21% O2) and hypoxia (three donors at 1%, three donors at 2%, five donors at 3%, and four donors at 4% O2) up to second passage. MSC were evaluated for proliferation, differentiation, immunophenotyping, size and cell complexity, oxidative stress, mitochondrial activity, and autophagy. Culture conditions applied did not seem to affect immunophenotypic features and cellular plasticity. However, cells subjected to hypoxia showed smaller size and greater cellular complexity, besides lower proliferation (P < 0.002). Furthermore, cells cultured in low O2 tension had lower mitochondrial activity (P < 0.03) and a reduced tendency to autophagy, although oxidative stress did not vary among groups (P < 0.39). Oxygen tension seems to be a key regulator of cellular adaptation in vitro, and metabolic effects underlying this variable remain undescribed. Heterogeneity or even lack of results on the impact of oxygen concentration used for expanding MSC highlights the need for further research, in order to optimize conditions of cultivation and expansion and achieve greater safety and therapeutic efficacy. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 3072–3079, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dermatomyositis a Vocal and Swallowing Disease Entity
Authors: Metheny John A. 
Published: February 2017

The otolaryngologist must consider the diagnosis of dermatomyositis when he examines patients who complain of hoarseness, dysphagia or have symptoms referable to the tongue or upper esophageal and laryngeal musculature. It is the rarest of the so‐called collagen diseases. There is a 50% mortality rate within the first two years but spontaneous remissions are seen.Dermatomyositis is a collagen disease in which polymyositis with creatinuria and accompanying dermatitis and periorbital “heliotrope” edema are the distinguishing characteristics. No other collagen disease has such a strikingly consistent creatinuria.Dermatomyositis may follow an acute infectious process or be related to a cancer process. Of dermatomyositis patients, 17% to 50% will demonstrate a malignant process. Treatment of the malignancy may be followed by remarkable improvement in the dermatomyositis.The polymyositis usually causes dysphagia, dysphonia and tongue weakness. Laboratory tests are not of much help in diagnosis. Diagnoses depends upon muscle biopsy. Urine creatine is increased and creatinine is decreased. Lactic dehydrogenase, transaminase, aldolase and creatine phosphokinase with isoenzymes are increased secondary to the muscle degenerative process. Electromyography is helpful in determining biopsy site. Radiologic findings show diseased portions of the esophagus to gape (“the vallecular sign”) and bolus propulsion to be defective. Cinefluoroscopy and esophageal motility studies show absent esophageal motility.Muscle biopsies show parenchymal and interstitial changes of nonspecific character and degree. Primarily, the disease must be differentiated from disseminated lupus erythematosus and scleroderma.Prednisone is the drug of choice for treatment using a descending dosage scheduled according to the patient's objective improvement and serum enzyme studies. In resistant cases, immuno‐suppressive agents such as methotrexate have been effective. Other agents have been useful.The etiology of the disease is unknown. Picornaviruses and other viruses have been implicated. Current knowledge considers dermatomyositis to be a disease in which an autoimmune response to an antigen causes muscle damage with specific cytotoxicity of muscle cells being produced by the action of lymphocytes and the release of lymphotoxin.
The Thirty Degree Transposition Flap
Authors: Webster Richard C. , Davidson Terence M. , Smith Richard C. 
Published: February 2017

The rhomboid and other 60° transposition flaps have theoretical and practical disadvantages for many applications. A better flap for these is one having an angulation of 30° at its distal end. When this 30° flap is combined with the M‐plasty, a versatile and cosmetically favorable repair is provided for many surface defects. In fact, over the years, it has become our most useful method of closure with flaps. Fundamentally, it allows sharing of tensions of closure better than does the rhomboid flap, produces less level disparities or protrusions than does any 60° flap, and its resulting scar length is only fractionally longer than that of the rhomboid flap.Rhomboid and other 60° angle flaps have been exceedingly valuable tools to many surgeons; the 30° flap combined with M‐plasty should be significantly more useful.
Significance of Node Biopsy Before Definitive Treatment of Cervical Metastatic Carcinoma
Authors: McGuirt W. Fred , McCabe Brian F. 
Published: February 2017

A survey was made of 714 radical neck dissections done alone or in combination with resection of a primary malignancy. Sixty‐four (8.9%) of the patients had had a cervical node biopsy before diagnosis and definitive treatment. The complications of wound necrosis, local cervical recurrence, and distant metastasis were significantly higher in those patients than in patients who had had no biopsy or who had had biopsy only at the time of definitive treatment.When 40 of the 64 patients were matched on the basis of age, sex, histological diagnosis, site and stage of the lesion and treatment protocol with 40 patients who had had no biopsy, this trend toward a higher complication rate when previous biopsy was done continued and was significantly higher for distant metastasis. The authors believe that these findings quantitatively confirm the accepted belief that, except for instances when no primary lesion can be found and the cervical mass must be biopsied for the purposes of diagnosis, such biopsy increases local complications and, by increasing the incidence of distant metastasis, decreases the chance for survival.
Results of Homografts in Middle Ear Surgery
Authors: Wehrs Roger E. 
Published: February 2017

Anatomical and hearing results following the use of the homograft tympanic membrane and ossicles either in combination or separately are reported for the period 1968 through 1975. The study is divided into two parts, the first covering the primary years 1968 through 1971, and the latter covering the last four years, 1972 through 1975.The original technique was to cover completely the homograft tympanic membrane with a canal skin graft. During the year 1969 new and different techniques were attempted. Unfortunately this resulted in a marked increase of graft failures; therefore, there was a prompt return to the original technique, which has been used without change throughout the study.The graft take rate for the first four years which included 1969 was 92%. There was a slight increase to 96% during the second part of the study. The hearing results show a greater discrepancy for the two periods with 89% of the patients receiving a satisfactory hearing result during the last four years, compared to 77% for the earlier period.
Meibomian Gland Adenocarcinoma of the Eyelid with Neck Metastasis
Authors: Maniglia Anthony J. 
Published: February 2017

Meibomian sebaceous gland adenocarcinoma of the eyelid is a rare lethal neoplasm. It accounts for less than 1% of all eyelid tumors. There are approximately 200 cases described in the literature. The incidence of regional metastases is 17–28%. Once metastases are present, only half of the patients survive five years.Presented are two cases with neck node metastases. In one of the patients the primary lesion was initially treated with radiation therapy with an unsuccessful result. Subsequently full thickness, wide excision of the lower lid was required to control the primary. Eyelid oculoplastic reconstruction was performed using a nasolabial rotation skin flap lined with nasal septal composite graft (cartilage and mucosa).Orbital exenteration was necessary to control the primary tumor in the other patient.The regional metastases in both patients were treated with parotidectomy with preservation of the facial nerve, radical neck dissection and postoperative radiation therapy. One of the patients with poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma died due to brain metastasis.I feel that combined treatment of radical surgery to the primary site, parotidectorny, radical neck dissection and planned postoperative radiation therapy may improve the fiveyear survival of patients with regional node metastases.
Pneumatic otoscopy and Impedance Studies in Middle Ear Diagnosis
Authors: Moon Cary N. , Hahn Milege 
Published: February 2017

The direct inspection of the tympanic membrane and its movement with Siegle pneumatic otoscopy through the binocular microscope and the electroacoustic measurements of impedance at the tympanic membrane give valuable information in the diagnosis of tympanic membrane and middle ear disorders. Problems such as otosclerosis and tympanosclerosis with ossicular chain fixation, ossicular discontinuities, ossicular chain prosthesis defects and perilymph fistulas, and the problems of middle ear fluid can be identified and differentiated. Frequently a precise diagnosis can be determined prior to surgical exploration. The use of these instruments enables the otologist to anticipate surgical findings and plan a specific procedure, thereby avoiding operative surprises.The routine use of the pneumatic otoscope and an electroacoustic impedance bridge is recommended in every case of suspected tympanic membrane or middle ear disorder, particularly where an operation is being considered. The combined information obtained through use of the two diagnostic techniques is almost always greater than that obtained by either instrument alone.Pressure recordings were made in a series of examinations with the pneumatic otoscope using the ear microscope. These pressures, both positive and negative, are acceptable and well within the range utilized by clinical electroacoustic impedance bridges.Contraindications to the use of pneumatic otoscopy and the electroacoustic impedance bridge are discussed.
Management of Tinnitus Aurium with Lidocaine and Carbamazepine
Authors: Shea John J. , Harell Moshe 
Published: February 2017

At present there are two methods of management of tinnitus: one old, by masking with a noise generator, and one new, by biofeedback. Neither of these methods is convenient and neither gets at the heart of the problem. A third method, using intravenous lidocainet as a test and oral carbamazepine§ therapy, was developed in the Pain Clinic of the Auckland General Hospital in New Zealand. This paper will report our brief experience with these drugs in the management of tinnitus and other similar disorders.Twenty‐seven patients with intractable tinnitus had a significant reduction from a test dose of intravenous lidocaine and were treated with oral carbamazepine. Of this group 1 patient (4%) had complete relief, 21 patients (78%) had partial relief, and S patients (18%) had no relief. Complications were few and not serious, and either disappeared spontaneously or when the carbamazepine was stopped.One patient with palatal myoclonus, refractory to all other forms of treatment, had complete relief on a small dose of carbamazepine. It may be that palatal myoclonus, hemifacial spasm, and other such clonic convulsive disorders will be amenable to the same treatment.
Carotid Artery Aneurysms: An Otolaryngologic Perspective
Authors: Lane Richard J. , Weisman Robert A. 
Published: February 2017

Aneurysms of the carotid arteries are relatively rare and can present difficult diagnostic problems. They may occur anywhere along the course of the carotid artery in its cervical route, petrous portion, or intracranial extension. The associated clinical findings may range from a simple neck mass to a variety of neurologic deficits. Symptoms of headache, facial pain, tinnitus, vertigo, epistaxis, hoarseness, and dysphagia may require otolaryngologic evaluation. The high morbidity and mortality associated with the natural history of carotid aneurysms makes their early detection essential.Although these lesions have been a subject of great interest in the neurological and neurosurgical literature, surprisingly little has been written to bring them to the attention of otolaryngologists. A review of the literature and an assessment of 10 cases of extracranial carotid aneurysms treated at the University of Pennsylvania in the past 10 years form the basis of this report. Patients with aneurysms involving various portions of the carotid system are presented to illustrate the numerous head and neck manifestations these lesions produce. Differential diagnosis, etiology, natural history, and current management of carotid aneurysms are discussed.