bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evolutionary processes underlying latitudinal differences in reef fish biodiversity
Authors: Siqueira Alexandre C. , Oliveira‐Santos Luiz Gustavo R. , Cowman Peter F. , Floeter Sergio R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimTo examine the dynamics among the processes of speciation, extinction and dispersal in marine environments using phylogenies to reveal the evolutionary mechanisms that promote latitudinal differences in biodiversity. Using phylogenetic comparative methods we assess whether tropical reef fish lineages show higher diversification rates and whether the majority of extratropical reef fish lineages have originated from tropical areas.LocationShallow water tropical and extratropical reefs globally.MethodsUsing fossil‐calibrated phylogenies for four reef‐associated fish families (Chaetodontidae, Labridae, Pomacentridae and Sparidae) we apply evolutionary models (GeoSSE and HiSSE) that allow the estimation of speciation, extinction and dispersal rates associated with geographical ranges and explore potential biases from unsampled characters.ResultsWe found that tropical lineages show higher rates of speciation and tended to have lower extinction rates. Overall, we identify higher net diversification rates for tropical lineages compared with those in extratropical regions in all four families. Rates of dispersal tended to be higher for lineages with tropical origins expanding into extratropical regions. Within the family Labridae, two tropical lineages were found to exhibit higher net diversification rates, above that expected from latitudinal differences.Main conclusionsOur results offer support for the predictions of the ‘out of the tropics’ and ‘evolutionary speed’ models of evolution, both of which highlight the marine tropics as an important evolutionary engine promoting latitudinal differences in reef fish biodiversity. Moreover, we find that two tropical labrid lineages are undergoing exceptional diversification associated with additional traits, possibly linked with the extreme sexual dichromatism observed in both clades.
Validation of a Blood Stability Score as an easy‐to‐use blood sample quality index
Authors: Robinson N. , Kirchbichler A. , Banuls O. , Mader M. , Aikin R. , Sottas P.‐E. , D'Onofrio G. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryIntroductionThe athlete biological passport (ABP) was implemented based on conservative requirements on sample storage and transport to ensure blood integrity. Blood remains stable over periods longer than the currently employed time limits. We investigated whether time and temperature requirements for sample storage can be used in a flexible model rather than based on fixed limits.MethodsA literature review was performed analyzing the stability blood variables. A Blood Stability Score (BSS) was derived to integrate the direct dependence of the degradation rate on temperature. A validation study was then carried out in real testing conditions with antidoping blood samples. Upon sample reception, a full blood count was obtained, and then again after refrigeration for an extended period.ResultsA BSS formula integrating storage temperature (T) and collection to analysis time (CAT) was developed: BSS = CAT + 3 × T. In real testing conditions, negligible differences were observed for some variable as BSS values approached a score of 95, while no difference was observed in HGB and RET%.ConclusionThis study confirms that samples can be transported for longer periods and that the adaptive time and temperature approach as formalized in a rule that the BSS should not exceed 85 guarantees the stability of RBC variables used in the ABP.
Cerebral Glucose Metabolism and Dopaminergic Function in Patients with Corticobasal Syndrome
Authors: Mille Erik , Levin Johannes , Brendel Matthias , Zach Christian , Barthel Henryk , Sabri Osama , Bötzel Kai , Bartenstein Peter , Danek Adrian , Rominger Axel 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUND AND PURPOSEThe corticobasal syndrome (CBS) is a clinical diagnosis that comprises a group of rare neurodegenerative diseases manifesting in movement disorder and cognitive impairment. While diagnosis is based upon clinical criteria, there have been a number of molecular imaging studies, albeit in rather small cohorts. Therefore, we investigated the pattern of cerebral glucose metabolism, as well as dopamine transporter (DAT) availability in a large and clinically well‐defined cohort.METHODSThirty‐four patients fulfilling either the Armstrong or the Boeve criteria were assessed with [18F]‐2‐fluoro‐2‐deoxy‐D‐glucose (FDG) positron emission tomography (PET) and/or [123I]‐Ioflupane single‐photon‐emission‐computed tomography (SPECT) for DAT availability. A small subset of patients had also undergone D2/3 receptor imaging. Imaging data were analyzed using both statistical parametric mapping and a volume‐of‐interest‐based approach relative to data from healthy controls.RESULTSSignificant reductions of the cortical glucose metabolism were observed in the central region and the adjacent frontal and parietal association areas contralateral to the side with predominant motor symptoms. Reductions were also evident in the basal ganglia, notably in the putamen contralateral to the clinically affected side, and in the bilateral thalamus. DAT availability was reduced bilaterally, most distinctly on the side contralateral to the main motor symptoms.CONCLUSIONSWe replicated and refined earlier findings of impaired glucose metabolism and nigrostriatal degeneration in CBS, highlighting asymmetric cortical and subcortical hypometabolism, symmetrically reduced metabolism in the thalamus, and only a slightly asymmetric reduction in DAT, while D2/3 receptors seem to be mainly preserved. These results provide systematic evidence for the usefulness of FDG PET and dopaminergic SPECT imaging to characterize CBS.
Factors affecting intra‐oral pH – a review
Authors: Loke C. , Lee J. , Sander S. , Mei L. , Farella M. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryOne of the greatest challenges to modern dentistry is the progressive destruction of tooth material due to chemical erosion. Dental erosion is the loss of dental hard tissue, without the action of bacteria, in which demineralisation of enamel and dentine results due to a decrease in intra‐oral pH. The aim of this review was to appraise the scientific literature on the factors that can affect intra‐oral pH. The review will examine (i) the protective role of human saliva, in terms of its mineral composition, flow rates and buffering systems and (ii) sources of in‐mouth acids such as extrinsic acids, which are derived from the diet and environment, as well as intrinsic acids, which are related to disorders of the gastro‐oesophageal tract. This review may assist clinicians to identify the risk factors for tooth wear and to recommend adequate preventive measures to patients.
Sound Production in Totally Edentulous Patients Before and After Prosthetic Treatment
Authors: Bulycheva Elena A. , Trezubov Vladimir N. , Alpateva Ulia V. , Bulycheva Darya S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPurposeTo study sound pronunciation in patients with total edentulism before and after prosthodontic treatment using complete removable dentures.Materials and MethodsRecordings of phonetically balanced phrases were made using a headset connected to a dictaphone to assess specific pronunciation defects in patients with total edentulism before and after prosthodontic treatment. The obtained sets of sounds were investigated using spectral analysis by calculating the average power spectra. The data of the experimental group was compared to the data of the control group, regarded as the norm. Analysis of the trajectory of the average power spectra in the range of 5300 to 6700 Hz makes it possible to develop a test of the waveform spectrum of a standard pronunciation and that of the phonemes before and after treatment of completely edentulous patients, as well as to compare the phonograms before and after the prosthetics. The shape of the trajectory of the spectra in the specified frequency range was measured by the expectation value and standard deviation value. A confidence interval of 95% was used to test for significant changes in spectra.ResultsBy applying the spectral analysis to sound pronunciation, it was possible to objectively, qualitatively, and quantitatively analyze sound characteristics. It can also be used to evaluate the quality of the prosthodontic treatment. For the control group the average power spectrum of sounds was 193.1 ± 11.6 (t = 2.1; < 0.05) for “S;” 74.4 ± 3.7 (t = 5.5; < 0.001) for “F;” and 17.6 ± 2.4 (t = 4.2; < 0.001) for “V.” The comparative analysis of the spectra of the experimental group patients showed that before treatment the average power spectrum of sounds was 91.7 ± 27.1 for “S;” 42.6 ± 3.6 for “F;” and 9.2 ± 0.5 for “V.” After the treatment the average power spectrum of sounds of the experimental group patients were 220.4 ± 25.9 (t = 2.4; p < 0.01) for “S;” 139.0 ± 27.7 (t = 4.9; p < 0.001) for “F;” and 24.7 ± 4.8 (t = 4.4; p < 0.001) for “V.”ConclusionsSpectral analysis of the sounds emitted before and after treatment is an informative method for the differential diagnostics of pronunciation defects. Sound analysis can be used efficiently in different stages of prosthodontic treatment to assess quality of treatment.
Risk factors and prognosis of late acute rejection in Chinese kidney transplant recipients
Authors: Mok Maggie Ming Yee , Ma Maggie Kam Man , Yap Desmond Yat Hin , Chan Gavin Sheung Wai , Lam Man Fai , Kwok Janette Siu Yin , Kwan Lorraine Pui Yuen , Chan Gary Chi Wang , Choy Cindy Bo Ying , Tang Sydney Chi Wai , Chan Tak Mao 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTAimAccumulating literature indicates that late acute rejection (LAR) after kidney transplantation portends an unfavourable prognosis. There are no data on the incidence of LAR in Asian subjects, or its risk factors and associated clinical outcomes.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective single‐centre case‐+control study to investigate the incidence, risk factors and prognosis of LAR in Chinese kidney transplant recipients. Subjects with or without LAR were matched for age, gender, era of transplantation, allograft type, and maintenance immunosuppression regimen.ResultsThirty‐two episodes of LAR occurred within an observation period of 12 years giving an incidence rate of 0.46 episodes per 1000 patient‐years. Acute rejection within the first year after transplantation was associated with an increased risk of LAR (OR 3.59, P = 0.041). In patients receiving maintenance immunosuppression regimen with steroid, cyclosporin A (CsA) and mycophenolate or an m‐TOR inhibitor, patients with LAR showed lower trough CsA levels prior to and at the time of rejection compared to Controls (86.0 ± 26.1 vs. 105.6 ± 13.3 μg/L, P = 0.049; and 75.7 ± 35.7 vs. 106.0 ± 20.5 μg/L, P = 0.032, respectively). Trough CsA level below 80 μg/L was associated with the development of LAR (OR 10.82, P = 0.032). Patients with LAR showed an inferior allograft survival (P < 0.001) while patient survival rates were similar (P = 0.122).ConclusionsLate acute rejection is uncommon in Chinese kidney transplant recipients but is associated with reduced allograft survival. Risk factors include acute rejection in the first post‐transplant year and trough CsA level below 80 μg/L in patients on CsA‐based maintenance immunosuppression. Minimization of immunosuppression in apparently stable kidney transplant recipients must be exercised with caution.
Does Duration of Neuropathic Pain Impact the Effectiveness of Pregabalin?
Authors: Pérez Concepción , Latymer Mark , Almas Mary , Ortiz Marie , Clair Andrew , Parsons Bruce , Varvara Roxana 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundPatients with chronic pain conditions such as neuropathic pain frequently experience delays in diagnosis and treatment. Ideally, all patients should be treated in a timely manner, but in those patients with more established disease it is important to know that approved treatments remain effective.MethodsThis was a pooled analysis of 19 randomized placebo‐controlled trials of pregabalin for peripheral neuropathic pain conditions, including diabetic peripheral neuropathy, postherpetic neuralgia, and post‐traumatic/postsurgical pain. Patients were divided into 5 pain duration categories based on time since onset of pain (< 6 months, 6 months to < 1 year, 1 year to < 2 years, 2 years to < 5 years, and ≥ 5 years). Mean change in pain score at endpoint, vs. placebo, was assessed for each category, together with changes in Patient Global Impression of Change (PGIC) responders (“very much” or “much” improved at endpoint).ResultsThe analysis included 5,783 patients (n = 3,619 pregabalin; n = 2,164 placebo). Mean baseline pain scores were similar across the pain duration categories (range 6.3 to 6.5). Pregabalin significantly improved pain score at endpoint, vs. placebo, in all patients together (treatment difference [95% confidence interval], −0.59 [−0.67, −0.52], P < 0.0001) and similarly in each pain duration category (P < 0.0001 for each). There were significantly more PGIC responders with pregabalin, vs. placebo, for all patients (45.0% vs. 30.9%, P < 0.0001) and each category separately (P < 0.001 for each). There were no consistent, significant differences in treatment response between the different pain duration categories.ConclusionsPregabalin significantly improves pain irrespective of the length of time since onset of neuropathic pain.
Prepubertal Melanoma Arising within a Medium‐Sized Congenital Melanocytic Nevus
Authors: Lalor Leah , Busam Klaus , Shah Kara 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe report the case of an 8‐year‐old child who developed a 9.4‐mm‐deep melanoma within a medium‐sized congenital melanocytic nevus on the scalp. Genetic analysis revealed an activating NRAS Q61R mutation within the melanoma, which is more commonly associated with large or giant congenital melanocytic nevi. This case demonstrates that even a “low‐risk” congenital melanocytic nevus at a “low‐risk” age must be monitored regularly for the development of malignancy.
Cytokine Levels After Consumption of a Medicinal Agaricus blazei Murill‐Based Mushroom Extract, AndoSan™, in Patients with Crohn's Disease and Ulcerative Colitis in a Randomized Single‐Blinded Placebo‐Controlled Study
Authors: Therkelsen S. P. , Hetland G. , Lyberg T. , Lygren I. , Johnson E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIngestion of the Agaricus blazei Murill‐based mushroom extract AndoSan™ has been shown in randomized placebo‐controlled studies to improve symptoms in Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) and also fatigue and quality of life in the latter patients. The aim was to examine whether this clinical impact of AndoSan™ intake could be explained by influence on foremost pro‐inflammatory cytokines in the patients. Fifty patients with symptomatic UC and CD were randomized and blinded for oral daily intake of AndoSan™ or placebo. Blood samples taken before (visit 1) and after 21 days’ (visit 3) consumption were analysed for cytokines IL‐1ß, IL‐2, IL‐4‐8, IL‐10, IL‐12‐13, IL‐17, G‐CSF, GM‐CSF, IFN‐γ, MCP‐1, MIP‐1ß and TNF‐α. Baseline cytokine levels were similar in CD and UC. In CD, cytokine levels at visit 1 versus visit 3 were unaltered within the AndoSan™ and the placebo groups. Only IL‐2 was significantly reduced at visit 3 in the Andosan™ compared with the placebo group. However, when combining IL‐1ß, IL‐6 and G‐CSF in the patients with CD, the cytokine levels were significantly lower in the AndoSanTM ‐ versus the placebo group, visit 3. In UC, levels of IL‐2, IL‐5 and MIP‐1ß were reduced within the AndoSan™ group. IL‐5 was also reduced at visit 3 compared with placebo. Generally, the effect on reduction in systemic cytokine levels by consumption of AndoSan™ was limited and supported only marginally anti‐inflammatory effects in these patients. Therefore, other explanations behind the clinical anti‐inflammatory effects than the contribution of cytokines seem more pertinent, including anti‐allergic and antioxidant activities.
Der Halo‐Effekt: Diffuses Bedrohungsempfinden und SVP‐Wähleranteil
Authors: Martig Noemi , Bernauer Julian 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDie Wählerstärke rechtspopulistischer Parteien wird regelmässig entweder auf ein Bedrohungsempfinden durch einen hohen lokalen Ausländeranteil oder aber geringe Kontaktmöglichkeiten zwischen Mehrheit und Minderheit zurückgeführt. Dieser Beitrag stützt sich theoretisch auf eine Synthese dieser Perspektiven, die als Halo‐Effekt bezeichnet wird. Demnach ist es weniger die lokale Grösse der lokalen, als fremd wahrgenommenen Bevölkerung als vielmehr deren relativer Anteil im Umland, der zu einem diffusen Bedrohungsgefühl führt. Der Wahlerfolg der Schweizerischen Volkspartei (SVP) auf Ebene der schweizerischen Gemeinden dient als Grundlage der empirischen Untersuchung, die alternativ mit Anteilen der ausländischen und muslimischen Bevölkerung durchgeführt wird. Räumliche Mehrebenen‐Regressionsmodelle liefern für beide Gruppen Hinweise auf eine Koexistenz von direkten negativen Effekten der Bevölkerungsanteile der Minderheiten auf den Anteil der SVP (im Sinne der Kontakthypothese) sowie von Halo‐Effekten, wobei die direkten Effekte etwas ausgeprägter auszufallen scheinen. Sozio‐strukturelle Faktoren können diese Zusammenhänge reduzieren (eine hohe Arbeitslosigkeit neutralisiert den negativen Effekt des Anteils Ausländer) oder verstärken (ein höheres Einkommensniveau akzentuiert den Halo‐Effekt für Muslime).
Elastic Full‐Field Strain Analysis and Microdamage Progression in the Vertebral Body from Digital Volume Correlation
Authors: Tozzi G. , Danesi V. , Palanca M. , Cristofolini L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe strain distribution in vertebral body has been measured in vitro in the elastic regime but only on the bone surface by means of strain gauges and digital image correlation. Digital volume correlation (DVC) based on micro‐computed tomography (micro‐CT) images allowed measurements of the internal strain distribution in bone at both tissue (trabecular and cortical bone) and organ (vertebra) levels. However, DVC has been mainly used to investigate failure of the vertebral body but has not yet been deployed to investigate the internal strain distribution in the elastic regime. The aim of this study was to investigate strain in the elastic regime and up to failure inside the vertebral body, including analysis of strain in all directions. Three porcine thoracic vertebrae were loaded in a step‐wise fashion at increasing steps of compression (5, 10 and 15%). Micro‐CT images were acquired at each step of compression. DVC successfully provided the internal strain distribution both in the elastic regime and up to failure. Micro‐CT images successfully identified regions of failure initiation and progression, which were well quantified by DVC‐computed strains. Interestingly, the same regions where failure eventually occurred experienced the largest strain magnitude also for the lowest degrees of compression (yet in the elastic regime).
De algunos usos de la fotografía en la literatura hispanoamericana contemporánea
Authors: Olivier Florence 
Published: September 2016

<strong><strong></strong></strong>A la hora de la desmaterialización de la imagen fotográfica digital, ¿cómo y con qué renovados propósitos insertan fotografías impresas en sus ficciones y ensayos ciertos escritores latinoamericanos? Como breve muestrario de algunos usos de la fotografía en la actual literatura hispanoamericana, se aborda en esta contribución la porosa frontera entre documentación y construcción ficcional, y en especial el irónico cuestionamiento de la identidad del autor, en obras de Alan Pauls, Jorge Volpi y Mario Bellatin.<p> </p>
La barbarie entre la minucia y la alegoría: Diario de la guerra del cerdo, de Adolfo Bioy Casares
Authors: Calabrese Elisa 
Published: September 2016

<p>Si bien Adolfo Bioy Casares es reconocido unánimemente como un narrador importante, su novela <em>Diario de la guerra del cerdo</em> (1969) no ha concitado la atención de la crítica de modo comparable a otras ficciones del autor. Este trabajo postula la hipótesis de la existencia de una tradición alegórica en la literatura argentina moderna considerando a <em>Diario…</em>una de las ficciones centrales de esa corriente que si bien se desvía del realismo, no podría ser leída como fantástica. Con ese fin, se expone una lectura política del texto para mostrar cómo en él se puede explorar una singular construcción de la barbarie ubicada en el peronismo. </p>
Imaginaciones rurales argentinas. El campo como zona de cruce en expresiones artísticas contemporáneas
Authors: De Leone Lucía 
Published: September 2016

<p>En los últimos años, puede identificarse en las artes argentinas un creciente interés en motivos rurales, que coincide, en el plano político y económico, con un momento en que el campo se afirma como un foco de interés, un agente de disputa entre sectores y materia productora de nuevos relatos; y en el plano cultural, con un conjunto de especulaciones teórico-críticas que se interrogan sobre el estado del arte del presente. En este trabajo se indagan algunos modos como la imaginación artística contemporánea (literatura, cine, teatro) procesa esta revisibilización del campo, que alcanza también otros formatos y productos mediáticos (un reality show); y cómo estas expresiones conviven muchas veces sin diálogo ni engarces pero también sin conflicto. </p>
Resonancias y ocupación. La cuestión del “arte fuera de sí” en Spam, de Rafael Spregelburd y Federico Zypce
Authors: Carranza Luz Rodríguez 
Published: September 2016

<p><em>Spam</em> (2013), ópera hablada de Rafael Spregelburd y Federico Zypce, pone en escena la experiencia y los afectos que resuenan en un mundo virtual, anestesiado, de desechos auditivos, particularmente verbales. En este trabajo, después de confrontar la obra con otros esfuerzos contemporáneos de contacto con los espectadores, he analizado una red de repeticiones de sonidos y palabras que sacude al protagonista y al espectador. Como en las óperas de Wagner –denostadas durante décadas como estructuras totalitarias– el procedimiento evita la síntesis. El resultado es cómico y evita toda manipulación emocional porque lo que se repite, como en otras obras de Spregelburd, son restos de construcciones identitarias desvalorizadas. Algunas palabras, pronunciadas por él mismo, acosan sin embargo al protagonista y ocupan una grieta imposible de suturar. Aunque el humor es constante, <em>Spam</em> es una tragedia contemporánea, en la que no sólo los héroes o los villanos sino cualquiera es responsable. </p>
Resistencias y variaciones del ensayo en Argentina. Sobre la teoría de la forma y los ensayos en la prensa periódica
Authors: Juárez Laura , Dalmaroni Miguel 
Published: September 2016

<p>El artículo explora dos cuestiones alrededor de ciertas puntualizaciones teóricas recientes sobre el ensayo de los escritores en la crítica argentina. Se trata de dos modos de resistencia de la teoría. La productividad escrituraria y las vueltas al texto de Adorno en los estudios que asumen perspectivas formales sobre el ensayo (o que entienden el ensayo como una forma). Luego, lo que puede leerse como una operación de escamoteo de la crítica y la teoría que se asienta en esa confianza formal a la hora de pensar el ensayo en sus vinculaciones con sus espacios de producción efectivos, es decir, con la escritura de ensayos en la prensa. Se analiza esa inflexión sobre el ensayo un tanto desatendida: el lugar en donde los ensayos se publican y qué sucede cuando ese lugar es la prensa periódica y cultural. <strong></strong></p>