bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of prior exposure to antibiotics on bacterial adaptation to phages
Authors: Arias‐Sánchez F. I. , Allen R. C. , Hall A. R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUnderstanding adaptation to complex environments requires information about how exposure to one selection pressure affects adaptation to others. For bacteria, antibiotics and viral parasites (phages) are two of the most common selection pressures and are both relevant for treatment of bacterial infections: increasing antibiotic resistance is generating significant interest in using phages in addition or as an alternative to antibiotics. However, we lack knowledge of how exposure to antibiotics affects bacterial responses to phages. Specifically, it is unclear how the negative effects of antibiotics on bacterial population growth combine with any possible mutagenic effects or physiological responses to influence adaptation to other stressors such as phages, and how this net effect varies with antibiotic concentration. Here, we experimentally addressed the effect of pre‐exposure to a wide range of antibiotic concentrations on bacterial responses to phages. Across 10 antibiotics, we found a strong association between their effects on bacterial population size and subsequent population growth in the presence of phages (which in these conditions indicates phage‐resistance evolution). We detected some evidence of mutagenesis among populations treated with fluoroquinolones and β‐lactams at sublethal doses, but these effects were small and not consistent across phage treatments. These results show that, although stressors such as antibiotics can boost adaptation to other stressors at low concentrations, these effects are weak compared to the effect of reduced population growth at inhibitory concentrations, which in our experiments strongly reduced the likelihood of subsequent phage‐resistance evolution.
Adaptive behaviour, executive function and employment in adults with Down syndrome
Authors: Tomaszewski B. , Fidler D. , Talapatra D. , Riley K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with Down syndrome (DS) demonstrate difficulties with aspects of executive function (EF) and adaptive behaviour across the lifespan. There is a current lack of information regarding how these difficulties relate to employment outcomes in adulthood. This study evaluated the adaptive behaviour and EF profiles of individuals with DS during early adulthood and the association between these areas of functioning and employment status.MethodsParents or caregivers of primarily young adults with DS (n = 31; mean chronological age = 25.9 years; SD = 5.92) completed the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales – Second Edition the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function – Adult version and a demographic questionnaire that requested information regarding adult employment status.ResultsFindings indicated a distinct pattern of relative strengths and challenges in adaptive behaviour and EF. In addition, the EF sub‐domain of working memory was a significant predictor of employment status.ConclusionsSpecific aspects of the DS cognitive profile may have an important influence on employment status in primarily young adults with DS. Implications for interventions are discussed.
A population‐based, cross‐sectional study of the prevalence and correlates of sedentary behaviour of adults with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Melville C. A. , McGarty A. , Harris L. , Hughes‐McCormack L. , Baltzer M. , McArthur L. A. , Morrison J. , Allan L. , Cooper S.‐A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBackgroundHigh levels of sedentary behaviour have a negative impact on health and well‐being. There is limited evidence on the prevalence and correlates of sedentary behaviour of adults with intellectual disabilities (ID).MethodsA population‐based sample of adults with ID were invited to take part in a comprehensive health check programme. Demographic and health data were collected during a structured interview and physical examination. Screen time was used as a proxy measure of sedentary behaviour. Bivariate and multivariate statistical modelling examined correlates of screen time.ResultsFifty per cent of the 725 participants reported four or more hours of screen time per day. Male gender, higher levels of intellectual ability, mobility problems, obesity, not having hearing impairment and not having epilepsy were all significantly associated with higher screen time in the final multivariate model (R2 = 0.16; Hosmer–Lemeshow goodness of fit statistic P = 0.36).ConclusionsThis is the first study to publish population‐based data on the prevalence and correlates of sedentary behaviour in adults with ID. Compared with adults who do not have ID, adults with ID have higher levels, and different correlates, of sedentary behaviour. A better understanding of the social context of sedentary behaviour will inform the design of effective behaviour change programmes for adults with ID.
Examination of sacral tissue oxygen saturation among immobile patients
Authors: Ceylan Burcu , Yapucu Gunes Ulku , Uyar Mehmet 
Published: December 2017

Aims and objectivesTo explore the effect of immobility on sacral tissue oxygen saturation in patients lying on a supporting surface in supine position.BackgroundGuidelines in regard to preventing pressure ulcers recommend that patients lying on a standard bed should change their positions every 2 hr and that patients on a supporting surface should change their positions every 4 hr. But there is no strong evidence that justifies this practice.DesignQuasi‐experimental.MethodsData for the research were collected over the period October 2014–March 2015 at Anesthesiology and Reanimation and Neurosurgery Clinic Intensive Care Units. A total of 46 patients matching the research criteria were left in the supine position for 4 hr without having a position change, during which time sacral tissue oxygen saturation was measured every hour on the hour. Sacral tissue oxygen saturation was measured with the InSpectra Tissue Oxygenation Monitor.ResultsMean sacral tissue oxygen saturation was 73.4% at baseline and was then measured as 74.9% at the first hour, 72.3% at the second hour, 71.9% at the third hour and 71.9% at the fourth hour. The changes observed between measuring times were not found to be statistically significant (p = .09).ConclusionsNo statistically significant differences were found between sacral tissue oxygen saturation values recorded over a period of 4 hr in immobile patients lying on a supporting surface in the supine position. However, it was observed that sacral tissue oxygen saturation values did not change significantly depending upon the type of supporting surface that was being used.Relevance to clinical practiceThe study outcome supports changing the position of a patient lying on a supporting surface every 4 hr and provides evidence that justifies the recommendation made in the guidelines.
What Social Science Research Says about Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities: Understanding the Antecedents and Consequences—An Introduction
Authors: Dukes Kristin Nicole , Kahn Kimberly Barsamian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPolice violence against racial and ethnic minorities by law enforcement is an international social justice issue that has elicited substantial societal attention, both historically and more recently since the death of Michael Brown in 2014 in the United States. This volume of the Journal of Social Issues integrates theoretical and empirical research to examine police violence (i.e., disproportionate physical and psychological injury and maltreatment) against racial and ethnic minorities and provides policy recommendations directed at reducing this violence from a multidisciplinary perspective. Organized across two substantive sections, one section is devoted to evidence of and factors contributing to police violence against racial and ethnic minorities, including racial stereotyping, implicit bias, and contextual factors. The other section focuses on societal‐level, downstream consequences of exposure to this violence for both individual targets and their community, including attitudinal, physical, and mental health consequences. A concluding chapter integrates the special issue articles’ findings and provides new perspectives on policing and race. This opening article to the special issue reviews existing literature and outlines the unique contributions of the included articles on this topic.
Race and Reaction: Divergent Views of Police Violence and Protest against
Authors: Reinka Mora A. , Leach Colin Wayne 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSince 2012, the United States has seen a renewed focus on police killings of racial and ethnic minorities, as well as protest against such violence. Moreover, recent polling data show an intensification of long‐standing differences in Black and White Americans’ attitudes toward police violence and protest. Here, we review recent polling, as well as our own series of experiments, to elucidate racial divides in attention, attitudes, and reactions to police violence and protest against it (e.g., Black Lives Matter). In addition, we report linguistic analyses of descriptions (N = 195) of protest images, showing that Black participants better understand the causes of these protests (d = .30) and view them more positively (d = .38) than Whites. If we wish for consensus on how to address police violence and protest against it, we must understand how and why the sociopolitical reality of race leads to divergent views of these issues.
Impact of Discrimination on Health among Adolescent Immigrant Minorities in Europe: The Role of Perceived Discrimination by Police and Security Personnel
Authors: Kauff Mathias , Wölfer Ralf , Hewstone Miles 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPrevious research has shown negative effects of discrimination on ethnic minority members’ health and well‐being. In this study, we examined cross‐sectional and longitudinal effects of discrimination by members of the police and security personnel over and above other types of discrimination and ethnic victimization on the health of immigrant minority students from three different European countries (N = 4,334 immigrant students from 580 ethnically mixed school classes in Germany, the Netherlands, and Sweden). Results indicate that perceptions of ethnic victimization in the school (measured via social network data) as well as three types of discrimination outside school (discrimination in clubs, public transportation as well as by the police and private security) are associated with current and future negative health outcomes (i.e., psychosomatic problems) in immigrant minority students. Among the different types of discrimination, discrimination by the police and private security personnel was most common and had the most negative effect on immigrant minority students’ health. Practical and political implications of our findings as well as differences in discrimination and violence by the police between the United States and Europe are discussed.
The Trauma Lens of Police Violence against Racial and Ethnic Minorities
Authors: Bryant‐Davis Thema , Adams Tyonna , Alejandre Adriana , Gray Anthea A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPolice violence against racial and ethnic minorities has been researched through the lens of multiple social science disciplines including psychology. Within psychology, the study of trauma lends itself to understanding the dynamics of unjustified violence perpetrated by some law enforcement agents. These acts of aggression are not only examples of interpersonal trauma but also the trauma of racism, which is examined through the lens of intergenerational trauma, racist‐incident–based trauma, and complex trauma. There is a history of violence against racial and ethnic minorities that contextualizes the traumatic experience of police violence. Additionally, the framework of trauma illuminates the causes and consequences of police brutality as a racist‐incident trauma. Finally, survivors of police violence targeting racial and ethnic minorities are often persons who have been exposed to multiple traumas resulting in a cumulative effect. Filling a current gap in the literature, we discuss the clinical implications of applying trauma theories to police violence, as well as diverse ways racially and ethnically marginalized persons have coped with and resisted these acts. There is attention given to the need to attend to the intersecting identities of persons who are targeted such as ethnic minority women. Finally, we describe the need for further study of this complex and devastating phenomenon.
Effect of a Pheromone on Stress‐Associated Reactivation of Feline Herpesvirus‐1 in Experimentally Inoculated Kittens
Authors: Contreras Elena T. , Hodgkins E. , Tynes V. , Beck A. , Olea‐Popelka F. , Lappin M.R. 
Published: December 2017

BackgroundStress contributes to reactivation of feline herpesvirus‐1 (FHV‐1). The usage of pheromones to decrease stress inFHV‐1 experimentally inoculated kittens has not previously been investigated.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo determine whether a feline pheromone would lessen stress, resulting in decreased recurrence ofFHV‐1‐associated illness in kittens.AnimalsTwelve 5‐month‐old, purpose‐bred kittens.MethodsRandomized, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled clinical trial. Kittens previously infected with the same dose ofFHV‐1 were randomized into 2 separate but identical group rooms. After a 2‐week equilibration period, a diffuser containing either the pheromone or placebo was placed in each of the rooms, and the kittens acclimated for an additional 2 weeks. Every 2 weeks thereafter, for the 8‐week study period, housing was alternated between kennel‐ and group housing. Blinded observers applied a standardized clinical and behavioral scoring rubric daily. After each 2‐week period, serum cortisol concentrations and quantitativePCRforFHV‐1 and glyceraldehyde 3‐phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH) ratios were evaluated. Clinical, behavioral, and laboratory test results were compared between groups within individual and combined study periods.ResultsSneezing occurred more frequently in the placebo group during individual (P = 0.006) and combined study periods (P = 0.001). Sleep at the end of observation periods occurred more frequently in the pheromone group during individual (P = 0.006) and combined study periods (P < 0.001).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThe findings suggest that the pheromone decreased stress, and the decrease in stress response may have resulted in decreased sneezing associated withFHV‐1.
Characterization of auxin transporter PIN6 plasma membrane targeting reveals a function for PIN6 in plant bolting
Authors: Ditengou Franck Anicet , Gomes Dulceneia , Nziengui Hugues , Kochersperger Philip , Lasok Hanna , Medeiros Violante , Paponov Ivan A. , Nagy Szilvia Krisztina , Nádai Tímea Virág , Mészáros Tamás , Barnabás Beáta , Ditengou Beata Izabela , Rapp Katja , Qi Linlin , Li Xugang , Becker Claude , Li Chuanyou , Dóczi Róbert , Palme Klaus 
Published: December 2017

Summary

Auxin gradients are sustained by series of influx and efflux carriers whose subcellular localization is sensitive to both exogenous and endogenous factors. Recently the localization of the Arabidopsis thaliana auxin efflux carrier PIN‐FORMED (PIN) 6 was reported to be tissue‐specific and regulated through unknown mechanisms.

Here, we used genetic, molecular and pharmacological approaches to characterize the molecular mechanism(s) controlling the subcellular localization of PIN6.

PIN6 localizes to endomembrane domains in tissues with low PIN6 expression levels such as roots, but localizes at the plasma membrane (PM) in tissues with increased PIN6 expression such as the inflorescence stem and nectary glands. We provide evidence that this dual localization is controlled by PIN6 phosphorylation and demonstrate that PIN6 is phosphorylated by mitogen‐activated protein kinases (MAPKs) MPK4 and MPK6. The analysis of transgenic plants expressing PIN6 at PM or in endomembrane domains reveals that PIN6 subcellular localization is critical for Arabidopsis inflorescence stem elongation post‐flowering (bolting). In line with a role for PIN6 in plant bolting, inflorescence stems elongate faster in pin6 mutant plants than in wild‐type plants.

We propose that PIN6 subcellular localization is under the control of developmental signals acting on tissue‐specific determinants controlling PIN6‐expression levels and PIN6 phosphorylation.
Predicting plant immunity gene expression by identifying the decoding mechanism of calcium signatures
Authors: Lenzoni Gioia , Liu Junli , Knight Marc R. 
Published: December 2017

Summary

Calcium plays a key role in determining the specificity of a vast array of signalling pathways in plants. Cellular calcium elevations with different characteristics (calcium signatures) carry information on the identity of the primary stimulus, ensuring appropriate downstream responses. However, the mechanism for decoding calcium signatures is unknown. To determine this, decoding of the salicylic acid (SA)‐mediated plant immunity signalling network controlling gene expression was examined.

A dynamic mathematical model of the SA‐mediated plant immunity network was developed. This model was used to predict responses to different calcium signatures; these were validated empirically using quantitative real‐time PCR to measure gene expression.

The mechanism for decoding calcium signatures to control expression of plant immunity genes enhanced disease susceptibility 1 (EDS1) and isochorismate synthase 1 (ICS1) was identified. Calcium, calmodulin, calmodulin‐binding transcription activators (CAMTA)3 and calmodulin binding protein 60g (CBP60g) together amplify each calcium signature into three active signals, simultaneously regulating expression. The time required for calcium to return to steady‐state level also quantitatively regulates gene expression.

Decoding of calcium signatures occurs via nonlinear interactions between these active signals, producing a unique response in each case. Key properties of the calcium signatures are not intuitive, exemplifying the importance of mathematical modelling approaches. This approach can be applied to identifying the decoding mechanisms of other plant calcium signalling pathways.
Mesophyll conductance in Zea mays responds transiently to CO2 availability: implications for transpiration efficiency in C4 crops
Authors: Kolbe Allison R. , Cousins Asaph B. 
Published: December 2017

Summary

Mesophyll conductance (gm) describes the movement of CO2 from the intercellular air spaces below the stomata to the site of initial carboxylation in the mesophyll. In contrast with C3‐gm, little is currently known about the intraspecific variation in C4‐gm or its responsiveness to environmental stimuli.

To address these questions, gm was measured on five maize (Zea mays) lines in response to CO2, employing three different estimates of gm.

Each of the methods indicated a significant response of gm to CO2. Estimates of gm were similar between methods at ambient and higher CO2, but diverged significantly at low partial pressures of CO2. These differences are probably driven by incomplete chemical and isotopic equilibrium between CO2 and bicarbonate under these conditions. Carbonic anhydrase and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase in vitro activity varied significantly despite similar values of gm and leaf anatomical traits.

These results provide strong support for a CO2 response of gm in Z. mays, and indicate that gm in maize is probably driven by anatomical constraints rather than by biochemical limitations. The CO2 response of gm indicates a potential role for facilitated diffusion in C4‐gm. These results also suggest that water‐use efficiency could be enhanced in C4 species by targeting gm.
Toxicity and mutagenicity assessment of a boron mine drainage water
Authors: Korkmaz Ferhan , Deniz Sönmez Görkem , Aytar Çelik Pınar , Mutlu Mehmet Burçin , Çabuk Ahmet 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study was aimed to assess toxicity of boron mine drainage (BMD) water in Kırka borough of Turkey, which is one of the most important boron deposit sites in the world. Three complementary tests were done to assess the toxicity of BMD water. Root growth inhibition tests showed that EC50 value of BMD water sample was approximately 3.85% of concentration. Furthermore, mutagenicity was analysed utilising Ames Salmonella Mutagenicity Test and Muta‐ChromoPlate kit system (Environmental Biodetection Products Inc., Ontario, Canada). Salmonella typhimurium TA 98 strain for all concentrations and Salmonella typhimurium TA100 strain for the highest concentrations of BMD water in the absence of metabolic activation significantly stimulated mutagenic activity and increased the numbers of revertant colonies for several concentrations compared to spontaneous revertant colonies. RAPD‐PCR result and the polymorphism percentage proved that the effect of boron contamination was seen on DNA level.
A reappraisal on biodegradation of fluoride compounds: role of microbes
Authors: Singh Aparna , Gothalwal Ragini 
Published: December 2017

AbstractFluorine is a highly reactive gas, rarely occurs in nature, in elemental form. Fluorosis is an excruciating and crippling disease caused by fluoride intake. Microbial degradation is cost‐effective and eco‐friendly method of removing fluoride compounds. The enzymes and genes involved in the fluoride‐degrading pathway have been identified and characterised. The in‐silico studies on degradative enzymes and their molecular interaction can be more advantageous in understanding fluoride toxicity and its degradative efficiency. Microbes exhibiting fluoride degradative potential or fluoride adsorption potential can be used for bioremediation of fluoride‐contaminated water. Large population is affected by fluorosis; both the welfare state and researchers are required to address the problem. The microbial degradation of fluoride provides sustainable, cost‐effective and ecofriendly technology. In the present review, an attempt has been made to compile all the available literature related to biodegradation of fluoride compounds.
Efficacy and Cost‐Effectiveness Analysis of Evidence‐Based Nursing Interventions to Maintain Tissue Integrity to Prevent Pressure Ulcers and Incontinence‐Associated Dermatitis
Authors: Avşar Pınar , Karadağ Ayişe 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTBackgroundA reduction in tissue tolerance promotes the development of pressure ulcers (PUs) and incontinence‐associated dermatitis (IAD).AimsTo determine the cost‐effectiveness and efficacy of evidence‐based (EB) nursing interventions on increasing tissue tolerance by maintaining tissue integrity.MethodsThe study involved 154 patients in two intensive care units (77 patients, control group; 77 patients, intervention group). Data were collected using the following: patient characteristics form, Braden PU risk assessment scale, tissue integrity monitoring form, PU identification form, IAD and severity scale, and a cost table of the interventions. Patients in the intervention group were cared for by nurses trained in the use of the data collection tools and in EB practices to improve tissue tolerance. Routine nursing care was given to the patients in the control group. The researcher observed all patients in terms of tissue integrity and recorded the care‐related costs.ResultsDeterioration of tissue integrity was observed in 18.2% patients in the intervention group compared to 54.5% in the control group (p < .05). The average cost to increase tissue tolerance prevention in the intervention and control groups was = $204.34 ± 41.07 and = $138.90 ± 1.70, respectively.Linking Evidence to ActionIt is recommended that EB policies and procedures are developed to improve tissue tolerance by maintaining tissue integrity.ConclusionsAlthough the cost of EB preventive initiatives is relatively high compared to those that are not EB, the former provide a significant reduction in the prevalence of tissue integrity deterioration.