bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Yao, Shun, and Prefiguration: the Origins and Ideology of the Han Imperial Genealogy
Authors: Sukhu Gopal 
Published: August 2016

With the weakening of the Zhou royal line many began to wonder if someone qualified to replace it might not be found in another lineage. The myth of the sage king Yao ceding his kingdom to Shun, an unrelated commoner, helped to make licit the yearning for such a figure, and at times argued for meritocracy, an ideal some thinkers counterposed against the sanctity of hereditary monarchy. After the fall of the Qin that ideal and the myth remained closely associated through most of the Former Han dynasty.Sometime in the latter half of that period, however, certain scholarly circles connected with the imperial house began to develop the doctrine that the Han Lius were in fact descended from Yao, a doctrine which became orthodoxy with the rise of Wang Mang. After the establishment of the Later Han dynasty, Guangwudi (r. 25–57) attempted to force this doctrine and a prophetic literature supporting it, called chenwei (usually translated apocrypha), on the newly rehabilitated Imperial Academy. Some of these texts were created by applying to the Spring and Autumn Annals a hermeneutic mode that many Western scholars still hold does not occur in the history of Confucian scholarship: typological allegory—in this case to show that the rise of the founder of the Han was prefigured in the Annals. Meanwhile, ideologues excluded from the academy, but favored by the emperors, were putting the image of Yao to an unprecedented use—to support an ideology wherein the right to rule was unquestionably tied to heredity regardless of merit.This article discusses some of the political developments and the exegetical interventions that helped produce these new uses of the Yao/Shun myth.
7. Yin Dynasty Jades
Authors: Nai Xia 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper tries to study the typology, terminology, and functions of the jades of the Shang dynasty by using an archaeological approach based mainly on archaeological materials from scientific excavations. This contrasts with the old method which relied upon questionable textual evidence and less well-documented jades in public and private collections. The main points of the paper are as follows:(1) Ceremonial jades: Some jades of the Shang dynasty were ceremonial not practical objects, but the system of six jades called rui yu (auspicious jades) in the three Books of Rites is a fabrication devised by the Confucian scholars of the period of the late Zhou and early Han dynasties, who used what they could find of the surviving jade objects and customs of use and supplemented old texts and oral traditions with their own imaginations so as to make the system perfectly rational according to Confucian standards. In our excavations, we have not found a single case in which the jades were grouped in a set of six, nor have we found any evidence to verify the uses mentioned in the Books of Rites.
17. The Cosmological Meaning of the Ten

Gan

and Twelve

Zhi

in Shang Civilization
Authors: Kiyoshi Akatsuka 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn the Shang, time was represented by a system of combining shi gan (ten stem signs) and shi-er zhi (twelve branch signs), a complete cycle taking sixty days.Many interpretations, some dating back to the Han period, have been made as to the meaning of the signs. I question the suitability of these theories and, using the original meaning of the characters together with different words of similar sound propose the possibility of a systematic interpretation. Shi gan symbolize stages in the development of a barley seed from germination in the earth to fruition, while shi-er zhi are taken to be stages from the conception of a child up to acceptance into the family. The cycle of the two sets of signs represents the idea of the diffusion of two forces within the cosmos: that which gives life to plants and all living things and that which gives them form and substance. Attention is also drawn to the relationship of the former with sun-worship and to that of the latter with moon-worship.
Redaction Criticism and the Early History of Taoism
Authors: Roth Harold D. 
Published: August 2016

This study employs the critical methodology called “redaction criticism” originally developed in New Testament studies, for the analysis of the relationship between two important but overlooked sources of early Taoist thought: theKuan Tzuessays entitledNei-yehandHsin-shu, hsia. Although the relationship between these essays has long been the subject of controversy, the author concludes thatHsin-shu, hsia(written ca. 200 B.C.) is a deliberate abridgement, rearrangement, and restatement ofNei-yeh(written ca. 330 B.C.) that demonstrates a different ideological viewpoint.WhereasNei-yehis a collection of twenty-two mostly rhymed stanzas devoted to the practice of guided breathing meditation, its cosmological significance and its physiological, psychological, and spiritual effects,Hsin-shu, hsiais a work of mixed prose and verse that is expressly concerned with the political benefits of such “inner cultivation” practices. In other words, it sees them as techniques for rulership.This new ideological position is significant. Based upon previous research by the author and on the work of other scholars, the author hypothesizes that there were three distinct, but related, aspects of early Taoism: the Individualist, the Primitivist, and the Syncretist. According to this categorization,Nei-yehis an Individualist text andHsin-shu, hsiais Syncretist The deliberate rearrangement and emendation ofNei-yehby theHsin-shu, hsiaauthor argues for the position that Syncretist Taoism is a direct descendant of Individualist Taoism — perhaps even its lineal descendant.
Ji 姬 and Jiang 姜: The Role of Exogamic Clans in the Organization of the Zhou Polity
Authors: Pulleyblank Edwin G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractsThe rule of surname exogamy, which has been an important feature of Chinese social organization down to recent times, seems to have originated with the Zhou dynasty. Its importance is symbolized in the myth of Jiang Yuan姜媚 or 姜原, the mother of Hou Ji后稷, Lord Millet, the ancestor of the Zhou kings, whose surname was Ji姬. Contrary to a view that has become popular, it is argued that Ji and Jiang could not have been the names of two originally separate peoples with different geographical origins that came together and formed an intermarrying alliance but were the names of the two leading, intermarrying, clans of a single people. After the Zhou conquest of Shang, marriage politics, which required the rulers of originally non-Chinese states to have clan names of the same kind, played an important part in gradually incorporating such states into the Zhou, Hua-Xia華夏, polity. The fact that the surnames Ji and Jiang were also found among peoples known as Rong 戎 who were not recognized as Hua-Xia but were probably also Sino-Tibetan in language seems to be consistent with traditional accounts of Zhou's northwestern origins. The words Ji and Jiang are probably etymologically related and although yang羊 “sheep” plays a phonetic role in the graphs of both the surname Jiang and the ethnic name Qiang 羌, Jiang and Qiang are two separate words and need not have anything to do with one another.
The Question of Interpretation: Qin History in Light of New Epigraphic Sources
Authors: Pines Yuri 
Published: August 2016

Recently discovered epigraphic sources of Qin's history often seem to contradict the conventional wisdom regarding the history of this state. Thus, the recently published inscription on the jade tablets records a prayer to Mountain Hua by one of the last Qin kings, in which the latter surprisingly laments the demise of the Zhou house–an action for which traditionally Qin was blamed. On the other hand, some of the Shuihudi Qin statutes contain equally surprising statements according to which the Qin populace on the eve of the imperial unification was clearly differentiated from the members of the Xia ethno-cultural community. In both cases the apparent contradiction between the new evidence and the conventional interpretation of the received texts caused most of the scholars to neglect the confusing evidence altogether or to reinterpret it in accord with the traditional views.In my paper, I suggest that the new evidence can be reconciled with the received texts, if due attention is paid to the complexity of cultural and political dynamics in the state of Qin prior to the imperial unification of 221 B.C.E. During the last two centuries of the Warring States period Qin appears to be engulfed in two contradictory processes of estrangement from and re-integration with the “Central States.” On the one hand, radical reforms of the mid-fourth century B.C.E. brought about not only sociopolitical but also cultural changes, creating the cultural gap between Qin and the rest of the Zhou world. Concomitantly, endless military conflicts between Qin and its neighbors further strengthened the cohesiveness of Qin's populace, increasing furthermore the sense of antagonism between the people of Qin, particularly among the lower strata, and the dwellers of eastern states. On the other hand, however, Qin's eventual separation from the rest of the Zhou world was counterbalanced by the equally powerful integrative factors. The influx of eastern advisors perpetuated cultural ties between Qin and its neighbors, while the desire of Qin rulers to facilitate incorporation of the eastern territories into their expanding realm dictated a more flexible policy of building rather than destroying political and cultural bridges with the Zhou world. Understanding this ongoing tension between conflicting integrative and centrifugal tendencies allows us to build a new interpretative framework for the Qin history, fully incorporating the received and the unearthed texts.
Omnis Gallia … or, the Roles of the Archdeacon
Authors: Jones T. Hughie 
Published: August 2016

A recent biography of Enoch Powell quotes him as using an interesting metaphor to illustrate the way in which the House of Commons can control the Treasury:Many churches contain an old chest with three locks. The keys to those locks were held by the parson and the two churchwardens, and they were all different. Only, therefore, by the co-operation of all three could anything be extracted from the parish chest.
Faith, Doctrine and Roman Catholic Canon Law
Authors: Ombres Robert 
Published: August 2016

‘It is not at all easy (humanly speaking) to wind up an Englishman to a dogmatic level’.This quotation is, of course, from Newman's Apologia, where many memorable things are said. Yet, even in England, it seems inescapable to treat of faith and doctrine if we are to consider Roman Catholic canon law. As Christian believers, consequently holding certain doctrines about Christ and his Church, we have a theology of canon law and a theology in canon law. We explore the theology of canon law whenever we consider why there is canon law at all in a Church founded on the unique saving grace of Jesus Christ, and we explore the theology in canon law whenever we consider how faith and doctrine show themselves in the making and application of canon law.
Differences in Characteristics of Asian American and White Problem Gamblers Calling a Gambling Helpline
Authors: Barry Declan T. , Steinberg Marvin A. , Wu Ran , Potenza Marc N. 
Published: August 2016

Introduction: The characteristics of Asian American and white problem gamblers using a gambling helpline were examined to identify race-related differences.Methods: Logistic regression analyses were conducted on data obtained from callers to a gambling helpline serving southern New England in 2000–2003, inclusive.Results: Of the 144 phone calls used in the analyses, 72 were from Asian American callers and 72 were from white callers who were matched on gender, education, income, marital/cohabitation status, and age. Race-related differences were observed in forms of gambling problems, psychiatric problems secondary to gambling, substance use problems, and family history. Asian American gamblers were more likely to report suicide attempts related to gambling and problems with non-strategic gambling. White gamblers were more likely to report both casino and non-casino gambling problems and personal and familial alcohol use problems. High proportions of both groups reported problems with strategic gambling, gambling-related anxiety, family and financial problems secondary to gambling, financial debt, daily tobacco use, and a family history of problem gambling.Conclusion: Race-related differences should be considered in optimizing prevention and treatment strategies related to problem gambling.
Is There a Distinct OCD Spectrum?
Authors: Hollander Eric , Benzaquen Stephanie D. 
Published: August 2016

The obsessive-compulsive disorders spectrum concept has grown in recent years because of the common clinical features, such as obsessive thinking and compulsive rituals, biological markers, presumed etiology, and treatment response, that these disorders may share with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). This concept has important implications in regard to diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of diverse disorders affecting up to 10% of the population. New insights in central nervous system (CNS) mechanisms that drive the repetitive behaviors of the obsessive-compulsive spectrum disorders have heightened interest in the spectrum in researchers, clinicians, and those involved in drug development.An important approach in neuropsychiatry centers on employing a dimensional classification of psychopathology. Psychiatric phenomena often fall on a continuum. A dimensional approach allows for the classification of patients who fall at the border of classical entities or who are otherwise atypical. Diagnostic categories are considered along a spectrum if there is considerable overlap in symptoms and in etiology, as demonstrated by familial linkage biological markers, and pharmacological dissection. Categorical and dimensional approaches to the OCD spectrum could have significant implications for diagnosis, nosology, neurobiology, and treatment of a wide group of disorders affecting a sizable percentage of the population.Recent interest has focused on spectrums in movement disorders, affective disorders, schizophrenia, epileptic and impulsive disorders, and obsessive-compulsive disorders (which we will examine here); in addition, there has been interest in the overlap between these spectrums. Viewing disorders in terms of overlapping spectrums provides researchers and clinicians a framework with which to better understand and treat these disorders.
Symptoms in Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder and Tourette Syndrome: A Spectrum?
Authors: Swerdlow Neal R. , Zinner Sam , Farber Robert H. , Seacrist Cassie , Hartston Heidi 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThere is clear overlap in the clinical symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette syndrome (TS). As a result, OCD (with or without tics) and TS (with or without obsessive-compulsive symptoms [OCS]) have been conceptualized to form a disorder spectrum—an overlapping set of phenotypes reflecting presumed commonality at the level of the underlying genetics and neuropathology. We identified the characteristics of a research sample of patients with OCD or TS, based on information obtained in semistructured clinical interviews, to examine the similarities and differences in the clinical symptoms across this spectrum. This sample conformed to known age-of-onset and sex distribution patterns for OCD and TS. Previously reported patterns of predominant aggressive and sexual obsessions and touching compulsions were observed in subjects with tic-related OCD, compared with non—tic-related OCD (ie, OCD alone). The majority of patients with tic-related OCD experienced horrifically violent obsessions that were less common in OCD alone and much less common in TS. Nonetheless, symptomatic and functional impairment in TS subjects was clearly related to the intensity of their OCS. The specific obsessions and compulsions associated with clinical impairment in TS differed from those associated with impairment in OCD. These results suggest that, despite the many overlapping dimensions of these disorders, the symptoms and associated impairment in “pure” OCD, tic-related OCD, and TS do not form a simple continuous spectrum.
Oculomotor Delayed Response Abnormalities in Young Offspring and Siblings at Risk for Schizophrenia
Authors: Diwadkar Vaibhav A. , Sweeney John A. , Boarts Dawn , Montrose Debra M. , Keshavan Matcheri S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIndividuals with schizophrenia are known to demonstrate cognitive and behavioral difficulties, particularly alterations in executive functions, including working memory. It is unclear whether these deficits reflect trait-related vulnerability to schizophrenia indicators and can be assessed by studying nonpsychotic relatives of patients with schizophrenia. In this study, we used an oculomotor delayed response (ODR) paradigm to examine spatial working memory in 37 “high-risk” child and adolescent offspring and siblings (age range=6–25 years) of patients with schizophrenia or schizoaffective disorder. Compared with 37 age- and sex-matched healthy controls (age range=6–23 years), high-risk subjects showed nonsignificantly greater errors in the ODR task at longer delay intervals. Statistical analyses suggested that performance improved with age in healthy control subjects, whereas it worsened with age in high-risk subjects. In both groups, the ODR errors were generally associated with poorer sustained attention (Continuous Performance Test: visuospatial d prime), some-what poorer executive function (Wisconsin Card Sorting Test), and elevated Heinrichs-Buchanan neurological soft signs scores. These findings indicate the presence of spatial working memory abnormalities in individuals at risk for schizophrenia. Furthermore, these abnormalities may be progressive in nature. The ODR task is a valuable indicator of prefrontal cortical function and spatial working memory and may be a potentially valuable marker for familial risk of schizophrenia.
Progress Toward Discovery of Susceptibility Genes for Bipolar Manic-Depressive Illness and Schizophrenia
Authors: Gershon Elliot S. , Badner Judith A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe inconsistency in linkage results that has bedeviled psychiatric genetics has been observed to occur regularly in common diseases with complex inheritance. Nonetheless, in two such instances—noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD)—susceptibility genes have been discovered based on the follow-ups of linkage findings. In bipolar illness disorder (BPD) and schizophrenia (SZ), there are some linkage reports with replication of other studies similar to the situation in NIDDM and IBD before the successful positional cloning efforts. Two of the regions with linkage reports, BPD and SZ, on the long arms of chromosomes 13 and 22, show linkage to the same markers in both diseases. This lends some plausibility to the hypothesis of some shared genetic predispositions for both disorders. Cytogenetic evidence offers another positional approach to susceptibility genes. The velocardiofacial syndrome is associated with deletions very close to the linkage region on chromosome 22, and with psychiatric manifestations of both BPD and SZ. Endophenotypes ofSZ, previously demonstrated to be heritable, have been found to have chromosomal linkage in at least one study. These include eye-tracking abnormalities linked to 6p, and an abnormality of the P50 cortical evoked potential linked to chromosome 15. Variants in specific genes have been associated with susceptibility to the psychiatric illnesses. These genetic findings may contribute to etiologic subcategorization of BPD and SZ, and the development of new treatment approaches. A table of genetic terms is included for review.
Herb-Drug Interactions: Focus on Pharmacokinetics
Authors: Cott Jerry M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTRecent literature regarding drug-drug, herb-drug, and food-drug interactions must not be ignored; nor can they always be taken at face value. Studies have shown that St. John's wort (SJW)(Hypericum perforatum) can reduce plasma levels of indinavir, cyclosporin, digoxin, and possibly other drugs as well. Current knowledge regarding the metabolism of these medications suggests that the cytochrome P450 (CYP) drug metabolizing enzyme systems cannot account for all these effects. It has been reported that the P-glycoprotein (Pgp) transmembrane pump is also induced by SJW. Medications that are substrates of both CYP 3A4 a Pgp are of particular concern and may pose special interaction risks when combined with certain foods or botanical products such as SJW.
Adverse-Effect Profile of Kava
Authors: Connor Kathryn M. , Davidson Jonathan R.T. , Churchill L. Erik 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTThe use of alternative therapies has increased substantially over the last decade, particularly for more chronic conditions such as anxiety. Among the most widely used treatments are medicinal herbs, or phytomedicines, such as kava (Piper methysticum), which has demonstrated anxiolytic activity in both animal models and clinical samples. Kava has several advantages over conventional pharmacologic treatments for anxiety—in clinical settings it has been associated with better tolerability and lack of physiologic dependence and withdrawal. However, phytomedicines are not rigorously regulated in the United States and systematically collected safety data are very limited. These issues are a leading concern regarding the safety of medicinal herbs such as kava. In this report, the safety profile for kava is provided, including findings from a study of its use in generalized anxiety disorder. Safety parameters assessed include occurrence of adverse events, withdrawal symptoms, effect on heart rate, blood pressure, laboratory assessments, and sexual function. No differences were found between kava and placebo on any of the parameters evaluated. The data support the safety of kava in treating anxiety at 280 mg kava lactones/day for 4 weeks.
Protein Kinase A in Major Depression: The Link Between Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal Axis Hyperactivity and Neurogenesis
Authors: Perera Tarique , Lisanby Sarah H. , Sackeim Harold A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe latest and most generative biological theories of major depression center on two major hypotheses. The first focuses on the concept that hyperactivity of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis leads to many of the pathological changes in the brain that accompany major depression. The second posits that neurogenesis leads to the repair of depression-related injuries. These two hypotheses are complementary: the former alludes to the etiology or consequences of depression, while the latter suggests mechanisms of antidepressant action. Significant crosstalk occurs between these two systems at many levels. Protein kinase A (PKA) may play an important role in this crosstalk at the intracellular level of signaling cascades. PKA is involved in the formation of long-term potentiation and fear conditioning in response to stress. Chronic stress leads to the suppression of hippocampal activity, which may cause the hyperactivity of the HPA axis during melancholic depression. PKA is also involved in the stimulation of hippocampal neurogenesis after antidepressant treatment. In theory, neurogenesis may lead to the restoration of hippocampal function, and this may be the mechanism that leads to antidepressant-mediated normalization of HPA hyperactivity. Thus, PKA is active during processes that potentially lead to depression and other processes that lead to the resolution of the illness. These opposing processes may be mediated by separate PKA isozymes that activate two distinct pathways. This review highlights the dual role of this enzyme in two biological hypotheses pertaining to depression and its treatment.