bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Value at Risk in the South African equity market: a view from the tails
Authors: Milwidsky C , Mare Eben 
Published: April 2017

Traditional parametric Value at Risk (VaR) estimates assume normality in financial returns data. However, it is well known that this distribution, while convenient and simple to implement, underestimates the kurtosis demonstrated in most financial returns. Huisman, Koedijk and Pownall (1998) replace the normal distribution with the Student’s t distribution in modelling financial returns for calculation of VaR. In this paper we extend their approach to the Monte Carlo simulation of VaR on both linear and non-linear instruments with application to the South African equity market. We show, via backtesting, that the t-distribution produces superior results to the normal one.
A critical analysis of the contents of the IFRS for SMEs - a South African perspective
Authors: Schutte Daniel Petrus , Buys Pieter 
Published: April 2017

The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) for Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) was developed to address the reporting needs of SMEs worldwide. Furthermore, SMEs from different parts of the world are exposed to different conditions and environments. Although the IFRS for SMEs was not intended for a specific user group,the majority of the respondents to the Exposure Draft on IFRS for SMEs were from Europe and other developed countries while only limited respondents from Africa and developing countries were involved. This study considered the relevance of the contents of the IFRS for SMEs in the South African environment based on user requirements. Since SMEs do not necessarily have functional accounting departments and because they rely on external accountants to compile financial statements, we included accounting practitioners and trainee accountants from the SME sector in our survey. As a result we classified the contents of the IFRS for SMEs, from a South African perspective, into different levels of importance or relevance.
Organisational commitment in the era of the new psychological contract
Authors: Theron Anthonie , Dodd Nicole Marguerite 
Published: April 2017

The aim of this study was to investigate organisational commitment in an organisation that had recently experienced organisational restructuring (a merger). The psychological contract that exists between employees and organisations is brittle due to many organisational changes that stem from organisational restructuring. When psychological contracts are breached, employees may experience reduced commitment to the organisation. The target population for this study consisted of all employees working at three recently-merged higher education institutions in the Nelson Mandela Metropolis (n=100) and a self-administered questionnaire was distributed amongst staff. The results indicated that an increase in the number of positive human resource management (HRM) practices reported by respondents correlated with a decrease in violation and breach of the psychological contract, despite organisational restructuring. It was further revealed that effective management of the psychological contract is crucial during organisational restructuring, in order to maintain the commitment and loyalty of employees.
An analysis of specialist surgeons and their practices
Authors: Koch Steve , Slabbert Jean D 
Published: April 2017

A purposive sample of South African specialist doctors provided data for an empirical analysis of revenues, costs and earnings associated with specialist surgical medicine. The empirical analysis includes both parametric and nonparametric regression. Parametric estimates of revenues per new patient range between R689 to R818, while cost per new patient estimates range between R694 and R749; average surgeon income per new patient falls within a similar range. Furthermore, costs per surgery follow a cubic specification, implying increasing marginal costs at the practice level. Returns to experience are estimated to be quadratic, although imprecisely so, given limited observations. Due to the low response rate in the survey, there is a need to conduct further research into this topic, to provide better information to both specialists and the South African Department of Health, which sets pay packages for public sector health workers.
Influences on happiness and subjective well-being of entrepreneurs and labour: Kwazulu-Natal case study
Authors: Mahadea Darma , Ramroop Shaun 
Published: April 2017

Globally, individuals seek happiness, but not everybody is happy. Economic reasoning suggests that rising incomes with expansions in GDP enhance the quality of life and subjective well-being. This paper examines the influences on individual happiness, using ordinal logistic regression and chi-square analyses. Based on the findings of a small case study, the chi-square test indicated that a significant relationship exists between gender, education, ethnicity, children, marital status, employment relations, income and self-reported happiness. The study also found that, on average, happier people tended to be educated, married with children, and treated fairly at work. But having too many children produced a decrement in individual happiness. The ordinal regression results indicate that an individual’s education, gender, age distribution and work environment are influential in producing higher levels of happiness. Entrepreneurs were found to have a significantly higher mean level of happiness than employees. In the workplace, individuals who experienced personal growth and were able to contribute their ideas tended to be happier, relative to others who perceived themselves to be ‘restricted’.
Viewpoints, perspectives or letters to the editor
Authors: Blignaut James 
Published: April 2017

In line with international trends, the SAJEMS editorial board decided to introduce a section in the journal called: Viewpoints, perspectives or letters to the editor. We solicit submissions to this section that comprise novel concepts, ideas, or even a dialogue with either the editor or an author of an earlier paper either in SAJEMS or elsewhere. Controversial perspectives are even welcome, as long as they are presented in a constructive manner.
Domestic saving mobilisation and small business creation: The case of Cameroon
Authors: Forje LC 
Published: April 2017

Promoting savings and providing a basis for lending to the poor is a growing concern in many developing countries. Cameroon has a culture of savings mobilisation known as njangi/tontine. The njangi is contributions given to members in a rotating form at the end of every sitting, and tontine is voluntary savings held by the group. This study reveals that njangi/tontine groups only lend money to group members and suggests that a micro village bank known as MC2 could be used as guarantor to ensure that group monies lent to non-group members are repaid. Encouragement and improvement in the function of such voluntary savings could promote the creation of small businesses in the country. The Cameroonian government needs to improve fighting corruption and a functional justice system to ensure security.
Impact of sucrose contents and cooking time on cowpea prices in Senegal
Authors: Faye Mb.D , Jooste A , Lowenberg-DeBoer J , Fulton J 
Published: April 2017

An alternative approach to traditional consumer behaviour and demand theory is characteristics theory, which assumes that a consumer’s utility function is generated by the characteristics, or attributes, that goods and services possess. Instead of a utility being a function of a product, it becomes a function of the attributes provided by these products. In this paper a hedonic pricing model is used to investigate the influence of sucrose level and cooking time on cowpea prices in Senegal. Cooking time has a significant impact on price only at Tilene market in Dakar, while the sucrose contents tend to provide a premium throughout. Further investigation shows that the local varieties, AW, Matam and Ndiassiw have higher sucrose contents than the other cowpea varieties.
The Flute in Death of a Salesman
Authors: Thomson Ian 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The role of the flute in Death of a Salesman has received much attention, and credible explanations of it have been proposed. But those explanations have not considered fully the musicological context of the flute and are therefore limited. It has not previously been recognized, for example, that Miller may have been aware that the flute seldom appears in art and literature connotation-free. This article considers the role of the flute afresh and casts new light on Miller's decision to insert it. This in turn provides a better understanding of Miller's knowledge and of the way in which he developed the play.
Miller, BPAT, and the Dynamics of East-West Collaboration
Authors: Qian Zhaoming 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhile the 2013 Arthur Miller Journal essay by Ou Rong and me focuses on Miller's collaboration with Ying Ruocheng alone, this essay explores Miller's collaboration with the entire Beijing People's Art Theatre cast and crew involved with the staging of Death of a Salesman in 1983. Through detailed analysis of overlooked materials it attempts to accentuate Miller's late-life East-West collaboration and renewal of theatrical innovation.
The Essence of Literature as the Symbol of Life Pain: Comparative Analysis of Travel Literature in Chinese
Authors: Zhu Shoutong 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Travel literature is a very important literary phenomenon in the history of both Chinese and world literatures. It is the literary prototype for the civilization of mankind. The most important tradition for travel literatures both in Chinese and in the world is the statement of life pain through literary creation. Travel literature has prototype meanings as well as long traditions in the value composition of Chinese literature or even entire Chinese culture. Travel literature in Chinese has richer cultural accumulation, and is easier to cast away from the influence and coverage of powerful foreign literature, from which to win its own independence. Although it is extremely convenient for residents in Hong Kong, Macau, and other Chinese communities in the world to travel, there have been no influential publications of travel literature until now. Such a crisis in travel literary writing has been caused by the fact that the writers in the Chinese language cannot know the key point of travel literature as the symbol of life pain.
The Construction of Korean Female Images in the Korean War Novels From an Orientalist Perspective
Authors: Piao Yuming 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The Korean female images as prostitutes, bar girls, refugees, and victims of sexual violence are often found in both American novels and Korean novels of the Korean War. This essay tries to analyze how the exotic portrayals and images are constructed in American novels in accordance with Western indigenous culture and the general conception of Eastern inferiority in comparison to the superiority of Western civilization. With the pervasiveness of ethnocentrism, the Korean female images are portrayed as the Other and exotica of the East. Consequently, what they suffered in the calamity of war has been erased. However, similar female images that appeared in the Korean novels of the Korean War are far more complicated. They are relegated to a peripheral status in the national calamities wrought by the war. They are constructed within the frame of the absence of men's support in families, extreme poverty, and the legitimization of prostitution and breakdown of traditional Korean society and culture. In a word, the construction of these Korean female images conveys strong cultural and historical influences.
Wishes and worries of haemophilia patients
Authors: Lechner Herbert , Schleiermacher Anja , Berger Karin , Schopohl Dorothee , Schramm Wolfgang 
Published: April 2017

SummaryHaemophilia care in Germany has achieved a high level and enables the majority of patients to lead a largely normal life. The Bluter Betreuung Bayern e.V. (BBB) aims to improve health care and support for haemophilia patients. A questionnaire has been developed by BBB representatives to evaluate unmet medical needs from the patient perspective. It was sent to 290 haemophilia patients and/or their parents in Bavaria in November 2015. The response rate was 51.4 %: 66 children aged < 15 years (66.7 % severe), 30 patients 15–24 years (66.7 % severe), 26 patients 25–44 years (80.8 % severe), 24 patients > 44 years (95.8 % severe). Prophylactic therapy in patients with severe haemophilia aged < 25 and ≥ 25 years is given “always” in ≥ 80 % and > 60 %, respectively. Substitution therapy is mostly uncomplicated. Satisfaction with medical care is high. Chronic pain is a problem with increasing age. Patients aged 25–44 years worry least regarding future health, safety and availability of factor products, patients > 44 years most. Overall, 80–100 % of the patients from all age groups are interested in information on the current state of science. Offers of the BBB for psychosocial support in addition to the medical care seem to be helpful and needed in all age groups.
ALKYLATION OF TRIETHYL ESTER OF PHOSPHONOACETIC ACID AND DIETHOXYCYANOMETHYLPHOSPHONATE WITH HALOIDACETALS AND PRODUCTS OF THEIR TRANSFORMATION
Authors: Ismailov Valekh M. , Yusubov Niftaly N. , Sadykhova Nurlana D. , Ibragimova Gezal G. , Mamedov Iskander A. 
Published: April 2017

The method was developed for synthesis of hard-to-reach phosphorylated aldehides with hidden carbonyl group. As compounds with active methylene group triethyl ethers of phosfonacetic acid and diethoxycianomethyl phosfonate were used at the condensation with bromo- and chloroacetals to produce the corresponding acetals. It was found that in the mentioned phosphonates the alkylation by haloid acetal occurs exceptionally on the carbon atom of active methylene group, not touching the nitrile and ester groups. The hydrolysis of obtained phosphorylated acetals led to preparation of phosphorylated aldehydes. It was found that an application of chlorinated acetals led to decreasing the yield of final products. On the basis of obtained aldehydes the corresponding hydrozones were prepared. The latter in the course of reaction undergoes the conversion occurring on the nitrile and ester groups. The high reaction activity of synthesized phosphorylated acetals was used in the further synthesis of different kind of phosphoroganic compounds. The reaction of phosphorylated aldehydes with hydrazine led to obtaining the nitrogen and phosphor containing organic compounds. The structures of synthesized compounds were studied and proved by IR and NMR spectroscopy methods. Forcitation: Ismailov V.M., Yusubov N.N., Sadykhova N.D., Ibragimova G.G., Mamedov I.A. Alkylation of triethyl ester of phosphonoacetic acid and diethoxycyanomethylphosphonate with haloidacetals and products of their transformation. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 2. P. 13-16.
STUDY OF POLYMER SYNTACTIC AND FOAM MATERIALS OF NEW GENERATION WITH IMPROVING OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
Authors: Chursova Larisa V. , Sokolov Igor I. , Lukina Anna I. 
Published: April 2017

The article deals with the creation of lightweight syntactic polymeric materials of new generation with the improved complex operational and special properties. The preparation of composition and technology polymeric syntactic foam based on cyanat resin having the higher operational and special properties, compared by analog material, was shown. The production of such material has the different steps: the synthesis of cyanat resin with request rheological properties; blending the cyanat resin with glass microsphere for prepare the material with request homogenous properties; the prepare of roll syntactic polymeric materials having the thickness 2 mm. For preparing the material with request thickness we used the calendric technology; cutting the roll spheroplastic material on sample workpeace; the molding of spheroplastic. The application spheroplastic can significantly increase both absolute and specific characteristics of multilayer structures compared to design with cell. Also, the preparation of polymeric phenolic foam, based on phenolic resin, modified by rubber, having close-cell structure and higher operational properties, was shown. For foaming process the foam obtained semifinished product are not prefabricated as individual pellets or crushed powder as generally accepted in the preparation of foams brand FC, and rolled in the form of solid sheets, the total mass chosen with a given density of the obtained foam. The resulting foam originally monolithic semi eliminated the possibility of forming foam at foaming various small areas between individual pellets (or powder particles). Thereby, it reduces the overall porosity in the resulting foam. It was found that resole resins (containing novolac oligomer) poor fit together with a nitrile rubber. In addition, a combination of product of nitrile rubber with phenol resoles SF-3021K and with a novolac resin in all investigated ratios doesn’t allow to obtain high quality foam structure having a density less than 150 kg / m3. Only by combining a mixture of nitrile rubber and oligomeric compositions (resole (SF-342A) with novolak (SF-010), it is possible to obtain foams with a density from 80 to 150 kg / m3. For citation:Chursova L.V., Sokolov I.I., Lukina A.I. Study of polymer syntactic and foam materials of new generation with improving operational characteristics. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N2. P. 67-73.
Le ministère des Affaires culturelles sous Jean-Noël Tremblay : turbulences et réalisations (1966 –1970)
Authors: Harvey Fernand 
Published: April 2017

Cet article s’inscrit dans la suite des recherches de l’auteur sur l’histoire des politiques culturelles du Québec. Les années 1966-1970, ici considérées, correspondent à une période passablement agitée de l’histoire du Québec sur le plan politique, constitutionnel, social, culturel et linguistique. Le ministère des Affaires culturelles et son titulaire, Jean-Noël Tremblay, doivent faire face à des défis nouveaux : la présence concurrente de plus en plus marquée du gouvernement fédéral et de ses politiques culturelles, les exigences d’un milieu culturel et artistique en pleine croissance, les inquiétudes formulées par les intellectuels quant à l’avenir de la culture québécoise. Pour répondre à ces défis, l’action politique du ministère met l’accent sur la préservation du patrimoine, la promotion de l’activité culturelle en région – hors Montréal et Québec - et l’appui à la culture d’élite, notamment en soutenant la musique et le théâtre. Mais l’absence d’une vision d’ensemble de la culture a empêché le Ministère d’intégrer la culture de masse et l’audiovisuel dans ses politiques.
La traite des pelletries aux XVIIe et XVIIIe siècles
Authors: Delâge Denys 
Published: April 2017

La traite a mis en présence des partenaires issus de deux civilisations. Dans un contexte de mutuelle dépendance, les adaptations et les inventions furent multiples : logique de l’échange, du don et du contredon, logique de l’économie de marché, transformation des mécanismes de la dette, apprentissage graduel et réciproque des règles de l’Autre, métissage biologique et culturel, réinterprétations culturelles, émergence d’un nouveau peuple, les Métis. Néanmoins, lentement, graduellement, une économie de marché s’est imposée, un pouvoir politique colonial s’est infiltré. « Le Castor fait tout », même les empires coloniaux. Graduellement les rapports à la nature ont changé, la surchasse a fait reculer les animaux et de manière emblématique, le castor qui vint près de disparaître du continent vers 1930.
Expanding on the relationship between continuing current and in‐cloud leader growth
Authors: Lapierre Jeff L. , Sonnenfeld Richard G. , Stock Michael , Krehbiel Paul R. , Edens Harald E. , Jensen Daniel 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhen lightning connects to the ground, there is a large surge of current, called the return stroke, which is occasionally followed by a longer‐lasting steady current, called continuing current (CC). In a previous study of negative cloud‐to‐ground (−CG) flashes, we observed the growth rate of in‐cloud positive leaders in an attempt to identify occurrences of CC. However, there was no observed change in positive leader growth rate during CC of negative CG flashes. In this study, we use the Langmuir Electric Field Array, Lightning Mapping Array, and Flash‐Continuous Broadband Digital Interferometer data to extend the previous study to the growth of the negative leader during positive CG flashes. We have found that in contrast with previous results, negative leader growth during positive CG flashes does show increases in growth rates coincident with CC. Finally, we find that the growth rate magnitudes for positive and negative leaders are typically ∼2–4 km/10 ms and ∼25–40 km/10 ms, respectively. These contrasting results highlight the differences between positive and negative leaders and provide strong evidence as to why −CC and +CC behave differently. Negative leaders inject higher amounts of current and allow the channel to remain conductive throughout the duration of CC. Whereas for positive leaders, the channel becomes nonconductive relatively quickly. It is therefore disconnected from the channel to the ground, and, due to the positive leader's continued growth, an electric potential is built up until a K event is produced that re‐ionizes the channel.
Nitrate reduction mechanisms and rates in an unconfined eogenetic karst aquifer in two sites with different redox potential
Authors: Henson W. R. , Huang L. , Graham W. D. , Ogram A. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis study integrates push‐pull tracer tests (PPTT) with microbial characterization of extracted water via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and reverse transcriptase qPCR (RT‐qPCR) of selected functional N transformation genes to quantify nitrate reduction mechanisms and rates in sites with different redox potential in a karst aquifer. PPTT treatments with nitrate (AN) and nitrate‐fumarate (ANC) were executed in two wells representing anoxic and oxic geochemical end‐members. Oxic aquifer zero‐order nitrate loss rates (mmol L−1 h−1) were similar for AN and ANC treatment, ranging from 0.03 ± 0.01 to 0.05 ± 0.01. Anoxic aquifer zero‐order nitrate loss rates ranged from 0.03 ± 0.02 (AN) to 0.13 ± 0.02 (ANC). Microbial characterization indicates mechanisms influencing these rates were dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA) at the anoxic site with AN treatment, assimilatory reduction of nitrate to ammonium (ANRA) with ANC treatment in the water column at both sites, and additional documented nitrate reduction that occurred in unsampled biofilms. With carbon treatment, total numbers of microbes (16S rRNA genes) significantly increased (fourteenfold to thirtyfold), supporting stimulated growth with resulting ANRA. Decreased DNRA gene concentrations (nrfA DNA) and increased DNRA activity ratio (nrfA‐cDNA/DNA) supported the assertion that DNRA occurred in the anoxic zone with AN and ANC treatment. Furthermore, decreased DNRA gene copy numbers at the anoxic site with ANC treatment suggests that DNRA microbes in the anoxic site are chemolithoautotrophic. Increased RT‐qPCR denitrification gene expression (nirK and nirS) was not observed in water samples, supporting that any observed NO3‐N loss due to denitrification may be occurring in unsampled microbial biofilms.