bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of methods for estimating the uncertainty of value at risk
Authors: Gamba-Santamaria Santiago , Jaulin-Mendez Oscar Fernando , Melo-Velandia Luis Fernando , Quicazán-Moreno Carlos Andrés 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Value at risk (VaR) is a market risk measure widely used by risk managers and market regulatory authorities, and various methods are proposed in the literature for its estimation. However, limited studies discuss its distribution or its confidence intervals. The purpose of this paper is to compare different techniques for computing such intervals to identify the scenarios under which such confidence interval techniques perform properly.

Design/methodology/approach
The methods that are included in the comparison are based on asymptotic normality, extreme value theory and subsample bootstrap. The evaluation is done by computing the coverage rates for each method through Monte Carlo simulations under certain scenarios. The scenarios consider different persistence degrees in mean and variance, sample sizes, VaR probability levels, confidence levels of the intervals and distributions of the standardized errors. Additionally, an empirical application for the stock market index returns of G7 countries is presented.

Findings
The simulation exercises show that the methods that were considered in the study are only valid for high quantiles. In particular, in terms of coverage rates, there is a good performance for VaR(99 per cent) and bad performance for VaR(95 per cent) and VaR(90 per cent). The results are confirmed by an empirical application for the stock market index returns of G7 countries.

Practical implications
The findings of the study suggest that the methods that were considered to estimate VaR confidence interval are appropriated when considering high quantiles such as VaR(99 per cent). However, using these methods for smaller quantiles, such as VaR(95 per cent) and VaR(90 per cent), is not recommended.

Originality/value
This study is the first one, as far as it is known, to identify the scenarios under which the methods for estimating the VaR confidence intervals perform properly. The findings are supported by simulation and empirical exercises.
On the non-neutrality of the financing policy and the capital regulation of banking firms
Authors: Masera Rainer , Mazzoni Giancarlo 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The paper aims to investigate whether the value of banks is affected by their financing policies. Higher capital requirements have been invoked by exploiting a renewed edition of the Modigliani–Miller (M&M) theorem. This paper shows the limits of this claim by highlighting that the general statement that “bank equity is not expensive” can be misleading. The authors argue that market prices should play an important role in bank supervision. Expectations of future profits in prices supply timely information on the viability of a bank.

Design/methodology/approach
The authors use the Merton model to show the inapplicability of M&M theorem to banks. The long-run viability of a bank is analyzed with a dividend discount model which allows to compare a bank’s long-term profitability with its overall cost of capital implicit in market prices.

Findings
The authors show that the M&M framework cannot be applied to banks neither ex-ante nor ex-post. Ex-ante the authors focus on government guarantees, ex-post they emphasize the risk-shifting phenomena that may increase the overall risk of the bank. The authors show that a bank’s stability cannot be achieved if the market expectations of its future profits stay below the cost of funding.

Research limitations/implications
The authors use simple analytical models. In a future study, some key peculiarities of banks, such as the monetary nature of deposits, should be analytically modelled.

Practical implications
The paper contributes to the debate on capital regulation on the level of capital requirements and the instruments to assess the viability/stability of banks.

Originality/value
This paper uses simple models to assess analytically the key issues in the debate on banks’ capital regulation.
Risk tolerance and rationality in the case of retirement savings
Authors: Tavor Tchai , Garyn-Tal Sharon 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This research aims to examine the decision-making process involved in saving for retirement and compare it with decision-making processes regarding other financial products (such as loans and savings plans) as well as real products (such as a car or a home).

Design/methodology/approach
This research is based on the distribution of 107 questionnaires. The questionnaire is composed of two parts: questions examining and focusing on the individual’s decision-making process and questions regarding socioeconomic factors. The average level of risk tolerance is calculated for each respondent with respect to the first four chapters. (These chapters include buying a car or a home, opening a savings plan and taking a loan). Afterward, the consistency (rationality) of the respondents is examined with regard to their decision-making concerning retirement savings plans. Then, an econometric model is used to further test the consistency of the respondents.

Findings
The results suggest that the level of risk tolerance associated with a retirement savings plan is consistent with that associated with the other financial products, but not with the real products. Majority of the respondents demonstrate high risk tolerance with respect to retirement savings, and their decision-making process is similar to a random thinking process. The level of deliberation and information-gathering regarding retirement savings is the lowest when compared with the other financial and real products examined in this paper. Majority of the respondents are less risk-tolerant toward the other financial and real products.

Originality/value
In this research, the authors examine how different individuals with different characteristics get different decisions about their personal retirement savings. The authors also examine these decisions’ deviation from the rational model, and compare it with decision-making processes regarding other financial products as well as real products.
Design and manufacture of TNT explosives detector sensors based on CNTFET
Authors: Masoumi Saeid , Hajghassem Hassan , Erfanian Alireza , Molaei Rad Ahmad 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
Miniaturized smart sensors that can perform sensitive and selective real-time monitoring of target analytes are tremendously valuable for various sensing applications. So, the purpose of this paper is to provide details of sensors based on selective nanocoatings by combining trinitrotoluene (TNT) receptors bound to conjugated polydiacetylene (PDA) polymers with single-walled carbon nanotube field-effect transistors (CNTFETs) for detecting explosives TNT.

Design/methodology/approach
Following an introduction, this paper describes the way of creating an FET with CNTs, which are functionalized by the peptide based on TNT molecule recognition elements and PDA, to offer a system which has the capability of answering the presence of related target molecules (TNT). Finally, brief conclusions are drawn.

Findings
Single-wall nanotubes and reduced graphene oxide are interesting materials for creating biosensors of FETs at nanoscale because of unique electrical, mechanical, geometrical and biocompatible properties. Therefore, this sensor is designed and manufactured, and the results of applying TNT to sensor show good sensitivity and selectivity response.

Originality/value
In this timeframe of history, sensors based on CNTFET are required for different uses, including clinical diagnosis technologies, environmental tests and bioterrorism recognition technologies, that correspond to the military conflicts and terrorism. So, CNTFET sensor design provides real-time detection of TNT explosives.
Flexible pressure sensor with a “V-type” array microelectrode on a grating PDMS substrate
Authors: Cui Jianli , Duan Junping , Zhang Binzhen , Nan Xueli 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to provide a fabrication and measurement of a highly stretchable pressure sensor with a “V-type” array microelectrode on a grating PDMS substrate.

Design/methodology/approach
First, the “V-type” array structure on the silicon wafer was fabricated by the MEMS technology, and the fabrication process included ultra-violet lithography and silicon etching. The “V-type” array structure on the master mold was then replicated into polycarbonate, which served as an intermediate, negative mold, using a conventional nanoimprint lithography technique. The negative mold was subsequently used in the PDMS molding process to produce PDMS “V-type” array structures with the same structures as the master mold. An Ag film was coated on the PDMS “V-type” array structure surface by the magnetron sputtering process to obtain PDMS “V-type” array microelectrodes. Finally, a PDMS prepolymer was prepared using a Sylgard184 curing agent with a weight ratio of a 20:1 and applied to the cavity at the middle of the two-layer PDMS “V-type” array microelectrode template to complete hot-press bonding, and a pressure sensor was realized.

Findings
The experimental results showed that the PDMS “V-type” array microelectrode has high stretchability of 65 per cent, temperature stability of 0.0248, humidity stability of 0.000204, bending stability and cycle stability. Capacitive pressure sensors with a “V-type” array microelectrode exhibit ideal initial capacitance (111.45 pF), good pressure sensitivity of 0.1143 MPa-1 (0-0.35 Mpa), fast response and relaxation times (<200 ms), high bending stability, high temperature/humidity stability and high cycle stability.

Originality/value
The PDMS “V-type” array structure microelectrode can be used to fabricate pressure sensors and is highly flexible, crack-free and durable.
Study on magnetohydrodynamics angular rate sensor under non-uniform magnetic field
Authors: Ji Yue , Li Xingfei , Wu Tengfei , Chen Cheng , Yang Ying 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
The evaluations of the magnetohydrodynamics angular rate sensor (MHD ARS) in its applications necessitate further improvements in the sensor’s dynamic measurement ability. The magnetic field of the MHD ARS is a key factor in the sensor’s modeling and error analysis. The aim of this study is to illustrate the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field on the sensor.

Design/methodology/approach
Numerical simulation is made using ANSYS FLUNET with the magnetic field calculated by 3D-Magnetostatic. The comparison of the simulation results between uniform and non-uniform magnetic fields is made to reveal and explain the effects of magnetic field inhomogeneity (MFI) on the flow and electric field in detail. Two different structures with different MFIs are designed to confirm the MFI effect on the sensor’s output in simulation and experiment. A cross-correlation experiment and an adaptive filter are carried out to extract the signal to identify the error of the sensor output caused by MFI.

Findings
The MFI effect on the flow field in MHD ARS is found to be insignificant, while its effect on the electric potential is considerable. The comparisons between two kinds of MHD ARS in numerical simulation and experiment show that the MFI effect on the sensor error can be identified by fitting the sensor output. The deviation is mainly generated at the peaks and valleys of an angular vibration.

Originality/value
The study of the MHD ARS under the influence of a non-uniform magnetic field can offer an understanding of the MFI effect on the sensor and an evaluation method of the sensor error caused by the MFI effect.
A novel method of studying the micro-contact using surface acoustic wave sensor
Authors: Yang Jian , Chen Hejuan 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to investigate the response behavior of the surface acoustic wave (SAW) sensor under the loading of micro-particles and to evaluate the feasibility of using the SAW sensor to study the micro-contact of the particle–plane interface.

Design/methodology/approach
An analytical perturbation theory of the coupled system of particle and SAW is presented. It shows that in the weak-coupling regime, the SAW sensor detects the coupling stiffness rather than the additional mass of the particle at the interface. The frequency perturbation formula expressed in parameters of the geometry and mechanical properties of the contact is further derived. The frequency shift of a 262-MHz Rayleigh-type SAW in the oscillation configuration under the loading of multiple starch particles of different sizes has been measured.

Findings
The experiment results of a linear relationship between the frequency increase and the sum of the radius of particles to the power of 2/3 verified the validity of the theory of linking the SAW response to the geometry and mechanical properties of the contact.

Originality/value
The SAW sensor could serve as a new candidate for studying the details of mechanical properties of the micro-contact of the interface.
Microbial eukaryote communities exhibit robust biogeographical patterns along a gradient of Patagonian and Antarctic lakes
Authors: Schiaffino M. Romina , Lara Enrique , Fernández Leonardo D. , Balagué Vanessa , Singer David , Seppey Christophe C. W. , Massana Ramon , Izaguirre Irina 
Published: October 2016

SummaryMicrobial eukaryotes play important roles in aquatic ecosystem functioning. Unravelling their distribution patterns and biogeography provides important baseline information to infer the underlying mechanisms that regulate the biodiversity and complexity of ecosystems. We studied the distribution patterns and factors driving diversity gradients in microeukaryote communities (total, abundant, uncommon and rare community composition) along a latitudinal gradient of lakes distributed from Argentinean Patagonia to Maritime Antarctica using both denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and high‐throughput sequencing (Illumina HiSeq). DGGE and abundant Illumina operational taxonomic units (OTUs) showed both decreasing richness with latitude and significant differences between Patagonian and Antarctic lakes communities. In contrast, total richness did not change significantly across the latitudinal gradient, although evenness and diversity indices were significantly higher in Patagonian lakes. Beta‐diversity was characterized by a high species turnover, influenced by both environmental and geographical descriptors, although this pattern faded in the rare community. Our results suggest the co‐existence of a ‘core biosphere’ containing reduced number of abundant/dominant OTUs on which classical ecological rules apply, together with a much larger seedbank of rare OTUs driven by stochastic and reduced dispersal processes. These findings shed new light on the biogeographical patterns and forces structuring inland microeukaryote composition across broad spatial scales.
Cornwall's Devolution Deal: Towards a More Sustainable Governance?
Authors: Willett Joanie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article considers the devolution deal signed by Cornwall and the Isles of Scilly in the summer of 2015. It asks if the deal constitutes a more sustainable approach to governance, concluding that while there are some factors that help to enhance sustainability, other areas urgently require more attention. These claims are made through an analysis of a model of sustainability which emphasises the importance of networks and feedback loops envisaging civil society as an adaptive organism. This helps to show that although power is significantly dispersed in some aspects of the ‘Cornwall Deal’, this latter does little to alter the highly centralised nature of governance across England, or provide spaces where local actors can feed back into central policy.
Effect of extrusion conditions and storage temperature on texture, colour and acidity of butter
Authors: Kashaninejad Morteza , Razavi Seyed M A , Mazaheri Tehrani Mostafa , Kashaninejad Mahdi 
Published: October 2016

The effect of extruder shear rate (500, 750, 1125, 1500 and 1750/s), feed temperature (5, 7, 10, 13 and 15 °C) and storage temperature (5, 7, 10, 13 and 15 °C) on the acid value, colour (L*, a* and b*values) and texture (hardness and adhesiveness) of organic butter was examined. The optimised conditions in terms of extruder shear rate, feed temperature and storage temperature were 1345/s, 13 °C and 7 °C, respectively. At the optimised conditions; the predicted responses were determined as hardness 42.5 g/cm, work softening 67.2%, adhesiveness 42.5 gf/cm, acid value 3.4 mg KOH/kg and L* value 99.57.
Spontaneous haemoperitoneum in pregnancy and endometriosis: a case series
Authors: Lier MCI , Malik RF , van Waesberghe JHTM , Maas JW , van Rumpt–van de Geest DA , Coppus SF , Berger JP , van Rijn BB , Janssen PF , de Boer MA , de Vries JIP , Jansen FW , Brosens IA , Lambalk CB , Mijatovic V 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo report pregnancy outcomes of SHiP (spontaneous haemoperitoneum in pregnancy) and the association with endometriosis.DesignRetrospective case note review.SettingDutch referral hospitals for endometriosis.SampleEleven women presenting with 15 events of SHiP.MethodsIn collaboration with the Dutch Working Group on Endometriosis, unpublished cases of SHiP that occurred in the Netherlands between 2010 and 2015 were retrieved.Main outcome measuresMaternal and perinatal mortality and morbidity.ResultsSHiP occurred predominantly in the second and third trimester of pregnancy. The earliest and major presenting symptom was an acute onset of abdominal pain, often combined with low haemoglobin levels or signs of fetal distress. Imaging was a diagnostic tool when free peritoneal fluid could be observed. For surgical treatment of the bleeding site, a midline laparotomy was mostly needed, the median estimated amount of blood loss was 2000 mL. No fetomaternal or perinatal mortality was reported, despite a high rate of preterm births (54.5%). In all women, endometriosis was diagnosed at a certain moment in time and therefore was probably involved in the pathogenesis of SHiP. Four women showed recurrence of SHiP. In one of these cases the second event of SHiP occurred in a subsequent pregnancy.ConclusionPregnancy outcomes of SHiP are improving when compared with previous reports, with absent fetomaternal and perinatal mortality in this recent series. Growing knowledge and adequate multidisciplinary intervention may have contributed to these favourable results. Increasing awareness of this serious complication of pregnancy is advocated, especially in women diagnosed with endometriosis.Tweetable abstractGrowing awareness of SHiP is advocated, especially in women diagnosed with endometriosis.
Fluorescence Imaging of Posterior Spiracles from Second and Third Instars of Forensically Important Chrysomya rufifacies (Diptera: Calliphoridae),
Authors: Flores Danielle , Miller Amy L. , Showman Angelique , Tobita Caitlyn , Shimoda Lori M. N. , Sung Carl , Stokes Alexander J. , Tomberlin Jeffrey K. , Carter David O. , Turner Helen 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEntomological protocols for aging blowfly (Diptera: Calliphoridae) larvae to estimate the time of colonization (TOC) are commonly used to assist in death investigations. While the methodologies for analyzing fly larvae differ, most rely on light microscopy, genetic analysis, or, more rarely, electron microscopy. This pilot study sought to improve resolution of larval stage in the forensically important blowfly Chrysomya rufifacies using high‐content fluorescence microscopy and biochemical measures of developmental marker proteins. We established fixation and mounting protocols, defined a set of measurable morphometric criteria and captured developmental transitions of 2nd instar to 3rd instar using both fluorescence microscopy and anti‐ecdysone receptor Western blot analysis. The data show that these instars can be distinguished on the basis of robust, nonbleaching, autofluorescence of larval posterior spiracles. High‐content imaging techniques using confocal microscopy, combined with morphometric and biochemical techniques, may therefore aid forensic entomologists in estimating TOC.
The VHOT (Vindaloo Hastens Outpouring of Troponins) Study
Authors: Tankel Alan S , Nagree Yusuf , Jones Peter , Mountain David , Macdonald Stephen PJ , Hill Paul , Than Martin 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundMultiple cardiac and non‐cardiac processes may cause an elevated highly sensitive troponin (hsTn). We postulated that the consumption of a seriously hot vindaloo could cause an increase in hsTn levels in seemingly healthy volunteers.ObjectiveTo determine whether eating a very hot curry can cause elevated hsTn.MethodsThis was a prospective observational cohort study. Participants had blood drawn for hsTn pre‐ingestion and at 2 and 4 h post‐ingestion of, first, a rather mild butter chicken and, 2 weeks later, a seriously hot lamb vindaloo. We assessed pre‐curry tolerance and perception of curry hotness for both curries using the VHOT scale.ResultsAlthough no participant had a troponin above the reference range at any point in time, we found dramatic relative increases in troponin in many of our participants. In the vindaloo phase, 8/22 (36%) had a relative change >20%, whereas 5/22 (23%) had a relative change >50% at 4 h. However, these changes were not significantly different to those in the butter chicken phase. Based on biological variability alone, 15/22 (68%) had a relative change of >20%, and 11/22 (50%) had a relative change of >50% between the two sessions (pre‐ingestion).ConclusionsEating a seriously hot vindaloo does not appear to be a risk factor for troponitis, and people may consume vindaloo safely with the knowledge that this is unlikely to result in significant damage to their myocardium. However, clinicians should be aware of the biological variability of hsTn and exercise caution when interpreting apparent changes within the normal range.
Alcohol intoxication in non‐motorised road trauma
Authors: Mitra Biswadev , Charters Kate E , Spencer John C , Fitzgerald Mark C , Cameron Peter A 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the proportion of non‐motorised road users involved in road traffic crashes that presents to hospital intoxicated.MethodsWe undertook a retrospective cohort study using data collected from the Alfred Trauma Registry. All patients presenting to an adult major trauma centre in Victoria, Australia from July 2009 to June 2014 who were involved in a road traffic crash as a non‐motorised road user – pedestrians, pedal‐cyclists, non‐motorised scooter users, horse riders – were included. Patients who had a blood alcohol measurement were included, and intoxication was defined as a blood alcohol concentration ≥0.05 g/100 mL.ResultsThere were 1323 patients included for analysis with data on presenting blood alcohol concentration. Alcohol was detected in 248 (18.7%; 95%CI: 16.7–20.9) patients, whereas 211 (15.9%; 95%CI: 14.1–18.0) were intoxicated. Among all included pedestrians, 161 (24.7%) were intoxicated; among all included pedal‐cyclists, 47 (7.3%) were intoxicated. Intoxicated patients were significantly younger, and a higher proportion were males and more likely to present after hours and on public holidays (P < 0.01). Survival to hospital discharge and inpatient rehabilitation requirements were similar among intoxicated and non‐intoxicated patients.ConclusionsIntoxication was common among non‐motorised road users, and the proportion of intoxicated patients in this subgroup appears unchanged over time despite public awareness programmes. The true burden of intoxication in non‐motorised road users remains unknown because of a lack of routine testing. Legislation directed at testing for intoxication of non‐motorised users and introduction of penalties should be considered to improve safety of all road users.