bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Astronomical component estimation (ACE v.1) by time-variant sinusoidal
modeling
Authors: Sinnesael Matthias , Zivanovic Miroslav , De Vleeschouwer David , Claeys Philippe , Schoukens Johan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Accurately deciphering periodic variations in paleoclimate proxy signals is essential for cyclostratigraphy. Classical spectral analysis often relies on methods based on (fast) Fourier transformation. This technique has no unique solution separating variations in amplitude and frequency. This characteristic can make it difficult to correctly interpret a proxy's power spectrum or to accurately evaluate simultaneous changes in amplitude and frequency in evolutionary analyses. This drawback is circumvented by using a polynomial approach to estimate instantaneous amplitude and frequency in orbital components. This approach was proven useful to characterize audio signals (music and speech), which are non-stationary in nature. Paleoclimate proxy signals and audio signals share similar dynamics; the only difference is the frequency relationship between the different components. A harmonic-frequency relationship exists in audio signals, whereas this relation is non-harmonic in paleoclimate signals. However, this difference is irrelevant for the problem of separating simultaneous changes in amplitude and frequency. Using an approach with overlapping analysis frames, the model (Astronomical Component Estimation, version 1: ACE v.1) captures time variations of an orbital component by modulating a stationary sinusoid centered at its mean frequency, with a single polynomial. Hence, the parameters that determine the model are the mean frequency of the orbital component and the polynomial coefficients. The first parameter depends on geologic interpretations, whereas the latter are estimated by means of linear least-squares. As output, the model provides the orbital component waveform, either in the depth or time domain. Uncertainty analyses of the model estimates are performed using Monte Carlo simulations. Furthermore, it allows for a unique decomposition of the signal into its instantaneous amplitude and frequency. Frequency modulation patterns reconstruct changes in accumulation rate, whereas amplitude modulation identifies eccentricity-modulated precession. The functioning of the time-variant sinusoidal model is illustrated and validated using a synthetic insolation signal. The new modeling approach is tested on two case studies: (1) a Pliocene–Pleistocene benthic δ18O record from Ocean Drilling Program (ODP) Site 846 and (2) a Danian magnetic susceptibility record from the Contessa Highway section, Gubbio, Italy.
Parameter sensitivity and uncertainty analysis for a storm surge and wave
model
Authors: Bastidas Luis A. , Knighton James , Kline Shaun W. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Development and simulation of synthetic hurricane tracks is a common methodology used to estimate hurricane hazards in the absence of empirical coastal surge and wave observations. Such methods typically rely on numerical models to translate stochastically generated hurricane wind and pressure forcing into coastal surge and wave estimates. The model output uncertainty associated with selection of appropriate model parameters must therefore be addressed. The computational overburden of probabilistic surge hazard estimates is exacerbated by the high dimensionality of numerical surge and wave models. We present a model parameter sensitivity analysis of the Delft3D model for the simulation of hazards posed by Hurricane Bob (1991) utilizing three theoretical wind distributions (NWS23, modified Rankine, and Holland). The sensitive model parameters (of 11 total considered) include wind drag, the depth-induced breaking γB, and the bottom roughness. Several parameters show no sensitivity (threshold depth, eddy viscosity, wave triad parameters, and depth-induced breaking αB) and can therefore be excluded to reduce the computational overburden of probabilistic surge hazard estimates. The sensitive model parameters also demonstrate a large number of interactions between parameters and a nonlinear model response. While model outputs showed sensitivity to several parameters, the ability of these parameters to act as tuning parameters for calibration is somewhat limited as proper model calibration is strongly reliant on accurate wind and pressure forcing data. A comparison of the model performance with forcings from the different wind models is also presented.
Effect of gas-transfer velocity parameterization choice on air–sea CO2
fluxes in the North Atlantic Ocean and the European Arctic
Authors: Wrobel Iwona , Piskozub Jacek 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The oceanic sink of carbon dioxide (CO2) is an important part of the global carbon budget. Understanding uncertainties in the calculation of this net flux into the ocean is crucial for climate research. One of the sources of the uncertainty within this calculation is the parameterization chosen for the CO2 gas-transfer velocity. We used a recently developed software toolbox, called the FluxEngine (Shutler et al., 2016), to estimate the monthly air–sea CO2 fluxes for the extratropical North Atlantic Ocean, including the European Arctic, and for the global ocean using several published quadratic and cubic wind speed parameterizations of the gas-transfer velocity. The aim of the study is to constrain the uncertainty caused by the choice of parameterization in the North Atlantic Ocean. This region is a large oceanic sink of CO2, and it is also a region characterized by strong winds, especially in winter but with good in situ data coverage. We show that the uncertainty in the parameterization is smaller in the North Atlantic Ocean and the Arctic than in the global ocean. It is as little as 5 % in the North Atlantic and 4 % in the European Arctic, in comparison to 9 % for the global ocean when restricted to parameterizations with quadratic wind dependence. This uncertainty becomes 46, 44, and 65 %, respectively, when all parameterizations are considered. We suggest that this smaller uncertainty (5 and 4 %) is caused by a combination of higher than global average wind speeds in the North Atlantic (> 7 ms−1) and lack of any seasonal changes in the direction of the flux direction within most of the region. We also compare the impact of using two different in situ pCO2 data sets (Takahashi et al. (2009) and Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) v1.5 and v2.0, for the flux calculation. The annual fluxes using the two data sets differ by 8 % in the North Atlantic and 19 % in the European Arctic. The seasonal fluxes in the Arctic computed from the two data sets disagree with each other possibly due to insufficient spatial and temporal data coverage, especially in winter.
Effects of bryophyte and lichen cover on permafrost soil temperature at large scale
Authors: Porada Philipp , Ekici Altug , Beer Christian 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Bryophyte and lichen cover on the forest floor at high latitudes exerts an insulating effect on the ground. In this way, the cover decreases mean annual soil temperature and can protect permafrost soil. Climate change, however, may change bryophyte and lichen cover, with effects on the permafrost state and related carbon balance. It is, therefore, crucial to predict how the bryophyte and lichen cover will react to environmental change at the global scale. To date, current global land surface models contain only empirical representations of the bryophyte and lichen cover, which makes it impractical to predict the future state and function of bryophytes and lichens. For this reason, we integrate a process-based model of bryophyte and lichen growth into the global land surface model JSBACH (Jena Scheme for Biosphere–Atmosphere Coupling in Hamburg). The model simulates bryophyte and lichen cover on upland sites. Wetlands are not included. We take into account the dynamic nature of the thermal properties of the bryophyte and lichen cover and their relation to environmental factors. Subsequently, we compare simulations with and without bryophyte and lichen cover to quantify the insulating effect of the organisms on the soil. We find an average cooling effect of the bryophyte and lichen cover of 2.7 K on temperature in the topsoil for the region north of 50° N under the current climate. Locally, a cooling of up to 5.7 K may be reached. Moreover, we show that using a simple, empirical representation of the bryophyte and lichen cover without dynamic properties only results in an average cooling of around 0.5 K. This suggests that (a) bryophytes and lichens have a significant impact on soil temperature in high-latitude ecosystems and (b) a process-based description of their thermal properties is necessary for a realistic representation of the cooling effect. The advanced land surface scheme, including a dynamic bryophyte and lichen model, will be the basis for an improved future projection of land–atmosphere heat and carbon exchange.
Cementless Hip Implants: An Expanding Choice
Authors: Giebaly Dia Eldean , Twaij Haider , Ibrahim Mazin , Haddad Fares S. 
Published: September 2016

Introduction Total hip replacement is a successful procedure with long survival records compared to other joint arthroplasties. Cemented implants have been available for many years, however the complications associated with loosening and, ultimately, failure over time has led to the development of cementless stems and implants. The ideal prosthesis should recreate a biomechanically normal hip joint, allow pain-free function and last the patient's life span without requiring revision. Optimal results with uncemented femoral stems rely on obtaining initial stability, osseointegration, biological fixation, and uniform stress transfer to the proximal bone. There are a multitude of factors that can affect the integration, stability and fixation of these stems into bone, and understanding these factors is the key to choosing the appropriate implant for a specific femur. Methods This article aims to discuss cementless prostheses based on evidence-based practice. Geometry, roughness, stem coating, technique and bone quality are among the factors discussed. This was achieved through a review of the current literature. Conclusions Uncemented femoral stems have shown good, long-term survivorship and functional outcome, with promising results in younger patients. Limitations in the current literature make it difficult to assess and compare different designs to determine optimal indications for each type. Biological fixation, in which the prosthesis is directly fixed to the bone, is the preferred fixation method. Future studies of cementless implants should consistently address patient age, activity level, bone type, and deformities so that more definitive conclusions can be drawn about when to use each design.
Primary Umbilical Endometriosis: Case Report
Authors: Calderón Juan Manuel , Fernández María Ximena , Ben Sebastián , Germano Gladis , Artucio Santiago 
Published: September 2016

Introduction Endometriosis is defined as the presence of endometrial tissue, including glands and stroma, located outside of the uterine cavity. Case Report We report the case of a 26-year-old patient who presents cyclical omphalorrhagia. Upon physical examination, a bluish nodule at the umbilical level and a tumor in the retro-cervical septum are found. Diagnosis is made of primary umbilical endometriosis (PUE) and deep endometriosis. Umbilical nodule resection and confirmatory diagnostic laparoscopy are performed, with good evolution afterwards. In relation to the pathophysiology of endometriosis, it is considered a chronic disease which includes genetic, epigenetic, inflammatory and hormone-dependent factors. As for PUE, vascular or lymphatic dissemination may explain the presence of umbilical implants. Another theory for this is coelomic metaplasia. Conclusions PUE is an extremely rare condition, with only 59 reported cases in the last 25 years. Its treatment of choice is surgical.
Going Dutch: A Model for Reconciling Animal Slaughter Reform With the Religious Freedom Restoration Act
Authors: Joseph Anna 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
New methods of brain analysis show that in remaining conscious after their necks are cut, animals suffer extreme agony. In the United States, the Humane Slaughter Act mandates that animals be stunned before being cut in order to avoid that suffering, yet Orthodox Judaism mandates that animals remain conscious throughout. The Netherlands requires that animals be stunned if they are still conscious 40 seconds after being cut, mediating religious and animal-rights interests. The United States should reexamine religious exemptions to humane slaughter laws given new brain analysis capabilities, and the Dutch government’s compromise could serve as a model.
On Imitating the Regimen of Immortality or Facing the Diet of Mortal Reality: A Brief History of Abstinence from Flesh-Eating in Christianity
Authors: Frayne Carl 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Abstinence from meat has been a subject of much controversy and friction from the dawn of Christian history. Relatively widespread in the early Church, it was praised when it formed part of a temporary ascetic fasting regimen, but condemned if it amounted to a permanent rejection of animal flesh, as it would be associated with heretical ideas found in various dissident groups, gnostic sects, and pagan philosophical schools. Nevertheless, several patristic authors put forth a number of compelling arguments in defense of a meatless diet, all of which would be revisited by future generations of Christian thinkers. Laying the emphasis upon the ethical incentives for abstaining from animal flesh, as well as upon enduring ambivalent attitudes toward vegetarian dietary practices, this article offers a brief overview of abstinence from meat throughout Christian history.
Assessment of Biomass Energy Sources in Electricity Generation Using Analytic Network Process Method
Authors: Safari Mojtaba , Joghataee Fatemeh , Afsari Mahtab 
Published: September 2016

The purpose of this Paper is to assess and select the preferable and optimum biomass energy source using Analytic Network Process (ANP) for making an efficient Policy in Iran electricity generation industry. There are four major biomass energy sources in Iran comprising agriculture and forest wastes, biodegradable municipal waste, animal manure, and Municipal and industrial wastewater. In this paper, we assess and compare these resources, systematically, based on different Criteria and Sub-criteria derived from literatures and expert’s views to choose the most preferable biomass source for producing required fuel for power plants. The required data will be gathered from experienced experts in Iran Renewable Energy Organization (SUNA). Results show that the criterion “economic and legal factors” has the highest importance (weight) among other identified criteria used in biomass source assessment. In addition, “biodegradable municipal waste” recognized as the most preferable biomass energy source for generating electricity in Iran power plants.
Developing a Novel Two-Dimensional Culture System to Enrich Human Prostate Luminal Progenitors that Can Function as a Cell of Origin for Prostate Cancer
Authors: Zhang Dingxiao , Lin Kevin , Lu Yue , Rycaj Kiera , Zhong Yi , Chao Hsueh-Ping , Calhoun-Davis Tammy , Shen Jianjun , Tang Dean G. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Elucidating the cell of origin of cancer has great significance in stratifying patients into appropriate treatment groups and for developing novel targeted therapies. Early studies demonstrate that only stem-like basal cells in the normal human prostate (NHP) can function as the cell of origin for prostate cancer (PCa). Here, we show that the organoids derived from bulk NHP luminal cells can also be tumorigenically transformed. We further show that the WIT medium, which is used to culture human mammary epithelial progenitor cells, when combined with the ROCK inhibitor, can readily propagate a population of progenitor-like cells from the primary NHP luminal cell isolates. Such functionally defined luminal progenitors can be transformed by distinct sets of genetic perturbations (i.e., AR+AKT/ERG or c-MYC+PTEN knockout) to form tumor glands. Genome-wide RNA-Seq analysis of freshly purified unperturbed human benign prostatic basal and luminal cells and culture-expanded lineage-specific stem/progenitor populations reveals that the luminal progenitors possess a distinct gene expression profile that is greatly enriched in advanced, castration-resistant, and metastatic PCa, and it associates with poor patient survival. The ability of the simple two-dimensional culture system reported herein to greatly enrich NHP progenitor-like cells should facilitate biological and biochemical studies as well as high-throughput screening in these cells and in progenitor-like PCa cells.
A oração desde o ser: ontologia da vida orante
Authors: Sanson Junior Jacir Silvio , Barreira Marcelo Martins 
Published: September 2016

Para ser concebida de maneira integral, é preciso endereçar uma crítica a regimes disciplinares que involucram a vida de oração a estratos de controle exteriores. Explorando uma intersecção entre Teologia Espiritual e Ontologia, correlacionamos as formas de oração, discriminadas por antigas fontes cristãs e o Catecismo da Igreja Católica, comas propriedades transcendentais do ser, segundo Regis Jolivet. Abre-se a perspectiva de uma ligação mais essencial da oração com o suposto natural das faculdades humanas, já não mais com um agir ético heterônomo ou uma deontologia dos costumes.
Distributions of hafnia and titania cores in EUV metal resists evaluated by scanning transmission electron microscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy
Authors: Toriumi Minoru , Sato Yuta , Koshino Masanori , Suenaga Kazu , Itani Toshiro 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The morphologies of hafnia (HfO
x
) and titania (TiO
x
) cores and their distributions in metal resists for EUV lithography were characterized at the atomic level by scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS). The HfO
x
cores show a higher affinity to organic components, such as methacrylic acid and benzoic acid, than the TiO
x
cores, and the same core–shell state as in a solution is almost completely maintained in the HfO
x
resist film. Furthermore, it was found that the surface modification of the TiO
x
cores by silylation is effective for preventing their aggregation and improves the postcoating delay (PCD) of the resist.
Enhancing Social Responsibility and Prosocial Leadership to Prevent Aggression, Peer Victimization, and Emotional Problems in Elementary School Children
Authors: Leadbeater Bonnie J. , Thompson Kara , Sukhawathanakul Paweena 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTesting the theories that form the basis of prevention programs can enhance our understanding of behavioral change and inform the development, coordination, and adaptation of prevention programs. However, theories of change showing the linkages from intervention program components to risk or protective factors to desired outcomes across time are rarely specified or tested. In this 2‐year longitudinal study, we test the theory that increases in two protective factors (i.e., children's prosocial leadership and their teachers’ expectations of social responsibility) targeted by the WITS Programs (Walk Away, Ignore, Talk it Out, and Seek Help) would be associated with declines in peer victimization, aggression, and emotional problems. Participants included Canadian students, in grades 1–4 at baseline (n = 1329) and their parents and teachers. Consistent with our theory of change, variability in program implementation (adherence and integration) and in children's use of program skills (child responsiveness) are related to increases in both protective factors. Increases in these protective factors are associated with subsequent declines in children's aggression, victimization, and emotional problems. We discuss how enhancement of these protective factors may operate to improve child outcomes and the need for theory‐based research to refine and improve the effectiveness of intervention strategies and to improve program scale‐up.
Investigation of inter‐relationship between tensile behavior and photocatalytic activity of an acrylic‐based composite upon UVA exposure
Authors: Dianatdar Afshin , Jamshidi Masoud 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThe aim of this work is to produce a photocatalytic pseudo‐paint for benzene removal from air and find the role of TiO2 nanoparticles, TiO2 pigment, and CaCO3 extender on photocatalytic performance of this paint along with their role on stress–strain behavior after ultraviolet (UV) exposure. For this purpose, TiO2 nanoparticles were dispersed into an indoor paint resin (i.e., copolymer acrylic–styrene). The impact of main components of the paint on photocatalytic oxidation (PCO) rate of benzene was studied. It was found that dispersion of nanoparticles had the most dramatic effect on photo activity of nanocomposite. TiO2 pigment generally increased PCO rate and also made the paint more stable under tensile stress. CaCO3 may increase and/or decrease PCO of benzene, whether there is pigment in the formulation or not. However, it does not generally contribute to making the formulation resistant to UV exposure. Nanoparticles bring PCO and mechanical strength into the paint, but fail to strengthen the composite against UV deterioration. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44447.
The effect of the incorporation of polystyrene‐based chain extenders on the properties of the shape memory polyurethanes
Authors: Martins Giuliano Siniscalchi , Pereira Iaci Miranda , Guerra Diniz Ana Eliza , Oréfice Rodrigo Lambert 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIn this work, the idea of modulating the shape memory properties of polyurethanes by changing their macromolecular architecture through the incorporation of polystyrene‐based moieties was investigated. To study these effects, poly(styrene‐co‐maleic anhydride) (SMA) was incorporated during the synthesis of PU as a potential chain extender. Two sample groups were produced: (i) PU, produced with hydrazine as a chain extender and (ii) PUSMA, produced with the addition of SMA instead of hydrazine. The results suggest that the SMA incorporation in the PUSMA chains occurred by the reaction between NCO groups of the PU and maleic anhydride (MA) of the SMA. The presence of SMA was useful in modulating the structure of PU by reducing the soft segment crystallinity and molar mass. These changes in the structure and macromolecular architecture due to the presence of SMA moieties in PU chains led to pronounced improvements in strength, toughness, and the shape recovery ratio. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44471.
Age dating of old field stars: Challenges from the uncertain efficiency of atomic diffusion
Authors: Salaris M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAge‐dating the Milky Way stellar populations plays a major role in studies of galaxy formation and evolution. Ages of old stars that represent the fossil record of the early stages of galaxy formation are particular important. Current spectroscopic surveys provide effective temperature, surface gravity and photospheric composition of large samples of Milky Way stars, and these data can be used to determine stellar ages by employing stellar evolution models. Here it is shown how current uncertainties on the efficiency of atomic diffusion in the interiors of low‐mass metal poor stars can affect the derived ages at the level of several 10 %. Asteroseismic constraints on the stellar masses can reduce these errors and in the limit of high accuracy can indirectly constrain the efficiency of diffusion in the interiors of these stars.