bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
East Asian Industrial Pioneers
Authors: Perkins Dwight H. , Tang John P. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The successful industrial growth spurts of Japan, South Korea, and Taiwan in the twentieth century shared many features, including an emphasis on manufacturing and export promotion, and newly established governments that actively supported structural change. Less obvious are the differences in their domestic institutions, external trade environments, geopolitical considerations, and strategies for continued growth. Japanese industrial growth began at the turn of the century, following the patterns set by the United Kingdom and the United States, while both South Korea and Taiwan emerged as major industrial countries only after the Second World War. Noted for the rapidity of their industrial growth performance, perhaps even more remarkable was how these were sustained given the experiences of their contemporaries in the industrial periphery.
From Artisanal Production to Machine Tools
Authors: Gupta Bishnupriya , Roy Tirthankar 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This chapter documents the decline and rise of industrial production in India. As the economy integrated into the British Empire’s global network, there was a rapid decline in artisanal and cottage industries in the nineteenth century and a rising share of commodity exports. However, modern industries also developed in cotton textiles, jute, and tea under the entrepreneurship of British and Indian interests and with little support from the state. After independence in 1947, India adopted the planned development of an industrial sector, by regulating foreign trade and investment. Initial attempts succeeded in building a large capital goods sector, but import substitution ran out of steam. Indian industries remained inefficient and failed to match East Asia’s successful entry to the world market in industrial goods. Re-integration into the global economy after 1980 led to efficiency gains, but rising growth in recent years has been led by the services rather than industry.
Industrial Growth in South America
Authors: Duran Xavier , Musacchio Aldo , Paolera Gerardo della 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This chapter uses new time series data to examine the industrialization in Argentina, Brazil, Chile, and Colombia since the early twentieth century. This allows the authors to uncover variation across countries and over time that the literature has overlooked. Rather than providing a single explanation of how specific shocks or policies shaped the industrialization of the region, their argument is that the timing of the industrial take-off was linked to initial conditions, while external shocks and macroeconomic and trade policy explain the variation in the rates of industrialization after the 1930s, and favourable terms of trade and liberalization explain de-industrialization after 1990.
Topological superconducting phases in one dimension
Authors: Oppen Felix von , Peng Yang , Pientka Falko 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
These lecture notes give a pedagogical account of the basic physics of Majorana bound states and the topological superconductors that host them. They introduce the basic concepts, as well as possible experimental realizations, emphasizing one-dimensional systems, on which much current experimental activity is focused. In these notes, simple arguments and explicit derivations illustrating the main points are preferred over theoretically more pleasing or general approaches.
The Rural Non-Farm Economy
Authors: Kinghan Christina , Newman Carol 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In Viet Nam, the diversification of household activities away from agriculture is a key characteristic of the country’s economic development. This chapter examines the extent of diversification among Vietnamese households, from agriculture into waged employment and entrepreneurship, and looks at whether this diversification is welfare enhancing. It then examines the factors determining the transition out of agriculture. Using four waves of the VARHS panel data, it finds that diversification is, on average, welfare enhancing, and that the most beneficial form of diversification is into household enterprises. The decision to diversify is primarily motivated by income, especially for those from low-income households.
Gender Inequality and the Empowerment of Women
Authors: Newman Carol 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines gender inequality and female empowerment in rural Viet Nam. Using an extensive panel dataset on 2,181 households, it examines how the welfare of women living in rural areas has evolved during a period of dramatic rural transformation, 2008–14. It finds that, while the economic situation of women has improved, significant gender disparities remain, particularly for female-headed households. Women continue to bear a greater burden of responsibility for income-generating activities within households. Evidence suggests, however, that women are more empowered in 2014 than in 2008, and that this is related to higher levels of household welfare more generally.
Entropy-based consensus clustering for patient stratification
Authors: Liu Hongfu , Zhao Rui , Fang Hongsheng , Cheng Feixiong , Fu Yun , Liu Yang-Yu 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Patient stratification or disease subtyping is crucial for precision medicine and personalized treatment of complex diseases. The increasing availability of high-throughput molecular data provides a great opportunity for patient stratification. Many clustering methods have been employed to tackle this problem in a purely data-driven manner. Yet, existing methods leveraging high-throughput molecular data often suffers from various limitations, e.g. noise, data heterogeneity, high dimensionality or poor interpretability.

Results
Here we introduced an Entropy-based Consensus Clustering (ECC) method that overcomes those limitations all together. Our ECC method employs an entropy-based utility function to fuse many basic partitions to a consensus one that agrees with the basic ones as much as possible. Maximizing the utility function in ECC has a much more meaningful interpretation than any other consensus clustering methods. Moreover, we exactly map the complex utility maximization problem to the classic K-means clustering problem, which can then be efficiently solved with linear time and space complexity. Our ECC method can also naturally integrate multiple molecular data types measured from the same set of subjects, and easily handle missing values without any imputation. We applied ECC to 110 synthetic and 48 real datasets, including 35 cancer gene expression benchmark datasets and 13 cancer types with four molecular data types from The Cancer Genome Atlas. We found that ECC shows superior performance against existing clustering methods. Our results clearly demonstrate the power of ECC in clinically relevant patient stratification.

Availability and implementation
The Matlab package is available at http://scholar.harvard.edu/yyl/ecc.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
TASIC: determining branching models from time series single cell data
Authors: Rashid Sabrina , Kotton Darrell N , Bar-Joseph Ziv 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Single cell RNA-Seq analysis holds great promise for elucidating the networks and pathways controlling cellular differentiation and disease. However, the analysis of time series single cell RNA-Seq data raises several new computational challenges. Cells at each time point are often sampled from a mixture of cell types, each of which may be a progenitor of one, or several, specific fates making it hard to determine which cells should be used to reconstruct temporal trajectories. In addition, cells, even from the same time point, may be unsynchronized making it hard to rely on the measured time for determining these trajectories.

Results
We present TASIC a new method for determining temporal trajectories, branching and cell assignments in single cell time series experiments. Unlike prior approaches TASIC uses on a probabilistic graphical model to integrate expression and time information making it more robust to noise and stochastic variations. Applying TASIC to in vitro myoblast differentiation and in-vivo lung development data we show that it accurately reconstructs developmental trajectories from single cell experiments. The reconstructed models enabled us to identify key genes involved in cell fate determination and to obtain new insights about a specific type of lung cells and its role in development.

Availability and Implementation
The TASIC software package is posted in the supporting website. The datasets used in the paper are publicly available.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Apheresis as novel treatment for refractory angina with raised lipoprotein(a): a randomized controlled cross-over trial
Authors: Khan Tina Z. , Hsu Li-Yueh , Arai Andrew E. , Rhodes Samantha , Pottle Alison , Wage Ricardo , Banya Winston , Gatehouse Peter D. , Giri Shivraman , Collins Peter , Pennell Dudley J. , Barbir Mahmoud 
Published: March 2017

Aims
To determine the clinical impact of lipoprotein apheresis in patients with refractory angina and raised lipoprotein(a) &gt; 500 mg/L on the primary end point of quantitative myocardial perfusion, as well as secondary end points including atheroma burden, exercise capacity, symptoms, and quality of life.

Methods
We conducted a single-blinded randomized controlled trial in 20 patients with refractory angina and raised lipoprotein(a) &gt; 500 mg/L, with 3 months of blinded weekly lipoprotein apheresis or sham, followed by crossover. The primary endpoint was change in quantitative myocardial perfusion reserve (MPR) assessed by cardiovascular magnetic resonance. Secondary endpoints included measures of atheroma burden, exercise capacity, symptoms and quality of life.

Results
The primary endpoint, namely MPR, increased following apheresis (0.47; 95% CI 0.31–0.63) compared with sham (−0.16; 95% CI − 0.33–0.02) yielding a net treatment increase of 0.63 (95% CI 0.37–0.89; P &lt; 0.001 between groups). Improvements with apheresis compared with sham also occurred in atherosclerotic burden as assessed by total carotid wall volume (P &lt; 0.001), exercise capacity by the 6 min walk test (P = 0.001), 4 of 5 domains of the Seattle angina questionnaire (all P &lt; 0.02) and quality of life physical component summary by the short form 36 survey (P = 0.001).

Conclusion
Lipoprotein apheresis may represent an effective novel treatment for patients with refractory angina and raised lipoprotein(a) improving myocardial perfusion, atheroma burden, exercise capacity and symptoms.
The Influence of Pelvic Incidence and Lumbar Lordosis Mismatch on Development of Symptomatic Adjacent Level Disease Following Single-Level Transforaminal Lumbar Interbody Fusion
Authors: Tempel Zachary J. , Gandhoke Gurpreet S. , Bolinger Bryan D. , Khattar Nicolas K. , Parry Philip V. , Chang Yue-Fang , Okonkwo David O. , Kanter Adam S. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Annual incidence of symptomatic adjacent level disease (ALD) following lumbar fusion surgery ranges from 0.6% to 3.9% per year. Sagittal malalignment may contribute to the development of ALD.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the relationship between pelvic incidence-lumbar lordosis (PI-LL) mismatch and the development of symptomatic ALD requiring revision surgery following single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion for degenerative lumbar spondylosis and/or low-grade spondylolisthesis.

METHODS: All patients who underwent a single-level transforaminal lumbar interbody fusion at either L4/5 or L5/S1 between July 2006 and December 2012 were analyzed for pre- and postoperative spinopelvic parameters. Using univariate and logistic regression analysis, we compared the spinopelvic parameters of those patients who required revision surgery against those patients who did not develop symptomatic ALD. We calculated the predictive value of PI-LL mismatch.

RESULTS: One hundred fifty-nine patients met the inclusion criteria. The results noted that, for a 1° increase in PI-LL mismatch (preop and postop), the odds of developing ALD requiring surgery increased by 1.3 and 1.4 fold, respectively, which were statistically significant increases. Based on our analysis, a PI-LL mismatch of >11° had a positive predictive value of 75% for the development of symptomatic ALD requiring revision surgery.

CONCLUSIONS: A high PI-LL mismatch is strongly associated with the development of symptomatic ALD requiring revision lumbar spine surgery. The development of ALD may represent a global disease process as opposed to a focal condition. Spine surgeons may wish to consider assessment of spinopelvic parameters in the evaluation of degenerative lumbar spine pathology.
Treatment of Unstable Versus Stable Slipped Capital Femoral Epiphysis Using the Modified Dunn Procedure
Authors: Davis Richard L. , Samora Walter P. , Persinger Freddie , Klingele Kevin E. 
Published: March 2017

Background:
The modified Dunn procedure (open subcapital realignment via a surgical dislocation approach) has been shown to be a safe and effective way of treating acute, unstable slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). There is a paucity of literature comparing the modified Dunn procedure in stable SCFE. The purpose of this study was to compare acute, unstable versus chronic, stable SCFE managed with the modified Dunn procedure.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was performed on 44 skeletally immature patients who underwent the modified Dunn procedure for SCFE. Patients were divided into stable or unstable based on clinical presentation and intraoperative findings. Demographics, radiographic measurements, and complications were recorded and compared. χ2 and t tests were used to compare variables.

Results:
In total, 31 consecutive hips (29 patients) with acute, unstable slips, and 17 consecutive hips (15 patients) with chronic, stable slips were reviewed. Average age was 12.5 and 13.8 years for acute and chronic, respectively (P=0.05). Mean follow-up was 27.9 months (unstable) and 35.5 months (stable). Average postoperative Southwick angle was 14.2 degrees; (unstable) and 25.3 degrees (stable) (P=0.001). Greater trochanteric height averaged 6.2 mm below the center of the femoral head in the acute group and 6.2 mm above center in the chronic group (P<0.001). Average femoral neck length measured 34.1 mm (unstable) and 27.1 mm (stable) (P<0.001). Two patients (6%) developed avascular necrosis (AVN) in the unstable group, with 5 patients (29.4%) in the stable group (P=0.027). All patients with hip instability (N=3) developed AVN.

Conclusions:
Although both acute, unstable and chronic, stable SCFE can be successfully treated with the modified Dunn procedure, the complication rate is statistically higher in patients with stable SCFE, specifically both AVN rate and postoperative instability. In addition, it is more difficult to establish normal anatomic indexes with regard to greater trochanteric height and femoral neck length. This procedure has great utility in the correction of the anatomic deformity associated with SCFE, but should be used with caution in patients with chronic, stable SCFE.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective review.
Patients Without Intraoperative Neuromonitoring (IONM) Alerts During VEPTR Implantation Did Not Sustain Neurological Injury During Subsequent Routine Expansions: A Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study
Authors: LaGreca Jaren , Flynn Tara , Cahill Patrick J. , Samdani Amer , Vitale Michael G. , El-Hawary Ron , Smith John T. , Phillips Jonathan H. , Flynn John M. , Glotzbecker Michael , Garg Sumeet 
Published: March 2017

Background:
The purpose of this study was to determine the rate of intraoperative neurological monitoring (IONM) alerts and neurological injury during vertical expandable prosthetic titanium rib (VEPTR) treatment and evaluate the utility of IONM during VEPTR expansion procedures in patients who have not previously had neurological injury or IONM alerts.

Methods:
After institutional review board approval, VEPTR procedures and IONM records were reviewed at 17 institutions for patients treated with VEPTR from 2005 to 2011. All consecutive cases in patients with minimum 2-year follow-up were included. Patients with prior history of growing rods or other invasive spine-based surgical treatment were excluded. Surgeries were categorized into implant, revision, expansion, and removal procedures. Cases with IONM alerts or neurological injury had additional detailed review. Descriptive statistics were used for data analysis.

Results:
In total, 2355 consecutive VEPTR procedures (352 patients) consisting of 299 implant, 377 revision, 1587 expansion, and 92 removal procedures were included. In total, 620 VEPTR procedures had IONM, and 539 of those had IONM records available for review. IONM alerts occurred in 9/539 procedures (1.7%): 3/192 implants (1.6%), 3/58 revisions (5.2%), and 3/258 expansions (1.2%). New neurological injury occurred in 3/2355 procedures (0.1%), 3/352 patients (0.9%). All 3 injuries were in implant procedures, only 1 had an IONM alert. All 3 had upper extremity motor deficits (1 had sensory deficit also). All had full recovery at 17, 30, and 124 days postinjury. One patient without prior neurological injury or IONM alert had an IONM alert during expansion that resolved after an increase in blood pressure. The remaining IONM alerts during expansions were all in children with prior IONM alerts during implant, revision, or exchange procedures.

Conclusions:
The highest rate of neurological injury in VEPTR surgery was found for implant procedures. There were no instances of neurological injury during VEPTR expansion, revision, or removal procedures. IONM did not identify new neurological injuries in patients undergoing VEPTR expansion who did not previously have a history of IONM signal change or neurologic injury.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—diagnostic study.
Race, Ethnicity, Health Insurance, and Mortality in Older Survivors of Critical Illness
Authors: Baldwin Matthew R. , Sell Jessica L. , Heyden Nina , Javaid Azka , Berlin David A. , Gonzalez Wendy C. , Bach Peter B. , Maurer Mathew S. , Lovasi Gina S. , Lederer David J. 
Published: March 2017

Objectives:
To determine whether minority race or ethnicity is associated with mortality and mediated by health insurance coverage among older (≥ 65 yr old) survivors of critical illness.

Design:
A retrospective cohort study.

Setting:
Two New York City academic medical centers.

Patients:
A total of 1,947 consecutive white (1,107), black (361), and Hispanic (479) older adults who had their first medical-ICU admission from 2006 through 2009 and survived to hospital discharge.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We obtained demographic, insurance, and clinical data from electronic health records, determined each patient’s neighborhood-level socioeconomic data from 2010 U.S. Census tract data, and determined death dates using the Social Security Death Index. Subjects had a mean (sd) age of 79 years (8.6 yr) and median (interquartile range) follow-up time of 1.6 years (0.4–3.0 yr). Blacks and Hispanics had similar mortality rates compared with whites (adjusted hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.76–1.11 and adjusted hazard ratio, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.76–1.12, respectively). Compared to those with commercial insurance and Medicare, higher mortality rates were observed for those with Medicare only (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.43; 95% CI, 1.03–1.98) and Medicaid (adjusted hazard ratio, 1.30; 95% CI, 1.10–1.52). Medicaid recipients who were the oldest ICU survivors (> 82 yr), survivors of mechanical ventilation, and discharged to skilled-care facilities had the highest mortality rates (p-for-interaction: 0.08, 0.03, and 0.17, respectively).

Conclusions:
Mortality after critical illness among older adults varies by insurance coverage but not by race or ethnicity. Those with federal or state insurance coverage only had higher mortality rates than those with additional commercial insurance.
Functionality of Patients 75 Years and Older Undergoing Mohs Micrographic Surgery: A Multicenter Study
Authors: Regula Christie G. , Alam Murad , Behshad Ramona , Glashofer Marc , Hanke C. William , Harmon Christopher , Johnson Ryan , Kent David , Lee Patrick , Lawrence Naomi 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND
Mohs surgery is indisputably a highly effective treatment for nonmelanoma skin cancers. In the current health care environment, physicians are challenged to provide high quality, efficacious care in a manner that is mindful of the patient's general health and well-being. We have used a functional assessment to evaluate older patients who present for Mohs surgery.

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study is to categorize the functional status, using the Karnofsky Performance Status (KPS) Scale, of patients 75 years and older undergoing Mohs surgery of a nonmelanoma skin cancer and to identify distinguishing characteristics of lower functioning patients.

METHODS
Patients 75 years and older undergoing Mohs surgery for nonmelanoma skin cancer at 8 separate geographically diverse sites were included. Patient and tumor characteristics were recorded. Physicians scored subjects on the KPS scale and administered a questionnaire to categorize the symptoms and impact of their skin cancer.

RESULTS
A total of 291 subjects completed the study. The average KPS score was 90.1. 93.1% of our subjects had a KPS score of ≥70. Subjects with a KPS score <70 were more likely to be older with larger symptomatic tumors.

CONCLUSION
The vast majority of patients 75 years and older undergoing Mohs surgery are highly functioning. Lower functioning patients are older with larger symptomatic tumors that negatively impact their lives.
The Clinical and Histological Effect of a Low-Fluence Q-Switched 1,064-nm Neodymium:Yttrium-Aluminum-Garnet Laser for the Treatment of Melasma and Solar Lentigenes in Asians: Prospective, Randomized, and Split-Face Comparative Study
Authors: Kaminaka Chikako , Furukawa Fukumi , Yamamoto Yuki 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUND
The low-fluence Q-switched 1,064-nm neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet laser (QSNYL) is popular for melasma treatment among Asians.

OBJECTIVE
This study was to evaluate the clinical and histological effects of the low-fluence QSNYL for treatment of melasma and solar lentigenes.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In this randomized split-face clinical study, 22 patients with melasma or solar lentigo received low-fluence QSNYL weekly for 10 sessions on one cheek. The treatment efficacy was determined by Mexameter skin colorimetry, physician and patient assessment, and by evaluating histological changes.

RESULTS
The treated sides had statistically significant reductions in the melanin and erythema indices (EI); 50.0% of melasma and 62.5% of solar lentigo patients had >50% clearance after the final treatment. The increased EI, vascularity, and mast cell activity in patients with melasma and large-sized solar lentigo showed no improvement. The recurrence rates were 16.7% and 12.7% for melasma and solar lentigo, respectively. Postinflammatory hyperpigmentation developed in 1 patient, but no serious side effects were noted.

CONCLUSION
Low-fluence QSNYL is effective in treating melasma and small type solar lentigo in Asians. The authors' study also demonstrated that lesion thickness, vascularity, and mast cell activity can be used to predict the efficacy of the treatment of these lesions.