bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
H ii REGION IONIZATION OF THE INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM: A CASE STUDY OF NGC 7538
Authors: Luisi Matteo , Anderson L. D. , Balser Dana S. , Bania T. M. , Wenger Trey V. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Using data from the Green Bank Telescope, we analyze the radio continuum (free–free) and radio recombination line (RRL) emission of the compact H ii region NGC 7538 (Sharpless 158). We detect extended radio continuum and hydrogen RRL emission beyond the photodissociation region (PDR) toward the north and east, but a sharp decrease in emission toward the south and west. This indicates that a non-uniform PDR morphology is affecting the amount of radiation “leaking” through the PDR. The strongest carbon RRL emission is found in the western PDR that appears to be dense. We compute a leaking fraction f

R
= 15 ± 5% of the radio continuum emission measured in the plane of the sky which represents a lower limit when accounting for the three-dimensional geometry of the region. We detect an average

abundance ratio by number of 0.088 ± 0.003 inside the H ii region and a decrease in this ratio with increasing distance from the region beyond the PDR. Using Herschel Space Observatory data, we show that small dust temperature enhancements to the north and east of NGC 7538 coincide with extended radio emission, but that the dust temperature enhancements are mostly contained within a second PDR to the east. Unlike the giant H ii region W43, the radiation leaking from NGC 7538 seems to only affect the local ambient medium. This suggests that giant H ii regions may have a large effect in maintaining the ionization of the interstellar medium.
UV SPECTROSCOPY OF STAR-GRAZING COMETS WITHIN THE 49 CETI DEBRIS DISK
Authors: Miles Brittany E. , Roberge Aki , Welsh Barry 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We present the analysis of time-variable Doppler-shifted absorption features in far-UV spectra of the unusual 49 Ceti debris disk. This nearly edge-on disk is one of the brightest known and is one of the very few containing detectable amounts of circumstellar (CS) gas as well as dust. In our two visits of Hubble Space Telescope STIS spectra, variable absorption features are seen on the wings of lines arising from Cii and Civ but not for any of the other CS absorption lines. Similar variable features have long been seen in spectra of the well-studied

Pictoris debris disk and attributed to the transits of star-grazing comets. We calculated the velocity ranges and apparent column densities of the 49 Cet variable gas, which appears to have been moving at velocities of tens to hundreds of km s−1 relative to the central star. The velocities in the redshifted variable event seen in the second visit show that the maximum distances of the infalling gas at the time of transit were about 0.05–0.2 au from the central star. A preliminary attempt at a composition analysis of the redshifted event suggests that the C/O ratio in the infalling gas is super-solar, as it is in the bulk of the stable disk gas.
CHEMICAL SIMULATIONS OF PREBIOTIC MOLECULES: INTERSTELLAR ETHANIMINE ISOMERS
Authors: Quan Donghui , Herbst Eric , Corby Joanna F. , Durr Allison , Hassel George 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
The E- and Z-isomers of ethanimine (CH3CHNH) were recently detected toward the star-forming region Sagittarius (Sgr) B2(N) using the Green Bank Telescope PRIMOS cm-wave spectral data, and imaged by the Australia Telescope Compact Array. Ethanimine is not reported in the hot cores of Sgr B2, but only in gas that absorbs at +64 and +82 km s−1 in the foreground of continuum emission generated by H ii regions. The ethanimine isomers can serve as precursors of the amino acid alanine and may play important roles in forming biological molecules in the interstellar medium. Here we present a study of the chemistry of ethanimine using a gas-grain simulation based on rate equations, with both isothermal and warm-up conditions. In addition, the density, kinetic temperature, and cosmic ray ionization rate have been varied. For a variety of physical conditions in the warm-up models for Sgr B2(N) and environs, the simulations show reasonable agreement with observationally obtained abundances. Isothermal models of translucent clouds along the same line of sight yield much lower abundances, so that ethanimine would be much more difficult to detect in these sources despite the fact that other complex molecules have been detected there.
FREQUENCY REDISTRIBUTION OF POLARIZED LIGHT IN THE Λ-TYPE MULTI-TERM POLARIZED ATOM
Authors: Casini R. , Sainz R. Manso 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We study the effects of Rayleigh and Raman scattering on the formation of polarized spectral lines in a Λ-type multi-term atom. We fully take into account the partial redistribution of frequency and the presence of atomic polarization in the lower states of the atomic model. Problems that can be modeled with this formalism include, for example, the formation of the Ca ii H–K and IR triplet, the analogous system of Ba ii, and the Lyβ–Hα system of hydrogenic ions.
PHOTOLYTIC HAZES IN THE ATMOSPHERE OF 51 ERI B
Authors: Zahnle K. , Marley M. S. , Morley C. V. , Moses J. I. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
We use a 1D model to address photochemistry and possible haze formation in the irradiated warm Jupiter, 51 Eridani b. The intended focus was to be carbon, but sulfur photochemistry turns out to be important. The case for organic photochemical hazes is intriguing but falls short of being compelling. If organic hazes form, they are likeliest to do so if vertical mixing in 51 Eri b is weaker than in Jupiter, and they would be found below the altitudes where methane and water are photolyzed. The more novel result is that photochemistry turns H2S into elemental sulfur, here treated as S8. In the cooler models, S8 is predicted to condense in optically thick clouds of solid sulfur particles, while in the warmer models S8 remains a vapor along with several other sulfur allotropes that are both visually striking and potentially observable. For 51 Eri b, the division between models with and without condensed sulfur is at an effective temperature of 700 K, which is within error its actual effective temperature; the local temperature where sulfur condenses is between 280 and 320 K. The sulfur photochemistry we have discussed is quite general and ought to be found in a wide variety of worlds over a broad temperature range, both colder and hotter than the 650–750 K range studied here, and we show that products of sulfur photochemistry will be nearly as abundant on planets where the UV irradiation is orders of magnitude weaker than it is on 51 Eri b.
THE IMPACT OF A SUPERNOVA REMNANT ON FAST RADIO BURSTS
Authors: Piro Anthony L. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
Fast radio bursts (FRBs) are millisecond bursts of radio radiation whose progenitors, so far, remain mysterious. Nevertheless, the timescales and energetics of these events have lead to many theories associating FRBs with young neutron stars (NSs). Motivated by this, I explore the interaction of FRBs with young supernova remnants (SNRs), and I discuss the potential observational consequences and constraints of such a scenario. As the supernova (SN) ejecta plows into the interstellar medium (ISM), a reverse shock is generated that passes back through the material and ionizes it. This leads to a dispersion measure (DM) associated with the SNR as well as a time derivative for DM. The times when DM is high are generally overshadowed by free–free absorption, which, depending on the mass of the ejecta and the density of the ISM, may be probed at frequencies of

400

MHz

–

1.4

GHz

on timescales of ∼100–500 years after the SN. Magnetic fields generated at the reverse shock may be high enough to explain Faraday rotation that has been measured for one FRB. If FRBs are powered by the spin energy of a young NS (rather than by magnetic energy), the NS must have a magnetic field

≲

10

11

–

10

12

G

to ensure that it does not spin down too quickly while the SNR is still optically thick at radio frequencies. In the future, once there are distance measurements to FRBs and their energetics are better understood, the spin of the NS can also be constrained.
INWARD MOTIONS IN THE OUTER SOLAR CORONA BETWEEN 7 AND 12 R⊙: EVIDENCE FOR WAVES OR MAGNETIC RECONNECTION JETS?
Authors: Tenerani Anna , Velli Marco , DeForest Craig 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACT
DeForest et al. used synoptic visible-light image sequences from the COR2 coronagraph on board the STEREO-A spacecraft to identify inbound wave motions in the outer corona beyond 7 solar radii and inferred, from the observation, that the Alfvén surface separating the magnetically dominated corona from the flow dominated wind must be located beyond at least 12 solar radii from the Sun over polar coronal holes and beyond 15 solar radii in the streamer belt. Here, we attempt identification of the observed inward signal by theoretically reconstructing height-speed diagrams and comparing them to the observed profiles. Interpretation in terms of Alfvén waves or Alfvénic turbulence appears to be ruled out by the fact that the observed signal shows a deceleration of inward motion when approaching the Sun. Fast magnetoacoustic waves are not directly ruled out in this way, as it is possible for inward waves observed in quadrature, but not propagating exactly radially, to suffer total reflection as the Alfvén speed rises close to the Sun. However, the reconstructed signal in the height-speed diagram has the wrong concavity. A final possibility is decelerating reconnection jets, most probably from component reconnection, in the accelerating wind: the profile in this case appears to match the observations very well. This interpretation does not alter the conclusion that the Alfvén surface must be at least 12 solar radii from the photosphere. Further observations should help constrain this process, never identified previously in this way, in the distance range from 7 to 12 solar radii.
Évaluer l’impact institutionnel dans les systèmes à niveaux multiples : Conceptualisation des effets de la décentralisation dans une approche comparative
Authors: Kuhlmann Sabine , Wayenberg Ellen 
Published: June 2016

La littérature comparée sur les réformes institutionnelles dans les systèmes à niveaux multiples s’appuie sur une tendance pour ainsi dire mondiale en faveur de la décentralisation des fonctions de l’État. On ne sait cependant que peu de choses au sujet de l’impact qu’a (eu) la décentralisation, notamment sur les gouvernements sous-centraux concernés. Quelles sont ses incidences sur les gouvernements régionaux et locaux ? Ces réformes ont-elles également des effets inattendus sur l’échelon sous-central et comment expliquer cela ? Le présent article vise à développer un cadre conceptuel afin d’évaluer les conséquences de la décentralisation sur l’échelon sous-central. Ce cadre a pour but de donner un aperçu des principaux modes et modèles de décentralisation et des hypothèses théoriques en ce qui concerne les effets de la décentralisation et de la recentralisation, ainsi que des approches internationales pertinentes destinées à évaluer et à comparer les réformes institutionnelles. Il propose par ailleurs un ensemble de recommandations analytiques et constitue un fondement structurel pour les différents articles par pays contenus dans ce numéro spécial. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Il est reconnu que les réformes en faveur de la décentralisation ont un rôle essentiel à jouer dans la réalisation de la « bonne gouvernance ». Pourtant, il y a aussi la tentation, dans le chef des gouvernements des États, de décharger de plus en plus de responsabilités en vue de surcharger les échelons locaux de l’État, ce qui peut se traduire par des écarts de performance de plus en plus grands entre les administrations locales infraétatiques. Dans ce contexte, notre article propose un cadre conceptuel permettant d’évaluer les conséquences des réformes dans une approche comparative. Ce cadre analytique pourra servir aux praticiens, afin de conforter leurs décisions à propos des nouvelles stratégies de décentralisation ou des adaptations nécessaires en ce qui concerne les mesures de réforme en cours.
La politique d’aménagement du territoire en Angleterre : nouveau management public, gouvernance en réseau ou post-démocratie ?
Authors: Laffin Martin 
Published: June 2016

Trois cadres (le nouveau management public, la gouvernance en réseau et la post-démocratie) sont appliqués pour identifier et expliquer la direction de l’évolution institutionnelle dans le domaine de l’aménagement du territoire en Angleterre. Nous nous appuyons sur ces cadres pour déterminer la mesure dans laquelle l’aménagement du territoire a été centralisé ou décentralisé ces vingt dernières années. Nous comparons le dernier gouvernement travailliste (1997-2010) au gouvernement de coalition dirigé par les conservateurs (2010-15). Les travaillistes ont introduit des politiques d’aménagement et un appareil administratif régional sous-jacent, que les conservateurs ont remplacés par un système d’aménagement « localiste » et des partenariats locaux avec les entreprises ( Local Enterprise Partnerships ) sous-régionaux. Nous verrons en conclusion que tant les travaillistes que la coalition conservatrice se sont lancés dans des politiques qui préconisaient une plus grande centralisation, mais que la centralisation a pris différentes formes, même si les deux partis ont refusé aux institutions infranationales les ressources politiques ou autres nécessaires pour s’opposer au gouvernement central de Westminster. Remarques à l’intention des praticiens Les principales perspectives analytiques en matière d’administration publique sont le nouveau management public et la gouvernance en réseau. Dans le présent article, nous proposons une troisième perspective (la post-démocratie) (Crouch 2004), qui n’est pas encore appliquée dans l’administration publique. Nous nous appuyons ici sur la post-démocratie pour considérer les ministres au gouvernement comme des « managers politiques-bureaucratiques », dont le but est de maintenir la compétitivité économique nationale et de mobiliser l’appui des électeurs par des moyens innovants compte tenu du déclin du parti politique traditionnel de masse. Par conséquent, les ministres s’en remettent de plus en plus aux intérêts privés et adoptent une politique populiste, qui s’oppose bien souvent aux intérêts bureaucratiques et professionnels établis au sein du gouvernement. Le présent article porte sur les implications de cette évolution politique dans le cas de l’aménagement du territoire en Angleterre.
Continuous performance improvement in the South African National Defence Force
Authors: Vermaak Jan I.C. , De W. Fourie Leon 
Published: June 2016

This article concentrates on the South African National Defence Force(SANDF), as a South African public sector department, its acceptance of the Batho Pele principles and the implementation of various organisational performance improvement programmes. However, despite accepting the principles and the programmes, it is uncertain whether the SANDF institutionalised them in order to effect continuous performance improvement.
Hidden benefits of public private partnerships: the case of water pressure management in Sebokeng
Authors: Mckenzie R. S. , Wegelin W. , Mohajaneand P. , Shabalala S. 
Published: June 2016

Many water distribution systems in South Africa are deteriorating due to many years of neglect resulting in a serious maintenance backlog. Recent government legislation has introduced free basic water to all South Africans up to a limit of 6 Kl/month per property which in turn causes certain confusion regarding payment among many residents. These key issues and others have led to serious problems with service delivery specifically in the low income areas where the maintenance has been neglected for more than 30 years in some cases. The potential for support from the Private Sector has beenhighlighted at the highest levels within government as a possible solution to addressing the existing backlogs despite the fact that there are relatively few successful projects to support this view.This paper presents the results after 30 months of operation of a small scale public private partnership in one of the largest low income areas in South Africa where the Sebokeng/Evaton Pressure Management Project was commissioned in July 2005. The savings both in terms of volume of water saved as well as financial savings to the municipality are impressive and exceed all initial expectations. The most interestinga1spect of the project, however, is not the savings achieved from the installation, but the numerous other additional benefits that have materialised which were not originally anticipated when the project was commissioned. Such benefits, include the identification of many network problems that had been undetected for more than 9 years as well the sudden interest in helping the residents by several government and semi-government organisations. These organisations were unable or unwilling to provide any support to the area prior to the successful Public Private Partnership. The project represents a significant advancement in Public-Private Partnerships (PPP’s)and clearly demonstrates that small scale Public Private Partnerships can be viable despite the general view that this type of project is confined to large scale initiatives due to the effort and expense in developing the PPP type of contract. The paper provides details of the processes involved in setting up and implementing such a project and highlights that the model used by the Project Team to address leakage in Sebokeng and Evaton can be adapted for use in other areas and other applications to improve service delivery throughout South Africa as well as elsewhere in the world where conditionspermit. The paper presents the results from the project after the first 30 months of operation and summarises some of the many additional benefits that have arisen from the project.
Unskilled blue collar workers: Bourgeois and/or authoritarian? Results from a small scale survey in Belgium
Authors: De Witte Hans 
Published: June 2016

In this article, two contrasting theories on the attitudes of unskilled blue collar workers are confronted: the ‘embourgeoisement’ thesis and the hypothesis of the ‘authoritarianism of the working class’. The ‘embourgeoisement’ thesis states that blue collar workersadopted the attitudes (and life style) of white collar workers, from whom they can no longer be distinguished. Lipset’s hypothesis of the ‘authoritarianism of the working class’, on the other hand, states that blue collar workers more strongly endorse a conservative attitude on socio-cultural matters and a progressive stand concerning socio-economic issues. Both hypotheses are tested using data from a small scale survey (N = 135) among unskilled blue collar workers and lower- and mid-level white collar workers from different large companies in the region of Leuven, Belgium. The results indicate that the interviewed unskilled blue collar workers still hold a set of attitudes that distinguishes them from the interviewed white collar workers. So, the ‘embourgeoisement’ thesis was refuted. Instead, the unskilled blue collar workers were more conservative on a socio-cultural level, and more progressive concerning socio-economic issues. These results are in line with Lipset’s ‘authoritarianism of the working class’ hypothesis.
The Gowe Irrigation co-operative society and its role in Sanyati (Zimbabwe), 1967-1969
Authors: Nyandoro Mark 
Published: June 2016

The paper focuses on the origins and development of agricultural co-operative societies in Zimbabwe since 1954 with particular reference to Gowe-Sanyati and evaluates their role in facilitating the channelling of production inputs to farmers and the marketing oftheir produce. It examines the criteria for eligibility to membership of such associations, namely who could belong and who could not, as well as their administrative structures and practices. In addition, the paper evaluates the societies’ impact on their members, on African development and on the national economy. In 1954 the Government of Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) began investigations on the needfor co-operative societies (co-ops) in order to promote African development through facilitating the acquisition of production inputs and the marketing of agricultural products. In 1956, the first co-operative society was established, while the main focus of thispaper’s interest, the Gowe Irrigation Co-operative Society of Sanyati in the northwestern part of the country, was established in 1967. Established by a government agency known as the Tribal Trust Land Development Corporation (TILCOR), now the Agricultural and Rural Development Authority (ARDA), the co-operative society flourished and became a model for the distribution of agricultural inputs and credit to African farmers. It collapsed in 1969 due to a number of factors, among them poor management andcorruption.
A cost-effectiveness analysis of options for reducing pollution in Khayelitsha township, South Africa
Authors: Muchapondwa E 
Published: June 2016

Average levels of PM10 pollutants in Khayelitsha, a poor informal settlement nears Cape Town, are unusually high. The contributory factors are the burning of household waste, wood and used tyres; vehicular emissions; and dust. This paper gives guidance towards selecting interventions for reducing these pollutants. The options include planting windbreak trees; paving roads and walkways; using cleaner sources of energy; and supplying additional refuse skips . Based on cos t data col lected from relevant municipal departments and service providers, over a 20-year planning horizon, the following are cost equivalents: planting between 419 and 936 windbreak trees; paving 6 685m2 of exposed areas ; replacing between 451 and 870 wood-fired meat traders’ braai (i.e. barbecue) sets with gas braais; and providing a 6m3 refuse skip. On the basis of cost-effectiveness in reducing PM10 pollutants, this paper ranks the interventions as follows: (1) providing gas braai sets; (2) planting windbreak trees; (3) paving exposed areas; and (4) providing the refuse skip. Thus, providing gas braai sets to the meat traders in Khayelitsha will significantly reduce PM10 levels, but will also contribute to the sustained livelihoods of some of the poor households. However, planting windbreak trees may nevertheless be undertaken because of this option’s linkage to climate change initiatives, which open up a wide range of potential funding opportunities.Keywords:air pollution, cost-effectiveness, Khayelitsha, PM1 0 , pollution controlDisciplines:Economics, Environmental studies, energy studies
Integrated co-operative governance in the context of sustainable development
Authors: Nealer Eric , Naude Marita 
Published: June 2016

The rapid global development is mostly economically driven and made up of complex country-specific problems. Although sustainable development (SD) is a well established concept and an urgent global challenge, differing levels of progress had been made in organisations, communities and countries. To facilitate consistency of understanding, the authors accept the definition of ‘sustainable development’ as including the economic, social and environmental dimensions. Furthermore, they argue that these dimensions are not functioning as separate silos but are interdependent and grounded in legislated governance frameworks from where co-operative governance (COG) realizes as an option to facilitate an integrated approach. The article discusses the challenges in the facilitation of COG and suggests practical guidelines for implementation to facilitate improved integration.Keywords:Sustainable development, governance, co-operative governance, integrated,organising, and communication. Disciplines:Public Administration, Public Management, Social Welfare, Environmental Management, Municipal public service delivery, Social Development, Organisational Behaviour, Co-operative Governance, Communication, Sustainable Development, Sustainable Organisational Development