bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Informal Sector: A Review and Agenda for Management Research
Authors: Darbi William Phanuel Kofi , Hall C. Michael , Knott Paul 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDespite its connotations of non‐compliance, illegality, social exploitation and marginality, the informal sector is a substantial contributor to economic life in developing countries and, increasingly, in more technologically advanced activities. Its prevalence in developed economies has also become more widely recognized. In light of its significance, this paper reviews research on the informal sector from a management and organization scholarship perspective, rather than from an entrepreneurship view, as has been the focus until now. It sets out the atypical management practices that are inherent in the sector, explores the under‐researched relationship between formal and informal firms, and highlights definitional, conceptual and other limitations in extant research. As a step in resolving these issues, the authors present a conceptual model of formality and informality in a three‐dimensional framework that highlights an organizational infrastructure dimension, a view of firms operating along a continuum, and a multi‐level analytical context. Building on this, the authors detail opportunities for enhanced appreciation of in situ management and organizational practices in the informal sector and outline tools for pursuing a management and organization scholarship agenda. Overall, the authors argue that management scholarship has great potential to improve understanding of the informal sector, and that the informal sector provides opportunities to advance management theory, research and practice.
What does mental health nursing contribute to improving the physical health of service users with severe mental illness? A thematic analysis
Authors: Gray Richard , Brown Eleanor 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAuthors have generally reported that mental health nurses (MHNs) have positive attitudes to providing physical health care to service users with severe mental illness. In the present study, we aimed to explore if this positive attitude translates to enhanced clinical practice by interviewing MHNs and the service users they work with. Semistructured interviews were completed with 15 service users and 18 MHNs from acute, rehabilitation, and community services. These were then transcribed and analysed using thematic analysis. Six themes emerged: (i) not the work of MHNs; (ii) the physical effects of psychiatric drugs are ignored; (iii) the need to upskill; (iv) keeping busy; (v) horrible hospital food/living on takeaways; and (vi) motivation to change. Our overarching meta‐theme was of unmet physical health need among service users.
Lived experience of working with female patients in a high‐secure mental health setting
Authors: Beryl Rachel , Davies Jason , Völlm Birgit 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWomen's secure hospitals are often considered to be stressful and demanding places to work, with these environments characterized as challenging and violent. However, the staff experience of working in this environment is not well represented in the literature. The present study is the first to examine the ‘lived experience’ of seven nurses working in the National High Secure Healthcare Service for Women. Interview transcripts were analysed with the use of interpretative phenomenological analysis, and the findings presented within four superordinate themes ‘horror’, ‘balancing acts’, ‘emotional hard labour’, and ‘the ward as a community’. These themes all depict the challenges that participants experience in their work, the ways in which they cope with these challenges, and how they make sense of these experiences. A meta‐theme of ‘making sense by understanding why’ is also presented, which represents the importance for participants to attempt to make sense of the tensions and challenges by formulating a fuller meaning. The findings suggest the importance of workforce development in terms of allowing sufficient protected time for reflection and formulation (e.g. within the format of group supervision or reflective practice), and for staff‐support mechanisms (e.g. clinical supervision, counselling, debriefs) to be inbuilt into the ethos of a service, so as to provide proactive support for staff ‘on the frontline’.
Forensic mental health clinician's experiences with and assessment of alliance regarding the patient's readiness to be released from mechanical restraint
Authors: Nielsen Lea Deichmann , Gildberg Frederik Alkier , Bech Per , Lange Dalgaard Jane , Munksgaard Gitte , Hounsgaard Lise 
Published: December 2016

AbstractOne of the main reasons for prolonged duration of mechanical restraint is patient behaviour in relation to the clinician‐patient alliance. This article reports on the forensic mental health clinicians experiences of the clinician‐patient alliance during mechanical restraint, and their assessment of parameters of alliance regarding the patient's readiness to be released from restraint. We used a qualitative, descriptive approach and conducted focus group interviews with nurses, nurse assistants and social and healthcare assistants. The results show that a pre‐established personal clinician‐patient alliance formed the basis for entering into, and weighing the quality of, the alliance during mechanical restraint. In consideration of the patient's psychiatric condition, the clinicians observed and assessed two quality parameters for the alliance: ‘the patient's insight into or understanding of present situation’ (e.g. the reasons for mechanical restraint and the behaviour required of the patient to discontinue restraint) and ‘the patient's ability to have good and stable contact and cooperation with and across clinicians. These assessments were included, as a total picture of the quality of the alliance with the patient', in the overall team assessment of the patient's readiness to be released from mechanical restraint. The results contribute to inform the development of a short‐term risk assessment instrument, with the aim of reducing the duration of mechanical restraint.
Concept analysis: lack of anonymity
Authors: Swan Marilyn A. , Hobbs Barbara B. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo re‐examine and expand understanding of the concept ‘lack of anonymity’ as a component of rural nursing theory.BackgroundEarly healthcare literature reports lack of anonymity as part of social and working environments, particularly rural nursing. Rural nursing theory included the first published concept analysis on lack of anonymity but lacked empirical referents. Workforce, societal and rural healthcare changes support an updated analysis. To further understand lack of anonymity, its present day use and applicability to diverse environments, research from multiple disciplines was reviewed.DesignConcept analysis.Data sourcesA literature search using eight terms in eleven databases was conducted of literature published between 2008–2013.MethodWalker and Avant's concept analysis methodology guided the analysis.ResultsThe previous concept analysis is supported in part by current literature. The defining attributes, ‘identifiable’, ‘establishing boundaries for public and private self and interconnectedness’ in a community were updated. Updated antecedents include: (i) environmental context; (ii) opportunities to become visible; (iii) developing relationships and (iv) unconscious or limited awareness of public or personal privacy. Consequences are: (i) familiarity; (ii) visibility; (iii) awareness of privacy and (iv) manage or balance of lack of anonymity. Cases were constructed and empirical referents identified.ConclusionThe concept of lack of anonymity was updated; portions of the original definition remain unchanged. Empirical referents reveal the defining attributes in daily life and may guide future research on the effect of lack of anonymity on nursing practice. This analysis advances the conceptual understanding of rural nursing theory.
Motives for choosing and resigning from nursing by men and the definition of masculinity: a qualitative study
Authors: Kluczyńska Urszula 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of the study is to establish the main motives for choosing nursing by men in Poland and the results for leaving the profession.BackgroundNursing is a profession less frequently chosen by men. On average, one person in ten working in nursing is a man, but in Poland this percentage is especially low, amounting to 1·8%.DesignQualitative research with a grounded theory approach.MethodIndividual semi‐structured interviews were used for data collection. The study included 17 licensed male nurses. Data were collected between January 2014–June 2015.ResultsThe study revealed the most common motives for choosing nursing as declared by men: vocation, interest in medicine, accident and pragmatic motivation. The men for whom hegemonic masculinity constitutes the point of reference more frequently emphasize their interest in medicine and the pragmatic reasons for choosing nursing; they also more frequently try to gain managerial positions and higher income. The most common reason for men leaving the nursing profession was low income.ConclusionsDespite the common stereotype, men also choose nursing because of vocation and/or their willingness to help others, but they more frequently declare that chance was the direct reason for their choice of nursing, which helps reduce the dissonance associated with choosing a non‐traditional male career path. Leaving the profession was associated with beliefs about its feminine dimension, but it seems that in Poland low income is a much more important reason for such a decision.
Kidney volume and ambulatory blood pressure in children
Authors: Gurusinghe Shari , Palvanov Arkadiy , Bittman Mark E. , Singer Pamela , Frank Rachel , Chorny Nataliya , Infante Lulette , Sethna Christine B. 
Published: December 2016

Low nephron number has been shown to be a risk factor for hypertension (HTN) in adulthood. Kidney volume may serve as a surrogate marker for nephron mass. The relationship between kidney volume and ambulatory blood pressure (BP) in the pediatric population is not known. A retrospective chart review of children younger than 21 years who were evaluated for HTN was performed. Twenty‐four‐hour BP and ultrasonography data were obtained. Multiple regression was used to examine associations between BP and kidney volume. Of 84 children (mean age 13.87 years, 72.6% males), 54 had HTN. Systolic BP index during the awake, sleep, and 24‐hour periods (all P≤.05) was found to be positively correlated with total kidney volume. Greater total kidney volume was found to be a positive predictor of 24‐hour and sleep systolic index (P≤.05). It failed to serve as a predictor of HTN, pre‐HTN, or white‐coat HTN. Contrary to expectation, total kidney volume was positively associated with systolic BP indices.
The subgingival microbiome, systemic inflammation and insulin resistance: The Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance Study
Authors: Demmer Ryan T. , Breskin Alexander , Rosenbaum Michael , Zuk Aleksandra , LeDuc Charles , Leibel Rudolph , Paster Bruce , Desvarieux Moïse , Jacobs David R. , Papapanou Panos N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundInflammation might link microbial exposures to insulin resistance. We investigated the cross‐sectional association between periodontal microbiota, inflammation and insulin resistance.MethodsThe Oral Infections, Glucose Intolerance and Insulin Resistance Study (ORIGINS) enrolled 152 diabetes‐free adults (77% female) aged 20–55 years (mean = 34 ± 10). Three hundred and four subgingival plaque samples were analysed using the Human Oral Microbe Identification Microarray to measure the relative abundances of 379 taxa. C‐reactive protein, interleukin‐6, tumour necrosis factor‐α and adiponectin were assessed from venous blood and their z‐scores were summed to create an inflammatory score (IS). Insulin resistance was defined via the HOMA‐IR. Associations between the microbiota and both inflammation and HOMA‐IR were explored using multivariable linear regressions; mediation analyses assessed the proportion of the association explained by inflammation.ResultsThe IS was inversely associated with Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria and positively associated with Firmicutes and TM7 (p‐values < 0.05). Proteobacteria levels were associated with insulin resistance (p < 0.05). Inflammation explained 30–98% of the observed associations between levels of Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria or Firmicutes and insulin resistance (p‐values < 0.05). Eighteen individual taxa were associated with inflammation (p < 0.05) and 22 with insulin resistance (p < 0.05). No findings for individual taxa met Bonferroni‐adjusted statistical significance.ConclusionBacterial measures were related to inflammation and insulin resistance among diabetes‐free adults.
Immediate versus delayed implant placement after anterior single tooth extraction: the timing randomized controlled clinical trial
Authors: Tonetti Maurizio S. , Cortellini Pierpaolo , Graziani Filippo , Cairo Francesco , Lang Niklaus P. , Abundo Roberto , Conforti Gian Paolo , Marquardt Siegfried , Rasperini Giulio , Silvestri Maurizio , Wallkamm Beat , Wetzel Anton 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo compare need for bone augmentation, surgical complications, periodontal, radiographic, aesthetic and patient reported outcomes in subjects receiving implant placement at the time of extraction (Immediate Implant) or 12 weeks thereafter.MethodsSubjects requiring single tooth extraction in the anterior and premolar areas were recruited in seven private practices. Implant position and choice of platform were restoratively driven. Measurements were performed by calibrated and masked examiners.ResultsIMI was unfeasible in 7.5% of cases. One hundred and 24 subjects were randomized. One implant was lost in the IMI group. IMI required bone augmentation in 72% of cases compared with 43.9% for delayed (p = 0.01), while wound failure occurred in 26.1% and 5.3% of cases, respectively (p = 0.02). At 1 year, IMI had deeper probing depths (4.1 ± 1.2 mm versus 3.3 ± 1.1 mm, p < 0.01). A trend for greater radiographic bone loss was observed at IMI over the initial 3‐year period (p‐trend < 0.01). Inadequate pink aesthetic scores were obtained in 19% of delayed and in 42% of IMI implant cases (p = 0.03). No differences in patient reported outcomes were observed.ConclusionsImmediate implant placement should not be recommended when aesthetics are important, IMI should be limited to selected cases. Longer follow‐up is needed to assess differences in complication rates.
Impact of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of cardiovascular events and all‐cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Takao Toshiko , Suka Machi , Yanagisawa Hiroyuki , Iwamoto Yasuhiko 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionWe evaluated the impact of postprandial hyperglycemia at clinic visits on the incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) and all‐cause mortality independently of mean glycosylated hemoglobin in type 2 diabetes patients in a real‐world setting.Materials and MethodsThe present retrospective observational cohort study included 646 type 2 diabetes patients. All of the participants had their initial consultations at the Institute for Diabetes Care and Research, Asahi Life Foundation affiliated Marunouchi Hospital, Tokyo, Japan, during the period from 1995 to 1996, visited the clinic ≥4 times, had their 2‐h post‐breakfast blood glucose (2h‐PBBG) levels measured and were followed up for ≥1 year. The 646 patients were followed up for survival. Of the 646 patients, 618 had no history of CVD at the first visit and had measured 2h‐PBBG until the first CVD onset or censorings. These two cohorts were followed up through June 2012, and subsequently questionnaires were mailed. Multivariate Cox proportional hazard models were used to evaluate the risk of CVD incidence and death.ResultsCVD occurred in 78 patients, and 56 patients died. The median follow‐up periods of the CVD cohort and the mortality cohort were 15.6 and 15.9 years, respectively. The mean 2h‐PBBG is a significant predictor of the CVD incidence and all‐cause mortality after adjusting for the mean glycosylated hemoglobin, the number of 2h‐PBBG measurements, age, sex and classical risk factors.ConclusionsPostprandial hyperglycemia represented by the mean level of 2h‐PBBG at clinic visits is associated with CVD incidence and all‐cause mortality independently of the mean glycosylated hemoglobin level in type 2 diabetes patients. Prospective interventional trials are warranted to confirm the present findings.
A systematic review on the role of imiquimod in lentigo maligna and lentigo maligna melanoma: need for standardization of treatment schedule and outcome measures
Authors: Tio D. , van der Woude J. , Prinsen C.A.C. , Jansma E.P. , Hoekzema R. , van Montfrans C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractLentigo maligna (LM) is an in situ variant of melanoma. Our objective was to systematically review clinical and histological clearance and recurrence rates of imiquimod treatment of LM with emphasis on progression to lentigo maligna melanoma (LMM). PubMed, EMBASE and the Cochrane library were searched from inception to May 2015. Articles were included if they described histologically proven LM treated with imiquimod 5% monotherapy or combined with another topical therapy. Analysed outcomes were clinical and histological clearance, recurrence rates and number of LMM. The quality was assessed using the GRADE‐like checklist, and results were reported according to the PRISMA Statement. Twenty‐six case reports, 11 retrospective studies, three prospective studies and one randomized controlled trial were included. One case report of poor quality was excluded. Complete clinical clearance was seen in 369 of 471 patients (78.3%). Histological clearance was present in 285 of 370 (77%) patients. LMM was diagnosed in nine (1.8%) patients 3.9 months (range 0–11 months) post‐treatment. Univariate multinominal logistic regression showed that 6–7 applications/week had a 6.47 greater odds (P = 0.017) of resulting in complete clinical clearance compared to 1–4 applications/week. An intensity of 6–7 applications/week showed a 8.85 greater odds (P = 0.003) of resulting in histological clearance compared to 1–4 applications. Applying imiquimod >60 times during a treatment period of 12 weeks (range 4–36) showed a 7.75 greater odds (P = 0.001) of resulting in histological clearance compared to <60 total applications. In conclusion, a treatment schedule using imiquimod 6–7 applications per week, with at least 60 applications, shows the greatest odds of complete clinical and histological clearance of LM. Imiquimod is an option for patients unfit for or not willing to undergo surgery or radiotherapy. Nine cases of LM progressed to LMM shortly after treatment. Our hypothesis is that these LMM may have been present before starting imiquimod.
The evolution of cooperation by negotiation in a noisy world
Authors: Ito K. , McNamara J. M. , Yamauchi A. , Higginson A. D. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractCooperative interactions among individuals are ubiquitous despite the possibility of exploitation by selfish free riders. One mechanism that may promote cooperation is ‘negotiation’: individuals altering their behaviour in response to the behaviour of others. Negotiating individuals decide their actions through a recursive process of reciprocal observation, thereby reducing the possibility of free riding. Evolutionary games with response rules have shown that infinitely many forms of the rule can be evolutionarily stable simultaneously, unless there is variation in individual quality. This potentially restricts the conditions under which negotiation could maintain cooperation. Organisms interact with one another in a noisy world in which cooperative effort and the assessment of effort may be subject to error. Here, we show that such noise can make the number of evolutionarily stable rules finite, even without quality variation, and so noise could help maintain cooperative behaviour. We show that the curvature of the benefit function is the key factor determining whether individuals invest more or less as their partner's investment increases, investing less when the benefit to investment has diminishing returns. If the benefits of low investment are very small then behavioural flexibility tends to promote cooperation, because negotiation enables cooperators to reach large benefits. Under some conditions, this leads to a repeating cycle in which cooperative behaviour rises and falls over time, which may explain between‐population differences in cooperative behaviour. In other conditions, negotiation leads to extremely high levels of cooperative behaviour, suggesting that behavioural flexibility could facilitate the evolution of eusociality in the absence of high relatedness.
Molecular Phylogeny of Paraphelidium letcheri sp. nov. (Aphelida, Opisthosporidia)
Authors: Karpov Sergey A. , Torruella Guifré , Moreira David , Mamkaeva Maria A. , López‐García Purificación 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAphelids remain poorly known parasitoids of algae and have recently raised considerable interest due to their phylogenetic position at the base of Holomycota. Together with Cryptomycota (Rozellosporidia) and Microsporidia, they have been recently re‐classified as the Opisthosporidia, which constitutes the sister group to the fungi within the Holomycota. Molecular environmental studies have revealed a huge diversity of aphelids, but only four genera have been described: Aphelidium, Amoeboaphelidium, Paraphelidium, and Pseudaphelidium. Here, we describe the life cycle of a new representative of Aphelida, Paraphelidium letcheri sp. nov., and provide the 18S rRNA gene sequence for this species. Molecular phylogenetic analysis indicates that P. letcheri is sister to Paraphelidium tribonemae and together they form a monophyletic cluster which is distantly related to both, Aphelidium, with flagellated zoospores, and Amoebaphelidium, with amoeboid zoospores.