bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host shifts enhance diversification of ectomycorrhizal fungi: diversification rate analysis of the ectomycorrhizal fungal generaStrobilomycesandAfroboletuswith an 80‐gene phylogeny
Authors: Sato Hirotoshi , Tanabe Akifumi S. , Toju Hirokazu 
Published: December 2016

SummaryMutualisms with new host lineages can provide symbionts with novel ecological opportunities to expand their geographical distribution, thereby leading to evolutionary diversification. Because ectomycorrhizal (ECM) fungi provide ideal opportunities to test the relationship between host shifts and diversification, we tested whether mutualism with new host lineages could increase the diversification rates ofECMfungi.Using a Bayesian tree inferred from 23 027‐base nucleotide sequences of 80 single‐copy genes, we tested whether the diversification rate had changed through host‐shift events in the monophyletic clade containing theECMfungal generaStrobilomycesandAfroboletus.The results indicated that these fungi were initially associated with Caesalpinioideae/Monotoideae in Africa, acquired associations with Dipterocarpoideae in tropical Asia, and then switched to Fagaceae/Pinaceae and Nothofagaceae/Eucalyptus. Fungal lineages associated with Fagaceae/Pinaceae were inferred to have approximately four‐fold and two‐fold greater diversification rates than those associated with Caesalpinioideae/Monotoideae and Dipterocarpoideae or Nothofagaceae/Eucalyptus, respectively. Moreover, the diversification rate shift was inferred to follow the host shift to Fagaceae/Pinaceae.Our study suggests that host‐shift events, particularly those occurring with respect to Fagaceae/Pinaceae, can provide ecological opportunities for the rapid diversification ofStrobilomyces–Afroboletus. Although further studies are needed for generalization, we propose a possible diversification scenario ofECMfungi.
Home visitation programs: an untapped opportunity for the delivery of early childhood obesity prevention
Authors: Salvy S.‐J. , de la Haye K. , Galama T. , Goran M. I. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundExtant obesity efforts have had limited impact among low‐income underserved children, in part because of limitations inherent to existing programs: (i) short duration and low intensity; (ii) late timing of implementation, when children are already overweight or obese; (iii) intervention delivery limiting their accessibility and sustainability; and (iv) failure to address barriers such as a lack of culturally competent services, poverty and housing instability, which interfere with healthy lifestyle changes.ObjectiveThis concept paper proposes an innovative model of obesity prevention implemented in infancy and sustained throughout early childhood to address the limitations of current obesity prevention efforts. Specifically, we propose to integrate sustained, weekly, in‐home obesity prevention as part of the services already delivered by ongoing Home Visitation Programs, which currently do not target obesity prevention.ConclusionThe home visiting structure represents an ideal model for impactful obesity prevention as home visitation programs: (i) already provide comprehensive services to diverse low‐income infants and families who are most at risk for obesity and poor health because of socio‐economic and structural conditions; (ii) services are initiated in infancy and sustained throughout critical developmental periods for the formation of healthy/unhealthy behaviors; and (iii) have been in place for more than 40 years, with a widespread presence across the United States and nationwide, which is critical for the scalability and sustainability of obesity prevention.
Four approaches to guide ecological restoration in Latin America
Authors: Meli Paula , Herrera Francisco F. , Melo Felipe , Pinto Severino , Aguirre Nicolay , Musálem Karim , Minaverry Clara , Ramírez Wilson , Brancalion Pedro H. S. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThere is strong upswing in conservation and restoration efforts in Latin America (LA), particularly in the recent decades after several countries have committed to international agreements such as the Aichi targets of the Convention on Biological Diversity, Initiative 20×20, and the Bonn Challenge. To fulfill these agreements, the practice of ecological restoration has to be defined based on ecological knowledge, but also on the specific social, economic, and legal aspects of each country in the region. Here, we give some examples about the national understanding of ecological restoration in 10 countries of LA. We identify difficulties and opportunities to define restoration priorities and needs, and discuss some approaches to cope with economic constraints and agreements, including the potential role of restoration networks in this process. On the basis of the socioecological complexity of these countries and the expectations they have in relation to restoration, we proposed four approaches to guide restoration practice and policy in the region: (1) including biodiversity and ecosystem services approach into ecosystem restoration initiatives; (2) promoting restoration in their frequently human‐modified landscapes; (3) accounting for cost–benefit trade‐offs; and (4) assembling “horizontal” communication frameworks. These approaches should be based at national levels, but adapted to local‐regional levels, in a bottom‐up perspective. We consider that national and international restoration networks in the region can help to overcome difficulties, fostering a solid scientific community, helping to develop national approaches that better match the specific conditions of each country and enhancing communication among different groups of stakeholders.
Testing Tropiduchini Stål 1866 (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) monophyly, a young inter‐tropical taxon of mainly insular species: taxonomy, distribution patterns and phylogeny, with the description of a new genus from Papua New Guinea
Authors: WANG RONG‐RONG , LI XIN‐YU , SZWEDO JACEK , STROIŃSKI ADAM , LIANG AI‐PING , BOURGOIN THIERRY 
Published: December 2016

AbstractA morphological phylogenetic analysis of the tribe Tropiduchini (Hemiptera: Tropiduchidae) is provided for 21 genera among the 26 recognized, including the new genus Oechalinella Wang gen.n., with a new species Oechalinella bifasciata Wang sp.n. Monophyly of the tribe is well supported by synapomorphies derived from the male genitalia. The strict consensus supports two subclades: ((Montrouzierana + Thymbra) + Thaumantia+) as sister to the clade (Leptovanua + (Vanua + Varma+) + Daradacella+). In the first subclade, the clade (Montrouzierana + Thymbra), distributed in New Caledonia and Papua New Guinea, is well supported by three synapomorphies based on the tegmina, while the Thaumantia+ group is characterized by the conformation of the anal tube and male gonostyli, and distributed from Malesia to Papuasia and in Central Africa. The second subclade is largely distributed from China to Malesia, Papuasia, Southwestern and the Northwestern Pacific islands. The position of the genus Leptovanua remains uncertain. The Varma+ clade is recovered in all analyses. Implied weighting analysis placed the Varma+ lineage as sister to all other genera forming a new group (Leptovanua+ + ((Montrouzierana + Thymbra) + Thaumantia+)). Fennah's definition of Tropiduchini is reviewed according to the phylogenetic results and an identification key to all genera is provided with a referenced synopsis of their distribution. Globally, Tropiduchini exhibits an inter‐tropical latitudinal distribution and a paradoxical bimodal longitudinal distribution pattern in continental Africa, South‐east Asia and the Pacific islands. Distribution data concern nearly 80% of insular taxa. The phylogenetical results suggest that: (i) the tribe originates from continental China; (ii) it evolved mainly from Papuasia by stepping‐stone colonization events, promoting subsequent insular speciation; and (iii) its evolution has mainly been directed by dispersion versus vicariance.
Usefulness of nucleic acid testing to reduce risk of hepatitis B virus transfusion‐transmitted infection in Argentina: high rate of recent infections
Authors: Blanco Sebastián , Balangero Marcos César , Valle Mildre Cledy , Montini Oscar Luis , Carrizo Luis Horacio , Gallego Sandra Verónica 
Published: December 2016

BACKGROUNDResults from 10‐year experience using nucleic acid test (NAT) screening in a blood bank of Córdoba are presented, showing the first data on prevalence of recent hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections and occult HBV infections (OBIs) in Argentina.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSMolecular screening was performed by COBAS AmpliScreen human immunodeficiency virus Type 1 (HIV‐1) test Version 1.5 and COBAS AmpliScreen hepatitis C virus (HCV) test Version 2.0 and COBAS TaqScreen MPX and MPX Version 2.0 test (Roche Molecular Systems). To characterize OBI, additional molecular and serologic assays were performed.RESULTSAs results of NAT, 0.075% of the donors (155/205,388) tested positive for HIV, 0.05% (106/205,388) for HCV, and 0.045% (76/168,215) for HBV. Donors who tested positive for HIV or HCV by NAT were also positive by serology. There was one of 33,643 donors recently infected with HBV. At time of donation, six of 76 (7.9%) donors with confirmed HBV infection presented virologic and serologic profiles consistent with OBI. By additional studies three were OBI, two were window period infections, and one remained unclassified.CONCLUSIONNAT contributed significantly to the reduction of the potential risk of HBV transmission with a frequency of one in 56,072, detecting three in 168,215 donors without serologic evidence of infection. NAT also detected three in 168,215 OBIs. The finding of high frequency of recent infections (1/33,643), unexpected for this country, highlights the need of promoting unified effective regulations that enforce the use of NAT in all blood banks in Argentina and points out the importance of assessing the risk of HBV transmission in blood banks of other countries considered to be low‐endemic.
Sylvatic Transmission ofTrypanosoma cruziAmong Domestic and Wildlife Reservoirs in Texas,USA: A Review of the Historical Literature
Authors: Gunter S. M. , Brown E. L. , Gorchakov R. , Murray K. O. , Garcia M. N. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryChagas disease (Trypanosoma cruziinfection) is one of the most important neglected tropical diseases affecting the Americas. The transmission dynamic of this parasite is a complicated process that involves three genera of Triatominae subfamily and over 100 known mammalian reservoirs composed of domestic, peridomestic and wildlife species. Understanding the complex relationship between vector species and mammalian hosts is important for preventing transmission to humans. We performed a historical literature review to assess the disease burden in the Texas wildlife and domestic animal population. Reports of sylvatic transmission in Texas date back to the 1940s. We found that up to 23 species can serve as reservoirs forT. cruziin the state with wood rats, raccoons, and wild and domestic canine species most frequently reported as positive for the parasite. We finish with a discussion of the current research gaps, implications for high‐risk populations and future directions for research.
Development of a Reference Part for the Evaluation of Economic and Ecological Impact of Future Process Chains in Mold Core Making
Authors: Kafara Markus , Westermann Hans-Henrik , Eisinger Eva , Steinhilper Rolf 
Published: December 2016

Driven by the high importance of resource efficiency the importance of lightweight construction rises across all industries. Due to their high lightweight construction potential, carbon fiber reinforced plastics (CFRP) are increasingly applied.
But CFRP manufacturing often is an expensive small-scale production where it is necessary to use removable mold cores to manufacture hollow parts. To improve the complex process of mold core making future process chains including additive manufacturing (i.e. 3D-printing) can be used.
This paper provides a proposal for a hollow CFRP reference part based on facts taken directly from the field of application. The reference part will allow the evaluation of economic and ecological impact of process chains in mold core making for the CFRP production. Therefore, representative parts from different industry sectors were selected and analytically examined regarding their geometrical features. Based on a scientific recomposition of these features the reference part was developed.
Development of an Integrated Simulation System for Design of Speech-Centric Multimodal Human-Machine Interfaces in an Automotive Cockpit Environment
Authors: Chen Yifan , Tonshal Basavaraj , Rankin James , Feng Fred 
Published: December 2016

In the past two decades, various CAE technologies and tools have been developed for design, development and specification of the graphical user interface (GUI) of consumer products both in and outside the automotive industry. The growing trend of deploying speech interfaces by automotive manufacturers and the resulting usage of speech requires that the work be extended to speech interface modeling — an area where both technologies and methodologies are lacking.
This paper presents our recent work aimed at developing a speech interface integrated with an existing GUI modeling system. A multi-contour seat was utilized as the testbed for the work. Our prototype allows one to adjust the multi-contour seat with a touchscreen GUI, a steering wheel mounted button coupled with an instrument cluster display, or a speech interface.
The speech interface modeling began with an initial language model, which was developed by interviewing both the experts and novice users. The interview yielded a base corpus and necessary linguistic information for an initial speech grammar model and dialog strategy. After the module was developed it was integrated into the exiting GUI modeling system, in a way that the human voice is treated as a standard input for the system, similar to a press on the touchscreen. The multimodal prototype was used for two customer clinics. In each clinic, we asked a subject to adjust the multi-contour seat using different modalities, including the touchscreen, steering wheel mounted buttons, and the speech interface. We collected both objective and subjective data, including task completion time and customer feedback. Based on the clinic results, we refined both the language model and dialogue strategy. Our work has proven effective for developing a speech-centric, multimodal human machine interface.
Meta-Modeling for Enhancing Design Optimization of Electric Motors
Authors: Ji Wei , Feng Xiaolong , Larsson Jonas , Stening Alexander , Gyllensten Freddy , Yang Hongliang 
Published: December 2016

In this work, meta-models for use in design optimization of low voltage motors are investigated. The idea is to develop an automated and efficient methodology for design optimization of a family of electric motors. A few widely adopted meta-modeling algorithms are examined with concerns of their accuracy and applicability for design optimization of the motors. Meta-model based optimization is conducted for a case of single motor with two objectives, and another case of a group of motors with shared design variables of cross-section dimensions and with an overall objective of total material cost. Meta-model based optimal designs are verified with that from real solver based optimization.
Computational expense for optimization simulations can be greatly reduced by using meta-models, especially for the family design case. Neural network models give the most satisfactory optimization result among all tested meta-models, in terms of accuracy and variety of the outcome designs in the objective space.
This work demonstrates great potential as well as challenge of meta-modeling technique for use in design optimization of industrial products and processes, where requirement on accuracy and reliability of the surrogate models being high.
Topology Optimization Under Linear Thermo-Elastic Buckling
Authors: Deng Shiguang , Suresh Krishnan 
Published: December 2016

This paper focuses on topology optimization of structures subject to a compressive load in a thermal environment. Such problems are important, for example, in aerospace, where structures are prone to thermally induced buckling.
Popular strategies for thermo-elastic topology optimization include Solid Isotropic Material with Penalization (SIMP) and Rational Approximation of Material Properties (RAMP). However, since both methods fundamentally rely on material parameterization, they are often challenged by: (1) pseudo buckling modes in low-density regions, and (2) ill-conditioned stiffness matrices.
To overcome these, we consider here an alternate level-set approach that relies discrete topological sensitivity. Buckling sensitivity analysis is carried out via direct and adjoint formulations. Augmented Lagrangian method is then used to solve a buckling constrained compliance minimization problem. Finally, 3D numerical experiments illustrate the efficiency of the proposed method.
Novel Monitoring Method of Hypoid Gear Meshing Based on Thermal Network Model and Infrared Thermography Imagery
Authors: Suzuki Mitsuhiko , Hirogaki Toshiki , Aoyama Eiichi 
Published: December 2016

Hypoid gears, used in automobile differentials, have a complex shape; thus, it is difficult to estimate tooth contact conditions. Therefore, a non-contact method of analysis is proposed for determining tooth contact conditions by using high-response thermography to analyze temperature distribution during meshing between the pinion and the gear. High-speed photography was performed using thermography and an extraction line was defined in the obtained thermal images to extract temperature data from them.
Furthermore, we constructed a novel model to predict tooth surface temperature distribution during tooth meshing based on a thermal network model that represents the thermal conductivity of an object by a simple RC circuit. In this report, by comparing the temperature changes obtained from the thermal images with the calculated results, we identify the thermal properties of a material from the thermal images, and discuss the effects of parameters such as heat capacity and thermal resistance. The comparison shows that infrared tooth surface imagery is effective in estimating hypoid gear tooth meshing. That is, by using infrared image and a thermal network model, heat conduction in a gear can be considered. It was confirmed that it is possible to predict temperature rise on tooth surfaces due to gear meshing.
A Decision Support Tool to Foster Sustainability in Industrial Context
Authors: Rossi Marta , Germani Michele , Marconi Marco 
Published: December 2016

In the last few years, the environmental problem has become a very serious issue and the research world has answered to this growing interest with the development of a high number of ecodesign methods and tools. However their use in real contexts is still quite low, due to their complexity, time consuming and need for specific knowledge. From this reason, it comes the need for tools that support designers in the implementation of ecodesign strategies.
This paper presents the Case Based Reasoning (CBR) methodology and tool, which represents the knowledge and the best practices for manufacturing products. It supports designers in the re-design process of products, by allowing them to gradually acquire knowledge and to solve problems in a rapid and simplified way, through the collection and sharing of ecodesign knowledge in a structured Database. The tool has been tested into two industrial companies to verify its potentialities, evaluate its usability and identify its limits.
Design and Optimization of a Flexion/Extension Mechanism for a Hand Exoskeleton System
Authors: Bianchi Matteo , Buonamici Francesco , Furferi Rocco , Vanni Niccolò 
Published: December 2016

Hand impairments represent a significant category of injuries, which can be limiting and impeding in the execution of Activities of Daily Living (ADLs). As can be widely appreciated in scientific literature, a great number of solutions has been proposed in last years for rehabilitating and assisting the patient in both mechanical (e.g. object manipulation) and also social tasks (e.g. shaking hands). Among the numerous approaches, robotic Hand Exoskeleton Systems (HES) represent a vast class of solutions to the problem, as they have several advantages. Contrarily to functional electrical stimulation techniques, for example, HES devices are less invasive and entail to a lesser induced muscular fatigue.
In the present work, the authors propose the redesign of a HES robotic device developed at the University of Florence, by means of Topological Optimization (TO) techniques. Even if the existing device is already functional and tested it is still characterized by high encumbrances and masses, in disrespect to the functional requirements. The redesign process has been addressed to a future production of the final object prototype in a titanium alloy, by means of an Electron Beam Melting (EBM) 3D printing machine. The entire procedure was carried out starting from a complete kinematic and dynamic study, followed by the application of TO techniques and it was finally validated by Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis. A single-finger mechanism prototype has been fabricated through additive manufacturing (by means of PolyJet technology) to test the ergonomics and aesthetics of the device.
The problem is introduced and contextualized in the Introduction section, while the methodology is subsequently extensively explained, followed by the presentation of the results. In the Conclusion section, the discussion of the process and the result is presented, while possible improving and developments are briefly hinted at.
A Gesture-Based Application for Aspiring Orchestra Conductors
Authors: Cavalieri Lorenzo , Mengoni Maura , Germani Michele 
Published: December 2016

A product is chosen by users not only for the features it offers but also for the perceived experience of use. This statement widely recognized in literature highlight that key issues for the success of interactive products are the practical, experiential, affective, meaningful and valuable aspects of interaction.
In the last years, gesture-based interfaces have been introduced to make the experience of interaction more emotional, intuitive and natural. For this reason, the design and development of products integrated gesture-based interfaces represent a challenging issue.
In this context, a User-Centered Design (UCD) method to implement novel interaction paradigms into traditional consumer products is proposed. Its application in a real case study addresses the development and prototyping of a system exploiting gesture-based interaction to train aspiring conductors of orchestra. If a young musician wants to play a guitar, it is usually no great problem to find one, but if a musician wants to learn the ins and outs of being a conductor, the problem shifts to search for an electronic device managed by hands as used by conductors. The developed system provides three main functionalities: tempo control, velocity control and instruments activation. It represents both a use case to validate the proposed UCD method and an innovative solution in the context of aspiring conductor’s training.