bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Biodiversity in species, traits, and structure determines carbon stocks and uptake in tropical forests
Authors: van der Sande Masha T. , Poorter Lourens , Kooistra Lammert , Balvanera Patricia , Thonicke Kirsten , Thompson Jill , Arets Eric J. M. M. , Garcia Alaniz Nashieli , Jones Laurence , Mora Francisco , Mwampamba Tuyeni H. , Parr Terry , Peña‐Claros Marielos 
Published: June 2017

AbstractImpacts of climate change require that society urgently develops ways to reduce amounts of carbon in the atmosphere. Tropical forests present an important opportunity, as they take up and store large amounts of carbon. It is often suggested that forests with high biodiversity have large stocks and high rates of carbon uptake. Evidence is, however, scattered across geographic areas and scales, and it remains unclear whether biodiversity is just a co‐benefit or also a requirement for the maintenance of carbon stocks and uptake. Here, we perform a quantitative review of empirical studies that analyzed the relationships between plant biodiversity attributes and carbon stocks and carbon uptake in tropical forests. Our results show that biodiversity attributes related to species, traits or structure significantly affect carbon stocks or uptake in 64% of the evaluated relationships. Average vegetation attributes (community‐mean traits and structural attributes) are more important for carbon stocks, whereas variability in vegetation attributes (i.e., taxonomic diversity) is important for both carbon stocks and uptake. Thus, different attributes of biodiversity have complementary effects on carbon stocks and uptake. These biodiversity effects tend to be more often significant in mature forests at broad spatial scales than in disturbed forests at local spatial scales. Biodiversity effects are also more often significant when confounding variables are not included in the analyses, highlighting the importance of performing a comprehensive analysis that adequately accounts for environmental drivers. In summary, biodiversity is not only a co‐benefit, but also a requirement for short‐ and long‐term maintenance of carbon stocks and enhancement of uptake. Climate change policies should therefore include the maintenance of multiple attributes of biodiversity as an essential requirement to achieve long‐term climate change mitigation goals.
Influence of eating quickly and eating until full on anthropometric gains in girls: A population‐based, longitudinal study
Authors: Ochiai H. , Shirasawa T. , Nanri H. , Nishimura R. , Hoshino H. , Kokaze A. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBackgroundIn examining childhood overweight/obesity, there is a need to consider both eating quickly and eating until full. This longitudinal study investigated the influence of eating quickly and/or eating until full on anthropometric variables and becoming overweight/obese among Japanese schoolgirls.MethodsStudy participants were fourth‐grade schoolgirls (aged 9 or 10 years) in Ina Town, Japan. Physical examinations and a questionnaire survey were performed at baseline (fourth grade) and after 3 years (seventh grade). Height, weight, and waist circumference were measured in the physical examinations, while the data on eating quickly and eating until full were collected in the questionnaire survey. Analysis of variance and analysis of covariance were used to compare the differences in each anthropometric variable between fourth and seventh grade among groups.ResultsData on 425 non‐overweight/obese schoolgirls in fourth grade were analyzed. Gains in anthropometric variables (body mass index, waist circumference, and waist‐to‐height ratio) from fourth to seventh grade were significantly larger in the “eating quickly and eating until full” group than in the “not eating quickly and not eating until full” group. In contrast, there were no significant differences in the gains between the “eating quickly or eating until full” group and the “not eating quickly and not eating until full” group. The proportion of overweight/obese girls in seventh grade was higher in the “eating quickly and eating until full” group than in the other groups.ConclusionsEating quickly and eating until full had a substantial impact on excess gains in anthropometric variables among schoolgirls, suggesting that modifying these eating behaviors may help prevent non‐overweight/obese girls from the excess gains. Accordingly, school health programs need to focus on not eating quickly and/or not eating until full to prevent overweight/obesity; it is necessary to emphasize “the risk of overweight/obesity associated with these eating behaviors” in schools.
The effect of dental health education on pregnant women's adherence with toothbrushing and flossing — A randomized control trial
Authors: Al Khamis Suad , Asimakopoulou Koula , Newton Tim , Daly Blanaid 
Published: June 2017

AbstractObjectivesIn a three‐arm randomized control trial, this study compared the efficacy of dental health education (DHE) with or without a planning intervention on adherence to oral health‐related behaviours.MethodsWomen (N=154) in their second trimester of pregnancy attending three maternal healthcare clinics in Kuwait completed an assessment of social cognitions and oral health behaviours before a debris and gingival assessment (Plaque Index [PI], Gingival Index [GI]) was undertaken; this was repeated at 1 month. In addition to treatment as usual (TAU), which was a demonstration of OH practices, intervention participants received one of two interventions: (i) DHE, which targeted social cognitions; or (ii) DHE and planning (DHE&P), which targeted social cognitions and intentions to undertake oral health behaviours. The TAU group was given a standard oral hygiene leaflet.ResultsAt Time one (T1) 154 women were eligible and randomly allocated to the three groups, respectively: treatment as usual (TAU)=53; DHE=53; DHE and planning=48. At Time two (T2), the number of women in each group completing the intervention (N=90) was, respectively, as follows TAU=28; DHE=30; DHE&P=32. There were no demographic differences between the groups at baseline. The mean age of women was 27.80±SD 5.40; 43% (n=38) had a high school level education. A mixed factor ANOVA analysis demonstrated that all women improved their PI (F=94.343 df=1 P=.001) and GI (F=73.138 df=1 P=.001) scores. There were no differences in self‐reported oral hygiene and PI and GI by intervention group. The social cognition models (SCM) constructs changed over time in all women (N=90) except barriers to attendance (F=1.067 df=1 P=.305). There were no statistically significant differences in SCM constructs by intervention group at T2. All women reported increasing the frequency of toothbrushing and flossing.ConclusionsThe provision of information using a simple leaflet improved the adherence of Kuwaiti pregnant with toothbrushing and flossing advice, while the addition of DHE targeting social cognitions and planning conferred no additional benefits.
The effectiveness of surrogate taxa to conserve freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Stewart David R. , Underwood Zachary E. , Rahel Frank J. , Walters Annika W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEstablishing protected areas has long been an effective conservation strategy and is often based on readily surveyed species. The potential of any freshwater taxa to be a surrogate for other aquatic groups has not been explored fully. We compiled occurrence data on 72 species of freshwater fishes, amphibians, mussels, and aquatic reptiles for the Great Plains, Wyoming (U.S.A.). We used hierarchical Bayesian multispecies mixture models and MaxEnt models to describe species’ distributions and the program Zonation to identify areas of conservation priority for each aquatic group. The landscape‐scale factors that best characterized aquatic species’ distributions differed among groups. There was low agreement and congruence among taxa‐specific conservation priorities (<20%), meaning no surrogate priority areas would include or protect the best habitats of other aquatic taxa. Common, wideranging aquatic species were included in taxa‐specific priority areas, but rare freshwater species were not included. Thus, the development of conservation priorities based on a single freshwater aquatic group would not protect all species in the other aquatic groups.
Challenging Current Knowledge on Amazonian Dark Earths: Indigenous Manioc Cultivation on Different Soils of the Colombian Amazon
Authors: Peña‐Venegas Clara P. , Verschoor Gerard , Stomph Tjeerd Jan , Struik Paul C. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAmazonian indigenous people grow manioc in landscapes of different agricultural potential, yet studies on indigenous manioc production on fertile soils are scarce. Non‐indigenous communities grow specific manioc landraces on fertile Amazonian Dark Earths (ADE), but it is unknown whether indigenous farmers also do so. During 2 years, we studied manioc cultivation by five indigenous groups on different Amazonian soils using quantitative and qualitative methods. We found that environmental conditions, including soil quality, are less important in determining manioc diversity and agricultural strategies than socioeconomic and socio‐cultural factors such as labor availability, labor organization, and culinary preferences.
Toxicity Reduction in Bamboo Shoots: Field Survey and Scientific Validation of a Traditional Knowledge System
Authors: Singhal Poonam , Singh Ranjay K. , Satya Santosh , Naik Satya Narayan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractBamboo shoots form an integral part of the local diet of the Northeastern states of India. Fermented shoots have been eaten by tribal communities there since ancient times, but with increasing globalization, the trend of processing bamboo shoots at the home level seems to be changing. This paper highlights the different methods used by members of the Adi tribe in the state of Arunachal Pradesh for fermenting and detoxifying bamboo. Data were collected using participation and interview methods. The detoxifaction process was also validated scientifically at the laboratory scale using Picrate method. It was observed that some newer practices of processing bamboo shoots have been adopted in place of traditional practices. The notion of detoxification through fermentation was found satisfactory through experimental analysis. Toxicity decreased from 495 to 164.8 ppm over a 30‐day fermentation time.
New economic globalization, new industrial policy and late development in the 21st century: A critical analytical review
Authors: Lauridsen Laurids S. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAfter having been put aside for three decades, industrial policy has reappeared in the research and policy debate on economic development in the Global South. However, it has also been argued that fragmented and decentralized value chains have foreclosed the traditional role of industrial policy. The article reviews three strands of thinking, exploring to what extent and how one can align the call for new industrial policy with the expansion of global value chains? It shows how the research agenda can be moved forward by realigning contributions from global value chain scholarship with researchers who take their point of departure concerning new industrial policy in structural transformation, technological capability and innovation system thinking.
Oviposition, larval survival and leaf damage by the willow leaf blotch miner, Micrurapteryx salicifoliella, in relation to leaf trichomes across 10 Salix species
Authors: WAGNER DIANE , DOAK PATRICIA 
Published: June 2017

1. Foliar trichomes clearly reduce chewing damage and efficiency of movement by some insect herbivores, but the effect of trichomes on insect oviposition is less well characterised. Trichomes are likely to have particularly strong, negative effects on species that require secure attachment of the egg to the leaf epidermis for successful transition to the feeding stage – a group that includes many leaf mining insects.2. One such species, Micrurapteryx salicifoliella, must initially enter leaf cells directly from an egg adhered to the cuticle, but later instars can move between leaves and initiate new mines from the leaf exterior.3. Natural patterns of occurrence by M. salicifoliella were quantified on 10 sympatric Salix species varying in trichome expression to test whether trichomes were associated with reduced oviposition, larval survival and leaf damage.4. Mean egg density and leaf mining damage were negatively related to mean trichome density across Salix species. Survival of M. salicifoliella from egg to pupa was positively related to trichome density, suggesting that initiation of new mines by late‐instar larvae was not adversely affected by trichomes. There was no evidence that trichomes benefited leaf miner larvae indirectly by decreasing density‐dependent mortality; rather, the positive relationship between trichome density and larval survival may reflect less effective chemical defence by Salix species expressing high trichome density.5. The results suggest that foliar trichomes serve as an effective defence against M. salicifoliella by deterring oviposition, but do not reduce the survivorship of those individuals that successfully transition from egg to larva.
Reduced reward‐related neural response to mimicry in individuals with autism
Authors: Hsu Chun‐Ting , Neufeld Janina , Chakrabarti Bhismadev 
Published: June 2017

AbstractMimicry is a facilitator of social bonds in humans, from infancy. This facilitation is made possible through changing the reward value of social stimuli; for example, we like and affiliate more with people who mimic us. Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are marked by difficulties in forming social bonds. In this study, we investigate whether the reward‐related neural response to being mimicked is altered in individuals withASD, using a simple conditioning paradigm. Multiple studies in humans and nonhuman primates have established a crucial role for the ventral striatal (VS) region in responding to rewards. In this study, adults withASDand matched controls first underwent a conditioning task outside the scanner, where they were mimicked by one face and ‘anti‐mimicked’ by another. In the second part, participants passively viewed the conditioned faces in a 3TMRIscanner using a multi‐echo sequence. The differential neural response towards mimicking vs. anti‐mimicking faces in theVSwas tested for group differences as well as an association with self‐reported autistic traits. Multiple regression analysis revealed lower leftVSresponse to mimicry (mimicking > anti‐mimicking faces) in theASDgroup compared to controls. TheVSresponse to mimicry was negatively correlated with autistic traits across the whole sample. Our results suggest that for individuals withASDand high autistic traits, being mimicked is associated with lower reward‐related neural response. This result points to a potential mechanism underlying the difficulties reported by many of individuals withASDin building social rapport.
Deficits in temporal processing in mice prenatally exposed to Valproic Acid
Authors: Acosta Julieta , Campolongo Marcos A. , Höcht Christian , Depino Amaicha M. , Golombek Diego A. , Agostino Patricia V. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractTemporal processing in the seconds‐to‐minutes range, known as interval timing, is a crucial cognitive function that requires activation of cortico‐striatal circuits via dopaminergic–glutamatergic pathways. In humans, both children and adults with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) present alterations in their estimation of time intervals. At present, there are no records of interval timing studies in animal models ofASD. Hence, the objective of the present work was to evaluate interval timing in a mouse model of prenatal exposure to valproic acid (VPA) – a treatment used to induce human‐like autistic features in rodent models. Animals were assessed for their ability to acquire timing responses in 15‐s and 45‐s peak‐interval (PI) procedures. Our results indicate that both female and male mice prenatally exposed toVPApresent decreased timing accuracy and precision compared to control groups, as well as deviations from the scalar property. Moreover, the observed timing deficits in maleVPAmice were reversed after early social enrichment. Furthermore, catecholamine determination byHPLC‐EDindicated significant differences in striatal dopaminergic, but not serotonergic, content in female and maleVPAmice, consistent with previously identified alterations in dopamine metabolism inASD. These deficits in temporal processing in a mouse model of autism complement previous results in humans, and provide a useful tool for further behavioral and pharmacological studies.
Early‐life decline in neurogenesis markers and age‐related changes of TrkB splice variant expression in the human subependymal zone
Authors: Weissleder Christin , Kondo Mari A. , Yang Chunhui , Fung Samantha J. , Rothmond Debora A. , Wong Matthew W. , Halliday Glenda M. , Herman Mary M. , Kleinman Joel E. , Webster Maree J. , Shannon Weickert Cynthia 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNeurogenesis in the subependymal zone (SEZ) declines across the human lifespan, and reduced local neurotrophic support is speculated to be a contributing factor. While tyrosine receptor kinase B (TrkB) signalling is critical for neuronal differentiation, maturation and survival, little is known about subependymal TrkB expression changes during postnatal human life. In this study, we used quantitative PCR and in situ hybridisation to determine expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67, the immature neuron marker doublecortin (DCX) and both full‐length (TrkB‐TK+) and truncated TrkB receptors (TrkB‐TK‐) in the human SEZ from infancy to middle age (n = 26–35, 41 days to 43 years). We further measured TrkB‐TK+ and TrkB‐TK‐ mRNAs in the SEZ from young adulthood into ageing (n = 50, 21–103 years), and related their transcript levels to neurogenic and glial cell markers. Ki67, DCX and both TrkB splice variant mRNAs significantly decreased in the SEZ from infancy to middle age. In contrast, TrkB‐TK‐ mRNA increased in the SEZ from young adulthood into ageing, whereas TrkB‐TK+ mRNA remained stable. TrkB‐TK‐ mRNA positively correlated with expression of neural precursor (glial fibrillary acidic protein delta and achaete‐scute homolog 1) and glial cell markers (vimentin and pan glial fibrillary acidic protein). TrkB‐TK+ mRNA positively correlated with expression of neuronal cell markers (DCX and tubulin beta 3 class III). Our results indicate that cells residing in the human SEZ maintain their responsiveness to neurotrophins; however, this capability may change across postnatal life. We suggest that TrkB splice variants may differentially influence neuronal and glial differentiation in the human SEZ.
Network theory and metapopulation persistence: incorporating node self‐connections
Authors: Zamborain‐Mason Jessica , Russ Garry R. , Abesamis Rene A. , Bucol Abner A. , Connolly Sean R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractNetwork analysis is gaining increasing importance in conservation planning. However, which network metrics are the best predictors of metapopulation persistence is still unresolved. Here, we identify a critical limitation of graph theory‐derived network metrics that have been proposed for this purpose: their omission of node self‐connections. We resolve this by presenting modifications of existing network metrics, and developing entirely new metrics, that account for node self‐connections. Then, we illustrate the performance of these new and modified metrics with an age‐structured metapopulation model for a real‐world marine reserve network case study, and we evaluate the robustness of our findings by systematically varying particular features of that network. Our new and modified metrics predict metapopulation persistence much better than existing metrics do, even when self‐connections are weak. Existing metrics become good predictors of persistence only when self‐connections are entirely absent, an unrealistic scenario in the overwhelming majority of metapopulation applications. Our study provides a set of novel tools that can substantially enhance the extent to which network metrics can be employed to understand, and manage for, metapopulation persistence.
Relative size predicts competitive outcome through 2 million years
Authors: Liow Lee Hsiang , Di Martino Emanuela , Krzeminska Malgorzata , Ramsfjell Mali , Rust Seabourne , Taylor Paul D. , Voje Kjetil L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCompetition is an important biotic interaction that influences survival and reproduction. While competition on ecological timescales has received great attention, little is known about competition on evolutionary timescales. Do competitive abilities change over hundreds of thousands to millions of years? Can we predict competitive outcomes using phenotypic traits? How much do traits that confer competitive advantage and competitive outcomes change? Here we show, using communities of encrusting marine bryozoans spanning more than 2 million years, that size is a significant determinant of overgrowth outcomes: colonies with larger zooids tend to overgrow colonies with smaller zooids. We also detected temporally coordinated changes in average zooid sizes, suggesting that different species responded to a common external driver. Although species‐specific average zooid sizes change over evolutionary timescales, species‐specific competitive abilities seem relatively stable, suggesting that traits other than zooid size also control overgrowth outcomes and/or that evolutionary constraints are involved.
Thermal effects on the biological parameters of the predatory mirid Pilophorus gallicus (Hemiptera: Miridae)
Authors: Ramírez‐Soria Maria Jose , López‐Gallego Elena , Sanchez Juan Antonio 
Published: June 2017

AbstractPilophorus gallicus Remane (Hemiptera: Miridae) is a predatory mirid reported in deciduous trees in the western Mediterranean area. This work aimed to determine the biological and demographic parameters for this species at different temperatures (15, 20, 25 and 30°C). Egg hatching times shortened from 57.8 days at 15°C to 9.2 days at 30°C, and nymphal development times declined from 62.8 days at 15°C to 11.1 days at 30°C. The hatching and nymphal survival rates were low at 15 and 30°C. The lower thermal thresholds for the egg and nymphal development were 12.4 and 12.0°C, respectively. These high thermal thresholds could be a safety mechanism to avoid the emergence of nymphs in the unfavorable winter period. Female weight increased between 15 and 25°C and decreased at 30°C. The fecundity increased from 70.2 eggs per female at 15°C to 212.4 eggs per female at 25°C, and decreased to 88.5 eggs per female at 30°C. Fertility ranged from 9.4% at 15°C to 40.9% at 25°C, being 24.9% at 30°C. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm) rose from 0.001 to 0.081 between 15 and 25°C and decreased to 0.05 at 30°C. In summary, this species performs poorly at low temperatures and has a relative tolerance of high temperatures (30°C); its performance was best at 25°C. Knowledge of the variation in the biological parameters with temperature may be very useful for the understanding of its ecology and population dynamics.