bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
2. On the Temperature of certain Hot Springs in the Pyrenees
Authors: Scoresby-Jackson R. E. 
Published: June 2016

In the year 1835, Principal Forbes very carefully observed the temperatures of certain springs in the Pyrenees, with the view of ascertaining to what extent changes of temperature occur in them. Observations previously made were, for several reasons, of uncertain worth, and Principal Forbes was desirous of then fixing “data for future observers with a degree of accuracy hitherto unattempted.”The author having determined to spend his autumn holidays in the Pyrenees, believed that a careful repetition of such observations, after the lapse of twenty-eight years, would afford results of some interest. He furnished himself with accurate thermometers made for the purpose, and, during the month of August, carefully observed the temperatures of several of the springs visited by Principal Forbes in 1835.
8. Preliminary Note on the Connection between the Form and Optical Properties of Crystals
Authors: Catton Alfred R. 
Published: June 2016

1. It is the object of this note to give an account of the results of investigations, which have had for their object the discovery of the connection between the form and optical properties of crystals. It is believed that in the results here given, some of the principal difficulties of this important problem have been overcome.2. The first step towards the solution of this problem was made by Sir David Brewster in 1818. He discovered that crystals belonging to the prismatic, oblique, and anorthic systems, are biaxal; those belonging to the pyramidal and rhombohedral systems uniaxal, while crystals of the cubic system do not possess double refraction (a fact which had been previously stated by Hauy).
Address, as President
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

In taking the Chair, to which, by your kindness, I have been appointed, it may not be an inappropriate introduction to its duties if, in congratulating you on the prosperous state of the Society, I should refer to some facts in its history, not generally known, which have materially contributed to its prosperity and progress.In the closing years of the last and in the first decade of the present century, the Society was in a very languid condition. In each of the years 1799, 1802, 1803, 1808, and 1809, only one of the papers read at its meetings was published in the Transactions; and in 1801 and 1806, not a single paper read in these years was published.
3. Note on the Phlogistic Theory
Authors: Brown Alexander Crum 
Published: June 2016

When we consider that the Phlogistic Theory formed, as it were, the central point round which the facts of chemistry first crystallized into regular scientific form, and that for more than a hundred years it was recognised by all as the foundation of the science, we might reasonably suppose that it should contain at least some germ of truth.I think I shall be able to show in the following note that not only is this the case, but that the theory itself, as stated by its founders, Beccher and Stahl, is, if not strictly true, a very close approximation to what we now recognise as truth.
2. On the Nudibranchiate Mollusca of St Andrews; Edwardsia; and the Polyps of Alcyonium digitatum
Authors: M'Intosh W. C. 
Published: June 2016

The Nudibranchs owe their prominence in British zoology to the late Dr Johnston of Berwick, and to the splendid monograph of Messrs Alder and Hancock.Inhabitants for the most part of the laminarian and littoral zones, the rocks and rock-pools, by minute and continued search, produced the greater number of those met with at St Andrews, the few others being procured from fishing-boats and debris of storms. Almost all require to be sought for with care, and generally escape superficial notice altogether. Most have been kept for a longer or shorter period in confinement, and some are living even now, though with greatly diminished bodies, and less brilliant tints, the results of insufficient food and other unfavourable circumstances.
3. Miscellaneous Observations on the Blood
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

These observations are given in six sections.In the first, “On the Action of Water on the Bed Corpuscles of the Blood” the results are stated of trials of different proportions of water on these corpuscles; from which it would appear, that two of water to one of cruor of the blood of the common fowl, sufficed to change the form of the corpuscles, and to render them globular. Other changes are described, which were witnessed when water in great excess was used,—changes referred by the author to endosmosis and exosmosis, and rupture of the corpuscles, and the exclusion of their nuclei.
3. On the Application of Hamilton's Characteristic Function to Special Cases of Constraint
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

Hamilton's beautiful theory of Varying Action reduces to the discovery of a single function any problem connected with motion under the action of a conservative system of forces, and with constraint by any system of smooth fixed surfaces.It does not appear to have been applied to cases (such as the brachistochrone) in which the requisite constraint is the thing to be determined.
5. On the Motion of a Heavy Body along the circumference of a Circle
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

This paper contains a demonstration of the theorem given in the fourth volume of the proceedings at p. 419.The theorem in question was arrived at by the comparison of the well-known formula for the time of descent in a circular arc, with another formula given in the “Edinburgh Philosophical Magazine” for November 1828, by a writer under the signature T. W. L. Each of these series is reached by a long train of transformations, developments, and integrations, which require great familiarity with the most advanced branches of the higher calculus. Yet the theorem which results from their comparison has an aspect of extreme simplicity, and seems as if it could be reached by an easier road.
5. On Saturated Vapours
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn 
Published: June 2016

As this paper consists almost wholly of formulæ, calculations, and tables, it is not suited for being read to a meeting; and therefore the following short abstract of its contents is alone offered for the purpose of being read aloud :—In the “Edinburgh Philosophical Journal” for July 1849, the author proposed the following formula forthe pressure of saturated vapour corresponding to a given boiling point:—where t is the absolute temperature, reckoned from the absolute zero; and A, B, and C are three specific constants, to be determined from at least three experiments on each substance; and he showed that the results of that formula agreed better with experiment than those of any other formula containing three constants only.
3. Observations on New Lichens and Fungi from Otago, New Zealand
Authors: Lindsay Lauder 
Published: June 2016

The paper consists mainly of the author's observations on the microscopic anatomy of the reproductive organs (with illustrative figures) of the following new species and varieties of Lichens and Fungi collected by him in the province of Otago, New Zealand, in 1861:—In the “Flora Novæ-Zelandiæ” of Dr Hooker there is no record of any species of Opegrapha, Platygrapha, Umbilicaria, or Abrothallus; and Professor Churchill Babington therein specially remarks, indeed, on the supposed absence of the genera Opegrapha and Umbilicaria (Gyrophora) from the Lichen-Flora of New Zealand.
4. Orthogonal Isothermal Surfaces
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The Council reported that they had awarded the Keith Prize for the biennial period 1863–65, to Principal FORBES, St Andrews, for his “Experimental Inquiry into the Laws of Conduction of Heat in Iron Bars” which was printed in the last Part of the Transactions of the Society.The Council also reported that they had awarded the Neill Prize for the triennial period 1862–65 to Andrew Crombie Ramsay, F.R.S., Professor of Geology in the Government School of Mines, and Local Director of the Geological Survey of Great Britain, for his various works and memoirs published during the last five years, in which he has applied the large experience acquired by him in the Direction of the arduous work of the Geological Survey of Great Britain to the elucidation of important questions bearing on Geological Science.
4. Description of Pygopterus Greenockii (Agassiz); with Notes on the Structural Relations of the genera Pygopterus, Amblypterus and Eurynotus
Authors: Traquair Ramsay H. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper a detailed description is given of a species of Pygopterus (P. Greenockii) from the carboniferous shales of Wardie, Mid-Lothian, which was named by Agassiz, but without any figure or description, beyond the mention of the fact that the scales of the anterior part of the trunk are higher than broad, a circumstance distinguishing it from all the other species of this genus.According to specimens exhibited by the author, the scales are of different forms on different parts of the body, being very minute, and nearly equilateral along the belly; the fins are large, and the dorsal is placed so far back as to be nearly opposite the anal; the interspinous bones of the azygos fins are well developed, and there are traces of vertebral apophyses, but none of vertebral bodies.
Opening Address, Session 1869–70
Authors: Neaves  
Published: June 2016

I have been deputed by your President to address you to-night from this chair, and so to attempt a task which would have been much better performed by one who possesses all the requisite scientific acquirements which I want, and without which, I fear, justice can only be imperfectly done to the work which I have undertaken.It is usual at this meeting to give some notice of those of our Members who have died during the preceding year, and the list on this occasion contains so many, and some of them such distinguished names, that it will leave me no space for touching on other topics.
1. On Reciprocal Figures, Frames, and Diagrams of Forces
Authors: Maxwell J. Clerk 
Published: June 2016

The reciprocal figures treated of in this paper are plane rectilinear figures, such that every line in one figure is perpendicular to the corresponding line in the other, and lines which meet in a point in one figure correspond to lines which form a closed polygon in the other.By turning one of the figures round 90°, the corresponding lines become parallel, and are more easily recognised. The practical use of these figures depends on the proposition known as the “Polygon of Forces.” If we suppose one of the reciprocal figures to represent a system of points acted on by tensions or pressures along the lines of the figure, then, if the forces which act along these lines are represented in magnitude, as they are in direction, by the corresponding lines of the other reciprocal figure, every point of the first figure will be in equilibrium.
1. On Spectra formed by Doubly Eefracting Crystals in Polarised Light
Authors: Deas Francis 
Published: June 2016

The instrument used in the experiments forming the subject of this paper was a spectrum microscope, to which a polarising apparatus is attached, consisting of two Nicol's prisms, each of which is capable of being turned through any required number of degrees.The first part of the paper relates to the spectra obtained when one or more thin films of mica or selenite are interposed between the polariser and the dispersion prisms, the light being subsequently analysed.The method employed was, having first determined the axes of the films, to place them on the stage of the instrument which is rotatory, and to adjust them at various angles to the plane of polarisation.
Address on “The Results of the More Recent Excavations on the Line of the Roman Wall in the North of England.”
Authors: Kelland  
Published: June 2016

Nearly a century after Julius Cæsar had landed in this island the conquest of Britain was begun in earnest.In the year 79 Agricola planted the Eagles of Rome on the banks of the Tyne, and during the next campaign carried his conquests as far as the Tay. Before he gave up his command, he had raised the Roman standard in the Orkney Islands.When Rome planted her foot she usually planted it firmly, and thus she retained in her grasp all the best portions of the island for more than 300 years. Some of the legions which landed in the time of Claudius remained in the island until the close of the Roman domination.
3. Additional Note on the Motion of a Heavy Body along the Circumference of a Circle
Authors: Sang E 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the course of physical inquiries we meet with many problems having the appearance of great simplicity, and yet presenting to the analyst difficulties of the highest order. The law of the motion of a heavy body along the circumference of a circle is one of these.One particular case of this motion, viz., the case of the swinging of a clock-pendulum, is of paramount importance, and has been investigated with very great care. In this case our attention is directed principally to the computation of the time of an entire oscillation, since it is this which determines the beating of the clock.
1. On the Gravid Uterus and the Arrangement of the Fœtal Membranes in the Cetacea
Authors: Turner  
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this memoir the author described the dissection of the gravid uterus of an Orca gladiator, for which he was indebted to Mr James Gatherer of Lerwick. The paper contained an account of the uterus and appendages, the fœtal membranes, the position and general form of the fœtus, and a comparison of the placentation with that of other mammals possessing the diffused form of placenta. The structure of the uterine mucous membrane, its subdivision into a gland layer and a crypt layer, the relations of the glands to the crypts, their structure, the arrangement of their blood-vessels, and the much greater vascularity of the crypts than of the glands, were especially described.
4. On the Structure of the Palœozoic Crinoids
Authors: Thomson Wyville 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe best known living representatives of the Echinoderm Class CRINOIDEA are the genera Antedon and Pentacrinus—the former the feather stars, tolerably common in all seas; the latter the stalked sea lilies, whose only ascertained habitat, until lately, was the deeper portion of the sea of the Antilles, whence they were rarely recovered by being accidentally entangled on fishing lines. Within the last few years Mr Robert Damon, the well-known dealer in natural history objects in Weymouth, has procured a considerable number of specimens of the two West-indian Pentacrini, and Dr Carpenter and the author had an opportunity of making very detailed observations both on the hard and the soft parts. These observations will shortly be published.
2. Experiments and Observations on Binocular Vision
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis communication was chiefly directed to the question whether the idea of distance be obtained from the adjustment of the eyes to distinct vision, or from the convergence of their axes. The case of the chameleon was cited as one in point, since that lizard directs its eyes each to a separate object, but habitually, when about to strike its prey, brings both eyes to bear upon it. Several experiments, mostly suggested by Wheatsone's inquiries, were cited, and the conclusion was arrived at, that, although the adjustment for direct vision concur in the formation of the estimate of distance, the convergence of the eyes plays the principal part.
4. Mathematical Notes by Professor Tait - 1. On a Quaternion Integration
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

A problem proposed to me lately by my friend T. Stevenson, C.E., for constructing what he calls a Differential Mirror, when attacked directly led to the equationwhere a is a unit-vector, perpendicular to β.By another mode of solution it was easy to see that the integral must be of the formIt may be instructive to consider this question somewhat closely, as the form of the unintegrated expression is certainly (to say the least) at first sight unpromising.
Mathematical Notes by Professor Tait - 2. Relation between corresponding Ordinates of two Parabolas
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

Two projectiles are anyhow projected simultaneously from a point, what is the relation between their vertical heights at any instant?This simple inquiry, which was instituted in consequence of some results recently obtained from thermo-electric experiments (see ante p. 311) carried on at high temperatures, where the indications given by two separate circuits, immersed in the same hot and cold bodies. were used as ordinate and abscissa, leads to a very curious consequence.Letandbe any two parabolas whose axes are vertical, and which pass through the origin.
1. On the Computation of the Strengths of the Parts of Skeleton or Open Structures
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The first part of the paper is devoted to the computation of the strengths of the parts of a structure destined to resist given strains, taking into account, along with those strains, the unknown weights of the parts. The results obtained by this process necessarily give the best possible arrangement of the strengths, since, if any one part were made weaker, the whole structure would be weakened; or, if a part were made stronger, the unnecessary weight thus thrown upon the other parts would also go to weaken the fabric. It is believed that this investigation has now been given for the first time.It was pointed out that this method enables us to determine the utmost limit of magnitude of a structure having a given general configuration.
5. On the Decomposition of Forces externally applied to an Elastic Solid
Authors: Rankine W. J. Macquorn 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe principles set forth in this paper, though now (with the exception of the first theorem) published for the first time, were communicated to the French Academy of Sciences fifteen years ago, in a memoir entitled “de I Equilibre intérieur d'un Corps solide, élastiqne, et homogène,” and marked with the motto, “Obvia conspicimus, nubem pellente Mathesi,” the receipt of which is acknowledged in the Comptes Rendus of the 6th April 1857 (vol. xliv. p. 706.)The author quotes a theorem discovered by him, and previously published in the Philosophical Magazine for December 1855, called “the Principle of Isorrhopic Axes,” viz., “Every self-balanced system of forces applied to a connected system of points, is capable of resolution into three rectangular systems of parallel self-balanced forces applied to the same points.”
3. On a Method of Determining the Explosive Power of Gaseous Combinations
Authors: Dewar James 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe author describes an apparatus by means of which the explosive power of gaseous combinations can easily be determined, and from this, by Bunsen process, the temperature may readily be calculated. The essential feature of the apparatus is the registration of the ‘compression volume’ of a given initial volume of air, on which the gaseous explosive mixture has been allowed to act. As the duration of the pressure is all but instantaneous, the well-known formulamay be employed to ascertain the final pressure, more especially as the sudden rebound prevents any great loss of heat.
1. On the Connection between Chemical Constitution and Physiological Action—Continued. On the Physiological Action of the Salts of Trimethylsulphin
Authors: Brown Crum , Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: June 2016

In the former parts of this investigation we studied the physiological action of the salts of a considerable number of ammonium bases—that is, of the salts formed by the union of an ether with the nitride of one or more alcohol radicals. Thus—The examination of the physiological action of such salts proved that, while differing from one another in many respects, there are two points in which they agree—they all paralyse the end-organs of the motor nerves, and none of them possess that stimulating action of the spinal cord which we observe in such a substance as strychnia.
1. On the Extraction of the Square Root of a Matrix of the Third Order
Authors: Cayley  
Published: June 2016

Professor Tait has considered the question of finding the square root of a strain, or what is the same thing, that of a matrix of the third order— A mode of doing this is indicated in my “Memoir on the Theory of Matrices” (Phil. Trans., 1858, pp. 17–37), and it is interesting to work out the solution.The notation and method will be understood from the simple case of a matrix of the second order. I write to denote the two equations, x1 = ax + by, y1 = cx + dy.
4. Notice of a Large Boulder in the Parish of Rattray, and County of Perth, having on one of its sides Cups and Grooves, apparently artificial
Authors: Home D. Milne 
Published: June 2016

About a year ago, the Council of this Society appointed a Committee to make inquiry about boulders in Scotland.The Committee intend to submit to the Council a general report of their proceedings, showing the progress made.The object of the present notice is to give to the Society an account of one of the boulders reported to the Committee, as a specimen of the information which they have been obtaining.
4. On the Temperature of the Electric Spark
Authors: Dewar James 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe author begins this paper by calculating the highest hypothetical temperature that could be produced by the chemical combination of the most energetic elements if all the heat evolved could be thrown into the product. This would not exceed 19,500° C. in the case of silica, and 15,000° C. in the oxides of aluminum and magnesium, and these are the highest results. The estimation of the temperature of the electric spark is based on the thermal value of each spark, together with the volume of the same. The methods of observing these quantities are fully detailed in the memoir. The general result may be stated thus,—the temperature of the electric spark used in the experiments ranged between 10,000° C. and 15,000° C.
6. Remarks on the Deep-Water Temperature of Lochs Lomond, Katrine, and Tay
Authors: Buchan Alexander 
Published: June 2016

In the communications made by Sir Robert Christison to the Society in December and April last on the deep-water temperature of Loch Lomond, from observations made by him with a Miller-Casilla thermometer, these important facts were stated:—(1.) On 12th October 1871, the temperature at the surface was 52·°0, from which it fell, on descending, till at 300 feet below the surface it stood at 42°·0, and this temperature of 42°·0 was uniformly maintained at greater depths or to 518 feet, the depth of the loch at the place of observation.
2. On a New Variety of Ocular Spectrum
Authors: Aitken John 
Published: June 2016

If we look for a short time at any object, and afterwards turn the eye in another direction, we see a spectral image of the form of the object first looked at.Again, if after we have looked at any coloured object we turn the eye in another direction, we see a spectral image of a colour complimentary to that first looked at.In addition to these spectral forms and colours, I find there is another and distinct kind of ocular spectrum, which we may call a motion spectrum. It is seen when we look first at a body in motion and afterwards direct the eye towards an object at rest. The object at rest, when seen under these conditions, seems to be in motion, and the direction of its apparent motion is the opposite of that of the moving body first looked at.