bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anxiety Disorders
Authors: Douaihy Antoine , Spada Meredith , Bates Nicole , Macedo Julia , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
HIV practitioners are increasingly confronted with complex co-occurring medical and psychiatric disorders among their patients. Depressive and anxiety disorders are among the most commonly diagnosed in HIV-infected individuals and can complicate the overall management of HIV illness. Anxiety may be experienced as a symptom, as a manifestation of an anxiety disorder, as a consequence of HIV-associated or other illness, or as a result of one of its treatments. It can occur at any stage, from the realization of being at risk, to the anxiety about a possible symptom, to the time of HIV testing and the experience of HIV-associated stigma and discrimination, diagnosis, disclosure, illness progression, late- and end-stage illness, and dying. This chapter explores the complexities of anxiety as it relates to HIV and AIDS and discusses the prevalence, diagnosis, and assessment of anxiety disorders. The impact of anxiety on medical management of HIV is also addressed, including adherence to antiretroviral regimen, psychotherapeutic and pharmacological interventions, and coexisting medical and psychiatric disorders.
The Role of Personality in HIV Risk Behaviors: Implications for Treatment
Authors: Hutton Heidi E. , Treisman Glenn J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The risk behaviors that transmit HIV and complicate HIV treatment are often influenced by Axis II personality disorders and personality traits. There has been relatively little research, however, on the role of personality traits and disorders in HIV despite their stable, durable, and heritable influence on thoughts, feelings, and behavior. Certain traits, such as various types of extroversion and sensation seeking, appear to increase the likelihood of engaging in HIV risk behaviors, having poorer quality of life, and adhering to treatment regimens. Effective HIV prevention and treatment programs should consider specific personality traits that render some individuals more vulnerable to engaging in behaviors that endanger their health and the health of others. Recognizing these personality traits or disorders is useful in developing more specific, effective risk reduction strategies and improving overall health outcomes. This chapter describes personality traits and personality disorders that occur among HIV at-risk and HIV-infected individuals and the implications for HIV care.
Insomnia and HIV: A Biopsychosocial Approach
Authors: O’Dowd Mary Alice , Gomez Maria Fernanda 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Insomnia is a common complaint across populations and can influence health in many ways. Individuals with HIV may be at higher risk for insomnia owing to direct effects of the virus, pain, psychiatric comorbidities, and other health- and treatment-related issues and lifestyles. This chapter reviews the physiology of healthy sleep and sleep hygiene and addresses assessment and treatment of insomnia in persons with HIV. Careful interview of a patient and accompanying family or friends with the Epworth Sleepiness Scale or Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index may help define the nature of the insomnia and target interventions. Treatment for insomnia can include a form of cognitive-behavioral therapy designed specifically for insomnia as well as education aimed at restructuring bedtime habits in order to promote better sleep. Medication use, such as benzodiazepines, melatonin, orexin, and non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, in this population must take into consideration the specific risks and benefits these medications may present in persons with HIV.
Suicide and HIV
Authors: Alfonso César A. , Stern-Rodríguez Eva , Cohen Mary Ann 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
HIV is a risk factor for suicide. Even after developing effective treatments and reducing mortality of HIV in countries with access to care, psychological and medical multimorbidities continue to create distress. This chapter reviews the global epidemiology of suicide in persons with HIV and describes the known predisposing and protective factors, as well as the psychodynamics of suicide. Predisposing factors include course of illness, symptomatic multimorbidities, physical incapacity, history of trauma, past attempts, hopelessness, family suicide, bereavement, poor social support and family relations, unemployment, unstable housing, detectable viral load, and access to lethal means. Protective factors include positive-reappraisal coping skills, treatment adherence, responsibility toward family, having reasons for living, religiosity, higher emotional expression, experiential involvement, and secure attachments. By identifying protective and risk factors clinicians can be more cognizant of persons at risk and better equipped to treat them. Timely application of psychotherapeutic, pharmacological, and psychosocial interventions can treat suicidality and may prevent death by suicide.
Neurological Complications of HIV in The Central Nervous System
Authors: Woldstad Christopher , Boska Michael , Gendelman Howard E. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter serves to highlight both the research advances made in understanding the effects of HIV on the nervous system and what lies ahead. Particular focus is given to both the effects HIV can play on the nervous system at the molecular and cellular levels and the comorbid conditions that affect neural function. Attention is also given to specific biomarkers to be used for increasing the effectiveness and availability of therapies. The pathogenesis of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) is comparable to that of several other neurodegenerative disorders, and their mechanistic similarities are also discussed in detail. With the introduction of antiretroviral therapy the life expectancy of persons with HIV has increased, with a concomitant decrease in the incidence of severe dementia. There has been a remarkable improvement in cognitive function with almost a complete reversal of associated symptoms of disease. Past and present disease manifestations and the implications for treatment are outlined in the chapter.
Psychiatric Aspects of Care Engagement and Medication Adherence in Antiretroviral-Based HIV Treatment and Prevention
Authors: Weiss Jeffrey J. , Stirratt Michael J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Care engagement and treatment adherence are directly related to HIV treatment outcomes and to mortality. Active drug use and psychiatric illness such as depressive and addictive disorders are significant barriers to care engagement and treatment adherence among persons living with HIV and those at high risk for HIV infection and eligible for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). This chapter addresses (1) psychiatric aspects of PrEP for HIV prevention, (2) the care continuum for individuals living with HIV infection, (3) psychiatric determinants of HIV care engagement, (4) behavioral interventions to improve HIV care engagement, (5) psychiatric determinants of antiretroviral (ART) adherence, (6) interventions to improve ART adherence, and (7) implications of research findings for the medical and mental health clinician working with patients with psychiatric illness who are living with HIV or at risk for infection.
Young Adulthood and Serodiscordant Couples
Authors: Forstein Marshall , Ahmad-Stout Farah , Noy Gaddy 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Advances in HIV medical care and antiretroviral therapy transformed AIDS from a rapidly devastating fatal illness into a chronic illness for persons with access to care, leading to vast changes in the health of individuals, couples, their children, extended families, and social networks. In addition, adherence to antiretroviral therapy and viral suppression have reduced the likelihood of transmission of HIV, and the use of pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) in an HIV-negative partner offers an additional option to prevent seroconversion. Significant biopsychosocial challenges remain, however, for couples who are dissimilar (serodiscordant) in HIV serological status and young adults with HIV. Many young adults and serodiscordant couples who are engaged in care and virally suppressed need support as they plan to have children or re-enter careers and social networks. There are few studies of couples with similar (seroconcordant) or serodiscordant HIV serological status. This chapter focuses on the impact of HIV on serodiscordant couples in which only one member is infected. After reviewing some of the literature, clinical issues that emerge in evaluating and treating couples are presented.
Psychotherapeutic Interventions
Authors: Soffer Jocelyn , Alfonso César A. , Grimaldi John , Gorman Jack M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Psychotherapeutic care for persons with HIV is an important component of overall treatment, helping people to cope and decreasing the psychological suffering that may be attendant when navigating the complex array of biopsychosocial stresses and challenges of living with HIV. A combination of psychotherapeutic and psychosocial interventions can effectively address psychological aspects of functioning and reduce psychiatric symptoms, as well as improve adherence to risk reduction and medical care. This chapter reviews several psychotherapeutic interventions, including supportive, psychodynamic, and interpersonal psychotherapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy, and motivational interviewing. Both individual and group settings are discussed, as well as the particular settings of spiritual care, family therapy, and couples therapy.
SOcial Service Interventions
Authors: Malone Mary Ann 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
As with other professions involved with the care of persons with HIV/AIDS, social work is undergoing changes that have had a positive effect on the quality of care for patients. This chapter presents some of the changes in social work practice and provides references from literature citing innovative work to support the current trends. The need for interdisciplinary teamwork among the disciplines involved, with emphasis on patients’ adherence to their medical care, is highlighted. A New York State–sponsored program to help promote adherence is discussed. A biopsychosocial approach to patient care is evident throughout the chapter. This biopsychosocial approach, implemented through collaboration among disciplines, has been a mainstay of social work practice over the years and is likely to remain so for years to come.
Nursing Support
Authors: Kirton Carl 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Nurses are an integral part of the interdisciplinary team caring for patients with HIV/AIDS. Since the start of the epidemic nurses have provided care across the healthcare spectrum, serving as care coordinators, clinical nurse specialists, and nurse practitioners. To competently care for people with HIV or AIDS, nurses have to provide care that is advanced and specialized. Nurses working in the field of HIV or AIDS care require advanced knowledge of virology and infectious disease to address the clinical needs of persons with HIV-related illness. This chapter describes the historical engagement of nurses in the epidemic and the nursing strategies that support interprofessional work. It addresses the key aspects of nursing care of the HIV-infected adult throughout the spectrum of HIV illness. The chapter focuses on the nurse’s role in minimizing risk, preventing HIV transmission, caring for persons with HIV, helping individuals to cope with illness, and negotiating the healthcare system.
Palliative Care and Spiritual Care of Persons with HIV and AIDS
Authors: Dickerman Anna L. , Alici Yesne , Breitbart William , Chochinov Harvey Max 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The meaning and role of palliative and spiritual care have evolved over the last decades, along with the dramatically changing clinical picture of AIDS. Although advances in antiretroviral therapy and medical interventions have allowed persons with HIV/AIDS and access to care to live longer and healthier lives, many persons in the United States and throughout the world continue to die of AIDS. There is an increased need for a comprehensive, multidisciplinary approach to care including psychosocial and family support. Curative, palliative, and spiritual care should be integrated, without dichotomizing curative and palliative approaches, in order to meet the challenges of AIDS throughout the course of illness. This chapter reviews basic concepts of palliative and spiritual care, as well as specific challenges facing clinicians involved in HIV palliative care. Finally, issues such as bereavement, demoralization, dignity, meaning, cultural sensitivity, doctor–patient communication, and psychiatric contributions to physical symptom control are reviewed.
HIV-Associated Nephropathy, End-Stage Renal Disease, Dialysis, and Kidney Transplant
Authors: Winston Jonathan , Zeldis Etti , Grimaldi John A. , Martínez Esteban 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Antiretroviral therapy has changed the phenotype of HIV-related kidney disease to a more chronic disease model. In addition to HIV-associated nephropathy (HIVAN), patients with HIV may experience kidney dysfunction related to other chronic illnesses, such as diabetes, hypertension, and hepatitis C. Patients with HIV should be monitored for the development of chronic kidney disease and the potential nephrotoxicity of antiretroviral therapy. For patients with HIV who progress to end-stage renal disease, the outcomes on dialysis and management of the dialysis procedure are similar to the outcomes of patients without HIV. Renal transplantation is a promising treatment option for HIV patients with end-stage renal disease, despite certain barriers inherent in the transplant evaluation process. Concomitant HIV and end-stage renal disease, with the stress of dialysis, can exacerbate psychiatric illness.
Clinician Burnout in HIV/AIDS Healthcare
Authors: Aladjem Asher D. , Cohen Mary Ann 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Caring for persons with any severe and complex illness in increasingly complex healthcare environments can lead to clinician distress and burnout and at times bereavement overload. The physicians, nurses, social workers, case managers, mental health clinicians, counselors, and other caregivers of persons with HIV are faced with additional factors, including potential for needle sticks and other occupational hazards. This chapter defines and describes the multifactorial nature of burnout as it pertains to clinicians caring for persons with HIV and AIDS and provides a summary of predisposing factors, protective factors, preventive strategies, and ways to provide support and eliminate burnout. Assessment for burnout via the Maslach Burnout Inventory is also addressed. The chapter also addresses the question of whether changes in healthcare, including pressures for productivity, increasing workloads, and increasing use of technology in documentation, have had more or less of an impact on HIV physicians than on other physicians. The prevalence and impact of burnout among HIV physicians is also compared to that of other physicians as well as to that of the general population.
End-Of-Life Issues, Ethical Issues, Advance Directives, and Surrogate Decision-Making in The Care of Persons With HIV
Authors: Geppert Cynthia , Cohen Mary Ann , Brendel Rebecca Weintraub 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
HIV and AIDS, perhaps more than any other illness during any other time, contributed to the end of a “collusion of silence” and parentalism that characterized medicine prior to the era of civil rights and patient rights. The bioethical aspects of both healthcare delivery and care at the end of life changed dramatically during the beginning of the AIDS epidemic when young persons and their dedicated teams of caregivers were faced with a new infectious illness associated with both sexual transmission and intravenous drug use. This chapter delineates the ethical aspects of HIV and exceptionalism, screening, routine testing, informed consent, advance care planning through advance directives, confidentiality, criminalization, the duty to warn, and pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP and PEP).
The Geminga pulsar wind nebula in the mid-infrared and submillimetre
Authors: Greaves J. S. , Holland W. S. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The nearby middle-aged Geminga pulsar has crossed the Galactic plane within the last ∼0.1 Myr. We present archival data from Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer and from SCUBA and SCUBA-2 on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope to assess whether any mid-infrared and submillimetre emission arises from interaction of the pulsar wind nebula with the interstellar medium. A candidate shell and bow shock are reported. Given the low pulsar velocity and local density, dust grains appear able to penetrate into the nebula. A compact source seen towards the pulsar is fitted with a dust spectrum. If confirmed as a real association at higher resolution, this could be a circum-pulsar disc of at least a few Earth-masses, in which future planets could form.
Bypass Surgery for Complex Intracranial Aneurysms: 15 Years of Experience at a Single Institution and Review of Pertinent Literature
Authors: Ban Seung Pil , Cho Won-Sang , Kim Jeong Eun , Kim Chang Hyeun , Bang Jae Seung , Son Young-Je , Kang Hyun-Seung , Kwon O-Ki , Oh Chang Wan , Han Moon Hee 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Bypass surgery is a treatment option for complex intracranial aneurysms.

OBJECTIVE
To determine the utility of bypass surgery for the treatment of complex intracranial aneurysms and to review the literature on this topic.

METHODS
Sixty-two patients were included in this retrospective study. Unruptured aneurysms were dominant (80.6%), and the internal carotid artery was the most common location of the aneurysm (56.4%), followed by the middle cerebral artery (21.0%). The mean maximal diameter of the aneurysms was 20.5 ± 11.4 mm. The clinical and angiographic states were evaluated preoperatively, immediately after surgery (within 3 days) and at the last follow-up. The mean angiographic and clinical follow-up duration was 34.2 ± 38.9 and 46.5 ± 42.5 months, respectively.

RESULTS
Sixty-one patients (98.3%) underwent extracranial–intracranial bypass, and 1 underwent intracranial–intracranial bypass. At the last follow-up angiography, 58 aneurysms (93.5%) were completely obliterated and 4 were incompletely obliterated, with a graft patency of 90.3%. Surgical mortality was 0 and permanent morbidity was 8.1%. A good clinical outcome (Karnofsky Performance Scale ≥ 70 and modified Rankin Scale score ≤ 2) was achieved in 91.9% of patients (n = 57).

CONCLUSION
With a proper selection of bypass type, bypass-associated treatment can be a good alternative for patients with complex intracranial aneurysms when conventional microsurgical clipping or endovascular intervention is not feasible.
Long-Term Evolutionary Change in the Lumen of Intracranial Atherosclerotic Stenosis Following Angioplasty and Stenting
Authors: Yu Simon C H , Lau Tiffany W W , Wong Simon S M , Lee Kwok T , Wong Lawrence K S , Leung Thomas W H 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Angioplasty and stenting is a recognized treatment option for patients with intracranial atherosclerosis.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the long-term evolutionary luminal changes of intracranial atherosclerosis after angioplasty and stenting.

METHODS
This was a retrospective study with patient consent. Eighty-two patients presenting with acute and minor cerebral ischemia due to stenosis ≥70%, who had received medical therapy with or without stenting (Wingspan), were invited. Luminal imaging was provided using 3-dimensional rotational angiography (3-DRA) at baseline and 12 mo, and cone-beam computed tomography angiography with intravenous contrast (CBCT) was provided at follow-up (median 82.4 mo [interquartile range 61.9-96.9 mo]).

RESULTS
Thirty-six patients in the stenting group and 26 patients in the medical group were recruited and completed the study. There was no statistically significant difference in demographics between the 2 patient groups. The luminal gain at 12 or 80 mo as compared to baseline in the stenting group was significantly greater than that in the medical group (12 mo: median gain 30% vs 7.2%, P < .001; 80 mo: median gain 42.9% vs 7.2%, P < .0001). Luminal loss or unchanged lumen was correlated with recurrent ischemic event. The differences in the stenosis degree assessment between CBCT and 3-DRA in the same 10 patients with or without stenting were 1.2 ± 0.6% or 0.2 ± 0.06%, respectively. There was a correlation between recurrent ischemic events and luminal loss.

CONCLUSION
Arterial lumen after angioplasty and stenting can probably be well maintained and delayed luminal gain does occur, long-term luminal loss is associated with recurrent ischemic events, CBCT might be useful as a less-invasive means for long-term assessment.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Somatosensory Evoked Potential Monitoring in Evaluating Neurological Complications During Endovascular Aneurysm Treatment
Authors: Ares William J , Grandhi Ramesh M , Panczykowski David M , Weiner Gregory M , Thirumala Parthasarathy , Habeych Miguel E , Crammond Donald J , Horowitz Michael B , Jankowitz Brian T , Jadhav Ashutosh , Jovin Tudor G , Ducruet Andrew F , Balzer Jeffrey 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) monitoring is used extensively for early detection and prevention of neurological complications in patients undergoing many different neurosurgical procedures. However, the predictive ability of SSEP monitoring during endovascular treatment of cerebral aneurysms is not well detailed.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate the performance of intraoperative SSEP in the prediction postprocedural neurological deficits (PPNDs) after coil embolization of intracranial aneurysms.

METHODS
This population-based cohort study included patients ≥18 years of age undergoing intracranial aneurysm embolization with concurrent SSEP monitoring between January 2006 and August 2012. The ability of SSEP to predict PPNDs was analyzed by multiple regression analyses and assessed by the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve.

RESULTS
In a population of 888 patients, SSEP changes occurred in 8.6% (n = 77). Twenty-eight patients (3.1%) suffered PPNDs. A 50% to 99% loss in SSEP waveform was associated with a 20-fold increase in risk of PPND; a total loss of SSEP waveform, regardless of permanence, was associated with a greater than 200-fold risk of PPND. SSEPs displayed very good predictive ability for PPND, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.84 (95% CI 0.76-0.92).

CONCLUSION
This study supports the predictive ability of SSEPs for the detection of PPNDs. The magnitude and persistence of SSEP changes is clearly associated with the development of PPNDs. The utility of SSEP monitoring in detecting ischemia may provide an opportunity for neurointerventionalists to respond to changes intraoperatively to mitigate the potential for PPNDs.