bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discussion Paper Measuring the Size of the Informal Economy: Some Critical Comments*
Authors: Georgiou George M. 
Published: January 2017

There has been a burgeoning number of studies attempting to measure the size of the ‘black’ economy. These are based on a variety of methodologies and provide a range of estimates, not just across countries but within the same countries. This raises a number of issues: What is meant by the term ‘black’ economy? Is it an appropriate description? What is the theory underlying the estimates of informal economic activity? This paper examines these and other issues, and concludes that whilst the existence of what we prefer to call the ‘informal’ economy in most countries is incontrovertible, there is a lack of consensus on the appropriate methodology for estimating its size. More importantly, the large number of studies are simply exercises in measurement without theory, though we are sceptical that even with strong theoretical underpinnings it is possible to provide accurate estimates of a complicated web of informal activities. JEL Classification: E26, H26, K42.
Quantification of Random Pore Structures of Porous Adsorbents
Authors: Mann R. , Yousef H.N.S. 
Published: January 2017

The structure of pore spaces in typical catalyst particles could often be described as being “not so much fabricated as thrown together”. Thus whilst for certain materials, such as zeolites, the microstructures are well defined and have a precise geometry, most materials when used in typical particulate form are at least partly composed of chaotically configured pore spaces. These random pore structures can be important in determining an adsorbent's performance, so it is necessary to define them quantitatively. A heirarchy of approaches based upon developments from simple stochastic pore networks is described. A stochastic pore network is one in which simple pore segments form interconnecting networks within which pores can be either randomly or partly randomly distributed. Such stochastic networks can be characterised by mercury porosimetry and low-temperature gas adsorption. Interconnectivity and randomness affect the degree of hysteresis for both these techniques. For 3-D random pattern stochastic networks, it is possible to interpret sectioned SEM images using ‘random’ slices of particles subject to low melting point alloy visual porosimetry in order to arrive at measures of random pore structure. This ‘image analysis’ approach is being extended to 3-D image reconstruction of SEM sections using fractal surfaces in conjunction with randomly tortuous pores.
Adsorptive and Membrane-Type Separations: A Bibliographical Update (1997)
Authors: Ray Martyn S. 
Published: January 2017

This paper provides a bibliography of the 1997 journal literature for adsorptive and membrane-type separations. The references are taken from the 50 most important chemical engineering journals. This paper provides an update to the literature as provided in previous bibliographic papers (Ray 1990, 1991. 1994, 1995, 1996a,b, 1997). A new edited book (Dabrowski 1998) concerned with adsorption and related separations also contains extensive bibliographies prepared by this author. A complete bibliographic listing of the chemical engineering journal literature from 1959 to 1997 (with subsequent six-monthly updates) is available on a CD-ROM database and full details can be obtained from the author. The papers included here have been divided into the following subject groups: theory; design data; adsorbents; PSA and cyclic systems, and applications; liquid-phase adsorption; ion exchange, chromatography and related separations; membranes; and membrane-type separations.
Catalytic Decomposition of H2O2 over a γ-Irradiated CuO–ZnO/Al2O3 System
Authors: Fagal Gehan A. , Attia Amina A. , El-Shobaky Hala G. 
Published: January 2017

A CuO–ZnO/Al2O3, catalyst sample was prepared by wet impregnation methods using Al(OH)3, zinc and copper nitrate solutions followed by drying at 110°C and calcination at 600°C. The nominal molar composition of the resulting material was calculated to be 0.25CuO · 0.03ZnO/Al2O3 Samples of this solid were exposed to varying dosages of γ-irradiation (20–160 Mrad) and the effect of such treatment on their surface characteristics and catalytic activity investigated using nitrogen adsorption studies at −196°C and studies of the decomposition of H2O2 at 30–50°C. The results obtained indicate that doses of γ-rays up to 80 Mrad had no significant effect on the specific surface area. SBET, of the supported mixed oxide material although this quantity increased by 20% when the solid was exposed to γ-irradiation doses of 160 Mrad. In contrast, such treatment brought about a progressive decrease in the catalytic activity of the treated catalyst samples. Thus, the reaction rate constant (k) of the catalyzed reaction measured at 50°C diminished from 8 × 10−2 min−1 to 0.3 × 10−2 min−1 on exposure of the supported mixed oxide material to a dose of 160 Mrad. What was surprising was that the activation energy (δE) of the catalytic reaction decreased as a function of the dose employed whereas it should have been expected to increase in the light of the observed decrease in the catalytic activity. This apparent discrepancy was resolved by recalculating the values of ΔE taking into account any possible changes in the pre-exponential factor of the Arrhenius equation brought about by γ-irradiation. The observed decrease in the catalytic activity due to treatment with γ-rays was attributed, mainly, to the enhanced removal of Brönsted acid centres by the action of such irradiation.
Comparative Adsorption of Cationic and Anionic Surfactants on Fluorite
Authors: Yehia Ahmed , Atia Asem A. , Ateya Badr G. 
Published: January 2017

The adsorption behaviours of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and dioctyl sodium sulphosuccinate (AOT) on fluorite mineral were analyzed as examples of the adsorption of cationic and anionic surfactants on salt-type minerals. Although both surfactants gave adsorption densities well below the monolayer capacity, there were considerable differences between the behaviours of the two surfactants. Thus, while the adsorption density of CTAB increased to a plateau value, that of AOT increased to a maximum before decreasing to very low values at high equilibrium concentrations of the surfactant. Analysis of the behaviour of the surfactants was made using a modified version of the Frumkin adsorption isotherm, taking into account the cross-sectional area of the adsorbed surfactant species and the lateral interaction between their long hydrocarbon chains. The values of the free energy change indicated that both CTAB and AOT underwent adsorption via a physical process, while the lateral interaction coefficient was found to be twice as large in the case of AOT as for CTAB for small or moderate coverage. This latter behaviour was attributed to the fact that while CTAB possesses only one hydrocarbon chain per molecule, AOT has two such chains.
Structural and Textural Studies of ZnO Modified with Dodecyltrimethylammonium Chloride
Authors: Philip Christine A. 
Published: January 2017

The effect of dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride — a cationic surfactant — on the texture and structure of ZnO, which is commonly used in the photocatalytic degradation of surfactants, has been investigated together with the effect of thermal treatment of the resulting materials at temperatures ≤350°C. Structural changes were followed by combining diffraction and infrared (IR) spectroscopic measurements while textural variations were monitored via low-temperature nitrogen adsorption studies. In addition, the effect of soaking the original sample of ZnO in water for 5 d has been monitored together with the effect of heat treatment on the resulting products. Bands corresponding to a carbonate complex were observed in the IR spectrum of all samples subjected to thermal treatment below 275°C. This complex gave rise to new bands in the XRD patterns of such samples situated at d-distances of 2.339, 2.023 and 1.431 Å, respectively, which disappeared when the samples were subjected to heat treatment above 275°C. The intensities of such bands decreased when increasing surfactant concentrations were employed in the initial treatment of the ZnO solid. Acid OH groups on the surface of the solid appear to provide sites for the formation of the carbonate complex. Such sites are attacked either by the aqua complex [Zn(H2O)6]2+ formed from dissolved ZnO in the presence of water alone or by the cationic surfactant when the latter is present in the system. Attack of the surfactant on the surface probably occurs through exchange with an H+ ion. The cationic surfactant was also adsorbed on to basic sites present on the surface of the solid since the concentration of such sites diminished as the surfactant concentration was increased. Measurements of the specific surface areas and pore structural analyses for all the samples studied indicated the presence of micro- and meso-pores in most cases, the former being absent from the parent ZnO employed. A comparison between the application of the V l versus t plot and the α s-plot for such pore structural analyses is presented together with a discussion of the criteria necessary for the application of the αs-method.
Surface and Catalytic Properties of Copper Oxide, Manganese Oxide/Silica Systems
Authors: Radwan Nagi R.E. 
Published: January 2017

Various CuO/SiO2, Mn2O3/SiO2 and CuO–Mn2O3/SiO2 systems having different compositions were prepared using a wet impregnation method employing finely powdered SiO2 solid. The CuO content was varied in the range 5–20 wt% whilst that of Mn2O3 was changed in the range 5–30 wt%. In the tertiary systems studied, the Mn2O3 content was fixed at 5 wt% whilst that of CuO was 5 wt% and 10 wt%, respectively. The supported solids thus obtained were subjected to heat treatment at 300–700°C and the crystalline phases produced identified by XRD methods. The surface and catalytic properties of the various calcined solids were studied by nitrogen adsorption at −196°C and studies of the catalyzed decomposition of H2O2 in aqueous solution at 30–50°C. The results obtained revealed that although the silica support material employed was normally amorphous in nature when calcined at 500°C and 700°C, it crystallized after treatment with CuO followed by calcination at 700°C. Diffraction lines corresponding to CuO and SiO2 phases were detected in the XRD patterns of all CuO-treated silica samples calcined at 700°C. In contrast, only diffraction lines for a poorly crystallized Mn2O3 phase were observed in the patterns for all Mn2O3-treated silica samples calcined at this temperature. The specific surface areas of the systems investigated were found to decrease on increasing both the extent of loading and the calcination temperature. Thus, after calcination at 300°C, all the various systems examined contained mainly narrow pores whose diameter increased after calcination at 700°C; nevertheless, these adsorbents behaved as mesoporous materials. Their catalytic activity was strongly dependent on the extent of loading and the calcination temperature employed. The activation energy of the catalyzed reaction conducted over the various solids examined was not greatly affected by the extent of loading. When expressed in terms of the reaction rate constant per unit surface area (k̄), the catalytic activity for the catalyzed reaction carried out at different temperatures over the various solids decreased in the order: CuO–Mn2O3,/SiO2 > Mn2O3–CuO/SiO2 > Mn2O3,/SiO2 > Mn2O3 > CuO/SiO2. The mechanisms for the catalytic reaction in contact with the various solids were discussed.
An Electrotherapy Based on the Natural Sequence of Motor Unit Action Potentials: A Laboratory Trial
Authors: Kidd GL , Oldham JA 
Published: January 2017

An electrotherapy based on a computer analysis of results obtained by analytical electromyography has been put to laboratory trial. Twenty-seven normal subjects received comparative regimes of electrotherapy each of which occupied three continuous hours each day for seven weeks. A comparison of the effectiveness on increasing fatigue resistance to voluntary effort of the first dorsal interosseus in the right, dominant hand was made. All electrotherapies employed had a mean frequency of stimulation of approximately 10Hz. The difference between them was found in the changes of pattern of stimulation which was exactly based on the changing patterns of discharge of slow motor units in normal muscle as it was progressively fatigued. The ability of the electrotherapies to induce fatigue resistance of the muscle was directly related to the extent of fatigue of the motor unit from which the pattern of discharge, which formed the basis of the technique, had been extracted. Electrotherapies with patterns randomized from naturally occurring patterns are shown to be without effect on increasing the fatigue resistance of normal muscle. The significance of the results from the points of view of rehabilitation and of signal analysis are discussed.
Priorities for Research in the Rehabilitation of Severe Head Injury in Children
Authors: Eyre JA , Miller S , Wade Derek T , Wilson Barbara 
Published: January 2017

This section is based on a panel discussion held at the Society for Research in Rehabilitation in Newcastle upon Tyne, England on 9 July 1987. Members of the panel were asked to describe their own views as to the priorities they regarded as necessary for future research into the rehabilitation of severe head injury in children. The views expressed are those of a consultant and a clinical paediatrician, a professor of anatomy, a consultant neurologist and a clinical psychologist who is also a senior lecturer in rehabilitation. The purpose of publishing this discussion is to encourage further research into the field of head injury.
United Nations: Victims of Crime
Authors: Melup Irene 
Published: January 2017

This report records the steps which Member countries and other recognised bodies within the United Nations have taken to implement the U.N. Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power up to late 1988. The report addresses various aspects of the treatment of victims of crime: recent trends in victimization; national initiatives relating to victims and the impact of the Declaration; the administration of justice and the victim; restitution and compensation; services for victims; the prevention of victimization; research and information; training and international co-operation. The report concludes by emphasising the importance of rapid and complete implementation of the Declaration.
Effect of Stroma-Free Haemoglobin Solution on d-xylose Absorption from the Small Intestine
Authors: Schier J , Gregor A , Rudowski W , Daszyński J 
Published: January 2017

In earlier experimental investigations on the possibilities of stroma-free haemoglobin solution application as a blood substitute, short-lasting disturbances of intestinal peristalsis were observed to occur during transfusion of haemoglobin solution. In order to explain whether these changes influence intestinal absorption processes, experiments were carried out on dogs with high jejunostomy produced for instillation of d-xylose solution. The absorption of this solution was determined during transfusions of haemoglobin solutions. No disturbances in the intestinal absorption of d-xylose were observed during or after transfusions of non-oxygenated or oxygenated stroma-free haemoglobin solutions as compared to this absorption in the control group of dogs receiving dextran 40,000.
Treatment of Suppurative Otitis Media in Paediatric Patients
Authors: Limon Luis Limon y , Tirado Carlos A Tirado , Flores-Mercado Francisco , Galindo-Hernandez Emma , Rasquel-Pagasartundua Renato , Diaz-Gomez Antonio , Diaz-Gonzalez Leticia 
Published: January 2017

Thirty-nine paediatric patients with suppurative otitis media were studied. General principles of treatment were followed and sodium cefazolin ( a new cephalosporin effective even on β- lactamase-producing organisms) was given intramuscularly at a dose of 25 mg/kg every 12 hours. Clinical effectiveness was excellent, since 100% of patients were cured by the 7th day of treatment at the latest and 80% within 48 hours. Drug levels in the blood and purulent matter from the middle ear were determined in five cases, and it was found that cefazolin concentrates 2.5 times more in this secretion than in the blood. The need for myringotomy in the early stages of the disease, as well as for daily aspiration of secretion, is stressed, as is the use of an antimicrobial agent resistant to the inhibiting effect of penicillinase and cephalosporinase since, in our environment, 41% of bacteria causing this pathology produce these enzymes.
An Assessment of the Anti-Anginal Effect of Tolamolol, a New Beta-Blocking Agent
Authors: Williams A , Holt M C 
Published: January 2017

The anti-anginal activity of a new beta-blocking agent, tolamolol, was investigated in an open study. Seventeen patients ( fourteen males, three females) from two centres were given tolamolol in doses varying from 150 mg to 800 mg daily for periods of between one and thirty-four weeks. Records were made of the number of attacks of angina and of the consumption of sublingual glyceryl trinitrate ( GTN). Blood pressure and heart rate were monitored together with possible side-effects and the results of routine laboratory tests. There was an over-all reduction in anginal attack rates and the number of GTN tablets used, although these did not reach statistical significance in the small numbers concerned. Heart rate and blood pressure were similarly reduced. Side-effects were of mild severity and were tolerated or disappeared with continued treatment.
The Effect of Tetranicotinoylfructose (Bradilan) on Fibrinolytic Activity, Platelet Stickiness and Some other Parameters
Authors: Benaim M E , Dewar H A 
Published: January 2017

Twenty patients, of both sexes, suffering from ischaemic heart disease and/or atherosclerotic peripheral vascular disease have been studied in a long-term trial of tetranicotinoylfructose (Bradilan) by mouth. Cholesterol levels fell in Type II cases and triglycerides in Type IV, the falls being well maintained at 6 months. Significant falls in fibrinogen, free fatty acids, and platelet stickiness were also observed and maintained at 6 months. Fibrinolytic activity increased significantly and over a similar period of time. These results bore no relation to Fredrickson types. Only one important side-effect, namely flushing, was observed. It was infrequent and tolerable and it diminished with time and adjustment of dosage.
A Double-Blind Evaluation of a Weight Reduction Programme in Private Practice
Authors: Glazer N 
Published: January 2017

A double-blind, placebo-controlled, 16- week study was conducted in a private practice to evaluate a 5- point regimen ( diet, exercise, medication, motivation, patient-physician relationship) for short-term management of obesity. After 4 weeks of diet and excerise, patients were assigned to one of three treatment groups: continuous drug, intermittent drug (drug for 4 weeks, placebo for 4 weeks, drug for 4 weeks), and continuous placebo. The dosage for both drug ( Tenuate, 25 mg) and placebo was 1 tablet three times daily. At the end of 4 weeks of treatment, the difference between drug and placebo was statistically significant, in favour of drug. Statistical significance was lost at subsequent evaluations, but the difference between drug and placebo was considered clinically significant. Side-effects were reported by 5 patients in the continuous drug group, 5 in the intermittent group, and 4 in the placebo group. Clinically important changes in blood pressure were seen in 1 drug patient and 1 placebo patient.
New Techniques in Office Management of Obesity
Authors: Shearer Robin S , Kiely Jeremiah J 
Published: January 2017

As a result of participating in a controlled, double-blind, weight reduction study, one of the authors has changed his approach to the treatment of the obese patient and now has much greater success with a smaller expenditure of time and effort. ‘Responders’ are selected early in treatment; the physician continues to work with these patients while ‘non-responders’ are identified and told that continuation is inadvisable until they demonstrate better motivation. Feinstein's Reduction Index is used as a measure of performance at set intervals in the programme; patients being seen every two weeks for a given period of time. At each visit patients are questioned about diet and eating habits and advised regarding changes. Patients are encouraged or chastised as necessary, bearing in mind that recent research demonstrates variations in hormonal patterns and efficiency of energy utilization in obesity so that uniform weight loss proportionate to caloric restriction cannot be expected. The Cumulative Reduction Index, developed for the study, was valuable for evaluating the treatment programme as a whole, but the ‘standard’ Feinstein's Reduction Index is more useful for the clinician managing the individual patient. Finally, it must be pointed out that frequently obesity is only one symptom of an underlying problem, often emotional, and until all aspects of the problem are treated, successful management of the obesity is impossible.
Gastro-Intestinal Blood Loss during Administration of Indoprofen, Aspirin and Ibuprofen
Authors: Porro G Bianchi , Corvi G , Fuccella L M , Goldaniga G C , Valzelli G 
Published: January 2017

The acute effect of three non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, ibuprofen, acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) and indoprofen, on faecal blood loss was investigated in 15 subjects by means of 51Cr-labelled erythrocytes. Ibuprofen (900 mg/day for 5 days) and indoprofen capsules and tablets (300 mg and 600 mg/day for 5 days, respectively) slightly increased the amount of blood eliminated in faeces. The increase was of the same order of magnitude for both doses of indoprofen. ASA (1,500 mg/day for 5 days) caused about a 6-fold increase in blood loss. Four days after withdrawal of ASA, faecal blood was still about twice as high as in faeces of subjects given ibuprofen and indoprofen. The method appears sensitive and reliable for comparison of the immediate effect of anti-inflammatory drugs on gastrointestinal mucosa.
A Double-Blind Parallel Study of Acetylcysteine-Isoproterenol and Saline-Isoproterenol in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease
Authors: Cato Allen , Goldstein Ira , Millman Milton 
Published: January 2017

A double-blind parallel study in patients with asthma compared the safety and efficacy of saline-isoproterenol (SI) and acetylcysteine-isoproterenol (AI), when administered at home as an aerosol, over a one-week period, using a conventional nebulizer compressor. Measurements of pulmonary function revealed statistically significant differences between the two therapies for FEV1 and FVC in favour of AI. In the group treated with AI, the average sputum viscosity after six days of treatment was significantly less than pre-treatment values, or when compared to the results with SI treatment. No serious side-effects were reported during treatment with either therapy. These results indicate that acetylcysteine combined with a bronchodilator, such as isoproterenol, may be safe and of significant value in the treatment of patients with asthma who are also sputum producers.