bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Calibration and Validation of Immediate Post-Fire Satellite-Derived Data to Three Severity Metrics
Authors: Miller Jay D. , Quayle Brad 
Published: March 2017

AbstractSince 2007, the USDA Forest Service’s Remote Sensing Applications Center (RSAC) has been producing fire severity data within the first 30 to 45 days after wildfire containment (i.e., initial assessments [IA]), for wildfires that occur on USDA Forest Service managed lands, to support post-fire management actions. Satellite image-derived map products are produced using calibrations of the relativized differenced normalized burn ratio (RdNBR) to the Composite Burn Index (CBI), percent change in tree basal area (BA), and percent change in canopy cover (CC). Calibrations for extended assessments (EA) based upon one-year post-fire images have previously been published. Given that RdNBR is sensitive to ash cover, which declines with time since fire, RdNBR values that represent total mortality can be different immediately post fire compared with one year post fire. Therefore, new calibrations are required for IAs. In this manuscript, we describe how we modified the EA calibrations to be used for IAs using an adjustment factor to account for changes in ash cover computed through regression of IA and EA RdNBR values. We evaluate whether the accuracy of IA and EA maps are significantly different using ground measurements of live and dead trees, and CBI taken one year post fire in 11 fires in the Sierra Nevada and northwestern California. We compare differences between error matrices using Z-tests of Kappa statistics and differences between mean plot values in mapped categories using Generalized Linear Models (GLM). We also investigate whether map accuracy is dependent upon plot distance from boundaries delineating mapped categories. The IAs and EAs produced similarly accurate broad-scale estimates of tree mortality. Between IAs and EAs of each severity metric, the Kappa statistics of error matrices were not significantly different (P > 0.674) nor were mean plot values within mapped categories (P > 0.077). Plots <30 m (one Landsat pixel) distance from mapped polygon boundaries were less accurate than plots ≥30 m inside mapped polygons (P < 0.001). As land managers concentrate most post-fire management actions where tree mortality is high, it is desirable for map accuracy of severely burned areas to be high. Plots that were ≥30 m inside polygons depicting ≥75 % or ≥90 % BA mortality were correctly classified (producer’s accuracy) >92.3 % of the time, regardless of IA or EA.
Variability in Fire Prescriptions to Promote Wildlife Foods in the Longleaf Pine Ecosystem
Authors: Lashley Marcus A. , Chitwood M. Colter , Harper Craig A. , DePerno Christopher S. , Moorman Christopher E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPrescribed fire is commonly used to restore and maintain the longleaf pine (Pinus palustris Mill.) ecosystem (LLPE). A key function of the LLPE is the provisioning of food for wildlife. Despite the plethora of literature evaluating the effects of fire season and fire-return interval on plant community dynamics, little attention has been given to the response of wildlife foods to fire season or fire-return interval. We measured the availability of key wildlife foods (fleshy fruit [i.e., seed containing a nutritious pericarp] and understory plant biomass) in upland pine forest following dormant-season (December–February) and growing-season (April–June) fires in a chronosequential design. Also, we quantified the relative contributions of the upland hardwood and bottomland hardwood forest types, which often are intentionally suppressed in the LLPE. In 2011 and 2012, we measured understory leafy biomass, biomass of forages selected by whitetailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus Zimm.), and soft mast production chronosequentially in relation to years-since-fire, fire season, and vegetation type in the LLPE at Fort Bragg Military Installation, North Carolina, USA. Understory leafy biomass increased in upland pine and hardwood forests as years-since-fire increased until two years post fire. Selected forages decreased in upland pine forest and increased in upland hardwood forest as time-since-fire increased. In upland pine forests burned during the growing season, 94% of the fruit was detected two years after fire, 6% one year after fire, and 0% the same year as fire. In June, fruit density was greatest in bottomland hardwood forest; in July, fruit density was greatest in dormant-season burned upland pine forest; in August, fruit density was greatest in upland hardwood forest; and in September, fruit density was greatest in upland hardwood and bottomland hardwood forest. Overall summer fruit density (i.e., the sum of fruit density detected each month) was greatest in upland hardwood forest. Understory leafy biomass and deer-selected forages were stable in bottomland hardwood forest because they were not burned, thereby providing a relatively high and stable availability from year to year. Our data demonstrate the importance of diversity in fire season and frequency, and diversity in vegetation types to promote key wildlife foods in the LLPE.
Assessment of the ripple effects and spatial heterogeneity of total losses in the capital of China after a great catastrophic shock
Authors: Zhang Zhengtao , Li Ning , Xie Wei , Liu Yu , Feng Jieling , Chen Xi , Liu Li 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. The total losses caused by natural disasters have spatial heterogeneity due to the different economic development levels inside the disaster-hit areas. This paper uses scenarios of direct economic loss to introduce the sectors' losses caused by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake (2008 WCE) in Beijing, utilizing the Adaptive Regional Input–Output (ARIO) model and the Inter-regional ripple effect (IRRE) model. The purpose is to assess the ripple effects of indirect economic loss and spatial heterogeneity of both direct and indirect economic loss at the scale of the smallest administrative divisions of China (streets, villages, and towns). The results indicate that the district of Beijing with the most severe indirect economic loss is the Chaoyang District; the finance and insurance industry (15, see Table 1) of Chaowai Street suffers the most in the Chaoyang District, which is 1.46 times that of its direct economic loss. During 2008–2014, the average annual GDP (gross domestic product) growth rate of Beijing was decreased 3.63 % by the catastrophe. Compared with the 8 % of GDP growth rate target, the decreasing GDP growth rate is a significant and noticeable economic impact, and it can be efficiently mitigated by increasing rescue effort and by supporting the industries which are located in the seriously damaged regions.
The Challenges Saudi Women Face at Work
Authors: Hakem Lama 
Published: March 2017

While women have all the rights to work and be in charge of powerful positions, in some countries women continue to struggle to be accepted as empowered and productive individuals. In Saudi Arabia, women are facing many challenges with regard to formal political and social participation including their participation in the labor sector. The purpose of this qualitative study is to investigate the obstacles and the impediments that Saudi working women face in order to succeed. This study examines the role of Saudi women in the labor sector and the job market taking into account the social barriers, the religious point of view, the government role, and cultural complexities.
Saul Bellow’s Spain
Authors: Gordon Andrew M. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Saul Bellow loved Spain and Spanish culture and mined his experience there in three pieces: “Spanish Letter,” a nonfiction account; “The Gonzaga Manuscripts,” a short story; and a section in Humboldt’s Gift in which Charlie Citrine goes to Madrid. In his fiction Bellow uses Spain as a place where his idealistic and somewhat foolish heroes go on a typical Bellovian journey, a personal and spiritual quest in which they undergo humiliation and self-mortification—a comedic quest that in this context can only be called quixotic.
“What Have Animals to Do With Social Work?” A Sociological Reflection on Species and Social Work
Authors: Peggs Kay 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The contributors to Thomas Ryan’s Animals in Social Work offer a challenge to anthropocentrism in social work theory and practice. Because this challenge resonates with the “zoological connection” that confronts anthropocentric sociology, this review article offers a sociological examination of key points raised. In focusing on conceptualizations of the human animal binary, personhood and selfhood, property, ethics, and welfare, this article concludes that nonhuman animals ought to matter to social work. Ryan is right: One day social workers will be incredulous that social work could have overlooked nonhuman animals for so long. Sociologists will be similarly incredulous about anthropocentric sociology.
Thousands of Solitary Runners Come Together: Individualism and Communitarianism in the 1970s Running Boom
Authors: Haberman Aaron L. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This essay focuses on the long-distance running boom of the 1970s and the ways in which the discourse on the boom reflected and shaped larger sociocultural developments. Specifically, the essay explores the paradoxical impulses that the running boom engendered between encouraging more solitary and individualistic behavior on the part of some who trained alone and sought deeper introspection, while simultaneously catalyzing a greater communitarian ethic among other runners in the form of running clubs and mass-participatory races. Scholars have long debated the extent to which Americans in the 1970s embraced individualism or communitarianism. A close examination of the long-distance-running community reveals that runners (and arguably Americans as a whole) did not fully embrace individualism or communitarianism to the exclusion of the other. Rather, the balance between those two seemingly contradictorily impulses became the point of contestation and negotiation within the running community and inside each individual runner.
Ontwikkelingen in de jeugdcriminaliteit, 1997 tot 2015
Authors: van der Laan A.M. , Beerthuizen M.G.C.J. , Goudriaan H. 
Published: March 2017

Trends in juvenile and young adult crime rates in the Netherlands, 1997 till 2015
Since 2008 juvenile crime rates in the Netherlands annually decreased. The decrease is shown in official police and justice crime, as well as in self-reported delinquency. However, this crime drop mainly accounts traditional offline crime, whereas little is known about cybercrime amongst juveniles and young adults. According to the Juvenile Crime Monitor, approximately 20% of juveniles and young adults report involvement in cyber or digitized delinquency. Trends with regard to cyber or digitized crime are not (yet) available. Previous research indicates that multiple factors are responsible for the crime drop amongst juveniles. These explanations mainly regard to offline factors and are primarily focused on traditional offline crime. In this article the increased use of social media is also discussed as a potential explanation.
Lessen uit de aanpak van jeugdgroepen
Authors: Ferwerda H. , van Ham T. 
Published: March 2017

Lessons from the approach towards youth groups
Attention for youth group crime is important, because the majority of juvenile crime is committed in groups or is the result of group dynamic processes. The police makes an inventory of youth groups with the help of an instrument (called ‘the shortlist’). In the Netherlands this has contributed to an integral approach on the group, domain and individual level. Although there are some side effects, findings suggest that this approach is effective. This fact, together with other developments in juvenile crime, has led to the further development of the shortlist instrument. Its basis, i.e. applying focus and an integral analysis of a youth group as a starting point for an integral approach, is herein maintained.
Changes in second‐line regimen durability and continuity of care in relation to national ART guideline changes in South Africa
Authors: Onoya Dorina , Brennan Alana T , Berhanu Rebecca , van der Berg Liudmyla , Buthelezi Thulasizwe , Fox Matthew P 
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Little is known about the impact of antiretroviral therapy (ART) guideline changes on the durability of second‐line ART and continuity of care. This study examines predictors of early drug substitutions and treatment interruptions using a cohort analysis of HIV positive adults switched to second‐line ART between January 2004 and September 2013 in Johannesburg, South Africa.Methods: The main outcomes were having a drug substitution or treatment interruption in the first 24 months on second‐line ART. Kaplan Meiers analyses and Cox proportional hazards regression were used to identify predictors of drug substitutions and treatment interruptions.Results: Of 3028 patients on second‐line ART, 353 (11.7%) had a drug substitution (8.6 per 100PY, 95% CI: 7.8–9.6) and 260 (8.6%) had a treatment interruption (6.3 per 100PY, 95% CI: 5.6–7.1). While treatment interruptions decreased from 32.5 per 100PY for the 2004 cohort to 2.3 per 100PY for the 2013 cohort, the rates of drug substitutions steadily increased, peaking at an incidence of 26.7 per 100PY for the 2009 cohort and then decreased to 4.2 per 100PY in the 2011 cohort. Compared to the 2004 to 2008 cohorts, the hazard of early drug substitutions was highest among patients switched to AZT + ddI + LPVr in 2009 to 2010 (aHR 5.1, 95% CI: 3.4–7.1) but remained low over time among patients switched to TDF + 3TC/FTC + LPVr or AZT/ABC + 3TC + LPVr. The main common predictor of both treatment interruption and drug substitution was drug toxicity.Conclusions: Our results show a rapid transition between 2004 and 2010 ART guidelines and concurrent improvements in continuity of care among second‐line ART patients. Drug toxicity reporting and monitoring systems need improvements to inform timely regimen changes and ensure that patients remain in care. However, reasons for drug substitutions should be closely monitored to ensure that patients do not run out of treatment options in the future.
U.S. CH4 emissions from oil and gas production: Have recent large increases been detected?
Authors: Bruhwiler L. M. , Basu S. , Bergamaschi P. , Bousquet P. , Dlugokencky E. , Houweling S. , Ishizawa M. , Kim H.‐S. , Locatelli R. , Maksyutov S. , Montzka S. , Pandey S. , Patra P. K. , Petron G. , Saunois M. , Sweeney C. , Schwietzke S. , Tans P. , Weatherhead E. C. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecent studies have proposed significant increases in CH4 emissions possibly from oil and gas (O&G) production, especially for the U.S. where O&G production has reached historically high levels over the past decade. In this study, we show that an ensemble of time‐dependent atmospheric inversions constrained by calibrated atmospheric observations of surface CH4 mole fraction, with some including space‐based retrievals of column average CH4 mole fractions, suggests that North American CH4 emissions have been flat over years spanning 2000 through 2012. Estimates of emission trends using zonal gradients of column average CH4 calculated relative to an upstream background are not easy to make due to atmospheric variability, relative insensitivity of column average CH4 to surface emissions at regional scales, and fast zonal synoptic transport. In addition, any trends in continental enhancements of column average CH4 are sensitive to how the upstream background is chosen, and model simulations imply that short‐term (4 years or less) trends in column average CH4 horizontal gradients of up to 1.5 ppb/yr can occur just from interannual transport variability acting on a strong latitudinal CH4 gradient. Finally, trends in spatial gradients calculated from space‐based column average CH4 can be significantly biased (>2–3 ppb/yr) due to the nonuniform and seasonally varying temporal coverage of satellite retrievals.
Bed load tracer mobility in a mixed bedrock/alluvial channel
Authors: Ferguson R. I. , Sharma B. P. , Hodge R. A. , Hardy R. J. , Warburton J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe presence of bare or partially covered rock in an otherwise alluvial river implies a downstream change in transport capacity relative to supply. Field investigations of this change and what causes it are lacking. We used two sets of magnet‐tagged tracer clasts to investigate bed load transport during the same sequence of floods in fully alluvial, bare rock, and partial‐cover reaches of an upland stream. High‐flow shear stresses in different reaches were calculated by using stage loggers. Tracers seeded in the upstream alluvial channel moved more slowly than elsewhere until the frontrunners reached bare rock and sped up. Tracers seeded on bare rock moved rapidly off it and accumulated just upstream from, and later in, a partial‐cover zone with many boulders. The backwater effect of the boulder‐rich zone is significant in reducing tracer mobility. Tracer movement over full or partial sediment cover was size selective but dispersion over bare rock was not. Along‐channel changes in tracer mobility are interpreted in terms of measured differences in shear stress and estimated differences in threshold stress.
Characteristics of the sticky spot of Kamb Ice Stream, West Antarctica
Authors: Luthra Tarun , Peters Leo E. , Anandakrishnan Sridhar , Alley Richard B. , Holschuh Nicholas , Smith Andrew M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAmplitude analysis of reflection seismic data reveals the presence of highly variable bed conditions under the main sticky spot and adjacent regions of the Kamb Ice Stream (formerly ice stream C). The sticky spot, which is a zone of bed that imparts high basal resistance to ice flow, is situated on a local topographic high composed of consolidated sediments or sedimentary rock. Any meltwater draining from upglacier along the base of the ice is routed around the sticky spot. The ice over the sticky spot includes, in at least some places, a seismically detectable basal layer containing a low concentration of debris, which locally thickens to 40 m over a topographic low in the bed. The ice‐contact basal material ranges from dilated and highly porous to more‐compacted and stiff, and perhaps locally frozen. The softer material is preferentially in topographic lows, but there is not a one‐to‐one correspondence between basal character and basal topography. We speculate that the 40 m thick frozen‐on debris layer formed by glaciohydraulic supercooling of lake‐drainage events along a basal channel during the former, active phase of the ice stream. We also speculate that loss of lubricating water, perhaps from piracy upstream, contributed to the slowdown of the ice stream, with drag from the sticky spot playing an important role, and with the basal heterogeneity greatly increasing after the slowdown of the ice stream.
Media Use:
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Lee Angela M. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Incorporating large‐scale reports from reputable sources such as the Pew Research Center, the American Press Institute, Nielsen, comScore, and the Motion Picture Association of America, this entry offers an overview of Americans' use of digital devices, social media, movies, television, books, magazines, radio, and music; provides a summary of different ways in which Americans consume news in the polarized media landscape; and discusses key problems facing media use studies.
Media Use:
C
hina
Authors: Zhou Baohua , Lu Shuning 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry describes the history and trends of media use research in China. The empirical study of media use in China began in the early 1980s and Western theories such as uses and gratifications theory have become popular. Scholars explore Chinese audiences' media use by focusing on competition for exposure and attention among media channels and content; the social and psychological roots of media use; and political and cultural effects in the context of China's social transition. With a representative national survey, this entry shows that, in China, television enjoys the highest penetration, followed by cellphones, newspapers, the Internet, radio, and magazines. It reveals an obvious media use gap between people living in urban and rural areas; finds that Chinese people pay most attention to local news on traditional media; and notes that the three most popular online activities are news browsing, chatting, and searching.
Media Dependency Theory
Authors: Jung Joo‐Young 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry describes the core propositions, theoretical frameworks, key concepts, and empirical research of media dependency theory. Media dependency theory provides a multilevel and ecological framework to explain individual‐level and societal‐level conditions that influence the degree of importance of media in individuals' everyday lives. Following a theoretical discussion, empirical studies that apply media dependency theory are discussed. The entry explains how media dependency theory, which was first proposed in the 1970s, when the mass media was more dominant, has evolved since then.
Entertainment‐Education
Authors: Chatterjee Joyee S. , Sangalang Angeline , Cody Michael J. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

Media scholars and theorists in psychology have developed an approach to educating and motivating viewers to engage in behavioral changes designed to improve health, safety, and equality. Called
entertainment‐education
, the approach relies on a number of social scientific theories of influence embedded in entertainment vehicles, mostly dramatic serials, to engage and influence viewers.
Dual Process Models of Persuasion
Authors: Xu Qian 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The dual process models of persuasion explain how attitude change happens by linking persuasion to social cognition. Instead of specifying the effects of particular variables, they focus on the process of persuasion. The two most prominent dual process models are the elaboration likelihood model and the heuristic systematic model. They both postulate that persuasion operates via two different modes of information processing. One is more effortful and more deliberate, whereas the other is less resource demanding and less analytical. This entry provides an overview of the key terms and assumptions of both models with the goal of identifying major conceptual developments since their emergence in early 1980s. The two dual process models are compared for their similarities and differences. An outlook on future directions of the dual process models of persuasion is also included.
Narrative Persuasion Theories
Authors: Moyer‐Gusé Emily , Dale Katherine 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Media‐based narratives represent a unique form of persuasion. This is due, in part, to the distinct way in which individuals select and comprehend entertainment media narratives. Narratives foster a unique type of involvement that is characterized by getting swept up into a storyworld and engaging with the characters therein. This narrative engagement can increase one's susceptibility to persuasive messages by reducing various forms of resistance to persuasion. This entry addresses these and other ways in which narratives can foster persuasion. This includes a discussion of several major theories of narrative persuasion that highlight the processes by which stories shape attitudes, beliefs, and behaviors.