bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE EFFECTS OF COGNITIVE MATURITY ON CONCUSSION ASSESSMENT IN LOW SOCIOECONOMIC URBAN HIGH SCHOOL ATHLETES
Authors: Hunt Tamerah , Langdon Jody 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundImplementing concussion assessment programs for youth athletes are necessary to manage clinical care in sports. However, confounding factors such as cognitive maturity and socioeconomic status may complicate clinical interpretation of testing following concussion.ObjectiveDetermine the stability of test scores between low socioeconomic athletes and non-athletes.DesignProspective longitudinal between-groups cohort design.SettingYouth Sports.ParticipantsHigh school students (n=783) were recruited either prior to their competitive season or during the academic year to establish baseline cognitive function.InterventionsAll participants were administered annual baseline testing on computerized neuropsychological test battery (ImPACT) to track the effect of cognitive maturity. Using SPSS, a one-way ANOVA with repeated measures (group×time) was run on ImPACT composite scores, using an alpha level of .05 for all tests.Main Outcome MeasurementsImPACT composite scores.ResultsSignificant interactions of group and time existed for composite visual motor (Wilks' λ=0.97, F(1,782)=20.53, p<.001, η2=.03) and composite reaction time (Wilks' λ=0.99, F(1,782)=5.65, p<0.05, η2=0.01.) between athletes and non-athletes. Significant main effects for time were seen in composite impulse control (Wilks' λ=0.99, F(1, 782)=4.05, p<0.05, η2=0.01.) with lower scores during year one. Significant differences existed between 10th and 12th grade participants compared to 9th grade participants on composite visual motor (p=0.006), and total symptoms (p=0.043) with older participants performing better.ConclusionsCognitive maturity does not appear to affect composite ImPACT scores, however there is a break in composite visual motor scores between older and ninth grade participants. The need for annual baseline testing may not be warranted beyond tenth grade. Future research should examine test scores across a high school career to gain more understanding of changes related to cognitive maturity.
INJURIES IN YOUTH ATHLETICS HAVE MULTIPLE-LEVEL CAUSES THAT CALL FOR AN ECOLOGICAL INTERVENTION APPROACH: A NATIONAL SPORTING COMMUNITY CONSENSUS REPORT
Authors: Jacobsson Jenny , Bergin Daniel , Timpka Toomas , Nyce James , Dahlström Örjan 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEngaging in competitive sports as a youth can have many health benefits, but recent studies also report a disquieting high injury risk. The long-term purpose of a Swedish research program is to develop a framework for safe athletics training among youth athletes (aged 12–15 years).ObjectiveTo establish a national consensus of what causes injuries in youth athletics by compiling the best available experiential knowledge about the underlying causes of injuries sustained by young athletics athletes.DesignQualitative study using focus groups and in-depth interviews for data collection.SettingThe Swedish Athletics community divided into seven administrative regions.Participants79 individuals representing all levels of the sport; officials from the Swedish Athletics Association, coaches, athletes, sports medicine professionals, clubs representatives, and parents.Assessment of Risk FactorsQualitative research methods were used to categorize data, perform a thematic analysis, and execute repeated feed-back cycles to the community to corroborate preliminary results.Main Outcome MeasurementsCategories resulting from the qualitative analysis were used to construct an explanatory model.ResultsInjuries in youth athletes were not considered to be strictly the result of discrete causal factors but rather the result of the interactions between factors at different levels. Three major areas of injury causes emerged; theevidence-in-situfor application in daily practice,attitudesamong coaches and parents about long-term strategies in youth athletics, and thesetting and conditionsfor participating in the sport. In response, an ecological model for implementation of interventions was outlined that has its focal point in the young athlete's personal zone of athletic development.ConclusionsA national consensus process established that if effective and sustainable injury prevention processes are to be introduced in youth athletics, an ecological approach is needed. Such an approach allows a longitudinal development-focused strategy for prevention that spans over an entire athletic career.
PROSPECTIVE INJURY STATISTICS DURING HIGH-LEVEL JUDO COMPETITION: AN IJF-EJU COLLABORATION
Authors: Jung Maximilien 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundSport is a mass phenomenon with different stakeholders, one of them the international federations. As a sport, judo can give advantages to a population in controlling negative effects of a passive way of life. Therefore it is necessary to lower the burden of injuries, especially because injuries are acting against the health promotion goal of sport. As a consequence the first step is to gather knowledge about frequency and nature of injuries in a specific sport to take influence on it.ObjectiveTo publish the statistical data about injuries at top ranking Judo competitions; to structure them in a comprehensive way; to use them for education purposes and injury prevention programs.DesignAn anonymous form detailing different aspect of judo injuries has been designed. As definition of injury the medical commission considered every medical intervention on or outside the mat during the whole period of a competition. Each injury has been evaluated only through medical doctors. All registered injuries were categorized in 12 categories. Since the beginning of the prospective data collection, the medical commission used the same way of counting the lesions, giving continuity and consistency to the database.SettingFemale and male Judo fights from European Championships, World Championships, Grand Prix and Grand Slams. The amount of Judoka registered is 24'317. This statistic is compiling the results of 99 competitions during the 2003–2011 period, with a yearly mean of 11 competitions monitored.ResultsThe injury ratio including the minor bleedings are identical in female and in male Judoka and stays by 6%; without the skin scratches, the total injury rate during the high-level Judo events only makes 3,6% of the contestants. Of all the medical interventions two third happened on the mat. The majority of the athletes could be taken care in the competition hall. The upper part of the body represents more than 80% of the interventions.ConclusionsThe IJF injury database gives a detailed insight in high-level Judo injury risk on the Field of Play.
A STUDY TO EVALUATE THE EFFECTS OF A NEUROMUSCULAR INJURY PREVENTION PROGRAMME (GAA 15) IN ADOLESCENT MALES PARTICIPATING IN HURLING
Authors: Kelly Sean , Lodge Clare , Miley Paul 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundAdolescents involvement in organised sport has never been more popular with post primary school students in Ireland, however, this increased level of activity has reportedly caused concern regarding the potential risk and severity of sporting injuries.ObjectiveThe aim of the current investigation was to assess and critically analyse the application and implementation of a neuromuscular injury prevention programme (GAA 15) in adolescent males participating in hurling at post primary school level.DesignRandomised control trial.SettingSecond level post primary schools youth sport.Patients (or Participants)518 male subjects aged 13–18.5 years were recruited from fourteen post primary schools, seven schools participated in the intervention group and seven in the control group.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)The intervention group implemented an injury prevention warm-up programme, namely the GAA 15, before every training session and matches. The control group adopted their normal warm-up behaviour prior to matches and training.Main Outcome MeasurementsEpidemiological injury rate ratio (IRR) and injury proportion (IP) was compared between the two groups.ResultsHurling training injury rates of 16.51/1000 hrs. (95% CI: 9.9–23.1) and 9.16/1000 hrs. (95% CI: 5.5–12.8) were recorded for the control and intervention groups respectively. Match injury rates of 36.32/1000 hrs. (95% CI: 21.1–51.5) and 25.62/1000 hrs. (95% CI: 16.9–34.4) were reported for the control and intervention groups. Lower extremity injuries made up 75% of all injuries recorded with the hamstring being the most frequently injured body part. Hurling training lower extremity injuries were reduced by 45% and match injuries by 29% in the intervention group when compared to the control group.ConclusionsFollowing this investigation, it can be concluded that positive outcomes can be achieved from the implementation of a neuromuscular injury prevention warm-up, namely the GAA 15, to reduce lower extremity injuries in adolescent males participating in hurling.
THE EFFECTS OF A 5-WEEK GOLF SPECIFIC STRENGTH AND CONDITIONING INTERVENTION ON SWING PERFORMANCE FACTORS
Authors: Kenny Daisy-May , Presnall Jessica , Cosio-Lima Ludmila , Greska Eric 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe effects of golf specific strength and conditioning interventions on performance are scarcely researched. However, a multitude of research exists relative to golf related injuries. From those studies, it has been postulated that an increase in the X-Factor Stretch (XFS) variable increases the probability of a lower back injury. As the XF has been identified as a performance variable, it is of interest to determine how it is influenced by a golf specific intervention.ObjectiveTo examine the effects of a 5-week strength and conditioning intervention on golf swing performance factors.DesignQuasi-experimental.SettingLaboratory and gym.ParticipantsNine female NCAA Division II collegiate golfers (age 20.7±2.7 yrs; height 175 ±9.81 cm; body mass 76.5 ±9.2 kg), maintaining a handicap of ≤3.InterventionThe 5-week strength and conditioning intervention was implemented to improve the subject's golf swing.The majority of the exercises were lower body orientated, and included rotational aspects.Main Outcome MeasurementsThe pre- and post-testing procedures included a biomechanical analysis using 3D motion analysis. The dependent variables were clubhead velocity (CV; m/s), hip velocity (HV; °/s), XFS angle (°), and ball speed (BS; m/s). It was hypothesized that CV, HV, and BS would increase without an increase in the XFS. T-tests were used to define statistical significance (p<0.05).ResultsFrom pre- to post-intervention, subjects significantly increased HV (8.2±0.5°/s to 8.8±0.7°/s; p<0.001), and CV (35.8±0.9 m/s to 36.8±2.5 m/s; p=0.018) and significantly decreased XFS (−54.9±10.2° to −47.9±4.2°; p<0.001). We did not detect a significant change in BS from pre- to post-intervention (52.7±2.8 m/s to 53.2±5.1 m/s).ConclusionsIt was demonstrated that the intervention increased CV, HV, and BS; but decreased the XFS. Thus, it can be suggested that a golf specific strength and conditioning program can increase golf swing performance factors, without increasing the risk of lower back injury.
LEISURE CYCLISTS AT RISK OF MEDICAL COMPLICATIONS: OUTCOMES OF ONLINE PRE-PARTICIPATION SCREENING AMONG 22 650 ENDURANCE CYCLISTS, USING CURRENT EUROPEAN GUIDELINES - SAFER CYCLING
Authors: Killops Jannelene , Schwellnus Martin , van Rensburg Dina Christina Janse 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundEuropean guidelines have been introduced to screen masters and leisure athletes prior to participation in moderate- to high-intensity exercise, with the purpose of identifying the high risk athlete who should undergo a medical assessment. However, these guidelines have not been tested in large community based cycling races.ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence of cyclists who would require a full medical assessment before participating in a community based mass participation cycling race using current European guidelines.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting2016 Cape Town Cycle Tour (109 km).Participants22 650 cyclists.AssessmentAll 37 425 race entrants were required to complete an online pre-race medical questionnaire (containing all the elements in the screening guidelines), and 22 650 (60.3%) gave consent that the information could be used for research purposes.Main Outcome MeasurementsPrevalence (%) of risk factors that would require cyclists to undergo a full medical assessment before moderate- to high-intensity sports participation.ResultsMore than 35% cyclists would require a full medical assessment prior to participation. Risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) were present in 24% of cyclists and 4% reported existing cardiac disease. The prevalence of chronic diseases in other organ systems was as follows: respiratory (14%), gastrointestinal (6%), nervous system (4%), metabolic/hormonal (4%), and urinary tract (4%). The prevalence of other possible risk factors for medical complications were, allergies (17%), chronic prescription medication use (29%), and use of acute medication (including NSAID's) before or during races (10%).ConclusionsThese data show that >35% of cyclists entering a community based mass participation cycling race would require a medical assessment prior to participation if current international guidelines are to be implemented. We suggest that further research is conducted to determine if screening guidelines predict medical complications. Once these data are available, pre-screening guidelines for medical assessments may have to be revised.
RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN MOTOR CONTROL ASYMMETRIES AND MOTOR PERFORMANCE ASYMMETRIES
Authors: Kraus Kornelius , Heffels Markus , Rahn Denise , Stukenbröker Nicole , Scherer Hans-Georg 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe in-line lunge (ILL) is used to determine muscle sling behavior and possible unilateral motor control asymmetries (UMCA). Though, its validity remains unclear.ObjectiveThe aim of this analysis was to explore the relationship between UMCA and unilateral motor performance asymmetries (UMPA).DesignCorrelational-study. To reduce bias of circadian effects we executed the testing sessions within a timeframe of ±1 h. A crossover design was used in order to avoid sequence effects.SettingCollegiate athletesParticipants54 healthy sportsmen were enrolled in the study, whereas 50 (43 men and 7 women; 22.3±1.6 yrs) completed the study.InterventionsThe participants visited the laboratory twice. In session 1 they performed the FMS, followed by a warm-up including a treadmill run (10 min at 10 km/h) and 5 free split squats at 40% load of their bodyweight (FSS40). Thereafter, the participants performed 3 sets of 5 repetitions of the FSS40 intermitted by a recovery period of 1 minute. In session 2 the sportsmen underwent the same warm-up and FSS40 assessment, however the starting leg was switched. Kinetic data were recorded with a linear power encoder.Main Outcome MeasurementsCorrelational-Analysis. The criterion for a UMPA was determined by a weighted TEM based on Cohens d.ResultsThe relationship between UMCA and UMPA is low (r=0.2; p>0.05). In general, we identified 17 UMCAs and 13 UMPAs (8 weak, 4 moderate,1 strong). The ICCs of kinetic parameters were >0.9. TEMs were <7.5%.ConclusionsThe data indicates that the association between UMCA and UMPA is low. Based on that evidence it seems that asymmetries are task specific. However, on the methodological level the scoring procedure could be a confounder for our result. Within a physiological context there are different factors that possibly explain the result, like different motor unit recruitment strategies, different muscle fibre distribution or connective tissue properties.
EPIDEMIOLOGY OF MUSCLE INJURIES IN HONG KONG PROFESSIONAL FOOTBALL
Authors: Lee Justin Wai-Yuk , Mok Kam-Ming , Yung Patrick Shu-Hang 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundMuscle injuries constitute a large percentage of all injuries in football.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the incidence and nature of muscle injuries in male professional footballers.DesignProspective cohort study design.SettingTeams from the first division of a professional football league.Patients (or Participants)Seven football teams, comprising 152 players, were followed prospectively.Main Outcome MeasurementsTeam medical staff recorded individual player exposure and time-loss injuries. A muscle injury was defined as ‘‘a traumatic distraction or overuse injury to the muscle leading to a player being unable to participate fully in training or match play.’'ResultsIn total, 114 muscle injuries were registered. On average, a player sustained 0.75 muscle injuries per season. A squad of 25 players can thus expect about 19 muscle injuries per season. Muscle injuries constituted 38.5% of all injuries. Sixty-eight percent of all muscle injuries were muscle strain injuries. The four most commonly strained muscle groups were adductors/groin (40%), hamstring (35%), calf muscles (16%) and quadriceps (9%). Sixteen percent of the muscle injuries were reinjuries. The incidence of muscle injury is increased with age.ConclusionsMuscle injuries are a substantial problem for players and their clubs. They constitute more than one-third of all time-loss injuries in men's professional football and affect the four big muscle groups in the lower limbs.
IT'S NOT ‘WHO’ BUT ‘HOW BADLY’: THE ASSOCIATION OF FUNCTIONAL MOVEMENT SCREEN SCORE WITH INJURY OUTCOME IN COMMUNITY RUGBY UNION
Authors: Attwood Matt , Roberts Simon , Trewartha Grant , England Mike , Stokes Keith 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundThe use of the Functional Movement Screen (FMS) is widespread, but evidence supporting its use as an injury-screening tool in team sports such as Rugby Union is equivocal.ObjectiveTo determine the association between FMS score and match-injury incidence and match-injury burden in adult community rugby union players.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingEnglish community rugby union clubs (2013–2014 season) with a formally qualified medical professional to diagnose and report match-injuries. FMS testing was completed during the pre-season period by the research team.Participants436 players from 23 clubs completed the FMS. Match-injuries and individuals' match exposure data was returned for 293 players.Risk FactorsLower FMS composite score (21 point maximum), the presence of pain and/or asymmetry.Main Outcome MeasurementsAssociation of FMS composite score, pain and asymmetry with match injury incidence (≥8 days time-loss/1000 hours) severe injury incidence (>28 days time-loss/1000 hours) and injury burden (total time-loss days/1000 hours).ResultsPoisson regression was offset for exposure (log transformed) and adjusted for random effects of club (cluster) and player. The associations between both match-injury incidence (≥8 days time-loss)(rate ratio (RR), 90% confidence interval (CI)=1.0, 0.9–1.0) and severe injury incidence (>28 days time-loss) (RR, 90% CI=0.9, 0.8–1.0) with composite FMS score were trivial. A one-point increase in FMS score was associated with a 10% reduction in injury burden (RR, 90% CI=0.9, 0.8–1.0), while the presence of both pain and asymmetry was associated with a three times increase in injury burden (RR, 90% CI=2.9, 1.1–7.8).ConclusionsFMS score was not associated with injury incidence, but was associated with injury burden. As the sstrongest association with injury burden was found for pain and asymmetry, clubs using the FMS may be advised to prioritise rehabilitation of players with asymmetrical, painful movement patterns.
POSSIBLE STRENGTH DEFICIT IN SHOULDER ROTATION FOR HYPERMOBILE SWIMMERS
Authors: Liaghat Behnam , Salo Aki , Juul-Kristensen Birgit 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundGeneralised Joint Hypermobility (GJH) is considered an intrinsic risk factor for shoulder injuries and has a high prevalence in swimmers.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the influence of GJH on shoulder muscle strength, muscle activity and muscle fatigue during shoulder rotation movement simulating swimming strokes.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingYouth elite sports.Patients (or Participants)19 elite swimmers with GJH (Beighton's score ≥5 and hypermobile shoulder) were compared to 19 sex- and age-matched control swimmers (Beighton's score ≤3 and no shoulder hypermobility), all 13–17 years.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Concentric isokinetic performance in medial rotation (35°) and lateral rotation (60°) was measured at velocities of 60°/s (5 repetitions) and 180°/s (10 repetitions). Muscle activity during isokinetic testing was measured with surface electromyography from upper trapezius, lower trapezius, serratus anterior, infraspinatus and pectoralis major.Main Outcome MeasurementsPeak torque (Nm/BW), total work (J/BW), electromyographic muscle activity (%MVC), and isokinetic and electromyographic fatigue development.ResultsIn medial rotation at 60°/s, there was a significantly lower (14%) total work compared with controls (2.80 vs. 3.26 J/BW; p=0.049), and a tendency to significantly lower peak torque for the GJH group (0.48 vs. 0.55 Nm/BW; p=0.057). There were no group differences in medial rotation at 180°/s, or in lateral rotation at both velocities. Muscle activity was non-significantly lower in serratus anterior (range: 27–33%) and pectoralis major (range: 19–26%) in the GJH group in medial rotation. Fatigue development did not differ between groups.ConclusionsYoung elite swimmers with GJH displayed decreased medial rotation endurance and strength, which may be potential intrinsic risk factor for development of non-traumatic shoulder injury. These swimmers may benefit from medial rotation endurance and strengthening programs; however, further research is warranted to understand the consequences of such deficits and the corresponding preventive concepts.
INJURY PATTERNS IN GERMAN MEN'S PROFESSIONAL BASKETBALL AND HANDBALL – A COMPARISON
Authors: Luig Patrick , Bloch Hendrik , Klein Christian 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundBasketball (BB) and handball (HB) are both dynamic and physical indoor transition team sports. However, performance profiles, specifically with regard to allowed legal physical contact, differ widely. Knowledge of injury risk and injury patterns, particularly in regular league play, is limited.ObjectiveComparative analysis of injury risk and injury patterns in German men's professional BB and HB.DesignProspective observational cohort study.SettingTwo highest German professional leagues in men's BB and HB.ParticipantsAll first and second league BB (n=514) and HB (n=804) players who played in at least one competitive club match during the 2014–2015 season.Interventions (or Assessment of Risk Factors)Analysis of all injuries that were registered by clubs or physicians with the VBG as part of the occupational accident reporting and that either led to player's short-term disability (time-loss) and/or to medical treatment costs (medical-attention).Main Outcome MeasurementsInjury prevalence, injury incidence, injured body parts, type of injury, medical costs, short-term disability.Results992 of the 1.318 observed players were injured. A total of 3,071 injuries were recorded. Prevalence rate (BB: 70.0%; HB: 78.6%) and cumulative incidence rate (BB: 2.0 injuries/season; HB: 2.5 injuries/season) were significantly higher in HB. By contrast, BB (95.4 injuries/1,000 h) showed higher match incidences than HB (74.7 injuries/1,000 h). The ankle (19.6%) in BB and the knee (15.2%) in HB were the body parts most commonly affected. Moreover, in both sports injury risk and patterns varied considerably according to level of play (league) and playing position.ConclusionsBoth, German men's professional BB and HB are associated with a high risk of injury in regular league play. However, injury patterns in professional men's BB and HB differ extensively reflecting varying performance profiles. Preventive strategies and measures should therefore be tailored towards sport-specific and, moreover, position-specific risks and patterns.