bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Bankers on the Board and CEO Incentives
Authors: Kang Min Jung , Kim Andy (Y. Han) 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTThe Sarbanes‐Oxley Act demanded the presence of more financial experts on corporate boards to improve governance. Directors from lending banks require particular attention because of the conflicts of interest between shareholders and debtholders despite their financial expertise. In this paper, we examine whether commercial banker directors work in the best interests of shareholders in providing incentives to the CEO. We find that the CEO's compensation VEGA is lower if an affiliated banker director is on the board. Further, we find that commercial banker directors increase debt‐like compensation (Sundaram and Yermack, 2007) and make it less sensitive to risk.
Carbon emissions from agricultural expansion and intensification in the Chaco
Authors: Baumann Matthias , Gasparri Ignacio , Piquer‐Rodríguez María , Gavier Pizarro Gregorio , Griffiths Patrick , Hostert Patrick , Kuemmerle Tobias 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCarbon emissions from land‐use changes in tropical dry forest systems are poorly understood, although they are likely globally significant. The South American Chaco has recently emerged as a hot spot of agricultural expansion and intensification, as cattle ranching and soybean cultivation expand into forests, and as soybean cultivation replaces grazing lands. Still, our knowledge of the rates and spatial patterns of these land‐use changes and how they affected carbon emissions remains partial. We used the Landsat satellite image archive to reconstruct land‐use change over the past 30 years and applied a carbon bookkeeping model to quantify how these changes affected carbon budgets. Between 1985 and 2013, more than 142 000 km2 of the Chaco's forests, equaling 20% of all forest, was replaced by croplands (38.9%) or grazing lands (61.1%). Of those grazing lands that existed in 1985, about 40% were subsequently converted to cropland. These land‐use changes resulted in substantial carbon emissions, totaling 824 Tg C between 1985 and 2013, and 46.2 Tg C for 2013 alone. The majority of these emissions came from forest‐to‐grazing‐land conversions (68%), but post‐deforestation land‐use change triggered an additional 52.6 Tg C. Although tropical dry forests are less carbon‐dense than moist tropical forests, carbon emissions from land‐use change in the Chaco were similar in magnitude to those from other major tropical deforestation frontiers. Our study thus highlights the urgent need for an improved monitoring of the often overlooked tropical dry forests and savannas, and more broadly speaking the value of the Landsat image archive for quantifying carbon fluxes from land change.
Black Leadership and Outside Allies in Virginia Freedom Schools
Authors: Bonastia Christopher 
Published: October 2016

In July 1963, students from Queens College (QC) and a group of New York City teachers traveled to Prince Edward County (PEC), Virginia, to teach local black youth in Freedom Schools. The county had eliminated public education four years earlier to avoid a desegregation order. PEC Freedom Schools represented the first major effort to recruit an integrated group of outside teachers and students to educate black students in a civil rights battleground over an entire summer.In contrast to the racial and class tensions that arose between black leaders and predominantly white volunteers in other civil rights campaigns, PEC volunteers willingly deferred to the expertise of local and outside black leaders. This paper identifies the relatively modest scope and well-defined mission of the program, the real-world experiences of volunteers, and the high quality of black leadership as factors that led to this positive outcome.
Effect of modified atmosphere packaging on microbial growth, quality and enzymatic defence of sanitiser washed fresh coriander
Authors: Fang Xiangjun , Chen Hangjun , Gao Haiyan , Yang Hailong , Li Yunlong , Mao Peicheng , Jin Tony Z. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryFresh coriander samples were washed in an aqueous chlorine dioxide solution and stored in modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) with air (T0), 4%O2 + 3%CO2 + 93%N2 (T1); 10%O2 + 3%CO2 + 87%N2 (T2); 15%O2 + 3%CO2 + 82%N2 (T3); 20%O2 + 3%CO2 + 77%N2 (T4) at 4 °C for 14 days. After 14 days, the ascorbic acid contents in samples were 24.8 (T3), 22.4 (T4), 19.6 (T0), 18.2 (T2) and 8.8 (T1) mg/100 g; the total phenol contents were 59.9 (T3), 53.8 (T0), 50.1 (T4), 44.8 (T2) and 39.3 (T1) mg gallic acid/100 g; and the total chlorophyll contents were 1.60 (T3), 1.52 (T4), 1.05 (T2), 0.91 (T0) and 0.63 (T1) mg g−1 respectively. T3 treatment resulted in the best colour maintenance, the least bacterial growth, and the highest activities of superoxide dismutase and catalase throughout the storage period as compared to others. The data revealed that the T3 MAP condition in combination of aqueous chlorine dioxide washing significantly (P < 0.05) maintained the quality and extended the shelf life of fresh coriander.
Antioxidant potential and quality characteristics of Mediterranean fruit‐based extruded snacks
Authors: Lucas‐González Raquel , Viuda‐Martos Manuel , Pérez‐Alvarez José Angel , Fernández‐López Juana 
Published: October 2016

Summary‘Mediterranean snacks’ (dried fruits and nuts as principal ingredients), a little known food product with a high nutritional value, might be considered a good alternative for consumers looking for healthy snacks. The aim of this research was to determine the physicochemical properties and nutritional value of this type of food stuff (traditionally called ‘fruit cakes’ in Mediterranean countries) and to evaluate their phenolic content and antioxidant activity. All the fruit‐based extruded snacks studied are shelf‐stable at room temperature (because of their pH and water activity values). The final product has a low moisture (<32%) and high sugar content (>30%), the only sugars being those naturally present in the food. All the fruit‐based extruded snacks had a dietary fibre content higher than 10% (high‐fibre foods). Date extruded snack and apricot extruded snack showed the highest total phenolic and flavonoid content and also the highest antioxidant activity as determined by the DPPH and FRAP methods.
Bioconversion of agro‐industrial by‐products to lactic acid using Lactobacillus sakei and two Pediococcus spp. strains
Authors: Juodeikiene Grazina , Klupsaite Dovile , Zadeike Daiva , Cizeikiene Dalia , Vidziunaite Ieva , Bartkiene Elena , Cernauskas Darius 
Published: October 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to evaluate the bioconversion efficiency of rich in cellulose agro‐industrial by‐products such as wheat bran (WB), spent distiller's grain with solids (DGS), brewer's spent grain (BSG) and lupin (Lupinus angustifolius L.) wholemeal fraction (LF) to lactic acid (LA) using acid tolerant lactic acid bacteria (LAB) strains Lactobacillus sakei KTU05‐06, Pediococcus acidilactici KTU05‐7 and P. pentosaceus KTU05‐9. Carbohydrase preparation Depol™ 692L was used for the hydrolysis of non‐starch polysaccharides. Analysed raw materials were suitable substrates for LAB propagation and L‐lactic acid production. The lowest pH (3.6) was found in LF medium after 48 h fermentation with P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus strains. The lowest pH (3.86) was measured in WB fermented with L. sakei, and in DGS and BSG (pH 3.8 and 3.9 respectively) fermented with P. acidilactici. The highest endoxylanase activity was excreted by the P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus (84 and 69 XU g−1 respectively), and the highest α‐amylase activity was of L. sakei (255.6 AU g−1) after 24 h incubation in WB medium. The L‐lactic acid concentration of 86.11 g kg−1 was reached after the bioconversion of hydrolysed WB in combination with 48 h fermentation by P. pentosaceus KTU05‐9 strain. LA contents between 222 and 282 mg kg−1 was produced from lupin processing residues via fermentation using P. acidilactici and P. pentosaceus KTU05‐9 strains. The major challenge within the presented study is the viability of tested LAB in cereal waste media and effective LA production at a low pH (3.6–3.8).
Demonstration of the cold sintering process study for the densification and grain growth of ZnO ceramics
Authors: Funahashi Shuichi , Guo Jing , Guo Hanzheng , Wang Ke , Baker Amanda L. , Shiratsuyu Kosuke , Randall Clive A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWith the cold sintering process (CSP), it was found that adding acetic acid to an aqueous solution dramatically changed both the densities and the grain microstructures of the ZnO ceramics. Bulk densities >90% theoretical were realized below 100°C, and the average conductivity of CSP samples at around 300°C was similar to samples conventionally sintered at 1400°C. Frequently, ZnO is also used as a model ceramic system for fundamental studies for sintering. By the same procedure as the grain growth of the conventional sintering, the kinetic grain growth exponent of the CSP samples was determined as N=3, and the calculated activated energy of grain growth was 43 kJ/mol, which is much lower than that reported using conventional sintering. The evidence for grain growth under the CSP is important as it indicates that there is a genuine sintering process being activated at these low temperatures and it is beyond a pressurized densification process.
The Magic Wand Question and Recovery‐Focused Practice in Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services
Authors: Wells Karen , McCaig Marie 
Published: October 2016

BACKGROUNDThis paper uses a case study to describe the implementation of the Magic Wand Question (MWQ), also known as the miracle question, in a child and adolescent mental health service (CAMHS) in Scotland. The MWQ, a common intervention, is based on a Solution‐Focused Brief Therapy (SFBT) approach. This intervention was undertaken by a third year student nurse with the intention of demonstrating how practice can be more closely aligned to a recovery‐focused, strengths‐based approach, which is in line with national policy.METHODSSFBT has a growing evidence base for use with children and young people. However, there are still some common uncertainties about its use; therefore, a literature review has been undertaken to further explore the evidence base for the use of SFBT, with a focus on the MWQ. Furthermore, an exploration of the planning, implementation, and evaluation of the effectiveness of the MWQ is provided with a 15‐year‐old girl experiencing symptoms of low mood.RESULTSAlthough limitations have been identified, giving careful consideration to posing the MWQ, through detailed planning prior to implementation, led to an increased understanding of factors supporting the use of the MWQ and reduced any uncertainty around when to use the MWQ in practice. In this clinical intervention, with a 15‐year‐old girl experiencing symptoms of low mood, the use of the MWQ was successful.CONCLUSIONThe effectiveness of any treatment is best judged by the individual receiving care, and positive results have been achieved in this case study. Use of this approach ensured professionals were looking beyond diagnosis, illness, and problems in line with the principles of recovery‐focused practice (Scottish Recovery Network [SRN] and NHS Education for Scotland [NES], 2007). The use of the MWQ in this case enhanced the knowledge of evidence‐based practices, in line with the Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC, ) and improved overall outcomes for individuals receiving care.
Quality of life and emotional impact of a fixed‐dose combination of antihypertensive drugs in patients with uncontrolled hypertension
Authors: Schmieder Roland E. , Jumar Agnes , Fronk Eva‐Maria , Alexandre Ana‐Filipa , Bramlage Peter 
Published: October 2016

Often considered to be a symptomless condition, hypertension can be associated with a significant emotional burden. To analyze changes of health‐related quality of life as well as the emotional burden questions regarding the impact of hypertension were incorporated into the noninterventional SeviTarget study. Comparisons were made between baseline and follow‐up findings, and between patients with treatment target achievement and those without. A total of 5831 patients were recruited. At baseline, only 33.3% of patients described their current state of health as good or excellent, while at follow‐up this value had risen to 75.8%. Responses regarding symptoms and limitations in activities and mental factors such as anxiety associated with treatment all improved during antihypertensive treatment. Changes to more optimistic responses were more likely for patients who achieved a target BP of <140/90 mm Hg. The study demonstrates that improvements in quality of life and the perceived emotional burden related to hypertension can be achieved with effective management of hypertension.
Annual report of the Women's Health Care Committee, Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 2016
Authors: Takamatsu Kiyoshi , Kitawaki Jo 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn order to improve women's quality of life, over the year leading up to June 2016, the Women's Health Care Committee of the Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology focused upon: (i) breast management; (ii) influence of a therapy for gynecologic disease on physical condition; (iii) nonsurgical management of pelvic organ prolapse; (iv) survey of infectious diseases in Obstetrics and Gynecology in Japan; (v) health care for female athletes; (vi) a training program for women's health‐care advisers; and (vii) revising the Japanese guideline on hormone‐replacement therapy. In order to publicize the activities of our committee widely, the detailed activities of the seven subcommittees are described in this report, which is based on the Japanese version of the annual report (Acta Obst Gynaec Jpn 2016; 68 (6): 1404–1416).
They Should Say “I Don't”: Norms About Midpregnancy Marriage and Job Loss
Authors: Gassman‐Pines Anna , Gibson‐Davis Christina M. , Vernot Corey , Butler Maggie , Hall Natalie , Taylor Lauren , Eastwood Katherine , Zhang Xinri 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis study examined effects of local economic conditions on individuals' attitudes toward midpregnancy marriages using an experimental vignette method. Adults (N = 460) were each shown two vignettes about a hypothetical couple expecting a baby; within each vignette pair, vignettes randomly varied as to whether the couple lived in a community that had recently experienced job losses or had stable employment. Respondents indicated if the couple should and will get married before the baby's birth. Results showed that worse local economic conditions led people to believe that marriage would be less common. Among more socioeconomically disadvantaged respondents, if the hypothetical couple lived in a community with job loss, fewer respondents also thought that the couple should marry. In contrast, among more socioeconomically advantaged respondents, slightly more respondents thought that the couple should marry. When economic conditions worsen, low‐socioeconomic‐status individuals may believe that financial prerequisites for marriage become harder to meet.
Immunoregulatory effects of 4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(5-amino-3-methylisoxazole-4-carbonyl)-thiosemicarbazide (06K) in non-immunized and SRBC-immunized mice
Authors: Drynda Angelika , Obmińska-Mrukowicz Bożena , Zaczyńska Ewa , Zimecki Michał , Ryng Stanisław , Mączyński Marcin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
Immunoregulatory properties of 06K derivative (4-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-(5-amino-3-methylisoxazole-4-carbonyl)-thiosemicarbazide) in mouse in vivo models were investigated.

Methods
Several in vivo models were used: humoral and cellular immune response, carrageenan inflammatory reaction and determination of lymphocyte subsets in non-immunized mice.

Key findings
The compound administered before or after immunization with sheep erythrocytes (sheep red blood cell (SRBC)) elevated the number of plaque-forming cells (PFC), and this effect was stronger at lower doses. Although total haemagglutinin titres to SRBC decreased upon postimmunization treatment, IgG titre increased. In the model of delayed-type hypersensitivity (DTH) to ovalbumin (OVA), the compound, applied intraperitoneally before an eliciting dose of an antigen but not before immunization, inhibited the magnitude of a cutaneous reaction. Further, 06K significantly diminished carrageenan-induced foot pad inflammation when administered 1 h before carrageenan. The compound, administered intraperitoneally to naïve mice, elicited changes in weight, cell number in lymphoid organs and content of lymphocyte subsets, depending on the dose and number of applications. Phenotypic changes included increased turnover of thymocytes, changes in B-cell distribution in spleens and lymph nodes, increased percentage of CD8+ cells and regulatory CD4+CD25+ Foxp3+ T cells.

Conclusions
Immunoregulatory properties of 06K involve mobilization of lymphopoiesis and generation of regulatory T cells.
Effect of ball milling on the physicochemical properties of atorvastatin calcium sesquihydrate: the dissolution kinetic behaviours of milled amorphous solids
Authors: Kobayashi Makiko , Hattori Yusuke , Sasaki Tetsuo , Otsuka Makoto 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The purposes of this study were to clarify the amorphization by ball milling of atorvastatin calcium sesquihydrate (AT) and to analyse the change in dissolution kinetics.

Methods
The amorphous AT was prepared from crystal AT by ball milling and analysed in terms of the changes of its physicochemical properties by powder X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), thermal analysis and infrared spectroscopy (IR). Moreover, to evaluate the usefulness of the amorphous form for pharmaceutical development, intrinsic solubility of the ground product was evaluated using a dissolution kinetic method.

Key findings
The XRD results indicated that crystalline AT was transformed into amorphous solids by more than 30-min milling. The thermal analysis result suggested that chemical potential of the ground AT are changed significantly by milling. The IR spectra of the AT showed the band shift from the amide group at 3406 cm−1 with an intermolecular hydrogen bond to a free amide group at 3365 cm−1 by milling. The dissolution of amorphous AT follows a dissolution kinetic model involving phase transformation.

Conclusions
The initial dissolution rate of the ground product increased with the increase in milling time to reflect the increase in the intrinsic solubility based on the amorphous state.
Improving the oral bioavailability of buprenorphine: an in-vivo proof of concept
Authors: Joshi Anand , Halquist Matthew , Konsoula Zacharoula , Liu Yongzhen , Jones J P , Heidbreder Christian , Gerk Phillip M 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to improve the oral bioavailability of buprenorphine by inhibiting presystemic metabolism via the oral co-administration of ‘Generally Recognized as Safe’ compounds, thus providing an orally administered drug product with less variability and comparable or higher exposure compared with the sublingual route.

Methods
The present studies were performed in Sprague Dawley rats following either intravenous or oral administration of buprenorphine/naloxone and oral co-administration of ‘Generally Recognized as Safe’ compounds referred to as ‘adjuvants’. Plasma samples were collected up to 22 h postdosing followed by liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.

Key findings
The adjuvants increased Cmax (21 ± 16 ng/ml vs 75 ± 33 ng/ml; 3.6-fold) and AUC(0–22 h) (10.6 ± 8.11 μg min/ml vs 22.9 ± 11.7 μg min/ml; 2.2-fold) values of buprenorphine (control vs adjuvant-treated, respectively). The absolute oral bioavailability of buprenorphine doubled (from 1.24% to 2.68%) in the presence of the adjuvants.

Conclusions
One may suggest that the adjuvant treatment most likely inhibited the presystemic metabolic enzymes, thus decreasing the intestinal ‘first-pass effect’ on buprenorphine. Additional studies are now required to further explore the concept of inhibiting presystemic metabolism of buprenorphine by adjuvants to potentially increase the oral bioavailability of buprenorphine.
Prevalence of spinous process impingement in thoracic vertebrae on radiographs of clinically‐unaffected dogs
Authors: Thierry F. , Bradley K. , Warren‐Smith C. 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the prevalence of impinged spinous processes in asymptomatic dogs.MethodsOne hundred and ninety lateral thoracic radiographs of asymptomatic dogs radiographed for reasons other than spinal pain, were retrospectively reviewed by two board‐certified radiologists. Images were assessed for impinged spinous processes and graded for narrowing, sclerosis or remodelling of the spinous processes.ResultsThe prevalence of impinged spinous processes in unaffected dogs was 33·2%. Seventy‐five of 79 (95%) lesions were located betweenT8andT11. Impingement of the spinous processes was more common in older dogs and larger dogs displayed more frequent and more severe impingement of the spinous processes compared with smaller breeds.Clinical SignificanceSpinous process impingement is common in animals with no history of spinal pain, indicating that this radiographic finding should be interpreted with caution.
Contretemps: Of Extinction and Romanticism
Authors: Khalip Jacques 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis essay considers how extinction functions as a concept within romantic studies and as an inhuman dynamic inscribed in the concept of Romanticism itself. Beginning with an essay on Paul de Man and moving to analyses of Wordsworth and Clare alongside contemporary work by Dipesh Chakrabarty, it argues for the necessity of rethinking evolution and life in the context of the Anthropocene. How would romantic thought change once one thinks of lives that are not reducibly human? And what would be the status of such poetry?