bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IMPACTO NO CONTRABANDO DE CIGARROS DEVIDO DIFERENCIAÇÃO TRIBUTÁRIA ENTRE BRASIL E PARAGUAI
Authors: Costa da Silva Fernando , Bruggemann Junior Tadeu Fabiano 
Published: October 2024

Em 2019, o Paraguai produziu 2,5 bilhões de carteiras de cigarro. O consumo interno foi estimado em 371 milhões e foram exportadas em torno de 300 milhões de carteiras de cigarro para a América Latina. Fazendo a contabilidade entre tais montantes resta-no a inquietação: para onde foram mais de 1,8 bilhão de carteira de cigarros. Devido ao lucro do contrabando de cigarro, principalmente para o Brasil, o crime organizado – OrCrim, montou uma estrutura utilizando mão de obra dos moradores da tríplice fronteira entre Argentina, Brasil e Paraguai. Estes moradores realizam as atividades do carregamento de cigarros em barcos e veículos, transporte e o monitoramento das atividades das forças de segurança pública a fim de lograr êxito no cometimento do crime. Ademais, de acordo com as apreensões realizadas pela Polícia Rodoviária Federal – PRF, os veículos utilizados foram roubados ou furtados, tendo placas clonadas. Entre as possíveis causas e soluções, temos a diferenciação tributária entre Brasil e Paraguai. Tal diferença na tributação causa sonegação fiscal, aumento da demanda no Sistema Único de Saúde – SUS e prejuízo financeiro de bilhões de reais ao ano. O propósito deste estudo é saber: qual o impacto no contrabando de cigarro devido à diferenciação tributária entre Brasil e Paraguai?
Effectiveness of Avrgam Herbal Mouthwash Against Plaque and Gingivitis: A Randomized Controlled Double Blind Trial
Authors: Mahwish Ahmed Karim  
Published: October 2024

A randomized, double blind, parallel and controlled clinical trial (RCT) was carried out to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a novel herbal mouthwash Avrgam formulation, using three of the highly valuable Pakistani herbs: Aloe vera (L.) Burm. f., Achillea millefolium L. and Berbris aristata DC. These herbs have scientifically proven as anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial potentials. In this research, phase I safety evaluation trial was conducted in which thirty six (36) subjects were enrolled and after successful completion phase II efficacy trial was then conducted. A total of fifty six (56) subjects of both the genders having at least 1.01 score of plaque index (PlI) and gingival index (GI), respectively, were enrolled. Among them, twenty eight (28) patients received test rinse and the same number received control rinse. Chlorhexidine gluconate in 0.12% concentration was used as a positive control and a seven day twice a day dosing were managed for both the test and control groups. PlI and GI were measured at day zero (0) and day seven (7) of the study. Both the rinses decreased significantly PlI (p<0.025). Although test rinse decreased the GI (p<0.01) but chlorhexidine did not show significant reduction in GI. Avrgam herbal mouthwash was found more effective than the chlorhexidine gluconate (p<0.001).
Eugenia Aromatic (Clove) in Focus: A Scientific Review of Its Pharmacological Applications and Therapeutic Benefits"
Authors: Sidra Zubair  , Anila sharif  , Hafiza Afsah Altaf  , Fouzia Karim  , Hira Raees  
Published: October 2024

Clove a dried bud of tropical tree. Scientific Name Syzygium aromaticum and it belongs from kingdom plantae, family myrtaceae from class angiosperms. This review comprises exploration of clove by describing its historical significance its production process scientific classifications and its various aspects of its macro and microscopical characteristics. Cloves are known by their different names like caryophullus aromaticus, and eugenia caryophyllata.
The research outlines the cultivation process of cloves and describe importance suitable soil , climate conditions and protection against pest. The collection method and drying process also explained with challenges explained during cultivation. The main compound found in cloves is eugenol, which is mainly responsible for the characteristic aroma of clove.
The review describe the nutritional information of cloves, highlighting their low-calorie content and rich manganese concentration. Health benefits are discussed, ranging from blood sugar regulation and tumor prevention to anti-inflammatory and digestive aid properties.
The potential adverse effects and warnings associated with clove consumption, emphasizing caution in certain populations, such as those with diabetes or bleeding disorders. Dosing recommendations for adults and children are provided, considering various applications, from dental pain relief to mosquito repellent. findings and conclusion.
Argon plasma photocoagulation for prevention of chronic ulcers and bleeding in solitary rectal ulcer syndrome: Scoping review and narrative summary
Authors: Dutta Palak 
Published: October 2024

Background: Solitary Rectal Ulcer Syndrome (SRUS), often called the "three-lies illness," involves ulcers or hyperemic mucosa without ulcers. Its complex and not fully understood etiology makes treatment challenging, focusing primarily on the underlying disease mechanisms. Argon Plasma Photocoagulation (APC) offers potential benefits worth considering for SRUS. This thermal coagulation technique effectively stops bleeding and promotes tissue healing. This review evaluates the effectiveness of APC compared to traditional therapies for managing chronic ulcers and bleeding in SRUS.

Methods: Following PRISMA guidelines, we conducted a scoping review using specific search syntaxes related to SRUS and Argon Plasma Coagulation. We systematically searched PubMed, Cochrane, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.gov, and Google Scholar for articles up to December 2022.

Results: Out of 431 articles screened, 32 studies met the inclusion criteria. Standard treatments for SRUS include behavioral therapy, sucralfate enemas, bulk laxatives, high-fiber supplements, corticosteroid therapy, and rectopexy. Research indicates that conservative therapy may increase ulcer recurrence and delay healing. In contrast, APC showed improved postoperative ulcer healing, better bleeding control, and lower recurrence rates. Importantly, no complications such as intestinal perforation, fistula, or infection were reported following APC treatment. APC consistently outperformed conventional therapies, enhancing SRUS management when used alongside traditional treatments.

Conclusion: Argon Plasma Photocoagulation significantly improves postoperative ulcer healing, bleeding control, and recurrence rates in SRUS patients. APC, combined with conventional therapies, is more effective than traditional treatments alone. Further extensive and conclusive studies comparing APC to conventional therapies are necessary to determine the most effective treatment option for SRUS.
The Chemical and Microbiological Contaminants and Safety of Mussels
Authors: Kilinc Berna , Kilinc Irem 
Published: October 2024

For human consumption, mussels are known as an abundant source of nutrients. As for public health, mussels must be cultivated or harvested in clean regions. Because they obtain their food by filtering water, mussels are an excellent indicator of water contamination. Owing to this, they might include a range of chemical and microbiological contaminants that can be found in contaminated waters, including diclofenac, organochlorine pesticides, dioxins, furans, heavy metals, microplastics, nanomaterials, nanoparticles, persistent organic pollutants, polychlorinated biphenyls, perfluoroalkyl substances, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and organochlorine compounds. Mussels should also be processed under appropriate conditions after being harvested from clean waters, and their contamination should be prevented. It is thought that it is necessary to carry out controls continuously at every stage, from harvest to consumption, for consumers to reach healthy and reliable mussels. In addition, as this study reported, it is envisaged that information studies on the chemical and microbiological contaminants of mussels and their safety will be important to prevent the formation of disease risks.
Viral Toxicants
Authors: Alkan Bilik Ozge 
Published: October 2024

Viral toxicants in food is an increasing concern within the realm of food safety. Foodborne diseases caused by viral pathogens are prevalent in humans, leading to significant rates of illness globally and particularly high rates of death in developing nations. The primary pathogens responsible for foodborne infections are Norovirus and hepatitis A virus. Additionally, Rotavirus, hepatitis E virus, Astrovirus, Aichi virus, Sapovirus, Adenovirus, Poliovirus, tick-borne encephalitis virus, and Nipah virus can also be transmitted through food.
The most efficacious strategy against infection is prevention. Identifying the origin of contamination is essential for the creation of an efficient solution. To prevent the occurrence of viral toxins in food, a comprehensive strategy is necessary, which involves the collaboration of producers, food processors, food handlers, and consumers.
Therapeutics in Pediatric Diseases
Authors: Onur Hakan 
Published: October 2024

Gene therapy is a treatment method that involves the alteration, correction or replacement of diseased genes in order to treat genetic diseases or alleviate their symptoms. Gene therapy in children stands out as a promising approach, especially in the treatment of inherited genetic diseases. This therapy aims to correct the source of the disease by targeting the underlying genetic causes of the disease. Gene therapy is usually applied with three main methods: Increasing Gene Expression, Gene Regulation, Gene Silencing.
Gene therapy is used especially in the treatment of the following diseases in children: Inherited Genetic Diseases: Diseases such as cystic fibrosis, Duchenne muscular dystrophy, haemophilia. Metabolic Disorders: Metabolic diseases such as phenylketonuria.
Neurological Diseases: Motor neurone diseases such as SMA (spinal muscular atrophy). Gene therapy in children has great potential in the treatment of genetic diseases. With the advancement of technology, safer and more effective treatment methods are expected to be developed. However, overcoming the ethical and financial challenges in this field is important for gene therapy applications to reach a wider audience.
The Oesophagus
Authors: Karaca Bozdag Zekiye , Kilic Safak Nazire , Candir Buse Naz 
Published: October 2024

The esophagus is part of the digestive system and is a tube-shaped structure that carries food and liquids from the mouth to the stomach. Between vertebrae C6-Th10,11, it is 23-25 cm long and 1-2 cm long. As the esophagus passes through the body, it is divided into three parts: Pars cervicalis, Pars thoracica and Pars abdominalis. The wall structure consists of four layers from outside to inside: tunica adventitia, tunica muscularis, tela submucosa and tunica mucosa.
The process of swallowing unfolds in three stages: oral, pharyngeal, and oesophageal, lasting approximately 1.5 seconds. Initially voluntary, it transitions into a reflexive action and can be broken down into six steps. There are three types of oesophageal peristalsis: primary, secondary and tertiary.
Many different conditions can occur in the oesophagus, including reflux, oesophagitis, Barrett’s oesophagus, oesophageal cancer, achalasia and Mallory-Weiss syndrome. These diseases are diagnosed based on symptoms, physical examination findings and diagnostic tests, and their treatment varies depending on the symptoms, severity of the disease and underlying causes. Understanding the complexity of these conditions is an important step in successfully managing them in practice.
Cancer and Pathogenesis
Authors: Karalezli Ilknur 
Published: October 2024

Cancer assessment is of paramount importance as it encompasses understanding the nature of cancer, risk evaluation, prevention strategies, and health management. A tumor denotes an abnormal proliferation of cells lacking functional purpose and without the potential to metastasize to adjacent cells, organs, or distant parts of the body; hence, not all tumors are malignant, with benign tumors exhibiting non-invasive characteristics. The etiology of benign tumors remains somewhat elusive; however, genetic predispositions, poor dietary choices, exposure to radiation or toxins, occupational stress, infections, or inflammation are known factors contributing to their development. Consequently, cells capable of metastasis must be clearly distinguished from others, a crucial factor influencing treatment modalities.
As epigenetic mechanisms exert direct control over gene expression, research in this field has witnessed a surge. While certain epigenetic mechanisms silence genes by converting chromatin into heterochromatin, others activate genes by transforming them into euchromatin. Chromatin modification mechanisms facilitating epigenetic alterations encompass DNA methylation, nucleosome reorganization, histone methylation, modulation of nucleosome density, regulation of nuclear architecture, among others. These mechanisms are under scrutiny in cancer research, aided by advancements in technology, to unravel their role in oncogenic processes.
Oncogenes play crucial roles in both the initiation and progression of human carcinogenesis, converting healthy cells into cancerous ones. Alongside oncoproteins or tumor suppressor gene products, they contribute to the development of human cancers by stimulating proliferation, disrupting cell cycle regulation, or inhibiting apoptosis. These mechanisms also influence the duration of disease-related survival.
Molecular biomarkers utilized in decision-making processes within oncology are categorized as prognostic or predictive, with ongoing efforts to understand their significance in elucidating cancer mechanisms. Prognostic biomarkers enable the classification of cancer based on the risk of disease progression or mortality, facilitating tailored treatment strategies for individual patients. Such biomarkers serve as indicators of patient survival, reflecting the intrinsic aggressiveness of the tumor. Hence, early diagnosis holds pivotal importance in the cancer trajectory. In solid tumors, clinically significant molecular biomarkers aid in delineating the mechanisms underlying cancer initiation, progression, and response to treatment, thereby influencing therapeutic success.
The objective of this chapter is to underscore that understanding cancer mechanisms can pave the way for enhanced early diagnosis and treatment. There exist crucial connections between research, technological advancements, and the formulation of innovative approaches in the diagnosis and treatment of oncological malignancies. Leveraging current knowledge to develop novel strategies holds significant promise in extending survival rates.
Mercury
Authors: Celik Ahmet 
Published: October 2024

Mercury (Hg) is a pervasive and hazardous heavy metal pollutant, originating from both natural sources and human activities. The global concern over mercury pollution escalated following the Minamata disease incident in Japan during the 1950s. Mercury can exist in liquid form at room temperature and as a gas, enabling long-distance atmospheric travel. Human activities, including industrial processes, fossil fuel combustion, and mineral extraction, significantly contribute to mercury emissions, with approximately 2220 tons emitted globally in 2015. Mercury pollution in soil, primarily driven by anthropogenic activities such as mining and coal combustion, poses severe environmental and health risks. Mercury in soil exists in inorganic and organic forms, with methylmercury being particularly toxic due to its bioaccumulation and neurotoxic effects.
Remediation of mercury-contaminated soil involves physical, chemical, and biological methods. Thermal desorption, a key physical remediation technique, uses heat to volatilize and remove mercury from soil. This method’s efficacy depends on soil characteristics, mercury speciation, and operational parameters. However, high temperatures can degrade soil quality, necessitating a balance between effective mercury removal and maintaining soil usability.This chapter provides an overview of mercury’s sources, toxicity, and various remediation techniques, emphasizing the need for effective strategies to mitigate its environmental and health impacts.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Hypothermi
Authors: Calbay Ayca 
Published: October 2024

Hypothermic arrest cases often occur as a result of long-term cold exposure or accident. Although it is observed primarily in centers where the weather is cold, these cases can be found all over the world. Unexpectedly, hypothermic arrest cases may also be encountered in summer months and in hospitalized patients under observation. With the use of advanced assisted resuscitation methods such as extracorporeal life support and cardiopulmonary bypass, neurological survival in this population has reached 47-63%.
Hypothermia is defined as a core body temperature below 35°C (95°F) and can be life-threatening if not addressed promptly. This condition can arise from prolonged exposure to cold environments, immersion in cold water, inadequate clothing, or underlying medical conditions that affect body temperature regulation.
The primary goal of hypothermic resuscitation is to safely and effectively return the patient’s body temperature to normal levels. The treatment approach varies based on the severity of hypothermia, categorized into mild, moderate, and severe stages. In cases of mild hypothermia, passive rewarming methods are typically sufficient. Passive rewarming relies on the patient’s own metabolic heat production to gradually raise the body temperature.
For moderate to severe hypothermia, active rewarming techniques are necessary. Active rewarming methods include administering warmed intravenous fluids to increase core body temperature from the inside, using external heating devices such as heating blankets or forced-air warming systems, and in extreme cases, employing extracorporeal rewarming techniques. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) and cardiopulmonary bypass are advanced medical procedures that circulate the patient’s blood through an external warming device before returning it to the body, providing rapid and controlled rewarming.
In summary, hypothermic resuscitation is a life-saving procedure that requires a methodical and patient-specific approach. The success of this intervention depends on the timely and appropriate application of rewarming techniques and the vigilant management of potential complications. Healthcare professionals’ expertise and prompt action are pivotal in ensuring the best outcomes for patients suffering from hypothermia.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Electrolyte Imbalance
Authors: Arslan Busra 
Published: October 2024

Electrolyte imbalances refer to situations where electrolytes are present at levels different from normal, often necessitating urgent medical intervention. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) is critical in managing emergencies associated with electrolyte imbalances. Electrolyte imbalances can affect the electrical activity of the heart and lead to severe cardiac arrhythmias. For instance, hyperkalemia (high potassium levels) can increase the risk of ventricular fibrillation, while hypokalemia (low potassium levels) can increase the risk of ventricular arrhythmias. ACLS encompasses a range of interventions used in managing such conditions.
The primary goals of ACLS include maintaining respiration and circulation, ensuring oxygenation, and correcting cardiac rhythm. In the treatment of electrolyte imbalances, correcting electrolyte levels, especially when they are critically abnormal, is an urgent necessity.
Specific interventions in ACLS may be tailored particularly for certain electrolyte imbalances, such as hyperkalemia. These interventions may include the administration of calcium gluconate or calcium chloride, insulin-glucose infusion, the use of beta-2 agonists, and other treatment options.
In conclusion, electrolyte imbalances can present serious conditions requiring urgent medical intervention. Advanced cardiac life support serves as an effective tool in managing such conditions and becomes crucial when interventions specific to electrolyte imbalances are warranted. Therefore, continuous education and updates on electrolyte imbalances are important for emergency medicine teams.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Intoxication
Authors: Tortum Fatma 
Published: October 2024

Abstract:Toxicological emergencies are commonly encountered in emergency departments, necessitating prompt and efficient interventions. Advanced cardiac life support (ACLS) plays a critical role in such urgent cases. In cases of toxic exposure, ACLS ensures effective and timely intervention in the event of cardiac arrest.
The primary goals of ACLS include maintaining respiration and circulation, ensuring oxygenation, and correcting heart rhythm and rate. Specific treatment protocols for toxic agents should be implemented in cases of toxicological emergencies. For example, naloxone may be used for opioid poisoning, while sodium bicarbonate may be employed for tricyclic antidepressant poisoning.
Early diagnosis, effective intervention, and appropriate treatment modalities are crucial in ACLS. Intervention strategies should be determined based on the type and dose of the toxin and the patient’s clinical condition. ACLS in toxicological emergencies requires a multidisciplinary approach and should be administered under the coordination of the emergency medicine team.
In conclusion, ACLS in toxicological emergencies is a vital emergency medicine procedure. Early diagnosis, rapid intervention, and appropriate treatment can significantly improve mortality and morbidity rates in patients exposed to toxic agents. Therefore, continuous education and updating of knowledge on ACLS in toxicological emergencies are essential for emergency medicine professionals.
Advanced Cardiac Life Support in Pulmonary Embolism
Authors: Akgol Gur Sultan Tuna 
Published: October 2024

Management of pulmonary embolism (PE) during resuscitation requires the rapid and effective handling of a serious and potentially life-threatening condition. Pulmonary embolism typically occurs when a clot from deep vein thrombosis in the legs reaches the pulmonary arteries, significantly impacting oxygenation and blood circulation.
During resuscitation, the prompt diagnosis and management of PE are critical. The first step is to evaluate the patient’s symptoms and clinical findings. Sudden shortness of breath, chest pain, tachycardia, and hypotension can suggest PE. In patients suspected of having PE, emergency imaging tests should be performed to confirm the diagnosis. Computed tomography (CT) pulmonary angiography is the most commonly used method for confirming PE.
Once PE is confirmed, the patient’s hemodynamic status is assessed. Hemodynamically unstable patients (presence of shock or hypotension) require immediate treatment. Thrombolytic therapy is used in these patients to rapidly dissolve the clot and can reduce mortality. However, thrombolytic therapy carries a risk of bleeding and should be administered cautiously.
In hemodynamically stable patients, anticoagulant therapy is initiated. Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) or direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) are generally preferred. These treatments prevent the clot from growing and reduce the risk of new clot formation. Additionally, it is important to identify and manage underlying risk factors to prevent PE. Conditions such as immobilization, cancer, or genetic clotting disorders should be addressed.
Management of PE during resuscitation requires a multidisciplinary approach. Collaboration among emergency medicine specialists, cardiologists, radiologists, and nurses ensures that the patient is treated quickly and effectively. Furthermore, after the patient is stabilized, a long-term follow-up and treatment plan should be established. In conclusion, the management of pulmonary embolism aims to reduce mortality and morbidity through rapid diagnosis and appropriate treatment strategies.