bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Should Lessons Learned be the Blueprint for the Future?
Authors: Gordon Brian J , Wilkinson Peter 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Do we need a journey through the past to make our future better? Many companies say they have a Lessons Learned processas part of their management system. Whilst the intent is sincere, a review of major accident events suggests this is notworking. Why is there no sense of anxiety around this failure to learn and prevent reoccurrence? From a review of variousmajor incidents around the world, we conclude that all possible lessons have not been learned from preceding events.
In one sense, a failure to learn is understandable. Since catastrophic accidents are not common, it is easy for people to believe that similar incidents won't happen to them. Their rarity also means that the generation who were in proximity to a major incident and were deeply affected by it, will in time move on. Trevor Kletz recognised this issue many years ago in his 1993 book, "Lessons from Disaster" or "How organisations have no memory and accidents recur." (Kletz 1993)
However, is this too pessimistic a view? What can we do about building more risk aware organisations and minimising reliance on active risk mitigation systems? Much work has been done already, mainly in the field of identifying lessons to be learnt. This is not the same as actually learning the lessons, which is more difficult. We discuss the mechanisms at work which causes lessons not to be learned along with the various psychological characteristics and traits at play that can affect our ability to learn.
This paper discusses the following essential features of an effective lessons learnt process:A requirement to look outside the organisation and industry for sharing of lessons to learned;A process which goes beyond identifying the lessons to be learnt but has a method to embed or internalise the lessons and actually minimise the risk or eliminate the defect;A specific organisational capability in making changes with senior management patronage;Measurement to check the organisation is applying the lessons and behaviours and hardware have changed in practice.
Large Scale Seismic Modelling of the Pre-Carbonate Geology, Offshore Malaysia, a Multidisciplinary Approach - “Running the Seismic Method Backwards"
Authors: Chandola Sandeep Kumar , Low Cheng Foo , Akalin Mehmet Ferruh , Alai Riaz , Muhamad Abdul Aziz , Bayly Martin paul , Myers Keith Stuart , Brice Timothy , Nyein Glenn , Hydal Saeeda 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Despite proven analogues elsewhere in Malaysia, pre-carbonate hydrocarbon targets offshore Sarawak have met with limited drilling success. This has been mainly attributed to the poor seismic imaging beneath complex velocity carbonate reefs and platforms with low signal-to-noise ratio and inadequate illumination. Seismic imaging is challenging due to inconsistent illumination, multiple energy contamination and complex wave propagation. A collaborative study was undertaken to model these challenges and recommend optimum acquisition and signal processing solutions to produce a step change in seismic imaging of the pre-carbonate targets.
The study involved building a detailed anisotropic 3D earth model using borehole and seismic data covering more than 600 km2 area to create a robust synthetic seismic dataset. Geological and petrophysical review preceded seismic interpretation and simultaneous AVO inversion results were used to populate a fine scale model. Testing and validation of the model was performed on a data subset to ensured the kinematics and amplitudes were consistent with the actual seismic response. The model was then used to create over 15 billion prestack traces using an anisotropic finite difference wave propagation modelling algorithm. From this data, different survey designs were extracted including; narrow-azimuth (NAZ), multi-azimuth (MAZ), wide-azimuth (WAZ) and full-azimuth (FAZ) circular shooting streamer geometries.
These datasets were processed and analyzed to test optimal demultiple and imaging approaches and to understand the relative benefits of different acquisition geometries. The results indicated that acquiring azimuthally rich data improves illumination of the pre-carbonate section. The demultiple testing successfully demonstrates the workflow needed to attenuate both short and long period multiples. Reverse Time Migration (RTM) produced an improved image compared to Kirchhoff pre stack depth migration. This case study demonstrates that large scale 3D finite difference seismic modelling, aimed at addressing specific geological challenges, is an effective tool in understanding the optimum acquisition design and processing workflow prior to beginning a new seismic acquisition. Based on the findings of this collaborative study, PETRONAS has now acquired a new seismic data set in the area targeting pre-carbonate objectives using a 3D full-azimuth circular acquisition.
Adaptive Centroid Frequency Shift Q Tomography
Authors: Xie Yi , Xin Kefeng , He Yi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The propagation of seismic waves through visco-acoustic media is affected by frequency dependent absorption which is often described by the quality factor Q where a low Q means more loss of signal strength and bandwidth. Complex variations in attenuation, if not accounted for, can severely compromise both the amplitude and phase of the migrated data. This in turn affects the ability to accurately predict reservoir properties. In this paper we propose a new tomographic approach using adaptive centroid frequency shift (CFS) information from surface seismic data to estimate Q.
By picking the events in the migrated section and ray-tracing back to the unmigrated data domain, the centroid frequency of the unmigrated data can be measured for the picked events in the depth migrated CIG gathers. After applying the correction generated on the fly for the given source wavelet, these adaptively corrected CFS will then be back-projected along ray path to reconstruct the attenuation distribution through our tomographic inversion.
A synthetic test and a real data example will be presented to demonstrate how our approach can accurately estimate a Q model and can be included in the Q compensation process to fully account for the frequency dependent attenuation effects observed on seismic data.
A key element of the CFS method is deciding what analytical function should be used to fit the amplitude spectrum of wavelets before and after passing through visco-acoustic media. However, we found the accuracy of Q tomographic inversion to be sensitive to the accuracy of the fitting and that the fixed wavelet fitting function cannot describe the real source wavelet accurately. An adaptive correction is applied to the observed centroid frequency to account for any deviation from the explicit relationship through tabulating the absorption effect for different accumulated dissipation time. These adaptively corrected centroid frequency shifts improve the stability and the accuracy of the inversion.

Introduction
The propagation of seismic waves through viscoacoustic media is affected by frequency dependent absorption which results in loss of signal strength and bandwidth. Complex variations in attenuation, if not accounted for, can severely compromise both the amplitude and phase of the migrated data. This in turn affects the ability to accurately predict reservoir properties (Best et al., 1994). Thus, there is a need to compensate for the frequency dependent absorption during the processing of the data.
Fracture Detection via Double Beam Focusing and Image Filtering
Authors: Protasov Maxim I. , Cheverda Vladimir , Reshetova Galina V. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this paper, the asymmetric summation is implemented by the double focusing of Gaussian beams. To do this, the special weights are computed by propagating Gaussian beams from the target area towards the acquisition system separately for sources and receivers. The different mutual positioning of beams in each pair introduces a variety of "selective images" that are destined to represent some selected singular primitives of the target objects, such as fractures, cavities, edges and so on. In this way, one can construct various wave images of a target reservoir, particularly in scattered/diffracted waves. Additional removal of remnants of specular reflections is done by means of spectral analysis of the scattered/diffracted waves' images to recognize and cancel extended lineaments.
Numerical experiments with synthetic seismic data simulated for the Sigsbee2a model and some typical structures of the Yurubcheno-Tokhomskoya oil field in East Siberia are presented and discussed.

Introduction
Recently, the construction of a diffraction image is taking an active interest. This is primarily due to the demands for prospecting and developing in a typical environment of carbonate fractured reservoirs. According to various estimates these reservoirs contain 35–48 percent of the world 's oil reserves and 23–28 percent of the world's gas. A scattered component of the seismic wave field carries an essential information about the structure of the medium at a sub-seismic scale, where fractured zones are related to. The processing of a scattered component allows one to localize such geologically interesting objects as decompression zones of rocks and fracture-development zones, internal faults and crystalline arrays containing cavernous fractured zones.
Thus, it can be stated that using of the scattered component can solve one of the major problems associated with the discovery and development of hydrocarbons in the carbonate environment: to localize heterogeneities of sub-seismic scale and to determine their fine structure, like the dominant orientation of fracture corridors. This allows to predict the distribution of main stream fluid flows. In particular, it is worth mentioning here that in many carbonate reservoirs, matrix porosity contains the oil in place but the permeability is mainly provided by fracture corridors. In some carbonate reservoirs the oil in place is essentially contained in karstic caves. Thus, the ability to accurately localize clusters of micro heterogeneities (cavities/cracks/fractures) and to characterize their properties is crucial to ensure the effective follow-up exploration and field development.
Jack-Up Suitability from a Risk Assessment Perspective
Authors: Rohani Muhammad Joehan , M. W. Ismail Wan M , Sha'ari Fatimah Az-Zahra' , A Jalil Azri 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Geohazard can be described as local and/ or regional site and soil conditions having a potential of developing into failure events causing loss of life or damage to health, environment or field installation. PETRONAS Carigali Sdn Bhd (PCSB) is confronted with various geohazards challenges, both in our domestic and international projects. These geohazards includes but are not limited to different types of soil stratigraphy, shallow gas, shallow channel systems, faults, pockmarks, mudflows, corals etc.
In order to address these Geohazard issues, PCSB has developed a comprehensive Geohazard Assessment Model (GAM) for institutionalization within the company a governance process to manage geohazard risks. The aim of Geohazard Assessment Model is to:Provide a comprehensive integrated geohazards risk assessment framework to ensure geohazards risks are identified and management is given advance recommendations on the mitigation solutions andEnsure all requirements for the Geohazard Analysis such as technical; pre, during and post operations and health, safety and environmental (HSE) are within code compliance and assets are being safeguarded at all times.
The importance of GAM can be reflected in terms of monetary, time, quality and HSE whereby substantial cost savings can be achieved via a risk assessment perspective. GAM utilizes an integrated approach requiring expertise in geotechnical, geophysical and geological disciplines to rationally identify, assess, quantify and mitigate these geohazards for the eventual selection of final field development concept, optimum asset sitting and approaches.
This paper shall present how jack-ups suitability are studied from a risk assessment perspective using GAM. The importance of proactive measures to mitigate geohazards are also elaborated on projects undertaken by PCSB. Adopting a systematic approach to quantifying geohazard risk can minimise time and cost impacts upon any field development.
Maturing Opportunities in a Multi-Layered Waterflooded Reservoir
Authors: Mohamed Isa Amzani Faisal , Nadarajan Sangeetha , Gray Joy Whitney 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Description
Economic development of multi-layered reservoirs in the 1970s and 1980s resulted in pattern waterfloods where many zones were vertically commingled in both producers and injectors. Infill drilling in the 2000s revealed that there was still relatively high oil saturation in some zones indicating variable conformance of injected fluids and incomplete vertical sweep.
To improve recovery, alternative completion technology to access high oil saturation zones and improve vertical conformance is planned. There is uncertainty in the location of remaining oil saturation with a horizontal water displacement in a multi-layered reservoir. Limited measured data on zonal conformance at water injectors and zonal production contribution at producers, results in significant challenges to history matching a reservoir simulation model. Analytical techniques, in addition to simulation studies, were used to assess and quantify the opportunities.

Applications
This paper demonstrates the use of analytical techniques to assess oil production and reserve opportunities in a multi-layered waterflood, where zonal information is sparse.

Results and Conclusions
Limited zonal contribution information results in a history matched model with significant uncertainties. Evaluation of the range of saturation uncertainties and their impact on opportunities would take significant effort and time. This paper shows that analytical techniques can be effectively used to quickly assess these types of opportunities in a fit-for-purpose manner to facilitate risked business decisions.

Technical Contributions
This paper will aid in finding opportunities in existing fields with multi-layered reservoir description. Alternate technique to reservoir simulation may find opportunities more quickly. The paper describes the value of using upgraded completion technology in older fields.
Implementation of a Fit-for-Purpose Cementing Technology for the First Gas Hydrate Production in Japan
Authors: Taoutaou Salim , Ashraf Shameed , Takahashi Ushio , Ikawa Terumichi , Yamamoto Koji 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
JOGMEC (Japan Oil, Gas and Metals National Corporation) was planning for the first offshore production test of methane hydrates in the eastern Nankai Trough off of Japan. The test needs one production well and three temperature monitoring wells to study the dissociation performance of methane hydrate formations. Cementing these types of wells needed to have a specific cementing technology fit for deepwater shallow unconsolidated formations subject to subsidence and methane hydrate-bearing formations.
A project was initiated in 2011 with the objective being to design and qualify a cement slurry system fit for deepwater shallow unconsolidated formations subject to subsidence and methane hydrate-bearing formations. Based on extensive laboratory and full-scale testing, a cement technology was qualified by the service company and approved by JOGMEC to be the optimum solution for this unique project.
This paper will describe the full-scale and extensive laboratory testing used to qualify the cement technology fit for this application and the different stages that create sufficient wellbore stability for the drawdown during the production test. In addition, real-time temperature data interpretation will be presented showing the cement hydration in these wells after placement. Case histories of the three wells will be presented.

Introduction
One of JOGMEC's corporate objectives is to overcome the constraints resulting from limited resources by investigating the next-generation energy resources, which includes research on methane hydrates. Methane hydrates (MH) available within Japan's territorial waters may well be able to supply Japan with its natural gas needs.
Deposits of methane hydrates have been reported in marine sediments of the Nankai Trough off the Pacific coast of central Japan, where the water depth is more than 500 m (Fig. 1). Some estimates indicate that the methane hydrate reserves correspond to a 100-yr supply of natural gas for Japan, making it an important potential energy source. The Japan National Oil Corporation (JNOC) began research work on methane hydrates in 1995, and JOGMEC has overseen the project since the restructuring of JNOC.
The 16-yr exploitation project extending from 2001 to 2016 is being led by METI (Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry) as one of the Japan national projects. The three-phase project consists of the following steps:· Phase 1—2001–2008– Perform fundamental R&D for exploration, basic properties, and laboratory investigation– Select MH resource fields and assess the amount– Verify production methods through onshore testing· Phase 2—2009–2015– Perform fundamental R&D for production and environmental impact assessment– Verify production methods through offshore testing
Multi Frac in Horizontal HT Wells: Plug and Perf Technique Application on Sandstone Gas Reservoir, Onshore Pakistan
Authors: Mittiga Vincenzo , Martocchia Francesco , Carpineta Gabriele , Maccarini Giorgio Ricci 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the last decades, the increasing use of Hydraulic Fracturing as a stimulation technique made possible to unlock reserves that were not economically producible until that moment. This has been possible due to the advances in horizontal drilling and to the improvements in completion technologies which made possible to cut down the costs associated to stimulation of low permeability reservoirs.
The technological improvements of composite bridge plugs resulted in faster operations for deployment and post frac milling: this caused the Plug and Perf technique to be widely used on multi stage fracturing operations in the US during the "Shale Gas Revolution".
This paper will describe a successful experience of exporting the Plug & Perf technology on a multi stage frac performed on a horizontal gas well, Sandstone reservoir, Southern Pakistan. The treatment consisted in six stages of propped hydraulic fracturing using a High Temperature frac fluid system and achieving zonal isolation by using composite bridge plug deployed with coiled tubing. All of the operations were performed rigless. Focus will be on the design, execution and post job analysis of this multi stage fracturing treatment with particular attention to the completion strategy and the operation sequence from the bridge plug setting to the milling operations and well clean up.

Introduction
The target reservoir has been reached with a 6" horizontal drain of about 1000 m length and completed with a 4½", 15.1ppf P110 cemented liner. A total of 6 stages were pumped to create transverse fractures across the entire pay in order to achieve an effective coverage of target layer. Plug and perf technique using E coil was used to complete with a single run the plugging of the early stimulated zone and perforating the next zone to be fractured. To allow production in commingle from the different stimulated intervals, a 3.5" OD milling motor was M/U and RIH on CT as it is described in the Fig. 1.
Based on the experience gained on unconventional plays, the well has been designed 'toe up' to help the water unloading: in this configuration, the bulk volume of liquid accumulation is occurring downstream of the productive interval, providing more gas velocity to sweep the liquids and therefore allowing an easier and faster water flow back.
The wireline logs recorded in the pilot hole and along the drain shown a reservoir permeability ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 mD, and an average porosity of 13 % with a water saturation of 70 %.
The Reservoir Model in FracPro PT chosen is "Lithology Based description". The initial mechanical properties for the interested levels were estimated from the available data from the offset wells and have been calibrated after the diagnostics injection tests.
Benchmarking Power Distribution System to Plant Capacity and Potential Revenue - Finding the Most Cost Efficient Option to Distribute Power
Authors: Firdaus Eddie , Setiadi Andhika Herlambang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Oil and gas production plants are dependent on the reliability and availability of a power system. Power is distributed to electrical loads through a distribution system which can be chosen from several types, such as radial, primary selective, or secondary selective system to achieve greater availability. This greater availability results in a higher investment cost, but frequently this is overlooked due to the existing best practice on how to build a power system to provide the greatest availability and support production.
Designing a power system for the sole purpose of providing the greatest availability without considering the plants to which it is connected to will lead to an overdesign, which could reduce the overall profitability of the plant itself. This research aims to benchmark each type of power system, specifically for power distribution, to plant capacity and plant life in order to generate a set of reference or rule of thumb which will give early information on what type of power distribution system is best suited in terms of cost efficiency, whilst still providing the optimum support for production. The data for this research will be taken from North Hamada Project and Block-A Project to reflect the most actual and recent price. BlockSim was used to create a model of each type of power distribution system and calculate the related availability.
The research result is plotted into a chart which displays break even points of each power distribution system when applied to various plant capacity and plant life. It can be concluded that a plant with certain capacity and lifetime will have its most suitable power distribution system to be selected, which is not always necessarily the highest cost one. By having information on the plant design capacity and lifetime, one can already have an early reference on what type of power distribution system to select when plotting it on the chart generated by this research.