bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Heterogeneity Among Alveolar Macrophages in Humoral and Cell-Mediated Immune Responses: Separation of Functional Subpopulations by Density Gradient Centrifugation on Percoll
Authors: Murphy Mary Ann , Herscowitz Herbert B 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM) were separated into four subpopulations by centrifugation on discontinuous density gradients of Percoll. The subpopulations were compared to unseparated AM populations for their ability to provide accessory function to adherent cell-depleted splenocytes for antigen-stimulated lymphoproliferation and for the production of lymphokine. They were also tested for their ability to modulate in vitro plaque-forming (PFC) responses. AM subpopulations that provided accessory function for the production of migration inhibitory factor (MIF)-containing culture supernantants were recovered from the least dense fractions of the Percoll gradients. These cells were cytochemically characterized as mature cells. AM that suppressed the in vitro PFC response and augmented the antigen-stimulated lymphoproliferative response to the greatest degree were recovered from the most dense fractions of the Percoll gradients and were characterized as immature cells. These results suggest that there are distinct subpopulatins of AM, the function of which may represent different stages of maturation (or differentiation).
Cellular Interactions and Exaggerated Arachidonic Acid Metabolism in Rabbit Renal Injury
Authors: Jonas Phyllis E , Leahy Kathleen M , DeSchryver-Kecskemeti Katherine , Needleman Philip 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Cell cultures from explants of the rabbit hydronephrotic kidney (HNK) cortex consisted of fibroblasts and an esterase-positive cell that phagocytizes zymosan. Cortical cell cultures from the contralateral kidney (CLK) contained only the fibroblast. The HNK cultures exhibited an endotoxin-induced prostaglandin (PG) E2 (three - fourfold) release indicative of the presence of macrophages, whereas no response was observed in the CLK cultures. At bradykinin concentrations as low as 10–9M there was a 20-fold stimulation of PGE2 from the HNK cultures and a sevenfold stimulation in the CLK cultures. The heterogeneous population of cells in the HNK cultures was separated using a mild trypsin treatment which permits passage of only the fibroblasts. The HNK-passaged cultures contained no phagocytic cells and did not release PGE2 in response to endotoxin. The passaged HNK cultures released less PGE2 in response to bradykinin as compared to primary cultures and had a decreased cyclooxygenase activity as determined by exogenous arachidonic acid conversion to PGE2. Conditioned media from adherent rabbit peripheral blood mononuclear cells stimulated basal PGE2 production (two - threefold) from both the HNK and CLK cultures. These findings demonstrated the similarity of the PGE2 production by cultured HNK cortical cells as compared to the ex vivo perfused HNK.
Purification of Human Blood Basophils by Single Step Isopycnic Banding on Percoll
Authors: Leonard Edward J , Roberts Robert L , Skeel Alison 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Human venous blood, anticoagulated with EDTA, was layered onto a discontinuous Percoll gradient, made from solutions of density 1.088, 1.079, and 1.070 gm/ml. After centrifugation at 700g for 15 min at 22°C, the majority of the blood basophils was found in a narrow band at the density 1.070–1.079 interface (Percoll band 2). For 15 normal donors, mean total basophil number recovered from all locations in the gradient was 3.8 ± 1.2 (SD) × 104 basophils per ml of blood applied. Thus, 95% of the values ranged from 1.5 to 6 × 104, which compares favorably with the reported range of 1 to 8 × 104 basophils per ml for normal subjects. In the basophil-rich Percoll band 2, 2.8 ± 0.8 × 104 basophils were recovered per ml of blood applied. The mean percentage of basophils in Percoll band 2 was 19%, with a range of 5 to 53%. Monocytes and neutrophils were present in very small numbers; the majority of accompanying cells were small lymphocytes.
Abortive Ectromelia Virus Infection in Peritoneal Macrophages Activated by Corynebacterium parvum
Authors: Cohen Donald A , Morris Randal E , Bubel H Curt 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We have previously demonstrated that peritoneal macrophages (Mϕs) from C3H mice were resistant to in vitro infection by ectromelia virus, following activation by intraperitoneal injection of the immunomodulator Corynebacterium parvum. In contrast, resident and mineral oil-elicited Mϕs were fully susceptible to virus infection. This report analyzes the infectious cycle of ectromelia virus in C parvum-activated and mineral oil-elicited Mϕs and demonstrates that an abortive infection occurred in the activated Mϕs that blocked the infectious cycle prior to the release of DNA from the infecting virions. The kinetics of adsorption of radiolabeled virus were similar in both susceptible and resistant Mϕ cultures; however, viral-induced incorporation of uridine and thymidine occurred only in the mineral oil-elicited and not the C parvum-activated Mϕs. In addition, the late protein hemagglutinin was only detected in infected cultures of susceptible mineral oil-elicited Mϕs. An electron micrographic analysis of the infectious cycle indicated that the adsorption of virus to the plasma membrane, uptake into lysosomes, and the primary undercoating and release of viral cores into the Mϕ cytoplasm were identical in both Mϕ types. In contrast, secondary uncoating (release of genomic DNA from the viral cores into the cytoplasm) was never detected in infected C parvum Mϕs. These data are consistent with our previous findings and with the hypothesis that activation of Mϕs by C parvum induces an interferon-mediated resistance to ectromelia virus infection.
Macrophage Effector Function in Pulmonary Oxygen Toxicity: Hyperoxia Damages and Stimulates Alveolar Macrophages to Make and Release Chemotaxins for Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Harada Ruth N , Vatter Albert E , Repine John E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Macrophages synthesize many secretory products in vitro but the stimuli for their production and their pathophysiologic significance in vivo are largely unknown. In the present investigation, we found that hyperoxia damaged rabbit alveolar macrophages (AM) in vitro as manifested by decreased cell numbers, increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and the development of ultrastructural abnormalities that resembled those seen in AM in situ or lavaged from lungs of rabbits exposed to hyperoxia in vivo. Hyperoxia also stimulated cultured rabbit AM to release chemotaxins for polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) that were similar in molecular weight to chemotaxins obtained from lung lavages of rabbits exposed to hyperoxia in vivo. Our results suggest that alveolar macrophage secretory products may play a physiologically relevant role in recruitment of PMN to the lungs in pulmonary oxygen toxicity.
Macrophages in Resistance to Rickettsial Infections: Protection Against Lethal Rickettsia tsutsugamushi Infections by Treatment of Mice With Macrophage-Activating Agents
Authors: Nacy Carol A , Meltzer Monte S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Peritoneal macrophages of BALB/c and C3H/HeN mice activated in vivo by intraperitoneal inoculation of viable Mycobacterium bovis strain BCG or the nonliving macrophage-activating agent Propionibacterium acnes (Corynebacterium parvum), were resistant to infection with Rickettsia tsutsugamushi, and they killed bacteria that did gain entry into the intracellular environment of these cells. This macrophage resistance to infection and intracellular destruction of rickettsiae was dependent upon development of an immune response to the activating agents, since macrophages elicited by sterile inflammatory agents failed to display either microbicidal activity unless cells were exposed to factors present in lymphokine-rich culture fluids from antigen or mitogen stimulated spleen cells (LK) in vitro. C3H/HeN mice that had been treated with activating agents, but not sterile inflammatory irritants, also survived intraperitoneal inoculation of up to 104 R. tsutsugamushi. This nonspecific protection required the chronic presence of activated macrophages: acute immune response induced by intraperitoneal injection of PPD into mice inoculated intradermally with BCG, or intraperitoneal inoculation of conconavalin A, were not sufficient to induce survival of rickettsial disease, although macrophages from these animals were activated to kill rickettsiae at the time of challenge. The critical nature of activated macrophages in nonspecific protection against rickettsial infection was demonstrated with the macrophage-defective C3H/HeJ mice. These mice are equally as susceptible as C3H/HeN mice to intraperitoneal inoculation of R. tsutsugamushi, but do not develop activated macrophages in response to BCG infection, and are not protected against lethal rickettsial challenge following BCG treatment.
Demonstration of M Cells in the Specialized Follicle-Associated Epithelium Overlying Isolated Lymphoid Follicles in the Gut
Authors: Rosner Arthur J , Keren David F 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Within the epithelium that overlies the dome regions of Peyer's patches, exist specialized surface epithelial cells (M) which function to take up macromolecules from the gut lumen. These cells may be of great importance in processing antigenic material in the gut. The predominant lymphoid structures of the small intestine are isolated lymphoid follicles, by virtue of their frequency. These follicles are difficult to study because they are not grossly visible. In the present study, three guinea pigs drank India ink mixed into their water for 1, 3, and 5 months. Two hours prior to sacrifice, animals were given an intraintestinal injection of ferritin or India ink. Using a hand lens, the Peyer's patches and isolated folicles were clearly identified among the villi of the intestine. Light microscopy revealed ink in the surface epithelium covering the isolated follicles and within the substance of the follicles. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated M cells over isolated follicles and Peyer's patches. These cells had lighter staining cytoplasm, while the mitochrondria stained darker with prominent cristae, and the microvilli were shorter. Therefore, M cells do exist within isolated follicles and structurally appear the same as those found in Peyer's patches. This implicates the isolated follicles in the overall antigen processing role of gut-associated lymphoid tissues. The present method facilitates identification of isolated lymphoid follicles which will allow functional studies to be performed on these structures.
Characteristics of Bovine Alveolar Macrophage Elastase
Authors: Valentine Rudolph , Fisher Gerald L 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Lavage of isolated bovine lung lobes was used to retrieve pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM). Nominal yields of 72 million viable PAM were routinely obtained using 500 ml of calcium- and magnesium-free phosphate-buffered saline. Bovine PAM readily attached to glass coverslips and within 24 hours, provided cell monolayers consisting exclusively of macrophages. Bovine PAM synthesized and secreted a calcium-dependent elastase in serum-free media. Optimal proteolytic activity using a radiolabeled elastin substrate was observed at pH 7.6. The elastase was insensitive to synthetic peptide chloromethyl ketone elastase inhibitors and to the serine protease inhibitor, phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride. Enzyme activity, however, was effectively inhibited by the metal chelator, ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, or suppressed by inhibition of protein synthesis with cycloheximide.
In Vitro Cytostatic Properties of Unactivated Rat Kupffer Cells
Authors: Keller Françoise , Wild Marie-Thérèse , Kirn A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Kupffer cells from the liver of normal rats were checked for their natural cytostatic capabilities using an in vitro target cell growth inhibition assay. A strong cytostatic effect was observed on an human tumor cell line and was shown to be exerted on various transformed or normal target cells with only small differences in their susceptibility. The inhibition of target cell proliferation was shown to depend on the effector/target cell ratio. Different experimental data suggest that an intimate membranal contact between Kupffer cells and target cells is required.
The Macrophage-Phagocyte System in Rabbits With Experimentally Induced Serum Sickness: Functional Studies
Authors: Ito S , Cunningham R K , Brentjens J R , Andres G A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The objective of this study was to measure the phagocytic functions of the spleen and the liver and, if possible, to correlate them with the morphology and the immunohistology of these organs in rabbits with serum sickness. Serum sickness was induced by repeated intravenous injections of bovine serum albumin (BSA). Rabbits with acute serum sickness (stage A of serum sickness), with chronic serum sickness (stage C), rabbits in a stage of immunization between stage A and stage C (stage B), and rabbits that did not respond to the antigenic challenge [nonresponders (NR)], as well as nonimmunized (NI) rabbits were used. The function of the spleen and of the liver was measured by the clearances of 51Cr-labeled heat damaged (HE), periodate-treated (PE), or immunoglobulin G (IgG)-coated (IgGE) autologous erythrocytes. In NR rabbits the functions of the spleen and liver were normal. In rabbits in stage A of serum sickness the clearance of HE, the only one measured in this stage, was decreased. In rabbits in stage B the clearances of HE and IgGE were determined; both clearances were decreased. In rabbits in stage C, the clearances of HE and IgGE were decreased, while the time of clearance of 50% (T 1/2) of PE was not significantly prolonged. In addition, in rabbits in stages A, B, and C the ratio of whole spleen vs liver radioactivity was increased. In rabbits in stage B the clearance of HE returned to normal 3 days after discontinuation of BSA injections. While all animals with detectable morphologic and immunohistologic changes of the spleen and the liver had prolonged clearances of treated erythrocytes, some animals with similarly prolonged clearances lacked evidence of pathology of these organs. The results obtained indicate that: (1) In NI and in NR rabbits, treated erythrocytes are rapidly removed by the macrophage-phagocyte system (MPS) and preferentially by the liver. (2) In rabbits in stages A, B, and C of serum sickness the clearances of treated erythrocytes are significantly prolonged. Moreover, treated erythrocytes appear to be preferentially removed by the spleen, indicating that the ability of the spleen to clear treated erythrocytes is less impaired than that of the liver. (3) In stages A, B, and C of serum sickness the nonimmunologic clearance of autologous erythrocytes is as altered as the clearance that occurs via Fc receptors. (4) In rabbits in stage B of serum sickness recovery of MPS function occurs after the interruption of BSA injections, suggesting reversible damage. (5) Impaired clearance of treated erythrocytes in rabbits without immunohistologic changes in any of the organs studied might indicate that functional tests are more sensitive than histology and immunohistology in detecting early abnormalities of the MPS in immune complex disease. In addition, this observation emphasizes that factors other than the MPS function are important for accumulation of immune complexes in tissues.
Interferon Fever: Absence of Human Leukocytic Pyrogen Response to Recombinant α-Interferon
Authors: Ackerman Samuel K , Hochstein H Donald , Zoon Kathryn , Browne Walter , Rivera Evelyn , Elisberg Bennett 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A sensitive in vitro assay for generation of human leukocytic pyrogen has been used to study the pathogenesis of fever accompanying administration of human α-interferon. Unlike other potent pyrogens, two recombinant interferon preparations tested over a wide concentration range did not stimulate release of leukocytic pyrogen. This result suggests that interferon may cause fever by a novel mechanism not dependent on leukocytic pyrogen.
Specificity of the T Cells That Mediate and Suppress Adoptive Immunotherapy of Established Tumors
Authors: Dye Earl S , North Robert J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This study was designed to investigate the specificity of the T cells that express and suppress antitumor immunity in a model of adoptive immunization against established tumors. Results obtained with the P815 mastocytoma, L5178Y lymphoma, and P388 lymphoma showed, in agreement with previous findings from this laboratory, that an intravenous infusion of splenic T cells from immunized mice can cause the regression of a tumor growing in T-cell-deficient mice. So far as specificity of adoptive immunity is concerned, reciprocal passive transfer experiments with these three tumors revealed that T cells from donor mice immunized against the P815 tumor are not capable of causing regression of the P388 tumor or L5178Y tumor, even if both the P815 and L5178Y tumors are growing in the same host. Similarly splenic T cells from mice immunized against the P388 tumor or L5178Y tumor had no effect on growth of the P815 tumor. Suppression of adoptive immunity was also specific, in that passively transferred suppressor T cells from mice bearing a progressive P815 tumor were capable of suppressing adoptive T-cell-mediated regression of the P815 tumor, but not the P388 tumor growing in T-cell-deficient recipients. Reciprocally, P388 suppressor spleen cells from mice bearing a progressive P388 tumor prevented adoptive T-cell-mediated regression of the P388 tumor, but not the P815 tumor. The results indicate, therefore, that the T cells from immunized mice that mediate adoptive antitumor immunity and the T cells from tumor-bearing mice that suppress the expression of this immunity are specific for the tumor that evokes their generation.
Recombinant Inbred Mouse Strains Derived From A/J and C57BL/6J: A Tool for the Study of Genetic Mechanisms in Host Resistance to Infection and Malignancy
Authors: Nesbitt Muriel N , Skamene Emil 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A number of recombinant inbred mouse strains (currently 48) have been developed from the strains A/J and C57BL/6J. These strains are likely to become an excellent probe in the study of genetic mechanisms underlying host resistance to infections and tumors.
Redistribution of Ecto-5′-Nucleotidase During Phagocytosis by Guinea Pig Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes
Authors: Cramer Elisabeth , Werb Zena , Bainton Dorothy F 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We demonstrate that 5′-nucleotidase (5′NT), an ectoenzyme of guinea pig polymorphonuclear leukocytes, is largely excluded from phagosomal membrane, rather than internalized randomly during phagocytosis of heat-killed bacteria, latex microbeads, or zymosan particles. Cells were fixed in 0.25% glutaraldehyde (pH 6.3) at 4°C for 10 min and incubated in a cytochemical medium for the demonstration of 5′NT. In the nonphagocytosing cells, 5′NT was evenly distributed on the external side of the plasma membrane. In cells phagocytosing bacteria, 5′NT appeared to be cleared from the nascent phagosomal membrane; after 5 min of phagocytosis, most of the phagocytic vacuoles containing bacteria, latex, or zymosan particles were devoid of reaction product. When phagosomes containing latex particles were isolated and biochemically assayed, they contained less than 3% of the total cellular 5′NT activity even after 60 min of phagocytosis, and at that time the total cellular 5′NT activity had not declined. When the diazonium salt of sulfanilic acid (DASA), a nonpermeable ectoenzyme inhibitor, was used to determine the distribution of extracellular and intracellular 5′NT activity, no increase in DASA- insensitive intracellular 5′NT was found after phagocytosis of latex or opsonized zymosan. Cytochemical and biochemical evidence led us to conclude that 5′NT is excluded from phagosomal membrane, and that the exclusion is due to redistribution rather than to inactivation by granule enzymes.
Functions of Neutrophils in Endemic Chediak-Higashi Syndrome
Authors: Goihman-Yahr Mauricio , Merino Fernando , Duque Pedro Ramírez , Apitz Rafael , Martín Blanca San , de Gómez Maria Helena , de Román Ana , Pereira José 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Endemic Chediak-Higashi Syndrome occurs in a restricted geographic area (Pregonero, State of Táchira, Venezuela). Neutrophils from these patients were unable to digest Candida albicans in vitro, but showed normal or increased metabolic activities. This finding supports the view that the endemic syndrome is bona fide Chediak-Higashi Sydrome.
Identification of the Bone Marrow-Derived Ia Positive Cells in the Rat Thymus: A Morphological and Cytochemical Study
Authors: Duijvestijn A M , Barclay A N 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Ia+ cells of bone marrow origin were studied in the thymus of normal and bone marrow-reconstituted radiation chimeras of rats and characterized on morphology and acid phosphatase (APh)- and la-staining pattern in-vivo and in- vitro, In-vivo, the majority of the bone marrow-derived la+ ceils were present in the medulla. They were large, had cell processes extending between surrounding thymocytes, and frequently weak APh activity. In-vitro, the la staining was demonstrated on the cell surface in variable intensity, la + cells showed a frayed outline with cell processes between adherent thymocytes and had weak cytoplasmic APh activity, frequently in a central spot. They had an elongated, usually invaginated, nucleus and a rather pale cytoplasm, in which Birbeck granules sometimes were observed. The characteristics of the bone marrow- derived la + cells demonstrate these cells are an equivalent of the interdigitating cells present in thymus medulla. They distinguish themselves from a population of la-, strongly APh+ macrophages predominantly localized in the cortex, and from the la +, APh - thymic reticular epithelial cells.
Fc- and Complement Receptor-Dependent Degradation of Soluble Immune Complexes and Stable Immunoglobulin Aggregates by Guinea Pig Monocytes, Peritoneal Macrophages, and Kupffer Cells
Authors: Daha Mohamed R , van Es Leendert A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The degradation of soluble immune complexes (ICx) and stable soluble immunoglobulin aggregates was studied in vitro. To obtain insight into the capacity of phagocytes from different organs to degrade soluble ICx we studied monocytes, peritoneal macrophages, and Kupffer cells. Peritoneal macrophages and Kupffer cells degrade similar amounts of aggregated guinea pig lgG2 (AlgG) and ICx per cell. Monocytes were at least ten times less effective than peritoneal macrophages and Kupffer cells.
The presence of normal guinea pig serum as a source of complement enhanced the degradation of ICx and AlgG by peritoneal macrophages and monocytes. There was, however, a diminished degradation of ICx and AlgG by freshly isolated Kupffer cells in the presence of complement. After culturing of the Kupffer cells for 40 hours, there was an increase in the density of C3b receptors and a concomitant reversal of inhibition of AlgG degradation in the presence of complement. It can be concluded from the present experiments that the capacities of peritoneal macrophages and Kupffer cells to degrade soluble ICx and AlgG are comparable and that monocytes are much less active than peritoneal macrophages and Kupffer cells.