bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Numerical Study of Surface Tension Effect on the Hydrodynamic Modeling of the Partially Submerged Propeller's Blade Section
Authors: Yari E. , Ghassemi H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article is presented the surface tension effect on the two-dimensional blade section of the partially submerged propeller (PSP). In this regard, blade is entered to the water that causes to splash the water due to the impact and free surface. Also, because of the blade's angle of attack suction side is vented by air and pressure side is wetted and gripped the water to generate thrust. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) method is used in order to predict the hydrodynamic flow from entering to the exit. Present paper is numerically investigated the effect of free surface and surface tensioni.e.related to the Weber number. So, many numerical results are presented and discussed that are included volume fraction, ventilation zones, pressure distributions, vertical and horizontal forces at various Weber numbers.
Osteology and phylogenetic affinities of the middle Eocene North AmericanBathornis grallator—one of the best represented, albeit least known Paleogene cariamiform birds (seriemas and allies)
Authors: Mayr Gerald 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBathornis(“Neocathartes”)grallator(Wetmore, 1944) from the middle Eocene of Wyoming is based on a partial skeleton, which is the most substantial record of the North American Bathornithidae and one of the most complete fossils of a Paleogene stem group representative of the Cariamiformes. So far, however, an assessment of the evolutionary significance of this important fossil has been hampered by the limited published osteological data. Moreover, cariamiform affinities ofB.grallatorand its true “genus”-level identity were recognized after the last comprehensive revision of the Bathornithidae, and some of its features were incorrectly portrayed in the original description. Here, theB.grallatorholotype is restudied and the taxonomic composition and phylogenetic affinities of bathornithids are revised. It is suggested to restrict Bathornithidae to the taxonBathornis, from which the putative bathornithidParacraxdiffers in numerous features, with even cariamiform affinities of this latter taxon not having been established beyond doubt.B.grallatorwas a flightless bird and has recently been hypothesized to be the sister taxon of the likewise flightless South American Phorusrhacidae. The present analysis, however, supports a position outside a clade including Phorusrhacidae and Cariamidae (the cariamiform crown clade). Owing to their terrestrial way of living, Cariamiformes appear to have been prone to a loss of flight capabilities.B.grallatorshows close similarities to a flightless cariamiform bird from the Paleogene of Europe, but the phylogenetic significance of this resemblance is difficult to assess owing to the limited material known of the latter species.
Effects of a dietary strawberry powder on parameters of vascular health in adolescent males
Authors: Djurica Dragana , Holt Roberta R. , Ren Jingyan , Shindel Alan W. , Hackman Robert M. , Keen Carl L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPrevious studies have shown that the intake of freeze-dried strawberry powder (FDSP) improves select markers of cardiovascular health in adults with cardiovascular risk factors; however, whether these improvements can be observed in at-risk adolescents is unknown. A randomised, double-blind, cross-over study enrolled twenty-five overweight or obese males, aged 14–18 years, to consume 50 g of a FDSP or a control powder, daily for 1 week. Before and after each test period, measures of microvascular function, plasma nitrate/nitrite, platelet reactivity and blood lipids were collected at baseline and acutely 1 h after FDSP intake. Acute plasma nitrate/nitrite levels increased 1 h after consuming the FDSP during Study Visit 1 before daily FDSP intake (P<0·001) and during Study Visit 2 after 1 week of FDSP intake (P<0·001) compared with control powder intake. As a group, fasting nitrate/nitrite levels did not significantly change after 1 week of control or FDSP intake. However, for those individuals where fasting nitrate levels increased after short-term FDSP intake compared with controls, an increase in reactive hyperaemia index (RHI) was observed (P=0·014), whereas RHI was unchanged in those individuals who did not have a significant increase in nitrate (P=0·396). Taken together, these data support the concept that strawberries can provide vascular health benefits to heavier adolescent males.
A SORRY TALE: NATIVES, SETTLERS, AND THE SALMON OF LAKE ONTARIO, 1780–1900
Authors: TIRO KARIM M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThrough the end of the eighteenth century, Lake Ontario had a large population of Atlantic salmon. However, the salmon population declined precipitously in the first half of the nineteenth century, and the fish had disappeared completely by 1900. This article analyses the responses of both Natives and settlers to initial salmon abundance and subsequent diminution. Although the extirpation of the lake's salmon is generally attributed to the construction of dams, this article identifies earlier and broader causes of salmon decline. In both Canada and the United States, commercial fishing captured unprecedented numbers of fish while agriculture and deforestation compromised salmon spawning habitat. While primary responsibility for the extirpation rests with the settlers, both Natives and Euro-Americans treated the fish as a commodity. As the salmon dwindled, sportsmen's groups came to the fore in setting fisheries policy. Sportsmen supported enhanced conservation measures but based their strategy on unrealistic methods for reviving the fish population through pisciculture.
Food ordering for children in restaurants: multiple sources of influence on decision making
Authors: Castro Iana A , Williams Christine B , Madanat Hala , Pickrel Julie L , Jun Hee-Jin , Zive Michelle , Gahagan Sheila , Ayala Guadalupe X 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveRestaurants are playing an increasingly important role in children’s dietary intake. Interventions to promote healthy ordering in restaurants have primarily targeted adults. Much remains unknown about how to influence ordering for and by children. Using an ecological lens, the present study sought to identify sources of influence on ordering behaviour for and by children in restaurants.DesignA mixed-methods study was conducted using unobtrusive observations of dining parties with children and post-order interviews. Observational data included: child’s gender, person ordering for the child and server interactions with the dining party. Interview data included: child’s age, restaurant visit frequency, timing of child’s decision making, and factors influencing decision making.SettingTen independent, table-service restaurants in San Diego, CA, USA participated.SubjectsComplete observational and interview data were obtained from 102 dining parties with 150 children (aged 3–14 years).ResultsTaste preferences, family influences and menus impacted ordering. However, most children knew what they intended to order before arriving at the restaurant, especially if they dined there at least monthly. Furthermore, about one-third of children shared their meals with others and all shared meals were ordered from adult (v. children’s) menus. Parents placed most orders, although parental involvement in ordering was less frequent with older children. Servers interacted frequently with children but generally did not recommend menu items or prompt use of the children’s menu.ConclusionsInterventions to promote healthy ordering should consider the multiple sources of influence that are operating when ordering for and by children in restaurants.
How dietary evidence for the prevention and treatment of CVD is translated into practice in those with or at high risk of CVD: a systematic review
Authors: Schumacher Tracy L , Burrows Tracy L , Neubeck Lis , Redfern Julie , Callister Robin , Collins Clare E 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveCVD is a leading cause of mortality and morbidity, and nutrition is an important lifestyle factor. The aim of the present systematic review was to synthesise the literature relating to knowledge translation (KT) of dietary evidence for the prevention and treatment of CVD into practice in populations with or at high risk of CVD.DesignA systematic search of six electronic databases (CINAHL, Cochrane, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Scopus) was performed. Studies were included if a nutrition or dietary KT was demonstrated to occur with a relevant separate measureable outcome. Quality was assessed using a tool adapted from two quality checklists.SubjectsPopulation with or at high risk of CVD or clinicians likely to treat this population.ResultsA total of 4420 titles and abstracts were screened for inclusion, with 354 full texts retrieved to assess inclusion. Forty-three articles were included in the review, relating to thirty-five separate studies. No studies specifically stated their aim to be KT. Thirty-one studies were in patient or high-risk populations and four targeted health professionals. Few studies stated a theory on which the intervention was based (n10) and provision of instruction was the most common behaviour change strategy used (n26).ConclusionsKT in nutrition and dietary studies has been inferred, not stated, with few details provided regarding how dietary knowledge is translated to the end user. This presents challenges for implementation by clinicians and policy and decision makers. Consequently a need exists to improve the quality of publications in this area.
Why early collective action pays off: evidence from setting Protected Geographical Indications
Authors: Quiñones-Ruiz Xiomara F. , Penker Marianne , Belletti Giovanni , Marescotti Andrea , Scaramuzzi Silvia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe registration of Geographical Indications (GIs) under the European Union (EU) legislation requires collective action and considerable efforts borne by multiple actors such as producers, processors, public authorities and research centers. We analyze their efforts, risks and benefits by comparing two EU GI registration processes in Italy and Austria, namely the Sorana bean Protected Geographical Indication (PGI) and the Perry from Mostviertel PGI. Results from the institutional and transaction costs analysis suggest that intensive interaction for solving conflicting interests, negotiating quality standards and defining common rules might pay off in indirect benefits and reduced risks. In particular, an inclusion of diverse and heterogeneous interest groups and a high degree of direct enterprise participation along the GI application process (as observed in the Italian case) generate benefits such as trust and social cohesion, which then support the actual use of the GI label and a better implementation of associated quality standards. A supportive legal framework with assistance from public authorities can back up the community of producers not only in technical aspects, but also as mediators when conflicts seem to be difficult to solve. As there seems to be a positive relationship between the intensity and effectiveness of collective action and the likelihood of achieving broadly accepted standards and social cohesion needed for successful GI implementation, the question for future research would not be how to avoid collective efforts but how to effectively organize the interaction among heterogeneous producer groups.
The coronial manual and the bureaucratic logic of the coroner's office
Authors: Trabsky Marc 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the coronial manual as a technique of occupying office in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. The manual guided coroners in the performance of their duties, obligations and responsibilities. It was preoccupied with questions of technical knowledge, operational processes and administrative procedure. The language ofofficethat characterised coronial treatises prior to the eighteenth century was gradually supplemented in the nineteenth century by the discourse of bureaucracy. This paper argues that the guidebook professionalised the office of coroner in Australia by setting out procedures, forms and rituals for assuming responsibility for the dead. It also provided advice to coroners for devoting themselves to a vocation in the public service. The paper thus traces historical shifts in the technology of the coronial manual in British colonies and examines how a bureaucratic logic of the coroner's office affected the way in which coroners pursued justice during the death investigation process.
Activation of D2 dopamine receptor-expressing neurons in the nucleus accumbens increases motivation
Authors: Soares-Cunha Carina , Coimbra Barbara , David-Pereira Ana , Borges Sonia , Pinto Luisa , Costa Patricio , Sousa Nuno , Rodrigues Ana J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStriatal dopamine receptor D1-expressing neurons have been classically associated with positive reinforcement and reward, whereas D2 neurons are associated with negative reinforcement and aversion. Here we demonstrate that the pattern of activation of D1 and D2 neurons in the nucleus accumbens (NAc) predicts motivational drive, and that optogenetic activation of either neuronal population enhances motivation in mice. Using a different approach in rats, we further show that activating NAc D2 neurons increases cue-induced motivational drive in control animals and in a model that presents anhedonia and motivational deficits; conversely, optogenetic inhibition of D2 neurons decreases motivation. Our results suggest that the classic view of D1–D2 functional antagonism does not hold true for all dimensions of reward-related behaviours, and that D2 neurons may play a more prominent pro-motivation role than originally anticipated.
Arf6 controls retromer traffic and intracellular cholesterol distribution via a phosphoinositide-based mechanism
Authors: Marquer Catherine , Tian Huasong , Yi Julie , Bastien Jayson , Dall'Armi Claudia , Yang-Klingler YoungJoo , Zhou Bowen , Chan Robin Barry , Di Paolo Gilbert 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSmall GTPases play a critical role in membrane traffic. Among them, Arf6 mediates transport to and from the plasma membrane, as well as phosphoinositide signalling and cholesterol homeostasis. Here we delineate the molecular basis for the link between Arf6 and cholesterol homeostasis using an inducible knockout (KO) model of mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). We find that accumulation of free cholesterol in the late endosomes/lysosomes of Arf6 KO MEFs results from mistrafficking of Niemann–Pick type C protein NPC2, a cargo of the cation-independent mannose-6-phosphate receptor (CI-M6PR). This is caused by a selective increase in an endosomal pool of phosphatidylinositol-4-phosphate (PI4P) and a perturbation of retromer, which controls the retrograde transport of CI-M6PR via sorting nexins, including the PI4P effector SNX6. Finally, reducing PI4P levels in KO MEFs through independent mechanisms rescues aberrant retromer tubulation and cholesterol mistrafficking. Our study highlights a phosphoinositide-based mechanism for control of cholesterol distribution via retromer.
Auditory experience-dependent cortical circuit shaping for memory formation in bird song learning
Authors: Yanagihara Shin , Yazaki-Sugiyama Yoko 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAs in human speech acquisition, songbird vocal learning depends on early auditory experience. During development, juvenile songbirds listen to and form auditory memories of adult tutor songs, which they use to shape their own vocalizations in later sensorimotor learning. The higher-level auditory cortex, called the caudomedial nidopallium (NCM), is a potential storage site for tutor song memory, but no direct electrophysiological evidence of tutor song memory has been found. Here, we identify the neuronal substrate for tutor song memory by recording single-neuron activity in the NCM of behaving juvenile zebra finches. After tutor song experience, a small subset of NCM neurons exhibit highly selective auditory responses to the tutor song. Moreover, blockade of GABAergic inhibition, and sleep decrease their selectivity. Taken together, these results suggest that experience-dependent recruitment of GABA-mediated inhibition shapes auditory cortical circuits, leading to sparse representation of tutor song memory in auditory cortical neurons.
Genome-wide analysis of chromosomal import patterns after natural transformation of Helicobacter pylori
Authors: Bubendorfer Sebastian , Krebes Juliane , Yang Ines , Hage Elias , Schulz Thomas F. , Bahlawane Christelle , Didelot Xavier , Suerbaum Sebastian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecombination plays a dominant role in the evolution of the bacterial pathogen Helicobacter pylori, but its dynamics remain incompletely understood. Here we use an in vitro transformation system combined with genome sequencing to study chromosomal integration patterns after natural transformation. A single transformation cycle results in up to 21 imports, and repeated transformations generate a maximum of 92 imports (8% sequence replacement). Import lengths show a bimodal distribution with averages of 28 and 1,645 bp. Reanalysis of paired H. pylori genomes from chronically infected people demonstrates the same bimodal import pattern in vivo. Restriction endonucleases (REases) of the recipient bacteria fail to inhibit integration of homeologous DNA, independently of methylation. In contrast, REases limit the import of heterologous DNA. We conclude that restriction-modification systems inhibit the genomic integration of novel sequences, while they pose no barrier to homeologous recombination, which reconciles the observed stability of the H. pylori gene content and its highly recombinational population structure.
Whole-genome plasma sequencing reveals focal amplifications as a driving force in metastatic prostate cancer
Authors: Ulz Peter , Belic Jelena , Graf Ricarda , Auer Martina , Lafer Ingrid , Fischereder Katja , Webersinke Gerald , Pummer Karl , Augustin Herbert , Pichler Martin , Hoefler Gerald , Bauernhofer Thomas , Geigl Jochen B. , Heitzer Ellen , Speicher Michael R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGenomic alterations in metastatic prostate cancer remain incompletely characterized. Here we analyse 493 prostate cancer cases from the TCGA database and perform whole-genome plasma sequencing on 95 plasma samples derived from 43 patients with metastatic prostate cancer. From these samples, we identify established driver aberrations in a cancer-related gene in nearly all cases (97.7%), including driver gene fusions (TMPRSS2:ERG), driver focal deletions (PTEN, RYBP and SHQ1) and driver amplifications (AR and MYC). In serial plasma analyses, we observe changes in focal amplifications in 40% of cases. The mean time interval between new amplifications was 26.4 weeks (range: 5–52 weeks), suggesting that they represent rapid adaptations to selection pressure. An increase in neuron-specific enolase is accompanied by clonal pattern changes in the tumour genome, most consistent with subclonal diversification of the tumour. Our findings suggest a high plasticity of prostate cancer genomes with newly occurring focal amplifications as a driving force in progression.
Gelation process visualized by aggregation-induced emission fluorogens
Authors: Wang Zhengke , Nie Jingyi , Qin Wei , Hu Qiaoling , Tang Ben Zhong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAlkaline-urea aqueous solvent system provides a novel and important approach for the utilization of polysaccharide. As one of the most important polysaccharide, chitosan can be well dissolved in this solvent system, and the resultant hydrogel material possesses unique and excellent properties. Thus the sound understanding of the gelation process is fundamentally important. However, current study of the gelation process is still limited due to the absence of direct observation and the lack of attention on the entire process. Here we show the entire gelation process of chitosan LiOH-urea aqueous system by aggregation-induced emission fluorescent imaging. Accompanied by other pseudo in situ investigations, we propose the mechanism of gelation process, focusing on the formation of junction points including hydrogen bonds and crystalline.
Amyloid proteotoxicity initiates an inflammatory response blocked by cannabinoids
Authors: Currais Antonio , Quehenberger Oswald , M Armando Aaron , Daugherty Daniel , Maher Pam , Schubert David 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe beta amyloid (Aβ) and other aggregating proteins in the brain increase with age and are frequently found within neurons. The mechanistic relationship between intracellular amyloid, aging and neurodegeneration is not, however, well understood. We use a proteotoxicity model based upon the inducible expression of Aβ in a human central nervous system nerve cell line to characterize a distinct form of nerve cell death caused by intracellular Aβ. It is shown that intracellular Aβ initiates a toxic inflammatory response leading to the cell's demise. Aβ induces the expression of multiple proinflammatory genes and an increase in both arachidonic acid and eicosanoids, including prostaglandins that are neuroprotective and leukotrienes that potentiate death. Cannabinoids such as tetrahydrocannabinol stimulate the removal of intraneuronal Aβ, block the inflammatory response, and are protective. Altogether these data show that there is a complex and likely autocatalytic inflammatory response within nerve cells caused by the accumulation of intracellular Aβ, and that this early form of proteotoxicity can be blocked by the activation of cannabinoid receptors.
MK2 inhibitor reduces alkali burn-induced inflammation in rat cornea
Authors: Chen Yanfeng , Yang Wenzhao , Zhang Xiaobo , Yang Shu , Peng Gao , Wu Ting , Zhou Yueping , Huang Caihong , Reinach Peter S. , Li Wei , Liu Zuguo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMK2 activation by p38 MAPK selectively induces inflammation in various diseases. We determined if a MK2 inhibitor (MK2i), improves cornea wound healing by inhibiting inflammation caused by burning rat corneas with alkali. Our study, for the first time, demonstrated that MK2i inhibited alkali burn-induced MK2 activation as well as rises in inflammation based on: a) blunting rises in inflammatory index, inflammatory cell infiltration, ED1+ macrophage and PMN+ neutrophil infiltration; b) suppressing IL-6 and IL-1β gene expression along with those of macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α), intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1); c) reducing angiogenic gene expression levels and neovascularization (NV) whereas anti-angiogenic PEDF levels increased. In addition, this study found that MK2i did not affect human corneal epithelial cell (HCEC) proliferation and migration and had no detectable side effects on ocular surface integrity. Taken together, MK2i selectively inhibited alkali burn-induced corneal inflammation by blocking MK2 activation, these effects have clinical relevance in the treatment of inflammation related ocular surface diseases.
Ultrafast control of third-order optical nonlinearities in fishnet metamaterials
Authors: Shorokhov Alexander S. , Okhlopkov Kirill I. , Reinhold Jörg , Helgert Christian , Shcherbakov Maxim R. , Pertsch Thomas , Fedyanin Andrey A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractNonlinear photonic nanostructures that allow efficient all-optical switching are considered to be a prospective platform for novel building blocks in photonics. We performed time-resolved measurements of the photoinduced transient third-order nonlinear optical response of a fishnet metamaterial. The mutual influence of two non-collinear pulses exciting the magnetic resonance of the metamaterial was probed by detecting the third-harmonic radiation as a function of the time delay between pulses. Subpicosecond-scale dynamics of the metamaterial’s χ(3) was observed; the all-optical χ(3) modulation depth was found to be approximately 70% at a pump fluence of only 20 μJ/cm2.