bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mania secondary to focal brain lesions: implications for understanding the functional neuroanatomy of bipolar disorder
Authors: Satzer David , Bond David J 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesApproximately 3.5 million Americans will experience a manic episode during their lifetimes. The most common causes are psychiatric illnesses such as bipolar I disorder and schizoaffective disorder, but mania can also occur secondary to neurological illnesses, brain injury, or neurosurgical procedures.MethodsFor this narrative review, we searched Medline for articles on the association of mania with stroke, brain tumors, traumatic brain injury, multiple sclerosis, neurodegenerative disorders, epilepsy, and neurosurgical interventions. We discuss the epidemiology, features, and treatment of these cases. We also review the anatomy of the lesions, in light of what is known about the neurobiology of bipolar disorder.ResultsThe prevalence of mania in patients with brain lesions varies widely by condition, from <2% in stroke to 31% in basal ganglia calcification. Mania occurs most commonly with lesions affecting frontal, temporal, and subcortical limbic brain areas. Right‐sided lesions causing hypo‐functionality or disconnection (e.g., stroke; neoplasms) and left‐sided excitatory lesions (e.g., epileptogenic foci) are frequently observed.ConclusionsSecondary mania should be suspected in patients with neurological deficits, histories atypical for classic bipolar disorder, and first manic episodes after the age of 40 years. Treatment with antimanic medications, along with specific treatment for the underlying neurologic condition, is typically required. Typical lesion locations fit with current models of bipolar disorder, which implicate hyperactivity of left‐hemisphere reward‐processing brain areas and hypoactivity of bilateral prefrontal emotion‐modulating regions. Lesion studies complement these models by suggesting that right‐hemisphere limbic‐brain hypoactivity, or a left/right imbalance, may be relevant to the pathophysiology of mania.
High prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) scores are associated with elevated Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) grade and biopsy Gleason score, at magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasonography fusion software‐based targeted prostate biopsy after a previous negative standard biopsy
Authors: De Luca Stefano , Passera Roberto , Cattaneo Giovanni , Manfredi Matteo , Mele Fabrizio , Fiori Cristian , Bollito Enrico , Cirillo Stefano , Porpiglia Francesco 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the association among prostate cancer gene 3 (PCA3) score, Prostate Imaging Reporting and Data System (PI‐RADS) grade and Gleason score, in a cohort of patients with elevated prostate‐specific antigen (PSA), undergoing magnetic resonance imaging/ultrasonography fusion software‐based targeted prostate biopsy (TBx) after a previous negative randomised ‘standard’ biopsy (SBx).Patients and MethodsIn all, 282 patients who underwent TBx after previous negative SBx and a PCA3 urine assay, were enrolled. The associations between PCA3 score/PI‐RADS and PCA3 score/Gleason score were investigated by K‐means clustering, a receiver operating characteristic analysis and binary logistic regression.ResultsThe PCA3 score difference for the negative vs positive TBx cohorts was highly statistically significant. A 1‐unit increase in the PCA3 score was associated to a 2.4% increased risk of having a positive TBx result. A PCA3 score of >80 and a PI‐RADS grade of ≥4 were independent predictors of a positive TBx. The association between the PCA3 score and PI‐RADS grade was statistically significant (the median PCA3 score for PI‐RADS grade groups 3, 4, and 5 was 58, 104, and 146, respectively; P = 0.006). A similar pattern was detected for the relationship between the PCA3 score and Gleason score; an increasing PCA3 score was associated with a worsening Gleason score (median PCA3 score equal to 62, 105, 132, 153, 203, and 322 for Gleason Score 3+4, 4+3, 4+4, 4+5, 5+4, and 5+5, respectively; P < 0.001).ConclusionTBx improved PCA3 score diagnostic and prognostic performance for prostate cancer. The PCA3 score was directly associated both with biopsy Gleason score and PI‐RADS grade: notably, in the ‘indeterminate’ PI‐RADS grade 3 subgroup.
Design, synthesis, and biological characterization of tamibarotene analogs as anticancer agents
Authors: Jiang Yuqi , Li Xiaoyang , Wang Xue , Wang Zhonglan , Zhang Jian , Wu Jingde , Xu Wenfang 
Published: April 2016

In our efforts of developing novel compounds as potential anticancer agents, a series of tamibarotene analogs containing Zn2+‐binding moieties were designed and developed. Biological characterization identified compound 7b as the most potent one with improved antiproliferative activities against multiple cancer cell lines, compared to parent compound tamibarotene. Further characterization also demonstrated that compound 7b exhibited moderate activities as a histone deacetylase inhibitor with IC50 of 1.8 ± 0.1 μm, thus suggesting that this could contribute to the improved antiproliferative activities of 7b. Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that compound 7b could release tamibarotene after administration and prolong the circulation time of tamibarotene, and this may also potentially contribute to the improved antiproliferative activities. Collectively, the results demonstrated that compound 7b could serve as a new lead for further development of more potent analogs as potential anticancer agents.
A generalized approach for producing, quantifying, and validating citizen science data from wildlife images
Authors: Swanson Alexandra , Kosmala Margaret , Lintott Chris , Packer Craig 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCitizen science has the potential to expand the scope and scale of research in ecology and conservation, but many professional researchers remain skeptical of data produced by nonexperts. We devised an approach for producing accurate, reliable data from untrained, nonexpert volunteers. On the citizen science website www.snapshotserengeti.org, more than 28,000 volunteers classified 1.51 million images taken in a large‐scale camera‐trap survey in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Each image was circulated to, on average, 27 volunteers, and their classifications were aggregated using a simple plurality algorithm. We validated the aggregated answers against a data set of 3829 images verified by experts and calculated 3 certainty metrics—level of agreement among classifications (evenness), fraction of classifications supporting the aggregated answer (fraction support), and fraction of classifiers who reported “nothing here” for an image that was ultimately classified as containing an animal (fraction blank)—to measure confidence that an aggregated answer was correct. Overall, aggregated volunteer answers agreed with the expert‐verified data on 98% of images, but accuracy differed by species commonness such that rare species had higher rates of false positives and false negatives. Easily calculated analysis of variance and post‐hoc Tukey tests indicated that the certainty metrics were significant indicators of whether each image was correctly classified or classifiable. Thus, the certainty metrics can be used to identify images for expert review. Bootstrapping analyses further indicated that 90% of images were correctly classified with just 5 volunteers per image. Species classifications based on the plurality vote of multiple citizen scientists can provide a reliable foundation for large‐scale monitoring of African wildlife.
Place‐based and data‐rich citizen science as a precursor for conservation action
Authors: Haywood Benjamin K. , Parrish Julia K. , Dolliver Jane 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEnvironmental education strategies have customarily placed substantial focus on enhancing ecological knowledge and literacy with the hope that, upon discovering relevant facts and concepts, participants will be better equipped to process and dissect environmental issues and, therefore, make more informed decisions. The assumption is that informed citizens will become active citizens––enthusiastically lobbying for, and participating in, conservation‐oriented action. We surveyed and interviewed and used performance data from 432 participants in the Coastal Observation and Seabird Survey Team (COASST), a scientifically rigorous citizen science program, to explore measurable change in and links between understanding and action. We found that participation in rigorous citizen science was associated with significant increases in participant knowledge and skills; a greater connection to place and, secondarily, to community; and an increasing awareness of the relative impact of anthropogenic activities on local ecosystems specifically through increasing scientific understanding of the ecosystem and factors affecting it. Our results suggest that a place‐based, data‐rich experience linked explicitly to local, regional, and global issues can lead to measurable change in individual and collective action, expressed in our case study principally through participation in citizen science and community action and communication of program results to personal acquaintances and elected officials. We propose the following tenets of conservation literacy based on emergent themes and the connections between them explicit in our data: place‐based learning creates personal meaning making; individual experience nested within collective (i.e., program‐wide) experience facilitates an understanding of the ecosystem process and function at local and regional scales; and science‐based meaning making creates informed concern (i.e., the ability to discern both natural and anthropogenic forcing), which allows individuals to develop a personalized prioritization schema and engage in conservation action.
Nutritional predictors of mortality after discharge in elderly patients on a medical ward
Authors: Buscemi Silvio , Batsis John A. , Parrinello Gaspare , Massenti Fatima M. , Rosafio Giuseppe , Sciascia Vittoria , Costa Flavia , Pollina Addario Sebastiano , Mendola Serena , Barile Anna M. , Maniaci Vincenza , Rini Nadia , Caimi Gregorio 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundMalnutrition in elderly inpatients hospitalized on medical wards is a significant public health concern. The aim of this study was to investigate nutritional markers as mortality predictors following discharge in hospitalized medical elderly patients.Materials and methodsThis is a prospective observational cohort study with follow‐up of 48 months. Two hundred and twenty‐five individuals aged 60 and older admitted from the hospital emergency room in the past 48 h were investigated at the medical ward in the University hospital in Palermo (Italy). Anthropometric and clinical measurements, Mini‐nutritional Assessment (MNA) questionnaire, bioelectrical (BIA) phase angle (PA), grip strength were obtained all within 48 h of admission. Mortality data were verified by means of mortality registry and analysed using Cox‐proportional hazard models.ResultsNinety (40%) participants died at the end of follow‐up. There were significant relationships between PA, MNA score, age and gender on mortality. Patients in the lowest tertile of PA (< 4·6°) had higher mortality estimates [I vs II tertile: hazard ratio (HR) = 3·40; 95% confidence interval (CI): 2·01–5·77; II vs III tertile: HR = 3·83; 95% CI: 2·21–6·64; log‐rank test: χ2 = 43·6; P < 0·001]. Similarly, the survival curves demonstrated low MNA scores (< 22) were associated with higher mortality estimates (HR = 1·85; 95% CI: 1·22–2·81 χ2 = 8·2; P = 0·004).ConclusionsThe MNA and BIA‐derived phase angle are reasonable tools to identify malnourished patients at high mortality risk and may represent useful markers in intervention trials in this high‐risk subgroup.
Polish individuals with an at‐risk mental state: demographic and clinical characteristics
Authors: Kotlicka‐Antczak Magdalena , Pawełczyk Tomasz , Podgórski Michał , Żurner Natalia , Karbownik Michał S. , Pawełczyk Agnieszka 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study is to present sociodemographic and clinical characteristics of Polish individuals with an at‐risk mental state (ARMS).MethodsA group of 99 individuals meeting the ARMS criteria were assessed in terms of sociodemographic data, psychopathological symptoms, psychosocial functioning and comorbidity.ResultsThe sample (mean age 19 years) was 54.55% women. At baseline, nearly 73% of the sample was educated, and 20.20% were employed. Approximately 87.88% of the participants lived with their families. Nearly 77% of the sample presented attenuated psychotic symptoms (APS), 17.17% demonstrated APS with accompanying vulnerability traits and 19.19% showed vulnerability features only. The mean Social and Occupational Functioning Assessment Scale score was 49.55 (±7.70). No effect of age, gender or level of functioning on psychopathological symptoms was observed.The most common comorbid diagnoses were depressive (44.44%) and anxiety disorders (19.19%), which coexisted in 5.05% of the individuals. Approximately 28.28% of the diagnoses met the criteria for personality disorders. The dropout rate from the study was 19.09%, with stigma as the most common reason.ConclusionsPolish ARMS individuals are help‐seeking young people most commonly presenting APS or vulnerability features. Despite a high level of psychosocial dysfunction, these individuals remain educationally active. Most individuals showed comorbid diagnoses (commonly depressive or anxiety disorders). Despite some differences resulting from the socioeconomic situation of the country or the specificity of the mental health services, the characteristics of the sample remain consistent with descriptions of ARMS populations worldwide. This study reaffirms the need for organizing early intervention services in non‐stigmatizing settings.
Rediscovery of Celes akitanus (Orthoptera: Acrididae) from semi‐natural grasslands in Japan
Authors: Uchida Kei , Shinohara Tadashi , Takahashi Sogo , Nakahama Naoyuki , Takami Yasuoki , Ushimaru Atushi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCeles akitanus was rediscovered in semi‐natural grasslands in Japan. This species is one of the most endangered insects in Japan; most local populations were thought to be extinct. Reliable records of this rare species had been obtained only from Yamagata, Niigata, Tokyo and Nagano Prefectures. We compared the morphology of the holotype of Oedipoda akitana (=C. akitanus) and newly collected specimens and found that they matched with each other. The species was redescribed based on the holotype and new specimens. A molecular phylogenetic analysis involving other acridid species indicated that our samples were practically identical to C. akitanus from China. We conclude that the specimens we collected are C. akitanus, which has been rediscovered in Japan after about 30 years. Because the discovered populations were restricted to narrow and scattered areas, conservation of these populations should be a high priority. Population monitoring and habitat assessment are required. Because C. akitanus and many other endangered species are found in the grassland areas, these habitats should be protected and maintained.
EEG desynchronization during phasic REM sleep suppresses interictal epileptic activity in humans
Authors: Frauscher Birgit , von Ellenrieder Nicolás , Dubeau François , Gotman Jean 
Published: April 2016

SummaryObjectiveRapid eye movement (REM) sleep has a suppressing effect on epileptic activity. This effect might be directly related to neuronal desynchronization mediated by cholinergic neurotransmission. We investigated whether interictal epileptiform discharges (IEDs) and high frequency oscillations—a biomarker of the epileptogenic zone—are evenly distributed across phasic and tonic REM sleep. We hypothesized that IEDs are more suppressed during phasic REM sleep because of additional cholinergic drive.MethodsTwelve patients underwent polysomnography during long‐term combined scalp‐intracerebral electroencephalography (EEG) recording. After sleep staging in the scalp EEG, we identified segments of REM sleep with rapid eye movements (phasic REM) and segments of REM sleep without rapid eye movements (tonic REM). In the intracerebral EEG, we computed the power in frequencies <30 Hz and from 30 to 500 Hz, and marked IEDs, ripples (>80 Hz) and fast ripples (>250 Hz). We grouped the intracerebral channels into channels in the seizure‐onset zone (SOZ), the exclusively irritative zone (EIZ), and the normal zone (NoZ).ResultsPower in frequencies <30 Hz was lower during phasic than tonic REM sleep (p < 0.001), most likely reflecting increased desynchronization. IEDs, ripples and fast ripples, were less frequent during phasic than tonic REM sleep (phasic REM sleep: 39% of spikes, 35% of ripples, 18% of fast ripples, tonic REM sleep: 61% of spikes, 65% of ripples, 82% of fast ripples; p < 0.001). In contrast to ripples in the epileptogenic zone, physiologic ripples were more abundant during phasic REM sleep (phasic REM sleep: 73% in NoZ, 30% in EIZ, 28% in SOZ, tonic REM sleep: 27% in NoZ, 70% in EIZ, 72% in SOZ; p < 0.001).SignificancePhasic REM sleep has an enhanced suppressive effect on IEDs, corroborating the role of EEG desynchronization in the suppression of interictal epileptic activity. In contrast, physiologic ripples were increased during phasic REM sleep, possibly reflecting REM‐related memory consolidation and dreaming.
The effectiveness of inhaled ginger essential oil in improving dietary intake in breast‐cancer patients experiencing chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting
Authors: Salihah Noor , Mazlan Nik , Lua Pei Lin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundEvidence suggests the use of complementary therapies may help in relieving the adverse effects of cancer‐related treatment, including nausea.ObjectivesTo evaluate the effectiveness of inhaled ginger essential oil (EO) in improving dietary intake in women with breast cancer experiencing chemotherapy‐induced nausea and vomiting (CINV). General perception on the use of ginger aromatherapy was also evaluated.MethodsA single‐blind, randomised, placebo‐controlled, crossover study was conducted in two oncology clinics in Peninsular Malaysia. Women received 5 days of aromatherapy treatment using either ginger EO or fragrance‐matched placebo [ginger fragrance oil (FO)] in an order dictated by the treatment group sequence. The following aspects were evaluated: nutritional status (BMI, nutritional requirement, dietary intake) and general perception of aromatherapy.ResultsSixty women completed the study (age=47.3±9.26 years; receiving highly emetogenic chemotherapy=86.7%; BMI=25.5±5.4 kg/m2). Energy intakes were significantly higher after patients were treated with ginger EO than ginger FO at day 3 (P=0.015) and day 5 (P=0.002). Significant improvements in energy intake were also observed over time [F(2,57)=54.21, P<0.001], reaching almost 90% of the energy requirement 5 days’ post‐chemotherapy. Inhaled aromatherapy using ginger EO was rated marginally more helpful than the ginger FO (63.3% vs. 61.6%). Being delivered via a necklace, the treatment method was considered feasible for participating women.ConclusionThe use of inhaled ginger EO for CINV could possibly help patients resume their dietary intake. This complementary treatment was also favourably received by the participating women.
Trait variations of ground flora species disentangle the effects of global change and altered land‐use in Swedish forests during 20 years
Authors: Hedwall Per‐Ola , Brunet Jörg 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNorthern forest ecosystems are exposed to a range of anthropogenic processes including global warming, atmospheric deposition, and changing land‐use. The vegetation of northern forests is composed of species with several functional traits related to these processes, whose effects may be difficult to disentangle. Here, we combined analyses of spatio‐temporal dynamics and functional traits of ground flora species, including morphological characteristics, responses to macro‐ and microclimate, soil conditions, and disturbance. Based on data from the Swedish National Forest Inventory, we compared changes in occurrence of a large number of ground flora species during a 20‐year period (1994–2013) in boreal and temperate Sweden respectively. Our results show that a majority of the common ground flora species have changed their overall frequency. Comparisons of functional traits between increasing and declining species, and of trends in mean trait values of sample plots, indicate that current floristic changes are caused by combined effects of climate warming, nitrogen deposition and changing land‐use. Changes and their relations with plant traits were generally larger in temperate southern Sweden. Nutrient‐demanding species with mesotrophic morphology were favored by ongoing eutrophication due to nitrogen deposition in the temperate zone, while dwarf shrubs with low demands on nitrogen decreased in frequency. An increase of species with less northern and less eastern distribution limits was also restricted to temperate Sweden, and indicates effects of a moister and milder macroclimate. A trend toward dense plantation forests is mirrored by a decrease of light‐demanding species in both vegetation zones, and a decrease of grassland species in the temperate zone. Although denser tree canopies may buffer effects of a warmer climate and of nitrogen deposition to some extent, traits related to these processes were weakly correlated in the group of species with changing frequency. Hence, our results indicate specific effects of these often confounded anthropogenic processes.
The Asylum‐Integration Paradox: Comparing Asylum Support Systems and Refugee Integration in The Netherlands and theUK
Authors: Bakker Linda , Cheung Sin Yi , Phillimore Jenny 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article explores the impact of asylum support systems on refugee integration focusing on theUKand the Netherlands. Both have adopted deterrent approaches to asylum support. The Dutch favour the use of asylum accommodation centres, segregating asylum seekers from the general population. TheUKdisperses asylum seekers to housing within deprived areas, embedding them within communities. Both countries have been criticized for these practices, which are viewed as potentially anti‐integrative: something of a paradox given that both promote the importance of refugee integration. We analyse national refugee integration surveys in both countries and provide original empirical evidence of negative associations between asylum support systems and refugees’ health, which differ in relation to mental and physical health. The integration and asylum policy implications of these findings are discussed.
Personality and Euroscepticism: The Impact of Personality on Attitudes Towards the EU
Authors: Nielsen Julie Hassing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAttitudes towards EU integration are widely studied, yet we know only little about the role of personality for EU attitudes. Utilizing a framing experiment encompassing positive and negative frames of EU integration, this article reports on how personality influences attitudes towards EU integration, and how personal predispositions moderate framing effects, impacting EU attitude formation. The study relies on Danish and Swedish data (N = 1808). I test both the direct impact of personality on EU attitudes and personality's moderating impact on framing effects. I find that extraversion and openness positively correlate with positive EU attitudes, while people scoring high on neuroticism tend to support the EU less. Furthermore, I find that personality moderates different EU frames. Individuals with certain personality traits are more influenced by framing effects than others, while positive and negative frames also are perceived differently according to personal predispositions. I find only little country differences between Denmark and Sweden.