bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION MECHANISM OF FE‐NI‐20‐25CR‐5AL ALLOYS. INFLUENCE OF SMALL AMOUNTS OF YTTRIUM ON OXIDATION KINETICS AND OXIDE ADHERENCE
Authors: PIVIN J. C. , DELAUNAY D. , ROQUES‐CARMES C. , HUNTZ A. M. , LACOMBE P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie auf einigen Fe‐Ni‐ 2O bis 25 Cr‐5Al‐Y‐Legierungen bei 1273‐1 5 73 K in reinem O2 entwickelten Oxidzunder bestehen unabhängig vom Fe‐ und Ni‐Gehalt aus einer inneren Al2O3‐Schicht und einer äußeren, etwas Spinell enthaltenden Cr2O3‐Schicht.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW INTERCALATION COMPOUNDS OF GRAPHITE: THE GRAPHITE‐RUBIDIUM‐THALLIUM TERNARY SYSTEM
Authors: LAGRANGE P. , EL MAKRINI M. , HEROLD A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus Graphitpulver und der flüssigen Legierung RbTll ,5 bildet sich zwischen 200 und 300°C eine Einschlußverbindung 1. Ordnung der Zusammensetzung RbTll ,5 C4.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIOMETRIC STUDIES ON NICKEL(II)‐GLUTATHIONATE INTERACTIONS
Authors: FORMICKA‐KOZLOWSKA G. , MAY P. M. , WILLIAMS D. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Bildungskonstanten von Ni‐Komplexen mit Glutathion wurden bei verschiedenen pH‐Werten bestimmt.
ChemInform Abstract: STEREOCHEMICAL CONTROL BY REMOTE SUBSTITUENTS IN α‐ACYLIMINIUM OLEFIN CYCLIZATIONS
Authors: NOSSIN P. M. M. , SPECKAMP W. N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den Lactamen (I) bzw. (III) werden mit Ameisensäure die Cyclisierungsprodukte (II) bzw. (IV) erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOTOCHEMISTRY OF α‐ARYL CARBOXYLIC ANHYDRIDES. PART 4. PHOTOREACTIONS OF SOME ASYMMETRICAL ANHYDRIDES DERIVED FROM O‐ AND P‐METHOXYPHENYLACETIC ACID, AND SOME OF THE PHENYLACETATE ESTER PHOTOPRODUCTS
Authors: ROOF A. A. M. , VAN WOERDEN H. F. , CERFONTAIN H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Bestrahlung der beiden asymm. Carbonsäureanhydride (I) führt zur Bildung von Estern (II) und Dibenzylen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: A (Π2 + Π2) PHOTOCYCLOADDITION REACTION AS A FACILE ROUTE TO ANGULARLY SUBSTITUTED CIS‐HYDRINDANES AND CIS‐DECALANES
Authors: VAN AUDENHOVE M. , DE KEUKELEIRE D. , VANDEWALLE M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract1,2‐Bis‐trimethylsiloxy‐cyclobuten (I) reagiert mit den Cycloalkenonen (II) unter Bestrahlung zu den Addukten (III), die zu den Carbinolen (IV) reduziert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: METHOXYMETHYLATION OF PHENOLS: A CONVENIENT METHOD OF PARTIAL PROTECTION OF PHENOLIC HYDROXYLS
Authors: ESWARAN V. , GANDHIDASAN R. , NEELAKANTAN S. , RAMAN P. V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei Verwendung von Methoxymethylchlorid können durch Rückflußkochen in Aceton in Gegenwart von wasserfreiem K‐carbonat phenolische Hydroicylgruppen leicht methyliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: POSSIBLE SYNTHESIS OF THIOLS FROM TRIALKYL BORATES
Authors: SAVEL'YANOV V. P. , DOKUKIN N. I. , SAVEL'YANOVA R. T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDurch Erhitzen von Trialkylboraten mit H2S in Gegenwart von FeS (weniger geeignet sind Al2O3 und WO3) auf 300 bis 400°C lassen sich Alkylthiole darstellen; Dialkylsulfide bilden sich unter diesen Bedingungen nicht.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF TRANS‐2‐TERT‐BUTYL‐3‐PHENYLOXAZIRIDINE WITH LITHIUM AMIDE BASES
Authors: NEWCOMB M. , REEDER R. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Oxaziridin (I) erhält man mit Lithiumamiden die Folgeprodukte (II) und (III).
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND POLYMERIZATION OF ALKYL α‐(ALKYLSULFONYL)ACRYLATES
Authors: GIPSTEIN E. , WILLSON C. G. , SACHDEV H. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractChlorpropionsäureester (II) reagieren mit den Sulfinaten (I) zu den entsprechenden Sulfoncarbonsäureestern (III), die auch aus den Mercaptanen (V) durch Alkylierung und Oxidation zugänglich sind.
ChemInform Abstract: NITRILE IMINE AND CARBENE REARRANGEMENTS. FROM FURFURAL TO BENZOFULVENE‐8‐CARBOXALDEHYDE, 8‐BENZOFULVENYLCARBENE, AND 1‐VINYLIDENEINDENE
Authors: WENTRUP C. , BENEDIKT J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFurfural (I) wird nach einer Methode von Ito in das Tetrazolyl‐Derivat (IV) übergeführt, das bei Blitz‐ ′lichtpyrolyse bei 10‐3‐ 10‐4 Torr die Folgeprodukte (VI) bzw. (VII) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: STABILIZED 2,3‐NAPHTHOQUINODIMETHANS VIA TRANSIENT 1,3‐DIPHENYLBENZ(F)INDEN‐2‐ONE
Authors: JONES D. W. , POMFRET A. , WIFE R. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Diketon (I) wird in die Zwischenstufe (VII) übergeführt, die mit den Maleinimiden (VIII) unter Bildung der Cycloaddukte (IX) abgefangen wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE SYNTHESIS OF 2,2‐DISUBSTITUTED TETRAHYDROTHIOPHENES
Authors: HAKIMELAHI G. H. , JUST G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Umsetzung von Mesyloxypropyl‐malonsäureester (I) mit Thioloacetat (II) in Gegenwart von Sauerstoff entsteht das 2,2‐disubstituierte Tetrahydrothiophen (III).
ChemInform Abstract: CONDENSATION OF P‐BENZOQUINONE WITH 4‐CYANO‐ AND 4‐NITROANILINES. AN EXTENSION OF THE NENITZESCU REACTION
Authors: BERNIER J. L. , HENICHART J. P. , VACCHER C. , HOUSSIN R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBenzochinon (I) reagiert mit den Anilinen (II) zu den Derivaten (III)‐(V).
ChemInform Abstract: ALKYLATION AND ARALKYLATION OF N‐HETEROCYCLES. PART VII. METHYLATION AND BENZYLATION OF 4(OR 7)‐CHLOROBENZIMIDAZOLES
Authors: REDDY V. M. , REDDY K. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Methylierung und die Benzylierung der tautomeren Chlorbenzimidazole (I) führt zu den 1‐Alkyl‐4‐chlor‐ und/oder 1‐Alkyl‐ 7‐chlor‐Isomeren (II) und (III) bzw. (IV) und (V).
ChemInform Abstract: STRUCTURE OF PRODUCTS OF THE CONDENSATION OF AMIDRAZONES WITH MONOCARBONYL COMPOUNDS
Authors: ZELENIN K. N. , KHRUSTALEV V. A. , SERGUTINA V. P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie N‐monosubstituierten Amidrazon‐hydrochloride (I) reagieren in Gegenwart äquimolarer Mengen von Na‐methylat mit den Carbonylverbindungen (II) unter Bildung der Dihydrotriazole (III) (IR‐, UV‐Banden, 1H‐, 13C‐NMR‐Spektren).
ChemInform Abstract: THE SYNTHESIS OF 3,5‐DIAMINO‐1,2,4‐OXADIAZOLES. PART 1
Authors: TILLEY J. W. , RAMUZ H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractReaktion der Cyan‐isothioharnstoffe (I) mit Hydroxylamin (II) liefert Gemische der isomeren Oxadiazole (III) und (IV); neben den (III)‐analogen Produkten (VI) aus den Verbindungen (V) werden keine oder nur geringe Mengen (2‐5%) der entsprechenden isomeren (IV)‐Analogen erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS WITH BRIDGEHEAD NITROGEN ATOMS. PART 8. THE SYNTHESIS AND PROPERTIES OF CYCLOPENTA(4,5)AZEPINO(7,1,2‐CD)PYRROLIZINE (CYCLOPENTA(H)(2.2.4)CYCLAZINE)
Authors: JESSEP M. A. , LEAVER D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Titelverbindung (III) wird durch Reaktion von 3H‐Pyrrolizin (I) mit dem Perchlorat (II) oder, in höherer Ausb., durch Reaktion des Perchlorats (IV) mit Cyclopentadien (V) dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: ACTION OF ACTIVE METHYLENE COMPOUNDS, HYDRAZINES AND HYDROXYLAMINE ON METHOXYBENZALACETONAPHTHALENONE
Authors: EL‐HASHASH M. A. , ESSAWY A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Titelnaphthalenon (I) reagiert in Michaelkondensationen mit Verbindungen, die aktive Methylengruppen enthalten, wie cyclischen Ketonen zu (II), mit Benzylketonen (IV) zu (III), aber mit Ketonen (V) zu den offenen Verbindungen (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC SPIRONAPHTHALENONES. PART V. SYNTHESIS OF SOME 2‐BENZAZEPINES FROM 3,4‐DIHYDROSPIRO(FURAN‐2‐(5H),1′(2′H)‐NAPHTHALENE)‐2,5‐DIONE
Authors: BERNEY D. , SCHUH K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas aus der Titelverbindung (I) hergestellte Methylaminonaphthalinon (II) lagert sich bei Behandlung mit 2 N NaOH zur 2‐Benzazepinpropionsäure (III) um.
ChemInform Abstract: C2LI6 STRUCTURAL ISOMERS
Authors: KOS A. , POPPINGER D. , SCHLEYER P. VON R. , THIEL W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus Diethylquecksilber (I) entsteht mit Li‐Dampf ein Hexalithio‐ethan (III), das zum Hexadeuterioethan gespalten wird.
ChemInform Abstract: Π‐COMPLEXED β‐ARYLALKYL DERIVATIVES. PART 6. EFFECT OF ELECTRON‐WITHDRAWING SUBSTITUENTS ON THE ACETOLYSIS OF 2‐(Π‐(ARYL)CHROMIUM‐TRICARBONYL)‐2‐METHYL‐1‐PROPYL METHANESULFONATES
Authors: BLY R. S. , NIE E. K. , TSE A. K. K. , WALLACE E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAcetolysereaktionen an den Mesylaten (I) und (II) werden verglichen.
ChemInform Abstract: PROTONATION AND ACETYLATION OF TRICARBONYL‐5‐EXO‐(ISOPROPENYL)CYCLOHEXA‐1,3‐DIENEIRON. REGIOSPECIFIC FORMATION OF TRICARBONYL‐1‐(SUBSTITUTED) CYCLOHEXADIENYLIUMIRON CATIONS
Authors: JOHNSON B. F. G. , LEWIS J. , STEPHENSON G. R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Cyclohexadienyl‐eisencarbonyl‐Komplex (I) erhält man nach Wittig das Olefin (II), das zum Salz (III) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: ELECTRON TRANSFER IN NICKEL‐CATALYZED ADDITION REACTIONS
Authors: DAYRIT F. M. , GLADKOWSKI D. E. , SCHWARTZ J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie katalytische Aktivität des Systems Ni‐acetylacetonat/AlH(iBu)2 wurde für die konjugierte Addition von Chloro‐3,3‐dimethyl‐buten‐(1)‐yl‐bis‐[cyclopentadienyl]‐zirconium an Cyclohexenon‐(l) innerhalb von 24 h in bestimmten Abständen gemessen.
ChemInform Abstract: THE CHEMISTRY OF PYRROLIC COMPOUNDS. XLIII. SYNTHESIS OF THE FIFTEEN ISOMERS OF PROTOPORPHYRIN
Authors: CLEZY P. S. , FOOKES C. J. R. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract1. Analog dem bereits bekannten Verfahren für die Darstellung von Protoporphyrin (PP)‐IX‐dimethylester (IVc) werden durch Reduktion der bereits dargestellten Diacetylporphyrine (I) und Dehydratisierung der gebildeten Hämatoporphyrine die PP‐Isomeren (II) synthetisiert; die Isomeren (III) und (IVa), (IVb), (IVd) sind analog erhältlich.
ChemInform Abstract: A SHORT SYNTHESIS OF 3‐METHYL‐5‐(2,3,6‐TRIMETHYLPHENYL)‐1‐PENTEN‐3‐OL, A SESQUITERPENE ISOLATED FROM LAURENCIA NIDIFICA
Authors: OPPOLZER W. , BRINER P. H. , SNOWDEN R. L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDer rac. Sesquiterpenoid‐Alkohol (VI) wird in vier Stufen mit einer Gesamtausb.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESES OF SOME CONSTITUENTS OF ZINGIBER CASSUMUNAR
Authors: TUNTIWACHWUTTIKUL P. , LIMCHAWFAR B. , REUTRAKUL V. , PANCHAROEN O. , KUSAMRAN K. , BYRNE L. T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSynthetische Darstellungen der Naturstoffe (III) und (V) werden beschrieben.
Impact of Chiral Bioanalytical Methods on the Bioequivalence of Ibuprofen Products Containing Ibuprofen Lysinate and Ibuprofen Base
Authors: García‐Arieta Alfredo , Ferrero‐Cafiero Juan Manuel , Puntes Montse , Gich Ignasi , Morales‐Alcelay Susana , Tarré Maite , Font Xavier , Antonijoan Rosa Maria 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe purpose was to assess the impact of the use of a chiral bioanalytical method on the conclusions of a bioequivalence study that compared two ibuprofen suspensions with different rates of absorption. A comparison of the conclusion of bioequivalence between a chiral method and an achiral approach was made. Plasma concentrations of R‐ibuprofen and S‐ibuprofen were determined using a chiral bioanalytical method; bioequivalence was tested for R‐ibuprofen and for S‐ibuprofen separately and for the sum of both enantiomers as an approach for an achiral bioanalytical method. The 90% confidence interval (90% CI) that would have been obtained with an achiral bioanalytical method (90% CI: Cmax: 117.69–134.46; AUC0t: 104.75–114.45) would have precluded the conclusion of bioequivalence. This conclusion cannot be generalized to the active enantiomer (90% CI: Cmax: 103.36–118.38; AUC0t: 96.52–103.12), for which bioequivalence can be concluded, and/or the distomer (90% CI: Cmax: 132.97–151.33; AUC0t: 115.91–135.77) for which a larger difference was observed. Chiral bioanalytical methods should be required when 1) the enantiomers exhibit different pharmacodynamics and 2) the exposure (AUC or Cmax) ratio of enantiomers is modified by a difference in the rate of absorption. Furthermore, the bioequivalence conclusion should be based on all enantiomers, since the distomer(s) might not be completely inert, in contrast to what is required in the current regulatory guidelines. In those cases where it is unknown if the ratio between enantiomers is modified by changing the rate of absorption, chiral bioanalytical methods should be employed unless enantiomers exhibit the same pharmacodynamics. Chirality 28:429–433, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Femtosecond Stimulated Raman Spectroscopy
Authors: Dietze Daniel R. , Mathies Richard A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the group of Prof. Richard A. Mathies (University of California at Berkeley, USA). The image sketches the first step in vision: the 11‐cis to all‐trans isomerization of retinal in the visual pigment rhodopsin, as revealed by femtosecond stimulated Raman spectroscopy. Read the full text of the Review at 10.1002/cphc.201600104.
Flexible Asymmetric Supercapacitors Based on Nitrogen‐Doped Graphene Hydrogels with Embedded Nickel Hydroxide Nanoplates
Authors: Xie Hao , Tang Shaochun , Li Dongdong , Vongehr Sascha , Meng Xiangkang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTo push the energy density limit of supercapacitors (SCs), new electrode materials with hierarchical nano‐micron pore architectures are strongly desired. Graphene hydrogels that consist of 3 D porous frameworks have received particular attention but their capacitance is limited by electrical double layer capacitance. In this work, we report the rational design and fabrication of a composite hydrogel of N‐doped graphene (NG) that contains embedded Ni(OH)2 nanoplates that is cut conveniently into films to serve as positive electrodes for flexible asymmetric solid‐state SCs with NG hydrogel films as negative electrodes. The use of high‐power ultrasound leads to hierarchically porous micron‐scale sheets that consist of a highly interconnected 3 D NG network in which Ni(OH)2 nanoplates are well dispersed, which avoids the stacking of NG, Ni(OH)2, and their composites. The optimal SC device benefits from the compositional features and 3 D electrode architecture and has a high specific areal capacitance of 255 mF cm−2 at 1.0 mA cm−2 and a very stable, high output cell voltage of 1.45 V, which leads to an energy density of 80 μW h cm−2 even at a high power of 944 μW cm−2, considerably higher than that reported for similar devices. The devices exhibit a high rate capability and only 8 % capacitance loss over 10 000 charging cycles as well as excellent flexibility with no clear performance degradation under strong bending.
Archimetrics: a quantitative tool to predict three‐dimensional meander belt sandbody heterogeneity
Authors: van de Lageweg Wietse I. , van Dijk Wout M. , Box Darren , Kleinhans Maarten G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFluvial meander belt sediments form some of the most architecturally complex reservoirs in hydrocarbon fields due to multiple scales of heterogeneity inherent in their deposition. Currently, characterization of meander belt bodies largely relies on idealized vertical profiles and a limited number of analogue models that naively infer architecture from active river dimensions. Three‐dimensional architectural data are needed to quantify scales of grain‐size heterogeneity, spatial patterns of sedimentation and bar preservation in a direct relationship with the relevant length scales of active river channels. In this study, three large flume experiments and a numerical model were used to characterize and construct the architecture (referred to as ‘archimetrics’) and sedimentology of meander belt deposits, while taking reworking and partial preservation into account. Meander belt sandbody width‐to‐thickness ratios between 100 and 200 were observed, which are consistent with reported values of natural meander belts. For the first time, the relief of the base of a meander belt is quantified, enabling improved estimates of connectedness of amalgamated meander belts. A key observation is that the slope and number of lateral‐accretion packages within natural point bar deposits can be well predicted from fairly basic observables, a finding subsequently tested on several natural systems. Probability curves of preserved architectural characteristics for three dimensions were quantified allowing estimates of bar dimensions, baffle and barrier spacing distributions and container dimensions. Based on this, a set of rules were identified for combining reservoir parameters with the identified probability curves on sandbody dimensions and character, to help create more realistic geomodels for estimating exploration success on the basis of seismic and core data.
Normality against Sustainability – Mobility practices of well‐to‐do households
Authors: Aro Riikka 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBy focusing on the daily and leisure mobility of well‐to‐do people in Finland, this study contributes to the discordant discussion on the sustainability of well‐to‐do consumers, whose consumption levels are relatively the highest, and concerns whether they are both aware of environmental matters and willing to pay for environmental protection. The interview analysis revealed that, despite general knowledge of environmental issues, sustainability is not relevant to daily practices, and the well‐to‐do studied here are not to any significant degree engaged in sustainable mobility practices, but in a complex organization of daily life. This study also shows that, while there is a shared understanding of saving money and saving time, ‘living according to one's means’ and having more money results in more travel, for instance. Furthermore, repetition and being used to a certain way of doing things resist change in ‘normal’ mobility practices, such as car‐driving and travel by plane, to which dispersed and incoherent policy measures, as well as the inconvenience of alternatives, further contribute. Doing sustainability is mostly viewed as an inconvenience not contributing to personal or family well‐being, and as requiring time. Allocating time for it is not prioritized when organizing a hectic professional life and active leisure time. These findings set a further challenge for the pursuit of sustainable mobility, as they accentuate the need to recognize the forceful nature of ‘normal’ practices co‐evolving with technologies and policies in transforming the unsustainable matters of course, as well as the need for coherent, strong and integrated policy measures. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment
IL‐9 promotes the survival and function of human melanoma‐infiltrating CD4+CD8+ double‐positive T cells
Authors: Parrot Tiphaine , Allard Mathilde , Oger Romain , Benlalam Houssem , Raingeard de la Blétière Diane , Coutolleau Anne , Preisser Laurence , Desfrançois Juliette , Khammari Amir , Dréno Brigitte , Labarrière Nathalie , Delneste Yves , Guardiola Philippe , Gervois Nadine 
Published: April 2016

We previously demonstrated an accumulation of tumor‐reactive CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) T cells within melanoma‐infiltrating lymphocytes, supporting their role in the regulation of anti‐tumor immune responses. Similarly to their CD8+ counterparts, intra‐tumor DP T cells are MHC class‐I restricted but differed by a limited lytic activity against autologous melanoma cells. Based on these observations and to further characterize DP T cells, both populations were compared at the transcriptional level. Our results revealed the overexpression of the IL‐9 receptor (IL‐9R) by DP T cells and prompted us to investigate the impact of IL‐9 on their biology. We show that IL‐9 favors DP T‐cell survival by protecting them from apoptosis and by promoting their proliferation. In addition, IL‐9 enhances their ability to produce cytokines and increased their levels of granzyme B/perforin as well as degranulation capacity, leading to a strengthened cytotoxic activity against melanoma cells. Taken together, the IL‐9Rhigh DP T‐cell population could be a new preferential target for IL‐9, which could take part in their retention within the melanoma infiltrate while also favoring their anti‐tumor activity. More generally, our results extend the pleiotropic effects of IL‐9 to IL‐9R‐expressing intra‐tumor T cells, which could further potentiate anti‐tumor immune responses.
How Do Irrigation and Drainage Interventions Secure Food Production and Livelihood for Rural Communities?
Authors: Brelle François 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIrrigated agriculture is again at the forefront of development priorities, as food security and good nutrition are now considered among major goals, along with ending poverty and achieving access to water and sanitation for all. Question 59 of the 22nd ICID Congress, by addressing the two issues of ensuring food security and securing livelihoods in rural areas, is therefore particularly relevant within the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) process led by the United Nations.What is firstly addressed under this question is how securing irrigation contributes to securing food, which is compulsory for securing the livelihood of rural populations. Many papers highlight the role which rural communities can play in the governance of water resource and hydraulic systems. Adequate use of so‐called 'poor quality water' is presented as a development factor of rural areas, as well as considering multiple uses, which may help sustainability.Water needs for food production are increasing, while other uses must be better satisfied in spite of climate changes often resulting in a scarcer resource. It is therefore crucial to improve irrigation efficiency through innovation and development of water‐saving methods and techniques.Inter‐basin cooperation, either within a country or transboundary, also appears as a solution to cope with limited water resources or to resolve water conflicts. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Global Credit Risk: World, Country and Industry Factors
Authors: Schwaab Bernd , Koopman Siem Jan , Lucas André 
Published: April 2016

SummaryWe investigate the dynamic properties of systematic default risk conditions for firms in different countries, industries and rating groups. We use a high‐dimensional nonlinear non‐Gaussian state‐space model to estimate common components in corporate defaults in a 41 country samples between 1980:Q1 and s2014:Q4, covering both the global financial crisis and euro area sovereign debt crisis. We find that macro and default‐specific world factors are a primary source of default clustering across countries. Defaults cluster more than what shared exposures to macro factors imply, indicating that other factors also play a significant role. For all firms, deviations of systematic default risk from macro fundamentals are correlated with net tightening bank lending standards, suggesting that bank credit supply and systematic default risk are inversely related. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Comparative anatomy of stems and leaves of plectranthus L. (Lamiaceae) in Saudi Arabia and systematic implications
Authors: Khalik Kadry N. Abdel , Karakish Eman A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTA comparative anatomical study of the Plectranthus species growing in Saudi Arabia by using light microscopy method in order to evaluate their diagnostic value for systematic studies. Macro‐ and micromorphological characters, including stem, leaf, petiole anatomical, and trichome structures are presented. Descriptions of stem shape in cross‐section, epidermal cell shape, cortex, pith, vascular bundles, leaf shape in cross‐section, mesophyll, types and distribution of trichomes are presented. Taxonomic phylogenetic implications of stem, leaf, and trichomes anatomical micromorphology are also discussed in comparison with the available gross morphological and molecular data. Results of the present study offer useful data for evaluating the taxonomy of Plectranthus both at subgeneric and sectional levels. Moreover, our results indicate some degree of similarity among the species of subgenus Germanea and support the monophyly of this subgenus. A remarkable result from this study was identifying P. arabicus with distinctive characters and suggesting that it should be treated as a separate subgenus. Likewise, distinguishing differences between closely related endemic species P. asirensis and P. hijazensis are offered, and should be conserved as a different subgenus. A key for the identification of the investigated taxa based on studied characters is provided. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:583–594, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.