bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
G-quadruplex-interacting compounds alter latent DNA replication and episomal persistence of KSHV
Authors: Madireddy Advaitha , Purushothaman Pravinkumar , Loosbroock Christopher P. , Robertson Erle S. , Schildkraut Carl L. , Verma Subhash C. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Kaposi's sarcoma associated herpesvirus (KSHV) establishes life-long latent infection by persisting as an extra-chromosomal episome in the infected cells and by maintaining its genome in dividing cells. KSHV achieves this by tethering its epigenome to the host chromosome by latency associated nuclear antigen (LANA), which binds in the terminal repeat (TR) region of the viral genome. Sequence analysis of the TR, a GC-rich DNA element, identified several potential Quadruplex G-Rich Sequences (QGRS). Since quadruplexes have the tendency to obstruct DNA replication, we used G-quadruplex stabilizing compounds to examine their effect on latent DNA replication and the persistence of viral episomes. Our results showed that these G-quadruplex stabilizing compounds led to the activation of dormant origins of DNA replication, with preferential bi-directional pausing of replications forks moving out of the TR region, implicating the role of the G-rich TR in the perturbation of episomal DNA replication. Over time, treatment with PhenDC3 showed a loss of viral episomes in the infected cells. Overall, these data show that G-quadruplex stabilizing compounds retard the progression of replication forks leading to a reduction in DNA replication and episomal maintenance. These results suggest a potential role for G-quadruplex stabilizers in the treatment of KSHV-associated diseases.
God, Greco-Roman
Authors: Millington Alexander 
Published: February 2016

The study of Greco-Roman divinity encompasses all of the many elements that make up a Greco-Roman god. These include stories told about the gods and stories that incorporate the gods as narrative elements, both of which can appear within narrative and lyric poems, within stage-plays, within speeches composed for the law-courts, and within narrative histories, which we may possess in their original form or in summaries compiled in a later era to engage that era’s debates. The constituent elements of a god also include the gods’ names, which bind together cult and story, and sometimes carry metonymic weight or derive from a preexisting abstract concept, and they include the epithets that are joined to them, which may be geographic or descriptive or reflective of function. The gods were made up of stories and images, and occupied space and reciprocal interactions with their worshippers. Sanctuaries and statues, sacrifices and festivals, prayers and votive offerings, epiphanies (both in dreams and in the waking world), and messages passed through oracles and divinatory experts all contributed to these complex divine constructs. The gods possessed both vivid anthropomorphic personalities and an array of functions: social, political, causal, and narrative. The exact relationship between the god emplaced within a local cultic context, and the many other manifestations of the same divine name, continues to engender debate. The gods permeate our sources for the ancient world: literary and archaeological, epigraphic, and iconographic. This article, therefore, suggests introductory surveys not of particular source-types, but of the scholarship concerning the key constituent elements of Greco-Roman gods. I have favored works published in the early 21st century because they invariably contain comprehensive references to, and often extended critical discussions of, the most influential of the older works.
Moravians
Authors: Fogleman Aaron Spencer 
Published: February 2016

The Moravians were a mostly German Pietist religious group that spread throughout the Atlantic world and beyond in the eighteenth century. Though considered “Protestant,” their origins predate the Reformation. In the late fourteenth century, a grassroots religious renewal movement began in Bohemia and Moravia that gained momentum after the martyrdom of its two most important leaders, Jan Hus (b. c. 1369–d. 1415) and Jerome of Prague (b. 1379–d. 1416). Thereafter, a mass movement developed that armed itself and successfully fought off numerous crusades by forces of the Holy Roman Empire bent on its destruction. After a settlement that secured its existence, a branch of this “Hussite” movement became pacifist and called itself the Unitas Fratrum, a name the Moravians carry to this day. Victorious imperial Catholic forces destroyed them and other “Protestants” in Bohemia and Moravia during the Thirty Years’ War, forcing them to go underground. In 1722 a remnant of the old Unitas Fratrum from Moravia settled on the estates of Count Nicolaus Ludwig von Zinzendorf (b. 1700–d. 1760) in Upper Lusatia (Saxony). They began building a new community called Herrnhut, with Zinzendorf as their leader, and in 1728 the Unitas Fratrum formally celebrated its rebirth. Under Zinzendorf’s direction, the movement expanded rapidly in the mid-eighteenth century and developed a rigorous mission program that continues to this day. The Moravians promoted ecumenism in a confessional age, which led to their involvement with Lutheran, Calvinist, and other churches in often controversial ways. They are important to Atlantic history because they engaged with Europeans, Africans, and Native Americans in significant ways throughout the Atlantic world, and they kept detailed records of their activities. Many of their early missionary efforts failed, but they became noted for their successes, especially among slaves on St. Thomas, St. Croix, and elsewhere in the Caribbean; the Mahicans, Delawares, and Shawnees in British North America; Maroons and later slaves in Suriname; and Inuits in Greenland. They also had significant short-term successes among the Arawaks in Berbice and Cherokees in northern Georgia. Suriname became a long-term success story in the nineteenth century, and in the late nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Moravians had tremendous success in Africa. Today, the largest numbers of Moravians are in Africa and North America, not Europe. It is their mission successes in so many places, combined with their disassociation from European imperial projects, their record keeping, and their cosmopolitan Weltanschauung, that make them such an important people to the study of Atlantic history, especially for historians who wish to cross imperial boundaries and study encounters among all peoples in the region.
Consequences Validity Evidence: Evaluating the Impact of Educational Assessments
Authors: Cook David A. , Lineberry Matthew 
Published: February 2016

Because tests that do not alter management (i.e., influence decisions and actions) should not be performed, data on the consequences of assessment constitute a critical source of validity evidence. Consequences validity evidence is challenging for many educators to understand, perhaps because it has no counterpart in the older framework of content, criterion, and construct validity. The authors’ purpose is to explain consequences validity evidence and propose a framework for organizing its collection and interpretation.
Both clinical and educational assessments can be viewed as interventions. The act of administering or taking a test, the interpretation of scores, and the ensuing decisions and actions influence those being assessed (e.g., patients or students) and other people and systems (e.g., physicians, teachers, hospitals, schools). Consequences validity evidence examines such impacts of assessments. Despite its importance, consequences evidence is reported infrequently in health professions education (range 5%–20% of studies in recent systematic reviews) and is typically limited in scope and rigor.
Consequences validity evidence can derive from evaluations of the impact on examinees, educators, schools, or the end target of practice (e.g., patients or health care systems); and the downstream impact of classifications (e.g., different score cut points and labels). Impact can result from the uses of scores or from the assessment activity itself, and can be intended or unintended and beneficial or harmful. Both quantitative and qualitative research methods are useful. The type, quantity, and rigor of consequences evidence required will vary depending on the assessment and the claims for its use.
Perioperative Management of Children With Giant Encephalocele: A Clinical Report of 29 Cases
Authors: Mahajan Charu , Rath Girija P. , Bithal Parmod K. , Mahapatra Ashok K. 
Published: February 2016

Background:
Giant encephalocele, a rare entity, makes anesthesiologists wary of challenging anesthetic course. Apart from inherent challenges of pediatric anesthesia, the anesthesiologist has to deal with unusual positioning, difficult tracheal intubation, and associated anomalies during the perioperative course.

Materials and Methods:
Medical records of 29 children with giant encephalocele, who underwent excision and repair, during a period of 13 years, were retrospectively analyzed. Data pertaining to anesthetic management, perioperative complications, and outcome at discharge were reviewed.

Results:
The average age at admission was 164 days. Hydrocephalus and delayed milestones were present in 19 (65.5%) and 7 (24.1%) children, respectively. Difficulty in tracheal intubation was encountered, in 15 (51.7%) children. Tracheal intubation was attempted with direct laryngoscopy, most often, in lateral position (24 [82.8%]). Intraoperative hemodynamic and respiratory complications were observed in 9 (31.0%) and 5 (17.2%) children, respectively. Intraoperative hypothermia was observed in 4 (13.8%) children. The average stay in the intensive care unit was 2.7 days and average hospital stay was 11.5 days. The condition at discharge remained same as the preoperative period in 24 children (82.7%), deteriorated in 2 (6.9%), and 3 children (10.3%) died.

Conclusions:
Management of children with giant encephalocele requires the updated knowledge on possible difficulties encountered during the perioperative period. They need specialized anesthetic care for dealing with difficult tracheal intubation, associated congenital anomalies, unusual positioning, electrolyte abnormalities, hypothermia, and cardiorespiratory disturbances. For securing the airway, we suggest the practice of direct laryngoscopy in lateral position after inhalational induction. Muscle relaxant should be administered only after visualization of the glottis.
Functional Outcome of Forearm Rodding in Children With Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Ashby Elizabeth , Montpetit Kathleen , Hamdy Reggie C. , Fassier François 
Published: February 2016

Background:
The impact of corrective forearm surgery on functional ability in children with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) has not previously been reported. This study addresses this issue.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was conducted on 19 children with OI who underwent 22 corrective forearm procedures between 1996 and 2013. Functional ability was assessed preoperatively and every year postoperatively using the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI).

Results:
The mean PEDI self-care score increased by 6.8 (P=0.017) and the mean PEDI mobility score increased by 7.2 (P=0.020) at 1-year postsurgery. Functional gains were greater in moderate OI (types IV, V, and VI) than in severe OI (type III). Improved function was maintained in the majority of cases at a mean of 8.9 years postcorrection.

Conclusions:
Corrective forearm surgery in children with OI leads to improved functional ability.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.
Local Infiltration Analgesia Compared With Epidural and Intravenous PCA After Surgical Hip Dislocation for the Treatment of Femoroacetabular Impingement in Adolescents
Authors: Novais Eduardo N. , Kestel Lauryn , Carry Patrick M. , Sink Ernest , Strupp Kim 
Published: February 2016

Background:
Open treatment of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) through a surgical hip dislocation (SHD) approach has been reported to allow for improvement in pain and function. However, the approach require a trochanteric osteotomy and may be associated with high level of pain after surgery. Currently, there is no systematic approach for pain management after SHD for treatment of FAI.

Methods:
A retrospective chart review was used to collect data from 121 subjects (12 to 21 y and below) who received periarticular local infiltration analgesia (LIA, n=20), epidural analgesia (n=72), or intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (PCA, n=29) after SHD from January 2003 to June 2014. Verbal pain scores, opioid consumption, incidence of side effects/complications, and length of hospital stay (LOS) were recorded. All nonopioid medications with analgesic potential were included in the statistical models as potential confounding variables

Results:
Twelve hours after surgery, the odds of moderate/severe pain were higher in the PCA group (odds ratio, 20.5; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.7-243.8; P=0.0166] and epidural group (odds ratio, 5.2; 95% CI, 0.7-92.0; P=0.3218) compared with the LIA group. There was no difference in pain scores across all groups 1 hour (P=0.0675) or 24 hours (P=0.3473) postoperatively. Total opioid consumption in the LIA group was 59.8% (95% CI, 15.0%-81.0%; P=0.0175) lower than the total opioid consumption in the epidural group and 60.7% (95% CI, 17.3-81.3; P=0.0144) lower than the total opioid consumption in the PCA group. LOS was increased in the epidural (mean difference, 22.1; 95% CI, 6.8-37.4 h; P=0.0051) and PCA (mean difference, 16 h; 95% CI, 1-31.5 h; P=0.0367) groups relative to the LIA group. There was 0 (0%) complication in the LIA group compared with 11 (15.3%) in the epidural group.

Conclusions:
LIA was more effective at controlling pain 12 hours after surgery in comparison with PCA with similar pain control to epidural. LIA was associated with significantly lower need for opioids and shorter LOS compared with the PCA and epidural protocols. Periarticular infiltration should be considered for pain management after SHD for treatment of FAI in adolescents.

Level of Evidence:
Level III—retrospective comparative study.
Biomechanical Evaluation of the CD HORIZON Spire Z Spinal System With Pedicle and Facet Fixation
Authors: Godzik Jakub , Kalb Samuel , Martinez-del-Campo Eduardo , Newcomb Anna G.U.S. , Singh Vaneet , Walker Corey T. , Chang Steve W. , Kelly Brian P. , Crawford Neil R. 
Published: February 2016

Study Design.
Human cadaveric biomechanical study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the biomechanics of lumbar motion segments instrumented with the CD HORIZON Spire Z plate system (Spire Z), a posterior supplemental fixation spinous process plate, alone and with additional fixation systems.

Summary of Background Data.
Plates and pedicle screw/rod and facet screw implants are adjuncts to fusion. The plate limits motion, improving segmental stability and the fusion microenvironment. However, the degree to which the plate contributes to overall stability when used alone or in conjunction with additional instrumentation has not been described.

Methods.
Standard nondestructive flexibility tests were performed in 7 L2–L5 human cadaveric spines. Spinal stability was determined as mean range of motion (ROM) in flexion/extension, lateral bending, and axial rotation. Paired comparisons were made between five conditions: (1) intact/control; (2) Spire Z; (3) Spire Z with unilateral pedicle screw/rod system (Spire Z+UPS); (4) Spire Z with unilateral facet screw system (Spire Z+UFS); and (5) Spire Z with bilateral facet screw system (Spire Z+BFS). Stiffness and ROM data were compared using one-way analysis of variance, followed by repeated-measures Holm-Šidák tests.

Results.
Spire Z was most effective in limiting flexion (20% of normal) and extension (24% of normal), but less effective in reducing lateral bending and axial rotation. In lateral bending, Spire Z+BFS and Spire Z+UPS constructs were not significantly different and demonstrated greater ROM reduction compared with Spire Z+UFS and Spire Z (P < 0.001). Spire Z+BFS demonstrated greatest stiffness in axial rotation compared with Spire Z+UPS (P = 0.025), Spire Z+UFS (P = 0.001), and Spire Z (P < 0.001). Spire Z+UPS was not significantly different from Spire Z+UFS (P = 0.21), and superior to Spire Z (P = 0.013).

Conclusion.
The Spire Z spinous process plate provides excellent immediate fixation, particularly for flexion and extension. While the hybrid Spire Z+BFS screw construct afforded the greatest stability, Spire Z+UPS demonstrated considerable promise.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Is Hormone Replacement Therapy Safe in Women With a BRCA Mutation?
Authors: Birrer Nicole , Chinchilla Carolina , Del Carmen Marcela , Dizon Don S. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives:
Women with a BRCA1 or BRCA2 mutation are recommended to undergo prophylactic (or risk reducing) bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) before age 40, resulting in surgical menopause. Given the concerns of estrogen deprivation on overall health, hormone therapy (HT) is often discussed, yet safety concerns persist.

Materials and Methods:
We performed a systematic literature review of the safety of HT in women with a BRCA mutation undergoing prophylactic BSO.

Results:
Although there remains a paucity of data on this topic, as evidenced by this systematic review of the contemporary literature, these patients do benefit from treatment, especially as it relates to menopausal symptoms without an apparently increased risk of breast cancer.

Conclusions:
Decisions regarding the use of HT in women who undergo BSO after detection of a BRCA mutation must be individualized based on careful consideration of the risks and benefits. However, the risks of a subsequent cancer diagnosis appear small, particularly in regards to the benefits of treatment afforded by HT.
Principles of Stereotactic Electroencephalography in Epilepsy Surgery
Authors: Lhatoo Samden , Lacuey Nuria , Ryvlin Philippe 
Published: February 2016

Summary:
Stereotactic electroencephalography is a method for the invasive study for the human epileptic brain as a prelude to epilepsy surgery. The discipline of stereotactic electroencephalography is underpinned by an anatomo-electro-clinical analysis of epileptic seizures of focal origin and goes beyond simple stereotactic placement of depth electrodes. Stringent analysis of semiological and electrophysiological features is coupled with an understanding of this information in 3D anatomical space. Stereotactic electroencephalography offers significant advantages over subdural grid implantations, allowing pinpoint accuracy access to sulcal areas and deep brain structures, such as the insula, cingulate, basal and mesial brain regions, while associated with lower complication rates. Recent times have seen an exponential growth in stereotactic electroencephalography interest, driven in part by increasing complexity of typical epilepsy surgery patients in epilepsy surgery centers. Such patients are much more likely to be magnetic resonance imaging negative, or reoperations, or to have multifocal or widespread areas of cortical abnormalities. Herein, we discuss the advantages of stereotactic electroencephalography, principles of patient selection, implantation, and interpretation.
Language influences music harmony perception: effects of shared syntactic integration resources beyond attention
Authors: Kunert Richard , Willems Roel M. , Hagoort Peter 
Published: February 2016

Many studies have revealed shared music–language processing resources by finding an influence of music harmony manipulations on concurrent language processing. However, the nature of the shared resources has remained ambiguous. They have been argued to be syntax specific and thus due to shared syntactic integration resources. An alternative view regards them as related to general attention and, thus, not specific to syntax. The present experiments evaluated these accounts by investigating the influence of language on music. Participants were asked to provide closure judgements on harmonic sequences in order to assess the appropriateness of sequence endings. At the same time participants read syntactic garden-path sentences. Closure judgements revealed a change in harmonic processing as the result of reading a syntactically challenging word. We found no influence of an arithmetic control manipulation (experiment 1) or semantic garden-path sentences (experiment 2). Our results provide behavioural evidence for a specific influence of linguistic syntax processing on musical harmony judgements. A closer look reveals that the shared resources appear to be needed to hold a harmonic key online in some form of syntactic working memory or unification workspace related to the integration of chords and words. Overall, our results support the syntax specificity of shared music–language processing resources.
Genome-wide association analyses in > 119,000 individuals identifies thirteen morningness and two sleep duration loci
Authors: Jones Samuel E. , Tyrrell Jessica , Wood Andrew R. , Beaumont Robin N. , Ruth Katherine S. , Tuke Marcus A. , Yaghootkar Hanieh , Hu Youna , Teder-Laving Maris , Hayward Caroline , Roenneberg Till , Wilson James F. , Del Greco Fabiola , Hicks Andrew A. , Shin Chol , Yun Chang-Ho , Ku Lee Seung , Metspalu Andres , Byrne Enda M. , Gehrman Philip R. , Tiemeier Henning , Allebrandt Karla V. , Freathy Rachel M. , Murray Anna , Hinds David A. , Frayling Timothy M. , Weedon Michael N. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDisrupted circadian rhythms and reduced sleep duration are associated with several human diseases, particularly obesity and type 2 diabetes, but little is known about the genetic factors influencing these heritable traits. We performed genome-wide association studies of self-reported chronotype (morning/evening person) and self-reported sleep duration in 128,266 White British individuals from the UK Biobank study. Sixteen variants were associated with chronotype (P<5x10-8), including variants near the known circadian rhythm genesRGS16(1.21 odds of morningness [95%CI 1.15, 1.27],P=3x10-12) andPER2(1.09 odds of morningness [95%CI 1.06, 1.12],P=4x10-10). ThePER2signal has previously been associated with iris function. We sought replication using self-reported data from 89,823 23andMe participants; thirteen of the chronotype signals remained significant atP<5x10-8on meta-analysis and eleven of these reachedP<0.05 in the same direction in the 23andMe study. For sleep duration, we replicated one known signal inPAX8(2.6 [95%CIs 1.9, 3.2] minutes per alleleP=5.7x10-16) and identified and replicated two novel associations atVRK2(2.0 [95% CI: 1.3, 2.7] minutes per allele,P=1.2x10-9; and 1.6 [95% CI: 1.1, 2.2] minutes per allele,P=7.6x10-9). Although we found genetic correlation between chronotype and BMI (rG=0.056,P=0.048); undersleeping and BMI (rG=0.147,P=1x10-5) and oversleeping and BMI (rG=0.097,P=0.039), Mendelian Randomisation analyses provided no consistent evidence of causal associations between BMI or type 2 diabetes and chronotype or sleep duration. Our study provides new insights into the biology of sleep and circadian rhythms in humans.