bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Isolating active orogenic wedge deformation in the southern Subandes of Bolivia
Authors: Weiss Jonathan R. , Brooks Benjamin A. , Foster James H. , Bevis Michael , Echalar Arturo , Caccamise Dana , Heck Jacob , Kendrick Eric , Ahlgren Kevin , Raleigh David , Smalley Robert , Vergani Gustavo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA new GPS‐derived surface velocity field for the central Andean backarc permits an assessment of orogenic wedge deformation across the southern Subandes of Bolivia, where recent studies suggest that great earthquakes (>Mw 8) are possible. We find that the backarc is not isolated from the main plate boundary seismic cycle. Rather, signals from subduction zone earthquakes contaminate the velocity field at distances greater than 800 km from the Chile trench. Two new wedge‐crossing velocity profiles, corrected for seasonal and earthquake affects, reveal distinct regions that reflect (1) locking of the main plate boundary across the high Andes, (2) the location of and loading rate at the back of orogenic wedge, and (3) an east flank velocity gradient indicative of décollement locking beneath the Subandes. Modeling of the Subandean portions of the profiles indicates along‐strike variations in the décollement locked width (WL) and wedge loading rate; the northern wedge décollement has a WL of ~100 km while accumulating slip at a rate of ~14 mm/yr, whereas the southern wedge has a WL of ~61 km and a slip rate of ~7 mm/yr. When compared to Quaternary estimates of geologic shortening and evidence for Holocene internal wedge deformation, the new GPS‐derived wedge loading rates may indicate that the southern wedge is experiencing a phase of thickening via reactivation of preexisting internal structures. In contrast, we suspect that the northern wedge is undergoing an accretion or widening phase primarily via slip on relatively young thrust‐front faults.
Investigating the stratigraphy of Mare Imbrium flow emplacement with Earth‐based radar
Authors: Morgan G. A. , Campbell B. A. , Campbell D. B. , Hawke B. R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe lunar maria are the product of extensive basaltic volcanism that flooded widespread portions of the Moon's surface. Constraining mare volcanic history therefore provides a window into the endogenic processes responsible for shaping the Moon. Due to the low magma viscosity and the associated thin nature of lava units, the majority of mare surface structures are masked and subdued by impact regolith. Subtle individual mare flow morphologies, coupled with spatial limitations in the use of crater size distributions to distinguish surface units close in age, restrict our understanding of mare stratigraphy. Earth‐based 70 cm wavelength (P band) radar can reveal features beneath the regolith and highlight very subtle changes in the ilmenite content of the flows, providing a unique means to map mare units. Here we map volcanic units in Mare Imbrium using high‐resolution (200 m/pixel), Earth‐based P band data. Situated within the heat‐producing potassium, rare earth element, and phosphorus terrane, Mare Imbrium experienced some of the most long‐lived (and recent) lunar volcanism, and its surface exhibits a significant diversity of basaltic chemistry. Our investigation identifies at least four distinct stages of volcanic activity, originating from multiple sources within Imbrium. The most recent of these stages comprises extensive, yet relatively thin volcanic flow units that left remnant kipukas of older mare material distributed across much of the basin. From a future mission perspective, it may be possible to collect samples expressing a wide range in age from small areas of Mare Imbrium. Our map also places important constraints on the interpretation of the Chang'e‐3 Lunar Penetrating Radar measurements.
Dynamic patterns of nitrogen: Phosphorus ratios in forest soils of China under changing environment
Authors: Chen Leiyi , Li Pin , Yang Yuanhe 
Published: August 2016

AbstractKnowledge of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) stoichiometry is essential for understanding biogeochemical cycle and ecosystem functioning. However, large‐scale patterns in soil stoichiometry are not yet fully understood along environmental gradients nor over the temporal scale. Using a comprehensive data set and artificial neural network approach, we evaluated spatial and temporal patterns in topsoil N and P concentrations and N:P ratio across China's forests. Our results revealed that soil weathering stage, climatic factors (i.e., temperature and precipitation), and forest types jointly explained approximately 34.1% and 30.4% of spatial variations in soil N and P, respectively. By contrast, only precipitation could explain the variation in N:P ratio, with soil N:P ratio exhibiting a trend of increase along the precipitation gradient. The observed spatial patterns in soil N:P ratio were consistent with previous findings derived from plants and microbes, suggesting that variation in precipitation may induce the imbalance of N:P stoichiometry in forest ecosystems. Our results also indicated that topsoil N:P ratios exhibited a significant increase from the 1980s to 2000s. However, the associations of N:P dynamics with a single element largely depended on forest type. In evergreen forests, soil N:P dynamics were caused by increasing N and decreasing P. Conversely, N:P changes in deciduous broadleaf forests were triggered only by soil N accumulation. Overall, these results demonstrated a stoichiometric shift in soil N:P both spatially and temporally, implying that nutrient imbalance between soil N and P may be accelerated under global change scenarios.
Age‐dependent effects of APOE ε4 in preclinical Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Bonham Luke W. , Geier Ethan G. , Fan Chun C. , Leong Josiah K. , Besser Lilah , Kukull Walter A. , Kornak John , Andreassen Ole A. , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Rosen Howard J. , Dillon William P. , Hess Christopher P. , Miller Bruce L. , Dale Anders M. , Desikan Rahul S. , Yokoyama Jennifer S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E (APOE) is the strongest known common genetic risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and alters age of onset in retrospective studies. Here, we longitudinally test the effects of APOE ε4 genotype and age during progression from normal cognition to AD.MethodsUsing data from 5381 cognitively normal older individuals and Cox proportional hazards models, we longitudinally tested the effects of APOE genotype on progression from normal cognition to mild cognitive impairment (MCI) or AD in four age strata (<60, 60–70, 70–80, 80 + ) and with a sliding window approach between ages 60 and 85.ResultsWe found that APOE ε4 carrier status and dosage significantly influenced progression to MCI or AD in all four age groups and that APOE ε4‐associated progression risk peaked between ages 70 and 75. We confirmed APOE ε4‐associated progression risk in a subset of the cohort with pathologically proven diagnoses.InterpretationOur findings indicate that in clinically normal individuals, APOE ε4 status significantly predicts progression to MCI or AD across older adulthood and that this risk varies with age. This information will be useful as therapeutic interventions become available and clinical decisions can be individually tailored based on age and genetic data.
Development of the American College of Rheumatology's Rheumatoid Arthritis Electronic Clinical Quality Measures
Authors: Yazdany Jinoos , Robbins Mark , Schmajuk Gabriela , Desai Sonali , Lacaille Diane , Neogi Tuhina , Singh Jasvinder A. , Genovese Mark , Myslinski Rachel , Fisk Natalie , Francisco Melissa , Newman Eric 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveElectronic clinical quality measures (eCQMs) rely on computer algorithms to extract data from electronic health records (EHRs). On behalf of the American College of Rheumatology (ACR), we sought to develop and test eCQMs for rheumatoid arthritis (RA).MethodsDrawing from published ACR guidelines, a working group developed candidate RA process measures and subsequently assessed face validity through an interdisciplinary panel of health care stakeholders. A public comment period followed. Measures that passed these levels of review were electronically specified using the quality data model, which provides standard nomenclature for data elements (category, datatype, and value sets) obtained through an EHR. For each eCQM, 3 clinical sites using different EHR systems tested the scientific feasibility and validity of measures. Measures appropriate for accountability were presented for national endorsement.ResultsExpert panel validity ratings were high for all measures (median 8–9 of 9). Health system performance on the eCQMs was 53.6% for RA disease activity assessment, 69.1% for functional status assessment, 93.1% for disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug (DMARD) use, and 72.8% for tuberculosis screening. Kappa statistics, which evaluated whether the eCQM validly captured data obtained from manual EHR chart review, demonstrated moderate to substantial agreement (0.54 for functional status assessment, 0.73 for tuberculosis screening, 0.84 for disease activity, and 0.85 for DMARD use).ConclusionFour eCQMs for RA have achieved national endorsement and are recommended for use in federal quality reporting programs. Implementation and further refinement of these measures is ongoing in the ACR's registry, the Rheumatology Informatics System for Effectiveness (RISE).
Concordance of Patient‐Reported Joint Symptoms, Physician‐Examined Arthritic Signs, and Ultrasound‐Detected Synovitis in Rheumatoid Arthritis
Authors: Hirata Ayako , Ogura Takehisa , Hayashi Norihide , Takenaka Sayaka , Ito Hideki , Mizushina Kennosuke , Fujisawa Yuki , Yamashita Naoko , Nakahashi Sumie , Imamura Munetsugu , Kujime Rie , Kameda Hideto 
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveUltrasonography has been prevalently used as a valid and objective modality for joint examination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA). This study aimed to examine and compare the concordance between ultrasound, clinical assessment, and patient‐reported assessment of joint synovitis in RA.MethodsFifty patients with RA (84% female, median age 69 years, median disease duration 31 months, and median Disease Activity Score in 28 joints 3.8) completed the self‐evaluation of joint symptoms, including pain and considerable stiffness in the (proximal) interphalangeal, metacarpophalangeal, wrist, elbow, shoulder, knee, and ankle joints. These joints were also examined by a physician in order to assess the presence of tenderness or swelling; the presence of imaging synovitis was assessed by ultrasonography.ResultsIn a total of 1,492 evaluated joints, symptoms (pain and stiffness), tenderness, and swelling were noted in 288 (19.3%), 182 (12.2%), and 220 (14.7%) joints, respectively, while ultrasound indicated synovitis in 317 (21.2%) joints. Overall concordance with ultrasound findings was lowest for joint tenderness (κ = 0.30), followed by symptoms (κ = 0.39), and by swelling (κ = 0.43), irrespective of the evaluated joint, except for the elbow. Moreover, the percentages of inflamed joints detected only on the basis of symptoms, tenderness, or swelling were 18.6%, 2.2%, and 8.5%, respectively, of all joints with signs of synovitis on ultrasonography.ConclusionJoint swelling showed the best concordance with ultrasonography, followed by patient‐reported joint symptoms, and joint tenderness. Joint symptoms, rather than tenderness evaluation, may be a better clinical indicator of synovitis in RA patients.
Clinical Spectrum of Medium‐Sized Vessel Vasculitis
Authors: Alibaz‐Oner Fatma , Koster Matthew J. , Crowson Cynthia S. , Makol Ashima , Ytterberg Steven R. , Salvarani Carlo , Matteson Eric L. , Warrington Kenneth J. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivePolyarteritis nodosa (PAN) is a systemic necrotizing vasculitis of medium‐sized visceral vessels. However, cutaneous arteritis (CA) and gastrointestinal (GI) vasculitis are forms of single‐organ vasculitis having indistinguishable histopathologic findings from PAN. The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of patients with systemic PAN, CA, and GI vasculitis.MethodsRetrospective cohorts were assembled, consisting of patients with PAN, CA, and GI vasculitis between 1980 and 2014. The demographics, clinical characteristics, treatment, and outcomes of patients were abstracted from medical records.ResultsWe included 48 patients with PAN, 41 patients with CA, and 19 patients with GI vasculitis. The disease of 1 patient evolved from CA to systemic PAN during the disease course. At diagnosis, 94% of patients with PAN, 93% of patients with CA, and 67% of patients with GI vasculitis were treated with glucocorticoids. Additional immunosuppressive agents were used in 67% of PAN, 37% of GI vasculitis, and 32% of CA cases. The 5‐year cumulative relapse rate was 45.2% in CA, and only 9.6% in PAN during a followup of approximately 6 years. No deaths were observed in the CA group. The survival rate at 10 years was 66% in the PAN group and 61% in the GI vasculitis group.ConclusionSystemic PAN, CA, and GI vasculitis take different clinical courses and therefore may be different diseases, rather than existing on a spectrum of the same disease. Progression of CA to systemic PAN is very rare. Relapse risk is low during followup in PAN. Patients with CA have a higher relapse rate than those with systemic PAN, possibly due to less use of immunosuppressive therapy in CA.
Secular Changes in Clinical Features at Presentation of Rheumatoid Arthritis: Increase in Comorbidity But Improved Inflammatory States
Authors: Nikiphorou Elena , Norton Sam , Carpenter Lewis , Dixey Josh , Andrew Walsh David , Kiely Patrick , Young Adam ,   on behalf of the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Study and the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network Cohorts
Published: August 2016

ObjectiveTo examine secular trends in demographics, clinical manifestations, and comorbidity on first presentation of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) prior to disease‐modifying antirheumatic drug treatment.MethodsA total of 2,701 patients were recruited over 25 years to 2 UK‐based RA inception cohorts: the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Study (9 centers; 1986–2001) and the Early Rheumatoid Arthritis Network (23 centers; 2002–2012). Trends in demographic and baseline clinical/laboratory and radiographic variables and comorbidities were estimated using mixed‐effects models, including random effects for recruitment center.ResultsAge at onset increased from 53.2 to 57.7 years in 1990 and 2010, respectively (2.6 months/year; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] 1.2, 4.1). Sex ratio, the proportion living in deprived areas, and smoking status were unchanged (P > 0.05) and there were no changes in the proportion seropositive or erosive at baseline (P > 0.05). After controlling for treatment at the time of assessment, erythrocyte sedimentation rate decreased and hemoglobin increased over time (P > 0.05); however, the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ), the Disease Activity Score (DAS), the DAS in 28 joints, and joint counts were unchanged (P > 0.05). The overall prevalence of comorbidity increased from 29.0% in 1990 to 50.7% in 2010, mainly due to cardiovascular and non‐cardiac vascular conditions, including hypertension. There was a significant increase in body mass index (0.15 units/year; 95% CI 0.11, 0.18), resulting in an increase in the prevalence of obesity from 13.3% in 1990 to 33.6% in 2010.ConclusionAge at onset and comorbidity burden, especially obesity, have increased at RA presentation over 25 years, reflecting wider demographic trends at the population level. In contrast, there were no accompanying changes in disease severity assessed by composite markers of disease activity, radiographic erosions, seropositivity, or HAQ at presentation. Treatment strategies in early RA should take greater account of the impact of comorbidity on outcomes.
Mean telomere length is not associated with current health status in a 50‐year‐old population sample
Authors: Appleby Sarah , Pearson John F. , Aitchison Alan , Spittlehouse Janet K. , Joyce Peter R. , Kennedy Martin A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesTelomeres are nucleoprotein complexes that cap the ends of linear chromosomes. Telomeric DNA decreases with age and shows considerable heterogeneity in the wider population. There is interest in the application of telomere length measures as a biomarker of general health or “biological age,” and the possibility of using mean telomere length to gauge individual disease risk, and to promote lifestyle changes to improve health. This study examined the effectiveness of telomere length as a biomarker for an individual's current overall health status by assessing several measures of general health including SF‐36v2 score, current smoking status and a comprehensive obesity phenotype.MethodsParticipants were from the Canterbury Health, Ageing and Lifecourse (CHALICE) cohort, a New Zealand population based multidisciplinary study of aging. Telomere length measurements were obtained on DNA from peripheral blood samples at age 49–51 (n = 351), using a quantitative polymerase chain reaction assay.ResultsNo associations were found between telomere length measured at age 49–51 and any measures of current health status. The only significant association observed was between telomere length and gender, with females having longer telomere length than men.ConclusionsOur results suggest that telomere length measurements are unlikely to provide information of much predictive significance for an individual's health status.
Minimal energetic expenditure of women walking burdened on gradients in urban environments
Authors: Rue Megan J. , Kramer Patricia A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe objective is to understand the walking energy expenditure of women in urban environments (i.e., over‐ground), using mass, velocity, gradient (incline and decline), and burden as predictors. In addition, we use an equation to determine the gradient associated with the minimum energy expenditure of walking.MethodsTo do this, we assessed the volumetric consumption of oxygen (VO2) of ten females (ages: 22–40 years) with a portable Cosmed K4b2 device. Participants walked at three self‐selected, over‐ground velocities (slow, normal, and fast) on five gradients (0%, +/−7.5%, +/− 12.4%) in different urban community settings burdened (10 kg) and unburdened. We performed a multilinear regression controlling for repeated measures to determine the best predictive equation for VO2. The first derivative of our equation was used to find the gradient for minimal VO2.ResultsOur equation explains 79% of the variation in VO2 and indicates that over‐ground walking is similar to treadmill walking, except that the gradient associated with the minimal energy expenditure of walking is steeper (−11% to −20%) than that established from treadmill walking.ConclusionsAlthough our overall equation is an accurate predictor of VO2 for all velocities, burden, incline, and decline in this group, further research needs to be conducted to examine kinetic, kinematic, and velocity interactions in over‐ground walking.
A case report of systemic embolic events associated with atrial fibrillation
Authors: Nakano Hidehiko , Yamagami Hiroshi , Ofuchi Hisashi 
Published: August 2016

CaseAn 82‐year‐old woman who had atrial fibrillation was found unconscious and was brought to the emergency department by ambulance. Her Glasgow Coma Scale score was 3, and an electrocardiogram showed ST segment elevation in V3 and V4. Cardiac ultrasonography showed left ventricular asynergy in the anterior wall, septum, and apex. Although dissection of the aorta was suspected, contrast computed tomography showed multiple arterial thromboses, including bilateral common carotid arteries and poor contrast in the left ventricle. Diffusion‐weighted images of magnetic resonance imaging showed a diffuse high‐intensity area in both cerebral cortices.OutcomeThe diagnosis was multiple arterial thromboembolisms associated with atrial fibrillation. There was no available treatment because of massive multiple lesions and the patient died within 24 h of presentation.ConclusionExtracranial systemic embolic events other than cerebral embolism could be critical complications associated with atrial fibrillation.
Wohldefinierte polymere Paclitaxel‐Prodrugs über eine Grafting‐From‐Methode ausgehend vom Arzneistoff
Authors: Louage Benoit , Nuhn Lutz , Risseeuw Martijn D. P. , Vanparijs Nane , De Coen Ruben , Karalic Izet , Van Calenbergh Serge , De Geest Bruno G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEin polymeres Prodrug‐Konzept für das Chemotherapeutikum Paclitaxel (PTX) basierend auf einer Grafting‐From‐Methode ausgehend vom Arzneistoff wird vorgestellt. Ein Kettentransferreagenz für die reversible Additions‐Fragmentierungs‐Kettentransferpolymerization (RAFT) wurde mit hoher Ausbeute und Regioselektivität an die für seine Bioaktivität entscheidende C2′‐Position von Paclitaxel angebunden. Nach anschließender RAFT‐Polymerization mit einem hydrophilen Monomer konnten wohldefinierte Paclitaxel‐Polymer‐Konjugate erhalten werden, die eine hohe Wirkstoffbeladung, Wasserlöslichkeit und Stabilität aufweisen. Die Vielseitigkeit der Methode konnte weiterhin durch ω‐Endgruppenmodifizierung des Polymers mit einem Fluoreszenzmarker demonstriert werden. In In‐vitro‐Experimenten wurden diese Konjugate bereitwillig von Zellen in deren Endosome aufgenommen, von wo aus das native PTX ergiebig freigesetzt wurde und an seine subzellulären Wirkorte gelangte. Dies konnte über das Zytotoxizitätsprofil des Konjugats bestätigt werden, da es mit den kommerziellen PTX‐Formulierungen übereinstimmt, die nur auf einfachen physikalischen Verkapselungen beruhen.
Dynamic optimization of trajectory for ramp‐up current profile in tokamak plasma
Authors: Ren Zhigang , Xu Chao , Ou Yongsheng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we consider an open‐loop, finite‐time, optimal control problem of attaining a specific desired current profile during the ramp‐up phase by finding the best open‐loop actuator input trajectories. Average density, total power, and plasma current are used as control actuators to manipulate the profile shape in tokamak plasmas. Based on the control parameterization method, we propose a numerical solution procedure directly to solve the original partial differential equation (PDE)‐constrained optimization problem using gradient‐based optimization techniques such as sequential quadratic programming. This paper is aimed at proposing an effective framework for the solution of PDE‐constrained optimization problem in tokamak plasmas. A more user‐friendly and efficient graphical user interface is designed in MATLAB, and the numerical simulation results are verified to demonstrate its applicability. In addition, the proposed framework of combining existing PDE and numerical optimization solvers to solve PDE‐constrained optimization problem has the prospective to target challenge advanced control problems arising in more general chemical engineering processes. © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Preparation of a ferrocene mediated bioanode for biofuel cells by MWCNTs, polyethylenimine and glutaraldehyde: glucose oxidase immobilization and characterization
Authors: Bahar Tahsin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFerrocene groups introduced polyethylenimine was adsorbed onto multi‐wall carbon nanotubes attached carbon cloth before crosslinking via glutaraldehyde to develop an enzyme electrode (anode) for biofuel cell applications. Glucose oxidase was covalently immobilized onto this electrode by leftover aldehyde groups on the surface. The apparent Michaelis constant of immobilized enzyme was measured as approximately fivefold higher than that of the free enzyme. Thermal stability of immobilized enzyme was improved as estimated. Activity half‐life of the immobilized glucose oxidase was determined as approximately 8 times longer than that of the free one; 2.4 mA/cm2 electrical current was obtained by using this electrode by forming a basic biofuel half‐cell. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.