bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Race, Ethnicity, and the Politics of Food
Authors: Brock Clare R. , Sparrow Bartholomew 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Food policy intersects with racial and ethnic politics along several dimensions: the agricultural workforce, acculturation into American society, the availability of healthy food, and the provision of social programs. First, the demand for agricultural and other low-wage workers in the food industry has encouraged immigration but many of the undocumented suffer from lack of access to basic services and legal protections. Second, many of these recent immigrants are less likely to suffer from the diseases of over-abundance that affect many Americans. However, as immigrants become acculturated into American life, their health outcomes become increasingly similar to less educated and poorer blacks and whites. Third, diet-related diseases are part of a multifaceted problem: education and income are often barriers to procuring healthy foods. Fourth, white attitudes about minority groups is associated with less support for social programs that might improve minority health outcomes. This chapter links these distinct areas of research.
Papyrological Evidence
Authors: Straus Jean A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
To achieve a more complete understanding of Graeco-Roman slavery it is increasingly necessary to make use of the large number of papyrological documents which survive from Ptolemaic and Roman Egypt. The chapter begins by defining what is meant by papyrological documentation, providing advice about how to locate the bulk of this documentation and use it correctly. It surveys the types of documents available, outlining the main themes they cover and insights they provide. It then examines certain types of documents which shed particular light on the use and ownership of slaves. Finally, it attempts to characterize the papyrological documentation and considers its relevance to understanding Graeco-Roman slavery outside Egypt.
Evolution of Diet and the Food Economy in Peru and Ecuador
Authors: Raymond J. Scott 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Ecuador and Peru embrace a large and diverse mountainous landscape stretching from the equator to 18 degrees south latitude. Besides the bounty of protein available from the sea, there are no concentrations of natural food resources that could sustain more than a very small population. Yet it is here that the Inka Empire, the largest and most centralized state in the Pre-Columbian Americas, arose. Beginning with the occupation of the region during the early Holocene, this chapter traces the evolution of the food economies and changes in diet through time, paying attention to intraregional variations. Where possible, multiple lines of evidence are used—archaeofaunal, palaeoethnobotanical, bone isotope, settlement patterns—to elucidate diet and economy. It focuses on changes that were critical to the demographic and political expansion of Andean societies, e.g. crop domestication, technological innovation. Finally, it briefly considers how the Inka conquest impacted the diverse economies of the region.
Pre-contact Diets of Indigenous Subarctic Peoples of North America
Authors: Szathmáry Emőke J. E. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the diets of indigenous peoples of the North American Subarctic before European contact, reconstructing the dietary past using several lines of evidence. These include the climate and environment of the North American Subarctic Culture Area, its animal and plant resources, the prehistory of its indigenous inhabitants, and information on food resources obtained during the contact-traditional phase of their history. For hunting-gathering peoples the maintenance of dietary adequacy requires the consumption of balanced diets. That balance depends on the existence of diversity in the plant and animal species on which people depend, and which must be available in sufficient quantities to meet their needs. Accordingly, the chapter focuses on the wild foods that were likely to have been consumed aboriginally, describes the composition of pre-contact diets, and comments on the nutrition and health of Subarctic peoples as perceived at the time of contact.
Dietary Change in Populations of the North American Subarctic
Authors: Szathmáry Emőke J. E. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers the consequences of change, from a largely flesh based diet to one that includes flour and sugar, among North American Subarctic populations. It notes the problems associated with assessing dietary change among the indigenous inhabitants of this area, and what is known about their foods. It reviews frequently used methods of dietary intake assessment. Survey findings on total energy intakes and the macronutrient composition of indigenous diets are presented. Lastly, evidence regarding the impact of dietary change on the health of Subarctic peoples is summarized. Special consideration is given to chronic diseases, especially type 2 diabetes, and future health risks, given the rapidity of dietary acculturation in the Subarctic. It has proven difficult to demonstrate that dietary change has a direct causal role in the onset of chronic diseases, even though the transition from pre-contact to modern diets is recent, in some instances just a few decades ago.
Modernization Theory
Authors: Cheibub José Antonio , Vreeland James Raymond 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article examines the link between economic development and democracy. Drawing on modernization theory, it considers whether democracy is more likely to emerge in a country that modernizes economically. After discussing various criticisms against modernization theory, the article reviews statistical evidence to determine whether economic modernization gives rise to democracy. It argues that the correlation between economic development and democracy stems from the survival of democracy and that a poor authoritarian regime is not likely to turn into a democracy even if it receives economic assistance, either in the form of foreign aid or access to markets through trade. The article highlights the correlation between economic level and survival, rather than between economic growth and survival, noting that economic growth can be helpful only if it is sustained.
The Politics of the Resource Curse
Authors: Ross Michael L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article considers the debate over the “resource curse” (i.e., whether too much natural-resource wealth is harmful for developing countries) along with the debate about the mechanisms and conditions that likely generate the reported problems. After reviewing the literature on the resource curse, this article discusses the ways that scholars define “natural resources.” It then analyzes research on how resource wealth affects democracy, the quality of government institutions, and the incidence of violent conflict. It cites evidence showing that petroleum wealth, in particular, seems to have at least three harmful effects: to make authoritarian regimes more durable, to increase certain types of corruption, and to foster the onset of violent conflict in low- and middle-income countries, particularly when this form of mineral wealth is found in the territory of marginalized ethnic groups.
Burden and Social Cost of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Popova Svetlana , Lange Shannon , Burd Larry , Rehm Jürgen 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Damage to the central nervous system is a unifying concept for nearly all of the diagnoses that fall under the Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASD) umbrella. Thus, FASD are an important public health and social problem worldwide that consumes a large amount of resources, both economic and societal by imparting a large burden on society through such sectors as the healthcare system, mental health and substance abuse treatment services, foster care, the criminal justice system, and the long-term care of individuals with intellectual and physical disabilities. Existing estimates of the economic impact of FASD demonstrate significant cost implications on the individual, the family and society. Many of the costs associated with FASD can be reduced with the implementation of effective social policies and intervention programs.
A Model for the Departmental Quality Management Infrastructure Within an Academic Health System
Authors: Mathews Simon C. , Demski Renee , Hooper Jody E. , Biddison Lee Daugherty , Berry Stephen A. , Petty Brent G. , Chen Allen R. , Hill Peter M. , Miller Marlene R. , Witter Frank R. , Allen Lisa , Wick Elizabeth C. , Stierer Tracey S. , Paine Lori , Puttgen Hans A. , Tamargo Rafael J. , Pronovost Peter J. 
Published: September 2016

As quality improvement and patient safety come to play a larger role in health care, academic medical centers and health systems are poised to take a leadership role in addressing these issues. Academic medical centers can leverage their large integrated footprint and have the ability to innovate in this field. However, a robust quality management infrastructure is needed to support these efforts. In this context, quality and safety are often described at the executive level and at the unit level. Yet, the role of individual departments, which are often the dominant functional unit within a hospital, in realizing health system quality and safety goals has not been addressed. Developing a departmental quality management infrastructure is challenging because departments are diverse in composition, size, resources, and needs.
In this article, the authors describe the model of departmental quality management infrastructure that has been implemented at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. This model leverages the fractal approach, linking departments horizontally to support peer and organizational learning and connecting departments vertically to support accountability to the hospital, health system, and board of trustees. This model also provides both structure and flexibility to meet individual departmental needs, recognizing that independence and interdependence are needed for large academic medical centers. The authors describe the structure, function, and support system for this model as well as the practical and essential steps for its implementation. They also provide examples of its early success.
The Importance of the Premedical Experience in Diversifying the Health Care Workforce
Authors: Morgan Helen K. , Haggins Adrianne , Lypson Monica L. , Ross Paula 
Published: September 2016

In light of national calls for increased diversity in medicine, it is critical for academic medicine to remain actively engaged in the conversation about the value of diversity in higher education, specifically for students from underrepresented backgrounds. Too often, the undergraduate premedical experience is excluded from conversations about diversity in medicine. The undergraduate premedical experience, however, is a critical junction for many students from backgrounds underrepresented in medicine, especially for those who enter college underprepared for the academic rigor of the premedical experience.
In this Commentary, the authors describe the data that currently exist about the premedical experience for underrepresented students. They posit that academic medicine needs to be involved in promoting success for undergraduate students from underrepresented backgrounds, especially given the known societal and educational benefits of a diverse physician workforce. The authors reference the University of Michigan Health Sciences Scholars Program (HSSP) as an example of a partnership between the medical school and the undergraduate campus. HSSP uses higher education best practices known to promote success for underprepared college students. Innovative collaborations between academic medicine and higher education such as HSSP have the potential to increase the diversity of students who are able to matriculate into the health professions. Finally, the authors review issues related to the programming needed to support success for these students.
Spontaneous Twin Pregnancy After Oophoropexy and Pelvic Radiation for Rectal Cancer
Authors: Wald Kaitlyn , Easterling Tom , Swisher Elizabeth M. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Pregnancy after adulthood pelvic radiation is rare. There is a paucity of literature to guide preconception counseling and pregnancy management for these patients.

CASE:
A 36-year-old woman, gravida 2 para 1001, was referred at 28 weeks of gestation with spontaneous twins, preterm premature rupture of membranes, and a history of rectal cancer that had been treated 3 years previously with oophoropexy, chemoradiation, and abdominal perineal resection. Delivery was complicated by difficult fetal extraction and resulted in the demise of twin A.

CONCLUSION:
Pregnancy after adulthood pelvic radiation is a potentially morbid event. Patients should be counseled about the potential delivery complications as well as the need for contraception after oophoropexy with intact fallopian tubes.
Maternal Death Due to Clostridium novyi in an Injection Drug User
Authors: Herrera Christina , Meehan Ryan , Podduturi Varsha , Eastman Alexander L. , Nelson David B. 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Soft-tissue infections in women with subcutaneous injection drug use are often polymicrobial.

CASE:
A 21-year-old nulliparous woman presented at 14–15 weeks of gestation with several gluteal abscesses related to subcutaneous injection of heroin. She was well appearing, afebrile, and without findings of systemic illness. After empiric broad-spectrum intravenous antibiotics, same-day incision and drainage was performed. Immediately after the procedure, she developed refractory hypotension, severe tachycardia, pulmonary edema, and leukemoid reaction (white blood cell count 80×109/L). Cardiac arrest ensued, and she died within 4 hours of onset of sepsis and within 24 hours of presentation. Wound cultures identified Clostridium novyi.

CONCLUSION:
Local, soft-tissue infections that includes C novyi can result in rapidly fatal, toxin-mediated septic shock in pregnant women with high-risk social behavior.
Timing of and Reasons for Unplanned 30-Day Readmission After Hysterectomy for Benign Disease
Authors: Penn Courtney A. , Morgan Daniel M. , Rice Laurel W. , Harris John A. , Rauh-Hain J. Alejandro , Uppal Shitanshu 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To characterize timing and reasons associated with unplanned 30-day readmissions after hysterectomy for benign indications.

METHODS:
We performed a retrospective analysis of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Project database files from 2012 to 2013. We identified patterns of 30-day readmission after benign hysterectomy for all surgical approaches (abdominal, laparoscopic, vaginal). Readmission timing was determined from discharge date and readmission diagnoses were tabulated. Statistical analyses included χ2 tests and multivariable logistic regression.

RESULTS:
The 30-day readmission rate was 2.8% (1,118/40,580 hysterectomies). Readmissions complicated 3.7% (361/9,869) of abdominal, 2.6% (576/22,266) of laparoscopic, and 2.1% (181/8,445) of vaginal hysterectomies. Readmissions were more likely when hysterectomy was performed abdominally (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 1.45, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.2–1.76) but not laparoscopically (adjusted OR 1.1, 95% CI 0.9–1.4) compared with a vaginal approach. Eighty-two percent of readmissions occurred within 15 days of discharge. The shortest median time to readmission was associated with pain (3 days), and the longest was associated with noninfectious wound complications (10 days). Surgical site infection was the most common diagnosis (abdominal 36.6%, laparoscopic 28.3%, vaginal 32.6%). Surgical site infections, surgical injuries, and wound complications combined accounted for 51.5% of abdominal, 51.9% of laparoscopic, and 50.8% of vaginal hysterectomy readmissions. Medical complications such as cardiovascular events and venous thromboembolism were responsible for 5.8% of abdominal, 6.9% of laparoscopic, and 8.8% of vaginal hysterectomy readmissions. Surgical injuries were responsible for more readmissions after laparoscopic (unadjusted OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.48–3.65) and vaginal hysterectomies (unadjusted OR 2.3, 95% CI 1.29–3.97) than abdominal cases.

CONCLUSION:
Readmissions after hysterectomy tend to occur shortly after discharge. Most readmissions are related to surgical issues, most commonly surgical site infection. Medical complications, including venous thromboembolism, account for less than 10% of readmissions. Readmission reduction efforts should focus on early postdischarge follow-up, preventing infectious complications, and determining preventability of surgical-related reasons for readmission.
Perinatal Outcomes in Cephalic Compared With Noncephalic Singleton Presentation in the Setting of Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes Before 32 Weeks of Gestation
Authors: Yee Lynn M. , Grobman William A. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To investigate the relationship between fetal presentation at the time of admission for preterm premature rupture of membranes (PROM) and perinatal outcomes, including gestational latency, among women in a large and well-characterized population with preterm PROM at less than 32 weeks of gestation.

METHODS:
This was a secondary analysis of data from women randomized to receive magnesium sulfate compared with placebo in the previously reported Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network Beneficial Effects of Antenatal Magnesium Sulfate (1997–2004) trial. Women with a singleton gestation and preterm PROM were included. Fetal presentation at the time of randomization was recorded. Associations of fetal position (cephalic compared with noncephalic) with perinatal outcomes were compared using χ2, Fisher exact, and Wilcoxon rank-sum tests. Perinatal outcomes included gestational latency, abruption, and neonatal morbidity and mortality. Multivariable regression (logistic, linear, and Cox) analyses were used to adjust for potential confounding factors.

RESULTS:
Of the 1,767 eligible women, 439 (24.5%) had a noncephalic presentation. Noncephalic presentation was associated with an earlier median gestational age at the time of preterm PROM (26.6 compared with 28.4 weeks of gestation, P<.001), but no difference in gestational latency (7.5 compared with 7.7 days, P=.7, adjusted hazard ratio 1.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.97–1.23). There were no differences in odds of abruption or neonatal morbidity in multivariable analyses. However, even after controlling for potential confounding factors including gestational age at delivery and mode of delivery, odds of neonatal death before discharge was greater for noncephalic gestations (11.5% compared with 3.4%, P<.001; adjusted odds ratio 2.24, 95% CI 1.12–4.48).

CONCLUSION:
Even after controlling for gestational age and route of delivery, noncephalic fetuses in the setting of preterm PROM are at greater risk of neonatal death.
Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device as an Endometrial Cancer Prevention Strategy in Obese Women
Authors: Dottino Joseph A. , Hasselblad Vic , Secord Angeles Alvarez , Myers Evan R. , Chino Junzo , Havrilesky Laura J. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To estimate the cost-effectiveness of the levonorgestrel intrauterine device (IUD) as an endometrial cancer prevention strategy in obese women.

METHODS:
A modified Markov model was used to compare IUD placement at age 50 with usual care among women with a body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) 40 or greater or BMI 30 or greater. The effects of obesity on incidence and survival were incorporated. The IUD was assumed to confer a 50% reduction in cancer incidence over 5 years. Costs of IUD and cancer care were included. Clinical outcomes were cancer diagnosis and deaths from cancer. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratios were calculated in 2015 U.S. dollars per year of life saved. One-way and two-way sensitivity analyses and Monte Carlo probabilistic analyses were performed.

RESULTS:
For a 50 year old with BMI 40 or greater, the IUD strategy is costlier and more effective than usual care with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of $74,707 per year of life saved. If the protective effect of the levonorgestrel IUD is assumed to be 10 years, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio decreases to $37,858 per year of life saved. In sensitivity analysis, a levonorgestrel IUD that reduces cancer incidence by at least 68% in women with BMIs of 40 or greater or costs less than $500 is potentially cost-effective. For BMI 30 or greater, the incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of IUD strategy is $137,223 per year of life saved compared with usual care. In Monte Carlo analysis, IUD placement for BMI 40 or greater is cost-effective in 50% of simulations at a willingness-to-pay threshold of $100,000 per year of life saved.

CONCLUSION:
The levonorgestrel IUD is a potentially cost-effective strategy for prevention of deaths from endometrial cancer in obese women.
Effects of Depot Medroxyprogesterone Acetate Injection Timing on Medical Abortion Efficacy and Repeat Pregnancy
Authors: Raymond Elizabeth G. , Weaver Mark A. , Louie Karmen S. , Tan Yi-Ling , Bousiéguez Manuel , Aranguré-Peraza Ana Gabriela , Lugo-Hernández Elba M. , Sanhueza Patricio , Goldberg Alisa B. , Culwell Kelly R. , Kaplan Clair , Memmel Lisa , Sonalkar Sarita , Jamshidi Roxanne , Winikoff Beverly 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE:
To evaluate the effects of timing of depot medroxyprogesterone acetate injection on medical abortion outcome and risk of repeat pregnancy within the subsequent 6 months.

METHODS:
In a multinational randomized trial, we assigned women undergoing medical abortion who wanted depot medroxyprogesterone acetate to administration either with mifepristone (Quickstart group) or after the abortion (Afterstart group). We ascertained abortion outcome, pregnancies, and contraception use over 7 months.

RESULTS:
From August 2013 to March 2015, we enrolled 461 participants with pregnancy durations of 75 days or less. Of participants included in the abortion outcome analyses, 14 of 220 (6.4%) and 12 of 226 (5.3%) in the Quickstart and Afterstart groups, respectively, had surgery to complete the abortion; the upper 90% confidence limit on this difference was 4.9%, within our prestipulated 5% noninferiority margin. Ongoing pregnancy after initial abortion treatment was significantly more common in the Quickstart group (8/220 [3.6%]) than in the Afterstart group (2/226 [0.9%]); the difference was 2.7% (90% confidence interval 0.4–5.6%). By 6 months, 5 of 213 (2.3%) and 7 of 217 (3.2%) in the Quickstart and Afterstart groups, respectively, became pregnant (exact log-rank test, P=.64). Use of highly effective contraceptives was significantly more common in the Quickstart group at 31 days (P<.001), but no difference was apparent at 6 months. The Quickstart group was significantly more satisfied with group assignment.

CONCLUSION:
Depot medroxyprogesterone acetate administration with mifepristone did not appreciably increase the risk of surgery after medical abortion but did increase the risk of ongoing pregnancy. It enhanced patient satisfaction, but we found no evidence that it decreased 6-month risk of repeat pregnancy.

CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION:
ClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01902485.