bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prótesis auditiva para individuos mayores de cincuenta años
Authors: Niño Suárez Paola Andrea , Oliveros Pantoja Ingrid 
Published: June 2017

Este artículo se realizó con la finalidad de exponer el desarrollo de una prótesis auditiva para sujetos entre 50 y 70 años que cumple con unas características específicas, determinadas mediante el análisis de las pérdidas auditivas propias de estos individuos por causa de la presbiacusia. Sobre la base de los resultados obtenidos se seleccionó la configuración del amplificador operacional específico, y se realizaron los cálculos para determinar los valores del diseño del circuito integrado. Realizando el amplificador operacional se diseñaron los diferentes filtros a utilizar, y por último el circuito sumador que se encarga de la mezclar las señales. Simulado el prototipo inicial del sistema electrónico de la prótesis se procedió a realizar el layout del sistema, extractarlo y volverlo a simular para comprobar su funcionamiento y por último mandarlo a fabricar. Es de notar que el diseño de una prótesis auditiva y su final ejecución a menor costo, comparada con las que se consiguen en el mercado, generará muchos beneficios en un medio como el nuestro, donde la población de ancianos de escasos recursos es elevada y no existen fábricas de dispositivos de rehabilitación auditiva, salvo algunas ensambladoras de partes que deben ser importadas.
Un estrato normal de las matrices normales
Authors: Gómez Plata Adrián Ricardo 
Published: June 2017

Se presentará un estrato para las matrices normales. Para esto se requieren aspectos de tres ramas de las matemáticas: la geometría diferencial, la topología diferencial y la teoría de matrices. La primera se ocupa de los aspectos geométricos del análisis matemático, la segunda de los aspectos topológicos de la primera, y la última se encarga de encarar el estudio de las matrices desde diversos ámbitos y contextos matemáticos. En primer lugar, se usará la definición de espacio estratificado como una técnica que permite caracterizar de cierta manera las matrices normales. De forma más puntual se hablará de las matrices normales con una subvariedad estratificada conexa de i 2n^2. Para estratificar las matrices normales se tomará como referente la noción de estrato de la topología diferencial. Esto requerirá elementos de geometría diferencial.
In Cats and Dogs Does Laparoscopic Ovariectomy Offer Advantages Over Open Ovariectomy for Postoperative Recovery?
Authors: Phypers Cherry 
Published: June 2017

Clinical bottom line:
Available research suggests ovariectomy by laparoscopy leads to a more positive recovery following surgery, due to reduced pain and smaller reductions in activity levels postoperatively when compared to open ovariectomy. In practices where laparoscopic equipment and expertise are available, offering laparoscopic ovariectomy for routine spays of cats and dogs may be advantageous to patients.
The Public Health Practitioner of the Future
Authors: Erwin Paul Campbell , Brownson Ross C. 
Published: June 2017

The requisite capacities and capabilities of the public health practitioner of the future are being driven by multiple forces of change, including public health agency accreditation, climate change, health in all policies, social media and informatics, demographic transitions, globalized travel, and the repercussions of the Affordable Care Act. We describe five critical capacities and capabilities that public health practitioners can build on to successfully prepare for and respond to these forces of change: systems thinking and systems methods, communication capacities, an entrepreneurial orientation, transformational ethics, and policy analysis and response. Equipping the public health practitioner with the requisite capabilities and capacities will require new content and methods for those in public health academia, as well as a recommitment to lifelong learning on the part of the practitioner, within an increasingly uncertain and polarized political environment.
Health-Related Quality of Life Among US Workers: Variability Across Occupation Groups
Authors: Shockey Taylor M. , Zack Matthew , Sussell Aaron 
Published: June 2017

Objectives. To examine the health-related quality of life among workers in 22 standard occupation groups using data from the 2013–2014 US Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. Methods. We examined the health-related quality of life measures of self-rated health, frequent physical distress, frequent mental distress, frequent activity limitation, and frequent overall unhealthy days by occupation group for 155 839 currently employed adults among 17 states. We performed multiple logistic regression analyses that accounted for the Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System’s complex survey design to obtain prevalence estimates adjusted for potential confounders. Results. Among all occupation groups, the arts, design, entertainment, sports, and media occupation group reported the highest adjusted prevalence of frequent physical distress, frequent mental distress, frequent activity limitation, and frequent overall unhealthy days. The personal care and service occupation group had the highest adjusted prevalence for fair or poor self-rated health. Conclusions. Workers’ jobs affect their health-related quality of life.
Crash Fatality Rates After Recreational Marijuana Legalization in Washington and Colorado
Authors: Aydelotte Jayson D. , Brown Lawrence H. , Luftman Kevin M. , Mardock Alexandra L. , Teixeira Pedro G. R. , Coopwood Ben , Brown Carlos V. R. 
Published: June 2017

Objectives. To evaluate motor vehicle crash fatality rates in the first 2 states with recreational marijuana legalization and compare them with motor vehicle crash fatality rates in similar states without recreational marijuana legalization. Methods. We used the US Fatality Analysis Reporting System to determine the annual numbers of motor vehicle crash fatalities between 2009 and 2015 in Washington, Colorado, and 8 control states. We compared year-over-year changes in motor vehicle crash fatality rates (per billion vehicle miles traveled) before and after recreational marijuana legalization with a difference-in-differences approach that controlled for underlying time trends and state-specific population, economic, and traffic characteristics. Results. Pre–recreational marijuana legalization annual changes in motor vehicle crash fatality rates for Washington and Colorado were similar to those for the control states. Post–recreational marijuana legalization changes in motor vehicle crash fatality rates for Washington and Colorado also did not significantly differ from those for the control states (adjusted difference-in-differences coefficient = +0.2 fatalities/billion vehicle miles traveled; 95% confidence interval = −0.4, +0.9). Conclusions. Three years after recreational marijuana legalization, changes in motor vehicle crash fatality rates for Washington and Colorado were not statistically different from those in similar states without recreational marijuana legalization. Future studies over a longer time remain warranted.
Personally Identifiable Information in State Laws: Use, Release, and Collaboration at Health Departments
Authors: Begley Elin B. , Ware Jamie M. , Hexem Sarah A. , Rapposelli Karina , Thompson Kelly , Penn Matthew S. , Aquino Gustavo A. 
Published: June 2017

Despite benefits to sharing data among public health programs, confidentiality laws are often presumed to obstruct collaboration or data sharing. We present an overview of the use and release of confidential, personally identifiable information as consistent with public health interests and identify opportunities to align data-sharing procedures with use and release provisions in state laws to improve program outcomes. In August 2013, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention staff and legal researchers from the National Nurse-Led Care Consortium conducted a review of state laws regulating state and local health departments in 50 states and the District of Columbia. Nearly all states and the District of Columbia employ provisions for the general use and release of personally identifiable information without patient consent; disease-specific use or release provisions vary by state. Absence of law regarding use and release provisions was noted. Health departments should assess existing state laws to determine whether the use or release of personally identifiable information is permitted. Absence of direction should not prevent data sharing but prompt an analysis of existing provisions in confidentiality laws.
Cover Crop Frequency and Compost Effects on a Legume–Rye Cover Crop During Eight Years of Organic Vegetables
Authors: Brennan Eric B. , Smith Richard F. 
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas
Cover crops and compost are common inputs in high‐value, organic vegetables.
Cover crop frequency and compost effects on a legume–rye mixture were evaluated over 8 yr.
Yard‐waste compost additions increased soil organic C in vegetable systems.
Frequent cover cropping increased soil nitrate levels.
Cover crop frequency and compost had subtle effect on legume–rye growth.
The long‐term impacts of adding organic matter to the soil using cover crops (CC) and compost are poorly understood in high‐value, tillage‐intensive vegetable systems. Therefore, we evaluated the effects of CC frequency (annually vs. every fourth winter) and yard‐waste compost (0 vs. 15.2 Mg dry matter ha−1 annually) on the performance of a legume–rye (Secale cereale L.) CC in three systems during Years 4 and 8 of the Salinas Organic Cropping Systems experiment in Salinas, CA. Other inputs during the 8 yr of commercial‐scale vegetable production were identical across systems. The CC were planted at 420 kg ha−1 and we measured soil organic carbon (SOC), soil NO3, CC population density, and CC shoots (biomass, N accumulation, N concentration, and C/N). At the beginning of Year 4, the systems receiving compost had higher SOC, and by Year 8 the system with frequent CC had higher soil NO3. Total CC biomass and N accumulation did not differ markedly between systems, although legumes were less variable and somewhat more productive in the systems with infrequent CC, regardless of compost. Rye and total CC residue were generally higher quality (lower C/N) in the system with frequent CC. Despite large differences in rainfall between years (234 vs. 123 mm), CC performance was relatively stable across years, although the percentage of legume biomass declined more during the drier year. We conclude that cover cropping frequency and compost have relatively subtle effects on legume–rye growth in intensive, high‐value, organic vegetable production.
Long‐Term Application of the Crop Water Stress Index in Midwest Agro‐Ecosystems
Authors: Dold Christian , Hatfield Jerry L. , Prueger John , Sauer Tom , Büyükcangaz Hakan , Rondinelli Wesley 
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas
The crop water stress index was calculated for corn, soybean, and prairie using eddy covariance and canopy temperature.
Crop water stress index increased with decreasing volumetric soil water content in tallgrass prairie with net ecosystem production sensitive to water deficits.
Crop water stress index in corn and soybean increased at low and high volumetric soil water content demonstrating that carbon assimilation is affected by deficit and excess soil water contents.
Corn (Zea mays L.) and soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] are predominantly produced in Iowa under rainfed conditions in which the amount and distribution of rainfall, and ambient air temperature, vary substantially among years. Prairie ecosystems also represent a small but significant portion of the landscape in the Midwest, but are subjected to the same variation in rainfall. Quantifying the effect of rainfall variation on ecosystem productivity is required to understand how the absence and the oversupply of water induces plant water stress and affects plant growth. We used the crop water stress index (CWSI) using canopy temperatures obtained from infrared temperature sensors coupled with eddy flux measurements to quantify the impact of water stress on corn, soybean, and prairie net ecosystem production (NEP) in central Iowa from June to August, 2006 through 2015. The relationships between CWSI and NEP, evapotranspiration (ET), and volumetric water content (VWC) were analyzed for these three canopies. Average seasonal CWSI values varied substantially among years and sites, indicating no‐stress and extreme water stress periods. The CWSI significantly increased with decreasing ET and NEP, signaling that water stress adversely affected transpiration and C assimilation. Prairie CWSI was linearly and negatively related to VWC. Corn and soybean CWSI increased with very dry and wet soil moisture regimes, indicating that corn–soybean cropping systems were negatively affected by both the absence and oversupply of water. The CWSI approach quantifies water stress in different agroecosystems to compare the responsiveness of these systems to the dynamics of seasonal rainfall patterns.
Yield and Nutrient Removal in Potato‐Based Conservation Agriculture Cropping Systems in the High Altitude Andean Region of Ecuador
Authors: Gallagher Robert S. , Stehouwer Richard C. , Barrera Mosquera Víctor Hugo , Alvarado Ochoa Soraya Patricia , Escudero López Luis Orlando , Valverde Franklin , Portilla Arnufo , Webber Katie , Domínguez Andrade Juan Manuel 
Published: June 2017

Core IdeasConservation agriculture practices evaluated in this study were agronomically effective, but expensive.Reduced tillage resulted in similar yields in all crops of the potato–oat/vetch–barley–faba rotation to conventional tillage.Retaining crop and cover crops residues in the field rather than for animal fodder will make the greatest contribution to soil nutrient cycling, but likely to be the least accepted conservation agriculture practice evaluated in this study by regional farmers.The Illangama region of Ecuador's highlands is typical of much of the Andean region throughout South and Central America. Steep slopes, frequent soil disturbance and the short fallow periods threaten the sustainability of soil quality and crop production in this region. We evaluated several conservation agricultural practices, including deviation ditches, crop residue retention, and reduced tillage in the context of a potato (Solanum tuberosumL.)–oat/vetch (Avena sativaL./Vicia sativaL.)–barley (Hordeum vulgareL.)–faba bean (Vicia fabaL.) rotation from 2011 to 2014 on crop productivity, crop and soil nutrient concentration, and nutrient removal from the system. Crop productivity tended to be higher in plots that had deviation ditches, and where crop and cover residues were retained in the field. Reduced tillage systems had yields similar to conventional tillage systems in all crops. Retaining crop and cover crop residues in the field had the greatest impact on recycling nutrients back to the soil, but was also the most costly conservation practice that we evaluated. Overall, conservation agricultural practices showed considerable agronomic promise for cropping systems in the Illangama region of Ecuador, but will require a longer evaluation period and a comprehensive outreach plan to help gain acceptance with regional farmers. Retaining crop and cover crops residues in the field rather than for animal fodder will make the greatest contribution to soil nutrient cycling, but likely to be the least accepted conservation agriculture (CA) practice evaluated in this study.
Modeling Soil Test Phosphorus Changes under Fertilized and Unfertilized Managements Using Artificial Neural Networks
Authors: Alvarez Roberto , Steinbach Haydee S. 
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas
An artificial neural network was developed to describe soil P dynamics.
The model accurately predicts soil test P increases and decreases.
A meta‐model was derived to apply the build‐up and maintenance philosophy.
The build‐up and maintenance criteria have been introduced for P fertilizer management in the Pampas of Argentina. However, methods for predicting soil test P changes under contrasting fertilizer rates are not available. We performed a meta‐analysis using results from 18 local field experiments performed under the most common crop rotations, in which soil test P changes with and without P fertilization and soil P balance were assessed. We assembled 329 soil test P variation data sets corresponding to a period 12 yr and 129 P balance records. The P balance was not a good predictor of annual soil test P changes (R2 = 0.33). In 38% of the cases, the P balance and soil test P changes showed opposite trends. Polynomial regression and artificial neural networks were tested for soil test P modeling. The neural networks performed better than the regressions (R2 = 0.91 vs. 0.83; P < 0.01). The network that yielded the best results used the initial soil test P level, the P fertilization rate and time as inputs. According to the model, unfertilized crops growing in soils with low initial P levels (soil test P = 10 mg kg−1 or lower) were subjected to only small decreases in soil test P levels, whereas greater decreases occurred in soils with initial high P levels. For fertilized crops, the model showed that P‐rich soils were less enriched in P than P‐poor soils. A simple meta‐model was developed for the prediction of soil test P changes under contrasting fertilizer managements.
Symbiotic Nitrogen Fixation of Black and Navy Bean under Organic Production Systems
Authors: Heilig James A. , Wright Evan M. , Kelly James D. 
Published: June 2017

Core Ideas
Symbiotic nitrogen fixation of dry bean was evaluated under organic production systems.
Lower performance in organic production systems resulted from inadequate levels of N fertility.
Improving symbiotic nitrogen fixation of dry bean should contribute to improved performance in these systems.
Greenhouse screening for biomass provided an indirect, cost effective method to select for improved symbiotic nitrogen fixation.
Michigan is a leader in organic dry bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) production but previous research has shown that dry bean yields in Michigan were substantially lower under organic conditions compared to conventional production. Since pests are generally well controlled in both systems, fertility appears to be an issue where the two systems may differ. For organic dry bean production, fertility is managed through crop rotation, cover crops, and addition of composts and manures instead of the application of synthetically produced fertilizers. Symbiotic nitrogen fixation (SNF) may also be important for ensuring adequate dry bean yields when external N sources are limiting. Seventy‐nine black and navy bean elite breeding lines, including six commercial cultivars, and a non‐nodulating check were evaluated for yield, and SNF characteristics under organic field conditions in Frankenmuth, Caro, and Wisner, MI, in 2011 through 2013. These same genotypes were also assayed for SNF, nodulation characteristics, shoot and root growth in the greenhouse under N free conditions. Several traits measured in the greenhouse were significantly correlated to traits measured in the field. In particular, percent nitrogen derived from the atmosphere (%Ndfa) in the greenhouse was correlated with seed yield, N yield, and seed %Ndfa in the field in most site‐years. Measuring N in seed or plant tissue may not be necessary to estimate SNF characteristics when plants are grown under limited N fertility as the biomass difference from the greenhouse experiment was significantly correlated with seed yield and N yield grown under organic conditions in the field.
Disputed Election Results: A More Rigorous "Magic Number Test"
Authors: Hane Francis , Emptage Heather 
Published: June 2017

The Gore v Bush disputed election case brought the questioning of the accuracy of election procedures into international news and the minds ofelectors worldwide. In addition to this notorious case, there have been a number of disputed election results in recent years each generating extensive public interest and forcing the judiciary into difficult and split decisions having wide ranging policy and constitutional implications. Elections are the pillar of democratic societies and in order for citizens and societies to have faith in their system of government, elections must be transparent, accurate and binding. In many nations, including Canada, the democratic process is enshrined in their constitution, regardless of whether it is written or unwritten, codified or not.
The SCC Reimagines Freedom of Association in 2015
Authors: Khullar Ritu , Cosco Vanessa 
Published: June 2017

After reviewing the evolution of the Court’s approach to freedom of association (though excluding the Court’s discussion of the corollary freedom not to associate), this paper reviews the Supreme Court of Canada’s 2015 cases on freedom of association, also known as the 2015 Labour Trilogy, and discusses their implications: Mounted Police Association of Ontario v Canada (AG) addressing the right to join a union; Meredith v Canada (AG) addressing legislation overriding predetermined wage increases; and Saskatchewan Federation of Labour v Saskatchewan addressing the right to strike.The paper then discusses how the 2015 Labour Trilogy reinvigorated the values underlying the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms and how it applies to strikes not directly relative to collective bargaining.
On The Trinity Western University Controversy: An Argument for a Christian Law School in Canada
Authors: Newman Dwight 
Published: June 2017

Over the past number of months, the proposed new law school at Trinity Western University (TWU) has come under signifi cant attack, including by many whom I count as academic colleagues within the Canadian Association of Law Teachers and by many within the Canadian law school community more generally. Th ese attacks have had the unique eff ect of subjecting TWU’s law school to a diff erent approval process than has been used for any other Canadian law school, with a dual-committee structure to apply additional scrutiny to it.2 Some have put their attacks explicitly in longer forms,3 and many others have signed petitions against TWU.
Placing Future Senate Reform in Context
Authors: Hicks Bruce 
Published: June 2017

As the opening speaker at the Centre for Constitutional Studies’ March 2015 conference entitled “Time for Boldness on Senate Reform,” I took it as my mission not to advance any bold ideas of my own (though some found my comments on Senate numbers particularly bold). Rather, I tried to set the context for other participants’ bold ideas. This paper follows a format similar to my talk. In the first part, I explain the current state of scholarly knowledge of second chambers and bicameralism. In the second part, I discuss the accepted orthodoxy that exists in Canada concerning Senate reform, namely that it must simultaneously address the method of selection, the numbers of seats each province gets, and the powers of the Senate. In the third part, I discuss the real constraint on Senate reform which is sociological and not constitutional. I left it to my fellow panelists to explore the Supreme Court ruling in the reference on Senate reform.
A Time for Boldness? Exploring the Space for Senate Reform
Authors: Burton Michael , Patten Steve 
Published: June 2017

It was thirty years ago this past March that Alberta’s Select Special Committee on Upper HouseReform released its influential 1985 report that helped to reframe discussions on Senate reformand popularize proposals for a “Triple-E” Senate. The Committee’s report built on the work ofa Canada West Foundation task force that argued eff ective regional representation in Parliament requires a Senate that is equal (in terms of provincial representation), elected, and effective (in terms of its legislative powers). The Alberta Committee’s Report popularized these ideas and helped to frame the Senate reform debate in terms of commitments to electoral democracy and rebalancing federalism, especially in terms of the representation of territorial interests at the federal level.