bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modernizing the ATLAS simulation infrastructure
Authors: Di Simone A 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The ATLAS Simulation infrastructure has been used to produce upwards of 50 billion
proton-proton collision events for analyses ranging from detailed Standard Model
measurements to searches for exotic new phenomena. In the last several years, the
infrastructure has been heavily revised to allow intuitive multithreading and
significantly improved maintainability. Such a massive update of a legacy code base
requires careful choices about what pieces of code to completely rewrite and what to
wrap or revise. The initialization of the complex geometry was generalized to allow
new tools and geometry description languages, popular in some detector groups. The
addition of multithreading requires Geant4-MT and GaudiHive, two frameworks with
fundamentally different approaches to multithreading, to work together. It also
required enforcing thread safety throughout a large code base, which required the
redesign of several aspects of the simulation, including truth, the record of
particle interactions with the detector during the simulation. These advances were
possible thanks to close interactions with the Geant4 developers.
Using aerial photography to estimate wood suitable for charcoal in managed oak forests
Authors: Ramírez-Mejía D , Gómez-Tagle A , Ghilardi A 
Published: November 2017

AbstractMexican oak forests (genusQuercus) are frequently used for traditional charcoal production. Appropriate management programs are needed to ensure their long-term use, while conserving the biodiversity and ecosystem services, and associated benefits. A key variable needed to design these programs is the spatial distribution of standing woody biomass. A state-of-the-art methodology using small format aerial photographs was developed to estimate the total aboveground biomass (AGB) and aboveground woody biomass suitable for charcoal making (WSC) in intensively managed oak forests. We used tree crown area (CAap) measurements from very high-resolution (30 cm) orthorectified small format digital aerial photographs as the predictive variable. The CAapaccuracy was validated using field measurements of the crown area (CAf). Allometric relationships between: (a) CAapversus AGB, and (b) CAapversus WSC had a high significance level (R2 > 0.91,p < 0.0001). This approach shows that it is possible to obtain sound biomass estimates as a function of the crown area derived from digital small format aerial photographs.
Use of an Articulating Hinge to Facilitate Cervicothoracic Deformity Correction During Vertebral Column Resection
Authors: Iyer Rajiv R , Elder Benjamin D , Garzon-Muvdi Tomas , Sacks Justin M , Suk Ian , Wolinsky Jean-Paul 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Surgical treatment of severe cervicothoracic kyphotic deformity may require the use of 3-column osteotomies such as the pedicle subtraction osteotomy and vertebral column resection (VCR), or VCR with anterior longitudinal ligament resection. Such procedures are extensive and are associated with high intra- and perioperative morbidity, in part, due to the need for risky reduction maneuvers.

OBJECTIVE
To describe a novel technique utilizing a laterally placed articulating hinge to facilitate kyphotic deformity correction of the cervicothoracic spine.

METHODS
A patient with severe chin-on-chest deformity of the cervicothoracic spine presented for evaluation and a 2-stage VCR with anterior longitudinal ligament resection was planned. To reduce the risk of intraoperative neurological injury and for increased control during reduction maneuvers, lateral instrumentation was placed through the chest wall resection above and below the level of VCR, which was adjoined with an articulating hinge rod apparatus.

RESULTS
Satisfactory reduction of the kyphosis was achieved utilizing the hinge rod apparatus for controlled deformity correction. The patient remained neurologically intact following this procedure with improvement in their spinal alignment.

CONCLUSION
We present a novel technique utilizing a lateral hinge rod apparatus for efficient, controlled correction of severe kyphotic deformity.
Preliminary Exploration of the Diagnosis and Treatment of Skull-Based Chondromyxoid Fibromas
Authors: He Kangmin , Jiang Shize , Zhang Xin , Mao Ying , Zhu Wei , Wang Yin , Song Jianping , Chen Liang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Chondromyxoid fibromas (CMFs) are benign tumors that occur rarely in the skull base.

OBJECTIVE
To conduct a preliminary exploration of the diagnosis and treatment of cranial CMFs.

METHODS
A retrospective analysis of 19 cases of CMFs in the base of the skull between 2009 and 2014 in our hospital was conducted. The clinical manifestations, imaging characteristics, pathology, treatment strategies, and outcomes were examined.

RESULTS
The study cohort included 7 women (36.8%) and 12 men (63.2%), and symptom duration ranged from 1 mo to 5 yr. Of the 19 intracranial CMF cases examined, 15 (78.9%) conformed with the diagnostic criteria for extracranial CMF. Resection operations yielded subtotal removal of 13 tumors (68.4%) and partial removal of 6 tumors (31.6%). Postoperative pathological analysis demonstrated that the tumors were characterized by spindle-shaped or stellate cells arranged in a myxoid matrix without mitoses or permeation. Follow-up (range 2-7.3 yr; mean, 4.4 ± 1.7 yr) revealed that symptoms improved postoperatively in 15 cases (78.9%), were maintained in 2 cases (10.5%), and worsened in 2 cases (10.5%). Imaging follow-up revealed that residual tumors were stable in 18 cases (94.7%) and enlarged in 1 case (5.3%).

CONCLUSION
An accurate diagnosis should involve comprehensive consideration of clinical, radiological, and pathological features. The treatment strategy for CMFs consists of maximizing tumor removal while protecting adjacent key structures. Postoperative stereotactic radiotherapy is appropriate for residual tumors.
Overview
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This book examines the connections between the formal and functional (semantic and syntactic) properties of indefinite pronouns. It considers the main theoretical debates surrounding the semantic and syntactic properties of indefinite pronouns as well as the diachronic sources of the markers of indefinite pronouns. It describes the new generalizations that emerge from the typological and diachronic research and provides explanations. It also outlines the goals and methods of the typological approach, focusing on the important preconditions for typology such as the availability of data from a variety of languages. Other topics covered by the book include the space of formal and functional variation found in indefinite pronouns, implicational universals, theoretical approaches to the functions of indefinite pronouns such as the tradition of structuralist semantics, the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, further sources of indefinite pronouns that cannot be easily subsumed under grammaticalization, and the cross-linguistic patterning of negative indefinite pronouns.
Formal and Functional Types of Indefinite Pronoun
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines formal and functional types of indefinite pronoun. It first presents some examples of different indefinite pronoun series in a variety of languages, focusing on a formal element shared by all members of an indefinite pronoun series, such as some and any in English. This element is called indefiniteness marker, an affix or a particle which stands next to the pronoun stem. The chapter proceeds by discussing two main types of derivational bases from which indefinite pronouns are derived in the world's languages: interrogative pronouns and generic ontological category nouns like person, thing or place. It also looks at the main functional types of indefinite pronoun, namely: negative indefinite pronouns and negative polarity (or scale reversal). Finally, it analyses some alternatives to indefinite pronouns, including generic nouns, existential sentences, non-specific free relative clauses, and universal quantifiers.
An Implicational Map for Indefinite Pronoun Functions
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes a two-dimensional implicational map for representing nine functions of indefinite pronouns. It first considers indefiniteness markers as grammatical categories, the use/function-based approach, and a geometric representation of implicational universals. It then discusses the implicational map for the uses/functions of indefiniteness markers and shows how it works with three languages: English, Russian, and Nanay (Manchu-Tungusic). The distribution of indefinite pronoun series over the functions on the map in each language is illustrated. These three examples demonstrate how the semantic map captures cross-linguistic generalizations about indefinite pronoun systems and makes universal predictions. The chapter proceeds by explaining the distributional schemas of forty languages that include French, Swedish, Italian, Romanian, Bulgarian, modern Greek, Lithuanian, Irish, Korean, and Persian. Finally, it looks at further restrictions on combinations of functions and earlier formulations of typological implications.
The Grammaticalization of Indefinite Pronouns
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses the grammaticalization of indefinite pronouns, focusing on the ways in which such pronouns arise and change over time in different languages and the regularities in these changes. It first considers diachronic typology before describing four main source constructions for indefiniteness markers: the ‘dunno’ type, the ‘want/pleases’ type, the ‘it may be’ type, and the ‘no matter’ type. It then examines the six parameters of grammaticalization, three of which are paradigmatic (integrity, paradigmaticity, paradigmatic variability) and three are syntagmatic (scope, bondedness, syntagmatic variability). It also looks at desemanticization, with particular emphasis on three competing theories of semantic grammaticalization, before concluding with an overview of the indefinites that express the free-choice functions and their use as true universal quantifiers.
Conclusions
Authors: Haspelmath Martin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This book has explored indefinite pronouns in the world's languages in order to identify cross-linguistic generalizations. The study of indefinite pronouns has important implications for semantics, pragmatics, syntax, and morphology. This chapter summarizes the book's main findings and considers possible further typological connections. One significant finding is that most languages have indefinite pronouns of some kind, and that their shapes are fairly uniform across languages. In particular, such pronouns are generally of one of two types: either derived from interrogative pronouns by means of an indefiniteness marker or based on generic nouns such as ‘person’ or ‘thing’. The book has also shown that functional explanations are prominent in negative indefinite pronouns, and that the regularities of diachronic change are explained by the theory of grammaticalization. The main synchronic typological generalizations took the form of universal implications among different functions of indefinite pronouns, expressed by the implicational map.
The Provision of Global Liquidity
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter starts by analysing three major problems of the current international monetary system: the asymmetric-adjustment problem, dependence on the monetary policy of the main reserve-issuing country, and the large demand for self-insurance by developing countries. It then explores two basic alternatives to reform the system: one route would involve a fully-fledged multi-currency reserve system; the alternative route would be to design an architecture based on the IMF’s Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), the world’s only truly global reserve asset. These two alternative routes could be mixed in a number of ways, and in fact their complementary use may be the only possible way forward. Under such a mixed system, SDRs would become a major global reserve asset and the source of financing for IMF lending, but national/regional currencies would continue to be used as international means of payment and stores of value.
The Governance of the International Monetary System
Authors: Ocampo José Antonio 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe governance of international financial institutions has been a subject of debate for decades. The major issues have been the control of existing institutions by the major developed countries, the associated exclusion of developing countries from decision-making, and the tendency of major decisions to be taken by ad hoc groupings of major developed countries outside the framework of treaty-based organizations. This chapter therefore proposes a reformed architecture of the international monetary system based on three pillars. The first is a representative apex organization, which can be understood as a transformation of the G20 into a representative international institution. The second is the continuous reform of ‘voice and participation’ of developing countries in the Bretton Woods institutions and global regulatory bodies. The third is the design of a dense, multi-layered architecture, with the contribution of regional and sub-regional institutions, mirroring the denser architecture that characterizes the system of multilateral development banks.
Defining the Environment
Authors: Payne Cymie R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The principle of ‘environmental integrity’ is a fundamental aspect of jus post bellum. Human life, economy, and culture depend on a healthy, functioning environment. However, environmental integrity is a complex concept to describe. Doctrinal thresholds for legally material environmental damage (significant, long-term, widespread) do not capture it. This chapter interrogates the jus post bellum literature and then turns to scholarship on wilderness management in the Anthropocene era, which also engages with the meaning of ‘environmental integrity’, ‘naturalness’, ‘unimpaired’, or, in the words of the Factory at Chorzów case which sets the international law standard for reparations of damage, ‘the situation which would, in all probability, have existed if that act had not been committed’. Recognition that pristine or historical conditions are often impossible to recover or maintain leads to the legal, ethical, and scientific analysis of evolving environmental norms that this chapter offers.
Using a Framework of Human Rights and Transitional Justice for Post-Conflict Environmental Protection and Remediation
Authors: Hulme Karen 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The chapter analyses examples of post-conflict environmental damage and suggests how human rights legal mechanisms could provide vital assistance in their remedy. Environmental remediation in the post-conflict context tends to emanate from environmental obligations, if it is recognized at all. Transitional justice mechanisms and human rights obligations, however, are developing in terms of environmental protection. Environmental damage is, clearly, a human rights issue, especially in the protection of survival resources, such as water and food, as well as health—which are vital in a post-conflict context. Human rights can also help address toxic remnants and natural resource depletion. With the expansion of economic, social, and cultural rights to incorporate environmental dimensions, and even what would traditionally be viewed as pure environmental concerns at times, such a framework could provide strong legal obligations on states to undertake environmental clean-up and restoration—and strong mechanisms to review state actions and ensure environmental remediation.
Environmental Implications of Disarmament The CWC Case
Authors: Böhringer Ayṣe-Martina , Marauhn Thilo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) does not only entail a set of specific disarmament obligations. It also addresses how chemical weapons and chemical weapons facilities are to be eliminated, including the elimination of weapons abandoned on other states’ territory. It goes without saying that in the context of implementing these obligations, apart from the details for an environmentally sound disposal, multilateral environmental obligations will have to be taken into account. Although at least some provisions of the CWC relate to environmental issues, the Convention is silent on the question of the standards to be applied. In that respect, the chapter has a closer look at the relationship between environmental protection on the one hand, and chemical weapons destruction as the primary objective of the CWC on the other hand. The chapter addresses the cases of ordinary CWC-based elimination, but also the specific circumstances of the Syrian case.
Legal Protection of the Environment
Authors: Fleck Dieter 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines principles and rules on environmental protection in two critical situations: non-international armed conflicts and post-conflict peacebuilding. What kind of environmental obligations apply in bello between a government and rebels? In what sense are parties to the conflict accountable for environmental devastation? May states be liable also for injurious consequences of acts not explicitly prohibited under international law? How can their obligations be enforced? Furthermore, issues of post-conflict peacebuilding are discussed to explore whether specific principles and rules of jus post bellum are relevant for the protection of the natural environment. While certain aspects of the protection of the environment in relation to armed conflicts appear to be still unclear, some recommendations are developed in support of efforts currently undertaken in the International Law Commission.
Developments in the Law of Environmental Reparations
Authors: Payne Cymie R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The United Nations Compensation Commission (‘UNCC’) is a unique model for liability and compensation of environmental damage in an international context, influencing both jus in bello and jus post bellum. The UNCC provided a legal process that catalogued, assessed, and awarded money to pay to clean and repair the damaged soil, water, coastal ecosystems, and other harms resulting from the 1990–1 Gulf War. Its contributions include integration of environmental law principles into the reparations process; use of advanced techniques for assessment of environmental damage; and use of a multilateral process in a way that balanced confidentiality and transparency. The UNCC environmental programme, viewed as an innovative approach to justice after war, highlights the contribution that the environmental integrity norm can make.
Reframing the Remnants of War
Authors: Weir Doug 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Since 2011, states and civil society have sought to draw attention to the health and environmental risks from the toxic remnants of war; a process that has led to the International Law Commission proposing a draft principle that obliges states to help minimize their risks to the environment following conflicts. In addition to raising awareness of the impact and legacy of conflict pollution, the process has helped to reverse the historical decoupling of explosive remnants of war from other physical and toxic war remnants. Itself a product of the humanitarian advocacy framing promoted by the civil society-led campaign against anti-personnel landmines. The new draft principle on the toxic and hazardous remnants of war, which is one of several proposed to help address and remedy environmental damage following conflicts, could eventually help fill a gap in how the international community responds to pollution caused or exacerbated by armed conflict.
Hydrodynamic slippage of water at surfaces
Authors: Charlaix E. , Bocquet L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The boundary condition (B.C.) for hydrodynamic flows at solid surfaces is usually assumed to be that of no slip. However a number of molecular simulations and experimental investigations over the last two decades have demonstrated violations of the no-slip B.C., leading to hydrodynamic slippage at solid surfaces. In this short review, we explore the molecular mechanisms leading to hydrodynamic slippage of water at various surfaces and discuss experimental investigations allowing us to measure the so-called slip length
Where grains and fluids meet: the complex physics of wet granular matter
Authors: Herminghaus S. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, the physics of wet granular matter is discussed. The practical significance of wet granular matter goes of course well beyond the construction of sand sculptures. Most industrial raw materials are solids and come in granular form, and the processes into which they feed involve their being mixed with liquids and agglomerated, conveyed, kneaded, or cast in moulds. For appropriately engineering these processes, including the minimization of energy consumption, a deep understanding of the mechanical properties of this class of materials is indispensable. Furthermore, if we want to mitigate, or even reliably predict, such devastating events as land slides or mud flows, we need to study the dynamical behaviour of wet granular matter in detail. This applies as well to other, similar systems of relevance, such as ice and snow avalanches, which can be modelled as wet granular systems as well.
Interactions between biological membranes: theoretical concepts
Authors: Kanduč M. , Schlaich A. , Schneck E. , Netz R. R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this chapter we review the various types of generic (non-specific) forces acting between lipid membranes in an aqueous environment and discuss the underlying mechanisms, with particular focus on the competing roles of enthalpic and entropic contributions. The interaction free energy (or interaction potential) is typically the result of a subtle interplay of several, often antagonistic contributions with comparable magnitude. First, we will briefly introduce the underlying physics of various kinds of surface–surface interactions, starting with theories of van der Waals and undulation interactions, covering electrostatics, depletion, and order–parameter fluctuation effects as well. We then turn our attention to a strong and universal repulsive force at small membrane–membrane separations, namely the hydration interaction. It has been under debate and investigation for decades and is not well captured by continuum approximations, thus here we will mainly rely on atomistic simulation techniques.
Soft interfaces: the case of colloid–polymer mixtures
Authors: Aarts D. G. A. L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
In this chapter we discuss the interface of a phase separated colloid-polymer mixture. We start by highlighting a number of experimental studies, illustrating the richness of colloidal interface phenomena. This is followed by a derivation of the bulk phase behaviour within free volume theory. We subsequently calculate the interfacial tension using a squared gradient approach. The interfacial tension turns out to be ultralow, easily a million times smaller than a molecular interfacial tension. From the bulk and interface calculations we obtain the capillary length and compare to experiments, where good overall agreement is found. Finally, we focus on the thermal capillary waves of the interface and derive the static and dynamic height–height correlation functions, which describe the experimental data very well. We end with an outlook, where we address some outstanding questions concerning the behaviour of interfaces, to which colloids may provide unique insights.