bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Permian exhumation of the Montagne Noire core complex recorded in the Graissessac‐Lodève Basin, France
Authors: Pfeifer Lily S. , Soreghan Gerilyn S. , Pochat Stéphane , Van Den Driessche Jean , Thomson Stuart N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe paleogeographic reconstruction of the Variscan Mountains during late Carboniferous‐Permian post‐orogenic extension remains poorly understood, owing to the subsequent erosion and/or burial of most associated sedimentary basins during the Mesozoic. The Graissessac‐Lodève Basin (southern France) preserves a thick and exceptionally complete record of continental sedimentation spanning late Carboniferous through late Permian time. This section records the localized tectonic and paleogeographic evolution of southern France in the context of the low‐latitude Variscan Belt of Western Europe. This study presents new detrital zircon and framework mineralogy data that address the provenance of siliciclastic strata exposed in the basin. The ages and compositions of units that constitute the Montagne Noire metamorphic core complex (west of the basin) dictate the detrital zircon age populations and sandstone compositions in Permian strata, recording rapid exhumation and unroofing of the Montagne Noire dome. Cambrian‐Archean zircons and metamorphic lithic‐rich compositions record derivation from recycled detritus of the earliest Paleozoic sedimentary cover and Neoproterozoic‐early Cambrian metasedimentary Schistes X, which formerly covered the Montagne Noire dome. Ordovician zircons and subarkosic framework compositions indicate erosion of orthogneiss units that formed a large part of the dome. The youngest zircon population (320–285 Ma) reflects derivation from late Carboniferous‐early Permian granite units in the axial zone of the Montagne Noire. This population appears first in the early Permian, persists throughout the Permian section and is accompanied by sandstone compositions dominated by feldspar, polycrystalline quartz and metamorphic lithic fragments. The most recent migmatization, magmatism and deformation occurred ca. 298 ± 2 Ma, at ca. 17 km depth (based on peak metamorphic conditions). Accordingly, these new provenance data, together with zircon fission‐track thermochronology, demonstrate that exhumation of the Montagne Noire core complex was rapid (1–17 mm year−1) and early (300–285 Ma), reflecting deep‐seated uplift in the southern Massif Central during post‐orogenic extension.
Using detrital zircon U‐Pb ages to calculate Late Cretaceous sedimentation rates in the Magallanes‐Austral basin, Patagonia
Authors: Schwartz Theresa M. , Fosdick Julie C. , Graham Stephan A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDetermining both short‐ and long‐term sedimentation rates is becoming increasingly important in geomorphic (exhumation and sediment flux), structural (subsidence/flexure) and natural resource (predictive modelling) studies. Determining sedimentation rates for ancient sedimentary sequences is often hampered by poor understanding of stratigraphic architecture, long‐term variability in large‐scale sediment dispersal patterns and inconsistent availability of absolute age data. Uranium–Lead (U‐Pb) detrital zircon (DZ) geochronology is not only a popular method to determine the provenance of siliciclastic sedimentary rocks but also helps delimit the age of sedimentary sequences, especially in basins associated with protracted volcanism. This study assesses the reliability of U‐Pb DZ ages as proxies for depositional ages of Upper Cretaceous strata in the Magallanes‐Austral retroarc foreland basin of Patagonia. Progressive younging of maximum depositional ages (MDAs) calculated from young zircon populations in the Upper Cretaceous Dorotea Formation suggests that the MDAs are potential proxies for absolute age, and constrain the age of the Dorotea Formation to be ca. 82–69 Ma. Even if the MDAs do not truly represent ages of contemporaneous volcanic eruptions in the arc, they may still indicate progressive‐but‐lagged delivery of increasingly younger volcanogenic zircon to the basin. In this case, MDAs may still be a means to determine long‐term (≥1–2 Myr) average sedimentation rates. Burial history models built using the MDAs reveal high aggradation rates during an initial, deep‐marine phase of the basin. As the basin shoaled to shelfal depths, aggradation rates decreased significantly and were outpaced by progradation of the deposystem. This transition is likely linked to eastward propagation of the Magallanes fold‐thrust belt during Campanian‐Maastrichtian time, and demonstrates the influence of predecessor basin history on foreland basin dynamics.
Hill function‐based models of transcriptional switches: impact of specific, nonspecific, functional and nonfunctional binding
Authors: Bottani Samuel , Veitia Reiner A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTWe explore minimalist models of transcription in which we take into account that a cis‐regulatory sequence is embedded in, and interacts with, a complex genome. The classical Hill equation is the simplest way to represent a transcriptional response. However, it may overlook the fact that a transcription factor (TF) establishes specific and nonspecific nonfunctional interactions with chromatin. Classical papers have shown that nonfunctional binding (not leading to transcription) may influence gene expression. We examine how the presence of additional binding sites for a TF, besides those on the gene(s) of interest, affect the shape and parameters of the transcriptional response. We consider two conditions: at equilibrium and at steady‐state. In many cases the TF level is determined by the position of the cell within a spatial or temporal gradient. We show that such gradients can be adjusted by evolutionary selection to compensate for the alteration of the gene transcription response by the presence of nonfunctional binding sites. Finally, we analyse how the transcriptional response is affected by a decrease in TF concentration, as in cases of haploinsufficiency. We show that the nonlinearity of the transcriptional response as a function of [TF] exacerbates the effect of a decrease in the latter, at least for weakly expressed TFs. Although decades of work on TFs have led to the impression that almost everything is known about the control of gene expression, we show that even the simplest models of transcription control have not delivered all their secrets yet.
Fault bars in bird feathers: mechanisms, and ecological and evolutionary causes and consequences
Authors: Jovani Roger , Rohwer Sievert 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTFault bars are narrow malformations in feathers oriented almost perpendicular to the rachis where the feather vein and even the rachis may break. Breaks in the barbs and barbules result in small pieces of the feather vein being lost, while breaks in the rachis result in loss of the distal portion of the feather. Here, we provide a comprehensive review of 74 papers on fault bar formation in hopes of providing a clearer approach to their study. First, we review the evidence that the propensity to develop fault bars is modified by natural selection. Given that fault bars persist in the face of survival costs, we conclude that they must be an unfortunate consequence of some alternative adaptation that outweighs the fitness costs of fault bars. Second, we summarize evidence that the development of fault bars is triggered by psychological stress such as that of handling or predation attempts, and that they persist because the sudden contractions of the muscles in the feather follicle that control fright moults also causes the development of fault bars in growing feathers. Third, we review external and physiological (e.g. corticosterone) agents that may affect the likelihood that an acute stress will result in a growing feather exhibiting a fault bar. These modifying factors have often been treated as fundamental causes in the earlier literature on fault bars. Fourth, we then use this classification to propose a tentative model where fault bars of different severity (from light to severe) are the outcome of the interaction between the propensity to produce fault bars (which differs between species, individuals and feather follicles within individuals) and the intensity of the perturbation. This model helps to explain contradictory results in the literature, to identify gaps in our knowledge, and to suggest further studies. Lastly, we discuss ways in which better understanding of fault bars can inform us about other aspects of avian evolutionary ecology, such as the physiology of moult, the integration of moult into avian life cycles, and the strategies used to minimize stress during moult. Moreover, the study of fault bars may be relevant to understanding the aerodynamics of flight and the early evolution of flight.
The early Eocene birds of the Messel fossil site: a 48 million‐year‐old bird community adds a temporal perspective to the evolution of tropical avifaunas
Authors: Mayr Gerald 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTBirds play an important role in studies addressing the diversity and species richness of tropical ecosystems, but because of the poor avian fossil record in all extant tropical regions, a temporal perspective is mainly provided by divergence dates derived from calibrated molecular analyses. Tropical ecosystems were, however, widespread in the Northern Hemisphere during the early Cenozoic, and the early Eocene German fossil site Messel in particular has yielded a rich avian fossil record. The Messel avifauna is characterized by a considerable number of flightless birds, as well as a high diversity of aerial insectivores and the absence of large arboreal birds. With about 70 currently known species in 42 named genus‐level and at least 39 family‐level taxa, it approaches extant tropical biotas in terms of species richness and taxonomic diversity. With regard to its taxonomic composition and presumed ecological characteristics, the Messel avifauna is more similar to the Neotropics, Madagascar, and New Guinea than to tropical forests in continental Africa and Asia. Because the former regions were geographically isolated during most of the Cenozoic, their characteristics may be due to the absence of biotic factors, especially those related to the diversification of placental mammals, which impacted tropical avifaunas in Africa and Asia. The crown groups of most avian taxa that already existed in early Eocene forests are species‐poor. This does not support the hypothesis that the antiquity of tropical ecosystems is key to the diversity of tropical avifaunas, and suggests that high diversification rates may be of greater significance.
Producing anxiety in the neoliberal university
Authors: Berg Lawrence D. , Huijbens Edward H. , Larsen Henrik Gutzon 
Published: April 2016

Key Messages

This article investigates processes of neoliberalization of the academy.
It argues that neoliberalism entails shifts from exchange to competition, from equality to inequality, and turns academics into human capital.
It suggests that auditing systems are key mechanisms of neoliberalization that produce unhealthy levels of anxiety and stress in the academy.
A school consultation intervention for adolescents with ADHD: barriers and implementation strategies
Authors: Sibley Margaret H. , Olson Sandra , Morley Candance , Campez Mileini , Pelham William E. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundAcademic impairment is among the most troubling domains of impairment for adolescents with Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD).MethodThis investigation presents results of a yearlong academic intervention delivered to adolescents with ADHD (N = 218) by engaging school staff as interventionists through behavioral consultation with an outside mental health professional.ResultsThe intervention was coordinated successfully in some cases, but not in others. The principal challenge to intervention coordination was sustaining monthly contact between consultants and interventionists (38.5% success rate) and scheduling in‐person consultation meetings with interventionists (40.0% success rate). Implementation of the intervention was enhanced when the student (a) attended a public (vs. private) school, (b) had an IEP or Section 504 plan in place, (c) was in middle school (vs. high school), (d) had a parent who communicated regularly with the school, and (e) had a special education support staff member or counselor (vs. teacher or administrator) as a school interventionist.ConclusionsConsidering these data, recommendations are provided for effective coordination of academic interventions for adolescents with ADHD.
Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel 5‐Alkyl‐6‐Adamantylmethylpyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones as HIV‐1 non‐nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitors
Authors: Li Wenxin , Huang Boshi , Kang Dongwei , De Clercq Erik , Daelemans Dirk , Pannecouque Christophe , Zhan Peng , Liu Xinyong 
Published: April 2016

A series of novel 5‐alkyl‐6‐Adamantylmethylpyrimidin‐4(3H)‐ones bearing various substituents at the C‐2 position of the pyrimidinone ring were synthesized using a facile route and evaluated for their anti‐HIV activity in MT‐4 cells. The biological results demonstrated that the majority of the newly designed compounds possessed moderate efficiency in inhibiting the replication of the wild‐type (WT) HIV‐1 strain (IIIB) with EC50 values in the range from 0.10 to 5.39 μm. Among them, 5b1 and 5b3 proved to be the two most active inhibitors against WT HIV‐1 with EC50 values of 0.10 and 0.12 μm, respectively, which were more active than nevirapine (NVP) in the same assay. In addition, HIV‐1 reverse‐transcriptase (RT) inhibition assay indicated that the representative compound 5b1 showed affinity to WT HIV‐1 RT, and inhibited the activity of RT with an IC50 value superior to the reference drug NVP. Moreover, the preliminary structure–activity relationship (SAR) and the molecular modeling analysis of these new derivatives are also discussed.
Flexible Concern: The Development of Multidetermined and Context‐Dependent Empathic Responding
Authors: Vaish Amrisha 
Published: April 2016

AbstractResearch on empathic development, though extensive, has largely overlooked two vital facets of flexible empathic responding—multideterminism (which is elicited in response to various cues) and context dependence (i.e., empathic responding that can be regulated depending on contextual factors). Within a dual‐process account of empathic responding (in which both bottom‐up and top‐down processes contribute), such flexible empathic responding relies heavily on top‐down processes. Yet most developmental research has not systematically considered the role of top‐down processes in bringing about multidetermined and context‐dependent empathic responding; as such, it provides a narrow view of early empathic responding. Recent research has begun to fill these gaps and suggests that top‐down processes are involved even in early flexible empathic responding. But much more work is needed, particularly on developmental mechanisms and the development of top‐down processes, to understand fully the origins of flexible concern.
Mental Number Line in the Preliterate Brain: The Role of Early Directional Experiences
Authors: Patro Katarzyna , Nuerk Hans‐Christoph , Cress Ulrike 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNumbers and space are strongly related in the human mind. In particular, small and large numbers are mentally linked to spatial directions, forming the so‐called mental number line. Traditionally, the direction of the number line was thought to emerge from cultural spatial experience with reading and writing. In this article, we review recent developmental data that put constraints on this traditional account and suggest that directional number representation develops even before the acquisition of literacy. On the basis of these data, we argue that the link between numbers and space is triggered by systematic involvement in directional actions of any kind rather than by reading and writing per se. Before school begins, children are exposed to many directional cues by observing the world around them and interacting with their parents. We propose a hypothetical mechanism through which this preliterate experience might activate spatially oriented numerical representation.
Effects of Culture and the Urban Environment on the Development of the Ebbinghaus Illusion
Authors: Bremner Andrew J. , Doherty Martin J. , Caparos Serge , de Fockert Jan , Linnell Karina J. , Davidoff Jules 
Published: April 2016

The development of visual context effects in the Ebbinghaus illusion in the United Kingdom and in remote and urban Namibians (UN) was investigated (N = 336). Remote traditional Himba children showed no illusion up until 9–10 years, whereas UK children showed a robust illusion from 7 to 8 years of age. Greater illusion in UK than in traditional Himba children was stable from 9 to 10 years to adulthood. A lesser illusion was seen in remote traditional Himba children than in UN children growing up in the nearest town to the traditional Himba villages across age groups. We conclude that cross‐cultural differences in perceptual biases to process visual context emerge in early childhood and are influenced by the urban environment.
Learning Mathematics in a Visuospatial Format: A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Mental Abacus Instruction
Authors: Barner David , Alvarez George , Sullivan Jessica , Brooks Neon , Srinivasan Mahesh , Frank Michael C. 
Published: April 2016

Mental abacus (MA) is a technique of performing fast, accurate arithmetic using a mental image of an abacus; experts exhibit astonishing calculation abilities. Over 3 years, 204 elementary school students (age range at outset: 5–7 years old) participated in a randomized, controlled trial to test whether MA expertise (a) can be acquired in standard classroom settings, (b) improves students' mathematical abilities (beyond standard math curricula), and (c) is related to changes in basic cognitive capacities like working memory. MA students outperformed controls on arithmetic tasks, suggesting that MA expertise can be achieved by children in standard classrooms. MA training did not alter basic cognitive abilities; instead, differences in spatial working memory at the beginning of the study mediated MA learning.
Effector memory CD4+ T cells differentially express activation associated molecules depending on the duration of American cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions
Authors: de Oliveira Mendes-Aguiar C , Vieira-Gonçalves R , Guimarães L H , de Oliveira-Neto M P , Carvalho E M , Da-Cruz A M 
Published: April 2016

SummaryA high number of Leishmania-responder T cells is found in cutaneous leishmaniasis lesions, suggesting that important immunological events occur at the site of infection. Although activated, cytotoxic and regulatory T cells infiltrating into lesions may influence disease pathogenesis, the role of the T cell differentiation pattern of lymphocytes in lesions is unknown. Our aim was to investigate whether the phase of lesion development (early or late) is influenced by the functional status of cells present in inflammatory infiltrate. Activation, cytotoxity and T cell differentiation molecules were evaluated in lesion mononuclear cells by flow cytometry. The frequency of T cells was correlated with the lesion area (r = 0·68; P = 0·020). CD4+CD25+ T cells predominated over CD4+CD69+ T cells in early lesions (less than 30 days), whereas late lesions (more than 60 days) exhibited more CD4+CD69+ T cells than CD4+CD25+ T cells. The duration of illness was correlated positively with CD4+CD69+ (r = 0·68; P = 0·005) and negatively with CD4+CD25+ T cells (r = −0·45; P = 0·046). Most CD8+ T cells expressed cytotoxic-associated molecules (CD244+), and the percentages were correlated with the lesion area (r = 0·52; P = 0·04). Both CD4+ and CD8+ effector memory T cells (TEM-CD45RO+CCR7–) predominated in CL lesions and were significantly higher than central memory (TCM-CD45RO+CCR7+) or naive T cells (CD45RO–CCR7+). An enrichment of TEM cells and contraction of naive T cells were observed in lesions in comparison to blood (P = 0·006) for both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells. Lesion chronicity is associated with a shift in activation phenotype. The enrichment of TEM and activated cytotoxic cells can contribute to immune-mediated tissue damage.
Scalp hair 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione as a long‐term therapy monitoring tool in congenital adrenal hyperplasia
Authors: Noppe Gerard , de Rijke Yolanda B. , Koper Jan W. , van Rossum Elisabeth F.C. , van den Akker Erica L.T. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundGlucocorticoid replacement therapy in congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is challenging, especially in children, because both over‐ and under‐dosing may have profound and long‐lasting adverse effects. Clinical follow‐up parameters are largely nonspecific and slow to develop. Steroid concentrations in scalp hair may be a useful monitoring tool, as it provides information on both long‐term steroid precursor and glucocorticoid exposure.AimWe aimed to evaluate scalp hair steroid precursor concentrations as a monitoring tool for treatment follow‐up in children with CAH.MethodsScalp hair 17‐hydroxyprogesterone (17‐OHP) and androstenedione concentrations, measured by LC‐MS/MS, of children with CAH (N = 26) were correlated with concentrations in serum and saliva, and compared to scalp hair concentrations in patient controls with adrenal insufficiency (AI) (N = 12) and healthy controls (N = 293).ResultsHair cortisol concentrations were higher in children with CAH, compared to both healthy controls (P < 0·001) and patient controls (P = 0·05), and did not differ significantly between patient controls with AI and healthy controls. Concentrations of androstenedione in scalp hair were strongly correlated with concentrations in serum (ρ = 0·72, P < 0·001) and saliva (ρ = 0·82, P = 0·002). This was also seen for 17‐OHP in hair with serum (ρ = 0·94, P < 0·001) and saliva (ρ = 0·69, P = 0·009). Both hair 17‐OHP and androstenedione were higher in CAH patients (mean concentration 17‐OHP 2·9 pg/mg; androstenedione 1·3 pg/mg), when compared to healthy controls (17‐OHP 0·44 pg/mg; androstenedione 0·65 pg/mg) and when compared to patients with AI (17‐OHP 0·12 pg/mg; androstenedione 0·32 pg/mg).ConclusionThis study shows that scalp hair 17‐hydroxyprogesterone and androstenedione concentrations seem to be a promising parameter for treatment monitoring in patients with CAH.
‘It's awkward stuff’: conversations about sexuality with young children
Authors: Christensen M. Candace , Wright Rachel , Dunn Jodi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore how parents navigate sex‐related concepts with their young children. This study used feminist phenomenological research methods for data gathering and analysis. Social development theory and a positive sexuality framework were also used in the study design. The participants included 13 parents (mothers and fathers) of at least one child aged 3–11 years old. The researchers performed semi‐structured, individual interviews and data analysis included developing themes that illustrated the essence of parent understandings about the phenomenon. Two themes emerged from the data analysis: it's awkward stuff and my parents never talked with me. The findings illustrated the relationship between the parents' perceptions and social development theory and a positive sexuality framework. Feminist analysis revealed gender differences in how mothers and fathers approached sex‐related discussions with their children. Implications for practice, policy and research were included.