bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Health Care Delivery System in Libya with Special Emphasis on Public Health Care Services in Benghazi
Authors: Salem Salem F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper outlines the main features of the Libyan health care delivery system in general and the development of the primary health care system in particular. In spite of achieving tremendous success for extending health care coverage to meet continuous and mounting demand for health care services all over the country, health status levels in the country as a whole have not yet reached the required target that should make them comparable with the developed world. Three major reasons are thought to be responsible for this deficiency — the lack of appointment systems, a proper referral system and reliable health care information centres both locally and nationally. Moreover, despite the fact that a hierarchy of health care delivery system exists in the country, it is not well-defined with a fixed division of functions and strict referral routes between health care facilities as conceptualised in most parts of the developed world.
Tombs at the Oasis of Jeghbub: an Exploration in 1955
Authors: Wright G. R. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Libyan Department of Antiquities has begun to investigate the many chamber tombs cut into the rock scarps surrounding the oasis of Jeghbub (=Jarabub/Gerabub). Some notice of this work was given at the Congress of Cyrenaican Studies in Rome (1996) by the Director of the Department. This communication called to mind a visit to Jeghbub made more than forty years ago. The visit afforded occasion for a brief investigation of these tombs, which because of a mischance has hitherto not been recorded. In view of the renewed concern with them it may now be opportune at least to put on record some surviving impressions of these tombs, mentioning unlooked for contents and their background.
The 1996 Excavations at Lepcis Magna
Authors: Walda Hafed , Ashton Sally-Ann , Reynolds Paul , Sidell Jane , Sjöström Isabella Welsby , Wilkinson Keith 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe third season of excavation of a Roman town house adjacent to the theatre of Lepcis Magna took place in September 1996. The whole ground plan of the house had not previously been exposed and this was the primary task of the 1996 fieldwork. It appeared that the first building was constructed of well-dressed stone with interior mud-brick walls in the first half of the first century AD and continued in use until either the later first or the beginning of the second century AD. The site was then abandoned until the fourth century when the building was reoccupied, and the interior layout changed. Final abandonment seems to have taken place in the fifth century. The cisterns and well of the house were also examined, and probably what are the first waterlogged archaeological deposits from North Africa were sampled. They include large amounts of organic domestic waste.Ceramic assemblages of late coarseware and first-century coarse and fineware were studied by Isabella Welsby Sjöström and Paul Reynolds. Sally-Ann Ashton worked on the wall-plaster, architectural marble fragments, and other finds, including ivory and bone, bronzes, and sculpture. The animal bone of all three seasons was examined by Jane Sidell, and included much butchered material. Sheep/goat were the most common animal found, and cattle and pig were a great deal more common than had been expected for North Africa. Keith Wilkinson discusses the palaeoenvironmental material and future hopes for its scientific examination.During 1997 a Lepcis Magna web site has been opened to provide up to date news of the project. A virtual museum provides illustrations of many of the important finds, and an illustrated account of the excavation can be heard in the virtual lecture theatre. Its address is: www.alnpete.co.uk/lepcis/.
ΑΡΧΙΠΠΑ: A Lost Statue Rediscovered
Authors: Thorn Dorothy 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSome hitherto forgotten documents from Smith and Porcher's exploits at Cyrene were discovered in Edinburgh. These consisted of draft copies of despatches and a collection of their photographs, one of which showed the only contemporary view of the marble seated figure they identified as ‘Archippe’ on the grounds of an inscription on the base, but left in Cyrene on their departure. A resemblance was noticed between the ‘Archippe’ photographed in 1861 and an enigmatic seated figure now situated near the Apollo Sanctuary. The two-line inscription subsequently found on this statue identifies it as the one described by Smith and Porcher, and also by previous explorers.
The Fezzan Project 1999: preliminary report on the third season of work
Authors: Mattingly David J. , al-Mashai Mohammed , Balcombe Phil , Drake Nick , Knight Stephanie , McLaren Sue , Pelling Ruth , Reynolds Tim , Thomas David , Wilson Andrew I. , White Kevin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis report summarises the work of the third season of the Fezzan project which took place in January 1999. The main environmental findings of the project team of specialist geographers are providing confirmation of dramatic climatic and environmental change over the last 100,000 years and give more precise dates for some of these changes. The excavations in Old Germa (ancient Garama) have continued through Islamic levels, with elements of five main phases of buildings now having been recorded. Additional standing structures, including one of Germa's main mosques, have been surveyed. Field survey around Germa has revealed further new settlement sites of prehistoric, Garamantian and Islamic date. Of particular importance is a series of lithic and pottery scatters relating to neolithic occupation along the edge of the Ubari Sand Sea, to the north of Germa. Further investigation of the irrigation channels (foggaras) has revealed significant new information about their size, construction and probable date. The report concludes with a brief preliminary analysis of changing settlement patterns over time.
The Libyan Fazzān: a crossroads of routes and a thoroughfare of Arab and Berber tribes historically connected with the Murābiṭūn (Almoravids). A historical and tribal reassessment in the light of what is discoverable in the historical literature, both oral and recorded, of the Tuareg peoples of the Central Sahara and the Libyan Fazzān
Authors: Nortis H. T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe subject of this paper is the presentation and argument of a case for the millennium old record of an apparent steady migration of Berber Saharan nomads, who, at a later stage in their history, have came to be recognized as the principal tribes, federations and Sultanates of the Tuareg people whom we know today. These Berber speakers, who are variosly mentioned as the Lamṭa, Lamtūna, Ilemtin, Dag Elemtei and Azgar (Ifoghas), were the acknowledged ancestors of the so-called ‘Sanhaja’ peoples in the Western, the Central and the Eastern Sahara.The Fazzān contains the remains of the ancient city of Jarma (Garama) and from the evidence which has been found from Tifinagh inscriptions which have been discovered at that site, this ‘capital of the Garamantes’ played a significant role in shaping the linguistic and cultural identity of the Tuareg peoples. This identity is especially centered around the city of Ghāt, which borders both the Algerian and Libyan Sahara. This entire region, the Tassili -n- Ajjer and including Akakus, would appear to correspond to Jabal Ṭanṭāna, a toponym which finds a mention in the writings of a number of Arab geographers and historians. Its location made it pivotal for trans-Saharan trade.
A topographic research sample in the territory of Lepcis Magna: Sīlīn
Authors: Munzi Massimiliano , Felici Fabrizio , Cifani Gabriele , Citelli Enrico , Gaudiosi Eleonora , Lucarini Giulio , Matug Jabar 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWorking with the Libyan Department of Antiquity, the Mission of the University Roma Tre in Lepcis Magna undertook, in April-May 1997 and 1998, an intensive topographic research in a broad coastal sample of the Lepcis Magna territory, west of Khomsand around the Roman villa of Sīlīn(site 29)(Fig. 1). The survey, in an area of about 20 square Km Dounded to the East by wādī al-Ṭūra/al-Fānīand to the West on wādī Jabrūnwas conducted by a mixed Italian-Libyan team, consisting of five archaeologists on average; the sample depth was fixed to the South at 3 km from the coast line. The map S. 2190 III, Al-Quṣbat, on a scale of 1:50.000 was used as cartography.
Una postazione di miliari presso Abu Kammash (Tripolitania)
Authors: Munzi M. , Zennati M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn 1998 a mile-station was discovered along the ancient coastal road 1400 m east of Abu Kammash, a centre identified with ancient Pisida on the basis of the Roman itineraries: the Itinerarium Antonini records a distance of 54 miles from Sabratha; the Tabula Peutingeriana of only 53. The Department of Antiquity of Sabratha in collaboration with the Archaeological Mission of the University Roma Tre recovered a milestone of Caracalla (216 AD) and another of Diocletian and Maximian (290-292 AD). Both bear the number of 54 miles, a distance evidently reckoned from the city of Sabratha, in perfect accordance with the figure of the Itinerarium Antonini.
A preliminary survey of Gasr Shibna, Benghazi
Authors: Bennett Paul , Buzaian Ahmed 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper provides a preliminary record of a recently damaged Roman farm and late Roman fortified building (gasr) located in the eastern suburbs of Benghazi. The remains of the farm buildings are briefly described, together with the more substantial remains of thegasr. The site was truncated during the building of a new road, with further damage occurring during the construction of a major water main and the building of new houses. The plight of Gasr Shibna and other sites threatened by development in the outskirts of Benghazi is discussed, with the conclusion that these sites are representative of the ongoing, rapidly increasing and widespread destruction of Libyan cultural heritage by development across the country as a whole. The paper concludes with an appeal for the development of a stronger, well-resourced Department of Antiquities, the establishment of a National Sites and Monuments Record to assist with the curation and protection of ancient sites and improved planning legislation to ensure that future prosperity is not being secured at the cost of Libyan heritage.
Alan Rowe: archaeologist and excavator in Egypt, Palestine and Cyrenaica
Authors: Thorn James Copland 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the course of research on Alan Rowe's Cyrenaican expeditions, when he was Special Lecturer at Manchester University, Rowe's career as an Egyptologist came unexpectedly to light from his personal papers, national archives and the records of various museums. What emerged was a picture of a man who had an active life, not only in Egypt and Cyrenaica, but also in Australia, Palestine and Syria.
Preserving cultural heritage and developing a modern city: the difficult case of Euesperides
Authors: Marzano Annalisa 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis note reports on a paper presented at the American Institute of Archaeology 107th Annual Meeting (Montreal January 2006). The theme of the American Institute of Archaeology Annual meeting was ‘Management and Preservation of Cultural Heritage’. The Euesperides Project presented a paper on Euesperides (Sidi Abeid, Benghazi), the Archaic Greek settlement founded in the sixth century BC. Although the site was declared a protected area for its historical and archaeological importance, it still lacks effective protection. The site, important also from a naturalistic point of view, is used as an illegal rubbish dumping area and is awaiting a long-promised wall to prevent indiscriminate access to it.The paper stressed that many sites in Libya are in need of preservation and protection, even more so after the opening of the country to tourism. The need to develop new infrastructure, if not carefully planned in respect of the cultural heritage, may result in indiscriminate development, as witnessed at Apollonia, where a harbour was being built near the site, obliterating the ancient port. The paper discussed also the Project's proposal presented to the local authorities, concerning the realization of an archaeological park and museum of the history of Benghazi. These projects are important not only to attract tourists, but above all for the local schools and educational programmes directed to inform the younger generations about the importance of their past.
Euesperides 2006: Preliminary Report on the Spring 2006 season
Authors: Wilson Andrew , Bennett Paul , Buzaian Ahmed , Cherstich Luca , Found Ben , Göransson Kristian , Holman James , Lane Ross , Morley Geoffrey , Russell Ben , Swift Keith , Vaughan-Williams Alys , Zimi Eleni 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper is a preliminary report on the eighth and final fieldwork (Spring 2006) season of the excavations at Euesperides (Benghazi). Work continued in Areas P and Q on the Sidi Abeid mound, in Area R in the lower city and on the processing of finds from the 2006 and previous seasons.In Area P excavations continued below the primary floors of the antepenultimate phase in Room 5a where a series of inter-cutting pits beneath the primary floor provided a section through the stratigraphy to natural. The results of the work showed that occupation in the sixth to fourth centuries BC was less intensive and accumulated at a slower rate than in the Hellenistic period. Three phases of early activity were represented, with the earliest levels dated to the period c. 580–560 BC. A comparable picture emerged in Area R, but in Area Q a second-phase set of buildings laid out in or after the late sixth century BC, with houses flanking the street, persisted until late in the life of the city. Excavations in Area Q Extension revealed a large circular building with an internal floor of terracotta sherds set in cement, tentatively interpreted as part of a set of public baths. A late reuse of the building was indicated by a number of plaster-lined tanks formed over the terracotta floor. The presence of the building was taken to indicate that the building and an associated street, aligned over an in-filled quarry, may have been inter-mural, suggesting that the late city was of greater size than hitherto thought.Selected finewares, coarsewares and amphorae from the excavations are presented, together with preliminary observations, resulting from the environmental sampling of occupation deposits.
Recent developments in Libya
Authors: Layden Anthony 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs British Ambassador to Libya between 2002 and 2006 the author has been directly involved in many of the major changes and developments that have taken place between Libya and Britain in recent years. This paper, which was originally presented as a lecture to the Society for Libyan Studies in London on 8 February 2007, describes these recent developments and the role they have played in repairing relations between Libya and Britain and with the wider international community.
Recherche sur l'ancêtre des alphabets libyco-berbères
Authors: Kaci Par Ali Aït 
Published: February 2016

RésuméCet article traite de la question de l'origine de l'écriture libyco-berbère et de son développement. Après un aperçu sur les alphabets locaux du Nord et du Sud, une discussion sur les différentes opinions émises sur le sujet est donnée avec la mise en relief des arguments des tenants de la thèse locale et de ceux qui pensent que le libyco-berbère dérive du punique ou d'un prototype inconnu. L'important site inscrit d'Irlarlaren (Nord du Tadrart Akakus) est ensuite présenté. Plusieurs exemples graphiques sont empruntés à ce site ancien des Garamantes. Afin de déterminer leur origine et évolution et pour permettre de débattre de façon nouvelle la question de l'origine du libyco-berbère, deux graphies spiralées, très répandues dans le Sahara central et méridional sont examinées. Celles-ci sont en effet considérées ici comme des indices paléographiques permettant à la fois d'appuyer la thèse «classique» de l'origine du libyco-berbère à partir du (phénico-) punique et de soutenir l'antériorité du tifinagh ancien par rapport aux autres branches libyco-berbères. La même approche a été faite pour d'autres lettres libyco-berbères présentant des similitudes graphiques (et phonétiques) avec le (phénico-) punique. Après cela, le mode de formation des autres lettres est envisagé sous ses différents aspects: multiplication des traits et des points, barres à points, rotation, etc. En conclusion, l'hypothèse d'une écriture inspirée aux alentours du VIes. av. J.-C. par le monde punique et développée par les Garamantes est argumentée. Il s'agit là d'arguments divers sur les synchronismes entre les Carthaginois et les Garamantes, et le rôle de ces derniers, mis au centre de ce débat.
Recent developments in Cyrene's chora south of the Wadi bel Gadir
Authors: Kane Susan , White Donald 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecent work in the Wadi bel Gadir in the southern chora region of Cyrene, in particular the discovery of two temple precincts by the Italian Mission (Missione Archeologica a Cirene della Università degli Studi di Urbino) as well as an intensive topographic survey by the newly reconstituted University of Pennsylvania Expedition (now the Cyrenaica Archaeological Project) is providing important information about urban development to the west and southwest of the city of Cyrene. This paper offers an overview of the previous work in the area and some thoughts on the potential implications of the recent discoveries by the Italian Mission led by Professor Mario Luni and the Cyrenaican Archaeological Project (CAP) directed by Professor Susan Kane.
More light on Tripoli's Protestant Cemetery
Authors: Wright John 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTripoli's Protestant Cemetery is a place of some mystery. One of the most persistent of these mysteries is the whereabouts of the £200 Sterling that the former British Consul General in Tripoli, Colonel Hanmer Warrington, publicly claimed to have deposited in the Bank of England around 1841 to maintain his family mausoleum and the rest of the cemetery. Research at the Bank of England and in the National Archives in Kew, London, has thrown fresh, but not conclusive, light on this matter. Another of the cemetery's mysteries are the five graves, said to be those of some of the United States sailors killed in Tripoli harbour in 1804. In the 1950s and 1960s these graves were the focus of an annual American diplomatic and military commemoration ceremony. But were the graves really what they were supposed to be?
Transport, mobility and road traffic accidents in Benghazi
Authors: Salem Salem F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAs is the case in most Third World cities, Benghazi's urban growth has outpaced infrastructural development. The unexpected rapid growth has generated many typical urban problems particularly in the area of transportation and road accidents. The increase in vehicular traffic is affecting the entire fabric of urban life as the growing number of private cars begins to overwhelm Benghazi's road system. In 1999 12% of all deaths in Libya were caused by road traffic accidents and in 2000 the cost of road traffic accidents was put at more than 15 million LD. This paper argues that the existing public transport system could be better used through incorporation of small-scale services, like local taxis and minibuses, and new technology where feasible.The author suggests that improvement and development in the transportation sector be devoted entirely to buses and intermediate public carriers because of their complementary nature: buses operate on fixed routes and schedules, while minibuses have the flexibility to reach areas inaccessible by buses. In addition to decreasing demand for parking spaces in the central area, minibuses might further bring about traffic reduction and decreases in congestion, minimising road traffic accidents and thus preventing delays for both private automobiles and bus riders.
The Haua Fteah, Cyrenaica (Northeast Libya): renewed investigations of the cave and its landscape, 2007
Authors: Barker Graeme , Hunt Chris , Reynolds Tim , Brooks Ian , el-Rishi Hwedi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe 1950s excavations by Charles McBurney in the great Haua Fteah cave in northeast Libya revealed a deep (14 m) sequence of human occupation going back at least 100,000 years, with evidence for the presence of both Neanderthals and Modern Humans in the Pleistocene, and for Neolithic farmers in the Holocene. In 2007 a renewed programme of archaeological and geomorphological investigation began with the objective of improving understanding of the cave's occupation sequence and, combined with fieldwork in the landscape, of the history of landscape change and human responses to it. The initial season of fieldwork removed the upper c. 4.5 m of backfill in the McBurney trench; established the robustness of the original faces and their suitability for analytical interventions; recorded detailed running sections spanning from the present day to (at least) the Last Glacial Maximum c. 20,000 years ago; and indicated the potential of the surviving archaeology to reveal not just sequence but also activities or ‘taskscapes’ at the site. The geomorphological fieldwork identified rich sequences of later Quaternary deposits (marine, colluvial, alluvial, aeolian) with the potential to provide significant results regarding the history of climate and environment in the region. Archaeological survey around the cave indicates that the variability of the surface lithic evidence appears to reflect real differences in past human behaviour and use of the landscape and not just post-depositional taphonomic processes. Fifty years after the extraordinary pioneering work of McBurney and his colleagues, the new work demonstrates the continued potential of the Haua Fteah's unique occupation sequence and the multi-period ‘human landscapes’ around it to transform understanding of early human societies in North Africa.
DMP VIII: Palaeohydrology and palaeoenvironment
Authors: Drake Nicholas , White Kevin , Salem Mustapha , Armitage Simon , El-Hawat Ahmed , Francke Jan , Hounslow Mark , Parker Adrian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe January 2009 fieldwork season conducted geomorphological and palaeoenviromental surveys in as yet unexplored parts of the Lake Megafazzan Basin, as well as continuing research in the Wadi al-Hayat and Ubari Sand Sea. Lake Megafazzan sediments were investigated at two sites on the eastern margin of the basin. At the first site, east of Tamessah, 24 m of stratigraphy was investigated and found to consist of a lacustrine carbonate unit at the base progressing into a fluvial unit and then an upper carbonate unit. The sediments were sampled for magnetostratigraphy and cosmogenic nucleide dating in order to determine their age. Similar studies were undertaken in the vicinity of the Arial Agricultural Project, where 31 m of section were logged and sampled. Here the sediments were quite different, being composed of a deltaic sequence consisting of stacked channels and palaeosols, thought to represent the outflow delta of the palaeolake. Many new Holocene lake sediment deposits were discovered and sampled in the Wadi al-Hayat and the Ubari Sand Sea, including a 5 m section through Jarma Playa that appears to record the last arid-humid cycle. Lake Gabr 'Awn and the moat round Old Jarma were cored in order to gather a detailed picture of recent palaeoenvironmental change. Finally, we implemented a pilot geophysical survey to test the ability of state-of-the-art Ground Penetrating Radar (UltraGPR) technology for detecting and mapping buried palaeolake sediments under the dunes of the Ubari Sand Sea. The UltraGPR was found to be very effective, detecting palaeolake sediments as much as 60 m beneath the surface. Preliminary results suggest such sediments underlie much of the region.