bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Ramble Round Ludlow
Authors: Roberts George E. 
Published: March 2016

After the al fresco dinner of the “Worcestershire Naturalist Club,” under the Sorb Tree, in Wyre Forest, I and Mr. Baxter of Worcester, well known for his botanical acumen, started for the Ludlow promontory, via Cleobury and Caynham. I copy from my note-book the following geological facts—some may be of use to the definer of the limits of ancient life-periods; others, deficient in value for such purposes, may save future explorers time and trouble in working up the district.I arrange them in the order of their occurrence.The “Brownstones” of the cornstone series are finely quarried a mile east of Cleobury; very fine rippled-marked slabs may be obtained, and ichnites (fossil footprints) should be apparent, it being an equivalent bed to the one in which they occur at Puddlestone, Herefordshire.The curious outlier of the “Forest Coal-field,” on which Cleobury stands, has been fruitlessly sunk into for coal this year; another proof that the geologist is not “abroad” in the land, no bed in the whole coal-field having paid expenses, and, in some instances—this I find among the number—the Old Red has been reached without coal being met with.The south end of the Titterstone Hill, presenting a fine escarpment of mountain limestone to the valley, is very barren of fossils. I could not meet with or hear of any of those interesting fish-jaws, spines, and palatal teeth, so numerous along its northern sides at Oreton and Farlow.
British Fossils, Stratigraphically Arranged
Authors: Morris John 
Published: March 2016

The Llandovery rocks were so named by Sir R. Murchison from the locality in South Wales where they are most fully developed, and where their physical relations to the formations above and below them are clearly exposed. Those rocks constitute an intermediate place in the Silurian table, connecting, by some of their contained organic remains, the fauna of the upper and lower Silurian groups. The upper Llandovery rock contains many shells common to the Wenlock beds, and is considered to form the natural base of those deposits; on the other hand, the lower Llandovery is related by its fossils to the Caradoc beds below, and both members of this formation are united by having certain fossils in common and peculiar to them, but are chiefly characterized by the abundance of some species of Petraia, Atrypa, and especially Pentamerus. This group consists of soft, argillaceous sandstones and building stones (Goleugoed), shales, some calcareous bands, hard, coarse grits, and quartzose, pebbly conglomerates. Thickness 2,000 to 3,000 feet.Localities.—Both members of this group, and their relations to the overlying and subjacent rocks, are well exhibited at Noeth Grüg, near Llandovery, South Wales. In Radnorshire, Shropshire, and Hereford, the upper member, or Pentamerus oblongus zone, is alone present, and is seen in some places to be unconformable to the Longmynd and Caradoc rocks. The conglomerates of the west flank of the Malverns, and the sandstones of May Hill and Huntly, Gloucestershire, are of this age.
On Some New Palæozoic Crinoids from England and Scotland
Authors: de Koninck L. 
Published: March 2016

The two following species appear to me to be new, and come likewise from the carboniferous limestone:—1. Hydreionocrinus Woodianus. De Koninch. Pl. IV. fig. 5, 5a.The head of this species is of medium size, sub-cylindrical in form, and terminated at its upper part by a crown composed of fifteen pieces, disposed in a circle, and attached one to another, the central space being occupied by the dome. The calix, taken by itself, resembles a little open cup. The base is composed of rather small plates, most of which have a point attached to the stem. The subradial plates, with the exception of that on the anal side, are much broader than long. They are very thick and strongly arched, and consequently their sutures are very decidedly exhibited. The first radial plates are pentagonal in shape, about a third broader than long, and, like the preceding, rather thick, and separated from each other by a strong groove. The second radial plates are also pentagonal, and broader than long. The axillary plate is very thick, and furnished with a slight protuberance, and juts outwards. The brachial plates, which follow the axillary plate, offer nothing remarkable. The external surface of these plates is indented with little irregular tracings, which make it rough, and the test thus resembles shagreen. The arms—twenty in number—are composed of cuneiform alternating articulations, and are joined together laterally. I have not observed any traces of pinnules. The little plates of which the dome is composed are all ornamented with a prominent tubercle in the middle. Their surface is apparently smooth, their number variable, and their form is generally hexagonal. I have not been able to discover any traces of a horn or proboscis, nor of any anal or buccal opening. It is probable these were situated between the arms, which were placed on the anal or irregular side of the bulb, and that these arms were capable of extension, and of admitting a passage for the food of the animal. The stem is rather stout, in comparison to that of most of the other species, among which it is often very slight.
The Practical Application of Geology in Coal-Seeking
Authors: Buckman James 
Published: March 2016

Searching for coal is, not only at home but also abroad, a serious subject, and one in which the practical utility of connecting geological knowledge with active operations is particularly obvious, and which from actual experience I can well illustrate by many interesting cases which have come under my own notice. The first determinations in a coal “adventure” may be classified as follows:—1. Where coal is not. 2. Where coal may be, but at too great a depth for working. 3. Where coal may be found convenient for working. 4. Its quality and extent.In order to make what follows the more interesting, we may premise, what every Geologist now knows—that the earth is made up of strata of different kinds—e.g., sandstones, limestones, and argillaceous beds called rocks. The different strata have been formed step by step, layer upon layer. Each stratum has its distinct position and age in relation to other strata. The relative age and, consequently, position of a rock can be distinguished by mineral structure, fossil contents, or both.Again, by way of still more clearly establishing our primary position, let the following table represent some of the strata above and below the general coal deposit:—Now this partial table of British strata represents the coal measures as being overlaid by the New Red Sandstone deposits, and underlaid by the Mountain Limestone and Old Red Sandstone, which, though a general, is by no means the invariable rule in coal deposits, as sometimes the Mountain Limestone is absent, and the coal measures rest upon the old red system, as in great part of the Shropshire coal-field.
The Common Fossils of the British Rocks
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

More things remain to be spoken of fossils; wonders of skill to be presented in their construction and design; marvels of mechanical devices for progression, for strength, for lightness, or for protection to be displayed; and consummate wisdom and benevolent forethought to be exhibited in their adaptation to the various purposes for which they were created—in fact, as much as we find to admire or to consider in the structure of existing animals or plants, in their means of developement or of growth, in the influences of climate and seasons upon them, so much also do we find for equal admiration and reflection in those ancient “medals” of past creations.Even contorted and damaged fossils are not without their evidences.Squeezed on either side or flattened, they do not merely ndicate the pressure to which they have been subjected, but the direction also from which it came. Everything connected with fossils is of high interest; but from first to last the value of fossils is in their teachings; and it is never by pounds, shillings, and pence that we can value them at all. In such a light they are but worthless bits of stone, as fit to mend the roads as to be saved. To minds that esteem them thus, they are no treasures, but merely merchandise. Properly studied, however, they convey their lessons of the past; and when regarded as letters in the vast and holy book of Nature, which must ever be read with solemnity and reverence, they take their places properly in the great sentences and wonderful passages of that mysterious language from which Geology interprets the order, wisdom, goodness, and prescience displayed in the animated worlds that were. It is thus we shall have attained to the true knowledge of the value of fossils, when we shall turn from such readings with adoration to the Great Author of all.
On a New Genus of Echinoderm, and Observations on the Genus Palæchinus
Authors: Austin Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Shape not well defined in the specimens obtained. Ambulacral, areas wide; the two rows of pores in double pairs near the margin, with alternate additional perforated plates near the widest spread of the ambulacra; where these additional plates intervene the pores become quadruple; interambulacral areas wide.
The Protoechinos differs wholly from Palæchinus; and bears bat little affinity to any recent or fossil echinoderm with which I am acquainted.
Geological Localities. —No. I. Folkestone
Authors: Mackie S. J. 
Published: March 2016

Time passes away, and we all of us grow older and older. As day by day the daylight lengthens or contracts, the air gets warmer or chillier, the skies brighter or bleaker, and everything around us imperceptably changes, it is only after the lapse of weeks that we perceive the change.
Yet Time never stays his rapid course; and in mid-life it is perhaps for the first time we stop in our onward path to feel, for the first time too, we are not what we were.
Years ago, when a child, I picked up shells and pebbles on the Kentish strands. In school-boy days, with bolder hand and surer foot, oft have I scrambled o'er those white chalk-cliffs, or clambered homewards for six long miles o'er sea-weeded rocks with satchel loaded full of fossils gathered from the slippery shores of Eastwear Bay, were the dark-blue crumbling Gault daily yields its crop of glittering fossils to the destructive battering of the salt sea waves.
On the Ossiferous Caverns at Oreston
Authors: Hodge Henry C. 
Published: March 2016

To the thick-skinned quadrupeds belong animals of at least four genera—Elephant, Rhinoceros, Horse, and Hog.In addition to the large grinders of the mammoth, before described, there occurred a remarkable molar tooth of a very young mammoth (length or anteroposterior diameter of the crown one inch and three-quarters, breadth one inch and one-eighth), containing six plates; it appears to belong to the “thick-plated” variety, but is unlike any of the numerous small grinders of this animal, contained in the British Museum and elsewhere, with wnich it has been carefully compared.The larger molars of the rhinoceros were all fragmentary; but a small tooth, having its enamel equally thick with that of the larger specimens, may, it is presumed, belong to a small species of that animal.
On Canadian Caverns
Authors: Gibb George D. 
Published: March 2016

The greater part of the main road from Carillon to Grenville, a distance of thirteen miles on the northern banks of the Ottawa River, runs over the Calciferous sand rook of the Lower Silurian formation. In many places ihe surface of the rock is exposed, and beyond the village of Chatham, towards Grenville, and even in Chatham, for a short distance, the road consists of the solid limestone rock. As the surface of the rock is more or less rough or uneven, the road is an uncomfortable one to travel over in a wheeled vehicle. On driving over that part of the rock just near Chatham, a tremendous loud rumbling noise	is occasioned by the stage, which is not heard, in other situation. This has been attributed to the presence of one or more large caverns situated beneath the road at this place: and, on making inquiry on the spot, I learnt that a prevalent opinion has long been entertained by the country people and many intelligent persons in the to neigbourhood, that a considerable cavern does exist in this part of the country in the place mentioned. On the many occasions that I have driven over this road, the loud rumbling noise has been invariably observed by my fellow travellers as well as by myself. Sotne-day an opening into the cavern may be discovered and the mystery solved. The main road is, elevated and is probably from seventy to ninety feet above the level of the Ottawa River.
High education and increased parity are associated with breast-feeding initiation and duration among Australian women
Authors: Holowko Natalie , Jones Mark , Koupil Ilona , Tooth Leigh , Mishra Gita 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveBreast-feeding is associated with positive maternal and infant health and development outcomes. To assist identifying women less likely to meet infant nutritional guidelines, we investigated the role of socio-economic position and parity on initiation of and sustaining breast-feeding for at least 6 months.DesignProspective cohort study.SettingAustralia.SubjectsParous women from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (born 1973–78), with self-reported reproductive and breast-feeding history (N4777).ResultsWhile 89 % of women (83 % of infants) had ever breast-fed, only 60 % of infants were breast-fed for at least 6 months. Multiparous women were more likely to breast-feed their first child (~90 %v. ~71 % of primiparous women), and women who breast-fed their first child were more likely to breast-feed subsequent children. Women with a low education (adjusted OR (95 % CI): 2·09 (1·67, 2·62)) or a very low-educated parent (1·47 (1·16, 1·88)) had increased odds of not initiating breast-feeding with their first or subsequent children. While fewer women initiated breast-feeding with their youngest child, this was most pronounced among high-educated women. While ~60 % of women breast-fed their first, second and third child for at least 6 months, low-educated women (first child, adjusted OR (95 % CI): 2·19 (1·79, 2·68)) and women with a very low (1·82 (1·49, 2·22)) or low-educated parent (1·69 (1·33, 2·14)) had increased odds of not breast-feeding for at least 6 months.ConclusionsA greater understanding of barriers to initiating and sustaining breast-feeding, some of which are socio-economic-specific, may assist in reducing inequalities in infant breast-feeding.
Optogenetic dissection of ictal propagation in the hippocampal–entorhinal cortex structures
Authors: Lu Yi , Zhong Cheng , Wang Lulu , Wei Pengfei , He Wei , Huang Kang , Zhang Yi , Zhan Yang , Feng Guoping , Wang Liping 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTemporal lobe epilepsy (TLE) is one of the most common drug-resistant forms of epilepsy in adults and usually originates in the hippocampal formations. However, both the network mechanisms that support the seizure spread and the exact directions of ictal propagation remain largely unknown. Here we report the dissection of ictal propagation in the hippocampal–entorhinal cortex (HP–EC) structures using optogenetic methods in multiple brain regions of a kainic acid-induced model of TLE in VGAT-ChR2 transgenic mice. We perform highly temporally precise cross-area analyses of epileptic neuronal networks and find a feed-forward propagation pathway of ictal discharges from the dentate gyrus/hilus (DGH) to the medial entorhinal cortex, instead of a re-entrant loop. We also demonstrate that activating DGH GABAergic interneurons can significantly inhibit the spread of ictal seizures and largely rescue behavioural deficits in kainate-exposed animals. These findings may shed light on future therapeutic treatments of TLE.
Cajal bodies are linked to genome conformation
Authors: Wang Qiuyan , Sawyer Iain A. , Sung Myong-Hee , Sturgill David , Shevtsov Sergey P. , Pegoraro Gianluca , Hakim Ofir , Baek Songjoon , Hager Gordon L. , Dundr Miroslav 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe mechanisms underlying nuclear body (NB) formation and their contribution to genome function are unknown. Here we examined the non-random positioning of Cajal bodies (CBs), major NBs involved in spliceosomal snRNP assembly and their role in genome organization. CBs are predominantly located at the periphery of chromosome territories at a multi-chromosome interface. Genome-wide chromosome conformation capture analysis (4C-seq) using CB-interacting loci revealed that CB-associated regions are enriched with highly expressed histone genes and U small nuclear or nucleolar RNA (sn/snoRNA) loci that form intra- and inter-chromosomal clusters. In particular, we observed a number of CB-dependent gene-positioning events on chromosome 1. RNAi-mediated disassembly of CBs disrupts the CB-targeting gene clusters and suppresses the expression of U sn/snoRNA and histone genes. This loss of spliceosomal snRNP production results in increased splicing noise, even in CB-distal regions. Therefore, we conclude that CBs contribute to genome organization with global effects on gene expression and RNA splicing fidelity.
Optical micromanipulation of nanoparticles and cells inside living zebrafish
Authors: Johansen Patrick Lie , Fenaroli Federico , Evensen Lasse , Griffiths Gareth , Koster Gerbrand 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRegulation of biological processes is often based on physical interactions between cells and their microenvironment. To unravel how and where interactions occur, micromanipulation methods can be used that offer high-precision control over the duration, position and magnitude of interactions. However, lacking an in vivo system, micromanipulation has generally been done with cells in vitro, which may not reflect the complex in vivo situation inside multicellular organisms. Here using optical tweezers we demonstrate micromanipulation throughout the transparent zebrafish embryo. We show that different cells, as well as injected nanoparticles and bacteria can be trapped and that adhesion properties and membrane deformation of endothelium and macrophages can be analysed. This non-invasive micromanipulation inside a whole-organism gives direct insights into cell interactions that are not accessible using existing approaches. Potential applications include screening of nanoparticle-cell interactions for cancer therapy or tissue invasion studies in cancer and infection biology.
A wearable biochemical sensor for monitoring alcohol consumption lifestyle through Ethyl glucuronide (EtG) detection in human sweat
Authors: Panneer Selvam Anjan , Muthukumar Sriram , Kamakoti Vikramshankar , Prasad Shalini 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe demonstrate for the first time a wearable biochemical sensor for monitoring alcohol consumption through the detection and quantification of a metabolite of ethanol, ethyl glucuronide (EtG). We designed and fabricated two co-planar sensors with gold and zinc oxide as sensing electrodes. We also designed a LED based reporting for the presence of EtG in the human sweat samples. The sensor functions on affinity based immunoassay principles whereby monoclonal antibodies for EtG were immobilized on the electrodes using thiol based chemistry. Detection of EtG from human sweat was achieved through chemiresistive sensing mechanism. In this method, an AC voltage was applied across the two coplanar electrodes and the impedance across the sensor electrodes was measured and calibrated for physiologically relevant doses of EtG in human sweat. EtG detection over a dose concentration of 0.001–100 μg/L was demonstrated on both glass and polyimide substrates. Detection sensitivity was lower at 1 μg/L with gold electrodes as compared to ZnO, which had detection sensitivity of 0.001 μg/L. Based on the detection range the wearable sensor has the ability to detect alcohol consumption of up to 11 standard drinks in the US over a period of 4 to 9 hours.
ROS-generating TiO2 nanoparticles for non-invasive sonodynamic therapy of cancer
Authors: You Dong Gil , Deepagan V. G. , Um Wooram , Jeon Sangmin , Son Sejin , Chang Hyeyoun , Yoon Hwa In , Cho Yong Woo , Swierczewska Maggie , Lee Seulki , Pomper Martin G. , Kwon Ick Chan , Kim Kwangmeyung , Park Jae Hyung 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe non-invasive photodynamic therapy has been limited to treat superficial tumours, primarily ascribed to poor tissue penetration of light as the energy source. Herein, we designed a long-circulating hydrophilized titanium dioxide nanoparticle (HTiO2 NP) that can be activated by ultrasound to generate reactive oxygen species (ROS). When administered systemically to mice, HTiO2 NPs effectively suppressed the growth of superficial tumours after ultrasound treatments. In tumour tissue, the levels of proinflammatory cytokines were elevated several fold and intense vascular damage was observed. Notably, ultrasound treatments with HTiO2 NPs also suppressed the growth of deeply located liver tumours at least 15-fold, compared to animals without ultrasound treatments. This study provides the first demonstration of the feasibility of using HTiO2 NPs as sensitizers for sonodynamic therapy in vivo.
Pectin as an Extraordinary Natural Kinetic Hydrate Inhibitor
Authors: Xu Shurui , Fan Shuanshi , Fang Songtian , Lang Xuemei , Wang Yanhong , Chen Jun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPectin as a novel natural kinetic hydrate inhibitor, expected to be eco-friendly and sufficiently biodegradable, was studied in this paper. The novel crystal growth inhibition (CGI) and standard induction time methods were used to evaluate its effect as hydrate inhibitor. It could successfully inhibit methane hydrate formation at subcooling temperature up to 12.5 °C and dramatically slowed the hydrate crystal growth. The dosage of pectin decreased by 66% and effective time extended 10 times than typical kinetic inhibitor. Besides, its maximum growth rate was no more than 2.0%/h, which was far less than 5.5%/h of growth rate for PVCap at the same dosage. The most prominent feature was that it totally inhibited methane hydrate crystal rapid growth when hydrate crystalline occurred. Moreover, in terms of typical natural inhibitors, the inhibition activity of pectin increased 10.0-fold in induction time and 2.5-fold in subcooling temperature. The extraordinary inhibition activity is closely related to its hydrogen bonding interaction with water molecules and the hydrophilic structure. Finally, the biodegradability and economical efficiency of pectin were also taken into consideration. The results showed the biodegradability improved 75.0% and the cost reduced by more than 73.3% compared to typical commercial kinetic inhibitors.