bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Androgen receptor polyglutamine repeat length (AR‐CAGn) modulates the effect of testosterone on androgen‐associated somatic traits in Filipino young adult men
Authors: Ryan Calen P. , Georgiev Alexander V. , McDade Thomas W. , Gettler Lee T. , Eisenberg Dan T. A. , Rzhetskaya Margarita , Agustin Sonny S. , Hayes M. Geoffrey , Kuzawa Christopher W. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe androgen receptor (AR) mediates expression of androgen‐associated somatic traits such as muscle mass and strength. Within the human AR is a highly variable glutamine short‐tandem repeat (AR‐CAGn), and CAG repeat number has been inversely correlated to AR transcriptional activity in vitro. However, evidence for an attenuating effect of long AR‐CAGn on androgen‐associated somatic traits has been inconsistent in human populations. One possible explanation for this lack of consistency is that the effect of AR‐CAGn on AR bioactivity in target tissues likely varies in relation to circulating androgen levels.Materials and MethodsWe tested whether relationships between AR‐CAGn and several androgen‐associated somatic traits (waist circumference, lean mass, arm muscle area, and grip strength) were modified by salivary (waking and pre‐bed) and circulating (total) testosterone (T) levels in young adult males living in metropolitan Cebu, Philippines (n = 675).ResultsWhen men's waking T was low, they had a reduction in three out of four androgen‐associated somatic traits with lengthening AR‐CAGn (p < .1), consistent with in vitro research. However, when waking T was high, we observed the opposite effect—lengthening AR‐CAGn was associated with an increase in these same somatic traits.DiscussionOur finding that longer AR‐CAGn predicts greater androgen‐associated trait expression among high‐T men runs counter to in vitro work, but is generally consistent with the few prior studies to evaluate similar interactions in human populations. Collectively, these results raise questions about the applicability of findings derived from in vitro AR‐CAGn studies to the receptor's role in maintaining androgen‐associated somatic traits in human populations.
A study of the effect of introduction of JTAS in the emergency room
Authors: Koyama Toru , Kashima Takeshi , Yamamoto Motoyoshi , Ouchi Kenjiro , Kotoku Takayuki , Mizuno Yuta 
Published: March 2017

AimThe purpose of this study was to better understand the effects of introducing the Japan Triage and Acuity Scale (JTAS) in the emergency room for walk‐in patients.MethodsA simple triage was used in Term A (from April 2006 to December 2010, 4 years and 9 months) and the JTAS was introduced in Term B (from January 2011 to September 2015, 4 years and 9 months). The number of patients who had a sudden turn for the worse after arrival in the emergency room and the time between attendance and emergency catheterization (TBAEC) due to acute coronary syndrome were reviewed.ResultsThere were 653 patients in Term A and 626 patients in Term B who were finally diagnosed as having serious causes. There was no significant difference in the frequency of a sudden turn for the worse between the two terms. There were 182 patients in Term A and 167 patients in Term B who underwent emergency catheterization due to acute coronary syndrome. When ST elevation was recognized in the first electrocardiogram, the median time between attendance and medical attention during Term B improved significantly, by 4.5 min. However, there was no significant difference in medians for TBAEC. When ST elevation was not recognized, there was no significant difference between the two terms, neither in terms of median time between attendance and medical attention, nor TBAEC.ConclusionThe data suggests that the effects of introducing the JTAS in the emergency room were restrictive in these two aspects.
Expansion of the ADOR Strategy for the Synthesis of Zeolites: The Synthesis of IPC‐12 from Zeolite UOV
Authors: Kasneryk Valeryia , Shamzhy Mariya , Opanasenko Maksym , Wheatley Paul S. , Morris Samuel A. , Russell Samantha E. , Mayoral Alvaro , Trachta Michal , Čejka Jiří , Morris Russell E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe assembly–disassembly–organization–reassembly (ADOR) process has been used to disassemble a parent zeolite with the UOV structure type and then reassemble the resulting layers into a novel structure, IPC‐12. The structure of the material has previously been predicted computationally and confirmed in our experiments using X‐ray diffraction and atomic resolution STEM‐HAADF electron microscopy. This is the first successful application of the ADOR process to a material with porous layers.
Synthesis of C3‐Fluorinated Oxindoles through Reagent‐Free Cross‐Dehydrogenative Coupling
Authors: Wu Zheng‐Jian , Xu Hai‐Chao 
Published: March 2017

AbstractReported herein is an unprecedented synthesis of C3‐fluorinated oxindoles through cross‐dehydrogenative coupling of C(sp3)‐H and C(sp2)‐H bonds from malonate amides. Under the unique and mild electrochemical conditions, the requisite oxidant and base are generated in a continuous fashion, allowing the formation of the base‐ and heat‐sensitive 3‐fluorooxindoles in high efficiency with broad substrate scope. The synthetic usefulness of the electrochemical method is further highlighted by its easy scalability and the diverse transformations of the electrolysis product.
Alkenyl Isocyanide Conjugate Additions: A Rapid Route to γ‐Carbolines
Authors: Chepyshev Sergiy V. , Lujan‐Montelongo J. Armando , Chao Allen , Fleming Fraser F. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIsocyanides are exceptional building blocks, the wide deployment of which in multicomponent and metal‐insertion reactions belies their limited availability. The first conjugate addition/alkylation to alkenyl isocyanides is described, which addresses this deficiency. An array of organolithiums, magnesiates, enolates, and metalated nitriles add conjugately to β‐ and β,β‐disubstituted arylsulfonyl alkenyl isocyanides to rapidly assemble diverse isocyanide scaffolds. The intermediate metalated isocyanides are efficiently trapped with electrophiles to generate substituted isocyanides incorporating contiguous tri‐ and tetra‐substituted centers. The substituted isocyanides are ideally functionalized for elaboration into synthetic targets as illustrated by the three‐step synthesis of γ‐carboline N‐methyl ingenine B.
Next‐Generation Polymer Shells for Inorganic Nanoparticles are Highly Compact, Ultra‐Dense, and Long‐Lasting Cyclic Brushes
Authors: Morgese Giulia , Shirmardi Shaghasemi Behzad , Causin Valerio , Zenobi‐Wong Marcy , Ramakrishna Shivaprakash N. , Reimhult Erik , Benetti Edmondo M. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCyclic poly‐2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazoline (PEOXA) ligands for superparamagnetic Fe3O4 nanoparticles (NPs) generate ultra‐dense and highly compact shells, providing enhanced colloidal stability and bio‐inertness in physiological media. When linear brush shells fail in providing colloidal stabilization to NPs, the cyclic ones assure long lasting dispersions. While the thermally induced dehydration of linear PEOXA shells cause irreversible aggregation of the NPs, the collapse and subsequent rehydration of similarly grafted cyclic brushes allow the full recovery of individually dispersed NPs. Although linear ligands are densely grafted onto Fe3O4 cores, a small plasma protein such as bovine serum albumin (BSA) still physisorbs within their shells. In contrast, the impenetrable entropic shield provided by cyclic brushes efficiently prevents nonspecific interaction with proteins.
Development of poly(vinylcarbazole)/alumina nanocomposite coatings for corrosion protection of 316L stainless steel in 3.5% NaCl medium
Authors: Elangovan Natarajan , Srinivasan Arthanari , Pugalmani Sivashanmugam , Rajendiran Nagappan , Rajendran Nallaiyan 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTPoly(vinylcarbazole) (PVK) and PVK‐alumina (Al2O3) nanocomposite coatings were electrochemically coated on 316 L stainless steel (SS) substrates for corrosion protection of 316 L SS in 3.5 weight (wt) % NaCl medium. The formation of PVK and incorporation of nanoalumina particles in PVK‐Al2O3nanocomposite coatings were confirmed from attenuated total reflectance‐infrared spectroscopy (ATR‐IR). Thermal analysis (TG) results showed enhanced thermal stability for the composites relative to PVK. Incorporation of Al2O3nanoparticles enhanced the micro hardness of PVK coated 316 L SS. The dispersion of alumina nanoparticles was examined via scanning electron microscope (SEM) and tunneling electron microscopy (TEM) and revealed distinct features. The influence of nanoparticles on the barrier properties of PVK and PVK‐Al2O3nanocomposites was evaluated in aqueous 3.5 wt % NaCl by potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) studies. The results proved that PVK nanocomposite coatings provided better protection for 316 L SS than PVK coatings. The drastic increase in impedance values is due to the high corrosion resistance offered by the PVK nanocomposite coatings that arises due to the interaction between Al2O3nanoparticles and PVK. The highest corrosion protection shown by the 2 wt % nano Al2O3incorporated PVK composite coatings proved enhanced corrosion resistance compared to PVK. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 44937.
The influence of filler surface modification on mechanical and material properties of layered double hydroxide‐containing polypropylene composites
Authors: Moyo Lumbidzani , Ray Suprakas Sinha , Sebati Wilhemina , Ojijo Vincent 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe processing and properties of layered double hydroxides (LDHs)‐containing polypropylene (PP) composites have been studied extensively. However, no detailed studies have reported on how stearic acid (SA)‐intercalated and SA‐coated LDHs influence the properties of melt‐processed PP/LDH composites. Here, four different types of LDHs: synthesized (cLDH1) and commercial (cLDH2) SA‐coated LDH, SA‐intercalated LDH (iLDH), and unmodified LDH (nLDH), were used to fabricate composites using a master‐batch‐dilution technique in a twin‐screw extruder. The characterization results showed that microcomposites were formed when cLDH2 and nLDH were used, whereas nanocomposites were formed when iLDH and cLDH1 were used. Strong nucleating behavior was observed for the nLDH‐, cLDH1‐, and cLDH2‐containing composites, whereas iLDH delayed the crystallization process of the PP matrix. A significant improvement in modulus, with a balance of tensile and impact strengths, was observed in the case of the cLDH1‐containing composite, whereas the nLDH‐containing composite showed good improvement in temperature‐dependent load‐bearing capacity. On the other hand, the PP/iLDH composite showed a remarkable improvement in thermal stability and a reduction in the peak‐heat‐release rate. Therefore, this study gives us an opportunity to design PP composites with desired properties by the judicious choice of LDH, which further widens the application of PP matrices. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45024.
Thermally activated shape memory behavior of melt‐mixed polyurethane/cellulose nanocrystal composites
Authors: Nicharat Apiradee , Shirole Anuja , Foster E. Johan , Weder Christoph 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBuilding blocks made from renewable sources attract increasing attention for the design of new polymer systems. Recently, in this particular context, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) have gained great interest in both academic research and industry, mainly on account of their ability to reinforce range of polymer matrices and afford nanocomposites with attractive mechanical properties. The limited thermal stability of conventionally produced cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) has, however, so far limited the range of polymers that could be used as basis for melt‐processed CNC nanocomposites. We herein show that a commercially accessible nanocrystal source, a particular grade of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC), can easily be converted into thermally stable CNCs by ultrasonication in phosphoric acid. A scalable melt‐mixing process was used to produce nanocomposites of these CNCs with a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) elastomer. A significant improvement of the room temperature storage modulus from 40 MPa (neat polymer) to 120 MPa (10% w/w CNC) was observed. The introduction of CNCs not only increased the stiffness of the polymer matrix, but also improved the shape memory properties of the nanocomposite. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45033.
Immobilization of α‐amylase in polyelectrolyte complexes
Authors: Kübelbeck Sonja , Mikhael Jules , Schoof Sebastian , Andrieu‐Brunsen Annette , Baier Grit 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTHerein, we report the formation of α‐amylase containing polyelectrolyte complexes (PECs). The method for the encapsulation of α‐amylase is based on interactions between two oppositely charged polyelectrolytes, poly(acrylic acid) (PAA) and polyethylenimine (PEI). We could show that electrostatic interactions ensure the incorporation of the enzyme into the formed polyelectrolyte complexes. The encapsulation has no negative effect on enzyme activity and protects against denaturation of the enzyme initiated by low pH values. The resulting PECs are 150–250 nm in size with narrow size distribution, appear in a spherical shape and are colloidally stable. The complexation of both polyelectrolytes and the immobilization of α‐amylase are investigated using fractionating techniques mainly the analytical ultracentrifugation and asymmetrical‐flow field‐flow fractionation. The formation of PECs represents a simple method for the encapsulation of α‐amylase without the use of organic solvents and requires no additional purifications steps. This one‐step approach, yielding high encapsulation efficiencies, shows the potential as a drug delivery system for sensitive hydrophilic actives in future. α‐amylase is immobilized in polyelectrolyte complexes made of polyethylenimine and poly(acrylic acid). Optimized encapsulation conditions and the resulting polyelectrolyte complexes are investigated via determination of IEP, α‐amylase activity assays, nanoDSC measurements, zeta potential values, dynamic light scattering, microscopy, and fractionating techniques. The encapsulated enzyme is protected against denaturation initiated by low pH values. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45036.
Nanoencapsulation of montmorillonite clay within poly(ethylene glycol) nanobeads by electrospraying
Authors: Mahmood Wan Ahmad Kamil , Azarian Mohammad Hossein , Wan Fathilah Wan Farahhanim bt , Kwok Eunice 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe present study describes the preparation and characterization of a novel nanocomposite, based on montmorillonite clay (MMT) encapsulation in poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) by an electrospraying process. PEG/MMT nanocomposites with MMT contents ranging from 1 to 5 wt % were successfully prepared and characterized in relation to their morphological, spectroscopic, structural, and thermal properties. Scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy micrographs showed that the PEG nanobeads formed spherical shapes, and with increasing amount of MMT clay, the size of the beads decreased significantly, ranging from 120 to 3.7 nm. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results suggested that there was no significant chemical interaction between PEG and MMT clay. However, the d‐spacing of MMT clay in PEG/MMT increased, a clear indication of the intercalation of PEG in the interlayer spaces of MMT clay. Furthermore, the thermal stability of PEG polymer decreased upon encapsulation of MMT clay in PEG/MMT composites. Nanoindentation results showed that the hardness and Young's modulus of the PEG/MMT composites increased with 3 wt % loading of MMT. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45048.
Phase‐separation of heterophasic polymer in solution: A model case of impact‐resistant polypropylene copolymer
Authors: Rungswang Wonchalerm , Jarumaneeroj Chatchai , Petcharat Nuchanat , Soontaranon Siriwat , Rugmai Supagorn 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTImpact‐resistance polypropylene copolymer (IPC) has been well known as commercial heterophasic polymer in which ethylene–propylene random copolymer (EPR) domain is dispersed in the homo‐polypropylene matrix. The phase‐separation of those phases is one of the keys to control the polymer properties. However, especially in the solution, there is rarely report that addresses to the phase‐separation of the IPC due to the difficulties in the investigation; i.e., (i) the proximity of the refractive indices of those phases and (ii) the small size of the EPR droplet. Here, the phase‐separation of the commercial IPC in xylene is traced by thein situsmall angle X‐ray scattering which the phase‐separation temperature is clearly revealed. The results also show that the evolution of the EPR domain is strongly depended on the polymer composition. Moreover, the migrations of the copolymers are evidenced, and this could be a model for other heterophasic systems. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2017,134, 45069.
TLR4 Promotes Breast Cancer Metastasis via Akt/GSK3β/β‐Catenin Pathway upon LPS Stimulation
Authors: Li Jun , Yin Jing , Shen Wenzhi , Gao Ruifang , Liu Yanhua , Chen Yanan , Li Xiru , Liu Chenghu , Xiang Rong , Luo Na 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTBacteria/virus‐induced chronic inflammation is involved in both tumor initiation and tumor progression. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) has been implicated in the development of several types of cancer. In this study, we explored the impact of TLR4 activation by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on breast cancer metastasis and associated signaling molecules. We first examined TLR4 expression levels in breast tissue using a human breast tissue microarray and breast cell lines. We then studied the role of TLR4 activation by LPS stimulation in breast cancer metastasis using both in vitro and in vivo models. Finally, we investigated signaling molecules involved in the process using Western blotting and fluorescent immunohistochemistry staining. The results showed that TLR4 expression levels increased in breast cancer tissue compared to normal breast tissue. In addition, our results also showed that TLR4 pathway activation by LPS stimulation in MCF7 and MDA‐MB‐231 breast cancer cells caused the following actions: (1) promotes migration of breast cancer cells, (2) triggers the β‐catenin signaling pathway via PI3K/Akt/GSK3β, and (3) promotes transcription of downstream β‐catenin target genes leading to breast cancer metastasis. This study substantiates and further extends the relationship between TLR4 activation by LPS and breast cancer using both in vitro and in vivo models. The results suggest that the Akt/GSK3β/β‐catenin signal transduction pathway may serve as a viable clinical treatment target in breast cancer. Anat Rec, 300:1219–1229, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heterogeneous platoon flow dispersion model based on truncated mixed simplified phase‐type distribution of travel speed
Authors: Jiang Yangsheng , Yao Zhihong , Luo Xiaoling , Wu Weitiao , Ding Xiao , Khattak Afaq 
Published: March 2017

SummaryExisting research on platoon dispersion models either describe homogeneous traffic flow feature, or are in lack of analytical solutions. By analyzing the field data, the truncated mixed simplified phase‐type distribution is proved to be capable of capturing the characteristics of heterogeneous traffic flow with an excellent fitting result. In light of this, we derive a generic heterogeneous platoon dispersion model with truncated mixed simplified phase‐type of speed in the forms of integrable functions. Numerical case studies are conducted to compare the performance of the proposed model and the conventional models (i.e., the Robertson model and truncated mixed Gaussian model). The results show that the proposed model not only better captures the platoon dispersion laws of heterogeneous traffic flow, but also presents higher computational efficiency, which provides practical implications on traffic signal control. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Baukalkulatorische Bandbreiten von üblichen Einheitspreisen für Standardpositionen im Hochbau
Authors: Čadež Ivan , Wapelhorst Vincent 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDer Angebotspreis ist meistens das wesentliche Wertungskriterium bei der Vergabe von Bauaufträgen. Der hohe Wettbewerbsdruck führt zu einem Preiswettbewerb, der einige Bieter dazu verleitet, Angebote mit spekulativen Einheitspreisen abzugeben. Bausolländerungen und daraus resultierende Mehrvergütungsansprüche führen dann immer wieder zu Konflikten zwischen Auftraggeber und Auftragnehmer.Mit dieser Untersuchung wird durch die Anwendung einer „baubetriebswirtschaftlich richtigen Kalkulation” eine erste Abschätzung für Bandbreiten von „üblichen Einheitspreisen” für Standardpositionen im Hochbau aufgezeigt. Im Ergebnis konnte eine erste Größenordnung für die Bandbreite von üblichen Einheitspreisen für Standardpositionen im Hochbau von etwa 25–50 %, ausgehend vom üblichen Einheitspreis, festgestellt werden.Eine Überschreitung dieser Bandbreiten kann auf Handlungsbedarf für den Auftraggeber im Vergabeverfahren hinweisen. Dabei ist die Erläuterung der abweichenden Einheitspreise durch den Auftragnehmer eine Option. Darüber hinaus kann es auch ein Hinweis sein, dass die Ausschreibung weiter präzisiert werden muss, um eine genauere Kalkulation zu ermöglichen bzw. um die Kalkulationsrisiken zu verringern oder Streitigkeiten bezüglich der angemessenen Höhe der Vergütung bei Mehrvergütungsansprüchen zu reduzieren.
Methodological overview of systematic reviews to establish the evidence base for emergency general surgery
Authors:   EMSurg Collaborators, Savović J , Blencowe N , Blazeby J , Strong Sean , Howes Noah , Chalmers K , Whale K , Crichton J , Gould L , Kariyawasam S , Mason J , Pegna V , Richards S , Rowlands C , Stevens D 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe evidence for treatment decision-making in emergency general surgery has not been summarized previously. The aim of this overview was to review the quantity and quality of systematic review evidence for the most common emergency surgical conditions.MethodsSystematic reviews of the most common conditions requiring unplanned admission and treatment managed by general surgeons were eligible for inclusion. The Centre for Reviews and Dissemination databases were searched to April 2014. The number and type (randomized or non-randomized) of included studies and patients were extracted and summarized. The total number of unique studies was recorded for each condition. The nature of the interventions (surgical, non-surgical invasive or non-invasive) was documented. The quality of reviews was assessed using the AMSTAR checklist.ResultsThe 106 included reviews focused mainly on bowel conditions (42), appendicitis (40) and gallstone disease (17). Fifty-one (48·1 per cent) included RCTs alone, 79 (74·5 per cent) included at least one RCT and 25 (23·6 per cent) summarized non-randomized evidence alone. Reviews included 727 unique studies, of which 30·3 per cent were RCTs. Sixty-five reviews compared different types of surgical intervention and 27 summarized trials of surgical versus non-surgical interventions. Fifty-seven reviews (53·8 per cent) were rated as low risk of bias.ConclusionThis overview of reviews highlights the need for more and better research in this field.