bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of Lidocaine on Production of Migration Inhibitory Factor and on Macrophage Motility: In Vitro Exposure of Guinea Pig Lymphocytes and Macrophages
Authors: Dickstein R A , Kiremidjian-Schumacher L , Stotzky G 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Exposure of lymphocytes from guinea pigs sensitized to keyhole limpet hemo- cyanin and of macrophages from nonsensitized animals to noncytotoxic doses of lidocaine (10−4 to 10−6 M) resulted in the inhibition of the production of macrophage migration inhibitory factor and of macrophage motility. The inhibition of both processes was related to the concentration of lidocaine in the medium. The effects of lidocaine, a membrane-stabilizing drug, were apparently related to its ability to interact with the cell surface and cause changes in the surface ionic configuration of the cells, as determined by cell electrophoresis. The drug conferred permanent changes in the surface of lymphocytes at all concentrations tested, but the changes in the surface of macrophages induced in the presence of 10−5 and 10−6 M of the drug were reversible. The presence of noncytotoxic doses of lidocaine in the cellular environment resulted in significant changes in cellular functions that appeared to be related to the ability of the drug to interact with cell membranes in a manner determined by the specific surface properties of the cell.
Fluorescent Opsonization Assay: Binding of Plasma Fibronectin to Fibrin-Derivatized Fluorescent Particles Does Not Enhance Their Uptake by Macrophages
Authors: Falcone Domenick J 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
A simple method for assessing the opsonic properties of plasma fibronectin is described. The method is based on the uptake of protein-derivatized fluorescent particles by mouse peritoneal macrophages. With this system, fibronectin stimulated the uptake of gelatin conjugated to carboxylated fluorescent particles. In contrast to the gelatinized particles, neither the covalent nor noncovalent interaction of fibronectin with fibrin particles stimulated their uptake by macrophages. These results provide additional evidence that fibronectin is not a conventional opsonin and that enhanced phagocytosis is not an obligatory response by macrophages to fibronectin-coated particles.
Phenylhydrazine-Induced Leukocytosis in the Rat
Authors: Dornfest Burton S , Lapin David M , Naughton Brian A , Adu Samuel , Korn Larry , Gordon Albert S 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Rats were injected with phenylhydrazine (PHZ) for periods of up to 6 months, during which time a marked leukocytosis was induced. The highest leukocyte counts occurred within 4–5 days following injection. An initial injection of 4 mg/100 gm body weight evoked a mean total leukocyte count of 129 × 103 cells/μl. Successive weekly injections of 2 mg/100 gm resulted in a mean total leukocyte count of 70 × 103 cells/μl compared to a mean total leukocyte count of 12.5 × 103 cells/μl in saline-injected rats. Lymphocytes and monocytes accounted for approximately 75% of the total cell counts in both the PHZ-treated and control rats. The presence of increased numbers of mononuclear cells was confirmed by Percoll gradient separation and by phase-contrast microscopy. Although a leukocytosis was evident when using the automated Coulter electronic cell counter, it was not discernible when blood samples were counted manually in a hemocytometer by light microscopy. Histological examination of the thymus, lymph nodes, and spleen of the PHZ-treated rats indicated that lymphocytes and monocytes were mobilized from these sites. Lymphocyte depletion was evident, and germinal centers were found in all these lymphoid organs, indicating that PHZ induced a lymphopoietic response. A possible autoimmune etiology for PHZ-induced red blood cell destruction is discussed.
The Cytokinetic Behavior of Pulmonary Alveolar Macrophages in Monocytopenic Mice
Authors: Sawyer Richard T 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The cytokinetic behavior of pulmonary alveolar macrophages (PAM) was studied by pulse labeling with 3HTdR in mice made monocytopenic by a single intravenous injection of the bone-seeking isotope strontium-89 (89Sr). In the presence or absence of blood monocytes, PAM population size was unchanged for up to 1 month of chronic, severe monocytopenia. Pulse-labeling studies performed during monocytopenia show that in control mice PAM population half-times were 17.8 days with a potential doubling time of 38 days, whereas T½ was 14.8 days with a 28.5 day population doubling time for PAM in 89Sr-treated mice. Analysis of the halving times of the PAM mean grain count and the halving times of the most highly pulse-labeled cohorts suggested that PAM cell cycle times (Tc) were 5.1 days with a PAM rate of disappearance of 10.8%/day in 88Sr-treated mice and Tc of 6.6 days with a PAM rate of disappearance of 11.4%/day in 89Sr-treated mice. As measured by 3HTdR-labeling techniques, these cytokinetic values are in close approximation to each other, suggesting that 89Sr treatment did not significantly alter either PAM population size or cytokinetic behavior. Employing experimental values it was possible to construct a simple model of PAM population growth that supports the concept that the PAM population is self-renewing in the adult mouse. Taken together, the data show that a major portion of the resident PAM need not depend on the daily influx of peripheral blood monocytes to maintain themselves in a kinetically steady state.
Binding of the Adhesive Protein Complex (LFA-1/Mac-1/p150,95) to Concanavalin A
Authors: Schmalstieg Frank C , Rudloff Helen E , Anderson Donald C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
At least 30 proteins from human PMNL plasma membranes capable of binding concanavalin A (Con A), can be identified after surface labeling with 125I and subsequent sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Immunoprecipitation of the labeled proteins after solubilization in non-ionic detergents, with monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) directed against a family of leukocyte membrane proteins (LFA-1, Mac-1, p150,95, and the beta subunit these glycoproteins share), indicated that Mac-1 and p150,95 were bound by Con A. Dissociation of the alpha and beta subunits with sodium dodecyl sulfate, electrophoresis, transfer to nitrocellulose paper, and subsequent binding of these proteins by Con A demonstrated Con A retention by Mac-1-α, p150,95-α, and the common beta subunit. Affinity of Con A for LFA-1-α from human peripheral blood PMNL could not be confirmed by direct binding or electroblotting. Similar experiments in a patient deficient in LFA-1, Mac-1, p150,95, and the beta subunit confirmed that Mac-1-α and the beta subunit were important Con A-binding proteins.
Human Monocyte Production of Interleukin-1: Parameters of the Induction of Interleukin-1 Secretion by Lipopolysaccharides
Authors: Newton R C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The role of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as an activator of human monocyte interleukin-1 (IL-1) synthesis and secretion has been examined in this study. The results demonstrate that when blood monocytes are prepared under low endotoxin conditions, they do not spontaneously secrete IL-1 activity. When cells are exposed to LPS extracted from different bacterial species, there is variation seen in the potency, with LPS from Salmonella species being the most potent in inducing IL-1 activity from human monocytes. This material is tenfold more potent than LPS obtained from three different strains of Escherichia coli and 10,000-fold more potent than material obtained from two other bacterial species. Detoxified endotoxins are inefficient activators for IL-1 secretion. When monocytes are exposed to LPS, there is a rapid rise in the level of IL-1 activity detected. Activity can be detected in cell lysates after 1 hr with appreciable accumulation seen over the first 6 hr of culture. This is accompanied by IL-1 release into the surrounding medium after 2 hr of culture with subsequent accumulation. Monocyte synthesis of IL-1 activity appears to be sensitive to fg/ml levels of Salmonella minnesota LPS, while appreciable secretion of this activity by monocytes requires pg/ml levels.
Cyclic AMP Levels and Cellular Kinetics During Maturation of Human Promyelocytic Leukemia Cells
Authors: Chaplinski Thomas J , Niedel James E 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL-60) in response to several classes of inducing agents is characterized by the sequential appearance of granulocytic or monocytic markers. Compounds that increase intracellular cAMP in HL-60 cells induce a program of maturation in which cells demonstrate early functional phagocytic properties.
Cyclic nucleotide metabolism was studied during monocytic and granulocytic differentiation of the HL-60 cell line. In synchronous and nonsynchronous cell cultures, cyclic AMP levels were raised 300-fold or 25-fold in response to N6, O2-dibutyryl adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate or the combination of prostaglandin E2 and theophylline, respectively. No reproducible changes in intracellular adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate levels occurred in response to retinoic acid or dimethyl sulfoxide, suggesting that changes in adenosine 3′:5′-cyclic monophosphate levels alone do not mediate cell maturation induced by these compounds. Agents that increased intracellular cyclic AMP in HL-60 cells slowed the progress through the S and G2-M phase of the cell cycle, whereas other agents such as dimethyl sulfoxide stimulated cells through this same period.
A Quantitative Lymphocyte Localization Assay
Authors: Borgs P , Hay J B 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Multiple lesions (up to 100 sites) were induced in the skin of sheep using either allogeneic lymphocytes or, in BCG-sensitized animals, tuberculin. Cells recovered from an indwelling lymph catheter draining a prescapular lymph node were labeled with 111-indium, returned to venous blood, and allowed to circulate for 3 hours. Sheep were killed, and the skin lesions and lymph nodes were removed and counted in a gamma spectrometer. High levels of radioactivity (up to 38,000 cpm/lesion) were recovered from lesions, and only a few hundred cpm were recovered from comparable normal skin sites. Dose-response relationships and time kinetics were demonstrated for these lesions, and the radioactivity on blood and lymph cells was measured. The contribution of cell-free radioactivity was negligible. Using replicate injection sites, analytical, internally controlled studies can now be initiated to study the induction, promotion, and suppression of lymphocyte traffic.
The Role of Langerhans Cells and Keratinocytes in Epidermal Immunity
Authors: Lee Choi Ken , Sauder Daniel N 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The immunology of the epidermis has received considerable study over recent years. After the antigen-presenting capacity of epidermal Langerhans cells was confirmed, subsequent studies suggested that keratinocytes could modulate certain immunologic events through production of a cytokine, epidermal cell-derived thymocyte-activating factor (ETAF). Most recently, a murine epidermal cell population, the dendritic Thy-1-positive cell, has been shown to possess natural killer-cell-like activity. In this review, the biology of these cell types are discussed. A discussion of allergic contact hypersensitivity and its alteration by ultraviolet light is used to illustrate some of the complex control mechanisms that continue to be the subject of ongoing study.
Pulmonary Hemodynamic Effects of Antisheep Serum-Induced Leukopenia
Authors: Heath Carole A , Lai Linda , Bizios Rena , Malik Asrar B 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Antisheep antileukocyte serum (ALS) was produced in rabbits, purified, and adsorbed against erythrocytes and platelets. The ALS was infused intra-arterially over a 3-hour period into anesthetized sheep (n = 6) prepared with lung lymph fistulas. Pulmonary vascular resistance (PVR) and pulmonary lymph flow (Qlym) increased two- to threefold while the lymph-to-plasma protein concentration ratio (L/P) did not change from baseline, suggesting an increase in pulmonary vascular permeability to proteins. The arterial leukocyte count decreased from 4,935 ± 840 to 1,385 ± 325 cells/μl, the neutrophil count decreased from 1,045 ± 265 to 340 ± 130 cells/μl, and the platelet count decreased from 2.8 × 105 ± 0.2 × 105 to 0.65 × 105 ± 0.12 × 105 cells/μl. ALS induced neutrophil aggregation in vitro, but not platelet aggregation. In the present study, we also examined the effects of ALS-induced leukopenia on the increase in pulmonary vascular permeability after intravenous α-thrombin challenge to assess the role of leukocytes in mediating the increased permeability response. Sheep (n = 5) were made leukopenic by an intramuscular injection of ALS; Qlym was in the normal range 4 to 5 hours after the ALS administration. In the leukopenic group, thrombin challenge caused an increase in Qlym from 7.8 ± 0.7 to 12.9 ± 1.9 ml/hr (a 64% increase) while L/P decreased from 0.86 ± 0.04 to 0.70 ± 0.05 (a 19% decrease). In contrast, thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation in control sheep (n = 5) produced a 250% increase in Qlym with an increase in L/P. The results indicate that leukocytes are required for the increase in lung vascular permeability after thrombin-induced intravascular coagulation.
In Vitro Effects of Platelet Factor 4 on Normal Human Neutrophil Functions
Authors: Bebawy Sam T , Gorka John , Hyers Thomas M , Webster Robert O 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Platelet factor (PF4) prepared from human outdated platelets by heparinagarose affinity chromatography was confirmed to be chemotactic for human neutrophils and in a concentration-dependent fashion caused significant release of lysosomal enzymes (myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, beta-glucuronidase) from human neutrophils treated with cytochalasin B. Lysosomal enzyme release from PF4-stimulated neutrophils was rapid and reached a plateau by 1–3 min. PF4 did not cause release of the cytoplasmic enzyme lactate dehydrogenase which indicates that exocytosis of granule-containing lysosomal enzymes did not result from cytolysis. In contrast, superoxide anion generation from human neutrophils stimulated with PF4 was undetectable even at the highest PF4 concentration tested (2 × 10−5 M). Pretreatment of neutrophils with PF4 caused significant increased adherence of neutrophils to plastic surfaces and cultured pulmonary artery endothelial cells. The concentration of PF4 that elicited neutrophil chemotaxis, lysosomal enzyme release and increased adherence is slightly higher than those concentrations found in normal human sera. However, the results suggest that PF4 may be an important mediator in neutrophil-platelet interactions and the induction of acute inflammation especially at sites of platelet microthrombi where the concentration of PF4 would be elevated.
Effects of Selenium In Vitro on Human T-Lymphocyte Functions and K-562 Tumor Cell Growth
Authors: Watson Ronald Ross , Moriguchi Satoru , McRae Bart , Tobin Lucia , Mayberry J Carter , Lucas David 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In vitro E-rosette formation, lymphocyte mitogenesis, and natural killer (NK) cell activity of human blood lymphocytes were strongly inhibited by high concentrations (10−4 M) of sodium selenite, sodium selenate, and selenium dioxide. Lower concentrations (10−5 or 10−7 M) also inhibited E-rosette formation and natural killer cell activity against K-562 tumor cells. Lymphocyte transformation induced by concanavalin A (con A) or pokeweed mitogen (PWM) was also inhibited by all selenium compounds tested, but only at the highest concentrations (10−5 and 10−4 M). There was depression of the total number of viable lymphocytes following incubation with selenium dioxide only at a high concentration (10−4 M). Interferon production was enhanced at lower levels (10−9 to 10−6M) of selenium dioxide while a higher concentration (10−5 and 10−4M) appeared to inhibit its production. The mechanism of inhibition by selenium compounds (10−4 M) is due, in part, to the decrease of viable lymphocytes. It is unclear how other and lower concentrations (10−7 or 10−9 M) of selenium compounds inhibit E-rosette formation, NK activity, or K-562 tumor cell growth.
Induction of Macrophage Growth by Effete Cells
Authors: Yui Satoru , Yamazaki Masatoshi 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
When mouse peritoneal cells in early phase-inflammatory exudates were cultured in vitro, the number of polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) rapidly decreased, whereas the number of macrophages gradually increased during culture. Macrophage growth was also induced by addition of effete PMNs or their debris to macrophage monolayers. This phenomenon was not restricted to senescent PMNs, because effete spleen cells or effete tumor cells also induced macrophage growth. The activity of these cell debris was stable on heating at 100° and was partially recovered in the lipid fraction. These data suggest that tissue macrophages may proliferate when they scavenge effete PMNs or other host cells and that these cell debris may be important mediators in inducing growth of peripheral macrophages in inflammation and tumors or the normal steady state.
Prostaglandin E and Thromboxane B2 Release by PMA-Induced U937 Cells in Response to C3b
Authors: Schenkein Harvey A 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The human monocytic cell lines HL-60 and U937 were examined for their ability to release PGE and TxB2 in response to the C3 cleavage fragment C3b. It was found that U937 responds to C3b by releasing both eicosanoids only after a 48 h induction period in the presence of PMA. HL-60 failed to respond. The response of U937 was further studied and characterized. It was found that the continual presence of PMA in culture was not required for the response to C3b, and that by replenishing the culture medium every 48 hr, the response could be maintained for up to 12 days. This contrasts with the previously observed behavior of human monocytes, which fail to respond after 24 hr in culture. Further studies demonstrated that maximal levels of PGE and TxB2 were elicited by 25–50 μg/ml of C3b, and that the kinetics of appearance of these eicosanoids in culture supernatants was very similar to that previously observed for monocytes. Maximal levels of PGE and TxB2 occurred following 24–48 hr in culture. In addition, a monoclonal a-CR1 antibody stimulated PG release by these cells. It is expected that this cell line will provide a model for study of the influence of cell differentiation on the response of human mononuclear phagocytes to C3b.
Cellular Immune Functions of Adults Treated With a Daily, Long-Term, Low Dose of 13-cis Retinoic Acid
Authors: Watson Ronald Ross , Jackson J C , Alberts David S , Hicks Mary Jane 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The effects of long-term consumption of 13-cis retinoic acid (13-cRA) on cellular immune functions were measured in young, adult volunteers. The retinoid was administered for 9 months at about 0.13 mg/kg/day. The mean 8AM concentrations of 13-cRA ranged between 30 and 60 ng/ml of serum throughout the study. Corticosteroid levels in plasma decreased significantly throughout treatment, declining from 15.2 ug/dL to 9.1 mg/dL (p &lt; 0.05). T-cell mitogenesis stimulated by PHA or A Con A was not significantly affected, although this parameter was slightly depressed during the first 2 months of treatment. The percentage of B-lymphocytes tended to decrease during treatment and returned to normal after cessation of 13-cRA (p &lt; 0.05), while the percentage of T-cells as measured by E-rosette and by fluorescent antibody tagging of surface antigens did not change. The percentage of non T-cells tended to increase slightly during treatment.
Increased Leukocyte Diversity and Responsiveness to B-Cell and T-Cell Mitogens in Cell Suspensions Prepared by Enzymatically Dissociating Murine Lymph Nodes
Authors: Monfalcone Alan P , Szakal Andras K , Tew John G 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The isolation of viable follicular dendritic cells (FDCs) from murine lymph nodes requires that the nodes be enzymatically dissociated with collagenase and the protease dispase. The present study was undertaken to compare leukocyte populations derived from enzymatically dissociated and mechanically disrupted lymph nodes. We examined cell viability, cell number, cell types, and the proliferative response to the mitogens LPS, PHA, and Con A. Cells were prepared by taking the inguinal, brachial, axillary, and popliteal lymph nodes from one side of the animals and mechanically disrupting them. The corresponding lymph nodes from the other side of the same animals were digested with enzymes. The enzyme-treated lymph nodes yielded substantially more cells and had a higher percentage of viable cells. Over 40% more viable cells were available for cell culture using the enzyme dissociation method. The numbers of FDCs, macrophages, plasma cells, and fibroblasts were clearly increased. The cells dispersed by enzymatic means responded better than the mechanically dispersed cells to both B-cell and T-cell mitogens. This was especially striking in cultures at lower cell densities. We conclude that the method of cell dissociation has a marked effect on the types of viable cells released and available for culture, as well as on the ability of the cells to respond. We believe the cell types released by enzymatic dissociation and their response in culture more accurately reflect conditions in vivo.
Partial Characterization of Protein Kinase C and Inhibitor Activity of Protein Kinase C in Rabbit Peritoneal Neutrophils
Authors: Huang Chi-Kuang , Oshana Scott C 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Analysis of the cytosol fraction containing protein kinase C activity from rabbit peritoneal neutrophils by DEAE-cellulose chromatography identified protein kinase C activity in the fractions eluted with 0.08 M–0.14 M NaCl and protein kinase C inhibitor activity in the fraction eluted with 0.16 M–0.5 M NaCl. On further analysis by Sephadex G-150 gel filtration, one peak of protein kinase C and two peaks of inhibitor activity were identified. The peak of protein kinase C activity eluted at Ve/Vo 1.6 corresponding to a Stokes radius of 35 å. The first peak of the inhibitor activity eluted at Ve/Vo 1.4 and the second peak of the inhibitor activity eluted at Ve/Vo 2.5. The peak of phosphoprotein phosphatase activity does not coincide with the peaks of inhibitor activity of protein kinase C.
Tetrahydrocannabinol-Induced Suppression of Macrophage Spreading and Phagocytic Activity In Vitro
Authors: Lopez-Cepero Mayra , Friedman Michelle , Klein Thomas , Friedman Herman 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The effects of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) on several parameters of macrophage function in vitro were assessed. Delta 9 THC added to cultures of normal mouse peritoneal cells in vitro affected the ability of the cells to spread on glass surfaces and also had some effect on their ability to phagocytize yeast. These effects were dose related. A concentration of 20 μg of THC almost completely inhibited macrophage spreading, but it also decreased viability and the total number of these cells. Doses of 10 or 5 μg of THC also inhibited spreading but had little effect on cell viability or number. A dose of 1.0 μg of THC had some inhibitory effect on spreading and the lowest dose affecting spreading appeared to be about 0.05 μg per culture. Higher doses of THC were necessary to inhibit phagocytosis of yeast particles as determined by direct microscopic examination or use of radiolabeled yeast as the test particles. These results indicate that several readily measured functions of macrophages may be suppressed by THC.