bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The costs of coping with poor water supply in rural Kenya
Authors: Cook Joseph , Kimuyu Peter , Whittington Dale 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAs the disease burden of poor access to water and sanitation declines around the world, the nonhealth benefits––mainly the time burden of water collection – will likely grow in importance in sector funding decisions and investment analyses. We measure the coping costs incurred by households in one area of rural Kenya. Sixty percent of the 387 households interviewed were collecting water outside the home, and household members were spending an average of 2–3 h doing so per day. We value these time costs using an individual‐level value of travel time estimate based on a stated preference experiment. We compare these results to estimates obtained assuming that the value of time saved is a fraction of unskilled wage rates. Coping cost estimates also include capital costs for storage and rainwater collection, money paid either to water vendors or at sources that charge volumetrically, costs of treating diarrhea cases, and expenditures on drinking water treatment (primarily boiling in our site). Median total coping costs per month are approximately US$20 per month, higher than average household water bills in many utilities in the United States, or 12% of reported monthly cash income. We estimate that coping costs are greater than 10% of income for over half of households in our sample. They are higher among larger and wealthier households, and households whose primary source is not at home. Even households with unprotected private wells or connections to an intermittent piped network spend money on water storage containers and on treating water they recognize as unsafe.
Structural connectivity analyses in motor recovery research after stroke
Authors: Koch Philipp , Schulz Robert , Hummel Friedhelm C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStructural connectivity analyses by means of diffusion‐weighted imaging have substantially advanced the understanding of stroke‐related network alterations and their implications for motor recovery processes and residual motor function. Analyses of the corticospinal tract, alternate corticofugal pathways as well as intrahemispheric and interhemispheric corticocortical connections have not only been related to residual motor function in cross‐sectional studies, but have also been evaluated to predict functional recovery after stroke in longitudinal studies. This review will consist of an update on the available literature about structural connectivity analyses after ischemic motor stroke, followed by an outlook of possible future directions of research and applications.
Timing of endoscopic surgical decompression in traumatic optic neuropathy: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Dhaliwal Sandeep S. , Sowerby Leigh J. , Rotenberg Brian W. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundTraumatic optic neuropathy (TON) represents a rare but devastating complication of closed head injuries. No accepted guidelines are available for medical and surgical management algorithms. A systematic review of the literature was performed to determine the optimal timing and candidacy for endoscopic surgical intervention.MethodsA systematic review of multiple databases was performed including Medline‐Ovid, EMBASE, and PubMed. Data was extracted and patients stratified based on surgical delay from trauma (≤3 days, >3 days, ≤7 days, or >7 days) as well as preoperative and postoperative vision testing (no light perception [NLP]; light perception [LP]; hand motion [HM]; or finger counting [FC] or better).ResultsThe literature review identified 24 studies meeting inclusion criteria. In the group of patients receiving surgery ≤3 days after the antecedent event, 57% (105/183) had visual improvement, whereas in the >7‐days group 51% (145/283) of patients improved. In those with NLP preoperatively, 41% (172/411) saw improvement, whereas those with LP (89%), HM (93%), or FC (85%) fared better.ConclusionThe literature suggests that surgical intervention for TON is indicated despite delayed presentation, and is a better choice than no intervention at all. Patients with complete blindness on presentation (NLP) tend to have a poorer surgical outcome.
Late Quaternary hominin–bat (Chiroptera) interactions in the Asia‐Pacific
Authors: HAWKINS STUART , O'CONNOR SUE , KEALY SHIMONA 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper reviews the zooarchaeological and historical evidence of insular bat hunting in the Asia‐Pacific, spanning the late Pleistocene to the ethnographic present. A sample of archaeofauna assemblages (n = 18) examined from both cave and open beach archaeological sites reveal a number of issues, which may have obscured archaeological interpretations. These include variability in identification protocols and taphonomic assessment of assemblages between sites and regions. Based on current evidence, it appears that bats were optimal dietary resources in areas where their abundance was concentrated on faunally depauperate islands. Islanders targeted large fruit bats and opportunistically exploited smaller bats either in caves or forest environments using simple technologies, and possibly as early as 74 kya by Homo floresiensis on Flores. Later Neolithic migrations into Remote Oceania during the late Holocene appear to have resulted in the greatest impacts on bat diversity due to hunting and landscape degradation. This pattern of rapid human impact is also likely to reflect differences in biogeography and higher archaeological visibility of colonising sites in Remote Oceania.
Conformational Transformations of (C12H25NH3+)(Pyridinesulfonate) in the Solid State
Authors: Funada Atsushi , Uchikawa Shota , Hoshino Norihisa , Takeda Takashi , Akutagawa Tomoyuki 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe phase‐transition behaviors, crystal structures, and dielectric properties of four kinds of simple 1:1 organic salts of (C12H25NH3+)(benzenesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(pyridine sulfonates) were examined from the viewpoint of intermolecular hydrogen‐bonding interactions and dynamic conformational transformation in molecular assemblies. Crystals of (C12H25NH3+)(benzenesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(3‐pyridinesulfonate) were isostructural and solid–solid and solid–liquid‐crystal smectic A (SmA) phase transitions were observed. These two crystals formed rodlike cation–anion assemblies. However, the two salts, (C12H25NH3+)(2‐pyridinesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(4‐pyridinesulfonate), formed largely bent L‐shaped cation–anion conformations. Interesting conformational transformations from rodlike to L‐shaped assemblies were observed in (C12H25NH3+)(2‐pyridinesulfonate) and (C12H25NH3+)(3‐pyridinesulfonate).
Geotechnische und geologische Aspekte für Tiefenlagerkonzepte mit der Option der Rückholung der radioaktiven Reststoffe
Authors: Stahlmann Joachim , Vargas Rocio Leon , Mintzlaff Volker 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDie Rückholbarkeit von hoch radioaktiven, wärmeentwickelnden Reststoffen (HLW) aus einem Tiefenlager ist derzeit in Deutschland und international in der Diskussion. Der vorliegende Artikel beschäftigt sich mit den geotechnischen und geologischen Folgen der Auslegung eines Tiefenlagers mit der Option der Rückholung von HLW in Abhängigkeit der möglichen Wirtsgesteine. Im Folgenden werden die Eigenschaften der Wirtsgesteine Steinsalz, Ton, Tonstein und kristallines Hartgestein erläutert, die in Deutschland für eine Tiefenlagerung infrage kommen. Basierend auf diesen Eigenschaften werden generische Tiefenlagermodelle vorgestellt, die Rückholbarkeit und Monitoring über die Einlagerungsphase hinaus gewährleisten. Anhand dieser Modelle lässt sich ableiten, dass aufgrund des unterschiedlichen Spannungs‐Dehnungs‐Verhaltens der Wirtsgesteine ein Zielkonflikt zwischen einem bestmöglichen Einschluss der Abfälle und einer langfristigen Option der Rückholung besteht.Geotechnical and geological aspects for repository concepts with retrievability of radioactive wasteThe retrievability of heat‐producing high‐level radioactive waste (HAW) is on debate internationally as well as in Germany. This article deals with the geological and geotechnical consequences of the design of a repository with retrievability in different host rocks. The properties of rock salt, clay, shale and crystalline rock – potential host rocks for a repository with retrievability in Germany – will be presented. Based on these properties generic models of repositories with measurements for retrievability and monitoring will be also presented. With these models it can be derived that due the different stress‐deformation‐behavior there is a conflict of aims between the best possible closure of the waste and the option of retrieval.
Vergussknotenlösungen im Ingenieurholzbau
Authors: Becker Wieland , Schober Kay‐Uwe , Weber Jan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStab‐ und plattenförmige Holzbauelemente werden in Anschlüssen durch stiftförmige Verbindungsmittel, meist in Kombination mit Stahlblechen oder individuell gefertigten Stahlformteilen, miteinander verbunden. Die zunehmend anspruchsvolle Formensprache der Architektur aus digitalen Entwurfsprozessen (Parametric Design) sowie neue Herausforderungen des Holzbaus (mehrgeschossige Bauweise, große Spannweiten) erfordern dabei neue Fügetechniken, welche die bekannten Nachteile konventioneller Holzverbindungen beseitigen. Als Lösungsansatz wird in der vorgestellten Arbeit auf die Vergusstechnologie analog zum Stahlbetonbau zurückgegriffen, wo Bauteile mittels einer Kombination aus Anschlussbewehrung und nachträglich eingebrachtem Vergussmaterial kraft‐ und formschlüssig miteinander verbunden werden. Für die hier vorgestellten Vergussknotenlösungen im Ingenieurholzbau werden Anschlüsse zunächst mit bauaufsichtlich zugelassenen Klebstoffen oder Schrauben werkseitig hergestellt. Auf der Baustelle werden diese dann mechanisch durch Stäbe, Schlaufen oder Stanzformteile gekoppelt und nachträglich vergossen. Dabei kommt ein Polymerbeton als Vergussmaterial zum Einsatz, der eine hohe Druckfestigkeit sowie einen hohen Adhäsionsverbund sowohl zum Holz als auch zum Stahl aufweist. Forschungsziel war die Entwicklung von druck‐, zug‐ und biegebeanspruchten Verbindungen, welche auch bei komplexen Geometrien einen wesentlich vereinfachten Montage‐ und Bauablauf ermöglichen. Erste Forschungsergebnisse und mögliche Praxisanwendungen werden nachfolgend vorgestellt.Grouting joints in timber engineeringRod‐ and board‐shaped timber members are connected to‐gether by mechanical fasteners, often together with steel plates or individual formed steel parts. New sophisticated architectural concepts, complex structures due to digital design processes (parametric design) and new challenges in timber engineering (multi‐storey buildings, large scale structures) demand new connecting systems that overcome the well‐known disadvantages of conventional timber joints.The presented work is based on the grouting technology used in reinforced concrete structures, where structural parts are force‐ and form‐fit connected by a combination of starter bars and a backfitting grouting material. For timber structures, the presented grouting joints follow this technology, where the joints are prefabricated and assembled first by technical approved adhesives or screws. Afterwards on site they are coupled with rods, straps or stamped parts and additional grouted. As grouting material a polymer concrete is used with high compression strength and high adhesive bond to timber as well as to steel. Research objective was the development of joints under compression, tension and bending loads that allow a simplified construction and installation process, even for complex geometries. This paper presents first research results and possible applications offered by this technology.
Eliciting Subjective Probabilities through Pair‐wise Comparisons
Authors: Por Han‐Hui , Budescu David V. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe propose and test a novel approach for eliciting subjective joint probabilities. In the proposed approach, judges compare pairs of possible outcomes and identify which of the two is more likely and by how much. These pair‐wise comparative judgments create a matrix of ratio judgments from which the target probabilities are extracted using the rows' (or columns') geometric means. In Study 1, subjects provided direct assessments of the likelihood of joint events (e.g., sunny days and stock market gains) and also made pair‐wise comparisons of the same joint events. Subjects in Study 2 learnt the distribution of hypothetical events pairs and provided direct and ratio estimates. In both studies, the ratio estimates were significantly more accurate than the direct estimates. The results suggest that it is possible to elicit probabilistic estimates without explictly asking for probabilities and that the pair‐wise approach is a candidate for complementing or replacing traditional elicitation approaches. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Eco‐friendly synthesis of gelatin‐capped bimetallic Au–Ag nanoparticles for chemiluminescence detection of anticancer raloxifene hydrochloride
Authors: Alarfaj Nawal A. , El‐Tohamy Maha F. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study described the utility of green analytical chemistry in the synthesis of gelatin‐capped silver, gold and bimetallic gold–silver nanoparticles (NPs). The preparation of nanoparticles was based on the reaction of silver nitrate or chlorauric acid with a 1.0 wt% aqueous gelatin solution at 50°C. The gelatin‐capped silver, gold and bimetallic NPs were characterized using transmission electron microscopy, UV–vis, X‐ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and were used to enhance a sensitive sequential injection chemiluminescence luminol–potassium ferricyanide system for determination of the anticancer drug raloxifene hydrochloride. The developed method is eco‐friendly and sensitive for chemiluminescence detection of the selected drug in its bulk powder, pharmaceutical injections and biosamples. After optimizing the conditions, a linear relationship in the range of 1.0 × 10–9 to 1.0 × 10–1 mol/L was obtained with a limit of detection of 5.0 × 10–10 mol/L and a limit of quantification of 1.0 × 10‐9 mol/L. Statistical treatment and method validation were performed based on ICH guidelines. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Sulfonated Porous Aromatic Frameworks as Solid Acid Catalysts
Authors: Goesten Maarten G. , Szécsényi Àgnes , de Lange Martijn F. , Bavykina Anastasiya V. , Gupta Karthick B. Sai Sankar , Kapteijn Freek , Gascon Jorge 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe synthesis, characterization, sulfonation, and catalytic performance of two new porous aromatic frameworks are presented. The polymers, which were obtained by the Suzuki–Miyaura cross‐coupling of the commercially available precursors 1,3,5‐tris(4‐bromophenyl)benzene or tris(4‐bromophenyl)amine and benzene‐1 4‐diboronic acid, only contain aromatic sp2 C−C and C−N bonds, display excellent thermal and chemical stability, and allow for post‐synthetic functionalization under very harsh reaction conditions. Upon post‐synthetic treatment at 160 °C in 98 wt % sulfuric acid, approximately 65 % of the benzene rings in the polymers were sulfonated. The materials were characterized by solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, and textural analysis. The sulfonated materials display an excellent catalytic performance in the acid‐catalyzed esterification of n‐butanol and acetic acid and have a similar or even superior performance to that of state‐of‐the‐art Amberlyst‐15 over multiple catalytic cycles.
Enolate Stabilization by Anion–π Interactions: Deuterium Exchange in Malonate Dilactones on π‐Acidic Surfaces
Authors: Miros François N. , Zhao Yingjie , Sargsyan Gevorg , Pupier Marion , Besnard Céline , Beuchat César , Mareda Jiri , Sakai Naomi , Matile Stefan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInvited for the cover of this issue is the group of Stefan Matile at the University of Geneva. The cover image depicts the crystal structure of a malonate dilactone placed on a chiral π‐acidic surface to measure enolate–π interactions during deuterium exchange. Read the full text of the article at 10.1002/chem.201504008.
Visible‐Light‐Mediated Photocatalytic Difunctionalization of Olefins by Radical Acylarylation and Tandem Acylation/Semipinacol Rearrangement
Authors: Bergonzini Giulia , Cassani Carlo , Lorimer‐Olsson Haldor , Hörberg Johanna , Wallentin Carl‐Johan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA novel method for the mild photoredox‐mediated tandem radical acylarylation and tandem acylation/semipinacol rearrangement has been developed. The synthesis of highly functionalized ketones bearing all‐carbon α‐ or β‐quaternary centers has been achieved using easily available symmetric aromatic carboxylic anhydrides as the acyl radical source. The method allows for a straightforward introduction of the keto functionality and concomitant construction of molecular complexity in a single operation.
Corrosion inhibition of copper in sodium chloride solution using polyetherimide/graphene composites
Authors: Alhumade Hesham , Abdala Ahmed , Yu Aiping , Elkamel Ali , Simon Leonardo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this study, polyetherimide‐graphene composites (PEI/G) were prepared and investigated as corrosion inhibition coatings on copper substrates. Various loadings of graphene were incorporated in the polyetherimide matrix using an in situ polymerization approach, and the composite coatings were cured by thermal imidization. The effect of graphene loading on corrosion inhibition and the long‐term performance of the PEI/G coatings were investigated. The dispersion of graphene in the polymer matrix was examined using SEM and TEM. The study demonstrated that PEI/G nanocomposites provide advanced corrosion inhibition of copper. This conclusion was supported by the results of various electrochemical techniques such as Tafel polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). In addition to corrosion protection, the long‐term performance of the coatings was confirmed by testing the adhesion of PEI/G composites to copper substrates before conducting the electrochemical tests and after 15 days of exposure to the corrosive medium.
Further Investigation of a Nickel‐Based Homogeneous Water Oxidation Catalyst with Two cis Labile Sites
Authors: Luo Gang‐Yi , Huang Hai‐Hua , Wang Jia‐Wei , Lu Tong‐Bu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe reaction of N,N′‐dimethyl‐N,N′‐bis(pyridin‐2‐ylmethyl)‐1,2‐diaminoethane ligand (L) with Ni(ClO4)2⋅6 H2O generated a complex of [NiL(H2O)2](ClO4)2 (1) with two cis labile sites occupied by two coordinated H2O molecules, which can homogeneously electrocatalyze water oxidation in pH 6.5 acetate (OAc−) buffer at room temperature. The catalytic mechanism was studied by electrochemical experiments and density functional theory calculations to elucidate the following steps: (a) one of two water molecules in 1 is exchanged by OAc− to generate [NiL(H2O)(OAc)]+ when dissolved in OAc− buffer, (b) NiII is directly oxidized to NiIV and OAc− is replaced with OH− to form [NiIVL(OH)2]2+, and (c) a peroxide intermediate is formed through the intramolecular O−O coupling in the presence of OAc−, which undergoes further oxidation to release O2.
Watershed structural influences on the distributions of stream network water and solute travel times under baseflow conditions
Authors: Bergstrom Anna , McGlynn Brian , Mallard John , Covino Tim 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWatershed structure influences the timing, magnitude, and spatial location of water and solute entry to stream networks. In turn, stream reach transport velocities and stream network geometry (travel distances) further influence the timing of export from watersheds. Here, we examine how watershed and stream network organization can affect travel times of water from delivery to the stream network to arrival at the watershed outlet. We analysed watershed structure and network geometry and quantified the relationship between stream discharge and solute velocity across six study watersheds (11.4 to 62.8 km2) located in the Sawtooth Mountains of central Idaho, USA. Based on these analyses, we developed stream network travel time functions for each watershed. We found that watershed structure, stream network geometry, and the variable magnitude of inputs across the network can have a pronounced affect on water travel distances and velocities within a stream network. Accordingly, a sample taken at the watershed outlet is composed of water and solutes sourced from across the watershed that experienced a range of travel times in the stream network. We suggest that understanding and quantifying stream network travel time distributions are valuable for deconvolving signals observed at watershed outlets into their spatial and temporal sources, and separating terrestrial and in‐channel hydrological, biogeochemical, and ecological influences on in‐stream observations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Optimal Portfolio Choice Under Decision‐Based Model Combinations
Authors: Pettenuzzo Davide , Ravazzolo Francesco 
Published: January 2016

SummaryWe propose a density combination approach featuring combination weights that depend on the past forecast performance of the individual models entering the combination through a utility‐based objective function. We apply this model combination scheme to forecast stock returns, both at the aggregate level and by industry, and investigate its forecasting performance relative to a host of existing combination methods, both within the class of linear and time‐varying coefficients, stochastic volatility models. Overall, we find that our combination scheme produces markedly more accurate predictions than the existing alternatives, both in terms of statistical and economic measures of out‐of‐sample predictability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Justice and job engagement: The role of senior management trust
Authors: Haynie Jeffrey J. , Mossholder Kevin W. , Harris Stanley G. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryWe examined whether job engagement mediated the effects of organizational justice dimensions on work behaviors and attitudes. Considering distributive and procedural justice from a motivational perspective, we proposed that job engagement would mediate these two dimensions' relations with the work outcomes of task performance, organizational citizenship behavior, and job satisfaction. We also expected this mediation effect would be magnified when senior management trust (SMT) was high. Our results showed that the simple mediation model was supported only for distributive justice. Alternatively, the indirect effect of procedural justice on work outcomes through job engagement was significant only when SMT was high. Implications of our findings and areas for future research are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.