bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dihydromyricetin suppresses inflammatory responses in vitro and in vivo through inhibition of IKKβ activity in macrophages
Authors: Wang Rui , Pi Jiang , Su Xiaohui , Liu Juan , Zeng Xing , Wong Ivan , Huang Lufen , Zhou Hua , Cai Jiye , Li Ting , Liu Liang 
Published: August 2016

SummaryDihydromyricetin (DMY) a flavonoid derived from medicinal plant Ampelopsis grossedentata, possesses anti‐oxidative and anti‐inflammatory effects in vitro, however, the in vivo anti‐inflammatory action of DMY remains unknown. In the current study, carrageenan‐induced paw edema in rat, an acute inflammation model, and RAW264.7 macrophages activated by LPS were employed to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory potency of DMY in vivo and in vitro. Results showed that DMY significantly attenuated rat paw edema induced by carrageenan. Also, DMY markedly inhibited NO secretion, iNOS, and COX‐2 protein expression, as well as p65 phosphorylation via suppression of IKKβ activity and IKKα/β phosphorylation in RAW264.7 cells. And using high resolution Atomic Force Microscope (AFM), we also proved that DMY prevented morphological change and membrane alterations of RAW 264.7 macrophages caused by LPS stimulation. As activation of macrophages is one of major factors in carrageenan‐induced paw edema of rats, the anti‐inflammatory action of DMY is suggested to be closely associated with suppression of macrophage activation. These findings indicate that DMY is valuable of being further investigated as a candidate new agent for treating inflammatory conditions, and suggest that AFM could be a powerful nanotool for anti‐inflammatory investigations. SCANNING 38:901–912, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
When Inert Becomes Active: A Fascinating Route for Catalyst Design
Authors: Lyalin Andrey , Gao Min , Taketsugu Tetsuya 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this Personal Account, we review the work of our group in the area of environmental and energy‐related nanocatalysis over the past seven years. We focus on understanding the fundamental mechanisms that control the properties of atomic clusters and nanoparticles – a form of matter that is intermediate between atoms and their bulk counterpart. The emphasis is on the theoretical design of effective catalysts based on cheap and abundant elements. The main idea that stands behind our work is that even catalytically inactive or completely inert materials can be functionalized at the nanoscale via the size, structure, morphology, and support effects. Such an approach opens up new ways to design catalytically active systems based on materials never before considered as catalysts. In particular, we demonstrate that hexagonal boron nitride (h‐BN), which has been traditionally considered an inert material, can be functionalized and become active for a number of catalytic reactions involving oxygen activation, oxidation by molecular oxygen, and the oxygen reduction reaction.
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Diagnostic accuracy of individual antenatal tools for prediction of small‐for‐gestational age at birth
Authors: Poljak B. , Agarwal U. , Jackson R. , Alfirevic Z. , Sharp A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of fetal and newborn growth charts for the prediction of small‐for‐gestational age (SGA) at birth (birth weight < 10th centile).MethodsThis was a prospective cohort study performed within a UK specialist fetal growth clinic. A total of 105 consecutive pregnant women referred for a suspected SGA fetus were included. All pregnancies were managed according to a standard protocol using estimated fetal weight (EFW) plotted on customized Gestation Related Optimal Weight (GROW) charts. The last antenatal estimates of EFW (according to charts of GROW, Hadlock et al. and Mikolajczyk et al.), abdominal circumference (AC) (according to charts of Hadlock et al., INTERGROWTH‐21st Project and Chitty et al.) or change in AC over time (calculated according to Pregnancy Outcome Prediction (POP) study) were compared against four birth‐weight charts (GROW, INTERGROWTH‐21st, Mikolajczyk et al. and World Health Organization (WHO)). The ability of each antenatal test to predict adverse perinatal outcome (APO) was assessed.ResultsBirth weight < 10th centile was assigned in 62 (59%) neonates using the GROW chart, 57 (54%) using the Mikolajczyk et al. chart, 55 (52%) using the INTERGROWTH‐21st chart and 51 (49%) using the WHO chart. AC‐Hadlock had the best negative likelihood ratio (range, 0.3–0.4) and sensitivity (range, 74%–82%) for predicting SGA as defined by all four postnatal birth‐weight charts. AC‐INTERGROWTH‐21st had the best positive likelihood ratio (range, 5.9–10.9) and specificity (94%–96%). For prediction of APO, AC‐Hadlock and EFW‐GROW had the best sensitivities (57% and 52%, respectively), whereas AC‐POP had the best positive likelihood ratio (2.2) and specificity (88%). Antenatal prediction of APO increased to a sensitivity of 61% when AC‐POP and EFW‐GROW were combined; however, specificity was only 56%.ConclusionsWe have identified wide variation in the diagnostic accuracy of various antenatal tools for the prediction of both SGA and APO, dependent on the choice of chart. Suboptimal diagnostic accuracy of commonly used antenatal tests may lead to increasing medicalization without prevention of APO. Researchers should focus their attention on a combination of fetal biometry and biomarkers for better prediction of SGA and prevention of APO. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Ovarian masses with papillary projections diagnosed and removed during pregnancy: ultrasound features and histological diagnosis
Authors: Mascilini F. , Savelli L. , Scifo M. C. , Exacoustos C. , Timor‐Tritsch I. E. , De Blasis I. , Moruzzi M. C. , Pasciuto T. , Scambia G. , Valentin L. , Testa A. C. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo elucidate the ultrasound features that can discriminate between benign and malignant ovarian cysts with papillary projections but no other solid component in pregnant women.MethodsThirty‐four women with an ultrasound diagnosis of an ovarian cyst with papillary projections but no other solid component that had been removed surgically during pregnancy were identified from the databases of four ultrasound units. Some clinical and ultrasound information was collected prospectively. Missing information was obtained retrospectively from ultrasound images, ultrasound reports and patient records. Using prospectively and retrospectively collected data, the ultrasound appearance of the tumors was described using the terms and definitions of the International Ovarian Tumor Analysis group. The ultrasound characteristics were compared with the histological diagnosis.ResultsOf the 34 cases included, 19 (56%) lesions were benign (16 decidualized endometriomas, one cystadenofibroma, one simple cyst, one struma ovarii), 12 (35%) were borderline tumors and three (9%) were primary invasive tumors (two immature teratomas, one endometrioid cystadenocarcinoma). The contour of the cyst papillations was smooth in 79% (15/19) of benign tumors vs 27% (4/15) of malignant tumors (P = 0.002). The cystic content showed ground‐glass echogenicity in 74% (14/19) of benign tumors vs 13% (2/15) of malignant tumors (P = 0.0006). All ovarian masses with smooth papillations and ground‐glass content (n = 12) were decidualized endometriomas. The papillary projections were vascularized and the color score was 3 or 4 in 88% (14/16) of decidualized endometriomas vs 42% (5/12) of borderline tumors (P = 0.013).ConclusionsIn pregnant women, ovarian cysts with ground‐glass echogenicity and papillations with a smooth contour on ultrasound are most likely to be decidualized endometriomas. Cysts with anechoic or low‐level echogenicity and papillations with an irregular contour suggest borderline malignancy. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
A new k‐epsilon model consistent with Monin–Obukhov similarity theory
Authors: van der Laan M. Paul , Kelly Mark C. , Sørensen Niels N. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA new k‐ϵ model is introduced that is consistent with Monin–Obukhov similarity theory (MOST). The proposed k‐ϵ model is compared with another k‐ϵ model that was developed in an attempt to maintain inlet profiles compatible with MOST. It is shown that the previous k‐ϵ model is not consistent with MOST for unstable conditions, while the proposed k‐ϵ model can maintain MOST inlet profiles over distances of 50km. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Prosocial Cyberball Game: Compensating for social exclusion and its associations with empathic concern and bullying in adolescents
Authors: Vrijhof Claudia I. , van den Bulk Bianca G. , Overgaauw Sandy , Lelieveld Gert‐Jan , Engels Rutger C.M.E. , van IJzendoorn Marinus H. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study we examined prosocial compensating behavior towards socially excluded ingroup and outgroup members by using a ‘Prosocial Cyberball Game’ in 9–17 year old Dutch adolescents (N = 133). Results showed that adolescents compensated for the social exclusion of an unknown peer in a virtual ball tossing game, by tossing the ball more often to that player in compensation conditions compared to the fair play condition. The proportion of tosses towards the excluded player did not significantly differ as a function of the group status of that player. Although compensating behavior towards ingroup versus outgroup members did not differ, the underlying motivation for this behavior may vary. More empathic concern was associated with more prosocial tosses towards an ingroup member, while more self‐reported bullying behavior was associated with less compensating behavior in the outgroup condition. These findings may have practical implications for programs intending to change bystander behavior in bullying situations.
High risk cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck
Authors: Kang Stephen Y. , Toland Amanda E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe majority of patients with head and neck cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) are successfully treated with surgical treatment of the primary site. While only a minority of patients is at risk for regional metastasis, these patients have significantly worse outcomes. Tumor and patient factors that place patients at high risk for development of regional metastasis have been identified. Advancing treatment of cSCC requires identifying and escalating treatment in this high risk patient population, while avoiding overtreatment of the majority of cSCC patients that do not develop regional metastasis. Sentinel lymph node biopsy has emerged as a promising technique in cSCC to detect micrometastasis and allow early surgical treatment of regional disease. Future directions involve genomic characterization of metastatic and nonmetastatic cSCC to identify genomic alterations causing metastasis that may be used to predict disease behavior.
Timing, cause and consequences of mid-Holocene climate transition in the Arabian Sea
Authors: Saraswat Rajeev , Naik Dinesh Kumar , Nigam Rajiv , Gaur Anuruddh Singh 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe reconstruct centennial scale quantitative changes in surface seawater temperature (SST), evaporation-precipitation (from Mg/Ca and δ18O of surface dwelling planktic foraminifera), productivity (from relative abundance of Globigerina bulloides), carbon burial (from %CaCO3 and organic carbon [%Corg]) and dissolved oxygen at sediment-water interface, covering the entire Holocene, from a core collected from the eastern Arabian Sea. From the multi-proxy record, we define the timing, consequences and possible causes of the mid-Holocene climate transition (MHCT). A distinct shift in evaporation-precipitation (E-P) is observed at 6.4 ka, accompanied by a net cooling of SST. The shift in SST and E-P is synchronous with a change in surface productivity. A concurrent decrease is also noted in both the planktic foraminiferal abundance and coarse sediment fraction. A shift in carbon burial, as inferred from both the %CaCO3 and %Corg, coincides with a change in surface productivity. A simultaneous decrease in dissolved oxygen at the sediment-water interface, suggests that changes affected both the surface and subsurface water. A similar concomitant change is also observed in other cores from the Arabian Sea as well as terrestrial records, suggesting a widespread regional MHCT. The MHCT coincides with decreasing low-latitude summer insolation, perturbations in total solar intensity and an increase in atmospheric CO2.
Balanced solutions for an ellipsoidal vortex in a rotating stratified flow
Authors: McKiver William J. , Dritschel David G. 
Published: August 2016

We consider the motion of a single ellipsoidal vortex with uniform potential vorticity in a rotating stratified fluid at finite Rossby number $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$. Building on previous solutions obtained under the quasi-geostrophic approximation (at first order in $\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}$), we obtain analytical solutions for the balanced part of the flow at $O(\unicode[STIX]{x1D716}^{2})$. These solutions capture important ageostrophic effects giving rise to an asymmetry in the evolution of cyclonic and anticyclonic vortices. Previous work has shown that, if the velocity field induced by an ellipsoidal vortex only depends linearly on spatial coordinates inside the vortex, i.e. $\boldsymbol{u}=\unicode[STIX]{x1D64E}\boldsymbol{x}$, then the dynamics reduces markedly to a simple matrix equation. The instantaneous vortex shape and orientation are encapsulated in a symmetric $3\times 3$ matrix $\unicode[STIX]{x1D63D}$, which is acted upon by the flow matrix $\unicode[STIX]{x1D64E}$ to provide the vortex evolution. Under the quasi-geostrophic approximation, the flow matrix is determined by inverting the potential vorticity to obtain the streamfunction via Poisson’s equation, which has a known analytical solution depending on elliptic integrals. Here we show that higher-order balanced solutions, up to second order in the Rossby number, can also be calculated analytically. However, in this case there is a vector potential that requires the solution of three Poisson equations for each of its components. The source terms for these equations are independent of spatial coordinates within the ellipsoid, depending only on the elliptic integrals solved at the leading, quasi-geostrophic order. Unlike the quasi-geostrophic case, these source terms do not in general vanish outside the ellipsoid and have an inordinately complicated dependence on spatial coordinates. In the special case of an ellipsoid whose axes are aligned with the coordinate axes, we are able to derive these source terms and obtain the full analytical solution to the three Poisson equations. However, if one considers the homogeneous case, whereby the outer source terms are neglected, one can obtain an approximate solution having a compact matrix form analogous to the leading-order quasi-geostrophic case. This approximate solution proves to be highly accurate for the general case of an arbitrarily oriented ellipsoid, as verified through comparisons of the solutions with solutions obtained from numerical simulations of an ellipsoid using an accurate nonlinear balance model, even at moderate Rossby numbers.
Syrian refugees in Turkey: from “guests” to “enemies”?
Authors: Toğral Koca Burcu 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSince the war erupted in Syria in 2011, Turkey has followed an “open door” policy toward Syrian refugees. The Turkish government has been promoting this liberal policy through a humanitarian discourse that leads one to expect that Syrian refugees have not been securitized in Turkey. This article, however, argues that a security framework that emphasizes control and containment has been essential to the governance of Syrian refugees in Turkey, despite the presence of such non-securitarian discourses. To develop this argument, the article first builds an analytical framework based on a critical engagement with the theory of securitization, which was originally developed by the Copenhagen School. Unlike the Copenhagen School’s theory emphasizing “speech acts” as the vector of securitization, this article applies a sociological approach to the analysis of the securitization process by focusing on both discursive and non-discursive practices. In carrying out this analysis, securitizing practices, both discursive and non-discursive, are defined as those that: (1) emphasize “control and containment,” especially in relation to societal/public security concerns (here, specifically, the labor market and employment); and (2) establish a security continuum about various other issues—including criminality, terrorism, socioeconomic problems, and cultural deprivation—and thereby treat migrants as “risky” outsiders. Subsequently, in line with this analytical framework, the article seeks to trace the securitization of non-camp Syrian refugees, especially in the labor market. Finally, the article demonstrates that this securitization process is likely to conceal structural and political problems, and to close off alternative public and political debate about the refugees.
Management of irregular migration: Syrians in Turkey as paradigm shifters for forced migration studies
Authors: Canefe Nergis 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn the context of the series of civil wars that have struck the Middle East since the 1980s, the politico-economic changes in the post-Soviet geography of Eastern Europe and the Russian states, and the continuous turmoil in those parts of Africa and Asia where access to Turkish soil has been possible, Turkey emerged as a regional hub for receiving continuous flows of forced migration. As suggested by ample evidence in recent work on migration flows into Turkey, many of these “irregular migrants,” “stateless peoples,” or “asylum seekers” eventually become continuously employed under very unstable circumstances, thus fitting into the definition of the “precariat” or precarious proletariat. This paper examines the context within which such pervasive precarity takes root, directly affecting vulnerable groups such as the Syrian forced migrants arriving in Turkey in successive waves. The marked qualities of the Syrian case in terms of social precarity, combined with the degrees of disenfranchisement and economically precarious conditions for survival, indicates an institutionalized paradigm shift in the Turkish state’s management of irregular migration.
A waste of space? Unbuilt land in the Babylonian cities of the first millennium BC
Authors: Baker Heather D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article uses both textual and archaeological evidence to examine the role of unbuilt land in the Babylonian city. Detailed study of such land is vital not only for understanding urban living conditions but also for any attempt to estimate urban population based on density of occupation of residential areas. By classifying and investigating unbuilt land according to its physical properties, modes of use and conditions of ownership, it is possible to reassess its role in the lives of the city-dwellers.
La terre cuite IB 1967 ou peut-on lire les images coroplastiques a travers les textes?
Authors: Battini Laura 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCan texts explain all iconography? When seeking to explain images, can we use texts that are not contemporary with them? Ethnoarchaeology makes use of data from more distant periods and countries, but we must bear in mind the conservatism of Mesopotamian representations. Can texts be used to explain both “popular” and “official” iconography? Some answers are provided by a mould-made clay model excavated at Isin that depicts a deity with a bovine face in a doorway. It fits into a series of representations of gates associated with deities, and is one of a limited number depicting a deity with a bovine head.
Real and imagined “Hittite palaces” at Khorsabad and elsewhere
Authors: Reade Julian 
Published: August 2016

Between 745 and 700 BC the Assyrian empire established itself in much of the Levant, becoming a Mediterranean as well as a Mesopotamian power. People from former Syro-Hittite states and the coasts of Phoenicia and Palestine were dispersed across the empire, bringing their own social conventions, cultures and expertise in fields ranging from cookery and metallurgy to music and architecture. Many Assyrian kings in previous centuries had demonstrated their respect for these high cultures of the West; Herzfeld (1930: 186–93) was one of the earlier scholars to consider the extent of their indebtedness. Now kings who had visited the West and who had seen how people lived there, built western features into new palaces at Nimrud, Khorsabad and Nineveh.A clear allusion to this process resides in use of the phrase “like a Hittite palace”, literallytamšil ekal mat Hatti, “a replica of a palace of the land of Hatti”, i.e. the kind of palace or palatial structure familiar in the Syro-Hittite, Luwian and Levantine territories which eighth-century Assyrians still called after the Hittites. Tiglath-pileser III, Sargon and Sennacherib all recorded the construction of buildings like this, to which the termbit hilani(with minor variants) was also applied; Esarhaddon recorded building in both Hittite and Assyrian styles, and Ashurbanipal too built abit hilani. The clearest relevant archaeological evidence consists of some remains on the western side of the main royal palace of Sargon at Khorsabad. P.-É. Botta, the first excavator of these remains, assigned them the name of Monument isolé, Monument X or Temple (henceforward simply Monument X).
On the Ud-ŠU-BALA at Ur towards the end of the third millennium BC
Authors: Wilson James Kinnier 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe media coverage of the severe weather patterns of 1982–3 and 1997–8 has reasserted for the study of history the possible influence of abrupt climate change at transitional periods. Modern theories on the fall of Ur have already looked beyond the Elamite invasion to the evidence of food shortage and failing water supply as preconditions of the event. The present study seeks to enlarge upon this theme, and will suggest that, following a period of storm and flood, a sustained drought brought an unprecedented loss of life to the city of Ur and across Sumer. The paper will finally suggest a modern and scientific explanation of the ud-šu-bala, or “weather change”, of the period.
The Royal libraries of Nineveh: New evidence for king Ashurbanipal's Tablet Collecting
Authors: Frame Grant , George A. R. 
Published: August 2016

The two tablets published here for the first time, BM 45642 and BM 28825, are edited together for good reason, for the historical background of both texts is very probably the same episode in King Ashurbanipal's drive to acquire scribal learning. Where BM 28825 concerns the reception of the Assyrian king's demand for tablets among the citizens of Babylon, BM 45642 deals with the reaction of scholars of nearby Borsippa to a similar royal message. BM 45642 is the better preserved of the two tablets, and allows a fuller understanding of both texts' formal characteristics and of the contextual background. Consequently we present it first.The text inscribed on BM 45642 (81-7-6, 35) is a letter, though not a typical one. It begins with an extremely deferential address to Ashurbanipal (11. 1–4). Following a series of standard royal epithets, the address pays homage to the Assyrian king as the divinely appointed suzerain of Assyria and Babylonia. It goes on to record Nabû's patronage of the king, and to acknowledge his skill in Nabû's special field of writing, an expertise already well known from Ashurbanipal's own inscriptions. These clauses are chosen with care, for the writer is evidently a scholar from Borsippa, Nabû's cult-centre. With them he invokes a certain feeling of mutual fellowship. The name of the sender is expected at the end of the address, but although the end of 1. 4 is broken there does not seem to be a name there, and we have restored instead nilt[apra umma] “we send word as follows”. In this the text departs from normal Neo-Babylonian usage, perhaps because it is not a regular letter but, as becomes clear, a formal and collective communication on behalf of all the scholars of Borsippa.