bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Early interaction in autism spectrum disorder: Mothers' and children's behaviours during joint engagement
Authors: Kaale A. , Smith L. , Nordahl‐Hansen A. , Fagerland M. W. , Kasari C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundMore knowledge about the interaction between young children with autism spectrum disorder and their parents is one way to improve intervention. This study aims to investigate the behaviours of mothers and children with autism spectrum disorder during joint engagement, with a focus on pacing or rate (i.e., incidences per minute) of their behaviours when being in this state.MethodVideo recordings of 10 min of free‐play between 58 children (2–4 years) diagnosed with childhood autism and their mothers were used to examine rate of mothers' and children's behaviours (i.e., toy introduction, toy expansion, positive affect, and language) during joint engagement, the association between rate of mothers and children's behaviours, the relation between rate of mothers' behaviours and time in joint engagement, and how child factors might be associated with the latter.ResultsMothers(m) and children(c) showed similar rate of positive affect (Mm = 0.6/Mc = 0.5) and toy expansion (Mm = 0.7/Mc = 0.7) per minute, whereas mothers talked almost three times more than their children (Mm = 10.2/Mc = 3.8). In contrast, mothers introduced fewer toys compared to the children (Mm = 0.7/Mc = 1.2). Rate of mothers' toy introduction, toy expansion, and positive affect was inversely related to time in joint engagement (Regression coefficient = −70.7 to −48.5, p = .006 to .024). Rates of mothers' and children's behaviours were associated (Spearman rank order coefficient = .53 to .29, p < .001 to .03), but neither rate of children's behaviours nor mental age was associated with the observed relation between rate of these maternal behaviours and time in joint engagement.ConclusionTime in joint engagement was related to rate of mothers' behaviours and children's mental age but not to rate of children's behaviours in this study. Thus, intervention teaching parents of young children with autism strategies designed to increase time in joint engagement may be vital. The complex nature of the interaction between mother and child behaviours in promoting joint engagement warrants further elucidation.
Women with polycystic ovary syndrome demonstrate worsening markers of cardiovascular risk over the short‐term despite declining hyperandrogenaemia: Results of a longitudinal study with community controls
Authors: Huddleston Heather G. , Quinn Molly M. , Kao Chia‐Ning , Lenhart Nikolaus , Rosen Mitchell P. , Cedars Marcelle I. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryObjectiveTo compare age‐associated changes in cardiovascular risk markers in lean and obese reproductive‐aged women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) with community controls.DesignLongitudinal study at an academic medical centrePatientsPatients diagnosed with PCOS by 2004 Rotterdam criteria in a multidisciplinary clinic were systematically enrolled from 2006‐2014 in a PCOS cohort study and subsequently agreed to participate in a longitudinal study. The comparison controls were from the prospective, longitudinal Ovarian Aging (OVA) study, which consists of healthy women with regular menstrual cycles recruited from 2006 to 2011.MeasurementsCardiovascular risk markers and hormone parameters at baseline and follow‐up.ResultsObese and lean PCOS (n = 38) and control women (n = 296) completed two study visits. The follow‐up time (3.5 ± 1.5 vs 4.0 ± 0.8 years, P = .06) and magnitude of BMI gain (+0.1 kg/m2/y [−0.11, 0.36] vs +0.26 [−0.18, 0.87] P = .19) did not differ between obese and lean PCOS and controls. In PCOS subjects, total testosterone decreased in both obese and lean, but the decrease was greater in obese subjects (−0.09 nmol/L per year; 95% CI: −0.16, −0.02 vs −0.04 nmol/L per year; 95%CI: −0.11, 0.03). Compared to their respective controls, obese and lean PCOS saw worsening triglyceride (TG) levels (P < .05) and HOMA‐IR (P < .05) over time, but there was no difference in change in LDL, HDL, fasting glucose, C‐reactive protein or ALT.ConclusionsIn a longitudinal study, reproductive‐aged women with PCOS demonstrated declines in biochemical hyperandrogenaemia over time. Despite this, PCOS subjects experienced steeper increases in cardiovascular risk factors associated with insulin resistance, including triglycerides and HOMA‐IR.
Males with prolactinoma are at increased risk of incident cardiovascular disease
Authors: Toulis Konstantinos A. , Robbins Tim , Reddy Narendra , Balachandran Kumarendran , Gokhale Krishna , Wijesinghe Haren , Cheng Kar Keung , Karavitaki Niki , Wass John , Nirantharakumar Krishnarajah 
Published: October 2017

SummaryObjectiveTo investigate whether the risk of incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) is increased in patients with prolactinoma.DesignPopulation‐based, retrospective, open‐cohort study using The Health Improvement Network (THIN) database.PatientsA total of 2233 patients with prolactinoma and 10 355 matched controls (1:5 ratio) from UK General Practices contributing to THIN were included. Sex, age, body mass index and smoking status were used as matching parameters. The primary outcome was any incident CVD, defined by Read codes suggesting myocardial infarction, angina pectoris, stroke, transient ischaemic attack or heart failure. Sex‐specific‐adjusted incidence rate ratios (aIRRs) were calculated with Poisson regression, using clinically relevant parameters as model covariates. Sensitivity analyses were performed to check whether a change in the initial assumptions could have an impact on the findings.ResultsDuring the 6‐year observation period, the composite CVD outcome was recorded in 54 patients with prolactinoma and 180 “nonexposed” individuals. The incidence rate was 1.8 and 14.8 per 1000 person‐years for the females and males with prolactinoma, respectively. The aIRRs for CVD were estimated at 0.99 [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.61‐1.61, P = .968)] in female patients and 1.94 (95% CI: 1.29‐2.91, P = .001) in male patients. These findings remained robust in sensitivity analyses restricting to patients with documented record of dopamine agonist treatment and those with newly diagnosed prolactinoma.ConclusionsIn contrast to females, men with prolactinoma have increased risk for incident CVD; the aetiology of this gender‐specific finding remains to be elucidated.
Timeframe of socket cortication after tooth extraction: A retrospective radiographic study
Authors: Bertl Kristina , Kukla Edmund Benjamin , Albugami Rajaa , Beck Florian , Gahleitner André , Stavropoulos Andreas 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo assess the timeframe between tooth extraction and radiographically detectable socket cortication in humans.MethodsTwo hundred and fifty patients with a CT scan ≤36 months after tooth extraction were included. First, three orthoradial multiplanar reconstruction slices, representing the major part of the extraction socket, were scored regarding the degree of bone healing as (i) healed, that is, complete/continuous cortication of the socket entrance, or (ii) non‐healed. Thereafter, based on the results of all three slices, the stage of cortication of the extraction socket, as one unit, was classified as (i) non‐corticated, that is, all three slices judged as non‐healed, (ii) partially corticated, that is, 1 or 2 slices judged as non‐healed, or (iii) completely corticated, that is, all three slices judged as healed. The possible effect of several independent parameters, that is, age, gender, timeframe between tooth extraction and CT scan, tooth type, extent of radiographic bone loss of the extracted tooth, tooth‐gap type, smoking status, presence of any systemic disease, and medication intake, on cortication status was statistically evaluated.ResultsThree to 6 months after tooth extraction, 27% of the sockets were judged as non‐corticated and 53% were judged as partially corticated. After 9–12 months, >80% of the sockets were corticated, while some incompletely corticated sockets were detected up to 15 months after extraction. Each additional month after tooth extraction contributed significantly to a higher likelihood of a more advanced stage of cortication, while radiographic bone loss ≥75% significantly prolonged cortication time; no other independent variable had a significant effect.ConclusionsThe results indicate a considerably long timeframe until complete cortication of an extraction socket, that is, 3–6 months after tooth extraction 3 of 4 sockets were still not completely corticated, and only after 9–12 months, complete cortication was observed in about 80% of the sockets.
Do preoperative oral antibiotics increase Clostridium difficile infection rates? An analysis of 13 959 colectomy patients
Authors: Parthasarathy M. , Bowers D. , Groot‐Wassink T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to determine whether or not preoperative oral antibiotic preparation (POAP) increases the rate of Clostridium difficile colitis (CDC) in patients undergoing colectomy.MethodIn 2015, data for colectomies had been collected prospectively and recorded in the targeted colectomy option of the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (ACS NSQIP). This was available for retrospective analysis. Data available for analysis included elective and emergency status, POAP, surgical approach, primary anastomosis and CDC status. The effect of POAP on CDC was analysed and risk adjusted for 14 separate preoperative variables.ResultsIn all, 13 959 adult patients underwent a colectomy in 2015 (POAP group 5311 and non‐ POAP group 8648). The overall rate of CDC in colectomy patients was 1.6% (227/13 959). On univariate analysis, CDC was significantly less common in the POAP group than in the non‐POAP group (1.2% vs 1.9%, P = 0.003). Univariate analysis of a further 41 preoperative variables revealed 14 to be associated with CDC. However, after risk adjustment with these 14 variables, POAP lost its statistical significance (adjusted OR 0.902, 95% CI 0.584–1.486, P = 0.685). Only patients with pre‐existing systemic inflammatory response syndrome appeared to be at increased risk of CDC (adjusted OR 2.154, 95% CI 1.139–4.074, P = 0.018).ConclusionAt the very least this study suggests it is safe to use POAP in colectomy patients without increasing the rate of CDC unless they have pre‐existing systemic inflammatory response syndrome.
Making Tough Choices: Picking the Appropriate Conservation Decision‐Making Tool
Authors: Bower Shannon D. , Brownscombe Jacob W. , Birnie‐Gauvin Kim , Ford Matthew I. , Moraga Andrew D. , Pusiak Ryan J. P. , Turenne Eric D. , Zolderdo Aaron J. , Cooke Steven J. , Bennett Joseph R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractConservation practitioners face complex challenges due to resource limitations, biological and socioeconomic trade‐offs, involvement of diverse interest groups, and data deficiencies. To help address these challenges, there are a growing number of frameworks for systematic decision making. Three prominent frameworks are structured decision making, systematic conservation prioritization, and systematic reviews. These frameworks have numerous conceptual linkages, and offer rigorous and transparent solutions to conservation problems. However, they differ in their assumptions and applicability. Here, we provide guidance on how to choose among these frameworks for solving conservation problems, and how to identify less rigorous techniques when time or data availability limit options. Each framework emphasizes the need for proper problem consideration and formulation, and includes steps for monitoring and evaluation. We recommend clear and documented problem formulation, adopting structured decision‐making processes, and archiving results in a global database to support conservation professionals in making evidence‐based decisions in the future.
Tropical‐temperate comparison of landscape‐scale arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal species distributions
Authors: Chaudhary V. Bala , Cuenca Gisela , Johnson Nancy C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimMycorrhizas are among the most common symbioses on Earth, impacting plant community structure and ecosystem functioning, yet little landscape‐scale data linking mycorrhizal fungal diversity to biotic and abiotic properties exist to inform conservation. We examined arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungal diversity in tropical and temperate locations and identified potential drivers of species distributions and diversity for use as proxy indicators in biodiversity conservation.LocationAM fungal communities were documented at 60 sites in the Colorado Plateau in south‐western United States and La Gran Sabana in south‐eastern Venezuela.MethodsCommunities of plants and AM fungi and abiotic variables were measured along 50‐m transects in three vegetation types (shrublands, forests, and traditional agricultural fields). Model selection and multivariate analyses were used to evaluate environmental predictors of AM fungal diversity and community structure.ResultsAM fungal species richness (α diversity) and community structure, but not among‐site turnover (β diversity), differed between tropical and temperate locations; only 15% of taxa were present in both locations. In unmanaged sites, AM fungal richness was not correlated with plant richness, but instead predicted by soil pH and temperature (temperate) or precipitation and latitude (tropics). The structure of AM fungal communities was influenced by plant identity but not plant diversity in both locations. Traditional, sedentary Hopi agriculture influenced AM fungal communities on the Colorado Plateau, but Pemón shifting slash‐and‐burn agriculture did not alter AM fungal communities at La Gran Sabana. At both locations, AM fungal community structure was linked to soil texture and nitrogen.Main conclusionsOur study demonstrates similarity between tropical and temperate regions in the biotic and abiotic drivers of landscape‐scale AM fungal species distributions. Soil and climate as well as habitat heterogeneity may serve as proxy indicators of AM fungal communities for use in conservation planning to preserve the ecosystem functions and services of mycorrhizas.
Risk of pre‐eclampsia in women taking metformin: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Alqudah A. , McKinley M. C. , McNally R. , Graham U. , Watson C. J. , Lyons T. J. , McClements L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAimsTo perform meta‐analyses of studies evaluating the risk of pre‐eclampsia in high‐risk insulin‐resistant women taking metformin prior to, or during pregnancy.MethodsA search was conducted of the Medline, EMBASE, Web of Science and Scopus databases. Both randomized controlled trials and prospective observational cohort studies of metformin treatment vs. placebo/control or insulin either prior to or during pregnancy were selected. The main outcome measure was the incidence of pre‐eclampsia in each treatment group.ResultsOverall, in five randomized controlled trials comparing metformin treatment (n = 611) with placebo/control (n = 609), no difference in the risk of pre‐eclampsia was found [combined/pooled risk ratio (RR), 0.86 (95% CI 0.33–2.26); P = 0.76; I2 = 66%]. Meta‐analysis of four cohort studies again showed no significant effect [RR, 1.21 (95% CI 0.56–2.61); P = 0.62; I2 = 30%]. A meta‐analysis of eight randomized controlled trials comparing metformin (n = 838) with insulin (n = 836), however, showed a reduced risk of pre‐eclampsia with metformin [RR, 0.68 (95% CI 0.48–0.95); P = 0.02; I2 = 0%]. No heterogeneity was present in the metformin vs. insulin analysis of randomized controlled trials, whereas high levels of heterogeneity were present in studies comparing metformin with placebo/control. Pre‐eclampsia was a secondary outcome in most of the studies. The mean weight gain from time of enrolment to delivery was lower in the metformin group (P = 0.05, metformin vs. placebo; P = 0.004, metformin vs. insulin).ConclusionsIn studies randomizing pregnant women to glucose‐lowering therapy, metformin was associated with lower gestational weight gain and a lower risk of pre‐eclampsia compared with insulin.
Households’ preferences for attributes of Conditional Cash Transfer programmes: A choice experiment in Ghana
Authors: Yeboah Felix Kwame , Lupi Frank , Kaplowitz Michael D. , Kerr John M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractConditional cash transfer (CCT) is increasingly being integrated into poverty reduction strategies in developing countries. However, debate remains over key elements ofCCTprogramme design. Using a discrete choice model, this article examines Ghanaian households’ preferences regarding keyCCTprogramme design elements including conditionality, targeting, and payment method. The results revealed a preference forCCTdesigns that target beneficiaries with limited or no productive capacity andCCTdesigns that are conditional on beneficiaries either investing in children's human capital or performing communal service, relative to unconditional programmes. Also, direct bank deposit was revealed as the preferred payment mode relative to receipt of cash payments or use of mobile money systems.
The impacts of predators and parasites on wild bumblebee colonies
Authors: GOULSON DAVE , O'CONNOR STEPH , PARK KIRSTY J. 
Published: October 2017

1. The study of wild bumblebee nests has been hindered by the difficulty in locating and observing them. Here, 47 wild nests were located using a sniffer dog and volunteers. The entrances to 32 nests were filmed continuously to identify successful nests (those that produced gynes) and observe vertebrate species interactions.2. Of the 47 nests, 71% and 21% produced gynes in 2010 and 2011, respectively.3. A total of 39 vertebrate species were filmed at entrances but the majority did not interact with the nests. Great tits (Parus major) depredated or attempted to depredate bees on 32 occasions at the entrances to 10 nests, something that has not previously been described. Small mammals were very often recorded accessing entrances to bumblebee nests, but whether they depredated bees was not known, and frequently visited nests were no less likely to produce gynes. Eight nests were entered by adult wax moths, Aphomia sociella.4. The faeces of 1179 workers from 29 Bombus terrestris nests were screened microscopically for parasites. Crithidia bombi infections were apparent in 49% of worker bees, while Nosema bombi and Apicystis bombi were present in 5.5% and 0.68% of bees, respectively. Nests with a high prevalence of C. bombi infection were less likely to produce gynes, the first evidence of a direct impact of this common parasite on bumblebee colony reproduction in wild nests.5. Overall, our data indicate that bumblebee nests are at the heart of a rich web of interactions between many different predator and parasite species.
Detection of a new heterozygous germline ETV6 mutation in a case with hyperdiploid acute lymphoblastic leukemia
Authors: Duployez Nicolas , Abou Chahla Wadih , Lejeune Sophie , Marceau‐Renaut Alice , Letizia Guillaume , Boyer Thomas , Geffroy Sandrine , Peyrouze Pauline , Grardel Nathalie , Nelken Brigitte , Michel Gérard , Bertrand Yves , Preudhomme Claude 
Published: October 2017

AbstractETV6 is a target of recurrent aberrations in sporadic and familial acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Here, we report on a new pedigree with a germline ETV6 mutation in which the index patient and his father developed high hyperdiploid (HeH) ALL and polycythemia vera at age 13 and 51, respectively. The index patient achieved durable complete remission without transplantation but had persistent moderate thrombocytopenia without bleeding tendency. To determine the prevalence of ETV6 alterations in HeH‐ALL, we screened 81 unrelated subjects with HeH‐ALL by single nucleotide polymorphism array and high‐throughput sequencing for the ETV6 gene. Overall, ETV6 microdeletions and mutations were identified in 9% of cases, all of which were somatic and considered as secondary events. Apart from the index patient, no germline ETV6 aberration was identified. Finally, we reviewed the literature for ETV6 germline aberrations and predispositions to ALL.
Planting exotic relatives has increased the threat posed by Dothistroma septosporum to the Caledonian pine populations of Scotland
Authors: Piotrowska Marta J. , Riddell Carolyn , Hoebe Peter N. , Ennos Richard A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTo manage emerging forest diseases and prevent their occurrence in the future, it is essential to determine the origin(s) of the pathogens involved and identify the management practices that have ultimately caused disease problems. One such practice is the widespread planting of exotic tree species within the range of related native taxa. This can lead to emerging forest disease both by facilitating introduction of exotic pathogens and by providing susceptible hosts on which epidemics of native pathogens can develop. We used microsatellite markers to determine the origins of the pathogen Dothistroma septosporum responsible for the current outbreak of Dothistroma needle blight (DNB) on native Caledonian Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris) populations in Scotland and evaluated the role played by widespread planting of two exotic pine species in the development of the disease outbreak. We distinguished three races of D. septosporum in Scotland, one of low genetic diversity associated with introduced lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta), one of high diversity probably derived from the DNB epidemic on introduced Corsican pine (Pinus nigra subsp. laricio) in England and a third of intermediate diversity apparently endemic on Caledonian Scots pine. These races differed for both growth rate and exudate production in culture. Planting of exotic pine stands in the UK appears to have facilitated the introduction of two exotic races of D. septosporum into Scotland which now pose a threat to native Caledonian pines both directly and through potential hybridization and introgression with the endemic race. Our results indicate that both removal of exotic species from the vicinity of Caledonian pine populations and restriction of movement of planting material are required to minimize the impact of the current DNB outbreak. They also demonstrate that planting exotic species that are related to native species reduces rather than enhances the resilience of forests to pathogens.
Influence of dental materials on cells of the equine periodontium
Authors: Ringeisen H. , Pöschke A. , Krähling B. , Schröck C. , Stoll M. , Vogelsberg J. , Failing K. , Staszyk C. 
Published: October 2017

SummaryBackgroundTherapy for equine periodontal disease can include filling of the periodontal pockets and widened interproximal spaces. Recommended dental materials are generally adopted from human dentistry.ObjectivesTo evaluate the biocompatibility of dental materials for equine periodontal fillings in vitro.Study designIn vitro experiments.MethodsFour different dental materials (PeriCare®, Provicol®, Calxyl® and Honigum) were tested on equine periodontal fibroblasts. Possible cytotoxic effects were assessed microscopically and by MTT assay, and the expression of inflammatory marker genes was measured by qRT‐PCR.ResultsPeriCare® and Provicol® had no effects on the cells, whereas Honigum and Calxyl® were associated with severe cytotoxic effects.Main limitationsThe results of this in vitro study need to be confirmed by clinical studies.ConclusionsBefore adapting dental materials from human dentistry, it is crucial to initially test them in a specific equine model.