bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders
Authors: Sand Ilana Katz 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of Review:
This article provides a practical approach for providers caring for patients with neuromyelitis optica (NMO) spectrum disorders. Clinical and imaging features, diagnostic criteria, treatment of acute exacerbations, chronic preventive therapy, and symptom management in NMO spectrum disorders are discussed.

Recent Findings:
The rapid pace of research in NMO spectrum disorders has led to many recent advances. A broader understanding of the clinical spectrum of the disease as well as improvements in anti–aquaporin-4 antibody assays have led to recent revision of the diagnostic criteria. Several recent studies have expanded the knowledge base regarding the efficacy and safety of current therapies for NMO spectrum disorders.

Summary:
An NMO spectrum disorder is an inflammatory disorder affecting the central nervous system, previously thought to be closely related to multiple sclerosis but more recently demonstrated to represent a distinct clinical and pathophysiologic entity. As NMO spectrum disorders carry significant morbidity and, at times, mortality, prompt and accurate diagnosis followed by swift initiation of therapy for both treatment of acute exacerbations and prevention of further relapses is critical. This article provides a practical approach to the diagnosis and management of NMO spectrum disorders.
Genetic Leukoencephalopathies in Adults
Authors: Vanderver Adeline 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of Review:
More than 100 heritable disorders can present with abnormal white matter on neuroimaging. While acquired disorders remain a more common cause of leukoencephalopathy in the adult than genetic causes, the clinician must remain aware of features that suggest a possible genetic etiology.

Recent Findings:
The differential diagnosis of heritable white matter disorders in adults has been revolutionized by next-generation sequencing approaches and the recent identification of the molecular cause of a series of adult-onset disorders.

Summary:
The identification of a heritable etiology of white matter disease will often have important prognostic and family counseling implications. It is thus important to be aware of the most common hereditary disorders of the white matter and to know how to distinguish them from acquired disorders and how to approach their diagnosis.
Prostate-Specific Antigen as a Marker of Hyperandrogenism in Women and Its Implications for Antidoping
Authors: Musrap Natasha , Diamandis Eleftherios P 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Since its discovery in the 1970s, prostate-specific antigen (PSA) has become widely known as a biomarker of prostate cancer in males but has often been overlooked in female malignancies. Although the serum concentration of PSA differs between men and women by about 1000-fold, studies have suggested that PSA concentrations drastically differ among healthy females and those who exhibit increased androgen production.

CONTENT
There have been reports of increased PSA expression in women exhibiting hyperandrogenic states, including polycystic ovary syndrome and hirsutism, as well as marked increases in a subset of breast cancer patients. These findings have not only revealed the remarkable diagnostic potential of PSA in a diverse range of clinical conditions but also point to its potential of becoming a useful biomarker of steroid hormone doping among female athletes. Recently, highly sensitive assays that can measure PSA at low limits of detection have been developed, which will aid in the discrimination of PSA between these different conditions.

SUMMARY
The overall aim of this review is to revisit the expression of PSA in hormonally-regulated tissues and in female malignancies, and to demonstrate how the regulation of PSA permits its use in antidoping initiatives.
Live coding together: Three potentials of collective live coding
Authors: Ogborn David 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Informed by the author’s experience directing the live coding Cybernetic Orchestra at McMaster University, this article discusses three areas in which collective live coding can make strong contributions to music education: the reconnection of studio labour to public musical performance, the exploration of new forms of musical co-presence, and the comprehension of music as positioned within a wider digital media context.
JythonMusic: An environment for teaching algorithmic music composition, dynamic coding and musical performativity
Authors: Manaris Bill , Stevens Blake , Brown Andrew R. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The practice of coding music live challenges computing conventions with regard to developmental agility. The computational representation of music likewise challenges musicians to articulate their practice in new ways. In this article we describe the development, teaching and use of the JythonMusic environment designed to meet these challenges head on. JythonMusic, written in Python, is an open source project for music making and creative programming activities intended for musicians and programmers, of all levels and backgrounds. JythonMusic supports algorithmic music composition, dynamic coding and musical performativity including live coding. This article examines the functionality of JythonMusic for composition and performance projects in the context of university courses that combine computer science and music. The advantages of this medium for music and programming instruction are demonstrated through several projects and a live coding case study, leading to a series of observations and proposals concerning the advantages of coding in music pedagogy.
Iterative composition, coding and pedagogy: A case study in live coding with EarSketch
Authors: Freeman Jason , Magerko Brian 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Pervasive definitions of live coding in music focus on the simultaneous modification and execution of code in a live performance setting where a performer shares his screen with the audience. This article considers a role for live coding that does not focus on live performance but rather on educational contexts. After briefly discussing an iterative model for both musical composition and coding and the potential roles of live coding within this model, the article introduces EarSketch, a learning environment for computer science and music technology that enables students to write Python or JavaScript code to algorithmically generate loop-based music within a digital audio workstation (DAW) workflow. It discusses the impact of code execution time on the learning environment, explains the environment’s current support for live coding and discusses the next steps and challenges involved in implementing additional support for live coding in the curriculum and the software environment.
The development of Sonic Pi and its use in educational partnerships: Co-creating pedagogies for learning computer programming
Authors: Aaron Samuel , Blackwell Alan F. , Burnard Pamela 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Sonic Pi is a new open source software tool and platform originally developed for the Raspberry Pi computer, designed to enable school children to learn programming by creating music. In this article we share insights from a scoping study on the development of Sonic Pi and its use in educational partnerships. Our findings draw attention to the importance of collaborative relationships between teacher and computer scientist and the value of creative pedagogies for learning computer programming as a live-coded participatory enterprise.
Educational design of live coding environments for the browser
Authors: Roberts Charlie , Allison Jesse , Holmes Daniel , Taylor Benjamin , Wright Matthew , Kuchera-Morin JoAnn 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Gibber is a creative coding environment for the browser designed for live coding performance and education. It emphasizes a simple notation, a strong audio-visual feature set, immediate feedback, and social collaboration. We describe the use of Gibber and its supporting libraries in a variety of educational settings, from work with a summer camp for middle-school girls to university electroacoustic ensembles. We also describe early results designing a new environment, called Braid, for live coding browser-based digital musical instruments (DMIs) that is informed by our teaching experiences.
Assessing the commutability of reference material formats for the harmonization of amyloid-β measurements
Authors: Bjerke Maria , Andreasson Ulf , Kuhlmann Julia , Portelius Erik , Pannee Josef , Lewczuk Piotr , Umek Robert M. , Vanmechelen Eugeen , Vanderstichele Hugo , Stoops Erik , Lewis Jennifer , Vandijck Manu , Kostanjevecki Vesna , Jeromin Andreas , Salamone Salvatore J. , Schmidt Oliver , Matzen Anja , Madin Kairat , Eichenlaub Udo , Bittner Tobias , Shaw Leslie M. , Zegers Ingrid , Zetterberg Henrik , Blennow Kaj 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background: The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) amyloid-β (Aβ42) peptide is an important biomarker for Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Variability in measured Aβ42 concentrations at different laboratories may be overcome by standardization and establishing traceability to a reference system. Candidate certified reference materials (CRMs) are validated herein for this purpose.

Methods: Commutability of 16 candidate CRM formats was assessed across five CSF Aβ42 immunoassays and one mass spectrometry (MS) method in a set of 48 individual clinical CSF samples. Promising candidate CRM formats (neat CSF and CSF spiked with Aβ42) were identified and subjected to validation across eight (Elecsys, EUROIMMUN, IBL, INNO-BIA AlzBio3, INNOTEST, MSD, Simoa, and Saladax) immunoassays and the MS method in 32 individual CSF samples. Commutability was evaluated by Passing-Bablok regression and the candidate CRM termed commutable when found within the prediction interval (PI). The relative distance to the regression line was assessed.

Results: The neat CSF candidate CRM format was commutable for almost all method comparisons, except for the Simoa/MSD, Simoa/MS and MS/IBL where it was found just outside the 95% PI. However, the neat CSF was found within 5% relative distance to the regression line for MS/IBL, between 5% and 10% for Simoa/MS and between 10% and 15% for Simoa/MSD comparisons.

Conclusions: The neat CSF candidate CRM format was commutable for 33 of 36 method comparisons, only one comparison more than expected given the 95% PI acceptance limit. We conclude that the neat CSF candidate CRM can be used for value assignment of the kit calibrators for the different Aβ42 methods.
Mean corpuscular volume levels and all-cause and liver cancer mortality
Authors: Yoon Hyung-Jin , Kim Kyaehyung , Nam You-Seon , Yun Jae-Moon , Park Minseon 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background: An elevated mean corpuscular volume (MCV) is associated with aging, nutrition, alcohol abuse and more, and it is known as a survival predictor in chronically ill patients. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between MCV levels and mortality from all-causes, cancer and site-specific cancer in a non-anemic healthy population.

Methods: A total of 36,260 participants aged 40 years or older who underwent routine check-ups at Seoul National University Hospital Health Promotion Center between 1995 and 2008 were followed-up for mortality until December 31, 2008, retrospectively.

Results: During an average follow-up of 8.0 years, 1107 deaths including 547 cancer deaths were observed. The adjusted hazard ratios (aHRs) of the subjects with the highest quartile of MCV ≥95.8 fL in men and MCV ≥94.2 fL in women for all-cause and cancer mortality were 1.44 [95% confidence interval (CI), 1.15–1.80] and 1.51 (95% CI, 1.10–2.07) for men and 1.55 (95% CI, 1.08–2.22) and 1.25 (95% CI, 0.74–2.11) for women, respectively, compared with those in the reference group (90.5 fL≤MC <93.0 fL in men and 89.2 fL≤MCV<91.6 fL in women). Elevated MCV level was related to an increased risk of liver cancer mortality in men (aHR, 3.55; 95% CI, 1.75–7.21).

Conclusions: This study suggests that the elevated MCV level in non-anemic cancer-free individuals was associated with increased all-cause mortality in both men and women, and with cancer mortality, in particular liver cancer mortality in men. Future prospective studies are required to consolidate our findings.
Measurement of plasma vitamin K1 (phylloquinone) and K2 (menaquinones-4 and -7) using HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry
Authors: Riphagen Ineke J. , van der Molen Jan C. , van Faassen Martijn , Navis Gerjan , de Borst Martin H. , Muskiet Frits A.J. , de Jong Wilhelmina H.A. , Bakker Stephan J.L. , Kema Ido P. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background: Given the growing interest in the health benefits of vitamin K, there is great need for development of new high-throughput methods for quantitative determination of vitamin K in plasma. We describe a simple and rapid method for measurement of plasma vitamin K1 (phylloquinone [PK]) and K2 (menaquinones [MK]-4 and -7). Furthermore, we investigated the association of fasting plasma vitamin K with functional vitamin K insufficiency in renal transplant recipients (RTR).

Methods: We used HPLC-tandem mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization for measurement of plasma PK, MK-4, and MK-7. Solid-phase extraction was used for sample clean-up. Mass spectrometric detection was performed in multiple reaction monitoring mode. Functional vitamin K insufficiency was defined as plasma desphospho-uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein (dp-ucMGP) >500 pmol/L.

Results: Lower limits of quantitation were 0.14 nmol/L for PK and MK-4 and 4.40 nmol/L for MK-7. Linearity up to 15 nmol/L was excellent. Mean recoveries were >92%. Fasting plasma PK concentration was associated with recent PK intake (ρ=0.41, p=0.002) and with plasma MK-4 (ρ=0.49, p<0.001). Plasma PK (ρ=0.38, p=0.003) and MK-4 (ρ=0.46, p<0.001) were strongly correlated with plasma triglyceride concentrations. Furthermore, we found that MK-4-triglyceride ratio, but not PK-triglyceride ratio, was significantly associated with functional vitamin K insufficiency (OR 0.22 [0.07–0.70], p=0.01) in RTR.

Conclusions: The developed rapid and easy-to-use LC-MS/MS method for quantitative determination of PK, MK-4, and MK-7 in human plasma may be a good alternative for the labor-intensive and time-consuming LC-MS/MS methods and enables a higher sample throughput.
A review of the influence of hydrogen on the mechanical properties of DP, TRIP, and TWIP advanced high-strength steels for auto construction
Authors: Liu Qinglong , Zhou Qingjun , Venezuela Jeffrey , Zhang Mingxing , Wang Jianqiu , Atrens Andrej 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe literature is reviewed regarding the influence of hydrogen on dual-phase (DP), transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP), and twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels. Hydrogen influences DP steels by decreasing ductility while strengths are largely unaffected. TRIP steels may be susceptible to hydrogen embrittlement (HE) as indicated by the loss of ductility and some brittle fracture features. The literature on the influence of hydrogen on TWIP steels was inconsistent. Some researchers found no significant influence of hydrogen on TWIP steel properties and fully ductile fractures, whereas others found a significant loss of ductility and strength due to hydrogen and some brittle features. Possible countermeasures for HE are tempering for DP and TRIP steels and aluminum alloying for TWIP steels.
A review of hydrogen embrittlement of martensitic advanced high-strength steels
Authors: Venezuela Jeffrey , Liu Qinglong , Zhang Mingxing , Zhou Qingjun , Atrens Andrej 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe martensitic advanced high-strength steels (MS-AHSS) are used to create fuel-efficient, crashworthy cars. Hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is an issue with high-strength steels; thus, the interaction of hydrogen with MS-AHSS needs to be studied. There are only a few published works on the HE of MS-AHSS. The current literature indicates that the HE susceptibility of MS-AHSS is affected by (i) the strength of the steel, (ii) the applied strain rate, (iii) the concentration of hydrogen, (iv) microstructure, (v) tempering, (vi) residual stress, (vii) fabrication route, (viii) inclusions, (ix) metallic coatings, and (x) specific precipitates. Some of the unresolved issues include (i) the correlation of laboratory results to service performance, (ii) establishing the conditions or factors that lead to a certain HE response, (iii) studying the effect of stress rate on HE, and (iv) a comprehensive understanding of hydrogen trapping in MS-AHSS.
Primary care pediatricians’ interest in diagnostic error reduction
Authors: Rinke Michael L. , Singh Hardeep , Ruberman Sarah , Adelman Jason , Choi Steven J. , O’Donnell Heather , Stein Ruth E.K. , Brady Tammy M. , Heo Moonseong , Lehmann Christoph U. , Kairys Steven , Rice-Conboy Elizabeth , Theissen Keri , Bundy David G. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Background: Diagnostic errors causing harm in children are understudied, resulting in a knowledge gap regarding pediatricians’ interest in reducing their incidence.

Methods: Electronic survey of general pediatricians focusing on diagnostic error incidence, errors they were interested in trying to improve, and errors reduced by their electronic health record (EHR).

Results: Of 300 contacted pediatricians, 77 (26%) responded, 58 (19%) served ambulatory patients, and 48 (16%) completed the entire questionnaire. Of these 48, 17 (35%) reported making a diagnostic error at least monthly, and 16 (33%) reported making a diagnostic error resulting in an adverse event at least annually. Pediatricians were “most” interested in “trying to improve” missed diagnosis of hypertension (17%), delayed diagnosis due to missed subspecialty referral (15%), and errors associated with delayed follow-up of abnormal laboratory values (13%). Among the 44 pediatricians with an EHR, 16 (36%) said it reduced the likelihood of missing obesity and 14 (32%) said it reduced the likelihood of missing hypertension. Also, 15 (34%) said it helped avoid delays in follow-up of abnormal laboratory values. A third (36%) reported no help in diagnostic error reduction from their EHR.

Conclusions: Pediatricians self-report an appreciable number of diagnostic errors and were most interested in preventing high frequency, non-life-threatening errors. There exists a need to leverage EHRs to support error reduction efforts.
Microglial Contact Prevents Excess Depolarization and Rescues Neurons from Excitotoxicity
Authors: Kato Go , Inada Hiroyuki , Wake Hiroaki , Akiyoshi Ryohei , Miyamoto Akiko , Eto Kei , Ishikawa Tatsuya , Moorhouse Andrew J. , Strassman Andrew M. , Nabekura Junichi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMicroglia survey and directly contact neurons in both healthy and damaged brain, but the mechanisms and functional consequences of these contacts are not yet fully elucidated. Combining two-photon imaging and patch clamping, we have developed an acute experimental model for studying the role of microglia in CNS excitotoxicity induced by neuronal hyperactivity. Our model allows us to simultaneously examine the effects of repetitive supramaximal stimulation on axonal morphology, neuronal membrane potential, and microglial migration, using cortical brain slices from Iba-1 eGFP mice. We demonstrate that microglia exert an acute and highly localized neuroprotective action under conditions of neuronal hyperactivity. Evoking repetitive action potentials in individual layer 2/3 pyramidal neurons elicited swelling of axons, but not dendrites, which was accompanied by a large, sustained depolarization of soma membrane potential. Microglial processes migrated to these swollen axons in a mechanism involving both ATP and glutamate release via volume-activated anion channels. This migration was followed by intensive microglial wrapping of affected axons and, in some cases, the removal of axonal debris that induced a rapid soma membrane repolarization back to resting potentials. When the microglial migration was pharmacologically blocked, the activity-induced depolarization continued until cell death ensued, demonstrating that the microglia–axon contact served to prevent pathological depolarization of the soma and maintain neuronal viability. This is a novel aspect of microglia surveillance: detecting, wrapping, and rescuing neuronal soma from damage due to excessive activity.
Mitochondria mediate septin cage assembly to promote autophagy of Shigella
Authors: Sirianni Andrea , Krokowski Sina , Lobato‐Márquez Damián , Buranyi Stephen , Pfanzelter Julia , Galea Dieter , Willis Alexandra , Culley Siân , Henriques Ricardo , Larrouy‐Maumus Gerald , Hollinshead Michael , Sancho‐Shimizu Vanessa , Way Michael , Mostowy Serge 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSeptins, cytoskeletal proteins with well‐characterised roles in cytokinesis, form cage‐like structures around cytosolic Shigella flexneri and promote their targeting to autophagosomes. However, the processes underlying septin cage assembly, and whether they influence S. flexneri proliferation, remain to be established. Using single‐cell analysis, we show that the septin cages inhibit S. flexneri proliferation. To study mechanisms of septin cage assembly, we used proteomics and found mitochondrial proteins associate with septins in S. flexneri‐infected cells. Strikingly, mitochondria associated with S. flexneri promote septin assembly into cages that entrap bacteria for autophagy. We demonstrate that the cytosolic GTPase dynamin‐related protein 1 (Drp1) interacts with septins to enhance mitochondrial fission. To avoid autophagy, actin‐polymerising Shigella fragment mitochondria to escape from septin caging. Our results demonstrate a role for mitochondria in anti‐Shigella autophagy and uncover a fundamental link between septin assembly and mitochondria.
Developmental and Cell Cycle Quiescence Is Mediated by the Nuclear Hormone Receptor Coregulator DIN-1S in the Caenorhabditis elegans Dauer Larva
Authors: Colella Eileen , Li Shaolin , Roy Richard 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
When faced with suboptimal growth conditions, Caenorhabditis elegans larvae can enter a diapause-like stage called “dauer” that is specialized for dispersal and survival. The decision to form a dauer larva is controlled by three parallel signaling pathways, whereby a compromise of TGFβ, cyclic guanosine monophosphate, or insulin/IGF-like signaling (ILS) results in dauer formation. Signals from these pathways converge on DAF-12, a nuclear hormone receptor that triggers the changes required to initiate dauer formation. DAF-12 is related to the vitamin D, liver-X, and androstane receptors, and like these human receptors, it responds to lipophilic hormone ligands. When bound to its ligand, DAF-12 acquires transcriptional activity that directs reproductive development, while unliganded DAF-12 forms a dauer-specifying complex with its interacting protein DIN-1S to regulate the transcription of genes required for dauer development. We report here that din-1S is required in parallel to par-4/LKB1 signaling within the gonad to establish cell cycle quiescence during the onset of the dauer stage. We show that din-1S is important for postdauer reproduction when ILS is impaired and is necessary for long-term dauer survival in response to reduced ILS. Our work uncovers several previously uncharacterized functions of DIN-1S in executing and maintaining many of the cellular and physiological processes required for appropriate dauer arrest, while also shedding light on the coordination of nuclear hormone signaling, the LKB1/AMPK signaling cascade, and ILS/TGFβ in the control of cell cycle quiescence and tissue growth: a key feature that is often misregulated in a number of hormone-dependent cancers.