bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Compartmentalisation of [FeFe]‐hydrogenase maturation in Chlamydomonas reinhardtii
Authors: Sawyer Anne , Bai Yu , Lu Yinghua , Hemschemeier Anja , Happe Thomas 
Published: March 2017

SummaryMolecular hydrogen (H2) can be produced in green microalgae by [FeFe]‐hydrogenases as a direct product of photosynthesis. The Chlamydomonas reinhardtii hydrogenase HYDA1 contains a catalytic site comprising a classic [4Fe4S] cluster linked to a unique 2Fe sub‐cluster. From in vitro studies it appears that the [4Fe4S] cluster is incorporated first by the housekeeping FeS cluster assembly machinery, followed by the 2Fe sub‐cluster, whose biosynthesis requires the specific maturases HYDEF and HYDG. To investigate the maturation process in vivo, we expressed HYDA1 from the C. reinhardtii chloroplast and nuclear genomes (with and without a chloroplast transit peptide) in a hydrogenase‐deficient mutant strain, and examined the cellular enzymatic hydrogenase activity, as well as in vivo H2 production. The transformants expressing HYDA1 from the chloroplast genome displayed levels of H2 production comparable to the wild type, as did the transformants expressing full‐length HYDA1 from the nuclear genome. In contrast, cells equipped with cytoplasm‐targeted HYDA1 produced inactive enzyme, which could only be activated in vitro after reconstitution of the [4Fe4S] cluster. This indicates that the HYDA1 FeS cluster can only be built by the chloroplastic FeS cluster assembly machinery. Further, the expression of a bacterial hydrogenase gene, CPI, from the C. reinhardtii chloroplast genome resulted in H2‐producing strains, demonstrating that a hydrogenase with a very different structure can fulfil the role of HYDA1 in vivo and that overexpression of foreign hydrogenases in C. reinhardtii is possible. All chloroplast transformants were stable and no toxic effects were seen from HYDA1 or CPI expression.
Identification of STN7/STN8 kinase targets reveals connections between electron transport, metabolism and gene expression
Authors: Schönberg Anna , Rödiger Anja , Mehwald Wiebke , Galonska Johann , Christ Gideon , Helm Stefan , Thieme Domenika , Majovsky Petra , Hoehenwarter Wolfgang , Baginsky Sacha 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe thylakoid‐associated kinases STN7 and STN8 are involved in short‐ and long‐term acclimation of photosynthetic electron transport to changing light conditions. Here we report the identification of STN7/STN8 in vivo targets that connect photosynthetic electron transport with metabolism and gene expression. Comparative phosphoproteomics with the stn7 and stn8 single and double mutants identified two proteases, one RNA‐binding protein, a ribosomal protein, the large subunit of Rubisco and a ferredoxin‐NADP reductase as targets for the thylakoid‐associated kinases. Phosphorylation of three of the above proteins can be partially complemented by STN8 in the stn7 single mutant, albeit at lower efficiency, while phosphorylation of the remaining three proteins strictly depends on STN7. The properties of the STN7‐dependent phosphorylation site are similar to those of phosphorylated light‐harvesting complex proteins entailing glycine or another small hydrophobic amino acid in the −1 position. Our analysis uncovers the STN7/STN8 kinases as mediators between photosynthetic electron transport, its immediate downstream sinks and long‐term adaptation processes affecting metabolite accumulation and gene expression.
Duration of platelet storage and outcomes of critically ill patients
Authors: Flint Andrew , Aubron Cécile , Bailey Michael , Bellomo Rinaldo , Pilcher David , Cheng Allen C. , Hegarty Colin , Reade Michael C. , McQuilten Zoe 
Published: March 2017

BACKGROUNDThe storage duration of platelet (PLT) units is limited to 5 to 7 days. This study investigates whether PLT storage duration is associated with patient outcomes in critically ill patients.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSThis study was a retrospective analysis of critically ill patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) of two hospitals in Australia who received one or more PLT transfusions from 2008 to 2014. Storage duration was approached in several different ways. Outcome variables were hospital mortality and ICU‐acquired infection. Associations between PLT storage duration and outcomes were evaluated using multiple logistic regression and also by Cox regression.RESULTSAmong 2250 patients who received one or more PLT transfusions while in the ICU, the storage duration of PLTs was available for 64% of patients (1430). In‐hospital mortality was 22.1% and ICU infection rate 7.2%. When comparing patients who received PLTs of a maximum storage duration of not more than 3, 4, or 5 days, there were no significant differences in baseline characteristics. After confounders were adjusted for, the storage duration of PLTs was not independently associated with mortality (4 days vs. ≤3 days, odds ratio [OR] 0.88, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59‐1.30; 5 days vs. ≤3 days, OR 0.97, 95% CI 0.68‐1.37) or infection (4 days vs. ≤3 days, OR 0.71, 95% CI 0.39‐1.29; 5 days vs. ≤3 days, OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.67‐1.83). Similar results were obtained regardless of how storage duration of PLTs was approached.CONCLUSIONSIn this large observational study in a heterogeneous ICU population, storage duration of PLTs was not associated with an increased risk of mortality or infection.
Presumed lupus erythematosus cells identified in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid from a Mexican Hairless dog
Authors: Black Laura J. , Hechler Ashley C. , Duffy Maura E. , Beatty Sarah S.K. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA neutered male Mexican Hairless dog was presented for generalized weight loss and weakness. Initial laboratory testing and diagnostic imaging revealed thrombocytopenia and an interstitial to miliary lung pattern affecting all lung fields. Mild joint effusion was found on physical examination affecting the stifle, tarsal, carpal, and elbow joints. Examination of synovial fluid demonstrated an inflammatory polyarthropathy in 3 joints. Cytocentrifuged and direct preparations of the bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) fluid sample were made and cells consistent with lupus erythematosus (LE) cells and ragocytes were found. Based on these findings, the anti‐nuclear antibody (ANA) titer was determined as 1:640. A clinical diagnosis of systemic LE was made based on the satisfaction of 2 major criteria (thrombocytopenia and inflammatory polyarthritis), 4 minor criteria (central nervous system signs, lymphadenopathy, fever of unknown origin, and pleuritis), positive ANA titer, and the identification of presumed LE cells in BAL fluid. This case report highlights a novel finding of LE cells in respiratory secretions and provides a review of diagnostic criteria of systemic LE.
Regional development and climate change mitigation modelling of municipal solid waste emissions in the middle east
Authors: Dumble Paul 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis study adapts a climate change mitigation model to assess impacts of municipal solid wastes in the Middle East and North Africa region, taking into account the future development of integrated waste management infrastructure involving collection, treatment and disposal. Mitigated and unmitigated disposal scenarios including waste growth reduction are used to estimate disposal methane emission changes at regional and subregional level. This study shows that unmitigated regional emissions by 2050 could rise to 296 542 GgCO2eq from a current level in 2015 of 128 184 GgCO2eq additionally decreasing annually by up to 8.75% falling to 10.16% due to waste characterisation changes as developing countries in the region progress to developed country status. A further annual rise, due to hotter drier climate conditions experienced as desertification, of up to a range of 1.70% increasing to 2.29% is also demonstrated. The findings enable regional planners to better assess and develop plans for implementation of integrated waste management policies.
Cycling Versus Uphill Walking: Impact on Locomotor Muscle Fatigue and Running Exercise
Authors: Pageaux Benjamin , Theurel Jean , Lepers Romuald 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:To describe the effects of uphill walking versus cycling exercises on knee-extensor (KE) neuromuscular properties and subsequent running exercise.Methods:Nine athletes performed 4 different sessions (1 familiarization and 3 experimental sessions, visit 2–4). Visit 2 (cycling +10-km condition) consisted of the completion of 1-h cycling followed by a 10-km running time trial. Visit 3 consisted of the completion of 1-h uphill walking followed by a 10-km running exercise (RE). During the fourth visit, athletes only ran 10 km. Visits 3 and 4 were randomized. The uphill walking and cycling exercises were performed at the same intensity, and pacing of the RE was similar between conditions. Neuromuscular function of the KE was assessed before warm-up, after first exercise, and after RE. Heart rate and rating of perceived exertion (RPE) were recorded during all exercises.Results:RPE during RE was greater following the 1-h cycling and uphill walking exercises than during RE alone. KE force (−21%), twitch torque (−20%), doublet torque (−16%), and twitch rate of force development (−13%) significantly decreased following cycling exercise and not after uphill walking exercise. Postactivation potentiation was observed after uphill walking and RE. KE force-production capacity partially recovered after running in the cycling +10-km condition.Conclusion:Uphill walking and running induced postactivation potentiation, limiting the decrease in KE force postexercise. Despite different alterations in force-production capacity induced by cycling and uphill walking, both exercises increased perception of effort during the subsequent RE.
Staying Out of Range: Increasing Attacking Distance in Fencing
Authors: Turner Anthony N. , Marshall Geoff , Noto Angelo , Chavda Shyam , Atlay Nathan , Kirby David 
Published: March 2017

To avoid being hit, fencers typically adopt an out-of-range position, which was hypothesized to be governed by body- and action-scaled affordances. This theory was measured in elite and national-level junior (under 20 y of age) fencers. Associations between “reachability” of lunging and step-lunging attacks were assessed against height, arm span, leg span, body mass, and lower-body power and then compared across level. Reachability was determined as the distance covered by fencers during these attacks and was reported as actual and estimated distances. Elite fencers are better at estimating their lunging and step-lunge distance compared to nationally ranked junior fencers (−0.9% vs 7.3% and 5.4% vs 10.9%, respectively). Surprisingly, elite fencers’ actual and estimated distances for these was less than the junior fencers’ (222.6 vs 251.5 cm and 299.3 vs 360.2 cm, respectively), and significantly so in the former. Finally, only arm span (r = .81) and leg span (r = .71) were significantly correlated to estimated lunging distance, and this was only in elite fencers. Findings suggest that better fencers can accurately predict their attack range and that reachability appears to be positively influenced by arm and leg span; these may feed in to talent identification. Given that distances were less in elite fencers, findings suggest that timing and distance estimation are key skills to master and that the mastery of these in offensive actions can mitigate, to a large extent, the physical benefits of an opponent’s greater height.
Associations of Physical Activity, Sedentary Time, and Screen Time With Cardiovascular Fitness in United States Adolescents: Results From the NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey
Authors: Porter Anna K. , Matthews Krystin J. , Salvo Deborah , Kohl Harold W. 
Published: March 2017

Background:Most US adolescents do not meet guidelines of at least 60 daily minutes of moderate- to vigorous-intensity physical activity. In addition, sedentary behaviors among this age group are of increasing concern. This study examined the association of movement behaviors with cardiovascular fitness among US adolescents.Methods:Data from the 2012 NHANES National Youth Fitness Survey were used to assess the association of movement behaviors (physical activity, sedentary time, screen time) with cardiovascular fitness among adolescent males and females. Multiple logistic regressions were used to test the independent and interactive effects of movement behaviors on cardiovascular fitness.Results:Among females, physical activity was directly associated with cardiovascular fitness; no significant association was observed between sedentary behaviors and CVF. Among males, sedentary time moderated the relationship between physical activity and cardiovascular fitness, such that a significant, direct association was only observed among those with high sedentary time (OR: 5.01; 95% CI: 1.60, 15.70).Conclusions:Results from this cross-sectional analysis suggest that among female US adolescents, physical activity, but not sedentary behavior, is associated with cardiovascular fitness. Among males, the interaction between physical activity and sedentary time seems to be important for cardiovascular fitness. Longitudinal studies are warranted to confirm these findings.
Psychosocial Predictors of Physical Activity Change Among College Students in an Obesity Prevention Trial
Authors: Arigo Danielle , Rohde Paul , Shaw Heather , Stice Eric 
Published: March 2017

Background:Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) is critical for maintaining a healthy weight, although little is known about psychological barriers to maintaining MVPA in at-risk groups. Identifying characteristics associated with poor MVPA maintenance in obesity prevention programs could improve participant outcomes.Methods:Toward this end, we examined predictors of MVPA in an obesity prevention trial for college students at risk for weight gain (n = 333; 72% female, mean BMI = 23.4 kg/m2). Participants engaged in 1 of 3 weight control interventions and in 4 assessments over 12-month follow-up (ie, measured height/weight, self-reports of psychosocial characteristics, 4 days of accelerometer wear).Results:Multilevel modeling analyses showed that across conditions, participants decreased total MVPA minutes per week over 12 months (B = –5.48, P < .01). Baseline self-report scores for both impulsiveness and cognitive dissonance regarding engaging in unhealthy behaviors negatively predicted MVPA over time. Participants higher (vs. lower) in baseline impulsiveness (B = –6.89, P = .03) and dissonance (B = –4.10, P = .04) began the study with more MVPA minutes, but showed sharper declines over time.Conclusions:Targeted MVPA-focused intervention for students who show elevated impulsiveness and cognitive dissonance may improve both MVPA and weight control outcomes for these individuals.
Acute Effects of Walking Exercise on Stair Negotiation in Sedentary and Physically Active Older Adults
Authors: Kunzler Marcos R. , da Rocha Emmanuel S. , Bobbert Maarten F. , Duysens Jacques , Carpes Felipe P. 
Published: March 2017

Background:In negotiating stairs, low foot clearance increases the risk of tripping and a fall. Foot clearance may be related to physical fitness, which differs between active and sedentary participants, and be acutely affected by exercise. Impaired stair negotiation could be an acute response to exercise. Here we determined acute changes in foot clearances during stair walking in sedentary (n = 15) and physically active older adults (n = 15) after prolonged exercise.Methods:Kinematic data were acquired during negotiation with a 3-steps staircase while participants walked at preferred speed, before and after 30 min walking at preferred speed and using a treadmill. Foot clearances were compared before and after exercise and between the groups.Results:Sedentary older adults presented larger (0.5 cm for lead and 2 cm for trail leg) toe clearances in ascent, smaller (0.7 cm) heel clearance in the leading foot in descent, and larger (1 cm) heel clearance in the trailing foot in descent than physically active.Conclusion:Sedentary older adults negotiate stairs in a slightly different way than active older adults, and 30 min walking at preferred speed does not affect clearance in stair negotiation.
Efficacy of the Investigational Antifungal VT-1161 in Treating Naturally Occurring Coccidioidomycosis in Dogs
Authors: Shubitz Lisa F. , Roy Michael E. , Trinh Hien T. , Hoekstra William J. , Schotzinger Robert J. , Garvey Edward P. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Coccidioidomycosis can be a chronic, systemic fungal infection requiring long-term to lifetime medication. Thus, there is a need for improved antifungal agents with greater efficacy and reduced toxicity. VT-1161 has a low affinity for mammalian cytochromes and potently inhibits fungal CYP51 with proven efficacy in murine models of central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory coccidioidomycosis. Dogs experience coccidioidomycosis similar to humans and are a useful preclinical model for naturally occurring disease. Twenty-four client-owned dogs diagnosed with respiratory coccidioidomycosis based on radiography, serology, clinical signs, and clinicopathologic abnormalities were treated with a loading dose of VT-1161 for 14 days, followed by 46 days of a lower maintenance dose. Twelve dogs received a high dose (29 mg/kg loading, 6 mg/kg maintenance) and 12 received a low dose (10 mg/kg loading, 1.6 mg/kg maintenance). Response to treatment was assessed by calculating the reduction in disease scores at exit compared to disease scores at enrollment. Overall, 20 of 24 (83%) dogs had ≥50% reduction in enrollment disease scores at exit (
P
< 0.001), with no difference between the high- and low-dose groups (
P
= 0.66). Time-weighted average plasma concentrations for the high- and low-dose groups were 39 ± 5 μg/ml and 19 ± 2 μg/ml, respectively. In this open-label study, VT-1161 was efficacious for the treatment of respiratory coccidioidomycosis in naturally infected dogs. Combined with previously reported murine data, this finding supports the further development of VT-1161 for the treatment of coccidioidomycosis in humans.
Antibiotic Prophylaxis Is Associated with Subsequent Resistant Infections in Children with an Initial Extended-Spectrum-Cephalosporin-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae Infection
Authors: Das Sibani , Adler Amanda L. , Miles-Jay Arianna , Kronman Matthew P. , Qin Xuan , Weissman Scott J. , Burnham Carey-Ann D. , Elward Alexis , Newland Jason G. , Selvarangan Rangaraj , Sullivan Kaede V. , Zaoutis Theoklis , Zerr Danielle M. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

The objective of this study was to assess the association between previous antibiotic use, particularly long-term prophylaxis, and the occurrence of subsequent resistant infections in children with index infections due to extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant
Enterobacteriaceae
. We also investigated the concordance of the index and subsequent isolates. Extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant
Escherichia coli
and
Klebsiella
spp. isolated from normally sterile sites of patients aged <22 years were collected along with associated clinical data from four freestanding pediatric centers. Subsequent isolates were categorized as concordant if the species, resistance determinants, and
fumC-fimH
(
E. coli
) or
tonB
(
Klebsiella pneumoniae
) type were identical to those of the index isolate. In total, 323 patients had 396 resistant isolates; 45 (14%) patients had ≥1 subsequent resistant infection, totaling 73 subsequent resistant isolates. The median time between the index and first subsequent infections was 123 (interquartile range, 43 to 225) days. In multivariable Cox proportional hazards analyses, patients were 2.07 times as likely to have a subsequent resistant infection (95% confidence interval, 1.11 to 3.87) if they received prophylaxis in the 30 days prior to the index infection. In 26 (58%) patients, all subsequent isolates were concordant with their index isolate, and 7 (16%) additional patients had at least 1 concordant subsequent isolate. In 12 of 17 (71%) patients with
E. coli
sequence type 131 (ST131)-associated type 40-30, all subsequent isolates were concordant. Subsequent extended-spectrum-cephalosporin-resistant infections are relatively frequent and are most commonly due to bacterial strains concordant with the index isolate. Further study is needed to assess the role prophylaxis plays in these resistant infections.
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa PrrF Small RNAs Regulate Iron Homeostasis during Acute Murine Lung Infection
Authors: Reinhart Alexandria A. , Nguyen Angela T. , Brewer Luke K. , Bevere Justin , Jones Jace W. , Kane Maureen A. , Damron F. Heath , Barbier Mariette , Oglesby-Sherrouse Amanda G. 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Pseudomonas aeruginosa
is a Gram-negative opportunistic pathogen that requires iron for virulence. Iron homeostasis is maintained in part by the PrrF1 and PrrF2 small RNAs (sRNAs), which block the expression of iron-containing proteins under iron-depleted conditions. The PrrF sRNAs also promote the production of the
Pseudomonas
quinolone signal (PQS), a quorum sensing molecule that activates the expression of several virulence genes. The tandem arrangement of the
prrF
genes allows for expression of a third sRNA, PrrH, which is predicted to regulate gene expression through its unique sequence derived from the
prrF1-prrF2
intergenic (IG) sequence (the PrrH
IG
sequence). Previous studies showed that the
prrF
locus is required for acute lung infection. However, the individual functions of the PrrF and PrrH sRNAs were not determined. Here, we describe a system for differentiating PrrF and PrrH functions by deleting the PrrH
IG
sequence [
prrF
(ΔH
IG
)]. Our analyses of this construct indicate that the PrrF sRNAs, but not PrrH, are required for acute lung infection by
P. aeruginosa
. Moreover, we show that the virulence defect of the Δ
prrF1-prrF2
mutant is due to decreased bacterial burden during acute lung infection.
In vivo
analysis of gene expression in lung homogenates shows that PrrF-mediated regulation of genes for iron-containing proteins is disrupted in the Δ
prrF1-prrF2
mutant during infection, while the expression of genes that mediate PrrF-regulated PQS production are not affected by
prrF
deletion
in vivo
. Combined, these studies demonstrate that regulation of iron utilization plays a critical role in
P. aeruginosa
's ability to survive during infection.