bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Natural products discovery from micro-organisms in the post-genome era†
Authors: Ikeda Haruo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
With the decision to award the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Drs. S. Ōmura, W.C. Campbell, and Y. Tu, the importance and usefulness of natural drug discovery and development have been revalidated. Since the end of the twentieth century, many genome analyses of organisms have been conducted, and accordingly, numerous microbial genomes have been decoded. In particular, genomic studies of actinomycetes, micro-organisms that readily produce natural products, led to the discovery of biosynthetic gene clusters responsible for producing natural products. New explorations for natural products through a comprehensive approach combining genomic information with conventional methods show great promise for the discovery of new natural products and even systematic generation of unnaturally occurring compounds.
Continuing fascination of exploration in natural substances from microorganisms†
Authors: Takahashi Yoko 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In the search for novel organic compounds, I think it is of paramount importance not to overlook the pursuit of microorganism diversity and the abilities those microorganisms hold as a resource. In commemoration of Professor Satoshi Ōmura’s Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine, I will briefly describe the microorganism that produces avermectin and then discuss how innovating isolation methods and pioneering isolation sources have opened the door to numerous new microorganism resources. Furthermore, as exploratory research of substances views the world from many different angles—from biological activity to a compound’s physiochemical properties—it is possible to discover a novel compound from a well-known microorganism. Based on this, I will discuss the future prospects of exploratory research.
The quest for industrial enzymes from microorganisms†
Authors: Yamaguchi Shotaro 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Satoshi Ōmura, Professor Emeritus at Kitasato University, was awarded the Nobel Prize for his discovery of a substance of tremendous value to mankind from a microorganism. As a researcher who regularly deals with enzymes produced by microorganisms and a person engaged in microorganism-based business, Professor Ōmura’s Nobel Prize fills me with great pride and joy. It is perhaps not surprising that this Nobel Prize-winning research would emerge from Asia, specifically Japan, where people live in harmony with nature rather than try to conquer it. At Amano Enzyme Inc., we devote ourselves to searching for novel enzymes from microorganisms. While incorporating my own experiences, I will recount the stories of a few discoveries of valuable enzyme-producing microbes in soil and bacterial strain libraries. I will also briefly introduce microbial strain library construction as a tool for facilitating the identification of the desired producing bacteria.
Tracing the Hercules stream with Gaia and LAMOST: new evidence for a fast bar in the Milky Way
Authors: Monari Giacomo , Kawata Daisuke , Hunt Jason A. S. , Famaey Benoit 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The length and pattern speed of the Milky Way bar are still controversial. Photometric and spectroscopic surveys of the inner Galaxy, as well as gas kinematics, favour a long and slowly rotating bar, with corotation around a Galactocentric radius of 6 kpc. On the other hand, the existence of the Hercules stream in local velocity space favours a short and fast bar with corotation around 4 kpc. This follows from the fact that the Hercules stream looks like a typical signature of the outer Lindblad resonance of the bar. As we showed recently, reconciling this local stream with a slow bar would need to find a yet unknown alternative explanation, based, for instance, on the effect of spiral arms. Here, by combining the TGAS catalogue of the Gaia DR1 with LAMOST radial velocities, we show that the position of Hercules in velocity space as a function of radius in the outer Galaxy indeed varies exactly as predicted by fast bar models with a pattern speed no less than 1.8 times the circular frequency at the Sun's position.
Distinctive Trajectories of Opioid Use Over an Extended Follow-up of Patients in a Multisite Trial on Buprenorphine + Naloxone and Methadone
Authors: Hser Yih-Ing , Huang David , Saxon Andrew J. , Woody George , Moskowitz Andrew L. , Matthews Abigail G. , Ling Walter 
Published: November 2016

Objectives:
Uncovering heterogeneities in longitudinal patterns (trajectories) of opioid use among individuals with opioid use disorder can increase our understanding of disease progression and treatment responses to improve care. The present study aims to identify distinctive opioid use trajectories and factors associated with these patterns among participants randomized to treatment with methadone (MET) or buprenorphine + naloxone (BUP).

Methods:
Growth mixture modeling was applied to identify distinctive opioid use trajectories among 795 opioid users after their enrollment in a multisite trial during 2006 to 2009, with follow-up interviews conducted during 2011 to 2014.

Results:
Four distinctive trajectories were identified based on opioid use over the follow-up period: low use (42.0%), high use (22.3%), increasing use (17.1%), and decreasing use (18.6%). Greater odds of being in the high use group (relative to low use) was associated with Hispanics (relative to African American, odds ratio [OR] 3.21), injection drug use (OR 2.12), higher mental health functioning at baseline (OR 1.23), location on the West Coast (vs East Coast, OR 2.15), and randomization to BUP (relative to MET, OR 1.53). High use and increasing use groups had greater severity in problems related to drug, employment, legal, and social/family relationships, and worsened mental health functioning at follow-up. Participation in treatment significantly accounted for both within and between-group differences in opioid use.

Conclusions:
Continued treatment is necessary to reduce risk for opioid use and related adverse consequences, particularly among individuals (eg, injecting drug) at risk for consistently high level of opioid use.
Intention to Drive After Drinking Among Medical Students: Contributions of the Protection Motivation Theory
Authors: Amaral Ricardo Abrantes , Malbergier André , Lima Danielle Ruiz , Santos Verena Castellani Vitor , Gorenstein Clarice , Andrade Arthur Guerra de 
Published: November 2016

Objective:The aim of this study was to investigate whether cognitive variables proposed by the protection motivation theory (PMT) were predictive of occasional and frequent intention to drive after drinking in medical students.Methods:One hundred fifty-five students attending preclinical years at a Medical School in São Paulo, Brazil, participated in the study. They were asked about their last month substance use, history of drinking and driving, including driving after binge drinking, and risk perceptions based on a self-report questionnaire with statements about protection motivation, threat, and coping appraisals from the PMT model.Results:Fifty-two students (33%) had previous experience of driving after drinking during the last year, and 54 students (35%) reported intention to drive after drinking within the next year. Regression analysis showed that higher scores in perception of personal vulnerability to risks were associated with occasional and frequent intention to continue pursuing this particular behavior. Poorer evaluations about short-term consequences of alcohol consumption and cognitions regarding external rewards were significantly associated with reported intention to continue driving after drinking.Conclusions:Considering the social and health impact of alcohol-impaired behaviors, our findings suggest the need of interventional efforts focused in increasing students’ awareness about the negative consequences of drinking and driving aiming to enhance their motivation towards more adaptive behaviors.
COMT and BDNF Gene Variants Help to Predict Alcohol Consumption in Alcohol-dependent Patients
Authors: Klimkiewicz Anna , Mach Anna , Jakubczyk Andrzej , Klimkiewicz Jakub , Wnorowska Anna , Kopera Maciej , Fudalej Sylwia , Burmeister Margit , Brower Kirk , Wojnar Marcin 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The neurobiology of alcohol dependence (AD) involves alterations in neurotransmitters and the stress response. We hypothesized that an interaction between functional variants of dopaminergic and neurotrophic genes may influence drinking in AD.

Methods:
The relationship between alcohol consumption and single-nucleotide polymorphisms, Val66Met in the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), and Val158Met in the catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT), was analyzed among 281 alcohol-dependent individuals.

Results:
Individuals carrying both the COMT Met158Met genotype and the BDNF Val66Val genotype drank more than those with other variants of these genes (P = 0.039). Those who had a family history of AD also drank more than those without a family history (P = 0.048). Patients with both Met/Met genotype in the COMT Val158Met polymorphism and Val/Val genotype in the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism suffered from more health problems than those carrying other variants (P = 0.030) and had lower motivation to change drinking patterns (P = 0.031).

Conclusions:
Patients carrying both the BDNF Val66Val and COMT Met158Met variants had higher alcohol consumption. These effects may be influenced by the effects of BDNF and COMT on dopamine responses to alcohol. Motivation-enhancing strategies might benefit the group of patients identified by genotyping in this study, and also treatment aimed at reducing alcohol consumption.
Cold Pain Threshold Identifies a Subgroup of Individuals With Knee Osteoarthritis That Present With Multimodality Hyperalgesia and Elevated Pain Levels
Authors: Wright Anthony , Benson Heather A.E. , Will Rob , Moss Penny 
Published: November 2016

Objectives:
Cold hyperalgesia has been established as an important marker of pain severity in a number of conditions. This study aimed to establish the extent to which patients with knee osteoarthritis (OA) demonstrate widespread cold, heat, and pressure hyperalgesia. OA participants with widespread cold hyperalgesia were compared with the remaining OA cohort to determine whether they could be distinguished in terms of hyperalgesia, pain report, pain quality, and physical function.

Methods:
A total of 80 participants with knee OA and 40 matched healthy, pain-free controls participated. OA participants completed a washout of their usual medication. Quantitative sensory testing was completed at 3 sites using standard methods. Cold pain threshold (CPT) and heat pain thresholds (HPT) were tested using a Peltier thermode and pressure pain thresholds (PPT) using a digital algometer. All participants completed the short-form health survey questionnaire and OA participants completed the PainDETECT, Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index of the Knee (WOMAC), and pain quality assessment scale questionnaires.

Results:
OA participants demonstrated widespread cold hyperalgesia (P<0.0001), had lower PPT at the index knee (P<0.0001) compared with controls and reported decreased physical health on the SF-36 (P=0.01). The OA subcohort with high global CPT (≥12.25°C) exhibited multimodality sensitization compared with the remaining OA cohort (PPT P<0.0001; CPT P<0.0001; HPT P=0.021 index knee). This group also reported increased pain, decreased function, and more features of neuropathic pain.

Discussion:
This study identified a specific subgroup of patients with knee OA who exhibited widespread, multimodality hyperalgesia, more pain, more features of neuropathic pain, and greater functional impairment. Identification of patients with this pain phenotype may permit more targeted and effective pain management.
Treatment of Palmar Hyperhidrosis With Needle Injection Versus Low-Pressure Needle-Free Jet Injection of OnabotulinumtoxinA: An Open-Label Prospective Study
Authors: Vadeboncoeur Sophie , Richer Vincent , Nantel-Battista Mélissa , Benohanian Antranik 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND
OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) injections are effective to treat palmar hyperhidrosis (HH) but are quite painful.

OBJECTIVE
To evaluate efficacy and pain of OnabotA injection using a needle-free jet apparatus compared with the traditional needle injection to treat palmar HH.

METHODS
Twenty patients were recruited for a prospective open-label study. Their right hand was injected with 1% lidocaine with a jet injector, after which OnabotA was injected with a needle. The left hand was injected with OnabotA directly using the jet injector. Pain scores were recorded for both techniques. At 0, 1, 3, and 6 months, severity of palmar HH was evaluated with the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale (HDSS).

RESULTS
One point reduction in the HDSS score at 1 month showed no statistical difference between both hands (p = .451). However, the HDSS score at 1 month from baseline dropped by 1.6 for the hand treated with traditional needle injection of OnabotA compared with 1.25 for the hand treated with jet injections (p = .031). There was no statistical difference in the pain on injection with both techniques (p = .1925).

CONCLUSION
This study demonstrates effective and relatively painless use of a low-pressure jet injector for OnabotA in palmar HH.
Subcutaneous Implant-based Breast Reconstruction with Acellular Dermal Matrix/Mesh: A Systematic Review
Authors: Salibian Ara A. , Frey Jordan D. , Choi Mihye , Karp Nolan S. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The availability of acellular dermal matrix (ADM) and synthetic mesh products has prompted plastic surgeons to revisit subcutaneous implant-based breast reconstruction. The literature is limited, however, with regards to evidence on patient selection, techniques, and outcomes.

Methods:
A systematic review of the Medline and Cochrane databases was performed for original studies reporting breast reconstruction with ADM or mesh, and subcutaneous implant placement. Studies were analyzed for level of evidence, inclusion/exclusion criteria for subcutaneous reconstruction, reconstruction characteristics, and outcomes.

Results:
Six studies (186 reconstructions) were identified for review. The majority of studies (66.7%) were level IV evidence case series. Eighty percent of studies had contraindications for subcutaneous reconstruction, most commonly preoperative radiation, high body mass index, and active smoking. Forty percent of studies commenting on patient selection assessed mastectomy flap perfusion for subcutaneous reconstruction. Forty-five percent of reconstructions were direct-to-implant, 33.3% 2-stage, and 21.5% single-stage adjustable implant, with ADM utilized in 60.2% of reconstructions versus mesh. Pooled complication rates included: major infection 1.2%, seroma 2.9%, hematoma 2.3%, full nipple-areola complex necrosis 1.1%, partial nipple-areola complex necrosis 4.5%, major flap necrosis 1.8%, wound healing complication 2.3%, explantation 4.1%, and grade III/IV capsular contracture 1.2%.

Conclusions:
Pooled short-term complication rates in subcutaneous alloplastic breast reconstruction with ADM or mesh are low in preliminary studies with selective patient populations, though techniques and outcomes are variable across studies. Larger comparative studies and better-defined selection criteria and outcomes reporting are needed to develop appropriate indications for performing subcutaneous implant-based reconstruction.
CHOROIDAL CHANGES ASSOCIATED WITH SEROUS MACULAR DETACHMENT IN EYES WITH STAPHYLOMA, DOME-SHAPED MACULA OR TILTED DISK SYNDROME
Authors: Tan Anna C. S. , Yzer Suzanne , Freund K. Bailey , Dansingani Kunal K. , Phasukkijwatana Nopasak , Sarraf David 
Published: November 2016

Purpose:
To study the relationship of choroidal abnormalities with serous retinal detachment (SRD) in eyes with staphyloma, dome-shaped macula, or tilted disk syndrome.

Methods:
Group 1, 28 eyes of 20 patients with staphyloma/dome-shaped macula/tilted disk syndrome associated with SRD was compared with Group 2, 30 eyes of 20 patients, with staphyloma/dome-shaped macula/tilted disk syndrome but without SRD. Radial and en-face optical coherence tomography and choroidal analysis were performed.

Results:
Group 1 had a thicker mean subfoveal choroidal thickness (161 μm vs. 92 μm, P < 0.05) and a greater variation in choroidal thickness (112 μm vs. 76 μm, P > 0.05) compared with eyes of Group 2. Focal abrupt changes in choroidal thickness were more commonly seen in Group 1 versus eyes in Group 2 (90% vs. 30%, P < 0.05) and this area of abrupt change was located within or at the edge of the SRD in 64% of eyes. Large choroidal vessels (pachyvessels) (82% located within the area of SRD) were always associated with the presence of SRD.

Conclusion:
An abrupt transition in choroidal thickness may be involved in the pathogenesis of SRD. In some cases, a radial scan pattern may better demonstrate mild SRD, choroidal contours and the focal choroidal variations than horizontal or vertical raster scan patterns.
Which Prosthetic Foot to Prescribe?: Biomechanical Differences Found during a Single-Session Comparison of Different Foot Types Hold True 1 Year Later
Authors: De Asha Alan Richard , Barnett Cleveland T. , Struchkov Vasily , Buckley John G. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Clinicians typically use findings from cohort studies to objectively inform judgments regarding the potential (dis)advantages of prescribing a new prosthetic device. However, before finalizing prescription, a clinician will typically ask a patient to “try out” a change of prosthetic device while the patient is at the clinic. Observed differences in gait when using the new device should be the result of the device's mechanical function but could also conceivably be a result of patient-related factors, which can change from day to day and can thus make device comparisons unreliable. To determine whether a device's mechanical function consistently has a more meaningful impact on gait than patient-related factors, the present study undertook quantitative gait analyses of an individual with a transtibial amputation walking using two different foot-ankle devices on two occasions over a year apart. If the observed differences present between devices, established using quantitative gait analysis, were in the same direction and of similar magnitude on each of the two occasions, this would indicate that device-related factors were more important than patient-related factors.

Materials and Methods
One adult man with a unilateral transtibial amputation completed repeated walking trials using two different prosthetic foot devices on two separate occasions, 14 months apart. Walking speed and sagittal plane joint kinematics and kinetics for both limbs were assessed on each occasion. Clinically meaningful differences in these biomechanical outcome variables were defined as those with an effect size difference (d) between prosthetic conditions of at least 0.4 (i.e., medium effect size).

Results
Eight variables, namely, walking speed, prosthetic ankle peak plantarflexion and dorsiflexion, and peak positive power and residual knee loading response flexion, peak stance-phase extension and flexion moments, and peak negative power, displayed clinically meaningful differences (d > 0.4) between foot devices during the first session. All eight of these showed similar effect size differences during the second session despite the participant being heavier and older.

Conclusions
Findings suggest that a prosthetic device's mechanical function consistently has a more meaningful impact on gait than patient-related factors do. These findings support the current clinical practice of making decisions regarding prosthetic prescription for an individual based on a single-session evaluation of his/her gait using two different devices. However, to confirm this conclusion, a case series using the same approach as the present study could be undertaken.
Effects of Intratympanic Dexamethasone on High-Dose Radiation Ototoxicity In Vivo
Authors: Dinh Christine T. , Chen Si , Dinh John , Goncalves Stefania , Bas Esperanza , Padgett Kyle , Johnson Perry , Elsayyad Nagy , Telischi Fred , Van De Water Thomas 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Stereotactic radiosurgery for lateral skull base tumors can cause hearing loss when the cochleae are exposed to high doses of single-fraction radiation. Currently, there are no known nondosimetric preventative treatments for radiation-induced ototoxicity.

Hypothesis:
Intratympanic (IT) dexamethasone (DXM), a synthetic steroid, protects against radiation-induced auditory hair cell (HC) and hearing losses in rats in vivo.

Methods:
Seven rats received radiation (12 Gy) to both cochleae. In irradiated rats and six nonirradiated rats, IT DXM was randomized to one ear, while tympanic puncture without DXM was performed on the contralateral ear. Baseline and 4-week postradiation auditory-evoked potential tests were performed. The cochleae were processed for HC viability.

Results:
Cochleae exposed to radiation demonstrated more outer HC (OHC) loss in all turns than nonirradiated ears (p <0.05). OHCs were more susceptible to radiation injury than inner HCs in the middle and basal turns (p <0.05). In irradiated cochleae, there was a nonsignificant trend for less OHC loss with IT DXM in the basal turn when compared with placebo. IT DXM did not improve radiation-induced hearing threshold shifts; however, a high rate of tympanic membrane perforations occurred with irradiated ears which may contribute to this finding.

Conclusion:
Radiation induced loss of OHCs in all turns of the cochlea. IT DXM reduced OHC loss in the basal turn of irradiated ears; however, this finding did not achieve statistical significance. Although IT DXM did not affect radiation-induced hearing threshold shifts in adult rats in vivo, this may be due to a high rate of tympanic membrane perforations.
Facial Nerve Meningioma: A Cause of Pediatric Facial Weakness
Authors: Deep Nicholas L. , Gnagi Sharon H. , Carpentieri David F. , Adelson P. David , Weisskopf Peter A. 
Published: November 2016

Objective:
To present an unusual case of a temporal bone meningioma with intrafascicular spread throughout the temporal facial nerve from cerebellopontine angle (CPA) to stylomastoid foramen.

Patient:
Four-year-old female with progressive facial weakness and normal hearing.

Main Outcome Measure:
Clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings of temporal bone meningiomas.

Results:
A patient presented with progressive facial weakness and normal hearing. Imaging demonstrated a mass within the left internal auditory canal radiologically consistent with a schwannoma. Asymmetric enlargement with enhancement of the left facial nerve from CPA to the stylomastoid foramen suggested facial schwannoma. At surgery, gross tumor was noted in the internal auditory canal, the fallopian canal seemed expanded and the facial nerve was enlarged and had an irregular contour. Resection of the facial nerve from the CPA to just proximal to its exit at the stylomastoid foramen was necessary to achieve negative margins. Cable grafting was performed. The histopathologic diagnosis was transitional meningioma with intraneural growth throughout the length of the resected facial nerve segment.

Conclusion:
Meningiomas involving the temporal bone are exceedingly rare. We report a rare case of a child presenting with progressive facial weakness due to a presumed facial schwannoma spreading along the facial nerve throughout its intratemporal course that at surgery was found to be an intrafascicular CN VII meningioma.