bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of erosion and surface roughness in peatland forest ditches using pin meter measurements and terrestrial laser scanning
Authors: Stenberg Leena , Tuukkanen Tapio , Finér Leena , Marttila Hannu , Piirainen Sirpa , Kløve Bjørn , Koivusalo Harri 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAnthropogenic activities on peatlands, such as drainage, can increase sediment transport and deposition downstream resulting in harmful ecological impacts. The objective of this study was to quantify changes in erosion/deposition quantities and surface roughness in peatland forest ditches by measuring changes in ditch cross‐sections and surface microtopography with two alternative methods: manual pin meter and terrestrial laser scanning (TSL). The methods were applied to a peat ditch and a ditch with a thin peat layer overlaying erosion sensitive mineral soil within a period of two years following ditch cleaning. The results showed that erosion was greater in the ditch with exposed mineral soil than in the peat ditch. The two methods revealed rather similar estimates of erosion and deposition for the ditch with the thin peat layer where cross‐sectional changes were large, whereas the results for smaller scale erosion and deposition at the peat ditch differed. The TLS‐based erosion and deposition quantities depended on the size of the sampling window used in the estimations. Surface roughness was smaller when calculated from the pin meter data than from the TLS data. Both methods indicated that roughness increased in the banks of the ditch with a thin peat layer. TLS data showed increased roughness also in the peat ditch. The increase in surface roughness was attributed to erosion and growth of vegetation. Both methods were suitable for the measurements of surface roughness and microtopography at the ditch cross‐section scale, but the applicability, rigour, and ease of acquisition of TLS data were more evident. The main disadvantage of the TLS instrument (Leica ScanStation 2) compared with pin meter was that even a shallow layer of humic (dark brown) water prevented detection of the ditch bed. The geomorphological potential of the methods was shown to be limited to detection of surface elevation changes >~0.1 m. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Regional variation in head and neck cancer mortality: Role of patient and hospital characteristics
Authors: Divi Vasu , Ma Yifei , Rhoads Kim F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to determine whether outcomes in head and neck cancer would vary based on geographic location of patients.MethodsA dataset from the California Cancer Registry was linked to publicly available discharge abstracts. Patients were separated into geographic areas based on health service areas (HSAs). Multilevel logistic regression models were constructed to include geographic, patient, and hospital‐level characteristics.ResultsThere was significant variation in 5‐year survival hazard ratios (HRs) among the majority of the 14 HSAs in the unadjusted model. After adjusting for patient and hospital characteristics, the differences between regions were not significant except for Orange County (HR = 0.75). Commission on Cancer certification (HR = 0.82; p < .01) and hospital volume (HR = 0.975; p < .01) were each independently associated with differences in survival.ConclusionGeographic variation in 5‐year survival outcomes is seen in head and neck cancer. Patient characteristics and treating hospitals explain much of this variation. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38: E1896–E1902, 2016
Temporal resolution improvement of calibration‐free dynamic contrast‐enhanced MRI with compressed sensing optimized turbo spin echo: The effects of replacing turbo factor with compressed sensing accelerations
Authors: Han SoHyun , Cho HyungJoon 
Published: December 2015

PurposeTo enhance the temporal resolution of calibration‐free dynamic contrast‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE‐MRI) by implementing compressed sensing assisted turbo spin echo (CS‐TSE) acquisition.Materials and MethodsThe dynamic sparse sampling variables including acceleration factor, randomized phase encoding distributions, and reconstruction constraints were retrospectively optimized by minimizing the difference from fully sampled dynamic TSE at 7T. The degree of contrast enhancement and the calibration‐free quantification of gadolinium (Gd) concentration were evaluated among fast low‐angle shot (FLASH), TSE, and CS‐TSE acquisitions with multiple phantoms (0.1–6 mM). The kidney‐feeding in vivo arterial input function (AIF) was measured at multiple administration doses (0.1–0.3 mmol/kg) to evaluate the benefit of CS‐TSE for quantifying rapidly changing high Gd concentrations in C57BL/6 mice (n = 22).ResultsIn phantom studies, both calibration‐free and calibrated conversions estimated equivalent Gd concentrations for CS‐TSE (scatterplot slope = 0.9801, r2 = 0.9998, P < 0.001). In in vivo studies, 4‐fold higher temporal resolution (0.96 sec) of CS‐TSE over the corresponding TSE enabled robust measurement of AIF first‐pass peak and resulting peak enhancement with CS‐TSE were observed, with 1.1439‐ and 2.1258‐fold times higher than those with TSE and FLASH acquisitions, respectively, at the 0.1 mmol/kg dose. Calibration‐free estimates of AIF peak concentration with CS‐TSE were in good agreement with the calibrated approach at multiple administration doses (scatterplot slope = 0.7800, r2 = 0.8014, P < 0.001).ConclusionTemporal resolution‐improved CS‐TSE provides practical subsecond (0.96s) calibration‐free dynamic MR quantification of high Gd concentration. J. Magn. Reson. Imaging 2016;44:138–147.
Solifenacin is effective and well tolerated in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity: Results from the double‐blind, randomized, active‐ and placebo‐controlled SONIC urodynamic study
Authors: Amarenco G. , Sutory M. , Zachoval R. , Agarwal M. , Del Popolo G. , Tretter R. , Compion G. , De Ridder D. 
Published: December 2015

AimsTo investigate the effect on urodynamics of 4 weeks treatment with solifenacin succinate in patients with neurogenic detrusor overactivity (NDO) due to multiple sclerosis (MS) or spinal cord injury (SCI).MethodsSONIC was a prospective, multicenter, double‐blind, phase 3b/4 study investigating the efficacy and safety of solifenacin 10 mg in patients with NDO due to MS or SCI. Patients (n = 189) were randomized to placebo or active treatment (solifenacin 5 mg, 10 mg or oxybutynin hydrochloride 15 mg) for 4 weeks, after a 2‐week, single‐blind, placebo run‐in period. The primary endpoint was change in maximum cystometric capacity (MCC) from baseline to end of treatment. The primary analysis compared solifenacin 10 mg versus placebo; all other comparisons were considered secondary. Secondary endpoints included changes in urodynamic parameters, patient‐reported outcomes, and safety assessments.ResultsIn the primary analysis, solifenacin 10 mg significantly improved mean change from baseline MCC versus placebo (P < 0.001) and was associated with improvements in bladder volume at first contraction and at first leak as well as detrusor pressure at first leak. Similar results were obtained for oxybutynin versus placebo. Patient perception of bladder condition significantly improved with solifenacin 10 mg versus placebo (P = 0.041). There was a clear improvement in quality of life (QoL) in the solifenacin arms versus placebo. The overall incidence of adverse events was low.ConclusionsIn patients with NDO due to MS and SCI, 4 weeks of treatment with solifenacin 10 mg improved urodynamic variables and QoL versus placebo and was well tolerated. Neurourol. Urodynam. 36:414–421, 2017. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Increasing use of prescription drugs in the United Kingdom
Authors: Zhang Frank , Mamtani Ronac , Scott Frank I. , Goldberg David S. , Haynes Kevin , Lewis James D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundPrescription drugs are a central component of healthcare worldwide. We investigated changes in drug‐prescribing patterns over time in the general population.MethodsSecular trends were analyzed using 1999–2012 prescription data from The Health Improvement Network. Prevalence of receipt of medication prescriptions was computed by age, sex, and therapeutic category for each calendar year. Spearman correlations were computed to assess change over time.ResultsBetween 1999 and 2012, the percentage of the population that received at least one medication prescription increased from 64.5% to 69.2% (rho = 0.96, p < 0.001). The percentage of patients receiving prescriptions for one to four unique agents declined from 45.6% to 42.1% (Spearman's rho = −0.98, p < 0.001). Meanwhile, the percentage receiving five to nine and 10 or more unique agents increased from 14.1% to 17.5% (rho = 0.996, p < 0.001) and 4.7% to 9.6% (rho = 1.000, p < 0.001) respectively. Largest increases were seen in use of drugs for gastrointestinal disease among women and cardiovascular disease among men. In 2012, the most commonly used agents were for infection or nervous system drugs, with 32.0% and 28.9% of patients receiving at least one prescription, respectively.ConclusionsNearly 70% of the United Kingdom population has received prescriptions for one or more medication with increasing proportions receiving prescriptions for five or more. The high rates of medication use increase the complexity and cost of healthcare. These data can be used for public health planning and to design pharmacoepidemiology and comparative effectiveness studies. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends in prescribing of sedative‐hypnotic medications in the USA: 1993–2010
Authors: Kaufmann Christopher N. , Spira Adam P. , Alexander G. Caleb , Rutkow Lainie , Mojtabai Ramin 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPurposeNon‐benzodiazepine receptor agonists (nBZRAs) were developed as an alternative to benzodiazepines (BZDs) to treat insomnia. Little is known about how the introduction of nBZRAs influenced trends in BZD prescribing. We examined BZD and nBZRA prescribing trends from 1993 to 2010.MethodsWe used the National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey to examine 516,118 patient visits between 1993 and 2010. We categorized visits as BZD, nBZRA, or BZD + nBZRA visits based on medications prescribed in each visit and applied linear probability regression models to assess trends in visits.ResultsIncreases were observed in proportions of visits that were BZD (2.6% in 1993 to 4.4% in 2010, p < 0.001) and nBZRA (0% to 1.4%, p < 0.001). Increases in BZD visits were primarily after 2002, with prescribing in the preceding years remaining relatively stable. We also found increases in BZD + nBZRA visits (0% to 0.4%, p < 0.001). Among patients with sleep disorders, there was an increase in nBZRA visits (2.3% to 13.7%, p < 0.001), and decline in BZD visits (23.5% to 10.8%, p = 0.015). Just under a third (30.8%) of any sedative‐hypnotic visits were for adults aged 65+ years, among whom increases in BZD, nBZRA, and BZD + nBZRA visits were observed across the study period.ConclusionsThere were increases in prescribing of nBZRAs between 1993 and 2010. Increases in prescribing of BZDs were also observed, especially after 2002. The introduction of nBZRAs likely resulted in declines in BZD prescribing among those with a sleep disorder, but not other groups. Delivery of behavioral treatments should be encouraged to avert adverse outcomes associated with sedative‐hypnotic use. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From Autocatalysis to Market Relations: A Systems Approach to the Material Flows Needed by Living Systems
Authors: Nechansky Helmut 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe paper analyses how the control of material flows needed by living systems determines evolutionary patterns. A simplification of Miller's living systems theory, distinguishing only three functional units, (i) production systems, (ii) storage, and (iii) controller structures, is used to investigate the importance of these units on various evolutionary stages. In the internal evolution of biological systems, storage is crucial to control the availability of intermediate products of autocatalytic cycles. This is the base for continuous production and maintenance of controller structures (brains). In the external, technical evolution storage enables building external production systems and controller structures (like computers). In the dyadic coevolution of living systems, control of material flows and/or storage enable power positions in interaction patterns ranging from competition for scarce resources, via market relations, to egalitarian cooperation. Such power positions open access to different markets and exclusive evolutionary options. Economic theory widely ignores that. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
From pluripotency to myogenesis: a multistep process in the dish
Authors: Świerczek Barbara , Ciemerych Maria A. , Archacka Karolina 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells (PSCs), such as embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells are a promising source of cells for regenerative medicine as they can differentiate into all cell types building a mammalian body. However, protocols leading to efficient and safe in vitro generation of desired cell types must be perfected before PSCs can be used in cell therapies or tissue engineering. In vivo, i.e. in developing mouse embryo or teratoma, PSCs can differentiate into skeletal muscle, but in vitro their spontaneous differentiation into myogenic cells is inefficient. Numerous attempts have been undertaken to enhance this process. Many of them involved mimicking the interactions occurring during embryonic myogenesis. The key regulators of embryonic myogenesis, such as Wnts proteins, fibroblast growth factor 2, and retinoic acid, have been tested to improve the frequency of in vitro myogenic differentiation of PSCs. This review summarizes the current state of the art, comparing spontaneous and directed myogenic differentiation of PSCs as well as the protocols developed this far to facilitate this process.
Longitudinal outcome and recovery of social problems after pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI): Contribution of brain insult and family environment
Authors: Ryan Nicholas P. , van Bijnen Loeka , Catroppa Cathy , Beauchamp Miriam H. , Crossley Louise , Hearps Stephen , Anderson Vicki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) can result in a range of social impairments, however longitudinal recovery is not well characterized, and clinicians are poorly equipped to identify children at risk for persisting difficulties. Using a longitudinal prospective design, this study aimed to evaluate the contribution of injury and non‐injury related risk and resilience factors to longitudinal outcome and recovery of social problems from 12‐ to 24‐months post‐TBI. 78 children with TBI (injury age: 5.0–15.0 years) and 40 age and gender‐matched typically developing (TD) children underwent magnetic resonance imaging including a susceptibility‐weighted imaging (SWI) sequence 2–8 weeks post‐injury (M= 39.25, SD = 27.64 days). At 12 and 24‐months post‐ injury, parents completed questionnaires rating their child's social functioning, and environmental factors including socioeconomic status, caregiver mental health and family functioning. Results revealed that longitudinal recovery profiles differed as a function of injury severity, such that among children with severe TBI, social problems significantly increased from 12‐ to 24‐months post‐injury, and were found to be significantly worse than TD controls and children with mild and moderate TBI. In contrast, children with mild and moderate injuries showed few problems at 12‐months post‐injury and little change over time. Pre‐injury environment and SWI did not significantly contribute to outcome at 24‐months, however concurrent caregiver mental health and family functioning explained a large and significant proportion of variance in these outcomes. Overall, this study shows that longitudinal recovery profiles differ as a function of injury severity, with evidence for late‐emerging social problems among children with severe TBI. Poorer long‐term social outcomes were associated with family dysfunction and poorer caregiver mental health at 24‐months post injury, suggesting that efforts to optimize the child's environment and bolster family coping resources may enhance recovery of social problems following pediatric TBI.
Keeping It Implicit: A Defense of Foucault's Archaeology of Knowledge
Authors: TIISALA TUOMO 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT:This paper defends Michel Foucault's notion of archaeology of knowledge against the influential and putatively devastating criticism by Dreyfus and Rabinow that Foucault's archaeological project is based on an incoherent conception of the rules of the discursive practices it purports to study. I argue first that Foucault's considered view of these rules as simultaneously implicit and historically efficacious corresponds to a general requirement for the normative structure of a discursive practice. Then I argue that Foucault is entitled to that view despite the charges to the contrary by Dreyfus and Rabinow. I also explain in detail how the argument by Dreyfus and Rabinow arises from a misunderstanding of Foucault's archaeological project as transcendental inquiry, while archaeology of knowledge is, in fact, a diagnostic project. The result is a novel understanding of the notion of archaeology of knowledge that enables a reassessment of Foucault's philosophical work in connection with current debates regarding the relationship between reflection and practice in the structure of thought.
Anti-Meaning and Why It Matters
Authors: CAMPBELL STEPHEN M. , NYHOLM SVEN 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT:It is widely recognized that lives and activities can be meaningful or meaningless, but few have appreciated that they can also beanti-meaningful. Anti-meaning is the polar opposite of meaning. Our purpose in this essay is to examine the nature and importance of this new and unfamiliar topic. In the first part, we sketch four theories of anti-meaning that correspond to four leading theories of meaning. In the second part, we argue that anti-meaning has significance not only for our attempts to theorize about meaning in life but also for our ability to lead meaningful lives in the modern world.
LIV. Explanation of an Inscription on a Roman Altar found at Brough on the Sands, in Cumberland: By the late Bishop Lyttelton
Authors: Lyttelton  
Published: December 2015

The drawing, or rather sketch, I now lay before you, was made from a Roman altar lately dug up in the vicar's garden at Brough on the Sands in Cumberland, which is supposed to have been the Axelodunum of the Notitia, but certainly was a Roman station, close adjoining on Severus's wall.It is of a course red stone, adorned only with plain mouldings, as represented in the sketch. The inscription is complete, but the letters very rude and meanly cut, though very legible, consisting but of two words, viz.which certainly stands for Belatucadro, and is, I think, the fifth inscription which has been discovered in Great Britain addressed to this Local Deity, for such I am inclined to pronounce it with Camden and Gale; or at least another name for Apollo, with Dr. Ward, and not a cognomen of Mars, or another appellation of him as has been conjectured.
Plague and crime: Bologna, 1348–1351
Authors: DEAN TREVOR 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThe historiography of epidemics and crime suggests that we might find effects of plague on criminal behaviour in the years of the Black Death and its aftermath, yet this question has not been systematically investigated by late medieval historians. For the first time, a continuous series of trial records covering the 1340s – for the city of Bologna – is here analysed, and the issue of a ‘breakdown in law and order’ is addressed. The particular patterns of criminal prosecution are revealed and explained, including unusual and unexpected features of continuity in 1348, and surprising developments in the years following, with changes in political context and judicial procedures outweighing any ongoing effects of plague.
Urban environmental degradation and the standard of living: the case of the Spanish mining industry (1870–1930)
Authors: ESCUDERO ANTONIO , PÉREZ DE PERCEVAL MIGUEL Á. , SÁNCHEZ-PICÓN ANDRÉS 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThis paper analyses the consequences of urban environmental degradation on the well-being of Spanish miners. It is based on analyses of differences in mortality and height. The first part of the paper examines new hypotheses regarding the urban penalty. We take into consideration existing works in economic theory that address market failures when analysing the higher urban death rate. We explain the reduction in height using the model recently created by Floud, Fogel, Harris and Hong for British cities. The second part of the paper presents information demonstrating that the urban areas in the two largest mining areas in Spain (Bilbao and the Cartagena-La Unión mountain range) experienced a higher death rate relative to rural areas as a consequence of market failures derived from what we term an ‘anarchic urbanisation’.
CONTINGENT ACTS OF REMEMBRANCE: ROYAL ANCESTORS OF CLASSIC MAYA COPAN AND QUIRIGUA
Authors: Ashmore Wendy 
Published: December 2015

AbstractClassic Maya history is deeply political, and religious and political activities frequently inseparable. This essay advocates directly comparing mortuary practices over time for rulers at politically and economically linked centers. Most specifically it outlines an experimental model of how acts of remembrance in royal ancestor veneration articulate with local and regional politico-economic dynamics, and to do so with respect to acts attested in archaeological, bioarchaeological, textual, and iconographic sources. The particular case here pairs Classic-period Copan and Quirigua, where for centuries, the former was overlord to the latter. The evidence suggests that while treatment of royal ancestors draws on a set of established Maya practices, scale, elaboration and choice among those practices was contingent on the role each of the decedents held at particular points in political history, and the temporal orientation of those who commissioned remembrance acts.
PERSONAL ART IN TEOTIHUACAN: THE THIN ORANGE GRAFFITI
Authors: Spence Michael W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn the Classic period Teotihuacan imported large quantities of Thin Orange ware from the Tepexi de Rodríguez area of Puebla. Thin Orange bowls were widely distributed in the city, many of them with post-firing graffiti inscribed on their walls or bases. Although not highly visible, the graffiti seem to have served as owner's marks. Some of the images, particularly in the city's central zone with its high concentration of elite residences and public structures, were drawn from the formal iconography of Teotihuacan. Most, however, seem to have been idiosyncratic expressions of personal identity or simply marks with no wider meaning. This general disinterest in the formal iconography as a source of personal imagery suggests that the ideology of the state may not have penetrated deeply into the daily lives of most Teotihuacanos and may even have stimulated some resistance.