bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Principles of Cancer Staging
Authors: Sobin Leslie , Brierley James D. , Gospodarowicz Mary , O'Sullivan Brian , Wittekind Christian 
Published: February 2017

Summary
The TNM System for the classification of malignant tumours was developed by Pierre Denoix (France) between the years 1943 and 1952. The present seventh edition of TNM Classification contains rules of classification and staging that correspond with those appearing in the seventh edition of the AJCC Cancer Staging Manual and have the approval of all national TNM committees. The TNM system for describing the anatomical extent of disease is based on the assessment of three components: extent of the primary tumour; absence or presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis; and absence or presence of distant metastasis. The sites in the TNM classification are listed according to the code number of the International Classification of Diseases for Oncology. TNM and pTNM describe the anatomical extent of cancer in general without considering treatment. They can be supplemented by the R classification, which deals with tumour status after treatment.
Treatment in Pregnancy
Authors: Azim Hatem A. , Peccatori Fedro A. , Demeestere Isabelle , ­Gentilini Oreste , Pavlidis Nicholas 
Published: February 2017

Summary
The diagnosis of cancer during pregnancy is a relatively uncommon, yet a highly challenging, clinical situation. Hence, it is vital to understand the key management strategies to maximize maternal benefit while minimizing potential fetal risks. In this chapter, we will discuss the diagnosis, and treatment of tumours diagnosed during pregnancy in order to provide guidance for optimal management of these patients.
Supportive Care During Curative Treatment
Authors: Urba Susan , Walker Suzette , Karsies Danielle , Allore Dawna , Casselman Claire , Almond Maria 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Cancer patients undergoing curative treatment for their disease often experience numerous symptoms related to the cancer and its therapy. These patients need strong supportive care throughout the course of their treatment and afterwards. The most typical symptoms they may experience include fatigue, diarrhoea, constipation, nausea, pain and psychological distress. The cancer clinician must be skilled in supportive care to provide optimal quality of life for the patient during this difficult time.
Rehabilitation
Authors: Gillis Theresa A. , Tobias Kerry 
Published: February 2017

Summary
The goal of rehabilitation is to maximize a person's function by minimizing impairment and resulting disability, preventing debility and accumulation of further functional deficits. Rehabilitation utilizes specific targeted therapies (physical, occupational, vocational, psychosocial) to restore an individual's quality of life and maximal possible independence. Impairments which impede a person from fulfilling life roles create handicap; rehabilitation seeks to reduce the degree of impairment or manage its consequences to avoid handicap, displacement and diminished quality of life. For those with cancer, rehabilitation interventions are needed during their treatment, at its conclusion and in the years following successful treatment. Cancer may directly impair function, but cancer treatment is also frequently associated with pain, fatigue and disability. Late functional sequelae of cancer treatment are common and also require rehabilitative interventions. The success of cancer care is determined not solely by the effectiveness of antitumour treatment, but also how well a patient is able to maintain his/her function and quality of life throughout it.
Biliary Tract
Authors: Smoot Rory L. , Hallemeier Christopher L. , McWilliams Robert R. , Truty Mark J. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Extrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma encompasses both hilar and distal cholangiocarcinoma. The incidence is varied worldwide but has been associated with various infectious and inflammatory conditions, such as primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) and liver fluke infection, as well as other predisposing factors, such as biliary adenoma and choledochal cyst. Surgical resection offers the only chance of cure, but fewer than half of patients are resectable at the time of presentation. Work‐up includes CT (chest, abdomen and pelvis) and imaging of the biliary system with either magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) or endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ECRP). In locally‐advanced or metastatic disease, chemotherapy is the treatment of choice (gemcitabine and cisplatin combination), except in highly selected patients with locally‐advanced hilar cholangiocarcinoma, for whom neoadjuvant chemoradiation and liver transplantation may be possible at specialized centres.
Penis
Authors: Crook Juanita , Pagliaro Lance , Pettaway Curtis 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Cancer of the penis is an uncommon malignancy with an incidence in the developed world of about 1 per 100,000 men. There is considerable geographical variation in incidence. Established risk factors include oncogenic HPV types 16 and 18, tobacco consumption, phimosis and increasing age. It most commonly occurs on the glans and foreskin and in early stages is highly curable by local management. Penile preserving options, both surgical and radiotherapeutic, are emphasized. First line of spread is to regional lymph nodes, evaluation of which is essential for high‐risk tumours. For locally‐advanced presentations, a multidisciplinary approach is recommended, combining surgery, radiation and chemotherapy, the optimal sequencing of which is being explored in international cooperative clinical trials.
Lymphoma
Authors: Tsang Richard W. C. , Crump Michael 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Hodgkin lymphoma is the classical type, with a small proportion of nodular lymphocyte‐predominant histology, and usually presents at a localized stage. Non‐Hodgkin lymphoma has many subtypes, but most are of B‐cell origin, and can broadly be divided between aggressive and indolent histologies for treatment purposes. There is large geographical variation between the individual subtypes of non‐Hodgkin lymphoma and varying aetiological agents (e.g. Epstein‐Barr virus or Helicobacter pylori) or predisposing factors (e.g. immunosuppression or autoimmune diseases). Symptoms include lymphadenopathy, mass lesion in organs and sometimes, constitutional symptoms such as weight loss, fever and night sweats. Standard investigations are CT neck, chest, abdomen and pelvis, FDG‐PET scan, complete blood count and blood work for organ function, HIV status, hepatitis serology and bone marrow biopsy. Early‐stage Hodgkin lymphoma is treated with combined brief chemotherapy and radiation therapy with a high cure rate. Advanced‐stage Hodgkin lymphoma are treated with full courses of chemotherapy with a good cure rate. Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas of aggressive histology are primarily treated with chemotherapy with a moderately high cure rate. Non‐Hodgkin lymphomas of indolent histology usually present in advanced stages and are not curable.
Ovary and Fallopian Tube
Authors: Owens Gemma , Kitchener Henry 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Ovarian cancer describes a heterogeneous group of tumours which account for more than 140,000 deaths annually. Symptoms are non‐specific and as such, the disease is often diagnosed at an advanced stage. Currently, there is no acceptable screening test for epithelial ovarian cancer. Standard treatment involves primary debulking surgery followed by platinum‐based chemotherapy. Where this is not feasible, patients should be offered neoadjuvant chemotherapy followed by surgery.
Adrenal Tumours
Authors: Romero Arenas1 Minerva Angélica , Amir Habra2 Mouhammed , Perrier1 Nancy D. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryAdrenal tumours have various patterns of presentation depending on their endocrine functionality and oncological potential. Evaluation of the patient with an adrenal tumour requires a thorough understanding of adrenal physiology and proper application of imaging and biochemical testing to guide therapy. The spectrum of adrenal disease is wide and includes endocrinopathies such as Cushing syndrome, Conn syndrome (hyperaldosteronism) and phaeochromocytoma. Although rare, primary adrenal malignancy dictates a different therapeutic approach from that for benign disease. Non‐functional disease includes benign ‘incidentalomas’, malignant masses, both of primary adrenal origin and of metastatic origin, from another primary site. We describe the presentation and natural history of common adrenal pathologies, including the diagnostic work‐up and treatment options. Furthermore, operative strategy is discussed with details regarding perioperative issues specific to each pathological entity being treated. A summary of ongoing research in adrenal tumours and controversies in the field is included.
Neuroendocrine Tumours
Authors: O'Toole Dermot , Tang Laura H. , Jensen Robert T. , Falconi Massimo , Pape U.‐F. , Kwekkeboom Dik 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) are complex tumours arising from many different sites and expressing a broad range of biological behaviours. Their incidence and that of bronchopulmonary NEN are rising. Recent staging and pathological classification systems aim at improving risk stratification and better categorizing NEN with respect to further therapy. Most tumours are well differentiated, but have frequently metastasized at time of diagnosis; despite this, patients often live for a relatively long time. Some tumours secrete biologically active hormones or peptides resulting in specific symptoms (or syndromes) and may require specific therapy for this, e.g., somataotatin analogue therapy. In advanced disease, a large number of treatments have been shown to be effective, including surgery, systemic chemotherapy, biotherapy (using somatostatin analogues or interferon), targeted therapies, liver‐directed strategies (liver embolization or radioembolization) and peptide receptor radionuclide therapy. Recent phase III trials have opened newer therapeutic possibilities, but strategic phase III trials testing the correct sequence of therapy are required to improve overall management in this group of patients. The multidisciplinary approach is essential in optimizing management in patients with NEN.
Soft tissue
Authors: Dickie Colleen , Gupta Abha , Pollock Raphael , O'Sullivan Brian 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Soft tissue sarcoma is a rare disease requiring multimodality discussion and management. Just over half of these tumours originate in the limbs approximately 40% arise in the retroperitoneum/visceral tissues and torso and the remainder occur in the head and neck region (10%). In general, the treatment approach is surgery with or without the addition of local radiotherapy. Radiation therapy may include particle beam therapy, brachytherapy or external beam techniques, such as conformal radiotherapy and intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT). Chemotherapy remains controversial and it is usually restricted to established chemoresponsive subtypes and high'risk cases.
Cancer of Unknown Primary (Non‐Head and Neck)
Authors: Pentheroudakis George , Pavlidis Nicholas 
Published: February 2017

Summary
Cancer of unknown primary site (CUP) possesses a unique natural history of early systemic dissemination from an occult primary, resulting in atypical high‐volume metastases. Histologically, adenocarcinoma is the commonest type followed by undifferentiated and squamous cell pathology. Studies on the biology of CUP established active angiogenesis, tumour suppressor and oncogene aberrations, active AKT pathway signalling and presence of circulating tumour cells (CTC) as hallmark features. Patients with CUP are divided into those with favourable (20%) and unfavourable (80%) subsets. To identify the primary site, physical examination and history, immunohistochemistry, radiological imaging (including CT and sometimes PET‐CT) are the cornerstone diagnostic tools. Favourable subsets are managed with locoregional treatment and/or chemotherapy, while unfavourable patients are treated with platinum‐based palliative chemotherapy. Multigene expression profiling platforms are effective in biologically assigning a primary; however, their impact on patient management and survival remains to be proven.
Anus
Authors: Glynne‐Jones Rob , Brown Gina , Chau Ian , Moran Brendan J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe anal canal has a complex anatomical structure, with a variety of histological components. Squamous cell carcinoma of the anus (SCCA) is a rare cancer, which is strongly associated with human papilloma virus (HPV) infection. Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)‐infected men who have sex with men appear to be at particular risk. Tobacco smoking and the use of immunosuppressants such as long‐term corticosteroids are recognised risk factors. The majority of anal cancers might be avoided with prophylactic quadrivalent HPV vaccine (against HPV types 6, 11, 16 and 18), but vaccination has no role when invasive SCC is present. Combinations of 5‐FU‐based chemoradiation and other cytotoxic agents (usually mitomycin C) have been established as the standard of care rather than primary surgery. Assessment and treatment should be carried out in specialized centres.
Cancer Following Solid Organ Transplant
Authors: Laurence Jerome M. 
Published: February 2017

Summary
This chapter discusses the aetiology, incidence, screening, diagnosis, prognosis factors, and treatment of the cancer following solid organ transplant. After infection and cardiovascular disease, malignancy is the next most common cause of death in solid organ transplant recipients. Far more commonly, cancer develops de novo in the recipient some time after transplantation, with the risk increasing progressively as a function of time after transplantation. Overall, the risk of malignancy in transplant recipients is 200‐300% that of age‐ and sex‐matched controls. This increase in risk is mostly dependent upon the organ transplanted and the associated nature, intensity and duration of the immunosuppressive regimen. The magnitude of the increase in cancer risk varies by cancer type and site. The greatest increase is observed in cancers associated with oncogenic viral infections. The prognosis for each cancer is substantially inferior for transplant recipients than for patients who are not transplant recipients.
Branched C=C and C−N Bond Cleavage on Enaminones toward the Synthesis of 3‐Acyl Quinolines
Authors: Wan Jie‐Ping , Jing Yanfeng , Wei Li 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDomino reactions between N,N‐dimethyl enaminones and anilines affording quinolines have been accomplished by using triflic acid. The construction of quinolines proceeds by the cleavage of the branched C=C and C−N bond in the enaminones that provides C2−C3 and C4 fragments, respectively. Two new C−C bonds and a new C−N bond are formed during the product formation.
Mini‐Sized Carbon Nitride Nanosheets with Double Excitation‐ and pH‐Dependent Fluorescence Behaviors for Two‐Photon Cell Imaging
Authors: Liu Jinhua , Zhao Duoduo , Li Lin , Weng Minrui , Zhang Chengwu , Zhang Shiyu , Zhu Jixin , Feng Yong , Shih Kaimin , Huang Wei 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSynthesis of mini‐sized carbon nitride nanosheets (CNNSs) by traditional methods remains a challenge. Herein, size‐tunable and uniform mini‐sized CNNSs are synthesized by hydrothermal carbonization of a single polyethyleneimine (PEI) precursor. The as‐obtained mini‐sized CNNSs possess uniform size, good hydrophilicity and abundant nitrogen active sites, which not only exhibit double excitation‐ and pH‐dependent fluorescence behaviors, but also two‐photon excitation fluorescence. áThe resulting CNNSs display low toxicity and can be efficiently delivered into live cells for two‐photon fluorescence imaging, offering great potential as fluorescence probes in biochemical applications.
A novel model‐based control strategy for aerobic filamentous fungal fed‐batch fermentation processes
Authors: Mears Lisa , Stocks Stuart M. , Albaek Mads O. , Cassells Benny , Sin Gürkan , Gernaey Krist V. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTA novel model‐based control strategy has been developed for filamentous fungal fed‐batch fermentation processes. The system of interest is a pilot scale (550 L) filamentous fungus process operating at Novozymes A/S. In such processes, it is desirable to maximize the total product achieved in a batch in a defined process time. In order to achieve this goal, it is important to maximize both the product concentration, and also the total final mass in the fed‐batch system. To this end, we describe the development of a control strategy which aims to achieve maximum tank fill, while avoiding oxygen limited conditions. This requires a two stage approach: (i) calculation of the tank start fill; and (ii) on‐line control in order to maximize fill subject to oxygen transfer limitations. First, a mechanistic model was applied off‐line in order to determine the appropriate start fill for processes with four different sets of process operating conditions for the stirrer speed, headspace pressure, and aeration rate. The start fills were tested with eight pilot scale experiments using a reference process operation. An on‐line control strategy was then developed, utilizing the mechanistic model which is recursively updated using on‐line measurements. The model was applied in order to predict the current system states, including the biomass concentration, and to simulate the expected future trajectory of the system until a specified end time. In this way, the desired feed rate is updated along the progress of the batch taking into account the oxygen mass transfer conditions and the expected future trajectory of the mass. The final results show that the target fill was achieved to within 5% under the maximum fill when tested using eight pilot scale batches, and over filling was avoided. The results were reproducible, unlike the reference experiments which show over 10% variation in the final tank fill, and this also includes over filling. The variance of the final tank fill is reduced by over 74%, meaning that it is possible to target the final maximum fill reproducibly. The product concentration achieved at a given set of process conditions was unaffected by the control strategy. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 1459–1468. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Prognostic factors for survival in patients with pT1 N+ or T2–3 N0 gastric cancer in Japan
Authors: Tokunaga M , Ito S , Yoshikawa T , Nunobe S , Fukagawa T , Misawa K , Cho H , Katai H , Sano T , Terashima M 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
The outcome for pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer is favourable, but some patients suffer from recurrent disease. The aim of this study was to identify prognostic factors in patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer.

Methods
This was a multicentre, retrospective cohort study. All patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer who underwent curative gastrectomy at five high-volume, specialized cancer centres in Japan between 2000 and 2008 were included. Demographic, clinical, surgical and pathological data were collected. Independent prognostic factors were identified using a Cox proportional hazards regression model.

Results
Some 1442 patients were included. The 5-year overall survival rate for patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer was 92·0 per cent. Multivariable analysis for overall survival identified age (hazard ratio (HR) 2·67, 95 per cent c.i. 2·09 to 3·43), sex (HR 0·57, 0·39 to 0·83) and clinical tumour depth (cT) (HR 1·45, 1·06 to 1·98) as independent prognostic factors.

Conclusion
Survival of patients with pT1 N+ or pT2–3 N0 gastric cancer is good. Age 65 years or above, male sex and cT2-4 category are associated with worse overall survival.
Techno‐Economic Analysis of Methane Pyrolysis in Molten Metals: Decarbonizing Natural Gas
Authors: Parkinson Brett , Matthews Joshua W. , McConnaughy Thomas B. , Upham D. Chester , McFarland Eric W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMethane pyrolysis using a molten metal process to produce hydrogen is compared to steam methane reforming (SMR) for the industrial production of hydrogen. Capital and operating cost models for pyrolysis and SMR were used to generate cash‐flow and production costs for several different molten pyrolysis systems. The economics were most sensitive to the methane conversion and the value obtained for the solid carbon by‐product. The pyrolysis system at 1500 °C is competitive with a carbon tax of $78 t−1; however, if a catalytic process at 1000 °C were developed using a conventional fired heater, it would be competitive with SMR without a carbon dioxide cost penalty. Several pyrolysis alternatives become competitive with increasing carbon dioxide taxes.
CHARACTERISTICS OF CHINESE CONTINENT CURIE POINT ISOTHERM
Authors: Sheng‐Qing XIONG , Hai YANG , Yan‐Yun DING , Zhan‐Kui LI 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBased on the latest compiled 1/100 million aeromagnetic map data, the Curie point depth was estimated by power spectrum method. The calculation obtained 8004 Curie point depth values in Chinese continent. Eventually, we completely compiled the Chinese continental Curie point isotherm map. This map first fully shows the characteristics of Chinese continental Curie point depth. The study shows that Curie point isotherm is characterized by depression inside the stable blocks with the depth of 28∼45 km, such as the Tarim Basin, Junggar Basin, Qaidam Basin, Hoh Xil‐Bayan Har Depression area, the Yangtze Basin area, North China basin area, Songliao Basin, Erlian Basin, Bayan‐Wuwei‐Chaoshui basin, Pearl River Estuary‐southeast Hainan basin. The Curie depth of North China basin area is shallower than Tarim continent block and Yangtze continent block, which may be related to the fact that North China block suffered a complex post‐transformation which resulted in the asthenosphere upwelling and lithospheric thinning. Hoh Xil‐Bayan Har block is a NWW trending Curie point isotherm depression area in northern Tibetan Plateau, where developed a large area of Triassic sedimentary strata and experienced less magmatism. The stable blocks all have uplifted Moho and depressed Curie point isotherm. Conversely, the Curie point isotherm of active orogenic belt is characterized by uplift at the depth of 18∼26 km, such as the Mountain (Mtn.) area of northeast and northwest China, Qinling‐Dabie area, West Kunlun‐Tibet‐Sanjiang‐Kangdian area, the southeast coastal areas and so on. The uplift reflects the geothermal gradient difference caused by tectonic and magmatic activities. A collection of 816 heat flow data from published literatures are used to study the relationship between Curie point isotherm and heat flow. The results show that there is not a simply linear relationship between the depth and heat flow. When the depth is greater than 30 km, the heat flow values are less than 100 mW·m−2. While the Curie point depth is less than 30 km, the heat flow values vary in a wide range. The high heat flow values are mostly found in the east coast of China, southern Tibet‐Sanjiang area, Qinling‐Dabie area, and the east of Liaoning province, which are all characterized by uplift of Curie point isotherm. These areas are important for future geothermal exploration.