bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prolifération des fougères dans les érablières du Québec : ampleur du phénomène et moyens de le contrer
Authors: Ouimet Rock , Weiss Gabriel , Lepage Marie-Josée 
Published: December 2015

L’envahissement des érablières par les fougères est un phénomène de plus en plus fréquent au Québec. Les espèces de fougères envahissantes étudiées ici sont surtout associées à des conditions de drainage imparfait du sol, périodiquement inondé, et à des humus > 14 cm d’épaisseur. L’occurrence de ces espèces de fougères dans les érablières est aussi corrélée à la densité de cerfs de Virginie sur le territoire. Nous avons testé, dans 2 expériences, divers traitements pour favoriser la régénération en érable dans des érablières envahies parDennstaedtia punctilobula. Seule la combinaison du chaulage et soit de la fauche soit de l’écrasement à répétition des fougères a accru considérablement la densité de semis d’érable après 3 à 5 ans, atteignant 15 à 28 semis/m2. L’écrasement à répétition des fougères ou la pose d’ombrières en sous-bois a aussi réduit de 30 % et plus la densité et la hauteur des fougères. Les observations mettent en lumière la dynamique complexe entre l’ouverture du couvert forestier, l’occurrence de fougères envahissantes, les conditions de fertilité du sol et le broutage par les cerfs, qui influencent l’abondance de la régénération en érable dans les érablières.
Changements de l’occupation du sol dans la plaine inondable du lac Saint-Pierre entre les années 1950 et 1997
Authors: Dauphin Diane , Jobin Benoît 
Published: December 2015

Le lac Saint-Pierre est le site d’une biodiversité exceptionnelle. Toutefois, les activités anthropiques ont mené à la perte et à la dégradation des milieux naturels au cours des dernières décennies si bien que de nombreuses espèces fauniques, dont la perchaude (Perca flavescens), montrent des déclins marqués de leur population. La perte d’habitats de reproduction serait l’un des facteurs déterminants pour expliquer cette situation. Afin de documenter les changements d’occupation du sol survenus au niveau de la plaine inondable du lac Saint-Pierre, des photos aériennes prises à 3 périodes (1950, 1964 et 1997) ont été interprétées et comparées. Il en ressort qu’environ 3 200 ha d’habitats fauniques (milieux naturels + cultures pérennes) ont été modifiés dans la zone de récurrence d’inondation de 0-2 ans. Le changement le plus important concerne la conversion de quelque 2 500 ha de cultures pérennes (fourrages, pâturages) en cultures annuelles (maïs, soya) peu propices à la faune. Des habitats naturels ont également été modifiés, en particulier 350 ha de prairies humides. Outre la perchaude, d’autres groupes fauniques sont affectés par ces changements d’occupation du sol, notamment les passereaux et les canards barboteurs qui nichent dans les cultures pérennes et les prairies. La restauration d’habitats et le changement des pratiques agricoles font partie des actions qui peuvent être mises de l’avant pour favoriser le rétablissement des espèces en difficulté au lac Saint-Pierre.
La collection d’organismes marins de l’Institut Maurice-Lamontagne (Ministère des Pêches et des Océans)
Authors: Miller Roberta , Nozères Claude 
Published: December 2015

L’Institut Maurice-Lamontagne de Mont-Joli (Québec, Canada) conserve une collection d’organismes marins, principalement de l’estuaire et du golfe du Saint-Laurent mais aussi de l’Arctique canadien. Plus de 1 460 espèces sont présentes parmi les spécimens qui ont été recueillis entre 1900 et 2014 et qui procurent des références taxonomiques et biogéographiques à la communauté scientifique, ainsi que des informations pour le grand public. Cet article présente un résumé de l’historique, de la richesse et de la répartition géographique des spécimens conservés, qui se sont avérés nécessaires pour les travaux du ministère des Pêches et des Océans et d’autres utilisateurs.
Enhanced light extraction in 260 nm light-emitting diode with a highly transparent p-AlGaN layer
Authors: Jo Masafumi , Maeda Noritoshi , Hirayama Hideki 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
AlGaN LEDs have been studied as efficient light sources in DUV. One of the central issues in DUV LEDs is their low light extraction efficiency owing to the absorption in a p-contacting layer and a metal electrode. We report the fabrication of a 260 nm LED containing a transparent p-AlGaN layer. The LED showed a relatively good current injection with an increase in forward voltage compared with a p-GaN LED. Its efficiency reached 2%, almost equivalent to that of the p-GaN LED. In addition, a nearly zero absorption in the p-contacting layer increased the light extraction efficiency by using a reflective metal electrode.
Two summers of São Paulo drought: Origins in the western tropical Pacific
Authors: Seth Anji , Fernandes Kátia , Camargo Suzana J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTwo years of drought in Southeast Brazil have led to water shortages in São Paulo, the country's most populous city. We examine the observed drought during austral summers of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 and the related large‐scale dynamics. The 2013–2014 precipitation deficits were more concentrated in the state of São Paulo, while in 2014–2015 moderate deficits were seen throughout the region. We find that a persistent warm sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly in the western tropical Pacific Ocean was an important driver of drought via atmospheric teleconnection in the two December–February seasons. The warm SST and associated convective heating initiated a wave train across the South Pacific. The resulting anticyclonic geopotential height anomaly over the southwest Atlantic expanded the westward margin of the South Atlantic high and prevented low‐pressure systems from entering southeast Brazil from midlatitudes. This mechanism suggests a hemispheric symmetry to that proposed for the recent California drought.
Aerosol effects on cloud cover as evidenced by ground‐based and space‐based observations at five rural sites in the United States
Authors: Ten Hoeve John E. , Augustine John A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPrevious studies of the second aerosol indirect (lifetime) effect on cloud cover have estimated the strength of the effect without correcting for near‐cloud contamination and other confounding factors. Here we combine satellite‐based observations with a multiyear ground‐based data set across five rural locations in the United States to more accurately constrain the second indirect aerosol effect and quantify aerosol effects on radiative forcing. Results show that near‐cloud contamination accounts for approximately 40% of the satellite‐derived aerosol‐cloud relationship. When contamination is removed and the effect of meteorological covariation is minimized, a strong physical aerosol effect on cloud cover remains. Averaged over all stations and after correcting for contamination, the daytime solar and total (solar + IR) radiative forcing is −52 W/m2 and −19 W/m2, respectively, due to both direct and indirect aerosol effects for aerosol optical depths (τ) between 0 and 0.3. Averaged diurnally, the average total radiative forcing is +16 W/m2.
Modelling total electron content during geomagnetic storm conditions using empirical orthogonal functions and neural networks
Authors: Uwamahoro Jean Claude , Habarulema John Bosco 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIt has been shown in ionospheric research that modelling total electron content (TEC) during storm conditions is a big challenge. In this study, TEC modelling was performed over Sutherland (32.38°S, 20.81°E, 41.09°S geomagnetic), South Africa, during storm conditions, using a combination of empirical orthogonal function (EOF) and regression analyses techniques. The neural network (NN) technique was also applied to the same TEC data set, and its output was compared with TEC modeled using the EOF model. TEC was derived from GPS observations, and a geomagnetic storm was defined for Dst≤−50 nT. The hour of the day and the day number of the year, F10.7p and A indices, were chosen as inputs for the modeling techniques to take into account diurnal and seasonal variation of TEC, solar, and geomagnetic activities, respectively. Both EOF and NN models were developed using GPS TEC data for storm days counted from 1999 to 2013 and tested on different storms. For interpolation, the EOF and NN models were validated on storms that occurred during high and low solar activity periods (storms of 2000 and 2006), while for extrapolation the validation was done for the storms of 2014 and 2015, identified based on the provisional Dst index data. A comparison of the modeled TEC with the observed TEC showed that both EOF and NN models perform well for storms with nonsignificant ionospheric TEC response and storms that occurred during period of low solar activity. For storms with significant TEC response, TEC magnitude is well captured during the nighttime and early morning, but short‐term features, TEC enhancement, and depression are not sufficiently captured by the models. Statistically, the NN model performs 12.79% better than the EOF model on average, over all storm periods considered. Furthermore, it has been shown that the EOF and NN models developed for a specific station can be used to estimate TEC over other locations within a latitudinal and longitudinal coverage of 8.7° and 10.6°, respectively. This is an important result as it reduces the data dimensionality problem for computational purposes.
Evaluation of the performance of the Beijing Climate Centre Climate System Model 1.1(m) to simulate precipitation across China based on long‐range correlation characteristics
Authors: Zhao Shanshan , He Wenping 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this study, we investigated the observed daily precipitation data in China using detrended fluctuation analysis. The daily precipitation records exhibit relatively weak long‐range correlation (LRC) characteristics with scaling exponents of less than 0.6 in most of China. The performance of the climate model can be quantitatively evaluated by comparing the differences of the scaling exponents between the observational data and the model‐simulated data. Based on these findings, the performance of the Beijing Climate Centre Climate System Model (BCC_CSM1.1(m)) was evaluated for simulations of daily precipitation in China. The LRCs of the model‐simulated daily precipitation were stronger than those of the observations in the midwest of Northwest China and in the majority of North China but were weaker in the middle and eastern parts of Inner Mongolia, Jilin, and the area between the Yangtze River and the Huaihe River. In general, the average scaling exponents of the model‐simulated daily precipitation were greater than those of the observational data in all four seasons; the minimum of the simulated error occurred in winter, and the maximum occurred in autumn. Moreover, obvious differences were observed between the coefficients of the skewness and the kurtosis of the scaling exponents in the simulations and the observations.
LGBT Relationships
Authors: Lannutti Pamela J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe study of interpersonal communication in LGBT relationships has been influenced by changes in the social context of these relationships. Early research on communication in LGBT relationships focused on the effects of stigma on LGBT communication and the process and effects of “coming out.” Further research has examined characteristics of same‐sex relationships, and has compared same‐sex couples and different‐sex couples. The HIV/AIDS epidemic and changes in civil recognition for same‐sex relationships influenced research on LGBT communication and relationships. Studies have also focused on the diversity of communication and experiences within the LGBT community.
Uncertainty Increasing Strategies
Authors: Donovan Erin E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Avoiding phone calls from a doctor who has your test results; suggesting to a friend that there are multiple explanations for her boyfriend's behavior; giving a vague answer during a job interview—all of these are examples of how communication behaviors can be employed strategically to increase uncertainty. There are a number of circumstances in which people may increase their own or others' uncertainty intentionally or inadvertently. Personality differences, relationship characteristics, and message features are all factors in why and how people engage in uncertainty‐increasing communication strategies.
Advice
Authors: MacGeorge Erina L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAdvice is a ubiquitous and consequential form of communication in both personal and professional interactions. The exchange of advice has varied outcomes for recipients, advisors, and social networks. The outcomes of advice for recipients are influenced by message content, message style and interactional sequence, characteristics of the advisor, and recipient perceptions, emotions, and traits. Advisors’ cognitive processes and traits also influence the effectiveness of advice. Advice response theory and the integrated model of advice provide theoretical frameworks for understanding advice outcomes.
Politeness Theory
Authors: Feng Hairong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPoliteness theory posits that individuals in any culture have positive and negative face wants. But many daily interaction behaviors intrinsically threaten face. The degree to which an act is face threatening is affected by the social factors of power, distance, and rank of imposition. People therefore use politeness strategies to reduce face threats. Politeness theory has particular implications for interpersonal communication research: It helps address why people say what they do when performing actions such as making requests or giving advice and it has implications for identity management and personal relationships. The theory also has spurred ongoing debate about what elements of politeness are culturally specific versus universal.
Support Types
Authors: Jones Susanne M. , Koerner Ascan F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSupport types are categories of messages and behaviors people use to help others cope with stressful life events. There are two broad support categories, emotion‐focused support and problem‐focused support. Emotion‐focused support is directed at mitigating emotional upset and includes all support types that primarily assist people in dealing with difficult emotional experiences that are a result of upsetting life events. Emotion‐focused support strategies includeemotional support(expressions of care and concern),esteem support(reassurances of worth), andnetwork support(expressions of inclusion and connection). Problem‐focused strategies are all those strategies that are directed at resolving the problem and involvetangible aid(providing concrete aid) andinformational assistance(advice) that helps the person in need mobilize resources or resolve the stressor. There are two support type models that have been empirically tested: the optimal matching model (OMM) and the sensitive interactive systems theory (SIST).
Cohabitation
Authors: Priem Jennifer S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Cohabitation, defined as nonmarital romantic partners sharing a residence, has increased significantly and changed relationship development and family formation in contemporary dating relationships. Accordingly, cohabitation takes on a variety of forms and functions. This entry examines the rapid increase in rates and acceptance of cohabitation and the forms and functions of cohabitation, as well as the role that cohabitation plays in relationship development and the process of transitioning into co‐residence.
Affinity Seeking/Ingratiation Strategies
Authors: Daly John 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A critical function of communication is developing and maintaining affinity. People engage in a number of strategies to get others to like them. Early work on self‐presentation and ingratiation led communication scholars to study affinity‐seeking. Research has since revealed a number of strategies that people use to generate affinity. Studies have shown the importance of affinity‐seeking in a variety of situations. Generally, the more strategies people effectively engage in, the more successful they are in accomplishing their interpersonal goals.
Marital Typologies
Authors: Koerner Ascan F. , Jones Susanne M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Marital typologies are developed by scholars to better describe and understand the large and diverse universe of what is arguably humanity's most central interpersonal relationship. Such typologies can be based on single attributes of marriages or spouses, or on a single interpersonal process, but more sophisticated typologies are often combinations of both. In addition to external validity, the best typologies provide a theoretical explanation for why and how marital types differ. This entry describes the basic assumptions underlying marital typologies, provides a brief historical review of marital typologies, and provides more detailed descriptions of several influential marital typologies.
Intergroup Contact Theory
Authors: Harwood Jake 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Intergroup contact theory suggests that when members of different social groups come into contact with one another, attitudes toward their respective groups are changed. Work in this area has considered numerous different social groups communicating across a variety of media. Overall, the theory is strongly supported; however, numerous moderating and mediating variables come into play, and the theory remains the subject of rapid theoretical and conceptual development. In addition to studying the effects of contact, recent work examines when and how contact occurs, and how to encourage contact between groups as a means to reducing conflict and achieving intergroup harmony.
Forensic Communication
Authors: Motley Michael T. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The forensic branch of a field is that which applies its scientific research to matters that arise in courtroom litigation: forensic linguistics, forensic pathology, forensic anthropology, and so forth. There are many areas of forensic communication involving expert‐witness courtroom testimony by communication scholars. There are even more applications to courtroom concerns when forensic communication includes consultation by communication scholars with attorneys and witnesses.
On‐Again/Off‐Again Relationships
Authors: Dailey René M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAssessing on‐again/off‐again or cyclical relationships is a new, but growing, area of research. Studies show that a majority of individuals have experienced an on‐again/off‐again (on‐off) relationship at some point in their dating history. As compared to partners whose relationships do not break up and renew, on‐off partners report lower relational quality (e.g., lower satisfaction, more relational uncertainty, greater conflict, more aggression) as well as greater structural constraints (e.g., children, lower income). Further, a cyclical nature during dating predicts a cyclical nature in cohabiting and marital relationships. Research identifying different types or trajectories of on‐off relationships, however, has revealed that some partners may use the relational transitions to improve their relationship. Certain theoretical perspectives have been applied (e.g., interdependence, commitment theories) to explain the development and maintenance of these relationships.
Disclosing
HIV
Status
Authors: Moskowitz David A. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

HIV
disclosure is the verbal or nonverbal transmission of one's
HIV
status to friends, family, or casual/main sexual partners. It is a form of interpersonal health communication that, due to the unique nature of
HIV
/
AIDS
as a disease, has been studied in distinction to other types of disclosures. In this entry, the 34‐year history of
HIV
disclosure is presented, from Kaposi's sarcoma as the first form of
HIV
disclosure, to the Earvin “Magic” Johnson press conference, to how men and women living with
HIV
disclose today. Following a dual‐continua model, which frames individuals’ use of verbal/nonverbal and direct/indirect methods to disclose their status, explains the myriad ways a seropositive status can be transmitted to a person or persons. The historic and current theoretical frames for the when and why individuals
HIV
disclose are identified and deconstructed. Finally, the entry ends with some suggestions and research questions for further scrutiny regarding
HIV
disclosure. Most notably, given that
HIV
has moved from terminal‐ to chronic‐disease classification, is
HIV
disclosure even necessary anymore? Readers should be able to understand how
HIV
disclosure developed as a construct, how it can appear as a communication event, and the reasons and impetuses for individuals’ disclosure or concealment of their seropositive status.
Political Socialization
Authors: McDevitt Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPolitical socialization refers to an intergenerational process in which children are inducted into a political culture through acquisition of cognitive, attitudinal, discursive, and other behavioral orientations. Theories of interpersonal communication have helped scholars and educators to imagine how conditions for political development can more effectively contribute to participatory citizenship. Children who grow up in homes where parents encourage opinion expression, and students who attend high schools with open climates for discussion, are more likely to develop confidence for participation as adults in more formal, contentious settings—contexts that demand deliberative skills and cognitive sophistication in pluralistic cultures.
Communication in Service Encounters
Authors: Susskind Alex M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this entry, communication in service organizations is defined and described. The defining characteristics of a service organization are presented to demonstrate how service‐based organizations differ from other types of organizations. Next, the key literature on consumer–service provider interaction and complaint communication is summarized to describe how communication and interaction is structured in service encounters. Special emphasis is applied to empirical models that explain these interactions and behavior.
Guilt and Interpersonal Communication
Authors: Miczo Lisa 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Guilt is a pervasive and potent influence within interpersonal relationships. A self‐conscious emotion, experienced when a person feels he or she has failed to live up to some moral or social norm, guilt functions as a means of influencing the attitudes and behaviors of relational partners. Contemporary research demonstrates that guilt elicitation is a common communication strategy used to improve and sustain relationships. The causes and consequences of interpersonal guilt, its functional nature within relationships, and verbal techniques used to elicit guilt are discussed.
Interpersonal Communication Ethics
Authors: Fritz Janie Harden 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Interpersonal communication ethics, an area of study emerging at the intersection of social scientific research and communication ethics scholarship, addresses issues that arise when people are faced with decisions about whether, and how to, communicate messages that are likely to have a significant influence on others and can be judged according to some standard of right and wrong. Because interpersonal communication has a significant influence on human well‐being, interpersonal communication ethics is an essential area of study for students and scholars of interpersonal communication.
Nagging
Authors: Dawson Kari P. , Roloff Michael E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Individuals often attempt to influence others with whom they are interdependent. When their targets resist or are likely to resist, some individuals repeat their requests and demands and a nagging sequence begins. This entry explicates the notion of nagging and resulting communication sequences, identifies conceptual frameworks that describe it, and discusses how nagging occurs in the workplace and in family and health‐related contexts.