bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Accurate Evaluation of Marcellus Shale Petrophysical Properties
Authors: Elsaig M. , Aminian K. , Ameri S. , Zamirian M. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The advances in hydraulic fracturing and horizontal well technology have unlocked considerable natural gas reserves contained in the shale formations. Reliable values of the shale key petrophysical properties including permeability and porosity are necessary to estimate the original gas-in-place, predict the production rates, and optimize the hydraulic fracturing treatments. The quantification of the key shale petrophysical properties however remain challenging due to complex nature of the shale foramtions. Unsteady state techniques are commonly used to estimate permeability of the shale samples because the shales typically have permeability values in nano-Darcy range. The measured permeability values by these techniques however suffer from a large margin of uncertainty and reproducibility problems. Furthermore, the unsteady state measurements cannot be performed under the reservoir stress and temperature conditions.
In this study, a fully automated laboratory set-up, which has been designed and constructed for the evaluation of the ultra-low permeability petrophysical properties under the reservoir conditions, was utilized to measure the porosity and permeability of the Marcellus shale core plugs. The core plugs were obtained from a vertical well drilled specifically for the laboratory research and other scientific purposes (science well) on the site of the Marcellus Shale Energy and Environment Laboratory (MSEEL). MSEEL is a field site and dedicated laboratory in the Marcellus Shale unconventional production region of north-central West Virginia. The filed site is owned and operated by Northeast Natural Energy, LLC and contains several horizontal Marcellus Shale wells. MSEEL provides a unique opportunity to undertake field and laboratory research to advance and demonstrate new subsurface technologies and to enable surface environmental studies related to unconventional energy development.
One of the core plugs obtained from the science well was used in this study for the evaluation of reliable Marcellus Shale petrophysical properties. The permeability of the core plug was measured under different gas pressures at constant net stress. The absolute permeability was then determined by applying the appropriate gas slippage correction. The porosity and the permeability of the core plug were then measured under a wide range of net stress. The measured porosity and permeability values were found to be sensitive to the stress. The permeability measurement results exhibited two distinctive behaviors with respect to the net stress that can be attributed to the natural fracture and matrix properties. The experimental results were then utilized to determine the natural fracture closure stress. The measurements also revealed that gas adsorption, when an adsorbent gas was used for the mesurements, resulted in a reduction in the absolute permeability of the sample.
Improving Frac Water Disinfection While Lowering Treatment Costs
Authors: Roccon R. J. , Garland R. W. , Mashayekhi A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
It is now well known that effective microbiological control is a critical component of any success-fully executed hydraulic fracturing operation. However, a debate still rages over where disinfection needs to occur. One opinion advocates above ground treatment, where the frac water is fully disinfected before entering the formation, while a second opinion focuses on biocide addition to the blender, and hence the formation, to adequately kill deleterious microbes that might already exist downhole. There is no universally accepted process, but it has been generally accepted that disinfection utilizing both approaches is too costly to consider, especially considering today's energy market conditions.
This paper will discuss a new, patented low-cost approach to above ground frac water disinfection, that when combined with a blender applied "preservative" treatment yields superior disin-fection results at a lower cost than traditional frac water disinfection processes.
A slight variation of the process has been utilized over the past 24 months with two Northeast opera-tors, providing disinfection results equal to or better than the previous programs at a significant savings to the operator.
Deep Dry Utica Well Spacing Analysis with Case Study
Authors: Belyadi Hoss , Yuyi Joseph , Ahmad Mian , Wyatt John 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Well spacing is one of the biggest decisions in a field development in unconventional shale plays. Not having optimized well spacing will either cost the operators additional capital or increase potential for unearned revenue. Well spacing must be close enough to contact as much stimulated reservoir volume (SRV) as possible, while taking advantage of time value of money. However, it must be far enough to minimize fracture interference (well to well interference and frac hits) and over-capitalization in a field development. Well spacing is impacted by many factors. The most important parameters requiring more study are matrix permeability, fracture half-length, dimensionless fracture conductivity (impacted by completions design), reservoir properties, capital expenditure, operating costs, and gas pricing.
Deep dry Utica/Point Pleasant Shale is a new resource with limited data. The optimum well spacing in deep dry Utica is yet to be determined. This paper goes through a practical workflow that can be used to estimate the optimum well spacing based on various forecasts obtained from various half-length, permeability, and dimensionless fracture conductivity assumptions using hybrid or numerical models. In addition, a sensitivity analysis will be performed on the impact of gas pricing, capital expenditure, OPEX, permeability, and conductivity on the optimum spacing design selection. To create long term value for the shareholders, well spacing must be selected based on NPV. Production volumes could be important to the strategic development of a company, but the single economic parameter that creates long term value for the shareholders of a company is NPV. Therefore, NPV is used to optimize well spacing in this analysis. A case study from a successful deep dry Utica well located in Westmoreland County, PA will also be reviewed and presented as part of the workflow in this paper.
Marcellus Shale Production Facility Emissions: Overcoming Challenges in the Liquids-Rich Area
Authors: Porter M. D. , Natili R. , Strathman A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Operators in the Marcellus Shale are constantly looking for ways to reduce potential emissions from production facilities. As regulations and various industry best practices evolve, facility designs and equipment must evolve as well. Examined are facilities design improvements and successful operational procedures to eliminate or significantly reduce emissions.
By taking a proactive approach, operators can reduce emissions significantly. The key elements to a successful emissions reduction program include: (1) a facilities design and operational philosophy that takes emission controls into consideration, (2) a comprehensive maintenance program that addresses all unplanned or unintended releases encountered during optical gas imaging inspections that allows for feedback to facilitate corrective action, and (3) a focused plan for improving technology to diminish the quantity of future leaks and general emissions. Applying enhanced technology, and lessons learned to older designs is often the most efficient measure for reducing potential emissions. While these elements are crucial, equally important is the historical defining and tracking of actual identified leaks and documentation of corrective actions that have been taken.
A field study produced data essential to understanding the emissions released on a field and pad level and set a foundation for a regular, semi-annual inspection protocol. Using detailed data analysis resulting from inspections, the most common areas where leaks occur within production facilities are identified. Specifically, the majority of repetitive leaks occur on atmospheric production stock tanks. By installing enhanced quality tank relief valves, the vast majority of emissions are eliminated. This is supported by a discussion of improvements to reduce emissions from tank equipment. Field data demonstrates that the implementation of a leak detection program reduces the number of actual leaks over time and allows for a sustainable, cost-effective maintenance program. This is evident on a pad and field level.
Production facility emissions can be mitigated utilizing effective production facility designs and technologies. The present work offers an improved understanding of how technological evolutions can support effective design solutions and processes in a modern shale gas development.
Evaluating the Effectiveness of an Engineered Completion Design Based on Lateral Reservoir Characterization in Unconventional Resource Plays: An Eagle Ford Case Study
Authors: Sarmah B. B. , Garrison N. , Fisher R. , Brown T. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Characterization of the lateral heterogeneity of reservoir properties is an important consideration during the design of horizontal completion operations in unconventional plays. Traditional geometric designs do not differentiate adjoining rocks based on lateral heterogeneity. This paper presents an academic case study from the Eagle Ford shale play in which the authors analyze and validate an engineering design using observations from an operator's completion design-based fracturing operation. The paper also proposes a low-cost, low-risk solution workflow for these unconventional reservoirs.
An unbiased and repeatable fracture stage and perforation cluster optimization program was used for the engineered design. The input for the engineered design originated from a two-dimensional (2D) petrophysical and geomechanical model. This model was constructed using correlative property modeling that used openhole (OH) logs from an offset vertical well and a calibrated casedhole (CH) pulsed neutron log (PNL) that was acquired in the lateral. A conventional OH logging suite was also run in the same lateral, which was compared to the calibrated log data as a part of the validation process.
The resultant 2D property model provided an appropriate representation of the subsurface reservoir properties. Lateral variations of those properties were duly addressed by optimizing the fracture stage and perforation clusters. This workflow also accounted for the relative position of the wellbore, with respect to the stratigraphic and the reservoir boundaries, as predicted by the 2D property model. During execution of the operator's completion design, reservoir properties were carefully observed and compared with those predicted by the 2D property model and the engineered design derived from the same. These observations validated the properties and justified the optimizations in the completions program and the modifications necessary. For example, a number of stages during the stimulation treatment were initially unsuccessful, thus allowing less than 10% of the total designed proppant to be pumped. During evaluation of the post-stimulation results, it was observed that these zones were identified as less promising by the 2D property model-derived engineered design because of unfavorable reservoir properties. The engineered design model recommended not completing these zones.
The observations from this study showed that completion operations in a long lateral should be designed to account for the lateral variability of the reservoir. The engineered completion design optimized hydraulic fracture stages and perforation clusters based on the petrophysical similarity and merits of the adjoining sections. The methods presented helped mitigate risk and supported rigless operations for characterization in a cost-sensitive environment, thus reducing the costs and effects of hydraulic fracturing operations.
Influencing Fracture Growth With Stage Sequencing
Authors: Yuyi Joseph , Donahoe Thomas , VanGilder Criss , Dohmen Ted , Squires Christopher 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This paper discusses a well-to-well spacing test on a 5 well pad in the Utica Shale that was stimulated with a unique stage sequencing plan. The stage sequencing plan provides an improved understanding of the way that fracture growth can be influenced by subsurface pressure differentials created by newly fractured, shut-in and depleted wells.
Chemical (water) tracers and oil tracers were pumped into the center well of the 5 well pad. The non-traced wells on the pad, along with 2 wells on an adjacent pad, were all sampled during flowback and production. The samples were analyzed for the presence of oil and chemical tracers to determine the extent and degree of well-to-well communication. Additionally, surface microseismic data was collected and used to further assist in the study of the fracture growth. The tracer communication and microseismic data were represented together in a 3D visualization of the well pads.
Generally, the tracers and microseismic events show that there is more extensive fracture growth from a treatment well to offsetting wells when there is no hydraulic pressure barrier between them. Better fracture containment and symmetry was observed on stages that were bounded on both sides by wells that were just fractured. Data from the study show that proper sequencing of the completions can mitigate the tendency for fractures to preferentially grow towards depleted wells.
The study will therefore illustrate the value of tracer and microseismic data for understanding additional or new knowledge about multi-well pad stage sequencing and its role in fracture growth, and overall future well planning strategy.
Impact of Nanomaterials on the Rheological and Filtration Properties of Water-Based Drilling Fluids
Authors: Salih A. H. , Elshehabi T. A. , Bilgesu H. I. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Nanomaterials are the new additives for drilling fluids that can improve its properties and eliminate problems due to increased downtime and well costs. The objective of this research is to select the optimum concentration of nanoparticles that enhance drilling fluid properties and hydraulics. This study investigates the effects of commercially available nanoparticles on the rheological and filtration properties and optimizes the hydraulics of water-based drilling fluids.
In this study, the samples were prepared as water-based muds with and without various concentrations of 5.7 nm colloidal silica dioxide nanoparticles. Series of laboratory experiments were carried out for all samples using standard API Low Pressure Low Temperature (LPLT) filtration and rheological tests. Two mud systems at different pH conditions were used to evaluate the impact of nanoparticles. A commercial software was used to evaluate the impact of the nanoparticles on the Equivalent Circulation Density (ECD) and the circulation pressure loss in a deviated wellbore.
Results show enhancements in the rheological and filtration properties for water-based muds treated by the nanoparticles used in this study with concentrations below 0.7% by weight. Furthermore, the results show the ability of these nanoparticles to make the filter cake consistent, compacted, and thin. The results reflect the negative impact of the nanoparticles with concentrations above 0.7% by weight on some of the rheological properties. The optimum nanomaterial concentrations with the best properties were observed as (0.1%-0.3%) by weight. Furthermore, the concentration of 0.1% by weight reflected the significant reduction in the ECD and the circulating pressure loss.
Nanoparticles used in this research can play a vital role in reducing drilling problems. Multilateral wells, slim holes and deep horizontal wells can be drilled by using water-based mud with the addition of proper nanoparticles and eliminating the need for oil-based muds that are expensive and environmentally unacceptable. However, it is critical to select the proper size and concentration of nanoparticles in order to eliminate its negative impact on the drilling fluid properties.
Using Improved Decline Curve Models for Production Forecasts in Unconventional Reservoirs
Authors: Paryani M. , Ahmadi M. , Awoleke O. , Hanks C. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The flow behavior in nano-darcy shales neighbored by high conductivity induced natural fractures violates the assumptions behind Arps' decline models that have been successfully used in conventional reservoirs for decades. Current decline curve analysis models such as Logistic Growth Analyses, Power Law Exponential and Duong's model attempt to overcome the limitations of Arps' model. This study compares the capability of these models to match the past production of hundred shale oil wells from the Eagle Ford and investigate how the choice of residual function affects the estimate of model parameters and subsequently the well life, pressure depletion and ultimate recovery.
Using the proposed residual functions increased the tendency of deterministic models to have bounded estimates of reserves. Results regarding well performance, EUR, drainage area and pressure depletion are obtained quickly and show realistic distributions supported by production hindcasts and commercial reservoir simulators.
Overall, the PLE and Arps' hyperbolic models predicted the lowest/pessimistic and highest/optimistic remaining life/reserves respectively. The newly proposed residual functions were thereafter used with the Arps' hyperbolic and LGA models. We found that the use of rate-time residual functions increased the likelihood of the value of hyperbolic exponent being less than 1 by 87.5%.
The proposed residual functions can be used to provide optimistic and conservative estimations of remaining reserves and remaining life using any of the above decline models for economic analysis. The key results provided by the modified DCA models help in long-term planning of operations necessary for optimal well completions and field development, accomplished in a fraction of the time currently required by other complex software and workflows.
Are We Economically Efficient Enough to Increase the Potential of in Vitro Proliferation of Osteoblasts by Means of Pharmacochemical Agents?
Authors: Isyar Mehmet , Gumustas Seyit Ali , Yilmaz Ibrahim , Sirin Duygu Yasar , Tosun Hacı Bayram , Mahirogullari Mahir 
Published: September 2016

Background:
The aim of this study was to test the necessity of using expensive and unaccesible pharmacological-chemical agents in the proliferation of bone tissue cultures and in the induction of mineralized matrix formation to increase the osteogenic effect.

Methods:
For this purpose, human primary cell cultures were prepared and then divided into two groups. Whereas the cells in group I were fed with an osteoblast stimulator medium containing Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM) and β-glycerophosphate, the cells in group II were fed with DMEM containing dexamethasone and 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt. Both groups were evaluated in terms of viability, toxicity, and proliferation and then compared in terms of cell surface morphology through inverted light and environmental scanning electron microscopy. In addition to immunoflow cytometric analyses, the effects of alkaline phosphatase activities were evaluated using the spectrophotometric method to examine the osteoblastic activities. Costs were calculated in the currency of the European Union (Euros). The Tukey Honestly Significant Difference test was used to reach the statistical evaluation of the data after the analysis of variance.

Results:
It was reported that the level of the alkaline phosphates was higher in group I compared to group II. It was observed that the surface morphology quality, the number of living cells, and proliferation were higher in group II and that the results were deemed statistically significant.

Conclusion:
It was found that the 2-phospho-L-ascorbic acid trisodium salt and dexamethasone mixture was as effective as the expensive commercial kits on the osteogenic effect on human primary bone tissue.
Rapid and Decentralized Human Waste Treatment by Microwave Radiation
Authors: Nguyen Tu Anh , Babel Sandhya , Boonyarattanakalin Siwarutt , Koottatep Thammarat 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT: This study evaluates the technical feasibility of using microwave radiation for the rapid treatment of human feces. Human feces of 1000 g were radiated with a commercially available household microwave oven (with rotation) at different exposure time lengths (30, 50, 60, 70, and 75 mins) and powers (600, 800, and 1000 W). Volume reduction over 90% occurred after 1000 W microwave radiation for 75 mins. Pathogen eradiation performances of six log units or more at a high range of microwave powers were achieved. Treatments with the same energy input of 1000 Wh, but at lower powers with prolonged exposure times, significantly enhanced moisture removal and volume reduction. Microwave radiation caused carbonization and resulted in a more stable end product. The energy content of the samples after microwave treatment at 1000 W and 75 mins is 3517 ± 8.85 calories/g of dried sample, and the product can also be used as compost.
The Influence of Internet Banking on the Efficiency and Cost Savings for Banks’ Customers
Authors: Jolly Vidhya 
Published: September 2016

The world is developing; the internet has become one important tool in life. Its proper use can create wonders. This research paper is about how the internet is used by Indian banks and how it has changed the face of banking. The study is limited to Kochi alone. Internet banking has its advantages: primarily it is cost efficient. Using internet banking customers can do most of their bank transactions online; almost all of the transactions are possible. Adding to the advantages these transactions require only an internet connection and a computer. These facilities are not limited to the working hours of the bank; one can avail these services24 hours a day, 7 days a week. But proficiency to use these facilities properly is the main challenge. This study is based upon the review taken from part of the Kochi population who are Customers of State Bank of India and ICICI bank. Day by day customers using internet banking is on the rise. Also, internet banking is not limited to the bank transactions alone, it can be used as a mode of payment to registered merchants. This makes the regular payments, like that of electricity, water, mobile bill etc. very easy. Any tool can be efficient only if it is used properly. How cost effective and popular is the usage of online banking tool in Kochi is the major problem under investigation.Int. J. Soc. Sc. Manage. Vol. 3, Issue-3: 163-170