bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
SINTESIS 6-NITRO VERATRALDEHID (3,4-DIMETOKSI-6-NITRO BENZALDEHID) DARI VANILIN DENGAN HNO3 DAN CAMPURAN HNO3-H2SO4
Authors: Rastuti Undri , Jumina Jumina , Matsjeh Sabirin 
Published: February 2017

The synthesis of 6-nitro veratraldehyde from vanillin was used HNO3 and a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4. The reaction steps were (I) methylation of vanillin and (2) nitration of the methylation product. Methylation of vanillin was conducted using dimetnylsulfate and NaOH at 60 0C for 2 hours. Nitration of the methylation product was performed in two methods, which using HN03 and using a mixture of HN03 and H2SO4 both at 5 0C for 2 hours. The products were analyzed by means of TLC, GC; IR, 1H-NMR and GC-MS spectrometers.The methylation of vanillin gave 87.7 % yield of veratraldehyde which was found as a white crystal (m.p 43 oC). The nitration of veratraldehyde produced 6-nitro veratraldehyde observed as a yellow crystal having of m.p. 1300C. Nitration using neat HNO3 gave a smaller yield (50.35%) of 6-nitro veratraldehyde than nitration with a mixture of HNO3 and H2SO4 (93.63 %).
PENURUNAN TSS, BOD DAN COD LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU DI DESA CILONGOK KABUPATEN BANYUMAS MENGGUNAKAN SISTEM ZEOLIT TERAKTIVASI DAN TERIMPREGNASI TiO2
Authors: Suyata Suyata , Irmanto Irmanto 
Published: February 2017

Activated and impregnated TiO2 zeolite systems to reduce TSS, BOD, and COD of tofu industrial wastewater in Cilongok Villages had been developed. Activated and impregnated zeolite systems were expected to be able to reduce the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD. Thus, the research was aimed to know the ability of zeolite systems to reduce the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD of tofu industrial wastewater. The research used five difference loading rates of tofu industrial wastewater which were 160, 240, 320, 400, and 480 L m-2 day-1. The most effective loading rate was determined by analyzing the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD before and after processing using zeolite systems. The reduced concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD was determined by filling the activated and impregnated zeolite with industrial wastewater for 24 hours continuously in 30 days. Sampling was done in every 5 days with loading rate of 320 L m-2 day-1. The results indicated that zeolite systems could reduce the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD of tofu industrial wastewater. The optimum loading rate to reduce the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD was 320 L m-2 day-1. The efficiency of acid activated zeolite system in reducing the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD were 83.348%, 91.899%, and 90.700%, respectively. The efficiency of base activated zeolite system in reducing the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD were 84.380%, 93.711%, and 91.928%, respectively. The efficiency of impregnated zeolite system in reducing the concentration of TSS, BOD, and COD were 82.410%, 90.711%, and 89.917%, respectively.
PENURUNAN KADAR AMONIA, NITRIT, DAN NITRAT LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU MENGGUNAKAN ARANG AKTIF DARI AMPAS KOPI
Authors: Irmanto Irmanto , Suyata Suyata 
Published: February 2017

The tofu industry is one of food industry which the product of organic waste to environment pollution. One of alternative methode which used to overcome tofu industrial waste water pollution is adsorption methode using activated carbon from coffee waste. The aim of this researched is to know about the activated carbon from coffee waste quality which observe of rendemen, water content, ash content, and iodium adsorption, to know optimum contact of time and pH of coffee waste to decrease ammonia, nitrite and nitrate contents in tofu industry waste water and to know decrease percentage of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate contents in tofu industrial waste water using activated carbon from coffee waste. The activated carbon made by soaking of coffee waste in HCl 0.1 M solution for 2 days. The activated carbon coaled in muffle furnace at temperature 350°C. The activated carbon analyzed consist of rendemen, water content, ash content, and iodium adsorption. Optimum contact of time and pH of coffee waste determined in order to get optimum adsorption ammonia, nitrite and nitrate in tofu industrial waste water. Contact time variation are 1, 10, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 minutes and pH variation are 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10. The result showed that the activated carbon from coffee waste fulfill the criteria SNI number 06-3730-1995. The activated carbon from coffee waste could be used to decrease the ammonia, nitrite, and nitrate contents in tofu industrial waste water at the optimum contact of time of 30 minutes and pH 7. Decreasing percentage of ammonia, nitrite and nitrate contents in tofu industrial waste water are 64,69% , 52,35% and 86,40% respectively
LAJU ADSORPSI DAN DESORPSI PARAQUAT PADA TANAH PERTANIAN DESA OESAO KECAMATAN KUPANG TIMUR
Authors: M.F. Ledoh Sherlly , Em Wogo Hermania , Arianti S.A Siti 
Published: February 2017

The research about determination of kinetic adsorption and desorption rate of paraquat on agriculture area Oesao-east Kupang has been done. The aim of this research was to determine the kinetic of paraquat adsorption before and after saturated and to model the desorption. The research consisted of evaluation of the analitycal procedure for paraquat, pattern of soil kinetic adsorption and paraquat desorption. The result of procedure evaluation showed that reduced paraquat absorbed at λ maximum 606 nm and relative stability at 0-150 minutes. Constant of paraquat kinetic adsorption at natural state bigger than saturated state. k1 value at natural state was 0,011 per minute whereas k1 value at saturated state was 0,003 per minute. Desorption model of paraquat by using three desorbents were ammonium chloride, 29,2% of sea water salinity and aquadest showed the best desorbent was ammonium chloride, followed by sea water and aquadest.
ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI PROTEASE ALKALIN DARI ISOLAT BAKTERI LIMBAH TERNAK DI EXFARM FAKULTAS PETERNAKAN UNSOED
Authors: Zusfahair Zusfahair , Lestari Puji , Asnani Ari 
Published: February 2017

Protease is one of the widely used enzymes for the industry. The potential resource of microorganism that produced protease is milk cow waste. In this research, isolation and characterization has been done toward isolated protease from milk cow waste of the Exfarm’s Animal Husbandry Faculty at University of Jenderal Soedirman, Purwokerto. The research used experiment method and the parameters observed were the genus of bacteria which produce protease and the activity of protease. The characterizations of protease were determination of optimum pH and temperature, the influence of metal ions, EDTA, surfactant, and commercial detergent toward enzyme activity, and also the study of enzyme stability. The results from the research showed that the isolated bacteria from the Exfarm’s of Animal Husbandry Faculty of UNSOED, which produced protease was Salmonella sp. Characterization of isolated Salmonella sp. from 45% ammonium sulphate fraction indicated that the optimum temperature was 50 ºC, optimum pH was 8, the enzyme was activated by Ca2+ dan Mg2+ ion, whereas it was inhibited by Zn2+, Cu2+ ions and EDTA. The addition of Tween-80 with the concentration of 0.2% and 0.4% increased protease activity, however the addition of Tween-80 with concentration higher than 0.6% decreased the protease activity. Enzyme protease from isolated Salmonella sp. was relatively stable with the addition of commercial detergent such as Attack, Surf, and Bukrim.
PENGGUNAAN SPEKTROSKOPI 31P NMR DAN FT-IR UNTUK KARAKTERISASI SENYAWA POLIOKSOMETALAT TIPE DAWSON (NH4)6[b-P2W18O62] DAN (NH4)6[a-P2W18O62]
Authors: Lesbani Aldes , Mohadi Risfidian , Hidayati Nurlisa 
Published: February 2017

Telah disintesis senyawa polioksometalat tipe Dawson (NH4)6[b-P2W18O62] dan (NH4)6[a-P2W18O62] yang dilanjutkan dengan karakterisasi menggunakan spektrometer 31P NMR dan FT-IR. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa senyawa polioksometalat tipe Dawson memberikan sinyal 31P NMR yang berbeda untuk struktur b dan a. Struktur b pada (NH4)6[b-P2W18O62] menghasilkan dua puncak pada pergeseran kimia -10,90 dan -11,68 ppm sedangkan struktur a memberikan satu puncak pada pergeseran kimia -12,39 ppm yang mengindikasikan adanya rotasi unit W3O13 pada struktur b sebagai penyusun struktur Dawson. Hal ini diperkuat oleh perbedaan spektra FT-IR pada stuktur b yang memiliki vibrasi pada bilangan gelombang 1164 cm-1 sedangkan struktur a tidak. Secara umum spektra FT-IR untuk polioksometalat tipe Dawson (NH4)6[b-P2W18O62] dan (NH4)6[a-P2W18O62] tidak menunjukkan adanya pebedaan yang signifikan terutama pada bilangan gelombang disekitar 1090 cm-1 yang menunjukkan vibrasi P-O.
PROSES PRODUKSI BIOETANOL DARI LIMBAH CAIR GULA DALAM KAITANNYA DENGAN POTENSI SEBAGAI BAHAN BAKAR DALAM PERSPEKTIF LIFE CYCLE INVENTORY ASSESSMENT
Authors: Samodra Putra Agusta , Rom Hariyadi Hari , Eriska Putra Herlian , Djaenudin Djaenudin , Permana Dani , Pharmawati Kancitra 
Published: February 2017

Life cycle inventory assessment merupakan salah satu tahapan di dalam Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) yang bisa digunakan untuk menggambarkan interaksi materi dan energi di dalam suatu proses produksi bioetanol. Studi kasus dilakukan di pabrik gula kawasan Subang dan pabrik bioetanol di kawasan Palimanan yang merupakan pabrik gula dan bioetanol terbesar di Jawa Barat. Inventory yang dilakukan adalah pada bagian perkebunan tebu, pabrikasi tebu menjadi gula, transportasi dari pabrik gula menuju ke pabrik bioetanol, dan pabrikasi etanol. Luas lahan kebun tebu yang dimiliki oleh pabrik gula di Subang adalah seluas 5000 hektar. Dari bahan baku tebu 3000 ton/hari dihasilkan molase sebanyak 60 ton/hari, sisanya menjadi gula dan ampas tebu. Pada inventory kali ini selain dari sisi proses juga dilakukan inventory pada sisi transportasi.
KOMPOSISI KIMIA MINYAK ATSIRI BUAH SIRIH HIJAU (PIPER BETLE L), KEMUKUS (PIPER CUBEBA L) DAN CABE JAWA (PIPER RETROFRACTUM VAHL)
Authors: Wartono M. Widyo , Ainurofiq Ahmad , Ismaniar Maya 
Published: February 2017

Tumbuhan genus Piper mempunyai kandungan minyak atsiri hampir disemua bagiannya, namun komposisi kimianya belum semua dilaporkan. Pada laporan ini kami melakukan isolasi dan identifikasi senyawa kimia minyak atsiri pada bagian buah tumbuhan Piper. Isolasi minyak atsiri buah Piper dilakukan dengan destilasi air menggunakan destilasi Stahl dan analisis komposisi kimia dengan kromatografi gas-spektroskopi masa (GC-MS). Kandungan minyak atsiri buah sirih hijau (Piper betle) 1,4% (v/b), cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum) 1% (v/b), dan buah kemukus (Piper cubeba) 1,7% (v/b). Hasil analisis GC-MS menunjukan kandungan utama minyak atsiri adalah senyawa golongan monoterpen, seskuiterpen dan fenil propanoid. Kandungan utama minyak atsiri buah sirih hijau (P. betle) adalah eugenol (12,36%), isokaryofillena (9,55%) dan β-selinena (8,09%), sedangkan komponen utama buah cabe jawa (Piper retrofractum) adalah isokaryofilen (8,88%), β-bisabolen (7,01%) dan zingiberen (6,32%), dan minyak atsiri buah kemukus (Piper cubeba) adalah spathulanol (27,05%), sativen (8,73%) dan germakren D (7,50%).
KAJIAN ADSORPSI HORMON PENGATUR TUMBUH ASAM GIBERELIN DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN BENTONIT ALAM
Authors: Nurul Fadlilah Ula , Nugraha Irwan 
Published: February 2017

Telah dilakukan adsorpsi asam giberelin dengan menggunakan bentonit alam hasil purifikasi. Proses purifikasi dilakukan dengan menggunakan larutan H2O2. Bentonit alam hasil purifikasi dikarakterisasi dengan Fourier Transform infrared (FTIR) dan X-Ray difraction (XRD). Jumlah asam giberelin yang teradsorpsi diukur dengan menggunakan spektrofotometer UV-vis. Proses adsorpsi dilakukan dengan sistem batch dan variasi pH larutan asam giberelin, variasi waktu adsorpsi, variasi kadar bentonit alam serta variasi konsentrasi asam giberelindilakukan untuk mengetahui kapasitas adsorpsi GA3. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa bentonit alam dapat mengadsorpsi asam giberelin pada pH larutan asam giberelin optimum pada pH 3, waktu optimum adsorpsi pada 2 jam, kadar bentonit alam pada 1,5 gram dan konsentrasi optimum asam giberelin pada 70 ppm. Model isoterm adsorpsi GA3 mengikuti model isoterm Freundlich.
EKSPLORASI BAKTERI KITINOLITIK DARI SAMPAH ORGANIK : ISOLASI DAN KARAKTRISASI ENZIM KITINASE
Authors: Purkan Purkan , Azizah Badi’atul , Baktir Afaf , Sumarsih Sri 
Published: February 2017

Enzim kitinase banyak digunakan dalam bidang medis, makanan, bioteknologi dan lingkungan. Banyaknya kebutuhan enzim kitinase menuntut penyediannya yang murah dan melimpah dengan teknologi produksi yang sederhana. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk isolasi mikroba kitinolitik dari cairan fermentasi sampah organik, produksi dan uji aktivitas enzim kitinase serta mengetahui karakteristik dari enzim kitinase. Isolasi mikroba telah dilakukan dengan metode spread plate. Aktivitas kitinase ditentukan secara kualitatif dengan pengukuran indeks kitinolitik dan secara kuantitatif dengan pengukuran absorbansi menggunakan spektrofotometer Uv-Vis pada panjang gelombang 660 nm berdasarkan banyaknya substrat kitin yang dihidrolisis oleh enzim kitinase. Satu dari beberapa isolat yang didapatkan, yaitu isolat A1 menunjukkan aktivitas kitinolitik tertinggi, yaitu sebesar 1,21. Hasil identifikasi mikrobiologi menunjukkan bahwa isolat A1dinyatakan sebagai Pseudomonas pseudomallei. Bakteri ini mampu menghasilkan kitinase secara optimum pada jam ke 18 waktu fermentasi, dengan penambahan molase 0,5% (b/v) dan 1% kitin (b/v) pada media produksinya. Kitinase yang dihasilkan P. pseudomallei menunjukkan aktivitas optimum pada suhu 50 °C danpH sebesar 6.
KAJIAN FOTODEGRADASI METHYL ORANGE DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN KOMPOSIT TiO2-MONTMORILLONIT
Authors: Aryanto Afid , Nugraha Irwan 
Published: February 2017

Komposit TiO2-Montmorillonit (Ti-MMT) telah disintesis dengan tujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan fotokatalis TiO2 mendegradasi methyl orange. Sintesis komposit dilakukan dengan mencampurkan TiO2 dan montmorillonit pada larutan etanol, kemudian dipanaskan dengan menggunakan furnace pada temperatur 450 oC selama 5 jam. Komposit TiO2-MMT dikarakterisasi dengan FT-IR, XRD dan SAA. Uji aktivitas fotodegradasi komposit TiO2-MMT dilakukan terhadap zat warna methyl orange 8 mg/L dengan variasi waktu penyinaran sinar UV dan massa komposit TiO2-MMT. Fotodegradasi dengan sinar UV dilakukan dalam reaktor UV black light 365 nm 10 watt 220 volt. Hasil fotodegradasi menunjukkan kemampuan aktivitas komposit TiO2-MMT secara optimal terjadi pada waktu penyinaran UV selama 330 menit dengan methyl orange yang terdegradasi sebanyak 81,4 % dan reaksi fotodegradasi tanpa sinar UV dihasilkan methyl orange yang terdegradasi sebanyak 33,25 %. Massa optimum komposit Ti-MMT yang digunakan untuk mendegradasi methyl orange adalah sebesar 200 mg; dengan methyl orange yang terdegradasi sebanyak 89,3 % untuk fotodegradasi yang menggunakan sinar UV dan 87,3 % untuk fotodegradasi yang tidak menggunakan sinar UV.
PENERAPAN METODE ELEKTROKIMIA UNTUK PENURUNAN CHEMICAL OXYGEN DEMAND (COD) DAN TOTAL SUSPENDED SOLID (TSS) LIMBAH CAIR INDUSTRI TAHU
Authors: Suyata Suyata , Irmanto Irmanto , Rastuti Undri 
Published: February 2017

Limbah cair industri tahu memiliki nilai COD dan TSS yang tinggi, apabila dibuang ke badan perairan akan menyebabkan pencemaran lingkungan. Oleh karena itu, perlu dilakukan penurunan nilai COD dan TSS limbah cair industri tahu tersebut sebelum dibuang ke badan perairan. Penurunan nilai COD dan TSS limbah cair industri tahu dapat dilakukan menggunakan metode elektrokimia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh voltase, jarak elektroda, pH, dan waktu elektrolisis terhadap penurunan nilai COD dan TSS limbah cair industri tahu. Eksperimen dilakukan dengan mengelektrolisis limbah cair industri tahu menggunakan anoda PbO2 dan katoda Pb. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dibawah kondisi optimum pada voltase 12V, jarak elektroda 1 cm, pH 1 dan waktu elektrolisis selama 120 menit, penurunan nilai COD dan TSS mencapai 96,33% dan 87,87%
KANDUNGAN MERKURI (Hg) DAGING IKAN NILA (Oreochromis niloticus) YANG DIBUDIDAYAKAN DI KOTA PALANGKA RAYA
Authors: Ciptadi Ciptadi , Damsyik Akhmad , Heriani Heriani 
Published: February 2017

Ikan nila banyak dikonsumsi masyarakat Palangka Raya sedangkan ikan ini sebagian besar dipelihara di lingkungan yang terpapar merkuri. Untuk mengetahui apakah ikan nila tersebut telah terkontaminasi oleh merkuri dalam pemeliharaannya, pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penentuan tentang kandungan merkuri dalam daging ikan nila yang dibudidayakan di Sungai Kahayan, Palangka Raya Kalimantan Tengah. Ikan yang dianalisis dibedakan berdasarkan umur dan tempat budidaya ikan nila yaitu keramba di Sungai Kahayan dan kolam yang terisolasi dari aliran Sungai Kahayan. Data konsentrasi merkuri pada daging ikan nila yang berumur 5-7 bulan yang dipelihara di dalam keramba digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi kandungan merkuri pada ikan nila yang dikeramba di Sungai Kahayan. Data konsentrasi merkuri pada daging ikan nila yang dipelihara di dalam kolam bertujuan untuk membandingkan kandungan merkuri antara ikan nila yang dipelihara di dalam kolam dengan ikan nila yang dipelihara di dalam keramba yang memiliki umur yang sama. Kandungan merkuri dalam sampel diukur menggunakan Mercury Analyzer. Data konsentrasi merkuri pada daging ikan nila dianalisis dengan menggunakan analisis varian (anova : single factor) dengan taraf nyata (α) sebesar 5%. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa daging ikan nila yang diperoleh dari keramba di Sungai Kahayan umur 5-7 bulan mengandung merkuri sebesar 0,0145 ± 0,0005 ppm sampai 0,017 ± 0,001 ppm lebih rendah dari batas maksimum cemaran merkuri dalam ikan dan hasil olahannya menurut SNI 7387 Tahun 2009 yaitu adalah 0,5 ppm. Dari hasil analisis varian dapat diketahui bahwa terdapat perbedaan kandungan merkuri pada daging ikan nila berdasarkan umur dan tempat budidaya. Kandungan merkuri pada daging ikan nila umur 5 sampai 7 bulan mengalami peningkatan dan kandungan merkuri pada ikan nila yang dibudidayakan di kolam yang terisolasi lebih rendah daripada kandungan merkuri pada daging ikan nila yang dibudidayakan di keramba pada umur ikan yang sama yaitu sebesar 0,0115 ± 0,0005ppm.
Impact of Early Head Start in North Carolina on Dental Care Use Among Children Younger Than 3 Years
Authors: Burgette Jacqueline M. , Preisser John S. , Weinberger Morris , King Rebecca S. , Lee Jessica Y. , Rozier R. Gary 
Published: February 2017

Objectives. To examine the effects of North Carolina Early Head Start (EHS), an early education program for low-income children younger than 3 years and their families, on dental care use among children. Methods. We performed a quasi-experimental study in which we interviewed 479 EHS and 699 non-EHS parent–child dyads at baseline (2010–2012) and at a 24-month follow-up (2012–2014). We estimated the effects of EHS participation on the probability of having a dental care visit after controlling for baseline dental care need and use and a propensity score covariate; we included random effects to account for EHS program clustering. Results. The odds of having a dental care visit of any type (adjusted odds ratio [OR] = 2.5; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.74, 3.48) and having a preventive dental visit (adjusted OR = 2.6; 95% CI = 1.84, 3.63) were higher among EHS children than among non-EHS children. In addition, the adjusted mean number of dental care visits among EHS children was 1.3 times (95% CI = 1.17, 1.55) the mean number among non-EHS children. Conclusions. This study is the first, to our knowledge, to demonstrate that EHS participation increases dental care use among disadvantaged young children.
A Systematic Review of Cardiovascular Disease in Sexual Minorities
Authors: Caceres Billy A. , Brody Abraham , Luscombe Rachel E. , Primiano Jillian E. , Marusca Peter , Sitts Edward M. , Chyun Deborah 
Published: February 2017

Background: Mental health and HIV disparities are well documented among sexual minorities, but there is a dearth of research on other chronic conditions. Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide. Although sexual minorities have high rates of several modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (including stress, tobacco use, and alcohol consumption), there is a paucity of research in this area. Objectives: In this systematic review, we synthesized and critiqued the existing evidence on cardiovascular disease among sexual minority adults. Search Methods: We conducted a thorough literature search of 6 electronic databases for studies published between January 1985 and December 2015 that compared cardiovascular disease risk or prevalence between sexual minority and heterosexual adults. Selection Criteria: We included peer-reviewed English-language studies that compared cardiovascular disease risk or diagnoses between sexual minority and heterosexual individuals older than 18 years. We excluded reviews, case studies, and gray literature. A total of 31 studies met inclusion criteria. Data Collection and Analysis: At least 2 authors independently abstracted data from each study. We performed quality assessment of retrieved studies using the Crowe Critical Appraisal Tool. Main Results: Sexual minority women exhibited greater cardiovascular disease risk related to tobacco use, alcohol consumption, illicit drug use, poor mental health, and body mass index, whereas sexual minority men experienced excess risk related to tobacco use, illicit drug use, and poor mental health. We identified several limitations in the extant literature. The majority of included studies were cross-sectional analyses that used self-reported measures of cardiovascular disease. Even though we observed elevated cardiovascular disease risk, we found few differences in cardiovascular disease diagnoses (including hypertension, diabetes, and high cholesterol). Overall, 23 of the 26 studies that examined cardiovascular disease diagnoses used subjective measures. Only 7 studies used a combination of biomarkers and self-report measures to establish cardiovascular disease risk and diagnoses. Authors’ Conclusions: Social conditions appear to exert a negative effect on cardiovascular disease risk among sexual minorities. Although we found few differences in cardiovascular disease diagnoses, we identified an elevated risk for cardiovascular disease in both sexual minority men and women. There is a need for research that incorporates subjective and objective measures of cardiovascular disease risk. Public Health Implications: Cardiovascular disease is a major health concern for clinicians, public health practitioners, and policymakers. This systematic review supports the need for culturally appropriate interventions that address cardiovascular disease risk in sexual minority adults.
Cumulative Lifetime Marijuana Use and Incident Cardiovascular Disease in Middle Age: The Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults (CARDIA) Study
Authors: Reis Jared P. , Auer Reto , Bancks Michael P. , Goff David C. , Lewis Cora E. , Pletcher Mark J. , Rana Jamal S. , Shikany James M. , Sidney Stephen 
Published: February 2017

Objectives. To investigate the effects of marijuana in the development of incident cardiovascular and cerebrovascular outcomes. Methods. Participants were 5113 adults aged 18 to 30 years at baseline (1985–1986) from the Coronary Artery Risk Development in Young Adults study, who were followed for more than 25 years. We estimated cumulative lifetime exposure to marijuana using repeated assessments collected at examinations every 2 to 5 years. The primary outcome was incident cardiovascular disease (CVD) through 2013. Results. A total of 84% (n = 4286) reported a history of marijuana use. During a median 26.9 years (131 990 person-years), we identified 215 CVD events, including 62 strokes or transient ischemic attacks, 104 cases of coronary heart disease, and 50 CVD deaths. Compared with no marijuana use, cumulative lifetime and recent marijuana use showed no association with incident CVD, stroke or transient ischemic attacks, coronary heart disease, or CVD mortality. Marijuana use was not associated with CVD when stratified by age, gender, race, or family history of CVD. Conclusions. Neither cumulative lifetime nor recent use of marijuana is associated with the incidence of CVD in middle age.