bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AOP Report: Development of an adverse outcome pathway for deposition of energy leading to bone loss
Authors: Sandhu Snehpal , Keyworth Mitchell , Karimi‐Jashni Syna , Alomar Dalya , Smith Benjamin J. , Kozbenko Tatiana , Doty Stephen , Hocking Robyn , Hamada Nobuyuki , Reynolds Robert J. , Scott Ryan T. , Costes Sylvain V. , Beheshti Afshin , Yauk Carole , Wilkins Ruth C. , Chauhan Vinita 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBone loss, commonly seen in osteoporosis, is a condition that entails a progressive decline of bone mineral density and microarchitecture, often seen in post‐menopausal women. Bone loss has also been widely reported in astronauts exposed to a plethora of stressors and in patients with osteoporosis following radiotherapy for cancer. Studies on mechanisms are well documented but the causal connectivity of events to bone loss development remains incompletely understood. Herein, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework was used to organize data and develop a qualitative AOP beginning from deposition of energy (the molecular initiating event) to bone loss (the adverse outcome). This qualitative AOP was developed in collaboration with bone loss research experts to aggregate relevant findings, supporting ongoing efforts to understand and mitigate human system risks associated with radiation exposures. A literature review was conducted to compile and evaluate the state of knowledge based on the modified Bradford Hill criteria. Following review of 2029 studies, an empirically supported AOP was developed, showing the progression to bone loss through many factors affecting the activities of bone‐forming osteoblasts and bone‐resorbing osteoclasts. The structural, functional, and quantitative basis of each proposed relationship was defined, for inference of causal changes between key events. Current knowledge and its gaps relating to dose‐, time‐ and incidence‐concordance across the key events were identified, as well as modulating factors that influence linkages. The new priorities for research informed by the AOP highlight areas for improvement to enable development of a quantitative AOP used to support risk assessment strategies for space travel or cancer radiotherapy.
Advanced approach for active and durable proton exchange membrane fuel cells: Coupling synergistic effects of MNC nanocomposites
Authors: Jang Yeju , Yi Seung Yeop , Lee Jinwoo 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAtomically dispersed metal and nitrogen co‐doped carbon (MNC) is a promising oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst for electrochemical energy storage and conversion applications but typically suffers from low durability and activity under the acidic conditions of practical polymer electrolyte exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs). Recently, the performance of MNC nanocomposites under acidic ORR conditions has been enhanced by exploiting the synergistic coupling effects of their constituents (single‐atom sites, nanoclusters, and nanoparticles). The unique geometric structures formed by the coupling of diverse sites in these nanocomposites provide optimal electronic structures and efficient reaction pathways, thus resulting in high activity and long‐term durability. This work provides an overview of MNC nanocomposites as ORR electrocatalysts under practical PEMFC conditions, focusing on activity and durability enhancement methods and highlighting the strategies used to prepare electrocatalytically efficient MNC nanocomposites containing no or low amounts of platinum group metals. Progress in the development of advanced MNC nanocomposites as acidic ORR catalysts is discussed, and the pivotal role of synergistic effects resulting from the coupling sites within the nanocomposites is explored together with the characterization methods used to elucidate these effects. Finally, the challenges and prospects of developing MNC nanocomposites as next‐generation electrocatalysts are presented.image
Long‐term effects of establishing outpatient pooling funds on financial protection: Empirical evidence from a quasi‐natural experiment in China
Authors: Zhang Tao , Chen Minyan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundA limited benefit package for outpatient care in Chinese universal health coverage led to high out‐of‐pocket outpatient payments, and even medical impoverishment. The outpatient pooling fund model was introduced in China's Urban Employee Basic Medical Insurance to reduce cost‐sharing for outpatient care. This study attempts to examine the dynamic effects of the outpatient pooling scheme on financial risk protection for its enrollees.MethodsA total of 18,097 individual‐level observations covering 52 prefectures were extracted from six waves of China Health and Nutrition Survey (2000–2015). The difference‐in‐differences model with multiple periods and event study were employed to investigate the dynamic effects of reform on catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) and impoverishing health expenditure (IHE) and potential mechanisms.ResultsOur results showed outpatient pooling scheme generated a significant effect on reducing the probability of incurring CHE (β = −0.004, 95% CI = −0.009 to −0.006) and IHE (β = −0.007, 95% CI = −0.012 to −0.001), especially for elderly people over 60 years old. The realization of this effect may depend on the reduction of outpatient cost‐sharing, increased outpatient care utilization, as well as decreased inpatient care utilization after reform. However, event study found the effectiveness of outpatient pooling reducing CHE and IHE occurrences appeared to be weak even insignificant in more recent years relative to the initial years of policy implementation.ConclusionsEstablishing an outpatient pooling system is effective to alleviate the financial risk caused by health expenditures in China. Optimising health service delivery aimed at enhancing health insurance purchasing efficiency are deemed imperative for sustaining the policy effectiveness.
Included Yet Socially Anxious: How Disability Severity and Nonacceptance Weaken the Effect of Perceived Climate for Inclusion on Social Anxiety
Authors: Zhu Xiji , Li Xinxin , Yang Dan 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTUnderstanding the workplace experiences of people with disabilities (PWD) is crucial for creating truly inclusive environments. We explore how perceived climate for inclusion affects social anxiety among employees with varying levels of disability severity. Adopting an interactionist perspective, we propose a mediated moderation model in which disability severity weakens the negative effect of perceived climate for inclusion on social anxiety, with this effect mediated by acceptance of disability. To test our hypotheses, we conducted two studies: one with a sample of Chinese employees and another with a culturally diverse sample. We found that the protective effect of perceived climate for inclusion on reducing social anxiety diminishes as disability severity increases, because individuals with more severe disabilities have lower levels of acceptance of disability. These findings underscore the complexities of fostering workplace inclusion and highlight the critical role of self‐acceptance in shaping the effectiveness of inclusive initiatives. Our research contributes to the literature on disability, inclusion, and workplace diversity by revealing the nuanced dynamics that influence social anxiety among PWD in inclusive settings.
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Authors: Gu Yu , Liu Jiaqi , Yang Lidong , Zhang Baohua , Wang Jing , Lu Xiaoqi , Li Jianjun , Liu Xin , Yu Dahua , Zhao Ying , Tang Siyuan , He Qun 
Published: October 2024

The cover image is based on the Article SSANet—Novel Residual Network for Computer‐Aided Diagnosis of Pulmonary Nodules in Chest Computed Tomography by Yu Gu et al., https://doi.org/10.1002/ima.23176
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Implementation and analysis of clinically‐relevant anatomy imaging for first‐year dental students
Authors: Kalaigian Alex W. , Klein Barbie A. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveRadiographic imaging interpretation is a central competency of the dental profession. Previous research has determined that radiographic interpretations vary across dentists. In addition, the efficacy of empirical learning within the realm of medical imaging analysis remains understudied. This project aimed to improve an existing anatomy curriculum as well as students’ radiographic interpretation skills via implementation of medical radiographic case studies with scaffolded exercises.MethodsThree medical imaging activities were developed by the authors and presented in the anatomy laboratory for 60 first‐year dental students. Each module included identical pre‐activity and post‐activity questionnaires, radiographic images with corresponding lesson plans, and open‐response questions on the activity's valuable and challenging components. Pre‐activity and post‐activity questionnaire scores were compared via a Wilcoxon signed rank test. Kruskal–Wallis tests were conducted to determine the impact of previous anatomy experience and previous medical imaging experience on student performance. Thematic analysis was applied to open response comments.ResultsA statistically significant improvement in questionnaire scores was observed in the first medical imaging activity. No significant change in scores was observed for the other two activities. Students valued the activities’ interactive structure, review of course material, and application to the dental profession. Students reported challenges in radiographic image interpretation and lack of previous knowledge on course concepts.ConclusionsWhile medical imaging activities failed to consistently improve student‐learning outcomes, they introduced skill development in radiographic analysis and increased student confidence. These findings suggest a need for additional research on experiential methodologies within medical imaging education.
Are social protection and food security accelerators for adolescents to achieve the Global AIDS targets?
Authors: Cluver Lucie , Zhou Siyanai , Edun Olanrewaju , Lawi Allison Oman , Langwenya Nontokozo , Chipanta David , Sherman Gayle , Sherr Lorraine , Ibrahim Mona , Yates Rachel , Gordon Louise , Toska Elona 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIntroductionWithout effective, scalable interventions, we will fail to achieve the Global AIDS Targets of zero AIDS‐related deaths, zero HIV transmission and zero discrimination. This study examines associations of social protection and food security among adolescents living with HIV (ALHIV), with three Global AIDS Targets aligned outcomes: antiretroviral treatment (ART) adherence and viral suppression, HIV transmission risk behaviour and enacted stigma.MethodsWe conducted three study visits over 2014−2018 with 1046 ALHIV in South Africa's Eastern Cape province. Standardized surveys provided information on receipt of government‐provided cash transfers and past‐week food security, alongside self‐reported ART adherence, sexual debut and condom use, and enacted HIV‐related stigma. Viral load (VL) data was obtained through data extraction from patient files and linkage with National Health Laboratory Service test results (2014−2020). We used a multivariable random‐effects regression model to estimate associations between receiving government cash transfers and food security and three outcomes: ART adherence and viral suppression, delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use and no enacted stigma. We tested moderation by sex and age and fitted disaggregated models for each outcome.ResultsAmong the 933 ALHIV completing all three study visits, 55% were female, and the mean age was 13.6 years at baseline. Household receipt of a government cash transfer was associated with improvements on all outcomes: ART adherence and viral suppression (aOR 2.03, 95% CI 1.29−3.19), delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use (aOR 1.62, 95% CI 1.16−2.27) and no enacted stigma (aOR 2.33, 95% CI 1.39−3.89). Food security was associated with improvements on all outcomes: ART adherence and viral suppression (aOR 1.73, 95% CI 1.30−2.30), delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use (aOR 1.30, 95% CI 1.03−1.64) and no enacted stigma (aOR 1.91, 95% CI 1.32−2.76). Receiving both cash transfers and food security increased the probability of ART adherence and VL suppression from 36% to 60%; delayed sexual debut or consistent condom use from 67% to 81%; and no enacted stigma from 84% to 96%.ConclusionsGovernment‐provided cash transfers and food security, individually and in combination, are associated with improved outcomes for ALHIV aligned with Global AIDS Targets. They may be important, and underutilized, accelerators for achieving these targets.
Study on the composition and removal effect of human odor on moisture‐wicking fabric during home laundry
Authors: Chen Hui , Pei Liujun , Shi Wenhua , Gong Siping , Gu Xiaomin , Zhang Hongjuan , Yang Qun , Sun Gang , Wang Jiping 
Published: October 2024

AbstractArmpit odors of different individuals were qualitatively and quantitatively collected and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). The results showed that human armpit odor contained 27 substances, including acids, ketones, alcohols, alkanes, and two noticeable odorants of n‐nonaldehyde and dodecanol. A headspace solid‐phase microextraction/gas chromatography–mass spectrometry method determined that both n‐nonaldehyde and dodecanol with distinct characteristic peaks were common chemicals found in the body odors with detection limits at 46.88 and 17.50 ng/L, respectively. The limits of quantitation of both were 156.25 and 59.33 ng/L with relative standard deviation (RSD) less than 5%, and recoveries ranged from 85% to 115%, respectively. The removal of body odor on a moisture‐wicking polyester fabric was quantified through by placement, washing, and deodorant finishing methods. The placement method needs at least 2 days for removing the majority of the odor. Sports washing liquid was the best detergent to remove odors with a removal rate of 76.44% for n‐nonaldehyde and 87.88% for dodecanol. Deodorant finishing is a convenient and efficient method for removing odors with masking effect of added fragrance. The deodorants were able to remove over 85% of n‐nonaldehyde and 75% of dodecanol after drying, indicating that deodorant treatment is an effective method for removing odorous substances. This successful approach in eliminating human odors could offer valuable insights for the advancement of sportswear and hygiene textiles.
Large Field of View and Isotropic Light Sheet Microscopy with Aberration‐Free Tunable Foci
Authors: Wang Yue , Gong Jingrui , Xu Ning , Yan Shaohui , Dong Dashan , Shi Kebin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLight‐sheet microscopy stands out as a powerful tool in biological imaging due to its exceptional performance in fluorescence imaging. However, achieving both high sectioning performance and a vast field of view (FOV) poses a fundamental challenge in conventional light‐sheet microscopy. The light‐sheet thickness is typically constrained to 1 µm for a wide FOV, potentially compromising resolution. To address this limitation, an axial scanning light‐sheet microscopy (ASLM) technique integrated with aberration‐free tunable foci to enable high‐NA excitation while maintaining a generous FOV, is introduced. The proposed scheme successfully achieves isotropic resolution of 280 nm in a 3D imaging system, encompassing a FOV of 80 × 80 µm and an impressive imaging speed of 80 ms per frame. These remarkable characteristics underscore the immense potential of ASLM for high‐ spatiotemporal resolution imaging.
Development of an EGSnrc multi‐leaf collimator component module and treatment head model for a low‐field MRI linear accelerator
Authors: Etienne Thomas , Kim Joshua , Thind Kundan , Chetty Indrin J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundMonte Carlo (MC) modeling of MR‐guided radiotherapy (MRgRT) treatment machines enables the characterization of photon/electron interactions in the presence of a magnetic field. The EGSnrc MC code system is a well‐established system for radiation dose calculations. The multi‐leaf collimator (MLC) component modules presently available within the EGSnrc MC code system do not include a model of the double‐focused MLC available on a low‐field (0.35T) MRI linear accelerator (MR linac).PurposeHere we developed and validated a new component module (CM) for the low‐field MRgRT MLC using the EGSnrc/BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc code system. We performed detailed modeling of the treatment head and validated the model using measurements and calculations from the vendor‐specific treatment planning system (TPS).MethodsThe detailed geometry of the low‐field MR linac MLC and other treatment head structures were modeled using BEAMnrc. Comparisons of DOSXYZnrc simulated dose against measurements and the low‐field MR linac TPS for a variety of AAPM TG‐53 task group report suggested square and shaped fields, as well as a step‐and‐shoot intensity‐modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) plan, are presented.ResultsOur model agrees with both measured and TPS calculated data on average within 2%/2 mm (dose/DTA) criterion for square field profiles. Output factors agreed within 1% for field sizes down to 2.49 × 2.49 cm2 and within 2% of TPS data for the smallest field size of 0.83 × 0.83 cm2. Shaped field and IMRT MC calculations agreed with measured and TPS data such that the gamma pass rates (3%/2 mm) were 99.5% and (3%/3 mm) 96.2%, respectively.ConclusionsWe developed and validated an MLC CM (SYNCVRMLC) for the low‐field MR linac using the EGSnrc MC code systems. This new CM will facilitate MC computation of fluence and dose distributions using BEAMnrc/DOSXYZnrc for patients treated on the low‐field MR linac.
Reduced‐Order Modeling for Second‐Order Computational Homogenization With Applications to Geometrically Parameterized Elastomeric Metamaterials
Authors: Guo T. , Kouznetsova V. G. , Geers M. G. D. , Veroy K. , Rokoš O. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThe structural properties of mechanical metamaterials are typically studied with two‐scale methods based on computational homogenization. Because such materials have a complex microstructure, enriched schemes such as second‐order computational homogenization are required to fully capture their nonlinear behavior, which arises from nonlocal interactions due to the buckling or patterning of the microstructure. In the two‐scale formulation, the effective behavior of the microstructure is captured with a representative volume element (RVE), and a homogenized effective continuum is considered on the macroscale. Although an effective continuum formulation is introduced, solving such two‐scale models concurrently is still computationally demanding due to the many repeated solutions for each RVE at the microscale level. In this work, we propose a reduced‐order model for the microscopic problem arising in second‐order computational homogenization, using proper orthogonal decomposition and a novel hyperreduction method that is specifically tailored for this problem and inspired by the empirical cubature method. Two numerical examples are considered, in which the performance of the reduced‐order model is carefully assessed by comparing its solutions with direct numerical simulations (entirely resolving the underlying microstructure) and the full second‐order computational homogenization model. The reduced‐order model is able to approximate the result of the full computational homogenization well, provided that the training data is representative for the problem at hand. Any remaining errors, when compared with the direct numerical simulation, can be attributed to the inherent approximation errors in the computational homogenization scheme. Regarding run times for one thread, speed‐ups on the order of 100 are achieved with the reduced‐order model as compared to direct numerical simulations.
The point prevalence of stress incontinence among young adult Jordanian women based on activity levels
Authors: Manaseer Thaer S. , Al‐nassan Saad M. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBackgroundStress Urinary incontinence (SUI) is a common condition among women of all ages. The point prevalence of SUI among young adult Jordanian women is less explored.ObjectivesTo examine the point prevalence of SUI among this sample based on activity level, and whether the affected women have shared their complaints with healthcare providers and/or received education related to UI.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional survey‐based study. Participants with diseases that affect the control of micturition were excluded. The International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire‐UI Short‐Form was used to calculate the point prevalence of UI. The Tegner activity scale was used to classify participants based on their physical activity levels. The participants reported whether they shared their complaints with a healthcare provider or received education about this health problem.ResultsFive hundred women (median age = 20 years, BMI = 22) participated (118 competitive athletes, 192 recreational, and 190 sedentary). The overall point prevalence of SUI was 14% (n = 61). A chi‐square test of independence showed a significant difference in the point prevalence of SUI between women with different activity levels, χ2 (12) = 12.07, p < 0.01. The point prevalence of SUI among competitive athletes, recreational women, and sedentary women was 21%, 8%, and 11%, respectively. None of those with SUI have shared their complaints with healthcare providers or received education related to SUI.ConclusionSUI is prevalent among young adult Jordanian women, with the highest prevalence observed in those engaged in competitive athletic activities. The affected women refrain from disclosing their SUI‐related concerns to healthcare practitioners and lack sufficient knowledge about this health issue.
Current State and Challenges of Local Production of Vaccines in Nigeria
Authors: Adigwe Obi Peter , Onavbavba Godspower , Adebola Olajide Joseph , Ayeke Anthony , Sanyaolu Saheed Ekundayo , Agu Kenneth Anene 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTBackgroundVaccination protects the population against infectious diseases and reduces their transmissibility. Potentials exist for local production of vaccines in Nigeria, as a means of addressing public health needs. However, challenges exist in certain critical aspects which limit development in this area. This study aimed at evaluating the challenges of local vaccines’ manufacturing in Nigeria from the perspectives of relevant stakeholders.MethodsThis was a cross‐sectional study. A structured questionnaire was used for data collection. The data obtained from the study were analysed descriptively.ResultsMore than half of the study participants (55.5%) agreed that significant gaps exist with respect to access to vaccines in Nigeria. Only about one‐quarter of the respondents (25.8%) were of the view that relevant legislative frameworks exist to support government funding in the area of vaccine production. One‐third of the participants (32.3%) expressed confidence in the availability of trained human resources for vaccine production. Close to two‐thirds of the respondents (61.7%) expressed dissatisfaction regarding the current funding for vaccine research and development, and a similar proportion (65.2%) were of the opinion that a lack of local manufacturing capacity contributed to the sub‐optimal access to vaccines. Moreover, two‐thirds (62.3%) disagreed that Nigeria was prepared for future pandemics.ConclusionIll‐suited policies, sub‐optimal infrastructure, and inadequate research and development funding, are some factors which the study identified as contributory to the lack of access to vaccines in Nigeria. There is a need to improve incentives, infrastructural development and build human resource capacity for vaccine research and development to enhance local production in Nigeria.