bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards implementation of sustainable animal diets: evidence generation, perspective building and way forward.
Authors: Bindari Y. R. , Makkar H. P. S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
One of the major bottlenecks in meeting the increasing demand for livestock products is in reconciling feed production, required in ever-increasing amounts, with good management of natural resources and protection of the environment The process at all stages has a major impact on several factors including greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, animal productivity, product quality and safety, animal welfare, water and air pollution and land use changes. Production of animal feed and feeding is the basis of viable livestock production systems and sustainability will be illusory without making the diet sustainable. Thus, implementation of the sustainable animal diet (StAnD) concept, developed by FAO through the consultative process that integrates three dimensions of sustainability (people, planet and profit; also called 3-P dimensions), is crucial. It is expected to provide socio-cultural benefits for the people, promote animal welfare and protect the environment through efficient use of natural resources. This study is an intermediate step towards implementation of the StAnD concept to validate the elements of different dimensions of the StAnD through a review of the literature. Some situations exist where there is antagonism within and between the different dimensions of StAnD. However, this paper has identified the most promising approaches for putting the StAnD concept into practice immediately, the application of which provides win-win situations and enhances synergies in different dimensions of sustainability with respect to the StAnD. These includes: locally available feed resources that do not compete with human food; novel feed resources and by-product feeds; phase feeding and precision feeding; straw-based densified mixed ration block; ration balancing programmes on-farm; lesser known plants; adoption of conservation agricultural and agro-ecological practices for feed production; energy efficient machinery and renewable energy at all stages of the feed production and use chain; promotion of grass based livestock production systems and pastoralism. Towards this end, this review also builds new perspectives particularly with respect to socio-cultural aspects of feed production and use, and suggests future research and development (R & D) needs and priorities. These should be tailored towards exploiting the use of by-products or co-products from agro-based processes, food waste and novel feed resources in animal diets particularly with the aim to remove their content of human food; identifying methodologies to monitor success of the StAnD application; development and use of fuel efficient engine; developing nutritional interventions that meet animal welfare standards; formulating appropriate policies and providing incentives and support to facilitate StAnD use. Guidance to implement the StAnD concept for the people, planet and profit dimensions of StAnD is also available.
Characterizing the drivers of seedling leaf gas exchange responses to warming
and altered precipitation: indirect and direct effects
Authors: Smith Nicholas G. , Pold Grace , Goranson Carol , Dukes Jeffrey S. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Anthropogenic forces are projected to lead to warmer temperatures and altered precipitation patterns globally. The impact of these climatic changes on the uptake of carbon by the land surface will, in part, determine the rate and magnitude of these changes. However, there is a great deal of uncertainty in how terrestrial ecosystems will respond to climate in the future. Here, we used a fully factorial warming (four levels) by precipitation (three levels) manipulation experiment in an old-field ecosystem in the northeastern USA to examine the impact of climatic changes on leaf carbon exchange in five species of deciduous tree seedlings. We found that photosynthesis generally increased in response to increasing precipitation and decreased in response to warming. Respiration was less sensitive to the treatments. The net result was greater leaf carbon uptake in wetter and cooler conditions across all species. Structural equation modelling revealed the primary pathway through which climate impacted leaf carbon exchange. Net photosynthesis increased with increasing stomatal conductance and photosynthetic enzyme capacity ( V cmax ), and decreased with increasing respiration of leaves. Soil moisture and leaf temperature at the time of measurement most heavily influenced these primary drivers of net photosynthesis. Leaf respiration increased with increasing soil moisture, leaf temperature, and photosynthetic supply of substrates. Counter to the soil moisture response, respiration decreased with increasing precipitation amount, indicating that the response to short- (i.e. soil moisture) versus long-term (i.e. precipitation amount) water stress differed, possibly as a result of changes in the relative amounts of growth and maintenance demand for respiration over time. These data (&gt;500 paired measurements of light and dark leaf gas exchange), now publicly available, detail the pathways by which climate can impact leaf gas exchange and could be useful for testing assumptions in land surface models.
High male fertility in males of a subdioecious shrub in hand-pollinated
crosses
Authors: Wang Hui , Matsushita Michinari , Tomaru Nobuhiro , Nakagawa Michiko 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Female reproductive success in females versus hermaphrodites has been well documented. However, documenting a potential advantage in male fertility of male versus hermaphrodite individuals in subdioecious species is also essential for understanding the evolutionary pathway toward dioecy from hermaphroditism via gynodioecy. Siring success in terms of fruit set, fruit mass, number of seeds and mean seed mass was compared by hand-pollinated crosses in the subdioecious shrub Eurya japonica . The pollen was from male and hermaphrodite individuals, and the pollen recipients were females and hermaphrodites. Seed quality was also evaluated in terms of seed germination rate, seed germination day and seedling survival. Overall, pollen from males sired more fruits of larger size and more seeds than did pollen from hermaphrodites. The male advantage was observed when pollen recipients were females, whereas no effect was found in hermaphrodite recipients. Pollen from males also produced better quality seeds with higher germination rate and sooner germination day. Although these results could also be explained by a higher pollen load for crosses with male pollen donors, we took care to saturate the stigma regardless of the pollen donor. Therefore, these results suggest that male individuals of E. japonica have advantages in male fertility in terms of both quantity and quality. Our previous studies indicated that females exhibit higher female reproductive success compared with hermaphrodites. Thus, both the female and male functions of hermaphrodites are outperformed by females and males, respectively, raising the possibility that the subdioecious E. japonica at this study site is entering the transitional phase to dioecy along the gynodioecy–dioecy pathway.
Increasing the accessibility of acoustic data through global access and imagery
Authors: Wall Carrie C. , Jech J. Michael , McLean Susan J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) uses water column sonar data to assess physical and biological characteristics from the ocean surface to the seabed. Acoustic surveys produce large volumes of data that can deliver valuable information beyond their original collection purpose if the data are properly managed, discoverable, and accessible to the public. NOAA's National Centers for Environmental Information, in partnership with NOAA's National Marine Fisheries Service and the University of Colorado, have created a national archive for water column sonar data to help achieve these goals. Through these efforts, over 21 TB of sonar data are now publicly available. Raw sonar files are difficult to interpret due to their size, complexity, and proprietary format. In order for users to understand the quality and composition of large volumes of archived data more easily, several visualization products were explored. Three processing methods were applied to multifrequency single-beam data (Simrad EK60) collected off the US northwest coast between 2007 and 2013. One method illustrates these complex data in a single image using a novel colour scale [multifrequency single-beam imaging (MFSBI)], another examines the nautical area scattering coefficients between two frequencies (ΔNASC), and the third indices the data into acoustic classifications [multifrequency indicator (MFI)]. The ability to apply the algorithms efficiently to multiyear datasets was explored. MFSBI proved effective at conveying the composition of the data and was easily adaptable to automated processing. ΔNASC, which required manual seabed corrections, illustrated a generalized pattern for changes in the water column across the shelf. MFI provided an empirically based statistical approach but will require more effort in the near term to evaluate and assess the accuracy and precision of each classification. Overall, spatio-temporal patterns of the acoustic backscatter identified large interannual variations in composition with the continental shelf break often playing a key role in attracting biological assemblages.
Observations of in situ Atlantic bluefin tuna (Thunnus thynnus) with 500-kHz multibeam sonar
Authors: Melvin Gary D. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Field studies to investigate the survey capability of a 500-kHz multibeam sonar to monitor and quantify Atlantic bluefin tuna were undertaken at several fishing locations (commercial and recreational) off Prince Edward Island and at a grow-out pen in Nova Scotia. The results demonstrate that individual bluefin can be detected, enumerated, and tracked acoustically within the swathe of the sonar. Bluefin were observed individually, and in groups ranging from 2 to 16 fish. Schooling tuna, assumed to be foraging, were observed moving in a soldier formation. Estimates of in situ swimming speeds (0.5–11.0 m s−1) were made by tracking individual fish within the swathe. The mean interspatial distance between fish when swimming in a group of two or more tuna was estimated to be 8.94 m with a range of 2.68–22.63 m. Groups of up to 48 bluefin were observed aggregating around active herring gillnet vessels. Dorsal aspect target strength estimates of bluefin, obtained from an accompanying 120-kHz echosounder (Simrad EK60), ranged from −33 to −14 dB for fish from 220 to 313 cm (size estimated from commercial catches). Sonar detection ranges were dependent upon sea state and water depth. In rough seas, the surface layer became too turbulent, and air bubble attenuation too high, to consistently separate reverberation from fish-like targets. In shallow water (20–30 m), a range setting of &gt;50 m could not be utilized due to seabed reflections. In water depths &gt;50–60 m, a tilt angle of 7.5o below the horizontal allowed the sonar's range of up to 150 m to be utilized with minimal reverberation from the surface and seabed. The results indicate there is potential for using a 500-kHz multibeam sonar in fishery-independent surveys to monitor and to quantify bluefin in shallow water (&lt;100 m).
Investigating the relation between CO (3–2) and far-infrared luminosities for nearby merging galaxies using ASTE
Authors: Michiyama Tomonari , Iono Daisuke , Nakanishi Kouichiro , Ueda Junko , Saito Toshiki , Ando Misaki , Kaneko Hiroyuki , Yamashita Takuji , Matsuda Yuichi , Hatsukade Bunyo , Kikuchi Kenichi , Komugi Shinya , Muto Takayuki 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We present the new single-dish CO (3–2) emission data obtained toward 19 early-stage and 7 late-stage nearby merging galaxies using the Atacama Submillimeter Telescope Experiment (ASTE). Combining with the single-dish and interferometric data of galaxies observed in previous studies, we investigate the relation between the CO (3–2) luminosity ($L^{\prime }_{\rm CO(3-2)}$) and the far-infrared luminosity (LFIR) in a sample of 29 early-stage and 31 late-stage merging galaxies, and 28 nearby isolated spiral galaxies. We find that normal isolated spiral galaxies and merging galaxies have different slopes (α) in the $\log L^{\prime }_{\rm CO(3-2)}$–log LFIR plane (α ∼ 0.79 for spirals and ∼1.12 for mergers). The large slope (α &gt; 1) for merging galaxies can be interpreted as evidence for increasing star formation efficiency (SFE = $L_{\rm FIR}/L^{\prime }_{\rm CO(3-2)}$) as a function of LFIR. Comparing our results with sub-kpc-scale local star formation and global starburst activity in the high-z universe, we find deviations from the linear relationship in the $\log L^{\prime }_{\rm CO(3-2)}$–log LFIR plane for the late-stage mergers and high-z star-forming galaxies. Finally, we find that the average SFE gradually increases from isolated galaxies to merging galaxies and to high-z submillimeter galaxies/quasi-stellar objects. By comparing our findings with results from numerical simulations, we suggest that: (1) inefficient starbursts triggered by disk-wide dense clumps occur in the early stage of interaction, and (2) efficient starbursts triggered by central concentration of gas occur in the final stage. A systematic high spatial resolution survey of diffuse- and dense-gas tracers is the key to confirming this scenario.
“Real-Time” Milestone and Surgical Skills Feedback: A Multi-center Trial of “myTIPreport”
Authors: Connolly AnnaMarie , Blanchard Anita , Gerber Susan , Amundsen Cindy , Dunivan Gena , Litwiller Abigail 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Feedback is valued and effective when provided in a timely fashion. This can prove challenging in busy clinical settings.

METHODS:
OBGYN residency and FPMRS fellowship programs participated from November 2014 to May 2015. OBGYN residents and teachers and FPMRS fellows and teachers completed a pre-survey on satisfaction with venue-based feedback. Questions addressed satisfaction with feedback frequency, quality, and timeliness. After 6 months of myTIPreport use for feedback on ACGME-required milestones and select surgical procedures, participants completed a post-survey.

RESULTS:
Participants represented 12 OBGYN residency and 7 FPMRS fellowship programs. Pre-surveys were completed by 273 learners (254 OBGYN residents/19 FPMRS fellows) and 383 teachers (355 OBGYN/28 FPMRS teachers). OBGYN residents reported low rates of satisfaction with feedback received regarding frequency (38%), quality (42%) and timeliness (37%). OBGYN and FPMRS teachers reported low rates of satisfaction with feedback given (50%/54%/54%, and 39%/54%/39%, respectively). Post-surveys were completed by 207 participants. For the primary study outcome, OBGYN residents (n=77), OBGYN teachers (n=96), and FPMRS teachers (n=19) reported significantly improved satisfaction with feedback frequency, quality, and timeliness from rates of 37–54% to rates of 60–100% (P<.0001 for all domains). Feedback satisfaction remained high for FPMRS fellows (n=15).

DISCUSSION:
myTIPreport was successfully implemented at multiple institutions within 6 months. Resident and teacher satisfaction with feedback improved significantly after using myTIPreport.
Patient Safety Teaching to Our Students
Authors: Sonn Tammy , Ross Whitney 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Patient safety understanding and awareness is an important aspect of clinical medicine that should be taught throughout the medical school curriculum. We previously did not have any structured teaching around this topic.

METHODS:
During the course of our 6 weeks clerkship, we have 2 formal teaching encounters to discuss patient safety. During orientation, students complete a pre-intervention questionnaire and are introduced to 2 areas of focus during a 20 minute talk: OR Patient Safety and the IPASS handoff technique. They are given an assignment requesting them to document 3 examples of patient safety related observations. The second encounter is during week 5 of the clerkship where 1 hour is spent with the following activities: viewing a video clip of a patient safety story (Josie King Story), discussing the assignment, and reviewing the IPASS handoff with role playing. Following this session, the students are given the final post-intervention questionnaire.

RESULTS:
Students (n=105) felt more comfortable after the new curricular intervention. They felt more aware of medical errors within clinical medicine (P<.001), felt more familiar with the IPASS handoff to use it (P<.001), and felt OR patient safety is a comfortable topic to discuss (P<.001).

DISCUSSION:
Our patient safety curriculum appears to have a positive impact based on student perception. Feeling more aware of medical errors, being able to use the IPASS handoff, and being comfortable talking about aspects of OR safety are all areas students felt more competent in post-intervention.
A Multi-Dimensional Electronic Point-of-Care Evaluation System for Milestones Assessment
Authors: Staples Jeanine , Harwood Bryna , Wong Melissa 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Previously, surgical and nursing evaluations of residents were completed on paper and infrequently submitted. Clinic, topic, and Morbidity & Mortality (M&M) presentations were never formally evaluated.

METHODS:
We developed three separate interventions. First, each evaluation's content (surgical, nursing, clinic, topic, and M&M) was modified to more closely match the Milestones assessments. Second, we implemented a new E-POC system, a Quick Response (QR) code based delivery method which displays the evaluation form on the evaluator's smartphone. Finally, we developed custom identification cards with the QR codes and trained the residents, nurses and attendings in their use. For the topic and M&M presentations, the presenter's final slide contained a QR code, which the audience could scan and then evaluate in real time.

RESULTS:
We received a total of 1,209 E-POC submitted evaluations in the first 12 months of implementation. The E-POC method resulted in a significantly greater number of surgical evaluations per resident-year (8.92 versus 4.24, P<.05). We received 236 clinic presentation evaluations, 98 topic evaluations, and 614 M&M evaluations; these were never previously formally evaluated. While the nursing evaluation frequency during the early implementation of the E-POC system was high, over the year fewer nursing evaluations were received per resident-year compared to the paper system (11.46 versus 1.96, P<.05).

DISCUSSION:
The implementation of a multi-dimensional E-POC evaluation system resulted in a greater frequency of evaluations of our residents by faculty.
A Randomized Trial of Smart Phone-Based Quick Response (QR) Evaluations for OB/GYN Clerkship: The Medical Instructor Experience
Authors: Sobhani Nasim , Fay Emily , Schiff Melissa , Stephenson-Famy Alyssa , Debiec Katherine 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Smart phone-based evaluation tools have been proposed to improve feedback in medical education settings, but few studies have examined outcomes among instructors.

METHODS:
We performed a randomized controlled trial comparing medical instructor experience with two types of evaluations in the OB/GYN clerkship at the University of Washington School of Medicine. Eighteen teaching sites participated in the study and were randomized to smart phone-based QR or paper evaluations. Instructors, defined as attending or resident physicians involved in third year student education, completed a post-intervention survey with 10 Likert-type questions about the evaluation tool. We compared responses between the groups using χ2 tests.

RESULTS:
Nineteen of 29 (65%) instructors completed the survey. Groups were similar in age, gender, level of training, level of student interaction, comfort with technology, and prior knowledge and use of QR. Compared to those using paper evaluations, instructors using QR evaluations were significantly more likely to agree that the evaluation tool was easy to understand (100% versus 43%, P=.013) and easy to navigate (82% versus 57%, P=.042), and that the evaluation tool was effective in providing feedback (75% versus 29%, P=.015). Evaluators using QR also felt more comfortable approaching students with the evaluation tool (92% versus 43%, P=.012). We found no differences in timeliness or frequency of feedback between the groups.

DISCUSSION:
Instructors found the QR evaluation to be a superior alternative to the paper evaluation for providing feedback to medical students.
An Assessment of Professional Quality of Life and Experience With Critical Incidents Among OBGYN Residents
Authors: Black Jonathan , Cutler Abigail , Pathy Shefali , Sheth Sangini 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
Residents are exposed to a variety of clinical experiences that trigger wide-ranging emotions and, in severe cases, cause significant psychological distress.

METHODS:
OB/GYN residents were asked to complete an anonymous survey consisting of a validated Professional Quality of Life Scale (ProQOL) and additional questions related to their experience with critical incidents (CI) and debriefing. ProQOL (maximum score of 50) measures three constructs: Compassion Satisfaction, Secondary Trauma Stress, and Burnout; each is scored separately and correlated to a low-average-high scale.

RESULTS:
Response rate was 83% (25/30). Mean ProQOL scores correlated with an average level of compassion satisfaction (39.8±6.3), a low level of secondary trauma stress (22±4.8), and an average level of burnout (25.6±5.4). The majority of residents (68%) experienced a CI; 70% reported two or more. Among those involved in a CI, 53% reported never having debriefed and 82% felt they never or only sometimes received adequate support to process such events. All residents experiencing a CI felt the event(s) at least sometimes changed their clinical practice. Most residents (88%) believe post-incident debriefing sessions would be helpful.

DISCUSSION:
At our institution, OB/GYN residents experience an average professional quality of life. Furthermore, residents commonly experience CI but have little opportunity to debrief. Additional work is needed to better understand the professional quality of life of OB/GYN residents nationwide and how they react to and cope with critical incidents.
Body of Knowledge: Using Prosections to Teach Pelvic Anatomy in OBGYN Residency
Authors: Lane Andrew , Williams Shanna , Keiser Sharon , Elder Jeffrey 
Published: September 2016

BACKGROUND:
As residency programs update curricula, lab-based anatomic education is often abandoned due to high costs and time constraints. This has led to a new generation of residents with a knowledge deficit in surgical anatomy.

METHODS:
All residents took baseline written and practical examinations and were then randomized into two groups within PGY levels. Both groups completed a self-directed reading assignment. The intervention group received an additional one-hour structured review of pelvic anatomy using fresh, cadaveric prosections. Both groups then completed post-intervention examinations.

RESULTS:
Fifteen out of 23 residents completed the study. The intervention group showed a significant improvement in practical exam scores over the control group (P≤.01), but not on written (P=.7) or combined scores (P=.052). The intervention group showed significant improvements in combined (P=.049), and practical (P≤.01) scores.

DISCUSSION:
We demonstrated the ability of a straightforward educational intervention to impact anatomic practical exam performance. We also showed that all residents benefited from an anatomy review. This study is important in its comparison of two modalities of resident anatomic education. The utilization of a single guided prosection session provided a measurable benefit. Additionally, the simple act of anatomic self-study was beneficial as well and should not be overlooked in our resource intensive age.