bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Corticospinal Inputs to Primate Motoneurons Innervating the Forelimb from Two Divisions of Primary Motor Cortex and Area 3a
Authors: Witham Claire L. , Fisher Karen M. , Edgley Steve A. , Baker Stuart N. 
Published: March 2016

Previous anatomical work in primates has suggested that only corticospinal axons originating in caudal primary motor cortex (“new M1”) and area 3a make monosynaptic cortico-motoneuronal connections with limb motoneurons. By contrast, the more rostral “old M1” is proposed to control motoneurons disynaptically via spinal interneurons. In six macaque monkeys, we examined the effects from focal stimulation within old and new M1 and area 3a on 135 antidromically identified motoneurons projecting to the upper limb. EPSPs with segmental latency shorter than 1.2 ms were classified as definitively monosynaptic; these were seen only after stimulation within new M1 or at the new M1/3a border (incidence 6.6% and 1.3%, respectively; totaln= 27). However, most responses had longer latencies. Using measures of the response facilitation after a second stimulus compared with the first, and the reduction in response latency after a third stimulus compared with the first, we classified these late responses as likely mediated by either long-latency monosynaptic (n= 108) or non-monosynaptic linkages (n= 108). Both old and new M1 generated putative long-latency monosynaptic and non-monosynaptic effects; the majority of responses from area 3a were non-monosynaptic. Both types of responses from new M1 had significantly greater amplitude than those from old M1. We suggest that slowly conducting corticospinal fibers from old M1 generate weak late monosynaptic effects in motoneurons. These may represent a stage in control of primate motoneurons by the cortex intermediate between disynaptic output via an interposed interneuron seen in nonprimates and the fast direct monosynaptic connections present in new M1.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe corticospinal tract in Old World primates makes monosynaptic connections to motoneurons; previous anatomical work suggests that these connections come only from corticospinal tract (CST) neurons in the subdivision of primary motor cortex within the central sulcus (“new M1”) and area 3a. Here, we show using electrophysiology that cortico-motoneuronal connections from fast conducting CST fibers are indeed made exclusively from new M1 and its border with 3a. However, we also show that all parts of M1 and 3a have cortico-motoneuronal connections over more slowly conducting CST axons, as well as exert disynaptic effects on motoneurons via interposed interneurons. Differences between old and new M1 are thus more subtle than previously thought.
Tousled‐like kinase 2 regulates recovery from a DNA damage‐induced G2 arrest
Authors: Bruinsma Wytse , van den Berg Jeroen , Aprelia Melinda , Medema René H 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn order to maintain a stable genome, cells need to detect and repair DNA damage before they complete the division cycle. To this end, cell cycle checkpoints prevent entry into the next cell cycle phase until the damage is fully repaired. Proper reentry into the cell cycle, known as checkpoint recovery, requires that a cell retains its original cell cycle state during the arrest. Here, we have identified Tousled‐like kinase 2 (Tlk2) as an important regulator of recovery after DNA damage in G2. We show that Tlk2 regulates the Asf1A histone chaperone in response to DNA damage and that depletion of Asf1A also produces a recovery defect. Both Tlk2 and Asf1A are required to restore histone H3 incorporation into damaged chromatin. Failure to do so affects expression of pro‐mitotic genes and compromises the cellular competence to recover from damage‐induced cell cycle arrests. Our results demonstrate that Tlk2 promotes Asf1A function during the DNA damage response in G2 to allow for proper restoration of chromatin structure at the break site and subsequent recovery from the arrest.
Effect of temperature and compression/decompression rates on high pressure inactivation of Listeria
Authors: Ferreira M. , Pereira S. , Almeida A. , Queirós R. , Delgadillo I. , Saraiva J. , Cunha A. 
Published: March 2016

The main objective of the present study was to evaluate the effect of temperature and different compression/ decompression rates on the efficiency of Listeria inactivation by HPP.
Stationary phase cultures of Listeria innocua were subjected to 300 MPa for 5 min at 4, 10, and 20 °C using different compression and decompression rates. Inactivation was more efficient at low temperature and with lowest compression and decompression rates (1.5 MPa s–1 and 3.2 MPa s–1, respectively).
Kinetics of pressure building up and decompression, as well as temperature, have a significant impact on the outcome of Listeria inactivation by HPP. The results may contribute to the design of HPP protocols that ensure food safety, while preserving nutritional and organoleptic properties better.
Design and Characterization of a Magnetorheological Damper for Vibration Mitigation during Milling of Thin Components
Authors: Puma-Araujo S. , Olvera-Trejo D. , Elías-Zuñiga A. , Martínez-Romero O. , Rodríguez C.A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe aerospace and automotive industries demand the development of new manufacturing processes. The productivity during machining of very flexible aerospace and automotive aluminum components is limited for self-excited vibrations. New solutions are needed to suppress vibrations that affect the accuracy and quality of the machined surfaces. Rejection of one piece implies an increase in the manufacturing cost and time. This paper is focused on the design, manufacturing and characterization of a magnetorheological damper. The damper was attached to a thin-floored component and a magnetic field was controlled in order to modify the damping behavior of the system. The dynamics of the machining process was developed by considering a three-degree-of-freedom model. This study was experimentally validated with a bull-nose end milling tool to manufacture monolithic parts with thin wall and thin floor. Experimental tests and characterization of the magnetorheological damper permitted to improve the surface finish and productivity during the machining of thin-floored components. A further aim of this paper was to develop a rheological damper by using magnetorheological fluids (MR) to change the thin floor rigidity with voltage. The stability of the milling process was also analytically described considering one, two or three degrees of freedom, using a mathematical integration model based on the Enhanced Multistage Homotopy Perturbation Method (EMHPM).
Wollastonite - Tricalcium Phosphate Glass-Ceramics of Eutectic Composition Synthesized by the Glass-Crystallization Method
Authors: López-Cuevas Jorge , Pech-Canul Martín I. , Rendón-Angeles Juan C. , Rodríguez-Galicia José L. , Gutiérrez-Chavarría Carlos A. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTGlass-ceramics of eutectic composition in the wollastonite [W, CaO⋅SiO2]- tricalcium phosphate [TCP, β-Ca3(PO4)2] binary system were synthesized by using the glass-crystallization method. The parent glass was crystalized at 800-1300 °C for 0.5-5 h. The in vitro bioactivity of the synthesized glass-ceramics was tested in Kokubo’s Simulated Body Fluid (SBF) for 7-21 days, at pH = 7.4 and 37 °C. All materials were characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM/EDS). The results showed that metastable Apatite phase [Ap, Ca10(PO4)6O], plus W and TCP phases expected according to the binary phase diagram, were formed. Ap was the first phase formed at 900 °C/0.5 h, which was followed by formation of W phase at 900 °C/2 h and of TCP phase at 1200 °C/0.5 h. The relative proportion of the formed crystalline phases was a function of heat treatment temperature and time. A eutectic microstructure was obtained for the materials heat-treated at 1300 °C for 2 or 5 h. All glass-ceramics showed the formation of a hydroxyapatite (HAp)-like layer during the in vitro bioactivity tests. After 21 days of soaking in SBF, the samples treated at 1300 °C/5 h showed a behavior similar to that typically shown by Bioeutectic® material, while the materials heat-treated at lower temperatures tended to form denser HAp-like layers, with similar thicknesses but with higher Ca/P molar ratios.
Trend der Selenversorgung beim Rind in den Ländern Österreich, Schweiz, Deutschland und Dänemark
Authors: Freude B. , Müller A. 
Published: March 2016

ZusammenfassungGegenstand und Ziel: Eine optimale Selenversorgung ist für Rinder sehr wichtig, da durch Mangelerscheinungen gesundheitliche Probleme sowie Leistungsbeeinträchtigungen entstehen. Ziel der Studie war, retrospektiv die Selenversorgung von Rindern in den Ländern Deutschland, Österreich, Schweiz und Dänemark zu erfassen und prognostische Aussagen für die Zukunft zu treffen. Material und Methode: In Serumproben von 45 068 Rindern aus Europa mit unbekannter klinischer Symptomatik, die im Zeitraum zwischen 1.1.2006 und 30.06.2015 von Tierärzten in das IDEXX Labor nach Ludwigsburg eingesandt wurden, erfolgte eine routinemäßige Bestimmung der Selenkonzentration mittels ICP-Analytik. Für die Auswertung standen 30 462 Proben aus Deutschland, 4004 Proben aus Österreich, 3232 Proben aus der Schweiz sowie 3251 Proben (insgesamt 40949 Proben) zur Verfügung. Die erhaltenen Messwerte wurden wie folgt kategorisiert: 50–150 μg/l: ausreichende Versorgung, < 50 μg/l: Unterversorgung, > 150 μg/l: Überversorgung. Ergebnisse: Im Untersuchungszeitraum zeigte sich ein genereller Trend zur Verschlechterung der Selen versorgung beim Rind. In Dänemark liegt die Selenversorgung deutlich an der Spitze (ausreichende Versorgung bei 77,4% der Proben), doch lässt sich auch bei diesem Land eine leichte Tendenz zur Verschlechterung erkennen. Die gravierendste Verschlechterung der Selenversorgung mit stark fallender Tendenz war für Österreich festzustellen (38% Unterversorgung), gefolgt von Deutschland (30% Unterversorgung). Für die Schweiz ergab sich eine gleichbleibend schlechte Versorgungslage (49% Unterversorgung). Schlussfolgerung und Relevanz: Aufgrund des anhaltenden Trends in der Selenunterversorgung wird für Rinderherden eine jährliche Kontrolle der Selenversorgung durch Bestimmung der Selenkonzentration im Serum empfohlen, um gegebenenfalls Selen zu substituieren.
Untersuchungen zur Schwefelversorgung von Milchkühen in Deutschland
Authors: Wall K. , Müller E. , Roder A. , Staufenbiel R. , Pieper L. 
Published: March 2016

ZusammenfassungGegenstand: Schwefelüber- und -unterversorgung kann bei Nutztieren zu Leistungsminderung und Erkrankungen führen. Über die Dia - gnostik der Schwefelversorgung in Milchviehherden ist allerdings wenig bekannt. Ziele der Studie waren, die alimentäre Schwefelversorgung deutscher Milchviehherden darzustellen, den Zusammenhang zwischen der Schwefelversorgung und Gesundheit und Leistung zu beurteilen, geeignete Probenmedien für die klinisch-chemische Labordia - gnostik zu bestimmen und Referenzwerte zur Beurteilung der Schwe - felversorgung in verschiedenen Untersuchungsmedien vorzuschlagen. Material und Methoden: Zwischen 2006 und 2014 wurden 569 Milchviehbetriebe beprobt. Von je 10 Tieren der Gruppen –3 bis 0, 0–1, 3–5 und 15–18 Wochen post partum (p. p.) (Betriebe > 200 Tiere) bzw. –3 bis 0, 0–5 und 6–20 Wochen p. p. (Betriebe ≤ 200 Tiere) wurden Blut-, Harn- und Haarproben gewonnen. Gepoolte Vollblut-, Serum-, Plasma-, Harn- und Haarproben (n = 5663) wurden mittels ICP-OESMethode analysiert. Die Schwefelkonzentration der Totalen Mischra - tion (TMR) der Vorbereiter (–3 bis 0 Wochen ante partum) wurden in einem zertifizierten Futtermittellabor bestimmt (n = 625). Ergebnisse: Die mediane Schwefelkonzentration in den Futterrationen betrug 2,3 g/kg TM. Schwefelunterversorgung (< 1,6 g/kg TM; 31% der Betriebe) und -überversorgung (> 4,0 g/kg TM; 11% der Betriebe) in den Futterrationen traten regelmäßig auf. Schwefelunterversorgung war mit verringerter Milchleistung (p < 0,001), Retentio secundinarum (OR = 1,74; p = 0,037), Gebärparese (OR = 2,68; p < 0,001) und Stillbrunst (OR = 2,56; p = 0,014) assoziiert. Positive Korrelationen fanden sich zwischen der Schwefelkonzentration in der TMR und den Schwefelkonzentrationen in Harn (r = 0,50), Serum (r = 0,17), Plasma (r = 0,18) und Vollblut (r = 0,16). Schlussfolgerung und klinische Relevanz: Die Diagnostik der Schwefelversorgung ist für praktische Tierärzte relevant und kann mittels TMR-Analyse und klinisch-chemischer Laborparameter erfolgen. Harn ist dabei als kurzfristiger, Serum, Plasma und Vollblut als mittelfristige und Haar als langfristiger Parameter für die Einschätzung der Schwefelversorgung zu werten.
ASPECTOS HÍDRICOS E EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DA TRANSMISSÃO DA ESQUISTOSSOMOSE EM ÁREA TURÍSTICA DE ALAGOAS
Authors: Conceição Margarida Maria da , Barros Elaine C. P. , Lazarini Hélio , Melo Andrea G. S. de , Melo Cláudia Moura de , Libos Michely 
Published: March 2016

A esquistossomose mansônica é uma enfermidade parasitáriacausada pelo helminto Schistosoma mansoni. Considerada um relevante problema de saúde pública,esta infecção parasitária está atrelada a condições inadequadasde saneamento básico. As localidades turísticasendêmicas para esquistossomose caracterizam-sepor apresentar inúmeras coleções hídricas e populaçãohumana fixa/flutuante que utilizaestes corpos d’águapara diversos fins. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi analisara Demanda Bioquímica de Oxigênio (DBO) no rio da Estivae avaliar os aspectos epidemiológicos relevantes natransmissão da doença. A área pesquisada foi o ConjuntoHabitacional Vila Altina, localizado no município turísticode Marechal Deodoro. Na determinação da DBO foi empregadoo método respirométrico e as informações epidemiológicasforam coletadas por meio de um formuláriosemiestruturado aplicado a todos os chefes de família ouresponsáveis pelo domicilio, perfazendo um total de 297indivíduos e as informações sobre os índices de prevalênciaforam obtidas nas fichas do Programa de Controle daEsquistossomose. Para a análise da estatística descritivafoi utilizado o programa estatístico do SPSS 20.0. A prevalênciada doença foi de 6,53%. A maioria dos entrevistados44,6% possui ensino fundamental incompleto, 62%recebem até um salário mínimo e 81,5% dos sujeitos dapesquisa eram mulheres. Independente do sexo, o rio éutilizado para diversos fins. As análises da DBO revelaramque o rio apresenta condições favoráveis para o desenvolvimentoda esquistossomose e as análises epidemiológicasmostraram que a localidade estudada apresenta elementossocioambientais e culturais para a manutenção epropagação desta infecção parasitária.
The Effects Of Channels Of Distribution On Nigerian Product Sales
Authors: Obaji R.N. 
Published: March 2016

This study investigated the effects of channels of distribution in a selected Nigerian manufacturing company as it affects sales of its product. The quantitative research method was the instrument used to collect data for the study. A total of 300 copies of the questionnaires were distributed to sampled consumers, distributors and marketing staff of the company, out of which 200 copies was retrieved back. The data was analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) version 15 and the t-Test statistical tool was employed to test the significance between the observed variables and the underlying construct. The findings revealed that the involvement of channels of distribution affects sales of product and that consumers prefer to buy from intermediaries than from producer channels. Based on the underlying assumption, the following were recommended for the study; that the channel members should influence several key decisions such as customer service, delivery, and maintain inventory control and the company should give adequate promotional support to the intermediaries, improve on delivery terms and also evaluate channel members regularly.
Municipal Employees’ Perceptions Of Political Interference In Human Resource Management Practices: Evidence From The Free State Province In South Africa
Authors: Dzansi Lineo W. , Chipunza Crispen , Monnapula-Mapesela Mabokang 
Published: March 2016

Service delivery in South Africa has of recent been marred with much criticism and citizens’ dissatisfactions evidenced by protests across the country, especially in different municipal areas. While the South African central government recognizes the important supportive role of human resources management (HRM) in ensuring quality service delivery, the municipalities’ human resource management seem not to be playing this important role. There are accusations of too much political interference in municipal human resource management activities in municipalities in the country. The objective of this study was to determine municipal employees’ perceptions of political interference in human resource management practices within selected municipalities in South African. Using a sample of nine municipalities and 342 employees, results of the quantitative analysis of data collected using questionnaires showed that municipal employees perceived little or low levels of political interference in HRM practices. The results are discussed within the context of organisational justice theory and implications on issues such as application of appropriate ethics in HRM practices are suggested.
Should Instructors Require Discussion in Online Courses? Effects of Online Discussion on Community of Inquiry, Learner Time, Satisfaction, and Achievement
Authors: Cho Moon-Heum , Tobias Scott 
Published: March 2016

<p class="Style2">Online discussion is a commonly used means to promote student understanding of a topic and to facilitate social interaction among students or between students and instructor; however, its effects on student learning in online learning environments have rarely been investigated. The purpose of this study was to examine the role of online discussion in student learning experiences measured with community of inquiry, learner time, satisfaction, and achievement. One instructor taught the same online course for three consecutive semesters using three different conditions. During one semester enrolled students engaged in no discussion, during another semester they engaged in discussion without instructor participation, and in the remaining semester they engaged in discussion with active instructor participation. No significant differences were found among conditions in cognitive presence and the instructor’s teaching presence, whereas significant difference was found in social presence among conditions. No significant differences among conditions were found time spent on Blackboard, course satisfaction, and student achievement. Implications for online teaching and learning as well as for designing an online course conclude the paper.</p>
Pengaruh Pembelajaran Elektronik (E-Learning) terhadap Mutu Belajar Mahasiswa
Authors: Karwati Euis 
Published: March 2016

Universitas Islam Nusantara (UNINUS) currently manages the Faculty Teacher Training and Education Science (FKIP), with increasing number of students each year. However, the increase in students has not been fully supported by an increase the quality of learning. This study aims to know about e-learning and quality of learning, and also to analyze was there any influence from e-learning to quality of learning at FKIP UNINUS at Bandung City. The method used is descriptive and verification. The sample was 100 college students of FKIP UNINUS at Bandung City. The sampling technique used simple random sampling (SRS). Analysis using linear regression analysis. Based on these results, it can be concluded that the e-learning is in the high category, while quality of learning is in the medium category. In addition, the obtained findings that e-learning has positive and significant impact on quality of learning at FKIP UNINUS Bandung. Thus, e-learning needs to be improved because it has proven to be able to increase the quality of learning at FKIP UNINUS Bandung.
Dialektika Masyarakat Baduy dalam Memaknai Realitas Pemilihan Umum 2014
Authors: Karman Karman 
Published: March 2016

Baduy Community is very obedient to local rules/custom, e.g. lunang (sundanesse to express obedience to whoever the winner), and ngasuh rati, ngayak menak. Surprisingly, the voter number in Baduy have increased from 2013 to 2014. They have their own mechanism in determining leader, that is by deliberation among customary figures. The social-political changes make-up the result of their construction change toward reality. The issue in this study is how Baduy community (re-)construct general election. This one aims to understand Baduy’s construction to electoral activities, their understanding to the obligation to participate in election, and the adaptation process of different realities (reality in Baduy and Reality in external). By harnessing the Social Construction of Reality introduced by Berger, and Social Adaptation System introduced by Giddens, this research show Baduy objectifies and participates in general elections as an obedience to the customary rules. Understanding about obligations to participate in election is legitimized by customary institution, regarding dualism of different structure, they must adapt theirselves to different realities.
Tata Kelola Perencanaan Sistem Teknologi Informasi dan Komunikasi (TIK)
Authors: Bahrawi Bahrawi 
Published: March 2016

The intensity of ICT usage continues to increase. This should be accompanied by the increase of the government's performance, and one of the important components is governance of the ICT system planning. The ICT system planning with a good management will provide significant benefits to the organization. One cause of insignificant benefits ICT to the organizational goals is there is no ICT governance applied. It can be caused by many things, one of them is the lack of knowledge and awareness about the ICT governance, so there are still many government agencies which have not yet implemented properly the ICT governance. By using quantitative approaches, questionnaire instrument was adapted from the General Guide of the National ICT Governance. Framework COBIT and data analysis techniques adopted from the COBIT Maturity level. This study aims to explore the guidelines as an evaluation tool for the governance of the ICT system planning in Department of Communications and Information Technology in Bitung City. The results of this study found that the institution is still at low level, level 1 with 0,63 maturity level in governance planning of ICT system.