bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of leakage field and current non-uniformity for HTS transformer windings using three dimension coupled field-circuit approach
Authors: Hu Daoyu , Li Zhuyong , Hong Zhiyong , Jin Zhijian 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to analyze the influence of different types of winding configurations on the distribution of leakage field and branch currents for a 330-kVA high-temperature superconducting (HTS) transformer winding.

Design/methodology/approach
A three-dimensional electromagnetic model coupled with a circuit model validated by an experiment is developed to calculate the leakage field and current uniformity under four different types of secondary winding configurations. The four types of gaps between secondary windings are uniform gap, arithmetic progression (AP) gap, six sections with three different gaps and eight sections with four different gaps. A coefficient named as uneven degree is used to define the current nonuniformity.

Findings
The simulation results show that the currents and leakage field of double pancakes (DPs) on both sides are larger than those of the other DPs, and the currents of several middle DPs are smaller than the average rated current with an ISOB gap and larger than the average rated current with an IBOS gap. For any one of the four types of winding configurations, the type with the ISOB gap can prohibit the current nonuniformity more effectively, whereas the IBOS gap can decrease the leakage field more. The AP with the ISOB gap is a wise choice for decreasing the uneven degree and leakage field.

Practical implications
There is an optimal winding configuration for decreasing the leakage field and uneven degree of branch currents. The results and numerical model are very useful for the design of a HTS transformer.

Originality/value
The leakage field distribution and branch currents nonuniformity for 25 parallel DPs are investigated and optimized.
Towards design of electrical machines from given air gap field
Authors: Poutala Arto , Suuriniemi Saku , Tarhasaari Timo , Kettunen Lauri 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to introduce a reverted way to design electrical machines. The authors present a work flow that systematically yields electrical machine geometries from given air gap fields.

Design/methodology/approach
The solution process exploits the inverse Cauchy problem. The desired air gap field is inserted to this as the Cauchy data, and the solution process is stabilized with the aid of linear algebra.

Findings
The results are verified by solving backwards the air gap fields in the standard way. They match well with the air gap fields inserted as an input to the system.

Originality/value
The paper reverts the standard design work flow of electrical motor by solving directly for a geometry that yields the desired air gap field. In addition, a stabilization strategy for the underlying Cauchy problem is introduced.
Modeling and analysis of the effects of the fabrication temperatures on thermal-induced stress and speed performance of nano pMOS transistors
Authors: El Boukili Abderrazzak 
Published: January 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to develop and apply accurate and original models to understand and analyze the effects of the fabrication temperatures on thermal-induced stress and speed performance of nano positively doped metal oxide semiconductor (pMOS) transistors.Design/methodology/approachThe speed performances of nano pMOS transistors depend strongly on the mobility of holes, which itself depends on the thermal-induced extrinsic stress σ. The author uses a finite volume method to solve the proposed system of partial differential equations needed to calculate the thermal-induced stress σ accurately.FindingsThe thermal extrinsic stress σ depends strongly on the thermal intrinsic stress σ0, thermal intrinsic strain ε0, elastic constants C11 and C12 and the fabrication temperatures. In literature, the effects of fabrication temperatures on C11 and C12 needed to calculate thermal-induced stress σ0have been ignored. The new finding is that if the effects of fabrication temperatures on C11 and C12 are ignored, then, the values of stress σ0and σ will be overestimated and, then, not accurate. Another important finding is that the speed performance of nano pMOS transistors will increase if the fabrication temperature of silicon-germanium films used as stressors is increased.Practical implicationsTo predict correctly the thermal-induced stress and speed performance of nano pMOS transistors, the effects of fabrication temperatures on the elastic constants required to calculate the thermal-induced intrinsic stress σ0should be taken into account.Originality/valueThere are three levels of originalities. The author considers the effects of the fabrication temperatures on extrinsic stress σ, intrinsic stress σ0and elastic constants C11 and C12.
A novel diagnostic algorithm for AC series arcing based on correlation analysis of high-frequency component of wavelet
Authors: Wang Yangkun , Zhang Feng , Zhang Shiwen , Yang Guang 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
A multi-load available, response reliable and product-friendly method is in urgent need to diagnose the signs of incipient arcing. This paper aims to propose a novel algorithm that originates the application of correlativity analysis of wavelet high-frequency component in state discrimination and further in arcing detection.

Design/methodology/approach
The proposed method calculates the correlation coefficient between the extraction by wavelet transform of arcing series current and that of normal, compares it with a predefined threshold and outputs a trip signal when eight qualified arcing half cycles within a period of 0.5 s are detected.

Findings
Typical appliances are selected in laboratory for arc detection to test the method which carries on independently of impedance type. The algorithm could be optimized to identify arcing for different kinds of loads, including resistive, inductive, capacitive and switching power supply loads, with a same correlation coefficient threshold.

Practical implications
The arithmetic operations of the method are addition and multiplication, which contribute to efficient data computation and transmission for micro-processor to undertake. The reference optimal sampling rate recommended for the algorithm helps to reduce the processed data volume and shows its promising prospect for portable product development.

Originality/value
This proposed correlativity analysis of wavelet transform component algorithm could classify the tested signal into two categories, which benefits the discrimination of normal and fault states in condition monitoring. Laboratory tests prove that it works effectively in arc detection for the commonly used impedance types of loads and needs no offline self-learning or training of samples.
Fast circular shapes detection in cylindrical ECT sensors by design selection and nonlinear black-box modeling
Authors: Oussar Yacine , Margo Cedric , Lucas Jérôme , Holé Stéphane 
Published: January 2017

Purpose
Within the framework of image reconstruction in cylindrical electrical capacitance tomography (ECT) sensors, the purpose of this study is to select the structure of a sensor in terms of number and size of the electrodes, to predict the radius and the position of a single circular shape lying in the cross-section defined by the sensor electrodes.

Design/methodology/approach
Nonlinear black-box models using a set of physically independent capacitances and least-square support vector machines models selected with a sophisticated validation method are implemented.

Findings
The coordinates of circular shapes are well estimated in fixed and variable permittivity environments even with noisy data. Various numerical experiments are presented and discussed. Sensors formed by three or four electrodes covering 50 per cent of the sensor perimeter provide the best prediction performances.

Research limitations/implications
The proposed method is limited to the detection of a single circular shape in a cylindrical ECT sensor.

Practical implications
This method can be advantageously implemented in real-time applications, as it is numerically cost-effective and necessitates a small amount of measurements.

Originality/value
The contribution is two-fold: a fast computation of a circular shape position and radius with a satisfactory precision compared to the sensor size, and the determination of a cylindrical ECT sensor architecture that allows the most efficient predictions.
Predicting the elastic response of organic‐rich shale using nanoscale measurements and homogenisation methods
Authors: Goodarzi M. , Rouainia M. , Aplin A.C. , Cubillas P. , de Block M. 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTDetermination of the mechanical response of shales through experimental procedures is a practical challenge due to their heterogeneity and the practical difficulties of retrieving good‐quality core samples. Here, we investigate the possibility of using multi‐scale homogenisation techniques to predict the macroscopic mechanical response of shales based on quantitative mineralogical descriptions. We use the novel PeakForce Quantitative Nanomechanical Mapping technique to generate high‐resolution mechanical images of shales, allowing the response of porous clay, organic matter, and mineral inclusions to be measured at the nanoscale. These observations support some of the assumptions previously made in the use of homogenisation methods to estimate the elastic properties of shale and also earlier estimates of the mechanical properties of organic matter. We evaluate the applicability of homogenisation techniques against measured elastic responses of organic‐rich shales, partly from published data and also from new indentation tests carried out in this work. Comparison of experimental values of the elastic constants of shale samples with those predicted by homogenisation methods showed that almost all predictions were within the standard deviation of experimental data. This suggests that the homogenisation approach is a useful way of estimating the elastic and mechanical properties of shales in situations where conventional rock mechanics test data cannot be measured.
Biological Flora of the British Isles: Milium effusum
Authors: De Frenne Pieter , Brunet Jörg , Cougnon Mathias , Decocq Guillaume , Graae Bente J. , Hagenblad Jenny , Hermy Martin , Kolb Annette , Lemke Isgard H. , Ma Shiyu , Orczewska Anna , Plue Jan , Vranckx Guy , Wulf Monika , Verheyen Kris 
Published: January 2017

Summary

This account presents information on all aspects of the biology of Milium effusum L. (Wood Millet) that are relevant to understanding its ecological characteristics and behaviour. The main topics are presented within the standard framework of the Biological Flora of the British Isles: distribution, habitat, communities, responses to biotic factors, responses to environment, structure and physiology, phenology, floral and seed characters, herbivores and disease, history, and conservation.

The grass Milium effusum is a common species of mature woodland in central and southern England, but is less common in the wetter parts of northern England, Wales, Scotland and Ireland. World‐wide, the species is native to many temperate, boreal, subarctic and subalpine parts of the northern hemisphere: from eastern North America across most of Europe (excluding Mediterranean climates) to the Ural Mountains and Black Sea, extending eastwards to the Himalaya, Korea and Japan.

Wood Millet is a shade‐tolerant, relatively tall grass (up to 1·8 m) producing up to 700 caryopses per individual. It is characteristic of temperate deciduous woodland, but can also occur in other woodland and forest types and even in scrub, alpine meadows, along railways and roads, and on rocks. In woods, it is one of the most conspicuous plants of the herb layer in the early summer after the disappearance of spring flowering species. While the species is generally considered an ancient woodland indicator in England and western Europe, it is also known to colonize secondary, post‐agricultural forests relatively rapidly in other areas such as Denmark, southern Sweden and Poland.

The species has a wide amplitude in terms of soil acidity and nutrient availability, but predominantly grows on soils of intermediate soil fertility and soil pH and with high organic matter concentration. However, M. effusum can tolerate large quantities of tree‐leaf litter on the forest floor and is able to grow on very acidic soils.

Changes in land use, climate, densities of large herbivores and atmospheric deposition of nitrogen are having effects on populations of Wood Millet. Significant responses of the life‐history traits and population characteristics have been detected in response to environmental variation and to experimental treatments of temperature, nutrients, light and acidity. In many of its habitats across its range, M. effusum is currently becoming more frequent. During the last century, its mean elevation of occurrence in upland areas of Europe has also increased by several hundreds of metres. Typically, management actions are directed towards the conservation of its main habitat type (e.g. ancient woodlands of the Milio‐Fagetum association) rather than to the species specifically.
Speech production in 3‐year‐old internationally adopted children with unilateral cleft lip and palate
Authors: Larsson AnnaKarin , Schölin Johnna , Mark Hans , Jönsson Radi , Persson Christina 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundIn the last decade, a large number of children with cleft lip and palate have been adopted to Sweden. A majority of the children were born in China and they usually arrive in Sweden with an unoperated palate. There is currently a lack of knowledge regarding speech and articulation development in this group of children, who also have to deal with a late first language switch.AimsTo study consonant proficiency in 3‐year‐old internationally adopted children with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP) compared with peers with UCLP born in Sweden. Also to study the type and frequency of consonant errors and to perceptually compare velopharyngeal competence between the groups.Methods & ProceduresThirty‐two children born between 2006 and 2010 with UCLP participated in the study—14 adopted from China and 18 children born in Sweden. Both groups were treated by the same cleft palate team. Audio recordings at 3 years of age were perceptually analysed by blinded listeners. Consonant proficiency was measured via per cent consonants correct adjusted for age (PCC‐A), per cent correct manners (PCM) and per cent correct places (PCP). The prevalence of audible nasal air leakage and velopharyngeal competence were judged and compared between groups. The type and frequencies of consonant errors related to place and manner of articulation were also analysed.Outcomes & ResultsThe internationally adopted children had significantly fewer correct consonants compared with the Swedish‐born children. This was true for PCC‐A, PCP and PCM. This group also had significantly higher prevalence of glottal stops/fricatives and deleted target consonants more often. Also the internationally adopted children had a higher prevalence of incompetent velopharyngeal function. The only outcome variable with similar results in the groups was audible nasal air leakage.Conclusions & ImplicationsThe present study indicated that there were significant differences regarding consonant proficiency and velopharyngeal competence between internationally adopted children with a UCLP and their Swedish‐born peers with UCLP at the age of 3 years. Internationally adopted children with UCLP should be considered an at risk group for a higher prevalence of speech difficulties than non‐adoptees. Thus, it is particularly important to follow this group of children over time. Longitudinal studies of speech and language development in internationally adopted children with UCLP are needed.
Modelling gesture use and early language development in autism spectrum disorder
Authors: Manwaring Stacy S. , Mead Danielle L. , Swineford Lauren , Thurm Audrey 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundNonverbal communication abilities, including gesture use, are impaired in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). However, little is known about how common gestures may influence or be influenced by other areas of development.AimsTo examine the relationships between gesture, fine motor and language in young children with ASD compared with a comparison group using multiple measures and methods in a structural equation modelling framework.Methods & ProceduresParticipants included 110 children with ASD and a non‐ASD comparison group of 87 children (that included children with developmental delays (DD) or typical development (TD)), from 12 to 48 months of age. A construct of gesture use as measured by the Communication and Symbolic Behavior Scales—Developmental Profile Caregiver Questionnaire (CQ) and the Autism Diagnostic Observation Schedule (ADOS), as well as fine motor from the Mullen Scales of Early Learning and Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales—II (VABS‐II) was examined using second‐order confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). A series of structural equation models then examined concurrent relationships between the aforementioned latent gesture construct and expressive and receptive language. A series of hierarchical regression analyses was run in a subsample of 36 children with ASD with longitudinal data to determine how gesture factor scores predicted later language outcomes.Outcomes & ResultsAcross study groups, the gesture CFA model with indicators of gesture use from both the CQ (parent‐reported) and ADOS (direct observation), and measures of fine motor provided good fit with all indicators significantly and strongly loading onto one gesture factor. This model of gesture use, controlling for age, was found to correlate strongly with concurrent expressive and receptive language. The correlations between gestures and concurrent language were similar in magnitude in both the ASD and non‐ASD groups. In the longitudinal subsample of children with ASD, gestures at time 1 predicted later receptive (but not expressive) language outcomes on the VABS‐II, after controlling for nonverbal cognition, ASD severity, age and time 1 language.Conclusions & ImplicationsThis study extends research on the relationship between nonverbal communication and language by supporting the idea of an underlying construct of gesture use that includes fine motor ability and relates to language in young children with ASD. This further supports theories espousing developmental influences of motor and nonverbal communication strategies as important in early language learning.
Permeability shapes bacterial communities in sublittoral surface sediments
Authors: Probandt D. , Knittel K. , Tegetmeyer H. E. , Ahmerkamp S. , Holtappels M. , Amann R. 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe first interaction of water column‐derived organic matter with benthic microbial communities takes place in surface sediments which are acting as biological filters catalyzing central steps of elemental cycling. Here we analyzed the bacterial diversity and community structure of sediment top layers at seven sites in the North Sea where sediment properties ranged from coarse‐grained and highly permeable to fine‐grained and impermeable. Bacterial communities in surface sediments were richer, more even and significantly different from communities in bottom waters as revealed by Illumina tag sequencing of 16S rRNA genes. Sediment permeability had a clear influence on community composition which was confirmed by CARD‐FISH. Sulfate‐reducing Desulfobacteraceae (2–5% of total cells), Flavobacteriaceae (3–5%) were more abundant in impermeable than in highly permeable sediments where acidobacterial Sva0725 dominated (11–15%). Myxobacterial Sandaracinaceae were most abundant in medium permeable sediments (3–7%). Woeseiaceae/JTB255 and Planctomycetes were major groups in all sediments (4–6%, 8–22%). Planctomycetes were highly diverse and branched throughout the phylum. We propose Planctomycetes as key bacteria for degradation of high molecular weight compounds and recalcitrant material entering surface sediments from the water column. Benthic Flavobacteriaceae likely have restricted capabilities for macromolecule degradation and might profit with Sandaracinaceae and Acidobacteria from low molecular weight compounds.
Ultrastructure of ellipsoidal magnetotactic multicellular prokaryotes depicts their complex assemblage and cellular polarity in the context of magnetotaxis
Authors: Leão Pedro , Chen Yi‐Ran , Abreu Fernanda , Wang Mingling , Zhang Wei‐Jia , Zhou Ke , Xiao Tian , Wu Long‐Fei , Lins Ulysses 
Published: January 2017

SummaryMagnetotactic multicellular prokaryotes (MMPs) consist of unique microorganisms formed by genetically identical Gram‐negative bacterial that live as a single individual capable of producing magnetic nano‐particles called magnetosomes. Two distinct morphotypes of MMPs are known: spherical MMPs (sMMPs) and ellipsoidal MMPs (eMMPs). sMMPs have been extensively characterized, but less information exists for eMMPs. Here, we report the ultrastructure and organization as well as gene clusters responsible for magnetosome and flagella biosynthesis in the magnetite magnetosome producer eMMPCandidatusMagnetananas rongchenensis. Transmission electron microscopy and focused ion beam scanning electron microscopy (FIB‐SEM) 3D reconstruction reveal that cells with a conspicuous core‐periphery polarity were organized around a central space. Magnetosomes were organized in multiple chains aligned along the periphery of each cell. In the partially sequenced genome, magnetite‐relatedmamABgene andmadgene clusters were identified. Two cell morphologies were detected: irregular elliptical conical ‘frustum‐like’ (IECF) cells and H‐shaped cells. IECF cells merge to form H‐shaped cells indicating a more complex structure and possibly a distinct evolutionary position of eMMPs when compared with sMMPs considering multicellularity.
When Is a Gerrymander Not a Gerrymander: Who Benefits and Who Loses from the Changed Rules for Defining Parliamentary Constituencies?
Authors: Johnston Ron , Rossiter David , Pattie Charles 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMembers of the British Labour party have, not for the first time, criticised the Boundary Commissions’ proposals for new constituency boundaries as gerrymandering. This represents a misuse of the term: the Commissions have produced recommended constituencies in the context of new rules for such redistributions that give precedence to equality of electorates across all seats and the boundaries of those constituencies have been defined without any reference to the likely electoral consequences. The Conservatives, who were responsible for the change in the rules to emphasise electoral equality, wanted to remove a decades‐long Labour advantage in the translation of votes into seats because of variations in constituency size, and the Commissions’ implementation of those rules has achieved that. A Labour advantage has been removed but not replaced by a Conservative advantage: in terms of electoral equality between the two, the playing field has been levelled. Labour's claim to have been disadvantaged by decisions on the electoral register is also examined; the disadvantage is probably only small.