bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Total Synthesis of Inostamycin A
Authors: Yu Guangri , Jung Byunghyuck , Lee Hee‐Seung , Kang Sung Ho 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe first total synthesis of inostamycin A is described. With efficient and stereoselective synthetic routes to aldehyde 3 and ketone 4 developed through asymmetric aldol reactions, addition reactions and reduction, and with chiral building blocks, the two large fragments were coupled with remarkable anti stereoselectivity and efficiency by aldol condensation. The coupling reaction provided the complete carbon skeleton with all the requisite functional groups and stereogenic centers for inostamycin A. The two quaternary carbons at C20 and C16 of ketone 4 were elaborated in a highly stereocontrolled manner by addition reactions of the transmetallated 5 to ethyl ketone 6 and the transmetallated 7 to methyl ketone 8, respectively, in which the use of LaCl3 for transmetallation was critical for high coupling efficiency.
Synthesis of Strained γ‐Lactams by Palladium(0)‐Catalyzed C(sp3)−H Alkenylation and Application to Alkaloid Synthesis
Authors: Holstein Philipp M. , Dailler David , Vantourout Julien , Shaya Janah , Millet Anthony , Baudoin Olivier 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA variety of strained α‐alkylidene‐γ‐lactams were synthesized by palladium(0)‐catalyzed intramolecular C(sp3)−H alkenylation from easily accessible acyclic and monocyclic bromoalkene precursors. These lactams are valuable intermediates for accessing various classes of mono‐ and bicylic alkaloids containing a pyrrolidine ring, as illustrated with the synthesis of an advanced model of the marine natural product plakoridine A and of the indolizidine alkaloid δ‐coniceine.
The Chiropteran Brain Database: Volumetric Survey of the Hypophysis in 165 Species
Authors: Bhatnagar Kunwar P. , Smith Timothy D. , Rai Shesh N. , Frahm Heiko D. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTFor nearly two decades, a database of brain structures from a large sample (272 species) of chiropterans has been widely accessible and used for socioecological analyses of mammals. However, this database remains incomplete since the hypophysis has not been measured. Since this glandular/neural structure has reproductive significance to chiropterans as for other mammals, this investigation was carried out using serial coronal sections of bat brains comprising the Heinz Stephan collection, Düsseldorf, Germany. Complete serially sectioned brains were examined in 313 individuals (165 species, 15 families). Using a well‐documented method, hypophyseal volumes were determined from every fourth or sixth section in each individual. The strongest correlation was between body weight and the hypophysis (R2 = 0.887) and its various components as well as between body weight and adenohypophysis (R2 = 0.830) and neurohypophysis (R2 = 0.925). Correlations were also strong for brain weight‐adenohypophysis (R2 = 0.817) and brain weight‐ neurohypophysis (R2 = 0.911). Results indicated that: (1) in regression analyses, hipposiderids stand apart as having relatively large adenohypophysis; (2) analysis of residuals generated using least‐squares regression of hypophyseal components suggests a trend among microchiropterans where females have a relatively larger adenohypophysis than males. However, this difference is only statistically significant in the largest samples: Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae. Pteropodids do not appear to follow this trend. Our findings suggest both phylogenetic and sexual differences in the adenohypophysis in particular, and indicate the need for investigation of larger samples by species, especially those best understood in reproductive and social biology. Anat Rec, 299:492–510, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Determination of cuticular and internal fatty acids of Chorthippus brunneus males and females using HPLC‐LLSD and GC–MS
Authors: Gołębiowski Marek , Cerkowniak Magdalena , Ostachowska Aleksandra , Boguś Mieczysława I. , Stepnowski Piotr 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInsects are of growing significance in veterinary medicine and human healthcare; therefore, an understanding of their biology is very important. The cuticular and internal fatty acid compositions of Chorthippus brunneus males and females have been studied for the first time. The lipids of males and females were separated into classes of compounds using high‐performance liquid chromatography with a laser light scattering detector. The free fatty acid (FFA) fractions obtained by HPLC were silylated and then analyzed by GC–MS. The cuticular lipids of males contained 15 saturated, four unsaturated with even‐numbered and two unsaturated with odd‐numbered carbon chains, FFAs ranging from C8 to C25. The major free fatty acids in males were C16 (20.8%), C18:2 (8.5%), C18:1 (32.9%) and C18 (24.4%). The cuticular lipids of females contained 17 saturated, four monounsaturated and two diunsaturated free fatty acids ranging from C8 to C30. The major cuticular fatty acids in females were C16 (25.1%), C18:2 (6.2%), C18:1 (23.7%) and C18:0 (33.2%). The internal FFAs of males consisted of 20 compounds ranging from C8 to C26. Four of these compounds were detected as major compounds: C16 (14.1%), C18:2 (21.6%), C18:1 (38.0%) and C18 (22.5%). Among 18 internal free fatty acids of females, C16 (22.3%), C18:2 (10.9%), C18:1 (40.2%) and C18 (20.5%) were the most abundant compounds. The following cuticular fatty acids present in the lipids of females were absent in the lipids of males: C26, C27 and C30. On the other hand, only C24 was absent from the cuticular lipids of females. Only C10 and C24 internal fatty acids present in the lipids of males were absent in the lipids of females. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A case of organized arachnoid cyst with repeated hemorrhage
Authors: Kobayashi Atsushi , Nagashima Goro , Noda Masayuki , Kato Akihito , Morishima Hiroyuki , Koike Junki 
Published: January 2016

Key Clinical MessageHemorrhage sometimes occurs within arachnoid cysts, however, organized arachnoid cysts has not been reported. We speculate the previous invasive stress or some kind of infection may have triggered the formation of the organized membrane, which may have formed via a similar mechanism to that for organized chronic subdural hematomas.
Effects of Hexane in Supercritical Fluid Chromatography for the Separation of Enantiomers
Authors: Wu Haihong , Yu Stanley , Zeng Lu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSupercritical fluid chromatography (SFC), operated in conventional mode, is normally recognized as normal phase chromatography, and uses a solvent combination of supercritical CO2 and alcohols to separate compounds. Hexane, a commonly used solvent in normal phase liquid chromatography (NP‐LC), is rarely used in SFC and, in some cases, is added to the organic modifiers to increase liquid content in order to achieve better efficiency in preparative SFC for poorly retained compounds. Although hexane is believed to have similar solvent strength to that of supercritical CO2, its effects on the enantioseparation in SFC is largely unknown. To understand the chromatographic effects of an apolar solvent, such as hexane in SFC, we compared the chromatographic behaviors of 35 chiral compounds using a parallel SFC method under traditional SFC mode of only “pure” alcohol‐CO2 to that of hexane‐assisted SFC (HA‐SFC), which uses mixtures of alcohol and hexane (as cosolvents) and CO2. We observed that, in some cases, hexane behaves just like supercritical CO2, where replacement of a portion of CO2 with hexane does not significantly change retention times or resolution of the peaks. In many cases, however, addition of hexane in mobile phases does affect chromatographic behavior of one or both enantiomers. Such effects might provide opportunities for separation of some enantiomers. Chirality 28:192–198, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Heavy oil recovery using ASP flooding: A pore‐level experimental study in fractured five‐spot micromodels
Authors: Sedaghat Mohammad , Mohammadzadeh Omid , Kord Shahin , Chatzis Ioannis 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough alkaline‐surfactant‐polymer (ASP) flooding has proven efficient for heavy oil recovery, the displacement mechanisms and efficiency of this process should be discussed further in fractured porous media. In this study, several ASP flooding tests were conducted in fractured glass‐etched micromodels with a typical waterflood geometrical configuration, i.e. five‐spot injection‐production pattern. The ASP flooding tests were conducted at constant injection flow rates but different fracture geometrical characteristics. The ASP solutions consisted of five polymers, two surfactants, and three alkaline types. It was found that using synthetic polymers, especially hydrolyzed polyacrylamide with high molecular mass, as well as cationic surfactant increases the ultimate recovery. The location of the injection well with respect to the fracture system plays a significant role in the ASP flooding performance, i.e. an increase in the angle associated with the longitudinal extension of fractures with respect to the main flow direction resulted in enhanced oil recovery and also postponed the wetting phase breakthrough time. Mechanistic study of this displacement process revealed that dispersive and diffusive behaviour of the ASP front enhanced the fluid transport from fracture to matrix and increased the microscopic displacement efficiency. Emulsification and coalescence mechanisms were responsible for ASP frontal advancement. Residual oil in the invaded region, which was observed in the form of discontinuous oil ganglia dispersed in the invaded pore bodies or in the form of pendular bridges formed around some of the solid particles, was mobilized in the form of oil wads through the droplets of the displacing phase.
Gender, Racial, and Health Insurance Differences in the Trend of Implantable Cardioverter‐Defibrillator (ICD) Utilization: A United States Experience Over the Last Decade
Authors: Patel Nileshkumar J. , Edla Sushruth , Deshmukh Abhishek , Nalluri Nikhil , Patel Nilay , Agnihotri Kanishk , Patel Achint , Savani Chirag , Patel Nish , Bhimani Ronak , Thakkar Badal , Arora Shilpkumar , Asti Deepak , Badheka Apurva O. , Parikh Valay , Mitrani Raul D. , Noseworthy Peter , Paydak Hakan , Viles‐Gonzalez Juan , Friedman Paul A. , Kowalski Marcin 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPrior studies have highlighted disparities in cardiac lifesaving procedure utilization, particularly among women and in minorities. Although there has been a significant increase in implantable cardioverter‐defibrillator (ICD) insertion, socioeconomic disparities still exist in the trend of ICD utilization. With the use of the Nationwide Inpatient Sample from 2003 through 2011, we identified subjects with ICD insertion (procedure code 37.94) and cardiac resynchronization defibrillator (procedure code 00.50, 00.51) as codified by the International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification. Overall, 1 020 076 ICDs were implanted in the United States from 2003 to 2011. We observed an initial increase in ICD utilization by 51%, from 95 062 in 2003 to 143 262 in 2006, followed by a more recent decline. The majority of ICDs were implanted in men age ≥65 years. Implantation of ICDs was 2.5× more common in men than in women (402 per million vs 163 per million). Approximately 95% of the ICDs were implanted in insured patients, and 5% were used in the uninsured population. There has been a significant increase in ICD implantation in blacks, from 162 per million in 2003 to 291 per million in 2011. We found a significant difference in the volume of ICD implants between the insured and the uninsured patient populations. Racial disparities have narrowed significantly in comparison with those noted in earlier studies and are now more reflective of the population demographics at large. On the other hand, significant gender disparities continue to exist.
Round cell sarcoma with CIC‐DUX4 gene fusion: Discussion of the distinctive cytomorphologic, immunohistochemical, and molecular features in the differential diagnosis of round cell tumors
Authors: Chebib Ivan , Jo Vickie Y. 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDUndifferentiated round cell sarcomas are a heterogeneous group, and include tumors that resemble the Ewing sarcoma family. Although a subset defined by recurrent CIC‐DUX4 gene fusion has been recently characterized, data regarding the cytomorphologic features are currently limited. Two recent fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) cases prompted review of the spectrum of round cell tumors in the differential diagnosis to determine distinctive diagnostic features.METHODSTwo genetically confirmed FNA cases were identified. Cytomorphologic features were evaluated on FNA smears and hematoxylin and eosin‐stained cell block and concurrent needle biopsy sections, and immunohistochemical studies performed on cell block and biopsy sections were reviewed.RESULTSThe 2 patients were a 24‐year‐old man with a posterior mediastinal mass and a 69‐year‐old woman with a gluteal mass. FNA smears were cellular with tumor cells present in large groups and singly dispersed. Tumor cells had large, round‐to‐ovoid, hyperchromatic nuclei with irregular membranes, frequent large nucleoli, and a moderate amount of vacuolated cytoplasm. Both cases demonstrated necrosis, and one case had prominent myxoid stroma. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated focal‐to‐multifocal CD99 positivity and diffuse nuclear staining for WT1; staining for cytokeratin, desmin, S‐100, CD34, CD45, and TdT were negative. Fluorescence in situ hybridization demonstrated CIC‐DUX4 fusion in both cases.CONCLUSIONSCIC‐DUX4 round cell sarcoma differs from Ewing sarcoma in that it has more atypical cytologic features and lacks the diffuse membranous CD99 staining pattern characteristic of Ewing sarcoma. The differential diagnosis is broad, and requires the judicious use of ancillary studies. Focal‐to‐multifocal CD99 immunoreactivity and diffuse nuclear WT1 positivity is characteristic of CIC‐DUX4 sarcoma, and should prompt molecular testing. Cancer Cytopathol 2016;124:350–61. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Facilitating visual surveillance with motion detections
Authors: Qi Man 
Published: January 2016

SummaryVisual surveillance is playing an ever increasing role in criminal detection because of a rapid deployment of surveillance cameras. Motion detection, which refers to the process of detecting a change in the position of an object in relation to the background or the change in the background in relation to the object, has become one of the enabling techniques to facilitate visual surveillance. This paper parallelizes a motion detection algorithm using a cluster of inexpensive computing devices. Custom region of interest is implemented to enhance the performance and accuracy of the motion detection algorithm. The performance of the parallelized algorithm is evaluated from both the scalability in computation and the accuracy in motion detection. Performance evaluation results show that the enhanced algorithm achieves higher accuracy in motion detection with reduced execution times in computation. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
On the existence of chaos in the electronically adjustable structures of the state variable filters
Authors: Petrzela Jiri 
Published: January 2016

SummaryAs demonstrated in the paper, chaotic motion can appear in state variable filters, that is, common network structures dedicated for analog signal processing. In particular, two Kerwin–Huelsman–Newcomb biquadratic filtering sections are considered for theoretical, numerical and experimental analysis. Mathematical models are designed, and conditions for evolution of typical strange attractors are provided. The corresponding largest Lyapunov exponent is calculated and visualized as a function of internal system parameters and the shape of input harmonic waveform. Mutual connection between the mathematical model and the real lumped electronic circuit is discussed in detail. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
High diagnostic accuracy of core needle biopsy of soft tissue tumors: An institutional experience
Authors: Colletti Shanna M. , Tranesh Ghassan A. , Whetsell Chantel R. , Chambers Larissa N. , Nassar Aziza 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundCore needle biopsy (CNB) has been suboptimal in the subclassification and grading of mesenchymal tumors. Recent advances in molecular diagnostics have shown promise in improving this area. The institutional experience with CNBs of soft tissue lesions on cytology cases and correlated histologic follow‐up has been evaluated. It also addressed the advantageous use of ancillary techniques, including immunohistochemistry and molecular studies.MethodsArchived cytologic CNB material and reports of patients with soft tissue lesions were retrieved and CNB results with final resection results were compared. Cases were re‐reviewed and data were analyzed with descriptive statistics.ResultsFrom archived data, 215 cases were extracted of 99 female and 116 male patients (mean [range] age, 59.9 [12–95] years). Categories were malignant (n = 157), suspicious (n = 16), and benign (n = 42). In total, 161 (74.9%) had subsequent surgical resection—130 were malignant; 8, suspicious; and 23, benign. Of the malignant or suspicious cases, 138 had follow‐up histologic resections, with 97.9% concordance. The most common malignant tumor was liposarcoma (n = 41; 29.7%), followed by undifferentiated pleomorphic sarcoma (30; 21.7%). Of benign tumors, 23 (54.8%) had follow‐up surgical resection. Low‐grade gastrointestinal stromal tumor was the most common benign tumor (26.1%), followed by fibromatosis (21.7%). Cytohistologic correlation for all categories showed 96.9% concordance. Molecular ancillary studies correctly classified malignant tumors in 37 (26.8%) of the 138 cases.ConclusionCNB is a reliable modality for evaluating soft tissue neoplasms, with high histologic concordance rate. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:291–298. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Using Africa's protected area network to estimate the global population of a threatened and declining species: a case study of the Critically Endangered White‐headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis
Authors: Murn Campbell , Mundy Peter , Virani Munir Z. , Borello Wendy D. , Holloway Graham J. , Thiollay Jean‐Marc 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe White‐headed Vulture Trigonoceps occipitalis (WhV) is uncommon and largely restricted to protected areas across its range in sub‐Saharan Africa. We used the World Database on Protected Areas to identify protected areas (PAs) likely to contain White‐headed Vultures. Vulture occurrence on road transects in Southern, East, and West Africa was adjusted to nests per km2 using data from areas with known numbers of nests and corresponding road transect data. Nest density was used to calculate the number of WhV nests within identified PAs and from there extrapolated to estimate the global population. Across a fragmented range, 400 PAs are estimated to contain 1893 WhV nests. Eastern Africa is estimated to contain 721 nests, Central Africa 548 nests, Southern Africa 468 nests, and West Africa 156 nests. Including immature and nonbreeding birds, and accounting for data deficient PAs, the estimated global population is 5475 ‐ 5493 birds. The identified distribution highlights are alarming: over 78% (n = 313) of identified PAs contain fewer than five nests. A further 17% (n = 68) of PAs contain 5 ‐ 20 nests and 4% (n = 14) of identified PAs are estimated to contain >20 nests. Just 1% (n = 5) of PAs are estimated to contain >40 nests; none is located in West Africa. Whilst ranging behavior of WhVs is currently unknown, 35% of PAs large enough to hold >20 nests are isolated by more than 100 km from other PAs. Spatially discrete and unpredictable mortality events such as poisoning pose major threats to small localized vulture populations and will accelerate ongoing local extinctions. Apart from reducing the threat of poisoning events, conservation actions promoting linkages between protected areas should be pursued. Identifying potential areas for assisted re‐establishment via translocation offers the potential to expand the range of this species and alleviate risk.
Molecular and iridescent feather reflectance data reveal recent genetic diversification and phenotypic differentiation in a cloud forest hummingbird
Authors: Ornelas Juan Francisco , González Clementina , Hernández‐Baños Blanca E. , García‐Moreno Jaime 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe present day distribution and spatial genetic diversity of Mesoamerican biota reflects a long history of responses to habitat change. The hummingbirdLampornis amethystinusis distributed in northern Mesoamerica, with geographically disjunct populations. Based on sampling across the species range using mitochondrialDNA(mtDNA) sequences and nuclear microsatellites jointly analysed with phenotypic and climatic data, we (1) test whether the fragmented distribution is correlated with main evolutionary lineages, (2) assess body size and plumage color differentiation of populations in geographic isolation, and (3) evaluate a set of divergence scenarios and demographic patterns of the hummingbird populations. Analysis of genetic variation revealed four main groups: blue‐throated populations (Sierra Madre del Sur); two groups of amethyst‐throated populations (Trans‐Mexican Volcanic Belt and Sierra Madre Oriental); and populations east of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec (IT) with males showing an amethyst throat. The most basal split is estimated to have originated in the Pleistocene, 2.39–0.57 million years ago (MYA), and corresponded to groups of populations separated by theIT. However, the estimated recent divergence time between blue‐ and amethyst‐throated populations does not correspond to the 2‐MYneeded to be in isolation for substantial plumage divergence, likely because structurally iridescent colors are more malleable than others. Results of species distribution modeling and Approximate Bayesian Computation analysis fit a model of lineage divergence west of the Isthmus after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and that the species’ suitable habitat was disjunct during past and current conditions. These results challenge the generality of the contraction/expansion glacial model to cloud forest‐interior species and urges management of cloud forest, a highly vulnerable ecosystem to climate change and currently facing destruction, to prevent further loss of genetic diversity or extinction.
Synthesis of Ugi 4‐CR and Passerini 3‐CR Adducts under Mechanochemical Activation
Authors: Polindara‐García Luis A. , Juaristi Eusebio 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe successful application of a mechanochemical activation strategy that employs high‐speed ball milling (HSBM) conditions for isocyanide‐based multicomponent reactions (IMCRs) was developed. The syntheses of valuable Ugi (by a liquid‐assisted grinding process) and Passerini (under solvent‐free conditions) adducts were achieved by using this method. The protocol disclosed herein allows for the modular synthesis of various compounds according to green chemistry principles, specifically, environmentally friendly conditions, high atom economy, and the absence of toxic byproducts.