bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental generation of scalar and vector vortex Pearcey–Gauss beams
Authors: Rodríguez-Fajardo Valeria , Flores-Cova Gabriela , Rosales-Guzmán Carmelo , Perez-Garcia Benjamin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this manuscript, we put forward two new types of structured light beams, the vortex Pearcey–Gauss (VPeG) beam, with a homogeneous polarisation distribution, and the vector VPeG (VVPeG) beam, with a non-homogeneous polarisation distribution. The latter is generated as a non-separable superposition of the spatial and polarisation degrees of freedom of light. We achieve their experimental realization through the combination of a spatial light modulator, which creates a scalar Pearcey–Gauss beam, and a q-plate which transforms it into a vortex or a vortex vector beam, depending on its input polarisation state. Their intensity and polarisation distributions along the propagation direction were determined through Stokes polarimetry, which was compared with numerical simulations. As demonstrated, the VVPeG beam evolves from an all-linear polarisation distribution to an approximately full Poincaré beam. The proposed vector beams add to the extensive family of non-separable states of light. We anticipate that both types of beams will find applications in fields as diverse as optical metrology and tweezers, amongst others.
Decision tree insights analytics (DTIA) tool: an analytic framework to identify insights from large data records across fields of science
Authors: Hossny Karim , Hossny Mohammed , Cougnoux Antony , Mahmoud Loay , Villanueva Walter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Supervised machine learning (SML) techniques have been developed since the 1960s. Most of their applications were oriented towards developing models capable of predicting numerical values or categorical output based on a set of input variables (input features). Recently, SML models’ interpretability and explainability were extensively studied to have confidence in the models’ decisions. In this work, we propose a new deployment method named Decision Tree Insights Analytics (DTIA) that shifts the purpose of using decision tree classification from having a model capable of differentiating the different categorical outputs based on the input features to systematically finding the associations between inputs and outputs. DTIA can reveal interesting areas in the feature space, leading to the development of research questions and the discovery of new associations that might have been overlooked earlier. We applied the method to three case studies: (1) nuclear reactor accident propagation, (2) single-cell RNA sequencing of Niemann-Pick disease type C1 in mice, and (3) bulk RNA sequencing for breast cancer staging in humans. The developed method provided insights into the first two. On the other hand, it showed some of the method’s limitations in the third case study. Finally, we presented how the DTIA’s insights are more agreeable with the abstract information gain calculations and provide more in-depth information that can help derive more profound physical meaning compared to the random forest’s feature importance attribute and K-means clustering for feature ranking.
Advancements in prostate zone segmentation: integrating attention mechanisms into the nnU-Net framework
Authors: Vaitulevičius Aleksas , Bernatavičienė Jolita , Markevičiutė Jurgita , Naruševičiūtė Ieva , Trakymas Mantas , Treigys Povilas 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Prostate cancer is one of the most lethal cancers in the world. Early diagnosis is essential for successful treatment of prostate cancer. Segmentation of prostate zones in magnetic resonance images is an important task in the diagnosis of prostate cancer. Currently, the state-of-the-art method for this task is no-new U-Net. In this paper, a method to incorporate the attention U-Net architecture into no-new U-Net is proposed and compared with a classical U-net architecture as research. The experimental results indicate that there is no significant statistical difference between the proposed modification of no-new U-Net with the generalizability of the attention mechanism or the ability to achieve more accurate results. Moreover, two novel workflows are proposed for prostate segmentation, transitional zone segmentation and peripheral zone calculation workflow, and separate models for peripheral zone and transitional zone segmentation workflow. These workflows are compared with a baseline single peripheral zone and transitional zone segmentation model workflow. The experimental results indicate that separate models for peripheral zone and transitional zone segmentation workflow generalizes better than the baseline between data sets of different sources. In peripheral zone segmentation separate models for peripheral zone and transitional zone segmentation workflow achieves 1.9% higher median Dice score coefficient than the baseline workflow when using the attention U-Net architecture and 5.6% higher median Dice score coefficient when using U-Net architecture. Moreover, in transitional zone segmentation separate models for peripheral zone and transitional zone segmentation workflow achieves 0.4% higher median Dice score coefficient than the baseline workflow when using the attention U-Net architecture and 0.7% higher median Dice score coefficient when using U-Net architecture. Meanwhile, prostate segmentation, transitional zone segmentation and peripheral zone calculation workflow generalizes worse than the baseline. In peripheral zone segmentation prostate segmentation, transitional zone segmentation and peripheral zone calculation workflow achieves 4.6% lower median Dice score coefficient than the baseline workflow when using the attention U-Net architecture and 3.6% lower median Dice score coefficient when using U-Net architecture. In transitional zone segmentation prostate segmentation, transitional zone segmentation and peripheral zone calculation workflow achieves a similar median Dice score coefficient to the baseline workflow.
Precarious Lives, Unstable Identities
Authors: McClure Laura 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores the challenges of recovering the historical presence of hetaeras like Phryne in fourth-century Athens from the literary, artistic, and historical remains, and of differentiating them from other types of sexual laborers, and even from citizen wives. Their unstable identities and precarious lives are at the heart of three ongoing scholarly debates about Athenian prostitution arising, first, from the meanings of the terms used to refer to hetaeras, their ambiguous representation in art (namely Attic red-figure vase painting), and the diversity of personal names applied to them. As will be evident from this discussion, the signification of marginalized women was inextricably bound up with how Athenians defined and defended legitimate marriage and legal offspring from the earliest period of polis development, while the mobility of female social identity left many women, even legitimate female citizens, vulnerable to charges of sex work and fraud.
Bile acids acting as a feeding signal and functional foods mimicking bile acid function
Authors: Sato Ryuichiro 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
To elucidate the function of the bile acid-binding receptor TGR5 in skeletal muscle, we developed transgenic mice expressing human TGR5 in the skeletal muscle tissue. A significant increase in muscle mass was observed in these transgenic mice, whereas a decrease in muscle mass was observed in the TGR5-deficient mice. Following treadmill exercise, TGR5 gene expression increased in response to ER stress induced in skeletal muscle via an ER stress response motif present in its promoter region. Exercise and rapid postprandial elevation in blood bile acid concentrations can be considered the primary stimuli for the TGR5-mediated increase in skeletal muscle mass. We developed a scoring system to identify food ingredients with TGR5 agonist activity, and identified the citrus limonoid nomilin. Similar effects were observed for other triterpenoids in addition to nomilin. Cell culture and in vivo experiments demonstrated that these food factors increase protein synthesis and muscle mass.
Family perpetrated and condoned violence in the education of male Greco-Roman children
Authors: McWilliam Janette 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
It is widely recognized that physical corporal punishment was experienced by many Greco-Roman children and youths when they attended schools. However, relatively little attention has been paid to family perpetrated or condoned violence that was directed at children with learning impairments. This study examines the role of physical, emotional, and verbal family abuse perpetrated by parents, relatives, and other members of the household, such as slaves and freedmen, in the education of males with learning impairments. It examines in detail the family abuse suffered by Kottalos, the son of Mētrotimē, Tiberius Claudius Nero Germanicus, who at the age of 50 would become ruler of the Roman Empire, and Atticus Bradua, the son of the famous Athenian sophist Herodes Atticus and his Roman wife Regilla. All three were subjected to physical, emotional, and verbal family abuse because they were identified as individuals with learning impairments.
MGRN: toward robust drug recommendation via multi-view gating retrieval network
Authors: Meng Fanjun , Li Xiaobo , Hou Xiaodi , Lu Mingyu , Zhang Yijia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Motivation
Drug recommendation aims to allocate safe and effective drug combinations based on the patient’s health status from electronic health records, which is crucial to assist clinical physicians in making decisions. However, the existing drug recommendation works face two key challenges: (i) difficulty in fully representing the patient’s health status leads to biased drug representation; (ii) only focusing on diagnostic representations of multiple visits, neglecting the modeling of patient drug history.

Results
To address the above limitations, we propose a multi-view gating retrieval network (MGRN) for robust drug recommendation. We design visit-, sequence-, and token-level views to provide different perspectives on the interaction between patients and drugs, obtaining a more comprehensive representation of drugs. Moreover, we develop a gating drug retrieval module to capture critical drug information from multiple visits, which can assist in recommending more reasonable drug combinations for the current visit. When evaluated on publicly real-world MIMIC-III and MIMIC-IV datasets, the proposed MGRN establishes a new benchmark performance, particularly achieving improvements of 1.36%, 1.71%, 1.21% and 2.12%, 2.36%, 1.81% in Jaccard, PRAUC, and F1-score, respectively, compared to state-of-the-art models.

Availability and implementation
The code is available at: https://github.com/kyosen258/MGRN.git.
Nurse understaffing associated with adverse outcomes for surgical admissions
Authors: Meredith Paul , Turner Lesley , Saville Christina , Griffiths Peter 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Nurses play a crucial role in maintaining the safety of surgical patients. Few nurse staffing studies have looked specifically at surgical patients to examine the impact of exposure to low staffing on patient outcomes.

Methods
A longitudinal patient analysis was conducted in four organizations in England using routine data from 213 910 admissions to all surgical specialties. Patients’ staffing exposures were modelled as counts of understaffed registered nurse and nurse assistant days in the first 5 inpatient days. Understaffing was identified when staffing per patient-day was below the mean for the ward. Cox models were used to examine mortality within 30 days of admission and readmission within 30 days of discharge. Generalized linear models were used to investigate duration of hospital stay and occurrence of hospital-acquired conditions.

Results
Increased exposure to registered nurse understaffing was associated with longer hospital stay and increased risk of deep vein thrombosis, pneumonia, and pressure ulcers. This was also true for nurse assistant understaffing, but the effect sizes tended to be smaller. In the Cox models, there were similarly increased hazards of death for registered nurse understaffing (HR 1.09, 95% c.i. 1.07 to 1.12) and nurse assistant understaffing (HR 1.10, 1.08 to 1.13), whereas the effect size of registered nurse understaffing for readmission (HR 1.02, 1.02 to 1.03) was greater than that seen with nurse assistants (HR 1.01, 1.01 to 1.02).

Conclusion
Understaffing by both registered nurses and nursing assistants is associated with increased risks of a range of adverse events, and generally larger effects are seen with registered nurse understaffing.
Timing and type of breast reconstruction in SweBRO 3: long-term outcomes
Authors: Gümüscü Rojda , Wärnberg Fredrik , de Boniface Jana , Sund Malin , Åhsberg Kristina , Hansson Emma , Folkvaljon Folke , Unukovych Dmytro , Mani Maria 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Breast reconstruction after mastectomy helps women with breast cancer feel better about their bodies and lives. There is debate about the best time and type of reconstruction (immediate versus delayed, and using own tissue versus implants). Long-term studies are rare.

Aim
This study looked at long-term results of different breast reconstruction methods and timings in Swedish women who had mastectomies in 2000, 2005 or 2010. It focused on how satisfied the women were with their surgeries and their quality of life.

Method
The study included 5853 women from the Swedish National Breast Cancer Registry who had mastectomies in 2000, 2005 or 2010. Of these, 2904 women answered the survey, and 895 had breast reconstruction. Satisfaction and quality of life were measured using two surveys: EORTC QLQ-BRECON23 and BREAST-Q.

Results
Of the women who answered the survey, 895 (31%) had breast reconstruction. Of these, 176 (20%) had immediate reconstruction, and 719 (80%) had delayed reconstruction; 58% had implant-based reconstructions, 31% had reconstructions using their own tissue, 2% had both types and 9% did not report the type of reconstruction. There were no major differences in satisfaction between immediate and delayed reconstruction. Women who used their own tissue were more satisfied with their results and breast appearance than those with implants.

Conclusion
Autologous reconstruction leads to better satisfaction and outcomes than implants. The timing of reconstruction (immediate versus delayed) was less of an influence on quality of life.
Outcome of the novel description of arterial position changes after major liver resections: retrospective study
Authors: Abbasi Dezfouli Sepehr , Dooghaie Moghadam Arash , Mayer Philipp , Klauss Miriam , Kauczor Hans-Ulrich , Chang De-Hua , Golriz Mohammad , Mehrabi Arianeb , Hellbach Katharina 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
After major liver resections, anatomical shifts due to liver parenchymal hypertrophy and organ displacement can happen. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of these anatomical changes on the main abdominal arteries (coeliac trunk and superior mesenteric artery) and on patient outcomes.

Methods
All patients who underwent major liver resections (between January 2010 and July 2021) and who underwent preoperative and postoperative arterial-phase contrast-enhanced abdominal CT imaging were studied. Observed arterial position changes were classified into three groups: no position changes; class I position changes (vessel displacement with or without kinking with a vessel angle greater than 105°); and class II position changes (kinking less than or equal to 105°). The Mann–Whitney test and the Kruskal–Wallis test were used to compare continuous variables and the chi-squared test and Fisher’s exact test were used to compare categorical variables. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to identify the risk factors for morbidity and mortality.

Results
A total of 265 patients (149 men and median age of 59 years) were enrolled. Arterial position changes were detected in a total of 145 patients (54.7%) (99 patients (37%) with class I position changes and 46 patients (18%) with class II position changes) and were observed more often after extended resection and right-sided resection (P &lt; 0.001). Major complications were seen in 94 patients (35%) and the rate of mortality was 15% (40 patients died). Post-hepatectomy liver failure (P = 0.030), major complications (P &lt; 0.001), and mortality (P = 0.004) occurred more frequently in patients with class II position changes. In multivariable analysis, arterial position change was an independent risk factor for post-hepatectomy liver failure (OR 2.86 (95% c.i. 1.06 to 7.72); P = 0.038), major complications (OR 2.10 (95% c.i. 1.12 to 3.93); P = 0.020), and mortality (OR 2.39 (95% c.i. 1.03 to 5.56); P = 0.042).

Conclusion
Arterial position changes post-hepatectomy are observed in the majority of patients and are significantly related to postoperative morbidities and mortality.
Operative versus conservative management for inguinal hernia: a methodology scoping review of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Picciochi Maria , Lee Matthew J , Pathak Samir , Banks Jessica , Helliwell Jack A , Chapman Stephen J , Smart Neil , Chalmers Katy , Cousins Sian , Blencowe Natalie 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Introduction
There is a lack of consensus on the management of inguinal hernia with limited symptoms. To address this issue a systematic review of existing randomized clinical trials (RCTs) was performed to critically appraise all existing data on asymptomatic hernia management, focusing on generalizability.

Methods
A scoping review to identify all RCTs comparing surgical and conservative management of patients with inguinal hernias was undertaken. Medline, Embase, Cochrane and ClinicalTrials.gov databases were searched. Data collected included study characteristics and definitions of population, intervention/comparator, and outcomes; and limitations of each study were also extracted. The quality and generalizability of included RCTs were evaluated using Cochrane’s ROB-2 and the PRECIS-2 tool, respectively.

Results
Searches returned 661 papers; 14 full-text papers were assessed and three RCTs were identified. All RCTs included only male patients with a mean age above 55 years. All RCTs included asymptomatic patients and two included those with minimal symptoms. Different definitions for ‘minimally symptomatic’ were used in RCTs and none provided details of what was meant by conservative treatment. Follow-up periods varied between studies (1, 2, 3 years). All RCTs had an overall high risk of bias. According to PRECIS-2, two RCTs were classified as pragmatic, and one was equally pragmatic and explanatory.

Discussion
This systematic review highlights a high risk of bias but a good generalizability of the findings from the RCTs conducted on minimally symptomatic inguinal hernia patients. To improve the guidelines for the management of this group of patients, more generalizable data are needed.
Plasma biomarkers in chronic single moderate–severe traumatic brain injury
Authors: Spitz Gershon , Hicks Amelia J , McDonald Stuart J , Dore Vincent , Krishnadas Natasha , O’Brien Terence J , O’Brien William T , Vivash Lucy , Law Meng , Ponsford Jennie L , Rowe Christopher , Shultz Sandy R 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Blood biomarkers are an emerging diagnostic and prognostic tool that reflect a range of neuropathological processes following traumatic brain injury (TBI). Their effectiveness in identifying long-term neuropathological processes after TBI is unclear. Studying biomarkers in the chronic phase is vital because elevated levels in TBI might result from distinct neuropathological mechanisms during acute and chronic phases. Here, we examine plasma biomarkers in the chronic period following TBI and their association with amyloid and tau PET, white matter microarchitecture, brain age and cognition.
We recruited participants ≥40 years of age who had suffered a single moderate–severe TBI ≥10 years previously between January 2018 and March 2021. We measured plasma biomarkers using single molecule array technology [ubiquitin C-terminal hydrolase L1 (UCH-L1), neurofilament light (NfL), tau, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and phosphorylated tau (P-tau181)]; PET tracers to measure amyloid-β (18F-NAV4694) and tau neurofibrillary tangles (18F-MK6240); MRI to assess white matter microstructure and brain age; and the Rey Auditory Verbal Learning Test to measure verbal-episodic memory.
A total of 90 post-TBI participants (73% male; mean = 58.2 years) were recruited on average 22 years (range = 10–33 years) post-injury, and 32 non-TBI control participants (66% male; mean = 57.9 years) were recruited. Plasma UCH-L1 levels were 67% higher {exp(b) = 1.67, P = 0.018, adjusted P = 0.044, 95% confidence interval (CI) [10% to 155%], area under the curve = 0.616} and P-tau181 were 27% higher {exp(b) = 1.24, P = 0.011, adjusted P = 0.044, 95% CI [5% to 46%], area under the curve = 0.632} in TBI participants compared with controls. Amyloid and tau PET were not elevated in TBI participants. Higher concentrations of plasma P-tau181, UCH-L1, GFAP and NfL were significantly associated with worse white matter microstructure but not brain age in TBI participants. For TBI participants, poorer verbal-episodic memory was associated with higher concentration of P-tau181 {short delay: b = −2.17, SE = 1.06, P = 0.043, 95% CI [−4.28, −0.07]; long delay: bP-tau = −2.56, SE = 1.08, P = 0.020, 95% CI [−4.71, −0.41]}, tau {immediate memory: bTau = −6.22, SE = 2.47, P = 0.014, 95% CI [−11.14, −1.30]} and UCH-L1 {immediate memory: bUCH-L1 = −2.14, SE = 1.07, P = 0.048, 95% CI [−4.26, −0.01]}, but was not associated with functional outcome.
Elevated plasma markers related to neuronal damage and accumulation of phosphorylated tau suggest the presence of ongoing neuropathology in the chronic phase following a single moderate–severe TBI. Plasma biomarkers were associated with measures of microstructural brain disruption on MRI and disordered cognition, further highlighting their utility as potential objective tools to monitor evolving neuropathology post-TBI.
Torpor expression and patterns in 3 sympatric rodents from Inner Mongolia
Authors: Chi Qing-Sheng , Sukhchuluun Gansukh , Wen Jing , Wang De-Hua , Geiser Fritz 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The diversity of rodents in Asian deserts is high. Nevertheless, little is known about their use of daily torpor and hibernation, which are employed by many small mammals worldwide for energy and water conservation to permit survival under adverse environmental conditions. We quantified for the first time, using temperature transponders and data loggers, long-term torpor expression and patterns in sympatric desert hamsters Phodopus roborovskii, striped hamsters Cricetulus barabensis and 3-toed jerboas Dipus sagitta under controlled conditions. Animals were live-trapped in Inner Mongolia in August and held in captivity under short photoperiods and low ambient temperatures (Tas) for about 6 months. Both hamster species (~half of individuals) expressed spontaneous (food available) daily torpor. Daily torpor in desert hamsters was less frequent and shallower than that in striped hamsters, which also had longer torpor bouts during torpor at Ta 15.8 ± 0.4 °C. Only one individual jerboa entered hibernation spontaneously at Ta 6.2 ± 0.5°C, but all hibernated after food deprivation. The 2 hamster species only slightly changed their body mass during the acclimation, whereas jerboas greatly increased their body mass by 27.9% during the first 2 months of acclimation probably as a preparation for the hibernating season. Our data show that short photoperiod and moderately low Ta induces spontaneous daily torpor in the 2 hamster species, suggesting that it is used regularly in the wild. Hibernation in Jerboas occurred at Ta 6.2 ± 0.5 °C especially when food was withheld suggesting limited food availability is the proximate trigger of their hibernation.