bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
GM1‐Gangliosid hemmt die β‐Amyloid‐Oligomerisation, während Sphingomyelin diese initiiert
Authors: Amaro Mariana , Šachl Radek , Aydogan Gokcan , Mikhalyov Ilya I. , Vácha Robert , Hof Martin 
Published: June 2016

Abstractβ‐Amyloid(Aβ)‐Oligomere sind neurotoxisch und werden mit der Alzheimer‐Krankheit in Verbindung gebracht. Es wird davon ausgegangen, dass neuronale Plasmamembranen die Entstehung dieser Aβ‐Oligomere im lebenden Organismus verursachen. In Studien unter extremen, unphysiologischen Bedingungen wurde gezeigt, dass die Membrankomponenten Sphingomyelin und Gangliosid‐GM1 die Aggregation von Aβ begünstigen. Hier zeigen wir, dass physiologischen Konzentrationen von GM1‐Molekülen, die in Nanodomänen organisiert sind, die Oligomerisation von Aβ40‐Monomeren nicht begünstigen. Wir zeigen ebenfalls, dass das Lipid Sphingomyelin die Oligomerisation von Aβ40 initiiert und dass GM1 dem entgegenwirkt und somit der Oligomerisation vorbeugt. Die präventive Rolle von GM1 in der Oligomerisation von Aβ40 deutet darauf hin, dass sinkende Konzentrationen von GM1 im Gehirn, welche z. B. während des Altern festgestellt wurden, den Schutz gegen Aβ‐Oligomerisation beeinträchtigen und zur Alzheimer‐Krankheit führen könnten.
Three‐Dimensional Control of DNA Hybridization by Orthogonal Two‐Color Two‐Photon Uncaging
Authors: Fichte Manuela A. H. , Weyel Xenia M. M. , Junek Stephan , Schäfer Florian , Herbivo Cyril , Goeldner Maurice , Specht Alexandre , Wachtveitl Josef , Heckel Alexander 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe successfully introduced two‐photon‐sensitive photolabile groups ([7‐(diethylamino)coumarin‐4‐yl]methyl and p‐dialkylaminonitrobiphenyl) into DNA strands and demonstrated their suitability for three‐dimensional photorelease. To visualize the uncaging, we used a fluorescence readout based on double‐strand displacement in a hydrogel and in neurons. Orthogonal two‐photon uncaging of the two cages is possible, thus enabling complex scenarios of three‐dimensional control of hybridization with light.
Aerobic Radical‐Cascade Alkylation/Cyclization of α,β‐Unsaturated Amides: an Efficient Approach to Quaternary Oxindoles
Authors: Biswas Promita , Paul Subhasis , Guin Joyram 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn efficient method for the aerobic radical‐cascade alkylation/cyclization of α,β‐unsaturated amides to afford functionalized oxindoles with a C3 quaternary stereocenter is described. The process is based on the generation of valuable alkyl radicals through sustainable aerobic C−H activation of aldehydes followed by decarbonylation using O2as the sole oxidant. This method features a broad substrate scope, inexpensive alkyl radical precursors, and convenient reagents. Finally, the method was successfully applied to the synthesis of alkyl analogues of tetrahydrofuranoindoline and (±)‐esermethole.
Mechanistic Characterisation of Two Sesquiterpene Cyclases from the Plant Pathogenic Fungus Fusarium fujikuroi
Authors: Burkhardt Immo , Siemon Thomas , Henrot Matthias , Studt Lena , Rösler Sarah , Tudzynski Bettina , Christmann Mathias , Dickschat Jeroen S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTwo sesquiterpene cyclases from Fusarium fujikuroi were expressed in Escherichia coli and purified. The first enzyme was inactive because of a critical mutation, but activity was restored by sequence correction through site‐directed mutagenesis. The mutated enzyme and two naturally functional homologues from other fusaria converted farnesyl diphosphate into guaia‐6,10(14)‐diene. The second enzyme produced eremophilene. The absolute configuration of guaia‐6,10(14)‐diene was elucidated by enantioselective synthesis, while that of eremophilene was evident from the sign of its optical rotation and is opposite to that in plants but the same as in Sorangium cellulosum. The mechanisms of both terpene cyclases were studied with various 13C‐ and 2H‐labelled FPP isotopomers.
Demographic Change in the Asian Century: Implications for Australia and the Region
Authors: McDonald Peter 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDeclining fertility and mortality rates in the second half of the twentieth century have led to the twenty‐first century being characterised as the century of the aging population. Concurrently, the decline in the numbers of young people entering the labour force is exacerbating the problems arising from the aging population. Implications of these trends are analysed for a variety of Asian countries. Labour force growth in India and Pakistan will be sufficient to compensate for the shrinking labour forces in Europe and Asia excluding the massive fall in China; outsourcing labour to South Asia will be an increasing trend in the twenty‐first century. The Asian countries with less problematic demographic structures are instead facing economic challenges and require education and training to improve labour productivity.
Implications of Australia's Population Policy for Future Greenhouse Gas Emissions Targets
Authors: Bradshaw Corey J. A. , Brook Barry W. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAustralia's high per capita emissions rates makes it is a major emitter of anthropogenic greenhouse gases, but its low intrinsic growth rate means that future increases in population size will be dictated by net overseas immigration. We constructed matrix models and projected the population to 2100 under six different immigration scenarios. A constant 1 per cent proportional immigration scenario would result in 53 million people by 2100, producing 30.7 Gt CO2‐e over that interval. Zero net immigration would achieve approximate population stability by mid‐century and produce 24.1 Gt CO2‐e. Achieving a 27 per cent reduction in annual emissions by 2030 would require a 1.5‐ to 2.0‐fold reduction in per‐capita emissions; an 80 per cent reduction by 2050 would require a 5.8‐ to 10.2‐fold reduction. Australia's capacity to limit its future emissions will therefore depend primarily on a massive technological transformation of its energy sector, but business‐as‐usual immigration rates will make achieving meaningful mid‐century targets more difficult.
Evaluating the impacts of small impoundments on stream salamanders
Authors: Kirchberg Jeffery , Cecala kristen K. , Price Steven J. , White Emily M. , Haskell David G. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Large dams have been repeatedly implicated in declines of riverine species, but the impacts of small dams are largely understudied. The placement of small dams (< 5 m high) on headwater streams, their density, and lack of regulation suggests that these dams may also have significant adverse impacts on headwater biota.
The objective of this study was to determine whether small impoundments affect downstream salamander abundance and water quality. Salamanders were identified and counted from 10 paired catchments draining either a small impoundment (< 0.8 ha) or a free‐flowing stream. A binomial mixture model was used to estimate abundance after accounting for incomplete detection.
Estimated abundance of larval Desmognathus conanti, Eurycea wilderae, and Pseudotriton ruber was 3.9, 19.6, and 9.8 times greater downstream of small impoundments than in unaltered streams. Iron concentrations and pH had positive effects on salamander abundance while conductivity was negatively associated with salamander abundance.
Increases in abundance may be due to increased hydrologic stability below dams, different geomorphology, and altered water quality. Despite their small size, small impoundments can have localized, downstream effects on water chemistry and species abundance and may create high quality habitat for some stream species in a heterogeneous landscape.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Stability and Control of Fractional Chaotic Complex Networks with Mixed Interval Uncertainties
Authors: Zhang Hao , Wang Xing‐yuan , Lin Xiao‐hui 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis paper investigates the stability and control in fractional complex networks with inner and outer interval uncertainties. Each node is defined as a chaotic system. Stability theorems for fractional order 0 < α < 1 and 1 ≤ α < 2 are derived in the chaotic complex network. Instead of removing the nonlinear part directly, for a class of nonlinear function, we use an interval matrix to deal with this problem. By using the Kronecker product and LMI toolbox, stability conditions are provided in terms of linear matrix inequalities, and feasible feedback controllers are solved. In numerical simulations, two examples (real‐valued complex network and complex‐valued complex network) are provided to demonstrate the robustness and effectiveness of our methods.
Downregulation of miR‐133b predict progression and poor prognosis in patients with urothelial carcinoma of bladder
Authors: Chen Xiaonan , Wu Bin , Xu Zhenqun , Li Shijie , Tan Shutao , Liu Xuefeng , Wang Kefeng 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe found microRNA‐133b (miR‐133b) was downregulated in urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) tissues, and it could inhibit the proliferation and induce apoptosis in UCB cells. Consequently, we intend to explore the clinical significance of miR‐133b in UCB patients. Expression of miR‐133b in 146 UCB specimens and matched adjacent non‐neoplastic bladder tissues were measured by quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction. The overall survival (OS) curve and progression‐free survival (PFS) curve were plotted using the Kaplan–Meier method. Prognostic factors for OS and PFS were identified by univariate and multivariate analyses using the Cox proportional hazards regression model. The expression of miR‐133b was significantly downregulated in UCB tissues compared with those in adjacent non‐neoplastic bladder tissues (P < 0.001). Among UCB patients, low expression of miR‐133b significantly correlated with aggressive clinicopathological features. Multivariate analysis indicated that the expression of miR‐133b was the independent prognostic factors for predicting PFS (RR: 2.97; 95% CI: 1.78–6.44; P = 0.009) and OS (RR: 4.23; 95% CI: 1.51–11.8; P = 0.011) in patients with UCB. Our study demonstrated that downregulation of miR‐133b associated with aggressive clinicopathological features and predicted unfavorable prognosis in patients with UCB, might serve as feasible biomarker for clinical outcome of UCB patients after surgery and potential therapeutic target in the future.
Phosphorescent Platinum(II) Complexes with Mesoionic 1H‐1,2,3‐Triazolylidene Ligands
Authors: Soellner Johannes , Tenne Mario , Wagenblast Gerhard , Strassner Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe synthesis and characterization of eight unprecedented phosphorescent C^C* cyclometalated mesoionic aryl‐1,2,3‐triazolylidene platinum(II) complexes with different β‐diketonate ligands are reported. All compounds proved to be strongly emissive at room temperature in poly(methyl methacrylate) films with an emitter concentration of 2 wt %. The observed photoluminescence properties were strongly dependent on the substitution on the aryl system and the β‐diketonate ligand. Compared to acetylacetonate, the β‐diketonates with aromatic substituents (mesityl and duryl) were found to significantly enhance the quantum yield while simultaneously reducing the emission lifetimes. Characterization was carried out by standard techniques, as well as solid‐state structure determination, which confirmed the binding mode of the carbene ligand. DFT calculations, carried out to predict the emission wavelength with maximum intensity, were in excellent agreement with the (later) obtained experimental data.
Sex Hormones and Cognition: Neuroendocrine Influences on Memory and Learning
Authors: Hamson Dwayne K. , Roes Meighen M. , Galea Liisa A. M. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTSex differences in neurological disease exist in incidence, severity, progression, and symptoms and may ultimately influence treatment. Cognitive disturbances are frequent in neuropsychiatric disease with men showing greater cognitive impairment in schizophrenia, but women showing more severe dementia and cognitive decline with Alzheimer's disease. Although there are no overall differences in intelligence between the sexes, men, and women demonstrate slight but consistent differences in a number of cognitive domains. These include a male advantage, on average, in some types of spatial abilities and a female advantage on some measures of verbal fluency and memory. Sex differences in traits or behaviors generally indicate the involvement of sex hormones, such as androgens and estrogens. We review the literature on whether adult levels of testosterone and estradiol influence spatial ability in both males and females from rodent models to humans. We also include information on estrogens and their ability to modulate verbal memory in men and women. Estrone and progestins are common components of hormone therapies, and we also review the existing literature concerning their effects on cognition. We also review the sex differences in the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex as they relate to cognitive performance in both rodents and humans. There has been greater recognition in the scientific literature that it is important to study both sexes and also to analyze study findings with sex as a variable. Only by examining these sex differences can we progress to finding treatments that will improve the cognitive health of both men and women. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:1295‐1337, 2016.
Neurophysiology of Skin Thermal Sensations
Authors: Filingeri Davide 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTUndoubtedly, adjusting our thermoregulatory behavior represents the most effective mechanism to maintain thermal homeostasis and ensure survival in the diverse thermal environments that we face on this planet. Remarkably, our thermal behavior is entirely dependent on the ability to detect variations in our internal (i.e., body) and external environment, via sensing changes in skin temperature and wetness. In the past 30 years, we have seen a significant expansion of our understanding of the molecular, neuroanatomical, and neurophysiological mechanisms that allow humans to sense temperature and humidity. The discovery of temperature‐activated ion channels which gate the generation of action potentials in thermosensitive neurons, along with the characterization of the spino‐thalamo‐cortical thermosensory pathway, and the development of neural models for the perception of skin wetness, are only some of the recent advances which have provided incredible insights on how biophysical changes in skin temperature and wetness are transduced into those neural signals which constitute the physiological substrate of skin thermal and wetness sensations. Understanding how afferent thermal inputs are integrated and how these contribute to behavioral and autonomic thermoregulatory responses under normal brain function is critical to determine how these mechanisms are disrupted in those neurological conditions, which see the concurrent presence of afferent thermosensory abnormalities and efferent thermoregulatory dysfunctions. Furthermore, advancing the knowledge on skin thermal and wetness sensations is crucial to support the development of neuroprosthetics. In light of the aforementioned text, this review will focus on the peripheral and central neurophysiological mechanisms underpinning skin thermal and wetness sensations in humans. © 2016 American Physiological Society.Compr Physiol6:1279‐1294, 2016.
Multispectral flow cytometry: The consequences of increased light collection
Authors: Feher Kristen , von Volkmann Konrad , Kirsch Jenny , Radbruch Andreas , Popien Jan , Kaiser Toralf 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn recent years, multispectral flow cytometry systems have come to attention. They differ from conventional flow cytometers in two key ways: a multispectral flow cytometer collects the full spectral information at the single cell level and the detector configuration is fixed and not explicitly tuned to a particular staining panel. This brings about clear hardware advantages, as a closed system should be highly stable, and ease‐of‐use should be improved if used in conjunction with custom unmixing software. An open question remains: what are the benefits of multispectral over conventional flow cytometry in terms of sensitivity and resolution? To probe this, we use Q (detection efficiency) and B (background) values and develop a novel “multivariate population overlap factor” to characterize the cytometer performance. To verify the usefulness of our factor, we perform representative experiments and compare our overlap factor to Q and B. Finally, we conclude that the increased light collection of multispectral flow cytometry does indeed lead to increased sensitivity, an improved detection limit, and a higher resolution. © 2016 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Can molecular DNA‐based techniques unravel the truth about diabetic foot infections?
Authors: Malone M. , Gosbell I. B. , Dickson H. G. , Vickery K. , Espedido B. A. , Jensen S. O. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryDiabetes foot infections are a common condition and a major causal pathway to lower extremity amputation. Identification of causative pathogens is vital in directing antimicrobial therapy. Historically, clinicians have relied upon culture‐dependent techniques that are now acknowledged as both being selective for microorganisms that thrive under the physiological and nutritional constraints of the microbiology laboratory and that grossly underestimate the microbial diversity of a sample. The amplification and sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene has revealed a diversity of microorganisms in diabetes foot infections, extending the view of the diabetic foot microbiome. The interpretation of these findings and their relevance to clinical care remains largely unexplored. The advent of molecular methods that are culture‐independent and employ massively parallel DNA sequencing technology represents a potential ‘game changer’. Metagenomics and its shotgun approach to surveying all DNA within a sample (whole genome sequencing) affords the possibility to characterize not only the microbial diversity within a diabetes foot infection (i.e. ‘which microorganisms are present’) but the biological functions of the community such as virulence and pathogenicity (i.e. ‘what are the microorganisms capable of doing’), moving the focus from single species as pathogens to groups of species. This review will examine the new molecular techniques for exploration of the microbiome of infected and uninfected diabetic foot ulcers, exploring the potential of these new technologies and postulating how they could translate to improved clinical care. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Thermal reaction norms can surmount evolutionary constraints: comparative evidence across leaf beetle species
Authors: Kutcherov Dmitry 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOne of the leitmotifs of the ecophysiological research on ectotherms is the variation and evolution of thermal reaction norms for biological rates. This long‐standing issue is crucial both for our understanding of life‐history diversification and for predicting the phenology of economically important species. A number of properties of the organism's thermal phenotype have been identified as potential constraints on the evolution of the rate–temperature relationship. This comparative study addresses several such constraints by testing whether the actual interspecific variation of thermal reaction norms across nearly hundred leaf beetle species agrees with the expected patterns. The results show that developmental rate and its temperature‐dependent parameters are similar in closely related species and that the variation pattern depends on the taxonomic scale, the thermal reaction norms being mostly parallel for the representatives of distant subclades but intersecting more often farther down the phylogenetic tree. The parallel shift disagrees with the putative ubiquity of a positive slope–threshold relationship, whereby thermal reaction norms should normally intersect, and even more contradicts with the common‐intersection hypothesis. The ability to develop in cooler conditions is not traded off at higher temperatures, which is an exception to the “warmer is better” principle. A comparison of high‐ and low‐quality data indicates that some of these discrepancies with earlier findings may stem from a likely presence of noise in previous analyses, which may have affected the variation patterns observed. Overall, the failure to support the universality of the predicted patterns suggests that the evolution of thermal reaction norms in leaf beetles has largely overcome the hypothesized constraints.
Molecular tracking of individual host use in the Shiny Cowbird – a generalist brood parasite
Authors: de la Colina Ma Alicia , Hauber Mark E. , Strausberger Bill M. , Reboreda Juan Carlos , Mahler Bettina 
Published: June 2016

AbstractGeneralist parasites exploit multiple host species at the population level, but the individual parasite's strategy may be either itself a generalist or a specialist pattern of host species use. Here, we studied the relationship between host availability and host use in the individual parasitism patterns of the Shiny CowbirdMolothrus bonariensis, a generalist avian obligate brood parasite that parasitizes an extreme range of hosts. Using five microsatellite markers and an 1120‐bp fragment of the mtDNAcontrol region, we reconstructed full‐sibling groups from 359 cowbird eggs and chicks found in nests of the two most frequent hosts in our study area, the Chalk‐browed MockingbirdMimus saturninusand the House WrenTroglodytes aedon. We were able to infer the laying behavior of 17 different females a posteriori and found that they were mostly faithful to a particular laying area and host species along the entire reproductive season and did not avoid using previously parasitized nests (multiple parasitism) even when other nests were available for parasitism. Moreover, we found females using the same host nest more than once (repeated parasitism), which had not been previously reported for this species. We also found few females parasitizing more than one host species. The use of an alternative host was not related to the main hosts' nest availability. Overall, female shiny cowbirds use a spatially structured and host species specific approach for parasitism, but they do so nonexclusively, resulting in both detectable levels of multiple parasitism and generalism at the level of individual parasites.