bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Iodine‐125 seeds to guide removal of impalpable breast lesions: radio‐guided occult lesion localization – a pilot study
Authors: Bourke Anita G. , Taylor Donna B. , Westcott Eliza , Hobbs Max , Saunders Christobel 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe aim of this study was to confirm that radio‐guided occult lesion localization using low activity iodine 125 (I‐125) seeds (ROLLIS) could be safely and accurately used for localization and guided excision of impalpable breast lesions in different multidisciplinary settings and to prepare staff for a randomized controlled trial.MethodPreoperative image‐guided localization of 102 lesions using one or two I‐125 seeds with hook‐wire back‐up was performed in 99 participants at two tertiary hospitals. Preoperative core biopsy in 24 lesions was benign or indeterminate (Group A) and malignant in 78 lesions (Group B). Imaging and histopathology findings and re‐excision rates were recorded. Training requirements for new staff and seed handling protocols were refined.ResultsAll seeds and lesions were successfully removed. In five of 23 Group A participants, malignancy on final pathology required definitive surgery for positive margins. The re‐excision rate in Group B was 17%. Overall re‐excision rate was 18%. Thirty‐seven clinical staff members were trained. Sentinel node localization was successful in all 76 cases. Seeds of low activity were successfully used.ConclusionThe ROLLIS technique using a lower dose (∼2 MBq) seed is safe, effective and can easily be adopted in a large multi‐disciplinary setting.
Free‐flap salvage: muscle only versus skin paddle – an Australian experience
Authors: Dat Anthony D. , Loh Ian W. , Bruscino‐Raiola Frank 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundFree‐tissue transfer flaps are an effective reconstructive option for complex wounds; however, flap failure is a dreaded complication requiring timely re‐exploration and salvage. The aim of this study was to determine whether salvage rates were higher in skin flaps, as opposed to muscle flaps, due to the durability of the overlying skin paddle allowing for better visual post‐operative monitoring and more timely recognition of the threatened flap.MethodsWe conducted a retrospective analysis of all patients who underwent a free flap at an Australian tertiary centre between 2004 and 2014. Data were collected on patient demographics, indication, flap type, time of recognition of the threatened flap and re‐exploration outcome. Data were analysed using Stata version 13 (StataCorp, College Station, TX, USA). Student's t‐test, analysis of variance and Pearson's chi‐squared test were used to compare groups.ResultsThere were 560 patients who underwent 573 free flaps. The most common indication was trauma. There were 58 re‐explorations with a successful salvage rate of 79.3% (46/58). Overall complete flap loss rate was 2.1% (12/573). In flaps requiring re‐exploration, there was a higher complete flap loss rate for muscle only flaps versus those with a skin paddle (P‐value = 0.041).ConclusionWhile timely recognition and re‐exploration of the compromised free flap in the early postoperative setting is important in determining the flap salvage success, it is demonstrated that salvage rates are poorer for muscle only flaps compared with flaps with a skin paddle.
Habitual instigation and habitual execution: Definition, measurement, and effects on behaviour frequency
Authors: Gardner Benjamin , Phillips L. Alison , Judah Gaby 
Published: March 2016

Objectives‘Habit’ is a process whereby situational cues generate behaviour automatically, via activation of learned cue–behaviour associations. This article presents a conceptual and empirical rationale for distinguishing between two manifestations of habit in health behaviour, triggering selection and initiation of an action (‘habitual instigation’), or automating progression through subactions required to complete action (‘habitual execution’). We propose that habitual instigation accounts for habit–action relationships, and is the manifestation captured by the Self‐Report Habit Index (SRHI), the dominant measure in health psychology.DesignConceptual analysis and prospective survey.MethodsStudent participants (N = 229) completed measures of intentions, the original, non‐specific SRHI, an instigation‐specific SRHI variant, an execution‐specific variant, and, 1 week later, behaviour, in three health domains (flossing, snacking, and breakfast consumption). Effects of habitual instigation and execution on behaviour were modelled using regression analyses, with simple slope analysis to test habit–intention interactions. Relationships between instigation, execution, and non‐specific SRHI variants were assessed via correlations and factor analyses.ResultsThe instigation‐SRHI was uniformly more predictive of behaviour frequency than the execution‐SRHI and corresponded more closely with the original SRHI in correlation and factor analyses.ConclusionsFurther, experimental work is needed to separate the impact of the two habit manifestations more rigorously. Nonetheless, findings qualify calls for habit‐based interventions by suggesting that behaviour maintenance may be better served by habitual instigation and that disrupting habitual behaviour may depend on overriding habits of instigation. Greater precision of measurement may help to minimize confusion between habitual instigation and execution.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Habit is often used to understand, explain, and change health behaviour.

Making behaviour habitual has been proposed as a means of maintaining behaviour change.

Concerns have been raised about the extent to which health behaviour can be habitual.

What does this study add?

A conceptual and empirical rationale for discerning habitually instigated and habitually executed behaviour.

Results show habit–behaviour effects are mostly attributable to habitual instigation, not execution.

The most common habit measure, the Self‐Report Habit Index, measures habitual instigation, not execution.
Esthetic Outcome of Implant Supported Crowns With and Without Peri‐Implant Conditioning Using Provisional Fixed Prosthesis: A Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial
Authors: Furze David , Byrne Ashley , Alam Sonia , Wittneben Julia‐Gabriela 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundAchieving an optimal esthetic result using dental implants is challenging. Fixed implant‐supported provisional crowns are often used to customize the emergence profile and to individualize the surrounding peri‐implant soft tissue.PurposeThe objective of this study is to evaluate whether the use of a provisional implant‐supported crown leads to an esthetic benefit on implants that are placed in the esthetic zone. The null hypothesis is that there is no‐difference between the two study groups.Material and methodsTwenty single implants (Bone Level, Straumann AG, Basel, Switzerland) were inserted in consecutive patients. After reopening, a randomization process assigned them to either cohort group 1: a provisional phase with soft tissue conditioning using the “dynamic compression technique” or cohort group 2: without a provisional. Implants were finally restored with an all‐ceramic crown. Follow‐up examinations were performed at 3 and 12 months including implant success and survival, clinical, and radiographic parameters.ResultsAfter 1 year all implants successfully integrated, mean values of combined modPES and WES were 16.7 for group 1 and 10.5 for Group 2. This was statistically significant. Mean bone loss after 1 year was −0.09 and −0.08 for groups 1 and 2, respectively, without being statistically significant.ConclusionA provisional phase with soft tissue conditioning does improve the final esthetic result.
Geography of conservation spending, biodiversity, and culture
Authors: McClanahan T.R. , Rankin P.S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe used linear and multivariate models to examine the associations between geography, biodiversity, per capita economic output, national spending on conservation, governance, and cultural traits in 55 countries. Cultural traits and social metrics of modernization correlated positively with national spending on conservation. The global distribution of this spending culture was poorly aligned with the distribution of biodiversity. Specifically, biodiversity was greater in the tropics where cultures tended to spend relatively less on conservation and tended to have higher collectivism, formalized and hierarchical leadership, and weaker governance. Consequently, nations lacking social traits frequently associated with modernization, environmentalism, and conservation spending have the largest component of Earth's biodiversity. This has significant implications for setting policies and priorities for resource management given that biological diversity is rapidly disappearing and cultural traits change slowly. Therefore, we suggest natural resource management adapt to and use characteristics of existing social organization rather than wait for or promote social values associated with conservation spending. Supporting biocultural traditions, engaging leaders to increase conservation commitments, cross‐national efforts that complement attributes of cultures, and avoiding interference with nature may work best to conserve nature in collective and hierarchical societies. Spending in modernized nations may be a symbolic response to a symptom of economic development and environmental degradation, and here conservation actions need to ensure that biodiversity is not being lost.
Langerhans cell collections, but not eosinophils, are clues to a diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis in appropriate skin biopsies
Authors: Rosa Gabriela , Fernandez Anthony P. , Vij Alok , Sood Apra , Plesec Thomas , Bergfeld Wilma F. , Billings Steven D. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundLangerhans cell collections (LCCs) and eosinophils are traditionally considered histologic clues to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), but rigorous histologic analyses are limited. We correlated the presence of LCCs and eosinophils in skin biopsies with patch test results in patients evaluated for ACD.MethodsCharts of all patients patch tested and biopsied at one institution from 2011 to 2013 were reviewed. Biopsies had to have a diagnosis of either spongiotic dermatitis, psoriasiform dermatitis or mixed psoriasiform/spongiotic dermatitis. Various histologic parameters were assessed, including the presence of LCCs and number of eosinophils.DesignA total of 68 biopsies met study criteria. Of these, 27 (40%) had ≥1 LCC. Twenty‐one out of 27 (78%) with ≥1 LCC were patch test positive; 6 were patch test negative (22%). Of 41 cases with no LCCs, 23 were patch test positive (23/41, 56%) and 18 were patch test negative (18/41, 44%). LCCs were significantly more common in patch test positive patients (p = 0.046). Eosinophil count did not significantly differ in patch test positive and negative cases (p = 0.216).ConclusionLCCs are significantly more common in patch test positive cases. There were no differences with regards to presence of eosinophils between patch test positive and negative groups.
Four decades of parasitoid science
Authors: Godfray H. Charles J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMark Jervis made important contributions to our understanding of parasitoid biology over a career of around 40 years. This article explores major themes in the evolution of the subject over this period. It looks at the subfields of taxonomy, physiology and cell biology, behavioural and chemical ecology, population ecology, community ecology, and finally biological control, and asks what have been the major drivers of change in these fields. It also asks the degree to which parasitoid biology in these areas has been successful in advancing fundamental knowledge and in applying these insights, especially in agriculture.
Feeding behavior and performance of Nasonovia ribisnigri on grafts, detached leaves, and leaf disks of resistant and susceptible lettuce
Authors: ten Broeke Cindy J.M. , Dicke Marcel , van Loon Joop J.A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAphids are dependent on the phloem sap of plants as their only source of nutrients. Host‐plant resistance in lettuce, Lactuca sativa L. (Asteraceae), mediated by the Nr gene is used to control the lettuce aphid Nasonovia ribisnigri (Mosely) (Hemiptera: Aphididae). The resistance is located in the phloem; however, the exact mechanism of resistance is unknown. In this study, we investigated whether the resistance factor (or factors) is synthesized in the root or in the shoot. The feeding behavior and performance of avirulent N. ribisnigri were studied on grafts of resistant and susceptible lettuce. In addition, the persistence of resistance in excised lettuce tissue was measured, by studying the feeding behavior and performance of N. ribisnigri on detached leaves and leaf disks of resistant lettuce. It appears that the resistance factor encoded by the Nr gene is produced in the shoots: aphid feeding was reduced on resistant shoots grafted on susceptible roots, whereas aphids were able to feed on grafts of susceptible shoots on resistant roots. Partial loss of resistance was observed after detachment of leaves and excision of leaf disks from resistant plants. Aphids fed longer on excised resistant plant tissue compared with intact resistant plants; however, compared with excised plant tissue of the susceptible cultivar, the time spent on feeding was shorter, indicating resistance was not completely lost. Our findings caution against the use of excised leaf material for aphid resistance bioassays.
The involvement of protein kinase G inhibitor in regulation of apoptosis and autophagy markers in spatial memory deficit induced by Aβ
Authors: Shariatpanahi Marjan , Khodagholi Fariba , Ashabi Ghorbangol , Bonakdar Yazdi Behnoosh , Hassani Shokoufeh , Azami Kian , Abdollahi Mohammad , Noorbakhsh Farshid , Taghizadeh Ghorban , Sharifzadeh Mohammad 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe role of nitric oxide/protein kinase G (NO/PKG) in neurodegenerative disorders is controversial in different circumstances. PKG affects neurons both by itself and as a result of increased NO concentration. In this study, we examined the influence of PKG on spatial memory by intrahippocampal administration of three different concentrations of KT5823 as a PKG inhibitor. Morris water maze (MWM) was used for evaluation of behavioral alterations. We also measured the apoptosis and autophagy markers as two probable interfering pathways with PKG signaling by Western blot method. We found that in Aβ‐pretreated rats, intrahippocampus infusions of 2.5, 5, and 10 μm/side of KT5823 led to a significant reduction in escape latency and traveled distance comparing to Aβ‐treatment group. Our molecular findings indicated that KT5823 could induce autophagy and attenuate apoptotic markers at distinct doses. Here, we can conclude that in addition to other parameters, apoptosis, and autophagy in part have damaging and protective roles, respectively, in PKG signaling mechanisms. As autophagy‐related proteins lose their functions in neurodegenerative diseases, we can suggest that autophagy can be one of the therapeutic aims for remedy of Alzheimer's disease.
Comparative study of fatigue and fracture in friction stir and electron beam welds of 24 mm thick titanium alloy Ti‐6Al‐4 V
Authors: Edwards Paul D. , Ramulu M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this study, friction stir welding of Ti‐6Al‐4 V was demonstrated in 24 mm thickness material. The microstructure and mechanical properties, fatigue, fracture toughness and crack growth of these thick section friction stir welds were evaluated and compared with electron beam welds produced in the same thickness material. It was found that the friction stir welds possessed a relatively coarse lamellar alpha transformed beta microstructure because of slow cooling from above the transus temperature of the material. The electron beam welds had a fine acicular alpha structure as a result of rapid solidification. The friction stir welds possessed better ductility, fatigue life, fracture toughness and crack growth resistance than the base meal or electron beam welds. Thus, even though friction stir welding is a relatively new process, the performance benefits it offers for the fabrication of heavy gage primary structure make it a more attractive option than the more well‐established electron beam welding method.
Strong land‐use effects on the dispersal patterns of adult stream insects: implications for transfers of aquatic subsidies to terrestrial consumers
Authors: Carlson Peter E. , McKie Brendan G. , Sandin Leonard , Johnson Richard K. 
Published: March 2016

Summary

The dispersal of terrestrial adults of freshwater insects is a key process regulating the transfer resources from aquatic habitats to terrestrial consumers, including high‐quality lipids synthesised in the aquatic environment. However, the efficiency of these transfers depends strongly on both subsidy production in the aquatic source habitat and permeability of the aquatic–terrestrial boundary.

We assessed how land use (agriculture versus forest) affects stream riparian habitats and the dispersal of adult aquatic insects. Flying insects were sampled alongside eight streams (four agricultural, four forested) in central Sweden using sticky traps, placed from 1 up to 100 m from the stream edge. Environmental variables including temperature, wind, vegetation structure and canopy cover were also quantified.

Abundances of adult aquatic insects were greater at agricultural than at forested sites, but most (64%) were caught close to the stream edge. In contrast, catches of adult aquatic insects declined relatively little with increasing distance from the forest streams.

Overall, dispersal of the dominant aquatic insect order (Diptera) was positively associated with greater tree density and canopy shading and negatively associated with higher wind speeds and soil temperatures, more open habitats and steeper topographies. Taxonomic differences among assemblages, reflecting differing dispersal capacities, were also important, but less so than environmental factors.

Our results indicate that adult aquatic insects in our forested landscapes are more likely to subsidise near‐ground food webs at a greater distance from stream channels, whereas the abundant subsidy emerging from the agricultural sites is likely to be most influential near the stream channel. A key question for future research is whether the deposition of large quantities of aquatic subsidy in agricultural riparian habitats exceeds the resource requirements and processing capacities of terrestrial consumers.
Integrated landscape approaches to managing social and environmental issues in the tropics: learning from the past to guide the future
Authors: Reed James , Van Vianen Josh , Deakin Elizabeth L. , Barlow Jos , Sunderland Terry 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPoverty, food insecurity, climate change and biodiversity loss continue to persist as the primary environmental and social challenges faced by the global community. As such, there is a growing acknowledgement that conventional sectorial approaches to addressing often inter‐connected social, environmental, economic and political challenges are proving insufficient. An alternative is to focus on integrated solutions at landscape scales or ‘landscape approaches’. The appeal of landscape approaches has resulted in the production of a significant body of literature in recent decades, yet confusion over terminology, application and utility persists. Focusing on the tropics, we systematically reviewed the literature to: (i) disentangle the historical development and theory behind the framework of the landscape approach and how it has progressed into its current iteration, (ii) establish lessons learned from previous land management strategies, (iii) determine the barriers that currently restrict implementation of the landscape approach and (iv) provide recommendations for how the landscape approach can contribute towards the fulfilment of the goals of international policy processes. This review suggests that, despite some barriers to implementation, a landscape approach has considerable potential to meet social and environmental objectives at local scales while aiding national commitments to addressing ongoing global challenges.
A randomized study of very low‐dose factor VIII prophylaxis in severe haemophilia – A success story from a resource limited country
Authors: Verma S. P. , Dutta T. K. , Mahadevan S. , Nalini P. , Basu D. , Biswal N. , Ramesh A. , Charles D. , Vinod K. V. , Harichandra Kumar K. T. 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionCurrent factor prophylaxis strategy practised in developed countries is not feasible in resource constraint developing countries like India.AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of very low‐dose factor prophylaxis in India.MethodsChildren of 1–10 years of age with severe haemophilia were randomized to Prophylaxis group and Episodic (On demand) group. Children in prophylaxis group received very low‐dose factor VIII (FVIII) concentrate, i.e. 10 units kg−1 body weights on 2 days a week. Episodic group received factor concentrate in standard recommended doses. The study period was 11.5 months.ResultsIn total 21 children were enrolled in this study, 11 assigned to prophylaxis and 10 to episodic group. Children on prophylaxis had 11 joint bleeds in comparison to 57 joint bleeds in episodic group. Mean number of haemarthrosis per patient per month were 0.08 (0.08 ± 0.13) in prophylaxis group compared to 0.48 (0.48 ± 0.34) in episodic group (P < 0.05). Total FVIII consumption was 87.51 and 56.32 units kg−1 month−1 in prophylaxis and episodic group respectively (P = ns). Overall median hospital emergency visits were 1 day in prophylaxis group and 9 days in episodic group (P ≤ 0.05). Median days of absenteeism from school were 25 days in episodic group and 3 days in prophylaxis group (P < 0.05). No significant complications were noted in prophylaxis group and compliance was 98%.ConclusionTo conclude, low‐dose FVIII prophylaxis is cost effective, efficacious and a safe method of preventing joint bleeds and consequent joint damages.
Effects of moderate‐intensity physical exercise on pharmacokinetics of factor VIII and von Willebrand factor in young adults with severe haemophilia A: a pilot study
Authors: Zourikian N. , Merlen C. , Bonnefoy A. , St‐Louis J. , Rivard G. E. 
Published: March 2016

IntroductionIn persons with severe haemophilia A (pwshA), infused factor VIII (FVIII) half‐life can vary according to such determinants as blood group, von Willebrand factor (VWF) level or age; however, FVIII pharmacokinetics (PK) has not been well studied in pwshA during exercise.AimTo investigate FVIII PK in pwshA performing moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise.MethodsTwelve young‐adult pwshA with the intron‐22 inversion mutation, on relatively low‐dose FVIII prophylaxis regimens, and relatively good musculoskeletal status were recruited. Abbreviated PK of FVIII activity and von Willebrand factor antigen (VWF:Ag) level were compared – during rest, and with 60‐min exercise (2 × 15 min each of moderate‐intensity stationary cycling and treadmill walking). During rest and exercise visits, a baseline blood specimen was drawn, routine prophylaxis FVIII infused; then six blood specimens were taken over the following 24 h.ResultsFor all subjects, mean half‐life of infused FVIII did not change significantly with exercise vs. at rest (577 ± 190 vs. 614 ± 163 min; P = 0.4131). VWF:Ag rose transiently by 40–50% for 6–8 h with exercise (P < 0.01), particularly in non‐O blood group subjects. No musculoskeletal bleeds occurred during the study.ConclusionFour × 15 min of moderate‐intensity aerobic exercise increased VWF:Ag levels for 6–8 h, and showed no evidence of accelerated FVIII clearance or of musculoskeletal bleeding in these young‐adult pwshA with relatively good musculoskeletal status, on relatively low‐dose FVIII prophylaxis regimens. However, O blood group impact would merit larger studies, with longer durations of similar or more vigorous exercise intensities.