bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Law and the Expansion of LGBTI Rights in Colombia and the Americas
Authors: Albarracín-Caballero Mauricio , Shaw Ari 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter argues that the expansion of lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and intersex (LGBTI) rights in the Americas has developed simultaneously in domestic and international law, strategically driven by legal mobilization from social movement organizations to create complementary and mutually reinforcing norms at both levels. An examination of the case of Colombia illustrates how international law can be used as a strategic tool in domestic litigation and how activists worked through international institutions to both consolidate national gains and develop precedents for future litigation. Domestic courts have relied on international law to buttress and legitimize more expansive interpretations of LGBTI rights, and international jurists have invoked domestic law to ground their judgments in national legal and constitutional developments. While certain dynamics are unique to the trajectory of LGBTI rights in Colombia, the case offers insights into how international law can, under some conditions, impact the spread of LGBTI rights more broadly throughout the region.
Byron’s Letters
Authors: Howe Anthony 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis essay considers the publication history, the evolving critical reception, and the relation to a growing body of scholarship on Romantic period epistolary culture of Byron’s letters. Byron’s immersion in this epistolary culture is examined in detail. The essay sets out, and proceeds to interrogate, the well-established view that the letters are equal to, and perhaps exceed, much of Byron’s poetry as literary performances. The essay also considers the letters chronologically, as representing different periods of Byron’s life, with a particular focus on the effect of fame on the poet’s sense of audience and the letters’ relation to travel writing. The later letters to John Murray, more coterie than private writing, are given detailed consideration. Close readings of particular letters set out some of the literary qualities that distinguish this unique body of epistolary writing.
The Textuality and Intertextuality ofDon Juan, Cantos XIII–XVII
Authors: Stabler Jane 
Published: October 2024

Abstract‘Somewhere or other’, George Orwell wrote at the start of his Notes on Nationalism, ‘Byron makes use of the French word longueur, and remarks in passing that though in England we happen not to have the word, we have the thing in considerable profusion.’ This chapter looks at Byron’s use of travelogue in the English and Norman Abbey cantos of Don Juan. It begins with Orwell’s perceptions about vagrant life in England in Down and Out in Paris and London, and focuses on details in Byron’s manuscripts which were omitted from the published cantos. Orwell and Byron are similarly concerned with the exposure of social inequality and establishment cant through a close attention to linguistic conventions and to things. The evolution of swearing, the persistence of ghost stories, the poverty that exists in a wealthy nation, and soul-destroying ennui emerge as a vital satiric legacy 100 years after Byron was writing.
Byron and World Literature
Authors: Tuite Clara 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis essay considers how Byron’s life, work, and reception presides over the transformation of Enlightenment ideals of cosmopolitanism and worldliness into a form of global Romanticism that anticipates Goethe’s coinage ideal of Weltliteratur. A new regime of imperial global modernity provided the broader context for the emergence of world literature, which coincides with the reordering of Europe that followed the Napoleonic Wars. In this sense, Goethe’s ‘epoch’ of world literature is also the epoch in which capitalism and imperialism combined to form what Immanuel Wallerstein has called the modern ‘world-system’. A critical feature of the story of Byron and world literature is thus the history of a new commercially driven form of English imperialism that both collaborates with and gains ascendancy over the Habsburg empire after the Napoleonic Wars. This essay explores how Byron’s work straddles Enlightenment cosmopolitanism and Romantic world literature in part through a complex repurposing of Orientalism. It considers Byron’s distinctive form of global Romanticism in relation to this Enlightenment legacy, tracking how Byron transforms a lived experience and poetic practice of cosmopolitan citizenship of the world into a dynamic, immersive cross-cultural world literature that is also a strenuous satirical critique of the post-Napoleonic world-system and its new imperialisms.
Byron the Aristocrat
Authors: Beckett John 
Published: October 2024

AbstractByron was an English peer with a landed estate centred on Newstead Abbey, Nottinghamshire. The title of Baron entitled him to be called Lord Byron, or (among his fellow peers) simply Byron. It also gave him an automatic right to a seat in the House of Lords from his twenty-first birthday for life. He was never one of the grandees. The Byrons were poor in aristocratic terms, but even so, the status, and the seat in Parliament, were undeniable. Had Byron never written a single stanza of passable poetry he would have been, and have remained, an aristocrat. The chapter explores how Byron became an aristocrat, how he executed the position, and how, following his self-imposed exile from Britain in 1816, he went on to live an aristocratic life in Italy and Greece. After his death his reputation spread across Europe. The chapter ends with an assessment of how his life and writing were shaped by his aristocratic values.
Epiphenomenal and True Non-Iterative Vowel Harmony
Authors: McCollum Adam G. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the (non-)iterativity of vowel harmony patterns, and goes on to explain how to model non-iterativity within Optimality Theory. In rule-based terms, an iterative rule is one whose output feeds further application of the rule, while a non-iterative rule does not feed itself. As noted by Kisseberth, modeling such patterns is a challenge for Optimality Theory. Five types of patterns that apply within a domain strictly smaller than the word are examined. Four of these support the claim of Kaplan that apparent non-iterativity can be derived via other well-motivated patterns in the relevant language. However, data from the Central dialect of Crimean Tatar supports the case that harmony may be truly non-iterative, which suggests that iterativity must be choice in the phonological grammar.
Non-Alternating, Non-Participating, And Idiosyncratic Vowels
Authors: Krämer Martin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter gives an overview of the non-harmonic and exceptional aspects of vowel harmony patterns, in which, for example, vowels neither alternate or participate as triggers; are disharmonic or anti-harmonic; vacillate in their behavior; or, exceptionally, trigger harmonization. The classic typology of non-harmonic vowels labels them as neutral, and these neutral vowels are in turn subdivided into either transparent or opaque categories. As will be seen in this chapter, this classification is too simple to describe all systemically and idiosyncratically exceptional vowels. The chapter’s initial typological overview is followed by a discussion of the different types of approaches to these phenomena.
Vowel Harmony in Gesture-Based Phonology
Authors: Smith Caitlin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of theories of vowel harmony (VH) that assume the gestures of Articulatory Phonology as units of representation. VH has guided advancements within the field of gestural phonology, including proposals for new gestural parameters and development of optimality theoretic grammars designed to operate over gestural representations. In addition, gestural representations provide a unique perspective on unanswered questions that arise in the study of VH. These include what kinds of constraints drive harmony, how to represent transparency to harmony, and how to account for cases of exceptionality in the application of harmony. The chapter begins by describing the gesture as a unit of representation, and then goes on to describe several proposed gestural theories of VH, both hybrid featural and gestural theories and purely gestural theories.
The Computational Power of Harmonic Forms
Authors: Aksënova Alëna , Rawski Jonathan , Graf Thomas , Heinz Jeffrey 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the nature of vowel harmony (VH) from a computational perspective. In particular, it considers the dependencies present in surface forms of phonological representations obeying various types of harmony. It situates this typological landscape of dependencies within a corresponding landscape of computational functions. The precise nature of these functions gives us a principled window into the characteristic similarities and differences between harmony types. It goes on to show that this landscape is restricted, and that VH is tightly constrained typologically, describing how the interactions of these functions elucidate key properties of harmonic systems, and how these properties enable new avenues for typological and computational work.
Vowel Harmony in Semitic Languages
Authors: Khan Geoffrey 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes various harmonic processes that are found in Semitic languages. The majority of these are not strictly speaking cases of vowel harmony (VH), if this is defined as an unbounded (‘iterative’) rule that affects all and typically only vowels (as triggers and targets) in a ‘word.’ This applies, for example, to pharyngealization (‘emphasis’) and various forms of local harmonic processes. Several of the Semitic languages discussed here have been in contact with non-Semitic languages that exhibit VH. This has led to various degrees of convergence with the VH processes of these contact languages. Cases of harmonic processes can, however, be found elsewhere in Semitic where there is no clear evidence of them being induced by language contact. The languages discussed include Tigre, Tigrinya, Arabic, Hebrew, Akkadian, and Neo-Aramaic.
Vowel Harmony in Uralic Languages
Authors: Fejes László , Siptár Péter , Vago Robert M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter first gives a brief overview of vowel harmony (VH) in Proto-Uralic and of the diverse harmony systems of the present-day languages, and then the relevant languages are discussed one by one. Uralic languages are sometimes mentioned as languages with front-back VH in general, although many of them lack VH altogether. Even the existing harmony systems show a high degree of diversity, and closely related languages and even dialects often differ considerably in this respect. The languages (or groups of closely related languages) are presented according to their geographic location: from west to east. Special attention is paid to less well-known languages and to languages with less regular harmony systems. The authors focus on complexities, exceptions, and vacillating forms that can arguably reveal more about the nature of VH than completely regular cases do.
Kant on the Sublime
Authors: Zuckert Rachel 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter situates Kant’s view of the sublime within eighteenth-century discussion: Kant combines the displeasing, threatening character of sublime natural objects, emphasized by Edmund Burke, with the pleasingly elevating, cognitively and morally enhancing aspects of the experience of the sublime described by others (e.g., Moses Mendelssohn and Alexander Gerard). In the CPJ account, it argues, Kant not only presents this complex phenomenology of the sublime, but also attempts to explain it by reference to the activity of the cognitive faculties of imagination and reason: the subject experiences the object as overwhelming through engaging with it imaginatively, and is elevated because that felt inadequacy of the imagination calls to mind the vocation of reason, as superior to both the imagination and the natural object that frustrates it. Kant’s final task is to justify the claim in judgments of the sublime to universal subjective validity, on the grounds that such feelings arise from a ‘foundation in human nature’. Two clusters of scholarly questions concerning Kant’s account are then discussed: first, concerns about Kant’s claim that the truly sublime (admirable) object is the subject’s own mind, not the natural object that prompts the experience, and second, debates concerning the connection of the Kantian sublime to morality.
Kant on Education
Authors: Frierson Patrick R. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter lays out Kant’s approach to moral education, focusing on how Kant addresses the tension between the need to cultivate autonomy in those being educated and the centrality of respect for individuals’ own capacities for choice and judgment. Even as teachers seek to shape and cultivate their pupils towards genuine autonomy, those teachers must respect pupils’ agency; and moral education must in some way be at the same time an auto-education whereby individuals perfect themselves. The chapter lays out this tension and then discusses four features of Kantian moral education that reconcile respect for pupils and the cultivation of pupils’ autonomy in different ways: negative education, discipline, moral exemplars, and the moral catechism.
Potato β-aminobutyric acid receptor IBI1 manipulates VOZ1 and VOZ2 transcription factor activity to promote disease resistance
Authors: Yu Ruimin , Jin Yumeng , Liu Lang , Zhang Yonglin , Wu Xinya , Zuo Yingtao , Qi Yetong , Yang Zhu , Zhou Jing , Xu Meng , Nie Jiahui , Ding Biao , Birch Paul R J , Tian Zhendong 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Upon infection with nonpathogenic microorganisms or treatment with natural or synthetic compounds, plants exhibit a more rapid and potent response to both biotic and abiotic stresses. However, the molecular mechanisms behind this phenomenon, known as defense priming, are poorly understood. β-minobutyric acid (BABA) is an endogenous stress metabolite that enhances plant tolerance to various abiotic stresses and primes plant defense responses, providing the ability to resist a variety of pathogens (broad-spectrum resistance). In this study, we identified an aspartyl-tRNA synthetase (AspRS), StIBI1 (named after Arabidopsis IMPAIRED IN BABA-INDUCED IMMUNITY 1 [IBI1]), as a BABA receptor in Solanum tuberosum. We elucidated the regulatory mechanisms by which StIBI1 interacts with two NAC (NAM, ATAF1, 2, and CUC2) transcription factors (TFs), StVOZ1 and StVOZ2 (VASCULAR PLANT ONE ZINC FINGER [VOZ]), to activate BABA-induced resistance (BABA-IR). StVOZ1 represses, whereas StVOZ2 promotes, immunity to the late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans. Interestingly, BABA and StIBI1 influence StVOZ1- and StVOZ2-mediated immunity. StIBI1 interacts with StVOZ1 and StVOZ2 in the cytoplasm, reducing the nuclear accumulation of StVOZ1 and promoting the nuclear accumulation of StVOZ2. Our findings indicate that StVOZ1 and StVOZ2 finely regulate potato resistance to late blight through distinct signaling pathways. In summary, our study provides insights into the interaction between the potato BABA receptor StIBI1 and the TFs StVOZ1 and StVOZ2, which affects StVOZ1 and StVOZ2 stability and nuclear accumulation to regulate late blight resistance during BABA-IR. This research advances our understanding of the primary mechanisms of BABA-IR in potato and contributes to a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of potato late blight using BABA-IR.
Unveiling the hidden agenda: Biases in news reporting and consumption
Authors: Galeazzi Alessandro , Peruzzi Antonio , Brugnoli Emanuele , Delmastro Marco , Zollo Fabiana 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Recognizing the presence and impact of news outlets’ biases on public discourse is a crucial challenge. Biased news significantly shapes how individuals perceive events, potentially jeopardizing public and individual wellbeing. In assessing news outlet reliability, the focus has predominantly centered on narrative bias, sidelining other biases such as selecting events favoring specific perspectives (selection bias). Leveraging machine learning techniques, we have compiled a six-year dataset of articles related to vaccines, categorizing them based on narrative and event types. Employing a Bayesian latent space model, we quantify both selection and narrative biases in news outlets. Results show third-party assessments align with narrative bias but struggle to identify selection bias accurately. Moreover, extreme and negative perspectives attract more attention, and consumption analysis unveils shared audiences among ideologically similar outlets, suggesting an echo chamber structure. Quantifying news outlets’ selection bias is crucial for ensuring a comprehensive representation of global events in online debates.
Effects of Immunotoxicity biomarkers, essential elements and vitamin D levels on the severity levels of COVID-19 disease in Turkey
Authors: Secerlı Jülide , Çetinkaya Serdar , Leblebici İlknur Sıla , Özdemir Latif Alperen , Yücel Çiğdem , Karaismailoğlu Eda , Kara Umut , Özcan Aydan , Öcal Nesrin , Arslan Yakup , Şenkal Serkan , Erdem Onur , Bacanlı Merve Güdül 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Many mechanisms are thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of the COVID-19 pandemic, which started in 2019 and affected the whole world. It has been claimed that a deficiency in the immune system can significantly affect the severity of COVID-19 disease. It is important that the levels of essential elements and vitamin D are at certain levels for the healthy functioning of the immune system. Therefore, in this study, it was aimed to evaluate immunotoxicity biomarkers (tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-10, interferon (IFN)-γ, monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1)), vitamin D, and essential element levels in COVID-19 patients in Turkey. According to the results of the study, it was found that the magnesium (Mg), zinc (Zn), and selenium (Se) levels decreased as the severity of the disease worsened, while the iron (Fe), and copper (Cu) levels were similar to the mild group and the control group, and the levels decreased as the disease worsened. It has also been found that vitamin D levels decrease as the severity of the disease worsens. Compared to the control group, TNF-α, MCP-1, and IFN-γ levels were found to decrease as the severity of the disease worsened. Also, it was observed that there was a significant relationship between essential metal levels and disease progression in most of the patient groups.
Loop-Mediated Isothermal Amplification Detection of Phytophthora kernoviae, P. ramorum, and the P. ramorum NA1 Lineage on a Microfluidic Chip and Smartphone Platform
Authors: Mainello-Land Amanda , Saville Amanda C. , Acharya Jyotsna , Ristaino Jean 
Published: October 2024

Rapid, field-deployable assays such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) are critical for detecting nursery and forest pathogens such as Phytophthora ramorum and P. kernoviae to prevent pathogen spread. We developed and validated four LAMP assays for genus-level detection of Phytophthora spp., species-level detection of P. kernoviae and P. ramorum, and lineage-level detection of the P. ramorum NA1 lineage. The cross-reactivity of the two species-specific LAMP assays was evaluated using a set of 18 Phytophthora spp. known to infect nursery crop hosts. The correct target species were detected by the species-level LAMP assays. The Phytophthora spp. LAMP assay was evaluated against 27 Phytophthora spp. and other bacterial and fungal pathogens and reacted with all the Phytophthora spp. evaluated but no other bacterial or fungal species. The limit of detection (LOD) of the P. kernoviae LAMP was 100 fg/µl, and the LOD of the P. ramorum LAMP assay was 1 pg/µl of DNA. The NA1 LAMP assay was tested against the NA1, NA2, EU1, and EU2 lineages of P. ramorum and was lineage-specific but had a higher LOD (100 pg/µl) than the species-specific LAMP assays. Both P. ramorum and P. kernoviae LAMP assays were highly precise (>0.94) in detecting the respective pathogens in symptomatic rhododendron leaves and co-inoculation experiments. The four LAMP assays were run in tandem on a microfluidic chip and smartphone platform and can be used in the field to detect and monitor spread of these regulatory Phytophthora spp. in forest and/or nursery settings.
CREB coactivator CRTC1 in melanocortin‐4 receptor‐expressing cells regulate dietary fat intake
Authors: Matsumura Shigenobu , Fujisawa Miyu , Fujiwara Mizuki , Okayama Houko , Marutani Miona , Nousou Eri , Sasaki Tsutomu , Harada Naoki 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCyclic adenosine monophosphate‐response element‐binding protein‐1‐regulated transcription coactivator‐1 (CRTC1), a cytoplasmic coactivator that translocates to the nucleus in response to cAMP, is associated with obesity. We previously reported that CRTC1 deficiency in melanocortin‐4 receptor (MC4R)‐expressing neurons, which regulate appetite and energy metabolism in the brain, causes hyperphagia and obesity under a high‐fat diet (HFD). HFD is preferred for mice, and the dietary fat in HFD is the main factor contributing to its palatability. These findings, along with our previous results, suggest that CRTC1 regulates the appetite for dietary fat. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the dietary fat intake behavior and energy metabolism of MC4R neuron‐specific CRTC1 knockout mice fed soybean oil or lard. CRTC1 deficiency increased the intake of soybean oil and significantly increased body weight gain. Furthermore, obesity induced by soybean oil intake was partially due to leptin resistance. No significant changes in soybean oil intake were observed between young CRTC1‐deficient and wild‐type mice; however, soybean oil intake increased with age. Moreover, lard intake did not significantly affect the body weight. Overall, our findings highlighted the crucial role of CRTC1 in the regulation of spontaneous dietary fat intake. Furthermore, the role of CRTC1 becomes increasingly significant with age.
Neuronal connectivity, behavioral, and transcriptional alterations associated with the loss of MARK2
Authors: Caiola Hanna O. , Wu Qian , Li Junlong , Wang Xue‐Feng , Soni Shaili , Monahan Kevin , Wagner George C. , Pang Zhiping P. , Zhang Huaye 
Published: October 2024

AbstractNeuronal connectivity is essential for adaptive brain responses and can be modulated by dendritic spine plasticity and the intrinsic excitability of individual neurons. Dysregulation of these processes can lead to aberrant neuronal activity, which has been associated with numerous neurological disorders including autism, epilepsy, and Alzheimer's disease. Nonetheless, the molecular mechanisms underlying abnormal neuronal connectivity remain unclear. We previously found that the serine/threonine kinase Microtubule Affinity Regulating Kinase 2 (MARK2), also known as Partitioning Defective 1b (Par1b), is important for the formation of dendritic spines in vitro. However, despite its genetic association with several neurological disorders, the in vivo impact of MARK2 on neuronal connectivity and cognitive functions remains unclear. Here, we demonstrate that the loss of MARK2 in vivo results in changes to dendritic spine morphology, which in turn leads to a decrease in excitatory synaptic transmission. Additionally, the loss of MARK2 produces substantial impairments in learning and memory, reduced anxiety, and defective social behavior. Notably, MARK2 deficiency results in heightened seizure susceptibility. Consistent with this observation, electrophysiological analysis of hippocampal slices indicates underlying neuronal hyperexcitability in MARK2‐deficient neurons. Finally, RNAseq analysis reveals transcriptional changes in genes regulating synaptic transmission and ion homeostasis. These results underscore the in vivo role of MARK2 in governing synaptic connectivity, neuronal excitability, and cognitive functions.