bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Revisiting the Holy Grail: using plant functional traits to understand ecological processes
Authors: Funk Jennifer L. , Larson Julie E. , Ames Gregory M. , Butterfield Bradley J. , Cavender‐Bares Jeannine , Firn Jennifer , Laughlin Daniel C. , Sutton‐Grier Ariana E. , Williams Laura , Wright Justin 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACTOne of ecology's grand challenges is developing general rules to explain and predict highly complex systems. Understanding and predicting ecological processes from species' traits has been considered a ‘Holy Grail’ in ecology. Plant functional traits are increasingly being used to develop mechanistic models that can predict how ecological communities will respond to abiotic and biotic perturbations and how species will affect ecosystem function and services in a rapidly changing world; however, significant challenges remain. In this review, we highlight recent work and outstanding questions in three areas: (i) selecting relevant traits; (ii) describing intraspecific trait variation and incorporating this variation into models; and (iii) scaling trait data to community‐ and ecosystem‐level processes. Over the past decade, there have been significant advances in the characterization of plant strategies based on traits and trait relationships, and the integration of traits into multivariate indices and models of community and ecosystem function. However, the utility of trait‐based approaches in ecology will benefit from efforts that demonstrate how these traits and indices influence organismal, community, and ecosystem processes across vegetation types, which may be achieved through meta‐analysis and enhancement of trait databases. Additionally, intraspecific trait variation and species interactions need to be incorporated into predictive models using tools such as Bayesian hierarchical modelling. Finally, existing models linking traits to community and ecosystem processes need to be empirically tested for their applicability to be realized.
You never transition alone! Exploring the experiences of youth with chronic health conditions, parents and healthcare providers on self‐management
Authors: Nguyen T. , Henderson D. , Stewart D. , Hlyva O. , Punthakee Z. , Gorter J. W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundRecent evidence suggests that fostering strategies to enable youth with chronic health conditions to work towards gradual self‐management of their health is key in successful transition to adult healthcare. To date, there is limited research on self‐management promotion for youth. The purpose of this study is to explore self‐management from the perspectives of youth, parents and healthcare providers in transition to adult healthcare.MethodsPart of a larger longitudinal transition (TRACE‐2009–2013) study, interpretive phenomenology was used to explore the meaning of the lived experiences and perceptions of youth, parents, and healthcare providers about transition to adult healthcare. Purposeful sampling was utilized to select youth with a range of chronic health conditions from the TRACE cohort (spanning 20 diagnoses including developmental disabilities and chronic conditions), their parents and healthcare providers.ResultsThe emerging three themes were: increasing independence of youth; parents as safety nets and healthcare providers as enablers and collaborators. The findings indicate that the experiences of transitioning youth, parents and service providers are interconnected and interdependent.ConclusionsResults support a dynamic and developmentally appropriate approach when working with transitioning youth and parents in practice. As youth depend on parents and healthcare providers for support in taking charge of their own health, parents and healthcare providers must work together to enable youth for self‐management. At a policy level, adequate funding, institutional support and accreditation incentives are recommended to allow for designated time for healthcare providers to foster self‐management skills in transitioning youth and parents.
THREE NEW SPECIES OF BERBERIS FROM YUNNAN
Authors: Harber Julian 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThree new species of Berberis from Yunnan are described and illustrated: B. dokerlaica Harber, B. yiliangensis Harber and B. brevipedicillata Harber. The remarkable diversity of this genus in the Hengduan Mountains of south central China is discussed.
Diagnostic Impact of Transesophageal Echocardiography in Patients with Acute Cerebral Ischemia
Authors: Pallesen Lars‐Peder , Ragaller Margaretha , Kepplinger Jessica , Barlinn Kristian , Zerna Charlotte , Siepmann Timo , Wiedemann Baerbel , Braun Silke , Weise Matthias , Bodechtel Ulf , Puetz Volker 
Published: April 2016

ObjectivesTransesophageal echocardiography (TEE) is the diagnostic gold standard for the detection of structural heart diseases as potential sources of cardiac emboli in patients with acute cerebral ischemia. We sought to determine the diagnostic yield of TEE in patients with acute ischemic stroke or transient ischemic attack (TIA).MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed consecutive patients with acute cerebral ischemia who were admitted to our hospital between October 2008 and December 2011. TEE reports were screened for detection of cardiac source of embolism judged by the recommendation to change medical management. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to identify predictors of clinically relevant TEE findings among baseline characteristics.ResultsOf 3314 patients with ischemic stroke or TIA, TEE was performed in 791 (24%) patients (mean age 64 ± 13 years, 589 [74%] ischemic stroke, 202 [26%] TIA). A potential cardioembolic source was found in 71 (9%) patients with patent foramen ovale with atrial septal aneurysm being the most common finding (24/71 patients, 34%). In multivariate analysis, peripheral vascular disease (OR 2.57; 95%CI 1.00–6.61), imaging evidence of infarction in multiple locations (OR 4.13; 95%CI 1.36–12.58), and infarction in the posterior circulation (OR 2.11; 95%CI 1.01–4.42) were associated with the identification of a potential cardioembolic source with TEE.ConclusionTEE identified a potential structural cardioembolic source in nearly 10% of our selected patient population with acute ischemic stroke or TIA, thus underlining its diagnostic value. Our data suggest that patients with hitherto unknown stroke etiology should be considered for additional TEE.
Democracy and Education: Reconstruction of and through Education
Authors: Campbell James 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWhile focusing on Democracy and Education, James Campbell attempts in this essay to offer a synthesis of the full range of John Dewey's educational thought. Campbell explores in particular Dewey's understanding of the relationship between democracy and education by considering both his ideas on the reconstruction of education and on the role of education in broader social reconstruction. Throughout his philosophical work, Campbell concludes, Dewey offers us a vision of a society self‐consciously striving to enable its members to live fully educative lives.
Deweyan Democratic Agency and School Math: Beyond Constructivism and Critique
Authors: Stemhagen Kurt 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this article, Kurt Stemhagen reconstructs mathematics education in light of Dewey's democratic theory and his ideas about mathematics and mathematics education. The resulting democratic philosophy and pedagogy of mathematics education emphasizes agency and the connections between mathematics and students' social experiences. Stemhagen considers questions about the disconnect between constructivist reformers and critical mathematics educators, and he positions Dewey's ideas as a way to draw on the best of both to create an active and more democratic school math experience.
Density‐dependent prophylaxis in primary anti‐parasite barriers in the velvetbean caterpillar
Authors: SILVA FARLEY W. S. , SERRÃO JOSÉ E. , ELLIOT SIMON L. 
Published: April 2016

1. Organisms rely on a set of primary barriers to prevent invasion by parasites, and secondary defences to fight parasites that breach the primary barriers. However, maintaining these defences to be active and effective is costly. Thus, hosts increase investment in anti‐parasite defences under situations of high risk of infection and reduce defences when the risk is reduced (the ‘Density‐DependentProphylaxis’ hypothesis).2. In the present study, it was tested whether the midgut primary defences of the velvetbean caterpillarAnticarsia gemmatalisHübner present density‐dependent plasticity, and also whether these defences could be induced by a viral pathogenic challenge. The aim was to examine whether morphometry and the structure of the midgut and peritrophic matrix (PM) change in accordance with colour transition in caterpillars, and whether such changes may provide the caterpillars a more protective barrier against invasion byAnticarsia gemmatalis multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus(AgMNPV).3. It was found thatPMand the midgut epithelium of the velvetbean caterpillar change plastically according to phenotype, itself a response to changes in population density. Caterpillars reared at high densities (black phenotype) had a considerably thicker midgut epithelia and peritrophic matrices than those reared individually (green phenotype), and there was also more chitin in thePMof the former.4. This was interpreted as the first demonstration of increased investment in primary, barrier, defences against parasites, in response to increased conspecific density and an increased risk of infection. The possibility that this arises as a positive result of pleiotropy is discussed further, wherein the biochemical pathways responsible for the up‐regulation of the immune system are also involved in midgut properties.
No Evidence for Audience Effects in Reciprocal Cooperation of Norway Rats
Authors: Schweinfurth Manon K. , Taborsky Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNorway rats (Rattus norvegicus) cooperate according to indirect reciprocity, which implies the involvement of a reputation mechanism. Here, we test whether the rats employ such mechanism in repeated cooperative interactions. Focal subjects were first trained individually to pull food towards a social partner. During the experiment, the focal rats were confronted with two types of trained social partners: one always cooperated and the other one always defected, either in the presence or in the absence of an audience. Based on the hypotheses that the rats possess a reputation mechanism involving image scoring, we predicted them to be more helpful in the presence of an audience, independently of the partner's cooperative behaviour. If, in contrast, reputation involved a standing strategy, we predicted the rats to distinguish more between cooperators and defectors in the presence of an audience than in its absence. The rats helped cooperative partners more than defectors, but against both predictions the presence or absence of an audience did not influence their helping propensity. This indicates that either reputation is not included in the decision of rats to help an individual that has helped others, or that reputation is neither involving image scoring nor a standing strategy. Although the rats have been shown to modulate their decision to help a social partner based on its helpful behaviour towards others, they do not seem to adjust their behaviour strategically to the presence of an audience.
Genetic consequences of selection cutting on sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall)
Authors: Graignic Noémie , Tremblay Francine , Bergeron Yves 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSelection cutting is a treatment that emulates tree‐by‐tree replacement for forests with uneven‐age structures. It creates small openings in large areas and often generates a more homogenous forest structure (fewer large leaving trees and defective trees) that differs from old‐growth forest. In this study, we evaluated whether this type of harvesting has an impact on genetic diversity of sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marshall). Genetic diversity among seedlings, saplings, and mature trees was compared between selection cut and old‐growth forest stands in Québec, Canada. We found higher observed heterozygosity and a lower inbreeding coefficient in mature trees than in younger regeneration cohorts of both forest types. We detected a recent bottleneck in all stands undergoing selection cutting. Other genetic indices of diversity (allelic richness, observed and expected heterozygosity, and rare alleles) were similar between forest types. We concluded that the effect of selection cutting on the genetic diversity of sugar maple was recent and no evidence of genetic erosion was detectable in Québec stands after one harvest. However, the cumulative effect of recurring applications of selection cutting in bottlenecked stands could lead to fixation of deleterious alleles, and this highlights the need for adopting better forest management practices.
Small intestinal biopsy and resection in standing sedated horses
Authors: Coomer R. , McKane S. , Roberts V. , Gorvy D. , Mair T. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryDiagnostic laparotomy and laparoscopy are surgical techniques commonly used for the investigation of chronic abdominal disease and weight loss. They can both be usefully carried out in the standing sedated horse, allowing a thorough examination of the dorsal abdominal cavity and biopsies to be harvested. Small intestinal disease is an important cause of weight loss and recurrent colic. Inflammatory or neoplastic bowel disease may not always be apparent grossly and histopathological assessment of full thickness biopsies may be required to provide a definitive diagnosis. Details of cases of 15 horses that underwent small intestinal biopsy or enterectomy while sedated and standing are presented. Three incisional infections occurred causing delayed wound healing. Three horses were subjected to euthanasia before hospital discharge: two had persistent gastric reflux and one had colitis. A further six were subjected to euthanasia in the first 4 months due to their underlying inflammatory bowel condition. One horse was subjected to euthanasia for severe laminitis that was presumed to be caused by treatment with a corticosteroid 4 years later, and one died of acute colic 2.3 years after successful resection and anastomosis. Five horses were alive at the time of review, median 2.7, range 1.2–4.3 years. Overall therefore, 3 (20%) horses died during hospitalisation and 5 (33%) were still alive at the end of the study. Results from this series suggest that minimising the number of intestinal biopsies may reduce morbidity, but the underlying pathological process appears to be the most important prognostic factor for survival. Resection and anastomosis in the standing sedated horse proved feasible.
Will changes in phenology track climate change? A study of growth initiation timing in coast Douglas‐fir
Authors: Ford Kevin R. , Harrington Constance A. , Bansal Sheel , Gould Peter J. , St. Clair J. Bradley 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnder climate change, the reduction of frost risk, onset of warm temperatures and depletion of soil moisture are all likely to occur earlier in the year in many temperate regions. The resilience of tree species will depend on their ability to track these changes in climate with shifts in phenology that lead to earlier growth initiation in the spring. Exposure to warm temperatures (‘forcing’) typically triggers growth initiation, but many trees also require exposure to cool temperatures (‘chilling’) while dormant to readily initiate growth in the spring. If warming increases forcing and decreases chilling, climate change could maintain, advance or delay growth initiation phenology relative to the onset of favorable conditions. We modeled the timing of height‐ and diameter‐growth initiation in coast Douglas‐fir (an ecologically and economically vital tree in western North America) to determine whether changes in phenology are likely to track changes in climate using data from field‐based and controlled‐environment studies, which included conditions warmer than those currently experienced in the tree's range. For high latitude and elevation portions of the tree's range, our models predicted that warming will lead to earlier growth initiation and allow trees to track changes in the onset of the warm but still moist conditions that favor growth, generally without substantially greater exposure to frost. In contrast, toward lower latitude and elevation range limits, the models predicted that warming will lead to delayed growth initiation relative to changes in climate due to reduced chilling, with trees failing to capture favorable conditions in the earlier parts of the spring. This maladaptive response to climate change was more prevalent for diameter‐growth initiation than height‐growth initiation. The decoupling of growth initiation with the onset of favorable climatic conditions could reduce the resilience of coast Douglas‐fir to climate change at the warm edges of its distribution.
KArMars: A Breadboard Model for In Situ Absolute Geochronology Based on the K–Ar Method Using UV‐Laser‐Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy and Quadrupole Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Devismes Damien , Gillot Pierre‐Yves , Lefèvre Jean‐Claude , Boukari Claire , Rocard Francis , Chiavassa Florence 
Published: April 2016

We present a breadboard prototype to perform in situ dating applicable to planetary exploration. Based on the K–Ar dating method and using instruments inspired by flight‐proven analytical components, ‘KArMars’ ablated a geological sample under high vacuum with a quadrupled ultraviolet (UV at 266 nm) Nd:YAG laser. During ablation, the K content of the target material was given by laser‐induced breakdown spectroscopy and the released 40Ar was measured with a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Because K was measured as a concentration and 40Ar as a count of atoms, these values were converted using the ablated mass given by the product of the density and the ablated volume. The uncertainties of the age measurement were < 15%. The quality of the K–Ar measurements was enhanced by the advantages of UV laser ablation such as the minimisation of thermal effects on argon diffusion. This work demonstrates that a specialised instrument inspired by this set‐up could provide in situ absolute geochronology with sufficient precision for scientific investigations, particularly where the crater density counting provides higher uncertainties on Mars.
The borderland of migraine and epilepsy in children
Authors: Rajapakse Thilinie , Buchhalter Jeffrey 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveTo provide a review on the spectrum of migraine‐epilepsy disorders in children.BackgroundThe migraine‐epilepsy continuum covers a fascinating array of disorders that share many clinical similarities but also differ fundamentally in pathophysiology. In the pediatric population, its study can be complicated by the young age of those affected and the lack of clear understanding of the neurobiology of these disorders within the developing brain.DiscussionThis review serves to discuss the borderland of migraine and epilepsy in children. It will focus on epidemiology and comorbidity of the two disorders, possible mechanisms for shared pathophysiology informed by basic and translational science, and an overview of clinical similarities and differences. It will also discuss differentiation of migraine aura from childhood occipital epilepsies. Finally, the review concludes with a discussion of current classification methods for capturing cases on the migraine‐epilepsy spectrum and a call for a united approach towards a better definition of this spectrum of disorders.ConclusionRecent advances examining the migraine‐epilepsy spectrum show clinicopathological similarities between the two disorders in children. Epidemiology demonstrates reciprocally increased incidences of epilepsy in migraineurs and of migraines in children with epilepsy, however, prospective longitudinal in children are currently lacking. Clinically, the two disorders show similarity in preictal, ictal, and postictal phenomena, with close temporal association of the two conditions described by the controversial term of “migralepsy.” Basic science research has contributed significant improvements in understanding the generation of both of these episodic neurological conditions, with common links seen at a cellular level involving synaptic glutamate release and the provocation of varying propagation methods including cortical spreading depression in migraine and the paroxysmal depolarizing shift in epilepsy. Despite these significant gains in understanding, improved classification methods are required to identify and further study these interrelated conditions and move towards improved diagnosis and treatment of disorders on the migraine‐epilepsy continuum in children.
Immunophenotypic features of dedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma – insights from BRG1/INI1‐deficient tumours
Authors: Hoang Lien N , Lee Yow‐Shan , Karnezis Anthony N , Tessier‐Cloutier Basile , Almandani Noorah , Coatham Mackenzie , Gilks C Blake , Soslow Robert A , Stewart Colin J R , Köbel Martin , Lee Cheng‐Han 
Published: April 2016

AimsDedifferentiated endometrial carcinoma (DDEC) is defined by the presence of an undifferentiated carcinoma together with an endometrioid carcinoma. Inactivation of SMARCA4 (BRG1) and inactivation of SMARCB1 (INI1) were recently described as potential mechanisms underlying the histological dedifferentiation. The aim of this study was to characterize the immunophenotypic features of DDECs, particularly in cases with prototypical histological and molecular features (BRG1/INI1 deficiency).Methods and resultsWe evaluated PAX8, oestrogen receptor (ER) and p53 immunostaining in the endometrioid and the undifferentiated components of 20 BRG1/INI1‐deficient DDECs and 15 BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs, and compared the results with those of 23 grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas. The differentiated endometrioid component was positive for PAX8 and/or ER in 19 of 20 BRG1/INI1‐deficient DDECs, whereas the corresponding undifferentiated component of all 20 tumours showed a complete absence of PAX8 and ER staining. All except one of the BRG1/INI1‐deficient tumours showed a wild‐type p53 staining pattern. PAX8 and ER expression in the undifferentiated component was absent in 67% and 80% of BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs, respectively, whereas 47% of the BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs showed a mutated p53 staining pattern. In comparison, absent PAX8 expression and absent ER expression were each observed in the more solid area of 48% and 48% of grade 3 endometrioid carcinomas.ConclusionsThe consistent absence of PAX8 and ER expression in molecularly defined (BRG1/INI1‐deficient) DDECs suggests that the loss of PAX8 and ER expression is a fundamental feature of dedifferentiation. The frequent findings of a mutated p53 staining pattern in BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs indicate that BRG1/INI1‐intact DDECs may be biologically different from BRG1/INI1‐deficient tumours.
Prediction and preliminary screening of HLA‐A*0201‐restricted epitope peptides of human GPC3
Authors: Hu P. , Wei Z. , Li R. , Wu D. , Meng Z. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryIn response to the limited therapeutic option for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), immunotherapy as a promising approach points out a new direction to the cure of tumours through specific recognition and elimination of tumour cells by the immunity‐enhanced autologous immunocytes of patients. Few effective tumour antigens, however, are alternative in addition to alpha fetoprotein or tumour cell lysates. Recent studies have demonstrated that glypican‐3 (GPC3) is not only a promising diagnostic marker, but also ideal therapeutic target to HCC. In this study, potential HLA‐A*0201 GPC3 peptides were screened with three epitope prediction software, the binding affinity of 13 predicted epitopes with high scores was determined by T2 cells binding assay and four optimal epitopes were identified. This is the first study in which the optimal HLA‐A*0201 GPC3 epitopes were screened from a large number of candidates predicted by three software. The optimized HLA‐A*0201 GPC3 peptides will provide new epitope candidates for HCC immunotherapy.