bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The plant phenology monitoring design for The National Ecological Observatory Network
Authors: Elmendorf Sarah C. , Jones Katherine D. , Cook Benjamin I. , Diez Jeffrey M. , Enquist Carolyn A. F. , Hufft Rebecca A. , Jones Matthew O. , Mazer Susan J. , Miller‐Rushing Abraham J. , Moore David J. P. , Schwartz Mark D. , Weltzin Jake F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPhenology is an integrative science that comprises the study of recurring biological activities or events. In an era of rapidly changing climate, the relationship between the timing of those events and environmental cues such as temperature, snowmelt, water availability, or day length are of particular interest. This article provides an overview of the observer‐based plant phenology sampling conducted by the U.S. National Ecological Observatory Network (NEON), the resulting data, and the rationale behind the design. Trained technicians will conduct regular in situ observations of plant phenology at all terrestrial NEON sites for the 30‐yr life of the observatory. Standardized and coordinated data across the network of sites can be used to quantify the direction and magnitude of the relationships between phenology and environmental forcings, as well as the degree to which these relationships vary among sites, among species, among phenophases, and through time. Vegetation at NEON sites will also be monitored with tower‐based cameras, satellite remote sensing, and annual high‐resolution airborne remote sensing. Ground‐based measurements can be used to calibrate and improve satellite‐derived phenometrics. NEON's phenology monitoring design is complementary to existing phenology research efforts and citizen science initiatives throughout the world and will produce interoperable data. By collocating plant phenology observations with a suite of additional meteorological, biophysical, and ecological measurements (e.g., climate, carbon flux, plant productivity, population dynamics of consumers) at 47 terrestrial sites, the NEON design will enable continental‐scale inference about the status, trends, causes, and ecological consequences of phenological change.
The mechanistic basis of changes in community assembly in relation to anthropogenic disturbance and productivity
Authors: Elo Merja , Kareksela Santtu , Haapalehto Tuomas , Vuori Hilja , Aapala Kaisu , Kotiaho Janne S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAnthropogenic disturbance often causes changes in communities. However, the mechanistic basis of these changes remains elusive. As all patterns in community ecology can be understood as a result of four processes (speciation, selection, drift, and dispersal), the effect of disturbance should depend on how disturbance disrupt these processes. We studied the effects of disturbance and productivity on species richness, community composition, and community dispersion (i.e., variation in community composition) in the vegetation of 120 boreal peatlands using null‐model approach to determine whether community assembly processes differ between pristine and disturbed sites. Sites represented three peatland ecosystem types, each with two levels of productivity. Half of the sites were disturbed by drainage and half are pristine. Pristine and disturbed sites showed similar species richness. However, their community composition differed indicating a directional selection due to disturbance, whereas dispersion of disturbed and pristine communities did not differ suggesting no change in the relative strength of selection and drift. Our results suggest that understanding the combination of landscape level community changes and local selection pressures is important when restoration of degraded ecosystems is undertaken.
Evidence that summer jellyfish blooms impact Pacific Northwest salmon production
Authors: Ruzicka James J. , Daly Elizabeth A. , Brodeur Richard D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractInterannual variability in salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.) production in the northeast Pacific is understood to be driven by oceanographic variability and bottom‐up processes affecting prey availability to juvenile salmon. Scyphozoan jellyfish have an important role in shaping the pathways of energy flow through pelagic food webs. While jellyfish obtain high production rates and biomasses as major consumers of zooplankton production, they have few predators and may divert plankton production away from higher trophic levels. Although jellyfish are planktivorous and juvenile coho (O. kisutch) and Chinook (O. tshawytscha) salmon are mainly piscivorous, they may be indirect competitors for plankton production. Ecosystem model simulations suggested that among all trophic interactions within the Pacific Northwest coastal food web, juvenile salmon are particularly sensitive to jellyfish blooms, and that salmon production will be suppressed in years of high summer jellyfish biomass. Pelagic surveys off Oregon and Washington (1999–2012) were used to examine the interannual relationship between salmon production and the dominant jellyfish species, the sea nettle Chrysaora fuscescens, off the Pacific Northwest coast. There was a significant, negative correlation between sea nettle biomass and the strength of adult coho and Chinook salmon returns to the Columbia River. Examination of spatial distributions across years showed a positive association between sea nettles and salmon. Within individual years, significant differences between the distribution of sea nettles and yearling coho and Chinook salmon generally occurred during cooler ocean summers, perhaps due to the greater expanse of optimal salmon habitat resulting from more upwelling. Whether the association is behavioral or a product of oceanographic processes, association enhances the opportunity for indirect competition. Examination of feeding incidence in September showed that salmon stomachs were less full at locations with higher sea nettle biomass.
Plant community response to regional sources of dominant grasses in grasslands restored across a longitudinal gradient
Authors: Wilson Laurel R. , Gibson David J. , Baer Sara G. , Johnson Loretta C. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRestorations in the light of climate change will need to take into account whether or not sources of the dominant plants are adapted to the future conditions at a site. In addition, the effect of these dominants, especially if sourced from outside the local area, on the assembling plant community needs assessment. We investigated how different ecotypes of the tallgrass prairie dominants Andropogon gerardii and Sorghastrum nutans affect assembling prairie communities. Four reciprocal common garden experiments were established across a longitudinal climate gradient characterized by a decrease in aridity in western Kansas (COLBY), central Kansas (HAYS), eastern Kansas (MANHATTAN), and southern Illinois (CARBONDALE). At each site, plots were seeded with ecotypes of A. gerardii and S. nutans sourced from central Kansas (CKS), eastern Kansas (EKS), southern Illinois (SIL), or a mix of all three regional ecotypes (MIX). All plots were also seeded with the same suite of seven subordinate species. Species composition was measured during the fourth year of restoration. The greatest variation between communities occurred at HAYS and CARBONDALE between plots seeded with CKS and SIL ecotypes. At these sites, plots seeded with the local source had the lowest diversity and cover of nondominant species. Compositional variation between plots seeded with different dominant grass ecotypes was found exclusively at CARBONDALE between CKS and SIL plots. Differences between locally seeded plots and plots seeded with a MIX of dominant grass ecotypes were contingent upon site. At CARBONDALE, MIX seeded plots had higher diversity than SIL ecotype plots. Our results indicate that across a wide geographic precipitation gradient, limited but important differences in community assembly occur in restorations established with different ecotypes of the dominant grasses. However, our results also support the use of mixtures of nonlocal ecotypes of dominant grasses in restorations without risk to the assembling plant community. Future studies need to determine the potential for out‐breeding effects among seed sources in mixed stands.
A behavior‐based framework for assessing barrier effects to wildlife from vehicle traffic volume
Authors: Jacobson Sandra L. , Bliss‐Ketchum Leslie L. , de Rivera Catherine E. , Smith Winston P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRoads, while central to the function of human society, create barriers to animal movement through collisions and habitat fragmentation. Barriers to animal movement affect the evolution and trajectory of populations. Investigators have attempted to use traffic volume, the number of vehicles passing a point on a road segment, to predict effects to wildlife populations approximately linearly and along taxonomic lines; however, taxonomic groupings cannot provide sound predictions because closely related species often respond differently. We assess the role of wildlife behavioral responses to traffic volume as a tool to predict barrier effects from vehicle‐caused mortality and avoidance, to provide an early warning system that recognizes traffic volume as a trigger for mitigation, and to better interpret roadkill data. We propose four categories of behavioral response based on the perceived danger to traffic: Nonresponders, Pausers, Speeders, and Avoiders. Nonresponders attempt to cross highways regardless of traffic volume. Pausers stop in the face of danger so have a low probability of successful crossing when traffic volume increases. Hence, highway barrier effects are primarily due to mortality for Nonresponders and Pausers at high traffic volumes. Speeders run away from danger but are unable to do so successfully as traffic volume increases. At moderate to high volume, Speeders are repelled by traffic danger. Avoiders face lower mortality than other categories because they begin to avoid traffic at relatively low traffic volumes. Hence, avoidance causes barrier effects more than mortality for Speeders and Avoiders even at relatively moderate traffic volumes. By considering a species’ risk‐avoidance response to traffic, managers can make more appropriate and timely decisions to mitigate effects before populations decline or become locally extinct.
Effects of aging and soil properties on zinc oxide nanoparticle availability and its ecotoxicological effects to the earthworm Eisenia andrei
Authors: Romero-Freire Ana , Lofts Stephen , Martín Peinado Francisco J. , van Gestel Cornelis A.M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

To assess the influence of soil properties and aging on the availability and toxicity of zinc (Zn) applied as nanoparticles (Zn oxide [ZnO]-NPs) or as Zn2+ ions (Zn chloride [ZnCl2]), 3 natural soils were individually spiked with either ZnO-NPs or ZnCl2 and incubated for up to 6 mo. Available Zn concentrations in soil were measured by porewater extraction (ZnPW), whereas earthworms (Eisenia andrei) were exposed to study Zn bioavailability. Porewater extraction concentrations were lower when Zn was applied as NPs compared to the ionic form and decreased with increasing soil pH. For both Zn forms and Zn-PW values were affected by aging, but they varied among the tested soils, highlighting the influence of soil properties. Internal Zn concentration in the earthworms (ZnE) was highest for the soil with high organic carbon content (5.4%) and basic pH (7.6) spiked with Zn-NPs, but the same soil spiked with ZnCl2 showed the lowest increase in ZnE compared to the control. Survival, weight change, and reproduction of the earthworms were affected by both Zn forms; but differences in toxicity could not be explained by soil properties or aging. This shows that ZnO-NPs and ZnCl2 behave differently in soils depending on soil properties and aging processes, but differences in earthworm toxicity remain unexplained. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:137–146. © 2016 SETAC
From natural to biomimetic: The superhydrophobicity and the contact time
Authors: Liang Yun‐Hong , Peng Jian , Li Xiu‐Juan , Xu Jin‐Kai , Zhang Zhi‐Hui , Ren Lu‐Quan 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe superhydrophobicities and the contact time of lotus leaf and reed leaf were investigated. The results indicated that both lotus leaf and reed leaf have good superhydrophobic properties, and the water contact time was 12.7 and 14.7 ms on the surface of lotus leaf and reed leaf, respectively. Surface structure plays a key role in the different contacting times. Homogeneous distribution of papillae on the surface of lotus leaf was more helpful to reduce the contact time than anisotropic groove‐shape on the surface of reed leaf. Based on the bionics coupling theory, the bionics sample possessing similar lotus‐leaf‐like surface structure on the aluminum alloy was designed and fabricated successfully. The water contact angle was about 153 ± 2°, sliding angle less than 5°, and the water contact time was 13.4 ms on the surface of bionics sample, which presented excellent superhydrophobic property, and achieved the aim of bionic design. Microsc. Res. Tech. 79:712–720, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
One‐pot Synthesis of Bis[1‐N,7‐N‐diethoxyphthalimido‐4,4′‐{3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐(4‐N,N‐dimethyl Aminophenyl)‐4,7‐dihydro‐1H‐dipyrazolo[3,4‐b;4′,3′‐e]Pyridin‐8‐yl}‐phenyl] Compounds and Their Antiviral Evaluation Against Cytomegalovirus (CMV) and Varicella‐zoster Virus (VZV) in Human Embryonic Lung (HEL) Cells
Authors: Hussain Nasir , Ahmed Maqbool , Khan Saba , Joshi Ajit , Yogi Prabhunath , Ashid Mohammed , Prajapat Prakash , Talesara G. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA one‐pot three components synthesis of substituted bis[1‐N,7‐N‐diethoxyphthalimido‐4,4′‐{3,5‐dimethyl‐4‐(4‐N,N‐dimethylaminophenyl)‐4,7‐dihydro‐1H‐dipyrazolo[3,4‐b;4′,3′‐e] pyridin‐8‐yl}‐phenyl] in moderate to high yields has been achieved by a two‐step reaction. All the synthesized compounds evaluate against cytomegalovirus and varicella‐zoster virus in human embryonic lung cells.
Determinants of Intra‐Household Gender Bias: Evidence from Timor‐Leste
Authors: Dawsey Amanda , Bookwalter Jeffrey 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHousehold bargaining models indicate that girls' access to resources does not depend solely on household income, but also on a number of factors that affect women's bargaining power. Data describing the allocation of resources within households is rare, prompting the development of inferential methods. Using a methodology that only requires household‐level expenditure data, we analyze intra‐household resource allocation in Timor‐Leste. While the results do not support the hypothesis that allocation is biassed towards boys in the full population we find, in subpopulations where women are likely to have less bargaining power, substantial anti‐girl bias. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A LabView‐based hot cathode electron source simulator with no‐boundary condition computation method
Authors: Kania Bartosz 
Published: June 2016

SummaryFast and complex model‐based computations are often needed during the controller design process; therefore, a hot cathode electron source simulator was designed and implemented. The simulator uses the static model of electron source and is based on the LabView environment. It is developed for different materials and dimensions of filaments popular in vacuum instruments. The simulator is able to calculate the maximum temperature of the hot filament, its resistance, voltage drop and temperature and distribution of the electron emission current along the filament length in a steady state. Also, a new method was proposed and implemented for approximate calculations of distributions of the temperature and the electron emission current without measurements of the filament temperature. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Frequency stability characterization of a quantum cascade laser frequency comb
Authors: Cappelli Francesco , Campo Giulio , Galli Iacopo , Giusfredi Giovanni , Bartalini Saverio , Mazzotti Davide , Cancio Pablo , Borri Simone , Hinkov Borislav , Faist Jérôme , De Natale Paolo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractOptical frequency combs generated by quantum cascade lasers have recently been demonstrated in the mid and far infrared, but a detailed analysis of the possibility of a fine control of the emission to use them for high‐resolution spectroscopy and metrology applications is still missing. In this manuscript the attempt of frequency stabilizing a mid‐infrared quantum cascade laser comb (QCL‐comb) against a metrological mid‐infrared intracavity‐difference‐frequency‐generated comb through a single phase‐locking chain acting on the driving current is presented. Following a brief derivation, simple relations between the QCL‐comb frequency parameters and optical quantities such as the refractive index have been found and used to observe how the locking affects the physics of the system. The conclusion is that the current locking essentially acts on the effective refractive index to reduce the offset fluctuations (common noise), but does not sensitively affect the group refractive index and the mode spacing. Nonetheless, the overall single QCL‐comb tooth linewidth is reduced from 500 kHz down to values ranging from 1 to 23 kHz on a 40 ms time scale.
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Effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) on bond strength to dentine of two root canal filling materials
Authors: Miletić Ivana , Chieffi Nicoletta , Rengo Carlo , Ferrari Marco , Nathanson Dan , Baraba Anja 
Published: June 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of photon induced photoacoustic streaming (PIPS) technique in combination with EDTA on bond strength of gutta‐percha/AH Plus and Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal fillings to root dentine.Materials and MethodsForty freshly extracted human maxillary anterior teeth with intact straight roots, were instrumented endodontically with rotating ProTaper instruments and randomly divided into two experimental groups. In group 1 (n = 20), root canals were rinsed for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17% EDTA. In group 2 (n = 20), Er:YAG laser, with a 14 mm long 400 μ diameter tapered PIPS tip, was used for 1 minute with 2 ml of 17% EDTA. The laser parameters used were: 20 mJ per pulse, 15 Hz, 50 microsecond. In each experimental group, half of the root canals (n = 10) were obturated with gutta‐percha/AH Plus and other half (n = 10) with Resilon/RealSeal SE. A micropush‐out test was performed on sectiond specimens of the filled roots using a universal testing machine and resistance to failure plus failure modes were determined.ResultsBoth gutta‐percha/AH Plus groups had higher bond strength to root dentin than the Resilon/RealSeal SE groups (P < 0.05). The smear layer removal protocol, with EDTA only or combining PIPS technique with EDTA, had no influence on bond strength of either gutta‐percha/AH Plus, or Resilon/RealSeal SE (P > 0.05).ConclusionWithin the limitations of this study, it was found that the application of the PIPS technique did not have an affect on the push‐out bond strength of Resilon/RealSeal SE root canal filling to dentin nor on the gutta‐percha/AH Plus. A significant difference in bond strength was noted between the two root canal filling materials. Lasers Surg. Med. 48:951–954, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Estimation of Apparent Kinetic Constants of Individual Site Types for the Polymerization of Ethylene and α‐olefins with Ziegler–Natta Catalysts
Authors: Chen Keran , Mehdiabadi Saeid , Liu Boping , Soares João B. P. 
Published: June 2016

This article proposes a method to quantify the polymerization kinetics of ethylene and α‐olefins with commercial TiCl4/MgCl2 Ziegler–Natta catalysts. The method determines the leading apparent polymerization kinetic constants for each active site in a Ziegler–Natta catalyst by simultaneously fitting the instantaneous polymerization rate, cumulative polymer yield, and polymer molecular weight distribution measured at different times during a series of semi‐batch polymerization experiments. This approach quantifies the behavior of olefin polymerization with multisite catalysts using the least number of adjustable parameters needed to consistently model polymerization kinetics and polymer microstructural data.
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Heterogeneous characteristics of MRI changes of thigh muscles in patients with dysferlinopathy
Authors: Jin Suqin , Du Jing , Wang Zhaoxia , Zhang Wei , Lv He , Meng Lingchao , Xiao Jiangxi , Yuan Yun 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The aim of this study was to evaluate the pattern of thigh muscle MRI changes in a large cohort of patients with dysferlinopathy. Methods: MRI of the thigh was performed in 60 patients. We correlated the scale of muscle involvement on MRI with the modified Gardner‐Medwin and Walton (GM‐W) scale and disease duration. We also analyzed the relationship between muscle changes and genetic mutations. Results: Fatty infiltration and edema were observed in 95.50% and 86.67% of patients, respectively. The hamstring muscles had the highest frequency and mean score of fatty infiltration, although a posterior‐dominant pattern was found in only 56%. Edema most commonly and severely affected the quadriceps and adductor magnus muscles. Fatty infiltration score correlated positively with disease duration and GM‐W scale. Conclusions: The pattern of fatty infiltration was heterogeneous in dysferlinopathy patients. Muscle edema was common. Fatty infiltration can be used to assess disease progression. Muscle Nerve 54: 1072–1079, 2016
Dual Decentralization and Fragmented Authoritarianism in Governance: Crowding Out among Social Programmes in China
Authors: Qian Jiwei , Mok Ka Ho 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we use city‐level datasets of social assistance programmes over 280 cities between year 2003 and 2011 to verify the existence of the crowding out between social assistance programmes and unemployment insurance in China. In other words, the expansion of social assistance programmes is associated with a reduction in the enrolment of unemployment insurance. With verifying the existence of the crowding out, this article argues that the crowding out is a result of an ineffective coordination across government departments. In the process of ‘dual decentralization,’ in which the central government has delegated welfare provision responsibility to local governments, the misalignment of incentive and institutions between central and local governments explains the ineffective coordination. Different from many studies in the literature, this paper presents an adverse consequence of China's bureaucratic incentive system in social policy implementation. Also, while the conceptual framework ‘fragmented authoritarianism’ has highlighted the policy ineffectiveness in the economic policy area, this paper contributes to this literature by illustrating the policy ineffectiveness in the social policy areas. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Characterization of P(BAMO/AMMO) ETPE Prepared Using Different Diisocyanates
Authors: Wang Gang , Luo Yunjun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPoly(3,3‐bisazidomethyl oxetane/3‐azidomethyl‐3‐methyl oxetane) energetic thermoplastic elastomers (P(BAMO/AMMO) ETPEs) is one of the most valuable ETPEs in the field of energetic binders. P(BAMO/AMMO) ETPEs were prepared using different diisocyanates (TDI, HMDI, IPDI, and HDI) to investigate the influence of the diisocyanate on the performance of P(BAMO/AMMO) ETPEs. Mechanical properties and heats of formation were investigated. FT‐IR spectroscopy results showed that TDI‐based ETPE has the highest degree of hydrogen bonding with a value of 69.00 %. Mechanical test results showed that the TDI‐based ETPE has better mechanical property with maximum stress at 5.24 MPa and breaking elongation at 390 %. The order for degree of hydrogen bonding and mechanical property of different diisocyanate‐based ETPEs was TDI>HMDI>IPDI>HDI. The heats of formation were calculated by the group additivity method and by the heat of combustion method. The values of heats of formation for TDI‐based ETPE were 3.44 kJ g−1 and 3.75 kJ g−1 according to the two methods. Additionally, TDI‐based ETPE has a lager heat of formation than the other ETPEs.