bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Premature and preventable deaths in frail, older people: a new perspective
Authors: HITCHEN TATIANA , IBRAHIM JOSEPH E. , WOOLFORD MARTA , BUGEJA LYNDAL , RANSON DAVID 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe concept and potential implications of a premature death of an older person are under-recognised and misunderstood by society. Clinical, forensic and public health practitioners need to redress this gap to prepare society better for a future where an increasing proportion of the population are vulnerable older people. Reliable and valid information is paramount for understanding how many older people have premature, preventable deaths, with implications for aged care services, health-care expenditure, quality and safety, and human rights. Our aim is to: (a) provide discourse on the limitations and challenges to the use of the concepts ‘premature’ and ‘preventable’ deaths, examining the situation for nursing home residents; and (b) propose the use of a novel classification system of ‘treated’, ‘un-treated’ and ‘untreatable’ causes of death that is more sophisticated and reflects the demographic reality of our ageing population. Accepting that preventable, premature deaths may happen to older people and adopting a new classification is a novel approach that has considerable benefits for health and life care of older persons. Improved assessment of the quality of care provided, including identification of health or life care practices that are unsafe or deleterious, can be identified and addressed.
Aristotle on Knowledge and Learning
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Aristotle’s Posterior Analytics is one of the most important, and difficult, works in the history of western philosophy. This book sheds new light on this challenging text by arguing that it is coherently structured around two themes of enduring philosophical interest: knowledge and learning. The Posterior Analytics, this book argues, is a sustained examination of scientific knowledge: what it is and how it is acquired. Aristotle first discusses two principal forms of scientific knowledge (epistēmē and nous). He then provides a compelling account, in reverse order, of the types of learning one needs to undertake in order to acquire them. The Posterior Analytics thus emerges as an elegantly organized work in which Aristotle describes the mind’s ascent from perception of sensible particulars to scientific knowledge of first principles. This book also highlights Plato’s influence on Aristotle’s text. For each type of learning Aristotle discusses, this book uncovers an instance of Meno’s Paradox (a puzzle from Plato’s Meno according to which inquiry and learning are impossible) and a solution to it. In addition, this book argues, against current orthodoxy, that Aristotle is committed to the Socratic Picture of inquiry, according to which one should seek what a thing’s essence is before seeking its demonstrable attributes and their causes.
Scientific Knowledge and Demonstration
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter argues that two forms of scientific knowledge (epistēmē) fall under Aristotle’s definition in Posterior Analytics 1.2: demonstrative scientific knowledge and non-demonstrative scientific knowledge, which Aristotle also calls nous. We have demonstrative scientific knowledge when we know that M, which is the cause of the fact that some attribute P belongs to some subject S, is the cause of the fact that P belongs to S and that P belongs to S by necessity (i.e., we know a demonstration). We have non-demonstrative scientific knowledge (i.e., nous) when we know that E, which is the essence of S, is the cause because of which S is the very thing that it is and that S is the very thing that it is by necessity (i.e., we know a definition). Aristotle’s account of learning by demonstration is then re-examined in light of this discussion.
Inquiry in APo 2.1
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter closely examines Aristotle’s account of inquiry in Posterior Analytics 2.1. It discusses the four objects of inquiry (‘the fact that’, ‘the reason why’, ‘if it is’, ‘what it is’), the temporal order (i.e., the stages) of inquiry, and the connection between inquiry and knowledge. A distinction is made between subject-focused inquiry (‘does S exist?’ ‘what is S?’) and attribute-focused inquiry (‘does P belong to S?’ ‘why does P belong to S?’). The chapter suggests that implicit in Aristotle’s account of inquiry in Posterior Analytics 2 is an account of how one acquires nous (i.e., non-demonstrative scientific knowledge) of the first principles of science. The chapter ends with a discussion of different instances of Meno’s Paradox that arise from Aristotle’s account of inquiry in Posterior Analytics 2.1.
The Socratic Picture of the Order of Inquiry
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses the temporal order in which the four objects of inquiry (discussed in the previous two chapters) should (ideally) be sought. It first argues against the Intuitionist Picture, according to which one seeks and discovers at the same stage of inquiry a subject-kind’s demonstrable and essential attributes. It then argues against the Explanationist Picture, according to which one seeks and discovers at the same stage of inquiry a subject-kind’s essential attributes and the causes of its demonstrable attributes. It then defends the Socratic Picture, according to which one first seeks and discovers what a subject-kind’s essence is and then one seeks and discovers its demonstrable attributes and their causes. The chapter then examines three important methodological passages all of which provide evidence for the Socratic Picture. Aristotle’s account of our acquisition of nous of first principles is also discussed.
Discovering Causally Simple Essences
Authors: Bronstein David 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses Stage 2 in the Socratic Picture of the order of inquiry, when we seek what a subject-kind is (i.e., its essence). The main focus is Posterior Analytics 2.13. The chapter begins with a discussion of an important but difficult passage in which one can find the main outlines both of the Socratic Picture and of Aristotle’s account of how we acquire nous of first principles (especially the definitions of subject-kinds). The chapter then discusses Aristotle’s account of how we discover by the method of division the causally simple essences of subordinate subject-kinds (i.e., species). These essences are made up of the species’ genus and a number of differentiae. Aristotle’s rules for the selection of differentiae are closely examined. The chapter ends with a discussion of Aristotle’s account of how we discover by induction the causally simple essences of primary subject-kinds (i.e., genera).
Bonding, Structure and Solid-State Chemistry
Authors: Ladd Mark 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This book is aimed at undergraduate students in both chemistry and those degree subjects in which chemistry forms a significant part. It does not reflect any particular academic year, and so finds a place during the normal span of degree studies in the physical sciences. An A-level standard in science and mathematics is presumed; additional mathematical treatments are discussed in Appendices. An introductory first chapter leads into the main subject matter, which is treated through four chapters in terms of the principle bonding forces of cohesion in the solid state; a further chapter discusses nanosize materials. Important applications of the study topics are interspersed at appropriate points within the text. Each chapter is provided with a set of problems of varying degrees of difficulty, so as to assist the reader in gaining a facility with the subject matter and its applications. The problems are supplemented by detailed tutorial solutions, some of which present additional relevant material that indicate useful extensions of the topics. The acquisition of a three-dimensional visualization facility for chemical structures is aided by the provision of stereoscopic illustrations, and instructions for their correct viewing are provided. Computational aids are an important adjunct to both the understanding of the textual material and the solving of problems. A set of computer programs, some of which are interactive, has been devised for these applications and a short chapter provides additional information and practice in their execution. Notwithstanding chemical bonding and solid-state chemistry are wide-ranging topics, sufficient detail is included to form a sound basis for wider explorations of these subjects.
Ghana
Authors: McKay Andy , Pirttilä Jukka , Tarp Finn 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In the late 1980s and early 1990s when much of sub-Saharan Africa saw economic decline, Ghana stood out as one of a small number of exceptions with positive growth. It undertook major economic reforms from 1984 onwards, and is regularly held up as an example of successful implementation of adjustment policies. It has achieved sustained positive economic growth every year since then. This chapter analyses the nature of the growth, then presents an analysis of the evolution of both consumption poverty and non-monetary poverty outcomes over this period, showing improvements in almost all indicators. At the same time inequality has risen over the past twenty years and remains an important concern. This increase is one reason why growth has not led to faster poverty reduction.
Slow Progress in Growth and Poverty Reduction in Cameroon
Authors: Fambon Samuel , McKay Andy , Timnou Joseph-Pierre , Kouakep Olive Stéphanie , Dzossa Anaclet Désiré , Ngoho Romain Tchakoute 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The chapter analyses the growth performance of the Cameroonian economy from independence in 1960 to date, and uses this as a background for the analysis of poverty, inequality, and non-monetary outcomes. The analysis of poverty and inequality takes data from three comparable and nationally representative Cameroonian household surveys that were conducted in 1996, 2001, and 2007 respectively; these are complemented by an analysis of the four demographic health surveys conducted in 1991, 1998, 2004, and 2011. This analysis puts more emphasis on spatial differences. Some policy recommendations are given, generally focusing on the need for stronger and sustainable economic growth and for greater policy attention to be paid to poverty reduction, especially in disadvantaged regions of the country.
Revolution, Religion, and Poetry
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines how in the immediate aftermath of the Revolution of 1789 Chateaubriand sought an overarching explanation for all revolutions. In his Essai sur les révolutions, where he considers different countries and historical periods, he concludes that revolution springs from a perennial human sense of lack, or melancholy. Following the renewal of his Christian faith he argues in the Génie du christianisme that this sense of lack is best assuaged not by progressive politics but by religious belief, which he sees as the foundation of a new monarchical order in society. For him poetry—in the sense of literature of the imagination that appeals particularly to sentiment—provides the most effective means of inspiring and sustaining Christian faith, as he seeks to demonstrate in the poetic prose of Atala and René.
The Woman Writer as Lawgiver
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines Staël’s works preceding De la littérature and discusses her situation as a woman writer. Born and raised at the centre of French political and intellectual life but debarred by gender from holding public office, Staël regarded writing as her only means of ‘lawgiving’. The chapter begins with the Lettres sur Rousseau, a declaration of faith in natural pity and ‘enthusiasm’ as the foundations of social progress. In her early treatises and political pamphlets Staël writes as a mediator—demanding mercy for Marie-Antoinette, urging peace between France and Great Britain, attempting to unite monarchists and radicals under the banner of moderate republicanism. In a male world of factional politics, Staël argues, women are well placed, by their nature and their very marginality, to promote a politics of enthusiasm that might complete the work of the Revolution through a rational and independent-minded programme of lawgiving directed at public opinion.
The Lawgiver as Poet and Outlaw
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines Staël’s second novel, Corinne and analyses how the central love relationship once more pits enthusiasm—and now poetry, together with the landscapes and locations of Italy—against moral, intellectual, and aesthetic conservatism (now of Northumberland and Scotland). Again the latter destroys the former, and with it Corinne’s poetic function as catalyst of political unity and stimulus of spiritual fulfilment. The relationship between Oswald and Corinne is seen to represent also an opposition between the negative melancholy of Chateaubriand’s mal du siècle and the positive melancholy of Corinne: that is, of a sense of falling short that arises not from something lacking in human experience and to be found only in the afterlife, but from a plenitude of sensual and emotional experience in the here and now that threatens to overwhelm us and yet which can find expression in poetry as a celebration of the apotheosis of humankind.
The Poet as Lawgiver
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines Lamartine’s career as a poet up to 1830 and focuses on his concerted adoption of the role of lawgiver. In the Méditations poétiques (1820), where he compares Bonald to Moses in presenting his ideal of the writer as moral leader, the poet seeks to be God’s instrument, standing ready to receive and transmit the divine Word. This role is pursued in the Nouvelles méditations and the Harmonies poétiques et religieuses, but the poet’s doubts about the capacity of human language to fulfil this purpose, already manifest in the Méditations poétiques, gradually come to the fore so that by the end of the Harmonies this poetic task seems doomed. Yet at the same time the poet demonstrates, for all his ostensible aspirations to artless passivity, that by his own poetic work he has the power to create verbal patterns which convey the beauty of a putatively divine order.
Private or Public?
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter considers Hugo’s first three verse collections: Odes et ballades (1822–6), Les Orientales (1829), and Les Feuilles d’automne (1831). Beginning with his definition of poetry as ‘tout ce qu’il y a d’intime dans tout’, it examines the tension exhibited in these collections between the private and public functions of poetry, between the intimacy of personal disclosure and the intimacy of political complicity. This tension expresses itself also in the early Hugo’s attempts to reconcile royalist allegiance with artistic independence: society has changed, and so must art. The public role of the poet-lawgiver takes Hugo into the realm of the theatre, where the dramatist has ‘the cure of souls’, but he remains ‘le poète dans les révolutions’: a poet whose poems engage repeatedly in celebration or critique of recent and contemporary public events, while also continually reminding us of his private status as lover, family man, and dedicated artist.
Afterlives
Authors: Pearson Roger 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This chapter discusses Daphné, an unfinished sequel to Stello, in which Stello the poet and his ‘therapist’ Docteur Noir consider the place of religion in society. Their debate focuses on Julian the Apostate, the fourth-century Roman emperor who opposed Christianity and sought a return to earlier forms of pagan thought. Sympathetic to the figure of Julian, Vigny here appears to be writing a riposte to Chateaubriand’s Génie du christianisme. But, as in Les Destinées, far from seeking a return to some pagan past, he looks forward to the new era of the ‘esprit pur’, a secular, post-Christian age of progressive rationalism when poetry, as distilled wisdom, can guide humankind. At the end of Daphné Julian’s tutor, Libanius, expounds Vigny’s own lesson: the poet-lawgiver must renounce all ambition to lead a cause and instead have faith that posterity will one day embrace and implement his ideal vision of a fairer society.
Antiretroviral Use in the CEASE Cohort Study and Implications for Direct-Acting Antiviral Therapy in Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Hepatitis C Virus Coinfection
Authors: Martinello Marianne , Dore Gregory J. , Skurowski Jasmine , Bopage Rohan I. , Finlayson Robert , Baker David , Bloch Mark , Matthews Gail V. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground.  Interferon-free direct-acting antiviral (DAA) regimens for hepatitis C virus (HCV) provide a major advance in clinical management, including in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/HCV coinfection. Drug-drug interactions (DDIs) with combination antiretroviral therapy (cART) require consideration. This study aimed to characterize the cART regimens in HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals and assess the clinical significance of DDIs with DAAs in a real-world cohort.Methods.  This analysis included participants enrolled in CEASE-D, a prospective cohort of HIV/HCV-coinfected individuals in Sydney, Australia, between July 2014 and December 2015. A simulation of potential DDIs between participants' cART and interferon-free DAA regimens was performed using www.hep-druginteractions.org and relevant prescribing information.Results.  In individuals on cART with HCV genotype (GT) 1 and 4 (n = 128), category 3 DDIs (contraindicated or not recommended) were noted in 0% with sofosbuvir/ledipasvir, 0% with sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir, 17% with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir, 36% with ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir ± dasabuvir, 51% with grazoprevir/elbasvir, and 51% with sofosbuvir plus simeprevir; current cART regimens were suitable for coadministration in 100%, 100%, 73%, 64%, 49%, and 49%, respectively. In individuals with HCV GT 2 or 3 (n = 53), category 3 DDIs were evident in 0% with sofosbuvir plus daclatasvir, 0% with sofosbuvir and ribavirin, and 13% with sofosbuvir/velpatasvir; current cART regimens were suitable in 100%, 100%, and 81%, respectively.Conclusions.  Potential DDIs are expected and will impact on DAA prescribing in HIV/HCV coinfection. Sofosbuvir in combination with an NS5A inhibitor or ribavirin appeared to be the most suitable regimens in this cohort. Evaluation of potential DDIs is required to prevent adverse events or treatment failure.
Aging in the Male Face: Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors
Authors: Keaney Terrence C. 
Published: May 2016

BACKGROUNDGender is one of the most significant factors that influence facial anatomy and behavior, both key factors in the aging process.OBJECTIVETo review male facial anatomy, physiology, and behavior and how it contributes to sexual dimorphism in facial aging.METHODSA MEDLINE search was performed for publications on gender differences in facial anatomy, aging, cutaneous physiology, and behavior.RESULTSThere are differences in both intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors in men. Men have a thicker epidermis and dermis with more active cutaneous appendages including hair growth. Male skin has a reduced antioxidant capacity and increased ultraviolet-induced immunosuppression. The male face is larger and has a unique square shape with less subcutaneous soft tissue, especially at the medial cheek. Men are also more prone to smoking and exhibiting poor sun-protective behavior. The differences in intrinsic and extrinsic aging factors contribute to poor facial aging in men. Men develop more severe rhytides in a unique pattern, show increased periocular aging changes, and are more prone to hair loss.CONCLUSIONThis review provides insight into the factors contributing to accelerated male facial aging. Understanding gender differences in aging will help physicians tailor cosmetic treatments for men and minimize extrinsic aging factors.
Breast Wound Infections With Rapidly Growing Mycobacteria After Cancer Surgery
Authors: Sánchez-Vargas Flor Maria , Gaviria-Lopez Andres F. , Nanjappa Sowmya , Velez Ana Paula , Greene John N. 
Published: May 2016

Background
Rapidly growing mycobacteria (RGM) are an uncommon cause of infection in breast reconstructive surgery. Patients with breast cancer may be at an increased risk for this infection because of their immunosuppression from chemotherapy, radiation therapy, history of previous surgery, and possible local lymphedema.

Methods
We retrospectively reviewed all cases of mycobacterial infection occurring in patients with breast cancer from January 2005 to January 2015 at the Moffitt Cancer Center.

Results
Thirteen isolates were identified with 11 cases occurring unilaterally and 2 cases bilaterally. The median age was 54.8 years (range, 37–77). The median time from onset of symptoms to diagnoses was 6.3 weeks (range, 2–32 weeks). Fifty-five percent of patients had a history of previous chemotherapy and 36% of previous radiotherapy. In 64% (n = 7) of the patients, the infection presented after mastectomy with a tissue expander. The tissue expander (n = 8) or the silicone implant (n = 1) was removed, and 2 patients had no foreign material. The most common isolates were Mycobacterium abscessus (n = 9), followed by Mycobacterium fortuitum (n = 2). Mycobacterium fortuitum isolates were susceptible to ciprofloxacin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, linezolid, and amikacin. All M. abscessus isolated were susceptible to clarithromycin (100%), some isolates were susceptible to amikacin, but all were resistant to ciprofloxacin, doxycycline, minocycline, moxifloxacin, and trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole. The treatment regimen was individualized with all patients receiving combination of antibiotics with mostly azithromycin and another agent. There was no mortality in any of the cases. All patients were cured after surgical extraction and antibiotic treatment.

Conclusions
Rapidly growing mycobacteria infection after breast cancer reconstructive surgery is infrequent, with a low prevalence similar to other published case series in patients without cancer. Rapidly growing mycobacteria should be considered in patients with infections who do not respond to usual antibiotic therapy. Mycobacterium abscessus and M. fortuitum were the most common causes of these RGM infections. The removal of the prosthetic device is a fundamental component for treatment success along with combination antibiotic therapy on the basis of susceptibility testing.