bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Time to abandon the hygiene hypothesis: new perspectives on allergic disease, the human microbiome, infectious disease prevention and the role of targeted hygiene
Authors: Bloomfield Sally F , Rook Graham AW , Scott Elizabeth A , Shanahan Fergus , Stanwell-Smith Rosalind , Turner Paul 
Published: June 2016

Aims: To review the burden of allergic and infectious diseases and the evidence for a link to microbial exposure, the human microbiome and immune system, and to assess whether we could develop lifestyles which reconnect us with exposures which could reduce the risk of allergic disease while also protecting against infectious disease. Methods: Using methodology based on the Delphi technique, six experts in infectious and allergic disease were surveyed to allow for elicitation of group judgement and consensus view on issues pertinent to the aim. Results: Key themes emerged where evidence shows that interaction with microbes that inhabit the natural environment and human microbiome plays an essential role in immune regulation. Changes in lifestyle and environmental exposure, rapid urbanisation, altered diet and antibiotic use have had profound effects on the human microbiome, leading to failure of immunotolerance and increased risk of allergic disease. Although evidence supports the concept of immune regulation driven by microbe–host interactions, the term ‘hygiene hypothesis’ is a misleading misnomer. There is no good evidence that hygiene, as the public understands, is responsible for the clinically relevant changes to microbial exposures. Conclusion: Evidence suggests a combination of strategies, including natural childbirth, breast feeding, increased social exposure through sport, other outdoor activities, less time spent indoors, diet and appropriate antibiotic use, may help restore the microbiome and perhaps reduce risks of allergic disease. Preventive efforts must focus on early life. The term ‘hygiene hypothesis’ must be abandoned. Promotion of a risk assessment approach (targeted hygiene) provides a framework for maximising protection against pathogen exposure while allowing spread of essential microbes between family members. To build on these findings, we must change public, public health and professional perceptions about the microbiome and about hygiene. We need to restore public understanding of hygiene as a means to prevent infectious disease.
The regional impact of cultural diversity on wages: evidence from Australia
Authors: Elias Amanuel , Paradies Yin 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper investigates the impact of cultural diversity on labour market outcomes, particularly on wages across regions using a large longitudinal data. We apply an instrumental variable approach and account for individual and time fixed effects. Our findings indicate that the current level of cultural diversity positively affected current regional weekly wages; however, the positive effect holds only partially when the diversity is lagged. The results appear to be robust in all estimations controlling for heterogeneity factors and accounting for the self-selection of individuals into places with better economic opportunities. Our findings concerning the effect of lagging on the effect of diversity may explain the variation in the literature where some studies report that cultural diversity increases wages across time while others do not.

JEL Classification: J610, R23, Z190
Verbal fluency in research conducted with PET technique under conditions of extended cognitive activation with the use of 18F-fluorodeoxyglucose (FDG) tracer
Authors: Zając-Lamparska Ludmiła , Wiłkość Monika , Markowska Anita , Laskowska-Levy Ilona , Wróbel Marek , Małkowski Bogdan 
Published: June 2016

Cel pracyDzięki nowoczesnym technikom neuroobrazowania obserwuje się w nauce rozwój badań, które nastawione są na poszukiwanie neurokorelatów określonych funkcji poznawczych, mierzonych testami neuropsychologicznymi. Testy fluencji słownej są jedną z najczęściej stosowanych metod badania funkcji językowych i wykonawczych. Celem badania było porównanie aktywacji mózgu podczas wykonania zadań fluencji literowej i kategorialnej techniką typu paced-overt.MetodaW badaniu wzięło udział 17 osób w wieku 20-40 lat, leczonych w przeszłości z powodu chłoniaka Hodgkina, obecnie w stadium remisji. Badani zostali przydzieleni do dwóch grup, w których przeprowadzono eksperymentalną wersję literową (9 osób) lub kategorialną (8 osób) testu fluencji słownej. Osoby kwalifikowano do grup zgodnie z zasadą homogeniczności pod względem danych demograficznych takich, jak wiek oraz wykształcenie. Ze względu na przebytą chorobę u wszystkich badanych przeprowadzono diagnozę funkcji poznawczych przed zakwalifikowaniem do badania. Neuroobrazowanie wykonano techniką PET z zastosowaniem znacznika 18F-fluorodeoksyglukozy (FDG).WynikiWykonywanie testu fluencji słownej bez względu na wersję zadania związane było z większą aktywnością lewej półkuli mózgu. Do najbardziej zaangażowanych obszarów w porównaniu z innymi obszarami kluczowymi dla wykonania zadań fluencji słownej były płaty czołowe. Wykazano także podwyższoną aktywność struktur ciemieniowych, skroniowych oraz móżdżku.WnioskiPrzeprowadzone badanie nie ujawniło różnic w aktywności mózgu pomiędzy wersją fonemiczną i kategorialną testu fluencji słownej. Wykonywanie obu zadań w warunkach wymagających przez dłuższy czas (wynikający z procedury badania) wzmożonej kontroli poznawczej mogło spowodować istotną przewagą aktywności płatów przedczołowych w obu przypadkach i uniemożliwić obserwacje procesów specyficznych dla każdej z wersji testu.
Principles-Based Standards and Earnings Attributes
Authors: Folsom David , Hribar Paul , Mergenthaler Richard D. , Peterson Kyle 
Published: June 2016

This study examines the relation between principles-based standards and earnings attributes. We create a firm-year-specific variable that measures the extent to which firms’ financial reporting is affected by principles-based standards. We find that firms’ earnings are more informative and persistent and have a larger positive association with future cash flows, on average, when firms’ standards are more principles based. We also find evidence that managers use the added discretion provided by principles-based standards to manage earnings when firms are near bankruptcy, issuing equity, or experiencing high growth, and if earnings are near prominent earnings benchmarks. Overall, our evidence is consistent with managers using the discretion provided by principles-based standards to communicate better the economic substance of transactions, on average, but also with some managers using the added discretion strategically when managerial incentives exist to increase reported earnings. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.2016.2465 . This paper was accepted by Mary Barth, accounting.
Jaké jsou role učitele v e-learningu?
Authors: Mareš Jiří 
Published: June 2016

Souhrn: Přehledová studie shrnuje dosavadní snahy o poznání různých rolí učitele v případech, kdy učitelovo vyučování a studentovo učení – alespoň z části – probíhá ve virtuálním prostředí. Cílem této studie je najít odpověď na dvě otázky: Mění role učitele v situacích e-learningu oproti tradiční výuce? Pokud ano, jakých hlavních podob učitelovy role nabývají? V první části studie je vysvětlen vztah mezi pojmy role - funkce – kompetence i používaná terminologie. Jádro studie tvoří tzv. systematický přehled prací publikovaných v letech 1995-2015. Vyhledávací strategie identifikovala 49 prací v angličtině a francouzštině a 11 prací v češtině. Podrobnější výklad o učitelových rolích je strukturován do čtyř oddílů: 1. teoreticky stanovené role, 2. role stanovené kvalitativními výzkumy, 3. role zjištěné kvantitativními výzkumy, 4. role identifikované smíšenými výzkumy. Závěry: Učitelova role je pojem multidimenzionální (má dimenzi pedagogickou, sociální, manažerskou, technologickou). Při e-learningu přibývá učitelských rolí, neboť kromě zvládnutí pedagogických rolí, musí učitel nově zvládnout role technické a technologické. Oproti tradiční výuce se role učitele v e-learningu posouvají k rolím typu: aktér změny, tvůrce pozitivního klimatu výuky, facilitátor učení, kouč, poradce, dokonce i spolustudující; do pozadí ustupuje dominantní role člověka řídícího průběh výuky; nově se objevují role projektanta, vývojáře, experta na technologie, technika reagujícího na technické problémy. Nelze ovšem zapomínat na skutečnost, že mnohé učitelovy role jsou kontextově podmíněné. Existuje též koncepční problém. Většina autorů ve svých úvahách postupuje tak, že ze znalosti výsledné podoby interakce učitel-studenti při e-learningu (jež je výsledkem určitých hardwarových a softwarových omezení) odvozují, které role za této konstelace může učitel plnit. Lze však postupovat i jinak: už ve chvíli, kdy projektujeme nový počítačový systém, který je určen pro vzdělávání lidí, bychom si měli předem stanovit, které role má plnit učitel a které role počítačový program. Klíčová slova: učitel, sociální role, klasifikace rolí, distanční učení, e-learning, on-line učení, výzkum
Additive manufacturing of optical components
Authors: Heinrich Andreas , Rank Manuel , Maillard Philippe , Suckow Anne , Bauckhage Yannick , Rößler Patrick , Lang Johannes , Shariff Fatin , Pekrul Sven 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The development of additive manufacturing methods has enlarged rapidly in recent years. Thereby, the work mainly focuses on the realization of mechanical components, but the additive manufacturing technology offers a high potential in the field of optics as well. Owing to new design possibilities, completely new solutions are possible. This article briefly reviews and compares the most important additive manufacturing methods for polymer optics. Additionally, it points out the characteristics of additive manufactured polymer optics. Thereby, surface quality is of crucial importance. In order to improve it, appropriate post-processing steps are necessary (e.g. robot polishing or coating), which will be discussed. An essential part of this paper deals with various additive manufactured optical components and their use, especially in optical systems for shape metrology (e.g. borehole sensor, tilt sensor, freeform surface sensor, fisheye lens). The examples should demonstrate the potentials and limitations of optical components produced by additive manufacturing.
Accent stigmatization as a moderator of the relationship between perceived L2 proficiency and L2 use anxiety
Authors: Vincze Laszlo , MacIntyre Peter 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
By integrating the social context model of L2 acquisition with the pyramid model of willingness to communicate in L2, this study examined aspects of the psychological process underlying willingness to communicate (WTC) in Slovak among young Hungarian speakers in Southern Slovakia. The data was collected among Hungarian-speaking secondary school students (N=310). The results indicated that frequent and pleasant contact with Slovak speakers was related to higher proficiency in Slovak and lower anxiety to use Slovak, and these increased the willingness to communicate in Slovak. However, it was also demonstrated that accent stigmatization moderated the relationship between perceived L2 proficiency and L2 use anxiety. Anxiety was more closely related to proficiency among those who perceived less accent stigmatization than among those who perceived more stigma because of their Hungarian accent. The theoretical implications of these findings for the role of the intergroup context in developing accent stigmatization, and the link between accent stigmatization, L2 use anxiety and willingness to communicate in the majority language are discussed.
Economic Sovereignty as the Democratization of Work: The Role of Basic Income
Authors: Casassas David 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLet us understand economic democracy as the fourfold capacity (i) to decide what social relations we wish to “enter” in order to work; (ii) to determine the (im)material nature of the space where we decide to stay and work, which requires the capacity of having a “voice” that is effectively listened to; (iii) to opt for “exiting” this space in case its nature and functioning go against what we wish for our lives; and (iv) in case we opt for leaving, to resort to an outside-the-previous-workplace offering tools for second and subsequent opportunities, that is, to effectively “restart” our (re)productive lives in other terms and conditions. Basic income can play a crucial role in fostering such capacity. Because of its unconditionality, and thanks to bargaining power deriving from it, basic income is a sort of income that is convertible in terms of (a) time to conceive of (and put into practice) projects of one’s own, be it individually and/or collectively; (b) a capacity to explore alternative options and take promising risks; and (c) the right to credit, in the twofold sense of the right to financial resources and the right to social trust. As noticed and appreciated by some post-crash social movements, there are some spheres where such democracy-enhancing bargaining power may unfold: wage-earning work, the decommodification of labour force and the possible subsequent constitution of cooperatives and other self-managed (re)productive spaces, the household, entrepreneurship, socio-political participation, etc. In sum, more flexible combinations of different kinds of work may emerge when individuals and groups enjoy an income stream that is guaranteed as a right, which echoes both classical and contemporary discourses on the need for humans to have the democratic right to autonomously choose and determine work(s) all along the life cycle.
Serum uric acid levels and risk of prehypertension: a meta-analysis
Authors: Jiang Menglin , Gong Dandan , Fan Yu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractElevated serum uric acid (SUA) levels may increase the risk of prehypertension. However, the findings from these studies remain conflicting. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between SUA levels and risk of prehypertension by conducting a meta-analysis. We conducted a comprehensive literature search of PubMed, Embase, China National Knowledge Infrastructure, VIP, and the Wangfang database without language restrictions through May 2015. Observational studies assessing the relationship between SUA levels and prevalence of prehypertension were included. Pooled adjust odds ratio (OR) and corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CI) of prehypertension were calculated for the highest vs. lowest SUA levels. Prehypertension was defined as systolic blood pressure (BP) ranging from 120 to 139 mmHg or diastolic BP ranging from 80 to 89 mmHg. Eight cross-sectional studies with a total of 21,832 prehypertensive individuals were included. Meta-analysis showed that elevated SUA levels were associated with increased risk of prehypertension (OR: 1.84; 95% CI: 1.42–2.38) comparing the highest vs. lowest level of SUA levels. Subgroup analyses showed that elevated SUA levels significantly increased the risk of prehypertension among men (OR: 1.60; 95% CI: 1.12–2.21) and women (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.17–2.16). Elevated SUA levels are positively associated with the risk of prehypertension in the general population. However, more well-designed longitudinal studies are needed before a definitive conclusion can be drawn due to the cross-sectional studies included are susceptible to bias.
CFD Modeling and Operation Strategies for Hetero-/Homogeneous Combustion of Methane-Air Mixtures in Catalytic Microreactors Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics
Authors: Chen Junjie , Liu Baofang 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The hetero-/homogeneous combustion of methane-air mixtures in platinum-coated microreactors was investigated by means of two-dimensional CFD (computational fluid dynamics) simulations with detailed chemical reaction schemes, detailed species transport, and heat transfer mechanisms in the solid wall. Detailed homogeneous and heterogeneous chemical kinetic mechanisms are employed to describe the chemistry. The effects of the reactor size, inlet velocity and feed composition were elucidated. Operation strategies for controlling the heterogeneous and homogeneous chemistry in heterogeneous-homogeneous microreactors were developed. Simulations using these mechanisms suggested that homogeneous chemistry can be sustained for gaps well below the quenching distance because of enhanced catalyst-induced heating. This finding has very important ramifications for catalyst safety and lifetime, as well as can be used to produce chemicals, e. g. in oxidative coupling and oxidative dehydrogenation reactions. The proportion of heterogeneous and homogeneous contributions depends strongly upon the reactor operating conditions. Reactor size plays a vital role in the homogeneous chemistry contribution. Smaller reactors result in reduced homogeneous chemistry contribution. Pure heterogeneous chemistry can occur under certain proper conditions, such as heat loss/heat exchange rates, feed compositions, and flow rates. The competition or synergism between homogeneous and heterogeneous chemistry was delineated.
Management of very early preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in twin pregnancies by selective feticide
Authors: Yılanlıoğlu Necip Cihangir , Semiz Altuğ , Akpak Yaşam Kemal 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Aim:
To assess the efficacy of selective termination in improving pregnancy outcome in very early preterm premature rupture of membranes (PPROM) in twin pregnancies.

Methods:
A total of six dichorionic twin intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) pregnancies complicated with very early PPROM between 17+5 and 19+3 gestational weeks were admitted to our hospital and were managed by selective termination of the member with ruptured membranes and followed up. Two cases were twins reduced from triplets at our unit (33%). The fetuses with ruptured membranes were subjected to feticide by intra-cardiac injection of potassium chloride after a mean of 3.5 days following PPROM.

Results:
The overall PPROM-delivery/miscarriage time-interval was 80 days using the proposed management scheme. Two cases ended with total pregnancy loss at 21+ and 23+ weeks, respectively. Four cases progressed successfully beyond 29 weeks, reaching an average of 35+5 days.

Conclusions:
The handling of these six twin PPROM cases as described produced a healthy baby to take home in four instances, resulting in a success rate of 67%, whereas the implementation of a more conservative approach using antibiotics and steroids is expected to lead to a survival rate of around 15% and a handicap rate up to 50%.
The most important message in the history of mankind
Authors: Skubała Piotr 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
It the long history of life on the Earth five major mass extinctions were observed. Nowadays, the impact of human activities on the planet has accelerated the loss of species and ecosystems to a level comparable to a sixth mass extinction, the first driven by a living species. Surprisingly, this fact rarely reaches the public consciousness. The negative influence of human activity is observed in whole area of land ecosystems, whereas marine ecosystems are at risk of entering a phase of extinction unprecedented in human history. We have domesticated landscapes and ecosystems causing unforeseen changes in ecosystem attributes. Humanity has already overshot global biocapacity by 50% and now lives unsustainabily by depleting stocks of natural capital. Three the Earth-system processes - climate change, rate of biodiversity loss and interference with the nitrogen cycle - have already transgressed their boundaries. Human activities are of sufficient magnitude to suggest that we have triggered a new geological epoch, the Anthropocene. The “Biosphere 2” project revailed that we are not able to build and control a different system life and that we are totally dependent on the present biosphere. The experiment known in the literature as “The Tragedy of the Commons” reminds us that we need frugality and cooperation to solve environmental problems and survive.
Effect of oil palm ash on the mechanical and thermal properties of unsaturated polyester composites
Authors: Sahari J. , Maleque M.A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This research was carried out to evaluate the effect of oil palm ash (OPA) on the mechanical and thermal properties of biocomposites. Different compositions of OPA (i.e. 0, 10, 20 and 30 vol%) were introduced to unsaturated polyester (UPE) by using simple casting method with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) as a hardener. The specimens were prepared based on ASTM D5083 standards for tensile testing. From the results, it was found that the mechanical properties of UPE/OPA composites were improved in modulus with increasing the OPA content. The physical properties of UPE/OPA were also investigated where the density of biocomposites decrease with increasing OPA while the water absorption of UPE/OPA increase with increasing OPA. The thermal and morphological characterization of the UPE/OPA composites have been done using TGA, DSC and SEM.
Preparation of solution-processable colorless polyamide-imides with extremely low thermal expansion coefficients through an in-situ silylation method for potential space optical applications
Authors: Wang Song , Yang Guangjie , Wu Shibin , Ren Ge , Yang Wei , Liu Xikui 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSeveral tough and flexible fluorinated polyamide-imide films were prepared from trimellitic anhydride chloride and 2,2′-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine through a facile one-pot in-situ silylation method. By incorporating fluorinated side groups, the solubility of the prepared polyamide-imide was greatly enhanced. Meanwhile, due to their linear chain configuration and the existence of hydrogen bonding, the prepared polyamide-imide films revealed high tensile strength, high tensile modulus, high glass transition temperature (Tg) and most interestingly, very low coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) of 11 ppm/°C. Copolymerization with pyromellitic dianhydride (PMDA) led to an extremely low CTE of 4 ppm/°C which should be among the lowest values available for soluble polyamide-imides. The optical homogeneity and stress homogeneity of the obtained polyamide-imide films were also tested. After non-contact with substance and thermal treatment at 300°C, they revealed a better optical homogeneity and stress homogeneity than that of the commercially available Kapton polyimide (PI) films, with a PV value of 0.915 λ and RMS value of 0.163 λ. Thus, these colorless and soluble polyamide-imide films simultaneously possessing promising optical imaging performance are good candidates as novel diffractive membrane optical system architectures.
CPW-Fed 8-Shaped Monopole Antenna for Ultra Wideband Applications
Authors: Singhal Sarthak , Singh Amit Kumar 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA CPW-fed 8-shaped monopole antenna for ultra wideband applications is presented. It consists of a 8-shaped monopole and two quarter elliptical coplanar waveguide ground planes. An impedance bandwidth from 5.4 GHz to 23.83 GHz is achieved. The radiation patterns are observed to be omnidirectional and bidirectional in E-and H-plane respectively at lower resonances. At higher frequencies, the radiation patterns are found to be nearly omnidirectional in both planes. The group delay variation is also observed to be constant in the operating frequency range. A good agreement is found between the simulation and experimental results. The designed antenna structure has miniaturized dimensions and wider bandwidth as compared to other already reported monopole structures.