bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Prevalence, characterization, and antibiotic susceptibility of Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolated from retail aquatic products in North China
Authors: Xu Xiaoke , Cheng Jianheng , Wu Qingping , Zhang Jumei , Xie Tengfei 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Background
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a major foodborne pathogen, particularly in Asian countries. Increased occurrence of outbreaks of V. parahaemolyticus gastroenteritis in China indicates the need to evaluation of the prevalence of this pathogenic species. V. parahaemolyticus distribution in shellfish from the eastern coast of China has been reported previously. However, to date, the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in retail aquatic products in North China has not been determined. To investigate the prevalence of V. parahaemolyticus in aquatic products in North China, 260 aquatic product samples were obtained from retail markets in 6 provinces of North China from November to December in 2012 and July to August in 2013.

Results
V. parahaemolyticus was detected in 94 (36.2 %) of the samples by the most probable number method. The density of V. parahaemolyticus ranged from 1.50 to 1100 MPN/g. V. parahaemolyticus was detected at a rate of 50.0 % and 22.7 % in summer and in winter, respectively. The density of V. parahaemolyticus was significantly higher in summer than in winter, with mean levels of 16.5 MPN/g and 5.0 MPN/g, respectively. Among 145 V. parahaemolyticus isolates examined, none of the isolates possessed tdh and trh. In multiplex PCR-based O-antigen serotyping of these 145 isolates, all serotypes, other than O6, O7, and O9, were detected, and serotype O2 was found to be the most prevalent (detected in 54 isolates). The 145 isolates were grouped into 7 clusters by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus-polymerase chain reaction (ERIC-PCR) at a similarity coefficient of 0.66. The antimicrobial resistance patterns of these 145 isolates to 12 antimicrobial agents revealed that most of the isolates were resistant to streptomycin (86.2 %), while fewer were resistant to ampicillin (49.6 %), cefazolin (43.5 %), cephalothin (35.9 %), and kanamycin (22.1 %). All of the examined isolates were susceptible to azithromycin and chloramphenicol.

Conclusions
The findings of this study will help in defining appropriate monitoring programs, understanding of the dissemination of antibiotic resistant strains, and providing information for the assessment of exposure to this microorganism at the consumption level.
Draft genome sequence and overview of the purple non sulfur bacterium Rhodopseudomonas palustris 42OL
Authors: Adessi Alessandra , Spini Giulia , Presta Luana , Mengoni Alessio , Viti Carlo , Giovannetti Luciana , Fani Renato , De Philippis Roberto 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRhodopseudomonas palustris strain 42OL was isolated in 1973 from a sugar refinery waste treatment pond. The strain has been prevalently used for hydrogen production processes using a wide variety of waste-derived substrates, and cultured both indoors and outdoors, either freely suspended or immobilized. R. palustris 42OL was suitable for many other applications and capable of growing in very different culturing conditions, revealing a wide metabolic versatility. The analysis of the genome sequence allowed to identify the metabolic pathways for hydrogen and poly-β-hydroxy-butyrate production, and confirmed the ability of using a wide range of organic acids as substrates.
TLR9 stability and signaling are regulated by phosphorylation and cell stress
Authors: Hasan Maroof , Gruber Erika , Cameron Jody , Leifer Cynthia A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInnate sensing of pathogens elicits protective immune responses through pattern recognition receptors, including Toll-like receptors. Although signaling by Toll-like receptors is regulated at multiple steps, including localization, trafficking, proteolytic cleavage, and phosphorylation, the significance of post-translational modifications and cellular stress response on Toll-like receptor stability and signaling is still largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the role of cytoplasmic tyrosine motifs in Toll-like receptor-9 stability, proteolytic cleavage, and signaling. We demonstrated that tyrosine phosphorylation is essential for mouse Toll-like receptor-9 protein stability and signaling. Upon inhibition of tyrosine kinases with piceatannol, Toll-like receptor-9 tyrosine phosphorylation induced by CpG deoxyribonucleic acid was inhibited, which correlated with decreased signaling. Furthermore, inhibition of Src kinases with 1-tert-Butyl-3-(4-chlorophenyl)-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidin-4-amine also inhibited response to CpG deoxyribonucleic acid. Toll-like receptor-9 protein stability was also sensitive to autophagy, the cellular stress response pathway, and infection by a deoxyribonucleic acid virus. Whereas autophagy induced by rapamycin or low serum levels caused a preferential loss of the mature p80 proteolytic cleavage product, infection with herpes simplex virus-1 and induction of cell stress with tunicamycin caused preferential loss of full-length Toll-like receptor-9, which is localized to the endoplasmic reticulum. Our data reveal new information about the stability and signaling of Toll-like receptor-9 and suggest that immune evasion mechanisms may involve targeted loss of innate sensing receptors.
Racial Patterns of Peripheral T-Cell Lymphoma Incidence and Survival in the United States
Authors: Adams Scott V. , Newcomb Polly A. , Shustov Andrei R. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose To compare incidence and survival of peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) subtypes among US racial/ethnic groups. Methods Patients with PTCL (age ≥ 15 years; 2000 to 2012) were identified in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) registries. Race/ethnicity was categorized as non-Hispanic white, black, Asian/Pacific Islander, Hispanic white, or American Indian/Alaskan native. Age-standardized annual incidence rates and incidence rate ratios were estimated with 95% CIs, and case-case odds ratios were estimated by race/ethnicity using polytomous regression. Survival was estimated from SEER follow-up data with Cox regression. Results Thirteen thousand one hundred seven patients with PTCL were identified. Annual PTCL incidence was highest in blacks and lowest in Native Americans. Compared with non-Hispanic whites, blacks had a higher incidence of PTCL not otherwise specified (PTCL-NOS), anaplastic large-cell lymphoma, and adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL) and a lower incidence of angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma (AITL); Asians/Pacific Islanders had a higher incidence of AITL, extranodal nasal-type natural killer/T-cell lymphoma and NK-cell leukemia (ENKCL), and ATLL and a lower incidence of anaplastic large-cell lymphoma; Hispanics had a higher incidence of AITL and ENKCL; and Native Americans had a lower incidence of PTCL-NOS (all P < .05). The ratio of ENKCL to PCTL-NOS among Native Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanic whites was approximately three- to four-fold the same ratio among non-Hispanic whites. Survival varied significantly by race/ethnicity (P < .001), with blacks in particular experiencing shorter survival for most subtypes. Conclusion Striking variation in incidence, proportions of PTCL subtypes, and survival was observed. Aspects of these PTCL subtype patterns, such as for ENKCL and ATLL, were similar to corresponding global populations. Despite the small population size and limited number of Native American patients, PTCL subtype frequencies in this group were distinct but most similar to Hispanic whites. Survival disparities were evident, especially for blacks compared with non-Hispanic whites.
ReCAP: Cost Differential of Chemotherapy for Solid Tumors
Authors: Nadeem Hasan , Jayakrishnan Thejus T. , Rajeev Rahul , Johnston Fabian M. , Gamblin T. Clark , Turaga Kiran K. , Nadeem Hasan , Jayakrishnan Thejus T. , Rajeev Rahul , Johnston Fabian M. , Gamblin T. Clark , Turaga Kiran K. 
Published: March 2016

QUESTION ASKED: The objective of the present study is to determine the cost differentials between chemotherapeutic regimens (of similar or acceptable effectiveness) for common solid tumors in the metastatic and adjuvant settings. SUMMARY ANSWER: Of the 62 regimens included, the 6-month mean cost of chemotherapy was $26,989, and the median cost was $9,611. Mean cost of metastatic cancer therapy regimens was $35,315 compared with $18,107 for curative therapy. Regimens using biologics had higher mean costs than regimens not using biologics ($77,278 v $13,646). Cost differential between extremes of costs for regimens with presumed similar efficacy was Δ$90,843; $79,165 in the curative therapy arms and $90,210 in the metastatic cancer therapy arms. The highest cost differential was noted in breast cancer regimens (Δ$71,041 for metastatic v Δ$63,926 for curative). METHODS: Chemotherapy regimens—curative (adjuvant/neoadjuvant) and metastatic—and dosages outlined in National Comprehensive Cancer Network guidelines (2013) were acquired for four common cancers: bladder, breast, colon, and lung. Baseline drug and treatment costs were calculated for the average US adult male using the payment allowance for Medicare part B drugs database (2013). Costs were extrapolated for a treatment period of 6 months. BIAS, CONFOUNDING FACTOR(S), DRAWBACKS: The calculations used payer perspective for the drug and the reimbursement, which may not truly reflect the actual costs incurred by the individual or society. However, the simplicity provides the strength of inferences which are fairly robust across the sensitivity analysis. REAL-LIFE IMPLICATIONS: A significant cost differential exists between chemotherapeutic regimens for the commonest solid tumors. In the absence of existing cost-effectiveness guidelines, cost differentials can help practicing oncologists in financially sound decision making regarding choosing therapy. Incorporation of costs and incremental effectiveness in currently established guidelines may encourage socially responsible practice patterns.
ReCAP: Physician Experience and Attitudes Toward Addressing the Cost of Cancer Care
Authors: Altomare Ivy , Irwin Blair , Zafar Syed Yousuf , Houck Kevin , Maloney Bailey , Greenup Rachel , Peppercorn Jeffrey , Altomare Ivy , Irwin Blair , Zafar Syed Yousuf , Houck Kevin , Maloney Bailey , Greenup Rachel , Peppercorn Jeffrey 
Published: March 2016

QUESTION ASKED: Because the cost of oncologic care is perpetually rising, we wanted to know how often physicians who treat cancer discuss the cost of care (both out-of-pocket and societal) with their patients, what the nature of those discussions is, and whether such discussions affect treatment decisions. SUMMARY ANSWER: Sixty percent of responding physicians reported addressing costs frequently or always in clinic, 40% addressed costs rarely or never, and 36% did not believe it is the doctor’s responsibility to explain costs of care to patients. Additional responses are listed in Table 3 . The majority of physicians feel their patients are not well informed about costs. “I don’t know enough/lack of resources” is the largest reported barrier to cost discussions, and those who reported frequent discussions were significantly more likely to explain costs and to prioritize treatments in terms of cost. [Table: see text] METHODS: A 15-question, study-specific, self-administered anonymous survey was sent electronically to a randomly selected sample of 2,290 ASCO physician members. BIAS, CONFOUNDING FACTOR(S), DRAWBACKS: Our overall response rate was somewhat low at 15%, with an adjusted response rate of 25% after adjusting for nonpracticing physician ASCO members. This increased the potential for selection bias, by which the respondents to this survey may not represent the true beliefs and practices of medical, radiation, and surgical oncologists. REAL-LIFE IMPLICATIONS: Our study offers a current snapshot of the frequency, nature, and attitudes toward cost discussions among medical, radiation, and surgical oncologists and their patients. Although the majority of responding physicians seem to agree that such discussions are legitimate—and arguably necessary—components of quality cancer care, there remains a substantial proportion who do not discuss costs nor feel it is their duty. Few believe they have adequate resources to discuss costs, suggesting that greater cost transparency, education concerning costs of care, tools to facilitate discussions, and validated interventions are needed.
Implementation of a Breast/Reconstruction Surgery Coordinator to Reduce Preoperative Delays for Patients Undergoing Mastectomy With Immediate Reconstruction
Authors: Golshan Mehra , Losk Katya , Mallory Melissa A. , Camuso Kristen , Cutone Linda , Caterson Stephanie , Bunnell Craig A. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose: Mastectomy with immediate reconstruction (MIR) requires coordination between breast and reconstructive surgical teams, leading to increased preoperative delays that may adversely impact patient outcomes and satisfaction. Our cancer center established a target of 28 days from initial consultation with the breast surgeon to MIR. We sought to determine if a centralized breast/reconstructive surgical coordinator (BRC) could reduce care delays. Methods: A 60-day pilot to evaluate the impact of a BRC on timeliness of care was initiated at our cancer center. All reconstructive surgery candidates were referred to the BRC, who had access to surgical clinic and operating room schedules. The BRC worked with both surgical services to identify the earliest surgery dates and facilitated operative bookings. The median time to MIR and the proportion of MIR cases that met the time-to-treatment goal was determined. These results were compared with a baseline cohort of patients undergoing MIR during the same time period (January to March) in 2013 and 2014. Results: A total of 99 patients were referred to the BRC (62% cancer, 21% neoadjuvant, 17% prophylactic) during the pilot period. Focusing exclusively on patients with a cancer diagnosis, an 18.5% increase in the percentage of cases meeting the target (P = .04) and a 7-day reduction to MIR (P = .02) were observed. Conclusion: A significant reduction in time to MIR was achieved through the implementation of the BRC. Further research is warranted to validate these findings and assess the impact the BRC has on operational efficiency and workflows.
Electroacupuncture Enhances the Antiallodynic and Antihyperalgesic Effects of Milnacipran in Neuropathic Rats
Authors: Li Chengjin , Ji Byeong Uk , Kim Yiquot , Lee Ji Eun , Kim Nam-Kwen , Kim Seung Tae , Koo Sungtae 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Milnacipran, a selective serotonin/norepinephrine-reuptake inhibitor, has been shown to elicit a beneficial effect in various models of neuropathic pain. Previously, we reported that repetitive electroacupuncture (EA) significantly ameliorates neuropathic pain induced by L5 spinal nerve ligation (SNL). In the present study, we sought to determine whether a single treatment with EA produces analgesia and whether EA in combination with a subeffective dosage of milnacipran exhibits an additive effect in SNL rats.

METHODS:
Mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia were assessed by measuring paw withdrawal thresholds and latencies in response to mechanical and thermal stimuli, respectively, 1 day before and 5 days after neuropathic surgery. In addition, on day 5 post-SNL, time courses of behaviors were assessed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours after intrathecal (i.t.) milnacipran (1, 5, and 20 μg) administration. EA (10 Hz/1 mA) was administered at the ST36 and GB34 acupoints for 30 minutes on day 5 and the time courses of behaviors were also assessed at 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 hours later. Similarly, when treated in combination (milnacipran [5 μg, i.t.] and EA [10 Hz/1 mA]), time courses of behaviors were assessed at the same time points.

RESULTS:
Intrathecal injection of milnacipran at 5 or 20 μg exerted dose-dependent effects on thermal hyperalgesia but had similar efficacies on mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, EA itself detectably attenuated hyperalgesia at 4 hours after the application, but no statistically significant difference was found in mechanical allodynia. Importantly, cotreatment with EA and milnacipran (5 μL) produced more potent antiallodynic and antihyperalgesic effects than those obtained from EA or milnacipran alone at 1, 2, and 4 hours after treatment, indicating an additive effect. In addition, the analgesic effect of EA plus milnacipran was almost completely abolished by the catecholamine neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine hydrobromide (25 μg), which depletes spinal norepinephrine, and by yohimbine (an α2-adrenoceptor antagonist, 30 μg, i.t.). Somewhat surprisingly, the analgesic effect of milnacipran plus EA lasted for 6 hours.

CONCLUSIONS:
The study shows that, in male rats with SNL, spinal administration of milnacipran effectively alleviates mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia, and that a single treatment of EA has an antihyperalgesic effect. Furthermore, our findings suggest that coapplication of EA and milnacipran enhanced antiallodynia and antihyperalgesia by activating spinal noradrenergic systems coupled with spinal α2-adrenoceptors and prolongs the duration of analgesia.
“Prose within the Poem” (Shi Zhong You Wen): Du Fu's Creative Breakthrough in the Light ofWuguNarrative Rhythm
Authors: Xiaoyin Ge 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the High Tang 盛唐 (roughly from 713 to 755), just as the pentasyllabic-line poetic form lay firmly under the sway of the Song-Qi 宋齊 (420–502) style, Du Fu 杜甫 (712–770) arrived at a solution to the problem of restoring to the mid-to-long wugu 五古 (ancient-style pentasyllabic) poem the old tenor of the Han 漢 (202 BCE–220 CE) and Wei 魏 (220–65) periods. However, Du Fu did not merely imitate his Han-Wei predecessors in terms of form and style. Instead, with his efforts at recovery of the creative principles driving the Han-Wei ancient form, Du Fu succeeded in distilling a novel wugu rhythm from the life and language of his own time. By its exploitation of the potential of the wugu form to narrate by single prose lines, by its enhancement of both the density of narrative sequences and the compactness of the rhythm of lines and passages, and by its exploration of the use of various modes of narration within a poem, Du Fu's work shows a key distinguishing feature we might term shi zhong you wen 詩中有文, or “prose within poem.” At the same time, in his mid-to-long poems, Du Fu was able both to bend the inherent capacity of the wugu for narration to its greatest expressive potential and also, by the use of expressive rhythm as a guiding force, to strictly maintain the fundamental distinction between poetry and prose. In considering why Du Fu's work is considered shishi 詩史 (history in poetry), we must recognize the critical formal expedient provided by this important creative breakthrough in the wugu form.
Sound Symbolism in the Reduplicative Vocabulary of the Shijing
Authors: Smith Jonathan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The present study begins with an introduction to “sound symbolism” from a cognitive linguistic perspective. Such frameworks provide that while the relationship between sound and meaning within the lexicon is in general arbitrary, languages may also feature specific, statistically significant relationships between particular sounds and particular semantic domains, whether language specific or motivated by more general cognitive tendencies. An example from modern Mandarin leads to a broader consideration of this phenomenon within Old Chinese (OC), with particular reference to the reduplicative vocabulary, or dieyin ci 疊音詞, of the Book of Odes corpus. The author presents a series of persistent associations between sound and meaning in this subset of the OC lexicon, with statistical evidence adduced in support of their cognitive reality for OC speakers. Finally, this article offers a tentative exploration of the role of such “expressive” or “ideophonic” vocabulary in producing particular poetic effects relating to point of view and to conceptual metaphor.
Tonal Contrast in Early Pentasyllabic Poems: A Quantitative Study of Three Poem Collections
Authors: Song Chenqing 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Some researchers, including Wang Li 王力 (1900–1986) and Xu Qing 徐青 (1934–), have claimed—based on evidence provided by cursory observations of tonal arrangement—that pre-Yongming poets also attempted to create tonal contrast effects in pentasyllabic poems. In order to assess the validity of these claims, this study adopted a quantitative approach to the analysis of tonal contrasts in three early pentasyllabic poem collections: the “Nineteen Ancient Poems,” pentasyllabic poems written by Cao Zhi 曹植 (192–232), and pentasyllabic poems written by Xie Lingyun 謝靈運 (385–433). Unlike any previous study, the research presented in this article interprets tonal contrast data obtained in these poems in an enriched context. The author compares the tonal contrast rates in the poems written before the Yongming 永明 era (483–93) to tonal contrast rates obtained from narrative texts written in the same period, as well as to the ratios expected under the condition of random tonal arrangement. The results of these comparisons reveal that there is no simple answer to the question of whether tonal contrast existed in early pentasyllabic poems. Tonal contrast appears to have been in an intricate transitional stage that was likely initiated with an intuitive act of creativity rather than an intentional manipulation of tones to obtain a particular known effect.
Changing undergraduate paramedic students' attitudes towards sustainability and climate change
Authors: Richardson Janet , Allum Peter , Grose Jane 
Published: March 2016

Background: Climate change will impact on emergency services and healthcare practitioners need to be aware of future challenges. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of a scenario-based educational intervention designed to raise awareness and generate discussion among practitioners and students about sustainability and climate change. Methods: Paramedic undergraduate students completed a Sustainability Attitudes Survey before they participated in a health and sustainability session that focused on resources used in clinical practice and the potential impact of climate change and natural materials scarcity on resource availability. The students completed the questionnaire again following the session. Results: Significant differences between the pre- and post-intervention questionnaires were found for 8/9 attitude statements; there was no significant difference for the statement: the segregation of healthcare waste is important. Students were more likely to accurately report the cost of disposing of clinical and domestic waste following the session. Conclusions: Data suggests that participation in a health and sustainability scenario can improve knowledge about the use of natural resources in clinical practice, where resources come from, and the cost of waste management. Attitudes towards including sustainability and climate change in healthcare curricula were more positive following participation in the health and sustainability session.