bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety of a 1‐Day Polyethylene Glycol 3350 Bowel Preparation for Colonoscopy in Children
Authors: Sahn Benjamin , Chen‐Lim Mei Lin , Ciavardone Denise , Farace Lisa , Jannelli Frances , Nieberle Megan , Ely Elizabeth , Zhang Xuemei , Kelsen Judith , Puma Anita , Mamula Petar 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTObjectives:Electrolyte‐free polyethylene glycol powder (PEG‐3350) has been widely used for colonoscopy preparation (prep); however, limited safety data on electrolyte changes exists with 1‐day prep regimens. The primary aim of this study was to determine the proportion of patients with significant serum chemistry abnormalities before and at the time of colonoscopy. Secondary aims included evaluation of prep tolerance and bowel cleansing efficacy.Methods:We performed a prospective descriptive observational study of pediatric patients scheduled for outpatient colonoscopy who received our standard 1‐day, weight‐based 4 g/kg PEG‐3350 prep with a single stimulant laxative dose and had serum chemistry testing within 60 days before and at the time of colonoscopy. A standardized bowel cleanliness tool (Aronchick scale) was completed by the endoscopist.Results:One hundred fifty‐five patients had serum electrolytes data pre‐ and postprep. Comparison of each patient's chemistries demonstrated statistical equivalence with the 1 exception of blood urea nitrogen levels (P = 0.56). Hypokalemia was detected postprep in 37 subjects (24%), but none had a serum level <3.3 mmol/L, which was deemed to be of no clinical significance. Five patients were hypoglycemic post prep; 3 were 7 years or younger (P = 0.02). The colon cleanliness rating was excellent or good in 77% and suboptimal in 23% of patients.Conclusions:A 1‐day, weight‐based PEG‐3350 bowel prep in children appears safe. Changes in electrolyte levels and renal function were not clinically significant. Children of 7 years or younger seem to be at a higher risk of hypoglycemia compared with older children.
Functional Nausea in Children
Authors: Kovacic Katja , Di Lorenzo Carlo 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTChronic nausea is a highly prevalent, bothersome, and difficult‐to‐treat symptom among adolescents. When chronic nausea presents as the predominant symptom and is not associated with any underlying disease, it may be considered a functional gastrointestinal disorder and named “functional nausea.” The clinical features of functional nausea and its association with comorbid conditions provide clues to the underlying pathophysiological mechanisms. These may include gastrointestinal motor and sensory disturbances, autonomic imbalance, altered central nervous system pathways, or a combination of these. This review summarizes the current knowledge on mechanisms and treatment strategies for chronic, functional nausea in children.
Structural specialities, curiosities and record-breaking features of crustacean reproduction
Authors: Vogt Günter 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCrustaceans are a morphologically, physiologically and ecologically highly diverse animal group and correspondingly diverse are their reproductive characteristics. They have evolved structural specialities with respect to penis construction, sperm form, sperm storage, fertilization and brood care. Unique in the animal kingdom are safety lines that safeguard hatching and first molting. Further curiosities are dwarf males in parasitic and sessile taxa and bacteria-induced gigantism and infectious feminization in crustacean hosts. Record-breaking features in animals are relative penis length, clutch size, sperm size, chromosome number, viability of resting eggs, and fossil ages of penis, sperm and brooded embryos. These reproductive peculiarities are reviewed and their implication for basic and applied biology is discussed, including the early evolution and diversification of brood care in arthropods, sperm competition and assurance of paternity, posthumous paternity and sustainable male-based fishery, and ecotype changes by man-made pollution.
The effect of age, gender and level of education on the consumer’s expectations towards dairy product packaging
Authors: Baruk Agnieszka Izabela , Iwanicka Anna 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to have two main research goals: to identify and analyse the elements of dairy product packaging which influence customer purchase decisions, according to these elements’ compliance with their expectations; and to analyse the relations between final customers’ expectations towards elements of dairy product packaging and their three chosen demographic characteristics including age, gender and level of education.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper is theoretical and empirical in nature. In the theoretical part, the cognitive-critical analysis of the world’s literature on marketing and marketing management was applied. In the empirical part the following research methods were used: questionnaire survey for gathering primary data and statistical analysis (factor analysis and the Kruskal-Wallis independence test) for the analysis of the primary data and for statistical reasoning, which formed the basis for the final conclusions.

Findings
– On the basis of the research, one can conclude that the analysed demographic characteristics of the respondents (age, gender, level of education) influence the structure of their expectations towards dairy product packaging, thereby determining their purchase decisions. The dependence does not exist only between the growth of pro-environmental expectations and the increase of the respondents’ level of education. However, this does not change the fact that level of education correlates with expectations related to other features of dairy product packaging, thus determining their structure.

Originality/value
– The original contribution of this paper to theory is the identification of Polish customers’ expectations towards elements of dairy product packaging and the description of their structural diversity, depending on the recipients’ demographic characteristics in terms of their purchase decisions taken thanks to the fact that their expectations concerning the features of packaging are fulfilled. This knowledge can make it easier to effectively manage dairy product packaging as a tool of influencing on customers and properly shape their marketing potential by offerors. It determines the applicability of the research results and the conclusions drawn from them.
Participation and engagement of people with a learning disability in the lead up to the 2015 general election
Authors: Holland Robert 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– As a commentary on the article by Ian Hood, the purpose of this paper is to consider participation of people with a learning disability in the lead-up to the 2015 UK general election. It looks at available data on participation and the barriers people face to engagement in the national debate, the process of registering to vote as well as voting itself.

Design/methodology/approach
– A number of initiatives taken to increase participation are considered and their success evaluated. Available data on participation and previous research are also considered.

Findings
– It is possible to boost the numbers of people engaged in voting and related activities. More research is needed to look at the impact of moving to a system of individual electoral registration and at whether overall participation by people with a learning disability is increasing over time. The barriers identified need to be tackled if people with a learning disability are to be more fully engaged in voting and the national political debate.

Originality/value
– Findings will be of particular value to those organisations and individuals interested in increasing the proportion of people with learning disabilities voting in future elections.
Networks and Power: Why Networks are Hierarchical Not Flat and What Can Be Done About It
Authors: Faul Moira V. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMany scholars, policy makers and practitioners associate new, networked forms of collaboration and governance with positive attributes such as speed, flexibility, adaptability and ‘flatness’. This article contrasts the assumptions that networks essentially moderate external asymmetries of power with the network theoretical view that networks may amplify existing hierarchies. The case study network explored supports the network theoretical view that existing power relations may be increased when a multistakeholder partnership network is established. The use of Social Network Analysis facilitates the comparison of the structures and relationships into which global policy actors are organised (the formal network) with the relationships and relational structures into which they choose to organise themselves (informal network). In the conclusions, I introduce the practice of network rewiring that could overcome the network mechanisms that amplify existing power relations. Further research is required that adds more case study evidence in order to raise (and begin to answer) questions that will give a wider view of the social structuring of power in partnership networks in international development, such as those referred to in the recently‐adopted Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
The influence of environmental parameters on the performance and detection range of acoustic receivers
Authors: Huveneers Charlie , Simpfendorfer Colin A. , Kim Susan , Semmens Jayson M. , Hobday Alistair J. , Pederson Hugh , Stieglitz Thomas , Vallee Richard , Webber Dale , Heupel Michelle R. , Peddemors Vic , Harcourt Robert G. 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Acoustic telemetry is being increasingly used to study the ecology of many aquatic organisms. This widespread use has been advanced by national and international tracking programs that coordinate deployment of passive acoustic telemetry networks on a regional and continental scale to detect tagged animals. While it is well‐known that environmental conditions can affect the performance of acoustic receivers, these effects are rarely quantified despite the profound implications for tag detection and hence the ecological inferences.

Here, we deployed eight receivers at different depths within the water column and at different orientations (hydrophone up or down) and 12 tags 200–800 m from the receivers for 234 days to investigate how the tag detection range of acoustic receivers varied through time and under different meteorologic and oceanographic conditions.

The study showed that receiver depth and orientation, and time since deployment had the largest effect on the detection range. Thermocline gradient and depth, and wind speed were the environmental factors most affecting detection range, while wind direction, precipitation and atmospheric pressure had negligible or no effect. Comparison of results to a proposed general acoustic theory model and previous studies showed that findings from specific habitat types cannot be generalised and applied across other habitats or environments.

A good understanding of the acoustic coverage and temporal variations in relation to environmental conditions are crucial to accurate interpretation of results, and ensuing management recommendations. We recommend that each study include stationary reference tags to measure changes in detection probability with time, help refine detection range, and be used to improve confidence in the reporting and interpretation of the data.
Simulating regimes of chemical disturbance and testing impacts in the ecosystem using a novel programmable dosing system
Authors: Browne Mark Anthony , Brooks Paul R. , Clough Robert , Fisher Andrew S. , Mayer Pinto Mariana , Crowe Tasman P. 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Pollution is a global issue at the frontier between ecology, environmental science, management, engineering and policy. Legislation requires experiments to determine how much contamination an ecosystem can absorb before there are structural or functional changes. Yet, existing methods cannot realistically simulate regimes of chemical disturbance and determine impacts to assemblages in ecosystems. This is because they lack ecologically relevant species and biotic interactions, are logistically difficult to set up and lack environmentally relevant regimes of chemical and abiotic disturbance that organisms experience in polluted areas.

We solved these long‐standing environmental, logistical, experimental and ecological problems by developing a programmable dosing system. This dosing system simulates, in situ, regimes of chemical disturbance to assemblages by manipulating the concentration, duration, timing and frequency of pollutants to which they are exposed.

Experiments with priority pollutants (the metal copper and the biocide chlorpyrifos) and mussel assemblages revealed consistent plumes of contamination within patches of mussel. Mussels at the sources of experimental plumes of copper created by the dosing system, accumulated 670% more copper in their tissues compared to mussels 0·5–50 m away. In addition, when mussels were exposed to increasing concentrations of copper, there was a concomitant increase in the amount of copper in the tissues of mussels. Combining the dosing system with an established hierarchy of ecotoxicological assays revealed mussel assemblages exposed to copper and/or chlorpyrifos had 40–70% fewer worms, whilst chlorpyrifos alone caused an 81% reduction in the number of amphipods and caused mussels to filter 48% fewer particles from the water. Combinations of copper and/or chlorpyrifos had no effects on the abundance of crabs, the respiratory functions of assemblages or the viability of molluscan haemocytes.

As global contamination accelerates, we discuss how this technological advance will enable a diverse array of ecologists, mangers and policy‐makers to understand and reduce pollution.
Interdisciplinary, child‐centred collaboration could increase the success of potentially successful Internet‐based physical activity interventions
Authors: Müller Andre Matthias , Khoo Selina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractPhysical activity promotes health in children and adolescents, but activity levels are low. The Internet offers opportunities for physical activity interventions because children and adolescents are widely exposed to the web and enjoy being online. This review investigated the success of Internet‐based interventions designed to increase physical activity in children and adolescents. Of the 13 studies we included, five reported that Internet‐based interventions had significant effects on most physical activities.ConclusionInternet‐based physical activity interventions in children and adolescents are potentially successful, but interdisciplinary, child‐centred collaboration is needed to design interventions that align with their Internet experiences and preferences.
Growth performance, carcass traits, physiochemical characteristics and intramuscular fatty acid composition of finishing Japanese black steers fed soybean curd residue and soy sauce cake
Authors: Yasuda Kaori , Kitagawa Masayuki , Oishi Kazato , Hirooka Hiroyuki , Tamura Takemi , Kumagai Hajime 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study was conducted to determine the effects of dietary soybean curd residue (SCR) and soy sauce cake (SSC) on the growth performance, carcass traits and physiochemical and intramuscular fatty acid (FA) characteristics in Japanese Black steers. Ten steers (29.7 ± 0.3 months old, 856.6 ± 24.4 kg body weight) were assigned to either treatment C, fed a conventional concentrate or T, fed the test diet including dried SCR and SSC for 3 months. In growth performance, dry matter (DM) intake and average daily gain, and carcass traits did not differ significantly between the treatments. Color of beef was affected by the dietary treatments and meat samples from T showed higher a* value and chroma than those in C. On FA composition, there was no significant difference between the treatments in neutral lipids, whereas in polar lipids, meat samples from T had higher C16:1 (P < 0.05) and tended to have higher C16:0 (P = 0.05) and C18:1 (P = 0.08), but lower C17:0 (P = 0.098), C18:2 (P = 0.06) and C20:4 (P = 0.07) than those from C. The study suggested that SCR and SSC could be used as a substitute for conventional concentrate and would influence meat color and intramuscular FA composition of polar lipids.
Changes in Biliary Levels of Arginine and its Methylated Derivatives after Hepatic Ischaemia/Reperfusion
Authors: Ferrigno Andrea , Di Pasqua Laura Giuseppina , Berardo Clarissa , Rizzo Vittoria , Richelmi Plinio , Vairetti Mariapia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractArginine (Arg) can be methylated to form symmetrical dimethylarginine (SDMA) and asymmetrical dimethylarginine (ADMA), the latter an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthase (NOS). SDMA is excreted in the urine, while ADMA is mainly subjected to degradation in the liver. Arg competes with ADMA and SDMA for cellular transport across cationic amino‐acid transporters (CATs). We evaluated the changes in serum, tissue and biliary levels of Arg, citrulline (Cit), ADMA and SDMA and the modifications in CATs after ischaemia‐reperfusion (I/R). Male Wistar rats were subjected to 30‐min. partial‐hepatic ischaemia or sham‐operated. After 60‐min. reperfusion, the concentrations of ADMA, SDMA, Arg and Cit in serum, tissue and bile were measured. Serum levels of AST, ALT and alkaline phosphatase (AP) levels were determined. mRNA of cationic transporter 2A (CAT‐2A) and 2B (CAT‐2B) were also quantified. An increase in ADMA and a decrease in SDMA were observed in bile at the end of reperfusion. On the contrary, lower tissue ADMA levels and higher SDMA levels were quantified. No serum changes in ADMA and SDMA were found. A decrease in Arg and an increase of Cit were detected in serum, bile and tissue after I/R. A marked increase in AST, ALT and AP levels in serum confirmed I/R injury. A decrease in mRNA transporter CAT‐2A but not in CAT‐2B was detected. This study supported a biliary CAT‐2B–dependent transport of ADMA and demonstrated, for the first time, that the liver is also responsible for the biliary excretion of SDMA into the bile.
New 1,4‐Dihydropyridines Down‐regulate Nitric Oxide in Animals with Streptozotocin‐induced Diabetes Mellitus and Protect Deoxyribonucleic Acid against Peroxynitrite Action
Authors: Leonova Elina , Sokolovska Jelizaveta , Boucher Jean‐Luc , Isajevs Sergejs , Rostoka Evita , Baumane Larisa , Sjakste Tatjana , Sjakste Nikolajs 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) and its complications cause numerous health and social problems throughout the world. Pathogenic actions of nitric oxide (NO) are responsible to a large extent for development of complications of DM. Search for compounds regulating NO production in patients with DM is thus important for the development of pharmacological drugs. Dihydropyridines (1,4‐DHPs) are prospective compounds from this point of view. The goals of this study were to study the in vivo effects of new DHPs on NO and reactive nitrogen and oxygen species production in a streptozotocin (STZ)‐induced model of DM in rats and to study their ability to protect DNA against nocive action of peroxynitrite. STZ‐induced diabetes caused an increase in NO production in the liver, kidneys, blood and muscles, but a decrease in NO in adipose tissue of STZ‐treated animals. Cerebrocrast treatment was followed by normalization of NO production in the liver, kidneys and blood. Two other DHPs, etaftorone and fenoftorone, were effective in decreasing NO production in kidneys, blood and muscles of diabetic animals. Furthermore, inhibitors of nitric oxide synthase (NOS) and an inhibitor of xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR) decreased NO production in kidneys of diabetic animals. Treatment with etaftorone decreased expression of inducible NOS and XOR in kidneys, whereas it increased the expression of endothelial NOS. In vitro, the studied DHPs did not significantly inhibit the activities of NOS and XOR but affected the reactivity of peroxynitrite with DNA. These new DHPs thus appear of strong interest for treatment of DM complications.
Neural mechanisms of the observation of human and non‐human object touch in children: An event‐related potential study
Authors: Galilee Alena , McCleery Joseph P. 
Published: December 2015

Previous behavioural research on the development of self–other tactile processing and perception suggests that this system may develop in a somewhat protracted manner relative to other aspects of social development. Neuroimaging research has shown that somatosensory mechanisms are activated when adults observe another person or object being touched. In this study, we measured event‐related potentials from 4‐ to 5‐year‐old children to investigate the development of the neural correlates of the observation of human and object touch. Participants were presented with video clips of an arm or a cylindrical object being touched. Touch versus non‐touch effects were observed in the amplitudes of the LSW component (600–700 ms) measured from electrodes over somatosensory region. Additionally, human versus non‐human stimulus effects were reflected in the amplitudes of the parietal–central N100 component, as well as in the latencies of the N170 component recorded from parietal‐occipital electrodes in children, as in adults in a previous study using this same paradigm. These findings provide evidence that relatively mature tactile mirroring mechanisms are activated during the observation of touch in children, and further suggest the possibility that these mechanisms are not particularly slow in their development relative to other aspects of social cognition.
Developmental changes in the embodied self of spatial perspective taking
Authors: Watanabe Masayuki 
Published: December 2015

Spatial perspective taking consists of mental self‐rotation and other cognitive information processing. Mental self‐rotation is a process of rotating an embodied representational self through mental simulation of the sensorimotor mechanisms underlying actual self‐movement. It was predicted that physical development would affect the operation of the representational self. One hundred and twenty‐five individuals aged 5–80 years (57 children, 35 students, and 33 elderly people) executed a video game task of spatial perspective taking in three conditions of sensorimotor activation: A restrained, stable, and unstable condition. In the linear function formulas considering the degree of rotation and response times, the gradient represented the theoretical speed of mental self‐rotation and the intercept represented other cognitive processing. A significant interaction was found between age group and condition on the gradients, indicating that the response times in the unstable condition were faster than in the other conditions for the children, the restrained condition was slower than the other conditions for the students, while no difference was found for the elderly adults. The results suggest that the influence of sensorimotor activation on the embodied representational self depends on developmental changes in physical control.