bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tröger's Base‐Containing Aromatic Polymers with Unexpected Properties Endowed by the Insertion of Alkyne Spacers
Authors: Li Wei , Michinobu Tsuyoshi 
Published: March 2016

Novel Tröger's base‐containing linear polymers are synthesized by the Pd‐catalyzed polycondensation of 2,8‐disubstituted Tröger's base monomers. Despite the nonplanarity of Tröger's base structure, there is a solubility problem for the resulting polymers. Careful selection of the comonomers and π‐spacers eventually produce high molecular weight polymers. All the polymers show high thermal stabilities with decomposition temperatures (Td5%) exceeding 300 °C. The optical and electrochemical properties of Tröger's base‐containing polymers are, to the best of our knowledge, investigated for the first time. They absorb UV light and emit a blue fluorescence in CH2Cl2 solutions with the quantum yield reaching 0.72. The polymers with ethynylene spacers display a remarkable light‐green fluorescence in thin films as a result of excellent intermolecular interactions. Also, the redox activities depend on the chemical structures of the comonomers and π‐spacers. Remarkably, Tröger's base‐fluorene copolymer does not show any oxidation peaks, whereas the ethynylene‐linked copolymer exhibits a well‐defined oxidation at ≈1.1 V (vs Ag/Ag+). The use of triphenylamine comonomers further enhances the redox activities. A facilitated oxidation occurs at the benzidine subunits, and a faster redox response is revealed by spectroelectrochemical measurements.
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Two‐dimensional‐NGC‐SENSE‐GRAPPA for fast, ghosting‐robust reconstruction of in‐plane and slice‐accelerated blipped‐CAIPI echo planar imaging
Authors: Koopmans Peter J. 
Published: March 2016

PurposeGhosting‐robust reconstruction of blipped‐CAIPI echo planar imaging simultaneous multislice data with low computational load.MethodsTo date, Slice‐GRAPPA, with “odd–even” kernels that improve ghosting performance, has been the framework of choice for such reconstructions due to its predecessor SENSE‐GRAPPA being deemed unsuitable for blipped‐CAIPI data. Modifications to SENSE‐GRAPPA are used to restore CAIPI compatibility and to make it robust against ghosting. Two implementations are tested, one where slices and in‐plane unaliasing are dealt in the same serial manner as in Slice‐GRAPPA [referred to as one‐dimensional (1D)‐NGC‐SENSE‐GRAPPA, where NGC stands for Nyquist Ghost Corrected] and one where both are unaliased in a single step (2D‐NGC‐SENSE‐GRAPPA), which is analytically and experimentally shown to be computationally cheaper.ResultsThe 1D‐NGC‐SENSE‐GRAPPA and odd‐even Slice‐GRAPPA perform identically, whereas 2D‐NGC‐SENSE‐GRAPPA shows reduced error propagation, less residual ghosting when reliable reference data were available. When the latter was not the case, error propagation was increased.ConclusionUnlike Slice‐GRAPPA, SENSE‐GRAPPA operates fully within the GRAPPA framework, for which improved reconstructions (e.g., iterative, nonlinear) have been developed over the past decade. It could, therefore, bring benefit to the reconstruction of SMS data as an attractive alternative to Slice‐GRAPPA. Magn Reson Med 77:998–1009, 2017. © 2016 The Authors Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Analytical‐numerical solution for stress distribution around tunnel reinforced by radial fully grouted rockbolts
Authors: Ranjbarnia Masoud , Oreste Pierpaolo , Fahimifar Ahmad , Arya Amir 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThis paper presents an analytical‐numerical approach to obtain the distribution of stresses and deformations around a reinforced tunnel. The increase in the radial stress of the reinforced tunnel, based on the performance of a bolt, is modeled by a function, which its maximum value is in the vicinity of the bolt periphery and it exponentially decreases in the far distance from the bolt. On the basis of this approach, the shear stiffness between the bolt and the rock mass and the shear stress distribution around the bolt within the rock mass are also analytically obtained. The results are compared with those obtained by the assumption of ‘uniform increase of radial stress’ method, which is made by the previous studies. The analyses show when the bolts' spacing is large, the safety factor must be increased if the ‘uniform increase of radial stress’ method is used for the design.Finally, a procedure is introduced to calculate the non‐equal deformation of the rock mass between the bolts at any radius that can be useful to compute the bending moment in shotcrete layer in New Austrian Tunnelling Method (NATM) approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Improved state estimation for Markovian jumping systems with time delay and partial information on transition probabilities
Authors: Zhang Yan , Lou Ke , Ge Yuan , Zhang Chuan‐Ke 
Published: March 2016

SummaryThis paper focuses on the full‐order state estimation problem for continuous‐time Markovian jumping systems with time delay and incomplete transition probabilities. Based on the Lyapunov stability theory, an extended Wirtinger's inequality is used to value the upper bound of integral term by considering the relationship among time delay, its upper, and their difference. At the same time, an extended vector inequality is applied to deal with the accompanying fractions that contain the information of time delay. As a result, an improved stability criterion is derived, and a full‐order state estimates design method is proposed. Finally, two examples are provided to illustrate the merits of the proposed method. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Unmasking Cleckley's psychopath: assessing historical case studies
Authors: DeShong Hilary L. , Helle Ashley C. , Mullins‐Sweatt Stephanie N. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe current study investigated original case descriptions of psychopathy (Cleckley, 1941) in relation to current conceptualizations and general personality traits. Attorneys, forensic psychologists and clinical faculty members completed ratings of psychopathy and personality after reading vignettes based on Cleckley's descriptions of a psychopath. The results suggest that professionals' ratings are consistent with current conceptualizations of psychopathy. Furthermore, the five‐factor model (FFM) personality traits of the vignettes aligned with the current literature on the FFM and psychopathy (i.e. low neuroticism, conscientiousness and agreeableness). The results further supported that a general trait model, like the FFM, may be well suited to describe the underlying personality traits of psychopathy. Gender differences were also examined.
Dynamics of tropical–extratropical interactions and extreme precipitation events in Saudi Arabia in autumn, winter and spring
Authors: de Vries A. J. , Feldstein S. B. , Riemer M. , Tyrlis E. , Sprenger M. , Baumgart M. , Fnais M. , Lelieveld J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractExtreme precipitation in the arid Middle East can cause flash floods with dramatic societal impacts. This study investigates the synoptic‐scale dynamics of three extreme precipitation events that occurred in Saudi Arabia in autumn, winter and spring. Using ERA‐Interim reanalysis, soundings and observational precipitation data, we study precipitation characteristics, the synoptic circulations, moisture transport pathways and forcing mechanisms for upward motion. All three cases involved strong tropical–extratropical interactions whereby midlatitude forcing instigated an incursion of tropical moisture over the Arabian Peninsula that fuelled the heavy rainfall. In each case, a midlatitude upper‐level trough, associated with anticyclonic Rossby wave breaking, intruded into the subtropics. The phase relationship between this trough and the tropical low‐level circulation was consistent with wave amplification through baroclinic growth. Eulerian and Lagrangian analyses reveal moisture transport from nearby and remote tropical regions, leading to above‐normal tropospheric moisture content over Saudi Arabia. The autumn case (November 2009) showed a transient midlatitude upper‐level trough that interacted with the climatological Red Sea Trough near the surface, being an ‘Active Red Sea Trough’ event. The winter case (January 2005) resembled tropical plume‐like characteristics and demonstrated the coupling of a midlatitude cyclone and the equatorial low‐pressure zone over Africa, an intensified subtropical jet stream, and pronounced moisture fluxes at middle and upper levels. The spring case (April–May 2013) involved a quasi‐stationary cut‐off low and persistent advection of low‐level moist air masses, partly from the south Indian Ocean through cross‐equatorial flow. The forcing of ascent was associated with low‐level moisture convergence and decreased static stability (autumn case), dynamical lifting (winter case), strong surface sensible heating (spring case), and orographic lifting (all cases), favouring the build‐up and release of potential instability. We discuss the three cases from a seasonal perspective and present a synthesis of their common key synoptic features.
Mechanistic investigation of charge‐remote and charge‐driven fragmentation processes in 2,5‐diphenyl‐3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene diamidines
Authors: Stolić I. , Barić D. , Kazazić Snj. , Bratoš I. , Bajić M. 
Published: March 2016

RationaleDiphenylfuran diamidines represent an important class of DNA minor groove binders of high therapeutic interest as antitumor and antibacterial agents. This study aimed to investigate fragmentation patterns in mass spectra of four diamidine derivatives with significant antitumor activity, in order to gain more insight into the structures and stability of their putative biological metabolites.MethodsCompounds were investigated by electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS/MS) using low‐energy collision‐induced dissociation (CID). Density functional theory calculations were performed to confirm the main fragmentation paths.ResultsThe most abundant ion present in mass spectra is the doubly protonated molecule, whereas singly protonated molecules are present to a lesser extent. In the simplest compound, 2,5‐bis(4‐amidinophenyl)‐3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene, the main fragmentation path was loss of ammonia, followed by loss of HCN where possible. The fragmentation of the N‐alkyl derivatives (N‐isopropyl‐, N‐isobutyl‐, N‐cyclopentyl‐) includes competition between loss of alkene and the corresponding amine, followed by loss of another alkene and formation of fragment ions present in the pathway of the parent compound.ConclusionsThe primary sites of fragmentations of investigated compounds are amidine groups, while breaking the core 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene ring system does not take place. Fragmentation of the singly protonated molecule [M + H]+ occurs primarily on the charged side of the molecule, but a charge‐remote process is energetically viable. The fragmentation mechanism of the alkyl derivatives revealed that singly and doubly protonated molecules cleave to the singly and doubly protonated molecules of the parent compound. Once formed, they are gradually transformed into nitrile. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An Approach to Simulate Interstitial Habitat Conditions During the Incubation Phase of Gravel‐Spawning Fish
Authors: Noack M. , Ortlepp J. , Wieprecht S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe incubation period represents an important development phase for successful reproduction of gravel‐spawning fish, whereby colmation processes can affect the quality of the interstitial habitat. From a sedimentary perspective, the infiltration and accumulation of fine sediments can result in a reduction of the pore space and limit the transport of oxygen‐rich surface water in the interstitials of riverbeds. From a biogeochemical perspective, the increased surface area for microbial growth can lead to an increase of respiration rates, which additionally limits the oxygen supply. The assessment and prediction of such processes on interstitial habitat quality represents a challenging task given their complex dynamic interacting processes and their high spatio‐temporal variability. This study presents a new habitat‐based modelling approach, which simulates interstitial habitat suitability (IHS) to evaluate dynamically the quality of interstitial habitat conditions during incubation. For this purpose, three key parameters (hydraulic conductivity, interstitial temperature and hyporheic respiration) are linked to the habitat requirements of different developmental stages during the incubation period (egg, hatching, larvae) via a multivariate fuzzy approach. The proposed modelling concept has been developed on the River Spoel in Switzerland, whereby results of a numerical 3D sediment transport model, together with supplementary measurements, deliver the spatio‐temporal variations of the required input data. The fuzzy approach provides results in form of maps and time series of IHS values to allow for an identification of abiotic bottlenecks during the incubation period. Hence, this approach represents a significant contribution for the restoration of reproduction areas of gravel‐spawning fish. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The colours of steel bridges in Japan – principles and examples
Authors: Kido Ewa Maria , Cywiński Zbigniew 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIt is presently recognized worldwide that the colours of steel bridges – besides their form – serve as one of the key factors of their aesthetic design. This paper refers to the colouring problem being characteristic of Japan, since – in addition to the respect for the usual theory of colours – special Japanese particulars, based on tradition and philosophy of life, are followed. Several bridge examples shown here stand for the accentuation effect of that special approach.Die Farben der Stahlbrücken in Japan – Grundsätze und Beispiele. Es ist heute allgemein bekannt, dass die Farbe einer Stahlbrücke – außer ihrer Form – als einer der Grundfaktoren des ästhetischen Gestaltens gilt. Der vorliegende Beitrag bezieht sich auf dieses für Japan charakteristische Thema, da – neben der Beachtung der gewöhnlichen Farbenlehre – spezifische japanische Besonderheiten befolgt werden, die der Tradition und der Lebensphilosophie zugrunde liegen. Die hier vorgestellten Brückenbeispiele verdeutlichen die Akzentuierung infolge der besonderen Behandlung des Themas Farbgebung.
Inhibition of Focal Adhesion Kinase Signaling by Integrin α6β1 Supports Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Self-Renewal
Authors: Villa-Diaz Luis G. , Kim Jin Koo , Laperle Alex , Palecek Sean P. , Krebsbach Paul H. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Self-renewal of human embryonic stem cells and human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs)—known as pluripotent stem cells (PSC)—is influenced by culture conditions, including the substrate on which they are grown. However, details of the molecular mechanisms interconnecting the substrate and self-renewal of these cells remain unclear. We describe a signaling pathway in hPSCs linking self-renewal and expression of pluripotency transcription factors to integrin α6β1 and inactivation of focal adhesion kinase (FAK). Disruption of this pathway results in hPSC differentiation. In hPSCs, α6β1 is the dominant integrin and FAK is not phosphorylated at Y397, and thus, it is inactive. During differentiation, integrin α6 levels diminish and Y397 FAK is phosphorylated and activated. During reprogramming of fibroblasts into iPSCs, integrin α6 is upregulated and FAK is inactivated. Knockdown of integrin α6 and activation of β1 integrin lead to FAK phosphorylation and reduction of Nanog, Oct4, and Sox2, suggesting that integrin α6 functions in inactivation of integrin β1 and FAK signaling and prevention of hPSC differentiation. The N-terminal domain of FAK, where Y397 is localized, is in the nuclei of hPSCs interacting with Oct4 and Sox2, and this immunolocalization is regulated by Oct4. hPSCs remodel the extracellular microenvironment and deposit laminin α5, the primary ligand of integrin α6β1. Knockdown of laminin α5 resulted in reduction of integrin α6 expression, phosphorylation of FAK and decreased Oct4. In conclusion, hPSCs promote the expression of integrin α6β1, and nuclear localization and inactivation of FAK to supports stem cell self-renewal.
Tetraalkylammonium Ionic Liquids as Dual Solvents–Catalysts for Direct Synthesis of Sugar Fatty Acid Esters
Authors: Lin Xiao‐Sheng , Zou Yong , Zhao Kai‐Hua , Yang Tao‐Xiang , Halling Peter , Yang Zhen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAs nonionic surfactants derived from naturally renewable resources such as sugars and fatty acids, sugar fatty acid esters have been widely utilized in food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries. Our present study has demonstrated that the inexpensive and halogen‐free tetraalkylammonium salts (e.g., [Bu4N][Ac], [Et4N][Ac] and [Me4N][Ac]) can act as dual solvents–catalysts for regioselective acylation to produce glucose laurate. This non‐enzymatic synthesis can proceed under mild conditions with high specificity, and the conversions obtained were superior to that when an enzyme catalyst (lipase, EC 3.1.1.3) was added. A higher yield was obtained in the ammonium salt with a longer alkyl chain on the cation, while no product was obtained in [Bu4N][HSO4] and [Bu4P][Ac]. A reaction mechanism has been proposed, which is supported by phase‐transfer catalysis and law of matching water affinity.
Gender Preference in the Sexual Attractions, Fantasies, and Relationships of Voluntarily Castrated Men
Authors: Handy Ariel B. , Jackowich Robyn A. , Wibowo Erik , Johnson Thomas Wayne , Wassersug Richard J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Introduction
Some men seek castration outside a clear medical need. This study explored how their sexuality changed after castration.

Aim
To explore changes in preferred gender(s) of sexual attraction, fantasy, and relationships in voluntarily castrated men with or without gonadal hormone therapy.

Methods
A questionnaire was posted at http://www.eunuch.org that yielded data on men who had been voluntarily castrated physically (n = 198) or chemically (n = 96).

Main Outcome Measures
Respondents were asked to report retrospectively on their sexuality, including their sexual activity and which gender(s) they were sexually attracted to, fantasized about, or had sexual relations with 6 months to 1 year before and after castration.

Results
A substantial proportion of men remained sexually active after castration; 37% had sex at least several times per week. Most respondents did not report a change in preferred gender(s) of attraction (65%, n = 181), fantasies (62%, n = 169), or sexual relationships (66%, n = 163), although approximately 20% to 30% of respondents did report such changes and 8% to 11% became non-sexual after castration. Respondents who were attracted to and fantasized about “only men” or who had sexual relationship with “only women” before castration were the least likely to report a change subsequent to castration. Respondents who were taking neither supplemental testosterone nor estrogen were more likely to report (i) becoming attracted to no one, (ii) fantasizing about no one, and (iii) becoming sexually inactive.

Conclusion
Sexual changes in voluntarily castrated men vary and can be influenced by various factors including the use of supplemental testosterone or estrogen therapy.
Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Male Genital Self-Image Scale in Iranian Men
Authors: Saffari Mohsen , Pakpour Amir H. , Burri Andrea 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Introduction
Certain sexual health problems in men can be attributed to genital self-image. Therefore, a culturally adapted version of a Male Genital Self-Image Scale (MGSIS) could help health professionals understand this concept and its associated correlates.

Aim
To translate the original English version of the MGSIS into Persian and to assess the psychometric properties of this culturally adapted version (MGSIS-I) for use in Iranian men.

Methods
In total, 1,784 men were recruited for this cross-sectional study. Backward and forward translations of the MGSIS were used to produce the culturally adapted version. Reliability of the MGSIS-I was assessed using Cronbach α and intra-class correlation coefficients. Divergent and convergent validities were examined using Pearson correlation and known-group validity was assessed in subgroups of participants with different sociodemographic statuses. Factor validity of the scale was investigated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses.

Main Outcome Measures
Demographic information, the International Index of Erectile Function, the Body Appreciation Scale, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and the MGSIS.

Results
Mean age of participants was 38.13 years (SD = 11.45) and all men were married. Cronbach α of the MGSIS-I was 0.89 and interclass correlation coefficients ranged from 0.70 to 0.94. Significant correlations were found between the MGSIS-I and the International Index of Erectile Function (P &lt; .01), whereas correlation of the scale with non-similar scales was lower than with similar scale (confirming convergent and divergent validity). The scale could differentiate between subgroups in age, smoking status, and income (known-group validity). A single-factor solution that explained 70% variance of the scale was explored using exploratory factor analysis (confirming uni-dimensionality); confirmatory factor analysis indicated better fitness for the five-item version than the seven-item version of the MGSIS-I (root mean square error of approximation = 0.05, comparative fit index &gt; 1.00 vs root mean square error of approximation = 0.10, comparative fit index &gt; 0.97, respectively).

Conclusion
The MGSIS-I is a useful instrument to assess genital self-image in Iranian men, a concept that has been associated with sexual function. Further investigation is needed to identify the applicability of the scale in other cultures or populations.