bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Late Miocene chondrichthyans from Lago Bayano, Panama: Functional diversity, environment and biogeography
Authors: Perez Victor J. , Pimiento Catalina , Hendy Austin , González-Barba Gerardo , Hubbell Gordon , MacFadden Bruce J. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis newly described chondrichthyan fauna from the late Miocene Chucunaque Formation of Lago Bayano reveals a prolific and highly diverse assemblage from Panama, and one of the richest shark faunas from the Neotropics. Strontium geochronology indicates an age of 10–9.5 Ma for the chonrichthyan-bearing strata. Field efforts resulted in 1429 identifiable specimens comprising at least 31 taxa, of which at least eight are new to the documented fossil record of Panama. With this information an analysis of functional diversity was conducted, indicating ecosystems dominated by generalist species feeding upon a wide range of organisms, from plankton to marine mammals. A probabilistic approach of paleobathymetric estimation suggests a neritic environment. Previous studies based on foraminifera have suggested that the Chucunaque Formation had a greater Pacific Ocean affinity, making this the first Miocene chondrichthyan fauna described from the Pacific shelf of Panama. However, our geographic comparisons show that this fauna has mixed Caribbean and Pacific biogeographic affinities, which likely supports the previously purported connection between chondrichthyan faunas during the late Miocene.
Is Europe really the dream? Contingent paths among sub-Saharan migrants in Morocco
Authors: Thorsen Dorte 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article explores migrant existences in the border zones around Europe. Drawing on ethnographic research in Morocco undertaken in 2012, 2013 and 2015 and in continued engagements with migrants using social media, the article analyses three extended migrant stories, detailing their experiences of uncertainty, waiting and hoping. By elucidating the objectives informing migrants’ pathways and the material and moral considerations underpinning the ways in which they navigate migrant life in Rabat, the stories unveil how different temporalities and spatialities intersect and influence their decisions and ability to endure hardship and waiting. The article argues that uncertainties and risks inherent in migration, and in irregular migration in particular, have transformed collective expectations of the migratory project as a means of upward social mobility and economic security into hope and into a mode of hoping that individualizes success and failure. Meanwhile, the rising costs of migration and structural marginalization render the opportunity to travel elsewhere contingent on assistance from transnational social networks or international institutions. Individuals’ success or failure thus comes to depend on how understandings of hardship, waiting, opportunity and moral obligation are configured and reconfigured by lived experiences in different places.
Effect of plant development (age and size) on theMi-1-mediated resistance of tomato to whiteflyBemisia tabaci
Authors: Rodríguez-Álvarez C.I. , Muñiz M. , Nombela G. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWhitefly,Bemisia tabaci, is one of the most important pests of tomato,Solanum lycopersicumL. TheMi-1gene mediates tomato resistance to the Middle East-Asia Minor 1 (MEAM1) and Mediterranean (MED) species ofB. tabaci, three species of root-knot nematodes,Meloidogynespp., and the potato aphid,Macrosiphum euphorbiae.Tomato seedlings bearing theMi-1gene are resistant to nematodes soon after germination but resistance to aphids is developmentally regulated; a reliable conclusion aboutMi-1resistance toB. tabaciwas not available to date. In the present work, 3-, 5- and 8-week-old plants of the tomato cultivars Motelle and Moneymaker (bearing and lacking theMi-1gene, respectively) were simultaneously tested under free-choice (antixenosis) and no-choice (antibiosis) conditions, to assess the real influence of plant age on theMi-1-mediated resistance to the MED species ofB. tabaci.Subsequently, plants of the same age but with different level of development were compared to check whether the plant size can also affect this tomato resistance. Obtained results demonstrated thatMi-1-mediated resistance toB. tabaciis developmentally regulated, as variations in the age of bearing-Mi-1plants affects most infestation parameters tested. Differences between cultivars with and without theMi-1gene were significant for 8- but not for 3-week-old plants. For 5-week-old plants, differences between cultivars were less pronounced than in older plants, expressing an intermediate level of resistance in Motelle. Plant size also influenced whitefly infestation and reproductive activity on the resistant cultivar. However, plant age has more impact than plant size on theMi-1-mediated resistance of tomato toB. tabaci.
Reproductive biology of the great capricorn beetle,Cerambyx cerdo(Coleoptera: Cerambycidae): a protected but occasionally harmful species
Authors: Torres-Vila L.M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractCerambyx cerdo(Cc) is a protected saproxylic beetle in Europe, although it is increasingly reported as an oak ‘pest’. Cc ecological features are relatively well known, but, its reproductive biology is still poorly understood. Hence, we investigated the reproductive traits of Cc under laboratory conditions. In females, body length was 44.1 ± 0.9 mm, 28–53 (mean ± SE, range); fecundity 143 ± 11 eggs, 33–347; fertility 78 ± 1%, 65–93; oviposition period 44 ± 3 days, 13–128 and longevity 59 ± 5 days, 16–157. Fecundity was positively correlated with female size, longevity and oviposition period. Daily fecundity was 3.5 ± 0.2 eggs/day, 0.9–6.5 showing a fluctuating synovigenic pattern with a slight decreasing trend over time. Egg length was 3.74 ± 0.01 mm, 2.3–6.0 and egg volume 5.45 ± 0.04 mm3, 2.4–9.6. Egg size was correlated with female size, but, the relative size of eggs was larger in smaller females. Incubation time was 13.5 ± 0.1 days, 7–28. Hatching was superior in larger eggs and neonate size was positively correlated to egg volume. Females were polyandrous (up to 19 matings), but, multiple mating did not enhance fecundity or fertility. In males, body length was 41.8 ± 0.8 mm, 29–53 and longevity 49 ± 3 days, 9–124. Male longevity was unrelated to body size. Males were polygynous (up to 16 matings) and mating number did not affect male longevity. Overall, females were larger and lived longer than males. Cc reproductive traits are compared with those other Cerambycidae, especially with the congeneric pestCerambyx welensii. Our data may be valuable to improve the protection/management measures of Cc in dehesa woodlands and other oak forests.
Back to the Future: Historical Political Science and the Promise of Canadian Political Development
Authors: Lucas Jack , Vipond Robert 
Published: April 2017

AbstractHow “historical” is Canadian political science? This paper sets out to answer this question through an analysis of historically oriented articles that have appeared in this journal from its first volume, in 1968, to 2015. We suggest that historical research in this journal is at once enduring and uneven, a pattern that we then explore in more detail in a case study, spanning forty years, of historical articles that focus on the interconnected themes of the constitution, courts, and federalism. The unevenness of this pattern suggests that the intellectual and methodological foundation of “historical” Canadian political science may not be as firm as it appears. We therefore conclude with a description of some methodological and conceptual tools, originally fashioned within the historically oriented subfield of American political development in the United States, that Canadian political scientists might deploy to probe important and enduring questions of Canadian politics.
Towards a More Collaborative Political Science: A Partnership Approach
Authors: Goodman Nicole , Bird Karen , Gabel Chelsea 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe research model that has dominated the discipline of political science in Canada is based on a top-down approach that defines and finds solutions to problems as researchers see them, and diminishes the real world concerns of social and political actors. Advocating a more collaborative political science, we argue for a partnership approach that engages those actors in the research process, including problem definition, research design, analysis and knowledge dissemination. This inclusion sharpens the focus of the research and produces more contextually valid and socially valuable knowledge. We draw upon our research experience working with Indigenous communities in Canada to illustrate the value of this approach, and carry out a review of partnership-based research published inThe Canadian Journal of Political Science.We find little evidence of partnership-based research in our flagship journal and discuss the implications for the future of our field.
Planning for the Future: Methodology Training in Canadian Universities
Authors: Dion Michelle L. , Stephenson Laura B. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRecent changes in government policy making and the labour market have created new opportunities for political scientists, provided that we have the skills to respond to them. We argue that changes need to be made in the area of methodology training in order to capitalize on these opportunities. Canadian political scientists should ensure that all our students acquire basic quantitative competencies, in addition to research design and qualitative analysis training, and that those graduate students interested in more sophisticated quantitative methods have the opportunity to develop those skills. We explain how expanding and deepening training in quantitative methods is one strategy for ensuring a role for political science in evidence-based policy making, for expanding labour market options for students, and for keeping apace with disciplinary trends. We caution, however, that special care needs to be taken to ensure that all political scientists have equal opportunities to develop such skills.
Langue de publication des politologues francophones du Canada
Authors: Rocher François , Stockemer Daniel 
Published: April 2017

RésuméCette étude présente les résultats d'un sondage réalisé auprès des politologues francophones du Canada portant sur la langue de diffusion des connaissances en science politique. Même si la quasi-totalité des politologues francophones est d'accord avec l’énoncé voulant que l'anglais soit devenu la lingua franca de la science politique, le français continue à occuper une place importante dans la diffusion des connaissances. Toutefois, il existe plusieurs variations en fonction de la langue dans laquelle la thèse de doctorat a été rédigée, du sous-champ disciplinaire dans lequel s'inscrivent les travaux et du rang professoral. Les choix linguistiques sont largement motivés par la volonté de rejoindre le plus vaste auditoire possible tout en obtenant la reconnaissance auprès des pairs.
Four Conversations We Need To Have About Teaching and Learning in Canadian Political Science
Authors: Smith Heather , Summerville Tracy 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOver the last 20 years of our careers, we have witnessed a significant decline in the respect for the liberal arts and social sciences. This decline forces us to regularly respond to questions about the relevance, value and future of our discipline. We know that political science provides fundamental skills for our students to succeed in the 21st century. Yet we also believe that as teachers and scholars we can do a better job of connecting to the realities of our students, articulating the skills and attitudes that our students will develop, and adapting our teaching methods to include high impact practices (Kuh, 2008) that focus on student learning. Here we argue that there are four important conversations that we need to have that can strengthen the appeal and interest in our discipline: the articulation of learning outcomes, the inclusion of high impact practices, attention to information literacy that recognizes the significant change in the delivery and access of research materials and a deep integration of indigenous ways of knowing in our teaching.
Construction de l'identité québécoise : des impacts sur la science politique autochtoniste
Authors: Choquette Éléna 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article proposes a historiographical analysis of the franco-quebecois political science on Indigenous peoples. Political science participates in representing social realities of populations that, in the present case, have been historically marginalised. It is thus critical to understand the processes that underlie its production and diffusion. By exploring the political circumstances that impacted the development of research on Indigenous peoples, we conclude that franco-quebecois scholars have built a field of study that is distinct in terms of its volume, tone, and recurring themes. In particular, we suggest that the study of the place of Quebec within Canada shaped and eclipsed that of Indigenous peoples in the province. Finally, we situate the contributions and limits of franco-quebecois political science with respect to Indigenous peoples. In so doing, we uncover some of the most significant dynamics in the development of Canadian political science in this area of study and provide indications for future research in the field.
The Unintended Consequences of Bilateralism: Treaty Shopping and International Tax Policy
Authors: Arel-Bundock Vincent 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe international tax system is a complex regime composed of thousands of bilateral tax treaties. These agreements coordinate policies between countries to avoid double taxation and encourage international investment. I argue that by solving this coordination problem on a bilateral basis, states have inadvertently created opportunities for treaty shopping by multinationals. These opportunities, in turn, reduce the potency of fiscal policy, put pressure on governments to change their domestic tax laws, and ultimately constrain state autonomy. This constraint is theoretically distinct from the usual race-to-the-bottom story and it generates different testable implications. I use a motivating case study to show how multinationals leverage the structure of the treaty network to reduce their tax burden. Then, I develop a new measure of treaty-shopping opportunities for firms in 164 countries. Where the proliferation of tax treaties allows multinationals to engage in treaty shopping, states’ fiscal autonomy is limited, and governments tend to maintain lower tax rates.
An Analysis of Socio-Economic and Cultural Rights Protection under the Zimbabwe Constitution of 2013
Authors: Chitimira Howard 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article discusses certain provisions of the Zimbabwe Constitution Amendment Act 20 of 2013 that deal with the protection of socio-economic and cultural rights in Zimbabwe. The purpose of the article is to investigate the adequacy, flaws, challenges and prospects of these provisions in relation to the protection and affording of basic socio-economic and cultural rights to all citizens of Zimbabwe.
Rural livelihoods and mangrove degradation in south-west Madagascar: lime production as an emerging threat
Authors: Scales Ivan R. , Friess Daniel A. , Glass Leah , Ravaoarinorotsihoarana Lalao 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMangroves are heavily threatened globally, with fuelwood harvesting and charcoal production a growing threat in low-income nations. However, the socio-ecological dynamics of mangroves are poorly understood, especially the roles of poverty and wealth in shaping resource use. This is particularly the case with Madagascar's mangroves, which contribute 2% of global mangrove cover. We report on the use of and threats to mangroves in the Bay of Assassins in south-west Madagascar. We document the production of sokay, a sea-shell based lime produced in mangrove wood kilns and used as a render on houses to improve their durability. Lime rendered houses are considered a status symbol. Growth in the use of lime is related to a rise in income in some households, which is partly a result of the increased commodification of marine products such as octopus, seaweed and sea cucumber. These products have experienced rapid commercialization over the last decade, with fishers now supplying global markets. We also document evidence of the emergence of larger-scale lime production. The growth of lime production has major ramifications for mangrove cover. We have observed a worrying development in mangrove harvesting patterns tied to lime production, where mangrove ecosystems are cleared instead of selectively cut. We consider the implications of our findings for broader debates about the relationship between conservation, poverty and natural resource use. We highlight research priorities and discuss the policy implications of our research, especially the need for the integrated management of ecosystems.
Effects of electroconvulsive therapy on amygdala function in major depression – a longitudinal functional magnetic resonance imaging study
Authors: Redlich R. , Bürger C. , Dohm K. , Grotegerd D. , Opel N. , Zaremba D. , Meinert S. , Förster K. , Repple J. , Schnelle R. , Wagenknecht C. , Zavorotnyy M. , Heindel W. , Kugel H. , Gerbaulet M. , Alferink J. , Arolt V. , Zwanzger P. , Dannlowski U. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundElectroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is one of the most effective treatments for severe depression. However, little is known regarding brain functional processes mediating ECT effects.MethodIn a non-randomized prospective study, functional magnetic resonance imaging data during the automatic processing of subliminally presented emotional faces were obtained twice, about 6 weeks apart, in patients with major depressive disorder (MDD) before and after treatment with ECT (ECT, n = 24). Additionally, a control sample of MDD patients treated solely with pharmacotherapy (MED, n = 23) and a healthy control sample (HC, n = 22) were obtained.ResultsBefore therapy, both patient groups equally showed elevated amygdala reactivity to sad faces compared with HC. After treatment, a decrease in amygdala activity to negative stimuli was discerned in both patient samples indicating a normalization of amygdala function, suggesting mechanisms potentially unspecific for ECT. Moreover, a decrease in amygdala activity to sad faces was associated with symptomatic improvements in the ECT sample (rspearman = −0.48, p = 0.044), and by tendency also for the MED sample (rspearman = −0.38, p = 0.098). However, we did not find any significant association between pre-treatment amygdala function to emotional stimuli and individual symptom improvement, neither for the ECT sample, nor for the MED sample.ConclusionsIn sum, the present study provides first results regarding functional changes in emotion processing due to ECT treatment using a longitudinal design, thus validating and extending our knowledge gained from previous treatment studies. A limitation was that ECT patients received concurrent medication treatment.
Metacognitive beliefs mediate the effect of emotional abuse on depressive and psychotic symptoms in severe mental disorders
Authors: Østefjells T. , Lystad J. U. , Berg A. O. , Hagen R. , Loewy R. , Sandvik L. , Melle I. , Røssberg J. I. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundEarly trauma is linked to higher symptom levels in bipolar and psychotic disorders, but the translating mechanisms are not well understood. This study examines whether the relationship between early emotional abuse and depressive symptoms is mediated by metacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous, and whether this pathway extends to influence positive symptoms.MethodPatients (N= 261) with psychotic or bipolar disorders were assessed for early trauma experiences, metacognitive beliefs, and current depression/anxiety and positive symptoms. Mediation path analyses using ordinary least-squares regressions tested if the effect of early emotional abuse on depression/anxiety was mediated by metacognitive beliefs, and if the effect of early emotional abuse on positive symptoms was mediated by metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety.ResultsMetacognitive beliefs about thoughts being uncontrollable/dangerous significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and depression/anxiety. Metacognitive beliefs and depression/anxiety significantly mediated the relationship between early emotional abuse and positive symptoms. The models explained a moderate amount of the variance in symptoms (R2= 0.21–0.29).ConclusionOur results indicate that early emotional abuse is relevant to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders, and suggest that metacognitive beliefs could play a role in an affective pathway to psychosis. Metacognitive beliefs could be relevant treatment targets with regards to depression/anxiety and positive symptoms in bipolar and psychotic disorders.
Differences in neural and cognitive response to emotional faces in middle-aged dizygotic twins at familial risk of depression
Authors: Miskowiak K. W. , Svendsen A. M. B. , Harmer C. J. , Elliott R. , Macoveanu J. , Siebner H. R. , Kessing L. V. , Vinberg M. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundNegative bias and aberrant neural processing of emotional faces are trait-marks of depression but findings in healthy high-risk groups are conflicting.MethodsHealthy middle-aged dizygotic twins (N = 42) underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI): 22 twins had a co-twin history of depression (high-risk) and 20 were without co-twin history of depression (low-risk). During fMRI, participants viewed fearful and happy faces while performing a gender discrimination task. After the scan, they were given a faces dot-probe task, a facial expression recognition task and questionnaires assessing mood, personality traits and coping.ResultsUnexpectedly, high-risk twins showed reduced fear vigilance and lower recognition of fear and happiness relative to low-risk twins. During face processing in the scanner, high-risk twins displayed distinct negative functional coupling between the amygdala and ventral prefrontal cortex and pregenual anterior cingulate. This was accompanied by greater fear-specific fronto-temporal response and reduced fronto-occipital response to all emotional faces relative to baseline. The risk groups showed no differences in mood, subjective state or coping.ConclusionsLess susceptibility to fearful faces and negative cortico-limbic coupling during emotional face processing may reflect neurocognitive compensatory mechanisms in middle-aged dizygotic twins who remain healthy despite their familial risk of depression.