bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Technology Focus: Cementing/Zonal Isolation
Authors: Carpenter Bob 
Published: March 2016

Technology Focus
In 2015, more papers were devoted to well construction in shale plays than in any prior year. Those shale topics also covered a diverse range of subjects within the sphere of optimizing construction efficiency and performance. Our industry’s demonstrated ability to innovate and continually improve well-construction technology will be all the more valuable to all plays if low oil prices persist, but especially so for shale and other high-cost-per-barrel plays. With rig counts decreasing, smart, effective workovers of existing wells will be even more important to maintaining production levels. Some examples of effective construction and workover techniques are provided within the papers provided here. I hope you find them of interest.
In paper SPE 170789, I was surprised to see the level of production improvements achieved with the use of wireline stackable straddle systems. This was accomplished in an openhole gravel-packed completion without external casing packers or consolidation of the gravel pack, a significant simplification.
Paper SPE 171015 is a good example of the widespread, innovative efforts to improve cost efficiency in shale wells. Case histories demonstrate the successful use of biodegradable, temporary diverting agents, rather than cement squeezes or mechanical tools, to simplify and reduce the cost of fracturing and refracturing operations. With fewer new wells being drilled, refracturing may offer a viable option to slow the decline of existing shale wells.
The industry has been working to relate cement mechanical properties to success/failure with annular isolation in the actual well for approximately 20 years; however, there are still no American Petroleum Institute standardized cement-testing and -evaluation protocols for cement mechanical properties, and there is much room for improvement. The investigative paper SPE 168650 relates how anelastic-strain and impact-resistance testing may enhance real-world predictive abilities. JPT
Recommended additional reading at OnePetro: www.onepetro.org.
SPE 169514 Effect of Well Downspacing on Estimated Ultimate Recovery for Shale Oil Formations by Susrut Gautam Bharali, University of Houston, et al.
SPE/IADC 170480 Challenges of Casing Design in Geothermal Wells by Angelito Torres, Chevron
SPE 170712 Cement Evaluation—A Risky Business by Glen Benge, Baker Hughes
The Influence of Post Bleaching Treatments in Stain Absorption and Microhardness
Authors: Moosavi Horieh , Darvishzadeh Fatemeh 
Published: March 2016

Objectives:This study investigated the effects of post bleaching treatments to prevent restaining and the change of enamel surface microhardness after dental bleachingin vitro.Methods:Sixty intact human incisor teeth were stained in tea solution and randomly assigned into four groups (n=15). Then samples were bleached for two weeks (8 hours daily) by 15% carbamide peroxide. Tooth color was determined both with a spectrophotometer and visually before bleaching (T1) and immediately after bleaching (T2). Next, it was applied in group 1 fluoride (Naf 2%) gel for 2 minutes, and in group 2 a fractional CO2laser (10 mJ, 200 Hz, 10 s), and in group 3, nanohydroxyapatite gel for 2 minutes. The bleached teeth in group 4 remained untreated (control group). Then teeth placed in tea solution again. Color examinations were repeated after various post bleaching treatments (T3) and restaining with tea (T4) and color change values recorded. The microhardness was measured at the enamel surface of samples. Data was analyzed using ANOVA, Tukey HSD test and Dunnett T3 (α = 0.05).Results:Directly after bleaching (ΔET3-T2), the treatment with nanohydroxyapatite showed significantly the least color lapse in colorimetric evaluation. In experimental groups, the color change between T3 and T4 stages (ΔET4-T3) was significantly lower than control group (P < 0.05). Different methods of enamel treatment caused a significant increase in surface microhardness compared to control group (P < 0.05).Significance:Application of fluoride, fractional CO2laser and nanohydroxyapatite as post bleaching treatments are suggested for prevention of stain absorption and increasing the hardening of bleached enamel.
Effects of miniplate anchored and conventional Forsus Fatigue Resistant Devices in the treatment of Class II malocclusion
Authors: Turkkahraman Hakan , Eliacik Sule Kocabas , Findik Yavuz 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective:
To compare the skeletal, dentoalveolar, and soft tissue effects of the miniplate anchored Forsus Fatigue Resistant Device (FRD) and the conventional Forsus FRD in the treatment of Class II malocclusion.

Materials and Methods:
The study was carried out with 30 patients (10 girls, 20 boys). In the MA-Forsus group, 15 patients (2 girls, 13 boys) were treated with a miniplate anchored Forsus FRD for 9.40 ± 2.25 months. In the C-Forsus group, 15 patients (8 girls, 7 boys) were treated with a conventional Forsus FRD for 9.46 ± 0.81 months. A total of 16 measurements were calculated and statistically analyzed to find intragroup and intergroup differences.

Results:
Statistically significant differences were found between the groups in IMPA, SN/Occ, SN/GoGn, overjet, overbite, and Li-S measurements (P &lt; .05). In the C-Forsus group, a substantial amount of lower incisor protrusion was observed, whereas retrusion was found in the MA-Forsus group (P &lt; .001). The mandible rotated backward in the MA-Forsus group, whereas it remained unchanged in the C-Forsus group (P &lt; .05). Reductions in overjet (P &lt; .001) and overbite were greater in the C-Forsus group (P &lt; .05).

Conclusion:
Stimulation of mandibular growth and inhibition of maxillary growth were achieved in both treatment groups. In the C-Forsus group, a substantial amount of lower incisor protrusion was observed, whereas retrusion of lower incisors was found in the MA-Forsus group. The MA-Forsus group was found to be more advantageous as it had no dentoalveolar side effects on mandibular dentition.
Urinalysis in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera)
Authors: Doss Grayson A. , Mans Christoph , Houseright Ruth A. , Webb Julie L. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate urine variables in chinchillas (Chinchilla lanigera).
DESIGN Evaluation study.
SAMPLE Urine samples from 41 chinchillas.
PROCEDURES Voided urine samples were collected from clinically normal chinchillas that were exhibited during a breeder exposition. Urinalysis was performed within 1 hour after collection. Urine specific gravity (USG) was measured before and after centrifugation with a handheld veterinary refractometer. Urine dipstick analysis and microscopic sedimentation examination were performed on all samples. Additionally, a urine sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation test and quantitative protein analysis were performed on samples with sufficient volume.
RESULTS 17 of 41 (41%) samples had a USG ≥ 1.050, and USG ranged from 1.014 to > 1.060. The USG before centrifugation did not differ significantly from that after centrifugation. Protein was detected in all urine samples on dipstick analysis. The SSA precipitation test yielded negative results for all samples tested. Results of the quantitative protein analyses were not correlated with the results of the dipstick analyses or SSA tests. The recorded pH for all samples was 8.5, which was the upper limit of detection for the reagent strip. Glucose and ketones were detected in 5 and 6 samples, respectively. Crystals were observed in 28 of 41 (68%) samples; 27 of those samples contained amorphous crystals.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Urinalysis results for clinically normal chinchillas were provided. For chinchilla urine samples, measurement of USG by refractometry prior to centrifugation is acceptable and protein concentration should be determined by quantitative protein analysis rather than dipstick analysis or the SSA test.
Effect of cutting environment and heat treatment on the surface roughness of drilled Al/SiC MMC
Authors: Kilickap Erol 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn the last decades, the use of metal matrix composites (MMCs) has increased enormously in many engineering applications such as aerospace, automotive, marine and railway. Such materials are known as difficult to machine materials due to the presence of very hard and abrasive reinforcements. The purpose of this study is to determine the influence of the cutting parameters, cutting environment and heat treatments on the surface roughness after drilling A 356/15 SiC MMCs. Experiments were conducted at different cutting speeds, feed rates, heat treatments (as-received, solution annealed and aged) and cutting environments (MQL, compressed air and dry). Improved surface roughness values were obtained with increased cutting speeds and decreased feed rates. The surface roughness using the MQL technique was lower than the surface roughness obtained for the other cutting environment. The optimal machining parameter combination has been obtained and the cutting conditions in terms of the cutting speed of 15 m × min−1, the feed rate of 0.1 mm × rev−1 and the cutting environment MQL represent applicable solutions for the annealed materials.
The Stress-Strain State of the Drill String at the Section of the Borehole with a Cavern
Authors: Rachkevych Ruslan , Rachkevych Iryna 
Published: March 2016

<p class="1Body">This study analyses the stress-strain state of a drill string at the section of the borehole with a cavern/chute. The study was conducted to obtain analytical dependencies to determine normal bending stress in the cross section of the drill string and its downforces to the walls of the well. This will allow to compare these values with the critical ones, and draw conclusions about the possibility and duration of the drill string operation under these conditions.</p><p class="1Body">The study is based on modelling the drill string as a beam, which indicates longitudinal and transverse load and deforms in-plane.</p><p class="1Body">The formulas obtained to determine stresses and pressing forces apply to the following cases of the relative position of the drill string in a straight borehole and a curved borehole with a cavern/chute: a – the drill string touches only the bottom of the borehole; b – the drill string touches only the bottom of the borehole and the bottom of the cavern/chute; c – the drill string touches the top and the bottom of the borehole; d – the drill string touches the top and the bottom of the borehole and the cavern/chute.</p><p class="1Body">The calculations based on the dependencies obtained lead to the following conclusions: a – the cavern/chute in the inclined straight borehole causes bending stress value in the cross section of drill pipes proportional to the fatigue margin of the material; b – the cavern/chute in the curved borehole may increase normal bending stress in the cross section of the borehole up to five times.</p>
Pluralismo religioso na Lusofonia: uma questão de Liberdade
Authors: Mónico Lisete S. Mendes 
Published: March 2016

<p>O presente artigo pretende contribuir com uma reflexão acerca do pluralismo religioso e da liberdade religiosa na Lusofonia. Revivendo excertos da História desde o século XV até à atualidade pós-colonial da sociedade portuguesa, analisa-se a Lusofonia em duas perspetivas complementares: a do povo colonizador e a dos povos colonizados. Evangelização, colonização e Lusofonia são, e serão sempre, indissociáveis. Para além da uniformização linguística, a Lusofonia imprimiu o seu carácter distintivo nos aspetos de aculturação, miscigenação, plasticidade e política de cristianização. Recorrendo aos dados dos censos nas décadas de 90, 2000 e 2010, adotando uma metodologia documental, estabelece-se um panorama geral da pertença religiosa na Lusofonia. Passando de uma fé de obrigação para uma fé de convicção, a Lusofonia caracteriza-se hoje por uma posição pluralista em matérias religiosas. Analisa-se a situação atual da liberdade religiosa a partir do Relatório da AIS e dos índices GRI (<em>Government restriction index</em>) e SHI (<em>social hostilities involving religion</em>). Do multiculturalismo à aculturação, a plasticidade, o ecletismo e o sincretismo religiosos funcionaram como moderadores face à imposição de um novo credo. O artigo conclui apelando à inclusão da liberdade religiosa nas agendas políticas, com vista à defesa dos direitos humanos e à paz no mundo.</p><p> </p>
Sub-milliSievert ultralow-dose CT colonography with iterative model reconstruction technique
Authors: Lambert Lukas , Ourednicek Petr , Briza Jan , Giepmans Walter , Jahoda Jiri , Hruska Lukas , Danes Jan 
Published: March 2016

Purpose.The purpose of this study was to evaluate the technical and diagnostic performance of sub-milliSievert ultralow-dose (ULD) CT colonograpy (CTC) in the detection of colonic and extracolonic lesions.Materials and Methods.CTC with standard dose (SD) and ULD acquisitions of 64 matched patients, half of them with colonic findings, were reconstructed with filtered back projection (FBP), hybrid (HIR) and iterative model reconstruction techniques (IMR). Image noise in six colonic segments, in the left psoas muscle and aorta were measured. Image quality of the left adrenal gland and of the colon in the endoscopic and 2D view was rated on a five point Likert scale by two observers, who also completed the reading of CTC for colonic and extracolonic findings.Results.The mean radiation dose estimate was 4.1 ± 1.4 mSv for SD and 0.86 ± 0.17 mSv for ULD for both positions (p< 0.0001). In ULD-IMR, SD-IMR and SD-HIR, the endoluminal noise was decreased in all colonic segments compared to SD-FBP (p< 0.001). There were 27 small (6–9 mm) and 17 large (≥10 mm) colonic lesions that were classified as sessile polyps (n= 38), flat lesions (n= 3), or as a mass (n= 3). Per patient sensitivity and specificity were 0.82 and 0.93 for ULD-FBP, 0.97 and 0.97 for ULD-HIR, 0.97 and 1.0 for ULD-IMR. Per polyp sensitivity was 0.84 for ULD-FBP, 0.98 for ULD-HIR, 0.98 for ULD-IMR. Significantly less extracolonic findings were detected in ULD-FBP and ULD-HIR, but in the E4 category by C-RADS (potentially important findings), the detection was similar.Conclusion.Both HIR and IMR are suitable for sub-milliSievert ULD CTC without sacrificing diagnostic performance of the study.
People with gambling disorder and risky alcohol habits benefit more from motivational interviewing than from cognitive behavioral group therapy
Authors: Josephson Henrik , Carlbring Per , Forsberg Lars , Rosendahl Ingvar 
Published: March 2016

Background. Effective psychological treatment, including cognitive behavioral therapy and motivational interviewing (MI), is available for people with problematic gambling behaviors. To advance the development of treatment for gambling disorder, it is critical to further investigate how comorbidity impacts different types of treatments. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether screening for risky alcohol habits can provide guidance on whether people with gambling disorder should be recommended cognitive behavioral group therapy (CBGT) or MI.Methods.The present study is a secondary analysis of a previous randomized controlled trial that compared the effects of CBGT, MI and a waitlist control group in the treatment of disordered gambling. Assessment and treatment was conducted at an outpatient dependency clinic in Stockholm, Sweden, where 53 trial participants with gambling disorder began treatment. A modified version of the National Opinion Research Centre DSM-IV Screen for gambling problems was used to assess gambling disorder. The Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT) was used to screen for risky alcohol habits.Results.The interaction between treatment and alcohol habits was significant and suggests that patients with gambling disorder and risky alcohol habits were better helped by MI, while those without risky alcohol habits were better helped by CBGT.Conclusions.The results support a screening procedure including the AUDIT prior to starting treatment for gambling disorder because the result of the screening can provide guidance in the choice of treatment. Patients with gambling disorder and risky alcohol habits are likely to be best helped if they are referred to MI, while those without risky alcohol habits are likely to be best helped if they are referred to CBGT.
Nitrogen trace gas fluxes from a semiarid subtropical savanna under woody legume encroachment
Authors: Soper Fiona M. , Boutton Thomas W. , Groffman Peter M. , Sparks Jed P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSavanna ecosystems are a major source of nitrogen (N) trace gases that influence air quality and climate. These systems are experiencing widespread encroachment by woody plants, frequently associated with large increases in soil N, with no consensus on implications for trace gas emissions. We investigated the impact of encroachment by N‐fixing tree Prosopis glandulosa on total reactive N gas flux (Nt = NO + N2O + NOy + NH3) from south Texas savanna soils over 2 years. Contrary to expectations, upland Prosopis groves did not have greater Nt fluxes than adjacent unencroached grasslands. However, abiotic conditions (temperature, rainfall, and topography) were strong drivers. Emissions from moist, low‐lying Prosopis playas were up to 3 times higher than from Prosopis uplands. Though NO dominated emissions, NH3 and NOy (non‐NO oxidized N) comprised 12–16% of the total summer N flux (up to 7.9 µg N m−2 h−1). Flux responses to soil wetting were temperature dependent for NO, NH3, and NOy: a 15 mm rainfall event increased flux 3‐fold to 22‐fold after 24 h in summer but had no effect in winter. Repeated soil wetting reduced N flux responses, indicating substrate depletion as a likely control. Rapid (<1 min) increases in NO emissions following wetting of dry soils suggested that abiotic chemodenitrification contributes to pulse emissions. We conclude that temperature and wetting dynamics, rather than encroachment, are primary drivers of N flux from these upland savannas, with implications for future emission patterns under altered precipitation regimes.
The importance of base flow in sustaining surface water flow in the Upper Colorado River Basin
Authors: Miller Matthew P. , Buto Susan G. , Susong David D. , Rumsey Christine A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Colorado River has been identified as the most overallocated river in the world. Considering predicted future imbalances between water supply and demand and the growing recognition that base flow (a proxy for groundwater discharge to streams) is critical for sustaining flow in streams and rivers, there is a need to develop methods to better quantify present‐day base flow across large regions. We adapted and applied the spatially referenced regression on watershed attributes (SPARROW) water quality model to assess the spatial distribution of base flow, the fraction of streamflow supported by base flow, and estimates of and potential processes contributing to the amount of base flow that is lost during in‐stream transport in the Upper Colorado River Basin (UCRB). On average, 56% of the streamflow in the UCRB originated as base flow, and precipitation was identified as the dominant driver of spatial variability in base flow at the scale of the UCRB, with the majority of base flow discharge to streams occurring in upper elevation watersheds. The model estimates an average of 1.8 × 1010 m3/yr of base flow in the UCRB; greater than 80% of which is lost during in‐stream transport to the Lower Colorado River Basin via processes including evapotranspiration and water diversion for irrigation. Our results indicate that surface waters in the Colorado River Basin are dependent on base flow, and that management approaches that consider groundwater and surface water as a joint resource will be needed to effectively manage current and future water resources in the Basin.
Agger‐bullar classification (ABC) of the frontal sinus drainage pathway: validation in a preclinical setting
Authors: Pianta Luca , Ferrari Marco , Schreiber Alberto , Mattavelli Davide , Lancini Davide , Bottazzoli Marco , Maroldi Roberto , Rodella Luigi Fabrizio , Ravanelli Marco , Nicolai Piero 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundThe anatomy of structures surrounding the frontal sinus drainage pathway (FSDP) is extremely complex and challenging for endoscopic sinus surgeons. The anatomical nomenclature of this area reflects this complexity and lack of agreement regarding anatomical variants of this region is present in the literature. This work presents a new classification system of the air spaces surrounding the FSDP, called the agger‐bullar classification (ABC), and compares it with the most widely used anatomical classification of the frontoethmoidal region, the modified Bent and Kuhn classification (MBKC).MethodsFourteen human heads underwent cone beam computed tomography (CT) scan and subsequently endoscopic dissection. Anatomical data were collected by 2 radiologists in consensus, an expert surgeon, and a novice surgeon. The radiologists filled the anatomical report after examining the CT scan, and the expert surgeon had both CT scan and endoscopic dissection available. A record of the dissection was obtained to allow the novice surgeon to compile the report. Interrater agreement regarding each variable of the classification systems was estimated through Cohen's kappa value. Cohen's kappa values of variables referring to the same anatomical subunit were matched to compare ABC with MBKC.ResultsFor both air spaces in front and behind the FSDP, interrater agreement values of the variables of the ABC were significantly higher than the corresponding variables of the MBKC.ConclusionThis preclinical study demonstrates the potential of the ABC system. Although the ABC may improve preoperative anatomical assessment of the frontoethmoidal area, validation in a clinical setting is required.
Robust Flight Control Using Nonsmooth Optimization for a Tandem Ducted Fan Vehicle
Authors: Xiang Changle , Wang Yang , Ma Yue , Xu Bin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis work addresses the aerodynamic modeling and near‐hover‐flight control design for an unconventional aerial robot of the tandem ducted fan configuration, which is intended to be prototypical of a flight service vehicle. The main model elements of this novel unmanned vehicle, which exhibit highly nonlinear and unstable open‐loop modes, are presented. A frequency‐domain controllability analysis concerning the plant's behavior around the hovering flight condition is then adopted to determine the expected control performance, which is of important practical significance to controllability improvement through vehicle design changes. A robust controller that stabilizes the unmanned vehicle under wind disturbances is designed using a newly developed nonsmooth optimization algorithm, which rigorously and efficiently tunes the arbitrarily predefined structured controller against multiple control requirements. A successive two‐loop architecture is employed in the designed controller. In this architecture, the inner loop provides stability augmentation and decoupling, and the outer loop guarantees the desired velocity tracking performance. Simulation results under stochastic wind gusts are presented to verify the performance of the proposed controllers. Preliminary flight tests are also carried out to demonstrate the performance of the system.