bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Why China guidelines for type 2 diabetes represent an opportunity for treating this disease
Authors: Maddaloni Ernesto , Pozzilli Paolo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMore than one quarter of people affected by type 2 diabetes worldwide live in China, where an alarming increase in diabetes incidence is taking place. However, most of the evidence about diabetes management derives from studies conducted on non‐Asian people, raising concerns about their validity in other ethnic groups, including the Chinese. The guidelines proposed by the Chinese Diabetes Society suggest tools for medical doctors in China and worldwide to appropriately face diabetes in Chinese people, whose number in non‐Chinese countries is continuously increasing. However, additional efforts are still needed to achieve an evidence‐based tailored therapy for type 2 diabetes in Chinese people. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Naive tadpoles do not recognize recent invasive predatory fishes as dangerous
Authors: Hettyey Attila , Thonhauser Kerstin E. , Bókony Veronika , Penn Dustin J. , Hoi Herbert , Griggio Matteo 
Published: July 2016

AbstractInvasive alien predators (IAP) are spreading on a global scale—often with devastating ecological effects. One reason for their success may be that prey species fail to recognize them due to a lack of co‐evolutionary history. We performed a comprehensive test of this “prey naiveté” hypothesis using a novel approach: we tested whether predator‐naive tadpoles of the agile frog (Rana dalmatina) display antipredator behavior upon encountering chemical cues produced by native, invasive (established or recent) or allopatric fishes (four perciforms, four siluriforms, and two cypriniforms). We studied the influence of population origin on predator‐detection ability by presenting chemical cues to predator‐naive tadpoles that originated from fishless hill‐ponds or fish‐infested floodplain populations. Before trials, we fed fishes with tadpoles or an alternative food to test whether direct chemical cues from the predator's diet influences the tadpoles’ recognition of potential predators. Tadpoles reduced their activity upon exposure to cues from native and long‐established invasive perciforms, but not in response to recent invaders, allopatric predators, or to any siluriforms. Also, predators that were previously fed with tadpoles did not universally induce behavioral defensedefenses upon first encounter. Finally, tadpoles originating from isolated hill‐ponds exhibited higher baseline activity and responded in weaker fashion than their conspecifics from floodplain populations, which co‐exist with predatory fishes. Our results indicate that tadpoles may be vulnerable to invading predatory fishes due to their inability to recognize them as dangerous, though their ability to recognize invasive IAP may evolve rapidly, in fewer than 30 generations.
Traits of riparian woody plants responding to hydrological and hydraulic conditions: a northern Swedish database
Authors: Bejarano María Dolores , Maroto Judit , Nilsson Christer , Aguiar Francisca Constança 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe main goal of this study was to create a database that ultimately serves further studies on riparian vegetation and flow response guilds in the boreal region and on transferability of results across different regions. To achieve this aim, we compiled traits for all woody riparian species in northern Sweden which, directly or indirectly, underlie their responses to hydrological and hydraulic conditions, between October 2012 and April 2015. Consulted sources of information were diverse, ranging from scientific to informative and whose accuracy might or might not be verified. They were focused on particular or several traits and species from concrete areas to a worldwide perspective. Sources were characterized by different degrees of accessibility and showed a wide variety of descriptions, categorical and ordinal classifications, and numerical information for each trait. Our effort was to synthesize information for each trait from all sources into the common frame of our own database, following own defined criteria so that comparisons between species are congruent. Therefore, this data set is unique in that it comprehensively combines and homogenizes morphological, phenological, reproductive, and ecological data for 59 woody, riparian, boreal species and from 118 sources of information, that would otherwise be scattered and hardly available.
Seismic analysis of a tall metal wind turbine support tower with realistic geometric imperfections
Authors: Sadowski Adam Jan , Camara Alfredo , Málaga‐Chuquitaype Christian , Dai Kaoshan 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe global growth in wind energy suggests that wind farms will increasingly be deployed in seismically active regions, with large arrays of similarly designed structures potentially at risk of simultaneous failure under a major earthquake. Wind turbine support towers are often constructed as thin‐walled metal shell structures, well known for their imperfection sensitivity, and are susceptible to sudden buckling failure under compressive axial loading.This study presents a comprehensive analysis of the seismic response of a 1.5‐MW wind turbine steel support tower modelled as a near‐cylindrical shell structure with realistic axisymmetric weld depression imperfections. A selection of 20 representative earthquake ground motion records, 10 ‘near‐fault’ and 10 ‘far‐field’, was applied and the aggregate seismic response explored using lateral drifts and total plastic energy dissipation during the earthquake as structural demand parameters.The tower was found to exhibit high stiffness, although global collapse may occur soon after the elastic limit is exceeded through the development of a highly unstable plastic hinge under seismic excitations. Realistic imperfections were found to have a significant effect on the intensities of ground accelerations at which damage initiates and on the failure location, but only a small effect on the vibration properties and the response prior to damage. Including vertical accelerations similarly had a limited effect on the elastic response, but potentially shifts the location of the plastic hinge to a more slender and, therefore, weaker part of the tower. The aggregate response was found to be significantly more damaging under near‐fault earthquakes with pulse‐like effects and large vertical accelerations than far‐field earthquakes without these aspects. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A novel weighting switch function for uniformly high‐order hybrid shock‐capturing schemes
Authors: Peng Jun , Shen Yiqing 
Published: July 2016

SummaryHybrid schemes are very efficient for complex compressible flow simulation. However, for most existing hybrid schemes in literature, empirical problem‐dependent parameters are always needed to detect shock waves and hence greatly decrease the robustness and accuracy of the hybrid scheme. In this paper, based on the nonlinear weights of the weighted essentially non‐oscillatory (WENO) scheme, a novel weighting switch function is proposed. This function approaches 1 with high‐order accuracy in smooth regions and 0 near discontinuities. Then, with the new weighting switch function, a seventh‐order hybrid compact‐reconstruction WENO scheme (HCCS) is developed. The new hybrid scheme uses the same stencil as the fifth‐order WENO scheme, and it has seventh‐order accuracy in smooth regions even at critical points. Numerical tests are presented to demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of both the switch function and HCCS. Comparisons also reveal that HCCS has lower dissipation and less computational cost than the seventh‐order WENO scheme. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Moderating Effect of State Anger on Treatment Outcome in Female Adolescents With PTSD*
Authors: Kaczkurkin Antonia N. , Asnaani Anu , Zhong Jody , Foa Edna B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTrauma experienced in childhood and adolescence negatively affects the development of adaptive regulation of emotions and is associated with greater symptoms of anger. Prior research has suggested that high levels of anger may impede the outcome of treatment in adults with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study investigated whether high levels of anger resulted in poorer treatment outcomes in adolescent girls with PTSD. Participants included 61 female adolescent survivors of sexual abuse or assault who were randomized to either prolonged exposure for adolescents (PE‐A) or client‐centered therapy (CCT) for traumatized children for 8–14 weekly sessions. Participants were followed for 12 months posttreatment. High levels of state anger at baseline were associated with less improvement in PTSD symptoms in the CCT group than the PE‐A group (d = 0.62). The moderating effects of state anger on improvement in PTSD symptoms was significant with emotion regulation difficulties, which may underlie anger symptoms (d = 0.58) in the model. The results of this study suggessted that high state anger was less of an impediment to treatment of PTSD for those receiving PE‐A than those receiving less differentiated approaches such as CCT.
Response to a standard behavioral weight loss intervention by age of onset of obesity
Authors: Rupp K. , Taverno Ross S. E. , Lang W. , Jakicic J. M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe purpose of this study was to examine weight loss, physical activity, fitness and diet changes in response to a standard behavioral weight loss intervention in adults with self‐reported juvenile onset (n = 61) or adult onset (n = 116) obesity.MethodsParticipants (n = 177; 43.0 ± 8.6 years; body mass index [BMI] = 33.0 ± 3.4 kg m−2) engaged in an 18‐month standard behavioral weight loss intervention. Participants were randomized into three different intervention groups as part of the larger parent trial. BMI, physical activity, fitness and diet were assessed at baseline, 6, 12 and 18 months. Separate adjusted mixed models were constructed using SAS version 9.4 (SAS Institute, Cary, NC).ResultsThere was significant weight loss, increased physical activity, improved fitness and reduced caloric intake over time (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in these outcome variables by obesity onset group. However, there was a significant group by time interaction for fitness (p = 0.001), with the adult onset making significantly greater gains in fitness from baseline to 6 months (p < 0.001); however, this difference was no longer present at 12 or 18 months.ConclusionsWith the exception of fitness at 6 months, weight loss, physical activity and diet did not differ between juvenile onset and adult onset participants, suggesting that those with juvenile onset obesity are equally responsive to a standard behavioral weight loss intervention in adulthood.
PNP‐Pincer‐Type Phosphaalkene Complexes of Late Transition Metals
Authors: Ozawa Fumiyuki , Nakajima Yumiko 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis account summarizes our recent studies on PNP‐pincer‐type phosphaalkene complexes. Phosphaalkenes with a P=C bond possess an extremely low‐lying π* orbital and have a marked tendency to engage in strong π back‐bonding with transition metals. This particular ligand property provides PNP‐pincer complexes with unique structures and reactivities. 2,6‐Bis(phosphaethenyl)pyridine leads to the isolation of coordinatively unsaturated complexes of Fe(I) and Cu(I); the former adopts a trigonal monopyramidal configuration, whereas the latter has a strong affinity for
and
as non‐coordinating anions. Unsymmetrical PNP‐pincer‐type phosphaalkene complexes of Ir(I) bearing a dearomatized pyridine unit instantly cleave the N–H bond of NH3 and the C–H bond of MeCN at room temperature. The dearomatized iridium complexes catalyze the dehydrative coupling of amines with alcohols to afford N‐alkylated amines and imines in high yields.
image
A productive role for science in assisted colonization policy
Authors: Neff Mark W. , Carroll Katherine 
Published: July 2016

Assisted colonization—the intentional movement of species as a climate adaptation strategy—has emerged as a divisive controversy in the conservation biology literature. We review selected scientific literature to understand the nature of the controversy, alongside relevant scholarship on the science‐policy interface to highlight ways in which scientists and their work might most effectively and appropriately inform decisions on this management strategy. The scientific literature thus far is problematic in two ways that threaten to undermine the utility of science to actual decision‐making processes: As a collection, it contains abundant and seemingly incommensurable insights about assisted colonization. This is at least in part a product of nature, which is sufficiently diverse to provide examples and case studies that appear to justify any number of policy preferences regarding ecosystem management. This first shortcoming exacerbates the second: Scientific authors thus far have not adequately addressed the value‐based considerations implicit in their own work, nor acknowledged public's legitimate standing in these inherently value‐based decisions. In combination, these attributes of the literature ensure that additional knowledge on assisted colonization will exacerbate public controversy—rather than dispel it—when public attention increases. We propose that if scientists appropriately disentangle value considerations from technical ones, invite public debates over values, and treat proposals individually rather than debating the approach writ‐large, they stand to have the greatest influence over technical aspects of decision processes. Scientists would serve themselves well to acknowledge the limits of science and embrace public dialogue about specific management proposals. WIREs Clim Change 2016, 7:852–868. doi: 10.1002/wcc.420This article is categorized under:

Climate, Ecology, and Conservation > Extinction Risk
Social Status of Climate Change Knowledge > Climate Science and Decision Making
Availability, operation and maintenance costs of offshore wind turbines with different drive train configurations
Authors: Carroll James , McDonald Alasdair , Dinwoodie Iain , McMillan David , Revie Matthew , Lazakis Iraklis 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDifferent configurations of gearbox, generator and power converter exist for offshore wind turbines. This paper investigated the performance of four prominent drive train configurations over a range of sites distinguished by their distance to shore. Failure rate data from onshore and offshore wind turbine populations was used where available or systematically estimated where no data was available. This was inputted along with repair resource requirements to an offshore accessibility and operation and maintenance model to calculate availability and operation and maintenance costs for a baseline wind farm consisting of 100 turbines. The results predicted that turbines with a permanent magnet generator and a fully rated power converter will have a higher availability and lower operation and maintenance costs than turbines with doubly fed induction generators. This held true for all sites in this analysis. It was also predicted that in turbines with a permanent magnet generator, the direct drive configuration has the highest availability and lowest operation and maintenance costs followed by the turbines with two‐stage and three‐stage gearboxes. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Is it a mottled duck? The key is in the feathers
Authors: Bielefeld Ronald R. , Engilis Andrew , Feddersen Jamie C. , Eadie John M. , Tringali Michael D. , Benedict R. Joseph 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThe Florida mottled duck (Anas fulvigula fulvigula) is threatened by introgression through hybridization with feral mallards (A. platyrhynchos). An essential component in managing this threat is the ability to accurately distinguish mottled ducks from mallards and hybrids in the wild. We provide a genetically cross‐validated phenotype key that accurately identifies mottled ducks. We collected data on structural and plumage traits from museum specimens of Florida, USA, mottled ducks and mallards to identify morphological traits useful in this process. We performed extensive comparisons and discriminant function analysis to identify traits informative in distinguishing the 2 species. We used these traits to preliminarily assign 168 contemporary birds as putative mottled duck, mallard, or hybrid. We collected tissue samples from each contemporary specimen and amplified and genotyped associated DNA. We used microsatellite markers to determine posterior probability species assignments for the 168 specimens. We then performed recursive partitioning of phenotypic traits and posterior genotype assignments to create identification keys based on the most informative traits separating mottled ducks from mallards and hybrids. Finally, we cross‐validated the keys by comparing assignments made using the key to those from genotyping for 339 wild ducks. The keys were >90% accurate, which suggests that their adoption will increase the ability of managers to address the threat of hybridization by mallards by allowing mottled ducks to be distinguished from other ducks in Florida. Our research provides a methodology to develop genetically cross‐validated identification keys for other species threatened by genetic introgression. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Modelling timed reactive systems from natural-language requirements
Authors: Carvalho Gustavo , Cavalcanti Ana , Sampaio Augusto 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
At the very beginning of system development, typically only natural-language requirements are documented. As an informal source of information, however, natural-language specifications may be ambiguous and incomplete; this can be hard to detect by means of manual inspection. In this work, we present a formal model, named data-flow reactive system (DFRS), which can be automatically obtained from natural-language requirements that describe functional, reactive and temporal properties. A DFRS can also be used to assess whether the requirements are consistent and complete. We define two variations of DFRS: a symbolic and an expanded version. A symbolic DFRS (s-DFRS) is a concise representation that inherently avoids an explicit representation of (possibly infinite) sets of states and, thus, the state space-explosion problem. We use s-DFRS as part of a technique for test-case generation from natural-language requirements. In our approach, an expanded DFRS (e-DFRS) is built dynamically from a symbolic one, possibly limited to some bound; in this way, bounded analysis (e.g., reachability, determinism, completeness) can be performed. We adopt the s-DFRS as an intermediary representation from which models, for instance, SCR and CSP, are obtained for the purpose of test generation. An e-DFRS can also be viewed as the semantics of the s-DFRS from which it is generated. In order to connect such a semantic representation to established ones in the literature, we show that an e-DFRS can be encoded as a TIOTS: an alternative timed model based on the widely used IOLTS and ioco. To validate our overall approach, we consider two toy examples and two examples from the aerospace and automotive industry. Test cases are independently created and we verify that they are all compatible with the corresponding e-DFRS models generated from symbolic ones. This verification is performed mechanically with the aid of the NAT2TEST tool, which supports the manipulation of such models.
The Yield of Fever, Inflammatory Markers and Ultrasound in the Diagnosis of Acute Cholecystitis: A Validation of the 2013 Tokyo Guidelines
Authors: Naidu K. , Beenen E. , Gananadha S. , Mosse C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundEach year, 1–4 % of people with known gallstones become symptomatic, either presenting with biliary colic or as acute cholecystitis. The distinction between both diagnoses remains challenging. To aid the proper diagnosis, the revised 2013 Tokyo Guidelines (TG 2013) were proposed with a self‐acclaimed diagnostic accuracy of over 90 %. However, this accuracy has not been verified by others so far.ObjectiveTo determine the accuracy of the TG 2013 guidelines in the diagnosis of acute cholecystitis both in its single components of fever, inflammatory markers and US features and of the combined application of the TG 2013 guidelines as a whole.MethodsA 5‐year retrospective analysis equal to the TG 2013 validation process of all emergency cholecystectomies for acute cholecystitis or persistent biliary pain with an ultrasound performed during the same admission. Acute cholecystitis at histology was the golden standard.ResultsInclusion criteria were met by 169 patients with a prevalence of acute cholecystitis of 52.7 %. The individual features of fever, gallbladder wall thickening and probe tenderness were not significant in univariate analysis. In multivariate analysis only, neutrophil count was an independent predictor. The combined application of the TG 2013 guidelines led to a better sensitivity of 83.1 % at the cost a reduced specificity of 37.5 % compared to neutrophil count alone. The accuracy was therefore only 60.3 %, which was well below the TG 2013 report.ConclusionThe 2013 Tokyo Guidelines were slightly better in predicting acute cholecystitis but over diagnosed two‐thirds of normal gallbladders compared to neutrophil count alone.
All-Trans Retinoic Acid Increases Aquaporin 3 Expression in Human Vaginal Epithelial Cells
Authors: Lee Hyun-Suk , Kim Sun-Ouck , Ahn Kyuyoun , Park Kwangsung 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Introduction
Water channel aquaporin 3 (AQP3) is an aquaglyceroporin that transports small neutral solutes and water. All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA), a member of the retinoid drug class, acts as a regulator in several biological processes.

Aim
To investigate the effect of ATRA on the expression of AQP3 in human vaginal epithelial cells.

Methods
Human vaginal mucosal epithelial cells (CRL2616) were treated with ATRA 0, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 μmol/L for 24 hours to examine the dose-dependent effects of ATRA and with ATRA 1 μmol/L for 0, 3, 6, 12, and 24 hours.

Main Outcome Measures
The expression of AQP3 and retinoic acid receptor (RAR) was determined by western blot analysis and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction.

Results
AQP3 was detected in the cell membrane of human vaginal epithelial cells. ATRA increased the protein expression and mRNA levels of AQP3 in a dose-dependent manner (P &lt; .05). ATRA also increased the protein expression of RARα (P &lt; .05). Treatment of CRL2616 cells with an RAR antagonist (Ro 41-5253) significantly decreased AQP3 protein expression (P &lt; .05).

Conclusion
ATRA mediated by RARα increased AQP3 gene and protein expression in human vaginal mucosal epithelial cells. These results imply that AQP3 regulated by ATRA could play an important role in the mechanism of vaginal lubrication.