bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theorising and Exposing Institutional Racism in Britain: The Contribution of Ann and Michael Dummett to Critical Philosophy of Race
Authors: Bernasconi Robert 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBy helping to introduce the relatively new concept of institutional racism into Britain, Sir Michael and Ann Dummett expanded the concept of racism beyond the limited sense it had been given in the 1940s and 1950s when racism tended to be associated with the scientific concept of race and when the focus tended to fall on the intent to harm or speak harm of a group that was identified as a race by science. They recognised that ‘race’ was primarily a political and not a scientific concept. This led them in a different direction from that taken by the next generation of mainstream philosophers working in this area, such as Kwame Anthony Appiah, who adopted the UNESCO approach of highlighting the scientific deficiencies of the concept of race. However, although they both succeeded in developing ways to break through the forms of self‐deception that allow institutional racism to go unnoticed and at the same time offered instructive insights into the ways politicians hide behind the racism of others, I argue that they failed to see, as clearly as Sartre and Fanon did, that the conception of institutional racism necessitates a structural changes in society beyond anything they contemplated.
CLAWBACK PROVISIONS IN REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT TRUSTS
Authors: Cashman George D. , Harrison David M. , Panasian Christine A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUsing a sample of 195 unique real estate investment trusts (REITs), we examine factors related to the adoption of clawback provisions within managerial compensation contracts. In general, we find strong and consistent empirical evidence that clawback provision are directly related to firm size, complexity, leverage, growth options, monitoring incentives, and CEO performance incentives. We also find that clawbacks are associated with enhanced market and accounting performance, with stronger performance relations observed for adoption decisions tied directly to regulatory mandates. In sum, we conclude compensation clawback provisions represent a value‐relevant, strategic governance mechanism for REITs.
Comparative Perspectives on Oxytocin and Vasopressin Receptor Research in Rodents and Primates: Translational Implications
Authors: Freeman Sara M. , Young Larry J. 
Published: March 2016

In the last several decades, sophisticated experimental techniques have been used to determine the neurobiology of the oxytocin and vasopressin systems in rodents. Using a suite of methodologies, including electrophysiology, site‐specific selective pharmacology, receptor autoradiography, in vivo microdialysis, and genetic and optogenetic manipulations, we have gained unprecedented knowledge about how these neuropeptides engage neural circuits to regulate behaviour, particularly social behaviour. Based on this foundation of information from rodent studies, we have started generating new hypotheses and frameworks about how the oxytocin and vasopressin systems could be acting in humans to influence social cognition. However, despite the recent inundation of publications using intranasal oxytocin in humans, we still know very little about the neurophysiology of the oxytocin system in primates more broadly. Furthermore, the design and analysis of these human studies have remained largely uninformed of the potential neurobiological mechanisms underlying their findings. Although the methods available for studying the oxytocin and vasopressin systems in humans are incredibly limited as a result of practical and ethical considerations, there is great potential to fill the gaps in our knowledge by developing better nonhuman primate models of social functioning. Behavioural pharmacology and receptor autoradiography have been used to study the oxytocin and vasopressin systems in nonhuman primates, and there is now great potential to broaden our understanding of the neurobiology of these systems. In this review, we discuss comparative findings in receptor distributions in rodents and primates, with perspectives on the functionality of conserved regions of expression in these distinct mammalian clades. We also identify specific ways that established technologies can be used to answer basic research questions in primates. Finally, we highlight areas of future research in nonhuman primates that are experimentally poised to yield critical insights into the anatomy, physiology and behavioural effects of the oxytocin system, given its remarkable translational potential.
Effect of Direct Transfer to Different Salinities on Early Juvenile Pot‐bellied Seahorse, Hippocampus abdominalis, Survival in Culture Conditions
Authors: Martinez‐Cardenas Leonardo , Purser John G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn Tasmania, commercial seahorse culture takes place in tank systems in which approximately 75% of the water is exchanged daily from the Tamar River estuary. The aim of this study was to examine the effect on survival of early juvenile pot‐bellied seahorses, Hippocampus abdominalis, directly transferred and cultured for 9 d in salinities of 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, and 32 g/L. Direct transfer of seahorses to 5 g/L salinity resulted in 100% mortality within 7 d. After 9 d, an improvement in survival was recorded in seahorses cultured in 10 and 15 g/L compared to those cultured in 25 and 32 g/L salinities. This study is the first to report on the tolerance of H. abdominalis in captivity at salinities as low as 10 g/L in early life stages without compromising survival.
Functional neuroimaging studies in functional dyspepsia patients: a systematic review
Authors: Lee I.‐S. , Wang H. , Chae Y. , Preissl H. , Enck P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThere is increasing evidence in support of the presence of abnormal central changes (compared to healthy controls) in functional dyspepsia (FD) in addition to the peripheral changes in gastrointestinal tract.PurposeThis systematic review aims to provide an integrative understanding of the abnormal functional brain activity, visceral sensation, dyspeptic symptoms, and psychological changes of FD. Electronic and hand searches were conducted to identify functional neuroimaging studies involving FD patients. Sixteen studies were selected and divided into three categories: 10 resting state studies, three visceral distention studies, and three acupuncture studies. Changes were reported in several brain areas in FD patients including the frontal cortex, somatosensory cortex, insula, anterior cingulate cortex, thalamus, hippocampus, and amygdala. These brain activity changes were associated with visceral hypersensitivity, dyspeptic symptoms, poorer quality of life, anxiety, and depression. The results show that FD is associated with functional abnormalities in sensory and pain modulation, emotion, saliency, and homeostatic processing regions. The diversity of conditions, heterogeneous results, poorly standardized diagnoses of FD, and various comorbidities may be responsible for the variability in the results.
An Incomplete Markets Explanation of the Uncovered Interest Rate Parity Puzzle
Authors: Rabitsch Katrin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA large literature attributes failure of uncovered interest rate parity (UIP) to the existence of a time‐varying risk premium. This paper presents a mechanism in a simple two‐country two‐good endowment economy with incomplete markets that generates sizeable deviations from UIP. In a parameterization where international wealth effects are important, liquidity constraints on an internationally traded bond and agents’ strong resulting precautionary motives successfully generates a time‐varying risk premium: countries that have accumulated large outstanding external positions have, being closer to the constraints, stronger precautionary motives and their asset carries a risk premium.
First update of the International Xenotransplantation Association consensus statement on conditions for undertaking clinical trials of porcine islet products in type 1 diabetes—Executive summary
Authors: Hering Bernhard J. , Cozzi Emanuele , Spizzo Thomas , Cowan Peter J. , Rayat Gina R. , Cooper David K.C. , Denner Joachim 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe International Xenotransplantation Association has updated its original “Consensus Statement on Conditions for Undertaking Clinical Trials of Porcine Islet Products in Type 1 Diabetes,” which was published in Xenotransplantation in 2009. This update is timely and important in light of scientific progress and changes in the regulatory framework pertinent to islet xenotransplantation. Except for the chapter on “informed consent,” which has remained relevant in its 2009 version, all other chapters included in the initial consensus statement have been revised for inclusion in this update. These chapters will not provide complete revisions of the original chapters; rather, they restate the key points made in 2009, emphasize new and under‐appreciated topics not fully addressed in 2009, suggest relevant revisions, and communicate opinions that complement the consensus opinion. Chapter 1 provides an update on national regulatory frameworks addressing xenotransplantation. Chapter 2 a, previously Chapter 2, suggests several important revisions regarding the generation of suitable source pigs from the perspective of the prevention of xenozoonoses. The newly added Chapter 2b discusses conditions for the use of genetically modified source pigs in clinical islet xenotransplantation. Chapter 3 reviews porcine islet product manufacturing and release testing. Chapter 4 revisits the critically important topic of preclinical efficacy and safety data required to justify a clinical trial. The main achievements in the field of transmission of all porcine microorganisms, the rationale for more proportionate recipient monitoring, and response plans are reviewed in Chapter 5. Patient selection criteria and circumstances where trials of islet xenotransplantation would be both medically and ethically justified are examined in Chapter 6 in the context of recent advances in available and emerging alternative therapies for serious and potentially life‐threatening complications of diabetes. It is hoped that this first update of the International Xenotransplantation Association porcine islet transplant consensus statement will assist the islet xenotransplant scientific community, sponsors, regulators, and other stakeholders actively involved in the clinical translation of islet xenotransplantation.
Origins of the vagal drive controlling left ventricular contractility
Authors: Machhada Asif , Marina Nephtali , Korsak Alla , Stuckey Daniel J. , Lythgoe Mark F. , Gourine Alexander V. 
Published: March 2016

Key points
The strength, functional significance and origins of parasympathetic innervation of the left ventricle remain controversial.
This study tested the hypothesis that parasympathetic control of left ventricular contractility is provided by vagal preganglionic neurones of the dorsal motor nucleus (DVMN).
Under β‐adrenoceptor blockade combined with spinal cord (C1) transection (to remove sympathetic influences), systemic administration of atropine increased left ventricular contractility in rats anaesthetized with urethane, confirming the existence of a tonic inhibitory muscarinic influence on cardiac inotropy.
Increased left ventricular contractility in anaesthetized rats was observed when DVMN neurones were silenced.
Functional neuroanatomical mapping revealed that vagal preganglionic neurones that have an impact on left ventricular contractility are located in the caudal region of the left DVMN.
These neurones provide functionally significant parasympathetic control of left ventricular inotropy.
AbstractThe strength, functional significance and origins of direct parasympathetic innervation of the left ventricle (LV) remain controversial. In the present study we used an anaesthetized rat model to first confirm the presence of tonic inhibitory vagal influence on LV inotropy. Using genetic neuronal targeting and functional neuroanatomical mapping we tested the hypothesis that parasympathetic control of LV contractility is provided by vagal preganglionic neurones located in the dorsal motor nucleus (DVMN). It was found that under systemic β‐adrenoceptor blockade (atenolol) combined with spinal cord (C1) transection (to remove sympathetic influences), intravenous administration of atropine increases LV contractility in rats anaesthetized with urethane, but not in animals anaesthetized with pentobarbital. Increased LV contractility in rats anaesthetized with urethane was also observed when DVMN neurones targeted bilaterally to express an inhibitory Drosophila allatostatin receptor were silenced by application of an insect peptide allatostatin. Microinjections of glutamate and muscimol to activate or inhibit neuronal cell bodies in distinct locations along the rostro‐caudal extent of the left and right DVMN revealed that vagal preganglionic neurones, which have an impact on LV contractility, are located in the caudal region of the left DVMN. Changes in LV contractility were only observed when this subpopulation of DVMN neurones was activated or inhibited. These data confirm the existence of a tonic inhibitory muscarinic influence on LV contractility. Activity of a subpopulation of DVMN neurones provides functionally significant parasympathetic control of LV contractile function.
Membrane resistance and shunting inhibition: where biophysics meets state‐dependent human neurophysiology
Authors: Paulus Walter , Rothwell John C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractActivation of neurons not only changes their membrane potential and firing rate but as a secondary action reduces membrane resistance. This loss of resistance, or increase of conductance, may be of central importance in non‐invasive magnetic or electric stimulation of the human brain since electrical fields cause larger changes in transmembrane voltage in resting neurons with low membrane conductances than in active neurons with high conductance. This may explain why both the immediate effects and after‐effects of brain stimulation are smaller or even reversed during voluntary activity compared with rest. Membrane conductance is also increased during shunting inhibition, which accompanies the classic GABAA IPSP. This short‐circuits nearby EPSPs and is suggested here to contribute to the magnitude and time course of short‐interval intracortical inhibition and intracortical facilitation.
image
Extraction of Aerosol-Deposited Yersinia pestis from Indoor Surfaces To Determine Bacterial Environmental Decay
Authors: Gut Ian M. , Bartlett Ryan A. , Yeager John J. , Leroux Brian , Ratnesar-Shumate Shanna , Dabisch Paul , Karaolis David K. R. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Public health and decontamination decisions following an event that causes indoor contamination with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. The goals of this study were to develop methods for experimentally depositing bacteria onto indoor surfaces via aerosol, evaluate methods for sampling and enumerating the agent on surfaces, and use these methods to determine bacterial surface decay. A specialized aerosol deposition chamber was constructed, and methods were established for reproducible and uniform aerosol deposition of bacteria onto four coupon types. The deposition chamber facilitated the control of relative humidity (RH; 10 to 70%) following particle deposition to mimic the conditions of indoor environments, as RH is not controlled by standard heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. Extraction and culture-based enumeration methods to quantify the viable bacteria on coupons were shown to be highly sensitive and reproducible. To demonstrate the usefulness of the system for decay studies,
Yersinia pestis
persistence as a function of surface type at 21°C and 40% RH was determined to be >40%/min for all surfaces. Based upon these results, at typical indoor temperature and RH, a 6-log reduction in titer would expected to be achieved within 1 h as the result of environmental decay on surfaces without active decontamination. The developed approach will facilitate future persistence and decontamination studies with a broad range of biological agents and surfaces, providing agent decay data to inform both assessments of risk to personnel entering a contaminated site and decontamination decisions following biological contamination of an indoor environment.

IMPORTANCE
Public health and decontamination decisions following contamination of an indoor environment with a biological agent require knowledge of the environmental persistence of the agent. Previous studies on
Y. pestis
persistence have utilized large liquid droplet deposition to provide persistence data. As a result, methods were developed to deposit aerosols containing bacteria onto indoor surfaces, reproducibly enumerate bacteria harvested from coupons, and determine surface decay utilizing
Y. pestis
. The results of this study provide foundational methods required to evaluate surface decay of bacteria and potentially other biological agents, such as viruses, in aerosol particles as a function of surface type and environment. Integrating the data from both aerosol and liquid deposition surface decay studies will provide medical and public health personnel with a more complete understanding of agent persistence on surfaces in contaminated areas for assessment of health risks and to inform decontamination decisions.
Functional Responses of Salt Marsh Microbial Communities to Long-Term Nutrient Enrichment
Authors: Graves Christopher J. , Makrides Elizabeth J. , Schmidt Victor T. , Giblin Anne E. , Cardon Zoe G. , Rand David M. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
Environmental nutrient enrichment from human agricultural and waste runoff could cause changes to microbial communities that allow them to capitalize on newly available resources. Currently, the response of microbial communities to nutrient enrichment remains poorly understood, and, while some studies have shown no clear changes in community composition in response to heavy nutrient loading, others targeting specific genes have demonstrated clear impacts. In this study, we compared functional metagenomic profiles from sediment samples taken along two salt marsh creeks, one of which was exposed for more than 40 years to treated sewage effluent at its head. We identified strong and consistent increases in the relative abundance of microbial genes related to each of the biochemical steps in the denitrification pathway at enriched sites. Despite fine-scale local increases in the abundance of denitrification-related genes, the overall community structures based on broadly defined functional groups and taxonomic annotations were similar and varied with other environmental factors, such as salinity, which were common to both creeks. Homology-based taxonomic assignments of nitrous oxide reductase sequences in our data show that increases are spread over a broad taxonomic range, thus limiting detection from taxonomic data alone. Together, these results illustrate a functionally targeted yet taxonomically broad response of microbial communities to anthropogenic nutrient loading, indicating some resolution to the apparently conflicting results of existing studies on the impacts of nutrient loading in sediment communities.

IMPORTANCE
In this study, we used environmental metagenomics to assess the response of microbial communities in estuarine sediments to long-term, nutrient-rich sewage effluent exposure. Unlike previous studies, which have mainly characterized communities based on taxonomic data or primer-based amplification of specific target genes, our whole-genome metagenomics approach allowed an unbiased assessment of the abundance of denitrification-related genes across the entire community. We identified strong and consistent increases in the relative abundance of gene sequences related to denitrification pathways across a broad phylogenetic range at sites exposed to long-term nutrient addition. While further work is needed to determine the consequences of these community responses in regulating environmental nutrient cycles, the increased abundance of bacteria harboring denitrification genes suggests that such processes may be locally upregulated. In addition, our results illustrate how whole-genome metagenomics combined with targeted hypothesis testing can reveal fine-scale responses of microbial communities to environmental disturbance.
Thermal Inactivation of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in Artificially Contaminated Milk by Direct Steam Injection
Authors: Peterz Mats , Butot Sophie , Jagadeesan Balamurugan , Bakker Douwe , Donaghy John 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

The efficiency of direct steam injection (DSI) at 105°C for 3 s to inactivate
Mycobacterium avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
in milk at a pilot-plant scale was investigated. Milk samples were artificially contaminated with
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
and also with cow fecal material naturally infected with
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
. We also tested milk artificially contaminated with
Mycobacterium smegmatis
as a candidate surrogate to compare thermal inactivation between
M. smegmatis
and
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
. Following the DSI process, no viable
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
or
M. smegmatis
was recovered using culture methods for both strains. For pure
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
cultures, a minimum reduction of 5.6 log
10
was achieved with DSI, and a minimum reduction of 5.7 log
10
was found with
M. smegmatis
. The minimum log
10
reduction for wild-type
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
naturally present in feces was 3.3. In addition, 44 dairy and nondairy powdered infant formula (PIF) ingredients used during the manufacturing process of PIF were tested for an alternate source for
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
and were found to be negative by quantitative PCR (qPCR). In conclusion, the results obtained from this study indicate that a >7-fold-log
10
reduction of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
in milk can be achieved with the applied DSI process.

IMPORTANCE
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
is widespread in dairy herds in many countries.
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
is the causative agent of Johne's disease in cattle, and infected animals can directly or indirectly (i.e., fecal contamination) contaminate milk. Despite much research and debate, there is no conclusive evidence that
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
is a zoonotic bacterium, i.e., one that causes disease in humans. The presence of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
or its DNA has been reported in dairy products, including pasteurized milk, cheese, and infant formula. In light of this, it is appropriate to evaluate existing mitigation measures to inactivate
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
in dairy products. The work conducted in this study describes the efficacy of direct steam injection, a thermal process commonly used in the dairy industry, to eliminate
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
and a surrogate bacterium in milk, thus ensuring the absence of
M. avium
subsp.
paratuberculosis
in dairy products subject to these process conditions.