bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A detailed characterization of the Saharan dust collected during the Fennec campaign in 2011: in situ ground-based and laboratory measurements
Authors: Rocha-Lima Adriana , Martins J. Vanderlei , Remer Lorraine A. , Todd Martin , Marsham John H. , Engelstaedter Sebastian , Ryder Claire L. , Cavazos-Guerra Carolina , Artaxo Paulo , Colarco Peter , Washington Richard 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Millions of tons of mineral dust are lifted by the wind from
arid surfaces and transported around the globe every year. The physical and
chemical properties of the mineral dust are needed to better constrain remote
sensing observations and are of fundamental importance for the understanding
of dust atmospheric processes. Ground-based in situ measurements and in situ
filter collection of Saharan dust were obtained during the Fennec campaign in
the central Sahara in 2011. This paper presents results of the absorption and
scattering coefficients, and hence single scattering albedo (SSA), of the
Saharan dust measured in real time during the last period of the campaign
and subsequent laboratory analysis of the dust samples collected in two
supersites, SS1 and SS2, in Algeria and in Mauritania, respectively. The
samples were taken to the laboratory, where their size and aspect ratio
distributions, mean chemical composition, spectral mass absorption
efficiency,
and spectral imaginary refractive index were obtained from the
ultraviolet (UV) to the near-infrared (NIR) wavelengths. At SS1 in Algeria,
the time series of the scattering coefficients during the period of the
campaign show dust events exceeding 3500 Mm−1, and a relatively high
mean SSA of 0.995 at 670 nm was observed at this site. The laboratory
results show for the fine particle size distributions (particles
diameter < 5µm and mode diameter at 2–3 µm) in both
sites a spectral dependence of the imaginary part of the refractive index
Im(m) with a bow-like shape, with increased absorption in UV as well as in the shortwave infrared. The same signature was not observed, however,
in the mixed particle size distribution (particle
diameter < 10 µm and mode diameter at 4 µm) in
Algeria. Im(m) was found to range from 0.011 to 0.001i for dust collected in
Algeria and 0.008 to 0.002i for dust collected in Mauritania over the
wavelength range of 350–2500 nm. Differences in the mean elemental
composition of the dust collected in the supersites in Algeria and in
Mauritania and between fine and mixed particle size distributions were
observed from EDXRF measurements, although those differences cannot be used
to explain the optical properties variability between the samples. Finally,
particles with low-density typically larger than 10 µm in diameter
were found in some of the samples collected at the supersite in Mauritania,
but these low-density particles were not observed in Algeria.
Impact of aerosols on ice crystal size
Authors: Zhao Bin , Liou Kuo-Nan , Gu Yu , Jiang Jonathan H. , Li Qinbin , Fu Rong , Huang Lei , Liu Xiaohong , Shi Xiangjun , Su Hui , He Cenlin 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The interactions between aerosols and ice clouds represent one of the largest
uncertainties in global radiative forcing from pre-industrial time to the
present. In particular, the impact of aerosols on ice crystal effective
radius (Rei), which is a key parameter determining ice clouds'
net radiative effect, is highly uncertain due to limited and conflicting
observational evidence. Here we investigate the effects of aerosols on
Rei under different meteorological conditions using 9-year
satellite observations. We find that the responses of Rei to
aerosol loadings are modulated by water vapor amount in conjunction with
several other meteorological parameters. While there is a significant
negative correlation between Rei and aerosol loading in moist
conditions, consistent with the “Twomey effect” for liquid clouds, a strong
positive correlation between the two occurs in dry conditions. Simulations
based on a cloud parcel model suggest that water vapor modulates the relative
importance of different ice nucleation modes, leading to the opposite aerosol
impacts between moist and dry conditions. When ice clouds are decomposed into
those generated from deep convection and formed in situ, the water vapor
modulation remains in effect for both ice cloud types, although the
sensitivities of Rei to aerosols differ noticeably between them
due to distinct formation mechanisms. The water vapor modulation can largely
explain the difference in the responses of Rei to aerosol
loadings in various seasons. A proper representation of the water vapor
modulation is essential for an accurate estimate of aerosol–cloud radiative
forcing produced by ice clouds.
Global CO2 emissions from cement production
Authors: Andrew Robbie M. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. The global production of cement has grown very rapidly in recent years, and after fossil fuels and land-use change, it is the third-largest source of anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide. The required data for estimating emissions from global cement production are poor, and it has been recognised that some global estimates are significantly inflated. Here we assemble a large variety of available datasets and prioritise official data and emission factors, including estimates submitted to the UNFCCC plus new estimates for China and India, to present a new analysis of global process emissions from cement production. We show that global process emissions in 2016 were 1.45±0.20 Gt CO2, equivalent to about 4 % of emissions from fossil fuels. Cumulative emissions from 1928 to 2016 were 39.3±2.4 Gt CO2, 66 % of which have occurred since 1990. Emissions in 2015 were 30 % lower than those recently reported by the Global Carbon Project. The data associated with this article can be found at https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.831455.
Censored rainfall modelling for estimation of fine-scale extremes
Authors: Cross David , Onof Christian , Winter Hugo , Bernardara Pietro 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Reliable estimation of rainfall extremes is essential for drainage system design, flood mitigation, and risk quantification. However, traditional techniques lack physical realism and extrapolation can be highly uncertain. In this study, we improve the physical basis for short-duration extreme rainfall estimation by simulating the heavy portion of the rainfall record mechanistically using the Bartlett–Lewis rectangular pulse (BLRP) model. Mechanistic rainfall models have had a tendency to underestimate rainfall extremes at fine temporal scales. Despite this, the simple process representation of rectangular pulse models is appealing in the context of extreme rainfall estimation because it emulates the known phenomenology of rainfall generation. A censored approach to Bartlett–Lewis model calibration is proposed and performed for single-site rainfall from two gauges in the UK and Germany. Extreme rainfall estimation is performed for each gauge at the 5, 15, and 60 min resolutions, and considerations for censor selection discussed.
Passive acoustic measurement of bedload grain size distribution using self-generated noise
Authors: Petrut Teodor , Geay Thomas , Gervaise Cédric , Belleudy Philippe , Zanker Sebastien 
Published: January 2018

Abstract. Monitoring sediment transport processes in rivers is of particular interest
to engineers and scientists to assess the stability of rivers and hydraulic
structures. Various methods for sediment transport process description were
proposed using conventional or surrogate measurement techniques. This paper
addresses the topic of the passive acoustic monitoring of bedload transport
in rivers and especially the estimation of the bedload grain size
distribution from self-generated noise. It discusses the feasibility of
linking the acoustic signal spectrum shape to bedload grain sizes involved in
elastic impacts with the river bed treated as a massive slab. Bedload grain
size distribution is estimated by a regularized algebraic inversion scheme
fed with the power spectrum density of river noise estimated from one
hydrophone. The inversion methodology relies upon a physical model that
predicts the acoustic field generated by the collision between rigid bodies.
Here we proposed an analytic model of the acoustic energy spectrum generated
by the impacts between a sphere and a slab. The proposed model computes the
power spectral density of bedload noise using a linear system of analytic
energy spectra weighted by the grain size distribution. The algebraic system
of equations is then solved by least square optimization and solution
regularization methods. The result of inversion leads directly to the
estimation of the bedload grain size distribution. The inversion method was
applied to real acoustic data from passive acoustics experiments realized on
the Isère River, in France. The inversion of in situ measured spectra
reveals good estimations of grain size distribution, fairly close to what was
estimated by physical sampling instruments. These results illustrate the
potential of the hydrophone technique to be used as a standalone method that
could ensure high spatial and temporal resolution measurements for sediment
transport in rivers.
A Comparison of Ex Vivo Leak Pressures for Four Enterotomy Closures in a Canine Model
Authors: Kieves Nina R. , Krebs Alexander I. , Zellner Eric M. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTInitial and maximum intraluminal leak pressures of four enterotomy closures were compared. Closure patterns included a modified Gambee, simple interrupted, simple continuous, and skin staple closure. Forty-eight 3-cm enterotomy constructs were created from jejunal segments harvested from 12 dogs. Twelve each were randomly assigned to the four closure methods. Time of closure, as well as initial and maximum leak pressures, were measured and compared. The modified Gambee closure was the slowest closure to perform, with skin staple closure being the fastest. All suture patterns tested had higher mean initial leak pressures than reported physiologic intestinal pressures during peristalsis, although the skin staple closures resulted in leakage below normal physiologic pressure in several samples. The modified Gambee closure was able to sustain a significantly higher initial leak pressure than skin staple closures. The modified Gambee suture pattern had the greatest maximum leak pressure of all enterotomy closure patterns tested. Use of the modified Gambee suture pattern should be considered in enterotomy closure, although in vivo studies are required to determine if these differences are clinically significant.
Stereotactic Volume Modulated Arc Radiotherapy in Canine Meningiomas: Imaging-Based and Clinical Neurological Posttreatment Evaluation
Authors: Dolera Mario , Malfassi Luca , Pavesi Simone , Marcarini Silvia , Sala Massimo , Mazza Giovanni , Carrara Nancy , Finesso Sara , Urso Gaetano 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTA prospective study to assess high-dose hypofractionated volume modulated arc radiotherapy feasibility and efficacy in canine meningiomas was conducted. Thirty-nine patients with encephalic and spinal meningiomas assumed from MRI findings were recruited and received high-dose hypofractionated volumetric modulated arc radiotherapy by a linear accelerator equipped with an external beam modulator micro-multileaf collimator and an XVI cone beam computed tomography system. The prescribed mean dose was 33 Gy in five fractions. The treatment feasibility was tested through planned and delivered dose agreement checks. Regular clinical examinations were performed during and after irradiation time, with regard to mentation, deambulation, cranial nerve dysfunction, and seizures. Serial MRI exams were done 60 days after irradiation and after 4, 6, 12, 18, and 24 mo. Volumetric disease reduction criteria implemented with clinical neurological systematic evaluation were adopted to assess the course and to categorize patients’ responses. Complete and partial responses were observed on the whole in 65.5% of alive patients 24 mo after irradiation. Two-yr overall and disease-specific survival rates were 74.3% and 97.4%, respectively, and the putative radiotoxic effects were found to be few and slight.
Hoe verhogen we het rendement van kennis voor beleid?
Authors: Benschop Hans Peter 
Published: January 2018

Hoe verhogen we het rendement van kennis voor beleid?
De preoccupatie met evidence based beleid miskent de exploratieve waarde van wetenschap voor beleid. In veel en de meest uitdagende beleidsprocessen, zoals de grote transities aangaande energie, zorg, landbouw en circulaire economie, moet de overheid beslissingen in onzekerheid nemen. Het beleidsonderzoek zou zich minder moeten bezighouden met wat zeker is en meer met wijs handelen in onzekerheid. Wetenschappers kunnen de besluitruimte voor politici duiden, en kunnen aangeven wat mogelijk effectieve maatregelen zijn. Dit bescheiden, voorzichtig aftasten van de werkelijkheid vereist arena’s waar wetenschap, bestuurders en volksvertegenwoordigers in gesprek zijn over de toepassing van wetenschappelijke inzichten in de praktijk van het hier en nu. Op diverse plekken in Nederland wordt geëxperimenteerd met dergelijke arena’s.
Intel Corporation’s Story
Authors: Lau Pat , Maslowski Jodi 
Published: January 2018

Intel Corporation’s Story: Transforming Unproductive Conflict into Collaborative Solutions
This article reviews the authors’ experience in implementing an in-house workplace mediation programme at Intel Corporation. The authors describe the business value proposition and how workplace mediation connects into the broader corporate conflict management systems. The text focusses on key implementation design elements, such as how the programme is positioned vis-à-vis the formal HR processes; the critical role played by the triage process; and important benefits of utilizing co-mediation. This article will inform readers about the business and employee benefits of workplace mediation.
Time for a Code: Reform of Sentencing Law in England and Wales
Authors: O’Sullivan Harry , Ormerod David 
Published: January 2018

Time for a Code: Reform of Sentencing Law in England and Wales
The Law Commission of England and Wales is currently working to produce a New Sentencing Code that will seek to remedy problems with one of the most heavily used and unsatisfactory areas of statutory law. It responds to the problems of complexity and inaccessibility in the current sentencing legislation, and more fundamentally in the process by which sentencing legislation is created and implemented. The aim is to introduce the new Code as a consolidation Bill in 2018 with a view to it being in force from early 2019. This article provides an overview of the problems endemic to the current law and how the Commission envisages that the new Sentencing Code will provide not only a remedy, but a lasting one.It is important to understand from the outset that the scope of the Commission’s work on sentencing is to reform procedure. The project and the resulting legislation will not alter the length or level of sentence imposed in any case. The penalties available to the court in relation to an offence are not within the scope of the project and will not change. The change will be in the process by which each sentence is arrived at.
Religious Freedom of Members of Old and New Minorities: A Double Comparison
Authors: Bretscher Fabienne 
Published: January 2018

Religious Freedom of Members of Old and New Minorities: A Double Comparison
Confronted with cases of restrictions of the right to manifest religious beliefs of new religious minorities formed by recent migration movements, the ECtHR and the UNHRC seem to opt for different interpretations and applications of this right, as recent conflicting decisions show. Based on an empirical legal analysis of the two bodies’ decisions on individual complaints, this article finds that these conflicting decisions are part of a broader divergence: While the UNHRC functions as a protector of new minorities against States’ undue interference in their right to manifest their religion, the ECtHR leaves it up to States how to deal with religious diversity brought by new minorities. In addition, a quantitative analysis of the relevant case law showed that the ECtHR is much less likely to find a violation of the right to freedom of religion in cases brought by new religious minorities as opposed to old religious minorities. Although this could be a hint towards double standards, a closer look at the examined case law reveals that the numerical differences can be explained by the ECtHR’s weaker protection of religious manifestations in the public as opposed to the private sphere. Yet, this rule has an important exception: Conscientious objection to military service. By examining the development of the relevant case law, this article shows that this exception bases on a recent alteration of jurisprudence by the ECtHR and that there are similar prospects for change regarding other religious manifestations in the public sphere.
Big Law, Big Data. Special Issue - Comparative Law
Authors: Goanta Catalina 
Published: January 2018

Big Law, Big Data. Special Issue - Comparative Law
It is often claimed in the media and in political and academic debates that more law nurtures more research, which in turn should generate more information. However, the question researchers are left with is: What does this mean for comparative law and its methods? This paper takes the context of European consumer sales law as an example of the web of rules applicable at both European and national level. In this context, the main idea behind this article is that looking at law and research as data to be built upon and used in further analysis can revolutionise the way in which legal research is understood. This is because current research methods in European consumer sales law fall short of systematically analysing the essential weaknesses of the current regulation system. In this contribution, I argue that the volume of regulation in European consumer law is large enough for it to be considered Big Data and analysed in a way that can harness its potential in this respect. I exemplify this claim with a case-study consisting in the setting up of a Convergence Index that maps the converging effect of harmonizing policies adopted by the European legislator in the field of
Het verbergen en ontkennen van dopinggebruik in de professionele wielrennerij
Authors: van de Bunt Henk 
Published: January 2018

Denial in relation to the use of doping in professional cycling
In this article the question is addressed how language played a pivotal role in the process of concealing and denying the use of doping in professional cycling in the period 1990-2012. The author concludes that the popular argument that the ‘Walls of Silence’ within professional cycling were based upon a system of ‘omertà’, is not convincing. Rather than that they were forced to keep their mouths shut, the people involved in the doping industry granted themselves a right to silence. The analysis also shows that the common vocabulary within cycling facilitated the processes of denial, as the concepts used – like preparation, recuperation, medical supervision and so on – are vague and ambiguous.
ADR Clauses and International Perceptions: A Preliminary Report
Authors: Salehijam Maryam 
Published: January 2018

ADR Clauses and International Perceptions: A Preliminary Report
This article provides a preliminary analysis of the 622 responses to a questionnaire conducted in the context of Maryam Salehijam’s PhD research which focuses on commercial parties’ agreement to mediate/conciliate. The questionnaire targeted ADR professionals and experts with experience in drafting, inserting, or enforcing dispute resolution clauses that provide for non-binding ADR mechanisms. Some of the key findings include that it is still not very common for commercial contracts to conclude agreements to mediate/conciliate. This begs the question of why the parties and/or their legal advisors do not conclude such agreements as regularly as agreements to arbitrate. Moreover, the questionnaire confirmed that there is widespread practice in contract drafting to copy and paste dispute resolution clauses. This practice is shocking in light of the rising number of cases in which the parties disagree regarding the binding nature of their dispute resolution clause.
Enforceability of mediation clauses in Belgium and the Netherlands
Authors: van Beukering-Rosmuller Ellen , Van Leynseele Patrick 
Published: January 2018

Enforceability of mediation clauses in Belgium and the Netherlands
In this article authors discuss (possible) legal means and methods aimed at making mediation clauses effective and/or enforceable. In particular Belgian and Dutch law are examined. In part attention is also paid to English, French and Italian law. Against the background of recent EU-legislation the validity of mediation clauses is discussed as well, with a focus on consumer related disputes. By reviewing US case law with regard to the duty to participate in good faith in the mediation process, the authors also outline the limits of this concept for the effectiveness of mediation clauses. The central theme of the enforceability of mediation clauses has been looked at both from a procedural as from a financial angle. Substantial differences can be noted between the Belgian and the Dutch approach towards what courts should do when dealing with a dispute in which parties have previously agreed to mediation. Belgian law provides in art. 1725 § 2 Judicial Code that the court, if so requested by the defendant, is in principle obliged to suspend the examination of the case until the mediation has taken place. According to current case law, the situation in the Netherlands is that mediation clauses are in principle not enforceable (Supreme Court 2006). Following the most recent legislative proposal regarding mediation (July 2016) the court should examine whether mediation can still have an added value in case one party refuses to take part in a mediation as provided for in a clause invoked by the other party, prior to (possibly) proposing mediation. Based on the plans repeatedly announced by the Belgian Minister of Justice, it is likely that there will soon be an amendment to the mediation provisions in the Judicial Code that will allow courts to ‘force’ mediation upon the parties, even in the absence of a mediation clause. If this becomes the rule, judges would be well advised to exercise this power with due care. In the authors’ opinion the Dutch approach (as suggested in the most recent legislative proposal) in connection with mediation clauses, consisting in having the court examine whether mediation may (still) have an added value for the parties, could serve as a good guideline for the Belgian judges to use.
Dispute Boards voor grote bouwprojecten en langetermijncontracten
Authors: Buyse William 
Published: January 2018

Dispute Boards for longterm contracts
Dispute Boards are an alternative ‘real time’ method to avoid disputes. If no settlement can be reached the board will issue a decision which is contractually binding for all parties involved. This way costly arbitrations or court procedures, which generally only start at the end of projects with negative effects for both employer and contractor, are avoided. DBs are especially suited for construction sites and longterm contracts. They have a positive effect on the total cost of the project and avoid delays in the handing over at the end of the project. FIDIC, ICC are already using a special DB-article in their general contract conditions. The Worldbank, JICA, the EIB and MDBs are also using this method when financing international investment projects. Setting up a DB with three members right from the start of a project seldom costs more than 1% of the contract price of the project.