bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Communication Roles of Languages in Multilingual Societies
Authors: Nida Eugene A. , Wonderly William L. 
Published: January 2017

Communication Roles of Languages in Multilingual Societies is published in TBT because it offers translators some valuable insights in the understanding of the different functions which different languages perform within societies. Bible translators are increasingly asking themselves if the languages they work in might not be giving way to the pressures of some more widely used languages. Nida and Wonderly provide us with ways of assessing the various jobs competing languages are called on to perform. A careful study of this article should enable a translator to evaluate the faces of multilingualism more accurately and to assess the nature of a changing linguistic scene. A shorter version of this article was first published in Language Use and Social Change: problems of multilingualism with special reference to Eastern Africa: studies presented and discussed at the ninth International African Seminar at University College, Dar es Salaam, 1968, edited, with an Introduction by W. H. Whiteley. London: Oxford University Press for International African Institute, 1971. Pp. vi, 406, £3.
Trends in Age Band-Specific Suicide Rates among Elderly People in England and Wales
Authors: Shah Ajit , Elanchenny Nalinie , Collinge Tara 
Published: January 2017

Background The elderly suicide rate in recent years in England and Wales has been declining for both sexes. Method Data on the various suicide variables were ascertained from the annually published mortality data for years 1985 to 1998. Trends in the age band-specific elderly suicide rates in recent years were examined using this data. Results The main findings of this study were: (i) there was a decline in the ‘pure’ and ‘combined’ suicide rates, for both sexes, for the four five-year age bands between 65 and 85 years, but not for the older age groups; and (ii) for all age bands, male suicide rates were higher than female suicide rates. Conclusions The challenge now is to facilitate decline in suicide rates in the very old given that demographic changes imply more people in that age group and absence of current evidence of decline in the very old age bands.
The Effects of Litigation on Symptom Expression: A Prospective Study following Mild Traumatic Brain Injury
Authors: Feinstein Anthony , Ouchterlony Donna , Somerville Joe , Jardine Alison 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To prospectively assess the association between litigation and neurobehavioural symptoms following mild Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI). Design: A prospective study with the inception cohort assessed on average 42.2(17.2) days after injury. Setting: an outpatient clinic within a large general hospital. Patients: a consecutive sample of 100 clinic attendee with mild TBI. Outcome measures: A cognitive screen (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), Galveston Orientation and Amnesia Test (GOAT), a measure of psychological distress (the 28 item General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)) and two head injury outcome measures, the Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS) and the Rivermead Head Injury Follow-up Questionnaire (RHFUQ). Results: Demographic characteristics, TBI severity ratings and premorbid risk factors for poor outcome did not differ between litigants (27.8 per cent of the sample) and non-litigants. However, litigants were significantly more anxious (p<0.0001), depressed (p<0.01), had greater social dysfunction (p<0.0001) and had poorer outcome on the GOS (p<0.002) and RHFUQ (p<0.002). There were no cognitive differences between the groups. Conclusions the data demonstrate an association between litigation and increased psychological distress at the outset of the litigation process. While association is not synonymous with causality, the absence of demographic, premorbid and TBI related differences between litigants and non-litigants suggests that the pursuit of compensation may influence the subjective expression of symptoms following mild traumatic brain injury.
Men Who Commit Statutory Rape: How are They Different from other Rapists?
Authors: Lim Leslie EC , Gwee Kok-Peng , Woo Matthew 
Published: January 2017

From an original cohort of 63 rapists serving prison sentences for rape in Singapore, two subgroups were identified, one subgroup who raped females 14 years and younger (an offence that is termed ‘statutory rape’ or ‘SR’) and another who raped females 14 years and above (which we term ‘non-statutory rape’ or ‘NSR’). The two subgroups were compared across a broad range of variables. Those who committed SR tended to be older, married, Malay men who were more likely to commit rape in their home or in the home of their victims, and who rated the quality of their sexual relationships more unfavourably than the NSRs. The NSRs were more likely to be single men but with concurrent relationships with different females. NSRs were more likely to report dysfunctional family backgrounds, early conduct problems and were more likely to rape their victims outdoors and late into the night. Although in both subgroups the majority of the victims were known to the rapists, relatives (i.e. step-daughters or daughters) were by far the most common victims of the SR rapists.
Child Pedestrian Casualties as a Public Health Problem
Authors: Havard J. D. J. 
Published: January 2017

The importance to public health authorities of the mortality and morbidity from child pedestrian accidents is reviewed and attention is drawn to the inadequate state of the available information on morbidity from such accidents. The need to improve the existing statistics is emphasized and the contribution which can be made by epidemiological studies is discussed in the light of the available evidence concerning the human and environmental factors influencing the risk of mortality and morbidity from such accidents. Attention is drawn to the need for public health authorities to become more actively involved in the prevention and control of child pedestrian accidents. The importance of countermeasures being based on proven epidemiological studies is emphasized and it is suggested that countermeasures should be subjected to the same degree of preparation and evaluation as is accorded by public health authorities to other high-risk groups in the population.
Colistin Sulphate in the Treatment of Specific Bacterial Intestinal Infections
Authors: Lamb R. 
Published: January 2017

An attempt has been made to evaluate colistin sulphate in the treatment of specific intestinal infections. Ninety three patients were treated with the antibiotic comprising 48 cases of specific E. coli infection and 45 cases of Shigella. Eradication of the infecting organism was achieved in these two groups in 39 (81.25%) and 33 (73.3%). No problems were associated with administration of colistin and toxic effects were not seen. Considering the fact that six negative daily dismissal swabs were taken as criterion of cure, the results obtained compare very favourably with other antibiotics. The necessity of the treatment of E. coli gastro-enteritis is discussed and the good results obtained with colistin would suggest it to be an appropriate choice of antibiotic. The findings in all groups would suggest that colistin is a very useful antibiotic in the treatment of specific intestinal infections.
Augmentin (Amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid) in the Treatment of Urinary Tract Infections
Authors: Leigh A. 
Published: January 2017

Augmentin (amoxycillin and clavulanic acid) is a new oral antibiotic combination which is particularly indicated in the treatment of urinary tract infections. Potentiation of amoxycillin by the clavulanic acid reduces the level of resistance in most Gram-negative urinary pathogens and these organisms are then sensitive to urinary levels of amoxycillin achieved on standard dosage. Clinical trials in urinary tract infections have shown a success rate of about 70 per cent for amoxycillin-resistant organisms. Augmentin in a dose of 375 mg tds is well tolerated and minimal gastrointestinal side effects occur. Augmentin is a novel antibiotic combination and will be particularly valuable in the oral treatment of urinary tract infections caused by multiply resistant bacteria.
Abdominal Closure
Authors: Bewes Peter 
Published: January 2017

There have been considerable developments in abdominal closure over the past 30 years or so, and (happily for some of the poorer countries of the world) they have not largely involved undue expense. Indeed many of the developments are compatible with considerable cost-saving. I have changed over from the traditional (as it was then) method of multilayer closure with catgut to a one-layer method with monofilament nylon (often fishing nylon) in 1971. Since that time, despite a previous unhappy experience with the upper abdominal paramedian closure, I have not had a single ‘burst abdomen’ in any adult patient since making that change.
The Importance of Early Erythematous Reaction in Purified Protein Derivative Skin Testing
Authors: Barlan I B , Basaran M M 
Published: January 2017

We attempted to assess the diagnostic value of the early erythematous reaction observed at the sixth hour after the application of purified protein derivative (PPD) skin testing. For this purpose, 64 children with pulmonary tuberculosis and 49 healthy age-matched controls were PPD skin tested. Our results showed that the erythematous reaction of 5 mm or greater at the sixth hour was able to detect patients with active tuberculosis with 76% sensitivity, 85% specificity, 87% positive predictivity and 73% negative predictivity. Among 113 subjects, 6 h erythematous reaction of 5 mm or greater in size had 83% sensitivity to detect the ones who subsequently developed 10 mm or greater induration reaction at 48 h. We concluded that the sixth hour early erythematous reaction is just as helpful as the 48 h induration of 10 mm or greater in detecting patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.
Neonatal Care during a Residents' Strike
Authors: Daga S R , Shende S R 
Published: January 2017

Medical offcers from a primary health centre and rural hospital were posted at our neonatal care unit during the residents' strike that lasted 69 days. They were trained in labour room care and in special care of high-risk babies. Four weeks later they were to be first-on-call. During the pre-strike, strike and post-strike period, there was no significant difference in the number of high-risk deliveries and admissions and deaths at the special care unit (SCU). The low-tech neonatal care that we followed, can be practised at the first referral centre in rural areas of developing countries by the team led by a medical officer.
Active Prophylactic Management of Respiratory Obstruction after Standard Thyroidectomy for Giant Goitre in the Middle Belt Region of Nigeria
Authors: Obekpa P O , Onuminya J E , Punnoose V A 
Published: January 2017

Respiratory obstruction is a lethal complication of thyroidectomy for giant goitre. Prophylactic tracheal splintage by retaining the endotracheal tube in situ for 24 h post-operatively and its meticulous management in the intensive care unit (ICU) is a safe and rewarding practice. Over a 7-year period, 33 patients, all women who had standard thyroidectomy for giant goitre were managed accordingly. There was no incidence of post-operative respiratory distress, nor mortality in the series. The average duration of stay in ICU was 2 days for all patients and the average hospital stay was 6 days for 27 of the 33 patients (81.8%). We suggest that judicious post-thyroidectomy management of giant goitre patients in ICU with endotracheal tube in situ for 24 h improves their survival chances.
Some Realism about End of Life: The Current Prohibition and the Euthanasia Underground
Authors: Smith Stephen W. 
Published: January 2017

It is revolting to have no better reason for a rule of law than that so it was laid down in the time of Henry IV. It is still more revolting if the grounds upon which it was laid down have vanished long since, and the rule simply persists from blind imitation of the past.–Oliver Wendell HolmesThis well-known quotation from one of America's foremost judges provides an important admonishment about the role of history within the law. Holmes’ admonishment is that, even in common law systems, we should not allow ourselves to become too dependent on legal rules laid down in the past. Legal rules laid down long ago are as likely as newly constructed ones to have flaws in their reasoning or be difficult to implement in real-life situations. Furthermore, even in cases where the rule may have originally served some purpose, it may nevertheless be out of date and therefore have little continuing benefit to a particular legal system.
Imaging the Mind, Minding the Image: An Historical Introduction to Brain Imaging and the Law
Authors: Khoshbin Laura Stephens , Khoshbin Shahram 
Published: January 2017

Since ancient times, people have yearned to attribute human behaviors to a physical source within the head. Recently, neuroimaging technologies have given us the technical ability to look at the living brain, its structures, and some of its functions without the need for invasive procedures. However, the science has a long way to go before these technologies can allow us fully to appreciate the anatomical and physiologic underpinnings of human thoughts, states of mind, motives, will, or behaviors.In this Article, we use an historical overview to introduce the various new technologies for imaging the brain. Today, the goal of medical science is the same as it has always been: to make medical technologies valid, useful, effective, and safe; and to guide appropriate uses while protecting the public from the misuse of them. Brain images are particularly vulnerable to misuse because they are so visually attractive. This visual power can easily result in misunderstanding about what the images show and what they mean.
MRIs and the Perception of Risk
Authors: Goldberg Steven 
Published: January 2017

The most important safety decision concerning MRIs was to change the name of the procedure. In the late 1970s, the procedure known as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) became magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) because of the negative connotations the word “nuclear” invited. Since then, the use of MRIs has flourished. The procedure is now routinely conducted to make medical diagnoses and to study the brain functioning of healthy volunteers participating in research studies devised by, among others, neuroscientists and economists.There is nothing intrinsically wrong with changing a procedure's name to respond to a public perception of risk, especially when experts do not share that perception. Yet, while MRIs rarely injure patients or test subjects, there is reason to believe that they have important health and safety consequences not captured in standard informed consent forms. These concerns ironically involve perception of risk. On the one hand, unexpected incidental findings of clinically significant conditions in volunteer research subjects raise a host of ethical concerns.
The Brain and Behavior: Limitations in the Legal Use of Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging
Authors: Tancredi Laurence R. , Brodie Jonathan D. 
Published: January 2017

Brain imaging is one of the most remarkable technological advances towards understanding the relationship of behavior to brain anatomy and physiology. Brain images provide insight to understanding behavior. Additionally, the images themselves carry great impact, particularly when used to show differences in either the anatomy or the biological functioning of two different brains. For these reasons, brain images have increasingly been used in both criminal and civil trials.After describing some general features of brain imaging, we will focus on functional magnetic imaging (fMRI), as many believe this technology has the most potential for advancing our understanding of how parts of the brain function, including perhaps linking specific functions with cognition and behavior. Brain imaging as a field is vast and therefore our discussion will be limited. First, we will assess the advantages and limitations of fMRI, including research efforts towards standardizing equipment thereby assuring reliability and reproducibility.
A Brave New World of Interrogation Jurisprudence?
Authors: Thompson Sean Kevin 
Published: January 2017

I doubt that the uneasiness about electrical lie detectors would disappear even if they were refined to place their accuracy beyond question. Indeed, I would not be surprised if such a development would only heighten the sense of unease and the search for plausible legal objections.We are told that functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is “not ready for use, despite optimism about its commercial potential.” This is probably true—it is also, in terms of legal analysis, irrelevant. Although the development of fMRI technology is still in its relative infancy, there is no guarantee that the law governing its use will wait for it to grow up. Thus, the recent backlash against the initial flurry of articles, both academic and general, on the promise and legal issues surrounding fMRI is unwarranted. The conclusion that so many—even many of the contributors to this volume—seem to be drawing, namely, that law, as a field, must abstain from analyzing the legal implications of fMRI until those with more scientific expertise deem it ready to look at, is at best wrong and, at worst, irresponsible.
No Healthcare Penalty? No Problem: No Due Process
Authors: Willis Steven J. , Chung Nakku 
Published: January 2017

The Patient Protection and Affordable Health Care Act (“Act”), which mandates all individuals to have health insurance and “penalizes” those who do not, is unconstitutional for five well-documented and well-argued reasons:1.The mandate for individuals to purchase healthcare (“Mandate”) exceeds Congress's power to regulate commerce among the several states under the Commerce Clause of article I, section 8, clause 3 of the U.S. Constitution.2.The penalty imposed on individuals who fail to honor the Mandate (“Penalty”) is an unconstitutional direct tax because it is unapportioned, as required by article I, section 1, clause 3, and by article 1, section 9, clause 4.3.The Penalty does not satisfy the Necessary and Proper Clause of article I, section 8, clause 18.4.The Act violates the Tenth Amendment reservation of unenumerated powers to the states and to the people.5.The mechanical, procedural aspects of the Penalty violate the due process guarantee in the Fifth Amendment.
Plasma Catecholamines and Lipoproteins in Chronic Psychological Stress
Authors: O'Donnell L , O'Meara N , Owens D , Johnson A , Collins P , Tomkin G 
Published: January 2017

Changes in plasma catecholamines, lipoproteins and dietary intake were examined in 13 medical students during a 3-month period prior to their examinations, and in 12 controls. In the medical students mean ± s.e.(mean) plasma cholesterol increased over the study period (3.98 ± 0.16 v. 4.26 ± 0.16 mmol/l, P < 0.05) and this was reflected by a rise in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (2.53 ± 0.15 v. 2.71 ± 0.17 mmol/l, P < 0.05). Both supine adrenaline (0.45 ± 0.05 v. 0.70 ± 0.07 nmol/l, P < 0.01) and noradrenaline (2.74 ± 0.18 v. 3.40 ± 0.31 nmol/l, P < 0.05) increased over this period. Apart from a decline in the modest alcohol consumption (9.1 ± 3.45 v. 2.6 ± 1.4 g/day, P < 0.02) there was no change in dietary intake in the medical students. There were no significant changes in plasma catecholamines, lipoproteins or dietary intake in control subjects over the study period. Changes in catecholamines and lipoproteins occurring in association with chronic psychological stress may contribute to the increased coronary heart disease mortality associated with Type A behaviour and stressful life events.
The Relationship Between Parenteral Nutrition and Central Line–Associated Bloodstream Infections: 2009–2014
Authors: Fonseca Gabriela , Burgermaster Marissa , Larson Elaine , Seres David S. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground: Parenteral nutrition (PN) administered via central venous catheter has been identified as an independent risk factor for central line–associated bloodstream infections (CLABSIs). The aim of this study was to provide an updated description of the relationship between PN and CLABSI and assess temporal trends in CLABSI rates for individuals who received PN from 2009–2014, after the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid declared CLABSI a “never event.” Methods: Using data obtained from all adult patient discharges between January 1, 2009, and December 31, 2014, from 2 affiliated hospitals in a large health system in New York City, univariate and multivariate analyses were performed to examine the relationship between PN and CLABSIs as well as temporal trends. Results: Among 38,674 patients with central lines, 3517 developed CLABSIs and 767 patients were prescribed PN. PN was an independent risk factor for developing CLABSI among our patients (odds ratio [OR], 2.65; 95% confidence interval [CI], 2.20–3.19). The incidence of CLABSI among patients who were prescribed PN was not significantly different across the years of this study, even after adjusting for severity of illness. Conclusion: PN remains a significant risk factor for CLABSIs; further work is needed to identify effective strategies to reduce rates of CLABSI among patients receiving PN.
A Systematic Review: Outcomes in Adult Recurrent Respiratory Papillomatosis Treated with Intralesional Cidofovir or Bevacizumab
Authors: Drejet Sarah , Halum Stacey , Brigger Matthew , Skopelja Elaine , Parker Noah P. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives(1) To systematically identify studies evaluating the use of intralesional cidofovir or bevacizumab as an adjunct in adult recurrent respiratory papillomatosis, determine disease severity and functional outcomes, and assess study quality. (2) To compare outcomes between the 2 adjuncts.Data SourcesOvid Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, and Clinical‐Trials.gov.Review MethodsData sources were systematically searched. A priori inclusion and exclusion criteria were instituted. Quality was evaluated with the Newcastle‐Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale. A priori criteria were instituted to select studies suitable for comparison.ResultsA total of 254 identified studies led to 16 for full‐text review, including 14 for cidofovir and 2 for bevacizumab. Disease severity outcomes were reported in all studies, including remission rate, Derkay scores, time interval between operations, and/or lesion volume reduction. Remission rate was the most commonly reported (14 studies). Functional outcomes were reported in 5 studies (36%), including quality‐of‐life questionnaires, acoustic/aerodynamic analysis, and perceptual voice analysis. Voice‐related quality of life was the most commonly reported (2 studies). Of 16 studies, 12 (75%) were rated poor quality. Reports almost invariably showed improved disease severity and functional outcomes following treatment; however, variable outcome measures and inadequate follow‐up disallowed direct comparison of adjuncts.ConclusionRemission rate was the most commonly reported disease severity outcome, and voice‐related quality of life was the most commonly reported functional outcome. Most studies were of poor quality. No studies met criteria for comparative analysis between adjuncts. Future research would be improved by reporting consistent and comparable disease severity and functional outcomes, treatment protocols, and follow‐up.