bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Integrating leadership research: a meta-analytical test of Yukl’s meta-categories of leadership
Authors: Borgmann Lars , Rowold Jens , Bormann Kai Christian 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test the theoretical proposition, put forward by Yuklet al.(2002), that the leadership constructs of transformational and transactional leadership, laissez-faire, consideration, and initiating structure can be arranged into three meta-categories of leadership, namely, relations, task, and change-oriented leadership.Design/methodology/approachAfter a comprehensive literature search, 1,402 correlations from 286 sources were obtained which referred to the above mentioned leadership constructs and outcome criteria of effective leadership.FindingsIt was found that three meta-categories of leadership (i.e. relations, task, and change-oriented leadership) were sufficient to explain the leadership constructs of transformational and transactional leadership, laissez-faire, consideration, and initiating structure. Moreover, it was also found that change-oriented leadership was most effective in predicting the job satisfaction of followers. In contrast, relations-oriented leadership accounted for most of the variance in both commitment and job performance.Research limitations/implicationsIn combination, these results allow for a more comprehensive, integrative description of effective leadership behavior.Practical implicationsThe results have implications for leadership assessment and development as well as leader selection and feedback.Originality/valueApplying Occam’s razor, and in contrast to the majority of prior leadership studies, the present meta-analytical study provided evidence that three categories of leadership behaviors allow for a precise and comprehensive description of effective leadership behavior.
Public vs private sector employment
Authors: Ng Eddy S.W. , Gossett Charles W. , Chinyoka Samuel , Obasi Isaac 
Published: August 2016

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to explore the factors that may be related to a career choice in the public vs the private sector in a developing African country.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of graduate management students, the authors tested reward preferences and altruism, elements of public service motivation, on their generalizability to a developing country in Africa. The authors also examine the role of career attitudes, individual personality factors, and cultural values on a career choice in public service.FindingsThe authors find that not all the factors associated with the choice of sector (public or private) found in previous studies apply in the Botswana context.Research limitations/implicationsPerry and Wise (1990) developed the concept of public service motivation to explain why individuals may be motivated to serve the public. However, two of the factors associated with public service, intrinsic motivation, and altruism, were not predictive of a career choice in the public sector in Botswana, and thus may limit its generalizability outside of western developed countries.Practical implicationsIn Botswana and other developing economies, government jobs are considered to provide lucrative and stable employment, and attract educated citizens regardless of motivations. However, as the private-for-profit sector is emerging, these countries could soon be facing serious competition for top university students, and will need to develop a strategy for attracting the best talents to choose employment in the public sector over career options in the private sector.Originality/valueThe present study seeks to further the understanding on how individuals make a career choice between public vs private sector management in a developing country.
Plant–soil feedbacks: role of plant functional group and plant traits
Authors: Cortois Roeland , Schröder‐Georgi Thomas , Weigelt Alexandra , van der Putten Wim H. , De Deyn Gerlinde B. 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Plant–soil feedback (PSF), plant trait and functional group concepts advanced our understanding of plant community dynamics, but how they are interlinked is poorly known.

To test how plant functional groups (FGs: graminoids, small herbs, tall herbs, legumes) and plant traits relate to PSF, we grew 48 grassland species in sterilized soil, sterilized soil with own species soil inoculum and sterilized soil with soil inoculum from all species, and quantified relative growth rate (RGR), specific leaf area (SLA), specific root length (SRL) and per cent arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi colonization (%AMF).

Plant growth response to the plant species' own soil biota relative to sterilized soil (PSFsterilized) reflects net effects of all (generalist + specialized) soil biota. Growth response to the plant species' own soil biota relative to soil biota of all plant species (PSFaway) reveals effects of more specialized soil organisms.

PSFsterilized showed that graminoids and small herbs have a negative and tall herbs a positive response to their own soil biota, whereas legumes responded neutrally. However, PSFaway showed that on average, all plant FGs benefitted from growing with other species' soil biota, suggesting that pathogens are more specialized than plant growth‐promoting soil biota. Feedback to plant growth from all soil biota (PSFsterilized) was stronger than from more specialized soil biota (PSFaway) and could be predicted by SRL and especially by %AMF colonization. Species with high SRL and low %AMF colonization when grown in away soil experienced most negative soil feedback.

Synthesis. Plant species from all plant FGs grow better in soil from other species because of less net negative effects of soil biota (in graminoids), or because of more net positive soil biota effects (in tall herbs). Explorative plant species (high SRL, low %AMF colonization) suffer most from negative feedback of all soil biota, whereas more resource conservative species (low SRL, high %AMF colonization) benefit from soil feedback of all soil biota. These findings help to understand replacement of explorative species during succession. Moreover, we suggest a potentially larger role for species with positive feedback than for species with negative feedback to contribute to maintain plant community productivity of diverse communities over time.
Hydrogen‐rich water regulates effects of ROS balance on morphology, growth and secondary metabolism via glutathione peroxidase in Ganoderma lucidum
Authors: Ren Ang , Liu Rui , Miao Zhi‐Gang , Zhang Xue , Cao Peng‐Fei , Chen Tian‐Xi , Li Chen‐Yang , Shi Liang , Jiang Ai‐Liang , Zhao Ming‐Wen 
Published: August 2016

SummaryGanoderma lucidum is one of the most important medicinal fungi, but the lack of basic study on the fungus has hindered the further development of its value. To investigate the roles of the redox system in G. lucidum, acetic acid (HAc) was applied as a reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress inducer, and hydrogen‐rich water (HRW) was used to relieve the ROS stress in this study. Our results demonstrate that the treatment of 5% HRW significantly decreased the ROS content, maintained biomass and polar growth morphology of mycelium, and decreased secondary metabolism under HAc‐induced oxidative stress. Furthermore, the roles of HRW were largely dependent on restoring the glutathione system under HAc stress in G. lucidum. To provide further evidence, we used two glutathione peroxidase (GPX)‐defective strains, the gpxi strain, the mercaptosuccinic acid (MS, a GPX inhibitor)‐treated wide‐type (WT) strain, and gpx overexpression strains for further research. The results show that HRW was unable to relieve the HAc‐induced ROS overproduction, decreased biomass, mycelium morphology change and increased secondary metabolism biosynthesis in the absence of GPX function. The gpx overexpression strains exhibited resistance to HAc‐induced oxidative stress. Thus, we propose that HRW regulates morphology, growth and secondary metabolism via glutathione peroxidase under HAc stress in the fungus G. lucidum. Furthermore, our research also provides a method to study the ROS system in other fungi.
The cellular proteome is affected by a gelsolin (BbGEL1) during morphological transitions in aerobic surface versus liquid growth in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana
Authors: He Pu‐Hong , Dong Wei‐Xia , Chu Xin‐Ling , Feng Ming‐Guang , Ying Sheng‐Hua 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe gelsolin superfamily includes seven protein members: gelsolin, villin, adseverin, CapG, advillin, supervillin and flightless I. The gelsolin proteins are actin‐binding proteins that contain three or six gelsolin‐like domains, and they play important roles in remodelling actin dynamics and cellular processes in eukaryotes. The entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana expresses a unique CapG protein (BbGEL1) that contains three gelsolin‐like domains. BbGEL1p is associated with actin during mycelial growth and plays an important role in fungal morphological transitions under both aerobic and submerged conditions. The ΔBbGEL1 mutant displays abnormal spore‐producing structures that reduce the conidial and blastospore yields by approximately 70% and 90% respectively. The virulence of the ΔBbGEL1 mutant is notably reduced as indicated by topical and intrahemocoel injection assays. Two comparative proteomics analyses indicated that BbGEL1 has significantly different roles in the development of conidia and blastospores, and the results revealed the potential targets of BbGEL1 in the corresponding developmental processes. Additionally, as an overlapping downstream protein of BbGEL1, the hydrophobin‐like protein gene BbHyd3 is required for conidiation but has a negative role in blastospore formation. Our findings indicate that in addition to its function as an actin‐interacting protein, BbGEL1 contributes to fungal morphological transitions via broad genetic pathways.
Lysozyme activity of the Ruminococcus champanellensis cellulosome
Authors: Moraïs Sarah , Cockburn Darrell W. , Ben‐David Yonit , Koropatkin Nicole M. , Martens Eric C. , Duncan Sylvia H. , Flint Harry J. , Mizrahi Itzhak , Bayer Edward A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryRuminococcus champanellensis is a keystone species in the human gut that produces an intricate cellulosome system of various architectures. A variety of cellulosomal enzymes have been identified, which exhibit a range of hydrolytic activities on lignocellulosic substrates. We describe herein a unique R. champanellensis scaffoldin, ScaK, which is expressed during growth on cellobiose and comprises a cohesin module and a family 25 glycoside hydrolase (GH25). The GH25 is non‐autolytic and exhibits lysozyme‐mediated lytic activity against several bacterial species. Despite the narrow acidic pH curve, the enzyme is active along a temperature range from 2 to 85°C and is stable at very high temperatures for extended incubation periods. The ScaK cohesin was shown to bind selectively to the dockerin of a monovalent scaffoldin (ScaG), thus enabling formation of a cell‐free cellulosome, whereby ScaG interacts with a divalent scaffodin (ScaA) that bears the enzymes either directly or through additional monovalent scaffoldins (ScaC and ScaD). The ScaK cohesin also interacts with the dockerin of a protein comprising multiple Fn3 domains that can potentially promote adhesion to carbohydrates and the bacterial cell surface. A cell‐free cellulosomal GH25 lysozyme may provide a bacterial strategy to both hydrolyze lignocellulose and repel eventual food competitors and/or cheaters.
Photorhabdus‐nematode symbiosis is dependent on hfq‐mediated regulation of secondary metabolites
Authors: Tobias Nicholas J. , Heinrich Antje K. , Eresmann Helena , Wright Patrick R. , Neubacher Nick , Backofen Rolf , Bode Helge B. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryPhotorhabdus luminescens maintains a symbiotic relationship with the nematodes Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and together they infect and kill insect larvae. To maintain this symbiotic relationship, the bacteria must produce an array of secondary metabolites to assist in the development and replication of nematodes. The regulatory mechanisms surrounding production of these compounds are mostly unknown. The global post‐transcriptional regulator, Hfq, is widespread in bacteria and performs many functions, one of which is the facilitation of sRNA binding to target mRNAs, with recent research thoroughly exploring its various pleiotropic effects. Here we generate and characterize an hfq deletion mutant and show that in the absence of hfq, the bacteria are no longer able to maintain a healthy symbiosis with nematodes due to the abolishment of the production of all known secondary metabolites. RNAseq led us to produce a second deletion of a known repressor, HexA, in the same strain, which restored both metabolite production and symbiosis.
The genetic basis of anoxygenic photosynthetic arsenite oxidation
Authors: Hernandez‐Maldonado Jaime , Sanchez‐Sedillo Benjamin , Stoneburner Brendon , Boren Alison , Miller Laurence , McCann Shelley , Rosen Michael , Oremland Ronald S. , Saltikov Chad W. 
Published: August 2016

Summary‘Photoarsenotrophy’, the use of arsenite as an electron donor for anoxygenic photosynthesis, is thought to be an ancient form of phototrophy along with the photosynthetic oxidation of Fe(II), H2S, H2 and
. Photoarsenotrophy was recently identified from Paoha Island's (Mono Lake, CA) arsenic‐rich hot springs. The genomes of several photoarsenotrophs revealed a gene cluster, arxB2AB1CD, where arxA is predicted to encode for the sole arsenite oxidase. The role of arxA in photosynthetic arsenite oxidation was confirmed by disrupting the gene in a representative photoarsenotrophic bacterium, resulting in the loss of light‐dependent arsenite oxidation. In situ evidence of active photoarsenotrophic microbes was supported by arxA mRNA detection for the first time, in red‐pigmented microbial mats within the hot springs of Paoha Island. This work expands on the genetics for photosynthesis coupled to new electron donors and elaborates on known mechanisms for arsenic metabolism, thereby highlighting the complexities of arsenic biogeochemical cycling.
Understanding the meaning and role of gifts given to Ugandan mothers in maternity care settings: ‘The help they give when they've seen how different you are’
Authors: Rudrum Sarah , Brown Helen , Oliffe John L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe provision of gifts to new mothers in Uganda is laden with significance that varies by the social location of the giver and receiver and the context and conditions under which the gift is made available. Here, we examine the act of gift giving and receiving within a Ugandan maternity care setting, describing the connections between these material objects and social relations. A study investigating the social organisation of maternity care in post‐conflict northern Uganda found that gift‐giving to new mothers functioned to create a material and discursive context wherein women's desire to access these goods was leveraged to create an incentive to attend formal maternity care during pregnancy and for delivery. In this article we describe the material and discursive processes surrounding gift‐giving to new mothers in this global South health care setting. This article contributes critical analyses of the function of gifts in healthcare settings as constructing shared identities, social differences and normative values about health citizenship, and an incentive politic that affects equitable access to maternity care. Drawing on intersectional theory and analysis of how specific practices function ideologically to reward or incentivise pregnant women, we integrate material culture studies into the sociology of women's reproductive health.
Incidence, characteristics and survival outcomes of out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest in children and adolescents between 1997 and 2014 in Perth, Western Australia
Authors: Inoue Madoka , Tohira Hideo , Williams Teresa , Bailey Paul , Borland Meredith , McKenzie Nicole , Brink Deon , Finn Judith 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe present study was to describe the trends in the incidence, characteristics and survival of paediatric out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) over an 18 year period.MethodsWe conducted a population‐based retrospective cohort study using prospectively collected data from all OHCA patients aged <18 years who were attended by St John Ambulance Western Australia paramedics in the Perth metropolitan area, WA, between 1997 and 2014. The incidence, characteristics and survival were compared across 4 year periods (1997–2000, 2001–2005, 2006–2010 and 2011–2014). The Paediatric Cerebral Performance Category at hospital discharge was determined by medical record review. Incidence per 100 000 population was calculated for four age groups (<1, 1–4, 5–12 and 13–17).ResultsIn total, 723 OHCAs were identified, and 451 (62.4%) had resuscitation commenced by paramedics. The patients were predominantly male (61.6%) with a median age of 2 years (IQR 0–14 years). Bystander CPR increased over time from 35.0% (1997–2000) to 63.0% (2011–2014) (P < 0.001). Any return of spontaneous circulation was 39/451 (8.6%), and survival to hospital discharge was 21/451 (5.0%). Of the 20 survivors assessed, 11 had good neurological status at hospital discharge (Paediatric Cerebral Performance Category 1 or 2). The overall incidence decreased from 14.1 (1997–2000) to 8.7 (2011–2014) per 100 000 population (P < 0.001). This was almost halved in children aged <1 year group (P < 0.001).ConclusionThe incidence of paediatric OHCA decreased over time, but survival remained poor. Strategies to strengthen the chain of survival for paediatric OHCA need to be considered.
Glycation and cardiovascular disease in diabetes: A perspective on the concept of metabolic memory
Authors: Yamagishi Sho‐ichi , Nakamura Nobutaka , Matsui Takanori 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEpidemiological studies have suggested that cumulative diabetic exposure, namely prolonged exposure to chronic hyperglycemia, contributes to the increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in diabetes. The formation and accumulation of advanced glycation end‐products (AGEs) have been known to progress under hyperglycemic conditions. Because AGEs‐modified collagens are hardly degraded and remain in diabetic vessels, kidneys and the heart for a long time, even after glycemic control has been achieved, AGEs could become a marker reflecting cumulative diabetic exposure. Furthermore, there is a growing body of evidence that an interaction between AGEs and the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) plays a role in the pathogenesis of CVD. In addition, AGEs induce the expression of RAGE, thus leading to sustained activation of the AGEs–RAGE axis in diabetes. Herein we review the pathological role of the AGEs–RAGE axis in CVD, focusing particularly on the phenomenon of metabolic memory, and discuss the potential clinical usefulness of measuring circulating and tissue levels of AGEs accumulation to evaluate diabetic macrovascular complications.
Carotid intima‐media thickness in young survivors of childhood cancer
Authors: Krawczuk‐Rybak Maryna , Tomczuk‐Ostapczuk Monika , Panasiuk Anna , Goscik Elzbieta 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionRadiotherapy (RT) and some chemotherapy regimens are known risk factors predisposing to the development of premature arterial disease. Vascular ultrasound measurement of carotid intima‐media thickness (IMT) is a non‐invasive technique, useful to detect early subclinical symptoms of atherosclerosis that can appear in the paediatric population. We analysed the influence of chemotherapy and moderate doses of head or neck irradiation in childhood cancer survivors on the possibility of premature carotid artery disease.MethodsUltrasound measurements of the intima‐media thickness (IMT) in the common carotid artery (CCA), bulb and internal carotid artery (ICA) were performed in 74 young cancer survivors and in 48 age‐ and sex‐matched controls.ResultsIn the whole study group, we observed higher IMT in all positions as compared with the control, except for comparable thickness in the CCA (bilaterally). We failed to find any differences in IMT between irradiated and non‐irradiated females. In irradiated males, all IMT measurements on the right side were higher than in non‐irradiated patients. There was no effect of body mass index, blood pressure, serum cholesterol, triglycerides, fibrinogen and thyroid hormones on IMT. In the irradiated group, a positive correlation was observed between IMT in the right bulb and the post‐radiation time.ConclusionsAnticancer treatment during childhood, especially including irradiation to the mediastinum, head or neck, affects the IMT, particularly in males. This suggests a possible role of irradiation in the premature development of carotid artery disease.
Study of efficacy and safety of pulsatile administration of high‐dose gefitinib or erlotinib for advanced non‐small cell lung cancer patients with secondary drug resistance: A single center, single arm, phase II clinical trial
Authors: Zhu Yanzhe , Du Yingying , Liu Hu , Ma Tai , Shen Yuanyuan , Pan Yueyin 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe objective of the study was to observe the efficacy and safety of pulsatile administration of high‐dose gefitinib or erlotinib in patients with advanced non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) with secondary drug resistance to standard doses of tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) treatment.Materials and methodsWe recruited 42 NSCLC patients from our hospital, between August 2014 and December 2015, who had experienced drug resistance after one year of conventional treatment with gefitinib or erlotinib. The gefitinib group (29 patients) received one dose of 1000 mg gefitinib every four days. The erlotinib group (13 patients) received one dose of 450 mg erlotinib every three days. Treatments continued until disease progression according to Response Evaluation Criteria In Solid Tumors 1.1 or development of intolerable toxicity.ResultsMedian progression‐free survival (PFS) was 30 months (gefitinib vs. erlotinib: 31 vs. 24 months; P > 0.05). After high‐dose pulsatile administration, eight patients achieved a partial response (PR), 11 had stable disease (SD), and 23 had progressive disease (PD; relative risk 19.0%; disease control rate 45.2%; median PFS six months). Patients were categorized based on epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutation: exon 19 (no patients achieved complete response [CR], 4 PR, 6 SD, and 17 PD) and exon 21 mutation groups (no patients achieved CR, 4 PR, 5 SD, and 6 PD).ConclusionHigh‐dose TKI pulsatile treatment is safe, efficient, and can improve prognoses for certain patients with advanced NSCLC.
Management of coronal discolouration following a regenerative endodontic procedure in a maxillary incisor
Authors: D'Mello G , Moloney L 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPulpal necrosis and infection in an immature anterior tooth subsequent to traumatic injury is a challenging situation. Regenerative endodontics, resulting in continued development of the tooth, provides a biological response to this clinical challenge. Regenerative endodontic procedures require disinfection of the infected root canal and sealing of the pulp canal space. Mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA) provides a good seal, is biocompatible and allows the formation of a hard tissue to occur within the root canal. MTA, however, can lead to significant staining of the crown of the tooth that is difficult to mask. This case report describes the management of discolouration in an 11 year old girl subsequent to a regenerative endodontic procedure in an immature traumatized maxillary central incisor.