bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tunable generation of entangled photons in a nonlinear directional coupler
Authors: Setzpfandt Frank , Solntsev Alexander S. , Titchener James , Wu Che Wen , Xiong Chunle , Schiek Roland , Pertsch Thomas , Neshev Dragomir N. , Sukhorukov Andrey A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe on‐chip integration of quantum light sources has enabled the realization of complex quantum photonic circuits. However, for the practical implementation of such circuits in quantum information applications, it is crucial to develop sources delivering entangled quantum photon states with on‐demand tunability. Here we propose and experimentally demonstrate the concept of a widely tunable quantum light source based on spontaneous parametric down‐conversion in a simple nonlinear directional coupler. We show that spatial photon‐pair correlations and entanglement can be reconfigured on‐demand by tuning the phase difference between the pump beams and the phase mismatch inside the structure. We experimentally demonstrate the generation of split states, robust N00N states, various intermediate regimes and biphoton steering on a single chip. Furthermore we theoretically investigate other regimes allowing all‐optically tunable generation of all Bell states and flexible control of path‐energy entanglement. Such wide‐range capabilities of a structure comprised of just two coupled nonlinear waveguides are attributed to the intricate interplay between linear coupling and nonlinear phase matching. This scheme provides an important advance towards the realization of reconfigurable quantum circuitry.
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Modification Pathways for Copoly(2‐oxazoline)s Enabling Their Application as Antireflective Coatings in Photolithography
Authors: Fimberger Martin , Behrendt Andreas , Jakopic Georg , Stelzer Franz , Kumbaraci Volkan , Wiesbrock Frank 
Published: November 2015

Chromophore‐functionalized copoly(2‐oxazoline)s are successfully evaluated as bottom antireflective coatings (BARCs) in high‐resolution photolithography. With respect to UV light sources used in photolithographic production routines, anthracene is chosen as a chromophore. For application as polymer in BARCs, the copolymer poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazolin)45‐stat‐poly(2‐dec‐9′‐enyl‐2‐oxazolin)20‐stat‐poly(2‐(3′‐(1″‐(anthracen‐9‐ylmethyl)‐1″,2″,3″‐triazol‐4‐yl)propyl)‐2‐oxazolin)35 can be synthesized by the Huisgen cycloaddition click reaction of the copolymer poly(2‐ethyl‐2‐oxazolin)45‐stat‐poly(2‐dec‐9′‐enyl‐2‐oxazolin)20‐stat‐poly(2‐pent‐4′‐inyl‐2‐oxazolin)35 and the corresponding azide‐functionalized anthracenes. These copolymers can be crosslinked by the thermally induced thiol‐ene reaction involving the unsaturated C=C bonds of the poly(2‐dec‐9′‐enyl‐2‐oxazoline) repetition units and a multifunctional thiol as crosslinker. Tests of this BARC in a clean room under production conditions reveal a significant decrease of the swing‐curve of a chemically amplified positive photoresist by more than 50%, hence significantly increasing the resolution of the photoresist.
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Mapping murine diabetic kidney disease using chemical exchange saturation transfer MRI
Authors: Wang Feng , Kopylov David , Zu Zhongliang , Takahashi Keiko , Wang Suwan , Quarles C. Chad , Gore John C. , Harris Raymond C. , Takahashi Takamune 
Published: November 2015

PurposeDiabetic nephropathy (DN) is the leading cause of renal failure; however, current clinical tests are insufficient for assessing this disease. DN is associated with changes in renal metabolites, so we evaluated the utility of chemical exchange saturation transfer (CEST) imaging to detect changes characteristic of this disease.MethodsSensitivity of CEST imaging at 7 Tesla to DN was evaluated by imaging diabetic mice [db/db, db/db endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS)−/−] that show different levels of nephropathy as well as by longitudinal imaging (8 to 24 weeks). Nondiabetic (db/m) mice were used as controls.ResultsCompared with nondiabetic mice, the CEST contrasts of hydroxyl metabolites that correspond to glucose and glycogen were significantly increased in papilla (P), inner medulla (IM), and outer medulla (OM) in db/db and db/db eNOS−/− kidneys at 16 weeks. The db/db eNOS−/− mice that showed advanced nephropathy exhibited greater CEST effects in OM and significant CEST contrasts were also observed in cortex. Longitudinally, db/db mice exhibited progressive increases in hydroxyl signals in IM+P and OM from 12 to 24 weeks and an increase was also observed in cortex at 24 weeks.ConclusionCEST MRI can be used to measure changes of hydroxyl metabolites in kidney during progression of DN. Magn Reson Med 76:1531–1541, 2016. © 2015 International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine
Experimental considerations for fast kurtosis imaging
Authors: Hansen Brian , Lund Torben E. , Sangill Ryan , Stubbe Ebbe , Finsterbusch Jürgen , Jespersen Sune Nørhøj 
Published: November 2015

PurposeThe clinical use of kurtosis imaging is impeded by long acquisitions and postprocessing. Recently, estimation of mean kurtosis tensor
and mean diffusivity (
) was made possible from 13 distinct diffusion weighted MRI acquisitions (the 1‐3‐9 protocol) with simple postprocessing. Here, we analyze the effects of noise and nonideal diffusion encoding, and propose a new correction strategy. We also present a 1‐9‐9 protocol with increased robustness to experimental imperfections and minimal additional scan time. This refinement does not affect computation time and also provides a fast estimate of fractional anisotropy (FA).Theory and Methods1‐3‐9/1‐9‐9 data are acquired in rat and human brains, and estimates of
, FA,
from human brains are compared with traditional estimates from an extensive diffusion kurtosis imaging data set. Simulations are used to evaluate the influence of noise and diffusion encodings deviating from the scheme, and the performance of the correction strategy. Optimal b‐values are determined from simulations and data.ResultsAccuracy and precision in
and
are comparable to nonlinear least squares estimation, and is improved with the 1‐9‐9 protocol. The compensation strategy vastly improves parameter estimation in nonideal data.ConclusionThe framework offers a robust and compact method for estimating several diffusion metrics. The protocol is easily implemented. Magn Reson Med 76:1455–1468, 2016. © 2015 The Authors. Magnetic Resonance in Medicine published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Society for Magnetic Resonance in Medicine. This is an open access article under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Fast food, soft drink and candy intake is unrelated to body mass index for 95% of American adults
Authors: Just David R. , Wansink Brian 
Published: November 2015

SummaryObjectiveExcessive intake of fast food, soft drinks and candy are considered major factors leading to overweight and obesity. This article examines whether the epidemiological relationship between frequency of intake of these foods and body mass index (BMI) is driven by the extreme tails (+/−2 standard deviations). If so, a clinical recommendation to reduce frequency intake may have little relevance to 95% of the population.MethodsUsing 2007–2008 Centers for Disease Control's National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the consumption incidence of targeted foods on two non‐continuous days was examined across discrete ranges of BMI. Data were analysed in 2011.ResultsAfter excluding the clinically underweight and morbidly obese, consumption incidence of fast food, soft drinks or candy was not positively correlated with measures of BMI. This was true for sweet snacks (r = 0.005, p = <0.001) and salty snacks (r = 0.001, p = 0.040). No significant variation was found between BMI subcategories in weekly consumption frequency of fast food meals.ConclusionsFor 95% of this study's sample, the association between the intake frequency of fast food, soft drinks and candy and BMI was negative. This result suggests that a strategy that focuses solely on these problem foods may be ineffective in reducing weight. Reducing the total calories of food eaten at home and the frequency of snacking may be more successful dieting advice for the majority of individuals.
Multiple roles for TGFβ receptor type II in regulating the pancreatic response in acute pancreatitis
Authors: Gittes George K 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn their recent publication in Journal of Pathology, Grabliauskaite and Sapanora and their colleagues in Zurich use a conditional ablation of the TGFβ type II receptor (TBRII) to analyse its specific role in pancreatic epithelial cells in response to a caerulein‐induced model of acute pancreatitis. These experiments help to clarify some confusion that has existed in the literature stemming from the use of a dominant‐negative transgenic TBRII mouse. The results point to a central role for TBRII in acinar cells in mitigating the overall response of the pancreas to the damage and inflammation of acute pancreatitis. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Transcriptome sequencing identifies ETV6–NTRK3 as a gene fusion involved in GIST
Authors: Brenca Monica , Rossi Sabrina , Polano Maurizio , Gasparotto Daniela , Zanatta Lucia , Racanelli Dominga , Valori Laura , Lamon Stefano , Dei Tos Angelo Paolo , Maestro Roberta 
Published: November 2015

AbstractGastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs) are the most common mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract. The vast majority of GISTs are driven by oncogenic activation of KIT, PDGFRA or, less commonly, BRAF. Loss of succinate dehydrogenase complex activity has been identified in subsets of KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF‐mutation negative tumours, yet a significant fraction of GISTs are devoid of any of such alterations. To address the pathobiology of these 'quadruple‐negative' GISTs, we sought to explore the possible involvement of fusion genes. To this end we performed transcriptome sequencing on five KIT/PDGFRA/BRAF‐mutation negative, SDH‐proficient tumours. Intriguingly, the analysis unveiled the presence of an ETV6–NTRK3 gene fusion. The screening by FISH of 26 additional cases, including KIT/PDGFRA‐mutated GISTs, failed to detect other ETV6 rearrangements beside the index case. This was a 'quadruple‐negative' GIST located in the rectum, an uncommon primary site for GIST development (∼4% of all GISTs). The fusion transcript identified encompasses exon 4 of ETV6 and exon 14 of NTRK3 and therefore differs from the canonical ETV6–NTRK3 chimera of infantile fibrosarcomas. However, it retains the ability to induce IRS1 phosphorylation, activate the IGF1R downstream signalling pathway and to be targeted by IGF1R and ALK inhibitors. Thus, the ETV6–NTRK3 fusion might identify a subset of GISTs with peculiar clinicopathological characteristics which could be eligible for such therapies. Copyright © 2015 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Redox‐dependent disulfide bond formation in SAP30L corepressor protein: Implications for structure and function
Authors: Laitaoja Mikko , Tossavainen Helena , Pihlajamaa Tero , Valjakka Jarkko , Viiri Keijo , Lohi Olli , Permi Perttu , Jänis Janne 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSin3A‐associated protein 30‐like (SAP30L) is one of the key proteins in a multi‐subunit protein complex involved in transcriptional regulation via histone deacetylation. SAP30L, together with a highly homologous SAP30 as well as other SAP proteins (i.e., SAP25, SAP45, SAP130, and SAP180), is an essential component of the Sin3A corepressor complex, although its actual role has remained elusive. SAP30L is thought to function as an important stabilizing and bridging molecule in the complex and to mediate its interactions with other corepressors. SAP30L has been previously shown to contain an N‐terminal Cys3His type zinc finger (ZnF) motif, which is responsible for the key protein–protein, protein–DNA, and protein–lipid interactions. By using high‐resolution mass spectrometry, we studied a redox‐dependent disulfide bond formation in SAP30L ZnF as a regulatory mechanism for its structure and function. We showed that upon oxidative stress SAP30L undergoes the formation of two specific disulfide bonds, a vicinal Cys29‐Cys30 and Cys38‐Cys74, with a concomitant release of the coordinated zinc ion. The oxidized protein was shown to remain folded in solution and to bind signaling phospholipids. We also determined a solution NMR structure for SAP30L ZnF that showed an overall fold similar to that of SAP30, determined earlier. The NMR titration experiments with lipids and DNA showed that the binding is mediated by the C‐terminal tail as well as both α‐helices of SAP30L ZnF. The implications of these results for the structure and function of SAP30L are discussed.
Apoptotic activity and gene responses in Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, induced by azadirachtin A
Authors: Xu Lin , Li Sheng , Ran Xueqin , Liu Chang , Lin Rutao , Wang Jiafu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBACKGROUNDAzadirachtin has been used as an antifeedant and growth disruption agent for many insect species. Previous investigations have reported the apoptotic effects of azadirachtin on some insect cells, but the molecular mechanisms are still not clear. This study investigated the underlying molecular mechanisms for the apoptotic effects induced by azadirachtin on Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells in vitro.RESULTSThe results of the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl‐2H‐tetrazolium bromide assay demonstrated that azadirachtin exhibited significant cytotoxicity to S2 cells in a time‐ and dose‐dependent manner. The changes in cellular morphology and the DNA fragmentation demonstrated that azadirachtin induced remarkable apoptosis of S2 cells. Expression levels of 276 genes were found to be significantly changed in S2 cells after exposure to azadirachtin, as detected by Drosophila genome array. Among these genes, calmodulin (CaM) was the most highly upregulated gene. Azadirachtin was further demonstrated to trigger intracellular Ca2+ release in S2 cells. The genes related to the apoptosis pathway, determined from chip data, were validated by the real‐time quantitative polymerase chain reaction method.CONCLUSIONThe results showed that azadirachtin‐mediated intracellular Ca2+ release was the primary event that triggered apoptosis in Drosophila S2 cells through both pathways of the Ca2+‐CaM and EcR/Usp signalling cascade. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry
AgSb(SxSe1‐x)2 thin films by rapid thermal processing of Sb2S3‐Ag‐Se thin films for photovoltaic applications
Authors: Rodriguez Vela Dorian Leonardo , Krishnan Bindu , Aguilar Martinez Josue Amilcar , Loredo Shadai Lugo , Shaji Sadasivan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractSilver antimony sulfoselenide thin films have been investigated for photovoltaic applications. In the present work, we report preparation of AgSb(SxSe1‐x)2 by a rapid thermal processing of pre‐annealed Sb2S3/Ag/Se/Ag/Se layered structures. Sb2S3thin films were deposited by chemical bath deposition and Ag by thermal evaporation. Silver (Sb2S3/Ag) layered precursors were dipped in Na2SeSO3 solution followed by annealing and then rapid thermal processing. Also, photovoltaic structures were prepared using AgSb(SxSe1‐x)2 thin films as absorber and CdS as window material. The effects of rapid thermal processing on the structure, morphology and properties of these thin films were studied. Characterization of the absorber materials was done using X‐ray diffraction, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Atomic force microscopy, Optical absorption spectroscopy and Current‐voltage characteristics. Analysis of J ‐V characteristics of the photovoltaic structures under AM1.5 illumination before and after rapid thermal treatment showed Voc in a range of 457 to 473 mV and Jsc of 5.8 to 7.2 mA/cm2. (© 2015 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The Effect of Collisions Upon the Virtual Heights of Low‐Frequency Radio Waves Reflected From the Ionosphere
Authors: Ferraro A. J. , Tou C. P. 
Published: November 2015

This paper presents some results of virtual‐height computations by full‐wave and ray‐optics methods for low‐frequency radio waves reflected from a stratified ionosphere. It is concluded that ray optics without collisions included would give more accurate results than if collisions are included in the computations for both the ordinary and extraordinary modes. This has been substantiated by accurate full‐wave computations taking into account the earth's magnetic field.The subject of a correction factor is briefly considered.
Excitation of the Whistler Mode in the Ionosphere by Leakage From VLF Guided‐Wave Modes
Authors: Capetanopoulos C. , Kieburtz R. B. 
Published: November 2015

The penetration of VLF waves into the ionosphere is calculated from the mode representation of the fields in the earth‐ionosphere waveguide. This calculation is more appropriate for evaluation of leakage of VLF energy into the ionosphere at large distances from the transmitter than is the calculation based on a ray theory representation of the fields. The ratio of the amplitude of the field excited in the ionosphere to that observed on the earth is found to agree with the observations of the LOFTI I experiment.In carrying out the analysis of the leakage of energy from the waveguide modes, it is necessary to reevaluate the modal propagation constants, employing a self‐consistent calculation requiring that the wave polarization of a modal field be preserved upon reflection at the waveguide boundaries. Upon imposing these conditions, it is found that two sets of modes result, having different polarizations. These sets of modes have been designated as quasi‐TE and quasi‐TM.by Budden, but both sets tire no1 usually used in VLF field strength calculations. Under nighttime conditions, both types of modes will be of importance, while in daytime only the quasi‐TM modes will be excited by a vertical monopole antenna on the earth. These results predict a nonreciprocal attenuation over a north‐south propagation path.
A Numerical Method for Interpreting D‐Region Radio Pulse Interaction Measurements
Authors: Georges T. M. 
Published: November 2015

Ionospheric nonlinear wave interaction (cross modulation) experiments are conveniently and more accurately analyzed by using a computer‐oriented simulation process resembling ray tracing in the height‐time domain. Advantages of such a process over existing analytical methods are discussed, and typical experiments are simulated to illustrate its flexibility.The technique is modified to yield a numerical method for directly synthesizing D‐region electron density and collision frequency profiles from experimental interaction measurements. Accuracy limitations inherent in the synthesis process raise doubts about the utility of the basic experiment as an accurate D‐region electron density probe.
On the Manual and Digital Computer Methods Used at Lindau for the Conversion of Multifrequency Ionograms to Electron Density‐Height Profiles
Authors: Becker W. 
Published: November 2015

Real‐height analysis of multifrequency ordinary and extraordinary virtual‐height traces has been carried out at Lindau since 1956 with methods of our own design. They all take account of underlying ionization and extrapolate the real‐height profile up to the peak of the layer under discussion. This extrapolation is based on observed virtual heights rather than on deduced real heights. At least second‐order approximations of the profile are used here. All of the methods allow for analysis of monotonic and nonmonotonic virtual‐height traces. They differ only in their final accuracy. A model method is described first; only 8 min are necessary to reduce a simple F trace. The respective real‐height data have proved very useful for statistical purposes. Since 1957, very accurate and general manual methods have been in use. One and one‐half hours are necessary for a full analysis of one ionogram. While these methods rely on an estimate by eye of the critical frequency of the layer of interest, the digital computer method in general use at Lindau since 1962 deduces this value too. The accuracy of this digital computer method is much better than the technical accuracy of the present ionosondes. A complete real‐height analysis of one virtual‐height trace, showing a critical frequency of 16 MHz, amounts to about 14 min of computer time (IBM 650).Test results on a series of theoretical ionograms of monotonic and more or less complicated non‐monotonic electron density‐height profiles, valley profiles, are also reported.
Thermal Radiation Fields and Antenna Parameters in Magnetoplasma
Authors: Herschel Weil , Walsh D. 
Published: November 2015

Spectral densities of components of the electromagnetic fields of thermal radiation in a uniform magnetoplasma are shown to be related to the radiation resistances of electrically small antennas radiating in the magne toplasma.For antennas of arbitrary size and shape the conventional concepts used to describe antenna performance in isotropic media, i.e., gain, effective area and effective length are generalized to anisotropic media and relationships between them and radiation resistance established. A thermodynamic method is used in the derivation of the relationships.A new derivation of the radiation resistance for an electrically small dipole in magnetoplasma is given based only on the far‐zone radiated fields.
On the Exact Theory of a Prolate Spheroidal Receiving and Scattering Antenna
Authors: Taylor Clayborne D. 
Published: November 2015

An exact formula for the current distribution l(n) along an unloaded (short‐circuited terminals) prolate spheroidal receiving antenna of arbitrary eccentricity is derived when the incident field is a plane wave with the electric vector directed parallel to the major axis of the spheroid. A knowledge of the current I(0) and the input impedance Z0, derived earlier by Chu and Stratton, completely determines the receiving characteristics of the antenna when it is loaded by impedance ZL at η = 0. The current distribution along the antenna is obtained from Ampere's law by integrating the magnetic field at the surface of the spheroid around cross sections perpendicular to the major axis. This integration removes the azimuthal angular dependence providing sufficient simplification in the mathematics, so that the exact current distribution may be obtained from an equation involving a single infinite sum.The plane‐wave scattering problem is completely formulated. It is shown that the solution for the scattered fields can be obtained only by solving simultaneous infinite matrix equations.Numerical results are presented that compare spheroidal antenna receiving current distributions to cylindrical antenna current distributions. Also the induced center currents are compared for a number of antenna‐shape parameters. These reveal that thin cylindrical antenna theory may be extended past its theoretical limits of validity.