bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Trichromacy increases fruit intake rates of wild capuchins (
Cebus capucinus imitator
)
Authors: Melin Amanda D. , Chiou Kenneth L. , Walco Emily R. , Bergstrom Mackenzie L. , Kawamura Shoji , Fedigan Linda M. 
Published: September 2017

Significance
Color vision variation is prevalent among neotropical monkeys. Captive studies indicate that trichromacy should confer a fruit feeding advantage. This hypothesis, however, has yet to be supported by field studies. We collected behavioral and genetic data from 72 capuchins and analyzed ca. 20,000 fruit intake events across 27 plant species. Controlling for plant species and phenological condition, we find that trichromats eat reddish, conspicuous fruits more quickly than do dichromatic (red-green colorblind) groupmates. We demonstrate an advantage of trichromacy for consuming fruit among wild monkeys. Previous research has revealed dichromatic advantage for cryptic tasks; our results suggest fruit foraging plays an important role in the maintenance of primate opsin polymorphism via balancing selection.
Disassembly of theStaphylococcus aureushibernating 100S ribosome by an evolutionarily conserved GTPase
Authors: Basu Arnab , Yap Mee-Ngan F. 
Published: September 2017

SignificanceBacterial protein synthesis requires the assembly of the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits on mRNA to form the translationally competent 70S complex. Nontranslating 70S ribosomes homodimerize into a translationally inactive 100S ribosome to promote bacterial survival. The conversion between the 70S and 100S complexes is reversible, but the disassembly pathway of the 100S ribosome is unknown. We show that an evolutionarily conserved GTPase (HflX) splits theStaphylococcus aureus100S ribosome in a GTP-dependent fashion; the abundance of 100S is influenced by the opposing functions of the dimerizing factor (HPF) and HflX, whose actions are coregulated by the heat stress response and (p)ppGpp-mediated stringent control. These findings provide insights into the crosstalk between the 100S ribosome biogenesis and stress response.
Reexamining the origin of the directionality of myosin V
Authors: Alhadeff Raphael , Warshel Arieh 
Published: September 2017

Significance
Myosin motors can convert chemical energy to motion. Myosin V is a processive motor that walks on actin filaments in one direction without detaching for a few dozen steps. Here we explore the nature of the directionality—namely, what is the microscopic mechanism that ensures the two myosin motor heads will coordinate to achieve unidirectional motion. With the help of Langevin Dynamics (LD) simulations, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations, and a technique we term SLiK (Segmental LD integrated Kinetics), we solve the kinetic equation and reach the conclusion that directionality is gained through selective ADP release. We find that ADP release has a higher barrier when the motor head is in the lever-up state (pre-power stroke) and support this through structure-based energy calculations.
Gut bacteria from multiple sclerosis patients modulate human T cells and exacerbate symptoms in mouse models
Authors: Cekanaviciute Egle , Yoo Bryan B. , Runia Tessel F. , Debelius Justine W. , Singh Sneha , Nelson Charlotte A. , Kanner Rachel , Bencosme Yadira , Lee Yun Kyung , Hauser Stephen L. , Crabtree-Hartman Elizabeth , Sand Ilana Katz , Gacias Mar , Zhu Yunjiao , Casaccia Patrizia , Cree Bruce A. C. , Knight Rob , Mazmanian Sarkis K. , Baranzini Sergio E. 
Published: September 2017

Significance
We have experimentally investigated the immunoregulatory effects of human gut microbiota in multiple sclerosis (MS). We have identified specific bacteria that are associated with MS and demonstrated that these bacteria regulate T lymphocyte-mediated adaptive immune responses and contribute to the proinflammatory environment in vitro and in vivo. Thus, our results expand the knowledge of the microbial regulation of immunity and may provide a basis for the development of microbiome-based therapeutics in autoimmune diseases.
Influence of Winter Conditions on the Age, Hatch Dates, and Growth of Juvenile Atlantic Menhaden in the Choptank River, Maryland
Authors: Atkinson Alexandra N. , Secor David H. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSince 1993, the Atlantic Menhaden Brevoortia tyrannus has experienced sustained low juvenile production (recruitment) in the Chesapeake Bay. We hypothesized that factors affecting wintertime larval growth in Atlantic Ocean shelf habitats carry over to juvenile growth and survival within the Chesapeake Bay. The effects of winter thermal conditions on the hatch dates and growth of larval and juvenile Atlantic Menhaden were examined using otolith increment analyses. During 2010–2013, truncated hatch date distributions for Atlantic Menhaden provided evidence of a winter recruitment bottleneck caused by cold temperatures. Hatch dates of surviving juveniles were skewed toward warmer months for years characterized by colder temperatures. Reduced larval growth rates, which were influenced by lower temperature and reduced food availability, carried over to juvenile growth rates for the same individuals. If larvae that are destined for ingress to the Chesapeake Bay predominately originate from early winter hatch, a recruitment bottleneck may occur, caused by either direct larval mortality or depressed larval growth rates owing to sublethal winter temperatures. Depressed larval growth rates, when not lethal, have the potential to carry over as reduced juvenile growth and survival after estuarine ingress.
Differential Expression of Hypertensive Phenotypes in BXD Mouse Strains in Response to Angiotensin II
Authors: Zhao Wenyuan , Zhao Tieqiang , Chen Yuanjian , Bhattacharya Syamal K , Lu Lu , Sun Yao 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Besides environmental risk factors, genetic factors play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of primary hypertension. The current study is to unravel whether hypertensive phenotypes vary in mice with different genetic background.

METHODS
Hypertension was induced in C57BL/6J (B6), DBA/2J (D2), and 25 BXD strains by administrating angiotensin (Ang)II (2.5 mg/kg/day infused by osmotic minipump) for 4 weeks. Systolic blood pressure was monitored before (baseline) and after 4 weeks of AngII treatment by tail cuff. Cardiac and renal fibrosis was evaluated by picrosirius red staining and collagen volume fraction (CVF) was quantitated using imaging analyzing system; cardiac transforming growth factor (TGF)-β gene expression was monitored by RT-PCR, and inflammatory response was detected by immunohistochemical ED-1 staining.

RESULTS
AngII infusion caused hypertension in all strains. However, blood pressure elevation was more evident in the D2 strain than the B6 group, while it was widely variable among BXD strains. Furthermore, chronic AngII treatment lead to development of hypertensive cardiac and renal diseases. Cardiac and renal CVF levels in the D2 strain was significantly higher than the B6 cohort, whereas these varied vastly across BXD strains. Moreover, cardiac TGF-β mRNA levels were markedly diverse among various mouse strains.

CONCLUSION
Our study unequivocally demonstrates that in response to AngII, BXDs with different genetic background expressed hypertension phenotypes with varied degree in severity. It implicates that genomics contribute to pathogenesis of primary hypertension. Building upon the genotype and hypertensive phenotypes, the BXD cohort can be further exploited experimentally to identify genes that influence blood pressure.
Augmented Association Between Blood Pressure and Proteinuria in Hyperuricemic Patients With Nonnephrotic Chronic Kidney Disease
Authors: Kohagura Kentaro , Kochi Masako , Miyagi Tsuyoshi , Zamami Ryo , Nagahama Kazufumi , Yonemoto Koji , Ohya Yusuke 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Hyperuricemia (HU) may enhance susceptibility to hypertensive renal damage via disrupted autoregulation of glomerular hemodynamics. The effect of HU on the association between blood pressure (BP) and proteinuria remains unknown in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD).

METHODS
In total, 109 patients with nonnephrotic CKD (55 men and 54 females) who underwent renal biopsy were recruited. Arteriolar hyalinosis was semiquantitatively assessed via arteriole grading. Correlation between BP and urine protein (UP) level was examined based on the presence of HU, which was defined as the use of urate-lowering drugs or serum uric acid levels of ≥7 and ≥5 mg/dl in males and females, respectively, which were associated with increased risks of hyalinosis in our previous study.

RESULTS
Median age, BP, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and UP level were 38 years, 124/74 mm Hg, 82 ml/min/1.73 m2, and 0.8 g/gCr, respectively. In patients with HU (n = 59), log-transformed systolic BP (SBP) was significantly correlated with log-transformed UP level (r = 0.49, P &lt; 0.0001); this was not observed in patients without HU (n = 50). Multiple regression analysis (R2 = 0.21, P = 0.0001) revealed that the interaction between HU and log-transformed SBP with respect to proteinuria was significantly correlated with log-transformed UP level (β = 7.0, P = 0.03), independent of age, sex, and potential confounding factors; however, this statistical significance was completely eliminated after adjustment for the arteriolar hyalinosis index.

CONCLUSIONS
HU potentiates susceptibility to hypertensive glomerular damage via disrupted autoregulation in patients with nonnephrotic CKD.
Serotonin 2A Receptor Signaling Underlies LSD-induced Alteration of the Neural Response to Dynamic Changes in Music
Authors: Barrett Frederick S , Preller Katrin H , Herdener Marcus , Janata Petr , Vollenweider Franz X 
Published: September 2017

AbstractClassic psychedelic drugs (serotonin 2A, or 5HT2A, receptor agonists) have notable effects on music listening. In the current report, blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal was collected during music listening in 25 healthy adults after administration of placebo, lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), and LSD pretreated with the 5HT2A antagonist ketanserin, to investigate the role of 5HT2A receptor signaling in the neural response to the time-varying tonal structure of music. Tonality-tracking analysis of BOLD data revealed that 5HT2A receptor signaling alters the neural response to music in brain regions supporting basic and higher-level musical and auditory processing, and areas involved in memory, emotion, and self-referential processing. This suggests a critical role of 5HT2A receptor signaling in supporting the neural tracking of dynamic tonal structure in music, as well as in supporting the associated increases in emotionality, connectedness, and meaningfulness in response to music that are commonly observed after the administration of LSD and other psychedelics. Together, these findings inform the neuropsychopharmacology of music perception and cognition, meaningful music listening experiences, and altered perception of music during psychedelic experiences.
Top Questions in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Coccidioidomycosis
Authors: Donovan Fariba M , Zangeneh Tirdad T , Malo Joshua , Galgiani John N 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Revised and greatly expanded treatment guidelines for coccidioidomycosis were published last year by the Infectious Diseases Society of America. We have selected 4 questions that commonly arise in the management of patients suspected of this disease and for which there remain divided opinions.
Disruption of Hippocampal Multisynaptic Networks by General Anesthetics
Authors: Kuo Min-Ching , Leung L. Stan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Background
Previous studies showed that synaptic transmission is affected by general anesthetics, but an anesthetic dose response in freely moving animals has not been done. The hippocampus provides a neural network for the evaluation of isoflurane and pentobarbital on multisynaptic transmission that is relevant to memory function.

Methods
Male Long-Evans rats were implanted with multichannel and single electrodes in the hippocampus. Spontaneous local field potentials and evoked field potentials were recorded in freely behaving rats before (baseline) and after various doses of isoflurane (0.25 to 1.5%) and sodium pentobarbital (10 mg/kg intraperitoneal).

Results
Monosynaptic population excitatory postsynaptic potentials at the basal and apical dendrites of CA1 were significantly decreased at greater than or equal to 0.25% (n = 4) and greater than or equal to 1.0% (n = 6) isoflurane, respectively. The perforant path evoked multisynaptic response at CA1 was decreased by ~50% at greater than or equal to 0.25% isoflurane (n = 5). A decreased population excitatory postsynaptic potential was accompanied by increased paired-pulse facilitation. Population spike amplitude in relation to apical dendritic population excitatory postsynaptic potential was not significantly altered by isoflurane. Spontaneous hippocampal local field potential at 0.8 to 300 Hz was dose-dependently suppressed by isoflurane (n = 6), with local field potential power in the 50- to 150-Hz band showing the highest decrease with isoflurane dose, commensurate with the decrease in trisynaptic CA1 response. Low-dose pentobarbital (n = 7) administration decreased the perforant path evoked trisynaptic CA1 response and hippocampal local field potentials at 78 to 125 Hz.

Conclusions
Hippocampal networks are sensitive to low doses of isoflurane and pentobarbital, possibly through both glutamatergic and γ-aminobutyric acid–mediated transmission. Network disruption could help explain the impairment of hippocampal-dependent cognitive functions with low-dose anesthetic.
Malignant Hyperthermia in the Post-Genomics Era
Authors: Riazi Sheila , Kraeva Natalia , Hopkins Philip M. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This article reviews advancements in the genetics of malignant hyperthermia, new technologies and approaches for its diagnosis, and the existing limitations of genetic testing for malignant hyperthermia. It also reviews the various RYR1-related disorders and phenotypes, such as myopathies, exertional rhabdomyolysis, and bleeding disorders, and examines the connection between these disorders and malignant hyperthermia.
Racial Disparities in Sepsis-Related In-Hospital Mortality: Using a Broad Case Capture Method and Multivariate Controls for Clinical and Hospital Variables, 2004–2013
Authors: Jones Jenna M. , Fingar Kathryn R. , Miller Melissa A. , Coffey Rosanna , Barrett Marguerite , Flottemesch Thomas , Heslin Kevin C. , Gray Darryl T. , Moy Ernest 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
As sepsis hospitalizations have increased, in-hospital sepsis deaths have declined. However, reported rates may remain higher among racial/ethnic minorities. Most previous studies have adjusted primarily for age and sex. The effect of other patient and hospital characteristics on disparities in sepsis mortality is not yet well-known. Furthermore, coding practices in claims data may influence findings. The objective of this study was to use a broad method of capturing sepsis cases to estimate 2004–2013 trends in risk-adjusted in-hospital sepsis mortality rates by race/ethnicity to inform efforts to reduce disparities in sepsis deaths.

Design:
Retrospective, repeated cross-sectional study.

Setting:
Acute care hospitals in the Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project State Inpatient Databases for 18 states with consistent race/ethnicity reporting.

Patients:
Patients diagnosed with septicemia, sepsis, organ dysfunction plus infection, severe sepsis, or septic shock.

Measurements and Main Results:
In-hospital sepsis mortality rates adjusted for patient and hospital factors by race/ethnicity were calculated. From 2004 to 2013, sepsis hospitalizations for all racial/ethnic groups increased, and mortality rates decreased by 5–7% annually. Mortality rates adjusted for patient characteristics were higher for all minority groups than for white patients. After adjusting for hospital characteristics, sepsis mortality rates in 2013 were similar for white (92.0 per 1,000 sepsis hospitalizations), black (94.0), and Hispanic (93.5) patients but remained elevated for Asian/Pacific Islander (106.4) and “other” (104.7; p < 0.001) racial/ethnic patients.

Conclusions:
Our results indicate that hospital characteristics contribute to higher rates of sepsis mortality for blacks and Hispanics. These findings underscore the importance of ensuring that improved sepsis identification and management is implemented across all hospitals, especially those serving diverse populations.
Myoelectric and Body Power, Design Options for Upper-Limb Prostheses: Introduction to the State of the Science Conference Proceedings
Authors: Stevens Phil M. , Highsmith M. Jason 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
This editorial serves as the introduction to the American Academy of Orthotists and Prosthetists State-of-the-Science Conference Proceedings covering the subject of upper-limb prosthetic control strategies. The purpose of the introduction is to orient consumers of the Proceedings regarding the breadth of its contents. Specifically, the conference centered about a systematic literature review comparing benefits of myoelectric and body-powered upper-limb prosthetic control options. The introduction lists the various perspectives such as clinical, engineering, and end-users represented at the face-to-face conference. It then introduces larger topics discussed by the conference participants, such as the traditional manner in which upper-limb prosthetic control strategies are introduced as well as viewpoints regarding standard of care.
Flexible Bronchoscope Use by Pulmonologists in Collaboration With Gastroenterologists for Placement of Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy Via Transnasal Route in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Mota Paulo J.L. , Dionísio Jorge , Duro da Costa José , Faias Sandra 
Published: September 2017

Summary:
This study was conducted with the aim of evaluating a 10-year experience in the Pulmonology Department of a cancer center for percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy through transnasal route (TN-PEG) in patients with head and neck cancer whose oral access is precluded. This study was a retrospective analysis of 40 consecutive head and neck cancer patients referred for PEG placement, between 2005 and 2014, using a transnasal route because of the impossibility of intubation through the oral cavity. Demographics, outcome of TN-PEG procedure, indications for bronchoscopic approach (prophylactic/palliative), clinical need for bronchoscopy (trismus, oropharyngeal obstruction), location of cancer, complications, and overall survival were reviewed. In 40 TN-PEG procedures, executed by 1 of 3 pulmonologists, 39 were successfully placed and there were no immediate complications. All except 1 complication were minor, but no surgery or PEG removal was required. There was a rapid learning curve among all operators. A combined TN-PEG placement by a gastroenterologist and a pulmonologist is a safe and useful option for these patients; the learning curve for successfully performing the procedure was short.
Accurate Identification of Colonoscopy Quality and Polyp Findings Using Natural Language Processing
Authors: Lee Jeffrey K. , Jensen Christopher D. , Levin Theodore R. , Zauber Ann G. , Doubeni Chyke A. , Zhao Wei K. , Corley Douglas A. 
Published: September 2017

Objectives:
The aim of this study was to test the ability of a commercially available natural language processing (NLP) tool to accurately extract examination quality–related and large polyp information from colonoscopy reports with varying report formats.

Background:
Colonoscopy quality reporting often requires manual data abstraction. NLP is another option for extracting information; however, limited data exist on its ability to accurately extract examination quality and polyp findings from unstructured text in colonoscopy reports with different reporting formats.

Study Design:
NLP strategies were developed using 500 colonoscopy reports from Kaiser Permanente Northern California and then tested using 300 separate colonoscopy reports that underwent manual chart review. Using findings from manual review as the reference standard, we evaluated the NLP tool’s sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and accuracy for identifying colonoscopy examination indication, cecal intubation, bowel preparation adequacy, and polyps ≥10 mm.

Results:
The NLP tool was highly accurate in identifying examination quality–related variables from colonoscopy reports. Compared with manual review, sensitivity for screening indication was 100% (95% confidence interval: 95.3%–100%), PPV was 90.6% (82.3%–95.8%), and accuracy was 98.2% (97.0%–99.4%). For cecal intubation, sensitivity was 99.6% (98.0%–100%), PPV was 100% (98.5%–100%), and accuracy was 99.8% (99.5%–100%). For bowel preparation adequacy, sensitivity was 100% (98.5%–100%), PPV was 100% (98.5%–100%), and accuracy was 100% (100%–100%). For polyp(s) ≥10 mm, sensitivity was 90.5% (69.6%–98.8%), PPV was 100% (82.4%–100%), and accuracy was 95.2% (88.8%–100%).

Conclusion:
NLP yielded a high degree of accuracy for identifying examination quality–related and large polyp information from diverse types of colonoscopy reports.
Effectiveness of a post-emergency department discharge multidisciplinary bundle in reducing acute hospital admissions for the elderly
Authors: Ong Colin E.C. , Asinas-Tan Marxengel , Quek Lit-Sin , de Dios Michael , Cai Xue-Ting , Lim Beng-Leong 
Published: September 2017

Objective
We evaluated the effectiveness of the Subacute Ambulatory care for the Functionally challenged and Elderly (SAFE) programme, a post-emergency department (ED) discharge intervention for elderly and functionally challenged patients, in reducing acute hospital admissions.

Methods
This study was a 32-month retrospective quasi-experimental study comparing patients with at least one of six diagnostic classifications who underwent SAFE intervention with those who were eligible but declined and received usual ED care (control). The primary outcomes were rates of first acute hospital admission at 30 and 60 days post-ED discharge. Secondary outcomes were 20-day withdrawal rate and 60-day mortality. The difference in primary outcome between the two groups was compared using a Cox proportional hazards model. We reported adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with their 95% confidence intervals (CIs) adjusting for predefined factors of age, sex, triage risk assessment tool scores and baseline ED utilization and acute hospital admission rates in the past year.

Results
There were 438 and 209 patients in the intervention and control groups, respectively. The intervention group had reduced risk of first acute hospital admission at 30 days (10 vs. 27%, HR=0.34, 95% CI: 0.22–0.52) and 60 days (18 vs. 33%, HR=0.48, 95% CI: 0.34–0.69) compared with the control. The 20-day withdrawal rate was 3.2%. Both groups did not differ in 60-day mortality rates.

Conclusion
The SAFE programme was effective in reducing first acute hospital admissions in selected elderly and functionally challenged patients after ED discharge at 30 and 60 days compared with usual ED discharge care.