bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Initial study of transdermal oxybutynin for treating hyperhidrosis
Authors: Millán‐Cayetano José Francisco , del Boz Javier , Toledo‐Pastrana Tomas , Nieto‐Guindo Miriam , García‐Montero Pablo , de Troya‐Martín Magdalena 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOral oxybutynin for treating hyperhidrosis is effective and safe. Its side‐effects are mild but frequent so we consider whether transdermal oxybutynin (considered to have a better side‐effect profile) could be an alternative for treating hyperhidrosis. During 2015, a prospective study was conducted. Epidemiological variables, effectiveness (using the Hyperhidrosis Disease Severity Scale) and tolerance to transdermal oxybutynin were compiled concerning two different groups (patients previously treated or untreated with oral oxybutynin), at baseline, and at 3 and 12 months. Seven previously treated and six previously untreated patients were included. Five patients in the first group discontinued the treatment within 3 months. Of the two remaining patients, one reported ineffectiveness and the other obtained an excellent response but discontinued due to local irritation. Among the untreated patients, two showed no response and four experienced improvement (three with “partial response” and one with “excellent response”). All patients discontinued treatment within 12 months. No major adverse effects were observed. The absence of active metabolites after transdermal oxybutynin could result in less effectiveness than oral oxybutynin, although it is usually well tolerated. In conclusion, transdermal oxybutynin could have low effectiveness for the treatment of hyperhidrosis in patients following intolerance to oral oxybutynin but could provide good results in patients who have never tried systemic drugs.
Climatic effects on population declines of a rare wetland species and the role of spatial and temporal isolation as barriers to hybridization
Authors: Rohde Katja , Hau Yvonne , Kranz Nicole , Weinberger Jasmin , Elle Ortwin , Hochkirch Axel 
Published: January 2017

Summary

Climate change and climatic extremes may affect species directly or indirectly. While direct climatic effects have been intensively studied, indirect effects, such as increasing hybridization risk, are poorly understood.

The goal of our study was to analyse the impact of climate on population dynamics of a rare habitat specialist, Chorthippus montanus, as well as the fine‐scale spatial overlap with a sympatric habitat generalist, Chorthippus parallelus and the dispersion of hybrids. We were particularly interested in the role of spatiotemporal overlap on heterospecific encounter frequencies.

We conducted high‐precision mark‐recapture studies on two sites over 7 years and genotyped 702 individuals of two C. montanus generations to detect hybrids. We tested the performance of three programs (structure, newhybrids and adegenet) and accepted only hybrids detected by the two best performing programs. We then tested for correlations between yearly population trends and climatic variables. Furthermore, we analysed the spatial dispersion of both taxa and the hybrids to calculate variation in spatial and temporal overlap and infer heterospecific encounter probabilities.

Our results revealed that droughts during the egg phase and rainy weather during nymphal development were strongly correlated with population declines in the habitat specialist. The highest hybridization rate (19·6%) was found in the population with lowest population size. The combined effects of spatial and temporal niche overlap decreased heterospecific encounter probabilities to 4·2–7·6% compared to 20–28% and 11–19% calculated alone from phenology or spatial overlap respectively. Hybrids were detected in areas of higher heterospecific encounter probability, mainly at the edge of the specialists’ occupied habitat in areas with intermediate soil moisture conditions compared to the parental species.

This illustrates that the combination of spatial and temporal segregation provides an effective barrier to hybridization. However, the high hybridization rate in one of the populations suggests that this function may decrease with decreasing population size. This supports the hypothesis that climatic extremes threaten rare species directly by reducing reproductive success and may indirectly increase hybridization risk.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Visualizing Indented Writing on Thermal Paper by the Controlled Application of Heat
Authors: Johnson Matthew , Bond John W. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIndented writing on thermal paper made with either one, two, or three sheets of paper above the thermal paper has been visualized by the controlled application of heat to the thermal paper at temperatures below the paper's normal color change temperature. Indentations created by applying a variable pressure to a steel letter stamp showed that, with one sheet above the thermal paper, indentations were more visible at lower pressures than with either two or three sheets above. Handwriting from 20 volunteers produced indented writing graded with most of the text clear and easy to read for all samples with one sheet above, half the samples with two sheets above and eight samples with three sheets above. Comparison with ESDA showed that, with three sheets above, there was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.01), with heating producing more samples than ESDA with most of the text clear and easy to read.
Site‐, Technique‐, and Time‐Related Aspects of the Postmortem Redistribution of Diazepam, Methadone, Morphine, and their Metabolites: Interest of Popliteal Vein Blood Sampling
Authors: Lemaire Eric , Schmidt Carl , Dubois Nathalie , Denooz Raphael , Charlier Corinne , Boxho Philippe 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSampling site, technique, and time influence postmortem drug concentrations. In 57 cases, we studied drug concentration differences as follows: subclavian vein‐dissection/clamping versus blind stick, femoral vein‐dissection/clamping versus blind stick, right cardiac chamber, and popliteal vein‐dissection and clamping only. Cases were distributed in group #1 (all cases with both techniques), group #2 (dissection/clamping), and group #3 (blind stick). Sampled drugs were diazepam, methadone, morphine, and their metabolites. To assess PMR, mean concentrations and ratios were calculated for each group. Time‐dependent variations of blood concentrations and ratios were also assessed. Results indicate that site, method, and time may influence postmortem distribution interpretation in different ways. Popliteal blood seems less subject to PMR. In conclusion, our study is the first to evaluate concurrently three main aspects of PMR and confirms that the popliteal vein may represent a site that is more resistant to the changes seen as a result of PMR.
Does Peritoneal Protein Transport Increase with Peritoneal Dialysis Therapy Duration and Lead to Extracellular Water Overload in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients?
Authors: Goodlad Cate , Davenport Andrew 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFaster peritoneal transport status has been associated with adverse outcomes for peritoneal dialysis (PD) patients. Peritoneal protein clearance, through large pores, may be a surrogate marker of local inflammation. We wished to determine whether peritoneal protein transport increased with PD duration or was associated with extracellular water (ECW) expansion. We studied the relationships between 4 h Dialysate (D)/Serum (S) protein and ECW excess, using multifrequency bioelectrical impedance assessments, in 103 PD patients with up to 4 years of prospectively collected peritoneal equilibrium test (PET) results. 4 h PET D/S total protein and creatinine ratios were stable over time (K‐W test, P = 0.063 and P = 0.3357, respectively). The initial PET 4 h D/S creatinine and D/S total protein correlated with ECW excess (r = 0.33, P = 0.003, and r = 0.27, P = 0.019, respectively), but thereafter there was no association. CRP and albumin did not correlate with 4 h D/S creatinine or total protein. Serial 4 h D/S total protein and 4 h D/S creatinine correlated all time points (P < 0.001). At the start of PD therapy, over‐hydration (ECW excess) was observed with higher 4 h D/S creatinine and 4 h D/S total protein ratios, suggesting initial exposure to PD fluids causes faster transport. Thereafter changes in peritoneal creatinine and total protein transport mirrored each other suggesting that similar factors lead to changes in both small and large pore transport, and there was no sustained increase in larger pore transport with therapy time.
The Correlation Between In Vitro Antioxidant Activity and Immunomodulatory Activity of Enzymatic Hydrolysates from Selenium‐Enriched Rice Protein
Authors: Fang Yong , Chen Xi , Luo Peizhu , Pei Fei , Kimatu Benard Muinde , Liu Kunlun , Du Mengjia , Qiu Weifen , Hu Qiuhui 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe antioxidant and immunomodulatory activities of selenium‐enriched rice protein hydrolysates (Se‐PH) were evaluated by a cellular antioxidant activity test and macrophage proliferation and phagocytosis assays, respectively. The results showed that trypsin hydrolysate provided the highest proliferation rate of 60.91% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Moreover, a remarkable rise in the phagocytosis rates for trypsin hydrolysate (64.1%) and pepsin–trypsin hydrolysate (54.5%) was observed when the sample concentrations were increased to 50 μg/mL. A positive correlation was found between the phagocytic ability of macrophages and both the selenium concentration and the degree of hydrolysis of Se‐PH, and the correlation coefficients R obtained were 0.792 and 0.930 (P < 0.05), respectively. The capacity of Se‐PH to inhibit the oxidation of dichlorodihydrofluorescein had a significant negative correlation with the phagocytic ability of macrophages (R = –0.840, P < 0.05). In conclusion, a positive correlation was found between the antioxidant activity and the immunomodulatory activity of Se‐PH, which could be used as potential functional food additives for improving human health.
Global Health and Emergency Care: Defining Clinical Research Priorities
Authors: Hansoti Bhakti , Aluisio Adam R. , Barry Meagan A. , Davey Kevin , Lentz Brian A. , Modi Payal , Newberry Jennifer A. , Patel Melissa H. , Smith Tricia A. , Vinograd Alexandra M. , Levine Adam C. ,   the Global Emergency Medicine Think Tank Clinical Research Working Group
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesDespite recent strides in the development of global emergency medicine (EM), the field continues to lag in applying a scientific approach to identifying critical knowledge gaps and advancing evidence‐based solutions to clinical and public health problems seen in emergency departments (EDs) worldwide. Here, progress on the global EM research agenda created at the 2013 Academic Emergency Medicine Global Health and Emergency Care Consensus Conference is evaluated and critical areas for future development in emergency care research internationally are identified.MethodsA retrospective review of all studies compiled in the Global Emergency Medicine Literature Review (GEMLR) database from 2013 through 2015 was conducted. Articles were categorized and analyzed using descriptive quantitative measures and structured data matrices. The Global Emergency Medicine Think Tank Clinical Research Working Group at the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine 2016 Annual Meeting then further conceptualized and defined global EM research priorities utilizing consensus‐based decision making.ResultsResearch trends in global EM research published between 2013 and 2015 show a predominance of observational studies relative to interventional or descriptive studies, with the majority of research conducted in the inpatient setting in comparison to the ED or prehospital setting. Studies on communicable diseases and injury were the most prevalent, with a relative dearth of research on chronic noncommunicable diseases. The Global Emergency Medicine Think Tank Clinical Research Working Group identified conceptual frameworks to define high‐impact research priorities, including the traditional approach of using global burden of disease to define priorities and the impact of EM on individual clinical care and public health opportunities. EM research is also described through a population lens approach, including gender, pediatrics, and migrant and refugee health.ConclusionsDespite recent strides in global EM research and a proliferation of scholarly output in the field, further work is required to advocate for and inform research priorities in global EM. The priorities outlined in this paper aim to guide future research in the field, with the goal of advancing the development of EM worldwide.
Biological stress indicators as risk markers for increased alcohol use following traumatic experiences
Authors: Trautmann Sebastian , Muehlhan Markus , Kirschbaum Clemens , Wittchen Hans‐Ulrich , Höfler Michael , Stalder Tobias , Steudte‐Schmiedgen Susann 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlcohol misuse is a common sequela of traumatic event experiences causing considerable morbidity and mortality. Although biological stress indicators have been identified as useful risk markers for the development of trauma‐related disorders, no such biological indicators exist for the risk of increased alcohol use after trauma exposure. This is the first study to prospectively investigate the predictive value of long‐term cortisol levels and acute stress reactivity for the risk of increased alcohol use following traumatic events. Male soldiers were examined before and 12 months following deployment using a standardized diagnostic interview. We analyzed the moderating role of baseline hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs, n = 153) as well as baseline salivary cortisol and alpha‐amylase stress reactivity in response to a laboratory stressor (n = 145) in the association between new‐onset traumatic events (according to the DSM‐IV A1 criterion) and subsequent daily alcohol use. No main effects of pre‐traumatic HCC or salivary stress markers on subsequent change in alcohol use were observed. However, we found that with decreasing HCC, the number of new‐onset traumatic events was more strongly associated with subsequent alcohol use independent from changes in posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. No such relation was seen for the acute stress reactivity data. Taken together, this study provides first evidence suggesting that individual differences in long‐term cortisol regulation are involved in the association between traumatic experiences and subsequent alcohol use. HCC may thus serve as a potential target in the early identification of individuals vulnerable for increased alcohol use following traumatic events.
Binge drinking differentially affects cortical and subcortical microstructure
Authors: Morris Laurel S. , Dowell Nicholas G. , Cercignani Mara , Harrison Neil A. , Voon Valerie 
Published: January 2017

AbstractYoung adult binge drinkers represent a model for endophenotypic risk factors for alcohol misuse and early exposure to repeated binge cycles. Chronic or harmful alcohol use leads to neurochemical, structural and morphological neuroplastic changes, particularly in regions associated with reward processing and motivation. We investigated neural microstructure in 28 binge drinkers compared with 38 matched healthy controls. We used a recently developed diffusion magnetic resonance imaging acquisition and analysis, which uses three‐compartment modelling (of intracellular, extracellular and cerebrospinal fluid) to determine brain tissue microstructure features including neurite density and orientation dispersion index (ODI). Binge drinkers had reduced ODI, a proxy of neurite complexity, in frontal cortical grey matter and increased ODI in parietal grey matter. Neurite density was higher in cortical white matter in adjacent regions of lower ODI in binge drinkers. Furthermore, binge drinkers had higher ventral striatal grey matter ODI that was positively correlated with binge score. Healthy volunteers showed no such relationships. We demonstrate disturbed dendritic complexity of higher‐order prefrontal and parietal regions, along with higher dendritic complexity of a subcortical region known to mediate reward‐related motivation. The findings illustrate novel microstructural abnormalities that may reflect an infnce of alcohol bingeing on critical neurodevelopmental processes in an at‐risk young adult group.
A preliminary randomized controlled trial of contingency management for alcohol use reduction using a transdermal alcohol sensor
Authors: Barnett Nancy P. , Celio Mark A. , Tidey Jennifer W. , Murphy James G. , Colby Suzanne M. , Swift Robert M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsWe tested the efficacy of daily contingent reinforcement for reducing alcohol use compared with (yoked) non‐contingent reinforcement (NR) using a transdermal alcohol sensor to detect alcohol use.DesignPilot randomized controlled design with 1 baseline week, 3 intervention weeks and 1‐month follow‐up.SettingNew England, USA.ParticipantsHeavy drinking adults (46.7% female) not seeking treatment were randomized to (1) an escalating schedule of cash reinforcement (CR; n = 15) for days on which alcohol was neither reported nor detected or (2) yoked NR (n = 15).Intervention and comparatorReinforcement for CR participants started at $5 and increased $2 every subsequent day on which alcohol was not detected or reported, to a maximum of $17. Participants received no reinforcement for days on which alcohol use was detected or reported, and the reinforcer value was re‐set to $5 the day after a drinking day. NR participants were yoked to the daily reinforcer value of an individual in the CR condition, in order of enrollment. Paired participants in CR and NR therefore received the same amount of money, but the amount for the NR participant was not behavior‐related.MeasurementsThe primary outcome was percentage of days without sensor‐detected drinking. Secondary outcomes were number of consecutive days with no detected drinking, peak transdermal alcohol concentration (TAC), self‐reported drinks per week and drinking below NIH low‐risk guidelines.FindingsControlling for baseline, CR had a higher percentage of days with no drinking detected (54.3%) than NR (31.2%) during intervention weeks [P = 0.05, Cohen's d = 0.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.007–1.47]. The longest period of consecutive days with no drinking detected was 8.0 for CR versus 2.9 for NR (P = 0.03, d = 0.85; 95% CI = 0.08–1.61). Peak TAC during intervention showed a non‐significant group difference (P = 0.20; d = 0.48; 95% CI = 0.00–1.18); a similar result was found for drinks per week (P = 0.12; d = 0.59; 95% CI = 0.00–1.30). Four times more participants in CR drank below NIH low‐risk drinking guidelines during intervention than did participants in NR: 31.1 versus 7.1% (P = 0.07; d = 0.71; 95% CI = –0.04 to 1.46). At 1‐month follow‐up, the highest number of consecutive days without drinking (self‐report) did not differ significantly between conditions (P = 0.26), but showed a medium effect size (d = 0.44; 95% CI = −0.32 to 1.18).ConclusionsCash incentives linked to a transdermal alcohol sensor can reduce heavy alcohol consumption while the incentives are in operation.
The influence of proximity to market on bean producer prices in Nicaragua
Authors: Ebata Ayako , Velasco Pacheco Pamela Alejandra , von Cramon‐Taubadel Stephan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractTransport costs are an important determinant of smallholder welfare in developing countries. In particular, transport costs influence the prices that smallholders receive for their produce. We propose a simple way of quantifying this influence. Taking the example of bean producers in Nicaragua, we employ a hedonic price model to estimate the effects of a smallholder's proximity to markets on the prices that he/she receives, while controlling for other factors such as the volume and quality of beans sold. We find that on average each additional minute of travel time reduces farm gate prices by 2.5 cents per quintal. Based on these results, the annual income from bean sales of the average smallholder in our sample would increase by between 24 and 110 USD if travel time to markets were reduced by 25%. Estimates of this nature can make an important contribution to cost–benefit assessments of infrastructure investments.
Decompositions of corn price effects: implications for feed grain demand and livestock supply
Authors: Suh Dong Hee , Moss Charles B. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article examines how corn prices affect the demand for feed grains and the supply of livestock outputs. The differential approach to the theory of the multiproduct firm is employed to examine ex ante decisions about feed grain demand and livestock supply. The estimation results suggest that livestock producers have little flexibility in adjusting the demand for corn in response to an increase in corn prices. The substitutable relationship between corn and distillers’ grains contributes to alleviating pressures on feed costs in response to high corn prices. In addition, the estimation results highlight that the composition of livestock supply can be altered by changes in livestock prices. On the basis of the estimated elasticities, the decompositions of profit‐maximizing input demand are conducted to examine the effects of changes in corn prices on feed grain demand and livestock supply. The decomposition results reveal that an increase in corn prices reduces corn demand but raises the demand for distillers’ grains mainly due to the substitution effects of corn price changes. The decomposition results also show that an increase in the price of corn reduces cattle supply but raises the supply of chicken and pork due to the output relationships in supply.
The immunoglobulin superfamily member CD200R identifies cells involved in type 2 immune responses
Authors: Blom L. H. , Martel B. C. , Larsen L. F. , Hansen C. V. , Christensen M. P. , Juel‐Berg N. , Litman T. , Poulsen L. K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe pathology of allergic diseases involves type 2 immune cells, such as Th2, ILC2, and basophils exerting their effect by production of IL‐4, IL‐5, and IL‐13. However, surface receptors that are specifically expressed on type 2 immune cells are less well documented. The aim of this investigation was to identify surface markers associated with type 2 inflammation.MethodsNaïve human CD4+ T cells were short‐term activated in the presence or absence of IL‐4 and analyzed for expression of >300 cell‐surface proteins. Ex vivo‐isolated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from peanut‐allergic (PA) and nonallergic subjects were stimulated (14–16 h) with peanut extract to detect peanut‐specific CD4+CD154+ T cells. Biopsies were obtained for transcriptomic analysis from healthy controls and patients with extrinsic or intrinsic atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis.ResultsExpression analysis of >300 surface proteins enabled identification of IL‐4‐upregulated surface proteins, such as CD90, CD108, CD109, and CD200R (CD200R1). Additional analysis of in vitro‐differentiated Th0, Th1, and Th2 cultures identified CD200R as upregulated on Th2 cells. From ex vivo‐isolated PBMCs, we found high expression of CD200R on Th2 and ILC2 cells and basophils. In PA subjects, the peanut‐specific Th2 (CD154+CRTh2+) cells expressed more CD200R than the non‐allergen‐specific Th2 (CD154−CRTh2+) cells. Moreover, costaining of CD161 and CD200R identified peanut‐specific highly differentiated IL‐4+IL‐5+ Th2 cells. Finally, transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of CD200R in lesional skin from subjects with an extrinsic AD phenotype compared to healthy skin.ConclusionThese results indicate that CD200R expression strongly correlates with Th2 pathology; though, the mechanism is as yet elusive.