bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High brood patch temperature of less colourful, less pheomelanic female Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica
Authors: Hasegawa Masaru , Arai Emi , Ito Shosuke , Wakamatsu Kazumasa 
Published: August 2016

In birds, even a minor difference in egg temperature (1–1.5 °C) has been shown to affect the fitness of offspring by changing hatching success, incubation period and nestling quality. Female, but not male, passerines develop brood patches. Thus if there are traits, such as plumage ornamentation, that indicate optimal egg temperature, males should pair with females that exhibit those traits. However, no study has yet investigated the relationship between female brood patch temperature, which would directly affect egg temperature, and female plumage ornamentation. In this study, we examined the surface temperature of female brood patches during nocturnal incubation and examined its relationship with female plumage ornaments in Asian Barn Swallows Hirundo rustica gutturalis. After controlling for ambient air temperature, brood patch temperature was negatively associated with colour saturation of the female throat patch. No other female ornaments, such as tail‐length, white tail spots or throat patch size, predicted brood patch temperature. When oral (mouth) temperature was statistically controlled, females with less colourful throats and longer tails showed higher brood patch temperature, indicating that these females had hotter brood patches in relation to the temperature of other body parts. Furthermore, we found a negative relationship between pheomelanin pigmentation and brood patch temperature after controlling for ambient air temperature or oral temperature. To our knowledge, this is the first study to show that female ornaments can predict the absolute/relative thermal investment in brood patches. This relationship, together with other aspects of female quality, may affect male mate preference and female ornamentation.
Physical activity is associated with reduced fatigue in adults living with HIV/AIDS
Authors: Webel Allison R. , Perazzo Joe , Decker Michael , Horvat‐Davey Christine , Sattar Abdus , Voss Joachim 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to describe the relationships among home‐based physical activity, fatigue, sleep, gender and quality of life in people living with HIV/AIDSBackgroundFatigue is a common and distressing symptom among people living with HIV/AIDS. Few interventions exist that effectively reduce fatigue in this population. Physical activity has shown promise to reduce fatigue in other populations, but its impact on fatigue in HIV/AIDS has not yet been explored.DesignThis study was conducted using a prospective, descriptive cohort design.MethodsOverall, 90 adults living with HIV/AIDS completed cross‐sectional measures. Home‐based physical activity was measured using a 7‐day self‐report diary. Fatigue was measured using the self‐reported HIV‐Related Fatigue Scale. Sleep was assessed using wrist actigraphy and quality of life was assessed using the HIV‐Associated Quality of Life Scale. Data were collected from December 2012–April 2013 and analysed using correlations and multiple linear regression.ResultsThe number of minutes of home‐based physical activity was significantly associated with reduced fatigue among people living with HIV/AIDS. In addition, increased fatigue was associated with decreased quality of life. No associations were found among fatigue, sleep or gender.ConclusionsOur study demonstrates that physical activity in the home setting is an effective strategy to reduce fatigue among people living with HIV/AIDS. Future work developing and testing interventions to improve home‐based physical activity in this population is needed.
Stress and resilience in a post‐Francis world – a qualitative study of executive nurse directors
Authors: Kelly Daniel , Lankshear Annette , Jones Aled 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to explore the role stressors experienced by executive nurse directors and strategies employed to maintain resilience.BackgroundRecent financial pressures on and care quality scandals in the UK NHS impact on the work of executive nurse directors. The short length of tenure and the high number of vacancies for these posts point to the exacting demands of the role and raise questions about the support mechanisms available for the most senior nurses in NHS organizations.DesignA grounded constructivist study.MethodsSemi‐structured telephone interviews conducted between February–July, 2014.ResultsStressors were both chronic (workload, lack of corporate responsibility for quality, reductions in quality team staffing, tensions between financial solvency and care quality and personal vulnerability) and acute (dealing with complaints and major incidents). Resilience required the support of fellow executives, peers, family and mentors and could be enhanced by self‐discipline, good preparation for the post and ongoing coaching.ConclusionRecent fiscal austerity and scandals relating to quality of care have increased pressure on executive nurse directors. Increasing size of organizations, limited resources devoted to quality combined with poorly defined limits of responsibility are all major stressors and executive nurse directors, both in the United Kingdom and internationally, need clear strategies to maintain resilience. Repetitive demands for data by oversight organizations may detract from more important quality assurance strategies.
Rate and predictors of human papillomavirus vaccine uptake among women who have sex with women in the United States, the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2009–2012
Authors: Makris Nicole , Vena Catherine , Paul Sudeshna 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo examine rates and associated correlates of human papilloma virus vaccine uptake in women who have sex with women in the United States, and to determine whether they differ from those in women who do not have sex with women.BackgroundWomen who have sex with women are at risk for human papilloma virus infection but are less likely to receive preventive gynaecological services. Little research has been carried out to evaluate human papilloma virus vaccination rates and associated predictors of vaccination uptake in this population.DesignCross‐sectional descriptive study.MethodsData from two consecutive cohorts of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted by the United States’ Centers for Disease Control were analysed.ResultsThe sample (N = 1105) consisted of women aged 18–26 years. There was no difference in human papilloma virus vaccine uptake between women who have sex with women and women who do not have sex with women. Overall, the vaccination rate was low (32·5%). Having health insurance and more education were significant predictors of vaccine uptake in women who have sex with women. Higher education and younger age were predictors in women who do not have sex with women.ConclusionsVaccination rates of women are far lower than the national target of 80%. The predictors of vaccine uptake were different in women who have sex with women than for women who do not have sex with women.Relevance to clinical practiceWomen in their 20s (regardless of their sexual orientation) should be recognised as an undervaccinated population and require targeted interventions to improve vaccination uptake.
Factors contributing to the low physical activity level for Hong Kong Chinese children hospitalised with cancer: an exploratory study
Authors: Lam Katherine KW , Ho Cheung William Li , Ho Ka Yan Eva , Chung Oi Kwan Joyce , Chan Chi Fung Godfrey 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore the factors contributing to the low physical activity level for Hong Kong Chinese children hospitalised with cancer.BackgroundNotwithstanding the fact that regular physical activity can ameliorate cancer‐related fatigue and other adverse effect of cancer treatment on children's physical and psychological well‐being, physical inactivity is a common problem among children undergoing cancer treatment. Understanding the factors that affect their physical activity level is an important step towards planning and evaluating an appropriate intervention that promotes the adoption and maintenance of regular physical activity.DesignA phenomenological design was used in this qualitative study.MethodsA purposive sample of 25 children with cancer was recruited in a paediatric oncology unit of an acute care public hospital in Hong Kong. They were asked to participate in a semistructured interview by their bedside lasting about 30 minutes. All the interviews were tape‐recorded and immediately transcribed. Content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data.ResultsThe findings revealed that the patients’ physical condition, misunderstanding about physical activity by children, parents and healthcare professionals, emotional disturbances and social influences are four important factors impeding children from engaging in regular physical activity during cancer treatment.ConclusionThis study addresses a gap in the literature by identifying the factors that negatively influence the physical activity levels of Hong Kong Chinese children hospitalised with cancer.Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding these factors, nurses can explore interventions that target on correcting the misunderstanding and providing relevant information about the importance of physical activity, eventually promoting the adoption and maintenance of regular physical activity and enhancing the quality of life.
Nursing students' spiritual talks with patients – evaluation of a partnership learning programme in clinical practice
Authors: Strand Kari , Carlsen Liv B , Tveit Bodil 
Published: August 2016

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the impact of a partnership learning programme designed to support undergraduate nursing students' competence in speaking with patients about spiritual issues.BackgroundSpiritual care is an oft‐neglected and underexposed area of nursing practice. Despite the increasing amount of research on spiritual care in educational programmes, little is known about nursing students' experiences with existential/spiritual talks and the process of learning about spiritual care in the clinical placement.DesignThe project used a qualitative evaluation design to evaluate the impact of a partnership‐initiated intervention focusing on student learning of spiritual care in a hospital ward.MethodsData were collected through three focus group interviews with bachelor of nursing students from one Norwegian university college and supplemented with notes. Data were analysed by means of qualitative interpretative content analysis.ResultsThe intervention was found to enhance students' competence in spiritual talks. The students developed an extended understanding of spirituality, became more confident in speaking with patients about spiritual issues and more active in grasping opportunities to provide spiritual care. Participating nurses significantly contributed to the students’ learning process by being role models, mentoring the students and challenging them to overcome barriers in speaking with patients about spiritual issues.ConclusionsThe partnership learning programme proved to be a useful model in terms of enhancing students’ confidence in speaking with patients about spiritual concerns.Relevance to clinical practiceCollaboration between nursing university colleges and clinical placements could help nursing students and clinical nurses to develop competencies in spiritual care and bridge the gap between academic education and clinical education, to the benefit of both.
“I Am My Body”. Physical Selves of Police Officers in a Changing Institution
Authors: Courpasson David , Monties Vanessa 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTMost studies on identity work have overlooked the corporeal quality of occupational life. Despite calls to attempt such engagement, little is known about the role of the body in occupations for which corporeal elements are central in the affirmation of identity. This study aims to answer such calls by providing a detailed ethnography of police work. Focusing on four bodily practices, we demonstrate how fitness, intimidation, cleanliness, and toughness are central elements to the officers’ construction of self. We thereby highlight the notion of physical selfhood as a way to understand the body/identity nexus among police officers and their capacity to resist new work requirements. We view bodies through a lens of resistance, rather than docility and compliance as much previous research has done. We aim to contribute to scholarship on identity work by portraying the politicization of bodies as a powerful component, thereby helping professionals to deflect some important institutional pressures affecting their work.
Genetic variation in photosynthetic performance and tolerance to osmotic stress (desiccation, freezing, hyposalinity) in the rocky littoral foundation species Fucus vesiculosus (Fucales, Phaeophyceae)
Authors: Rothäusler Eva , Sjöroos Joakim , Heye Katharina , Jormalainen Veijo 
Published: August 2016

Genetic diversity may play an analogous role to species diversity, as it can contribute to ecosystem function and stability, and provision of ecosystem services. In the Baltic Sea, perennial algal beds are often comprised of only Fucus vesiculosus and the amount of genetic variation in fitness‐related traits (i.e., the ability of the alga to photosynthesize or withstand stress) will thus determine the alga's local persistence in a changing environment. To study genetic variation in the crucial traits behind persistence we grew replicate vegetative branches that came from the same genotype in common gardens. We quantified osmotic stress tolerance and recovery responses by exposing branches to desiccation, freezing, and hyposalinity regimens. Our results show that genetic variation among genotypes was apparent for some photosynthetic parameters (maximal electron transport rate, saturation irradiance for electron transport, nonphotochemical quenching) and growth. Algae tolerated freezing (1,440 min at −2.5°C) and hyposalinity (1,560 min at 2.5) well, but did not recover from desiccation (70 min at 12°C, causing ~94% water loss). Furthermore, we found very little if any evidence on genetic variation in tolerance to these stressors. Our results suggest that low salinity and cold winters in the northern marginal populations selected for hyposalinity and freezing tolerant genotypes, possibly eroding genetic variation in tolerance, but that tolerance to harsh desiccation has been lost, likely due to relaxed selection. The overall availability of genetic variation in fitness related traits might be supportive for F. vesiculosus during adaptation to gradual changes of its environment.
Effect of clonazepam and clonidine on primary sleep bruxism: a double‐blind, crossover, placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Sakai Takuro , Kato Takafumi , Yoshizawa Shuichiro , Suganuma Takeshi , Takaba Masayuki , Ono Yasuhiro , Yoshizawa Ayako , Yoshida Yuya , Kurihara Tatsuya , Ishii Masakazu , Kawana Fusae , Kiuchi Yuji , Baba Kazuyoshi 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to assess the acute effects of clonazepam and clonidine on rhythmic masticatory muscle activity in young adults with primary sleep bruxism, as well as accompanying effects on sleep architecture and cardiac activity. This study used a double‐blind, crossover, placebo‐controlled design. Polysomnography was performed on 19 subjects [nine men and 10 women; mean age (±SE): 25.4 ± 2.7 years] for 5 nights. The first 2 nights were used for the habituation and diagnosis of sleep bruxism. The other 3 nights were randomly assigned for clonazepam (1.0 mg), clonidine (0.15 mg) or placebo (all administered 30 min before bedtime). Sleep, oromotor activity and cardiac activity variables were assessed and compared among the three drug conditions. Clonidine significantly reduced the median percentage of time spent in the rapid eye movement sleep stage compared with placebo and clonazepam. The number of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity episodes was reduced with clonidine by >30% compared with placebo and clonazepam. The reduction of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity index by clonidine was associated with an increase of mean RR intervals (slower heart rate) during quiet sleep periods and during a 70‐s period before the onset of rhythmic masticatory muscle activity episodes. However, no changes in cardiac activity variables were observed for clonazepam. In young adults with primary sleep bruxism, clonidine was significantly more effective in suppressing sleep bruxism than clonazepam. The acute effects of clonidine on rhythmic masticatory muscle activity episodes may be mediated by suppression of autonomic nervous system activity and non‐rapid eye movement–rapid eye movement sleep processes.
Distinction between amorphous and healed planar deformation features in shocked quartz using composite color scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence (SEM‐CL) imaging
Authors: Hamers Maartje F. , Pennock Gill M. , Herwegh Marco , Drury Martyn R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPlanar deformation features (PDFs) in quartz are one of the most reliable and most widely used forms of evidence for hypervelocity impact. PDFs can be identified in scanning electron microscope cathodoluminescence (SEM‐CL) images, but not all PDFs show the same CL behavior: there are nonluminescent and red luminescent PDFs. This study aims to explain the origin of the different CL emissions in PDFs. Focused ion beam (FIB) thin foils were prepared of specific sample locations selected in composite color SEM‐CL images and were analyzed in a transmission electron microscope (TEM). The FIB preparation technique allowed a direct, often one‐to‐one correlation between the CL images and the defect structure observed in TEM. This correlation shows that composite color SEM‐CL imaging allows distinction between amorphous PDFs on one hand and healed PDFs and basal Brazil twins on the other: nonluminescent PDFs are amorphous, while healed PDFs and basal Brazil twins are red luminescent, with a dominant emission peak at 650 nm. We suggest that the red luminescence is the result of preferential beam damage along dislocations, fluid inclusions, and twin boundaries. Furthermore, a high‐pressure phase (possibly stishovite) in PDFs can be detected in color SEM‐CL images by its blue luminescence.
Genomic landscape of early ecological speciation initiated by selection on nuptial colour
Authors: Marques David Alexander , Lucek Kay , Haesler Marcel Philipp , Feller Anna Fiona , Meier Joana Isabel , Wagner Catherine E. , Excoffier Laurent , Seehausen Ole 
Published: August 2016

AbstractEcological speciation is the evolution of reproductive isolation as a consequence of direct divergent natural selection or ecologically mediated divergent sexual selection. While the genomic signature of the former has been extensively studied in recent years, only few examples exist for genomic differentiation where environment‐dependent sexual selection has played an important role. Here, we describe a very young (~90 years old) population of threespine sticklebacks exhibiting phenotypic and genomic differentiation between two habitats within the same pond. We show that differentiation among habitats is limited to male throat colour and nest type, traits known to be subject to sexual selection. Divergence in these traits mirrors divergence in much older benthic and limnetic stickleback species pairs from North American west coast lakes, which also occur in sympatry but are strongly reproductively isolated from each other. We demonstrate that in our population, differences in throat colour and breeding have been stable over a decade, but in contrast to North American benthic and limnetic stickleback species, these mating trait differences are not accompanied by divergence in morphology related to feeding, predator defence or swimming performance. Using genomewide SNP data, we find multiple genomic islands with moderate differentiation spread across several chromosomes, whereas the rest of the genome is undifferentiated. The islands contain potential candidate genes involved in visual perception of colour. Our results suggest that phenotypic and multichromosome genomic divergence of these morphs was driven by environment‐dependent sexual selection, demonstrating incipient speciation after only a few decades of divergence in sympatry.
Spatial and successional dynamics of microbial biofilm communities in a grassland stream ecosystem
Authors: Veach Allison M. , Stegen James C. , Brown Shawn P. , Dodds Walter K. , Jumpponen Ari 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBiofilms represent a metabolically active and structurally complex component of freshwater ecosystems. Ephemeral prairie streams are hydrologically harsh and prone to frequent perturbation. Elucidating both functional and structural community changes over time within prairie streams provides a general understanding of microbial responses to environmental disturbance. We examined microbial succession of biofilm communities at three sites in a third‐order stream at Konza Prairie over a 2‐ to 64‐day period. Microbial abundance (bacterial abundance, chlorophyll a concentrations) increased and never plateaued during the experiment. Net primary productivity (net balance of oxygen consumption and production) of the developing biofilms did not differ statistically from zero until 64 days suggesting a balance of the use of autochthonous and allochthonous energy sources until late succession. Bacterial communities (MiSeq analyses of the V4 region of 16S rRNA) established quickly. Bacterial richness, diversity and evenness were high after 2 days and increased over time. Several dominant bacterial phyla (Beta‐, Alphaproteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Gemmatimonadetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi) and genera (Luteolibacter, Flavobacterium, Gemmatimonas, Hydrogenophaga) differed in relative abundance over space and time. Bacterial community composition differed across both space and successional time. Pairwise comparisons of phylogenetic turnover in bacterial community composition indicated that early‐stage succession (≤16 days) was driven by stochastic processes, whereas later stages were driven by deterministic selection regardless of site. Our data suggest that microbial biofilms predictably develop both functionally and structurally indicating distinct successional trajectories of bacterial communities in this ecosystem.