bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“P[E]NEU”, “AD[E]VOGADO” e “AF[E]TOSA”: o abaixamento das vogais suarabáticas nos dados do projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil
Authors: Romano Valter Pereira , Seabra Rodrigo Duarte 
Published: May 2017

Este artigo traz reflexões acerca da epêntese vocálica no Português Brasileiro, em especial, sobre o fenômeno fonético-fonológico conhecido como suarabácti, que consiste na inserção de uma vogal epentética para desfazer encontros consonantais impróprios. Utiliza-se como corpus de análise dados que integram o banco de dados do Projeto Atlas Linguístico do Brasil, coletados em dois estados federativos, Paraná e São Paulo, junto a 220 informantes estratificados, equitativamente, segundo as variáveis sexo (homem e mulher) e faixa etária (faixa 1: 18 a 30 anos/ faixa 2: 50 a 65 anos), todos com escolaridade máxima até o 9º ano do Ensino Fundamental. Foram selecionadas três questões do Questionário Fonético-Fonológico, a saber: questão 54 (AFTOSA), 72 (PNEU) e 101 (ADVOGADO) e tratadas a partir dos procedimentos teóricos e metodológicos da Dialetologia e da Sociolinguística variacionista, por meio de gráficos, cartas linguísticas e análise segundo resultados obtidos no Programa GoldVarb (2001), considerando-se o cruzamento e variáveis linguísticas e extralinguísticas na realização da regra variável, abaixamento da vogal [i] > [e].
Germany’s Energiewende: A Tale of Increasing Costs and Decreasing Willingness-To-Pay
Authors: Andor Mark A. , Frondel Manuel , Vance Colin 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT This paper presents evidence that the accumulating cost of Germany’s ambitious plan to transform its system of energy provision—the so-called Energiewende— is butting up against consumers’ willingness-to-pay (WTP) for it. Following a descriptive presentation that traces the German promotion of renewable energy technologies since 2000, we draw on two stated-preference surveys conducted in 2013 and 2015 that elicit the households’ WTP for green electricity. Two models are estimated, one based on a closed-ended question framed around Germany’s target of 35% renewable energy in electricity provision by 2020, and the other on an open-ended format that captures changes in WTP over time. To deal with the bias that typifies hypothetical responses, the models distinguish respondents according to whether they express definite certainty in their reported WTP. The results from both models reveal a strong contrast between the households’ general acceptance of supporting renewable energy technologies and their own WTP for green electricity.
Steekt de wind op? De Strategische Milieueffectrapportage verruimd
Authors: Fleurke F.M. 
Published: May 2017

Steekt de wind op? De Strategische Milieueffectrapportage verruimd
In de zaak D’Oultremont e.a. spreekt het Hof van Justitie zich uit over de reikwijdte van Richtlijn 2001/42/EG betreffende de beoordeling van de gevolgen voor het milieu van bepaalde plannen en programma’s. Enkele kernbegrippen worden ruim uitgelegd met verwijzing naar de doelstelling van de richtlijn: integratie van milieuoverwegingen. Het begrip plannen en programma’s wordt zo geïnterpreteerd dat een besluit geen betrekking hoeft te hebben op een specifiek gebied, het besluit geen compleet kader hoeft vast te stellen, en dat algemene regels ook kunnen worden aangemerkt als ‘plan en programma’. Het arrest heeft hiermee aanzienlijke gevolgen voor de Nederlandse praktijk aangaande ruimtelijk ordening.HvJ 27 oktober 2016, zaak C-290/15, Patrice D’Oultremont e.a./Région wallonne, ECLI:EU:C:2016:816
Tele2: de afweging tussen privacy en veiligheid nader omlijnd
Authors: Falot N. , Hijmans H. 
Published: May 2017

Tele2: de afweging tussen privacy en veiligheid nader omlijnd
In zijn arrest van 21 december 2016 (gevoegde zaken C-203/15 en C-698/15, Tele2 Sverige en Watson, hierna: Tele2) heeft het Hof van Justitie de voorwaarden voor het bewaren van en toegang tot telecommunicatiegegevens gepreciseerd. Het Hof van Justitie heeft geoordeeld dat de ePrivacyrichtlijn 2002/58/EG zich verzet tegen een algemene en ongedifferentieerde nationale regeling voor de bewaring van alle verkeersgegevens en locatiegegevens. Bovendien moet de toegang van politie en justitie tot die gegevens duidelijk worden geclausuleerd en worden beperkt tot de bestrijding van ernstige criminaliteit. Ook vereist die toegang voorafgaand toezicht door een rechter of onafhankelijke bestuurlijke instantie. Voorts moeten de gegevens op het grondgebied van de EU worden bewaard.HvJ 21 december 2016, gevoegde zaken C-203/15 en C-698/15, Tele2 Sverige en Watson e.a., ECLI:EU:C:2016:970.
Vaste verkoopprijzen voor medicijnen beoordeeld onder artikel 34 VWEU
Authors: van Leeuwen B.J. 
Published: May 2017

Vaste verkoopprijzen voor medicijnen beoordeeld onder artikel 34 VWEU
In Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung oordeelt het Hof van Justitie dat het Duitse vaste verkoopprijssysteem voor medicijnen artikel 34 VWEU schendt. Deze bijdrage analyseert op welke manier het Hof van Justitie een beperking van artikel 34 VWEU heeft vastgesteld. Daarnaast wordt aandacht besteed aan de beoordeling van de rechtvaardigingsgrond en de evenredigheid van de beperking. Hoewel lidstaten op het terrein van volksgezondheid een ruime beoordelingsvrijheid hebben, eist het Hof van Justitie wel dat zij hun beleid onderbouwen met voldoende bewijs. Hier slaagt Duitsland niet in: er is geen enkel bewijs dat vaste verkoopprijzen de beschikbaarheid en kwaliteit van medicijnen verbeteren.HvJ 19 oktober 2016, zaak C-148/15, Deutsche Parkinson Vereinigung eV/Zentrale zur Bekämpfung unlauteren Wettbewerbs eV, ECLI:EU:C:2016:776
Les résidences de compositeurs : ateliers de recherche ou apprentissage des contraintes ?
Authors: Bertrand Simon 
Published: May 2017

Les résidences de création sont pour un compositeur un défi particulier, que celles-ci se déroulent dans un contexte intimiste ou au sein d’une structure plus « lourde » comme un orchestre. Quelles réflexions tirent les compositeurs de ce type d’expérience spécifique, dans lequel la composition en soi n’est souvent qu’une simple partie du travail ? Au travers d’une discussion de ton assez convivial, quelques questions d’ordre plutôt sociologique ont été posées à trois compositeurs ayant participé à des résidences, de façon à en tirer un aperçu au niveau de l’apport concret de cette expérience au métier du compositeur, et aussi générer des pistes de questionnement sur la place du compositeur dans la culture globale d’une société.
The Effect of Picture Story Books on Students’ Reading Comprehension
Authors: - Roslina 
Published: May 2017

As a non formal education students, PKBM (a Non-Formal Community Learning Center) Medaso Kolaka students tend to encounter some difficulties in reading such as low motivation, infrequent tutors (non-formal education teachers) coming, inappropriate teaching materials, etc. This research aimed to investigate the effects of picture story books on the students’ reading comprehension and to clarify students’ perception on the utilization of picture story books in teaching reading. The research was conducted at the PKBM Medaso Kolaka by applying the experimental design. There were 15 students randomly took as the sample and they were taking a Paket B. The sample was divided into two groups, namely experimental group and control groups. The data were collected by administering a test, namely pre-test that aimed to determine the prior students’ knowledge, and the post-test that was conducted in the end of the experiment. Questionnaires and interviews were also used to collect data of the students’ perception. Then, the data were analyzed by using Pearson Product Moment assisted by SPSS 14.0. The results revealed that picture story books were able to improve students’ reading as well as the students’ interest in reading. The result showed that the utilization of picture story books had effect on the students’ reading comprehension that revealed the value of 0.025 with higher scores found in the post-test.
System Identification
Authors: Ljung Lennart 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
System identification is the term used in the automatic control field for estimating dynamical models of systems, based on measurements of the system's input and output signals. The models are typically difference or differential equations relating the measured signals, and possibly some auxiliary states. The models can be constructed from the signals only (black‐box models) or from the signals in combination with prior physical insights into mechanisms in the system (gray‐box models). The basic technique is to compare the model's (predicted) output with the system's measured output for the same input signal. Any free parameters in the model are then adjusted to make the fit between the outputs as good as possible. This general description includes advanced statistical procedures such as the maximum likelihood method.
Sparse Signal Reconstruction–Introduction
Authors: Stanković Ljubiša , Daković Miloš , Stanković Srdjan , Orović Irena 
Published: May 2017

Abstract
Sparse signals are characterized by a few nonzero values in one of their representation domains. The reconstruction of such signals is possible with a reduced set of measurements. The description and basic definitions of sparse signals, along with the conditions for their reconstruction, are discussed in the first part of this article. Among numerous reconstruction algorithms developed for the sparse signals reconstruction, three classes are reviewed. The first one is based on the principle of matching components. Analysis of noise and nonsparsity influence to the reconstruction is done. The second class of reconstruction algorithms is based on the problem reformulation into a constrained convex form when the linear programming optimization and regression methods can be used. The third class of algorithms to obtain the solution is based on the Bayesian approach. The examples of reconstruction using all of the considered approaches are presented, for a common transformation and observation matrices.
Pseudo‐codes are provided for all considered reconstruction algorithms.
Porous Polymer Monoliths by Emulsion Templating
Authors: Pulko Irena , Krajnc Peter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPorous polymer monoliths (PPM) are an increasingly important and popular class of materials finding applications in fields such as separation, purification, cell and tissue culturing, storage of liquids and gases, energy storage, structural applications, supports for catalysts and reagents, etc. In contrast to particulate polymer material, monoliths are defined as intractable articles with a homogeneous microstructure. While the method of preparation and the chemical composition largely govern the resulting porous structure, the porous monoliths can be characterized by their pore size profile (micro‐, meso‐, macroporous material), morphology (interconnected or isolated pores, shape of pores), total porosity (pore volume), surface area, and special features, for example, hierarchical porous structure. Meso‐ and micropores mainly contribute to the total surface area of the monolith, whereas macropores, if interconnected, enable the convective mass transfer through the monolith and reduce the overall density of the material. Obtaining PPM with a multimodal pore size distribution is possible via a combination of methods or by a postpolymerization treatment. This is a useful feature allowing the production of materials with tailored porous structure for specific applications where macro‐ and micropores are needed. Generally, the methods for PPM preparation can be divided between templating (two phases are present during the preparation, of which one templates the porosity) and nontemplating (one phase system, eg, phase separation induces pores). This paper introduces the various methods and focuses on the emulsion templating approach. Recently introduced chemistries and combinations of methods as well as new examples of applications are highlighted.
Bioplastics
Authors: Verbeek C. J. R. , Uitto J. M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBioplastic materials have been developed in response to environmental concerns regarding the widespread use of conventional polymers. It is one of the cornerstones in the circular economy approach that is expected to change the way materials and energy are produced and consumed. However, bioplastics still cover less than 1% of total market, and the industry is still in its early stages. A holistic sustainability assessment takes into account the origin of a material, its end‐of‐life destination, as well as social and economic effects; new materials in the market need to improve sustainability but also be cost‐ and performance‐competitive. Biobased polymers have taken the leading role in the market, largely because of total production of bioplastics is expected to increase almost fivefold over the next 5 years. This article provides an up‐to‐date definition of bioplastics, their environmental profile, and contribution to the global economy.
Quantitative analysis of a Hall system in the exhaust of asymmetric magnetic reconnection
Authors: Zhang Y. C. , Lavraud B. , Dai L. , Wang C. , Marchaudon A. , Avanov L. , Burch J. , Chandler M. , Dorelli J. , Duan S. P. , Ergun R. E. , Gershman D. J. , Giles B. , Khotyaintsev Y. V. , Lindqvist P. A. , Paterson W. , Russell C. T. , Schiff C. , Tang B. B. , Torbert R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTaking advantage of high‐resolution measurements from the MMS mission, we find evidence for a complete Hall system in the exhaust of asymmetric magnetic reconnection 40 Di downstream of the X line. The investigation of the fine structure of the Hall system reveals that it displays features in the exhaust similar to those reported previously in the ion diffusion region by simulations and observations. This finding confirms the importance of particle‐scale processes in the reconnection exhaust as well. On the magnetospheric side of the exhaust, electrons are strongly accelerated by parallel electric fields. This process significantly contributes to feed the Hall current system, resulting in a nonnegligible Hall magnetic field signature on this side despite an otherwise lower density. Calculation of the induced out‐of‐plane magnetic field by in‐plane currents (based on Biot‐Savart law) provides direct quantitative evidence for the process of Hall magnetic field generation by the Hall current system. A strong normal Hall electric field is present only on the magnetospheric side of the exhaust region, consistent with previous works. Multipoint data analysis shows that the ion pressure gradient in the ion momentum equation produces this Hall electric field. This global pattern of the Hall system can be explained by kinetic Alfvén wave theory.
Impacts of boundary condition changes on regional climate projections over West Africa
Authors: Kim Jee Hee , Kim Yeonjoo , Wang Guiling 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFuture projections using regional climate models (RCMs) are driven with boundary conditions (BCs) typically derived from global climate models. Understanding the impact of the various BCs on regional climate projections is critical for characterizing their robustness and uncertainties. In this study, the International Center for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model Version 4 (RegCM4) is used to investigate the impact of different aspects of boundary conditions, including lateral BCs and sea surface temperature (SST), on projected future changes of regional climate in West Africa, and BCs from the coupled European Community‐Hamburg Atmospheric Model 5/Max Planck Institute Ocean Model are used as an example. Historical, future, and several sensitivity experiments are conducted with various combinations of BCs and CO2 concentration, and differences among the experiments are compared to identify the most important drivers for RCMs. When driven by changes in all factors, the RegCM4‐produced future climate changes include significantly drier conditions in Sahel and wetter conditions along the Guinean coast. Changes in CO2 concentration within the RCM domain alone or changes in wind vectors at the domain boundaries alone have minor impact on projected future climate changes. Changes in the atmospheric humidity alone at the domain boundaries lead to a wetter Sahel due to the northward migration of rain belts during summer. This impact, although significant, is offset and dominated by changes of other BC factors (primarily temperature) that cause a drying signal. Future changes of atmospheric temperature at the domain boundaries combined with SST changes over oceans are sufficient to cause a future climate that closely resembles the projection that accounts for all factors combined. Therefore, climate variability and changes simulated by RCMs depend primarily on the variability and change of temperature aspects of the RCM BCs. Moreover, it is found that the response of the RCM climate to different climate change factors is roughly linear in that the projected changes driven by combined factors are close to the sum of projected changes due to each individual factor alone at least for long‐term averages. Findings from this study are important for understanding the source(s) of uncertainties in regional climate projections and for designing innovative approaches to climate downscaling and impact assessment.
Performance evaluation of GIM‐TEC assimilation of the IRI‐Plas model at two equatorial stations in the American sector
Authors: Adebiyi S. J. , Adebesin B. O. , Ikubanni S. O. , Joshua B. W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEmpirical models of the ionosphere, such as the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, play a vital role in evaluating the environmental effect on the operation of space‐based communication and navigation technologies. The IRI extended to Plasmasphere (IRI‐Plas) model can be adjusted with external data to update its electron density profile while still maintaining the overall integrity of the model representations. In this paper, the performance of the total electron content (TEC) assimilation option of the IRI‐Plas at two equatorial stations, Jicamarca, Peru (geographic: 12°S, 77°W, dip angle 0.8°) and Cachoeira Paulista, Brazil (Geographic: 22.7°S, 45°W, dip angle −26°), is examined during quiet and disturbed conditions. TEC, F2 layer critical frequency (foF2), and peak height (hmF2) predicted when the model is operated without external input were used as a baseline in our model evaluation. Results indicate that TEC predicted by the assimilation option generally produced smaller estimation errors compared to the “no extra input” option during quiet and disturbed conditions. Generally, the error is smaller at the equatorial trough than near the crest for both quiet and disturbed days. With assimilation option, there is a substantial improvement of storm time estimations when compared with quiet time predictions. The improvement is, however, independent on storm's severity. Furthermore, the modeled foF2 and hmF2 are generally poor with TEC assimilation, particularly the hmF2 prediction, at the two locations during both quiet and disturbed conditions. Consequently, IRI‐Plas model assimilated with TEC value only may not be sufficient where more realistic instantaneous values of peak parameters are required.
Biochemistry of Sterols, Cardiac Glycosides, Brassinosteroids, Phytoecdysteroids and Steroid Saponins
Authors: Kreis Wolfgang , Müller‐Uri Frieder 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPhytosterols are synthesized via the mevalonate pathway of terpenoid formation and arise from the initial cyclization of 3S‐squalene‐2,3‐epoxide. Plant steroids are derived from sterols and comprise steroid saponins, steroid alkaloids, pregnanes, androstanes, estranes, ecdysteroids, withanolides and cardiac glycosides. The typical route of sterol and steroid biosynthesis follows the cycloartenol pathway, whereas the lanosterol route seems to be operative mainly in fungi and animals. It was demonstrated, however, that both sterol pathways can be operative in higher plants. Crucial steps in the conversion of cycloartenol/lanosterol to sterols are the events leading to the removal of the methyl groups at C‐4 and C‐14. Meanwhile, all steps in the sterol pathway have been elucidated and the respective enzymes/genes characterized. The biosynthetic pathway leading from phytosterol precursors to the cardiac glycosides – important compounds in the treatment of cardiac insufficiency in humans – was basically deduced from studies using radiolabelled precursors. The more recent identification and characterization of several enzymes/genes involved in pregnane and cardenolide metabolism, such as 3β‐hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and progesterone 5β‐reductase, have further clarified the pathway. Brassinosteroids (BRs) are hydroxylated derivatives of cholestane and they are specific plant steroid hormones that are essential for normal plant development. The biosynthesis of BRs has mainly been studied inArabidopsis thaliana. Many of the genes encoding biosynthetic enzymes have been cloned using mutants ofArabidopsis thaliana, pea, tomato and rice which revert to a wild‐type phenotype following treatment with exogenous BRs. Phytoecdysteroids are related in structure to the invertebrate steroid hormones. Their biological significance in plants is still under discussion. The understanding of the biosynthetic pathway(s) for phytoecdysteroids is very limited. Steroid saponins constitute a vast group of glycosides present almost exclusively in the monocotyledonous angiosperms, and occurring in only a few dicotyledonous families. As far as enzymatic and genetic aspects are concerned, the biosynthesis of steroid saponins (including the steroid alkaloids) has not been studied extensively. The withanolides are C28‐steroids and biogenetically related to the steroid saponins in that they are derived from ergostane‐type sterols. These compounds appear to be specific for the Solanaceae and their biosynthesis has not yet been studied at the enzyme/gene level.
Chemotaxonomy Seen from a Phylogenetic Perspective and Evolution of Secondary Metabolism
Authors: Wink Michael , Botschen Flavia , Gosmann Christina , Schäfer Holger , Waterman Peter G. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAll plants produce secondary metabolites (SM); however, the structural types are often specific and restricted to taxonomically related plant groups. This observation was the base for the development of ‘chemotaxonomy’. A closer look indicates that a number of SM have a taxonomically restricted distribution. Very often, we also find the same SM in other plant groups which are not related in a phylogenetic context. Examples are given for several groups of alkaloids (including pyrrolizidine and quinolizidine alkaloids) and for cardiac glycosides. How to explain the patchy distribution? Theoretically, the occurrence of SM in unrelated taxa may be due to convergent evolution. Alternatively, the genes encoding the enzymes of secondary metabolism might be widely distributed in the plant kingdom, but switched on or off in a certain context. The analysis of nucleotide and amino acid sequences, which were generated in numerous genome projects during the past decades, provides evidence that most of the genes which encode key enzymes of SM formation have indeed a wide distribution in the plant kingdom. Examples discussed are tryptophan decarboxylase, tyrosine decarboxylase, phenylalanine ammonia‐lyase, chalcone synthase, strictosidine synthase, berberine bridge enzyme and codeine reductase. It is speculated that these genes were introduced into the plant genome by horizontal gene transfer, i.e. via bacteria that developed into mitochondria and chloroplasts. Evidence is presented that a patchy distribution can also be due to the presence of endophytic fungi, which are able to produce SM (e.g. ergot alkaloids in Convolvulaceae). The evolution of plant secondary metabolism is a complex process that took place over the past 500 million years.