bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acceptorless and Base‐free Dehydrogenation of Cyanohydrin with (η6‐Arene)halide(Bidentate Phosphine)ruthenium(II) Complex
Authors: Kim Kicheol , Moeljadi Adhitya Mangala Putra , Hirao Hajime , Hong Soon Hyeok 
Published: August 2017

AbstractRuthenium‐catalyzed dehydrogenation of cyanohydrins under acceptorless and base‐free conditions was demonstrated for the first time in the synthesis of acyl cyanide. As opposed to the thermodynamically preferred elimination of hydrogen cyanide, the dehydrogenation of cyanohydrins could be kinetically controlled with ruthenium (II) bidentate phosphine complexes. The effects of the arene, phosphine ligands and counter anions were investigated in regard to catalytic activity and selectivity. Selective dehydrogenation can occur via β‐hydride elimination with the experimentally observed [(alkoxide)Ru] complex.magnified image
Molecularly Stacking Manganese Dioxide/Titanium Carbide Sheets to Produce Highly Flexible and Conductive Film Electrodes with Improved Pseudocapacitive Performances
Authors: Liu Weihong , Wang Zhiqiang , Su Yanli , Li Qingwen , Zhao Zhigang , Geng Fengxia 
Published: August 2017

Abstract2D nanostructures with high surface area and flexibility are regarded as a promising building platform for flexible supercapacitors that are attracting tremendous attention due to their potential applications in various wearable technologies. Notably, although pseudocapacitive metal oxides are widely accepted as a very important class of electrochemically active materials, the utilization of 2D metal oxide sheets in the preparation of flexible supercapacitors is very rare. The scarcity of a suitable filler with the integrated properties of both high conductivity and excellent hydrophilicity is probably to blame. In this work, by introducing a recently discovered intriguing material, Ti3C2 sheets, a novel MnO2/Ti3C2 hybrid with a molecularly stacked structure is developed using a simple and scalable mixing and filtration method. Their individual advantages are combined in the hybrid, thus delivering excellent electrochemical performances. A highly flexible and symmetric supercapacitor based on the novel hybrid electrode manifests top‐class electrochemical performance with maximum energy and power densities of 8.3 W h kg−1 (at 221.33 W kg−1) and 2376 W kg−1 (at 3.3 W h kg−1), respectively, regardless of the various bending states, suggesting enormous possibilities for applications in future flexible and portable micropower systems.
Secular trend and social variation in age at menarche among Polish schoolgirls before and after the political transformation
Authors: Gomula Aleksandra , Koziel Slawomir 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo describe the biological results of the political and economic transformations that took place in Poland between 1966 and 2012, based on an analysis of age at menarche, and to determine changes across social groups.MethodsData were collected in 1966, 1978, 1988, and 2012 in several districts of Poland. The study included 34,940 schoolgirls. Age at menarche was assessed with the use of status quo method. Definition of socioeconomic status was based on 4 factors: urbanization level, mother and father education, and family size.ResultsWhen the political and economic situation in Poland improved, a decrease in age at menarche was observed, whereas in years of crisis it increased. The same social differentiation in menarcheal age observed before the political transformation continued to be present in 2012.DiscussionSocioeconomic changes were significantly associated with age at menarche. Social inequalities, reflected in menarcheal age, continue to be present in Poland.
Thiol–Ene (Click) Reactions as Efficient Tools for Terpene Modification
Authors: Firdaus Maulidan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis Focus Review highlights the application of thiol–ene (click) chemistry to the production of a diverse range of materials that are derived from terpenes. To present an overview concerning the potency of terpenes as renewable resources, recent advances in their development by using synthetic organic chemistry are initially discussed. In addition, the use of thiol–ene chemistry as an efficient approach and versatile tool for noncatalytic carbon−heteroatom bond formation is briefly presented, including mechanistic and kinetic aspects, as well as some structural considerations, that is, the influence of the thiol and olefin structures, which should be well‐thought‐out before applying such chemistry. This discussion also covers how an initiator works and its effect on the reaction rate. Moreover, the utilization of thiol–ene reactions for the synthesis of terpene‐based valuable platform chemicals, monomers, and polymers, including recent examples that demonstrate its broad utility, are highlighted.
OH 83: A new early modern human fossil cranium from the Ndutu beds of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania
Authors: Reiner Whitney B. , Masao Fidelis , Sholts Sabrina B. , Songita Agustino Venance , Stanistreet Ian , Stollhofen Harald , Taylor R.E. , Hlusko Leslea J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveHerein we introduce a newly recovered partial calvaria, OH 83, from the upper Ndutu Beds of Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania. We present the geological context of its discovery and a comparative analysis of its morphology, placing OH 83 within the context of our current understanding of the origins and evolution of Homo sapiens.Materials and methodsWe comparatively assessed the morphology of OH 83 using quantitative and qualitative data from penecontemporaneous fossils and the W.W. Howells modern human craniometric dataset.ResultsOH 83 is geologically dated to ca. 60–32 ka. Its morphology is indicative of an early modern human, falling at the low end of the range of variation for post‐orbital cranial breadth, the high end of the range for bifrontal breadth, and near average in frontal length.DiscussionThere have been numerous attempts to use cranial anatomy to define the species Homo sapiens and identify it in the fossil record. These efforts have not met wide agreement by the scientific community due, in part, to the mosaic patterns of cranial variation represented by the fossils. The variable, mosaic pattern of trait expression in the crania of Middle and Late Pleistocene fossils implies that morphological modernity did not occur at once. However, OH 83 demonstrates that by ca. 60–32 ka modern humans in Africa included individuals that are at the fairly small and gracile range of modern human cranial variation.
Post‐weaning diet in archaeological human populations: A meta‐analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of child skeletons
Authors: Tsutaya Takumi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectivesChildhood is a unique stage in human life history, in which subadults have completed their weaning process but are still dependent on older individuals for survival. Although the importance of food provisioning during childhood has been intensively discussed, childhood diet in the past has rarely been studied in a systematic manner.MethodsIn this study, a meta‐analysis of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of post‐weaning children (PWC) in Holocene human populations around the world is presented. The isotope ratios of PWC were standardized with those of adult females and males in the same population, and they were analyzed in terms of the difference in subsistence.ResultsResults of this study indicate that diets of PWC and adults were generally similar (most differences were within the range of ±1‰), which is consistent with the universal feature of food provisioning to PWC in humans. In hunter—gatherer populations, there is no significant difference between PWC and adult isotope ratios. In non‐hunter—gatherer populations, however, PWC probably consumed significantly larger proportions of foods from lower trophic levels than did the adults, and such foods would be terrestrial C3 plants.ConclusionsPotential factors relating to the dietary differences among PWC and adults are presented from a perspective of balance between food provisioning and self‐acquisition by PWC. Significant isotopic differences between PWC and adults in non‐hunter—gatherer populations revealed in this study have implications for declined health during the subsistence transition in Holocene, isotopic studies using human tooth enamel, and “δ15N dip” of subadults after weaning.
Effectiveness of dispatcher training in increasing bystander chest compression for out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrest patients in Japan
Authors: Tsunoyama Taichiro , Nakahara Shinji , Yoshida Masafumi , Kitamura Maki , Sakamoto Tetsuya 
Published: August 2017

AimThe Japanese government has developed a standardized training program for emergency call dispatchers to improve their skills in providing oral guidance on chest compression to bystanders who have witnessed out‐of‐hospital cardiac arrests (OHCAs). This study evaluated the effects of such a training program for emergency call dispatchers in Japan.MethodsThe analysis included all consecutive non‐traumatic OHCA patients transported to hospital by eight emergency medical services, where the program was implemented as a pilot project. We compared the provision of oral guidance and the incidence of chest compression applications by bystanders in the 1‐month period before and after the program. Data collection was undertaken from October 2014 to March 2015.ResultsThe 532 non‐traumatic OHCA cases were used for analysis: these included 249 cases before and 283 after the guidance intervention. Most patients were over 75 years old and were men. After the program, provision of oral guidance to callers slightly increased from 63% of cases to 69% (P = 0.13) and implementation of chest compression on patients by bystanders significantly increased from 40% to 52% (P = 0.01). Appropriate chest compression also increased from 34% to 47% (P = 0.01). In analysis stratified by the provision of oral guidance, increased chest compressions were observed only under oral guidance.ConclusionsWe found increased provision of oral guidance by dispatchers and increased appropriate chest compressions by bystanders after the training program for dispatchers had been rolled out. Long‐term observation and further data analysis, including patient outcomes, are needed.
Untersuchung der epigenetischen Funktionen von Lysin‐Acetyltransferasen mit Methoden der chemischen Biologie
Authors: He Maomao , Han Zhen , Liu Liang , Zheng Y. George 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDie Seitenkettenacetylierung von Lysinresten in Histonen und Nicht‐Histon‐Proteinen durch Katalyse mit Lysin‐Acetyltransferasen (KATs) ist eine häufige posttranslationale Modifikation (PTM) in eukaryotischen Zellen. Die Lysin‐Acetylierung spielt eine regulatorische Rolle in wichtigen zellulären Prozessen. Einen besonderen Einfluss hat die KAT‐vermittelte Histon‐Acetylierung für alle durch DNA‐Template vermittelten epigenetischen Vorgänge. In den vergangenen Jahren hat sich gezeigt, dass das Studium von KAT‐Funktionen in biologischen und krankheitsbezogenen Prozessen in großem Maße von exakt konzipierten Strategien der chemischen Biologie profitiert. Hier werden Ansätze der chemischen Biologie zur Untersuchung der KAT‐Aktivität und ‐Funktion erläutert. Diese Methoden und Sonden werden entsprechend ihrem Wirkmechanismus und den jeweiligen Anwendungen eingeteilt, und ihre Stärken und Grenzen werden diskutiert.
Anaerobic Origin of Ergothioneine
Authors: Burn Reto , Misson Laëtitia , Meury Marcel , Seebeck Florian P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractErgothioneine is a sulfur metabolite that occurs in microorganisms, fungi, plants, and animals. The physiological function of ergothioneine is not clear. In recent years broad scientific consensus has formed around the idea that cellular ergothioneine primarily protects against reactive oxygen species. Herein we provide evidence that this focus on oxygen chemistry may be too narrow. We describe two enzymes from the strictly anaerobic green sulfur bacterium Chlorobium limicola that mediate oxygen‐independent biosynthesis of ergothioneine. This anoxic origin suggests that ergothioneine is also important for oxygen‐independent life. Furthermore, one of the discovered ergothioneine biosynthetic enzymes provides the first example of a rhodanese‐like enzyme that transfers sulfur to non‐activated carbon.
Intermolecular Palladium‐Catalyzed Oxidative Fluorocarbonylation of Unactivated Alkenes: Efficient Access to β‐Fluorocarboxylic Esters
Authors: Qi Xiaoxu , Yu Feng , Chen Pinhong , Liu Guosheng 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA novel palladium‐catalyzed intermolecular oxidative fluorocarbonylation of alkenes has been developed, in which employment of a cooperative process with electrophilic ArIF2‐meidated alkenes activation and palladium‐catalyzed carbonylation is crucial for the successful catalytic transformation. The current transformation presents the first convenient method to generate β‐fluorinated carboxylic acid derivatives under mild reaction conditions from simple alkenes with excellent regioselectivity.
Conversion of Methane into Methanol and Ethanol over Nickel Oxide on Ceria–Zirconia Catalysts in a Single Reactor
Authors: Okolie Chukwuemeka , Belhseine Yasmeen F. , Lyu Yimeng , Yung Matthew M. , Engelhard Mark H. , Kovarik Libor , Stavitski Eli , Sievers Carsten 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe conversion of methane into alcohols under moderate reaction conditions is a promising technology for converting stranded methane reserves into liquids that can be transported in pipelines and upgraded to value‐added chemicals. We demonstrate that a catalyst consisting of small nickel oxide clusters supported on ceria–zirconia (NiO/CZ) can convert methane to methanol and ethanol in a single, steady‐state process at 723 K using O2 as an abundantly available oxidant. The presence of steam is required to obtain alcohols rather than CO2 as the product of catalytic combustion. The unusual activity of this catalyst is attributed to the synergy between the small Lewis acidic NiO clusters and the redox‐active CZ support, which also stabilizes the small NiO clusters.
Chemical Biology Approaches for Investigating the Functions of Lysine Acetyltransferases
Authors: He Maomao , Han Zhen , Liu Liang , Zheng Y. George 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe side‐chain acetylation of lysine residues in histones and non‐histone proteins catalyzed by lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) represents a widespread posttranslational modification (PTM) in the eukaryotic cells. Lysine acetylation plays regulatory roles in major cellular pathways inside and outside the nucleus. In particular, KAT‐mediated histone acetylation has an effect on all DNA‐templated epigenetic processes. Aberrant expression and activation of KATs are commonly observed in human diseases, especially cancer. In recent years, the study of KAT functions in biology and disease has greatly benefited from chemical biology tools and strategies. In this Review, we present the past and current accomplishments in the design of chemical biology approaches for the interrogation of KAT activity and function. These methods and probes are classified according to their mechanisms of action and respective applications, with both strengths and limitations discussed.
From Precision Synthesis of Block Copolymers to Properties and Applications of Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Xiao , Iocozzia James , Chen Yihuang , Zhao Shiqiang , Cui Xun , Wang Wei , Yu Haifeng , Lin Shaoliang , Lin Zhiqun 
Published: August 2017

AbstractInorganic nanoparticles have become a research focus in numerous fields because of their unique properties that distinguish them from their bulk counterparts. Controlling the size and shape of nanoparticles is an essential aspect of nanoparticle synthesis. Preparing inorganic nanoparticles by using block copolymer templates is one of the most reliable routes for tuning the size and shape of nanoparticles with a high degree of precision. In this Review, we discuss recent progress in the design of block copolymer templates for crafting spherical inorganic nanoparticles including compact, hollow, and core–shell varieties. The templates are divided into two categories: micelles self‐assembled from linear block copolymers and unimolecular star‐shaped block copolymers. The precise control over the size and morphology of nanoparticles is highlighted as well as the useful properties and applications of such inorganic nanoparticles.
Synthesis of Bicyclo[1.1.1]pentane Bioisosteres of Internal Alkynes and para‐Disubstituted Benzenes from [1.1.1]Propellane
Authors: Makarov Ilya S. , Brocklehurst Cara E. , Karaghiosoff Konstantin , Koch Guido , Knochel Paul 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe report a general preparation of arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes through the opening of [1.1.1]propellane with various arylmagnesium halides. After transmetalation with ZnCl2 and Negishi cross‐coupling with aryl and heteroaryl halides, bis‐arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes are obtained. These bis‐arylated bicyclo[1.1.1]pentanes may be considered as bioisosteres of internal alkynes. Bioisosteres of tazarotene and the metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) antagonist 2‐methyl‐6‐(phenylethynyl)pyridine were prepared and their physicochemical properties were evaluated.
Gellan gum‐based novel composite hydrogel: Evaluation as adsorbent for cationic dyes
Authors: Arun Krishna K. , Vishalakshi B. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTA semi‐interpenetrating network system [(GG‐g‐PAAm)‐PVA] was made by microwave irradiation of aqueous mixture of gellan gum (GG), acrylamide (AAm), and poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) containing N,N′‐methylene‐bis‐acrylamide as crosslinking agent. The gel was characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, X‐ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy techniques. The swelling behavior was studied under different pH conditions. A pH‐dependent swelling with maximum swelling under neutral pH was observed. The swelling process is found to follow second‐order kinetics and the mechanism of water transport is found to be Fickian type of diffusion. The (GG‐g‐PAAm)‐PVA was evaluated for removal of dye from aqueous solution, using crystal violet, a cationic dye. The maximum adsorption capacity of the gel was found to be 45.45 mg/g. The kinetic studies revealed a second‐order adsorption process which fits well into Langmuir model. The evaluation of thermodynamic parameters indicated the adsorption process to be exothermic and spontaneous at lower temperatures. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45527.
High‐strength regenerated cellulose fibers spun from 1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride solutions
Authors: Zhang Jiaping , Yamagishi Naoki , Tominaga Keita , Gotoh Yasuo 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTHigh‐performance regenerated cellulose fibers were prepared from cellulose/1‐butyl‐3‐methylimidazolium chloride (BMIMCl) solutions via dry‐jet wet spinning. The spinnability of the solution was initially evaluated using the maximum winding speed of the solution spinning line under various ambient temperatures and relative humidities in the air gap. The subsequent spinning trials were conducted under various air gap conditions in a water coagulation bath. It was found that low temperature and low relative humidity in the air gap were important to obtain fibers with high tensile strength at a high draw ratio. From a 10 wt % cellulose/BMIMCl solution, regenerated fibers with tensile strength up to 886 MPa were prepared below 22 °C and relative humidity of 50%. High strengthening was also strongly linked with the fixation effect on fibers during washing and drying processes. Furthermore, an effective attempt to prepare higher performance fibers was conducted from a higher polymer concentration solution using a high molecular weight dissolving pulp. Eventually, fibers with a tensile strength of ∼1 GPa and Young's modulus over 35 GPa were prepared. These tensile properties were ranked at the highest level for regenerated cellulose fibers prepared by an ionic liquid–based process. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45551.
Messung der Wasseraufnahme historischer Putze
Authors: Geyer Christoph , Müller Andreas , Wehle Barbara 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHäufig sind massive Außenwände historischer Gebäude verputzt. Dieser Putz muss, mitsamt den Farbanstrichen, den Wetterschutz der Außenwand sicherstellen. Dieser Wetterschutz kann vereinfachend durch zwei hygrische Parameter des Putzsystems, den Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten, der die Wasseraufnahme z. B. bei Schlagregenereignissen bestimmt und den Diffusionswiderstand, der die Verdunstung des aufgenommenen Wassers regelt, dargestellt werden [1], [2]. Daher kommt der genauen Kenntnis des Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten der Außenputzsysteme historischer Fassaden eine besondere Bedeutung zu, um einerseits den Wetterschutz historischer Außenwände richtig einzuschätzen und andererseits die Robustheit von Sanierungslösungen korrekt zu prognostizieren. Für die zerstörungsfreie Feststellung des Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten des Außenputzsystems, des sogenannten Ww‐Werts, stehen mit dem Karstenschen Röhrchen, der Frankeschen Prüfplatte und dem Wasseraufnahmemessgerät drei In‐situ‐Messverfahren zur Verfügung. Allerdings bestehen Unsicherheiten bezüglich der Genauigkeit dieser Messmethoden und der Vergleichbarkeit der Messergebnisse untereinander und mit Labormesswerten. Daher werden an fünf verschiedenen Fassaden die Wasseraufnahmekoeffizienten der Putzsysteme gleichzeitig mit den drei In‐situ‐Messverfahren und im Labor bestimmt. Die Messergebnisse werden verglichen, um Umrechnungsfunktionen zwischen den verschiedenen In‐situ‐Messverfahren und den Labormessungen abzuleiten.
„Außenliegende Wandtemperierung“ – LowEx‐Anwendung zur Temperierung von Bestandsgebäuden und thermischen Aktivierung der Bestandswand: theoretische Grundlagen und Kennwerte
Authors: Schmidt Christoph , Luther Gerhard , Altgeld Horst , Maas Stefan , Groß Bodo , Scholzen Frank 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIm Rahmen der Forschungsprojekte „LEXU“ und „LEXU II“ der IZES gGmbH wurde eine außenliegende Wandtemperierung (kurz „aWT“) entwickelt und erprobt. Bei der außenliegenden Wandtemperierung handelt es sich um ein niederexergetisches Temperierungssystem, das in Form von wasserführenden Rohren zwischen Bestandswand und neuem Wärmedämm‐Verbundsystem (WDVS) aufgebracht wird. Erweitert man den Wandaufbau um einen Luftspalt zwischen dem Temperierungssystem und dem WDVS, so kann die außenliegende Wandtemperierung mit einer außenliegenden Lufttemperierung ergänzt werden. Beide Systeme werden aktuell anhand eines Demonstrationsobjektes umgesetzt. Auch die theoretischen Grundlagen und Simulationsmöglichkeiten wurden in den Forschungsprojekten erarbeitet. Der Fokus dieser Veröffentlichung liegt auf den theoretischen Grundlagen der aWT. Bei der aWT handelt es sich um einen Sonderfall eines thermoaktiven Bauteilsystems mit Fokus auf dem niederexergetischen Ansatz und mit der Möglichkeit einer minimalinvasiven Sanierung „von außen“.