bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ProInfer: inference of binary protocol keywords based on probabilistic statistics
Authors: Guo Maohua , Zhu Yuefei , Fei Jinlong 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Protocol reverse engineering is crucial in normative verification, and malware behavior analysis and vulnerability discovery. However, uncovering the structural features of binary protocols concealed within dense data representations remains a significant challenge. Accurately identifying keyword segments associated with message types is a prerequisite for meaningful semantic analysis and protocol state machine reduction. In this work, we introduce a novel approach for inferring keywords from binary protocols based on probabilistic statistics. Our method in terms of Byte employs heuristic rules to filter offset positions that are clearly unrelated to message types. We further filter candidate Byte-offsets utilizing constraint relations and provide the probabilistic ranking of each offset as the keyword segment. To enhance the reliability of keyword segment inference, we utilize the Monte Carlo algorithm to assess the difference between message clustering with candidate Byte-offset and random message clustering, and reorder candidate offsets according to the results. Then we can observe optimal values from both orderings and present the ultimate inference results. Experimental results demonstrate that our method excels in the accuracy of keyword segments identification compared with previous techniques.
In vitro early proximal caries detection using trilateral short-wave infrared reflection at 1050 and 1550 nm
Authors: Heck Katrin , Werner Nils , Hoffmann Lea , Schwendicke Falk , Litzenburger Friederike 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
This in vitro study evaluated the diagnostic potential of short-wave infrared reflection (SWIRR) at 1050 and 1550 nm for proximal caries detection from the occlusal, buccal, and lingual surfaces of posterior teeth under clinically relevant conditions. Bitewing radiography (BWR) was the alternative index test and micro-computed tomography (μCT) was the reference standard.

Methods
Two hundred and fifty proximal surfaces of extracted human teeth were examined using SWIRR at 1050 and 1550 nm and BWR. SWIRR, BWR, and μCT findings were evaluated twice by 2 trained examiners. SWIRR images were evaluated from occlusal and trilateral (occlusal, buccal, and lingual combined) views. Sensitivity, specificity, and area under the curves were calculated. Reliability assessment was performed using κ statistics.

Results
Short-wave infrared reflection (1050 nm) showed sensitivity of 0.44 for occlusal and 0.55 for trilateral assessment, paired with specificity of 0.96 and 0.90, whereas SWIRR (1550 nm) showed sensitivity of 0.73 and 0.85 paired with specificity of 0.76 and 0.59. Compared to occlusal view, trilateral SWIRR view revealed ≈10% higher sensitivity and lower specificity. BWR revealed lowest sensitivity (0.30) and highest specificity (0.99). Over- and underestimation of caries demonstrated opposite trends: from 1050 to 1550 nm, overestimation of trilateral SWIRR increased (0.08-0.29), while underestimation decreased (0.15-0.06).

Conclusion
Trilateral SWIRR has higher sensitivity and lower specificity for proximal caries, than occlusal SWIRR. For trilateral SWIRR, wavelengths around 1050 nm are more suitable, while 1550 nm is better for occlusal examinations. A combination of SWIRR at 1050 and 1550 nm may exhibit a balanced sensitivity and specificity for proximal caries.
NT-proBNP levels in patients with primary hyperaldosteronism and autonomous cortisol cosecretion
Authors: Hirsch Anna , Adolf Christian , Stüfchen Isabel , Beuschlein Felix , Brüdgam Denise , Bidlingmaier Martin , Reincke Martin , Quinkler Marcus 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Context
Patients with primary aldosteronism (PA) have higher cardiac comorbidities including more pronounced left ventricular hypertrophy than patients with essential hypertension.

Objective
Autonomous cortisol cosecretion (ACS) is a common subtype in PA associated with a worse metabolic profile.

Hypothesis
Autonomous cortisol cosecretion may affect myocardial parameters and result in a worse cardiac outcome compared to patients with PA and without ACS.

Methods
Three hundred and sixty-seven patients with PA undergoing 1 mg dexamethasone suppression test (DST) and echocardiography at baseline from 2 centers of the German Conn’s Registry were included. Follow-up for up to 3.8 years was available in 192 patients.

Results
Patients with PA and ACS had higher NT-proBNP levels at baseline compared to patients with PA without ACS (114 vs 75.6 pg/mL, P = .02), but showed no difference in echocardiography values. NT-proBNP levels showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.141, P = .011) with cortisol levels after DST at baseline. In response to therapy of PA, NT-proBNP levels decreased, but remained significantly higher in patients with ACS compared to patients without ACS. At follow-up, left ventricle end-diastolic dimension (LVEDD) decreased significantly only in patients without ACS. Left atrial diameter (LAD) decreased significantly in patients without ACS and in female patients with ACS but not in male patients. Left ventricular mass index (LVMI) significantly improved in female patients without ACS but remained unchanged in female patients with ACS as well as in male patients at follow-up.

Conclusions
In patients with PA, concomitant ACS is associated with a worse cardiac profile and only partial recovery even years after initiation of targeted PA therapy.
Clinical Characteristics and Management of Patients with Heart Failure in Egypt: Real-world Insights from iCaReMe Global Registry
Authors: Zarif Bassem , Elgendy Khaled , Louis Osama , Enen Mohamed , Aboutaleb Ahmed , Samy Eman , Hassanein Abdelrahman 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
There is a paucity of data regarding the clinical characteristics, management practices and burden of disease in patients (pts) with HF, assessment of which may help in understanding the treatment gaps and facilitating the best possible HF care.

Aim and objectives
The HF cohort of iCaReMe (NCT03549754) aims to describe the clinical profile, treatment patterns, and comorbidities in pts with HF.

Methods
This prospective, investigator-led, multinational, cloud-based, observational registry enrolled eligible adults with HF, T2D, HTN and/or CKD during their routine clinical care from Feb 2018 to Dec 2022.
A descriptive analysis of baseline clinical characteristics and treatment patterns of the Egypt-HF cohort is presented.
1400 patients were enrolled in the Egyptian cohort of this study from mainly from the National Heart Institute.

Results
This cohort enrolled 1111 pts with HF (mean±SD age 56.8±11.8 years); 60.9% were males. Overall, 66.6% (740) pts had HFrEF (≤40%), 14.8% (164) had HFmrEF (41%-49%), and 18.6% (207) had HFpEF (≥50%). The majority (68.0%) had NYHA class II HF. Only 1 pt had a BNP report (150 pg/mL) and 18 pts had proBNP levels (mean±SD, 354.4±189.6 pg/mL). Almost half pts reported a history of coronary artery disease (48.9%) and T2D (48.0%). About 20.2% pts reported a history of hospitalization.

Conclusion
The Egyptian cohort of iCaReMe registry results emphasize a high HF burden in Egypt with more than two-thirds having a reduced EF, about half of them had associated comorbidities and the number 1 co-morbidity in overall HF and HFrEF is CAD, while in HFmrEF it is HTN and in HFpEF it is T2D while the mean EF in HFpEF is 60.3%, the mean NT-Pro BNP in HF is 395.5 ng/L.
Unveiling the Genome-Wide Consequences of Range Expansion and Mating System Transitions in Primula vulgaris
Authors: Mora-Carrera Emiliano , Stubbs Rebecca L , Potente Giacomo , Yousefi Narjes , Aeschbacher Simon , Keller Barbara , Choudhury Rimjhim Roy , Celep Ferhat , Kochjarová Judita , de Vos Jurriaan M , Szövényi Peter , Conti Elena 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Genetic diversity is heterogeneously distributed among populations of the same species, due to the joint effects of multiple demographic processes, including range contractions and expansions, and mating systems shifts. Here, we ask how both processes shape genomic diversity in space and time in the classical Primula vulgaris model. This perennial herb originated in the Caucasus region and was hypothesized to have expanded westward following glacial retreat in the Quaternary. Moreover, this species is a long-standing model for mating system transitions, exemplified by shifts from heterostyly to homostyly. Leveraging a high-quality reference genome of the closely related Primula veris and whole-genome resequencing data from both heterostylous and homostylous individuals from populations encompassing a wide distribution of P. vulgaris, we reconstructed the demographic history of P. vulgaris. Results are compatible with the previously proposed hypothesis of range expansion from the Caucasus region approximately 79,000 years ago and suggest later shifts to homostyly following rather than preceding postglacial colonization of England. Furthermore, in accordance with population genetic theoretical predictions, both processes are associated with reduced genetic diversity, increased linkage disequilibrium, and reduced efficacy of purifying selection. A novel result concerns the contrasting effects of range expansion versus shift to homostyly on transposable elements, for the former, process is associated with changes in transposable element genomic content, while the latter is not. Jointly, our results elucidate how the interactions among range expansion, transitions to selfing, and Quaternary climatic oscillations shape plant evolution.
Interpersonal, Community, and Societal Stressors Mediate Black–White Memory Disparities
Authors: Morris Emily P , Palms Jordan D , Scambray Kiana , Lee Ji Hyun , Sol Ketlyne , Jones Lenette M , Smith Jacqui , Kobayashi Lindsay C , Zahodne Laura B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Objectives
Structural racism creates contextual stressors that disproportionately affect Black, relative to White, older adults in the United States and may contribute to worse cognitive health. We examined the extent to which interpersonal, community, and societal stressors uniquely explain Black–White disparities in initial memory and memory change.

Methods
The sample included 14,199 non-Latino Black and White older adults (Mage = 68.32, 19.8% Black) from the U.S. Health and Retirement Study who completed psychosocial questionnaires at baseline and a word list memory task every 2 years over an 8-year period. Interpersonal, community, and societal stressors were operationalized as self-reported everyday discrimination, neighborhood physical disorder, and subjective societal status, respectively. Latent growth curves modeled longitudinal memory performance. Stressors were modeled simultaneously and allowed to correlate. Covariates included age, sex, education, wealth, parental education, and Southern residence.

Results
Compared to White participants, Black participants experienced more discrimination (β = −0.004, standard error [SE] = 0.001, p &lt; .001), more neighborhood physical disorder (β = −0.009, SE = 0.002, p &lt; .001), and lower perceived societal status (β = −0.002, SE = 0.001, p = .001), each of which uniquely mediated the racial disparity in initial memory. Sensitivity analyses utilizing proxy-imputed memory scores revealed an additional racial disparity in memory change, wherein Black participants evidenced a faster decline than White participants. This disparity in memory change was only uniquely mediated by more everyday discrimination among Black participants.

Discussion
Elements of structural racism may contribute to cognitive disparities via disproportionate stress experiences at multiple contextual levels among Black older adults. Future research should consider multilevel protective factors that buffer against negative impacts of racism on health.
Cross-fade sampling: extremely efficient Bayesian inversion for a variety of geophysical problems
Authors: Minson Sarah E 
Published: September 2024

SUMMARY
This paper introduces cross-fade sampling, a computationally efficient Markov Chain Monte Carlo simulation method that uses a semi-analytical approach to quickly solve Bayesian inverse problems that do not themselves have an analytical solution. Cross-fading is efficient in two ways. First, it requires fewer samples to obtain the same quality simulation of the target probability density function (PDF). Secondly, it is much faster to evaluate the posterior probability of each sample than conventional sampling methods for simulating Bayesian posterior PDFs. Conventional methods require evaluating the prior probability (which describes your a priori constraints) and data likelihood (which describes the fit between the observations and the predictions of the model) for each sample model. However, cross-fading does not require evaluating the data likelihood, meaning that ‘big data’ can be fit with zero additional computational cost. Further, the cross-fading approach can be used to calculate the marginal likelihood associated with a model design, facilitating model comparison and Bayesian model averaging. Topics covered in this paper include derivation of the cross-fade approach and how it can be used to simulate Bayesian posterior PDFs and compute the marginal likelihood, discussion of the class of problems to which cross-fading can be applied (with examples from earthquake statistics, earthquake ground motion modelling, volcanic eruption forecasting, and finite fault slip modelling), demonstration of efficiency relative to existing sampling methods and discussion of how cross-fading can be used to account for prediction errors (i.e. epistemic errors) as part of the geophysical inverse problem.
The molecular pathways leading to GABA and lactic acid accumulation in florets of organic broccoli rabe (Brassica rapa subsp. sylvestris) stored as fresh or as minimally processed product
Authors: Testone Giulio , Sobolev Anatoly Petrovich , Lambreva Maya Dimova , Aturki Zeineb , Mele Giovanni , Lamprillo Michele , Magnanimi Francesco , Serino Giovanna , Arnesi Giuseppe , Giannino Donato 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the context of organic farming, the introduction of a local product to wider markets and an evaluation of storage effects, metabolic and transcriptomic variations in two broccoli rabe genotypes from production cycles of two different years were studied by comparing florets of stored fresh (SF) and packaged (P) for 4 days with those harvested fresh from the field (H). Twenty-five hydrosoluble compounds, including amino acids, carbohydrates, and organic acids, were quantified by untargeted nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR). Principal component analysis produced a neat separation among the three commodity statuses with P being the most divergent and SF closer to H. In the packaged florets, carbohydrate levels dropped significantly (over −52%), while the levels of amino acids and organic acids varied. There was an increase in stress-responsive phenylalanine and valine (over 30%) and succinic and α-ketoglutaric acids (over 75%). Compound correlation analyses indicated a carbohydrate sink towards γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and lactic acid (LA) metabolism under hypoxic conditions in packaged florets. RNA-seq analysis revealed that over 4000 genes were differentially expressed in SF vs H and 8000 in P vs H. Several CAR and AA pathways were significantly enriched in S and even more significantly in P, when compared to H. A map of gene expression (175 genes) and metabolite contents (14 compounds) was constructed to elucidate the gene routes that lead to accumulation of GABA and LA, known for healthy properties, in P. WGCNA and promoter binding site analyses enabled the identification of transcription factors (bZIP, WRKY, ERF types), interactions, and targeted genes encoding key enzymes in GABA and LA accumulation.
BcWRKY25-BcWRKY33A-BcLRP1/BcCOW1 module promotes root development for improved salt tolerance in Bok choy
Authors: Wang Huiyu , Zheng Yushan , Wang Meiyun , Liu Wusheng , Li Ying , Xiao Dong , Liu Tongkun , Hou Xilin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Root development is a complex process involving phytohormones and transcription factors. Our previous research has demonstrated that BcWRKY33A is significantly expressed in Bok choy roots under salt stress, and heterologous expression of BcWRKY33A increases salt tolerance and promotes root development in transgenic Arabidopsis. However, the precise molecular mechanisms by which BcWRKY33A governs root development remain elusive. Here, we investigated the role of BcWRKY33A in both root elongation and root hair formation in transgenic Bok choy roots. Our data indicated that overexpression of BcWRKY33A stimulated root growth and stabilized root hair morphology, while silencing BcWRKY33A prevented primary root elongation and resulted in abnormal root hairs morphology. Meanwhile, our research uncovered that BcWRKY33A directly binds to the promoters of BcLRP1 and BcCOW1, leading to an upregulation of their expression. In transgenic Bok choy roots, increased BcLRP1 and BcCOW1 transcript levels improved primary root elongation and root hair formation, respectively. Additionally, we pinpointed BcWRKY25 as a NaCl-responsive gene that directly stimulates the expression of BcWRKY33A in response to salt stress. All results shed light on the regulatory mechanisms governing root development by BcWRKY25-BcWRKY33A-BcLRP1/BcCOW1 module and propose potential strategies for improving salt tolerance in Bok choy.
A Review of Cutaneous Extraintestinal Manifestations of Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Skin of Color
Authors: Odufalu Florence-Damilola , Gonzalez Sarah , Hurtado Arielle Carolina Mora , Hsiao Jennifer , Xu Mimi , Elbuluk Nada 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The incidence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is increasing in racial and ethnic minority groups. Cutaneous extraintestinal manifestations (EIMs) of IBD are well-known comorbid conditions that can occur in both active and quiescent IBD. Historically, cutaneous EIMs of IBD are described in White skin with a lack of literature describing these conditions in darker skin tones. This potentially creates a knowledge gap and awareness among providers in recognizing these conditions and offering therapy in a timely manner to non-White patients. This review aims to describe the cutaneous manifestations of IBD in a wide range of skin tones with several examples to improve awareness. With further awareness, this review will enable to provide equitable care to IBD patients with cutaneous EIMs.
Why States Arm and Why, Sometimes, They Do So Together
Authors: Anicetti Jonata , Krotz Ulrich 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Why do states arm? And why do they, sometimes, do so together with other states? International relations and security studies scholars have long explored the causes that propel states to arm. However, the extant literature has yet to provide a coherent theoretical framework to explain arms production and collaboration. Drawing from work in eclectic theorizing, this article contributes a systematizing, integrative perspective. States arm, and sometimes arm together with other states, for a variety of reasons, often with very diverse theoretical roots and origins; frequently, causes mix, mingle, and intertwine. Two case studies serve as building blocks for our eclectic theory, illustrating and buttressing our framework. A study of Brazil’s KC-390 military transport aircraft demonstrates the value of eclectic theorizing in explaining arms production. European (fragmented) collaboration to develop a sixth-generation fighter aircraft documents the benefits of applying an eclectic theory of arms collaboration augmented with a “domain of application” approach. That is, explanations rooted in particular theoretical traditions apply and play out strengths in specific domains, and may thus complement one another to generate comprehensive explanations. Among numerous other promising domain differentiations, we distinguish here between “high-end” and “low-end” arming. Our findings have important policy implications. If states’ arming, alone or with others, is multicausal, then no single policy alone will suffice to channel, control, limit, or reduce the proliferation of weapons.
A bee’s-eye view of landscape change: differences in diet of 2 Andrena species (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae) between 1943 and 2021
Authors: Boyes Clare , Rowntree Jennifer K , Coulthard Emma 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Declines in pollinating insects have been linked to changes in land cover, affecting the availability of nesting sites and floral resources. Our study is the first analysis of changes in pollen load composition of 2 mining bees, Andrena barbilabris (Kirby) and Andrena flavipes (Panzer) (Hymenoptera: Andrenidae), at the same sites in central England, over 75 years. This provides a unique opportunity to remove spatial variation and review temporal changes in pollen diet within the context of landscape change. We analyzed modern-day pollen load composition for these species and compared it with historical data from the same sites. We then examined potential links between land-use change and the bees’ diets. Both bees showed dietary flexibility and lower diet breadth for A. barbilabris, and the bees’ foraging strategies appear to have changed. Andrena flavipes collected more pollen taxa in a single load, while A. barbilabris appeared to source pollen from greater distances. Landscape changes at the studied sites have affected the nutritional environment for these bees. Our findings are supported by an existing assessment of floral resources, which found floral diversity has decreased overall in both the habitats used by these bees. However, more research is needed on the nutritional content of pollens used by these bees, both now and historically, to estimate how pollen diversity has changed. The bee’s-eye view underlines the importance of understanding how species respond to local changes so that effective conservation strategies can be developed.
Amorphous 1-propanol in interstellar ices – crystallization revisited
Authors: Hudson Reggie L 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT
A recent publication described laboratory measurements of infrared spectra of solid 1-propanol, a likely interstellar ice component. The authors concluded that amorphous 1-propanol does not produce crystalline 1-propanol on warming and that 1-propanol remains as a solid far above its melting point. New laboratory results presented here show that both conclusions are false. A spectrum of crystalline 1-propanol is presented along with the first band strengths for two infrared features in both the amorphous and crystalline forms of the compound. Extensions and astrochemical applications are described.