bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>Kur’an’da “Sebîl” Kelimesi Bağlamında “Yol” Kavramının Semantik Analiz</b> / </br><i>Semantic Analysis of the Word "Sabil" in the Quran</i>
Authors: YILDIZ İbrahim 
Published: March 2016

<p><strong>Semantic Analysis of the Word "Sabil" in the Quran</strong></p><p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>This study examines the meaning of the word “sabil” which means road/path in the Quranic context. The travel of human beings in time and space from the very beginning time of their birth until death, means that they are on a road. Because of the road leads someone wherever he or she wants to go, the means which lead someone to God called as sabil-Allah (road of God). In this context, there are a lot of words like “sabil”, “sırat”, “tariq”, “sunen” which all means road in Quran. Then, the semantic analysis of these words which sometime have different meaning, has great importance. This work also investigates the relations between the word sabil and the trial of worldly life. Consequently, this study carries out a semantic analysis of the word “sabil” and other related words which have the same meaning.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Kur’an’da “Sebîl” Kelimesi Bağlamında “Yol” </strong><strong>Kavramının Semantik Analiz</strong></p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>Bu çalışmada sebîl kelimesi bağlamında Kur’an’daki yol kavramının hangi anlamlarda kullanıldığının tespitine çalışılmıştır. İnsanoğlunun doğumundan ölümüne kadar bu dünyada hem zamanda hem de mekânda yolculuk etmek zorunda olması, onun bir yol izlediğini gösterir. Yolların insanları gitmek istedikleri yerlere ulaştırmasından mülhem olarak Allah’ın rızasına götüren tüm vasıtalara Allah’ın yolu denilmiştir. Bu bağlamda Kur’an’da sebîl, sırât, tarîk ve sünen gibi yol manasına gelen kelimelerin de önemli bir yekûn tuttuğu görülmektedir. Dolayısıyla aynı anlamı ifade etseler bile zaman zaman farklı anlam ve olgulara işaret edebilen bu kavramların semantik bir analize tabi tutulması önemlidir. Bu çalışma, aynı zamanda Kuran’da yol kavramı ile dünya hayatı ve imtihan olgusu arasında nasıl bir ilişki kurulduğunu açıklamaya çalışmaktadır. Çalışmada, sebîl kelimesinin semantik incelemesi yapılmış, ayrıca Kur’an’daki diğer yol anlamına gelen kelimeler incelenerek konu bütünlüğünün sağlanmasına gayret edilmiştir.</p><p><strong><br /></strong></p>
Stabilization of large drainage basins over geological time scales: Cenozoic West Africa, hot spot swell growth, and the Niger River
Authors: Chardon Dominique , Grimaud Jean‐Louis , Rouby Delphine , Beauvais Anicet , Christophoul Frédéric 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReconstructing the evolving geometry of large river catchments over geological time scales is crucial to constraining yields to sedimentary basins. In the case of Africa, it should further help deciphering the response of large cratonic sediment routing systems to Cenozoic growth of the basin‐and‐swell topography of the continent. Mapping of dated and regionally correlated lateritic paleolandscape remnants complemented by onshore sedimentological archives allows the reconstruction of two physiographic configurations of West Africa in the Paleogene. Those reconstructions show that the geometry of the drainage is stabilized by the late early Oligocene (29 Ma) and probably by the end of the Eocene (34 Ma), allowing to effectively link the inland morphoclimatic record to offshore sedimentation since that time, particularly in the case of the Niger catchment—delta system. Mid‐Eocene paleogeography reveals the antiquity of the Senegambia catchment back to at least 45 Ma and suggests that a marginal upwarp forming a continental divide preexisted early Oligocene connection of the Niger and Volta catchments to the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean. Such a drainage rearrangement was primarily enhanced by the topographic growth of the Hoggar hot spot swell and caused a stratigraphic turnover along the Equatorial margin of West Africa.
Focusing of relative plate motion at a continental transform fault: Cenozoic dextral displacement >700 km on New Zealand's Alpine Fault, reversing >225 km of Late Cretaceous sinistral motion
Authors: Lamb Simon , Mortimer Nick , Smith Euan , Turner Gillian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe widely accepted ∼450 km Cenozoic dextral strike‐slip displacement on New Zealand's Alpine Fault is large for continental strike‐slip faults, but it is still less than 60% of the Cenozoic relative plate motion between the Australian and Pacific plates through Zealandia, with the remaining motion assumed to be taken up by rotation and displacement on other faults in a zone up to 300 km wide. We show here that the 450 km total displacement across the Alpine Fault is an artifact of assumptions about the geometry of New Zealand's basement terranes in the Eocene, and the actual Cenozoic dextral displacement across the active trace is greater than 665 km, with more than 700 km (and <785 km since 25 Ma) occurring in a narrow zone less than 10 km wide. This way, the Alpine Fault has accommodated almost all (>94%) of the relative plate motion in the last 25 Ma at an average rate in excess of 28 mm/yr. It reverses more than 225 km (and <300 km) of sinistral shear through Zealandia in the Late Cretaceous, when Zealandia lay on the margin of Gondwana, providing a direct constraint on the kinematics of extension between East and West Antarctica at this time.
Broadband assessment of degree‐2 gravitational changes from GRACE and other estimates, 2002–2015
Authors: Chen J. L. , Wilson C. R. , Ries J. C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSpace geodetic measurements, including the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), satellite laser ranging (SLR), and Earth rotation provide independent and increasingly accurate estimates of variations in Earth's gravity field Stokes coefficients ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20. Mass redistribution predicted by climate models provides another independent estimate of air and water contributions to these degree‐2 changes. SLR has been a successful technique in measuring these low‐degree gravitational changes. Broadband comparisons of independent estimates of ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 from GRACE, SLR, Earth rotation, and climate models during the GRACE era from April 2002 to April 2015 show that the current GRACE release 5 solutions of ΔC21 and ΔS21 provided by the Center for Space Research (CSR) are greatly improved over earlier solutions and agree remarkably well with other estimates, especially on ΔS21 estimates. GRACE and Earth rotation ΔS21 agreement is exceptionally good across a very broad frequency band from intraseasonal, seasonal, to interannual and decadal periods. SLR ΔC20 estimates remain superior to GRACE and Earth rotation estimates, due to the large uncertainty in GRACE ΔC20 solutions and particularly high sensitivity of Earth rotation ΔC20 estimates to errors in the wind fields. With several estimates of ΔC21, ΔS21, and ΔC20 variations, it is possible to estimate broadband noise variance and noise power spectra in each, given reasonable assumptions about noise independence. The GRACE CSR release 5 solutions clearly outperform other estimates of ΔC21 and ΔS21 variations with the lowest noise levels over a broad band of frequencies.
Estimating river discharge using multiple‐tide gauges distributed along a channel
Authors: Moftakhari H. R. , Jay D. A. , Talke S. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReliable estimation of freshwater inflow to the ocean from large tidal rivers is vital for water resources management and climate analyses. Discharge gauging stations are typically located beyond the tidal intrusion reach, such that inputs and losses occurring closer to the ocean are not included. Here, we develop a method of estimating river discharge using multiple gauges and time‐dependent tidal statistics determined via wavelet analysis. The Multiple‐gauge Tidal Discharge Estimate (MTDE) method is developed using data from the Columbia River and Fraser River estuaries and calibrated against river discharge. Next, we evaluate the general applicability of MTDE by testing an idealized two‐dimensional numerical model, with a convergent cross‐sectional profile, for eighty‐one cases in which nondimensional numbers for friction, river flow, and convergence length scale are varied. The simulations suggest that MTDE is applicable to a variety of tidal systems. Model results and data analyses together suggest that MTDE works best with at least three gauges: a reference station near the river mouth, and two upstream gauges that respond strongly to distinct portions of the observed range of flow. The balance between tidal damping and amplifying factors determines the favorable location of the gauges. Compared to previous studies, the MTDE method improves the time resolution of estimates (from 2.5 to <1 week) and is applicable to systems with mixed diurnal/semidiurnal tides. However, model results suggest that tide‐induced residual flows such as the Stokes drift may still affect the accuracy of MTDE at seaward locations during periods of low river discharge.
A parametrization of 3‐D subgrid‐scale clouds for conventional GCMs: Assessment using A‐Train satellite data and solar radiative transfer characteristics
Authors: Barker Howard W. , Cole Jason N. S. , Li Jiangnan , von Salzen Knut 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA stochastic algorithm for generating 3‐D cloud fields based on profiles of cloud fraction
and mean cloud water content is presented and assessed using cloud properties inferred from A‐Train satellite data. The ultimate intention is to employ the algorithm, along with 3‐D radiative transfer (RT) models, in Global Climate Models (GCMs). The algorithm approaches cloud fields as whole objects demarcated by contiguous layers with
. This contrasts with conventional GCM radiation routines that deal with clouds on a per‐(arbitrary) layer basis. A‐Train cloud data for August 2007 were partitioned into ∼29,000 domains, each ∼280 km long, to represent nominal GCM columns. For each A‐Train/stochastic pair of domains, profiles of domain‐averaged fluxes were computed by a 1‐D broadband solar RT model in Independent Column Approximation mode. Globally averaged, mean bias error for upwelling radiation at top‐of‐atmosphere (TOA) is 6.8 W m−2. Upon advancing the RT model to 2‐D, differences between 1‐D and 2‐D upwelling fluxes at TOA for A‐Train domains differed from corresponding differences for model‐generated domains by ∼1 W m−2, on average, with differences for the model domains exhibiting stronger dependence on solar zenith angle
. Moving on to 3‐D RT for model domains, 1‐D–3‐D differences became slightly stronger functions of
thanks mostly to accentuated 3‐D effects at small
. Simple parametrizations for the stochastic algorithm's variables that govern horizontal and vertical structure of clouds should be adequate to capture the ramifications of systematic neglect of 3‐D solar RT in GCMs.
Observation‐constrained modeling of the ionospheric impact of negative sprites
Authors: Liu Ningyu , Boggs Levi D. , Cummer Steven A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper reports observation and modeling of five negative sprites occurring above two Florida thunderstorms. The sprites were triggered by unusual types of negative cloud‐to‐ground (CG) lightning discharges with impulse charge moment change ranging from 600 to 1300 C km and charge transfer characterized by a timescale of 0.1–0.2 ms. The negative sprite typically consists of a few generally vertical elements that each contain a bright core and dimmer streamers extending from the core in both downward and upward directions. Modeling results using the measured charge moment change waveforms indicate that the lower ionosphere was significantly modified by the CGs and the lower ionospheric density might have been increased by nearly 4 orders of magnitude due to the most intense CG. Finally, streamer modeling results show that the ionospheric inhomogeneities produced by atmospheric gravity waves can initiate negative sprite streamers, assuming that they can modulate the ionization coefficient.
E
ccles,
J
ohn
C
arew (1903–1997)
Authors: De Sio Fabio 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
John Carew Eccles (1903–1997) was one of the leading neurophysiologists of the twentieth century. A student and collaborator of Charles Scott Sherrington, he devoted most of his scientific life to the study of the processes of excitation and inhibition in the nervous system, and for this he shared the Nobel Prize with Hodgkin and Huxley in 1963. Eccles was a protagonist of the controversy over the nature of synaptic transmission, and in this connection, he developed a neat hypotheticodeductive epistemological stance under the influence of Karl Popper's falsificationism. Eccles held strong philosophical convictions: while methodologically a reductionist, he was fiercely opposed to the materialistic philosophy underlying most of contemporary brain science and developed a dualist‐interactionist account of brain–mind relations.
Population Genetics Analysis of the Origin of Modern
J
apanese
Authors: Nakagome Shigeki , Oota Hiroki 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Human settlement of the Japanese archipelago is of significant interest for understanding how human populations migrated from the East Asian continent to isolated islands and shifted lifestyles from hunter‐gathering to farming. The hunter‐gathering Jomon period follows the Palaeolithic period but precedes the agricultural Yayoi period. Three hypotheses have been proposed to model the population history in the Japanese archipelago. Two of these are in contrast with each other, hypothesising that lineages leading to modern Japanese are traced back to a single ancestor of indigenous Jomon (the transformation hypothesis) or migrant Yayoi (the replacement hypothesis) people. The third model postulates a hybridisation lineage or an admixture of the two ancestral populations. Recent advances in high‐throughput technology have enabled the application of genome‐scale data to directly test the three models. Several lines of population genetics studies strongly support the hybridisation hypothesis to explain the origin of modern Japanese.

Key Concepts

Prehistory in the Japanese archipelago is characterised by the Jomon and Yayoi cultures.

A major cultural transition from the Jomon period to the Yayoi period is a shift in lifestyles from hunter‐gathering to farming.

Three demographic models have been proposed to explain the origin of modern Japanese: transformation, replacement and hybridisation.

A dual structure hypothesis is based on the hybridisation model and assumes that modern Japanese is admixed between the indigenous Jomon and migrated Yayoi people, and the degree of admixture varies among local populations in the Japanese archipelago.

Population genetics analyses have been performed to make inferences about the evolutionary history of modern Japanese.

Genomic data, as well as genetic data from a single locus or small number of loci, support the hybridisation hypothesis to explain the origin of modern Japanese.

Statistical modelling based on genomic data shows a complex history characterised with the population stratification of the Jomon people in the Japanese archipelago.
Antioxidants inhibit neuronal toxicity in Parkinson's disease‐linked LRRK2
Authors: Angeles Dario C. , Ho Patrick , Dymock Brian W. , Lim Kah‐Leong , Zhou Zhi‐Dong , Tan Eng‐King 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMutations in leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 are the most common cause of familial Parkinson's disease. The prevalent G2019S mutation increase oxidative, kinase and toxic activity and inhibit endogenous peroxidases. We initially screened a library of 84 antioxidants and identified seven phenolic compounds that inhibited kinase activity on leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2 substrates. The representative antioxidants (piceatannol, thymoquinone, and esculetin) with strong kinase inhibitor activity, reduced loss in dopaminergic neurons, oxidative dysfunction, and locomotor defects in G2019S‐expressing neuronal and Drosophila models compared to weak inhibitors. We provide proof of principle that natural antioxidants with dual antioxidant and kinase inhibitor properties could be useful for leucine‐rich repeat kinase‐2‐linked Parkinson's disease.
Novel Bismaleimide Resins Modified by Allyl Compound Containing Liquid Crystalline Structure
Authors: Wang Kaixiang , Wang Yuanying , Chen Ping , Xia Lianlian , Xiong Xuhai 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTA novel allyl compound containing liquid crystalline structure, i.e., 4,4’‐bis(4‐allyloxy benzoic acid) phenyl ester (BAOBE), was synthesized. The chemical structure of BAOBE was characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectra, and the liquid crystalline properties were confirmed by polarized optical microscopy (POM). Besides, a series of modified bismaleimide (BMI) resins were prepared based on N,N′‐4,4′‐bismaleimidodiphenylmethylene (BDM), BAOBE, and O,O’‐diallyl bisphenol A (DABPA). The results of thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) indicate that the modified resins have excellent thermal stability with the highest temperatures for 5% weight loss above 438°C. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) suggest that the glass transition temperature (Tg) of the modified resins are above 280°C. Besides, the introduction of BAOBE leads to a significant improvement in the flexural and impact properties of the modified BMI resins. Compared with the resin with only DABPA as a modifier, the highest flexural and impact strength can reach 156.2 MPa and 15.6 kJ/m2, increased by 19.2% and 90.2%, respectively.
Impact of Public Infrastructure on Output of U.S. Food Manufacturing Industries: A Heterogeneous Dynamic Panel Approach
Authors: Tong Tingting , Yu T. Edward , Jensen Kimberly , De La Torre Ugarte Daniel , Cho Seong‐Hoon 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis study analyzes the long‐run impacts of public infrastructure on output of 34 U.S. food manufacturing/processing industries during 1958–2000 using heterogeneous dynamic panel methods, including mean group and pooled mean group methods. The results suggest that public infrastructure has a long‐term output impact across U.S. food manufacturing and processing industries. A 1% increase in public infrastructure increases U.S. food manufacturing output by 0.06% in the long run. The long‐run positive impact of public infrastructure on food output suggests its importance to the food manufacturing sector of continuous public infrastructure investment [EconLit citations: Q13; H54; C33].
Coumarinyl azoimidazolyl complexes of osmium(II) hydridocarbonyls: spectroscopic and structural characterization, oxidation catalysis, photovoltaic effect and density functional theory computation
Authors: Datta Papia , Sardar Dibakar , Panda Uttam , Halder Ajanta , Manik Nabin Baran , Chen Chun‐Jung , Sinha Chittaranjan 
Published: March 2016

Os(II) hydridocarbonyl complexes of coumarinyl azoimidazoles, [Osh(CO)(PPh3)2(CZ‐4R‐R′)]0/+ (3, 4) (CZ‐R‐H = 2‐(coumarinyl‐6‐azo)‐4‐substituted imidazole or 1‐alkyl‐2‐(coumarinyl‐6‐azo)‐4‐substituted imidazole), were characterized from spectroscopic data and the single‐crystal X‐ray data for one of the complexes, [Osh(CO)(PPh3)2(CZ‐4‐Ph)] (3c) (CZ‐4‐Ph = 2‐(coumarinyl‐6‐azo)‐4‐phenylimidazolate), confirmed the structure. The complexes show higher emission (quantum yield ϕ = 0.0163–0.16) and longer lifetime (τ = 1.4–10.3 ns) than free ligands (ϕ = 0.0012–0.0185 and τ = 0.685–1.306 ns). Cyclic voltammetry shows quasi‐reversible metal oxidation at 0.67–0.94 V for [Os(III)/Os(II)] and 1.21–1.36 V for [Os(IV)/Os(III)] and subsequent azo reductions (−0.68 to −0.95 V for [NN]/[N N]− and irreversible < −1.2 V for [N N]−/[NN]2−) of the chelated coumarinyl azoimidazole. The complexes are photostable and show better photovoltaic power conversion efficiency than free ligands. Also, the complexes were used as catalysts for the oxidation of primary/secondary alcohols to aldehydes/ketones using oxidizing agents like N‐methylmorpholine N‐oxide, t‐BuOOH and H2O2. Density functional theory computation was carried out from the optimized structures and the data obtained were used to interpret the electronic and photovoltaic properties. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Organogenesis of the Musculoskeletal System in Horse Embryos and Early Fetuses
Authors: Barreto Rodrigo da Silva Nunes , Rodrigues Márcio Nogueira , Carvalho Rafael Cardoso , De Oliveira E. Silva Fernanda Menezes , Rigoglio Náthia Nathaly , Jacob Júlio César Ferraz , Gastal Eduardo Leite , Miglino Maria Angélica 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTMusculoskeletal system development involves heterotypical inductive interactions between tendons, muscles, and cartilage and knowledge on organogenesis is required for clarification of its function. The aim of this study was to describe the organogenesis of horse musculoskeletal system between 21 and 105 days of gestation, using detailed macroscopic and histological analyses focusing on essential developmental steps. At day 21 of gestation the skin was translucid, but epithelial condensation and fibrocartilaginous tissues were observed on day 25 of pregnancy. Smooth muscle was seen in lymphatic and blood vessel walls and the beginning of cartilaginous chondrocranium was detected at day 30 of gestation. At day 45, typical chondroblasts and chondrocytes were observed and at day 55, mandibular processes expanded toward the ventral midline of the pharynx. At day 75, muscles became thicker and muscle fibers were seen developing in carpal and metacarpal joints with the beginning of the ossification process. At day 105, major muscle groups, similar to those seen in an adult equine, were observed. The caudal area of the nasal capsule and trabecular cartilages increased in size and became ossified, developing into the ethmoid bone. The presence of nasal, frontal, parietal, and occipital bones was observed. In conclusion, novel features of equine musculoskeletal system development have been described here and each process was linked with an early musculoskeletal event. Data presented herein will facilitate a better understanding of the equine muscular system organogenesis and aid in the detection of congenital deformities. Anat Rec, 299:722–729, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.