bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Geographies of adult multigenerational family households in metropolitan Sydney
Authors: Burnley Ian , Liu Edgar , Easthope Hazel 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis paper investigates spatial trends of multigenerational adult families in metropolitan Sydney. Australia's immigrant gateway city, Sydney has high housing costs and infrastructure pressures, and planning policies support higher residential densities. In this context, the accommodation of persons living in multigenerational families is examined, by major region of origin, their geographies in Sydney, and by housing costs and constraints. Results highlight that cultural origins were influential in multigenerational household formations, and such formation is higher in areas of first and second ethnic community formation areas. Multigenerational living is also more common in middle ring and outer areas of cheaper housing. Implications are drawn for more nuanced housing policies in Sydney and comparable cities, given that detached and semi‐detached houses were favoured by these households, whereas two‐fifths of new housing constructed in Sydney in 2011 consists of two or less bedroom apartments.
A draft fur seal genome provides insights into factors affecting SNP validation and how to mitigate them
Authors: Humble E. , Martinez‐Barrio A. , Forcada J. , Trathan P. N. , Thorne M. A. S. , Hoffmann M. , Wolf J. B. W. , Hoffman J. I. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCustom genotyping arrays provide a flexible and accurate means of genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in a large number of individuals of essentially any organism. However, validation rates, defined as the proportion of putative SNPs that are verified to be polymorphic in a population, are often very low. A number of potential causes of assay failure have been identified, but none have been explored systematically. In particular, as SNPs are often developed from transcriptomes, parameters relating to the genomic context are rarely taken into account. Here, we assembled a draft Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) genome (assembly size: 2.41 Gb; scaffold/contig N50: 3.1 Mb/27.5 kb). We then used this resource to map the probe sequences of 144 putative SNPs genotyped in 480 individuals. The number of probe‐to‐genome mappings and alignment length together explained almost a third of the variation in validation success, indicating that sequence uniqueness and proximity to intron–exon boundaries play an important role. The same pattern was found after mapping the probe sequences to the Walrus and Weddell seal genomes, suggesting that the genomes of species divergent by as much as 23 million years can hold information relevant to SNP validation outcomes. Additionally, reanalysis of genotyping data from seven previous studies found the same two variables to be significantly associated with SNP validation success across a variety of taxa. Finally, our study reveals considerable scope for validation rates to be improved, either by simply filtering for SNPs whose flanking sequences align uniquely and completely to a reference genome, or through predictive modelling.
Helicopter‐based emergency medical services for a sparsely populated region: A study of 42,500 dispatches
Authors: Østerås Ø. , Brattebø G. , Heltne J.‐K. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundThe Helicopter Emergency Medical Service (HEMS) in Norway is operated day and night, despite challenging geography and weather. In Western Norway, three ambulance helicopters, with a rapid response car as an alternative, cover close to 1 million inhabitants in an area of 45,000 km2. Our objective was to assess patterns of emergency medical problems and treatments in HEMS in a geographically large, but sparsely populated region.MethodsData from all HEMS dispatches during 2004–2013 were assessed retrospectively. Information was analyzed with respect to patient treatment and characteristics, in addition to variations in services use during the day, week, and seasons.ResultsA total of 42,456 dispatches were analyzed. One third of the patients encountered were severely ill or injured, and two thirds of these received advanced treatment. Median activation time and on‐scene time in primary helicopter missions were 5 and 11 min, respectively. Most patients (95%) were reached within 45 min by helicopter or rapid response car. Patterns of use did not change. More than one third of all dispatches were declined or aborted, mostly due to no longer medical indication, bad weather conditions, or competing missions.ConclusionOne third of the patients encountered were severely ill or injured, and more than two thirds of these received advanced treatment. HEMS use did not change over the 10‐year period, however HEMS use peaked during daytime, weekends, and the summer. More than one third of all dispatches were declined or aborted.
Unmet Needs at the Time of Emergency Department Discharge
Authors: Samuels‐Kalow Margaret , Rhodes Karin , Uspal Julie , Reyes Smith Alyssa , Hardy Emily , Mollen Cynthia 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectivesEmergency department (ED) discharge requires conveying critical information in a time‐limited and distracting setting. Limited health literacy may put patients at risk of incomplete comprehension, but the relationship between discharge communication needs and health literacy has not been well defined. The goal of this study was to characterize the variation in needs and preferences regarding the ED discharge process by health literacy and identify novel ideas for process improvement from parents and patients.MethodsThis was an in‐depth qualitative interview study in two EDs using asthma as a model system for health communication. Adult patients and parents of pediatric patients with an asthma exacerbation and planned discharge were enrolled using purposive sampling to balance across literacy groups at each site. Interviews were audiotaped, transcribed, coded independently by two team members, and analyzed using a modified grounded theory approach. Interviews were conducted until thematic saturation was reached in both literacy groups at each site.ResultsIn‐depth interviews were completed with 51 participants: 20 adult patients and 31 pediatric parents. The majority of participants identified barriers related to ED providers, such as use of medical terminology, and systems of care, such as absence of protected time for discharge communication. Patients with limited health literacy, but not those with adequate literacy, identified conflicting information between health care sources as a barrier to successful ED discharge.ConclusionsParticipants across literacy groups and settings identified multiple actionable areas for improvement in the ED discharge process. These included the use of simplified/lay language, increased visual learning and demonstration, and the desire for complete information. Individuals with limited literacy may particularly benefit from increased attention to consistency.
Reduced Social Network Drinking is Associated with Improved Response Inhibition in Women During Early Recovery from Alcohol Use Disorders: A Pilot Study
Authors: McCutcheon Vivia V. , Luke Douglas A. , Lessov‐Schlaggar Christina N. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundSocial support for recovery from alcohol use disorders (AUDs) is associated with improvements in self‐reported impulsive behavior in individuals treated for AUDs. We build on these findings using a behavioral task‐based measure of response inhibition, a well‐defined component of impulsivity, to examine the association of disinhibition with alcohol‐specific social network characteristics during early recovery.MethodsWomen (n = 28) were recruited from treatment for AUD within 3 to 4 weeks of their last drink and were assessed at baseline and again 3 months later. Outcome measures were level of disinhibition at baseline and change in disinhibition from baseline to follow‐up, measured using a computer‐based continuous performance test. The primary independent variables were level of drinking in the social network at baseline and change in network drinking from baseline to follow‐up.ResultsThe sample [50% black, age M (SD) = 42.3 (9.5)] reported high rates of physical and sexual abuse before age 13 (43%), psychiatric disorder (71%), drug use disorder (78%), and previous treatment (71%). More drinking in participants' social networks was associated with greater disinhibition at baseline (β = 12.5, 95% CI = 6.3, 18.7). A reduction in network drinking from baseline to follow‐up was associated with reduced disinhibition (β = −6.0, 95% CI = −11.3, −0.78) independent of IQ, recent alcohol consumption, and self‐reported negative urgency.ConclusionsThis study extends previous findings of an association between social networks and self‐reported impulsivity to a neurobehavioral phenotype, response inhibition, suggesting that abstinence‐supporting social networks may play a role in cognitive change during early recovery from AUDs.
The market premium for the option to close: evidence from Australian gold mining firms
Authors: Kelly Simone 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study shows the market value of gold mining firms contains a premium for the option to close. The sample uses 41 gold mining producers listed on the Australian Stock Exchange from 1987 to 2013. The premium of the market price over the present value of cash flows is isolated and a pooled cross‐sectional regression tests the degree of association between that premium and theoretical option premiums. The results show market prices incorporate a premium reflecting the option to temporarily close operations. The magnitude of the option premium to close depends on whether firms are out or in the money options.
Behaviours of phoretic mites (Acari) associated with Ips pini and Ips grandicollis (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) during host‐tree colonization
Authors: Pfammatter Jesse A. , Malas Kareem M. , Raffa Kenneth F. 
Published: December 2015

Studies on interactions between bark beetles and phoretic mites have focused largely on dispersal life stages. However, many of these interactions occur within trees, where beetles and mites develop. Within‐tree interactions are potentially important to beetle and mite reproduction, as well as beetle–mite phoretic pairings.
We performed experiments aiming to characterize the behaviours of mites associated with Ips pini (Say) and Ips grandicollis (Eichoff) during nondispersal life stages.
Mites are highly specific in the location on which they attach to beetles.
Detachment from beetles is elicited by cues associated with both beetle vectors and tree hosts. Beetle condition can trigger rapid mite departure and Iponemus confusus Lindquist detach more rapidly from beetles colonizing tissue amended with the host tree secondary compound α‐pinene than in un‐amended tissue.
Within‐plant movement by detached mites is elicited by host plant volatiles. In olfactometer assays, Dendrolaelaps quadrisetus (Berlese) preferred volatiles from beetle‐infested phloem over fresh phloem and blank controls.
Within host plant tissue, fungal symbionts of beetles provide a resource for mites. Histiogaster arborsignis Berlese fed and reproduced more successfully on Pinus resinosa (Ait) phloem inoculated with the symbiotic fungus Ophiostoma ips (Rumbold) than on phloem with the opportunistic fungus Aspergillus fumigatus or blank controls.
Aged‐care nurses in rural Tasmanian clinical settings more likely to think hypothetical medication error would be reported and disclosed compared to hospital and community nurses
Authors: Carnes Debra , Kilpatrick Sue , Iedema Rick 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveThis study aims to determine the likelihood that rural nurses perceive a hypothetical medication error would be reported in their workplace.DesignThis employs cross‐sectional survey using hypothetical error scenario with varying levels of harm.SettingClinical settings in rural Tasmania.ParticipantsParticipants were 116 eligible surveys received from registered and enrolled nurses.Main outcome measuresFrequency of responses indicating the likelihood that severe, moderate and near miss (no harm) scenario would ‘always’ be reported or disclosed.ResultsEighty per cent of nurses viewed a severe error would ‘always’ be reported, 64.8% a moderate error and 45.7% a near‐miss error. In regards to disclosure, 54.7% felt this was ‘always’ likely to occur for a severe error, 44.8% for a moderate error and 26.4% for a near miss. Across all levels of severity, aged‐care nurses were more likely than nurses in other settings to view error to ‘always’ be reported (ranging from 72–96%, P = 0.010 to 0.042,) and disclosed (68–88%, P = 0.000). Those in a management role were more likely to view error to ‘always’ be disclosed compared to those in a clinical role (50–77.3%, P = 0.008–0.024).ConclusionFurther research in rural clinical settings is needed to improve the understanding of error management and disclosure.
Promoting women's health in remote Aboriginal settings: Midwifery students' insights for practice
Authors: Thackrah Rosalie D. , Thompson Sandra C. , Durey Angela 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo describe midwifery students' insights on promoting health to Aboriginal women in remote Australia following a supervised clinical placement.DesignSemistructured, in‐depth interviews were conducted with all midwifery students who undertook the placement between 2010 and 2013.SettingAboriginal communities on the Ngaanyatjarra Lands, Western Australia.ParticipantsUndergraduate and postgraduate midwifery students from a Western Australian university.InterventionsRemote cultural immersion clinical placement.Main outcome measuresStudent learning related to culturally respectful health care delivery and promotion of health.ResultsStudents observed that, despite vast distances, high rates of participation in a breast screening program were achieved due to the informal provision of culturally relevant information and support. Opportunistic encounters in communities also enabled sexual health messages to be delivered more widely and in less formal settings. The role played by Aboriginal Health Workers and female family members was vital. The importance of culturally respectful approaches to sensitive women's business, including discretion, the use of local language and pictorial representations of information, was recognised as was the socio‐cultural context and its impact on the health and well‐being of the community.ConclusionsAlthough short in duration, the Ngaanyatjarra Lands clinical placement provided midwifery students with a rare opportunity to observe the importance of local contexts and cultural protocols in Aboriginal communities, and to adapt health promotion strategies to meet local needs and ways of doing things. These strategies embraced the strengths, assets and capacities of communities, yet students also witnessed challenges associated with access, delivery and acceptance of health care in remote settings.
The prevalence of and risk factors for prostatitis‐like symptoms and its relation to erectile dysfunction in Chinese men
Authors: Zhang Z. , Li Z. , Yu Q. , Wu C. , Lu Z. , Zhu F. , Zhang H. , Liao M. , Li T. , Chen W. , Xian X. , Tan A. , Mo Z. 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe aim of this study was to describe the prevalence of and risk factors for prostatitis‐like symptoms and its relation to erectile dysfunction (ED) among southern Chinese men. Data were collected from 2790 men attending the Fangchenggang Area Male Healthy and Examination Survey from September 2009 to December 2009. The prostatitis‐like symptoms were assessed by the NIH Chronic Prostatitis Symptom Index and ED was assessed using the 5‐item International Index of Erectile Function. Lifestyle and demographic characteristics were obtained through a questionnaire. Prevalence of prostatitis‐like symptoms was 12.4% among 2790 Chinese men aged 20–84 years. In smokers who smoked ≥20 cigarettes per day (age‐adjusted OR = 1.29; 95% CI = 1.00–1.66; p = 0.04), physical inactivity (age‐adjusted OR = 1.31; 95% CI = 1.03–1.66; p = 0.02) was a significant risk factor for prostatitis‐like symptoms. Alcohol consumption (daily drinking) also was a risk factor for prostatitis‐like symptoms, although the differences were not statistically significant (age‐adjusted OR = 1.36; 95% CI = 0.96–1.92; p = 0.07). Those with diabetes may also be at higher risk for prostatitis‐like symptoms (age‐adjusted OR = 1.37; 95% CI = 0.85–2.21; p = 0.19). In addition, men with ED were more likely to have had prostatitis‐like symptoms (age‐adjusted OR = 1.86; 95% CI = 0.47–2.36; p < 0.0001), and the ORs increased with increasing severity of ED status (mild ED, mild to moderate ED, and moderate to severe ED were 1.57, 2.62, and 3.24, respectively. Test for trend, p = 0.0001). Our results show that prostatitis‐like symptoms are prevalent in Southern China affecting men of all ages. Smoking, drinking, lack of physical activity, and elevated plasma glucose level were associated with an increased risk of prostatitis‐like symptoms. In addition, our results reveal that ED accounted for a large proportion (61.5%) among men with prostatitis‐like symptoms; we also confirm the magnitude of ED associated with prostatitis‐like symptoms. Thus, interventions to evaluate and improve ED might help ameliorate prostatitis‐like symptoms and vice versa.
Extracorporeal Life Support in Out‐of‐Hospital Refractory Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Rousse Natacha , Robin Emmanuel , Juthier Francis , Hysi Ilir , Banfi Carlo , Al Ibrahim Merie , Coadou Herve , Goldstein Patrick , Wiel Eric , Vincentelli Andre 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOut‐of‐Hospital refractory Cardiac Arrest (OHrCA) has a mortality rate between 90 and 95%. Since 2009, French medical academic societies have recommended the use of extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for OHrCA. According to these guidelines, patients were eligible for ECLS support if vital signs were still present during cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR), or if cardiac arrest was secondary to intoxication or hypothermia (≤32°C). Otherwise, patients would receive ECLS if (i) no‐flow duration was less than 5 min; (ii) time delays from CPR to ECLS start (low flow) were less than 100 min; and (iii) expiratory end tidal CO2 (ETCO2) was more than 10 mm Hg 20 min after initiating CPR. We have reported here our experience with ECLS in OHrCA according to the previous guidelines. We retrospectively analyzed mortality rates of patients supported with ECLS in case of OHrCA. From December 2009 to December 2013, 183 patients were assisted with ECLS, among which 32 cases were of OHrCA. Mean age for the OHrCA patients was 43.6 years. Over two‐thirds were male (71.9%). Causes of OHrCA included intoxication, isolated hypothermia <32°C, acute coronary syndrome, pulmonary edema, and other cardiac pathology. Despite adherence to protocols, only two patients (6.2%) with hypothermia and acute myocardium ischemia, respectively, could be discharged from hospital after cardiac recovery. Causes of death were brain death and multiple organ failure. Despite ECLS support setting in accordance with French guidelines in case of refractory OHrCA, mortality rates remained high. French ECLS support recommendations for OHrCA due to presumed cardiac cause should be re‐examined through new studies. Low flow duration should be improved by a shorter time of CPR before hospital transfer.
Intravenous isotonic fluids induced a positive trend in natraemia in children admitted to a general paediatric ward
Authors: Toledo Juan Diego , Morell Carlos , Vento Maximo 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimUsing hypotonic intravenous solutions for baseline fluid needs in paediatric patients on a nil by mouth diet may cause serious complications, including hyponatraemia, cerebral oedema and even death. We analysed the evolution of natraemia and explored any adverse effects on children treated with intravenous isotonic fluids.MethodsThis was a prospective study of 50 patients consecutively admitted to a general paediatric ward who were treated with isotonic intravenous fluids and on a nil by mouth diet.ResultsThe most prevalent diagnosis was acute gastroenteritis (64%). Hyponatraemia, defined as sodium in plasma of <135 mEq/L, affected 22% of the subjects, but none displayed this during the first postadmission analysis at a median of eight hours. Sodium levels changed by an average of +0.64 mEq/L/hour. The subgroup analysis (0.91 versus 0.56 mEq/L/hour, p = 0.02) and multiple linear regression (R2 = 0.756) showed a greater increase in sodium when patients had hyponatraemia on admission. Iatrogenic hyponatraemia was not detected, but two patients showed mild hypernatraemia and 35% developed clinically insignificant hyperchloraemia.ConclusionUsing intravenous isotonic fluids induced a positive trend in natraemia on a general paediatric ward, particularly if patients were hyponatraemic when admitted, and did not induce clinically relevant adverse effects.
Clinical effects of the use of a bipolar vessel sealing device for soft palate resection and tonsillectomy in dogs, with histological assessment of resected tonsillar tissue
Authors: Cook DA , Moses PA , Mackie JT 
Published: December 2015

ObjectiveTo investigate whether soft palate resection and tonsillectomy with a bipolar vessel sealing device (BVSD) improves clinical respiratory score. To document histopathological changes to tonsillar tissue following removal with a BVSD.Methods & ResultsCase series of 22 dogs with clinical signs of upper respiratory obstruction related to brachycephalic airway syndrome. Soft palate and tonsils were removed using a BVSD. Alarplasty and saccullectomy were also performed if indicated. A clinical respiratory score was assigned preoperatively, 24‐h postoperatively and 5 weeks postoperatively. Excised tonsillar samples were measured and then assessed histologically for depth of tissue damage deemed to be caused by the device. Depth of tissue damage was compared between two power settings of the device. Soft palate resection and tonsillectomy with a BVSD lead to a significant improvement in respiratory scores following surgery. Depth of tissue damage was significantly less for power setting 1 compared with power setting 2. Using power setting 1, median calculated depth of tonsillar tissue damage was 3.4 mm (range 1.2–8.0). One dog experienced major complications.ConclusionSoft palate resection and tonsillectomy with a BVSD led to significant improvement in clinical respiratory score.
Capabilities and Incapabilities of the Capabilities Approach to Health Justice
Authors: Selgelid Michael J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTThis first part of this article critiques Sridhar Venkatapuram's conception of health as a capability. It argues that Venkatapuram relies on the problematic concept of dignity, implies that those who are unhealthy lack lives worthy of dignity (which seems politically incorrect), sets a low bar for health, appeals to metaphysically problematic thresholds, fails to draw clear connections between appealed‐to capabilities and health, and downplays the importance/relevance of health functioning. It concludes by questioning whether justice entitlements should pertain to the capability for health versus health achievements, challenging Venkatapuram's claims about the strength of health entitlements, and demonstrating that the capabilities approach is unnecessary to address social determinants of health.