bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Brain System for Auditory Working Memory
Authors: Kumar Sukhbinder , Joseph Sabine , Gander Phillip E. , Barascud Nicolas , Halpern Andrea R. , Griffiths Timothy D. 
Published: April 2016

The brain basis for auditory working memory, the process of actively maintaining sounds in memory over short periods of time, is controversial. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging in human participants, we demonstrate that the maintenance of single tones in memory is associated with activation in auditory cortex. In addition, sustained activation was observed in hippocampus and inferior frontal gyrus. Multivoxel pattern analysis showed that patterns of activity in auditory cortex and left inferior frontal gyrus distinguished the tone that was maintained in memory. Functional connectivity during maintenance was demonstrated between auditory cortex and both the hippocampus and inferior frontal cortex. The data support a system for auditory working memory based on the maintenance of sound-specific representations in auditory cortex by projections from higher-order areas, including the hippocampus and frontal cortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTIn this work, we demonstrate a system for maintaining sound in working memory based on activity in auditory cortex, hippocampus, and frontal cortex, and functional connectivity among them. Specifically, our work makes three advances from the previous work. First, we robustly demonstrate hippocampal involvement in all phases of auditory working memory (encoding, maintenance, and retrieval): the role of hippocampus in working memory is controversial. Second, using a pattern classification technique, we show that activity in the auditory cortex and inferior frontal gyrus is specific to the maintained tones in working memory. Third, we show long-range connectivity of auditory cortex to hippocampus and frontal cortex, which may be responsible for keeping such representations active during working memory maintenance.
Cómo observar el impacto del $i$-ésimo registro sobre el coeficiente de determinación al ajustar un modelo de regresión lineal múltiple
Authors: Fernández Luis Alejandro , Rincón Luis Francisco 
Published: April 2016

En este artículo se expone un procedimiento para calcular el coeficiente de determinación $ R^2_{i} $, del modelo de regresión lineal múltiple $\, Y=X\beta+e$ ajustado después de eliminar el $i$-ésimo registro. El procedimiento permite observar el comportamiento del coeficiente de determinación, cuando el registro eliminado es influyente para la suma de cuadrados residual $SCE$ según la estadística $Q_{i}$. Se incluye la sintaxis para realizar los cálculos en R.
Enfoque bayesiano para obtener las tasas de transición en un modelo de estados múltiples. Aplicación a datos sobre artritis reumatoide
Authors: Salazar U. Juan Carlos , Iral P. René , Correa M. Juan Carlos , Rojas V. Adriana , Anaya Juan M. 
Published: April 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Los modelos de estados múltiples han demostrado ser de utilidad para el análisis de datos longitudinales, particularmente aquellos que involucran información acerca de la progresión de una enfermedad a través del tiempo. Por otra parte, los métodos bayesianos son útiles en situaciones de alta complejidad cuando se usan técnicas como Monte Carlo Markov Chain. En este trabajo se implementa un método bayesiano basado en el muestreador de Gibbs con el fin de obtener las tasas de transición que gobiernan un modelo de tres estados con estructura markoviana de primer orden. Estas tasas de transición se vinculan con las covariables por medio de un modelo del tipo Andersen-Gill. De esta manera, la estimación óptima de los efectos de las covariables permitirá obtener mejores estimaciones de las tasas de transición. Esta técnica bayesiana se compara vía simulación con la técnica de estimación estudiada por Iral &amp; Salazar (2007) y con un método basado en la discretización del soporte de la distribución posterior. Finalmente, estas técnicas de estimación se ilustran usando datos reales sobre pacientes colombianos con artritis reumatoide. </span></p></div></div></div>
Superposition of two optical vortices with opposite integer or non-integer orbital angular momentum
Authors: Diaz Meza Carlos Fernando , Torres Moreno Yezid , Acevedo Caceres Cristian Hernando 
Published: April 2016

<p>This work develops a brief proposal to achieve the superposition of two opposite vortex beams, both with integer or non-integer mean value of the orbital angular momentum. The first part is about the generation of this kind of spatial light distributions through a modified Brown and Lohmann’s hologram. The inclusion of a simple mathematical expression into the pixelated grid’s transmittance function, based in Fourier domain properties, shifts the diffraction orders counterclockwise and clockwise to the same point and allows the addition of different modes. The strategy is theoretically and experimentally validated for the case of two opposite rotation helical wavefronts.</p>
The installation of a common rail diesel engine on a light helicopter of the eurocopter EC120 class
Authors: Frizziero Leonardo , Piancastelli Luca 
Published: April 2016

<p>A feasibility study for the installation of a CRDID (Common Rail Direct Injection Diesel) on a light helicopter is introduced. The total mass available for the CRDID is evaluated starting from fuel consumption and helicopter data. The conversion of an automotive unit was discarded to excessive mass and excessive costs of the conversion. A derivative of an automotive engine was then considered. This solution proved to be feasible. The installation of the new CRDID was then studied. The turbocharger and the cooling system were defined for the application. The result was the evaluation of the power plant installation mass that proved to be much lower than the maximum admissible. The installation is then possible.</p>
Software to manage transformers using intelligent electronic device
Authors: Fortes Marcio Zamboti , Fernandes Henrique Santos , Moura Matheus B. , Guadelupe Paulo C.C. , Fernandes Natália Castro 
Published: April 2016

<p>Power companies usually answer the increase in power demand by building new generation facilities. Nevertheless, an efficient use of energy could reduce and delay the costs of investment in new power plants. This paper shows a software system to manage transformers and evaluate losses when they work with zero loads. This system contributes to reduce the waste of energy with some simple actions such as shutting off an unused transformer or reconnecting disabled equipment based on the customer’s demand. It uses real time measurements collected from Intelligent Electronic Devices as a base for software decisions. It also measures and reports the total power saving.</p>
EDUCATION IN TIMES NET GENERATION: HOW DIGITAL IMMIGRANTS CAN TEACH DIGITAL NATIVES
Authors: Chaves Hamilton Viana , Maia Filho Osterne Nonato , Melo Armando Sérgio Emerenciano de 
Published: April 2016

Members of the knowledge society, of the network society or of the informatics society are some names that seem to define the current generation. Net generation is a generic nomenclature which covers all the previous terms. Digital immigrants are the subjects whom were born before the advent of digital technologies and who joined to them. Digital natives are the subjects whom were born in the current generation and that would have special qualities, especially regarding the learning process. Considering all this context, a question arises: how the digital immigrants teach the digital natives? This item justifies itself because there is a meeting of generations, in theory, significantly differentiated. Due to this, it would be necessary to identify the appropriate educational forms according to the presented situation. Our teaching experience convinces us that, yes, we should valorize the information’s technologies and communication, understanding that these are means, not ends. It is important to highlight that any tool causes advances and regressions, a fact that serves to guide our teaching practice.
CREATING A PROLONGED FORM OF ACETYLSALICYLIC ACID: AN EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH
Authors: Sevastianov V. I. , Popov V. K. , Belov V. Yu. , Kursakov S. V. , Antonov E. N. , Bogorodsky S. E. 
Published: April 2016

Aim.The development of a prolonged form of acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) encapsulated into polymeric highly porous microcarriers using supercritical carbon dioxide and the subsequent study of ASA release kinetics in vitro and in vivo using high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC).Materials and methods.As polymeric carriers for ASA encapsulation amorphous D,L-polylactides (PLA) and polylactoglycolides (PLGA) of PURASORB PDL02 and PDLG7502 series (PURAC Biochem BV, Netherlands) were selected. The ASA encapsulation was performed using the PGSS (Particles from Gas Saturated Solutions) method of supercritical fl uid formation of microfi ne (20–50 μm) bioresorbable powders of aliphatic polyethers containing 10 wt.% ASA. The release kinetics of ASA from polymeric microparticles into saline solution as well as pharmacokinetic studies in vivo (rabbits) were registered by HPLC.Results.A method of quantitative determination of ASA and its main metabolite salicylic acid (SA) in model solution and blood plasma by HPLC-UV detection with enhanced sample preparation and selectivity was developed. The method’s analytical range without accounting for dilution was 0.05–5.0 μg/ml for model solution and 0.2–10.0 μg/ml for blood plasma; the degree of extraction of ASA SA from blood plasma – 95.8 and 98.1%, respectively. It was demonstrated that the amount of ASA released from PLA during the fi rst 4 h exceeds the mass of ASA released from PLGA by approximately 25% which may serve as a justifi cation for the selection of PLGA as a carrier for the creation of a prolonged form of ASA. Pharmacokinetic studies (rabbits, n = 3) demonstrated a gradual release of ASA from PLGA microparticles during 24 h after intramuscular implantation of encapsulated form of ASA at the dose of 10 mg/kg.Conclusion.Test samples of highly porous microfi ne powders of PLGA obtained by PGSS containing up to 10 wt.% ASA may serve as source prototypes for the development and creation on their basis of a prolonged form of ASA.
EXPERIENCE OF PERFUSION RECELLULARIZATION OF BIOLOGICAL LUNG SCAFFOLD IN RATS
Authors: Kuevda E. V. , Gubareva E. A. , Sotnichenko A. S. , Gumenyuk I. S. , Gilevich I. V. , Polyakov I. S. , Porhanov V. A. , Alekseenko S. N. , Macchiarini P. 
Published: April 2016

Aim.The main aim of our research is to evaluate the process of rat lung decellularization and recellularization as the initial step of tissue-engineered organs creation.Materials and methods.Rat lung decellularization was performed by perfusion with detergents and enzymes with concomitant atmospheric air ventilation through the trachea. The quality of decellularization was analyzed with routine histological and immunohistochemical staining techniques, DNA content was determined quantitatively by spectrophotometer. For static and whole organ reseeding as a model of cells’ behavior mesenchymal multipotent stromal cells were used. Recellularization was followed by assessment of the cellular metabolic activity by colorimetric method; cell viability was analyzed by calcein and ethidium homodimer staining. Matrix qualitative evaluation after recellularization was performed using immunohistochemical staining methods.Results.92% of allogeneic DNA was eliminated after decellularization. Histological staining revealed no residual cells and cell nuclei; preservation of the fibers of extracellular matrix was confirmed by immunohistochemical staining for laminin, elastin, fibronectin, collagen types I and IV before and after decellularization. The scaffold does not exhibit toxic properties after reseeding; cell viability and metabolic activity were proved after cultivation.Conclusion.The experience of rat lung decellularization and recellularization can be the prospective basis for protocols of organ recellularization and tissue engineered lungs creation.
INFLUENCE OF BONE MARROW MSCs ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF POSTTRANSPLANT CHANGES IN KIDNES
Authors: Onishchenko N. A. , Meshcherin S. S. , Ilyinsky I. M. , Sevastianov V. I. 
Published: April 2016

Aim:to study of infl uence of various doses of autologous BM MSCs on the development of chronic transplant nephropathy in a decentralized kidney using kidney autotransplantation model (KAT).Materials and methods.Five groups of experiments were performed on 105 Wistar rats. The model of kidney autotransplantation by means of surgical decentralization (denervation – delymphatization) and infl ammation induction with kidney antigen and Freund’s adjuvant was created in groups I, II and III. Group I served as a decentralization control (control 1). In groups II and III autologous BM MSCs were injected intravenously once 35–40 days after surgery – a high dose in group II: 3.0–5.0×106 cells; a low dose in group III: 0.3–0.5×106 cells; group IV served as intact control; group V served as intact control with the injection of the same dose of BM MSCs as in group II. Kidney excretory functions (diuresis, creatinine, urea, protein in blood and urine, sodium excretion) and morphology were examined during months 3, 5 and 7–10.Results.In all five groups over the study duration nitrogen excretion was not disrupted. High doses of BM MSCs after KAT modeling resulted after month 3 in pronounced proteinuria in all rats (3–3.5 times more than in group I) and gradually decreased diuresis; histologically severe focal cell infiltration and the accumulation of protein masses in lumina of glomeruli and tubules were observed. By month 10 glomerular and tubulointerstitial focal sclerosis was developed. Low doses of BM MSCs after KAT modeling led to gradual decrease of proteinuria after month 3 reaching the initial values by months 5 and 7 of observation; histologically rare foci of cellular infiltration around glomeruli were observed.Conclusion.A single application of low doses of BM MSCs is capable of protective desensitizing infl uence on the tissue of decentralized kidney and can prolong the duration of kidney function without signs of pronounced damage, while under the same conditions high doses of autologous BM MSCs lead to accelerated development of severe chronic transplant nephropathy.
Synergistic Efficacy of Antibiotics and Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Eichhornia crassipes
Authors: Basker S 
Published: April 2016

<p><strong>The increasing prevalence of bacterial resistance has made an important public health issue in the present scenario. Thus it is urging to develop alternate and more effective therapeutic strategies to treat both Gram-negative and Gram-positive microbes.</strong> <strong>Now a days silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized biologically gaining much importance with different applications as they are nontoxic and eco-friendliness.</strong> <strong>The antimicrobial activity of biosynthesized silver nanoparticles synthesized from aqueous extracts of</strong><strong><em> Eichhornia crassipes</em></strong><strong> was evaluated with the panel of antibiotics </strong><strong>like vancomycin, penicillin, streptomycin and tetracycline</strong><strong> and microorganisms </strong><strong>in the category of either gram positive or gram negative type.</strong><strong> <em>E. coli</em> and <em>S. aureus </em>proved to be effective with highest zone formation. In addition, possible synergistic effects of antibiotics were loaded with standard concentration of 20</strong> <strong>μl</strong><strong> of AgNPs and the effect of inhibition was highest in the antibiotic Tetracycline followed by Streptomycin, Vancomycin and Penicillin with different tested microbes. </strong><strong>The synergistic association of antibiotics with biosynthesized metallic silver nanoparticles proved to be effective against the tested microbes than control. The antibiotics showed higher zone of inhibition when added to AgNPs.</strong></p>
Estrategias de desarrollo, política social y reducción de la pobreza: experiencias desde Irlanda
Authors: Kirby Peadar 
Published: April 2016

Este artículo ofrece un breve repaso de las principales estrategias de desarrollo usadas por el estado irlandés, de las políticas sociales asociadas a ellas y de su impacto en la pobreza. Aunque el artículo descri
be el contexto desde la independencia de Irlanda en 1922, su foco de atención se centra en el periodo posterior a los años ochenta, porque este es el periodo en el que se implantaron estas políticas y se asocia con el estallido de los años noventa, que hizo que Irlanda pasara a ser ampliamente conocida como el “Tigre Céltico”. El objeto del artículo es la República de Irlanda (conocida como el Estado Libre Irlandés desde 1922 a 1937 y como Eire desde 1937 a 1949). Comienza ofreciendo una panorámica de las principales estrategias de desarrollo llevadas a cabo por el estado desde 1922 a 1980, y sus resultados en los niveles de pobreza -tanto como podemos conocer dichos niveles-. El segundo apartado examina la crisis de los primeros años ochenta y las respuestas de desarrollo y de política social a esa crisis en las que descansan los fundamentos del “Tigre Céltico”. El apartado siguiente perfila la naturaleza del éxito económico conseguido, identificando los principales motores del crecimiento económico y su impacto en el mercado de trabajo e identificando también las tendencias en los niveles de pobreza y de desigualdad. La cuarta y última sección busca explicar la correlación de los resultados del desarrollo y la distribución en el desarrollo irlandés reciente, preguntándose por los motivos de la correlación entre un alto crecimiento económico y los incrementos en la pobreza y un declinar en el esfuerzo para conseguir el bienestar.
EFFECT OF GARLIC POWDER ADDITION TO GELATIN BIOCOMPOSITE ON ITS ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY
Authors: Kusuma Pramudita Putri , Fadillah Ganjar , Syaima Husna , Saraswati Teguh Endah 
Published: April 2016

<p>The addition of garlic powder to gelatin from chicken claw waste was potentially developed as a natural preservative in food, especially for meat. Preparation of gelatin/garlic biocomposite was performed in three stages: synthesis of gelatin from chicken claw, garlic powder preparation as allicin source and preparation of biocomposite gelatin/garlic. The preparation of dry biocomposites was done by weighing the gelatin and garlic powder in weight ratio of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 (w/w) in the total mass of 0.75 grams. For wet biocomposite preparation, the mixture of the powder was solved in 5 mL of lactic acid 2 %. Functional groups of gelatin, garlic and biocomposite were analyzed by <em>f</em><em>ourier transform infrared spectroscopy</em> (FTIR). The antibacterial activity of biocomposite against <em>Staphylococcus aureus</em> were tested using disc diffusion method. This test was performed on garlic powder, solvent and gelatin/garlic biocomposites powder in the ratio of 1 : 1 and 1 : 2 in 2 % lactic acid solvent. The biocomposite with a weight ratio of gelatin : garlic of 1 : 1 had the optimum diameter of inhibition zone. The effectiveness of biocomposite gelatin/garlic as natural preservative applied in meat was also physically studied by organoleptic analysis. Organoleptic analysis through the hedonic test was conducted on the parameters of color, smell, and texture of gelatin/garlic biocomposites-coated meat. The results showed that the addition of garlic can increase the effectiveness of gelatin as a natural preservative of meat for four days stored in closed packaging at room temperature.</p>
Activity Level and Severity of Dysplasia Predict Age at Bernese Periacetabular Osteotomy for Symptomatic Hip Dysplasia
Authors: Matheney Travis , Zaltz Ira , Kim Young-Jo , Schoenecker Perry , Millis Michael , Podeszwa David , Zurakowski David , Beaulé Paul , Clohisy John ,   on behalf of the ANCHOR Study Group
Published: April 2016

Background:
The age when patients present for treatment of symptomatic developmental dysplasia of the hip with periacetabular osteotomy (PAO) varies widely. Modifiable factors influencing age at surgery include preexisting activity level and body mass index (BMI). The severity of the hip dysplasia has also been implicated as a factor influencing the age at arthritis onset. The purpose of this study was to determine whether activity level, BMI, and severity of dysplasia are independent predictors of age of presentation for PAO.

Methods:
A retrospective, institutional review board-approved review of prospectively collected data from a multicenter study group identified 708 PAOs performed for developmental dysplasia of the hip. Demographic factors that were considered in the analysis included age at surgery, BMI, history of hip disorder or treatment, and duration of symptoms. The severity of the developmental dysplasia of the hip was assessed by radiographic measurement of the lateral and anterior center-edge angles and acetabular inclination. Activity level was assessed with the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) activity score. Spearman correlations and t tests were used for univariable analysis. Multivariable regression analysis using generalized estimating equations was applied to determine independent predictors of age at PAO.

Results:
Univariable analysis indicated that age at presentation for treatment of PAO correlated with the lateral and anterior center-edge angles (p < 0.001), UCLA score (p < 0.001), and BMI (p = 0.04). Since the lateral and anterior center-edge angles were similarly correlated (Spearman rho = 0.61, p < 0.001), the lateral center-edge angle alone was used to classify the severity of the developmental dysplasia of the hip. Multivariable linear regression confirmed that a high UCLA score and severe hip dysplasia were independent predictors of age at PAO (p < 0.001).

Conclusions:
A high activity level and severe dysplasia lead to the development of symptoms and presentation for PAO at significantly younger ages. The combination of these two factors has an even greater effect on decreasing the age at presentation for hip-preserving surgery. An increased BMI was not independently associated with a younger age at surgery. Modifying activity level may be beneficial in terms of delaying the onset of symptoms from developmental dysplasia of the hip.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level IV. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.