bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Theory of the Apparatus and Theory of the Phenomena: The Case of Low Dose Electron Microscopy
Authors: Swijtink Zeno G. 
Published: January 2016

Electron microscopy, and in particular low dose electron microscopy, offers interesting cases of experimental techniques where the theory of the phenomena studied and the theory of the apparatus used, are intertwined. A single primary exposure usually does not give an interpretable image, and computerized image enhancement techniques are used to create from multiple exposures a single, visually meaningful image. Some of the enhancement programs start from informed guesses at the structure of the specimen and use the primary exposures in a series of corrections to arrive at a image that can be read by trained observers.In this paper I describe in the general deterministic case the possible relations between phenomena theory and instrument theory. I give a Bayesian criterion for when an experiment is a test of the theory of the apparatus, rather than a test of the theory of the phenomena, and describe strategies used to ensure that tests of the theory of the phenomena are possible.
Hidden Agendas: Knowledge and Verification
Authors: Lewis Joia 
Published: January 2016

Schlick has been accused of a number of philosophical sins over the years, most notably his rather casual, and frequent, traversing of the borders between language, experience, and reality. While we allow our scientists the freedom to roam creatively throughout the peripheral regions of Epistemology and Metaphysics, we are not so tolerant of our philosophers. We know that Schlick gave up the physics laboratory for the philosopher’s armchair, and we expect him to stick to a particular position.Schlick’s colleagues in the Vienna Circle were not totally blameless in this regard, either, and it may be that part of the charm of their work is precisely their inability to stick to the positions that solidified over 2500 years of western philosophy.
Belief Revision and Relevance
Authors: Gärdenfors Peter 
Published: January 2016

The theory of belief revision deals with models of states of belief and transitions between states of belief. The goal of the theory is to describe what should happen when you update a state of belief with new information. In the most interesting case, the new information is inconsistent with what you believe. This means that some of the old beliefs have to be deleted if one wants to remain within a consistent state of belief. A guiding idea is that the change should be minimal so that as few of the old beliefs as possible are given up.A central problem for the theory of belief revision is what is meant by a minimal change of a state of belief. The solution to this problem depends to a large extent on the model of a state of belief that is adopted.
Law Along the Frontier: Differential Equations and Their Boundary Conditions
Authors: Wilson Mark 
Published: January 2016

This essay will survey various considerations that arise when a branch of physics requires formulation in terms of partial differential equations (or some facsimile thereof). My examples will derive almost exclusively from classical continuum (=smeared out matter) mechanics. Although the relevant formal facts are well known, it is difficult to find coherent discussions of how the underlying phenomena ought to be viewed. In this paper, I will give an introduction to some of the issues, although I will confess at the outset that I am not certain how these matters should be finally adjudicated. Certainly it would be helpful if philosophy paid more attention to the underlying issues.Some of the points I will discuss bear upon some of Professor Sklar’s observations. Although my attention will be largely directed towards the status of boundary conditions (and related forms of singular surface), many of my examples can be adapted, mutatis mutandis, to initial conditions as well.
The Collapse of Collective Defeat: Lessons from the Lottery Paradox
Authors: Korb Kevin B. 
Published: January 2016

Logicism as a philosophical enterprise died a sudden and unnatural death in the early 1930s. The logicist program was an attempt to secure our mathematical knowledge in the indubitable bedrock of our a priori logical intuitions. It was a program very much impressed by the remarkable achievements in formal logic and axiomatics in the early century. While that program is well dead and gone, a research program within artificial intelligence (AI) has come to be known by the same name, sharing with its homonymous predecessor at least that program’s esteem for logic.Logicism in AI, briefly, is the view that prerequisite to developing an artificially intelligent system we must find means for representing and reasoning with a vast store of prepositional knowledge and that the only viable candidates for representing prepositional knowledge are formal logics (and their associated formal languages).
When is a Physical Theory Relativistic?
Authors: Sypel Roland , Brown Harvey R. 
Published: January 2016

It may be thought that the question ‘when is a physical theory relativistic?’ has a fairly straightforward answer, namely: ‘when it is Galilean invariant’ (for classical mechanics) or ‘Lorentz invariant’ (for special relativity). In the context of the modern ‘spacetime theory’ approach to relativity physics, the answer is more elaborate, in the interests of greater precision. In this paper, we examine two recent discussions of the issue, or aspects of it, found in a 1990 paper of Arntzenius and the well-known 1983 study of Friedman.Arntzenius constructs a ‘sure-fire method’ of constructing a Lorentz invariant spacetime theory from a non Lorentz invariant one. We argue that if the original theory is anything like a typical dynamical theory in physics, its ‘completeness’—in a sense to be defined—will render the new theory underdetermined.
Reasoning Strategies in Molecular Biology: Abstractions, Scans and Anomalies
Authors: Darden Lindley , Cook Michael 
Published: January 2016

In the spring of 1994, Lindley Darden spent five months as a visitor in Joshua Lederberg's Laboratory for Molecular Genetics and Informatics (MGI) at Rockefeller University. Michael Cook is a Research Associate in the MGI Lab. This paper discusses reasoning strategies at use in that lab. In Part I, Lindley Darden recounts her experiences in the lab and discusses reasoning strategies that she observed in use there. In Part II, Michael Cook presents a technique of methodical hypothesis generation in the light of an anomaly for a model.The reasoning strategies to be discussed in this paper are reasoning in hypothesis formation, reasoning in experimental design, and reasoning to generate hypotheses in the light of an anomaly. More specifically, the reasoning strategies may be characterized as (1) abstraction-instantiation (Darden, 1987; 1991; Darden and Cain, 1989), (2) the systematic scan (Lederberg, 1965), and (3) modular anomaly resolution (Darden, 1991; 1992; forthcoming).
Convergence in Radical Probabilism
Authors: Skyrms Brian 
Published: January 2016

The obvious move is to deny that the notion of knowledge has the importance generally attributed to it, and to try to make the concept of belief do the work that philosophers have assigned to the grander concept. I shall argue that this is the right move.- Richard Jeffrey“Probable Knowledge”Richard Jeffrey advocates fallibilism in the form of radical probabilism. Degrees of belief are the objects of prime interest to epistemology and it is rarely plausible that they should take the extreme form of certainty. In particular the creation of certainties by the process of belief change by conditionalization is not necessary:… for a certain strict point of view, it is rarely or never that there is a proposition for which the direct effect of an observation will be to change the observer's degree of belief in that proposition to 1 … (Jeffrey 1968)
After Representation: Science Studies in the Performative Idiom
Authors: Pickering Andy 
Published: January 2016

Satisfied that the sequence of men led to nothing and that the sequence of their society could lead no further, while the mere sequence of time was artificial, and the sequence of thought was chaos, he turned at last to the sequence of force; and thus it happened that, after ten years’ pursuit, he found himself lying in the Gallery of Machines at the Great Exposition of 1900, his historical neck broken by the sudden irruption of forces totally new.Henry Adams, The Education of Henry Adams.This essay is about science studies: history, philosophy and sociology of science, etc. My interest is in where the field is now and where I would like it go. Taking my cue from actor-network theory, my central theme is agency—questions of who acts? who does what to whom, how and why? And to develop this theme I contrast two different idioms for thinking about science—two different metaphysics—which I call the representational and the performative idioms.
Collaboration and communication
Authors: Rogers Peter , Burnside-Lawry Judy , Dragisic Jelenko , Mills Colleen 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provide a case study of Participatory Action Research (PAR), reporting on a collaboration, communication and disaster resilience workshop in Sydney, Australia. The goal of the workshop was to explore the challenges that organisations perceive as blockages to building community disaster resilience; and, through collaborative practitioner-led activities, identify which of those challenges could be best addressed through a deeper engagement with communication research.

Design/methodology/approach
– The authors link communication, collaboration and disaster resilience through the lens of PAR, detailing how communication and resilience experts can collaborate to improve disaster prevention, management and mitigation practice.

Findings
– The authors identify a number of theoretical considerations in understanding horizontal and vertical interfaces for improved communication. The authors also highlight how practical collaborative workshops can draw on communication researchers to facilitate collaborative resilience activities. PAR is shown to help move participant focus from resolving inter/intra-organisational tensions to facilitating public good, offering evidence-based recommendations which will foster a more reflexive and communicative approach to building disaster resilient communities.

Research limitations/implications
– This paper does not seek to apply community resilience to the general public, no community representatives were present at the workshop. This does not mean that the focus is on organisational resilience. Rather the authors apply PAR as a way to help organisations become more engaged with PAR, communication research and collaborative practice. PAR is a tool for organisations to use in building community resilience, but also a means to reflect on their practice. Whilst this should help organisations in building more resilient communities the take up of practice by participants outside of the workshop is a matter for future research.

Practical implications
– This method of collaborative resilience building could significantly improve the shared responsibility amongst key organisations, mobilising skills and building awareness of integrated resilience thinking in practice for stakeholders in disaster management activities.

Originality/value
– This paper provides original evidence-based research, showing the linkages between communication theory, collaboration practice and the tools used by organisations tasked with building community resilience. This innovative synthesis of skills can aid in building PAR led disaster resilience across prevention, preparation and mitigation activities for all potential hazards, threats and/or risks, however, it will be particularly of interest to organisations engaged in community resilience building activities.
Structural, electrical and microwave properties of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) thick film ceramics
Authors: Pawar R.P. , Puri Vijaya 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
– This paper aims to study the structural, electrical and microwave properties of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) thick-film ceramics.

Design/methodology/approach
– The thick films of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0) on the alumina substrate have been delineated using screen printing technique. The structural analysis was carried out using an X-ray diffraction method and scanning electron microscopy. The direct current (DC) electrical resistivity is measured using a two-probe method. Microwave absorption was studied in the 8-18 GHz frequency range by using the Waveguide Reflectometer Method. The permittivity and permeability in the 8-18 GHz frequency range were measured by using Voltage Standing Wave Ratio slotted section method.

Findings
– The thick films have orthorhombic perovskite structure with dominant (020) plane. By using first-principle calculation method, theoretical and experimental lattice parameter and cell volume of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 are matched with each other. The cobalt content changes the morphology from plates to needles. The DC electrical resistivity increases with increase in Co content and decreases with increase in temperature. (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 thick film shows 75 per cent microwave absorption both in the X band and Ku band. The microwave permittivity and permeability decreases with increase in frequency and Co content.

Originality/value
– Structural, electrical and microwave properties of (Sr0.6Ca0.4) (CoyMn1−y) O3 (0.2 ≤ y ≤ 1.0). Thick film ceramics on alumina substrate is reported for the first time.
An inquiry into the causes and effects of the variolae (or Cow‐pox. 1798)
Authors: Jenson Alfred B. , Ghim Shin‐je , Sundberg John P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFew papers have had a greater impact on the health of the human species than the simple, yet elegant, observations and clinical trials of Edward Jenner with what was at the time called the Cow Pox. In fact, this was a naturally attenuated rodent (probably rat) pox that could infect horses and, through farriers and farm hands, dairy cattle. While commonly called the Cow Pox at the time, Jenner's transmission studies between humans used infectious materials from horses. His methods provided protection from the serious effects of smallpox infections. In 1977, smallpox was considered to be eradicated, although people continue to be infected by pox viruses from other mammalian species. We consider this to be our ‘favorite historical paper’ because it emphasizes careful clinical observation followed by relatively simple clinical testing can have a profound influence on human health, even when almost nothing is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms. Continued follow‐up with strict attention to detail resulted in a crude but effective way to deal with an epidemic, methods still used today for containing infectious diseases.
Regulating Pharmaceutical Industry Marketing: Development, Enforcement, and Outcome of Marketing Rules
Authors: Mulinari Shai 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis essay reviews work in sociology and cognate fields regarding pharmaceutical marketing and its regulation. In particular, it considers how this literature contributes to a better understanding of the process of pharmaceuticalization, defined as “the translation or transformation of human conditions, capabilities, and capacities into opportunities for pharmaceutical intervention.” The review addresses two research areas that offer productive avenues of investigations of the marketing‐regulatory nexus in the context of pharmaceuticalization. The first concerns the sociopolitical mechanisms underlying development and enforcement of marketing rules. The second considers the impact of rules and enforcement schemes on corporate marketing practices and, consequently, on the shaping of pharmaceutical markets and health.
Phase 2, randomised placebo-controlled trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an anti-GM-CSF antibody (KB003) in patients with inadequately controlled asthma
Authors: Molfino Nestor A , Kuna Piotr , Leff Jonathan A , Oh Chad K , Singh Dave , Chernow Marlene , Sutton Brian , Yarranton Geoffrey 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesWe wished to evaluate the effects of an antigranulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor monoclonal antibody (KB003) on forced expiratory volume in 1 s (FEV1), asthma control and asthma exacerbations in adult asthmatics inadequately controlled by long-acting bronchodilators and inhaled/oral corticosteroids.Settings47 ambulatory asthma care centres globally.Primary outcome measuresChange in FEV1at week 24.Participants311 were screened, 160 were randomised and 129 completed the study.Interventions7 intravenous infusions of either 400 mg KB003 or placebo at baseline and weeks 2, 4, 8, 12, 16 and 20.Primary and secondary outcome measuresFEV1at week 24, asthma control, exacerbation rates and safety in all participants as well as prespecified subgroups.Main resultsIn the KB003 treated group, FEV1at week 24 improved to 118 mL compared with 54 mL in the placebo group (p=0.224). However, FEV1improved to 253 vs 26 mL at week 24 (p=0.02) in eosinophilic asthmatics (defined as >300 peripheral blood eosinophils/mL at baseline) and comparable improvements were seen at weeks 20 (p=0.034) and 24 (p=0.077) in patients with FEV1reversibility ≥20% at baseline and at weeks 4 (p=0.029), 16 (p=0.018) and 20 (p=0.006) in patients with prebronchodilator FEV1≤50% predicted at baseline. There were no effects on asthma control or exacerbation rates. The most frequent adverse events in the KB003 group were rhinosinusitis and headache. There was no significant difference in antidrug antibody response between placebo and treated groups. There were no excess infections or changes in biomarkers known to be associated with the development of pulmonary alveolar proteinosis.ConclusionsHigher doses and/or further asthma phenotyping may be required in future studies with KB003.Trial registration numberNCT01603277; Results.
Japanese cultural and ethical
Ba
(locus) as the place of new sources for technological and social innovation as well as for ethical discussions on robots and life in the information era
Authors: Nakada Makoto 
Published: January 2016

In the first part of this paper, the author tries to analyze the crisis that Japanese people of today face, citing various statistical data provided by the Japanese government and the research groups interested in this problem including the author's research data themselves. This crisis means that Japan of today has to deal with a lot of serious situations such as the economic stagnation measured by the GDP growth, loss of export capacity of high-tech industries, the high suicide rate, the decline of the local economy and so on. The important thing regarding this Japan's decline is the fact that these serious situations have started to appear in that time of so-called 'informatization.'

In the second part of this paper, the author attempts to find out the factors related to these serious situations in Japan of today. In the author's view, one of the most important factors affecting Japan's culture, society and industries might be a loss of 'depth' of Japanese culture and society, or (loss of) awareness of the place (
Ba
) from which people can extract various meanings of life coming from Japanese cultural traditions, senses of 'oneness' or the experiences in the past history.

The phenomenon of loss of cultural depth or loss of awareness of
Ba
-related meanings is one of the most serious problems in Japan today and this leads to serious problems such as high suicide rate in Japan since 1998. But on the other hand, at least at a latent level, it was found through the author's own previous researches [11, 12, 13, 14, 15] that Japanese people still tend to show strong sympathy for the meanings related to
Seken
, i.e. the traditional aspect of Japanese culture and society or
Ba
with traditional cultural, ethical, existential meanings.

And finally, the author wants to focus on 'another depth' which seems to be related to traditional ways of understanding of oneness(
Ichinyo
) in Japan, i.e. the world view putting emphasis on the situations of undifferentiation of things, persons, events, nature.

In addition to this kind of traditional oneness, we have to carefully see some sort of 'artificial oneness' including emergence of autonomous robots or phenomena related to 'rubber hand illusion,' 'mirror box therapy' and so on: 'artificial oneness' happening in the artificial environments in the information era.
In this sense, the attempt the author tries in this paper might be regarded as the first one with the aim to (re) discover the 'depth' in Japan in the information era and at the same time the pioneer work to try to (re) gain the 'depth' in the fields of studies on information society and on the relation(s) between information technologies and the meanings of life with 'depth' and with 'width' beyond the differentiation of things and persons at the surface level too.
In Situ and Satellite Evaluation of Air–Sea Flux Variation near Ocean Temperature Gradients
Authors: Plagge Amanda , Edson James B. , Vandemark Douglas 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Observations of ocean–atmosphere coupling across persistent mesoscale sea surface temperature (SST) gradients are used to examine the controls of atmospheric stability, pressure gradient force, and heat flux that are considered central to oft-observed coupling between wind and SST. Moored air–sea flux measurements near the Gulf Stream are combined with QuikSCAT satellite scatterometer equivalent neutral wind (ENW) data to assess correlations between SST, air–sea fluxes, pressure, and wind perturbations at scales of 10–100 days. The net effect of ocean fronts meandering past the site enabled buoy observation of SST impacts on wind, with coupling coefficients of 0.3–0.5 similar to past studies. Wind stress–SST and ENW–SST correlation coefficients are slightly higher, and roughly 20% of the ENW perturbation is attributed to stratification impacts predicted by Monin–Obukhov (MO) similarity theory. Significantly higher correlation is observed when relating wind or stress perturbations to buoyant heat flux variation. Atmospheric pressure perturbation with SST of order 0.5 hPa °C−1 is observed, as well as high negative correlation between wind and pressure variations. Length and time scales associated with the coupling indicate that peak correlations occur at 50–70 days and 300–500 km, consistent with mesoscale meander scales. Coupling coefficient values vary significantly depending on analysis time scale and exhibit a range near to recently observed interbasin variability. This variability is attributed to the extent of oceanic length scales permitted in the analysis. Together, results affirm the central role of SST-induced turbulent heat flux in controlling pressure field adjustments and thereby the wind perturbations over SST fronts.
A commentary on the 2015 Canadian Clinical Practice Guidelines in glutamine supplementation to parenteral nutrition
Authors: Leguina-Ruzzi Alberto 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGlutamine is one of the conditionally essential free amino acids with multiple biological functions. Its supplementation to parenteral nutrition has been widely used for the management of complications in intensive care. However, controversial clinical reports have generated reluctance in the use of this pharmaco-nutrient. In this commentary, we address the impact of four studies that influenced the recommendations on glutamine supplementation by the Canadian Clinical Practice Guide 2015. Because of the importance of this guideline in clinical practice, we strongly believe that a more rigorous and critical evaluation is required to support recommendations in future guidelines.