bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interface Development of Ship Indoor Lighting
Authors: Wang Yung-Lien , Tseng Chun-Yuan 
Published: January 2018

In this research study, a lighting interface was designed to draw lighting wiring diagrams of ships using a Visual Basic for Applications (VBA) program. By means of the utilization factor method for calculating the lamp number in the cabin, the luminaires and wiring are drawn with an AutoCAD drawing. From the design concept and manufacturing cost, the VBA program can build a construction layout, indoor lighting systems drawing, description of the luminaires, and cost estimation. Illumination experiments can calibrate the lamp number and illumination correctness; last, we use ant colony algorithms to calculate the optimized path and reduce the costs.

1. Introduction
Light is a basic need of people in their daily lives, and it can affect people's physical and psychological behavior. Bellia et al. (2011) and Flynn et al. (1973) explained light sources with visual and nonvisual effects in terms of different spectral power, and the traditional method of lighting design uses the lowest illumination and lighting position to achieve an effective average illuminance of the environment. In addition to considering the lowest illumination, the visible and nonvisual aspects of lighting design must be estimated by designers.
In general, lighting design is affected by daylight, and the daylight is from the sun and sky; the intensity of light in the sunlight is reduced in the atmosphere by the irradiation direction problem, and the sky's illumination is affected by the sun's radiation (Elvegård & Sjöstedt 1940). In recent years, there have been many lighting designs using computer simulations that account for the effects of sunlight. For example, Ng et al. (2001) used simulation software for lighting to assist the interior lighting design of buildings after recording the sunshine data, which allowed designers to more efficiently control the building's lighting conditions. Li and Tsang (2005) simulated indoor corridor illumination; the simulation results would be detected by light sensors, and the compared results were used to predict the consumption of lighting energy and to achieve energy savings. Yun and Kim (2013) accurately predicted the lighting energy consumed by the integrated simulation method, setting the scale model parameters that are required for simulation, through the split-flux, radiosity, and Daysin daylighting algorithms; the simulation results were considered for comparing the lighting of the energy consumption. Díaz-Vilariño et al. (2014) used simulation software to automatically generate a 3D geometrical model that can import lighting simulation software to perform an illumination analysis. Jia et al. (2014) integrated a dynamic environment simulation and illumination algorithms to provide quantitative visualization for lighting and position, to simulate and evaluate the impact of the lighting system.
How Will Air Quality Change in South Asia by 2050?
Authors: Kumar Rajesh , Barth Mary C. , Pfister G. G. , Delle Monache L. , Lamarque J. F. , Archer‐Nicholls S. , Tilmes S. , Ghude S. D. , Wiedinmyer C. , Naja M. , Walters S. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractExposure to unhealthy air causes millions of premature deaths and damages crops sufficient to feed a large portion of the South Asian population every year. However, little is known about how future air quality in South Asia will respond to changing human activities. Here we examine the combined effect of changes in climate and air pollutant emissions projected by the Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP) 8.5 and RCP6.0 on air quality of South Asia in 2050 using a state‐of‐the‐science Nested Regional Climate model with Chemistry (NRCM‐Chem). RCP8.5 and RCP6.0 are selected to represent scenarios of highest and lowest air pollution in South Asia by 2050. NRCM‐Chem shows the ability to capture observed key features of variability in meteorological parameters, ozone and related gases, and aerosols. NRCM‐Chem results show that surface ozone and particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm in diameter will increase significantly by midcentury in South Asia under the RCP8.5 but remain similar to present day under RCP6.0. No RCP suggest an improvement in air pollution in South Asia by midcentury. Under RCP8.5, the frequency of air pollution events is predicted to increase by 20–120 days per year in 2050 compared to the present‐day conditions, with particulate matter of less than 2.5 μm in diameter predicted to breach the World Health Organization ambient air quality guidelines on an almost daily basis in many parts of South Asia. These results indicate that while the RCP scenarios project a global improvement in air quality, they generally result in degrading air quality in South Asia.
Dose and Timing of N‐Cadherin Mimetic Peptides Regulate MSC Chondrogenesis within Hydrogels
Authors: Kwon Mi Y. , Vega Sebastián L. , Gramlich William M. , Kim Minwook , Mauck Robert L. , Burdick Jason A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe transmembrane glycoprotein N‐cadherin (NCad) mediates cell–cell interactions found during mesenchymal condensation and chondrogenesis. Here, NCad‐derived peptides (i.e., HAV) are incorporated into hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogels with encapsulated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Since the dose and timing of NCad signaling are dynamic, HAV peptide presentation is tuned via alterations in peptide concentration and incorporation of an ADAM10‐cleavable domain between the hydrogel and the HAV motif, respectively. HA hydrogels functionalized with HAV result in dose‐dependent increases in early chondrogenesis of encapsulated MSCs and resultant cartilage matrix production. For example, type II collagen and glycosaminoglycan production increase ≈9‐ and 2‐fold with the highest dose of HAV (i.e., 2 × 10−3m), respectively, when compared to unmodified hydrogels, while incorporation of an efficient ADAM10‐cleavable domain between the HAV peptide and hydrogel abolishes increases in chondrogenesis and matrix production. Treatment with a small‐molecule ADAM10 inhibitor restores the functional effect of the HAV peptide, indicating that timing and duration of HAV peptide presentation is crucial for robust chondrogenesis. This study demonstrates a nuanced approach to the biofunctionalization of hydrogels to better emulate the complex cell microenvironment during embryogenesis toward stem‐cell‐based cartilage production.
Computation of Electronic Energy Band Diagrams for Piezotronic Semiconductor and Electrochemical Systems
Authors: German Lazarus N. , Starr Matthew B. , Wang Xudong 
Published: January 2018

AbstractElectronic energy band diagrams provide useful and illustrative information on how material stacking might affect electronic properties and charge transport throughout a multijunction device. However, schematic diagrams, which are often used in many publications, lack quantified changes in potential across junction interfaces. This is especially true as the energetics become increasingly unintuitive when incorporating the effects of dielectric layers and applying ferroelectric and piezoelectric charges, such as the case of piezotronics. In the paper, a quantitative band diagram computation of a series of complex heterojunctions often seen in piezotronic systems is provided. The computation is conducted by using fundamental semiconductor and electrochemical equations, idealizing metals, insulators, and ferroelectrics, and treating ferro‐ and piezoelectric dipoles as surface charges at their respective interfaces. A Mathematica code is used to produce potential profiles and energy band diagrams of sections of semiconductor‐based electrochemical electrodes. It is illustrated that the ferro‐ and piezoelectric properties have a profound effect on solid–solid heterojunctions and solid–electrolyte interfaces, offering a guideline for piezotronic system design and development.
Targeted gene panel sequencing prenatally detects two novel mutations of DYNC2H1 in a fetus with increased biparietal diameter and polyhydramnios
Authors: Deng Linbei , Cheung Sau Wai , Schmitt Eric S. , Xiong Shiyi , Yuan Meizhen , Chen Zhonghai , Chen Lei , Sun Luming 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundGenetic skeletal disorders (GSDs) are clinically and genetically heterogeneous with more than 350 genes accounting for the diversity of disease phenotypes. Prenatal diagnosis of these disorders has been challenging because of the limited but variable prenatal phenotypes, highlighting the need of a novel genetic approach. Short‐rib polydactyly syndrome (SRPS) Type III is an autosomal recessive GSD characterized by extreme narrowness of the thorax, severely shortened tubular bones, polydactyly and multiple malformations.MethodsCytogenetic and molecular analyses using GTG‐banding, single nucleotide polymorphism array and a novel GSDs targeted gene panel sequencing were performed in a 24 weeks fetus with increased biparietal diameter (BPD), short limbs, narrow thorax and polyhydramnios.ResultsNo chromosomal abnormalities and pathogenic copy number variations (CNVs) were detected in the fetus. Two novel compound heterozygous mutations c.2992C > T and c.12836G > C in the DYNC2H1 gene were identified by targeted genes panel sequencing. A literature review was performed to delineate the prenatal phenotype of SRPS Type III.ConclusionThis is the first report of prenatal diagnosis of DYNC2H1 mutations causing SRPS Type III in a fetus with increased BPD associated with polyhydramnios in China. Our findings expand the mutation spectrum of DYNC2H1 in this rare disease and demonstrate that targeted gene panel capture followed by next‐generation sequencing (NGS) is an efficient and cost‐effective method to perform a molecular prenatal diagnosis of a rare genetic skeletal disorder.
Maternal occupational cadmium exposure and nonsyndromic orofacial clefts
Authors: Suhl Jonathan , Romitti Paul A. , Cao Yanyan , Rocheleau Carissa M. , Burns Trudy L. , Conway Kristin , Rajaraman Preetha , Agopian AJ , Stewart Patricia ,   The National Birth Defects Prevention Study
Published: January 2018

BackgroundCigarette smoking is a well‐studied risk factor for orofacial clefts (OFCs). Little is known about which constituents in cigarette smoke contribute to this teratogenicity in humans. One constituent, cadmium, has been associated with OFCs in animal studies; in humans, the role of maternal cadmium exposure on OFCs, independent of cigarette smoke, is unclear. In particular, the relation between maternal occupational cadmium exposure and OFCs is largely unexplored.MethodsUsing data from a large, population‐based case‐control study, we compared expert rater assessed maternal occupational cadmium exposure from self‐reported occupational histories during the period 1 month before through 3 months after conception between OFC cases (n = 1,185) and unaffected controls (n = 2,832). Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals for any (yes/no) and cumulative (no, low, high exposure) occupational cadmium exposures and all OFCs, cleft lip ± cleft palate (CL/P) and cleft palate (CP).ResultsOverall, 45 mothers (cases = 13, controls = 32) were rated as having occupational cadmium exposure. Comparing all OFCs to controls, we observed inverse, nonsignificant aORs for any or low exposure, and positive, nonsignificant aORs for high exposure. Where data were available, aORs for CL/P and CP tended to parallel those for all OFCs.ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first study to specifically examine maternal occupational cadmium exposure and OFCs, using expert rater exposure assessment. The small numbers of exposed mothers observed, however, led to imprecise estimates. Continued research using more detailed occupational exposure assessment and increased sample sizes is recommended.
Large‐Area Schottky Junctions between ZnO and Carbon Nanotube Fibres
Authors: Monreal‐Bernal Alfonso , Vilatela Juan J. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this study, large‐area (10 cm2) samples of heterojunctions between zinc oxide and carbon nanotube (CNT) fibre arrays were synthesised. A two‐step hydrothermal treatment was used to grow Zn nanowires (NWs) in situ directly onto the CNT array. This resulted in a bulk heterojunction that consisted of a five‐micron layer of ZnO crystals in contact with the built‐in CNT fabric current collector, with preferential orientation of the ZnO c axis perpendicular to the CNT sheet. The electrical properties of the heterojunction corresponded to a Schottky junction with a barrier height of 0.26 eV and an ideality factor of 2.9. Photoconductivity measurements indicated charge transfer through the ZnO/CNT interface, thus leading to a gain factor of approximately 100 and a responsivity as high as 5000 mA w−1 under UV irradiation. The resulting ZnO/CNT fibre hybrid was both piezoresistive and piezoelectric under transverse compression with an attractive format for energy‐harvesting applications.
Introgression of exotic Cervus (nippon and canadensis) into red deer (Cervus elaphus) populations in Scotland and the English Lake District
Authors: Smith Stephanie L. , Senn Helen V. , Pérez‐Espona Sílvia , Wyman Megan T. , Heap Elizabeth , Pemberton Josephine M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSince the mid‐19th century, multiple introductions of Japanese sika deer (Cervus nippon nippon) and North American wapiti (C. canadensis) have taken place in the British Isles. While wapiti have generally been unsuccessful, sika have been very successful, especially in Scotland where they now overlap at least 40% of the range of native red deer (C. elaphus). Hybridization between these two species and red deer has been demonstrated in captivity and in the wild. Using a panel of 22 microsatellite loci that are highly diagnostic between red deer and sika, and moderately diagnostic between red deer and wapiti, we investigated the extent of introgression between these species in 2,943 deer sampled from around Scotland and from the English Lake District using the Bayesian clustering software STRUCTURE. We also used a diagnostic mitochondrial marker for red deer and sika. Our survey extends previous studies indicating little introgression of wapiti nuclear alleles into red deer, in particular in Northern Scotland, Kintyre, and the Lake District. We found a new area of extensive sika introgression in South Kintyre. In the North Highlands, we show for the first time geographically scattered evidence of past hybridization followed by extensive backcrossing, including one red‐like individual with sika introgression, two sika‐like individuals with red deer introgression, and six individuals that were apparently pure sika at the nuclear markers assessed but which carried red deer mitochondria. However, there has not been a collapse of assortative mating in this region. Similarly, in the English Lake District red deer, we found only traces of past sika introgression. No sika alleles were detected in the Central Highlands or the Hebridean red deer refugia. We make suggestions for management to prevent further spread of sika alleles into red deer and vice versa.
Frequency and intensity of facilitation reveal opposing patterns along a stress gradient
Authors: Gallien Laure , Zurell Damaris , Zimmermann Niklaus E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDisentangling the different processes structuring ecological communities is a long‐standing challenge. In species‐rich ecosystems, most emphasis has so far been given to environmental filtering and competition processes, while facilitative interactions between species remain insufficiently studied. Here, we propose an analysis framework that not only allows for identifying pairs of facilitating and facilitated species, but also estimates the strength of facilitation and its variation along environmental gradients. Our framework combines the analysis of both co‐occurrence and co‐abundance patterns using a moving window approach along environmental gradients to control for potentially confounding effects of environmental filtering in the co‐abundance analysis. We first validate our new approach against community assembly simulations, and exemplify its potential on a large 1,134 plant community plots dataset. Our results generally show that facilitation intensity was strongest under cold stress, whereas the proportion of facilitating and facilitated species was higher under drought stress. Moreover, the functional distance between individual facilitated species and their facilitating species significantly changed along the temperature–moisture gradient, and seemed to influence facilitation intensity, although no general positive or general negative trend was discernible among species. The main advantages of our robust framework are as follows: It enables detecting facilitating and facilitated species in species‐rich systems, and it allows identifying the directionality and intensity of facilitation in species pairs as well as its variation across long environmental gradients. It thus opens numerous opportunities for incorporating functional (and phylogenetic) information in the analysis of facilitation patterns. Our case study indicated high complexity in facilitative interactions across the stress gradient and revealed new evidence that facilitation, similarly to competition, can operate between functionally similar and dissimilar species. Extending the analyses to other taxa and ecosystems will foster our understanding how complex interspecific interactions promote biodiversity.
Application of Carbon Paste Electrode Modified with Carbon Nanofibres/Polyaniline/Platinum Nanoparticles as an Electrochemical Sensor for the Determination of Bezafibrate
Authors: Rajpurohit Anuja S. , Punde Ninad S. , Rawool Chaitali R. , Srivastava Ashwini K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe present study deals with the development of an electrochemical sensor for quantitative determination of Bezafibrate (BZF) based on carbon nanofibers/polyaniline/platinum nanoparticles modified carbon paste electrode (CNF/PANI/Pt/CPE). BZF is a fibric acid derivative and is used largely in the treatment of lipid disorders. The nanocomposite was synthesized by in situ polymerization of aniline using ammonium persulphate and platinum nanoparticles were uniformly decorated on the CNF/PANI surface by reducing hexachloroplatinic acid using sodium borohydride. The electrochemical response of BZF at CNF/PANI/Pt/CPE was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV), differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS). The above study resulted into significant improvement of the electrochemical signal towards the oxidation of BZF, revealing that the oxidation process is highly favorable at the surface of modified electrode. The anodic peak current Ip (μA) is found to be linearly dependent on BZF concentration in the range of 0.025 μM to 100 μM with a detection limit of 2.46 nM. The practical analytical utilities of the sensor were investigated by performing the experiments on synthetic pharmaceutical formulations, human blood serum and urine samples which offered good recovery, suggesting the high efficacy and authenticity of CNF/PANI/Pt/CPE sensor for BZF determination.
Monte Carlo analysis of beam blocking grid design parameters: Scatter estimation and the importance of electron backscatter
Authors: Bootsma Gregory J. , Ren Lei , Zhang Hong , Jin Jian‐Yue , Jaffray David A. 
Published: January 2018

PurposeBeam blocking grids provide a simple and direct measurement of the scattered photon signal which degrades image quality in x‐ray imaging systems, such as cone‐beam CT (CBCT). This study evaluates the scatter estimation accuracy of the beam blocking method to optimize the design parameters of the grid system (e.g., grid thickness, source‐to‐grid distance (SGD), septa width, air interspace, and grid ratio) using Monte Carlo (MC) simulations.MethodA MC model of a CBCT imaging system with a beam blocking grid in place is made using code based on EGSnrc, with the x‐ray tube portion of the simulation including electron backscatter between the anode and cathode. The inclusion of the electron backscatter allowed a more complete model of the contamination signal to be estimated. The contamination signal consists of the off‐focal radiation (OFR) and source component scatter (photon scatter in source components such as tube housing, filters, and collimators). The MC model was validated against measurements collected on a bench top imaging system with a grid in place. The MC model was used to simulate 11 different grid design configurations in addition to a case with no grid. For each design a simulated projection with and without a phantom in place was computed. The simulated projections were then used to estimate the scatter and contamination portion of the signal using the signal behind the grid septa. The estimated signals from the grid data were compared to the actual signals labeled during the MC simulation.ResultsSimulated results showed good agreeance with measured results with the importance of including electron backscatter resulting in off‐focal radiation in the simulation being highlighted. When the source was free of contamination photons all grids performed with an error less than 8% when estimating just the scatter from the object. When the contamination photons were included in the simulation, the error in estimating both the scatter and contamination signal rose by a factor of 4 on average. In the case when both signals are present, increasing the grid thickness, changing the SGD, and reducing septa width and air interspace sizes all showed the ability to improve the grid‐based estimates of the object scatter and contamination portion signal.ConclusionsThe inclusion of the contamination signal in MC simulations of x‐ray imaging systems is important in the design, validation, and evaluation of measurement‐based scatter methods. Beam blocking grids show potential not only in object scatter estimation but in the estimation of the contamination signal, but appropriate interpolation functions must be used to account for higher frequencies found in contamination signal.
Enabling private sector adaptation to climate change in sub‐Saharan Africa
Authors: Crick Florence , Gannon Kate Elizabeth , Diop Mamadou , Sow Momadou 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe private sector is increasingly recognized as having important potential to help society adapt and become more resilient to climate change. Yet there is limited research examining how to promote and facilitate private sector adaptation in developing countries and in particular how governments can create an enabling environment to stimulate and incentivize domestic private sector adaptation. In this paper, we address this gap through a review of the key factors required to provide an enabling environment for the private sector denoted by existing adaptation literatures. We do this with a focus on adaptation by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in sub‐Saharan Africa (SSA). To advance this review, we draw insights from a much larger, yet generally independent, literature on enabling environments for private sector development. This literature disaggregates the private sector and highlights key constraints to the development and growth of SMEs in SSA, including deficient infrastructure and evidence of an African gap in access to and use of finance. Both areas of scholarship are then combined in a framework identifying key “building blocks” constituting enabling conditions for private sector adaptation. The framework could be applied in many ways including to focus strategies to enhance private sector adaptation and to identify trade‐offs and interactions between policies or initiatives surrounding private sector development. By combining these literatures, we call for a more holistic approach to develop enabling environments for SME adaptation and climate resilient development that addresses the broader structural deficits that condition vulnerability and barriers that limit adaptive capacity.This article is categorized under:

Vulnerability and Adaptation to Climate Change > Institutions for Adaptation