bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
WHO 2016 Classification of gliomas
Authors: Wesseling P. , Capper D. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGliomas are the most frequent intrinsic tumours of the central nervous system and encompass two principle subgroups: diffuse gliomas and gliomas showing a more circumscribed growth pattern (‘nondiffuse gliomas’). In the revised fourth edition of the WHO Classification of CNS tumours published in 2016, classification of especially diffuse gliomas has fundamentally changed: for the first time, a large subset of these tumours is now defined based on presence/absence of IDH mutation and 1p/19q codeletion. Following this approach, the diagnosis of (anaplastic) oligoastrocytoma can be expected to largely disappear. Furthermore, in the WHO 2016 Classification gliomatosis cerebri is not an entity anymore but is now considered as a growth pattern. The most important changes in the very diverse group of ‘nondiffuse’ gliomas and neuronal‐glial tumours are the introduction of anaplastic pleomorphic xanthoastrocytoma, of diffuse leptomeningeal glioneuronal tumour and of RELA fusion‐positive ependymoma as entities. In the last part of this review, after very briefly touching upon classification of neuronal, choroid plexus and pineal region tumours, some practical implications and challenges associated with the WHO 2016 Classification of gliomas are discussed.
Learning the Natural Numbers as a Child
Authors: Buijsman Stefan 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHow do we get out knowledge of the natural numbers? Various philosophical accounts exist, but there has been comparatively little attention to psychological data on how the learning process actually takes place. I work through the psychological literature on number acquisition with the aim of characterising the acquisition stages in formal terms. In doing so, I argue that we need a combination of current neologicist accounts and accounts such as that of Parsons. In particular, I argue that we learn the initial segment of the natural numbers on the basis of the Fregean definitions, but do not learn the natural number structure as a whole on the basis of Hume's principle. Therefore, we need to account for some of the consistency of our number concepts with the Dedekind‐Peano axioms in other terms.
Cost of asthma in children: A nationwide, population‐based, cost‐of‐illness study
Authors: Ferreira de Magalhães Manuel , Amaral Rita , Pereira Ana M. , Sá‐Sousa Ana , Azevedo Inês , Azevedo Luís F. , Fonseca João A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundChildhood asthma is very prevalent and costs can be high, especially in severe disease. This study aimed to estimate the cost of asthma in Portuguese children and the variations by level of asthma control.MethodsA nationwide, population‐ and prevalence‐based cost‐of‐illness study with a societal perspective was conducted. We measured direct and indirect costs using a bottom‐up approach and a human capital method, respectively, for 208 children (<18 years), from two national repositories. Generalized linear modelling for analysis of asthma costs’ determinants and sensitivity analysis to assess uncertainty were performed.ResultsThe mean annualized asthma cost per child was €929.35 (95%CI, 809.65‐1061.11): €698.65 (95%CI, 600.88‐798.27) for direct costs and €230.70 (95%CI, 197.36‐263.81) for indirect costs. Extrapolations for the Portuguese children amounted to €161 410 007.61 (95%CI, 140 620 769.55‐184 293 968.55) for total costs. Direct costs represent 75.2% with the costliest domain (51.1% of total costs) being the healthcare service use: 20.7% for scheduled medical visits and 30.4% for acute asthma care—non‐scheduled medical visits (7.9%, €12 766 203.20), emergency department visits (11.7%, €18 932 464.80) and hospitalizations (10.8%, €17 406 946.00).Children with partly controlled and uncontrolled asthma had higher mean costs per year (adjusted coefficients: 1.46 [95%CI, 1.12‐1.90] and 2.25 [95%CI, 1.56‐3.24], respectively).ConclusionsCosts of childhood asthma are high (0.9% of the healthcare expenditures in Portugal). Direct costs represented three‐fourth of total costs, mainly related to the use of healthcare services for acute asthma care. Policies and interventions to improve asthma control and reduce acute use of healthcare services have the potential to reduce asthma costs.
Vitamin D intake during the first 4 years and onset of asthma by age 5: A nested case‐control study
Authors: Nwaru Bright I. , Hadkhale Kishor , Hämäläinen Niina , Takkinen Hanna‐Mari , Ahonen Suvi , Ilonen Jorma , Toppari Jorma , Niemelä Onni , Haapala Anna‐Maija , Veijola Riitta , Knip Mikael , Virtanen Suvi M. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundEarly‐life vitamin D intake has been linked to asthma risk in childhood, but the role of longitudinal vitamin D exposure has not been previously evaluated. We investigated the association between vitamin D intake during the first 4 years of life and asthma risk by age 5.MethodsWithin a Finnish population‐based birth cohort, 182 incident asthma cases were matched to 728 controls on sex, genetic risk for type 1 diabetes, delivery hospital, and time of birth. Vitamin D intake was assessed by age‐specific 3 day food records. Parents completed a validated version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire at 5 years.ResultsAt 3 months, supplements were the main source of vitamin D intake; intake from foods increased from 3 months on, mainly from fortified milk products. Vitamin D intake at each specific age was associated with an increased risk of any asthma, atopic, and non‐atopic asthma, but only intake at 1 and 2 years was statistically significantly associated with asthma. Longitudinal vitamin D intake was associated with an increased risk of asthma (OR 1.24; 95%CI 1.00‐1.53).ConclusionsIncreased vitamin D intake in childhood, particularly intake at 1 and 2 years of age, may increase risk of childhood asthma. This might reflect a true effect or residual confounding by lifestyle or environmental factors. Repeated assessment of vitamin D intake allowed evaluation of the longitudinal and age‐dependent impact of vitamin D on the risk of asthma. Further longitudinal studies are required to confirm or question these findings.
Infant spinal anesthesia: Do girls need a larger dose of local anesthetic?
Authors: Frawley Geoff , Huque Md Hamidul 
Published: August 2017

SummaryBackgroundGender differences in absorption, distribution, and metabolism of a number of anesthetic agents have been identified in adults. Clinically, adult studies suggest women demonstrate slower onset of opioid analgesic effects, lower spinal and epidural dose requirements, and greater sensitivity to neuromuscular blocking agents. Sex‐related differences in the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of local anesthetics in neonates and infants, however, have not been well documented. As a result, it is not known whether modification of the dose of local anesthetic for awake spinal anesthesia in infants is required.AimsOur aim was to determine whether the ED50 and ED95 of local anesthetics used for infant spinal anesthesia are different between sexes.MethodsThis was a retrospective analysis of data previously collected during dose‐response studies of levobupivacaine and ropivacaine spinal anesthetics. The doses were reanalyzed using generalized linear regression analysis to determine whether there is a discernible difference in dose requirements between male and female infants.ResultsOne hundred and twenty infant spinal anesthetics were reviewed. For levobupivacaine, the ED50 (95% CI) was 0.49 (0.33‐0.65) mg vs 0.69 (0.49‐0.88), whereas the ED95 (95% CI) was 1.07 (0.73‐1.41) vs 0.93 (0.64‐1.22) for girls and boys, respectively. For ropivacaine spinal anesthesia, the ED50 (95% CI) was 0.64 (0.35‐0.92) mg vs 0.30 (−0.32‐0.92), whereas the ED95 (95% CI) was 1.30 (0.73‐1.87) vs 1.66 (0.55‐2.76) for girls and boys, respectively.ConclusionThere is no evidence that sex differences occur at the ED50 dose range or at the clinically relevant ED95 dose. Modification of spinal anesthetic dose is not required for infant girls.
Mapping quantitative trait loci associated with starch paste viscosity in rice (Oryza sativa L.) under different environmental conditions
Authors: Yao Xiaoyun , Wang Jiayu , Liu Jin , Zhang Jia , Ren Chunyuan , Ma Dianrong , Xu Hai , Xu Zhengjin 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA recombinant inbred line (RIL) population consisting of 153 lines derived from a cross between indica ‘Zhongyouzao8’ and japonica ‘Toyonishiki’ rice was used to detect stable quantitative trait loci (QTL) for rapid visco analyser (RVA) characteristics under four environmental conditions. We identified 93 QTL for RVA profiles, and four pleiotropic regions harbouring stably expressed QTL were detected on chromosomes 2, 6, 7 and 11. These newly identified and stable QTL will facilitate further research into the genetic mechanism regulating RVA profiles. Amylose content (AC) was correlated with RVA traits. AC and RVA traits were unaffected by indica–japonica subspecies differentiation, suggesting that RVA profiles were mainly influenced by the Wx gene. The RIL population was divided into two subpopulations according to Wx genotypes. A total of 106 QTL associated with RVA profiles were detected in the subpopulations. These QTL differed from those detected in the whole population in terms of their genomic location, number, logarithm of odds values and amount of phenotypic variance explained. Using this strategy, we detected QTL with minor effects and eliminated false due to the Wx gene.
The potential of genomic‐assisted breeding to improve Fusarium head blight resistance in winter durum wheat
Authors: Miedaner Thomas , Sieber Alisa‐Naomi , Desaint Henry , Buerstmayr Hermann , Longin C. Friedrich H. , Würschum Tobias 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDurum wheat is the most important tetraploid wheat mainly used for semolina and pasta production, but is notorious for its high susceptibility to Fusarium head blight (FHB). Our objectives were to identify and characterize quantitative trait loci (QTL) in winter durum and to evaluate the potential of genomic approaches for the improvement ofFHBresistance. Here, we employed an international panel of 170 winter and 14 spring durum lines, phenotyped forFusarium culmorumresistance at five environments. Heading date, plant height and meanFHBseverity showed significant genotypic variation with high heritabilities andFHBresistance was negatively correlated with both heading date and plant height. The dwarfing geneRht‐B1significantly affectedFHBresistance and the genome‐wide association scan identified eight additionalQTLaffectingFHBresistance, explaining between 1% and 14% of the genotypic variation. A genome‐wide prediction approach yielded only a slightly improved predictive ability compared to marker‐assisted selection based on the four strongestQTL. In conclusion,FHBresistance in durum wheat is a highly quantitative trait and in breeding programmes may best be tackled by classical high‐throughput recurrent phenotypic selection that can be assisted by genomic prediction if marker profiles are available.
White matter alterations associate with onset symptom dimension in obsessive–compulsive disorder
Authors: Bollettini Irene , Mazza Mario G. , Muzzarelli Laura , Dallaspezia Sara , Poletti Sara , Vai Benedetta , Smeraldi Enrico , Benedetti Francesco 
Published: August 2017

AimThe high heterogeneity of obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is best described by a multidimensional model involving symptom dimensions. We aimed to investigate white matter alterations associated with OCD, focusing on the impact of long‐lasting effect of symptom dimensions assessed at onset of illness. Furthermore, we investigated white matter alterations associated with this disorder, controlling for the impact of medications and for the prevailing current symptom dimension.MethodsWe studied 58 patients affected by OCD and 58 age‐ and sex‐matched healthy controls. We divided patients according to symptom dimension at onset of illness, assessed with the five‐factor model. T‐tests were performed in order to investigate differences between subgroups. Similar analyses were performed considering the prevailing current symptom dimension. Analyses were conducted with tract‐based spatial statistics on diffusion tensor imaging.ResultsDoubt/checking and rituals/superstition symptom dimensions at onset and symmetry/perfectionism current symptom dimensions were characterized by significant alterations in diffusion tensor imaging measures. An association of white matter alterations and symmetry/perfectionism current dimension was found only when controlling for the effect of doubt/checking dimension at onset. Finally, results pointed out that the observed differences between patients and healthy controls were carried by the effect of previous and current medications.ConclusionOur findings evidenced that onset symptom dimensions are associated with enduring alterations of white matter microstructure. Onset symptom dimensions may reflect underlying endophenotypes. In addition, present results confirm the effect of medications on white matter in OCD, showing a large effect of current treatment on myelination.
Childhood cancer survivors: Anxieties felt after treatment and the need for continued support
Authors: Iwai Naoko , Shimada Akira , Iwai Atsushi , Yamaguchi Sonoe , Tsukahara Hirokazu , Oda Megumi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundChildhood cancer survivors (CCS) and their family members continue to live in fear even after treatment is concluded due to concerns about late effects and recurrences. The consequent long‐term psychological burden requires long‐term follow up suited to the anxieties and needs of CCS, hence the need for the present survey.MethodsWe conducted a questionnaire survey at medical facilities in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions of Japan with CCS who had survived for at least 5 years following treatment, and their family members.ResultsA total of 30 CCS (53%) and 27 CCS family members (47%) answered the questionnaires. The median age of the CCS and their family members (CCS parents) was 23 years and 51.5 years, respectively. The most common diagnosis was acute lymphoblastic leukemia (47%) and the median length of follow up after the conclusion of treatment was 11 years. The percentage of participants who responded that they knew about late effects was significantly lower among CCS than among CCS parents. Almost no significant difference was observed between CCS and CCS parents regarding anxieties at specific life stages. The main consultants for CCS and CCS parents were their family, but they sought opportunities for casual consultation for current worries outside the family.ConclusionsIt is necessary for medical facilities not only to provide medical support, but also to establish a place where they can provide centralized consultation for the anxieties of CCS and their parents.
Risks of Adverse Perinatal Outcomes after Repeat Terminations of Pregnancy by their Methods: a Nationwide Register‐based Cohort Study in Finland 1996–2013
Authors: KC S. , Gissler M. , Virtanen S. M. , Klemetti R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundRepeat terminations of pregnancy (TOPs) are associated with an increased risk of adverse outcomes in the subsequent birth. The perinatal outcomes after repeat TOPs by their methods have not yet been properly studied. This study aimed to examine perinatal outcomes in subsequent pregnancy among the women with a singleton birth and a history of TOPs.MethodsAll the first‐time mothers (n = 419 879) with a singleton birth during 1996–2013 in Finland were identified from the Medical Birth Register and linked to the Abortion Register. Adjusted multivariable logistic regression analysis was used to estimate risks of adverse perinatal outcomes.ResultsThe increased incidence of adverse perinatal outcomes was found with increasing number of surgical TOPs. After adjusting for confounders, the women with one surgical TOP had slightly increased but significant odds of 1.07 (95% CI 1.02, 1.13) for being small for gestational age compared with the women having no TOP. A significantly high risk for extremely preterm birth (OR 1.51, 95% CI 1.03, 2.23) was found among the women having had repeat surgical TOPs when compared to the women with no TOP. Non‐significant risks were found for adverse perinatal outcomes after women's repeat surgical TOPs than repeat medical TOPs.ConclusionInformation regarding the consequences of repeat induced TOPs will be significant in sexual health education as well as counselling women after first termination.
Molecular aspects of uterine diseases in dogs
Authors: Hagman R 
Published: August 2017

ContentsUterine diseases are common in dogs, particularly in countries where elective spaying is not usually performed. The associated clinical illnesses may be of varying degree ranging from merely decreased fertility to a critical pyometra requiring intensive care to survive. The diagnosis of some uterine diseases is generally uncomplicated, such as in a classic pyometra presenting with enlarged, fluid‐filled uterus, purulent vaginal discharge and characteristic signs of illness or in other disorders associated with uterine enlargement. However, it can be more puzzling in diseases with normal uterine size and very mild or obscure clinical signs. It is important to recognize the uterine diseases early because of the risk of potentially life‐threatening complications such as sepsis developing if treatment is delayed in cases where bacterial infection is present. In breeding bitches, an early diagnosis, that is when the disease has not developed extensively, will increase the possibility of non‐surgical treatment options without increased risk and thereby also increasing chances of maintained fertility. Early diagnosis and treatment initiation are thus favourable for complete recovery, also in less severe uterine diseases and those without infection. Molecular markers are molecules in biological samples that can be measured for diagnostic purposes, outcome prediction, and for gaining more information about different physiological and pathological conditions. Examples of commonly evaluated markers include laboratory variables analysed in blood, urine, cytological or tissue biopsy samples. Regarding the genetic pre‐disposition for different uterine diseases in dogs, information is lacking. Recently, the global gene expression in uterine tissue in dogs has been investigated more closely, and newly developed technologies provide excellent opportunities for identifying molecular markers worth exploring further. The focus of this review article is to highlight findings on markers relevant for diagnosis, prediction of prognosis and treatment outcome in the most common uterine diseases in dogs.
Post‐crisis reforms in banking: Regulators at the interface between domestic and international governance
Authors: Quaglia Lucia , Spendzharova Aneta 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPost‐crisis international standards have been agreed on in certain areas of banking regulation, namely capital, liquidity, and resolution, but not others, namely bank structure – why? We articulate a two‐step analytical framework that links the domestic and international levels of governance. In particular, we focus on the role of domestic regulators at the interface between the two levels. At the domestic level, regulators evaluate externalities and adjustment costs before engaging in cooperation at the international level. This analysis explains why regulators in the United States and the European Union act as pacesetters, foot‐draggers, or fence‐sitters in international standard setting; that is to say, why they promote, resist, or are neutral toward international financial standards. At the international level, we explain the outcome of international standard setting by considering the interaction of pacesetters and foot‐draggers.
Depositional Age of a Fossil Whale Bone from São Paulo Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean, Based on Os Isotope Stratigraphy of a Ferromanganese Crust
Authors: Nozaki Tatsuo , Takaya Yutaro , Toyofuku Takashi , Tokumaru Ayaka , Goto Kosuke T. , Chang Qing , Kimura Jun‐ichi , Kato Yasuhiro , Suzuki Katsuhiko , Augustin Adolpho Herbert , Kitazato Hiroshi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWhale carcasses (whale falls) deposited on the deep seafloor are associated with a distinctive biotic community. A fossil whale bone recovered from São Paulo Ridge, South Atlantic Ocean, during cruise YK13–04 Leg 1 of R/V Yokosuka was covered by a ferromanganese (Fe–Mn) crust approximately 9 mm thick. Here, we report an age constraint for this fossil bone on the basis of Os isotopic stratigraphy (187Os/188Os ratio) of the Fe–Mn crust. Major‐ and trace‐element compositions of the crust are similar to those of Fe–Mn crusts of predominantly hydrogenous origin. Rare earth element concentrations in samples of the crust, normalized with respect to Post‐Archean average Australian Shale, exhibit flat patterns with positive Ce and negative Y anomalies. These results indicate that the Fe–Mn crust consists predominantly of hydrogenous components and that it preserves the Os isotope composition of seawater at the time of its deposition. 187Os/188Os ratios of three Fe–Mn crust samples increased from 0.904 to 1.068 in ascending stratigraphic order. The value of 1.068 from the surface slice (0–3 mm depth in the crust) was identical to that of present‐day seawater within error (~1.06). The value of 0.904 from the basal slice (6–9 mm) equaled seawater values from ca. 4–5 Ma. Because it is unknown how long the bone lay on the seafloor before the Fe–Mn crust was deposited, the Os stratigraphic age of ca. 5 Ma is a minimum age of the fossil. This is the first application, to our knowledge, of marine Os isotope stratigraphy for determining the age of a fossil whale bone. Such data may offer valuable insights into the evolution of the whale‐fall biotic community.
Another Look at Distance-Weighted Discrimination
Authors: Wang Boxiang , Zou Hui 
Published: August 2017

SummaryDistance-weighted discrimination (DWD) is a modern margin-based classifier with an interesting geometric motivation. It was proposed as a competitor to the support vector machine (SVM). Despite many recent references on DWD, DWD is far less popular than the SVM, mainly because of computational and theoretical reasons. We greatly advance the current DWD methodology and its learning theory. We propose a novel thrifty algorithm for solving standard DWD and generalized DWD, and our algorithm can be several hundred times faster than the existing state of the art algorithm based on second-order cone programming. In addition, we exploit the new algorithm to design an efficient scheme to tune generalized DWD. Furthermore, we formulate a natural kernel DWD approach in a reproducing kernel Hilbert space and then establish the Bayes risk consistency of the kernel DWD by using a universal kernel such as the Gaussian kernel. This result solves an open theoretical problem in the DWD literature. A comparison study on 16 benchmark data sets shows that data-driven generalized DWD consistently delivers higher classification accuracy with less computation time than the SVM.