bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of crystallization‐driven exsolution on the sulfur mass balance in volcanic arc magmas
Authors: Su Y. , Huber Christian , Bachmann Olivier , Zajacz Zoltán , Wright Heather , Vazquez Jorge 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe release of large amounts of sulfur to the stratosphere during explosive eruptions affects the radiative balance in the atmosphere and consequentially impacts climate for up to several years after the event. Quantitative estimations of the processes that control the mass balance of sulfur between melt, crystals, and vapor bubbles is needed to better understand the potential sulfur yield of individual eruption events and the conditions that favor large sulfur outputs to the atmosphere. The processes that control sulfur partitioning in magmas are (1) exsolution of volatiles (dominantly H2O) during decompression (first boiling) and during isobaric crystallization (second boiling), (2) the crystallization and breakdown of sulfide or sulfate phases in the magma, and (3) the transport of sulfur‐rich vapor (gas influx) from deeper unerupted regions of the magma reservoir. Vapor exsolution and the formation/breakdown of sulfur‐rich phases can all be considered as closed‐system processes where mass balance arguments are generally easier to constrain, whereas the contribution of sulfur by vapor transport (open system process) is more difficult to quantify. The ubiquitous “excess sulfur” problem, which refers to the much higher sulfur mass released during eruptions than what can be accounted for by amount of sulfur originally dissolved in erupted melt, as estimated from melt inclusion sulfur concentrations (the “petrologic estimate”), reflects the challenges in closing the sulfur mass balance between crystals, melt, and vapor before and during a volcanic eruption. In this work, we try to quantify the relative importance of closed‐ and open‐system processes for silicic arc volcanoes using kinetic models of sulfur partitioning during exsolution. Our calculations show that crystallization‐induced exsolution (second boiling) can generate a significant fraction of the excess sulfur observed in crystal‐rich arc magmas. This result does not negate the important role of vapor migration in sulfur mass balance but rather points out that second boiling (in situ exsolution) can provide the necessary yield to drive the excess sulfur to the levels observed for crystal‐rich systems. In contrast, in crystal‐poor systems, magma recharge that releases sulfur‐rich bubbles is necessary and most likely the primary contributor to sulfur mass balance. Finally, we apply our model to account for the effect of sulfur partitioning during second boiling and its impact on sulfur released during the Cerro Galan supereruption in Argentina (2.08 Ma) and show the potential importance of second boiling in releasing a large amount of sulfur to the atmosphere during the eruption of large crystal‐rich ignimbrites.
Indoor localization using FM radio and DTMB signals
Authors: Wu H. , Wang Q. , Zhao Y. , Ma X. , Yang M. , Liu B. , Tang R. , Xu X. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIndoor localization systems based on Wi‐Fi signal strength fingerprinting techniques are widely used in office buildings. However, a general problem of these systems pertains to Wi‐Fi signal degradation due to the environmental factors. And also, these systems cannot be used in the environments not covered with Wi‐Fi signals or the environments with only a single Wi‐Fi access point. In this paper, a new indoor location fingerprinting system using both FM radio and Digital Television Terrestrial Multimedia Broadcasting (DTMB) signals is proposed. First, the indoor location fingerprinting using FM radio and DTMB signals is theoretically analyzed to confirm its feasibility. Then, a specially designed combined strength fingerprinting location algorithm is proposed for the location system, which is achieved on the USRP2 platform. Finally, the system is tested in a typical indoor environment. The theoretical analysis and the tests show that the indoor location fingerprinting system using FM radio and DTMB signals has a similar localization accuracy to the Wi‐Fi signal strength fingerprinting location system, while it has a wider coverage area, a lower maintenance cost, and more stable signal strength, which makes it a practical indoor positioning method.
Impact of topography on groundwater salinization due to ocean surge inundation
Authors: Yu Xuan , Yang Jie , Graf Thomas , Koneshloo Mohammad , O'Neal Michael A. , Michael Holly A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSea‐level rise and increases in the frequency and intensity of ocean surges caused by climate change are likely to exacerbate adverse effects on low‐lying coastal areas. The landward flow of water during ocean surges introduces salt to surficial coastal aquifers and threatens groundwater resources. Coastal topographic features (e.g., ponds, dunes, barrier islands, and channels) likely have a strong impact on overwash and salinization processes, but are generally highly simplified in modeling studies. To understand topographic impacts on groundwater salinization, we modeled a theoretical overwash event and variable‐density groundwater flow and salt transport in 3‐D using the fully coupled surface and subsurface numerical simulator, HydroGeoSphere. The model simulates the coastal aquifer as an integrated system considering overland flow, coupled surface and subsurface exchange, variably saturated flow, and variable‐density groundwater flow. To represent various coastal landscape types, we simulated both synthetic fields and real‐world coastal topography from Delaware, USA. The groundwater salinization assessment suggested that the topographic connectivity promoting overland flow controls the volume of aquifer that is salinized. In contrast, the amount of water that can be stored in surface depressions determines the amount of seawater that infiltrates the subsurface and the time for seawater to flush from the aquifer. Our study suggests that topography has a significant impact on groundwater salinization due to ocean surge overwash, with important implications for coastal land management and groundwater vulnerability assessment.
Process evaluation of two participatory approaches: Implementing total worker health® interventions in a correctional workforce
Authors: Dugan Alicia G. , Farr Dana A. , Namazi Sara , Henning Robert A. , Wallace Kelly N. , El Ghaziri Mazen , Punnett Laura , Dussetschleger Jeffrey L. , Cherniack Martin G. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundCorrectional Officers (COs) have among the highest injury rates and poorest health of all the public safety occupations. The HITEC‐2 (Health Improvement Through Employee Control‐2) study uses Participatory Action Research (PAR) to design and implement interventions to improve health and safety of COs.MethodHITEC‐2 compared two different types of participatory program, a CO‐only “Design Team” (DT) and “Kaizen Event Teams” (KET) of COs and supervisors, to determine differences in implementation process and outcomes. The Program Evaluation Rating Sheet (PERS) was developed to document and evaluate program implementation.ResultsBoth programs yielded successful and unsuccessful interventions, dependent upon team‐, facility‐, organizational, state‐, facilitator‐, and intervention‐level factors.ConclusionsPAR in corrections, and possibly other sectors, depends upon factors including participation, leadership, continuity and timing, resilience, and financial circumstances. The new PERS instrument may be useful in other sectors to assist in assessing intervention success. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:897–918, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Synthesis of Diheteroatomic Five‐Membered Heterocyclic Compounds from α,β‐Unsaturated Aldehydes
Authors: Keiko N. A. , Vchislo N. V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe recent increase in interest in the chemistry of azoles has been owing to their paramount importance in several essential fields of research, such as pharmacology, medicine, biology, the organic synthesis of fine chemicals, agricultural chemistry, and the chemical industry. This Focus Review summarizes and highlights recently developed methods for the synthesis of five‐membered N,N‐, N,O‐, and N,S‐heterocycles based on the transformations of 2‐alkenals. Over the last 15 years, these reactions, which often differ from reactions involving other α,β‐unsaturated carbonyl compounds in terms of method and results, have gathered significant momentum. The multitude of catalytic and technological novelties discussed in this Focus Review, such as asymmetric metal‐ and organocatalysis, one‐pot multicomponent reactions that proceed through domino, cascade, or tandem sequences, and microwave activation, promote the formation of a diverse range of target products, the structures of which become clear from the mechanistic schemes given in this Focus Review. The mechanisms discussed reflect great advances in the chemo‐, regio‐, and stereoselectivity of the reactions of 2‐alkenals, which allows new azoles and related compounds (imidazoles, pyrazoles, oxazoles, thiazoles, and their hydrogenated derivatives) to be synthesized.
Carbonylation of Anthranilic Acid with Aryl and Heteroaryl Bromides to Synthesize Benzoxazinone Derivatives
Authors: Chavan Sujit P. , Bhanage Bhalchandra M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA simple and efficient, PdCl2(PhCN)2/P(tBu)3⋅HBF4‐catalyzed carbonylative cyclization of anthranilic acid with aryl bromide was investigated for the synthesis of benzoxazinones under mild reaction conditions. The developed protocol has been extended for the synthesis of quinazolin‐4(3 H)‐ones. Furthermore, the tolerance of a wide range of functional groups on anthranilic acid as well as on aryl bromide demonstrates the practical utility of the protocol.
One‐Step Assembly of Phytic Acid Metal Complexes for Superhydrophilic Coatings
Authors: Li Longbiao , Zhang Guangyu , Su Zhaohui 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhile of immense scientific interest, superhydrophilic surfaces are usually difficult to prepare, and preparation methods are typically substrate specific. Herein, a one‐step coating method is described that can endow superhydrophilicity to a variety of substrates, both inorganic and organic, using the coordination complexes of natural phytic acid and FeIII ions. Coating deposition occurs in minutes, and coatings are ultrathin, colorless, and transparent. Superhydrophilicity is attributed, in part, to the high density of phosphonic acid groups. The ease, rapidness, and mildness of the assembly process, which is also cost‐effective and environmental‐friendly, points towards potential applications, such as self‐cleaning, oil/water separation, antifogging.
Constructing Interfacial Energy Transfer for Photon Up‐ and Down‐Conversion from Lanthanides in a Core–Shell Nanostructure
Authors: Zhou Bo , Tao Lili , Chai Yang , Lau Shu Ping , Zhang Qinyuan , Tsang Yuen Hong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe report a new mechanistic strategy for controlling and modifying the photon emission of lanthanides in a core–shell nanostructure by using interfacial energy transfer. By taking advantage of this mechanism with Gd3+ as the energy donor, we have realized efficient up‐ and down‐converted emissions from a series of lanthanide emitters (Eu3+, Tb3+, Dy3+, and Sm3+) in these core–shell nanoparticles, which do not need a migratory host sublattice. Moreover, we have demonstrated that the Gd3+‐mediated interfacial energy transfer, in contrast to energy migration, is the leading process contributing to the photon emission of lanthanide dopants for the NaGdF4@NaGdF4 core–shell system. Our finding suggests a new direction for research into better control of energy transfer at the nanometer length scale, which would help to stimulate new concepts for designing and improving photon emission of the lanthanide‐based luminescent materials.
The Political Economy of Road Management Reform: Papua New Guinea's National Road Fund
Authors: Dornan Matthew 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPapua New Guinea's (PNG's) road system is in a parlous state after decades of neglect. More than half of the roads in the country require urgent rehabilitation. The PNG Government sought from 2003 to address the problem through the establishment of a Road Fund designed to earmark revenue for road management. Development partners supported these efforts, which were similar to reforms implemented in other parts of the world. This article examines the establishment of an independent road fund and road management agency in PNG. It finds that these reforms have not markedly improved road conditions, and that they have been undermined by a lack of support from political leaders and parts of the civil service. The article's conclusion, that the establishment of a road fund is no panacea against political obstacles to road maintenance funding, is relevant to a broader literature concerning the establishment of independent institutions to address governance challenges.
Ein Modell zur Berechnung des Verformungsverhaltens von horizontal hochzyklisch beanspruchten Pfählen
Authors: Triantafyllidis Theodorus , Chrisopoulos Stylianos 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFür die Prognose des Verformungsverhaltens horizontal hochzyklisch beanspruchter, langer oder mittellanger Pfähle, eingelagert in nichtbindigen Böden, wird ein vereinfachtes Ingenieurmodell für dränierte Verhältnisse, basierend auf dem hochzyklischen Akkumulationsmodell (HCA) von Niemunis, Wichtmann und Triantafyllidis [1], entwickelt. Die monotone Bodenverformung unter statischer Belastung wird durch elastische Federn um den Pfahl approximiert, wobei die Bodenverformungsakkumulation unter zyklischer Beanspruchung (zyklisches Kriechen) durch in Reihe hinter den Federn geschaltete quasi viskose Dämpfer nach dem HCA‐Modell modelliert wird. Die quasi viskosen Dämpfer repräsentieren die akkumulierten Verformungen infolge der Zyklenanzahl (zyklisches Kriechen). Diese Betrachtung ist größtenteils physikalisch durch Elementversuche abgesichert. Zusammen mit dem Pfahl stellen die Feder‐Dämpfer‐Elemente ein elastisch gebettetes Balkensystem dar. Zwei Varianten des Modells mit einer beidseitigen Anordnung von Federn und Dämpfern auf der Lee‐ und Luv‐Seite und einer einseitigen Anordnung nur auf der Lee‐Seite werden vorgestellt. Die berechnete Pfahlverschiebungsprognose des Modells wird den Ergebnissen von bereits in der Literatur vorhandenen Ingenieurmodellen und der Lösung einer 3‐D‐Finite‐Elemente‐Simulation mit dem HCA‐Modell gegenübergestellt.
Lager‐ und Abfüllanlagen in Biogasanlagen – Zulassungen für Bauprodukte und Bauarten
Authors: Kluge Ullrich , Merkel Roswitha , Westphal‐Kay Brigitte 
Published: July 2016

AbstractUnter Berücksichtigung der Vorschriften des Bau‐ und Wasserrechts können seit September 2015 für Bauprodukte und Bauarten zur Verwendung in Lager‐ und Abfüllanlagen in Biogasanlagen (Biogas‐LA‐Anlagen) bauordnungsrechtliche Verwendbarkeitsnachweise erteilt werden. Der Beitrag erläutert, welche bau‐ und wasserrechtlichen Vorschriften und Bestimmungen für Bauprodukte und Bauarten für diese Verwendung erfüllt sein bzw. berücksichtigt werden müssen.Die Anforderungen aus beiden Rechtsbereichen haben erhebliche Auswirkungen auf Eigenschaften von Bauprodukten und Bauarten, die gegenüber Gärsubstraten und Gärresten verwendet werden sollen. Im Besonderen wirken sich die wasserrechtlichen Anforderungen an solche Anlagen verschärfend auf die Verwendbarkeit von Bauprodukten und somit auch auf Funktions‐ und Eignungsnachweise aus.Es werden allgemeingültige Sachverhalte dargestellt, die für jede Zulassungserarbeitung und ‐erteilung für Bauprodukte und Bauarten zur Verwendung Biogas‐LA‐Anlagen gelten. Der Artikel zeigt spezielle Aspekte der Zulassungserarbeitung für ausgewählte Bauprodukte und Bauarten auf. Ebenso werden Hinweise für Produkthersteller gegeben. Es wird auf die fachkundige und qualifizierte Planung eingegangen und es werden spezielle Regelungen in Zulassungen für Bauprodukte oder Bauarten sowohl für Fachbetriebe und Sachverständige nach Wasserrecht als auch für Betreiber von Biogas‐LA‐Anlagen erläutert, die zu erfüllen bzw. zu beachten sind.
Highly luminescent S,N co‐doped carbon quantum dots‐sensitized chemiluminescence on luminol–H2O2 system for the determination of ranitidine
Authors: Chen Jianqiu , Shu Juan , Chen Jiao , Cao Zhiran , Xiao An , Yan Zhengyu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractS,N co‐doped carbon quantum dots (N,S‐CQDs) with super high quantum yield (79%) were prepared by the hydrothermal method and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, photoluminescence, UV–Vis spectroscopy and Fourier transformed infrared spectroscopy. N,S‐CQDs can enhance the chemiluminescence intensity of a luminol–H2O2 system. The possible mechanism of the luminol–H2O2–(N,S‐CQDs) was illustrated by using chemiluminescence, photoluminescence and ultraviolet analysis. Ranitidine can quench the chemiluminescence intensity of a luminol–H2O2–N,S‐CQDs system. So, a novel flow‐injection chemiluminescence method was designed to determine ranitidine within a linear range of 0.5–50 μg ml−1 and a detection limit of 0.12 μg ml−1. The method shows promising application prospects.
Cationic DOPC–Detergent Conjugates for Safe and Efficient in Vitro and in Vivo Nucleic Acid Delivery
Authors: Pierrat Philippe , Casset Anne , Didier Pascal , Kereselidze Dimitri , Lux Marie , Pons Françoise , Lebeau Luc 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe ability of a nonviral nucleic acid carrier to deliver its cargo to cells with low associated toxicity is a critical issue for clinical applications of gene therapy. We describe biodegradable cationic DOPC–C12E4 conjugates in which transfection efficiency is based on a Trojan horse strategy. In situ production of the detergent compound C12E4 through conjugate hydrolysis within the acidic endosome compartment was expected to promote endosome membrane destabilization and subsequent release of the lipoplexes into cytosol. The transfection efficiency of the conjugates has been assessed in vitro, and associated cytotoxicity was determined. Cellular uptake and intracellular distribution of the lipoplexes have been investigated. The results show that direct conjugation of DOPC with C12E4 produces a versatile carrier that can deliver both DNA and siRNA to cells in vitro with high efficiency and low cytotoxicity. SAR studies suggest that this compound might represent a reasonable compromise between the membrane activity of the released detergent and susceptibility of the conjugate to degradation enzymes in vitro. Although biodegradability of the conjugates had low impact on carrier efficiency in vitro, it proved critical in vivo. Significant improvement of transgene expression was obtained in the mouse lung tuning biodegradability of the carrier. Importantly, this also allowed reduction of the inflammatory response that invariably characterizes cationic‐lipid‐mediated gene transfer in animals.
Electron‐Catalyzed Fluoroalkylation of Vinyl Azides
Authors: Mackay Emily G. , Studer Armido 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe transition‐metal free fluoroalkylation of vinyl azides is herein reported. This operationally simple reaction employs the Togni reagent as a CF3 source, Bu4NI as an initiator, and occurs under electron catalysis. A range of readily prepared starting materials are functionalized using this approach to produce both phenanthridines and quinoxalin‐2‐ones.
First Isolation and Characterization of the Highly Coordinated Group 14 Enolates: Effects of the Coordination Controls on the Geometry and Tautomerization of Germyl Enolates
Authors: Konishi Akihito , Minami Yohei , Hosoi Takahisa , Chiba Kouji , Yasuda Makoto 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Group 14 enolates play an important part in many organic reactions. Herein, the reduction of an α‐bromo ketone with germanium(II) salts cleanly afforded the corresponding germyl enolate as an isolatable species. This experimental reductive generation of a germyl enolate enabled us to characterize both C‐ and O‐bound tautomers derived from an identical precursor and to unveil the tautomeric mechanisms, including the kinetic parameters and the relative stability of these tautomers, along with confirmation from DFT calculations. Moreover, the highly coordinated germyl enolates were isolated by a stabilization process induced by adding ligands. All products were characterized by NMR spectroscopy and X‐ray crystallography.
Synthese von porösen Voll‐ und Core‐Shell‐Glaskugeln zur Trennung von chiralen Anästhetika
Authors: Münzner Maximilian , Dornberg Gregor , Küster Christian , Enke Dirk 
Published: July 2016

AbstractZur Trennung chiraler Anästhetika werden für die Selektoren maßgeschneiderte kugelförmige Trägermaterialien benötigt. Dabei zeigen poröse Gläser besondere Eignung, da deren Textureigenschaften gezielt einstellbar sind. Durch die Nutzung einer speziellen Wirbelschichtapparatur sowie das Verfahren der ionotropen Gelierung konnten poröse Glaskugeln mit Durchmessern von 40 – 400 µm bzw. 2 – 4 mm synthetisiert werden. Zur Erzeugung von Core‐Shell‐Kugeln wurden erstmals die Prozesse des Ionenaustausches und der Phasenseparation in Alkaliborosilikatgläsern kombiniert, wodurch eine kontrollierbare mesoporöse Schicht an der Oberfläche unporöser Alkaliborosilikatglaskugeln erhalten wurde.
Experimental study on the mixing and dispersing of floating particles in viscous system
Authors: Liu Baoqing , Zheng Yijun , Chen Mingqiang , Huang Bolin , Jin Zhijiang 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe effects of baffle configuration, impeller type, impeller diameter ratio, and immersion depth on the critical drawdown speed and power of floating particles were investigated by experiment, and the advantageous stirred vessel was determined on the basis of the low energy consumption principle. Furthermore, the effects of system viscosity, mean solid concentration, and particle size on the dispersing characteristic of floating particles were also researched with the advantageous stirred vessel. The results show that, (1) when the stirred vessel is equipped with a single baffle, the critical drawdown speed and power of floating particles are lower than those of others. (2) Among the propeller, six flat‐blade disc turbine (Rushton), and six 45° pitched‐blade turbine (PBT‐6), the Rushton turbine has the lowest critical drawdown speed, and the down‐pumping propeller (TXL) has the lowest critical drawdown power. (3) The critical drawdown speed and power are lower with a larger impeller diameter and a smaller immersion depth. (4) The critical drawdown speed and power increase with increasing system viscosity, mean solid concentration, and particle size. The experimental results provide useful guidelines for the advantageous design of the stirred vessel used for the dispersing of floating particles in a viscous system.
Effect of additives on formation and decomposition kinetics of methane clathrate hydrates: Application in energy storage and transportation
Authors: Kumar Asheesh , Kushwaha Omkar Singh , Rangsunvigit Pramoch , Linga Praveen , Kumar Rajnish 
Published: July 2016

AbstractMethane gas storage and transportation via clathrate hydrates is proposed to be a potential solution for large‐scale energy storage. In this work, we study the formation and decomposition kinetics of methane hydrates (MH) in a laboratory‐scale unstirred crystallizer. The present investigation demonstrates comparative studies of hydrate formation and dissociation kinetics in the presence of tetrahydrofuran (55.6 and 27.8 mmol/mol, 5.56 and 2.78 mol % THF) and sodium dodecyl sulphate (1 mg/g, 0.1 wt% SDS). Moreover, the storage capacity and hydrate formation kinetics in both the systems are discussed. In a recent work, enhanced methane hydrate growth in the presence of THF at close to atmospheric conditions was demonstrated. The emphasis of the current work is to study the stability of hydrates to understand dissociation kinetics by measuring the rate of hydrate decomposition at different temperatures. Hydrate stability measurements were performed at −8, −3, 2, 10, and 20 °C to study the decomposition rates of MH and self‐preservation in presence of the two additives THF and SDS.