bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Eye-Head Coordination in 31 Space Shuttle Astronauts during Visual Target Acquisition
Authors: Reschke Millard F. , Kolev Ognyan I. , Clément Gilles 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBetween 1989 and 1995, NASA evaluated how increases in flight duration of up to 17 days affected the health and performance of Space Shuttle astronauts. Thirty-one Space Shuttle pilots participating in 17 space missions were tested at 3 different times before flight and 3 different times after flight, starting within a few hours of return to Earth. The astronauts moved their head and eyes as quickly as possible from the central fixation point to a specified target located 20°, 30°, or 60° off center. Eye movements were measured with electro-oculography (EOG). Head movements were measured with a triaxial rate sensor system mounted on a headband. The mean time to visually acquire the targets immediately after landing was 7–10% (30–34 ms) slower than mean preflight values, but results returned to baseline after 48 hours. This increase in gaze latency was due to a decrease in velocity and amplitude of both the eye saccade and head movement toward the target. Results were similar after all space missions, regardless of length.
Assessment of Variability in the SOMAscan Assay
Authors: Candia Julián , Cheung Foo , Kotliarov Yuri , Fantoni Giovanna , Sellers Brian , Griesman Trevor , Huang Jinghe , Stuccio Sarah , Zingone Adriana , Ryan Bríd M. , Tsang John S. , Biancotto Angélique 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSOMAscan is an aptamer-based proteomics assay capable of measuring 1,305 human protein analytes in serum, plasma, and other biological matrices with high sensitivity and specificity. In this work, we present a comprehensive meta-analysis of performance based on multiple serum and plasma runs using the current 1.3 k assay, as well as the previous 1.1 k version. We discuss normalization procedures and examine different strategies to minimize intra- and interplate nuisance effects. We implement a meta-analysis based on calibrator samples to characterize the coefficient of variation and signal-over-background intensity of each protein analyte. By incorporating coefficient of variation estimates into a theoretical model of statistical variability, we also provide a framework to enable rigorous statistical tests of significance in intervention studies and clinical trials, as well as quality control within and across laboratories. Furthermore, we investigate the stability of healthy subject baselines and determine the set of analytes that exhibit biologically stable baselines after technical variability is factored in. This work is accompanied by an interactive web-based tool, an initiative with the potential to become the cornerstone of a regularly updated, high quality repository with data sharing, reproducibility, and reusability as ultimate goals.
Onset of 2D magnetic reconnection in the solar photosphere, chromosphere, and corona
Authors: Snow B. , Botha G. J. J. , McLaughlin J. A. , Hillier A. 
Published: October 2017

Aims. We aim to investigate the onset of 2D time-dependent magnetic reconnection that is triggered using an external (non-local) velocity driver located away from, and perpendicular to, an equilibrium Harris current sheet. Previous studies have typically utilised an internal trigger to initiate reconnection, for example initial conditions centred on the current sheet. Here, an external driver allows for a more naturalistic trigger as well as the study of the earlier stages of the reconnection start-up process.
Methods. Numerical simulations solving the compressible, resistive magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) equations were performed to investigate the reconnection onset within different atmospheric layers of the Sun, namely the corona, chromosphere and photosphere.
Results. A reconnecting state is reached for all atmospheric heights considered, with the dominant physics being highly dependent on atmospheric conditions. The coronal case achieves a sharp rise in electric field (indicative of reconnection) for a range of velocity drivers. For the chromosphere, we find a larger velocity amplitude is required to trigger reconnection (compared to the corona). For the photospheric environment, the electric field is highly dependent on the inflow speed; a sharp increase in electric field is obtained only as the velocity entering the reconnection region approaches the Alfvén speed. Additionally, the role of ambipolar diffusion is investigated for the chromospheric case and we find that the ambipolar diffusion alters the structure of the current density in the inflow region.
Conclusions. The rate at which flux enters the reconnection region is controlled by the inflow velocity. This determines all aspects of the reconnection start-up process, that is, the early onset of reconnection is dominated by the advection term in Ohm’s law in all atmospheric layers. A lower plasma-β enhances reconnection and creates a large change in the electric field. A high plasma-β hinders the reconnection, yielding a sharp rise in the electric field only when the velocity flowing into the reconnection region approaches the local Alfvén speed.
Asymmetric Synthetic Strategies of (R)-(–)-Baclofen: An Antispastic Drug
Authors: Ramesh Perla , Suman Devatha , Reddy Koti 
Published: October 2017

Baclofen is an antispastic drug used as a muscle relaxant in the treatment of the paroxysmal pain of trigeminal neuralgia, spasticity of the spinal cord and cerebral origin. Baclofen resides biological activity exclusively in its (R)-(–)-enantiomer. In this review, various asymmetric synthetic strategies for (R)-(–)-baclofen are described.1	Introduction2	Resolution Synthetic Approaches2.1	Chemical Resolution2.2	Biocatalytic Resolution3	Asymmetric Desymmetrization3.1	Catalytic Enantioselective Desymmetrization3.2	Enzymatic Desymmetrization4	Chiral Auxiliary Induced Asymmetric Synthesis4.1	Asymmetric Michael Addition4.2	Asymmetric Aldol Addition4.3	Asymmetric Nucleophilic Substitution5	Asymmetric Reduction5.1	Catalytic Asymmetric Hydrogenation5.2	Bioreduction6	Catalytic Asymmetric Conjugate Addition7	Conclusion
Ethikberatung auf der Intensivstation: die „Klinisch Orientierte Beratungsmethode“
Authors: Neitzke Gerald 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWhen ethical conflicts arise on the ICU, an ethics case consultation is useful. The aim of this consult is a qualified reflection of the moral values, convictions and assumptions involved in the case. The “clinically oriented method of counselling” provides an adequate structure for case consultations on the ICU. The moral assumptions and estimations contained in medical indications, prognosis, therapeutic aims, risk-benefit assessment and issues of quality of life are discussed and a consensus is sought for. This method is familiar to hospital staff and will effectively support mutual understanding and agreement among physicians, nursing staff and family members. A consensus, facilitated by ethics consultation, expresses the shared belief, that the therapeutic options in question are both scientifically sound and humane. On the one hand the consensus assures the appropriateness of therapeutic goals and therapeutic means, on the other hand it proves the assessment, that patient wishes and preferences have been considered as conclusive as possible.
Kampf den Keimen
Authors: Siebert Jörg , Hallhuber Matthias 
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung
Hygiene-Konzepte Um zu verhindern, dass pathogene Keime auf Patienten oder
Personal übertragen werden, müssen nicht immer zwingend Antibiotika zum Einsatz
kommen. Unsere Autoren stellen drei neue Konzepte vor, welche die
Infektionsraten zuverlässig senken: das präventive Waschen auf der
Intensivstation, das präoperative Waschen und die präoperative Hautantiseptik
mit sogenannten Kombinationspräparaten.
Laterale Parotidektomie
Authors: Granso Frieder 
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung
OP-Ablauf In der HNO-Heilkunde am Universitätsklinikum Heidelberg werden
jährlich zirka 100 Operationen an der Glandula Parotis durchgeführt. Die
jeweilige Operationsmethode richtet sich dabei nach Art und Lokalisation des
Tumors. Unser Autor schildert am Beispiel eines Patienten mit pleomorphem Adenom
den Ablauf bei einer lateralen Parotidektomie.
„Wer zunehmen will, sollte eine Diät
machen”
Authors: Bakaus Brigitte 
Published: October 2017

Zusammenfassung
Bericht einer Betroffenen In den letzten sieben Jahren hat unsere Autorin
60 Kilo abgenommen. Wie sie das geschafft hat, warum herkömmliche Diäten keine
Lösung sind und wie wichtig die Unterstützung einer Selbsthilfegruppe ist,
erzählt sie in ihrem Erfahrungsbericht.
Notfallmäßige Selbstbehandlung für Reisende in Malariagebiete mit geringem Transmissionsrisiko
Authors: Brehm Thomas , Vinnemeier Christof , Rolling Thierry 
Published: October 2017

ZusammenfassungLeitlinien in mehreren europäischen Ländern empfehlen die notfallmäßige Selbstbehandlung einer Malaria (SBET) für Reisende in Malariagebiete mit geringem Transmissionsrisiko. Dabei sollen die mitgeführten Medikamente eingenommen werden, falls eine Malaria möglich und sofortige medizinische Hilfe nicht verfügbar ist. Über die Praktikabilität der SBET wurde innerhalb der Reisemedizin in der Vergangenheit vermehrt spekuliert. Neuere Daten stellen das Konzept der SBET für alle in Regionen mit niedrigem oder mittlerem Transmissionsrisiko Reisende infrage.
Countering racism in counter-terrorism and surveillance discourse
Authors: Sian Katy 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe war on terror prompted a surge of counter-terror measures across Western democracies in the campaign to contain extremism. The effects of this increased securitization has had major consequences for Muslim and racialized populations more generally, who have found themselves caught up in state surveillance and counter-terror operations. Loose and vague definitions of extremism have meant that the category of ‘terror suspect’ continues to be underpinned by Orientalist, racist, and Islamophobic articulations. This paper offers an introduction to an article collection that seeks to critically address the historical shifts and contemporary developments in counter-terrorism discourse, and their impact upon racial groups in national and international contexts.
Search predicts and changes patience in intertemporal choice
Authors: Reeck Crystal , Wall Daniel , Johnson Eric J. 
Published: October 2017

Significance
People often make decisions with consequences that unfold over time. When facing such intertemporal choices, people use different search strategies. We examine how these search strategies differ and how they relate to patience in intertemporal choice. We demonstrate that search varies substantially across individuals and identify two main search strategies—comparative or integrative search. Importantly, comparative search correlates with greater patience and higher susceptibility to contextual influences on choice. We manipulated search using an unobtrusive technique, revealing a causal relationship between strategy and choice. Comparative searchers make more patient choices and exhibit larger framing effects than integrative searchers. An understanding of how differences in psychological processes change discounting can inform the design of behavioral interventions to improve consumer welfare.
Unique growth strategy in the Earth’s first trees revealed in silicified fossil trunks from China
Authors: Xu Hong-He , Berry Christopher M. , Stein William E. , Wang Yi , Tang Peng , Fu Qiang 
Published: October 2017

SignificanceThe evolution of trees and forests in the Mid–Late Devonian Period, 393–359 million years ago, profoundly transformed the terrestrial environment and atmosphere. The oldest fossil trees belong to the Cladoxylopsida. Their water-conducting system is a ring of hundreds of individual strands of xylem (water-conducting cells) that are interconnected in many places. Using anatomically preserved trunks, we show how these trees could grow to a large size by the production of large amounts of soft tissues and new wood around the individual xylem strands and by a controlled structural collapse at the expanding base. We have discovered a complex tree growth strategy unique in Earth history, but with some similarity to that of living palms.
Molecular ensembles make evolution unpredictable
Authors: Sailer Zachary R. , Harms Michael J. 
Published: October 2017

Significance
A long-standing goal in evolutionary biology is predicting evolution. Here, we show that the architecture of macromolecules fundamentally limits evolutionary predictability. Under physiological conditions, macromolecules, like proteins, flip between multiple structures, forming an ensemble of structures. A mutation affects all of these structures in slightly different ways, redistributing the relative probabilities of structures in the ensemble. As a result, mutations that follow the first mutation have a different effect than they would if introduced before. This implies that knowing the effects of every mutation in an ancestor would be insufficient to predict evolutionary trajectories past the first few steps, leading to profound unpredictability in evolution. We, therefore, conclude that detailed evolutionary predictions are not possible given the chemistry of macromolecules.
Abiotic production of sugar phosphates and uridine ribonucleoside in aqueous microdroplets
Authors: Nam Inho , Lee Jae Kyoo , Nam Hong Gil , Zare Richard N. 
Published: October 2017

Significance
Phosphorylation is essential for life. Phosphorylated molecules play diverse functions in cells, including metabolic (e.g., sugar phosphates), structural (e.g., phospholipids), and instructional (e.g., RNA and DNA). In nature, the phosphorylation of sugars via condensation is thermodynamically and kinetically unfavorable in bulk solution. Thus, a key question arising within prebiotic chemistry concerning the origin of life is, “How was phosphorus incorporated into the biological world?” Here, we show that sugar phosphates and a ribonucleoside form spontaneously in microdroplets, without enzymes or an external energy source. Sugar phosphorylation in microdroplets has a lower entropic cost than in bulk solution. Therefore, thermodynamic obstacles of prebiotic condensation reactions can be circumvented in microdroplets.
Survival, Movement, and Distribution of Juvenile Burbot in a Tributary of the Kootenai River
Authors: Beard Zachary S. , Quist Michael C. , Hardy Ryan S. , Ross Tyler J. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Burbot Lota lota in the lower Kootenai River, Idaho, have been the focus of extensive conservation efforts, particularly the release of hatchery-reared juvenile Burbot into small tributaries. The Idaho Department of Fish and Game installed a fixed PIT antenna on Deep Creek, a tributary of the Kootenai River, to evaluate movement of juvenile Burbot to the Kootenai River. Since then, approximately 12,000 juvenile Burbot have been PIT-tagged and released into Deep Creek, but few Burbot have been detected at the antenna, thus raising questions about their fate in the creek. The objectives of this study were to evaluate survival, movement, and distribution of Burbot released into Deep Creek. During 2014, 3,000 age-0, 200 age-1, 16 age-2, and 16 age-4 Burbot were released at two different locations; during 2015, 3,000 age-0 Burbot were released at six different locations (i.e., 500 fish/site). Five additional stationary PIT tag antennas were installed on Deep Creek prior to stocking in 2014. Mobile PIT tag antennas were used to survey the creek in 2015 and 2016. A Barker model in Program MARK was used to estimate survival. Stationary and mobile PIT tag antennas relocated 3,372 (56%) of the Burbot released in Deep Creek during 2014 and 2015. Eighty-eight percent of PIT tags relocated during mobile surveys were relocated within 1 km of a release location. Mobile surveys of release locations in Deep Creek suggested poor dispersal from stocking locations. Survival did not vary across years or release groups. Initial 7-month survival in Deep Creek was 0.27, and survival improved to 0.63 after the first 7 months. Although survival did not differ between years or among release groups, managers may consider releasing Burbot at lower densities across multiple locations.
Received April 25, 2017; accepted September 1, 2017 Published online October 23, 2017
Bayesian data integration for quantifying the contribution of diverse measurements to parameter estimates
Authors: Thijssen Bram , Dijkstra Tjeerd M H , Heskes Tom , Wessels Lodewyk F A 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Motivation
Computational models in biology are frequently underdetermined, due to limits in our capacity to measure biological systems. In particular, mechanistic models often contain parameters whose values are not constrained by a single type of measurement. It may be possible to achieve better model determination by combining the information contained in different types of measurements. Bayesian statistics provides a convenient framework for this, allowing a quantification of the reduction in uncertainty with each additional measurement type. We wished to explore whether such integration is feasible and whether it can allow computational models to be more accurately determined.

Results
We created an ordinary differential equation model of cell cycle regulation in budding yeast and integrated data from 13 different studies covering different experimental techniques. We found that for some parameters, a single type of measurement, relative time course mRNA expression, is sufficient to constrain them. Other parameters, however, were only constrained when two types of measurements were combined, namely relative time course and absolute transcript concentration. Comparing the estimates to measurements from three additional, independent studies, we found that the degradation and transcription rates indeed matched the model predictions in order of magnitude. The predicted translation rate was incorrect however, thus revealing a deficiency in the model. Since this parameter was not constrained by any of the measurement types separately, it was only possible to falsify the model when integrating multiple types of measurements. In conclusion, this study shows that integrating multiple measurement types can allow models to be more accurately determined.

Availability and implementation
The models and files required for running the inference are included in the Supplementary information.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
The first near-complete assembly of the hexaploid bread wheat genome, Triticum aestivum
Authors: Zimin Aleksey V , Puiu Daniela , Hall Richard , Kingan Sarah , Clavijo Bernardo J , Salzberg Steven L 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Common bread wheat, Triticum aestivum, has one of the most complex genomes known to science, with 6 copies of each chromosome, enormous numbers of near-identical sequences scattered throughout, and an overall haploid size of more than 15 billion bases. Multiple past attempts to assemble the genome have produced assemblies that were well short of the estimated genome size. Here we report the first near-complete assembly of T. aestivum, using deep sequencing coverage from a combination of short Illumina reads and very long Pacific Biosciences reads. The final assembly contains 15 344 693 583 bases and has a weighted average (N50) contig size of 232 659 bases. This represents by far the most complete and contiguous assembly of the wheat genome to date, providing a strong foundation for future genetic studies of this important food crop. We also report how we used the recently published genome of Aegilops tauschii, the diploid ancestor of the wheat D genome, to identify 4 179 762 575 bp of T. aestivum that correspond to its D genome components.
Nature inspired algorithms for solving the community detection problem
Authors: Hussein Eslam , Ibrahem Hafez Ahmed , Ella Hassanien Aboul , Fahmy Aly A 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Nature inspired Swarm algorithms have proven to be effective in solving recent complex optimization problems. Comparing such algorithm is a difficult task due to many facts, the nature of the swarm, the nature of the optimization problem itself and number of controlling parameters of the swarm algorithm. In this work we compared two recent swarm algorithms applied to the community detection problem which are the Bat Algorithm (BA) and Artificial Fish Swarm Algorithm (AFSA). Community detection is an active problem in social network analysis. The problem of detecting communities can be represented as an optimization problem where a quality fitness function that captures the intuition of a community as a group of nodes with better internal connectivity than external connectivity is chosen to be optimized. We also investigated the application of the BA and AFSA in solving the community section problem. And introduced a comparative analysis between the two algorithms and other well-known methods. The study show the effectiveness and the limitations of both algorithms.
Sequential Gastroenteritis Outbreaks in a Single Year Caused by Norovirus Genotypes GII.2 and GII.6 in an Institutional Setting
Authors: Karangwa Consolee K , Parra Gabriel I , Bok Karin , Johnson Jordan A , Levenson Eric A , Green Kim Y 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Background
Norovirus is a leading cause of acute gastroenteritis worldwide. Improved diagnostic capability has been instrumental in the characterization of archival norovirus strains associated with gastroenteritis outbreaks that were investigated decades ago. One such investigation was that of 2 sequential gastroenteritis outbreaks that occurred in 1971 at the former Henryton State Hospital in Maryland. Approximately 40% of the resident population experienced clinical symptoms in both outbreaks, which occurred 11 months apart.

Methods
Stored stools and paired sera were re-analyzed to investigate the etiology of the 2 outbreaks.

Results
Different norovirus genotypes were identified as the etiological agents responsible for the illnesses, with GII.2 associated with the first outbreak and GII.6 with the second. The viruses were antigenically distinct as determined by analyses of hyperimmune sera raised against the corresponding virus-like particles in animals, as well as paired sera from infected individuals.

Conclusions
The observed antigenic differences were consistent with the failure of the GII.2 strain to provide cross-protective immunity to the GII.6 strain a few months later. An understanding of antigenic diversity among norovirus genotypes will be important in the design of norovirus vaccines.