bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Study on the influence parameters and anti‐abrasion performance of steam‐cured hydraulic concrete for prefabricated water conveyance channel
Authors: Ma Yuwei , Liu Jiamin , Li Gang , Li Junfeng , Yu Ziwei , Zheng Huaping 
Published: October 2024

AbstractExcessive sediment concentration in water can cause damage to prefabricated concrete channels. This study evaluates the impact of sediment‐laden water flow on the mass loss of concrete after abrasion, incorporating scanning electron microscope‐energy dispersive spectrometer (SEM‐EDS) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analyses to assess the effects of four steam‐curing parameters—delay time, heating rate, constant temperature duration, and steam curing temperature—on the abrasion resistance of concrete used in enterprise prefabricated water conveyance channels. The results indicate that the abrasion resistance of concrete for prefabricated channels improves gradually with increases in delay time and constant temperature duration. When the delay time exceeds 3 h and the constant temperature time exceeds 4 h, the concrete's abrasion resistance can reach more than 5 h(g/cm2)−1. Rapid heating rates and excessively high steam curing temperatures adversely affect the concrete's abrasion resistance. However, when the heating rate is controlled within 20°C/h and the steam curing temperature does not exceed 70°C, the concrete's abrasion resistance can achieve more than 5 h(g/cm2)−1. In compliance with the standard DL/T5201‐2021 requirements, it is recommended that concrete with high demands for abrasion resistance should preferentially select steam‐curing parameters within these ranges.
Evaluating the high‐temperature resistance of self‐compacting mortar incorporating waste andesite powder as a mineral admixture
Authors: Karataş Mehmet , Bozcan Emre , Dener Murat 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSignificant amounts of waste material are generated at various stages of andesite stone processing, including mining, cutting, and polishing. Despite this, limited research has been conducted on the potential use of waste andesite powder (WAP) as a mineral admixture. The impact of WAP on the high‐temperature resistance of cement‐based composites remains largely unexplored. This study aims to evaluate the benefits of incorporating WAP as a partial substitute for Portland cement. Self‐compacting mortars (SCMs) with varying WAP replacement rates (5%–30%) were produced and subjected to temperatures of 300°C, 600°C, and 900°C. Additionally, ternary mixtures of WAP and silica fume were produced for comparative analysis. The results showed that SCMs containing up to 10% WAP exhibited higher 90‐day compressive strength compared to the control sample. Furthermore, WAP inclusion improved high‐temperature resistance, and the use of WAP at higher replacement rates was feasible when combined with mineral admixtures possessing high pozzolanic activity, such as silica fume.
A novel optimization‐based modal pushover analysis procedure for estimating the response of structures
Authors: Mirzaei Moein , Kheirollahi Mohammad 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn recent years, studies have focused on the seismic behavior of various structural systems, including single‐ and double‐layered spatial structures. While nonlinear dynamic analyses are common for these studies, they are time‐consuming and complex. To address this, many pushover procedures have been developed, but their effectiveness in spatial structures remains underexplored. This study introduces an optimized lateral loading profile for evaluating the seismic response of walled bilayer spatial structures. By combining dominant inertial forces and optimizing their corresponding coefficients with the particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm, an optimal loading profile is derived. The method's accuracy was tested on models with varying arch height‐to‐span ratios and a constant wall height‐to‐span ratio, as well as a 15‐story frame structure. The results obtained showed that the proposed method closely matches incremental dynamic analyses (IDAs) in predicting base shear, initial stiffness, and displacements, especially for higher arch height‐to‐span ratios. Additionally, the method accurately estimates drift profiles and nodal displacements on roofs and walls, and performs better than similar mode‐based methods for frame structures.
Quantitative Study of Thermal Response of Timber–Concrete Composite Structures Under Traveling Fire Using Energy Equivalence Method
Authors: Zhang Yongwang , Li Lianqian , Zhang Lei , Zhang Xiaofei , Ni Weibin , Wang Lu 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThe time equivalent method can be used to quantify the fire intensity of a traveling fire into the time of action of the standard fire, which in turn can be used to assess the extent of damage to a structure under a traveling fire. However, an effective time equivalence method for timber structures has not been developed yet. Therefore, this paper proposed an energy‐based time equivalent method, referred to as the “energy equivalence method (EEM)”, for evaluating the fire resistance of timber structures under traveling fire, and validates its effectiveness through a series of fire tests. The results demonstrate that the EEM effectively quantifies the fire intensity endured by glulam under traveling fire as the equivalent exposure time under the standard fire. Furthermore, the EEM was utilized to investigate the damage behavior of a single‐layer Timber‐Concrete Composite (TCC) frame under traveling fire. The results reveal variations in the fire intensity experienced by the structure at different locations under the same traveling fire scenario, with the most severe damage occurring at a position 40% relative to the ignition end. The fire scale determines the non‐uniformity of the fire intensity and the extent of structural damage, as smaller‐scale fires (fire sizes between 10% and 40%) not only result in significant variations in damage levels at different locations but also have a more adverse impact on the structure. In fire safety design, the selection of standard and traveling fire design methods should be based on the fire scale.
Supporting elementary preservice teachers' content knowledge for teaching about matter and its interactions
Authors: Van Orman Dustin S. J. , Melton Josie , Hanley Daniel , Castellano Katherine E. , Mikeska Jamie N. , Hanuscin Deborah , Borda Emily 
Published: October 2024

AbstractKnowledge of science content and the ability to translate knowledge into effective teaching is known as teachers' content knowledge for teaching (CKT). Teachers with developed CKT are able to more effectively determine instructional and assessment activities that will deepen K‐12 students' scientific literacy. However, preservice teachers (PSTs) can have limited opportunities to develop CKT, and little is known about how to support PST CKT development in elementary science teacher preparation. In our work, we developed instructional materials (i.e., “CKT Packets”) intended to support teacher educators (TEs) in developing elementary PSTs' CKT for one content area—matter and its interactions. We facilitated a professional learning community for TEs to support their learning how to implement the materials in their courses. We report on results from a mixed‐methods study using a quasi‐experimental cohort control design with a pretest and posttest to understand differences in PSTs' CKT (N = 250) in eight TEs' science classrooms. Nesting PSTs within their TEs' courses, and controlling for PSTs' prior CKT, engagement time on the assessments, prior coursework, and TE time‐invariant effects, we found preliminary evidence that PSTs achieved greater CKT when TEs implemented more CKT Packets. Salient factors that we hypothesize influenced TEs' productive uses of CKT Packets included disruptions to courses/contexts, TEs' sources of motivation for implementing Packets, TEs' entry points for the alignment of curricular materials with existing topics and pedagogical course emphases, TEs' approaches for first‐time use of curricular materials, and TEs' experiences with the instructional routines of the Packets. We bound our interpretation of results within limitations (e.g., small sample size, quasi‐experimental design) and suggest avenues for new research. Throughout this article, we include implications for TEs, PSTs, educative curricula developers, and researchers working to improve science teaching and learning for students.
Diagnosis of Menopause in a Captive Sumatran Orangutan (Pongo abelii)
Authors: MacLachlan Neil , Routh Andrew , Hunt Gordon , Barbon Alberto , Haworth Melissa , Miller John , Pocknell Ann , Price Eluned 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTHumans were long thought to be the only mammal to experience menopause, the permanent cessation of reproduction followed by a long post‐reproductive lifespan. More recently, evidence has been found for the existence of menopause in other long‐lived mammals, including chimpanzees and gorillas. However, orangutans, which have the longest interbirth interval of any primate, have rarely been studied in this period of their lives. In this paper, we describe clinical, ultrasound, endocrine, and histological evidence consistent with a natural menopause in a captive, previously fertile, Sumatran orangutan (Pongo abelii), aged approximately 50. Consecutive serum samples showed low levels of estradiol and high levels of follicle‐stimulating hormone. Transvaginal ultrasound revealed an atrophic uterus with an antero‐posterior diameter of 2.36 cm, an endometrial thickness of 2 mm, and inactive ovaries. Following this female's death from a subdural hematoma, histological examination of the ovaries showed a dense stroma with corpora albicantia, in comparison to the numerous primordial follicles seen in the ovaries of a stillborn infant female orangutan. These multiple lines of evidence suggest that Sumatran orangutans can now be added to the list of mammals which undergo a true menopause, which may ensure that females' final offspring can be reared to independence.
Densitometry
Authors: Venkataraman R. , McElroy R. , Russo P. A. , Santi P. A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes various densitometry techniques that involve measurement of photon absorption at a single energy and at multiple energies and measurement of differential photon attenuation across absorption edges. Covered in the chapter include single-line, multiple-energy, absorption-edge, and hybrid K-edge densitometry. Applications using these techniques are discussed, and measurement procedures with typical performance results are described.
Principles of Neutron Coincidence Counting
Authors: Swinhoe M. T. , Ensslin N. , Hutchinson J. D. , Iliev M. , Koehler K. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter describes the principles involved with using neutron coincidences that obtain more information about a measured sample than through singles counting alone. The chapter describes the origin of neutron correlations and how they manifest themselves in the neutron pulse train from a detector. The Rossi-α distribution is presented. The chapter then describes measurement and analysis methods used to extract and analyze correlated counting rates, such as the Feynman variance to mean method and the shift register coincidence circuit. These methods can be used to estimate fission rate and neutron multiplication. Dead time corrections, multiple pulsing and the uncertainties resulting from counting statistics are presented. Several passive methods for the determination of 240Pueffective mass are presented in detail: ‘passive calibration curve’, ‘known alpha’ and ‘known multiplication’. This is followed by a description of active coincidence methods, in which an external neutron source is used to induce fission in the item of interest. This section includes a discussion of the selection of the external source, the use of fast and thermal interrogation modes and a presentation of measurement uncertainties. One example is given of an active technique to measure uranium linear density and burnable poison simultaneously.
Instrumentation for Gamma-Ray Spectroscopy
Authors: Vo D. T. , Parker J. L. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis chapter provides a relatively brief introduction to the wide variety of instruments used in the gamma-ray spectroscopy of nuclear materials. Analog and digital multichannel analyzers (MCAs) used for gamma-ray spectroscopy systems is discussed. The process of selecting an appropriate detector for different NDA applications is presented. The many components of an analog amplifier and digital pulse processing are discussed.
Moving mirrors, OTOCs and scrambling
Authors: Biswas Parthajit , Ezhuthachan Bobby , Kundu Arnab , Roy Baishali 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We explore the physics of scrambling in the moving mirror models, in which a two-dimensional CFT is subjected to a time-dependent boundary condition. It is well-known that by choosing an appropriate mirror profile, one can model quantum aspects of black holes in two dimensions, ranging from Hawking radiation in an eternal black hole (for an “escaping mirror”) to the recent realization of Page curve in evaporating black holes (for a “kink mirror”). We explore a class of OTOCs in the presence of such a boundary and explicitly demonstrate the following primary aspects: First, we show that the dynamical CFT data directly affect an OTOC and maximally chaotic scrambling occurs for the escaping mirror for a large-c CFT with identity block dominance. We further show that the exponential growth of OTOC associated with the physics of scrambling yields a power-law growth in the model for evaporating black holes which demonstrates unitary dynamics in terms of a Page curve. We also demonstrate that, by tuning a parameter, one can naturally interpolate between an exponential growth associated with scrambling and a power-law growth in unitary dynamics. Our work explicitly exhibits the role of higher-point functions in CFT dynamics as well as the distinction between scrambling and Page curve. We also discuss several future possibilities based on this class of models.
Free subsets in internally approachable models
Authors: Welch P. D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe consider a question of Pereira as to whether the characteristic function of an internally approachable model can lead to free subsets for functions of the model. Pereira isolated the pertinent Approachable Free Subsets Property (AFSP) in his work on the $${\text {pcf}}$$
pcf
-conjecture. A recent related property is the Approachable Bounded Subset Property (ABSP) of Ben-Neria and Adolf, and we here directly show it requires modest large cardinals to establish:TheoremIf ABSP holds for an ascending sequence $$ \langle \aleph _{n_{m}} \rangle _{m}$$

⟨

ℵ

n
m

⟩

m

$$( n_{m} \in \omega )$$

(

n
m

∈
ω
)

then there is an inner model with measurables $$\kappa < \aleph _{\omega }$$

κ
<

ℵ
ω

of arbitrarily large Mitchell order below $$\aleph _{\omega }$$

ℵ
ω

, that is: $$\sup \left\{ \alpha \mid {\exists }\kappa < \aleph _{\omega } o ( \kappa ) \ge \alpha \right\} = \aleph _{\omega }$$

sup

α
∣
∃
κ
<

ℵ
ω

o

(
κ
)

≥
α

=

ℵ
ω

. A result of Adolf and Ben Neria then shows that this conclusion is in fact the exact consistency strength of ABSP for such an ascending sequence. Their result went via the consistency of the non-existence of continuous tree-like scales; the result of this paper is direct and avoids the use of PCF scales.
Symmetry Preservation in Hamiltonian Systems: Simulation and Learning
Authors: Vaquero Miguel , Cortés Jorge , de Diego David Martín 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis work presents a general geometric framework for simulating and learning the dynamics of Hamiltonian systems that are invariant under a Lie group of transformations. This means that a group of symmetries is known to act on the system respecting its dynamics and, as a consequence, Noether’s theorem, conserved quantities are observed. We propose to simulate and learn the mappings of interest through the construction of G-invariant Lagrangian submanifolds, which are pivotal objects in symplectic geometry. A notable property of our constructions is that the simulated/learned dynamics also preserves the same conserved quantities as the original system, resulting in a more faithful surrogate of the original dynamics than non-symmetry aware methods, and in a more accurate predictor of non-observed trajectories. Furthermore, our setting is able to simulate/learn not only Hamiltonian flows, but any Lie group-equivariant symplectic transformation. Our designs leverage pivotal techniques and concepts in symplectic geometry and geometric mechanics: reduction theory, Noether’s theorem, Lagrangian submanifolds, momentum mappings, and coisotropic reduction among others. We also present methods to learn Poisson transformations while preserving the underlying geometry and how to endow non-geometric integrators with geometric properties. Thus, this work presents a novel attempt to harness the power of symplectic and Poisson geometry toward simulating and learning problems.
Differences of in vitro immune responses between patent and pre-patent Litomosoides sigmodontis–infected mice are independent of the filarial antigenic stimulus used
Authors: Arndts Kathrin , Wiszniewsky Anna , Neumann Anna-Lena , Wiszniewsky Katharina , Katawa Gnatoulma , Hoerauf Achim , Layland-Heni Laura E. , Ritter Manuel , Hübner Marc P. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis are neglected tropical diseases and cause significant public health problems in endemic countries, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Since the human parasites are not viable in immune-competent mice, animal models have been developed, among them Litomosoides sigmodontis which permits a complete life cycle in BALB/c mice, including the development of patent infections with circulating microfilariae (Mf, the worm’s offspring). To investigate the immunomodulatory properties of helminths in vitro, antigenic extracts can be prepared from different life cycle stages of the L. sigmodontis model, including adult worms, but the methods to prepare these antigens differ between research groups. This study analyzed whether different centrifugation methods during the preparation of an antigenic extract, the gender of used worms, or the different fractions (soluble or pellet) altered filarial-specific CD4+ T cell responses. These cells were isolated from pre-patent or patent/chronic infected mice, hence those without and those with Mf, respectively. Ex vivo immune responses were compared at these two different time points of the infection as well as the parasitic parameters. Worm burden and cell infiltration were elevated in the thoracic cavity (TC) and draining mediastinal lymph nodes at the pre-patent stage. Within the TC, eosinophils were significantly up-regulated at the earlier time point of infection which was further reflected by the eosinophil-related eotaxin-1 levels. Regarding the production of cytokines by re-stimulated CD4+ T cells in the presence of different antigen preparations, cytokine levels were comparable for all used extracts. Our data show that immune responses differ between pre-patent and patent filarial infection, but not in response to the different antigenic extracts themselves.
When does metacognition evolve in the opt-out paradigm?
Authors: Watson Robin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Metacognition (awareness of one’s own knowledge) is taken for granted in humans, but its evolution in non-human animals is not well understood. While there is experimental evidence of seemingly metacognitive judgements across species, studies rarely focus on why metacognition may have evolved. To address this, I present an evolutionary model of the opt-out paradigm, a common experiment used to assess animal’s metacognition. Individuals are repeatedly presented with a task or problem and must decide between opting-out and receiving a fixed payoff or opting-in and receiving a larger reward if they successfully solve the task. Two evolving traits – bias and metacognition – jointly determine whether individuals opt-in. The task’s reward, the mean probability of success and the variability in success across trials, and the cost of metacognition were varied. Results identify two scenarios where metacognition evolves: (1) environments where success variability is high; and (2) environments where mean success is low, but rewards are high. Overall, the results support predictions implicating uncertainty in the evolution of metacognition but suggest metacognition may also evolve in conditions where metacognition can be used to identify cases where an otherwise inaccessible high payoff is easy to acquire.
Climate-related loss and damage in contexts of agrarian change: differentiated sense of loss from extreme weather events in northeast Cambodia
Authors: Dorkenoo Kelly , Nong Monin , Persson Joel , Chea Navin , Scown Murray 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe uneven burden of climate-related losses and damages and its implications for equity and social justice are receiving growing attention in science and policy. Smallholder farmers, indigenous groups, and ethnic minorities are often identified as particularly vulnerable and likely to experience a greater burden of climate-related loss and damage. However, limited attention has been paid to experiences of climate-related loss and damage in contexts of agrarian change and related struggles, especially around land. In this paper, we analyse experiences of climate-related loss amongst smallholder farmers in Ratanakiri province, northeast Cambodia. We derive an analytical framework from political economy of vulnerability and sociology of loss to explain farmers’ sense of loss from climate change and foreground intangible dimensions of climate-related loss. We use a mixed-methods approach with a hierarchical regression analysis of a household survey (n = 295), individual interviews, and focus group discussions across eleven villages. We find that a higher number of livelihood activities, greater values related to land, types of negative impacts experienced, and stronger perception of changes in extreme weather events are associated with a greater sense of loss. Meanwhile, a higher ability to repay loans and secure land tenure is associated with a lower sense of loss. Our results demonstrate how experiential, relational, and normative dimensions of climate-related loss are co-produced through processes of agrarian change such as financialization and histories of land struggles (i.e. through debt failure and fear of loss of access to land). This study contributes a deeper understanding of people’s lived experiences of loss arising from climate change impacts in agrarian contexts and their implications for climate justice.
Proper actions of Grigorchuk groups on a CAT(0) cube complex
Authors: Schneeberger Grégoire 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this paper we will present a construction of a CAT(0) cube complex (an infinite cube), on which the uncountable family of Grigorchuk groups $$G_\omega $$

G
ω

act without bounded orbit. Moreover, if the sequence $$\omega $$
ω
does not contain repetition, we prove that the action is proper and faithful. As a consequence of this result, this cube complex is a model for the classifying space of proper actions for all the groups $$G_\omega $$

G
ω

with $$\omega $$
ω
without repetition. This construction works in a general way for any group acting on a set and which admits a commensurated subset. These examples of non-elliptic actions of infinite finitely generated torsion groups on a non-positively curved cube complex contrast to several established fixed-point theorems concerning actions of torsion groups.