bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Towards Pareto Optimization of Performance of a Generic Synchronizer of Transmission Systems
Authors: Berbyuk Viktor 
Published: January 2016

Manual transmissions for passenger cars and trucks are equipped with synchronizer mechanisms. A synchronizer mechanism as a key component of a transmission system must be able to prevent transmission gears from shocking, reduce the noise and it has a great impact on driving comfort and transmission efficiency. Gear shifting improvement with respect to smooth, quick and energy efficient synchronizer’s performance is still an important issue for automotive industry.
A synchronization process comprises several phases within which presynchronization, main synchronization, pre-engagement and engagement phases can be recognized. Aiming an understanding of internal dynamics and existing possibilities for optimization of synchronization processes in transmission systems during the main synchronization phase an engineering model of a generic synchronizer mechanism is proposed. The synchronizer mechanism is modeled by a contacting triple-body system consisting of the selector sleeve, the blocker ring and the gearwheel. The algorithm has developed to solve the direct dynamics synchronization problem for the generic synchronizer mechanism. By using the developed algorithm the rotational motion of the contacting triple-body system and the synchronizing torques between contacting interfaces are determined for given vehicle resistance torque, the drag torque, and the control torque applied to the selector sleeve that all together satisfy the equations of motion and guarantee synchronization of the rotational speeds of the sleeve, the blocker ring and the gearwheel for the final time. It is shown that the solution to the direct dynamics synchronization problem for the generic synchronizer mechanism is not unique and it allows formulation different optimization problems.
Mathematical statement of multi-objective Pareto optimal control problem for synchronizer mechanism is given. Within the proposed model of the generic synchronizer mechanism the time-comfort Pareto optimal control problem is considered. Assuming that the resistance torque on the synchronizer owing to the vehicle inertia, the drag torque, and the synchronizing torques at the contacting interfaces are substantially constant during the main phase of a synchronization process, the solution to the time-comfort Pareto optimal control problem has been obtained.
It was shown that there exist the external control torque (or shift force) applied to the selector sleeve such that the synchronization of rotational speeds of the sleeve, the blocker ring and the gearwheel is guaranteed and the synchronization process is optimal both with respect to minimal possible synchronization time as well as lowest possible inertial load acting on the synchronizer mechanism. Analysis of the obtained Pareto solution is presented.
A Reduction Methodology Using Free-Free Component Eigenmodes and Arnoldi Enrichment
Authors: Tournaire Hadrien , Renaud Franck , Dion Jean-Luc 
Published: January 2016

In order to perform faster simulations, the model reduction is nowadays used in industrial contexts to solve large and complex problems. However, the efficiency of such an approach is sometimes cut by the interface size of the reduced model and its reusability.
In this article, we focus on the development of a reduction methodology for the build of modal analysis oriented and updatable reduced order model whose size is not linked to their contacting interface. In order to allow latter model readjusting, we impose the use of eigenmodes in the reduction basis. Eventually, the method introduced is coupled to an Arnoldi based enrichment algorithm in order to improve the accuracy of the reduced model produced.
In the last section the proposed methodology is discussed and compared to the Craig and Bampton reduction method. During this comparison we observed that even when not enriched, our work enables us to recover the Craig and Bampton accuracy with partially updatable and smaller reduced order model.
Kinematic Analysis of the Planar Motion of Vehicles When Travelling Along Tractrix Curves
Authors: Figliolini Giorgio , Lanni Chiara 
Published: January 2016

A detailed analysis of the path traversed by the rear wheels of the bus is useful in highway design, and in the placement of curbs at intersections. In fact, when a bus turns a corner, the rear wheel could move into the path of a passing motorist or pedestrian by generating an hazard situation, as in the cases of traffic circles and changing lanes. Of course, the same problems regard long trucks, semi-trailer trucks and articulated vehicles, but also bicycles (tandem) and motorbikes.
In particular, the path of the rear wheels of a bus or a long vehicle in general, is a tractrix or equi-tangential curve, which is different by that traced by the front wheels. The planar motion of the chassis of the vehicle can be represented by means of the centrodes, which are traced by the instant center of rotation on the ground (fixed centrode) and on the moving plane that is attached to the vehicle (moving centrode), respectively.
Thus, the pure-rolling motion of the moving centrode that is represented by the axis of the rear wheel, on the fixed centrode (catenary) can reproduce the planar motion of the chassis.
This paper deals with the formulation of a suitable algorithm for the kinematic analysis of the planar motion of vehicles that travel corners, traffic circles and changing lanes. The tractrix is considered as the involute of the fixed centrode (catenary), which takes also the rule of evolute. The inflection and the cuspidal or return circles, along with the Euler-Savary equation and the Aronhold Theorems, give other useful information on the planar motion of the chassis.
Design of a Lightweight Truck Wheel
Authors: Gobbi Massimiliano , Guagliano Mario , Mastinu Giampiero , Previati Giorgio , Finzi Andrea , Vaona Nicola , Maestrini Daniele , Marconi Gianpaolo , Bailini Alessandro , Pinarello Giordano 
Published: January 2016

The presented research activity is focused on the lightweight construction of a of truck wheel, with the final aim of improving the energy efficiency in compliance with current safety standards.
On the basis of the design of a truck wheel currently into production, the objective of reducing the wheel mass is achieved by adopting high-strength materials, optimizing the geometry, and developing a new production process.
The approach used for the new wheel design is based on the selection of a proper mission of the vehicle and on the acquisition of the loading spectra defined by using a new measuring wheel. The information obtained is used during the structural analysis phase. Based on the current production process, a number of suitable materials have been selected. Innovative manufacturing processes have been considered for improving the fatigue life of the wheel. Shot peening has been considered as a method to improve fatigue strength. Moreover, the introduction of laser cutting and welding led both to more freedom in the definition of the geometry of the wheel and to the reduction of the effects of geometric notches due to the absence of weld beads. A dedicated indoor test rig was used for durability tests. These activities led to a new truck wheel with reduced mass that is currently in the experimental validation phase.
A Closed-Form Lower Bound on the Allowable Motion for an Ellipsoidal Body and Environment
Authors: Ma Qianli , Chirikjian Gregory S. 
Published: January 2016

In this paper, we present the closed-form representation of a subset of the allowable motion of an ellipse and an ellipsoid inside a simple elliptical and ellipsoidal environment based on the idea of kinematics of containment. Identifying an object’s free motion space, or equivalently the configuration space (C-space), is of great interest and practical use in computer-aided design and path planning problems. A special case exists when the object is constrained in an environment that is slightly larger than itself. We motivate our research by looking at the amount of free space in a cell for motion of the nucleus relative to the cell membrane. Therefore, we focus on elliptical and ellipsoidal shapes because of their similarity to the actual shape of a cell and its nucleus.
The subset of C-space defined by our closed-form representation is in spherical shape and the convexity of sphere makes it convenient to check whether two nodes in the C-space can be connected without collision. We derive the explicit expressions of the equation for both the single ellipse and single ellipsoid case. Existing methods are implemented and verified while a new method is proposed that shows better performance at enclosing a sub C-space with a larger volume.
Software Based Methods to Harden Embedded Software at Run-Time: A Survey
Authors: Kramer Michael , Horauer Martin 
Published: January 2016

Embedded Systems software reliability is increasingly important, therefore methods to harden existing software are needed. In general, hardening software against various failures is a necessity in modern computer systems. A lot of work has been published regarding many possible ways to achieve this non-functional requirement. Relevant topics include, e.g., test procedures, recommended development flows, and hardware measures like watchdog timers. One of these methods seems very promising to be software implemented in modern embedded systems: Control Flow Checking by signatures. Various authors have shown the effectiveness and feasibility of Control Flow Checking (CFC) by signatures for personal computer software. For instance it has been shown for standard computer-systems, that CFC is capable of reducing undetected control flow errors by at least one magnitude.
This survey will focus on the applicability of such software hardening methods to embedded systems, while adhering mainly to software based approaches. Published methods will be summarized and compared. Furthermore methods to simplify derived control-flow graphs to essential states will be emphasized. Finally the possibility to apply run-time verification to the Control-flow Checking Software is considered.
Discovery and Evaluation of Design Methods in Practice: An Empirical Study
Authors: Gericke Kilian , Roschuni Celeste , Kramer Julia 
Published: January 2016

Web platforms and literature on design methods allow users to search for existing methods based on the method’s name and stage of use. Little support is provided to assess whether a method is appropriate for the task at hand and the context where the method will be applied.
In this explorative study, patterns in searching, selecting, assessing and exchanging experiences with peers in professional practice were analyzed across a range of disciplines. This work reports on our findings from interviews conducted with practicing engineers and designers.
Several similarities in the way practitioners find, select and assess new methods were found and interesting differences were identified for the practices in exchanging experiences with peers.
In this work, we present the findings of our interview study along with directions for future work to better understand design processes in professional practice.
Discrete-Event Simulation Software for Modeling Flexibility-Driven Manufacturing Processes
Authors: Galaske Nadia , Tantik Erdal , Anderl Reiner 
Published: January 2016

In times of globalized markets and rapidly advancing technologies, companies are demanded to produce highly individualized products in shorter life cycles. This requires a certain flexibility in production processes, which, in turn, leads to a higher process complexity. In order to face these challenges, companies need to rely increasingly on the application of software tools for modeling and simulation of production systems.
One of the most commonly used tools in the field of digital production planning and control is the discrete-event simulation (DES). A discrete-event simulation software allows production planners to create digital models of production systems and simulate process and material flows. It can be used not only to improve the design of production systems in the early stage of planning, but also to analyze changes in the system’s behavior during operative processes.
In this paper, an event-based modeling and simulation software for flexibility-driven manufacturing processes in value-added process chains is developed. The software presented in this paper is aimed particularly at small and medium enterprises (SMEs) with low degree of automation and high product variety. The goal of this approach is to enable the modeling and simulation of manufacturing systems where the required manufacturing operations depend on production workers and vary with each production order. Using the approach described in this paper, a high variety of manufacturing process sequences in a flexible manufacturing system with different layouts, where material flows, worker paths, and part routings are not determined in fixed order, can be modeled, analyzed, and optimized.
Comparison of Simulations and Experiments of Loaded Spiral Bevel Gears Behavior
Authors: Teixeira Alves Joël , de Vaujany J. P. , Guingand M. 
Published: January 2016

The design of spiral bevel gears is still very complex because tooth geometry and thus kinematics performance depend on the manufacturing process of this type of gear. The cutting process is dominated by two major manufacturers: Gleason and Klingelnberg. The shape of the teeth surfaces are governed by a large number of programmed machine settings, so they cannot be optimized intuitively. Due to the progress made during the last decade by CNC machines and CAM (Computer Aided Manufacturing) softwares, it is now possible to manufacture spiral bevel gears with quite good quality on a 5-axis milling machine.
In a previous study, the authors presented a numerical model for calculating the quasi-static load sharing of spiral bevel gears. Two kinds of geometries were developed: a simplified Gleason type, and a geometry based on classical spherical involutes combined with a logarithmic spiral. After being generated using a CAD (Computer-Aided Design) software, these two geometries were manufactured with a 5-axis milling machine controlled by CAM software. A metrological study showed that manufacturing by a 5-axis milling machine can be an alternative to conventional cutting methods.
The aim of the present paper is to validate the numerical model. To reach this goal, a test bench was designed to measure the loaded transmission error and visualize the contact patterns. The test bench is integrated inside a numerical 3-axis milling machine: the pinion is mounted on the spindle, while the base of the bench is clamped on its plate. Thus assembly errors can be imposed easily and accurately. Measured and simulated transmission errors are then compared for different axis misalignments cases.
Considering Different Motivations in Design for Consumer-Behavior Change
Authors: Srivastava Jayesh , Shu L. H. 
Published: January 2016

Much existing work aims to understand how to change human behavior through product-design interventions. Given the diversity of individuals and their motivations, solutions that address different motives are surprisingly rare. We aim to develop and validate a framework that clearly identifies and targets different types of behavioral motives in users. We present a behavior model comprising egoistic, sociocultural and altruistic motives, and apply the model to sustainable behavior. We confirmed the explanatory power of the behavior model by categorizing user comments about an international environmental agreement from multiple news sources.
We next developed concepts, each intended to target a single motive type, and elicited evaluations from online respondents who self-assessed their motivation type after evaluating the concepts. We present and discuss correlation results between motive types and preference for products that target these types for two iterations of the experiment. Deviations from our expected results are mainly due to unexpected perceptions, both positive and negative, of our concepts. Despite this, the main value of this work lies in the explicit consideration of a manageable number of different types of motives. A proposed design tool incorporates the three types of motives from the model with the different levels of persuasion others have proposed to change user behavior.
In Search of Effective Design Problems for Design Research
Authors: Durand Fabien , Helms Michael E. , Tsenn Joanna , McAdams Daniel A. , Linsey Julie S. 
Published: January 2016

Much design theory research seeks to create, evaluate, improve or optimize design methods. Whether that research focuses on design thinking, tools, methods, or education, short design problems are often provided to participants in order to evaluate the effects of the variables being tested. When designing and creating such problems, certain characteristics may influence design outcomes: experience and exposure to the design problems vary between participants, and each problem may be more or less favorable to the controlled variable.
In this paper we conjecture a small set of design problem characteristics that may influence experimental outcomes, and we discuss two experiments targeted at uncovering this influence. In our first experiment we examine differences in evaluation metrics between two design problems. In a follow up experiment we correlate the hypothesized characteristics to the variances in experiment outcome. These early results assist to further compare and contrast the empirical differences in common evaluation metrics, as well as show how familiarity and extent of the subjects’ knowledge of a design problem influence these metrics. We also expose the potential for interaction between the design method and the design problem.
Operation Modes and Singularities of 3-PRS Parallel Manipulators With Different Arrangements of P-Joints
Authors: Nurahmi Latifah , Caro Stéphane , Wenger Philippe 
Published: January 2016

The subject of this paper is about the study of the operation modes and the singularity conditions of the 3-PRS parallel manipulator with different arrangements of prismatic joints. The three prismatic joints of the PRS legs are attached to the base with an angle α between the horizontal plane of the base and their directions.
By using an algebraic approach, namely the Study kinematic mapping of the Euclidean group SE(3), the mechanisms are described by a set of eight constraint equations. A primary decomposition is computed over a set of eight constraint equations and reveals that the 3-PRS manipulators with different arrangements of prismatic joints have identical operation modes, namely x0 = 0 and x3 = 0. Both operation modes are analysed.
The singularity conditions are obtained by deriving the determinant of the Jacobian matrix of the eight constraint equations. All the singular configurations are mapped onto the joint space and are geometrically interpreted. The singularity loci of the 3-PRS parallel manipulators are also traced in its orientation workspace for different values of angle α.
ACOUSTICAL STANDARDS NEWS
Authors: Blaeser Susan B. , Struck Christopher J. 
Published: January 2016

American National Standards (ANSI Standards) developed by Accredited Standards Committees S1, S2, S3, S3/SC 1, and S12 in the areas of acoustics, mechanical vibration and shock, bioacoustics, animal bioacoustics, and noise, respectively, are published by the Acoustical Society of America (ASA). In addition to these standards, ASA publishes a catalog of Acoustical American National Standards. To receive a copy of the latest Standards catalog, please contact Susan B. Blaeser.
Comments are welcomed on all material in Acoustical Standards News.
This Acoustical Standards News section in JASA, as well as the National Catalog of Acoustical Standards and other information on the Standards Program of the Acoustical Society of America, are available via the ASA home page: http://acousticalsociety.org.
First Description of Two Sequence Type 2 Acinetobacter baumannii Isolates Carrying OXA-23 Carbapenemase in Pagellus acarne Fished from the Mediterranean Sea near Bejaia, Algeria
Authors: Brahmi Soumia , Touati Abdelaziz , Cadière Axelle , Djahmi Nassima , Pantel Alix , Sotto Albert , Lavigne Jean-Philippe , Dunyach-Remy Catherine 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

To determine the occurrence of carbapenem-resistant
Acinetobacter baumannii
in fish fished from the Mediterranean Sea near the Bejaia coast (Algeria), we studied 300 gills and gut samples that had been randomly and prospectively collected during 1 year. After screening on selective agar media, using PCR arrays and whole-genome sequencing, we identified for the first time two OXA-23-producing
A. baumannii
strains belonging to the widespread sequence type 2 (ST2)/international clone II and harboring aminoglycoside-modifying enzymes [
aac(6
′
)
-Ib and
aac(3
′
)
-I genes].
Visualization of Periplasmic and Cytoplasmic Proteins with a Self-Labeling Protein Tag
Authors: Ke Na , Landgraf Dirk , Paulsson Johan , Berkmen Mehmet 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

The use of fluorescent and luminescent proteins in visualizing proteins has become a powerful tool in understanding molecular and cellular processes within living organisms. This success has resulted in an ever-increasing demand for new and more versatile protein-labeling tools that permit light-based detection of proteins within living cells. In this report, we present data supporting the use of the self-labeling HaloTag protein as a light-emitting reporter for protein fusions within the model prokaryote
Escherichia coli
. We show that functional protein fusions of the HaloTag can be detected both
in vivo
and
in vitro
when expressed within the cytoplasmic or periplasmic compartments of
E. coli
. The capacity to visually detect proteins localized in various prokaryotic compartments expands today's molecular biologist toolbox and paves the path to new applications.

IMPORTANCE
Visualizing proteins microscopically within living cells is important for understanding both the biology of cells and the role of proteins within living cells. Currently, the most common tool is green fluorescent protein (GFP). However, fluorescent proteins such as GFP have many limitations; therefore, the field of molecular biology is always in need of new tools to visualize proteins. In this paper, we demonstrate, for the first time, the use of HaloTag to visualize proteins in two different compartments within the model prokaryote
Escherichia coli
. The use of HaloTag as an additional tool to visualize proteins within prokaryotes increases our capacity to ask about and understand the role of proteins within living cells.