bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polydeoxyribonucleotide Improves Peripheral Tissue Oxygenation and Accelerates Angiogenesis in Diabetic Foot Ulcers
Authors: Kim Seoyoung , Kim Junhyung , Choi Jaehoon , Jeong Woonhyeok , Kwon Sunyoung 
Published: October 2017

Background Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) is known to have anti-inflammatory and angiogenic effects and to accelerate wound healing. The aim of this study was to investigate whether PDRN could improve peripheral tissue oxygenation and angiogenesis in diabetic foot ulcers.
Methods This was a prospective randomized controlled clinical trial. Twenty patients with a non-healing diabetic foot ulcer were randomly distributed into a control group (n=10) and a PDRN group (n=10). Initial surgical debridement and secondary surgical procedures such as a split-thickness skin graft, primary closure, or local flap were performed. Between the initial surgical debridement and secondary surgical procedures, 0.9% normal saline (3 mL) or PDRN was injected for 2 weeks by the intramuscular (1 ampule, 3 mL, 5.625 mg, 5 days per week) and perilesional routes (1 ampule, 3 mL, 5.625 mg, 2 days per week). Transcutaneous oxygen tension (TcPO2) was evaluated using the Periflux System 5000 with TcPO2/CO2 unit 5040 before the injections and on days 1, 3, 7, 14, and 28 after the start of the injections. A pathologic review (hematoxylin and eosin stain) of the debrided specimens was conducted by a pathologist, and vessel density (average number of vessels per visual field) was calculated.
Results Compared with the control group, the PDRN-treated group showed improvements in peripheral tissue oxygenation on day 7 (P<0.01), day 14 (P<0.001), and day 28 (P<0.001). The pathologic review of the specimens from the PDRN group showed increased angiogenesis and improved inflammation compared with the control group. No statistically significant difference was found between the control group and the PDRN group in terms of vessel density (P=0.094). Complete healing was achieved in every patient.
Conclusions In this study, PDRN improved peripheral tissue oxygenation. Moreover, PDRN is thought to be effective in improving inflammation and angiogenesis in diabetic foot ulcers.
Repenser l’autochtonie dans sa globalité : The Fourth World de George Manuel et l’historiographie canadienne
Authors: Turcotte Yanick 
Published: October 2017

La question du changement d’échelle en histoire autochtone entraîne, par conséquent, des interrogations sur la définition de son sujet d’étude, soit l’autochtonicité. En retournant à l’ouvrage classique The Fourth World de George Manuel et Michael Posluns, cet article propose de réfléchir sur les méthodes d’étudier l’histoire autochtone à l’échelle mondiale. Le « Quatrième Monde », concept mis de l’avant par Manuel, permet de réfléchir sur deux façons d’aborder cette histoire, à la fois comme un projet politique global et comme une réalité partagée par divers peuples répartis sur les cinq continents.
Erwinia amylovorapsychrotrophic adaptations: evidence of pathogenic potential and survival at temperate and low environmental temperatures
Authors: Santander Ricardo D. , G. Biosca Elena 
Published: October 2017

The fire blight pathogenErwinia amylovoracan be considered a psychrotrophic bacterial species since it can grow at temperatures ranging from 4 °C to 37 °C, with an optimum of 28 °C. In many plant pathogens the expression of virulence determinants is restricted to a certain range of temperatures. In the case ofE. amylovora,temperatures above 18 °C are required for blossom blight epidemics under field conditions. Moreover, this bacterium is able to infect a variety of host tissues/organs apart from flowers, but it is still unknown how environmental temperatures, especially those below 18 °C, affect the pathogen ability to cause fire blight disease symptoms in such tissues/organs. There is also scarce information on how temperatures below 18 °C affect theE. amylovorastarvation-survival responses, which might determine its persistence in the environment and probably contribute to the seasonal development of fire blight disease, as occurs in other pathogens. To characterize the virulence and survival ofE. amylovoraat temperate and low temperatures, we evaluated the effect of three temperatures (4 °C, 14 °C, 28 °C) on symptom development, and on different parameters linked to starvation and virulence.E. amylovorawas pathogenic at the three assayed temperatures, with a slow-down of symptom development correlating with colder temperatures and slower growth rates. Siderophore secretion and motility also decreased in parallel to incubation temperatures. However, production of the exopolysaccharides amylovoran and levan was enhanced at 4 °C and 14 °C, respectively. Similarly, biofilm formation, and oxidative stress resistance were improved at 14 °C, with this temperature also favoring the maintenance of culturability, together with a reduction in cell size and the acquisition of rounded shapes inE. amylovoracells subjected to long-term starvation. However, starvation at 28 °C and 4 °C induced an enhanced viable but nonculturable (VBNC) response (to a lesser extent at 4 °C). This work revealsE. amylovoraas a highly adaptable pathogen that retains its pathogenic potential even at the minimal growth temperatures, with an improved exopolysaccharide synthesis, biofilm formation or oxidative stress resistance at 14 °C, with respect to the optimal growth temperature (28 °C). Finally, our results also demonstrate the thermal modulation of starvation responses inE. amylovora,suggesting that the starvation-survival and the VBNC states are part of its life cycle. These results confirm the particular psychrotrophic adaptations ofE. amylovora, revealing its pathogenic potential and survival at temperate and low environmental temperatures, which have probably contributed to its successful spread to countries with different climates. This knowledge might improve integrated control measures against fire blight.
Species–specific crab predation on the hydrozoan clinging jellyfish Gonionemus sp. (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), subsequent crab mortality, and possible ecological consequences
Authors: Carman Mary R. , Grunden David W. , Govindarajan Annette F. 
Published: October 2017

Here we report a unique trophic interaction between the cryptogenic and sometimes highly toxic hydrozoan clinging jellyfish Gonionemus sp. and the spider crab Libinia dubia. We assessed species–specific predation on the Gonionemus medusae by crabs found in eelgrass meadows in Massachusetts, USA. The native spider crab species L. dubia consumed Gonionemus medusae, often enthusiastically, but the invasive green crab Carcinus maenus avoided consumption in all trials. One out of two blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) also consumed Gonionemus, but this species was too rare in our study system to evaluate further. Libinia crabs could consume up to 30 jellyfish, which was the maximum jellyfish density treatment in our experiments, over a 24-hour period. Gonionemus consumption was associated with Libinia mortality. Spider crab mortality increased with Gonionemus consumption, and 100% of spider crabs tested died within 24 h of consuming jellyfish in our maximum jellyfish density containers. As the numbers of Gonionemus medusae used in our experiments likely underestimate the number of medusae that could be encountered by spider crabs over a 24-hour period in the field, we expect that Gonionemus may be having a negative effect on natural Libinia populations. Furthermore, given that Libinia overlaps in habitat and resource use with Carcinus, which avoids Gonionemus consumption, Carcinus populations could be indirectly benefiting from this unusual crab–jellyfish trophic relationship.
Quantifying the Impact of Biomass Burning Emissions on Major Inorganic Aerosols and Their Precursors in the U.S.
Authors: Souri Amir H. , Choi Yunsoo , Jeon Wonbae , Kochanski Adam K. , Diao Lijun , Mandel Jan , Bhave Prakash V. , Pan Shuai 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe primary sources for inorganic aerosols from biomass burning are rather negligible, but they are predominantly formed chemically following emission of their precursors (e.g., SO2, NH3, HOx, and NOx). The biomass burning contributions to some of the precursors can be considerable. Accordingly, we quantify the impact of the emissions on major inorganic aerosols in April–October 2012–2014 using a regional model simulation verified by extensive surface observations throughout the U.S. Simulated CO enhancements on an hourly basis are used to classify the U.S. into weak‐moderate (5 < COBiomass‐COBase < 20 ppbv) and strongly impacted periods (COBiomass‐COBase > 20 ppbv). This separation not only facilitates the identification of the spatial frequency of the impact but also helps to filter out nonimpacted periods, enabling us to focus on long‐term contributions. Despite the nonlinear responses of several trace gases to emissions, we observe increases (weak‐moderate and strong) in daily surface SO42− (1.16 ± 0.32 and 6.57 ± 4.65 nmol/m3), NO3− (0.36 ± 0.63, 4.70 ± 7.05 nmol/m3), and NH4+ (2.70 ± 0.92 and 17.82 ± 15.17 nmol/m3) on a national scale. These primarily resulted from (i) increases in daily surface SO2 (0.02 ± 0.01 and 0.10 ± 0.07 ppbv), afternoon OH (1.28 ± 4.24 and 12.82 ± 23.76 ppqv), and H2O2 (0.06 ± 0.02 and 0.10 ± 0.08 ppbv), which may have accelerated the conversion of S(IV) to S(VI), and (ii) increases in daily surface NH3 (1.08 ± 0.73 and 8.61 ± 7.73 nmol/m3) and HNO3 (1.44 ± 0.48 and 7.15 ± 4.25 nmol/m3), which could have produced more particle‐phase NH4NO3. In the West, where atmospheric moisture is limited, enhanced SO42− leaves less available water for NH4NO3 to become ions. Our results suggest that the major inorganic aerosol enhancement (mass) can reach to 23% of that of the carbonaceous aerosols.
Understanding Atmospheric Anomalies Associated With Seasonal Pluvial‐Drought Processes Using Southwest China as an Example
Authors: Liu Zhenchen , Lu Guihua , He Hai , Wu Zhiyong , He Jian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSeasonal pluvial‐drought transition processes are unique natural phenomena. To explore possible mechanisms, we considered Southwest China (SWC) as the study region and comprehensively investigated the temporal evolution or spatial patterns of large‐scale and regional atmospheric variables with the simple method of Standardized Anomalies (SA). Some key procedures and results include the following: (1) Because regional atmospheric variables are more directly responsible for the transition processes, we investigate it in detail. The temporal evolution of net vertical integral water vapor flux (net VIWVF) across SWC, together with vertical SA‐based patterns of regional horizontal divergence (D) and vertical motion (ω), coincides well with pluvial‐drought transition processes. (2) With respect to large‐scale circulation patterns, a well‐organized Eurasian (EU) Pattern is one important feature during the pluvial‐drought transitions over SWC. (3) Based on these large‐scale and regional atmospheric anomalous features, relevant SA‐based indices were built, to explore the possibility of simulating drought development using previous pluvial anomalies. As a whole, simulated drought development only with SA‐based indices of large‐scale circulation patterns does not perform well. Further, it can be improved a lot when SA‐based indices of regional D and net VIWVF are introduced. (4) In addition, the potential drought prediction using pluvial anomalies, together with the deep understanding of physical mechanisms responsible for pluvial‐drought transitions, need to be further explored.
Evaporation Kinetics of Polyol Droplets: Determination of Evaporation Coefficients and Diffusion Constants
Authors: Su Yong‐Yang , Marsh Aleksandra , Haddrell Allen E. , Li Zhi‐Ming , Reid Jonathan P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn order to quantify the kinetics of mass transfer between the gas and condensed phases in aerosol, physicochemical properties of the gas and condensed phases and kinetic parameters (mass/thermal accommodation coefficients) are crucial for estimating mass fluxes over a wide size range from the free molecule to continuum regimes. In this study, we report measurements of the evaporation kinetics of droplets of 1‐butanol, ethylene glycol (EG), diethylene glycol (DEG), and glycerol under well‐controlled conditions (gas flow rates and temperature) using the previously developed cylindrical electrode electrodynamic balance technique. Measurements are compared with a model that captures the heat and mass transfer occurring at the evaporating droplet surface. The aim of these measurements is to clarify the discrepancy in the reported values of mass accommodation coefficient (αM, equals to evaporation coefficient based on microscopic reversibility) for 1‐butanol, EG, and DEG and improve the accuracy of the value of the diffusion coefficient for glycerol in gaseous nitrogen. The uncertainties in the thermophysical and experimental parameters are carefully assessed, the literature values of the vapor pressures of these components are evaluated, and the plausible ranges of the evaporation coefficients for 1‐butanol, EG, and DEG as well as uncertainty in diffusion coefficient for glycerol are reported. Results show that αM should be greater than 0.4, 0.2, and 0.4 for EG, DEG, and 1‐butanol, respectively. The refined values are helpful for accurate prediction of the evaporation/condensation rates.
Contraction
Authors: Goodall Grant 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Contraction
is a descriptive term for phenomena in which one word is reduced and apparently affixed to another. Two types of contraction have been particularly prominent in the syntax literature. The first,
wanna
‐contraction, refers to the use of
wanna
in place of
want to
. There are a number of interesting ways in which
wanna
‐contraction appears to rely on aspects of the syntactic structure. The most celebrated of these is that contraction is not possible across a trace of A′‐movement, but at a more general level, at least descriptively, the contracted form is allowed only in subject control environments (i.e. when
want
subcategorizes for a controlled clause of which
to
is the head). The second major type of contraction that has played a role in the syntax literature is finite auxiliary contraction, which refers to forms like
we have
becoming
we've
. Unlike
wanna
‐contraction, finite auxiliary contraction does not seem to be sensitive to the presence of intervening traces and is not associated with subject control environments. Nonetheless, it is subject to restrictions that give the appearance of being syntactic. A well‐known example of this is that contraction is not possible when the auxiliary has a trace or a deletion site to its right. In both of these types of contraction, some analyses have attempted to account for the restrictions directly within the syntax, while others have made use of the way that syntactic structure interfaces with phonological phrasing.
Strong vs. Weak Islands
Authors: Szabolcsi Anna , Lohndal Terje 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe focus of the chapter is weak islands (WI), that is, selective islands. Strong (absolute) islands are considered only to set the stage for the discussion of WIs. Up until the late 1980s nothing much beyondwh‐islands had been thought to be WIs. Beginning with Relativized Minimality, an ever‐growing range of WIs has been recognized. Thus, theories of WIs have mushroomed, each coming with a significant set of new data and important new connections to other domains. The chapter emphasizes the correspondence between data sets and theories. Less attention is given to proposals that primarily recast the theoretical account of some narrow range of data.
ConjoinedWh‐Questions
Authors: Gračanin‐Yuksek Martina 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMany languages, in addition to ordinary multiplewh‐questions, have a construction in which two or morewh‐phrases appear to be coordinated at the left periphery of the clause. This construction is referred to as aconjoined wh‐question(CWH). The two kinds of multiple questions differ not only in form, but also in interpretation: while ordinary multiplewh‐questions favor pair‐list readings, CWHs favor single‐pair readings. Somewhat surprisingly, CWHs are found not only in multiplewh‐fronting languages (MF languages), but also in languages that front only one or none of thewh‐phrases (non‐MF languages). While all languages with CWHs allow the coordinatedwh‐phrases to be adjuncts (Whenandwheredid John go to school?), only MF languages allow coordination of twowh‐arguments (*Whoandwhatsaw?). The structure of CWHs seems to vary both across languages and within a single language. This chapter surveys cross‐linguistic typology of CWHs as well as existing accounts of this construction. One type of an analysis of CWHs, the monoclausal account, claims that thewh‐phrases originate in a single clause and are fronted to the left periphery, where they are coordinated. On the other type of account, the biclausal account, CWHs involve a coordination of interrogative clauses. It will be shown that both types of analysis seem to be needed in order to cover the cross‐linguistic diversity of CWHs.
Clitic Clusters
Authors: Pescarini Diego 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter deals with the morphosyntax of Romance clitic combinations. It summarizes some data and treatments of clitic sequences, focusing on three aspects: combinatorial restrictions, orderings, and morphological irregularities.First, not all clitic combinations are allowed, as combinatorial gaps arise from both robust cross‐linguistic restrictions (the Person Case Constraint, or PCC) and language‐specific constraints. The former has received much attention in the recent syntactic literature. Besides the PCC, however, Romance displays various kinds of gaps, part of which are arguably due to an identity‐avoidance principle whose morphological or syntactic nature is still under discussion.Second, the order of clitic elements within a cluster is rigidly set on a language‐specific basis and, third, the morphological shape of the cluster does not result from the agglutination of single clitics, as morphological irregularities arise rather frequently. Previous analyses argued that these aspects are due to some sort of extrasyntactic computation, namely morphological templates, post‐syntactic operations, output constraints, etc..Such non‐syntactic devices, which do not follow from any general principle of Universal Grammar, are usually postulated to account for language‐specific orderings and irregularities. In fact, however, ordering phenomena and morphological irregularities seem to be systematic, with certain patterns recurring frequently across languages. The second part of the chapter aims to show that ordering phenomena and morphological irregularities are related and both may be deemed evidence of the syntactic make‐up of clitic sequences. In particular, it is shown that, building on a very restrictive theory of linearization, one may deal with the variation in clitic ordering without postulating extrasyntactic levels of computation.
Secondary Predication
Authors: Rothstein Susan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis chapter discusses secondary predication primarily from a syntactic perspective. We describe the two major types of secondary predicates,depictivesandresultatives, proposing that so‐calledcircumstantialsshould be identified as depictives under the scope of a modal operator. We show that secondary predication, unlike clausal predication, is adjunct predication and is always thematic, with the secondary predicate assigning an external theta‐role to its subject. What makes the predication secondary is that the subject of the secondary predicate must be independently theta‐marked by another lexical head. We contrast secondary predication with clausal predication, and argue that there is no evidence to support a small clause analysis of secondary predicates. Instead, secondary predicates should be analyzed as AP (or PP) adjuncts that directly modify their subject. We review the syntactic position of these adjuncts, showing that they must be c‐commanded by their subjects. We also review the lexical constraints on choice of depictives and resultatives, and discuss briefly the semantic contrasts between them. Crucially, this explains the fact that while depictives can be predicated of either sentential subjects or direct objects, resultatives can only be predicated of VP‐internal arguments. We conclude by reviewing some recent publications on the topic.
Derived Nominals
Authors: Rozwadowska Bożena 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDerived nominals are understood as deverbal nominalizations (i.e., nouns derived from verbs through derivational affixes, such as, e.g.,destruction). Cross‐linguistically, derived nominals constitute a mixed category and show intra‐language and inter‐language variation in the degree of their “nouniness” or “verbness” and in morpho‐syntactic patterns. Among many ambiguities, the least controversial is a clear contrast between result nominals and process nominals (i.e., Complex Event Nominals). There is no consensus, however, as to the account of this dichotomy, the relationship of the derived nominal to the base verb and the nature of the nominalization process. The crucial point is the argument distribution in derived nominals as compared to verbs. It is generally assumed that the presence of argument structure (AS) points to the verbal source of the derivation. Among the various approaches, some binary oppositions have been suggested, such as transformationalist vs. lexicalist approach, syntactic vs. lexical derivation, configurational vs. non‐configurational account, and so on. Recent developments in syntactic theory, such as Distributed Morphology or Neo‐Constructivism, dispense with the strict border between the lexicon/morphology and syntax, and within those new approaches, the ambiguities among nominalizations are attributed to the differences in functional structure. Action nominalizations (derived from Agent–Patient verbs likedestroy) have been studied most extensively. They constitute the basis for various accounts, which, on closer scrutiny, do not always work when confronted with derived nominals from a variety of different languages (Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Greek, among others) and from other semantic classes (e.g., psychological nominals). Most recent cross‐linguistic analyses of derived nominals emphasize the relevance of event structure and aspect for their behavioral properties. Also, stative nominalizations have found place on the current research agenda. All these developments significantly enriched the current state of the art in this area and influenced the views on the division of labor between different components of grammar.