bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cutting Edge: EZH2 Promotes Osteoclastogenesis by Epigenetic Silencing of the Negative Regulator IRF8
Authors: Fang Celestia , Qiao Yu , Mun Se Hwan , Lee Min Joon , Murata Koichi , Bae Seyeon , Zhao Baohong , Park-Min Kyung-Hyun , Ivashkiv Lionel B. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Osteoclasts are resorptive cells that are important for homeostatic bone remodeling and pathological bone resorption. Emerging evidence suggests an important role for epigenetic mechanisms in osteoclastogenesis. A recent study showed that epigenetic silencing of the negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis Irf8 by DNA methylation is required for osteoclast differentiation. In this study, we investigated the role of EZH2, which epigenetically silences gene expression by histone methylation, in osteoclastogenesis. Inhibition of EZH2 by the small molecule GSK126, or decreasing its expression using antisense oligonucleotides, impeded osteoclast differentiation. Mechanistically, EZH2 was recruited to the IRF8 promoter after RANKL stimulation to deposit the negative histone mark H3K27me3 and downregulate IRF8 expression. GSK126 attenuated bone loss in the ovariectomy mouse model of postmenopausal osteoporosis. Our findings provide evidence for an additional mechanism of epigenetic IRF8 silencing during osteoclastogenesis that likely works cooperatively with DNA methylation, further emphasizing the importance of IRF8 as a negative regulator of osteoclastogenesis.
IL-10–Induced miR-155 Targets SOCS1 To Enhance IgE-Mediated Mast Cell Function
Authors: Qayum Amina Abdul , Paranjape Anuya , Abebayehu Daniel , Kolawole Elizabeth Motunrayo , Haque Tamara T. , McLeod Jamie Josephine Avila , Spence Andrew J. , Caslin Heather L. , Taruselli Marcela T. , Chumanevich Alena P. , Baker Bianca , Oskeritzian Carole A. , Ryan John J. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
IL-10 is an important regulatory cytokine that modulates a wide range of immune cells. Whereas it is best known for its ability to suppress immune responses, IL-10 has been found to be pathogenic in several human and animal studies of immune-mediated diseases. There is a considerable gap in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms behind the stimulatory effects of IL-10 during allergic inflammation. IL-10 treatment has been shown to suppress mast cell TNF production. In this study, we report that whereas TNF secretion was reduced, IL-10 surprisingly enhanced IgE-mediated protease and cytokine production both in vitro and in vivo. This stimulatory effect was consistent in mouse and human skin mast cells. IL-10 enhanced activation of the key FcεRI signaling proteins Stat5, JNK, and ERK. We demonstrate that IL-10 effects are dependent on Stat3 activation, eliciting miR-155 expression, with a resulting loss of suppressor of cytokine signaling-1. The importance of miR-155 was demonstrated by the inability of IL-10 to enhance anaphylaxis in miR-155–deficient mice. Taken together, our results reveal an IL-10–induced, Stat3–miR-155 signaling pathway that can promote mast cell responses.
Uncertainty partition challenges the predictability of vital details of climate change
Authors: Fatichi Simone , Ivanov Valeriy Y. , Paschalis Athanasios , Peleg Nadav , Molnar Peter , Rimkus Stefan , Kim Jongho , Burlando Paolo , Caporali Enrica 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDecision makers and consultants are particularly interested in “detailed” information on future climate to prepare adaptation strategies and adjust design criteria. Projections of future climate at local spatial scales and fine temporal resolutions are subject to the same uncertainties as those at the global scale but the partition among uncertainty sources (emission scenarios, climate models, and internal climate variability) remains largely unquantified. At the local scale, the uncertainty of the mean and extremes of precipitation is shown to be irreducible for mid and end‐of‐century projections because it is almost entirely caused by internal climate variability (stochasticity). Conversely, projected changes in mean air temperature and other meteorological variables can be largely constrained, even at local scales, if more accurate emission scenarios can be developed. The results were obtained by applying a comprehensive stochastic downscaling technique to climate model outputs for three exemplary locations. In contrast with earlier studies, the three sources of uncertainty are considered as dependent and, therefore, non‐additive. The evidence of the predominant role of internal climate variability leaves little room for uncertainty reduction in precipitation projections; however, the inference is not necessarily negative, because the uncertainty of historic observations is almost as large as that for future projections with direct implications for climate change adaptation measures.
Characteristics of stratospheric warming events during Northern winter
Authors: Maury Pauline , Claud Chantal , Manzini Elisa , Hauchecorne Alain , Keckhut Philippe 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe strong interest in Sudden Stratospheric Warmings (SSWs) is motivated by their role in the two‐way stratospheric‐tropospheric dynamical coupling. While most studies only investigate major SSWs (vortex breakdown), the minor ones (strong vortex deceleration) are overlooked. This work aims at overcoming this gap by providing a comprehensive description of stratospheric warming events without a priori distinctions between major and minor SSWs, leading to a more complete estimate of the stratospheric variability. Warming events are extracted from reanalysis data sets by means of a midstratospheric polar cap temperature daily index. Events are characterized by a bimodal distribution in amplitude, with a broad peak at small amplitudes (inferior to 5K) and a sharp peak at around 9K. Due to the intrinsic polar vortex dynamics, the warming amplitude presents a distinct seasonal distribution. Small amplitude warmings mainly occur during early and late wintertime by contrast with the larger‐amplitude ones occurring during midwintertime. From mid‐November to mid‐March, the large‐amplitude warmings (i.e., strong warming events, SWEs) include both major and minor SSWs, as well as Canadian and Final warmings. Although major SSWs belong to the tail of the SWEs distribution, there is no clear distinction between the major and minor SSWs according to the considered properties of the events. Such result brings out the idea of “warming continuum.” Furthermore, diagnostics of heat flux reveal that there is no statistical difference between SWEs with regard to their feedbacks on the planetary waves and hence on their potential influence into the troposphere.
Rapidly evolving ultrafine and fine mode biomass smoke physical properties: Comparing laboratory and field results
Authors: Carrico Christian M. , Prenni Anthony J. , Kreidenweis Sonia M. , Levin Ezra J. T. , McCluskey Christina S. , DeMott Paul J. , McMeeking Gavin R. , Nakao Shunsuke , Stockwell Chelsea , Yokelson Robert J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCombining field and laboratory results, we present biomass smoke physical properties. We report sub‐0.56 µm diameter (Dp) particle sizing (fast mobility particle sizer, FMPS) plus light absorption and scattering at 870 nm (photoacoustic extinctiometer). For Dp < 200 nm, the FMPS characterized sizing within ±20% compared to standards. As compared to the traditional scanning mobility particle sizer, the FMPS responded most accurately to single‐mode polydispersions with mean Dp < 200 nm, which characterized the smoke sampled here. Smoke was measured from laboratory fresh emissions (seconds to hours old), the High Park Fire (hours to < 1 day), and from regional biomass burning (several days). During a High Park Fire episode, light extinction rapidly reached a maximum of σep = 569 ± 21 Mm−1 (10 min) with aerosol single scattering albedo peaking at ω = 0.955 ± 0.004. Concurrently, number concentration and size peaked with maximum Dp = 126 nm and a unimodal distribution with σg = 1.5. Long‐range transported smoke was substantially diluted (Ntot factor of 7 lower) and shifted larger (maximum Dp = 143) and wider (σg = 2.2). We compared ambient data to laboratory burns with representative western U.S. forest fuels (coniferous species Ponderosa pine and Alaska black spruce). Smoldering pine produced an aerosol dominated by larger, more strongly light scattering particles (Dp > 100 nm), while flaming combustion produced very high number concentrations of smaller (Dp ~ 50 nm) absorbing particles. Due to smoldering and particle growth processes, Dp approached 100 nm within 3 h after emission. Increased particle cross‐sectional area and Mie scattering efficiency shifted the relative importance of light absorption (flaming maximum) and light scattering (smoldering maximum), increasing ω over time. Measurements showed a consistent picture of smoke properties from emission to aging.
Stability and bistability in a one‐dimensional model of coastal foredune height
Authors: Goldstein Evan B. , Moore Laura J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOn sandy coastlines, foredunes provide protection from coastal storms, potentially sheltering low areas—including human habitat—from elevated water level and wave erosion. In this contribution we develop and explore a one‐dimensional model for coastal dune height based on an impulsive differential equation. In the model, coastal foredunes continuously grow in a logistic manner as the result of a biophysical feedback and they are destroyed by recurrent storm events that are discrete in time. Modeled dunes can be in one of two states: a high “resistant‐dune” state or a low “overwash‐flat” state. The number of stable states (equilibrium dune heights) depends on the value of two parameters, the nondimensional storm frequency (the ratio of storm frequency to the intrinsic growth rate of dunes) and nondimensional storm magnitude (the ratio of total water level during storms to the maximum theoretical dune height). Three regions of phase space exist (1) when nondimensional storm frequency is small, a single high resistant‐dune attracting state exists; (2) when both the nondimensional storm frequency and magnitude are large, there is a single overwash‐flat attracting state; (3) within a defined region of phase space model dunes exhibit bistable behavior—both the resistant‐dune and the low overwash‐flat states are stable. Comparisons to observational studies suggest that there is evidence for each state to exist independently, the coexistence of both states (i.e., segments of barrier islands consisting of overwash‐flats and segments of islands having large dunes that resist erosion by storms), as well as transitions between states.
Uncertainty analysis of terrestrial net primary productivity and net biome productivity in China during 1901–2005
Authors: Shao Junjiong , Zhou Xuhui , Luo Yiqi , Zhang Guodong , Yan Wei , Li Jiaxuan , Li Bo , Dan Li , Fisher Joshua B. , Gao Zhiqiang , He Yong , Huntzinger Deborah , Jain Atul K. , Mao Jiafu , Meng Jihua , Michalak Anna M. , Parazoo Nicholas C. , Peng Changhui , Poulter Benjamin , Schwalm Christopher R. , Shi Xiaoying , Sun Rui , Tao Fulu , Tian Hanqin , Wei Yaxing , Zeng Ning , Zhu Qiuan , Zhu Wenquan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDespite the importance of net primary productivity (NPP) and net biome productivity (NBP), estimates of NPP and NBP for China are highly uncertain. To investigate the main sources of uncertainty, we synthesized model estimates of NPP and NBP for China from published literature and the Multi‐scale Synthesis and Terrestrial Model Intercomparison Project (MsTMIP). The literature‐based results showed that total NPP and NBP in China were 3.35 ± 1.25 and 0.14 ± 0.094 Pg C yr−1, respectively. Classification and regression tree analysis based on literature data showed that model type was the primary source of the uncertainty, explaining 36% and 64% of the variance in NPP and NBP, respectively. Spatiotemporal scales, land cover conditions, inclusion of the N cycle, and effects of N addition also contributed to the overall uncertainty. Results based on the MsTMIP data suggested that model structures were overwhelmingly important (>90%) for the overall uncertainty compared to simulations with different combinations of time‐varying global change factors. The interannual pattern of NPP was similar among diverse studies and increased by 0.012 Pg C yr−1 during 1981–2000. In addition, high uncertainty in China's NPP occurred in areas with high productivity, whereas NBP showed the opposite pattern. Our results suggest that to significantly reduce uncertainty in estimated NPP and NBP, model structures should be substantially tested on the basis of empirical results. To this end, coordinated distributed experiments with multiple global change factors might be a practical approach that can validate specific structures of different models.
Revisiting hydraulic hysteresis based on long‐term monitoring of hydraulic states in lysimeters
Authors: Hannes M. , Wollschläger U. , Wöhling T. , Vogel H.‐J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHysteretic processes have been recognized for decades as an important characteristic of soil hydraulic behavior. Several studies confirmed that wetting and drying periods cannot be described by a simple functional relationship, and that some nonequilibrium of the water retention characteristics has to be taken into account. A large number of models describing the hysteresis of the soil water retention characteristic were successfully tested on soil cores under controlled laboratory conditions. However, its relevance under field conditions under natural forcings has rarely been investigated. In practice, the modeling of field soils usually neglects the hysteretic nature of soil hydraulic properties. In this study, long‐term observations of water content and matric potential in lysimeters of the lysimeter network TERENO‐SoilCan are presented, clearly demonstrating the hysteretic behavior of field soils. We propose a classification into three categories related to different time scales. Based on synthetic and long‐term monitoring data, three different models of hysteresis were applied to data sets showing different degrees of hysteresis. We found no single model to be superior to the others. The model ranking depended on the degree of hysteresis. All models were able to reflect the general structure of hysteresis in most cases but failed to reproduce the detailed trajectories of state variables especially under highly transient conditions. As an important result we found that the temporal dynamics of wetting and drying significantly affects these trajectories which should be accounted for in future model concepts.
The dependence on geomagnetic conditions and solar wind dynamic pressure of the spatial distributions of EMIC waves observed by the Van Allen Probes
Authors: Saikin A. A. , Zhang J.‐C. , Smith C. W. , Spence H. E. , Torbert R. B. , Kletzing C. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA statistical examination on the spatial distributions of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves observed by the Van Allen Probes against varying levels of geomagnetic activity (i.e., AE and SYM‐H) and dynamic pressure has been performed. Measurements taken by the Electric and Magnetic Field Instrument Suite and Integrated Science for the first full magnetic local time (MLT) precession of the Van Allen Probes (September 2012–June 2014) are used to identify over 700 EMIC wave events. Spatial distributions of EMIC waves are found to vary depending on the level of geomagnetic activity and solar wind dynamic pressure. EMIC wave events were observed under quiet (AE ≤ 100 nT, 325 wave events), moderate (100 nT < AE ≤ 300 nT, 218 wave events), and disturbed (AE > 300 nT, 228 wave events) geomagnetic conditions and are primarily observed in the prenoon sector (~800 < MLT ≤ ~1100) at L ≈ 5.5 during quiet activity times. As AE increases to disturbed levels, the peak occurrence rates shift to the afternoon sector (1200 < MLT ≤ 1800) between L = 4 and L = 6. A majority of EMIC wave events (~56%) were observed during nonstorm times (defined by SYM‐H). Consistent with the quiet AE levels, nonstorm EMIC waves are observed in the prenoon sector. EMIC waves observed through the duration of a geomagnetic storm are primarily located in the afternoon sector. High solar wind pressure (Pdyn > 3 nPa) correlates to mostly afternoon EMIC wave observations.
The eruptibility of magmas at Tharsis and Syrtis Major on Mars
Authors: Black Benjamin A. , Manga Michael 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMagnetic and geologic data indicate that the ratio of intrusive to extrusive magmatism (the I/E ratio) is higher in the Tharsis and Syrtis Major volcanic provinces on Mars relative to most volcanic centers on Earth. The fraction of magmas that erupt helps to determine the effects of magmatism on crustal structure and the flux of magmatic gases to the atmosphere and also influences estimates of melt production inferred from the history of surface volcanism. We consider several possible controls on the prevalence of intrusive magmatism at Tharsis and Syrtis Major, including melt production rates, lithospheric properties, regional stresses and strain rates, and magmatic volatile budgets. The Curie temperature is the minimum crustal temperature required for thermal demagnetization, implying that if the primary magnetic mineral is magnetite or hematite, the crust was warm during the intrusive magmatism reflected in Tharsis and Syrtis Major I/E ratios. When wall rocks are warm, thermally activated creep relaxes stresses from magma replenishment and regional tectonics, and eruptibility depends on buoyancy overpressure. We develop a new one‐dimensional model for the development of buoyancy in a viscous regime that accounts for cooling, crystallization, volatile exsolution, bubble coalescence and rise, fluid egress, and compaction of country rock. Under these conditions, we find that initial water and CO2 contents typically <1.5 wt % can explain the observed range of intrusive/extrusive ratios. Our results support the hypothesis that warm crust and a relatively sparse volatile budget encouraged the development of large intrusive complexes beneath Tharsis and Syrtis Major.
Grain size bias in cosmogenic nuclide studies of stream sediment in steep terrain
Authors: Lukens Claire E. , Riebe Clifford S. , Sklar Leonard S. , Shuster David L. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCosmogenic nuclides in stream sediment are widely used to quantify catchment‐average erosion rates. A key assumption is that sampled sediment is representative of erosion from the entire catchment. Here we show that the common practice of collecting a narrow range of sizes—typically sand—may not yield a representative sample when the grain size distribution of sediment produced on slopes is spatially variable. A grain size bias arises when some parts of the catchment produce sand more readily than others. To identify catchments that are prone to this bias, we used a forward model of sediment mixing and erosion to explore the effects of catchment relief and area across a range of altitudinal gradients in sediment size and erosion rate. We found that the bias increases with increasing relief, because higher‐relief catchments have a larger fraction of high elevations that are underrepresented in the sampled sand when grain size increases with altitude. The bias also increases with catchment area, because sediment size reduction during transport causes an underrepresentation of more distal, higher elevations within the catchment. Our analysis indicates that grain size bias may be significant at many sites where cosmogenic nuclides have been used to quantify catchment‐average erosion rates. We discuss how to quantify and account for the bias using cosmogenic nuclides and detrital thermochronometry in multiple sediment sizes.
Isorecticular Synthesis of Dissectible Molecular Bamboo Tubes of Hexarhenium(I) Benzene‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexaolate Complexes
Authors: Tseng Tien‐Wen , Luo Tzuoo‐Tsair , Liao Shi‐Hao , Lu Kai‐Hsiang , Lu Kuang‐Lieh 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA family of bamboo‐like metal–organic nanotubes consisting of in situ synthesized macromolecular blocks (MB) is reported. The MBs are composed of six fac‐(CO)3Re cores, one benzene‐1,2,3,4,5,6‐hexaolate plate, and six pyridine‐derivative pillar ligands, which have a doubly tri‐legged geometry and can be mutually assembled, piece by piece. This entire system is characterized as a simple but precise supramolecular complexation of these macromolecular blocks and further introduces an archetypal approach to systematically constructing a tunable form of dissectible molecular bamboo tubes.
Efficient Palladium‐Assisted One‐Pot Deprotection of (Acetamidomethyl)Cysteine Following Native Chemical Ligation and/or Desulfurization To Expedite Chemical Protein Synthesis
Authors: Maity Suman Kumar , Jbara Muhammad , Laps Shay , Brik Ashraf 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe acetamidomethyl (Acm) moiety is a widely used cysteine protecting group for the chemical synthesis and semisynthesis of peptide and proteins. However, its removal is not straightforward and requires harsh reaction conditions and additional purification steps before and after the removal step, which extends the synthetic process and reduces the overall yield. To overcome these shortcomings, a method for rapid and efficient Acm removal using PdII complexes in aqueous medium is reported. We show, for the first time, the assembly of three peptide fragments in a one‐pot fashion by native chemical ligation where the Acm moiety was used to protect the N‐terminal Cys of the middle fragment. Importantly, an efficient synthesis of the ubiquitin‐like protein UBL‐5, which contains two native Cys residues, was accomplished through the one‐pot operation of three key steps, namely ligation, desulfurization, and Acm deprotection, highlighting the great utility of the new approach in protein synthesis.
Post‐Synthetic Decoupling of On‐Surface‐Synthesized Covalent Nanostructures from Ag(111)
Authors: Rastgoo‐Lahrood Atena , Björk Jonas , Lischka Matthias , Eichhorn Johanna , Kloft Stephan , Fritton Massimo , Strunskus Thomas , Samanta Debabrata , Schmittel Michael , Heckl Wolfgang M. , Lackinger Markus 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe on‐surface synthesis of covalent organic nanosheets driven by reactive metal surfaces leads to strongly adsorbed organic nanostructures, which conceals their intrinsic properties. Hence, reducing the electronic coupling between the organic networks and commonly used metal surfaces is an important step towards characterization of the true material. We demonstrate that post‐synthetic exposure to iodine vapor leads to the intercalation of an iodine monolayer between covalent polyphenylene networks and Ag(111) surfaces. The experimentally observed changes from surface‐bound to detached nanosheets are reproduced by DFT simulations. These findings suggest that the intercalation of iodine provides a material that shows geometric and electronic properties substantially closer to those of the freestanding network.
Moisture sorption isotherm characteristics of Hemerocallis Fulva and Cymbopogon
Authors: Ma Chih‐Ming , Chen Hua‐Wei , Hong Gui‐Bing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe moisture sorption isotherms of Hemerocallis Fulva and Cymbopogon are measured by the static gravimetric method at 25, 35, and 45 °C over a water activity range of 0.09 to 0.95 using standard saturated salt solutions. The sorption isotherms of H. fulva and Cymbopogon display type III (J‐shaped) and type II (nearly sigmoid shapes) isotherms. In addition, the adsorption and desorption data of H. fulva and Cymbopogon fit well with the White & Eiring model and the Oswin model, respectively. The Brunauer–Emmett–Teller equation is applied to determine the monolayer moisture content, and the surface area of a monolayer was calculated. The values of the net isosteric heat of sorption are found to increase with decreases in the equilibrium moisture content. Moreover, the net isosteric heat of desorption is higher than that of the adsorption heat. Copyright © 2016 Curtin University of Technology and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.