bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Machine Translation in the Hands of Trainee Translators – an Empirical Study
Authors: Sycz-Opoń Joanna , Gałuskina Ksenia 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Automated translation (machine translation, MT) is systematically gaining popularity among professional translators, who claim that editing MT output requires less time and effort than translating from scratch. MT technology is also offered in leading translator’s workstations, e.g., SDL Trados Studio, memoQ, Déjà Vu and Wordfast. Therefore, the dilemma arises: should MT be introduced into formal translation training? In order to answer this question, first, it is necessary to understand how trainee translators actually use MT.
This study is an attempt to obtain this knowledge. The methodology applied in this investigation is text analysis. During the experiment sessions the students were asked to translate a legal text using MT tools, which in practice meant the post-editing of the MT raw output. The post-edited versions of the text underwent analysis in order to answer the following research questions:
- What are the most typical errors contained in both French and English MT output?
- How critical are the students towards the text generated by MT?
- How perceptive are the students during the post-editing task?
- Are they able to detect and correct errors using their knowledge and skills?
The results of this study suggest that the post-editing of the MT raw output is as demanding for translation students as traditional translation, however, it requires a different set of skills, such as critical thinking and perceptiveness. Therefore, a special kind of training related to the effective use of MT technology should be implemented during translation classes.
Self-Interest or Solidarity?
Authors: Mueller Sean , Vatter Adrian , Schmid Charlie 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThis article puts the self-interest hypothesis to an empirical test by analysing the 2004 referendum on fiscal equalisation in Switzerland. That vote put forth a series of reforms which created regional winners and loser in terms of having to pay or receiving unconditional funding. Although Switzerland is usually portrayed as a paradigmatic case in terms of inter-regional solidarity and national integration, we show that rational and selfish cost-benefit calculations strongly mattered for the end-result. We rely on a multi-level model with referendum and other data on more than 2700 municipalities and all 26 cantons. More broadly, our findings confirm that rational choice theory works well for voting on straightforward monetary issues with a clearly defined group of winners and losers. However, symbolic interests such as party strength and cultural predispositions against state intervention and in favour of subsidiarity also matter and need to be taken into account alongside.
Das baryzentrische Verhältnis als Invariante der projektiven Geometrie
Authors: Erdnüß Bastian 
Published: April 2017

Zusammenfassung
Invarianten in der Geometrie helfen, unwesentliche Aspekte eines Problems beiseite zu lassen, um so das
Wesentliche in den Vordergrund zu rücken. Die fundamentale Invariante der projektiven Geometrie ist das Doppelverhältnis,
eine Invariante von vier kollinearen Punkten. Sie ist für das Verständnis und die anschauliche Vorstellung der projektiven
Ebene von zentraler Bedeutung. Alle anderen Invarianten der projektiven Geometrie lassen sich auf das Doppelverhältnis
zurückführen, allerdings wertet dies andere Invarianten nicht ab, denn auch sie tragen zum Verständnis der projektiven
Geometrie bei. In diesem Artikel wird eine Verallgemeinerung des Doppelverhältnisses auf Punktkonfigurationen in
höherdimensionalen projektiven Räumen vorgestellt. Die wesentliche Erkenntnis besteht darin, dass das Verhältnis
baryzentrischer Koordinaten projektiv invariant ist. In diesem Artikel werden die Eigenschaften der Invariante besprochen
und exemplarische Anwendungen zur Kamerapositionsbestimmung und 3D-Punkt-Rekonstruktion vorgestellt.
Models and Algorithms for Estimation and Minimization of the Risks Associated with Dredging
Authors: Mamunts D. , Sokolov S. , Nyrkov A. , Chernyi S. , Bukhurmetov M. , Kuznetsov V. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
There are a lot of models and algorithms to minimize risks during dredging operations and they are not without drawbacks. The paper describes the authors’ approach to solving this problem. Mathematical models are proposed and on their basis software is developed. Methods of the risk theory are used to minimize the risks. In this paper a consequence of influence refers to the deviation from the goal expressed in the expected results and the deviation of certain criterion factors. In this case, we mean any measure of quality. In its turn, risk factors reduce criterion factors. These factors are divided into categories - general transportation risks and risks of transporting ground. In these categories, one may derive the following risks - incidents at transport resulting from the impact of a set of random factors including the human one. For risk analysis and management, in addition to identifying critical chains of risk situations, the stochastic model for evaluating the chains is set forth. In order to implement this algorithm, the mathematical package Maple is used, which allows for conducting the required calculations with a software package including the Graph Theory. The paper presents fragments of the code listing.
Reliability and Fall Risk Detection for the BESTest and Mini-BESTest in Older Adults
Authors: Anson Eric , Thompson Elizabeth , Ma Lei , Jeka John 
Published: April 2017

Background & Purpose:
Test stability and test-retest reliability have not previously been reported for either the Balance Evaluation Systems Test (BESTest) or mini-BESTest (mBEST) in a population of older adults with nonspecific balance limitations. Furthermore, no criterion for identifying change greater than chance has been reported in older adults with nonspecific balance problems using either BESTest or mBEST scores. The purposes of this study were to determine test stability over time, test-retest reliability, to identify minimum detectable change for the BESTest and mBEST in a population of older adults with nonspecific balance problems. In addition, the ability of the BESTest and mBEST to identify past fallers was characterized.

Methods:
This was an observational study with 58 adults 65 years or older with a history of falls or self-reported balance problem. The BESTest and mBEST were administered to all participants at the beginning and end of 4 weeks. Test-retest reliability was calculated with intraclass correlations, and minimum detectable change was calculated at the 95% confidence level (MDC95). Receiver operating characteristics were used to characterize the sensitivity and specificity of the BESTest and mBEST to identify older adults who had previously fallen.

Results:
Balance scores did not significantly change over a 4-week period. Test-retest reliability for the BESTest (0.86) and mBEST (0.84) was good to excellent. MDC95 scores were identified for the BESTest (8.9) and mBEST (4).

Conclusions:
The BESTest and mBEST scores were stable and reliable over a period of 4 weeks for a population of older adults with self-reported balance problems or a history of falling. MDC95 scores allow interpretation of change in BESTest and mBEST scores following rehabilitation.
Effective Surface Preparation Technique for Cementitious Samples in Nanoindentation Testing
Authors: Chow PengLoy , Barbhuiya Salim 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
The nanomechanical properties of cementitious materials determined by nanoindentation largely depend on the surface roughness and intrinsic material porosity of the samples. Studies have shown that high surface roughness causes an overall reduction in the measured indentation modulus and hardness. Therefore, it is important to reduce the surface roughness to a desirable value by means of polishing. However, polishing causes damage to the cement matrix. Thus, the most challenging task is to obtain a reasonable surface roughness with minimum disturbance to the microstructure of the samples. This paper discusses an effective surface preparation technique that would meet the roughness criteria for nanoindentation. With the application of Taguchi method, the optimum parameter combinations and relative contributions of various controlling factors such as force, speed, and time of polishing were determined. A second-order response surface model was developed based on signal to noise ratio to establish the relationship between the controlling factors and surface roughness. Finally, the predicted surface roughness values from both Taguchi method and response surface model were compared with the experimental values of the optimized confirmation runs and a good agreement was achieved.
Versatility of Piezoelectric Ring Actuator Technique (P-RAT) for Characterization of Cement Paste and Mortar
Authors: Naji S. , Karray M. , Khayat K. H. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Piezoelectric ring-actuator technique (P-RAT) enables the measurement of shear wave (S-wave) velocity (Vs) of a cement-based material, which is directly related to its elastic shear modulus (G). The P-RAT can produce high quality signals with low energetic primary waves (P-waves), thus resulting in precise measurements of S-wave velocity. This paper checked the reliability of the P-RAT to monitor the setting time using the frequency spectrum of the received signals. A possibility of using the P-RAT to monitor the elastic shear modulus of the cement pastes and mortars starting at an early age was studied. This paper also discussed signal processing techniques, including phase shift correction and the first arrival time that can be used to determine the variation of Vs of cement paste and mortar, which can be interpreted to determine setting time. In total, 16 cement paste and mortar mixtures proportioned with different water-to-cement ratios (w/c), high-range water-reducing admixture dosages, and sand volume fractions were investigated. In addition to Vs measurements, the frequency content of the received signals was shown to offer another alternative to determine setting time of cement paste and mortar. To monitor the elastic shear modulus of cement paste and mortar from 1 up to 56 days, a test setup with two P-RAT sensors mounted on opposite sides of a clamping vice was developed for measuring Vs of different hardened material in shape and thickness.
Investigating the Influence of Biological Sex on the Behavioral and Neural Basis of Face Recognition
Authors: Scherf K. Suzanne , Elbich Daniel B. , Motta-Mena Natalie V. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThere is interest in understanding the influence of biological factors, like sex, on the organization of brain function. We investigated the influence of biological sex on the behavioral and neural basis of face recognition in healthy, young adults. In behavior, there were no sex differences on the male Cambridge Face Memory Test (CFMT)+ or the female CFMT+ (that we created) and no own-gender bias (OGB) in either group. We evaluated the functional topography of ventral stream organization by measuring the magnitude and functional neural size of 16 individually defined face-, two object-, and two place-related regions bilaterally. There were no sex differences in any of these measures of neural function in any of the regions of interest (ROIs) or in group level comparisons. These findings reveal that men and women have similar category-selective topographic organization in the ventral visual pathway. Next, in a separate task, we measured activation within the 16 face-processing ROIs specifically during recognition of target male and female faces. There were no sex differences in the magnitude of the neural responses in any face-processing region. Furthermore, there was no OGB in the neural responses of either the male or female participants. Our findings suggest that face recognition behavior, including the OGB, is not inherently sexually dimorphic. Face recognition is an essential skill for navigating human social interactions, which is reflected equally in the behavior and neural architecture of men and women.
Structural basis for ligand capture and release by the endocytic receptor ApoER2
Authors: Hirai Hidenori , Yasui Norihisa , Yamashita Keitaro , Tabata Sanae , Yamamoto Masaki , Takagi Junichi , Nogi Terukazu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractApolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2) is a close homologue of low‐density lipoprotein receptor (LDLR) that mediates the endocytosis of ligands, including LDL particles. LDLR family members have been presumed to explore a large conformational space to capture ligands in the extended conformation at the cell surface. Ligands are subsequently released through a pH‐titrated structural transition to a self‐docked, contracted‐closed conformation. In addition to lipoprotein uptake, ApoER2 is implicated in signal transduction during brain development through capture of the extracellular protein reelin. From crystallographic analysis, we determine that the full‐length ApoER2 ectodomain adopts an intermediate contracted‐open conformation when complexed with the signaling‐competent reelin fragment, and we identify a previously unappreciated auxiliary low‐affinity binding interface. Based on mutational analyses, we propose that the pH shift during endocytosis weakens the affinity of the auxiliary interface and destabilizes the ligand–receptor complex. Furthermore, this study elucidates that the contracted‐open conformation of ligand‐bound ApoER2 at neutral pH resembles the contracted‐closed conformation of ligand‐unbound LDLR at acidic pH in a manner suggestive of being primed for ligand release even prior to internalization.
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 in an Indian cohort: a longitudinal study
Authors: Zaidi Ghazala , Bhatia Vijayalakshmi , Sahoo Saroj K , Sarangi Aditya Narayan , Bharti Niharika , Zhang Li , Yu Liping , Eriksson Daniel , Bensing Sophie , Kämpe Olle , Bharani Nisha , Yachha Surendra Kumar , Bhansali Anil , Sachan Alok , Jain Vandana , Shah Nalini , Aggarwal Rakesh , Aggarwal Amita , Srinivasan Muthuswamy , Agarwal Sarita , Bhatia Eesh 
Published: April 2017

Objective
Autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 1 (APS1) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive organ-specific autoimmunity. There is scant information on APS1 in ethnic groups other than European Caucasians. We studied clinical aspects and autoimmune regulator (AIRE) gene mutations in a cohort of Indian APS1 patients.

Design
Twenty-three patients (19 families) from six referral centres in India, diagnosed between 1996 and 2016, were followed for [median (range)] 4 (0.2–19) years.

Methods
Clinical features, mortality, organ-specific autoantibodies and AIRE gene mutations were studied.

Results
Patients varied widely in their age of presentation [3.5 (0.1–17) years] and number of clinical manifestations [5 (2–11)]. Despite genetic heterogeneity, the frequencies of the major APS1 components (mucocutaneous candidiasis: 96%; hypoparathyroidism: 91%; primary adrenal insufficiency: 55%) were similar to reports in European series. In contrast, primary hypothyroidism (23%) occurred more frequently and at an early age, while kerato-conjunctivitis, urticarial rash and autoimmune hepatitis were uncommon (9% each). Six (26%) patients died at a young age [5.8 (3–23) years] due to septicaemia, hepatic failure and adrenal/hypocalcaemic crisis from non-compliance/unexplained cause. Interferon-α and/or interleukin-22 antibodies were elevated in all 19 patients tested, including an asymptomatic infant. Eleven AIRE mutations were detected, the most common being p.C322fsX372 (haplotype frequency 37%). Four mutations were novel, while six others were previously described in European Caucasians.

Conclusions
Indian APS1 patients exhibited considerable genetic heterogeneity and had highly variable clinical features. While the frequency of major manifestations was similar to that of European Caucasians, other features showed significant differences. A high mortality at a young age was observed.
Innovative Use of the Electronic Health Record to Support Harm Reduction Efforts
Authors: Hyman Daniel , Neiman Jenae , Rannie Michael , Allen Renee , Swietlik Marguerite , Balzer Andrea 
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:
Awareness of the impact of preventable harm on patients and families has resulted in extensive efforts to make our health care systems safer. We determined that, in our hospital, patients experienced 1 of 9 types of preventable harm approximately every other day. In an effort to expedite early identification of patients at risk and provide timely intervention, we used the electronic health record’s (EHR) documentation to enable decision support, data capture, and auditing and implemented reporting tools to reduce rates of harm.

METHODS:
Harm reduction strategies included aggregating data to generate a risk profile for hospital-acquired conditions (HACs) for all inpatients. The profile includes links to prevention bundles and available care guidelines. Additionally, lists of patients at risk for HACs autopopulate electronic audit tools contained within Research Electronic Data Capture, and data from observational audits and EHR documentation populate real-time dashboards of bundle compliance. Patient population summary reports promote the discussion of relevant HAC prevention measures during patient care and unit leadership rounds.

RESULTS:
The hospital has sustained a &gt;30% reduction in harm for 9 types of HAC since 2012. In 2014, the number of HACs with &gt;80% bundle adherence doubled coincident with the progressive rollout of these EHR-based interventions.

CONCLUSIONS:
Existing EHR documentation and reporting tools may be effective adjuncts to harm reduction initiatives. Additional study should include an evaluation of scalability across organizations, ongoing bundle adherence, and individual tests of change to isolate interventions with the highest impact on our results.
Epidemiology of Cerebrospinal Fluid Cultures and Time to Detection in Term Infants
Authors: Leazer Rianna , Erickson Natasha , Paulson James , Zipkin Ronen , Stemmle Monica , Schroeder Alan R. , Bendel-Stenzel Michael , Fine Bryan R. 
Published: April 2017

BACKGROUND:
Although meningitis is rare in previously healthy term infants, lumbar puncture is often performed to evaluate for source of illness. This study was performed to determine the time to detection for positive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures and to provide an update on the current epidemiology of bacterial meningitis in term infants.

METHODS:
This study was a multicenter, retrospective review of positive CSF cultures in infants ≤90 days of age. Specimens were drawn in the emergency department or inpatient setting between January 2000 and December 2013. Cultures were deemed true pathogens or contaminant species based on the attending physician’s treatment plan. Cultures from premature infants, an operative source, or those with significant medical history were excluded.

RESULTS:
A total of 410 positive CSF culture results were included, with 53 (12.9%) true pathogens and 357 (87.1%) contaminant species. The mean ± SD time to detection for true pathogens was 28.6 ± 16.8 hours (95% confidence interval, 24–33.2); for contaminant species, it was 68.1 ± 36.2 hours (95% confidence interval, 64.3–71.9). Forty-three true-positive cases (81.1%) were positive in ≤36 hours. The most common pathogen was group B Streptococcus (51%), followed by Escherichia coli (13%) and Streptococcus pneumoniae (9%).

CONCLUSIONS:
The majority of pathogenic bacteria in CSF exhibit growth within 36 hours. Most growth from CSF cultures in febrile infants is treated as contamination. The epidemiology of meningitis has remained constant, with group B Streptococcus as the predominant pathogen, despite changes noted in the epidemiology of bacteremia in this population.
Divergent predation environment between two sister species of livebearing fishes (Cyprinodontiformes: Poeciliidae) predicts boldness, activity, and exploration behavior
Authors: Money David Andrus , Ingley Spencer J. , Johnson Jerald B. 
Published: April 2017

Predators can influence a variety of prey traits, including behavior. Traits such as boldness, activity rate, and tendency to explore can all be shaped by predation risk. Our study examines the effects of predation on these behaviors by considering a natural system in which two sister species of livebearing fishes, Brachyrhaphis roseni and B. terrabensis, experience divergent predation environments. In February of 2013, we collected fish in the Río Chiriquí Nuevo drainage, Chiriquí, Panama, and conducted behavioral assays. Using open-field behavioral assays, we evaluated both juveniles and adults, and males and females, to determine if there were differences in behavior between ontogenetic stages or between sexes. We assessed boldness as ‘time to emerge’ from a shelter into a novel environment, and subsequently measured activity and exploration within that novel environment. We predicted that B. roseni (a species that co-occurs with predators) would be more bold, more active, and more prone to explore, than B. terrabensis (a species that does not co-occur with predators). In total, we tested 17 juveniles, 21 adult males, and 20 adult females of B. roseni, and 19 juveniles, 19 adult males, and 18 adult females of B. terrabensis. We collected all animals from streams in Chiriquí, Panama in February 2013, and tested them following a short acclimation period to laboratory conditions. As predicted, we found that predation environment was associated with several differences in behavior. Both adult and juvenile B. roseni were more active and more prone to explore than B. terrabensis. However, we found no differences in boldness in either adults or juveniles. We also found a significant interaction between ‘sex’ and ‘species’ as predictors of boldness and exploration, indicating that predation environment can affect behaviors of males and females differently in each species. Our work demonstrates the importance of considering sex and life history stage when evaluating the evolution of behavior.