bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sonification: Review of Auditory Display Solutions in Electronic Travel Aids for the Blind
Authors: Bujacz Michał , Strumiłło Paweł 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSonification is defined as presentation of information by means of non-speech audio. In assistive technologies for the blind, sonification is most often used in electronic travel aids (ETAs) - devices which aid in independent mobility through obstacle detection or help in orientation and navigation. The presented review contains an authored classification of various sonification schemes implemented in the most widely known ETAs. The review covers both those commercially available and those in various stages of research, according to the input used, level of signal processing algorithm used and sonification methods. Additionally, a sonification approach developed in the Naviton project is presented. The prototype utilizes stereovision scene reconstruction, obstacle and surface segmentation and spatial HRTF filtered audio with discrete musical sounds and was successfully tested in a pilot study with blind volunteers in a controlled environment, allowing to localize and navigate around obstacles.
Authorization and illegitimation among biomedical doctors and indigenous healers in Tanzania
Authors: Higgins Christina 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper analyzes interactions that took place during a set of workshops involving biomedical doctors and indigenous healers in northern Tanzania which promoted the use of indigenous knowledge in public health education and training. Such workshops are needed since, despite their success in treating patients for a number of health problems, healers are still misrepresented in the media and in wider society and are often confused with witchdoctors. In the context of inequality, then, the purpose of the workshops was to encourage the participants to learn from one another and to find ways to collaborate so that they could better treat patients in their area. The analysis assesses the efforts of the non-governmental organization that organized the workshops to create a culture of inclusion and equality among the doctors. The analysis shows how both parties are first legitimated through narratives of equality in the official discourse of the workshops. Subsequently, however, the healers are delegitimized in their interactions with the biomedical doctors through unequal forms of address and through the conflation of indigenous healing with witchcraft. The analysis shows how inequality in discursive practices is a key site for enduring struggles over symbolic power, even in contexts where equality is explicitly on the agenda.
Symbolic power and the native/non-native dichotomy: Towards a new professional legitimacy
Authors: Derivry-Plard Martine 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Based on the research literature of the “native/non-native” distinction and on Bourdieu’s notion of field and social action, this paper proposes to use the specific case of foreign language (FL) teaching in the French educational system to conceptualize the FL teaching field as a highly contested space where unequal actors vie for symbolic power and influence. The FL teaching field is organised into two large spaces: one representing state school educational systems, the other representing private language schools. Symbolic power and teaching legitimacies have been jointly constructed giving more power and legitimacy to non-native teachers in state school settings, and more power and legitimacy to native teachers in private language schools. Universities occupy a middle position between the educational settings of the national education systems and the private settings of language schools: the teaching of language to future specialists is still in the hands of non-native speaker teachers whereas the teaching of language to non-language specialists seems more open to native speaker teachers. The “native/non-native” opposition that linguists thought to be relevant linguistically might no longer be a linguistic concept (Paikeday 1985; Davies 1991; Rampton 1990; Cook 1999; Muni Toke 2013), but, as a social construct, this opposition is still very much alive. It serves to design language policies within which actors-teachers of foreign and second languages confront one another. Due to the global deregulation of educational settings, language actors-teachers are therefore put into a highly competitive market: both native and non-native language teachers struggle to be recognized, and essentialist or even racist attitudes have developed into what Holliday (2006) calls “nativespeakerism”. Understanding the structure of the language teaching field worldwide makes it possible to clarify the power struggle and symbolic violence within the field, whose goals and values are paradoxically aimed at mutual understanding through language teaching and cultural mediation – and even more so in the age of multilingualism.
The ethics of digital ethnography in a team project
Authors: Tagg Caroline , Lyons Agnieszka , Hu Rachel , Rock Frances 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article draws on researcher vignettes to explore ethical decisions made in the process of collecting and analysing mobile messaging data as part of a team ethnographic project exploring multilingualism in superdiverse UK cities. The research involves observing key participants at work as well as recording them at home and collecting their digital interactions. The nature of ethnographic research raises ethical issues which highlight the impossibility of divorcing ethics from project decision-making. We therefore take on board a reconceptualisation of research ethics not as an external set of guidelines but as being at the core of research, driving decision-making at all steps of the process. The researcher vignettes on which we draw in exploring this process facilitate a reflexive approach and enable us to identify and address ethical issues in our research. In this article, we focus on the potential impact that digital communication technologies can have on the kinds of relationships that are possible between researchers and research participants, and on the roles that both carry out within the project. In doing so, we explore the part that digital communications play in the co-construction of social distance and closeness in research relationships. Our discussions around these issues highlight the need for an awareness not only of how our participants’ media ideologies shape their use and perceptions of digital technologies, but also how our own assumptions inform our handling of the digital data.
Isolation and characterization of lytic phages TSE1-3 against Enterobacter cloacae
Authors: Khawaja Komal Ameer , Abbas Zaigham , Rehman Shafiq ur 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe emergence of antibiotic resistant bacterial pathogens is becoming a major challenge for patient care. The utilization of alternative therapies for infectious diseases other than antibiotics is an urgent need of today medical practice. The utilization of lytic bacteriophages and their gene products as therapeutic agents against antibiotic resistant bacteria is one of the convincing alternative approaches. Here we present the isolation and characterization of three lytic bacteriophages TSE1-3 against
Measurement of thyroglobulin, calcitonin, and PTH in FNA washout fluids
Authors: Trimboli Pierpaolo , D’Aurizio Federica , Tozzoli Renato , Giovanella Luca 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDifferent imaging tools, circulating endocrine markers, and fine-needle aspiration (FNA) cytology are of great importance in the diagnosis and follow-up of different thyroid and parathyroid diseases. Sometimes, however, they are conflicting or inconclusive: interestingly, measuring endocrine markers (i.e. thyroglobulin, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone) in fluids from FNA proved to be a very useful complementary diagnostic tool in such cases. The determination of endocrine markers in fluids other than serum/plasma has been developed in the last years. Although studies have reported overall satisfactory results, a good standardization of procedures has not yet been reached, and further efforts should be made in order to better define pre-analytical, analytical, and post-analytical aspects. Here we reviewed critically the literature on the measurement of FNA endocrine markers, focusing on laboratory issues, such as preparation of the sample, choice of solution, and technical features of determination of these markers. Indeed, information for use of FNA-Tg, FNA-CT, and FNA-PTH in clinical practice was also provided.
Mass Media Use: Causes and Effects
Authors: Rosengren Karl Erik , Windahl Swen 
Published: November 2016

Zusammenfassung
Dieser Beitrag enthält die Ergebnisse von vier Befragungen, die mit der Absicht durchgeführt wurden, eine bestimmte Annäherungsweise innerhalb der Tradition von Nutzung und Gratifikation zu erforschen. Der Grad des Interesses für den vom Einzelnen konsumierten Massenmedieninhalt wird als vom Grad seiner Abhängigkeit von funktionalen Alternativen zu realer Kommunikation von Angesicht zu Angesicht beeinflußt gesehen. Der Grad des Interesses wird durch die beiden Beziehungen der Identifikation und (imaginären) Interaktion mit den handelnden Personen des konsumierten Medieninhalts umschrieben; der Grad der Abhängigkeit durch die Umwelts- und individuellen Möglichkeiten zur Interaktion. (Erstere enthalten „Interaktionspotential“ und letztere gewisse Persönlichkeitsvariablen.) Die als Hypothese angenommene Beziehung zwischen dem Interkationspotential und dem Grad des Interesses fand sich in allen vier Befragungen. Die Einflüsse der Persönlichkeitsvariablen sind fragwürdiger. Die Ergebnisse zeigen jedoch deutlich die Notwendigkeit, derartige Variablen in die Erforschung der Gratifikationen durch die Nutzung der Massenmedien miteinzubeziehen.
Die Programmierung des Vergessens - Massenmedien und Geschichtsbewußtsein
Authors: Gottschlich Maximilian 
Published: November 2016

Summary
The election of Kurt Waldheim as Austrian Federal President in June 1986 as well as Austrian public reaction to western criticism, have made one thing clear: More than 40 years after the catastrophe of National Socialism, the mechanisms of forgetting and ignoring are still in full swing in Austria. Guilty for the collective inability to remember, the inability to realize Austria’s culpable involvement in the Nazi dictatorship and thus for the current neurosis, the growing anti-Semitism and anti-Americanism, are the silent Church, and particularly the political parties and the Austrian media. In the second year after Waldheim’s election - if one analyzes the structures of public communication in Austria - there is less talk than ever of dealing with history, enlightenment, or even “sad work”. Public opinion emphasizes chauvinism of the Alpine republic, hatred of Jews, and hostility toward the United States. In addition, basic media difficulties can be seen in handling the past, particularly the difficulty to make historical processes visible in the abundance of shots of current events, and the focusing of the media on what is going on here and now.
The Myth and Rites of Newsmaking: Hard News Versus Soft News
Authors: Poecke Luc Van 
Published: November 2016

Summary
The requirement for the facts to be sacred in the making of the news implies that the journalist must approach these facts from the „right distance“. This correct approach is presently being achieved by neither of the two main categories of news, hard news and soft news. The first (news of and about institutions) is overdistanced and, with its purely objectivizing and rational discourse, does not concern the public; the second (human interest stories, sensational news, gossip, and scandals) is underdistanced and addresses only the irrationality and subjectivity of the public. Of both genres of news the textual strategies are analyzed in this article. However, since neither of the genres is satisfactory, since the one is characterized by too much and the other by too little distance, the ideal of a precise balance doesn’t stop haunting both journalistic praxis and journalistic theory. Nevertheless, in this article it is argued that this precise balance is a myth, and the „semiotic square“ of A.J. Greimas is used for purposes of clarification and formalization. At the same time, this article attempts to determine how the two genres reach their public. Here, use is made of the discourse typology developed by J. Lacan: hard news is the discourse of power and is linked to what Lacan called the „discourse of the Master“ (with its extension, the „University discourse“). Soft news is news for the powerless and is linked to Lacan’s „discourse of the Hysteric“.
„Der Sound, der tierisch reinhaut”
Authors: Schneider Albrecht 
Published: November 2016

Summary
The amount of popmusic transmitted via broadcasting, TV and other media has been increased during about the past twenty years while at the same time young people have spent more and more hours per day watching TV, listening to records and radio etc. as almost all of the teenagers nowadays either own or have access to the equipment needed and many programmes contain little but pop every day (MOR-Pop). Consequently, a general shift from the traditional print media to the audio visual media has been observed, together with a concentration on rather few preferential types of music. This process can be understood basically as an effect of the technical media as well as the result of sales promotion and other campaigns (like, for instance, video clips) aimed at shaping the consumers taste and thus, his purchases and consumption. However, as especially middle-of-the-road pop (MOR) is highly redundant, stereotypes are as difficult to avoid as is the wear and tear of musical means by sheer repetition. To conceal the musical redundancy, studio technique usually is employed to create fresh sounds, and videos have become indispensable aids in publicity campaigns.
Vortrag: Wochenmarkt Gesundheit: Aufklärung oder Vermarktung
Authors: Pott Elisabeth , Härle Monika 
Published: November 2016

Zusammenfassung
Aufklärung beinhaltet Informationen auf dem aktuellen Stand der wissenschaftlichen Erkenntnis zum Thema Gesundheit. Sie soll das Bewußtsein für gesund- und krankmachende Zusammenhänge schärfen. Um den Adressaten für die persönlichen Vorteile einer gesunden Lebensweise zu sensibilisieren, muß Aufklärung über die seriöse Informationsvermittlung auch zeigen, wie gesundheitsförderndes Verhalten in den Alltag integriert werden kann und wie Ohnmachtsgefühle und Ängste überwunden werden können. Hierzu bieten sich einzeln ausdifferenzierte Kampagnen zu speziellen Gesundheitsproblemen an, die ihre volle Wirkung im Sinne einer Verhaltensänderung dann erzielen, wenn eine entsprechende Infrastruktur vor Ort (z.B. eine Beratungsstelle) vorhanden ist.
Werbung mit Gesundheit und Vermarktung von Gesundheit ist von Aufklärung klar zu unterscheiden. Bei derartigen Strategiezielen liegt es durchaus im Interesse, zunächst Ängste auszulösen bzw. bereits vorhandene Ängste zu verstärken, um ein Produkt besser verkaufen zu können. Da Angst aber keine konkrete Verhaltensorientierung bietet, sind die auf diese Weise ausgelösten Reaktionen oft nicht im Sinne einer bewußten, gesundheitsgerechten Entscheidung zu werten.
Auch Produkte, die selbst mit Gesundheit gar nichts zu tun haben, werden mit gesundheitsbezogenen Werbestrategien angeboten. Hier wird eine Verantwortungsethik von Werbetreibenden und Medienmachern gefordert.
Vortrag: Gesundheit durch Unterhaltung - Ist das möglich?
Authors: Bankhofer Hademar , Koch Marianne 
Published: November 2016

Zusammenfassung
Eingangs der Diskussion wurde Unterhaltung definiert als das, was Betroffenheit herstellt und Interesse weckt, was ans Medium fesselt und ein Wohlgefühl sowohl in der Spannung als auch im Amüsement erzeugt. Da es sich hierbei um sehr individuelle Empfindungen handele, solle im Bereich der Gesundheit eher die Verständlichkeit als das „Unterhaltsame“ als Maßstab dienen. Hierzu gehöre vor allem eine verständliche Sprache anstelle von medizinischem Fachchinesisch und die Annahme lediglich rudimentären medizinischen Basiswissens des Konsumenten.
Im Bereich Gesundheit wird in verschiedenartigster Form unterhalten, wobei zwischen Formen, die Gesundheitsinformationen transportieren und aufklären wollen, und Formen, bei denen die Gesundheit lediglich den Rahmen einer Spielhandlung bildet, wie z.B. bei Arztserien oder Arztromanen, differenziert werden muß. Aus Letztgenannten resultiert eher eine Desinformation, die letztlich ihre Ursache in der weitverbreiteten Sprachlosigkeit zwischen Arzt und Patient hat. Fragen der gesundheitlichen Vorsorge eignen sich hervorragend für einen Transport via Fernsehunterhaltung, wobei hier neben der Sprache die Art der Präsentation (z.B. als Quiz) sehr wichtig erscheint, um die ganze Aufmerksamkeit des Zuschauers über einen Zeitraum zu binden. Es wurde positiv angemerkt, daß Publikationen über Gesundheit grundsätzlich dazu anregen, daß die Konsumenten dieser Publikationen in den Dialog mit dem Arzt treten und ein Vertrauensverhältnis begründen/verstärken.
Temperature and Concentration Dependence of Viscosity of Binary Mixtures of PEG-1000 + water
Authors: Dash Debasmita , Mallika C. , Kamachi Mudali U. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Viscosities of binary mixtures of polyethylene glycol-1000 (PEG-1000) and water were measured precisely in the temperature range 293.15–343.15 K at atmospheric pressure using a high precision viscometer. Viscosity data were used to calculate the activation energy of viscous flow. The activation energy was observed to increase with increase in the concentration of aqueous solutions of PEG which indicated that more energy is required to move the molecule inside the structure with increase in concentration. The measured data provided better understanding to explain the behaviour of macromolecules with respect to change in concentration and temperature. The results were discussed in the light of polymer-solvent interactions. At lower concentration range, the molecules exhibit weak interaction due to dominant repulsive force and at higher concentration the entanglement of polymer chain increases. In view of greater force of interaction between solute and solvent molecules forming hydrogen bonding, there will be an increase in interaction with temperature and concentration.
On a combinatorial search problem
Authors: Debrev E. V. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In this paper, we consider the problem of searching for undirected Hamiltonian circuits in the complete graph on n vertices with the use of unconditional edge tests. We prove that the minimal test contains exactly n(n - 3)/2 - [n/3] + 1 edges. We propose an explicit characterisation of all minimal difference sets of edges.
This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grants 02-01-00985 and 00-15-96103, by the Program ‘Universities of Russia,’ and the Federal Program ‘Integration.’
Automaton mappings of words which multiply errors by a factor no greater than K in the Hamming and Levenshtein metrics
Authors: Babash A. V. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Let I and O be finite alphabets. For a finite alphabet Ω, let Ω* denote the set of all words of finite lengths over the alphabet Ω. In this paper we give a complete description of all automaton mappings of the set I* into O* which multiply symbol replacement errors in words by a factor not exceeding K. We give a complete description of injective automaton mappings of the set 1* into O* which multiply symbol skip errors by a factor no greater than K. A similar result is obtained for the deletion and insertion metric.
Limit distribution of the number of pairs in generalised allocation scheme
Authors: Pavlov Yu. L. , Cherepanova E. V. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We consider three combinatorial problems covered by generalised allocation scheme: sampling of balls from an urn that contains balls of various colours; random forests; and random permutations with given number of cycles. For these problems, we present limit distributions of the number of pairs of balls of the same colour; of the number of paths in a forest; and of the number of simple (non-closed) paths in the permutation graph respectively.
This research was supported by the Russian Foundation for Basic Research, grant 00-01-00233.
Modeling and Experimental Validation of Bi-Stable Beam Based Piezoelectric Energy Harvester
Authors: Xu Ruize , Kim Sang-Gook 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
We have previously proposed a bi-stable nonlinear oscillator based piezoelectric energy harvester to address the challenges of low-frequency, low-g vibration energy harvesting at MEMS scale. The compressive residual stress in micro-fabricated thin films could be employed to induce buckling in doubly clamped beams. The buckled beams with two equilibriums can snap through at low frequencies and enhance the power generation. This paper focuses on the modeling of the dynamics of the bi-stable oscillator based energy harvesters. An electromechanical lumped model has been built by Lagrange’s formulation and lumped parameters have been solved explicitly. More particularly, the model considers multi-layer thin films and the residual stress in these films, to be readily applicable to MEMS device design. Harmonic functions as the approximate solutions have been used to analytically solve for the frequency responses of the nonlinear oscillations. Two modes of oscillations predicted by the analytical model have been validated by testing a meso-scale prototype.
Power Response of a Planar Thermoelectric Microgenerator Based on Silicon Nanowires at Different Convection Regimes
Authors: Santos José D. , Salleras Marc , Donmez Inci , Gadea Gerard , Calaza Carlos , Morata Àlex , Tarancón Albert , Fonseca Luis 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A thermoelectric microgenerator based on multiple silicon nanowire arrays is fabricated and its performance evaluated for different convection regimes. Mature silicon microfabrication technology is used to fabricate the device structure. As a post-process, a bottom-up approach is used to grow silicon nanowires by a VLS-CVD mechanism. The thermal design of the microgenerator features a thermally isolated silicon platform which is connected to the bulk silicon rim through several arrays of silicon nanowires. Simulations are carried out to evaluate the need of an external heat sink to improve the thermal gradient seen by the nanowires and the power output of the microgenerator. Results show a significant improvement with a heat sink raising the thermal gradient from 3 K to approximately 100 K when the external temperature gradient is 300 K. Experimental measurements with different convection regimes also show a radical improvement on the power output comparing natural convection and two different forced convection regimes. The first forced convection regime is a broad airflow from a commercial CPU fan placed on top of the device, while the second (air jet forced convection) uses a syringe to focus the airflow from the compressed air line to the platform. The maximum output power for a natural convection regime is 2.2 nW for a hotplate temperature of 200 °C, while the air jet forced convection regime generates up to 700 nW, which correspond to 35 µW/cm2 considering a device footprint of 2 mm2.