bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Key comparison BIPM.RI(I)-K6 of the standards for absorbed dose to water at 10 g cm-2 of the NMIJ, Japan and the BIPM in accelerator photon beams
Authors: Picard S , Burns D T , Roger P , Shimizu M , Morishita Y , Kato M , Tanaka T , Kurosawa T , Saito N 
Published: June 2016

A comparison of the dosimetry for accelerator photon beams was carried out between the National Metrology Institute of Japan (NMIJ) and the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) from 9 to 23 April 2015. The comparison was based on the determination of absorbed dose to water at 10 g cm-2 for three radiation qualities at the NMIJ. The results, reported as ratios of the NMIJ and the BIPM evaluations (and with the combined standard uncertainties given in parentheses), are 0.9966 (47) at 6 MV, 0.9965 (60) at 10 MV and 0.9953 (50) at 15 MV. This result is the eighth in the on-going BIPM.RI(I)-K6 series of comparisons.

Main text

To reach the main text of this paper, click on Final Report. Note that this text is that which appears in Appendix B of the BIPM key comparison database kcdb.bipm.org/.
The final report has been peer-reviewed and approved for publication by the CCRI, according to the provisions of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA).
A Tale of 3 Trials: ACCORD, SPRINT, and SPS3. What Happened?
Authors: Krakoff Lawrence R. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Within the last several years, the National Institutes of Health has supported three randomized clinical trials to determine whether lower than usually recommended goals for treatment of hypertension would have greater benefit for prevention of cardiovascular disease and stroke. These were the ACCCORD, SPRINT, and Secondary Prevention of Small Subcortical Strokes (SPS3) Trials. Together they enrolled 17,114 participants. Results for all three have been reported. The trials differ from each other in their inclusion criteria, target blood pressures for the lower goal (intensive treatment), but are similar in many respects. The results with regard to their primary outcome were different: not significant for ACCORD and SPS3, but definitely significant for SPRINT. Subgroup analysis revealed differences and similarities. When viewed together and with recent large observational studies, they support a conclusion that a systolic pressure in the range of 125–135 mm Hg range is likely to be optimal on treatment for most hypertensive patients.
Estimating and testing high-dimensional mediation effects in epigenetic studies
Authors: Zhang Haixiang , Zheng Yinan , Zhang Zhou , Gao Tao , Joyce Brian , Yoon Grace , Zhang Wei , Schwartz Joel , Just Allan , Colicino Elena , Vokonas Pantel , Zhao Lihui , Lv Jinchi , Baccarelli Andrea , Hou Lifang , Liu Lei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Motivation: High-dimensional DNA methylation markers may mediate pathways linking environmental exposures with health outcomes. However, there is a lack of analytical methods to identify significant mediators for high-dimensional mediation analysis.
Results: Based on sure independent screening and minimax concave penalty techniques, we use a joint significance test for mediation effect. We demonstrate its practical performance using Monte Carlo simulation studies and apply this method to investigate the extent to which DNA methylation markers mediate the causal pathway from smoking to reduced lung function in the Normative Aging Study. We identify 2 CpGs with significant mediation effects.
Availability and implementation: R package, source code, and simulation study are available at https://github.com/YinanZheng/HIMA.
Contact: lei.liu@northwestern.edu
Individual differences in learning behaviours in humans: Asocial exploration tendency does not predict reliance on social learning
Authors: Toyokawa Wataru , Saito Yoshimatsu , Kameda Tatsuya 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA number of empirical studies have suggested that individual differences in asocial exploration tendencies in animals may be related to those in social information use. However, because the ‘exploration tendency’ in most previous studies has been measured without considering the exploration-exploitation trade-off, it is yet hard to conclude that the animal asocial ‘exploration-exploitation’ tendency may be tied to social information use. Here, we studied human learning behaviour in both asocial and social multi-armed bandit tasks. By fitting reinforcement learning models including asocial and/or social decision processes, we measured each individual’s (1) asocial exploration tendency and (2) social information use. We found consistent individual differences in the exploration tendency in the asocial tasks. We also found substantive heterogeneity in the adopted learning strategies in the social task: One-third of participants were most likely to have used the copy-when-uncertain strategy, while the remaining two-thirds were most likely to have relied only on asocial learning. However, we found no significant individual association between the exploration frequency in the asocial task and the use of the social learning strategy in the social task. Our results suggest that the social learning strategies may be independent from the asocial search strategies in humans.
Genetic Allee effects and their interaction with ecological Allee effects
Authors: Wittmann Meike J. , Stuis Hanna , Metzler Dirk 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIt is now widely accepted that genetic processes such as inbreeding depression and loss of genetic variation can increase the extinction risk of small populations. However, it is generally unclear whether extinction risk from genetic causes gradually increases with decreasing population size or whether there is a sharp transition around a specific threshold population size. In the ecological literature, such threshold phenomena are called “strong Allee effects” and they can arise for example from mate limitation in small populations.In this study, we aim to a) develop a meaningful notion of a “strong genetic Allee effect”, b) explore whether and under what conditions such an effect can arise from inbreeding depression due to recessive deleterious mutations, and c) quantify the interaction of potential genetic Allee effects with the well-known mate-finding Allee effect.We define a strong genetic Allee effect as a genetic process that causes a population’s survival probability to be a sigmoid function of its initial size. The inflection point of this function defines the critical population size. To characterize survival-probability curves, we develop and analyze simple stochastic models for the ecology and genetics of small populations.Our results indicate that inbreeding depression can indeed cause a strong genetic Allee effect, but only if individuals carry sufficiently many deleterious mutations (lethal equivalents) on average and if these mutations are spread across sufficiently many loci. Populations suffering from a genetic Allee effect often first grow, then decline as inbreeding depression sets in, and then potentially recover as deleterious mutations are purged. Critical population sizes of ecological and genetic Allee effects appear to be often additive, but even superadditive interactions are possible.Many published estimates for the number of lethal equivalents in birds and mammals fall in the parameter range where strong genetic Allee effects are expected. Unfortunately, extinction risk due to genetic Allee effects can easily be underestimated as populations with genetic problems often grow initially, but then crash later. Also interactions between ecological and genetic Allee effects can be strong and should not be neglected when assessing the viability of endangered or introduced populations.
Application of a team integration performance index in road infrastructure alliance projects
Authors: Che Ibrahim Che Khairil Izam , Costello Seosamh B. , Wilkinson Suzanne 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the applicability of the Alliance Team Integration Performance Index (ATIPI) model as an assessment tool to measure the performance of team integration in alliance road infrastructure projects in New Zealand.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study takes a case study approach, using a qualitative research method. Three road infrastructure projects under project alliance from the New Zealand Transport Agency (NZTA) were selected as the cases. Data were collected through the interviews with a representative from the alliance management team from each case. Project records and documentation were also used to assist and support the actual data from the interviews.

Findings
– The findings indicated that the ATIPI is performing as expected and found to be both practical and applicable to measure the team integration performance in light of real life case studies of alliance road infrastructure projects. Across the three case studies, there is evidence that high levels of integrated performance is consistently fostered by the project teams over the lifecycle of projects. In addition, based on the cross-case analysis from the application of the ATIPI on three cases, further work could enhance the probability of the utilization of the tool to manage different project alliance teams consistently and objectively.

Research limitations/implications
– The study was limited to three alliance road infrastructure projects in New Zealand. Further research into different alliance projects is required to establish a comprehensive database of alliance team integration performance, so that the model could be more beneficial for owner and non-owner participants, for benchmarking purposes.

Practical implications
– As team integration practice can directly result in high performing teams in alliance projects, the ATIPI is an ideal model to facilitate the continuous evaluation of team integration performance consistently and objectively over the lifecycle of the projects.

Originality/value
– This study extends the team integration literature in construction research by providing significant insights into the empirical evaluation of alliance team integration performance, as well as providing added value for the enhancement of any future development of performance evaluation models in construction research.
Measuring the service gaps in the roles of quantity surveyors in the emerging market
Authors: Olanrewaju AbdulLateef 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The opportunities that the emerging markets present to the players in the construction industry means that the players need to expand on the scope and size of their responsibilities and duties to the stakeholders. Each of the professionals now demands more specialised and sophisticated services from one another. The other players in the construction industry now require more emerging responsibilities and duties from the quantity surveyors. The purpose of this paper is to examine the roles that “modern” quantity surveyors play by measuring the gaps that exist in the services that the quantity surveyors provide.

Design/methodology/approach
– Primary data are collected through survey questionnaires. In total, 23 roles played by modern quantity surveyors are identified and addressed to the respondents to rank the rate at which quantity surveyors provide these “emerging” services. The collected data were analysed statistically.

Findings
– The results of the findings led to the conclusion that the quantity surveyors were not meeting the expectations of other players. Therefore, for competitiveness, quantity surveyors need to better meet demand expectations.

Research limitations/implications
– This findings of this research are constrained to the services or functions that the quantity provide in the construction industry.

Practical implications
– This knowledge is valuable to academic institutions that offer quantity surveying programmes, to practicing quantity surveyors, governments, and other players in the construction industry. It will allow quantity surveyors to reconcile supply and demand expectations.

Originality/value
– There is no known conclusive empirical study on services offered by quantity surveyors in any emerging markets. Therefore, the findings offer a fresh understanding on the services of quantity surveyors not only in Nigeria but elsewhere. While some of the services are common, others are peculiar to emerging markets.
Predicting entrepreneurial motivation among university students
Authors: Farhangmehr Minoo , Gonçalves Paulo , Sarmento Maria 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to better understand the main drivers of entrepreneurial motivation among university students and to determine whether entrepreneurship education has a moderating effect on improving the impact of knowledge base and entrepreneurship competencies on entrepreneurial motivation.

Design/methodology/approach
– This study uses a mixed-method approach that combines qualitative interviews and a cross-sectional survey of a sample of 465 university students.

Findings
– The study reveals that entrepreneurship competencies are a predictor of entrepreneurship motivation but that knowledge base is not. Additionally, entrepreneurship education does not improve the motivation of university students to become entrepreneurs. These findings suggest that, to increase entrepreneurial motivation, pedagogy should emphasize the development of students’ entrepreneurial psychological and social skills by covering in particular the emotional dimension and critical thinking.

Originality/value
– This research contributes to the literature on entrepreneurship education and provides strategic recommendations for university managers and education-policy makers.
Tukuchiy: a dynamic user interface generator to improve usability
Authors: Barrera-León Luisa , Mejia-Molina Nadia , Carrillo-Ramos Angela , Flórez-Valencia Leonardo , Pavlich-Mariscal Jaime A. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to present a detailed description of Tukuchiy, a framework to dynamically generate adapted user interfaces. Tukuchiy is based on Runa-Kamachiy, a conceptual integration model that combines human–computer interaction (HCI) standards to create user interfaces with user-centered concepts usually addressed by adaptation.

Design/methodology/approach
The first step was the definition of three profiles: user, context and interface. These profiles contain information, such as user disabilities, location characteristics (e.g. illumination) and preferences (e.g. interface color or type of system help). The next step is to define the rules that ensure usability for different users. All of this information is used to create the Tukuchiy framework, which generates dynamic user interfaces, based on the specified rules. The last step is the validation through a prototype called Idukay. This prototype uses Tukuchiy to provide e-learning services. The functionality and usability of the system was evaluated by five experts.

Findings
To validate the approach, a prototype of Tukuchiy, called Idukay, was created. Idukay was evaluated by experts in education, computing and HCI, who based their evaluation in the system usability scale (SUS), a standard usability test. According to them, the prototype complies with the usability criteria addressed by Tukuchiy.

Research limitations/implications
This work was tested in an academic environment and was validated by different experts. Further tests in a production environment are required to fully validate the approach.

Originality/value
Tukuchiy generates adapted user interfaces based on user and context profiles. Tukuchiy uses HCI standards to ensure usability of interfaces that dynamically change during execution time. The interfaces generated by Tukuchiy adapt to context, functionality, disabilities (e.g. color blindness) and preferences (usage and presentation) of the user. Tukuchiy enforces specific HCI standards for color utilization, button size and grouping, etc., during execution.
A toolkit for women: the mis(sed) management of gender in resource industries
Authors: Laplonge Dean 
Published: June 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to show the extent to which work on how to manage gender in resource industries fails to draw on the body of knowledge which explores gender in the workplace.Design/methodology/approach– This paper explores the efficacy of a recently published toolkit within the context of the current debate about gender in resource industries (such as mining, and oil and gas).Findings– The Australian Human Rights Commission’s toolkit speaks to this debate, but fails to analyse existing strategies to deal with the “gender problem”; it simply repeats them as successful examples of what to do. The authors of the toolkit also fail to ask a question which is fundamental to the success of any intervention into gender: what is the definition of “gender” on which the work is based?Originality/value– The debate about gender in resource industries fails to take into consideration contemporary ideas about gender as they have appeared in academic research and human practice.
Finding the extraordinary and creating the unexpected
Authors: Pellegrini Massimiliano Matteo , Ciappei Cristiano , Zollo Lamberto , Boccardi Andrea 
Published: June 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to present an integrated framework for ethical decision making in uncertain conditions, such as those of entrepreneurship. The model aims to build an exceptional ethical heuristic employable by entrepreneurs.

Design/methodology/approach
– The theoretical framework is anchored to Aquinas’ theory of practical reason (PR) virtue, specifically its minor virtue gnome, and the Kantian faculty of genius or to better say its modus operandi. Thanks to the composition of these prima facie distant ontologies it is possible to build a “ready-to-use” heuristic.

Findings
– The paper through a philosophical discussion offers a ready-to-use heuristic that may help entrepreneurs and businesspersons when “navigating” uncertain and troubled situations. In such situations, first it is important to recognize the “exceptionality” of the situation, disregarding where necessary the ordinary criteria of judgment (an act directed by gnome). Second, a creative reconstruction of available knowledge able to reshape the “rules of the game” is needed (an act directed by PR but with connotations drawn from genius).

Research limitations/implications
– The paper provides only a theoretical conceptualization of the heuristic model. However, the result is a ready-to-use heuristic rule for entrepreneurs, who work in uncertain and unclear conditions. Empirical validation of the framework can represent an opportunity for future research to test the operative impact of such an exceptional ethical heuristic.

Originality/value
– Little attention has been dedicated to ethical decision making in the entrepreneurial setting built on a virtue ethics approach. This paper’s proposed model may represent an innovative alternative to strictly rational models for ethical decision making.
Admiring the peaceful political transition in Taiwan
Authors: Brookfield Jonathan 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Given the recent peaceful turnover of power through a highly participatory democratic election, now is a good time to consider Taiwan and its political development.

Design/methodology/approach
The author reviews how, over two decades Taiwan has undergone a remarkably peaceful transition from what was essentially an authoritarian, one-party dictatorship by the KMT to a vibrant multiparty democracy, a sharp contrast to what has occurred during the same period in China.

Findings
When the traditional ruling party of a country–like the Kuomintang in Taiwan– finds itself completely out of power and wandering in the wilderness, yet still manages to conduct itself with grace and dignity, and in so doing, allows the country to prosper – that affirms the stability and progressive potential of the country’s politics.

Practical implications
Not only has Taiwan’s economy seen a sustained period of fast growth over multiple decades, but the economy has grown without seeing a substantial uptick in economic inequality, a feat many developed nations have failed to achieve.

Originality/value
Taiwan’s two decades of political stability makes is an attractive commercial partner.
Leaf traits as indicators of limiting growing conditions for lettuce (Lactuca sativa)
Authors: Galieni A. , Stagnari F. , Speca S. , Pisante M. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLettuce growth under unstressed conditions was compared to growth under four limiting conditions, i.e. no phosphorus fertilization (0_P), no nitrogen fertilization (0_N), low light (LR) and water stress (WR) over two different growing periods. We investigated the adaptive changes in terms of the morphological and physiological leaf traits, identifying stress‐specific and ‘stable’ indicators suitable for use in breeding programmes. The plants subjected to the WR treatments had lower leaf expansion and specific leaf area (SLA), as well as lower soil–plant analysis development (SPAD) values, stomatal conductance (POR), water index (WI) and leaf temperature (TIR) compared with plants in the unstressed CONTROL. Low light increased the leaf area (LA), SLA and leaf mass ratio (LMR). The 0_N treatment induced a general reduction in the normalised difference vegetation index (NDVI) values, as well as strong changes in LMR and SLA. In general, 0_P induced less pronounced effects than the other treatments. Principal component analysis indicated that the stable and suitable selection indicators of adaptive changes for low nitrogen and low light conditions were LA, SLA, leaf area per unit total plant mass (LAR), LMR, SPAD and POR, while SPAD, POR, TIR and WI were suitable indicators for drought.
Cumulative dosages of antipsychotic drugs are associated with increased mortality rate in patients with Alzheimer's dementia
Authors: Nielsen R. E. , Lolk A. , Valentin J. B. , Andersen K. 
Published: June 2016

ObjectiveWe wished to investigate the effects of cumulative dosages of antipsychotic drug in Alzheimer′s dementia, when controlling for known risk factors, including current antipsychotic exposure, on all‐cause mortality.MethodWe utilized a nationwide, population‐based, retrospective cohort study design with mortality as outcome in individual patients diagnosed with Alzheimer′s dementia.ResultsWe included a total of 45 894 patients and followed them for 3 803 996 person‐years in total, presenting 27 894 deaths in the study population. Cumulative antipsychotic exposure increased mortality: more than 0 Daily Defined Dosage (DDDs) but less than 90: HR 2.20, 95% CI (2.14–2.27), P < 0.001; more than or equal to 90 DDDs but less than 365: HR 1.81, 95% CI (1.74–1.89), P < 0.001; more than or equal to 365 DDDs but less than 730: HR 1.38, 95% CI (1.428–1.49), P < 0.001; and more than or equal to 730 DDDs: HR 1.06, 95% CI (0.95–1.18), P = 0.322, when controlling for proxy markers of severity, somatic and mental comorbid disorders.ConclusionIn this nationwide cohort study of 45 894 patients diagnosed with Alzheimer′s dementia, we found that cumulative dosages of antipsychotic drugs were associated with increased mortality rates.