bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fire prevents woody encroachment only at higher‐than‐historical frequencies in a South African savanna
Authors: Case Madelon F. , Staver A. Carla 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Woody encroachment is a pervasive challenge facing savanna and grassland managers world‐wide. Proposed drivers of the phenomenon range from local changes in fire, herbivory and direct human impacts, to global changes in climate or atmospheric [CO2] that may be accelerating woody growth. The relative influences of local versus global drivers and their interactions are largely unknown, but will determine the extent to which management can limit woody encroachment locally.

We examined recent woody encroachment in Hluhluwe–iMfolozi Park in South Africa from 2007 to 2014. Vegetation transects were distributed across broad gradients in rainfall, herbivore use intensity and fire frequency, on a variety of soils.

Density of medium trees (2–4 m tall) increased dramatically (by 46%) in seven years, while densities of small and large trees remained constant. Increases in medium tree density were largest on sandy soils, where fires were infrequent and where grazing pressure increased.

Tree density increased even where recent fire frequency was similar to historical fire regimes. These potentially widespread increases, unexplained by changes in local disturbance history, suggest the possible influence of drivers outside the scope of local control.

Synthesis and applications. Fire can provide a limited buffer against generalized woody encroachment in savannas, but may only prevent further encroachment where managers can increase fire frequency. Grazing, which can limit fire frequency and intensity, may come increasingly into conflict with efforts to control woody encroachment, presenting a stark choice for savanna managers between maintenance of short‐term grazer population productivity and longer‐term prevention of woody encroachment.
Evidence‐based occupational therapy for people with dementia and their families: What clinical practice guidelines tell us and implications for practice
Authors: Laver Kate , Cumming Robert , Dyer Suzanne , Agar Meera , Anstey Kaarin J , Beattie Elizabeth , Brodaty Henry , Broe Tony , Clemson Lindy , Crotty Maria , Dietz Margaret , Draper Brian , Flicker Leon , Friel Meg , Heuzenroeder Louise , Koch Susan , Kurrle Sue , Nay Rhonda , Pond Dimity , Thompson Jane , Santalucia Yvonne , Whitehead Craig , Yates Mark 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground/aimThe first evidence‐based Clinical Practice Guidelines and Principles of Care for People with Dementia in Australia have been released. The Guidelines detail a number of important evidence‐based recommendations for occupational therapists. The aim of this paper is (1) to provide an overview of Guideline development, and (2) to describe the evidence supporting a recommendation for occupational therapy. Common characteristics of effective occupational therapy programmes for people with dementia are described.MethodsGuideline development involved adaptation of existing high‐quality guidelines developed overseas and 17 systematic reviews to ensure that the most recent high‐quality evidence was included. One of the systematic reviews involved examining the evidence for interventions to promote independence in people with dementia. Specifically, we looked at the evidence for occupational therapy and its effect on activities of daily living, quality of life and carer impact.ResultsA total of 109 recommendations are included in the Guidelines. Occupational therapy was found to significantly increase independence in activities of daily living and improve quality of life. Effective occupational therapy programmes involve: environmental assessment, problem solving strategies, carer education and interactive carer skills training.ConclusionOccupational therapists working with people with dementia in community settings should ensure that their time is spent on those aspects of intervention that are shown to be effective.
Bacillus Spores in the Food Industry: A Review on Resistance and Response to Novel Inactivation Technologies
Authors: Soni Aswathi , Oey Indrawati , Silcock Pat , Bremer Phil 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe importance and challenges presented by Bacillus spores in the food industry are briefly outlined with a focus on Bacillus cereus. The structure and the mechanism of resistance exhibited by Bacillus spores are described, and the steps involved in their germination are included. Novel technologies, using no or only mild heat treatments, to inactivate Bacillus spores are covered, including ultraviolet radiation, pulsed electric field, and high‐pressure processing, both as stand‐alone techniques or techniques as part of a hurdle approach.
Prehospital ketamine use by paramedics in the Australian Capital Territory: A 12 month retrospective analysis
Authors: Hollis Gregory J , Keene Toby M , Ardlie Rory M , Caldicott David GE , Stapleton Stuart G 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to describe prehospital use of ketamine by ACT Ambulance Service, and frequency of endotracheal intubation.MethodsThis was a retrospective study of patients receiving prehospital ketamine between 1 January and 31 December 2013. Episodes were identified from the prehospital electronic patient care records, then linkage to ED records at two receiving hospitals. Demographics, dose, indication and occasions of intubation were analysed.ResultsA total of 163 episodes were identified; 10 of these were excluded because of lack of identifying data or missing records (age 1–97 years [mean: 43, standard deviation: 21.7], 56% men). Median total dose was 60 mg (interquartile range 70; 5–400 mg) in three doses (interquartile range 3; 1–14 mg). For patients with a weight recorded (63%), median dose was 0.73 mg/kg. Indications were analgesia 68%, agitation/combative 25%, rapid sequence intubation 5% and others 2%. A total of 26 patients were endotracheally intubated, 11 prehospital (seven as an intended rapid sequence intubation and four combative patients with return of spontaneous circulation) and 15 in the ED. Of ED intubations, 10 were trauma patients and five were drug ingestion related. Patients receiving ketamine for combativeness were more likely to be intubated than those receiving it for analgesia (25 vs 7.2%; odds ratio: 3.46; 95% confidence interval: 1.12, 10.71). In those with a weight recorded, the mg/kg dose was not associated with subsequent intubation.ConclusionsMedian dose for analgesia was comparable with other studies; dose for sedation was less than reported elsewhere. Intubation rate for patients receiving prehospital ketamine was 17%. Further study is recommended to assess the ED course of the non‐intubated group of patients, and consideration should be given to non‐weight‐based methods of dose selection.
Urinary collecting system invasion is associated with poor survival in patients with clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma
Authors: Bailey George C. , Boorjian Stephen A. , Ziegelmann Matthew J. , Westerman Mary E. , Lohse Christine M. , Leibovich Bradley C. , Cheville John C. , Thompson R. Houston 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesTo evaluate the prognostic significance of urinary collecting system invasion (UCSI) in a large series of patients with clear‐cell renal cell carcinoma (RCC).Materials and MethodsPatients with clear‐cell RCC treated with nephrectomy between 2001 and 2010 were reviewed from a prospectively maintained registry. One urological pathologist re‐reviewed all slides. Cancer‐specific survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method, and associations of UCSI with death from RCC were evaluated using Cox models.ResultsOf the 859 patients with clear‐cell RCC, 58 (6.8%) had UCSI. At last follow‐up, 310 patients had died from RCC at a median of 1.8 years after surgery. The median follow‐up for patients alive at last follow‐up was 8.2 years. The estimated cancer‐specific survival at 10 years after surgery for patients with UCSI was 17%, compared with 60% for patients without UCSI (P < 0.001). In a multivariable model, UCSI remained independently associated with an increased risk of death from RCC (hazard ratio 1.5; P = 0.018). Further, among patients with pT3 RCC, those with USCI had survival outcomes similar to those of patients with pT4 RCC.ConclusionsCollecting system invasion is associated with poor prognosis among patients with clear‐cell RCC. If validated, consideration should be given to including UCSI in future staging systems.
Virtue male sling for post‐prostatectomy stress incontinence: a prospective evaluation and mid‐term outcomes
Authors: Ferro Matteo , Bottero Danilo , D'Elia Carolina , Matei Deliu Victor , Cioffi Antonio , Cozzi Gabriele , Serino Alessandro , Cordima Giovanni , Bianchi Roberto , Incarbone Piero Giacomo , Brescia Antonio , Musi Gennaro , Fusco Ferdinando , Detti Serena , Mirone Vincenzo , de Cobelli Ottavio 
Published: October 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy and safety of the Virtue® male sling (Coloplast, Humlebaek, Denmark) in a cohort of patients affected by post‐prostatectomy stress urinary incontinence (SUI).MethodsAll 29 consecutive patients treated with a Virtue male sling at our Institution between July 2012 and October 2013 were included in the present prospective, non‐randomized study. Patients were evaluated preoperatively and at 1, 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months after surgery using a 24‐h pad weight test, the International Consultation on Incontinence short‐form questionnaire (ICIQ‐SF), Urinary Symptom Profile (USP) questionnaire, a bladder diary, uroflowmetry and the Patient Global Impression of Improvement (PGI‐I) and Patient Global Impression of Severity questionnaires.ResultsThe mean patient age was 65.5 years. A total of 72.4% of patients had preoperative mild incontinence (1–2 pads/day), while nine patients used 3–5 pads/day. There were a total of 17 complications, which occurred in 29 patients (58.6%); all were Clavien–Dindo grade I. At 12‐month follow‐up patients showed a significant improvement in 24‐h pad test (128.6 vs 2.5 g), number of pads per day (2 vs 0), ICIQ‐SF score (14.3 vs 0.9) and USP score for SUI (4 vs 0), and outcomes remained stable at 36 months. At last follow‐up, the median score on the PGI‐I questionnaire was 1 (very much better).ConclusionThe Virtue male sling is an effective treatment option for low to moderate post‐prostatectomy incontinence.
Synthesis and preliminary evaluation of a 18F‐labeled ethisterone derivative [18F]EAEF for progesterone receptor targeting
Authors: Wu Xiaowei , You Linyi , Zhang Deliang , Gao Mengna , Li Zijing , Xu Duo , Zhang Pu , Huang Lumei , Zhuang Rongqiang , Wu Hua , Zhang Xianzhong 
Published: October 2016

To develop a novel progesterone receptor‐targeting probe for positron emission tomography imaging, an ethisterone derivative [18F]EAEF was designed and prepared in high decay‐corrected radiochemical yield (30–35%) with good radiochemical purity (>98%). [18F]EAEF is a lipophilic tracer (logP = 0.53 ± 0.06) with very good stability in saline and serum. In the biodistribution study, high radioactivity accumulation of [18F]EAEF were found in uterus (5.73 ± 1.83% ID/g) and ovary (4.05 ± 0.73% ID/g) at 2 hr postinjection (p.i.), which have high progesterone receptor expression after treated with estradiol, while the muscle background has very low uptake (0.50 ± 0.17% ID/g). For positron emission tomography imaging, [18F]EAEF showed high uptake in progesterone receptor‐positive MCF‐7 tumor (3.15 ± 0.07% ID/g at 2 hr p.i.) with good tumor to muscle ratio (2.90), and obvious lower tumor uptakes were observed in MCF‐7 with EAEF blocking (1.84 ± 0.05% ID/g at 2 hr p.i.) or in progesterone receptor‐negative MDA‐MB‐231 tumor (1.80 ± 0.03% ID/g at 2 hr p.i.). Based on the good stability and specificity of [18F]EAEF, it may be a good candidate for imaging progesterone receptor and worth further investigation.
Is there an optimal preoperative management strategy for phaeochromocytoma/paraganglioma?
Authors: Challis B.G. , Casey R.T. , Simpson H.L. , Gurnell M. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryPhaeochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PPGLs) are catecholamine secreting neuroendocrine tumours that predispose to haemodynamic instability. Currently, surgery is the only available curative treatment, but carries potential risks including hypertensive and hypotensive crises, cardiac arrhythmias, myocardial infarction and stroke, due to tumoral release of catecholamines during anaesthetic induction and tumour manipulation. The mortality associated with surgical resection of PPGL has significantly improved from 20–45% in the early 20th century (Apgar & Papper, AMA Archives of Surgery, 1951, 62, 634) to 0–2·9% in the early 21st century (Kinney et al. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia, 2002, 16, 359), largely due to availability of effective pharmacological agents and advances in surgical and anaesthetic practice. However, surgical resection of PPGL still poses significant clinical management challenges. Preoperatively, alpha‐adrenoceptor blockade is the mainstay of management, although various pharmacological strategies have been proposed, based largely on reports derived from retrospective data sets. To date, no consensus has been reached regarding the ‘ideal’ preoperative strategy due, in part, to a paucity of data from high‐quality evidence‐based studies comparing different treatment regimens. Here, based on the available literature, we address the Clinical Question: Is there an optimal preoperative management strategy for PPGL?
A Say‐Barber‐Biesecker‐Young‐Simpson variant of Ohdo syndrome with a KAT6B 10‐base pair palindromic duplication: A recurrent mutation causing a severe phenotype mixed with genitopatellar syndrome
Authors: Niida Yo , Mitani Yusuke , Kuroda Mondo , Yokoi Ayano , Nakagawa Hiroyasu , Kato Akiko 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe Say‐Barber‐Biesecker‐Young‐Simpson variant of Ohdo syndrome (SBBYSS) (MIM# 603736) and genitopatellar syndrome (GPS) (MIM#606170) are allelic diseases caused by KAT6B mutation. Genotype–phenotype correlation is assumed, but a few patients manifest overlapping features of both syndromes. Here we report the case of a boy with SBBYSS. He had a KAT6B mutation previously reported in typical SBBYSS, but he also manifested severe developmental delay, as well as genital features and laryngomalacia requiring tracheostomy that conformed to GPS.
The effect of implant macro‐thread design on implant stability in the early post‐operative period: a randomized, controlled pilot study
Authors: McCullough Jeffrey J. , Klokkevold Perry R. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionAvailable literature suggests there is a transient drop in implant stability from approximately week 0 to week 3–4 as a result of peri‐implant bone remodeling as it transitions from a primary, mechanical stability to a secondary, biological stability. Research investigating the influence of macro‐thread design on this process is scant.AimThe specific aim of this study was to evaluate the role of macro‐thread design on implant stability in the early post‐operative healing period using resonance frequency analysis (RFA).Material and methodsSeven patients, each missing at least two posterior teeth in the same arch, were included in the study. Three patients qualified for four implants resulting in a total of 10 matched pairs. All sites were healed (>6 months), non‐grafted sites with sufficient bone to place implants. Each site in a matched pair was randomly assigned to receive either a control (Megagen EZ Plus Internal; EZ) or test (Megagen AnyRidge; AR) implant. The test implant incorporates a novel thread design with a wide thread depth and increased thread pitch. RFA was used to determine implant stability quotient (ISQ) values for each implant at the time of placement and weekly for the first 8 weeks.ResultsImplants consistently achieved a relatively high insertion torque (30–45 N/cm) and high initial ISQ value (79.8 ± 1.49). Baseline ISQ values for test (AR; 79.55 ± 1.61) and control (EZ; 80.05 ± 1.37) implants were similar. A general pattern of stability from baseline through all eight follow‐up evaluations was observed for the test implants. A pattern of decreasing ISQ values was observed for the control implants across the early follow‐up evaluations up to week four, where the value plateaued. There was a statistically significant main effect due to implant type (P < 0.01) and a statistically significant interaction between implant type and time (P < 0.01), indicating that the test and control implants performed differently at certain time points.ConclusionsWithin the limitations of this study, macro‐thread design appears to play a role in implant stability in the early post‐operative healing period as assessed by RFA. These findings may have important implications related to immediate or early loading protocols.
Influence of abutment material on peri‐implant soft tissues in anterior areas with thin gingival biotype: a multicentric prospective study
Authors: Lops Diego , Stellini Edoardo , Sbricoli Luca , Cea Niccolò , Romeo Eugenio , Bressan Eriberto 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPurposeThe aim of the present clinical trial was to analyze, through spectrophotometric digital technology, the influence of the abutment material on the color of the peri‐implant soft tissue in patients with thin gingival biotype.Material and methodsThirty‐seven patients received an endosseous dental implant in the anterior maxilla. At time of each definitive prosthesis delivery, an all‐ceramic crown has been tried on gold, titanium and zirconia abutment. Peri‐implant soft‐tissue color has been measured through a spectrophotometer after the insertion of each single abutment. Also facial peri‐implant soft‐tissue thickness was measured at the level of the implant neck through a caliper. A specific software has been utilized to identify a standardized tissue area and to collect the data before the statistical analysis in Lab* color space. ΔE parameters of the selected abutments were tested for correlation with mucosal thickness. Pearson correlation test was used.ResultsOnly 15 patients met the study inclusion criteria on peri‐implant soft‐tissue thickness. Peri‐implant soft‐tissue color was different from that around natural teeth, no matter which type of restorative material was selected. Measurements regarding all the abutments were above the critical threshold of ΔE 8.74 for intraoral color distinction by the naked eye. The ΔE mean values of gold and zirconium abutments were similar (11.43 and 11.37, respectively) and significantly lower (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively) than the titanium abutment (13.55). In patients with a facial soft‐tissue thickness ≤2 mm, the ΔE mean value of gold and zirconia abutments was significantly lower than that of titanium abutments (P = 0.03 and P = 0.04, respectively) and much more close to the reference threshold of 8.74.ConclusionsFor peri‐implant soft tissue of ≤2 mm, gold or zirconia abutments could be selected in anterior areas treatment. Moreover, the thickness of the peri‐implant soft tissue seemed to be a crucial factor in the abutment impact on the color of soft tissues with a thickness of ≤2 mm.
Evaluating the Usefulness of Compulsory Licensing in Developing Countries: A Comparative Study of Thai and Brazilian Experiences Regarding Access to Aids Treatments
Authors: Guennif Samira 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhile compulsory licensing (CL) is described in the TRIPS agreement as flexibility to protect public health by improving access to medicines in developing countries, a recent literature contends adversely that CL may harm public health. Therefore, this article intends to evaluate the usefulness of CL in the South through the prism of obligations and goals entrusted to patent holders (the effective and non‐abusive exploitation of patents in order to achieve industrial and health developments) and in light of experiences in Thailand and Brazil regarding access to antiretroviral drugs. In this way, it shows that the obligations assigned to patent holders were better served by the recipients of CL and brought significant health and industrial benefits in the two high middle‐income countries. In particular, CL allowed the scaling‐up of free and universal access to antiretroviral drugs by assuring the financial sustainability of these public health programs endangered by monopolistic practices from patent holders.
The Vulnerability of Study Participants in the Context of Transnational Biomedical Research: From Conceptual Considerations to Practical Implications
Authors: Orth Helen Grete , Schicktanz Silke 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOutsourcing clinical trials sponsored by pharmaceutical companies from industrialized countries to low‐ (middle)‐income countries – summarized as transnational biomedical research (TBR) – has lead to many concerns about ethical standards. Whether study participants are particularly vulnerable is one of those concerns. However, the concept of vulnerability is still vague and varies in its definition. Despite the fact that important international ethical guidelines such as the Declaration of Helsinki by the World Medical Association or the Ethical Guidelines for Biomedical Research Involving Human Subjects by the Council of International Organizations of Medical Sciences refer to vulnerability as ethical principle, each of their approaches are different. To overcome these shortcomings, we analyze and unite different approaches of vulnerability and develop practical criteria in order to operationalize the concept especially for the context of TBR. These criteria refer to the context of a study as well as the characteristics and the current living situation of study participants. Based on a case study of an HIV‐vaccine‐trial conducted in India we demonstrate how those criteria can be applied in a retrospective way to identify potential ethical conflicts. The criteria can also indicate a prospective function for ethical pre‐assessment. For this, we provide an outlook for three major topics: 1. Vulnerability as a normative concept: Different ways of protection; 2. The relevance of transparency and 3. Vulnerability as an instrument to increase decision participation of human subjects.
The impact of EndoBarrier gastrointestinal liner in obese patients with normal glucose tolerance and in patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Rohde Ulrich , Federspiel Cecilie A. , Vilmann Peter , Langholz Ebbe , Friis Steffen U. , Krakauer Martin , Rehfeld Jens F. , Holst Jens J. , Vilsbøll Tina , Knop Filip K. 
Published: October 2016

AimsThe duodenal‐jejunal bypass sleeve ((DJBS) or EndoBarrier Gastrointestinal Liner) induces weight loss in obese subjects and may improve glucose homeostasis in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D). To explore the underlying mechanisms, we evaluated postprandial physiology including glucose metabolism, gut hormone secretion, gallbladder emptying, appetite and food intake in patients undergoing DJBS treatment.Material and methodsA total of 10 normal glucose‐tolerant (NGT) obese subjects and 9 age‐, body weight‐ and body mass index‐matched metformin‐treated T2D patients underwent a liquid mixed meal test and a subsequent ad libitum meal test before implantation with DJBS and 1 week (1w) and 26 weeks (26w) after implantation.ResultsAt 26w, both groups had achieved a weight loss of 6 to 7 kg. Postprandial glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) and peptide YY responses increased at 1w and 26w, but only in T2D subjects. In contrast, glucose‐dependent insulinotropic polypeptide responses were reduced only by DJBS in the NGT group. Postprandial glucose, insulin, C‐peptide, glucagon, cholecystokinin and gastrin responses were unaffected by DJBS in both groups. Satiety and fullness sensations were stronger and food intake was reduced at 1w in NGT subjects; no changes in appetite measures or food intake were observed in the T2D group. No effect of DJBS on postprandial gallbladder emptying was observed, and gastric emptying was not delayed.Conclusions
DJBS‐induced weight loss was associated with only marginal changes in postprandial physiology, which may explain the absence of effect on postprandial glucose metabolism.