bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antifungal therapy in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients
Authors: Busca Alessandro , Pagano Livio 
Published: August 2016

Invasive fungal infections (IFI) represent a major hindrance to the success of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT), contributing substantially to morbidity and infection-related mortality.During the most recent years several reports indicate an overall increase of IFI among hematologic patients, in particular invasive aspergillosis, that may be explained, at least partially, by the fact that diagnoses only suspected in the past, are now more easily established due to the application of serum biomarkers and early use of CT scan. Along with new diagnostic options, comes the recent development of novel antifungal agents that expanded the spectrum of activity over traditional treatments contributing to the successful management of fungal diseases.When introduced in 1959, Amphotericin B deoxycholate (d-AmB) was a life-saving drug, and the clinical experience over 50 years has proven that this compound is effective although toxic. Given the superior safety profile, lipid formulations of AmB have now replaced d-AmB in many circumstances. Similarly, echinocandins have been investigated as initial therapy for IA in several clinical trials including HSCT recipients, although the results were moderately disappointing leading to a lower grade of recommendation in the majority of published guidelines. Azoles represent the backbone of therapy for treating immunocompromised patients with IFI, including voriconazole and the new comer isavuconazole; in addition, large studies support the use of mold-active azoles, namely voriconazole and posaconazole, as antifungal prophylaxis in HSCT recipients.Aim of present review is to summarize the clinical application of antifungal agents most commonly employed in the treatment of IFI.
Protective Role of Sylimarin on Methotrexate induced Hepato-nephrotoxicity in Children with Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia
Authors: Hagag Adel Abd Elhaleim 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:ALL is the most common childhood malignancy. ALL are treated with methotrexate (MTX) based chemotherapy protocols. MTX can cause unpredictable serious hepato-renal side effects. Sylimarin has antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities, membrane stabilizing effect,stimulate tissue regeneration and inhibit deposition of collagen fibers.This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of Sylimarin on MTX induced hepato-nephrotoxicity in children with ALL. Patients and Methods: 80 children with newly diagnosed ALL were included in the study. They were divided randomly into: Group I that included 40 children with ALL with their ages ranging from 4-13 years and mean age of 6.85± 2.89 years who received Sylimarin 420 mg/day in 3 divided doses for one week after each MTX dose and Group II that included 40 children with ALL with their ages ranging from 4-12 years and mean age value of 7.30±2.6 years who received placebo for one week after MTX therapy.For all patients liver functions including serum bilirubin, serum protein and its fractions albumin, globulin and albumin globulin ratio, alkaline phosphatase, ALT and AST, prothrombin time and activityand renal functions including blood urea and serum creatinine, serum cystatin C and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase were doneto assess hepatic and renal toxicity before and after chemotherapy. Results: There were significant differences in ALT, AST and alkaline phosphatase levels and Prothrombin time and activity between group I and II after chemotherapy, with higher level of ALT and AST (P value = 0.000), alkaline phosphatase (P value= 0.017), and lower Prothrombin activity (P value= 0.020) and prolonged prothrombin time (P value= 0.001) in group II compared with group I. There were no significant differences as regard total bilirubin (P. value=0.563), serum protein and albumin levels between group I and II. There were no significant differences between studied groups as regard kidney functions before chemotherapy while after chemotherapy, there was significant reduction in blood urea and serum creatinine, and cystatin C and urinary N-acetyl-beta-D-glucosaminidase in group I compared with group II.Conclusion: Sylimarin improved some hepatic and renal functions in children with ALL who received MTX therapy. Recommendations: Sylimarin could be recommended adjuvant hepatic and renal protective agent in patients with ALL who received MTX therapy.
Utility of Peripheral Film Findings and its Correlation with Automated Analyzer – An Audit from Tertiary Care Hospital
Authors: Asad Sidra , Ahmed Imran , Ali Natasha 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and Objective: With the advent of automated hematology analyzer, the use of traditional microscopy of blood film has become limited. The objective of our study was to determine the percentage of peripheral blood smear review in our institution in the era of automation and to identify reasons of manual review.
Materials and Methods: This was a prospective audit from January 1, 2015, to January 15, 2015. Consecutive complete blood count (CBC) samples and peripheral smear requests made up the sample size. All age groups and genders were included. CBCs were performed on Sysmex XE-5000. The variables to be analyzed included inpatient and outpatient samples, frequency of peripheral film review, identifying reasons of smear review, and addition of information missed by the automated analyzer.
Results: We analyzed 1200 consecutive CBC samples. Peripheral smear was reviewed in 500 (42%) of the cases of which, 241 were inpatient, and 259 were outpatient samples. In 384/500, the findings of hematology analyzer correlated with peripheral smear review. Flags identified included nucleated red blood cells (NRBCs) in 155 (40%), immature white blood cell (WBC) 129 (34%), and atypical lymphocytes 100 (26%). In 23% of the cases, the analyzer missed important findings. The sensitivity of abnormal histogram in our study was 91.3%, while the sensitivity of abnormal parameters was 100%.
Conclusion: Peripheral smear review was performed in 42% of the cases. The analyzer identified NRBC, immature WBC precursors, and atypical lymphocytes as the most common abnormality. The information correlated in 77% of the cases.
Spectrum of upper gastrointestinal bleed: An experience from Eastern India
Authors: Parvez Md Nadeem , Goenka Mahesh Kumar , Tiwari Indrajeet Kumar , Goenka Usha 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Background/Aims: The etiology of upper gastrointestinal bleed (UGIB) is variable in different geographical regions. Epidemiological data are helpful in knowing the burden of the problem. This study was conducted to know the etiological spectrum, mortality, morbidity, and predictors of outcome in patients with acute UGIB. Materials and Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of patients admitted to our hospital between January 2013 and May 2015, with UGIB and noted the clinical presentation, etiology of bleed, and outcome. Results: A total of 337 patients [272 (80.7%) male, 65 (19.3%) female (male:female ratio: 4:1)] of UGIB were included in the study. The mean age of the patients was 55.11 ± 14.8 years (Range - 14–85 years). The most common etiology of UGIB was peptic ulcer (40.05%) followed by varices (33%). Majority of patients were managed medically. Endotherapy was required only in 33% patients. The mean duration of hospital stay was 6.6 ± 5.79 days. Rebleed was seen in 11 (3.2) patients and surgery was required in 6 (1.7%). In hospital, mortality was 2.6%. Age ≥65 years (odds ratio [OR]: 9.5, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 3.108–29.266), serum albumin <3 g/dl (OR: 3.1, 95% CI: 1.049–9.682), and serum creatinine >2 mg/dl (OR: 4.1, 95% CI: 1.068–8.591) were associated with increased mortality. Conclusions: Peptic ulcer disease is still the most common cause of UGIB. Majority of patients can be managed medically. Rebleed rate, need for surgery, and mortality due to UGIB are declining. Elderly age (>65), hypoalbuminemia serum albumin<3g/dl (<3) and renal dysfunction (serum creatinine >2) are important factors associated with increased mortality.
Cystic duct remnant stone removal by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
Authors: Harwani Yogesh , Goenka Mahesh , Rai Vijay , Goenka Usha 
Published: August 2016

AbstractCystic duct remnant calculus (CDRC) is an important cause of postcholecystectomy syndrome.[1] Open assess cholecystectomy or laparoscopic cholecystectomy of the remnant duct is effective and considered to be preferred treatment. We report a case of 65-year-old female patient, a poor surgical candidate with CDRC who presented to us with biliary pain and obstructive jaundice secondary to common bile duct (CBD) stones, in whom CDRC was extracted during CBD clearance by endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography.
Proposed standardized definitions for vertical resolution and uncertainty in
the NDACC lidar ozone and temperature algorithms – Part 2: Ozone DIAL
uncertainty budget
Authors: Leblanc Thierry , Sica Robert J. , van Gijsel Joanna A. E. , Godin-Beekmann Sophie , Haefele Alexander , Trickl Thomas , Payen Guillaume , Liberti Gianluigi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. A standardized approach for the definition, propagation, and reporting of uncertainty in the ozone differential absorption lidar data products contributing to the Network for the Detection for Atmospheric Composition Change (NDACC) database is proposed. One essential aspect of the proposed approach is the propagation in parallel of all independent uncertainty components through the data processing chain before they are combined together to form the ozone combined standard uncertainty. The independent uncertainty components contributing to the overall budget include random noise associated with signal detection, uncertainty due to saturation correction, background noise extraction, the absorption cross sections of O3, NO2, SO2, and O2, the molecular extinction cross sections, and the number densities of the air, NO2, and SO2. The expression of the individual uncertainty components and their step-by-step propagation through the ozone differential absorption lidar (DIAL) processing chain are thoroughly estimated. All sources of uncertainty except detection noise imply correlated terms in the vertical dimension, which requires knowledge of the covariance matrix when the lidar signal is vertically filtered. In addition, the covariance terms must be taken into account if the same detection hardware is shared by the lidar receiver channels at the absorbed and non-absorbed wavelengths. The ozone uncertainty budget is presented as much as possible in a generic form (i.e., as a function of instrument performance and wavelength) so that all NDACC ozone DIAL investigators across the network can estimate, for their own instrument and in a straightforward manner, the expected impact of each reviewed uncertainty component. In addition, two actual examples of full uncertainty budget are provided, using nighttime measurements from the tropospheric ozone DIAL located at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) Table Mountain Facility, California, and nighttime measurements from the JPL stratospheric ozone DIAL located at Mauna Loa Observatory, Hawai'i.
Multilevel spatiotemporal validation of snow/ice mass balance and runoff modeling in glacierized catchments
Authors: Hanzer Florian , Helfricht Kay , Marke Thomas , Strasser Ulrich 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. In this study, the fully distributed, physically based hydroclimatological model AMUNDSEN is set up for catchments in the highly glacierized Ötztal Alps (Austria, 558 km2 in total). The model is applied for the period 1997–2013, using a spatial resolution of 50 m and a temporal resolution of 1 h. A novel parameterization for lateral snow redistribution based on topographic openness is presented to account for the highly heterogeneous snow accumulation patterns in the complex topography of the study region. Multilevel spatiotemporal validation is introduced as a systematic, independent, complete, and redundant validation procedure based on the observation scale of temporal and spatial support, spacing, and extent. This new approach is demonstrated using a comprehensive set of eight independent validation sources: (i) mean areal precipitation over the period 1997–2006 derived by conserving mass in the closure of the water balance, (ii) time series of snow depth recordings at the plot scale, (iii–iv) multitemporal snow extent maps derived from Landsat and MODIS satellite data products, (v) the snow accumulation distribution for the winter season 2010/2011 derived from airborne laser scanning data, (vi) specific surface mass balances for three glaciers in the study area, (vii) spatially distributed glacier surface elevation changes for the entire area over the period 1997–2006, and (viii) runoff recordings for several subcatchments. The results indicate a high overall model skill and especially demonstrate the benefit of the new validation approach. The method can serve as guideline for systematically validating the coupled components in integrated snow-hydrological and glacio-hydrological models.
Postmodernity as an Epistemological Shift: Kony 2012 as a Case Study for the Global Influence of Postmodernity
Authors: French Robert P. , Ehrman James E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Participants at the 2010 Edinburgh Missionary Conference were asked to study and discuss postmodernity. In their discussion, three points found wide agreement: the difficulty in defining postmodernity, a view of postmodernity as a Western issue, and a sense that those who hold postmodern views have little hope. The present study suggests that postmodernity is best understood as an epistemological shift. Using the Kony 2012 campaign as a case study, we argue that epistemology is the best way in which to understand postmodernity, that this shift in epistemology is influencing a variety of contexts globally, and that hope can be found in the postmodern paradigm, especially if conceptualized as an epistemology.
Leaving Husband, Home, and Baby and All: African American Women and Nineteenth-Century Global Missions
Authors: Pierce Yolanda 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
By profiling the lives of three nineteenth-century African American women missionaries (Eliza Davis George, Emma Beard Delaney, and Florence Spearing Randolph) this article attends to three major themes: (1) broadening and complicating our understanding of the intersections of race and gender in world missions, (2) examining the theological and secular motivations for African American women’s ministerial labors, and (3) suggesting how nineteenth-century African American missionary women may still provide a model for contemporary service in world missions.
The Relationship between Perceived Parenting Styles and Loneliness in Students
Authors: Rafiee Shideh , Chehreii Shima 
Published: August 2016

<p>The main purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between perceived parenting styles with loneliness in single students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz. This is a correlation research. The statistical population included all single students of Islamic Azad University of Ahvaz (12 thousand students) in the year 2014 -2015. This is a convenience sampling type. A total of 200 students are selected as subjects. The research tools include perception of Parenting Styles Questionnaires (PAQ) and the UCLA loneliness. Descriptive statistics such as frequency, percentage, mean, standard deviation, and inferential statistics including Pearson correlation coefficient, multiple regression, univariate and multivariate variance (MANOVA) analysis, Schaeffer test and Cronbach’s alpha method are used in order to analyze the data. The results of correlation coefficient showed that there is negative and significant relationship (r=0.05) between perceived authoritative parenting styles and loneliness and there is positive and significant (r=0.18) between perceived permissive parenting styles and loneliness. Also, there is a positive and significant relationship between perceived authoritative parenting styles and loneliness (0.15). In sum, it can be found from this research that authoritative parenting style plays an important role in non-lonely children. </p>
Effectiveness of Educational Combination of Marital Relation on Reducing Conflict Marital and Improvement of the Quality of Life for Women
Authors: Rafiee Mozhgan , Davoodi Hossein 
Published: August 2016

This study was carried out with the objective of evaluating the effect of combined Effectiveness of 1 And 2 Educational Combination Relation Marital Skills (Speaking and listening to each other) and (moving forward together) On Reducing Marital Conflict And Improving The Quality of Life For Women of Mahmudabad city. The statistical population of the research were 80 housewives under the support of Welfare Organization of Mahmoud Abad city who had records in 2014-15 among whom 20 individuals were randomly selected as statistical sample using available sampling. 10 individuals were randomly assigned to the experimental group and 10 individuals were assigned to the control group. Research tools were marital conflicts’ questionnaire with 42 items (Barati & Snaie, 1996) and quality of life questionnaire with 26 questions (WHOQ-REFB) of the world Health Organization. The results of the study showed that integrated teaching of 1 and 2 marital communication skills (taking and listening to each other) and (moving forward together) has had no effect on reduction of marital conflicts and improvement of quality of life of woman.
Georganiseerde misdaad in de 21ste eeuw
Authors: Spapens Toine , Kolthoff Emile , Stol Wouter 
Published: August 2016

Organized crime in the 21st century
In the past decades, organised crime internationalised rapidly as a result of increasing mobility and ‘open’ borders. At the same time developments in information and communication technology have led to modernisation of existing types of crime and the introduction of novel ones. Finally, criminals have benefited from increasingly diversified migration streams. In the Netherlands and Belgium, organised crime appeared on the agenda in the 1990s. For a long time emphasis was on ‘trade crimes’ i.e. trafficking in drugs and humans, as well as human smuggling, followed by the production of synthetic drugs and cannabis. More recently the Low Countries are confronted by more visible manifestations of organised crime, for example rapid growth of outlaw motorcycle gangs. Criminals also try to utilise their capital to invest in businesses and real estate and to influence local politics.
Geëiste en opgelegde sancties bij de strafrechtelijke afhandeling van georganiseerde criminaliteit
Authors: van Wingerde Karin , van de Bunt Henk 
Published: August 2016

Punishing organized crime in the Netherlands. Discrepancies between demanded and imposed sanctions
The image that criminal enforcement of organized crime is difficult, is commonly reflected in the media and popular debate. Commentators often argue that organized crime is punished less severely than possible, due to the complexity of the offences, time constraints, and the increased interconnectedness between legal and illegal activities, which creates difficulties to find sufficient evidence to convict offenders. Using data from the Dutch Organized Crime Monitor, this article focuses on the ways in which offenders of organized crime are ‘treated’ by the criminal justice system and on the discrepancies between demanded sanctions and the actual sanctions executed in cases of organized crime.
Ondermijnende aspecten van georganiseerde criminaliteit en de rol van de bovenwereld
Authors: Kolthoff Emile , Khonraad Sjaak 
Published: August 2016

Undermining crime and the role of government and institutions
The concept of undermining or subversive crime seems to be linked undistinguishably to organized crime and both terms are sometimes used synonymously. Definitions of the phenomenon are sometimes based on its effects, while others have their focus on its manifestations. Discussion on the underlying causes is lacking. Regularly, activities that actually do not relate to undermining are labeled as such.This reflection critically examines and evaluates the concept of undermining. The central question is what has to be understood under the concept of undermining and, above all: what not? The phenomenon is further explored, with the aim of stimulating scientific debate and empirical research. The role of the government and other institutions in facilitating undermining is explicitly discussed as well as the possibilities to strengthen their resilience.
Growth of ultrathin GaSb layer on GaAs using metal–organic chemical vapor deposition with Sb interfacial treatment
Authors: Hsiao Chih-Jen , Ha Minh-Thien-Huu , Hsu Ching-Yi , Lin Yueh-Chin , Chang Sheng-Po , Chang Shoou-Jinn , Chang Edward Yi 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
GaSb epitaxial layers were directly grown on GaAs substrates by metal–organic chemical vapor deposition involving Sb interfacial treatment with optimized growth temperature and V/III ratio. The interfacial treatment effectively reduces the surface energy and strain energy difference, resulting in a quasi-2D growth mode. When the GaSb layer was grown at 520 °C, the strain induced by lattice mismatch was accommodated by 90° dislocations with a period of 5.67 nm. By optimizing the V/III ratio, the surface roughness of the ultrathin GaSb/GaAs heterostructure was reduced, resulting in a reduced carrier scattering and improved electronic properties.
Electrochemical application of Ga2O3 and related materials: CO2-to-HCOOH conversion
Authors: Sekimoto Takeyuki , Hashiba Hiroshi , Deguchi Masahiro , Yotsuhashi Satoshi , Masui Takekazu , Kuramata Akito , Yamakoshi Shigenobu 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
We report on the complex catalytic behavior of Ga2O3 for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 to formic acid (HCOOH). Although the experiments were reproducible, the behavior observed during the reaction was complex. A characteristic feature of the reaction was that Faradaic efficiency was strongly dependent on the electric charge during electrolysis. This result implied that the produced HCOOH affected the CO2 reduction reaction on the surface of the electrode, which was confirmed by experiments with initially added acid. The Faradaic efficiency for HCOOH production (η_HCOOH) increased with electric charge, and was further increased by the presence of initially added acid. We also show electrochemical CO2 reduction over other Ga compounds such as GaN and GaP, for which it can be assumed that p electrons and the Ga–Ga distance on the surface of the catalyst have important roles in selective HCOOH production as in the case of Ga2O3.
On the origin of the ionosphere at the Moon using results from Chandrayaan‐1 S band radio occultation experiment and a photochemical model
Authors: Choudhary R. K. , Ambili K. M. , Choudhury Siddhartha , Dhanya M. B. , Bhardwaj Anil 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe origin of the Moon's ionosphere has been explored using Chandrayaan‐1 radio occultation (RO) measurements and a photochemical model. The electron density near the Moon's surface, obtained on 31 July 2009 (∼300 cm−3), is compared with results from a model which includes production and recombination of 16 ions, solar wind proton charge exchange, and the electron impact ionization. The model calculations suggest that in the absence of transport, inert ions, namely Ar+, Ne+, and He+, dominate lunar ionosphere (density ∼5 × 104 cm−3). Interaction with solar wind, however, leads to their complete removal (∼2–3 cm−3). Assuming the Moon's exosphere to have CO2, H2O, O, OH, H2, CH4, and CO molecules in addition to the inert gases, the model calculations suggest that the lunar ionosphere is dominated by molecular ions, namely H2O+, CO
, and H3O+, with near‐surface density ∼250 cm−3. We surmise that lunar ionosphere can be molecular in nature.