bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The effects of network neutrality on the incentive to discriminate, invest, and innovate: a literature review
Authors: Lee Daeho , Shin Dong-Hee 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to categorize network neutrality according to its issues under debate and assess the state of the debate based on such organization. In addition, the study discusses the reasons that network neutrality is so difficult to solve and the future research directions that would do so.

Design/methodology/approach
This study presents a critical review of the current network neutrality issues and summarizes the economic background of each position in the debate. The relevant literature is organized by issue to examine the reasons that the network neutrality debate is so difficult to solve and determine the further study required to solve it.

Findings
An analysis of the relevant literature suggests that the proponents and opponents of network neutrality disagree on the best methods of developing the Internet. Therefore, future research and regulatory and practitioners’ applications would greatly benefit from a comprehensive review of that literature.

Originality/value
Network neutrality regulation is receiving increased attention because the development and significant influences of the Internet are becoming more apparent.
Young professionals’ conspicuous consumption of clothing
Authors: Lewis Abbie , Moital Miguel 
Published: May 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to examine the relationship between conspicuous consumption and public self-consciousness, materialism and domain-specific self-esteem, demographics and shopping behaviour.

Design/methodology/approach
– Focusing on clothing, public self-consciousness, materialism and domain-specific self-esteem are examined in relation to two characteristics of clothing: expensive and fashionable. Using a sample of 261 UK young professionals, the paper compares the five factors across three levels of clothing conspicuous consumption (low, medium and high).

Findings
– Findings indicate that while the five factors were associated to different levels of conspicuous consumption, the relationship was not always evident. Expensive clothing was more related to conspicuousness than fashionable clothing and differences between low- and medium/high-conspicuousness individuals appear to be larger than the difference between medium and high-conspicuousness groups.

Practical implications
– Price appears to be a more powerful influence on conspicuous consumption than the fashionable element and therefore a strategy focused on expensive prices is essential in attracting conspicuous consumers.

Originality/value
– The study provides an insight into conspicuous consumption in the context of clothing and its relationship with public self-consciousness, materialism and self-esteem as they relate to the expensive and fashionable dimensions.
Field‐based evidence for copper contamination induced changes of antibiotic resistance in agricultural soils
Authors: Hu Hang‐Wei , Wang Jun‐Tao , Li Jing , Li Jun‐Jian , Ma Yi‐Bing , Chen Deli , He Ji‐Zheng 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBacterial resistance to antibiotics and heavy metals are frequently linked, suggesting that exposure to heavy metals might select for bacterial assemblages conferring resistance to antibiotics. However, there is a lack of clear evidence for the heavy metal‐induced changes of antibiotic resistance in a long‐term basis. Here, we used high‐capacity quantitative PCR array to investigate the responses of a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) to 4–5 year copper contamination (0–800 mg kg−1) in two contrasting agricultural soils. In total, 157 and 149 unique ARGs were detected in the red and fluvo‐aquic soil, respectively, with multidrug and β‐lactam as the most dominant ARG types. The highest diversity and abundance of ARGs were observed in medium copper concentrations (100–200 mg kg−1) of the red soil and in high copper concentrations (400–800 mg kg−1) of the fluvo‐aquic soil. The abundances of total ARGs and several ARG types had significantly positive correlations with mobile genetic elements (MGEs), suggesting mobility potential of ARGs in copper‐contaminated soils. Network analysis revealed significant co‐occurrence patterns between ARGs and microbial taxa, indicating strong associations between ARGs and bacterial communities. Structural equation models showed that the significant impacts of copper contamination on ARG patterns were mainly driven by changes in bacterial community compositions and MGEs. Our results provide field‐based evidence that long‐term Cu contamination significantly changed the diversity, abundance and mobility potential of environmental antibiotic resistance, and caution the un‐perceived risk of the ARG dissemination in heavy metal polluted environments.
The persistence of cliques in the post‐communist state. The case of deniability in drug reimbursement policy in Poland
Authors: Ozierański Piotr , King Lawrence 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article explores a key question in political sociology: Can post‐communist policy‐making be described with classical theories of the Western state or do we need a theory of the specificity of the post‐communist state? In so doing, we consider Janine Wedel's clique theory, concerned with informal social actors and processes in post‐communist transition. We conducted a case study of drug reimbursement policy in Poland, using 109 stakeholder interviews, official documents and media coverage. Drawing on ‘sensitizing concepts’ from Wedel's theory, especially the notion of ‘deniability’, we developed an explanation of why Poland's reimbursement policy combined suboptimal outcomes, procedural irregularities with limited accountability of key stakeholders. We argue that deniability was created through four main mechanisms: (1) blurred boundaries between different types of state authority allowing for the dispersion of blame for controversial policy decisions; (2) bridging different sectors by ‘institutional nomads’, who often escaped existing conflicts of interest regulations; (3) institutional nomads’ ‘flexible’ methods of influence premised on managing roles and representations; and (4) coordination of resources and influence by elite cliques monopolizing exclusive policy expertise. Overall, the greatest power over drug reimbursement was often associated with lowest accountability. We suggest, therefore, that the clique theory can be generalized from its home domain of explanation in foreign aid and privatizations to more technologically advanced policies in Poland and other post‐communist countries. This conclusion is not identical, however, with arguing the uniqueness of the post‐communist state. Rather, we show potential for using Wedel's account to analyse policy‐making in Western democracies and indicate scope for its possible integration with the classical theories of the state.
Alternative hypotheses for mammalian herbivore preference of burned areas in a savannah ecosystem
Authors: Eby Stephanie , Ritchie Mark E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractMammalian herbivores prefer burned areas and this attraction has largely been attributed to the increased nutrient content of the postfire green flush and more recently to the avoidance of predators. However, alternative reasons for this attraction could be: (i) to avoid disease carrying and behaviour changing invertebrates; (ii) because burned areas are warmer microclimates; or (iii) to obtain minerals from the ash. This study tests for differences in tick and fly (Diptera) numbers between burned and unburned areas in Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. It also tests for differences in ground and air column temperatures between burned and unburned areas and for differences in the mineral content of ash in burned areas compared to the mineral content of green leaves in unburned areas. We found no difference in the abundance of either type of invertebrate between burned and unburned areas. Only ground temperature was higher in burned areas and this was only during the middle of the day, when increases in temperature would be less important than at night. Ash was higher in Al, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn and P than nearby green leaves from unburned vegetation. Thus, obtaining minerals from ash is the only alternative reason for attraction to burned areas that maybe supported by this study.
Robot‐assisted partial cystectomy: perioperative outcomes and early oncological efficacy
Authors: Golombos David M. , O'Malley Padraic , Lewicki Patrick , Stone Benjamin V. , Scherr Douglas S. 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo report on patients undergoing robot‐assisted partial cystectomy (RAPC), focusing on perioperative outcomes over a range of clinical, anatomical and pathological variables, as well as the overall oncological efficacy of this approach.Patients and MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed all patients who underwent RAPC by a single surgeon between 2005 and 2015. We identified 29 patients who underwent surgery for definitive management of a primary bladder tumour. Clinicopathological data and perioperative variables were recorded. Continuous variables were compared using the Student's t‐test. Prediction of perioperative outcomes for those undergoing RAPC for intra‐diverticular neoplasms was done using univariate logistic regression. Survival was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) patient age was 75 (65–81) years, 18 patients (62.1%) had an American Society of Anesthesiologists classification of ≥3, and 10 patients (34.5%) had a history of prior abdominal surgery. The median estimated blood loss (EBL) was 50 mL and the median length of stay (LOS) was 1 day. Two patients (6.9%) had a perioperative complication and five (17.9%) a post‐discharge complication at ≤90 days, all of which were minor. The positive surgical margin rate was 3.6% and in those with muscle‐invasive disease a median of 12 lymph nodes were removed. Neither the size of diverticulum nor the need for ureteric re‐implantation was predictive of LOS, EBL, or complication (P > 0.05). We did not encounter any wound, port site, or unusual recurrence patterns to suggest the technical factors of a robotic approach influenced oncological outcomes. The 5‐year overall and recurrence‐free survival rates were 79% and 68%, respectively.ConclusionRAPC confers the ability to achieve favourable outcomes with low morbidity and reduced hospital stays. Oncological efficacy compares favourably with the published literature. For experienced surgeons, this may represent the optimal surgical approach for organ‐preserving bladder surgery.
Active surveillance for low‐risk non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer: mid‐term results from the Bladder cancer Italian Active Surveillance (BIAS) project
Authors: Hurle Rodolfo , Pasini Luisa , Lazzeri Massimo , Colombo Piergiuseppe , Buffi NicolòMaria , Lughezzani Giovanni , Casale Paolo , Morenghi Emanuela , Peschechera Roberto , Zandegiacomo Silvia , Benetti Alessio , Saita Alberto , Cardone Pasquale , Guazzoni Giorgio 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo report the oncological safety and the risk of progression for patients with non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) included in an active surveillance (AS) programme after the diagnosis of recurrence.Patients and methodsThis is a prospective study enrolling patients with history of pathologically confirmed low grade pTa–pT1a NMIBC and diagnosed with a tumour recurrence. Inclusion criteria consisted of negative urine cytology, presence of ≤5 lesions with a diameter of ≤10 mm, absence of carcinoma in situ (CIS) or persistent gross haematuria. The primary outcome of interest was adherence to AS. Need to proceed with treatment was defined as progression in number/dimension/positive cytology/symptoms (gross haematuria persistent) or any further intervention (resection or electro‐fulguration). Finally, we assessed the up‐grading and up‐staging when transurethral resection of bladder tumour was performed.ResultsThe study population consisted of 55 patients with a previous diagnosis of NMIBC (70 AS events) prospectively recruited since 2008. The mean patient age was 69.8 years. The median follow‐up was 53 months. The median time patients remained under AS was 12.5 months. There was disease progression in 28 patients (51%). No patient progressed to muscle‐invasive disease. In all, 15 patients (27.3%) had an increase in the number and/or size of the tumour, nine (16.4%) had haematuria, and four (7.3%) had a positive cytology. Only five (9%) patients in the whole series progressed to a high‐grade tumour (Grade 3) or presented with associated CIS. The overall adherence to the follow‐up schedule was 95%.ConclusionOur data show that an AS protocol for NMIBC could be a reasonable option in a select group of patients with small, recurrent cancers.
Effect of mouthguards on impact to the craniomandibular complex
Authors: Tanaka Yuto , Tsugawa Tsuyoshi , Maeda Yoshinobu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of wearing a mouthguard and teeth‐clenching on impact to the head and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) during a blow to the jaw.Material and MethodsA custom‐made mouthguard was fabricated for five participants. A 4.1‐N impact load was applied to the chin with a pendulum. Two acceleration sensors were attached to the forehead and left TMJ. The amplitudes and durations of the accelerations were obtained under five conditions: mouth‐open without mouthguard; light teeth‐clenching without mouthguard; maximum voluntary clenching (MVC) without mouthguard; mouth‐open with mouthguard and MVC with mouthguard.ResultsWearing a mouthguard led to significant decreases in the amplitude (mouth‐open with mouthguard vs mouth‐open without mouthguard, P = 0.035 at forehead, P = 0.022 at TMJ) and duration (mouth‐open with mouthguard vs mouth‐open without mouthguard, P = 0.043 at forehead, not significant at TMJ). Similarly, teeth‐clenching caused significant decreases in the amplitude (mouth‐open without mouthguard vs MVC without mouthguard, P = 0.024 at forehead, P = 0.025 at TMJ) and duration (mouth‐open without mouthguard vs MVC without mouthguard, P = 0.033 at forehead, not significant at TMJ). Furthermore, wearing a mouthguard in itself provided an impact reduction effect similar to the combination of teeth‐clenching and wearing a mouthguard.ConclusionsWearing a mouthguard and/or teeth‐clenching reduced the impact to the head and TMJ during a blow to the jaw. However, it should be noted that the findings are the results from a small impact load to the jaw.
Defining functional biomes and monitoring their change globally
Authors: Higgins Steven I. , Buitenwerf Robert , Moncrieff Glenn R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBiomes are important constructs for organizing understanding of how the worlds’ major terrestrial ecosystems differ from one another and for monitoring change in these ecosystems. Yet existing biome classification schemes have been criticized for being overly subjective and for explicitly or implicitly invoking climate. We propose a new biome map and classification scheme that uses information on (i) an index of vegetation productivity, (ii) whether the minimum of vegetation activity is in the driest or coldest part of the year, and (iii) vegetation height. Although biomes produced on the basis of this classification show a strong spatial coherence, they show little congruence with existing biome classification schemes. Our biome map provides an alternative classification scheme for comparing the biogeochemical rates of terrestrial ecosystems. We use this new biome classification scheme to analyse the patterns of biome change observed over recent decades. Overall, 13% to 14% of analysed pixels shifted in biome state over the 30‐year study period. A wide range of biome transitions were observed. For example, biomes with tall vegetation and minimum vegetation activity in the cold season shifted to higher productivity biome states. Biomes with short vegetation and low seasonality shifted to seasonally moisture‐limited biome states. Our findings and method provide a new source of data for rigorously monitoring global vegetation change, analysing drivers of vegetation change and for benchmarking models of terrestrial ecosystem function.
Treatment of axillary bromhidrosis through a mini‐incision with subdermal vascular preservation: a retrospective study in 396 patients
Authors: Zhao Hengguang , Li Shuang , Nabi Owais , Hu Li , Gao Xi , Luo Fuling 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundAxillary bromhidrosis is a condition presenting as malodor caused by an interaction between the discharge of apocrine glands and bacteria. Topical agents, liposuction, and elective surgery are currently the main therapeutic modalities. However, the efficiency of these treatments and incidences of side effects are various and frequent, and depend on patient characteristics, surgical technique, and other unknown factors.MethodsWe report a retrospective study of outcomes in 396 patients treated by mini‐incision with subdermal vascular preservation.ResultsAt 2 years postoperatively, 87.1% of patients had achieved very satisfactory results. Short‐term side effects included hematomas, epidermal erosions, infections, necrosis, incision dehiscence, and skin ripples. Long‐term side effects comprised comedones, epidermoid cysts, relapsing cyst infections, skin gauffers, scars, keloids, and persistent malodor. Some patients reported unsatisfactory cosmetic results, including skin gauffers, scars, or epidermoid cyst formations.ConclusionsTwo discrete aspects of the procedure that must be considered are the extent of apocrine gland clearance, which must be thorough in order to achieve the resolution of malodor, and the maintenance of an intact subdermal vascular plexus to support the regrowth of skin flaps after surgery and to avoid the occurrence of severe side effects.
Quality assessment of refined oil blends during repeated deep frying monitored by SPME–GC–EIMS, GC and chemometrics
Authors: Zribi Akram , Jabeur Hazem , Flamini Guido , Bouaziz Mohamed 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the refined palm oil addition (20%) on the fatty acid and sterol compositions of refined olive oil or refined soya bean oil and also to investigate the formation of total polar compounds and volatile compounds in these oil blends during fifty successive deep‐frying sessions of potato fries at 180 °C. The blend of refined olive oil and refined palm oil exhibited a higher chemical stability during the frying process than that of refined soya bean oil and refined palm oil. Indeed, the total polar compounds and volatile compounds formed, especially 2,4‐decadienal, were found to be relatively increased in the refined soya bean oil/refined palm oil blend reaching 36.50% and 46.70%, respectively, after fifty deep‐frying sessions. Moreover, the degradation of linoleic acid and β‐sitosterol was significantly (P < 0.05) observed for the refined soya bean oil/refined palm oil blend. The results have proven that the proper blending of monounsaturated refined olive oil with refined palm oil increases its stability and hence improves the quality of such olive oil during frying process.
Application of sepiolite in clarification of pomegranate juice: changes on quality characteristics during process
Authors: Mirzaaghaei Marzieh , Goli Sayed Amir Hossein , Fathi Milad 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn this study, for the first time, the function of acid‐activated sepiolite clay was evaluated for clarification of pomegranate juice. The optimum conditions of clarification process were achieved using response surface methodology based on juice turbidity as a response. After that, under optimal condition, efficiency of sepiolite, bentonite and combination of these fining agents with gelatin and kieselgel was compared for clarifying pomegranate juice. The results showed that the best conditions for juice clarification were 0.05% (w/v) clay concentration, temperature of 50 °C and time of 2 h. The results revealed that treatments of bentonite–gelatin–kieselgel and sepiolite–gelatin–kieselgel were the most active fining agents that their use led to a reduction of 99.7% in turbidity of pomegranate juice. Kinetic study for different features was performed, and the results indicated that rate of changes in turbidity, viscosity, total phenolic contents and colour with time followed first‐, first‐, zero‐ and zero‐order kinetic models, respectively.
Patient‐Controlled Fentanyl Iontophoretic Transdermal System Improved Postoperative Mobility Compared to Intravenous Patient‐Controlled Analgesia Morphine: A Pooled Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials
Authors: Oliashirazi Ali , Wilson‐Byrne Timothy , Shuler Franklin D. , Parvizi Javad 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundPostoperative pain management protocols that use patient‐controlled analgesia (PCA) can hinder mobility due to attached machinery and tubing. Immobility in the postoperative setting can increase complications, length of stay (LOS), and costs. Early and enhanced mobilization can reduce the cost of care while improving patient outcomes. A needle‐free, compact, patient‐activated, and portable fentanyl iontophoretic transdermal system (fentanyl ITS, IONSYS; The Medicines Company, Parsippany NJ) has been shown to provide comparable efficacy and tolerability to intravenous (IV) PCA morphine that promotes improved mobility.MethodsThis pooled analysis of 1,882 patients across three randomized, controlled trials compared fentanyl ITS to IV PCA morphine for postoperative pain management. Outcomes of patient mobility were assessed by a validated Patient Ease of Care Questionnaire that was given to patients, patients' nurses, and physical therapists involved in patient care. Safety was assessed via spontaneously reported treatment‐emergent adverse events (TEAE).ResultsFentanyl ITS significantly improved overall patient mobility, each mobility subscore (P < 0.0001) across all demographics (male/female; elderly/non‐elderly; normal BMI/overweight/obese/morbidly obese) and surgery types, and was consistent across nurses and physical therapists mobility assessments. TEAEs were generally similar between the two groups. However, more patients reported an opioid‐related TEAE with morphine IV PCA than with fentanyl IV PCA (P = 0.003).ConclusionDue to improved mobility with fentanyl ITS, complications are expected to be less frequent than with IV PCA and epidural PCA. Incorporation of this strategy into postoperative pain management protocols may reduce LOS and total hospital costs.