bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High-Field Magnets for Future Hadron Colliders
Authors: Sabbi GianLuca 
Published: September 2024

Recent strategy updates by the international particle physics community have confirmed strong interest in a next-generation energy frontier collider after completion of the High-Luminosity LHC program and construction of a e + e − Higgs factory. Both hadron and muon colliders provide a path toward the highest energies, and both require significant and sustained development to achieve technical readiness and optimize the design. For hadron colliders, the energy reach is determined by machine circumference and the strength of the guiding magnetic field. To achieve a collision energy of 100 TeV while limiting the circumference to 100 km, a dipole field of 16 T is required and is within the reach of niobium–tin magnets operating at 1.9 K. Magnets based on high-temperature superconductors may enable a range of alternatives, including a more compact footprint, a reduction of the cooling power, or a further increase of the collision energy to 150 TeV. The feasibility and cost of the magnet system will determine the possible options and optimal configurations. In this article, I review the historical milestones and recent progress in superconducting materials, design concepts, magnet fabrication, and test results and emphasize current developments that have the potential to address the most significant challenges and shape future directions.
Assessing Risks of  Decarbonization Pathways in Indonesia
Authors: Halimatussadiah Alin , Afifi Fachry Abdul Razak , Lufti Roes Ebara Gikami , Pratama Andhika Putra , Wibowo Dandy Rizky 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
To limit global warming below the 1.5°C target, over 145 countries have established or are exploring a target of net-zero emissions by mid century. We assess the risk and feasibility of Indonesia in achieving its climate target. We undertook three kinds of analysis: (a) reviewed various climate targets from several climate-related documents; (b) analyzed the climate policy gaps; and (c) assessed the status of two mitigation actions in progress, namely, coal phase-out and forest fire mitigation. Our main conclusions are: (1) Indonesia has a wide range of climate targets, creating the risk of underachieving the most optimistic targets; (2) despite the progress in climate-related policies, Indonesia still lacks clear targets and a monitoring system to ensure the efficacy of the policies; and (3) the two case studies reveal that there are more obstacles than enablers, creating higher risks to achieve these two specific targets.
Random Discounted Expected Utility
Authors: Apesteguia Jose , Ballester Miguel A. , Gutiérrez-daza Ángelo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper introduces the random discounted expected utility (R-DEU) model, which we have developed as a means to deal with heterogeneous risk and time preferences. The R-DEU model provides an explicit linkage between preference and choice heterogeneity. We prove it has solid comparative statics, discuss its identification, and demonstrate its computational convenience. Finally, we use two distinct experimental datasets to illustrate the advantages of the R-DEU model over common alternatives for estimating heterogeneity in preferences across individuals.
Firm-to-Firm Relationships and the Pass-Through of Shocks: Theory and Evidence
Authors: Heise Sebastian 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Economists have long suspected that firm-to-firm relationships might lower the responsiveness of prices to shocks due to the use of fixed-price contracts. Using transaction-level U.S. import data, I show that the pass-through of exchange rate shocks in fact rises as a relationship ages. Based on novel stylized facts about a relationship's life cycle, I develop a model of relationship dynamics in which a buyerseller pair accumulates relationship capital to lower production costs under limited commitment. The structurally estimated model generates countercyclical mark-ups and countercyclical pass-through of shocks through variation in the economy's rate of relationship creation, which falls in recessions.
Standard Errors for Two-Way Clustering with Serially Correlated Time Effects
Authors: Chiang Harold D. , Hansen Bruce E. , Sasaki Yuya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We propose improved standard errors and an asymptotic theory for two-way clustered panels. Our theory allow for arbitrary serial dependence in the common time effects, which is excluded by existing two-way methods. Our asymptotic distribution theory is the first which allows for this level of inter-dependence. Under weak conditions, we demonstrate that OLS is asymptotically normal, our proposed variance estimator is consistent, and t-ratios are asymptotically standard normal. The results extend to two-way fixed-effect models; we argue that two-way clustering is still necessary even if two-way fixed effects are included. Simulation and empirical illustration are provided.
Trust in Lending
Authors: Thakor Richard T. , Merton Robert C. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We develop a theory of trust in lending that distinguishes between reputation and trust. Banks emerge as more trusted lenders than non-banks. We show that trust severs the link between performance and the cost and availability of financing for lenders, but trust can be lost and is difficult to regain. Banks survive an erosion of trust better than non-banks. Banks' trust advantage arises from the lower cost of funding due to insured deposits and an endogenous belief revision channel that complements the effect of the funding cost advantage. The results have novel policy relevance for deposit insurance scope.
Teamwork in Contests
Authors: Lemus Jorge , Marshall Guillermo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We study self-organized teams in dynamic contests. Using data from Kaggle, we document that teams outperform solo players, but few players choose to form teams. Every new team alters the composition of players, discouraging less productive solo players to make submissions. We estimate the structural parameters of a dynamic contest model, including the team formation and submission costs. We find that team formation incentives diminish with the number of teams, as do the incentives to make submissions. We empirically evaluate the productivity-discouragement tradeoff caused by teamwork and discuss implications for contest design, including facilitating teamwork and hosting open competitions.
The U.S. Low-Wage Structure: A McWage Comparison
Authors: Ashenfelter Orley , Jurajda Štěpán 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Thanks to standardized work protocol and technology of McDonald's restaurants, the hourly wage of McDonald's Basic Crew enables wage comparisons under near-identical skill inputs and hedonic job conditions. McWages capture labor costs in entry-level jobs, while the Big Macs (earned) Per Hour (BMPH) index measures corresponding purchasing power of wages. We document large and growing geographical wage differences in standardized jobs using data covering most U.S. counties during 2016-2023. Before the Covid-19 pandemic, there was no BMPH growth where minimum wages stayed constant, but the pandemic wage increase, which diminished the importance of minimum wages, was stronger in these areas.
Can a Conservation Workshop Improve Knowledge, Perception, and Behavior of Children Toward Felids in Mexico?
Authors: Zarco-González Martha M. , Castillo-Huitrón Nathalia M. , Monroy-Vilchis Octavio , Marchini Silvio , Valencia Mejía Diego 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Analysis of people’s perceptions toward wildlife is fundamental in conservation planning. Also fundamental is dissemination of information about wildlife ecology. In Mexico, conservation of carnivores, who frequently come into conflict with human communities, is of utmost importance. We designed a workshop about the ecological aspects of pumas and jaguars; 232 children in elementary schools in rural, semiurban, and urban zones of Central Mexico participated. We analyzed the children’s knowledge of, perceptions of, and behavior in relation to pumas and jaguars before and after the workshop. We compared the three aspects by separating the data by grade and zone and found positive changes after the workshop. Knowledge was greater in the rural zone, but pro-conservation behavior was higher in the urban zone. Sixth-grade children displayed pro-conservation behavior and had more knowledge and more positive perceptions. We discuss the importance of involving children in conservation projects and disseminating information about large carnivores.
Mental Health Issues and Psychosocial Contexts in CICL Children Versus Non-CICL Children: A Comparative Study
Authors: Fathima Hasanath K. P.  , Kannekanti Prasad , Munda Sanjay Kumar , Alagarsami A. R.  
Published: September 2024

Background: Children in conflict with law (CICL) is an emerging issue in the contemporary world. Children between the ages of 12 years and 18 years are the most productive age group, but some children may develop behaviors that are undesirable to society by violating laws. The mental health and associated psychosocial factors of such children are lacking in India. It is of utmost importance to understand the mental health aspects of CICL for their rehabilitation, reintegration, and a better society for tomorrow. Aim: This study aimed to compare the psychosocial factors such as psychological adjustment, level of substance abuse, aggression, sensation seeking, self-esteem, and perceived parenting style between CICL and non-CICL. Methods: After obtaining the Institute’s Ethics Committee approval (Letter No. IEC/CIP/2020-2021/1207, dated March 22, 2022), 70 CICL were selected from Ranchi district of Jharkhand. To compare, 55 non-CICL were selected with the same gender within the age range of 12–18 years, using a cross-sectional comparative survey research design. A semistructured interview schedule was used to assess the basic demographic and legal history of the children. The Strength and Difficulty Questionnaire, Adolescent Alcohol and Drug Involvement Scale, Buss and Perry Aggression Questionnaire, Arnett Inventory of Sensation Seeking, Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale, and Parental Style Index were used to compare the psychosocial factors between CICL and non-CICL. Results: The Pearson chi-square test indicated that CICL participants were significantly ( P = .001) more likely to be from urban areas, have a history of school dropout and truancy, and come from broken families compared with non-CICL participants. The Mann–Whitney U test & indicated significant differences between CICL and non-CICL in the years of education ( P = .001) for both children and their parents. The Mann–Whitney U test found that CICL participants showed significantly higher levels ( P = .001) in emotional problems, internalizing attributes, prosocial behavior, level of alcohol/drug involvement, self-esteem, and strictness compared with non-CICL. Conclusion: These findings have significant implications for the field of juvenile justice, highlighting the need for targeted interventions and support systems. Prevention, promotional mental health aspects, and comprehensive rehabilitation plans are crucial for the successful social integration of CICL.
An Observational Case-control Study for BDNF Val66Met Polymorphism and Serum BDNF in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder (MDD)
Authors: Ramawat Raja Babu , Quraishi Rizwana , Deep Raman , Kumar Ram , Mishra Ashwani Kumar , Jain Raka 
Published: September 2024

Background: The brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has an important role in the growth of neurons and synaptic transmission. The BDNF gene Val66Met polymorphism (G/A) is associated with depression, but findings have not been consistently replicated. This study adopts a case-control design with an aim to investigate the association of Val66Met polymorphism and peripheral BDNF (serum) levels in patients of major depressive disorder (MDD) and healthy individuals (controls). Materials and Method: This study adopts an observational, case-control design with a total of 174 participants. Cases (n = 87) were currently depressed, having Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) MDD, without psychiatric comorbidity. Controls (n = 87) comprised healthy individuals with no family history of psychiatric illness. The cases were evaluated using the NIMH-Life Chart Method, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAM-D), Clinically Useful Depression Outcome Scale (CUDOS), and Clinical Global Impression (CGI). TaqMan assay was used for genotyping, and serum BDNF was measured using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: The case mean age was 35.32 ± 11.69 years (52% females) and comparable to controls. Allelic distribution was 33% (Met), and genotypic distribution was 17% (Met/Met), 32% (Val/Met), and 51% (Val/Val) for cases. The genotypic distribution did not differ across study groups. Serum BDNF was significantly lower in MDD cases as compared to controls ( p < .001). The serum BDNF levels were comparable across the genotypic groups among cases. Conclusion: The Val66Met polymorphism has not been associated with a risk for MDD and, interestingly, did not influence the BDNF levels (serum). Significantly low BDNF levels were found in MDD cases. The study findings show that factors other than Val66Met gene polymorphism have a role in modulating serum BDNF levels.
“That’s how the trust began”: Forming trusting friendships from adolescence to adulthood
Authors: Fikrlová Jana , Albrecht Andrea , Šerek Jan , Macek Petr 
Published: September 2024

Adolescence represents a sensitive period for embarking on trust-based friendships, which lay the foundation for successful close relationships later in life. The recent trust sequence model assumes that the trust process is universal regardless of the developmental stage. However, how the trust process may vary has been under-researched, especially during the critical period of adolescence and in the context of friendships. Therefore, this study qualitatively explored how people experience the process of forming trust in friends from early adolescence to adulthood. We conducted eight focus groups ( N = 39 participants) with early (11-12 years), middle (14-15 years), and late (18-19 years) Czech adolescents and a comparative sample of adults. Data were analyzed using reflexive thematic analysis, employing an inductive, semantic, and experiential approach. We identified four overarching themes: (1) Experiential Trust Building, (2) Absence of Reasons to Not Trust, (3) Relying on Intuitive Connection, and (4) Trusting the Right/Wrong Person (the third and fourth themes being exclusive to adolescents). Participants thus described multiple variations of the trust process, with much of the variation residing in the perceived importance of diminishing the leap of faith, i.e., the risks and uncertainties inherent in trusting. Immediate affect and stronger moral essentialism were relevant to trust formation among adolescents but not adults. These findings provide unique insights into experiences with forming trusting friendships from early adolescence to adulthood and extend the trust sequence model. Further research should explore the trust process in low- and high trust societies.
Identification of fatty acid metabolism signature genes in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension using WGCNA and machine learning
Authors: Liu Xibang , Wu Dandan , Bao Chunmiao , Huang Zeen , Wang Weiwei , Sun Lili , Qiu Lin 
Published: September 2024

Objective To investigate the signature genes of fatty acid metabolism and their association with immune cells in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Methods Fatty acid metabolism-related genes were obtained from the GeneCards database. In this retrospective study, a PAH-related dataset was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus database and analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs). Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) and machine learning algorithms, including least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) and random forest, were used to identify the signature genes. Diagnostic efficiency was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and a nomogram. Immune cell infiltration was subsequently classified using CIBERSORT. Results In total, 817 DEGs were screened from the GSE33463 dataset. The data were clustered into six modules via WGCNA, and the MEdarkred module was significantly related to PAH. The LASSO and random forest algorithms identified five signature genes: ARV1, KCNJ2, PEX11B, PITPNC1, and SCO1. The areas under the ROC curves of these signature genes were 0.917, 0.934, 0.947, 0.963, and 0.940, respectively. CIBERSORT suggested these signature genes may participate in immune cell infiltration. Conclusions ARV1, KCNJ2, PEX11B, PITPNC1, and SCO1 show remarkable diagnostic performance in PAH and are involved in immune cell infiltration.
Intrinsic Risk Factors for Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Young Female Soccer Players: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Taketomi Shuji , Kawaguchi Kohei , Mizutani Yuri , Takei Seira , Yamagami Ryota , Kono Kenichi , Murakami Ryo , Arakawa Takahiro , Kage Tomofumi , Kobayashi Takashi , Furukawa Yuri , Arino Yusuke , Fujiwara Sayaka , Tanaka Sakae , Ogata Toru 
Published: September 2024

Background: Previous studies have attempted to determine prognostic factors for predicting the occurrence of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries. However, studies on risk factors for noncontact ACL injuries in Asian female soccer players are limited. Purpose: To identify intrinsic risk factors for noncontact ACL injuries among young female Asian soccer players. Study Design: Cohort study; Level of evidence, 2. Methods: This study evaluated 145 female Japanese soccer players for potential risk factors for noncontact ACL injury during the preseason medical assessment. In total, 25 variables were examined—including anthropometric data, joint range of motion, muscle flexibility, muscle strength, and balance measurements. Participants were monitored throughout a single season for noncontact ACL injuries diagnosed by physicians. Results: Noncontact ACL injuries occurred in 13 knees of 13 players (9%). Lower hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio (0.44 ± 0.07 vs 0.50 ± 0.10; P = .04), greater knee extension muscle strength (3.2 ± 0.5 vs 2.7 ± 0.5 N·m/kg; P < .01), and longer playing experience (10.8 ± 3 vs 8.1 ± 4.2 years; P = .02) were significantly associated with new-onset noncontact ACL injuries in young female soccer players. No statistically significant between-group differences were found for any other variables. Conclusion: New-onset noncontact ACL injury in young female soccer players was significantly associated with lower hamstring-to-quadriceps ratio, greater knee extension muscle strength, and longer soccer experience. These findings will help develop strategies for preventing noncontact ACL injuries among female soccer players.
Mechanical behaviors and flammability of perlite filled recycled high-density polyethylene composites
Authors: Barçin Sergen , Sen Subhayu , Thomas Vinoy , Pillay Selvum , Ning Haibin 
Published: September 2024

Recycled high density polyethylene (rHDPE) has found increasing use in various applications due to its low cost and abundant availability. However, it possesses low mechanical properties and inferior flame resistance. This work uses the approach of adding a low-cost additive (perlite) into the rHDPE to improve those properties and studies the mechanical behaviors and fire resistance of the perlite filled rHDPE composites while still maintaining low cost. Composites with different ratios of perlite to rHDPE (neat rHDPE, 1:10 perlite/rHDPE ratio; and 2:10 perlite/rHDPE ratio) were produced through twin extrusion process and compression molding processes. The composites were tested in their performance in tension and flexure as well as flame resistance. The testing results showed that the tensile modulus increased from 0.89 (neat rHDPE) to 1.14 GPa (composite with 2:10 perlite/rHDPE ratio), while the tensile strength showed a slight increase as well. The flexural modulus of the composite increased by approximately 37.5% with the addition of perlite. However, the impact resistance decreases with increasing perlite amount added in the rHDPE. Finally, the flame resistance was found to increase by around 20% with the incorporation of perlite. These findings suggest that perlite is a promising cost-effective additive material for enhancing the tensile and flexural properties and flame retardancy of rHDPE.
Single Center Experience on Eversion versus Standard Carotid Endarterectomy: A Prospective Non-Randomized Study
Authors: Radak Djordje , Radević Božina , Sternić Nadežda , Vučurević Goran , Petrović Branko , Ilijevski Nenad , Radičević Sandra , Nešković Aleksandar N. , Bojić Milovan 
Published: September 2024

Background and purpose: The prospective studies that have compared the outcomes of eversion and standard longitudinal carotid endarcterectomy (CEA) have been few and small and available data to reach definitive conclusions are still scarce. This prospective, non-randomized study sought to compare eversion and standard CEA for early and late mortality and morbidity and the incidence of late restenosis. Methods: Between 1992 and 1997. we performed 2806 CEAs in 2469 patients (2124 eversion CEAs in 1859 patients and 682 standard CEAs in 610 patients). All patients underwent preoperative neurological examination and cervical duplex scanning. Patients were followed up by neurological evaluation and duplex scanning at 1 and 6 months after CEA, and yearly afterwards. Results: Demographics and neurologic inidications for CEA were similar in both groups. Mean clamping time was shorter in the eversion CEA group (13.5 ± 6.1 vs 19.9 ± 19.1 min, P < 0.001). Early (30-day) postoperative mortality due to major stroke was lower after eversion CEA (10/2124 vs 9/682, P = 0.037), as well as total cardiovascular mortality (16/2124 vs 12/682, P= 0.038). Early carotid occlusion was more frequent in standard CEA group (12/2124 vs 11/682, P = 0.017), as well as total early morbidity (112/2124 vs 53/682, P < 0.001). During follow-up (mean 56 months, range 6–92). restenosis rate was lower in the eversion CEA group (0.5 vs 1.8%, P= 0.006). Conclusions: Our data indicate that eversion CEA as compared to standard CEA technique is associated with lower total cardiovascular perioperative mortality and mortality due to major stroke, shorter clamping time, lower early occlusion rate, and lower late restenosis rate.
Carotid Endarterectomy and Local Anaesthesia: Reducing the Disasters
Authors: Love A. , Hollyoak M.A. 
Published: September 2024

Purpose: The study was designed to assess one surgeon's operative mortality and morbidity for carotid endarterectomy using local anaesthetic (LA) compared to general anaesthetic (GA) techniques. Method: Data were collected prospectively from 200 patients undergoing LA carotid surgery compared with 243 patients undergoing carotid surgery using GA technique. Indication for surgical, pathology, postoperative morbidity and mortality was assessed. Results: No major strokes or deaths occurred in the LA group (0/200). Significantly more major strokes and/or deaths occurred in the GA group (11/243, 4.5%; P= 0.016). Significant less shunt usage was associated with LA (LA 18/200. 9% versus 94/243. 39%: P =0.001). The absense of a shunt was associated with more major events in the GA group (5/143, P = 0.001. Age greater than 74 yr was associated with greater major events (4/31. P = 0.002). No significant difference in the frequency of cardiovascular complications was observed (LA. 15/200 (7.5%) vs GA. 19/243(7.8%); P = 0.924). Conclusion: Local anaesthesia enables the surgeon to assess the level of cerebral perfusion with an awake patient, gives greater assurances of cerebral protection during arterial clamping and a provides for a more relaxed and cautious endarterectomy and repair. This study demonstrates reduction in mortality and major stroke events in patients operated on with these conditions.