bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Verantwortlichkeit bei waldtypischen Gefahren: Beispiele aus der Gerichtspraxis
Authors: Bütler Michael 
Published: March 2016

Responsibility for forest-linked dangers: examples from legal practice
According to the Forest Policy 2020 of the Federal Council the share of old and dead wood should increase in Swiss forests. On the one hand, this is connected to positive ecological effects but on the other, to dangers, responsibilities and liability risks. Recent court and administrative decisions relating to accidents due to typical forest hazards such as falling trees and branches illustrate the legal situation for forest owners and enterprises as well as for forestry professionals. In the wooded environment near buildings and equipment there are obligations for the safety of traffic and passers-by. However, these obligations are limited by the reasonableness of protective measures and the personal responsibility of forest users. In this paper, the liability issue is illustrated by three legal case studies. The cases are assessed by the author, and the essential legal basis for liability is briefly summarized.
The public lavatory of Tianjin: A change of urban faeces disposal in the process of modernisation
Authors: Mu Cao 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
There is no question that public lavatories are an essential part of a modern city's sanitation facilities and a crucial part of urban faeces disposal. In traditional Chinese thought, faeces are associated with wealth, as they can be used as a natural fertiliser. As such, public lavatories are also considered a useful place to store human excrement for agricultural purposes. During the first half of the twentieth century, the city of Tianjin, China, was experiencing modernisation for the first time: new sanitary control systems were being built, water and sewage systems were gradually improving and modern concepts of sanitation, including public lavatories, assumed an increasingly important role in society. The public lavatory can be viewed as a sign of sanitation concepts and government control, as a place that reflects the technology and ideas of its time and as a crucial link between urban and rural areas within a Chinese city.
From factory to field: Waste-water irrigation in China's early socialist cities
Authors: Boland Alana 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the 1950s, cities in China began experimenting with waste-water irrigation as a solution to environmental problems emerging from rapid urban and industrial growth. This paper explores the reasons behind the promotion of this technology and the difficulties encountered in implementing it. I argue that growing interest in waste-water irrigation can best be understood in the context of national development strategies and the political-economic conditions of the early Mao period. Building on a long tradition in China of using human waste as fertiliser, waste-water irrigation in the 1950s and early 1960s was seen as forward-looking and modern, yet still consistent with the principle of frugality promoted by the state. It was also understood to be a mode of metabolising urban wastes that would enhance links between town and country, as well as between workers and peasants - two of the 'Three Great Differences' (or antagonisms) that Chinese socialism sought to eliminate. The paper uses the concept of 'metabolism' as a frame for understanding the promotion of wastewater irrigation during its experimental period despite uncertainties regarding the ecological effects of newly established circuits of waste and water that were reconnecting parts of urban China with their surrounding rural hinterlands.
Synchrotron radiation (SR) diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) of chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) mode
Authors: Chen-Chen Xia , Yadav Arun Kumar , Kai Zhang , Yi-Feng Peng , Qing-Xi Yuan , Pei-Ping Zhu , Li-Jin Feng , Xu-Dong Xu , A-Shan Wu , Guang-Yu Tang 
Published: March 2016

Objective: The aim of this study is to investigate microstructural changes in chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) rabbit model under diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) technology of synchrotron radiation (SR). Materials and Methods: The chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) models were obtained within two months after 5 New Zealand white rabbits were treated with doxorubicin hydrochloride. Blood exams, urine tests and kidney histological studies were carried out after the 5 rabbits were humanely sacrificed by hyperanesthesia. The kidney tissues were fixed in 4% formalin for one week before DEI experiment, with another 5 normal rabbits used as the control group. The experiment was performed at Beijing Synchrotron Radiation Facility (BSRF) with a 4W1A beam line (beam energy was 14keV). On routine scanning process, the rocking curve was detected, and slope position on the curve was selected to make a 360° spatial CT scan; DEI reconstruction software was used to generate a 3-dimensional image, from which the difference in grey value between the chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) group and the control group was measured and analyzed using MATLAB and SPSS. Result: Without radio-contrast, DEI provided clear visibility of the microstructures including artery, vein, straight collecting ducts, papillary tubules, glomeruli in both the chronic glomerulonephritis (CGN) group and the control group, with a spatial resolution as low as 10 μm. MATLAB grey value extraction and SPSS analysis showed that cortex of CGN group (91 to 112) lost more gray value compared to the control group (121 to 141), T tests P <  0.05. Equivalant cortical ROI (data points 450×80) quantitative analysis showed that gross grey value of CGN group (ranking from 55 to 160) was smaller than the control group (ranking from 75 to 175). DEI images correlated well with pathologic images. Morphological changes in the microstructure of contstartabstractCGN kidney was revealed, due to the advantage of phase-contrast imaging (PCI) mechanism, and the diagnostic value of CGN by synchrotron radiation (SR) phase-contrast imaging (PCI) technology was evaluated. Conclusion: Synchrotron radiation (SR) diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) experiment makes non-contrast CGN diagnosis possible in the rabbit model studied. With improvement of laboratory equipment and image analyzer in clinical practice, diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) could fundamentally become a new diagnostic method for CGN.
A Cloud Architecture for Teleradiology-as-a-Service
Authors: Costa Carlos , Oliveira José , Melício Monteiro Eriksson 
Published: March 2016

SummaryBackground: Telemedicine has been promoted by healthcare professionals as an efficient way to obtain remote assistance from specialised centres, to get a second opinion about complex diagnosis or even to share knowledge among practitioners. The current economic restrictions in many countries are increasing the demand for these solutions even more, in order to optimize processes and reduce costs. However, despite some technological solutions already in place, their adoption has been hindered by the lack of usability, especially in the set-up process. Objectives: In this article we propose a tele-medicine platform that relies on a cloud computing infrastructure and social media principles to simplify the creation of dynamic user-based groups, opening up opportunities for the establishment of teleradiology trust domains.Methods: The collaborative platform is provided as a Software-as-a-Service solution, supporting real time and asynchronous collaboration between users. To evaluate the solution, we have deployed the platform in a private cloud infrastructure. The system is made up of three main components – the collaborative framework, the Medical Management Information System (MMIS) and the HTML5 (Hyper Text Markup Language) Web client application – connected by a message-oriented middleware.Results: The solution allows physicians to create easily dynamic network groups for synchronous or asynchronous cooperation. The network created improves dataflow between colleagues and also knowledge sharing and cooperation through social media tools. The platform was implemented and it has already been used in two distinct scena -rios: teaching of radiology and tele-reporting.Conclusions: Collaborative systems can simplify the establishment of telemedicine expert groups with tools that enable physicians to improve their clinical practice. Stream -lining the usage of this kind of systems through the adoption of Web technologies that are common in social media will increase the quality of current solutions, facilitating the sharing of clinical information, medical imaging studies and patient diagnostics among collaborators.
DISCOVERY OF AN OUTFLOW FROM RADIO OBSERVATIONS OF THE TIDAL DISRUPTION EVENT ASASSN-14li
Authors: Alexander K. D. , Berger E. , Guillochon J. , Zauderer B. A. , Williams P. K. G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT
We report the discovery of transient radio emission from the nearby optically discovered tidal disruption event (TDE) ASASSN-14li (distance of 90 Mpc), making it the first typical TDE detected in the radio, and unambiguously pointing to the formation of a non-relativistic outflow with a kinetic energy of ≈(4–10) × 1047 erg, a velocity of ≈12,000–36,000 km s−1, and a mass of ≈3 × 10−5–7 × 10−4
M
⊙. We show that the outflow was ejected on 2014 August 11–25, in agreement with an independent estimate of the timing of super-Eddington accretion based on the optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray observations, and that the ejected mass corresponds to about 1%–10% of the mass accreted in the super-Eddington phase. The temporal evolution of the radio emission also uncovers the circumnuclear density profile,

on a scale of about 0.01 pc, a scale that cannot be probed via direct measurements even in the nearest supermassive black holes. Our discovery of radio emission from the nearest well-studied TDE to date, with a radio luminosity lower than all previous limits, indicates that non-relativistic outflows are ubiquitous in TDEs, and that future, more sensitive, radio surveys will uncover similar events.
Assimilating compact phase space retrievals of atmospheric composition with WRF-Chem/DART: a regional chemical transport/ensemble Kalman filter data assimilation system
Authors: Mizzi Arthur P. , Arellano Jr. Avelino F. , Edwards David P. , Anderson Jeffrey L. , Pfister Gabriele G. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. This paper introduces the Weather Research and Forecasting Model with chemistry/Data Assimilation Research Testbed (WRF-Chem/DART) chemical transport forecasting/data assimilation system together with the assimilation of compact phase space retrievals of satellite-derived atmospheric composition products. WRF-Chem is a state-of-the-art chemical transport model. DART is a flexible software environment for researching ensemble data assimilation with different assimilation and forecast model options. DART's primary assimilation tool is the ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. WRF-Chem/DART is applied to the assimilation of Terra/Measurement of Pollution in the Troposphere (MOPITT) carbon monoxide (CO) trace gas retrieval profiles. Those CO observations are first assimilated as quasi-optimal retrievals (QORs). Our results show that assimilation of the CO retrievals (i) reduced WRF-Chem's CO bias in retrieval and state space, and (ii) improved the CO forecast skill by reducing the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) and increasing the Coefficient of Determination (R2). Those CO forecast improvements were significant at the 95 % level. Trace gas retrieval data sets contain (i) large amounts of data with limited information content per observation, (ii) error covariance cross-correlations, and (iii) contributions from the retrieval prior profile that should be removed before assimilation. Those characteristics present challenges to the assimilation of retrievals. This paper addresses those challenges by introducing the assimilation of compact phase space retrievals (CPSRs). CPSRs are obtained by preprocessing retrieval data sets with an algorithm that (i) compresses the retrieval data, (ii) diagonalizes the error covariance, and (iii) removes the retrieval prior profile contribution. Most modern ensemble assimilation algorithms can efficiently assimilate CPSRs. Our results show that assimilation of MOPITT CO CPSRs reduced the number of observations (and assimilation computation costs) by  ∼  35 %, while providing CO forecast improvements comparable to or better than with the assimilation of MOPITT CO QORs.
A Logic of Exile: Cultural Distance and the Plasticity of the Mind
Authors: Herlihy-Mera Jeffrey , Koneru Vamsi K. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Epochs have knowledge systems. Do exiles, too? Literary and aesthetic inquiries are often entangled with the perspective in which they are raised by scholars, a critical map that gives singular weight to how ideas are contextualized. What should be the critical lens for cultural displacement? How should critics examine authors and artists who are in exile, a state of expatriation or emigration, or somewhere in between? Is exile a condition, like other states of being, that produces behaviors that can be measured, linked, and unpacked as a base of cultural study? Are the creative tools that map the imagination (like use of language, stylistic tendencies, and specific thematic devices) of writers and artists shaped by cultural displacement? How does nonnative cultural immersion influence the mind—and, thusly, how the mind codifies experience and reflections into physical representations? In relation to these questions, this article contemplates how exile shapes art, writing, and human experiences.
Embalmed in the Camera's Glowing Formaldehyde: On John Yau's Hollywood Asians
Authors: Schelb Edward N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The poetry of John Yau has examined identity and exile through complex portraits of pop culture icons. His portraits of Peter Lorre as Mr. Moto draw upon postmodern techniques from the visual arts, particularly the aesthetic strategies of Jasper Johns, and his poetic experiments embody the thematics of interior exile and displacement in dense surrealist texts. His dominant strategy is to undermine representation in ways similar to both philosophies of deconstruction and postmodern aesthetics, but without losing sight of the cultural politics of ethnicity.
Rechtsbescherming onder de Omgevingswet: op een gelijkwaardig niveau?
Authors: Nijman H. (Daniëlla) 
Published: March 2016

Rechtsbescherming onder de Omgevingswet: op een gelijkwaardig niveau?
Een van de ontwerpprincipes van de Omgevingswet is dat de rechtsbescherming op een gelijkwaardig niveau blijft. In dit artikel wordt toegelicht hoe de rechtsbescherming voor de verschillende instrumenten is geregeld in de Omgevingswet en wat er verandert ten opzichte van de huidige situatie. De vraag is daarbij niet alleen of de mogelijkheden tot rechtsbescherming gelijkwaardig zijn, maar ook of die mogelijkheden gelijkwaardig zijn voor de diverse spelers binnen het omgevingsrecht. Daarbij zijn in ieder geval het bestuursorgaan, de initiatiefnemer (aanvrager) en de derde-belanghebbende te onderscheiden.
Kanttekeningen bij de Utrechtse kantorenaanpak
Authors: Groothuijse F.A.G. (Frank) , Korsse D. (Daan) 
Published: March 2016

Kanttekeningen bij de Utrechtse kantorenaanpak
In deze bijdrage plaatsen de auteurs enige kritische kanttekeningen bij de Utrechtse kantorenaanpak, zoals besproken door Henk de Vries in TO 2015, afl. 3 p. 113-132
De la possibilité d’être compris directement par les tribunaux canadiens, à l’oral comme à l’écrit, sans l’entremise de services d’interprétation ou de traduction
Authors: Power Mark , Roy Marc-André 
Published: March 2016

Le présent article vise à explorer la question de l’existence d’un droit constitutionnel du justiciable d’être compris dans l’une ou l’autre des langues officielles par les juges de la Cour suprême du Canada, sans l’entremise de services d’interprétation ou de traduction. La question ayant déjà reçu une réponse négative de la part de la Cour suprême du Canada en 1986 en ce qui concerne les tribunaux néo-brunswickois dans l’affaire Société des Acadiens c Association of Parents, le présent article tente plus précisément de trouver les bases sur lesquelles les tribunaux pourraient s’appuyer s’ils devaient rejeter ce précédent établi par la Cour suprême du Canada et reconnaître, devant cette Cour spécifiquement, le droit d’être compris directement dans l’une ou l’autre des langues officielles, sans services d’interprétation ou de traduction.
Star Trek : paradigme juridique et laboratoire du droit
Authors: Defferrard Fabrice 
Published: March 2016

Star Trek est un univers de science-fiction paradigmatique pour le droit. Il repose pour l’essentiel sur une architecture juridique et judiciaire complexe, inspirée d’un modèle universaliste mettant en valeur les libertés publiques, les droits fondamentaux et une justice équitable. Chargés d’explorer pacifiquement l’espace, les officiers de Starfleet nouent des liens de droit et résolvent des conflits de normes dans des situations parfois inédites qui font de cette divertissante saga un véritable laboratoire du droit.
Fast and high light yield scintillation in the Ga2O3 semiconductor material
Authors: Yanagida Takayuki , Okada Go , Kato Takumi , Nakauchi Daisuke , Yanagida Satoko 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
We report the distinct scintillation properties of the well-known Ga2O3 semiconductor material. Under UV excitation, the photoluminescence (PL) emission peak appeared near a wavelength of 380 nm with a quantum yield of 6%, and fast decays of 8 and 793 ns were observed. In contrast, the X-ray-induced scintillation spectrum showed an intense emission band near a wavelength of 380 nm, whose decay curve was reproduced using two exponential decay components with time constants of 8 and 977 ns. The pulse height spectrum of 137Cs γ-rays measured using Ga2O3 showed a clear photoabsorption peak with a light yield of 15000 ± 1500 photons/MeV.
Experiments on localized wireless power transmission using a magneto-inductive wave two-dimensional metamaterial cavity
Authors: Pham Thanh Son , Ranaweera Aruna Kumara , Lam Vu Dinh , Lee Jong-Wook 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this letter, we propose a magneto-inductive wave (MIW) metamaterial cavity for enhanced mid-range wireless power transfer (WPT) applications. Cavity operation is achieved by controlling the propagation of MIWs at lower megahertz frequencies. The cavity is realized by omitting a cell and thereby breaking the periodicity of the closely coupled metamaterial slabs. The cavity in the proposed metamaterial effectively confines the MIWs into a subwavelength region. Consequently, it localizes the magnetic field in the WPT region and provides enhanced power transmission. When the proposed MIW metamaterial cavity is used, the measured efficiency improves significantly from 8.7 to 54.9%.
Environments organize the verbal brain
Authors: Catania A. Charles 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFOXP2 expression in the evolution of language derives from its role in allowing vocal articulation that is sensitive to its consequences. The discrete verbal discourse it allows must have evolved recently relative to affective features of vocal behavior such as tone of voice. Because all organ systems must have evolved in the service of behavior, attention is given to ways in which environments may have driven brain organization.
Phylogenetic reorganization of the basal ganglia: A necessary, but not the only, bridge over a primate Rubicon of acoustic communication
Authors: Ackermann Hermann , Hage Steffen R. , Ziegler Wolfram 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn this response to commentaries, we revisit the two main arguments of our target article. Based on data drawn from a variety of research areas – vocal behavior in nonhuman primates, speech physiology and pathology, neurobiology of basal ganglia functions, motor skill learning, paleoanthropological concepts – the target article, first, suggests a two-stage model of the evolution of the crucial motor prerequisites of spoken language within the hominin lineage: (1) monosynaptic refinement of the projections of motor cortex to brainstem nuclei steering laryngeal muscles, and (2) subsequent “vocal-laryngeal elaboration” of cortico-basal ganglia circuits, driven by human-specific FOXP2 mutations. Second, as concerns the ontogenetic development of verbal communication, age-dependent interactions between the basal ganglia and their cortical targets are assumed to contribute to the time course of the acquisition of articulate speech. Whereas such a phylogenetic reorganization of cortico-striatal circuits must be considered a necessary prerequisite for ontogenetic speech acquisition, the 30 commentaries – addressing the whole range of data sources referred to – point at several further aspects of acoustic communication which have to be added to or integrated with the presented model. For example, the relationships between vocal tract movement sequencing – the focus of the target article – and rhythmical structures of movement organization, the connections between speech motor control and the central-auditory and central-visual systems, the impact of social factors upon the development of vocal behavior (in nonhuman primates and in our species), and the interactions of ontogenetic speech acquisition – based upon FOXP2-driven structural changes at the level of the basal ganglia – with preceding subvocal stages of acoustic communication as well as higher-order (cognitive) dimensions of phonological development. Most importantly, thus, several promising future research directions unfold from these contributions – accessible to clinical studies and functional imaging in our species as well as experimental investigations in nonhuman primates.
Cyclophilin A stabilizes the HIV-1 capsid through a novel non-canonical binding site
Authors: Liu Chuang , Perilla Juan R. , Ning Jiying , Lu Manman , Hou Guangjin , Ramalho Ruben , Himes Benjamin A. , Zhao Gongpu , Bedwell Gregory J. , Byeon In-Ja , Ahn Jinwoo , Gronenborn Angela M. , Prevelige Peter E. , Rousso Itay , Aiken Christopher , Polenova Tatyana , Schulten Klaus , Zhang Peijun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe host cell factor cyclophilin A (CypA) interacts directly with the HIV-1 capsid and regulates viral infectivity. Although the crystal structure of CypA in complex with the N-terminal domain of the HIV-1 capsid protein (CA) has been known for nearly two decades, how CypA interacts with the viral capsid and modulates HIV-1 infectivity remains unclear. We determined the cryoEM structure of CypA in complex with the assembled HIV-1 capsid at 8-Å resolution. The structure exhibits a distinct CypA-binding pattern in which CypA selectively bridges the two CA hexamers along the direction of highest curvature. EM-guided all-atom molecular dynamics simulations and solid-state NMR further reveal that the CypA-binding pattern is achieved by single-CypA molecules simultaneously interacting with two CA subunits, in different hexamers, through a previously uncharacterized non-canonical interface. These results provide new insights into how CypA stabilizes the HIV-1 capsid and is recruited to facilitate HIV-1 infection.