bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of Liquid and Solid Self-Emulsifying Drug Delivery System of Silymarin
Authors: Mantry Shubhrajit , Majumder Debasmita 
Published: September 2024

The objective of our investigation was to formulate a self-emulsifying drug delivery system (SEDDS) of Silymarin using minimum surfactant concentration that could include its solubility, stability and also oral bioavailability. Silymarin are widely use drug for the treatment of hepatitis C virus, have poor bioavailability due to their poor water solubility that limits dissolution rate. To overcome this limitation SEDDS were prepared to attempt their release property. The solubility of the drug was determined by various vehicles. Ternary phase diagram was constructed using Cinnamon (oil), Tween 20 (surfactant) and PEG 200 (co-surfactant) and water to identify the efficient Self-emulsifying region. Through pseudo ternary phase diagram investigation, four different formulations were prepared of liquid-solid SEDDS. The stability can be achieved more by developing the solid dosage form by converting the liquid SEDDS to solid SEDDS formulation. The liquid SEDDS was converted into free flowing powder by adsorption of liquid onto solid carriers by using Aerosil 200 that provides a high surface area. The in vitro release of solid SEDDS was 58.16% within 8 h. The optimized formulation (F1) showed higher dissolution release than the commercial product. The in vitro drug release kinetics study of optimized formula was found better Regression coefficient (R2) compare with other formulation. In conclusion the study elucidated that adsorption to solid carrier technique could be useful method to prepare the solid SEDDS from liquid SEDDS, which can improve oral absorption of Silymain.
Keywords: Silymarin, Self emulsifying drug delivery system, Cinnamon oil, Tween 20, PEG 200.
Phytochemical Screening and Immunomodulator Activity of Mimusops elengi Linn.
Authors: Singh Nandlal , Irchhaiya Raghuveer , Gupta Rishikesh , Prajapati Ram Narayan , Dixit Vihangesh 
Published: September 2024

Aim. Phytochemical screening screening and investigation for immunomodulatory activity of ethanolic extract of leaves of Mimusops elengi using different parameters like carbon clearance, albumin globulin ratio, delayed type hypersensitivity reaction, total leukocyte count and estimation of immunoglobulin etc.
Material and Methods. Ethanolic extract of the plant leaves was prepared. Preliminary phytochemical screening has been conducted. 1g of carragenan was dissolved in 100ml. of water for injection. 1% w/v suspension of carbon black as Indian ink. 2% PVP solution is prepared in water for injection. Four sets (A,B,C and D) of the animals were taken. Each set contains five groups and each group has six animals. After that different parameters of imunomodulation were performed.
Result and Discussion. Phagocytic index was determined by measuring the concentration of Indian ink at different time intervals. The rate of Carbon clearance is a measure of Phagocytic activity, The result ( table 2 and and fig 1) Suggested that in the case of control animals, the concentration of Indian ink obtained after 12 minuts of experimental time was decreased nearly 52% of its initial value as compared with the value recorded initially at 3 minuts. this decreased could be described of the natural course of phagocytosis to the particles by liver macrophages. on the other hand the ethanolic extract of the mimusops elengi showed Significant immunostimulant activity as reflected by lower recovery of carbon particles as compared against that obtained by the control. the same trend was followed even after increasing the dose and the result were found to be directly influence by the increase in dose.
Conclusion. The results of this study clearly indicate that the Ethanolic extract of M. elengi linn.leaves can be used as promising immunostimulating agents. The activity may be due to the presence of phytochemicals reported through phytochemical screening.
Keywords: Mimusops elengi, solvent extraction, carbon black as Indian ink.
Microsphere: A Review
Authors: Mahale Manisha M , Saudagar R B 
Published: September 2024

Microspheres having free flowing powder characteristics, which are consisting of synthetic polymers and proteins. These are biodegradable in nature having particle size less than 200um. Microspheres are the multiparticulate drug delivery systems which are consisting from natural and synthetic material. Microsphere improves bioavailability, stability and target the drug to specific site at predetermined rate. types of microspheres are bioadhesive, floating, radioactive, polymeric and biodegradable microspheres. Microspheres are particularly used in novel drug delivery system.
Keywords: microsphere, advantages, types, method of preprations.
Rationalized Approach for Formulation and Optimization of Ebastine Microemulsion Using Design Expert for Solubility Enhancement
Authors: Mehetre Jaswandi , Vimal Kumar , Mehta Tejal , Gohel Mukesh , Surti Naazneen 
Published: September 2024

Ebastine is available as an oral antihistamine formula for allergic disorders such as tablets and syrup. Oral ebastine causes unfavorable effects on heart like QT prolongation, severe gastric distress, decreased tear production, resulting in dryness of the ocular surface, which exacerbates ocular discomfort and increasing susceptibility of eye to irritation. To avoid systemic side effects and ocular discomfort, topical ocular therapy could prove to be superior to systemic therapy in treating ocular allergies. Hence, topical formulation was developed to achieve onsite exposure of ebastine for ocular allergies. Moreover, conjunctiva is more accessible to hydrophilic molecules than lipophilic molecules. This creates challenge for a lipophilic molecule such as ebastine for topical ocular development. Successful dissolution of ebastine in o/w microemulsion allows its use in more convenient soluble form. Initially, solubility of drug in various oils, surfactant and cosurfactant was determined, followed by pseudo-ternary phase diagram to find microemulsion area. The D-optimal mixture design was employed for optimization of formulation. The optimized microemulsion formulation was characterized for its transparency, drug content, droplet size, zeta potential, viscosity, isotonicity, osmolarity and surface tension etc. The optimum physicochemical properties were observed to be eye-fitting. Carboxy methyl cellulose and sodium hyaluronate were used as gelling agents at different concentrations to increase residential time at the site of action. In vitro drug release study revealed that ebastine release from microemulsion gel in a sustained manner up to 24 hrs. for the purpose of providing prolonged therapy for ocular allergy. Hence, prepared microemulsion had great potential as an alternative to customary oral formulations of poorly soluble drug.
Keywords: Ebastine, Microemulsion, D-optimal mixture design, Solubility
Phytosomes: A Novel Drug Delivery for Herbal Extracts
Authors: Bhise Jayashri J. , Bhusnure Omprakash G. , Jagtap Sneha R. , Gholve Sachin B. , Wale Richa R. 
Published: September 2024

The term “phyto” means plant while “some” means cell-like. Phytosome is novel emerging technique applied to phyto-pharmaceutical which contains phytoconstituents to herbal extract surrounds and bound by lipids. Phytosome shows better absorption, hence produces better bioavailability than the conventional herbal extracts. Because of their improved pharmacological and pharmacokinetic properties. Phytosomes are herbal formulation which has enhanced the therapeutic effects of the plant extracts and herbal lead molecule by increasing bioavailability in the target site compared to conventional herbal extracts. This is improved forms of herbal formulation which contain the bioactive phytoconstituents of herb essence enclosed and bound by a lipid. Phytosomes demonstrated improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic response than customary botanical extracts.
Keywords: Phytosomes; Bioavailability, Phospolipids, phytoconstituents.
Preparation and Characterization of Itraconazole Microsponges using Eudragit RSPO and Study the Effect of Stirring on the Formation of Microsponges
Authors: Monika , , Dua Jagdeep Singh , Prasad D.N. , Hans Mansi , Kumari Satish 
Published: September 2024

The purpose of the present study was to prepare and evaluate Itraconazole loaded microsponges using Eudragit for the controlled release of the drug and study the effect of stirring rate on the formation of microsponges. Microsponges containing Itraconazole were prepared by using quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method at different stirring rate i.e. 500, 800, 1000, 1200 and 1500rpm. Particle size of prepared microsponge was observed in the range of 78.43 to 23.18 µm. Scanning electron microscopy revealed the porous, spherical nature of the microsponges. The production yield, entrapment efficiency, and drug content were found to be 80.88%, 84.53% and 82.89%. The formulation with higher drug to polymer ratio 1:10 (i.e. F5) was chosen to investigate the effect of stirring rate on the morphology of microsponges. As the speed was increased, the particle size of microsponges was reduced and uniform spherical microsponges were formed. As drug polymer ratio increased, Production yield, drug content and entrapment efficiency was found to be increased while drug: polymer ratio has reverse effect on particle size, as drug: polymer ratio increase, particle size decreases. The cumulative percentage drug release upto 8hrs for F5 was 89.54% and the mechanism of drug release from the formulations during the dissolution was determined using the zero order, first order, higuchi equation and Peppas equation. All formulations were best fitted to Zero order and peppas plot. The best formulation F5 follows Zero order release.
Keywords: Microsponges, Itraconazole, stirring rate, Quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion method
Formulation and Evalution of Levamisole Niosomes by using Sonication method
Authors: Sahore Ruchika , Dua Jagdeep Singh , Prasad D.N. , Sharma Diksha , Hans Mansi 
Published: September 2024

Niosomes or non- ionic surfactants vesicles are one of the many different carriers for transporting a drug molecule to its site of action. Niosomes are vesicular system similar to liposomes that can be used for amphiphilic and lipophilic drugs. Niosomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, non- immunogenic and exhibit flexibility. Niosomes has been widely used for controlled release drug delivery system. Niosomes can entrap both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs. Niosomes are chemically stable drug delivery systems. Niosomes are biocompatible, biodegradable, non- immunogenic and exhibit flexibility in structure. Niosomes have been widely used for controlled drug delivery system. They have been prepared with different ratios of surfactants and cholesterol and their properties have been determined by scanning electron microscopy. There are five batches of Levamisole niosomal preparations were prepared by changing the surfactant concentration but keeping the cholesterol concentration constant. The surfactant used Span40 and the five batches of niosomal preparations in the ratios of 1:1:1, 1:2:1, 1:3:1, 1:4:1 and 1:5:1 (Surfactant: cholesterol: drug). Furthermore, the release profiles, entrapment efficiency, size distribution and stability of these niosomes under various temperatures were studied. Niosomes were prepared using Span40 by using sonication method. The test changes in the characteristics of the liposomes.
Keywords- Niosomes, Compositions, Preparation methods, Factors affecting, characterizations, in- vitro methods, Applications.
Formulation Development and Evaluation of Taste Masked Oral Disintegrating Films of Atenolol by Using Natural Polymers
Authors: Shukla Kavita Varma , Rai Ankita , Pathak Rekha 
Published: September 2024

Fast dissolving/disintegrating films/tablets have received ever-increasing demand during the last decade, and the field has become a rapidly growing area in the pharmaceutical area. Particularly the fast dissolving drug delivery systems formulated with natural polymers have more demand because natural materials like gums and mucilages have been extensively used in the field of drug delivery for their easy availability, ease administration, non toxicity, non irritant nature etc. Atenolol is β1-selective adrenergic blocking agent and widely used in the treatment of hypertension and angina pectoris. It has a bioavailability of 40-50%. The main objective of the study was to formulate taste masked oral fast disintegrating films of Atenolol to achieve a better dissolution rate by improving the bioavailability of the drug and providing quick onset of action thereby enhancing patient compliance. Oral FDF prepared by solvent casting method using water and 95% ethanol as solvents and HPMC as film forming polymer. PEG 400 was the selected plasticizers, Natural and synthetic superdisintegrants such as croscarmellose sodium (CCS), sodium starch glycolate (SSG) and fenugreek mucilage alone and also in combinations was incorporated to achieve quick onset of action, is to increase the water uptake with in shortest wetting time and there by decrease the disintegration time. The prepared films were evaluated for the drug content, weight variation, film thickness, disintegration time, folding endurance, percentage of moisture content and in vitro dissolution studies and taste mask studies on healthy human volunteers. Among all, the formulation F5 was found to be best formulation which releases 98.89% of the drug within 15 min and disintegration time is 59 sec. which was significantly high when compared to other formulation. When the regression coefficient values compared, it was observed that ‘r’ values of formulation F5 was maximum i.e 0.890 hence indicating drug release from formulations was found to follow zero order drug release kinetics.
Celsia coromandeliane Vahl-A New Biomarker with Immense Pharmaceutical Applications
Authors: Pal Dilipkumar , Ahuja Charu , Mukherjee Souvik 
Published: September 2024

Plant derived products have been important source of therapeutic agents, and now days most of the drugs are plant derived products or their derivatives. In many cases, when a plant becomes commercialized as herbal medicine, or when one of its constituents starts getting used as a pharmaceutical drug. Although herbal medicines are less potent in comparison to synthetic drugs in some cases but still these are consider less toxic or having less side effect in contrast to synthetic drugs. Objective: The present review work aims to evaluate the medicinal importance of Celsia coromandeliane Vahl. Celsia coromandeliane Vahl, is common throughout India found widely in the plains throughout India including Chhattisgarh state. Conclusion: The review of literature study suggests that, plant is found to possess various medicinal activities like antibacterial, in vitro antioxidant, anthelmintic, and CNS depressant activity. It contains sigma steroidal derivatives which has effect on puberty. Secondary metabolites present in the plant are responsible for CNS Depressant effects, Antibacterial activities, and Anthelmintic activity.
Keywords: CNS Depressant effects, Antibacterial activities, Anthelmintic activity
ABTS radical scavenging and antimicrobial activities of flavonoid fractions from Terminalia bellirica fruit rinds
Authors: James Jesna , Soumya K , Archana T. M , Shahid A.P , Sudheesh S 
Published: September 2024

Plants are widely used in traditional medicine from the beginning of mankind because of its significant healing power and least side effects. The extraction and isolation of biologically active components from plants for the designing and synthesis of novel drugs became an emerging research area for years. Plants possess a large spectra of secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, phenolic acids etc. they are the major contributors of pharmacological activities shown by plants. Present study aimed at the ABTS radical scavenging and antimicrobial testing of flavonoid fractions from the fruit rinds of Terminalia bellirica. The effect of flavonoids from diethyl ether and ethyl acetate extracts against six bacterial strains and two fungal strains are evaluated by the agar well diffusion method. The results revealed that these flavonoid containing fractions possess excellent ABTS radical scavenging activity with very low concentrations and considerable antimicrobial potential when compared with their respective standards.
Keywords: ABTS radical, antimicrobial, diethyl ether, ethyl acetate, flavonoid, Terminalia bellirica
Comparative fingerprint and extraction yield of Prosopis cineraria (Lin.) Druce. Leaves with phenolic compounds (Gallic acid) & flavonoids (Rutin)
Authors: BISHNOI RAM SINGH , Kumar Manish , Shukla Ajay Kumar , Jain C.P. 
Published: September 2024

The main objective of this study is to analyse the extraction yield of Prosopis cineraria leaf with respect to phenolic compounds (Gallic acid) and flavonoids (Rutin). UV and FTIR spectroscopic methods were employed for qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds (gallic acid) and flavonoids (rutin) in the leaf extract of Prosopis cineraria. The extraction yield of methanolic extract was found to be superior. The FTIR signals at 675-600, 1225–950, 1540-1870, and 3500–3200 cm-1, are the indicator of presence of phenol (Gallic acid) & Rutin (flavonoid). These signals were used to identify the presence of the functional groups in the extract. This study concludes that data obtained from the UV & FTIR spectroscopy is enough to fingerprint & evaluate extraction yield of Prosopis cineraria.
Key words: UV spectroscopy, FTIR spectroscopy, Methanolic extract, Rutin, Gallic acid, Prosopis cineraria.
Evaluation of Antidiabetic Activity of Ethanolic Extract of Ajuga Parviflora in Diabetic Rats
Authors: Kumari Rupa , Amit , , Kumar Pawan , Ahmed Rizwan 
Published: September 2024

The aim of the study was to evaluate the antidiabetic activity of ethanolic extract of whole plant of Ajuga parviflora in diabetic induced Sprague Dawley rats. Acute toxicity study was done on screened rats for 14 days. The rats were divided into four groups like normal, diabetic, treated and standard (diabetes treated with Glibenclamide). Streptozocin 160mg /kg body weight was administered intra peritoneally to rat for the induction of diabetes. After the confirmation of diabetes, the rats were subjected to further in-vivo studies. The formulation obtained by ethanolic extract of whole plant of Ajuga parviflora (60mg/kg) were administered orally to diabetic rats for 28 days. The body weight and fasted blood glucose level measured in diabetic and non-diabetic rats at the end of experiments. The formulation shows significant reduction in blood glucose level in Streptozocin induced rats that is comparable to Glibenclamide.. Methanolic extract of medicinal herb Ajuga parviflora Benth. was evaluated for phytochemical screening the plant extract showed the presence of aromatic compounds, carbohydrates and others.
Keywords: Ajuga parviflora, Sprague Dawley rat, Streptozocin , Phytochemical screnning.
Development of Analytical Method to Monitor Dissolution of Bepotastine Besilate Tablet
Authors: Damle M. C. , Pardeshi K.K. 
Published: September 2024

Bepotastine Besilate is an anti-histaminic drug and it is marketed as tablet of strength 10mg. In this study an attempt is made to monitor the dissolution of Bepotastine Besilate tablet. Dissolution study was done for marketed sample using phosphate buffer 6.8, phosphate buffer 4.5 and 0.1 N HCl as dissolution media. Samples were analysed using UV spectrophotometer, HPLC and HPTLC. Detection wavelength selected was 226nm. A chromatographic separation is achieved on a C18 column with a mobile phase consisting of acetonitrile, water with isocratic elution with flow rate 1ml/min. Solvents used for development in HPTLC were chloroform and methanol. Percentage release of bepotastine besilate was calculated by extrapolation of calibration curve. The results of three analytical methods were compared by applying One-Way ANOVA.
Keywords: Bepotastine Besilate, Dissolution, UV, HPLC, HPTLC
Homology modeling and molecular docking studies for the identification of novel potential therapeutics against human PHD3 as a drug target for type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Lanka Goverdhan , Bathula Revanth , Bhargavi Manan , Potlapally Sarita Rajender 
Published: September 2024

PHD3 (Prolyl Hydroxylating Domain) 3 protein contains the HRE (Hypoxia Response Element) and plays an important role in regulating HIF subunits. The hydroxylating ability of PHD3 of HIF subunits makes PHD3 is a prominent therapeutic target to control type 2 diabetes mellitus. The structure based approach is used to design novel molecular entities against PHD3 protein. In this present work, a 3D homology model of PHD3 was generated by MODELLER9.9 as the experimental structure of PHD3 is not reported in the protein database. The 3d structural model of PHD3 refined through energy minimization in VMD-NAMD interface. Active site of the target protein is identified by SiteMap module (Schrodinger suite), manual correlation technique using ClustalW software and literature studies. The asinex library of chemical structures subjected to the molecular docking at the PHD3 active site for the identification of potent inhibitors. The molecules resulted from molecular docking prioritized based on their docking score, glide energy. The ligand molecules are further prioritized with a rescoring parameter Prime-MM/GBSA by calculating binding free energies of final Ligand-Protein complexes. The identified novel leads are further evaluated with ADME properties for their druglikeness activity. The overall insights can further expedite for the development of novel molecular entities as potential inhibitors against PHD3 in type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Keywords: PHD3, homology model, VMD-NAMD, Prime-MM/GBSA, ADME, type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Bioanalytical Method Development and Validation for Estimation of Daunorubicin and Cytarabine in Blood Plasma by Using RP-HPLC
Authors: Agrawal Ashish , Sharma Manoj 
Published: September 2024

A simple, sensitive and selective RP-HPLC method was developed for estimation of Daunorubicin and Cytarabine in combined formulation by isocratically using 20 mM KH 2 PO 4 : acetonitrile (pH 2.5) in the ratio of 20:80 v/v as mobile phase, Prontosil C-18 column (4.6 x 250mm, 5μparticle size) column as stationary phase and chromatogram was recorded at 254nm. The validation studies are carried out and it’s fulfilling ICH requirements. The method is found to be specific, linear, precise (including both intra- and inter- day precision), accurate and robust. This proposed method may represent a valuable aid in the laboratory monitoring of the toxicity of anticancer chemotherapy.
Keywords: RP-HPLC, Leukemia, Daunorubicin and Cytarabine, Linearity and Calibration curve