bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Changes in Sonographically Measured Inferior Vena Caval Diameter in Response to Fluid Loading in Term Pregnancy
Authors: Hernandez Celso A. , Reed Kathryn L. , Juneman Elizabeth B. , Cohen Wayne R. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to determine whether the inferior vena caval (IVC) diameter is influenced by intravascular volume changes in pregnancy.MethodsA prospective observational study was done on 2 groups of normal term gravidas. In 24 patients, we measured the IVC diameter, blood pressure, and heart rate (HR) before and after a 1‐L fluid infusion in preparation for regional anesthesia, after initiation of an epidural block, and within 24 hours postpartum. In a second group of 15 women, we measured the IVC diameter sequentially during a 1‐L crystalloid infusion.ResultsIn the first group, the mean baseline IVC diameter ± SD at end‐inspiration was 1.45 ± 0.32 cm, which was 19% smaller than at end‐expiration (1.73 ± 0.31 cm; P= .003). This respiratory cycle variation remained significant at each measurement epoch. The mean caval diameter at end‐inspiration increased by 23% after the fluid bolus (P = .012). Hydration was not, however, accompanied by any significant change in the HR, mean arterial pressure, or collapsibility index of the inferior vena cava. With epidural anesthesia, the mean arterial pressure decreased from 88 ± 9 to 80 ± 7 mm Hg (P= .018), but the HR and collapsibility index remained unchanged. Postpartum values were not significantly different from their baseline measurements, except for the mean arterial pressure, which was lower by about 6 mm Hg (P = .042). In the second group, the IVC diameter at end‐inspiration increased by 31% after the 1‐L infusion, and there was a positive correlation between the volume infused and the IVC diameter (r= 0.67; P< .0001).ConclusionsMeasurable variations in the IVC diameter occur in response to volume changes in normal term pregnancy and postpartum.
Integration of Ultrasound in Medical Education at United States Medical Schools
Authors: Dinh Vi Am , Fu Jasmine Y. , Lu Samantha , Chiem Alan , Fox J. Christian , Blaivas Michael 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesDespite the rise of ultrasound in medical education (USMED), multiple barriers impede the implementation of such curricula in medical schools. No studies to date have surveyed individuals who are successfully championing USMED programs. This study aimed to investigate the experiences with ultrasound integration as perceived by active USMED directors across the United States.MethodsIn 2014, all allopathic and osteopathic medical schools in the United States were contacted regarding their status with ultrasound education. For schools with required point‐of‐care ultrasound curricula, we identified the USMED directors in charge of the ultrasound programs and sent them a 27‐question survey. The survey included background information about the directors, ultrasound program details, the barriers directors faced toward implementation, and the directors' attitudes toward ultrasound education.ResultsOne‐hundred seventy‐three medical schools were contacted, and 48 (27.7%) reported having a formal USMED curriculum. Thirty‐six USMED directors responded to the survey. The average number of years of USMED curriculum integration was 2.8 years (SD, 2.9). Mandatory ultrasound curricula had most commonly been implemented into years 1 and 2 of medical school (71.4% and 62.9%, respectively). The most common barriers faced by these directors when implementing their ultrasound programs were the lack of funding for faculty/ equipment (52.9%) and lack of time in current medical curricula (50.0%).ConclusionsFinancial commitments and the full schedules of medical schools are the current prevailing roadblocks to implementation of ultrasound education. Experiences drawn from current USMED directors in this study may be used to help programs starting their own curricula.
Testing competing forms of the Milankovitch hypothesis: A multivariate approach
Authors: Kaufmann Robert K. , Juselius Katarina 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe test competing forms of the Milankovitch hypothesis by estimating the coefficients and diagnostic statistics for a cointegrated vector autoregressive model that includes 10 climate variables and four exogenous variables for solar insolation. The estimates are consistent with the physical mechanisms postulated to drive glacial cycles. They show that the climate variables are driven partly by solar insolation, determining the timing and magnitude of glaciations and terminations, and partly by internal feedback dynamics, pushing the climate variables away from equilibrium. We argue that the latter is consistent with a weak form of the Milankovitch hypothesis and that it should be restated as follows: internal climate dynamics impose perturbations on glacial cycles that are driven by solar insolation. Our results show that these perturbations are likely caused by slow adjustment between land ice volume and solar insolation. The estimated adjustment dynamics show that solar insolation affects an array of climate variables other than ice volume, each at a unique rate. This implies that previous efforts to test the strong form of the Milankovitch hypothesis by examining the relationship between solar insolation and a single climate variable are likely to suffer from omitted variable bias.
The role of a mantle plume in the formation of Yellowstone volcanism
Authors: Leonard Tiffany , Liu Lijun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe origin of the Yellowstone volcanic province remains debated. Proposed hypotheses involve either a mantle plume or not. Recent tomographic images allow a quantitative evaluation of the plume hypothesis and its interaction with the Farallon slabs. Using 4‐D geodynamic models with data assimilation, we find that the slab is always in the way of the initially rising plume and that the plume could reach the surface only through the broken slab hinge at ~15 Ma. For most of the time, the sinking slabs dominate the mantle flow and prohibit upwelling. We find that a plume that satisfies the present mantle image beneath Yellowstone fails to predict both voluminous hot materials at shallow depths beneath the western U.S. and the age migration of the hot spot tracks. We suggest that a plume is likely to have much less influence on the Yellowstone volcanism than previously thought.
An analysis of permanent work disability among construction sheet metal workers
Authors: West Gavin H. , Dawson Jaime , Teitelbaum Claire , Novello Rebecca , Hunting Katherine , Welch Laura S. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundCauses of permanent work disability in the sheet metal industry are not well characterized.MethodsPension records were used to compare causes of disability among sheet metal workers and the U.S. working population. Subgroup analysis examined the major causes of sheet metal worker disability.ResultsMusculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), circulatory disease, and injuries were leading causes of sheet metal worker disability (47.2%, 13.7%, 10.9% of awards, respectively). Award distribution differed from the U.S. working population (P < 0.0001); MSDs and injuries accounted for higher proportions of sheet metal worker awards, particularly at spine, shoulder, and knee.ConclusionsHigher proportions of awards caused by MSD or injury among sheet metal workers may reflect higher rates of work‐related injuries and MSDs, a high likelihood of disability with construction work given the same impairment, or higher prevalence of other conditions in the general population. Prevention requires task‐specific ergonomic innovations and proven participatory interventions. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:186–195, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Record Multiphoton Absorption Cross‐Sections by Dendrimer Organometalation
Authors: Simpson Peter V. , Watson Laurance A. , Barlow Adam , Wang Genmiao , Cifuentes Marie P. , Humphrey Mark G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLarge increases in molecular two‐photon absorption, the onset of measurable molecular three‐photon absorption, and record molecular four‐photon absorption in organic π‐delocalizable frameworks are achieved by incorporation of bis(diphosphine)ruthenium units with alkynyl linkages. The resultant ruthenium alkynyl‐containing dendrimers exhibit strong multiphoton absorption activity through the biological and telecommunications windows in the near‐infrared region. The ligated ruthenium units significantly enhance solubility and introduce fully reversible redox switchability to the optical properties. Increasing the ruthenium content leads to substantial increases in multiphoton absorption properties without any loss of optical transparency. This significant improvement in multiphoton absorption performance by incorporation of the organometallic units into the organic π‐framework is maintained when the relevant parameters are scaled by molecular weights or number of delocalizable π‐electrons. The four‐photon absorption cross‐section of the most metal‐rich dendrimer is an order of magnitude greater than the previous record value.
A Computational and Experimental Approach Linking Disorder, High‐Pressure Behavior, and Mechanical Properties in UiO Frameworks
Authors: Hobday Claire L. , Marshall Ross J. , Murphie Colin F. , Sotelo Jorge , Richards Tom , Allan David R. , Düren Tina , Coudert François‐Xavier , Forgan Ross S. , Morrison Carole A. , Moggach Stephen A. , Bennett Thomas D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWhilst many metal–organic frameworks possess the chemical stability needed to be used as functional materials, they often lack the physical strength required for industrial applications. Herein, we have investigated the mechanical properties of two UiO‐topology Zr‐MOFs, the planar UiO‐67 ([Zr6O4(OH)4(bpdc)6], bpdc: 4,4′‐biphenyl dicarboxylate) and UiO‐abdc ([Zr6O4(OH)4(abdc)6], abdc: 4,4′‐azobenzene dicarboxylate) by single‐crystal nanoindentation, high‐pressure X‐ray diffraction, density functional theory calculations, and first‐principles molecular dynamics. On increasing pressure, both UiO‐67 and UiO‐abdc were found to be incompressible when filled with methanol molecules within a diamond anvil cell. Stabilization in both cases is attributed to dynamical linker disorder. The diazo‐linker of UiO‐abdc possesses local site disorder, which, in conjunction with its longer nature, also decreases the capacity of the framework to compress and stabilizes it against direct compression, compared to UiO‐67, characterized by a large elastic modulus. The use of non‐linear linkers in the synthesis of UiO‐MOFs therefore creates MOFs that have more rigid mechanical properties over a larger pressure range.
Conformational Switching of π‐Conjugated Junctions from Merocyanine to Cyanine States by Solvent Polarity
Authors: Arjona‐Esteban Alhama , Stolte Matthias , Würthner Frank 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDirected by the solvent polarity, the prevalent conformation of a polymethine dye bearing a branched π‐conjugated junction can be switched from a heptamethine donor–acceptor (DA) merocyanine‐type π‐conjugated system to a nonamethine DAD cyanine‐type π‐conjugated scaffold. Concomitantly the absorption maximum shifts from 585 nm in dichloromethane to 748 nm in methanol solution.
Catalytically Active Rh Sub‐Nanoclusters on TiO2 for CO Oxidation at Cryogenic Temperatures
Authors: Guan Hongling , Lin Jian , Qiao Botao , Yang Xiaofeng , Li Lin , Miao Shu , Liu Jingyue , Wang Aiqin , Wang Xiaodong , Zhang Tao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe discovery that gold catalysts could be active for CO oxidation at cryogenic temperatures has ignited much excitement in nanocatalysis. Whether the alternative Pt group metal (PGM) catalysts can exhibit such high performance is an interesting research issue. So far, no PGM catalyst shows activity for CO oxidation at cryogenic temperatures. In this work, we report a sub‐nano Rh/TiO2 catalyst that can completely convert CO at 223 K. This catalyst exhibits at least three orders of magnitude higher turnover frequency (TOF) than the best Rh‐based catalysts and comparable to the well‐known Au/TiO2 for CO oxidation. The specific size range of 0.4–0.8 nm Rh clusters is critical to the facile activation of O2 over the Rh–TiO2 interface in a form of Rh−O−O−Ti (superoxide). This superoxide is ready to react with the CO adsorbed on TiO2 sites at cryogenic temperatures.
Shaping PEDOT nanoparticles for use in 3D tissue phantoms
Authors: Wailes Elizabeth M. , MacNeill Christopher M. , McCabe Eleanor , Levi‐Polyachenko Nicole H. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTControlling the relative concentrations of surfactant, oxidant iron (III) chloride, 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) monomer in water, and mechanical influences such as sonication and stirring, resulted in the synthesis of PEDOT nanoparticles with various dimensions and aspect ratios. Having a ratio of two or more of surfactant compared to the oxidant led to a greater yield of thinner nanofibers, as did utilizing a more dilute concentration of the reactants. These nanoparticles were shown to be cyto‐compatible in 3D culture for both human and mouse cells. The key feature is that PEDOT nanoparticles with a variety of morphologies can be obtained using water only without the need for hexanes in the procedures. The synthesized PEDOT nanoparticles absorb light across the infrared spectrum and in turn are capable of generating heat for biologically relevant studies of hyperthermia in three dimensional tissue phantoms. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43378.
Bio‐inspired synthesis of molecularly imprinted nanocomposite membrane for selective recognition and separation of artemisinin
Authors: Cui Jiuyun , Wu Yilin , Meng Minjia , Lu Jian , Wang Chen , Zhao Juan , Yan Yongsheng 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTInspired from the highly bioadhesive performance of mussel protein, a simple, yet efficient synthetic method for efficiently imprinting of Artemisinin (Ars) was developed to prepare the bio‐inspired molecularly imprinted membranes (MIMs) via atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP). In this work, attributed to the unique properties of polydopamine (pDA) modified layers and ATRP technology, the uniform recognition sites for efficiently selective extraction of the Ars with high stability could be obtained on the MIMs surfaces. In addition, the maximum adsorption capacity of the MIMs is 158.85 mg g−1 by the Langmuir isotherm model, which is remarkable higher than NIMs. Additionally, because of the formation of the uniform specific recognition cavities on membrane surfaces, the as‐prepared MIMs exhibited a rapid adsorption dynamics and well‐fitted for the pseudo‐second‐order rate equation, also, possessed an excellent per‐selectivity performance (βartemether/Ars values is 0.18) of template molecule, which clearly demonstrated the potential value of this method in the selective separation and purification of Ars. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43405.
Evaluating industrial drying of cellulosic feedstock for bioenergy: a systems approach
Authors: Sokhansanj Shahab , Webb Erin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA large portion of herbaceous and woody biomass must be dried following harvest. Natural field drying is possible if the weather cooperates. Mechanical drying is a certain way of reducing the moisture content of biomass. This paper presents an engineering analysis applied to drying of 10 Mg h−1 (exit mass flow) of biomass with an initial moisture content ranging from 25% to 70% (wet mass basis) down to 10% exit moisture content. The requirement for hog fuel to supply heat to the dryer increases from 0.5 dry Mg to 3.8 dry Mg h−1 with the increased initial moisture of biomass. The capital cost for the entire drying system including equipment for biomass size reduction, pollution control, dryer, and biomass combustor sums up to more than $4.7 million. The operating cost (electricity, labor, repair, and maintenance) minus fuel cost for the dryer alone amount to 4.05 Mg−1 of dried biomass. For 50% moisture content biomass, the cost of fuel to heat the drying air is $7.41/ dry ton of biomass for a total $11.46 per dry ton at 10% moisture content. The fuel cost ranges from a low of $2.21 to a high of $18.54 for a biomass at an initial moisture content of 25% to 75%, respectively. This wide range in fuel cost indicates the extreme sensitivity of the drying cost to initial moisture content of biomass and to ambient air humidity and temperature and highlights the significance of field drying for a cost effective drying operation. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Regioselective Synthesis of N‐Heteroaromatic Trifluoromethoxy Compounds by Direct O−CF3 Bond Formation
Authors: Liang Apeng , Han Shuaijun , Liu Zhenwei , Wang Liang , Li Jingya , Zou Dapeng , Wu Yangjie , Wu Yusheng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe first one‐step method for the synthesis of ortho‐N‐heteroaromatic trifluoromethoxy derivatives by site‐specific O−CF3 bond formation using hydroxylated N‐heterocycles and Togni's reagent is described. The approach enables the unprecedented syntheses of a wide range of six or five‐membered N‐heteroaromatic trifluoromethoxy compounds containing one or two heteroatoms from most commonly used hydroxylated N‐heterocycles. Notable advantages of this method include its simplicity and mild conditions, avoidance of the need for metals or toxic reagents, and compatibility with a variety of functional groups. Furthermore, this method is especially suitable for the larger scale application.
A Molecular Imaging Approach to Mercury Sensing Based on Hyperpolarized 129Xe Molecular Clamp Probe
Authors: Guo Qianni , Zeng Qingbin , Jiang Weiping , Zhang Xiaoxiao , Luo Qing , Zhang Xu , Bouchard Louis‐S. , Liu Maili , Zhou Xin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMercury pollution, in the form of mercury ions (Hg2+), is a major health and environmental hazard. Commonly used sensors are invasive and limited to point measurements. Fluorescence‐based sensors do not provide depth resolution needed to image spatial distributions. Herein we report a novel sensor capable of yielding spatial distributions by MRI using hyperpolarized 129Xe. A molecular clamp probe was developed consisting of dipyrrolylquinoxaline (DPQ) derivatives and twocryptophane‐A cages. The DPQ derivatives act as cation receptors whereas cryptophane‐A acts as a suitable host molecule for xenon. When the DPQ moiety interacts with mercury ions, the molecular clamp closes on the ion. Due to overlap of the electron clouds of the two cryptophane‐A cages, the shielding effect on the encapsulated Xe becomes important. This leads to an upfield change of the chemical shift of the encapsulated Xe. This sensor exhibits good selectivity and sensitivity toward the mercury ion. This mercury‐activated hyperpolarized 129Xe‐based chemosensor is a new concept method for monitoring Hg2+ ion distributions by MRI.
Bioavailability Studies and in vitro Profiling of the Selective Excitatory Amino Acid Transporter Subtype 1 (EAAT1) Inhibitor UCPH‐102
Authors: Haym Isabell , Huynh Tri H. V. , Hansen Stinne W. , Pedersen Martin H. F. , Ruiz Josep A. , Erichsen Mette N. , Gynther Mikko , Bjørn‐Yoshimoto Walden E. , Abrahamsen Bjarke , Bastlund Jesper F. , Bundgaard Christoffer , Eriksen Anette L. , Jensen Anders A. , Bunch Lennart 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAlthough the selective excitatory amino acid transporter subtype 1 (EAAT1) inhibitor UCPH‐101 has become a standard pharmacological tool compound for in vitro and ex vivo studies in the EAAT research field, its inability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier makes it unsuitable for in vivo studies. In the present study, per os (p.o.) administration (40 mg kg−1) of the closely related analogue UCPH‐102 in rats yielded respective plasma and brain concentrations of 10.5 and 6.67 μm after 1 h. Three analogue series were designed and synthesized to improve the bioavailability profile of UCPH‐102, but none displayed substantially improved properties in this respect. In vitro profiling of UCPH‐102 (10 μm) at 51 central nervous system targets in radioligand binding assays strongly suggests that the compound is completely selective for EAAT1. Finally, in a rodent locomotor model, p.o. administration of UCPH‐102 (20 mg kg−1) did not induce acute effects or any visible changes in behavior.
Facile Synthesis of Large‐Pore Bicontinuous Cubic Mesoporous Silica Nanoparticles for Intracellular Gene Delivery
Authors: Meka Anand Kumar , Niu Yuting , Karmakar Surajit , Hartono Sandy Budi , Zhang Jun , Lin Chun Xiang Cynthia , Zhang Hongwei , Whittaker Andrew , Jack Kevin , Yu Meihua , Yu Chengzhong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) have promising biomedical applications; however the synthesis of MSNs with a bicontinuous cubic Ia3d mesostructure and large pore size has been a long‐standing challenge. Herein we report a systematic study on the synthesis of KIT‐6 type MSNs (KIT‐6‐MSNs) using fluorocarbon‐hydrocarbon mixed surfactants as templates and ethanol as a co‐solvent. KIT‐6‐MSNs have a pore size of 9 nm and a particle size in the range of 200–400 nm. The role of ethanol in the synthesis of KIT‐6‐MSNs is crucial because ethanol increases the miscibility of fluorocarbon and hydrocarbon surfactants, thereby increasing the packing parameter and favoring the formation of an Ia3d structure. Excessive fluorocarbon surfactants help the formation of nanosized morphology. After hydrophobic modification, the large‐pore KIT‐6‐MSNs show a high loading capacity towards genetic molecules and successfully deliver the survivin siRNA into a human colorectal carcinoma HCT116 cell line, knocking down the gene expression associated with cancer cell survival and proliferation.
Photochemical Reactions in Self‐Assembled Organic Monolayers Characterized by using Scanning Tunneling Microscopy
Authors: Guo Chao , Li Min , Kang ShiZhao 
Published: January 2016

AbstractResearch on the supramolecular self‐assembly behavior at interfaces is of great importance to improving the performance of nanodevices that are based on optical functional materials. In this Minireview, several photoinduced isomerization and polymerization reactions in self‐assembled organic monolayers on surfaces are discussed. Typical organic molecules contain azobenzene, alkynyl, or olefins groups. The feature surface base is a highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) surface or a gold surface. Scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is used as a strong tool to characterize new species’ structures before and after illumination.
Directly‐Grown Hierarchical Carbon Nanotube@Polypyrrole Core–Shell Hybrid for High‐Performance Flexible Supercapacitors
Authors: Yesi Yesi , Shown Indrajit , Ganguly Abhijit , Ngo Trung Truc , Chen Li‐Chyong , Chen Kuei‐Hsien 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA hierarchical carbon nanotube–polypyrrole (CNT–PPy) core–shell composite was fabricated by growing CNTs directly on carbon cloth (CC) as a skeleton followed by electropolymerization of PPy with controlled polymerization time. Direct fabrication of electroactive (CNT–PPy) materials on the flexible CC electrode could reduce the interfacial resistance between the electrode and electrolyte and improve the ion diffusion. The supercapacitor electrode based on optimized PPy/CNT‐CC exhibits excellent electrochemical performance, with the highest gravimetric capacitance being roughly 1038 F g−1 per active mass of PPy and up to 486.1 F g−1 per active mass of the PPy/CNT composite. Notably, excellent flexibility and cycle stability up to 10 000 cycles with only 18 % capacitance loss was achieved. At the same time, the fabricated asymmetric supercapacitor (PPy/CNT‐CC∥CNT‐CC) shows the maximum power density of 10 962 W kg−1 at an energy density of 3.9 Wh kg−1 under the operating potential of 1.4 V. The overall high cycle stability and high performance of the fabricated PPy/CNT‐CC flexible electrode is due to the novel binder‐free direct growth process.