bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Antimicrobial Stewardship Program Using Plan-Do-Study-Act Cycles to Reduce Unjustified Antibiotic Prescribing in Children Admitted With an Asthma Exacerbation
Authors: Dorzin Sasha E. , Halaby Claudia , Quintos Maria Lyn , Noor Asif , El-Chaar Gladys 
Published: December 2017

OBJECTIVE Antimicrobial stewardship programs (ASPs) ensure appropriate antibiotic use, reduce health care costs, and minimize antibiotic resistance. National asthma guidelines do not recommend antibiotics during an exacerbation unless the child has an infection or comorbidities. The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) established a benchmark for unjustified antibiotic use at 6.6%.9 A retrospective study at our institution showed that 7.8% of antibiotics were prescribed without justification in children admitted for asthma. The purpose of this study was to reduce unjustified antibiotic use at our institution by 25% in children through an ASP directed toward asthma.
METHODS The study period lasted from November 2015 to March 2016. Children 6 months to 17 years of age, admitted for an asthma exacerbation, were included while those with comorbidities were excluded. A multidisciplinary team from pediatric pharmacotherapy, pulmonology, emergency department (ED), infectious diseases, and quality improvement was formed to focus on process improvement. Interventions were executed in a series of Plan-Do-Study-Act cycles. In cycle 1, our asthma guidelines on appropriate antibiotic use were disseminated to pediatric house staff and posted in pediatric units. Cycle 2 encompassed presenting the ASP and guidelines to the pediatric ED staff. Cycle 3 consisted of a journal club with the pulmonary division to discuss the role of azithromycin in an asthma exacerbation.
RESULTS In cycle 1, twenty-four patients were reviewed in November 2015. Antibiotics were prescribed in 8/24 (33%) children, with an unjustified rate of 2/24 (8.3%). In cycle 2, twenty-three patients were reviewed in December and January with 8/23 (35%) prescribed antibiotics and an unjustified rate of 2/23 (8.7%). For cycle 3, in February and March 2016, twenty-one children were reviewed. Antibiotics were prescribed in 6/21 (27%) children and all were justified. In total, 68 patients were included in our study and had an unjustified antibiotic prescribing rate of 4/68 (5.9%), a reduction of 25%.
CONCLUSION Our ASP surpassed the benchmark set by AAP guidelines, by reducing the percentage of unjustified antibiotics in children with asthma to 5.9%.
Optimum Sea Surface Displacement and Fault Slip Distribution of the 2017 Tehuantepec Earthquake (Mw 8.2) in Mexico Estimated From Tsunami Waveforms
Authors: Gusman Aditya Riadi , Mulia Iyan E. , Satake Kenji 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe 2017 Tehuantepec earthquake (Mw 8.2) was the first great normal fault event ever instrumentally recorded to occur in the Middle America Trench. The earthquake generated a tsunami with an amplitude of 1.8 m (height = 3.5 m) in Puerto Chiapas, Mexico. Tsunami waveforms recorded at coastal tide gauges and offshore buoy stations were used to estimate the optimum sea surface displacement without assuming any fault. Our optimum sea surface displacement model indicated that the maximum uplift of 0.5 m is located near the trench and the maximum subsidence of 0.8 m on the coastal side near the epicenter. We then estimated the fault slip distribution that can best explain the optimum sea surface displacement assuming 10 different fault geometries. The best model suggests that a compact region of large slip (3–6 m) extends from a depth of 30 km to 90 km, centered at a depth of 60 km.
Mesoscale Dynamical Regimes in the Midlatitudes
Authors: Craig G. C. , Selz T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe atmospheric mesoscales are characterized by a complex variety of meteorological phenomena that defy simple classification. Here a full space‐time spectral analysis is carried out, based on a 7 day convection‐permitting simulation of springtime midlatitude weather on a large domain. The kinetic energy is largest at synoptic scales, and on the mesoscale it is largely confined to an “advective band” where space and time scales are related by a constant of proportionality which corresponds to a velocity scale of about 10 m s−1. Computing the relative magnitude of different terms in the governing equations allows the identification of five dynamical regimes. These are tentatively identified as quasi‐geostrophic flow, propagating gravity waves, stationary gravity waves related to orography, acoustic modes, and a weak temperature gradient regime, where vertical motions are forced by diabatic heating.
Improved Seasonal Prediction of European Summer Temperatures With New Five‐Layer Soil‐Hydrology Scheme
Authors: Bunzel Felix , Müller Wolfgang A. , Dobrynin Mikhail , Fröhlich Kristina , Hagemann Stefan , Pohlmann Holger , Stacke Tobias , Baehr Johanna 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe evaluate the impact of a new five‐layer soil‐hydrology scheme on seasonal hindcast skill of 2 m temperatures over Europe obtained with the Max Planck Institute Earth System Model (MPI‐ESM). Assimilation experiments from 1981 to 2010 and 10‐member seasonal hindcasts initialized on 1 May each year are performed with MPI‐ESM in two soil configurations, one using a bucket scheme and one a new five‐layer soil‐hydrology scheme. We find the seasonal hindcast skill for European summer temperatures to improve with the five‐layer scheme compared to the bucket scheme and investigate possible causes for these improvements. First, improved indirect soil moisture assimilation allows for enhanced soil moisture‐temperature feedbacks in the hindcasts. Additionally, this leads to improved prediction of anomalies in the 500 hPa geopotential height surface, reflecting more realistic atmospheric circulation patterns over Europe.
Will Half a Degree Make a Difference? Robust Projections of Indices of Mean and Extreme Climate in Europe Under 1.5°C, 2°C, and 3°C Global Warming
Authors: Dosio Alessandro , Fischer Erich M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractBased on high‐resolution models, we investigate the change in climate extremes and impact‐relevant indicators over Europe under different levels of global warming. We specifically assess the robustness of the changes and the benefits of limiting warming to 1.5°C instead of 2°C. Compared to 1.5°C world, a further 0.5°C warming results in a robust change of minimum summer temperature indices (mean, Tn10p, and Tn900p) over more than 70% of Europe. Robust changes (more than 0.5°C) in maximum temperature affect smaller areas (usually less than 20%). There is a substantial nonlinear change of fixed‐threshold indices, with more than 60% increase of the number of tropical nights over southern Europe and more than 50% decrease in the number of frost days over central Europe. The change in mean precipitation due to 0.5°C warming is mostly nonsignificant at the grid point level, but, locally, it is accompanied by a more marked change in extreme rainfall.
Core‐Exsolved SiO2 Dispersal in the Earth's Mantle
Authors: Helffrich George , Ballmer Maxim D. , Hirose Kei 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSiO2 may have been expelled from the core directly following core formation in the early stages of Earth's accretion and onward through the present day. On account of SiO2's low density with respect to both the core and the lowermost mantle, we examine the process of SiO2 accumulation at the core‐mantle boundary (CMB) and its incorporation into the mantle by buoyant rise. Today, if SiO2 is 100–10,000 times more viscous than lower mantle material, the dimensions of SiO2 diapirs formed by the viscous Rayleigh‐Taylor instability at the CMB would cause them to be swept into the mantle as inclusions of 100 m–10 km diameter. Under early Earth conditions of rapid heat loss after core formation, SiO2 diapirs of ∼1 km diameter could have risen independently of mantle flow to their level of neutral buoyancy in the mantle, trapping them there due to a combination of intrinsically high viscosity and neutral buoyancy. We examine the SiO2 yield by assuming Si + O saturation at the conditions found at the base of a magma ocean and find that for a range of conditions, dispersed bodies could reach as high as 8.5 vol % in parts of the lower mantle. At such low concentration, their effect on aggregate seismic wave speeds is within observational seismology uncertainty. However, their presence can account for small‐scale scattering in the lower mantle due to the bodies' large‐velocity contrast. We conclude that the shallow lower mantle (700–1,500 km depth) could harbor SiO2 released in early Earth times.
The Met Office Global Coupled Model 3.0 and 3.1 (GC3.0 and GC3.1) Configurations
Authors: Williams K. D. , Copsey D. , Blockley E. W. , Bodas‐Salcedo A. , Calvert D. , Comer R. , Davis P. , Graham T. , Hewitt H. T. , Hill R. , Hyder P. , Ineson S. , Johns T. C. , Keen A. B. , Lee R. W. , Megann A. , Milton S. F. , Rae J. G. L. , Roberts M. J. , Scaife A. A. , Schiemann R. , Storkey D. , Thorpe L. , Watterson I. G. , Walters D. N. , West A. , Wood R. A. , Woollings T. , Xavier P. K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe Global Coupled 3 (GC3) configuration of the Met Office Unified Model is presented. Among other applications, GC3 is the basis of the United Kingdom's submission to the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project 6 (CMIP6). This paper documents the model components that make up the configuration (although the scientific descriptions of these components are in companion papers) and details the coupling between them. The performance of GC3 is assessed in terms of mean biases and variability in long climate simulations using present‐day forcing. The suitability of the configuration for predictability on shorter time scales (weather and seasonal forecasting) is also briefly discussed. The performance of GC3 is compared against GC2, the previous Met Office coupled model configuration, and against an older configuration (HadGEM2‐AO) which was the submission to CMIP5. In many respects, the performance of GC3 is comparable with GC2, however, there is a notable improvement in the Southern Ocean warm sea surface temperature bias which has been reduced by 75%, and there are improvements in cloud amount and some aspects of tropical variability. Relative to HadGEM2‐AO, many aspects of the present‐day climate are improved in GC3 including tropospheric and stratospheric temperature structure, most aspects of tropical and extratropical variability and top‐of‐atmosphere and surface fluxes. A number of outstanding errors are identified including a residual asymmetric sea surface temperature bias (cool northern hemisphere, warm Southern Ocean), an overly strong global hydrological cycle and insufficient European blocking.
Complex Plane Specular Meteor Radar Interferometry
Authors: Vaudrin Cody V. , Palo Scott E. , Chau Jorge L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper presents a solution to the problem of specular meteor radar interferometry cast on the complex plane. This technique is applicable to all meteor radars at the output of the receiver's pulsed Doppler signal processing chain. Specular meteor trail radar echoes are modeled as exponentially decaying sinusoids impinging on a sparse interferometric antenna array. A set of 10 underdense meteor trail radar parameters are estimated using nonlinear least squares optimization of the physical model parameters. Meteor trail spatial locations are determined by estimating all parameters through global optimization of the complex‐valued interferometric angle‐of‐arrival equations. Statistical precision of the estimated meteor radar parameters of Doppler, diffusion coefficient, angle‐of‐arrival, and height are subsequently characterized by calculation of the full covariance matrix. The determination of statistical uncertainties in the measured parameters is a key innovation in the field, as it lays the groundwork for calculating the statistical precision of the subsequently derived wind field.
ABCA7 and risk of dementia and vascular disease in the Danish population
Authors: Kjeldsen Emilie W. , Tybjærg‐Hansen Anne , Nordestgaard Børge G. , Frikke‐Schmidt Ruth 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveATP‐binding‐cassette transporter A7(ABCA7) is suggested to be involved in lipid transport as well as in phagocytosis of amyloid‐β in the brain. We tested the hypothesis that a common genetic variant in ABCA7 is associated with dementia, ischemic heart disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and with lipid levels in the general population, independent of the common apolipoprotein E(APOE) genotype.MethodsFor this purpose, we genotyped a common genetic variant in ABCA7, identified in genome‐wide‐association‐studies of Alzheimer's disease, in 104,258 individuals from the Danish general population, and also meta‐analyzed our results with publicly available consortia data.ResultsMultifactorially adjusted hazard ratios for Alzheimer's disease were 1.07 (95% confidence interval:0.93–1.23) and 1.72 (1.24–2.40) for GA and AA versus GG genotype. Results were similar after APOE genotype adjustment and when only APOE ɛ33 carriers were studied. Including 178,304 individuals, the meta‐analyzed odds ratio for Alzheimer's disease per one allele ABCA7 rs4147929 increase was 1.15 (1.12–1.18). ABCA7 genotype was not convincingly associated with vascular dementia, ischemic heart disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, or with lipid levels. Including 288,563 individuals, meta‐analyzed odds ratios for ischemic heart disease per one allele ABCA7 rs4147929 increase was 1.01 (0.99–1.03).InterpretationA common genetic variant in ABCA7 was associated with high risk of Alzheimer's disease independent of APOE genotype. The lack of association with vascular dementia, ischemic heart disease, ischemic cerebrovascular disease, and with lipid levels suggests that ABCA7 is not important for atherosclerosis. Thus, our findings support the suggested role of ABCA7 in Alzheimer's disease pathology and phagocytic clearance of amyloid‐β in the brain.
Local Structure and Chemistry of C‐Doped ZnO@C Core–Shell Nanostructures with Room‐Temperature Ferromagnetism
Authors: Ngo Duc‐The , Cuong Le Thanh , Cuong Nguyen Huu , Son Cao Thai , Huy Pham Thanh , Dung Nguyen Duc 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA superior approach is presented to study quantitatively fine structure of C‐doped ZnO nanostructure using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) from which the role of carbon in ZnO crystal to form ferromagnetism is revealed at the first time. Electron diffraction in TEM shows Wurtzite structure in the nanoparticles with lattice parameters (a = 0.327 ± 0.03 nm and c = 0.529 ± 0.04 nm) slightly different from the original structure. Interestingly, the Zn–C bonding with a bonding length of 2.58 Å is experimentally determined using atomic pair distribution function (PDF) calculated from electron diffraction data. Together with other bondings, such as C–C, Zn–O obtained from the PDF, this demonstrates migration of C atoms into ZnO crystal to substitute O vacancies. This is furthermore visualized by high‐resolution TEM imaging and elemental mapping, and strongly supports the proposal of origin of ferromagnetism in the C‐doped ZnO nanoparticles where the s–p and p–p hybridizations formed by C2p–Zn4s, and O2p–C2p orbitals are believed to cause ferromagnetism.
Novel Type‐II InAs/AlSb Core–Shell Nanowires and Their Enhanced Negative Photocurrent for Efficient Photodetection
Authors: Li Handong , Alradhi Hayfaa , Jin Zhiming , Anyebe Ezekiel A. , Sanchez Ana M. , Linhart Wojcioech M. , Kudrawiec Robert , Fang Hehai , Wang Zhiming , Hu Weida , Zhuang Qiandong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe control of optical and transport properties of semiconductor heterostructures is crucial for engineering new nanoscale photonic and electrical devices with diverse functions. Core–shell nanowires are evident examples of how tailoring the structure, i.e., the shell layer, plays a key role in the device performance. However, III–V semiconductors bandgap tuning has not yet been fully explored in nanowires. Here, a novel InAs/AlSb core–shell nanowire heterostructure is reported grown by molecular beam epitaxy and its application for room temperature infrared photodetection. The core–shell nanowires are dislocation‐free with small chemical intermixing at the interfaces. They also exhibit remarkable radiative emission efficiency, which is attributed to efficient surface passivation and quantum confinement induced by the shell. A high‐performance core–shell nanowire phototransistor is also demonstrated with negative photoresponse. In comparison with simple InAs nanowire phototransistor, the core–shell nanowire phototransistor has a dark current two orders of magnitude smaller and a sixfold improvement in photocurrent signal‐to‐noise ratio. The main factors for the improved photodetector performance are the surface passivation, the oxide in the AlSb shell and the type‐II bandgap alignment. The study demonstrates the potential of type‐II core–shell nanowires for the next generation of photodetectors on silicon.
Epitaxial Single‐Layer MoS2 on GaN with Enhanced Valley Helicity
Authors: Wan Yi , Xiao Jun , Li Jingzhen , Fang Xin , Zhang Kun , Fu Lei , Li Pan , Song Zhigang , Zhang Hui , Wang Yilun , Zhao Mervin , Lu Jing , Tang Ning , Ran Guangzhao , Zhang Xiang , Ye Yu , Dai Lun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEngineering the substrate of 2D transition metal dichalcogenides can couple the quasiparticle interaction between the 2D material and substrate, providing an additional route to realize conceptual quantum phenomena and novel device functionalities, such as realization of a 12‐time increased valley spitting in single‐layer WSe2 through the interfacial magnetic exchange field from a ferromagnetic EuS substrate, and band‐to‐band tunnel field‐effect transistors with a subthreshold swing below 60 mV dec−1 at room temperature based on bilayer n‐MoS2 and heavily doped p‐germanium, etc. Here, it is demonstrated that epitaxially grown single‐layer MoS2 on a lattice‐matched GaN substrate, possessing a type‐I band alignment, exhibits strong substrate‐induced interactions. The phonons in GaN quickly dissipate the energy of photogenerated carriers through electron–phonon interaction, resulting in a short exciton lifetime in the MoS2/GaN heterostructure. This interaction enables an enhanced valley helicity at room temperature (0.33 ± 0.05) observed in both steady‐state and time‐resolved circularly polarized photoluminescence measurements. The findings highlight the importance of substrate engineering for modulating the intrinsic valley carriers in ultrathin 2D materials and potentially open new paths for valleytronics and valley‐optoelectronic device applications.
Polyphenylnaphthalene as a Novel Building Block for High‐Performance Deep‐Blue Organic Light‐Emitting Devices
Authors: Chen Wen‐Cheng , Yuan Yi , Zhu Ze‐Lin , Jiang Zuo‐Quan , Liao Liang‐Sheng , Lee Chun‐Sing 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA new member of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons named 1,2,3,4‐tetraphenylnaphthalene (TNa) is exploited and used as a potential building block in deep‐blue organic light‐emitting devices (OLEDs) for the first time. By incorporating TNa with phenanthroimidazole, three blue emitters named TNa‐PI, TNa‐BPI, and TNa‐DPI featuring different length of phenyl linkers are designed and synthesized via a facile approach, and systematically characterized with thermal, morphological, theoretical, photophysical, electrical, and electroluminescent (EL) studies. The new fluorophores show intramolecular charge transfer properties in excited state evidenced by positive solvatochromic effect in emission. Theoretical calculation suggests that TNa serves as an electron acceptor in the new molecules. All the new materials can emit intense deep‐blue fluorescence in thin film and show bipolar carrier transport properties, with electron conductivity much better than that of hole. Nondoped OLEDs based on TNa‐DPI exhibit excellent EL performance with a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 5.78% and deep‐blue emission with color purity of (0.152, 0.085). Furthermore, in the 30 wt.% doped device, TNa‐PI emits efficient violet‐blue EL with Commission Internationale de l'Èclarage coordinates of (0.156, 0.043) and shows a decent EQE of 2.52% at a practical brightness of 1000 cd m−2.
Enhanced Photodynamic Cancer Treatment by Mitochondria‐Targeting and Brominated Near‐Infrared Fluorophores
Authors: Noh Ilkoo , Lee DaeYong , Kim Heegon , Jeong Chan‐Uk , Lee Yunsoo , Ahn Jung‐Oh , Hyun Hoon , Park Ji‐Ho , Kim Yeu‐Chun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA noninvasive and selective therapy, photodynamic therapy (PDT) is widely researched in clinical fields; however, the lower efficiency of PDT can induce unexpected side effects. Mitochondria are extensively researched as target sites to maximize PDT effects because they play crucial roles in metabolism and can be used as cancer markers due to their high transmembrane potential. Here, a mitochondria targeting photodynamic therapeutic agent (MitDt) is developed. This photosensitizer is synthesized from heptamethine cyanine dyes, which are conjugated or modified as follows. The heptamethine meso‐position is conjugated with a triphenylphosphonium derivative for mitochondrial targeting, the N‐alkyl side chain is modified for regulation of charge balance and solubility, and the indolenine groups are brominated to enhance reactive oxygen species generation (ROS) after laser irradiation. The synthesized MitDt increases the cancer uptake efficiency due to the lipo‐cationic properties of the triphenylphosphonium, and the PDT effects of MitDt are amplified after laser irradiation because mitochondria are susceptible to ROS, the response to which triggers an apoptotic anticancer effect. Consequently, these hypotheses are demonstrated by in vitro and in vivo studies, and the results indicate strong potential for use of MitDts as efficient single‐molecule‐based PDT agents for cancer treatment.
Enantioselective Synthesis of the Cyclopiazonic Acid Family Using Sulfur Ylides
Authors: Zhurakovskyi Oleksandr , Türkmen Yunus E. , Löffler Lorenz E. , Moorthie Vijayalakshmi A. , Chen C. Chun , Shaw Michael A. , Crimmin Mark R. , Ferrara Marco , Ahmad Mushtaq , Ostovar Mehrnoosh , Matlock Johnathan V. , Aggarwal Varinder K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA convergent, nine‐step (LLS), enantioselective synthesis of α‐cyclopiazonic acid and related natural products is reported. The route features a) an enantioselective aziridination of an imine with a chiral sulfur ylide; b) a bioinspired (3+2)‐cycloaddition of the aziridine onto an alkene; and c) installation of the acetyltetramic acid by an unprecedented tandem carbonylative lactamization/N−O cleavage of a bromoisoxazole.
Local influence diagnostics for hierarchical finite‐mixture random‐effects models
Authors: Rakhmawati Trias Wahyuni , Molenberghs Geert , Verbeke Geert , Faes Christel 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe main objective of this paper is to evaluate the influence of individual subjects exerted on a random‐effects model for repeated measures, where the random effects follow a mixture distribution. The diagnostic tool is based on local influence with perturbation scheme that explicitly targets influences resulting from perturbing the mixture component probabilities. Bruckers, Molenberghs, Verbeke, and Geys (2016) considered a similar model, but focused on influences stemming from perturbing a subject's likelihood contributions as a whole. We also compare the two types of perturbation. Our results are illustrated using linear mixed models fitted to data from three studies. A simulation study is also conducted in order to strengthen the result from case studies.