bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Land surface‐precipitation feedback analysis for a landfalling monsoon depression in the Indian region
Authors: Baisya Himadri , Pattnaik Sandeep , Rajesh P. V. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA series of numerical experiments are carried out to investigate the sensitivity of a landfalling monsoon depression to land surface conditions using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model. Results suggest that precipitation is largely modulated by moisture influx and precipitation efficiency. Three cloud microphysical schemes (WSM6, WDM6, and Morrison) are examined, and Morrison is chosen for assessing the land surface‐precipitation feedback analysis, owing to better precipitation forecast skills. It is found that increased soil moisture facilitates Moisture Flux Convergence (MFC) with reduced moisture influx, whereas a reduced soil moisture condition facilitates moisture influx but not MFC. A higher Moist Static Energy (MSE) is noted due to increased evapotranspiration in an elevated moisture scenario which enhances moist convection. As opposed to moist surface, sensible heat dominates in a reduced moisture scenario, ensued by an overall reduction in MSE throughout the Planetary Boundary Layer (PBL). Stability analysis shows that Convective Available Potential Energy (CAPE) is comparable in magnitude for both increased and decreased moisture scenarios, whereas Convective Inhibition (CIN) shows increased values for the reduced moisture scenario as a consequence of drier atmosphere leading to suppression of convection. Simulations carried out with various fixed soil moisture levels indicate that the overall precipitation features of the storm are characterized by initial soil moisture condition, but precipitation intensity at any instant is modulated by soil moisture availability. Overall results based on this case study suggest that antecedent soil moisture plays a crucial role in modulating precipitation distribution and intensity of a monsoon depression.
Beta‐functions of non‐linear σ‐models for disordered and interacting electron systems
Authors: Dell'Anna Luca 
Published: February 2017

We provide and study complete sets of one‐loop renormalization group equations of several Finkel'stein non‐linear σ models, the effective field theories describing the diffusive quantum fluctuations in correlated disordered systems. We consider different cases according to the presence of certain symmetries induced by the original random Hamiltonians, and we show that, for interacting systems, the Cartan's classification of symmetry classes is not enough to uniquely determine their scaling behaviors.
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Azahelicenes from the Oxidative Photocyclization of Boron Hydroxamate Complexes
Authors: Murase Takashi , Suto Toru , Suzuki Honoka 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAromatic hydroxamic acids (Ar–CO–NOH–Ar′) were used as bidentate chelating ligands to generate the corresponding boron hydroxamate complexes, which were subsequently transformed into nitrogen‐containing helicenes (azahelicenes) using an oxidative photocyclization method that is frequently used for stilbene‐type (Ar–CH=CH–Ar′) precursors of carbohelicenes. The nitrogen atom of the hydroxamate linker was thus directly embedded into the helicene core without using nitrogen‐containing aromatic rings in the stilbene‐type precursors. In a batch photoreaction, aza[4]helicenes were readily and efficiently prepared, but aza[6]helicenes underwent severe decomposition upon irradiation. Alternatively, a continuous flow photoreactor was employed to furnish an amide‐type aza[6]helicene.
Clinical presentation of patients with spontaneous coronary artery dissection
Authors: Luong Christina , Starovoytov Andrew , Heydari Milad , Sedlak Tara , Aymong Eve , Saw Jacqueline 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundSpontaneous coronary artery dissection (SCAD) is an infrequent but important cause of myocardial infarction (MI) especially in younger women. However, the clinical presentation and the acuity of symptoms prompting invasive management in SCAD patients have not been described. Understanding these presenting features may improve SCAD diagnosis and management.MethodsWe reviewed SCAD patients who were prospectively followed at the Vancouver General Hospital SCAD Clinic. Their presenting symptoms and unstable features were obtained from detailed clinical histories and hospital admission documentation. Baseline characteristics, predisposing and precipitating conditions, angiographic findings, management strategies, in‐hospital, and long‐term events were recorded prospectively.ResultsWe included 196 SCAD patients who had complete documentation of their presenting symptoms. The majority were women (178/196; 90.8%) and all presented with MI (24.0% STEMI). The most frequent presenting symptom was chest discomfort, reported by 96%. Other symptoms included arm pain (49.5%), neck pain (22.1%), nausea or vomiting (23.4%), diaphoresis (20.9%), dyspnea (19.3%), and back pain (12.2%). Ventricular tachycardia/fibrillation occurred in 8.1% (16/196), with 1.0% having cardiac arrest. The time from symptom onset to hospital presentation was 1.1 ± 3.0 days. NSTEMI patients had longer delay for coronary angiography compared with STEMI (2.0 ± 2.5 days vs. 0.8 ± 1.7 days, P = 0.002). Overall, 34.2% had unstable symptoms upon arrival for coronary angiography. Those with unstable symptoms were more likely to undergo repeat angiography (65.7% vs. 50.4%, P = 0.049), and repeat or unplanned revascularization (14.9% vs. 5.4%, P = 0.033) during acute hospitalization.ConclusionChest discomfort was the most frequent presenting symptom with SCAD and one‐third had unstable symptoms prompting urgent invasive angiography. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Fabrication of a Cu2O/g‐C3N4/WS2 Triple‐Layer Photocathode for Photoelectrochemical Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Xu Xintian , Liu Yizhe , Zhu Yuanzhi , Fan Xiaobin , Li Yang , Zhang Fengbao , Zhang Guoliang , Peng Wenchao 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA Cu2O/g‐C3N4/WS2 triple‐layer photocathode was fabricated by using a layer‐by‐layer assembly method for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution. Cu2O was electrodeposited on the FTO as the active layer for light harvesting. The chemically inert g‐C3N4 can protect the unstable Cu2O layer and form a p‐n junction with Cu2O to increase the light‐to‐electricity conversion efficiency. Mixed‐phase WS2 nanosheets were obtained through a lithium insertion method and used as an effective hydrogen evolution catalyst for photocurrent‐to‐hydrogen conversion. This photocathode is effective for photoelectrochemical hydrogen evolution, and a photocurrent of −9.5 mA cm−2 at −0.55 V versus RHE (pH 6.0) can be obtained under visible light (λ≥420 nm, 100 mW cm−2).
Photocascade Catalysis: A New Strategy for Cascade Reactions
Authors: Chen Jia‐Rong , Yan Dong‐Mei , Wei Qiang , Xiao Wen‐Jing 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis Concept article highlights recent advances in the rapidly developing field of visible‐light‐driven, single‐photocatalyst‐promoted photocascade catalysis and its application in the discovery of novel reactivities suitable for cascade reactions. Examples of photocascade catalytic transformations are categorized by the activation modes of substrates and intermediates involved in these processes. It is hoped that this emerging catalysis strategy will enable chemists to develop many more useful, sustainable and sophisticated cascade synthetic transformations in the near future.
Asymmetric Chemoenzymatic Reductive Acylation of Ketones by a Combined Iron‐Catalyzed Hydrogenation–Racemization and Enzymatic Resolution Cascade
Authors: El‐Sepelgy Osama , Brzozowska Aleksandra , Rueping Magnus 
Published: February 2017

AbstractA general and practical process for the conversion of prochiral ketones into the corresponding chiral acetates has been realized. An iron carbonyl complex is reported to catalyze the hydrogenation–dehydrogenation–hydrogenation of prochiral ketones. By merging the iron‐catalyzed redox reactions with enantioselective enzymatic acylations a wide range of benzylic, aliphatic and (hetero)aromatic ketones, as well as diketones, were reductively acylated. The corresponding products were isolated with high yields and enantioselectivities. The use of an iron catalyst together with molecular hydrogen as the hydrogen donor and readily available ethyl acetate as acyl donor make this cascade process highly interesting in terms of both economic value and environmental credentials.
Grazing increases evapotranspiration without the cost of lowering soil water storages in arid ecosystems
Authors: Pereyra Daniel A. , Bucci Sandra J. , Arias Nadia S. , Ciano Nicolás , Cristiano Piedad M. , Goldstein Guillermo , Scholz Fabián G. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGrazing is the predominant land use practice in arid environments; however, there are relatively few studies of grazing effects on ecosystem functioning. We assessed the impact of grazing on soil moisture, evapotranspiration (ET), canopy conductance (Gc), and root water uptake in the Patagonian steppe. Studies were done in 3 sites along a gradient of grazing intensity. High grazing intensity increased the soil water storage by 24% and decreased the amount of water extracted from deep layers compared to the low grazing intensity. Grazing affected ET and its partitioning into transpiration (T) and evaporation. High shrub cover and Gc increased ET and T or ET partitioning in the heavily grazed site. Annual ET increased from 78% to 92% of the annual precipitation from the lowest to the highest grazing intensity, respectively. Total T was 21% higher in the highest intensity site compared to the lowest intensity site. Changes in Gc suggest that grazing modified the canopy architecture, and thus the response of vegetation to environmental factors. At the beginning of the growing season when moisture was high, Gc exhibited the highest value in the heavily grazed site, but a strong regulation of water losses was observed under drier conditions. This study emphasizes the need to assess simultaneously multiple factors for understanding regulatory mechanisms of grazing effects on hydrological processes. From a sustainable management point of view, we suggest that increasing the number of water sources, and thus spreading the sheep in a paddock, can enhance the stocking rate while maintaining soil water storage.
Randomized controlled trial of abdominal binders for postoperative pain, distress, and blood loss after cesarean delivery
Authors: Ghana Samieh , Hakimi Sevil , Mirghafourvand Mojgan , Abbasalizadeh Fatemeh , Behnampour Nasser 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the effect of using abdominal binders on pain, distress, and postpartum hemorrhage after cesarean delivery.MethodsThe present prospective randomized controlled trial enrolled patients undergoing non‐emergency cesarean deliveries in Gonbad‐e Kavus, Golestan Province, Iran, between January 22 and October 23, 2015. Patients were randomized in a 1:1 ratio by blocks of four or six to a control group or to use an abdominal binder after delivery; all patients received routine care. The primary outcomes were visual analog scale‐assessed pain, symptom distress scale (SDS)‐assessed distress, and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels. Participants and researchers were masked to treatment assignments until after cesarean delivery, and data analysis was unmasked; intention‐to‐treat analyses were performed.ResultsThere were 89 patients enrolled in each group, with no differences in baseline pain scores, SDS scores, and hemoglobin and hematocrit levels between the groups (all P>0.05). Pain and SDS scores were lower in the binder group at all post‐baseline time points compared with the control group (all P<0.001). Hemoglobin and hematocrit levels were higher among patients who received binders 36 hours after baseline (both P<0.001). There was one patient who experienced hemorrhage in the binders group and one patient requested removal of their binder.ConclusionPatients who received abdominal binders reported less pain, lower SDS scores, and higher hemoglobin and hematocrit levels following cesarean delivery.Iranian Registry of Clinical TrialsIRCT2015042521917N2
Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Rodent Model Alters Osteocyte Protein Levels Controlling Bone Turnover
Authors: Metzger Corinne E , Narayanan Anand , Zawieja David C , Bloomfield Susan A 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACT Bone loss is a common comorbidity of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), leading to elevated fracture risk in these patients. Inflammatory factors associated with IBD cause increased bone resorption and decreased bone formation with multiple factors implicated as instigators of these alterations. In this project, we examined the influence of IBD on osteocyte proteins in male rats (2 months old) divided into two groups: induced gut inflammation via 2,4,6-trinitrobenzenesulfonic acid (TNBS) enema, and vehicle control. We examined the prevalence of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6), an anti-inflammatory cytokine, interleukin-10 (IL-10), the anabolic factor insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I), osteoclastogenesis regulators RANKL and OPG, and the bone formation inhibitor sclerostin in osteocytes in three bone compartments 4 weeks after initiation of gut inflammation. Histomorphometry of the proximal tibia and fourth lumbar vertebra revealed lower bone volume, lower bone formation rate (BFR), lower osteoid surface (OS), and higher osteoclast surface (Oc.S) with TNBS. Tibial mid-shaft periosteal BFR was also lower with TNBS. Immunohistochemical staining of the distal femur demonstrated that %TNF-α+, %IL-6+, %RANKL+, and %OPG+ osteocytes were elevated in cancellous bone in TNBS animals compared to vehicle. These changes were coincident with increased bone resorption. With regression analysis, %RANKL+ osteocytes statistically predicted the increase in cancellous Oc.S (R2 = 0.565). Increased %sclerostin+ osteocytes observed in the TNBS treatment predicted declines in cancellous OS (R2 = 0.581) as well as BFR in cancellous and cortical bone (R2 = 0.674, R2 = 0.908, respectively). Contrary to our hypothesis, %IGF-I+ osteocytes increased in TNBS animals. In conclusion, the IBD model produced a systemic inflammation that altered the regulatory protein profile in osteocytes that control bone resorption and bone formation, likely contributing to IBD-induced bone loss. These data highlight a potential mechanistic role of osteocytes in inflammatory bone loss associated with IBD and systemic inflammation. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Spinal Loading Patterns From Biomechanical Modeling Explain the High Incidence of Vertebral Fractures in the Thoracolumbar Region
Authors: Bruno Alexander G , Burkhart Katelyn , Allaire Brett , Anderson Dennis E , Bouxsein Mary L 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTVertebral fractures occur most frequently in the mid‐thoracic and thoracolumbar regions of the spine, yet the reasons for this site‐specific occurrence are not known. Our working hypothesis is that the locations of vertebral fracture may be explained by the pattern of spine loading, such that during daily activities the mid‐thoracic and thoracolumbar regions experience preferentially higher mechanical loading compared to other spine regions. To test this hypothesis, we used a female musculoskeletal model of the full thoracolumbar spine and rib cage to estimate the variation in vertebral compressive loads and associated factor‐of‐risk (load‐to‐strength ratio) throughout the spine for 119 activities of daily living, while also parametrically varying spine curvature (high, average, low, and zero thoracic kyphosis models). We found that nearly all activities produced loading peaks in the thoracolumbar and lower lumbar regions of the spine, but that the highest factor‐of‐risk values generally occurred in the thoracolumbar region of the spine because these vertebrae had lower compressive strength than vertebrae in the lumbar spine. The peaks in compressive loading and factor‐of‐risk in the thoracolumbar region were accentuated by increasing thoracic kyphosis. Activation of the multifidus muscle fascicles selectively in the thoracolumbar region appeared to be the main contributor to the relatively high vertebral compressive loading in the thoracolumbar spine. In summary, by using advanced musculoskeletal modeling to estimate vertebral loading throughout the spine, this study provides a biomechanical mechanism for the higher incidence of fractures in thoracolumbar vertebrae compared to other spinal regions. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Alterations to the Gut Microbiome Impair Bone Strength and Tissue Material Properties
Authors: Guss Jason D , Horsfield Michael W , Fontenele Fernanda F , Sandoval Taylor N , Luna Marysol , Apoorva Fnu , Lima Svetlana F , Bicalho Rodrigo C , Singh Ankur , Ley Ruth E , van der Meulen Marjolein CH , Goldring Steven R , Hernandez Christopher J 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTAlterations in the gut microbiome have been associated with changes in bone mass and microstructure, but the effects of the microbiome on bone biomechanical properties are not known. Here we examined bone strength under two conditions of altered microbiota: (1) an inbred mouse strain known to develop an altered gut microbiome due to deficits in the immune system (the Toll‐like receptor 5–deficient mouse [TLR5KO]); and (2) disruption of the gut microbiota (ΔMicrobiota) through chronic treatment with selected antibiotics (ampicillin and neomycin). The bone phenotypes of TLR5KO and WT (C57Bl/6) mice were examined after disruption of the microbiota from 4 weeks to 16 weeks of age as well as without treatment (n = 7 to 16/group, 39 animals total). Femur bending strength was less in ΔMicrobiota mice than in untreated animals and the reduction in strength was not fully explained by differences in bone cross‐sectional geometry, implicating impaired bone tissue material properties. Small differences in whole‐bone bending strength were observed between WT and TLR5KO mice after accounting for differences in bone morphology. No differences in trabecular bone volume fraction were associated with genotype or disruption of gut microbiota. Treatment altered the gut microbiota by depleting organisms from the phyla Bacteroidetes and enriching for Proteobacteria, as determined from sequencing of fecal 16S rRNA genes. Differences in splenic immune cell populations were also observed; B and T cell populations were depleted in TLR5KO mice and in ΔMicrobiota mice (p < 0.001), suggesting an association between alterations in bone tissue material properties and immune cell populations. We conclude that alterations in the gut microbiota for extended periods during growth may lead to impaired whole‐bone mechanical properties in ways that are not explained by bone geometry. © 2017 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Effect of beta‐adrenergic blockade with carvedilol on cachexia in severe chronic heart failure: results from the COPERNICUS trial
Authors: Clark Andrew L. , Coats Andrew J.S. , Krum Henry , Katus Hugo A. , Mohacsi Paul , Salekin Damien , Schultz Melissa K. , Packer Milton , Anker Stefan D. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundCardiac cachexia frequently accompanies the progression of heart failure despite the use of effective therapies for left ventricular dysfunction. Activation of the sympathetic nervous system has been implicated in the pathogenesis of weight loss, but the effects of sympathetic antagonism on cachexia are not well defined.MethodsWe prospectively evaluated changes in body weight in 2289 patients with heart failure who had dyspnoea at rest or on minimal exertion and a left ventricular ejection fraction <25%. Patients were randomly assigned (double‐blind) to receive either placebo (n = 1133) or carvedilol (n = 1156) and were followed for the occurrence of major clinical events for up to 29 months (COPERNICUS trial). Patients were not enrolled if they had signs of clinically significant fluid retention due to heart failure.ResultsPatients in the carvedilol group were 33% less likely than patients in the placebo group to experience a further significant loss of weight (>6%) (95% confidence interval: 14–48%, P = 0.002) and were 37% more likely to experience a significant gain in weight (≥5%) (95% confidence interval: 12–66%, P = 0.002). Carvedilol's ability to prevent weight loss was most marked in patients with increased body mass index at baseline, whereas its ability to promote weight gain was most marked in patients with decreased body mass index at baseline. Increases in weight were not accompanied by evidence of fluid retention. Baseline values for body mass index and change in body weight were significant predictors of survival regardless of treatment.ConclusionsCarvedilol attenuated the development and promoted a partial reversal of cachexia in patients with severe chronic heart failure, supporting a role for prolonged sympathetic activation in the genesis of weight loss.
Purification of adenoviral vector serotype 5 for gene therapy against alcoholism using anion exchange chromatography
Authors: Lucero Alicia T , Mercado Sergio A , Sánchez Anamaría C , Contador Carolina A , Andrews Barbara A , Asenjo Juan A 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDGene therapy is a potent alternative for long‐lasting inhibition of alcohol consumption. This study compares the purification of a recombinant adenoviral vector serotype 5 (rAdV5) for use in gene therapy against alcoholism using two anion‐exchange methods.RESULTSTwo anion‐exchange chromatography methods using fast protein liquid chromatography were compared using a packed‐bed column (Q‐Sepharose™ XL) and two monolithic columns (CIM™ QA‐1 and CIM™ DEAE‐1). An improved and reproducible separation of recombinant adenovirus type 5 from cell lysate contaminants was achieved using the two strong anion‐exchange columns in a two‐step gradient chromatography. Higher adenovirus yields were achieved using the CIM QA‐1 tube monolithic column at sample volumes of both 1 and 10 mL compared with the Q‐Sepharose XL column. At higher flow rates, the CIM QA‐1 tube monolithic column achieved better separation of the target fraction. Process recovery was improved from 28% using the Q‐Sepharose XL column to 34% with the CIM QA‐1 tube monolithic column quantified as vector genome. Analysis by SDS‐PAGE demonstrated a purity of 70% for purified adenovirus using the CIM QA‐1 tube monolithic column.CONCLUSIONThis study indicated that the use of a CIM QA‐1 tube monolithic column is a better alternative than Q‐Sepharose XL, and CIM DEAE‐1 tube monolithic columns for the primary purification process of rAdV5 carrying the human aldehyde dehydrogenase‐2 antisense gene. This purification strategy has been used as a basis to scale‐up a GLP process for the production of material at the National Research Council of Canada to be used in preclinical trials of this gene therapy against alcoholism. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry