bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancing Training Stability in Unsupervised SEM ImageSegmentation for IC Layout Extraction
Authors: Rothaug Nils , Cheng Deruo , Klix Simon , Auth Nicole , Böcker Sinan , Puschner Endres , Becker Steffen , Paar Christof 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

This extended paper presents a novel approach towards unsupervised SEM image segmentation for IC layout extraction. Existing methods typically rely on supervised machine learning with manually labeled training data, requiring re-training and partial annotation when applying them to new datasets. To address this issue, we propose a SEM image segmentation algorithm based on unsupervised deep learning, eliminating the need for manual labeling. We train and evaluate our approach on a real-world dataset comprising 648 SEM images of metal-1 and metal-2 layers from a commercial IC, achieving competitive segmentation error rates well below 1%. Releasing our dataset and algorithm implementations, we allow researchers to apply our approach to their own datasets and evaluate their methods against our dataset, facilitating reproducibility in the field.
Pharmacological and phytochemical investigations of methanol extracts of leaves, bulb, and root of Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. (Orchidaceae): a promising ethnomedicinal plant
Authors: Hoque Mohammed Mozammel , Rahman Md. Mahbubur , Biswas Animesh , Khan Md. Sabbir , Chakma Traya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Orchidaceae member Cymbidium aloifolium (L.) Sw. has been used as a medicine in numerous cultures for a range of ailments. This research evaluates the leaf, bulb, and root of C. aloifolium methanolic extract for pharmacological and phytochemical activities.
Methods: The DPPH free radical scavenging technique assessed antioxidant activity. Protein denaturation and brine shrimp mortality experiments were used to investigate in vitro anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects. In vivo analgesia was tested using acetic acid-induced writhing and a tail immersion test. Anxiolytic activity was assessed using elevated plus mazes (EPM) and head-dipping.
Results
The methanolic extract of C. aloifolium leaf, bulb, and root contained alkaloids, saponins, terpenes, steroids, and flavonoids. With an IC50 value of 51.141 µg/ml, the bulb extract of C. aloifolium showed strong antioxidant activity against DPPH free radicals. The leaf of C. aloifolium showed anti-inflammatory action in vitro with an IC50 value of 22.22 µg/ml, similar to Diclofenac-Na. During the cytotoxicity experiment, it was shown that the LC50 value for the methanol extract of the leaf (200.94 µg/ml) was much higher than that of the reference medicine (42.75 µg/ml). Significant (p<0.001) findings were observed in peripheral and central analgesic action for leaf, bulb, and root was found that the methanolic extract of C. aloifolium leaf, root, and bulb increased open arm time and entries in the elevated plus maze significantly (p <0.05) compared to the control group. This showed that the 200 and 400 mg/kg doses had anxiolytic activity. Our investigation found that a 400 mg/kg dosage of C. aloifolium bulb and root leads to considerable head lowering (24.00 ± 0.52*** and 37.83 ± 0.60***, respectively, p<0.001).
Conclusion
In this research, a methanol extract of C. aloifolium leaves, bulbs, and roots showed effects as an anti-inflammatory, cytotoxic, pain-relieving, and anxiety-reducing substance in the lab.
Gender Differences in the Perceived Threats of Potential Military Conflicts Between Taiwan and China Among Taiwanese Individuals
Authors: Chen Yi-Lung , Hsiao Ray C. , Yen Cheng-Fang 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
The relationship between Taiwan and China is increasingly tense. This study aimed to examine the gender differences in perceived threats of potential military conflicts between Taiwan and China, sources of information for the Taiwan-China relation, and the level of awareness regarding increased China’s military activities among Taiwanese individuals.
Methods
Data were collected from a representative sample of 2,000 Taiwanese nationals aged ≥ 20 years through a telephone interview survey, conducted from November 8 to 20, 2023. A computer-assisted system facilitated the survey, with stratification based on the distribution of sex, age, and location across Taiwan’s 22 administrative districts. Participants were categorized into landline and cellphone-only users in proportions that reflect national estimates. The study examined gender differences in the perceived likelihood of a war, concerns about war, perceived impacts of war on people’s lives, self-confidence in handling these impacts, confidence in politicians' ability to manage the Taiwan-China relation, sources of information about this relation, and unawareness of increased China’s military activities.
Results
The results indicated that women expressed greater concern about a potential war between Taiwan and China and demonstrated lower self-confidence in handling the impacts of such a war on their personal lives compared to men. Furthermore, women were more likely to receive information about the Taiwan-China relation from traditional media such as TV, broadcast, and newspapers, rather than from social media. Additionally, women were more likely to be unaware of the increased China’s military activities than men.
Conclusion
This study highlights significant gender differences in concerns about a potential war, self-confidence in managing its impacts, sources of information regarding the Taiwan-China relation, and awareness of China’s military activities among Taiwanese individuals. These findings underscore the need for gender-sensitive approaches in policy-making and community engagement strategies to better prepare Taiwanese citizens for the ongoing tensions with China.
Insulin prodrugs with programmed chemical release of an intramolecular cross-link
Authors: Zaykov Alexander N. , Gelfanov Vasily M. , DiMarchi Richard D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Basal insulin therapy is conventionally achieved by one of two broad medicinal approaches that entail protracted absorption at an injection site, or through chemical modification that reduces systemic clearance. We report an alternative approach that employs novel insulin prodrug chemistry to slow the onset of glucose lowering in a controlled manner. Reversible attenuation of insulin action is achieved through a series of chemical linkers that structurally constrain the hormone until the point of their programmed chemical degradation. Under physiological conditions, dipeptide-based linkers convert at varying speed to a corresponding diketopiperazines (DKP) to initiate the transition from a constrained insulin to a flexible conformation characteristic of bioactive insulin. The experimental findings establish a path toward improved insulin-mediated glycaemic control through enhanced precision in time of action and compatible with conventional approaches to extend time action, or other therapeutic purposes.
Disentangling vibrationally-dependent molecular dynamics in mutual neutralisation reactions
Authors: Thomas Richard , Poline Mathias , Dochain Arnaud , Rosén Stefan , Ji MingChao , Cederquist Henrik , Zettergren Henning , Schmidt Henning , Larsson Mats , Ard Shaun G. , Shuman Nicholas S. , Viggiano Albert A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Products and dynamics of mutual neutralisation (MN) reactions involving even simple molecular ions are largely unknown. Combining cryogenically stored-and-merged ion beams with coincident product-imaging addresses this issue.Application to the reaction of O2+ with O−, which occurs in atmospheric phenomena such as sprites and in high-pressure air or O2 discharge, we find that their low-collision-energy MN always leads to dissociation of the O2, governed by a two-step mechanism involving Rydberg states in O2 which couple to the final dissociation channels through Rydberg-valence interactions. We measure the partial kinetic-energy releases both in the initial e−-transfer and final dissociation steps which allows us to identify the Rydberg states. We find that the observed products depend on the vibrational levels of the O2+ ion. This type of information has not been available before, and we believe that it will significantly advance theory and models of MN processes involving small molecules.
Unraveling the Lack of Correlation between RBP4 and MASLD: Insights from Gene Expression and Serum Level Analysis
Authors: Bertran Laia , Aguilar Carmen , Auguet Teresa , Richart Cristóbal 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Although previous evidence supports the involvement of retinol binding protein 4 (RBP4) in metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD), there are conflicting reports. Our aim was to evaluate the role of RBP4 in MASLD among a homogeneous cohort of women with morbid obesity (MO). We recruited 180 women with MO, including 40 with normal liver (NL), 40 with simple steatosis (SS), and 100 with metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis (MASH). Serum levels of RBP4 were analyzed by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RBP4 hepatic mRNA expression was evaluated by a quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In this sense, we did not report significant differences in RBP4 circulating levels between hepatic histological groups. However, analyzing RBP4 hepatic mRNA expression, we observed decreased expression of RBP4 in MASH subjects compared to those with NL or SS. To conclude, in a homogeneous and sizeable cohort of women with MO and MASLD, our findings limit, contrary to previous proposals, the key role of RBP4 in relation to MASLD and MASH pathogenesis. Therefore, new studies are necessary in other study groups to validate the absence of this correlation.
Impact of Perceived Familial Gender Discrimination and Entrapment on the Mental Health of Female Emerging Adults
Authors: Shergill Kanwal , Hooja Himangini Rathore 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

This study investigates the impact of perceived familial gender discrimination (PFGD) and perception of entrapment (PE) on the mental health of female emerging adults in India. The sample comprised 568 unmarried and unemployed female college students aged 18 and above, selected using purposive sampling. The research utilized the Kuppuswamy Socioeconomic Status Scale, Gender Discrimination by Parents’ Behaviours subscale, and Entrapment Short Form Scale to measure the variables. The results indicate a significant positive relationship between PFGD and PE (r = .653, p < .01), suggesting that higher levels of perceived discrimination are associated with increased feelings of entrapment. The regression analysis revealed that PFGD significantly predicts PE, accounting for 42.6% of the variance (F(1418) = 419.855, p < .05). This finding highlights the profound impact of familial gender discrimination on the psychological well-being of young women, leading to a heightened sense of entrapment. The study underscores the importance of addressing gender discrimination within families to improve the mental health outcomes of female emerging adults. Future research should explore the intersectionality of gender discrimination with other forms of discrimination and examine its long-term effects on mental health across diverse demographic groups.
Prediction of reaeration and deoxygenation rate constant in Selbe River, Mongolia: Dissolved oxygen and BOD assimilative capacity of the river
Authors: Puntsagsuren Usukhbayar , Lkhagvasuren Bodigerel , Dashdondog Gerelt-Od , Tserendorj Ariuntuya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

In rivers, the processes of deoxygenation and reaeration play crucial roles in self-purification, particularly influenced by temperature changes. This study is the first to consider Mongolia's river's dissolved oxygen (DO) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) assimilative capacity. The objective of the study was to determine the deoxygenation rate (k1) and the reaeration rate (k2) constants of the Selbe River, in Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia. The mean k1 was calculated using two models, namely the Thomas slope and first-order function methods. The results showed that the first-order function model was more suitable for describing k1, which is 0.116 ± 0.012 and 0.266 ± 0.0281 respectively in 10 and e of logarithm base because the sampling standard deviation of the model we used is more reliable than the Thomas method. The mean k2 was estimated by 8 models out of 22 different available models. Jha’s model was more reasonable because it had the lowest sampling standard deviation compared with other models. Accordingly, the mean k2 in the Selbe River was found to be 3.41 ± 0.67 at 4.97 mean temperature of Celsius. As a result of using k1 and k2, there is 0.7 mg/L of mean critical oxygen deficit, 0.3 d of critical time, and 4.7 km of the longest distance using the purification model for steady-state at 20ºC because non-point pollution sources occurred in most sampling points. Additionally, considerations should include the trend towards stronger rainfall events, changes in land use density with an increasing number of pit latrines, variations in soil types, and the presence of private wells, all of which are potential drivers of changes in water hygiene.
Determining the empirical probability function of random samples drawn from a continuous distribution using information theory
Authors: Thuraisingham R.A. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

The empirical probability of a set of random samples drawn from a continuous distribution is often estimated using a histogram. Depending on the choice of the number of bins the probability distribution function can vary. In this paper the optimum number of bins used to estimate its histogram is chosen using information theory based on Shannon entropy. It involves considering the trade-off between capturing enough detail or information and avoiding excessive uncertainty or disorder. It maximizes the gain in information content when the number of bins is varied. The method is validated by evaluating the Kullback-Leibler Divergence (KL Divergence) for random samples drawn from a number of continuous distributions. The results are also compared with other methods of evaluating the optimum number of bins. The method performs very well and provides a novel way to determine the underlying probability structure of the continuous distribution from which the random samples are drawn.
Agreement, reliability and feasibility of two protocols assessing horses’ musculoskeletal and rostral oral health
Authors: Roig-Pons Marie , Pérot Clémence , Briefer-Freymond Sabrina 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Slow-feeders, a type of hay dispenser, are becoming increasingly popular among horse keepers, yet there is limited knowledge about their effects on horses’ oral and musculoskeletal health. Existing studies on this topic use varied protocols, complicating comparisons and replication. Thus, validated protocols are essential, ensuring consistent intra- and inter-rater agreement and reliability over time, while also being feasible for implementation in research. In this work, we designed a protocol for the assessment of musculoskeletal health (MSH) and adapted an existing protocol for the assessment of rostral oral cavity (incisors and gums; ROC). We evaluated the agreement between raters obtained with the two protocols, tested their intra- and inter-rater reliability using Kappa and Gwet indices, investigated their feasibility of implementation, and discussed their validity in the context of previous findings. The MSH protocol demonstrates promising inter-observer reliability and substantial intra-rater reliability, indicating consistent use by various practitioners over time. While improvements could enhance its accuracy, the protocol is accessible to those with limited experience, quick to implement, and applicable to all horse types. Preliminary results suggest that this protocol may be a valid tool for assessing MSH in horses. The ROC protocol, with the exception of one item, showed substantial to almost perfect inter- and intra-rater reliability. It has been successfully employed in two studies, yielding consistent findings on the prevalence and severity of dental abnormalities. This protocol demonstrates potential as a non-invasive method for assessing the condition of the rostral oral cavity in horses. Rater training was identified as crucial for the reliability of both protocols. Notably, the Kappa and Gwet indices produced considerably different results, suggesting careful consideration is needed when using the Kappa index to assess protocol reliability. Further research should focus on refining these protocols and exploring their broader applications to enhance their accuracy and ease of use. This study contributes significantly to the field by providing reliable, non-invasive methods for assessing key aspects of equine health, ultimately aiming to improve horse welfare. The findings emphasize the need for standardized protocols to facilitate consistent and accurate evaluations, benefiting both scientific research and practical care in the equine industry.
Assessment and Implementation of Pesticide Risk Reduction Strategies in Bangladesh's Agricultural Sector
Authors: Akter Karima , Ahmmed Abu Noman Faruq , Zaman Rabita , Ahmed Md. Saleh 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

The indiscriminate use of chemical pesticides in Bangladesh's agricultural sector, coupled with inadequate high-quality alternatives and extension services, poses significant challenges. National multi-institutional coordination mechanisms involving entities such as the DAE, FAO, BARC, BFSA, BINA, CABI, CIMMYT, and DoE have been established to address these issues. Efficient enforcement and monitoring of pesticide legislation necessitate extending magistracy authority to the DAE. Tomato producers, in particular, struggle with pests like late blight, with low literacy rates and adverse weather conditions hindering integrated pest management (IPM). Farmers frequently use chemicals like Imidacloprid and Cypermethrin, alongside preventive measures such as yellow sticky traps and crop rotation. Various stakeholders, including extension services and farmer organizations, play crucial roles in pesticide management. Promoting good agricultural practices (GAP) is vital to mitigate pesticide risks in cereal, vegetable, and fruit production. This study highlights the need for enhanced regulations, improved farmer education, and sustainable agricultural practices to reduce pesticide risks effectively.
The Mapping Multimodal Teaching Materials for Indonesian EFL Students: A Need Analysis
Authors: Tandiana Soni Tantan , Abdullah Fuad , Andriani Agis , Hidayati Arini Nurul , Rosmala Dewi 
Published: September 2024

Multimodality has gained burgeoning attention among scholars from miscellaneous disciplines, such as Linguistics, Discourse Analysis, Semiotics, Sociology, Anthropology, Cultural Studies, and Language Pedagogy. Nevertheless, little is known about the issue of what teaching materials students need to develop their multimodal literacy, notably in the Indonesian EFL milieu. Hence, this case study addresses this void by examining what type of teaching materials university undergraduate students need to cultivate their multimodal literacy. This study involved 99 undergraduate students from three diverse classes as the participants. The data were garnered through a qualitative survey and semi-structured interviews. They were analyzed using thematic analysis (Braun Clarke, 2006). The findings outlined the needed multimodal teaching materials by the students encompass praxis-oriented multimodal teaching materials, awareness-raising multimodal teaching materials, academic and professional orientation of multimodal teaching materials, simplified and understandable multimodal teaching materials, critical multimodal teaching materials, and visual-verbal relation-informed teaching materials. The shifting needs of communication, literacy, and 21st-century learning skills remain crucial as a nexus between literacy policies and practices in higher education contexts, especially in Indonesia. More importantly, this study attempts to promote the magnitude of multimodal literacy in language education.
MODELOS DE MATURIDADE EM TRANSFORMAÇÃO DIGITAL
Authors: Santos Lucas Gabriel Pereira , Oliveira Rebecca Thaffenne Santos , Freitas Vérica , Freitas de Paula Verônica Angelica 
Published: September 2024

Considerando a crescente relevância dos Modelos de Maturidade na promoção da melhoria e competitividade das organizações frente às transformações tecnológicas, este estudo ressalta a importância crescente de ferramentas adaptadas de Transformação Digital (TD) específicas para Pequenas e Médias Empresas (PMEs). Por meio de uma revisão sistemática da literatura, este estudo analisa Modelos de Maturidade em Transformação Digital voltados para as PMEs manufatureiras. A análise de dez desses modelos revelou abordagens focadas nas operações de manufatura, cobrindo áreas como Design, Engenharia, Gestão da Produção, Qualidade, Manutenção e Logística. Esses modelos avaliam os níveis de maturidade, que vão desde estágios iniciais até aqueles voltados para o digital, considerando aspectos como Processo, Monitoramento e Controle, Tecnologia e Organização. Este estudo identifica a importância de personalizar os planos de TD para atender às necessidades específicas de cada empresa. Ademais, destaca a necessidade constante de evolução dos Modelos de Maturidade para adaptação aos variados contextos.
Catalytic Syntheses of Pyrano[3,2-c]Quinolone and -Quinoline Derivatives and their Potential Therapeutic Agents
Authors: Aly Ashraf A. , Abd El-Naby Hisham A. , Ahmed Essam Kh. , Gedamy Sageda A. , Alshammari Mohammed B. , Ahmad Akil , Bräse Stefan 
Published: September 2024

:
Pyrano[3,2-c]quinolone and pyrano[2,3-c]quinoline, as promising molecules, have garnered more
attention due to their interesting biological properties. This review dealt with the catalytic synthesis of the former
candidates in the last 20 years. Multi-component reactions (MCRs) are synthetic routes that produce a single
product from three or more reactants in a one-pot step procedure. We herein reported on the advantages of
catalysis in synthesizing the target compounds using the MCR sequence. We also discussed the mechanism and
explained the chosen catalyst's utility in the target molecules' selectivity. Finally, this recent review focuses on
the biological applications of these molecules as anticancer, antimicrobial activities, anti-diabetic, antiinflammatory,
anti-Alzheimer, and antitubercular agents.