bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Systemic challenges in bipolar disorder management: A patient‐centered approach
Authors: Nestsiarovich Anastasiya , Hurwitz Nathaniel G , Nelson Stuart J , Crisanti Annette S , Kerner Berit , Kuntz Matt J , Smith Alicia N , Volesky Emma , Schroeter Quentin L , DeShaw Jason L , Young S Stanley , Obenchain Robert L , Krall Ronald L , Jordan Kimmie , Fawcett Jan , Tohen Mauricio , Perkins Douglas J , Lambert Christophe G 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesAs part of a series of Patient‐Centered Outcomes Research Institute‐funded large‐scale retrospective observational studies on bipolar disorder (BD) treatments and outcomes, we sought the input of patients with BD and their family members to develop research questions. We aimed to identify systemic root causes of patient‐reported challenges with BD management in order to guide subsequent studies and initiatives.MethodsThree focus groups were conducted where patients and their family members (total n = 34) formulated questions around the central theme, “What do you wish you had known in advance or over the course of treatment for BD?” In an affinity mapping exercise, participants clustered their questions and ranked the resulting categories by importance. The research team and members of our patient partner advisory council further rated the questions by expected impact on patients. Using a Theory of Constraints systems thinking approach, several causal models of BD management challenges and their potential solution were developed with patients using the focus group data.ResultsA total of 369 research questions were mapped to 33 categories revealing 10 broad themes. The top priorities for patient stakeholders involved pharmacotherapy and treatment alternatives. Analysis of causal relationships underlying 47 patient concerns revealed two core conflicts: for patients, whether or not to take pharmacotherapy, and for mental health services, the dilemma of care quality vs quantity.ConclusionsTo alleviate the core conflicts identified, BD management requires a coordinated multidisciplinary approach including: improved access to mental health services, objective diagnostics, sufficient provider visit time, evidence‐based individualized treatment, and psychosocial support.
Family interests and medical decisions for children
Authors: Baines Paul 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMedical decisions for children are usually justified by the claim that they are in a child's best interests. More recently, following criticisms of the best interests standard, some advocate that the family's interests should influence medical decisions for children, although what is meant by family interests is often not made clear. I argue that at least two senses of family interests may be discerned. There is a ‘weak’ sense (as the amalgamated interests of family members) of family interests and a ‘strong’ sense (that the family itself has interests over and above the interests of individuals). I contend that there are problems with both approaches in making medical decisions for children but that the weak sense is more plausible. Despite this, I argue that claims for family interests are not helpful in making medical decisions for children.
Continuous-time Capture–Recapture in Closed Populations
Authors: Schofield Matthew R. , Barker Richard J. , Gelling Nicholas 
Published: September 2017

Summary
The standard approach to fitting capture–recapture data collected in continuous time involves arbitrarily forcing the data into a series of distinct discrete capture sessions. We show how continuous-time models can be fitted as easily as discrete-time alternatives. The likelihood is factored so that efficient Markov chain Monte Carlo algorithms can be implemented for Bayesian estimation, available online in the R package ctime. We consider goodness-of-fit tests for behavior and heterogeneity effects as well as implementing models that allow for such effects.
Efficiency of Two Sample Tests via the Restricted Mean Survival Time for Analyzing Event Time Observations
Authors: Tian Lu , Fu Haoda , Ruberg Stephen J. , Uno Hajime , Wei Lee-Jen 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn comparing two treatments with the event time observations, the hazard ratio (HR) estimate is routinely used to quantify the treatment difference. However, this model dependent estimate may be difficult to interpret clinically especially when the proportional hazards (PH) assumption is violated. An alternative estimation procedure for treatment efficacy based on the restricted means survival time or t-year mean survival time (t-MST) has been discussed extensively in the statistical and clinical literature. On the other hand, a statistical test via the HR or its asymptotically equivalent counterpart, the logrank test, is asymptotically distribution-free. In this article, we assess the relative efficiency of the hazard ratio and t-MST tests with respect to the statistical power under various PH and non-PH models theoretically and empirically. When the PH assumption is valid, the t-MST test performs almost as well as the HR test. For non-PH models, the t-MST test can substantially outperform its HR counterpart. On the other hand, the HR test can be powerful when the true difference of two survival functions is quite large at end but not the beginning of the study. Unfortunately, for this case, the HR estimate may not have a simple clinical interpretation for the treatment effect due to the violation of the PH assumption.
D40/KNL1/CASC5 and autosomal recessive primary microcephaly
Authors: Takimoto Masato 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTAutosomal recessive primary microcephaly (MCPH) is a very rare neuro‐developmental disease with brain size reduction. More than a dozen loci encoding proteins of diverse function have been shown to be responsible for MCPH1‐13. Mutations in the D40/KNL1/CASC5 gene, which was initially characterized as a gene involved in chromosomal translocation in leukemia and as a member of the cancer/testis gene family, was later found to encode a kinetochore protein essential for mitotic cell division and to cause MCPH4. Although our previous studies showed that this gene is required for cell growth and division in vitro and in animal experiments, the revelation that mutations in this gene caused microcephaly provides in vivo evidence of a critical role in brain growth. In this review, we describe mutated gene targets responsible for MCPH1‐13 and summarize clinical studies of, and molecular and biological aspects of the gene and encoded protein responsible for MCPH4.
Principles of plasticity in the developing brain
Authors: Kolb Bryan , Harker Allonna , Gibb Robbin 
Published: September 2017

The developing brain is especially sensitive to a wide range of experiences, showing a remarkable capacity for plastic changes that influence behavioural outcomes throughout the lifetime. We review the principles that regulate this plasticity in development and consider the factors that modulate the developing brain. These include early sensory, motor, and language experience, early stress, caregiver interactions, peer interactions, psychoactive drugs, diet, microbiome, and the immune system. Emphasis is given to changes in behaviour, epigenetics, and neuronal morphology.What this paper adds

A discussion of the surprising range of factors influencing brain development

Life experiences interact resulting in a phenomenon called metaplasticity
Appropriate fabrication method for pressure‐formed mouthguards using ethylene vinyl acetate sheets
Authors: Mizuhashi Fumi , Koide Kaoru 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBackground/AimsFabrication of mouthguards should be performed properly. However, the appropriate heating temperature for fabricating a pressure‐formed mouthguard has not been determined. The aim of this study was to examine the influence of the heating temperature on the fabrication of a pressure‐formed mouthguard.Materials and methodsMouthguard sheets of 3.8 mm ethylene vinyl acetate were pressure‐formed on a working model at three heating temperatures: 80, 100, and 120°C. The thickness of the mouthguard was measured at the labial surface of the central incisor, and the buccal and occlusal surfaces of the first molar. The fit of the mouthguard was examined at the central incisor and first molar by measuring the distance between the mouthguard and the cervical margin of the working model. Differences in the thickness of the mouthguards according to the heating temperatures were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance, and differences in the fit were analyzed by one‐way analysis of variance.ResultsMouthguard thickness varied among the measured regions of the central incisors and first molars (P < .01). The greatest thickness was found at the labial surface of the central incisor and the buccal surface of the first molar in mouthguards fabricated at the heating temperature of 120°C (P < .01). Mouthguard fit varied among the heating temperatures of the central incisors, and the greatest fit was obtained in mouthguards fabricated at the heating temperatures of 100 and 120°C (P < .01).ConclusionsHeating the ethylene vinyl acetate sheet until the temperature reached 120°C was the best fabrication method to maintain the pressure‐formed mouthguard thickness with proper fit.
Trophic ecology of adult male Odonata. I. Dietary niche metrics by foraging guild, species, body size, and location
Authors: CHARI LENIN D. , MOYO SYDNEY , RICHOUX NICOLE B. 
Published: September 2017

1. Information on the dietary niches of adult odonates is sparse, as they are highly mobile and evasive animals, which makes them difficult to observe in their natural habitat. Moreover, there is a lack of knowledge on how varying behavioural traits of odonates relate to phenomena like niche partitioning.2. This study investigated niche partitioning amongst odonate species, foraging guilds and size classes in a riverine system in the Eastern Cape province of South Africa. A combination of stable isotope and fatty acid‐based niches was used to infer odonate feeding.3. Both fatty acid and stable isotope‐based niches showed that there was niche separation amongst odonates that forage in flight (fliers) and those that forage from a perch (perchers), amongst odonates of different size classes (damselflies, medium‐ and large‐sized dragonflies), and amongst species, although varying levels of niche overlap were observed in each case.4. Niche sizes of odonates varied between an upstream and a downstream site. Generally greater niche overlap was recorded at the narrow upstream site (associated with low insect emergence rates) than the wider downstream site (associated with high insect emergence rates), indicating that a greater degree of resource sharing occurred at the upstream site where aquatic food was less abundant.5. The findings of this study suggest that dietary niches of odonates can be influenced by foraging guild, body size, and/or environmental conditions, and additional study in a variety of regions is recommended to determine the greater applicability of these findings.
No consistent pollinator‐mediated impacts of alien plants on natives
Authors: Charlebois Julia A. , Sargent Risa D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe introduction of an alien plant is widely assumed to have negative consequences for the pollinator‐mediated fitness of nearby natives. Indeed, a number of studies, including a highly cited meta‐analysis, have concluded that the trend for such interactions is competitive. Here we provide evidence that publication bias and study design have obscured our ability to assess the pollinator‐mediated impacts of alien plants. In a meta‐analysis of 76 studies, we demonstrate that alien/native status does not predict the outcome of pollinator‐mediated interactions among plants. Moreover, we found no evidence that similarity in floral traits or phylogenetic distance between species pairs influences the outcome of pollinator‐mediated interactions. Instead, we report that aspects of study design, such as distance between the control and nearest neighbour, and/or the arrangement of study plants better predict the impact of a neighbour than does alien/native status. Our study sheds new light on the role that publication bias and experimental design play in the evaluation of key patterns in ecology. We conclude that, due to the absence of clear, generalisable pollinator‐mediated impacts of alien species, management schemes should base decisions on community‐wide assessments of the impacts of individual alien plant species, and not solely on alien/native status itself.
Combined effects of agrochemicals and ecosystem services on crop yield across Europe
Authors: Gagic Vesna , Kleijn David , Báldi András , Boros Gergely , Jørgensen Helene Bracht , Elek Zoltán , Garratt Michael P. D. , de Groot G. Arjen , Hedlund Katarina , Kovács‐Hostyánszki Anikó , Marini Lorenzo , Martin Emily , Pevere Ines , Potts Simon G. , Redlich Sarah , Senapathi Deepa , Steffan‐Dewenter Ingolf , Świtek Stanislaw , Smith Henrik G. , Takács Viktória , Tryjanowski Piotr , van der Putten Wim H. , van Gils Stijn , Bommarco Riccardo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSimultaneously enhancing ecosystem services provided by biodiversity below and above ground is recommended to reduce dependence on chemical pesticides and mineral fertilisers in agriculture. However, consequences for crop yield have been poorly evaluated. Above ground, increased landscape complexity is assumed to enhance biological pest control, whereas below ground, soil organic carbon is a proxy for several yield‐supporting services. In a field experiment replicated in 114 fields across Europe, we found that fertilisation had the strongest positive effect on yield, but hindered simultaneous harnessing of below‐ and above‐ground ecosystem services. We furthermore show that enhancing natural enemies and pest control through increasing landscape complexity can prove disappointing in fields with low soil services or in intensively cropped regions. Thus, understanding ecological interdependences between land use, ecosystem services and yield is necessary to promote more environmentally friendly farming by identifying situations where ecosystem services are maximised and agrochemical inputs can be reduced.
Correlation clustering methodologies and their fundamental results
Authors: Pandove Divya , Goel Shivani , Rani Rinkle 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCorrelation clustering possibly represents the most intuitive form of clustering construction. It gives solutions that can be approximated while automatically selecting the number of clusters. This approach handles scenarios where the focus is on relationships between the objects instead of on actual representations of the objects. The suitability of this method extends to the structured objects, for which feature vectors are not easy to obtain. Given the increasing scale of data these days, correlation clustering has become a powerful addition to the fields of data mining and agnostic learning. Correlation clustering considers a weighted graph G=(V,E), where the edge weight indicates whether two nodes are similar (positive edge weight) or different (negative edge weight). The task is to find a clustering that either maximizes agreements or minimizes disagreements. Unlike other clustering algorithms, this does not require choosing the number of clusters (k) in advance. The objective to minimize the sum of weights of the cut edges is independent of the number of clusters. Methodologies, such as approximations and linear programming formulations, have been used to approach this problem. This paper focuses on the problem of correlation clustering and lists the solutions proposed by various researchers. These solutions approach the problem using different computational techniques. Correlation clustering‐based applications such as entity de‐duplication, signed social networks, and problem of aggregating multiples have also been discussed.
Reconstructing overfishing: Moving beyond Malthus for effective and equitable solutions
Authors: Finkbeiner Elena M , Bennett Nathan J , Frawley Timothy H , Mason Julia G , Briscoe Dana K , Brooks Cassandra M , Ng Crystal A , Ourens Rosana , Seto Katherine , Switzer Swanson Shannon , Urteaga Jose , Crowder Larry B 
Published: September 2017

AbstractInaccurate or incomplete diagnosis of the root causes of overfishing can lead to misguided and ineffective fisheries policies and programmes. The “Malthusian overfishing narrative” suggests that overfishing is driven by too many fishers chasing too few fish and that fishing effort grows proportionately to human population growth, requiring policy interventions that reduce fisher access, the number of fishers, or the human population. By neglecting other drivers of overfishing that may be more directly related to fishing pressure and provide more tangible policy levers for achieving fisheries sustainability, Malthusian overfishing relegates blame to regions of the world with high population growth rates, while consumers, corporations and political systems responsible for these other mediating drivers remain unexamined. While social–ecological systems literature has provided alternatives to the Malthusian paradigm, its focus on institutions and organized social units often fails to address fundamental issues of power and politics that have inhibited the design and implementation of effective fisheries policy. Here, we apply a political ecology lens to unpack Malthusian overfishing and, relying upon insights derived from the social sciences, reconstruct the narrative incorporating four exemplar mediating drivers: technology and innovation, resource demand and distribution, marginalization and equity, and governance and management. We argue that a more nuanced understanding of such factors will lead to effective and equitable fisheries policies and programmes, by identifying a suite of policy levers designed to address the root causes of overfishing in diverse contexts.
Precipitation during anthesis reduces seed set in perennial ryegrass
Authors: Abel S. , Boelt B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn perennial ryegrass seed production, the establishment of seed yield potential occurs until the point of anthesis. However, utilizing potential seed yield is predominately focused on processes after anthesis, namely seed set (%) and seed filling. In practice, seed yield is the product of the number of harvested seeds remaining after cleaning and average seed weight. For this study, the anthesis patterns and seed set were recorded in a diploid variety grown in seed production fields in three different Danish regions with contrasting weather conditions and investigated in 2013 and 2014. Increases in the total precipitation during anthesis reduced the anthesis synchrony and the seed set, which ranged from 50% to 66%. Under semi‐controlled environmental conditions in which the influence of precipitation was excluded, the seed set was found to be influenced by the floret position in the spikelet and ranged from 73% in the florets in basal positions to 25% in the distal florets. It is suggested that a lower number of florets per spikelet will reduce the anthesis period. These results may provide insights for breeding programmes focused on increasing seed yield.
Prospective evaluation on the effect of interobserver variability of digital rectal examination on the performance of the Rotterdam Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator
Authors: Pereira‐Azevedo Nuno , Braga Isaac , Verbeek Jan FM , Osório Luís , Cavadas Vítor , Fraga Avelino , Carrasquinho Eduardo , Cardoso de Oliveira Eduardo , Nieboer Daan , Roobol Monique J 
Published: September 2017

ObjectivesTo assess the level of agreement between digital rectal examination findings of two urologists and its effect on risk prediction using the digital rectal examination‐based Rotterdam Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator.MethodsThe study sample consisted of a prospective cohort of asymptomatic unscreened men with prostate‐specific antigen ≤50.0 ng/mL and transrectal ultrasound volume ≤110 mL who underwent transrectal ultrasound‐guided prostate biopsy. Both urologists’ digital rectal examination findings were graded normal or abnormal (nodularity and/or induration), and volume classified as 25, 40 or 60 mL, according to the risk calculator algorithm. Interrater agreement analysis using Cohen's kappa (κ) statistic was carried out to determine consistency of digital rectal examination outcome and volume assessment. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and calibration plots were constructed to determine the effect of interrater differences. Decision curve analysis was applied to evaluate the clinical usefulness of the model.ResultsOf the 241 men included in the study, 41% (n = 98) had prostate cancer (81 were clinically significant, i.e. Gleason ≥3 + 4). There was substantial agreement in the digital rectal examination (abnormal/normal; κ = 0.78; P < 0.001) and volume estimation (κ = 0.79; P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic analyses showed good discrimination (0.75–0.78) and were comparable for both urologists. In the high‐risk cohort, at a probability threshold of 25%, the risk calculator reduced the prostate biopsy rate by 9%, without missing cancers.ConclusionsSlight differences in digital rectal examination findings seem to have very limited impact on the performance of the Rotterdam Prostate Cancer Risk Calculator. Therefore, this can be considered a useful prostate biopsy outcome prediction tool.
Physical properties and effective thermal diffusivity of soybean grains as a function of moisture content and broken kernels
Authors: Pohndorf Ricardo Scherer , Rocha Jeferson Cunha da , Lindemann Igor , Peres Wilner Brod , Oliveira Maurício de , Elias Moacir Cardoso 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the amount of broken kernels in relation to the whole grains (0, 15, and 30%) and moisture content (5, 10, and 15% wet basis) on some physical properties of soybeans (bulk density, porosity, and angle of repose) using response surface methodology. In addition, the effective thermal diffusivity (αef) was determined and empirical models were proposed to improve equipment design and drying and storage operations of soybeans. The results indicated that the moisture content changes and the addition of broken kernels in the whole soybeans caused increases in bulk density (from 673 ± 2 to 693 ± 3 kg/m3) and angle of repose (from 26.6 ± 0.3 to 31.2 ± 0.3 °) and decrease in porosity (from 45.1 ± 0.1 to 41.3 ± 0.4%). The effective thermal diffusivity values increased with increasing moisture content and the addition of broken kernels, in the range of 5.7 × 10−8 to 9.5 × 10−8 m2/s. The proposed empirical model for determination of effective thermal diffusivity was predictive and significant (p < .05).Practical applicationsThe presence of split and broken soybeans has been a problem due to the lack of uniformity of stored grain mass, causing significant loss of quality and difficulty in operational handling. In this way, the knowledge of the engineering properties of soybeans is a key factor in determining the design of the drying, storage, aeration, processing, and handling systems. Bulk density is needed for the design of drying and aeration systems. Porosity can affect the rate of heat and mass transfer during aeration and drying operations and the design of hoppers for processing machinery and bulk grain storage requires angle of repose data. In addition, the thermal diffusivity elutes the heating rate of grains stored in steel silos.