bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Television
Authors: Miller Toby 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The three key approaches to television are addressed in this entry. Discussions of ownership and control vary between neoliberal endorsements of limited regulation by the state, in the interests of guaranteeing market entry for new competitors, and Marxist critiques of the bourgeois media's agenda for society. Approaches to textuality vary between hermeneutic endeavors, which unearth the meaning of individual programs and link them to broader social formations and problems, and content‐analytic endeavors, which establish patterns across significant numbers of similar texts, rather than close readings of individual ones. Approaches to audiences vary between social‐psychological attempts to validate correlations between watching TV and social conduct, and culturalist critiques of imported television threatening national culture or representational concerns raised by social movements.
Transition from School to Work
Authors: Bernardi Fabrizio , Triventi Moris 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe research on the school to work transition (SWT) studies young individuals leaving the educational system and entering the labor market for the first time. The SWT is assessed in terms of the time needed to find the first job and its occupational status/prestige, wage, and type of contract and demonstrates the various indirect paths to employment. A smooth and successful transition to secure employment may facilitate other steps in the transition to adulthood, such as leaving the parental home, marrying or cohabiting, having the first child. SWT has traditionally been a central topic in social stratification and social mobility research. In more recent times, the research on SWT has progressively shifted towards labor market sociology. This shift has come about with an increased attention to the mechanisms behind the SWT and the institutional context in which it is embedded. Research has shown that the transition experiences of school leavers depend on individual decisions, but are also shaped by opportunities and constraints linked to the institutional, economic, and sociocultural environment in which the SWT occurs.
Transnationals
Authors: Loveridge Ray 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe term “transnational organization” relates to a firm that owns or controls income‐generating assets in more than one country. The term is often used interchangeably with that of international organization or multinational organization and, sometimes, global organization. Increasingly often an organization is described as “transnational” when its strategic influence appears so globally dispersed as to be outside of the jurisdiction of any single national government. This is the context in which its meaning is explored in this entry.
Value
Authors: Beamish Rob 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Karl Marx's labor theory of value and Georg Simmel's cultural theory represent the extremes of sociological positions on value. Under capitalist production, Marx argued, concrete human labor congeals materials into a qualitatively distinct form which determines a commodity's use. Simultaneously, that labor creates an abstract substance of socially necessary, simple, abstract labor. Simmel's conception of value stemmed from his interest in heuristic concepts sociologists could use to understand social relationships. Marx's and Simmel's analyses of value met in a concern over alienated existence in commodity‐based societies and served as the departure point for more comprehensive analyses.
Hypervalent Iodine‐Mediated Alkene Functionalization: Oxazoline and Thiazoline Synthesis via Inter‐/Intramolecular Aminohydroxylation and Thioamination
Authors: Jeon Hyeonho , Kim Darong , Lee Ji Hoon , Song Jaeyoung , Lee Won Seok , Kang Dong Wook , Kang Soosung , Lee Seok Beom , Choi Sungwook , Hong Ki Bum 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA metal‐free oxidative difunctionalization of N‐allylamides and N‐allylthioamides has been developed. This system features the use of a hypervalent iodine oxidant with electron‐deficient amines to access 5‐amino‐oxazoline and thiazoline scaffolds under mild conditions. Notably, various electron‐deficient amines were systematically evaluated and we verified the reaction profile was originated from an attached (benzene)sulfonyl group.magnified image
Elektrobioraffinerien: Synergien zwischen elektrochemischen und mikrobiologischen Stoffumwandlungen nutzbar machen
Authors: Harnisch Falk , Urban Carolin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEine integrierte biobasierte Ökonomie verlangt nach einer Allianz zwischen der chemischen Industrie und der elektrischen Energiewirtschaft. Das Konzept der Elektrobioraffinerien bietet eine Blaupause für eine solche Allianzvereinbarung. Die Verbindung von mikrobiellen und elektrochemischen Stoffumwandlungen in Elektrobioraffinerien ermöglicht eine gekoppelte Produktion, Speicherung und Nutzung von Elektrizität sowie biobasierten Chemikalien. Elektrobioraffinerien stellen eine technologische Weiterentwicklung von Bioraffinerien durch die Ergänzung um (bio)elektrochemische Transformationen dar. Diese Verbindung von mikrobiellen und elektrochemischen Stoffumwandlungen hat Synergien zur Folge, die sich auf die gesamte Prozesskette auswirken können, beispielsweise durch eine Erweiterung des Produktportfolios, die Steigerung der Produktivität oder die Erschließung neuer Ausgangsstoffe. Besonderes Augenmerk liegt auf der Anwendung von oxidativen und reduktiven elektroorganischen Reaktionen auf mikrobiell produzierte Intermediate, die als bevorzugte Synthesebausteine fungieren können.
Immobilization of carbonic anhydrase on polyvinylidene fluoride membranes
Authors: Sun Jing , Wei Lina , Wang Yanzi , Zhao Zhiping , Liu Wenfang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn recent years, the application of carbonic anhydrase (CA) in CO2 removal has attracted great interest. However, obtaining high enzyme recovery activity is difficult in existing immobilization techniques. In this work, water plasma–treated poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) membranes were modified via 3‐aminopropyl triethoxy silane (KH550) or γ‐(2, 3‐epoxypropoxy) propyl trimethoxy silane (KH560), and then CA was attached. The immobilization process was optimized, and the catalytic properties of PVDF‐attached CA were characterized. The maximum activity recovery of PVDF‐KH550‐CA was 60%, whereas that of PVDF‐KH560‐CA was 33%. The Km values of PVDF‐KH550‐CA, PVDF‐KH560‐CA, and free enzyme were 9.97 ± 0.37, 12.5 ± 0.2, and 6.18 ± 0.23 mM, respectively, and their Kcat/Km values were 206 ± 2, 117 ± 5, and 488 ± 4 M−1·Sec−1. PVDF‐attached CA shows excellent storage stability and reusability, and their half‐life values were 82 and 78 days at 4 °C. At 25 °C, they were 50 and 37 days, respectively. PVDF‐KH550‐CA and PVDF‐KH560‐CA retained approximately 85% and 72% of the initial activity after undergoing 10 cycles. In the presence of them, the generation rates of CaCO3 were 76% and 65% of the free CA system, which were 1.6 and 1.3 times that of the blank system, respectively. Its role in accelerating CO2 sequestration holds great promise for its practical application.
School climate and ethnic‐racial identity in school: A longitudinal examination of reciprocal associations
Authors: Camacho Tissyana C. , Medina Michael , Rivas‐Drake Deborah , Jagers Robert 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe messages youth receive in schools about how they matter as individuals and as members of ethnic‐racial groups are influential in constructing their developing ethnic‐racial identities (ERI). However, the developing ERI students hold also have a role in shaping their experiences at school. The current study examined the longitudinal and reciprocal association between ERI (exploration and resolution) and school climate (support for cultural pluralism and teacher supportiveness) among 491 Black, Latino, and White middle school youth (Mage = 12.03, SD = 1.05, range: 11–17) in the Midwest. Cross‐lagged analyses revealed that greater perceptions of support for cultural pluralism within the school predicted greater exploration and resolution at later time points for all students. Moreover, greater exploration and resolution among White students was predictive of greater perceptions of support for cultural pluralism at the school. Higher quality teacher–student relationships predicted greater engagement in ERI exploration for all youth. The findings highlight the importance of school climate in helping shape ERI among youth attending a culturally diverse school and the role of such youth in shaping the climate at their school.
Asymmetric Total Syntheses and Structure Confirmation of Chlorofucins and Bromofucins
Authors: Kim Byungsook , Sohn Te‐ik , Kim Deukjoon , Paton Robert S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSubstrate‐controlled asymmetric total syntheses and structure confirmation of (+)‐(3E)‐ and (−)‐(3Z)‐chlorofucin [(E)‐1 a and (Z)‐1 a], and (+)‐(3E)‐ and (−)‐(3Z)‐bromofucin [(E)‐1 b and (Z)‐1 b] were accomplished. Our syntheses feature as key steps haloetherification (either ‘conventional’ or ‘one‐pot organoselenium‐mediated’) of α,α′‐trans‐γ,δ‐unsaturated oxocene alcohol 9 and our (E)‐ and (Z)‐selective cross‐metathesis (CM) protocols. More importantly, a rationale is provided for the strikingly different pathways followed by α,α′‐trans‐γ,δ‐unsaturated oxocene alcohol 9 and its α,α′‐cis isomer 9′ in the presence of different electrophiles during the intramolecular electrophilic addition reactions.
Isomeric Column‐Forming Esters and Imides with Varying Curvatures of the Aromatic Plane
Authors: Ferreira Marli , Moreira Thamires S. , Cristiano Rodrigo , Gallardo Hugo , Bentaleb Ahmed , Dechambenoit Pierre , Hillard Elizabeth A. , Durola Fabien , Bock Harald 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDibenzo[a,j]coronene‐tetracarboxylic alkyl esters and imides with either a centrosymmetric bis‐peri substitution pattern or a polar bis‐ortho substitution pattern form hexagonal columnar mesophases, which in the case of the imides persist at room temperature. The bis‐peri isomers are obtained via a two‐fold oxidative photocyclization; the bis‐ortho isomers are accessed via a glyoxylic Perkin reaction of triphenylene and naphthalene building blocks. Steric congestion between the substituents and the adjacent benzo protrusion in the bis‐ortho esters and imides leads to bending of the aromatic plane, which thus avoids twisting. These isomers surprisingly show a more pronounced liquid crystalline behaviour than their non‐bent bis‐peri homologs, accommodating non‐planarity with columnar order by slipped stacking. Whereas both types of ester and the bis‐peri imide show an optical behaviour typical for perylene chromophores, the strongly bent bis‐ortho imide distinguishes itself notably from them by its absorption spectrum. The electron acceptor strength of the isomeric diimides is found to differ, the hexagonal (peri) diimide having a 0.20 eV lower LUMO energy than the pentagonal (ortho) isomer.
Ferrocene‐Alkynyl Conjugated Molecular Wires: Synthesis, Characterization, and Conductance Properties
Authors: Yuan Ye , Yan Jian‐Feng , Lin Da‐Qiang , Mao Bing‐Wei , Yuan Yao‐Feng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA novel series of 1,2,3‐substituted ferrocene‐based wires a1–a2 and b4–b5 have been synthesized by using an iterative Pd‐mediated Sonogashira cross‐coupling methodology. The molecular structures of a2 and b3 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray analysis. Electrochemical data showed that there was a strong electronic communication among the ferrocenyl moieties in b1–b5. The UV absorption spectra indicated that replacing the 1,1′‐substituted ferrocene unit with a 1,2,3‐substituted ferrocene moiety causes delocalization of electrons in the extended π orbitals. The self‐assembled monolayers of wire a1 and a2 on Au surfaces have been comprehensively characterized by electrochemistry and scanning tunneling microscopy break junction. The data demonstrated that 1,2,3‐substituted ferrocene‐based wires reduced the intermolecular π–π stacking, and furthermore solved the rotation problem in the 1,1′‐substituted ferrocene‐based wires.
Synthesis of New Microporous Zincosilicates with CHA Zeolite Topology as Efficient Platforms for Ion‐Exchange of Divalent Cations
Authors: Koike Natsume , Iyoki Kenta , Keoh Sye Hoe , Chaikittisilp Watcharop , Okubo Tatsuya 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThere is growing interest to develop zeolite materials capable of stabilizing divalent cations such as Cu2+, Fe2+, and Ni2+for catalytic applications. Herein the synthesis of a new microporous zincosilicate with CHA zeolite topology is reported for the first time, by particularly focusing on the mixing procedures of the raw materials to prevent the precipitation of zinc oxides/hydroxides and the formation of impurity phases. The obtained zincosilicate CHA products possess remarkably higher ion‐exchange ability for catalytically useful, divalent cations, demonstrated here using Ni2+as an example, compared to that of aluminosilicate and zincoaluminosilicate analogs. It is anticipated that these zincosilicate CHA materials can be an efficient platform for several important catalytic reactions. In addition, the present finding would provide a general guideline for effective substitution of other heteroatoms into the zeolite frameworks.
Photocytotoxic Copper(II) Complexes with Schiff‐Base Scaffolds for Photodynamic Therapy
Authors: Lin Rong‐Kai , Chiu Chin‐I , Hsu Cho‐Han , Lai Ying‐Ju , Venkatesan Parthiban , Huang Po‐Han , Lai Ping‐Shan , Lin Chu‐Chieh 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhotodynamic therapy (PDT) is a promising and minimally invasive method for the treatment of superficial diseases, and photosensitizers with high phototoxicity indices (defined as (IC50dark)/(IC50irradiation)) are essential for the development of ideal photosensitizing properties for this technology. Herein, we report a series of photocytotoxic copper(II) complexes [Cu(RQYMP)(dppn)] (RQYMP=N,N,O‐tridentate Schiff‐base derivatives, dppn=benzo[i]dipyrido[3,2‐a;2′,3′‐c]phenazine), the structures of which have been confirmed by mass spectrometry and FTIR spectroscopy. X‐ray crystallography revealed that the CuN4O core of the [Cu(cumylQYMP)(dppn)](ClO4) complex (3) has a distorted square‐pyramidal geometry. Phototoxicity indices of 329 against human squamous cell carcinoma (SCC15) and 296 against basal cell carcinoma (BCC) cell lines have been determined with [Cu(3‐OMeQYMP)(dppn)](ClO4) (4). This can be attributed to the formation of reactive oxygen species, cell apoptosis, and caspase‐3 activation, indicating high potential of complex 4 as a photosensitizer candidate in PDT. Thus, copper complexes bearing suitable Schiff‐base ligands with a dppn co‐ligand may be considered for the design of efficient metal‐based anticancer agents for PDT.
Beyond Hydrofunctionalisation: A Well‐Defined Calcium Compound Catalysed Mild and Efficient Carbonyl Cyanosilylation
Authors: Yadav Sandeep , Dixit Ruchi , Vanka Kumar , Sen Sakya S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOrganocalcium compounds have been reported as efficient catalysts for various transformations, for cases in which one of the substrates contained an E−H (E=B, N, Si, P) bond. Here, we look at the possibility of employing an organocalcium compound for a transformation in which none of the precursors has a polar E−H bond. This study demonstrates the utilization of a well‐defined amidinatocalcium iodide, [PhC(NiPr)2CaI] (1) for cyanosilylation of a variety of aldehydes and ketones with Me3SiCN under ambient conditions without the need of any co‐catalyst. The reaction mechanism involves a weak adduct formation between 1 and Me3SiCN leading to the activation of the Si−C bond, which subsequently undergoes σ‐bond metathesis with a C=O moiety. Such a mechanistic pathway is unprecedented in alkaline earth metal chemistry. Experimental and computational studies support the mechanism.
Prediction of Protein‐Protein Interactions
Authors: Kotlyar Max , Rossos Andrea E.M. , Jurisica Igor 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe authors provide an overview of physical protein‐protein interaction prediction, covering the main strategies for predicting interactions, approaches for assessing predictions, and online resources for accessing predictions. This unit focuses on the main advancements in each of these areas over the last decade. The methods and resources that are presented here are not an exhaustive set, but characterize the current state of the field—highlighting key challenges and achievements. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Using the Seven Bridges Cancer Genomics Cloud to Access and Analyze Petabytes of Cancer Data
Authors: Malhotra Raunaq , Seth Isheeta , Lehnert Erik , Zhao Jing , Kaushik Gaurav , Williams Elizabeth H. , Sethi Anurag , Davis‐Dusenbery Brandi N. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNext‐generation sequencing has produced petabytes of data, but accessing and analyzing these data remain challenging. Traditionally, researchers investigating public datasets like The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) would download the data to a high‐performance cluster, which could take several weeks even with a highly optimized network connection. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) initiated the Cancer Genomics Cloud Pilots program to provide researchers with the resources to process data with cloud computational resources. We present protocols using one of these Cloud Pilots, the Seven Bridges Cancer Genomics Cloud (CGC), to find and query public datasets, bring your own data to the CGC, analyze data using standard or custom workflows, and benchmark tools for accuracy with interactive analysis features. These protocols demonstrate that the CGC is a data‐analysis ecosystem that fully empowers researchers with a variety of areas of expertise and interests to collaborate in the analysis of petabytes of data. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Trifluoroethoxy‐Coated Subphthalocyanines Attract Small Arenes in Their π‐Concave Cavity
Authors: Mori Satoru , Wang Jiandong , Tokunaga Etsuko , Shiro Motoo , Matsumoto Takashi , Tsuzuki Seiji , Shibata Norio 
Published: December 2017

AbstractX‐ray crystallographic analyses of a series of trifluoroethoxy‐substituted subphthalocyanines disclosed that a molecule of toluene is clasped at the center of the molecular concave cavity. Twelve trifluoroethoxy substituents, which flexibly surround the toluene molecule to hold it on the 14 π‐electron‐conjugated surface of the subphthalocyanines, can also catch a molecule of benzene. In contrast, a nonsubstituted subphthalocyanine does not show the same phenomena, and two subphthalocyanine units are required to maintain a small aromatic compound in their concave cavity. DFT calculations of the complexes were conducted to better understand the arene clathrates. Trifluoroethoxy‐substituted subphthalocyanines can be used to prepare arene clathrates as a result of their concave space. This is a unique approach to obtaining X‐ray crystal structures of small noncrystalline aromatic compounds.
Burglary resistance of thermal insulating clay unit masonry (RC 3)
Authors: Stimmeder Gottfried , Ecklmayr Rudi , Prommer Norbert 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn 2017 the Austrian Clay Masonry Industry carried out a test of burglary resistance according to ÖNORM EN 1627 for the first time. A window was fixed in a highly insulated clay masonry wall (with declared compressive strength of the clay units 7.5 N/mm2). Resistance class RC 3 was verified for the window, the fixing to the wall and the wall itself.
Protection of masonry veneer walls against driving rain
Authors: Gigla Birger 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe present article reports on investigations into the protection of masonry veneer walls according to Eurocode 6 against driving rain including consideration of window openings through rain exposure tests on eight test samples with different waterproofing variants. The results were published in the paper “Resistance of Masonry Veneer Walls against Rain Penetration” at the 13th Canadian Masonry Symposium (Halifax, Canada, June 4th – June 7th 2017). At the conference, the paper was awarded the C. T. Grimm‐Award for the best publication worldwide on the durability of masonry. It is summarised in excerpts below.
Investigation of the seismic out‐of‐plane behaviour of unreinforced masonry walls
Authors: Lönhoff Moritz , Sadegh‐Azar Hamid , Meyer Udo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe structural stability of unreinforced masonry (URM) walls has to be guaranteed not only under static (permanent and live) loads but also under earthquake loads. Loads transverse to the plane (out‐of‐plane) often have a decisive influence on the load‐bearing capacity. In practical applications, simplified methods from codes, guidelines and literature are often used to analyse and evaluate the out‐of‐plane capacity of load‐bearing and non‐load‐bearing URM walls. The results of these simplified methods can be significantly conservative and inaccurate since essential influencing effects are neglected. For many existing buildings, the simplified methods underestimate the capacity, which leads to cost‐intensive retrofitting and strengthening measures or complete replacement by other wall systems.In order to realistically estimate the out‐of‐plane capacity, parameters such as wall geometry, boundary conditions, vertical loads and especially dynamic effects (e.g. inertia forces) have to be taken into account. In this paper, non‐linear time history simulations are presented to investigate the influence of these effects. The numerically determined maximum acceptable earthquake acceleration is compared with results from simplified analysis models. The comparison shows that the out‐of‐plane capacity is significantly higher than the values predicted by simplified models. Finally, several initial experimental seismic tests conducted on the shaking table of the TU Kaiserslautern are presented, together with the planned extensive experimental test program on the out‐of‐plane capacity of masonry walls.
Ecological surprise: concept, synthesis, and social dimensions
Authors: Filbee‐Dexter Karen , Pittman Jeremy , Haig Heather A. , Alexander Steven M. , Symons Celia C. , Burke Matthew J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAs the extent and intensity of human impacts on ecosystems increase and the capacity of ecosystems to absorb these impacts dwindles, unanticipated behavior in ecological systems—or surprises—is likely to become more common. The concept of ecological surprise is broadly applied but seldom explicitly developed in ecological literature, and ecologists can employ diverging language, frameworks, and interpretations of surprise. Here, we synthesize what ecological surprise has meant to ecologists studying these events and review the development and use of the concept in ecology. We define ecological surprise as a situation where human expectations or predictions of natural system behavior deviate from observed ecosystem behavior. This can occur when people (1) fail to anticipate change in ecosystems; (2) fail to influence ecosystem behavior as intended; or (3) discover something about an ecosystem that runs counter to accepted knowledge. We develop a conceptual model that captures the interactions between social and ecological processes that lead to these events and examine two types of drivers that contribute to surprise: underlying driving forces and proximate causes. Our definition of ecological surprise inherently acknowledges that, to be surprising, there must be human observers to the ecological occurrence who have expectations about ecosystem behavior. To explore this dimension, we draw on social science perspectives to understand the ways in which human expectations of ecosystems are influenced by social networks, heuristics, and mental models. We use a case study to demonstrate how our integrated conceptualization of ecological surprise provides a systematic way of examining these events. Our integration of these perspectives enables us to better synthesize social and ecological knowledge of these events, and encourages ecologists to critically reflect on how they, as scientists, formulate and reformulate expectations of ecosystem behavior.