bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving Minimally Invasive Adrenalectomy: Selection of Optimal Approach and Comparison of Outcomes
Authors: Lairmore Terry C. , Folek Jessica , Govednik Cara M. , Snyder Samuel K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionMinimally invasive adrenalectomy is commonly performed by either a transperitoneal laparoscopic (TLA) or posterior retroperitoneoscopic (PRA) approach. Our group described the technique for robot‐assisted PRA (RAPRA) in 2010. Few studies are available that directly compare outcomes between the available operative approaches. We reviewed our results for minimally invasive adrenalectomy using the three different approaches over a 10‐year period.MethodsBetween January 2005 and April 2015, 160 minimally invasive adrenalectomies were performed. Clinicopathologic data were prospectively collected and retrospectively analyzed. The primary endpoints evaluated were operative time, blood loss, length of stay (LOS), and morbidity.ResultsThe study included 67 TLA, 76 PRA, and 17 RAPRA procedures. Tumor size for PRA/RAPRA was smaller than for patients undergoing TLA (2.38 vs 3.6 cm, p ≤ 0.0001). Procedure time was shorter for PRA versus TLA (133.3 vs 152.8 min, p = 0.0381), as was LOS (1.85 vs 2.82 days, p = 0.0145). Procedure time was longer in RAPRA versus TLA/PRA (177 vs 153/133 min, p = 0.008), but LOS was significantly decreased (1.53 vs 2.82/1.85 days, p = 0.004).ConclusionsMinimally invasive adrenalectomy is associated with expected excellent outcomes regardless of approach. In our series, the posterior approach is associated with decreased operative time and LOS. Robotic technology provides potential advantages for the surgeon at the expense of more complex setup requirements and costs. Further study is required to demonstrate clear benefit of one surgical approach. Utilization of the entire spectrum of available operative techniques can allow for selection of the optimal approach based on individual patient factors.
Access to Cesarean Section Will Reduce Maternal Mortality in Low‐Income Countries: A Mathematical Model
Authors: Thomas Sarah , Meadows Jonathan , McQueen K. A. Kelly 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundDespite global efforts to reduce the maternal mortality ratio (MMR) through the World Health Organization’s (WHO) Millennium Development Goal 5 (MDG5), MMR remains unacceptably high in low‐income countries (LICs). Maternal death and disability from hemorrhage, infection, and obstructed labor may be averted by timely cesarean section (CS). Most LICs have CS rates less than that recommended by the WHO. Without access to timely CS, it is unlikely that MMR in LICs will be further reduced. Our purpose was to measure the MMR gap between the current MMR in LICs and the MMR if LICs were to raise their CS rates to the WHO recommended levels (10–15 %).MethodsThis model makes the assumption that increasing the CS rates to the recommended rates of 10–15 % will similarly decrease the MMR in these LICs. WHO health statistics were used to generate estimated MMRs for countries with CS rates between 10 and 15 % (N = 14). A weighted MMR average was determined for these countries. This MMR was subtracted from the MMR of each LIC to determine the MMR gap. The percent decrease in MMR due to increasing CS rate was calculated and averaged across the LICs.ResultsWe found an average 62.75 %, 95 %CI [56.38, 69.11 %] reduction in MMR when LICs increase their CS rates to WHO recommended levels (10–15 %).ConclusionsMaternal mortality is unacceptably high in LICs. Increasing CS rates to WHO recommended rates will decrease the maternal mortality in these countries, significantly decreasing the mortality ratio toward the projected MDG5.
Biosynthesis of two quercetin O-diglycosides in Escherichia coli
Authors: An Dae Gyun , Yang So Mi , Kim Bong Gyu , Ahn Joong-Hoon 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Various flavonoid glycosides are found in nature, and their biological activities are as variable as their number. In some cases, the sugar moiety attached to the flavonoid modulates its biological activities. Flavonoid glycones are not easily synthesized chemically. Therefore, in this study, we attempted to synthesize quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→2) xyloside and quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→6) rhamnoside (also called rutin) using two uridine diphosphate-dependent glycosyltransferases (UGTs) in Escherichia coli. To synthesize quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→2) xyloside, sequential glycosylation was carried out by regulating the expression time of the two UGTs. AtUGT78D2 was subcloned into a vector controlled by a Tac promoter without a lacI operator, while AtUGT79B1 was subcloned into a vector controlled by a T7 promoter. UDP-xyloside was supplied by concomitantly expressing UDP-glucose dehydrogenase (ugd) and UDP-xyloside synthase (UXS) in the E. coli. Using these strategies, 65.0 mg/L of quercetin 3-O-glucosyl (1→2) xyloside was produced. For the synthesis of rutin, one UGT (BcGT1) was integrated into the E. coli chromosome and the other UGT (Fg2) was expressed in a plasmid along with RHM2 (rhamnose synthase gene 2). After optimization of the initial cell concentration and incubation temperature, 119.8 mg/L of rutin was produced. The strategies used in this study thus show promise for the synthesis of flavonoid diglucosides in E. coli.
From corpse to skeleton: dealing with the dead in prehistory
Authors: Parker-Pearson M. 
Published: March 2016

The shortcomings of the archaeological record raise many challenges for the interpretation of prehistoric funerary practices, particularly because the remains of most people in prehistory have left no trace at all. Throughout prehistory, most human remains were treated in ways that are archaeologically invisible. A brief review of the sequence of funerary practices in British prehistory reveals major gaps and deficiencies in the burial record. It may well be that the normative rites for much of British prehistory were those that left little or no archaeological trace, such as excarnation through exposure of corpses or scattering of cremated ashes.One form of mortuary practice only recently demonstrated for British prehistory is that of mummification. Scientific analysis of Late Bronze Age skeletons from Cladh Hallan, in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, has revealed that they were not only composites of multiple individuals but were also mummified prior to burial. In particular, histological analysis of bioerosion in the bone microstructure reveals that putrefaction was arrested soon after death. This method of histological analysis has been applied to a large sample of prehistoric and historical human remains, and reveals that patterns of arrested decay are particularly a feature of the British Bronze Age from the Bell Beaker period onwards.
Son Preference, Fertility Decline, and the Nonmissing Girls of Turkey
Authors: Altindag Onur 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Couples in Turkey exhibit son preference through son-biased differential stopping behavior that does not cause a sex ratio imbalance in the population. Demand for sons leads to lower ratios of boys to girls in larger families but higher ratios in smaller families. Girls are born earlier than their male siblings, and son-biased fertility behavior is persistent in response to decline in fertility over time and across households with parents from different backgrounds. Parents use contraceptive methods to halt fertility following a male birth. The sibling sex composition is associated with gender disparities in health. Among third- or later-born children, female infant mortality is 1.5 percentage points lower if the previous sibling is male. The female survival advantage, however, disappears if the previous sibling is female. Having an older female sibling shifts the gender gap in infant mortality rate by 2 percentage points in favor of males. The improvement in infant mortality is strongest in favor of males who have no older male siblings.
Hormones and Female Sexual Dysfunction: Beyond Estrogens and Androgens—Findings From the Fourth International Consultation on Sexual Medicine
Authors: Worsley Roisin , Santoro Nanette , Miller Karen K. , Parish Sharon J. , Davis Susan R. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionIn recent years, multiple hormones have been investigated in relation to female sexual function. Because consumers can easily purchase products claiming to contain these hormones, a clear statement regarding the current state of knowledge is required.AimTo review the contribution of hormones, other than estrogens and androgens, to female sexual functioning and the evidence that specific endocrinopathies in women are associated with female sexual dysfunction (FSD) and to update the previously published International Society of Sexual Medicine Consensus on this topic.MethodsThe literature was searched using several online databases with an emphasis on studies examining the physiologic role of oxytocin, prolactin, and progesterone in female sexual function and any potential therapeutic effect of these hormones. The association between common endocrine disorders, such as polycystic ovary syndrome, pituitary disorders, and obesity, and FSD also was examined.Main Outcome MeasuresQuality of data published in the literature and recommendations were based on the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Education system.ResultsThere is no evidence to support the use of oxytocin or progesterone for FSD. Treating hyperprolactinemia might lessen FSD. Polycystic ovary syndrome, obesity, and metabolic syndrome could be associated with FSD, but data are limited. There is a strong association between diabetes mellitus and FSD.ConclusionFurther research is required; in particular, high-quality, large-scale studies of women with common endocrinopathies are needed to determine the impact of these prevalent disorders on female sexual function.
Vulvodynia: Definition, Prevalence, Impact, and Pathophysiological Factors
Authors: Pukall Caroline F. , Goldstein Andrew T. , Bergeron Sophie , Foster David , Stein Amy , Kellogg-Spadt Susan , Bachmann Gloria 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionVulvodynia constitutes a highly prevalent form of chronic genital pain in women, and current information regarding its definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiologic factors involved is needed.AimTo update the scientific evidence published in 2010 from the Third International Consultation of Sexual Medicine pertaining to the definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiologic factors of women's sexual pain.MethodsAn expert committee, as part of the Fourth International Consultation of Sexual Medicine, comprised of researchers and clinicians from biological and social science disciplines, reviewed the scientific evidence on the definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiologic factors related to chronic genital pain.Main Outcome MeasuresA review of the definition, prevalence, impact, and pathophysiological factors involved in vulvodynia.ResultsVulvodynia is a prevalent and highly impactful genital pain condition. Numerous factors have been implicated in its development and maintenance.ConclusionWhat is becoming increasingly apparent is that it likely represents the end point of different factors that can differ from patient to patient. Longitudinal research is needed to shed light on risk factors involved in the expression of vulvodynia, as well as in potential subgroups of affected patients, in order to develop an empirically supported treatment algorithm.
Risk Factors for Non-Suicidal Self-Injury Among Trans Youth
Authors: Arcelus Jon , Claes Laurence , Witcomb Gemma L. , Marshall Ellen , Bouman Walter Pierre 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionPrevious research has reported high levels of non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) in trans populations and younger age has been identified as a risk factor.AimsTo explore the prevalence of NSSI in a large group of young trans people and to identify risk factors for this group.Main Outcome MeasuresSociodemographic variables and measurements of NSSI (Self-Injury Questionnaire), psychopathology (Symptom Checklist-90–Revised), self-esteem (Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale), victimization (Experiences of Transphobia Scale), interpersonal functioning (Inventory of Interpersonal Problems), and social support (Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support).MethodsTwo hundred sixty-eight young people attending a national gender clinic completed questionnaires assessing presence and frequency of NSSI and levels of general psychopathology, depression, anxiety, interpersonal problems, self-esteem, social support, transphobia, and information on hormone treatment.ResultsA lifetime presence of NSSI was identified in 46.3% of patients and 28.73% reported currently engaging in NSSI (within at least the past few months). Analyses showed that those with a lifetime presence of NSSI had significantly greater general psychopathology, lower self-esteem, had suffered more transphobia, and experienced greater interpersonal problems than those without NSSI. Findings were similar when comparing current with non-current NSSI. Overall, natal male patients reported less social support than natal female patients, but current NSSI was more common in natal female patients. Regression analyses confirmed that natal female gender and greater general psychopathology predicted current and lifetime NSSI. Further analyses confirmed that general psychopathology itself could be predicted by transphobic experiences, low self-esteem, and interpersonal problems, but not by the use of cross-sex hormones.ConclusionThese findings confirm that NSSI is common in trans youth and emphasize the need for interventions that decrease transphobia, increase social support, and help trans youth navigate their relationships with others to decrease psychopathology and NSSI.
Effect of Midurethral Sling Surgery on Vaginal Sensation
Authors: Lowenstein Lior , Mustafa Susana , Gartman Irena , Gruenwald Ilan 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionPrevious studies have reported changes in the sensory functioning of the vagina in women with pelvic floor disorder.AimTo evaluate vaginal and clitoral sensation before and after surgery with trans-obturator tape (TVT-O, Ethicon Johnson & Johnson).MethodsQuantitative sensory thresholds for warm, cold, and vibratory sensations were measured at the vagina and clitoris 1 day before and 12 ± 4 months after surgery.Main Outcome MeasuresDifferences in thresholds to warm, cold, and vibratory sensations at a predetermined anatomic area of the genital region.ResultsTwenty-two women were admitted for midurethral sling surgery, and four were lost to follow-up. For the remaining 18 (mean age = 52 years, range = 37–65), we found a significant sensory decrease at the clitoral region to cold, warm, and vibratory stimuli after surgery. In contrast, in the anterior vaginal wall, there was a significant decrease only to warm stimuli after surgery.ConclusionTVT-O can cause sensory loss in the clitoral and anterior vaginal wall region that can be measured and quantified. The effect of such sensory loss on sexual function and quality of sexual life needs further investigation.
Endocrinologic Control of Men’s Sexual Desire and Arousal/Erection
Authors: Corona Giovanni , Isidori Andrea M. , Aversa Antonio , Burnett Arthur L. , Maggi Mario 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionSeveral hormones and neurotransmitters orchestrate men’s sexual response, including the appetitive (sexual desire) and consummative (arousal and penile erection) phases.AimTo provide an overview and recommendations regarding endocrinologic control of sexual desire and arousal and erection and their disturbances.MethodsMedical literature was reviewed by the subcommittee of the International Consultation of Sexual Medicine, followed by extensive internal discussion, and then public presentation and discussion with other experts. The role of pituitary (prolactin, oxytocin, growth hormone, and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone), thyroid, and testicular hormones was scrutinized and discussed.Main Outcome MeasuresRecommendations were based on grading of evidence-based medical literature, followed by interactive discussion.ResultsTestosterone has a primary role in controlling and synchronizing male sexual desire and arousal, acting at multiple levels. Accordingly, meta-analysis indicates that testosterone therapy for hypogonadal individuals can improve low desire and erectile dysfunction. Hyperprolactinemia is associated with low desire that can be successfully corrected by appropriate treatments. Oxytocin and α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone are important in eliciting sexual arousal; however, use of these peptides, or their analogs, for stimulating sexual arousal is still under investigation. Evaluation and treatment of other endocrine disorders are suggested only in selected cases.ConclusionEndocrine abnormalities are common in patients with sexual dysfunction. Their identification and treatment is strongly encouraged in disturbances of sexual desire and arousal.
National Differences in Regional Emergency Department Boarding Times: Are US Emergency Departments Prepared for a Public Health Emergency?
Authors: Love Jennifer S. , Karp David , Delgado M. Kit , Margolis Gregg , Wiebe Douglas J. , Carr Brendan G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesBoarding admitted patients decreases emergency department (ED) capacity to accommodate daily patient surge. Boarding in regional hospitals may decrease the ability to meet community needs during a public health emergency. This study examined differences in regional patient boarding times across the United States and in regions at risk for public health emergencies.MethodsA retrospective cross-sectional analysis was performed by using 2012 ED visit data from the American Hospital Association (AHA) database and 2012 hospital ED boarding data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Hospital Compare database. Hospitals were grouped into hospital referral regions (HRRs). The primary outcome was mean ED boarding time per HRR. Spatial hot spot analysis examined boarding time spatial clustering.ResultsA total of 3317 of 4671 (71%) hospitals were included in the study cohort. A total of 45 high-boarding-time HRRs clustered along the East/West coasts and 67 low-boarding-time HRRs clustered in the Midwest/Northern Plains regions. A total of 86% of HRRs at risk for a terrorist event had high boarding times and 36% of HRRs with frequent natural disasters had high boarding times.ConclusionsUrban, coastal areas have the longest boarding times and are clustered with other high-boarding-time HRRs. Longer boarding times suggest a heightened level of vulnerability and a need to enhance surge capacity because these regions have difficulty meeting daily emergency care demands and are at increased risk for disasters. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:576–582)
OUR RELIABILITY IS IN PRINCIPLE EXPLAINABLE
Authors: Baras Dan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractNon-skeptical robust realists about normativity, mathematics, or any other domain of non-causal truths are committed to a correlation between their beliefs and non-causal, mind-independent facts. Hartry Field and others have argued that if realists cannot explain this striking correlation, that is a strong reason to reject their theory. Some consider this argument, known as the Benacerraf–Field argument, as the strongest challenge to robust realism about mathematics (Field 1989, 2001), normativity (Enoch 2011), and even logic (Schechter 2010). In this article I offer two closely related accounts for the type of explanation needed in order to address Field's challenge. I then argue that both accounts imply that the striking correlation to which robust realists are committed is explainable, thereby discharging Field's challenge. Finally, I respond to some objections and end with a few unresolved worries.
Effect ofToxoplasma gondiiinfection on the junctional complex of retinal pigment epithelial cells
Authors: NOGUEIRA ALANDERSON R. , LEVE FERNANDA , MORGADO-DIAZ JOSÉ , TEDESCO ROBERTO CARLOS , PEREIRA MIRIAN CLAUDIA S. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYOcular toxoplasmosis is the most frequent cause of uveitis, leading to partial or total loss of vision, with the retina the main affected structure. The cells of the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) play an important role in the physiology of the retina and formation of the blood–retinal barrier. Several pathogens induce barrier dysfunction by altering tight junction (TJ) integrity. Here, we analysed the effect of infection byToxoplasma gondiion TJ integrity in ARPE-19 cells. Loss of TJ integrity was demonstrated inT. gondii-infected ARPE-19 cells, causing increase in paracellular permeability and disturbance of the barrier function of the RPE. Confocal microscopy also revealed alteration in the TJ protein occludin induced byT. gondiiinfection. Disruption of junctional complex was also evidenced by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Cell–cell contact loss was noticed in the early stages of infection byT. gondiiwith the visualization of small to moderate intercellular spaces. Large gaps were mostly observed with the progression of the infection. Thus, our data suggest that the alterations induced byT. gondiiin the structural organization of the RPE may contribute to retinal injury evidenced by ocular toxoplasmosis.
The Royal Commission on Human Relations
Authors: Chisholm Richard 
Published: March 2016

— A comment on the recommendations related to rape and sexual offences against young people.Richard ChisholmThe Report of the Royal Commission on Human Relationships was not only about sex, and not only about law; but many of its more controversial recommendations concerned the role of the criminal law in connection with sexual behaviour. Though some of the ideas are new, much of the Report brought together in a lucid and available form arguments that serious scholars have been urging for years. The reaction of some members of the community — especially Prime Ministers and bishops — nevertheless shows how far some community leaders are from a thoughtful, or even nonhysterical, appreciation of the issues. Ironically, their reactions demonstrate how much we needed the report.In this column, I will summarise the Commissioners’ recommendations about rape and sexual offences against young people! Later, probably next time, I will look at the areas of abortion, incest, and perhaps the legal context of family planning.
Adoption Legislation and Practice in Australia
Authors: Fopp Peter 
Published: March 2016

Under the Constitution of the Commonwealth of Australia, adoption is not a matter on which the Commonwealth has power to legislate. Accordingly, each State and Territory has its own legislation which is administered by its social welfare department.The States have co-operated to draft “uniform” legislation, and during the period 1964-1970, new legislation was enacted in all States and Territories. A major aim of the uniform Acts was to curtail the practice of private, or independent, adoptions, where the child was placed in the care of a person with a view to his adoption, without any prior approval of the placement by a government department or an approved private adoption agency.
The Parent Education & Assistance Project: A programme for single mothers & their children
Authors: Drake-Brockman Carey , Constable Elizabeth 
Published: March 2016

The Parent Education and Assistance Project (PEAP) is a pilot programme aiming to develop and evaluate a range of services for single parent families with pre-school children within Fremantle, Western Australia.The Project is funded by the Office of Child Care, Department of Social Security under their “Alternatives to Residential Care for Children” programme, and is sponsored by the Western Australian Department for Community Welfare. The overriding goal of the Project is to support and strengthen vulnerable parent-child relationships with the aim of preventing the necessity for substitute care of the children.