bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Population genomic analyses reveal a history of range expansion and trait evolution across the native and invaded range of yellow starthistle (Centaurea solstitialis)
Authors: Barker Brittany S. , Andonian Krikor , Swope Sarah M. , Luster Douglas G. , Dlugosch Katrina M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIdentifying sources of genetic variation and reconstructing invasion routes for non‐native introduced species is central to understanding the circumstances under which they may evolve increased invasiveness. In this study, we used genome‐wide single nucleotide polymorphisms to study the colonization history of Centaurea solstitialis in its native range in Eurasia and invasions into the Americas. We leveraged this information to pinpoint key evolutionary shifts in plant size, a focal trait associated with invasiveness in this species. Our analyses revealed clear population genomic structure of potential source populations in Eurasia, including deep differentiation of a lineage found in the southern Apennine and Balkan Peninsulas and divergence among populations in Asia, eastern Europe and western Europe. We found strongest support for an evolutionary scenario in which western European populations were derived from an ancient admixture event between populations from eastern Europe and Asia, and subsequently served as the main genetic ‘bridgehead’ for introductions to the Americas. Introductions to California appear to be from a single source region, and multiple, independent introductions of divergent genotypes likely occurred into the Pacific Northwest. Plant size has evolved significantly at three points during range expansion, including a large size increase in the lineage responsible for the aggressive invasion of the California interior. These results reveal a long history of colonization, admixture and trait evolution in C. solstitialis, and suggest routes for improving evidence‐based management decisions for one of the most ecologically and economically damaging invasive species in the western United States.
Allelic loss in amalgam‐associated oral lichenoid lesions compared to oral lichen planus and mucosa
Authors: Rodrigues LN , Sousa SF , Silva RCC , Abreu MHG , Pires FR , Mesquita RA , Bastos‐Rodrigues L , De Marco L , Gomes CC , Gomez RS , Bernardes VF 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThe amalgam‐associated oral lichenoid lesion (AAOLL) shows clinical and histopathological features similar to oral lichen planus (OLP). Molecular researches to improve knowledge of pathogenesis and clinical behavior of AAOLL are still scarce.ObjectiveWe investigated for the first time the use of loss of heterozygosity (LOH) as a molecular approach for genetic characterization of AAOLL in comparison with OLP and evaluated the cell proliferation index.Materials and MethodsThe sample comprised nine AAOLLs, 10 OLPs, and eight NOMs matched by patients’ gender and age. LOH was assessed using polymorphic microsatellite markers at chromosomes 9p (D9S157, D9S162, D9S171), 11q (D11S1369), and 17p (TP53, AFM238WF2). Cell proliferation was assessed by immunohistochemical expression of Ki‐67 (MIB‐1). The association between LOH and Ki‐67 was investigated.ResultsLoss of heterozygosity occurred in 5/9 AAOLLs and in 2/10 OLPs in at least one marker each, while NOM showed no LOH. Cell proliferation index in AAOLL ranged from 2 to 23%. There was no association between cell proliferation and LOH, independent of the marker.ConclusionOur study shows that the profile of molecular changes in AAOLL and OLP, evaluated by LOH and Ki‐67 expression, is similar. Additional studies including larger samples should be performed to confirm or to refute our findings.
Leadership and Evidence‐Based Performance
Authors: Eckerd Adam 
Published: December 2016

Related Content: Balfour and Newbold (PAR January/February 2017)Related Content: Roberts (PAR January/February 2017)Related Content: Vidal‐Aparicio (PAR January/February 2017)Related Content: Gerrits and Verweij (PAR January/February 2017)Related Content: Robbins (PAR January/February 2017)
Wages and Wage Inequality in South Africa 1994–2011: Part 2 – Inequality Measurement and Trends
Authors: Wittenberg Martin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe analyse the long‐term trends in wage inequality in South Africa, using household survey data. We show that the trends in household income inequality are largely driven by changes in wage inequality. Given the detailed nature of our series we show that measurement issues and breaks in the series need to be dealt with in order to draw robust conclusions from the data. Most standard inequality measures show that wage inequality has increased over the period. Nevertheless the choice of measure matters, because there are different trends in different parts of the distribution. It appears that the distribution below the median has become more compressed, while the top of the wage distribution has moved away from the median. The inequality in the labour market translates into even higher inequality in society given that high earners tend to live together with other high earners while low wage individuals often end up sharing their incomes with the unemployed. Furthermore there are many South Africans with access to no wage income. Given the trends analysed here it is not surprising that overall inequality in South Africa has not come down or has even increased since the end of apartheid.
Does physical education influence eye‐hand coordination? The Lifestyles of our Kids intervention study
Authors: Wicks L. J. , Telford R. M. , Cunningham R. B. , Semple S. J. , Telford R. D. 
Published: December 2016

In Australian government‐funded primary schools, the responsibility for physical education (PE) falls mainly on general classroom teachers, many of whom possess limited PE training. This study sought to examine the impact of specialist‐taught PE on eye‐hand coordination (EHC) development. In this 4‐year cluster‐randomized intervention, participants were 187 boys and 172 girls initially in grade 2 in 29 primary schools, where no school employed university‐trained specialist PE teachers. In 13 (intervention) schools, specialist PE teachers conducted 268 PE classes (two 45‐minute sessions/wk) from grade 2 to grade 6. The intervention was based on traditional PE educational objectives, including fundamental motor skills, but did not specifically focus on EHC. The remaining 16 (control) schools continued with common‐practice PE taught by general classroom teachers (30‐60 min/wk). EHC was measured by a ball throw and wall‐rebound catch test and recorded at ages 8, 10, and 12 (SD 0.3) at ends of grades 2, 4, and 6, respectively. There was steady yearly improvement of EHC in both groups, but no evidence of any intervention effect in boys (P=.88) or girls (P=.20). The introduction of specialist‐taught PE during 4 years of primary school did not influence EHC development. Considering evidence that classroom teachers make little contribution to PE in this jurisdiction, together with the steady progression of EHC over the 4 years, other influences such as organized sport, after‐school activities, natural development, and parental instruction are conceivably more influential factors in EHC development during primary school years.
Factors affecting pain relief in response to physical exercise interventions among healthcare workers
Authors: Jakobsen M. D. , Sundstrup E. , Brandt M. , Andersen L. L. 
Published: December 2016

The aim of this study is to identify factors associated with musculo‐skeletal pain reduction during workplace‐based or home‐based physical exercise interventions among healthcare workers. Two hundred female healthcare workers (age: 42.0, BMI: 24.1, average pain intensity: 3.1 on a scale of 0‐10) from three hospitals participated. Participants were randomly allocated at the cluster level (18 departments) to 10 weeks of (i) workplace physical exercise (WORK) performed in groups during working hours for 5 × 10 minutes per week and up to five group‐based coaching sessions on motivation for regular physical exercise, or (ii) home‐based physical exercise (HOME) performed alone during leisure‐time for 5 × 10 minutes per week. Linear mixed models accounting for cluster identified factors affecting pain reduction. On average 2.2 (SD: 1.1) and 1.0 (SD: 1.2) training sessions were performed per week in WORK and HOME, respectively. The multi‐adjusted analysis showed a significant effect on pain reduction of both training adherence (P=.04) and intervention group (P=.04) with participants in WORK experiencing greater reductions compared with HOME. Obesity at baseline was associated with better outcome. Leisure‐time exercise, daily patient transfer, age, and chronic pain did not affect the changes in pain. In conclusion, even when adjusted for training adherence, performing physical exercise at the workplace is more effective than home‐based exercise in reducing musculo‐skeletal pain in healthcare workers. Noteworthy, obese individuals may especially benefit from physical exercise interventions targeting musculo‐skeletal pain.
Neuromuscular performance of maximal voluntary explosive concentric contractions is influenced by angular acceleration
Authors: Hahn D. , Bakenecker P. , Zinke F. 
Published: December 2016

Torque production during maximal voluntary explosive contractions is considered to be a functionally more relevant neuromuscular measure than steady‐state torque, but little is known about accelerated concentric contractions. This study investigated torque, muscle activity, and fascicle behavior during isometric and fast concentric contractions of quadriceps femoris. Ten participants performed maximal voluntary explosive isometric, isovelocity, and additional concentric knee extensions at angular accelerations ranging from 700 to 4000° s−2 that resulted in an angular velocity of 300° s−1 at 40° knee flexion. Concentric torque at 40° knee flexion was corrected for inertia, and the corresponding isometric torque was matched to the time when the target knee angle of 40° was reached during concentric contractions. Electromyography of quadriceps femoris and hamstrings and ultrasound of vastus lateralis were measured to determine muscle activity, fascicle length, and fascicle velocity (FV). The faster the acceleration, the more torque was produced during concentric contractions at 40° knee flexion, which was accompanied by a reduction in FV. In comparison with isometric conditions, concentric quadriceps muscle activity was increased and torque during accelerations ≥3000° s−2 equaled the time‐matched isometric torque. Our results provide novel evidence that acceleration influences torque production during maximal voluntary explosive concentric contractions. This is suggested to be due to series elasticity and reduced force depression.
Attacking 22 entries in rugby union: running demands and differences between successful and unsuccessful entries
Authors: Tierney P. , Tobin D. P. , Blake C. , Delahunt E. 
Published: December 2016

Global Positioning System (GPS) technology is commonly utilized in team sports, including rugby union. It has been used to describe the average running demands of rugby union. This has afforded an enhanced understanding of the physical fitness requirements for players. However, research in team sports has suggested that training players relative to average demands may underprepare them for certain scenarios within the game. To date, no research has investigated the running demands of attacking 22 entries in rugby union. Additionally, no research has been undertaken to determine whether differences exist in the running intensity of successful and unsuccessful attacking 22 entries in rugby union. The first aim of this study was to describe the running intensity of attacking 22 entries. The second aim of this study was to investigate whether differences exist in the running intensity of successful and unsuccessful attacking 22 entries. Running intensity was measured using meters per minute (m min−1) for (a) total distance, (b) running distance, (c) high‐speed running distance, and (d) very high‐speed running distance. This study provides normative data for the running intensity of attacking 22 entries in rugby union. Forwards achieved greater high‐speed running intensity in successful (3.6 m min−1) compared to unsuccessful (1.8 m min−1) attacking 22 entries. Forwards should try and achieve greater high‐speed running intensity in attacking 22 entries to increase the likelihood of successful outcomes during this period of gameplay.
Evaluation of a scoring system based on conformation factors to predict cranial cruciate ligament disease in Labrador Retrievers
Authors: Griffon Dominique J. , Cunningham Devin , Gordon‐Evans Wanda J. , Tanaka Rei , Bruecker K. A. , Boudrieau Randy J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo determine the association of a radiographic score derived from tibial plateau angle (TPA) and femoral anteversion (FAA) with an outcome of cranial cruciate ligament deficiency (CCLD) in large dogs.Study DesignCross‐sectional study.Animals167 Labrador Retrievers.MethodsHind limbs of sound Labrador Retrievers over 6 years of age were considered at low risk for CCLD. Limbs were considered high risk for CCLD if they were affected or predisposed (sound contralateral limb in dogs with unilateral CCLD). The radiographic CCLD score was calculated for each limb. The TPA, FAA, and CCLD scores were compared between limbs of the same dog and between risk categories. A contingency table was used to evaluate the association of the CCLD score with the CCLD status of limbs.ResultsTPA, FAA, and CCLD scores were greater in limbs categorized as high risk for CCLD than in normal limbs. The sensitivity and specificity of the CCLD score was 87% and 79%, respectively. The positive predictive value was 92% and the negative predictive value was 69%. Scores were similar between paired right and left limbs, but did not agree for predicted status in 14/106 dogs.DiscussionOur study supports an association between TPA, FAA, and CCLD in Labrador Retrievers. The negative predictive value of the CCLD score supports its application for screening dogs considered at low risk for CCLD. Positive CCLD scores should be interpreted with caution and the status of a dog may be undetermined if scores obtained on each limb disagree.
Comparison of maximum force to failure of 4 thoracostomy tube connecting devices*
Authors: Psathas Ιoannis , Papazoglou Lysimachos G. , Bikiaris Dimitrios , Savvas Ioannis , Kazakos Georgios , Basdani Eleni 
Published: December 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the maximum force and displacement to failure of 4 different types of thoracostomy tube connecting devices.Study DesignExperimental in vitro study.Study Population: Four types of thoracostomy tube connecting devices (n = 10 each).MethodsFour different connecting device configurations (10 constructs each) were tested by maximum distraction to failure using a dynamometer: (1) CTTWW—a 3‐way connector with a male luer slip attached to a thoracostomy tube by a Christmas tree adapter and secured to the tube with 21 gauge orthopedic wire; (2) CTTWRCW—a 3‐way connector with a male luer lock with a rotating collar attached to a tube by a Christmas tree adapter and secured to the tube with 21 gauge orthopedic wire; (3) LVSBC—a Lopez valve attached to a tube with its short‐barbed connector; and (4) LVLBC—a Lopez valve attached to a tube with its long‐barbed connector.ResultsThe maximum distraction force to failure was significantly greater for CTTWRCW (250.9 N; range 143.7‐293.6) than CTTWW (132.9 N; range 84.2‐224.1), LVLBC (90.8 N; range 74.0‐123.4), and LVSBC (54.6 N; range 39.6‐164.2). The median displacement to failure of CTTWRCW (150 mm; range 54‐190) was significantly longer than that of CTTWW (34.5 mm; range 22‐70), LVLBC (32.5 mm; range 24‐57), and LVSBC (16 mm; range 11‐69).ConclusionThe CTTWRCW group required greater force to create failure and had a longer displacement to failure, making it a more secure choice for connection to thoracostomy tubes.
The linguistic landscape of Brunei
Authors: COLUZZI PAOLO 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis article looks at the role and meaning of street signs in Brunei Darussalam with a focus on the use of English. The linguistic landscape of one of the main streets in the capital of Brunei, Bandar Seri Begawan, has been analysed. What is immediately noticeable is a high level of diversity, with three languages in common use (Malay, English and, to a lesser extent, Chinese), written in three different scripts (Roman, Arabic and Chinese characters). Even though Malay is the only official language in the country, English has a strong presence in the linguistic landscape. English as the international language related to glamour and economic success seems to enjoy higher prestige than Malay, the language most closely related to nationhood and Malayness. In addition, English appears to play an interesting role as an impartial and neutral language, accepted and promoted by Malays and non‐Malays as well as the Brunei government.
Question intonation in Brunei English
Authors: GUT ULRIKE 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis article explores the prosodic marking of questions in Brunei English. Ten ethnically Malay female speakers of Brunei English were recorded doing a Map Task in pairs. From these dialogues, 94 questions were identified and classified according to their syntactic and functional type. Their nuclear pitch movement and overall intonation contour was determined auditorily and pitch alignment for rising nuclei was measured acoustically. The results show that the Brunei speakers of English use systematic prosodic marking of different syntactic and functional types of question that differs from British English usage. No evidence for an influence of their L1 Malay prosodic patterns was found. Differences from question intonation produced by Malaysian and Singaporean speakers of English are explained by the Brunei speakers’ different norm orientation.
The grammar of Brunei English
Authors: HO DEBBIE G. E. , DETERDING DAVID 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThis article provides an overview of past and current studies on the grammar of Brunei English with a focus on prominent features that distinguish it from standardised varieties of English: the simplified use of tense; the flexible use of plural suffixes, especially on logically plural nouns; the variable occurrence of verbal suffixes; non‐standard use of modal verbs like will, would, can and could; article usage; insertion of a preposition after transitive verbs; and topic‐fronting. In addition, the article discusses the question of whether there is a distinct and identifiable grammar operating in Brunei English based on the presence of systematic and recurrent patterns of occurrence of such features.
Code‐switching in Bruneian online retail transactions
Authors: HENRY ALEX , HO DEBBIE G. E. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTThe tools of Swalesean genre analysis have been used for a variety of purposes in applied linguistics including in the teaching of English for Specific Purposes and in tracking historical change of specific genres. Another research area gaining significance in applied linguistics is code‐switching. The purpose of this study was to use the tools of genre analysis to investigate code‐switching in an online multilingual environment and to evaluate the genre approach by trying to identify any significant relationships between code‐switching and specific communicative purpose. Forty Facebook retail transactions were analysed to investigate Brunei Malay and English code‐switching. It was found that code‐switching was an unmarked feature in the genre and it was used as a specific tactic in specific parts of the interactions to help both buyers and sellers achieve their communicative goals.
Physiological limits to endurance exercise performance: influence of sex
Authors: Joyner Michael J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis brief review summarizes factors associated with elite endurance performance, trends in distance running training, and participation by men and more recently women. It is framed in the context of key ideas about the physiological determinants of endurance performance but also touches on some historical and sociological factors relevant to the overall topic. Historical trends that served to increase women's participation in elite endurance events are also discussed as is the role of increased volume and intensity of training. The rapid improvement in women's world record marathon times in the 1970s and 80s are emblematic of these trends and represent a combination of increased training volume and intensity and more competitive opportunities. This occurred as bans on participation by women in endurance events were lifted. For men these same trends evolved over a much longer time frame. The main physiological factor responsible for 10–12% slower times in women compared to men at the elite level are also considered and probably centre around.
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A mechanism for sickness sleep: lessons from invertebrates
Authors: Davis Kristen C. , Raizen David M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDuring health, animal sleep is regulated by an internal clock and by the duration of prior wakefulness. During sickness, sleep is regulated by cytokines released from either peripheral cells or from cells within the nervous system. These cytokines regulate central nervous system neurons to induce sleep. Recent research in the invertebrates Caenorhabditis elegans and Drosophila melanogaster has led to new insights into the mechanism of sleep during sickness. Sickness is triggered by exposure to environments such as infection, heat, or ultraviolet light irradiation, all of which cause cellular stress. Epidermal growth factor is released from stressed cells and signals to activate central neuroendocrine cell(s). These neuron(s) release neuropeptides including those containing an amidated arginine(R)‐phenylalanine(F) motif at their C‐termini (RFamide peptides). Importantly, mechanisms regulating sickness sleep are partially distinct from those regulating healthy sleep. We will here review key findings that have elucidated the central neuroendocrine mechanism of sleep during sickness. Adaptive mechanisms employed in the control of sickness sleep may play a role in correcting cellular homeostasis after various insults. We speculate that these mechanisms may play a maladaptive role in human pathological conditions such as in the fatigue and anorexia associated with autoimmune diseases, with major depression, and with unexplained chronic fatigue.
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