bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) in wild salmonids in Norway
Authors: Garseth Å H , Gjessing M C , Moldal T , Gjevre A G 
Published: July 2017

AbstractIn 2016, the Norwegian health monitoring programme for wild salmonids conducted a real‐time PCR‐based screening for salmon gill poxvirus (SGPV) in anadromous Arctic char (Salvelinus alpinus L.), anadromous and non‐anadromous Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) and trout (Salmo trutta L.). SGPV was widely distributed in wild Atlantic salmon returning from marine migration. In addition, characteristic gill lesions, including apoptosis, were detected in this species. A low amount of SGPV DNA, as indicated by high Ct‐values, was detected in anadromous trout, but only in fish cohabiting with SGPV‐positive salmon. SGPV was not detected in trout and salmon from non‐anadromous water courses, and thus seems to be primarily linked to the marine environment. This could indicate that trout are not a natural host for the virus. SGPV was not detected in Arctic char but, due to a low sample size, these results are inconclusive. The use of freshwater from anadromous water sources may constitute a risk of introducing SGPV to aquaculture facilities. Moreover, SGPV‐infected Atlantic salmon farms will hold considerable potential for virus propagation and spillback to wild populations. This interaction should therefore be further investigated.
Poor Appetite and Dietary Intake in Community‐Dwelling Older Adults
Authors: van der Meij Barbara S. , Wijnhoven Hanneke A. H. , Lee Jung S. , Houston Denise K. , Hue Trisha , Harris Tamara B. , Kritchevsky Stephen B. , Newman Anne B. , Visser Marjolein 
Published: July 2017

Background/objectivesPoor appetite in older adults leads to sub‐optimal food intake and increases the risk of undernutrition. The impact of poor appetite on food intake in older adults is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the differences in food intake among older community‐dwelling adults with different reported appetite levels.DesignCross‐sectional analysis of data from a longitudinal prospective study.SettingHealth, aging, and body composition study performed in the USA.Participants2,597 community‐dwelling adults aged 70–79.MeasurementsA semi‐quantitative, interviewer‐administered, 108‐item food frequency questionnaire designed to estimate dietary intake. Poor appetite was defined as the report of a moderate, poor, or very poor appetite in the past month and was compared with good or very good appetite.ResultsThe mean age of the study sample was 74.5 ± 2.8 years; 48.2% were men, 37.7% were black, and 21.8% reported a poor appetite. After adjustment for total energy intake and potential confounders (including biting/chewing problems), participants with a poor appetite had a significantly lower consumption of protein and dietary fiber, solid foods, protein rich foods, whole grains, fruits, and vegetables, but a higher consumption of dairy foods, fats, oils, sweets, and sodas compared to participants with very good appetite. In addition, they were less likely to report consumption of significant larger portion sizes.ConclusionOlder adults reporting a poor appetite showed a different dietary intake pattern compared to those with (very) good appetite. Better understanding of the specific dietary intake pattern related to a poor appetite in older adults can be used for nutrition interventions to enhance food intake, diet variety, and diet quality.
Breastfeeding as a public health responsibility: a review of the evidence
Authors: Brown A. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackgroundAlthough intention to breastfeed in Western culture is high, many women stop breastfeeding before they are ready. From a physiological perspective, rates of primary milk insufficiency or contraindications to breastfeed should be low. However, numerous women encounter numerous barriers to breastfeeding, many of which occur at the social, cultural and political level and are therefore outside of maternal control. This review identifies and examines the impact of these barriers and considers how public health services should play a central role in creating a supportive breastfeeding environment.MethodsA narrative review to synthesise themes in the literature was conducted, using Web of Science, PubMed and Science Direct. Barriers to breastfeeding at the societal rather than individual level were identified (e.g. in relation to health services, policies and economic factors). Only English language papers were included.ResultsMany barriers to breastfeeding exist at the societal rather than individual level. These influences are typically outside mothers’ control. Five core themes were identified; the need for investment in (i) health services; (ii) population level health promotion; (iii) supporting maternal legal rights; (iv) protection of maternal wellbeing; and (v) reducing the reach of the breast milk substitute industry.ConclusionsAlthough individual support is important, breastfeeding must be considered a public health issue that requires investment at a societal level. Focusing solely on solving individual issues will not lead to the cultural changes needed to normalise breastfeeding. Countries that have adopted a multicomponent public heath strategy to increase breastfeeding levels have had significant success. These strategies must be emulated more widely.
Comparative Energy, Resource and Recycling Lifecycle Analysis of the Industrial Repair Process of Gas Turbine Burners Using Conventional Machining and Additive Manufacturing
Authors: Walachowicz Frank , Bernsdorf Ingo , Papenfuss Ulrike , Zeller Christine , Graichen Andreas , Navrotsky Vladimir , Rajvanshi Noorie , Kiener Christoph 
Published: July 2017

SummaryLaser beam melting (LBM), also known as selective laser melting, is a powder bed fusion type of additive manufacturing (AM) technology used to fabricate metal parts from metal powder. LBM is a promising technology that offers new opportunities for increasing resource efficiency. The aim of this study was to compare environmental impacts of conventional manufacturing methods with AM for a real industrial application. Analysis was performed on the repair process of a burner used in a Siemens industrial gas turbine. The results of this study show that the repair process based on AM provides significant reduction in material footprint (abiotic depletion potential), primary energy consumption, and carbon footprint compared to conventional machining and welding processes. Even though the AM process has increased power and inert gas consumption on the shop floor, the complete life cycle shows that the conventional processes have a much higher environmental footprint from material use upstream. Different recycling models of nickel‐based alloy and stainless steel scrap strongly influence the cradle‐to‐gate life cycle footprint. The results show that an AM process can have a sustainability advantage if it is designed in a holistic cradle‐to‐gate approach. The study also shows potentials for the LBM machine developers for entry into the industrialization of AM. Energy reduction potentials were identified during the idle mode, during operation mode from the supply of cooling duty, and also related to inert gas consumption. Careful consideration of these potentials can further improve the primary energy footprint of the LBM process.
Mixed cryoglobulinaemia in a rhesus macaque (Macaca mulatta)
Authors: Tang Dong‐hong , Ye You‐song , Wang Chen‐yun , Zheng Hong , Li Zhe‐li , Ma Kai‐li 
Published: July 2017

AbstractWe report cryoglobulinaemia (CG) in a rhesus macaque whose serum sample was gel‐like at <37°C and resolubilised upon warming. Mixed CG was diagnosed using serum protein electrophoresis and serum immunofixation electrophoresis. Renal damage and arthrophyma were observed during necropsy. This is the first report of CG in a non‐human primate.
The role of prolactin in the suppression of Crh mRNA expression during pregnancy and lactation in the mouse
Authors: Gustafson P. , Bunn S. J. , Grattan D. R. 
Published: July 2017

Maternal stress is associated with negative health consequences for both the mother and her offspring. To prevent these adverse outcomes, activity of the hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal (HPA) axis is attenuated during pregnancy and lactation. Although the mechanisms generating this adaptive change have not been defined fully, the anterior pituitary hormone prolactin may play a significant role. The present study investigated the role of prolactin in regulating the basal activity of the HPA axis during pregnancy and lactation in the mouse, focussing upon the corticotrophin‐releasing hormone (CRH) neurones. Using in situ hybridisation, a decrease in Crh mRNA‐expressing cell number in pregnant (55.6±9.0 cells per section) and lactating (97.4±4.9) mice compared to virgin controls was characterised (186.8±18.7, P<.01 Tukey‐Kramer test; n=6‐7 per group). Removal of the pups (24 hours) and thus the associated suckling‐induced prolactin secretion, restored CRH neurone number (180.1±19.7). To specifically test the role of prolactin in suppressing Crh mRNA expression in lactation, prolactin levels were selectively manipulated in lactating mice. Lactating mice were treated with ovine prolactin (1500 μg day‐1, osmotic minipump, s.c.; n=7) or vehicle (n=6) for 24 hours following pup removal. This was sufficient to suppress Crh mRNA expression from 108.0±13.5 to 53.7±16.7 cells per section (P<.05 Student's t‐test). Additional cohorts of lactating mice were treated with bromocriptine (300 μg over 24 hours, s.c.; n=7) or vehicle (n=5) to suppress endogenous prolactin secretion; however, no change in Crh mRNA expression was detected. Thus, although prolactin was sufficient to suppress Crh mRNA expression in the paraventricular nucleus, it does not appear to be required for the ongoing regulation of the CRH neurones in lactation.
An experimental investigation of the interpersonal ramifications of lateness to workplace meetings
Authors: Mroz Joseph E. , Allen Joseph A. 
Published: July 2017

Individuals often attend meetings at work to which at least one person arrives late. Building from attributional theories of interpersonal behaviour, we conducted an experiment to determine the cognitive, affective, and behavioural components of people's reactions to meeting lateness. Participants read one of eight experimental vignettes that described someone arriving 5 or 15 min late to an important or unimportant meeting, after which the person who arrived late offered either a controllable or an uncontrollable reason for being late. Participants reported greater anger and a willingness to punish the late arrival who gave a controllable excuse, whereas sympathy and prosocial intentions followed the late arrival who gave an uncontrollable excuse. To establish generalizability, we replicated the results using a survey of workers who reported on their thoughts and experiences in their last meeting to which someone arrived late. Overall, our findings also indicated that accounting for the severity of the transgression uniquely contributed to emotional and behaviour reactions, which is an improvement on existing attributional models.Practitioner points

Arriving late to workplace meetings can have negative effects on interpersonal relationships, despite the prevalence of the behaviour.

Organizations and managers should encourage all meeting attendees to arrive to meetings on time – this avoids the negative effects of lateness and also sets the stage for positive meeting interactions.

Managers can take steps to mitigate the effects of lateness if it occurs. Agendas should be flexible to allow the movement of discussion points if someone arrives late.
Echinocandins in antifungal pharmacotherapy
Authors: Patil Akash , Majumdar Soumyajit 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Objectives
Echinocandins are the newest addition of the last decade to the antifungal armamentarium, which, owing to their unique mechanism of action, selectively target the fungal cells without affecting mammalian cells. Since the time of their introduction, they have come to occupy an important niche in the antifungal pharmacotherapy, due to their efficacy, safety, tolerability and favourable pharmacokinetic profiles. This review deals with the varying facets of echinocandins such as their chemistry, in-vitro and in-vivo evaluations, clinical utility and indications, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profiles, and pharmacoeconomic considerations.

Key findings
Clinical studies have demonstrated that the echinocandins – caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin – are equivalent, if not superior, to the mainstay antifungal therapies involving amphotericin B and fluconazole. Moreover, echinocandin regimen has been shown to be more cost-effective and economical. Hence, the echinocandins have found favour in the management of invasive systemic fungal infections.

Conclusions
The subtle differences in echinocandins with respect to their pharmacology, clinical therapy and the mechanisms of resistance are emerging at a rapid pace from the current pool of research which could potentially aid in extending their utility in the fungal infections of the eye, heart and nervous system.
Essential oils and hydrophilic extracts from the leaves and flowers of Succisa pratensis Moench. and their biological activity
Authors: Witkowska-Banaszczak Ewa , Długaszewska Jolanta 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Objectives
This study was undertaken to evaluate the antioxidant activity of methanol and water extracts from Succisa pratensis Moench (Dipsacaceae) leaves and flowers as well as the chemical composition of the essential oils found in them and the antimicrobial activity of the oils and extracts thereof.

Methods
The essential oils from S. pratensis leaves and flowers were analysed by the GC-MS. The total phenolic content was determined with Folin–Ciocalteu, that of flavonoids with aluminium chloride and that of phenolic acids with Arnov's reagent. The antioxidant activity was investigated by the DPPH radical scavenging assay. Antimicrobial activity was studied in vitro against G-positive and G-negative bacteria, and fungi using disc diffusion and broth microdilution methods.

Key findings
Eighty-six components of the leaf essential oil and 50 of the flower essential oil were identified. The main components of the leaf essential oil were 2-hexyl-1-octanol (5.76%) and heptacosane (5.53%), whereas hexadecanoic acid (16.10%), 8-octadecen-1-ol acetate (9.86%), methyl linolenate (8.58%), pentacosane (6.63%) and heptacosane (5.50%) were found in the flower essential oil. The essential oils exerted high antimicrobial activity (range: 0.11 to &gt;3.44mg/ml) against the following bacteria: Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and fungi: Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Candida albicans, whereas the methanol and water extracts showed moderate or weak activity. The strongest antioxidant activity was shown by methanol extracts from S. pratensis leaves, IC50 = 0.09 mg/ml. There was a positive correlation between the total phenolic content and the antimicrobial activity, while for the antioxidant effect, it was not observed.

Conclusions
The results suggest great antibacterial activity of the oils and high antioxidant activity of the methanol extract and may justify the application in treating infections.
Chemical composition and diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic effects of extracts of Mimosa bimucronata (DC.) Kuntze leaves and its majority constituent methyl gallate in rats
Authors: Schlickmann Fabile , de Souza Priscila , Boeing Thaise , Mariano Luisa N B , Steimbach Viviane M B , Krueger Clarissa de M A , da Silva Luísa M , de Andrade Sérgio F , Cechinel-Filho Valdir 
Published: July 2017

Abstract

Objectives
Some species of the genus Mimosa showed promising results in previous investigations, which include diuretic effect; however, no chemical analyses or animal model has been conducted so far to evaluate the biological properties of M. bimucronata.

Methods
Male Wistar rats received the oral treatment with vehicle; hydrochlorothiazide; methanolic extract from M. bimucronata (MEMB), dichloromethane (DCM) and ethyl acetate (EA) fractions or methyl gallate (MG). The cumulative urine volume, electrolytes excretion, pH and osmolality were determined at the end of the experiment.

Key findings
The chemical studies demonstrated that the phenolic compounds are the majorities in the plant, with the MG being the main substance identified. We showed that MEMB and EA fraction, but not DCM, exhibited diuretic and saluretic effects. Similarly, the MG also revealed diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic properties to both normotensive and spontaneously hypertensive rats. Atropine, a muscarinic receptor antagonist, fully prevented MG-induced diuresis and saluresis. In addition, MG did not alter the viability of A7r5 and L929 cell lines and neither stimulated nitric oxide generation.

Conclusions
These findings suggest that M. bimucronata extracts and its majority compound MG present diuretic, natriuretic and kaliuretic properties, which was dependent on the activation of muscarinic acetylcholine receptor.
Validation and description of Symbiodinium microadriaticum, the type species of Symbiodinium (Dinophyta)
Authors: LaJeunesse Todd C. 
Published: July 2017

It has been 55 years since Hugo Freudenthal described Symbiodinium microadriaticum (Dinophyceae), the type species of this large and important dinoflagellate genus found commonly in mutualistic symbiosis with cnidarians, other invertebrates, and certain protists. However, no type specimen was designated by Freudenthal, thus S. microadriaticum was invalid, as was Symbiodinium and every species subsequently assigned to the genus. The original culture was lost, but since 1979, a different culture, CCMP2464/rt‐061, had been considered to represent S. microadriaticum. From this culture, a preserved specimen is herein designated the holotype of S. microadriaticum, validating the binomial and Symbiodinium. All binary designations previously considered to belong in Symbiodinium also are validated herein.
Do physical activity and body mass index modify the association between chronic musculoskeletal pain and insomnia? Longitudinal data from the HUNT study, Norway
Authors: Skarpsno Eivind S. , Nilsen Tom I. L. , Sand Trond , Hagen Knut , Mork Paul J. 
Published: July 2017

SummaryWe investigated the prospective association between chronic musculoskeletal pain and risk of insomnia, and if leisure‐time physical activity and body mass index modify this association. The study comprised historical data on 11 909 women and 9938 men in the Norwegian HUNT study without sleep problems at baseline in 1995–97 and followed‐up for insomnia in 2006–08. Poisson regression was used to estimate adjusted risk ratios (RRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Compared to pain‐free participants, any chronic pain was associated with a RR of insomnia of 2.27 (95% CI: 1.93, 2.66) in women and 1.58 (95% CI: 1.28, 1.95) in men, whereas reporting ≥5 chronic pain sites gave RRs of 3.20 (95% CI: 2.60, 3.95) and 2.40 (95% CI: 1.76, 3.27), respectively. Analysis of joint effects showed that: (i) compared to pain‐free physically active people, RRs in people with ≥5 chronic pain sites were 3.77 (95% CI: 2.42–5.85) if they were inactive and 2.76 (95% CI: 2.29, 3.31) if they were active; and (ii) compared to pain‐free people with normal weight, RRs in people with ≥5 chronic pain sites were 3.52 (95% CI: 2.81, 4.40) if they were obese and 2.93 (95% CI: 2.24, 3.84) if they had normal weight. In conclusion, chronic musculoskeletal pain increases the risk of insomnia, particularly among those who report several pain sites. Although there was no clear evidence of modifying effects, our results suggest that a healthy active lifestyle reduces the risk of insomnia in people with chronic musculoskeletal pain.
Integrative body–mind–spirit intervention for concurrent sleep and mood disturbances: sleep‐specific daytime functioning mediates sleep and mood improvements
Authors: Ji Xiao‐Wen , Ng Siu‐Man , Chan Cecilia L. W. , Chan Jessie S. M. , Chan Celia H. Y. , Chung Ka‐Fai 
Published: July 2017

SummarySleep disturbances and depressive symptoms are associated closely with daytime dysfunctions, yet few studies have investigated their temporal relationship in a randomized controlled trial. We investigated the inter‐relationships among sleep, depressive symptoms and daytime functioning following an integrative body–mind–spirit (I‐BMS) intervention. One hundred and eighty‐five participants (mean age 55.28 years, 75.1% female) with co‐existing sleep and depressive symptoms were randomized to I‐BMSor waiting‐list. Daytime functioning variables included the daytime dysfunction items of the Pittsburg Sleep Quality Index (PSQI‐day), Somatic Symptom Inventory, Hospital Anxiety Depression Scale and Short Form Health Survey collected at baseline, post‐treatment and 3‐month follow‐up. Sleep and depressive symptoms were measured by the sleep items of thePSQI(PSQI‐night) and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (excluding the sleep item) (CESD‐M). Regression and path analyses were used to understand the role of daytime functioning in sleep and depressive symptoms. We found significant group and time effects on almost all daytime variables and significant group × time interactions onPSQI‐day and somatic symptoms. The adjusted regression model showed thatCESD‐M was associated with all daytime variables. However,PSQI‐night was associated only withPSQI‐day. Path analyses indicated thatPSQI‐day bridgedPSQI‐night andCESD‐M in a two‐way direction after the I‐BMSintervention. The conclusion was that, following I‐BMSintervention, improvement in daytime functioning was related predominantly to improvement in depressive symptoms. Night‐time sleep related only to daytime dysfunction that was specific to sleep disturbances. Therefore, ‘sleep‐specific daytime impairment’ could be regarded as a major link from night‐time sleep to depressive symptoms. More studies are required to understand the concept of ‘sleep‐specific daytime impairment’.
Hepatic farnesoid X receptor protein level and circulating fibroblast growth factor 19 concentration in children with NAFLD
Authors: Nobili Valerio , Alisi Anna , Mosca Antonella , Della Corte Claudia , Veraldi Silvio , De Vito Rita , De Stefanis Cristiano , D'Oria Valentina , Jahnel Joerg , Zohrer Evelyn , Scorletti Eleonora , Byrne Christopher D. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractBackground & AimsTreatment with the farnesoid X receptor (FXR) agonist obeticholic acid is ineffective in some patients with non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) but the explanation is uncertain. We investigated hepatic FXR expression, and measurements of fibroblast growth factor 19 (FGF19) and bile acids (BAs) in children with NAFLD to investigate relationships with NASH.Methods33 children with NAFLD who underwent diagnostic liver biopsy were studied. Hepatic FXR protein levels and circulating FGF19 concentrations were compared with those analysed in five control subjects with proven normal liver histology. NASH was defined by the Paediatric NAFLD Histological Score (PNHS). Binary logistic regression with adjustment for covariates and potential confounders was undertaken to test factors independently associated with: a) NASH and b) hepatic FXR protein levels.ResultsMean ± SD age was 13.7 ± 1.9 years. Nineteen patients had NASH (PNHS ≥ 85) and 14 did not have NASH (PNHS < 85). Hepatic FXR level and plasma FGF19 concentration varied ~10‐fold and 5‐fold, respectively, between groups, and was highest in control subjects, intermediate in NAFLD without NASH, and lowest in NASH (between group differences P < .001 and P < .01 respectively). NASH was independently associated with both FXR protein levels (OR = 0.18, 95% CI 0.09, 0.38) and FGF19 concentration (OR = 0.55, 95% CI 0.20, 0.89).ConclusionsFXR protein levels vary markedly between normal liver, NAFLD without NASH, and NASH. Low levels of FXR are independently associated with NASH.