bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Risk for Incident Hypertension Associated With Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Military Veterans and the Effect of Posttraumatic Stress Disorder Treatment
Authors: Burg Matthew M. , Brandt Cynthia , Buta Eugenia , Schwartz Joseph , Bathulapalli Harini , Dziura James , Edmondson Donald E. , Haskell Sally 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) increases cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular mortality risk. Neither the prospective relationship of PTSD to incident hypertension risk nor the effect of PTSD treatment on hypertension risk has been established.

Methods
Data from a nationally representative sample of 194,319 veterans were drawn from the Veterans Administration (VA) roster of United States service men and women. This included veterans whose end of last deployment was from September 2001 to July 2010 and whose first VA medical visit was from October 1, 2001 to January 1, 2009. Incident hypertension was modeled as 3 events: (1) a new diagnosis of hypertension and/or (2) a new prescription for antihypertensive medication, and/or (3) a clinic blood pressure reading in the hypertensive range (≥140/90 mm Hg, systolic/diastolic). Posttraumatic stress disorder diagnosis was the main predictor. Posttraumatic stress disorder treatment was defined as (1) at least 8 individual psychotherapy sessions of 50 minutes or longer during any consecutive 6 months and/or (2) a prescription for selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor medication.

Results
Over a median 2.4-year follow-up, the incident hypertension risk independently associated with PTSD ranged from hazard ratio (HR), 1.12 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08–1.17; p < .0001) to HR, 1.30 (95% CI, 1.26–1.34; p < .0001). The interaction of PTSD and treatment revealed that treatment reduced the PTSD-associated hypertension risk (e.g., from HR, 1.44 [95% CI, 1.38–1.50; p < .0001] for those untreated, to HR, 1.20 [95% CI, 1.15–1.25; p < .0001] for those treated).

Conclusions
These results indicate that reducing the long-term health impact of PTSD and the associated costs may require very early surveillance and treatment.
Low-Grade Inflammation and Ambulatory Cortisol in Adolescents: Interaction Between Interviewer-Rated Versus Self-Rated Acute Stress and Chronic Stress
Authors: Schreier Hannah M.C. , Chen Edith 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT

Objective
To determine whether the association between self-rated or interviewer-rated recent acute stress exposures and low-grade inflammation and daily cortisol production in adolescents is moderated by chronic stress ratings.

Methods
Acute and chronic stress exposures were assessed in 261 adolescents aged 13 to 16 years using a semistructured life stress interview. The negative impact of acute stressors was independently rated by both adolescents (self-rated) and interviewers (interviewer-rated). Markers of inflammation (interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1ra, C-reactive protein) were measured from peripheral blood samples obtained via antecubital venipuncture. Participants collected 4 saliva samples at home on each of 6 consecutive days for the analysis of diurnal salivary cortisol profiles.

Results
There were no main effects of acute stressors (self- and interviewer-rated) and chronic family or peer stress on adolescent inflammation markers and cortisol (p values > .10). However, the interaction between interviewer-rated acute stress and chronic family stress was significantly associated with adolescent inflammation markers (IL-6, IL-1ra). Specifically, as chronic family stress increased, the association between acute stressor impact (interviewer-rated) and inflammation markers became more positive (IL-6 (B = .054, SE = .023, p = .022); IL-1ra (B = .030, SE = .014, p = .034)). Interactions between self-rated acute stress and chronic family stress were not associated with any biological measures (p values > .10). Interactions between acute stressor impact (both self- and interviewer-rated) and chronic peer stress were also not significantly associated with any biological measures (p values > .05).

Conclusions
Among adolescents, interviewer-based ratings of acute stressor impact may allow for better prediction of health-relevant inflammation markers than adolescents' own ratings.
Implementation and Operational Research: Population-Based Active Tuberculosis Case Finding During Large-Scale Mobile HIV Testing Campaigns in Rural Uganda
Authors: Ssemmondo Emmanuel , Mwangwa Florence , Kironde Joel L. , Kwarisiima Dalsone , Clark Tamara D. , Marquez Carina , Charlebois Edwin D. , Petersen Maya L. , Kamya Moses R. , Havlir Diane V. , Chamie Gabriel ,   the SEARCH Collaboration
Published: August 2016

Background:
Active tuberculosis (TB) screening outside clinics and in communities may reduce undiagnosed TB.

Methods:
To determine the yield of TB screening during community-based HIV testing campaigns (CHC) in 7 rural Ugandan communities within an ongoing cluster-randomized trial of universal HIV testing and treatment (SEARCH, NCT:01864603), we offered sputum microscopy to participants with prolonged cough (>2 weeks). We determined the number of persons needed to screen to identify one TB case, and the number of cases identified that linked to clinic and completed TB treatment.

Results:
Of 36,785 adults enumerated in 7 communities, 27,214 (74%) attended CHCs, and HIV testing uptake was >99%, with 941 (3.5%) HIV-infected adults identified. Five thousand seven hundred eighty-six adults (21%) reported cough and 2876 (11%) reported cough >2 weeks. Staff obtained sputum in 1099/2876 (38%) participants with prolonged cough and identified 10 adults with AFB-positive sputum; 9 new diagnoses and 1 known case already under treatment. The number needed to screen to identify one new TB case was 3024 adults overall: 320 adults with prolonged cough and 80 HIV-infected adults with prolonged cough. All 9 newly diagnosed AFB+ participants were linked to TB care within 2 weeks and were initiated TB treatment.

Conclusions:
In a rural Ugandan setting, TB screening as an adjunct to large-scale mobile HIV testing campaigns provides an opportunity to increase TB case detection.
Using CD4 Data to Estimate HIV Incidence, Prevalence, and Percent of Undiagnosed Infections in the United States
Authors: Song Ruiguang , Hall H. Irene , Green Timothy A. , Szwarcwald Célia L. , Pantazis Nikos 
Published: August 2016

Introduction:
The incidence and prevalence of HIV infection are important measures of HIV trends; however, they are difficult to estimate because of the long incubation period between infection and symptom development and the relative infrequency of HIV screening. A new method is introduced to estimate HIV incidence, prevalence, and the number of undiagnosed infections in the United States using data from the HIV case surveillance system and CD4 test results.

Methods:
Persons with HIV diagnosed during 2006–2013 and their CD4 test results were used to estimate the distribution of diagnosis delay from HIV infection to diagnosis based on a well-characterized CD4 depletion model. This distribution was then used to estimate HIV incidence, prevalence, and the number of undiagnosed infections.

Results:
Applying this method, we estimated that the annual number of new HIV infections decreased after 2007, from 48,300 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 47,300 to 49,400) to 39,000 (95% CI: 36,600 to 41,400) in 2013. Prevalence increased from 923,200 (95% CI: 914,500 to 931,800) in 2006 to 1,104,600 (95% CI: 1,084,300 to 1,124,900) in 2013, whereas the proportion of undiagnosed infections decreased from 21.0% in 2006 (95% CI: 20.2% to 21.7%) to 16.4% (95% CI: 15.7% to 17.2%) in 2013.

Conclusions:
HIV incidence, prevalence, and undiagnosed infections can be estimated using HIV case surveillance data and information on first CD4 test result after diagnosis. Similar to earlier findings, the decreases in incidence and undiagnosed infections are encouraging but intensified efforts for HIV testing and treatment are needed to meet the goals of the National HIV/AIDS Strategy.
Reduced IL-7R T Cell Expression and Increased Plasma sCD127 in Late Presenting HIV-Infected Individuals
Authors: Hartling Hans J. , Jespersen Sofie , Gaardbo Julie C. , Sambleben Camilla , Thorsteinsson Kristina , Gerstoft Jan , Ullum Henrik , Nielsen Susanne D. 
Published: August 2016

Background:
Late presentation of HIV infection is associated with reduced chance of optimal immune recovery after initiating combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Interleukin-7 (IL-7) and the corresponding receptor, IL-7 receptor (IL-7R) made up of CD127 and CD132, are crucial for T cell homeostasis. This study aimed to describe IL-7R and IL-7 before and after initiation of cART in late presenting HIV-infected individuals, and the impact on immune recovery and T cell subset distribution after initiation of cART.

Methods:
A total of 100 HIV-infected individuals initiating cART were included in a prospective study. Samples were collected at baseline and after 6, 12, and 24 months of cART. Proportion and expression {[median fluorescence intensity (MFI)]} of IL-7R on T cells, and plasma concentrations of soluble CD127 (sCD127) and IL-7 were determined.

Results:
The IL-7R expression was reduced in late presenters with CD4 cell count <200 cells per microliter compared with nonlate presenters and healthy controls as demonstrated by lower proportion of CD127 + CD132 + T cells and lower CD127 MFI. In contrast, plasma sCD127 was higher. These differences were partly reversed after suppressive cART. Interestingly, the CD127 MFI on CD4+ T cells was found to be a predictor of increased thymic output after 24 months of suppressive cART.

Conclusions:
Severely altered IL-7R expression was found in late presenters, and associations between IL-7R expression and thymic output after 24 months of suppressive cART indicate an impact of a IL-7 response for the long term de novo production from thymus.
Normothermic Machine Perfusion of Deceased Donor Liver Grafts Is Associated With Improved Postreperfusion Hemodynamics
Authors: Angelico Roberta , Perera M. Thamara P. R , Ravikumar Reena , Holroyd David , Coussios Constantin , Mergental Hynek , Isaac John R. , Iqbal Asim , Cilliers Hentie , Muiesan Paolo , Friend Peter J. , Mirza Darius F. 
Published: August 2016

Background
Graft reperfusion poses a critical challenge during liver transplantation and can be associated with hemodynamic instability/postreperfusion syndrome. This is sequel to ischemia-reperfusion injury and normothermic machine preservation (NMP) may affect hemodynamic changes. Herein, we characterize postreperfusion hemodynamics in liver grafts after NMP and traditional cold preservation.

Materials and methods
Intraoperative records of patients receiving grafts after NMP (n = 6; NMP group) and cold storage (CS) (n = 12; CS group) were compared. The mean arterial pressure (MAP) was defined as the average pressure in the radial artery during 1 cardiac cycle by invasive monitoring. Postreperfusion syndrome was defined as MAP drop greater than 30% of baseline, lasting for 1 minute or longer within the first 5 minutes from graft reperfusion.

Results
Donor, recipient, demographics, and surgical parameters were evenly matched. Normothermic machine preservation grafts were perfused for 525 minutes (395-605 minutes) after initial cold ischemic time of 91 minutes (73-117 minutes), whereas in CS group cold ischemic time was 456 minutes (347-685 minutes) (P = 0.001). None developed postreperfusion syndrome in the NMP group against n = 2 (16.7%) in CS group (P = 0.529). Normothermic machine preservation group had better intraoperative MAP at 90 minutes postreperfusion (P = 0.029), achieved with a significantly less vasopressor requirement (P = <0.05) and less transfusion of blood products (P = 0.030) compared with CS group.

Conclusions
Normothermic machine perfusion is associated with a stable intraoperative hemodynamic profile postreperfusion, requiring significantly less vasopressor infusions and blood product transfusion after graft reperfusion and may have benefit to alleviate ischemia-reperfusion injury in liver transplantation.
Congenital myasthenic syndromes: recent advances
Authors: Beeson David 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Congenital myasthenic syndromes (CMS) are a group of heterogeneous inherited disorders caused by mutations in genes encoding proteins essential for the integrity of neuromuscular transmission. This review updates the reader on recent findings that have expanded the phenotypic spectrum and suggested improved treatment strategies.

Recent findings
The use of next-generation sequencing is continuing to unearth new genes in which mutations can give rise to defective neuromuscular transmission. The defective transmission may be part of an overall more complex phenotype in which there may be muscle, central nervous system or other involvement. Notably, mutations in series of genes encoding presynaptic proteins are being identified. Further work on mutations found in the AGRN-MUSK acetylcholine receptor clustering pathway has helped characterize the role of LRP4 and broadened the phenotypic spectrum for AGRN mutations. Mutations in another extracellular matrix protein, collagen 13A1 and in GMPPB have also been found to cause a CMS. Finally, there are an increasing number of reports for the beneficial effects of treatment with β2-adrenergic receptor agonists.

Summary
Recent studies of the CMS illustrate the increasing complexity of the genetics, pathophysiological mechanisms and the need to tailor therapy for the genetic disorders of the neuromuscular junction.
Next-generation sequencing in neuromuscular diseases
Authors: Efthymiou Stephanie , Manole Andreea , Houlden Henry 
Published: August 2016

Purpose of review
Neuromuscular diseases are clinically and genetically heterogeneous and probably contain the greatest proportion of causative Mendelian defects than any other group of conditions. These disorders affect muscle and/or nerves with neonatal, childhood or adulthood onset, with significant disability and early mortality. Along with heterogeneity, unidentified and often very large genes require complementary and comprehensive methods in routine molecular diagnosis. Inevitably, this leads to increased diagnostic delays and challenges in the interpretation of genetic variants.

Recent findings
The application of next-generation sequencing, as a research and diagnostic strategy, has made significant progress into solving many of these problems. The analysis of these data is by no means simple, and the clinical input is essential to interpret results.

Summary
In this review, we describe using examples the recent advances in the genetic diagnosis of neuromuscular disorders, in research and clinical practice and the latest developments that are underway in next-generation sequencing. We also discuss the latest collaborative initiatives such as the Genomics England (Department of Health, UK) genome sequencing project that combine rare disease clinical phenotyping with genomics, with the aim of defining the vast majority of rare disease genes in patients as well as modifying risks and pharmacogenomics factors.
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society: EEG Guidelines Introduction
Authors: Tsuchida Tammy N. , Acharya Jayant N. , Halford Jonathan J. , Kuratani John D. , Sinha Saurabh R. , Stecker Mark M. , Tatum William O. , Drislane Frank W. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current EEG technology and practice. “Standards of practice in clinical electroencephalography” (previously Guideline 4) has been removed. It is currently undergoing revision through collaboration among multiple medical societies and will become part of “Qualifications and Responsibilities of Personnel Performing and Interpreting Clinical Neurophysiology Procedures.” The remaining guidelines are reordered and renumbered.
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 2: Guidelines for Standard Electrode Position Nomenclature
Authors: Acharya Jayant N. , Hani Abeer , Cheek Janna , Thirumala Partha , Tsuchida Tammy N. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 5. While the 10-10 system of electrode position nomenclature has been accepted internationally for almost two decades, it has not been used universally. The reasons for this and clinical scenarios when the 10-10 system provides additional localizing information are discussed in this revision. In addition, situations in which AF1/2, AF5/6, PO1/2 and PO5/6 electrode positions may be utilized for EEG recording are discussed.
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 3: A Proposal for Standard Montages to Be Used in Clinical EEG
Authors: Acharya Jayant N. , Hani Abeer J. , Thirumala Partha D. , Tsuchida Tammy N. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
This revision to the EEG Guidelines is an update incorporating current electroencephalography technology and practice and was previously published as Guideline 6. A discussion of methodology for the appropriate selection of reference electrodes is added. In addition, montages are added to assist with localization of abnormal activity in mesial frontal and anterior temporal regions.
American Clinical Neurophysiology Society Guideline 4: Recording Clinical EEG on Digital Media
Authors: Halford Jonathan J. , Sabau Dragos , Drislane Frank W. , Tsuchida Tammy N. , Sinha Saurabh R. 
Published: August 2016

Summary:
Digital EEG recording systems are now widely available and relatively inexpensive. They offer multiple advantages over previous analog/paper systems, such as higher fidelity recording, signal postprocessing, automated detection, and efficient data storage. This document provides guidance for the creation of digital EEG recordings including (1) documentation of patient information, (2) notation of information during the recording, (3) digital signal acquisition parameters during the recording, (4) storage of digital information, and (5) display of digital EEG signals.
Phase Synchronization Analysis of Natural Wake and Sleep States in Healthy Individuals Using a Novel Ensemble Phase Synchronization Measure
Authors: Nayak Chetan S. , Bhowmik Aakash , Prasad Pradeep D. , Pati Sandipan , Choudhury Kalyan K. , Majumdar Kaushik K. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
Electrical activity in the brain is presumed to arise from a combination of tonic asynchronous neuronal firing during wake and a synchronized, burst-pause firing of large number of neurons during sleep. This study aims to compare the phase synchronization index (SI) across multiple channels during wake and various sleep stages on scalp electroencephalographic recordings.

Methods:
Forty healthy subjects were subjected to overnight polysomnography using 8-channel electroencephalography. Electroencephalographic phase synchronization during awake, non–rapid eye movement (N1, N2, N3), and rapid eye movement sleep states was studied using ensemble measure (multichannel measure across all the eight channels based on Hilbert transformation between any two pairs).

Results:
With the progression of states of wakefulness to non–rapid eye movement sleep, there was progressive increase in phase SI in delta band while SI decreased in alpha band (P < 0.001). The SI in delta band during rapid eye movement was comparable with that of awake state (P < 0.001). In theta band, SI tends to decrease in N2 and increase in N3 (P < 0.001). In beta band, there was progressive increase in SI from awake to non–rapid eye movement stages that decreased in rapid eye movement stage (P < 0.001).

Conclusions:
This is the first study that has used an ensemble measure to assess the long-range cortical phase synchronization during awake and various sleep stages. The findings support the previous view of increased delta synchrony during non–rapid eye movement sleep and alpha synchrony during wakefulness. Rapid eye movement stage was characterized by marked desynchrony in all frequency bands. These findings suggest the possible role of cortical synchronization in influencing the occurrence of epileptic activity during sleep and awake states.
Unilateral Mu Rhythm and Associated Cortical Lesions on Brain MRI
Authors: Yamak Wissam R. , Beydoun Ahmad A. , Dirani Maya M. , Toufaili Hassan A. , El Hajj Taghrid I. , Nasreddine Wassim M. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
The purpose of this study was to assess the frequency of occurrence of a unilateral mu rhythm and the associated neuroimaging findings on dedicated epilepsy protocol brain MRI.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed the EEG reports database at the American University of Beirut Medical Center between 2011 and 2014 searching for the presence of a unilateral mu rhythm. For patients with a unilateral mu rhythm, we recorded the patients' demographics, number of EEGs performed, characteristics of the mu activity, and the findings on the epilepsy protocol brain MRIs.

Results:
A total of 7986 patients underwent 9,509 EEG between 2011 and 2014. Four patients (0.05%) aged between 19 and 55 years had evidence of a unilateral mu rhythm. Three patients were diagnosed with localization-related epilepsy and one with syncope. The brain MRIs showed cortical lesions involving the parietal cortex, ipsilateral to the unilateral mu rhythm in the three patients with epilepsy.

Conclusions:
A unilateral mu rhythm is a rare phenomenon on the scalp EEG that should prompt a search for an ipsilateral lesion, even in the absence of additional EEG abnormalities.
Measuring the Severity of Neonatal Seizures: Temporal-Spatial Burden
Authors: Smith Douglas M. , Dicker Lee H. , Davis Malcolm J. , Clancy Robert R. 
Published: August 2016

Purpose:
The American Clinical Neurophysiology Society recommends measuring neonatal seizures' severity by their frequency (number of seizures-anywhere per hour), burden (percentage of time with seizures-anywhere), or on a region-by-region, temporal-spatial basis. This study compares two reduced-channel montages for temporal-spatial seizure burden analyses and examines the agreement of seizures' quantification among these three methodologies.

Methods:
A convenience sample of 10 neonatal electroencephalograms was annotated for the beginnings and ends of seizures, which appeared anywhere in the full neonatal montage, then repeated on a more precise, region-by-region basis using 2 reduced-channel montages A and B. Seizure severity was measured by seizures-anywhere frequency, seizures-anywhere burden, and temporal-spatial seizure burdens using montages A and B. The results were compared by measuring their correlation and by linear regression modeling.

Results:
Seizures-anywhere frequency was correlated with seizures-anywhere burden (ρ = 0.77). However, a narrow range of seizures-anywhere frequencies corresponded with a broad range of seizures-anywhere burdens. Although there was high correlation between seizures-anywhere burdens and temporal-spatial seizure burdens (ρ = 0.92 montage A, ρ = 0.90 montage B), seizures-anywhere burdens were insensitive to variations in the spatial aspects of seizures, which were highly prevalent even in this small sample set. After adjusting for intrareader variability, the temporal-spatial seizure burdens measured by montages A and B were not significantly different (P = 0.56).

Conclusions:
The severity of neonatal seizures is poorly represented by simple measures such as seizures-anywhere frequencies or burdens. The use of temporal-spatial seizure burden measurements is supported in work where great precision in quantifying neonatal seizures is required.