bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Microstructural And Microchemical Analysis of Chalcopyrite Cu(In,Ga)Se2 Films
Authors: Li Chun-Ming , Lei Chang-Hui , Robertson Ian M. , Rockett Angus 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe microstructure and microchemistry of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) films have been analyzed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Specimens were obtained from a number of groups producing high-performance solar cells from these materials. Both plan-view and cross-sectional TEM samples were prepared by mechanical grinding and ion milling. Twins can be found easily within the films while dislocations are present only in a few grains and with low density. No extended structural defects such as stacking faults were discovered. X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy was used to study the chemical composition of grains and grain boundaries. Experimental results showed no difference between the composition in the grain interiors and the grain boundary. In addition, there is no obvious enhancement of oxygen and sodium at grain boundaries. Structural depth dependences were also not found.
Point Defect Changes in CuGaSe2 Induced by Gas Annealing
Authors: Yamada Akimasa , Nishio Akihiko , Fons Paul. , Shibata Hajime , Matsubara Koji , Niki Shigeru , Nakanishi Hisayuki 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEpitaxial CuGaSe2 films were grown on GaAs substrates under Cu-excess conditions to obtain stoichiometric compositions. The films were annealed in Ar, Sex or O2 ambients with or without a Cu or Cu-Se cap layer with the intention of changing the intrinsic defect concentrations. Samples were evaluated using low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) measurements. Annealing of the samples dramatically changed the PL spectra indicating that not only interdiffusion had occurred, but defect species and populations were changed. Comprehensive consideration of the changes led to the conclusion that the emissions at 1.62 eV, 1.66 eV and in the range from 1.2 to 1.4 eV are related to specific defects of Se vacancies, Cu vacancy-Se vacancy complexes and interstitial Cu, respectively.
Electronic and Chemical Phenomena at Cu(In, Ga)Se2/CdS Heterojunctions and Their Implications for Photovoltaic Devices
Authors: Liao Dongxiang , Rockett Angus 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe surface chemical composition of Cu(In, Ga)Se2 (CIGS) alloys and CIGS/CdS interfaces are characterized by photoelectron emission spectroscopy. The results show that there is a severe but shallow (1-2 atomic layers) Cu depletion at {112} surfaces of CuInSe2 epitaxial films, consistent with earlier results. The depletion is not due to the existence of ordered defect compounds, but likely a result of the reconstruction of polar CIGS surfaces. Cd was found incorporated into the top 1-2 atomic layers of Cu-poor surfaces of CIGS, which may explain the n-type surface inversion in finished devices. These results and others formed the basis of a numerical model of CIGS solar cells. It is argued from the experimental and simulation results that the performance of devices based on high Ga content alloys may be reduced by failure to dope the surface of CuGaSe2 sufficiently n-type. The effect of observed defect states on the energy gap is considered, in particular with respect to pinning of the Fermi level near the heterojunction. By contrast, devices based on high In-content alloys show strong surface inversion in CIGS/CdS heterojunctions, which is suggestive of an effect of Cd incorporation in the CIGS surface.
Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 Absorbers Formed by Rapid Thermal Processing of Elemental Precursors: Analysis of Thin Film Formation and Implementation of A Large Area Industrial Process
Authors: Palm Joerg , Probst V. , Stetter W. , Toelle R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLarge area Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 thin films (CIGSSe) for solar modules are processed by rapid thermal annealing of stacked elemental layers. A pilot line for 60×90 cm2 absorbers and 30×30cm2 modules is now up and running. Modules with efficiencies at 12% are fabricated with excellent structural and electrical uniformity. For the optimization of electrical performance the selenization and sulfurization process is analyzed by x-ray fluorescence (XRFA), x-ray photo-electron spectroscopy (XPS), secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and current voltage (I-V) measurements. Sequentially processed CIGSSe films show characteristic depth distribution profiles of gallium and sulfur. Based upon our previously published model obtained by In-Situ XRD analysis the Ga profile can be explained by the strongly inhibited formation of binary gallium-selenides. The sulfur incorporation is investigated by comparing XRFA data and SIMS profiles of samples from different sulfurization recipes. A characteristic dependence of S on the Cu/(In+Ga) ratio is observed. Two different mechanisms for sulfur incorporation are proposed. It will be shown that the accumulation of sulfur towards the back is predominantly due to the incorporation into an intermediate molybdenum sulfo-selenide layer. Device characterization shows that the Ga and S profiles lead to a favorable double band gap grading structure.
Current Status and Future Prospects of CISCuT Based Solar Cells and Modules
Authors: Tober Olaf , Wienke Jeannette , Winkler Michael , Penndorf Jürgen , Griesche Joachim 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCISCuT - CIS on Cu-Tape - has been established as a new thin film technology, in which Cu/In/S based solar cells are continuously fabricated on a Cu-tape in a series of consecutive roll-to-roll processes. Flexible modules encapsulated into polymer foils are assembled by interconnecting stripes of this tape cell in a roof-tile manner in an automated assembly line. J-V characteristics that show efficiencies of 9 % so far and that have been certified by the Frauenhofer Institut Solare Energiesysteme are presented. Stability tests over more than 8000 hours show promising results. Best results obtained from cells and from modules that have automatically been assembled to different areas are compared. This comparison gives insight into how the different roll-to-roll processes including the assembling of the module influence the overall quality of the module. Latest results including the unique mechanical properties of CISCuT-based solar cells and modules are highlighted. An outlook on the future prospects of this exciting technology is given.
In-Situ XRD Studies of Sequential CuIn(Se, S)2 Formation
Authors: Djordjevic Jovana , Rudigier Eveline , Scheer Roland 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe formation of CuInSe2-CuInS2 alloy films from chalcogenisation of different precursors was investigated by in-situ energy dispersive X-ray diffraction (EDXRD). A sequential synthesis procedure was used. Copper and indium (Cu/In = 1.8) were sputtered on molybdenum coated soda-lime glass and selenium was introduced as a layer of elemental selenium or as a In2Se3 layer. Such prepared precursor films were then sulfurized in elemental sulfur vapor. The effects of the selenium precursors and the influence of sulfurization conditions on the resulting absorber films composition and properties were investigated. It is shown that from different precursors, chalcopyrite phases are formed via significantly different formation pathways which are investigated in detail.
Investigation of CdZnTe for Thin-Film Tandem Solar Cell Applications
Authors: Dhere Ramesh , Gessert Tim , Zhou Jie , Asher Sally , Pankow Joel , Moutinho Helio 
Published: May 2017

AbstractModeling of two-junction tandem devices shows that for optimal device performance, the bandgap of the top cell should be around 1.6-1.8 eV. CdZnTe alloys can be tailored to yield bandgaps in the desired range. In this study, three approaches were used to fabricate these films. The CdTe and ZnTe films were deposited by close-spaced sublimation (CSS) and radio-frequency sputtering (RFS) techniques respectively. In the first approach, we used mixed powders of CdTe and ZnTe as the source for film deposition by CSS. Even for the ZnTe/CdTe (95:5 ratio) source material, the deposited films were entirely CdTe due to higher vapor pressure of CdTe. In the second approach, we used pre-alloyed CdZnTe powders (CERAC, Inc.) as the source. Due to the lower sticking coefficient of Zn, even for the source composition of 75% Zn, these films contained very low quantities of Zn (∼5%). We tried unsuccessfully to increase the Zn content in the films by confining Zn vapor by enclosing the region between the source and substrate, reducing the substrate temperature to 400°C, and adjusting the source/substrate distance. Finally, we used thin-film couples consisting of 300-nm-thick CdTe deposited by CSS and 300-nm-thick ZnTe deposited by RFS; the samples were then heat-treated in cadmium chloride vapor. Compositional analysis of the samples showed extensive interdiffusion of Cd and Zn for the annealed samples. We will present the data on the various stack configurations of CdTe and ZnTe, the effect of different post-deposition anneals, the effect of oxygen on the interdiffusion and alloy formation and its possible correlation to the device performance degradation.
Reduction of Micro-Cracks in Large Diameter InxGa1-xSb Bulk Crystals
Authors: Vogel Juliet , Dutta Partha S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe ternary alloy, InxGa1-xSb, is a compound semiconductor of tunable bandgap in the range of 0.18 - 0.72 eV, making it useful for infrared optoelectronic devices. Utilizing a unique system based upon vertical Bridgman technique, large diameter (50 millimeter) InxGa1-xSb polycrystals of composition ranging in x from 0.015 to 0.988 have been grown. Methods of mixing the melt during solidification, including the accelerated crucible rotation technique (ACRT), have been used in conjunction with optimization of the furnace temperature gradient profile to significantly reduce micro-cracking in the crystal boules while accelerating the growth rate from less than a millimeter per hour to three millimeters per hour. In this paper, the experimental system and crystal growth parameters for a set of ternary experiments will be detailed. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of vertical cross-sections of In0.15Ga0.85Sb samples show a 95.8 percent reduction in micro-cracking resulting from specific melt mixing schemes. The mechanism for micro-crack removal during bulk alloy growth will be discussed briefly.
Role of Surface Band Gap Widening in Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 Thin-Films for the Photovoltaic Performance of ZnO/CdS/Cu(In, Ga)(Se, S)2 Heterojunction Solar Cells
Authors: Rau U. , Turcu M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNumerical simulations are used to investigate the role of the Cu-poor surface defect layer on Cu(In, Ga)Se2 thin-films for the photovoltaic performance of ZnO/CdS/Cu(In, Ga)Se2 heterojunction solar cells. We model the surface layer either as a material which is n-type doped, or as a material which is type-inverted due to Fermi-level pinning by donor-like defects at the interface with CdS. We further assume a band gap widening of this layer with respect to the Cu(In, Ga)Se2 bulk. This feature turns out to represent the key quality of the Cu(In, Ga)Se2 surface as it prevents recombination at the absorber/CdS buffer interface. Whether the type inversion results from n-type doping or from Fermi-level pinning is only of minor importance as long as the surface layer does not imply a too large number of excess defects in its bulk or at its interface with the normal absorber. With increasing number of those defects an n-type layer proofs to be less sensitive to material deterioration when compared to the type-inversion by Fermi-level pinning. For wide gap chalcopyrite solar cells the internal valence band offset between the surface layer and the chalcopyrite appears equally vital for the device efficiency. However, the unfavorable band-offsets of the ZnO/CdS/Cu(In, Ga)Se2 heterojunction limit the device efficiency because of the deterioration of the fill factor.
Photometric CIELAB Analysis of the Gingiva: A Novel Approach to Assess Response to Periodontal Therapy
Authors: Mayer Yaniv , Ginesin Ofir , Machtei Eli E. 
Published: May 2017

Background: A new photometric method is introduced for assessment of gingival condition and changes after periodontal therapy.Methods: Clinical data (probing depth [PD], plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], bleeding on probing [BOP], and clinical attachment level) and photographs from 53 participants (26 males and 27 females) undergoing initial periodontal treatment were used for this analysis. Each maxillary anterior area was photographed before and 3 months after treatment. Digital image analysis was performed around one incisional tooth, and color data were expressed in terms of L*, a*, and b* values in accordance with the CIELAB color space. Non‐parametric Mann–Whitney U test was used for within‐group comparisons of disease resolution, as well as means and standard deviations of clinical parameters and ΔL, Δa, and Δb values from baseline to re‐evaluation.Results: Significant reduction in mean PI, GI, PD, and BOP were found after treatment in all groups (P <0.001). Significant differences (P <0.05) were recorded by diagnosis of chronic periodontitis in the a* coordinate when comparing treatment results with the baseline (P <0.004).Conclusion: Results of this study suggest potential benefit in using photometric analysis to assess gingival changes after therapy.
Séroprévalence de divers orbivirus chez les animaux domestiques en Algérie
Authors: Madani Hafsa , Casal Jordi 
Published: May 2017

The objective of this work was to determine the prevalence of bluetongue (BT), African horse sickness (AHS) and epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) in Algeria and the possible pres­ence of new virus serotypes. A cross-sectional survey was con­ducted between August and September 2008. The epidemiologi­cal unit was the herd. Analyses were carried out for detection of BT and EHD in cattle herds, BT in sheep, camels and goats, and AHS in donkeys. All the animals were between six and twelve months of age in order to avoid detection of antibodies due to previous outbreaks. Random sampling was performed supposing a herd prevalence of 2% and a within-herd prevalence of 30%. According to these hypotheses, eight animals per herd in 145 herds were sampled, for a total sample size of 1168 animals. Competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays were used for BT virus and AHS virus antibody detection, whereas EHD virus antibodies were detected with reagents prepared by the Institute for Animal Health. Out of 1423 sampled animals, 372 (26.1%) had antibodies against BT virus. Positive animals were present in all the regions, except in one. The prevalence in cattle, sheep, goats and camels was 30, 14, 47 and 22%, respectively. A more accurate analysis was being carried out at time of writing to determine possible factors that can be related to these different prevalences. Out of 849 cattle, 66 (7.8%) presented antibodies against EHD virus. Positive animals were detected in 12 of the 20 regions sampled. For AHS, all of the 195 analyzed donkeys were found positive.
Passé et futur : études de morphologie et de biologie moléculaire des <em>Culicoides</em>
Authors: Alexandre-Pires Graça , Diaz S. , Meireles J. , Boinas Fernando , Pereira da Fonseca Isabel 
Published: May 2017

Culicoides are the biological vectors of bluetongue virus, an arbovirus transmitted by females after the ingestion of blood from viraemic animals. Conventional microscopy is usually used for taxonomic characterization and recently molecular charac­terization became a very useful tool to differentiate species with similar morphological characteristics, such as those belonging to Culicoides Obsoletus complex and C. dewulfi. On the other hand, scanning electronic microscopy (SEM) allows the visuali­zation of very small details, which can also be used in Culicoides species identification as a complement of other methods. In this work we performed both techniques in order to detect simulta­neously subtle features. Female and male specimens of Culicoides obsoletus sensu stricto, C. scoticus and C. dewulfi were washed in ethylic alcohol in gradients until 100%, followed by immersion in acetone. The insects were dried using the point drying method, mounted in stubs and coated with gold palladium. Specimens were observed under electronic microscope. Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was extracted individually from 360 specimens of the C. Obsoletus complex (C. obsoletus s.s., C. scoticus) and 18 specimens of C. dewulfi, then analysed by PCR Multiplex. Several images of heads including details of the eyes (contiguous and bare), sensilla, flagellomeres, absence of teeth in the cibarial arch and pharynx, maxillary palps and mouth parts, thorax, abdomen and legs (in both sexes), genitalia, hind tibial comb, and fifth tarsi with empodium and claws are presented. PCR Multiplex results are shown. In this work, the SEM technique was used to show specific morphological details not obtained by optical microscopy of C. obsoletus. The SEM technique may be helpful to differentiate members of Culicoides species complexes and can be comple­mentary to other classification methods of Culicoides. Samples of Culicoides analysed by PCR Multiplex and examined in parallel with SEM might improve the taxonomic classification of these insects.
Evaluation du risque de la présence du vecteur de la fièvre catarrhale ovine basée sur des systèmes d'information géographiques et la modélisation statistique
Authors: Pacheco S. A. , Vaz Y. M. , Fuchs K. 
Published: May 2017

Bluetongue (BT) is among the World Animal Health Organization (OIE) listed diseases due to its potential for rapid spread and serious economic impact on livestock. Because of its epidemiology, in Europe, only Southern countries were affected by the disease in the past. However in the latter half of 2006, an unprecedented outbreak of bluetongue virus (BTV) serotype 8 occurred in North-Western European countries. To define potential regions that are at risk for BT epidemics it is essential to study vector distribution and abundance. This study focused on BT vector spread, mostly in Austria. The objective was to produce risk maps with the more likely areas for vector occurrence and thus to support BT prevention and control. The introductory review gives an overview of the epidemiology of the disease with a focus on the vectors, the recent outbreaks in North-Western Europe, and the importance of statistical model­ling and geographical information systems (GIS) in predicting, preventing and controlling BT. The statistical analysis was mainly based on data from the Austrian entomological surveillance system, weather stations and topo­graphical information. A multiple linear regression model was fitted to the data to predict the occurrence of BTV vectors and subsequently to create risk maps for the whole country. Despite the fact that the limited nature of the data does not allow precise estimation, in general the models indicated that vectors occurred in preferential areas where they could be very abundant. A more detailed analysis should be carried out with a multidisciplinary team including epidemiologists, biologists, meteorologists, ento­mologists, and statisticians, so that the complexity of BT epide­miology may be better understood, and a more efficient process of prevention and control of the disease may be set up.
THE USE OF JAZZ CHANTS TO DEVELOP YEAR 3 PUPILS’ ABILITYTO CONSTRUCT SIMPLE SENTENCES
Authors: Azhar Dina Syafiqa Annur , Naidu Sri Ranjani 
Published: May 2017

This action research attempts to improve teacher’s classroom teaching in developing pupils’ ability to construct simple sentences. Jazz chanting was adapted to teach writing skills and was used as the intervention. This research aimed to describe the extent the use of jazz chants was able to develop Year 3 pupils’ ability to construct simple sentences effectively. Three research participants were chosen among year 3 pupils. The participants were purposefully identified as they had encountered difficulties in constructing simple sentences. Three lessons to exploit the intervention were conducted in this research. The data collection methods that were used in this research to gain insights into the effectiveness of the teacher’s teaching strategy were document analysis consisting of worksheets and a pre-test and a post-test, observation and a semi-structured interview with the participants. The research findings revealed that the teaching with the use of the intervention, jazz chanting, was able to positively impact two participants in constructing simple sentences effectively.Meanwhile, triangulation of the various data also indicated that the teaching aided by the intervention failed to have the expected impact on one participant. Discussion of the research findings and conclusion had highlighted the researcher’s pertinent reflection and suggestions for further improvement on the intervention and for future research.
PREPARING HUMAN RESOURCES WITH AFFORDABLE COST
Authors: Admin Admin , Mashudi Mashudi 
Published: May 2017

Coming from the experience of living in two different situations, namely in the area of subcultures of Mataraman from birth up to adults, and further, when one is married, he lives in a subculture arek or coastal area. At this stage, it was found that there are two different phenomena regarding socioeconomic dimension. In the area of subculture Mataraman, the socioeconomic level of parents is low, but it has ahigher level of formal education of the children. In contrast, while in coastal areas, thesocio-economic level of parents is high but has alowerlevel of the children’s formal education.In response to this gap, the author attempts toanswer the question "To what extent culture affect the educational achievement of children?". The finding of thepresent study showed that the higher the cultural dimension of the parents, the higher the level of educational achievement of children.
EXPLORING FACTORS THE CHILDREN’S MEANING IN PARENTS’ PERSPECTIVE: FOCUSING ON EDUCATION, FAMILY STATUS, ORIGINAL COUNTRY, RESIDANCE, AND BELIEF SYSTEM
Authors: Affandi Ghozali Rusyid , Habibah Nur 
Published: May 2017

There are different perceptions about the meaning of childrenin each person. The different is caused by various factors of the parents. Different definition about the child also has an impact on the treatment of parents towards their children. This research aims to explore the factors in defining children by parents, mainly on demographic factors and beliefs on Islam in Asean area. This study involved 94 participants consisting of citizens of Indonesia and Thailand. The data instrument was open ended questionnaire. Data analysis in this study used descriptive analysis in the form of crosstabulation to explore the definition of a childbased on demographic point of view and belief system (the system of beliefs that is owned by the parent on religion). The results show that there was a universal definition of child from different backgrounds including: education, belief system, original country, status in family, and home, namely a child is the mandate (amanah) from Allah SWT. However, the research also shows the unique and various definition of the children which is seen from each factor.