bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1. Some Helps to the Study of Scoto-Celtic Philology
Authors: Neaves  
Published: June 2016

AbstractLord Neaves read a paper entitled “Some Helps to the Study of Scoto-Celtic Philology,” in which, after noticing the mistaken tendencies of the Celtic scholars of former times, both Irish and Scotch, as to the origin and affinities of Gaelic, and adverting to the fact now firmly fixed that it was an Aryan or Indo-Germanic tongue, he submitted a statement of some of the imitations or disguises which words underwent or assumed in passing into Gaelic. Thus it was a peculiarity of Gaelic to avoid the letter p, which it did in various ways. Sometimes it dropped that letter, as when it changed the Latin Pater into Athir, the Latin piscis into iasg, plenus into lán, &c. Sometimes it changed the p into a gutteral c, g, or ch, as seachd for septem, feasgar for vesper.
2. On the Effects of Chloroform, Ethidene Dichloride, and Ether on Blood-Pressure
Authors: Coats Joseph , Ramsay William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDr Coats stated that this communication referred to part of an investigation on the physiological action of anæsthetics, undertaken, at the request of the British Medical Association, by Dr Ramsay, Dr M'Kendrick, and himself.
5. Preliminary Note on Alternants
Authors: Muir Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWhen the elements of the first row of a determinant are all positive integral powers of one quantity, the elements of the second the like positive integral powers of another quantity, and so on, the determinant is called an ALTERNANT; for example, .Every alternant of the nth degree is evidently a function of n variables, viz., the n quantities whose powers are the elements. To interchange two of these variables would be the same as to interchange two of the rows of the determinant, and therefore would have the effect of merely changing the sign of the function. A function having this property, and therefore closely resembling a symmetric function, Cauchy called a symmetric function also distinguishing the two kinds as alternating and permanent.
2. On Minding's System of Forces
Authors: Chrystal  
Published: June 2016

AbstractMinding has proved a remarkable theorem concerning a variable system of forces defined as follows, the points of application of the different forces, and their magnitudes are given, while the directions are such that a pencil of rays through any given point parallel to them moves as a rigid body.Besides Minding's original investigation, several others have been given since. The last of these, due to Professor Tait, rests on purely quaternion methods, and is so elegant and concise that I was led to reinvestigate the whole subject by ordinary methods in the hope that the analysis might have some points of interest.
Remarks by the Chairman, J. H. Balfour, M.D., on delivering to Professor Fleeming Jenkin the Keith Prize
Authors: Balfour J. H. 
Published: June 2016

Professor Jenkin has contributed several valuable papers to our Transactions.In 1869 we had “The Practical Application of Reciprocal Figures to the Calculation of Strains on Framework,” in which he exemplified in a very clear manner the mode of applying to important statical questions a beautiful principle, due in part to Rankine but mainly to Clerk-Maxwell.The paper for which the award of the Keith Prize is now made is more thoroughly original, and may be roughly described as an extension of Maxwell's principle to the kinetics of machinery, where all parts move in one plane. It is entitled “The Application of Graphic Methods to the Determination of the Efficiency of Machinery.” The first part was read to the Society in 1877, and the second in the following year. All three of these papers are in our Transactions.
3. On the Constitution of Adult Bone-Matrix and the Functions of Osteoblasts
Authors: Birch De Burgh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBy tearing thin sheets from the surface of decalcified bones, Sharpey first demonstrated the lamellar nature of bone, and also that these lamellæ have a fibrous structure.The fibres, consisting of two sets crossing each other, were thought to be interwoven in each lamella, and contiguous fibrous laminæ to be separated from each other by a homogeneous ground substance in which the lime salts were mainly situated; alternations of fibrous and homogeneous layers giving rise to the appearance of lamellation.From the researches of V. Ebner and my own investigations, the matrix is undoubtedly throughout fibrous, the lamellar appearance being due to an alternation of layers in which the directions of the fibres differ.
2. On the Processes in Subepiphysal Bone Growth and some points in Bone Resorption
Authors: Birch De Burgh 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSubepiphysal Bone Growth. —Two processes must be noticed in this connection.1st, The replacement of the neck of the cartilaginous head or epipliysis by cancellous tissue as an accompaniment to the rise of the epiphysis caused by the growth of the cartilage forming its neck.The cartilage is channelled by the advancing marrow, the rows of cartilage capsules being opened up.The opening up of the rows of cartilage capsules results from the presence of a capillary blood-vessel forming the head of the column of marrow which lies in immediate contact with the next unopened capsule (Ranvier). The close proximity into which the pabulum is thus brought with the cartilage corpuscle in the unopened capsule nearest it causes it to grow rapidly and absorb the surrounding cartilage, this occurring, quickest in the direction of least resistance that is, towards the marrow.
7. Description of New Astronomical Tables for the Computation of Anomalies
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe planets move round the sun in ellipses, in such a manner that the radii vectores describe areas proportional to the times. Now, by means of parallel lines, we can always project an ellipse upon a plane surface so as to make the projection circular, and thus we have to consider the motion of a point in the circumference of a circle, describing round an excentric point areas proportional to the times. The angle AOQ is called, very inappropriately, the excentric anomaly; I prefer to call it the angle of position. If we suppose a point M to move uniformly along the circumference, with the periodic time of the planet, and to have reached M when the actual projection of the planet is at Q, it is clear that the sector AOM must be equivalent to the area ASQ. The angle AOM is the mean anomaly.
9. Note on the Colouring of Maps
Authors: Guthrie Frederick 
Published: June 2016

From the Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, No. 106, p. 501, it appears the colouring of maps is receiving attention. This note bears chiefly upon the history of the matter.Some thirty years ago, when I was attending Professor De Morgan's class, my brother, Francis Guthrie, who had recently ceased to attend them (and who is now professor of mathematics at the South African University, Cape Town), showed me the fact that the greatest necessary number of colours to be used in colouring a map so as to avoid identity of colour in lineally contiguous districts is four. I should not be justified, after this lapse of time, in trying to give his proof, but the critical diagram was as in the margin. With my brother's permission I submitted the theorem to Professor De Morgan, who expressed himself very pleased with it; accepted it as new; and, as I am informed by those who subsequently attended his classes, was in the habit of acknowledging whence he had got his information.
III.—Some Observations on the Thymus Gland in the Fowl
Authors: Greenwood A. W. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryCertain tentative conclusions may be drawn regarding the relationship between the involution of the thymus gland and the gonads in the fowl.(1) At maturity the male possesses thymus substance considerably greater in amount than that characteristic of the female.(2) Successful ovarian grafting in complete males induces a female grade involution of the thymus.Intermediate grades between male and female thymus follow the implantation of ovary to males in certain cases, although in these no grafts were recovered at the post-mortem examination.Since only small ovarian grafts have been recovered from males with a female type of thymus, it is evident that the reaction is a delicately balanced one requiring only a relatively small amount of ovarian tissue to determine the degree of involution.(3) Partial ovariotomy, when performed before sexual maturity, produces no deviation from the female type of thymus.(4) Castration and ovariotomy cause a delay in the involution of the thymus.(5) Successful implantation of testes to complete males has no effect on the size of the thymus.(6) No inference may be drawn from the results of partial castration and the degree of thymus involution.(7) A definite relationship exists between gonad and thymus involution in the fowl.
IX.—Studies in Translocation. No. I.—Movement of Food-materials in the Swedish Turnip
Authors: Caldwell John 
Published: June 2016

Summary(1) An attempt has been made to prove experimentally that there is definite localisation of translocation in the plant.(2) This localisation is brought about by the almost complete absence of easy cross-transfer of materials in the plant tissues. It affects the movement of both salts and elaborated food-materials.(3) The fact that movement upwards and downwards is easy while lateral movement is almost completely absent is clearly demonstrated where it is shown that the materials which are elaborated in the leaves on one side of. the swede plant are stored as reserved food-materials in the portion of the bulb on the same side.(4) It is also shown that this localisation is found in the case of other plants, and that it offers a new method of attacking a variety of problems which at the present time present some difficulty of interpretation.
X.—The Morphology of Trichomanes aphlebioides Christ, with special reference to the Aphlebioid Leaves
Authors: Williams S. 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. The morphology and anatomy of Trichomanes aphlebioides Christ, a species endemic to New Guinea, is shortly described.2. The most outstanding feature of the species is the presence of aphlebioid leaves. These latter are shown to be the modified first fronds of the axillary branches.3. The anatomy of the alphebioid leaves is described. They show great reduction in relation to the humid conditions of the high forests in which the plant grows.4. The morphology of aphlebiæ and aphlebioid leaves is briefly discussed.5. No experimental evidence is available with regard to the function of the aphlebioid leaves. Mention is made, however, of the various suggestions which have been put forward in relation to this question.
2. On the Effect of Reduction of Temperature on the Coagulation of the Blood
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

In an excellent little work recently published on elementary physiology, its author, when treating of the blood and its coagulation, remarks that a low temperature retards its coagulation; and that “blood kept at the freezing-point of water will not coagulate at all.” He adds: “Blood thus kept fluid will, however, coagulate when its temperature is raised; and blood has been thus cooled and warmed till near coagulation for three successive times without losing its coagulability.”That the lowering the temperature of the blood retards its coagulation is now unquestionable; but the statement that it does not coagulate at all at the freezing-point of water, is new to me.
2. Note on the Occasional Occurrence of the Musculus Rectus Thoracis in Man
Authors: Turner  
Published: June 2016

During the last winter session, I communicated to the Society a paper on the “Musculus Sternalis,” in which I argued that the longitudinally arranged muscle, occasionally found superficial to the sternal fibres of origin of the pectoralis major, was not, as anatomists have usually described it, homologous with the anterior or thoracic fibres of the mammalian rectus, but belonged to another group of muscles.Since that time I have met with two subjects in the dissecting-room, in each of which a longitudinal muscle occurred, lying in contact with the outer surface of the anterior extremities of the upper true ribs, and beneath the fibres of the pectoral muscle, which is, from the position, direction, and connection of its fibres, I believe to be regarded as homologous with the thoracic end of the mammalian rectus.
2. On the Temperature of the Common Fowl (Gallus domesticus)
Authors: Davy John 
Published: June 2016

Before proceeding to read Dr Davy's paper, Professor Allman made the following remarks:—The duty has devolved on me of being the medium through which the paper just announced should be communicated to the Society—a duty not unmixed with melancholy; for when the distinguished author of that paper had placed it in the hands of the Council, there was nothing to prevent our looking forward to a continuance of those labours with whose results the pages of your Transactions have been so often enriched. But the pen which had worked unwearyingly for nearly sixty years is at last still; and the paper now before you closes in for ever the earthly labours of its author.
3. Note on an Inequality
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The tendency of the air contained in a soap-bubble is to expand in bulk, while that of the film is to contract in surface. Hence it becomes a curious question to decide whether both of these tendencies are not satisfied when two or more bubbles unite into one.The excess of pressure inside a bubble, of radius r, over the pressure of the external air, iswhere T is the contractile force of the film.
2. Remarks on two Pyramid Papers in the last published Number of the “Proceedings” of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Authors: Smyth Piazzi 
Published: June 2016

On the 10th of March last I had the honour of receiving, in the usual course of publication, a copy of the 75th Number of our Society's Proceedings.Within that Number's few pages, there are no less than two distinct essays, mainly, if not entirely, on “the Great Pyramid, “and my views respecting it.”Both these essays, though by able and ingenious men, are yet unfortunately based to such an extent on needlessly imperfect data, that the superintending Secretary might have justifiably returned the MSS. to their respective eminent authors, with suggestions for improvement in the improvable particulars, before publishing them under the auspices, and at the expense of the Society.
4. On Rhabdopleura, a New Genus of Polyzoa
Authors: Allman  
Published: June 2016

Professor Allman described a new genus of Polyzoa, obtained by the Rev. A. M. Norman and Mr J. Gwyn Jeffreys, from deep-sea dredgings in Shetland.Its cœnœcium consists of a branched tube, partly adherent and partly free, the free portion forming tubes of egress, through which the polypides move in the acts of exsertion and retraction. In the walls of the adherent portion a rigid chitinous rod is developed along their attached side, and to this rod the polypides are connected from distance to distance each by a flexible cord or funiculus.
On the Basin of the Firth of Forth, and some of its Geological Phenomena
Authors: Milne-Home David 
Published: June 2016

I. An account was given of the dimensions of the estuary, in respect of length, width, and depth; and also of the general direction of the axis of the estuary.II. It was next shown that the formation of the estuary was probably due to the great geological fractures and dislocations which had taken place in this part of Scotland, inasmuch as the direction of these was parallel, or nearly so, to the axis of the estuary, and as the downcasts in the adjoining counties on the north and the south were all towards the estuary, thus producing a trough or valley, deep enough to be entered and filled by the sea.
1. Preliminary Report on the Tunicata of the “Challenger” Expedition. Part III.
Authors: Herdman W. A. 
Published: June 2016

This family includes two of Savigny's genera—Boltenia and Cynthia, and may be defined by their common characters if we omit or modify one point on which considerable stress is usually laid, namely, the number of lobes round the branchial and atrial apertures.The amended definition of the family is as follows:—Body attached, sessile or pedunculated; apertures four-lobed or having less than four lobes.Test coriaceous; rarely cartilaginous or gelatinous.
7. On some Space-Loci
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The class of problems treated is one to which considerable attention has been paid of late, as for instance by Glaisher and others in this country, and by Mannheim, &c, abroad.Two years ago (Proc. 1879, p. 200), in connection with Minding's Theorem, I investigated the space-locus of the feet of perpendiculars from the origin on the rays of a complex. These were found to fill the space bounded by the two sheets of the reciprocal of a Fresnel's wave-surface. The method I employed is capable of very extended application in the same direction, and the following general process is applicable to all the problems I have seen treated by the authors above referred to.
5. On Quaternion Integration
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The Chairman closed the session with the following remarks:—I have now, in a very few words, to close this session, and in so doing I beg to remind you that it is the ninety-ninth session of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. This Society, which was originally an offshoot of the University of Edinburgh, was first started, on the suggestion of Principal Robertson, towards the close of 1782. So that in the latter part of next year you will be able to announce your hundredth birthday. The Society came into existence just one year after its late distinguished President, Sir David Brewster, who was born in December 1781. While individuals pass away, age brings no decrepitude, but rather the reverse, to universities and scientific bodies.
1. The Historic Evidence for the Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum
Authors: Cazenove  
Published: June 2016

It will conduce to clearness if, before making any remarks, I take the liberty of reproducing the title of this address in a slightly enlarged form. In order to convey a precise idea of my object, it will be desirable to frame it thus:—“On the Evidence (prior to the Excavations commenced in A.D. 1755) for the Destruction of Pompeii and Herculaneum by the Eruption of Vesuvius in A.D. 79.”It will be seen from this way of putting the case, that I propose to confine my attention to documentary evidence. The reference to Vesuvius is also important, because it might conceivably be maintained, and indeed it has been maintained within the present century, that these cities were destroyed by other agencies, and not by the outburst of the neighbouring volcano.
1. The Effect of Flame on the Electric Discharge
Authors: Macfarlane A. , Rintoul D. 
Published: June 2016

The properties of flames of various kinds as generating electricity and as serving to conduct a voltaic current, as also their behaviour under the influence of a charge of electricity, have been investigated by several philosophers. But, so far as we know, the effect of flame on the electric spark has not been methodically observed, or at all events has not been methodically measured. This was the problem which at the opening of the College session presented itself to us, and the results now attained by a course of experimenting appear capable of throwing some light on the solution.We first made a number of tentative experiments, for the purpose of finding out the general aspect of the phenomena, and the conditions most favourable for exact measurement. An ordinary Bunsen burner served to supply a flame luminous or non-luminous. It was always connected with the earth, and the charged body was in general a disc of 4 inches diameter, connected along with a large Leyden jar to the insulated conductor of a Holtz machine. We tried the disc in a position above the flames, but found that the disturbing conditions introduced were, as was to be expected, rather numerous, namely, the heating of the disc and the covering of it with soot, and the melting of the gutta-percha covering of the connecting wire. Hence for a series of measurements we preferred the disc placed in a position at the side, as represented in the accompanying figures. (See Plate IV. a).
1. On the Figures of Equilibrium of a Rotating Mass of Fluid
Authors: Thomson William 
Published: June 2016

(a) The oblate ellipsoid of revolution is proved in Thomson and Tait's Natural Philosophy (first edition, § 776, and the Table of § 772) to be stable, if the condition of being an ellipsoid of revolution be imposed. It is obviously not stable for very great eccentricities without this double condition of being both a figure of revolution and ellipsoidal.(b) If the condition of being a figure of revolution is imposed, without the condition of being an ellipsoid, there is, for large enough moment of momentum, an annular figure of equilibrium which is stable, and an ellipsoidal figure which is unstable. It is probable, that for moment of momentum greater than one definite limit and less than another, there is just one annular figure of equilibrium, consisting of a single ring.
4. Note on the Absorption of Sea-Water
Authors: Aitken John 
Published: June 2016

In a letter to Professor Tait, dated Mentone, 14th April 1882, Mr. Aitken says :—Since coming here this time, I have tested the sea with the polariscope and with the spectroscope. With an instrument by Hoffman, which gives coloured bands with polarized light, I have been able to detect small, but decided indications of polarization in the light internally reflected by the water, the surface reflection being, of course, cut off when the observation was made. At present I think the polarization is due to regular reflection from the polished surfaces of some of the particles, which are seen to glance brightly in concentrated sunlight.I have also detected an absorption band in the green of the spectrum of the light internally reflected by the Mediterranean water. This band is much more distinct in water where there are but few reflecting particles, and the light undergoes a great amount of selective absorption.
2. Report of the Boulder Committee, with Remarks by the Convener
Authors: Home Milne 
Published: June 2016

The Convener being now no longer able to climb hills, or walk to any considerable distance, his own contribution of information to the Committee is, this year, exceedingly small.The only place visited by him during last autumn was East Loch Tarbert, Loch Fyne, at the suggestion of Mr. Alexander of Lochgilphead, whose services to the Convener during the two previous years were peculiarly valuable.
3. On the Condition of Ammonium Salts when dissolved in Water
Authors: Nicol W. W. J. 
Published: June 2016

When a salt, such as sodium chloride, which crystallises at ordinary temperatures without water of crystallisation, is dissolved in water, contraction takes place; that is, the specific gravity of the solution is greater than that calculated for a solution of that strength from the specific gravity of the salt in the solid state and that of water, by the formula—Where—
Abstract of Paper on the “Digestion of Sugars.”
Authors: Robertson W. G. Aitchison 
Published: June 2016

Most individuals consume daily nearly a pound of carbohydrate food in the form of starch or sugar.The cheapness of sugar in recent times has led to its increased consumption. In 1891 the annual consumpt of cane sugar alone per head of the population was estimated at 80 lbs.There can be no doubt that the increased consumption of sugar has been followed by an increase in the number of cases of acid dyspepsia, which may in some individuals become so troublesome that they are obliged to abandon saccharine articles of diet as much as possible.