bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Decoupled fungal and bacterial functional responses to biochar amendment drive rhizosphere priming effect on soil organic carbon mineralization
Authors: He Chao , Harindintwali Jean Damascene , Cui Hao , Zheng Weiwei , Zhu Qingyang , Chang Scott X. , Wang Fang , Yang Jingping 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe application of biochar to soil is widely recognized as a promising strategy for enhancing the accumulation and stability of soil organic carbon (SOC), which is crucial in mitigating climate change. However, the influence of interactions between plants and biochar on soil microbial communities and their involvement in SOC mineralization and stability remains unclear. This understanding is essential for optimizing carbon (C) sequestration in systems involving plants, soil, and biochar. In this study, employing a 13C natural abundance approach, we investigated the effect of biochar on the maize rhizosphere priming effect (RPE) in paddy soil. We also examined alterations in microbial communities and functional genes related to C degradation and fixation. Over the 99 days of maize growth, biochar application increased RPE and total SOC while decreasing dissolved organic C. It also elevated soil pH, resulting in shifts in fungal and bacterial community structure, favoring oligotrophic species. Fungal and bacterial assemblies were dominated by deterministic and stochastic processes, respectively. While the abundance of fungal guilds varied irregularly, bacterial guilds were uniformly enriched under biochar-plant interactions. Functional traits such as ecoenzymatic activities, bacterial guilds, and functional genes predominantly affected RPE under biochar application. Bacterial functional genes associated with C degradation and fixation were concurrently enhanced with biochar application. Our results indicate that interactions between plants and biochar can enhance native SOC mineralization and accumulation in a short timeframe by modulating functional traits of soil microorganisms, particularly the bacterial community involved in C degradation and fixation.
Graphical Abstract
Temperature Effects on Traffic Load-Induced Accumulating Strains in Flexible Pavement Structures
Authors: Vámos Máté János , Szendefy János 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRutting is a major distress mode in flexible pavements, results from the repetitive loading caused by traffic movement. Pavement deformation consists of both recoverable (elastic) and unrecoverable (plastic) components. The continuous movement of vehicles contributes to the overall deformation in the flexible pavement system, involving all pavement components. In regions with hot climates or in the hot summer season, rutting tends to be more prominent due to the substantial reduction in the viscosity of the asphalt binder. This decrease in viscosity, which is inversely linked to rutting, occurs as temperatures rise, leading to a heightened susceptibility of the Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) blend to rut formation. However, according to studies, a significant amount of permanent deformation takes place in the unbound layers beneath the asphalt course, it is therefore essential to prioritize attention on these layers. Temperature exerts besides viscosity a substantial impact on asphalt stiffness, leading to the transfer of higher vertical deviatoric stresses to the unbound layers beneath the asphalt course (base, subbase, subgrade). This research presents a study integrating the High Cycle Accumulation (HCA) model into a laminar model to determine permanent deformations in the unbound granular layer of flexible pavements and taking into account the temperature dependent stiffness of asphalt. Rutting depths at the end of the design lifetime were computed, accounting for seasonal stiffness variations. It was shown that the softer asphalt behavior significantly increases the development of ruts in the underlaying soil layers. The findings were compared with results obtained from mean annual temperature and the typical equivalent asphalt stiffness utilized in fatigue tests. Additionally, an analysis was conducted to assess whether the timing of road implementation influences settlements throughout the design lifetime. The results suggest that the sequence of seasons is most relevant during the first year of service, showing a distinct effect at that time. However, with a higher number of axle passes, the initial differences fade away, and the curves start to merge.
Measuring global urban complexity from the perspective of living structure
Authors: Xue Andy Jingqian , Huang Chenyu , Jiang Bin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAs urban critic Jane Jacobs conceived, a city is essentially the problem of organized complexity. What underlies the complexity refers to a structural factor, called living structure, which is defined as a mathematical structure composed of hierarchically organized substructures. Through these substructures, the complexity of cities, or equivalent to the livingness of urban space (L), can be measured by the multiplication the number of cities or substructures (S) and their scaling hierarchy (H), indicating that complexity is about both quantity of cities and how well the city is organized hierarchically. In other words, complexity emerges from a hierarchical structure where there are far more small cities or substructures than large ones across all scales, and cities are more or less similar within each individual hierarchy. In this paper, we conduct comprehensive case studies to investigate urban complexity on a global scale using multisource geospatial data. We develop an efficient approach to recursively identifying all natural cities with their inner hotspots worldwide through connected component analysis. To characterize urban complexity, urban space is initially represented as a hierarchy of recursively defined natural cities, and all the cities are then represented as a network for measuring the degree of complexity or livingness of the urban space. The results show the Earth’s surface is growing more complex from an economic perspective, and the dynamics of urban complexity are more explicit from nighttime light imagery than from population data. We further discuss the implications in city science, aiming to help create and recreate urban environments that are more resilient and livable by fostering organized complexity from the perspective of living structure.
Mapping coastal resilience: a Gis-based Bayesian network approach to coastal hazard identification for Queensland’s dynamic shorelines
Authors: Durap Ahmet 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCoastal regions worldwide face increasing threats from climate change-induced hazards, necessitating more accurate and comprehensive vulnerability assessment tools. This study introduces an innovative approach to coastal vulnerability assessment by integrating Bayesian Networks (BN) with the modern coastal vulnerability (CV) framework. The resulting BN-CV model was applied to Queensland's coastal regions, with a particular focus on tide-modified and tide-dominated beaches, which constitute over 85% of the studied area. The research methodology involved beach classification based on morphodynamic characteristics, spatial subdivision of Queensland's coast into 78 sections, and the application of the BN-CV model to analyze interactions between geomorphological features and oceanic dynamics. This approach achieved over 90% accuracy in correlating beach types with vulnerability factors, significantly outperforming traditional CVI applications. Key findings include the identification of vulnerability hotspots and the creation of detailed exposure and sensitivity maps for Gold Coast City, Redland City, Brisbane City, and the Sunshine Coast Regional area. The study revealed spatial variability in coastal vulnerability, providing crucial insights for targeted management strategies. The BN-CV model demonstrates superior precision and customization capabilities, offering a more nuanced understanding of coastal vulnerability in regions with diverse beach typologies. This research advocates for the adoption of the BN-CV approach to inform tailored coastal planning and management strategies, emphasizing the need for regular reassessments and sustained stakeholder engagement to build resilience against climate change impacts.Recommendations include prioritizing adaptive infrastructure in high-exposure areas like the Gold Coast, enhancing flood management in Brisbane, improving socio-economic adaptive capacity in Redland, and maintaining natural defences in Moreton Bay. This study contributes significantly to the field of coastal risk management, providing a robust tool for policymakers and coastal managers to develop more effective strategies for building coastal resilience in the face of climate change.
A divide-and-conquer reconstruction method for defending against adversarial example attacks
Authors: Liu Xiyao , Hu Jiaxin , Yang Qingying , Jiang Ming , He Jianbiao , Fang Hui 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn recent years, defending against adversarial examples has gained significant importance, leading to a growing body of research in this area. Among these studies, pre-processing defense approaches have emerged as a prominent research direction. However, existing adversarial example pre-processing techniques often employ a single pre-processing model to counter different types of adversarial attacks. Such a strategy may miss the nuances between different types of attacks, limiting the comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the defense strategy. To address this issue, we propose a divide-and-conquer reconstruction pre-processing algorithm via multi-classification and multi-network training to more effectively defend against different types of mainstream adversarial attacks. The premise and challenge of the divide-and-conquer reconstruction defense is to distinguish between multiple types of adversarial attacks. Our method designs an adversarial attack classification module that exploits the high-frequency information differences between different types of adversarial examples for their multi-classification, which can hardly be achieved by existing adversarial example detection methods. In addition, we construct a divide-and-conquer reconstruction module that utilizes different trained image reconstruction models for each type of adversarial attack, ensuring optimal defense effectiveness. Extensive experiments show that our proposed divide-and-conquer defense algorithm exhibits superior performance compared to state-of-the-art pre-processing methods.
Optimal annuitization under stochastic interest rates
Authors: Dillschneider Yannick , Maurer Raimond , Schober Peter 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe decision about when and how much to annuitize is an important element of the retirement planning of most individuals. Optimal annuitization strategies depend on the individual’s exposure to annuity risk, meaning the possibility of meeting unfavorable personal and market conditions at the time of the annuitization decision. This article studies optimal annuitization strategies within a life-cycle consumption and portfolio choice model, focusing on stochastic interest rates as an important source of annuity risk. Closing a gap in the existing literature, our numerical results across different model variants reveal several typical structural effects of interest rate risk on the annuitization decision, which may however vary depending on preference specifications and alternative investment opportunities: When allowing for gradual annuitization, annuity risk is temporally diversified by spreading annuity purchases over the whole pre-retirement period, with annuity market participation starting earlier in the life cycle and becoming more extensive with increasing interest rate risk. Ruling out this temporal diversification possibility, as embedded in many institutional settings, incurs significant welfare losses, which are increasing with higher interest rate risk, together with larger overall demand for annuitization.
Thickness of Ruth Glacier, Alaska, and depth of its Great Gorge from ice-penetrating radar and mass conservation
Authors: Tober Brandon S. , Christoffersen Michael S. , Holt John W. , Truffer Martin , Larsen Christopher F. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ruth Glacier is situated in the Central Alaska Range, with the Don Sheldon Amphitheater comprising much of its broad accumulation area, directly adjacent to North America's tallest mountain, Denali. From there it funnels through the ‘Great Gorge,’ flanked by steep valley walls reaching over 1500 m. We combine airborne and ground-based radar measurements of ice thickness with satellite-derived surface velocities to constrain ice flux above and below the gorge, and employ a mass conservation approach to estimate the glacier's thickness within the gorge. We measure ice thickness in the amphitheater to reach 950 m, and estimate centerline thickness in the gorge to range from 610 to 960 m. Our estimates are up to two times greater than those suggested by global models, and allow us to confirm that the Great Gorge rivals Hells Canyon as the deepest gorge in North America. We found that the geometry of the gorge prevents radar measurements of ice thickness there since returns from the subglacial valley walls would precede and potentially occlude nadir bed returns. The same may be true of other unmapped mountain glaciers; however, thickness may be determined using appropriately located flux gates where radar sounding is feasible, combined with mass conservation methods.
Color–emotion associations by speakers of Spanish and Mandarin in verbal and visual tasks: a comparison
Authors: Xu Mingshan , Zhu Jingtao , Benítez-Burraco Antonio 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study aims to determine if there are differences in color–emotion association between monolingual speakers of Spanish and Mandarin, depending on how colors are presented (verbally or visually). We tested two groups of 25 speakers of these two languages in two different tasks using the Geneva Emotion Wheel, which encompasses 20 types of emotions. In Task 1, 13 colors were presented to participants as color terms in their native language, whereas in Task 2 the same colors were presented as color patches from the Munsell chart. Participants were then asked to associate color terms or color patches to the set of emotion concepts (and intensities of emotion) in the Geneva Emotion Wheel. Overall, differences between languages were not significant, regarding either the type of emotion or individual dimensions of emotion (valence, arousal or power), although significant differences were observed for specific colors. Also, Spanish speakers tended to attribute higher intensity values and higher numbers of emotion values to colors. At the same time, speakers of both languages reacted similarly to color presentation, with color terms being associated with the same emotions as color patches, but eliciting stronger reactions with respect to intensity and the number of emotion values. Finally, we found less variability in color–emotion associations within the Spanish-speaking group. Overall, our study points to a mixed pattern of universality and culture-specificity regarding how colors are used for conveying emotions by people.
Material modernities: Tracing Janbai’s gendered mobilities across the Indian Ocean
Authors: Stephens Julia 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis article uses techniques of microhistory to explore how Janbai, the third wife of Sir Tharia Topan, exerted economic, religious, and social influence in Indian Ocean networks. An Ismaili woman from a Gujarati trading family who lived in East Africa, Janbai lies outside of the social worlds that have dominated studies of Muslim modernity in South Asia, which centre on Sunni male professionals from North India. Janbai was illiterate and largely disconnected from textual debates about modernity. In fact, she was just the sort of woman that reformers castigated for their supposed attachment to religious superstitions and customary practices. In contrast, studying Janbai through an alternative frame of ‘material modernity’ reveals the complex biography of a women who neither conformed to the idealized ‘new’ woman, nor simply reproduced inherited practices. Instead, she navigated rapid social mobility, shifting geographies, and new technologies and institutions, particularly colonial law courts, in ways that echoed and departed from how women had long exercised agency. The article argues that scholars, by foregrounding textual archives and discursive analysis, have tended to reproduce the marginalization of women like Janbai. In contrast, looking to sources such as jewellery and photographs, and reading textual archives with greater attention to gendered patterns of consumption and investment, brings Janbai from the margins to the centre of our understanding of modernity. In addition to enriching our understanding of the lives of women, increased attention to materiality and visuality opens up critical new avenues for writing a more variegated history of Muslim modernity.
Developmental change, bricolage, and how a lot of things develop: Mechanisms and changes in attachment across the lifespan
Authors: Waters Everett , Waters Theodore E.A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractUnder the leadership of its founding editor, Dante Cicchetti, Development and Psychopathology has been recognized for decades as the foremost journal integrating developmental theory and clinical research programs. Contributors have often highlighted the implications of attachment theory and research for understanding developmental processes and pathways, and as a testing ground for intervention strategies. In this paper we reflect on the strengths and limitations of the traditional developmental perspective. We suggest that behavioral, cognitive, and emotional development are better understood as a process of bricolage (construction within constraints). This perspective is illustrated in an analysis of change mechanisms, and behavioral and representational changes, in attachment development from pre-locomotor infancy to later adulthood. Special emphasis is placed on ordinary learning and cognitive processes, rather than those specific to attachment, and on the roles that socialization pressures and changing circumstances play in shaping the course of attachment development.
Insights into the genetic divergence in Asiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) germplasm for fibre-quality traits
Authors: Prakash Reddy Bana Venkata Ravi , Vishnuvardhan K. Mohan , Amarnath K. , Sagar U. Nikhil , Kalyani D. Lakshmi , Ramakrishna M. Siva , Reddy Y. Rama , Venkateswarulu N. C. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAsiatic cotton (Gossypium arboreum L.) has evolved in the Indian subcontinent and is known for its adaptability to low-input management conditions. In the present study, 300 diverse G. arboreum lines, including 100 Nandyal arboreum breeding lines (NAB), 132 Arboreum germplasm collections (AGC) and 68 long-linted arboreum genotypes (LLA), were evaluated for fibre quality to assess the diversity among them and to identify promising genotypes with desirable fibre traits. Significant variations were observed among the genotypes for the studied fibre-quality traits. Principal component analysis showed that the traits micronaire (Mic) and elongation percentage (E%) followed by upper half mean length (UHML) and bundle tenacity (tenacity) were the most significant contributors to variation. Cluster analysis based on the Euclidian distance method showed 16 clusters among 300 G. arboreum genotypes. The genotypes in cluster 4 have desirable UHML, tenacity and UI (uniformity index) traits, and cluster 12 has Mic and E% traits. Furthermore, the number of genotypes with desirable fibre-quality traits was found to be higher in the AGC group than in the LLA and NAB groups. The trait tenacity followed by the UHML showed relatively higher Shannon–Weiner diversity index values across different genotypic groups. Based on the superior performance, the genotypes PA 847, PA 809, PA 837, PA 863, NDLA 3147-2, NDLA 2974 and NDLA 3081 were found to be having desirable fibre traits. The identified promising genotypes are valuable genetic resources for improving fibre quality in G. arboreum cotton.
Improving Equatorial Upper Ocean Vertical Mixing in the NOAA/GFDL OM4 Model
Authors: Reichl Brandon G. , Wittenberg Andrew T. , Griffies Stephen M. , Adcroft Alistair 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDeficiencies in upper ocean vertical mixing parameterizations contribute to tropical upper ocean biases in global coupled general circulation models, affecting their simulated ocean heat uptake and ENSO variability. To better understand these deficiencies, we develop a suite of ocean model experiments including both idealized single column models and realistic global simulations. The vertical mixing parameterizations are first evaluated using large eddy simulations as a baseline to assess uncertainties and evaluate their implied turbulent mixing. Global models are then developed following NOAA/GFDL's 0.25° nominal horizontal grid spacing OM4 (uncoupled) configuration of the MOM6 ocean model, with various modifications that target biases in the original model. We test several enhancements to the existing mixing schemes and evaluate them against observational constraints from Tropical Atmosphere Ocean moorings and Argo floats. In particular, we find that we can improve the diurnal variability of mixing in OM4 via modifications to its surface boundary layer mixing scheme, and can improve the net mixing in the upper thermocline by reducing the background vertical viscosity, allowing for more realistic, less diffuse currents. The improved OM4 model better represents the mixing, leading to improved diurnal deep‐cycle variability, a more realistic time‐mean tropical thermocline structure, and a better Pacific Equatorial Undercurrent.
Vertical Displacements and Sea‐Level Changes in Eastern North America Driven by Glacial Isostatic Adjustment: An Ensemble Modeling Approach
Authors: Williams Karen , Stamps D. Sarah , Melini Daniele , Spada Giorgio 
Published: October 2024

AbstractGlacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) describes the response of the solid Earth, oceans, and gravitational field to the spatio‐temporal evolution of ice sheets during a glacial cycle. Present‐day vertical displacements and sea‐level changes vary throughout eastern North America in response to the melting of the Laurentide Ice Sheet following the Last Glacial Maximum. We use the open‐source software SELEN4.0 (a SealEveL EquatioN solver) to investigate the influence of GIA on vertical land motions and sea‐level changes in eastern North America. Further, we evaluate the uncertainties associated with the lithospheric thickness and viscosity structure using an ensemble modeling approach (129,956 total simulations). We identify the best‐fitting rheological profiles by comparing modeled vertical displacements to vertical velocity rates derived from Global Positioning System (GPS). We find a general pattern of subsidence (causing accelerated relative sea‐level rise) in the eastern United States region and uplift (causing relative sea‐level fall) in the eastern Canada region consistent with previous studies for two tested ice sheet models (ICE‐6G(VM5a) and ICE‐7G(VM7)). Overall, we find lower rates of modeled vertical displacement using ICE‐6G(VM5a) compared with ICE‐7G(VM7), which produces lower residuals when compared with the GPS‐derived vertical velocity rates. Our ensemble analysis identifies adjustments to the nominal VM5a and VM7 viscosity models that improve fits to the GPS‐imaged vertical velocity rates throughout eastern North America and on the North American Atlantic Coast. The differences in our best‐fitting models for inland versus coastal regions highlight the importance of exploring lateral viscosity variations for GIA modeling throughout North America and elsewhere.