bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Technical Development of the Aeroplane
Authors: North John D. 
Published: August 2016

The first meeting of the 1928-29 Session of the Royal Aeronautical Society was held in the rooms of the Royal Society of Arts, John Street, Adelphi, London, W.C.2, on Thursday, October 4th, 1928.The President : Mr. North is one of the foremost designers in the country. Since early in 1911 he had devoted his activities exclusively to aeronautics and for many years had been responsible for the design of all aircraft produced by Boulton and Paul, of Norwich.Mr. North had been very intimately connected with the design of the Government airship now in an advanced stage of construction at Cardington. His great experience of light steel structures had been utilised to the full in this connection.
16th Wilbur Wright Memorial Lecture
Authors: Page F. Handley 
Published: August 2016

In the Wilbur Wright lectures we commemorate, and pay our tribute to, that pioneer work upon which the art of flying is founded and it is only now that carrying our minds back to those early days we see how thorough were the methods which led to success. The work of Lilienthal in gliding with curved wings—brought to an untimely end through lack of control—had shown that the secret of success was to be found in free flight experiment. Then came the great contribution of the Wrights, who discarded Lilienthal's acrobatic control and carrying through the whole modern programme of wind tunnel research, detail design and construction, found out by practical flying that essential feature of control which has been used in practically every aeroplane that has been flown.In the original Wright aeroplane, as in all its successors of fixed wing area, the only means used for varying the lift was by alteration of the angle of incidence or of the camber of the wing either by warping or by the equivalent use of ailerons.
The Alignment and Inspection of Components
Authors: Taylor R. C. 
Published: August 2016

This paper should be regarded as a continuation of the one I read before you last session and is intended, primarily, to cater for those who wish to sit for a Ground Engineer's Licence.My previous paper dealt with the alignment and checking of fuselages. I propose in this paper to deal with the alignment of certain other components, and also with the inspection of components.
A Philosophy of Aeronautical Research
Authors: Jones E. T. 
Published: August 2016

The Ninth Louis Blériot Lecture was given in Paris on 7th March 1956 under the auspices of the Association Française des Ingénieurs et Techniciens de l'Aéronautiques, by Mr. E. T. Jones, C.B., O.B.E., M.Eng., F.R.Ae.S., Director-General Technical Development (Air), Ministry of Supply, and President-Elect of the Royal Aeronautical Society.The Lecture was attended by the President, Mr. N. E. Rowe, C.B.E., B.Sc., F.C.G.I., F.I.A.S., F.R.Ae.S., and several members of Council of the Royal Aeronautical Society, by the Secretary, Dr. A. M. Ballantyne, T.D., B.Sc., Hon.F.C.A.I., A.F.I.A.S., A.F.R.Ae.S.; by three former British Blériot Lecturers, Air Commodore F. R. Banks, C.B., O.B.E., F.R.Ae.S., Mr. H. Knowler, F.R.Ae.S., and Mr. R. Hafner, F.R.Ae.S.; and by members of the Society and the British Aircraft Industry and by a large and distinguished French audience. M. Jules Jarry, President of A.F.I.T.A., presided at the meeting and welcomed the guests before introducing Mr. Rowe and later, Mr. Jones. Mr. Jones spoke for a few minutes in French and then his paper was read by M. Maurice Roy, Director of O.N.E.R.A., and himself a Blériot Lecturer. After the lecture a film was shown of the Rolls-Royce “ Flying Bedstead.”The Lecture was followed by a Reception and cocktail party and then by a dinner attended by 150 distinguished members and guests at the Aero Club de France. Among the guests were Madame Louis Blériot and M. Henry Laforest, French Secretary of State for Air. Following the dinner, speeches were made by M. Jarry and M. Laforest, and by Air Commodore Banks, deputising for Mr. Rowe who had had to return to England, and by Mr. E. T. Jones.
Aircraft Fatigue
Authors: Giddings H. 
Published: August 2016

As the treatment of the different subjects must be brief and general this paper can only deal with the complex subject of aircraft fatigue in very broad terms, attempting to trace the development of the subject over the past ten years or so, to present some of the problems and the methods being adopted to solve them and to emphasise the very wide extent to which fatigue affects aircraft design today.The fatigue of metals was recognised as a separate form of failure as long ago as 1854 and is now the subject of a very extensive literature. Mechanical engineers have long been familiar with fatigue as a criterion of design and are apt to be critical and even amused at the aeronautical engineer's recently found interest.
Aircraft Strength Testing
Authors: Walker P. B. 
Published: August 2016

The part played by strength testing in establishing structural integrity and efficiency is well known to aeronautical engineers. In principle, the great advances made in structural theory and stressing methods should lessen the pressure on strength testing facilities. In practice, things do not seem to work out this way. For this there appear to be two reasons. The first is the continuous change in aircraft structural design to meet new or more exacting operational roles. The second is the demand for still lighter structures without prejudice to safety. Strength testing, therefore, is as necessary as ever it was if the best results are to be obtained.For a great many years structural strength testing meant just static strength testing. This is no longer true, since for many types of aircraft fatigue testing has become at least as important as static testing.
The Presentation of Fatigue Data for Fatigue Life Calculations
Authors: Bore C. L. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryA simple and convenient “ endurance chart” for the presentation of basic fatigue data is described, where static failure is regarded as simply fatigue failure in one cycle of loading.This chart shows the effects of mean stress, residual stress and pre-tension, and displays several interesting features of fatigue data. It is easily constructed directly from fatigue test results, and is very well suited to the calculation of stress concentration effects, including “ plastic relief ” effects.With the aid of such charts the relative fatigue strengths and structural efficiencies of different materials may be readily compared, and it is clearly shown that in certain circumstances a “ high-strength” alloy may in fact have considerably less fatigue strength than a “ medium-strength ” alloy at a given life, or conversely a lower life at a given stress level.It is demonstrated that the fatigue life of a component subjected to combined mean stress and alternating stress may be found only with a knowledge of the complete fatigue characteristics of the material (such as are presented in the endurance chart); and that attempts to estimate fatigue life from spot-value comparisons, such as the fatigue strength at an arbitrary given endurance, can be dangerously inaccurate. A chart of the form described thus forms a valuable step towards the accurate calculation of fatigue life.The method is illustrated by the provision of endurance charts for 14S-T (L.65), 75S-T, and D.T.D.683; and with experimental results for notched components of L.65 and D.T.D.683.An example illustrates the application of the chart to the calculation of the fatigue life for the case of two independent systems of loading acting on a pressure cabin with circular window cut-outs.
On The Balance and Inertia Torque of Multi–Cylinder Engines
Authors: Fearn E. J. 
Published: August 2016

In a previous issue the equations of motion were obtained of a piston operated by an auxiliary connecting rod. together with the stresses in such a rod and its effect on the master rod stresses. In the following article the problem of the balance and the torque due to inertia forces has been examined and equations derived which may be applied to any multi–cylinder engine.The following equations show that all balance and inertia torque equations for a single cylinder may be reduced to the form of Σ[f1 (sin θ) + f2(cos θ)]. These functions are combined vectorially for the multi–cylinder engine as shown in Appendix II. of the previous article.
Secondary Stresses in Airship Hull Structures
Authors: Baker J. F. 
Published: August 2016

In no branch of structural engineering is there a rigorous definition of the term “secondary stress.”If the primary stresses in a structure are determined, that is, the stresses in the members due to an external load system, assuming that all the members are joined together by perfect pin- or ball-joints, then the secondary stresses are in general taken to be the additional stresses due to the rigidity of the actual joints used in practice.In such a highly redundant structure as an airship hull the labour involved, in determining even the primary stresses, precludes the use of the normal methods of stressing. It is usual to make use of generalised methods which give approximate results. These generalised methods imply that the external loads are applied to the structure in a certain distribution. Though this is rarely achieved, yet the results obtained are in most cases sufficiently accurate if suitable bracing is supplied to redistribute the external loads over the cross-section; the effect of the initial wrong distribution being then merely local.
Aeronautical Progress in Great Britain
Authors: Wimperis H. E. 
Published: August 2016

The application of scientific principles to the design of aircraft and aircraft equipment during the post–war years has yielded results which are becoming increasingly apparent. The time interval which elapses between the conception of an idea and its application to production aircraft is necessarily long, but it would seem that we are just commencing to reap the reward of much patient study.
An attempt will be made to present a picture of the progress which has recently been made and to indicate the lines along which further research would appear most profitable. In making this review it is inevitable that attention should be paid particularly to Service aircraft. The more difficult the problem the greater is the ingenuity required to solve it, and the ever increasing demands made upon the designers of Service aircraft have stimulated research to perhaps a greater extent than is the case with civil aircraft, the requirements for which are less complex.
The Articulated Connecting Rod
Authors: Morris J. 
Published: August 2016

The method adopted by Mr. Fearn in dealing with the above subject in the February number of the Journal is open to many serious objections. To begin with, it is at best approximate and as Mr. Farren points out in his article in the March number, Mr. Fearn's approximation, although near enough for displacements, give on double differentiation less close approximation for acceleration. And for less regular motions than in the case under discussion the approximation to the acceleration by Mr. Fearn's method might be comparatively poor.The greatest objection which the writer has to Mr. Fearn's method is that it is far too intricate and cumbersome. It unnecessarily involves mathematics of a high order when the problem can be solved by means within the compass of any first year student of engineering.Mr. Farren's method, on the other hand, is of extreme simplicity and as a graphical method could hardly be improved upon. But there is a very simple-analytical solution and one moreover of the familiar type for the ordinary nonarticulated case.
The Training of Aircraft Apprentices
Authors: Breese C. D. 
Published: August 2016

Before asking the Lecturer to reply, I should like to ask him one or two questions.What percentage of the mechanics now in the R.A.F. have been trained at Halton?It would appear to me that two classes of mechanics are wanted. Firstly, those who are competent to do what might be termed running repairs; and secondly, those who are highly skilled and capable of undertaking major repairs generally. The scheme in force at present seems to fill neither of these requirements. General education is of course needed, but far too much attention would seem to be paid to this subject. The aim is surely to train out personnel who will be able to keep the equipment of the R.A.F. in efficient condition and this aim should not be lost sight of. It is presumed that but a small number of those trained will be able to get Commissions, and this being so, the present system would seem liable to engender dissatisfaction.
The Effect of the Damping of the Throws on the Torsional Vibration of the Crankshaft System of an Internal Combustion Engine
Authors: Morris J. 
Published: August 2016

In the Journal for October, 1923, I gave the following formulæ for the frequencies in torsional vibration of the crankshaft system (see Fig. 1) of a direct drive engine having equal throws and equal journals, viz.:—1and2where3c=torsional stiffness (the CI/L) of an “equivalent journal”;p=polar moment of inertia of the “equivalent pulley” of a throw;r=ratio of the torsional stiffness of the shaft between the airscrew and the first “ equivalent pulley,” to that of an “ equivalent journal “;n=number of throws.
Wind Tunnels
Authors: Widgery W. 
Published: August 2016

The wind channel and the whirling arm have been devised and perfected over a period of a number of years with a view to providing reliable aerodynamic data for aircraft designers. Of late years the wind channel has been used considerably more than the whirling arm.In the two pieces of apparatus distinct methods are used. In the whirling arm the model is carried through the air, which is stationary, in a circular path by a long arm. In the wind channel, on the other hand, the model is stationary and a current of air is caused to flow past it.Various types of wind channel have been evolved, but I intend to describe fully the English wind channel in its present form, as perfected by the National Physical Laboratory and the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough.
The Articulated Connecting Rod
Authors: Fearn E. J. 
Published: August 2016

In the past the usual method of dealing with the articulated rod has been to treat the problem graphically. Although this method may be sufficiently accurate for a first approximation the inherent difficulties often lead to serious errors after the first few stages. A graphical method is always sufficiently accurate to determine the travel of a piston operated by an auxiliary rod ; but, the double differentiation of the displacement curve by graphical means (to obtain the acceleration curve), is not only inaccurate but a long and tedious operation.To remedy this defect a Fourier's series has been developed which can be differentiated at sight and which gives a remarkable accuracy.The geometrical properties of the mechanism have been analysed and thus equations are formed giving the resultant radial and tangential components at the crank pin, the bending forces and tensions on the master rod, etc.
Antiepileptic Drugs in the 21st Century
Authors: Bazil Carl W. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTDuring the past 10 years, there has been a welcome influx of novel agents for the treatment of epilepsy. Many show advantages compared to older agents, including better adverse effect profiles and lack of drug-drug interactions. The sheer number of agents now available makes distinction among them confusing at times. Agents differ in spectrum of action, pharmacokinetic profile (affecting dosing schedule and drug interactions), and titration time. This review highlights the differences between the various new agents and the more traditional antiseizure drugs. Evidence for the widespread use of these compounds outside their indication, particularly for diseases other than epilepsy, is reviewed as well.
Autism: A Personal Perspective
Authors: Grandin Temple 
Published: August 2016

As an individual with autism, I have learned that, unfortunately, some therapists and physicians are unaware of autistics' overly acute senses, specifically hyperacute hearing. For example, the birthday party fun of noise-makers for a normal child was torture for me. There are many first-person reports of people with autism who, like me, find certain loud sounds intolerable.Some children and adults with autism also have visual sensitivity problems. I enjoyed visually stimulating things such as flags or automatic supermarket doors, but individuals with severe visual sensitivities cannot tolerate even fluorescent lights. In her book, Somebody Somewhere, autistic Donna Williams describes how the flicker from fluorescent lights causes her visual overload. A study conducted by Coleman et al indicates that fluorescent lights can increase repetitive behavior in children with autism.Autistic sensory problems are highly variable. When I was a child, I liked to play with running water; however, another child with autism may not be able to tolerate the same sound. I was attracted to automatic supermarket doors and I liked to watch them move. Another autistic child or adult may scream and run away from these same automatic doors because sudden movement hurts his or her eyes. Maybe a small anomaly in my visual processing caused me to be attracted to the movement of the doors. A greater anomaly may cause another individual to avoid the same stimulus. Waterhouse et al found it puzzling that I was attracted to strong visual stimuli, yet high-pitched auditory stimuli hurt my ears.
Pathological Gambling: A Negative State Model and Its Implications for Behavioral Treatments
Authors: Hand Iver 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis article describes a new approach to the understanding and treatment of pathological gambling (PG). In order to foster an understanding of the pathological variations of gambling, gambling as a “normal,” widespread behavior that spans cultures and centuries is briefly reviewed, as is the current socioeconomic impact of gambling on society. PG is interpreted as an excessive exaggeration of a normal behavior (a behavioral excess disorder, or BED), similar to exaggerations of cleaning, grooming, loving, working, or shopping.Particular developmental deficits in certain individuals and their resulting vulnerabilities make these persons prone to “getting lost” in excessive gambling activities. PG fulfills three important functions that serve to maintain these behaviors. Most frequently, it serves the intraindividual function of distraction from a cognitive, emotional, or physiologic negative state (NEST). A second, much less frequent intraindividual function is that of fast socioeconomic self-destruction in persons who develop presuicidal depression before they start gambling. In the worst disease course of this subtype, patients enter a dramatic “last game”; when they lose, “fate has decided” that they should kill themselves immediately thereafter. A third function fulfilled by PG is interactional, ie, in the “I can't be with or without you” type of relationship.These gambling-related vulnerabilities are discussed against the background of recent studies from: (1) cognitive psychological and animal experiments regarding the prediction of future events; (2) functional brain imaging studies in obsessive-compulsive disorder; and (3) gambling experiments (prediction of future events) in patients with specific lesions in the orbitofrontal cortex. This article outlines the basics of strategic-systemic behavior therapy for these conditions, and summarizes results of the first outcome and follow-up studies.
Amnesia for Traumatic Events Among Recent Survivors: A Pilot Study
Authors: Yovell Yoram , Bannett Yair , Shalev Arieh Y. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTObjective:Traumatic amnesia has been amply documented in the psychoanalytic literature but inconsistently in the research literature.Method:Six trauma patients were followed prospectively. Survivors were interviewed 7, 30, and 120 days following the traumatic event. Each interview documented in detail their recollections of the day of their trauma.Results:In four subjects who did not develop posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), we found brief, stable, and persiste memory gaps, which coincided with the moment of greatest emotional intensity. In two subjects who developed PTSD, we found, in addition to the previous form of amnesia, longer, progressive, and unstable memory gaps.Discussion:Neurobiological research offers two explanatory mechanisms for the observations: A failure of acquisition of episodic memories may account for the stable deficits seen in all subjects. This could coincide with stress-induced malfunction of the hippocampal declarative memory system. A failure of spontaneous recall may account for the more extended traumatic amnesia that was observed in PTSD patients. This resembles the psychoanalytic description of repression.Conclusion:These preliminary findings suggest that brief, irreversible memory gaps are common in trauma survivors, whereas longer, progressive, and potentially reversible amnesia occurs among survivors who develop PTSD.
How Knowledge of Regional Brain Dysfunction in Depression Will Enable New Somatic Treatments in the Next Millennium
Authors: George Mark S. , Nahas Ziad , Lomarov Mikhail , Bohning Daryl E. , Kellner Charles 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNew knowledge about the specific brain regions involved in depression is rapidly evolving due to advances in functional neuroimaging techniques. Several new regionally specific somatic interventions build on this modern neuroanatomic information. These latest methods promise to revolutionize the understanding and treatment of depression. This article reviews the past and current use of these techniques, with an eye toward where they are heading in the next century.
Apathy and Depression Following Stroke
Authors: Starkstein Sergio E. , Manes Facundo 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDepression and apathy are the two most frequent behavioral complications of stroke. This article reviews the prevalence of these conditions in poststroke patients, as well as their clinical correlates, longitudinal course, and possible mediators. A number of controlled clinical trials of the efficacy of various drugs in the treatment of poststroke depression are also reviewed.
HIV-1-Associated Neuropathies
Authors: Verma Ashok , Bradley Walter G. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPeripheral neuropathy associated with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection is a major cause of morbidity in this patient population. Due to the associated chronic pain, its management has come within the purview of neuropsychiatrists. This paper will focus on the primary pathogenic aspects of HIV-1–associated peripheral neuropathies. The specific syndromes of greatest concern are distal sensory polyneuropathy, toxic neuropathy, inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, and cytomegalovirus-related progressive polyradiculoneuropathy. The treatments available for these conditions and their efficacy are discussed.