bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pro-Tumor and Anti-Tumor Functions of IL-17 and of TH17 Cells in Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Gulubova M. , Ananiev J. , Ignatova M. , Halacheva K. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe current review reveals the seven subclasses of CD4+ T helper cells, i.e. Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17, Th22, regulatory T cells and Tfh, the cytokines produced by them and their role in tumor microenvironment. Main attention was paid to IL-17 and Th17 cells. IL-17-producing cells were described, among which were Treg17 cells and Tc17 cells. The transcription factors, engaged in the activation of Th17 cell differentiation were reviewed. It was shown that Th17 cells might possess regulatory functions in tumor microenvironments that directs toward immunosuppression. The reciprocity between Treg and Th17 cells is realized when the production of a large amount of TGF-β in tumors causes Treg cell differentiation, and the addition of IL-6 shifts the differentiation of naïve T cells to Th17 cells. The main pro-tumor role of IL-17 is the promotion of tumor angiogenesis through stimulation of fibroblasts and endothelial cells. The antitumor functions of IL-17 are associated with enhancement of cytotoxic activity of tumor specific CTL cells and with angiogenesis that provide channels through which immune cells might invade tumor and promote antitumor immunity.
Procedural Options for Measuring Muscle Strength
Authors: Mindova S. , Karaganova I. , Stefanova I. 
Published: November 2016

Summary
The aim of the present study was to provide alternative means of measurement and evaluation of muscle strength in rehabilitation practice and diagnostics. In the last few years many electronic devices for evaluation of muscle strength have developed. Contemporary studies have shown that in addition to the standard manual muscle testing muscle strength can be assessed more objectively and analytically using electronic dynamometers and equipment. The strain gauges are used as a tool of precision in the industry that allows measurement of mechanical loads by dynamometers. By using these tools is possible to obtain continuous digital measurement and recording of muscle strength.
Die Frankfurter Stättigkeit als Element zur Normierung der Bedingungen jüdischer Existenz in den Jahren 1462 bis 1614
Authors: Burger Thorsten 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Stättigkeit of Frankfurt as an element of standardization of the conditions of the Jewish community in the years 1462 to 1614: Frankfurt am Main had had one of the oldest, largest and most important Jewish settlements within the Holy Roman Empire. In the imperial city the term Stättigkeit was used from the Middle Ages onwards to denote the right of residence and to describe the special status of the Jews within Frankfurt society. Stättigkeit referred to political, legal, commercial and social aspects concerning Jewish residents in Frankfurt as well as to foreign Jews who stayed in the city temporarily or were passing through. The essay describes the development and content of the regulations in the Stättigkeit from 1462 – when the Jews of Frankfurt were ordered to move into the Ghetto – up until the Fettmilch uprising in 1614. The author shows that the residence code gave the Jews a high degree of freedom to act as well as a stable legal framework. However, the Stättigkeit also imposed restrictions on their daily life, for instance regarding questions of trade.
Prolegomena zur Analyse und Interpretation obrigkeitlicher Judenpolitik im Heiligen Römischen Reich deutscher Nation
Authors: Hausmann Ulrich 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOn 12 November 1671 the Prince-elector Johann Philipp of Schönborn decided to reduce the Jewish population of Mainz to ten households, who henceforth should live together in a segregated and enclosed lane, i. e. a ghetto. Historians have struggled to understand the reason for Schönborn’s »anti-Jewish policy«, since during the Middle Ages, Jews were allowed to live next to their Christian neighbours and to own real estate anywhere across the city. According to Siegmund Salfeld, this measure was an act of pure discrimination and Johann Philipp – well known for his tolerance and therefore called the »German Solomon« – was simply an »enemy of the Jews«. However, such historiographical characterizations do not account for the complicated motives for the
Strategies for Soil Amelioration Using Sulphur in Salt Affected Soils
Authors: Ahmed K. , Qadir G. , Jami A.R. , Saqib A.I. , Nawaz M.Q. , Kamal M.A. , Haq E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Effective use of salt affected soils needs the development of the most efficient and suitable reclamation technology to optimize farm management and better crop yields. Different chemical methods and amendments are used to reclaim the salt affected soils and after reclamation such soils may be used for sustainable agricultural production. Choice of a chemical amendment depends on its availability, cost, handling and time of application. Application of sulfur is very effective technique to suppress the uptake of undesired toxic elements and to improve the quantity and quality of produce in salt affected soils. So, a three-year field experiment was carried out to evaluate the comparative reclamation efficiency of two sulfur sources, i.e elemental sulfur and gypsum to improve the soil conditions by reducing the salinity/sodicity impact and yield characteristics of rice and wheat crop. A saline-sodic field {(ECe = 6.10 dS m−1, pHs = 9.21 and SAR = 41.67 (mmol L−1)1/2, SO4-S = 16.0 (mg kg−1) and soil gypsum requirement (SGR) of 9.10 t ha−1 for 0-15 cm soil depth} was selected. The treatments included were: control, gypsum application @ 100 SGR, S application @ 25, 50, 57, 100 and 125 % of SGR. Statistical analysis of three-year pooled data showed that varying levels of sulfur and gypsum significantly improved soil properties and rice-wheat yield than control, however, gypsum @ 100% of soil GR was at par with S @ 125 and 100% of SGR in term terms of improving yield component of both test crops and reducing soil pHs, ECe and SAR. Efficiency of treatment could be arranged as gypsum @ 100% SGR = S @ 125 % of SGR= S @ 100% of SGR> S @ 75 % of SGR> S @ 50 % of SGR> S @ 25% of SGR>control.
Is Better Minimum than Standard Mouldboard Ploughing Tillage from Viewpoint of the Pore-Size Distribution and Soil Water Retention Characteristic Changes ?
Authors: Šimanský V. , Polláková N. , Jonczak J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
At present time exists a lot of soil tillage practices with different effects on soil productivity, therefore the effects of two tillage systems (conventional: CT, and miminum: MT) and two different soil types (Chernozem and Mollic Fluvisol) on soil physical quality indicators and water availability were evaluated in an on-farm study in the Krakovany (Danube Lowland, Slovakia). We evaluated pore-size distributions and selected hydro-physical properties (capillary rise, maximum capillary water capacity and retention water capacity). The total porosity (P) on average by 23% and by 14%, non-capillary pores (Pn) by 271% and by 114% and semicapillary pores by 102% and by 192% were significantly greater for CT than MT in Chernozem and in Mollic Fluvisol, respectively. The content of capillary pores (Pc) was significantly greater for MT than CT on average by 13% and 8% in Chernozem and in Mollic Fluvisol, respectively. The average content of capillary rise (ΘCR), maximum capillary water capacity (ΘMCWC) and retention water capacity (ΘRWC) were higher by 6, 10 and 13% under MT than CT in soil profile of Chernozem. The same effect of soil tillage systems in Mollic Fluvisol was not observed. In Chernozem under MT with increased P, ΘCR significantly increased, however, under CT, the ΘCR significantly decreased. At the same time we determined negative correlations between Pn and soil water retention characteristics under CT. Higher content of Pc resulted in higher values of capillary rise, maximum capillary water capacity and retention water capacity in both soil types under both tillage systems.
A Study of Source and Sink Relationships to Select Wheat Lines and Genotypes for Drought Tolerance
Authors: Kamel M. , Yazdansepas A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
In current study, 14 genotypes of bread wheat chosen by breeding tests in Zanjan Agricultural Research Institute of Iran were exposed to two experiment under irrigation and late season drought stress. The experiments were conducted between 2012-2013 in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that, under non-stress condition, the differences among genotypes were significant regarding biological yield and grain weight per spike, while under stress condition in addition there were significant differences about grain yield and biological yield at pollination stage. Under normal and stress condition, the highest and the lowest biological yield was observed in genotype 3 (52.6 g per 15 stems), genotype 2 (35 g per 15 stems), respectively. The average weight of grain per spike decreased by 44.38 % under drought stress condition. In flag leaf removal experiment, results showed that the genotypes significantly differed under non-stress condition regarding the spike weight, grain weight per spike and weight of the leaves, except flag leaf, while under stress condition there were significant differences among genotypes in terms of biological yield, spike weight, peduncle weight at pollination stage, grain weight pre spike and weight of the leaves, except flag leaf. In leaves defoliation (except flag leaf), results showed that the differences among genotypes under normal and stress condition regarding spike weight, grain number per spike, biological yield, peduncle weight, and flag leaf weight were significant.
Genetic Diversity Among Some Rice Genotypes with Different Drought Tolerance based on SSR Markers
Authors: Freeg H.A. , Anis G.B. , Abo-Shousha A.A. , El-Banna A.N. , El-Sabagh A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Rice is the most important food crop for the developing world. Hence, identifying rice genotypes to drought tolerance for using as donors in breeding is one of the most important challenges for rice research. Therefore, Molecular markers are useful tools to determine genetic diversity and identifying rice genotypes to drought tolerance. In the present study, A number of 41 rice genotypes with different drought tolerance from different geographic locations were evaluated for genetic diversity by using 15 SSR markers. A total of 68 alleles were detected of which 61(89.79%) were polymorphic. The number of alleles detected by a single marker varied from 2 to 8 alleles with an average of 4.71 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.07 (RM219) to 0.80 (RM263) with an average of 0.52. Genetic similarity coefficients of pair wise comparisons were estimated on the basis of the polymorphic microsatelite loci ranged from 0.23 to 0.91 indicating a wide range of genetic variation present among the studied genotypes. It was determined that the primers RM20A, RM302, RM212 and RM286 could be useful for selecting drought tolerant lines through MAS approach. The most significant application of these identified major QTLs for drought tolerance is to collect those favorable alleles into elite local line through marker assisted breeding. The results indicated the ability of SSR markers to identify the allelic diversity and genetic variation among the studied rice genotypes. These results recommended for using this material in future breeding programs to provide important source of genetic diversity for drought tolerance in rice.
INA Gene Inactivation in Isolated Strains from Frozen Leaves and its Effects on Plant Freezing
Authors: Yadollahpour A. , Bagheri N.A. , Rahimian H. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Freezing is a major environmental stress, which limits plant’s distribution, growth and productivity. Ice nucleation active bacteria can catalyze ice formation at temperatures as high as −2°C. A membrane protein confer the ability of ice nucleation, called ice-nucleating proteins (INPs), which is encoded by a single gene. Mutation in this gene will lead to delaying of ice nucleation. In this study, leaf tissues of several plants with freezing symptoms were collected from different locations and 40 bacterial isolates with yellow circular colonies and regular margins were isolated from samples. Finally, total of 12 isolates belong to Xanthomonas were selected for ice nucleate activity (INA) by Droplet-freezing test and presence of INA gene was surveyed by PCR. According to the obtained results, isolate 28 was targeted to mutagenesis by using Tn5 transposon. After mutagenesis, isolates with ability to grow on kanamycin, which lack of INAx gene in PCR were considered as mutated isolates and their freezing effects were evaluated on bean seedlings. Results showed that isolates with mutated INA gene cannot induce freezing on bean seedlings, while primary identified isolate (isolate 28) could do it. These results show that if we could replace wild type ice nucleation active bacteria with mutated forms (just different in ice nucleation activity), we could, probably, prevent freezing and subsequent economic losses.
Assessment of Consumer Preferences on Table Grapes of New Vitis vinifera L. Cultivars
Authors: Filimon R.V. , Damian Doina , Filimon Roxana , Rotaru Liliana 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Studying consumer behaviour became a concern of grape producers and grapevine breeders since they can learn how consumers choose their products and which are the factors influencing their choice. In this study, 98 respondents from Iaşi County, NE of Romania, aged between 18 and 61 years and grouped in four age categories, were surveyed in order to determine through sensorial analysis their perception on table grapes of seven new Vitis vinifera L. cultivars created in Romania. Respondents’ perception differed with age category. Subjects between 18 and 27 years were the most demanding, grape colour uniformity and aromas being considered very poor. Contrariwise, seeds perception and skin thickness were not assessed as negative features. Respondents from 28 and 35 years appreciated positively the grapes of Napoca and Gelu cultivars, aromatic sensation being noted as very intense for most cultivars. The 36-45 years group considered that grapes of studied cultivars have neutral aroma and seeds perception is unpleasant, grapes of Cetăţuia cultivar being preferred. Respondents between the 46-61 years age group rated positively the grapes of Transilvania and Napoca cultivars, especially for the intensity of aromatic sensation, colour and bloom uniformity. Mean data analysis, revealed that the respondents preferred black grapes with lighter and uniform shades of colour, with large and crunchy berries covered by a uniform wax layer, a balanced sugar/acidity ratio and fewer seeds, grapes of Transilvania cultivar being the closest to their demands. The study revealed that table grapes of the studied V. vinifera L. cultivars created in Romania possess valuable features highly appreciated by consumers and superior characteristics, that can be further use in vine breeding programmes.
Kritische Anthropologie?
Authors: Krüger Hans-Peter 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis article compares Max Horkheimer’s and Theodor W. Adorno’s foundation of the Frankfurt Critical Theory with Helmuth Plessner’s foundation of Philosophical Anthropology. While Horkheimer’s and Plessner’s paradigms are mutually incompatible, Adorno’s „negative dialectics“ and Plessner’s „negative anthropology“ (G. Gamm) can be seen as complementing one another. Jürgen Habermas at one point sketched a complementary relationship between his own publicly communicative theory of modern society and Plessner’s philosophy of nature and human expressivity, and though he then came to doubt this, he later reaffirmed it. Faced with the „life power“ in „high capitalism“ (Plessner), the ambitions for a public democracy in a pluralistic society have to be broadened from an argumentative focus (Habermas) to include the human condition and the expressive modes of our experience as essentially embodied persons. The article discusses some possible aspects of this complementarity under the title of a „critical anthropology“ (H. Schnädelbach).
Ästhetik und Kunst des Computerspiels
Authors: Feige Daniel Martin 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The paper aims to clarify the aesthetic as well as artistic status of videogames by placing it in a broader context of considerations in philosophical aesthetics. It develops those perspectives in three steps. The first step (i) aims to show that, contrary to what one might think, it is not possible to classically define videogames in terms of solely necessary and jointly sufficient conditions, because such a definition treats singular videogames as mere cases of the general concept of video games and thus abandons a genuinely aesthetic perspective. The second step (ii) analyses the aesthetics of videogames in terms of its complex relation to other aesthetic mediums and shows how aesthetically significant videogames negotiate what it means to be a videogame at all. The third step (iii) finally discusses the possibility of videogames being works of art and argues that some video games are works of art by affording a reflection on ourselves in and through the process of playing such a videogame.
Jane Addams und ihre internationale Ethik eines sozialen Radikalismus: globale Gerechtigkeit als realistische Utopie
Authors: Cochran Molly 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAs a philosophy with human problems at its centre and in a time of rapidly changing social conditions, classical Pragmatism engaged an ethics of social radicalism, an ethics that extended as far as human problems do: to the global. To understand how ideas like global justice are generated within pragmatism, it is important to examine not only the thought, but also the activism of pragmatists and how the experimental method of pragmatism was applied to global problems of its day. The life and work of Jane Addams is particularly rich for this kind of investigation. Addams met human problems at both local and global levels with the working hypothesis of applying and observing what a democratic attitude of radical social justice brings to felt indeterminacies. This article begins by comparing and contrasting a pragmatist approach to global justice as opposed to one better known, that of John Rawls, and moves on to examining the difference that Addams’s experience as a woman and an activist makes to how she practiced the pragmatist method in relation to global problems of the Progressive Era.
Derivation of an Upscaled Model for Mass Transfer and Reaction for Non-Food Starch Conversion to Bioethanol
Authors: Benítez-Olivares Guillermo , Valdés-Parada Francisco J. , Saucedo-Castañeda J. Gerardo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we derive mathematical models for mass transfer and reaction taking place in first-generation bioreactors to convert non-food starch into bioethanol. Given the hierarchical nature of the system, we identified three scale levels ranging from inside bagasse fibers (the pore scale) where the reaction occurs, up to the bioreactor itself (macroscopic scale) where the various products obtained from this reaction are monitored. We derive a macroscopic model at the reactor scale by systematically upscaling the relevant information from the pore scale using the method of volume averaging. A salient feature of the model is that the effective medium coefficients involved are predicted by solving ancillary closure problems in representative unit cells of the different levels of scale. The predictions of the model in terms of CO2production as well as cellular growth were validated with a close agreement with available experimental data. This work enhances our understanding of the relevance of transport phenomena taking place at the different scales in a bioreactor and may become an aid in design and operation applications of bioethanol production systems.
Dependency of Military Capabilities on Technological Development
Authors: Kuikka Vesa , Nikkarila Juha-Pekka , Suojanen Marko 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Our goal is to get better understanding of different kind of dependencies behind the high-level capability areas. The models are suitable for investigating present state capabilities or future developments of capabilities in the context of technology forecasting. Three levels are necessary for a model describing effects of technologies on military capabilities. These levels are capability areas, systems and technologies. The contribution of this paper is to present one possible model for interdependencies between technologies. Modelling interdependencies between technologies is the last building block in constructing a quantitative model for technological forecasting including necessary levels of abstraction. This study supplements our previous research and as a result we present a model for the whole process of capability modelling. As in our earlier studies, capability is defined as the probability of a successful task or operation or proper functioning of a system. In order to obtain numerical data to demonstrate our model, we conducted a questionnaire to a group of defence technology researchers where interdependencies between seven representative technologies were inquired. Because of a small number of participants in questionnaires and general uncertainties concerning subjective evaluations, only rough conclusions can be made from the numerical results.
Employing Human Performance Optimization Initiatives from Historically Black Colleges and Universities: The Case of the U.S. Military
Authors: Harris G.L.A. , Shivers Ayanna , Deuster Patricia 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
To preemptively respond to the ever changing battlefield and in light of growing threats to national security, the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD) and by extension the U.S. military, have developed human performance optimization (HPO) initiatives to improve warfighter performance for increasing mission readiness. African American officers, by way of the Reserve Officer Training Corps (ROTC) at Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs), have long been and continue to be an important constituency for this strategy.
Using the results of an online search via the Internet of HPO-like academic offerings at HBCUs, this paper proposes that the U.S. military could enhance its war fighting capability, and specifically that of its African American officers, for increased preparedness, increased performance and sustained and increased readiness by modeling HPO like programs at HBCUs. The authors examine similar efforts around the world, offer the potential benefits to be derived from expanded collaborations between the U.S. military and HBCUs and discuss the implications for the U.S. military and militaries within international communities, HBCUs and future research.