bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ANALISA TERHADAP BATASAN MINIMAL USIA PERNIKAHAN DALAM UU. NO. 1 TAHUN 1974
Authors: Iriani Dewi 
Published: June 2016

<p><strong>Abstrak</strong><strong>: </strong><em>Artikel ini mendiskusikan tentang proses uji materi terhadap batasan minimal usia menikah sebagaimana tertuang dalam UU Perkawinan No 1 Tahun 1974. </em><em>B</em><em>atas </em><em>usia yang diizinkan dalam suatu perkawinan menurut Undang-undang No.1 tahun 1974 yaitu jika pihak pria sudah mencapai umur 19 (sembilan belas) tahun, dan pihak wanita sudah mencapai umur 16 (enam belas) tahun. Sedangkan dalam Kompilasi Hukum Islam diatur dalam Pasal 15 ayat (1), untuk kemaslahatan keluarga dan rumah tangga perkawinan hanya boleh dilakukan calon mempelai yang telah mencapai umur yang ditetapkan dalam Pasal 7 Undang-undang No. 1 Tahun 1974. Menurut Hukum Perdata dalam Pasal 29 menentukan; Setiap laki-laki yang belum berusia 18 tahun penuh dan wanita yang belum berusia 15 tahun penuh, tidak diperkenankan mengadakan perkawinan namun bila ada alasan-alasan penting Presiden dapat menghapuskan larangan itu dengan memberikan dispensasi. Hal ini sangat bertentanggan dengan </em><em>Undang-undang R.I No. 23 Tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak disebutkan bahwa anak adalah seseorang yang belum berusia 18 tahun. Adanya perbedaaan aturan kategori usia dewasa diberbagai aturan perundanagan perlu diuji materi di Makhamah Konstitusi, maka batasan usia minimal pernikahan sangat diperlukan untuk bagi calon pengantin.</em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong>: Pernikahan, Uji Materi, Mahkamah Konstitusi</p>
PERAN STAIN PONOROGO DALAM MEMOTIVASI SARJANA MENJADI WIRAUSAHA MUDA MANDIRI
Authors: Susilowati Ika 
Published: June 2016

<p align="center"><strong>PERAN STAIN PONOROGO DALAM MEMOTIVASI SARJANA MENJADI WIRAUSAHA MUDA MANDIRI</strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><em>Ika susilowati</em><em></em></p><p align="center"><em> </em></p><p><strong>Abstrak:</strong> <em>Peranan sebuah perguruan tinggi dalam memotivasi sarjananya menjadi wirausahawan muda sangat penting dalam menumbuhkan jumlah wirausahawan. Dengan meningkatnya wirausahawan dari kalangan sarjana akan mengurangi pertambahan jumlah pengangguran bahkan menambah jumlah lapangan pekerjaan. Pertanyaannya adalah bagaimana pihak perguruan tinggi tersebut dapat mencetak wirausahawan muda. Peranan pendidikan tinggi dalam menumbuhkan kewirausahaan dapat dijelaskan oleh beberapa pendapat para ahli bidang kewirausahaan. Salah satunya dijelaskan oleh Thomas Zimmerer bahwa salah satu faktor pendorong pertumbuhan kewirausahaan adalah pendidikan kewirausahaan. Selain itu Douglas A. Gray menyarankan untuk memulai usaha sejak dini misalnya pada waktu masih kuliah. Sedangkan penelitian ini berusaha untuk mengumpulkan data secara empirical faktor motivasi yang mendorong sarjana untuk berwirausaha. Hasil penelitian ini menyebutkan bahwa faktor kepuasan, faktor kebebasan menjalani hidup, dan faktor kesempatan, merupakan faktor yang mendorong alumni STAIN Ponorogo untuk memutuskan menjadi wirausahawan. Jadi peran perguruan tinggi terutama STAIN Ponorogo adalah menjadi pemberi informasi tentang kesempatan, kepuasan dan kebebasan menjalani hidup apa yang akan didapat jika menjadi wirausahawan, serta memberikan pendidikan kewirausahaan, dan memberikan wadah bagi mahasiswa dalam menerapkan ilmunya dengan mendirikan bisnis kecil di lokasi sekitar perguruan tinggi. Peranan sebuah perguruan tinggi sangat menentukan tercetaknya wirausahawan muda yang handal.</em></p><p><em> </em></p><strong>Kata kunci:</strong><em> kewirausahaan, motivasi, analisis faktor</em>
PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARI’AH MENURUT PENGELOLA BMT IKPM GONTOR PONOROGO
Authors: Damanuri Aji 
Published: June 2016

<p align="center"><strong>PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA EKONOMI SYARI’AH MENURUT PENGELOLA BMT IKPM GONTOR PONOROGO</strong></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p align="center"><em>Aji Damanuri</em><em></em></p><p align="center"><strong> </strong></p><p><strong>Abstrak<em>:</em></strong><em> Seiring dengan semakin berkembangnya lembaga keuangan shari’ah di Indonesia, problem-problem perbankan shari’ah juga semakin banyak terjadi di Indonesia.</em><em> </em><em>Masalah selanjutnya yang muncul adalah </em><em> siapa yang memiliki kewenangan (kompetensi) penyelesaiannya? Apakah Pengadilan Negeri (PN) ataukah Pengadilan Agama (PA)? </em><em>Berpijak dari permasalahan tersebut, peneliti tertarik untuk mengkaji; </em><em>bagaimana pemahaman pengelola BMT IKPM Gontor Ponorogo terhadap </em><em>konsep penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi shari’ah</em><em>? </em><em>Dan </em><em>Bagaimana bentuk-bentuk penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi shari’ah di BMT IKPM Gontor Ponorogo</em><em>?</em><em>.</em><em> Penelitian ini mengambil tempat di BMT IKPM Ponorogo dikarenakan BMT ini termasuk yang berusaha menerapkan pembiayaan syari’ah murni dengan disertai berbagai macam problematika yang diperlukan penanganan lebih lanjut. </em></p><p><em>Hasil penelitian ini adalah; </em><em>Konsep penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi syari’ah</em><em> menurut pengelola</em><em> BMT IKPM Gontor dibangun atas azas tolong menolong dan kekeluargaan, oleh karena itu musyawarah dan mufakat menjadi pilihan utama dalam menyelesaikan masalah dengan nasabah, sehingga nasabah yang bermasalah dianggap sebagai </em><em> orang yang harus ditolong, bukan orang yang dihukum.</em><em> Sedangkan b</em><em>entuk-bentuk penyelesaian sengketa ekonomi shari’ah di BMT IKPM Gontor Ponorogo, sesuai dengan asas kekeluargaan </em><em>karena </em><em>ditempuh dengan jalan musyawarah dan sebisa mungkin menghindari membawa sengketa pada ranah hukum. Bentuk-bentuk penyelesaiannya yang dilakukan berupa penjadwalan utang, penghapusan denda</em><em>,</em><em> dan penutupan tanggungan nasabah dengan dana sosial yang diambil dari SHU. </em><em></em></p><p><em> </em></p><p><strong>Kata Kunci</strong><em>: Sengketa Perbankan Shari’ah, Penyelesaian Sengketa Perbankan Shari’ah, dan Lembaga Keuangan Shari’ah.</em></p>
Casabe: Water Injection Optimization and Surveillance in a Mature Field
Authors: Agudelo O. C. , Acosta T. J. , Tellez-Mejia C. E. , Gonzalez-Bello P. , Navas E. E. , Duran J. P. , Porlles J. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
This paper describes a methodology to optimize the performance of water injection and its surveillance parameters during implementation. The main objective is to increase oil production in Casabe, a mature field located in Colombia.
Waterflooding as a secondary recovery method started in 1985 in Casabe field, and this strategy has been followed until present time. Casabe is a complex mature field, which presents challenges related to a high heterogeneous nature, limited sand continuity, unfavorable mobility for the ongoing waterflooding process, and high sediment production due to a poor consolidation of the reservoir.
During the last 2 years, the field has experienced an increment of water cut, high production decline, and instability. Therefore, it is necessary to do a more detailed analysis to identify and flood those reservoirs with high remaining oil and stop injecting those with high water saturation.
Surveillance of the process during water injection optimization was a key part of the implementation. Choosing the right technology or workflow to achieve water injection rates, monitoring pressure in target reservoirs, minimizing sediment production, and performing production logging tests for production by reservoir were essential to evaluate the methodology.
Multiphase Pumping Station Solution for Peñas Blancas Field Development
Authors: Perez A. E. , Duarte P. , Villa-Alzate C. A. , Rincon E. , Ardila C. , Sanita C. , Valera M. , Correa M. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Casabe Alliance is a production sharing contract project between a service company and Ecopetrol (Colombian national oil company) that looks for incremental production in Casabe field. The service company plays the role of technology transfer partner and Ecopetrol is the field operator. The contract includes Casabe, Casabe Sur, and Peñas Blancas fields.
Peñas Blancas was a mature field with only four active producer wells with a total oil production of 250 B/D. A field redevelopment plan (FRDP) was proposed to increase the production up to 4,000 BOPD; this included the drilling of 18 oil producer wells, the construction of the gathering network pipelines, implementation of water injection system for waterflooding and the construction of fluid treatment facilities.
Initially, the FRDP contemplated a treatment station in Peñas Blancas; however, the economic analysis showed lower profit than expected by the partners. To overcome these marginal finance results, alternatives were evaluated showing that an integrated multiphase pumping station (multiphase pump and a multiphase meter) was operationally and economically viable. The main objective of this paper is to show the decision-making process followed by the design and construction of the multiphase flow station in Peñas Blancas field. It highlights the milestones, consequences, limitations, benefits, and the operation philosophy that affects the field operation.
A Petrophysical Case Study of La Luna Unconventional Source Rock in Maracaibo Basin in Absence of Core and Geochemical Data
Authors: Aharipour H. , Siciliano Y. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
For the first time, PDVSA was planned to evaluate Lago Cinco cretaceous formation logs for 9 wells. The Lago Cinco is located in the Maracibo Lake, West of Venezuela. There is no core and additional data included NMR, ECS and MDT data. The available SPE papers related to the Northern Colombia near Venezuela border show these unconventional reservoirs richness in organic matters with production history.
A petrophysical methodology for evaluation of unconventional deposits has to be founded on approaches that sit outside the conventional range of thinking and the wrong petrophysical model produce silly results. The generated petrophysical model was used for old raw log data without calibration with core and TOC analysis data. The high GR values in 9 wells and low thorium from spectral GR in one of the wells confirmed presence of organic carbon at the top of La Luna Formation. Also overlaying deep resistivity curve with sonic and density logs show unconventional hydrocarbon (Kerogen) in the La Luna Formation. The estimated effective porosity varies between 5 to 10 percent and average minimum water saturation is about 10 percent. The La Luna Formation has very low permeability. The calculated lithology from porosity logs (neutron, density, sonic and Pe) show a mudstone and mudstone-wackstone limestone with minor amount of shale at the top of La Luna, high shale volume at the middle and lower parts. The generated variable m from logs in some wells which Rxo curve was available are confirming possibility of some fractures m&lt;2 and vugs m&gt;2. Generally vuggs are isolated m&gt;2.5. The La Luna Formation must be developed with horizontal wells and multi stages hydraulic fracturing technology to let flow hydrocarbon into the wellbore.
Evaluating the Potential of an In Situ Combustion Process Using the Isoconversional Principle
Authors: Padilla J. , Rodriguez E. , Portillo M. L. , Niño L. C. , Navarro S. F. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
In Situ Combustion (ISC) is a gas injection oil recovery process, the injection gas could be oxygen, air or enriched air. In the ISC process, heat is used as an adjuvant to improve the recovery. The heat is generated within the reservoir by burning a portion of the oil, the burning front is sustained by air injection (Sarathi 1999). The main displacement mechanisms are steam drive, miscible flue gas flooding and, viscosity reduction by oil swelling, temperature increase, among others. The ISC pherhaps is the most efficient enhanced oil recovery method and, possibly the best alternative to produce heavy oil reservoirs. However, despite the economic and technical success of field experiences, the oil industry has been reluctant to its implementation. Mainly, because is difficult to perform the scaling of the process from laboratory to field; any of the methodologies developed is completely reliable.
An important point to understand the characteristics of oxidation/combustion of oil is the kinetic, this is usually obtained from Ramped Temperature Oxidation (RTO) tests and using the Arrhenius equation. However, in the last years have been introduced a new methodology named isoconversional principle. The technique provides direct information of effective activation energy and, it can be used as a screening tool to identify good candidates to ISC. In this paper are presented the results after applying the isoconversional principle in a Colombian heavy oil for the understanding of the oil oxidation/combustion characteristics.
The Viability of Slim-Hole Drilling Onshore Trinidad
Authors: Serrattan S. , Hosein R. , Jupiter A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Slim-hole drilling refers to the drilling of a well with a wellbore typically less than seven inches in diameter. Slim-hole drilling is beneficial to the low budget operator as there are considerable savings on rig time and costs and the rig size is ideal for drilling in remote areas. During slim-hole drilling, drilling fluid hydraulics is of great concern since significant pressure losses can occur in the drill pipe and annulus due to the reduced annular clearances. In addition, the flow regime generated in a slim-hole and the compatibility of the drilling fluid with the formation, can have an impact on the stability of the wellbore.
Slim-hole drilling has been successfully conducted onshore Trinidad in the Morne Diablo / Quinam Block for a number of years. The most commonly used drilling fluid is salt water based mud since it is cheaper and easier to dispose of than oil based mud. However the open literature did not show any studies conducted to determine the impact of drilling fluid hydraulics and drilling fluid compatibility on well-bore stability. In this study, twenty-five water based drilling mud formulations were prepared using different concentrations of sodium chloride, potassium chloride and calcium chloride. The rheological properties of each formulation were determined and the Bingham Plastic and Power Law models were applied. The frictional pressure losses for three commonly drilled slim-hole configurations were then computed and compared. Outcrop shale samples from the area were then treated with each formulation and the percentage loss in mass due to hydration and disintegration was measured for each sample.
The results from these two tests showed that of the mud formulations tested, overall, those with KCl (2.9 %) and CaCl2 (0.7 %), KCl (3.6 %), KCl (0.7 %) and NaCl (2.9 %), NaCl (0.7 %), and CaCl2 (2.9 %) were determined as best suitable for slim-hole drilling for the well configurations used. For these mud formulations, frictional pressure losses using both rheological models were the lowest and provide adequate rheological properties. The outcrop samples also showed the lowest percentage loss by mass when treated with these formulations indicating that they possess the desired wellbore inhibition properties. However, formulations containing NaCl only are the least expensive with straight KCl formulations being the most expensive.
Cased Hole Saturation Logs and Production Benefits: Case Studies – Offshore Operator in Trinidad and Tobago
Authors: Fondyga A. , Roopa I. V. , Khan Z. , Johnson T. , Rastogi V. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
BP Trinidad and Tobago LLC ("bpTT") operates offshore, along the east coast of Trinidad in predominantly retrograde gas condensate fields, some of which contain reservoirs with thin oil rims. As part of the company's surveillance philosophy, saturation logs have historically proven to be a key method to define the fluid saturations after primary production.
In recent years, as the technology behind saturation logging improved, the tools are more capable of measuring fluid saturations across more complex and varied completions. This has led to higher reservoir recovery through increased understanding of the reservoir energy and drive mechanism and ultimately supporting the identification of remaining resources and new opportunities within reservoirs Offshore Trinidad.
Routine saturation logging campaigns have allowed further insight into the movement of all fluid contacts in the reservoir with time, be it from gas cap expansion seen in some of the thin oil rim reservoirs, or aquifer encroachment as observed from the gas-water and oil-water interfaces. This knowledge of the strength and direction of water movement supports more accurate production forecasting for base well stock by assisting with predicting the time to water breakthrough in reservoirs reducing one of the more significant subsurface uncertainties.
An improved understanding of the sweep efficiency is also gained from the saturation logs, which enables more accurate prediction of the overall recovery factor. Furthermore, the saturation logging campaigns have led to the definition of new reservoir opportunities, and validation of existing options for both oil and gas production. As such, this type of surveillance is highly recommended for most mature reservoirs to help validate the predicted contact movement and help optimise brown-field developments. This relatively inexpensive surveillance method can help enhance well planning elements such as well placement and completions design.
This paper summarises case studies from four reservoirs, focusing on the development of the cased hole saturation log, its uses and production benefits.
Rigless Cement Packer Recompletions: Successful Interventions with Downhole, Deckspace, SimOps and Logistics Constraints
Authors: Friedli J. D. , Dukhoo G. , Somai J. A. , Harracksingh K. , Bassie Y. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Two wells were recompleted to target intervals above the existing production packer, using cement packer technique. Without benefit of rig infrastructure, and with limited deckspace, a multidiscipline team comprising wireline, coiled tubing, cementing and nitrogen services was able to safely and economically access uphole reserves.
In the first of the two wells (Well 9), the program was executed as planned: Punch tubing to establish pumping between tubing and A-annulusSet plug below the tubing punch and bullhead the existing formationPerform saturation and cement bond logs to verify the target interval and base line bondingSet cement retainerSting into the retainer with coiled tubing and pump cement into the A-annulus and on top of the retainerPerform follow-up bond log to verify isolationExecute through tubing production perforations into the target interval and place the well on production
CO2 Flooding and Minimum Miscibility Pressure Study in Texas Farnsworth Field
Authors: Ennin Edward , Grigg Reid B. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Studies have shown that CO2 under conditions of high pressure often develops miscibility with oil, thus making it a good agent for improving the sweep efficiencies of reservoirs. A critical question is; at what pressures does CO2 develop a miscible mixture? This paper examines the optimal reservoir pressure for CO 2flooding to be performed on Farnsworth Unit (FWU) oil in reservoir core to achieve the optimum sweep efficiency and also determines the minimum miscibility pressure (MMP) for pure CO2 and FWU crude oil.
A core flooding apparatus was built and used with materials from the Farnsworth Field in the Texas panhandle as a case study. The research involved the use of three reservoir pay zone cores obtained from depths of about 7687 ft. subsurface. These were placed sequentially in the apparatus to undergo core flooding at reservoir conditions using FWU crude oil. Tests were performed at pressures from 400 psi to 5400 psi and reservoir temperature of 168°F. In each test the core was flooded with eight pore volumes of CO2 while gas cut, recovery factor, residual oil, working pressures and pressure differentials were determined.
It was observed that the recovery factor remained steady and was highest at pressures above 3900 psi while recording the lowest gas cut at pressures of 3900 psi to 5400 psi. The lowest oil production and highest gas cut was recorded at 400 psi with minimum miscibility of approximately 3900 psi.
From the results it can be concluded that CO2flooding should be performed at or above the minimum miscibility pressure of 3900 psi to obtain the highest oil recovery. This research is providing guidance for Farnsworth field operations and can aid in other projects.
A Way to Improve Water Alternating Gas Performance in Tight Oil Reservoirs
Authors: Zhang Kai , Seetahal Steve , Hu Yi , Zhao Chen , Hu Yuan , Wu Keliu , Chen Zhangxin , Alexander David 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Primary recovery remains as low as 5-10 % of original oil in place (OOIP) in tight oil reservoirs, even with horizontal wells and massively hydraulical fracturing applied. Water flood helps to maintain the pressure and CO2 contributes to oil swelling, viscosity reduction and wettability alteration; in addition, CO2 and water have a chance to improve oil recovery. Furthermore, a water alternating gas (WAG) process gives a higher oil recovery compared to continuous water or gas injection.
The WAG performance can be improved by mobility control, wettability alteration and interfaical tension management. Chemical additives like polymer or foam can help to improve mobility, but they are limited to large porous media. The common pore diameter is approximately 30 nm to 2,000 nm in tight sandstone reservoirs and 2nm to 50nm in shale reservoirs. Alkaline can cause a reduction in interfacial tension. However, a candidate for alkaline flood should have an acid number above 0.5 mg OH- /g oil, corresponding to oil with API below 30. The surfactant particles with a diameter of around 10nm to 30nm can reduce interfacial tension while nanoparticles with a diameter of 1nm to 7 nm can affect disjoining pressure at interface and alter wettability; both of them can be candidate additives in improving WAG performance. Moreover, low salinity water exchanges ions in a reservoir, resulting in water film instability and wettability alteration. It can be an alternative solution in improving WAG performance.
In this paper, an analytical model of the WAG process is studied. Afterwards, numerical reservoir simulations are made for surfactant, low salinity water and nanofluid additives in improving WAG performance.