bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Phylogenetic relationships of Pieridae (Lepidoptera: Papilionoidea) in China based on seven gene fragments
Authors: Ding Changping , Zhang Yalin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe butterfly family Pieridae includes approximately 1000 described extant species distributed worldwide. Among these, 154 species belonging to 24 genera are recorded in China. There has been no previous comprehensive phylogenetic study of the molecular phylogeny of Chinese pierids based on molecular data. In this study, 52 species representing 21 genera distributed in China were sampled. We reconstructed their evolutionary history based on four mitochondrial (COII, ND1, Cytb and 16S rDNA) and three nuclear (28S rRNA (D2–D3), 28S rRNA (D8) and EF‐1α) gene fragments using maximum parsimony (MP), maximum likelihood (ML) and Bayesian inference (BI). Our results are congruent with recent studies and support the monophyly of three subfamilies, with Dismorphiinae sister to Coliadinae + Pierinae. Relationships among five genera of Coliadinae are: Eurema + (Dercas + (Goneperyx + (Catopsilia + Colias))). Relationships among the largest subfamily Pierinae are consistently recovered as follows: Leptosiaini + ((Nepheroniini + Teracolini) + (Anthocharidini + Pierini)). The division of three subgenera of Aporia (Aporia, Metaporia and Mesapia) is not supported because both the Aporia (Aporia) and Aporia (Metaporia) are found to be strongly paraphyletic, with Mesapia nested within Aporia sensu lato.
Use of the oral sugar test in ponies when performed with or without prior fasting
Authors: Knowles E. J. , Harris P. A. , Elliott J. , Menzies‐Gow N. J. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundIt is recommended that the oral sugar test (OST) for insulin dysregulation (ID) be performed after an overnight fast, but fasting is impractical in ponies kept solely at pasture. There are few data on OST repeatability and reliability in ponies.ObjectivesTo report 1) whether OST results obtained in the morning after an overnight fast or without fasting in the afternoon (FASTING/FED) can be used interchangeably, 2) time of highest insulin concentration Tmax[insulin], repeatability and reliability of insulin response to the OST when FASTING or FED and 3) dichotomous agreement (ID/normal) within a small sample when FASTING or FED.Study designMethod comparison study.MethodsOral sugar tests were performed on four occasions in 10 adult native British ponies, twice FASTING and twice FED. Insulin concentrations were measured by radioimmunoassay at 0–120 min (T0,30,60,75,90,120). Differences between FASTING and FED results were assessed using mixed effects models. Indices of repeatability and reliability were calculated; dichotomous agreement was reported using kappa statistics.ResultsSerum [insulin] was significantly (P≤0.05) higher at T60–T90 with prior fasting (estimated differences [95% confidence intervals]): T60: 23.5 μiu/ml (8.7–38.4 μiu/ml), T75: 27.1 μiu/ml (12.3–41.8 μiu/ml), T90: 15.1 (0.36–29.9 μiu/ml). Most frequently, Tmax[ins] occurred at T30. At any single time point, within‐subject coefficients of variation were: FASTING: 40% and FED: 31%. The 95% limits for repeatability were FASTING: 29–340%, FED: 41–240%. Test reliabilities were FASTING: 0.70 and FED: 0.67. For dichotomous interpretation similar results (kappa = 0.7) were obtained using cut‐offs of [Insulin] >60 μiu/ml at T60 or T90 for FASTING and [Insulin] >51 μiu/ml at T30 or T60 for FED samples.Main limitationsOral sugar tests were performed on a small number of animals on one pasture during one season (spring).ConclusionsClinicians should beware of interpreting changes in absolute OST results owing to poor repeatability. When stabling is unavailable, OSTs of ponies at pasture may yield similar dichotomous results without prior fasting.
Preservation of overmature, ancient, sedimentary organic matter in carbonate concretions during outcrop weathering
Authors: Loyd S. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractConcretions are preferentially cemented zones within sediments and sedimentary rocks. Cementation can result from relatively early diagenetic processes that include degradation of sedimentary organic compounds or methane as indicated by significantly 13C‐depleted or enriched carbon isotope compositions. As minerals fill pore space, reduced permeability may promote preservation of sediment components from degradation during subsequent diagenesis, burial heating and outcrop weathering. Discrete and macroscopic organic remains, macro and microfossils, magnetic grains, and sedimentary structures can be preferentially preserved within concretions. Here, Cretaceous carbonate concretions of the Holz Shale are shown to contain relatively high carbonate‐free total organic carbon (TOC) contents (up to ~18.5 wt%) compared to the surrounding host rock (with <2.1 wt%). TOC increases with total inorganic carbon (TIC) content, a metric of the degree of cementation. Pyrite contents within concretions generally correlate with organic carbon contents. Concretion carbonate carbon isotope compositions (δ13Ccarb) range from −22.5 to −3.4‰ (VPDB) and do not correlate strongly with TOC. Organic carbon isotope compositions (δ13Corg) of concretions and host rock are similar. Thermal maturity data indicate that both host and concretion organic matter are overmature and have evolved beyond the oil window maturity stage. Although the organic matter in general has experienced significant oxidative weathering, concretion interiors exhibit lower oxygen indices relative to the host. These results suggest that carbonate concretions can preferentially preserve overmature, ancient, sedimentary organic matter during outcrop weathering, despite evidence for organic matter degradation genetic mechanisms. As a result, concretions may provide an optimal proxy target for characterization of more primary organic carbon concentrations and chemical compositions. In addition, these findings indicate that concretions can promote delayed oxidative weathering of organic carbon in outcrop and therefore impact local chemical cycling.
A single‐centre study of haemostatic outcomes of joint replacement in von Willebrand disease and control patients and an analysis of the literature
Authors: Rugeri L. , Ashrani A. A. , Nichols W. L. , Trousdale R. T. , Pruthi R. K. 
Published: July 2016

IntroductionHaemostatic assessments of patients with von Willebrand disease (VWD) who undergo total knee arthroplasty (TKA) and total hip arthroplasty (THA) have mainly relied on subjective parameters.AimsTo compare objective haemostatic outcomes of TKA/THA in VWD patients and controls without bleeding disorders.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed haemostatic outcomes in VWD patients undergoing TKA/THA from 1993 to 2011 and compared them with two matched controls per operation. Using one‐way analysis of variance, we tested the effect of VWD on bleeding risk after TKA and THA.ResultsTwelve VWD patients (6 type 1, 3 type 2M, 1 each of types 2A/2B/3) undergoing 19 operations (12 TKA, 7 THA) were matched to 38 controls. One (5%) of 19 operations in VWD patients and none of the control operations met clinical criteria for major bleeding. Baseline and postoperative day 1 haemoglobin levels, postoperative blood loss, transfused red blood cells (RBCs) and mean hospitalization days were not significantly different. More VWD patients than controls received RBC transfusions [12 (63%) vs. 12 (32%)]. Only 9 (47%) VWD patients vs. 38 (100%) controls received pharmacologic VTE prophylaxis. No postoperative symptomatic VTE occurred in either group.ConclusionIn this largest, single‐institutional study, von Willebrand factor replacement based on daily levels resulted in low frequency of major bleeding in VWD patients after TKA/THA. RBC transfusion was more frequent compared with matched controls, but other objective measures of haemostasis were similar. Lack of sufficient details in published reports precluded comparison of haemostatic outcomes.
Levels and determinants of breast and cervical cancer screening uptake in HIV‐infected women compared with the general population in France
Authors: Tron L , Lert F , Spire B , Dray‐Spira R ,   for the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS)‐Vespa2 Study Group
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesCancer is a growing concern for HIV‐infected people, and screening plays a major role in alleviating the burden it causes. We sought to investigate the levels and determinants of breast cancer screening (BCS) and cervical cancer screening (CCS) in HIV‐infected women as compared with the general population.MethodsThe Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le Sida et les Hépatites Virales (ANRS)‐Vespa2 study was conducted in 2011 in a national representative sample of 3022 HIV‐infected hospital out‐patients in France. The rates and correlates of BCS and CCS among HIV‐infected women were compared with those in the general population using multivariate Poisson regression models.ResultsThe BCS rate during the 2 years preceding the survey interview was 80.7% among HIV‐infected women vs. 89.1% in the general population (P = 0.146). The CCS rate during the preceding 3 years was 88.1% among HIV‐infected women vs. 83.1% in the general population (P = 0.021). During the preceding year, the CCS rate among HIV‐infected women was 76.5%. The barriers to BCS and CCS were a low educational level [BCS: adjusted prevalence rate ratio 0.88; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.80–0.97; CCS: adjusted prevalence rate ratio 0.91; 95% CI 0.83–0.99], not having supplementary health insurance (CCS: adjusted prevalence rate ratio 0.92; 95% CI 0.86–0.98), an irregular gynaecological follow‐up (BCS: adjusted prevalence rate ratio 0.77; 95% CI 0.64–0.92; CCS: adjusted prevalence rate ratio 0.72; 95% CI 0.64–0.81) and a low CD4 count (BCS: adjusted prevalence rate ratio 0.83; 95% CI 0.71–0.97; CCS: adjusted prevalence rate ratio 0.78; 95% CI 0.63–0.98). The disparities in CCS uptake in terms of age, employment and gynaecological follow‐up were less pronounced among HIV‐infected women than in the general population.ConclusionsBCS and CCS uptake was not lower among HIV‐infected women than in the general population, but CCS was suboptimal. Specificities in the profile of barriers to screening emerged.
Effect of irrigation on surface roughness and fatigue resistance of controlled memory wire nickel‐titanium instruments
Authors: Cai J.‐J. , Tang X.‐N. , Ge J.‐Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimTo investigate the effect of irrigation on the surface roughness and fatigue resistance of HyFlex and M3 controlled memory (CM) wire nickel‐titanium instruments.MethodologyTwo new files of each brand were analysed by atomic force microscopy (AFM). Then, the instruments were dynamically immersed in either 5.25% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) or 17% ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) solution for 10 min, followed by AFM analysis. The roughness average (Ra) and root mean square (RMS) values were analysed statistically using an independent sample t‐test. Then, 36 files of each brand were randomly assigned to three groups (n = 12). Group 1 (the control group) was composed of new instruments. Groups 2 and 3 were dynamically immersed in 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA solutions for 10 min, respectively. The number of rotations to failure for various groups was analysed using the one‐way analysis of variance software.ResultsFor M3 files, the Ra and RMS values significantly increased (P < 0.05) after the immersion. For the HyFlex file, the Ra and RMS values significantly increased (P < 0.05) only in EDTA, but not (P > 0.05) NaOCl. The resistance to cyclic fatigue of both HyFlex and M3 files did not significantly decrease (P > 0.05) by immersing in 5.25% NaOCl and 17% EDTA solutions.ConclusionsExcept the HyFlex files immersed in NaOCl, the surface roughness of other files exposed to irrigants increased. However, a change in the surface tomography of CM wire instruments caused by contact with irrigants for 10 min did not trigger a decrease in cyclic fatigue resistance.
Combined therapy with metformin and insulin attenuates systemic and hepatic alterations in a model of high‐fat diet‐/streptozotocin‐induced diabetes
Authors: Silvares Raquel Rangel , Pereira Evelyn Nunes Goulart da Silva , Flores Edgar Eduardo Ilaquita , Estato Vanessa , Reis Patrícia Alves , Silva Igor José da , Machado Marcelo Pelajo , Neto Hugo Caire de Castro Faria , Tibiriça Eduardo , Daliry Anissa 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIn this study we have explored the pathogenesis of the hepatic alterations which occur in diabetes and the modulation of these complications by the combination of metformin adjunct treatment and insulin monotherapy. For this purpose, diabetic rats were treated with insulin (DM + Ins) or metformin plus insulin (DM + Met + Ins). Biochemical and cardiometabolic parameters were analysed by spectrophotometry. Intravital microscopy was used to study the hepatic microcirculation. In the liver tissue, real‐time PCR was used to analyse oxidative stress enzymes, inflammatory markers and receptors for advanced glycation end products (AGE) (RAGE) gene expression. Lipid peroxidation was assessed by thiobarbituric acid reactive species (TBARs) analyses. AGE deposition and RAGE protein expression were studied by fluorescence spectrophotometry and Western blot respectively. Body weight, %HbA1c, urea, total proteins and oxidative stress parameters were found to be similarly improved by insulin or Met + Ins treatments. On the other hand, Met + Ins treatment showed a more pronounced effect on fasting blood glucose level than insulin monotherapy. Fructosamine, uric acid, creatinine, albumin and amylase levels and daily insulin dose requirements were found to be only improved by the combined Met + Ins treatment. Liver, renal and pancreatic dysfunction markers were found to be more positively affected by metformin adjunct therapy when compared to insulin treatment. Liver microcirculation damage was found to be completely protected by Met + Ins treatment, while insulin monotherapy showed no effect. Our results suggest that oxidative stress, microcirculatory damage and glycated proteins could be involved in the aetiology of liver disease due to diabetes. Additionally, metformin adjunct treatment improved systemic and liver injury in induced diabetes and showed a more pronounced effect than insulin monotherapy.
Adjunctive role of MMP‐9 inhibition along with conventional anti‐tubercular drugs against experimental tuberculous meningitis
Authors: Majeed Shahnawaz , Radotra Bishan D. , Sharma Sadhna 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTuberculous meningitis (TBM) is an outcome of neuroinflammatory degeneration caused due to Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection and leads to death or neurological disabilities in the affected individuals. It causes the highest morbidity and mortality amongst all forms of tuberculosis. Matrix metalloproteinase‐9 levels increase and cause inflammatory destruction during progression of the disease. Although corticosteroids are usually given as an adjuvant therapy to overcome these complications, treatment outcome is contradictory. This study was designed to evaluate whether specific inhibition of MMP‐9 can be beneficial in management of the disease. MMP‐9 levels were inhibited using SB‐3CT or dexamethasone along with conventional drugs for treatment of tuberculous meningitis. Both SB‐3CT and dexamethasone decreased the elevated levels of MMP‐9 in sera and tissues of the infected mice. However, dexamethasone administration had an inhibitory effect on bacillary clearance, while SB‐3CT potentiated the bacillary clearance, suggesting that MMP‐9, if specifically inhibited, can be beneficial in the management of TBM.
Nutrition and physical activity related school environment/policy factors and child obesity in China: a nationally representative study of 8573 students in 110 middle schools
Authors: Li M. , Xue H. , Wen M. , Wang W. , Wang Y. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundObesity is a serious threat to global health. School is a key setting for obesity intervention. Research on school risk factors for child obesity is limited in developing countries.ObjectivesTo examine regional variations in obesity and school environments/policies and their associations among students in China.MethodsAnalyses were based on the first nationally representative sample of 8573 9th graders in 110 middle schools from 28 regions across China. Multilevel models tested associations between school factors and child self‐reported weight outcomes and by school urbanicity setting (urban, rural).ResultsOverweight/obesity rate is higher among boys and in urban areas. Schools in rural areas, or less developed regions, promote longer on‐campus life, as is indicated by the presence of school cafeterias, night study sessions and longer class hours. Multilevel models show that (i) school cafeterias (OR = 2.53, 95% CI = 1.35–4.75) and internet bars close to school (OR = 1.63, 95% CI = 1.15–2.30) are associated with increased overweight/obesity risk in rural areas, especially for boys; (ii) school night study sessions are associated with lower overweight/obesity risk (OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.50–0.96) in rural areas.ConclusionsChina has large regional disparities in school environment/policies related to nutrition and physical activity. Some school factors are associated with students' weight status, which vary across gender and areas. Future school‐based interventions should attend to diverse regional contexts.
Ageing and recurrent episodes of neuroinflammation promote progressive experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Biozzi ABH mice
Authors: Peferoen Laura A. N. , Breur Marjolein , van de Berg Sarah , Peferoen‐Baert Regina , Boddeke Erik H. W. G. M. , van der Valk Paul , Pryce Gareth , van Noort Johannes M. , Baker David , Amor Sandra 
Published: July 2016

SummaryCurrent therapies for multiple sclerosis (MS) reduce the frequency of relapses by modulating adaptive immune responses but fail to limit the irreversible neurodegeneration driving progressive disability. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) in Biozzi ABH mice recapitulates clinical features of MS including relapsing–remitting episodes and secondary‐progressive disability. To address the contribution of recurrent inflammatory events and ageing as factors that amplify progressive neurological disease, we examined EAE in 8‐ to 12‐week‐old and 12‐month‐old ABH mice. Compared with the relapsing–remitting (RREAE) and secondary progressive (SPEAE) EAE observed in young mice, old mice developed progressive disease from onset (PEAE) associated with pronounced axonal damage and increased numbers of CD3+ T cells and microglia/macrophages, but not B cells. Whereas the clinical neurological features of PEAE and SPEAE were comparable, the pathology was distinct. SPEAE was associated with significantly reduced perivascular infiltrates and T‐cell numbers in the central nervous system (CNS) compared with PEAE and the acute phase of RREAE. In contrast to perivascular infiltrates that declined during progression from RREAE into SPEAE, the numbers of microglia clusters remained constant. Similar to what is observed during MS, the microglia clusters emerging during EAE were associated with axonal damage and oligodendrocytes expressing heat‐shock protein B5, but not lymphocytes. Taken together, our data reveal that the course of EAE is dependent on the age of the mice. Younger mice show a relapsing–remitting phase followed by progressive disease, whereas old mice immediately show progression. This indicates that recurrent episodes of inflammation in the CNS, as well as age, contribute to progressive neurological disease.
Comment on ‘Island biogeography: patterns of marine shallow‐water organisms’ by Hachich et al., Journal of Biogeography (2015)
Authors: Ávila Sérgio P. , Cordeiro Ricardo , Haroun Ricardo , Wirtz Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn a recent article, Hachich et al. (2015, Journal of Biogeography, 42, 1871–1882) studied the large‐scale biogeographical patterns of the species–area, species–island age and species–isolation relationships associated with marine shallow‐water groups (reef fish, gastropods and seaweeds) from 11 Atlantic archipelagos. We here express our concerns regarding the data accuracy used to compute the different models that tested the null hypothesis of species richness being independent of the selected variables. In our commentary, we focus mainly on the use of out‐of‐date checklists of gastropod and seaweed species from different archipelagos, but we also point out inaccuracies in some island age estimates and explain our disagreement with the use of the 200 m depth limit for the shallow‐water gastropods and seaweeds.
A New Freshwater Naked Lobose Amoeba Korotnevella venosa n. sp. (Amoebozoa, Discosea)
Authors: Udalov Ilya A. , Zlatogursky Vasily V. , Smirnov Alexey V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new freshwater species of naked lobose amoebae Korotnevella venosa n. sp. isolated from freshwater pond in St. Petersburg, Russia was studied with light and transmission electron microscopy. Basket scales of this species have six vertical columns supporting perforated rim. The latter has tongue‐like broadening with membranous region. Vertical columns bifurcate at both ends so that neighboring columns are connected by their bifurcations forming combined structure. Basket scales of K. venosa are similar to those of Korotnevella hemistylolepis in having six full‐length vertical columns and perforated rim. At the same time, they are different in having tongue‐like broadening of perforated rim with membranous region and absence of six half‐length columns and an intermediate crosspiece. Phylogenetic trees based on 18S rDNA gene placed K. venosa either at the base of the whole Korotnevella clade, next to K. hemistylolepis, or as a sister to the clade comprising Korotnevella species with latticework basket in large scales.
Exploring career anchors among occupational health nurses in Japan: A qualitative study
Authors: Kubo Yoshiko , Hatono Yoko , Kubo Tomohide , Shimamoto Satoko , Nakatani Junko , Burgel Barbara J 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimThis study examined the career anchor characteristics that are possessed by Japanese occupational health nurses.MethodSixteen occupational health nurses participated in the semistructured interview. Data analyses were conducted using descriptive qualitative methods.ResultsThe data showed the following five categories: practices concerning relationships and positions; development of occupational health practices; management skills for effective work; practices that are approved inside and outside the organization; and work and private life considerations.ConclusionsThis study described the career anchors among occupational health nurses in Japan. The participants emphasized the following: the importance of maintaining good cooperative relationships with workers and supervisors; balancing professional and organized labor; and practicing effective occupational health services. Moreover, the occupational health nurses emphasized receiving approval from inside and outside of the organization. These results were consistent with the actual practices of occupational health nursing.