bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Achieving high ON/OFF ratio and good stability in organic nonvolatile resistive memory devices with polyisocyanide bearing oligothiophene
Authors: Sakuragawa Yasushi , Takagi Yugaku , Ikai Tomoyuki , Maeda Katsuhiro , Dao Toan Thanh , Sakai Heisuke , Murata Hideyuki 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Polyisocyanide bearing oligothiophene pendants were used as an active layer in a nonvolatile resistive memory device. The current density current–voltage characteristics of the device showed nonvolatile memory behavior. The device exhibited a large ON/OFF ratio of 107 and a retention time of >4 × 104 under a read voltage of 0.5 V. The log J–V
1/2 curves exhibit a good linear relationship in the OFF state, which suggests that the conduction mechanism in the OFF state obeys the thermionic emission model. In contrast, in the ON state, the current slope was 1.2 and the activation energy of ON state was ∼6 meV. These conductive features in the ON state could be attributed to charge conduction through filamentary pathways.
Interhemispheric propagation and interactions of auroral traveling ionospheric disturbances near the equator
Authors: Pradipta Rezy , Valladares Cesar E. , Carter Brett A. , Doherty Patricia H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe present the results of our GPS total electron content and ionosonde observations of large‐scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) during the 26 September 2011 geomagnetic storm. We analyzed the propagation characteristics of these LSTIDs from the auroral zones all the way to the equatorial region and studied how the auroral LSTIDs from opposite hemispheres interact/interfere near the geomagnetic equator. We found an overall propagation speed of ∼700 m/s for these LSTIDs and that the resultant amplitude of the LSTID interference pattern actually far exceeded the sum of individual amplitudes of the incoming LSTIDs from the immediate vicinity of the interference zone. We suspect that this peculiar intensification of auroral LSTIDs around the geomagnetic equator is facilitated by the significantly higher ceiling/canopy of the ionospheric plasma layer there. Normally, acoustic‐gravity waves (AGWs) that leak upward (and thus increase in amplitude) would find a negligible level of plasma density at the topside ionosphere. However, the tip of the equatorial fountain at the geomagnetic equator constitutes a significant amount of plasma at a topside‐equivalent altitude. The combination of increased AGW amplitudes and a higher plasma density at such altitude would therefore result in higher‐amplitude LSTIDs in this particular region, as demonstrated in our observations and analysis.
Inward diffusion and loss of radiation belt protons
Authors: Selesnick R. S. , Baker D. N. , Jaynes A. N. , Li X. , Kanekal S. G. , Hudson M. K. , Kress B. T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRadiation belt protons in the kinetic energy range 24 to 76 MeV are being measured by the Relativistic Electron Proton Telescope on each of the two Van Allen Probes. Data have been processed for the purpose of studying variability in the trapped proton intensity during October 2013 to August 2015. For the lower energies (≲32 MeV), equatorial proton intensity near L = 2 showed a steady increase that is consistent with inward diffusion of trapped solar protons, as shown by positive radial gradients in phase space density at fixed values of the first two adiabatic invariants. It is postulated that these protons were trapped with enhanced efficiency during the 7 March 2012 solar proton event. A model that includes radial diffusion, along with known trapped proton source and loss processes, shows that the observed average rate of increase near L = 2 is predicted by the same model diffusion coefficient that is required to form the entire proton radiation belt, down to low L, over an extended (∼103 year) interval. A slower intensity decrease for lower energies near L = 1.5 may also be caused by inward diffusion, though it is faster than predicted by the model. Higher‐energy (≳40 MeV) protons near the L = 1.5 intensity maximum are from cosmic ray albedo neutron decay. Their observed intensity is lower than expected by a factor ∼2, but the discrepancy is resolved by adding an unspecified loss process to the model with a mean lifetime ∼120 years.
Passive advection‐dispersion in networks of pipes: Effect of connectivity and relationship to permeability
Authors: Bernabé Y. , Wang Y. , Qi T. , Li M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe main purpose of this work is to investigate the relationship between passive advection‐dispersion and permeability in porous materials presumed to be statistically homogeneous at scales larger than the pore scale but smaller than the reservoir scale. We simulated fluid flow through pipe network realizations with different pipe radius distributions and different levels of connectivity. The flow simulations used periodic boundary conditions, allowing monitoring of the advective motion of solute particles in a large periodic array of identical network realizations. In order to simulate dispersion, we assumed that the solute particles obeyed Taylor dispersion in individual pipes. When a particle entered a pipe, a residence time consistent with local Taylor dispersion was randomly assigned to it. When exiting the pipe, the particle randomly proceeded into one of the pipes connected to the original one according to probabilities proportional to the outgoing volumetric flow in each pipe. For each simulation we tracked the motion of at least 6000 solute particles. The mean fluid velocity was 10−3 ms−1, and the distance traveled was on the order of 10 m. Macroscopic dispersion was quantified using the method of moments. Despite differences arising from using different types of lattices (simple cubic, body‐centered cubic, and face‐centered cubic), a number of general observations were made. Longitudinal dispersion was at least 1 order of magnitude greater than transverse dispersion, and both strongly increased with decreasing pore connectivity and/or pore size variability. In conditions of variable hydraulic radius and fixed pore connectivity and pore size variability, the simulated dispersivities increased as power laws of the hydraulic radius and, consequently, of permeability, in agreement with previously published experimental results. Based on these observations, we were able to resolve some of the complexity of the relationship between dispersivity and permeability.
Modeling haboob dust storms in large‐scale weather and climate models
Authors: Pantillon Florian , Knippertz Peter , Marsham John H. , Panitz Hans‐Jürgen , Bischoff‐Gauss Ingeborg 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecent field campaigns have shown that haboob dust storms, formed by convective cold pool outflows, contribute a significant fraction of dust uplift over the Sahara and Sahel in summer. However, in situ observations are sparse and haboobs are frequently concealed by clouds in satellite imagery. Furthermore, most large‐scale weather and climate models lack haboobs, because they do not explicitly represent convection. Here a 1 year long model run with explicit representation of convection delivers the first full seasonal cycle of haboobs over northern Africa. Using conservative estimates, the model suggests that haboobs contribute one fifth of the annual dust‐generating winds over northern Africa, one fourth between May and October, and one third over the western Sahel during this season. A simple parameterization of haboobs has recently been developed for models with parameterized convection, based on the downdraft mass flux of convection schemes. It is applied here to two model runs with different horizontal resolutions and assessed against the explicit run. The parameterization succeeds in capturing the geographical distribution of haboobs and their seasonal cycle over the Sahara and Sahel. It can be tuned to the different horizontal resolutions, and different formulations are discussed with respect to the frequency of extreme events. The results show that the parameterization is reliable and may solve a major and long‐standing issue in simulating dust storms in large‐scale weather and climate models.
Source identification of VOCs at an urban site of western India: Effect of marathon events and anthropogenic emissions
Authors: Sahu L. K. , Yadav Ravi , Pal Devendra 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAmbient volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were measured using a high‐resolution proton transfer reaction‐time of flight‐mass spectrometer at an urban site of Ahmedabad in India during the winter season in 2014. Mixing ratios of VOCs show large diurnal and day‐to‐day variations. Although strongly influenced by local emissions, periods of higher VOCs were observed during transport from the polluted Indo‐Gangetic Plains than those from the cleaner Thar Desert. However with different rates, VOCs decreased exponentially with increasing wind speed. Relative abundance of methanol varied with weather conditions contributing highest and lowest under fog and clear‐sky conditions, respectively. Among the compounds reported here, oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) contribute to a large fraction (67–85%) with methanol being most abundant (40–58%). In spite of predominant vehicular emissions, diurnal distribution and emission ratios (ERs) of several VOCs indicate the role of biogenic and secondary sources. The ratios of isoprene/benzene and OVOCs/benzene show significant enhancements during daytime suggesting their contributions from biogenic and secondary sources. During marathon and cyclothon events, mixing ratios of VOCs were 2–10 times higher compared to a normal Sunday. The ERs of VOCs estimated using the nighttime data on marathon day are well within the range of values reported for several megacities of the world. The average contributions of primary anthropogenic sources to acetaldehyde, acetone, and isoprene were 44 ± 06%, 45 ± 07%, and 63 ± 12%, respectively. During cloudy condition, the increase in anthropogenic contribution to acetaldehyde (~10%), acetone (9%) and isoprene (30%) is due to reduction in biogenic emissions and secondary formation of these VOCs.
Nighttime chemistry at a high altitude site above Hong Kong
Authors: Brown Steven S. , Dubé William P. , Tham Yee Jun , Zha Qiaozhi , Xue Likun , Poon Steven , Wang Zhe , Blake Donald R. , Tsui Wilson , Parrish David D. , Wang Tao 
Published: February 2016

AbstractNighttime reactions of nitrogen oxides influence ozone, volatile organic compounds, and aerosol and are thus important to the understanding of regional air quality. Despite large emissions and rapid recent growth of nitrogen oxide concentrations, there are few studies of nighttime chemistry in China. Here we present measurements of nighttime nitrogen oxides, NO3 and N2O5, from a coastal mountaintop site in Hong Kong adjacent to the megacities of the Pearl River Delta region. This is the first study of nighttime chemistry from a site within the residual layer in China. Key findings include the following. First, highly concentrated urban NOx outflow from the Pearl River Delta region was sampled infrequently at night, with N2O5 mixing ratios up to 8 ppbv (1 min average) or 12 ppbv (1 s average) in nighttime aged air masses. Second, the average N2O5 uptake coefficient was determined from a best fit to the available steady state lifetime data as γ(N2O5) = 0.014 ± 0.007. Although this determination is uncertain due to the difficulty of separating N2O5 losses from those of NO3, this value is in the range of previous residual layer determinations of N2O5 uptake coefficients in polluted air in North America. Third, there was a significant contribution of biogenic hydrocarbons to NO3 loss inferred from canister samples taken during daytime. Finally, daytime N2O5 mixing ratios were in accord with their predicted photochemical steady state. Heterogeneous uptake of N2O5 in fog is determined to be an important production mechanism for soluble nitrate, even during daytime.
Multilevel Approaches to Schizophrenia and Other Psychotic Disorders: The Biobehavioral Interface
Authors: Walker Elaine F. , Ryan Arthur T. , Bridgman Goines Katrina C. , Novacek Derek M. , Goulding Sandra M. , Brasfield Joy L. , Macdonald Allison , Trotman Hanan D. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In this chapter, we review contemporary research findings and theories on schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. Because the modal age at onset of these illnesses is in late adolescence/ early adulthood, they can derail the adult developmental course and impair virtually all domains of functioning. While not yet at the point of identifying specific causes or cures, we have achieved a clearer picture of the elements and processes involved in both vulnerability and the neurodevelopmental course of these disorders. Contemporary research findings are challenging long‐held notions about conventional diagnostic boundaries and the specificity of risk factors. They indicate that psychotic disorders arise from complex interactions between neurobiology and psychosocial contexts. Multiple pathways have the potential to lead to the dysfunction in neural circuitry that ultimately gives rise to psychotic symptoms. Although daunting in complexity, the findings also point to potential points of leverage for future research on etiology and preventive intervention.
Subclinical Atherosclerosis in Systemic Sclerosis: Not Less Frequent Than Rheumatoid Arthritis and Not Detected With Cardiovascular Risk Indices
Authors: Ozen Gulsen , Inanc Nevsun , Unal Ali U. , Korkmaz Fatmanur , Sunbul Murat , Ozmen Mustafa , Akar Servet , Deniz Rabia , Donmez Salim , Pamuk Omer N. , Atagunduz Pamir , Tigen Kursat , Direskeneli Haner 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the frequency of subclinical atherosclerosis in patients with systemic sclerosis (SSc; scleroderma) compared to healthy subjects (HS) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients and to determine the ability of cardiovascular (CV) risk indices in detecting SSc patients with subclinical atherosclerosis.MethodsA total of 110 SSc patients (102 females and 8 males, mean ± SD age 50.5 ± 11.9 years), 110 age‐ and sex‐matched RA patients, and 51 HS without CV disease were examined with ultrasonography (US). Carotid intima‐media thickness (cIMT) >0.90 mm and/or carotid plaques were used as the gold standard for subclinical atherosclerosis (US+). Systematic Coronary Risk Evaluation (SCORE), QRisk II, and 2013 American College of Cardiology (ACC)/American Heart Association (AHA) CV risk indices were calculated.ResultsTwenty‐one (19.1%) SSc patients, 24 (21.8%) RA patients, and 3 (5.9%) HS had subclinical atherosclerosis (SSc versus RA: P = 0.62, SSc versus HS: P = 0.029). cIMT in SSc was higher compared to HS (0.68 ± 0.15 mm versus 0.61 ± 0.10 mm; P = 0.008) but similar to RA patients (0.66 ± 0.14 mm; P = 0.82). Subclinical atherosclerosis in SSc was associated with age (odds ratio [OR] 1.07, P = 0.013), elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (OR 3.4, P = 0.045), and pulmonary arterial hypertension (OR 4.27, P = 0.012). Concerning CV risk indices, of the 21 US+ SSc patients only 0, 3 (14.2%), and 6 (28.6%) were classified as high CV risk according to SCORE, QRisk II, and ACC/AHA risk indices, respectively.ConclusionSubclinical atherosclerosis in SSc patients is more frequent than in HS, but is as frequent as in RA patients in which accelerated atherosclerosis is clearly defined. CV risk indices for the general population are considerably insufficient to detect SSc patients with atherosclerosis.
Prevention of Incident Knee Osteoarthritis by Moderate Weight Loss in Overweight and Obese Females
Authors: Runhaar Jos , de Vos Bastiaan C. , van Middelkoop Marienke , Vroegindeweij Dammis , Oei Edwin H. G. , Bierma‐Zeinstra Sita M. A. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThis study evaluated the effect of moderate weight loss on the incidence of knee osteoarthritis (OA) in middle‐aged overweight and obese women, without clinical and radiologic knee OA at baseline.MethodsA total of 353 women (87%) with followup data available were selected from the Prevention of Knee Osteoarthritis in Overweight Females study, which evaluated the preventive effect of a diet and exercise intervention and of oral glucosamine sulfate on the incidence of knee OA. This was an exploratory proof‐of‐concept analysis, which compared the incidence of knee OA between women who reached the clinically relevant weight loss target of 5 kg or 5% of body weight after 30 months and those who did not reach this target.ResultsThe weight loss group showed a significantly lower incidence of knee OA according to the primary outcome measure, which was composed of the American College of Rheumatology criteria (clinical and radiographic), Kellgren/Lawrence grade ≥2, and joint space narrowing ≥1.0 mm (15% versus 20%; odds ratio 0.5, 95% confidence interval 0.3–0.9). Moreover, the weight loss also positively affected several health measures, such as blood glucose level, body fat percentage, and blood pressure.ConclusionA reduction of ≥5 kg or 5% of body weight over a 30‐month period reduces the risk for the onset of radiographic knee OA in middle‐aged overweight and obese women. Because of the slow progression of the disease, a longer followup period will be necessary before the number of prevented cases of knee OA by moderate weight loss becomes clinically more relevant.
Increasing Public Health Burden of Arthritis and Other Rheumatic Conditions and Comorbidity: Results From a Statewide Health Surveillance System, 2007–2012
Authors: Han Guang‐Ming , Michaud Kaleb , Yu Fang , Watanabe‐Galloway Shinobu , Mikuls Ted R. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the burden and changing trends of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions (AORCs) on health care and public health by estimating annual rates of emergency department (ED) visits, hospitalizations, and mortality, in addition to medical charges related to AORCs and their comorbidities in Nebraska from 2007 to 2012.MethodsNebraska state ED discharge, hospital discharge, and death certificate data from 2007 to 2012 were used to estimate disease burden. AORCs were defined using the standard International Classification of Diseases specified by the National Arthritis Data Workgroup. AORC conditions were defined by the presence of a diagnostic code anywhere on the corresponding record. To identify potential disparities in AORC burden, health care utilization was examined separately across 4 urban/rural categories.ResultsRates of annual ED visits (34% increase), hospitalizations (22% increase) and mean charges (an approximate 30% to 70% increase) from visits involving AORCs increased significantly from 2007 to 2012. Annual rates of ED visits and hospitalizations involving AORCs were lower in urban metropolitan areas compared to other urban/rural designations. AORC‐related mortality was highest in small rural communities. Disease profiles revealed that ED visits and hospitalizations involving gout and other crystal arthropathies increased disproportionately compared to other AORCs.ConclusionThe public health burden of AORCs increased significantly over the 6‐year period studied, posing a growing challenge for patients, families, and the public health system, and AORCs appear to disproportionately impact nonmetropolitan and other rural communities.
Generalizability of Patients With Rheumatoid Arthritis in Biologic Agent Clinical Trials
Authors: Vashisht Priyanka , Sayles Harlan , Cannella Amy C. , Mikuls Ted R. , Michaud Kaleb 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveRandomized controlled trials (RCTs) have consistently demonstrated the efficacy of biologic agents in treating patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) who satisfy strict eligibility criteria, yet studies report that a majority of RA patients in the US have had biologic treatment exposure. We identified the proportion of RA patients in clinical practice satisfying entry criteria for biologic agent RCTs.MethodsEligibility criteria of 30 RCTs of 10 Food and Drug Administration–approved biologic agents to treat RA were reviewed, summarized, and applied to 2 observational clinical cohorts: the Veterans Affairs Rheumatoid Arthritis registry (VARA; n = 1,523) and the Rheumatology and Arthritis Investigational Network Database (RAIN‐DB; n = 1,548). Patients at a single clinical encounter were assessed for overall trial eligibility as well as eligibility across 3 domains: demographics, disease activity, and medication exposure.ResultsThe mean percentage of patients that satisfied eligibility criteria was 3.7% (interquartile range [IQR] 1.5–3.1) in VARA and 7.1% (IQR 4.4–7.7) in RAIN‐DB. Ineligibility was most often due to low disease activity, specifically low joint counts. The mean Disease Activity Score in 28 joints at enrollment was 6.59 (range 6.1–7.1) across RCTs versus 3.87 (0.07–8.69) in VARA and 3.65 (0.49–7.21) in RAIN‐DB. RCTs for non–tumor necrosis factor (TNF) inhibitor biologic agents were more restrictive than RCTs for TNF inhibitors. There was no trend in eligibility by RCT study publication or drug approval date.ConclusionThe vast majority of RA patients from our clinical cohorts did not satisfy criteria for participation in biologic agent RCTs. These findings underscore the need for caution in extrapolating trial results to day‐to‐day management of RA patients and may provide insight into the differential responses to biologic agents reported in prior observational studies.
Prevalence and Determinants of Fatigue Following Total Knee Replacement: A Longitudinal Cohort Study
Authors: Hodges Alison , Harmer Alison R. , Dennis Sarah , Nairn Lillias , March Lyn , Crosbie Jack , Crawford Ross , Parker David , Fransen Marlene 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo evaluate the prevalence and determinants of clinically important fatigue before and up to 12 months after total knee replacement (TKR) surgery.MethodsThis study was a secondary analysis of a prospective cohort study conducted among 422 patients (ages 45–74 years) undergoing primary TKR for osteoarthritis (OA) who participated in the Maximum Recovery After Knee Replacement randomized clinical trial. Assessments were carried out before, and at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery. Self‐reported fatigue was assessed on a 10‐cm visual analog scale. Patients also completed a number of questionnaires evaluating knee pain, activity limitations, psychological well‐being, comorbidity, and physical activity. Linear regression analyses were conducted to explore 6‐ and 12‐month cross‐sectional and longitudinal associations with self‐reported fatigue.ResultsClinically important fatigue (≥6.7 of 10) was reported by 145 patients (34%) before surgery, decreasing to 14%, 12%, and 8% at 6 weeks, 6 months, and 12 months after surgery, respectively. In multivariate analyses, muscle strength was strongly associated with fatigue at 6 months, and knee pain, activity limitations, number of comorbidities, and lack of energy were strongly associated with fatigue at both 6 and 12 months after TKR surgery. Female sex, number of comorbidities, depression, and fatigue were all early predictors of fatigue 12 months after TKR.ConclusionAmong patients undergoing TKR for OA, clinically important fatigue is considerably prevalent both before and for at least 6 months after surgery. Identifying and addressing early predictors of ongoing fatigue has the potential to improve the quality of life following TKR surgery.