bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Analysis of the body composition of Paralympic athletes: Comparison of two methods
Authors: Lemos Valdir De Aquino , Alves Eduardo Da Silva , Schwingel Paulo Adriano , Rosa João Paulo Pereira , Silva Andressa Da , Winckler Ciro , Vital Roberto , De Almeida Alexandre Aparecido , Tufik Sergio , De Mello Marco Túlio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBody composition is a physiological variable associated with physical activity and, in some cases, is related to athletic performance. Our objectives were to describe the body composition of participants in three distinct Paralympic sports and to compare the values of body density and estimated body fat obtained from the Paralympic athletes on the National Team by air‐displacement plethysmography (ADP) and by the anthropometric method (skinfolds (SFs)). The sample consisted of 70 volunteers of both genders. The body composition of the volunteers was evaluated using the ADP in a Bod Pod® and seven SFs. There were no significant differences between the values obtained by ADP and SF for body fat percentage (p = .58) and body density (p = .49). Analysis by Bland–Altman plots showed mean differences of 0.56 ± 4.94 (−9.12–10.23) and −0.0017 ± 0.0113 (−0.024–0.020) for body fat percentage and body density, respectively. In conclusion, body composition analyses of Paralympic athletes by the ADP and SF methods show similar results, and ADP should be used as the first option when available. When the use of ADP is not possible, estimating body density and fat percentage by SF is a viable alternative for Paralympic athletes when future comparisons will use the same analysis method.
Marine Scientific Research
Authors: Stephens Tim , Rothwell Donald 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter begins by considering the definition of marine scientific research (MSR), followed by a brief assessment of the development of the regime dealing with MSR. It then examines the MSR regime contained within the 1982 UN Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOSC) from a zonal and operational perspective, followed by an analysis of how MSR is dealt with in complementary legal regimes. Next, the chapter reviews current coastal State legislative frameworks regulating MSR and comments on future issues confronting the regime.
The Limitations of Traditional Rules and Institutions Relating to the Use of Force
Authors: Glennon Michael 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the limitations of traditional rules and institutions with respect to the use of force. It considers international cooperation in managing the use of force, and whether and when the use of force is justified, within the framework of the jus ad bellum. The chapter discusses three factors that help to explain why the rules and institutions that regulate the use of force have not been effective. First is the weakness of international law’s secondary rules concerning consent, obligation, and causation. Second is the weaknesses in the UN Charter rules due to deficiencies in the wording of the rules themselves, especially with regard to pre-emptive self-defence. Third is the weakness in compliance resulting from the UN Security Council’s dysfunctionality, in part due to the UN’s professed reliance upon the principle of sovereign equality.
United Nations Security Council Practice in Relation to Use of Force in No-Fly Zones and Maritime Exclusion Zones
Authors: McLaughlin Rob 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines UN Security Council practice with respect to the use of force in no-fly zones and maritime exclusion zones. It considers whether the law governing the zone is based or not based on the law of armed conflict (LOAC) and whether the law on the use of force inside the zone is essentially the same as that outside it. It also assesses the effect of the Security Council’s act of declaring or acquiescing in the zone on the law that is normally applicable in the ocean or airspace enclosed by the zone. The chapter also analyses whether the Security Council can authorize the use of lethal force for the purpose of enforcing a mandate despite the absence of LOAC authorization. It discusses the notion of a ‘third paradigm’ for use of lethal force and the concept of ‘self-defence’ endorsed by the Security Council (and the UN more generally).
The Relationship between the Un Security Council and General Assembly in Matters of International Peace and Security
Authors: White Nigel D. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the division of competence between the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly concerning matters of international peace and security but placed within the context of the prohibition on the use of force. Although the Security Council can authorize the use of force by states, what is not clear is whether the General Assembly can recommend that states take military action. The chapter considers the conundrum faced by the United Nations with respect to an imminent and catastrophic use of force or act of egregious violence, when the UN Security Council is deadlocked because of the lack of agreement between the permanent members. It discusses the debate over the legality of the (in)famous Uniting for Peace Resolution of 1950 within the context of the emerging principle of a Responsibility to Protect (R2P) as well as within existing principles of international law.
Mandated to Protect
Authors: Willmot Haidi , Mamiya Ralph 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the conception and evolution of the UN Security Council mandate to protect civilians during peacekeeping operations from 1960 to the present. The chapter examines the normative and legal framework of the use of force to protect civilians in UN peacekeeping operations, with reference to Security Council resolutions and other bodies of international law such as humanitarian and human rights law. It considers Security Council practice between 1960 and 1999 and its emphasis on the concept of self-defence; Security Council practice from 1999 to 2007 regarding the inception and development of the explicit ‘protection of civilians’ mandate by the Council; Security Council practice from 2007 to 2011; and prioritization of the mandate in certain peacekeeping missions, specifically UNAMID (Sudan (Darfur)), MONUC (Democratic Republic of the Congo), UNOCI (Côte d’Ivoire), and UNMISS (South Sudan). Finally, the chapter describes Security Council practice from 2011 onwards and draws conclusions on impact that the protection of civilians mandate in peacekeeping operations has had on the evolution of the legitimate use of force under the UN Charter.
The Ban on the Use of Force in the UN Charter
Authors: Schrijver Nico 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Article 2(4) of the UN Charter, which prohibits the use of force in international relations. After discussing pre-Charter attempts to restrict states’ freedom to resort to warfare, it examines the emergence of a normative doctrine on a bellum justum. It considers the history of Article 2(4) and the other articles of the Charter that touch on the use of force and outlines exceptions to the prohibition on the use of force, including the so-called Uniting for Peace procedure. It examines the interpretation of Article 2(4) in the practice of the General Assembly, Security Council, and International Court of Justice), together with its inclusion in a number of multilateral treaties. Finally, it assesses the question whether the use of force after 1945 conforms to the object and purpose of Article 2(4), as well as the legal status of the prohibition to use force in contemporary international law.
The Prohibition of the Use of Force and Non-Intervention
Authors: Arrighi Jean Michel 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the principles governing relations among member states of the Organization of American States (OAS) as embodied in the OAS Charter, including reciprocal assistance, collective self-defence and defence of democracy, abstention from the use of force, peaceful settlement of disputes, and non-intervention in the affairs of another member state. It begins by looking at the history of disputes in the Americas, including those arising from border delimitation and demarcation issues, and early efforts to address them. It then discusses the adoption of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance in 1947 and the establishment of the OAS, together with the adoption of the American Treaty on Pacific Settlement (‘Pact of Bogota’), in 1948. The chapter considers a number of cases in which the provisions embodied in the OAS Charter, particularly the use of force in dispute settlement, were applied.
The International Court of Justice and the ‘Principle of Non-Use of Force’
Authors: Kreß Claus 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines how the ICJ has interpreted UN Charter provisions on use of force in international relations. It outlines ICJ jurisprudence covering use of force by focusing on prohibition of use of force, exceptions to that prohibition, and prohibition of the threat of force. It cites cases from Corfu Channel (1949) to Nicaragua (1986); Legality of the Threat or Use of Nuclear Weapons (1996); Case Concerning Oil Platforms (2003) pitting Iran against the US; Legal Consequences of the Construction of a Wall in the Occupied Palestinian Territory (2004); and Case Concerning Armed Activities on the Territory of the Congo (2005). The chapter opines that the Court was remarkably successful in clarifying the law and influencing state practice according to its interpretations. Finally it suggests that the ICJ should avoid too much prohibitive rigour in clarifying the important remaining grey areas of the international law on the use of force.
Taming the Doctrine of Pre-Emption
Authors: Deeks Ashley 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines one of the most contentious issues in the jus ad bellum: whether and when international law permits a state to use force unilaterally before it suffers an armed attack. More specifically, it considers whether pre-emption needs to be tamed. The discussion begins by sorting through the terminology used by states and scholars with respect to acts of self-defence in advance of an attack, with particular reference to three different terms: anticipatory self-defence, pre-emptive self-defence, and preventive self-defence. The chapter then outlines the basic positions in the historical debate about the legality of such self-defence before turning to three geopolitical and technological factors that put pressure on the doctrine of pre-attack self-defence: weapons of mass destruction, terrorism, and cyber attacks. Finally, it evaluates the future of pre-emption, with emphasis on changes in the timing of a state’s right to use force in self-defence.
Intervention by Invitation
Authors: Fox Gregory H. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter examines the debate concerning a state’s intervention in internal armed conflicts based on invitation, either from the government or from a rebel group fighting against the government. It looks at the issues that arise from intervention by invitation, particularly those relating to the territorial integrity of the state, the status of the actors involved, the nature of the consent, and implications for international law in general and for politics and human rights in particular. The chapter first considers the traditional view of intervention by invitation and the recent challenges to that view. It then discusses the negative equality principle as it applies to intervention in civil wars, as well as the link between intervention by invitation and democratic legitimacy. It also analyses the position of the UN Security Council on intervention by invitation.
On the radial distribution of Galactic cosmic rays
Authors: Recchia S. , Blasi P. , Morlino G. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The spectrum and morphology of the diffuse Galactic γ-ray emission carries valuable information on cosmic ray (CR) propagation. Recent results obtained by analyzing Fermi-LAT data accumulated over 7 yr of observation show a substantial variation of the CR spectrum as a function of the distance from the Galactic Centre. The spatial distribution of the CR density in the outer Galaxy appears to be weakly dependent upon the galactocentric distance, as found in previous studies as well, while the density in the central region of the Galaxy was found to exceed the value measured in the outer Galaxy. At the same time, Fermi-LAT data suggest a gradual spectral softening while moving outwards from the centre of the Galaxy to its outskirts. These findings represent a challenge for standard calculations of CR propagation based on assuming a uniform diffusion coefficient within the Galactic volume. Here, we present a model of non-linear CR propagation in which transport is due to particle scattering and advection off self-generated turbulence. We find that for a realistic distribution of CR sources following the spatial distribution of supernova remnants and the space dependence of the magnetic field on galactocentric distance, both the spatial profile of CR density and the spectral softening can easily be accounted for.
Disjunctured Feminisms
Authors: Lamb Roberta , Dhokai Niyati 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter explores feminism in the classroom to contribute to the discussion of music education and social justice in the volume. Through a dual-authored, cross-generational and cross-cultural approach, it follows the disjunctured past of feminism in North American music education, and advocates for the study of feminist histories within music education and its social and historical relevance to current music educators. It also deliberates the negotiation of North American academic feminisms concurrently with global feminisms. Furthermore, it considers the emergence of multicultural feminist perspectives within the music education classroom and offers ethnographic possibilities for encouraging diverse perspectives within the classroom. The chapter offers possibilities for encouraging inclusive and comprehensive music education that recognizes how each individual’s experience contributes to feminist diversity and social justice.
The Promotion of Multiple Citizenships in China’s Music Education
Authors: Ho Wai-Chung , Law Wing-Wah 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This chapter analyzes how ideas about multiple citizenship in Chinese school music education are put into practice, interpreted, and negotiated in this age of modernization and globalization. Education for multiple citizenships is made possible by an increasingly relaxed social environment attributable to international free trade agreements and the cultural and economic influences of globalization. Despite an emphasis on individualism and diversity in school music education, however, this educational project continues to consolidate the authority of the Chinese government by promoting traditional Chinese cultural and socialist values. This chapter furthers understanding of how China’s school music education responds to economic, political, and social demands and shapes students’ ideas about citizenship and identity. To this end, it includes discussions on education policy, pedagogy, community cohesion, democracy, and social justice as they relate to the formation of multiple citizenships in school music education.
Opioid-induced Loss of Local Anesthetic Potency in the Rat Sciatic Nerve
Authors: Liu Qing , Gold Michael S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrevious evidence suggests that opioid-tolerant patients are less responsive to local anesthetics (LAs) for postoperative pain management.MethodsTo determine whether this apparent loss of LA potency is due to an intrinsic change in the peripheral nerve, the effect of systemic morphine was assessed on the potency of lidocaine-induced block of the compound action potential in isolated rat sciatic nerves. Analgesic efficacy was assessed with the heat withdrawal assay.ResultsWhile acute administration of 10 mg/kg morphine had no detectable influence on lidocaine potency, seven daily subcutaneous injections of morphine produced a three-fold decrease in potency (EC50 for block A and C waves for naive rats were [mean ± SD] 186 ± 32 μM [n = 6] and 201 ± 31 μM [n = 6], respectively, vs. 608 ± 53 μM [n = 6] and 613 ± 42 μM [n = 6], respectively [P &lt; 0.001], in nerves from rats that had received seven daily injections of morphine [10 mg/kg]). This loss in potency was both dose-dependent and injection number dependent, such that the magnitude of the loss of lidocaine potency was significantly (n = 6; P &lt; 0.01) correlated (r2 = 0.93) with the development of morphine tolerance. Interestingly, despite the complete recovery of analgesic efficacy within days after cessation of morphine administration, the morphine-induced decrease in lidocaine potency was fully manifest even 35 days after the last morphine injection. Coadministration of naloxone (1 mg/kg, intraperitoneally), but not of naloxone methiodide (1 mg/kg, subcutaneously), with each of seven daily injections of morphine blocked the decrease in lidocaine potency.ConclusionsThese preclinical data suggest that the morphine-induced decrease in LA potency is due, at least in part, to the intrinsic changes in the peripheral nerve. Identification of the underlying mechanisms may suggest strategies for more effective postoperative pain management in the growing population of opioid-tolerant patients.
Pemetrexed-Induced Pseudocellulitis Reaction With Eosinophilic Infiltrate on Skin Biopsy
Authors: Tracey Elisabeth H. , Modi Badri , Micheletti Robert G. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract:
Peripheral edema with painful erythema is an increasingly recognized but poorly understood cutaneous adverse reaction to the antifolate agent pemetrexed. It is frequently misdiagnosed as cellulitis, and when it occurs, it is often dose-limiting. The authors report the case of a patient with preexisting lower extremity edema who developed extensive painful, bilateral erythema 5 days after administration of pemetrexed. An eosinophil-rich dermal inflammatory infiltrate was noted histologically. The authors review previously reported cases of pemetrexed-induced pseudocellulitis and discuss possible pathophysiology.
Paradoxical Effect of Levetiracetam in Newly Diagnosed Type II Focal Cortical Dysplasia
Authors: Fois Chiara , Rassu Anna Laura , Mandia Daniele , Sechi Elia , Doneddu Pietro E. , Sechi GianPietro 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A paradoxical effect of antiepileptic drugs was defined as an increased seizure frequency or severity occurring shortly after introducing a drug considered effective for that kind of epilepsy. In addition, this effect should occur at nontoxic drug serum levels. So far, pathophysiological mechanisms underlying this phenomenon have not been clarified. Recent evidence suggests that the variability of drug effects may depend on precise intrinsic properties of dynamic networks involving the drug and its binding site. Although several reports of paradoxical seizure exacerbation have been reported for levetiracetam (LEV), a possible association with focal cortical dysplasia has never been described nor investigated. In this report, we document a paradoxical effect induced by LEV monotherapy in a patient with type II focal cortical dysplasia at LEV serum levels within the therapeutic range. A hint of pathophysiological hypothesis underlying this potential relationship will be also suggested.
Critical appraisal of health claims: science teachers’ perceptions and practices
Authors: Nordheim Lena , Pettersen Kjell Sverre , Flottorp Signe , Hjälmhult Esther 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
– Critical appraisal skills are necessary to navigate the numerous contradictory and pseudo-scientific claims in the popular media. Health and science education in schools is essential for promoting these skills in students. The purpose of this paper is to explore lower secondary school science teachers’ perceptions and reported practices related to teaching critical appraisal of health claims.

Design/methodology/approach
– Interpretive description strategy guided the study process. A purposeful sample of 25 Norwegian teachers was interviewed individually or in groups. Interviews were analysed using the constant comparative method.

Findings
– One main theme, “unexploited opportunities for teaching critical appraisal”, and three sub-themes were identified: “inattentive to the relevance of critical appraisal”, “prioritise facts over critical appraisal”, “limited competency in critical appraisal”. Teachers’ descriptions of science sessions devoted to health education uncovered important opportunities for teaching critical appraisal of health claims. However, teachers did not appear to seize opportunities because they seemed inattentive to the relevance of teaching critical appraisal, they reported to prioritise teaching health content knowledge, and teachers themselves revealed limited expertise in assessing health claims critically.

Practical implications
– The findings suggest that science teachers need support to take better advantage of the links between health and science education to enhance students’ critical appraisal skills.

Originality/value
– This study adds depth to the understanding of issues and challenges faced by science teachers regarding critical appraisal of health claims, which is an important aspect of health education schools.
Eating disorder public service announcements
Authors: Iles Irina A. , Seate Anita Atwell , Waks Leah 
Published: July 2016

Purpose– Previous studies have documented that exposure to stereotypical information about certain social groups leads to unfavorable perceptions and feelings toward that group. Integrating insights from the mental illness stigma and the social identity perspective literatures, the purpose of this paper is to explore the effects of eating disorder public service announcements (ED PSAs) that employ stigma formats through the lenses of the stereotype content model (SCM) and the Behaviors from Intergroup Affect and Stereotypes (BIAS) Map.Design/methodology/approach– The study followed an experimental control group design. Participants were exposed to either a stigmatizing or a non-stigmatizing PSA.Findings– Exposure to the stigmatizing PSA resulted in lower perceptions of warmth and competence being attributed to people who have an ED which further predicted greater feelings of contempt toward these individuals. The stigmatizing PSA also directly predicted greater feelings of contempt.Practical implications– The findings suggest that using stereotypes about EDs in PSAs aimed at preventing such diseases may elicit perceptions of low warmth and competence, further associated with increased feelings of contempt toward people who have an ED in healthy individuals.Social implications– The stereotyping effects of PSAs may reduce the social and emotional support that people with EDs receive and may exacerbate their emotional distress.Originality/value– From a theoretical point of view, these results extend the understanding of mental illness stereotypes from an intergroup, SCM and BIAS Map perspective as it applies to EDs. More importantly, this study draws attention to possible unintended consequences of PSAs, a matter that is rarely researched, but that can have severe implications.