bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improvements in Global Climate Model Microphysics Using a Consistent Representation of Ice Particle Properties
Authors: Eidhammer Trude , Morrison Hugh , Mitchell David , Gettelman Andrew , Erfani Ehsan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper describes a new approach for representing ice microphysics in climate models. In contrast with most previous schemes, this approach does not include separate categories for cloud and precipitating ice and instead uses a single two-moment category to represent all solid hydrometeors. Thus, there is no need for an ice “autoconversion” size threshold parameter, which has a critical impact on simulated climate in the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM5) yet is poorly constrained by theory or observations. Further, in the new treatment, all ice microphysical processes and parameters, including ice effective radius and mean fall speed, are formulated self-consistently and flexibly based on empirical ice particle mass–size and projected area–size relationships. This means that the scheme can represent the physical coupling between bulk particle density, mean fall speed, and effective radius, which is not possible in current schemes. Two different methods for specifying these relationships based on observations are proposed. The new scheme is tested in global simulations using CAM5. Differences in simulations using the two methods for specifying the mass– and projected area–size relationships, particularly the cloud radiative forcing, are attributable mainly to the effects on mean ice particle fall speed, impacting sedimentation and ice water path. With some tuning of parameters involved in calculating homogeneous freezing it produces a similar climate compared to the simulations using the original CAM5 microphysics. Thus, it can produce a comparable climate while improving the physical basis and self-consistency of ice particle properties and parameters.
Synoptic and Mesoscale Environment of Convection during the North American Monsoon across Central and Southern Arizona
Authors: Carlaw Lee B. , Cohen Ariel E. , Rogers Jaret W. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
This paper comprehensively analyzes the synoptic and mesoscale environment associated with North American monsoon–related thunderstorms affecting central and southern Arizona. Analyses of thunderstorm environments are presented using reanalysis data, severe thunderstorm reports, and cloud-to-ground lightning information from 2003 to 2013, which serves as a springboard for lightning-prediction models provided in a companion paper. Spatial and temporal analyses of lightning strikes indicate thunderstorm frequencies maximize between 2100 and 0000 UTC, when the greatest frequencies are concentrated over higher terrain. Severe thunderstorm reports typically occur later in the day (between 2300 and 0100 UTC), while reports are maximized in the Tucson and Phoenix metropolitan areas. Composite analyses of the synoptic-scale patterns associated with severe thunderstorm days and nonthunderstorm days during the summer using the North American Regional Reanalysis dataset are presented. Severe thunderstorm cases tend to be associated with a stronger midlevel anticyclone and deep-layer moisture over portions of the southwestern United States. By September, severe weather patterns tend to associate with a midlevel trough along the Pacific coast. Specific parameters associated with severe thunderstorms are analyzed across the Tucson and Phoenix areas, where severe weather reporting is more consistent. Greater convective available potential energy, low-level lapse rates, and downdraft convective available potential energy are associated with severe thunderstorm (especially severe wind) environments compared to those with nonsevere thunderstorms, while stronger effective bulk wind differences (at least 15–20 kt, where 1 kt = 0.51 m s−1) can be used to distinguish severe hail environments.
Determination of the Proper Rest Time for a Cyclic Mental Task Using ACT-R Architecture
Authors: Atashfeshan Nooshin , Razavi Hamideh 
Published: October 2016

Objective Analysis of the effect of mental fatigue on a cognitive task and determination of the right start time for rest breaks in work environments. Background Mental fatigue has been recognized as one of the most important factors influencing individual performance. Subjective and physiological measures are popular methods for analyzing fatigue, but they are restricted to physical experiments. Computational cognitive models are useful for predicting operator performance and can be used for analyzing fatigue in the design phase, particularly in industrial operations and inspections where cognitive tasks are frequent and the effects of mental fatigue are crucial. Method A cyclic mental task is modeled by the ACT-R architecture, and the effect of mental fatigue on response time and error rate is studied. The task includes visual inspections in a production line or control workstation where an operator has to check products’ conformity to specifications. Initially, simulated and experimental results are compared using correlation coefficients and paired t test statistics. After validation of the model, the effects are studied by human and simulated results, which are obtained by running 50-minute tests. Results It is revealed that during the last 20 minutes of the tests, the response time increased by 20%, and during the last 12.5 minutes, the error rate increased by 7% on average. Conclusion The proper start time for the rest period can be identified by setting a limit on the error rate or response time. Application The proposed model can be applied early in production planning to decrease the negative effects of mental fatigue by predicting the operator performance. It can also be used for determining the rest breaks in the design phase without an operator in the loop.
Underweight Status Is an Independent Predictor of In‐Hospital Mortality in Pediatric Patients on Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation
Authors: Anton‐Martin Pilar , Papacostas Michael , Lee Elisabeth , Nakonezny Paul A. , Green Michael L. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground: Malnutrition is associated with an increased risk of mortality in patients admitted to the intensive care unit. Children requiring extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support represent an extremely ill subset of this population. There is a lack of data on the impact of nutrition state on survival in this cohort. We examined the association between being underweight and in‐hospital mortality among children supported with ECMO. Materials and Methods: This article reports on an observational retrospective cohort study performed among neonatal and pediatric patients supported with ECMO in a tertiary children’s hospital from May 1996 through June 2013. Nutrition status on intensive care unit admission was defined with z scores on weight for length and body mass index. Results: Patients (N = 491) had a median age of 31 days (interquartile range, 2–771): 24.4% were underweight, and 8.9% were obese. During ECMO support, 88.3% received total parenteral nutrition, and 30.3% received enteral nutrition. Median maximum energy intake while receiving ECMO was 82 kcal/kg/d (interquartile range, 54.7–105). Multiple logistic regression showed that underweight status was associated with increased predicted odds of in‐hospital mortality when compared with normal weight (odds ratio: 1.99, 95% confidence interval: 1.21–3.25, P = .006). Other factors associated with increased odds of mortality included extracorporeal cardiopulmonary resuscitation and the need for continuous renal replacement therapy. Conclusion: Underweight status was an independent predictor for in‐hospital mortality in our cohort of pediatric ECMO patients. Prospective studies evaluating the impact of metabolic state of children on ECMO should further define this relationship.
Prevalence and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy among outpatients with schizophrenia attending a tertiary psychiatric facility in Nigeria
Authors: Igbinomwanhia Nosa Godwin , Olotu Sunday Osasu , James Bawo Onesirosan 
Published: October 2016

Background: The study aimed to determine the prevalence, pattern and correlates of antipsychotic polypharmacy (APP) among outpatients with schizophrenia attending a tertiary psychiatric facility in Nigeria. Method: A cross-sectional study of 250 patients with schizophrenia attending the outpatient clinic of a regional tertiary psychiatric facility in Nigeria was undertaken. They were administered a sociodemographic questionnaire, the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS), the Global Assessment of Functioning (GAF) scale and the Liverpool University Side Effects Rating Scale (LUNSERS). Results: Of the 250 subjects interviewed, 176 (70.4%) were on APP. APP was significantly associated with higher prescribed chlorpromazine equivalent doses of antipsychotics ( p < 0.001), increased frequency of dosing ( p < 0.001), negative symptoms ( p < 0.01), poorer functioning ( p = 0.04) and greater side-effect burden ( p = 0.04). Conclusion: The APP rate reported from this study is high. Clinicians should be mindful of its impact on dosage and side-effect profiles as APP use is associated with negative symptoms and poor psychosocial functioning.
Oxytocin for frontotemporal dementia: a systematic review
Authors: Tampi Rajesh R. , Maksimowski Michael , Ahmed Mohsina , Tampi Deena J. 
Published: October 2016

Background: The aim of this systematic review is to identify published randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that evaluated the use of oxytocin in individuals with frontotemporal dementia (FTD). Methods: A literature search was conducted of PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Cochrane collaboration databases for RCTs in any language that evaluated the use of oxytocin in individuals with FTD. Bibliographic databases of published articles were also searched for additional studies. Results: A total of two RCTs that evaluated the use of oxytocin in individuals with FTD were identified. In one study, the use of oxytocin in individuals with FTD produced a reduction in identification of negative facial expressions (anger and fear) which can be hypothesized to improve trust and increase cooperation in these individuals. Both studies noted oxytocin was well tolerated and showed short term benefits on behavioral symptoms in individuals with FTD. Conclusions: Oxytocin appears to improve social aspects of cognition and behavioral symptoms in individuals with FTD and is well tolerated. However, positive data from larger and longer duration RCTs are needed before the routine use of oxytocin in individuals with FTD can be recommended.
Superiority of wall motion score index over left ventricle ejection fraction in predicting cardiovascular events after an acute myocardial infarction
Authors: Jurado-Román Alfonso , Agudo-Quílez Pilar , Rubio-Alonso Belén , Molina Javier , Díaz Belén , García-Tejada Julio , Martín Roberto , Tello Rocío 
Published: October 2016

Background: There are few data on the prognostic significance of the wall motion score index compared with left ventricle ejection fraction after an acute myocardial infarction. Our objective was to compare them after the hyperacute phase. Methods: Transthoracic echocardiograms were performed in 352 consecutive patients with myocardial infarction, after the first 48 hours of admission and before hospital discharge (median 56.3 hours (48.2–83.1)). We evaluated the ability of the wall motion score index and left ventricular ejection fraction to predict the combined endpoint (mortality and rehospitalization for heart failure) as a primary objective and the independent events of the combined endpoint as a secondary objective. Results: In 80.7% of patients, the wall motion score index was high despite having an ejection fraction >40%. No patient had an ejection fraction <55% with a normal index. After a follow-up of 30.5 months (24.2–49.5), both variables were predictors of the composite endpoint and all-cause mortality ( p<0.0001), although only the wall motion score index was a predictor of readmission for heart failure ( p=0.007). By multivariate analysis, a wall motion score index >1.8 proved to be the most powerful predictor of the composite endpoint (hazard ratio: 8.5; 95% confidence interval 3.7–18.8; p<0.0001). The superiority of the wall motion score index over ejection fraction was especially significant in patients with less myocardial damage (non-ST elevation myocardial infarction, or left ventricle ejection fraction >40%). Conclusions: Both variables provide important prognostic information after a myocardial infarction. Beyond the hyperacute phase, wall motion score index is a more powerful prognostic predictor, especially in subgroups with less myocardial damage.
Legal Implications of Physician Investment and Ownership in Health Care Enterprises
Authors: Rose Rachel V. , Kass Joseph S. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
This article presents a case in which a neurology group practice is considering investing in an imaging center that is owned by nonphysician investors with the aim of referring patients to this imaging center. The article reviews some important legal pitfalls in federal law that physicians must be aware of when considering such an investment and focuses on the general outlines of and exceptions to the Stark Law and the Federal Anti-Kickback Statute.
Imaging of Intracranial Cysts
Authors: Ajtai Bela , Bertelson John A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: Intracranial cysts are common findings on both CT and MRI. The majority of intracranial cysts are benign and incidental and without clinical significance. However, a minority are due to infectious, neoplastic, or other pathologic processes.

Recent Findings: Neuroimaging, in particular brain MRI, can readily identify intracranial cysts. It can often be difficult to characterize the likely histopathology of intracranial cysts based solely on their signal intensity, even when using contrast. However, with the knowledge that most intracranial cysts occur within a fairly narrow anatomic distribution, a concise and specific differential diagnosis can often be developed based primarily on location. The first location-based question to consider regarding intracranial cysts is whether the lesion is intraaxial or extraaxial. Intraaxial cysts should be further characterized as intraparenchymal or intraventricular, and extraaxial cysts should be identified as either midline or nonmidline. Signal characteristics using CT, MRI, or both can help further characterize the cystic process.

Summary: Neurologists should be familiar with the characteristic patterns of intracranial cysts to distinguish between benign and pathologic processes. A systematic approach to the assessment of intracranial cysts based on location and appearance should greatly narrow the differential diagnosis.
Ultrasound in Neurology
Authors: Tsivgoulis Georgios , Alexandrov Andrei V. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: Low cost, avoidance of irradiation, and high temporal resolution are inherent advantages of ultrasound imaging that translate into multiple clinical uses in many domains of neurology. This article presents clinical uses of ultrasound examination in cerebrovascular, neurodegenerative, and peripheral nervous system diseases.

Recent Findings: Modern treatment and prevention of ischemic stroke rely on prompt diagnosis. Ultrasonography has found a place as a noninvasive screening test and bedside technique that provides estimates of the degree of stenosis as well as hemodynamic and structural information about intracranial and extracranial vessels in real time. Other standard applications of neurosonology include detection of vasospasm in patients with subarachnoid hemorrhage, selection of appropriate candidates for blood transfusion among patients with sickle cell anemia (primary stroke prevention), right-to-left shunt testing, emboli detection, vasomotor reactivity assessment, and noninvasive confirmation of cerebral circulatory arrest. Improvement in image quality permits novel uses of ultrasonography in neurodegenerative and peripheral nervous system disorders, providing clinically important information that is complementary to the clinical examination and electrophysiology. Transcranial parenchymal sonography may assist in the differential diagnosis of movement disorders, while peripheral nerve ultrasound using high-frequency probes may provide structural information regarding the underlying etiology of entrapment neuropathies.

Summary: The indications for neurosonology are rapidly expanding, increasing its applicability outside the field of cerebrovascular diseases. Ultrasound testing is a noninvasive easily repeatable bedside investigation providing clinically relevant information on a wide spectrum of neurologic disorders.
Imaging of Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Lin Michelle P. , Liebeskind David S. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: This article provides an overview of cerebrovascular hemodynamics, acute stroke pathophysiology, and collateral circulation, which are pivotal in the modern imaging of ischemic stroke that guides the care of the patient with stroke.

Recent Findings: Neuroimaging provides extensive information on the brain and vascular health. Multimodal CT and MRI delineate the hemodynamics of ischemic stroke that may be used to guide treatment decisions and prognosticate regarding expected outcomes. Mismatch imaging with either CT or MRI may identify patients with salvageable regions who are at risk and likely to benefit from reperfusion therapy, even if they are outside the standard time window. Imaging of collateral circulation and determination of collateral grade may predict greater reperfusion, lower hemorrhage risk, and better functional outcome. Current neuroimaging technology also enables the identification of patients at high risk of hemorrhagic transformation or those who may be harmed by treatment or unlikely to benefit from it.

Summary: This article reviews the use and impact of imaging for the patient with ischemic stroke, emphasizing how imaging builds upon clinical evaluation to establish diagnosis or etiology, reveal key pathophysiology, and guide therapeutic decisions.
Imaging of Spinal Cord Disorders
Authors: Singh Karanbir , Mechtler Laszlo L. , Klein Joshua P. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: Spinal cord disorders are common and can be caused by a myriad of pathologies. Confidently interpreting spine imaging studies is an essential skill for neurologists as many spinal cord disorders can produce significant disability if not diagnosed and treated correctly.

Recent Findings: Advances in imaging have revolutionized the care of patients with spinal cord disorders by allowing noninvasive visualization of normal and abnormal structures.

Summary: This article summarizes the imaging patterns of common spinal cord disorders.
Imaging of Brain Tumors
Authors: Baig Mirza A. , Klein Joshua P. , Mechtler Laszlo L. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose of Review: Neuroimaging is an essential tool for the diagnosis and management of brain tumors.

Recent Findings: Advances in neuroimaging have allowed for noninvasive visualization of tumors and have changed how brain tumors are diagnosed and treated. Presurgical planning with the use of functional MRI (fMRI) and diffusion tensor MRI helps to preserve eloquent regions of the brain and fiber tracts, thereby decreasing patients’ postsurgical morbidity. With the use of susceptibility-weighted imaging (SWI) filtered phase images, diffusion-weighted studies, and perfusion imaging techniques, deciphering posttreatment effects versus tumor progression can be facilitated.

Summary: With recent advancements and novel approaches, various MRI techniques can be used to help diagnose and assist in presurgical planning and posttreatment management of brain tumors.
Zika antiviral chemotherapy: identification of drugs and promising starting points for drug discovery from an FDA-approved library
Authors: Pascoalino Bruno S. , Courtemanche Gilles , Cordeiro Marli T. , Gil Laura H. V. G. , Freitas-Junior Lucio H. 
Published: October 2016

Background The recent epidemics of Zika virus (ZIKV) implicated it as the cause of serious and potentially lethal congenital conditions such microcephaly and other central nervous system defects, as well as the development of the Guillain-Barré syndrome in otherwise healthy patients. Recent findings showed that anti-Dengue antibodies are capable of amplifying ZIKV infection by a mechanism similar to antibody-dependent enhancement, increasing the severity of the disease. This scenario becomes potentially catastrophic when the global burden of Dengue and the advent of the newly approved anti-Dengue vaccines in the near future are taken into account. Thus, antiviral chemotherapy should be pursued as a priority strategy to control the spread of the virus and prevent the complications associated with Zika. Methods Here we describe a fast and reliable cell-based, high-content screening assay for discovery of anti-ZIKV compounds. This methodology has been used to screen the National Institute of Health Clinical Collection compound library, a small collection of FDA-approved drugs. Results and conclusion From 725 FDA-approved compounds triaged, 29 (4%) were found to have anti-Zika virus activity, of which 22 had confirmed (76% of confirmation) by dose-response curves. Five candidates presented selective activity against ZIKV infection and replication in a human cell line. These hits have abroad spectrum of chemotypes and therapeutic uses, offering valuable opportunities for selection of leads for antiviral drug discovery.
STRUCTURE FORMATION IN SURFACE LAYERS OF GROUND PARTS IN FRICTION COUPLES DURING THEIR OPERATION
Authors: Суслов Анатолий , Suslov Anatoliy , Бишутин Сергей , Bishutin Sergey , Сакало Владимир , Sakalo Vladimir 
Published: October 2016

A surface layer in deformable material is an independent structural level of deformation which plays a significant functional role in a part behavior at the operation of this part. It is conditioned on not only by a certain influence of a surface layer state upon performance of a part, but also by peculiarities of its deformation.
The surface layer deformation gains special significance during friction of mating ground parts. At friction the basic changes of material take place in a thin (up to some micrometers) in a surface layer. The localization of stresses and their pulse character at fricion results in the generation of deformation defects. These defects arising on the surface move then to a certain depth conditioning the development of plastic deformation. The structure and properties of a deformed layer are defined by an initial state of material, conditions of loading, temperature and environment in which a couple of friction operates.
The experimental investigations carried out of the surface layer formation in parts ground revealed various mechanisms of their behavior at friction affecting substantially the wear resistance of parts in couples of friction.
The investigation results allow choosing substantiated scientifically the conditions and modes for finishing friction surfaces ensuring the formation of wear resistant thin nearsurface structures that will increase considerably machinery life and efficiency of technological operations of their finish grinding.