bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PROFESI CERTIFIED SUSTAINABILITY REPORTING SPECIALIST, PELAPORAN KEBERLANJUTAN, DAN TEORI ENTERPRISE (Suatu Tinjauan Mengenai Profesi CSRS dalam Pelaporan Keberlanjutan)
Authors: Kurniawan Putu Sukma 
Published: April 2017

AbstrakPerubahan dalam paradigma pelaporan perusahaan menghasilkan sebuah konsep pelaporan keberlanjutan (sustainability reporting). Pelaporan keberlanjutan merupakan sebuah bentuk tanggung jawab perusahaan kepada seluruh pemangku kepentingan perusahaan. Peran profesi certified sustainability reporting specialist (CSRS) sangat penting dalam proses penyusunan sebuah laporan keberlanjutan agar penyampaian informasi dari perusahaan kepada pemangku kepentingan dapat lebih komprehensif. Peran profesi CSRS dan pelaporan keberlanjutan pada dasarnya merupakan sebuah jawaban bagi penerapan teori enterprise (entreprise theory) bahwa bisnis yang dijalankan oleh perusahaan seharusnya bermanfaat kepada semua pemangku kepentingan perusahaan.Kata kunci: certified sustainability reporting specialist, pelaporan keberlanjutan, teori enterprise AbstractChanges in corporate reporting paradigm to produce a sustainability reporting concept. Sustainability reporting is a form of corporate responsibility to all stakeholders of the company. The role of certified sustainability reporting specialist is very important in the process of preparing a sustainability report in order to deliver information to the stakeholders of the company can be more comprehensive. The role of profession of CSRS and sustainability reporting is essentially a response to the application of the enterprise theory that the business carried on by the company should have been beneficial to all stakeholders of the company.Keywords : certified sustainability reporting specialist, sustainability reporting, enterprise theory
Combining Propensity Score and Random Coefficient Modelling as an Approach to Analyse Complex Longitudinal Data
Authors: Clos Stefan , Donnan Peter , Rauchhaus Petra 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
ObjectivesWe looked for an approach to analyze/visualize a set of repeated measures of renal laboratory data (eGFR [estimated Glomerular Filtration Rate] from an observational population-based data set) as safety parameters in a longitudinal design and calculate annual changes in different sub-cohorts. Previous meta-analyses had struggled to address this problem (due to poor data quality and strong heterogeneity in underlying historical studies) and previous large population-based observational studies had only looked into binary outcomes.
Particular challenges lay (1) in the complexity of the data set with irregularly spaced observation points, (2) in the observational character of the data with associated bias and confounding by indication and co-medication and (3) in the change of lab method during the observation period.
ResultsOut of a population base of 400.000 we analysed linked longitudinal data of more than 1000 eligible patients with over 1000.000 prescription records of index drug or co-prescription drugs. Data were provided by the Dundee University Health Informatics Centre (HIC).
We addressed the differences in covariates (which typically can lead to biased estimates of treatment effects in observational studies) via individual propensity scores (to reduce this bias by balancing the covariates in the two groups) and a hierarchical modelling approach.
A Random Coefficient Model (via proc mixed in SAS 9.3) proved a much more powerful statistical tool than analysis of covariance of the summary measure during follow-up, particularly as the latter approach is less efficient when applied to longitudinal data with missing data points and irregularly spaced repeated measures.Visualization was achieved with the SAS 9.3 GPLOT procedure combined with a spline function. The historical change in lab method was addressed via a conversion of lab results to an internationally recognized standard (IDMS aligned method).
We were able to achieve plausible and more precise estimates of the annual decline in eGFR in the patient group of interest than previous attempts from other research publications. This led to a publication in a high profile journal.
ConclusionOur approach of combining a Propensity Score and Random Coefficient Modelling was successful to answer a question in drug safety using repeated measurement data from a longitudinal observational population based data set. This approach may be useful for other research questions in Drug Safety or in Comparative Clinical Effectiveness Research for continuous outcome measures.
Differences in the breast cancer diagnostic process across stage groups in Ontario, Canada
Authors: Groome Patti , Whitehead Marlo , Jiang Li , Gilbert Julie , Grunfeld Eva , Langley Hugh , Lofters Aisha , Moineddin Rahim , Porter Geoff 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
ObjectivesEarly diagnosis leads to better cancer survival and short diagnostic intervals reduce patient anxiety. We are studying factors that prolong the breast cancer diagnostic process in Ontario, Canada.
ApproachThis is a retrospective study of all patients diagnosed 2007-2011 (n=33,752). We linked data from Cancer Care Ontario and the Institute for Clinical Evaluative Sciences including: Ontario Cancer Registry, physician claims, ambulatory, ER visits, and hospital discharges. Detection method (screening versus symptomatic) was determined using Screening Program and claims data. The diagnostic interval is the time from first relevant health care encounter to the definitive diagnosis. Elements of the diagnostic interval include: use of imaging, biopsy, and the number of encounters and providers.
ResultsOverall, 30.6% were screen-diagnosed and the median diagnostic interval was 40 days (IQR 21-80). The median interval was shorter in the screened group at 32 days versus symptomatic at 45 days. The diagnostic interval was longer for stage I patients at 47 days compared to stage II (37 days), stage III (33 days) or stage IV (22 days). Stage IV patients were less likely to be diagnosed via biopsy (44% vs 61%) and the symptomatic stage IV subgroup less likely to have breast imaging (61% vs 96%). 26% of stage IV patients saw 0 or 1 providers while 8% of stage I patients saw 6 or more. 19% of stage I patients had 10 or more encounters overall versus 15% and 28% had >1 mammogram versus 14%. Effects are largely similar in screened and symptomatic groups.
ConclusionShorter diagnostic intervals in stage IV are associated with a more direct diagnostic path. We will present results quantifying the number of days attributable to the diagnostic elements. Understanding the impact of elements of the diagnostic process provide targets for improvement of its length.
Investigating the relationships between chronic ill health and educational outcomes in children
Authors: Fleming Michael , Mackay Daniel , Pell Jill , McLay James 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
ObjectivesThis population wide record linkage study linked Scottish education data to a number of administrative health datasets to explore the impact of childhood chronic ill health on subsequent educational and health outcomes. Chronic conditions investigated in this study were diabetes, asthma, epilepsy, ADHD and depression. Specific educational outcomes of interest were academic attainment, school leaver destination, absence levels, exclusions and record of special educational need (SEN). Children were also followed up for hospital admissions and all-cause mortality.
ApproachPupil census data and associated education records for all children attending primary and secondary schools in Scotland between 2009 and 2013 were linked to national prescribing data, hospital admissions (acute, psychiatric and cancer), death records and their mother’s maternity records to enable a range of different chronic conditions to be studied whilst controlling for various confounders. Specific drugs are prescribed for some particular chronic conditions therefore children identified from prescribing data as receiving these drugs at the time of the school census were assumed to have these conditions. Hospital admissions and death records provided information on subsequent admissions and mortality. Linking all children to their mother’s maternity records provided ability to control for a range of obstetric factors, birth outcomes and maternal antecedents.
ResultsDiabetes, asthma, epilepsy, ADHD and depression were significantly associated with increased numbers of absences at school and increased risk of SEN. All of the conditions with the exception of diabetes were significantly associated with poorer subsequent educational grade attainment. ADHD and depression were significantly associated with increased numbers of exclusions at school whilst asthma was significantly associated with less exclusion. Epilepsy, ADHD and depression were significantly associated with poorer leaver destination 6 months after leaving school.
ConclusionCompared to peers, children who had ADHD or depression were most adversely affected experiencing poorer educational outcomes in all five of the educational domains investigated. Children with epilepsy experienced poorer outcomes across four domains. Children with diabetes and asthma experienced more absence and increased SEN and asthmatic children experienced poorer attainment. Children who have these chronic illnesses at school appear to be at an educational disadvantage therefore further understanding of the intricate relationships between health and education is an on-going important area of public health.
Longditudinal Study of Type-2 Diabetics – Do the morbidly obese really have better outcomes?
Authors: Bailey Kerry , Nock Kelly , Thomas Helen , Barker Craig , Player Luke 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT
BackgroundDiabetes continues to utilise 10% of the NHS budget and have considerable impact on people’s lives. Abertawe bro Morganwyg Health board identified diabetes and obesity as a strategic priorities. Working in collaboration with SAIL and We Predict ABM identified this as an area for which greater insights could be gained from linked data. Type-2 diabetes is not easily identified through ICD-10 and READ codes but if new diabetics can be identified through linked data and followed up over time local areas can understand the progression locally, which populations are at risk of serious outcomes and where interventions may be made.
ObjectivesTo identify newly diagnosed type-2 diabetics and matched controls in order to produce and analyse difference to the key outcomes of interest – death, retinopathy, myocardial infarction, CVD, CKD and amputation. In addition to produce sub group analysis – including by age group, gender, BMI and deprivation.
ApproachA stakeholder group of GPs, managers, NHS analysts and SAIL employees were consulted. Several approaches to define and identify newly diagnosed type 2 diabetics were considered. The final algorithm consisted of a combination of 227 linked primary and secondary care codes. All 635,552 patients in the historical data set were eligible for inclusion. Suitable matched controls (patients who did not have a Type-2 Diabetes diagnosis matched based on Gender and Age Group) were identified, and allocated a synthetic ‘date of diagnosis’ or date of entry into ‘study’. The ‘cases’ and controls were then followed up to each of the key outcomes of interest for as long as data was available (in some cases 20 years). Using ‘R’ relevant analysis including survival curves were produced. After feedback to key stakeholders different approaches to presenting (visualising) the outputs were developed. Finally all the statistics and visualisation was automated.
Results 47,848 people were identified with a new a diagnosis of diabetes. Large differences in mortality were clearly evident in people with diabetes in ABM HB – for example 10 years in middle aged men when diagnosed with diabetes compared to those who were not.
There were some surprising results where people with higher BMIs appeared to have better outcomes when compared to groups of people in similar categories but with lower BMI. However this finding was not consistent - there was a difference in micro vascular and macro vascular outcomes.
Public attitudes to data linkage and sharing
Authors: Given Joanne , Nelson Elizabeth , Kane Frances , Dolk Helen , Robinson Gillian 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectiveTo capture a baseline of public attitudes in Northern Ireland towards data linkage and sharing which can then be reassessed at intervals to measure changes in public trust and understanding.
ApproachThe Life and Times Survey is an annual survey of the attitudes of the public of Northern Ireland to a wide range of social issues. Questions within the survey are grouped into modules, the range of which varies from year to year.
In the 2015 survey a module of questions and vignettes was added relating to data sharing. These questions were derived mainly from the ‘Dialogue on Data’ report from ESRC and Ipsos Mori in 2014 and related to the key theme of ‘Public understanding and views of sharing of health data, data linking, and relevant safeguards’.
Each year a systematic random sample of addresses is used to identify selected respondents. Interviews are then carried out face to face in the respondent’s home via Computer Assisted Personal Interviewing. A self-completion questionnaire is also included at the end of the interview.
It is intended that the module relating to public attitudes towards data linkage and sharing are repeated at intervals, possibly every 3 to 5 years, to assess changes in levels of public trust and understanding.
Results1200 respondents completed the NILTS between October and December 2015. The dataset is currently being cleaned and will be ready for analysis in April 2016. It is intended that the results of the survey be presented at the IPDLN conference.
ConclusionA baseline measure of public attitudes towards data linkage and sharing has been made in Northern Ireland. Repeating this assessment at intervals will make it possible to measure changes in the levels of public trust and understating over time.
Risk of mortality following discharge from Critical Care
Authors: Walters Angharad , Lyons Ronan , Berridge Damon 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivesCritical care provides specialist treatment for patients with life-threatening illnesses and injuries. Outcomes data are fundamental to identify where resources need to be focused to provide safer care; we can determine long term survival after critical care and identify the risk factors of mortality by linking the critical care data with a mortality register, thereby building on previous survival reporting which is constrained to mortality within the admission. The objective is to identify the factors that increase the risk of mortality following discharge from critical care.ApproachAnonymised critical care data reported from 1st April 2006 are held within the Secure Anonymised Information Linkage (SAIL) databank and will be linked with ONS mortality data, inpatients data and the Welsh Demographic Service dataset. Details of patient care during the critical care admission such as duration of level 2/3 support, the organs supported and discharge details such as the time of day, along with patient demographics such as age, sex and socioeconomic factors are available for analysis. Adult Welsh patients alive at the discharge date and with a discharge date from critical care on or before 31.12.2013 will be followed up until 31.12.2014, outward migration or death.
ResultsSurvival analysis techniques will be used to determine the risk of death at certain time points after discharge from critical care and to identify the risk factors associated with mortality.
ConclusionDetermining the factors associated with mortality will allow patients at highest risk of death to be identified. If these risk factors are modifiable, then preventive interventions can be introduced to reduce the number of avoidable deaths.
Mortality rates in people with intellectual disabilities
Authors: Williams Rachael , Oyinlola Jessie , Heslop Pauline , Glover Gyles 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivesA growing body of evidence highlights a disparity in mortality rates for people with intellectual disability (ID) compared with the general population. However, national data for England is lacking. The objective of this study was to provide evidence on mortality rates in people with ID.
ApproachPatients registered for at least a day during 01/04/10-31/03/14 at a GP practice contributing to the Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) and consenting to linkage were included. Patients with ID were identified via Read codes. Date and cause of death were identified using linked Office of National Statistics mortality data. Crude mortality rates, life expectancy and indirectly age/sex standardised mortality ratios (SMR) were calculated with 95% confidence intervals (CI), overall, by ICD10 chapter, for frequently occurring causes, and those classified as avoidable.
Results11 million person-years were included (0.5% for patients with ID) and 98,035 deaths occurred (0.7% in patients with ID). The mortality rate for patients with ID was 11.2 per 1,000 population, 1.3 times the rate for those without ID, with an associated SMR of 3.2 (95% CI 2.93.4). Life expectancy was 65.5 years (95% CI 61.969.2)for patients with ID and 85.3 years for those without (95% CI 85.285.4). Mortality rates were higher in patients with ID in all age/sex groups, with larger differences for younger ages. Patients with ID had higher cause-specific mortality rates across all ICD10 chapters, with highest SMRs for congenital malformations (72.9, 95% CI 55.194.7), nervous system diseases (9.8, 95% CI 7.812.1) and mental disorders (5.4, 95% CI 3.97.3). Circulatory deaths were the most frequent, with ischaemic heart disease (SMR 2.2, 95% CI 1.62.8) and cerebrovascular disease (SMR 3.3, 95% CI 2.34.5) most prominent. A higher proportion of deaths were classified as avoidable for patients with ID (44.7%, 95% CI 41.048.5%) compared to those without (21.0%, 95% CI 20.721.3).
ConclusionNational English data confirm that patients with ID have higher mortality rates than those without. Mortality rates for patients with ID were higher across all age/sex groups and causes, with almost half of deaths classified as avoidable.
The healthcare costs of heart failure during the last five years of life: A retrospective cohort study
Authors: Hollingworth William , Biswas Mousumi , Maishman Rachel , Dayer Mark , McDonagh Theresa , Purdy Sarah , Reeves Barnaby , Rogers Chris , Williams Rachael , Pufulete Maria 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivesEvidence on the economic impact of heart failure (HF) is vital in order to predict the cost-effectiveness of novel interventions. The objective was to estimate the healthcare costs of HF during the last five years of life.
MethodsAdults who died with HF in 2012/3 were identified through linked English Office of National Statistics mortality data and Clinical Practice Research Datalink (CPRD) primary care data. CPRD and linked Hospital Episode Statistics admissions data were used to estimate the cost of primary care prescriptions and primary care and hospital admission healthcare with 95% confidence intervals (CI). Generalized least squares regression was used to estimate the relationship between costs, HF diagnosis and patient characteristics.
ResultsIn the last 90 days of life of 1,555 identified patients, healthcare costs were £8,912 (95% CI £8,436-9,388)per patient, more than 90% of which were for inpatient or critical care. In the last 90 days, patients spent on average 17.8 days (95% CI 16.8-18.8) in hospital and had 8.8 (95% CI 8.4-9.1) primary care consultations. Most (59%) patients were in hospital on the day of death. Mean quarterly healthcare costs were significantly higher after diagnosis than preceding diagnosis (by £1,479, 95% CI £1,286-1,671). Younger patients and patients with higher comorbidity had higher costs.
ConclusionHealthcare costs increased sharply at the end of life and were dominated by hospital care. There is potential to save money by implementation and evaluation of interventions known to reduce HF hospitalisations, particularly at the end of life.
One for all, all for one - Establishing a corporate linkage methodology for integrated health analytics in Canada
Authors: Paton David , Kirby Lori , Poitras Philippe 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo describe the successes, challenges and trade-offs encountered when establishing a standard patient linkage methodology for linking pan-Canadian health data across the continuum of care.
ApproachHealth facilities, regional health authorities and ministries of health across Canada need access to timely, integrated health information across the continuum of care in order to make effective decisions to manage and improve their health systems. To better meet these needs, our organization has embarked on an initiative to integrate our web-based analytic tools. A requirement for this integration is the establishment of a corporate linkage standard.
The scope is to enable linkage across a dozen patient-level data holdings including data from acute care, long term care, home care, rehabilitation, mental health, pharmaceuticals and registries for joint replacements and organ transplants. In Canada, provinces and territories issue jurisdiction-specific health care numbers (HCN) to their residents.
A working group was established to review existing methodologies and to define a standard linkage. To gain support from the various groups in our organization to adopt the proposed standard, the right balance was sought between accuracy, timeliness, ease of implementation as well as availability and quality of data elements across our data holdings. In addition, an accurate patient linkage key was manually created as a benchmark to compare false positives and false negatives of the various candidate methods.
ResultsIn general, adding data elements to the linkage methodology increased false negatives, decreased false positives and reduced the number of records that could be included in the linkage. Data quality issues affecting linkages varied across the data holdings and by jurisdiction.
The final standard linkage methodology is simple and deterministic: link records by jurisdiction and HCN and exclude records where HCN is used by multiple people, for example, newborns who share their HCN with their mother.
ConclusionArriving at a methodology that balanced the need for inclusiveness, simplicity and precision required collaboration, compromise, analysis and innovation. To date, the new client linkage standard has been implemented for ad-hoc analysis as well as in the data warehouse for our new web analytics tool. The implementation of the new client linkage standard represents an important foundational step towards creating an integrated analytics tool that spans across the continuum of care.