bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le sport professionnel saisi par sa convention collective : genèse d’une définition singulière (France, 1995-2014)
Authors: Fleuriel Sébastien 
Published: May 2016

L’adoption de la convention collective du sport en 2005 a permis au monde sportif dans son ensemble de se constituer en branche professionnelle pour encadrer et renforcer les règles de travail dans le secteur des activités sportives. Le texte cristallise dans un de ses chapitres la notion de sport professionnel qui, en vertu de son acception bien mal aisée à contrôler, réveille des querelles de définition lors des négociations collectives. Si le sport professionnel renvoie communément dans ses usages indigènes au couple d’opposition amateur/professionnel, il résiste en effet à toute tentative de définition juridique stable, le législateur se référant le plus souvent au contrat de travail formel caractérisé par une relation de subordination entre un employeur et un employé. Ces écarts de définition entre l’usage et le droit conduisent à s’interroger sur les processus qui débouchent pourtant à son emploi dans le droit conventionnel. L’article analyse les déterminants qui ont amené les négociateurs de la branche, employeurs comme salariés, constitués en groupe d’intérêts, à produire et adopter cette catégorie d’analyse de la réalité sportive, aussi peu fiable que satisfaisante à l’usage. Le raisonnement débouche finalement sur le paradoxe suivant : la convention reconnaît dans son droit une pratique qu’elle n’est jamais parvenue à définir juridiquement.
Développement professionnel d’enseignants et réflexivité Quels seuils ? Quelles étapes ?
Authors: Colsoul Alain , Robin Françoise 
Published: May 2016

L’article restitue les résultats d’une analyse d’un dispositif de pratique réflexive à l’intention d’enseignants volontaires. Un praticien réfléchi est capable de recourir à la réflexion « dans et sur l’action » (Schön, 1994) lors de situations inattendues. Les travaux de Jorro (2005) permettent d’établir la liaison entre la pratique réflexive et le développement professionnel. L’auteure envisage l’évolution du positionnement réflexif des praticiens selon des étapes qui correspondent à l’évolution dans le métier et qu’elle qualifie de seuils : le reflet, l’interprétation et la critique-régulatrice. Ce dernier seuil concerne la mise en place de stratégies alternatives au fonctionnement habituel. Il ne semble pratiquement jamais atteint. Pour envisager la possibilité d’accéder à ce seuil, nous proposons d’examiner l’apport de références théoriques conjugué à celui du groupe de pairs.
Convolution Powers of Salem Measures With Applications
Authors: Chen Xianghong , Seeger Andreas 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe study the regularity of convolution powers for measures supported on Salemsets, and prove related results on Fourier restriction and Fourier multipliers. In particular we show that for α of the form d/n, n = 2, 3, … there exist α-Salem measures for which the L2Fourier restriction theorem holds in the range. The results rely on ideas of Körner. We extend some of his constructions to obtain upper regular α-Salem measures, with sharp regularity results forn-fold convolutions for all n ∈ ℕ.
Facilitating Institutional Oversight and Program Improvement Through Educational Competency Committees
Authors: Andolsek Kathryn M. , Fortune Rhea F. , Nagler Alisa , Stancil Chrystal , Kuhn Catherine , McNeill Diana 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

The Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) requires programs to engage annually in program evaluation and improvement.Background

We assessed the value of creating educational competency committees (ECCs) that use successful elements of 2 established processes—institutional special reviews and institutional oversight of annual program evaluations.Objective

The ECCs used a template to review programs' annual program evaluations. Results were aggregated into an institutional dashboard. We calculated the costs, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value by comparing programs required to have a special review with those that had ACGME citations, requests for a progress report, or a data-prompted site visit. We assessed the value for professional development through a participant survey.Methods

Thirty-two ECCs involving more than 100 individuals reviewed 237 annual program evaluations over a 3-year period. The ECCs required less time than internal reviews. The ECCs rated 2 to 8 programs (2.4%–9.8%) as “noncompliant.” One to 13 programs (1.2%–14.6%) had opportunities for improvement identified. Institutional improvements were recognized using the dashboard. Zero to 13 programs (0%–16%) were required to have special reviews. The sensitivity of the decision to have a special review was 83% to 100%; specificity was 89% to 93%; and negative predictive value was 99% to 100%. The total cost was $280 per program. Of the ECC members, 86% to 95% reported their participation enhanced their professional development, and 60% to 95% believed the ECC benefited their program.Results

Educational competency committees facilitated the identification of institution-wide needs, highlighted innovation and best practices, and enhanced professional development. The cost, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value indicated good value.Conclusions
The Effect of Paging Reminders on Fellowship Conference Attendance: A Multi-Program Randomized Crossover Study
Authors: Smith Joshua , Zaffiri Lorenzo , Clary Julie , Davis Tyler , Bosslet Gabriel T. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Educational conferences have long served as a foundation of medical education. Sending reminder text pages prior to the start of conferences is a method that may be employed to enhance conference attendance.Background

The goal of our study was to determine if routine text paging before regularly scheduled conferences improves attendance among fellows in 3 internal medicine programs.Objective

A prospective, randomized, crossover study included 3 fellowship programs: pulmonary and critical care, cardiovascular disease, and hematology-oncology. The study was performed between October 2014 and March 2015. All fellows were included and randomized to 1 of 2 groups (with subsequent crossover to opposite group): Pages or No Pages. Paging reminders, which included conference title, location, and time, were sent 30 minutes prior to every conference for those in the intervention arm. Attendance was collected through a standard attendance log using self-registration.Methods

A total of 46 fellows and 156 conferences were included for analysis, with 75 during the first 3 months and 81 during the second 3 months. There were no differences in individual overall attendance between randomized groups for the entire study period (42.9% versus 46.5%, P = .46). Paging reminders had no effect on overall individual attendance (43.7% versus 45.6%, P = .50). In addition, no significant differences were identified for individuals within each fellowship and training year.Results

Paging reminders prior to a regularly scheduled conference had no effect on overall attendance in this study. Fellows reported that clinical obligations were a major barrier to conference attendance.Conclusions
De rekrutering en selectie van kandidaat-gemeenteraadsleden
Authors: Grimberg Maurits , Vollaard Hans 
Published: May 2016

The recruitment and selection of candidate councillors
The recruitment and selection of candidate (municipal) councillors by political parties at the local level is an underexposed area of research. This is noteworthy because of the explicit worries about the lack of suitable candidates and about the underrepresentation of certain groups in society. These kinds of nomination problems may also arise from the manner in which parties recruit and which requirements they have for potential candidates. Therefore this article explores recruitment and selection processes at the local level in order to be able to designate possible causes of these nomination problems. The exploratory research involves case studies of the selectors, candidates and the nomination procedure of seven political parties that took part in the municipal elections of 2014 in a typical, average Dutch municipality in the west of the Netherlands: Voorschoten (25,000 inhabitants). The local party elite mainly recruited party members and some non-party members from their own networks, such as local associations. Thus groups in society that are not part of these networks, are less likely to appear in the picture. Active party membership and the willingness to invest a lot of time in their council work appeared to be the highest appreciated characteristics of the ideal councillor according to interviews with the local party elite and a survey amongst the candidate councillors. With a declining number of party members and other ways to spend their time, it is becoming increasingly difficult to recruit non-pensioners as candidates.
Hoe groter, hoe beter? Kleinschaligheid en publieke voorzieningen in microstaten
Authors: van Houwelingen Pepijn , Veenendaal Wouter 
Published: May 2016

The bigger, the better? Small scale and public services in microstates
Politicians and scientists in the Netherlands often claim that only municipalities with over 100,000 inhabitants (so called ‘100,000+ municipalities’) have enough administrative power to be able to carry out their tasks in the future well. This is also the case for the responsibilities that recently have handed over to the Dutch municipalities as part of the three decentralizations. Against the background of this debate, the authors of this essay argue that the experiences of the four European microstates – Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco and San Marino –may offer an interesting frame of reference where it concerns the delivery of public services. These four countries have all the responsibilities and tasks of a sovereign state, but at the same time three of the four countries have a population of fewer than 40,000 inhabitants. Also, the fourth country is smaller than a 100,000+ municipality. Despite the small size of these states, their public services are of an exceptionally high level. Therefore this essay tries to answer two questions: How is this possible? What can we learn from the experiences of these microstates about the debate on scale and administrative power in the Netherlands?
Keten- en netwerksamenwerking in het veiligheidsdomein
Authors: Dijkstra Jelle , Jacobs Marc 
Published: May 2016

Chain and network cooperation in the safety domain
In the safety domain important developments are currently taking place concerning the way in which administrative and tactical operations are dealt with in crises. It is characteristic for the approach that cooperation in chains and networks is increasingly needed to arrive at a suitable approach. In this essay, the authors analyse two subdomains in two concrete cases on how cooperation between several parties takes shape and functions. For that purpose, they differentiate between acute and non-acute crises. In the subdomain ‘acute crises’, they have chosen the case of the Dutch town Moerdijk (the fire at the Chemie-Pack company in 2011). In the subdomain of non-acute crises, they focus on community safety partnerships (‘Veiligheidshuizen’), especially on the community safety partnership in the Dutch province of Friesland (‘Veiligheidshuis Friesland’). In both subdomains the establishment of a good basic cooperation and leadership structure appears to be of prime importance. From there it is necessary to respond in a flexible manner (to be able to execute custom-made work). Within that framework, the capacity may develop to arrange a well-structured and effective cooperation at the operational level (ad hoc in acute crises), to monitor progress properly and to carry out targeted interventions if the developments in the situation ask for these interventions. A good knowledge of each other’s frame of reference is necessary to make this work, so that a maximum level of integration in the approach is achieved.
Gone fishing? Grenzen aan de toelaatbaarheid van ‘toevallig’ tijdens een inspectie verkregen bewijs in Deutsche Bahn
Authors: van Bockel B. 
Published: May 2016

Gone fishing? Grenzen aan de toelaatbaarheid van ‘toevallig’ tijdens een inspectie verkregen bewijs in Deutsche Bahn

In het arrest Deutsche Bahn verduidelijkte het Hof van Justitie waar enkele grenzen liggen voor wat betreft de toelaatbaarheid van informatie die ‘toevallig’ door Commissieambtenaren wordt verkregen tijdens een inspectie. Het Hof van Justitie bepaalde eerder, in het arrest Dow Benelux, dat toevallig gevonden aanwijzingen van andere overtredingen dan die welke in de inspectiebeschikking zijn opgenomen, aanleiding mogen vormen voor verder onderzoek. In Deutsche Bahn werd geoordeeld dat de betrokken Commissieambtenaren echter niet gericht mogen zoeken naar informatie die niet ziet op de overtreding zoals omschreven in de inspectiebeschikking.HvJ 18 juni 2015, zaak C-583/13 P, Deutsche Bahn e.a./Commissie, ECLI:EU:C:2015:404
Unitrading Revisited. Oncontroleerbaar bewijs tussen eerlijk proces en doeltreffendheid
Authors: Widdershoven R.J.G.M. 
Published: May 2016

Unitrading Revisited. Oncontroleerbaar bewijs tussen eerlijk proces en doeltreffendheid
Eind 2015 wees de Hoge Raad arrest in de zaak Unitrading. In lijn met de uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie in die zaak beoordeelt de Hoge Raad de toelaatbaarheid als bewijs van de voor partijen en rechter oncontroleerbare onderzoeksresultaten van een Amerikaans laboratorium niet in het licht van artikel 47 Handvest, maar op basis van het nationale bewijsrecht en het Unierechtelijke beginsel van doeltreffendheid. Deze beoordeling leidt tot vernietiging van de bestreden uitspraak van het Gerechtshof Amsterdam, omdat het gerechtshof onvoldoende heeft gemotiveerd waarom het de bevindingen van het Amerikaans laboratorium betrouwbaar heeft geacht. In deze bijdrage wordt ingegaan op de uitspraak van het Hof van Justitie in Unitrading en het arrest van de Hoge Raad, en wordt de problematiek van toelaatbaarheid van oncontroleerbaar bewijs in een breder kader geplaatst. Is dat een kwestie van doeltreffendheid van het Unierecht of toch van een eerlijk proces?HR 4 december 2015, 12/02876, AB 2016/112, m.nt. Y.E. Schuurmans, ECLI:NL:HR:2015:3467 (Unitrading Ltd./Staatssecretaris van Financiën).
De ‘nieuwe generatie’ Associatieovereenkomst tussen de EU en Oekraïne en zijn constitutionele context
Authors: Idriz N.F. , Senden L.A.J. 
Published: May 2016

De ‘nieuwe generatie’ Associatieovereenkomst tussen de EU en Oekraïne en zijn constitutionele context
In deze bijdrage worden de bredere context, doelstelling en inhoud van de Associatieovereenkomst tussen de EU en Oekraïne (hierna: AO) geschetst, en wat deze bijzonder maakt ten opzichte van andere associatieovereenkomsten. In het bijzonder gaan we ook in op die juridische aspecten die democratische controle via een referendum bemoeilijken. Daarbij besteden we specifiek aandacht aan de constitutionele perikelen die ontstaan voor de Nederlandse regering alsook voor de EU, ingeval een meerderheid zich tegen de goedkeuringswet uitspreekt en het Nederlandse parlement vervolgens zou besluiten de goedkeuringswet in te trekken.PbEU 2014, L 161/3
Europese gegevensbescherming: van richtlijn naar verordening
Authors: van Schelven I.P.V. , van Schelven P.C. 
Published: May 2016

Europese gegevensbescherming: van richtlijn naar verordening
De Algemene Verordening Gegevensbescherming voorziet in een integraal nieuw stelsel van Europese rechtsregels inzake de verwerking en bescherming van persoonsgegevens. Ter versterking van de dataprotectie introduceert de verordening tal van nieuwe verplichtingen voor bedrijven en organisaties. De handhaving binnen de Europese Unie is meer geüniformeerd en het regime van sancties is aanzienlijk verzwaard. Dit artikel geeft een beknopt overzicht van de belangrijkste vernieuwingen.
High incidence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes among ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical isolates of Enterobacteriaceae at a tertiary care hospital in Puducherry, India
Authors: Yugendran Thiyagarajan , Harish Belgode Narasimha 
Published: May 2016

Background.Plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) has received considerable attention recently. Data analysis in Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education & Research (JIPMER) revealed 75% of the Enterobacteriaceae isolates to be ciprofloxacin-resistant in 2012. Few reports regarding the prevalence of PMQR are available from India. Hence, the present study was carried out to ascertain the prevalence of PMQR genes among clinical isolates of ciprofloxacin-resistant Enterobacteriaceae in JIPMER.Methods.The study included 642 ciprofloxacin-resistant clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates. JIPMER hospital’s annual consumption data for fluoroquinolones were retrieved from the Department of Pharmacy. The test isolates were screened for the presence ofqnr A,B,D,Sandaac(6′)-Ib-crgenes. PMQR-positive isolates alone were tested for the presence of class I (intI1) and class II (intI2) integrons. Randomly selected PCR amplicons were sequenced and analysed using MEGA software. A total of 30 PMQR strains chosen at random were assessed for the transferability of the PMQR genes.Results.A majority of the strains exhibited high MIC values with 106 strains exhibiting MIC values >256 µg/mL. Theaac(6′)-Ib-crgene had the highest prevalence at 64% (414) while,qnrBandqnrSgenes were present in 15% (97) and 10% (64) of the isolates respectively. None of the strains were positive forqnrAandqnrD. All PMQR-positive isolates were screened for class I (intI1) and class II (intI2) integrons. Class I integron was found to be predominant among the test isolates with a few of them carrying both the classes of integrons. Transferability of PMQR genes to transconjugants was identified.Conclusion.The incidence of PMQR genes in the tertiary-care setup of the JIPMER hospital was found to be high which could be probably due to the increased prescription of fluoroquinolones. Thus, there is a need for rational usage of fluoroquinolones.
A cross-sectional questionnaire study of the rules governing pupils’ carriage of inhalers for asthma treatment in secondary schools in North East England
Authors: Funston Wendy , Howard Simon J. 
Published: May 2016

Objectives.The primary objective of this study was to assess the rules governing secondary school pupils’ carriage of inhalers for emergency treatment of asthma in the North East of England.Design.This study was based upon a postal questionnaire survey.Setting.The setting for this study was mainstream free-to-attend secondary schools which admit 16 year old pupils within the 12 Local Authority areas which make up the North East of England.Participants.All 153 schools meeting the inclusion criteria were invited to participate in the study, of which 106 (69%) took part.Main Outcome Measures.Our three main outcome measures were: whether pupils are permitted to carry inhalers on their person while at school; whether advance permission is required for pupils to carry inhalers, and from whom; and whether the school has an emergency ‘standby’ salbutamol inhaler for use in asthma emergencies, as permitted since October 2014 under recent amendments to The Human Medicines Regulations 2012.Results.Of 98 schools submitting valid responses to the question, 99% (n= 97) permitted pupils to carry inhalers on their person while at school; the remaining school stored pupils’ inhalers in a central location within the school. A total of 22% of included schools (n= 22) required parental permission before pupils were permitted to carry inhalers. Of 102 schools submitting valid responses to the question, 44% (n= 45) had purchased a ‘standby’ salbutamol inhaler for use in asthma emergencies.Conclusions.Most secondary schools in North East England permit pupils to carry inhalers on their person. The requirement in a minority of schools for parental permission to be given possibly contravenes the standard ethical practices in clinical medicine for children of this age. Only a minority of schools hold a ‘standby’ salbutamol inhaler for use in asthma emergencies. Wider availability may improve outcomes for asthma emergencies occurring in schools.
The influence of scopolamine on motor control and attentional processes
Authors: Bestaven Emma , Kambrun Charline , Guehl Dominique , Cazalets Jean-René , Guillaud Etienne 
Published: May 2016

Background:Motion sickness may be caused by a sensory conflict between the visual and the vestibular systems. Scopolamine, known to be the most effective therapy to control the vegetative symptoms of motion sickness, acts on the vestibular nucleus and potentially the vestibulospinal pathway, which may affect balance and motor tasks requiring both attentional process and motor balance. The aim of this study was to explore the effect of scopolamine on motor control and attentional processes.Methods:Seven subjects were evaluated on four different tasks before and after a subcutaneous injection of scopolamine (0.2 mg): a one-minute balance test, a subjective visual vertical test, a pointing task and a galvanic vestibular stimulation with EMG recordings.Results:The results showed that the reaction time and the movement duration were not modified after the injection of scopolamine. However, there was an increase in the center of pressure displacement during the balance test, a decrease in EMG muscle response after galvanic vestibular stimulation and an alteration in the perception of verticality.Discussion:These results confirm that low doses of scopolamine such as those prescribed to avoid motion sickness have no effect on attentional processes, but that it is essential to consider the responsiveness of each subject. However, scopolamine did affect postural control and the perception of verticality. In conclusion, the use of scopolamine to prevent motion sickness must be considered carefully because it could increase imbalances in situations when individuals are already at risk of falling (e.g., sailing, parabolic flight).
Analytical solution for the vertical profile of daily production in the ocean
Authors: Kovač Žarko , Platt Trevor , Sathyendranath Shubha , Morović Mira 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhotosynthesis parameters are routinely estimated from in vitro measurements of primary production under constant light reaching each incubation bottle, by fitting a photosynthesis‐irradiance function to the measurements. Here we take one such function and integrate it in time for variable light input, similar to natural conditions, to obtain the analytical solution for the vertical profile of daily phytoplankton production in the field. This solution is then fitted to in situ measurements of primary production profiles in the same manner as a photosynthesis‐irradiance function is fitted to in vitro measurements under controlled and constant light conditions to retrieve the photosynthesis‐irradiance parameters. The method is tested on the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series data set. The solution explained 97.88% of the variance in measured normalized production at individual depths. The recovered parameters were then used to model the normalized daily water‐column production. The model explained 99.21% of variance in normalized watercolumn production of the entire data set. The seasonal cycle of the photosynthesis parameters recovered with the analytical solution was further studied for the Hawaii Ocean Time‐series. With respect to the photosynthesis parameter determination, the solution bridges the gap between classical photosynthesis‐irradiance measurements under controlled light conditions and in situ measurements which are made under natural, variable light conditions. It presents a new tool for the estimation of photosynthesis parameters from in situ measurements of primary production.