bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
6. Variables and Constants in the Curriculum for the Music Specialisations of the Romanian University Education
Authors: Paşca Eugenia Maria 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The Romanian academic system must adapt to the changing demands imposed by the European educational standards, according to the conventions of Bologna and Lisbon. The compatibilisation of university paths in creating the curricula must consider the competences which are to be acquired. The responsibility belongs equally to the institutions providing academic programs, but also to the Romanian Agency for Quality Assurance in Higher Education. We intend to analyse comparatively both the constant and variable elements of the academic programs for the Music field. The efficiency of these programs is particularly reflected from the point of view of insertion in the labour market, so the direct beneficiaries are the graduate students.
8. Therapeutic and Educational Potential of Combining Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Art – Qualitative Analysis of a Case Study
Authors: Růžička Michal , Krahulcová Kristýna , Chrastina Jan 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Cognitive behavioural psychotherapy is, just like other psychotherapeutic systems, of an eclectic nature. Should a therapist be successful across a wide range of issues, he/she needs to be adaptable, flexible and eclectic in terms of the techniques applied. Eclectically oriented therapists use a wide range of interventions; however, they adhere to individual theoretical structures. The aim of the paper is to point out the application of a combination of artistic activities within the system of the Cognitive behavioural therapy. For this purpose the paper presents a qualitative analysis of two case studies. We formulated the following research questions. Can the methods of combining the cognitive behavioural therapy and art accelerate the course of therapy? Can the methods of combining the cognitive behavioural therapy and art be perceived by the client as effective? The phenomenon investigated in the case study is a functional analysis of a client’s case and subsequent application of therapeutic and educational techniques of the Cognitive behavioural therapy and art. In both case studies it was demonstrated that the involvement of therapeutic elements accelerated the course of therapy. The clients in the research sample assessed the therapy as beneficial.
Selective di- and monochlorination of pyridazine-annelated bis(imidazolium) salts
Authors: Raible Benjamin , Kunz Doris 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A synthetic route for the selective di- and monochlorination of pyridazine annelated bis(imidazolium) salts at the formamidinium moieties with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA) is presented. Due to the steric hindrance, the molecular structure of the dichlorobis(imidazolium) salt shows a pronounced torsion from planarity as well as a deviation of the C–Cl bond vectors from the ideal bisecting line of the respective NCN angles such as to avoid each other. The monochlorinated bis(imidazolium) salt is free of steric hindrance and therefore shows less deviation from the parent bis(imidazolium) salt. In the presence of acetate the chloroimidazolium salt acts as a chlorination agent for acetate leading to formation of acetyl chloride and the respective urea.
Effect of Ambient Temperature Variation on Triaxial Shear Testing of Sands
Authors: Sadrekarimi A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Triaxial shear tests are often carried out in a temperature controlled laboratory environment, and a few degrees change in ambient temperature are often neglected or considered to have negligible effect on the experiment. In this study, the effect of the ambient temperature fluctuation on volume and pore water pressure measurements is investigated for triaxial testing of sand samples. The experimental results show that even few degrees (±2°C) variation in temperature can produce relatively large pore water pressures in a saturated soil specimen in triaxial testing. These changes can particularly impact triaxial shear testing results of sands. An analytical procedure is also introduced that reasonably captures temperature-induced volume and pore pressure changes in a triaxial sample. The analytical method is then used for a parametric study of the mechanisms involved in temperature-induced effects.
True Triaxial Apparatus With Rigid-Flexible-Flexible Boundary and Remolded Loess Testing
Authors: Shao S. , Wang Q. , Luo A. , Shao S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Several kinds of true triaxial apparatuses have been devised and applied to obtaining the strength and deformability behavior of soils under different stress paths. However, for these true triaxial apparatuses with flexible loading boundaries boundary interference is still not solved. This paper presents a new type of true triaxial apparatus, with rigid-flexible-flexible boundaries, which addresses the boundary interference using four division strip-platens. This apparatus applies three principal stresses on a 70-mm cuboidal specimen from two rigid platens along the vertical direction and four hydraulic rubber bags around four side faces of the cuboidal specimen. The rigid platens and hydraulic rubber bags were assembled in a true triaxial chamber and driven by three servo-hydraulic cylinders. Four division strip-platens are installed along the lateral edges of the confining side wall of the chamber to separate adjacent rubber hydraulic bags and can adjust themselves to accommodate dimensional changes in the deforming specimen. Therefore, this apparatus does not only allow independent control of stresses applied in three dimensions to a cuboidal specimen but also resolve the boundary interferences. The effectiveness of this apparatus was confirmed by tests on remolded loess under five stress paths with the intermediate principal stress parameter b = 0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 1. The test results show that the stress–strain relationship, volume strain, and failure strength of remolded loess depend on the stress path.
Prevention of Mine-Shaft Failure by Aquifer Replenishment
Authors: Liu S.-Q. , Jie Y.-X. , Xu Y.-C. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Over 100 mine shaft failures have occurred in coal mines of the Huang-Huai region of China over the last three decades. While traditional treatment measures are time-consuming and typically require re-application, the approach of maintaining the water level during mining is a promising technique, first employed in 2011 in the Jisan coal mine by injecting groundwater into the aquifer. In this study, this approach has been improved upon and applied to the Dongtan coal mine. The water level in the middle and lower lithological groups was maintained by replenishing water from the upper group. The water replenishment operation was implemented on November 22, 2012; monitoring indicated relief of compressive strain in the shaft wall, suggesting the efficacy of this treatment method. The number of coal mine shafts, either built or under construction, has reached several hundred in the Huang-Huai region, most of which have an alluvium structure similar to the Jisan and Dongtan coal mines. Therefore, the results of this study have the potential for common use in engineering methods to avoid potential shaft damage or failure, as well as the long-term treatment of already fractured shafts.
Evaluating the Competitive Strategy of Tablet PC Industry by Using Fuzzy Group Decision Making Techniques
Authors: Chang S.-C. , Tsai P.-H. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This study mainly evaluated the competitive strategy of the tablet PC industry based on the benefits, opportunity, costs, and risks (BOCR) conceptual framework. We first adopted DEMATEL (decision-making trial and evaluation laboratory) to address the relationships among the variables and then used the fuzzy group decision making techniques (FGDMT) tools (fuzzy analytic hierarchy/network process (FAHP/FANP) and the VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno (VIKOR) method) to construct the tablet PC evaluation competitive strategy model under a fuzzy environment. The empirical results revealed that a firm's revenue growth, capacity for profitability, product design, and product function are highly important evaluation indices. This indicated that tablet PC companies should channel more efforts into their product innovation for creating revenue growth and maintaining customer loyalty. Finally, based on the findings, managerial and policy recommendations were provided to enable more effective strategic decision making for tablet PC industry.
Fourier Transform Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy for Quantitative Analysis of Gas Mixtures at Low Temperatures for Homeland Security Applications
Authors: Meier D. C. , Benkstein K. D. , Hurst W. S. , Chu P. M. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Performance standard specifications for point chemical vapor detectors are established in ASTM E2885-13 and ASTM E2933-13. The performance evaluation of the detectors requires the accurate delivery of known concentrations of the chemical target to the system under test. Referee methods enable the analyte test concentration and associated uncertainties in the analyte test concentration to be validated by independent analysis, which is especially important for reactive analytes. This work extends the capability of a previously demonstrated method for using Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) absorption spectroscopy for quantitatively evaluating the composition of vapor streams containing hazardous materials at acute exposure guideline levels (AEGL) to include test conditions colder than laboratory ambient temperatures. The described method covers the use of primary reference spectra to establish analyte concentrations, the generation of secondary reference spectra suitable for measuring analyte concentrations under specified testing environments, and the use of additional reference spectra and spectral profile strategies to mitigate the uncertainties due to impurities and water condensation within the low-temperature (7°C, −5°C) test cell. Important benefits of this approach include verification of the test analyte concentration with characterized uncertainties by in situ measurements co-located with the detector under test, near-real-time feedback, and broad applicability to toxic industrial chemicals.
A Neural Basis of Facial Action Recognition in Humans
Authors: Srinivasan Ramprakash , Golomb Julie D. , Martinez Aleix M. 
Published: April 2016

By combining different facial muscle actions, called action units, humans can produce an extraordinarily large number of facial expressions. Computational models and studies in cognitive science and social psychology have long hypothesized that the brain needs to visually interpret these action units to understand other people's actions and intentions. Surprisingly, no studies have identified the neural basis of the visual recognition of these action units. Here, using functional magnetic resonance imaging and an innovative machine learning analysis approach, we identify a consistent and differential coding of action units in the brain. Crucially, in a brain region thought to be responsible for the processing of changeable aspects of the face, multivoxel pattern analysis could decode the presence of specific action units in an image. This coding was found to be consistent across people, facilitating the estimation of the perceived action units on participants not used to train the multivoxel decoder. Furthermore, this coding of action units was identified when participants attended to the emotion category of the facial expression, suggesting an interaction between the visual analysis of action units and emotion categorization as predicted by the computational models mentioned above. These results provide the first evidence for a representation of action units in the brain and suggest a mechanism for the analysis of large numbers of facial actions and a loss of this capacity in psychopathologies.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTComputational models and studies in cognitive and social psychology propound that visual recognition of facial expressions requires an intermediate step to identify visible facial changes caused by the movement of specific facial muscles. Because facial expressions are indeed created by moving one's facial muscles, it is logical to assume that our visual system solves this inverse problem. Here, using an innovative machine learning method and neuroimaging data, we identify for the first time a brain region responsible for the recognition of actions associated with specific facial muscles. Furthermore, this representation is preserved across subjects. Our machine learning analysis does not require mapping the data to a standard brain and may serve as an alternative to hyperalignment.
Neuritin Mediates Activity-Dependent Axonal Branch Formation in Part via FGF Signaling
Authors: Shimada Tadayuki , Yoshida Tomoyuki , Yamagata Kanato 
Published: April 2016

Aberrant branch formation of granule cell axons (mossy fiber sprouting) is observed in the dentate gyrus of many patients with temporal lobe epilepsy and in animal models of epilepsy. However, the mechanisms underlying mossy fiber sprouting remain elusive. Based on the hypothesis that seizure-mediated gene expression induces abnormal mossy fiber growth, we screened activity-regulated genes in the hippocampus and found that neuritin, an extracellular protein anchored to the cell surface, was rapidly upregulated after electroconvulsive seizures. Overexpression of neuritin in the cultured rat granule cells promoted their axonal branching. Also, kainic acid-dependent axonal branching was abolished in the cultured granule cells fromneuritinknock-out mice, suggesting that neuritin may be involved in activity-dependent axonal branching. Moreover,neuritinknock-out mice showed less-severe seizures in chemical kindling probably by reduced mossy fiber sprouting and/or increased seizure resistance. We found that inhibition of the fibroblast growth factor (FGF) receptor attenuated the neuritin-dependent axonal branching. FGF administration also increased branching in granule neurons, whereasneuritinknock-out mice did not show FGF-dependent axonal branching. In addition, FGF and neuritin treatment enhanced the recruitment of FGF receptors to the cell surface. These findings suggest that neuritin and FGF cooperate in inducing mossy fiber sprouting through FGF signaling. Together, these results suggest that FGF and neuritin-mediated axonal branch induction are involved in the aggravation of epilepsy.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThis study reveals the molecular mechanism underlying mossy fiber sprouting. Mossy fiber sprouting is the aberrant axonal branching of granule neurons in the hippocampus, which is observed in patients with epilepsy. Excess amounts of neuritin, a protein upregulated by neural activity, promoted axonal branching in granule neurons. A deficiency of neuritin suppressed mossy fiber sprouting and resulted in mitigation of seizure severity. Neuritin and fibroblast growth factor (FGF) cooperated in stimulating FGF signaling and enhancing axonal branching. Neuritin is necessary for FGF-mediated recruitment of FGF receptors to the cell surface. The recruitment of FGF receptors would promote axonal branching. The discovery of this new mechanism should contribute to the development of novel antiepileptic drugs to inhibit axonal branching via neuritin-FGF signaling.
Modulation of Neural Variability in Premotor, Motor, and Posterior Parietal Cortex during Change of Motor Intention
Authors: Saberi-Moghadam Sohrab , Ferrari-Toniolo Simone , Ferraina Stefano , Caminiti Roberto , Battaglia-Mayer Alexandra 
Published: April 2016

The time course of neural variability was studied in three nodes of the parieto-frontal system: the dorsal premotor cortex (PMd, area 6), primary motor cortex (MI, area 4), and posterior parietal cortex (PPC, area 5) while monkeys made either direct reaches to visual targets or changed reach direction in response to an unexpected change of target location. These areas are crucial nodes in the distributed control of reaching and their lesion impairs trajectory formation and correction under different circumstances. During unperturbed reaches, neural variability declined before the onset of hand movement in both frontal and parietal cortex. When the original motor intention suddenly changed, neural variability displayed a complex and area-specific modulation because the perturbation of the motor state was signaled earlier in PMd than in MI and PPC. The comparison of perturbed versus unperturbed reaches revealed that, in the time between the onset of correction signal and trajectory change, identical hand movements were associated with different, therefore context-dependent, patterns of neural variability induced by the instruction to change hand movement direction. In PMd, neural variability was higher before the initiation of hand reach than before its correction, thus providing a neural underpinning to the phenomenon that it takes less time to correct than to initiate hand movement. Furthermore, neural variability was an excellent predictor of slow and fast reach corrections because it was lower during the latter than the former. We conclude that the analysis of neural variability can be an important tool for the study of complex forms of motor cognition.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTNo single study has been performed on neural variability during update of motor intention across monkey premotor, motor, and posterior parietal cortex. In perturbed reaches, target location changed unexpectedly during reaction time and the correction of hand trajectory required updating the original motor plan. Comparing unperturbed versus perturbed reaches revealed that neural variability displayed a complex context- and area-dependent pattern of modulation because, before trajectory correction, similar initial hand movements were associated with different patterns of variability depending on the instruction signal, and therefore on the future hand path and final destination. Furthermore, neural variability predicted both slow and fast hand movement corrections, also offering a neural underpinning to the phenomenon that it takes less time to correct than to initiate hand movement.
Akt Regulates Axon Wrapping and Myelin Sheath Thickness in the PNS
Authors: Domènech-Estévez Enric , Baloui Hasna , Meng Xiaosong , Zhang Yanqing , Deinhardt Katrin , Dupree Jeff L. , Einheber Steven , Chrast Roman , Salzer James L. 
Published: April 2016

The signaling pathways that regulate myelination in the PNS remain poorly understood. Phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase 1A, activated in Schwann cells by neuregulin and the extracellular matrix, has an essential role in the early events of myelination. Akt/PKB, a key effector of phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase 1A, was previously implicated in CNS, but not PNS myelination. Here we demonstrate that Akt plays a crucial role in axon ensheathment and in the regulation of myelin sheath thickness in the PNS. Pharmacological inhibition of Akt in DRG neuron-Schwann cell cocultures dramatically decreased MBP and P0 levels and myelin sheath formation without affecting expression of Krox20/Egr2, a key transcriptional regulator of myelination. Conversely, expression of an activated form of Akt in purified Schwann cells increased expression of myelin proteins, but not Krox20/Egr2, and the levels of activated Rac1. Transgenic mice expressing a membrane-targeted, activated form of Akt under control of the 2′,3′-cyclic nucleotide 3′-phosphodiesterase promoter, exhibited thicker PNS and CNS myelin sheaths, and PNS myelin abnormalities, such as tomacula and myelin infoldings/outfoldings, centered around the paranodes and Schmidt Lanterman incisures. These effects were corrected by rapamycin treatmentin vivo. Importantly, Akt activity in the transgenic mice did not induce myelination of nonmyelinating Schwann cells in the sympathetic trunk or Remak fibers of the dorsal roots, although, in those structures, they wrapped membranes redundantly around axons. Together, our data indicate that Akt is crucial for PNS myelination driving axonal wrapping by unmyelinated and myelinated Schwann cells and enhancing myelin protein synthesis in myelinating Schwann cells.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTAlthough the role of the key serine/threonine kinase Akt in promoting CNS myelination has been demonstrated, its role in the PNS has not been established and remains uncertain. This work reveals that Akt controls several key steps of the PNS myelination. First, its activity promotes membrane production and axonal wrapping independent of a transcriptional effect. In myelinated axons, it also enhances myelin thickness through the mTOR pathway. Finally, sustained Akt activation in Schwann cells leads to hypermyelination/dysmyelination, mimicking some features present in neuropathies, such as hereditary neuropathy with liability to pressure palsies or demyelinating forms of Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease. Together, these data demonstrate the role of Akt in regulatory mechanisms underlying axonal wrapping and myelination in the PNS.
The Contribution of the Corpus Callosum to Language Lateralization
Authors: Hinkley Leighton B.N. , Marco Elysa J. , Brown Ethan G. , Bukshpun Polina , Gold Jacquelyn , Hill Susanna , Findlay Anne M. , Jeremy Rita J. , Wakahiro Mari L. , Barkovich A. James , Mukherjee Pratik , Sherr Elliott H. , Nagarajan Srikantan S. 
Published: April 2016

The development of hemispheric lateralization for language is poorly understood. In one hypothesis, early asymmetric gene expression assigns language to the left hemisphere. In an alternate view, language is represented a priori in both hemispheres and lateralization emerges via cross-hemispheric communication through the corpus callosum. To address this second hypothesis, we capitalized on the high temporal and spatial resolution of magnetoencephalographic imaging to measure cortical activity during language processing, speech preparation, and speech execution in 25 participants with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) and 21 matched neurotypical individuals. In contrast to strongly lateralized left hemisphere activations for language in neurotypical controls, participants with complete or partial AgCC exhibited bilateral hemispheric activations in both auditory or visually driven language tasks, with complete AgCC participants showing significantly more right hemisphere activations than controls or than individuals with partial AgCC. In AgCC individuals, language laterality positively correlated with verbal IQ. These findings suggest that the corpus callosum helps to drive language lateralization.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe role that corpus callosum development has on the hemispheric specialization of language is poorly understood. Here, we used magnetoencephalographic imaging during linguistic tests (verb generation, picture naming) to test for hemispheric dominance in patients with agenesis of the corpus callosum (AgCC) and found reduced laterality (i.e., greater likelihood of bilaterality or right hemisphere dominance) in this cohort compared with controls, especially in patients with complete agenesis. Laterality was positively correlated with behavioral measures of verbal intelligence. These findings provide support for the hypothesis that the callosum aids in functional specialization throughout neural development and that the loss of this mechanism correlates with impairments in verbal performance.