bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Curious Case of High-energy Deuterons in Galactic Cosmic Rays
Authors: Tomassetti Nicola , Feng Jie 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
A new analysis of cosmic ray (CR) data collected by the SOKOL experiment in space found that the deuteron-to-helium ratio at energies between 500 and 2000 GeV/nucleon takes the value d/He ∼ 1.5. As we will show, this result cannot be explained by standard models of secondary CR production in the interstellar medium and points to the existence of a high-energy source of CR deuterons. To account for the deuteron excess in CRs, we argue that the only viable solution is hadronic interaction processes of accelerated particles inside old supernova remnants (SNRs). From this mechanism, however, the B/C ratio is also expected to increase at energies above ∼50 of GeV/nucleon, in conflict with new precision data just released by the AMS-02 experiment. Hence, if this phenomenon is a real physical effect, hadronic production of CR deuterons must occur in SNRs characterized by low metal abundance. In such a scenario, the sources accelerating C–

N

–O nuclei are not the same as those accelerating helium or protons, so that the connection between d/He ratio and B/C ratio is broken, and the latter cannot be used to place constraints on the production of light isotopes or antiparticles.
The Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program: Discovery of the Most Distant Ultra-faint Dwarf Galaxy in the Local Universe∗
Authors: Lee Myung Gyoon , Jang In Sung , Beaton Rachael , Seibert Mark , Bono Giuseppe , Madore Barry 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (UFDs) are the faintest known galaxies, and due to their incredibly low surface brightness, it is difficult to find them beyond the Local Group. We report a serendipitous discovery of a UFD, Fornax UFD1, in the outskirts of NGC 1316, a giant galaxy in the Fornax cluster. The new galaxy is located at a projected radius of 55 kpc in the south–east of NGC 1316. This UFD is found as a small group of resolved stars in the Hubble Space Telescope images of a halo field of NGC 1316, obtained as part of the Carnegie-Chicago Hubble Program. Resolved stars in this galaxy are consistent with being mostly metal-poor red giant branch (RGB) stars. Applying the tip of the RGB method to the mean magnitude of the two brightest RGB stars, we estimate the distance to this galaxy, 19.0 ± 1.3 Mpc. Fornax UFD1 is probably a member of the Fornax cluster. The color–magnitude diagram of these stars is matched by a 12 Gyr isochrone with low metallicity ([Fe/H] ≈ −2.4). Total magnitude and effective radius of Fornax UFD1 are M

V
≈ −7.6 ± 0.2 mag and r
eff = 146 ± 9 pc, which are similar to those of Virgo UFD1 that was discovered recently in the intracluster field of Virgo by Jang & Lee. Fornax UFD1 is the most distant known UFD that is confirmed by resolved stars. This indicates that UFDs are ubiquitous and that more UFDs remain to be discovered in the Fornax cluster.
Polar Alignment of a Protoplanetary Disk around an Eccentric Binary
Authors: Martin Rebecca G. , Lubow Stephen H. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We use three-dimensional hydrodynamical simulations to show that an initially mildly misaligned circumbinary accretion disk around an eccentric binary can evolve to an orientation that is perpendicular to the orbital plane of the binary (polar alignment). As the disk evolves to the perpendicular state, it undergoes nodal libration oscillations of the tilt angle and the longitude of the ascending node. Dissipation within the disk causes the oscillations to damp. The process operates above a critical initial misalignment angle that depends upon the eccentricity of the binary and the mass of the disk. For binary eccentricity of 0.5, the process operates typically for disk masses smaller than a few percent of the binary mass and initial tilt angle of more than 40°. This evolution has important implications for planet formation around eccentric binary star systems.
Fragmentation of Kozai–Lidov Disks
Authors: Fu Wen , Lubow Stephen H. , Martin Rebecca G. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We analyze the gravitational instability (GI) of a locally isothermal inclined disk around one component of a binary system. Such a disk can undergo global Kozai–Lidov (KL) cycles if the initial disk tilt is above the critical KL angle (of about 40◦). During these cycles, an initially circular disk exchanges its inclination for eccentricity, and vice versa. Self-gravity may suppress the cycles under some circumstances. However, with hydrodynamic simulations that include self-gravity, we show that for a sufficiently high initial disk tilts and for certain disk masses, disks can undergo KL oscillations and fragment due to GI, even when the Toomre Q value for an equivalent undisturbed disk is well within the stable regime (

). We suggest that KL triggered disk fragmentation provides a mechanism for the efficient formation of giant planets in binary systems and may enhance the fragmentation of disks in massive black hole binaries.
Stagnant Shells in the Vicinity of the Dusty Wolf–Rayet–OB Binary WR 112
Authors: Lau R. M. , Hankins M. J. , Schödel R. , Sanchez-Bermudez J. , Moffat A. F. J. , Ressler M. E. 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
We present high spatial resolution mid-infrared images of the nebula around the late-type carbon-rich Wolf–Rayet (WC)–OB binary system WR 112 taken by the recently upgraded VLT spectrometer and imager for the mid-infrared (VISIR) with the PAH1, Ne ii_2, and Q3 filters. The observations reveal a morphology resembling a series of arc-like filaments and broken shells. Dust temperatures and masses are derived for each of the identified filamentary structures, which exhibit temperatures ranging from

K at the exterior W2 filament to

K in the central 3″. The total dust mass summed over the features is 2.6 ± 0.4 × 10−5
M
⊙. A multi-epoch analysis of mid-IR photometry of WR 112 over the past ∼20 years reveals no significant variability in the observed dust temperature and mass. The morphology of the mid-IR dust emission from WR 112 also exhibits no significant expansion from imaging data taken in 2001, 2007, and 2016, which disputes the current interpretation of the nebula as a high expansion velocity (∼1200 km s−1) “pinwheel”-shaped outflow driven by the central WC–OB colliding-wind binary. An upper limit of ≲120 km s−1 is derived for the expansion velocity assuming a distance of 4.15 kpc. The upper limit on the average total mass-loss rate from the central 3″ of WR 112 is estimated to be ≲8 × 10−6
M
⊙ year−1. We leave its true nature as an open question, but propose that the WR 112 nebula may have formed in the outflow during a previous red or yellow supergiant phase of the central Wolf–Rayet star.
Should I stay or should I go? The diurnal behaviour of plant-attached zooplankton in lakes with different water transparency
Authors: Estlander Satu , Horppila Jukka , Olin Mikko , Nurminen Leena 
Published: January 2017

<p>The role of transparency on the diurnal distribution of plant-attached cladocerans was studied in two similar-sized lakes with contrasting water colour. The diurnal attachment behaviour of <em>Sida crystallina</em> (O.F. Müller, 1776) was more pronounced in the less humic lake where the animals remained fixed on plants, indicating that staying attached was a more profitable option. In the highly humic lake, the pattern was opposite, and regardless of time the highest density observed was in the free-swimming individuals, with only few animals attached to the floating-leaves for refuge, indicating that low transparency provided sufficient protection against predation. The attached <em>S. crystallina</em> were larger compared to free-swimming individuals in the more transparent lake, suggesting greater vulnerability of large-sized individuals to predation. The results indicate that increasing concentrations of humic substances affecting the light environment may alter the diurnal behaviour and habitat use of plant-attached zooplankton. </p>
Presencia 2.0 de las pymes gallegas: niveles de participación y engagement con los usuarios
Authors: Sixto García José , Aguado Domínguez Nicolás , Riveiro Castro Reyes 
Published: January 2017

Partiendo de la necesidad de las organizaciones de adaptarse a los entornos 2.0 como una exigencia de los mercados actuales, esta investigación cuantifica y analiza la presencia y la participación de las pymes gallegas en los medios sociales. Metodología. Para ello hemos analizado desde los puntos de vista cuantitativo y cualitativo la cantidad y la calidad de los registros atendiendo a tipos de presencias, frecuencias de actualización, niveles de interacción y estrategias de comunicación implementadas para la consecución de un diálogo social entre público-organización. Resultados y conclusiones. Las conclusiones apuntan a la supremacía de Facebook como red de uso mayoritario, aunque apenas la mitad de las pymes emplean las redes sociales como canal de comunicación, sino que reflejan más una presencia testimonial y de posicionamiento SEO que un espacio dialógico, por lo que los niveles de engagement son pobres y reducidos a casos puntuales, nunca una tendencia generalizada.
Initial stages of two Neolithisation models in the Lower Volga basin
Authors: Vybornov Alexander 
Published: January 2017

In this paper, two groups of ancient sites located in the Lower Volga River basin are analysed. The first group is linked to the emergence of the oldest pottery in this region, which is one of the most ancient in Europe. The presence of this feature of the ‘Neolithic package’ can be dated to the middle of the 7th millenium BC. A production economy is a particular feature of the second group of sites, which can be dated to the end of the 6th millenium BC. This is one of the earliest pieces of evidence of the existence of domesticated species in Eastern Europe. These two groups of sites show the initial stages of two Neolithisation models in the Lower Volga basin.
Effects of genotype on hematological and serum biochemical responses of turkey hens to stress
Authors: Damaziak Krzysztof , Michalczuk Monika , Zdanowska-Sąsiadek Żaneta , Jóźwik Artur , Gozdowski Dariusz , Siennicka Anna , Niemiec Jan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Stress accompanying animal production is both an indicator of welfare and a factor that affects economic parameters. Dynamic development of alternative poultry production systems such as outdoor, free range or ecological, strives to achieve best-quality products and to improve the living conditions of birds. Apart from the type and intensity of the external stimuli, the response to stress is determined genetically. Poultry rearing in the aforementioned systems requires selecting the appropriate genotype of birds, often including crosses of fast-growing and slow-growing lines. The objective of this study was to demonstrate differences in the physiological response to stress of fast-growing (FG) and slow-growing (SG) turkeys and their crosses: SF (SG  ×  FG) and FS (FG  ×  SG), based on hematological and biochemical blood analyses. Blood was sampled from 30 turkey hens from each of four genotypes, aged 14 weeks, subjected to standard pre-slaughter handling procedures. Compared to FG and FS turkeys, the SG and SF birds had a high total protein concentration, a higher heterophil (H) ∕ lymphocyte (L) ratio and a higher concentration of cortisol. In turn, the FG turkeys had the highest activity of enzymes: alanine transaminase, aspartate transaminase, lactate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase. Conversely, the FS turkeys had the highest concentrations of total cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein (LDLC) and the lowest concentration of cortisol. Significant positive effects of crossing were reported for total protein, cholinesterase and cortisol. Effects of crossbreeding on the percentage of H, concentrations of total cholesterol, and LDLC and activity of aspartate transaminase in blood of the crosses were significant but negative and more dependent on the sire line. Except for albumins, whose concentration in blood of crosses was higher compared to birds of pure lines, there were no advantages of heterosis. Negative heterosis was estimated for creatinine, the enzymes alanine transaminase and lactate dehydrogenase, and for cortisol. The most similar regarding creatinine, bilirubin, albumins, total protein, H, L and H ∕ L were the FS and SF groups. The greatest differences were in the following parameters: triglycerides, total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDLC), LDLC, glucose and lactate, which occurred between the pure lines of turkeys. Study results demonstrate various responses to stress in the analyzed groups of turkeys, with the level of stress measured with hematological and biological blood markers being mostly determined by additive genetic variation, and to a lesser extent by the maternal and sire effects.
Climatology of thermospheric neutral winds over Oukaïmeden Observatory in Morocco
Authors: Kaab Mohamed , Benkhaldoun Zouhair , Fisher Daniel J. , Harding Brian , Bounhir Aziza , Makela Jonathan J. , Laghriyeb Amine , Malki Khalifa , Daassou Ahmed , Lazrek Mohamed 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. In order to explore coupling between the thermosphere and ionosphere and to address the lack of data relating to thermospheric neutral winds and temperatures over the African sector, a new system of instruments was installed at the Oukaïmeden Observatory located in the high Atlas Mountains, 75 km south of Marrakesh, Morocco (31.206° N, 7.866° W, 22.84° N magnetic). In this work we present the first multi-year results of the climatology of meridional and zonal winds obtained during the period from January 2014 to February 2016, including observations from 648 nights. The measurements are obtained using an imaging Fabry–Pérot interferometer, which measures the 630.0 nm emissions caused by dissociative recombination of O2+. The basic climatology of the winds is as expected, showing zonal winds that are strongly eastward in the early evening just after sunset with a speed of 50 to 100 m s−1 decreasing in magnitude, and reversing directions in the local summer months, towards sunrise. The meridional winds are slightly poleward in the early evening during the local winter, before reversing directions around 21:00 LT. In the local summer months, the meridional winds are equatorward for the entire night, reaching a maximum equatorward speed of 75 m s−1. We compare the observed climatologies of neutral winds to that provided by the recently updated Horizontal Wind Model (HWM14) in order to validate that model's predictions of the thermospheric wind patterns over the eastern portion of Africa. The model captures much of the features in the observational climatologies. The most notable exception is for the zonal winds during local summer, when the maximum eastward wind in the observations occurs approximately 4 h later than seen in the model results.
MSWEP: 3-hourly 0.25° global gridded precipitation (1979–2015) by merging gauge, satellite, and reanalysis data
Authors: Beck Hylke E. , van Dijk Albert I. J. M. , Levizzani Vincenzo , Schellekens Jaap , Miralles Diego G. , Martens Brecht , de Roo Ad 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Current global precipitation (P) datasets do not take full advantage of the complementary nature of satellite and reanalysis data. Here, we present Multi-Source Weighted-Ensemble Precipitation (MSWEP) version 1.1, a global P dataset for the period 1979–2015 with a 3-hourly temporal and 0.25° spatial resolution, specifically designed for hydrological modeling. The design philosophy of MSWEP was to optimally merge the highest quality P data sources available as a function of timescale and location. The long-term mean of MSWEP was based on the CHPclim dataset but replaced with more accurate regional datasets where available. A correction for gauge under-catch and orographic effects was introduced by inferring catchment-average P from streamflow (Q) observations at 13 762 stations across the globe. The temporal variability of MSWEP was determined by weighted averaging of P anomalies from seven datasets; two based solely on interpolation of gauge observations (CPC Unified and GPCC), three on satellite remote sensing (CMORPH, GSMaP-MVK, and TMPA 3B42RT), and two on atmospheric model reanalysis (ERA-Interim and JRA-55). For each grid cell, the weight assigned to the gauge-based estimates was calculated from the gauge network density, while the weights assigned to the satellite- and reanalysis-based estimates were calculated from their comparative performance at the surrounding gauges. The quality of MSWEP was compared against four state-of-the-art gauge-adjusted P datasets (WFDEI-CRU, GPCP-1DD, TMPA 3B42, and CPC Unified) using independent P data from 125 FLUXNET tower stations around the globe. MSWEP obtained the highest daily correlation coefficient (R) among the five P datasets for 60.0 % of the stations and a median R of 0.67 vs. 0.44–0.59 for the other datasets. We further evaluated the performance of MSWEP using hydrological modeling for 9011 catchments (< 50 000 km2) across the globe. Specifically, we calibrated the simple conceptual hydrological model HBV (Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning) against daily Q observations with P from each of the different datasets. For the 1058 sparsely gauged catchments, representative of 83.9 % of the global land surface (excluding Antarctica), MSWEP obtained a median calibration NSE of 0.52 vs. 0.29–0.39 for the other P datasets. MSWEP is available via http://www.gloh2o.org.
Wave simulation for the design of an innovative quay wall: the case of Vlorë Harbour
Authors: Antonini Alessandro , Archetti Renata , Lamberti Alberto 
Published: January 2017

Abstract. Sea states and environmental conditions are basic data for the design of marine structures. Hindcasted wave data have been applied here with the aim of identifying the proper design conditions for an innovative quay wall concept. In this paper, the results of a computational fluid dynamics model are used to optimise the new absorbing quay wall of Vlorë Harbour (Republic of Albania) and define the design loads under extreme wave conditions. The design wave states at the harbour entrance have been estimated analysing 31 years of hindcasted wave data simulated through the application of WaveWatch III. Due to the particular geography and topography of the Bay of Vlorë, wave conditions generated from the north-west are transferred to the harbour entrance with the application of a 2-D spectral wave module, whereas southern wave states, which are also the most critical for the port structures, are defined by means of a wave generation model, according to the available wind measurements. Finally, the identified extreme events have been used, through the NewWave approach, as boundary conditions for the numerical analysis of the interaction between the quay wall and the extreme events. The results show that the proposed method, based on numerical modelling at different scales from macro to meso and to micro, allows for the identification of the best site-specific solutions, also for a location devoid of any wave measurement. In this light, the objectives of the paper are two-fold. First, they show the application of sea condition estimations through the use of wave hindcasted data in order to properly define the design wave conditions for a new harbour structure. Second, they present a new approach for investigating an innovative absorbing quay wall based on CFD modelling and the NewWave theory.
Metachronous Solitary Metastasis to the Thyroid Gland from Squamous Cell Carcinoma of the Lung: A Case Report and Literature Review
Authors: Gelsomino Francesco , Lamberti Giuseppe , Ambrosini Valentina , Sperandi Francesca , Agosti Roberto , Morganti Alessio G. , Ardizzoni Andrea 
Published: January 2017

Introduction Non-small cell lung cancer presents at an advanced stage at diagnosis in two-thirds of cases. The most frequent metastatic sites are the central nervous system, adrenal glands and bones. By contrast, the thyroid gland is an extremely rare site of dissemination. Case description A 64-year-old Caucasian man previously treated with radiosurgery and brain metastasectomy followed by right middle lobectomy for a squamous cell lung carcinoma had a metachronous solitary metastasis to the thyroid gland, as confirmed by fine-needle aspiration cytology and open biopsy. He underwent curative radiotherapy, with an initial response. At 9 months’ follow-up the tumor relapsed both in the thyroid and the lung. Discussion and conclusions Review of the literature confirmed that thyroid metastasis from lung cancer is very uncommon in clinical practice. No data on the role of surgery or curative radiotherapy in thyroid metastasis are available because of the lack of prospective studies addressing the impact on survival of these treatment strategies either alone or in combination. In the case described here, radical treatment with radiotherapy allowed to obtain a modest benefit in terms of relapse-free survival. A diagnosis of metastasis to the thyroid gland should be suspected in patients who present a thyroid nodule or suggestive imaging findings when there is a history of malignancy, including lung cancer. Indeed, an early diagnosis allows to pursue radical treatment that, in selected patients, could lead to long-term survival.
Amyloidosis of the Lung
Authors: Khoor Andras , Colby Thomas V. 
Published: January 2017

Context.—Amyloidosis is a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by the deposition of congophilic amyloid fibrils in the extracellular matrix of tissues and organs. To date, 31 fibril proteins have been identified in humans, and it is now recommended that amyloidoses be named after these fibril proteins. Based on this classification scheme, the most common forms of amyloidosis include systemic AL (formerly primary), systemic AA (formerly secondary), systemic wild-type ATTR (formerly age-related or senile systemic), and systemic hereditary ATTR amyloidosis (formerly familial amyloid polyneuropathy). Three different clinicopathologic forms of amyloidosis can be seen in the lungs: diffuse alveolar-septal amyloidosis, nodular pulmonary amyloidosis, and tracheobronchial amyloidosis.Objective.—To clarify the relationship between the fibril protein–based amyloidosis classification system and the clinicopathologic forms of pulmonary amyloidosis and to provide a useful guide for diagnosing these entities for the practicing pathologist.Data Sources.—This is a narrative review based on PubMed searches and the authors' own experiences.Conclusions.—Diffuse alveolar-septal amyloidosis is usually caused by systemic AL amyloidosis, whereas nodular pulmonary amyloidosis and tracheobronchial amyloidosis usually represent localized AL amyloidosis. However, these generalized scenarios cannot always be applied to individual cases. Because the treatment options for amyloidosis are dependent on the fibril protein–based classifications and whether the process is systemic or localized, the workup of new clinically relevant cases should include amyloid subtyping (preferably with mass spectrometry–based proteomic analysis) and further clinical investigation.
Buerger Test for Erythromelalgia Revisited
Authors: Wright William F. , Rajachandran Manu 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
Leo Buerger, MD, was the first to describe dependent rubor associated with marked atherosclerosis. Historically, dependent rubor has been described as erythromelalgia (or erythromelia), and terms such as chronic rubor, reactionary rubor, induced rubor, and hyperemic response have also been used to describe this sign associated with peripheral vascular disease. This brief review will reacquaint physicians with the Buerger test, which is used to assess arterial sufficiency, as well as erythromelalgia, and the proposed mechanisms responsible for erythromelalgia. The Buerger test is an important consideration when examining patients for erythromelalgia, which remains distinct from erythema associated with skin and soft-tissue infections.