bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hox5 Paralogous Genes Modulate Th2 Cell Function during Chronic Allergic Inflammation via Regulation of Gata3
Authors: Ptaschinski Catherine , Hrycaj Steven M. , Schaller Matthew A. , Wellik Deneen M. , Lukacs Nicholas W. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Allergic asthma is a significant health burden in western countries, and continues to increase in prevalence. Th2 cells contribute to the development of disease through release of the cytokines IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, resulting in increased airway eosinophils and mucus hypersecretion. The molecular mechanisms behind the disease pathology remain largely unknown. In this study we investigated a potential regulatory role for the Hox5 gene family, Hoxa5, Hoxb5, and Hoxc5, genes known to be important in lung development within mesenchymal cell populations. We found that Hox5-mutant mice show exacerbated pathology compared with wild-type controls in a chronic allergen model, with an increased Th2 response and exacerbated lung tissue pathology. Bone marrow chimera experiments indicated that the observed enhanced pathology was mediated by immune cell function independent of mesenchymal cell Hox5 family function. Examination of T cells grown in Th2 polarizing conditions showed increased proliferation, enhanced Gata3 expression, and elevated production of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in Hox5-deficient T cells compared with wild-type controls. Overexpression of FLAG-tagged HOX5 proteins in Jurkat cells demonstrated HOX5 binding to the Gata3 locus and decreased Gata3 and IL-4 expression, supporting a role for HOX5 proteins in direct transcriptional control of Th2 development. These results reveal a novel role for Hox5 genes as developmental regulators of Th2 immune cell function that demonstrates a redeployment of mesenchyme-associated developmental genes.
STAT1 Represses Cytokine-Producing Group 2 and Group 3 Innate Lymphoid Cells during Viral Infection
Authors: Stier Matthew T. , Goleniewska Kasia , Cephus Jacqueline Y. , Newcomb Dawn C. , Sherrill Taylor P. , Boyd Kelli L. , Bloodworth Melissa H. , Moore Martin L. , Chen Kong , Kolls Jay K. , Peebles R. Stokes 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The appropriate orchestration of different arms of the immune response is critical during viral infection to promote efficient viral clearance while limiting immunopathology. However, the signals and mechanisms that guide this coordination are not fully understood. IFNs are produced at high levels during viral infection and have convergent signaling through STAT1. We hypothesized that STAT1 signaling during viral infection regulates the balance of innate lymphoid cells (ILC), a diverse class of lymphocytes that are poised to respond to environmental insults including viral infections with the potential for both antiviral or immunopathologic functions. During infection with respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), STAT1-deficient mice had reduced numbers of antiviral IFN-γ+ ILC1 and increased numbers of immunopathologic IL-5+ and IL-13+ ILC2 and IL-17A+ ILC3 compared with RSV-infected wild-type mice. Using bone marrow chimeric mice, we found that both ILC-intrinsic and ILC-extrinsic factors were responsible for this ILC dysregulation during viral infection in STAT1-deficient mice. Regarding ILC-extrinsic mechanisms, we found that STAT1-deficient mice had significantly increased expression of IL-33 and IL-23, cytokines that promote ILC2 and ILC3, respectively, compared with wild-type mice during RSV infection. Moreover, disruption of IL-33 or IL-23 signaling attenuated cytokine-producing ILC2 and ILC3 responses in STAT1-deficient mice during RSV infection. Collectively, these data demonstrate that STAT1 is a key orchestrator of cytokine-producing ILC responses during viral infection via ILC-extrinsic regulation of IL-33 and IL-23.
Controlled Human Malaria Infection Leads to Long-Lasting Changes in Innate and Innate-like Lymphocyte Populations
Authors: Mpina Maxmillian , Maurice Nicholas J. , Yajima Masanao , Slichter Chloe K. , Miller Hannah W. , Dutta Mukta , McElrath M. Juliana , Stuart Kenneth D. , De Rosa Stephen C. , McNevin John P. , Linsley Peter S. , Abdulla Salim , Tanner Marcel , Hoffman Stephen L. , Gottardo Raphael , Daubenberger Claudia A. , Prlic Martin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Animal model studies highlight the role of innate-like lymphocyte populations in the early inflammatory response and subsequent parasite control following Plasmodium infection. IFN-γ production by these lymphocytes likely plays a key role in the early control of the parasite and disease severity. Analyzing human innate-like T cell and NK cell responses following infection with Plasmodium has been challenging because the early stages of infection are clinically silent. To overcome this limitation, we examined blood samples from a controlled human malaria infection (CHMI) study in a Tanzanian cohort, in which volunteers underwent CHMI with a low or high dose of Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites. The CHMI differentially affected NK, NKT (invariant NKT), and mucosal-associated invariant T cell populations in a dose-dependent manner, resulting in an altered composition of this innate-like lymphocyte compartment. Although these innate-like responses are typically thought of as short-lived, we found that changes persisted for months after the infection was cleared, leading to significantly increased frequencies of mucosal-associated invariant T cells 6 mo postinfection. We used single-cell RNA sequencing and TCR αβ-chain usage analysis to define potential mechanisms for this expansion. These single-cell data suggest that this increase was mediated by homeostatic expansion-like mechanisms. Together, these data demonstrate that CHMI leads to previously unappreciated long-lasting alterations in the human innate-like lymphocyte compartment. We discuss the consequences of these changes for recurrent parasite infection and infection-associated pathologies and highlight the importance of considering host immunity and infection history for vaccine design.
Measuring network competence in buyer-supplier relationships
Authors: Human Gert 
Published: June 2017

Managing multiple buyer-seller relationships in business-to-business networks demands an understanding of a firm’s competence to manage in an interconnected environment. This paper reports on an attempt to measure network competence by using the NetCompTest scale in business-to-business markets in South Africa. Based on a pilot study refinement, the paper proposes an adjusted measurement scale and details the results of a second round of measurement conducted amongst 495 business-to-business managers in South Africa. The results established partial support for the use of the NetCompTest scale in a South African context, and analysis of variance indicated that some differences in the measurement based on firm and individual characteristics can be observed in the data. The paper assists in theory-building and provides managerial insights for managing buyer-supplier relationships in networks.
Micro-evidence on day labourers and the thickness of labour markets in South Africa
Authors: Krugell Waldo , Blaauw Philip F 
Published: June 2017

The South African labour market is characterised by sharp segmentation, high unemployment and apparently limited informal sector employment. Recent work has focussed on the importance of the Micro-evidence on day labourers and the thickness of labour markets in South AfricaThe South African labour market is characterised by sharp segmentation, high unemployment and apparently limited informal sector employment. Recent work has focussed on the importance of the quality of education while others have argued that the rigidity of the labour market constrains employment growth. This paper considers the spatial aspects of the day labour market and argues that the size and proximity of economic activity found in agglomerations ensure a thick labour market that allows for better matching between workers and jobs. The results indicate that the day labourers who were hired by the same employer more often received higher earnings. Once workers have a matric qualification they receive earnings above the average, as do workers who have completed vocational training. Skills, as well as factors associated with a thicker labour market are positively associated with wages. The thicker metropolitan labour market allows workers to become more specialised and receive higher earnings. This has important policy implications and calls for the development of people and places.
Economic impact of the world summit on sustainable development
Authors: Martins JH , Van Aardt C 
Published: June 2017

South Africa hosted the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) in 2002. This event is regarded as the single biggest conference to be held anywhere in the world. The aim of this paper is to set out the estimated economic impact of the WSSD and its parallel events on South Africa. This impact can be expressed in monetary terms as well as employment figures. The impact is calculated by using an input-output model and employment spin-offs determined from the IO table by using partial multipliers. The input data were derived from a survey amongst WSSD delegates as well as information on government and private investments made.
Job stress, burnout and coping strategies in the South African police service
Authors: Mostert K , Joubert AF 
Published: June 2017

The objective of this study was to determine if coping strategies could moderate the relationship between occupational stress and burnout in a sample of police officers. A cross-sectional design was used. A stratified random sample (n=340) was taken of police members in the Western Cape. The Police Stress Invesntory, Maslach Burnout Inventory - General Survey and COPE questionnaire were administered. Structural equation modelling showed that occupational stress due to job demands and a lack of resources leads to burnout. Two coping strategies were identified, namely avoidance coping and approach coping (consisting of active coping, emotional support and turning to religion). Avoidance coping moderated the relationship between occupational stress and burnout. Approach coping had an independent effect on burnout.
Trends in pharmacotherapy selection for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal in the Free State Province, South Africa
Authors: Van Zyl Paulina M , Gagiano Carlo A , Mollentze Willie F , Snyman Jacques S , Joubert Gina 
Published: June 2017

<strong>Background.</strong>The selection of pharmacotherapy for the treatment of alcohol withdrawal remains a clinical challenge. Research continues into the underlying pathophysiology of dependence and withdrawal. A spectrum of clinical presentations of alcohol dependence is emerging, yet recommendations and guidelines have remained unchanged for some time. <p><strong>Objectives.</strong> To engage with the problem of translating research into practice, as reflected by the selection of pharmacotherapy for alcohol withdrawal by medical practitioners in the Free State Province, South Africa.</p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> A questionnaire-based survey and interviews were conducted among 121 professionals in both the private and public sectors across the province. A subgroup was formed comprising the 58 doctors who indicated that they prescribe for alcohol withdrawal. Participants worked in private general practice, specialist psychiatry practice, in a state hospital or in a treatment centre.</p><p><strong>Results.</strong> Prescribing practices varied based on practitioners’ geographical distribution and professional capacity. Deviation from standard recommendations included the routine use of clothiapine and antidepressants in withdrawal regimens. Prescribing clothiapine appears to be a local custom. While prescription of antidepressants may indicate unrealistic expectations of therapeutic benefit, there are clear indications that this is maintained to mask the diagnosis of an alcohol-related condition. Prescribing for alcohol withdrawal is therefore not necessarily determined by pathophysiology or efficacy of medication.</p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Withdrawal regimens need to be reassessed by researchers, policy makers and funders, balancing new developments with the real-life experiences and challenges of prescribers and their patients.</p>
Comparative efficacy and acceptability of seven augmentation agents for treatment-resistant depression: A multiple-treatments meta-analysis
Authors: Qi Hong-Bo , Wang Xing , Huang Shuai 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background. </strong>Treatment-resistant depression (TRD) is a therapeutic challenge for clinicians. Augmentation pharmacotherapy is effective for TRD, but it is still unclear which augmentation agent is most efficacious. </p><p><strong>Objective.</strong> To assess the effects of seven augmentation agents on TRD. </p><p><strong>Methods. </strong>We did a multiple-treatments meta-analysis, accounting for both direct and indirect comparisons. PubMed, the Center for Clinical and Translational Research, Web of Science, Embase, CBM-disc, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure and relevant websites (up to August 2013) were searched for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) about augmentation agents. The following terms were used: ‘potentiation’, ‘augmentation’, and ‘adjunct’ paired with ‘depression’ and ‘resistant depression’. No language limitation was imposed.</p><p><span><strong>Results. </strong>We systematically reviewed 12 RCTs (1 936 participants), which included seven augmentation agents</span>: lithium, tricyclic antidepressant (TCA), atypical antipsychotics (AAPs), antiepileptic drugs (AEDs), buspirone, cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and tri-iodothyronine (T3). The results revealed that T3 was more efficacious than lithium, TCA, AAPs, AEDs, buspirone and CBT with odds ratios (ORs) of 1.58, 1.56, 1.51, 1.47, 1.77 and 1.25, respectively. ORs favoured CBT compared with lithium, TCA, AAPs, AEDs and buspirone. Buspirone was the least efficacious of all the other augmentation agents tested. AAPs were significantly more acceptable than lithium, and CBT more than buspirone. T3 was slightly more acceptable than lithium, and CBT more than AAPs.</p><p><strong>Conclusion. </strong>T3 as an augmentation agent should be a clinician’s first consideration instead of lithium in acute treatment for TRD. CBT might be a good augmentation agent in some communities. Buspirone should be a final option as an augmentation agent. Further research is needed, such as a well-designed, large-scale controlled trial, to support and draw definite conclusions.</p>
Genital self-mutilation in a non-psychotic male to get rid of excessive sexual drive: A case report
Authors: Tripathi Adarsh , Tekkalaki Bheemsain , Agarwal Anurag 
Published: June 2017

<p>Genital self-mutilation (GSM) is a rare phenomenon. In the majority of cases, GSM is secondary to psychotic illness. Among the non-psychotics, the motives behind GSM are varied. We report a rare case in which a non-psychotic, non-paraphilic patient suffering from excessive sexual drive carried out GSM to curb hypersexuality. Aetiological factors behind GSM are discussed. This case report emphasises that excessive sexual drive may lead to distress and GSM. Effective management of excessive sexual drive and active inquiry into any intentions of GSM in such patients may be helpful in preventing GSM.</p><div> </div>
Attendance at an outpatient follow-up clinic by HIV-positive psychiatric patients initiated on ART as inpatients
Authors: Nel Yvette M , Jonsson Gregory 
Published: June 2017

<p><strong>Background.</strong> Evidence suggests that the presence of mental illness may be associated with poorer adherence to antiretroviral therapy (ART). There is also a general understanding that patients initiated on ART as inpatients have poorer outcomes than those initiated as outpatients. Negative perceptions regarding future adherence may affect the clinical decision to initiate ART in hospitalised psychiatric patients. Attendance at clinic appointments is an indicator of medication adherence, and is easily measurable in a limited-resource setting. </p><p><strong>Objectives.</strong> The primary objective of this study was to examine the rate of attendance at the first clinic appointment post discharge from a period of psychiatric hospitalisation in HIV-positive psychiatric patients initiated on ART as inpatients. A secondary objective was to determine which factors, if any, were associated with clinic attendance. </p><p><strong>Methods.</strong> This study was a retrospective record review, conducted at the Luthando Neuropsychiatric HIV Clinic in Soweto, which is an integrated mental healthcare and ART clinic. Patients who were initiated on ART as psychiatric inpatients from 1 July 2009 to 31 December 2010, and subsequently discharged for outpatient follow-up at Luthando Clinic were included in the sample. </p><p><strong>Results.</strong> There were 98 patients included in the analysis. The sample was predominantly female. The rate of attendance was 80%. The attendant and non-attendant groups were similar in terms of demographic and clinical data. Significantly fewer non-attendant patients had disclosed their HIV status to their treatment supporter (<em>p</em>=0.01). </p><p><strong>Conclusion.</strong> Non-disclosure of HIV status needs to be further addressed in integrated psychiatric HIV treatment facilities in order to improve attendance. Female predominance in this setting should also be further investigated.</p>
Supraclavicular Artery Flap – A promising versatile Flap: An early Experience
Authors: Thomas Shaji , Janardhan Deepak , Krishnan Sharath K , Kottaram Philip J 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Reconstruction of major head and neck defects remains challenging for head and neck surgeons . As esthetic expectations are extremely demanding, in terms of colormatch, texture and functional dexterity. Reconstructive options range widely from skin grafts tolocoregional or even free flaps. The need of the hour would be a versatile flap that harbours only the desired characteristics of both local and free flaps.

Materials and methods
Patients requiring local flap reconstruction after excision of the head and neck malignant lesion in our department, were included in the study after informed consent.

Results
Two patients had reconstruction of the extended radical parotidectomy skin defect and one patient had intraoral defect post oncological resection, which were reconstructed with supraclavicular artery flap.

Conclusion
The early experience of using supraclavicular artery flap in three cases of head and neck reconstruction following oncological resection is highly gratifying.

How to cite this article
Janardhan D, Thomas S, Krishnan SK, Kottaram PJ. Supraclavicular Artery Flap – A promising versatile Flap: An early Experience. Int J Head Neck Surg 2016;7(4):228-230.
Evaluation of Novel Glass Fiber-reinforced Composite Technique for Primary Anterior Teeth with Deep Carious Lesions: A 12-month Clinical Study
Authors: Morawala Abdul , Jain Kapil , Sawant Ajinkya , Chunawalla Yusuf , Kanchan Nupur S , Talathi Rohan 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Background
Early childhood caries discloses a distinct clinical pattern, and the teeth most often involved are the maxillary central incisors, lateral incisors, and the maxillary and mandibular first molars. The maxillary incisors are most severely affected, with deep carious lesions usually involving the pulp. Teeth that have been endodontically treated often have little coronal tooth tissue remaining and as such require a post to retain the core and restoration .This study evaluated and compared the efficacy of EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post with ParaPost Taper Lux in primary maxillary anterior teeth.

Aim
An in vivo study was conducted to evaluate and compare the longevity and failures of two fiber post systems in primary maxillary anterior teeth.

Materials and methods
A total of 60 severely mutilated primary maxillary anterior teeth from children aged 3 to 5 years were selected according to the inclusion criteria. These teeth were treated endodontically and were randomly assigned into two groups with 30 samples in each group, group I: EverStick glass fiber-reinforced composite post, group II: ParaPost Taper Lux post. The evaluation of dislodgment of posts, secondary caries, root fracture, and post fracture was carried out clinically and radiographically during every follow-up at 3, 6, 9, and 12 months interval.

Results
Statistical tests (Chi-square test, Fisher's exact probability test) suggested that dislodgment of the posts was significant between the two groups at 6, 9, and 12 months follow-ups. But within the group during subsequent follow-up intervals, dislodgment of posts as a mode of failure was not statistically significant. However, clinically failures were seen in both the study groups.

Conclusion
Fiber post system has proved to be successful clinically in both primary and permanent teeth due to the monoblock effect with luting agent, post system, core material, and bonding to dentin. Thus, today the EverStick glass fiber post system provides a novel way of fabricating cost-effective and less time-consuming custom-made post in treating mutilated maxillary anteriors.

How to cite this article
Sawant A, Chunawalla Y, Morawala A, Kanchan NS, Jain K, Talathi R. Evaluation of Novel Glass Fiber-reinforced Composite Technique for Primary Anterior Teeth with Deep Carious Lesions: A 12-month Clinical Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):126-130.
Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Child Formula Dentifrices at different Concentrations: An in vitro Study
Authors: Malhotra Ritika , Shashikiran ND 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Aim
The aim of the present in vitro study is to evaluate and compare antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available child's dental formulas in reduced concentrations containing different forms of fluoride against Streptococcus mutans activity.

Materials and methods
The selected dentifrices were prepared in dilutions of 1:1, 1:2, 1:4, 1:8, and 1:16 using sterile pyrogen-free distilled water. Various dilutions of the selected toothpaste slurries were incubated in the agar plate containing pure strains of S. mutans, and antimicrobial activity of each was assessed by measuring the diameter of zones of inhibition (in mm). Agar well plate diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) determination were the methods used in this study. The inhibitory circle of each dentifrice was measured and MIC was achieved by considering the value of diameter of the circle.

Results
The results of the study showed that even at a lower concentration of fluoride, inhibition halos were obtained for all the formulations at different dilutions.

Conclusion
The kid's formulations having lower fluoride concentration show antimicrobial activity even after dilutions. Thus, commercially, the fluoride concentrations can be further lowered down in the dentifrices, thereby reducing the risk associated with fluoride.

How to cite this article
Malhotra R, Singla S, Shashikiran ND. Comparison of Antimicrobial Activity of Child Formula Dentifrices at different Concentrations: An in vitro Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2017;10(2):131-135.