bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Primary Gleason pattern upgrading in contemporary patients with D'Amico low‐risk prostate cancer: implications for future biomarkers and imaging modalities
Authors: Leyh‐Bannurah Sami‐Ramzi , Abou‐Haidar Hiba , Dell'Oglio Paolo , Schiffmann Jonas , Tian Zhe , Heinzer Hans , Huland Hartwig , Graefen Markus , Budäus Lars , Karakiewicz Pierre I. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo retrospectively assess the rate of high‐grade primary Gleason upgrading (HGPGU) to primary Gleason pattern 4 or 5 in a contemporary cohort of patients with D'Amico low‐risk prostate cancer including those who fulfilled Prostate Cancer Research International Active Surveillance (PRIAS) criteria, and to develop a tool for HGPGU prediction. HGPGU is a contraindication in most active surveillance (AS) and focal therapy protocols.Patients and MethodsIn all, 10 616 patients with localised prostate cancer were treated at a high‐volume European tertiary care centre from 2010 to 2015 with radical prostatectomy. Analyses were restricted to 1 819 patients with D'Amico low‐risk prostate cancer (17.1%) with prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels of <10.0 ng/mL, cT1c–cT2a and Gleason score ≤6, and were repeated within 772 of the men (7.3%) who fulfilled the PRIAS criteria for AS (PSA level of ≤10 ng/mL, T1c–T2, Gleason score ≤6, PSA density (PSAD) of <0.2 ng/mL2, ≤2 positive cores). Uni‐ and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted, testing predictors of HGPGU. The final logistic regression model was based on the most informative variables.ResultsThere was HGPGU in 88 (4.8%) patients with D'Amico low‐risk prostate cancer and in 32 (4.1%) of the subgroup who were PRIAS eligible. Multivariable analysis predicting HGPGU for the patients with D'Amico low‐risk yielded three independent predictors: age, PSAD, and clinical tumour stage (P = 0.008, P = 0.005 and P = 0.021, respectively). Within the same patients, the model using all vs the most informative variables resulted in area under the curves (AUCs) of 69.2% and 68.3%, respectively. Multivariable analysis of those who were PRIAS eligible, yielded age and number of positive cores as independent predictors of HGPGU (P = 0.002 and P = 0.049, respectively; AUC 64.9%).ConclusionsThe low accuracy (invariably <70%) for HGPGU prediction in both patients with D'Amico low‐risk prostate cancer and PRIAS eligibility indicates that these variables have poor predictive ability in contemporary patients. Despite HGPGU being a rare phenomenon, it may have life threatening implications and consequently alternatives such as biomarkers, genetic markers, or imaging modalities at re‐biopsy are needed.
Prediction of pathological stage based on clinical stage, serum prostate‐specific antigen, and biopsy Gleason score: Partin Tables in the contemporary era
Authors: Tosoian Jeffrey J. , Chappidi Meera , Feng Zhaoyong , Humphreys Elizabeth B. , Han Misop , Pavlovich Christian P. , Epstein Jonathan I. , Partin Alan W. , Trock Bruce J. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo update the Partin Tables for prediction of pathological stage in the contemporary setting and examine trends in patients treated with radical prostatectomy (RP) over the past three decades.Patients and MethodsFrom January 2010 to October 2015, 4459 men meeting inclusion criteria underwent RP and pelvic lymphadenectomy for histologically confirmed prostate cancer at the Johns Hopkins Hospital. Preoperative clinical stage, serum prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) level, and biopsy Gleason score (i.e. prognostic Grade Group) were used in a polychotomous logistic regression model to predict the probability of pathological outcomes categorised as: organ‐confined (OC), extraprostatic extension (EPE), seminal vesicle involvement (SV+), or lymph node involvement (LN+). Preoperative characteristics and pathological findings in men treated with RP since 1983 were collected and clinical‐pathological trends were described.ResultsThe median (range) age at surgery was 60 (34–77) years and the median (range) PSA level was 4.9 (0.1–125.0) ng/mL. The observed probabilities of pathological outcomes were: OC disease in 74%, EPE in 20%, SV+ in 4%, and LN+ in 2%. The probability of EPE increased substantially when biopsy Gleason score increased from 6 (Grade Group 1, GG1) to 3 + 4 (GG2), with smaller increases for higher grades. The probability of LN+ was substantially higher for biopsy Gleason score 9–10 (GG5) as compared to lower Gleason scores. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curves for binary logistic models predicting EPE, SV+, and LN+ vs OC were 0.724, 0.856, and 0.918, respectively. The proportion of men treated with biopsy Gleason score ≤6 cancer (GG1) was 47%, representing a substantial decrease from 63% in the previous cohort and 77% in 2000–2005. The proportion of men with OC cancer has remained similar during that time, equalling 73–74% overall. The proportions of men with SV+ (4.1% from 3.4%) and LN+ (2.3% from 1.4%) increased relative to the preceding era for the first time since the Partin Tables were introduced in 1993.ConclusionsThe Partin Tables remain a straightforward and accurate approach for projecting pathological outcomes based on readily available clinical data. Acknowledging these data are derived from a tertiary care referral centre, the proportion of men with OC disease has remained stable since 2000, despite a substantial decline in the proportion of men with biopsy Gleason score 6 (GG1). This is consistent with the notion that many men with Gleason score 6 (GG1) disease were over treated in previous eras.
Syntactic Change in the Parallel Architecture: The Case of Parasitic Gaps
Authors: Culicover Peter W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture, the well‐formed expressions of a language are licensed by correspondences between phonology, syntax, and conceptual structure. I show how this architecture can be used to make sense of the existence of parasitic gap constructions. A parasitic gap is one that is rendered acceptable because of the presence of another gap in the same sentence. Compare *a person whoeveryone who talks tolikes Chris, which shows an illicit extraction from a relative clause, anda personeveryone who talks tolikes, which shows a parasitic gap in the relative clause. Languages differ in terms of the range of configurations in which they allow parasitic gaps; these configurations appear to form a hierarchy.These observations raise some fundamental questions:Why do parasitic gaps exist at all?Why are different syntactic configurations possible for P‐gaps and why just these configurations?Why is there a parasitic gap hierarchy?The answers that I propose make crucial use of constructional overgeneralization of across‐the‐board extraction in coordinate constructions, formulated straightforwardly in the framework of Jackendoff's Parallel Architecture.
Impacts of Community Forest Management on Human Economic Well‐Being across Madagascar
Authors: Rasolofoson Ranaivo A. , Ferraro Paul J. , Ruta Giovanni , Rasamoelina Maminiaina S. , Randriankolona Patrick L. , Larsen Helle O. , Jones Julia P. G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCommunity Forest Management (CFM) devolves forest management to local communities to achieve conservation and human well‐being goals. Yet, the evidence for CFM's impacts is mixed and difficult to interpret because of inadequate attention to rival explanations for the observed empirical patterns. In a national‐scale analysis in Madagascar that carefully considers these rival explanations, we estimate CFM impacts on household living standards, as measured by per capita consumption expenditures. The estimated impact is positive, but small and not statistically different from zero. However, we can statistically reject substantial negative impacts (which others have suggested may exist). The estimated impacts vary conditional on household education and proximity to forests: they are more positive and statistically significant for households closer to forest and with more education. To help improve CFM design, scholars and practitioners should anticipate heterogeneity in CFM impacts and work to better characterize them, theoretically and empirically.
Spatial associations of ecosystem services and biodiversity as a baseline for systematic conservation planning
Authors: Manhães Adriana Pellegrini , Mazzochini Guilherme Gerhardt , Oliveira‐Filho Ary Teixeira , Ganade Gislene , Carvalho Adriana Rosa 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimProtected areas are frequently defined on the basis of biological importance. Ecosystem services are expected to be under protection when biodiversity is preserved; however, new approaches are needed to confirm this statement. We evaluated how spatial associations between ecosystem services and plant biodiversity on a large spatial scale influence their representativeness in current protected areas.LocationBrazilian seasonally tropical dry forest (Caatinga).MethodsWe produced woody plant biodiversity maps (species richness, narrow‐range species richness and beta diversity) using species distribution modelling. We estimated regulating services (water purification, carbon storage and erosion control), provisioning services (water supply, fodder and agriculture) and supporting services (water balance, net primary productivity and soil fertility) using primary data and a proxy‐based approach. We performed spatial correlation analyses between biodiversity and ecosystem services using Pearson's correlation test. After estimating the percentage of hotspot areas of biodiversity and ecosystem services presented in two types of protected areas (strict protection and sustainable use), we compared it to expected distribution by null model.ResultsMostly weak and intermediary positive correlations arose among biodiversity and ecosystem services (beta diversity with water balance and species richness with water purification and carbon storage). Negative correlations occurred among water balance with both species richness and narrow‐range species richness. Strict protection areas were well represented in terms of carbon storage and underrepresented for fodder and agriculture. Sustainable use protected areas were important for water balance. Plant biodiversity variables were not represented in current protected areas.Main conclusionsPositive correlations between biodiversity and ecosystem services do not assure the protection of these targets in protected areas. Surrogates choice based only on spatial correlations might not effectively protect biodiversity and ecosystem services. Selection of priority areas must include biodiversity and ecosystem services as distinct conservation targets.
Intelligent Aggressiveness: Using Forecast Multipliers, Hybrid Forecasting, Fare Adjustment, and Unconstraining Methods to Increase Revenue*
Authors: Weatherford Larry R. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTMany studies have begun the exploration of airlines using intelligent aggressiveness (IA) in unidimensional directions (e.g., forecast multipliers alone). This article uses the sophisticated passenger origin–destination simulator (PODS) to examine the revenue impact of four different IA levers—forecast multipliers, unconstraining, hybrid forecasting (HF) and fare adjustment (FA). We also explore the impacts in two different origin–destination networks. Due to the competitive nature of PODS (two or four airlines competing) and its allowance for customer choice, we are able to assess all the implications, including the impact of spill, upgrades and recapture. We find that with a single IA lever, independent of the network and demand level, in a more‐restricted fare environment, the optimal lever is almost always HF with moderate‐to‐aggressive estimates of willingness‐to‐pay, with revenue gains of 0.4–4.3% in a large global network, and gains of 1.7–4.2% in a domestic network, depending on demand level and optimization method used. We also test two additional, less‐restricted fare environments and find that revenue improvements have a wider range (0.8–6.3%) with a single lever in the larger network. Finally, we explore the impacts of allowing the competitors to use basic IA and the airline of interest to use multiple IA levers.
Heparin‐bridging therapy is associated with a high risk of post‐polypectomy bleeding regardless of polyp size
Authors: Ishigami Hideaki , Arai Makoto , Matsumura Tomoaki , Maruoka Daisuke , Minemura Shoko , Okimoto Kenichiro , Kasamatsu Shingo , Saito Keiko , Nakagawa Tomoo , Katsuno Tatsuro , Yokosuka Osamu 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground and AimEvidence regarding safety and efficacy of heparin‐bridging therapy for colonoscopic polypectomy remains scarce. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the risk of post‐polypectomy bleeding (PPB) in patients receiving heparin‐bridging therapy.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed the database of patients who underwent colonoscopic polypectomy with prophylactic clip closure between January 2007 and December 2014 at our institution. We evaluated patients receiving heparin‐bridging therapy (HB group) compared with those who did not receive antithrombotic therapy (No‐HB group).ResultsA total of 1421 polypectomies were carried out on 773 patients; 45 patients were in the HB group and 728 patients were in the No‐HB group. The incidence of PPB per patient was significantly higher in the HB group (22.2% vs 1.9%, P < 0.0001), and multivariate analysis showed that heparin‐bridging therapy was an independent risk factor for PPB (OR 9.80, 95% CI 4.23–22.3, P < 0.0001). In the HB group, the polyp size was not a risk factor for PPB (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.19–2.26, P = 0.55); the incidence of PPB in lesions of <10 mm and ≥10 mm in size was 14.6% and 10.2% respectively. In contrast, that was a significant risk factor in the No‐HB group (OR 4.71, 95% CI 1.41–21.3, P = 0.011). Activated partial thromboplastin time and international normalized ratio were in or under the therapeutic range in the HB group when PPB occurred.ConclusionsHeparin‐bridging therapy is associated with a high risk of PPB regardless of polyp size.
Reputation in an economic game modulates premotor cortex activity during action observation
Authors: Farmer Harry , Apps Matthew , Tsakiris Manos 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOur interactions with other people – and our processing of their actions – are shaped by their reputation. Research has identified an Action Observation Network (AON) which is engaged when observing other people's actions. Yet, little is known about how the processing of others’ actions is influenced by another's reputation. Is the response of the AON modulated by the reputation of the actor? We developed a variant of the ultimatum game in which participants watched either the visible or occluded actions of two ‘proposers’. These actions were tied to decisions of how to split a pot of money although the proposers’ decisions on each trial were not known to participants when observing the actions. One proposer made fair offers on the majority of trials, establishing a positive reputation, whereas the other made predominantly, unfair offers resulting in a negative reputation. We found significant activations in two regions of the left dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC). The first of these showed a main effect of reputation with greater activation for the negative reputation proposer than the positive reputation proposer. Furthermore individual differences in trust ratings of the two proposers covaried with activation in the right primary motor cortex (M1). The second showed an interaction between visibility and reputation driven by a greater effect of reputation when participants were observing an occluded action. Our findings show that the processing of others’ actions in the AON is modulated by an actor's reputation, and suggest a predictive role for the PMC during action observation.
High post‐movement parietal low‐beta power during rhythmic tapping facilitates performance in a stop task
Authors: Fischer Petra , Tan Huiling , Pogosyan Alek , Brown Peter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractVoluntary movements are followed by a post‐movement electroencephalography (EEG) beta rebound, which increases with practice and confidence in a task. We hypothesized that greater beta modulation reflects less load on cognitive resources and may thus be associated with faster reactions to new stimuli. EEG was recorded in 17 healthy subjects during rhythmically paced index finger tapping. In a STOP condition, participants had to interrupt the upcoming tap in response to an auditory cue, which was timed such that stopping was successful only in ~ 50% of all trials. In a second condition, participants carried on tapping twice after the stop signal (CONTINUE condition). Thus the conditions were distinct in whether abrupt stopping was required as a second task. Modulation of 12–20 Hz power over motor and parietal areas developed with time on each trial and more so in the CONTINUE condition. Reduced modulation in the STOP condition went along with reduced negative mean asynchronies suggesting less confident anticipation of the timing of the next tap. Yet participants were more likely to stop when beta modulation prior to the stop cue was more pronounced. In the STOP condition, expectancy of the stop signal may have increased cognitive load during movement execution given that the task might have to be stopped abruptly. However, within this condition, stopping ability was increased if the preceding tap was followed by a relatively larger beta increase. Significant, albeit weak, correlations confirmed that increased post‐movement beta power was associated with faster reactions to new stimuli, consistent with reduced cognitive load.
Wounds to the dorsal carpus (coronation injury) in horses: Treatment, complications and survival
Authors: Butz N. , Dreyfus A. , Fürst A. E. , Bischofberger A. S. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryStudies evaluating complications, treatment and survival following wounds to the dorsal carpus (coronation injuries), despite being frequent injuries in equine practice, are lacking. The aim was to describe clinical features and identify risk factors associated with short‐ and long‐term outcomes following coronation injury in horses. Clinical data were obtained for horses undergoing treatment of unilateral or bilateral coronation injuries in a single hospital population. Descriptive data were generated for the clinical variables. Multivariable linear or logistic regression analyses was used to generate six models with short‐term outcomes defined as hospitalisation time and hospital survival; and long‐term outcomes (>6 months) defined as coronation specific mortality, sound and return to intended use, increased post‐injury stumbling and recurrence of coronation injury. One hundred and thirty‐eight horses were included. In 15.9% an extensor tendon and in 17.4% a carpal joint was involved. The prognosis for hospital survival was 97.8% and the long‐term coronation specific mortality risk was 4.3%. 87.5% were sound and returned to intended use. Risk factors for prolonged hospitalisation time were extensor tendon involvement (4.2 days), carpal joint involvement (3.8 days) and complications (skin necrosis [9.5 days] and local infection [3.2 days]. Coronation injuries reccurred in 8.8% and 20% had evidence of increased post‐injury stumbling. Administration of intra‐articular antimicrobials (7.8 times) (likely reflecting injury severity grade) and bilateral coronation injury (6.7 times) increased the odds for increased post‐injury stumbling. This study has identified risk factors for increased hospitalisation time and post‐injury stumbling, which clinicians managing coronation injuries should be aware of.
The Impact of Transparency on the Cost of Sovereign Debt in Times of Economic Crisis
Authors: Benito Bernardino , Guillamón María‐Dolores , Bastida Francisco 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper analyses which factors determine the cost of debt, specifically in the light of the deep economic crisis the world is facing today. We evaluate the impact of transparency, financial indicators and sovereign ratings on public debt interest. We consider several measures related to transparency: transparency index, corruption index and public trust in politicians’ financial honesty index. We work with 2008 (the beginning of the economic crisis) and 2012 data for OECD and BRICS countries. Our results show that all measures connected with fiscal transparency negatively impact the cost of sovereign debt, increasing therefore the financing costs of the government in 2008. A comparison of 2008 with 2012 reveals a substitution effect. On the one hand, transparency, corruption and public trust indexes explain interest rates in the first year considered. On the other, in 2012, when the crisis started to be overcome, the fiscal situation, rather than transparency indexes, explains interest rates. In the whole time window, sovereign rating holds its explanatory power.
A Private Sector Failure, a Public Sector Crisis – Reflections on the Great Recession
Authors: Hodges Ron , Lapsley Irvine 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Great Recession from 2007/08 to date (2016) has challenged policymakers in significant ways. The initial challenge became a mission to rescue the banking sector, which had major implications for public services. The severe constraints on public finances after the rescue resulted in cutbacks in public services; an example of financial conservatism in action. Neoliberalism is the dominant mode of thinking by central governments, but its application has been questioned both on its rigour and on the evidence which is available to inform this policy. This paper examines the UK experiences of financial conservatism by mobilising ideas of failure, hope and bricolage.
Investigating patterns of straying and mixed stock exploitation of sea trout, Salmo trutta, in rivers sharing an estuary in south‐west England
Authors: King R. A. , Hillman R. , Elsmere P. , Stockley B. , Stevens J. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFor effective management, information on the stock composition of a fishery is essential. Here, the utility of a resident trout, Salmon trutta L, microsatellite baseline to determine the origins of sea trout entering the rivers Tamar, Tavy and Lynher in south‐west England is highlighted – all share a common estuary and have major runs of sea trout. There is a high degree of geographical structuring of the genetic variation in the baseline rivers. Testing with simulated and real data sets showed fish can be assigned to reporting group with a high degree of accuracy. Mixed stock analysis of >1000 sea trout showed that fish entering the Tamar and Tavy constituted mixed stocks. Significantly, in the Tamar, non‐natal origin sea trout are restricted to the lower catchment. As well as providing insight into sea trout behaviour, this study also has important implications for the management of recreational rod and line fisheries.