bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do cigarette graphic warnings encourage smokers to attend a smoking cessation programme: a quasi-experimental study
Authors: Guydish Joseph , Tajima Barbara , Le Thao , Henderson Catherine , Yip Deborah , Gruber Valerie , Garcia Wayne , Delucchi Kevin L 
Published: December 2016

ObjectiveThis study assessed whether exposure to cigarette graphic warning labels (GWLs) increased attendance to a smoking cessation programme.MethodFrom 2014 to 2016, alternating cohorts of smokers in 3 residential drug treatment programmes received either GWLs (experimental) or transparent (control) labels placed on their cigarette packs for 30 days. The primary outcome was the proportion of participants who chose to attend a smoking cessation group after the labelling period.ResultsThe sample (N=601) was 72.6% male, with a mean age of 41.9 (SD=11.16) and included African-American (37%), White (29.4%) and Hispanic (19.6%) participants. While similar on most measures, controls were more likely to be married, had been in the treatment programme longer and registered higher on expired carbon monoxide (CO). After labelling, the proportion attending at least one cessation group was 26% in the experimental condition and 18.8% among controls. In an intent-to-treat analysis adjusting for group differences at baseline, and for 2 levels of nesting, those who received GWLs were more likely than controls to attend the smoking cessation group (OR=1.58, 95% CI 1.02 to 2.44).ConclusionsSmokers who received GWLs on their cigarette packs were more likely to attend a cessation programme. Thus, this study is one of the first to document a change in a directly observed behavioural outcome as a function of month-long exposure to cigarette pack GWLs.
Before volcanoes became ordinary
Authors: Taylor Kenneth L. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Volcanic phenomena, frequently treated as ‘accidental’ in eighteenth-century science, acquired ‘ordinary’ status with the formulation during the earlier part of the nineteenth century of comprehensive systems of heat-driven global dynamics (such as those of Élie de Beaumont and Lyell). This essay identifies some reasons lying behind the predilection within early modern science toward the classification of volcanoes as accidents. Generic terms for volcanoes were absent in ancient Greek and Roman literature; ancient authors tended to address volcanic eruptions individually in terms of locality or place. Habitual focus on geographical specificity persisted even after the introduction during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries of terminology recognizing volcanoes as distinct entities. An ‘uncommon’ status of volcanoes was supported not only by geographical circumstance (especially for Northern Europeans situated far from sites of volcanic action), but also by truisms widely accepted in chemical and mineralogical thought linking fire with destruction and confusion, in contrast to water's association with organization and order. In early efforts to generalize the Earth's constitution and development, explanatory theories based on constant and sustained action tended to be preferred. In these circumstances aqueous agency appeared generally efficacious, in contrast to volcanic fires, assumed to be local, shallow and ephemeral.
Methodological uniformitarianism of Hugo Kołłątaj: an unknown Polish precursor of the Lyellian geological paradigm
Authors: Racki Grzegorz 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The overlooked geological ideas of Hugo Kołłątaj (1750–1812), who was well known as a progressive Polish Enlightenment statesman and Catholic writer, are presented. Following the Kościuszko insurrection, he was imprisoned in Olomouc from 1795 to 1802. While there he wrote a great treatise (probably finished in 1807) on the natural setting of the prehistory of the people in Polish territories. More than half of his voluminous manuscript dealt with the history of the Earth. Unfortunately, this monumental work in three volumes was only published in Polish in 1842. This comprehensively heuristic discourse presents a truly intellectual apogee of ‘the Heroic Age of Geology’. Kołłątaj advocated a continuous, step-by-step investigation of natural processes in terms of their contemporary actions, and considered them extensively in reference to permanent physical laws in geological history, although essentially in connection to Noah's Deluge. Kołłątaj clearly proposed the in-depth inductive actualistic analysis of geological processes, but combined it with some elements of the non-gradualistic model (spasmodic sedimentation), as key to the proper understanding of the Earth and the history of the biosphere and mankind. Consequently, he distinctly pioneered the commonly celebrated methodological uniformitarian approach, as proposed by Charles Lyell in the 1830s.
History of the oil industry in Poland until 1939
Authors: Wołkowicz Stanisław , Graniczny Marek , Wołkowicz Krystyna , Urban Halina 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Natural crude oil seeps are fairly common in SE Poland, especially in areas of exposure of the Carpathians Flysch series. The first records of such seeps may be traced back to the first half of the sixteenth century. Some remarks on the occurrences and usability of so-called rock oil may be found in the works of Kluk, Staszic and Zejszner, and descriptions of simple hand-dug pits for collecting this oil – already operating at the end of the eighteenth century – in a book by Hacquet. Rapid development of the oil industry in Poland was triggered by the discovery of a method of distillation of kerosene from seep-oil and by the invention of an effective modern kerosene lamp by Ignacy Łukasiewicz in 1853. When the first oil well was drilled at Titusville (Pennsylvania) in 1859, several dozen wells were already producing oil in the Carpathians. Oil prospecting and production were initially concentrated in the region of Gorlice, Jasło and Krosno, but shifted eastwards after the discovery of large oil fields in Schodnica and Borysław. Drilling operations in the latter area were conducted by Długosz. Polish oil geologists at the turn of the nineteenth century included Zuber, Szajnocha, Grzybowski and Tołwiński, who were the leading world authorities in this field.
Harsh oil: finding petroleum in early twentieth century Western Australia
Authors: Gerali Francesco , Gregory Jenny 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Before becoming a science, an art or a form of investment, oil prospecting needed the mental vision of the discoverers of new oil fields in unexplored areas. According to Pratt, the minds of such men made the discovery of new wells possible, mostly in terrains that were not considered favourable such as in Australia. This paper is the initial outcome of an investigation into the first oil explorations in the SW of Australia in the early twentieth century. Following a review of the relevant literature, the paper provides an overview of the early global development of the oil industry, exploring expectations of oil resources in Australia in the context of international oil developments. This provides the background to an analysis of early oil exploration in Western Australia (WA), based on analysis of contemporary geological literature, unpublished government documents and newspaper reports. The result is not the tale of an epic quest for oil in Australia, but rather a story of sceptical scientists, visionary investors and a government that saw oil as an asset that would speed up Australia's transition from a British colony into an independent political and economic power.
Gushers, science and luck: Everette Lee DeGolyer and the Mexican oil upsurge, 1909–19
Authors: Gerali Francesco , Riguzzi Paolo 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Despite the political controversies surrounding it, in Mexico as in other countries, oil exploration and production between 1900 and 1920 was primarily an economic activity developed by scientists, technologists, skilled workers and entrepreneurs. The Mexican oil fields were both drilling sites and ‘smithies of ideas’ where new cadres of oil professionals were producing fresh knowledge on the oil-bearing formations. Along with Mexican and British professionals, young US geologists with more books in their hands than oil on their shoes emerged and managed, in spite of having little experience, to push Mexico in less than one decade to the top-three list of petroleum-exporting countries. This article aims to present the business and scientific activities of one of the most relevant individuals among them, Everette Lee DeGolyer, assessing his contribution to petroleum exploitation and oil geology in Mexico.
Radon-222 and radium-226 occurrence in water: a review
Authors: Girault Frédéric , Perrier Frédéric , Przylibski Tadeusz A. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

A total of 2143 dissolved radon-222 and radium-226 activity concentrations measured together in water samples was compiled from the literature. To date, the use of such a large database is the first attempt to establish a relationship for the
226
Ra–
222
Rn couple. Over the whole dataset, radon and radium concentrations range over more than nine and six orders of magnitude, respectively. Geometric means yield 9.82±0.73 Bq l
−1
for radon and 54.6±2.7 mBq l
−1
for radium. Only a few waters are in
226
Ra–
222
Rn radioactive equilibrium, with most of them being far from equilibrium; the geometric mean of the radium concentration in water/radon concentration in water (
C
Ra
/
C
Rn
) ratio is estimated to be 0.0056±0.0004. Significant differences in radon and radium concentrations are observed between groundwaters and surface waters, on the one hand, and between hot springs and cold springs, on the other. Within water types, typical ranges of radon and radium concentrations can be associated with subgroups of waters. While the radium concentration characterizes the geochemistry of the groundwater–rock interaction, the radon concentration, in most cases, is a signal of non-mobile radium embedded in the encasing rocks. Thus, the
226
Ra–
222
Rn couple can be a useful tool for the characterization of water and for the identification of water source rocks, shedding light on the various water–rock interaction processes taking place in the environment.
Radon and carbon dioxide around remote Himalayan thermal springs
Authors: Girault Frédéric , Koirala Bharat Prasad , Bhattarai Mukunda , Perrier Frédéric 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Radon-222 and carbon dioxide (CO
2
) emissions were studied around four remote Nepalese thermal springs near the Main Central Thrust: Timure and Chilime in the upper Trisuli Valley, central Nepal; and Sulighad and Tarakot in Lower Dolpo, western Nepal. A total of 279 radon fluxes and 670 CO
2
fluxes were measured on the ground, complemented by radon concentration measurements in soil and water, and assisted by thermal infrared imaging. In Lower Dolpo, mean radon fluxes ranging from 270×10
−3
to 450×10
−3
Bq m
−2
s
−1
, radon concentration in water greater than 100 Bq l
−1
, low mean CO
2
fluxes (18–32 g m
−2
day
−1
), and integrated radon and CO
2
discharges of 70–180 Bq s
−1
and (2.3–3.8)×10
−3
mol s
−1
, respectively, suggest shallow-water-dominated transport with simultaneous radon and CO
2
degassing from the hydrothermal water. In the upper Trisuli Valley, mean radon fluxes ranging from 140×10
−3
to 570×10
−3
Bq m
−2
s
−1
, larger mean CO
2
fluxes that range from 430 to 2930 g m
−2
day
−1
, radon concentration in water of less than 6 Bq l
−1
, and integrated radon and CO
2
discharges of 290–840 Bq s
−1
and (390–830)×10
−3
mol s
−1
, respectively, indicate fast gas-dominated transport of deep metamorphic-origin CO
2
charged in radon along a fault network. Radon can thus give precious information on the gas transport properties of the shallow continental crust.
Radon: a radioactive therapeutic element
Authors: Przylibski Tadeusz Andrzej 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

This paper presents selected issues related to the use of
222
Rn in therapeutic treatments. Radon is a radioactive element whose usage in medicine for more than 100 years is based on the radiation hormesis theory. However, owing to the radioactive character of this element and the fact that its alpha-radioactive decay is the source of other radionuclides, its therapeutic application has been raising serious doubts. The author points to potential sources and carriers of radon in the environment that could supply radon for use in a variety of therapies. Except for centuries-long tradition of using radon groundwaters, and later also the air in caves and underground workings, the author would also like to focus on soil air, which is still underestimated as a source of radon. The text presents different methods of obtaining this radioactive gas from groundwaters, the air in caves, mining galleries and soil air, and it presents new possibilities in this field. The author also discusses problems related to the transportation and storage of radon obtained from the environment.

Within radon-prone areas, it is often necessary to de-radon groundwaters that are intended for human consumption and household usage. Also, dry radon wells are used to prevent radon migration from the ground into residential buildings. The author proposes using radon released from radon groundwaters and amassed in dry radon wells for radonotherapy treatments. Thanks to this, it is possible to reduce the cost of radiological protection of people within radon-prone areas while still exploiting the
222
Rn obtained for a variety of therapies.

With regard to the ongoing and still unsettled dispute concerning the beneficial or detrimental impact of radon on the human organism, the author puts special emphasis on the necessity of strictly monitoring both the activity concentration of
222
Rn in media used for therapeutic treatments and of its radioactive decay products. Monitoring should be also extended to the environments in which such treatments are delivered (inhalatoriums, baths, saunas, showers, pools and other facilities), as well as to the patients – during and after the radonotherapy treatments. It is also essential to monitor the dose of radon and its daughters that is received by persons undergoing radon therapy. This should facilitate the assessment of the effectiveness of these treatments, which may contribute to a fuller understanding of the mechanisms of radon impact, and ionizing radiation in general, on the human organism. This will make it easier to ultimately confirm or reject the radiation hormesis theory. It is also essential to monitor the effective dose that is received by medical and technical staff employed to deliver the radonotherapy treatments.
Prospective Study of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure and Thyroid Cancer Risk in the United States
Authors: Zamoiski Rachel D. , Cahoon Elizabeth K. , Freedman D. Michal , Linet Martha S. , Kitahara Cari M. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Background: Thyroid cancer incidence has tripled in the past three decades, yet relatively few risk factors have been identified. Some studies have suggested that ultraviolet radiation (UVR) may affect thyroid cancer risk.
Methods: We conducted a prospective analysis of 44,039 participants in the United States Radiologic Technologists Study (153 thyroid cancer cases) from all 50 states. We examined the association between risk of thyroid cancer and exposure to UVR, estimated by ambient UVR, time outdoors, and a combined variable. Participants reported location of residence and time outdoors during five age periods starting in childhood. Ambient UVR was estimated by linking satellite-based UVR measurements to geocoded residences. We assessed the association of UVR by age and average lifetime UVR with thyroid cancer risk using Cox proportional hazards models, starting at the time of the baseline questionnaire (2003–2005) through 2012–2013.
Results: Combined UVR from the latest age period (age 40+) was associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer (HR for 4th vs. 1st quartile = 0.56; 95% CI, 0.31–1.02, Ptrend = 0.04). This was limited to participants with benign thyroid disease and to those with darker complexions, although we found no evidence of effect modification. Thyroid cancer risk was unrelated to all metrics of UVR in earlier age periods and for average lifetime exposure.
Conclusions: Recent UVR exposure was associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer. This association appeared to be modified by benign thyroid disease and skin complexion.
Impact: UVR exposure may be associated with a decreased risk of thyroid cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev; 26(5); 684–91. ©2016 AACR.
Drug-Repositioning Screens Identify Triamterene as a Selective Drug for the Treatment of DNA Mismatch Repair Deficient Cells
Authors: Guillotin Delphine , Austin Philip , Begum Rumena , Freitas Marta O. , Merve Ashirwad , Brend Tim , Short Susan , Marino Silvia , Martin Sarah A. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Purpose: The DNA mismatch repair (MMR) pathway is required for the maintenance of genome stability. Unsurprisingly, mutations in MMR genes occur in a wide range of different cancers. Studies thus far have largely focused on specific tumor types or MMR mutations; however, it is becoming increasingly clear that a therapy targeting MMR deficiency in general would be clinically very beneficial.
Experimental Design: Based on a drug-repositioning approach, we screened a large panel of cell lines with various MMR deficiencies from a range of different tumor types with a compound drug library of previously approved drugs. We have identified the potassium-sparing diuretic drug triamterene, as a novel sensitizing agent in MMR-deficient tumor cells, in vitro and in vivo.
Results: The selective tumor cell cytotoxicity of triamterene occurs through its antifolate activity and depends on the activity of the folate synthesis enzyme thymidylate synthase. Triamterene leads to a thymidylate synthase-dependent differential increase in reactive oxygen species in MMR-deficient cells, ultimately resulting in an increase in DNA double-strand breaks.
Conclusions: Conclusively, our data reveal a new drug repurposing and novel therapeutic strategy that has potential for the treatment of MMR deficiency in a range of different tumor types and could significantly improve patient survival. Clin Cancer Res; 23(11); 2880–90. ©2016 AACR.
Characterization of EGFR T790M, L792F, and C797S Mutations as Mechanisms of Acquired Resistance to Afatinib in Lung Cancer
Authors: Kobayashi Yoshihisa , Azuma Koichi , Nagai Hiroki , Kim Young Hak , Togashi Yosuke , Sesumi Yuichi , Chiba Masato , Shimoji Masaki , Sato Katsuaki , Tomizawa Kenji , Takemoto Toshiki , Nishio Kazuto , Mitsudomi Tetsuya 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Lung cancers harboring common EGFR mutations respond to EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). We previously reported that tumors with exon 18 mutations are particularly sensitive to irreversible second-generation (2G) afatinib compared with first-generation TKIs (1G-TKI). However, data on the mechanisms of acquired resistance to afatinib are limited. We established afatinib-resistant cells by transfecting Ba/F3 cells with common or exon 18 (G719A and Del18) mutations and subjecting them to chronic exposure to increasing concentrations of afatinib. Afatinib-resistant clones were separately established through N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis and exposure to fixed concentrations of afatinib. Rebiopsy samples from patients whose tumors acquired resistance to afatinib were analyzed. Afatinib-resistant cells with Del19, L858R, or G719A developed T790M, whereas those with Del18 acquired novel L792F mutation. ENU mutagenesis screening established 84 afatinib-resistant clones. All Del19 clones and most of the other clones acquired only T790M. However, C797S occurred in subsets of L858R, G719A, and Del18 clones. In addition, subsets of Del18 clones acquired L792F. C797S-acquired cells were sensitive to 1G erlotinib. L792F demonstrated intermediate resistance between T790M and C797S to both 1G- and 3G-TKIs, whereas L792F was the least resistant to 2G-TKIs, particularly dacomitinib. Chronic exposure of Del18 + L792F cells to dacomitinib induced additional T790M. T790M was detected in one of four clinical samples. In conclusion, L792F and C797S, in addition to the major T790M, can develop in afatinib-resistant cells particularly using a low dose of afatinib, and these minor mutations appear to exhibit sensitivity to dacomitinib and erlotinib, respectively. These secondary mutations should be tested in clinical practice. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(2); 357–64. ©2016 AACR.
See related article by Talbert et al., p. 344
Development of Time- and Voltage-Domain Mapping (V-T-Mapping) to Localize Ventricular Tachycardia Channels During Sinus Rhythm
Authors: Nayyar Sachin , Kuklik Pawel , Ganesan Anand N. , Sullivan Thomas R. , Wilson Lauren , Young Glenn D. , Sanders Prashanthan , Roberts-Thomson Kurt C. 
Published: December 2016

Background—
In ventricular scar, impulse spread is slow because it traverses split and zigzag channels of surviving muscle. We aimed to evaluate scar electrograms to determine their local delay (activation time) and inequality in voltage splitting (entropy), and their relationship to channels. We reasoned that unlike innocuous channels, which are often short with multiple side branches, ventricular tachycardia (VT) supporting channels have very slow impulse spread and possess low entropy because of their longer protected length and relative lack of side-branching.

Methods and Results—
Patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy and multiple VT were studied. In initial mapping stage (16 patients and 58 VTs), left ventricular endocardial mapping was performed in sinus rhythm. Detailed pace mapping was used to identify VT channels and confirmed, when feasible, by entrainment. Scar electrograms were analyzed in time and voltage domains to determine mean activation time, dispersion in activation time, and entropy. Predictive performances of these properties to detect VT channels were tested. In the application stage (7 patients and 20 VTs), these properties were prospectively tested to guide catheter ablation. A mean number of 763±203 sampling points were taken. From 1770 pace maps, 47 channels corresponded to VTs. A combination of scar electrograms with the latest mean activation time and minimum entropy, in a high activation dispersion region, accurately recognized regions containing VT channels (κ=0.89, sensitivity=86%, specificity=100%, positive predictive value=93%, and negative predictive value=100%). Finally, focused ablation within 5-mm rim of the prospective channel regions eliminated 18 of 20 inducible VTs.

Conclusions—
Activation time and entropy mapping in the scar accurately identify VT channels during sinus rhythm. The method integrates principles of reentry formation to recognize VT channels without pace mapping or mapping during VT.