bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating Daily Evapotranspiration From Remotely Sensed Instantaneous Observations With Simplified Derivations of a Theoretical Model
Authors: Tang Ronglin , Li Zhao‐Liang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSurface evapotranspiration (ET) is one of the key components in global hydrological cycle and energy budget on Earth. This paper designs a theoretical relationship between daily and instantaneous ETs with a multiplication of multiple fractions through a mathematical derivation of the physics‐based Penman‐Monteith equation and further develops five methods for converting remotely sensed instantaneous ET to daily values, one of which is equivalent to the conventional constant evaporative fraction (EF) method. The five methods are then evaluated and intercompared using long‐term ground‐based eddy covariance system‐measured half‐hourly latent heat flux (LE) and three groups of Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer‐based instantaneous LE data sets collected from April 2009 to late October 2011 at the Yucheng station. Overall, the constant decoupling factor (Ω) method, the constant surface resistance (Rc) method, and the constant ratio of surface resistance to aerodynamic resistance (Rc/Ra) method could produce daily LE estimates that are in reasonably good agreement with the ground‐based eddy covariance measurements, whereas the constant EF method and the constant Priestley‐Taylor parameter (α) method underestimate the daily LE with larger biases and root‐mean‐square errors. The former three methods are of more solid physical foundation and can effectively capture the effect of temporally variable meteorological factors on the diurnal pattern of surface ET. They provide good alternatives to the nowadays commonly applied methods for the conversion of remotely sensed instantaneous ET to daily values.
Troposphere‐Stratosphere Temperature Trends Derived From Satellite Data Compared With Ensemble Simulations From WACCM
Authors: Randel William J. , Polvani Lorenzo , Wu Fei , Kinnison Douglas E. , Zou Cheng‐Zhi , Mears Carl 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDecadal‐scale trends in tropospheric and stratospheric temperatures derived from satellite measurements over 1979–2014 are compared with ensemble simulations from the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model (WACCM). The model is forced with observed sea surface temperatures, changes in greenhouse gases, and ozone‐depleting substances, plus solar and volcanic effects, and results from five WACCM realizations (with slightly different initial conditions) are analyzed. We focus on the vertical structure of tropospheric warming and stratospheric cooling increasing with height, the latitudinal and seasonal dependence of trends, and on the temporal evolution of stratospheric temperatures in response to stratospheric ozone depletion and partial recovery. The model captures the observed trend structure in most respects, and the ensemble of simulations provides quantitative estimates of the impact of internal variability on trend estimates. In regions of low variability (e.g., over low latitudes) the ensemble mean trends agree with the observations, while in regions of high variability (e.g., the polar stratosphere) the observations mostly fall within the range of realizations. Temperature response to evolving stratospheric ozone is evaluated by computing separate trends over 1979–1997 (ozone depletion) and 1998–2014 (partial recovery). Robust changes in temperature trends between these periods occur in the global upper stratosphere and in the Antarctic spring lower stratosphere, with consistent behavior between model and observations. Observed lower stratospheric temperatures in the Antarctic show statistically significant warming after 1998, reflecting recently reported healing of the ozone hole.
Investigating the Seasonal and Diurnal Cycles of Ocean Vector Winds Near the Philippines Using RapidScat and CCMP
Authors: Lang Timothy J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe seasonal and diurnal cycles of ocean vector winds in the domain of the South China Sea are characterized and compared using RapidScat and the Cross‐Calibrated Multi‐Platform (CCMP) data sets. Broad agreement in seasonal flow patterns exists between these data sets during the year 2015. Both observe the dramatic reversal from wintertime trade winds (November–April) to westerly flow associated with the summer monsoon (May–October). These seasonal changes have strong but not equivalent effects on mean wind divergence patterns in both data sets. Specifically near the Philippines, the data sets agree on several aspects of the seasonal mean and diurnal cycle of near‐surface vector winds and divergence. In particular, RapidScat and CCMP agree that daytime onshore and nocturnal offshore flow patterns affect the diurnal cycle of winds up to ~200 km west of Luzon, Philippines. Observed disagreements over the diurnal cycle are explainable by measurement uncertainty, as well as shortcomings in both data sets.
Spatial Patterns of Groundwater Biogeochemical Reactivity in an Intertidal Beach Aquifer
Authors: Kim Kyra H. , Heiss James W. , Michael Holly A. , Cai Wei‐Jun , Laattoe Tariq , Post Vincent E. A. , Ullman William J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractBeach aquifers host a dynamic and reactive mixing zone between fresh and saline groundwater of contrasting origin and composition. Seawater, driven up the beachface by waves and tides, infiltrates into the aquifer and meets the seaward‐discharging fresh groundwater, creating and maintaining a reactive intertidal circulation cell. Within the cell, land‐derived nutrients delivered by fresh groundwater are transformed or attenuated. We investigated this process by collecting pore water samples from multilevel wells along a shore‐perpendicular transect on a beach near Cape Henlopen, Delaware, and analyzing solute and particulate concentrations. Pore water incubation experiments were conducted to determine rates of oxygen consumption and nitrogen gas production. A numerical model was employed to support field and laboratory interpretations. Results showed that chemically sensitive parameters such as pH and ORP diverged from salinity distribution patterns, indicating biogeochemical reactivity within the circulation cell. The highest respiration rates were found in the landward freshwater‐saltwater mixing zone, supported by high dissolved inorganic carbon. Chlorophyll a, a proxy for phytoplankton, and particulate carbon did not co‐occur with the highest respiration rates but were heterogeneously distributed in deeper and hypoxic areas of the cell. The highest rates of N2 production were also found in the mixing zone coinciding with elevated O2 consumption rates but closer to the lower discharge point. Model results were consistent with these observations, showing heightened denitrification in the mixing zone. The results of this work emphasize the relationship between the physical flow processes of the circulation cell and its biogeochemical reactivity and highlight the environmental significance of sandy beaches.
Plant Cell Walls in the Post‐Genomic Era
Authors: Scheible Wolf‐Rüdiger , Bashir Sajid , Rose Jocelyn K.C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGenome Annotation and Identification of Cell Wall Related Genes and ProteinsAssigning Gene Functions Using Reverse Genetics and the Tools of Functional GenomicsForward Genetics in the Post‐Genome EraTechnologies for Transcript Profiling and Their Use to Study Cell Wall Formation and DifferentiationProteomic Analysis of Plant Cell WallsGlycomicsNew and Emerging Technologies to Detect and Screen for Changes in Cell Wall PolymersOutlookAcknowledgements
Perturbation ofER‐Golgi Vesicle Trafficking
Authors: Robinson David G. , Ritzenthaler Christophe 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionMetabolic InhibitorsLow Temperature EffectsCytoskeleton InhibitorspH‐ModulatorsBrefeldinA(BFA)PerturbingER‐Golgi Structure and Function through Viral Infection
Cytokinesis: Membrane Trafficking by Default?
Authors: Jürgens Gerd , Pacher Tobias 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

A Dynamic View of Cell Plate Formation

Formation of Cytokinetic Vesicles

Delivery of Cytokinetic Vesicles

Vesicle Fusion in the Plane of Cell Division

What Determines the Specificity of Cytokinetic Vesicle Trafficking?

How Can Cytokinesis be Carried out So Fast?

Concluding Remarks
Interactions between Nitrogen and Phosphorus Metabolism
Authors: Raven John A. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Nitrogen and phosphorus are essential for all organisms, and are often the elements that limit primary productivity. Both, nitrogen and phosphorus have many roles in photosynthetic organisms. In some roles (e.g. in nucleic acids and proteins) neither nitrogen nor phosphorus can be substituted by other elements. By contrast, polar lipids containing either nitrogen or phosphorus can be replaced by polar lipids lacking nitrogen or phosphorus. The nitrogen:phosphorus ratio in photosynthetic organisms is quite variable, and interpretation in terms of metabolically active nitrogen and phosphorus compounds is made difficult by variations in the storage pools of nitrogen and phosphorus. Geographical variations in organism nitrogen:phosphorus ratios have been rationalised in terms of external nitrogen and phosphorus availability or internal responses to (for example) the length of the growing season. Many interactions of nitrogen and phosphorus occur in their acquisition from the medium; examples include the production of ectoenzymes that require phosphorus (for
RNA
in protein synthesis) and nitrogen (in the
RNA
and ectoenzymes). These are involved in converting otherwise inaccessible organic nitrogen and phosphorus into forms that can be taken up.
The Role of Intracellular and Secreted Purple Acid Phosphatases in Plant Phosphorus Scavenging and Recycling
Authors: Tian Jiang , Liao Hong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurple acid phosphatases (PAPs) belong to a special group of acid phosphatases (APases), which hydrolyse phosphate from phosphomonoesters and anhydrides with an optimumpHbelow 7.0. Although somePAPshave been shown to play a vital role in plant adaptation to phosphorus (P) deficiency, precise functions of mostPAPsremain fragmentary due to their diversity and ubiquity. A combined application of genetic, biochemical and physiological approaches is required to integrate all available knowledge ofPAPproperties into a mosaic of functional roles. The chapter aim is to summarize and integrate the structural, biochemical (e.g. substrate specificity) and molecular (e.g. subcellular localisation, transcriptional and post‐transcriptional regulation) characteristics ofPAPs, which might facilitate further understanding of their complex functions, especially in relation to P scavenging and recycling in plants. Increased insights into the physiological roles ofPAPswill be essential to improve crop P acquisition and utilisation efficiency through the tools of biotechnology, so as to reduce or eliminate humankind's overuse of nonrenewable P‐containing fertilizers.
Algae in a Phosphorus‐Limited Landscape
Authors: Grossman Arthur R. , Aksoy Munevver 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPhosphorus (P) is an essential nutrient that is integral to lipids, nucleic acids and various metabolites, and also binds proteins covalently in ways that may alter their catalytic activities and interactions with other proteins. Phosphate (PO43−), both inorganic and organic, is the major source of P for nearly all microbes, algae and plants, although in some environments organic PO43−molecules (including nucleic acids, phospholipids and phosphonates) comprise a significant proportion of the available P. Many natural environments have low levels of available P, which limits the growth of plants, algae and microbes. These organisms have developed a diversity of strategies to scavenge PO43−from external sources, to recycle and balance P utilization within the cell in response to environmental conditions, and to coordinate cell growth and division with P availability. Furthermore, agricultural lands may be depleted of many nutrients including nitrogen (N) and P. Fertilizers with high N and P contents are liberally applied to many millions of acres of farmland globally, and these could be leached from the soil to contaminate lakes, rivers, ponds and coastal waters. Research groups are now starting to understand the complexity of P cycling in the environment and the molecular mechanisms associated with the acclimatisation of photoautotrophic and heterotrophic organisms to P limitation. In this chapter, P availability in the natural environment is discussed, and the physiological and molecular strategies used by algae (in the context of other organisms) for the efficient capture of external P, to recycle P‐containing molecules in the cell, and to reconfigure cellular metabolism to sustain viability in a P‐limited landscape, are emphasised.
Advertising as Persuasion
Authors: Fennis Bob M. 
Published: September 2017

Advertising as → Persuasion may be defined as an instrumental and intentional form of commercial communication by which a deliberate attempt is made to convince consumers of the value of the message position, i.e., the product or brand advertised. Advertising as persuasion focuses on the impact of advertising stimuli on cognitive, affective, and behavioral consumer responses (Kardes 2002). Implied in this conceptualization is a focus on the effectiveness of advertising on the individual level, rather than on a more aggregate level. Advertising stimuli can pertain to message elements (e.g., advertising format, the use of fear appeals, humor, sex, music, or number of arguments), source elements (e.g., brand familiarity, endorser characteristics such as fame, attractiveness, or credibility), or channel elements (e.g., visual versus nonvisual means of communication). Cognitive responses include belief and attitude formation and change (→ Attitudes). Affective responses include the influence of ads on → emotions and mood. Behavioral responses pertain to purchase and choice behavior, consumer decision‐making, and brand loyalty.
Advertising Strategies
Authors: van den Putte Bas 
Published: September 2017

Advertising strategy is the set of decisions an organization takes with respect to the employment of → advertising to reach one or more objectives among a specific target group. Each advertising strategy is based on the → Marketing strategy that encompasses the strategic decisions regarding all marketing activities, such as packaging, price, distribution, and promotion. Within this set of marketing activities, advertising is part of the promotion strategy. Besides defining target group and communication objectives, main parts of the advertising strategy are message strategy and → media planning strategy (→ Advertising Frequency and Timing).
Alternative Journalism
Authors: Bekken Jon 
Published: September 2017

Alternative journalism is a fluid concept, often casually attributed to a wide array of media practices unified only by being different from the journalism in so‐called mainstream media. Such a “definition” can encompass everything from local entertainment weeklies thick with advertising to the clandestine media of revolutionary movements. Recent scholarship has moved beyond this approach to focus on practices that challenge the communicator/audience divide typical of mainstream media, including the range of voices presented, the privileging of marginalized and excluded news sources over traditional elites, a conscious identification with the audience being served, and a conception of journalism that promotes social action (Atton 2002; Downing 2001; → Citizens' Media; Community Media; Development Journalism; Media Democracy Movement; Social Mobilization).
Americanization of the Media
Authors: McQuail Denis 
Published: September 2017

The term “Americanization” has been used with varying intended meaning and with varying degrees of precision over the last three or four decades of communication research. The common element is a reference to a process or trend affecting either the media of countries external to the USA or the generality of media and media‐related practices globally (→ International Communication). When and where the term is used, it is usually based on the assumption that American mass media are in some respects dominant and ubiquitous and exert a strong pull on other systems to become like them or to incorporate content imported from the USA.
Anime
Authors: Cooper‐Chen Anne 
Published: September 2017

The term “anime” is abbreviated from the Japanese word
animēshon
, which in turn is a direct transliteration of the English word → animation. Comprised mainly of TV series created in Japan, anime features distinctive characters, long‐running storylines, and unique aesthetics (→ Cartoon). As Japan's most visible export, anime and related products –
manga
, toys, action figures, and → video games – challenge the worldwide dominance of and serve as an alternative to US popular media (→ Comics). Starting as a major influence in about 1995 and abetted by the Internet, Japanese pop youth culture has spread not just to the US, but also to western Europe, East Asia, and Latin America.
Attitude Accessibility
Authors: Roskos‐Ewoldsen David R. 
Published: September 2017

Attitude accessibility concerns how quickly an → attitude is activated from → memory. Attitudes that are more accessible from memory are more predictive of behavior, influence what messages are attended to, and how those messages are processed, and are more stable across time. Unfortunately, little is known about how to change the accessibility of attitudes from memory, particularly with regards to how persuasive messages influence accessible attitudes (→ Information Processing; Memory, Message).
Fashion
Authors: Frith Katherine T. , Merskin Debra 
Published: September 2017

Fashion, as extension of a human being beyond the corporeal body, is also a method of demarcating sameness and difference. As communicated through advertising, fashion not only reflects an individual's self‐image, but also is done in anticipation of how others will regard the dramaturgical display (Goffman 1959). As an expression of popular preferences and culture (→ Popular Culture), fashion is constructed not by an actual garment, but by the desire it creates (Barthes 1983). Theories of communication studies suppose and propose that audience or consumer liking/disliking is often expressed in ways that reflect not only what people value, but also what producers want them to value (Merskin & Tankel, in press; → Communication Theory and Philosophy; Audience; Audience Commodity). As a creative cultural expression and commodity, fashion functions ecologically as a system of → meaning. To survive and thrive, fashion requires the constant cultivation, renewal, commodification, and reproduction of public desire.
Interview
Authors: Möhring Wiebke , Schluetz Daniela 
Published: September 2017

The term “interview” allows for several definitions. In this entry, all forms of the socio‐scientific interview – also called → Survey – are dealt with. The interview – along with content analysis and observation – is one of the three basic empirical instruments of data collection. It is defined as a planned and systematic situation in which knowledge is gained by human subjects. The aim is to generate individual answers, which in their entirety lead to the clarification of a (scientific) question. This method has been in use since the end of the eighteenth century. Significant impulses for its establishment and development in the field of mass communication were set by several mainly sociological studies. These were conducted in both scientific (by a group around → Paul F. Lazarsfeld) and applied (by George Gallup; → Election Surveys) contexts. Socio‐scientific interviews are conducted to elicit subjective evaluations, judgments, attitudes or interpretations of an issue. Interviews are also conducted to measure both cognitive contents and behavior that cannot be observed. In mass communication, interviews are central to measuring the process, evaluating, and studying the effects of mass media use (→ Media Effects), as well as to examine the state and trend of → public opinion.
Glycan Stimulation Enables Purification of Prostate Cancer Circulating Tumor Cells on PEDOT NanoVelcro Chips for RNA Biomarker Detection
Authors: Shen Mo‐Yuan , Chen Jie‐Fu , Luo Chun‐Hao , Lee Sangjun , Li Cheng‐Hsuan , Yang Yung‐Ling , Tsai Yu‐Han , Ho Bo‐Cheng , Bao Li‐Rong , Lee Tien‐Jung , Jan Yu Jen , Zhu Ya‐Zhen , Cheng Shirley , Feng Felix Y. , Chen Peilin , Hou Shuang , Agopian Vatche , Hsiao Yu‐Sheng , Tseng Hsian‐Rong , Posadas Edwin M. , Yu Hsiao‐hua 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA glycan‐stimulated and poly(3,4‐ethylene‐dioxythiophene)s (PEDOT)‐based nanomaterial platform is fabricated to purify circulating tumor cells (CTCs) from blood samples of prostate cancer (PCa) patients. This new platform, phenylboronic acid (PBA)‐grafted PEDOT NanoVelcro, combines the 3D PEDOT nanosubstrate, which greatly enhances CTC capturing efficiency, with a poly(EDOT‐PBA‐co‐EDOT‐EG3) interfacial layer, which not only provides high specificity for CTC capture upon antibody conjugation but also enables competitive binding of sorbitol to gently release the captured cells. CTCs purified by this PEDOT NanoVelcro chip provide well‐preserved RNA transcripts for the analysis of the expression level of several PCa‐specific RNA biomarkers, which may provide clinical insights into the disease.
Direct Observations of the Formation and Redox‐Mediator‐Assisted Decomposition of Li2O2 in a Liquid‐Cell Li–O2 Microbattery by Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy
Authors: Yang Chuchu , Han Jiuhui , Liu Pan , Hou Chen , Huang Gang , Fujita Takeshi , Hirata Akihiko , Chen Mingwei 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOperando scanning transmission electron microscopy observations of cathodic reactions in a liquid‐cell Li–O2 microbattery in the presence of the redox mediator tetrathiafulvalene (TTF) in 1.0 m LiClO4 dissolved dimethyl sulfoxide electrolyte are reported. It is found that the TTF addition does not obviously affect the discharge reaction for the formation of a solid Li2O2 phase. The coarsening of Li2O2 nanoparticles occurs via both conventional Ostwald ripening and nonclassical crystallization by particle attachment. During charging, the oxidation reaction at significantly reduced charge potentials mainly takes place at Li2O2/electrolyte interfaces and has obvious correspondence with the oxidized TTF+ distributions in the electric fields of the charged electrode. This study provides direct evidence that TTF truly plays a role in promoting the decomposition of Li2O2 as a soluble charge‐transfer agent between the electrode and the Li2O2.