bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Urban Archaeology in Cyrenaica 1969-1989: the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods
Authors: Lloyd J. A. 
Published: February 2016

During the past two decades all the major cities of Cyrenaica have seen new fieldwork, and much has been achieved. The Department of Antiquities has been active, particularly in the increasingly important area of rescue archaeology. Its resolute and skilful efforts have included very important work at Shahat (Cyrene) (Walker (in Walda and Walker), this volume) and at Benghazi (Berenice). At the latter city, one of the least known in Cyrenaica, the Department's excavations at Sidi Khrebish demonstrated the rich archaeological potential of the site and led to the large-scale campaigns of 1971-5, in which the Society for Libyan Studies was deeply involved.Generous support has also been extended to British teams atEuesperides(Berenice's predecessor), Driana (Hadrianopolis), Tocra (Tauchira) and Tolmeita (Ptolemais); to the Italian Mission, whose work at Cyrene has proceeded throughout the period; to the major American investigation of the extra-mural Demeter sanctuary at the same site; and to the French Mission, which has conducted annual campaigns at Susa (Apollonia) since 1976. There has also been productive research into the minor towns.Perhaps the outstanding feature of the period under review, however, has been publication. No less than thirteen major site reports (see bibliography underApollonia, Berenice, Cirene, CyreneandTocra), several works of synthesis (Goodchild 1971; Huskinson 1975; Rosenbaum and Ward-Perkins 1980; Stucchi 1975), collected papers (Goodchild 1976) and a profusion of shorter studies in journals, conference proceedings (Barker, Lloyd and Reynolds 1985; Gadallah 1971; Stucchi and Luni 1987) and exhibition publications (Missione Italiana 1987) have appeared — a very rich harvest. Many of course, had their genesis in earlier research, particularly during the fecund years of Richard Goodchild's controllership. Amongst much else, this saw Boardman and Hayes' exemplary Tocra project, which in its use of quantification, scientific analysis and other techniques anticipated later British and American work; the University of Michigan's extensive research at Apollonia; and the inauguration of the Italian Mission, under S. Stucchi, to Cyrene (Stucchi 1967), whose work on the architectural development, art and anastylosis of the city continues to make an outstanding contribution to our appreciation of Libya's archaeology and cultural heritage.
Town and City in Tripolitania: Studies in Origins and Development 1969–1989
Authors: Jones G. D. B. 
Published: February 2016

The manifest achievement of the colonial epoch in the Maghreb was the clearance and, in places, restoration of the great archaeological heritage that awaited investigation in North Africa. To the near exclusion of other themes such as agriculture and the economy, the images of magnificent classical ruins have sprung from the pages of many books, and for better or worse, shaped the mentality of the previous generation and also of that which followed after the Second World War.Nowhere was this more true than the great coastal cities of Tripolitania and Cyrenaica, unearthed and re-erected on a tide of pre-war cultural imperatives. To some extent the wealth of outstandingly well preserved urban remains (associated with an abundance of epigraphic evidence) at the time militated against the refinement of research objectives. It fell to archaeologists working in the colonial twilight of the post-war period, first, to assay the publication backlog and, second, to deepen the level of investigation along lines that were becoming familiar elsewhere through the increasingly sophisticated stratigraphic analysis of urban sites.In the post-war years the first strand saw, for example, the final publication of the Severan harbour and the market at Lepcis Magna (Degrassi 1951, Bartoccini 1958; for the city as a whole see Bianchi Bandinelli et al. 1966 and Squarciapino 1966); and this continues today with the publication of the work of Kenyon and Ward-Perkins (Kenrick 1986) and various Italian teams (Joly and Tomasello 1984) at Sabratha and at Lepcis (Caputo 1987; Ward-Perkins 1989). The Kenyon and Ward-Perkins excavation at Sabratha, with its sophisticated stratigraphic methods, marked a significant movement into the second area of increasingly searching analysis of archaeological sequences on multi-period sites. For a variety of reasons — logistical, financial and methodological — archaeological investigation effectively remained at that level until 1969, the starting point for this survey of the emporia and the less well-known towns of Tripolitania.
Twenty Years of Inscriptions
Authors: Reynolds J. M. 
Published: February 2016

Since 1968 the number of inscriptions newly found in Libya has been limited by the limited scale of excavations; but there has been some compensation from the results of surface surveys and from chance discoveries, especially in rural areas. Although the individual items are not necessarily stirring, they form, when taken together, a valuable base for study of the rural populations, at least within the city territories or near to the Roman forts.There has been, indeed, a steady stream of articles on inscriptions, or using inscriptions. Together with some new texts, they have presented many new readings and interpretations of ones previously published. In addition four small corpora have appeared: of the inscriptions of Apollonia (Reynolds 1976, 293–333), of Berenice (Reynolds 1977, 233–254), of the Jewish inhabitants of Cyrenaica (Lüderitz 1983), and of the Neo-Punic texts of Tripolitania known by 1967 (Levi della Vida and Amadasi Guzzo 1987).Another feature of the twenty years has been the intermittent publication of bibliographies of work in progress (Garbini 1974 (Neo-Punic), Gasperini and Paci 1975, Paci 1979 (Cyrenaica and Tripolitania), Reynolds 1972, 1980a (Cyrenaica), Le Glay 1974 (Tripolitania)). These, together with the running records produced approximately every year (L'Année Epigraphique, L'Année Philologique, Bulletin Epigraphique(inREG), SEG), obviate the need to do more here than note what seems to me to show best where the epigraphic contribution is leading us. The selection is inevitably much influenced by my current interests; it is not at all intended to suggest that what is omitted is lacking in importance.
Malik Ifrīqiya: The Norman Kingdom of Africa and the Fāṭimids
Authors: Johns J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article reviews some aspects of the interesting history of a briefly held Norman Kingdom in Africa in the mid-twelfth century. The question of whether or not the Norman rulers of Sicily ever adopted a formal Arabic title for their African kingdom (malik Ifrīqiya) is discussed in detail, with attention drawn in particular to multilingual inscriptions set up in 1148 by Grizant, priest of King Roger. The significant date of these inscriptions, being the very year at which the African conquests became firmly established, suggests an official title which was experimented with and discarded (at least in formal use, since it occurs in private documents later). The reasons why the style was not more widely adopted are examined in the second part of the article, focusing on the changing pattern of relations between the Norman court in Sicily and the Fāṭimid administration in Egypt.
Problems of Urban Water Supply in Libya
Authors: Kezeiri S. K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractProblems connected with the supply of water to Libya's expanding urban connurbations are described. The constraints imposed by the arid climate have obliged Libya to place great reliance on the exploitation of groundwater reserves and in the most populous, northern regions these are becoming seriously depleted. The long-term safeguarding of the water supply and its possible augmentation to meet rising demand depends on current, expensive, investment. The most ambitious scheme is for a ‘man-made river’ in which water from the country's southern underground reserves will be carried in pipelines to the northern coastal region. Further investment is also being made in desalination plants, whilst additional improvements are recommended in the metering and maintenance of water supply installations. The degree of success of these ventures have vital implications for Libya's future agricultural and urban development.
Stratigraphic Aspects of the Gargaresh Formation, Tripolitania, S.P.L.A.J.
Authors: Anketell J. M. , Ghellali S. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Gargaresh Formation, of Quaternary age, is shown to be comprised of six members each of which is made up from cross-bedded calcarenite dunes of aeolian origin resting on localised lenses of marine gravels and shallow-dipping, cross-bedded calcarenites of littoral type. The surfaces on which the marine deposits at the base of each member rest, are surfaces of discontinuity cut by wave action. Landwards, the surfaces are shaped by fluvial and aeolian erosion, soil formation and solution and delimit an equivalent number of members in quartzose silts of fluvio-aeolian origin making up the Jeffara Formation. Shorewards the Jeffara silts grade into, interdigitate with and, commonly, lap onto the marine deposits so that that within each depositional unit there is an overall sense of progradation reflecting advance of continental facies in response to falling sea level. A progressive seawards stacking of dune deposits with decreasing age suggests that progradation appears to have occurred at formational level also. However, while this may be true, the various elevations of the fossil beach deposits suggest that decreasing age of sea level high stands is not matched by decreasing altitudes, instead, high stands both higher and lower than present day sea level were involved in the overall drop. The possibility that variation in beach elevations may, however, reflect the influence of tectonic uplift and/or downwarp is also noted.
Planning the New Towns in Libya
Authors: Kezeiri S. K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe recent history of Middle Eastern new town formation and the concepts which underlie it are briefly outlined. New town developments in Libya are reviewed, from the colonial experiments of Italy, through the oil industry expansion in the 1960s, to the recent government sponsored schemes. A number of case studies are provided to illustrate the specific environmental and social factors which planners need to take into account in Libya. Some preliminary comments are offered on the success and failure of twentieth century new towns in Libya.
ULVS XII: The Infill Sequence and Water-carrying Capacity of an Ancient Irrigation Channel, Wadi Gobbeen, Tripolitania
Authors: Gale S. J. , Gilbertson D. D. , Hunt C. O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSediments of ?Pleistocene and Holocene age infilling an ancient irrigation channel adjacent to the Wadi Gobbeen in Tripolitania are described. The irrigation channel is part of a Romano-Libyan floodwater-farming system. Techniques for estimating the hydrological characteristics of floodwater-farming systems are applied to the irrigation channel to provide an indication of the water-carrying capacity of ancient floodwater-farming systems in the Libyan pre-desert.
ULVS XIII: Interdisciplinary Approaches to Ancient Farming in the Wadi Mansur, Tripolitania
Authors: Hunt C. O. , Mattingly D. J. , Gilbertson D. D. , Dore J. N. , Barker G. W. W. , Burns J. R. , Fleming A. M. , van der Veen M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article describes the interdisciplinary methods developed by the UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey in connection with the study of ancient agriculture. These methods combine the techniques of settlement archaeology with those of the earth sciences and palaeoeconomics. The interactive nature of the enquiry does not resolve all the questions, but it can help to re-shape those questions and suggest new lines of enquiry. The example of the Wadi Mansur is used here to demonstrate the application of both conventional and new techniques and the contribution this can make to our appreciation of ancient land use in an arid zone. This provisional statement of results describes the geomorphology of the wadi, the settlement archaeology, ceramic dating evidence, palaeoeconomic data (including palynological evidence), wadi wall technology and typology.
ULVS XIV: Archaeozoological Evidence for Stock-raising and Stock-management in the Pre-desert
Authors: Clark Gillian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper discusses the preliminary results of analysis of faunal material from eight sites of Romano-Libyan and Islamic date. The sites are located in the pre-desert of Tripolitania. The samples were in general small and the bones were not well preserved, the degree of fragmentation being high. Although a range of species is represented, the economic strategy depended upon the exploitation of sheep and goats. In the southern part of the study area gazelles were also of importance. Sheep and goats were raised primarily as meat animals, being killed principally during their second year of life. The basic economic system seems to have persisted for a long time, although slight differences can be detected between sites of Romano-Libyan date and of Islamic date.
Town Houses at Ptolemais, Cyrenaica: A Summary Report of Survey and Excavation Work in 1971, 1978–1979
Authors: Ward-Perkins J. B. , Little J. H. , Mattingly D. J. , Gibson S. C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis summary presents the main results of three seasons of survey and limited excavation work carried out by the Society at Ptolemais in Eastern Libya. The survey concentrated on two major town houses which had been partially excavated by Richard Goodchild (House G and House T), whilst excavation was carried out on the adjacent site known as the North-east Quadrant. All of the sites revealed complex structural histories and it is evident that in this quarter of Ptolemais, at least, life within the town continued well into the Islamic period.
The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey VI: Investigations of a Romano-Libyan farm, Part I
Authors: Barker G. W. W. , Jones G. D. B. , Bennett P. , Burns J. R. , Dore J. N. , Fleming A. M. , Mattingly D. J. , Moffat P. , Ateyet Allah M. A. , Garsaa J. S. , Zenati M. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA fourth season of work was carried out in the Spring of 1984. The centrepiece of the programme was the investigation of the well-preserved farm in the Wadi el-Amud (Lamout). The main farm buildings were excavated, faunal and botanical samples were collected systematically from within and between them, the field systems and sluices were examined in detail and investigations begun on the geomorphological and hydrological context. This report presents the basic description of the archaeological data resulting from excavation and survey; a second report will present the results of the various laboratory studies which were generated by the field work.
The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey VIII: Image Analysis of Landsat Satellite data for Archaeological and Environmental Surveys
Authors: Dorsett J. E. , Gilbertson D. D. , Hunt C. O. , Barker G. W. W. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDigital image data from the Landsat satellite Multispectral scanner have been analysed using a Dipex Image Processor. The image data were classified by a clustering algorithm to produce a thematic map for trial use in areas of archaeological interest. The archaeological, pedological, geomorphic and geological importance of these new data are discussed in the context of ground data obtained during the UNESCO April 1984 field season.
The Byzantine Bath-House at Tocra: a Summary Report
Authors: Jones G. D. B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA summary account of the Byzantine bath-house at Tocra is given. Goodchild excavated this well-preserved structure in the 1960s, but died before producing a published account. Although the evidence of some late features had been removed then, a structural analysis of the building is still possible, showing three main periods of construction and use probably extending into the early Islamic period.
Medicago – its possible role in Romano-Libyan dryfarming and its positive role in modern dryfarming
Authors: Chatterton B. A. , Chatterton L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe authors have had extensive experience in the adaptation of the South Australian dryfarming rotation of cereals and medicago to Libyan agriculture. This paper examines the use of annual medicago (medics) in Libya and notes the way it can reverse the modern trends of declining yields and pasture. The Australian system of medic/cereal rotation is compared with Romano-Libyan practice and contrasted with modern European farming. It is suggested that medicago may have been one of the underlying factors in the notable success of Romano-Libyan farming and that it has a major role to play in future agricultural regeneration.
Stratigraphic studies on Quaternary floodplain deposits of the Eastern Gefara Plain. S.P.L.A.J.
Authors: Anketell J. M. , Ghellali S. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Quaternary deposits of the Gefara Plain are comprised of three major facies – alluvial fan facies of sands and gravels which blankets the base of the Jebel Nafusa escarpment; floodplain facies of fluvial sands and silts with aeolian dunes which underlies most of the Gefara Plain and, aeolian coastal dune facies, predominantly calcarenitic, which is confined to a narrow coastal zone. Well exposed sections in the eastern part of the plain allow sub-division of the floodplain deposits into a number of mappable units defined and bounded by surfaces of stratigraphic discontinuity. The lithologies of these units are described and compared from selected type sections. The relationships between the units, their geometry, and the nature of the surfaces of stratigraphic discontinuity are discussed. It is proposed that, the lithostratigraphic sequence displayed by the Quaternary floodplain deposits of the eastern Gefara region provides a firm basis for correlation, not only with floodplain deposits in other parts of the plain but also with the other major facies developed in the area. In addition, the recognition of significant stratigraphic breaks in the sedimentary sequence combined with facies analysis lays a firm foundation for an interpretation of the geological history of the region.
The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey 1980
Authors: Barker G. W. W. , Jones G. D. B. , Bewley R. H. , Gilbertson D. , Burns R. , Mattingly D. J. , van der Veen Marijke 
Published: February 2016

Two seasons of work have now been conducted by British and French survey teams, in conjunction with members of the Libyan Antiquities Department, under the charge of Dr. Abdullah Shaiboub. The objectives of the survey are to locate, survey and analyse the extensive remains of the ancient agricultural settlements that can be found in the wadis of the hinterlands of Tripolitania and the Sirtica. Within the framework established by the Department in cooperation with Unesco lies the archaeological aim of recording the evidence for periods when extensive areas of the pre-desert were, for whatever reasons, cultivated in ways that are not similarly practised today. In the longer term the programme is designed to locate those areas where modern farming might be re-established. Archaeology is thus brought into line with the aims of the modern world.For the purposes of this report we intend to concentrate on the period which we call the Romano/Libyan in which the great majority of those farming settlements flourished. The prehistoric evidence is in any case mainly of the palaeolithic period, on which there is a separate section.The preferred zone of settlement in Tripolitania has traditionally been the well watered coastal plain and the adjacent limestone hills of the Tarhuna Gebel as far south as the town of Beni Ulid, for these regions have more than 200 mm of rain a year, regarded as the threshold for settled farming without irrigation. Prehistoric settlement concentrated here, and mixed farming has probably characterised this zone from the fourth millennium b.c. In the Roman period the coastal cities like Sabratha and Leptis Magna were supported by prosperous farms on the plain and in the Gebel. In the Islamic period, too, the same region was densely settled.
Two Funerary Statues at Cyrene
Authors: Wanis Saleh 
Published: February 2016

The female funerary bust, as a type of grave monument, consists of a bust or a demi-statue including hips, waist, shoulders and head. The type is unparalleled elsewhere in the history of ancient sculpture.1. This unique unpublished find (pl. 1) of the Flavian period, which is made of grained white marble and measures 50 cm. high by 34 cm. wide, was found at El-Beggara in the S. W. Cemetery at Cyrene by Mr. Ali Bu Nuw-wara on 4 November 1971. The statue portrays a draped woman in half-length bust form. The bust terminates a short way below the waist and is worked flat at the bottom. The figure is in good condition; only three fingers of the left hand are missing and some drapery ridges are chipped or broken.The figure holds her right arm, bent at the elbow, horizontally across her body; the left arm is bent up to the side of the face and holds part of her garment across the face as a veil. The figure is completely draped in a himation which both enfolds the body and covers the head. The left hand, with thumb, ring and little fingers missing, stretches a part of the himation across the eyes, nose and mouth. These features are indicated under the transparent folds of the mantle. Here the sculptor has precisely demonstrated the delicacy of the facial features through the veil, an effect produced by his controlled chisel work. The figure's forehead is graced with tightly curled hair which is massed over the brow like a short African haircut. The hair style is typical of the Flavian period and is not later than the time of Hadrian. The folds of the himation in front are rendered as sharp ridges crossing the body; the back is also carved with folds of the same type but worked in a more simplified manner. The figure wears a snake bracelet on her left arm; this type of armlet appears in many of these Cyrenean funerary busts and may have iconographic or symbolic significance.
Aqueduct Capacity and City Population
Authors: Duncan-Jones R. P. 
Published: February 2016

The authors of a recent article in this journal suggest that ‘water supply arrangements can be interpreted to provide urban population figures’. They offer conclusions constructed on this basis about the population of cities in Roman Cyrenaica. (J. A. Lloyd, P. R. Lewis ‘Water supply and urban population in Roman Cyrenaica’ Eighth Annual Report 1976–7, 35–40, at 36.)Useable information about ancient city population remains perennially elusive. If a valid criterion for deducing population from physical remains could be established, it would be a highly important addition to the tools available to the archaeologist and the ancient historian. But before any such criterion can be achieved, we must escape from faulty methods. Demographic inference from aqueduct capacity should be recognised as a blind alley.Difficulties can be indicated briefly.1. The authors note that the ratios of aqueduct capacity to urban area at Ptolemais and Berenice differ widely. They explain this by noting that the ancients could not measure water flow at all accurately. If that is conceded, the attempt to derive useable population figures from aqueduct capacity fails on its own terms, since we have no means of discovering which ancient hydraulic calculations (if any) were accurate. The authors choose to regard the Berenice figure as accurate and the Ptolemais figure as inaccurate (by a factor of 2). But there is no real reason why one should be preferred to the other, once the likelihood of erroneous calculation has been admitted.