bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontitis: a global disease and the primary care provider’s role
Authors: Gross Andrew Jacob , Paskett Keith Trevor , Cheever Val Joseph , Lipsky Martin S 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTIndividuals who regularly visit a primary care provider (PCP) may not see a dentist, creating opportunities for PCPs to improve oral health. However, a lack of expertise among PCPs may limit their impact to improve public oral health. Using a non-systematic literature review, this article summarises the relevant literature about periodontitis. Periodontitis affects 10% to –15% of the world’s population. Caused by bacterial inflammation in gingival pockets, periodontal disease can destroy tissues surrounding the teeth. Factors linked to periodontal disease include diabetes, atherosclerosis and smoking. Good oral hygiene is important for both prevention and treatment. Mechanical removal of gingival irritants by scaling and root planing combined with adjunctive antimicrobial therapy are first-line treatment options. Surgery is indicated when healthy levels of gingival tissue are not attained from first-line treatments. By understanding the fundamentals of periodontitis the primary care provider can educate patients, promote healthy oral health behaviours and appropriately refer patients with signs and symptoms of periodontal disease.
Provenance of exhalites associated with the Lemarchant volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit, central Newfoundland, Canada: insights from Nd isotopes and lithogeochemistry
Authors: Lode Stefanie , Piercey Stephen J. , Cloutier Jonathan 
Published: July 2017

Neodymium isotope data on exhalites and tuffs from the Cambrian Lemarchant volcanogenic massive sulphide (VMS) deposit provide insights into the tectonic environment of the Tally Pond group, Canada. New data from exhalites from the Lemarchant area show evolved values of εNd
513
= −6.0 to −1.8, whereas the associated volcanic rocks have εNd
513
of +0.4 to +1.4. The Lemarchant exhalite εNd compositions overlap the underlying Ganderian Neoproterozoic Sandy Brook Group (εNd
t
= −6.5 to −1.9) and Crippleback Intrusive Suite (εNd
t
= −5.9 to −5.2). The evolved Nd isotopic signatures suggest that the volcanic rocks of the Tally Pond group were formed upon Ganderian arc basement, which itself was possibly built upon, or proximal to, the Gondwanan Amazonian margin. Erosion of older crustal material and Tally Pond group volcanic rocks, together with coeval eruption of the volcanic rocks, released Nd-rich detritus into the water column. Uptake of eroded detrital and scavenged Nd resulted in mixed Nd sources (juvenile and evolved), which are archived in the exhalites. The results of this study are not only of significance for occurrences of exhalites within the Tally Pond group, but also have exploration implications for VMS districts globally.
Basal tree complexity shapes functional pathways in the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Papoutsi Athanasia , Kastellakis George , Poirazi Panayiota 
Published: July 2017

While the morphology of basal dendritic trees in cortical pyramidal neurons varies, the functional implications of this diversity are just starting to emerge. In layer 5 pyramidal neurons of the prefrontal cortex, for example, increased basal tree complexity determines the recruitment of these neurons into functional circuits. Here, we use a modeling approach to investigate whether and how the morphology of the basal tree mediates the functional output of neurons. We implemented 57 basal tree morphologies of layer 5 prefrontal pyramidal neurons of the rat and identified morphological types that were characterized by different response features, forming distinct functional types. These types were robust to a wide range of manipulations (distribution of active ionic mechanisms, NMDA conductance, somatic and apical tree morphology, or the number of activated synapses) and supported different temporal coding schemes at both the single neuron and the microcircuit level. We predict that the basal tree morphological diversity among neurons of the same class mediates their segregation into distinct functional pathways. Extension of our approach/findings to other cortical areas and/or layers or under pathological conditions may provide a generalized role of the basal trees for neuronal function. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Our results suggest that the segregation of neurons to different functional types based on their basal tree morphology is in large part independent of the distribution of active ionic mechanisms, NMDA conductance, somatic and apical tree morphology, and the number of activated synapses; different functional types support distinct temporal coding schemes. This can be exploited to create networks with diverse coding characteristics, thus contributing to the functional heterogeneity within the same layer and area.
Compensating for intersegmental dynamics across the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints during feedforward and feedback control
Authors: Maeda Rodrigo S. , Cluff Tyler , Gribble Paul L. , Pruszynski J. Andrew 
Published: July 2017

Moving the arm is complicated by mechanical interactions that arise between limb segments. Such intersegmental dynamics cause torques applied at one joint to produce movement at multiple joints, and in turn, the only way to create single joint movement is by applying torques at multiple joints. We investigated whether the nervous system accounts for intersegmental limb dynamics across the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints during self-initiated planar reaching and when countering external mechanical perturbations. Our first experiment tested whether the timing and amplitude of shoulder muscle activity account for interaction torques produced during single-joint elbow movements from different elbow initial orientations and over a range of movement speeds. We found that shoulder muscle activity reliably preceded movement onset and elbow agonist activity, and was scaled to compensate for the magnitude of interaction torques arising because of forearm rotation. Our second experiment tested whether elbow muscles compensate for interaction torques introduced by single-joint wrist movements. We found that elbow muscle activity preceded movement onset and wrist agonist muscle activity, and thus the nervous system predicted interaction torques arising because of hand rotation. Our third and fourth experiments tested whether shoulder muscles compensate for interaction torques introduced by different hand orientations during self-initiated elbow movements and to counter mechanical perturbations that caused pure elbow motion. We found that the nervous system predicted the amplitude and direction of interaction torques, appropriately scaling the amplitude of shoulder muscle activity during self-initiated elbow movements and rapid feedback control. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the nervous system robustly accounts for intersegmental dynamics and that the process is similar across the proximal to distal musculature of the arm as well as between feedforward (i.e., self-initiated) and feedback (i.e., reflexive) control. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Intersegmental dynamics complicate the mapping between applied joint torques and the resulting joint motions. We provide evidence that the nervous system robustly predicts these intersegmental limb dynamics across the shoulder, elbow, and wrist joints during reaching and when countering external perturbations.
Decoding sound level in the marmoset primary auditory cortex
Authors: Sun Wensheng , Marongelli Ellisha N. , Watkins Paul V. , Barbour Dennis L. 
Published: July 2017

Neurons that respond favorably to a particular sound level have been observed throughout the central auditory system, becoming steadily more common at higher processing areas. One theory about the role of these level-tuned or nonmonotonic neurons is the level-invariant encoding of sounds. To investigate this theory, we simulated various subpopulations of neurons by drawing from real primary auditory cortex (A1) neuron responses and surveyed their performance in forming different sound level representations. Pure nonmonotonic subpopulations did not provide the best level-invariant decoding; instead, mixtures of monotonic and nonmonotonic neurons provided the most accurate decoding. For level-fidelity decoding, the inclusion of nonmonotonic neurons slightly improved or did not change decoding accuracy until they constituted a high proportion. These results indicate that nonmonotonic neurons fill an encoding role complementary to, rather than alternate to, monotonic neurons. NEW & NOTEWORTHY Neurons with nonmonotonic rate-level functions are unique to the central auditory system. These level-tuned neurons have been proposed to account for invariant sound perception across sound levels. Through systematic simulations based on real neuron responses, this study shows that neuron populations perform sound encoding optimally when containing both monotonic and nonmonotonic neurons. The results indicate that instead of working independently, nonmonotonic neurons complement the function of monotonic neurons in different sound-encoding contexts.
EGFR Downregulation after Anti-EGFR Therapy Predicts the Antitumor Effect in Colorectal Cancer
Authors: Okada Yasuyuki , Kimura Tetsuo , Nakagawa Tadahiko , Okamoto Koichi , Fukuya Akira , Goji Takahiro , Fujimoto Shota , Sogabe Masahiro , Miyamoto Hiroshi , Muguruma Naoki , Tsuji Yasushi , Okahisa Toshiya , Takayama Tetsuji 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Anti-EGFR mAb is reported to induce EGFR internalization in colorectal cancer cells. However, the biological relevance of EGFR internalization with anti-EGFR mAb is unknown. Therefore, the relevance of EGFR downregulation with anti-EGFR mAb to antitumor activity in colorectal cancer cells was investigated. Quantification of EGFR on the cell surface before cetuximab treatment was assessed by flow cytometry, and its growth-inhibitory effects were measured by Trypan blue exclusion, in 10 RAS, BRAF wild-type colorectal cancer cell lines, but there was no significant correlation between EGFR number and its growth-inhibitory effect. However, a significant correlation existed between the percentage decrease in the number of EGFRs after cetuximab treatment and its growth-inhibitory effect in those cell lines. Treatment with TGFα, a ligand for EGFR, induced EGFR internalization in colorectal cancer cells, but most EGFRs subsequently recycled to the cell surface, consistent with previous studies. While cetuximab treatment induced EGFR internalization, most receptors subsequently translocated into the late endosome, leading to lysosomal degradation, as revealed by immunoblotting and double immunofluorescence. Cetuximab-sensitive colorectal cancer cells showed greater EGFR internalization, stronger cell growth inhibition, and more augmented apoptotic signals than nonsensitive cells. IHC for EGFR, performed using an EGFR pharmDx Kit (mouse anti-human EGFR mAb clone 2-18C9), in clinical specimens before and after anti-EGFR mAb therapy in 13 colorectal cancer patients showed a significant correlation between the response to anti-EGFR mAb and decreased staining after therapy.
Implications: This report clearly demonstrates that anti-EGFR mAb facilitates internalization and subsequent degradation of EGFRs in lysosomes, which is an important determinant of the efficacy of anti-EGFR mAb treatment for colorectal cancer. Mol Cancer Res; 15(10); 1445–54. ©2017 AACR.
NEURODEVELOPMENTAL CARE OF PRETERM BABIES AND ITS KEY ELEMENTS
Authors: Sarapuk I. M. , Pavlyshyn H. A. , Lacina L. , Królak-Olejnik B. 
Published: July 2017

Over the past few decades, the advancements in the perinatal and neonatal intensive care have led to a significant survival of premature infants. However neurodevelopmental outcome still remains the topical issues of concern. Developmental care is an approach that is aimed to reduce the mismatches between extra- and intra-uterine environments, decrease the stress of preterm newborns in neonative intensive care units, and thus promote optimal neurobehavioral development of the infant.The Newborn Individualized Developmental Care and Assessment Program (NIDCAP) model was developed as a clinical framework for the implementation of developmental care. The model focuses on detailed reading of each individual infant’s behavioral cues. By observing the child during the routine manipulation performance (before, during and after) and a detailed description of his/her behavioral responses, a professional can assess the ability of the infant’s immature nervous system to tolerate the environment and care manipulations. Such evaluation will enable to determine the adequacy of environmental conditions and care manipulations to baby’s opportunities and needs, with their subsequent correction and adaptation. NIDCAP’s aim is to support the child in its increasing tolerance to stimuli and to minimize stressful events and manipulation. With the help of NIDCAP approaches in neonatal care, medical staff study how to read infants’ behavior, hear their voice and understand them.
Manual Versus Semiautomatic Rhythm Analysis and Defibrillation for Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest
Authors: Nehme Ziad , Andrew Emily , Nair Resmi , Bernard Stephen , Smith Karen 
Published: July 2017

Background—
Although manual and semiautomatic external defibrillation (SAED) are commonly used in the management of out-of-hospital cardiac arrest, the optimal strategy is not known. We hypothesized that SAED would reduce the time to first shock and lead to higher rates of cardioversion and survival compared with a manual strategy.

Methods and Results—

Between July 2005 and June 2015, we included adult out-of-hospital cardiac arrest of presumed cardiac pathogenesis. On October 2012, a treatment protocol using SAED was introduced after years of manual defibrillation. The effect of the SAED implementation on the time to first shock, successful cardioversion, and patient outcomes was assessed using interrupted time series regression adjusting for arrest factors and temporal trend. Of the 14 776 cases, 10 224 (69.2%) and 4552 (30.8%) occurred during the manual and SAED protocols, respectively. Although the proportion of patients shocked within 2 minutes of arrival increased during the SAED protocol for initial shockable rhythms (from 58.9% to 69.2%;
P
<0.001), there was no difference in unadjusted rate of successful cardioversion after first shock (from 12.3% to 13.8%;
P
=0.13). After adjustment, the odds of delivering the first shock within 2 minutes of arrival increased under the SAED protocol (adjusted odds ratio [AOR], 1.72; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.32–2.26;
P
<0.001). Despite this, the SAED protocol was associated with a reduction in survival to hospital discharge (AOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.55–0.92;
P
=0.009), event survival (AOR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.62–0.88;
P
=0.001), and prehospital return of spontaneous circulation (AOR, 0.81; 95% CI, 0.68–0.96;
P
=0.01) when compared with the manual protocol. There was also no improvement in the rate of successful cardioversion after first shock (AOR, 0.73; 95% CI, 0.51–1.06;
P
=0.10).

Conclusions—
Although SAED improved the time to first shock, this did not translate into higher rates of successful cardioversion or survival after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest. Advanced life support providers should be trained to use a manual defibrillation protocol.
Comparison of Fatal or Irreversible Events With Extended‐Duration Betrixaban Versus Standard Dose Enoxaparin in Acutely Ill Medical Patients: An APEX Trial Substudy
Authors: Gibson C. Michael , Korjian Serge , Chi Gerald , Daaboul Yazan , Jain Purva , Arbetter Douglas , Goldhaber Samuel Z. , Hull Russel , Hernandez Adrian F. , Lopes Renato D. , Gold Alex , Cohen Alexander T. , Harrington Robert A. ,   on behalf of the APEX Investigators
Published: July 2017

Background
Extended‐duration betrixaban showed a significant reduction in venous thromboembolism in the APEX trial (Acute Medically Ill VTE Prevention With Extended Duration Betrixaban Study). Given the variable clinical impact of different efficacy and safety events, one approach to assess net clinical outcomes is to include only those events that are either fatal or cause irreversible harm.

Methods and Results

This was a post hoc analysis of the
APEX
trial—a multicenter, double‐blind, randomized controlled trial comparing extended‐duration betrixaban versus standard‐of‐care enoxaparin. A composite of all fatal or irreversible safety (fatal bleeding or intracranial hemorrhage) and efficacy events (cardiopulmonary death, myocardial infarction, pulmonary embolism, and ischemic stroke) was evaluated in a time‐to‐first event analysis. In patients with positive D‐dimer results, betrixaban reduced fatal or irreversible events at 35 to 42 days (4.80% versus 3.54%; hazard ratio, 0.73; absolute risk reduction, 1.26%; number needed to treat, 79 [
P
=0.033]) and at study end at 77 days (6.27% versus 4.36%; hazard ratio, 0.70; absolute risk reduction, 1.91%; number needed to treat, 52 [
P
=0.005]) versus enoxaparin. In all patients, betrixaban reduced fatal or irreversible events at 35 to 42 days (4.08% versus 2.90%; hazard ratio, 0.71; absolute risk reduction, 1.18%; number needed to treat, 86 [
P
=0.006]) and 77 days (5.17% versus 3.64%; hazard ratio, 0.70; absolute risk reduction, 1.53%; number needed to treat, 65 [
P
=0.002]).

Conclusions
Among hospitalized medically ill patients, extended‐duration betrixaban demonstrated an ≈30% reduction in fatal or irreversible ischemic or bleeding events compared with standard‐duration enoxaparin. A total of 65 patients would require treatment with betrixaban to prevent 1 fatal or irreversible event versus enoxaparin.

Clinical Trial Registration

URL
:
http://www.ClinicalTrials.gov
. Unique identifier:
NCT
01583218.
Neutrophil–Lymphocyte Ratio and Perihematomal Edema Growth in Intracerebral Hemorrhage
Authors: Gusdon Aaron M. , Gialdini Gino , Kone Gbambele , Baradaran Hediyeh , Merkler Alexander E. , Mangat Halinder S. , Navi Babak B. , Iadecola Costantino , Gupta Ajay , Kamel Hooman , Murthy Santosh B. 
Published: July 2017

Background and Purpose—
Although preclinical studies have shown inflammation to mediate perihematomal edema (PHE) after intracerebral hemorrhage, clinical data are lacking. Leukocyte count, often used to gauge serum inflammation, has been correlated with poor outcome but its relationship with PHE remains unknown. Our aim was to test the hypothesis that leukocyte count is associated with PHE growth.

Methods—
We included patients with intracerebral hemorrhage admitted to a tertiary-care stroke center between 2011 and 2015. The primary outcome was absolute PHE growth during 24 hours, calculated using semiautomated planimetry. Linear regression models were constructed to study the relationship between absolute and differential leukocyte counts (monocyte count and neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio) and 24-hour PHE growth.

Results—

A total of 153 patients were included. Median hematoma and PHE volumes at baseline were 14.4 (interquartile range, 6.3–36.3) and 14.0 (interquartile range, 5.9–27.8), respectively. In linear regression analysis adjusted for demographics and intracerebral hemorrhage characteristics, absolute leukocyte count was not associated with PHE growth (β, 0.07; standard error, 0.15;
P
=0.09). In secondary analyses, neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio was correlated with PHE growth (β, 0.22; standard error, 0.08;
P
=0.005).

Conclusions—
Higher neutrophil–lymphocyte ratio is independently associated with PHE growth. This suggests that PHE growth can be predicted using differential leukocyte counts on admission.
A Low-Cost Experiment on Digital Temperature Control for Incorporating with a Digital Control Course
Authors: Moreno L. , Sanchez J. L. , Acosta L. 
Published: July 2017

A low cost experiment on digital temperature control process for incorporating with a digital control course A simple real time and low cost experience in temperature control is presented. This paper describes a sequence of five experiments performed with the temperature process. They include modelling, simulation, P and PI control by microcomputer, noise rejection and non linear effects. The simulations have been carried-out by means of two simulation packages: TUTSIM and MATLAB.
An Interdisciplinary Group — project Module for an Undergraduate Course in Electrical Engineering
Authors: Donnelly T. , Filmore P. , Kaler J. , Thomas B. 
Published: July 2017

An interdisciplinary group-project module for an undergraduate course in electrical/electronic engineering The group-project integrates the teaching of technical and business skills in a team context. Groups of five students design and construct an electronic device for manufacturing and marketing at a profit. Business plans and promotional material are produced. The module generates a high degree of student motivation.
Network Analysis Using Millman's Theorem
Authors: Park Ue-Yul , Park Chong-Yeun 
Published: July 2017

Network analysis using Millman's theorem This paper has shown that Millman's theorem is very useful in the analysis of passive or active networks, especially for circuits with operational amplifiers. To explain how to apply Millman's theorem to various network problems, the circuit with one transistor and four kinds of circuit with ideal operational amplifiers are illustrated.
Coherent Optical Pattern Recognition Using Computer-Generated Holograms
Authors: Ipson S. S. , Booth W. , Chang K. F. 
Published: July 2017

Coherent optical pattern recognition using computer-generated holograms A relatively inexpensive optical processing system is described which uses a TV camera to demonstrate visually many of the features of Fourier transform theory with particular application to character recognition. The method uses a computer-generated hologram of the character in the transform plane to detect the presence of the character.
Microcomputer Interfacing Using the Macintosh II
Authors: Dugley N. , Cavenor M. C. , Arnold J. F. 
Published: July 2017

Microcomputer interfacing using the Macintosh II A practical course in microcomputer interfacing is described, based upon the Macintosh II graphics workstation and the Modula 2 programming language. The advantages of this approach over the traditional approach using a simple 8-bit microcomputer and assembler are discussed. Outlines of nine experiments are included together with brief descriptions of the hardware necessary to support the course.
Investigation of Electrical Breakdown in Air Using an Image Processing Technique
Authors: Watson D. B. , Barber M. I. , Samuels K. A. 
Published: July 2017

Investigation of electrical breakdown in air using an image processing technique Video recordings of high-voltage breakdown tracks between electrodes in air have been analysed using an image processing technique. The paper discusses the tortuosity of the breakdown tracks, and a logarithmic distribution of track segment lengths has been found.
A European Model — Semesters, Modules and Cats
Authors: Godfrey J. S. , Mitchell R. H. , Eder A. , Steinbrunn J. 
Published: July 2017

A European model: semesters, modules and CATs The University of Ulster has developed links with Bavarian Fachhohschulen in Augsburg and Kempten. New course formats, with similar semester periods have been adopted to facilitate arrangements for offering dual awards to students undertaking ERASMUS exchange programmes.
Hybrid Image Segmentation Within a Computer Vision Hierarchy
Authors: Thomas Ray , Zahedi Fariborz 
Published: July 2017

Hybrid image segmentation within a computer vision hierarchy A generic model of a computer vision system is presented which highlights the critical role of image segmentation. A hybrid segmentation approach, utilising both edge-based and region-based techniques, is proposed for improved quality of segmentation. An image segmentation architecture is outlined and test results are presented and discussed.