bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiphase experiments in practice: A look back
Authors: Brien C. J. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryMultiphase experiments are introduced and an overview of their design and analysis as it is currently practised is given via an account of their development since 1955 and a literature survey. Methods that are available for designing and analysing them are outlined, with an emphasis on making explicit the role of the model in their design. The availability of software and its use is described in detail. Overall, while multiphase designs have been applied in areas such as plant breeding, plant pathology, greenhouse experimentation, product storage, gene expression studies, and sensory evaluation, their deployment has been limited.
An overview of confounding. Part 1: the concept and how to address it
Authors: Howards Penelope P. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractConfounding is an important source of bias, but it is often misunderstood. We consider how confounding occurs and how to address confounding using examples. Study results are confounded when the effect of the exposure on the outcome, mixes with the effects of other risk and protective factors for the outcome. This problem arises when these factors are present to different degrees among the exposed and unexposed study participants, but not all differences between the groups result in confounding. Thinking about an ideal study where all of the population of interest is exposed in one universe and is unexposed in a parallel universe helps to distinguish confounders from other differences. In an actual study, an observed unexposed population is chosen to stand in for the unobserved parallel universe. Differences between this substitute population and the parallel universe result in confounding. Confounding by identified factors can be addressed analytically and through study design, but only randomization has the potential to address confounding by unmeasured factors. Nevertheless, a given randomized study may still be confounded. Confounded study results can lead to incorrect conclusions about the effect of the exposure of interest on the outcome.
Investigation of the Axial Gap Clearance in a Hydrodynamic‐Passive Magnetically Levitated Rotary Blood Pump Using X‐Ray Radiography
Authors: Thamsen Bente , Plamondon Mathieu , Granegger Marcus , Schmid Daners Marianne , Kaufmann Rolf , Neels Antonia , Meboldt Mirko 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe HeartWare HVAD is a radial rotary blood pump with a combination of passive magnetic and hydrodynamic bearings to levitate the impeller. The axial gap size between impeller and housing in this bearing and its sensitivity to speed, flow, and pressure difference is difficult to assess. Shear stresses are exceptionally high in this tiny gap making it important for blood damage and related adverse events. Therefore, the aim of this study was to measure the axial gap clearance in the HVAD at different operating conditions employing radiography. To quantify the gap size in the HVAD, the pump was positioned 30 mm in front of the X‐ray source employing a microfocus X‐ray tube with an acceleration voltage up to 300 kV. Beams were detected on a flat panel detector (Perkin Elmer XRD 1611‐CP3). The pump was connected to a tubing circuit with a throttle to adjust flow (0, 5, 10 L/min) and a water glycerol mixture to set the desired viscosity (1, 4, 8 mPas). Rotational speed was varied between 1800 and 3600 rpm. In this study, for clinically relevant conditions at 5 L/min and 2700 rpm, the axial gap was 22 µm. The gap size increased with rotational speeds dependent on the viscosity (2.8, 6.9, and 9.4 µm/1000 rpm for 1, 4, and 8 mPas, respectively), but was independent from the volume flow and the pressure head at constant speeds. In summary, using X‐ray radiographic imaging small gaps in a rotary blood pump during operation can be measured in a nondestructive contact‐free way. The axial hydrodynamic bearing gap in the HVAD pump was determined to be in the range of about three times the diameter of a red blood cell. Its dependence on operating volume flow and generated pressure head across the pump is not pronounced.
Editorial: direct‐acting antivirals significantly improve quality of life in patients with hepatitis C virus infection—Author's reply
Authors: Younossi Z. M. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Younossi et al and Sanagapalli and Danta papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14423 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14467.
Editorial: tofacitinib and biologics for moderate‐to‐severe ulcerative colitis—what is best in class? Authors’ reply
Authors: Bonovas S. , Lytras T. , Nikolopoulos G. , Peyrin‐Biroulet L. , Danese S. 
Published: January 2018

Linked ContentThis article is linked to Bonovas et al and Tsai papers. To view these articles visit https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14449 and https://doi.org/10.1111/apt.14480.
Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic drug–drug interactions of avatrombopag when coadministered with dual or selective CYP2C9 and CYP3A interacting drugs
Authors: Nomoto Maiko , Zamora Cynthia A. , Schuck Edgar , Boyd Peter , Chang Min‐Kun , Aluri Jagadeesh , Siu Y. Amy , Lai W. George , Yasuda Sanae , Ferry Jim , Rege Bhaskar 
Published: January 2018

AimsAvatrombopag, a thrombopoietin receptor agonist, is a substrate of cytochrome P450 (CYP) 2C9 and CYP3A. We assessed three drug–drug interactions of avatrombopag as a victim with dual or selective CYP2C9/3A inhibitors and inducers.MethodsThis was a three‐part, open‐label study. Forty‐eight healthy subjects received single 20 mg doses of avatrombopag alone or with one of 3 CYP2C9/3A inhibitors or inducers: fluconazole 400 mg once daily for 16 days, itraconazole 200 mg twice daily on Day 1 and 200 mg once daily on Days 2–16, or rifampicin 600 mg once daily for 16 days. Pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics (platelet count) and safety of avatrombopag were evaluated.ResultsCoadministration of a single 20‐mg dose of avatrombopag with fluconazole at steady‐state resulted in 2.16‐fold increase of AUC of avatrombopag, prolonged terminal elimination phase half‐life (from 19.7 h to 39.9 h) and led to a clinically significant increase in maximum platelet count (1.66‐fold). Itraconazole had a mild increase on both avatrombopag pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics compared to fluconazole. Coadministration of rifampicin caused a 0.5‐fold decrease in AUC and shortened terminal elimination phase half‐life (from 20.3 h to 9.84 h), but has no impact on maximum platelet count. Coadministration with interacting drugs was found to be generally safe and well‐tolerated.ConclusionsThe results from coadministration of fluconazole or itraconazole suggest that CYP2C9 plays a more predominant role in metabolic clearance of avatrombopag than CYP3A. To achieve comparable platelet count increases when avatrombopag is coadministered with CYP3A and CYP2C9 inhibitors, an adjustment in the dose or duration of treatment is recommended, while coadministration with strong inducers is not currently recommended.
Biologically representative and well‐connected marine reserves enhance biodiversity persistence in conservation planning
Authors: Magris Rafael A. , Andrello Marco , Pressey Robert L. , Mouillot David , Dalongeville Alicia , Jacobi Martin N. , Manel Stéphanie 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCurrent methods in conservation planning for promoting the persistence of biodiversity typically focus on either representing species geographic distributions or maintaining connectivity between reserves, but rarely both, and take a focal species, rather than a multispecies, approach. Here, we link prioritization methods with population models to explore the impact of integrating both representation and connectivity into conservation planning for species persistence. Using data on 288 Mediterranean fish species with varying conservation requirements, we show that: (1) considering both representation and connectivity objectives provides the best strategy for enhanced biodiversity persistence and (2) connectivity objectives were fundamental to enhancing persistence of small‐ranged species, which are most in need of conservation, while the representation objective benefited only wide‐ranging species. Our approach provides a more comprehensive appraisal of planning applications than approaches focusing on either representation or connectivity, and will hopefully contribute to build more effective reserve networks for the persistence of biodiversity.
Effect of immediate and prolonged GLP‐1 receptor agonist administration on uric acid and kidney clearance: Post‐hoc analyses of four clinical trials
Authors: Tonneijck Lennart , Muskiet Marcel H. A. , Smits Mark M. , Bjornstad Petter , Kramer Mark H. H. , Diamant Michaela , Hoorn Ewout J. , Joles Jaap A. , van Raalte Daniël H. 
Published: January 2018

AimsTo determine the effects of glucagon‐like peptide (GLP)‐1 receptor agonists (RA) on uric acid (UA) levels and kidney UA clearance.Material and methodsThis study involved post‐hoc analyses of 4 controlled clinical trials, which assessed actions of GLP‐1RA administration on kidney physiology. The immediate effects of GLP‐1RA exenatide infusion vs placebo were determined in 9 healthy overweight men (Study‐A) and in 52 overweight T2DM patients (Study‐B). The effects of 12 weeks of long‐acting GLP‐1RA liraglutide vs placebo in 36 overweight T2DM patients (Study‐C) and of 8 weeks of short‐acting GLP‐1RA lixisenatide vs once‐daily titrated insulin glulisine in 35 overweight T2DM patients (Study‐D) were also examined. Plasma UA, fractional (inulin‐corrected) and absolute urinary excretion of UA (UEUA) and sodium (UENa), and urine pH were determined.ResultsMedian baseline plasma UA level was 5.39 to 6.33 mg/dL across all studies (17%‐22% of subjects were hyperuricaemic). In Study‐A, exenatide infusion slightly increased plasma UA (+0.07 ± 0.02 mg/dL, P = .04), and raised absolute‐UEUA (+1.58 ± 0.65 mg/min/1.73 m2, P = .02), but did not affect fractional UEUA compared to placebo. Fractional UEUA and absolute UEUA correlated with increases in urine pH (r:0.86, P = .003 and r:0.92, P < .001, respectively). Fractional UEUA correlated with increased fractional UENa (r:0.76, P = .02). In Study‐B, exenatide infusion did not affect plasma UA, but increased fractional UEUA (+0.76 ± 0.38%, P = .049) and absolute UEUA (+0.75 ± 0.27 mg/min/1.73 m2, P = .007), compared to placebo. In regression analyses, both parameters were explained by changes in urine pH and, in part, by changes in UENa. In Study‐C, liraglutide treatment did not affect plasma UA, UEUA, UENa or urine pH, compared to placebo. In Study‐D, lixisenatide treatment increased UENa and urine pH from baseline, but did not affect plasma UA or UEUA.ConclusionImmediate exenatide infusion increases UEUA in overweight healthy men and in T2DM patients, probably by inhibiting Na+/H+‐exchanger type‐3 in the renal proximal tubule. Prolonged treatment with a long‐acting or short‐acting GLP‐1RA does not affect plasma UA or UEUA in T2DM patients with normal plasma UA levels and at relatively low cardiovascular risk. Our results suggest that the cardio‐renal benefits of GLP‐1RA are not mediated through changes in UA.
Prevalence of Rhodococcus equi from the nasal cavity of 1010 apparently healthy horses
Authors: Gressler L.T. , Machado G. , da Silveira B.P. , Cohen N.D. , Corbellini L.G. , Leotti V.B. , Diehl G.N. , dos Santos L.C. , de Vargas A.C. 
Published: January 2018

SummaryBackgroundRhodococcus equi is an important cause of foal pneumonia. While its isolation from different sources has been widely evaluated, there is a need to better understand the R. equi epidemiology from samples of the nasal cavity of healthy horses.ObjectivesTo determine the prevalence of R. equi from the nasal cavity of healthy horses, along with its virulence profile, antimicrobial susceptibility and environmental variables associated.Study designCross‐sectional study.MethodsSwabs from the nasal cavity of 1010 apparently healthy horses from 341 farms were submitted for bacteriological analyses. The identity and virulence profile of the R. equi isolates were assessed by multiplex PCR; antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by the disk‐diffusion method. The occurrence of R. equi was calculated at the level of both animal and farm. The association of seven specific environmental factors with R. equi isolation was assessed using logistic regression and by a spatial scan statistical method to determine the presence of local clusters.ResultsAntimicrobial‐sensitive R. equi was isolated from 10 (1%) of 1010 horses ranging between 3 and 29 years old. Ten farms (3%) had at least one positive horse. Only one R. equi isolate (10%) was classified as virulent. Red‐Yellow Argisol (PVA/PV) soils were significantly associated with R. equi isolation (odds ratio (OR) 8.02; CI95%, 1.98–32.50, P = 0.01), and areas with well‐drained soil were less likely to be test positive (OR 0.85; CI95%, 0.76–0.96, P = 0.03).Main limitationsThe use of culture‐based method instead of PCR‐based assay and the lack of soil sampling.ConclusionsAntimicrobial‐sensitive R. equi may be considered a minor part of the normal bacterial flora in the nasal cavity of healthy and immunologically functional horses breeding on pasture. Further studies are warranted to determine if soils rich in iron and well‐drained are, in fact, associated with the occurrence of R. equi.
Impact of multiple stressors on juvenile fish in estuaries of the northeast Pacific
Authors: Toft Jason D. , Munsch Stuart H. , Cordell Jeffery R. , Siitari Kiira , Hare Van C. , Holycross Brett M. , DeBruyckere Lisa A. , Greene Correigh M. , Hughes Brent B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA key step in identifying global change impacts on species and ecosystems is to quantify effects of multiple stressors. To date, the science of global change has been dominated by regional field studies, experimental manipulation, meta‐analyses, conceptual models, reviews, and studies focusing on a single stressor or species over broad spatial and temporal scales. Here, we provide one of the first studies for coastal systems examining multiple stressor effects across broad scales, focused on the nursery function of 20 estuaries spanning 1,600 km of coastline, 25 years of monitoring, and seven fish and invertebrate species along the northeast Pacific coast. We hypothesized those species most estuarine dependent and negatively impacted by human activities would have lower presence and abundances in estuaries with greater anthropogenic land cover, pollution, and water flow stress. We found significant negative relationships between juveniles of two of seven species (Chinook salmon and English sole) and estuarine stressors. Chinook salmon were less likely to occur and were less abundant in estuaries with greater pollution stress. They were also less abundant in estuaries with greater flow stress, although this relationship was marginally insignificant. English sole were less abundant in estuaries with greater land cover stress. Together, we provide new empirical evidence that effects of stressors on two fish species culminate in detectable trends along the northeast Pacific coast, elevating the need for protection from pollution, land cover, and flow stressors to their habitats. Lack of response among the other five species could be related to differing resistance to specific stressors, type and precision of the stressor metrics, and limitations in catch data across estuaries and habitats. Acquiring improved measurements of impacts to species will guide future management actions, and help predict how estuarine nursery functions can be optimized given anthropogenic stressors and climate change scenarios.
Employing the arts for knowledge production and translation: Visualizing new possibilities for women speaking up about safety concerns in maternity
Authors: Mackintosh Nicola , Sandall Jane , Collison Claire , Carter Wendy , Harris James 
Published: January 2018

AbstractObjectivesThis project used animated film to translate research findings into accessible health information aimed at enabling women to speak up and secure professional help for serious safety concerns during pregnancy and after birth. We tested as proof of concept our use of the arts both as product (knowledge production) and process (enabling involvement).BackgroundEmergencies during pregnancy and birth, while unusual, can develop rapidly and unexpectedly, with catastrophic consequences. Women's tacit knowledge of changes in their condition is an important resource to aid early detection, but women can worry about the legitimacy of their concerns and struggle to get these taken seriously by staff.DesignArts‐based knowledge translation. A user group of women who had experienced complications in the perinatal period (n = 34) helped us develop and pilot test the animation. Obstetricians and midwives (15), clinical leads (3) and user group representatives (8) helped with the design and testing.FindingsThe consultation process, script and storyboard enabled active interaction with the evidence, meaningful engagement with stakeholders and new understandings about securing help for perinatal complications. The method enabled us to address gender stereotypes and social norms about speaking up and embed a social script for women within the animation, to help structure their help seeking. While for some women, there was an emotional burden, the majority were glad to have been part of the animation's development and felt it had enabled their voices to be heard.ConclusionThis project has demonstrated the benefits of arts‐science collaborations for meaningful co‐production and effective translation of research evidence.
Stronger glass products: Lessons learned and yet to be learned
Authors: Varshneya Arun K. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPotential for obtaining stronger glass products is discussed. Flaws, mostly forming‐ and handling‐generated and accelerated crack growth due to surrounding environment appear to give a strength distribution which is usually a factor of 500‐1000 less than the estimated theoretical strength. Contrary to traditional teachings emphasizing glass strength to be an extrinsic behavior, it is suggested that the atomic network topology determines the shear and hydrostatic yield strengths which are a precursor to the nucleation and growth of network cavitation, in turn, leading to generation of flaws and stress‐assisted growth starting from glass product‐forming processes. Hence, for stronger glass products, research is needed to develop fundamental understanding of the interrelationship between network topology, yield strengths, flaw cavitation and growth in molten glass as well as in solid glass as a function of glass composition and the complex stress fields around indents and impacts.
Effects of conflicting scientific arguments on belief change: Argument evaluation and expert consensus perception as mediators
Authors: Kobayashi Keiichi 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn our society, people are often exposed to conflicting information about a scientific issue. However, our knowledge about the effects of exposure to conflicting scientific information is still highly limited. By combining paradigms of research on belief polarization and science communication, two experiments examined whether and how exposure to conflicting scientific arguments influences scientific belief change and behavioral intentions. Participants (Experiment 1, N = 102; Experiment 2, N = 115) received two conflicting arguments (favorable and unfavorable to the effects of vitamin C supplementation on the prevention and treatment of the common cold) or two nonconflicting arguments (unfavorable to and neutral on the vitamin C supplementation effects). Exposure to conflicting arguments changed participants' beliefs about the preventing and treating effects of vitamin C supplementation less than exposure to nonconflicting arguments but did not cause actual belief polarization. Compared with participants who received nonconflicting arguments, those who received conflicting arguments perceived the quality of unfavorable argument to be low and experts' opinions about the issues to be divided, resulting in modest belief change. Exposure to conflicting arguments also promoted the formation of moderate behavioral intentions to take a regular high dose of vitamin C as a result of the belief change.
CHILD syndrome mimicking verrucous nevus in a Chinese patient responded well to the topical therapy of compound of simvastatin and cholesterol
Authors: Yu X. , Zhang J. , Gu Y. , Deng D. , Wu Z. , Bao L. , Li M. , Yao Z. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundCongenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects (CHILD) syndrome is a rare X‐linked dominant disorder characterized by peculiar cutaneous presentations and ipsilateral skeletal abnormalities. CHILD syndrome is caused by mutations in NSDHL gene, which involves in cholesterol synthesis.ObjectivesTo verify the diagnosis of CHILD syndrome and seek effective pathogenesis‐based therapy with little side‐effects.MethodWe comprehensively evaluated the patient's conditions. Pathological biopsy was performed in the lesion location. Genetic tests and real‐time quantitative PCR were conducted to further confirm the diagnosis. The topical application of a mixed lotion containing 2% simvastatin and 2% cholesterol to lesion areas based on the pathogenesis as well as the literature review.ResultsWe diagnosed a rare and typical case of CHILD syndrome co‐occurring with multiple VX‐like lesions. The gene mutation is a large deletion of exon 3 and 4 of the NSDHL gene, which was discovered and reported for the first time in CHILD syndrome. The skin lesions, including the verruciform plaques and VX‐like lesions, improved obviously after treatment.ConclusionsMultiple exons deletions or microdeletion was not rare in CHILD syndrome. Classical Sanger sequencing may not be useful enough to find all kinds of mutations. Next‐generation sequencing may be more effective. It is important to conduct genetic counselling to prevent more serious defects in descendants. The excellent therapeutic effect on CHILD syndrome resulted from the topical treatment with simvastatin/cholesterol provides a proof‐of‐concept for other topical pathogenesis‐based therapies for skin disease.