bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethological principles predict the neuropeptides co-opted to influence parenting
Authors: Cunningham Christopher B. , Badgett Majors J. , Meagher Richard B. , Orlando Ron , Moore Allen J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractEthologists predicted that parental care evolves by modifying suitable behavioural precursors in the asocial ancestor, such as nest building, defensive and aggressive behaviours, and potentially shared resources. From this, we predicted that the evolved mechanistic changes would reside in genetic pathways underlying these behavioural precursors. We tested this by measuring differential expression of neuropeptides in femaleNicrophorus vespilloidesParenting in this species is extensive and complex as caring adults regurgitate food to begging, dependent offspring. We identified neuropeptides associated with mating, feeding, aggression, and social interactions by sampling females in different behavioural states: solitary, actively parenting, or post-parenting and solitary. We measured peptide abundance in adult female brains and identified 130 peptides belonging to 17 neuropeptides. Of these 17, seven were differentially expressed. Six of the seven were up-regulated during parenting. None of the identified neuropeptides have previously been associated with parental care, but all have known roles in the behavioural precursors. Two, tachykinin and sulfakinin, influence multiple pathways. Our study supports the prediction that appropriate behavioural precursors are likely targets of selection during the evolution of parenting. Evolutionary principles predicted neuropeptides influencing social behaviour, and our results provide several new candidate neuropeptides underpinning parenting.
Social marketing’s consumer myopia
Authors: Brennan Linda , Previte Josephine , Fry Marie-Louise 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Addressing calls for broadening social marketing thinking beyond “individualistic” parameters, this paper aims to describe a behavioural ecological systems (BEM) approach to enhance understanding of social markets.

Design/methodology/approach
A conceptual framework – the BEM – is presented and discussed within a context of alcohol social change.

Findings
The BEM emphasises the relational nature of behaviour change, where individuals are embedded in an ecological system that involves the performances of behaviour and social change within historical, social, cultural, physical and environmental settings. Layers of influence on actors are characterised as macro (distant, large in scale), exo (external, remote from individuals), meso (between the individual and environments) and micro (the individual within their social setting). The BEM can be applied to guide social marketers towards creating solutions that focus on collaboration amongst market actors rather than among consumers.

Practical implications
The BEM contributes to a broader holistic view of social ecologies and behaviour change; emphasises the need for social marketers to embrace systems thinking; and recognises that relationships between actors at multiple layers in social change markets are interactive, collaborative and embedded in dynamic social contexts. Importantly, a behavioural ecological systems approach enables social marketers to develop coherent, integrated and multi-dimensional social change programmes.

Originality/value
The underlying premise of the BEM brings forward relational logic as the foundation for future social marketing theory and practice. Taking this approach to social market change focuses strategy on the intangible aspects of social offerings, inclusive of the interactions and processes of value creation (and/or destruction) within a social marketing system to facilitate collaboration and interaction across a network of actors so as to overcome barriers and identify solutions to social problems.
Development and validation of the Dietetic Confidence Scale for working with clients experiencing psychological issues
Authors: Buttenshaw Kerryn , Ash Susan , Shakespeare‐Finch Jane 
Published: July 2016

AimA standardised tool was needed to measure a generalist dietitian's confidence about working with clients experiencing psychological issues in order to effectively evaluate mental health‐related professional development activities. The aim of this study was to develop, pilot and validate a robust instrument that measures a generalist dietitian's professional confidence for working with clients experiencing psychological issues.MethodsThe Dietetic Confidence Scale (DCS) was developed. Two cross‐sectional samples of practicing dietitians (n = 185; 458) from various settings and locations were recruited. Study 1: principal components analysis (PCA) helped refine scale items and derive a model, which was then validated using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA, Study 2). Cronbach's alpha estimated scale reliability. Correlations assessed associations between factors.ResultsStudy 1: A 13‐item, two‐factor solution accounted for 69.1% of the total variance. Total Cronbach's α = 0.92. Dietetic confidence was associated with: (i) Confidence using the Nutrition Care Process and (ii) Confidence Advocating for Self care and Client care. Study 2: The CFA supported the proposed scale and model. A Good Fit Index of 0.95 indicated a strong fit. Item‐factor correlations ranged from r = 0.50 to 0.91. The final scale showed good reliability (α = 0.93).ConclusionsThis is the first self‐efficacy scale for dietetic practitioners subjected to PCA and CFA using two independent samples. The DCS is a psychometrically robust instrument with strong internal consistency. It can be used to measure dietetic confidence about working with clients experiencing psychological issues and to highlight areas where additional support or training may be needed. Further validity and reliability testing is needed to enhance scale generalisability and use.
The Agnotology of Eviction in South Lebanon's Palestinian Gatherings: How Institutional Ambiguity and Deliberate Ignorance Shape Sensitive Spaces
Authors: Stel Nora 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA significant part of Lebanon's Palestinian refugees live in unofficial camps, so‐called “gatherings”, where they reside on Lebanese land. Many of these gatherings are now threatened with eviction. By means of two qualitative case studies this article explores responses to such eviction threats. Residents, it turns out, engage in deliberate disinformation and stalling tactics and invoke both a professed and real ignorance about their situation. In contrast to dominant discourses that project Palestinian refugees as illicit and sovereignty undermining, I explain these tactics as a reaction to, and duplication of, a “politics of uncertainty” implemented by Lebanese authorities. Drawing on agnotology theory, and reconsidering the gatherings as sensitive spaces subjected to aleatory governance, I propose that residents’ responses to the looming evictions are a manifestation of the deliberate institutional ambiguity that Lebanese authorities impose on the gatherings. As such, the article contributes to understanding the spatial dimensions of strategically imposed ignorance.
c‐Jun N‐terminal Kinase mediates prostaglandin‐induced sympathoexcitation in rats with chronic heart failure by reducing GAD1 and GABRA1 expression
Authors: Wang R. , Zhang W. , Dong Z. , Qi Y. , Hultström M. , Zhou X. , Lai E. Y. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimProstaglandin E2 mediates sympathoexcitation in chronic heart failure (CHF) through EP3 receptors (PTGER3) in the paraventricular nucleus (PVN). The aim of this study was to investigate the role of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase (JNK) in expressional regulation of gamma‐aminobutyric acid signalling in PVN in CHF rats.MethodsChronic heart failure was induced by left coronary ligation in Wistar rats. Renal sympathetic nerve discharge (RSND) and mean arterial pressure (MAP) responses to the PVN infusion were determined in anaesthetized rats. Osmotic minipumps were used for chronic PVN infusion. PTGER3 expression was examined with immunofluorescence staining, quantitative real‐time PCR and Western blot.ResultsChronic heart failure rats had increased JNK activation and decreased glutamate decarboxylase 1 (GAD1) and GABAA receptor alpha 1 subunit (GABRA1) expression in the PVN. PVN infusion of the PTGER3 agonist SC‐46275 caused sympathoexcitation in sham‐operated control (Sham) rats and increased it further in CHF. The PTGER3 antagonist L798106 reduced sympathoexcitation and cardiac dysfunction in CHF. PVN infusion of EP1 receptor antagonist SC‐19220, EP2 receptor antagonist AH6809 or EP4 receptor antagonist L‐161982 had no effect on sympathoexcitation. The JNK inhibitor SP600125 normalized sympathoexcitation and GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in PVN in CHF rats. Both the p44/42 and p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase inhibitors PD98059 and SB203580 could not prevent the downregulation of GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in PVN in CHF. PTGER3 agonist activated JNK but downregulated GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in NG108 neuronal cells.ConclusionProstaglandin signalling through upregulated PTGER3 activates JNK which reduces GAD1 and GABRA1 expression in the PVN, and contributes to sympathoexcitation in CHF.
Ordinal Probability Effect Measures for Group Comparisons in Multinomial Cumulative Link Models
Authors: Agresti Alan , Kateri Maria 
Published: July 2016

SummaryWe consider simple ordinal model-based probability effect measures for comparing distributions of two groups, adjusted for explanatory variables. An “ordinal superiority” measure summarizes the probability that an observation from one distribution falls above an independent observation from the other distribution, adjusted for explanatory variables in a model. The measure applies directly to normal linear models and to a normal latent variable model for ordinal response variables. It equals for the corresponding ordinal model that applies a probit link function to cumulative multinomial probabilities, for standard normal cdf and effect that is the coefficient of the group indicator variable. For the more general latent variable model for ordinal responses that corresponds to a linear model with other possible error distributions and corresponding link functions for cumulative multinomial probabilities, the ordinal superiority measure equals with the log–log link and equals approximately with the logit link, where is the group effect. Another ordinal superiority measure generalizes the difference of proportions from binary to ordinal responses. We also present related measures directly for ordinal models for the observed response that need not assume corresponding latent response models. We present confidence intervals for the measures and illustrate with an example.
Efficacy and safety of ipragliflozin as add‐on therapy to insulin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (IOLITE): a multi‐centre, randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind study
Authors: Ishihara Hisamitsu , Yamaguchi Susumu , Nakao Ikko , Okitsu Akira , Asahina Seitaro 
Published: July 2016

AimsTo examine the efficacy and safety of add‐on ipragliflozin in Japanese patients with type 2 diabetes in the early stage of insulin therapy.MethodsPatients treated with insulin (bolus component <30% of total daily dose) with/without a dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 (DPP‐4) inhibitor were randomized to receive placebo (n = 87) or ipragliflozin (n = 175) for 16 weeks. The primary endpoint was the change in glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline. Secondary endpoints included changes in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and metabolic hormones. Safety endpoints were also examined.ResultsThe changes in HbA1c were 0.27% and −0.79% (2.9 and −8.7 mmol/mol) in the placebo and ipragliflozin groups, respectively (baseline: 8.62% vs 8.67% [70.8 vs 71.2 mmol/mol]), corresponding to an adjusted mean difference of −1.07% (95% confidence interval −1.24, −0.91) or −11.7 mmol/mol (−13.5, −9.9), p < .001. Ipragliflozin reduced FPG and serum C‐peptide levels and body weight (all p < .001), and increased serum adiponectin levels (p = .022). There was a statistically significant interaction for use/non‐use of a DPP‐4 inhibitor × treatment group for the change in HbA1c (p = .042). Hypoglycaemia was the only treatment‐related adverse event reported in >5% of patients (14.9% vs 29.1%). Events consistent with urinary tract infection (placebo 1.1% vs ipragliflozin 2.3%) or genital infection (0.0% and 4.0%, respectively) occurred in <5% of patients.ConclusionIpragliflozin was well tolerated and effective in insulin‐treated patients, especially when used with a DPP‐4 inhibitor.
Rapid faecal tests for detecting disease activity in colonic inflammatory bowel disease
Authors: Puolanne Anna‐Maija , Kolho Kaija‐Leena , Alfthan Henrik , Ristimäki Ari , Mustonen Harri , Färkkilä Martti 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing numbers of patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have raised the need for a rapid noninvasive means to monitor disease activity. We validated two rapid tests for faecal calprotectin and one for faecal lactoferrin and compared them to the most common clinical and endoscopic scores, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) calprotectin test and systemic inflammation markers.Materials and methodsThe clinical and endoscopic disease activity of 72 patients with colonic IBD, who underwent ileocolonoscopy, was determined. The patients provided stool samples to measure calprotectin and lactoferrin, and blood samples to measure systemic inflammation markers.ResultsRapid calprotectin tests correlated significantly with clinical and endoscopic indices and standard ELISA calprotectin in ulcerative colitis, but not in Crohn's disease. CalDetect correlated more closely with ELISA calprotectin than CerTest FC in concentrations exceeding 200 μg/g. CalDetect was also more sensitive in indicating histological remission or mild disease than was CerTest FC at cut‐off of 200 μg/g. CerTest Lactoferrin was comparable to CalDetect in their correlation with clinical, endoscopic and histological scores.ConclusionsThese rapid tests are suitable for identifying patients with inactive or mildly active disease, but as semiquantitative or qualitative tests, they cannot totally replace ELISA calprotectin in decision‐making related to therapy.
You'll Never Lobby Alone. Explaining the Participation of Sub‐national Authorities in the European Commission's Open Consultations
Authors: Van Hecke Matti , Bursens Peter , Beyers Jan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe multi‐level system of the EU (European Union) constrains the institutionalized representation of the regional tier of government. Consequently, SNAs (sub‐national authorities) seek to represent their interests through various lobbying practices, including taking part in the European Commission's open consultations. In this article, we argue that varying levels with which SNAs take part in open consultations cannot be adequately explained by regional‐level conditions such as resources or autonomy. Instead, we hypothesize that the specific policy context strongly affects regional involvement in open consultations. We test our hypotheses with evidence of the participation pattern of 296 SNAs in eight online consultations situated in five policy areas: CAP (Common Agricultural Policy), EAP (Environment Action Programme), Horizon 2020, COH (Cohesion Policy) and TEN‐T (Trans‐European Network for Transport). Our analysis demonstrates that the probability that SNAs take part in open consultations increases significantly when private interests of the same region and/or other SNAs of the same country participate in the same consultation.
Prediction of Lethality by Nonlinear Artificial Neural Network Modeling
Authors: Guldas Metin , Kurtulmus Ferhat , Gurbuz Ozan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this research, the aim was to predict F value (lethality or sterilization value) of canned peas by using a nonlinear auto‐regressive artificial neural network model with exogenous input (NARX‐ANN). During the model testing, training, validation and reliability steps were followed, respectively. It was found that the model tested was a useful tool to predict the F value for the canned foods with high reliability. Cross‐validation rules were performed for training and testing of the model. F value of the 5 kg canned peas could be predicted with a high degree of accuracy (R2 = 0.9982, mean square error (MSE) = 0.1088) using training the data yielded from 0.5 kg canned peas despite huge mass differences between cross‐validated data sets. When the same data sets were trained and tested inversely, a high degree of prediction accuracy (R2 = 0.9914, MSE = 0.6262) was also observed. The model is also significant in terms of reducing the operational costs due to the fact that higher temperatures and longer process times lead to increased energy costs.Practical ApplicationsIn this research, it was found that nonlinear auto‐regressive artificial neural network model with exogenous input is a reliable model for the prediction of lethality rate (F value) in canned food factories. It also provides the advantage of estimating process time more accurately in the retort and thus, reducing operational costs.
Specific aspects of a combined approach to male face correction: botulinum toxin A and volumetric fillers
Authors: Scherer Max‐Adam 
Published: July 2016

SummaryCosmetologists in the last decade face a permanently increasing number of male patients. The necessity of a gender‐adjusted approach in treatment of this patient category is obvious. An adequate correction requires consideration of the anatomic and physiologic features of male faces together with a whole set of interrelated aspects of psychologic perception of the male face esthetics, socially formed understanding of masculine features and appropriate emotional expressions, also of the motivations and expectations of men coming to a cosmetologist. The author explains in detail the elaborated out of own vast experience methods of complex male face correction using the above‐mentioned gender‐specific approach to create a naturally looking and harmonic facial expression and appearance. The presented botulinum therapy specifics concern the injection point location and toxin doses for every point. As a result, a rather distinct smoothening of the skin profile without detriment to the facial expressiveness and gender‐related features is achieved. The importance and methods of an extremely delicate approach to volumetric plasty with stabilized hyaluronic acid‐based fillers in men for avoiding hypercorrection and retaining the gender‐specific features are discussed.
Developing a play‐based communication assessment through collaborative action research with teachers in northern Canadian indigenous communities
Authors: Stagg Peterson Shelley 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWith the goal of developing culturally appropriate approaches for assessing and supporting children's language use, teachers of 4‐to 6‐year‐old children in northern Canadian rural and Indigenous communities are involved in a 6‐year collaborative action research project. Teachers video record children's interactions during dramatic and construction play and then meet with university researchers to carry out inductive analyses of ways in which children use language to achieve social purposes. From these analyses, a Play‐based Communication Assessment has been created. Examples from two teachers' classrooms in one Indigenous community are used to show how play contexts and the still‐evolving play‐based communication assessment provide opportunities for teachers to recognise and build upon the linguistic and cultural resources that children bring to classrooms. Through the play‐based assessment and action research processes, teachers have come to recognise the richness of children's language when they are engaged in play and have gained understandings of their community's culture. Teachers and researchers are exploring ways to capture children's non‐verbal communication abilities through this assessment approach.
The current state of knowledge about shatter cones: Introduction to the special issue
Authors: Baratoux David , Reimold Wolf Uwe 
Published: July 2016

AbstractShatter cones are a fracture phenomenon that is exclusively associated with shock metamorphism and has also been produced in the laboratory in several shock experiments. The occurrence of shatter cones is the only accepted meso‐ to macroscopic recognition criterion for impact structures. Shatter cones exhibit a number of geometric characteristics (orientation, apical angles, striation angles, sizes) that can be best described as varied, from case to case. Possible links between geometric properties with impact or crater parameters have remained controversial and the lack of understanding of the mechanism of formation of shatter cones does not offer a physical framework to discuss or understand them. A database of shatter cone occurrences has been produced for this introduction paper to the special issue of Meteoritics and Planetary Science on shatter cones. Distribution of shatter cones with respect to crater size and lithology suggests that shatter cones do not occur in impact craters less than a few kilometers in diameter, with a few, currently questionable exceptions. All pertinent hypotheses of formation are presented and discussed. Several may be discarded in light of the most recent observations. The branching fracture mechanism and the interference models proposed, respectively, by Sagy et al. (2002) and Baratoux and Melosh (2003) require further evaluation. New observations, experiments, or theoretical considerations presented in this special issue promise an important step forward, based on a renewed effort to resolve the enigmatic origin of these important features.
Humpback whales interfering when mammal‐eating killer whales attack other species: Mobbing behavior and interspecific altruism?
Authors: Pitman Robert L. , Deecke Volker B. , Gabriele Christine M. , Srinivasan Mridula , Black Nancy , Denkinger Judith , Durban John W. , Mathews Elizabeth A. , Matkin Dena R. , Neilson Janet L. , Schulman‐Janiger Alisa , Shearwater Debra , Stap Peggy , Ternullo Richard 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHumpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) are known to interfere with attacking killer whales (Orcinus orca). To investigate why, we reviewed accounts of 115 interactions between them. Humpbacks initiated the majority of interactions (57%vs. 43%;n= 72), although the killer whales were almost exclusively mammal‐eating forms (MEKWs, 95%)vs. fish‐eaters (5%;n= 108). WhenMEKWs approached humpbacks (n= 27), they attacked 85% of the time and targeted only calves. When humpbacks approached killer whales (n= 41), 93% wereMEKWs, and ≥87% of them were attacking or feeding on prey at the time. When humpbacks interacted with attackingMEKWs, 11% of the prey were humpbacks and 89% comprised 10 other species, including three cetaceans, six pinnipeds, and one teleost fish. Approaching humpbacks often harassed attackingMEKWs (≥55% of 56 interactions), regardless of the prey species, which we argue was mobbing behavior. Humpback mobbing sometimes allowedMEKWprey, including nonhumpbacks, to escape. We suggest that humpbacks initially responded to vocalizations of attackingMEKWs without knowing the prey species targeted. Although reciprocity or kin selection might explain communal defense of conspecific calves, there was no apparent benefit to humpbacks continuing to interfere when other species were being attacked. Interspecific altruism, even if unintentional, could not be ruled out.