bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Simultaneous measurements of particle number size distributions at ground level and 260 m on a meteorological tower in urban Beijing, China
Authors: Du Wei , Zhao Jian , Wang Yuying , Zhang Yingjie , Wang Qingqing , Xu Weiqi , Chen Chen , Han Tingting , Zhang Fang , Li Zhanqing , Fu Pingqing , Li Jie , Wang Zifa , Sun Yele 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Despite extensive studies into the characterization of particle number size distributions at ground level, real-time measurements above the urban canopy in the megacity of Beijing have never been performed to date. Here we conducted the first simultaneous measurements of size-resolved particle number concentrations at ground level and 260 m in urban Beijing from 22 August to 30 September. Our results showed overall similar temporal variations in number size distributions between ground level and 260 m, yet periods with significant differences were also observed. Particularly, accumulation-mode particles were highly correlated (r2 = 0. 85) at the two heights, while Aitken-mode particles presented more differences. Detailed analysis suggests that the vertical differences in number concentrations strongly depended on particle size, and particles with a mobility diameter between 100 and 200 nm generally showed higher concentrations at higher altitudes. Particle growth rates and condensation sinks were also calculated, which were 3.2 and 3.6 nm h−1, and 2.8  ×  10−2 and 2.9  ×  10−2 s−1, at ground level and 260 m, respectively. By linking particle growth with aerosol composition, we found that organics appeared to play an important role in the early stage of the growth (09:00–12:00 LT) while sulfate was also important during the later period. Positive matrix factorization of size-resolved number concentrations identified three common sources at ground level and 260 m, including a factor associated with new particle formation and growth events (NPEs), and two secondary factors that represent photochemical processing and regional transport. Cooking emission was found to have a large contribution to small particles and showed much higher concentration at ground level than 260 m in the evening. These results imply that investigation of NPEs at ground level in megacities needs to consider the influences of local cooking emissions. The impacts of regional emission controls on particle number concentrations were also illustrated. Our results showed that regional emission controls have a dominant impact on accumulation-mode particles by decreasing gas precursors and particulate matter loadings, and hence suppressing particle growth. In contrast, the influences on Aitken particles were much smaller due to the enhanced new particle formation (NPF) events.
Biogeochemical protocols and diagnostics for the CMIP6 Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP)
Authors: Orr James C. , Najjar Raymond G. , Aumont Olivier , Bopp Laurent , Bullister John L. , Danabasoglu Gokhan , Doney Scott C. , Dunne John P. , Dutay Jean-Claude , Graven Heather , Griffies Stephen M. , John Jasmin G. , Joos Fortunat , Levin Ingeborg , Lindsay Keith , Matear Richard J. , McKinley Galen A. , Mouchet Anne , Oschlies Andreas , Romanou Anastasia , Schlitzer Reiner , Tagliabue Alessandro , Tanhua Toste , Yool Andrew 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. The Ocean Model Intercomparison Project (OMIP) focuses on the physics and biogeochemistry of the ocean component of Earth system models participating in the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6). OMIP aims to provide standard protocols and diagnostics for ocean models, while offering a forum to promote their common assessment and improvement. It also offers to compare solutions of the same ocean models when forced with reanalysis data (OMIP simulations) vs. when integrated within fully coupled Earth system models (CMIP6). Here we detail simulation protocols and diagnostics for OMIP's biogeochemical and inert chemical tracers. These passive-tracer simulations will be coupled to ocean circulation models, initialized with observational data or output from a model spin-up, and forced by repeating the 1948–2009 surface fluxes of heat, fresh water, and momentum. These so-called OMIP-BGC simulations include three inert chemical tracers (CFC-11, CFC-12, SF6) and biogeochemical tracers (e.g., dissolved inorganic carbon, carbon isotopes, alkalinity, nutrients, and oxygen). Modelers will use their preferred prognostic BGC model but should follow common guidelines for gas exchange and carbonate chemistry. Simulations include both natural and total carbon tracers. The required forced simulation (omip1) will be initialized with gridded observational climatologies. An optional forced simulation (omip1-spunup) will be initialized instead with BGC fields from a long model spin-up, preferably for 2000 years or more, and forced by repeating the same 62-year meteorological forcing. That optional run will also include abiotic tracers of total dissolved inorganic carbon and radiocarbon, CTabio and 14CTabio, to assess deep-ocean ventilation and distinguish the role of physics vs. biology. These simulations will be forced by observed atmospheric histories of the three inert gases and CO2 as well as carbon isotope ratios of CO2. OMIP-BGC simulation protocols are founded on those from previous phases of the Ocean Carbon-Cycle Model Intercomparison Project. They have been merged and updated to reflect improvements concerning gas exchange, carbonate chemistry, and new data for initial conditions and atmospheric gas histories. Code is provided to facilitate their implementation.
Saturated hydraulic conductivity model computed from bimodal water retention curves for a range of New Zealand soils
Authors: Pollacco Joseph Alexander Paul , Webb Trevor , McNeill Stephen , Hu Wei , Carrick Sam , Hewitt Allan , Lilburne Linda 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. Descriptions of soil hydraulic properties, such as the soil moisture retention curve, θ(h), and saturated hydraulic conductivities, Ks, are a prerequisite for hydrological models. Since the measurement of Ks is expensive, it is frequently derived from statistical pedotransfer functions (PTFs). Because it is usually more difficult to describe Ks than θ(h) from pedotransfer functions, Pollacco et al. (2013) developed a physical unimodal model to compute Ks solely from hydraulic parameters derived from the Kosugi θ(h). This unimodal Ks model, which is based on a unimodal Kosugi soil pore-size distribution, was developed by combining the approach of Hagen–Poiseuille with Darcy's law and by introducing three tortuosity parameters. We report here on (1) the suitability of the Pollacco unimodal Ks model to predict Ks for a range of New Zealand soils from the New Zealand soil database (S-map) and (2) further adaptations to this model to adapt it to dual-porosity structured soils by computing the soil water flux through a continuous function of an improved bimodal pore-size distribution. The improved bimodal Ks model was tested with a New Zealand data set derived from historical measurements of Ks and θ(h) for a range of soils derived from sandstone and siltstone. The Ks data were collected using a small core size of 10 cm diameter, causing large uncertainty in replicate measurements. Predictions of Ks were further improved by distinguishing topsoils from subsoil. Nevertheless, as expected, stratifying the data with soil texture only slightly improved the predictions of the physical Ks models because the Ks model is based on pore-size distribution and the calibrated parameters were obtained within the physically feasible range. The improvements made to the unimodal Ks model by using the new bimodal Ks model are modest when compared to the unimodal model, which is explained by the poor accuracy of measured total porosity. Nevertheless, the new bimodal model provides an acceptable fit to the observed data. The study highlights the importance of improving Ks measurements with larger cores.
GB-InSAR monitoring and observational method for landslide emergency management: the Montaguto earthflow (AV, Italy)
Authors: Ferrigno Federica , Gigli Giovanni , Fanti Riccardo , Intrieri Emanuele , Casagli Nicola 
Published: June 2017

Abstract. On 10 March 2010, because of the heavy rainfall in the preceding days, the Montaguto landslide (Southern Italy) reactivated, affecting both state road 90 Delle Puglie and the Rome–Bari railway. A similar event occurred on May 2005 and on September 2009. As a result, the National Civil Protection Department (DPC) started an accurate monitoring and analysis program. A monitoring project using the GB-InSAR (ground-based interferometric synthetic aperture radar) system was emplaced to investigate the landslide kinematics, plan urgent safety measures for risk mitigation and design long-term stabilization work.Here, we present the GB-InSAR monitoring system results and its applications in the observational method (OM) approach. GB-InSAR is an established instrument for long-term campaigns aimed at early warning and monitoring during construction works. Our paper further develops these aspects in that it highlights how the OM based on the GB-InSAR technique can produce savings in terms of cost and time in engineering projects without compromising safety. This study focuses on the key role played by the monitoring activities during the design and planning activities, with special reference to the emergency phase.
Prevention Through Deterrence along Egypt's Northeastern Border: Or the Politics of a Weaponized Desert
Authors: Morris Ellen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThroughout its history, Egypt's governments were concerned at its northeastern border both to keep would-be fugitives in and to keep would-be migrants and invaders out. Adopting a system of structural violence that bears similarity to America's policy of Prevention Through Deterrence on its southern border, the government fortified and policed the easiest points of entry across its official borders. Beyond that, however, it guarded water sources and relied upon the North Sinai desert to kill or grievously injure any intruders that ventured to cross it. This article considers the parallels between policies of border control in ancient Egypt and those currently practiced by the United States government with respect to Mexico. Moreover, it argues that the Sinai desert served as a shatter zone for the Pharaonic state and that local residents thus had the power either to sabotage or to bolster the efforts of a regime to secure its border.
Time-lapse technic used to uncover the naturel growth of osteochondromas of the wrist in patients with Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas
Authors: Staal Heleen M. , Derwall John , Witlox Adhiambo M. , Rhijn Lodewijk W. van 
Published: June 2017

Background: In patients with Hereditary Multiple Osteochondromas (HMO) shortening and deformity of the long bones is a well-known sequel. Several theories could clarify the cause of shortening or deformity.Methods: To reveal the development of the long bones and the influence of the osteochondromas on the growth we used time-lapse technique. Radiographic images, taken for clinical reasons, of 6 HMO affected patients with known osteochondromas on the distal end of the lower arm were selected and adapted to make them suitable for use with a time-lapse technique. The images were placed in chronological order. The ulnar shortening, lunate position and radial inclination were registered, as were the clinical problems. The hypothesis being that slow occurring developmental deformities are easier comprehended and qualitatively studied when the changes are accelerated. Results: None of the patients had radial head dislocation at the elbow. The majority of the wrists had decreased ulnar length and increased radial inclination. The clinical problems were limited. The osteochondromatic growth did not seem related to the wrist growth, but when the inclination of the radius was steep osteochondromas were present in the distal radius and the ulna was shortened. Some osteochondromas disappeared.Conclusions: Time-lapse videos of wrists of patients with HMO showed no relation between growth of wrists and osteochondromas but it did show osteochondromas disappearing. A steep radial inclination seems related to ulnar shortening and might be due to proximity of radial osteochondromas. Patients had marked radiological changes, but relatively few clinical problems.
Cuentos efímeros. Ejemplo verosímil y diálogo en el «Llibre de meravelles»
Authors: Aragüés Aldaz José 
Published: June 2017

Resumen: El Llibre de meravelles de Ramon Llull incluye un extenso corpus de cuentos verosímiles, utilizados por los personajes para mostrar su visión del mundo o para expresar su posición en el debate. Se trata de cuentos creados ad hoc por el autor, cuya vida comienza y concluye con esa enunciación única en el interior de la novela. Y esa condición fugaz, efímera, les otorga el aspecto de meras hipótesis narrativas. Algunos de esos cuentos parecen poseer incluso una trama provisional o inestable, acentuando su carácter virtual, casi ilusorio. La escritura del Llibre de meravelles revela, en cualquier caso, un enorme esfuerzo de experimentación narrativa, visible en el diseño de los relatos, pero también en el «diálogo» que el discurrir de la novela establece entre los mismos. Y ese afán de experimentación se proyecta finalmente sobre los lectores, pues el texto se erige en una auténtica guía para la invención de nuevos cuentos. Esa dimensión metaejemplar constituye el mayor signo de la originalidad de la propuesta luliana en el panorama de la literatura ejemplar de la Edad Media. Palabras clave: literatura catalana, literatura medieval, Ramon Llull, Llibre de meravelles, ejemplo verosímil, cuento, diálogo, experimentación narrativa.
Entre la propaganda y el espionaje: la delegación especial para la información de residentes en territorio liberado (DIDREM) en la España de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939)
Authors: Ruiz-Berdún Dolores , Gomis Blanco Alberto , González Bueno Antonio 
Published: June 2017

Este texto analiza las actividades de la Delegación Especial para la Información de Residentes en Territorio Liberado (DIDREM), una organización en funcionamiento durante los años de la Guerra Civil (1936-1939), conformada por personal voluntario, formalmente destinada a recabar información sobre las personas que se encontraban en Madrid y, con posterioridad, en el resto del territorio sometido por las tropas franquistas y cuyos datos fueron empleados con fines represores, ya durante la guerra y, particularmente, al finalizar ésta.
The role of mud volcanism and deep‐seated dewatering processes in the Nankai Trough accretionary prism and Kumano Basin, Japan
Authors: Menapace Walter , Völker David , Kaul Norbert , Tryon Michael D. , Kopf Achim J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractCirculation of water at moderate depths in subduction zones is dominantly driven by clay mineral dehydration over distinct pressure and temperature gradients. The signature of these dehydration reactions is found in mud volcano pore waters, however, it is largely unknown, how much of the deep‐seated fluids are emitted at mud volcanoes. To unravel this relation for the region off the Kii Peninsula, Japan, we calculated the water volume that is subducted in the Nankai Trough using input data from IODP holes C0011 and C0012 and the correspondent water volume released from the subducted plate under the Kumano Basin, in an area where 13 mud volcanoes are located. According to our model, water released at depth in the mud volcano area is derived almost entirely from basaltic saponite and sedimentary smectite transformation [up to 96%]. Nonetheless, the mud volcanoes themselves expel ≪1% of the total volume. To test the contribution of the accreted strata and the Kumano Basin fill to the water budget, we run a second model. Water loss due to compaction of sediments and smectite‐illite transition below the basin floor have been calculated. The results were compared with salinity measurements on background cores scattered in the study area to extrapolate the volume of water loss at depth. The comparison of the two methods yielded similar results and led us to conclude that the bulk part of the deep‐seated fluid reenters the hydrosphere via the basin floor, a mechanism rarely taken into account in fluid budgets in the literature.
Magnetic domain state diagnosis using hysteresis reversal curves
Authors: Zhao Xiang , Roberts Andrew P. , Heslop David , Paterson Greig A. , Li Yiliang , Li Jinhua 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe present results for a series of hysteresis measurements that provide information about remanent, induced, transient‐free, and transient magnetization components. These measurements, and differences between measurement types, enable production of six types of first‐order reversal curve (FORC)‐like diagrams which only double the number of measurements involved in a conventional FORC measurement. These diagrams can be used to distinguish magnetic signatures associated with each domain state. When analyzing samples with complex magnetic mineral mixtures, the contrasting domain state signatures are mixed together in a traditional FORC diagram, but these signatures can be identified individually when using the various FORC diagrams discussed here. The ability to make different FORC measurements and to identify separately each magnetic component by investigating different magnetization types can provide much‐improved understanding of the information provided by FORC diagrams. In particular, the transient hysteresis FORC diagram provides a method to measure the nucleation field of magnetic vortices and domain walls. We provide a simple explanation for FORC results from natural multidomain samples that are not explained by conventional domain wall pinning models. We also provide software for processing the different types of FORC data.
Upper crustal investigation of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence region, eastern Canada using ambient noise tomography
Authors: Kuponiyi Ayodeji Paul , Kao Honn , van Staal Cees R. , Dosso Stan E. , Cassidy John F. , Spence George D. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe studied the 3‐D shear wave velocity (Vs) structure in the Gulf of St. Lawrence (GSL) and adjacent onshore areas to 20 km depth by inverting Rayleigh wave dispersion extracted from the vertical components of continuous ambient seismic noise waveforms. The region is divided into three broad zones based on their Vs characteristics. In the northwest, the Grenville Province (i.e., the exposed edge of predominantly Middle‐Proterozoic Laurentian crust) is dominated by high Vs, except for well‐known anorthosite sites, which are characterized by relatively lower Vs. In contrast, the central segment of the GSL region corresponds to a belt with generally low Vs at upper crustal levels. In the southeastern part of the GSL, prominent low Vs in the uppermost crust are found to coincide with locations of subsidiary basins of the Canadian Maritime Basin, while higher Vs characterize the accreted Appalachian terranes where they are exposed on land. The Grenville Province is wedged out at depth by the Red Indian Line, which is the suture between composite Laurentia and peri‐Godwanan Ganderia in the Canadian Appalachians. The geometry and Vs characteristics of the south‐easternmost peri‐Gondwanan terranes of Avalonia and Meguma suggest that they may be fully or partially structurally overlying a basement with distinct seismic characteristics, which could be a vestige of the West African craton that was underthrust beneath composite Laurentia during the terminal Alleghenian continent‐continent collision. In the middle of the GSL, the 3‐D geometry of the Canadian Maritimes sedimentary basins overlying the Appalachian terranes shows that the depth to the top of basement is in excess of 8 km.
Human‐induced seismicity and large‐scale hydrocarbon production in the USA and Canada
Authors: van der Baan Mirko , Calixto Frank J. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe compare current and historic seismicity rates in six States in the USA and three Provinces in Canada to past and present hydrocarbon production. All States/Provinces are major hydrocarbon producers. Our analyses span three to five decades depending on data availability. Total hydrocarbon production has significantly increased in the past few years in these regions. Increased production in most areas is due to large‐scale hydraulic fracturing and thus underground fluid injection. Furthermore, increased hydrocarbon production generally leads to increased water production, which must be treated, recycled, or disposed of underground. Increased fluid injection enhances the likelihood of fault reactivation, which may affect current seismicity rates. We find that increased seismicity in Oklahoma, likely due to salt‐water disposal, has an 85% correlation with oil production. Yet, the other areas do not display State/Province‐wide correlations between increased seismicity and production, despite 8–16‐fold increases in production in some States. However, in various cases, seismicity has locally increased. Multiple factors play an important role in determining the likelihood of anthropogenic activities influencing earthquake rates, including (i) the near‐surface tectonic background rate, (ii) the existence of critically stressed and favorably oriented faults, which must be hydraulically connected to injection wells, (iii) the orientation and magnitudes of the in situ stress field, combined with (iv) the injection volumes and implemented depletion strategies. A comparison with the seismic hazard maps for the USA and Canada shows that induced seismicity is less likely in areas with a lower hazard. The opposite, however, is not necessarily true.
Land surface albedo bias in climate models and its association with tropical rainfall
Authors: Levine Xavier J. , Boos William R. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe influence of surface albedo on tropical precipitation is widely appreciated, but albedo bias over snow‐free areas in climate models has been studied little. Here historical Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 simulations are shown to exhibit large multimodel mean bias and intermodel variability in boreal summer mean surface broadband shortwave albedo. Intermodel variability in this albedo is globally coherent over vegetated regions and correlates with intermodel tropical precipitation variability. Evidence supports the hypothesis that these spatially coherent albedo variations cause precipitation variations. Specifically, spatial structures of albedo and precipitation variations are distinct, suggesting the latter do not cause the former by darkening soil. Furthermore, simulated interannual albedo variance is small compared to intermodel albedo variance, while the ratio of interannual to intermodel precipitation variance is much larger. Finally, imposing the dominant pattern of intermodel albedo variability in one climate model causes a precipitation change with structure similar to that of the intermodel variability.