bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbon tax, system marginal price and environmental policies on Smart Microgrid operation
Authors: Anastasiadis Anestis , Konstantinopoulos Stavros , Kondylis Georgios , Vokas Georgios A. , Salame Maya Julien 
Published: November 2017

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to optimally operate a Smart Microgrid which is interconnected to the main grid so as to minimize expenditures associated with CO2 emissions. Microgrids could come into play to aid the network through CO2 emission reduction while increasing their efficiency through local generation. For this purpose, a Smart Microgrid incorporating Distributed Energy Resources (DER), especially Renewable Energy Sources (RES), is operated optimally while keeping the CO2 emissions in check in order to minimize the financial burden from emissions stemming from the carbon tax. Since the network is assumed to be interconnected with the main grid, there is a consideration of the expected emissions associated with the imported energy.

Design/methodology/approach
An economic/environmental dispatch problem is mathematically formulated using an objective function and the constraints that it is subject to. The methodology is applied on a typical 17-bus test distribution network, representing a Hellenic LV network. Various carbon tax rates and their impact on the system marginal price are examined, in terms of their effect on distributed generation (DG) and as a second step, the effect of imposing lower carbon tax rates for micro-sources with the goal of benefitting from their more eco-friendly generation capabilities. In order to assess that benefit, hourly grid emissions coefficients are derived based on actual grid data.

Findings
The CO2 tax refund policy towards the DG owners can lead to optimal coverage of consumers, optimal financial result both for the DG owners and the operator and greater DG integration within the smart grid.

Originality/value
Greater DG integration within the smart grid by using a CO2 tax refund policy.
Gravity inversion by the Multi‐HOmogeneity Depth Estimation method for investigating salt domes and complex sources
Authors: Chauhan Mahak Singh , Fedi Maurizio , Sen Mrinal K. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTWe present a non‐linear method to invert potential fields data, based on inverting the scaling function (τ) of the potential fields, a quantity that is independent on the source property, that is, the mass density in the gravity case or the magnetic susceptibility in the magnetic case. So, no a priori prescription of the density contrast is needed, and the source model geometry is determined independently on it. We assume Talwani's formula and generalise the Multi‐HOmogeneity Depth Estimation method to the case of the inhomogeneous field generated by a general two‐dimensional source. The scaling function is calculated at different altitudes along the lines defined by the extreme points of the potential fields, and the inversion of the scaling function yields the coordinates of the vertices of a multiple source body. Once the geometry is estimated, the source density is automatically computed from a simple regression of the scaling function of the gravity data versus that generated from the estimated source body with a unit density.We solve the above non‐linear problem by the very fast simulated annealing algorithm. The best performance is obtained when some vertices are constrained by either reasonable bounds or exact knowledge. In the salt dome case, we assumed that the top of the body is known from seismic observations, and we solved for the lateral and bottom parts of the body. We applied the technique on three synthetic cases of complex sources and on the gravity anomalies over the Mors salt dome (Denmark) and the Godavari basin (India). In all these cases, the method performed very well in terms of both geometrical and source property definition.
Influence of subsurface injection on time‐lapse seismic: laboratory studies at seismic and ultrasonic frequencies
Authors: Szewczyk Dawid , Holt Rune M. , Bauer Andreas 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTSeismic monitoring of reservoir and overburden performance during subsurface CO2 storage plays a key role in ensuring efficiency and safety. Proper interpretation of monitoring data requires knowledge about the rock physical phenomena occurring in the subsurface formations. This work focuses on rock stiffness and elastic velocity changes of a shale overburden formation caused by both reservoir inflation induced stress changes and leakage of CO2 into the overburden. In laboratory experiments, Pierre shale I core plugs were loaded along the stress path representative for the in situ stress changes experienced by caprock during reservoir inflation. Tests were carried out in a triaxial compaction cell combining three measurement techniques and permitting for determination of (i) ultrasonic velocities, (ii) quasistatic rock deformations, and (iii) dynamic elastic stiffness at seismic frequencies within a single test, which allowed to quantify effects of seismic dispersion. In addition, fluid substitution effects connected with possible CO2 leakage into the caprock formation were modelled by the modified anisotropic Gassmann model. Results of this work indicate that (i) stress sensitivity of Pierre shale I is frequency dependent; (ii) reservoir inflation leads to the increase of the overburden Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio; (iii) in situ stress changes mostly affect the P‐wave velocities; (iv) small leakage of the CO2 into the overburden may lead to the velocity changes, which are comparable with one associated with geomechanical influence; (v) non‐elastic effects increase stress sensitivity of an acoustic waves; (iv) and both geomechanical and fluid substitution effects would create significant time shifts, which should be detectable by time‐lapse seismic.
The enzymatic detoxification of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol: identification of DepA from the DON epimerization pathway
Authors: Carere Jason , Hassan Yousef I. , Lepp Dion , Zhou Ting 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThe biological detoxification of mycotoxins, including deoxynivalenol (DON), represents a very promising approach to address the challenging problem of cereal grain contamination. The recent discovery of Devosia mutans 17‐2‐E‐8 (Devosia spp. 17‐2‐E‐8), a bacterial isolate capable of transforming DON to the non‐toxic stereoisomer 3‐epi‐deoxynivalenol, along with earlier reports of bacterial species capable of oxidizing DON to 3‐keto‐DON, has generated interest in the possible mechanism and enzyme(s) involved. An understanding of these details could pave the way for novel strategies to manage this widely present toxin. It was previously shown that DON epimerization proceeds through a two‐step biocatalysis. Significantly, this report describes the identification of the first enzymatic step in this pathway. The enzyme, a dehydrogenase responsible for the selective oxidation of DON at the C3 position, was shown to readily convert DON to 3‐keto‐DON, a less toxic intermediate in the DON epimerization pathway. Furthermore, this study provides insights into the PQQ dependence of the enzyme. This enzyme may be part of a feasible strategy for DON mitigation within the near future.
Stormwater Control Measures for Runoff and Water Quality Management in Urban Landscapes
Authors: Sadeghi K. Majid , Loáiciga Hugo A. , Kharaghani Shahram 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study develops and tests a novel optimization method for optimally selecting and sizing stormwater control measures (SCMs) in urban landscapes for selected design storms. The developed methodology yields SCMs that capture and retain stormwater via onsite percolation, remove stormwater pollutants, and minimize stormwater control expenditures. The resulting environmental optimization problem involves integer and real variables imbedded in an objective function that is subjected to multiple constraints. This study's methodology aims at practicality and ease of implementation in the solution of the SCM sizing and selection optimization problem while taking into account the main factors that govern stormwater management in urban landscapes. The near‐optimal global solution of the SCM selection and design problem is obtained with nonlinear programming and verified with the average of multiple solutions calculated with multiple runs of an optimization evolutionary algorithm. The developed methodology is illustrated with one stormwater project in the City of Los Angeles, California.
Groundwater Nutrient Concentrations and Mass Loading Rates at Iowa Golf Courses
Authors: Schilling Keith E. , Streeter Matthew T. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractGolf courses are often considered by the public to be significant nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) nonpoint sources but only limited information exists on nutrient concentrations and loads in golf course groundwater. In this study, we measured N and P concentrations in groundwater and available surface water at six randomly selected Iowa golf courses to assess the loading risk posed by these facilities to groundwater and local rivers. At each course, three shallow monitoring wells were installed, one each on representative tee, fairway, and rough locations. Wells and available surface water were sampled on eight occasions during 2015 and 2016. NO3‐N concentrations were not detected above 1 mg/L at three of the six courses monitored in this study and the overall mean NO3‐N concentration in Iowa golf courses was 2.2 mg/L. The mass of NO3‐N recharged to groundwater averaged 3.3 kg/ha at the six courses, which represents approximately one‐tenth of the NO3‐N load exported by the watershed that contains the course and represented approximately 0.1 to 8% of the fertilizer N applied. Groundwater orthophosphorus concentrations averaged 0.13 mg/L and were similar to those measured in a variety of settings across Iowa. Study results should prove useful in evaluating nutrient contributions from golf courses in Midwestern states where nutrient reduction strategies are being pursued.
Landscape Hydrogeology and its Influence on Patterns of Groundwater Flux and Nitrate Removal Efficiency in Riparian Buffers
Authors: Hill Alan R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study uses data from 46 riparian sites to examine the influence of landscape hydrogeology on patterns of groundwater flux and the buffer width required for effective nitrate removal in humid temperate agricultural regions. There is a considerable imbalance in the research focus on different hydrogeologic settings. More than 40% of the buffers are located in landscapes with surficial sand aquifers, whereas few buffers have been studied in glacial till and weathered bedrock landscapes which cover large areas. Annual groundwater fluxes for 29 of these sites ranged from <20 L/m/day for buffers on flat sand plains and uplands with fine‐textured deposits to 50‐1,200 L/m/day for many sites with upland sand aquifers. Despite a similar range of water fluxes, buffers in gently to moderately sloping landscapes with <4 m depths of sand sediments reached a 90% removal efficiency within 30‐60 m while sites with >4 m depths required a 150‐200 m width. The width for 90% efficiency in buffers with loamy sand and sandy loam sediments also increased from 10‐20 m with <4 m sediment depths to 50‐100 m for >4 m depths. Limited data for buffers with fine‐textured sediments suggest that 90% of the nitrate flux was often depleted in a 10‐20 m width. Groundwater flux did not have a significant relationship with nitrate removal percent per meter buffer width because of the variation in efficiency that occurred in buffers with similar fluxes in different hydrogeologic settings.
First record of Bystrowianid Chroniosuchians (Amphibia: Anthracosauromorpha) from the Middle Permian of China
Authors: JIANG Shan , JI Shu‐an , MO Jinyou 
Published: November 2017

AbstractChroniosuchians are basal tetrapods owing to Anthracosauromorpha and the oldest species of chroniosuchians have been recorded in the Late Permian of Russia so far. In this study, we present evidence for their existence in the Middle Permian of China, based on well preserved diagnostic vertebrae with associated osteoderms from the Dashankou fanua in northwestern China. The finds clearly show interosteoderm articulation pattern between the adjacent scutes in bystrowianids. The features observed in Yumenerpeton yangi may warrant the close proximity or phyletic succession of the chroniosuchid and bystrowianid types of the osteoderm design.
Chronology and Geochemistry of the Berezitovoe Polymetallic Gold Deposit in Eastern Siberia, Russia and its Geological Significance
Authors: ZHANG Guobin , YANG Yanchen , VAKH Alexander S. , KHOMICH Vadim G. , WANG Keyong , YE Songqing , HAN Shijiong 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe Berezitovoe deposit is a large‐sized Au–Ag–Zn–Pb deposit in the east of the Selenga–Stanovoi superterrane, Russia. Au–Ag orebodies are hosted by tourmaline‐garnet‐quartz‐muscovite metasomatic rocks; Zn–Pb orebodies are hosted by granodiorites, porphyritic granites and tourmaline‐garnet‐quartz‐muscovite metasomatic rocks. These orebodies are surrounded by wall rocks dominated by the Tukuringra Complex granodiorites, porphyritic granites, and gneissic granodiorites. The alteration includes silicification and garnet, sericitization chloritization, carbonatization and kaollinization. LA–ICP–MS U–Pb zircon dating indicates that the gold mineralization can be divided into two stages in the Berezitovoe polymetallic gold deposit (at 363.5 ± 1.5 Ma, and 133.4 ± 0.5). Hornblende–plagioclase gneisses of the Mogocha Group in the study area underwent Paleoproterozoic metamorphism (at 1870 ± 7.8 and 2400 ± 13 Ma), gneissic granodiorite of the Tukuringra Complex yields a late Paleozoic magmatic age (at 379.2 ± 1.1 Ma), and subalkaline porphyritic granitoid of the Amudzhikan Complex yield late Mesozoic magmatic ages (133–139 and 150–163 Ma). Granodiorites of the Tukuringra Complex in the study area have high concentrations of SiO2 (average of 60.9 wt%), are aluminum‐oversaturated (average A/CNK of 1.49), are enriched in the large ion lithophile elements (e.g., K, Rb, and Ba), U, Th, and Pb, are depleted in high field strength elements (e.g., Ta, Nb, and Ti), and have slightly negative Eu and no Ce anomalies in chondrite‐normalized rare earth element diagrams. Fluid inclusions from quartz veins include three types: aqueous two‐phase, CO2‐bearing three‐phase, and pure CO2. Aqueous two‐phase inclusions homogenize at 167°C–249°C and have salinities of 4.32%–9.47% NaCl equivalent, densities of 0.86–0.95 g/cm3, and formed at depths of 0.52–0.94 km. In comparison, the CO2‐bearing three‐phase inclusions have homogenization temperatures of 265°C–346°C, salinities of 7.14%–11.57% NaCl equivalent, and total densities of 0.62–0.67 g/cm3. The geochemical and zircon U–Pb data and the regional tectonic evolution of the study area, show that the Berezitovoe polymetallic gold deposit formed in an island arc or active continental margin setting, most probably related to late Paleozoic subduction of Okhotsk Ocean crust beneath the Siberian Plate.
Evidence of the Near‐Source Accumulation of the Tight Sandstone Gas in Northern Ordos Basin, North‐Central China
Authors: YANG Zhi , LI Qiyan , WU Songtao , LIN Senhu , LIU Xinshen 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe tight sandstone gas in Upper Paleozoic Formation of the northern Ordos Basin is a typical giant unconventional tight gas province. Evidences from geochemistry, reservoir geology and pale‐otectonic setting all verify that the present‐day tight sandstone gas accumulation in the Ordos Basin is the result of near‐source accumulation. The evidences are listed as following: tight sandstone gas is mainly distributed in the area with high gas‐generating strength; gas composition was not subjected to fractionation; gas saturation significantly decreases with the distance away from the source rocks; gas isotopes suggest their origin is the same and maturity is consistent with in‐place source rocks; reservoirs have experienced three types of densification digenesis, including intense compaction, siliceous cementation and calcareous cementation, which took place before the formation of a large amount of tight sandstone gas, forming tight reservoirs with low porosity and permeability, fine pore throat and great capillary resistance; the paleo‐structural gradient ratio is small from the main hydrocarbon generation period to present. It is indicated the present distribution of tight sandstone gas in the northern Ordos Basin is the result of near‐source and short‐distance migration and accumulation.
Two‐dimensional Dynamics Simulation of Two‐phase Debris Flow
Authors: LIU Wei , HE Siming , OUYANG Chaojun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractTo investigate the movement mechanism of debris flow, a two‐dimensional, two‐phase, depth‐integrated model is introduced. The model uses Mohr‐Coulomb plasticity for the solid rheology, and the fluid stress is modeled as a Newtonian fluid. The interaction between solid and liquid phases, which plays a major role in debris flow movement, is assumed to consist of drag and buoyancy forces. The applicability of drag force formulas is discussed. Considering the complex interaction between debris flow and the bed surface, a combined friction boundary condition is imposed on the bottom, and this is also discussed. To solve the complex model equations, a numerical method with second‐order accuracy based on the finite volume method is proposed. Several numerical experiments are performed to verify the feasibilities of model and numerical schemes. Numerical results demonstrate that different solid volume fractions substantially affect debris flow movement.
A Pilot Study of Trophic Level and Human Origins at the Xiaoshuangqiao Site, China (ca. 1400 BC) Using δD Values of Collagen
Authors: WANG Ning , LI Suting , HU Yaowu , SONG Guoding 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe present here a pilot study to examine trophic level effects and migration patterns at the middle Shang Dynasty site of Xiaoshuangqiao in Henan Province using δD results combined with δ13C and δ15N values. A total of 33 specimens (17 humans, 7 cattle, 5 pigs, 3 sheep, 1 dog) of bone collagen were isotopically analyzed for δ13C, δ15N, and dD values. A strong positive correlation (R2 = 0.94) between mean δ15N and δD values of herbivores (cattle and sheep), omnivores (pig), carnivores (dog) and humans was observed. The δD results were found to increase by ∼10‰ to 20‰ from herbivores to omnivores to carnivorous, evidence that collagen δD results are a useful indicator for the study of trophic levels and dietary patterns at archaeological sites. The δD results were also used to examine the origins of two different groups of individuals buried at Xiaoshuangqiao. Individuals buried in sacrificial pits of district V had mean δD values (−47.0 ± 2.9‰, n = 11) that were significantly (p = 0.049) elevated compared to the people buried in the stratigraphy of district IX (−51.3 ± 3.3‰, n = 3), indicating that they were ingesting water from different locations. In addition, the D values of the people buried in the stratigraphy were similar to the pigs (−54.5 ± 4.2‰, n = 5) at Xiaoshuangqiao, suggesting that they were most probably of the local population, and that the individuals buried in the sacrificial pits were most possibly from the coast and prisoners of the Dongyi (“东夷”) people. Thus, δD results have the potential to examine human origins and migration patterns and should be increasingly used in conjunction with δ13C and δ15N values at archaeological sites.
Exome sequence analysis and follow up genotyping implicates rare ULK1 variants to be involved in susceptibility to schizophrenia
Authors: Al Eissa Mariam M. , Fiorentino Alessia , Sharp Sally I. , O'Brien Niamh L. , Wolfe Kate , Giaroli Giovanni , Curtis David , Bass Nicholas J. , McQuillin Andrew 
Published: November 2017

SummarySchizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe, highly heritable psychiatric disorder. Elucidation of the genetic architecture of the disorder will facilitate greater understanding of the altered underlying neurobiological mechanisms. The aim of this study was to identify likely aetiological variants in subjects affected with SCZ.Exome sequence data from a SCZ cas–control sample from Sweden was analysed for likely aetiological variants using a weighted burden test. Suggestive evidence implicated the UNC‐51‐like kinase (ULK1) gene, and it was observed that four rare variants that were more common in the Swedish SCZ cases were also more common in UK10K SCZ cases, as compared to obesity cases. These three missense variants and one intronic variant were genotyped in the University College London cohort of 1304 SCZ cases and 1348 ethnically matched controls.All four variants were more common in the SCZ cases than controls and combining them produced a result significant at P = 0.02.The results presented here demonstrate the importance of following up exome sequencing studies using additional datasets. The roles of ULK1 in autophagy and mTOR signalling strengthen the case that these pathways may be important in the pathophysiology of SCZ. The findings reported here await independent replication.
Silenced DMBT1 promotes nasal mucosa epithelial cell growth
Authors: Lu Xiaoqing , Xu Yaping , Zhao Yu , Tao Qilei , Wu Jian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to investigate the role of the deleted in malignant brain tumors 1 (DMBT1) gene in the development of nasal polyps, as well as related mechanisms.MethodsA stable human nasal mucosa epithelial cell (HNEpC) line with low expression of DMBT1 was generated. Three groups were established: a control group (HNEpCs without any treatment), a control short interference RNA (shRNA) group (HNEpCs transfected with an empty vector), and a DMBT1 shRNA group (HNEpCs with silenced DMBT1). Cell viability, apoptosis, and cell cycle distribution were measured after incubation. Expression of p53, signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), protein kinase B (AKT) and extracellular signal‐regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2) was detected by western blotting.ResultsCompared with the control cell line, HNEpCs with silenced DMBT1 had increased viability and decreased apoptosis. Moreover, after DMBT1 silence, cell numbers were decreased significantly in the G1 phase and increased in the G2 and S phases. DMBT1 silence was associated with increased AKT expression and decreased p53 expression, but it did not alter expression of ERK1/2 or STAT3 (P > 0.05). Compared with the control cell line, HNEpCs transfected with an empty vector did not have altered cell viability, apoptosis, cell cycle distribution or expression of AKT, p53, ERK1/2, or STAT3 (P > 0.05).ConclusionDMBT1 plays an important role in the growth and division of nasal epithelial cells. The possible mechanism might involve DMBT1 regulating the AKT–p53 pathway to promote cell viability and reduce apoptosis of nasal epithelial cells.