bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Canadian Living Tree Doctrine as a Comparative Model of Evolutionary Constitutional Interpretation
Authors: Pierdominici Leonardo 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper starts with a general contextualisation of how Canadian constitutional law acquired an important role in global constitutional conversations in recent decades. It then considers, in particular, the well-known Canadian Living tree doctrine as a model of evolutionary constitutional interpretation, and argues that it is a relevant case study for our purposes since it is able to precisely link the ‘history, evolution, influence and reform’ of constitutional law in a comprehensive doctrine. The doctrine's comparative influence will be analysed in particular: the Living tree is especially relevant, since its comparative influence is traceable both in the work of courts that are historical participants in transnational judicial conversations, and courts that are new players in the game.
Seismic Isolation of Bridges Using the Principle of Electromagnetic Attraction and Repulsion
Authors: Constantinescu Silviu Alexandru , Răcănel Ionuț Radu 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This paper presents a new type of seismic isolator that uses the principle of electromagnetic attraction and repulsion, to control the friction force between two electromagnets during earthquakes. The two electromagnets are used in conjunction with a secondary high friction dissipating and damping mechanism composed from a 10mm thick neoprene ring layer and two steel surfaces coated with Si3N4 that are used to dissipate the kinetic energy in the bridge deck at some maximum ground accelerations. The isolator utilizes tri-axial accelerometers embedded in the abutments, high current rechargeable batteries and an automated controlling unit. The presented isolator was developed specifically for a concrete bridge deck with a span of 36 meters and simple supported on two abutments, using time history electromagnetic and structural analyses. The paper presents the advantages of using this active seismic isolation system, compared to classical passive devices and the important results obtained in terms of decreasing internal forces on the substructure elements cross sections together with the reduction of relative displacements between the two electromagnets.
Dynamic Test of a Viaduct on the Orastie–Sibiu Highway
Authors: Lucian Ghindea Cristian , Radu Răcănel Ionuţ , Iuliu Cruciat Radu 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Dynamic testing of bridges has as target to establish their response on pulse forces between the wheels and unevenness of road surface. Generally, during the tests, real time accelerations or deformations are to be measured and which through successive processing methods lead to other data as velocities, displacements, dynamic impact factor, but also the damping ratio. In order to validate the bridge response following testing, the measured data are compared both with allowable limits existing in standards and with the results obtained using analytical or numerical models.
In Romania, the dynamic testing of bridges is recommended by the current standards, only for important bridges, erected in complex or special solutions and also for large span bridges.
The aim of this paper is to outline the results obtained from the on-site measurements during dynamic testing of a viaduct placed on the motorway A1, sector Orăştie-Sibiu. The bridge superstructure is a composite one, continuous girder on 12 spans: 40+10×60+40 m, the substructure consisting in 11 piers with lamellar elevations and variable height in the range 8.50-24m.
In the paper a finite element model is also presented which was used for time-history analyses using an impulse type load. Finally, the results obtained on the site and using the numerical model are compared and discussed.
The Peculiarities of Physical Education Teachers’ Professional Training: Foreign Experience
Authors: Soltyk Oleksandr 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe article deals with professional training of future teachers of physical education within the context of leading countries, namely the USA, Great Britain, China, Germany, France. The aforementioned countries are not just leaders in economical development; they are also leaders in sports. The analysis of literature resources allowed revealing a number of peculiarities, implementation of which in the process of professional training of teachers of physical education in Ukraine will have positive impact. They are reorientation of professional training, as well as future activity on health protection of students, individual physical development, skills development, big-scale implementation of health-improving systems, non-standard types of motor activity in educational process. This calls for improvement of medical knowledge, health fundamentals, disease prevention, and injury prevention. Increase of the role and duration of teaching practice and implementation of compulsory year-long training at future workplace are of great importance. Taking into account national traditions, historical experience of the development of physical culture in native land, and introduction of national types of motor activity to the curricula have positive effect. The division on two individual stages is common in professional training of teachers. The first one is primarily oriented on theoretical component of educational, while the second one emphasizes practical activity of a future teacher. Along with standardization, independence and autonomy of educational institutions in matters of professional training organization have positive effect in educational process. Governmental support, namely financing of physical training and sports and educational sphere, improvement of material and technical base, plays a key role in the process of professional training of future teacher of physical education.
Tendencies of Future Doctors’ Ethical Competence Formation at Medical Universities in Europe and the USA
Authors: Dudikova Larysa 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The materials presented in this article are the result of a documentary-bibliographic study, which is based on the use of methods of analysis, synthesis, comparison and generalization. The results of the study have shown that the problem of professional ethics and culture of health care professionals is of significant interest. Problems of ethics, culture and deontology are the subject of consideration by scholars from the countries of Europe and the United States. There have been defined the main modern tendencies of training doctors for their professional activity in the leading countries of the world in the context of the professional and ethical competence formation. It has been found out that the development of higher medical education is carried out on the basis of the Bologna process principles, which involves introduction of two degrees (Bachelor and Master of Science), implementation of the ECTS system, introduction of the single diploma supplement, etc. It has been estimated that the educational programs for future doctors' training are aimed at the development of the students’ analytical and critical thinking; behavioral and social sciences, medical ethics, bioethics, provide knowledge, skills and abilities in the field of communication, clinical decision making, application of ethical norms, work in the multi-staff teams etc. The integrated programs play an important role in the educational process. Over the last decades studying bioethics is a compulsory component of the medical education. However, not only bioethics is the basis for the formation of future doctors’ professional and ethical competence at medical Universities abroad. The Oath of Hippocrates is of great significance for the students who devote themselves to medicine. In various countries it has been transformed into codes, oaths, etc., and now it is carried out by the students (future physicians) during their studies at higher medical educational institutions.
Modern Trends in Continuous Professional Development of Foreign Language Teachers (On the Basis of the British Council Research)
Authors: Sadovets Olesia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Research conducted by the British Council concerning modern continuous professional development of teachers has been analyzed. The issue concerning foreign language teachers’ professional development has been considered. Productive approach to this process that gives a teacher the opportunities to define aspects of their professional activities that are in need of improvement and introduce appropriate strategies of their own professional development has been characterized. Direct connection between continuous teachers’ professional development and the level of students’ academic achievements has been stressed. Key characteristics of effective professional development have been defined, namely: being correspondent to actual needs of teachers and students; teachers’ involvement into the decision making concerning the content and the fulfillment of professional development; provision of cooperation and teachers’ experience exchange; collegiality presupposing common work of teachers and educational establishments in general; practicality, that is the fulfillment of professional development directly in the process of teachers’ work in class; obligatory character of professional development as indispensable part of teachers’ work; constant reflection and research; prioritizing academic achievements of students as the main stimulus for professional learning of teachers; continuity of professional development and its consideration not as separate forms of work. Modern widely used forms of teacher professional development have been analyzed, namely: self-education, common lessons planning with their further analysis; professional discussions concerning new teaching techniques and the appropriateness of their application; reflexive groups for teaching experience exchange and lessons analysis (video recording of lessons or students’ works), observation/attending teachers’ lessons with their further discussion in constructive form and without formal evaluation; participation in professional learning communities to solve urgent issues concerning school work and teachers’ professional activities; common work of teachers with curricula for detailed studying of problematic issues and their elimination; common teachers’ elaboration of learning materials for definite groups of students; participation in mentoring programs; work in online educational communities It has been proved that modern professional development of foreign language teachers shifts its focus from the competency of a teacher to the level of students’ academic achievements which is the direct indicator of a teacher’s competency.
Some Peculiarities in Training Future Masters in Technology Education in European Countries
Authors: Samborska Olena 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In the article, the importance of studying foreign experience in order to improve quality of future Masters’ training in higher education institutions has been justified. The main peculiarities of training Masters in Technology education in European countries, namely, in Germany, Sweden and France have been outlined. It has been revealed that European education systems aim at developing future handicraft and technology teachers’ practical abilities and skills. It has been established that organization of teacher placements in each European country somehow differs: in Germany, teacher placement lasts approximately one or two years; in Sweden, teacher placement is rather cross-cutting; in France, teacher placement contributes to individualizing future technology teachers’ training. It has been determined that syllabi for training handicraft and home economics teachers in Germany are oriented toward not a specific discipline, but toward a set of specialties within the framework of general professional industry. It has been specified that modern challenges and paradigm shifts in education have led to implementation of the latest reform in training Future Masters in Technology Education in Sweden. It has been justified that modern French teacher education, in particular, education of technology teachers, is based on the principles of individualization. It has been noted that syllabi of European higher education institutions are rather variative, yet they always contain three types of disciplines – compulsory, partially elective and completely elective. Based on the research findings, it has been concluded that exchanging experience is extremely necessary nowadays and will contribute to improving Ukrainian system of teacher education. It has been determined that education systems in Germany, Sweden and France possess several advantages, namely, information openness, a diversified network of higher education institutions, favourable conditions for lifelong learning.
Content of Future Economists’ Professional Mobility in Researches of Foreign Scientists
Authors: Chorna Iryna 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
The content of professional mobility of future economists in the writings of foreign scientists have been presented. The components of future economists’ professional mobility formation have been considered. It has been established that the possession of a combination of these components enables future specialists to achieve a high level of generalized professional knowledge, improve them and acquire them on their own, and also determines the ability to set professional goals, choose ways to achieve them and to control this process. It has been determined that an integral part of professional mobility is the activity of a person, professional development and personal growth of the learner. A professional mobile specialist who is capable of professional development, possessing theoretical knowledge in the field of economics and other basic sciences, is able to critically treat information, find and use information rationally, organize his day-to-day educational and professional activities, independently and promptly solve the task of a problem nature, quickly switch from one activity to another. It has been established that a professionally mobile specialist should be capable of professional development, be theoretically knowledgeable in the field of economics and other basic sciences, critically treat information, find and use information rationally, organize his day-to-day educational and professional activity, solve problems independently and promptly, quickly switch from one activity to another. As the modern labor market necessitates the training of specialists in various fields of activity, it substantiates the requirements for the formation of social and professional qualities of a future specialist on the basis of general knowledge, as well as on the development of the ability to solve non-standard professional tasks, think alternatively, constantly be ready to improve professional activity and specialists’ training, be capable of constant development for performance of various tasks.
Pre-School Educational Institutions and Family Interaction in the System of Pre-School Education in Ukraine and Poland
Authors: Perepelyuk Inna 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe problem of the relationship between a child's institution and a family that acquires a new social significance has been considered. It has been defined that for the current level and pace of civilization development, cooperation with the pupils’ families goes beyond the educators’ implementation of the traditional social order for supervision, education and training of children. Parents themselves show an increasing desire not to passively observe the process of raising their child in a preschool institution, but to be an active participant. The cooperation of parents and educators as partners in the child's upbringing is a stable and expressive tendency of modern preschool functioning. It has been substantiated that modern teachers of pre-school establishments need a thorough preparation that will allow them not only to implement innovative approaches to the education and child's upbringing, but also to involve parents in this process, create conditions for fruitful constructive cooperation with the family. Polish experience can serve as an important source for future teachers to prepare for cooperation with the child's family on a qualitatively new level. In Poland there are peculiar standards of good quality work of kindergarten, including fruitful cooperation between parents and teachers. Integration of a kindergarten with the child's home is a necessity of modern preschool education in the context of caring for a child. It has been established that the use of the “partnership” concept, which means social intercourse based on the equality and voluntariness of partners, is traditionally used in relation to the work of a pre-school institution with parents in Poland. The conditions of the partnership of a preschool institution and a family in the child’s upbringing have been revealed, its basic principles (mutual trust, mutual recognition of rights and competence, integration of actions, mutual loyalty) have been analyzed.
NPI licensing in Jordanian Arabic: An argument for downward entailment and syntax-semantics interface
Authors: Khalaf Eman Al 
Published: January 2018

AbstractRecent work shows that downward entailment (DE) cannot be the right semantic domain that licenses negative polarity items (NPIs). Zwarts (1995), Giannakidou (1998), among others, argue that NPIs are licensed in non-veridical domains, those that do not entail or presuppose the truth of the propositions they embed. In this paper, based on empirical facts, I argue that DE theory is the right analysis for Jordanian Arabic. I propose an analysis of NPI licensing in which three components of grammar interface: syntax, semantics and pragmatics. Semantics defines the class of NPI licensors, pragmatics forces quantificational closure of NPIs, and syntax executes the licensing via AGREE between a phasal head and the NPI. The analysis contributes to the debate on what components of grammar are responsible for NPI licensing and provides a new perspective on the interface between different components of grammar.
Studying text coherence in Czech – a corpus-based analysis
Authors: Rysová Magdaléna 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe paper deals with the field of Czech corpus linguistics and represents one of various current studies analysing text coherence through language interactions. It presents a corpusbased analysis of grammatical coreference and sentence information structure (in terms of contextual boundness) in Czech. It focuses on examining the interaction of these two language phenomena and observes where they meet to participate in text structuring. Specifically, the paper analyses contextually bound and non-bound sentence items and examines whether (and how often) they are involved in relations of grammatical coreference in Czech newspaper articles. The analysis is carried out on the language data of the Prague Dependency Treebank (PDT) containing 3,165 Czech texts. The results of the analysis are helpful in automatic text annotation - the paper presents how (or to what extent) the annotation of grammatical coreference may be used in automatic (pre-)annotation of sentence information structure in Czech. It demonstrates how accurately we may (automatically) assume the value of contextual boundness for the antecedent and anaphor (as the two participants of a grammatical coreference relation). The results of the paper demonstrate that the anaphor of grammatical coreference is automatically predictable - it is a non-contrastive contextually bound sentence item in 99.18% of cases. On the other hand, the value of contextual boundness of the antecedent is not so easy to estimate (according to the PDT, the antecedent is contextually non-bound in 37% of cases, non-contrastive contextually bound in 50% and contrastive contextually bound in 13% of cases).
The functions of external voices in hard news Appraisal: A dialogic perspective
Authors: Nádraská Zuzana 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis paper discusses the interaction between voices in the so-called Appraisal satellite, a section in the generic structure of hard news concerned with evaluation (White, 1998). The discussion focuses primarily on the interplay between external voices brought into the discourse by various forms of presentation, i.e. forms of reporting the language of others (Semino and Short, 2004); in addition, the paper touches upon the interplay between external voices and the internal authorial voice of the journalist. External voices are considered in terms of the function they fulfil in hard news Appraisal. Prototypically, external voices serve as the main source of evaluation but also fulfil various subsidiary roles; for instance, voices serve as the target of evaluation, express attitude, and provide a summary, background information and justification. Correspondences are found between voice functions and forms of presentation. Voice functions are interpreted from a dialogic perspective, more specifically in terms of their potential to expand and contract the established dialogic space (Martin and White, 2005).
Physical Fitness Performance of Young Professional Soccer Players Does Not Change During Several Training Seasons in a Spanish Elite Reserve Team: Club Study, 1996–2013
Authors: Los Arcos Asier , Martins Javier 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Los Arcos, A and Martins, J. Physical fitness performance of young professional soccer players does not change during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team: club study, 1996–2013. J Strength Cond Res 32(9): 2577–2583, 2018—The purpose of this study was to assess the changes in physical fitness performance in young professional soccer players during several training seasons in a Spanish elite reserve team. Physical test values (i.e., vertical jump test, straight line sprint test, and discontinuous and progressive submaximal running test) of 97 young professional soccer players who belonged for at least 2 consecutive seasons to the reserve team of a Spanish professional team from 1996 to 2013 were analyzed. A distinction was made between the soccer players who were promoted to the Spanish first/second divisions (n = 38) and those who were not (n = 59) (until the end of the 2016/2017 season). Players were also classified according to their playing positions. Independently of the competitive level reached and the playing position, the variability of the fitness performance was limited (coefficient of variation <6%) and the players did not improve their fitness values (effect size ≤ small) from the first to the last season in which they were enrolled in the team (after 2–4 seasons). During the last stage of training in an elite soccer academy, young professional soccer players achieve a very similar physical fitness performance when their soccer competence is evaluated, and other soccer performance factors are those which make them stand out for selection.