bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PHASE EQUILIBRIUM IN YbTe–Yb3Ge5 SYSTEM
Authors: Mukhtarova Ziyafat M. 
Published: March 2017

For citation:Mukhtarova Z.M. Phase equilibrium in Ybte–Yb3Ge5 system. Izv. Vyssh. Uchebn. Zaved. Khim. Khim. Tekhnol. 2017. V. 60. N 1. P. 64-67.Study of properties of semiconductors developed in close connection with their technical applications. The present work was devoted to study of phase equilibria and character of interaction in YbTe–Yb3Ge5 system. The section of YbTe–Yb3Ge5 in ternary system Ge–Te–Yb is not only scientific, but also practical interest. The section of YbTe–Yb3Ge5 was studied by methods of physical-chemical analysis: differential-thermal (DTA), high temperature differential-thermal (HTDT), X-ray phase, microstructural analysis (MSA), as well as measurement of density and micro hardness. DTA was performed with pyrometer HTP-75 in quartz ampoule pimped off till 0.1333 Pa. HTDT was performed with HTDT-8m (Tmelt.≥1500÷2000K) by analogical method. X-ray phase analysis was performed by powder method with X-ray diffractometer DRON-2 (CuKα- radiation with Ni-filter). MSA was performed with microscope MIM 8. Micro hardness of alloys was measured with micro hardness tester PMT-3.Density of alloys was determined by pycnometer test. During investigations of the system we used germanium B–4, tellurium B–3, ytterbium Yb–1. Alloys were synthesized at 1450–1700 K temperature range and at this temperature ampoule was kept 5–6 h. Cooling was performed slowly. DTA shows that on thermograms of alloys of the system have two effects. Obtained effects are endothermic reversible.For confirming the data of DTA, microstructural analysis, as well as measurement of micro hardness were performed with X-ray analysis. As the data show, at the concentration of 15–80 mol% of Yb3Ge5 monotectic conversion occurs which is confirmed with isothermal line at 1025 K. Thus, it was established that the section of 4YbTe–Yb3Ge5 is quasibinary cross-section of ternary system Ge–Te–Yb and its diagram is related to eutectic type with monotectics.Eutectic of the system 4YbTe–Yb3Ge5 corresponds to composition of 85% mol% of Yb3Ge5 and temperature of 915 K.
The role of family planning in achieving safe pregnancy for serodiscordant couples: commentary from the United States government's interagency task force on family planning and HIV service integration
Authors: Mason Jennifer , Medley Amy , Yeiser Sarah , Nightingale Vienna R. , Mani Nithya , Sripipatana Tabitha , Abutu Andrew , Johnston Beverly , Watts D. Heather 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIntroduction: People living with HIV (PLHIV) have the right to exercise voluntary choices about their health, including their reproductive health. This commentary discusses the integral role that family planning (FP) plays in helping PLHIV, including those in serodiscordant relationships, achieve conception safely. The United States (US) President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief (PEPFAR) is committed to meeting the reproductive health needs of PLHIV by improving their access to voluntary FP counselling and services, including prevention of unintended pregnancy and counselling for safer conception.Discussion: Inclusion of preconception care and counselling (PCC) as part of routine HIV services is critical to preventing unintended pregnancies and perinatal infections among PLHIV. PLHIV not desiring a current pregnancy should be provided with information and counselling on all available FP methods and then either given the method onsite or through a facilitated referral process. PLHIV, who desire children should be offered risk reduction counselling, support for HIV status disclosure and partner testing, information on safer conception options to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to the partner and the importance of adhering to antiretroviral treatment during pregnancy and breastfeeding to reduce the risk of vertical transmission to the infant. Integration of PCC, HIV and FP services at the same location is recommended to improve access to these services for PLHIV. Other considerations to be addressed include the social and structural context, the health system capacity to offer these services, and stigma and discrimination of providers.Conclusion: Evaluation of innovative service delivery models for delivering PCC services is needed, including provision in community‐based settings. The US Government will continue to partner with local organizations, Ministries of Health, the private sector, civil society, multilateral and bilateral donors, and other key stakeholders to strengthen both the policy and programme environment to ensure that all PLHIV and serodiscordant couples have access to FP services, including prevention of unintended pregnancy and safer conception counselling.
A pure dipole analysis of the Gondwana apparent polar wander path: Paleogeographic implications in the evolution of Pangea
Authors: Gallo L. C. , Tomezzoli R. N. , Cristallini E. O. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe paleogeography of prebreakup Pangea at the beginning of the Atlantic Spreading has been a subject of debate for the past 50 years. Reconciling this debate involves theoretical corrections that cast doubt on available data and paleomagnetism as an effective tool for performing paleoreconstructions. This 50 year old debate focuses specifically on magnetic remanence and its ability to correctly record the inclination of the paleomagnetic field. In this paper, a selection of paleopoles was made to find the great circles containing the paleomagnetic pole and the respective sampling site. The true dipole pole (TDP) was then calculated by intersecting these great circles, effectively avoiding nondipolar contributions and inclination shallowing, in an innovative method. The great circle distance between each of these TDPs and the paleomagnetic means show the accuracy of paleomagnetic determinations in the context of a dominantly geocentric, axial, and dipolar geomagnetic field. The TDPs calculated allowed a bootstrap analysis to be performed to further consider the flattening factor that should be applied to the sedimentary‐derived paleopoles. It is argued that the application of a single theoretical correction factor for clastic sedimentary‐derived records could lead to a bias in the paleolatitude calculation and therefore to incorrect paleogeographic reconstructions. The unbiased APWP makes it necessary to slide Laurentia to the west in relation to Gondwana in a B‐type Pangea during the Upper Carboniferous, later evolving, during the Early Permian, to reach the final A‐type Pangea configuration of the Upper Permian.
Acoustic emission signature of mechanical failure: Insights from ring‐shear friction experiments on granular materials
Authors: Jiang Yao , Wang Gonghui , Kamai Toshitaka 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe generation of acoustic emission (AE) in a material relates to the rapid energy release process, which delivers important information concerning the failure mechanism for stressed geologic materials. Here we report on ring‐shear friction experiments to investigate the mechanical behavior and AEs for sheared granular materials with different particle sizes under constant normal stress and a range of shear rates. Results show that the mechanical behavior of shear resistance, sample compaction and slip displacement, and the release of acoustic energy can be affected by both shear rate and particle size. The main AEs are strongly correlated with the global mechanical failure, and the maximum absolute amplitude of AEs generally increases with increase of the magnitude of stress drops. By analyzing the event sequences, it is found that the onset of AEs precedes the beginning of stress drop, which provides more useful information on the failure mechanisms of geologic granular materials.
Parameterizing air‐sea gas transfer velocity with dissipation
Authors: Esters L. , Landwehr S. , Sutherland G. , Bell T. G. , Christensen K. H. , Saltzman E. S. , Miller S. D. , Ward B. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe air‐sea gas transfer velocity k is frequently estimated as an empirical function of wind speed. However, it is widely recognized that k depends on processes other than wind speed alone. The small‐eddy model, which describes periodic events of small eddies disturbing the sea surface with water from below, suggests a direct relation between k and the dissipation rate of turbulent kinetic energy ϵ at the air‐sea interface. This relation has been proven both in laboratories and in the field in various freshwater and coastal environments, but to date has not been verified in open ocean conditions. Here, concurrent North Atlantic field observations of ϵ and eddy covariance measurements of DMS and CO2 air‐sea gas flux are presented. Using ϵ measurements, we compare the small‐eddy model at various depths to previously published observations. Extrapolating the measured ϵ profiles to the thickness of the viscous sublayer allows us to formulate a function of k that depends solely on the water side friction velocity
, which can be inferred from direct eddy covariance measurements of the air‐side friction velocity
. These field observations are generally consistent with the theoretical small‐eddy model. Utilizing a variable Schmidt number exponent in the model, rather than a constant value of
yields improved agreement between model and observations.
Space and time scales of sea surface salinity and freshwater forcing variability in the global ocean (60°S–60°N)
Authors: Bingham Frederick M. , Lee Tong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUsing Aquarius Version‐4.0 data, we have investigated the time and space scales of sea surface salinity (SSS) over the global ocean between 60°S and 60°N. Decorrelation time scales of SSS were found to be divided among less than 80 days (covering 1/2 of ocean area), 80–100 days (1/3), and greater than 100 days (remainder). Once the seasonal cycle is removed, shorter time scales (less than 80 days) dominate. Spatial scales are largest in the tropics along the intertropical convergence zones of all oceans and the South Pacific convergence zone in the South Pacific. Time scales were also calculated for time‐integrated (cumulative) surface freshwater forcing (CFWF) using precipitation from Tropical Rainfall Measurement Mission and evaporation from OAFlux data. These showed little spatial pattern, but a dominance of the seasonal and longer time scales over the globe. The lack of correspondence between dominant temporal and spatial scales of SSS and CFWF highlights the importance of ocean processes in regulating SSS variability.
Remote sensing of the correlation between breakpoint oscillations and infragravity waves in the surf and swash zone
Authors: Moura T. , Baldock T. E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA novel remote sensing methodology to determine the dominant infragravity mechanism in the inner surf and swash zone in the field is presented. Video observations of the breakpoint motion are correlated with the shoreline motion and inner surf zone water levels to determine the relationship between the time‐varying breakpoint oscillations and the shoreline motion. The results of 13 field data sets collected from three different beaches indicate that, inside the surf zone, the dominance of bound wave or breakpoint forcing is strongly dependent on the surf zone width and the type of short wave breaking. Infragravity generation by bound wave release was stronger for conditions with relatively narrow surf zones and plunging waves; breakpoint forcing was dominant for wider surf zones and spilling breaker conditions.
The variations of sediment transport patterns in the outerChangjiangEstuary andHangzhouBay over the last 30 years
Authors: Xie Dongfeng , Pan Cunhong , Wu Xiuguang , Gao Shu , Wang Zhengbing 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe research objective is to investigate the variations of sediment transport in outer Changjiang Estuary and adjacent Hangzhou Bay, induced by the decline of Changjiang River sediment discharge and massive land reclamation in the last three decades. A synchronous hydrographic survey was conducted along two transects (at the bay‐mouth and outer Changjiang Estuary, respectively) during the spring‐neap tides of January and July 2014. The results show that the suspended sediment grain size, current velocity, suspended sediment concentration (SSC), and the water and sediment fluxes varied with the tidal cycles. Quantitative correlations with the tidal range were found for SSC and fluxes. These data have been compared with those at the same hydrographic stations in the summer and winter of the early 1980s. Along the outer Changjiang Estuary transect, the SSCs and sediment fluxes decreased in the winter, but no apparent changes occurred in the summer. The SSCs in the northern Hangzhou Bay decreased in both summer and winter, while the southern bay mouth has evolved from a low SSC region to a high SSC region. The findings clarify that the SSC and sediment flux changes in this area have only an indirect connection to the dramatic riverine sediment decline, because the sediment resuspension by the strong tidal currents provided a major source. At the present stage, the impact of the riverine sediment decline is insignificant for the SSC variation off the Changjiang River mouth. Finally, a sediment flux model is proposed to explain and predict the morphological evolution trends.
How does the South Asian High influence extreme precipitation over eastern China?
Authors: Ning Liang , Liu Jian , Wang Bin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractBased on the high‐resolution observed daily precipitation data, three characteristic regions over eastern China are first defined through the rotated empirical orthogonal function. Then, the relationship between summer (June‐July‐August) extreme precipitation across the three characteristic regions of eastern China and the South Asian High (SAH) is examined to determine how the northwest‐southeast movement and area (magnitude) of SAH influence the summer extreme precipitation across eastern China. When the South Asian High is located anomalously northwest, there is more extreme precipitation over the northern part of eastern China but less extreme precipitation over the Jiang‐Huai River Basin. When the SAH intensifies, there is more extreme precipitation over the Jiang‐Huai River Basin. The mechanisms are that under the conditions of anomalously northwestward displacements, the positive geopotential anomalies over central Asia induce a deep barotropic Korean High through a Rossby wave train, resulting in more water vapor transportation to eastern China with more convergence over the northern part of eastern China located at the northwestern edge of the Korean High but with a divergence over the Jiang‐Huai River Basin. When the SAH intensifies, accompanied by an enhanced and westward extended western Pacific subtropical High, the convergence over the Jiang‐Huai River Basin increases with enhanced water vapor transportation due to the confluence of warm and cold advections. These mechanisms are achieved through shifts toward the high tail (low tail) of the daily precipitation cumulative distributions of these two regions and finally increases (decreases) in the occurrence of extreme precipitation.
Precipitation‐driven glacier changes in the Pamir and Hindu Kush mountains
Authors: Wang Qiuyu , Yi Shuang , Sun Wenke 
Published: March 2017

AbstractGlaciers in the Pamir‐Hindu Kush‐Karakoram appear to be less influenced by global warming and have instead experienced slight gains in mass, unlike most other glaciers around the world. Here we apply laser altimetry and satellite‐derived precipitation products to characterize the relationship between the glaciers and precipitation. We found a strong correlation (r ≥ 0.92, p < 0.005) between the year‐to‐year changes in glacier thickness and precipitation in the Pamir and Hindu Kush from 2003 to 2008, indicating the primary role of precipitation in the glacier changes. The amount of precipitation in the glacial region is underestimated by approximately 7 ± 2 times in the gridded precipitation product. This underestimation is attributed to the low resolution and lack of orographic precipitation in the gridded products. The long‐term precipitation data show strong interannual variations, which probably cause similar variations in glaciers and biases in previous glacier mass change estimates.
Fibrous material based on a combination of poly(acrylic acid‐co‐hydroxyethyl methacrylate) with iron ions as a heterogeneous Fenton catalyst for dye oxidative decomposition
Authors: Lu Yuyao , Xu Naiku , Lv Yuanyuan , Feng Yan 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTThe Fenton method has been used to remedy dye wastewater because hydroxyl radicals generated from the Fenton reaction can oxidize the dye into small molecules. In comparison with a homogeneous reaction, a heterogeneous reaction with a solid material as a catalyst is a more appropriate alternative for dye wastewater treatment. Because of the large specific surface area and excellent applicability, a novel fibrous material based on a combination of functional polymer with iron ions was designed in this study and used as a heterogeneous catalyst for dye wastewater treatment by the Fenton method. The fibrous material was found to have good catalytic activity for the oxidative decomposition of a variety of dyes and good reusability; additionally, the fibrous material could remove the dye to a greater extent and leave fewer iron ions in the treated wastewater than a homogeneous Fenton catalyst such as iron(II) chloride (FeCl2). What is more, the fibrous material could adsorb the residual iron ions from the treated wastewater and make these iron ions take part in the next catalyzation. The previous results make us believe that the prepared fibrous material might be used to create a green approach for dye wastewater treatment. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44875
From Innovation to Transcreation: Adapting Digital Technologies to Address Violence against Children
Authors: Cronin Carmen , Sood Suruchi , Thomas Dawn 
Published: March 2017

With seven billion mobile phone subscriptions and a third of the world's population going online, digital information and communication technologies present untapped platforms for communication, learning and empowerment. Newer technologies such as mobile phones, the internet and computers have the potential to contribute significantly to the prevention of violence against children. Yet, efforts to date have focused primarily on the risks associated with them. It is important to consider how digital technologies can enhance social and behaviour change interventions to prevent and respond to violence against children. We conducted a systematic review of social and behaviour change interventions addressing violence against children. We searched five databases for peer‐reviewed and grey literature published between 2000 and 2015, which yielded 18 manuscripts relevant to the use of computers, the internet or mobile phones. Digital technologies were typically combined with other communication channels in order to reach children, parents, teachers or service providers. We are unable to draw any conclusions on the direct effectiveness of digital technologies, indicating the need for more rigorous evaluations to assess their added value. Future work should explore how digital technologies can be integrated into programmes disseminating information, raising awareness, helping individuals report violence and mobilising communities to action. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Key Practitioner Messages

Successful violence prevention programmes are not taking full advantage of digital technologies. Adapting programmes and messages for computer, internet or mobile phone delivery would broaden their scope and reach.
The interactive nature of digital technologies makes them ideally suited to involve and empower individuals and entire communities for change.
The effectiveness of digital technologies in preventing violence against children is still unclear. More investment in research and evaluation is needed.
‘A systematic review of social and behaviour change interventions addressing violence against children’‘The effectiveness of digital technologies in preventing violence against children is still unclear’
Design and Characterization of an Innovative Process Screening Device for Multiphase Reactions
Authors: Leonhardt Tobias , Schulthess Pascal , Riedl Wolfgang 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMithilfe eines definierten Versuchsaufbaus zur Durchführung von heterogen katalysierten Mehrphasenreaktionen lassen sich Aussagen zur Aktivität unterschiedlicher Katalysatoren und Additive treffen. Das hinsichtlich Stoff‐ und Wärmeübergang charakterisierte Parallelreaktorsystem eignet sich zur gleichzeitigen Durchführung von bis zu sechs Einzelversuchen bei vergleichbaren und homogen vorliegenden Prozessparametern. Zudem kann der Einfluss der Rührergeometrie, der Begasungsrate und der Zusammensetzung der Reaktionsmasse auf den Reaktionsfortschritt evaluiert werden.
Experimental Investigation of the Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Rectangular Microchannel
Authors: Sengen Anne‐Laura , Herbstritt Frank , Grünewald Marcus , Heck Joachim 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDer Wärmeübergangskoeffizient ist ein entscheidender Parameter hinsichtlich der Sicherheit bei der Durchführung exothermer Reaktionen im Produktionsmaßstab. Die prozessseitigen Wärmeübergangskoeffizienten in kleinskaligen rechteckigen Kanälen mit darin eingebauten statischen Mischeinlagen wurden experimentell bestimmt und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit, der Geometrie und der Wärmeleitfähigkeit sowie vom Kanalquerschnitt wurde untersucht. Im Vergleich zum Leerkanal wird durch die Mischeinlagen eine deutliche Steigerung des Wärmeübergangs durch erzwungene Konvektion beobachtet.
Biomarkers—A General Review
Authors: Aronson Jeffrey K. , Ferner Robin E. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA biomarker is a biological observation that substitutes for and ideally predicts a clinically relevant endpoint or intermediate outcome that is more difficult to observe. The use of clinical biomarkers is easier and less expensive than direct measurement of the final clinical endpoint, and biomarkers are usually measured over a shorter time span. They can be used in disease screening, diagnosis, characterization, and monitoring; as prognostic indicators; for developing individualized therapeutic interventions; for predicting and treating adverse drug reactions; for identifying cell types; and for pharmacodynamic and dose‐response studies. To understand the value of a biomarker, it is necessary to know the pathophysiological relationship between the biomarker and the relevant clinical endpoint. Good biomarkers should be measurable with little or no variability, should have a sizeable signal to noise ratio, and should change promptly and reliably in response to changes in the condition or its therapy. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.