bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Inverse estimation of integral projection model parameters using time series of population‐level data
Authors: González Edgar J. , Martorell Carlos , Bolker Benjamin M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryIntegral projection models (IPMs) allow us to describe quantitatively the dynamics of a population structured by a continuous variable. They rely on information gathered at the individual level by recording survival, reproduction and changes in some structuring variable over time. This requires the ability to track individuals over the course of their entire life cycle. When this is not feasible, we would like to use alternative information to infer a population's dynamics. Time series of population‐level data are an option.An inverse modelling approach allows inferring the vital rates of a population when only population‐level data, in the form of a time series of the size of a population and the distribution of its individuals along a structuring variable, are available. The approach also allows incorporating estimates obtained through individual‐level data. Here, we explore how inverse modelling performs with simulated data and a relatively simple demographic model. We explore scenarios of data availability in terms of time‐series length, per‐year sample size and availability of independent vital‐rate estimates. We also test model performance in a real system using a 15‐year long data set from a chamaephyte plant,Cryptantha flava.We show that an inverse model can provide accurate reconstructions of the vital rates in a scenario where no individual‐level information is available. Better results can be obtained if independent estimates on any vital rate are provided, as was the case forC. flavawhere high interannual variation is present. Parameter estimation becomes more difficult with shorter time series, but per‐year sample size can be greatly reduced without significantly affecting parameter accuracy.Inverse modelling ofIPMs allow for the estimation of unobserved vital rates, which is important for systems where any or all of the vital rates are hard to quantify. It also helps to determine whether a forwardIPMis capturing the population dynamics: if the inverse version produces incorrect reconstructions of the vital rates, the forwardIPMcan be considered as inadequately describing the system.
Multi‐loci diagnosis of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with high‐throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis
Authors: Ferret Yann , Caillault Aurélie , Sebda Shéhérazade , Duez Marc , Grardel Nathalie , Duployez Nicolas , Villenet Céline , Figeac Martin , Preudhomme Claude , Salson Mikaël , Giraud Mathieu 
Published: February 2016

SummaryHigh‐throughput sequencing (HTS) is considered a technical revolution that has improved our knowledge of lymphoid and autoimmune diseases, changing our approach to leukaemia both at diagnosis and during follow‐up. As part of an immunoglobulin/T cell receptor‐based minimal residual disease (MRD) assessment of acute lymphoblastic leukaemia patients, we assessed the performance and feasibility of the replacement of the first steps of the approach based on DNA isolation and Sanger sequencing, using a HTS protocol combined with bioinformatics analysis and visualization using the Vidjil software. We prospectively analysed the diagnostic and relapse samples of 34 paediatric patients, thus identifying 125 leukaemic clones with recombinations on multiple loci (TRG, TRD, IGH and IGK), including Dd2/Dd3 and Intron/KDE rearrangements. Sequencing failures were halved (14% vs. 34%, P = 0.0007), enabling more patients to be monitored. Furthermore, more markers per patient could be monitored, reducing the probability of false negative MRD results. The whole analysis, from sample receipt to clinical validation, was shorter than our current diagnostic protocol, with equal resources. V(D)J recombination was successfully assigned by the software, even for unusual recombinations. This study emphasizes the progress that HTS with adapted bioinformatics tools can bring to the diagnosis of leukaemia patients.
Large Bone Vertical Augmentation Using a Three‐Dimensional Printed TCP/HA Bone Graft: A Pilot Study in Dog Mandible
Authors: Carrel Jean‐Pierre , Wiskott Anselm , Scherrer Susanne , Durual Stéphane 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundOsteoflux is a three‐dimensional printed calcium phosphate porous structure for oral bone augmentation. It is a mechanically stable scaffold with a well‐defined interconnectivity and can be readily shaped to conform to the bone bed's morphology.PurposeAn animal experiment is reported whose aim was to assess the performance and safety of the scaffold in promoting vertical growth of cortical bone in the mandible.Materials and methodsFour three‐dimensional blocks (10 mm length, 5 mm width, 5 mm height) were affixed to edentulous segments of the dog's mandible and covered by a collagen membrane. During bone bed preparation, particular attention was paid not to create defects 0.5 mm or more so that the real potential of the three‐dimensional block in driving vertical bone growth can be assessed. Histomorphometric analyses were performed after 8 weeks.ResultsAt 8 weeks, the three‐dimensional blocks led to substantial vertical bone growth up to 4.5 mm from the bone bed. Between 0 and 1 mm in height, 44% of the surface was filled with new bone, at 1 to 3 mm it was 20% to 35%, 18% at 3 to 4, and ca. 6% beyond 4 mm. New bone was evenly distributed along in mesio‐distal direction and formed a new crest contour in harmony with the natural mandibular shape.ConclusionsAfter two months of healing, the three‐dimensional printed blocks conducted new bone growth above its natural bed, up to 4.5 mm in a canine mandibular model. Furthermore, the new bone was evenly distributed in height and density along the block. These results are very promising and need to be further evaluated by a complete powerful study using the same model.
Balancing Effort and Information Transmission During Language Acquisition: Evidence From Word Order and Case Marking
Authors: Fedzechkina Maryia , Newport Elissa L. , Jaeger T. Florian 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAcross languages of the world, some grammatical patterns have been argued to be more common than expected by chance. These are sometimes referred to as (statistical) language universals. One such universal is the correlation between constituent order freedom and the presence of a case system in a language. Here, we explore whether this correlation can be explained by a bias to balance production effort and informativity of cues to grammatical function. Two groups of learners were presented with miniature artificial languages containing optional case marking and either flexible or fixed constituent order. Learners of the flexible order language used case marking significantly more often. This result parallels the typological correlation between constituent order flexibility and the presence of case marking in a language and provides a possible explanation for the historical development of Old English to Modern English, from flexible constituent order with case marking to relatively fixed order without case marking. In addition, learners of the flexible order language conditioned case marking on constituent order, using more case marking with the cross‐linguistically less frequent order, again mirroring typological data. These results suggest that some cross‐linguistic generalizations originate in functionally motivated biases operating during language learning.
Abstract Conceptual Feature Ratings Predict Gaze Within Written Word Arrays: Evidence From a Visual Wor(l)d Paradigm
Authors: Primativo Silvia , Reilly Jamie , Crutch Sebastian J 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Abstract Conceptual Feature (ACF) framework predicts that word meaning is represented within a high‐dimensional semantic space bounded by weighted contributions of perceptual, affective, and encyclopedic information. The ACF, like latent semantic analysis, is amenable to distance metrics between any two words. We applied predictions of the ACF framework to abstract words using eyetracking via an adaptation of the classical “visual word paradigm” (VWP). Healthy adults (n = 20) selected the lexical item most related to a probe word in a 4‐item written word array comprising the target and three distractors. The relation between the probe and each of the four words was determined using the semantic distance metrics derived from ACF ratings. Eye movement data indicated that the word that was most semantically related to the probe received more and longer fixations relative to distractors. Importantly, in sets where participants did not provide an overt behavioral response, the fixation rates were nonetheless significantly higher for targets than distractors, closely resembling trials where an expected response was given. Furthermore, ACF ratings which are based on individual words predicted eye fixation metrics of probe‐target similarity at least as well as latent semantic analysis ratings which are based on word co‐occurrence. The results provide further validation of Euclidean distance metrics derived from ACF ratings as a measure of one facet of the semantic relatedness of abstract words and suggest that they represent a reasonable approximation of the organization of abstract conceptual space. The data are also compatible with the broad notion that multiple sources of information (not restricted to sensorimotor and emotion information) shape the organization of abstract concepts. While the adapted “VWP” is potentially a more metacognitive task than the classical visual world paradigm, we argue that it offers potential utility for studying abstract word comprehension.
Bodily maps of emotions across child development
Authors: Hietanen Jari K. , Glerean Enrico , Hari Riitta , Nummenmaa Lauri 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDifferent basic emotions (anger, fear, disgust, happiness, sadness, and surprise) are consistently associated with distinct bodily sensation maps, which may underlie subjectively felt emotions. Here we investigated the development of bodily sensations associated with basic emotions in 6‐ to 17‐year‐old children and adolescents (n = 331). Children as young as 6 years of age associated statistically discernible, discrete patterns of bodily sensations with happiness, fear, and surprise, as well as with emotional neutrality. The bodily sensation maps changed from less to more specific, adult‐like patterns as a function of age. We conclude that emotion‐related bodily sensations become increasingly discrete over child development. Developing awareness of their emotion‐related bodily sensations may shape the way children perceive, label, and interpret emotions.
Cortical hyper‐excitability in healthy children: evidence from habituation and recovery cycle phenomena of somatosensory evoked potentials
Authors: Zanini Sergio , Martucci Lucia , Del Piero Ivana , Restuccia Domenico 
Published: February 2016

AimTo compare neurophysiological parameters of central nervous system excitability in healthy children/adolescents with those of healthy adults.MethodTwo experimental protocols were used in 19 healthy children/adolescents (10 males and 9 females, mean age 9y 11mo [SD 2y 9mo], range 5–15y) and 19 healthy adults (8 males and 11 females, mean age 36y 6mo [SD 7y 9mo], range 27–51y). First, we administered repetitive trains of innocuous electrical stimulation of the median nerve and analysed habituation (progressive attenuation) of the cervical and cortical responses. Second, we administered several blocks of two closely timed electrical innocuous stimuli of the median nerve (with interstimulus intervals set at 5, 10, and 20ms in each block) and analysed the recovery index (the percentage of the response to the second stimulus with respect to that to the first).ResultsClear‐cut neurophysiological signs of cortical hyper‐excitability were found in children/adolescents but not in adults. In contrast with the adults, the children/adolescents did not attenuate cortical responses to repetitive stimulation, and presented with extremely shortened recovery cycle. At baseline, both groups presented with comparable cortical responses.InterpretationHealthy children/adolescents present cortical hyper‐excitability compared with healthy adults. These findings agree with previous findings that show an overall imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory neuronal and neurochemical mechanisms in favour of excitatory ones, in the healthy developing cerebral cortex.
Was the Revolution Tweeted? Social Media and theJasmine Revolution inTunisia
Authors: Lowrance Sherry 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTunisia's Internet freedom prior to the “Jasmine Revolution” that overthrew longtime authoritarian leader Zine el‐Abidine Ben Ali has been described as roughly on par with that of China. Despite that, Tunisia's revolution has been described as one of the first “Twitter” or Internet revolutions, in which Internet technologies are said to have played a significant role This article illuminates how Internet technologies were (and weren't) used in challenging the Ben Ali regime. Based on interviews with Tunisian activists in early 2013, the research sheds light on Internet activities bridging street activism and Internet dissent. Whether through Internet or traditional face‐to‐face means, building the capacity to mobilize street protests long before mass mobilization was crucial to Tunisia's successful revolution.
Harsh climate selects for small body size among Iceland's Arctic foxes
Authors: Yom‐Tov Yoram , Hersteinsson Pall , Yom‐Tov Elad , Geffen Eli 
Published: February 2016

We studied the effect of the two environmental indices, the sub‐polar gyre (SPG), and winter and summer North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), together with mean annual winter and summer temperatures and geographic location on mandible size and body mass of Arctic foxes in Iceland (6345 and 2732 specimens, respectively) during the year of their death. We predicted that when favorable conditions prevailed, large specimens would be selected for, and vice versa.Body size and body mass were significantly affected by the environmental parameters (i.e. SPG, NAO, ambient temperature and cloud cover) prevailing during the year of death. The effect of environmental conditions on body size was much stronger in the less productive region of eastern Iceland, apparently because in areas where food availability is meager, even a small difference in climate may tilt the balance from food sufficiency to food shortage. Western Iceland comprises only a quarter of the total surface area of the country, but its productive seashores are twice as long as those of all the rest of the country combined. It is interesting to note that the effect of the SPG, a marine phenomenon in the oceans surrounding Iceland, is reflected in the condition of the foxes more than the other climatic variables we used in this study, which are largely land‐related. Because Arctic foxes in Iceland feed largely on marine birds and invertebrates, the SPG seems to encompass more accurate information regarding the direct ocean forces that affect food availability to the foxes.
Analysis of dental students' written peer feedback from a prospective peer assessment protocol
Authors: Tricio J. , Woolford M. , Escudier M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntroductionPeer assessment and feedback is encouraged to enhance students' learning. The aim of this study was to quantitatively and qualitatively analyse pre‐clinical and clinical dental students' written peer feedback provided as part of a continuous, formative and structured peer assessment protocol.Materials and methodsA total of 309 Year‐2 and Year‐5 dental students were invited to participate in a peer assessment and peer feedback protocol. Consenting volunteer students were trained to observe each other whilst working in the skills laboratory (Year‐2) and in the dental clinic (Year‐5). Subsequently, they followed a structured protocol of peer assessment and peer feedback using specially designed work‐based forms during a complete academic year. The content of their written feedback was coded according to the UK General Dental Council domain, sign (positive or negative), specificity (task specific or general), and grouped into themes.ResultsA total of 108 participants (40 Year‐2 and 68 Year‐5) completed 1169 peer assessment work‐based forms (516 pre‐clinical and 653 clinical); 94% contained written feedback. The large majority (82%) of Year‐2 feedback represented the clinical domain, 89% were positive, 77% were task specific, and they were grouped into 14 themes. Year‐5 feedback was related mostly to Management and Leadership (37%) and Communication (32%), 64% were positive, 75% task specific, and they were clustered into 24 themes.DiscussionThe content of the feedback showed notable differences between Year‐2 and Year‐5 students. Senior students focused more on Communication and Management and Leadership skills, whilst juniors were more concerned with clinical skills. Year‐5 students provided 13% negative feedback compared to only 2% from Year‐2. Regulatory focus theory is discussed to explain these differences. Both groups provided peer feedback on a wide and different range of themes. However, four themes emerged in both groups: efficiency, infection control, time management and working speed.ConclusionA structured peer assessment framework can be used to guide pre‐clinical and clinical students to provide peer feedback focused on different domains, and on contrasting signs and specificities. It can also present an opportunity to complement tutors' feedback.
Costs of fear: behavioural and life‐history responses to risk and their demographic consequences vary across species
Authors: LaManna Joseph A. , Martin Thomas E. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBehavioural responses to reduce predation risk might cause demographic ‘costs of fear’. Costs differ among species, but a conceptual framework to understand this variation is lacking. We use a life‐history framework to tie together diverse traits and life stages to better understand interspecific variation in responses and costs. We used natural and experimental variation in predation risk to test phenotypic responses and associated demographic costs for 10 songbird species. Responses such as increased parental attentiveness yielded reduced development time and created benefits such as reduced predation probability. Yet, responses to increased risk also created demographic costs by reducing offspring production in the absence of direct predation. This cost of fear varied widely across species, but predictably with the probability of repeat breeding. Use of a life‐history framework can aid our understanding of potential demographic costs from predation, both from responses to perceived risk and from direct predation mortality.
Eco‐evolutionary dynamics in a coevolving host–virus system
Authors: Frickel Jens , Sieber Michael , Becks Lutz 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEco‐evolutionary dynamics have been shown to be important for understanding population and community stability and their adaptive potential. However, coevolution in the framework of eco‐evolutionary theory has not been addressed directly. Combining experiments with an algal host and its viral parasite, and mathematical model analyses we show eco‐evolutionary dynamics in antagonistic coevolving populations. The interaction between antagonists initially resulted in arms race dynamics (ARD) with selective sweeps, causing oscillating host–virus population dynamics. However, ARD ended and populations stabilised after the evolution of a general resistant host, whereas a trade‐off between host resistance and growth then maintained host diversity over time (trade‐off driven dynamics). Most importantly, our study shows that the interaction between ecology and evolution had important consequences for the predictability of the mode and tempo of adaptive change and for the stability and adaptive potential of populations.
Validating new diagnostic imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia via anatomical likelihood estimation meta‐analyses
Authors: Bisenius S. , Neumann J. , Schroeter M. L. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractRecently, diagnostic clinical and imaging criteria for primary progressive aphasia (PPA) have been revised by an international consortium (Gorno‐Tempini et al. Neurology 2011;76:1006‐14). The aim of this study was to validate the specificity of the new imaging criteria and investigate whether different imaging modalities [magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET)] require different diagnostic subtype‐specific imaging criteria. Anatomical likelihood estimation meta‐analyses were conducted for PPA subtypes across a large cohort of 396 patients: firstly, across MRI studies for each of the three PPA subtypes followed by conjunction and subtraction analyses to investigate the specificity, and, secondly, by comparing results across MRI vs. FDG‐PET studies in semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. Semantic dementia showed atrophy in temporal, fusiform, parahippocampal gyri, hippocampus, and amygdala, progressive nonfluent aphasia in left putamen, insula, middle/superior temporal, precentral, and frontal gyri, logopenic progressive aphasia in middle/superior temporal, supramarginal, and dorsal posterior cingulate gyri. Results of the disease‐specific meta‐analyses across MRI studies were disjunct. Similarly, atrophic and hypometabolic brain networks were regionally dissociated in both semantic dementia and progressive nonfluent aphasia. In conclusion, meta‐analyses support the specificity of new diagnostic imaging criteria for PPA and suggest that they should be specified for each imaging modality separately.
Clinical and low field magnetic resonance imaging features of osseous cyst‐like lesions of the proximal sesamoid bones in seven horses
Authors: Mair T. S. , Sherlock C. E. , Blunden A. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryOsseous cyst‐like lesions of the proximal sesamoid bones (PSBs) were diagnosed in 7 horses. The diagnosis was achieved radiographically prior to magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) in only one horse, and in the other 6 horses the diagnosis was made using low fieldMRI(retrospective evaluation of the radiographs after theMRIrevealed ill‐defined radiolucencies of thePSBs in 4 of these horses). The horses ranged in age from 3 to 12 years, and the affected limbs included 3 forelimbs and 4 hindlimbs. The onset of lameness was reported to be sudden in 6 horses and insidious in one, and the duration of lameness at the time ofMRIranged from 0.3 to 11 months. The degree of lameness in the 6 horses with sudden‐onset lameness was moderate to severe. Pain on flexion of the affected metacarpo(tarso)phalangeal (fetlock) joint or exacerbation of the degree of lameness following fetlock flexion was recorded in 4 of the 7 horses. TheMRIfindings in all cases included a focal high signal intensity lesion (all magnetic resonance sequences) at various locations in onePSB. Both septic and nonseptic aetiologies were identified. Four of the 7 horses were subjected to euthanasia due to persistent lameness, one remained chronically lame and only 2 were able to return to their previous level of exercise.