bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of somatosensory‐evoked potentials in foetal sheep: effects of betamethasone
Authors: Anegroaie P. , Frasch M. G. , Rupprecht S. , Antonow‐Schlorke I. , Müller T. , Schubert H. , Witte O. W. , Schwab M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimAntenatal glucocorticoids are used to accelerate foetal lung maturation in babies threatened with premature labour. We examined the influence of glucocorticoids on functional and structural maturation of the central somatosensory pathway in foetal sheep. Somatosensory‐evoked potentials (SEP) reflect processing of somatosensory stimuli. SEP latencies are determined by afferent stimuli transmission while SEP amplitudes reveal cerebral processing.MethodsAfter chronic instrumentation of foetal sheep, mothers received saline (n = 9) or three courses of betamethasone (human equivalent dose of 2 × 110 μg kg−1 betamethasone i.m. 24 h apart, n = 12) at 0.7, 0.75 and 0.8 of gestational age. Trigeminal SEP were evoked prior to, 4 and 24 h after each injection and at 0.8 of gestational age before brains were histologically processed.ResultsSomatosensory‐evoked potentials were already detectable at 0.7 of gestation age. The early and late responses N20 and N200 were the only reproducible peaks over the entire study period. With advancing gestational age, SEP latencies decreased but amplitudes remained unchanged. Acutely, betamethasone did not affect SEP latencies and amplitudes 4 and 24 h following administration. Chronically, betamethasone delayed developmental decrease in the N200 but not N20 latency by 2 weeks without affecting amplitudes. In parallel, betamethasone decreased subcortical white matter myelination but did not affect network formation and synaptic density in the somatosensory cortex.ConclusionSomatosensory stimuli are already processed by the foetal cerebral cortex at the beginning of the third trimester. Subsequent developmental decrease in SEP latencies suggests ongoing maturation of afferent sensory transmission. Antenatal glucocorticoids affect structural and functional development of the somatosensory system with specific effects at subcortical level.
The fundamental role of ecological feedback mechanisms for the adaptive management of seagrass ecosystems – a review
Authors: Maxwell Paul S. , Eklöf Johan S. , van Katwijk Marieke M. , O'Brien Katherine R. , de la Torre‐Castro Maricela , Boström Christoffer , Bouma Tjeerd J. , Krause‐Jensen Dorte , Unsworth Richard K. F. , van Tussenbroek Brigitta I. , van der Heide Tjisse 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTSeagrass meadows are vital ecosystems in coastal zones worldwide, but are also under global threat. One of the major hurdles restricting the success of seagrass conservation and restoration is our limited understanding of ecological feedback mechanisms. In these ecosystems, multiple, self‐reinforcing feedbacks can undermine conservation efforts by masking environmental impacts until the decline is precipitous, or alternatively they can inhibit seagrass recovery in spite of restoration efforts. However, no clear framework yet exists for identifying or dealing with feedbacks to improve the management of seagrass ecosystems. Here we review the causes and consequences of multiple feedbacks between seagrass and biotic and/or abiotic processes. We demonstrate how feedbacks have the potential to impose or reinforce regimes of either seagrass dominance or unvegetated substrate, and how the strength and importance of these feedbacks vary across environmental gradients. Although a myriad of feedbacks have now been identified, the co‐occurrence and likely interaction among feedbacks has largely been overlooked to date due to difficulties in analysis and detection. Here we take a fundamental step forward by modelling the interactions among two distinct above‐ and belowground feedbacks to demonstrate that interacting feedbacks are likely to be important for ecosystem resilience. On this basis, we propose a five‐step adaptive management plan to address feedback dynamics for effective conservation and restoration strategies. The management plan provides guidance to aid in the identification and prioritisation of likely feedbacks in different seagrass ecosystems.
Adverse effects of voriconazole: Over a decade of use
Authors: Levine Miriam T. , Chandrasekar Pranatharthi H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractVoriconazole use has increased since the drug's introduction in 2002, and new and unique adverse effects are emerging as patients undergo prolonged therapy. Most concerning is the increased risk of cutaneous malignancies, primarily squamous cell carcinoma (SCC); this risk is duration dependent and the associated malignancies tend to be more aggressive and multifocal. Voriconazole is also associated with phototoxicity (which may be a precursor to malignancy), periostitis, hallucinations and encephalopathy, peripheral neuropathy, alopecia, nail changes, hyponatremia, and other adverse effects. Some toxicities (neuropsychiatric and gastrointestinal including hepatic) are seen in clear association with supratherapeutic serum voriconazole levels; thus, careful monitoring of voriconazole levels is a critical component of safe drug use. Guidelines for screening for adverse effects after long‐term voriconazole use may be beneficial and need to be established.
Carbon sources and trophic structure in a macrophyte‐dominated polyculture pond assessed by stable‐isotope analysis
Authors: Mao Zhi G. , Gu Xiao H. , Zeng Qing F. , Chen Hui H. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Freshwater polyculture systems should efficiently utilise natural food resources and pond habitats with the consequent effects of reducing costs and increasing productivity. However, understanding of the primary carbon sources and food web within polyculture ponds, and especially macrophyte‐dominated ponds, remains limited.

Stable‐isotope analysis was used to identify the main carbon sources and describe the trophic patterns of freshwater fauna in a polyculture pond around Lake Gucheng, China. An isotope mixing model (SIAR) was also used to estimate the relative contribution of four basal sources (suspended particulate organic matter [SPOM], sedimentary organic matter [SOM], macrophytes and epiphytes) to invertebrates and different fish trophic groups.

Basal resources showed distinct δ13C values, ranging from −24.3 to −20.5‰, which allowed for a powerful discrimination of carbon sources. Consumers were also well separated in δ13C (−24.0 to −20.0‰ for invertebrates and −24.4 to −18.9‰ for fish), suggesting considerable differences in ultimate sources of carbon. Results from the SIAR model indicated that epiphytes were the most important carbon sources for crustaceans, herbivorous fish, omnivorous fish and piscivorous fish, while SPOM made the highest contribution to zooplankton, chironomids, molluscs, annelids, planktivorous fish and benthivorous fish.

Mean δ15N values, combined with calculated food source contributions, were used to elucidate the food‐web structure of this polyculture pond, which suggested that carbon fixed by primary producers could be transported up the food chain to piscivorous fish through four main trophic pathways: one based mainly on SPOM, one on both SPOM and SOM, one on SPOM, SOM, macrophytes and epiphytes, and one based on both macrophytes and epiphytes.

Our results emphasised the trophic importance of epiphytes on submerged macrophytes, a key component in the polyculture ponds, for the main culture species: Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis: Varunidae), freshwater shrimp (Macrobrachium nipponense: Palaemonidae), and high‐value piscivorous fish. This study also revealed the high level of complexity of polyculture pond food webs, and suggests that a diversity of major trophic pathways may be a characteristic of macrophyte‐dominated aquatic ecosystems.
Strategic Renewal: Past Research, Theoretical Tensions and Future Challenges
Authors: Schmitt Achim , Raisch Sebastian , Volberda Henk W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStrategic renewal has become a prominent theme in a variety of organization and management research domains in recent years. It refers to the process that allows organizations to alter their path dependence by transforming their strategic intent and capabilities. With contributions from an increasing range of theoretical perspectives and research contexts, the strategic renewal literature has become fragmented and lacks common definitions and conceptual clarity, which prevent cross‐fertilization and harm further development. This study systematically reviews the various literature streams on strategic renewal to provide a more integrative perspective. The authors identify three key theoretical tensions at the heart of strategic renewal research, namely learning vs. resource, induced vs. autonomous, and co‐alignment vs. co‐creation. By exploring these key tensions, the authors define strategic renewal's conceptual core, identify gaps in the past literature, and provide guidance for future research.
Purchases, Penalties, and Power: The Relationship Between Earnings and Housework
Authors: Carlson Daniel L. , Lynch Jamie L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractStudies examining the association of housework with earnings have not tested for causal directionality despite competing theories about causal ordering. Autonomy theory and the relative resources, gender display, and gender deviance neutralization hypotheses suggest personal and relative earnings affect time in housework, whereas human capital theory implies the opposite. Using data from N = 3,719 continuously married couples in Waves 1 and 2 of the National Survey of Families and Households and structural equation modeling, the authors found that wives' personal earnings and housework are reciprocally related; her earnings have a stronger effect on housework than vice versa. For husbands, time in routine housework affects earnings only. The authors observed little evidence that relative earnings affect husbands' or wives' housework time; rather, they identified a significant effect of housework on one's share of couples' earnings. These results support autonomy theory for wives and a human capital perspective for both spouses.
What we use is not what we know: environmental predictors in plant distribution models
Authors: Mod Heidi K. , Scherrer Daniel , Luoto Miska , Guisan Antoine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsThe choice of environmental predictor variables in correlative models of plant species distributions (hereafter SDMs) is crucial to ensure predictive accuracy and model realism, as highlighted in multiple earlier studies. Because variable selection is directly related to a model's capacity to capture important species' environmental requirements, one would expect an explicit prior consideration of all ecophysiologically meaningful variables. For plants, these include temperature, water, soil nutrients, light, and in some cases, disturbances and biotic interactions. However, the set of predictors used in published correlative plant SDM studies varies considerably. No comprehensive review exists of what environmental predictors are meaningful, available (or missing) and used in practice to predict plant distributions. Contributing to answer these questions is the aim of this review.MethodsWe carried out an extensive, systematic review of recently published plant SDM studies (years 2010–2015; n = 200) to determine the predictors used (and not used) in the models. We additionally conducted an in‐depth review of SDM studies in selected journals to identify temporal trends in the use of predictors (years 2000–2015; n = 40).ResultsA large majority of plant SDM studies neglected several ecophysiologically meaningful environmental variables, and the number of relevant predictors used in models has stagnated or even declined over the last 15 yr.ConclusionsNeglecting ecophysiologically meaningful predictors can result in incomplete niche quantification and can thus limit the predictive power of plant SDMs. Some of these missing predictors are already available spatially or may soon become available (e.g. soil moisture). However, others are not yet easily obtainable across whole study extents (e.g. soil pH and nutrients), and their development should receive increased attention. We conclude that more effort should be made to build ecologically more sound plant SDMs. This requires a more thorough rationale for the choice of environmental predictors needed to meet the study goal, and the development of missing ones. The latter calls for increased collaborative effort between ecological and geo‐environmental sciences.
Preservice teachers' in‐the‐moment teaching decisions in reading
Authors: Griffith Robin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study examines the types of in‐the‐moment teaching decisions 97 preservice teachers made while teaching reading and how their growing bodies of teacher knowledge influenced their abilities to think, know, feel and act like a teacher (Feiman‐Nemser,). Findings indicated that the teacher educator's use of “metacognitive decision‐making” to promote a culture of identifying, drawing attention to, reflecting on and evaluating teaching decisions influenced the preservice teachers' abilities to think, know, feel and act like a teacher. These findings have implications for teacher education and for those who support novice teachers.
Minimal cytosolic iron‐sulfur cluster assembly machinery of Giardia intestinalis is partially associated with mitosomes
Authors: Pyrih Jan , Pyrihová Eva , Kolísko Martin , Stojanovová Darja , Basu Somsuvro , Harant Karel , Haindrich Alexander C. , Doležal Pavel , Lukeš Julius , Roger Andrew , Tachezy Jan 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIron‐sulfur (Fe‐S) clusters are essential cofactors that enable proteins to transport electrons, sense signals, or catalyze chemical reactions. The maturation of dozens of Fe‐S proteins in various compartments of every eukaryotic cell is driven by several assembly pathways. The ubiquitous cytosolic Fe‐S cluster assembly (CIA) pathway, typically composed of eight highly conserved proteins, depends on mitochondrial Fe‐S cluster assembly (ISC) machinery. Giardia intestinalis contains one of the smallest eukaryotic genomes and the mitosome, an extremely reduced mitochondrion. Because the only pathway known to be retained within this organelle is the synthesis of Fe‐S clusters mediated by ISC machinery, a likely function of the mitosome is to cooperate with the CIA pathway. We investigated the cellular localization of CIA components in G. intestinalis and the origin and distribution of CIA‐related components and Tah18‐like proteins in other Metamonada. We show that orthologs of Tah18 and Dre2 are missing in these eukaryotes. In Giardia, all CIA components are exclusively cytosolic, with the important exception of Cia2 and two Nbp35 paralogs, which are present in the mitosomes. We propose that the dual localization of Cia2 and Nbp35 proteins in Giardia might represent a novel connection between the ISC and the CIA pathways.
The priority of prediction in ecological understanding
Authors: Houlahan Jeff E. , McKinney Shawn T. , Anderson T. Michael , McGill Brian J. 
Published: September 2016

The objective of science is to understand the natural world; we argue that prediction is the only way to demonstrate scientific understanding, implying that prediction should be a fundamental aspect of all scientific disciplines. Reproducibility is an essential requirement of good science and arises from the ability to develop models that make accurate predictions on new data. Ecology, however, with a few exceptions, has abandoned prediction as a central focus and faces its own crisis of reproducibility. Models are where ecological understanding is stored and they are the source of all predictions – no prediction is possible without a model of the world. Models can be improved in three ways: model variables, functional relationships among dependent and independent variables, and in parameter estimates. Ecologists rarely test to assess whether new models have made advances by identifying new and important variables, elucidating functional relationships, or improving parameter estimates. Without these tests it is difficult to know if we understand more today than we did yesterday. A new commitment to prediction in ecology would lead to, among other things, more mature (i.e. quantitative) hypotheses, prioritization of modeling techniques that are more appropriate for prediction (e.g. using continuous independent variables rather than categorical) and, ultimately, advancement towards a more general understanding of the natural world.SynthesisEcology, with a few exceptions, has abandoned prediction and therefore the ability to demonstrate understanding. Here we address how this has inhibited progress in ecology and explore how a renewed focus on prediction would benefit ecologists. The lack of emphasis on prediction has resulted in a discipline that tests qualitative, imprecise hypotheses with little concern for whether the results are generalizable beyond where and when the data were collected. A renewed commitment to prediction would allow ecologists to address critical questions about the generalizability of our results and the progress we are making towards understanding the natural world.
The effect of coloured overlays and lenses on reading: a systematic review of the literature
Authors: Griffiths Philip G. , Taylor Robert H. , Henderson Lisa M. , Barrett Brendan T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPurposeThere are many anecdotal claims and research reports that coloured lenses and overlays improve reading performance. Here we present the results of a systematic review of this literature and examine the quality of the evidence.MethodsWe systematically reviewed the literature concerning the effect of coloured lenses or overlays on reading performance by searching the PsychInfo, Medline and Embase databases. This revealed 51 published items (containing 54 data sets). Given that different systems are in use for issuing coloured overlays or lenses, we reviewed the evidence under four separate system headings (Intuitive, Irlen, Harris/Chromagen and Other), classifying each published item using the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool.ResultsAlthough the different colour systems have been subjected to different amounts of scientific scrutiny, the results do not differ according to the system type, or whether the sample under investigation was classified as having visual stress (or a similarly defined condition), reading difficulty, or both. The majority of studies are subject to ‘high’ or ‘uncertain’ risk of bias in one or more key aspects of study design or outcome, with studies at lower risk from bias providing less support for the benefit of coloured lenses/overlays on reading ability. While many studies report improvements with coloured lenses, the effect size is generally small and/or similar to the improvement found with a placebo condition. We discuss the strengths and shortcomings of the published literature and, whilst acknowledging the difficulties associated with conducting trials of this type, offer some suggestions about how future trials might be conducted.ConclusionsConsistent with previous reviews and advice from several professional bodies, we conclude that the use of coloured lenses or overlays to ameliorate reading difficulties cannot be endorsed and that any benefits reported by individuals in clinical settings are likely to be the result of placebo, practice or Hawthorne effects.
Identification of quantitative trait loci controlling soybean seed weight in recombinant inbred lines derived from PI 483463 (Glycine soja) × ‘Hutcheson’ (G. max)
Authors: Kulkarni Krishnanand P. , Kim Minsu , Shannon J. Grover , Lee Jeong‐Dong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe objective of this study was to identify quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling 100‐seed weight in soybean using 188 recombinant inbred lines (RIL) derived from a cross of PI 483463 and ‘Hutcheson’. The parents and RILs were grown for 4 years (2010–2013), and mature, dry seeds were used for 100‐seed weight measurement. The variance components of genotype (a), environment (e) and a × e interactions for seed weight were highly significant. The QTL analysis identified 14 QTLs explaining 3.83–12.23% of the total phenotypic variation. One of the QTLs, qSW17‐2, was found to be the stable QTL, being identified in all the environments with high phenotypic variation as compared to the other QTLs. Of the 14 QTLs, 10 QTLs showed colocalization with the seed weight QTLs identified in earlier reports, and four QTLs, qSW5‐1, qSW14‐1, qSW15‐1 and qSW15‐2, found to be the novel QTLs. A two‐dimensional genome scan revealed 11 pairs of epistatic QTLs across 11 chromosomes. The QTLs identified in this study may be useful in genetic improvement of soybean seed weight.
An Accuracy Based Approach to Higher Order Evidence
Authors: Schoenfield Miriam 
Published: September 2016

The aim of this paper is to apply the accuracy based approach to epistemology to the case of higher order evidence: evidence that bears on the rationality of one's beliefs. I proceed in two stages. First, I show that the accuracy based framework that is standardly used to motivate rational requirements supports steadfastness—a position according to which higher order evidence should have no impact on one's doxastic attitudes towards first order propositions. The argument for this will require a generalization of an important result by Greaves and Wallace for the claim that conditionalization maximizes expected accuracy. The generalization I provide will, among other things, allow us to apply the result to cases of self‐locating evidence. In the second stage, I develop an alternative framework. Very roughly, what distinguishes the traditional approach from the alternative one is that, on the traditional picture, we're interested in evaluating the expected accuracy of conforming to an update procedure. On the alternative picture that I develop, instead of considering how good an update procedure is as a plan to conform to, we consider how good it is as a plan to make. I show how, given the use of strictly proper scoring rules, the alternative picture vindicates calibrationism: a view according to which higher order evidence should have a significant impact on our beliefs. I conclude with some thoughts about why higher order evidence poses a serious challenge for standard ways of thinking about rationality.
Estimating Whole-Brain Dynamics by Using Spectral Clustering
Authors: Cribben Ivor , Yu Yi 
Published: September 2016

SummaryThe estimation of time varying networks for functional magnetic resonance imaging data sets is of increasing importance and interest. We formulate the problem in a high dimensional time series framework and introduce a data-driven method, namely network change points detection, which detects change points in the network structure of a multivariate time series, with each component of the time series represented by a node in the network. Network change points detection is applied to various simulated data and a resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging data set. This new methodology also allows us to identify common functional states within and across subjects. Finally, network change points detection promises to offer a deep insight into the large-scale characterizations and dynamics of the brain.