bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modelling the effect of water-table management on CO2 and CH4 fluxes from peat soils
Authors: van Huissteden J. , van den Bos R. , Marticorena Alvarez I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDrainage of peatlands for agriculture causes an increase of CO2 flux from peat decomposition, contributing to national CO2 emission. The reverse process, i.e. for re-creation of wetlands, reduces the CO2 flux, but increases the CH4 flux. We developed a process model (PEATLAND) to simulate these fluxes from peat soils subject to different water-table management scenarios. The model combines primary production, aerobic decomposition of soil organic matter (including the soil-parent material, peat), CH4 formation, oxidation, and transport. Model input requires specification of water table and air temperature data sets, vegetation parameters such as primary production and parameters related to gas transport, and basic soil physical data.Validation using closed flux-chamber measurements of CO2 and CH4 from five different sites in the western Netherlands shows that seasonal changes in fluxes of CO2 and CH4 are correctly modelled. However, the CO2 submodel underestimates peat decomposition when peat decomposition rates obtained from laboratory incubation experiments are used as input. Field decomposition rates are considerably higher. This is attributed to enhancement of decomposition by the addition of easily decomposable material from root exudation (’priming effect’). Model experiments indicate that 1) drainage increases the CO2 production from peat decomposition strongly; 2) restoring a high water table may decrease the total greenhouse gas flux by a small amount although the CH4 flux increases strongly; 3) a warmer climate may cause higher greenhouse gas fluxes from peat soils resulting in a positive feedback to climate warming, and 4) high vegetation productivity in fen meadows may stimulate peat decomposition by the priming effect.
Woodlands of the past — The excavation of wetland woods at Zwolle-Stadshagen (the Netherlands): Reconstruction of the wetland wood in its environmental context
Authors: Kooistra M.J. , Kooistra L.I. , van Rijn P. , Sass-Klaassen U. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInformation on the vegetation and landscape history of a region is often limited, and available data are hard to interprete. A concept is presented here on how a more comprehensive picture of the structure and development of landscapes and vegetations of the past can be gained by integrating the information of several disciplines. Archaeological field methods have been combined with methods used in landscape studies (geology, soil science, micromorphology) and vegetation studies (ecology, palynology and dendrochronology).This concept has been applied and tested during an integrated study of a buried woodland at Zwolle-Stadshagen (Province of Overijssel, the Netherlands). Many large wood remnants were found in a peat layer preserved below a thick clay deposit. The wood remnants were dated by using dendrochronology to the period between ca. 150 BC and AD 580 (ca. 2200 - 1400 cal. BP). Two phases could be distinguished in the development of the peat. The woodland consisted of a closed stand with ash, alder and oak as main species, in the first phase mostly resembling an alder carr, and in the second one the near-extinctFilipendulo-AlnetumPassage et Hofmann 1968. No evidence of exploitation of the woodland by man nor of animal foraging was found.The followed integrated procedure has led to a more substantiated reconstruction of the palaeo-environment with its wetland wood, but also of the influence of human activities on the palaeo-landscape and its woodlands, that could not have been obtained otherwise.
A Lateglacial palaeosol cover in the Altdarss area, southern Baltic Sea coast (northeast Germany): investigations on pedology, geochronology and botany
Authors: Kaiser K. , Barthelmes A. , Czakó Pap S. , Hilgers A. , Janke W. , Kühn P. , Theuerkauf M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA new site with Lateglacial palaeosols covered by 0.8 - 2.4 m thick aeolian sands is presented. The buried soils were subjected to multidisciplinary analyses (pedology, micromorphology, geochronology, dendrology, palynology, macrofossils). The buried soil cover comprises a catena from relatively dry (’Nano’-Podzol, Arenosol) via moist (Histic Gleysol, Gleysol) to wet conditions (Histosol). Dry soils are similar to the so-called Usselo soil, as described from sites in NW Europe and central Poland. The buried soil surface covers ca. 3.4 km2. Pollen analyses date this surface into the late Allerød. Due to a possible contamination by younger carbon, radiocarbon dates are too young. OSL dates indicate that the covering by aeolian sands most probably occurred during the Younger Dryas. Botanical analyses enables the reconstruction of a vegetation pattern typical for the late Allerød. Large wooden remains of pine and birch were recorded.
The Holocene evolution of the barrier and the back-barrier basins of Belgium and the Netherlands as a function of late Weichselian morphology, relative sea-level rise and sediment supply
Authors: Beets Dirk J. , van der Spek Adam J. F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFlooding of the southern part of the North Sea occurred between 9000 and 8000 BP, when the rate of relative sea-level rise was on the order of 0.7 cm per year for the Dover Strait Region and 1.6 cm per year for the area north of the Frisian Islands, forcing the shoreline to recede rapidly. When relative sea-level rise decelerated after 7000 BP for the Belgian coast and 6000 BP for the central Netherlands coast, sediment supply by the tidal currents balanced the creation of accommodation space in the estuaries and other back-barrier basins. Consequently, the barrier started to stabilize, and the tidal basins and their inlets silted up. Between 5500 and 4500 BP, the Belgian coastal plain changed into a freshwater marsh with peat accumulation, and the same happened 500–1000 years later in the western provinces of the Netherlands. The E-W running barrier/back-barrier system of the Frisian Islands in the northern Netherlands stayed open until today, however, because of lower sediment supply.The period between 4000 and 2000 BP was relatively quiet due to the strong deceleration of the rate of sea-level rise; peat cushions developed behind the barriers, which were straightened by erosion of the headlands. Major and often catastrophic flooding occurred in the Middle Ages, when the estuaries in the southwestern part of the Netherlands formed.About 226 (± 15%) × 109 m3 sediment, mostly sand, is stored in the barriers and back-barrier basins of the Netherlands, 70% of which was deposited prior to 5000 BP. About 10% of the stored sediment is estimated to be of alluvial origin. Most of the sediment is derived by the erosion of the Pleistocene basement during recession of the barriers, but tide-induced crossshore transport from the North Sea forms an additional source for the barriers and back-barriers of the west-facing coast of the Netherlands.
Late Permian (Zechstein) carbonate-facies maps, the Netherlands
Authors: Geluk M.C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Late Permian Zechstein carbonates in the Southern Permian Basin were deposited under marine conditions. The carbonates form part of a largely progradational infill, with a gradual northward facies shift. The paleogeography of the Zechstein carbonate deposits has been reviewed recently on the base of well data, cores and publications. This has resulted in three updated maps of the carbonate units. These maps reflect the increase in knowledge of the palaeogeography of the Zechstein as a result of several decades of subsurface exploration. It is found that deposition of the carbonates was controlled by various factors, i.e., rifting during deposition of the basal Zechstein, sea-level fluctuations and basin subsidence. This resulted in an overall E-W orientated facies distribution in the Zechstein carbonates, and in the gradual northward shift of the various facies belts in time.Reefs in the Zl Carbonate Member and off-platform highs and turbidites in the Z2 Carbonate Member have been identified as potential future exploration targets.
Provenance of coarse ice-rafted detritus near the SE Greenland margin
Authors: Linthout K. , Troelstra S.R. , Kuijpers A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe provenance of coarse-grained ice-rafted detritus has been studied, based on material collected from the SE Greenland margin. The sediment was sampled by a 1.5 m3 video-grab from 1256 m water depth. The fraction > 1cm was macroscopically investigated and a thin-section analysis was made. The results clearly show that East Greenland north of the Denmark Strait is the source region of the material sampled. The main provenance is from areas adjoining Kangerdlugssuaq Fjord, Blosseville Kyst, Scoresby Sund, Kong Oskar Fjord, and Kejser Franz Joseph Fjord. It can thus be demonstrated that significant ice-stream activity and iceberg calving occurred there. Present-day iceberg production is mainly concentrated to the Scoresby Sund, but the other areas apparently represent locations of larger ice-stream activity during periods prior to the Holocene.More generally, it can be concluded that southerly surface-water flow similar to the present East Greenland Current must also have occurred prior to the Holocene. Although either North America (Canada) or Scandinavia - or both - are generally referred to as important regions for the provenance of ice-rafted detritus, we conclude that (East) Greenland may have been an important source for (late) glacial North Atlantic ice-rafted detritus production as well.
The Eemian stage in the Netherlands: history, character and new
research
Authors: Bosch J.H.A. , Cleveringa P. , Meijer T. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A historical outline of the Eemian research in the Netherlands is presented
as an introduction to recent research in the type area. At the end of the 19th and
during the first part of the 20th century, Eemian sediments were recognized
because of the presence of lusitanian and mediterranean mollusc species. From 1930
onwards, pollen analysis made it possible to identify also non-shell-bearing
deposits and to equate them with the Eemian. At the same time this technique
proved a valuable tool for understanding the vegetation development during this
interglacial. Pollen zonation offered a unique possibility for the correlation of
terrestrial sequences in North-West Europe.
The type area of the Eemian, near Amersfoort, was described by Harting in
1874 and was comprehensively restudied by Zagwijn (1961). A pollen zonation was
introduced as a standard for the Netherlands, allowing the correlation of pollen
records from both marine and non-marine depositional environments. This enabled a
more detailed temporal resolution, resulting in a better understanding of the
distribution of the various environments in the type area.
In the northern and central parts of the Netherlands, the identification of
the marine sequence was, apart from the occurrence of the specific mollusc fauna,
facilitated by the presence of a till of Saalian age underlying the Eemian
deposits. The presence of deep glacial basins in these areas enabled the
deposition and preservation of a complete Eemian record in a marine setting.
Sediment accumulation in the basins began immediately following deglaciation at
the end of the Saalian. The Eemian type sections at Amersfoort are situated near
the margin of one of these basins.
Recent research of the Eemian focused on the integration of
lithostratigraphic evidence and information on the sedimentary environment as
derived from diatoms, dinoflagellates, foraminifers, molluscs and pollen.
Late Saalian and Eemian deposits in the Amsterdam glacial basin
Authors: de Gans Wim , Beets Dirk J. , Centineo Maria Carla 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
During its maximum extension, the Saalian ice cap reached into the central
Netherlands, where glacier tongues excavated over 100 m deep basins in the
unconsolidated Middle and Early Pleistocene sediments. The basins are filled by
relatively thick successions of Late Saalian, Eemian and Weichselian sediments.
The fill of the Amsterdam glacial basin is among the best known and studied in the
Netherlands. The Late Saalian sediments consist mainly of warves and ill-bedded
clays and silts with, along its southern margin, influxes of sands from the
surrounding ice-pushed ridges. During deposition of these sediments, the Amsterdam
basin formed part of a large lake extending into the present North Sea. Draining
of this lake at the end of the Late Saalian left small, shallow pools at the site
of the glacial basins.
Late Saalian and Eemian sediments are probably separated by a short break,
although sedimentation may have been continuous in the deepest part of the basin.
The Eemian deposits consist in main lines of a thin, diatom-rich sapropel at the
base, overlain by an up to 30 m thick clay-rich sequence covered by a wedge of
sand that measures more than 20 m in the northern part of the basin and that
peters out southwards. As appears from the fauna, most of the clays were deposited
in a lagoonal setting shielded behind a threshold and/or barrier. The rate of
sediment supply was low so that lagoonal conditions were maintained over a long
timespan. Sands derived from the surrounding ice-pushed ridges and transported by
longshore drift and tidal currents formed a spit at the northern margin of the
basin, which moved southward after eustatic sea-level rise stabilized and the
lagoon was filled by clay. Loading of this clay-rich sequence by the spit and its
washover fans induced subsidence, however, because of compaction, so that marine
conditions were maintained until after the Eemian highstand. Fluvial and eolian
sediments of Weichselian age, locally reaching a thickness of almost 10 m,
eventually levelled the Amsterdam glacial basin.
The relevance of the Eemian for the study of the Palaeolithic occupation of
Europe
Authors: Speleers Barbara 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The relevance of a study of the Eemian occupation of Europe lies largely in
the discussion on the environmental tolerances of early humans and in the limits
encountered during the reconstruction of Palaeolithic habitats. The traditional
vision is reviewed; then follows a discussion of Gamble’s studies (1986, 1987) in
which he postulated an absence of human occupation in North-Western Europe during
the Eemian. Gamble’s explanatory models and the reactions to his work are
presented. Finally, the relation is considered between the distribution pattern of
sites, the former dispersal of early humans across the European landscape, and the
implications of this evidence for hypotheses of environmental tolerances of
Palaeolithic humans.
The Mikulino (= Eemian) mammal faunas of the Russian Plain and Crimea
Authors: Markova A.K. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
During the last decades a considerable amount of data on mammals from
Mikulino (=Eemian) deposits of the central and southern parts of the Russian Plain
has been produced. Mammuthus primigenius (the early
type), Palaeoloxodon antiquus (the advanced form),
Arvicola ex gr. terrestris,
Eolagurus cf. luteus and
Lagurus cf. lagurus
characterize this period. The so-called ‘Shkurlatian mammal assemblage’ was
distinguished on the basis of a number of Eemian faunas.
The age of the mammal localities was established by using various geological
and palaeontological evidence, together with the results of palaeomagnetic studies
and absolute dating. The evolutionary level of the diagnostic species allows
correlations between localities from different parts of the Russian Plain that
have varying taphonomical conditions. The mammal- and malacofauna of the Mikulino
Interglacial can also be used as a basis for correlations between the Karangat
marine strata of the Black Sea and the continental deposits (alluvial sediments of
the second terrace of the Sudost’ River and the Salyn phase of the Mezin fossil
pedocomplex (see Dodonov et al., this volume). Forest, forest-steppe and steppe
zone landscapes have been reconstructed for the central and southern parts of the
Russian Plain on the basis of the Eemian faunas.
Pedosedimentary evolution of the last interglacial and early glacial sequence
in the European loess belt from Belgium to central Russia
Authors: Haesaerts Paul , Mestdagh Hans 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
For more than one century, the textural B-horizon of the last interglacial
soil and its cover deposits have been standing out in Europe as an important
pedostratigraphic marker. The complexity of this horizon was well illustrated
since the seventies, though its pedological and stratigraphic significance
remained doubtful. Macro-, meso- and micromorphological data gathered by the
authors at various key-sites in Europe and the sequential correlation principle
have resulted in a better understanding of the high complexity of the
pedosedimentary and stratigraphical evolution of the last interglacial and early
glacial loess succession. The present study identifies four megacyclic
pedosedimentary intervals that show a general trend towards dry and continental
climatic conditions.
A consistent correlation exists between pedosedimentary evolution and
vegetation, as recorded in the Grande Pile pollen record. The picture obtained in
the present study is similar for both the Western and the Eastern European loess
palaeosol successions. The so-called ‘last interglacial soil’, with three major
soil-forming processes, belongs to the Eemian and Saint-Germain I (MIS substages
5e and 5c), whereas the humiferous sediments and soils on top are linked to
Melisey II, Saint-Germain II and Ognon I (MIS substages 5b and 5a).The overlying
loess, colluvial sediments and humiferous soils that end the palaeosol succession
belong to the Ognon II and III interstadials; they record the onset of the early
Pleniglacial (MIS stage 4) characterized by a significant increase in aeolian
sedimentation.
Spatial prediction of the variability of Early Pleistocene subsurface sediments in the Netherlands - Part 1: Heavy minerals
Authors: Huisman D.J. , Weijers J.P. , Dijkshoorn L. , Veldkamp A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe investigated the spatial variability of the heavy-mineral composition in the Early Pleistocene fluviatile Kedichem Formation in the Netherlands in order to meet the demand for more information about subsurface sediment composition. We first determined the spatial extension and thickness of the sediment body, then used Fuzzy clustering techniques on a database containing approx. 2000 heavy-mineral counts from the Kedichem Formation to map the spatial extension of the various sediment provenances within the formation. Three clusters could be discerned, one representing a combined Meuse-Scheldt source, the other two representing a mixed Rhine-Baltic source. We made slice maps at several depths through the formation, and plotted the cluster memberships.The maps show an overall dominance of the Meuse-Scheldt source in the south of the Netherlands, whereas the Rhine-Baltic source occurs mainly in the central Netherlands. The methods employed show that it is possible to map and study the 3-D variation in heavy-mineral composition and hence sediment provenance in the Dutch subsurface with the use of simple statistical and visualization techniques.
Spatial prediction of the variability of Early Pleistocene subsurface sediments in the Netherlands - Part 2: Geochemistry
Authors: Huisman D.J. , Weijers J.P. , Dijkshoorn L. , Veldkamp A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe started a geochemical mapping campaign in the Early Pleistocene fluviatile Kedichem Formation in the Netherlands in order to meet the demand for more information about subsurface sediment compositions. Geochemical data were collected during a sampling campaign, and about 600 samples from the Kedichem Formation were analyzed. By linking the geochemical data with lithological classifications from the TNO-NITG borehole database, we established a geochemical prediction model.Elements were divided into classes according to their geochemical behaviour in relation to lithological parameters. For each of the classes, we combined lithological groups in to groups with relevant geochemical differences. By calculating for each element the average composition in each of these groups, we were able to predict the geochemical composition of subsurface sediments by ‘translating’ the spatial lithological data from the TNO-NITG borehole database into geochemical data. We visualized this model by calculating and interpolating the average composition of horizontal slices of the Kedichem Formation. The model performance is fairly good, although it has a tendency to underestimate extreme values.
Designing efficient sampling schemes for reconnaissance surveys of contaminated bed sediments in water courses
Authors: Brus D.J. , Jansen M.J.W. , de Haan W.F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA method for designing efficient sampling schemes for reconnaissance surveys of contaminated bed sediments in water courses is presented. The method can be used in networks of water courses, for instance to estimate the total volume of bed sediment of a defined quality class. The water courses must be digitised as arcs in a Geographical Information System.The method comprises six steps: (1) stratifying the water courses; (2) choosing a variogram; (3) calculating the parameters of the variance model; (4) choosing a compositing scheme; (5) choosing the values for the cost-model parameters; and (6) optimising the sampling scheme. The method is demonstrated with a survey of the main water courses in the reclaimed areas of Oostelijk Flevoland and Zuidelijk Flevoland.
Construction of maps for soil recycling in regional infrastructural works integrating soil-quality laws
Authors: van Lienen F. , Frapporti G. , Stein A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA soil-quality map is at present an important tool to integrate laws on soil quality with regional infrastructural works. Basic data are commonly available, but soil quality is an indicator that has to be derived from these data, including site-specific environmental standards. We propose three geostatistics-based methods for the comparison of interpolated contaminant concentrations and standards.The study is illustrated by data from a part of the Betuwe railroad transect, which extends over 12 km in the western Netherlands. As it turns out, a useful procedure is to combine interpolated contaminant concentrations with interpolated threshold values.
Pleistocene to Recent tectonics in the Rhenish Massif (Germany)
Authors: Meyer W. , Stets J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUplift of the Rhenish Massif can be demonstrated by means of the stream-made river terrace system that accompanies the Rhine river and its tributaries along their way through or within this part of the Variscan fold and thrust belt. The height difference between a former valley floor, especially that of the Younger ‘Hauptterrasse’ (Main Terrace), and the recent one allows to quantify the uplift by the amount of downcutting erosion. The uplift velocity increased just after theBRUNHES / MATUYAMAboundary, i.e. about 0.8 Ma B.R Since that time, a domal uplift of more than 250 m is documented in the eastern Hunsriick and in the south-eastern Eifel. The area of this maximum height anomaly is situated just between the East-and West-Eifel Quaternary volcanic districts. Thus, causal connections are supposed. The domai uplift is affected by normal faulting partly inherited since Tertiary rifting.