bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transgenic mice with ectopic expression of constitutively active TLR4 in adipose tissues do not show impaired insulin sensitivity
Authors: Ono‐Moore Kikumi D. , Zhao Ling , Huang Shurong , Kim Jeonga , Rutkowsky Jennifer M. , Snodgrass Ryan G. , Schneider Dina A. , Quon Michael J. , Graham James L. , Havel Peter J. , Hwang Daniel H. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionChronic low‐grade inflammation is associated with obesity and diabetes. However, what causes and mediates chronic inflammation in metabolic disorders is not well understood. Toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) mediates both infection‐induced and sterile inflammation by recognizing pathogen‐associated molecular patterns and endogenous molecules, respectively. Saturated fatty acids can activate TLR4, and TLR4‐deficient mice were protected from high fat diet (HFD)‐induced obesity and insulin resistance, suggesting that TLR4‐mediated inflammation may cause metabolic dysfunction, such as obesity and insulin resistance.MethodsWe generated two transgenic (TG) mouse lines expressing a constitutively active TLR4 in adipose tissue and determined whether these TG mice would show increased insulin resistance.ResultsTG mice fed a high fat or a normal chow diet did not exhibit increased insulin resistance compared to their wild‐type controls despite increased localized inflammation in white adipose tissue. Furthermore, females of one TG line fed a normal chow diet had improved insulin sensitivity with reduction in both adiposity and body weight when compared with wild‐type littermates. There were significant differences between female and male mice in metabolic biomarkers and mRNA expression in proinflammatory genes and negative regulators of TLR4 signaling, regardless of genotype and diet.ConclusionsTogether, these results suggest that constitutively active TLR4‐induced inflammation in white adipose tissue is not sufficient to induce systemic insulin resistance, and that high fat diet‐induced insulin resistance may require other signals in addition to TLR4‐mediated inflammation.
Synthesis and Characterization of 5‐Coordinate Tungsten Hydride Anions: [(tBu3SiNH)(tBu3SiN=)2HWR]M
Authors: Schafer Daniel F. , Wolczanski Peter T. , Lobkovsky Emil B. , MacMillan Samantha N. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTreatment of (tBu3SiNH)(tBu3SiN=)2WH (1‐H) with small alkyl anions (RM) afforded tungsten alkyl hydride anions [(tBu3SiNH)(tBu3SiN=)2HWR)]M (3‐(R)M: R=CH3, M=Li; R=nBu, M=Li; R=neoPe, M=Li; R=CH2Ph (Bn), M=K (two isomers); R=CCH, M=Na; R=CH=CH2 (Vy), M=Li). The saturated alkyl anions 3‐(R)M (3‐(R)M: R=CH3, M=Li; R=nBu, M=Li; R=neoPe, M=Li; R=CH2Ph (Bn), M=K) degraded via apparent 1,2‐RH‐elimination to produce the known [(tBu3SiN=)3WH]M (2‐HM), but the acetylide (3‐(C2H)Na) and vinyl (3‐(Vy)Li) anions converted to their hydrogenated isomers, [(tBu3SiN=)3WVy]Na (2‐VyNa) and [(tBu3SiN=)3WEt]Li (2‐EtLi), respectively. The structure of 3‐(nBu)Li is reported, and a discussion of tungsten‐hydride coupling constants in tBu3SiX‐ligated (X=O, NH, N) systems is given.
Role of 3‐Dimensional Sonography in the Assessment of Submucous Fibroids: A Pilot Study
Authors: Keizer Alieke L. , Nieuwenhuis Lotte L. , Twisk Jos W. R. , Huirne Judith A. F. , Hehenkamp Wouter J. K. , Brölmann Hans A. M. 
Published: August 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate the accuracy and reliability of 3‐dimensional (3D) transvaginal sonography in classifying submucous fibroids using the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics PALM‐COEIN (polyp, adenomyosis, leiomyoma, malignancy and hyperplasia, coagulopathy, ovulatory dysfunction, endometrial, iatrogenic, and not yet classified) classification and protrusion (percent) compared to 2‐dimensional (2D) transvaginal sonography, 2D saline infusion sonography, and 3D saline infusion sonography, using hysteroscopy as a reference test.MethodsA prospective cohort pilot study was performed among 14 consecutive patients undergoing hysteroscopic surgery, preceded by routine sonography (2D transvaginal sonography, 2D saline infusion sonography, 3D transvaginal sonography, and 3D saline infusion sonography).ResultsThe intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for 2D transvaginal sonography versus hysteroscopy was 0.69 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.06, 0.90) compared to 0.94 (95% CI, 0.83, 0.98) for 2D saline infusion sonography. The ICCs for 3D transvaginal sonography versus hysteroscopy were 0.69 (95% CI, 0.03, 0.90 [investigator A]) and 0.55 (95% CI, –0.48, 0.86 [investigator B]). The ICCs for 3D saline infusion sonography versus hysteroscopy were 0.94 (95% CI, 0.81, 0.98 [investigator A]) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.60, 0.96 [investigator B]). Interobserver agreement of 3D transvaginal sonography was 0.81 (95% CI, 0.43, 0.94) compared to 0.86 (95% CI, 0.56, 0.96) for 3D saline infusion sonography.ConclusionsIn these preliminary data, 3D transvaginal sonography was not as accurate as 2D or 3D saline infusion sonography and was not more accurate than 2D transvaginal sonography. There was moderate interobserver agreement for 3D transvaginal sonography. There might be room for improvement, as 3D transvaginal sonography is more accurate when endometrial thickness increases. Further study is warranted to evaluate in which patients saline infusion sonography eventually can be obviated.
Optimal control of linear time‐delay systems by a hybrid of block‐pulse functions and biorthogonal cubic Hermite spline multiwavelets
Authors: Mohammadzadeh Robabeh , Lakestani Mehrdad 
Published: August 2017

SummaryThis paper proposes a new numerical approach for finding the solution of linear time‐delay control systems with a quadratic performance index using new hybrid functions. This method is based on a hybrid of block‐pulse functions and biorthogonal multiwavelets that consist of cubic Hermite splines on the primal side. The excellent properties of the hybrid functions together with the operational matrices of integration, product, and delay are presented. Using these matrices, the solution of the optimal control of delay systems is reduced to the solution of algebraic equations. Because of the sparsity nature of these matrices, this method is computationally very attractive and reduces CPU time and computer memory. In order to save the memory requirement and computation time, a threshold procedure is applied to obtain algebraic equations. The effectiveness of the method and the accuracy of the solution are shown in comparison with some other methods by illustrative examples.
Impact of position of electron withdrawing cyano groups on nonlinear optical properties of centrosymmetric donor‐π‐acceptor system
Authors: Kim Ran Hee , Park Jin Sun , Lee Kwang‐Sup , Zojer Karin , Brédas Jean‐Luc 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTwo symmetrically substituted phenylenevinylene D‐A‐D′‐A‐D type siblings, (2Z,2′Z)‐2,2′‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐phenylene)bis(3‐(4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)acrylonitrile) (↑‐dscn) and (2Z,2′Z)‐3,3′‐(2,5‐dimethoxy‐1,4‐phenylene)bis(2‐(4‐(dimethylamino)phenyl)acrylonitrile) (↓‐dscn), are prepared. We investigate the effect of different but symmetrical location of these cyano groups in vinylene bridges on the 1‐photon and 2‐photon absorption behaviors. We report that the closeness of CN group on the vinyl group to the central phenyl ring in ↑‐dscn induces an intramolecular geometric distortion between the central phenyl ring and vinylene group, preventing the effective π‐conjugation length in ground and excited states. Thus, the transition energy that is observed in 1‐photon absorption and fluorescence is larger in ↑‐dscn than in ↓‐dscn. This leads to a different intramolecular charge distribution, as a result of which the linear and nonlinear optical properties strongly depend on the position of acceptors. These results are theoretically unraveled in terms of charge transfer pathways, charge distribution, and charge distribution differences on transition.
A new chondrichthyan fauna from the Late Jurassic of the Swiss Jura (Kimmeridgian) dominated by hybodonts, chimaeroids and guitarfishes
Authors: Leuzinger Léa , Cuny Gilles , Popov Evgeny , Billon‐Bruyat Jean‐Paul 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe fossil record of chondrichthyans (sharks, rays and chimaeroids) principally consists of isolated teeth, spines and dermal denticles, their cartilaginous skeleton being rarely preserved. Several Late Jurassic chondrichthyan assemblages have been studied in Europe based on large bulk samples, mainly in England, France, Germany and Spain. The first study of this kind in Switzerland is based on controlled excavations in Kimmeridgian deposits related to the construction of the A16 motorway in the Swiss Jura (Porrentruy, NW Switzerland). This study is based on more than 2000 isolated chondrichthyan remains (teeth, dental plates, spines and dermal denticles) and adds to our knowledge of the chondrichthyan distribution at a regional scale in Europe. We describe and identify this new fauna, define a new species of hybodont with crushing‐type dentition (Asteracanthus udulfensis sp. nov.) and report for the first time the carcharhiniform Corysodon cirinensis in Switzerland. By the Late Jurassic, modern neoselachian sharks had overtaken hybodonts in European marine realms, the latter being gradually confined to brackish or freshwater environments. However, while the associated fauna of the Porrentruy platform indicates marine conditions, neoselachian sharks are surprisingly rare. The chondrichthyan assemblage is largely dominated by hybodonts, guitarfishes (rays) and chimaeroids that are all known to be euryhaline. This unexpected chondrichthyan faunal composition questions the presence of fresh to brackish water in the vicinity of the platform, and the occurrence of salinity fluctuations within a general context marine. This could explain the scarcity of neoselachian sharks and the extended success of hybodonts in the Porrentruy area as late as the Late Jurassic.
Are American Surgical Residents Prepared for Humanitarian Deployment?: A Comparative Analysis of Resident and Humanitarian Case Logs
Authors: Lin Yihan , Dahm James S. , Kushner Adam L. , Lawrence John P. , Trelles Miguel , Dominguez Lynette B. , Kuwayama David P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundEffective humanitarian surgeons require skills in general surgery, OB/GYN, orthopedics, and urology. With increasing specialization, it is unclear whether US general surgery residents are receiving exposure to these disparate fields. We sought to assess the preparedness of graduating American surgical residents for humanitarian deployment.MethodsWe retrospectively analyzed cases performed by American College of Graduate Medical Education general surgery graduates from 2009 to 2015 and cases performed at select Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) facilities from 2008 to 2012. Cases were categorized by specialty (general surgery, orthopedics, OB/GYN, urology) and compared with Chi‐squared testing. Non‐operative care including basic wound and drain care was excluded from both data sets.ResultsUS general surgery residents performed 41.3% MSF relevant general surgery cases, 1.9% orthopedic cases, 0.1% OB/GYN cases, and 0.3% urology cases; the remaining 56.4% of cases exceeded the standard MSF scope of care. In comparison, MSF cases were 30.1% general surgery, 21.2% orthopedics, 46.8% OB/GYN, and 1.9% urology. US residents performed fewer OB/GYN cases (p < 0.01) and fewer orthopedic cases (p < 0.01). Differences in general surgery and urology caseloads were not statistically significant. Key procedures in which residents lacked experience included cesarean sections, hysterectomies, and external bony fixation.ConclusionCurrent US surgical training is poorly aligned with typical MSF surgical caseloads, particularly in OB/GYN and orthopedics. New mechanisms for obtaining relevant surgical skills should be developed to better prepare American surgical trainees interested in humanitarian work.
Double Jeopardy in Penetrating Trauma: Get FAST, Get It Right
Authors: Matsushima Kazuhide , Khor Desmond , Berona Kristin , Antoku Derek , Dollbaum Ryan , Khan Moazzam , Demetriades Demetrios 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundIn hypotensive patients with thoracoabdominal penetrating injuries, trauma surgeons often face a considerable dilemma, which cavities and when to explore. We hypothesized that the Focused Assessment with Sonography for Trauma (FAST) would be accurate enough to determine the need and sequence of cavity exploration.MethodsWe conducted a 4‐year retrospective study at a level 1 trauma center with high penetrating trauma volume. Patients with potential multi‐cavity thoracoabdominal injuries were selected based on the location and number of external wounds. Findings in the operation or on computed tomography were used as references to evaluate the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of pericardial and abdominal FAST.
ResultsA total of 2851 patients with penetrating injury were admitted from 2012 to 2015. Of those, 103 patients (3.6%) met our inclusion criteria (stab wounds 56.3%, gunshot wounds 43.7%). Median age: 32, male gender: 89.3%, median injury severity score: 17, in‐hospital mortality rate: 11.7%. Thirty‐seven patients (35.9%) required surgical exploration of more than one cavity. Although the pericardial FAST was falsely negative in only one case with large left hemothorax, all cardiac injuries were treated without delay (12/13, 92.3% sensitivity). Sensitivity and specificity of the abdominal FAST was 68.5 and 93.9%, respectively.ConclusionsIn hypotensive patients following penetrating thoracoabdominal injuries, the pericardial FAST was highly sensitive and could reliably determine the need to explore the pericardium. While positive findings of abdominal FAST warrant an exploratory laparotomy, negative abdominal FAST does not exclude the abdominal cavity as a bleeding source.
Cross-Disorder Cognitive Impairments in Youth Referred for Neuropsychiatric Evaluation
Authors: Doyle Alysa E. , Vuijk Pieter J. , Doty Nathan D. , McGrath Lauren M. , Willoughby Brian L. , O’Donnell Ellen H. , Wilson H. Kent , Colvin Mary K. , Toner Deanna C. , Hudson Kelsey E. , Blais Jessica E. , Ditmars Hillary L. , Faraone Stephen V. , Seidman Larry J. , Braaten Ellen B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectives:Studies suggest that impairments in some of the same domains of cognition occur in different neuropsychiatric conditions, including those known to share genetic liability. Yet, direct, multi-disorder cognitive comparisons are limited, and it remains unclear whether overlapping deficits are due to comorbidity. We aimed to extend the literature by examining cognition across different neuropsychiatric conditions and addressing comorbidity.Methods:Subjects were 486 youth consecutively referred for neuropsychiatric evaluation and enrolled in the Longitudinal Study of Genetic Influences on Cognition. First, we assessed general ability, reaction time variability (RTV), and aspects of executive functions (EFs) in youth with non-comorbid forms of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), mood disorders and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), as well as in youth with psychosis. Second, we determined the impact of comorbid ADHD on cognition in youth with ASD and mood disorders.Results:For EFs (working memory, inhibition, and shifting/ flexibility), we observed weaknesses in all diagnostic groups when participants’ own ability was the referent. Decrements were subtle in relation to published normative data. For RTV, weaknesses emerged in youth with ADHD and mood disorders, but trend-level results could not rule out decrements in other conditions. Comorbidity with ADHD did not impact the pattern of weaknesses for youth with ASD or mood disorders but increased the magnitude of the decrement in those with mood disorders.Conclusions:Youth with ADHD, mood disorders, ASD, and psychosis show EF weaknesses that are not due to comorbidity. Whether such cognitive difficulties reflect genetic liability shared among these conditions requires further study. (JINS, 2018,24, 91–103)
Media Use, Democratic Values, and Political Participation: Empirical Evidence from Taiwan
Authors: CHANG WEN-CHUN 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper extends understanding of the relationship between media use and attitudes toward democratic values. We employ the two-step estimation approach to examine the relationship between media use and attitudes toward democratic values as well as consequential association with political participation. The empirical results show that media use to obtain news information is positively related to attitudes toward democratic values. The findings also note that attitudes toward democratic values are positively associated with engagement in politics. The results support the argument that media use is significant for shaping citizens’ attitudes toward democratic values by providing information about public affairs and expanding citizens’ understanding about democratic politics. As such, media use facilitates democratic socialization and leads to more involvement in political behaviors.
Revealing and exploiting hierarchical material structure through complex atomic networks
Authors: Ahnert Sebastian E. , Grant William P. , Pickard Chris J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractOne of the great challenges of modern science is to faithfully model, and understand, matter at a wide range of scales. Starting with atoms, the vastness of the space of possible configurations poses a formidable challenge to any simulation of complex atomic and molecular systems. We introduce a computational method to reduce the complexity of atomic configuration space by systematically recognising hierarchical levels of atomic structure, and identifying the individual components. Given a list of atomic coordinates, a network is generated based on the distances between the atoms. Using the technique of modularity optimisation, the network is decomposed into modules. This procedure can be performed at different resolution levels, leading to a decomposition of the system at different scales, from which hierarchical structure can be identified. By considering the amount of information required to represent a given modular decomposition we can furthermore find the most succinct descriptions of a given atomic ensemble. Our straightforward, automatic and general approach is applied to complex crystal structures. We show that modular decomposition of these structures considerably simplifies configuration space, which in turn can be used in discovery of novel crystal structures, and opens up a pathway towards accelerated molecular dynamics of complex atomic ensembles. The power of this approach is demonstrated by the identification of a possible allotrope of boron containing 56 atoms in the primitive unit cell, which we uncover using an accelerated structure search, based on a modular decomposition of a known dense phase of boron, γ-B28.
Increased risk of low birth weight in women with placental malaria associated with P. falciparum VAR2CSA clade
Authors: Patel Jaymin C. , Hathaway Nicholas J. , Parobek Christian M. , Thwai Kyaw L. , Madanitsa Mwayiwawo , Khairallah Carole , Kalilani-Phiri Linda , Mwapasa Victor , Massougbodji Achille , Fievet Nadine , Bailey Jeffery A. , ter Kuile Feiko O. , Deloron Philippe , Engel Stephanie M. , Taylor Steve M. , Juliano Jonathan J. , Tuikue Ndam Nicaise , Meshnick Steven R. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPregnancy associated malaria (PAM) causes adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes owing to Plasmodium falciparum accumulation in the placenta. Placental accumulation is mediated by P. falciparum protein VAR2CSA, a leading PAM-specific vaccine target. The extent of its antigen diversity and impact on clinical outcomes remain poorly understood. Through amplicon deep-sequencing placental malaria samples from women in Malawi and Benin, we assessed sequence diversity of VAR2CSA’s ID1-DBL2x region, containing putative vaccine targets and estimated associations of specific clades with adverse birth outcomes. Overall, var2csa diversity was high and haplotypes subdivided into five clades, the largest two defined by homology to parasites strains, 3D7 or FCR3. Across both cohorts, compared to women infected with only FCR3-like variants, women infected with only 3D7-like variants delivered infants with lower birthweight (difference: −267.99 g; 95% Confidence Interval [CI]: −466.43 g,−69.55 g) and higher odds of low birthweight (<2500 g) (Odds Ratio [OR] 5.41; 95% CI:0.99,29.52) and small-for-gestational-age (OR: 3.65; 95% CI: 1.01,13.38). In two distinct malaria-endemic African settings, parasites harboring 3D7-like variants of VAR2CSA were associated with worse birth outcomes, supporting differential effects of infection with specific parasite strains. The immense diversity coupled with differential clinical effects of this diversity suggest that an effective VAR2CSA-based vaccine may require multivalent activity.
Automated Training of Deep Convolutional Neural Networks for Cell Segmentation
Authors: Sadanandan Sajith Kecheril , Ranefall Petter , Le Guyader Sylvie , Wählby Carolina 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDeep Convolutional Neural Networks (DCNN) have recently emerged as superior for many image segmentation tasks. The DCNN performance is however heavily dependent on the availability of large amounts of problem-specific training samples. Here we show that DCNNs trained on ground truth created automatically using fluorescently labeled cells, perform similar to manual annotations.
Engineering self-organising helium bubble lattices in tungsten
Authors: Harrison R. W. , Greaves G. , Hinks J. A. , Donnelly S. E. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe self-organisation of void and gas bubbles in solids into superlattices is an intriguing nanoscale phenomenon. Despite the discovery of these lattices 45 years ago, the atomistics behind the ordering mechanisms responsible for the formation of these nanostructures are yet to be fully elucidated. Here we report on the direct observation via transmission electron microscopy of the formation of bubble lattices under He ion bombardment. By careful control of the irradiation conditions, it has been possible to engineer the bubble size and spacing of the superlattice leading to important conclusions about the significance of vacancy supply in determining the physical characteristics of the system. Furthermore, no bubble lattice alignment was observed in the <111> directions pointing to a key driving mechanism for the formation of these ordered nanostructures being the two-dimensional diffusion of self-interstitial atoms.
Dynamics of spatiotemporal line defects and chaos control in complex excitable systems
Authors: Hörning Marcel , Blanchard François , Isomura Akihiro , Yoshikawa Kenichi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSpatiotemporal pattern formation governs dynamics and functions in various biological systems. In the heart, excitable waves can form complex oscillatory and chaotic patterns even at an abnormally higher frequency than normal heart beats, which increase the risk of fatal heart conditions by inhibiting normal blood circulation. Previous studies suggested that line defects (nodal lines) play a critical role in stabilizing those undesirable patterns. However, it remains unknown if the line defects are static or dynamically changing structures in heart tissue. Through in vitro experiments of heart tissue observation, we reveal the spatiotemporal dynamics of line defects in rotating spiral waves. We combined a novel signaling over-sampling technique with a multi-dimensional Fourier analysis, showing that line defects can translate, merge, collapse and form stable singularities with even and odd parity while maintaining a stable oscillation of the spiral wave in the tissue. These findings provide insights into a broad class of complex periodic systems, with particular impact to the control and understanding of heart diseases.