bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
244 Comparative crude protein solubilization in yellow pea and fava bean protein concentrates in a simulated porcine gastric and intestinal digestion model
Authors: Njeri Felix M , Nu Mai Anh Ton , Schulze Hagen , Kiarie Elijah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pulses are valuable protein ingredients but unique characteristics among them are known to influence protein quality and utilization. We determined crude protein solubilization (CPS) in yellow pea (YP) and fava bean (FB) protein concentrates using simulated porcine gastric and intestinal model (Table 1). For each ingredient, 500 mg CP equivalent was incubated in triplicate with pepsin at either pH 3.5 or 4.5 for 0, 0.5, 1, and 1.5 h at 39°C and 200 r.p.m. for gastric CPS. For intestinal CPS, gastric samples (derived at pH 3.5 for 1.5 h) were incubated with pancreatin and bile extract at pH 6.8 for 0, 0.5, 2, 4 and 6 h. Intestinal CPS was categorized as CPfast, CPslow and CPresistant corresponding to CPS within the first 0.5 h, 0.5 to 4 h, and undigested after 4 h, respectively (Table 2). The concentration of CP in the supernatant was equated to CPS. Data were subjected to Proc GLIMIXX of SAS while Gompertz equation was used to describe the gastric and intestinal solubilization kinetics (A-maximum solubilized CP, Wo- initial CP solubility, Ku- solubilization rate, Ti- time to inflection). The model for gastric CPS had fixed effects of protein, incubation time, stomach pH and their interaction at 1.5 h and while fixed effects of protein was evaluated in intestinal CPS kinetics. The analyzed CP in FB and YP were 712.7 and 599.1, g/kg DM, with 3 and 4% of CP bound to NDF, respectively. Gastric CPS in FB was not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by pH and incubation time; however, at 1.5 h gastric CPS in FB was 40.9 and 28.44% at pH 3.5 and 4.5, respectively. Gastric CPS in YP was influenced by incubation time (P &lt; 0.05) with increase at pH 3.5 after 1 h and at pH 4.5 after 0.5 h compared with 0 h. After 1.5 h, gastric CPS in YP was 50.0% at pH 3.5 and 33.2% at pH 4.5. Whereas YP gastric CPS at pH 3.5 and 1.5h was greater compared with FB, there were no differences (P &gt; 0.05) between the FB and TP at pH 4.5. However, intestinal CPS tended (P &lt; 0.10) to be greater for FB (91.7%) compared with YP (89.4%). The FP was solubilized faster (Ku; P &lt; 0.05) than YP, supported by a (P &lt; 0.05) higher CPfast of FB (87.8%) compared with YP (75.9%). CPresistent was found to be greater (P &lt; 0.05) for YP (12.0%) than for FB (6.6%; Figure 1). In conclusion, fava, and pea protein concentrates had gastric protein solubilization that was dependent on pH. The less resistant protein in FB suggested a greater nutritive value than YP. Further research should determine ileal amino acids digestibility and the impact of incorporation in practical diets to characterize animal performance, health, and environment impact.
237 Increasing the threonine-to-lysine ratio improves the growth performance of slow-growing pigs when fed with precision feeding techniques
Authors: Arnaut Pedro Righetti , Pomar Candido , Hauschild Luciano , Remus Aline 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Individual precision feeding (IPF) is a suitable tool to account for the nutritional requirement variability among pigs. It was previously reported that, within IPF, pigs require greater Thr:Lys than conventional group-phase feeding (GPF) pigs. It remains unknown if these differences in Thr:Lys requirements occur due to different growth rates (Gr). This study evaluated whether the Thr:Lys requirements of pigs fed with IPF systems are affected by Gr. Sixty pigs (30 barrows and 30 gilts) with 38.1 ± 3.8 kg of body weight were distributed in a completely randomized 3 × 5 factorial arrangement. Pigs were classified into fast (FGr), medium (MGr) and slow (SGr) Gr based on their average daily gain (ADG) during 6 wk previous to the trial. After classification, pens with 2 barrows and 2 gilts from the same Gr group were randomly assigned to one of five treatments (12 repetitions per treatment). Treatments consisted of a conventional GPF (GPF100) receiving 100% of the optimal 0.65 Thr:Lys and 4 IPF treatments providing 140% (IPF140), 120% (IPF120), 100% (IPF100) and 80% (IPF80) of the optimal ratio. GPF100 pigs were fed a single diet with 0.97% standardized ileal digestible Lys. IPF diets of the pigs were adjusted every 2 d to meet the Lys requirements of the most demanding pig in the pen. Body weight was recorded twice a week, and individual feed intake (ADFI) daily over 21 d. At d 1 and 21, pigs were scanned with dual X-ray to estimate their body composition. Body weight, body protein and lipid masses were analyzed as repeated measures over time. The Dunnett test was used to compare the IPF treatments to GPF100 and the Tukey test to compare Gr groups. The pig was considered the experimental unit. FGr maintained greater (treatment × Gr, P &lt; 0.05) ADFI and ADG and greater (P &lt; 0.05) lipid deposition over the trial when compared with MGr and SGr. However, increasing Thr:Lys enhanced (P &lt; 0.05) ADG and ADFI of SGr pigs within IPF, resulting in similar (P &gt; 0.05) values between Gr groups in IPF120 and IPF140. Although FGr tended (P = 0.05) to have greater final body protein mass, SGr presented leaner gain (P &lt; 0.05), independently of the Thr:Lys. Threonine supplementation supports metabolic processes like glycine and serine synthesis, impacting gut health, protein synthesis, energy production, and oxidative stress, potentially explaining lower lipid deposition in SGr pigs when the same level of energy in the diet. SGr pigs might need a different AA profile where a higher Thr:Lys ratio likely enhances the metabolic capacity to support fast growth in SGr pigs within IPF. Consequently, increasing the Thr:Lys ratio within IPF led to improved growth performance in SGr pigs.
374 Efficacy of phytase and/or chromium tripicolinate supplementation on nutrient digestibility and blood metabolites in grower pigs
Authors: Edmonds Michael S , Bergstrom Jon R , Weber Thomas E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Phytase supplementation is widely used in diet formulations to enhance nutrient use efficiency in pigs, while supplemental chromium tripicolinate has been shown to help optimize glucose metabolism by enhancing insulin sensitivity. Therefore, the objectives of this metabolism study were to examine potential synergies of these additives to evaluate if nutrient digestibility and/or blood metabolites could be improved in grower pigs. Grower pigs [n = 6; body weight (BW) = 21.8 ± 0.19 kg; Genesus genetics] were randomly allotted by initial BW to four treatments in a 2 x 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Treatment (Trt) 1 consisted of a control diet without phytase while Trt 2 had decreased levels of calcium and phosphorus with added phytase (1,500 FYT/kg; HiPhorius; dsm-firmenich, Plainsboro, NJ). Treatment 3 was the control diet without phytase with added chromium from chromium tripicolinate (200 ppb; Chromax, Kent Nutrition Group, Inc., Muscatine, IA) while Trt 4 consisted of the diets with decreased levels of calcium and phosphorus with added HiPhorius (1,500 FYT/kg) and chromium tripicolinate (200 ppb). With six metabolism crates available and four treatment groups, it took a 4-wk duration to allow for each pig to be evaluated on each of the four treatments. The pigs were allowed a 4-d acclimation period followed by a 3-d collection period with the experimental diets fed at 4% BW divided into two meals each day. Water was added at 2.5 times the amount of feed fed each day. A second group of grower pigs (n = 6; BW = 19.6 ± 0.12 kg; Genesus) were utilized following the same procedures as above and pooled with the first group for data analysis. On the last day of the collection period, blood samples were collected before the meal (fasting) and then 2 h after the meal (post-meal). Added phytase resulted in a reduction (P &lt; 0.05) in fasting blood urea nitrogen. Nitrogen digestibility and nitrogen retention were both improved (P &lt; 0.01) with pigs fed supplemental phytase. Furthermore, dry matter digestibility was also improved (P &lt; 0.001) in pigs fed added phytase. Supplemental chromium was without effect on any of the nitrogen and/or dry matter digestibility measurements. These data suggest that supplemental phytase has positive effects by significantly improving nitrogen and dry matter digestibility with no further improvements observed from supplemental chromium.
373 Effect of Cu and Zn contents in growing finishing pig diets on animal performance and Cu and Zn content in manure, according to three manure management chains
Authors: Gourlez Emma , Monteiro Alessandra , Beline Fabrice , Dourmad Jean-Yves , De Quelen Francine 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Copper (Cu) and zinc (Zn) are essential nutrients for swine. However, as pigs have a low retention rate for these elements, more than 90% of ingested Cu and Zn are excreted, mainly in feces. After spreading manure, these trace elements could accumulate in the soil and potentially have negative environmental effects. Moreover, Cu and Zn are also limited natural resources that should be preserved. A better understanding of the behavior of these elements throughout the feed-animal-effluent-treatment continuum according to feed composition and manure management chain is thus required to propose alternative ways to reduce these environmental impacts. Three feeding strategies differing in their Cu and Zn contents were compared in 72 growing-finishing pigs raised in individual pens [from 24.3 ± 3.3 up to 110 ± 9.0 kg body weight (BW), one-half males; and one-half females] a first diet with Cu and Zn at maximum EU regulation levels (20 and 100 ppm of Cu and Zn, respectively; REG), a second diet without any Cu and Zn supplementation (5 ppm Cu, 30 ppm Zn; WS) and a third diet with Cu and Zn at an intermediary level (10 and 50 ppm of Cu and Zn; INT). Cu and Zn were supplemented as Cu2O (CoRouge, Animine) and ZnO (HiZox, Animine), respectively. Eighteen additional finishing pigs (6 per diet) were raised in digestibility cages for excreta collection over 10 d, and their feces were submitted to two types of manure treatment: anaerobic digestion (AD) and composting with straw. Over the entire experimental period, the dietary Cu and Zn content did not influence growth performance of pigs. The Cu and Zn concentrations of the feces decreased linearly (P &lt; 0.001) with dietary content from 191 and 834 (REG) up to 63 and 359 (INT) and 40 and 213 (WS) mg Cu and Zn/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. After both manure treatments, the degradation of the organic matter resulted in a significant increase (twice as much) in Cu and Zn concentration per kg of DM. Feeding strategy appears to be the main lever to reduce the Cu and Zn content of effluents. However, in the context of the diversification of manure management strategies, it is also important to take into account the effect of the effluent collection and treatment chain (e.g., spreading of raw slurry, phase separation, anaerobic digestion, composting), which has also an impact on the behavior of Cu and Zn and consequently on the risk for the environment.
380 Diet protein concentration does not influence dietary net energy by group housed growing pigs offered ad libitum access to feed
Authors: Cristobal Minoy , Lee Su A , Mallea Andrea P , Torres-Mendoza Leidy J , Parsons Carl M , Stein Hans H 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective was to test the hypothesis that net energy (NE) of diets is not increased by reducing soybean meal (SBM) and increasing crystalline amino acids (CAA) in diets fed to group-housed pigs on an ad libitum basis. Two “normal protein” diets with 17 and 14% crude protein (CP) were formulated. One diet was based on corn, SBM, and no CAA and the other diet was based on corn, SBM, and crystalline Lys, Met, and Thr. Four additional diets containing 13, 12, 11, or 10% CP were formulated by reducing SBM and increasing crystalline Lys, Met, Thr, Trp, Val, and Phe. Growing pigs (n = 24; initial body weight = 29.9 ± 2.4 kg) were randomly allocated to 6 calorimeter chambers with 4 pigs per chamber. The 6 chambers were allotted to the six diets using a 6 × 6 Latin square design with six 15-d periods providing 6 replicate chambers per diet. Pigs had ad libitum access to diets throughout the experiment except during the fasting periods. Consumption of O2 and production of CO2 and CH4 were measured, and fecal and urine samples were collected for 6 d after 7 d of adaptation. Fasting heat production (FHP) was determined for 12 h following a 24 h fasting period. Diets, fecal samples, and lyophilized urine samples were analyzed for gross energy (GE) and N. Data were analyzed using contrasts statements to determine linear and quadratic effects of reducing dietary protein. Results indicated that feed intake, fecal and urine GE output, the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter and GE, total heat production (THP), FHP, and retained energy were not different between pigs fed the 17 and the 14% CP diets (Table 1). The respiratory quotient (RQ) of pigs fed the 17% CP diet was less (P = 0.045) compared with the 14% CP diet. Digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) in the 17% CP diet were greater (P &lt; 0.05) than in the 14% CP diet, but NE was not different between these 2 diets. Feed intake, GE intake, and fecal GE output of pigs were linearly (P = 0.044) increased by reducing CP in diets, but reducing diet CP did not affect ATTD of dry matter or GE or urine GE excretion. Total heat production, FHP, retained energy, and DE, ME, and NE were also not affected by reducing CP in diets. In conclusion, reducing CP of diets for pigs by reducing SBM and increasing CAA did not increase NE of the diet when fed to group-housed pigs on an ad libitum basis, and dietary CP does not appear to influence diet NE.
447 Ex-food4feed: Keeping nutrients in the food chain - Sponsored by EAAP
Authors: Pinotti Luciano 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The growing world population and rising income in developing countries create more demand for animal products. However, natural resources such as land, water, and nutrients are not boundless. As a consequence, competition of resources in food and feed production is an issue to be confronted with. One promising solution is relocating food losses into animal feeding, propelling the course of sustainability and circular economy in the livestock sector. Given this scenario, former food products (FFPs) represent great opportunities. Instead of ending up in landfill or compost, a better destination for FFPs is to be used as feedstuffs to replace traditional ingredients. FFPs are foodstuffs not accepted by the human market but have several advantages enabling them to enter swine feeding programs. FFPs are mainly composed of processed and ready-to-eat food products such as snacks and bakery goods. Thanks to industrial processing and their product type nature, FFPs are rich in easily digestible starch, simple sugars, fat, and energy contents comparable with cereal grains. Based on their nutritional features, these materials are extremely rich in carbohydrates, free sugars and, depending on their origin, also in fats. In addition, FFPs are often characterized by a high degree of processing including technological and heat treatments which can affect not only the availability of nutrients and the kinetics of digestion, but also gastro-intestinal health and animal response. On fresh matter basis, FFPs can substitute conventional feed ingredients up to 30 % in the diets of pigs. Starting from post-weaning piglets, FFP-based diet is able to maintain piglet growth without substantial effects on hindgut microbiota. In growing-finishing pigs, FFP-based diets at a 30 % inclusion level support growth performance of pigs without altering their nutrient and energy deposition efficiency, live body and carcass composition, and general meat quality traits. When considering liver proteome and plasma peptidome of pigs fed such diets, minor modulation occurs. To sum up, while maintaining the performance and wellbeing of pigs, the use of FFPs up to 30 % to replace classic feedstuffs represents a great potential in: i) mitigating food-feed competition, ii) re-distributing valuable food losses to livestock sector to produce animal protein, and iii) reducing environmental footprints resulting from animal production. All these aspects point out important concepts under the principles of circular economy and resilience enhancement in livestock farming, namely, making the most of resources to build a regenerative food system.
446 A stochastic, dynamic agent-based model of swine nutrient requirements for the growing finishing production phase
Authors: Rahimifar Atefeh , Kaniyamattam Karun , Wiegert Jeffrey , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a powerful tool that offers the flexibility to represent the stochasticity exhibited by swine systems due to individual animal nutritional requirements. ABM can also accurately mimic the biological dynamic growth performance of pigs. Addressing and simulating the biological growth dynamics enables precision nutrition and sustainable production management. To realistically replicate the nutrient requirement and growth performance of growing-finishing pigs, we developed an ABM based on the principles and equations from the eleventh Swine Nutrient Requirement Council Model. Each individual pig (agent) in the model had a starting weight of 20 kg and a fixed finishing weight of 140 kg, with a variable number of days on feed. Our model considers three sexes: gilt, barrow, and intact male. Pigs move through the farm, feed, and interact with the environment. Our model dynamically simulates the complex interactions between feed intake, metabolism, and growth processes of growing pigs, thereby being a virtual visualizable growing-finishing swine farm (Figure 1). The basic parameters of the biological growth of pigs, including the body weight, feed intake, metabolizable energy (ME) intake, maintenance ME requirements, protein deposition (Pd), lipid deposition (Ld), and probe backfat thickness (Figure 2), were modeled based on NRC equations. In addition to the above parameters, the daily amino acid, calcium (Ca), and phosphorus (P) requirements for individual pigs were calculated daily. To demonstrate ABM responsiveness to feeding strategies, ractopamine supplementation is included to evaluate the impact on protein deposition. The ABM offers more personalized nutrition management by considering unique pig growth potential and nutritional needs based on characteristics such as age and sex, which can lead to improved growth performance and feed efficiency. Besides, the ABM enables the modeling of population-level dynamics and the evaluation of different feeding scenarios to optimize growth outcomes by allocating optimized feed based on individual nutritional needs. Our ABM will be used to test different feeding management strategies and scenarios, providing valuable insights into the impact of various factors on pig nutrition and growth outcomes while minimizing both time and financial expenditures. Our ABM aims to provide a robust framework for simulating and optimizing feeding strategies and enhancing overall pig production efficiency by leveraging the comprehensive and scientifically validated guidelines provided in the NRC. To verify the accuracy and reliability of the proposed ABM, the results generated by the model were rigorously evaluated and compared with the NRC model results. The results demonstrated a highly satisfactory prediction performance by our ABM, paving the way for more real-time decisions to be made for daily feed management on growing-finishing swine operations.
443 Awardee Talk: Calcium and phosphorus requirement estimates for gestating and lactating sows
Authors: Becker Larissa L , Gebhardt Jordan T , Tokach Mike D , Woodworth Jason C , Goodband Robert D , DeRouchey Joel M 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Calcium and phosphorus are minerals involved in biological functions and essential structural components of the skeleton. The body tightly regulates Ca and P to maintain homeostasis. Maternal demand for Ca and P increases during gestation and lactation to support conceptus growth and milk synthesis. Litter size and litter average daily gain have a large impact on Ca and P requirements for sows because as they increase, the requirements increase due to a greater demand on the sow. The objective of this review was to summarize published literature on Ca and P requirements in gestating and lactating sows derived from empirical data and factorial models. A total of 9 empirical studies and 7 factorial models were reviewed for determining the Ca and P requirements in gestation. For lactation, there were 6 empirical studies and 7 factorial models reviewed. Empirical studies determined requirements based on the observed effect of Ca and P on bone mineralization, sow and litter performance, and milk characteristics. Factorial models generated equations to estimate Ca and P requirements using the main components of maintenance, fetal and placental growth, and maternal retention in gestation. The main components for factorial equations in lactation include maintenance and milk production. In gestation, the standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) P requirement estimates from empirical studies range from 5.4 to 9.5 g/d with total Ca ranging from 12.9 to 18.6 g/d to maximize bone measurements or performance criteria. According to the factorial models, the requirements increase throughout gestation to meet the demands of the growing fetuses and range from 3.3 to 5.1 g/d of STTD P on d 45 of gestation and increase to 7.6 to 10.6 g/d on d 114 of gestation. The modeled total Ca requirement estimates increase from 9.2 to 17.7 g/d on d 45 gestation to 18.4 to 38.2 g/d on d 114 of gestation. During lactation, STTD P requirement estimates from empirical studies ranged from 8.5 to 22.1 g/d and total Ca ranged from 21.2 to 50.4 g/d. For the lactation factorial models, STTD P requirements ranged from 14.2 to 25.1 g/d for STTD P and 28.4 to 55.6 g/d for total Ca for parity 1 sows with a litter size of 15 pigs. The large variation in requirement estimates make it difficult to define Ca and P requirements for reproducing sows; however, a minimum level of 6.0 and 22.1 g/d of STTD P, and 12.9 and 50.4 g/d of total Ca during gestation and lactation, respectively, appears to be adequate to meet basal requirements. The limited data and high variation indicate a need for future research evaluating Ca and P requirements for reproducing sows.