bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Update on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome
Authors: Carron Rebecca 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Purpose
Polycystic ovary syndrome is the most common endocrine disorder in reproductive-aged women. Polycystic ovary syndrome affects approximately 6%–15% of women or about 5–6 million women living in the United States. Dermatology is an entry point in the healthcare system for women with polycystic ovary syndrome. The purpose of this update is to provide dermatology nurses and nurse practitioners with the latest evidence-based guidance for the assessment, diagnosis, and management of polycystic ovary syndrome.

Relevance
Polycystic ovary syndrome occurs worldwide in all ethnic and racial groups. Unfortunately, about 50%–75% of women with the condition are not diagnosed. Dermatology nurses and nurse practitioners are key players in the early diagnosis of polycystic ovary syndrome because of the cutaneous manifestations including acne, hirsutism, and androgenic alopecia.

Essential Points
This update provides clinical information on the following points about polycystic ovary syndrome: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnostic criteria, clinical presentation, laboratory testing, comorbidities, management including nonpharmacological and pharmacological interventions, and nursing implications for dermatology nurses and nurse practitioners. This knowledge will help dermatology nurses and nurse practitioners provide expert nursing care for their patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.
New-Onset Vasculitis in a Patient With Recurrent Henoch–Schonlein Purpura
Authors: Carr Kristin A. , Zumwalt Michael , Jacob Sharon E. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
An 81-year-old outdoorsman from northern New York with a history Henoch–Schonlein purpura presented with 2 weeks of worsening shortness of breath, oliguria, and a bilateral lower-extremity purpuric and petechial rash with circinate lesions on his left dorsal foot. The symptoms and rash did not improve after broad-spectrum antibiotics for presumed pneumonia and systemic corticosteroid administration for a presumed vasculitis flare. A skin biopsy showed a leukocytoclastic vasculitis with negative IgA immunofluorescence. A chest computed tomography showed bilateral cavitary lung nodules. Further blood testing was performed to confirm the diagnosis.
Matching the Implant to the Breast: A Systematic Review of Implant Size Selection Systems for Breast Augmentation
Authors: Adams William P. , Mckee Daniel 
Published: October 2016

Background:
For primary breast augmentation, several implant selection systems have been described to guide the surgeon with choosing from a variety of manufactured implant dimensions and properties. Controversy exists regarding the most efficacious method of selecting an appropriate implant size that best matches the patient’s breast.

Methods:
The goal of this systematic review was to provide a comprehensive list of documented implant size selection systems, and to critically evaluate them. Implant size selection systems were grouped into categories based on selection principles. Articles were evaluated based on reported outcome measures and methodologic quality.

Results:
Thirty-three implant size selection systems were included in the final analysis. Only 12 percent of articles (four of 33) reported clinical outcomes that could be compared to accepted literature values or industry standards. Articles that described tissue-based planning systems, which use clinical guidelines to determine the optimal patient-specific implant dimensions, were of highest methodologic quality using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomised Studies scale, when compared to systems that used breast “dimensional” analyses that stress tissues to the desire of the patient and/or surgeon, and compared to systems that did not use breast measurement (means ± SD, 6.0 ± 1.4, 1.4 ± 2.3, and 0.0 ± 0.0, respectively).

Conclusions:
There is some evidence to support tissue-based planning as a superior approach to implant size selection planning; studies that used tissue-based planning reported lower reoperation rates compared with industry standards and accepted literature values. The authors offer several suggestions on how to improve the methodologic quality of future studies describing new implant selection systems.
Modification of the Radial Forearm Fasciocutaneous Flap in Partial Pharyngolaryngeal Reconstruction to Minimize Fistula Formation
Authors: Ooi Adrian S. H. , Butz Daniel R. , Gooi Zhen , Chang David W. 
Published: October 2016

Summary:
Reconstruction of pharyngolaryngoesophageal defects following salvage surgery in patients with a history of chemoradiation is a challenging problem with a high incidence of pharyngocutaneous fistula. The authors describe three cases of successful reconstruction of partial pharyngolaryngoesophageal defects using a modified radial forearm free flap with additional dermal reinforcement and review the literature for innovations in the use of radial forearm free flap for reconstruction of these difficult cases. Modification of the radial forearm free flap makes it a versatile, reliable flap that has become the “go-to” flap for partial pharyngolaryngoesophageal reconstruction.
Medical Student Mentorship in Plastic Surgery: The Mentor’s Perspective
Authors: Janis Jeffrey E. , Barker Jenny C. 
Published: October 2016

Background:
The reproducible benefits of mentoring to mentees have been studied extensively. However, insights from the mentor perspective are less well described. This study evaluates mentorship of plastic surgery medical students from the attending surgeon’s perspective. A comparison is made with a previous publication evaluating mentorship from the medical student’s perspective.

Methods:
An electronic survey was sent to 1025 active members of the American Council of Academic Plastic Surgeons (ACAPS) and the American Association of Plastic Surgeons (AAPS), with a combined response rate of 23 percent. For individual organizations, the response rate was 40 percent for ACAPS and 24 percent for AAPS.

Results:
Eighty-three percent of attending surgeons reported participation in medical student mentoring. Mentor demographics and preferences were defined. The majority of mentors are men, older than 50 years, with a clinically focused, academic practice. Although scheduled, one-on-one meetings were the most preferred form of interaction, mentors generally favored group activities. Mentors also preferred to meet less frequently and in less personalized formats than mentees. Mentors perceived enhanced job satisfaction and a sense of “giving back” as most important. The most common barriers included mentor time constraints and lack of exposure to medical students. The presence of plastic surgery involvement in the medical school curriculum correlated directly with the formation of mentoring relationships.

Conclusions:
By comparing the perspectives on mentoring between attending surgeons and medical students, discrepancies and similarities were identified. These findings can be used to increase efficacy and strengthen mentoring efforts for medical students in plastic surgery.
Comparison of Antibiotic-Coated versus Uncoated Porcine Dermal Matrix
Authors: Cohen Leslie E. , Imahiyerobo Thomas A. , Scott Jeffrey R. , Spector Jason A. 
Published: October 2016

Background:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial performance of a rifampin/minocycline-coated, non–cross-linked, acellular porcine dermal matrix (XenMatrix AB) compared to an uncoated, non–cross-linked, acellular porcine dermal matrix (Strattice) after implantation/inoculation with methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus or Escherichia coli in a dorsal rabbit model.

Methods:
Forty male New Zealand White rabbits were bilaterally implanted with XenMatrix AB or Strattice grafts and inoculated with clinically isolated methicillin-resistant S. aureus (5 × 107 colony-forming units/ml) or E. coli (1 × 107 colony-forming units/ml). At 2 and 8 weeks, sites were analyzed for viable methicillin-resistant S. aureus/E. coli colony-forming units, abscess formation, and histologic response (n = 5 rabbits per group per bacterium per time point).

Results:
XenMatrix AB completely inhibited bacterial colonization of the graft, inhibited abscess formation, reduced inflammation and encapsulation, and improved neovascularization compared with Strattice. XenMatrix AB implants exhibited significantly fewer colony-forming units compared with Strattice implants at 2 weeks (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) (p < 0.01) and at 2 and 8 weeks (E. coli) (p < 0.05). In addition, XenMatrix AB implants demonstrated a significantly lower abscess score at 2 weeks (methicillin-resistant S. aureus) and 8 weeks (E. coli) (p < 0.01 in both cases). For both types of bacteria and both time points evaluated, XenMatrix AB implants exhibited minimal inflammation and encapsulation and a lack of neutrophils. In contrast, Strattice implants displayed marked inflammatory and neutrophilic responses and moderate encapsulation.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrated the antimicrobial performance of a rifampin/minocycline-coated bioprosthetic (XenMatrix AB) in a rabbit inoculation model. XenMatrix AB completely inhibited bacterial colonization of the graft, with minimal host inflammation and encapsulation, and improved neovascularization compared with Strattice.
Functional Neck Dissection: The Operative Technique Series
Authors: Patel Anup , Clune James , Ariyan Stephan 
Published: October 2016

Summary:
A clinical case of a patient undergoing right functional neck dissection is presented. A detailed, step-by-step video description highlighting the pearls of the operation accompanies the article. This will be the first of many contributions in a Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and PRS Global Open Operative Technique Series initiative that endeavors to disseminate plastic and reconstructive knowledge worldwide.
Fully Awake Breast Reduction
Authors: Filson Simon A. , Yarhi Danielle , Ramon Yitzhak 
Published: October 2016

Summary:
The authors present 25 cases and an in-depth 4-minute video of fully awake aesthetic breast reduction, which was made possible by thoracic epidural anesthesia. There are obvious and important advantages to this technique. Not only does this allow for intraoperative patient cooperation (i.e., patient self-positioning and opinion for comparison of breasts), meaning a shorter and more efficient intraoperative time, there also is a reduction in postoperative pain, complications, recovery, and discharge times. The authors have also enjoyed great success and no complications with this technique in over 150 awake abdominoplasty/total body lift patients. The authors feel that the elimination of the need for general anesthesia by thoracic epidural sensorial–only anesthesia is a highly effective and efficient technique, with very few disadvantages/complications, providing advantages to both patients and surgeons.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Exonic Mosaic Mutations Contribute Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder
Authors: Krupp Deidre R. , Barnard Rebecca A. , Duffourd Yannis , Evans Sara A. , Mulqueen Ryan M. , Bernier Raphael , Rivière Jean-Baptiste , Fombonne Eric , O’Roak Brian J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGenetic risk factors for autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have yet to be fully elucidated. Postzygotic mosaic mutations (PMMs) have been implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders and overgrowth syndromes. We systematically evaluated PMMs by leveraging whole-exome sequencing data on a large family-based ASD cohort, the Simons Simplex Collection. We found evidence that 11% of published single nucleotide variant (SNV)de novomutations are potentially PMMs. We then developed a robust SNV PMM calling approach that leverages complementary callers, logistic regression modeling, and additional heuristics. Using this approach, we recalled SNVs and found that 22% ofde novomutations likely occur as PMMs in children. Unexpectedly, we found a significant burden of synonymous PMMs in probands that are predicted to alter splicing. We found no evidence of missense PMM burden in the full cohort. However, we did observe increased signal for missense PMMs in families without germline mutations in probands, which strengthens in genes intolerant to mutations. We also determined that 7-11% of parental mosaics are transmitted to children. Parental mosaic mutations make up 6.8% of all mutations newly germline in children, which has important implications for recurrence risk. PMMs intersect previously implicated high confidence and other ASD candidate risk genes, further suggesting that this class of mutations contribute to ASD risk. We also identified PMMs in novel candidate risk genes involved with chromatin remodeling or neurodevelopment. We estimate that PMMs contribute risk to 4-8% of simplex ASD cases. Overall, these findings argue for future studies of PMMs in ASD and related-disorders.
Trajectories: how functional traits influence plant growth and shade tolerance across the life-cycle
Authors: Falster Daniel S. , Duursma Remko A. , FitzJohn Richard G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPlant species differ in many functional traits that drive differences in rates of photosynthesis, biomass allocation, and tissue turnover. Yet, it remains unclear how – and even if – such traits influence whole-plant growth, with the simple linear relationships predicted by existing theory often lacking empirical support. Here we present a new theoretical framework for understanding the effect of diverse functional traits on plant growth and shade-tolerance, extending a widely-used theoretical model that links growth rate in seedlings with a single leaf trait to explicitly include influences of size, light environment, and five other prominent traits: seed mass, height at maturation, leaf mass per unit leaf area, leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area, and wood density. Based on biomass production and allocation, this framework explains why the influence of prominent traits on growth rate and shade tolerance often varies with plant size and why the impact of size on growth varies among traits. Considering growth rate in height, we find the influence of: i) leaf mass per unit leaf area is strong in small plants but weakens with size, ii) leaf nitrogen per unit leaf area does not change with size, iii) wood density is present across sizes but is strongest at intermediate sizes, iv) height at maturation strengthens with size, and v) seed mass decreases with size. Moreover, we show how traits moderate plant responses to light environment and also determine shade tolerance, supporting diverse empirical results. By disentangling the effects of plant size, light environment and traits on growth rates, our results provide a solid theoretical foundation for trait ecology and thus provide a platform for understanding growth across diverse species around the world.
A population genomics approach to assessing the genetic basis of within-host microevolution underlying recurrent cryptococcal meningitis infection
Authors: Rhodes Johanna , Beale Mathew A. , Vanhove Mathieu , Jarvis Joseph N. , Kannambath Shichina , Simpson John A. , Ryan Anthea , Meintjes Graeme , Harrison Thomas S. , Fisher Matthew C. , Bicanic Tihana 
Published: October 2016

AbstractRecurrence of meningitis due toCryptococcus neoformansafter treatment causes substantial mortality in HIV/AIDS patients across sub-Saharan Africa. In order to determine whether recurrence occurred due to relapse of the original infecting isolate or reinfection with a different isolate weeks or months after initial treatment, we used whole-genome sequencing to assess the genetic basis of infection in 17 HIV-infected individuals with recurrent cryptococcal meningitis. Comparisons revealed a clonal relationship for 15 pairs of isolates recovered before and after recurrence showing relapse of the original infection. The two remaining pairs showed high levels of genetic heterogeneity; in one pair we found this to be a result of infection by mixed genotypes, whilst the second was a result of nonsense mutations in the gene encoding the DNA mismatch repair proteinsMSH2, MSH5andRAD5. These nonsense mutations led to a hypermutator state, leading to dramatically elevated rates of synonymous and non-synonymous substitutions. Hypermutator phenotypes owing to nonsense mutations in these genes have not previously been reported inCryptococcus neoformansand represent a novel pathway for rapid within-host adaptation and evolution of resistance to firstline antifungal drugs.
The best formula for estimating the low density lipoprotein cholesterol on a North African population
Authors: Hichem Benghezel , Hanane Boukrous , Mouna Zehaf , Radia Saadi 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe often use the estimation of low density lipoprotein cholesterol by using the Friedwald Formula, however limitation and uncertainties make calculation its limits use. Otherwise, simple and inexpensive formulas exists, rarely used in clinical laboratories: Hatorri, Puavilai, Anandaraja, Ahmadi, Vujovic, Saidullah and Cordova. These formulas were studied on small geographically and ethnically populations and require validation in a larger population.We intended by this work, highlight the formula that best estimates the low density lipoprotein cholesterol more accurately than the Friedewald formula on a North African population.It seems that the Puivalai formula is the most suitable to be applied on this population.
Innovation and service experiences in small tourism family firms
Authors: Pikkemaat Birgit , Zehrer Anita 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This paper aims to explore the pertinent issues of innovation and service experiences in family firms in the tourism industry, which are mostly small- and medium-sized enterprises.

Design/methodology/approach
The conceptual paper, building on social identity theory, undertakes a thorough review of the relevant literature before developing propositions regarding innovation and service experiences for small family firms in the tourism industry.

Findings
Small tourism family firms are faced with deficits in strategic orientation and innovation, and cooperation seems to be a means to overcome size deficits in family-run businesses. Customers integrated into the service experience enhance innovative developments and foster innovation in small tourism firms. As a prerequisite, the service experience must be appropriately managed by collecting and evaluating relevant data on customers’ needs, expectations and satisfaction. An open-minded and consumer-focused market-driven strategy seems to be an advantage.

Practical implications
Future research should undertake empirical studies to validate and/or modify the propositions presented in this conceptual paper.

Originality/value
This is one of the few studies to have addressed the relationship between service experiences and innovation for family-run small businesses in the tourism industry.
Disaster risk reduction and empowering local government – a case comparison between Sri Lanka and New Zealand
Authors: MacAskill Kristen , Guthrie Peter 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
This paper examines the role of government in New Zealand in facilitating the development of resilience in the built environment, with reference to the post-earthquake recovery of Christchurch. A cross-case comparison of the institutional structures and arrangements for disaster risk management (DRM) between Sri Lanka and New Zealand provides a useful basis to consider the broader implications of the findings from both countries. Particular consideration is given to the role of community participation in DRM decisions.

Design/methodology/approach
Malalgoda and Amaratunga (2015) recently published an article on empowering local governments to develop resilience in the built environment in Sri Lanka. This paper provides a response to their discussion in conjunction with a New Zealand case study.

Findings
Despite being one of the most advanced countries in the world with regards to DRM, New Zealand faces significant challenges in implementation, chief amongst which is that local governments have yet to truly prioritize DRM in urban development. While community consultation is embedded in the legislative framework, requirements for consultation were somewhat misjudged by the local government in Christchurch’s recovery. A lesson to be learnt from Christchurch’s experience is that even if the Sri Lankan authorities follow Malalgoda and Amaratunga’s recommendations for greater devolution of powers to local government, there will be tensions if community expectations over consultation are not met.

Originality/value
The cross-case analysis offers a helpful lens through which it is possible to examine DRM. It is useful for informing governments and other stakeholders, helping them to understand the challenges their institutions may face in facilitating DRM and building resilience.
Flood risk management an illustrative approach
Authors: Lummen Natainia S. , Shirozu Hajime , Okada Norio , Yamada Fumihiko 
Published: October 2016

Purpose
In Kumamoto, Japan flood risk information is made available on several websites. In the event of heavy rainfall, local citizens need to access these websites and make household-level decisions. It is difficult for citizens to monitor all these sites, analyze and make effective decisions. Evacuation orders are issued by the local government who then filters the information to the relevant multiple stakeholders and local citizens. This takes time and reduces the response lead time of citizens especially in fast-onset floods. There was a therefore a need for illustrative integrated approaches, integrating these data sets.

Design/methodology/approach
Using precipitation, river water and tide level data, user-friendly real-time graphs were set up for the Shirakawa River, Kumamoto, Japan. Flood data were collected and used to create numerical simulations, and electronic community-based hazard maps were created.

Findings
The data gathered from the July 2012 flood event were used as a demonstrator, illustrating a flood event, as well as how to utilize the information provided on user-friendly real-time graphs’ website, to determine the location, future time and possibility of flooding. Additionally, an electronically generated flood hazard map-making process was developed for distribution across Japan.

Research limitations/implications
These illustrative approaches are relatively new and have only been tested and evaluated in communities across Kumamoto, Japan. As such, it is too early to determine robustness and generalized applications worldwide, especially in data-scarce countries and communities. Improvements and maintenance are ongoing.

Practical implications
These illustrative approaches can be adopted and utilized in cities and communities around the globe, thereby helping in overall disaster risk-reduction initiatives and better flood risk management strategies.

Originality/value
These illustrative approaches are new to Kumamoto City and Japan. These provide citizens with user-friendly real-time graphs that can be accessed anytime and used in flood hazard preparations, warnings, response or recovery.