bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formation of reciprocal appreciation patterns in small groups: an agent-based model
Authors: Koponen Ismo T. , Nousiainen Maija 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Purpose
In small cooperative and collaborative groups, patterns of interaction, discourse and dialogue are often strongly bidirectional; ties are reciprocal and reciprocated. This reciprocation of ties leads to the formation of interaction patterns that are reciprocated dyads (two individuals connected reciprocally) and triads (three individuals connected reciprocally). In this study, we use an agent-based model to explore how such reciprocated dyadic and triadic patterns emerge from self-reinforced appreciation between peers in a small group.

Methods
The model assumes that the agents’ decisions to interact depend on how their self-appreciation compares to their appreciations of their peers (peer-appreciation). These comparisons are competitive in that an agent seek to increase its appreciation in relation to its peers. As a consequence, agents change their self-appreciation and appreciation towards their peers depending on their sensitivity to the competitive comparison.

Results
When agents’ sensitivity to competitive comparisons is low, the most common patterns of appreciation are egalitarian triads (all three agents appreciate each other), while for moderate sensitivity, leadership-type patterns emerge (one agent connected strongly to two other unconnected agents). When sensitivity is high, strong reciprocally connected dyads emerge. The model thus predicts thus a transition from egalitarian triads to strong dyads as agents’ sensitivity to competitive comparisons increases.

Conclusions
The structural similarity between patterns emerging as model results and patterns reported in empirical research suggests that: (1) reciprocation based on appreciation is a strong candidate for explaining the formation of such patterns, and (2) individual sensitivity to competitive comparisons of appreciation may be a key factor that can be used to the tune dynamics of interaction in small groups.
Chylothorax in thyroid surgery: A very rare case and systematic review of the literature
Authors: Merki Verena , Pichler Juliane , Giger Roland , Mantokoudis Georgios 
Published: October 2016

Background Chylothorax is a very rare but major complication in thyroid surgery and should be apparent to clinicians in this field. Case presentation We report a case with chylothrax after thyroid surgery in our department that drew our attention. Methods Systematic review of the literature to evaluate the incidence and the contributing factors of chylothorax after thyroid surgery. Database (PubMed) and hand searches to identify patients with thyroid surgery and postoperative chylothorax. Keywords included chylothorax, thyroidectomy, thyroid surgery and complications. Two independent reviewers screened studies against inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patient characteristics, risk factors, symptoms, treatments and etiopathogenesis were investigated. Results We identified 13 articles in the literature describing 19 patients with chylothorax after thyroidectomy and described our own case. Ninety percent of the patients underwent thyroidectomy for thyroid cancer. Sixteen patients (80%) underwent thyroidectomy with at least a left lateral neck dissection, 2 patients (10%) underwent thyroidectomy with sternotomy, and in the remaining 2 patients (10%), thyroidectomy with lateral neck dissection on both sides was performed with partial sternotomy. Our calculated incidence for chylothorax with total thyroidectomy and neck dissection was 1.85%; for a thoracic approach the calculated incidence was 7.3%. Conclusions There are no reports of chylothorax after thyroidectomy without at least a left lateral neck dissection due to advanced thyroid cancer and/or sternotomy due to the thyroid size. The extension of thyroid surgery seems to be the main risk factor in developing chylothorax either through direct surgical trauma or through increased intraductal pressure after thoracic duct ligation. An early diagnosis of chylothorax may avoid severe metabolic or cardiopulmonary complications.
CXCL12-induced macropinocytosis modulates two distinct pathways to activate mTORC1 in macrophages
Authors: Pacitto Regina , Gaeta Isabella , Swanson Joel A , Yoshida Sei 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Although growth factors and chemokines elicit different overall effects on cells—growth and chemotaxis, respectively—and activate distinct classes of cell-surface receptors, nonetheless, they trigger similar cellular activities and signaling pathways. The growth factor M-CSF and the chemokine CXCL12 both stimulate the endocytic process of macropinocytosis, and both activate the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1), a protein complex that regulates cell metabolism. Recent studies of signaling by M-CSF in macrophages identified a role for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1, in which delivery of extracellular amino acids into lysosomes via macropinocytosis was required for activation of mTORC1. Here, we analyzed the regulation of macropinosome (MP) formation in response to CXCL12 and identified 2 roles for macropinocytosis in the activation of mTORC1. Within 5 min of adding CXCL12, murine macrophages increased ruffling, macropinocytosis and amino acid-dependent activation of mTORC1. Inhibitors of macropinocytosis blocked activation of mTORC1, and various isoform-specific inhibitors of type 1 PI3K and protein kinase C (PKC) showed similar patterns of inhibition of macropinocytosis and mTORC1 activity. However, unlike the response to M-CSF, Akt phosphorylation (pAkt) in response to CXCL12 required the actin cytoskeleton and the formation of macropinocytic cups. Quantitative fluorescence microscopy showed that phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3), a product of PI3K and an upstream activator of Akt, localized to macropinocytic cups and that pAkt occurred primarily in cups. These results indicate that CXCL12 activates mTORC1 via 2 mechanisms: 1) that the macropinocytic cup localizes Akt signaling and 2) that MPs convey extracellular nutrients to lysosomes.
Rank Centrality: Ranking from Pairwise Comparisons
Authors: Negahban Sahand , Oh Sewoong , Shah Devavrat 
Published: October 2016

The question of aggregating pairwise comparisons to obtain a global ranking over a collection of objects has been of interest for a very long time: be it ranking of online gamers (e.g., MSR’s TrueSkill system) and chess players, aggregating social opinions, or deciding which product to sell based on transactions. In most settings, in addition to obtaining a ranking, finding ‘scores’ for each object (e.g., player’s rating) is of interest for understanding the intensity of the preferences. In this paper, we propose Rank Centrality, an iterative rank aggregation algorithm for discovering scores for objects (or items) from pairwise comparisons. The algorithm has a natural random walk interpretation over the graph of objects with an edge present between a pair of objects if they are compared; the score, which we call Rank Centrality, of an object turns out to be its stationary probability under this random walk. To study the efficacy of the algorithm, we consider the popular Bradley-Terry-Luce (BTL) model (equivalent to the Multinomial Logit (MNL) for pairwise comparisons) in which each object has an associated score that determines the probabilistic outcomes of pairwise comparisons between objects. In terms of the pairwise marginal probabilities, which is the main subject of this paper, the MNL model and the BTL model are identical. We bound the finite sample error rates between the scores assumed by the BTL model and those estimated by our algorithm. In particular, the number of samples required to learn the score well with high probability depends on the structure of the comparison graph. When the Laplacian of the comparison graph has a strictly positive spectral gap, e.g., each item is compared to a subset of randomly chosen items, this leads to dependence on the number of samples that is nearly order optimal. Experimental evaluations on synthetic data sets generated according to the BTL model show that our algorithm performs as well as the maximum likelihood estimator for that model and outperforms other popular ranking algorithms.
The power of relationships in bringing hope to patients in difficult times. Part 1/2
Authors: Higham Nic , Martynchyk Nina 
Published: October 2016

Star Wards is a charity that provides practical ideas and inspiring examples of mental health best care practice, from and for mental health care staff working within inpatient settings. Its overall objective is to support staff in enabling patients to make the most of their time away from their usual lives. Prior to joining Star Wards, Nic spent ten years working as both a healthcare support worker and a therapeutic liaison worker, a role he pioneered. Nic now works as the Star Wards inpatient care project manager, using his experience to develop resources for ward staff. Nina brings to her work as Star Wards service user consultant for CAMHeleon her experience of being treated under both outpatient and inpatient child and adolescent mental health services (CAMHS)—CAMHeleon is a collection of best practice ideas for ward staff working with children and adolescents. CAMHS are specialist NHS services provided to children and young people who struggle with their emotional and/or behavioural wellbeing. Within the text, Nina responds to quotes taken from and inspired by the various themes of CAMHeleon, telling us her story and explaining how the compassion and care of the staff were some of the key factors that led her onto the path of recovery.
Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in liver cells induced by cobalt nanoparticles and ions
Authors: Liu Y. K. , Deng X. X. , Yang H.L. 
Published: October 2016

Objectives The cytotoxicity induced by cobalt ions (Co2+) and cobalt nanoparticles (Co-NPs) which released following the insertion of a total hip prosthesis, has been reported. However, little is known about the underlying mechanisms. In this study, we investigate the toxic effect of Co2+ and Co-NPs on liver cells, and explain further the potential mechanisms. Methods Co-NPs were characterised for size, shape, elemental analysis, and hydrodynamic diameter, and were assessed by Transmission Electron Microscope, Scanning Electron Microscope, Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Dynamic Light Scattering. BRL-3A cells were used in this study. Cytotoxicity was evaluated by MTT and lactate dehydrogenase release assay. In order to clarify the potential mechanisms, reactive oxygen species, Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression, IL-8 mRNA expression and DNA damage were assessed on BRL-3A cells after Co2+ or Co-NPs treatment. Results Results showed cytotoxic effects of Co2+ and Co-NPs were dependent upon time and dosage, and the cytotoxicity of Co-NPs was greater than that of Co2+. In addition, Co-NPs elicited a significant (p < 0.05) reduction in cell viability with a concomitant increase in lactic dehydrogenase release, reactive oxygen species generation, IL-8 mRNA expression, Bax/Bcl-2 mRNA expression and DNA damage after 24 hours of exposure. Conclusion Co-NPs induced greater cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in BRL-3A cells than Co2+. Cell membrane damage, oxidative stress, immune inflammation and DNA damage may play an important role in the effects of Co-NPs on liver cells. Cite this article: Y. K. Liu, X. X. Deng, H.L. Yang. Cytotoxicity and genotoxicity in liver cells induced by cobalt nanoparticles and ions. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:461–469. DOI: 10.1302/2046-3758.510.BJR-2016-0016.R1.
A METODOLOGIA DE PROJETOS E O DESAFIO NA ELABORAÇÃO DE NOVAS POSSIBILIDADES DE PROPOSTAS
Authors: Nascimento Elaine Cristina , Behrens Marilda Aparecida , Torres Patricia Lupion 
Published: October 2016

As demandas da sociedade e o desencadeamento das transformações decorrentes destas no campo da Educação têm sido tema de constantes debates, principalmente ao abordar a Formação de Docentes e a prática Pedagógica desenvolvida nos diferentes contextos educacionais. Desta forma, os processos relacionados ao ato de ensinar e aprender também precisam estar em constante análise e reflexão, pois precisam estar em consonância com os novos paradigmas. Neste contexto, esta pesquisadora, integrante do Grupo PEFOP - Paradigmas Educacionais e Formação de Professores, na Linha de pesquisa - Teoria e Prática Pedagógica na Formação de Professores, optou por investigar: Quais os elementos estruturantes na Metodologia de Projetos para uma formação que subsidie e que atenda ao paradigma da complexidade? Esta pesquisa-ação de natureza qualitativa é parte do projeto de Formação Pedagógica do Professor Universitário do grupo PEFOP numa pesquisa-ação que foi realizada em quatorze encontros, por meio de Seminário aprofundamento da linha de Teoria e Prática Pedagógica na Formação de Professores (Doutorado), do Programa de Pós-Graduação em Educação (PPGE). Para este estudo, tomou-se como problema: Quais são os elementos estruturantes necessários para uma proposta de Metodologia de Projetos para uma formação que atenda ao paradigma da complexidade? Como objetivo o processo investigativo buscou considerar nas discussões e nas reflexões quais os desafios apresentados pelos participantes, visando a um olhar sobre os dados obtidos na pesquisa, que possibilitem uma reflexão dialógica, criativa e cooperativa, apontando para uma ação colaborativa e transformadora nas práticas pedagógicas e fornecendo subsídios aos professores, por meio da Metodologia de Projetos (Behens, 2016) e seus elementos estruturantes, consolidando seu fazer docente.
The EFL Methodology Course in Chile: SLTE in the Expanding Circle
Authors: Martin Annjeanette 
Published: October 2016

With the growth of EFL instruction worldwide, there has been increasing interest in how English teachers are prepared, yet little research has addressed these programs in foreign contexts. As part of pedagogical formation, methodology courses are considered key in developing both ‘received’ and ‘experiential’ teacher knowledge. Inspired by previous research, the current descriptive study analyzes the pedagogical content of methodology courses in EFL teacher programs in 16 Chilean universities and addresses the perceptions of methodology instructors by means of a questionnaire and an interview. Results highlight similarities and differences among programs, some considerations in designing methodology courses and the challenges in articulating the connection between theory and practice. Con el aumento en la enseñanza del inglés a nivel mundial, también se ha visto un aumento en el interés en la formación docente de los profesores de inglés. Sin embargo, ha habido escasa investigación en contextos lejos de los centros de habla inglesa. Como parte de la formación docente, los cursos de metodología se consideran claves para desarrollar los conocimientos pedagógicos ‘recibidos’ y ‘experienciales’. Inspirado en investigaciones previas, el presente estudio descriptivo analiza el contenido pedagógico de los cursos de metodología en 16 programas de formación docente inicial para profesores de inglés en Chile e incluye las percepciones de los profesores de metodología de la especialidad a través de una encuesta y una entrevista. Los resultados abordan similitudes y diferencias entre programas, algunas consideraciones en diseñar estos cursos, y el desafío de la articulación entre teoría y práctica.
Going 3D with Technology: An Overarching Approach for Language Teachers
Authors: Hendryx Jason D. 
Published: October 2016

Después de más de una década de observaciones en clases de más de una docena de idiomas, en múltiples instituciones de educación secundaria y de educación superior en varios países, se puede afirmar que existen tres usos pedagógicos clave para una introducción exitosa de la tecnología por parte de los profesores. Los tres usos identificados son: el direccional, el de desarrollo, y el crítico. En lo sucesivo, llamados usos 3D. Los datos de observación obtenidos sugieren que cuando un profesor de idiomas introduce la tecnología en el aula por medio de cualquiera de los tres usos indicados, incrementa el éxito de resultados. El éxito aquí debe entenderse como un mayor nivel de interacción, de motivación, de compromiso y de producción de lenguaje por parte de las estudiantes. Mientras tanto las observaciones de profesores que introducen la tecnología en el aula sin tener en cuenta los usos 3D, revelaron aplicaciones rígidas y aburridas de los medios tecnológicos para la enseñanza y el aprendizaje de idiomas. Dichas aplicaciones muchas veces se caracterizan por desdeñar el contexto pedagógico de manera que generan entre los estudiantes escasos o nulos niveles de interacción o de producción de lenguaje.Grounded in over a decade of language classroom observations, in multiple institutions of secondary and higher education in several countries, across over a dozen languages, three key features of what appear to be successful applications of technology by instructors in these classes for language teaching emerged. These features came to be identified as directional, developmental, and decisive—Hereafter referred to as the 3Ds. Observational data suggests that when an instructor embraces any of the 3Ds while using technology for teaching and learning purposes, the more successful that application of technology seems to be. Success here should be understood as higher levels of student interaction, engagement, and motivation, with more kinds and types of student language being produced. Meanwhile, observations of instructors who did not utilize any of the 3Ds, revealed stiff, uninspiring uses of technology, oftentimes devoid of context, which did not result in much, if any, student interaction or language production.
Impact of commonly prescribed exercise interventions on platelet activation in physically inactive and overweight men
Authors: Haynes Andrew , Linden Matthew D. , Robey Elisa , Watts Gerald F. , Barrett Hugh , Naylor Louise H. , Green Daniel J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe exercise paradox infers that, despite the well‐established cardioprotective effects of repeated episodic exercise (training), the risk of acute atherothrombotic events may be transiently increased during and soon after an exercise bout. However, the acute impact of different exercise modalities on platelet function has not previously been addressed. We hypothesized that distinct modalities of exercise would have differing effects on in vivo platelet activation and reactivity to agonists which induce monocyte‐platelet aggregate (MPA) formation. Eight middle‐aged (53.5 ± 1.6 years) male participants took part in four 30 min experimental interventions (aerobic AE, resistance RE, combined aerobic/resistance exercise CARE, or no‐exercise NE), in random order. Blood samples were collected before, immediately after, and 1 h after each intervention, and incubated with one of three agonists of physiologically/clinically relevant pathways of platelet activation (thrombin receptor activating peptide‐6 TRAP, arachidonic acid AA, and cross‐linked collagen‐related peptide xCRP). In the presence of AA, TRAP, and xCRP, both RE and CARE evoked increases in MPAs immediately post‐exercise (P < 0.01), whereas only AA significantly increased MPAs immediately after AE (P < 0.01). These increases in platelet activation post‐exercise were transient, as responses approached pre‐exercise levels by 1 h. These are the first data to suggest that exercise involving a resistance component in humans may transiently increase platelet‐mediated thrombotic risk more than aerobic modalities.
Live-in and Burn-out?
Authors: Becker Karina 
Published: October 2016

Zusammenfassung
Aktuell ist zu beobachten, dass deutsche Familien für die Verrichtung häuslicher Pflegearbeit zunehmend auf Pflegekräfte aus Osteuropa zurückgreifen. Aufgrund der schwachen Regulierung und des Charakters der Arbeit sind die Pflegekräfte darauf verwiesen, ihre Arbeits- und Beschäftigungsbedingungen mit den Familien, zum Teil auch mit den Sorgebedürftigen selbst, auszuhandeln. Anhand eines arbeitssoziologischen Designs wird untersucht, auf welche Machtressourcen sie in ihrem Arbeits- und Beschäftigungsverhältnis zurückgreifen (können). Es wird gezeigt, dass sich migrantische Pflegekräfte vielfach in einer Situation struktureller Machtlosigkeit befinden.
Evaluation and comparison of three assays for molecular detection of spinal muscular atrophy
Authors: Li Liang , Zhou Wan-Jun , Fang Ping , Zhong Ze-Yan , Xie Jian-Sheng , Yan Ti-Zhen , Zeng Jian , Tan Xu-Hui , Xu Xiang-Min 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground:Spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is mainly caused by deletions in SMA-related genes. The objective of this study was to develop gene-dosage assays for diagnosing SMA.Methods:A multiplex, quantitative PCR assay and a CNVplex assay were developed for determining the copy number ofResults:The multiplex quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay had higher reproducibility. Intra-assay CVs were 3.01%–8.52% and inter-assay CVs were 4.12%–6.24%. The CNVplex assay had ratios that were closer to expected (0.49–0.5 for one copy, 1.03–1.0 for two copies, and 1.50–1.50 for three copies). Diagnostic accuracy rates for the two assays were 100%.Conclusions:The multiplex qPCR assay was a simple, rapid, and cost-effective method for routine SMA diagnosis and carrier screening. The CNVplex assay could be used to detect SMAs with complicated gene structures. The assays were reliable and could be used as alternative methods for clinical diagnosis of SMA.
Utility of proGRP as a tumor marker in the medullary thyroid carcinoma
Authors: Parra-Robert Marina , Orois Aida , Augé Josep Maria , Halperin Irene , Filella Xavier , Molina Rafael 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackground:Medullary thyroid carcinoma (MTC) is a neuroendocrine tumor caused by a malignant transformation in the parafollicular C-cells of the thyroid, where calcitonin (CT) is released. Nowadays the main tumor markers (TM) used in the diagnosis and follow-up of MTC patients are CT and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA). Nonetheless, progastrin releasing peptide (proGRP) has been recently proposed as a TM useful in the MTC. Our aims were to investigate the release of proGRP in thyroid tumors, its role in the assessment of advanced MTC and its utility in the differential diagnosis between MTC and non-MTC thyroid tumors.Methods:Serum samples from 22 patients with MTC and 16 with non-MTC were collected. Patients were classified into advanced cancer or no evidence of disease (NED). ProGRP was performed by Architect (Abbot Diagnostics), CT by Liaison (Diasorin) and CEA by Cobas E601(Roche Diagnostics).Results:ProGRP median concentration in advanced MTC was significantly higher (1398.4 pg/mL) when compared with non-MTC, either in advanced disease (24.9 pg/mL) or NED (14.6 pg/mL). In non-MTC patients, proGRP median concentration was below its cutoff level (50 pg/mL). Similar to CT, proGRP was able to detect 88.9% of MTC patients, but with a slightly lower specificity of 76.9%. Using proGRP together with CT the sensitivity increased to 100%.Conclusions:The low prevalence of this malignancy strongly recommends further collaborative studies, mainly focused on monitoring proGRP during tyrosine kinase inhibitors treatment for early detection of resistance and assessing its usefulness to avoid the observed false positive fluctuations that occur with CT and CEA.