bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Acute exercise alters brain glucose metabolism in aging and Alzheimer's disease
Authors: Green Zachary D. , John Casey S. , Kueck Paul J. , Blankenship Anneka E. , Kemna Riley E. , Johnson Chelsea N. , Yoksh Lauren E. , Best Shaun R. , Donald Joseph S. , Mahnken Jonathan D. , Burns Jeffrey M. , Vidoni Eric D. , Morris Jill K. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractThere is evidence that aerobic exercise improves brain health. Benefits may be modulated by acute physiological responses to exercise, but this has not been well characterized in older or cognitively impaired adults. The randomized controlled trial ‘AEROBIC’ (NCT04299308) enrolled 60 older adults who were cognitively healthy (n = 30) or cognitively impaired (n = 30) to characterize the acute brain responses to moderate [45–55% heart rate reserve (HRR)] and higher (65–75% HRR) intensity acute exercise. Each participant received two fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography (FDG‐PET) scans, one at rest and one following acute exercise. Change in cerebral glucose metabolism from rest to exercise was the primary outcome. Blood biomarker responses were also characterized as secondary outcomes. Whole grey matter FDG‐PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) differed between exercise (1.045 ± 0.082) and rest (0.985 ± 0.077) across subjects [Diff = −0.060, t(58) = 13.8, P < 0.001] regardless of diagnosis. Exercise increased lactate area under the curve (AUC) [F(1,56) = 161.99, P < 0.001] more in the higher intensity group [mean difference (MD) = 97.0 ± 50.8] than the moderate intensity group (MD = 40.3 ± 27.5; t = −5.252, P < 0.001). Change in lactate AUC and FDG‐PET SUVR correlated significantly (R2 = 0.179, P < 0.001). Acute exercise decreased whole grey matter cerebral glucose metabolism. This effect tracked with the systemic lactate response, suggesting that lactate may serve as a key brain fuel during exercise. Direct measurements of brain lactate metabolism in response to exercise are warranted.
imageKey points
Acute exercise is associated with a drop in global brain glucose metabolism in both cognitively healthy older adults and those with Alzheimer's disease.
Blood lactate levels increase following acute exercise.
Change in brain metabolism tracks with blood lactate, suggesting it may be an important brain fuel.
Acute exercise stimulates changes in brain‐derived neurotrophic factor and other blood biomarkers.
Rapid Airborne Gas-Plume Mapping and Source Localization With Feedforward Gas-Sensor Dynamics Compensation
Authors: Hoffman Kyle C. , Anderson Jacob M. , Leang Kam K. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This article focuses on improving the speed, accuracy, and robustness of autonomous aerial-based chemical sensing for plume mapping and source localization through characterizing, modeling, and feedforward compensation of gas-sensor dynamics. First, the dynamics of three types of gas sensors are modeled. Second, the maximum chemical-mapping speed is calculated and shown to be inversely proportional to sensor time constant. Third, an inversion-based approach is used to compensate for the sensor dynamics to improve mapping throughput. Results show that dynamics compensation enhances the chemical-mapping speed by over five times compared to the uncompensated case. Finally, to further demonstrate utility, the approach is applied to a particle swarm optimization example for plume-source localization. The improvement is observed by how well the agents converge to the true chemical gas source location when gas-sensor dynamics are taken into account. Specifically, for a static Gaussian plume source, feedforward compensation leads to 64% average improvement in localization success, and for a dynamic Quick Urban and Industrial Complex (QUIC) dispersion plume source, a 39% average improvement is observed. These results underscore the importance of sensor dynamics compensation for enhancing mapping and source localization throughput, accuracy, and robustness.
An Investigation into the Viability of Cell-Level Temperature Control in Lithium-Ion Battery Packs
Authors: Abadie Preston T. , Docimo Donald J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This article focuses on the thermal management and temperature balancing of lithium-ion battery packs. As society transitions to relying more heavily on renewable energy, the need for energy storage rises considerably, as storage facilitates power regulation between these sources and the grid. Lithium-ion batteries are leading the market for energy storage options, but their properties are temperature sensitive, with thermal abuse resulting in shortened pack lifetime and possible safety issues. Current battery thermal management systems (BTMS) are implemented in a number of ways to ensure consistent and reliable operation. However, they are typically limited in architecture and restricted in ability to attend to temperature gradients. This work proposes a BTMS topology that permits control of the individual cooling received by a cell in a pack. First, an analysis is done using timescale separation to confirm that cell-level temperature control is capable of extending the lifetime of a pack as compared to pack-level control. The analysis is used to guide the gain tuning of a state feedback controller, which directs more cooling effort to cells of higher temperatures. Validation of the BTMS topology and control is performed through the simulation of a battery pack, with variations in total cooling power and resistance heterogeneity. The outcome of the validation studies indicates that the proposed BTMS configuration is better equipped to reduce temperature differences and extend pack life. This benefit increases as total input power increases, giving the controller more freedom to cool unhealthy cells while remaining within power constraints.
High-Speed 50,000 rpm Planetary Roller Reducer for Electric Vehicles: Design and Transmission Efficiency Analysis
Authors: Yamamoto Takeshi , Miura Yoshitaka , Matsushita Yuuki , Hashimoto Shin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Planetary rollers produce no meshing vibration and exhibit low noise, so that they are suitable for use as reducers for high-speed electric motors. On the other hand, at high rotational speeds of tens of thousands of rpm, there is a concern that the transmission efficiency may decrease due to oil churning resistance in the traction portion and the bearings, windage associated with the rollers, and rolling viscous resistance in the traction portion. However, accurate transmission efficiency at high rotational speeds has not been measured, and loss factors have not been analyzed. Therefore, a planetary roller prototype and a high-speed tester were designed and manufactured, and transmission efficiency measurements at speeds of up to 50,000 rpm were performed. In addition, a model was constructed to calculate the loss caused by the load and rotation of each part that configures the reducer, and the calculations were confirmed to agree well with the experimental results. It was clarified that the planetary roller prototype has a high transmission efficiency of up to 98%, that the decrease in efficiency is small even at high rotational speeds, and that the spin loss due to the bearings and churning is small.
HIV-induced RSAD2/Viperin supports sustained infection of monocyte-derived macrophages
Authors: Zankharia Urvi , Yi Yanjie , Lu Fang , Vladimirova Olga , Karisetty Bhanu Chandra , Wikramasinghe Jayamanna , Kossenkov Andrew , Collman Ronald G. , Lieberman Paul M. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

HIV establishes long-term latent infection in memory CD4
+
T cells and also establishes sustained long-term productive infection in macrophages, especially in the central nervous system (CNS). To better understand how HIV sustains infection in macrophages, we performed RNAseq analysis after infection of human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs) with the brain-derived HIV-1 strain YU2 and compared this with acute infection of CD4
+
T cells. HIV infection in MDM and CD4
+
T cells altered many gene transcripts, but with few overlaps between these different cell types. We found interferon pathways upregulated in both MDM and CD4
+
T cells, but with different gene signatures. The interferon-stimulated gene RSAD2/Viperin was among the most upregulated genes following HIV infection in MDMs, but not in CD4
+
T cells. RSAD2/Viperin was induced early after infection with various HIV strains, was sustained over time, and remained elevated in established MDM infection even if new rounds of infection were blocked by antiretroviral treatment. Immunofluorescence microscopy revealed that RSAD2/Viperin was induced in HIV-infected cells, as well as in some uninfected neighboring cells. Knockdown of RSAD2/Viperin following the establishment of infection in MDMs reduced the production of HIV transcripts and viral p24 antigen. This correlated with the reduction in the number of multinucleated giant cells, and changes in the HIV DNA and chromatin structure, including an increased DNA copy number and loss of nucleosomes and histone modifications at the long terminal repeat (LTR). RNAseq transcriptomic analysis of RSAD2/Viperin knockdown during HIV infection of MDMs revealed the activation of interferon alpha/beta and gamma pathways and the inactivation of Rho GTPase pathways. Taken together, these results suggest that RSAD2/Viperin supports the sustained infection in macrophages, potentially through mechanisms involving the alteration of the LTR chromatin structure and the interferon response.

IMPORTANCE
HIV infection of macrophages is a barrier to HIV cure and a source of neurocognitive pathology. We found that HIV induces RSAD2/Viperin during sustained infection of macrophages. While RSAD2/Viperin is an interferon-stimulated gene with known antiviral activity, we find RSAD2/Viperin promotes HIV infection in macrophages through multiple mechanisms, including interferon signaling. Therefore, RSAD2/Viperin may be a therapeutic target for the treatment of HIV-infected macrophages.
Divergence of rhizosphere microbial communities between females and males of the dioecious
Hippophae tibetana
at different habitats
Authors: Mao YiFan , Li Ni , Huang YaLi , Chen DaWei , Sun Kun 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Females and males of dioecious plants have evolved sex-specific characteristics in terms of their morphological and physiological properties. However, little is known about the difference in rhizosphere microbes in dioecious plants. In this study, we used amplicon sequencing to analyze the differences in rhizosphere microbial diversity and community composition of males and females of dioecious
Hippophae tibetana
at different habitats, and their key factors in driving the differences were investigated. The results showed that there were differences in the diversity, community composition, and connectivity and complexity of the co-occurrence network of rhizosphere microbes between females and males of the dioecious
H. tibetana
at different habitats. Zoopagomycota is a unique phylum of rhizosphere fungi in the males of the dioecious
H. tibetana
, while Dependentiae is a unique phylum of rhizosphere bacteria in the females of the dioecious
H. tibetana
. Linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis indicated significant enrichment of species at different levels, suggesting that these species could be potential biomarkers for females and males of
H. tibetana
. Spearman’s analysis showed that the dominant genera of rhizosphere fungi were significantly positively correlated with soil physicochemical properties (total nitrogen and phosphorus; organic matter; available phosphorus, potassium and nitrogen; salt content; water content). PICRUSt and FUNGuild predictive analysis indicated that the function of rhizosphere fungi was different between females and males of the dioecious
H. tibetana
at different habitats, while metabolites were the dominant functions of rhizosphere bacteria in all samples. These results highlighted the sexual discrimination of rhizosphere microbes on the dioecious plants and provided important knowledge for females and males of the dioecious plant–microbe interaction.

IMPORTANCE

This study explores the differences in rhizosphere microbes of dioecious
Hippophae tibetana
at different habitats and their key factors in driving the differences. Through employing amplicon sequencing techniques, we found that rhizosphere microbial communities and diversity were different between females and males of the dioecious
H. tibetana
at different habitats, and there notably existed unique phylum and potential biomarkers of rhizosphere microbes between females and males of the dioecious
H. tibetana
. Rhizosphere fungi were significantly positively correlated with soil physicochemical properties. This study reveals the differences in rhizosphere microbes of dioecious
H. tibetana
at different habitats and driving factors; it also contributes to our understanding of the dioecious plant–microbe interaction.
Stated preferences of adolescents and young adults for sexual and reproductive health services in Africa: a systematic review protocol
Authors: Alemu Melaku Birhanu , Norman Richard , Dantas Jaya , Belay Daniel Gashaneh , Pereira Gavin , Tessema Gizachew A 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundAdolescence and young adulthood are critical life stages with varied healthcare needs. Adolescents and young adults (AYAs) are often confronted with challenges in their sexual and reproductive health (SRH) and rights. Uptake of SRH services among AYAs groups remains limited, especially in resource-limited settings. This could be partly attributed to the existing services not catering for the preferences of AYAs. However, there is no systematic evaluation of research to explore the preferences of AYAs for SRH services in Africa. Therefore, the objective of this systematic review is to assess AYAs’s preferences for SRH in Africa.Methods and analysisThe systematic review will follow the recommendations of Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses 2020. Stated preference studies in the area of SRH services conducted among AYAs will be included. We will search MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, Scopus, Global Health and Google Scholar databases. Two independent researchers will screen the articles, and any disagreement will be handled through discussion with the broader research team. The quality of the included papers will be assessed and reported. The preferences for attributes, the most important and least important attributes and preference heterogeneity will be reported. In addition, the preference research gap across African regions and SRH services among AYAs will be reported.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval is not required for this protocol. The systematic review findings will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at conferences.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023386944.
A cross-sectional study of the association between physical activity and depressive symptoms among adolescents in southwest China stratified by parental absence: the mediating role of insomnia and the moderating role of resilience
Authors: Zhang Ming , Jiang Jianjun , Peng Wei , Yang Ruixi , Liu Qijiao , Li Shiying , Li Yuchen , Liu Qiaolan 
Published: September 2024

ObjectivesThis study explored the mechanisms by which physical activity was associated with depressive symptoms in multi-ethnic (Han, Yi and Tibetan) adolescents in southwest China. The mediating role of insomnia in the association of physical activity with depressive symptoms, the moderating role of resilience in this mediation model and the moderating role of parental absence in the moderated mediation model were also examined.DesignA cross-sectional survey.SettingIn southwest China (Sichuan Province and Tibet Autonomous Region).Participants3195 adolescents from a school-based survey conducted between April and October 2020.MethodsThere were 3143 valid samples in this study (47.2% males with mean age=12.88±1.68 years). Structural equation models were developed to estimate the direct and mediating effect, and the moderating effect. Multigroup comparison was performed to examine the differences and similarities of the moderated mediation model across three parental absence subgroups: (1) both parents present, (2) one parent absent and (3) both parents absent.ResultsAs hypothesised, physical activity was significantly and positively associated with the reduction of depressive symptoms in adolescents. Insomnia partially mediated the effect of physical activity on depressive symptoms. In addition, resilience moderated the direct and indirect effects of physical activity (through insomnia) on depressive symptoms. Finally, the multigroup comparison indicated the moderating effect of parental absence on the moderated mediation model.ConclusionsPhysical activity was associated with alleviating insomnia symptoms among adolescents, thus correlating with the improvement of their depressive symptoms. Resilience was associated with enhancing the beneficial effects of physical activity, further improving depressive symptoms among adolescents, especially those with both absent parents. It is evident that physical activity interventions should be further incorporated into public health programmes to foster the physical and mental health of left-behind adolescents in southwest China.
Investigating combined acupuncture and transcranial direct current stimulation in patients with poststroke shoulder pain from China: protocol for a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Chen Jincheng , Lin Zhigang , Chen Shuijin , He Jian , Liu Weilin , Liu Zhizhen , He Youze , Rao Ting , Yang Yihan , Lin Rong , Cheng Jing , Jiang Yijing , Yang Shanli 
Published: September 2024

IntroductionPoststroke shoulder pain is a common complication that severely affects the recovery of upper limb motor function. Acupuncture has positive analgesic effects in treating poststroke shoulder pain, and studies have demonstrated the efficacy of transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) in treating patients with this pain. However, whether acupuncture combined with tDCS has a superior rehabilitation effect on poststroke shoulder pain is currently unknown. We aimed to observe the effect of the combined intervention on poststroke shoulder pain and explore its possible central analgesic mechanism.Methods and analysisThis study describes a randomised controlled trial using assessor blinding. A total of 135 poststroke patients with shoulder pain will be randomly assigned in a 1:1:1 ratio to the tDCS group, acupuncture group and combined group (acupuncture plus tDCS). All three groups will undergo conventional rehabilitation treatment. Participants in the tDCS group will receive tDCS stimulation on the M1 area for 20 min, while the acupuncture group will receive 20 min of acupuncture. The combined treatment group will receive both. All treatments will be performed five times per week for 4 weeks. The primary outcome indicator in this study is the Visual Analogue Scale pain score. Secondary outcome indicators include shoulder mobility, Shoulder Pain and Disability Index, Fugl–Meyer Motor Function Scale, Modified Barthel Index Scale, Self-Rating Anxiety and Depression Scale and functional MRI. All scale results will be assessed at baseline and at 2 weeks and 4 weeks, and during follow-up at 1 month, 3 months and 6 months postdischarge. A repeated analysis of variance will be conducted to observe the group×time interaction effects of the combined intervention. Moreover, functional MRI will be applied to explore the central analgesic mechanism.Ethics and disseminationEthics approval was obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Affiliated Rehabilitation Hospital of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (2023KY-039–001). The results of the study will be published in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at scientific conferences.Trial registration numberChiCTR2300078270.
Exploring how starting work during COVID-19 impacted post-foundation career decisions of new doctors: a mixed methods study
Authors: Harvey Bluemel Anna , Brown Megan E L , Vance Gillian , Fu Yu , Price Christopher , Burford Bryan 
Published: September 2024

ObjectivesThis study addressed two research questions: What factors do doctors in training describe as influencing their choices to apply (or not apply) for specialty training during their Foundation Year 2? Which of these factors are specific to the context of the COVID-19 pandemic, and the unique experiences of the cohort of doctors who qualified early during the pandemic?DesignSequential explanatory mixed methods study: Quantitative survey. Qualitative semistructured interviews. Quantitative data were analysed with logistic regression. Qualitative data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis.SettingUK-wide.ParticipantsJunior doctors who graduated medical school in 2020. Survey: 320 participants (22% of those contacted). 68% (n=219) were female, 60% (n=192) under 25 and 35% (n=112) 25–30. 72% (n=230) were white, 18% (n=58) Asian and 3% (n=10) black. Interviews: 20 participants, 10 had applied for specialty training, 10 had not.ResultsA minority of respondents had applied for specialty training to start in 2022 (114, 36%). While burnout varied, with 15% indicating high burnout, this was not associated with the decision to apply. This decision was predicted by having taken time off due to work-related stress. Those who had not taken time off were 2.4 times more likely to have applied for specialty training (OR=2.43, 95% CI 1.20 to 5.34). Interviews found reasons for not applying included wanting to ‘step off the treadmill’ of training; perceptions of training pathways as inflexible, impacting well-being; and disillusionment with the community and vocation of healthcare, based, in part, on their experiences working through COVID-19.ConclusionsParticipants infrequently cited factors specific to the pandemic had impacted their decision-making but spoke more broadly about challenges associated with increasing pressure on the health service and an eroded sense of vocation and community.