bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Zugspitze radiative closure experiment for quantifying water vapor
absorption over the terrestrial and solar infrared – Part 2: Accurate calibration of high spectral-resolution infrared
measurements of surface solar radiation
Authors: Reichert Andreas , Rettinger Markus , Sussmann Ralf 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. Quantitative knowledge of water vapor absorption is crucial for accurate climate simulations. An open science question in this context concerns the strength of the water vapor continuum in the near infrared (NIR) at atmospheric temperatures, which is still to be quantified by measurements. This issue can be addressed with radiative closure experiments using solar absorption spectra. However, the spectra used for water vapor continuum quantification have to be radiometrically calibrated. We present for the first time a method that yields sufficient calibration accuracy for NIR water vapor continuum quantification in an atmospheric closure experiment. Our method combines the Langley method with spectral radiance measurements of a high-temperature blackbody calibration source (<  2000 K). The calibration scheme is demonstrated in the spectral range 2500 to 7800 cm−1, but minor modifications to the method enable calibration also throughout the remainder of the NIR spectral range. The resulting uncertainty (2σ) excluding the contribution due to inaccuracies in the extra-atmospheric solar spectrum (ESS) is below 1 % in window regions and up to 1.7 % within absorption bands. The overall radiometric accuracy of the calibration depends on the ESS uncertainty, on which at present no firm consensus has been reached in the NIR. However, as is shown in the companion publication Reichert and Sussmann (2016), ESS uncertainty is only of minor importance for the specific aim of this study, i.e., the quantification of the water vapor continuum in a closure experiment. The calibration uncertainty estimate is substantiated by the investigation of calibration self-consistency, which yields compatible results within the estimated errors for 91.1 % of the 2500 to 7800 cm−1 range. Additionally, a comparison of a set of calibrated spectra to radiative transfer model calculations yields consistent results within the estimated errors for 97.7 % of the spectral range.
3-D GPS velocity field and its implications on the present-day post-orogenic
deformation of the Western Alps and Pyrenees
Authors: Nguyen Hai Ninh , Vernant Philippe , Mazzotti Stephane , Khazaradze Giorgi , Asensio Eva 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. We present a new 3-D GPS velocity solution for 182 sites for the region encompassing the Western Alps, Pyrenees, and southern France. The velocity field is based on a Precise Point Positioning (PPP) solution, to which we apply a common-mode filter, defined by the 26 longest time series, in order to correct for network-wide biases (reference frame, unmodeled large-scale processes, etc.). We show that processing parameters, such as troposphere delay modeling, can lead to systematic velocity variations of 0.1–0.5 mm yr−1 affecting both accuracy and precision, especially for short (< 5 years) time series. A velocity convergence analysis shows that minimum time-series lengths of  ∼  3 and  ∼  5.5 years are required to reach a velocity stability of 0.5 mm yr−1 in the horizontal and vertical components, respectively. On average, horizontal residual velocities show a stability of  ∼  0.2 mm yr−1 in the Western Alps, Pyrenees, and southern France. The only significant horizontal strain rate signal is in the western Pyrenees with up to 4  ×  10−9 yr−1 NNE–SSW extension, whereas no significant strain rates are detected in the Western Alps (< 1  ×  10−9 yr−1). In contrast, we identify significant uplift rates up to 2 mm yr−1 in the Western Alps but not in the Pyrenees (0.1 ± 0.2 mm yr−1). A correlation between site elevations and fast uplift rates in the northern part of the Western Alps, in the region of the Würmian ice cap, suggests that part of this uplift is induced by postglacial rebound. The very slow uplift rates in the southern Western Alps and in the Pyrenees could be accounted for by erosion-induced rebound.
Estimates of ikaite export from sea ice to the underlying seawater in a sea
ice–seawater mesocosm
Authors: Geilfus Nicolas-Xavier , Galley Ryan J. , Else Brent G. T. , Campbell Karley , Papakyriakou Tim , Crabeck Odile , Lemes Marcos , Delille Bruno , Rysgaard Søren 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The precipitation of ikaite and its fate within sea ice is still poorly understood. We quantify temporal inorganic carbon dynamics in sea ice from initial formation to its melt in a sea ice–seawater mesocosm pool from 11 to 29 January 2013. Based on measurements of total alkalinity (TA) and total dissolved inorganic carbon (TCO2), the main processes affecting inorganic carbon dynamics within sea ice were ikaite precipitation and CO2 exchange with the atmosphere. In the underlying seawater, the dissolution of ikaite was the main process affecting inorganic carbon dynamics. Sea ice acted as an active layer, releasing CO2 to the atmosphere during the growth phase, taking up CO2 as it melted and exporting both ikaite and TCO2 into the underlying seawater during the whole experiment. Ikaite precipitation of up to 167 µmolkg−1 within sea ice was estimated, while its export and dissolution into the underlying seawater was responsible for a TA increase of 64–66 µmolkg−1 in the water column. The export of TCO2 from sea ice to the water column increased the underlying seawater TCO2 by 43.5 µmolkg−1, suggesting that almost all of the TCO2 that left the sea ice was exported to the underlying seawater. The export of ikaite from the ice to the underlying seawater was associated with brine rejection during sea ice growth, increased vertical connectivity in sea ice due to the upward percolation of seawater and meltwater flushing during sea ice melt. Based on the change in TA in the water column around the onset of sea ice melt, more than half of the total ikaite precipitated in the ice during sea ice growth was still contained in the ice when the sea ice began to melt. Ikaite crystal dissolution in the water column kept the seawater pCO2 undersaturated with respect to the atmosphere in spite of increased salinity, TA and TCO2 associated with sea ice growth. Results indicate that ikaite export from sea ice and its dissolution in the underlying seawater can potentially hamper the effect of oceanic acidification on the aragonite saturation state (Ωaragonite) in fall and in winter in ice-covered areas, at the time when Ωaragonite is smallest.
Electrochemical Determination of Albendazole at Glassy Carbon Electrode
Authors: Gowda Jayant I , Kantikar Rahul B , Harakuni Devaraddi G , Jadhav Kirankumar Y , Chanagoudar Vinay C , Nandibewoor Sharanappa T 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this article, the electrochemical behavior on a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) was investigated and the electrochemical parameters of albendazole (ALB) were calculated. ALB effectively accumulated on the GCE surface and caused a pair of redox peaks at around 1.095 V and 1.028 V and an oxidation peak at 0.844 V (versus saturated calomel electrode) in 0.2 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 3.0). Under optimized conditions, the anodic peak current was linear to the ALB concentration the range of 1.5 × 10−7 M to 4.0 × 10−5 M. The regression equation was: Ipa (10−6 A) = 0.79 [ALB] (μM) + 0.84 (R2 = 0.982). The detection limit 6.08 × 10−8 M was obtained. The proposed method was successfully used to determine ALB content in tablet samples, with satisfactory results.
Residue Analysis of Benzobicyclon in Soil and Sediment Samples by Ultra High-Performance Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Sun Qianqian , Wang Yihu , Tian Chunxia , Gui Wenjun , Guo Yirong , Zhu Guonian 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
A reliable and rapid method was developed to determine benzobicyclon residue in different soil and sediment samples. After extraction via a modified quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe method, samples were purified by SPE cleanup with HLB cartridges. Quantitative determination was performed by ultra-HPLC (UPLC)-tandem MS (MS/MS) in electrospray positive ionization and multiple reaction monitoring modes. When samples were fortified at concentrations of 5, 50, and 500 µg/L, recoveries of 80.2 to 114.5% were obtained, with the repeatability (intraday RSDr) and reproducibility (interday RSDR) &lt;14.1 and &lt;21.4%, respectively. The instrumental LODs and LOQs for matrix-matched standards and the method LOQs for sample test were 0.19–1.34 μg/L, 0.64–4.48 μg/L, and 0.32–2.24 μg/kg, respectively. The linear range was 5–1000 μg/L (R2 &gt; 0.99). The established UPLC-MS/MS method was applied in the detection of benzobicyclon in real soil samples, which were collected during the supervised field trial. Results showed that the maximum concentration of benzobicyclon in the soil was 4.87 mg/kg and its degradation half-life (t0.5) was 6.7 days. Generally, the proposed method could be an effective tool for controlling and monitoring the risks posed by benzobicyclon to human health and environmental safety.
Effects of (Bi1/2,Na1/2)TiO3 on the electrical properties of BiFeO3-based thin films
Authors: Choi Jin Hong , Yoshimura Takeshi , Fujimura Norifumi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
(100)-oriented (1 − x)BiFeO3–x(Bi1/2,Na1/2)TiO3 (BF–BNT) thin films with x = 0.05 were grown on LaNiO3/Si substrate by co-sputter method. It was found that BF–BNT films show better ferroelectric and piezoelectric properties than the BiFeO3 films deposited under the same condition, especially at the deposition temperature of 450 °C. The addition of small amount of BNT (x = 0.05) to BF films increases the dielectric constant to 480. The BF–BNT film piezoelectric coefficient (d
33(AFM)) of the BF–BNT film deposited at 450 °C is ∼100 pm/V, which is comparable to the best value of BF-based films with substitutions of other perovskite or rare-earth elements.
Electro-optic effect and photoelastic effect of feroelectric relaxors
Authors: Takeda Kotaro , Hoshina Takuya , Takeda Hiroaki , Tsurumi Takaaki 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
To understand the origin of the electro-optic effect (EO-effect) of ferroelectric relaxors, the relationships among the quadratic EO-coefficient, photoelastic coefficient, and electron density were elucidated. The quadratic EO-coefficient is given by the product of the photoelastic and electrostrictive coefficients. Materials consisting of heavy elements normally exhibit high refractive indices and large photoelastic effects, indicating that the photoelastic coefficient increases with electron density of materials. The photoelastic coefficient was calculated as a function of the electron density of materials. The equations derived in this study were experimentally confirmed using lanthanum-added lead–zirconate–titanate (PLZT) transparent ceramics. It was found that the origin of the EO-effect in ferroelectric relaxors was the photoelastic effect coupled with electric-field-induced strain via the piezoelectric and electrostrictive effects.
Synthesis of niobium pentoxide nanoparticles in single-flow supercritical water
Authors: Fuchigami Teruaki , Kakimoto Ken-ichi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The development of a new synthesis method is still required for very fine oxide nanoparticles. In this study, a single-flow supercritical fluid system has been developed for the synthesis of highly crystalline nanosized oxide particles. Niobium oxide particles were synthesized by single-flow supercritical water treatment, batch-type supercritical water treatment and subcritical water treatment. Niobium pentoxide nanoparticles synthesized by single-flow supercritical water treatment at 673 K, 24.5 MPa, and 15 ml min−1 flow rate had a pseudohexagonal structure. The morphology of the nanoparticle was a rod, and it has a smaller particle size and larger crystallite size than those of the oxide particles synthesized by the other methods, because the particle growth and the decomposition of surfactant were rapidly suppressed in the single-flow supercritical water treatment. The nanosized niobium pentoxide is useful as a catalyst in harsh environments and as a precursor powder of lead-free piezoelectric materials.
Off-centering of rare-earth ion in (Ba,R)(Ti,Mg)O3 (R = Gd, Dy)
Authors: Takeda Shoichi , Yasuda Satoshi , Moriyoshi Chikako , Kuroiwa Yoshihiro , Honda Atsushi , Inoue Noriyuki , Higai Shin’ichi , Ando Akira 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
To investigate the off-centering behavior of rare-earth ions that were partially substituted for A site ions in ABO3-type crystals, accurate crystal structure analyses of (Ba,R)(Ti,Mg)O3 (R = Gd, Dy) were performed by high-energy synchrotron radiation X-ray powder diffraction analysis and the maximum entropy method (MEM)/Rietveld method. The R ions were observed at the six equivalent off-center sites in the 〈100〉 directions from the corner of a unit cell in the cubic phase. In the tetragonal phase, the R ions occupied one off-center site along the [001] direction. The R off-centering can be attributed to the covalent nature of the bond between the R and O ions in (Ba,R)(Ti,Mg)O3 crystals.
Analysis of Organizational Vulnerability using Social Network Analysis and Attack Graph
Authors: Kanchanapokin Supachai , Boonkrong Sirapat 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to develop an approach to analyze organizational vulnerability caused by its employees. The proposed approach is adapted from general attack graph analysis approach and social network analysis approach. The attack graph, which is relationship graph in this proposed approach, is created from organization’s email logs and virus reports. The relationship graph is analyzed using shortest path analysis to discover all possible attack paths start from risky employees to target employee, and then grouped by path length for further actions based on security policy. The proposed approach was tested using datasets that are limited to only one month with assumption that weight on all edges are equal. This paper suggested further study to improve accuracy of the proposed approach using other mathematical methods such as shortest path analysis with weight or Markov Chains. The proposed approach could also be used by security audit in risk assessment process.
Direct observations of the Antarctic Slope Current transport at 113°E
Authors: Peña‐Molino B. , McCartney M. S. , Rintoul S. R. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Antarctic Slope Current (ASC), defined here as the region of westward flow along the continental slope off Antarctica, forms the southern limb of the subpolar gyres. It regulates the exchange of water across the shelf break and provides a path for interbasin westward transport. Despite its significance, the ASC remains largely unobserved around most of the Antarctic continent. Here we present direct velocity observations from a 17 month current meter moored array deployed across the continental slope between the 1000 and the 4200 m isobaths, in the southeastern Indian Ocean near 113°E. The observed time‐mean flow consists of a surface‐intensified jet associated with the Antarctic Slope Front (ASF) and a broader bottom‐intensified westward flow that extends out to approximately the 4000 m isobath and is strongest along the upper slope. The time‐mean transport of the ASC is −29.2 Sv. Fluctuations in the transport are large, typically exceeding the mean by a factor of 2. They are mainly due to changes in the northward extent of the current over the lower slope. However, seasonal changes in the wind also drive variations in the transport of the ASF and the flow in the upper slope. Both mean and variability are largely barotropic, thus invisible to traditional geostrophic methods.
Anthropogenic sources stimulate resonance of a natural rock bridge
Authors: Moore Jeffrey R. , Thorne Michael S. , Koper Keith D. , Wood John R. , Goddard Kyler , Burlacu Relu , Doyle Sarah , Stanfield Erik , White Benjamin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe natural modes of vibration of bedrock landforms, as well as the sources and effects of stimulated resonance remain poorly understood. Here we show that seismic energy created by an induced earthquake and an artificial reservoir has spectral content coincident with the natural modes of vibration of a prominent rock bridge. We measured the resonant frequencies of Rainbow Bridge, Utah using data from two broadband seismometers placed on the span, and identified eight distinct vibrational modes between 1 and 6 Hz. A distant, induced earthquake produced local ground motion rich in 1 Hz energy, stimulating a 20 dB increase in measured power at the bridge's fundamental mode. Moreover, we establish that wave action on Lake Powell, an artificial reservoir, generates microseismic energy with peak power ~1 Hz, also exciting resonance of Rainbow Bridge. These anthropogenic sources represent relatively new energy input for the bridge with unknown consequences for structural fatigue.
The shallow elastic structure of the lunar crust: New insights from seismic wavefield gradient analysis
Authors: Sollberger David , Schmelzbach Cedric , Robertsson Johan O. A. , Greenhalgh Stewart A. , Nakamura Yosio , Khan Amir 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEnigmatic lunar seismograms recorded during the Apollo 17 mission in 1972 have so far precluded the identification of shear‐wave arrivals and hence the construction of a comprehensive elastic model of the shallow lunar subsurface. Here, for the first time, we extract shear‐wave information from the Apollo active seismic data using a novel waveform analysis technique based on spatial seismic wavefield gradients. The star‐like recording geometry of the active seismic experiment lends itself surprisingly well to compute spatial wavefield gradients and rotational ground motion as a function of time. These observables, which are new to seismic exploration in general, allowed us to identify shear waves in the complex lunar seismograms, and to derive a new model of seismic compressional and shear‐wave velocities in the shallow lunar crust, critical to understand its lithology and constitution, and its impact on other geophysical investigations of the Moon's deep interior.
Electron densities in the ionosphere of Mars: A comparison of MARSIS and radio occultation measurements
Authors: Vogt Marissa F. , Withers Paul , Fallows Kathryn , Flynn Casey L. , Andrews David J. , Duru Firdevs , Morgan David D. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractRadio occultation electron densities measurements from the Mariner 9 and Viking spacecraft, which orbited Mars in the 1970s, have recently become available in a digital format. These data are highly complementary to the radio occultation electron density profiles from Mars Global Surveyor, which were restricted in solar zenith angle and altitude. We have compiled data from the Mariner 9, Viking, and Mars Global Surveyor radio occultation experiments for comparison to electron density measurements made by Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS), the topside radar sounder on Mars Express, and MARSIS‐based empirical density models. We find that the electron densities measured by radio occultation are in generally good agreement with the MARSIS data and model, especially near the altitude of the peak electron density but that the MARSIS data and model display a larger plasma scale height than the radio occultation profiles at altitudes between the peak density and 200 km. Consequently, the MARSIS‐measured and model electron densities are consistently larger than radio occultation densities at altitudes ~200–300 km. Finally, we have analyzed transitions in the topside ionosphere, at the boundary between the photochemically controlled and transport‐controlled regions, and identified the average transition altitude, or altitude at which a change in scale height occurs. The average transition altitude is ~200 km in the Mariner 9 and Viking radio occultation profiles and in profiles of the median MARSIS radar sounding electron densities.
Enhanced turbulence driven by mesoscale motions and flow‐topography interaction in the Denmark Strait Overflow plume
Authors: Schaffer Janin , Kanzow Torsten , Jochumsen Kerstin , Lackschewitz Klas , Tippenhauer Sandra , Zhurbas Victor M. , Quadfasel Detlef 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Denmark Strait Overflow (DSO) contributes roughly half to the total volume transport of the Nordic overflows. The overflow increases its volume by entraining ambient water as it descends into the subpolar North Atlantic, feeding into the deep branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation. In June 2012, a multiplatform experiment was carried out in the DSO plume on the continental slope off Greenland (180 km downstream of the sill in Denmark Strait), to observe the variability associated with the entrainment of ambient waters into the DSO plume. In this study, we report on two high‐dissipation events captured by an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) by horizontal profiling in the interfacial layer between the DSO plume and the ambient water. Strong dissipation of turbulent kinetic energy of O(
) W kg−1 was associated with enhanced small‐scale temperature variance at wavelengths between 0.05 and 500 m as deduced from a fast‐response thermistor. Isotherm displacement slope spectra reveal a wave number‐dependence characteristic of turbulence in the inertial‐convective subrange (
) at wavelengths between 0.14 and 100 m. The first event captured by the AUV was transient, and occurred near the edge of a bottom‐intensified energetic eddy. Our observations imply that both horizontal advection of warm water and vertical mixing of it into the plume are eddy‐driven and go hand in hand in entraining ambient water into the DSO plume. The second event was found to be a stationary feature on the upstream side of a topographic elevation located in the plume pathway. Flow‐topography interaction is suggested to drive the intense mixing at this site.
Measurement and modeling of oil slick transport
Authors: Jones Cathleen E. , Dagestad Knut‐Frode , Breivik Øyvind , Holt Benjamin , Röhrs Johannes , Christensen Kai Håkon , Espeseth Martine , Brekke Camilla , Skrunes Stine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractTransport characteristics of oil slicks are reported from a controlled release experiment conducted in the North Sea in June 2015, during which mineral oil emulsions of different volumetric oil fractions and a look‐alike biogenic oil were released and allowed to develop naturally. The experiment used the Uninhabited Aerial Vehicle Synthetic Aperture Radar (UAVSAR) to track slick location, size, and shape for ∼8 h following release. Wind conditions during the exercise were at the high end of the range considered suitable for radar‐based slick detection, but the slicks were easily detectable in all images acquired by the low noise, L‐band imaging radar. The measurements are used to constrain the entrainment length and representative droplet radii for oil elements in simulations generated using the OpenOil advanced oil drift model. Simultaneously released drifters provide near‐surface current estimates for the single biogenic release and one emulsion release, and are used to test model sensitivity to upper ocean currents and mixing. Results of the modeling reveal a distinct difference between the transport of the biogenic oil and the mineral oil emulsion, in particular in the vertical direction, with faster and deeper entrainment of significantly smaller droplets of the biogenic oil. The difference in depth profiles for the two types of oils is substantial, with most of the biogenic oil residing below depths of 10 m, compared to the majority of the emulsion remaining above 10 m depth. This difference was key to fitting the observed evolution of the two different types of slicks.