bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
South African Peacebuilding Approaches: Evolution and Lessons
Authors: Nyuykonge Charles , Zondi Siphamandla 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Since the end of apartheid and the birth of inclusive electoral democracy in 1994, South Africa has foregrounded Pan-Africanism and South–South cooperation as guiding principles. It has framed its foreign policy in terms of opposition to colonialism and imperialism, while emphasizing multilateralism as a framework. While the roles of South Africa in peacebuilding on the continent are diverse, often depending on the circumstances of each case, there are certain common features. These include a preference for negotiated settlements and inclusive political arrangements that involve even spoilers and external actors; an emphasis on reconciliation that includes the establishment of structures like human rights commissions and truth commissions; international donor conferences and contact groups to support the implementation of agreements; and peacekeeping to protect the newly agreed arrangements. South Africa also views its peace efforts as political in nature, thus utilizing various interventions. So while South Africa focused more on mediation and then peacekeeping in Darfur, in Burundi the focus on mediation and peacebuilding was much greater than peacekeeping. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), the focus was initially on mediation but later turned to peacekeeping and peacebuilding to help implement the peace agreement and subsequently protect it from armed movements. In Cote d’Ivoire, Madagascar, and Zimbabwe, the focus was purely on mediation. This chapter critically reflects on how South African interventions in conflict and post-conflict settings have evolved and what can be learned from them.
New Actors and Innovative Approaches to Peacebuilding: The Case of Myanmar
Authors: Alexandra Lina A. , Lanteigne Marc 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the peacebuilding role of selected external actors, especially Indonesia and China, through a study of Myanmar. These two rising powers have played differing but prominent roles in peacebuilding. Indonesia represents an emerging actor in Myanmar diplomacy, both as a single player as well as a prominent member of ASEAN. The chapter shows how Indonesia has explicitly sought mainly to “share” its own experience of transition from semi-authoritarian rule and its handling of various internal armed conflicts. Its cooperation in peace processes and security training has been in response to the demand and pace of the partner government. China maintained ties with Myanmar during its period of diplomatic isolation between the late 1980s and 2010. Beijing adopted a soft power approach towards its southern neighbour, attempting to play a mediating role in peace talks in Myanmar and offering general support for negotiations, including hosting them. The Chinese Embassy in Yangon also sought a more active role in regional aid and assistance. Those initiatives reflect a more active global profile on peace issues as well as Beijing’s geopolitical interests. The chapter also briefly analyzes other external peacebuilding actors in Myanmar, namely Norway, India, Japan and Switzerland, to further elucidate similarities and differences among traditional and new peacebuilding actors.
Autism spectrum disorders in propionic acidemia patients
Authors: de la Bâtie Caroline Dejean , Barbier Valérie , Roda Célina , Brassier Anaïs , Arnoux Jean‐Baptiste , Valayannopoulos Vassili , Guemann Anne‐Sophie , Pontoizeau Clément , Gobin Stéphanie , Habarou Florence , Lacaille Florence , Bonnefont Jean‐Paul , Canouï Pierre , Ottolenghi Chris , De Lonlay Pascale , Ouss Lisa 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPropionic acidemia is the result of a deficiency in propionyl‐CoA carboxylase activity. Chronic neurologic and cognitive complications frequently occur, but the psychiatric evolution of the disorder is not well documented. We conducted a pedopsychiatric evaluation of 19 children, adolescents and young adults, aged between 2 and 25 years, using ADI‐R, CARS‐T, as well as ADOS when autism spectrum disorder was suspected. Previous psychometric examinations were also taken into consideration. Thirteen patients had an IQ < 80. Two patients presented with autism and two additional patients with other autism spectrum disorders. Five patients did not fulfill diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder but showed difficulties indicative of a broader autism phenotype (BAP). Four other patients had severe anxiety manifestations related to their disease. Two patients presented with acute psychotic episodes. The number of decompensations in the first 3 years of life was lower in patients with autism spectrum disorder or related symptoms. These patients were also older when they were assessed (median age of 15 years old versus 11 years old). There was no significant correlation between 3‐hydroxypropionate levels during the first 6 years of life and autism spectrum disorder diagnosis. In conclusion, autism spectrum disorder is frequent in patients with propionic acidemia. These patients should undergo in‐depth psychiatric evaluation and be screened for autism spectrum disorder. Further studies are needed to understand the underlying mechanisms.
Comparison of High‐Pressure Behavior of Physicochemical Properties of the Di‐ and Triacylglycerols Established by Ultrasonic Methods
Authors: Balcerzak A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTwo samples of triacylglycerols i.e., olive oil and triolein, and one sample of diacylglycerol were investigated. In the course of compression, the density of the samples was determined by measurements of the change of piston position in a pressure chamber and volume correction due to chamber expansion under pressure. The speed of sound was evaluated from the time of flight of an ultrasonic impulse between emitting and receiving transducers placed in the high pressure chamber. The adiabatic compressibility, the intermolecular free length, the molar volume, the van der Waals’ constant b and the surface tension were evaluated from the density, the speed of sound and the average molecular mass. All tested liquids undergo a high‐pressure phase transition. Discontinuities in the measured isotherms of the physicochemical parameters of the investigated oils indicate the presence of high‐pressure phase transitions. Moreover the time dependent change of pressure at constant volume during the phase transition was measured. The fundamental difference in the molecular structure of these acylglycerols influences their behavior significantly under high pressure.
Plasma amyloid β 42/40 ratios as biomarkers for amyloid β cerebral deposition in cognitively normal individuals
Authors: Fandos Noelia , Pérez‐Grijalba Virginia , Pesini Pedro , Olmos Salvador , Bossa Matías , Villemagne Victor L. , Doecke James , Fowler Christopher , Masters Colin L. , Sarasa Manuel ,   AIBL Research Group
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionPlasma amyloid β (Aβ) peptides have been previously studied as candidate biomarkers to increase recruitment efficiency in secondary prevention clinical trials for Alzheimer's disease.MethodsFree and total Aβ42/40 plasma ratios (FP42/40 and TP42/40, respectively) were determined using ABtest assays in cognitively normal subjects from the Australian Imaging, Biomarker and Lifestyle Flagship Study. This population was followed‐up for 72 months and their cortical Aβ burden was assessed with positron emission tomography.ResultsCross‐sectional and longitudinal analyses showed an inverse association of Aβ42/40 plasma ratios and cortical Aβ burden. Optimized as a screening tool, TP42/40 reached 81% positive predictive value of high cortical Aβ burden, which represents 110% increase over the population prevalence of cortical Aβ positivity.DiscussionThese findings support the use of plasma Aβ42/40 ratios as surrogate biomarkers of cortical Aβ deposition and enrichment tools, reducing the number of subjects submitted to invasive tests and, consequently, recruitment costs in clinical trials targeting cognitively normal individuals.
An 8‐week, open‐label, dose‐finding study of nimodipine for the treatment of progranulin insufficiency from GRN gene mutations
Authors: Sha Sharon J. , Miller Zachary A. , Min Sang‐won , Zhou Yungui , Brown Jesse , Mitic Laura L. , Karydas Anna , Koestler Mary , Tsai Richard , Corbetta‐Rastelli Chiara , Lin Sophie , Hare Emma , Fields Scott , Fleischmann Kirsten E. , Powers Ryan , Fitch Ryan , Martens Lauren Herl , Shamloo Mehrdad , Fagan Anne M. , Farese Robert V. , Pearlman Rodney , Seeley William , Miller Bruce L. , Gan Li , Boxer Adam L. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIntroductionFrontotemporal lobar degeneration–causing mutations in the progranulin (GRN) gene reduce progranulin protein (PGRN) levels, suggesting that restoring PGRN in mutation carriers may be therapeutic. Nimodipine, a Food and Drug Administration–approved blood‐brain barrier‐penetrant calcium channel blocker, increased PGRN levels in PGRN‐deficient murine models. We sought to assess safety and tolerability of oral nimodipine in human GRN mutation carriers.MethodsWe performed an open‐label, 8‐week, dose‐finding, phase 1 clinical trial in eight GRN mutation carriers to assess the safety and tolerability of nimodipine and assayed fluid and radiologic markers to investigate therapeutic endpoints.ResultsThere were no serious adverse events; however, PGRN concentrations (cerebrospinal fluid and plasma) did not change significantly following treatment (percent changes of −5.2 ± 10.9% in plasma and −10.2 ± 7.8% in cerebrospinal fluid). Measurable atrophy within the left middle frontal gyrus was observed over an 8‐week period.DiscussionWhile well tolerated, nimodipine treatment did not alter PGRN concentrations or secondary outcomes.
Community Resilience, Psychological Resilience, and Depressive Symptoms: An Examination of the Mississippi Gulf Coast 10 Years After Hurricane Katrina and 5 Years After the Deepwater Horizon Oil Spill
Authors: Lee Joohee , Blackmon Bret J. , Cochran David M. , Kar Bandana , Rehner Timothy A. , Gunnell Mauri Stubbs 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveThis study examined the role of community resilience and psychological resilience on depressive symptoms in areas on the Mississippi Gulf Coast that have experienced multiple disasters.MethodsSurvey administration took place in the spring of 2015 to a spatially stratified, random sample of households. This analysis included a total of 294 subjects who lived in 1 of the 3 counties of the Mississippi Gulf Coast at the time of both Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in 2010. The survey included the Communities Advancing Resilience Toolkit (CART) scale, the Connor-Davidson Resilience Scale (CD-RISC 10), and the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).ResultsThere was a significant inverse relationship between psychological resilience and depressive symptoms and a significant positive relationship between community resilience and psychological resilience. The results also revealed that community resilience was indirectly related to depressive symptoms through the mediating variable of psychological resilience.ConclusionsThese findings highlight the importance of psychological resilience in long-term disaster recovery and imply that long-term recovery efforts should address factors associated with both psychological and community resilience to improve mental health outcomes. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2018;12:241–248)
Discovery of the skull ofStephanorhinus kirchbergensis(Jäger, 1839) above the Arctic Circle
Authors: Kirillova Irina V. , Chernova Olga F. , van der Made Jan , Kukarskih Vladimir V. , Shapiro Beth , van der Plicht Johannes , Shidlovskiy Fedor K. , Heintzman Peter D. , van Kolfschoten Thijs , Zanina Oksana G. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe skull of the extinct rhinocerosStephanorhinus kirchbergensis(Jäger, 1839) was discovered in the Chondon River valley (Arctic Yakutia, Russia) during the summer of 2014. This is the first find ofStephanorhinusabove the Arctic Circle, expanding significantly the known geographic range of the genus.14C dating and geologic evidence indicate that the skull dates to between 48,000 and 70,000 yr, corresponding to Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 4/3. It is thus among the latest records of this species. To explore the evolutionary and natural history of this relatively unknown animal, we performed morphological, dietary, and genetic analyses. Phylogenetic inference based on a complete mitochondrial genome sequence confirms the systematic placement ofStephanorhinusas most closely related to the extinct woolly rhinoceros,Coelodonta. Food remains in the fossas of the cheek teeth, identified asLarix,Vaccinium,Betulasp.,Aulacomnium, and dicotyledonous herbs and grasses, suggest a mixed feeder’s diet. Microwear analysis suggests that, during the last months of its life, this individual fed predominantly on leaves and twigs. The habitat ofStephanorhinuscomprised grassland and open woodland that were characterized by moist and cold climate conditions, similar to those in the region today.
Study sponsorship and the nutrition research agenda: analysis of cohort studies examining the association between nutrition and obesity
Authors: Fabbri Alice , Chartres Nicholas , Bero Lisa A 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo categorize the research topics covered by a sample of cohort studies exploring the association between nutrition and obesity; to describe their funding sources; and to explore the association between funding sources and research topics.DesignCross-sectional study.SubjectsCohort studies retrieved from MEDLINE and PubMed published between 2010 and 2016.ResultsOne hundred and twenty-one studies were included. Funding source and conflicts of interest were disclosed in 95·0 and 90·1 % of the studies, respectively. Food industry sponsorship was disclosed in 8·3 % of the studies. Half of the studies analysed the consumption of a single food or food groups, 18·2 % included an analysis of dietary patterns and 17·4 % focused on specific nutrients. Highly processed foods were considered in 48·8 % of the studies and 27·3 % considered dietary behaviours (e.g. eating away from home). No statistically significant differences in research topics were observed between industry- and non-industry-funded studies.ConclusionsCohort studies focused on more complex exposures (e.g. food or dietary patterns) rather than single nutrients. No significant differences in the research agenda by funding sources were observed. The analysis was limited by the low proportion of studies with disclosed food industry sponsorship.
Development and Application of a Sample Holder for In Situ Gaseous TEM Studies of Membrane Electrode Assemblies for Polymer Electrolyte Fuel Cells
Authors: Kamino Takeo , Yaguchi Toshie , Shimizu Takahiro 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPolymer electrolyte fuel cells hold great potential for stationary and mobile applications due to high power density and low operating temperature. However, the structural changes during electrochemical reactions are not well understood. In this article, we detail the development of the sample holder equipped with gas injectors and electric conductors and its application to a membrane electrode assembly of a polymer electrolyte fuel cell. Hydrogen and oxygen gases were simultaneously sprayed on the surfaces of the anode and cathode catalysts of the membrane electrode assembly sample, respectively, and observation of the structural changes in the catalysts were simultaneously carried out along with measurement of the generated voltages.
Small nucleoli are a cellular hallmark of longevity
Authors: Tiku Varnesh , Jain Chirag , Raz Yotam , Nakamura Shuhei , Heestand Bree , Liu Wei , Späth Martin , Suchiman H. Eka. D. , Müller Roman-Ulrich , Slagboom P. Eline , Partridge Linda , Antebi Adam 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAnimal lifespan is regulated by conserved metabolic signalling pathways and specific transcription factors, but whether these pathways affect common downstream mechanisms remains largely elusive. Here we show that NCL-1/TRIM2/Brat tumour suppressor extends lifespan and limits nucleolar size in the major C. elegans longevity pathways, as part of a convergent mechanism focused on the nucleolus. Long-lived animals representing distinct longevity pathways exhibit small nucleoli, and decreased expression of rRNA, ribosomal proteins, and the nucleolar protein fibrillarin, dependent on NCL-1. Knockdown of fibrillarin also reduces nucleolar size and extends lifespan. Among wildtype C. elegans, individual nucleolar size varies, but is highly predictive for longevity. Long-lived dietary restricted fruit flies and insulin-like-peptide mutants exhibit small nucleoli and fibrillarin expression, as do long-lived dietary restricted and IRS1 knockout mice. Furthermore, human muscle biopsies from individuals who underwent modest dietary restriction coupled with exercise also display small nucleoli. We suggest that small nucleoli are a cellular hallmark of longevity and metabolic health conserved across taxa.
Identifying DNase I hypersensitive sites as driver distal regulatory elements in breast cancer
Authors: D′Antonio Matteo , Weghorn Donate , D′Antonio-Chronowska Agnieszka , Coulet Florence , Olson Katrina M. , DeBoever Christopher , Drees Frauke , Arias Angelo , Alakus Hakan , Richardson Andrea L. , Schwab Richard B. , Farley Emma K. , Sunyaev Shamil R. , Frazer Kelly A 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEfforts to identify driver mutations in cancer have largely focused on genes, whereas non-coding sequences remain relatively unexplored. Here we develop a statistical method based on characteristics known to influence local mutation rate and a series of enrichment filters in order to identify distal regulatory elements harboring putative driver mutations in breast cancer. We identify ten DNase I hypersensitive sites that are significantly mutated in breast cancers and associated with the aberrant expression of neighboring genes. A pan-cancer analysis shows that three of these elements are significantly mutated across multiple cancer types and have mutation densities similar to protein-coding driver genes. Functional characterization of the most highly mutated DNase I hypersensitive sites in breast cancer (using in silico and experimental approaches) confirms that they are regulatory elements and affect the expression of cancer genes. Our study suggests that mutations of regulatory elements in tumors likely play an important role in cancer development.
Ratiometric Matryoshka biosensors from a nested cassette of green- and orange-emitting fluorescent proteins
Authors: Ast Cindy , Foret Jessica , Oltrogge Luke M. , De Michele Roberto , Kleist Thomas J. , Ho Cheng-Hsun , Frommer Wolf B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSensitivity, dynamic and detection range as well as exclusion of expression and instrumental artifacts are critical for the quantitation of data obtained with fluorescent protein (FP)-based biosensors in vivo. Current biosensors designs are, in general, unable to simultaneously meet all these criteria. Here, we describe a generalizable platform to create dual-FP biosensors with large dynamic ranges by employing a single FP-cassette, named GO-(Green-Orange) Matryoshka. The cassette nests a stable reference FP (large Stokes shift LSSmOrange) within a reporter FP (circularly permuted green FP). GO- Matryoshka yields green and orange fluorescence upon blue excitation. As proof of concept, we converted existing, single-emission biosensors into a series of ratiometric calcium sensors (MatryoshCaMP6s) and ammonium transport activity sensors (AmTryoshka1;3). We additionally identified the internal acid-base equilibrium as a key determinant of the GCaMP dynamic range. Matryoshka technology promises flexibility in the design of a wide spectrum of ratiometric biosensors and expanded in vivo applications.
Exact broadband excitation of two-level systems by mapping spins to springs
Authors: Li Jr-Shin , Ruths Justin , Glaser Steffen J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDesigning accurate and high-fidelity broadband pulses is an essential component in conducting quantum experiments across fields from protein spectroscopy to quantum optics. However, constructing exact and analytic broadband pulses remains unsolved due to the nonlinearity and complexity of the underlying spin system dynamics. Here, we present a nontrivial dynamic connection between nonlinear spin and linear spring systems and show the surprising result that such nonlinear and complex pulse design problems are equivalent to designing controls to steer linear harmonic oscillators under optimal forcing. We derive analytic broadband π/2 and π pulses that perform exact, or asymptotically exact, excitation and inversion over a defined bandwidth, and also with bounded amplitude. This development opens up avenues for pulse sequence design and lays a foundation for understanding the control of two-level systems.
Phenotype-driven precision oncology as a guide for clinical decisions one patient at a time
Authors: Chia Shumei , Low Joo-Leng , Zhang Xiaoqian , Kwang Xue-Lin , Chong Fui-Teen , Sharma Ankur , Bertrand Denis , Toh Shen Yon , Leong Hui-Sun , Thangavelu Matan T. , Hwang Jacqueline S. G. , Lim Kok-Hing , Skanthakumar Thakshayeni , Tan Hiang-Khoon , Su Yan , Hui Choo Siang , Hentze Hannes , Tan Iain B. H. , Lezhava Alexander , Tan Patrick , Tan Daniel S. W. , Periyasamy Giridharan , Koh Judice L. Y. , Gopalakrishna Iyer N. , DasGupta Ramanuj 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGenomics-driven cancer therapeutics has gained prominence in personalized cancer treatment. However, its utility in indications lacking biomarker-driven treatment strategies remains limited. Here we present a “phenotype-driven precision-oncology” approach, based on the notion that biological response to perturbations, chemical or genetic, in ex vivo patient-individualized models can serve as predictive biomarkers for therapeutic response in the clinic. We generated a library of “screenable” patient-derived primary cultures (PDCs) for head and neck squamous cell carcinomas that reproducibly predicted treatment response in matched patient-derived-xenograft models. Importantly, PDCs could guide clinical practice and predict tumour progression in two n = 1 co-clinical trials. Comprehensive “-omics” interrogation of PDCs derived from one of these models revealed YAP1 as a putative biomarker for treatment response and survival in ~24% of oral squamous cell carcinoma. We envision that scaling of the proposed PDC approach could uncover biomarkers for therapeutic stratification and guide real-time therapeutic decisions in the future.
Endocytic sorting motif interactions involved in Nef-mediated downmodulation of CD4 and CD3
Authors: Manrique Santiago , Sauter Daniel , Horenkamp Florian A. , Lülf Sebastian , Yu Hangxing , Hotter Dominik , Anand Kanchan , Kirchhoff Frank , Geyer Matthias 
Published: August 2017

AbstractLentiviral Nefs recruit assembly polypeptide complexes and target sorting motifs in cellular receptors to induce their internalization. While Nef-mediated CD4 downmodulation is conserved, the ability to internalize CD3 was lost in HIV-1 and its precursors. Although both functions play key roles in lentiviral replication and pathogenicity, the underlying structural requirements are poorly defined. Here, we determine the structure of SIVmac239 Nef bound to the ExxxLM motif of another Nef molecule at 2.5 Å resolution. This provides a basis for a structural model, where a hydrophobic crevice in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) Nef targets a dileucine motif in CD4 and a tyrosine-based motif in CD3. Introducing key residues into this crevice of HIV-1 Nef enables CD3 binding but an additional N-terminal tyrosine motif is required for internalization. Our resolution of the CD4/Nef/AP2 complex and generation of HIV-1 Nefs capable of CD3 downregulation provide insights into sorting motif interactions and target discrimination of Nef.