bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhanced risk of illness during the 1918 influenza pandemic after previous influenza-like illnesses in three military populations
Authors: SHANKS G. D. , BURROUGHS S. A. , SOHN J. D. , WATERS N. C. , SMITH V. F. , WALLER M. , BRUNDAGE J. F. 
Published: March 2016

SUMMARYThe reasons for the unprecedented mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic remain poorly understood. We examined morbidity records from three military cohorts from years prior to and during the 1918 pandemic period to assess the effects of previous respiratory illnesses on experiences during the pandemic. Clinical registers and morbidity lists were examined to identify all medical encounters for acute respiratory illnesses in students at two U.S. military officer training academies and Australian soldiers deployed in Europe. Influenza-like illness prior to the major pandemic wave of 1918 predisposed Australian soldiers [relative risk (RR) 1·37, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1·18–1·60, P < 0·0001] and US officer trainees at West Point (RR 3·10, 95% CI 2·13–4·52, P < 0·0001) and Annapolis (RR 2·03, 95% CI 1·65–2·50, P < 0·0001) to increased risks of medically treated illnesses in late 1918. The findings suggest that susceptibility to and/or clinical expressions of the 1918 pandemic influenza virus depended on previous experiences with respiratory infectious agents. The findings are consistent with observations during the 2009 pandemic in Canada and may reflect antibody-dependent enhancement of influenza infection.
Issues on Luck Egalitarianism, Responsibility, and Intercultural Healthcare Policies
Authors: DE HOYOS ADALBERTO 
Published: March 2016

Abstract:This article analyzes the criteria for the distribution of healthcare services through different justice theories such as utilitarianism and liberalism, pointing out the problems that arise when providing services to a culturally diverse population. The international epidemiological setting is a favorable one for discussing personal responsibility and luck egalitarianism; however, some provisions have to be made so that healthcare institutions do not treat ethnic, cultural, religious, and linguistic minorities unfairly. The article concludes by proposing that accommodations and culturally sensible attention should be provided when possible, without affecting the equal opportunity of others to access these services.
Spacer-free BODIPY fluorogens in antimicrobial peptides for direct imaging of fungal infection in human tissue
Authors: Mendive-Tapia Lorena , Zhao Can , Akram Ahsan R. , Preciado Sara , Albericio Fernando , Lee Martin , Serrels Alan , Kielland Nicola , Read Nick D , Lavilla Rodolfo , Vendrell Marc 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFluorescent antimicrobial peptides are promising structures for in situ, real-time imaging of fungal infection. Here we report a fluorogenic probe to image Aspergillus fumigatus directly in human pulmonary tissue. We have developed a fluorogenic Trp-BODIPY amino acid with a spacer-free C-C linkage between Trp and a BODIPY fluorogen, which shows remarkable fluorescence enhancement in hydrophobic microenvironments. The incorporation of our fluorogenic amino acid in short antimicrobial peptides does not impair their selectivity for fungal cells, and enables rapid and direct fungal imaging without any washing steps. We have optimized the stability of our probes in human samples to perform multi-photon imaging of A. fumigatus in ex vivo human tissue. The incorporation of our unique BODIPY fluorogen in biologically relevant peptides will accelerate the development of novel imaging probes with high sensitivity and specificity.
In vivo reprogramming reactive glia into iPSCs to produce new neurons in the cortex following traumatic brain injury
Authors: Gao Xiang , Wang Xiaoting , Xiong Wenhui , Chen Jinhui 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTraumatic brain injury (TBI) results in a significant amount of cell death in the brain. Unfortunately, the adult mammalian brain possesses little regenerative potential following injury and little can be done to reverse the initial brain damage caused by trauma. Reprogramming adult cells to generate induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSCs) has opened new therapeutic opportunities to generate neurons in a non-neurogenic regions in the cortex. In this study we showed that retroviral mediated expression of four transcription factors, Oct4, Sox2, Klf4 and c-Myc, cooperatively reprogrammed reactive glial cells into iPSCs in the adult neocortex following TBI. These iPSCs further differentiated into a large number of neural stem cells, which further differentiated into neurons and glia in situ and filled up the tissue cavity induced by TBI. The induced neurons showed a typical neuronal morphology with axon and dendrites and exhibited action potential. Our results report an innovative technology to transform reactive glia into a large number of functional neurons in their natural environment of neocortex without embryo involvement and without the need to grow cells outside the body and then graft them back to the brain. Thus this technology offers hope for personalized regenerative cell therapies for repairing damaged brain.
Inter-molecular β-sheet structure facilitates lung-targeting siRNA delivery
Authors: Zhou Jihan , Li Dong , Wen Hao , Zheng Shuquan , Su Cuicui , Yi Fan , Wang Jue , Liang Zicai , Tang Tao , Zhou Demin , Zhang Li-He , Liang Dehai , Du Quan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSize-dependent passive targeting based on the characteristics of tissues is a basic mechanism of drug delivery. While the nanometer-sized particles are efficiently captured by the liver and spleen, the micron-sized particles are most likely entrapped within the lung owing to its unique capillary structure and physiological features. To exploit this property in lung-targeting siRNA delivery, we designed and studied a multi-domain peptide named K-β, which was able to form inter-molecular β-sheet structures. Results showed that K-β peptides and siRNAs formed stable complex particles of 60 nm when mixed together. A critical property of such particles was that, after being intravenously injected into mice, they further associated into loose and micron-sized aggregates, and thus effectively entrapped within the capillaries of the lung, leading to a passive accumulation and gene-silencing. The large size aggregates can dissociate or break down by the shear stress generated by blood flow, alleviating the pulmonary embolism. Besides the lung, siRNA enrichment and targeted gene silencing were also observed in the liver. This drug delivery strategy, together with the low toxicity, biodegradability, and programmability of peptide carriers, show great potentials in vivo applications.
Heterogeneous grain-scale response in ferroic polycrystals under electric field
Authors: Daniels John E. , Majkut Marta , Cao Qingua , Schmidt Søren , Wright Jon , Jo Wook , Oddershede Jette 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUnderstanding coupling of ferroic properties over grain boundaries and within clusters of grains in polycrystalline materials is hindered due to a lack of direct experimental methods to probe the behaviour of individual grains in the bulk of a material. Here, a variant of three-dimensional X-ray diffraction (3D-XRD) is used to resolve the non-180° ferroelectric domain switching strain components of 191 grains from the bulk of a polycrystalline electro-ceramic that has undergone an electric-field-induced phase transformation. It is found that while the orientation of a given grain relative to the field direction has a significant influence on the phase and resultant domain texture, there are large deviations from the average behaviour at the grain scale. It is suggested that these deviations arise from local strain and electric field neighbourhoods being highly heterogeneous within the bulk polycrystal. Additionally, the minimisation of electrostatic potentials at the grain boundaries due to interacting ferroelectric domains must also be considered. It is found that the local grain-scale deviations average out over approximately 10–20 grains. These results provide unique insight into the grain-scale interactions of ferroic materials and will be of value for future efforts to comprehensively model these and related materials at that length-scale.
Selective advantage of trisomic human cells cultured in non-standard conditions
Authors: Rutledge Samuel D. , Douglas Temple A. , Nicholson Joshua M. , Vila-Casadesús Maria , Kantzler Courtney L. , Wangsa Darawalee , Barroso-Vilares Monika , Kale Shiv D. , Logarinho Elsa , Cimini Daniela 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn abnormal chromosome number, a condition known as aneuploidy, is a ubiquitous feature of cancer cells. A number of studies have shown that aneuploidy impairs cellular fitness. However, there is also evidence that aneuploidy can arise in response to specific challenges and can confer a selective advantage under certain environmental stresses. Cancer cells are likely exposed to a number of challenging conditions arising within the tumor microenvironment. To investigate whether aneuploidy may confer a selective advantage to cancer cells, we employed a controlled experimental system. We used the diploid, colorectal cancer cell line DLD1 and two DLD1-derived cell lines carrying single-chromosome aneuploidies to assess a number of cancer cell properties. Such properties, which included rates of proliferation and apoptosis, anchorage-independent growth and invasiveness, were assessed both under standard culture conditions and under conditions of stress (i.e., serum starvation, drug treatment, hypoxia). Similar experiments were performed in diploid vs. aneuploid non-transformed human primary cells. Overall, our data show that aneuploidy can confer selective advantage to human cells cultured under non-standard conditions. These findings indicate that aneuploidy can increase the adaptability of cells, even those, such as cancer cells, that are already characterized by increased proliferative capacity and aggressive tumorigenic phenotypes.
Redox homeostasis protects mitochondria through accelerating ROS conversion to enhance hypoxia resistance in cancer cells
Authors: Li Pengying , Zhang Dongyang , Shen Lingxiao , Dong Kelei , Wu Meiling , Ou Zhouluo , Shi Dongyun 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMitochondria are the powerhouses of eukaryotic cells and the main source of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in hypoxic cells, participating in regulating redox homeostasis. The mechanism of tumor hypoxia tolerance, especially the role of mitochondria in tumor hypoxia resistance remains largely unknown. This study aimed to explore the role of mitochondria in tumor hypoxia resistance. We observed that glycolysis in hypoxic cancer cells was up-regulated more rapidly, with far lesser attenuation in aerobic oxidation, thus contributing to a more stable ATP/ADP ratio. In hypoxia, cancer cells rapidly convert hypoxia-induced O2·−into H2O2. H2O2is further decomposed by a relatively stronger antioxidant system, causing ROS levels to increase lesser compared to normal cells. The moderate ROS leads to an appropriate degree of autophagy, eliminating the damaged mitochondria and offering nutrients to promote mitochondria fusion, thus protects mitochondria and improves hypoxia tolerance in cancer. The functional mitochondria could enable tumor cells to flexibly switch between glycolysis and oxidative phosphorylation to meet the different physiological requirements during the hypoxia/re-oxygenation cycling of tumor growth.
Phosphorus Doping in Si Nanocrystals/SiO2 Multilayers and Light Emission with Wavelength Compatible for Optical Telecommunication
Authors: Lu Peng , Mu Weiwei , Xu Jun , Zhang Xiaowei , Zhang Wenping , Li Wei , Xu Ling , Chen Kunji 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDoping in semiconductors is a fundamental issue for developing high performance devices. However, the doping behavior in Si nanocrystals (Si NCs) has not been fully understood so far. In the present work, P-doped Si NCs/SiO2 multilayers are fabricated. As revealed by XPS and ESR measurements, P dopants will preferentially passivate the surface states of Si NCs. Meanwhile, low temperature ESR spectra indicate that some P dopants are incorporated into Si NCs substitutionally and the incorporated P impurities increase with the P doping concentration or annealing temperature increasing. Furthermore, a kind of defect states will be generated with high doping concentration or annealing temperature due to the damage of Si crystalline lattice. More interestingly, the incorporated P dopants can generate deep levels in the ultra-small sized (~2 nm) Si NCs, which will cause a new subband light emission with the wavelength compatible with the requirement of the optical telecommunication. The studies of P-doped Si NCs/SiO2 multilayers suggest that P doping plays an important role in the electronic structures and optoelectronic characteristics of Si NCs.
Location of metastases in cancer of unknown primary are not random and signal familial clustering
Authors: Hemminki Kari , Sundquist Kristina , Sundquist Jan , Hemminki Akseli , Ji Jianguang 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a fatal disease diagnosed through metastases. It shows intriguing familial clustering with certain defined primary cancers. Here we examine whether metastatic location in CUP patients is related to primary non-CUP cancers in relatives based on the Swedish Cancer Registry. Standardized incidence ratios (SIRs) were calculated for CUP patients defined by metastatic location depending on cancer in their first degree relatives. SIRs for CUP were high in association with liver (3.94), ovarian (3.41), lung (2.43) and colorectal cancers (1.83) in relatives. The SIR was 1.63 for CUP with metastases in the abdomen when a relative was diagnosed with ovarian cancer. CUP with liver metastases associated with liver (1.44) cancer in relatives. CUP with head and neck region metastases associated with relatives’ esophageal (2.87) cancer. CUP metastases in the thorax associated with a relative’s cancers in the upper aerodigestive tract (2.14) and lung (1.74). The findings, matching metastatic location in CUP and primary cancer in relatives, could be reconciled if these cases of CUP constitute a phenotypically modified primary lacking tissue identification, resulting from epitope immunoediting. Alternatively, CUP metastases arise in a genetically favored tissue environment (soil) promoting growth of both primary cancers and metastases (seeds).
Geschickt eingefädelt
Authors: Mau Jens 
Published: March 2016

Ethicon, der Hersteller von OP-Nahtmaterial, betreibt die größte Ausbildungsstätte für OP-Teams in Deutschland. Der Medizintechnikriese B. Braun besitzt die
zweitgrößte Ärzteakademie. Rein rechnerisch lohnen sich die Institute nicht. Sie schreiben rote Zahlen. Doch die Unternehmen profitieren trotzdem.
Die Industrie soll’s richten
Authors: Mau Jens 
Published: March 2016

Seit 2014 ist die elektronische Gesundheitskarte (EGK) flächendeckend im Einsatz. Bloß: Sie kann nichts. Ende des Jahres testet die Gematik sechs Monate lang
Telematik-Anwendungen in zwei Testregionen. Unmittelbar danach, Mitte 2015, könnte der Echtbetrieb losgehen, glauben Optimisten.
Orange carotenoid protein burrows into the phycobilisome to provide photoprotection
Authors: Harris Dvir , Tal Ofir , Jallet Denis , Wilson Adjélé , Kirilovsky Diana , Adir Noam 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Protection from overexcitation is one of the most important requirements of all photosynthetic organisms. Here we present a model based on coupled cross-linking/mass spectrometry and site-directed mutagenesis of the means by which the orange carotenoid protein (OCP) binds to the phycobilisome (PBS) antenna complex to avoid photodamage. The model shows that the protein must actively burrow into the complex, separating the PBS rings in the process. This penetration explains for the first time, to our knowledge, how the OCP carotenoid could approach the PBS chromophores at a distance that enables nonphotochemical quenching. However, the alteration in the core structure caused by OCP binding could also prevent energy transmission to the reaction centers.
Energy landscape in protein folding and unfolding
Authors: Mallamace Francesco , Corsaro Carmelo , Mallamace Domenico , Vasi Sebastiano , Vasi Cirino , Baglioni Piero , Buldyrev Sergey V. , Chen Sow-Hsin , Stanley H. Eugene 
Published: March 2016

Significance
Protein folding represents an open question in science, and the free-energy landscape framework is one way to describe it. In particular, the role played by water in the processes is of special interest. To clarify these issues we study, during folding–unfolding, the temperature evolution of the magnetization for hydrophilic and hydrophobic groups of hydrated lysozyme using NMR spectroscopy. Our findings confirm the validity of the theoretical scenario of a process dominated by different energetic routes, also explaining the water role in the protein configuration stability. We also highlight that the protein native state limit is represented by the water singular temperature that characterizes its compressibility and expansivity and is the origin of the thermodynamical anomalies of its liquid state.
Human symbionts inject and neutralize antibacterial toxins to persist in the gut
Authors: Wexler Aaron G. , Bao Yiqiao , Whitney John C. , Bobay Louis-Marie , Xavier Joao B. , Schofield Whitman B. , Barry Natasha A. , Russell Alistair B. , Tran Bao Q. , Goo Young Ah , Goodlett David R. , Ochman Howard , Mougous Joseph D. , Goodman Andrew L. 
Published: March 2016

Significance
The microbial community in the human gut represents one of the densest known ecosystems. Community composition has broad impacts on health, and metabolic competition and host selection have both been implicated in shaping these communities. Here, we report that contact-dependent bacterial antagonism also determines the ability of human gut symbionts to persist in the microbiome. Simplified microbiomes, assembled in gnotobiotic mice, reveal effector transmission rates exceeding 1 billion events per minute per gram of colonic contents. Together, these results suggest that human gut symbionts define their closest competitors not only metabolically but also spatially. Moreover, strains within a single species can encode diverse effectors that may provide new avenues for shaping the microbiome to improve human health.
Renewing our faith in groups: a moral imperative for our community
Authors: Dunlap Peter T. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper is intended as a ‘practice’ in fostering the self-awareness of the Jungian community(ies) to stimulate what Andrew Samuels described as its ‘political energy’ – an energy that can be activated in intimate or larger group settings, which benefit from dynamic interactions and immediacy of affect. Such energy can also be generated remotely by appealing to the intellect and imagination. Here, I aim to activate political energy using what Joseph Henderson termed a ‘psychological attitude’ – that is, focusing on intervention and the potential for improvement. I invite us to consider what factors constrain and enable our political energy, with a view to understanding its nature more generally. This in turn will offer useful insights that we can integrate into our psychology.
What is the evidence for Sjögren's syndrome being triggered by viral infection? Subplot: infections that cause clinical features of Sjögren's syndrome
Authors: Nakamura Hideki , Kawakami Atsushi 
Published: March 2016

Purpose of review
To clarify the involvement of viral infections in the pathogenesis of Sjögren's syndrome and to discuss whether viruses can be a trigger for the development of Sjögren's syndrome.

Recent findings
Although some viruses are candidate triggers of Sjögren's syndrome, we focus on human T lymphotropic virus type I (HTLV-I). Clinicoepidemiological studies show a relationship between HTLV-I and Sjögren's syndrome with a low frequency of salivary gland damage in magnetic resonance imaging, autoantibody production and ectopic germinal center in HTLV-I-associated myelopathy (HAM) patients with Sjögren's syndrome. Our recent study showed that HTLV-I has the potential to infect salivary gland epithelial cells (SGECs). After a coculture of HCT-5 (an HTLV-I-infected T-cell line derived from the cerebrospinal fluid) of an HAM patient and SGECs, we observed time-dependent increases in the levels of soluble intracellular adhesion molecule1, interferon gamma-induced protein 10 kDa and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted. In addition, SGECs themselves express these molecules along with the expression of HTLV-I proteins.

Summary
HTLV-I is involved in the pathogenesis of HTLV-I-seropositive patients with Sjögren's syndrome. By infecting CD4+ T cells in vivo, HTLV-I induces specific clinicopathological conditions. In addition, HTLV-I-infected SGECs have the potential to augment the expression of molecules involved in cell adhesion, inflammation and migration.
How Long Does (S)He Have? Retrospective Analysis of Outcomes After Palliative Extubation in Elderly, Chronically Critically Ill Patients
Authors: Pan Cynthia X. , Platis Dimitris , Maw Min Min , Morris Jane , Pollack Simcha , Kawai Fernando 
Published: March 2016

Objective:
For chronically critically ill elderly patients on mechanical ventilation, prognosis for significant recovery may be minimal. These individuals, or their surrogates, may decide for “palliative extubation.” A common prognostic question arises: “How long does she/he have?” This study describes demographics, mortality, time to death, and factors associated with death after palliative extubation.

Design, Setting, and Patients:
Retrospective 3-year study in community hospital with ethnically diverse elderly population. Chronically critically ill patients followed from palliative extubation to death or survival to discharge.

Measures:
Mortality/survival following palliative extubation, time to death or discharge, factors associated with death.

Results:
Hundred and forty-eight subjects underwent palliative extubation. Mean age: 78 years, 60% female, ethnically diverse with 46% white, and 54% others. Top diagnostic categories: sepsis (47%) and respiratory failure (22%). After extubation, 114 patients (77%) died in hospital and 34 (23%) were discharged. Of those who died, median time to death 8.9 hours (range, 4 min to 7 d). Mortality proportion was 56% at 24 hours and increased with time. Factors associated with early death: Systolic blood pressure less than 90 (p = 0.002) and Charlson Comorbidity Index that is above 6 or 0 (p = 0.002).

Conclusions:
Palliative extubation at end of life was an option selected by an ethnically diverse elderly population. Approximately three-fourths of subjects died in hospital, and one-fourth was discharged alive. Over 50% who died did so within 24 hours, making this useful information for counseling and anticipatory planning. Subjects with systolic blood pressure less than 90 and Charlson Comorbidity Index that is very low or very high had higher mortality.
Myoepithelioma-like Tumor of the Vulvar Region Presenting as a Nonmyxoid Spindle-Cell Neoplasm: A Potential Histologic Mimicker of Solitary Fibrous Tumor
Authors: Kaku Yo , Goto Keisuke , Kabashima Kenji 
Published: March 2016

Abstract:
A new entity termed “myoepithelioma-like tumor of the vulvar region (MELTVR)” has been proposed as a rare mesenchymal neoplasm of the vulvar area. Histologically, MELTVRs are usually similar to soft tissue myoepitheliomas; however, they have a characteristic immunoprofile, including positivity for estrogen receptor and negativity for S100 protein, and loss of SMARCB1 expression. In this first known case report of MELTVR, the authors present a case of MELTVR that was histologically categorized in a nonmyxoid spindle-cell tumor group and resembled solitary fibrous tumor rather than soft tissue myoepithelioma.