bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Smoking and projected cardiovascular risk in an HIV‐positive Asian regional cohort
Authors: Do TC , Boettiger D , Law M , Pujari S , Zhang F , Chaiwarith R , Kiertiburanakul S , Lee MP , Ditangco R , Wong WW , Nguyen KV , Merati TP , Pham TT , Kamarulzaman A , Oka S , Yunihastuti E , Kumarasamy N , Kantipong P , Choi JY , Ng OT , Durier N , Ruxrungtham K 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to assess the prevalence and characteristics associated with current smoking in an Asian HIV‐positive cohort, to calculate the predictive risks of cardiovascular disease (CVD), coronary heart disease (CHD) and myocardial infarction (MI), and to identify the impact that simulated interventions may have.MethodsLogistic regression analysis was used to distinguish associated current smoking characteristics. Five‐year predictive risks of CVD, CHD and MI and the impact of simulated interventions were calculated utilizing the Data Collection on Adverse Effects of Anti‐HIV Drugs Study (D:A:D) algorithm.ResultsSmoking status data were collected from 4274 participants and 1496 of these had sufficient data for simulated intervention calculations. Current smoking prevalence in these two groups was similar (23.2% vs. 19.9%, respectively). Characteristics associated with current smoking included age > 50 years compared with 30–39 years [odds ratio (OR) 0.65; 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.51–0.83], HIV exposure through injecting drug use compared with heterosexual exposure (OR 3.03; 95% CI 2.25–4.07), and receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART) at study sites in Singapore, South Korea, Malaysia, Japan and Vietnam in comparison to Thailand (all OR > 2). Women were less likely to smoke than men (OR 0.11; 95% CI 0.08–0.14). In simulated interventions, smoking cessation demonstrated the greatest impact in reducing CVD and CHD risk and closely approximated the impact of switching from abacavir to an alternate antiretroviral in the reduction of 5‐year MI risk.ConclusionsMultiple interventions could reduce CVD, CHD and MI risk in Asian HIV‐positive patients, with smoking cessation potentially being the most influential.
The effects of benzylsulfonyl‐D‐Ser‐homoPhe‐(4‐amidino‐benzylamide), a dual plasmin and urokinase inhibitor, on facial skin barrier function in subjects with sensitive skin
Authors: Voegeli R. , Wikstroem P. , Campiche R. , Steinmetzer T. , Jackson E. , Gempeler M. , Imfeld D. , Rawlings A. V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to optimize the synthesis of the plasmin and urokinase (uPA) inhibitor benzylsulfonyl‐D‐Ser‐homoPhe‐(4‐amidino‐benzylamide) (BSFAB), to characterize its activity and mechanism of action and to assess its use to improve stratum corneum (SC) barrier function.MethodsPeptide coupling methods were used to synthesize BSFAB, and high‐performance liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (HPLC‐MS) together with 1H‐ and 13C‐nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR) were applied to clarify its structure and determine its purity. Its binding mode was determined by docking studies to the catalytic domains of plasmin and uPA. Inhibition constants (Ki) were determined by enzyme kinetic studies, and the effect of BSFAB on plasmin, uPA and transglutaminase 1 expression was evaluated in non‐cytokine and cytokine‐stimulated keratinocytes. A vehicle‐controlled clinical study on SC barrier function was conducted on facial skin of subjects with self‐perceived sensitive skin.ResultsBSFAB was synthesized with high purity (97.3%). In silico studies indicated that the amidine moiety of BSFAB was anchored in the S1 pocket of both enzymes by binding to Asp189, Ser190 and Gly219, whereas the backbone of the D‐Ser residue makes an anti‐parallel β‐sheet interaction with Gly216. BSFAB was shown to be an effective inhibitor of plasmin and uPA with Ki values of 29 and 25 nM, respectively. BSFAB also inhibited keratinocyte‐secreted protease activities in basal (plasmin inhibition 37.7%, P < 0.05 and uPA inhibition 96.6%, P < 0.01) and cytokine‐induced conditions (plasmin inhibition 41.1%, P < 0.05 and uPA inhibition 97.0%, P < 0.001) and stimulated the gene expression of transglutaminase 1 in cytokine‐stimulated keratinocytes (approximately 4.5 times increased expression, P < 0.01). Clinically, BSFAB was shown to improve SC barrier integrity (P < 0.02 on day 29) and subjective improvements in the perception of healthy skin (P < 0.05 on day 28).ConclusionBSFAB binds as a reversible competitive inhibitor to the active sites of plasmin and uPA. Additionally, BSFAB positively improved keratinocyte differentiation gene expression (transglutaminase 1). These effects were translated into improvements in SC barrier integrity clinically in subjects with dry and sensitive skin and improved their perception of having a healthy skin condition.
Nursing interventions to help prevent children from working on the streets
Authors: Mert K. , Kadioglu H. 
Published: July 2016

AimThe purpose of this study was to assess the impact of a programme developed by the researchers entitled, ‘The Streets are Not the Solution’ for preventing children from working on the streets.BackgroundTo date, public health nursing interventions preventing child labour have been limited.Public health nursing interventions occupy an important place in preventing children from working on the street.MethodsThis was an semi‐experimental study conducted over the period April 2011–July 2012. Thirty‐six children working on the streets and their mothers were recruited in Izmit, Turkey. As part of the programme, the subjects took part in nine educational sessions, received individual consulting services, and the mothers attended a jewellery‐making course. The impact of the programme was evaluated three times, once before the activity, then at the end of the activity, and later, three months after the programme was over. The Family Evaluation Form, The Child/Parental Acceptance‐Rejection‐Control Questionnaire, the Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support and the Problem Solving Inventory were used as data collection tools. Informed consent was obtained from the participants.ResultsThis programme was effective in helping mothers to develop their parental roles, increasing the mothers’ network of social support, developing their problem‐solving skills and preventing their children from working on the streets.DiscussionTo prevent children from working on the streets includes family based applications such as public health nursing interventions.Conclusion and implications for nursing and health policyThe roles of public health nurses about preventing children from working on the streets must be adopted in the healthcare system.
Computed tomography contrast media extravasation: treatment algorithm and immediate treatment by squeezing with multiple slit incisions
Authors: Kim Sue Min , Cook Kyung Hoon , Lee Il Jae , Park Dong Ha , Park Myong Chul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn our hospital, an adverse event reporting system was initiated that alerts the plastic surgery department immediately after suspecting contrast media extravasation injury. This system is particularly important for a large volume of extravasation during power injector use. Between March 2011 and May 2015, a retrospective chart review was performed on all patients experiencing contrast media extravasation while being treated at our hospital. Immediate treatment by squeezing with multiple slit incisions was conducted for a portion of these patients. Eighty cases of extravasation were reported from approximately 218 000 computed tomography scans. The expected extravasation volume was larger than 50 ml, or severe pressure was felt on the affected limb in 23 patients. They were treated with multiple slit incisions followed by squeezing. Oedema of the affected limb disappeared after 1–2 hours after treatment, and the skin incisions healed within a week. We propose a set of guidelines for the initial management of contrast media extravasation injuries for a timely intervention. For large‐volume extravasation cases, immediate management with multiple slit incisions is safe and effective in reducing the swelling quickly, preventing patient discomfort and decreasing skin and soft tissue problems.
Risk aversion affects economic values of blue fox breeding scheme
Authors: Peura J. , Kempe R. , Strandén I. , Rydhmer L. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe profit and production of an average Finnish blue fox farm was simulated using a deterministic bio‐economic farm model. Risk was included using Arrow‐Prat absolute risk aversion coefficient and profit variance. Risk‐rated economic values were calculated for pregnancy rate, litter loss, litter size, pelt size, pelt quality, pelt colour clarity, feed efficiency and eye infection. With high absolute risk aversion, economic values were lower than with low absolute risk aversion. Economic values were highest for litter loss (18.16 and 26.42 EUR), litter size (13.27 and 19.40 EUR), pregnancy (11.99 and 18.39 EUR) and eye infection (12.39 and 13.81 EUR). Sensitivity analysis showed that selection pressure for improved eye health depended strongly on proportion of culled animals among infected animals and much less on the proportion of infected animals. The economic value of feed efficiency was lower than expected (6.06 and 8.03 EUR). However, it was almost the same magnitude as pelt quality (7.30 and 7.30 EUR) and higher than the economic value of pelt size (3.37 and 5.26 EUR). Risk factors should be considered in blue fox breeding scheme because they change the relative importance of traits.
Constructing togetherness throughout the phases of dementia: a qualitative study exploring how spouses maintain relationships with partners with dementia who live in institutional care
Authors: Førsund Linn Hege , Kiik Riina , Skovdahl Kirsti , Ytrehus Siri 
Published: July 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore and describe how spouses involve themselves in the relationship with their partners with dementia who live in institutional care.BackgroundPositive reciprocity between partners has been proven to be significant for spouses with partners living with dementia at home. However, little is known about spousal involvement after placement of a partner in an institutional setting. This subject was therefore the focus of this study.DesignConstructivist grounded theory was used to develop meaningful concepts considering the relational processes experienced and described by the spouses.MethodsInterviews were conducted with 15 spouses (eight women and seven men ranging in age from 64–90 years) of dementia‐afflicted persons living in institutional care. Theoretical sampling, constant comparison and memo‐writing guided the data collection and analysis.ResultsThe analysis showed how the spouses adopted different visiting routines to preserve continuity in their relationship throughout the phases of dementia. Three categories described how these visiting routines were used and adapted along with their partners’ dementia progressions in the process of constructing togetherness: ‘maintaining involvement and intimacy to preserve continuity in their relationship,’ ‘structuring visits to facilitate interaction and communication’ and ‘pursuing moments of mutuality to preserve continuity in a deteriorating relationship.’ConclusionsBeing involved and experiencing continuity in the relationship seemed important to the spouses after their partners’ placement in institutional care. In the process of constructing togetherness, visiting routines were used to facilitate situations in which they could connect with their partners. These routines were continuously adjusted throughout the phases of dementia.Relevance to clinical practiceThere is a need for a systematic approach to provide sufficient support to spouses throughout their partners’ dementia progressions to assist their ongoing involvement.
Clinical outcomes of routine opt‐out antenatal human immunodeficiency virus screening: a systematic review
Authors: Ibekwe Everistus , Haigh Carol , Duncan Fiona , Fatoye Francis 
Published: July 2016

Aims and objectivesTo evaluate the clinical outcome of routine screening of human immunodeficiency virus in antenatal clinic settings.BackgroundDespite the growing advances in human immunodeficiency virus management, nearly 30% of the estimated 1·5 million seropositive pregnant women are undiagnosed. Routine opt‐out testing is a strategy endorsed by the World Health Organization into increase testing rates in clinical settings.DesignA systematic review of relevant published literature.MethodsA comprehensive electronic search for relevant studies in Science Direct, MEDLINE, SCOPUS, CINAHL and PubMed was conducted with search terms (Box 2). Hand searches were also conducted for additional resources. There were no geographical restrictions. Searches were restricted to English language and studies conducted between 1998–2015; totaling 1097 were retrieved and carefully appraised for review. Eighteen studies were eligible for review: eight from Africa, five from the United States, three from Europe, one from Australia and one from Asia.ResultsFourteen studies reported increases in human immunodeficiency virus testing rate. Following the introduction of routine testing, human immunodeficiency virus testing rates increased from values ranging from 68–99·9% with median value of 88%. The comparison studies reported testing uptake of 22–93·5% with median value of 59%. Maternal human immunodeficiency virus case detection rates nearly doubled following adoption of routine testing at values of 99 and 45% during opt‐in. Linkage to treatment and care for prevention of vertical transmission was reported on six studies, and results ranged between 12·9–77·2%.ConclusionThe findings show that irrespective of human immunodeficiency virus epidemiological scenarios, routine testing gave more women opportunity to learn their human immunodeficiency virus status and take measures for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Future studies should focus on identifying strategies to improving linkages to treatment and care for prevention of vertical transmission.Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding the contributions of Routine opt‐out testing in antenatal clinic would help practitioners adopt the novel testing model for more mothers to learn their human immunodeficiency virus status for prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission.
Associations Between Prior Deployments and Marital Satisfaction Among Army Couples
Authors: Karney Benjamin R. , Trail Thomas E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAlthough the experience of deployments has been described as devastating to married life, evidence linking deployments directly to poorer marital functioning has been sparse. The analyses described in this article compare associations between prior deployments and current marital satisfaction across four different ways of measuring prior deployment within a large and representative sample of married Army service members and their spouses. Results indicate that the experience of prior deployments is associated with significantly lower current marital satisfaction among military couples. The association is disproportionately strong for first deployments and first cumulative months of deployment and weakens over subsequent deployment experiences. Most of these associations, but not all, can be accounted for by the fact that service members who have been deployed are more likely to have experienced traumatic events and to experience posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms, both of which are independently associated with lower levels of marital satisfaction.
Cross‐talk between clinical and host‐response parameters of periodontitis in smokers
Authors: Nagarajan R. , Miller C. S. , Dawson D. , Al‐Sabbagh M. , Ebersole J. L. 
Published: July 2016

Background and ObjectivePeriodontal diseases are a major public health concern leading to tooth loss and have also been shown to be associated with several chronic systemic diseases. Smoking is a major risk factor for the development of numerous systemic diseases, as well as periodontitis. While it is clear that smokers have a significantly enhanced risk for developing periodontitis leading to tooth loss, the population varies regarding susceptibility to disease associated with smoking. This investigation focused on identifying differences in four broad sets of variables, consisting of: (i) host‐response molecules; (ii) periodontal clinical parameters; (iii) antibody responses to periodontal pathogens and oral commensal bacteria; and (iv) other variables of interest, in a population of smokers with (n = 171) and without (n = 117) periodontitis.Material and MethodsBayesian network structured learning (BNSL) techniques were used to investigate potential associations and cross‐talk between the four broad sets of variables.ResultsBNSL revealed two broad communities with markedly different topology between the populations of smokers, with and without periodontitis. Confidence of the edges in the resulting network also showed marked variations within and between the periodontitis and nonperiodontitis groups.ConclusionThe results presented validated known associations and discovered new ones with minimal precedence that may warrant further investigation and novel hypothesis generation. Cross‐talk between the clinical variables and antibody profiles of bacteria were especially pronounced in the case of periodontitis and were mediated by the antibody response profile to Porphyromonas gingivalis.
Eisenberg's Duality in Homogeneous Programming, Shephard's Duality and Economic Analysis
Authors: Fujimoto Takao , Perera B. B. Upeksha P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis note is to reintroduce to the reader Eisenberg's symmetric duality theorem in homogeneous programming problems as a useful tool in economic analysis, and thereby to pay a due tribute to him for one of his mathematical contributions. His duality result has been almost in oblivion during the development of Shephard's duality theory between cost and production, and has seldom been mentioned in the literature about the dualities concerning Shephard's distance function, Luenberger's benefit function and directional distance functions proposed by many authors. We show that from Eisenberg's duality it is possible to derive in a systematic way these dualities so far obtained. We also present a further extension of the duality for generalized directional distance functions. In addition, we explain the relationships between the duality theorem of linear programming and that of homogeneous programming, and show how to apply the latter in those economic models in which linear programming has been utilized.
Escape from the Laboratory: Ethnographic Methods in the Study of Elder and Family Court Mediation
Authors: Crampton Alexandra 
Published: July 2016

The randomized control trial and pre/post research designs are commonly used in applied research and provide common standards for mediation evaluation research. These approaches have many benefits, particularly for evaluating whether mediation as an experimental intervention works or not.Scholars and practitioners, however, want to know not only whether mediation can work as expected but also how it works in a range of real‐world contexts over time. In these contexts, ideal experimental conditions are less likely to occur. Challenges include such circumstances as the following: the number of cases suitable for statistical comparison is insufficient; researchers lack control over how mediation is implemented; researchers lack clear, objective variables to measure; and the variability of mediation outcomes when studied over time makes it difficult to draw conclusions about them.My research has involved each of these challenges, and I have used ethnographic research as a way to evaluate mediation in these contexts. In this article, I explain ethnographic methods and present two studies as examples of mediation evaluation research that began with a standard program evaluation design, and then incorporated ethnography to allow more complete data collection and analysis. My purpose here is not to argue that experimental methods in mediation evaluation research should be displaced but rather to demonstrate how ethnographic methods can be used when the conditions necessary for standard evaluation cannot be met. The two studies used as examples are from an elder mediation study in Ghana and a family court mediation study in the United States.
Dying and death within the culture of long‐term care facilities in Canada
Authors: Cable‐Williams Beryl , Wilson Donna M. 
Published: July 2016

Aim and objectiveTo identify the influence of the culture in Canadian long‐term care facilities on the awareness of impending death and initiation of a palliative approach to care for residents aged 85 years and older.BackgroundMany long‐term care residents die after long, dwindling dying trajectories, yet palliative care is often not provided until within a few hours or days of death.DesignFocused ethnography.MethodsData were collected in three long‐term care facilities in south‐central Ontario, Canada, through interviews with residents, family members and staff members, observation, artefact review and a focus group. Data were analysed using a constant comparative technique.ResultsFour cultural influences on the awareness of impending death and consequent initiation of a palliative approach to care were identified: (i) the care demands in long‐term care facilities and the resources available to meet these demands; (ii) the belief that long‐term care facilities are for living; (iii) the belief that no one should die in pain; and (iv) the belief that no one should die alone.ConclusionsCommonly held beliefs about the role of long‐term care facilities and what is viewed as acceptable care in them mediated the acknowledgement of dying. Late initiation of palliative care was the consequence. In addition, the contextual factors of a low staff‐to‐resident ratio and reduced staff preparation for palliative care were also influential for a delayed response to dying.Implications for practiceBecause strongly held long‐term care cultural beliefs underlie care, more timely palliative care for long‐term care residents is likely to require the development of an understanding that living and dying are not dichotomous, but rather unfold together from admission until death. Enhanced staff‐to‐resident ratios and staff training on palliative care will also be necessary to permit long‐term care facility staff to focus beyond the currently expected day‐to‐day care of living residents to provide high‐quality end‐of‐life care throughout the often protracted decline to death for residents of long‐term care facilities.