bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Polymer Flooding: Establishing Specifications for Dissolved Oxygen and Iron in Injection Water
Authors: Jouenne S.. , Klimenko A.. , Levitt D.. 
Published: September 2016

Summary
It is now common knowledge among enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) practitioners that the combination of ferrous iron (Fe2+) and dissolved oxygen (O2) causes severe oxidative degradation to EOR polymers, resulting in a lowering of molecular weight (MW) and hence, a loss of viscosity. During the design of polymer-flooding projects, an important question is thus the acceptable levels of Fe2+ and O2 that can be tolerated in injection-water specifications. Furthermore, we would like to be able to predict the extent of degradation in the case of excess Fe2+or oxygen ingress.
However, despite more than 50 years of research and a general understanding of the degradation mechanism involved, quantitative prediction of the extent of degradation has proved elusive and dependent on the measurement protocol. This is likely because of the fastidious experimental protocols required to work under anaerobic or limited-oxygen conditions.
We examine existing protocols and demonstrate that experiments in which either Fe2+ or O2 is the limiting reagent yield equivalent results when the stoichiometry of the Fe2+ autoxidation reaction with oxygen is taken into account. On the basis of these findings, a novel, easy approach is proposed to quantify polymer-oxidative degradation as a function of either O2 or Fe2+ content.
The limits of 225 ppb Fe2+ and 32 ppb of O2 are fixed for Flopaam 3630S in 6 g/L brine in the concentration range 500–1,500 ppm to ensure that degradation of low-shear plateau viscosity does not exceed 10%. Higher levels will lead to severe polymer degradation. The influence of polymer concentration, temperature, and salinity is also investigated. At last, evolution of redox potential and pH during Fe2+ oxidation is discussed along with the injectivity risk associated with the formation of Fe3+.
There is a direct practical application of these findings for the design of surface facilities for polymer dissolution and transport and for the prediction of degradation in case of oxygen ingress. Moreover, a simple and easily performed protocol is proposed for the evaluation of polymer oxidative degradation for any given field conditions.
A Combination of Artificial Neural Network and Artificial Immune System for Virus Detection
Authors: Khang Mai Trong , Nguyen Vu Thanh , Le Tuan Dinh 
Published: September 2016

In this paper, we propose an Artificial Neural Immune Network (ANIN) for virus detection. ANIN is a combination of Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Artificial Immune Network (AiNet). In ANIN, each ANN is considered as a detector. A pool of initial detectors then undergoes a mature process, called AiNet, to improve its recognizing ability. Thus, more than one ANN objects can cooperate to detect malicious code. The experimental results show that ANIN can achieve a detection rate of 87.98% on average with an acceptable false positive rate.
Can We Foster a Culture of Peer Support and Promote Mental Health in Adolescence Using a Web-Based App? A Control Group Study
Authors: Bohleber Laura , Crameri Aureliano , Eich-Stierli Brigitte , Telesko Rainer , von Wyl Agnes 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundAdolescence with its many transitions is a vulnerable period for the development of mental illnesses. Establishing effective mental health promotion programs for this age group is a challenge crucial to societal health. Programs must account for the specific developmental tasks that adolescents face. Considering peer influence and fostering adolescent autonomy strivings is essential. Participation in a program should be compelling to young people, and their affinity to new technologies offers unprecedented opportunities in this respect.ObjectiveThe Companion App was developed as a Web-based app giving adolescents access to a peer mentoring system and interactive, health-relevant content to foster a positive peer culture among adolescents and thereby strengthen social support and reduce stress.MethodsIn a control group study design, a group of employed (n=546) and unemployed (n=73) adolescents had access to the Companion App during a 10-month period. The intervention was evaluated using a combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches. Linear mixed effects models were used to analyze changes in chronic stress levels and perception of social support. Monthly feedback on the app and qualitative interviews at the end of the study allowed for an in-depth exploration of the adolescents’ perception of the intervention.ResultsAdolescents in the intervention group did not use the Companion App consistently. The intervention had no significant effect on chronic stress levels or the perception of social support. Adolescents reported endorsing the concept of the app and the implementation of a peer mentoring system in particular. However, technical difficulties and insufficiently obvious benefits of using the app impeded more frequent usage.ConclusionsThe Companion Project implemented a theory-driven and innovative approach to mental health promotion in adolescence, taking into account the specifics of this developmental phase. Particularities of the implementation context, technical aspects of the app, and insufficient incentives may have played considerable roles concerning the difficulties of the Companion Project to establish commitment. However, adopting peer mentoring as a strategy and using an app still seems to us a promising approach in mental health promotion in adolescents. Future projects should be careful to invest enough resources into the technical development of an app and consider a large use of incentives to establish commitment. When targeting risk groups, such as unemployed adolescents, it may be expedient to use more structured approaches including face-to-face support.
Combined Analysis of Three Large Interventional Trials With Gliptins Indicates Increased Incidence of Acute Pancreatitis in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes
Authors: Tkáč Ivan , Raz Itamar 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
Data on the possible relationship of gliptin treatment with the incidence of acute pancreatitis have been controversial. The aim of the current study was to combine data on the incidence of acute pancreatitis from three large randomized controlled trials.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Three trials designed to test cardiovascular safety and efficacy of add-on treatment with a gliptin were included in the analysis, as follows: SAVOR-TIMI 53 (saxagliptin), EXAMINE (alogliptin), and TECOS (sitagliptin). The trials included 18,238 gliptin-treated patients and 18,157 placebo-treated patients. Data were combined using a random-effects model meta-analysis.

RESULTS
The incidence of acute pancreatitis was significantly increased in the gliptin-treated patients when compared with the control groups (odds ratio 1.79 [95% CI 1.13–2.82], P = 0.013). The difference in the absolute risk was small (0.13%).

CONCLUSIONS
Treatment with gliptins significantly increased the risk for acute pancreatitis in a combined analysis of three large controlled randomized trials.
Phenotypic study of Macrolide-Lincosamide-Streptogramin B Resistance in Staphylococcus aureus and their relationship with Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) at Tertiary Care in Eastern Nepal
Authors: Singh Ganesh Kumar , Chaudhari Bigu Kumar , Parajuli Kamal Prasad 
Published: September 2016

Background Resistance to antimicrobial agents is prevalent among Staphylococci. This has led to wide uses of macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B (MLSB) antibiotics to Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) infections. MLSB though chemically distinct, have similar target site and mode of action. The multiple mechanisms are responsible for resistance to MLSB antibiotics which can lead to clinical failure. The aim of the study was to investigate the frequency of inducible and constitutive clindamycin resistance among clinical isolates of S. aureus and their relationship with Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA).Material & Methods A total of 336 unique Staphylococcus aureus isolates from different clinical samples obtained from patients were studied. Antibiotic susceptibility test was performed by Kirby- Bauer disc diffusion method. “D test” was performed to detect inducible clindamycin resistance as per CLSI guidelines. MRSA was detected using Cefoxitin (30μg) and results were interpreted according to CLSI criteria.Results Inducible clindamycin resistance was seen in 45 (13.39%), constitutive clindamycin resistance was seen among 58 (17.26%) while MS phenotype was observed among 38(11.30%) of isolates. Inducible resistance as well as constitutive resistance was higher among MRSA as compared to MSSA (21.11%, 4.48% and 21.11%, 12.82%respectively).Conclusion The Successful use of clindamycin for the treatment of infection caused by S. aureus can be predicted based on the result of simple and inexpensive D test.Journal of Nobel Medical CollegeVolume 5, Number 1, Issue 8, January-July 2016, 1-5
Application of carbon reinforced composites and rapid prototyping in low volume automotive production
Authors: Durgun İsmail , Kuş Abdil , Çankaya Oğuzhan , Unver Ertu 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In this publication, a method was developed for the production of plastic parts for the use in low volume automotive production. The hollow parts having a complex geometry were produced in blown plastic injection molds. The part production method employed a combination of carbon fiber reinforced composites and rapid prototyping technology. Surface operations were applied on the core model and the effects of the surface quality were researched as a case study. The fused deposition modeling method was used to build the core from soluble material. This technique affected the inside surface roughness and quality of the final parts. As these types of components require smooth surfaces for good air flow and low resistance, the surface area of the physical model of the soluble core was unfortunately too rough to be used directly in the carbon fabric application process and consequently, required preliminary surface treatment in order to improve the surface quality of the manifold part. Specimens were fabricated using different surface treatments in order to determine the smoothest surface quality. The best result was obtained using the acetone-gelcoat post-processing method.
Direction-dependent mechanical characterization of cellulose-based composite vulcanized fiber
Authors: Scholz Ronja , Mittendorf Roman-Marius , Engels Jenni Kristin , Hartmaier Alexander , Künne Bernd , Walther Frank 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Vulcanized fiber is a macromolecular cellulose-based composite material manufactured using the parchmentizing process. The cellulose is produced from the chemical digestion of plant-based raw materials (wood, cotton) or textile waste. Chemical additives used during manufacturing are completely removed. After the process, vulcanized fiber possesses improved properties concerning mechanical strength and abrasion as well as corrosion resistance in comparison to its raw materials. Concerning its economic life cycle assessment, low density, electrical insulating capability and balanced properties, vulcanized fiber has a potential, up to now unused, as a light and renewable structural material for applications in automotive or civil engineering industries. Research activities concerning the mechanical properties are insufficient and existing standards are out-of-date. In this work, for the first time a direction-dependent characterization of the process-related anisotropic mechanical properties of the material is realized with the aim to formulate an adequate material model for numerical simulations in the next step.
Acicular ferrite nucleation as a diffusion controlled process in high strength low alloyed (HSLA) steel weld metal
Authors: Hosseinioun Mir Mostafa , Moeini Ghazal 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Acicular ferrite is a desirable microstructure in high strength low alloy steel weld metal. This is due to its improved toughness and the enhanced mechanical properties of the weld metal. Although the nucleation of acicular ferrite has been studied by many researchers, the exact mechanisms of its nucleation and growth are still under discussion and remained unclear. In this research work, the mechanism of acicular ferrite formation in the weld metal as cast structure has been clarified as diffusion controlled solid state phase transformation. This is based on the classic theory of nucleation and growth which can contribute to possible increase of nucleation sites and growth of intergranular ferrite in HSLA steel weld metal. Therefore, it could be considered that inclusions are not acting as a nucleation site for the intergranular acicular ferrite. Consequently, our results revealed that, in austenite transformation to pro-eutectoid and acicular ferrite, manganese as an austenite stabilizer alloying element is playing an important role in the nucleation and growth of the ferrite grains. It should be added that cooling rate accompanied with the presence of other alloying elements has influenced the type and morphology of the final ferrite microstructure and constituent products.
Effect of nanoclay on the mechanical behavior of epoxy composites
Authors: Vivekanandhan Chinnasamy , Sampath Pavayee Subramani 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The present study investigated the mechanical characteristics of epoxy strips reinforced with Cloisite 30B nanoclay. Epoxy materials were reinforced with different particulate fractions of chosen nanoclay and the specimens were investigated regarding mechanical properties such as tensile, impact and flexural strengths. The nanoclay content was varied from 2 to10 wt.-% of the total matrix in the matrices. The results showed that the mechanical properties of the composites mainly depended on the dispersion condition of the filler particles, particle size and aggregate structure. Improved tensile modulus, flexural modulus and impact strength in bending properties with less nanoclay content were observed and were found to decrease with increased filler content.
Acoustic emission testing of the machining performance of SiC grinding wheel shaped Al2O3 ceramics
Authors: Kanakarajan Periyasamy , Sundaram Sengottuvelu , Kumaravel Arumugam , Rajasekar Rathanasamy , Venkatachalam Ramasamy 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Engineering ceramic materials are one among the key components of technology due to their outstanding physico-mechanical properties like hardness, toughness, wear resistance and chemical stability at elevated temperatures. On the other hand, the stated unique properties of ceramics exhibit complexity during machining. Under such circumstances, online monitoring of cutting tools plays a major role. The present study involves acoustic emission (AE) testing technique for condition monitoring of machine tools. Various grades of alumina ceramics had been machined using SiC grinding wheel. Grinding process parameters like depth of cut and feed rate were varied. Introducing AE technique, the following parameters like energy, amplitude of grinding wheel wear and surface roughness of alumina ceramics were analyzed.
Complication rates, lengths of stay, and readmission rates in “awake” and “asleep” deep brain simulation
Authors: Chen Tsinsue , Mirzadeh Zaman , Chapple Kristina , Lambert Margaret , Ponce Francisco A. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVEAs the number of deep brain stimulation (DBS) procedures performed under general anesthesia (“asleep” DBS) increases, it is more important to assess the rates of adverse events, inpatient lengths of stay (LOS), and 30-day readmission rates in patients undergoing these procedures compared with those in patients undergoing traditional “awake” DBS without general anesthesia.METHODSAll patients in an institutional database who had undergone awake or asleep DBS procedures performed by a single surgeon between August 2011 and August 2014 were reviewed. Adverse events, inpatient LOS, and 30-day readmissions were analyzed.RESULTSA total of 490 electrodes were placed in 284 patients, of whom 126 (44.4%) underwent awake surgery and 158 (55.6%) underwent asleep surgery. The most frequent overall complication for the cohort was postoperative mental status change (13 patients [4.6%]), followed by hemorrhage (4 patients [1.4%]), seizure (4 patients [1.4%]), and hardware-related infection (3 patients [1.1%]). Mean LOS for all 284 patients was 1.19 ± 1.29 days (awake: 1.06 ± 0.46 days; asleep: 1.30 ± 1.67 days; p = 0.08). Overall, the 30-day readmission rate was 1.4% (1 awake patient, 3 asleep patients). There were no significant differences in complications, LOS, and 30-day readmissions between awake and asleep groups.CONCLUSIONSBoth awake and asleep DBS can be performed safely with low complication rates. The authors found no significant differences between the 2 procedure groups in adverse events, inpatient LOS, and 30-day readmission rates.
An assessment of data and methodology of online surgeon scorecards
Authors: Xu Linda W. , Li Amy , Swinney Christian , Babu Maya , Veeravagu Anand , Wolfe Stacey Quintero , Nahed Brian V. , Ratliff John K. 
Published: September 2016

OBJECTIVE
Recently, 2 surgeon rating websites (Consumers' Checkbook and ProPublica) were published to allow the public to compare surgeons through identifying surgeon volume and complication rates. Among neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons, only cervical and lumbar spine, hip, and knee procedures were included in this assessment.

METHODS
The authors examined the methodology of each website to assess potential sources of inaccuracy. Each online tool was queried for reports on neurosurgeons specializing in spine surgery and orthopedic surgeons specializing in spine, hip, or knee surgery. Surgeons were chosen from top-ranked hospitals in the US, as recorded by a national consumer publication ranking system, within the fields of neurosurgery and orthopedic surgery. The results were compared for accuracy and surgeon representation, and the results of the 2 websites were also compared.

RESULTS
The methodology of each site was found to have opportunities for bias and limited risk adjustment. The end points assessed by each site were actually not complications, but proxies of complication occurrence. A search of 510 surgeons (401 orthopedic surgeons [79%] and 109 neurosurgeons [21%]) showed that only 28% and 56% of surgeons had data represented on Consumers' Checkbook and ProPublica, respectively. There was a significantly higher chance of finding surgeon data on ProPublica (p < 0.001). Of the surgeons from top-ranked programs with data available, 17% were quoted to have high complication rates, 13% with lower volume than other surgeons, and 79% had a 3-star out of 5-star rating. There was no significant correlation found between the number of stars a surgeon received on Consumers' Checkbook and his or her adjusted complication rate on ProPublica.

CONCLUSIONS
Both the Consumers' Checkbook and ProPublica websites have significant methodological issues. Neither site assessed complication occurrence, but rather readmissions or prolonged length of stay. Risk adjustment was limited or nonexistent. A substantial number of neurosurgeons and orthopedic surgeons from top-ranked hospitals have no ratings on either site, or have data that suggests they are low-volume surgeons or have higher complication rates. Consumers' Checkbook and ProPublica produced different results with little correlation between the 2 websites in how surgeons were graded. Given the significant methodological issues, incomplete data, and lack of appropriate risk stratification of patients, the featured websites may provide erroneous information to the public.
ON THE COMPOSITION OF YOUNG, DIRECTLY IMAGED GIANT PLANETS
Authors: Moses J. I. , Marley M. S. , Zahnle K. , Line M. R. , Fortney J. J. , Barman T. S. , Visscher C. , Lewis N. K. , Wolff M. J. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
The past decade has seen significant progress on the direct detection and characterization of young, self-luminous giant planets at wide orbital separations from their host stars. Some of these planets show evidence for disequilibrium processes like transport-induced quenching in their atmospheres; photochemistry may also be important, despite the large orbital distances. These disequilibrium chemical processes can alter the expected composition, spectral behavior, thermal structure, and cooling history of the planets, and can potentially confuse determinations of bulk elemental ratios, which provide important insights into planet-formation mechanisms. Using a thermo/photochemical kinetics and transport model, we investigate the extent to which disequilibrium chemistry affects the composition and spectra of directly imaged giant exoplanets. Results for specific “young Jupiters” such as HR 8799 b and 51 Eri b are presented, as are general trends as a function of planetary effective temperature, surface gravity, incident ultraviolet flux, and strength of deep atmospheric convection. We find that quenching is very important on young Jupiters, leading to CO/CH4 and N2/NH3 ratios much greater than, and H2O mixing ratios a factor of a few less than, chemical-equilibrium predictions. Photochemistry can also be important on such planets, with CO2 and HCN being key photochemical products. Carbon dioxide becomes a major constituent when stratospheric temperatures are low and recycling of water via the

+ OH reaction becomes kinetically stifled. Young Jupiters with effective temperatures

K are in a particularly interesting photochemical regime that differs from both transiting hot Jupiters and our own solar-system giant planets.
X-RAY FLASHES POWERED BY THE SPINDOWN OF LONG-LIVED NEUTRON STARS
Authors: Ciolfi Riccardo 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
X-ray flashes (XRFs) are a class of high-energy transients whose nature is still open to question. Similar in many aspects to common gamma-ray bursts (GRBs), their strong X-ray emission is accompanied by very low or absent emission in the gamma-ray band. Despite this key difference, a number of indications have consolidated the idea that XRFs and GRBs share a common origin, including a number of potential XRF/supernova associations and the consistency of some XRFs with the Amati relation for long GRBs. However, the difficulties in explaining XRFs as off-axis or intrinsically weak GRBs still cast doubts on this interpretation. Here we explore the possibility that some XRFs are instead powered by the spindown of a long-lived neutron star (NS) formed in a binary NS (BNS) merger or, possibly, in a core-collapse supernova. Focusing on XRF 020903 and a few other cases observed by HETE-2, we show that their lack of gamma-ray emission, spectral properties, duration and X-ray luminosity find a natural explanation within our hypothesis. Moreover, we point out that the agreement of XRF 020903 with the Amati and Ghirlanda relations for long GRBs is respectively only marginal and problematic. Assuming a BNS merger origin for the long-lived NS, we use XRF observations to estimate a lower limit on the rate of BNS mergers accompanied by a potentially observable XRF signal. Within the reach of the advanced LIGO and Virgo gravitational wave detectors, we find

. Finally, we discuss the implications of a supernova association for the XRF events considered.