bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Dwindling Glaciers of the Upper Rakaia Valley, Canterbury, New Zealand
Authors: Gage Maxwell 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThese glaciers are in a district that was seldom visited before the great expansion of recreational tramping and mountaineering in New Zealand during the past twenty years, but the record extends back for eighty-five years. During this time the chief glaciers have receded considerably but irregularly, and for one of them the records indicate a vertical downwasting and thinning. Although this glacier shows no sign yet of recovery it is fed from the same snowfield as that which supplies another glacier descending west from the main divide and which may have begun to advance. An appreciable re-advance of the Franz Josef Glacier has already been given notice in the, Journal of Glaciology, and it may be that the steep gradients of the west-flowing glaciers of the Southern Alps enable them to respond to short-term climatic fluctuations, whereas the flatter east-flowing streams continue to shrink, in keeping with the world-wide trend.
Further Observations on Stress-generated Ice in the Blue Glacier, Washington, U.S.A.
Authors: Knight Charles A. , LaChapelle E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA more detailed examination is made of the stress-generated ice crystallization features already discussed by LaChapelle (1968), using mainly thin-section techniques. The crystallization features on the walls of a tunnel within the Blue Glacier are localized at fine-grained layers and are fed by liquid water traveling along grain boundaries within the wall and within the deposits themselves. The water filling the crevasse encountered at the end of the tunnel was freezing uniformly to the crevasse walls as well as forming Thomson crystals within the water, and the evidence points to an important role for constitutional super-cooling in the Thomson crystal formation. The forms of most of the Thomson crystals are explainable qualitatively by beat flow effects.
Attenuation of Sound in Sea Ice, 10–500 kHz
Authors: Langleben M. P. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMeasurements of the attenuation of acoustic waves in sea ice at frequencies f between 10 kHz and 500 kHz have been made on the ice cover at Tanquary Fiord, Ellesmere Island (lat. 81° 25′ N., long 76°50′ W.). A horizontal transmission path at a depth of 4 ft (1.3 m), mid-way between the top and bottom surfaces of the ice cover, was used at ranges varying from 25 ft (7.6 m) to 4 ft (1.3 m) between piezoelectric transducers immersed in oil-filled bore holes. The attenuation coefficient α was found to fit the equation a α = c1f+c2f4 with c1 = 4·45 × 10−2 db m−1 kHz−1, and c2 = 2·18 × 10−10 db m−1 kHz−4. Over the frequency band covered, the linear term was predominant and the Rayleigh scattering term relatively insignificant.
Observations on a Collapsing Kame Terrace In Glacier Bay National Monument, South-Eastern Alaska
Authors: Mckenzie Garry D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDetailed observations on a collapsing kame terrace indicate that the terrace is being reshaped by: slumping and sliding of debris into depressions, melt-water erosion on the side of the terrace, debris flows in the gullies, and stagnant-ice bursts, a phenomenon analogous to a glacier burst except in the mode of formation of the water. Temperatures in the gravel over the ice, where the gravel is about 4 m thick, indicate that the rate of melting of the upper surface of the ice due to conduction may be as high as 24 cm year−1. Highest temperatures in the gravel were recorded during periods of heavy rainfall.
Glaciological Observations around Mount Atter, West Greenland
Authors: Holland Michael 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn an uncompleted paper, the glaciological observations made by the late Michael Holland and his party in the mountainous Sukkertoppen region of West Greenland (lat. 66° N.) during the summer of 1956 are described. Notes on the features of this region and of the present state of the glaciers were fairly complete; it is felt that these should be put on record as likely to be of use to future workers. It is concluded that in recent years retreat of the main glaciers appears to have been very slight. Pit measurements were made and tabulated and comparisons were made with the earlier findings by Etienne in the same area. No notable difference in the annual accumulation is yet apparent; it is tentatively concluded that there may have been a small increase, but caution is heeded in interpretation as the nearest meteorological stations lie at some distance.
Composition of Gas Bubbles In Greenland Icebergs
Authors: Scholander P. F. , Hemmingsen E. A. , Coachman L. K. , Nutt D. C. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn investigation has been made on the amounts and composition of gases enclosed in West Greenland glaciers ranging from the Thule area near lat. 77° N. to Brede Fjord at lat. 62° N. In general, the gas composition deviated appreciably from that of air, and also varied within each piece of ice. Presumably these variations are caused by melting either in the firn area, or, more often, at the outlet sites.13C analyses indicate that organic contamination of the snow may be another factor. Undisturbed ancient atmospheric air was therefore not encountered in our Greenland samples, but indications are that it might be found in the much colder Antarctic ice sheet. Gas bubbles analyzed from crack fills in icebergs had high oxygen concentrations, sometimes almost matching that of air-equilibrated ice-cold water, from which they undoubtedly originated. Blue icebergs, which often were seen floating up from the bottom of glacier fronts, also tended toward high oxygen concentration and very likely, therefore, are caused by freezing of melt water seeping down and collecting underneath the glacier.
Ice Budgets for Antarctica and Changes in Sea-Level
Authors: Wexler H. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEight different ice budgets for the Antarctic Ice Sheet are examined. Five of these budgets call for rates of increase of the ice which are in surprisingly good agreement considering the wide dispersion of individual components of the budgets. The observed rise in sea-level of the world’s oceans would appear to contradict the removal of water required to nourish the Antarctic Ice Sheet at the claimed rates. The thermal expansion of oceanic columns, caused by “climatic” warming of the oceans, has been invoked to resolve this contradiction but it appears that this is not large enough judging from the 30 yr. difference in water temperatures measured by theMeteorand theCrawfordin two profiles across the tropical Atlantic Ocean.
On the Iceberg Severity off Newfoundland and its Prediction
Authors: Schell Irving I. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn analysis of the iceberg count off Newfoundland for the period 1880–1925 shows that stronger than usual north-westerly winds off the Labrador and Newfoundland coasts and relatively low temperatures over Newfoundland during the months from December to March lead to greater than average berg counts off Newfoundland in the following months, mainly April to June. Conversely, lighter than usual north-westerly winds and relatively high temperatures lead to lower than average berg counts in the following months. The relative strength of winds can be measured by the pressure difference between Belle Isle and Ivigtut. The relationship investigated provides a basis for predicting the berg count each year at the end of March. A comparison of the computed values of the berg count with the actual values on scale 0 to 10 for the following period 1927–61 shows marked agreement.It is further indicated that a more detailed representation of the winds, temperatures and other elements during the winter and early spring in that general area would lead to a closer relationship with the berg count and a broader basis for its prediction.
Assessing Glacier Mass Budgets by Reconnaissance Aerial Photography
Authors: LaChapelle E. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGlacier reconnaissance in North America depends largely on aerial photography. Qualitative interpretation of such photography presently yields information on extent and yearly variations of existing glaciers, vigor of their activity, formation of kinematic waves, snow-line altitudes, residual annual snow accumulation, and recent climatic changes. Methods are proposed whereby such data can be combined with limited ground observations to obtain quantitative mass budget data.
Seismic Depth Study of the Salmon Glacier, British Columbia
Authors: Doell Richard R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSeismic observations on the Salmon Glacier have shown that the glacier bed has a general V-shape with a depth-to-width ratio of about 1:2. These studies also indicate that the north terminus of the glacier effectively dams Summit Lake. Several reflections were recorded from surfaces transverse to the glacier length that curve from near tangency with the bottom surface of the glacier to a vertical attitude at the upper surface. These reflections are restricted to the part of the glacier near the source area.
Thermoluminescence Techniques in Determination of the Stress and Crystallization History of Ice
Authors: Zeller E. J. , Ronca L. B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA series of glow-curve measurements were made to determine the general nature of the thermoluminescence of natural ice. The curves were made by subjecting the samples to ultraviolet radiation from a quartz-envelope mercury arc lamp while keeping the samples at liquid air temperature. The samples were then heated by passing a stream of air over the sample container. The resultant rise in temperature is non-linear but is nearly uniform from run to run. The light emitted was measured by the microphotometric portion of the standard apparatus for determination of mineral thermoluminescence.Curves were obtained on samples collected from the ice tunnel in the ice cap at Jungfraujoch and from freshly fallen and old snow at Bern in Switzerland. A systematic variation in glow-curve shape was found. This variation appears to be directly related to the stress history of the ice. Ice which has been subjected to high shearing stress can he readily distinguished from ice which has not.
Lake Ice Investigation at Peters Lake, Alaska
Authors: Muguruma Jiro , Kikuchi Katsuhiro 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this paper a study of lake ice at Peters Lake with respect to crystallographic nature and impurity in crystal grain boundaries is described. The appearance of the ice structure in 1962 was quite uniform over the whole area of the lake; it showed predominantly horizontal c-axes. Another type of ice with predominantly vertical c-axes could not be found even in the surface layer of the ice. The cause of these two types of ice is explained as being due to wind action. A correlation between the grain-size and the depth of ice is expressed in exponential form down to a depth of 100 cm. A linear relationship between the thickness of ice and the depth of snow cover was obtained. Impurity in grain boundaries measured as specific electrical conductivity was hard to detect in such a pure ice as that at the lake whose purity was about 1 micromho/cm. Supplementary data from Lake Nukabira, Hokkaido, are summarized and compared with the data from Peters Lake.
The Thermal Properties of Sea Ice
Authors: Schwerdtfecer Peter 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCompared with freshwater ice, whose physical properties are well known, sea ice is a relatively complex substance whose transition to a completely solid mixture of pure ice and solid salts is completed only at extremely low temperatures rarely encountered in nature. The physical properties of sea ice are thus strongly dependent on salinity, temperature and time. Many of these properties are still not fully understood or accurately known, particularly those important for the understanding of a natural ice cover. The specific heat for example is an important term in the calculation of the heat energy content of a cover. However, Malmgren (1927), whose calculated values of the specific heat of sea ice are in general use, neglected the direct contribution of the brine present in inclusions. Re-examination of the question of specific and latent heats of sea ice has led to distinguishing between the freezing and melting points and enabled significant observations in this range. Similarly, because the thermal conductivity is a necessary parameter in the description of the thermal behaviour of ice. the sea-ice model suggested by Anderson (1958) has been modified and extended in the present work to the case of saline ice containing air bubbles. This enabled the completion of calculations of density and conductivity. In order to illustrate the theoretically calculated values. measurements were made on sea-ice samples to determine the specific heat, density and thermal conductivity.
Instruments and Methods High Pressure Coupling for Pipe in Deep Water Filled Bore Holes
Authors: Shreve R. L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn August 1961 an aluminum pipe (3.5 cm. internal diameter, 4.2 cm. external diameter) having 92 specially modified socket couplings (5.0 cm. external diameter) sealed with a quick-polymerizing synthetic rubber was sunk 226 m. in a vertical water-filled bore hole in Blue Glacier, Washington. U.S.A. The geometry of threads and mating surfaces of pipe and coupling was designed to cause increasing external water pressure to tighten the seal. One joint at a depth of 66 m. immediately developed an extremely slow leak (probably because of faulty cleaning), but the other 91 joints apparently were sound, as the pipe was free of water to a depth of at least 157 m. when resurveyed after one year.
Instruments and Methods: Portable Thermal Core Drill for Temperate Glaciers
Authors: Shreve R. L. , Kamb W. B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn the summer of 1962 a completely portable and relatively simple electrically heated thermal core drill of new design was constructed and used to obtain 16 oriented samples of ice 2.5 cm. in diameter by 120 cm. in length from depths ranging from 12 m. to 137 m. in lower Blue Glacier, Mount Olympus, Washington, U.S.A. The thermal element is a 0.260-in. (0.66-cm.) diameter 300-W. 150-V. tubular heater bent to form an annulus with an external diameter of 5.0 cm. Opposed ratchet-like teeth break off and hold the core inside the tubular core barrel. Orientation is recorded photographically by a commercial inclinometer modified to show azimuth and to be controlled from the surface.
Snow Action on Mount Twynam, Snowy Mountains, Australia
Authors: Costin A. B. , Jennings J. N. , Black H. P. , Thom B. G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA commonly accepted distinction between snow-patches and glaciers is the slow mass movement of the latter with consequent abrasion of stones and rock surfaces. However, the observations of some workers do not support this distinction. The present study, in a snow-patch area on Mount Twynam in the Snowy Mountains (Australia), presents positive evidence of slow mass sliding of snow, causing transport, abrasion and detachment of stones and abrasion of the bedrock surface. Consequently, no sharp separation is possible between the erosional effects of snow-patches and small cirque glaciers. In areas such as the Snowy Mountains the relative importance of glacial and nivational processes becomes more difficult to evaluate.
Variations in Velocity of Athabasca Glacier with Time
Authors: Paterson W. S. B. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe physical setting of the Athabasca Glacier is described. Ablation of ice from the glacier contributes roughly 40 per cent of the annual outflow from the lake at the terminus. Variations of ice velocity, measured over periods ranging from a week to four months, are discussed. Few if any of these variations can be explained by changes of ice thickness. Variations in the amount of water at the glacier bed provide a plausible explanation however, and the data lend some support to Weertman’s ideas on this subject. Variations in annual velocity of the glacier are not correlated with stream flow, but passage of a kinematic wave provides an explanation of these variations. The wave is attributed to a climatic change which began about 1938.
The Effect of Finite Heat Content and Thermal Diffusion on the Growth of a Sea-Ice Cover
Authors: Schwerdtfeger Peter 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe practical analysis of the growth of a sea-ice cover is discussed with initial reference to the classical work of Stefan, whose basic equation connecting surface temperature with the growth of a uniform ice cover of negligible specific heat and hence infinite diffusivity is extended to cover “real” cases. The separate effects of a finite heat content and thermal diffusivity are derived theoretically and semi-empirically respectively, and combined in a more general ice-growth equation which is then tested in the analysis of annual sea-ice growth on Hudson Bay.
Glaciers in the North-Eastern Part of the Ch’ing-hai–hsi-tsang (Qinghai–xizang) Plateau (Tibet) and their Variations
Authors: Wenying Wang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe first extensive and far-reaching investigations of the Sino-German Joint Expedition to the Ch’ing-hai–Hsi-tsang (Qinghai–Xizang) Plateau in the glacierized region of the Amne Machin (Anyemaqen) started work in the area and compiled the glacial inventory in that region. In the past 15 years scientists have found that the majority of glaciers in the Amne Machin (Anyemaqen) have been advancing whereas most glaciers in Ch’i-lien Shan (Qilian Shan), adjacent to Amne Machin (Anyemaqen), have been retreating during the same period. This is a problem worthy of study by glaciologists. Through investigation and analysis, it is also found that Ha-lung (Halong) glacier has the character of a surging glacier. The author tentatively forecasts the next surge of Ha-lung (Halong) glacier and the tendency of variations of glaciers in Ch’i-lien Shan (Qilian Shan) in the near future.
Snow Concentration and Effective Air Density During Snow-Falls
Authors: Mellor Malcolm 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe mass concentration of falling snow ρs can be estimated from the snow-fall rate (accumulation rate) qv if there is no significant wind. Limited data show only a weak relation between fall velocity ut and qv (with qv in g/cm2 h). Consequently there is a strong correlation (r2 = 0.97) between ρs and qv (with qv in g/cm2 h). A simple relation of this kind is of practical value for certain technical purposes, and more data would be welcome.
A Lacustrine Glacier Retreat Sequence from the Permo-Carboniferous Dwyka Formation, Republic of South Africa
Authors: Visser J. N. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe upper part of a Permo-Carboniferous glacial valley fill along the northern margin of the Karoo Basin includes glacio-lacustrine sediments. During the last glacier advance into the lake, a bedded heterogeneous diamictite facies was deposited and, on glacier retreat, a sequence of deformed siltstones with diamictite lenses and sandstone beds, varved shale and rhythmite shale was laid down. Black carbonaceous mud was deposited during the subsequent marine transgression. According to varve counts, the glacier receded from the valley over a period of 500 to 1 000 years and it is concluded that the overall ice-retreat rate during the Permo-Carboniferous deglaciation was relatively high.
The thermal regime of sub-polar glaciers mapped by multi-frequency radio-echo sounding
Authors: Björnsson Helgi , Gjessing Yngvar , Hamran Svein-Erik , Hagen Jon Ove , LiestøL Olav , Pálsson Finnur , Erlingsson Björn 
Published: September 2017

AbstractRadio-echo soundings provide an effective tool for mapping the thermal regimes of polythermal glaciers on a regional scale. Radar signals of 320–370 MHz penetrate ice at sub-freezing temperatures but are reflected from the top of layers of ice which are at the melting point and contain water. Radar signals of 5–20 MHz, on the other hand, see through both the cold and the temperate ice down to the glacier bed. Radio-echo soundings at these frequencies have been used to investigate the thermal regimes of four polythermal glaciers in Svalbard: Kongsvegen, Uvérsbreen, Midre Lovénbreen and Austre Brøggerbreen. In the ablation area of Kongsvegen, a cold surface layer (50–160 m thick) was underlain by a warm basal layer which is advected from the temperate accumulation area. The surface ablation of this cold layer may be compensated by freezing at its lower cold-temperate interface. This requires that the free water content in the ice at the freezing interface is about 1 % of the volume. The cold surface layer is thicker beneath medial moraines and where cold-based hanging glaciers enter the main ice stream. On Uvérsbreen the thermal regime was similar to that of Kongsvegen. A temperate hole was found in the otherwise cold surface layer of the ablation area in a surface depression between Kongsvegen and Uvérsbreen where meltwater accumulates during the summer (near the subglacial lake Setevatnet, 250 m a.s.l.). Lovénbreen w as frozen to the bed at the snout and along all the mountain slopes but beneath the central part of the glacier a warm basal layer (up to 50 m thick) was fed by temperate ice from two cirques. On Austre Brøggerbreen, a temperate basal layer was not detected by radio-echo soundings but the basal ice was observed to be at the melting point in two boreholes.
A distributed surface energy-balance model for a small valley glacier. I. Development and testing for Haut Glacier d’ Arolla, Valais, Switzerland
Authors: Arnold N.S. , Willis I.C. , Sharp M.J. , Richards K.S. , Lawson W.J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper describes the development and testing of a distributed surface energy-balance model used to calculate rates of surface melting at Haut Glacier d’Arolla, Valais, Switzerland. The model uses a digital elevation model (DEM) of the glacier surface and surrounding topography together with meterological data collected at a site in front of the glacier to determine hourly or daily totals of the energy-balance components and hence of melting over the entire surface of the glacier with a spatial resolution of 20 m. The model can also be used to determine temporal and spatial variations in snow depth, snow-line position and glacier surface albedo. Calculations from the model are compared with observations made along the glacier centre line 1990, and in general the model performs very well. The correlation coefficients between calculated and measured snow-line elevation, albedo and ablation are 0.99, 0.85 and 0.81, respectively. The main source of error between modelled and measured values of these variables is probably inadequacies in the parameterization of albedo used in the model.