bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Theory of the Cylindrical Ejector Supersonic Propelling Nozzle
Authors: Dunham J. 
Published: July 2016

In their paper, “A Theory of the Cylindrical Ejector Supersonic Propelling Nozzle”, Pearson, Holliday and Smith analysed the conditions under which two unmixed streams of air pass together through a nozzle. Two criteria were used to determine the flow conditions at the exit, when the nozzle is choked: —(a) That the stagnation pressure in the secondary (subsonic) jet should be a minimum for a given flow quantity.(b) That the velocity of propagation of small plane waves at the exit should be zero.Either criterion, applied independently, led to the same result but, as the authors observed, neither has the status of an axiom in fluid mechanics, and a direct proof without invoking either would be preferable.
Whirling with Spring Bearings and Rough Snubbers
Authors: Irons B. 
Published: July 2016

To an increasing extent, aero gas turbine manufacturers are supporting high speed rotors on spring bearings, in order to escape the consequences of lightly damped and inconveniently placed critical speeds. While experience has been generally good, engineering doubts periodically arise.(a) By introducing the flexible bearings, the critical speed is reduced, say, from 9,000 r.p.m. to 3,000 r.p.m. At 3,000 r.p.m. a peak amplitude response is experienced, although the bearing load is comparatively low. (Some spring bearing designs incorporate damping as an accidental feature, many do not, and very few have damping designed into them.) The peak amplitude at 3,000 r.p.m. can rub the seals or overstress the spring, and to prevent this the bearing amplitude is restricted by a circular stop known here as the “snubber.”
Loading and Heating of a Simple Structure with Linear Work Hardening
Authors: Mansfield E. H. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:An analysis is made of the stresses and strains in a loaded two-bar tie when one of the bars is subjected to heating. The material of the bars is assumed to possess linear work hardening characteristics, i.e. a constant tangent modulus in the plastic range, and these characteristics are assumed to be independent of temperature. The following cycles of loading and heating are considered: load-heat-cool-unload, load-heat-unload-cool, heat-load-unload-cool, heat-load-cool-unload, and it is shown how, and when, these cycles produce differing stresses and strains and, in particular, differing residual stresses and strains. The effect of repeated applications of these cycles, when incremental shake-down may occur, is also considered.
Parental monitoring and knowledge: Testing bidirectional associations with youths’ antisocial behavior
Authors: Wertz Jasmin , Nottingham Kate , Agnew-Blais Jessica , Matthews Timothy , Pariante Carmine M. , Moffitt Terrie E. , Arseneault Louise 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the present study, we used separate measures of parental monitoring and parental knowledge and compared their associations with youths’ antisocial behavior during preadolescence, between the ages of 10 and 12. Parental monitoring and knowledge were reported by mothers, fathers, and youths taking part in the Environmental Risk (E-Risk) Longitudinal Twin Study that follows 1,116 families with twins. Information on youths’ antisocial behavior was obtained from mothers as well as teachers. We report two main findings. First, longitudinal cross-lagged models revealed that greater parental monitoring did not predict less antisocial behavior later, once family characteristics were taken into account. Second, greater youth antisocial behavior predicted less parental knowledge later. This effect of youths’ behavior on parents’ knowledge was consistent across mothers’, fathers’, youths’, and teachers’ reports, and robust to controls for family confounders. The association was partially genetically mediated according to a Cholesky decomposition twin model; youths’ genetically influenced antisocial behavior led to a decrease in parents’ knowledge of youths’ activities. These two findings question the assumption that greater parental monitoring can reduce preadolescents’ antisocial behavior. They also indicate that parents’ knowledge of their children's activities is influenced by youths’ behavior.
Strategic considerations in the search for transactional processes: Methods for detecting and quantifying transactional signals in longitudinal data
Authors: Roisman Glenn I. , Fraley R. Chris , Haltigan John D. , Cauffman Elizabeth , Booth-Laforce Cathryn 
Published: July 2016

AbstractOver the last four decades the transactional model has emerged as a central fixture of modern developmental science. Despite this, we are aware of no principled approach for determining (a) whether it is actually necessary to invoke transactional mechanisms to explain observed patterns of stability in a given domain of adaptive functioning and (b) the extent to which transactional processes, once identified in aggregate, are accounted for by measured domains with which an aspect of adaptive functioning is theoretically in transaction. Leveraging the fact that transactional mechanisms produce excess stability in an outcome domain above and beyond autoregressive processes, along with the basic logic of mediational analysis, we introduce two novel indexes for studying transactional processes strategically. We apply these metrics to data from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development cohort on mother- and teacher-reported externalizing problems and social competence along with teacher-reported and objective assessments of academic skills acquired in Grades 1, 3, and 5. During this developmental period we find that (a) transactional contributions to stability are strongest for teacher-reported outcomes, next strongest for mother-reported outcomes, and relatively weak for objective assessments of academic skills and (b) observed maternal sensitivity (but not child-reported friendship quality) accounts for a modest proportion of the total transactional effects operative in most of the domains of adaptive functioning we studied. Discussion focuses on extending the logic of our approach to additional waves of measurement.
Better self-management and meaningful activities thanks to tablets? Development of a person-centered program to support people with mild dementia and their carers through use of hand-held touch screen devices
Authors: Kerkhof Yvonne J. F. , Graff Maud J. L. , Bergsma Ad , de Vocht Hilde H. M. , Dröes Rose-Marie 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBackground:To offer good support to people with dementia and their carers in an aging and Internet society the deployment of hand-held touch screen devices, better known as tablets, and its applications (apps) can be viable and desirable. However, at the moment it is not clear which apps are usable for supporting people with dementia in daily life. Also, little is known about how people with dementia can be coached to learn to use a tablet and its apps.Methods:A person-centered program, with tools and training, will be developed that aims to support people with mild dementia and their (in)formal carers in how to use the tablet for self-management and meaningful activities. The program will be developed in accordance with the Medical Research Council's (MRC) framework for developing and evaluating complex interventions and the study will cover the following phases: a preclinical or theoretical (0) phase; a modeling phase (I) and the exploratory trial phase (II). The users (people with dementia and their carers) will be involved intensively during all these phases, by means of individual interviews, workshops, focus groups, and case studies.Discussion:The iterative process inherent to this framework makes it possible to develop a user-oriented intervention, in this case a person-centered program, for the use of tablets in dementia care. Preparatory work will be done to perform a methodologically sound randomized controlled trial (RCT) in the near future, which aims to investigate the contribution of this person-centered program for tablet use to the quality of life of people with dementia and their carers.
Theme 1. Disaster Coordination and Management: Summary and Action Plans
Authors: der Heide Eric Auf , Lafond Raymond , Eyre Anne , Fertel Nurit , Fisher Judith M. , Gunn SWA , Hampton Dianna , Lederman Bianca , Posner Z. , Preobrajensky V.N. , Rebonato M. , Riboni Vincenzo , Rodriguez Daniel , Shih Chung-Liang , Yamamoto Yasuhiro 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Disaster is a collective responsibility requiring coordinated response from all parts of society. This theme focused on coordination and management issues in a diverse range of scenarios.Methods:Details of the methods used are provided in the preceding paper. The chairs moderated all presentations and produced a summary that was presented to an assembly of all of the delegates. Although the main points developed in Themes 1 and 4 were different from each other (as reported in the Results section), their implementation was similar. Therefore, the chairs of both groups presided over one workshop that resulted in the generation of a set of Action Plans that then were reported to the collective group of all delegates.Results:The main points developed during the presentations and discussions included: (1) the need for evidence-based assessments and planning, (2) the need for a shift in focus to health-sector readiness, (3) empowerment of survivors, (4) provision of relief for the caregivers, (5) address the incentives and disincentives to attain readiness, (6) engage in joint preparation, response, and training, (7) focus on prevention and mitigation of the damage from events, and (8) improve media relations. There exists a need for institutionalization of processes for learning from experiences obtained from disasters.Discussion:Action plans presented include: (1) creation of an Information and Data Clearinghouse on Disaster Management, (2) identification of incentives and disincentives for readiness and develop strategies and interventions, and (3) act on lessons learned from evidence-based research and practical experience.Conclusions:There is an urgent need to proactively establish coordination and management procedures in advance of any crisis. A number of important insights for improvement in coordination and management during disasters emerged.
Emergency Medical Services Assessment and Treatment of Children with Special Health Care Needs Before and After Specialized Paramedic Training
Authors: Spaite Daniel W. , Karriker Katherine J. , Conroy Carol , Seng Marsha , Battaglia Norma , Salik Ronald M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:This study evaluates whether a continuing education program for paramedics, focusing on Children with Special Health Care Needs, improved paramedics' assessment and management.Methods:Emergency Medical Services responses for children, 21 years of age or younger, with a congenital or acquired condition or a chronic physical or mental illness, were identified. The responses before and after the specialized education program were reviewed by a multidisciplinary team to evaluate assessment and management of the children. Interreviewer agreement between the nurses on the team and between the physicians on the team was assessed. We also evaluated whether there was an improvement in assessment and care by paramedics completing our education program.Results:Significant improvement was seen in appropriate assessment and overall care by paramedics who completed our specialized education program. Reviewers also noted an appropriate rating for the initial assessment category more often for responses involving paramedics who had the training. Agreement on whether assessment and treatment was appropriate for all five reviewers varied considerably, ranging from 32% to 93%. Overall there was a high percentage of agreement (>70%) between the nurses and between the physicians on most items. However, kappa statistics did not generally reflect good agreement except for most of the focused assessment items and some treatment and procedure items.Conclusion:Most of the documentation on the EMS records indicated appropriate assessment and treatment during all responses for Children with Special Health Care Needs. Nevertheless, the results indicate that paramedics may improve their assessment and management of these children after specialized continuing education.
External Chest Compression in the Management of Acute Severe Asthma—A Technique in Search of Evidence
Authors: Fisher Malcolm M. , Whaley Anne P. , Pye Roger R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractCompelling anecdotal evidence exists for the potentially lifesaving benefits of mechanical external chest compression (MECC), but no published trials of the technique exist. The history and technique for MECC are discussed and illustrated by a case report. Although the technique is not discussed in the Resuscitation Guideline 2000, and the need for it within the intensive care unit has reduced, the use of MECC will have its greatest impact when initiated in the prehospital setting for patients suffering from severe, sudden-onset, asphyxic asthma.
Medical Relief Personnel in Complex Emergencies: Perceptions of Effectiveness in the Former Yugoslavia
Authors: VanRooyen Michael J. , Eliades M. James , Grabowski Jurek G. , Stress M.E. , Juric Josip , Burkle Frederick M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHumanitarian medical assistance and intervention during the civil war in Bosnia and Croatia was felt by national health workers to be relatively ineffective (2.8 on a 5-point Likert scale), compared to other forms of humanitarian assistance such as medical supplies (4.4/5) and non-medical materials (3.9/5). Bosnian physicians treating civilians noted that the most helpful types of personnel were surgeons and emergency physicians. This study suggests that assessment of personnel needs at the recipient level, in addition to standard relief assessments, is required early in models of complex emergencies. This study supports existing epidemiological models of complex emergencies, especially when high trauma-related mortality and morbidity are likely to occur.
Management of Persons Internally Contaminated with Radionuclides
Authors: de Lima Valverde Nelson José 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAspects of internal contamination with radionuclides are reviewed. The possible association of this kind of accident with radiation and conventional accidents is addressed. The most important mishaps in the initial diagnosis, the need for prompt treatment, and a well-prepared plan to cope with radioisotopes at the workplace are discussed. The metabolic behavior and specific treatment for radionuclide contamination is reported.
The Rapid Prehospital Estimation of Blood Glucose Using Chemstrip bG
Authors: Hogya Paul T. , Yealy Donald M. , Paris Paul M. , Stewart Ronald D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe accuracy of the glucose reagent strip, Chemstrip bG, for the determination of the presence of hypoglycemia, euglycemia, or hyperglycemia was assessed in the prehospital setting when used by paramedics treating patients with an altered level of consciousness. Venous blood specimens were obtained from each of sixty-two patients. Serum glucose levels of the sample were determined by paramedics in the field using the Chemstrip bG and within three hours after sample acquisition by standard laboratory techniques. The sensitivity and specificity of detecting true hypoglycemia (serum glucose<61 mg/dl) using the field reagent strips were 100% and 83.3% respectively. The corresponding 95% lower limits of confidence (LLC) were 81.3% and 83 .3%. The sensitivity and specificity of field detection of the absence of hypoglycemia (serum glucose ≥ 61 mg/dl) were 86.6 % (LLC=80.9%) and 100% (LLC=81.3%) respectively. The accuracy of the reagent strips is specific but not sensitive for the determination of the presence of hyperglycemia (serum glucose > 179 mg/dl). Thus, the Chemstrip bG is an accurate means for the rapid identification of the presence or absence of hypoglycemia in the field setting by paramedics.
Occult Hypoxemia During Aeromedical Transport: Detection by Pulse Oximetry
Authors: Melton James D. , Heller Michael B. , Kaplan Richard , Mohan-Klein Karen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe use of pulse oximetry as an adjunct to clinical evaluation of oxygenation during aeromedical transport by helicopter and fixed-wing aircraft was evaluated. As evidenced by an oxygen saturation of 90% or less, 29 of 150 patients (29%) were hypoxemic in the presence of the flight team. Airway interventions were carried out by the flight team in 17 of these 29 hypoxemic patients. In 11 of these 17 instances, desaturation noted by pulse oximeter was the first evidence that airway interventions were indicated. In the other 12 cases of hypoxemia, no new airway interventions were carried out despite oximeter evidence of desaturation. Three of these patients subsequently required aggressive airway interventions following their arrival at the receiving emergency department. Of the 32 patients transported by fixed-wing aircraft, 27% had evidence of unsuspected hypoxemia detected only by the pulse oximeter. The hypoxemia seemed related to increasing altitude in eight of this latter group. Pulse oximetry is a valuable and feasible technique for monitoring patients during aeromedical transport. Its use may allow detection of physiologic hypoxemia before such becomes apparent clinically.
A New Method for Simulated Mass Casualty Evaluation: The Beilinson Hospital Exercise
Authors: Simon D. , Danon Y.L. , Chaimoff C. , Shachar A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new method for evaluating the capabilities and performance of a general hospital in masscasualty exercises is described. This method is based on the use of simulation techniques which are realistic relative to the types and availability of the manpower required and to the time consumed by the assessments, interventions, and administrative duties and demands for each casualty encountered and the total workload thrust on the hospital by the cumulative requirements of all of the casualties. The simulation can be accomplished only after the time and equipment required for every possible diagnostic, therapeutic, and administrative procedure has been assessed for the specific hospital. Thereafter, it is possible to define the exact type and quantity of resources, in terms of time and manpower, consumed cumulatively by every simulated casualty assessed and treated during the exercise. The simulated victims are selected from a pool of young physicians who are briefed thoroughly by senior staff physicians prior to the exercise. Thus, the simulated subjects are provided lists of problems and the appropriate options for treatment. They also serve as controllers in the definition of time and manpower consumed for their specific injury set. Given this setting, it is possible to assess the functional performance of a hospital as a unit and for each of its components and also realistically estimate its capacity to manage disaster victims using a simulation of a disaster situation with mass casualties.
An Inventory of Ambulance Service Regulatory Programs in California
Authors: Narad Richard A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:Ambulance regulation in California is the responsibility of numerous agencies on the state and local levels.Objective:By identifying and analyzing the variety of programs used in one state, this study establishes a framework for evaluation of state and local regulatory programs elsewhere.Methods:This study surveyed all California local EMS agencies (LEMSAs: California's equivalent of regional EMS organizations) to identify the types of regulatory programs used, the foci of these programs (e.g., equipment and personnel), and their application (e.g., public and private providers). All data acquired were analyzed using population parameters rather than inferential statistics.Findings:A response rate of 100% was obtained. Among the regulatory tools used are ordinances, contracts, and franchises. Regulatory standards vary widely as do their applications. Large counties and those that operate their own LEMSA have more extensive regulatory programs than do smaller counties and those who participate in multicounty agencies. Many of the enforcement mechanisms available are weak.Conclusion:This study suggests several policy implications for California and other states. The wide variation in the types of regulatory programs and the standards that are used suggest that the purpose and impact of regulatory programs should be studied further. The decentralization of the ambulance regulatory program and the lack of integration of ambulance regulations into EMS system planning also raise policy questions. In addition, the role of multicounty EMS agencies, as it relates to regulation of ambulance services, should be reviewed.
Criteria for the Assessment of Disaster Preparedness-II
Authors: de Boer Jan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBy defining the chain of medical care and the capacities of the successive phases within this chain, an attempt is made to analyze and grade the determinants of these capacities. In this way, calculations that indicate overall disaster preparedness can be expressed in a figure ranging from 1–5. The capacity of the system is taken as the lowest score obtained for the components of the system. The methodology used for this assessment of pre-paredness is described and an example is used to show the efficacy of this methodology.
An Eight-Year Review of Legal Cases Related to an Urban 9-1-1 Paramedic Service
Authors: Maguire Brian J. , Porco Frank V. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIntroduction:An eight year retrospective analysis was conducted to determine the type and outcome of lawsuits related to the provision of 9-1-1 paramedic service in an urban environment.Methods:For the evaluation period of May 1986 to March 1994, all litigation cases related to Ambulance Service or paramedics were collected and analyzed. This urban 9-1-1 Paramedic Service has an estimated call volume of >60,000 assignments resulting in >30,000 patient encounters during the evaluation period.Results:Seven lawsuits were filed against the service. No lawsuits were related to tardy response, failure to transport, or patient care negligence of any kind. All of the litigation was related to motor vehicle collisions (MVC).Conclusion:The data suggest that motor vehicle collisions are a significant medicallegal risk to the EMS community. In addition, it was found that the use and lack of use of seatbelts was an important component in many of the suits.
Primary Health Care in War and Disaster and the NorAid System
Authors: Fjaer Rannveig Bremer 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWhen the infrastructure in a community is destroyed by manmade or natural disaster, even the simplest health services may be difficult to maintain. By the Alma Ata declaration, the World Health Organization (WHO) proclaimed, “Health for all by the year 2000.” The program is designed to cover the basic health needs as defined by the Primary Health Care (PHC) system. Therefore, a most important issue in a disaster, is to support, maintain, and rebuild the PHC system, to secure the population's basic health services.Relevant and rapid aid is of great importance in disaster. The physical and psychological strain caused by disaster will increase the need for medical care compared to that during normal times. Child mortality and maternal complications will rise, Many of the 12 million children, who die every year, die as a result of war, refugee conditions, and/or other types of disaster.The NorAid system is equipment composed to provide PHC, with special emphasis on vulnerable groups e.g., women and children. Provided the medical skills are available, it also may function as a hospital. The system already has been used in many countries, and has been found to be relevant, practical, and relatively cheap compared to the benefits achieved.