bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Track Structure, Target Structure and Radiation Effectiveness
Authors: Leenhouts H.P. , Pruppers M.J.M. , Chadwick K.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A track structure model based on energy deposition in water is used to investigate the dependence of the response of a typical 'single hit' detector and a biological effect, the induction of double strand breaks, on the type and energy of the radiation. In making the calculations for a single hit detector, it is assumed that an energy deposition event within a small sphere around the target causes the effect. For the induction of DNA double strand breaks it is assumed that two energy deposition events along the same track are necessary, one occurring in each of two small spheres at a distance of 1.2 nm from each other to simulate the two strands of the DNA helix. The calculations show that for a series of different particles, a series of differing curves of effectiveness relative to stopping power are found. These differing curves offer an explanation for the differences in effectiveness of two different particles having the same stopping power.
On the Use of LET for a Revised Quality Factor for Photons
Authors: Hahn K. , Roos H. , Kellerer A.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Linear energy transfer, L, is currently used as reference parameter for the quality factor in radiation protection, and this practice is likely to be continued in an impending revision of the quality factor. But the numerical convention is not, at present, actually applied to photon or electron fields; their quality factor is, instead, summarily equated to unity. The current trend of tightened dose limits in radiation protection may create the need for precise computations of quality factors even for photon and electron radiations. Such computations can, however, not be performed in terms of unrestricted linear energy transfer. The reasons for this difficulty are explained, and the formulae for the quality factor as an integral over electron fluence and restricted linear energy transfer are given. A correct energy balance in this and in a variety of linked dosimetric relations requires a modification of the definition of restricted linear energy transfer. For large energy cut-off values the correction is of minor importance, but for small cut-off values - such as those invoked in biophysical considerations - the modification is essential.
The Dose Equivalent Response of Tissue-Equivalent Proportional Counters to Low Energy Neutrons
Authors: Schuhmacher H. , Kunz A. , Menzel H.G. , Coyne J.J. , Schwartz R.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent investigations of area monitors based on tissue-equivalent proportional counters have shown that their dose equivalent response, RH = MH/H*(10), (MH, dose equivalent reading; H*(10), ambient dose equivalent) is considerably smaller than one for neutron energies below a few hundred keV. Measurements in monoenergetic neutron beams with energies of 2 and 24 keV are described. Results for RH are presented and various means of improving the dose equivalent response in the low energy region are investigated: detector size, wall thickness and pressure of gas filling.
Miscellaneous Properties of Toshiba FD-7 and SEI Schulman High-Z Radiophotoluminescent Glass Dosemeters
Authors: Croft S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Radiophotoluminescence in silver-activated metaphosphate glass forms the basis of a well established dosimetry technique. However, in order to achieve precise and accurate results, careful attention must be paid to the influence of a number of factors which can affect the apparent level of radiophotoluminescent light measured from a dosemeter for a given dose of radiation. Some of these factors are considered in this work. A simple yet efficient dosemeter cleaning procedure has been developed and signal stability has been studied. The influence of the dosemeter temperature during exposure, storage and readout have been determined. The sensitivities of irradiated and unirradiated dosemeters to both ultraviolet and ambient light have been investigated. For the ultraviolet measurements a kinetics analysis has been performed.
Influence of High Temperature Annealing on TL Response of CaF2:Tm
Authors: Hsu P.-C. , Li S.-H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The high temperature annealing treatment given to CaF2:Tm phosphor from 100 oC to 800 oC is described. The thermoluminescent (TL) properties were investigated by studying the residual TL, its sensitivity and glow curve at different annealing treatments. The experimental results indicate that (1) there is no difference in the TL output for annealing temperatures less than 400 oC, (2) the TL sensitivity decreases as the annealing temperature increases, and (3) the low temperature peak shifts to the low temperature region and the high temperature peak shifts to the high temperature region as the annealing temperature increases.
Thin CaSO4:Dy for Beta Dosimetry, Grain Size and Energy Dependence
Authors: Luguera E. , Fernández F. , Planas J. , Dahabi K.E. , Bruguier G. , Daoud M. , Gasiot J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
One of the problems of beta dosimetry is the different response of CaSO4:Dy when irradiated with electrons having different energies. We are looking for the adequate grain size in order to obtain a good and flat TL response in an energy interval as wide as possible. We present the study of CaSO4:Dy (1%) TL response as a function of the grain size, in the range 25-200 µm, and its energy dependence when irradiated with electrons of energy up to 3 MeV.
Phototransfer Studies in Synthetic Quartz
Authors: Kristianpoller N. , Abu-Rayya M. , Chen R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The PTTL of high purity synthetic quartz was studied in the temperature range from 80 to 500 K. Main PTTL peaks appeared after LNT illuminations at 205 and 265 K and after RT illuminations at 380 K with a shoulder at ~430 K. PTTL excitation spectra have maxima at 275, 315 and 330 nm. Emission spectra of PTTL showed maxima at 330, 370 nm and a broad maximum centred at 460 nm. The same emission bands have also been recorded in the TL, indicating that the same luminescence processes are responsible for the emission in both cases. The finding that the PTTL peaks appear at the same temperatures and with the same thermal activation energies as the ß, X and some of VUV induced TL peaks, indicates that the carriers are released in these cases, from the same traps.
Is Diffusion or Forced Flow the Main Mechanism of Radon Infiltration into Underground Openings? A Theoretical Study
Authors: Holub R.F. , Killoran L.K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The diffusion length in porous materials is usually determined from core samples and not for an underground opening as a whole. Underground structures usually have widely differing porosity and crack systems through which equally widely differing diffusive and convective flows deliver gases into underground openings. This paper discusses whether diffusion, rather than forced flow, can be the major cause of radon infiltration into underground openings. To calculate the diffusion through cracks across a slab, an approach developed by Landman was used in which a single rectangular crack of porosity (cr gives a diffusion flow. The two-dimensional calculation is repeated for a case where there are two cracks per unit length, three cracks, four cracks, etc. while keeping the crack porosity (cr constant. The corresponding forced flow for identical cracks is also calculated for a typical pressure difference across the slab. When the diffusion and forced flow are plotted as a function of the number of cracks per unit length, a crossover occurs where the diffusion flow starts to dominate. In another case where the forced flow is kept constant, an even more dramatic increase in the diffusion flow is observed as the number of cracks per unit length increases.
Investigations on the TL Properties of Chemical Reagent NaCl
Authors: Kaibao L. , Jindi C. , Qixin Z. , Zhizhao Z. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
TL dosimetric properties of the chemical reagent NaCl were examined. NaCl is manufactured in several chemical factories in China and the material used in the present work was obtained from a local commercial supplier. Our studies show that this material can be used as a phosphor with the characteristics of high TL sensitivity, simple glow curve, low TL fading rate, and appropriate TL emission spectrum. The conspicuous advantage of this phosphor is its availability at a very low cost; the disadvantages include its hygroscopic nature and light induced TL fading.
The Development of Microdosimetric Detectors for Investigating LET Distributions in Different Body Tissues
Authors: Green S. , Aro A.C.A. , Taylor G.C. , Scott M.C. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Differences between the microdosimetric response of A-150 plastic and real tissue are significant even at energies below 20 MeV. Lack of data precludes predictions of the differences between 20 and 60 MeV, the region of primary interest in current neutron therapy programmes, and it is thus necessary to explore this problem experimentally. In order to synthesise the response of a range of real tissues to neutrons, detectors are being built to determine the contributions from each of the important constituent elements, namely C, Ca, H, N and O. Methods of providing conducting cathodes for non-conducting wall materials are described, and tests made on the procedures using polythene and carbon counters exposed to 15 MeV and p(62)Be neutrons are discussed.
Comparative analysis of protein abundance studies to quantify theSaccharomyces cerevisiaeproteome
Authors: Ho Brandon , Baryshnikova Anastasia , Brown Grant W. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTGlobal gene expression and proteomics tools have allowed large-scale analyses of the transcriptome and proteome in eukaryotic cells. These tools have enabled studies of protein abundance changes that occur in cells under stress conditions, providing insight into regulatory programs required for cellular adaptation. While the proteome of yeast has been subjected to the most comprehensive analysis of any eukary-ote, each of the existing datasets is separate and reported in different units. A comparison of all the available protein abundance data sets is key towards developing a complete understanding of the yeast proteome. We evaluated 19 quantitative proteomic analyses performed under normal and stress conditions and normalized and converted all measurements of protein abundance into absolute molecules per cell. Our analysis yields an estimate of the cellular abundance of 97% of the proteins in the yeast proteome, as well as an assessment of the variation in each abundance measurement. We evaluate the variance and sensitivity associated with different measurement methods. We find that C-terminal tagging of proteins, and the accompanying alterations to the 3’ untranslated regions of the tagged genes, has little effect on protein abundance. Finally, our normalization of diverse datasets facilitates comparisons of protein abundance remodeling of the proteome during cellular stresses.
Developmental diversification of cortical inhibitory interneurons
Authors: Mayer Christian , Hafemeister Christoph , Bandler Rachel C. , Machold Robert , Allaway Kathryn , Jaglin Xavier , Brito Renata Batista , Butler Andrew , Fishell Gord , Satija Rahul 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTDiverse subsets of cortical interneurons play a particularly important role in the stability of the neural circuits underlying cognitive and higher order brain functions, yet our understanding of how this diversity is generated is far from complete. We applied massively parallel single-cell RNA-seq to profile a developmental time course of interneuron development, measuring the transcriptomes of over 60,000 progenitors during their maturation in the ganglionic eminences and embryonic migration into the cortex. While diversity within mitotic progenitors is largely driven by cell cycle and differentiation state, we observed sparse eminence-specific transcription factor expression, which seeds the emergence of later cell diversity. Upon becoming postmitotic, cells from all eminences pass through one of three precursor states, one of which represents a cortical interneuron ground state. By integrating datasets across developmental timepoints, we identified transcriptomic heterogeneity in interneuron precursors representing the emergence of four cardinal classes (Pvalb, Sst, Id2 and Vip), which further separate into subtypes at different timepoints during development. Our analysis revealed that the ASD-associated transcription factor Mef2c discriminates early Pvalb-precursors in E13.5 cells, and removal ofMef2cconfirms its essential role for Pvalb interneuron development. These findings shed new light on the molecular diversification of early inhibitory precursors, and suggest gene modules that may link developmental specification with the etiology of neuropsychiatric disorders.
CT of the head for acute stroke: Diagnostic performance of a tablet computer prior to intravenous thrombolysis
Authors: McLaughlin Patrick D , Moloney Fiachra , O'Neill Siobhan B , James Karl , Crush Lee , Flanagan Oisin , Maher Michael M , Wyse Gerald , Fanning Noel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe authors propose that tablet computers could benefit patients with acute stroke in the remote care setting, where time to and accuracy of CT interpretation greatly influences patient outcome.MethodsOne hundred and fifty consecutive patients who presented to the Emergency Department of a tertiary referral neurosciences centre within a time window suitable for intravenous thrombolytic therapy were included. Images were wirelessly transmitted to a tablet computer (iPad 3rd Generation, model = A1430, Apple, Cupertino, CA) and were reviewed by radiologists with three levels of experience for signs of intracranial haemorrhage, large vessel occlusion and parenchymal infarction. Reference standard interpretation was performed by two neuroradiologists using a diagnostic monochrome display.ResultsConsensus neuroradiologist review on the tablet display found and correctly classified all of the 23 cases of intracranial haemorrhage including 21 cases of parenchymal haematoma, two cases of petechial haemorrhage and one patient with an acute subdural haematoma. Less experienced readers missed cases of petechial and subdural haematomas. There was excellent agreement between the tablet and diagnostic monochrome display in cases with no infarct or extensive parenchymal infarction.ConclusionsTablet computers can be used to facilitate rapid preliminary CT interpretation in patients with acute stroke in the remote setting.
Utility of I‐124 PET/CT in identifying radioiodine avid lesions in differentiated thyroid cancer: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Santhanam Prasanna , Taieb David , Solnes Lilja , Marashdeh Wael , Ladenson Paul W. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIntroductionDiagnostic I‐123 scans have been shown to underestimate the disease burden in differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) when compared to I‐131 post‐treatment scans, especially in children and patients who have had prior radioiodine (RAI) therapy and/or distant metastasis. I‐124 PET/CT has been shown to be highly effective in imaging DTC‐related metastatic disease.MethodsWe performed a systematic review and meta‐analysis of studies investigating the sensitivity and specificity of I‐124 PET/CT in identifying lesions amenable to RAI therapy as confirmed by I‐131 post‐treatment scanning.ResultsThere were 141 patients and 415 lesions of DTC identified altogether. There was significant heterogeneity in the individual studies. The pooled sensitivity of the I‐124 PET/CT in detecting lesions of differentiated thyroid cancer amenable to I‐131 therapy was 94·2% (91·3–96·4% CI, P < 0·01), and the pooled specificity was 49·0% (34·8–63·4% CI, P < 0·01). The pooled positive likelihood ratio (LR) was 1·43 (1·05–1·94 CI), and the pooled negative LR was 0·28 (0·15–0·53 CI). Overall, the diagnostic odds ratio was 7·90 (3·39–18·48 CI). There were a small but increased number of lesions identified by I‐124 PET/CT that was not detected on post‐treatment scan.ConclusionI‐124 PET/CT is a sensitive tool to diagnose RAI avid DTC lesions, but also detects some new lesions that are not visualized on the post‐treatment I‐131 scan. Further, carefully designed dosimetric studies may be required to fully establish the role of I‐124 PET CT for identifying potential lesions for I‐131 therapy. I‐124 PET/CT in patients with DTC may have other applications in specific clinical situations.
Further delineation of a rare recessive encephalomyopathy linked to mutations in GFER thanks to data sharing of whole exome sequencing data
Authors: Nambot S. , Gavrilov D. , Thevenon J. , Bruel A.L. , Bainbridge M. , Rio M. , Goizet C. , Rötig A. , Jaeken J. , Niu N. , Xia F. , Vital A. , Houcinat N. , Mochel F. , Kuentz P. , Lehalle D. , Duffourd Y. , Rivière J.B. , Thauvin‐Robinet C. , Beaudet A.L. , Faivre L. 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundAlterations in GFER gene have been associated with progressive mitochondrial myopathy, congenital cataracts, hearing loss, developmental delay, lactic acidosis and respiratory chain deficiency in 3 siblings born to consanguineous Moroccan parents by homozygosity mapping and candidate gene approach (OMIM#613076). Next generation sequencing recently confirmed this association by the finding of compound heterozygous variants in 19‐year‐old girl with a strikingly similar phenotype, but this ultra‐rare entity remains however unknown from most of the scientific community.Materials and MethodsWhole exome sequencing was performed as part of a “diagnostic odyssey” for suspected mitochondrial condition in 2 patients, presenting congenital cataracts, progressive encephalomyopathy and hypotrophy and detected unreported compound heterozygous variants in GFER.ResultsThanks to an international data sharing, we found 2 additional patients carrying compound heterozygous variants in GFER. Reverse phenotyping confirmed the phenotypical similarities between the 4 patients. Together with the first literature reports, the review of these 8 cases from 4 unrelated families enables us to better describe this apparently homogeneous disorder, with the clinical and biological stigmata of mitochondrial disease.ConclusionThis report highlights the clinical utility of whole exome sequencing and reverse phenotyping for the diagnosis of ultra‐rare diseases and underlines the importance of a broad data sharing for accurate clinical delineation of previously unrecognized entities.
Applicability of extracellular vesicles in clinical studies
Authors: Vozel Domen , Uršič Bojana , Krek Judita Lea , Štukelj Roman , Kralj‐Iglič Veronika 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are submicron cellular fragments that mediate intercellular communication. EVs have in the last decade attracted major interest as biomarkers or platforms for biomarkers of health and disease. To better understand the reasons why despite great expectations and considerable effort, EV‐based methods have not yet been introduced into clinical practice, we present a systematic analysis of published results of clinical studies.Materials and methodsClinical studies on populations of body fluid samples, published from 2010 to including 2015, applying centrifugation of fluid human samples with centrifuge accelerations up to about 25 000 g and flow cytometry for detection of EVs were analysed with respect to statistical significance (p), statistical power (P), clinical significance (CS), defined as the difference between the means divided by the sum of standard deviations, and size of the populations (Nmin), defined as the number of samples in the smaller group.ResultsFinal analysis included 65 publications with 716 comparisons reporting 308 (43%) statistically significant differences (P < 0·05), 242 (34%) had statistical power P > 0·8 and 88 (12%) had clinical importance CS > 1·96. None of comparison with CS > 1·96 included populations in which the smaller group consisted of 50 or more samples.ConclusionsTo fulfil claimed expectations for EV‐based methods as promising diagnostic tools, more evidence on EV‐based mechanisms of diseases should be gathered. Also, the methods of EV harvesting and assessment should be improved to yield better repeatability and thus allow clinical studies with larger number of samples.
The Effect of Familiarity with Demonstrators on Social Learning in Three‐Spined Sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus)
Authors: Trapp Rebecca M. , Bell Alison M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSocial learning is an important process in the spread of information, especially in changing environments where inherited behaviors may not remain relevant. In many species, the decision of whom to trust to have reliable information depends on the relationship between individuals. Many fish species, including three‐spined sticklebacks, preferentially associate with familiar individuals. Previous studies in three‐spined sticklebacks have provided mixed evidence about the effect of familiarity on social learning in this species. Therefore, this study further explores familiarity and social learning in sticklebacks, specifically from a demonstrator‐focused perspective. We found that in a food patch discrimination task, individuals with unfamiliar demonstrators performed significantly better than those with familiar demonstrators. In a problem‐solving task, we found that focal fish attended to the behavior of demonstrators, but we did not detect an effect of familiarity on performance, and indeed the proportion of individuals to solve the task after observing demonstrators was low. These results suggest that sticklebacks have a preference for unfamiliar demonstrators, but that the use of social information varies depending on context.
Descriptive analysis of bacterial profile, physicochemical and sensory characteristics of grape juice containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall‐coated probiotic microcapsules during storage
Authors: Mokhtari Samira , Khomeiri Morteza , Jafari Seid Mahdi , Maghsoudlou Yahya , Ghorbani Mohammad 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIn this study the feasibility of incorporation of probiotic microcapsules coated with fragmented yeast cell wall in grape juice was evaluated during 60 days at 4 °C. Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum were encapsulated in alginate microbeads and coated with fragmented Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell wall and calcium alginate and were added into grape juice. At the end of storage, the survival of probiotics was higher than recommended minimum value (107 cfu mL−1) and the results demonstrated that applying yeast cell wall layer for L. acidophilus microcapsules significantly enhanced its survival while did not affect the survival of B. bifidum (P > 0.05). Generally, probiotic grape juice showed decrease in °Brix, pH and colour and increase in acidity and turbidity during storage and the presence of yeast wall layer had no significant effect on its properties expect colour and turbidity. Overall acceptance of grape juices containing yeast cell wall‐coated microcapsules scored the least.