bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigations Into the Mechanical Properties of Alpine Snow-Packs
Authors: Keeler C. M. , Weeks W. F. 
Published: September 2017

Data on the physical properties of seasonal alpine snow have been collected from the Beartooth Mountains near Cooke City, Montana (elevation ≈3000 m) and the Bridger Range near Bozeman, Montana (elevation ≈2200 m). Systematic measurements of snow density, temperature, structure, ram and Canadian hardness, centrifugal tensile strength and shear strength measured with a shear box and several types of shear vanes are included. Test results were grouped according to gross snow types (cohesive fine-grained “winter” snow. depth hoar, new snow, etc.) and whether the snow was wet or dry. Then interrelations between the different test parameters were studied. A plot of ram number versus density for winter snow gave a log-linear relation similar to that suggested for polar snows. Both shear-vane and centrifugal-tensile results when plotted as a function of porosity are well described by the negative exponential relation suggested by Ballard and Feldt. Depth hoar and wet snow invariably have lower strength values at any given density. There is an excellent one-to-one agreement between values obtained with the shear vane and the shear box.Several field experiments were performed to study the sources of error in making in-situ mechanical tests on snow without utilizing a pit wall. Statistical analysis of the results shows that the main factor contributing to the experimental scatter is lateral inhomogeneity in the snow cover. There was no significant difference between the results of different operators. The standard deviation of a group of strength tests is shown to be directly proportional to the mean value of the group. This indicates that a logarithmic transformation should be made in handling snow strength results in order to stabilize the variance. It is emphasized that the systematic relations between snow properties invariably become obscured when different snow “types” are indiscriminately grouped together.
Determination of the Rate of Snow Accumulation at the Pole of Relative Inaccessibility, Eastern Antarctica: A Comparison of Glaciological and Isotopic Methods
Authors: Picciotto E. , Cameron R. , Crozaz G. , Deutsch S. , Wiloain S. 
Published: September 2017

The rate of snow accumulation has been measured at the U.S.S.R. station situated at the Pole of Relative Inaccessibility (eastern Antarctic plateau). Five independent methods were used. The results, expressed in g cm−2 year−1, are as follows:
(1)Accumulation-stake measurements show an accumulation of 3·1±0·5 in 1965. A maximum value of 3·6 for the 6–year interval 1959–65 is derived from snow-thickness measurements.(2)Firn stratigraphy was found difficult to interpret in terms of annual layers. An upper limit of 12 g cm−2 year−1 is suggested.(3)18O/16O ratios were measured along the upper 235 cm. Assuming that each maximum in the isotope profile corresponds to a summer season, the accumulation would be 8·6±0·9.(4)Gross β radioactivity as a function of depth was measured on three firn sections. The 1955 radioactive fall-out horizon is clearly marked, enabling the derivation of an average accumulation of 3·0±0·3.(5)The average accumulation over the last 80 years, derived from the 210Pb distribution with depth, is 3·1±0·3.A multi-annual average accumulation rate of (3·0±0·3) is thus firmly established, as well as the validity of both the 210Pb method and the 1955 radioactive fall-out horizon method. Stratigraphie studies lead to uncertain results. Oxygen isotope variations give accumulation values which are too high by a factor of two at least.Accumulation values of the same order of magnitude (2·8±0·2) were derived from radioactive fall-out measurements at the U.S. “Plateau” station.
Comparison of Three Contemporary Flow Laws in a Three-Dimensional, Time-Dependent Glacier Model
Authors: Rasmussen L. A. , Campbell W. J. 
Published: September 2017

A numerical model for three-dimensional, time-dependent glacier flow (Campbell and Rasmussen, 1970) treated the ice as a Newtonian viscous fluid and related its dynamics to two large-scale bulk parameters: the viscosityvdetermining the ice-to-ice friction, and a basal friction parameterAdetermining the ice-to-rock friction. The equations were solved using the relatively simple flow law of Bodvarsson (1955) in which the basal shear stress is proportional to volume transport. Recent research suggests that a more realistic basal flow law is one in which the basal shear stress to some lower power (1–3) is either proportional to the vertically averaged velocity (Glen, 1958; Nye, 1960, 1963[a], [b], [c], 1965[a], [b], [c]) or to the ratio of the vertically averaged velocity to glacier thickness (Budd and Jenssen, in press).In the present study a generalized flow law incorporating all of the above bulk basal flow laws is applied to the Campbell–Rasmussen momentum equation to form a generalized two-dimensional transport equation, which, when combined with the continuity equation, yields a numerically tractable set of equations for three-dimensional, time-dependent glacier flow. Solutions of the model are shown for steady-state flow and surge advance and recovery for a typical valley glacier bed for powers 1, 2, and 3 for each of the basal flow laws for a steady-state climate input and a given ice-to-ice viscosity parameter.
Refreezing of Interstitial Water in a Subglacial Cavity of an Alpine Glacier as Indicated By The Chemical Composition Of Ice
Authors: Souchez R. A. , Lorrain R. D. , Lemmens M. M. 
Published: September 2017

With the aid of an atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Perkin Elmer 303), chemical analyses were performed on different types of ice collected in an enclosed natural subglacial cavity of the Glacier d’Argentière (French Alps). Contamination was reduced to background noise level of the instrument at each step of the procedure which was developed. One of the main problems encountered during the processing was the desorption of cations adsorbed on the surface of particles dispersed in the ice.The mean composition in Na, K, Ca and Mg was established for glacier ice and for ice accretions hanging from the ceiling of the cavity or at the bedrock–glacier contact. The mean composition and the ratio (Na+K)/(Ca + Mg) of the ice accretions are higher than those of the glacier ice. This implies a refreezing of interstitial water which was enriched by desorption when, before refreezing, it was forced through the mud layer plastered at the base of the glacier.
Icebergs as a Fresh-Water Source: An Appraisal
Authors: Weeks W. F. , Campbell W. J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractA history of the idea of transporting large icebergs to arid regions to provide a fresh-water source is presented and the problem is considered in four main parts: (1) Location of a supply of icebergs. Only in the Antarctic are supplies of large tabular icebergs available. Data on the size distribution of these icebergs are reviewed and it is concluded that icebergs of almost any desired size can readily be located. (2) Towing. Steady-state towing velocities of different sized icebergs are calculated based on estimates of the drag of the icebergs and the bollard pull of tugs. Because drag increases with velocity squared, large icebergs can only be towed at very slow velocities (<c. 0.5 m/s). However, tugs that can be built within the capabilities of current technology are capable of towing extremely large icebergs. (3) Melting in transit. Calculations of melting indicate that, although melting losses are significant and may be excessive for small icebergs, when large icebergs are towed, large amounts of ice are left when the iceberg arrives at its destination. Towing trajectories, travel times, and ice delivery rates are calculated for optimum routes between the Amery Ice Shelf and Western Australia (A–A) and the Ross Ice Shelf and the Atacama Desert (R–A). Forces included in these calculations are towing, air, water, gradient current and Coriolis. Transit times exceed 107 d (A–A) and 145 d (R–A) with over 50% of the initial ice delivered. (4) Economic feasibility. After total towing charges are paid, it is possible to deliver ice to Western Australia for 1.3 mills/m3 of water and to the Atacama Desert region for 1.9 mills/m3. These costs are appreciably less than the expected price of water delivered at these locations (8 mills/m3). The water delivered by the operation of one super-tug alone would irrigate 16 000 km2. Problems related to both iceberg transport and processing are reviewed and although substantial problems do exist, they appear to be within the capabilities of current technology.It is suggested that the overall idea is indeed feasible and should be explored further by specific groups of experts.
Seismic Evidence for Glacier Motion
Authors: VanWormer Douglas , Berg Eduard 
Published: September 2017

AbstractUnusual seismic signals with weak P phases and well-developed monochromatic shear-wave trains have been recorded and their sources located near College Fiord, Alaska. Epicentral determinations show that they originate on or near glaciers. Some of the events have equivalent earthquake magnitudes of 2.0 to 2.5. These energy sources seem to be compatible with spasmodic glacier movement. Smaller events occur often—as many as 60 per day.
Resurvey of Bore Hole at Dye 3, South Greenland
Authors: Lyle Hansen B. , Gundestrup N. S. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe 2037 m deep bore hole at Dye 3 in south Greenland was surveyed in 1981, 1983, 1985, and 1986. The directional surveys show the ice flow is planar with a surface velocity of 12.2m/year at an azimuth of 060°, which agrees with surface velocity measured by navigation satellites. Measurements of hole diameter and inclination are highly correlated with dust content in the ice. The temperature measurements show strong convection in the hole fluid with a cell height of about 20 m and an amplitude of 0.1 K. The calculated mean in-situ ice density is 921.3 ± 1.5kg/m3. Due to ice deformation, the lowest 4 m of the hole were not accessible in 1985 and the lowest 180 m were not accessible in 1986.
Character of the Englacial and Subglacial Drainage System in the Lower Part of the Ablation Area of Storglaciären, Sweden, as Revealed by Dye-Trace Studies
Authors: Seaberg Sheliah Z. , Seaberg John Z. , Hooke Roger Leb. , Wiberg Daniel W. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDuring the 1984 and 1985 melt seasons, flow velocities and dispersive characteristics of the englacial and subglacial hydraulic system on Storglaciären, a small valley glacier in northern Sweden, were studied with the use of dye-trace tests. Similar tests conducted on one of the two principal pro-glacial streams provided a basis for comparison of the combined englacial-subglacial system with the pro-glacial one. Velocities in the two systems were broadly comparable after compensating for the effect of slope differences. However, velocities in the glacial conduits increased almost linearly with discharge. Analysis suggests that this can be explained by an increase in water pressure in the conduits, combined with a decrease in effective sinuosity, as discharge increases. Dispersivity (the ratio of the dispersion coefficient to the water velocity) in the glacial system is high early in the season but decreases progressively during July. This is believed to reflect a change from an extensively braided to a more integrated drainage system. Dispersivity is only slightly lower in the pro-glacial streams than in the late-season glacial conduits, suggesting similar degrees of braiding. However, retardation of dye due to temporary storage is greater in the glacial conduits. This suggests that the glacial streams have a larger number of stable eddies in which dye can be trapped for extended periods of time.
The Glaciological Studies of the Baffin Island Expedition, 1950: Part III: Equipment and Techniques
Authors: Ward W. H. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe following items of equipment and glaciological techniques used on the Barnes ice cap are described:
Thermo-electric boring in cold ice.Mechanical drilling in (a) cold rock, (b) cold ice.Measurement of temperature in ice and rock.Snow kit and measurement of ice density.Crystal rubbings on cold ice.
An Approximate Analysis of Melting and Freezing of a Drill Hole Through an Ice Shelf in Antarctica
Authors: Tien Chi , Yen Yin-Chao 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn approximate analysis of (he processes of inciting and freezing of a drill hole, 500 m depth and 0.15 m m initial radius, through an ice shelf was made. Results are expressed in graphical form showing the time available for experimentation under the hole as a function of heating duration. It was also found that refreezing has a much slower rate than melting.
Development of a gateway for interoperability in community-based care: An empirical study
Authors: Ota Sakiko , Kudo Ken-Ichi , Taguchi Kenta , Ihori Mikio , Yoshie Satoru , Yamamoto Takuma , Sudoh Osamu , Tsuji Tetsuo , Iijima Katsuya 
Published: September 2017

BACKGROUND: Information and communications technology has attracted attention as a useful way of sharing care records in community-based care. Such information sharing systems, however, imposed the burden of inputting the same records into different information systems due to a lack of interoperability of the systems. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this study was to develop a gateway that links information systems and to investigate the functionality and usability of the gateway through an empirical study. METHODS: We developed a gateway with healthcare and welfare professionals in Kashiwa city, Japan. The gateway system consisted of two sub-systems: a data exchange sub-system and a common sub-system. Regarding the security, we used the transport layer security 1.2 and a public key infrastructure. For document formats, we utilized the health level seven international, extensible markup language, and portable document format. In addition, we performed an empirical study with 11 scenarios of four simulated patients and a questionnaire survey to the professionals. RESULTS: Professionals of eight occupations participated the empirical study and verified the gateway to link information systems of six vendors. For a questionnaire survey, 32 professionals out of 40 reported that the gateway would eliminate the burden of inputting the same records into different information systems.
Trilobites from the Rickard Hill facies of the Saugerties Member of the Schoharie Formation, eastern New York (upper Emsian and Lower Devonian): a case study in taphonomy and sequence stratigraphy from glacial erratics
Authors: Becker Martin A. , Chamberlain Rebecca B. , Maisch Harry M. , Bartholomew Alex , Chamberlain John A. 
Published: September 2017

Glacial erratics belonging to the Rickard Hill facies (RHF) of the Saugerties Member of the Schoharie Formation (upper Emsian: Lower Devonian) occur scattered throughout the Piedmont of northern New Jersey and Lower Hudson Valley of New York. These RHF glacial erratics contain an assemblage of trilobites belonging to: Anchiopella anchiops, Burtonops cristatus, Calymene platys, Terataspis grandis, cf. Trypaulites sp. and cf. Coniproetus sp. This RHF glacial erratic trilobite assemblage consists predominately of disarticulated cephala and pygidia that were originally preserved as part of a localized, third-order eustatic sea level lag deposit in the Helderberg Mountains region of central New York State and subsequently transported in glacially plucked blocks by the Hudson-Champlain Lobe of the Laurentide Ice Sheet southward into New Jersey. Physical and chemical weathering during glacial erosion, transportation and deposition of the RHF glacial erratics has revealed some anatomical features of these trilobites in high detail along with other invertebrates. This unique sequence of weathering reveals additional characteristics that bear upon issues of bathymetric controls on upper Schoharie Formation lithology, trilobite faunal abundance and taphonomy during the upper Emsian (Lower Devonian) of eastern New York State.
Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Anand Rahul , Deshmukh Revati 
Published: September 2017

How to cite this article
Sarode GS, Sarode SC, Deshmukh R, Anand R, Patil S. Tumor Budding in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):743-744.
Stigma and Discrimination faced by HIV-infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy for more than 1 Year in Raichur Taluk, Karnataka, India
Authors: Muralidharan Shrikanth , Acharya Arun Kumar , Margabandu Shanthi , Purushotaman Shalini , Kannan Ranjit , Mahendrakar Sangeeta 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study was to evaluate the stress and discrimination faced by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-affected adult patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART) for more than 1 year.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study was carried out among 170 adults on ART, reporting to the ART center of the District Civil Hospital, for more than 1 year in Raichur Taluk, Karnataka, India. Convenience sampling technique was followed. Descriptive statistics was performed (Chi-square test) using Statistical Package for the Social Sciences version 16.0.

Results
A total of 156 (91.8%) patients’ families had knowledge about their seropositive status. Seventeen (10.9%) HIV-positive patients reported of change in the attitude of their family members. The main reasons for not revealing the HIV status were the internalized stigma and fear of rejection. Women faced greater discrimination from family, friends, and neighbors than men.

Conclusion
It is necessary to not undermine the effect of rejection due to HIV. It is the only infection that has so many associated social and psychological norms which we need to tend at the earnest. Till date, there is an existence of condescendence toward treatment approach.

Clinical significance
The presence of stigma and the fear of being discriminated could be a major hurdle in the rehabilitation of these patients into the mainstream society. Furthermore, it serves as an existing challenge to ascertain these individuals to achieve overall health.

How to cite this article
Muralidharan S, Acharya AK, Margabandu S, Purushotaman S, Kannan R, Mahendrakar S, Kulkarni D. Stigma and Discrimination faced by HIV-infected Adults on Antiretroviral Therapy for more than 1 Year in Raichur Taluk, Karnataka, India. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017; 18(9):765-770.
Measurement of Crestal Cortical Bone Thickness at Implant Site: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study
Authors: Gupta Ajai , Rathee Suprabha , Agarwal Jaihans , Pachar Renu B 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
Dental implants have emerged as a new treatment modality for the majority of patients complaining of missing teeth. Bone quantity and bone quality are among various factors which ensure the longevity of dental implant in the patient's mouth. The assessment of cortical bone thickness of the outer layer and the cancellous bone density by cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) has proved beneficial for the patient. This study aimed at presurgical measurement of crestal bone thickness at various implant sites using CBCT images.

Materials and methods
This study was conducted in the Department of Prosthodontics in the year 2015. It included 218 patients who wanted to replace missing teeth. Patients were subjected to CBCT scan using NewTom CBCT machine operating at 120 kVp and 5 mA with a resolution of 0.1 × 0.1 × 0.1 mm3. New Net Technologies (NNT) software with a slice thickness of 0.1 mm was used in this study. A total of 780 implant sites were identified on images of 218 patients. In all patients, the measurement of crestal bone thickness in the region of implant site was performed with NNT software. The buccolingual measurement of crestal bone was done in cross sections obtained after CBCT.

Results
Out of 218 patients, males were 110 and females were 108. The difference between gender was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). Out of 780 implant sites, 370 were in the maxilla and 410 were in mandible. The difference was nonsignificant (p > 0.05). Out of 780 implant sites, 210 were in anterior maxilla and 160 were in the posterior maxilla. Totally, 235 sites were in anterior mandible and 175 were in the posterior mandible. The distribution was nonsignificant (p = 0.15). The mean crestal bone thickness in anterior maxilla was 0.82 mm, in posterior maxilla was 0.76 mm, in anterior mandible was 1.08 mm, and in posterior mandible was 1.18 mm. The difference among regions was significant (p = 0.01).

Conclusion
The highest thickness of cortical bone was observed in posterior mandible followed by anterior mandible, anterior maxilla, and posterior maxilla. Thus, considering the less cortical thickness in the posterior maxillary region, the implant placement should be done with proper attention.

Clinical significance
Dental implant is the need of the hour. It is beneficial to patients in terms of longer survival rates. With CBCT, all measurements, such as bone quality and quantity have become easy because of three-dimensional nature. This has proved to be beneficial in the analysis of cortical bone thickness as well as measuring the distance from anatomical structures.

How to cite this article
Gupta A, Rathee S, Agarwal J, Pachar RB. Measurement of Crestal Cortical Bone Thickness at Implant Site: A Cone Beam Computed Tomography Study. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9):785-789.
Immunohistochemical Expression of Cathepsin D in Primary and Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Satelur Krishnanand P , Kumar GS 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT

Aim
The aim of this study is to analyze and compare the immunohistochemical expression of cathepsin B in primary oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and recurrent OSCC.

Materials and methods
A total of 50 cases were studied immunohistochemically for rabbit polyclonal antihuman cathepsin D expression. A total of 10 cases of breast carcinoma were taken as positive controls. Immunohistochemical staining was performed using labeled streptavidin–biotin technique.

Results
All the 45 cases of OSCC, both primary and recurrent cases included, showed varying grades of cathepsin D immunoreactivity. Statistical significance at 5% level was observed in cathepsin D expression between the different grades of well, moderate, and poorly differentiated primary squamous cell carcinomas. In the comparison of cathepsin D staining intensity among primary squamous cell carcinomas with and without recurrence, a statistical significance between the groups was observed when the p-value was at 10%, but the same comparison was not significant when the p-value was at 5%.

Conclusion
Cathepsin D expression in primary squamous cell carcinomas with recurrences was very variable as compared with primary squamous cell carcinomas without recurrences. Comparison of cathepsin D expression in primary with their recurrent counterparts showed mostly similar intensity of expression in recurrent carcinomas, thus suggesting its limited usefulness in predicting recurrence.

Clinical significance
Although cathepsin D might have shown limited usefulness in predicting cancer recurrence, it, however, is a proven valuable tool to detect the aggressiveness of other tumors, and if corroborated with a larger sample may hold the key to early, more effective, and more specific treatment modalities for cases of oral cancer also.

How to cite this article
Satelur KP, Kumar GS. Immunohistochemical Expression of Cathepsin D in Primary and Recurrent Squamous Cell Carcinoma. J Contemp Dent Pract 2017;18(9): 795-801.