bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of changes in flood quantiles at the gauge Neu Darchau (Elbe River) from 1875 to 2013
Authors: Mudersbach Christoph , Bender Jens , Netzel Fabian 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. Within this investigation, we focus on a detailed analysis of the discharge data of the gauge Neu Darchau (Elbe River). The Elbe River inflows onto the North Sea. The gauge Neu Darchau is the most downstream discharge gauge of the Elbe River before it becomes an estuary. We follow the questions, whether the discharge characteristics of the Elbe River have changed over the last decades and how much common flood quantiles (i.e. 100-year flood) are affected by the latest extreme events in 2002, 2006, 2011, and 2013. Hence, we conduct (i) trend and seasonality analysis and (ii) an assessment of time-dependencies of flood quantiles by using quasi non-stationary extreme value statistics with both block maxima and peak-over-threshold approaches. The (iii) significance of the changes found in flood quantiles are assessed by using a stochastic approach based on autoregressive models and Monte Carlo simulations. The results of the trend analyses do show no clear evidences for any significant trends in daily mean discharges and increasing flood frequencies. With respect to the extreme events in 2002, 2006, 2011, and 2013 our results reveal, that those events do not lead to extraordinary changes in the 100-year floods. Nevertheless, in the majority an increase in the 100-year floods over the recent decades can be stated. Although these changes are not significant, for many time series of the 100-year flood quantiles there is a clear tendency towards the upper confidence band.
Climate, orography and scale controls on flood frequency in Triveneto (Italy)
Authors: Persiano Simone , Castellarin Attilio , Salinas Jose Luis , Domeneghetti Alessio , Brath Armando 
Published: May 2016

Abstract. The growing concern about the possible effects of climate change on flood frequency regime is leading Authorities to review previously proposed reference procedures for design-flood estimation, such as national flood frequency models. Our study focuses on Triveneto, a broad geographical region in North-eastern Italy. A reference procedure for design flood estimation in Triveneto is available from the Italian NCR research project "VA.PI.", which considered Triveneto as a single homogeneous region and developed a regional model using annual maximum series (AMS) of peak discharges that were collected up to the 1980s by the former Italian Hydrometeorological Service. We consider a very detailed AMS database that we recently compiled for 76 catchments located in Triveneto. All 76 study catchments are characterized in terms of several geomorphologic and climatic descriptors. The objective of our study is threefold: (1) to inspect climatic and scale controls on flood frequency regime; (2) to verify the possible presence of changes in flood frequency regime by looking at changes in time of regional L-moments of annual maximum floods; (3) to develop an updated reference procedure for design flood estimation in Triveneto by using a focused-pooling approach (i.e. Region of Influence, RoI). Our study leads to the following conclusions: (1) climatic and scale controls on flood frequency regime in Triveneto are similar to the controls that were recently found in Europe; (2) a single year characterized by extreme floods can have a remarkable influence on regional flood frequency models and analyses for detecting possible changes in flood frequency regime; (3) no significant change was detected in the flood frequency regime, yet an update of the existing reference procedure for design flood estimation is highly recommended and we propose the RoI approach for properly representing climate and scale controls on flood frequency in Triveneto, which cannot be regarded as a single homogeneous region.
The Interplay between Language Skills and Dynamic Assessment
Authors: Shakki Farzaneh , Derakhshan Ali , Sedigh Ziabari Roya 
Published: May 2016

<p class="1"><span lang="X-NONE">Dynamic assessment (DA), as a pro-learning style of assessment, has been investigated in the educational literature for three decades or more. DA has been encouraged by the dearthof conventional static tests to prepare precise information about the individual’slearning abilities, change processes, specific deficient functions, and mediationalstrategies that are in charge for cognitive modifiability. DA, strongly rooted in Socio-cultural Theory (SCT) and Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD), is essentially defined as an approach which takes into account personal differences and their uses for teaching which accepts intervention in the assessment method.</span><span lang="X-NONE">As stated by Lantolf and Poehner (2011), both collaborative functioning and interaction with others in DA differentiates it from traditional assessment. In DA processes, the emphasis is on the process rather than the products of learning. The important point is that dynamic assessment, as opposed to non-dynamic assessment (NDA), does not separate teaching from testing but instead takes them into account as two aspects of the same thing. Many authors have offered that DA could be used in all language skills, while others postulated that it cannot be useful in the ordinary classes. Regarding the significant contributions of DA in EFL/ESL contexts, the present paper, therefore, aims to review some important studies that have implemented DA on different language skills and the process of their research. It brings to the fore different theories underlying DA, including SCT and ZPD. It then elucidates two approaches to DA, namely interactionist and interventionist. It finally suggests some strands of research and emphasizes the implications of other studies conducted on the interplay between language skills and DA. </span></p>
Religie en de geestelijke infrastructuur van staat en samenleving
Authors: Labuschagne Bart 
Published: May 2016

Religion and the spiritual infrastructure of state and society. A philosophical analysis in the light of Jürgen Habermas and G.W.F. Hegel.
How can the debate on the place of religion in society in relation to the state, that has reached a deadlock in unbridgeable opposites, be drawn afloat again? In this contribution a lance will be broken for a philosophical approach to this issue. In view of an analysis of the main religious- and legal-philosophical work of two philosophical giants, the 19th Century German Idealist G.W.F. Hegel, and the contemporary Discourse theorist Jürgen Habermas, a double perspective will be cast on the central question of this debate. It will show surprising deep structures and sorely needed prospects.
Determination of Gluten in Processed and Nonprocessed Corn Products by Qualitative R5 Immunochromatographic Dipstick: Collaborative Study, First Action 2015.16
Authors: Lacorn Markus , Scherf Katharina , Uhlig Steffen , Weiss Thomas ,   Collaborators:, Augustin G , Baumert J , Brown H , Chirdo F , Da Costa P , Flanagan A , Gelroth J , Hallgren M , Hochegger R , Koehler P , Koerner T , Kraft L , Lattanzio R , O’Connor G , Sontag-Strohm T , Thompson D , Tömösközi S , Wehling P 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In September 2013, the AACC International (AACI) Protein Technical Committee (now Protein and Enzymes Technical Committee) initiated a collaborative study of a method for the qualitative analysis of intact gluten in processed and nonprocessed corn products, using an R5 immunochromatographic dipstick system. It was validated to demonstrate that potential gluten-free products contain gluten lower than the Codex threshold of 20 mg/kg gluten. The results of the collaborative test with 18 participants confirmed that the method is suitable to detect gluten contaminations that are clearly lower than the threshold. It is recommended that the method be accepted by AOAC as Official First Action.
Description of Brooksia lacromae sp. nov. (Tunicata, Thaliacea) from the Adriatic Sea
Authors: Garić Rade , Batistić Mirna 
Published: May 2016

Brooksia lacromae sp. nov. is described from zooplankton material collected at a marine monitoring station in the South Adriatic in the autumn of 2014. The description of both solitary and aggregate forms is given along with 18S rRNA and mitochondrial cox1 sequence data that provides strong evidence that both forms belong to the same species. The described species is morphologically markedly different from B. rostrata (Traustedt, 1893) and B. berneri van Soest, 1975, previously the only two species in the genus Brooksia. Genetic analysis based on 18S rRNA gene confirmed distinctness of B. lacromae sp. nov. from B. rostrata (1.5% uncorrected pairwise distance). The appendicularian Fritillaria helenae Bückmann, 1924, so far known from the Atlantic only, was found in the same samples as B. lacromae sp. nov. Co-occurrence of B. lacromae sp. nov. with an Atlantic appendicularian suggests an Atlantic or Western Mediterranean origin for this new taxon.
Acoustic focusing by an array of heat sources in air
Authors: Ge Yong , Sun Hong-xiang , Liu Chen , Qian Jiao , Yuan Shou-qi , Xia Jian-ping , Guan Yi-jun , Zhang Shu-yi 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We report on a broadband acoustic focusing lens comprising 20 heat sources of different temperatures, 10 on each side of the array, in air. This focusing phenomenon is attributed to temperature gradients inducing the desired refractive index in one medium (air) and to the continuously changing acoustic impedance, which avoids any acoustic impedance difference that would occur between a lens and air. The results indicate that this focusing lens has a broader bandwidth (>3.5 kHz), higher intensity amplification (about 5.0 times), and a simpler structure. This focusing lens has great potential for applications in ultrasonic devices.
Electron-state tuning of multilayer graphene by defects
Authors: Kishimoto Ken , Okada Susumu 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Electronic band structures of graphene thin films, in which the topmost layer possesses atomic and topological defects, are studied using the density functional theory. Our calculations showed that all graphene thin films studied here have a finite energy gap in their π electron states, although the thin films possess defect-free hexagonal networks, because of the spatially undulated local potential on pristine graphene layers induced by the defects. The energy gap in π states slightly decreases with increasing number of layers, while the gap sensitively depends on the interlayer stacking arrangement. Our analyses clarify that the interlayer interaction plays a crucial role for mediating the effect of the defects on the π electrons of pristine layers.
Fabrication of electroformed long-period fiber grating by MEMS process for temperature sensing application
Authors: Chiang Chia-Chin , Wu Chao-Wei , Lin Kai-Xiang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
In this study, we introduce an electroformed long-period fiber grating (ELPFG) with a periodic circle shaped polymer–metal (SU-8 photoresist and nickel) structure fabricated by the lithography process and electroforming process. The optical properties of the ELPFG were investigated with the thermal cycle test. Subsequent temperature sensor experiments showed that the ELPFG exhibited high temperature sensitivity from 26 to 100 °C (heating stage) and then reduced to room temperature (cooling stage). Temperature calibration results showed that the sensitivity of the ELPFG sensor is 0.238 dB/°C and that an average linearity (R
2) of 0.982 was reached. Therefore, the ELPFG temperature sensor has superior sensitivity and stability.
Simultaneous ground‐ and satellite‐based observation of MF/HF auroral radio emissions
Authors: Sato Yuka , Kumamoto Atsushi , Katoh Yuto , Shinbori Atsuki , Kadokura Akira , Ogawa Yasunobu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe report on the first simultaneous measurements of medium‐high frequency (MF/HF) auroral radio emissions (above 1 MHz) by ground‐ and satellite‐based instruments. Observational data were obtained by the ground‐based passive receivers in Iceland and Svalbard, and by the Plasma Waves and Sounder experiment (PWS) mounted on the Akebono satellite. We observed two simultaneous appearance events, during which the frequencies of the auroral roar and MF bursts detected at ground level were different from those of the terrestrial hectometric radiation (THR) observed by the Akebono satellite passing over the ground‐based stations. This frequency difference confirms that auroral roar and THR are generated at different altitudes across the F peak. We did not observe any simultaneous observations that indicated an identical generation region of auroral roar and THR. In most cases, MF/HF auroral radio emissions were observed only by the ground‐based detector, or by the satellite‐based detector, even when the satellite was passing directly over the ground‐based stations. A higher detection rate was observed from space than from ground level. This can primarily be explained in terms of the idea that the Akebono satellite can detect THR emissions coming from a wider region, and because a considerable portion of auroral radio emissions generated in the bottomside F region are masked by ionospheric absorption and screening in the D/E regions associated with ionization which results from auroral electrons and solar UV radiation.
Downwelling wind, tides, and estuarine plume dynamics
Authors: Lai Zhigang , Ma Ronghua , Huang Mingfen , Chen Changsheng , Chen Yong , Xie Congbin , Beardsley Robert C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe estuarine plume dynamics under a downwelling‐favorable wind condition were examined in the windy dry season of the Pearl River Estuary (PRE) using the PRE primitive‐equation Finite‐Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM). The wind and tide‐driven estuarine circulation had a significant influence on the plume dynamics on both local and remote scales. Specifically, the local effect of downwelling‐favorable winds on the plume was similar to the theoretical descriptions of coastal plumes, narrowing the plume width, and setting up a vertically uniform downstream current at the plume edge. Tides tended to reduce these plume responses through local turbulent mixing and advection from upstream regions, resulting in an adjustment of the isohalines in the plume and a weakening of the vertically uniform downstream current. The remote effect of downwelling‐favorable winds on the plume was due to the wind‐induced estuarine sea surface height (SSH), which strengthened the estuarine circulation and enhanced the plume transport accordingly. Associated with these processes, tide‐induced mixing tended to weaken the SSH gradient and thus the estuarine circulation over a remote influence scale. Overall, the typical features of downwelling‐favorable wind‐driven estuarine plumes revealed in this study enhanced our understanding of the estuarine plume dynamics under downwelling‐favorable wind conditions.
Postcollisional lithospheric evolution of the Southeast Carpathians: Comparison of geodynamical models and observations
Authors: Göğüş Oğuz H. , Pysklywec Russell N. , Faccenna Claudio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractSeismic evidence and thermal and topographic transients have led to the interpretation of lithospheric removal beneath the Southeast Carpathians region. A series of numerical geodynamic experiments in the context of the tectonic evolution of the region are conducted to test the surface‐crustal response to lithosphere delamination and slab break‐off. The results show that a delamination‐type removal (“plate‐like” migrating instability) causes a characteristic pattern of surface uplift/subsidence and crustal extension/shortening to occur due to the lithospheric deformation and dynamic/thermal forcing of the sublithospheric mantle. These features migrate with the progressive removal of the underlying lithosphere. Model results for delamination are comparable with observables related to the geodynamic evolution of the Southeast Carpathians since 10 Ma: the mantle structure inferred by seismic tomography, migrating patterns of uplift (>1.5 km) and subsidence (>2 km) in the region, crustal thinning in the Carpathian hinterland and thickening at the Focsani depression, and regional extension in the Carpathian corner (e.g., opening of Brasov basin) correlating with volcanism (e.g., Harghita and Persani volcanics) in the last 3 Myr.
Thermohaline instability and the formation of glacial North Atlantic super polynyas at the onset of Dansgaard‐Oeschger warming events
Authors: Vettoretti Guido , Peltier W. Richard 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLate Quaternary rapid warming events inferred on the basis of oxygen isotopic data from Greenland ice cores are the most prominent characteristic of millennial‐scale Dansgaard‐Oeschger oscillations. In a coupled climate model simulation which has accurately reproduced this oscillatory behavior for the first time, we show that formation of a glacial North Atlantic super polynya characterizes the initial stage of transition from cold stadial to warm interstadial conditions. The winter polynya forms within the otherwise sea ice‐covered North Atlantic as a consequence of the onset of a thermohaline convective instability beneath an extensive stadial sea ice lid. Early in the stadial period, the tendency for thermal convective instability of an extensive warm pool beneath the sea ice lid is strongly inhibited by a stabilizing vertical salinity gradient, which gradually diminishes until a thermohaline convective instability occurs that leads to polynya formation and the rapid retreat of North Atlantic sea ice cover.
Zakharov simulations of beam‐induced turbulence in the auroral ionosphere
Authors: Akbari H. , Guio P. , Hirsch M. A. , Semeter J. L. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRecent detections of strong incoherent scatter radar echoes from the auroral F region, which have been explained as the signature of naturally produced Langmuir turbulence, have motivated us to revisit the topic of beam‐generated Langmuir turbulence via simulation. Results from one‐dimensional Zakharov simulations are used to study the interaction of ionospheric electron beams with the background plasma at the F region peak. A broad range of beam parameters extending by more than 2 orders of magnitude in average energy and electron number density is considered. A range of wave interaction processes, from a single parametric decay, to a cascade of parametric decays, to formation of stationary density cavities in the condensate region, and to direct collapse at the initial stages of turbulence, is observed as we increase the input energy to the system. The effect of suprathermal electrons, produced by collisional interactions of auroral electrons with the neutral atmosphere, on the dynamics of Langmuir turbulence is also investigated. It is seen that the enhanced Landau damping introduced by the suprathermal electrons significantly weakens the turbulence and truncates the cascade of parametric decays.
Preparation and characterization of waterborne polyurethane based on diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50
Authors: Xiao Yao , Zhao Hongbo , Wu Bo , Fu Xiaowei , Hu Kai , Zhou Changlin , Lei Jingxin 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA new waterborne polyurethane was prepared using diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50. Properties of this waterborne polyurethane and the conventional isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane were tested. It was found that diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50‐based waterborne polyurethane showed better properties compared to isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane. The films of diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50‐based waterborne polyurethane had higher tensile strength than of isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane; their water resistance and thermal stability were also improved. And they have higher surface hydrophobicity compared with those of isophorone diisocyanante‐based waterborne polyurethane. It's believed that diphenylmethane diisocyanate‐50‐based waterborne polyurethane has excellent application performance in many industrial fields.
Synthesis and Ethylene Oligomerization of Hyperbranched Salicylaldimine Nickel Complexes
Authors: Wang Jun , Zhang Na , Li Cuiqin , Shi Weiguang , Lin Zhiyu 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA series of new hyperbranched salicylaldimine nickel complexes were synthesized by the Schiff's base and the complexation reactions with 1.0 generation hyperbranched macromolecules, salicyladehyde and nickel chloride hexahydrate as materials by employing two‐step synthesis and one‐pot synthesis, respectively. The hyperbranched salicylaldimine ligands and the complexes were characterized by FT‐IR, 1H NMR, UV, and ESI‐MS. All nickel complexes, activated with Methylaluminoxane, exhibited high activities for ethylene oligomerization (TOF = 1.92–4.93 g/mol Ni h) and showed good selectivities for the longer chain oligomers produced (36.35–60.33%). When activated with ethylaluminum dichloride, it was found that a tandem process occurred in which ethylene oligomerization was followed by Friedel–Crafts alkylation of the reaction solvent, toluene. On increasing the pressure of ethylene and Al/Ni ratio, the catalytic activities of precatalyst increased and the processes became more selective for the shorter oligomers. Not only the polymerized parameters but also the length of alkyl chain of the ligands influenced the catalytic activities and selectivities for the longer chain oligomers. The catalytic activities and selectivities for the longer chain oligomers declined with the increase in length of alkyl chain of ligand.
Characterization of synoptic conditions and cyclones associated with top ranking potential wind loss events over Iberia
Authors: Karremann Melanie K. , Liberato Margarida L. R. , Ordóñez Paulina , Pinto Joaquim G. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIntense extra‐tropical cyclones are often associated with strong winds, heavy precipitation and socio‐economic impacts. Over southwestern Europe, such storms occur less often, but still cause high economic losses. We characterize the large‐scale atmospheric conditions and cyclone tracks during the top‐100 potential losses over Iberia associated with wind events. Based on 65 years of reanalysis data, events are classified into four groups: (1) cyclone tracks crossing over Iberia on the event day (‘Iberia’), (2) cyclones crossing further north, typically southwest of the British Isles (‘North’), (3) cyclones crossing southwest to northeast near the northwest tip of Iberia (‘West’), and (4) so called ‘Hybrids’, characterized by a strong pressure gradient over Iberia because of the juxtaposition of low and high pressure centres. Generally, ‘Iberia’ events are the most frequent (31–45% for top‐100 vs top‐20), while ‘West’ events are rare (10–12%). Seventy percent of the events were primarily associated with a cyclone. Multi‐decadal variability in the number of events is identified. While the peak in recent years is quite prominent, other comparably stormy periods occurred in the 1960s and 1980s. This study documents that damaging wind storms over Iberia are not rare events, and their frequency of occurrence undergoes strong multi‐decadal variability.