bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The hidden anatomy of paranasal sinuses reveals biogeographically distinct morphotypes in the nine-banded armadillo (Dasypus novemcinctus)
Authors: Billet Guillaume , Hautier Lionel , de Thoisy Benoit , Delsuc Frédéric 
Published: August 2017

BackgroundWith their Pan-American distribution, long-nosed armadillos (genusDasypus) constitute an understudied model for Neotropical biogeography. This genus currently comprises seven recognized species, the nine-banded armadillo (D. novemcinctus) having the widest distribution ranging from Northern Argentina to the South-Eastern US. With their broad diversity of habitats, nine-banded armadillos provide a useful model to explore the effects of climatic and biogeographic events on morphological diversity at a continental scale.MethodsBased on a sample of 136 skulls ofDasypusspp. belonging to six species, including 112 specimens identified asD. novemcinctus, we studied the diversity and pattern of variation of paranasal cavities, which were reconstructed virtually using µCT-scanning or observed through bone transparency.ResultsOur qualitative analyses of paranasal sinuses and recesses successfully retrieved a taxonomic differentiation between the traditional speciesD. kappleri,D. pilosusandD. novemcinctusbut failed to recover diagnostic features between the disputed and morphologically similarD. septemcinctusandD. hybridus. Most interestingly, the high variation detected in our large sample ofD. novemcinctusshowed a clear geographical patterning, with the recognition of three well-separated morphotypes: one ranging from North and Central America and parts of northern South America west of the Andes, one distributed across the Amazonian Basin and central South America, and one restricted to the Guiana Shield.DiscussionThe question as to whether these paranasal morphotypes may represent previously unrecognized species is to be evaluated through a thorough revision of theDasypusspecies complex integrating molecular and morphological data. Remarkably, our recognition of a distinct morphotype in the Guiana Shield area is congruent with the recent discovery of a divergent mitogenomic lineage in French Guiana. The inflation of the second medialmost pair of caudal frontal sinuses constitutes an unexpected morphological diagnostic feature for this potentially distinct species. Our results demonstrate the benefits of studying overlooked internal morphological structures in supposedly cryptic species revealed by molecular data. It also illustrates the under-exploited potential of the highly variable paranasal sinuses of armadillos for systematic studies.
Incidental catch of billfish and other species by Venezuelan longline vessels in the Caribbean Sea and western Atlantic Ocean: Period 1986-2000
Authors: Marcano JS , Lárez A , Gutiérrez X , Alió JJ , Salazar H , Márquez M 
Published: August 2017

An analysis is made of the catch, effort and catch per unit effort (CPUE) of the incidental capture of billfish and other species by longline vessels in eastern Venezuela. The information was based on fishing logbooks from 1986 to 2000. The fishing grounds were divided into two sectors according to the different hydrological regimes: the Caribbean Sea (11º–17ºN, 61º–75W) and the western Atlantic Ocean (5º–17ºN, 50º–60ºW). The number of vessels in the fleet increased from 9 to 41 units between 1986 and 1996. Tunas were the dominant group in the landings, representing on average 73.2% in the Caribbean Sea and 78.8% in the Atlantic Ocean. Yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares) was the most important species, accounting for 67.4% and 56% of the total weight captured in the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean, respectively. The incidental catch was composed of white marlin (Tetrapturus albidus), sail fish (Istiophorus albicans), blue marlin (Makaira nigricans), sword fish (Xiphias gladius), dolphinfish (Coryphaena hippurus), and sharks (mainly Carcharhinus spp. and Isurus spp.). White marlin and blue marlin presented asimilar pattern of variation and a sustained decrease in average yearly CPUE during the study period. For both species, CPUE seasonality was strong and more evident in the Caribbean, with a minimum in June and August. Blue marlin showed the highest yields per unit of effort (1.7 kg/100 hooks/day) in both sectors; dolphinfish showed similar CPUE values in both sectors, while the yields of sword fish were higher in the Caribbean Sea and those of sharks were higher in the Atlantic Ocean. The average annual CPUE of white marlin and several shark species showed significant differences between the Caribbean Sea and Atlantic Ocean sectors. The changes in abundance of the species seem to be associated with feeding migratory movements.
Medical Expert Systems
Authors: Kerkhof Peter L. M. , Alonso‐Betanzos Amparo , Moret‐Bonillo Vicente 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMedical informatics has undergone a significant transformation in the past two decades. Software that once was only running on main frames, is nowadays available for anyone on any desired location via tablets and smartphones. Interestingly, the original ambitious endeavors to construct systems that ultimately would encompass the whole of medicine have not been realized thus far. Rather we nowadays see a wide variety of handy applications covering selected disciplines. At the same time, we face a big data reality where clinical details have expanded due to technological advances such as genotyping and sophisticated imaging. These developments herald the (re)introduction of highly specialized centers for computing and data interpretation, thus paving the way to translate vast amounts of information into knowledge. The scope is enlarged to astronomical proportions, but the promise is still the same as in the 1990s.
Patient Monitoring
Authors: Togawa Tatsuo 
Published: August 2017

AbstractElectronic patient monitoring systems have been introduced in hospitals for physiological monitoring of high‐risk patients. Common items of patient monitoring are physiological parameters on which critical changes of patient condition are reflected. Commonly monitored items are electrocardiogram, blood pressure, cardiac output, respiration, blood gas, body temperature, intracranial pressure, biochemical parameters, and brain function. Continuous monitoring is required for circulatory and respiratory monitoring because sudden change in circulation and respiration may cause a fatal consequence. Many kinds of sensors are used to detect signals. Sometimes, a sensor is inserted into the body by invasive manner, but noninvasive monitoring in which a sensor is only placed on the body surface is preferred for less‐critical patients. To realize accurate and reliable patient monitoring by noninvasive manner needs advanced technical challenges. Patient monitoring is now spreading to outpatients. When a patient can be monitored adequately, medical care can be performed at home. Instruments for home care should be inexpensive, safe, reliable, and maintenance free. By using a wearable monitoring system, continuous health care will be secured anytime and anywhere, so that patient can be involved in social activities even when ill. Such a concept is called ubiquitous health care.
Relay Protection
Authors: Rostamkolai Niusha 
Published: August 2017

AbstractToday's electric power system consists of large and small generating stations, transformers, transmission lines, distribution lines, reactors, capacitors, and induction motors. Most of the time a power system operates in its normal mode of operation. However, natural events such as lightning, wind, ice, earthquake, fire, explosions, falling trees, flying objects, physical contact by animals or humans, contamination, and personnel errors can result in short circuits. Short circuits, also known as faults, will change the status of a power system from a normal state to an abnormal state. Protective relays are in wide use throughout power systems to detect abnormal modes of operation. They are relatively small electromechanical, solid‐state, or computer (microprocessor‐based) devices that sense the abnormal modes of operation through instrument transformers.A protective relay identifies short circuits or other problems quickly, and initiates circuit breaker tripping to isolate the faulty component. Consequently, a minimum amount of the circuit is disconnected and a high level of service continuity is achieved. Protective relays do not prevent failures, but they mitigate undesirable effects of faults and failures and minimize failed equipment damage. Well‐designed protective relay equipment have high levels of reliability, speed, sensitivity, selectivity, and economics.A secondary function of protective relays is to provide information regarding the location and type of failure. This information assists in locating and repairing faulty equipment. It also provides a means for assessing the effectiveness of a protection scheme based on the level of damage that occurred.
Polycaprolactone: Synthesis, Properties, and Applications
Authors: Guarino Vincenzo , Gentile Gennaro , Sorrentino Luigi , Ambrosio Luigi 
Published: August 2017

AbstractPolycaprolactone (PCL) is one of the earliest, commercially available, synthetic polymers characterized by a large set of biodegradation and mechanical properties that can be finely controlled by regulating the local environmental driving forces (ie, microorganisms, enzymes, hydrolysis). Owing to their faster resorbability and long‐term degradation in the presence of water (up to 3 to 4 years), PCL has been widely investigated as a bioinspired material able to target selective cell response via controlled intracellular resorption pathways. In comparison with other aliphatic polyesters, the superior rheological and viscoelastic properties render PCL easy to manufacture and manipulate into a wide range of three‐dimensional platforms (ie, porous scaffold, micro‐ and nanocarriers, and implantable devices). In this article, we discuss the main relationships between polymer synthesis, physical/chemical properties, and processing conditions to optimize the fabrication of biodegradable devices made of PCL, putting particular focus on drug delivery, tissue engineering. and green chemistry applications.
Aggregation‐Induced Emission Polymers
Authors: Zhang Xiaoyong , Wan Qing , Liu Meiying , Wei Yen 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAggregation‐induced emission (AIE) is an unusual fluorescent phenomenon characterized by strong luminescence observed in the aggregated state or in high‐concentration solutions. AIE‐active polymers have been extensively explored for various applications. Owing to their unique AIE property, these polymers overcome the aggregation caused quenching effect observed in conventional organic dyes. This makes the AIE‐active polymers especially attractive for biomedical applications due to the aggregation of AIEgens in aqueous solution. AIE‐active polymers have shown great potential for chemical/biological sensors, biological imaging, multimodel imaging, drug delivery, nanotheranostics, and organic light emission diodes owing to their outstanding properties such as ultrabrightness, versatile design, and multifunctional potential. This article presents recent advances in the fabrication strategies and biomedical applications of AIE‐active polymers.
Ion hole formation and nonlinear generation of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves: THEMIS observations
Authors: Shoji Masafumi , Miyoshi Yoshizumi , Katoh Yuto , Keika Kunihiro , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Kasahara Satoshi , Asamura Kazushi , Nakamura Satoko , Omura Yoshiharu 
Published: August 2017

AbstractElectromagnetic plasma waves are thought to be responsible for energy exchange between charged particles in space plasmas. Such an energy exchange process is evidenced by phase space holes identified in the ion distribution function and measurements of the dot product of the plasma wave electric field and the ion velocity. We develop a method to identify ion hole formation, taking into consideration the phase differences between the gyromotion of ions and the electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves. Using this method, we identify ion holes in the distribution function and the resulting nonlinear EMIC wave evolution from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations. These ion holes are key to wave growth and frequency drift by the ion currents through nonlinear wave‐particle interactions, which are identified by a computer simulation in this study.
Decadal fCO2 trends in global ocean margins and adjacent boundary current‐influenced areas
Authors: Wang Hongjie , Hu Xinping , Cai Wei‐Jun , Sterba‐Boatwright Blair 
Published: August 2017

AbstractDetermination of the rate of change of sea surface CO2 fugacity (fCO2) is important, as the fCO2 gradient between the atmosphere and the ocean determines the direction of CO2 flux and hence the fate of this greenhouse gas. Using a newly available, community‐based global CO2 database (Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas Version 3 coastal data set) and a newly developed statistical method, we report that the global ocean margins (within 400 km offshore, 30°S–70°N) fCO2 temporal trends on decadal time scales (1.93 ± 1.59 μatm yr−1) closely follow the atmospheric fCO2 increase rate (1.90 ± 0.06 μatm yr−1) in the Northern Hemisphere but are lower (1.35 ± 0.55 μatm yr−1) in the Southern Hemisphere, reflecting dominant atmospheric forcing in conjunction with different warming rates in the two hemispheres. In addition to the atmospheric fCO2 forcing, a direct warming effect contributes more to fCO2 increase in the western boundary current‐influenced areas, while intensified upwelling contributes more to fCO2 increase in eastern boundary current‐influenced areas.
Predictability at intraseasonal time scale
Authors: Krishnamurthy V. , Sharma A. S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractEstablishing the predictability of the climate system beyond the weather time scale of about 10 days is essential for extended range prediction. To overcome the limitation imposed by deterministic chaos on long‐range prediction, we exploit the near‐oscillatory behavior of monsoon intraseasonal oscillation (MISO) and other such phenomena in the tropical climate. These are nonlinear oscillations in the time range of 30–60 days. Based on the phase space reconstruction method of nonlinear dynamical systems theory, we have developed a prediction model using the time series of MISO. We demonstrate that the Indian monsoon intraseasonal oscillation can be predicted with more accuracy at extended range. The phase space reconstruction model performs better than the Climate Forecast System of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction in predicting the MISO. Our results show that intraseasonal variability can be modeled as a low‐dimensional dynamical system and demonstrate extended predictability of climate.
Thunderstorm‐/lightning‐induced ionospheric perturbation: An observation from equatorial and low‐latitude stations around Hong Kong
Authors: Kumar Sanjay , Chen Wu , Chen Mingli , Liu Zhizhao , Singh R. P. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractTotal electron content (TEC) computed from the network of Global Positioning System over Hong Kong area known as Hong Kong Sat‐Ref‐network has been used to study perturbation in the ionosphere from thunder storm activity. Data for geomagnetic quiet day (Kp < 4, on 1 April 2014) have been analyzed. The lightning activity was measured from Total Lightning sensor LS8000 over/around the Hong Kong region. Deviation in vertical TEC (DTEC) and the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI) have been derived and compared for lightning day of 1 April 2014 and nonlightning day of 7 April 2014. An analysis showed reduction in TEC during evening hour (up to 1245 UT), whereas an enhancement during nighttime hour on the lightning day is observed. The variations in DTEC during nonlightning day are found to be insignificant in comparison to that during the lightning day. The ionospheric perturbation in TEC has been noticed up to a distance around ~500 km and more from the lightning center. ROTI is found to vary from 3 to 60 total electron content unit (TECU)/min (1 TECU = 1016 el m−2) on the day of thunderstorm activity, whereas ROTI is insignificant on nonlightning days. Signature of density bubbles in slant TEC data and periodicities (10–100 min) in DTEC data are observed. For the same pseudorandom numbers (1, 10, 13, 23, and 28) strong amplitude scintillations are also observed at a close by station. Amplitude scintillations are proposed to be caused by plasma bubbles. The results are tentatively explained by thunderstorm‐induced electric fields and gravity waves.
Modeling radiation belt dynamics using a 3‐D layer method code
Authors: Wang C. , Ma Q. , Tao X. , Zhang Y. , Teng S. , Albert J. M. , Chan A. A. , Li W. , Ni B. , Lu Q. , Wang S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA new 3‐D diffusion code using a recently published layer method has been developed to analyze radiation belt electron dynamics. The code guarantees the positivity of the solution even when mixed diffusion terms are included. Unlike most of the previous codes, our 3‐D code is developed directly in equatorial pitch angle (α0), momentum (p), and L shell coordinates; this eliminates the need to transform back and forth between (α0,p) coordinates and adiabatic invariant coordinates. Using (α0,p,L) is also convenient for direct comparison with satellite data. The new code has been validated by various numerical tests, and we apply the 3‐D code to model the rapid electron flux enhancement following the geomagnetic storm on 17 March 2013, which is one of the Geospace Environment Modeling Focus Group challenge events. An event‐specific global chorus wave model, an AL‐dependent statistical plasmaspheric hiss wave model, and a recently published radial diffusion coefficient formula from Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) statistics are used. The simulation results show good agreement with satellite observations, in general, supporting the scenario that the rapid enhancement of radiation belt electron flux for this event results from an increased level of the seed population by radial diffusion, with subsequent acceleration by chorus waves. Our results prove that the layer method can be readily used to model global radiation belt dynamics in three dimensions.
The Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E‐CHAIM): NmF2 and hmF2
Authors: Themens David R. , Jayachandran P. T. , Galkin Ivan , Hall Chris 
Published: August 2017

AbstractWe present here the Empirical Canadian High Arctic Ionospheric Model (E‐CHAIM) quiet NmF2, perturbation NmF2, and quiet hmF2 models. These models provide peak ionospheric characteristics for a domain above 50°N geomagnetic latitude. Model fitting is undertaken using all available ionosonde and radio occultation electron density data, constituting a data set of over 28 million observations. A comprehensive validation of the model is undertaken, and performance is compared to that of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI). In the case of the quiet NmF2 model, the E‐CHAIM model provides a systematic improvement over the IRI Union Radio Scientifique Internationale maps. At all stations within the polar cap, we see drastic RMS error improvements over the IRI by up to 1.3 MHz in critical frequency (up to 60% in NmF2). These improvements occur primarily during equinox periods and at low solar activities, decreasing somewhat as one tends to lower latitudes. Qualitatively, the E‐CHAIM is capable of representing auroral enhancements in NmF2, as well as the location and extent of the main ionospheric trough, not reproduced by the IRI. The included NmF2 storm model demonstrates improvements over the IRI by up to 35% and over the quiet time E‐CHAIM model by up to 30%. In terms of hmF2, over the validation periods used in this study, we found overall RMS errors of ~13 km for E‐CHAIM, with IRI2007 overall hmF2 errors ranging between 16 km and 22 km. The E‐CHAIM performs comparably to or slightly better than the IRI within the polar cap; however, significant improvements are found within the auroral oval.
A neural network model of three‐dimensional dynamic electron density in the inner magnetosphere
Authors: Chu X. , Bortnik J. , Li W. , Ma Q. , Denton R. , Yue C. , Angelopoulos V. , Thorne R. M. , Darrouzet F. , Ozhogin P. , Kletzing C. A. , Wang Y. , Menietti J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA plasma density model of the inner magnetosphere is important for a variety of applications including the study of wave‐particle interactions, and wave excitation and propagation. Previous empirical models have been developed under many limiting assumptions and do not resolve short‐term variations, which are especially important during storms. We present a three‐dimensional dynamic electron density (DEN3D) model developed using a feedforward neural network with electron densities obtained from four satellite missions. The DEN3D model takes spacecraft location and time series of solar and geomagnetic indices (F10.7, SYM‐H, and AL) as inputs. It can reproduce the observed density with a correlation coefficient of 0.95 and predict test data set with error less than a factor of 2. Its predictive ability on out‐of‐sample data is tested on field‐aligned density profiles from the IMAGE satellite. DEN3D's predictive ability provides unprecedented opportunities to gain insight into the 3‐D behavior of the inner magnetospheric plasma density at any time and location. As an example, we apply DEN3D to a storm that occurred on 1 June 2013. It successfully reproduces various well‐known dynamic features in three dimensions, such as plasmaspheric erosion and recovery, as well as plume formation. Storm time long‐term density variations are consistent with expectations; short‐term variations appear to be modulated by substorm activity or enhanced convection, an effect that requires further study together with multispacecraft in situ or imaging measurements. Investigating plasmaspheric refilling with the model, we find that it is not monotonic in time and is more complex than expected from previous studies, deserving further attention.
Redistribution of H atoms in the upper atmosphere during geomagnetic storms
Authors: Qin Jianqi , Waldrop Lara , Makela Jonathan J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGeocoronal H emission data acquired by NASA's Thermosphere Ionosphere Mesosphere Energetics and Dynamics mission are analyzed to quantify the H density distribution over the entire magnetosphere‐ionosphere‐thermosphere region in order to investigate the response of the atmospheric system as a whole to geomagnetic storms. It is shown that at low and middle latitudes the H density averaged over storm times in the thermosphere‐exosphere transition region decreases by ∼30%, while the H density at exospheric altitudes above ∼1–2 RE increases by up to ∼40% relative to quiet times. We postulate that enhanced ion‐neutral charge exchange in the topside ionosphere and inner plasmasphere is the primary driver of the observed H redistribution. Specifically, charge exchange reactions between H atoms and ionospheric/plasmaspheric O+ lead to direct H loss, while those between thermal H and H+ yield kinetically energized H atoms which populate gravitationally bound satellite orbits. The resulting H density enhancements in the outer exosphere would enhance the charge exchange rates in the ring current and the associated energetic neutral atom production. Regardless of the underlying mechanisms, H redistribution should be considered as an important process in the study of storm time atmospheric evolution, and the resultant changes in the geocoronal H emissions potentially could be used to monitor geomagnetic storms.