bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perfumes
Authors: Perring Keith D. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis article provides an overview of perfumes from the perspective of the technical specialist and highlights how the growth of the synthetic aroma chemical industry has supported the penetration of perfumes into the majority of consumer products, as either fine fragrances or as functional fragrances. Perfume creation, the surprising scope of fragrance technologies, process research and development, and associated legislative issues are summarized. The article also covers such topics as the analysis of natural products, structure–odor considerations, mood effects of fragrance, and malodor counteraction.Perfume commercialization and how it has evolved in the twenty‐first century, in particular the impact of perfume encapsulation and the filing of ever‐increasing numbers of patents, as well as the vexed question of perfume copyright are also touched on. Finally, it reviews some general business aspects including the market profile and the effect of global safety and environmental legislation on regulation of the industry.
Rubber Compounding
Authors: Rodgers Brendan , Tallury Syamal S. , Klingensmith William 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRubber compounding is the complex technology of selecting and blending the optimum combination of elastomer and other ingredients that meet the performance, processing, environmental, and cost requirements for rubber goods made and used in commerce. Rubber goods include products such as tires, innertubes, footwear, conveyor belts, medical devices, bumpers, and numerous other products. Chemical and physical properties of the wide variety of elastomers and ingredients available in making rubber goods are provided. Vulcanization, oils, plasticizers, general compounding, curing, fillers, and testing are discussed.
Bioinspired Superwettability Materials
Authors: Xiao Kai , Wen Liping , Jiang Lei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Naturally occurring structures such as spider silks, cactus spine, dandelion pappi, lotus leaves, butterfly wings, rose petals, gecko feet, and desert beetles possess unique properties and outstanding wettability characteristics, which are not yet well understood, but may provide inspiration for construction of superwettability materials. The focus of this article is on recent progress in application of bioinspired superwettability materials for diverse uses ranging from nanofibers, self‐cleaning materials, and chemical reaction interfaces to oil–water separation, patterning, and printing.
The article begins by introducing one‐ and two‐dimensional naturally occurring structures with superwettability properties. Then, the fundamental principles of superwetting materials are discussed, followed by classification of superwettability materials based on the medium. The article discusses in detail the recent progress in application of bioinspired materials and provides a short conclusion and perspective.
Microarrays
Authors: Taylor Richard F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractMicroarrays are analytical devices that utilize a platform technology for the performance of hundreds to thousands of individual reactions or assays simultaneously. These include nucleic‐acid probe/enzyme and immunoassays for the detection and analysis of DNA, RNA, proteins, polysaccharides, and lipids and to study the interactions of biomolecules with drugs and other bioactive agents. The basic components of a microarray are the substrate, active layer containing receptors, and the detection probe. Microarrays can be characterized using a number of parameters. These include density, regularity, and receptor purity and reactivity. Fabrication methods are detailed and included information on the various substrates used and substrate activation, array spotting, andin situsynthesis. Applications discussed in detail include genomic analysis, expression analysis, and diagnostics.
The effects of dynamics on the triboelectrification of volcanic ash
Authors: Méndez Harper Joshua , Dufek Josef 
Published: June 2016

AbstractLightning is often observed during explosive volcanic eruptions, and the charging processes associated with these displays have been attributed to several mechanisms. In this work we delineate a set of experiments designed to quantify silicate‐based triboelectric charging in the volcanic context. Using natural samples from three different volcanoes, we show that the rate of triboelectrification in a fluidized bed depends on the energy input into the granular system. Experiments are conducted employing nonintrusive electrostatic sensors, ensuring that all charge exchange arises solely from particle‐particle collisions. At higher fluidization energies, particles undergo more frequent and energetic collisions, facilitating the transfer of charge. This finding implies that triboelectric charging could help promote charging in regions of the eruptive system that contain numerous particle‐particle collisions such as the conduit and gas thrust regions. Our experiments also suggest that surface charge density is capped, at least in part, by atmospheric conditions, specifically the breakdown characteristics of the gas.
A coupled force‐restore model of surface temperature and soil moisture using the maximum entropy production model of heat fluxes
Authors: Huang S.‐Y. , Wang J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA coupled force‐restore model of surface soil temperature and moisture (FRMEP) is formulated by incorporating the maximum entropy production model of surface heat fluxes and including the gravitational drainage term. The FRMEP model driven by surface net radiation and precipitation are independent of near‐surface atmospheric variables with reduced sensitivity to the uncertainties of model input and parameters compared to the classical force‐restore models (FRM). The FRMEP model was evaluated using observations from two field experiments with contrasting soil moisture conditions. The modeling errors of the FRMEP predicted surface temperature and soil moisture are lower than those of the classical FRMs forced by observed or bulk formula based surface heat fluxes (bias 1 ~ 2°C versus ~4°C, 0.02 m3 m−3 versus 0.05 m3 m−3). The diurnal variations of surface temperature, soil moisture, and surface heat fluxes are well captured by the FRMEP model measured by the high correlations between the model predictions and observations (r ≥ 0.84). Our analysis suggests that the drainage term cannot be neglected under wet soil condition. A 1 year simulation indicates that the FRMEP model captures the seasonal variation of surface temperature and soil moisture with bias less than 2°C and 0.01 m3 m−3 and correlation coefficients of 0.93 and 0.9 with observations, respectively.
What effect do substorms have on the content of the radiation belts?
Authors: Forsyth C. , Rae I. J. , Murphy K. R. , Freeman M. P. , Huang C.‐L. , Spence H. E. , Boyd A. J. , Coxon J. C. , Jackman C. M. , Kalmoni N. M. E. , Watt C. E. J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSubstorms are fundamental and dynamic processes in the magnetosphere, converting captured solar wind magnetic energy into plasma energy. These substorms have been suggested to be a key driver of energetic electron enhancements in the outer radiation belts. Substorms inject a keV “seed” population into the inner magnetosphere which is subsequently energized through wave‐particle interactions up to relativistic energies; however, the extent to which substorms enhance the radiation belts, either directly or indirectly, has never before been quantified. In this study, we examine increases and decreases in the total radiation belt electron content (TRBEC) following substorms and geomagnetically quiet intervals. Our results show that the radiation belts are inherently lossy, shown by a negative median change in TRBEC at all intervals following substorms and quiet intervals. However, there are up to 3 times as many increases in TRBEC following substorm intervals. There is a lag of 1–3 days between the substorm or quiet intervals and their greatest effect on radiation belt content, shown in the difference between the occurrence of increases and losses in TRBEC following substorms and quiet intervals, the mean change in TRBEC following substorms or quiet intervals, and the cross correlation between SuperMAG AL (SML) and TRBEC. However, there is a statistically significant effect on the occurrence of increases and decreases in TRBEC up to a lag of 6 days. Increases in radiation belt content show a significant correlation with SML and SYM‐H, but decreases in the radiation belt show no apparent link with magnetospheric activity levels.
Induced earthquake magnitudes are as large as (statistically) expected
Authors: van der Elst Nicholas J. , Page Morgan T. , Weiser Deborah A. , Goebel Thomas H.W. , Hosseini S. Mehran 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA major question for the hazard posed by injection‐induced seismicity is how large induced earthquakes can be. Are their maximum magnitudes determined by injection parameters or by tectonics? Deterministic limits on induced earthquake magnitudes have been proposed based on the size of the reservoir or the volume of fluid injected. However, if induced earthquakes occur on tectonic faults oriented favorably with respect to the tectonic stress field, then they may be limited only by the regional tectonics and connectivity of the fault network. In this study, we show that the largest magnitudes observed at fluid injection sites are consistent with the sampling statistics of the Gutenberg‐Richter distribution for tectonic earthquakes, assuming no upper magnitude bound. The data pass three specific tests: (1) the largest observed earthquake at each site scales with the log of the total number of induced earthquakes, (2) the order of occurrence of the largest event is random within the induced sequence, and (3) the injected volume controls the total number of earthquakes rather than the total seismic moment. All three tests point to an injection control on earthquake nucleation but a tectonic control on earthquake magnitude. Given that the largest observed earthquakes are exactly as large as expected from the sampling statistics, we should not conclude that these are the largest earthquakes possible. Instead, the results imply that induced earthquake magnitudes should be treated with the same maximum magnitude bound that is currently used to treat seismic hazard from tectonic earthquakes.
Kuroshio subsurface water feeds the wintertime Taiwan Warm Current on the inner East China Sea shelf
Authors: Lian Ergang , Yang Shouye , Wu Hui , Yang Chengfan , Li Chao , Liu James T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Taiwan Warm Current (TWC) has an overwhelming influence on the heat, salt, and nutrients balance on one of the broadest shelf in the world, the East China Sea shelf. In winter, the TWC flows in an unusual upwind direction and reaches the Changjiang (Yangtze River) Estuary, but its origin and pathway are intensely debated. Here combined evidences from current measurement, hydrographic, and stable isotopic data all suggest that the wintertime TWC intrusion off the Changjiang Estuary mainly originates from the Kuroshio subsurface water northeast of Taiwan, rather than from the Taiwan Strait warm water. The Kuroshio‐branched water northeast of Taiwan can intrude into the inner shelf near the Zhe‐Min Coast via bottom layer, manifesting by a pronounced boundary at 50 m isobath around 28°N, and thereby feeds the TWC intrusion into the Changjiang Estuary. The intrusion complicates the hydrological process in the estuary and shelf sea, and its impact on marine environment deserves more research attentions.
Albedo climatology for European land surfaces retrieved from AVHRR data (1990–2014) and its spatial and temporal analysis from green‐up to vegetation senescence
Authors: Sütterlin M. , Stöckli R. , Schaaf C. B. , Wunderle S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSatellite‐based, long‐term records of surface albedo characterization that accurately capture spatial and temporal patterns are essential to develop climate models and to monitor the impact of land use changes on the terrestrial energy and water balance. This study presents the first Bidirectional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) and albedo data set derived from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) Local Area Coverage reflectance data acquired on board National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and Meteorological Operational platforms from 1990 to 2014 over Europe. The objectives of this paper are to describe the data set's surface albedo climatology and anomalies in the visible, near‐infrared, and shortwave broadbands for the growing season months of May to September in order to facilitate utilization of the data by the climate modeling communities. The results demonstrate that the AVHRR BRDF and albedo data have temporal and spatial patterns that are appropriate for the underlying predominant land cover type and accurately reflect the associated climate variation. Visible and near‐infrared broadband albedo anomalies are found to be contrasting in most years, and their spatial distributions depict responses of vegetation to climate events (e.g., heat waves). Visible albedo of crops and near‐infrared albedo of pastures show a higher interannual variation than respective albedos of other snow‐free land covers, while the interannual standard deviations are found to be lower than 0.015. Our findings indicate the importance of taking into account the spectrally distinct variability of surface albedo when analyzing its complex spatiotemporal dynamics in climate‐related research.
Semantic wireless localization of WiFi terminals in smart buildings
Authors: Ahmadi H. , Polo A. , Moriyama T. , Salucci M. , Viani F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe wireless localization of mobile terminals in indoor scenarios by means of a semantic interpretation of the environment is addressed in this work. A training‐less approach based on the real‐time calibration of a simple path loss model is proposed which combines (i) the received signal strength information measured by the wireless terminal and (ii) the topological features of the localization domain. A customized evolutionary optimization technique has been designed to estimate the optimal target position that fits the complex wireless indoor propagation and the semantic target‐environment relation, as well. The proposed approach is experimentally validated in a real building area where the available WiFi network is opportunistically exploited for data collection. The presented results point out a reduction of the localization error obtained with the introduction of a very simple semantic interpretation of the considered scenario.
SiGe BiCMOS balanced transmission line based on coplanar waveguide and split ring resonator
Authors: Serrano Enrique , Borja Alejandro L. , Boccia Luigi , Cascon Joaquin , Ibrahim Safwat , Calzona D. , Amendola G. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn this work, the design of a right‐/left‐handed composite transmission line implementation with passband characteristics is demonstrated on 0.13 µm silicon‐germanium bipolar CMOS (SiGe BiCMOS) technology. The proposed structure is formed by a shorted coplanar waveguide transmission line loaded with split ring resonators (SRRs). As it will be shown, by controlling the geometry of the SRRs as well as their electric coupling with the host line, it is possible to achieve a balanced passband response with widespread bandwidth at millimeter wave frequencies. Besides, this paper introduces a configuration that allows to significantly lower the resonant frequency of the SRRs by loading the rings with Metal‐Insulator‐Metal capacitors. It will be illustrated how this approach allows to reduce the center band frequency of about 40% preserving the balanced behavior and without increasing the resonator size. Finally, the proposed design was experimentally validated with a prototype exhibiting an extended passband with a fractional bandwidth of 19.3% and −3.2 dB of insertion loss around the central frequency of 60 GHz. The use of these transmission lines can be foreseeing in high‐capacity millimeter wave communication systems which require compact passband blocks integrated on chip.
Assessment of extreme values in geomagnetic and geoelectric field variations for Canada
Authors: Nikitina L. , Trichtchenko L. , Boteler D. H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDisturbances of the geomagnetic field produced by space weather events can have an impact on power systems and other critical infrastructure. To mitigate these risks it is important to determine the extreme values of geomagnetic activity that can occur. More than 40 years of 1 min magnetic data recorded at 13 Canadian geomagnetic observatories have been analyzed to evaluate extreme levels in geomagnetic and geoelectric activities in different locations of Canada. The hourly ranges of geomagnetic field variations and hourly maximum in rate of change of the magnetic variations have been used as measures of geomagnetic activity. Geoelectric activity is estimated by the hourly peak amplitude of the geoelectric fields calculated with the use of Earth resistivity models specified for different locations in Canada. A generalized extreme value distribution was applied to geomagnetic and geoelectric indices to evaluate extreme geomagnetic and geoelectric disturbances, which could happen once per 50 and once per 100 years with 99% confidence interval. Influence of geomagnetic latitude and Earth resistivity models on the results for the extreme geomagnetic and geoelectric activity is discussed. The extreme values provide criteria for assessing the vulnerability of power systems and other technology to geomagnetic activity for design or mitigation purposes.
High‐Performance Liquid Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry in Peptide and Protein Analysis
Authors: Shen Tun‐Li 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHigh‐performance liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry (HPLC/MS) is one of the most powerful tools in peptide and protein analysis today. Complementary to HPLC/MS, capillary electrophoresis/mass spectrometry (CE/MS) is another highly efficient separation technique that can be coupled directly with MS using electrospray ionization (ESI), and the technique has proved to be very sensitive. The popularity of HPLC/MS has resulted from the developments in both chromatography and MS. The advances in soft ionization, in particular MALDI6 and ESI, have not only broadened the range of biomolecules that can be analyzed but also provided unprecedented sensitivity. Parallel to the development of MS, the utilization of capillary to nano HPLC column technology in conjunction with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESIMS) has further extended the detection limits. HPLC/MS has been applied in many areas of peptide and protein study. For peptide analysis, this method has proved to be useful from the routine screening of synthetic peptide products to the study of naturally occurring peptides at the femtomole level. One of the major contributions HPLC/MS had made in protein analysis is in the characterization of protein posttranslational modifications. Notable examples are the analysis of phosphoproteins and glycoproteins, primarily using the technique of monitoring diagnostic marker ions. As a result of genome projects in the 1990s, there is an increasing need to develop analytical tools for proteomics research. The combination of database search, multidimensional HPLC, and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) has become an ideal format for large‐scale high‐throughput automatic identification of proteomics analysis. Many biological problems increasingly require quantification of proteins. The combination of chromatography and MS/MS has become highly successful for absolute quantitative analysis of proteins, from analyzing recombinant proteins to global protein analysis.
Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Instrumentation
Authors: Bai Shi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrometer consists of a superconducting magnet, a sample probe, a radio frequency (RF) transmitter, a receiver, and a computer for instrument control and data processing. The superconducting magnet provides an ultrastable magnetic field in the central volume of the magnet. To maintain the current, the solenoid that produces the field is immersed in liquid helium to maintain the superconducting state. Surrounding the magnet volume is a set of vacuum jackets and a liquid nitrogen‐filled volume to isolate the low‐temperature regions from room temperature. The magnet has a bore to house the sample probe and a room‐temperature shim (RTS) coil assembly to reduce inhomogeneity of the magnetic field across the active sample volume. The NMR sample can be in liquid, solid, or gas phases. RF pulses, from one or a set of high‐power transmitters, are applied to the sample through the RF coil that surrounds the active sample area to perturb the sample. The RF pulses are controlled to ensure precise frequency, phase, duration, and amplitude of the RF voltage. The response of the sample is gathered by recording the induced voltage across the RF coil. The signal is digitized as a so‐called free induction decay (FID) with a high‐performance RF receiver including a preamplifier, an amplifier, and an analog‐to‐digital converter (ADC). Using Fourier transformation (FT), the time domain FID is converted into the frequency‐domain spectrum, often known as the NMR spectrum.
Selective Nanoparticles in Microextraction
Authors: Ríos‐Gómez Julia , Lasarte‐Aragonés Guillermo , Cárdenas Soledad , Lucena Rafael 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSorption capacity is a critical issue in microextraction techniques where the amount of sorbent is reduced to the low milligram range and even lower. In this context, the use of sorbents with a high superficial area is really desirable. Nanoparticles (NPs) fulfill this main requirement while, at the same time, provide the analyst with a wide variety of interaction chemistries that can be easily selected depending on the analytical problem under study. In addition, certain NPs present especial properties (e.g. superparamagnetism) that make them so attractive in the microextraction context. Focusing on sorption capacity is meaningless when complex samples, the usual situation in Bioanalysis, are processed as matrix components may overload the sorbent avoiding the extraction of the target analytes. In this scenario, selectivity then becomes a critical variable of concern. This article discusses the role of selectivity in microextraction and provides a general overview of the main coatings used to boost the selectivity of NPs. In particular, this article describes the use of two groups of coatings as selectivity enhancers. On the one hand, the use of synthetic polymers including molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) and restricted access materials (RAMs) is a well‐established alternative in analytical sciences. On the other hand, biopolymers, such as antibodies and aptamers, exploit biorecognition that is by far the most selective interaction. Both alternatives are described in detail in this article.