bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Order Well-Balanced Weighted Compact Nonlinear Schemes for the Gas Dynamic Equations under Gravitational Fields
Authors: Gao Zhen , Hu Guanghui 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn this study, we propose a high order well-balanced weighted compact nonlinear (WCN) scheme for the gas dynamic equations under gravitational fields. The proposed scheme is an extension of the high order WCN schemes developed in (S. Zhang, S. Jiang, C.-W Shu, J. Comput. Phys. 227 (2008) 7294-7321). For the purpose of maintaining the exact steady state solution, the well-balanced technique in (Y. Xing, C.-W Shu, J. Sci. Comput. 54 (2013) 645-662) is employed to split the source term into two terms. The proposed scheme can maintain the isothermal equilibrium solution exactly, genuine high order accuracy and resolve small perturbations of the hydrostatic balance state on the coarse meshes. Furthermore, in order to capture the strong discontinuities and large gradients, the fifth-order upwind weighted nonlinear interpolations together with the fourth/sixth order cell-centered compact schemes with local characteristic projections are used to construct different WCN schemes. Several representative one- and two-dimensional examples are simulated to demonstrate the good performance of the proposed schemes.
Implementing a Cardiac Skills Orientation and Simulation Program
Authors: Hemingway Maureen W. , Osgood Patrice , Mannion Mildred 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPatients with cardiac morbidities admitted for cardiac surgical procedures require perioperative nurses with a high level of complex nursing skills. Orienting new cardiac team members takes commitment and perseverance in light of variable staffing levels, high‐acuity patient populations, an active cardiac surgical schedule, and the unpredictability of scheduling patients undergoing cardiac transplantation. At an academic medical center in Boston, these issues presented opportunities to orient new staff members to the scrub person role, but hampered efforts to provide active learning opportunities in a safe environment. As a result, facility personnel created a program to increase new staff members’ skills, confidence, and proficiency, while also increasing the number of staff members who were proficient at scrubbing complex cardiac procedures. To address the safe learning requirement, personnel designed a simulation program to provide scrubbing experience, decrease orientees’ supervision time, and increase staff members’ confidence in performing the scrub person role.
Angiogenesis enhanced by treatment damage to hepatocellular carcinoma through the release of GDF15
Authors: Dong Gang , Zheng Qiong‐Dan , Ma Min , Wu Si‐Fan , Zhang Rui , Yao Rong‐Rong , Dong Yin‐Ying , Ma Hui , Gao Dong‐Mei , Ye Sheng‐Long , Cui Jie‐Feng , Ren Zheng‐Gang , Chen Rong‐Xin 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTransarterial chemoembolization (TACE) is the standard treatment for unresectable hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Hypoxia‐induced angiogenesis by TACE is linked to treatment failure; however, whether the chemotherapeutic damage of TACE to HCC could increase tumor angiogenesis has not been explored. The molecular effects of chemotherapy‐damaged HCC cells on the neo‐angiogenesis were investigated in vitro and in vivo. The expression of growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) was significantly upregulated in HCC cells exposed to chemotherapeutic agents. GDF15 from chemotherapy‐damaged HCC cells promoted the in vitro proliferation, migration, and tube formation of endothelial cells. The pro‐angiogenic effect of GDF15 was through the activation of Src and its downstream AKT, MAPK, and NF‐κB signaling, which was blocked by thalidomide. The use of thalidomide significantly attenuated the in vivo chemotherapy‐damaged HCC cells‐promoted angiogenesis in nude mice. In conclusion, the chemotherapeutic damage in TACE to HCC could promote tumor angiogenesis via the increased release of GDF15. Thalidomide could reverse these pro‐angiogenic effects.
Esterification of Oleic Acid with Methanol Using Zr(SO4)2 as a Heterogeneous Catalyst
Authors: Senoymak Tarakcı Melike Imge , Ilgen Oguzhan 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe influence of reaction parameters like molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid, catalyst amount, and reaction temperatures for oleic acid esterification with methanol by using Zr(SO4)2 as a heterogeneous catalyst was investigated. Nearly complete conversion was obtained when the esterification reaction was carried out under optimized reaction conditions in terms of molar ratio of methanol to oleic acid, catalyst amount, reflux temperature of methanol, and reaction time. Furthermore, the kinetics of the esterification reaction was also investigated. The experimental data supported the validity of the suggested Eley‐Rideal model.
Accumulation and toxicity of lanthanum and neodymium in horticultural plants (Brassica chinensis L. and Helianthus annuus L.)
Authors: Rezaee Arefeh , Hale Beverley , Santos Rafael M. , Chiang Yi Wai 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe dose‐response of two horticultural plant species (Brassica chinensis L., and Helianthus annuus L.) to two light Rare Earth Elements (REEs), namely lanthanum and neodymium, in‐vitro, was investigated. The phytotoxicity of the studied REEs was determined by measuring the aboveground and belowground biomass of the plant parts, and the chlorophyll production. Based on these measurements, inhibition concentration causing 50 % decrease (IC50) in plant biomass and total chlorophyll were calculated. Moreover, the available ionic species of La and Nd in the media for plant uptake were predicted using Visual MINTEQ. The concentration of these elements were measured in different plant tissues to assay the ability of these plants to hyperaccumulate La and Nd. It was observed that La and Nd, at lower dosages (<∼100 mg/kg), had hormetic effects, respectively, on the shoot and root of H. annuus L. Also, Nd had stimulatory effects on the number of leaves and chlorophyll content of B. chinensis L. However, these two elements were toxic to both plants at higher media concentrations. Between the two plant species, H. annuus L. was more resistant to the studied REEs when compared to B. chinensis L. IC50 values of La for the roots and shoots of both plant species (139–201 mg/kg) were markedly smaller when compared to IC50 values of Nd (222–333 mg/kg). Thus, between the two assayed elements, La was more toxic to the plants. Translocation factors for La and Nd were not high enough to consider the plant species as hyperaccumulators.
An integrated process of catalytic hydrolysis and membrane separation for fatty acids production from lard oil
Authors: Lv Enmin , Ding Shaoxuan , Lu Jie , Du Lixiong , Li Zhuang , Li Jianxin , Zhang Shuguang , Ding Jincheng 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAn integrated process of catalytic hydrolysis and membrane separation was developed for fatty acids (FAs) production from lard oil. Both sulphonated cation exchange resin (SCER) and 0.98 g/g H2SO4 as catalysts were used to produce fatty acids (FAs) from lard oil by three‐step hydrolysis, respectively. Simultaneously, polyethersulphone (PES) ultrafiltration membrane was employed to separate glycerol and water from the products. The hydrophilicity and morphology of the pristine and used PES membranes were characterized by contact angle measurement and field‐emission scanning electronic microscopy, respectively. The final optimal yields of FAs obtained by SCER and H2SO4 catalysis at 100 °C and atmospheric pressure were 85.6 % at 16.0 h of operation and 94.5 % at 18.0 h of operation, respectively. Furthermore, the yield of FAs obtained from an integrated process of SCER‐catalyzed hydrolysis and membrane separation achieved up to 99.9 % at 10.0 h, 90 °C, and operating pressure of 100 kPa.
Synthesis and Properties of Tetranitro‐Substituted Adamantane Derivatives
Authors: Klapötke Thomas M. , Krumm Burkhard , Widera Anna 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSeveral new nitro‐substituted adamantane compounds based on adamantane‐1,3,5,7‐tetrol were synthesized and the previously only briefly reported tetranitrate was reinvestigated. The materials were completely characterized by spectroscopic methods including some by X‐ray diffraction. The energetic properties, thermal stabilities, and sensitivities of the nitrocarbamate, nitrocarbamate salt, and nitrate were determined and compared to current composites in terms of potential high‐energy dense oxidizers (HEDOs). Furthermore, the enthalpies of all compounds were calculated, and their energetic performances investigated by using the EXPLO5 code.
Genome‐wide association studies in Crohn's disease: Past, present and future
Authors: Verstockt Bram , Smith Kenneth GC , Lee James C 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOver the course of the past decade, genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) have revolutionised our understanding of complex disease genetics. One of the diseases that has benefitted most from this technology has been Crohn's disease (CD), with the identification of autophagy, the IL‐17/IL‐23 axis and innate lymphoid cells as key players in CD pathogenesis. Our increasing understanding of the genetic architecture of CD has also highlighted how a failure to suppress aberrant immune responses may contribute to disease development – a realisation that is now being incorporated into the design of new treatments. However, despite these successes, a significant proportion of disease heritability remains unexplained. Similarly, most of the causal variants at associated loci have not yet been identified, and even fewer have been functionally characterised. Because of the inarguable rise in the incidence of CD in regions of the world that previously had low disease rates, GWAS studies will soon have to shift from a largely Caucasian focus to include populations from other ethnic backgrounds. Future studies should also move beyond conventional studies of disease susceptibility into phenotypically driven ‘within‐cases’ analyses in order to explore the role of genetics in other important aspects of disease biology. These studies are likely to include assessments of prognosis and/or response to treatments and may be critical if personalised medicine is ever to become a reality.
Human FOXP3+ T regulatory cell heterogeneity
Authors: Mohr Audrey , Malhotra Rajneesh , Mayer Gaell , Gorochov Guy , Miyara Makoto 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFOXP3‐expressing CD4+ T regulatory (Treg) cells are instrumental for the maintenance of self‐tolerance. They are also involved in the prevention of allergy, allograft rejection, foetal rejection during pregnancy and of exaggerated immune response towards commensal pathogens in mucosal tissues. They can also prevent immune responses against tumors and promote tumor progression. FOXP3‐expressing Treg cells are not a homogenous population. The different subsets of Treg cells can have different functions or roles in the maintenance of immune homeostasis and can therefore be differentially targeted in the management of autoimmune diseases or in cancer. We discuss here how Treg cell subsets can be differentiated phenotypically, functionally and developmentally in humans.
Relationship between Deterioration of Epoxy Resin and Change of Space Charge Distribution under Nonuniform Electric Field
Authors: FUJII MASAYUKI , YAMADA MASANORI , FUKUMA MASUMI , MURAKAMI YOSHINOBU , NAGAO MASAYUKI 
Published: January 2018

SUMMARYReliability in the insulating materials is necessary in order to supply stable power. However, the nonuniform electric field is caused by foreign matters or voids in the insulating material. The deterioration of insulating material is accelerated due to the nonuniform electric field and it finally leads to a dielectric breakdown. It is likely that the space charge distribution is related to the deterioration of the insulating material. The pulsed electroacoustic method can make it possible to detect the space charge distribution and to get the valuable information for the deterioration diagnosis. In this study, a line‐plate electrodes system was used to bring nonuniform electric field and the epoxy resin was inserted as the insulating material between the line electrode and the plate electrode. The changes of space charge distribution were observed under nonuniform electric field before the dielectric breakdown. As a result, this study indicates that the charge is injected from the line electrode and the space charge distribution changes due to the deterioration of the epoxy resin.
BIOMASS, PRODUCTION, AND LITTERFALL IN THE COASTAL SAGE SCRUB OF SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA
Authors: Gray John Timothy , Schlesinger William H. 
Published: January 2018

A 22‐year‐old stand of coastal sage scrub in the coastal mountains of southern California had a peak standing aboveground biomass of 1,417 g/m2, determined by dimension analysis. Annual aboveground net primary production was 255 g/m2/yr, determined by monthly twig harvests of dominant species and the clipping production of subordinate species. The stand was codominated by two drought‐deciduous species, Salvia leucophylla and Artemisia californica, which together comprised 81% of the biomass. Annual litterfall was measured at 194 g/m2/yr. These biomass, production, and litterfall values are less than those measured in most evergreen chaparral communities in California.Seasonally, the two dominant shrubs began aboveground production in the winter soon after the first rains and continued growth for six months until early summer. A massive leaf fall occurred in May–June as the summer drought began, but twig and inflorescence production for both species continued at a high rate into the summer months. Salvia leucophylla had two shoot types: 1) an early spring canopy shoot that elongated rapidly, produced the inflorescence, and died in mid‐summer; and 2) a short side shoot produced in late spring with small dense leaves that were retained during the summer drought and early winter. Artemisia californica produced a single cohort of twigs in the early spring, most of which carried inflorescences by late summer.
HORMONES AND EARLY IN VITRO DEVELOPMENT OF EPIPHYLLOUS PROPAGULES ON BRYOPHYLLUM CALYCINUM
Authors: Karpoff Arnold J. 
Published: January 2018

Uniform leaf discs of Bryophyllum calycinum, each containing a single marginal notch, were explanted onto sterile media. These media contained the minerals and vitamins of Murashige and Skoog, 2% sucrose, and 1% agar. Hormones used included indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), 2,4‐dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4‐D), and benzylaminopurine (BAP). Explants were grown for 1 wk at which time the length of the longest leaf was measured. These observations represent the most rapid in vitro development of these isolated structures yet reported in the literature. The number of roots was also recorded and the average length of the two longest roots was calculated. BAP at concentrations of 10‐6 to 10‐8 m provided the only growth stimulation of the propagules observed, while 10‐4 m completely inhibits roots and reduces leaf development by 60% and 10‐5 m significantly decreases number and length of roots. Except at 10‐3 m, which was inhibitory, IAA had no effect on propagule leaf development. Concentrations of 10‐3 m 2,4‐D induced callus and no roots, 10‐4 m induced both callus, leaves, and roots, and multiple root primordia at the notch in explants grown for 2 wk at 10‐4 m. When callus formed it never arose at a cut surface, but broke through the epidermis only at the notch of the leaf. Gibberellic acid and 2,4‐D were generally inhibitory to leaf development but 10‐5 m GA significantly enhanced root length. With the exception of 10‐5 m GA, both 2,4‐D and GA generally inhibit both average length of longest two roots and average number of roots. Concentrations of BAP of 10‐7 m and 10‐8 m stimulated root production as did 10‐7 m IAA and 10‐7 m 2,4‐D while other concentrations of hormones used were either without effect or were inhibitory.Gibberellic acid at 10‐4 m produced leaves without any of the notches typical of this species. As the concentration of the hormone was reduced to 10‐5 m notches began to be formed and by 10‐6 and 10‐7 m normal notching was restored.
STRESS MODIFICATION OF ALLELOPATHY OF HELIANTHUS ANNUUS L. DEBRIS ON SEED GERMINATION
Authors: Hall Anthony B. , Blum Udo , Fites Roger C. 
Published: January 2018

Helianthus annuus L. variety “Russian Mammoth” was grown in pots, in both the greenhouse and the field, under density treatments of 1, 3, 6 or 12 plants per pot and nutrient treatments of full‐strength, ½, ¼, ⅛ or 1/16 strength Hoagland's solution. The plants responded in typical fashion to both nutrient and density stress. Within each nutrient treatment, as the density of planting increased, biomass per pot first increased and then leveled off while biomass per plant decreased. Within each density treatment, as the nutrient level decreased, biomass per pot and per plant decreased. Therefore, both nutrient and density treatments imposed a stress (measured as a reduction in biomass) on individual H. annuus plants.Total phenolic compounds from the Helianthus annuus tissue, expressed as chlorogenic acid equivalents and determined by the PVP method, increased with increasing nutrient stress (i.e., lower nutrient availability); however, increasing density stress failed to significantly modify total phenolic compounds. The maximum total phenolic level determined for field‐grown plants (69.70 mg g‐1 tissue) was approximately 58% greater than that found for greenhouse‐grown plants (44.16 mg g‐1 tissue).When coarsely ground H. annuus plant material from the stress studies was added to soil, there was a significant depressive effect on germination of Amaranthus retroflexus seeds. In these germination was more closely correlated with total phenolic compounds (chlorogenic acid equivalents) added to the soil by the debris than with any other variable measured. Correlations were best for phenolic values of 200 μg g‐1 soil or greater.Chlorogenic acid (an abundant phenolic acid present in H. annuus) did not inhibit A. retroflexus seed germination when added to soil in pure form.The addition of a nutrient solution to soil containing H. annuus debris reduced subsequent inhibition of A. retroflexus seed germination.
COMPARATIVE REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF HERMAPHRODITIC AND MALE‐STERILE IRIS DOUGLASIANA HERB. (IRIDACEAE)
Authors: Uno Gordon E. 
Published: January 2018

A comparative study of the reproductive biology of male‐sterile and hermaphroditic plants in a gynodioecious population of Iris douglasiana Herb. (Iridaceae) was conducted at the University of California's Marine Laboratory at Bodega Bay, California, between 1976–1979. Each year of the study, there were 11.1% male‐sterile plants in the population, some of which began blooming at the same time as the earliest blooming hermaphrodites. Male‐sterile flowers made up between 7–21% of the flowers produced during the male‐sterile flowering period.Male‐sterile flowers had smaller sepals and petals than hermaphrodites, there were fewer of them per square meter, and they had fewer pollinated stigmas than did hermaphroditic flowers. In a test to determine pollinator preference, intact hermaphroditic flowers tended to have more pollinated stigmas than did hermaphrodites with their stamens removed or those flowers with shortened sepals made to resemble the smaller male‐sterile flowers. Floral phenology and nectar‐flow patterns were similar in both types of flowers as were the kinds of amino acids and sugar rewards in the nectar. Male‐sterile flowers, however, produced much less nectar per flower. There were no significant differences in the number of ovules per flower or the number of seeds produced per capsule between the two flower types, but the loss of seeds through larval predation was much greater in capsules from hermaphroditic flowers. Early flowering and setting of seed by plants with male‐sterile flowers could give them a reproductive advantage over plants with hermaphroditic flowers which experience higher levels of larval predation later in the growing season.
THE ONTOGENY OF THE INFLORESCENCE AND FLOWER OF LIQUIDAMBAR STYRACIFLUA L. (HAMAMELIDACEAE)
Authors: Wisniewski Michael , Bogle A. Linn 
Published: January 2018

A developmental study of the inflorescence of Liquidambar styraciflua L. was conducted to clarify morphological discrepancies reported in the literature. Salient features of development are: 1) the inflorescence apex results from the conversion of a terminal, vegetative apex; 2) partial inflorescence apices arise as ellipsoid structures in axils of leaves, bracts, or transitional phyllomes; 3) development of male heads is acropetal whereas female heads differentiate basipetally; 4) the partial inflorescence apex becomes segmented into several distinct subunits indicating an axillary branch system of the third order; 5) distinct individual floral primordia are initiated on the subunits; 6) a complete absence of perianth development; 7) inception of carpel primordia in flowers of lower male heads as well as female heads, but a failure of the gynoecium to develop beyond an incipient stage in male heads; and 8) development of sterile structures around the base of the styles of only female flowers near the time of anthesis.Carpellary characteristics of the sterile structures are described, their morphological nature is discussed, and the phylogenetic position of Liquidambar is evaluated.
FURTHER EVIDENCE FOR OSMOREGULATION IN EPIDERMAL LEAF CELLS OF SEAGRASSES
Authors: Jagels Richard 
Published: January 2018

A comparison of the epidermal leaf cell ultrastructure of three seagrasses, Thalassia testudinum (tropical, high salinity), Zostera marina (North temperate, moderate salinity), and Ruppia maritima (North temperate, brackish) provides confirmation for the theory that an invaginated plasmalemma‐mitochondrial transport system is developed at least in part as a response to salt concentration. Cytochemical localization of presumed Cl− ion provides further evidence for the presence of a salt secretion or exclusion mechanism.Immature epidermal leaf cells communicate with each other and with mesophyll cells through numerous plasmodesmata, but during cell maturation these cytoplasmic connections are lost and the apoplastic transport system develops to replace the symplastic one. The two North temperate region seagrasses contain cytoplasmic lipids which are absent in the tropical species. Thalassia and Zostera have chloroplasts which lack starch, but stain densely for polysaccharides with thiocarbohydrazide. The polysaccharide staining is essentially negative in the chloroplasts of Ruppia, but mesophyll chloroplasts of this brackish water species contain starch. These and other cytological findings are compared with other seagrasses.