bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Metabolism of the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis from two origins in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain)
Authors: Babarro Jose M.F. , Fernández-Reiriz María José , Labarta Uxío 
Published: July 2002

Mussel seed Mytilus galloprovincialis (Bivalvia: Mytilidae) from two origins (rocky shore and collector ropes) was cultivated on a raft in the Ría de Arousa (north-west Spain), from seeding to thinning out, for 226 d (November 1995–July 1996) and two aspects of metabolism, oxygen consumption rate (VO2) and ammonia excretion rate (VNH4-N) were studied in situ.The model derived from multiple analysis of oxygen consumption accounted for 91.9% of the variance, based on dry weight of the mussels and the environmental factors quality of food (organic content) and mainly chlorophyll-a. Seed origin also showed significant influence. The seasonal pattern of the oxygen consumption can be attributed mainly to the variation of chlorophyll-a, which showed a higher range of values in the spring months.Origin of seed did not show a homogeneous effect on oxygen consumption throughout the cultivation period. Collector rope mussels showed higher oxygen consumption values at the beginning of the cultivation period and after the first 15 d, but the rocky shore mussels showed a higher oxygen consumption between days 22 and 110. Energy-conserving patterns and lower condition index at the onset of the experiment for rocky shore mussels could explain these initial differences.Multiple analysis on the variation of ammonia excretion rate provided a model that accounted for 72.6% of the variance based on dry weight of mussels, seed origin and the environmental parameters chlorophyll-a and total particulate matter. The rocky shore mussels showed a significantly higher excretion values for most of the cultivation period, although there was no constant tendency throughout. High excretion values were recorded between January and March, whilst for the rest of the cultivation period values were low.The O:N index was higher in collector rope mussels for most of the cultivation period, which may suggest a more favourable energy metabolism and/or a more appropriate nutritional state for these specimens.
Social phobia and potential childhood risk factors in a community sample
Authors: CHARTIER M. J. , WALKER J. R. , STEIN M. B. 
Published: July 2002

Background. This study examined the relationship between potential childhood risk factors and social phobia in an epidemiological sample. Identifying risk factors such as childhood adversities can often uncover important clues as to the aetiology of a disorder. This information also enables health care providers to predict which individuals are most likely to develop the disorder.Methods. Data came from the Mental Health Supplement to the Ontario Health Survey of a survey of 8116 Canadian respondents, aged 15–64. Social phobia was diagnosed using the Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI). Childhood risk factors were assessed by a series of standardized questions.Results. A positive relationship was observed between social phobia and lack of close relationship with an adult, not being first born (in males only), marital conflict in the family of origin, parental history of mental disorder, moving more than three times as a child, juvenile justice and child welfare involvement, running away from home, childhood physical and sexual abuse, failing a grade, requirement of special education before age 9 and dropping out of high school. Many of these variables remained significant after controlling for phobias, major depressive disorder and alcohol abuse. The data also suggest that some childhood risk factors may interact with gender to influence the development of social phobia.Conclusions. Although an association was detected between social phobia and childhood risk factors, naturalistic prospective studies are needed to clarify the aetiological importance of these and other potential risk factors for the disorder.
Adolescent psychological problems, partnership transitions and adult mental health: an investigation of selection effects
Authors: MAUGHAN BARBARA , TAYLOR ALAN 
Published: July 2002

Background. Marital status is a strong correlate of psychiatric morbidity in adulthood, but debate continues on how far this association reflects causal influences or selection effects based on prior psychological characteristics.Method. Prospective data from the National Child Development Study were used to examine effects of adolescent emotional and behavioural problems on transitions into and out of first partnerships, and their implications for psychiatric morbidity at age 33.Results. Emotional and behavioural problems in adolescence showed systematic links with early partnership transitions (age at partnership formation, type of first partnership, and risks of first partnership breakdown). More detailed tests suggested that these effects only accounted for a modest proportion of the associations between partnership status and psychiatric morbidity at age 33.Conclusions. In a non-referred community sample selection effects associated with adolescent emotional and behavioural problems appear to play only a modest role in links between partnership status and adult mental health.
To what extent does symptomatic improvement
result in better outcome in psychotic illness?
Authors: VAN OS J. , GILVARRY C. , BALE R. , VAN HORN E. , TATTAN T. , WHITE I. , MURRAY R. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The effectiveness of therapeutic interventions in psychosis is increasingly reported in
terms of reductions in different symptom dimensions. It remains unclear, however, to what degree
such symptomatic changes are accompanied by improvement in other measures such as service use,
quality of life, and needs for care.Methods. A sample of 708 patients with chronic psychotic illness was assessed on three occasions
over 2 years (baseline, year 1 and year 2). A multilevel analysis was conducted to examine to what
degree reduction in psychopathological scores derived from factor analysis of the Comprehensive
Psychopathological Rating Scale (CPRS), was associated with improvement in service use,
disability, subjective outcomes and measures of self-harm.Results. Reduction in positive, negative, depressive and manic symptoms over the study period were
all independently associated with lessening of social disability. Reduction in negative symptoms,
and to a lesser extent in positive and manic symptoms, was associated with less time in hospital and
more time living independently, whereas changes in positive and manic symptoms resulted in fewer
admissions. Subjective outcomes such as improvement in quality of life, perceived needs for care
and dissatisfaction with services showed the strongest associations with reduction in depressive
symptoms. Reduction in positive symptoms was associated with decreased likelihood of parasuicide.
Results did not differ according to diagnostic category.Conclusion. The findings suggest that changes in distinct psychopathological dimensions
independently and differentially influence outcome. Therapeutic interventions aimed at reducing
symptoms of more than one dimension are likely to have more widespread effects.
Continuous performance test differences among schizophrenic out-patients living in high and low expressed emotion environments
Authors: DIXON M. J. , KING S. , STIP E. , CORMIER H. 
Published: July 2002

Background. High expressed emotion (EE) in families reliably predicts relapse in schizophrenia leading to the assumption that high EE stresses patients and is the cause of relapse. Attempts at validating the stressful properties of high EE using autonomic skin conductance measures have been inconclusive. Since memory loaded vigilance tasks are sensitive to stress, we used a memory loaded version of the Continuous Performance Test (CPT) to see if test performance would change in the presence and absence of high or low EE relatives. If high EE was stressful, performance should decline in their presence of high EE relatives. If low EE was protective against stress performance should improve in the presence of low EE relatives.Methods. The CPT was administered to 41 schizophrenic and 51 normal control participants. CPT testing was conducted in the absence, then presence, then absence of high or low EE relatives.Results. Control participants had significantly greater CPT scores than schizophrenic participants; there was no effect of the relative's presence or absence on CPT performance for either the high or low EE group. Schizophrenic participants from high EE homes demonstrated significantly better, rather than worse, CPT scores than those in low EE homes.Conclusions. These findings fail to support the notion of high EE as stressor, but show that high EE and low EE patient groups perform a vigilance task significantly differently. We propose that patients from low EE groups may be underaroused relative to their high EE counterparts and that this underarousal leads to less than optimal performance on the CPT.
Hybridity and national musics: the case of Irish rock music
Authors: Mclaughlin Noel , Mcloone Martin 
Published: July 2002

Introduction: Irishness and the ‘gift of song’A key element in the range of stereotypes characteristically assigned to the Irish has been their natural proclivity for music and song, a feature of colonial discourse that can be traced back even to the Norman invasions of the twelfth century. However, the powerful link between the Irish and musicality (along with a host of other, considerably less attractive traits) was finally consolidated in the Victorian era at the height of the British imperial project (Curtis 1971; Busteed 1998). Irish music by this stage was constructed as a specific ethnic category based on the assumption that there was an identifiably Irish musical style that existed as an expression of the people, a reflection of their innate feelings and sensibilities. Music, therefore, became a feature of ‘race’, taking on properties for the coloniser that appeared to transcend the passage of time, that remained fixed and unchanging.
Seed dispersal in Palicourea rigida, a common treelet species from neotropical savannas
Authors: WÜTHERICH DIRK , AZÓCAR AURA , GARCÍA-NUÑEZ CARLOS , SILVA JUAN F. 
Published: July 2002

The dispersal system of Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae), a common woody species of neotropical savannas,
was studied in a seasonal Venezuelan savanna. Production and consumption of fruits, dispersal agents, feeding behaviour, transport and effects on seed viability, were investigated by field observations, cage experiments and viability
tests. To compare different dispersers, quantitative and qualitative dispersal parameters were calculated. About 59%
of the fruit crop was dispersed successfully by birds. Although 10 different bird species consumed the fruits of
Palicourea rigida, three bird species dispersed 79% of the fruits (Tyrannus melancholicus, Molothrus bonariensis and
Elaenia chiriquensis). T. melancholicus (Tyrannidae) was the most important dispersal agent, with more than 39% of
dispersed seeds. In contrast to the predictions of the specialization vs. generalization paradigm, this system achieves
high effectiveness by means of predominantly unspecialized traits in both the plant and the dispersers.Se estudió el sistema de dispersión de Palicourea rigida (Rubiaceae), una leñosa común de las sabanas
neotropicales, en una sabana estacional de Venezuela. Mediante observaciones de campo y experimentos en jaulas y
en el laboratorio, se estudiaron paramétros tales como producción, transporte y consumo de frutos, los agentes
dispersores y su comportamiento y los efectos sobre la viabilidad de las semillas. Para comparar los agentes de dispersión
se estimaron paramétros cualitativos y cuantitativos. Cerca del 59% de la cosecha total de frutos fue dispersada
existosamente por pájaros. Aunque los frutos fueron consumidos por diez especies de aves, el 79% de los frutos fueron
dispersados por solamente tres especies (Tyrannus melancholicus, Molothrus bonariensis y Elaenia chiriquensis). T.
melancholicus (Tyrannidae) fue el más importante agente dispersor con más del 39% del total de semillas dispersadas.
En contraste con el paradigma de especialización vs. generalización, este sistema alcanza alta efectividad pero se
caracteriza por rasgos poco especializados, tanto en la planta como en los dispersores.
The Emergence of Nautical Astronomy in Portugal in the XVth century
Authors: Randles W. G. L. 
Published: July 2002

Of the great oceans of the world, the Atlantic, because of its
violence, was the
last to be mastered by man. The task in its entirety had to wait for the
Portuguese
sailors of the Renaissance. Isidore of Seville (c. 570–636), a Christian
writer of
the late Roman Empire, had written of the Atlantic that it was ‘incommensurable

and uncrossable’. Although Pliny (a.d. 23–79) refers
vaguely to the Canary
Islands, all knowledge of them disappears in the Middle Ages until a Portuguese

expedition under the command of the Italian Lanzarotto Malocello ‘re-
discovered’ them in 1336. Italian charts of the XIVth century begin
progressively
to show the Canaries, Madeira, Porto Santo and the Azores, but all aligned
along
a N/S axis without any appreciation of the relative distances between
them or
how far they lay from the European shore. The first written evidence of
the
Portuguese ‘discovery’ of the islands of Madeira and Porto
Santo appears in
1419–20 and of the Azores in 1427, about the same time as they began
to be
colonised under the aegis of Prince Henry of Portugal, called the ‘Navigator’.

The difficulties of returning to them on regular voyages was to motivate
the
Portuguese to develop methods of measurement using the Pole Star as a
navigational aid and this led, not only to a greater accuracy in placing
the islands
on the charts, but also to a greater precision in the charting of the west
African
coastline which they were progressively exploring during the second half
of the
XVth century.Claims that Portuguese nautical astronomy originated in Aragon and was

transmitted from there to Portugal or was introduced into Portugal from

Germany by Regiomontanus and Martin Behaim have long ago been shown to
be
baseless.
The critical load concept for emission abatement strategies in Europe: a review
Authors: BASHKIN VLADIMIR N. 
Published: July 2002

Critical loads studies (critical load is ‘a quantitative estimate of an exposure to one or more pollutants below which no harmful effects may occur’) have been used as the basis for assessing European strategies for reduction of sulphur emissions within the United Nations (UN) Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). It is expected that the critical loads method will be applied to future international agreements under the Convention. Mapping of European critical loads conducted for the LRTAP Convention have progressed notably in recent years.The concept of designing pollution control measures with the aim of protecting the most sensitive ecosystems, led to the creation of the Task Force on Mapping and Coordination Centre for Effects to implement these concepts on a European scale together with the corresponding National Focal Centres. The Russian National Focal Centre is used to illustrate how critical load data can be applied at the scale of a large country.The policy implications resulting from the methods described in this review would support the development of an acidification protocol. While this has been suggested in the past, it is only now that scientific knowledge has advanced sufficiently to consider the feasibility of such a policy.
Italian multinational banking in interwar east central Europe
Authors: STANCIU LAURA 
Published: July 2002

Laura Stanciu, Italian multinational banking in interwar
east central EuropeThis article examines the interwar development
of multinational investment undertaken by the most prominent Italian universal
bank — Banca Commerciale Italiana — in Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland
and Romania, referred to here as east central Europe. It analyses the extent
to which considerations concerning universal banking's development are valid
in the case of Italian multinational investment in this region. The article
is neither a study of the 1930s financial crisis nor an analysis of the Italian
universal banking per se. Instead, it questions the implicit relationship
between the fate of the activities of Banca Commerciale Italiana in east central
Europe and the general problems of the universal banking system during the
early 1930s. Evidence seems to suggest that the bank's withdrawal from the
region, beginning in the late 1920s, was more a result of managerial shortcomings
and unsound investment decisions than the crisis.
Birds on edge: avian assemblages along forest‐agricultural boundaries of central Victoria, Australia
Authors: Campi Monica J. , MacNally Ralph 
Published: July 2002

AbstractHabitat clearance generally produces fragmented landscapes. A major consequence is the creation of large amounts of new ‘edge habitat’, often of a kind not previously existing, such as abrupt forest‐ agricultural land interfaces. Much work from around the world suggests that proliferation of edge habitat seriously affects birds reliant on large forest blocks to persist, and the intrusion of edge specialists into areas they did not previously occupy. These processes often generate avifaunal gradients in which assemblages change from the interior to the edge. This effect is explored in the largest remnant block of box‐ironbark forest of central Victoria, Australia (about 30,000 ha). Eight radially oriented survey lines were established around the periphery of the block. Along each survey line, five transects with long axes oriented parallel to the edge were positioned with midlines at 40 m, 160 m, 280 m and 400 m into the forest, and one transect 80 m into the agricultural land, yielding a total of 40 transects. Six identical transects were located deep within the forest (> 2 km). There was little evidence of a change in the avifauna from interior to edge, although mean richness was depressed in the edge habitats compared with forest interior transects. These results were essentially the same for ‘all species’ or ‘forest dependent’ species. Thus, there is little evidence for marked edge effects on the avifauna of these large forest blocks, although work in intermediate sized remnants (100‐1000 ha) is needed to identify thresholds at which edge effects begin to be manifested.
Complex effects of predators: determining vulnerability of the endangered June sucker to an introduced predator
Authors: Belk Mark C. , Whitney Michael J. , Schaalje G. Bruce 
Published: July 2002

AbstractEfforts to ameliorate the negative effects of introduced predators on native species depend on a clear understanding of the complex interactions between predator and prey. We illustrate the necessity of considering size variation of predators and prey and antipredator responses of prey, using a case study of an endangered fish, June sucker (Chasmistes liorus) and an introduced predator, white bass (Morone chrysops). Using a mathematical model, we assessed vulnerability of young June suckers to predation by a growing cohort of white bass. Additionally, we experimentally evaluated whether young white bass selectively occupy vegetated habitats (in contrast to adults) similar to those occupied by young June suckers. June suckers are most vulnerable to young white bass immediately after they hatch and vulnerability declines thereafter. They are vulnerable for some period of time under all combinations of predator and prey growth rates. Young white bass selected vegetated habitats, and this response was increased in the presence of adult white bass. These data suggest that young white bass may be a significant source of mortality for small June suckers, contrary to previous assumptions. Results of this study inform conservation actions designed to decrease the effect of predation on small June suckers, such as potential effects of adding vegetated refuge habitats, possible effects of manipulation of spawning time, and the design of predator‐free grow‐out areas.
Gene Survey of the Pathogenic Protozoan Trypanosoma cruzi
Authors: Porcel Betina M. , Tran Anh-Nhi , Tammi Martti , Nyarady Zoltan , Rydåker Maria , Urmenyi Turan P. , Rondinelli Edson , Pettersson Ulf , Andersson Bj̈orn , Åslund Lena 
Published: July 2002

We have performed a survey of the active genes in the important human pathogen Trypanosoma cruzi by analyzing 5013 expressed sequence tags (ESTs) generated from a normalized epimastigote cDNA library. Clustering of all sequences resulted in 771 clusters, comprising 54% of the ESTs. In total, the ESTs corresponded to 3054 transcripts that might represent one-fourth of the total gene repertoire in T. cruzi. About 33% of the T. cruzitranscripts showed similarity to sequences in the public databases, and a large number of hitherto undiscovered genes predicted to be involved in transcription, cell cycle control, cell division, signal transduction, secretion, and metabolism were identified. More than 140 full-length gene sequences were derived from the ESTs. Comparisons with all open reading frames in yeast and in Caenorhabditis elegansshowed that only 12% of the T. cruzi transcripts were shared among diverse eukaryotic organisms. Comparison with other kinetoplastid sequences identified 237 orthologous genes that are shared between these evolutionarily divergent organisms. The generated data are a useful resource for further studies of the biology of the parasite and for development of new means to combat Chagas' disease.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the dbEST database under nos. TENU0001–TENU5214 and the following:AA736292-AA736301, AA738502-AA738535,AA756982-AA756992, AA835598-AA835613, AA866501-AA866550,AA87464-AA874780, AA875669-AA875730, AA875809-AA875824,AA879318-AA897341, AA879376-AA879401, AA882494-AA882518,AA883036-AA883051, AI005678-AI005729, AI007342-AI007441,AI021797-AI021884, AI026370-AI026615, AI037797-AI037846,AI043247-AI043343, AI043427-AI043502, AI046026-AI046290,AI050095-AI050219, AI053146-AI053397, AI057644-AI057957,AI065169-AI065425, AI066117-AI066391, AI069556-AI069908,AI073286-AI073332, AI075466-AI075620, AI077051-AI077281,AI078888-AI079000, AI080790-AI080916, AI083097-AI083245,AI110290-AI110405, AI110412-AI110512, AW324789-AW325325,AW329885-AW330435, and AW621062-AW621094. The sequences are also available at www.genpat.uu.se/tryp/tryp.html.]