bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Productivity and Size of the Export Market
Authors: Wagner Joachim 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Using unique recently released nationally representative high-quality data at the plant level, this paper presents the first comprehensive evidence on the relationship between productivity and size of the export market for Germany, a leading actor on the world market for manufactured goods. It documents that firms that export to countries inside the euro-zone are more productive than firms that sell their products in Germany only, but less productive than firms that export to countries outside the euro-zone, too. This is in line with the hypothesis that export markets outside the euro-zone have higher entry costs that can only be paid by more productive firms.
Beitragssatz, Kassenwettbewerb und Gesundheitsreform / Premium Rates, Competition Among Health Insurance Funds and the Health Care Reform 2007
Authors: Andersen Hanfried H. , Grabka Markus M. , Schwarze Johannes 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The premium rates paid for statutory health insurance in Germany play a key role in the competition among health care funds. With the most recent health care reform (GKV-Wettbewerbsstärkungsgesetz GKV-WSG), a range of new products have been introduced that could erode the advantageous selling proposition of the premium rates. In addition to the pure monetary incentive to change health insurance provider, the new products include aspects that are becoming increasingly important to insured persons, such as the assessment of their own morbidity and the level and quality of health care provision. We find that current morbidity, experiences in morbidity, and expectations about morbidity will gain in importance when choosing health care provider.
Using micro-data for the years 1999 to 2004 from the German Socio-Economic Panel study (SOEP), we investigate the willingness to change health provider in a multivariate setting. The SOEP data will be matched with register information about premium rates of all statutory health insurance funds in Germany. Applying a multinomial logit model, we show that there are two prototypes of insured people who change funds. The characteristics of those who changed funds can be used to evaluate the future developments in statutory health insurance in Germany, assuming that customer mobility will continue to increase.
Theorie und Praxis des Risikostrukturausgleichs / Risk Adjustment in Theory and Practice
Authors: Göpffarth Dirk 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This article reviews the basic theoretical model of risk adjustment (Glazer/McGuire 2000) with a special focus on a coherent presentation of the main results. With adverse selection a regulator pursuing efficiency and solidarity objectives will need a risk adjustment scheme acting on a signal to accomplish both aims. With an imperfect signal this result will not hold. The regulator can react by trying to find more informative signals or by changing the calculation of the risk adjustment scheme (optimal risk adjustment). The model is then extended to derive results on the associated incentives regarding economic efficiency, manipulation of signals and innovation. The incentives will hold with perfect signals but may be violated in the imperfect signal setting. Optimal risk adjustment will most likely have a negative effect on these incentives. The results are contrasted with the empirical literature on the risk adjustment procedure in Germany which is centred on risk selection, the choice of risk adjustors and incentive effects. The paper concludes with an outlook on the ongoing reform of the German risk adjustment procedure.
Zur Dualität von GKV und PKV / The Future of Private and Public Health Insurance in Germany
Authors: Henke Klaus Dirk 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The center of the article deals with the future of the public and private health insurance system in Germany. It analyses therefore both the statutory fund system and the private health insurers. Particular emphasis is put on the Social Health Insurance Competition Strengthening Act 2007 according to which Private Health Insurances will be more affordable for lower income individuals by requiring private insurers to offer a basic benefit package at lower premiums. The idea of managed care has gained momentum in German discussions on health care reform over the past years. Managed care and stronger patient guidance are believed to improve quality of care and to control costs by increasing coordination and the efficient use of health care ressources. In this new environment the question of a possible privatization of the Statutory Fund System arises, a development the Dutch health care system just accomplished. The core idea is to build up non-profit-organisations with integrated care models on the basis of private law. The cons and pros of a new legal framework for the German health insurance system are carefully discussed. Whereas new forms of care may result in less choice for patients, they enable payers to contract selectively and to become players responsible for quality and efficiency of services.
Unternehmenszusammenschlüsse auf Krankenhausmärkten aus sozialrechtlicher und kartellrechtlicher Sicht / Mergers on Hospital Markets from the Perspective of Social and Antitrust Law
Authors: Schwintowski Hans-Peter 
Published: April 2016

Summary
For the first time in 2005 the Federal Cartel Office prohibited two concentrations of municipal and private hospitals because they were expected to create or strengthen a dominant position in the market. The High Court of Düsseldorf (OLG) confirmed this view. An appeal is pending with the Supreme Federal Court of Justice (BGH) and will likely be ruled on in early summer 2008. Parallel to this appeal process a petition for a ministerial authorisation was forwarded which was supported by the Monopolies Commission. The petition was refused by the Minster for economic affairs and technology (Michael Glos).
This article shows that the application of merger control regulations to hospital fusions is counterproductive. The intervention of the Federal Cartel Office means that not more but less competition will be generated. Moreover, the danger arises that the interdiction of hospital fusions will prevent the hospitals from fulfilling their services of general interest to a sufficient extent (Art. 86 II Treaty on European Union).
Furthermore, the article shows that the peremptory regulation in § 69 Social Security Code V (SGB V) allows no opportunity worth mentioning for the application of the regulations on merger controle in the act against Restraints on Competition (GWB). If however these rules should be applied to hospital fusions the product market and the geographical market will have to be defined differenty: Geographically in non urban regions the market cachement area extents between 250 and 300 km, in urban areas it dwindles to approximately 150 km.
Preisbildung bei ambulant und stationär erbrachten Gesundheitsleistungen / Pricing of Ambulatory and Stationary Health Services
Authors: Neubauer Günter , Pfister Florian 
Published: April 2016

Summary
In all health care systems exists governmental regulation, as the market for health is unanimously regarded as imperfect. The German health care market is a good example for a strongly regulated market in nearly each submarket, partially the determination of prices. Reimbursement of health goods and services is overwhelmingly collectively contracted between the health insurers and healthcare providers. In this article, we begin with the description of central functions of prices in the health care sector and components of reimbursement systems. After the general thoughts follows an overview of the concrete reimbursement reality in Germany’s ambulatory and stationary care. We identify and discuss pro and contra the trend towards single prices for identical health services in all of Germany. Another, in someway opposite, trend is less collective bargaining between health insurers and associations of health providers, which gets increasingly substituted with selective contracting. Another issue we cover is the relationship between price competition and quality competition.
Medizinische Versorgungszentren / Ambulatory Health Care Centres
Authors: Amelung Volker , Cornelius Felix 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The demographic, technological and economic changes in Germany require a profound reform of the health care system, especially concerning the ambulant medical care. For many years too strict legal regulations prohibited the development of adequate care structures; the major reform of 2004 has introduced new tools to be used by “entrepreneurial doctors’’; however, these tools are still in their experimental phase. The changing demands include an increasing specialisation of the ambulant medical care, lack of data and thus knowledge exchange between different doctors treating the same patient, and its insufficient cost effectiveness. In some regions of Germany there is also an alarming shortage of doctors and medical care. Another challenge lies in the increase and therefore growing impact of chronic diseases.
This article focuses on the weaknesses and challenges that public health professionals are facing in Germany today. One way of matching the diverse needs is to establish ambulatory health care centres and thereby to locally concentrate interdisciplinary expertise. The main objective of these policlinics is to create patient-oriented structures and to ensure flexibility and economic efficiency of integrated care as well as sustainability within the health sector.
Nach welchen ökonomischen Methoden sollten Gesundheitsleistungen in Deutschland evaluiert werden? / According to Which Economic Methods Should Health Care Services Become Evaluated in Germany?
Authors: Schulenburg J.-Matthias Graf von der , Vauth Christoph 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The paper presents the methodological challenges of the introduction of cost-benefit assessment by the German legislative (Competition Enhancement Act). Based on the standards for health economic evaluation accepted by the international scientific health economic community, this paper provides a minimum catalogue of methods and criteria to meet the legal German requirements. The methodological framework presented in this paper discusses the perspective to be used to evaluate cost and benefits, lists the appropriate study form, names the usage of primary or secondary data, the description of the cost and benefit calculation, shows the specific need on modelling and how to handle uncertainties and calls for a disclosure of potential conflict of interests.
Further more, the paper contains detailed recommendations for the assessment-process in Germany. According to the new Competition Enhancement Act, the German Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (Institut für Qualität und Wirtschaftlichkeit im Gesundheitswesen, IQWiG) has to evaluate the cost-benefit ratio of pharmaceuticals in Germany. The process should be organised within two sequently parts: At first the development of a reporting plan that defines the comparative interventions to be included, the target criteria, assessment methods and the schedule to be observed, and secondly the implementation of the cost-benefit assessment.
Konjunktur und Generationenbilanz – eine Analyse anhand des HP-Filters / Business Cycle Effects on Generational Accounting – An Analysis using the HP-Filter
Authors: Benz Ulrich , Hagist Christian 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Generational accounting is - given the future demographic developments in OECD countries - an established tool to quantify the fiscal situation of public coffers. However, as all economic methods dealing with future developments it has critical points. One in particular is the calibration on one base year which neglects business cycle effects on the generational accounts. This paper aims to analyze in which way and to which degree generational accounts and the associated sustainability indicators are biased due to the neglecting of business cycle effects. To do this we use the Hodrick-Prescott-Filter to estimate the business cycle effects for the German general government budgets from 1996 to 2005. We then calculate sustainability indicators based on all years given the actual and the business cycle adjusted budgets. It can be stated that the neglect of the business cycle definitively has an effect on the outcomes of the generational accounting framework. However the magnitude of this effect is rather small, at least for Germany. As a by-product of our analysis, we show that the German fiscal policy was rather pro-cyclical during the examined time frame and that the effects of these policies on the generational accounts are larger than the business cycle effects.
Agent-Based Simulations for Electricity Market Regulation Advice: Procedures and an Example
Authors: Weidlich Anke , Veit Daniel 
Published: April 2016

Summary
This paper discusses the use of agent-based simulation models for regulatory advice in electricity market regulation. It briefly introduces the necessary procedures and the state-of-the-art of the methodology, and outlines its possible range of application. In a second part, the paper presents an agent-based simulation model developed by the authors. The model can be applied for analyzing different market designs and market structures in order to derive evidence for regulatory advice. This is exemplified through the analysis of two settlement rules in the balancing power market and of several divestiture scenarios of the German electricity sector.
Implementing a Dual Income Tax in Germany – Effects on Labor Supply and Income Distribution
Authors: Wagenhals Gerhard , Buck Jürgen 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Existing quantitative studies on the impact of a dual income tax on the German economy usually are based on computable general equilibrium models. They assume one representative household. Their results are sensitive to one behavioral parameter, the labor supply elasticity, which is assumed to be given exogenously. This paper presents a microeconometric evaluation of the labor supply and distribution effects of a dual income tax in Germany based on a representative sample of the German population.We observe small positive effects on labor supply and a small increase in economic inequality.
Struktur und Ausmaß der intergenerationalen Einkommensmobilität in Deutschland / Structure and Extent of Intergenerational Income Mobility in Germany
Authors: Schnitzlein Daniel 
Published: April 2016

SummaryThe paper examines the structure and the extent of intergenerational income mobility in Germany. Using data from the German Socio-economic Panel it is possible to look at both, father-son and father-daughter pairs. In the present case the intergenerational income elasticity is 0.26 for father-son pairs and 0.36 for father-daughter pairs. A more detailed analysis is carried out, applying a quantile regression approach. In a third step I estimate the transition matrices of sons. Although there is some persistence at both ends of the income distribution, the results show a high level of intergenerational mobility in Germany.
Wie lässt sich die Zulassungsinformation der Studieninteressenten verbessern? / How Can the Information About the Conditions for College Admission be Improved?
Authors: Müller Christoph 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The politics of intensifying competition in higher education by deregulation and decentralisation caused in Germany problems in the field of college admissions. In the case of excess demand high transaction costs and inefficient allocation resulted from multiple applications. In a decentralized matching market the number of these applications could be reduced by increasing the number of those prospective applicants which are able to calculate their chance of admission as nearly certain or as almost without a prospect.Of special interest for this calculation are the percentage of accepted applicants and the cut off grades of the admissions procedures in the past. A cut off grade will be the more suitable for the purpose of prognosis as the applicant can foresee her or his own performance (e.g. assessed with points) in the admission procedure; and if it can be stated to which extent the cut off grade will react to varying numbers of applicants. The universities should be obliged to publish the relevant key figures, and they should abstain from selection procedures causing high uncertainty to the applicant‘s endea vours for prognosis.
Produktdifferenzierung in deutschen Industrieunternehmen 1995 – 2004: Ausmaß und Bestimmungsgründe / Product Diversification in German Manufacturing Enterprises 1995 – 2004: Extent and Determinants
Authors: Wagner Joachim 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Interest in the theoretical and empirical analysis of multi-product enterprises is growing. This paper uses newly available representative longitudinal data covering the years 1995 to 2004 to document for the first time the extent of product diversification in German manufacturing enterprises and the role of single- and multi-product firms. In 2004 about 60 percent of all enterprises were multi-product firms, producing 4.4 products on average.Multi-product firms are more often found among the larger enterprises. In 2004 the share of multi-product enterprises in total sales and total exports was 81 percent and 84 percent, respectively. Enterprises producing a large number of products are a rare species - only about three percent of all firms produce more than ten different products. This extent of product diversification is rather stable over the time period under consideration. The empirical investigation demonstrates that compared to single-product firms multi-product firms are larger, have a higher productivity, and both a higher human capital intensity and research and development intensity. These characteristics of multi-product firms do exist before single-product enterprises turn to multi-product enterprises. Therefore, and in accordance with the resource view, they can be considered as determinants of product diversification at the firm level.
Documenting the Brain Drain of “La Crème de la Crème”
Authors: Docquier Frédéric , Rapoport Hillel 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Most of the recent literature on the effects of the brain drain on source countries consists of theoretical papers and cross-country empirical studies. In this paper we complement the literature through three case studies on very different regional and professional contexts: the African medical brain drain, the exodus of European researchers to the United States, and the contribution of the Indian diaspora to the rise of the IT sector in India. While the three case studies concern the very upper tail of the skill and education distribution, their effects of source countries are contrasted: clearly negative in the case of the exodus of European researchers, clearly positive in the case of the Indian diaspora’s contribution to putting India on the IT global map, and mixed in the case of the medical brain drain out of Africa.
Wage Adjustment, Competitiveness and Unemployment – East Germany after Unification
Authors: Smolny Werner 
Published: April 2016

Summary
Nearly 20 years after unification large differences of the labor market situation in East and West Germany persist. Wages are still considerably lower, the unemployment rate is about twice of the West German level, and the competitiveness of the East German economy seems to be low. This paper analyzes the process of (relative) wage adjustment in East Germany and the resulting development of competitiveness and unemployment differentials. We present estimates of the wage adjustment in East vs. West Germany based on wage convergence and effects of unemployment on wage growth. The central focus of the paper is the empirical analysis of the interaction of the development of competitiveness and the labor market situation. The results reveal large equilibrium gaps for wages and unemployment which are based on the wage-setting process, the behavior of competitiveness and the adjustment of unemployment.
Employment Adjustments on the Internal and External Labour Market – An Empirical Study with Personnel Records of a German Company
Authors: Gerlach Knut , Hübler Olaf 
Published: April 2016

SummaryFirms are affected by the product demand. This leads to employment adjustments. In the literature we find only very few contributions investigating the issue whether internal adjustments are linked and which relationships exist with external adjustments. Are they of a complementary or substitutive nature? Furthermore, it is of interest to find out, whether we can observe an obvious trend and whether the adjustments are driven by cyclical movements.For this study we have an extensive data set of a large German manufacturing company, which supplies innovative products for the domestic and international market, provided on amonthly base from January 1999 to December 2005. The empirical analysis starts with descriptive statistics. We find that the employment adjustment cycle coincides only to a certain degree with the macroeconomic cycle. Internal and external adjustments are more characterized by complementarity than by substitution. Over the observed period we cannot detect analogous wage adjustments. It is noticeable that in 2003 compared with the years before the number of employees is substantially reduced. The econometric investigation is based on a two-stage approach. We start with a bivariate probit estimation in order to extract the relationship between the probability of overtime and of promotion. Unobserved variables have opposite effects on the former and the latter adjustment instrument. Furthermore, we detect a negative trend of internal employment adjustments. Cyclical effects are ambiguous. The next step, the determination of external adjustments with respect to overtime and promotion adjustments, is split into two estimates. On the one hand we do not distinguish between the type of external employment adjustment and on the other hand we use this information separating between quits, layoffs, workers with a cancellation agreement and with a transition into a transfer organisation. The first approach demonstrates that a promotion reduces the probability to leave the firm while overtime is positively associated with an external job change. This pattern holds generally speaking in the second, more detailed estimates. Quits are the exception. In this case we observe opposite effects. Finally, we cannot detect any influences of promotions on cancellation agreements.
The Creative Class, Bohemians and Local Labor Market Performance
Authors: Möller Joachim , Tubadji Annie 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The paper aims at testing Florida’s concept of the Creative Class using panel data for 323West German regions for the time period 1975-2004. Applying a dynamic system approach based on GMM, we find that the local concentration of the Creative Class has predictive power for the economic development of a region and tends to outperform traditional indicators of human capital. However, our results do not support Florida’s assertion that the creative workers flock where the Bohemians are. According to our findings, the Creative Class is attracted by favorable economic conditions as indicated by employment growth or an increasing wage bill.
Do Older Workers Lower IT-Enabled Productivity?
Authors: Bertschek Irene , Meyer Jenny 
Published: April 2016

Summary
The paper provides empirical evidence for the question whether firms’ IT-enabled labour productivity is affected by the age structure of the workforce. We apply a production function approach with heterogenous labour to firm-level data from German manufacturing and services industries. We find that workers older than 49 are not significantly less productive than prime age workers, whereas workers younger than 30 are significantly less productive than prime age workers. Older workers using a computer are significantly more productive than older non-computer users. The positive and significant relationship between labour productivity and IT intensity is not affected by the proportion of older workers.