bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Low-Impedance Projection Welding Device for Large Package Hermetic Sealing
Authors: Salzer Thomas E. 
Published: November 2015

Electronic packages for medical, communications, defense, and other applications are often hermetically sealed into metal containers using projection welding. However, current projection welding machines may not reliably seal packages with weld perimeters exceeding 7.6 cm (3.0 in), and also may expel metallic particles into the package.
This paper describes a novel low-impedance projection welding device that can reliably weld large packages with up to 25.4 cm (10.0 in) weld perimeters with zero weld expulsion and zero weld defects, using half the energy required by traditional machines.
The device does not rely on conventional power supplies and transformers, and delivers ≫120kA of weld current while operating from standard electrical outlet (110V, 15A circuits), and requires no external bus bars or cooling system. The system architecture can be easily scaled upward to significantly increase the delivered weld current and hermetically seal packages with weld perimeters greater than 25.4 cm (10.0 in).
A commercial version of this device has welded more than 1 million medical, communications, and military electronic packages with zero customer returns. Data is presented showing the weld parameters for a variety of commercial and military hermetic electronic packages.
Discriminación y exclusión de las mujeres en los textos escolares chilenos y cubanos de Historia
Authors: Minte Münzenmayer Andrea Renate , González Euridice 
Published: November 2015

<p><em>Se presentan los resultados de una investigación cualitativa acerca de las mujeres en los textos escolares de Historia de Chile y de Cuba. El problema de investigación se centró en establecer la representación de las mujeres en los textos escolares de Historia. El objetivo fue caracterizar la presencia de las mujeres en el discurso escolar de los textos oficiales. Como hipótesis se sostuvo que las mujeres son invisibilizadas y relegadas a segundo plano. Se aplicó el diseño hermenéutico a un corpus de 15 textos de Historia (10 chilenos y 5 cubanos) publicados entre 1996 y 2009 por diferentes editoriales. Se realizó el análisis de textos e imágenes, considerando algunas categorías propuestas por Van Leuween (1996) tales como: actor social; rol asignado; representación; nominación. Éstas permitieron caracterizar a las mujeres en un papel secundario, postergado al ámbito privado, representación que socializa en la exclusión y discriminación de las mujeres en la historia oficial de ambos países. </em></p><p> </p><p> </p>
Ideología y Pedagogía Empírica: Cuestiones para un debate
Authors: De Miguel Díaz Mario 
Published: November 2015

<p>Los investigadores empíricos en educación también tenemos la obligación de “hacer pedagogía” explicando de manera comprensible lo que hacemos, como lo hacemos y, sobre todo, para qué. Durante los últimos años constatamos la tendencia a sustituir la lógica propia de la investigación educativa – conocer/decidir/ mejorar – por otra orientada primordialmente hacia la publicación de trabajos en revistas con reconocidos índices de impacto. Con este estudio pretendemos efectuar una <em>reflexión sobre algunas de las debilidades conceptuales y metodológicas que presentan muchos de los trabajos empíricos realizados en el campo de la educación que pueden generar resultados poco creíbles e interpretaciones sesgadas de los mismos</em>. En definitiva, efectuar una llamada de atención para que la ideología e intereses académicos de los investigadores no prevalezcan sobre los fundamentos epistemológicos, metodológicos y éticos que deben regir todo trabajo sobre pedagogía empírica. </p>
The funding landscape for HIV in Asia and the Pacific
Authors: Stuart Robyn M , Lief Eric , Donald Braedon , Wilson David , Wilson David P 
Published: November 2015

IntroductionDespite recent and robust economic growth across the Asia‐Pacific region, the majority of low‐ and middle‐income countries in the region remain dependent on some donor support for HIV programmes. We describe the availability of bilateral and multilateral official development assistance (ODA) for HIV programmes in the region.MethodsThe donor countries considered in this analysis are Australia, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Netherlands, Norway, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States. To estimate bilateral and multilateral ODA financing for HIV programmes in the Asia‐Pacific region between 2004 and 2013, we obtained funding data from the Organisation for Economic Co‐operation and Development Creditor Reporting System database. Where possible, we checked these amounts against the funding data available from government aid agencies. Estimates of multilateral ODA financing for HIV/AIDS were based on the country allocations announcement by the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria (the Global Fund) for the period 2014 to 2016.ResultsCountries in the Asia‐Pacific region receive the largest share of aid for HIV from the Global Fund. Bilateral funding for HIV in the region has been relatively stable over the last decade and is projected to remain below 10% of the worldwide response to the epidemic. Bilateral donors continue to prioritize ODA for HIV to other regions, particularly sub‐Saharan Africa; Australia is an exception in prioritizing the Asia‐Pacific region, but the United States is the bilateral donor providing the greatest amount of assistance in the region. Funding from the Global Fund has increased consistently since 2005, reaching a total of US$1.2 billion for the Asia‐Pacific region from 2014 to 2016.ConclusionsEven with Global Fund allocations, countries in the Asia‐Pacific region will not have enough resources to meet their epidemiological targets. Prevention funding is particularly vulnerable and requires greater domestic leadership and coordination. Bilateral donors are still crucially important in the response to HIV throughout the Asia‐Pacific region.
Plasma polymerization of acrylic acid onto polystyrene by cyclonic plasma at atmospheric pressure
Authors: Chang Yi-Jan , Lin Chin-Ho , Huang Chun 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The cyclonic atmospheric-pressure plasma is developed for chamberless deposition of poly(acrylic acid) film from argon/acrylic acid mixtures. The photoemission plasma species in atmospheric-pressure plasma polymerization was identified by optical emission spectroscopy (OES). The OES diagnosis data and deposition results indicated that in glow discharge, the CH and C2 species resulted from low-energy electron-impact dissociation that creates deposition species, but the strong CO emission lines are related to nondeposition species. The acrylic acid flow rate is seen as the key factor affecting the film growth. The film surface analysis results indicate that a smooth, continuous, and uniform surface of poly(acrylic acid) films can be formed at a relatively low plasma power input. This study reveals the potential of chamberless film growth at atmospheric pressure for large-area deposition of poly(acrylic acid) films.
Time‐correlated patterns from spherical harmonic expansions: Application to geomagnetism
Authors: Pais M. A. , Alberto P. , Pinheiro F. J. G. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe use empirical orthogonal function analysis (EOFA) directly on sets of Schmidt spherical harmonic (SH) coefficients modeling the internal geomagnetic field or its time derivatives at different epochs. We show how to properly use the method such that the application of EOFA to either spatial or spectral domains leads to the same results, bypassing the need to work on snapshots of field charts synthesized from SHs. In case a spatial grid is required, we point out which is the best grid to use. We apply the method to the CM4 geomagnetic field model to illustrate the differences in EOFA modes obtained with and without corrections. Once the corrected main modes of secular acceleration (SA) have been singled out, we retrieve previous results showing that the 1969, 1978, and 1991 geomagnetic field acceleration jumps have the same spatial pattern. A new finding in this study is that the same spatial pattern is present in principal modes of secular variation which, once inverted, may provide the flow responsible for the jerk sequence. Another finding is the unveiling of a different spatial structure common to a second group of jerks with SA pulses around 1985 and 1996, displaying a localization very similar to SA pulses identified in 2006 and 2009 using recent satellite data. Finally, if properly handled, the EOFA can be directly applied to a grid of data values of the geomagnetic field in order to produce SH models of decorrelated modes which may help to separate different sources of the field.
Bursa of Fabricius
Authors: Nera Kalle‐Pekka , Kyläniemi Minna K , Lassila Olli 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

The bursa of Fabricius plays a central role in the development of the antibody‐producing B‐lymphocyte lineage in birds. It consists of more than 10 000 follicles surrounded by connective tissue. These follicles provide an appropriate microenvironment for generating a primary repertoire of antibodies. Immunoglobulin gene diversification is achieved by gene conversion and is antigen independent. Bursal B cells undergo very rapid cell division while expressing AID, UNG, Pax5 and Bcl6, genes that are also expressed in proliferating germinal center B cells. By the time of sexual maturity, the bursa involutes and the only source of B‐cell renewal in adult birds is the pool of postbursal B cells in the peripheral lymphoid organs. Bursal B‐cell line
DT40
provides a unique model system for gene‐targeting studies clarifying the B‐cell development, function and Ig diversification.

Key Concepts

Bursa of Fabricius is the primary site for B‐cell development.

Bursa is the site of primary antibody repertoire formation in birds.

Bursa involutes at the time of sexual maturity.

Antibody diversification in the bursa of Fabricius is antigen independent and occurs mostly by Ig gene conversion.

Bursal‐derived DT40 B‐cell line provides a reverse genetic model to study molecular function of B cells.
Disease Eradication by Vaccination
Authors: Lattanzi Maria , Del Giudice Giuseppe , Rappuoli Rino 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Eradication is the last step in the fight against pathogens and the cessation of their transmission. Several efficacious vaccines have contributed immensely to the reduction of incidence of many diseases, but only a few diseases are amenable to eradication. Vaccines as a health intervention offer the best economic and social value against emerging and re‐emerging diseases and represent the best option for control, elimination and eradication of infectious pathogens. Each eradication programme is different and will require its own strategies and tactics. All eradication programmes, however, require an intensive focus. In addition, a change in mindset will also be needed, especially in rich, developed countries where the dramatic reduction of the incidence of many infectious diseases due to vaccination has now dramatically reduced the perception of the risk linked to these diseases.

Key Concepts

Disease eradication is the ultimate goal of all prevention campaigns.

Not all infectious diseases can be eradicated even if safe and effective vaccines exist.

Vaccines offer the best economic and social value against emerging and re‐emerging diseases.

A shift in mindset in developed countries is needed to prevent re‐emergence in those countries of infectious diseases considered under control.
Reconstructing Human History Using Autosomal,Y‐Chromosomal and Mitochondrial Markers
Authors: Hirbo Jibril 
Published: November 2015

AbstractOur genomes bear signatures of past events thatcan be exploited to understand history of our species. There is consensus based on over a century of interdisciplinary research that our species emerged in Africa, but several aspects of modern human evolution is still outstanding. In this review, I highlights some major findings in genetic studies of human history using genetic markers and inferences made on history of human populations based on these markers in the context of evidence from other fields. I then suggest future undertakings in the field of genetic research of human history to have a more refined picture of our species.Key ConceptsDespite over a century of research on human history several questions on human origins are still outstandingAnalysis of molecular markers have yielded history of modern human, but still needs further refinement.Comprehensive data that captures genetic variations needs to be generatedMore sophisticated and realistic statistical approach needs to be developedIntegrating interdisciplinary data will help in refining and achieve better interpretations of history of our species
Treat,Mary
Authors: Gianquitto Tina 
Published: November 2015

AbstractMary (Davis) Treat (1830–1923) was a natural scientist and widely published nature writer. Mary Treat was an expert in both botany (specialising in carnivorous plants) and entomology (specialising in ants and wasps). She is credited with discovering several new species, and Charles Darwin quoted her original observations on insectivorous plants. Treat regularly corresponded with eminent scientists, including botanists and naturalists (Charles Darwin, Asa Gray, Charles Sprague Sargent and George Thurber), as well as entomologists (Auguste Forel and Gustav Mayr). Treat's remarkable career as a popular nature writer spanned over 50 years, from 1866 to 1910.
Copper Metabolism,ATP7AandMenkes Disease
Authors: Pierson Hannah , Lutsenko Svetlana , Tümer Zeynep 
Published: November 2015

AbstractATP7A is an ATP‐driven copper transport protein that plays an essential role in human health. ATP7A is critically involved in dietary copper uptake in the intestine. In addition, ATP7A delivers copper to numerous copper‐dependent enzymes within the secretory pathway and facilitates copper transfer to the brain. Inactivating mutations inATP7Aare associated with severe and often lethal pathologies, such as Menkes disease, occipital horn syndrome, and distal motor neuropathy. Genetic and biochemical studies have demonstrated that disease‐causing mutations disrupt ATP7A in many ways, including disruption of biosynthesis, impairment of stability, inactivation of copper transport activity and disturbance of trafficking behaviour. Cellular studies also indicate that ATP7A is a subject of complex regulation. Despite significant progress in the characterisation of ATP7A's function, cell‐specific regulation of this transporter remains poorly understood. Many aspects of pathologies caused by mutations inATP7Arequire further in depth studies.Key ConceptsCopper is the third most abundant trace element in the body, after iron and zinc, and it is required for normal function of important copper‐dependent enzymes. Copper deficiency is detrimental to the development and function of many organs especially the central nervous system.Precise regulation of intracellular copper levels is vitally important because, although essential, excess copper has detrimental effects on metabolism. Several transporter molecules and carrier proteins are involved in regulating copper homeostasis.ATP7A is a member of a large family of P‐type ATPases. These ATP‐utilising membrane proteins pump ions across cellular membranes against a concentration gradient. ATP7A is involved in the delivery of copper to cuproenzymes in the secretory pathway and in the export of surplus copper from cells.Genetic defects inATP7Aleads to the X‐linked recessive Menkes disease.Menkes disease is a multi‐systemic lethal disorder, marked by neurodegenerative symptoms and connective tissue manifestations.Most of the clinical features of Menkes disease can be explained by deficiency of various copper‐dependent enzymes.ATP7Amutations vary from single nucleotide changes to microscopically detectable chromosome abnormalities.Ultimate diagnostic proof of Menkes disease is the demonstration of the molecular defect inATP7A.Menkes disease patients show progressive deterioration of brain function. Administration of copper‐histidine before brain damage may slow the disease progression and result in less severe neurological symptoms.
Adoptive
T
‐Cell Transfer: Harnessing Immune Cells to Combat Disease
Authors: Kloss Christopher C , Maus Marcela V 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Immunotherapies have recently shown great clinical potential as medical treatment in cancer patients. The majority of these therapies aim to stimulate a selective robust immune response that eliminates what is harmful, while not damaging normal tissues. Only with careful investigation of immunity and disease can we understand how to harness the selectivity and memory of the immune system. The majority of currently approved immunotherapeutic agents consist of antibodies that require multiple infusions. In order to generate memory, the cellular component of the immune system is required. These can either be engaged in the patient directly (a vaccine approach) or manipulated and given back to the patient in a process known as adoptive cell therapy. By manipulating these cells
ex vivo
, they can be genetically modified to instruct complex and specific long‐term immune responses. As biotechnology rapidly improves, various aspects of adoptive T‐cell transfer are important to consider and could be optimised.

Key Concepts

Adoptive T‐cell therapy is the transfer of T cells that can be derived either from the same patient (autologous) or from a different person (allogeneic).

T cells can be collected and modified using gene transfer techniques before they are re‐infused to the patient.

New antigen receptors can be used to re‐direct T cells to recognise tumour proteins or infections. T cells may also be modified in other ways to harness their ability to specifically kill target cells, such as tumours.
Memory for Childhood Sexual Abuse Can Be Shaped by Social Conversations: A Commentary on Fagin, Cyr, and Hirst
Authors: Barber Sarah J. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryConversations can affect memory, including victims' memories of childhood sexual abuse. As reviewed by Fagin, Cyr, and Hirst, victims disclose different types of information to different audiences. This in turn affects their memory of the abuse; the discussed details are reinforced and the related, but not discussed, details are forgotten. The current commentary extends these arguments in three ways. First, it is important to note that not all victims disclose their abuse, and thus, not all victims are subject to conversational influences. Second, when victims disclose their abuse they may also experience verbal overshadowing effects, exhibiting impaired recall for the discussed perceptual details. Finally, when disclosing their abuse victims sometimes have conversational goals other than accuracy. Depending upon the audience victims may exaggerate details or focus on how they emotionally responded. These decisions also have memorial consequences; people remember and believe what they said rather than what they experienced. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A Decade Later: Adolescents' Memory for Medical Emergencies
Authors: Peterson Carole 
Published: November 2015

SummaryApproximately a decade earlier, 39 adolescents (3–5 years old at the time of event occurrence) were interviewed about stressful injuries serious enough to require hospital emergency room treatment. Parent and/or other witnesses were also interviewed to provide a record against which children's recall was compared. Prior to the current follow‐up, the adolescents had varying numbers of interviews (2–5), and half had been interviewed 5 years previously, whereas the remainder had not been interviewed for 8 or more years. In spite of the long delay since injury and the young age of the adolescents at the time, their recall of their injury was still excellent in terms of completeness, unique narrative detail, and accuracy, although there was a small decrease in accuracy. However, recall of hospital treatment was poorer and showed significant deterioration over time. In addition, the presence of an interview after 5 years (halfway through the 10‐year delay) as well as the number of interviews had no significant effect on 10‐year recall of either event, although more interviews tended to make free recall of the injury more detailed.Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Two‐Phase Oxidations with Aqueous Hydrogen Peroxide Catalyzed by Amphiphilic Pyridinium and Diazinium Salts
Authors: Hartman Tomáš , Šturala Jiří , Cibulka Radek 
Published: November 2015

AbstractAmphiphilic pyridinium and diazinium salts were shown to be effective catalysts in two‐phase (water/chloroform or water/dichloromethane) sulfoxidations and N‐oxidations with hydrogen peroxide under mild conditions. This unprecedented oxidation method utilizes covalent bonding of hydrogen peroxide to a simple pyridinium or diazinium nucleus to increase the lipophilicity of the hydroperoxide species and to subsequently activate it for oxidations in a non‐polar medium. The catalytic efficiency was found to depend on the type of heteroarenium core and on the lipophilicity of the catalyst. Five series of heteroarenium catalysts were prepared and investigated: 1‐Alkyl‐3,5‐dicyanopyridinium, 1‐alkyl‐3,5‐dinitropyridinium, 1‐alkyl‐3‐cyanopyrazinium, 1‐alkyl‐4‐cyanopyrimidinium and 1‐alkyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidinium triflates (alkyl=butyl, hexyl, octyl, decyl, dodecyl and hexadecyl). Among them, the 1‐octyl‐3,5‐dinitropyridinium and 1‐decyl‐4‐(trifluoromethyl)pyrimidinium triflates were found to be superior catalysts, showing the best stability and the highest catalytic activity, achieving acceleration by a factor of 350 relative to the non‐catalyzed reaction. In contrast to other organocatalytic two‐phase oxidations that use hydrogen peroxide, the presented method is characterized by high chemoselectivity and low catalyst loading (5 mol%) and with the reactions being performed under mild conditions, that is, at 25 °C using diluted hydrogen peroxide and a non‐basic aqueous phase. The catalysts have simple structures and are readily available from commercial materials. Practical applications are demonstratedviathe oxidation of several types of sulfides and amines.magnified image