bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Positive Epstein–Barr virus detection and mortality in respiratory failure patients admitted to the intensive care unit
Authors: He Hangyong , Wang Yajing , Wu Meng , Sun Bing 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundEpstein–Barr virus (EBV) infection may induce immune suppression in several ways, which may influence the proper host response to other pathogens and lead to a bad outcome of critically ill patients.MethodsThis was a single‐center, retrospective, observational study. All patients admitted to an ICU because of respiratory failure were included. EBV detection from lower respiratory tract (LRT) and serum samples were routinely performed.ResultsTwenty‐eight consecutive cases who were admitted to the ICU at high‐risk for an infection or clinical signs of an infection were included in our study. Among the 28 patients, 15 were LRT‐positive for EBV (53.6%), and 8 were seropositive for EBV (28.6%). Among the LRT EBV‐positive patients, pneumonia was the main indication for ICU admission (93.3%), and in LRT EBV‐negative patients, acute exacerbation of COPD (AECOPD) was another indication for ICU admission (46.2%). The CD3+ T cell count (especially the CD3+CD8+ T cell count) was lower than the normal range in LRT‐ and serum EBV‐positive patients; these count were in the normal range in EBV‐negative patients. The ICU mortality was 32.1% for all patients. The mortality rate was significantly higher in patients who were seropositive for EBV than seronegative patients (62.5% vs 20.0%). No differences were shown between any outcome parameters for LRT EBV‐positive and ‐negative patients.ConclusionsThis study showed that EBV DNA is detected in LRT and serum samples of a significant number of ICU patients with respiratory failure, and seropositivity for EBV was associated with mortality. This finding maybe correlated with a low CD3+CD8+ T cell count.
Do mirror movements relate to hand function and timing of the brain lesion in children with unilateral cerebral palsy?
Authors: Klingels Katrijn , Jaspers Ellen , Staudt Martin , Guzzetta Andrea , Mailleux Lisa , Ortibus Els , Feys Hilde 
Published: December 2015

AimThis study aimed to systematically map the severity of mirror movements in both hands in a prospective cohort of children with unilateral cerebral palsy, and to explore the relationship with hand function and brain lesion type.MethodSeventy‐eight children were included (41 males, 37 females; age 9y 4mo, SD 3y 1mo, range 5–15y). Mirror movements were scored during three repetitive tasks following Woods and Teuber criteria. Strength, tone, Melbourne Assessment, Jebsen–Taylor test, and Assisting Hand Assessment were evaluated. Lesions were classified into malformations (n=5), periventricular (n=43), cortico–subcortical (n=22), and postnatally acquired lesions (n=8).ResultsSignificantly more mirror movements were observed in the non‐paretic versus the paretic hand (p≤0.003). Higher mirror movement scores in the non‐paretic hand significantly correlated with lower distal strength and lower scores on unimanual and bimanual assessments (r=0.29–0.41). In the paretic hand, significant differences were found between lesion types (p=0.03).InterpretationThe occurrence of mirror movements in the non‐paretic hand seems related to hand function while mirror movements in the paretic hand seem more related to the lesion timing, whereby children with earlier lesions present with more mirror movements.
Effectiveness of decoronation technique in the treatment of ankylosis: A systematic review
Authors: Mohadeb Jhassu Varsha Naveena , Somar Mirinal , He Hong 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBackgroundDentoalveolar ankylosis in growing patients is complex leading to continuing root replacement resorption, tooth infra‐position, or may even affect the development of alveolar ridge and adjacent teeth. While extraction of ankylosed teeth might be associated with bone loss, decoronation of the offending tooth (removal of crown portion and instrumentation of pulp canal to stimulate bleeding) has been suggested as a more conservative approach of bone preservation until definitive implant placement is planned.ObjectiveTo primarily assess the efficacy of bone width and height preservation around ankylosed permanent teeth following decoronation. METHODS: Pubmed, Embase, Ovid Medline, Thomson's ISI Web of Science and Cochrane library were searched from the year 1984 up to May 2015. Two authors conducted the data extraction. To eliminate publication bias, Open Grey literature and Pro‐quest Dissertation Abstracts and Thesis database was also consulted.ResultsThrough our strict selection criteria, only 12 articles were considered for eligibility. No randomized controlled trials were identified. Only one retrospective cohort study, four case series and seven case reports, were analyzed.ConclusionsFollowing decoronation, preservation of ridge height and ridge width were both noted. To maximize the benefits of decoronation, a timely and wellmonitored intervention is required. Treatment in patients, who have surpassed pubertal growth peaks, may not yield maximum effective treatment outcomes.
Various neurocognitive deficits and conversion risk in individuals at clinical high risk for psychosis
Authors: Mourik Kees , Decrescenzo Paula , Brucato Gary , Gill Kelly E. , Arndt Leigh , Kimhy David , Keilp John G. , Girgis Ragy R. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimIndividuals at clinical high risk for psychosis (CHR) exhibit neurocognitive deficits in multiple domains. The aim of this study is to investigate whether several components of neurocognition are predictive of conversion to psychosis.MethodsFifty‐two CHR individuals were assessed with the Structured Interview for Psychosis Risk Syndromes and completed a battery of neurocognitive tests at baseline including measures of executive functioning, attention, working memory, processing speed and reaction time. Neurocognitive functioning at baseline was scored based on an external normative control group. Most subjects were followed for 2.5 years to determine conversion status.ResultsSignificant differences in neurocognitive functioning between CHR individuals and the control group were present in all domains. Twenty‐six per cent of the participants converted to psychosis within 9.8 (standard deviation = 8.0) months on average (median 9 months), but there were no significant differences in neurocognition converters and non‐converters.ConclusionsIndividuals at CHR have deficits in neurocognitive functioning, but such deficits do not appear to be related to conversion risk.
Socio‐demographic and academic correlates of clinical reasoning in a dental school in South Africa
Authors: Postma T. C. , White J. G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIntroductionThere are no empirical studies that describe factors that may influence the development of integrated clinical reasoning skills in dental education. Hence, this study examines the association between outcomes of clinical reasoning in relation with differences in instructional design and student factors.Materials and MethodsProgress test scores, including diagnostic and treatment planning scores, of fourth and fifth year dental students (2009–2011) at the University of Pretoria, South Africa served as the outcome measures in stepwise linear regression analyses. These scores were correlated with the instructional design (lecture‐based teaching and learning (LBTL = 0) or case‐based teaching and learning (CBTL = 1), students' grades in Oral Biology, indicators of socio‐economic status (SES) and gender.ResultsCBTL showed an independent association with progress test scores. Oral Biology scores correlated with diagnostic component scores. Diagnostic component scores correlated with treatment planning scores in the fourth year of study but not in the fifth year of study. ‘SES’ correlated with progress test scores in year five only, while gender showed no correlation.ConclusionThe empirical evidence gathered in this study provides support for scaffolded inductive teaching and learning methods to develop clinical reasoning skills. Knowledge in Oral Biology and reading skills may be important attributes to develop to ensure that students are able to reason accurately in a clinical setting.
Resurrecting complexity: the interplay of plasticity and rapid evolution in the multiple trait response to strong changes in predation pressure in the water fleaDaphnia magna
Authors: Stoks Robby , Govaert Lynn , Pauwels Kevin , Jansen Bastiaan , De Meester Luc 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA resurrection ecology reconstruction of 14 morphological, life history and behavioural traits revealed that a naturalDaphnia magnapopulation rapidly tracked changes in fish predation by integrating phenotypic plasticity and widespread evolutionary changes both in mean trait values and in trait plasticity. Increased fish predation mainly generated rapid adaptive evolution of plasticity (especially in the presence of maladaptive ancestral plasticity) resulting in an important change in the magnitude and direction of the multivariate reaction norm. Subsequent relaxation of the fish predation pressure resulted in reversed phenotypic plasticity and mainly caused evolution of the trait means towards the ancestral pre‐fish means. Relaxation from fish predation did, however, not result in a complete reversal to the ancestral fishless multivariate phenotype. Our study emphasises that the study population rapidly tracked environmental changes through a mosaic of plasticity, evolution of trait means and evolution of plasticity to generate integrated phenotypic changes in multiple traits.
Efficacy of the classic ketogenic and the modified Atkins diets in refractory childhood epilepsy
Authors: Kim Jeong A , Yoon Jung‐Rim , Lee Eun Joo , Lee Joon Soo , Kim Jeong Tae , Kim Heung Dong , Kang Hoon‐Chul 
Published: December 2015

SummaryObjectiveWe aimed to compare the efficacy, safety, and tolerability of a modified Atkins diet (MAD) with the classic ketogenic diet (KD) for the treatment of intractable childhood epilepsy.MethodsFrom March 2011 to March 2014, 104 patients aged 1–18 years who had refractory epilepsy were randomly assigned to each diet group (ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT2100501). A seizure diary record was used to compare seizure frequencies with the baseline prediet seizure frequency at the third and sixth months after diet therapy initiation.ResultsFifty‐one patients were assigned to the KD and 53 patients to the MAD. The KD group had a lower mean percentage of baseline seizures compared with the MAD group at 3 months (38.6% for KD, 47.9% for MAD) and 6 months (33.8% for KD, 44.6% for MAD), but the differences were not statistically significant (95% confidence interval [CI] 24.1–50.8, p = 0.291 for 3 months; 95% CI 17.8–46.1, p = 0.255 for 6 months). Instead, for patients aged 1–2 years, seizure outcomes were consistently much more favorable in patients consuming the KD compared with those consuming the MAD. The rate of seizure freedom at 3 months after diet therapy initiation was significantly higher (53% for KD, 20% for MAD, p = 0.047) in these patients. The MAD had advantages with respect to better tolerability and fewer serious side effects.SignificanceThe MAD might be considered as the primary choice for the treatment of intractable epilepsy in children, but the classic KD is more suitable as the first line of diet therapy in patients <2 years of age.
Do Positive Parenting Practices Moderate Parental Mental Health and Child Behavior Among Homeless Families?
Authors: McNeil Smith Shardé , Holtrop Kendal , Reynolds Jamila 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe social interaction learning framework was used to explore whether positive parenting practices (noncoercive discipline, clear expectations, and praise and incentives) mitigated any effects of parent mental health (psychological distress and parenting stress) on child externalizing behaviors in a predominantly African American sample of homeless parents residing in transitional housing (N = 52, 79.6% female). The results showed that the positive relationship between psychological distress and child behavior was attenuated when parents provided high levels of praise and incentives. In addition, a positive relationship between parenting stress and child behavior existed only when parents transmitted low levels of praise and incentives. No significant findings existed for noncoercive discipline and clear expectations. The results suggest the need to further understand the positive aspects of parenting in the context of homelessness that can promote child adjustment even if parental mental health is compromised.
Beta diversity of stream diatoms at two hierarchical spatial scales: implications for biomonitoring
Authors: Jyrkänkallio‐Mikkola Jenny , Heino Jani , Soininen Janne 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Human‐induced loss of environmental heterogeneity may lead to homogenisation of biological communities. However, environmental heterogeneity is important for sustaining current levels of biodiversity. Hence, more ecological research should be directed on understanding the relationships between beta diversity and environmental heterogeneity.

Benthic diatoms are among the most extensively studied taxa of primary producers in streams, yet their beta diversity patterns are not well documented at intermediate spatial scales, that is within and among streams, in a catchment.

We tested how well one sampling site represents the total diatom diversity of a stream using 10 boreal streams, each comprising 10 sampled riffles. We also examined variation in diatom community structure at two hierarchical scales, within and among streams. Relationships between diatom beta diversity and environmental heterogeneity were studied using a combination of species accumulation curves, canonical analysis of principal coordinates, tests of homogeneity of dispersions and distance‐based redundancy analysis.

We found large variation in community structure within each stream, which indicates thatone sample is not adequate to represent the diatom diversity of an entire stream. The variation in among‐stream diatom community structure was larger than among‐stream habitat heterogeneity. Although no positive relationship between within‐stream diatom beta diversity and environmental heterogeneity was detected, we found that diatom community variation was significantly related to physical habitat structure and, surprisingly, also to grazer abundance.

We recommend that more than one sampling site is included in analyses aiming to cover the diatom diversity of a whole stream. This is especially true for pristine sites with high diatom diversity. In addition, we suggest that researchers incorporate physical and biological factors as explanatory variables when monitoring diatoms both at the within‐ and among‐stream scales.
Robust estimation of survival and contribution of captive‐bred Mallards Anas platyrhynchos to a wild population in a large‐scale release programme
Authors: Champagnon Jocelyn , Legagneux Pierre , Souchay Guillaume , Inchausti Pablo , Bretagnolle Vincent , Bourguemestre François , Van Ingen Laura , Guillemain Matthieu 
Published: December 2015

The survival of captive‐bred individuals from release into the wild to their first breeding season is crucial to assess the success of reintroduction or translocation programmes, and to assess their potential impact of wild populations. However, assessing the survival of captive‐bred individuals following their release is often complicated by immediate dispersal once in the wild. Here, we apply Lindberg's robust design model, a method that incorporates emigration from the study site, to obtain true estimates of survival of captive‐bred Mallards Anas platyrhynchos, a common duck species released on a large scale in Europe since the 1970s. Overall survival rate from release in July until the onset of the next breeding season in April was low (0.18 ± 0.07 se) and equivalent to half the first‐year survival of local wild Mallards. Higher overall detectability and temporary emigration during the hunting period revealed movements in response to hunting pressure. Such low survival of released Mallards during their first year may help prevent large‐scale genetic mixing with the wild population. Nevertheless, by combining our results with regional waterfowl counts, we estimated that a minimum of 34% of the Mallards in the region were of captive origin at the onset of the breeding season. Although most released birds quickly die, restocking for hunting may be of sufficient magnitude to affect the wild population through genetic homogenization or loss of local adaptation. Robust design protocols allow for the estimation of true survival estimates by controlling for permanent and temporary emigration and may require only a moderate increase in fieldwork effort.
Cross‐sectional correlations between the toe brachial index and lower limb complications in older people
Authors: Sonter Jennifer A , Chuter Vivienne H 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between the toe brachial index (TBI) and foot ulceration and amputation in older people. Two hundred and sixty‐one participants meeting guidelines for lower limb vascular assessment had their toe and brachial blood pressure measured, medical records audited and signs and symptoms of peripheral arterial disease (PAD) recorded. Pearson's correlation and linear regression analyses were performed to determine the strength of relationships between variables. Significant correlations were found between the TBI and painful symptoms (r = −0·35, P < 0·05) and foot complications (r = −0·31, P < 0·05). After adjusting for traditional risk factors for foot complications, participants with a TBI <0·70 were 19 times more likely to have a history of foot wounds or amputation (odds ratio = 19·20, 95% confidence interval (CI): 2·36–155·96, P < 0·001) than those with higher TBI values (>0·70). This preliminary study supports a TBI threshold of 0·70 for PAD diagnosis and indicates that lower values are associated with painful symptoms, history of ulceration and amputation. Future longitudinal investigation of the predictive capacity is now warranted.
The clinical learning environment in nursing education: a concept analysis
Authors: Flott Elizabeth A. , Linden Lois 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to report an analysis of the clinical learning environment concept.BackgroundNursing students are evaluated in clinical learning environments where skills and knowledge are applied to patient care. These environments affect achievement of learning outcomes, and have an impact on preparation for practice and student satisfaction with the nursing profession. Providing clarity of this concept for nursing education will assist in identifying antecedents, attributes and consequences affecting student transition to practice.DesignThe clinical learning environment was investigated using Walker and Avant's concept analysis method.Data sourcesA literature search was conducted using WorldCat, MEDLINE and CINAHL databases using the keywords clinical learning environment, clinical environment and clinical education. Articles reviewed were written in English and published in peer‐reviewed journals between 1995–2014.MethodsAll data were analysed for recurring themes and terms to determine possible antecedents, attributes and consequences of this concept.ResultsThe clinical learning environment contains four attribute characteristics affecting student learning experiences. These include: (1) the physical space; (2) psychosocial and interaction factors; (3) the organizational culture and (4) teaching and learning components. These attributes often determine achievement of learning outcomes and student self‐confidence.ConclusionWith better understanding of attributes comprising the clinical learning environment, nursing education programmes and healthcare agencies can collaborate to create meaningful clinical experiences and enhance student preparation for the professional nurse role.
The Mental Health of British Adults with Intellectual Impairments Living in General Households
Authors: Hatton Chris , Emerson Eric , Robertson Janet , Baines Susannah 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundPeople with intellectual disability or borderline intellectual functioning may have poorer mental health than their peers. The present authors sought to (i) estimate the risk of poorer mental health among British adults with and without intellectual impairments and (ii) estimate the extent to which any between‐group differences in mental health may reflect between‐group differences in rates of exposure to common social determinants of poorer health.Materials and MethodsThe present authors undertook secondary analysis of confidentialized unit records collected in Wave 3 of Understanding Society.ResultsBritish adults with intellectual impairments living in general households are at significantly increased risk of potential mental health problems than their non‐disabled peers (e.g. GHQ Caseness OR = 1.77, 95% CI (1.25–2.52), P < 0.001). Adjusting for between‐group differences in age, gender and indicators of socio‐economic position eliminated this increased risk [GHQ Caseness adjusted OR = 1.06, 95% CI (0.73–1.52), n.s].ConclusionsOur analyses are consistent with the hypothesis that the increased risk of poor mental health among people with intellectual impairments may be attributable to their poorer living conditions rather than their intellectual impairments per se. Greater attention should be given to understanding and addressing the impact of exposure to common social determinants of mental health among marginalized or vulnerable groups.
(Re)Applying social psychology to organizational work, well‐being, and leadership
Authors: Rast David E. , Axtell Carolyn , McGlynn Stephen 
Published: December 2015

AbstractResearch on organizational behavior is fundamentally an application of social psychology theory and phenomena. While much of organizational psychology is inherently grounded in social psychological research, these two disciplines are largely disconnected from one another. More visibility of the commonalities may encourage discussion, collaboration, and integration between these two fields—an integration that will only benefit each discipline. The present article briefly reviews the historic overlap between these disciplines, the resulting divide between them, and then discusses recent developments demonstrating the potential power of reconnecting social psychology with organizational‐relevant research. We then examine how the six empirical articles in this Special Issue benefit from applying social psychological theory to organizational research. We will conclude by identifying potential areas ripe for future research.