bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Media Representations of Family in the
U
nited
S
tates
Authors: Weinbrenner Donald , Fernandez‐Baca Daniel 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
American media portrayals of family are tied to social, historical, and economic factors often overlooked in the contemporary debate about family ideals. Emerging out of a period of growth in the post‐World War II era, the nuclear family and its characteristics have been imbued into the daily discussions about the subject. The effect on gender, race, sexuality, and class in media portrayals has been studied by a range of scholars. Within gender, women seek to bridge the private and public spheres while men rarely find themselves represented at home. Minorities struggle for accurate portrayals that will destigmatize them. Meanwhile, LGBT families strive to be seen at all. Class finds itself commonly used to segment viewers, allowing them to identify both by behavior and spending habits. Mass media can provide both a repetitive and a hegemonic view of family, and a medium to challenge notions of family and create a societal discussion.
Trailing Partners
Authors: Christ Stephen R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
With the increased prevalence of dual‐income households and the emergence of a global marketplace in which ideas, goods, and people are exchanged on a constant basis, it is common in the twenty‐first century for men and women to be assigned to a job or relocated for a position in a different city, region, or even country. In this situation, one of the members of the relationship must give up his/her studies, job, or career to follow, or “trail,” the significant other in an attempt to maintain the relationship.
Common‐Law Marriage
Authors: Solernou Daniel J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Common‐law marriage is a type of marriage that takes legal effect, without license or ceremony, when two people capable of marrying live together as husband and wife, intend to be married, and hold themselves out to others as a married couple. There is no standardized terminology when referring to a common‐law marriage and various different terms are used. Common‐law marriages have been at the center of the same‐sex marriage debate in the United States and will be an important part of American culture for decades to come.
Cuba, Families in
Authors: Ellis Glenn 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Cuban family in the early twenty‐first century bears little resemblance to families in other Latin American countries, as one might expect. The impact of the revolution in Cuba in 1959, along with several other key factors in the country's history, has helped to shape the family in Cuba. From Spanish colonialism to the slave trade to the revolution to the LBGT rights movement, Cuban families are continuing to evolve.
Judaism and Families
Authors: Train Kelly Amanda 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Judaism, as a patriarchal religion, traditionally had gender relations that revolve around men's superiority and women's inferiority. Under Jewish law, men's role in the community was traditionally to devote themselves to religious study. From ancient times through the nineteenth century, Rabbinic scholars rationalized to women that they were “exempted” from the “burden” of having to perform the duties and obligations of Jewish law, and women were relegated to the roles of homemaker, mother, and breadwinner. During the Industrial Revolution, Jewish men in many societies embraced middle‐class values and the role of the breadwinner and thereby Jewish male intellectualism became associated with secular higher education and material success. Many Jewish families became less religious, yet Jewish women continued to keep holiday traditions within the home.
Pool of Eligibles
Authors: Walker Laquitta M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Within the field of demography and population studies, the pool of eligibles is the pool of potential mates in a given population who share similar characteristics, especially race/ethnicity, social class, and educational level. Other characteristics, such as religion and age grouping, play a role. The pool of potential mates is a critical factor in the mate selection process and has implications for many social and demographic factors such as fertility, poverty, and family formation.
Nonmarital Births in the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Mitchell Katherine Stamps 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Nonmarital fertility has increased dramatically since the 1960s. About 41 percent of US children are born to unmarried parents. There is substantial variation in the nonmarital birth rate by age, race/ethnicity, income, and educational attainment. On average, couples who have children outside marriage are more disadvantaged than couples who marry before their children are born. The majority of nonmarital births today occur within cohabitation. The rise in nonmarital births has accompanied other family changes, such as delayed marriage and growing cohabitation, which together constitute the second demographic transition. Children born to unmarried parents are more likely to experience family structure instability and poor economic outcomes compared to children born to married parents.
Marriage Rates
Authors: Silva Diogo , Goulart Pedro , Obreshkova Evgeniya 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Marriage rates have shown short‐term and long‐term fluctuations over time. Particularly since the early 1980s, a decreasing pattern of marriage rates in most developed western societies seems to be emerging. Nevertheless, marriage still exerts an important influence in people's lives, particularly in less developed societies. This entry reviews some of the factors behind the decrease in marriage rates. It is suggested that women's educational levels and work opportunities, cultural factors, cohabitation, and imbalanced sex ratios have played a major role in the decline of marriage rates.
T
imor‐
L
este, Families in
Authors: Seixas Paulo Castro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This entry presents an overview of the family in Timor‐Leste, a young country with a rich history and a culture in the process of social change. Within the alliance system of families in Timor‐Leste, marriage is a continuous negotiation between traditional and modern views, the latter of which focuses more on the conjugal relationship. The first demographic transition is just emerging, as reflected in changes in fertility and in the significance of children in the family context. The place of women is also being reevaluated and the roles of single, separated, divorced, and widowed women being reconsidered. The family in Timor‐Leste is a core area of negotiation, through which a plurality of traditions are being transformed to accommodate modernity through a process of cultural translation.
Islam and Families
Authors: Hussein Nashaat 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe image of families in Muslim countries is mainly the outcome of both the way family relationships are portrayed in Islam and the cultural specificity of individual Muslim countries. The Quran and Sunna present a holistic vision of the main constituents of family relations and specified gender‐based roles, and define the obligations of parents to their children. Given the important role played by the family in defining the main derivatives of the Islamicum'ma(nation), Islam places a fundamental emphasis on marriage and marital obligations.
Middle Childhood
Authors: Blume Libby Balter , Rosario‐Perez Shirley 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Middle childhood is the developmental period between early childhood and adolescence. Because the physical, social‐emotional, and cognitive developmental abilities of children of school age are qualitatively different from those of children who are either younger or older, understanding middle childhood is relevant both for family professionals and for parents and other adults raising school‐age children. Although some scholars consider middle childhood a distinct developmental stage, recent researchers more often conceptualize middle childhood as a transitional period that predicts successful outcomes in adolescence and adulthood. Researchers who focus on middle childhood have found that the most important developmental contexts include family, school, peer group, and the local neighborhood. Contemporary school‐age children live in diverse family constellations, including dual‐career families, single‐parent families, same‐sex parent families, stepfamilies, and transnational families; however, parent–child and sibling relationships are the focus of most of the research on family relations during middle childhood.
Sexual Aggression
Authors: Papazoglou Konstantinos , Andersen Judith P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSexual aggression is defined as the offenders' act to impose his or her sexual will over another, nonconsenting, person using behaviors such as threats, intimidation, drugs, or physical force. Sexual aggression may happen to any person regardless of his/her socioeconomic status, education, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation, and so forth. Historically, women have been treated by men as “property” and, thus, sexual aggression against a woman was an act against the man (e.g., father, husband) who “owned” her. Sexual aggression may take place in a family environment or in a romantic relationship and it may be “condoned” by some fundamentalist religious laws. Sexual aggression often has a negative impact on victims' mental and physical health. Even though 9.1 percent of women in the United States have been forced to have their first sexual intercourse, this number is relatively low compared to other places (e.g., 40 percent in Peru). Over the years different theories (e.g., feminist, social learning) have proposed explanations as to why sexual aggression is common. Further, a number of techniques have been developed to attempt to treat sex offenders.
Refugee Families
Authors: Akinyemi Akanni Ibukun , Sanya Lily , Omoyeni Sunday Tunde 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
By the end of 2010, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees estimated that around 43.7 million people worldwide had been forcibly displaced. Many of these refugees are isolated from their families while others move with their families. These movements have serious implications and consequences for the families. These challenges take different forms and vary from culture to culture within a broader context of integration and assimilation in the destination country. Refugees are also a very important development issue, given their implications for other family members both through the support provided by remittances or by opening up the possibility for other family members to migrate, in what is known as chain migration.
Stay‐at‐Home Fathers
Authors: Finley Gordon E. , Schwartz Seth J. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Stay‐at‐home fathers has become a critically important topic because of reversals in the traditional male dominance in education, occupation, and income. Given the increasing prevalence of women in higher education and in higher status occupations, and their increased earnings, especially in the younger generation, the traditional assignment of males to the breadwinner role and females to the caretaking and homemaking role has come into question. Although existing research indicates that such a reversal – where women work and men stay home and take care of the children – would be good for children, it remains unclear how men and women in these nontraditional roles would fare over the long term and what effects a nontraditional fathering role would have on the couple relationship over time.
Unpaid Family Workers
Authors: Akinyemi Folashade Oyeyemi , Kupoluyi Joseph Ayodeji , Akinyemi Akanni Ibukun 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Unpaid family workers are a heterogeneous group within the family whose work is categorized as marginal and is not included in paid income for the family. Across countries and cultures, unpaid family workers include housewives, elder caregivers, and children engaged in economic activities that are not remunerated. In Africa and Asia, the proportion of unpaid family workers is quite large and is mostly involved in subsistence agriculture.
Gender and
M
uslim Families
Authors: Velayati Masoumeh 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Some of the beliefs of Muslims are controversial to secular audiences, who may not draw on religious beliefs to mediate cultural norms. Gender in Muslim family structure is one of them. The Islamic framework articulates the complementary gendered roles in conjugal relationships as religious duties. In this system, at least according to the rhetoric, men and women have equal value associated with two separate spheres. However, spatial divisions, in addition to men's lack of comprehension of religious moral principles, exacerbate and maintain gender inequalities and the control of female sexuality within the Muslim tradition. Men become prone to abuse their financial privilege and spatial division, taking their privileged position for granted as their right in terms of power, authority, and hierarchy. Contesting the unequal treatment of women and promoting their rights and priorities, Muslim women challenge the conservative gender discriminations wrongly associated with Islam. Some do this within the Islamic ethical framework.
Love
Authors: Yeager Erica Owens 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Love is a complex emotional state that can be used to describe relationships between family members, friends, or romantic partners. Love‐like states that are not, strictly speaking, love are often confused with love and are termed “love” by those who experience them. There are several major theories that explain how romantic love develops and is maintained, each of which helps to shed light on how the experience of love varies from person to person, from relationship to relationship, and even within a relationship. Romantic love is idealized in some cultures, and marriage without love is deemed shameful or unthinkable. Love is generally seen as a requirement when one is choosing one's own mate, though historically this was not always the case. Love as a motivation for marriage is a relatively recent phenomenon, made reasonable by increases in life expectancy. Love also seems to be a physiologic state, capable of causing visible difference in reactions on magnetic brain imaging.
M
arx and
E
ngels on the Family
Authors: Garlitz Dustin 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

Social philosophers Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels wrote on the family several times throughout their careers, the most notable cases being Engels's
The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State
, and Marx and Engels's coauthored
The Holy Family
. In
The Origin of the Family
, Engels used the term “family” to denote the social organization of reproduction and production of daily life at all stages of human society. Beyond
The Origin of the Family
and
The Holy Family
, Marx and Engels paid scholarly attention to the family in their coauthored
Communist Manifesto
and in
The German Ideology
, both functioning as intellectual efforts to support the program of Marxism from anthropological and dialectical (philosophical) points of view. Marx often used discussions of the family to critique the philosophy and logic of his early influence G. W. F. Hegel. Engels's work involving the history and organization of the family exerted a substantial influence in late nineteenth‐century intellectual thought and has since enjoyed a revival among contemporary socialists and feminists.
Childhood, History of
Authors: Rago Marina 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Childhood in history depends on historical perspective, observed social context, and available documents. There are many direct historical sources (like letters, diaries, testaments, etc.) and various indirect historical sources (like pictures, artifacts, portraits, etc.). The concept of childhood as a distinct stage of life has changed over the ages. In the Middle Ages, the early years of a person's life were not considered to be different from any other age, and children were not considered as different from older people. Infanticide was rampant. In the early modern period, the affection that parents had for their children was influenced by economic interests. In the Enlightenment period, children were recognized as being unique, with their own developmental needs, and education became compulsory. At the time of the Industrial Revolution, children worked in factories and coal mines. In contemporary, postindustrial societies, childhood has become recognized as an important stage of life and children are cherished. A “new” sociology of childhood has challenged the academic approach to children. Children are increasingly being viewed as active rather than as passive agents of family life.
Postpartum Depression
Authors: Davidson Michele R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPostpartum depression (PPD) occurs when persistent depressive symptomology occurs for more than two weeks following childbirth. While the majority of women experience the “baby blues” as a result of hormonal fluctuations, postpartum depression symptoms persist, are more severe in nature, and require medical intervention. Baby blues are characterized by mood lability and sudden crying but most commonly last a few days and then resolve. Up to 70 percent of women experience a few days of baby blues which then resolves completely. Most women with PPD develop symptoms within four weeks of giving birth, though symptoms can occur anytime within the 12 months following delivery. Approximately 15 to 25 percent of women experience PPD following childbirth. Postpartum depression can occur as a result of a live birth, spontaneous abortion, elective termination, or a fetal demise. In the United States 2 million new mothers experience PPD annually. Certain factors reduce the risk of PPD, including adequate social support, regular sleep patterns, and breastfeeding.
Guardianship in the
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nited
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tates
Authors: Bullock Angela N. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the context of foster care, guardianship does not require the termination of parental rights, nor does it require the suspension of kin relationships. However, it does involve the physical and legal placement of children with someone other than a parent in cases where the parent is unable to care for a child. Essentially, a guardian receives legal custody of a child and becomes responsible for the care of the child, which includes the authority to make decisions about a child's medical treatment, education, and employment. The concept of guardianship has evolved over time and, in an effort to find permanency for children, guardianship is a proposed means for children to exit foster care. Subsidized guardianship, in particular, is being examined as an alternative for children who may not have the opportunity for adoptive placement.
Multipartnered Fertility
Authors: Evenhouse Eirik , Reilly Siobhan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Multipartnered fertility (MPF), or multiple‐partner fertility, refers to bearing or fathering children by more than one partner. Multipartnered fertility can occur in the context of serial monogamy or through polygamy. Estimates of MPF rates vary widely, and, due to data deficiencies, are accurate at the national level for only a few countries. In US data, MPF is linked to reduced well‐being among mothers and children and is strongly associated with remarriage, low education, low income, nonmarital birth, and early motherhood. Despite an increase in nonmarital births and divorces, MPF does not appear to be trending upward owing to other, offsetting, demographic changes.
Marital Conflict
Authors: Theiss Jennifer A. , Leustek John 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Conflict is a common and necessary aspect of marital life. As spouses attempt to integrate their lives, they will inevitably face differences in opinion, barriers to personal goals, and disruptions to individual routines that are likely to elicit conflict. Married couples approach conflict in a variety of ways. Scholars have identified typologies of marital conflict that categorize couples as validating, volatile, and avoiding or as traditional, independent, and separate. Research on conflict in marriage has also uncovered interaction patterns associated with conflict in marriage, most notably the demand–withdraw pattern of marital conflict. Finally, spouses may have a variety of diverse cognitive and emotional reactions to conflict that can have implications for conflict resolution and for marital quality.
Couples' Counseling
Authors: Jeffries Cody , Poppy Aaron , Halpin Jennifer , Brown Kristina S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Couples counseling parallels many of the ideas and approaches of marriage counseling which has its origins in the 1920s in the United States. Theory dominated the emergence of family counseling, and many of those theories parallel those for working with couples, such as cognitive behavioral couples therapy, Bowenian couples therapy, emotionally focused couples therapy, solution‐focused couples therapy, and narrative couples therapy. Common presenting issues in couples counseling include treatment of affairs, separation and divorce, physical aggression, alcoholism and drug abuse, depression, borderline personality disorder, and sexual dysfunction.
Journal of Comparative Family Studies
Authors: Kurian George , White James M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

The
Journal of Comparative Family Studies
(
JCFS
) is a peer‐reviewed academic journal devoted to social scientific research on the family. More particularly, the journal focuses on cross‐cultural comparisons of family form and processes. It publishes four issues per year and is the only academic journal specifically dedicated to the comparative study of the family.
Polygamy in
A
frica
Authors: Diop Mame Kani , Stewart Pearl E. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Polygamy was common and widespread in the ancient world and widely practiced among some religious groups. The reasons for its existence and persistence are varied and have been a source of fierce debate. Africa, in particular western Africa, has established itself as a region where polygamy is viewed as the norm. This entry explores the trends in polygamous marriages in western African countries and examines the factors contributing to the practice and maintenance of polygamy, such as the slave trade, with its impact on the sex ratio, and traditional, sociocultural, and economic factors. The effects of education on attitudes toward polygamy are also examined, as is the influence of polygamy on the lives of women and children.
Familicide
Authors: Whiteley Mark , Terrell Nathan , Bodman Denise Ann 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFamilicide is the killing of a spouse or significant other and their children. It is a predominantly male phenomenon. Suicide or attempted suicide is also a frequent feature of familicide. Antecedents of familicide include substance abuse, mental health issues, job loss, threat of separation by significant other, and previous domestic violence. Guns are the most commonly used weapon. Familicide has been categorized into four types: despondent husband, spousal revenge, extended parricide, and diffuse conflict. The lack of standard definitions and of adequate theory hampers the study of family killings.
Sport, Leisure, and Family Life
Authors: Cohen Diana Tracy 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe role of sport in family life has been the focus of sociological investigation for over 40 years. One of the most powerful institutions in the world, sport offers a variety of unique contexts for family bonding. Some parents use sport as a mechanism for instilling skills and traditions related to health and fitness in their children; this is referred to as generative parenting. When, where, and how sport and family life intertwine depend on a number of factors. These factors include spatial and temporal privacy, desired visibility of the activity, economic resources, and gendered beliefs about childrearing practices.