bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Electrical stimulation structurally affects the tissues of the rectum and anus of nulliparous rats
Authors: de Sousa Hugo Alves , Silva Maria da Glória da , Barbosa Keyla de Paula , Vianna Leonora Maciel de Souza , Pacheco Yolanda Galindo , de Godoy José Roberto Pimenta , Kuckelhaus Selma Aparecida Souza 
Published: May 2017

AbstractConsidering that the muscles of the anus perform a critical role in maintaining continence, losses in their structure can negatively affect the physiological control of the intestinal contents. Anorectal electro‐stimulation (ARES) has been reported to have a positive effect on the functionality of treated patients, but how ARES affects the structural tissues of the anorectal segment remains unknown. Because the study of how ARES structurally affects human tissues is not possible, this study aimed to clarify these effects in a murine model, which has a similar anorectal segment (structure and physiology) to humans. For the descriptive and comparative study, randomly selected nulliparous adult Wistar rats (n = 5) were submitted to 30 anorectal sessions of ARES with a biphasic current (700 μs, 50 Hz from 2 to 4 mA). After treatment, the animals were euthanized, and the anorectal segments were dissected and processed for histopathological analysis. Our results showed that ARES increased the widths of the mucosal, submucosal and muscle layers of the rectum, as well as the number of leukocytes in the mucosa. ARES also caused hyperplasia of the smooth muscle of the internal anal sphincter and hypertrophy of the external anal sphincter muscle. In conclusion, our results showed that ARES had not only a positive effect on the structure (morphology) of all tissues associated with the rectum and anus but, more importantly, on the structural gain of the muscles (hyperplasia and hypertrophy), which could point to a functional gain of the anal sphincter, reinforcing the applicability of ARES as a non‐invasive treatment for anal incontinence.
Adverse effects of fructose on cardiometabolic risk factors and hepatic lipid metabolism in subjects with abdominal obesity
Authors: Taskinen M.‐R. , Söderlund S. , Bogl L. H. , Hakkarainen A. , Matikainen N. , Pietiläinen K. H. , Räsänen S. , Lundbom N. , Björnson E. , Eliasson B. , Mancina R. M. , Romeo S. , Alméras N. , Pepa G. D. , Vetrani C. , Prinster A. , Annuzzi G. , Rivellese A. , Després J.‐P. , Borén J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundOverconsumption of dietary sugars, fructose in particular, is linked to cardiovascular risk factors such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, dyslipidemia and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. However, clinical studies have to date not clarified whether these adverse cardiometabolic effects are induced directly by dietary sugars, or whether they are secondary to weight gain.ObjectivesTo assess the effects of fructose (75 g day−1), served with their habitual diet over 12 weeks, on liver fat content and other cardiometabolic risk factors in a large cohort (n = 71) of abdominally obese men.MethodsWe analysed changes in body composition, dietary intake, an extensive panel of cardiometabolic risk markers, hepatic de novo lipogenesis (DNL), liver fat content and postprandial lipid responses after a standardized oral fat tolerance test (OFTT).ResultsFructose consumption had modest adverse effects on cardiometabolic risk factors. However, fructose consumption significantly increased liver fat content and hepatic DNL and decreased β‐hydroxybutyrate (a measure of β‐oxidation). The individual changes in liver fat were highly variable in subjects matched for the same level of weight change. The increase in liver fat content was significantly more pronounced than the weight gain. The increase in DNL correlated positively with triglyceride area under the curve responses after an OFTT.ConclusionOur data demonstrated adverse effects of moderate fructose consumption for 12 weeks on multiple cardiometabolic risk factors in particular on liver fat content despite only relative low increases in weight and waist circumference. Our study also indicates that there are remarkable individual differences in susceptibility to visceral adiposity/liver fat after real‐world daily consumption of fructose‐sweetened beverages over 12 weeks.
Asthma, other atopic conditions and risk of infections in 105 519 general population never and ever smokers
Authors: Helby J. , Nordestgaard B. G. , Benfield T. , Bojesen S. E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundIndividuals with atopic conditions may have increased susceptibility to infections outside the organs directly affected by their atopic condition.ObjectiveWe tested the hypothesis that atopic conditions overall, and stratified by smoking history, are associated with increased risk of hospitalization for infections.MethodsWe collected information on smoking history and self‐reported atopic conditions from 105 519 individuals from the general population and followed them for up to 23 years for infectious disease hospitalizations and deaths. For asthma, we focused on never smokers with asthma diagnosed before age 50 (early asthma) to minimize confounding by chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.ResultsDuring follow‐up, 11 160 individuals had infections. Never smokers with early asthma versus no atopic conditions had significantly increased risks of any infection (hazard ratio 1.65; 95% confidence interval 1.40–1.94), pneumonia (2.44; 1.92–3.11) and any non‐respiratory tract infection (1.36; 1.11–1.67); results were similar in ever smokers. Never smokers with any asthma had significantly increased risks of any infection (1.44; 1.24–1.66) and pneumonia (1.99; 1.62–2.44). Neither atopic dermatitis (1.00; 0.91–1.10) nor hay fever (1.00; 0.93–1.07) was associated with risk of any infection. In never smokers, risk estimates for any infection were comparable between asthma and diabetes, as were the population attributable fractions of 2.2% for any asthma and 2.9% for diabetes.ConclusionEarly asthma was associated with significantly increased risks of any infection, pneumonia and any non‐respiratory tract infection in never and ever smokers. In never smokers, risk estimates as well as population attributable fractions for any infection were comparable between asthma and diabetes, suggesting that asthma may be a substantial risk factor for infections in the general population.
An electromyographic study on the sequential recruitment of bilateral sternocleidomastoid and masseter muscle activity during gum chewing
Authors: Guo S.‐X. , Li B.‐Y. , Zhang Y. , Zhou L.‐J. , Liu L. , Widmalm S.‐E. , Wang M.‐Q. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryMandibular functions are associated with electromyographic activity of the jaw muscles and also the sternocleidomastoid muscle (SCM). The precise spatiotemporal relation of SCM and masticatory muscles activities during chewing is worthy of investigation. To analyse the sequential recruitment of SCM and masseter activities during chewing as indicated by the spatiotemporal locations of their activity peaks. Jaw movements and bilateral surface electromyographic activity of SCM and masseter were recorded during gum chewing in 20 healthy subjects. The timing order was decided by comparing the length of time from the time when the opening started to the time when the surface electromyographic activity reached its peak value. Spatial order was analysed by locating the peak electromyographic activity onto a standard chewing cycle which was created based on 15 unilateral chewing cycles. Paired t‐test, one‐way ANOVA and Student–Newman–Keuls post‐test were used for comparisons. Although the Time to Peak for the balancing side SCM appeared shorter than for the other three tested muscles, most often it did not reach a level of significance. However, the location of the balancing side SCM's peak activity was further from the terminal chewing position (TCP) than the working side SCM and bilateral masseters (P < 0·05). The balancing side SCM activity reached its peak significantly further away from TCP than the other three tested muscles during chewing. Further studies with spatiotemporal variables included should be helpful to understand the roles of the head, neck and jaw muscles in orofacial and cervical dysfunctional problems.
Addressing obesity in the dental setting: What can be learned from oral health care professionals' efforts to screen for medical conditions
Authors: Greenberg Barbara L. , Glick Michael , Tavares Mary 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPurposeThis scoping review focused on what can be learned from oral health professionals' (OHCPs) efforts to provide screenings for medical conditions in the dental setting that could guide strategies for addressing childhood obesity.MethodsPubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Grey Literature, and CINAHL were searched (limitation English language). Search terms covered OHCPs and various oral systemic conditions of interest (details provided in the paper. Nineteen unduplicated, relevant articles were categorized based on relationship to question.ResultsScreening for diabetes and heart disease risk in the dental setting has been shown to be effective and patients and providers are willing to participate, although not yet routinely implemented. Screening/counseling for tobacco‐cessation has been shown to be effective, but few (<10 percent) OHCPs provided this activity or received tobacco cessation training. For obesity screening/counseling, the majority of dentists (82 percent) reported they would be more willing to offer this service if obesity were directly related to oral disease. The one healthy weight intervention pilot study was well received by caregivers/patients and resulted in improved food choices. Successful implementation included a dedicated staff member, the dental hygienist. Lack of adequate training was a commonly reported barrier for all of these conditions; in addition, for obesity screening/counseling fear of appearing judgmental, and fear of patient rejection were also commonly reported.ConclusionsSystematic studies are needed building on existing literature and exploring best implementation practices. Enhanced training is needed on relationship of oral health and systemic health and OHCPs' role.
Sedimentological and petrographic analysis of drill core FC77‐1 from the flank of the central uplift, Flynn Creek impact structure, Tennessee
Authors: Adrian David R. , King David T. , Jaret Steven J. , Ormö Jens , Petruny Lucille W. , Hagerty Justin J. , Gaither Tenielle A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDrill core FC77‐1 on the flank of the central uplift, Flynn Creek impact structure, Tennessee, contains 175 m of impact breccia lying upon uplifted Lower Paleozoic carbonate target stratigraphy. Sedimentological analysis of this 175‐m interval carbonate breccia shows that there are three distinct sedimentological units. In stratigraphic order, unit 1 (175–109 m) is an overall coarsening‐upward section, whereas the overlying unit 2 (109–32 m) is overall fining‐upward. Unit 3 (32–0 m) is a coarsening‐upward sequence that is truncated at the top by postimpact erosion. Units 1 and 3 are interpreted as debris or rock avalanches into finer sedimentary deposits within intracrater marine waters, thus producing progressively coarser, coarsening‐upward sequences. Unit 2 is interpreted to have formed by debris or rock avalanches into standing marine waters, thus forming sequential fining‐upward deposits. Line‐logging of clasts ranging from 5 mm to 1.6 m, and thin‐section analysis of selected drill core samples (including clasts < 5 mm), both show that the Flynn Creek impact breccia consists almost entirely of dolostone clasts (90%), with minor components of cryptocrystalline melt clasts, chert and shale fragments, and clastic grains. Cryptocrystalline melt clasts, which appear isotropic in thin section, are in fact made of exceedingly fine quartz crystals that exhibit micro‐Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and micro‐Raman spectra consistent with crystalline quartz. These cryptocrystalline melt clasts are the first melt clasts of any kind to be reported from Flynn Creek impact structure.
Efficiency, effectiveness and treatment stability of clear aligners: A systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Zheng M. , Liu R. , Ni Z. , Yu Z. 
Published: May 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to perform a systematic review of the orthodontic literature with regard to efficiency, effectiveness and stability of treatment outcome with clear aligners compared with treatment with conventional brackets.MethodsAn electronic search without time or language restrictions was undertaken in October 2014 in the following electronic databases: Google Scholar, the Cochrane Oral Health Group's Trials Register, Scopus, CENTRAL, MEDLINE via OVID, EMBASE via OVID and Web of Science. We also searched the reference lists of relevant articles. Quality assessment of the included articles was performed. Two authors were responsible for study selection, validity assessment and data extraction.ResultsFour controlled clinical trials including a total of 252 participants satisfied the inclusion criteria. We grouped the trials into four main comparisons. One randomized controlled trial was classified as level 1B evidence, and three cohort studies were classified as level 2B evidence. Clear aligners appear to have a significant advantage with regard to chair time and treatment duration in mild‐to‐moderate cases based on several cross‐sectional studies. No other differences in stability and occlusal characteristics after treatment were found between the two systems.ConclusionsDespite claims about the effectiveness of clear aligners, evidence is generally lacking. Shortened treatment duration and chair time in mild‐to‐moderate cases appear to be the only significant effectiveness of clear aligners over conventional systems that are supported by the current evidence.
Catheter ablation of atrial flutter: A survey focusing on post ablation oral anticoagulation management and ECG monitoring
Authors: Attanasio Philipp , Budde Tabea , Lacour Philipp , Parwani Abdul Shokor , Pieske Burkert , Blaschke Florian , Haverkamp Wilhelm , Boldt Leif‐Hendrik , Huemer Martin 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundA considerable amount of patients with typical atrial flutter develop atrial fibrillation after cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI) ablation. No uniform recommendations are available to guide anticoagulation regimes or electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring strategies after this procedure.MethodsWe conducted a web‐based survey in electrophysiology (EP) centers in Germany, Switzerland, and Austria. Responses were received from 47 centers. The survey was designed to investigate variations in management of the following: ablation strategy, oral anticoagulation (OAC) management, and ECG monitoring after successful CTI ablation.ResultsMore than 55% of the participating centers assume that at least every third patient will develop atrial fibrillation during follow‐up. Despite this assumption, most EP experts (81%) would still stop OAC after CTI ablation even in patients with higher CHADS2‐VA2SC‐score, or even perform CTI in asymptomatic patients with the purpose to stop OAC (52%). Most experts agree that ECG monitoring is necessary during follow‐up. A majority still rely on short‐term monitoring tools like resting ECGs (7%) or Holter ECGs (43%), while continuous monitoring by implantable loop recorders (10%) are rarely used for postablation OAC management.ConclusionA majority of the centers stop OAC in patients with higher CHADS2‐VA2SC‐score after CTI ablation. There is evidence that this practice might not be safe and lead to an increased number of ischemic strokes during follow‐up. This reflects the need for prospective studies to allow for clear guidelines regarding these issues.
Enhanced root growth in phosphate‐starved Arabidopsis by stimulating de novo phospholipid biosynthesis through the overexpression of LYSOPHOSPHATIDIC ACID ACYLTRANSFERASE 2 (LPAT2)
Authors: Angkawijaya Artik Elisa , Nguyen Van Cam , Nakamura Yuki 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUpon phosphate starvation, plants retard shoot growth but promote root development presumably to enhance phosphate assimilation from the ground. Membrane lipid remodelling is a metabolic adaptation that replaces membrane phospholipids by non‐phosphorous galactolipids, thereby allowing plants to obtain scarce phosphate yet maintain the membrane structure. However, stoichiometry of this phospholipid‐to‐galactolipid conversion may not account for the massive demand of membrane lipids that enables active growth of roots under phosphate starvation, thereby suggesting the involvement of de novo phospholipid biosynthesis, which is not represented in the current model. We overexpressed an endoplasmic reticulum‐localized lysophosphatidic acid acyltransferase, LPAT2, a key enzyme that catalyses the last step of de novo phospholipid biosynthesis. Two independent LPAT2 overexpression lines showed no visible phenotype under normal conditions but showed increased root length under phosphate starvation, with no effect on phosphate starvation response including marker gene expression, root hair development and anthocyanin accumulation. Accompanying membrane glycerolipid profiling of LPAT2‐overexpressing plants revealed an increased content of major phospholipid classes and distinct responses to phosphate starvation between shoot and root. The findings propose a revised model of membrane lipid remodelling, in which de novo phospholipid biosynthesis mediated by LPAT2 contributes significantly to root development under phosphate starvation.
Nitric oxide induces monosaccharide accumulation through enzyme S‐nitrosylation
Authors: Zhang Zhong‐Wei , Luo Sha , Zhang Gong‐Chang , Feng Ling‐Yang , Zheng Chong , Zhou Yang‐Hong , Du Jun‐Bo , Yuan Ming , Chen Yang‐Er , Wang Chang‐Quan , Liu Wen‐Juan , Xu Xiao‐Chao , Hu Yong , Bai Su‐Lan , Kong Dong‐Dong , Yuan Shu , He Yi‐Kun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractNitric oxide (NO) is extensively involved in various growth processes and stress responses in plants; however, the regulatory mechanism of NO‐modulated cellular sugar metabolism is still largely unknown. Here, we report that NO significantly inhibited monosaccharide catabolism by modulating sugar metabolic enzymes through S‐nitrosylation (mainly by oxidizing dihydrolipoamide, a cofactor of pyruvate dehydrogenase). These S‐nitrosylation modifications led to a decrease in cellular glycolysis enzymes and ATP synthase activities as well as declines in the content of acetyl coenzyme A, ATP, ADP‐glucose and UDP‐glucose, which eventually caused polysaccharide‐biosynthesis inhibition and monosaccharide accumulation. Plant developmental defects that were caused by high levels of NO included delayed flowering time, retarded root growth and reduced starch granule formation. These phenotypic defects could be mediated by sucrose supplementation, suggesting an essential role of NO‐sugar cross‐talks in plant growth and development. Our findings suggest that molecular manipulations could be used to improve fruit and vegetable sweetness.
Primary Cutaneous B‐Cell Lymphoblastic Lymphoma Arising from a Long‐Standing Lesion in a Child and Review of the Literature
Authors: Song Hannah , Todd Patricia , Chiarle Roberto , Billett Amy L. , Gellis Stephen 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPrecursor B‐cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (B‐LBL) is a rare entity and primary cutaneous B‐LBL is an even more uncommon diagnosis that typically affects children. A 4‐year‐old boy presented with a persistent rash on his left cheek for almost 2 years and was found to have primary cutaneous B‐LBL. We report this case to emphasize that B‐LBL should be in the differential diagnosis for an otherwise unimpressive persistent lesion in the head and neck region and review all reported pediatric cases of primary cutaneous B‐LBL without extracutaneous involvement.
Corema album: unbiased dioecy in a competitive environment
Authors: Martins A. , Freitas H. , Costa S. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCorema albumis a dioecious coastal shrub. Dioecious plants growing in these resource‐limited habitats may present spatial segregation of the sexes (SSS) or demographic biases because of the different reproductive effort between sexes. In these environments facilitation is a more common interaction between plants than competition. To assess factors determining the distribution ofC. albummale and female plants, we investigated the influence of habitat type (sand dunes and coastal woodlands), assessed the occurrence ofSSSor demographic biases and also a possible role of these shrubs as nurse plants.We selected threeC. albumpopulations with the two habitat types. AllC. albumindividuals were sexed, mapped and measured in three plots (20 m × 20 m) per population/habitat type. Presence and abundance of all plant species were recorded under five female and five maleC. albumplants as well as in equivalent open ground area in each of 15 plots.According to Ripley's K function result,C. albumdid not displaySSS. Generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) show that differences in plant size were not related to plant sex. Plant inventory correspondence analysis showed that species composition and abundance were influenced by habitat type, population and the presence of aC. albumindividual, but not by its sex.GLMMindicated a detrimental effect ofC. albumon the co‐occurring plants.Our results show that sexual dimorphism has allowedC. albumto adapt to the environment avoidingSSSor significant demographic bias, suggesting a positive outlook for its conservation.
Environmental and socioeconomic drivers of woody vegetation recovery in a human‐modified landscape in the Rio Grande basin (Colombian Andes)
Authors: Camelo Omar J. , Urrego Ligia E. , Orrego Sergio A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn the tropics, some agricultural lands are abandoned for economic or technical reasons, leading to the recovery of woody vegetation. Our research aimed to identify the main drivers of spontaneous recovery of vegetation in a basin located in the Colombian Andes. This was done by combining spatially explicit environmental and socioeconomic variables at landscape (e.g. distances to human settlements, to roads, and to forests and mean annual precipitation) and local scales (e.g. depth of the organic layer, soil bulk density, and canopy openness). These variables were measured in 28 temporal plots of 500 m2 each, established in land cover transitions that showed the recovery of woody vegetation. The recovered woody vegetation between 1986 and 2012 exhibited a gregarious spatial pattern at the landscape scale. Ordination analysis showed distinct floristic composition among transitions and remnant forests, and species associated to each one through an indicator species analysis. Multivariate analyses revealed the relationship between the transitions and variables at both scales. Woody vegetation recovery occurred near remnant forests and far from human settlements at the landscape scale. The soil conditions (content and depth of the organic horizon and bulk density) were the main drivers at the local scale. Our findings also highlight the necessity to define different restoration approaches such as incorporation of sites where socioeconomic and environmental conditions favor the spontaneous recovery of vegetation into the existing network of protected areas in the region, and to implement active restoration projects in perturbed sites to accelerate the recovery process of Andean forests.