bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The mitochondrial genome ofAncylostoma tubaeformefrom cats in China
Authors: Shi X.L. , Fu Y.Q. , Abdullahi A.Y. , Wang M.W. , Yang F. , Yu X.G. , Pan W.D. , Yan X.X. , Hang J.X. , Zhang P. , Li G.Q. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAncylostoma tubaeformemay infect canids, felids and humans, and pose a potential risk to public health. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques were used to amplify the complete mitochondrial (mt) genome sequence ofA. tubaeformefrom cats and to analyse its sequence characteristics after molecular identification based on the internal transcribed spacer ITS1+ sequence. The results show that the complete mt genome sequence (GenBank accession number KY070315) ofA. tubaeformefrom cats was 13,730 bp in length, including 12 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA (tRNA) genes, two ribosomal RNA (rRNA) genes, two non-coding regions and an AT-rich region. The nucleotide content of A and T was 77.93%, biased toward A and T. Twelve protein-coding genes used ATT, TTG and GTG as initiation codons, and TAA, TAG, TA and T as termination codons. The length of the 22 tRNA genes ranged from 52 to 62 bp, their predicted secondary structures were D loops and V loops. The lengths of the two rRNAs were 958 and 697 bp. Phylogenetic analyses showed thatA. tubaeformefrom cats was in the lineage ofAncylostoma, having a close phylogenetic relationship withA. caninum. This study reports for the first time the mt genome ofA. tubaeformefrom cats in China, which could enhance the mt genome database of Ancylostomatidae nematodes, and it offers the scientific basis for further studies in the genetic diversity of hookworms among different hosts.
The influence of ozone chemistry and meteorology on plant exposure to photo-oxidants
Authors: Cape J.N. , Smith R.I. , Fowler D. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisConcentrations of ozone have approximately doubled over the past century. In polluted air, photochemical reactions may produce concentrations of ozone up to 100 ppbv or more, even in areas relatively remote from sources of industrial pollution. The large ozone concentrations observed in these episodes, which may persist for several days, are markers for the presence of intense photochemical activity in the atmosphere. Experiments designed to investigate the effects of ozone on plants rarely, if ever, reproduce the chemical conditions which are always associated with ozone episodes.Exposure of plants to ozone is strongly influenced by topography and meterological conditions. Windy sites which are well coupled to the atmosphere experience only a small diurnal variation in ozone concentration, and peak concentrations during episodes are generally much larger than at sheltered sites.Stomatal opening effectively controls the amount and rate at which ozone enters leaves. Factors which affect stomatal opening therefore determine the dose of ozone for a given concentration in air. Extrapolation of results from controlled experiments to the field must assess whether growing conditions, including stomatal conductance, are comparable between experiment and field.The Critical Levels approach has shown that crop plants and natural vegetation are likely to be exposed to potentially damaging ozone concentrations in most industrialised countries.
The relative implications of ozone formation both in the stratosphere and the troposphere
Authors: Wellburn A. R. , Paul N. D. , Mehlhorn H. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisAlthough ozone (O3) occurs in both the troposphere and the stratosphere, mechanisms of O3 formation and removal in both regions of the atmosphere are very different. Moreover, the presence of O3 in the two layers has very different implications for the biosphere, especially vegetation. This introductory paper gives an overall appreciation of the two pools of O3 and their relative influences upon plant life. In the troposphere, natural and unburnt hydrocarbons (HCs) not only participate in the formation of atmospheric O3 but are also involved in the formation of free radicals from O3 which go on to injure plant tissues. In the stratosphere, O3 absorbs significant amounts of ultraviolet radiation (285-315 nm, UV-B) from sunlight which would otherwise harm biological systems. Depletion of stratospheric O3 by chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) has prompted urgent studies to assess the consequences of enhanced UV-B radiation on vegetation. Preliminary assessments of possible changes to UK crops are described in this paper.
Ozone- and UV-stress detected by photon emission of plants
Authors: Katzinger R. , Klima H. , Schwabl H. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisThe photon emission (ultraweak photon emission and delayed luminescence) of duckweeds (Spirodela polyrrhiza) and 1–2 year old tree seedlings (Picea abies, Abies albaandFagus silvatica) was investigated by means of a single photon counting equipment. The decay kinetics of DL, the temperature dependence of UPE, and the anaerobic phase-induced kinetics of UPE were measured under/after treatment with ozone and UV-radiation. The results suggest that more consideration be given to photon emission as an indicator of stress-induced changes in plants.
Altitude-dependent ozone concentrations and changes of ozone-related plant-physiological parameters in the needles of Norway spruce
Authors: Smidt St. , Bermadinger-Stabentheiner E. , Herman F. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisTwo interdisciplinary projects of the Federal Forest Research Centre have been started in the last ten years as a contribution to the Austrian forest ecosystem research programme. Their main goal was an interdisciplinary investigation of interactions between air pollutants and various ecological parameters. Plant/physiological parameters were used to describe the naturally and anthropogenically induced stress patterns caused by different environmental conditions. Biochemical analyses of needles of Norway spruce (Picea abies) including ascorbic acid concentrations, peroxidase activity, thiols and pigments were taken at two altitudinal profiles.
Free radical processes induced by desiccation in germinating maize. The relationship with respiration and loss of desiccation tolerance
Authors: Leprince O. , Hendry G. A. F. , Atherton N. M. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisUsing germination of maize as a model, desiccation-induced free radical processes were studied with the object of understanding desiccation tolerance. Several significant elements of damage were observed in desiccated material associated with development of desiccation intolerance: increased lipid peroxidation, phospholipid de-esterification, build-up of a stable free radical, supression or repression of respiratory enzymes from complex I, II and IV. An EPR (electron paramagnetic resonance) response was also detected in isolated mitochondria following in vitro desiccation. The loss of desiccation tolerance appeared to be dependent on oxygen concentration. Two highly significant correlations were independently found between respiration rates and production of a stable free radical detected by EPR. These data suggest that respiration is an important factor in the loss of desiccation tolerance. We present a model suggesting that activated oxygen formation during desiccation originates in the disruption of the mitochondrial electron transport chain with increasing leakage to oxygen so generating irreversible and lethal peroxidative damage, leading to the development of desiccation intolerance.
The chemical fate of the endogenous plant antioxidants carvacrol and thymol during oxidative stress
Authors: Deighton N. , Glidewell S. M. , Goodman B. A. , Deans S. G. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisThe major antioxidants present in the essential (volatile) oils of oregano (Origanum vulgare, L.), summer savory (Satureja hortensis, L.) and thyme (Thymus vulgaris, L.) have been identified as carvacrol and thymol which have both been demonstrated to possess fungicidal and bactericidal properties. EPR spectra produced upon oxidation are inconsistent with the expected phenoxy free radicals (RO), but resemble those of galvinoxyl and anthronyl radicals. The EPR spectrum, in the case of carvacrol, is a pair of quintets with isotropic splittings, 0.325 and 0.080 millitesla (mT). ENDOR and TRIPLE resonance experiments have been performed and are indicative of the paramagnetic species being a substituted anthronyl. Further studies are being conducted to characterise these species and to investigate their potential roles during oxidative stress.
Are free radical generation and phytoalexin biosynthesis coupled?
Authors: Deighton N. , Lyon G. D. , Johnston D. , Glidewell S. M. , Goodman B. A. 
Published: February 2017

The induction of plant defence mechanisms has been extensively studied in recent years and there appear to be three interdependent roles for free radicals in the host response (Sutherland 1991) viz; oxidation of specific host components, which may include lipid peroxidation (Rogers et al. 1988) and cell wall lignification (Bolwell et al. 1985), direct injury to the pathogen, and signal transduction upon infection. A potential messenger role has been proposed for the short-lived hydroxyl radical, HO˙ (Epperlein et al. 1986) and the superoxide radical anion, O2−˙ (Doke 1983; Doke et al. 1991).The present study has utilised EPR spectroscopy and spin trapping with α-(4-pyridyl l-oxide)-N-tert-butylnitrone (POBN) to investigate the free radical chemistry of soybean cotyledons during incompatible infection, abiotic elicitation and wounding.
Effects of pulsed ultrasound and ultraviolet radiation on Vitamin E and olive oil
Authors: Muzzoli M. , Chicca M. C. , Pinamonti S. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisThe effects of ultrasound and ultraviolet radiation on Vitamin E and its pharmacological excipient, olive oil, were tested by fluorescent analysis of DNA unwinding (FADU) on DNA extracted from human lymphocytes of healthy donors. The results show that Vitamin E may be inactivated and behave as a radical species, while olive oil appears unaffected by treatment either with ultrasound or with ultraviolet radiation.
Effect of oxidative stress during imbibition of soybean embryonic axes
Authors: Puntarulo Susana 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisBoth respiration andgeneration by soybean embryonic axes showed a sharp increase upon germination, leading to a significant increase in the steady-state concentration ofand H2O2after 6 h of imbibition. An assay was developed to assessin vivogeneration of reactive oxygen species, based upon DCFH-DA oxidation. Fluorescence of the external medium was dependent on reaction time and axes number and was inhibited by catalase.α-Tocopherol content declined significantly after 24 h of incubation, as compared to the content at the onset of germination. Incubation in the presence of redox cycling agent paraquat (4 mM) for 24 h increased α-tocopherol content to 1.9±0.2 nmol per axis from 1.0 ± 0.1 nmol per axis in the absence of paraquat. Supplementation of the incubation medium with 500 μM Fe-EDTA increased α-tocopherol content to 1.8±0.1 nmol/axis and DCFH-DA oxidation by two-fold.The data presented here showed that active metabolism at the onset of germination increased steady-state concentration of oxygen active species and suggest that cellular content of α-tocopherol is physiologically adjusted as a response to conditions of oxidative stress.
Effect of ageing on oxygen radical generation by soybean seeds
Authors: Simontacchi Marcela , Puntarulo Susana 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisRates of leakage of protein and electrolytes were measured in soybean embryonic axes from soybean seeds stored for 8–42 months. A significant increase in the content of proteins and electrolytes was determined in the external medium where aged embryonic axes were incubated. Lipid peroxidation was evaluated by the measurement of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) in isolated axes from aged seeds. No significant differences were detected either in the contentin vivonor in the rate of generationin vitro. To assessin vivooxidative condition of the axes, an assay employing 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein (DCFH-DA) oxidation was used. Embryonic axes from seeds stored for 8 and 42 months showed 1.1±0.1 and 4.1±0.1 fluorescence units per min per axes, respectively, after 24 h of imbibition. This significant increase in fluorescence was measured at all the tested incubation times. Antioxidant defences, evaluated as chemiluminescence induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide and α-tocopherol content, showed a significant increase with storage time. These data suggest that the damage due to enhanced peroxidative events are limited by the increased amount of potent lipid soluble antioxidant.
Radiation-induced enhancement of jasmonic acid levels
Authors: Sprinz H. , von Sonntag C. , Franck U. , Miersch O. , Dahlhelm H. 
Published: February 2017

In recent years, some experiments with low doses of ionising radiation have been performed, with reproducible results, which indicate a positive stimulus rather than a deletirious effect (Decker & Degner 1983; Wolff 1989).The aim of our own studies was to establish whether low doses of ionising radiation can influence metabolism by means of a modification of the concentration of a plant hormone, in this particular case jasmonate. The multiple physiological effects caused by the plant bioregulator jasmonate, including response to stress, suggest their essential involvement in central genetic and metabolic processes (Sembdner & Parthier 1993).
Effects of oxygen and nitrate on ammonium uptake kinetics and adenylate pools inPhalaris arundinaceaL. andGlyceria maxima(Hartm.) Holmb
Authors: Brix H. , Lorenzen B. , Morris J. T. , Schierup H.-H. , Sorrell B. K. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisWe studied the effects of oxygen (aerated versus O2depleted ∼0.5 mg 1−1O2) and nitrate (none versus 10 μmol 1−1) on the ammonium uptake kinetics and adenylate pools in two wetland plants differing in their degree of flood tolerance (Phalaris arundinaceaL. andGlyceria maxima(Hartm.) Holmb.). The study was performed as a random block design in a growth chamber. The-uptake kinetics were estimated by using a computerised nonlinear parameter estimation procedure to fit the differential form of a modified Michaelis–Menten model to solution depletion curves. The uptake kinetics fordiffered between the two species:Vmaxwas significantly higher forP. arundinacea(24.7 to 29.6 μmol h−1g−1root dry weight) than forG. maxima(4.6–10.3 μmol h−1g−1root dry weight). Theconcentration at which uptake ceases (Cmin) was 0.2 to 0.5 μmol 1−1forP. arundinaceaand significant higher (1.1–2.7 μmol 1−1) forG. maxima.Kmvaried between 3.1 and 6.2 μmol 1−1forP. arundinacea, and 1.6 and 3.0 μmol 1−1forG. maxima.The different uptake kinetics of the two species reflect the different structure of their root systems:P. arundinaceahas an extensive root system consisting of many thin roots whereasG. maximahas fewer but thicker roots. The uptake kinetics also suggest thatP. arundinaceais adapted to growing at lower ambientconcentrations thanG. maxima.Oxygen had no consistent effect onuptake kinetics. However, the plants that hadin the nutrient solution as well ashad slightly higherVmaxvalues and lowerCminandKmvalues than those without. Thus, both species were able to sustain their uptake characteristics at low external O2concentrations, probably because of internal aeration through the air-space tissue of the plants. Nitrate deprivation also lowered the energy charge ratio and adenine nucleotide content in roots. The roots recovered quickly fromdeprivation oncewas resupplied. The stresses imposed by partially O2-depleted conditions and lack of nitrate were therefore relatively mild and reversible. It seems that the inherent aerenchyma development under aerated conditions in these species is sufficient to maintain adequate root oxygenation under partially O2-depleted conditions.
Enzymatic defence against post-anoxic injury in higher plants
Authors: Wollenweber-Ratzer B. , Crawford R. M. M. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisPlants tolerant of long-term flooding and oxygen deprivation in their perennating organs such as rhizomes and tubers are able to avoid the deleterious effects of anoxia and minimise the dangers of re-entry to air by reactions with antioxidants such as ascorbic acid and glutathione. In processes of detoxification of oxygen radicals, ascorbic acid is oxidised to dehydroascorbic acid and reduced glutathione to oxidised glutathione. Through the action of enzymes such as monodehydroascorbate reductase (MR) and dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glutathione and ascorbic acid may be regenerated to maintain sufficient levels of antioxidants within the tissue in order to quench oxygen radicals.
Glutathione reductase activity following re-aeration of hypoxically pretreated wheat roots
Authors: Albrecht G. , Wiedenroth E.-M. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisDuring the first 2 h of oxygen re-exposure, the GSH level was almost constant, while the GSSG increased about 10-fold. This results in a decline of the GSH/GSSG ratio, which reflects oxidative stress induced by re-aeration following hypoxic pretreatment. Further evidence for this is an increase in lipid peroxidation measured as thiobarbituric acid-reactive material (TBA-rm) and the affected content of sulfydryl-groups in the root tissues.In spite of the high level of reduced glutathione in the roots under hypoxia-inducing conditions, they contained a retarded glutathione reductase (GR) activity compared with aerobically grown roots. Re-aeration up to 2 h resulted in a further decrease in GR activity. Only at the end of the 16-h period of re-aeration the enzyme activity was able to recover, by overshooting slightly those values of the continuously aerated controls. This was accompanied by a restoring a high GSH/GSSG ratio and an enhanced level of GSH.
Effect of allopurinol treatment on the development of rust diseases of kidney-bean, broad-bean and wheat plants
Authors: Galal A. A. , Manninger K. , Barna B. , Adám A. L. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisThe effect of a xanthine oxidase (XO) inhibitor, allopurinol, was studied in three host-rust interactions. Application of allopurinol in an incompatible interaction (wheat–Puccinia reconditaf. sp.tritici) did not significantly alter symptom expression nor result in an increase in lipid peroxidation (LP) and electrolyte leakage as compared to non-treated control plants. On the other hand, application of allopurinol in three compatible host–rust interactions suppressed, in a concentration-dependent manner, the formation of uredospores which was accompanied by a transient increase in electrolyte leakage and LP during the biotrophic fungal growth (5–6 days after infection). These results suggest that (i) allopurinol can inhibit fungal growth in later developmental stage (s) developing only in compatible hosts and (ii) XO is not the primary source of the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in incompatible rust combinations.
Polarographic oxygen electrodes and their use in plant aeration studies
Authors: Armstrong W. 
Published: February 2017

SynopsisThe electrolytic reduction of oxygen which occurs at a wetted ‘unattackable’ cathodic electrode of platinum or gold when polarised in conjunction with a Ag/AgCl anode, forms the basis of most polarographic oxygen measurements in plant biological work.Various types of polarographic electrode and their uses are reviewed. These include cylindrical sleeving electrodes for quantifying localised oxygen fluxes from intact roots, ‘bare’, membrane-coated, and Clark-type microelectrodes suitable for measuring concentrations and profiles both inside roots and in the rhizosphere, and macro-Clark electrodes most frequently used in respiratory studies.Some details concerning equipment and electrode construction are given and some pitfalls in electrode application are discussed.
Visible marking of wader nests to avoid damage by farmers does not increase nest predation
Authors: ZÁMEČNÍK VÁCLAV , KUBELKA VOJTĚCH , ŠÁLEK MIROSLAV 
Published: February 2017

SummaryOnly a few studies have assessed the predation risk on artificially marked nests, or have examined ways of marking nests to avoid destruction by machinery. Until now, however, neither type of study has directly addressed this apparent trade-off experimentally. The impact of marking the nests of Northern Lapwing Vanellus vanellus with thin 2 m-long conspicuous bamboo poles with the top end highlighted with reflective red or orange spray has been tested for three years in two breeding areas of waders in the Czech Republic. A total of 52 pairs of nests on agricultural land, with each pair consisting of one marked nest and one unmarked reference counterpart nest, were monitored for 2004 nest-days until hatching, agricultural operations or failure. The results proved that marking itself does not result in increased nest predation. The nests found in the early incubation stage were under higher threat of depredation, irrespective of the presence of marking. Our results show that it is possible to find a finely-tuned trade-off in nest marking of ground-nesting birds between risk of damage by agricultural machinery and risk of increased nest predation. Our positive experience with Northern Lapwing, and episodically with three other wader species in the Czech Republic, suggests that this direct nest protection could be used effectively for a wider variety of ground-nesting birds.
Experiences of Ebola Survivors: Causes of Distress and Sources of Resilience
Authors: Schwerdtle Patricia M. , De Clerck Veronique , Plummer Virginia 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionAn appreciation of the experience of Ebola survivors is critical for community engagement and an effective outbreak response. Few qualitative, descriptive studies have been conducted to date that concentrate on the voices of Ebola survivors.ProblemThis study aimed to explore the experiences of Ebola survivors following the West African epidemic of 2014.MethodAn interpretive, qualitative design was selected using semi-structured interviews as the method of data collection. Data were collected in August 2015 by Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF) Belgium, for the purposes of internal evaluation. Data collection occurred at three sites in Liberia and Sierra Leone and involved 25 participants who had recovered from Ebola. Verbal consent was obtained, audio recordings were de-identified, and ethics approval was provided by Monash University (Melbourne, Australia).FindingsTwo major themes emerged from the study: “causes of distress” and “sources of resilience.” Two further sub-themes were identified from each major theme: the “multiplicity of death,” “abandonment,” “self and community protection and care,” and “coping resources and activities.” The two major themes were dominant across all three sample groups, though each survivor experienced infection, treatment, and recovery differently.ConclusionsBy identifying and mobilizing the inherent capacity of communities and acknowledging the importance of incorporating the social model of health into culturally competent outbreak responses, there is an opportunity to transcend the victimization effect of Ebola and empower communities, ultimately strengthening the response.SchwerdtlePM, De ClerckV, PlummerV. Experiences of Ebola survivors: causes of distress and sources of resilience. Prehosp Disaster Med. 2017;32(3):234–239.