bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oxygen Reduction and Evolution in an Ionic Liquid Electrocatalyzed by a Highly Active Au Nanoparticles/Graphene Hybrid
Authors: Qiu Xingyuan , Zhou Wei , Qi Chengzi , Cheng Danhong , Ouchi Yukio 
Published: January 2017

AbstractA hybrid of reduced graphene oxide (RGO) sheets and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), which mainly feature Au(111) planes and have an average diameter of 8 nm, has been prepared by using a facile approach. The RGO/AuNPs hybrid exhibits high bifunctional electrocatalytic activity toward the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) as well as the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in room‐temperature ionic liquid (RTIL). Compared with the performance of a commercial Pt/C material, a higher ORR current density as well as a much better reversibility of ORR/OER has been obtained on RGO/AuNPs, suggesting that this novel hybrid material could be employed as a promising catalyst for the development of IL‐based rechargeable metal−air batteries.
Oxidation of Substituted Phosphanylboranes with Chalcogens
Authors: Marquardt Christian , Hegen Oliver , Kahoun Tobias , Scheer Manfred 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe elemental chalcogens sulfur, selenium, tellurium and bis(trimethylsilyl)peroxide as an oxygen source are applied for the oxidation of the phosphanylboranes Ph2P‐BH2⋅NMe3 (1) and tBuHP‐BH2⋅NMe3 (2). The corresponding monooxidation products Ph2P(X)‐BH2⋅NMe3 (X=O–Te, 3 a–d) and tBuHP(X)‐BH2⋅NMe3 (X=O–Te, 4 a–d) were obtained in good yields and comprehensively characterized by single crystal X‐ray structure analysis, NMR, IR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry. The first oxidation step proceeds very selectively for all chalcogenides. For the tBu derivative, a further oxidation can be realised with O2, S8 and Se yielding tBu(HX)P(X)‐BH2⋅NMe3 (X=O, S, Se, 5 a–c). The telluride compounds presented herein are the first examples of neutral Te‐substituted phosphanylboranes.
A Hybrid Solid‐State NMR and Electron Microscopy Structure‐Determination Protocol for Engineering Advanced para‐Crystalline Optical Materials
Authors: Thomas Brijith , Rombouts Jeroen , Oostergetel Gert T. , Gupta Karthick B. S. S. , Buda Francesco , Lammertsma Koop , Orru Romano , de Groot Huub J. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHybrid magic‐angle spinning (MAS) NMR spectroscopy and TEM were demonstrated for de novo structure determination of para‐crystalline materials with a bioinspired fused naphthalene diimide (NDI)–salphen–phenazine prototype light‐harvesting compound. Starting from chiral building blocks with C2 molecular symmetry, the asymmetric unit was determined by MAS NMR spectroscopy, index low‐resolution TEM diffraction data, and resolve reflection conditions, and for the first time the ability to determine the space group from reciprocal space data using this hybrid approach was shown. Transfer of molecular C2 symmetry into P2/c packing symmetry provided a connection across length scales to overcome both lack of long‐range order and missing diffraction‐phase information. Refinement with heteronuclear distance constraints confirmed the racemic P2/c packing that was scaffolded by molecular recognition of salphen zinc in a pseudo‐octahedral environment with bromide and with alkyl chains folding along the phenazine. The NDI light‐harvesting stacks ran orthogonal to the intermolecular electric dipole moment present in the solid. Finally, the orientation of flexible lamellae on an electrode surface was determined.
Comparative effectiveness of screening strategies for colorectal cancer
Authors: Barzi Afsaneh , Lenz Heinz‐Josef , Quinn David I. , Sadeghi Sarmad 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUNDScreening for colorectal cancer (CRC) has been successful in decreasing the incidence and mortality from CRC. Although new screening tests have become available, their relative impact on CRC outcomes remains unexplored. This study compares the outcomes of various screening strategies on CRC outcomes.METHODSA Markov model representing the natural history of CRC was built and validated against empiric data from screening trials as well as the Microstimulation Screening Analysis (MISCAN) model. Thirteen screening strategies based on colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, computed tomographic colonography, as well as fecal immunochemical, occult blood, and stool DNA testing were compared with no screening. A simulated sample of the US general population ages 50 to 75 years with an average risk of CRC was followed for up to 35 years or until death. Effectiveness was measured by discounted life years gained and the number of CRCs prevented. Discounted costs and cost‐effectiveness ratios were calculated. A discount rate of 3% was used in calculations. The study took a societal perspective.RESULTSColonoscopy emerged as the most effective screening strategy with the highest life years gained (0.022 life years) and CRCs prevented (n = 1068) and the lowest total costs ($2861). These values were 0.012 life years gained, 574 CRCs prevented, and a total cost of $3164, respectively, for FOBT; and 0.011 life years gained, 647 CRCs prevented, and a total cost of $4296, respectively, for DNA testing. Improved sensitivity or specificity of a screening test for CRC detection was not sufficient to close the outcomes gap compared with colonoscopy.CONCLUSIONSImprovement in CRC‐detection performance is not sufficient to improve screening outcomes. Special attention must be directed to detecting precancerous adenomas.Cancer2017;123:1516–1527.©2017 American Cancer Society.
Allogeneic transplantation for advanced acute myeloid leukemia: The value of complete remission
Authors: Weisdorf Daniel J. , Millard Heather R. , Horowitz Mary M. , Hyare Parvinder S. , Champlin Richard , Ho Vincent , Mielcarek Marco , Rezvani Andrew , Stockerl‐Goldstein Keith , Khoury Hanna J. , De Lima Marcos , Saber Wael , Sandmaier Brenda , Zhang Mei Jie , Eapen Mary 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUNDPatients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) without complete remission (CR) or in first relapse (Rel1) can have extended leukemia control and survival after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (HCT). For patients in Rel1 or primary induction failure (PIF), transplantation versus treatment to achieve a second CR (CR2) and subsequent HCT might yield similar outcomes, but available comparative data are scarce.METHODSSurvival was analyzed in 4682 HCT recipients according to disease status: PIF (N = 1440), Rel1 (failing ≥1 reinduction; N = 1256), and CR2 (N = 1986).RESULTSPatient, disease, and transplantation characteristics were similar, except that patients in CR2 more often had performance scores of 90% to 100%, de novo AML, and longer CR1 duration. Adverse cytogenetics were more common in patients who experienced PIF. The 5‐year survival rate adjusted for performance score, cytogenetic risk, and donor type for CR2 was 39% (95% confidence interval [CI], 37%‐41%) compared with 18% (95% CI, 16%‐20%) for HCT in Rel1 and 21% (95% CI, 19%‐23%) in PIF (P< .0001).CONCLUSIONSAlthough survival is superior for patients who undergo HCT in CR2, transplantation for selected patients in Rel1 or PIF may still be valuable. These data can guide decision making about additional salvage therapy versus prompt HCT for patients not in CR, but they also highlight that AML is intrinsically more treatable in patients who have favorable‐risk cytogenetics, those with longer CR1 duration, and younger patients with better performance status.Cancer2017;123:2025–2034. ©2017 American Cancer Society.
Treatment‐associated toxicities reported by patients with early‐stage invasive breast cancer
Authors: Friese Christopher R. , Harrison Jordan M. , Janz Nancy K. , Jagsi Reshma , Morrow Monica , Li Yun , Hamilton Ann S. , Ward Kevin C. , Kurian Allison W. , Katz Steven J. , Hofer Timothy P. 
Published: January 2017

BACKGROUNDPatient‐reported toxicities help to appraise the breast cancer treatment experience. Yet extant data come from clinical trials and health care claims, which may be biased. Using patient surveys, the authors sought to quantify the frequency, severity, and burden of treatment‐associated toxicities.METHODSBetween 2013 and 2014, the iCanCare study surveyed a population‐based sample of women residing in Los Angeles County and Georgia with early‐stage, invasive breast cancer. The authors assessed the frequency and severity of toxicities; correlated toxicity severity with unscheduled health care use (clinic visits, emergency department visits/hospitalizations) and physical health; and examined patient, tumor, and treatment factors associated with reporting increased toxicity severity.RESULTSThe overall survey response rate was 71%. From the analyzed cohort of 1945 women, 866 (45%) reported at least 1 toxicity that was severe/very severe, 9% reported unscheduled clinic visits for toxicity management, and 5% visited an emergency department or hospital. Factors associated with reporting higher toxicity severity included receipt of chemotherapy (odds ratio [OR], 2.2; 95% confidence interval [95% CI], 2.0‐2.5), receipt of both chemotherapy and radiotherapy (OR, 1.3; 95% CI, 1.0‐1.7), and Latina ethnicity (OR vs whites: 1.3; 95% CI, 1.1‐1.5). A nonsignificant increase in at least 1 severe/very severe toxicity report was observed for bilateral mastectomy recipients (OR, 1.2; 95% CI, 1.0‐1.4).CONCLUSIONSWomen with early‐stage invasive breast cancer report substantial treatment‐associated toxicities and related burden. Clinicians should collect toxicity data routinely and offer early intervention. Toxicity differences observed by treatment modality may inform decision making.Cancer2017;123:1925–1934. ©2017 American Cancer Society.
White matter atrophy and myelinated fiber disruption in a rat model of depression
Authors: Gao Yuan , Ma Jing , Tang Jing , Liang Xin , Huang Chun‐Xia , Wang San‐rong , Chen Lin‐mu , Wang Fei‐Fei , Tan Chuan‐Xue , Chao Feng‐Lei , Zhang Lei , Qiu Xuan , Luo Yan‐Min , Xiao Qian , Du Lian , Xiao Qian , Tang Yong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBrain imaging and postmortem studies have indicated that white matter abnormalities may contribute to the pathology and pathogenesis of depression. However, until now, no study has quantitatively investigated white matter changes in depression in rats. The current study used the chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) model of depression. Body weight and sucrose preference test (SPT) scores were assessed weekly. Upon successfully establishing the CUS animal model, all animals were tested using the SPT and the open field test (OFT). Then, transmission electron microscopy and unbiased stereological methods were used to investigate white matter changes in the rats. Compared with the control group, the body weight and sucrose preference of the CUS rats were significantly decreased (p < .001, p < .001, respectively). In the OFT, the total time spent and the total distance traveled in the inner area by the CUS rats were significantly lower than those of the control group (p = .002, p = .001, respectively). The stereological results revealed that white matter volume, the total volume, and the total length and mean diameter of myelinated fibers in the white matter of the CUS rats were significantly decreased compared to the control rats (p = .042, p = .038, p = .035, p = .019, respectively). The results of this study suggested that white matter atrophy and disruption of myelinated fibers in the white matter may contribute to the pathophysiology underlying depression, which might provide new targets for the development of novel therapeutic interventions for depression.
Enhancing Charge Separation in Photocatalysts with Internal Polar Electric Fields
Authors: Lou Zaizhu , Wang Peng , Huang Baibiao , Dai Ying , Qin Xiaoyan , Zhang Xiaoyang , Wang Zeyan , Liu Yuanyuan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe main limitations on photocatalytic efficiency are the recombination of photogenerated electrons and holes and a narrow light response. In this Minireview, we focused on photocatalytic materials with an internal polar electric field. The development and application of these compounds is one of the most efficient strategies to promote the separation of photogenerated electrons and holes, leading to high photocatalytic efficiency. This Minireview describes the fundamental operating principles of photocatalysts with a built‐in polar electric field and discusses the mechanism for polar‐electric‐field‐enhanced charge separation. We also review recent reports on photocatalytic systems using an internal polar electric field to separate photogenerated electrons and holes, focusing particularly on layer‐structure polar photocatalysts, silver silicates, and single‐crystal ZnO photocatalysts. Charge separation enhanced by an internal polar electric field provides the basis for designing new high efficiency photocatalysts.
Extraction of Salinity‐Gradient Energy by a Hybrid Capacitive‐Mixing System
Authors: Lee Jiho , Yoon Hongsik , Lee Jaehan , Kim Taeyoung , Yoon Jeyong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSalinity‐gradient energy (SGE) is a renewable energy source available wherever two solutions with different salinity mix. Capacitive‐mixing (Capmix) is a technology that directly extracts the SG potential through the movements of ions in high‐ and low‐concentration solutions. However, the energy‐harvesting performance of Capmix needs further improvement. Herein, a hybrid Capmix that consists of a battery and capacitive electrodes is proposed. In this system, sodium ions and anions are captured/released by the metal oxide and carbon electrodes, respectively. The hybrid Capmix extracted an energy density that was approximately three times higher (130 J m−2) and exhibited a notable power output (97 mW m−2) compared to the previous Capmix using ion‐exchange membranes. Furthermore, the hybrid system operated successfully with real river water and seawater. These results suggest that the hybrid Capmix could be a viable option to harvest energy from salinity gradients.
Pharmacokinetics of betamethasone in plasma, urine, and synovial fluid following intra‐articular administration to exercised thoroughbred horses
Authors: Knych Heather K. , Stanley Scott D. , Harrison Linda M. , Mckemie Daniel S. 
Published: January 2017

The use of corticosteroids, such as betamethasone, in performance horses is tightly regulated. The objective of the current study was to describe the plasma pharmacokinetics of betamethasone as well as time‐related urine and synovial fluid concentrations following intra‐articular administration to horses. Twelve racing‐fit adult Thoroughbred horses received a single intra‐articular administration (9 mg) of a betamethasone sodium phosphate and betamethasone acetate injectable suspension into the right antebrachiocarpal joint. Blood, urine, and synovial fluid samples were collected prior to and at various times up to 21 days post drug administration. All samples were analyzed using tandem liquid chromatography‐mass spectrometry. Plasma data were analyzed using compartmental pharmacokinetic modeling. Maximum measured plasma betamethasone concentrations were 3.97 ± 0.23 ng/mL at 1.45 ± 0.20 h. The plasma elimination half‐life was 7.48 ± 0.39 h. Betamethasone concentrations were below the limit of detection in all horses by 96 h and 7 days in plasma and urine, respectively. Betamethasone fell below the limit of detection in the right antebrachiocarpal joint between 14 and 21 days. Results of this study provide information that can be used to regulate the use of intra‐articular betamethasone in the horse. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Surface‐water dynamics and land use influence landscape connectivity across a major dryland region
Authors: Bishop‐Taylor Robbi , Tulbure Mirela G. , Broich Mark 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLandscape connectivity is important for the long‐term persistence of species inhabiting dryland freshwater ecosystems, with spatiotemporal surface‐water dynamics (e.g., flooding) maintaining connectivity by both creating temporary habitats and providing transient opportunities for dispersal. Improving our understanding of how landscape connectivity varies with respect to surface‐water dynamics and land use is an important step to maintaining biodiversity in dynamic dryland environments. Using a newly available validated Landsat TM and ETM+ surface‐water time series, we modelled landscape connectivity between dynamic surface‐water habitats within Australia's 1 million km2 semiarid Murray Darling Basin across a 25‐yr period (1987–2011). We identified key habitats that serve as well‐connected “hubs,” or “stepping‐stones” that allow long‐distance movements through surface‐water habitat networks. We compared distributions of these habitats for short‐ and long‐distance dispersal species during dry, average, and wet seasons, and across land‐use types. The distribution of stepping‐stones and hubs varied both spatially and temporally, with temporal changes driven by drought and flooding dynamics. Conservation areas and natural environments contained higher than expected proportions of both stepping‐stones and hubs throughout the time series; however, highly modified agricultural landscapes increased in importance during wet seasons. Irrigated landscapes contained particularly high proportions of well‐connected hubs for long‐distance dispersers, but remained relatively disconnected for less vagile organisms. The habitats identified by our study may serve as ideal high‐priority targets for land‐use specific management aimed at maintaining or improving dispersal between surface‐water habitats, potentially providing benefits to biodiversity beyond the immediate site scale. Our results also highlight the importance of accounting for the influence of spatial and temporal surface‐water dynamics when studying landscape connectivity within highly variable dryland environments.
Land use as a driver of soil fertility and biodiversity across an agricultural landscape in the Central Peruvian Andes
Authors: de Valença Anne W. , Vanek Steven J. , Meza Katherin , Ccanto Raul , Olivera Edgar , Scurrah Maria , Lantinga Egbert A. , Fonte Steven J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractLand use change and intensification in agricultural landscapes of the Andean highlands have resulted in widespread soil degradation and a loss in soil‐based ecosystem services and biodiversity. This trend threatens the sustainability of farming communities in the Andes, with important implications for food security and biodiversity conservation throughout the region. Based on these challenges, we sought to understand the impact of current and future land use practices on soil fertility and biodiversity, so as to inform landscape planning and management decisions for sustainable agroecosystem management. We worked with local communities to identify and map dominant land uses in an agricultural landscape surrounding Quilcas, Peru. These land uses existed within two elevations zones (low–medium, 3200–3800 m, and high elevation, 3800–4300 m). They included three types of low–medium elevation forests (eucalyptus, alder, and mixed/native species), five pasture management types (permanent pasture, temporal pasture [in fallow stage], degraded pasture, high‐altitude permanent pasture, and high‐altitude temporal pasture [in fallow stage]) and six cropping systems (forage crops, maize/beans, and potato under four types of management). Soil fertility was evaluated in surface soils (0–20 cm) with soil physicochemical parameters (e.g., pH, soil organic matter, available nutrients, texture), while soil biological properties were assessed using the abundance and diversity of soil macrofauna and ground cover vegetation. Our results indicated clear impacts of land use on soil fertility and biological communities. Altitude demonstrated the strongest effect on soil physicochemical properties, but management systems within the low–mid elevation zone also showed important differences in soil biological communities. In general, the less‐disturbed forest and pasture systems supported more diverse soil communities than the more intensively managed croplands. Degraded soils demonstrated the lowest overall soil fertility and abundance of soil macrofauna, but this may be reversible via the planting of alder forests. Our findings also indicated significant covariation between soil physicochemical parameters, soil macrofauna, and ground vegetation. This suggests that management for any one of these soil properties may yield unintended cascading effects throughout the soil subsystem. In summary, our findings suggest that shifts in land use across the landscape are likely to have important impacts on soil functioning and biodiversity.
Spring phenology of cotton bollworm affects wheat yield
Authors: Huang Jian , Li Jing 
Published: January 2017

AbstractClimate change has changed numerous species phenologies. Understanding the asynchronous responses between pest insects and host plants to climate change is helpful in improving integrated pest management. It is necessary to use long‐term data to analyze the effects of climate change on cotton bollworm and wheat anthesis. Data for cotton bollworm, wheat yield, and wheat anthesis collected since 1990 were analyzed using linear regression and partial least‐squares regression, as well as the Mann–Kendall test. The results showed that warmer temperatures in the spring advanced the phenologies of cotton bollworm and wheat anthesis, but the phenology changes in overwintering cotton bollworm were faster than those in wheat anthesis, and the eclosion period of overwintering was prolonged, resulting in an increase in overwintering adult abundance. This might lead to more first‐generation larvae and subsequent wheat damage. An early or late first‐appearance date significantly affected the eclosion days. The abrupt changes of phenologies in cotton bollworm, wheat anthesis, and climate were asynchronous, but the abrupt phenology changes occurred after or around the climate abrupt change, especially after or around the abrupt changes of temperature in March and April. The expansion of asynchronous responses in the change rate of wheat anthesis and overwintering cotton bollworm would likely decrease wheat yield due to climate warming in the future. Accumulated temperature was the major affecting factor on the first eclosion date (t1), adult abundance, and eclosion days. Temperatures in March and April and precipitation in the winter mainly affected the prepeak date (t2), peak date (t3), and postpeak date (t4), respectively, and these factors indirectly affected wheat yield. Thus, the change in the spring phenology of the cotton bollworm and wheat anthesis, and hence wheat yield, was affected by climate warming.