bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Climate-induced abortion and predation: reproductive success of the pioneer shrubDillenia suffruticosain Malaysian Borneo
Authors: Tokumoto Yuji , Nakagawa Michiko 
Published: December 2015

Abstract:In South-East Asian tropical plants, the excess production of reproductive organs is believed to be controlled by resource booms. However, the continuously flowering shrubDillenia suffruticosa(Dilleniaceae) is often infested by fruit predators and occasionally produces fruits where mature seeds are absent. These reproductive features may support an alternative hypothesis for excess production of reproductive organs: the reproductive assurance hypothesis. We marked 1190 reproductive organs in 180 inflorescences of 41 plant individuals and examined the relationships among the reproductive organ features and the effects of both climate and predators. During the flower budding stage, the fate of reproductive organs was primary climate-induced. The percentage of flower/fruit abscission increased as the cumulative temperature and photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) decreased and the cumulative precipitation increased, supporting the resource boom hypothesis. Insect predation was the most common fate of immature fruits. As PAR increased, the prevalence of insect predation and production of mature seed increased. At a reduced PAR, the production of fruits with many immature seeds could serve as compensatory reproductive organs for insect predators, consistent with the reproductive assurance hypothesis. The excess production of reproductive organs might be a result of adaptation to climate fluctuations in the South-East Asian tropics.
Outbreak ofListeria monocytogenesinfections linked to a pasteurized ice cream product served to hospitalized patients
Authors: RIETBERG K. , LLOYD J. , MELIUS B. , WYMAN P. , TREADWELL R. , OLSON G. , KANG M.-G. , DUCHIN J. S. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYTwo cases of hospital-acquired listeriosis were linked to a commercially produced, pasteurized ice cream mix. Manufacturers should implement safety measures from the Food Safety Modernization Act to minimize the risk ofListeriacontamination. Dietary guidelines for persons at high risk of listeriosis may need revision to recognize the potential risk from pasteurized products.
Evolving epidemiology of reported cryptosporidiosis cases in the United States, 1995–2012
Authors: PAINTER J. E. , GARGANO J. W. , YODER J. S. , COLLIER S. A. , HLAVSA M. C. 
Published: December 2015

SUMMARYCryptosporidiumis the leading aetiology of waterborne disease outbreaks in the United States. This report briefly describes the temporal and geographical distribution of US cryptosporidiosis cases and presents analyses of cryptosporidiosis case data reported in the United States for 1995–2012. The Cochran–Armitage test was used to assess changes in the proportions of cases by case status (confirmedvs.non-confirmed), sex, race, and ethnicity over the study period. Negative binomial regression models were used to estimate rate ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for comparing rates across three time periods (1995–2004, 2005–2008, 2009–2012). The proportion of confirmed cases significantly decreased (P< 0·0001), and a crossover from male to female predominance in case-patients occurred (P< 0·0001). Overall, compared to 1995–2004, rates were higher in 2005–2008 (RR 2·92, 95% CI 2·08–4·09) and 2009–2012 (RR 2·66, 95% CI 1·90–3·73). However, rate changes from 2005–2008 to 2009–2012 varied by age group (Pinteraction< 0·0001): 0–14 years (RR 0·55, 95% CI 0·42–0·71), 15–44 years (RR 0·99, 95% CI 0·82–1·19), 45–64 years (RR 1·47, 95% CI 1·21–1·79) and ⩾65 years (RR 2·18, 95% CI 1·46–3·25). The evolving epidemiology of cryptosporidiosis necessitates further identification of risk factors in population subgroups. Adding systematic molecular typing ofCryptosporidiumspecimens to US national cryptosporidiosis surveillance would help further identify risk factors and markedly expand understanding of cryptosporidiosis epidemiology in the United States.
Ultra-processed food purchases in Norway: a quantitative study on a representative sample of food retailers
Authors: Solberg Siri Løvsjø , Terragni Laura , Granheim Sabrina Ionata 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveTo identify the use of ultra-processed foods – vectors of salt, sugar and fats – in the Norwegian diet through an assessment of food sales.DesignSales data from a representative sample of food retailers in Norway, collected in September 2005 (n150) and September 2013 (n170), were analysed. Data consisted of barcode scans of individual food item purchases, reporting type of food, price, geographical region and retail concept. Foods were categorized as minimally processed, culinary ingredients, processed products and ultra-processed. Indicators were share of purchases and share of expenditure on food categories.SettingSix geographical regions in Norway.SubjectsThe barcode data included 296 121 observations in 2005 and 501 938 observations in 2013.ResultsUltra-processed products represented 58·8 % of purchases and 48·8 % of expenditure in 2013. Minimally processed foods accounted for 17·2 % of purchases and 33·0 % of expenditure. Every third purchase was a sweet ultra-processed product. Food sales changed marginally in favour of minimally processed foods and in disfavour of processed products between 2005 and 2013 (χ2(3)=203 195,P<0·001, Cramer’sV=0·017,P<0·001).ConclusionsUltra-processed products accounted for the majority of food sales in Norway, indicating a high consumption of such products. This could be contributing to rising rates of overweight, obesity and non-communicable diseases in the country, as findings from other countries indicate. Policy measures should aim at decreasing consumption of ultra-processed products and facilitating access (including economic) to minimally processed foods.
Cassak, Ehlmann, Heald, Jackson, and Maher Receive 2015 James B. Macelwane Medals
Authors:   AGU
Published: December 2015

Paul Cassak, Bethany List Ehlmann, Colette L. Heald, Matt Jackson, and Kate Maher were awarded the 2015 James B. Macelwane Medal at the American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting Honors Ceremony, held on 16 December 2015 in San Francisco, Calif. The medal is for "significant contributions to the geophysical sciences by an outstanding early career scientist."
Trendanalyse der Qualitätsindikatoren der Krankenhäuser einer Region von 2006/07 bis 2013
Authors: Held J. , Lack N. , Hermanek P. , Eßer M. 
Published: December 2015

Zusammenfassung
Einleitung: Trotz bundesweiter Einführung von Qualitätsindikatoren (QI) in der stationären externen Qualitätssicherung fehlt eine systematische Evaluation ihrer Entwicklung im Zeitverlauf.
Methode: Es wurde eine Trendanalyse der jährlich von 2006/7 bis 2013 erhobenen Gesamtraten von QI bayerischer Krankenhäuser durchgeführt. 123 von insgesamt 245 Indikatoren aus 15 Leistungsbereichen waren über den gesamten Zeitraum verfügbar und vergleichbar. Deren Gesamtraten wurden mittels Joinpoint Regressionen im zeitlichen Verlauf dargestellt. Klinikraten wurden exemplarisch für einen Leistungsbereich mit Boxplots analysiert.
Ergebnis: 99 QI (80,5%) zeigten einen positiven Trend, 67 davon (54,5% aller QI) einen statistisch signifikanten. Ein Wechsel von positivem zu negativem Trend war bei 15 QI (12,2%) festzustellen, wobei der negative Trend nur in einem Fall signifikant war. 9 QI (7,3%) wiesen einen kontinuierlich negativen Trend auf (3 davon signifikant). Die Boxplots der Klinikraten zeigen eine über die Jahre konstante Anzahl Kliniken, deren Ergebnisse weit unterhalb des bayernweiten Durchschnitts liegen.
Schlussfolgerungen: Der überwiegend positive Trend der Indikatoren könnte als Hinweis für die Wirksamkeit des Verfahrens der externen Qualitätssicherung gewertet werden und weiteren qualitätsverbessernden Maßnahmen Auftrieb geben.
Vergleich gesundheitsrelevanter Verhaltensmuster von Jungen und Mädchen in Deutschland: Ergebnisse der MoMo Studie
Authors: Spengler S. , Mess F. , Woll A. 
Published: December 2015

Zusammenfassung
Ziel der Studie: Um die Gesundheit von Jugendlichen optimal fördern zu können ist es wichtig, typische jugendliche Verhaltensmuster zu kennen. Ziel der vorliegenden Untersuchung war es, geschlechtsspezifische gesundheitsrelevante Verhaltensmuster von Jugendlichen in Deutschland zu identifizieren und zu vergleichen.
Methodik: Im Rahmen des KiGGS Surveys und der MoMo Studie wurden 832 Jungen und 811 Mädchen (11–17 Jahre) zum Gesundheitsverhalten befragt. Mit den Indices Aktivitätslevel, Ernährungsqualität und Medienkonsum wurden Clusteranalysen für Jungen und Mädchen getrennt durchgeführt.
Ergebnisse: Für beide Geschlechter konnten jeweils 4 Gesundheitsverhaltensmuster identifiziert werden, die sich hinsichtlich ihrer Ausprägungen ähneln, sich jedoch in Bezug auf Clustergröße, Ausprägungsstärke der Verhaltensweisen und Korrelate unterscheiden: Mädchen haben seltener ein sportorientiertes Verhaltensmuster als Jungen, Aktivitätslevel und Medienkonsum sind insgesamt bei den Verhaltensmustern der Mädchen schwächer ausgeprägt. Die Verhaltensmuster der Mädchen sind stärker als die der Jungen mit dem sozialen Status assoziiert, bei Jungen unterscheidet sich die Übergewichtsprävalenz je nach Verhaltensmuster signifikant.
Schlussfolgerungen: Die ähnlichen Clusterlösungen unterstützen die Annahme, dass stabile typische Gesundheitsverhaltensmuster bei deutschen Jugendlichen existieren, was die Auswahl von homogenen Zielgruppen für Lebensstilinterventionen erleichtert. Die Unterschiede zwischen Jungen und Mädchen verweisen darauf, dass Gesundheitsförderprogramme geschlechtsabhängig unterschiedliche Schwerpunkte verfolgen sollten.
Climate change impacts and adaptation in agricultural water management in the Philippines.
Authors: Lansigan F. P. , Cruz A. C. dela 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Climate change is now a reality and is expected to have profound impacts on agricultural production systems, thus threatening food security. Local observational evidence of changing climate based on available historical weather data-sets is presented for selected locations in the Philippines. In this study, plausible climate scenarios and downscaled climate projections for representative crop production areas are discussed. Results of downscaling of climate projections for 2020, 2050 and 2080 using a dynamic downscaling procedure and a statistical downscaling method are presented and compared. Impacts of climate change and variability on crop productivity and production systems in selected crop-growing areas in the country are presented. Crop yields using a calibrated crop simulation model for a standard rice variety (IR-64) and a local maize variety (IPB-911) for projected climate were determined. Results indicate a reduction from 8% to 14% in crop yields per 1°C temperature increase depending on season and location. Some adaptation strategies related to agricultural water management to minimize the adverse effects and impacts of climate change are described. These location-specific measures based on best practices include adjusting the planting calendar, improving water use efficiency and irrigation water management, water impoundment, planting stress-tolerant varieties, and weather index-based insurance for crop production.
Groundwater for food production and livelihoods - the nexus with climate change and transboundary water management.
Authors: Villholth K. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Groundwater resources in transboundary aquifers may cushion climate change and other impacts of anthropogenic change through irrigation development, which in turn can enhance food security, livelihood benefits and poverty reduction in developing countries. Such resources present significant water reserves that, however, need to undergo critical joint assessment, development and management if they are to provide substantial as well as sustainable scenarios to agricultural and socio-economic development. This chapter explores the nexus between groundwater in shared aquifers, climate change and agricultural growth in the context of Africa, Asia, the Middle East and Latin America and examines the added challenges as well as opportunities that the transboundary setting of these resources may provide in terms of devising lasting solutions. The chapter highlights that both local smaller-scale no-regret as well as larger-scale, strategic adaptation measures that often hinge on integrated surface-groundwater solutions are important. In addition, the socio-economic and institutional aspects, the latter in terms of general international law and specific adapted international agreements as well as bottom-up participatory processes, are critical for attaining success on the ground.
Mitigating greenhouse gas emissions from rice production through water-saving techniques: potential, adoption and empirical evidence.
Authors: Sander B. O. , Wassmann R. , Siopongco J. D. L. C. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract

Flooded rice fields are a large anthropogenic source of the greenhouse gas (GHG) methane (CH4). Aeration of the paddy field can reduce methane emissions and at the same time save water. Different forms of water saving techniques (WST), e.g. alternate wetting and drying (AWD) and midseason drainage (MSD), have been developed and disseminated. This article gives an overview on adoption of AWD in the Philippines and assesses prospects and constraints. It also explains the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) methodology for rice production and analyses the mitigation potential of WST in the form of a literature review. The adoption rate of AWD strongly depends on the incentive for the farmer. While direct monetary incentives are limited to areas where saving water is directly linked to reduced costs (e.g. pump irrigation systems), indirect incentives (e.g. improved crop development) have not yet been scientifically assessed. The literature meta-analysis proves the great mitigation potential of WST. Methane emissions can be reduced by an average of 36.5% with a single drainage and by 43% with multiple aerations. Nitrous oxide emissions increase under all WST but this increase does not offset the reduction in CH4 emissions. This study also shows that the amount of GHG emissions can vary drastically between different regions. This poses a challenge for the transfer of mitigation strategies from one region to another.
Calico Scallop Argopecten gibbus Abundance on the Cape Canaveral Bed and on Florida's Gulf of Mexico Shelf
Authors: Geiger Stephen P. , Arnold William S. , Stephenson Sarah , Fischer Keith 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Annual landings of the calico scallop Argopecten gibbus fishery in the southeastern United States increased from less than 3,000 kg in 1959 to 19.5 million kg of adductor muscle meat in 1984. The fishery began to collapse in early 1986 in Florida and fell below 1 million kg/year in the mid-1990s. From 2002 through 2011, the only reported landings were 550 kg in 2009, but annual landings of less than 200,000 kg beginning in 2012 indicate the resource rebounded enough in that year to create renewed interest in the fishery. When the fishery was developing, the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) sponsored 59 cruises (1956 through the mid-1970s) to map the distribution of the stock and found the calico scallop stocks on Florida's east coast principally occurred around the 40-m depth contour near the shelf break. By the early 1980s, surveys were no longer routinely conducted. Two surveys in the mid-1990s were dedicated to investigating the collapse of the stock. The present study consisted of eight cruises from 2004 to 2006: four each to the beds off Cape Canaveral on the eastern coast and the poorly documented beds off southwestern Florida. Cruises studying baitfish and cruises in the Gulf of Mexico by the Southeast Area Monitoring and Assessment Program (SEAMAP) yielded data that provided additional calico scallop abundance estimates. Abundant, albeit small, scallops were found on both coasts during three of the four cruises to each coast though none were detected in fall 2004 on either coast. Our results concur with those historic NMFS surveys conducted prior to the period of heaviest exploitation of the resource (1974–1999); the center of distribution for calico scallops on the Cape Canaveral beds still occurs near the 40-m depth contour. The essential habitat for calico scallops, shell base, which was suspected to have declined during the most active fishery periods, was found to have persisted consistently at that depth. There were few scallops with a shell height greater than 40 mm, the minimal size considered acceptable for commercial exploitation.
Received July 9, 2015; accepted September 15, 2015
Expression of PD‐1/LAG‐3 and cytokine production by CD4+ T cells during infection with Plasmodium parasites
Authors: Doe Henrietta T. , Kimura Daisuke , Miyakoda Mana , Kimura Kazumi , Akbari Masoud , Yui Katsuyuki 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTCD4+ T cells play critical roles in protection against the blood stage of malarial infection; however, their uncontrolled activation can be harmful to the host. In this study, in which rodent models of Plasmodium parasites were used, the expression of inhibitory receptors on activated CD4+ T cells and their cytokine production was compared with their expression in a bacterial and another protozoan infection. CD4+ T cells from mice infected with P. yoelii 17XL, P yoelii 17XNL, P. chabaudi, P. vinckei and P. berghei expressed the inhibitory receptors, PD‐1 and LAG‐3, as early as 6 days after infection, whereas those from either Listeria monocytogenes‐ or Leishmania major‐infected mice did not. In response to T‐cell receptor stimulation, CD4+ T cells from mice infected with all the pathogens under study produced high concentrations of IFN‐γ. IL‐2 production was reduced in mice infected with Plasmodium species, but not in those infected with Listeria or Leishmania. In vitro blockade of the interaction between PD‐1 and its ligands resulted in increased IFN‐γ production in response to Plasmodium antigens, implying that PD‐1 expressed on activated CD4+ T cells actively inhibits T cell immune responses. Studies using Myd88−/−, Trif−/− and Irf3−/− mice showed that induction of these CD4+ T cells and their ability to produce cytokines is largely independent of TLR signaling. These studies suggest that expression of the inhibitory receptors PD‐1 and LAG‐3 on CD4+ T cells and their reduced IL‐2 production are common characteristic features of Plasmodium infection.
Search for magic patches that heal the broken heart
Authors: Jiang Fan 
Published: December 2015

SummaryHeart failure caused by acute myocardial infarction remains a great challenge in clinical practice due to the high mortality rate associated with this pathology. Current therapies mainly aim to prevent expansion of the initial infarct lesion; however, approaches to effective regeneration of functional myocardium remain elusive. A recent breakthrough is that scientists have shown a collagen‐based cardiac patch containing follistatin‐like 1 can not only attenuate infarction‐induced heart injuries, but also stimulate proliferation of endogenous myocytes. These results raise the possibility that the intrinsic cardiomyocyte division, albeit a rare phenomenon, may be therapeutically manipulated and augmented for treating myocardial infarction and heart failure, at least in mice.
The role of tissue‐specific microbiota in initial establishment success of Pacific oysters
Authors: Lokmer Ana , Kuenzel Sven , Baines John F. , Wegner Karl Mathias 
Published: December 2015

SummaryMicrobiota can have positive and negative effects on hosts depending on the environmental conditions. Therefore, it is important to decipher host–microbiota–environment interactions, especially under natural conditions exerting (a)biotic stress. Here, we assess the relative importance of microbiota in different tissues of Pacific oyster for its successful establishment in a new environment. We transplanted oysters from the Southern to the Northern Wadden Sea and controlled for the effects of resident microbiota by administering antibiotics to half of the oysters. We then followed survival and composition of haemolymph, mantle, gill and gut microbiota in local and translocated oysters over 5 days. High mortality was recorded only in non‐antibiotic‐treated translocated oysters, where high titres of active Vibrio sp. in solid tissues indicated systemic infections. Network analyses revealed the highest connectivity and a link to seawater communities in the haemolymph microbiota. Since antibiotics decreased modularity and increased connectivity of the haemolymph‐based networks, we propose that community destabilization in non‐treated translocated oysters could be attributed to interactions between resident and external microbiota, which in turn facilitated passage of vibrios into solid tissues and invoked disease. These interactions of haemolymph microbiota with the external and internal environment may thus represent an important component of oyster fitness.
Long‐Run Fiscal Multipliers for Autonomous Prefectures in China
Authors: Shi Yingxin , Fukushige Mototsugu 
Published: December 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we successfully overcome the problems of data availability and investigate the fiscal multipliers for autonomous prefectures in China. We first estimate the long‐run elasticity of gross regional production with respect to fiscal expenditure at the prefecture level using autoregressive distributed lag models. We find that the estimated long‐run elasticity is much less than unity and that the estimated fiscal multipliers for prefectures lie between 0.61 and 4.93, with an average of 1.93. These results indicate that additional fiscal expenditure remains effective in increasing local income and promoting economic growth for most autonomous prefectures.
On Blending Competitive Trade Models
Authors: Jones Ronald W. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThree standard models typically discussed in the theory of international trade are the Ricardian model, the Heckscher‐Ohlin model and the Specific‐Factors model. Models are often compared with each other, in an attempt to analyze which model is best or fits reality better. Instead, I suggest that these international trade models can often be blended to take account of finite changes when, as a country develops, the appropriate model to be used changes as the pattern of production changes. Trade allows countries to produce fewer commodities than it consumes, and which commodities are selected to be produced may change as the economy grows in the size of its endowment bundle and/or technology changes. At issue is not only the question of which commodities are produced, but also how many commodities are produced, especially with reference to the number of productive factors.
Antenatal and postnatal care: a review of innovative models for improving availability, accessibility, acceptability and quality of services in low‐resource settings
Authors: Kearns AD , Caglia JM , ten Hoope‐Bender P , Langer A 
Published: December 2015

Key lessons can be drawn from innovative approaches that have been implemented to ensure access to better antenatal care (ANC) and postnatal care (PNC). This paper examines the successes and challenges ofANCandPNCdelivery models in several settings around the world; discusses the lessons to be learned from them; and makes recommendations for future programmes. Based on this review, we conclude that close monitoring ofANCandPNCquality and delivery models, health workforce support, appropriate use of electronic technologies, integrated care, a woman‐friendly perspective, and adequate infrastructure are key elements of successful programmes that benefit the health and wellbeing of women, their newborns and families. However, a full evaluation of care delivery models is needed to establish their acceptability, accessibility, availability and quality.Tweetable abstractNew paper examines global innovations in antenatal/postnatal care @MHTF@ICS_Integrare #MNCH#healthsystems.