bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gouvernance et fusions d’établissements sociosanitaires
Authors: Dupuis Alain , Farinas Luc , Demers Louis 
Published: April 2017

Dans cet article, nous nous demandons quel est ce « problème de coordination » pour lequel les fusions d’établissements seraient une solution. Nous tentons de répondre à cette question en nous inspirant des théories de l’organisation et du design organisationnel, ce que font peu les études qui dénoncent les problèmes de coordination et qui appellent à l’intégration des établissements et des services. Ces théories nous apprennent qu’il existe, au-delà de la populaire trilogie marché-hiérarchie-réseau, une multitude de mécanismes de gouvernance et de coordination aux propriétés partiellement distinctes. Les systèmes sociosanitaires combinent de diverses façons ces mécanismes. Les fusions ont pour effet d’accentuer l’importance de certains mécanismes tels que l’autorité centrale, la hiérarchie et les règles formelles. Ces mécanismes ont leur importance, mais il reste à faire la preuve que les renforcer puisse améliorer le fonctionnement du système sociosanitaire québécois, car ils ont des limites importantes en situation de complexité. Dans cet article, nous analysons les fusions d’établissements sociosanitaires sous l’angle des mécanismes de gouvernance et de coordination qui sont en jeu.
Performance of interferon-γrelease assay in the diagnosis of tuberculous lymphadenitis: a meta-analysis
Authors: Liu Qianqian , Li Wenzhang , Chen Yunfeng , Du Xinmiao , Wang Chengdi , Liang Binmiao , Tang Yin , Feng Yulin , Tao Chuanmin , He Jian-Qing 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundThe diagnostic values of interferon-gamma release assays (IGRA) in tuberculosis (TB) vary a lot with different site of infections, with especially higher sensitivities in chronic forms of TB such as tuberculosis of the lymph node. We conducted a meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the overall accuracy of diagnostic IGRA for tuberculous lymphadenitis.MethodsPubmed, Web of Science, EMBASE, Wanfang and CNKI databases up to February 17, 2017 were searched to identify published studies. The study quality was evaluated using the QUADAS-2 checklist. The pooled estimates of diagnostic parameters were generated using a bivariate random-effects model and summary receiver operating characteristic (SROC) curves were used to summarize global performance.ResultsA total of ten qualified studies, performed in Korea or China, including 1,084 patients, were enrolled in this meta-analysis. The pooled estimates of diagnostic accuracy were as follows: sensitivity, 0.89 (95% CI [0.85–0.92]); specificity, 0.81 (95% CI [0.77–0.83]); positive likelihood ratio (PLR), 4.25 (95% CI [2.79–6.47]); negative likelihood ratio (NLR), 0.16 (95% CI [0.12–0.22]); and area under the curve (AUC) was 0.93. According to subgroup analyses, studies conducted using QuantiFERON-TB, in Korean population and focusing on cervical lymphadenitis exhibited relative higher specificity while lower sensitivity. No evidence of publication bias was identified.ConclusionsIGRA exhibits high diagnostic accuracy in tuberculous lymphadenitis. The diagnostic value of IGRA differed by different IGRA methods, ethnicity and lymphadenitis location. Our conclusion may be more applicable to population from TB prevalent areas.
gb4gv: a genome browser forgeminivirus
Authors: Ho Eric S. , Newsom-Stewart Catherine M. , Diarra Lysa , McCauley Caroline S. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundGeminiviruses (familyGeminiviridae) are prevalent plant viruses that imperil agriculture globally, causing serious damage to the livelihood of farmers, particularly in developing countries. The virus evolves rapidly, attributing to its single-stranded genome propensity, resulting in worldwide circulation of diverse and viable genomes. Genomics is a prominent approach taken by researchers in elucidating the infectious mechanism of the virus. Currently, the NCBI Viral Genome website is a popular repository of viral genomes that conveniently provides researchers a centralized data source of genomic information. However, unlike the genome of living organisms, viral genomes most often maintain peculiar characteristics that fit into no single genome architecture. By imposing a unified annotation scheme on the myriad of viral genomes may downplay their hallmark features. For example, the viron of begomoviruses prevailing in America encapsulates two similar-sized circular DNA components and both are required for systemic infection of plants. However, the bipartite components are kept separately in NCBI as individual genomes with no explicit association in linking them. Thus, our goal is to build a comprehensiveGeminivirusgenomics database, namely gb4gv, that not only preserves genomic characteristics of the virus, but also supplements biologically relevant annotations that help to interrogate this virus, for example, the targeted host, putative iterons, siRNA targets, etc.MethodsWe have employed manual and automatic methods to curate 508 genomes from four major genera ofGeminiviridae, and 161 associated satellites obtained from NCBI RefSeq and PubMed databases.ResultsThese data are available for free access without registration from our website. Besides genomic content, our website provides visualization capability inherited from UCSC Genome Browser.DiscussionWith the genomic information readily accessible, we hope that our database will inspire researchers in gaining a better understanding of the incredible degree of diversity of these viruses, and of the complex relationships within and between the different genera in theGeminiviridae.Availability and ImplementationThe database can be found at:http://gb4gv.lafayette.edu.
The use of food imports to overcome local limits to growth
Authors: Porkka Miina , Guillaume Joseph H. A. , Siebert Stefan , Schaphoff Sibyll , Kummu Matti 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThere is a fundamental tension between population growth and carrying capacity, i.e., the population that could potentially be supported using the resources and technologies available at a given time. When population growth outpaces improvements in food production locally, food imports can avoid local limits and allow growth to continue. This import strategy is central to the debate on food security with continuing rapid growth of the world population. This highlights the importance of a quantitative global understanding of where the strategy is implemented, whether it has been successful, and what drivers are involved. We present an integrated quantitative analysis to answer these questions at sub‐national and national scale for 1961–2009, focusing on water as the key limiting resource and accounting for resource and technology impacts on local carrying capacity. According to the sub‐national estimates, food imports have nearly universally been used to overcome local limits to growth, affecting 3.0 billion people—81% of the population that is approaching or already exceeded local carrying capacity. This strategy is successful in 88% of the cases, being highly dependent on economic purchasing power. In the unsuccessful cases, increases in imports and local productivity have not kept pace with population growth, leaving 460 million people with insufficient food. Where the strategy has been successful, food security of 1.4 billion people has become dependent on imports. Whether or not this dependence on imports is considered desirable, it has policy implications that need to be taken into account.
Quantifying the role of urbanization on airflow perturbations and dunefield evolution
Authors: Smith Alexander B. , Jackson Derek W. T. , Cooper J. Andrew G. , Hernández‐Calvento L. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRapid urban development has been widespread in many arid regions of the world during the Anthropocene. Such development has the potential to affect, and be affected by, local and regional dunefield dynamics. While urban design often includes consideration of the wind regime, the potential impact of construction on the surrounding environment is seldom considered and remains poorly understood. In this study, regional airflow modeling during successive stages of urbanization at Maspalomas, Gran Canaria, Spain, indicates significant and progressive flow perturbations that have altered the adjacent dunefield. Significant modifications to the boundary layer velocity, mean wind directionality, turbulence intensity, and sediment flux potential are attributed to the extension of the evolving urban geometry into the internal boundary layer. Two distinct process/response zones were identified: (1) the urban shadow zone where widespread dune stabilization is attributed to the sheltering effect of the urban area on surface wind velocity; and (2) the acceleration zone where airflow is deflected away from the urbanized area, causing an increase in sediment transport potential and surface erosion. Consistent coherent turbulent structures were identified at landform and dunefield scales: counter‐rotating vortices develop in the lee‐side flow of dune crests and shedding off the buildings on the downwind edge of the urban area. This study illustrates the direct geomorphic impact of urbanization on aeolian dunefield dynamics, a relationship that has received little previous attention. The study provides a template for investigations of the potential impact of urbanization in arid zones.
Paleoenvironment change and its impact on carbon and nitrogen accumulation in the Zoige wetland, northeastern Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau over the past 14,000 years
Authors: Zeng Mengxiu , Zhu Cheng , Song Yougui , Ma Chunmei , Yang Zhenjing 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAs the largest alpine wetland and peat deposition area in China, the Zoige wetland is climatically sensitive. The organic matter (OM) in peat stores copious environmental information. Here we report new data on the organic geochemistry of a 4.5 m peat profile HY2014 from southern Zoige wetland. Based on closely spaced accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) 14C dating, we established a high‐resolution geochronological framework beginning at 14,057 a BP. Moreover, we estimated the sedimentation flux of TOC and TN (SFs) and their influencing factors. Before 10,916 a BP, the lake shrunk and peat began to develop under cold and dry conditions, and SFs were at their lowest values due to low productivity. More OM originated from hydrophyte and marsh plants. From 10,916 to 3050 a BP, peat was widely and well developed, and the climate was warm and humid, despite a cooling and drying trend. The HY2014 profile experienced an optimum climate during 10,916 − 6000 a BP, when SFs had the highest values that benefited from high productivity, and OM mainly originated from terrestrial plants. After 3050 a BP, the climate was the coldest and driest. The high SFs over the past 2000 a BP were mainly resulted from the low decomposition rate. The plant community, primary productivity, and decomposition rate were closely linked with the temporal variation of SFs. The environment change was mainly controlled by summer solar insolation, and the Zoige wetland was significantly influenced by the Indian summer monsoon.
Evaluation of retrieval methods of daytime convective boundary layer height based on lidar data
Authors: Li Hong , Yang Yi , Hu Xiao‐Ming , Huang Zhongwei , Wang Guoyin , Zhang Beidou , Zhang Tiejun 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe atmospheric boundary layer height is a basic parameter in describing the structure of the lower atmosphere. Because of their high temporal resolution, ground‐based lidar data are widely used to determine the daytime convective boundary layer height (CBLH), but the currently available retrieval methods have their advantages and drawbacks. In this paper, four methods of retrieving the CBLH (i.e., the gradient method, the idealized backscatter method, and two forms of the wavelet covariance transform method) from lidar normalized relative backscatter are evaluated, using two artificial cases (an idealized profile and a case similar to real profile), to test their stability and accuracy. The results show that the gradient method is suitable for high signal‐to‐noise ratio conditions. The idealized backscatter method is less sensitive to the first estimate of the CBLH; however, it is computationally expensive. The results obtained from the two forms of the wavelet covariance transform method are influenced by the selection of the initial input value of the wavelet amplitude. Further sensitivity analysis using real profiles under different orders of magnitude of background counts show that when different initial input values are set, the idealized backscatter method always obtains consistent CBLH. For two wavelet methods, the different CBLH are always obtained with the increase in the wavelet amplitude when noise is significant. Finally, the CBLHs as measured by three lidar‐based methods are evaluated by as measured from L‐band soundings. The boundary layer heights from two instruments coincide with ±200 m in most situations.
Comparing mass balance and adjoint methods for inverse modeling of nitrogen dioxide columns for global nitrogen oxide emissions
Authors: Cooper Matthew , Martin Randall V. , Padmanabhan Akhila , Henze Daven K. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSatellite observations offer information applicable to top‐down constraints on emission inventories through inverse modeling. Here we compare two methods of inverse modeling for emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) from nitrogen dioxide (NO2) columns using the GEOS‐Chem chemical transport model and its adjoint. We treat the adjoint‐based 4D‐Var modeling approach for estimating top‐down emissions as a benchmark against which to evaluate variations on the mass balance method. We use synthetic NO2 columns generated from known NOx emissions to serve as “truth.” We find that error in mass balance inversions can be reduced by up to a factor of 2 with an iterative process that uses finite difference calculations of the local sensitivity of NO2 columns to a change in emissions. In a simplified experiment to recover local emission perturbations, horizontal smearing effects due to NOx transport are better resolved by the adjoint approach than by mass balance. For more complex emission changes, or at finer resolution, the iterative finite difference mass balance and adjoint methods produce similar global top‐down inventories when inverting hourly synthetic observations, both reducing the a priori error by factors of 3–4. Inversions of simulated satellite observations from low Earth and geostationary orbits also indicate that both the mass balance and adjoint inversions produce similar results, reducing a priori error by a factor of 3. As the iterative finite difference mass balance method provides similar accuracy as the adjoint method, it offers the prospect of accurately estimating top‐down NOx emissions using models that do not have an adjoint.
Development of an advanced eco‐hydrologic and biogeochemical coupling model aimed at clarifying the missing role of inland water in the global biogeochemical cycle
Authors: Nakayama Tadanobu 
Published: April 2017

AbstractRecent research showed that inland water including rivers, lakes, and groundwater may play some role in carbon cycling, although its contribution has remained uncertain due to limited amount of reliable data available. In this study, the author developed an advanced model coupling eco‐hydrology and biogeochemical cycle (National Integrated Catchment‐based Eco‐hydrology (NICE)‐BGC). This new model incorporates complex coupling of hydrologic‐carbon cycle in terrestrial‐aquatic linkages and interplay between inorganic and organic carbon during the whole process of carbon cycling. The model could simulate both horizontal transports (export from land to inland water 2.01 ± 1.98 Pg C/yr and transported to ocean 1.13 ± 0.50 Pg C/yr) and vertical fluxes (degassing 0.79 ± 0.38 Pg C/yr, and sediment storage 0.20 ± 0.09 Pg C/yr) in major rivers in good agreement with previous researches, which was an improved estimate of carbon flux from previous studies. The model results also showed global net land flux simulated by NICE‐BGC (−1.05 ± 0.62 Pg C/yr) decreased carbon sink a little in comparison with revised Lund‐Potsdam‐Jena Wetland Hydrology and Methane (−1.79 ± 0.64 Pg C/yr) and previous materials (−2.8 to −1.4 Pg C/yr). This is attributable to CO2 evasion and lateral carbon transport explicitly included in the model, and the result suggests that most previous researches have generally overestimated the accumulation of terrestrial carbon and underestimated the potential for lateral transport. The results further implied difference between inverse techniques and budget estimates suggested can be explained to some extent by a net source from inland water. NICE‐BGC would play an important role in reevaluation of greenhouse gas budget of the biosphere, quantification of hot spots, and bridging the gap between top‐down and bottom‐up approaches to global carbon budget.
Rock record and magnetic response to large earthquakes within Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling cores
Authors: Zhang Lei , Sun Zhiming , Li Haibing , Zhao Laishi , Song Sheng‐Rong , Chou Yu‐Min , Cao Yong , Ye Xiaozhou , Wang Huan , He Xiangli 
Published: April 2017

AbstractFault‐related pseudotachylytes are often considered to be produced by large seismic events. To investigate the rock record and magnetic response to large earthquakes within cores from the Wenchuan Earthquake Fault Scientific Drilling borehole 2 (WFSD‐2), we carried out microstructural, geochemical, and rock‐magnetic analyses of representative cores. Based on microstructural observations and powder X‐ray diffraction analyses, we found 21 layers of melt‐origin pseudotachylytes from 579.62 to 599.31 m‐depth in the cores. The presence of early‐formed pseudotachylyte fragments in the new layer suggests that seismic faulting processes exploited the same fault strand more than once. Pseudotachylyte veins have higher values of magnetic susceptibility relative to wall rocks. Rock‐magnetic results indicate that the magnetic minerals within the pseudotachylyte veins are magnetite with varying amounts of paramagnetic minerals. Magnetic hysteresis loops show that a reduction of the grain size of ferromagnetic minerals is not a plausible explanation for the higher magnetic susceptibility values in pseudotachylyte veins. Rock‐magnetic analyses indicate that frictional heating (>500°C) occurred in the pseudotachylyte veins during large earthquakes. The resulting high temperatures induced thermal decomposition of paramagnetic minerals, forming magnetite and contributing to the higher magnetic susceptibility values. Different generations of pseudotachylytes and numerous high magnetic susceptibility zones together demonstrate that ancient powerful earthquakes may have occurred repeatedly in the Longmen Shan thrust belt.
Carpel Evolution
Authors: Vialette‐Guiraud Aurélie C.M. , Scutt Charlie P. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractThe carpel is the progenitor organ to the fruit and a defining feature of the flowering plants, or angiosperms. This organ has evolved in the angiosperms to generate a wide diversity of forms, often related to breeding strategies and seed distribution mechanisms. In this chapter, we focus on a number of key stages in the evolution of the carpel and fruit, about which something can be said of the molecular mechanisms underlying evolutionary change. In particular, we describe hypotheses for the evolutionary origin of the carpel in the first flowering plants and attempt to reconstruct the history of its structural diversification in various major angiosperm groups. In doing so, we concentrate on the genes and mechanisms whose presence can be deduced at key evolutionary stages in the angiosperms, and on molecular‐evolutionary processes such as neo‐ and sub‐functionalization, which have moulded these genes and the developmental processes they regulate. We also review the literature on the evolution of syncarpy – a phenomenon of enormous adaptive significance in the angiosperms. Lastly, we describe some examples of convergent evolution that have led to the development of fruit‐like structures both within and outside the flowering plants.
Fertilization and Fruit Initiation
Authors: Fuentes Sara , Vivian‐Smith Adam 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAngiosperms have evolved the unique processes of double fertilization and fruit development as key steps of their survival and dispersal strategies. In this chapter, we will examine fertilization and fruit initiation as central restriction points to fruit and seed development. Pollination and fertilization appear essential for fruit initiation, since angiosperm flowers universally enter terminal senescence and abscission phases if pollination is prevented. We review key developmental processes, pathways and genes that were recruited to control and restrict the reproductive growth of the carpel and ovule until fertilization is achieved. Ever since the discovery that exogenous application of phytohormones results in the development of seedless fruit without fertilization (termed parthenocarpy), most research has concentrated on the role of endogenous phytohormones as triggers for fruit initiation after fertilization. We will highlight how uncoupling of fruit initiation from fertilization through mutational studies can further contribute to the understanding of these complex processes. Initial analysis shows that strict local control of auxin signalling, through a transcription factor network, forms one of the decisive and primary events that leads to the hierarchical control over gibberellin metabolism and perception. Testing and challenging these assumptions will provide further knowledge indispensable for controlling fruit set and yield in agriculture.
Long‐Distance Seed Dispersal
Authors: Schurr Frank M. , Spiegel Orr , Steinitz Ofer , Trakhtenbrot Ana , Tsoar Asaf , Nathan Ran 
Published: April 2017

AbstractMost seeds of most plant species are dispersed over distances shorter than a few dozen metres, and only very few seeds travel over long distances. While the long‐distance dispersal (LDD) of seeds is, thus, typically rare, it has disproportionately large effects on the long‐term and large‐scale dynamics of plants. Here, we first highlight the importance of LDD for various aspects of plant biology, discuss problems with quantifying LDD, and advocate a new vector‐based framework for LDD research that may help to overcome some of these problems. We then present six generalizations about LDD mechanisms that can be derived using this framework. While the framework and the generalizations are also highlighted in Nathan, R., Schurr, F.M., Spiegel, O.,et al.(2008) Mechanisms of long‐distance seed dispersal.Trends in Ecology and Evolution23, 638–647, this chapter provides a more in‐depth derivation of the framework and additional evidence for the generalizations. In particular, we present here a new meta‐analysis validating an innovative model for the allometry of seed dispersal by animals. In the second part of the chapter, we extend Nathanet al.'s (2008) discussion of the implications of the framework and generalizations for understanding LDD evolution and forecasting large‐scale dynamics of plants. In particular, we use the vector‐based framework to address two fundamental questions about LDD: can we identify all relevant LDD vectors and can plant traits influence LDD? We conclude by suggesting directions for future research on LDD.