bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficient Removal of Methylene Blue by Novel Magnetic Hydrogel Nanocomposites of Poly(acrylic acid)
Authors: Pooresmaeil Malihe , Mansoori Yagoub , Mirzaeinejad Masoumeh , Khodayari Ali 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn the current research, the sonochemically prepared magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) were silylated with triethoxyvinylsilane to produce a core–shell structure containing vinyl moieties on the surface. The radical polymerization of the silylated product with acrylic acid in the presence of N,N‐methylenebisacrylamide, as the cross‐linker, led to the formation of novel magnetic hydrogel nanocomposites (MHNCs) in which some of polyacrylic acid (PAA) chains were chemically grafted onto MNPs (PAA‐grafted MNPs). Vibrating sample magnetometry showed the unique phenomenon of superparamagnetism for the prepared MNPs, silylated MNPs, and PAA‐grafted MNPs. Batch adsorption experiments were carried out for the removal of methylene blue (MB) using pure hydrogel and MHNCs as an adsorbent. The effects of contact time, PAA‐grafted MNP content, adsorbent mass, and initial pH value of the dye solution on adsorption were investigated. Results showed the MHNC containing 10 wt% of PAA‐grafted MNP (MHNC 10 wt%) had the maximum adsorption capacity. It was observed that the adsorption kinetics of MB followed pseudo–second‐order kinetics. The adsorption equilibrium data obeyed Langmuir isotherm, and the maximum adsorption amount of MB reached 507.7 mg g–1 for MHNC 10 wt%. It was shown that the adsorbed MB could be desorbed from the MHNCs by using methanol solution containing acetic acid and the nanoadsorbents could be recycled.
Vertebral numbers and human evolution
Authors: Williams Scott A. , Middleton Emily R. , Villamil Catalina I. , Shattuck Milena R. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTEver since Tyson (1699), anatomists have noted and compared differences in the regional numbers of vertebrae among humans and other hominoids. Subsequent workers interpreted these differences in phylogenetic, functional, and behavioral frameworks and speculated on the history of vertebral numbers during human evolution. Even in a modern phylogenetic framework and with greatly expanded sample sizes of hominoid species, researchers’ conclusions vary drastically, positing that hominins evolved from either a “long‐backed” (numerically long lumbar column) or a “short‐backed” (numerically short lumbar column) ancestor. We show that these disparate interpretations are due in part to the use of different criteria for what defines a lumbar vertebra, but argue that, regardless of which lumbar definition is used, hominins are similar to their great ape relatives in possessing a short trunk, a rare occurrence in mammals and one that defines the clade Hominoidea. Furthermore, we address the recent claim that the early hominin thoracolumbar configuration is not distinct from that of modern humans and conclude that early hominins show evidence of “cranial shifting,” which might explain the anomalous morphology of several early hominin fossils. Finally, we evaluate the competing hypotheses on numbers of vertebrae and argue that the current data support a hominin ancestor with an African ape‐like short trunk and lower back. Am J Phys Anthropol 159:S19–S36, 2016. © 2016 American Association of Physical Anthropologists
Fluctuating and directional asymmetry in the long bones of captive cotton‐top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus)
Authors: Reeves Nicole M. , Auerbach Benjamin M. , Sylvester Adam D. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesSkeletal asymmetries reflect developmental stability and mechanical, functional, and physiological influences on bone growth. In humans, researchers have documented the greatest limb bone bilateral asymmetry in diaphyseal breadths, with less asymmetry in articular and maximum length dimensions. However, it remains unclear as to whether the pattern observed for humans is representative of nonhuman primates, wherein bilateral loading may minimize directional asymmetry. This study adds to the small body of asymmetry data on nonhuman primates by investigating patterns of long bone asymmetry in a skeletal sample ofSaguinus oedipus(cotton‐top tamarin).Materials and MethodsHumeri, radii, ulnae, femora, and tibiae of 76 adult captive cotton‐top tamarin skeletons (48 males, 28 females) were measured bilaterally. We included maximum length, midshaft diaphyseal breadths, and at least one articular measurement for each bone to assess directional (DA) and fluctuating asymmetry (FA) in each dimension.ResultsMost dimensions exhibit significant FA, and very few have significant DA; DA is limited to the lower limb, especially in knee dimensions. Overall, the magnitudes of asymmetry in tamarins have a consistent ranking that follows the same pattern as found in humans.DiscussionThis first study of DA and FA among multiple dimensions throughout the limbs of a non‐hominoid primate suggests that previously‐reported patterns of human bilateral asymmetry are not exclusive to humans. The results further indicate potential underlying differences in constraints on variation within limb bones. While processes shaping variation await further study, our results argue that different long bone dimensions may reflect dissimilar evolutionary processes. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:41–51, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Social power, conflict policing, and the role of subordination signals in rhesus macaque society
Authors: Beisner Brianne A. , Hannibal Darcy L. , Finn Kelly R. , Fushing Hsieh , McCowan Brenda 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesPolicing is a conflict‐limiting mechanism observed in many primate species. It is thought to require a skewed distribution of social power for some individuals to have sufficiently high social power to stop others' fights, yet social power has not been examined in most species with policing behavior. We examined networks of subordination signals as a source of social power that permits policing behavior in rhesus macaques.Materials and MethodsFor each of seven captive groups of rhesus macaques, we (a) examined the structure of subordination signal networks and used GLMs to examine the relationship between (b) pairwise dominance certainty and subordination network pathways and (c) policing frequency and social power (group‐level convergence in subordination signaling pathways).ResultsNetworks of subordination signals had perfect linear transitivity, and pairs connected by both direct and indirect pathways of signals had more certain dominance relationships than pairs with no such network connection. Social power calculated using both direct and indirect network pathways showed a heavy‐tailed distribution and positively predicted conflict policing.ConclusionsOur results empirically substantiate that subordination signaling is associated with greater dominance relationship certainty and further show that pairs who signal rarely (or not at all) may use information from others' signaling interactions to infer or reaffirm the relative certainty of their own relationships. We argue that the network of formal dominance relationships is central to societal stability because it is important for relationship stability and also supports the additional stabilizing mechanism of policing. Am J Phys Anthropol 160:102–112, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Mechanische Reversibilität der spannungskatalysierten Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition
Authors: Jacobs Monique J. , Schneider Guenter , Blank Kerstin G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMechanophore, d. h. Moleküle, die spezifisch auf die Einwirkung einer mechanischen Kraft reagieren, sind die Schlüsselbausteine mechanisch aktiver Materialien. Die Möglichkeit einer mechanisch induzierten Cycloreversion von Triazol‐Molekülen kann mithilfe von Dichtefunktionalrechnungen ermittelt werden. Wir berichten über eine Reihe von Triazol‐Molekülen, die durch eine spannungskatalysierte Azid‐Alkin‐Cycloaddition synthetisiert werden und vergleichen diese mit den 1,4‐ und 1,5‐Regioisomeren, die in der Reaktion eines Azids mit einem terminalen Alkin entstehen. Wir zeigen, dass eine Cycloreversion prinzipiell möglich ist, und dass die Geometrie der Kraftangriffspunkte die Wahrscheinlichkeit einer Cycloreversion entscheidend beeinflusst. Wir haben die mechanische Stabilität der Triazol‐Moleküle darüber hinaus auch mit der Stabilität von Polymeren verglichen, wie sie häufig als Kraftüberträger in mechanochemischen Experimenten verwendet werden. In diesem Zusammenhang wurde DIBAC (Azadibenzylcyclooctin) als ein vielversprechender Mechanophor für zukünftige Anwendungen identifiziert.
Effect of Component Mobility on the Properties of Macromolecular [2]Rotaxanes
Authors: Chen Zhen , Aoki Daisuke , Uchida Satoshi , Marubayashi Hironori , Nojima Shuichi , Takata Toshikazu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMacromolecular [2]rotaxanes comprising a polymer axle and crown ether wheel were synthesized to evaluate the effect of component mobility on the properties of the axle polymer, especially its crystallinity. Living ring‐opening polymerization of δ‐valerolactone with a pseudorotaxane initiator with a hydroxy group at the axle terminus was followed by end‐capping with a bulky isocyanate. This yielded macromolecular [2]rotaxanes (M2Rs) possessing polyester axles of varying molecular weights. The crystallinity of the axle polymers of two series of M2Rs, with either fixed and movable components, was evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry. The results revealed that the effect of component mobility was significant in the fixed and movable M2Rs with a certain axle length, thus suggesting that the properties of the axle polymer depend on the mobility of the polyrotaxane components.
Low‐Temperature Solution Synthesis of Few‐Layer 1T ′‐MoTe2 Nanostructures Exhibiting Lattice Compression
Authors: Sun Yifan , Wang Yuanxi , Sun Du , Carvalho Bruno R. , Read Carlos G. , Lee Chia‐hui , Lin Zhong , Fujisawa Kazunori , Robinson Joshua A. , Crespi Vincent H. , Terrones Mauricio , Schaak Raymond E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMolybdenum ditelluride, MoTe2, is emerging as an important transition‐metal dichalcogenide (TMD) material because of its favorable properties relative to other TMDs. The 1T ′ polymorph of MoTe2 is particularly interesting because it is semimetallic with bands that overlap near the Fermi level, but semiconducting 2H‐MoTe2 is more stable and therefore more accessible synthetically. Metastable 1T ′‐MoTe2 forms directly in solution at 300 °C as uniform colloidal nanostructures that consist of few‐layer nanosheets, which appear to exhibit an approx. 1 % lateral lattice compression relative to the bulk analogue. Density functional theory calculations suggest that small grain sizes and polycrystallinity stabilize the 1T ′ phase in the MoTe2 nanostructures and suppress its transformation back to the more stable 2H polymorph through grain boundary pinning. Raman spectra of the 1T ′‐MoTe2 nanostructures exhibit a laser energy dependence, which could be caused by electronic transitions.
Preparation of PVDF/CaCO3 hybrid hollow fiber membranes for direct contact membrane distillation through TIPS method
Authors: Song Yang , Wang Ziyi , Wang Qin , Li Baoan , Zhong Benhe 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTPoly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF)–CaCO3 hybrid hollow fiber membranes with a cellular structure and prominent permeability were fabricated via the thermally induced phase separation method for membrane distillation. CaCO3 nanoparticles were introduced to the casting solution to improve the properties of the membranes. The effect of CaCO3 dosage on the morphology was investigated. The prepared membranes were characterized by differential scanning calorimetry, SEM, and atomic force microscopy. The results showed that liquid–liquid phase separation preceded solid–liquid phase separation during the spinning process. Low dosages of CaCO3 had a strong influence on the crystallization of PVDF molecules. The contact angle of the membrane increased with the addition of CaCO3 nanoparticles. The maximum dead end pure water flux was as high as 1295.5 L/(m2 h). The direct‐contact membrane distillation flux of the optimized PVDF/CaCO3 hybrid membrane achieved 63.98 kg/(m2 h) at the feed temperature of 90 °C. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43372.
Effect of the dissolution time on the structure and properties of lyocell‐fabric‐based all‐cellulose composite laminates
Authors: Adak Bapan , Mukhopadhyay Samrat 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, all‐cellulose composite laminates were prepared from lyocell fabric with ionic liquid (1‐butyl‐3‐methyl imidazolium chloride), a conventional hand layup method, and compression molding. Eight layers of lyocell fabric, which were impregnated with ionic liquid, were stacked symmetrically and hot‐pressed under compression molding for various times; this resulted in the partial dissolution of the surface of the lyocell fibers. The dissolved cellulose held the laminas together and resulted in a consolidated laminate. Finally, the prepared laminate was impregnated in water to remove the ionic liquid and to regenerate a matrix phase in situ; this was followed by hot‐press drying. Optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy studies were used to analyze composite structures. With increasing dissolution time, the void content in the composites decreased, and the interlaminar adhesion improved. For LC‐2h and LC‐3h, the highest tensile strength and modulus values obtained were 48.2 MPa and 1.78 GPa, respectively. For LC‐4h, the highest flexural strength and modulus values obtained were 53.96 MPa and 1.2 GPa, respectively. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43398.
Optimizing the water, carbon, and land‐use footprint of bioenergy production in Mexico ‐ Six case studies and the nationwide implications
Authors: Hennecke Anna M. , Mueller‐Lindenlauf Maria , García Carlos A. , Fuentes Alfredo , Riegelhaupt Enrique , Hellweg Stefanie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study aims to answer the question if and how biofuels can be produced in Mexico without aggravating water scarcity, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and avoiding indirect land‐use changes. We analyzed environmental impacts of six potential maize‐bioethanol production systems in Mexico on water resources, land use, and GHG emissions by using a life cycle assessment approach. Three irrigated high‐input maize systems and three rain‐fed low‐yield systems were analyzed. Inventory data was acquired by soil sampling and interviews with farmers. For the water footprint, field water balances were modeled using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) AquaCrop Model. For the carbon footprint, the BioGrace tool was used. Based on the results of status‐quo analysis, scenarios with improved agricultural management were defined to identify optimization potential. Additionally, the producible amount of biofuels was estimated on a national level. The analyses showed that improving management in rain‐fed agriculture offers the best opportunities for biofuel production without compromising regional water availability and without unwanted indirect effects on food prices and GHG emissions. Around 3.4% of Mexican gas consumption could be produced from maize bioethanol in Mexico without the above mentioned unwanted effects. By optimizing green water use in rain‐fed maize production, around 3 billion m3 of non‐productive soil evaporation would be put into productive use. This is around 10% of the total water extracted from aquifers in Mexico. From this we conclude that unproductive soil evaporation is an underestimated water resource which should be considered in water management. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry and John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
An in vitro compartmentalization‐based method for the selection of bond‐forming enzymes from large libraries
Authors: Gianella Paul , Snapp Erik L. , Levy Matthew 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTWe have developed a generalized in vitro compartmentalization‐based bead display selection strategy that allows for the identification of enzymes that can perform ligation reactions. Although a number of methods have been developed to evolve such enzymes, many of them are limited in library size (106–107), do not select for enzymes using a scheme that allows for multiple turnover, or only work on enzymes specific to nucleic acids. This approach is amenable to screening libraries of up to 1012 protein variants by allowing beads to be overloaded with up to 104 unique mutants. Using this approach we isolated a variant of sortase A from Staphylococcus aureus that shows a 114‐fold enhancement in kcat/KM in the absence of calcium compared to the wild‐type and improved resistance to the inhibitory effects of cell lysates. Unlike the wild‐type protein, the newly selected variant shows intracellular activity in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells where it may prove useful for intracellular labeling or synthetic biological applications. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1647–1657. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Clinical and experimental role of ring finger protein 180 on lymph node metastasis and survival in gastric cancer
Authors: Deng J , Liang H , Zhang R , Hou Y , Liu Y , Ying G , Pan Y , Hao X 
Published: January 2016

Abstract

Background
The hypermethylation of ring finger protein (RNF) 180 DNA promoter is significantly associated with lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. The present study explored the potential mechanism of RNF180-regulated lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer.

Methods
Associations between clinicopathological and survival data and RNF180 expression in gastric cancer tissues were analysed. The effects of RNF180 re-expression on gastric cancer cells were determined by means of proliferation, invasion, growth and lymphangiogenesis assays. A genome microarray was used to find potential target genes associated with lymphatic metastasis of gastric cancer cells regulated by RNF180.

Results
RNF180 was silenced or downregulated in 99 (73·9 per cent) of 134 gastric cancer tissues compared with 41·8 per cent of paired non-tumour tissues from patients. As an independent prognostic indicator of gastric cancer, RNF180 expression in gastric cancer tissues was negatively related to the number of metastatic lymph nodes. RNF180 was also downregulated in all seven gastric cancer cell lines examined. The re-expression of RNF180 in gastric cancer cells inhibited colony formation, proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro; re-expression of RNF180 also suppressed tumour growth and lymphangiogenesis in mice. Furthermore, re-expression of RNF180 downregulated the expression of hepatocyte growth factor, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) 2, MMP-14, vascular endothelial growth factor C/D and chemokine receptor 7 in gastric cancer cells; it also downregulated the expression of podoplanin in tumour tissue of nude mice.

Conclusion
RNF180 appears to act as a suppressor gene that inhibits lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer.Surgical relevanceBiological mechanisms that lead to lymph node metastasis in gastric cancer have not been clarified. Ring finger protein (RNF) 180 has been shown to participate in the processes of lymph node metastasis in several human malignancies.In this study, silencing or downregulation of RNF180 expression was significantly associated with lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer. In vitro, RNF180 expression suppressed the common biological characteristics of gastric cancer cells (HGC-27), including proliferation, invasion, lymphangio genesis and chemotaxis. RNF180 expression also inhibited tumour growth and tumour lymphangiogenesis in vivo.These results show that RNF180 is capable of inhibiting lymph node metastasis of gastric cancer by suppressing the intracellular activation of malignant molecular signals. Therefore, RNF180 could be considered as a promising biomarker for evaluation of the tumour aggressiveness and may be a target for future therapeutic intervention.
Brain white matter integrity in heroin addicts during methadone maintenance treatment is related to relapse propensity
Authors: Li Wei , Zhu Jia , Li Qiang , Ye Jianjun , Chen Jiajie , Liu Jierong , Li Zhe , Li Yongbin , Yan Xuejiao , Wang Yarong , Wang Wei 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionCognitive deficits caused by heroin‐induced white matter (WM) impairments hinder addicts' engagement in and benefit from treatment. The predictive value of WM integrity in heroin addicts during methadone maintenance treatment (MMT) for future relapse is unclear.MethodsForty‐eight MMT patients were given baseline diffusion tensor imaging scans and divided into heroin relapsers (HR, 25 cases) and abstainers (HA, 23 cases) according to the results of 6‐month follow‐up. Intergroup comparisons were performed for fractional anisotropy (FA), radial diffusivity (RD), and axial diffusivity (AD). The correlation between diffusion tensor imaging indices and the degree of heroin relapse was analyzed.ResultsCompared with HA group, HR group had reduced FA in the right retrolenticular part, left anterior and posterior limb of internal capsule, bilateral anterior corona radiata, and right external capsule. Three out of the six regions showed increased RD, with no changes in AD. The FA and AD values in the left posterior limb of internal capsule correlated negatively with the heroin‐positive urinalysis rate within follow‐up.ConclusionsLower WM integrity in MMT patients may add to neurobiological factors associated with relapse to heroin use. Strategies for improving WM integrity provide a new perspective to prevent future relapse to heroin abuse.
Solution Observation of Dimerization and Helix Handedness Induction in a Human Carbonic Anhydrase–Helical Aromatic Amide Foldamer Complex
Authors: Jewginski Michal , Fischer Lucile , Colombo Cinzia , Huc Ivan , Mackereth Cameron D. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe design of synthetic foldamers to selectively bind proteins is currently hindered by the limited availability of molecular data to establish key features of recognition. Previous work has described dimerization of human carbonic anhydrase II (HCA) through self‐association of a quinoline oligoamide helical foldamer attached to a tightly binding HCA ligand. A crystal structure of the complex provided atomic details to explain the observed induction of single foldamer helix handedness and revealed an unexpected foldamer‐mediated dimerization. Here, we investigated the detailed behavior of the HCA–foldamer complex in solution by using NMR spectroscopy. We found that the ability to dimerize is buffer‐dependent and uses partially distinct intermolecular contacts. The use of a foldamer variant incapable of self‐association confirmed the ability to induce helix handedness separately from dimer formation and provided insight into the dynamics of enantiomeric selection.
MicroRNA‐455 suppresses non‐small cell lung cancer through targeting ZEB1
Authors: Li Ying‐Jie , Ping Chen , Tang Jian , Zhang Wen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMicroRNA‐455 (miRNA‐455), which is downregulated in human cancer, potently mediates the multiple steps of carcinogenesis. However, the role of miR‐455 in non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) carcinogenesis remains unclear. In present study, we determined the mature miRNA‐455 expression in NSCLC tissues and cells by real‐time PCR. Follow‐up studies examined the effects of a miR‐455 mimic (gain of function) on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Our data indicate that miR‐455 was significantly down‐regulated in NSCLC cell lines and tissues. In functional assays, overexpression of miR‐455 suppressed the proliferation, migration, and invasion of NSCLC cell lines. Data from reporter assays showed that miR‐455 directly binds to 3′UTR of ZEB1 and suppresses the endogenous level of ZEB1 protein expression. Furthermore, overexpression of ZEB1 reverses miR‐455‐suppressed malignant phenotype of NSCLC cells. Moreover, we found that upregulation of ZEB1 expression is inversely associated with miR‐455 expression in NSCLC tissues. Taken together, miR‐455 as an anti‐oncogene in non‐small cell lung cancer through up‐regulation of ZEB1 and serve as a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC.