bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orthopedic surgery modulates neuropeptides and BDNF expression at the spinal and hippocampal levels
Authors: Zhang Ming-Dong , Barde Swapnali , Yang Ting , Lei Beilei , Eriksson Lars I. , Mathew Joseph P. , Andreska Thomas , Akassoglou Katerina , Harkany Tibor , Hökfelt Tomas G. M. , Terrando Niccolò 
Published: October 2016

Significance
Orthopedic surgery sometimes causes persistent pain and, especially in the elderly, delirium and cognitive dysfunction. Using an established mouse bone-fracture model associating with memory deficits, we assessed pain behavior and expression of several molecules in sensory neurons, spinal cord, and brain. An increase in cold sensitivity and up-regulation of several injury markers, including activating transcription factor 3, the neuropeptide galanin, and growth factor brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), were observed in sensory ganglia. In the hippocampus, BDNF protein levels were increased in mossy fibers. In contrast, the Bdnf transcript was not increased in the parent granule cell bodies, and c-Fos levels were decreased, as was neurogenesis. Thus, impaired hippocampal BDNF signaling may contribute to mental deficits observed after surgery.
Human attention filters for single colors
Authors: Sun Peng , Chubb Charles , Wright Charles E. , Sperling George 
Published: October 2016

Significance
The eyes present the brain much more information than it could possibly process. One important way to prioritize information is by selective attention to features, processing only items containing the attended features and blocking others (i.e., forming an attention filter). Here we demonstrate an extremely efficient paradigm and a powerful analysis to quantitatively measure, as accurately as one might measure physical color filters, 32 such human attention filters for single colors. These data are an essential basis for a theory of attention to color. The centroid paradigm itself, because it quickly and quantitatively characterizes basic attention processes, has numerous applications.
Mechanism of O2activation and substrate hydroxylation in noncoupled binuclear copper monooxygenases
Authors: Cowley Ryan E. , Tian Li , Solomon Edward I. 
Published: October 2016

SignificanceNature has evolved several strategies for using dioxygen (O2) for chemical oxidations. These enzymatic processes typically use metal cofactors to impart selectivity and minimize production of deleterious reactive oxygen species. In particular, hormone biosynthesis and neurotransmitter regulation are accomplished by copper- and O2-dependent enzymes possessing a unique copper active site; however, the mechanism has been debated and the role of the unique active site structure in enabling the chemistry is unclear. To understand this, structural and spectroscopic data are used to computationally model the full reaction mechanism to define the molecular basis for O2reactivity and define the role of the active site structure in controlling proper enzymatic function.
Thermal Regimes, Nonnative Trout, and Their Influences on Native Bull Trout in the Upper Klamath River Basin, Oregon
Authors: Benjamin Joseph R. , Heltzel Jeannie M. , Dunham Jason B. , Heck Michael , Banish Nolan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe occurrence of fish species may be strongly influenced by a stream's thermal regime (magnitude, frequency, variation, and timing). For instance, magnitude and frequency provide information about sublethal temperatures, variability in temperature can affect behavioral thermoregulation and bioenergetics, and timing of thermal events may cue life history events, such as spawning and migration. We explored the relationship between thermal regimes and the occurrences of native Bull Trout Salvelinus confluentus and nonnative Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis and Brown Trout Salmo trutta across 87 sites in the upper Klamath River basin, Oregon. Our objectives were to associate descriptors of the thermal regime with trout occurrence, predict the probability of Bull Trout occurrence, and estimate upper thermal tolerances of the trout species. We found that each species was associated with a different suite of thermal regime descriptors. Bull Trout were present at sites that were cooler, had fewer high‐temperature events, had less variability, and took longer to warm. Brook Trout were also observed at cooler sites with fewer high‐temperature events, but the sites were more variable and Brook Trout occurrence was not associated with a timing descriptor. In contrast, Brown Trout were present at sites that were warmer and reached higher temperatures faster, but they were not associated with frequency or variability descriptors. Among the descriptors considered, magnitude (specifically June degree‐days) was the most important in predicting the probability of Bull Trout occurrence, and model predictions were strengthened by including Brook Trout occurrence. Last, all three trout species exhibited contrasting patterns of tolerating longer exposures to lower temperatures. Tolerance limits for Bull Trout were lower than those for Brook Trout and Brown Trout, with contrasts especially evident for thermal maxima. Our results confirm the value of exploring a suite of thermal regime descriptors for understanding the distribution and occurrence of fishes. Moreover, these descriptors and their relationships to fish should be considered with future changes in land use, water use, or climate.Received March 4, 2016; accepted July 27, 2016 Published online October 11, 2016
Trophic Feasibility of Reintroducing Anadromous Salmonids in Three Reservoirs on the North Fork Lewis River, Washington: Prey Supply and Consumption Demand of Resident Fishes
Authors: Sorel Mark H. , Hansen Adam G. , Connelly Kristin A. , Beauchamp David A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe reintroduction of anadromous salmonids in reservoirs is being proposed with increasing frequency, requiring baseline studies to evaluate feasibility and estimate the capacity of reservoir food webs to support reintroduced populations. Using three reservoirs on the north fork Lewis River as a case study, we demonstrate a method to determine juvenile salmonid smolt rearing capacities for lakes and reservoirs. To determine if the Lewis River reservoirs can support reintroduced populations of juvenile stream‐type Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha, we evaluated the monthly production of daphnia Daphnia spp. (the primary zooplankton consumed by resident salmonids in the system) and used bioenergetics to model the consumption demand of resident fishes in each reservoir. To estimate the surplus of Daphnia prey available for reintroduced salmonids, we assumed a maximum sustainable exploitation rate and accounted for the consumption demand of resident fishes. The number of smolts that could have been supported was estimated by dividing any surplus Daphnia production by the simulated consumption demand of an individual Chinook Salmon fry rearing in the reservoir to successful smolt size. In all three reservoirs, densities of Daphnia were highest in the epilimnion, but warm epilimnetic temperatures and the vertical distribution of planktivores suggested that access to abundant epilimnetic prey was limited. By comparing accessible prey supply and demand on a monthly basis, we were able to identify potential prey supply bottlenecks that could limit smolt production and growth. These results demonstrate that a bioenergetics approach can be a valuable method of examining constraints on lake and reservoir rearing capacity, such as thermal structure and temporal food supply. This method enables numerical estimation of rearing capacity, which is a useful metric for managers evaluating the feasibility of reintroducing Pacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. in lentic systems.Received April 24, 2016; accepted July 28, 2016 Published online October 11, 2016
Recovery of Sockeye Salmon in the Elwha River, Washington, after Dam Removal: Dependence of Smolt Production on the Resumption of Anadromy by Landlocked Kokanee
Authors: Hansen Adam G. , Gardner Jennifer R. , Beauchamp David A. , Paradis Rebecca , Quinn Thomas P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPacific salmon Oncorhynchus spp. are adept at colonizing habitat that has been reopened to anadromous passage. Sockeye Salmon O. nerka are unique in that most populations require lakes to fulfill their life history. Thus, for Sockeye Salmon to colonize a system, projects like dam removals must provide access to lakes. However, if the lakes contain landlocked kokanee (lacustrine Sockeye Salmon), the recovery of Sockeye Salmon could be mediated by interactions between the two life history forms and the processes associated with the resumption of anadromy. Our objective was to evaluate the extent to which estimates of Sockeye Salmon smolt production and recovery are sensitive to the resumption of anadromy by kokanee after dam removal. We informed the analysis based on the abiotic and biotic features of Lake Sutherland, which was recently opened to passage after dam removal on the Elwha River, Washington. We first developed maximum expectations for the smolt‐producing capacity of Lake Sutherland by using two predictive models developed from Sockeye Salmon populations in Alaska and British Columbia: one model was based on the mean seasonal biomass of macrozooplankton, and the other was based on the euphotic zone volume of the lake. We then constructed a bioenergetics‐based simulation model to evaluate how the capacity of Lake Sutherland to rear yearling smolts could change with varying degrees of anadromy among O. nerka fry. We demonstrated that (1) the smolt‐producing capacity of a nursery lake for juvenile Sockeye Salmon changes in nonlinear ways with changes in smolt growth, mortality, and the extent to which kokanee resume anadromy after dam removal; (2) kokanee populations may be robust to changes in abundance after dam removal, particularly if lakes are located higher in the watershed on tributaries separate from where dams were removed; and (3) the productivity of newly establishing Sockeye Salmon can vary considerably depending on whether the population becomes rearing limited or is recruitment limited and depending on how adult escapement is managed.Received March 9, 2016; accepted August 6, 2016 Published online October 11, 2016
Methodology for heat flux investigation on leading edges using infrared thermography
Authors: Corre Y. , Gardarein J.-L. , Dejarnac R. , Gaspar J. , Gunn J.P. , Aumeunier M.-H. , Courtois X. , Missirlian M. , Rigollet F. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
During steady state plasma operation in fusion devices, leading edges of the actively cooled plasma-facing components can be impacted by plasma flux with nearly normal angle of incidence, causing local overheating. The overheating can be a critical issue in high-power machines, especially in the presence of mechanical misalignments. Due to heat diffusion through the material, the edge power overload also leads to a local increase of temperature on the top part of the tile that can be detected by the infrared imaging system (viewed from the top of the machine). In the Tore Supra tokamak, heat flux impinging on the top and the leading edge of the carbon fibre composite (CFC) flat tiles are characterized with both an infrared (IR) thermographic system and 2D thermal modelling of the tile. A specific sensor correction based on a laboratory blackbody-slit experiment has been developed to simulate the spatial resolution related effects (necessary here since the temperature gradient near the leading edge is smaller than the pixel size of the IR system). The transfer function of the IR system is characterized by a Gaussian distribution function. The standard deviation is found to be σ  =  1.75 mm for a pixel size of 3.1 mm. The heat flux calculation is applied to CFC flat tiles and, after being processed with the transfer function, compared to experimental IR data for two geometrical situations: one with 0.2 mm misalignment between two adjacent tiles and the other without misalignment (well-aligned tiles). The heat flux ratio between the leading edge and top is found to be ~25 in the case of the protruding tile, which is lower than the expected ratio using the guiding-centre ballistic approximation with no cross-field heat flux (57).
The trouble with H0
Authors: Bernal José Luis , Verde Licia , Riess Adam G. 
Published: October 2016

We perform a comprehensive cosmological study of theH0tension between the direct local measurement and the model-dependent value inferred from the Cosmic Microwave Background. With the recent measurement ofH0this tension has raised to more than 3 σ. We consider changes in the early time physics without modifying the late time cosmology. We also reconstruct the late time expansion history in a model independent way with minimal assumptions using distance measurements from Baryon Acoustic Oscillations and Type Ia Supernovae, finding that atz < 0.6 the recovered shape of the expansion history is less than 5% different than that of a standard ΛCDM model. These probes also provide a model insensitive constraint on the low-redshift standard ruler, measuring directly the combinationrshwhereH0 = h × 100 Mpc−1km/s andrsis the sound horizon at radiation drag (the standard ruler), traditionally constrained by CMB observations. ThusrsandH0provide absolute scales for distance measurements (anchors) at opposite ends of the observable Universe. We calibrate the cosmic distance ladder and obtain a model-independent determination of the standard ruler for acoustic scale,rs. The tension inH0reflects a mismatch between our determination ofrsand its standard, CMB-inferred value. Without including high-ℓ Planck CMB polarization data (i.e., only considering the ``recommended baseline" low-ℓ polarisation and temperature and the high ℓ temperature data), a modification of the early-time physics to include a component of dark radiation with an effective number of species around 0.4 would reconcile the CMB-inferred constraints, and the localH0and standard ruler determinations. The inclusion of the ``preliminary" high-ℓ Planck CMB polarisation data disfavours this solution.
Re‐Examining the Reported Rates of Return to Food and Agricultural Research and Development: Comment
Authors: Oehmke James F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHurley, Rao, and Pardey (2014) argue to replace the internal rate of return with the modified internal rate of return for the evaluation of public research investment. The crux of their argument is that the internal rate of return “assumes intermediate cash flows can be reinvested (or borrowed) at same return as the initial investment, which is generally not correct or reasonable,” (page 1492). This article first demonstrates that reinvestment decisions are embodied in the project specification, and that the internal rate of return makes no inherent reinvestment assumption. The article then clarifies the algebraic properties of the marginal internal rate of return and the reinvestment implications of the internal rate of return and modified internal rate of return within the context of public agricultural research evaluation.
stAIcalc: tRNA adaptation index calculator based on species-specific weights
Authors: Sabi Renana , Volvovitch Daniel Renana , Tuller Tamir 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Summary
The tRNA Adaptation Index (tAI) is a tRNA-centric measure of translation efficiency which includes weights that take into account the efficiencies of the different wobble interactions. To enable the calculation of the index based on a species-specific inference of these weights, we created the stAIcalc. The calculator includes optimized tAI weights for 100 species from the three domains of life along with a standalone software package that optimizes the weights for new organisms. The tAI with the optimized weights should enable performing large scale studies in disciplines such as molecular evolution, genomics, systems biology and synthetic biology.

Availability and Implementation
The calculator is publicly available at http://www.cs.tau.ac.il/∼tamirtul/stAIcalc/stAIcalc.html
An informatics-based approach to reducing heart failure all-cause readmissions: the Stanford heart failure dashboard
Authors: Banerjee Dipanjan , Thompson Christine , Kell Charlene , Shetty Rajesh , Vetteth Yohan , Grossman Helene , DiBiase Aria , Fowler Michael 
Published: October 2016

Background: Reduction of 30-day all-cause readmissions for heart failure (HF) has become an important quality-of-care metric for health care systems. Many hospitals have implemented quality improvement programs designed to reduce 30-day all-cause readmissions for HF. Electronic medical record (EMR)-based measures have been employed to aid in these efforts, but their use has been largely adjunctive to, rather than integrated with, the overall effort.
Objectives: We hypothesized that a comprehensive EMR-based approach utilizing an HF dashboard in addition to an established HF readmission reduction program would further reduce 30-day all-cause index hospital readmission rates for HF.
Methods: After establishing a quality improvement program to reduce 30-day HF readmission rates, we instituted EMR-based measures designed to improve cohort identification, intervention tracking, and readmission analysis, the latter 2 supported by an electronic HF dashboard. Our primary outcome measure was the 30-day index hospital readmission rate for HF, with secondary measures including the accuracy of identification of patients with HF and the percentage of patients receiving interventions designed to reduce all-cause readmissions for HF.
Results: The HF dashboard facilitated improved penetration of our interventions and reduced readmission rates by allowing the clinical team to easily identify cohorts with high readmission rates and/or low intervention rates. We significantly reduced 30-day index hospital all-cause HF readmission rates from 18.2% at baseline to 14% after implementation of our quality improvement program (P = .045). Implementation of our EMR-based approach further significantly reduced 30-day index hospital readmission rates for HF to 10.1% (P for trend = .0001). Daily time to screen patients decreased from 1 hour to 15 minutes, accuracy of cohort identification improved from 83% to 94.6% (P = .0001), and the percentage of patients receiving our interventions, such as patient education, also improved significantly from 22% to 100% over time (P &lt; .0001).
Conclusions: In an institution with a quality improvement program already in place to reduce 30-day readmission rates for HF, an EMR-based approach further significantly reduced 30-day index hospital readmission rates.
Simulating the onset of grazing envelope evolution of binary stars
Authors: Shiber Sagiv , Kashi Amit , Soker Noam 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
We present the first three-dimensional gas-dynamical simulations of the grazing envelope evolution (GEE) of stars, with the goal of exploring the basic flow properties and the role of jets at the onset of the GEE. In the simulated runs, a secondary main-sequence star grazes the envelope of the primary asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. The orbit is circular at the radius of the AGB primary star on its equator. We inject two opposite jets perpendicular to the equatorial plane from the location of the secondary star, and follow the evolution for several orbital periods. We explore the flow pattern by which the jets eject the outskirts of the AGB envelope. After one orbit, the jets start to interact with gas ejected in previous orbits and inflate hot low-density bubbles.
The Case against Forced Methadone Detox in the US Prisons
Authors: D’Hotman Daniel , Pugh Jonathan , Douglas Thomas 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Methadone maintenance therapy is a cost-effective, evidence-based treatment for heroin dependence. In the USA, a majority of heroin-dependent offenders are forced to detox from methadone when incarcerated. Recent research published in The Lancet has demonstrated the negative health and economic outcomes associated with such policies (Rich, J. D., McKenzie, M., Larney, S., Wong, J. B., Tran, L., Clarke, J. et al. (2015). Methadone Continuation Versus Forced Withdrawal on Incarceration in a Combined US Prison and Jail: A Randomised, Open Label Trial. The Lancet, 386, 350–359). This novel evidence raises questions as to the justification for current policies of forced detox in American prisons. Opponents of methadone provision in prisons might offer arguments from retributivism, resource allocation and curative effectiveness to justify their position. This article contends that these arguments do not stand up to ethical scrutiny. In light of this, we hold that American policymakers should reform criminal justice policies to allow the initiation and continuation of methadone treatment in correctional settings. This would be consistent with both international recommendations and the example set by a number of other Western countries.
Psychosocial Influences on Exercise-Induced Hypoalgesia
Authors: Brellenthin Angelique G. , Crombie Kevin M. , Cook Dane B. , Sehgal Nalini , Koltyn Kelli F. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Objective. The purpose of this study was to examine psychosocial influences on exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH).
Design. Randomized controlled trial.
Setting. Clinical research unit in a hospital.
Subjects. Fifty-eight healthy men and women (mean age = 21 ± 3 years) participated in this study.
Methods. Participants were first asked to complete a series of baseline demographic and psychological questionnaires including the Pain Catastrophizing Scale, the Fear of Pain Questionnaire, and the Family Environment Scale. Following this, they were familiarized with both temporal summation of heat pain and pressure pain testing protocols. During their next session, participants completed the Profile of Mood States, rated the intensity of heat pulses, and indicated their pressure pain thresholds and ratings before and after three minutes of submaximal, isometric exercise. Situational catastrophizing was assessed at the end of the experimental session.
Results. Results indicated that experimental pain sensitivity was significantly reduced after exercise (P &lt; 0.05). Men and women did not differ on any of the measured psychosocial variables (P &gt; 0.05). Positive family environments predicted attenuated pain sensitivity and greater EIH, whereas negative and chronic pain-present family environments predicted worse pain and EIH outcomes. Situational catastrophizing and negative mood state also predicted worse pain and EIH outcomes and were additionally associated with increased ratings of perceived exertion and muscle pain during exercise.
Conclusions. This study provides preliminary evidence that psychosocial variables, such as the family environment and mood states, can affect both pain sensitivity and the ability to modulate pain through exercise-induced hypoalgesia.