bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long‐Term Outcomes of Early Loading of Straumann Implant‐Supported Fixed Segmented Bridgeworks in Edentulous Maxillae: A 10‐Year Prospective Study
Authors: Zhang Xiao‐Xiao , Shi Jun‐Yu , Gu Ying‐Xin , Lai Hong‐Chang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundThere have been few studies investigating the long‐term outcome of early‐loaded implants with segmented bridgeworks on fully edentulous maxillae.PurposeTo evaluate the long‐term predictability of early‐loaded Straumann implant‐supported fixed segmented bridgeworks in edentulous maxillae.Material and MethodsNinety‐one implants were placed in 12 patients with edentulous maxillae. After a healing period of 6 weeks, the abutments were tightened followed by cementing of fixed full‐arch prostheses. The patients were recalled after 1, 3, 5, and 10 years of loading for clinical evaluation. Implant success rate, peri‐implant soft tissue condition, technical complications, marginal bone loss and patients’ satisfaction was assessed.ResultsEleven of the 12 patients attended the 10‐year follow‐up. Two implants were lost. The implant success rate was 97.6% at implant level and 81.8% at patient level. The mean marginal bone loss was found to be 0.41 ± 0.55mm, 0.53 ± 0.43mm, 0.68 ± 0.76 mm and 1.01 ± 0.85 mm at the 1, 3, 5, and 10‐year follow‐up respectively. None of the 11 patients showed a modified plaque index (mPLI) or modified bleeding index (mBI) of 3. Only one patient was found to have pocket probing depth (PPD) exceeding 3 mm. Peri‐implantitis was found around one of the implants in a patient after 4 years of loading. The success rate of prostheses was 55.3% at prosthesis level and 27.3% at patient level. The most common technical complication of the prostheses was chipping of the ceramic veneer. Damaged veneers were observed in five patients. Other complications were loss of retention and abutment loosening.ConclusionEarly loading of Straumann SLA implants for support of full‐arch segmented bridgeworks represents a viable therapy for the fully edentulous maxillae in the long term. High success rate of implants, acceptable peri‐implant soft tissue condition and excellent patient satisfaction can be achieved, while technical complications of prostheses are common.
Contact sensitization in prurigo patients
Authors: Weisshaar Elke , Molin Sonja , Darsow Ulf , Geier Johannes 
Published: April 2016

SummaryBackgroundThere are no studies on contact allergy in patients with prurigo. With itch being important in the pathophysiology of prurigo diseases and being a symptom of allergic contact dermatitis, we aimed to investigate contact allergy in patients suffering from prurigo.ObjectivesExploratory analysis of patch test results in prurigo patients.Materials and methodsA retrospective analysis of data of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology, 2005–2014, was performed.ResultsOf 116 744 patch tested patients, 639 (0.55%) were diagnosed with prurigo. The median age was 61 years, 286 (45%) were pensioners, and 252 (39.5%) had generalized prurigo. The indication for patch testing was exclusion of contact allergy in 412 patients (64.5%), and 223 patients (35%) had at least one positive patch test reaction. There was no distinctive pattern of sensitization. Prurigo patients had significantly more (and stronger) reactions to the irritant control patch test with sodium lauryl sulfate than a control group (27.6% versus 21.0%).ConclusionsAlthough prurigo is not a typical clinical manifestation of contact sensitization, our results indicate that patch testing in these patients may be helpful.
The Cultural Evolution of Structured Languages in an Open‐Ended, Continuous World
Authors: Carr Jon W. , Smith Kenny , Cornish Hannah , Kirby Simon 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLanguage maps signals onto meanings through the use of two distinct types of structure. First, the space of meanings is discretized into categories that are shared by all users of the language. Second, the signals employed by the language are compositional: The meaning of the whole is a function of its parts and the way in which those parts are combined. In three iterated learning experiments using a vast, continuous, open‐ended meaning space, we explore the conditions under which both structured categories and structured signals emerge ex nihilo. While previous experiments have been limited to either categorical structure in meanings or compositional structure in signals, these experiments demonstrate that when the meaning space lacks clear preexisting boundaries, more subtle morphological structure that lacks straightforward compositionality—as found in natural languages—may evolve as a solution to joint pressures from learning and communication.
Hemodynamic responses to mental stress during salt loading
Authors: Gefke Maria , Christensen Niels Juel , Bech Per , Frandsen Erik , Damgaard Morten , Asmar Ali , Norsk Peter 
Published: April 2016

SummaryPurposeThe purpose was to examine whether prolonged moderate stress associated with a student exam would increase the blood pressure response to a salt load in young healthy normotensive individuals.MethodsTen healthy young subjects were examined at two different occasions in random order (i) during preparation for a medical exam (prolonged stress) and (ii) outside the exam period (low stress). All subjects consumed a controlled diet for 3 days with low‐ or high‐salt content in randomized order. The subjective stress was measured by Spielberger's State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory‐Scale, SCL Symptom Checklist for stress and the Visual Analogue Scale. On each level of stress, 24‐h ambulatory blood pressure and cardiac output (CO) were measured. Furthermore, plasma norepinephrine (NE), epinephrine (E) and plasma renin activity (PRA) were measured.ResultsTwenty‐four‐hour ABP, 24‐h heart rate, CO as well as plasma levels of NE, E and PRA remained unchanged by changes in stress level. Day–night reduction in SAP was significantly larger during moderate stress and high‐salt intake; however, no significant difference was observed during daytime and night‐time. Individual increase in mental stress correlated significantly with an individual decrease in PRA (SCL‐17, r = −0·80, P<0·05, STAIr = −0·64 P<0·05) during high‐salt intake.ConclusionModerate stress over a period of time in young healthy normotensive individuals does not lead to changes in 24‐h ABP. However, the augmented reduction in day‐to‐night systolic blood pressure during high‐salt intake and moderate stress may indicate that stress affects blood pressure regulation.
Electrical impedance tomography as possible guidance for individual positioning of patients with multiple lung injury
Authors: Lehmann Sylvia , Leonhardt Steffen , Ngo Chuong , Bergmann Lukas , Schrading Simone , Heimann Konrad , Wagner Norbert , Tenbrock Klaus 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionElectrical Impedance Tomography (EIT) is a tomographic, radiation‐free technique based on the injection of a harmless alternating current.ObjectiveAs electrical impedance strictly correlates with the variation of air content, EIT delivers highly dynamic information about global and regional ventilation. We want to demonstrate the potential of EIT individualizing ventilation by positioning.MethodsGravity‐dependent EIT findings were analyzed retrospectively in a critically ill mechanically ventilated pediatric patient with cystic fibrosis and coincident lung diseases. To further evaluate gravity‐dependent changes in ventilation, six adult healthy and spontaneously breathing volunteers were investigated during simultaneous detection of EIT, breathing patterns, tidal volume (VT) and breathing frequency (BF).ResultsEIT findings in healthy lungs in five positions showed gravity‐dependent effects of ventilation with overall ventilation of predominantly the right lung (except during left‐side positioning) and with the ventral lung in supine, prone and upright position. These EIT‐derived observations are in line with pathophysiological mechanisms and earlier EIT studies. Unexpectedly, the patient with cystic fibrosis and lobectomy of the right upper and middle lobe one year earlier, showed improvement of global and regional ventilation in the right position despite reduced lung volume and overinflation of this side. This resulted in individualized positioning and improvement of ventilation.ConclusionsAlthough therapeutic recommendations are available for gravitational influences of lung ventilation, they can be contradictory depending on the underlying lung disease. EIT has the potential to guide therapists in the positioning of patients according to their individual condition and disease, especially in case of multiple lung injury.
Alcohol and violence in nightlife and party settings: A qualitative study
Authors: Pedersen Willy , Copes Heith , Sandberg Sveinung 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroduction and AimsIn ‘binge drinking’ cultures, there is a strong association between alcohol consumption and violence. At the same time, several studies suggest that this link is cultural and contextual. We explore the role of alcohol in incidents of violence in nightlife settings.Design and MethodsWe used qualitative interviews with 104 Norwegians (52 men and 52 women, mean age 25 years) who binge drink and party in nightlife settings.ResultsAlcohol both sparks and constrains violence in these contexts. When participants use alcohol, they expect conflicts to occur and blame alcohol intoxication for such behaviour. The packed settings of nightlife and parties combined with the effects of alcohol can induce violence through personal affronts, heightened emotions and jealousy. At the same time, nightlife settings constrain violence. That is, binge drinkers excuse misbehaviour when it is attributed to alcohol. In addition, audiences in these setting often go to great lengths to stop fights. Combined, these factors help explain why violence occurs and why it usually does not escalate.Discussion and ConclusionsThe association between alcohol and violence can be understood by more closely examining the cultural and situational context where the events occur. This link is not primarily related to the psychopharmacological properties of alcohol, but rather it is associated with situational factors and cultural norms regarding how to behave while intoxicated. Strategies aiming at reducing violence in nightlife should take such factors into consideration. [Pedersen W, Copes H, Sandberg S. Alcohol and violence in nightlife and party settings: A qualitative study. Drug Alcohol Rev 2016;35:557–563]
Incorporating species detectability into conservation targets based on the species–area relationship
Authors: Karenyi Natasha , Nel Ronel , Altwegg Res , Sink Kerry 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimThe species–area relationship‐based method of setting habitat‐specific conservation targets assumes that detectability of species is perfect. However, this assumption is often violated. This paper aimed to combine species–area relationship (SAR)‐based target setting with multispecies occupancy models to better represent communities with a large proportion of rare species, such as marine invertebrate macrofauna, include variable species detection and quantify uncertainty around conservation targets.LocationSouth African West Coast continental shelf.MethodsThe macro‐infaunal dataset used in these analyses consisted of 427 species from 42 sites and 220 samples. To examine the effect of variable species detection and include uncertainty around conservation targets, we compared asymptotic estimator‐based targets with those based on multispecies site occupancy models (MSOMs) in a Bayesian framework, which allowed us to account for the observation process and quantify uncertainty more comprehensively.ResultsTargets based on MSOM were generally higher than those based on asymptotic estimators, with wider credible intervals. Between 10% and 15% (95% credible interval) of the area should be protected to represent 80% of the species, with the exception of one habitat with many common species that had a conservation target of 2%.Main conclusionsDetection error‐corrected targets based on MSOM are higher than uncorrected targets based on asymptotic estimators for habitats with lower detection and higher proportions of rare species. Our estimated conservation targets are close to the 10% target for marine habitats set by the Convention of Biological Diversity and in line with international studies but should be considered minimum targets as they do not take into account species persistence. Our results affirm the value of the modified SAR approach, which is applicable to any marine or terrestrial ecosystem. Unlike earlier methods, our modification naturally quantifies uncertainty in estimated conservation targets providing a measure of target robustness for decision‐makers.
Efficacy and safety of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 inhibitors in type 2 diabetes mellitus: systematic review and network meta‐analysis
Authors: Zaccardi F. , Webb D. R. , Htike Z. Z. , Youssef D. , Khunti K. , Davies M. J. 
Published: April 2016

AimTo assess the comparative efficacy and safety of sodium‐glucose co‐transporter‐2 (SGLT2) inhibitors in adults with type 2 diabetes.MethodsWe electronically searched randomized controlled trials (≥24 weeks) including canagliflozin, dapagliflozin or empagliflozin that were published up to 3 November 2015. Data were collected on cardiometabolic and safety outcomes and synthesized using network meta‐analyses.ResultsA total of 38 trials (23 997 participants) were included. Compared with placebo, all SGLT2 inhibitors reduced glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting plasma glucose (FPG), body weight and blood pressure, and slightly increased HDL cholesterol. Canagliflozin 300 mg reduced HbA1c, FPG and systolic blood pressure and increased LDL cholesterol to a greater extent compared with other inhibitors at any dose. At their highest doses, canagliflozin 300 mg reduced: HbA1c by 0.2% [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.1–0.3] versus both dapagliflozin 10 mg and empagliflozin 25 mg; FPG by 0.6 mmol/l (95% CI 0.3–0.9) and 0.5 mmol/l (95% CI 0.1–0.8) versus dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, respectively; and systolic blood pressure by 2 mmHg (95% CI 1.0–3.0) versus dapagliflozin; and increased LDL cholesterol by 0.13 mmol/l (95% CI 0.03–0.23) and 0.15 mmol/l (95% CI 0.06–0.23) versus dapagliflozin and empagliflozin, respectively. The highest doses of inhibitors had similar effects on body weight reduction. Canagliflozin 300 and 100 mg increased the risk of hypoglycaemia versus placebo, dapagliflozin 10 mg and empagliflozin 10 mg [odds ratios (ORs) 1.4–1.6]. Dapagliflozin 10 mg increased the risk of urinary tract infection versus placebo and empagliflozin 25 mg (ORs 1.4). All inhibitors similarly increased the risk of genital infection (ORs 4–6 versus placebo).ConclusionsAlthough they increase the risk of genital infection, SGLT2 inhibitors are effective in improving cardiometabolic markers in type 2 diabetes, with canagliflozin 300 mg performing better in this respect than other inhibitors. Further studies will clarify whether these differences are likely to translate into differing long‐term outcomes.
Molecular mechanisms in the initiation phase of Wallerian degeneration
Authors: Chang Biao , Quan Qi , Lu Shibi , Wang Yu , Peng Jiang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAxonal degeneration is an early hallmark of nerve injury and many neurodegenerative diseases. The discovery of the Wallerian degeneration slow mutant mouse, in which axonal degeneration is delayed, revealed that Wallerian degeneration is an active progress and thereby illuminated the mechanisms underlying axonal degeneration. Nicotinamide mononucleotide adenylyltransferase 2 and sterile alpha and armadillo motif‐containing protein 1 play essential roles in the maintenance of axon integrity by regulating the level of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide, which seems to be the key molecule involved in the maintenance of axonal health. However, the function of nicotinamide mononucleotide remains debatable, and we discuss two apparently conflicting roles of nicotinamide mononucleotide in Wallerian degeneration. In this article, we focus on the roles of these molecules in the initiation phase of Wallerian degeneration to improve our understanding of the mechanisms underpinning this phenomenon.
The role of neurogenesis during development and in the adult brain
Authors: Jin Xing 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNeural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to neurons during development. NSCs persist and neurogenesis continues in restricted regions of postnatal and adult brains. Adult‐born neurons integrate into existing neural circuits by synaptic connections and participate in the regulation of brain function. Thus, understanding NSCs and neurogenesis may be crucial in the development of new strategies for brain repair. Here, we introduce the lineage of NSCs from embryonic to adult stages and summarize recent studies on maturation and integration of adult‐born neurons. We also discuss the regulation and potential functions of adult neurogenesis in physiological and pathological conditions.
Ginsenoside Rg1 reverses stress‐induced depression‐like behaviours and brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression within the prefrontal cortex
Authors: Zhu Xiuzhi , Gao Rui , Liu Zhuxi , Cheng Ziyi , Qi Yihang , Fan Cuiqin , Yu Shu Yan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDepression is a major neuropsychiatric disorder that exerts deleterious effects upon public health. However, the neuronal mechanisms of depression remain largely uncharacterized, which has retarded the identification and development of effective therapeutic tools for the treatment of this disorder. The aim of this study was to explore the neuronal mechanisms underlying the protective effects of ginsenoside Rg1, a natural steroidal saponin found in ginseng, against chronic stress‐induced depression.The results showed that chronic administration of ginsenoside Rg1 (40 mg/kg, i.p., 5 weeks) significantly ameliorated depression‐like behaviours in rats as assessed in the sucrose preference and forced swim tests. Furthermore, chronic stress decreased the phosphorylation levels of the extracellular signal‐regulated kinase and cAMP‐response element‐binding protein in the prefrontal cortex as well as producing a reduction of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor expression. Of particular importance, all reductions in these parameters were significantly reversed by pre‐treatment with ginsenoside Rg1. Taken together, the results of the present study suggest that the antidepressant‐like effect of ginsenoside Rg1 might be mediated, at least in part, by activating the cAMP‐response element‐binding protein–brain‐derived neurotrophic factor system within the prefrontal cortex. These findings not only reveal some of the underlying neuronal mechanisms of depression, but also the therapeutic potential of ginsenoside Rg1 as a preventive agent in the treatment of depression.
Evaluation of effect of soil organic matter on pores by 1H time‐domain magnetic resonance relaxometry and adsorption–desorption of N2
Authors: Benito P. , Bortolotti V. , Fornasari G. , Vannini M. 
Published: April 2016

SummaryStabilization of organic matter (OM) is an important topic in soil science, but it is not yet completely understood. Recent interest in the recovery of poor or damaged soil with the addition of OM from waste such as paper mill sludge has led to further research on this topic. Research on the association of OM with soil minerals is difficult; therefore, most of the experimental studies published have been carried out on natural (not treated) or artificial soil. In this paper, we describe the use of both 1H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry in the time domain (TD‐MRR) and N2 adsorption–desorption techniques to characterize samples of soil taken from a hillside treated with paper mill sludge. We have shown that although both techniques are sensitive to different, but to some extent complementary, scales of pore sizes, they can highlight the clogging effect of OM on soil pores (in a range of pores sizes from a few nm to several µm). The relations with total organic carbon were similar for the bound water porosity evaluated by TD‐MRR and the specific surface area determined by N2 adsorption–desorption. This new approach that uses both TD‐MRR and N2 adsorption–desorption also suggests that OM is well protected in small pores (≤ 2 µm), especially when there is preferential association with minerals, for example with kaolin clay and carbonates.Highlights
Characterization of the porosity of soil sampled from a hillside treated with organic waste.
The combined use of 1H nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry and N2 adsorption‐desorption techniques.
There is a clogging effect of organic matter on soil pores from a few nm to several µm.
Both techniques can be used to add information on potential TOC stabilization.
Multi‐angular spectral reflectance to characterize the particle size of surfaces of desert and cultivated soil
Authors: Lv Y. , Sun Z. 
Published: April 2016

This research examines the distribution of bi‐conical reflectance of particulate surfaces with different particle sizes by multi‐angular reflectance. Two types of particulate samples (called desert and cultivated soil) were sieved to a particle size range of 0.15–0.9 mm. The reflectance factors were measured at 570 or 330 different viewing positions for each illumination angle (45° and 60°). The reflectance was strongly non‐Lambertian for all samples, but with markedly different patterns for the two types of particulate surface. Particle size was correlated with the bi‐conical reflectance factor (BCRF) and anisotropic reflectance factor (ARF), respectively. The results showed a strong relation between BCRF and particle size in all viewing directions, except for the backward scattering direction, with an average R2 value of 0.9. The use of ARF improved the relation with particle size more in the backward scattering direction in the principal plane than with BCRF (R2 = 0.7 for BCRF; R2 = 0.91 for ARF). However, the strong relation between the ARF and particle size was limited in the forward and backward scattering directions, with an average R2 value of 0.86. The results showed the considerable potential of multi‐angular reflectance for quantitative evaluation of the particle size of particulate surfaces. This approach appears to provide a promising empirical and theoretical basis for the future retrieval of soil particle size.Highlights:
The aim is to estimate the particle size from the reflectance of soil samples.
Analysis of the relation between particle size and reflectance with multi‐angular data.
There was a strong relation between reflectance and particle size in 2π space.
Multi‐angular reflectance has the potential to evaluate quantitatively the particle size of soil.