bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embodied Brains, Social Minds
Authors: Immordino-Yang Mary Helen 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Psychologically, the emotions we feel about ourselves and about other people, known as social emotions, shape the very essence of our acculturated selves, including our relationships, morality, beliefs, and decisions. Neurobiologically, these emotions co-opt neurobiological mechanisms whose original, evolutionary purpose is to feel and regulate the body and to manage homeostasis. This confluence of social psychological and biological homeostatic functions has important implications for our understanding of human development, culture, and learning. Understanding the dynamic interplay of biology and culture in emotion will require integrating perspectives from anthropology, cultural psychology, psychiatry, child development, social affective neuroscience, and other disciplines, but it will ultimately shed new light on the inherently social nature of the human mind. Progress in this direction is reviewed, including experimental evidence, theoretical insights, practical benefits, and challenges.
Foreign Aid and Democratization in Developing Countries
Authors: Resnick Danielle 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article examines how donors influence democracy through foreign aid. Focusing on development aid and democracy assistance, it considers three mechanisms through which aid is disbursed: the diffusion of norms and knowledge, the provision of incentives, and the use of coercion. The article first looks at different types of foreign aid before providing a conceptualization of the democratization process. It then discusses the mechanisms linking different types of aid with elements of democratization and how well these mechanisms have worked in practice. It argues that coercion has been most conducive at influencing democratic transitions and addressing breakdown. Norms and knowledge diffusion as well as incentives are more directly influential, in both positive and negative ways, on issues of accountability and competitive party systems.
How Do Governments Build Capabilities to Do Great Things?
Authors: Andrews Matt 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGovernments can play great roles, resolving festering problems and opening new pathways for progress. Examples are numerous and raise an important question: How do governments build the capabilities required to do great things? This chapter identifies ten cases of such governments to answer four dimensions of this question: how do governments to ramp up their capability? Who leads these interventions ?, When do they occur, and why? How changes implemented to ensure they yield sustainable results? The chapter suggests two sets of answers to these concerns, combining rival theories that explain how governments enhance capabilities and strengthen their role: “solution- and leader-driven change” (SLDC) and “problem-driven iterative adaptation” (PDIA). It proposes using these two theories in future research about how governments foster the kinds of achievements one could call great and argues this research should employ a version of theory-guided process tracking (TGPT) called systematic process analysis.
Understanding Undergraduate Music Learners
Authors: Conkling Susan Wharton 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
This article synthesizes existing theoretical and empirical evidence to provide a context for understanding undergraduate music learners. Demographic data are presented, and the population of undergraduate music majors is compared to the overall undergraduate population of the United States. These statistics are then connected to Arnett’s theory of emerging adulthood, offering a context for understanding human development. It is impossible to understand undergraduate music learners without examining the learning itself and the ends it seeks to accomplish, so the article provides an explanation of music learning as consisting of specialized knowledge and skills while at the same time supporting the broad values of a liberal education. Finally, although access to economic stability remains an overriding concern of undergraduate education, this article concludes that music learning should be envisioned as engagement in meaningful music practice.
Child Pornography in the 21st Century
Authors: Reid Joan A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOperating in the shadows created by recent technological advances in online communication, child pornographic exploitation (CPE) is considered among the most psychologically harmful types of cybercrime. In an era of unprecedented technological accessibility coupled with the perception of online anonymity, concerns have escalated regarding the proliferation of CPE and the excessive brutishness of child sexual abuse involved in the creation of new CPE content. Conversely, highly publicized cases have raised questions regarding overreach by police and courts when handling sexting juveniles as serious sex offenders. This essay examines emerging concerns over the redoubling of criminal justice resources devoted to combatting CPE in the last decade with a critical analysis of the evidence pertaining to the extent and nature of CPE and CPE content. The essay also highlights challenges to combatting CPE due to the widespread use of mobile technology and the anonymity of the Darknet.
Last Resort and Proportionality
Authors: Shue Henry 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Justified warfare requires far more than a just cause. The multiple necessary conditions to be satisfied before the inevitable deaths, wounds, and destruction of war, many inflicted wrongfully on combatants on both sides and on civilians, can be justified as a lesser evil also minimally include reasonable prospect of success, last resort, and proportionality of resort. Only a great evil to be resisted can constitute a just cause, and it must be empirically the case that military action has a reasonable prospect of stopping the resisted evil and is also necessary in being the least evil means of resistance, which is the meaning of last resort. Proportionality of resort, which is importantly different from proportionality in the conduct of war, can be assessed only by examining several questions concerning the evils created by the proposed war, including whose evils (only one’s own or predictable others) and which evils (which harms count).
Sulphide Sinking in Magma Conduits: Evidence from Mafic–Ultramafic Plugs on Rum and the Wider North Atlantic Igneous Province
Authors: Hughes Hannah S. R. , McDonald Iain , Boyce Adrian J. , Holwell David A. , Kerr Andrew C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNi–Cu–PGE (platinum group element) sulphide mineralization is commonly found in magmatic conduit systems. In many cases the trigger for formation of an immiscible sulphide liquid involves assimilation of S-bearing crustal rocks. Conceptually, the fluid dynamics of sulphide liquid droplets within such conduits is essentially a balance between gravitational sinking and upwards entrainment. Thus, crustal contamination signatures may be present in sulphides preserved both up- and down-flow from the point of interaction with the contaminant. We examine a suite of ultramafic volcanic plugs on the Isle of Rum, Scotland, to decipher controls on sulphide accumulation in near-surface magma conduits intruded into a variable sedimentary stratigraphy. The whole-rock compositions of the plugs broadly overlap with the compositions of ultramafic units within the Rum Layered Complex, although subtle differences between each plug highlight their individuality. Interstitial base metal sulphide minerals occur in all ultramafic plugs on Rum. Sulphide minerals have magmatic δ34S (ranging from –1·3 to +2·1‰) and S/Se ratios (mean = 2299), and demonstrate that the conduit magmas were already S-saturated. However, two plugs in NW Rum contain substantially coarser (sometimes net-textured) sulphides with unusually light δ34S (–14·7 to +0·3‰) and elevated S/Se ratios (mean = 4457), not represented by the immediate host-rocks. Based on the Hebrides Basin sedimentary stratigraphy, it is likely that the volcanic con duits would have intruded through a package of Jurassic mudrocks with characteristically light δ34S (–33·8 to –14·7‰). We propose that a secondary crustal S contamination event took place at a level above that currently exposed, and that these sulphides sank back to their present position. Modelling suggests that upon the cessation of active magma transport, sulphide liquids could have sunk back through the conduit over a distance of several hundreds of metres, over a period of a few days. This sulphide ‘withdrawal’ process may be observed in other vertical or steeply inclined magma conduits globally; for example, in the macrodykes of East Greenland. Sulphide liquid sinking within a non-active conduit or during magma ‘suck-back’ may help to explain crustal S-isotopic compositions in magma conduits that appear to lack appropriate lithologies to support this contamination, either locally or deeper in the system.
An empirical study on Chinese adolescents’ web search behavior
Authors: Wu Dan , Cai Weiping 
Published: April 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to explore the web search behavior of adolescents from a Chinese secondary school and the factors affecting this behavior.

Design/methodology/approach
– A controlled experiment was conducted to collect data on adolescents’ background and their web search behavior. A total of 48 students were asked to perform three different search tasks on the internet within a limited time, and were then interviewed by researchers.

Findings
– The results revealed three characteristics of Chinese adolescents’ main behavior during the search process: mental set during the search process, poor information search skills, and poor ability to process the search results. In addition, this research found that cognitive style had only minor influence on students’ use of embedded links. However, grade and task type had a significant impact on their search performance and behavior. In general, high school students performed better than middle school students, and adolescents acted differently when completing different tasks.

Originality/value
– This research sheds light on Chinese middle and high school students’ search behavior on the web. It also investigates how cognitive style, grade, and task type influence students’ online search behavior.
Mapping the everyday life information needs of Catholic clergy
Authors: Dankasa Jacob 
Published: April 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to describe the pattern of everyday life information needs of a group of people in an area with limited access to information, and to investigate how the major dimensions of the everyday life information seeking (ELIS) model apply to information needs in the contexts of the Catholic clergy.Design/methodology/approach– The study applied the concurrent triangulation strategy of mixed-methods research. Data from 15 episodic interviews and surveys of 109 Catholic clergy in Northern Nigeria were collected and analyzed.Findings– A map of the everyday life information needs was developed. Three types of everyday life information needs were identified: essential needs; circumstantial needs; and occasional needs. The information needs of these clergy did not fit into the two major dimensions of Savolainen’s ELIS model.Research limitations/implications– The study was conducted only with Catholic clergy serving in the Northern Catholic dioceses of Nigeria.Originality/value– Although the ELIS model has been applied in several studies, not much attention has been given to comparing how the major dimensions of the model apply to information needs of a group of people in a variety of contexts. This study contributes to the ELIS model by pointing to other contextual situations where seeking orienting and practical information may not be sufficient to account for the everyday life information needs of some types of users.
Transgenic cotton expressing CYP392A4 double‐stranded RNA decreases the reproductive ability of Tetranychus cinnabarinus
Authors: Shen Guang‐Mao , Song Chang‐Gui , Ao Yi‐Qian‐Yun , Xiao Yue‐Hua , Zhang Yong‐Jun , Pan Yu , He Lin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAs a polyphagous pest, Tetranychus cinnabarinus has the ability to overcome the defense of various hosts, and causes severe losses to various economically important crops. Since the interaction between pest and host plants is a valuable clue to investigate potential ways for pest management, we intend to identify the key genes of T. cinnabarinus for its adaption on cotton, then, with RNA interference (RNAi) and transgenic technology, construct a transgenic cotton strain to interfere with this process, and evaluate the effect of this method on the management of the mites. The difference of gene expression of T. cinnabarinus was analyzed when it was transferred to a new host (from cowpea to cotton) through high‐throughput sequencing, and a number of differentially expressed genes involved in detoxification, digestion and specific processes during the development were classified. From them, a P450 gene CYP392A4 with high abundance and prominent over‐expression on the cotton was selected as a candidate. With transgenic technology, cotton plants expressing double‐stranded RNA of CYP392A4 were constructed. Feeding experiments showed that it can decrease the expression of the target gene, result in the reduction of reproductive ability of the mites, and the population of T. cinnabarinus showed an apparent fitness cost on the transgenic cotton. These results provide a new approach to restrict the development of mite population on the host. It is also a useful attempt to control piercing sucking pests through RNAi and transgenic technology.
How to limit false positives in environmental DNA and metabarcoding?
Authors: Ficetola Gentile Francesco , Taberlet Pierre , Coissac Eric 
Published: April 2016

Environmental DNA (eDNA) and metabarcoding are boosting our ability to acquire data on species distribution in a variety of ecosystems. Nevertheless, as most of sampling approaches, eDNA is not perfect. It can fail to detect species that are actually present, and even false positives are possible: a species may be apparently detected in areas where it is actually absent. Controlling false positives remains a main challenge for eDNA analyses: in this issue of Molecular Ecology Resources, Lahoz‐Monfort et al. () test the performance of multiple statistical modelling approaches to estimate the rate of detection and false positives from eDNA data. Here, we discuss the importance of controlling for false detection from early steps of eDNA analyses (laboratory, bioinformatics), to improve the quality of results and allow an efficient use of the site occupancy‐detection modelling (SODM) framework for limiting false presences in eDNA analysis.
Efficacy and safety of articaine versus lidocaine for irreversible pulpitis treatment: A systematic review and meta‐analysis of randomised controlled trials
Authors: Su Naichuan , Li Chunjie , Wang Hang , Shen Jiefei , Liu Wenjia , Kou Liang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe aim was to assess the efficacy and safety of articaine compared with lidocaine for irreversible pulpitis (IP) treatment. Databases were explored electronically and relevant journals as well as the references of the included studies were hand‐searched for randomised clinical trials comparing the efficacy and safety of articaine with lidocaine in treatment of IP. Twenty studies were included, of which eight had low risk of bias, 10 had moderate risk of bias and two had high risk of bias. In comparison with 2% lidocaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine, 4% articaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine showed a higher success rate in anaesthesia of IP at either person (risk ratio (RR) 1.15; 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.10 1.20; P < 0.00001) or tooth unit (RR 1.10; 95% CI 1.10 1.19, P < 0.00001), lower VAS scores during injection phase (mean difference (MD) −0.67; 95% CI −1.26 −0.08, P = 0.02) and treatment phase (MD −3.35; 95% CI −3.78 −2.91, P < 0.00001), shorter onset time of pulpal anaesthesia (MD −0.94; 95% CI −1.13 −0.74, P < 0.00001) and lower percentage of patients undergoing adverse events (RR 0.17; 95% CI 0.03 0.92, P = 0.04). Given the efficacy and safety of the two solutions, 4% articaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine was superior to 2% lidocaine with 1:100 000 epinephrine in dental treatments in IP.
Size at maturity for grooved Tanner crab (Chionoecetes tanneri) along the U.S. west coast (Washington to California)
Authors: Keller Aimee A. , Buchanan John C. , Steiner Erin , Draper Doug , Chappell Aaron , Frey Peter , Head Melissa A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWe conducted a multiyear study to examine interannual variability in the mean size (carapace width, mm), maturity size (mm) and depth (m) for grooved Tanner crab (Chionoecetes tanneri (Rathbun, 1893)) along the U.S. west coast. An additional goal was to provide updated estimates of carapace width (mm) at 50% maturity (W50) for male and female grooved Tanner crab and assess changes over time. Randomly selected samples came from trawl surveys undertaken annually by the Northwest Fisheries Science Center at depths of 55 to 1280 m. We used allometric relationships between carapace width (CW) and either abdominal width (AW) (females) or chela length (CL) (males) to determine functional maturity by sex. We evaluated maturity by fitting logistic regression models to proportion mature grooved Tanner crab. W50 varied significantly between males (125.2 mm) and females (89.1 mm) but interannual differences were slight. The annual mean CW were greater for mature males (139.9–143.4 mm) relative to females (98.8–100.4 mm). The average sizes of immature grooved Tanner crab varied between sexes with males (75.7–84.6 mm) larger than females (66.7–71.9 mm). Size frequency distributions indicated little overlap in the size of mature male and female grooved Tanner crab but considerable overlap between immature grooved Tanner crab. The best model expressing complexity in growth incorporated width, sex and maturity stage. Depth ranged from 195–1254 m with the average depth of a mature grooved Tanner crab (females, 737 m; males, 767 m) significantly shallower than an immature (females, 949 m; males, 918 m) grooved Tanner crab.
Seizures in the paediatric emergency department
Authors: Lawton Ben , Deuble Natalie 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSeizures are a common presentation to emergency departments. Early intervention improves treatment response. Use of consensus guidelines is highly recommended to decrease drug side effects and reduce intensive care requirements. Benzodiazepines remain the mainstay of first‐line treatment. Choice of drugs for second‐line treatment is expanding and some important studies are currently underway to determine which of these agents has the best safety and effectiveness profile in children.
There are Non‐Causal Explanations of Particular Events
Authors: Pexton Mark 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA defence of non‐causal explanations of events is presented in cases where explanation is understood as modal explanation. In such cases the source of modal information is crucial. All explanations implicitly use contrast classes, and relative to a particular contrast we can privilege some difference makers over others. Thinking about changes in these privileged “actual” difference makers is then the source of modal information for any given explanandum. If an actual difference maker is non‐causal, then we have a principled definition of a non‐causal explanation of an event regardless of how much causal information is also contained in the explanans. A demarcation of explanation into causal and non‐causal in this way recovers ordinary language about explanation as well as reflecting genuine differences in practice, such as the in‐principle evidential base for any modal claim.
Nonautonomous solitons in terms of the double Wronskian determinant for a variable-coefficient Gross–Pitaevskii equation in the Bose–Einstein condensate
Authors: Su Chuan-Qi , Gao Yi-Tian , Wang Qi-Min , Yang Jin-Wei , Zuo Da-Wei 
Published: April 2016

Under investigation in this paper is a variable-coefficient Gross–Pitaevskii equation which describes the Bose–Einstein condensate. Lax pair, bilinear forms and bilinear Bäcklund transformation for the equation under some integrable conditions are derived. Based on the Lax pair and bilinear forms, double Wronskian solutions are constructed and verified. The [Formula: see text]th-order nonautonomous solitons in terms of the double Wronskian determinant are given. Propagation and interaction for the first- and second-order nonautonomous solitons are discussed from three cases. Amplitudes of the first- and second-order nonautonomous solitons are affected by a real parameter related to the variable coefficients, but independent of the gain-or-loss coefficient [Formula: see text] and linear external potential coefficient [Formula: see text]. For Case 1 [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] leads to the accelerated propagation of nonautonomous solitons. Parabolic-, cubic-, exponential- and cosine-type nonautonomous solitons are exhibited due to the different choices of [Formula: see text]. For Case 2 [Formula: see text], if the real part of the spectral parameter equals 0, stationary soliton can be formed. If we take the harmonic external potential coefficient [Formula: see text] as a positive constant and let the real parts of the two spectral parameters be the same, bound-state-like structures can be formed, but there are only one attractive and two repulsive procedures. For Case 3 [[Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] are taken as nonzero constants], head-on interaction, overtaking interaction and bound-state structure can be formed based on the signs of the two spectral parameters.
Quantum spectral dimension in quantum field theory
Authors: Calcagni Gianluca , Modesto Leonardo , Nardelli Giuseppe 
Published: April 2016

We reinterpret the spectral dimension of spacetimes as the scaling of an effective self-energy transition amplitude in quantum field theory (QFT), when the system is probed at a given resolution. This picture has four main advantages: (a) it dispenses with the usual interpretation (unsatisfactory in covariant approaches) where, instead of a transition amplitude, one has a probability density solving a nonrelativistic diffusion equation in an abstract diffusion time; (b) it solves the problem of negative probabilities known for higher-order and nonlocal dispersion relations in classical and quantum gravity; (c) it clarifies the concept of quantum spectral dimension as opposed to the classical one. We then consider a class of logarithmic dispersion relations associated with quantum particles and show that the spectral dimension [Formula: see text] of spacetime as felt by these quantum probes can deviate from its classical value, equal to the topological dimension [Formula: see text]. In particular, in the presence of higher momentum powers it changes with the scale, dropping from [Formula: see text] in the infrared (IR) to a value [Formula: see text] in the ultraviolet (UV). We apply this general result to Stelle theory of renormalizable gravity, which attains the universal value [Formula: see text] for any dimension [Formula: see text].