bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
L'abbé de Saint-Pierre, Rousseau et l'Europe
Authors: Lecercle Jean-Louis 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Louis Lecercle : the abbé de Saint-Pierre, Rousseau and Europe.
With his project for perpetual peace, the abbé de Saint-Pierre wished to establish an alliance between the states of Christian Europe in order to ensure international peace. He explained to their leaders that it was in their own interests as it guaranteed their power against all attempts at change ; despite his humanistic views, it was a conservative project. Rousseau respected these generous aims, but he showed their Utopian character : the abbé believed he could pacify leaders whose real interest was war. Rousseau, without abandoning the ideal of peace between all men, thought that in that period any attempt to establish peaceful relations in Europe was doomed to failure. According to him, one first needed democratic states in which free citizens, inspired by patriotism, could rise to universal fraternity. But this ideal could only be achieved by violent and frightening upheavals.
Le roman européen au 18e siècle et la statistique bibliographique
Authors: Martin Angus 
Published: June 2016

Angus Martin : The European novel in the isth century and bibliographical statistics.
The progress of the novel in the 18th century was extremely varied in different parts of Europe : rapid and impressive in the Western countries, slower and more sparse in the East, the North and the South. An analysis of the retrospective bibliographies of the genre undertaken to date for a number of national literatures enables us to make a first attempt at a quantitative estimation of this development. A closer examination of the data available for France, England and Germany during the decade 1750-59 leads both to conclusions concerning the output of novels in these three countries and to a comparative thematic study based on the vocabulary in the titles.
Le cosmopolitisme viennois
Authors: Knopper Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Françoise Knopper : Viennese cosmopolitanism.
Vienna, throughout the century a meeting-place for artists, diplomats, civil servants, traders and financiers, one-fifth of whose population was not Austrian, was the most frequently visited and described city of the Empire. Thanks to its social infrastructure, it was apparently easier to establish links between different social groups who shared the same amusements, but this cosmopolitanism hid many defects. German, English, Italian and French descriptions, guides and travel accounts show that cultural transfers between nations were rare. Unwittingly, most of the topographers were victims of Eurocentrism. While the young gentry praised the hospitality which allowed them to learn the ways of high society, they mixed with each other and rarely ignored questions of rank. The representatives of the Viennese intellectual élite, who criticised the aristocrats for preferring their public image and ignoring the interests of the state, tried to reconcile cosmopolitanism and patriotism. But they ran the risk of chauvinism, as some transformed a truly hospitable nature into a specific patriarchal virtue.
L'Europe de l'esprit ou la Royal Society de Londres
Authors: Lamoine Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Lamoine : The Europe of the mind : the Royal Society.
This is a preliminary study of the European members of the Royal Society in the 18th century, although due to lack of sufficient documents for a small number of members, we only have scanty indications concerning some of them. The Royal Society brought together all of Europe's brilliant minds in all scientific fields, taken in a wide sense, for its aim was to unite and not to separate scientists from literati or lawyers ; all the nations of Europe were represented. Some interesting conclusions can be drawn : the three orders met side by side with no distinction of religion or language ; by far the most numerous group was that of holders of an M.D. degree, even though this qualification was simply a useful stepping-stone to more glorious careers ; and the Society seems to have been a haven of toleration. An appendix gives the list of European members of the Royal Society.
La bibliothèque du prince Eugène de Savoie
Authors: Kalmâr Jânos 
Published: June 2016

Jânos Kalmâr : Prince Eugene of Savoy's library.
Prince Eugene of Savoy, the French-born general of the Imperial army in the first half of the 18th century, was part of the nobility of varied national origins, which formed around the court in Vienna and dominated the Imperial institutions and the army. He was praised in his day as a cultivated patron of letters and a collector, and although many of his collections were split up on his death, his library has luckily survived. It indicates his love of learning, a wide- ranging curiosity and a typically French attitude, that of the honnête homme, who in addition to his qualities of courage, charity, sociability and cosmopolita¬ nism, was interested in the arts and sciences. Thus Prince Eugene helped to bring French culture to Austria, despite the disapproval of the Imperial court which did not see it merely as one among the different national cultures existing in Vienna. It was both the culture of the new Enlightenment and already an international culture.
Un « citoyen du monde » à travers l'Europe : G. Casanova de Seingalt
Authors: Luna Marie-Françoise 
Published: June 2016

Marie-Françoise Luna : A citizen of the world in enlightenment Europe : G. Casanova de Seingalt.
The exiled Venetian Giacomo Casanova de Seingalt's career as an adventurer and man of letters throughout Europe is reflected both in his Story of my Life and in other lesser-known works, in which the reader discovers the diverse Europe of courts, adventurers, artists and intellectuals. Casanova was European both by his humanistic erudition and his curiosity and Enlightened ideals. He was passionately interested in contemporary politics, in particular those of France and Poland, his adopted homelands. But he remained greatly attached to Italy and particularly Venice although he could not live there, and by his writings and his activity he played the role of a cultural and sometimes political or economic go-between between them and the rest of Europe. When he became excluded by age and by the Revolution from a Europe he no longer recognized, he wrote his memoirs in order to cling on to life by reviving his world, that of the Old Régime.
L'image de Cromwell dans la Révolution française
Authors: Barny Roger 
Published: June 2016

Roger Barny : The image of Cromwell during the French Revolution.
From 1789 to 1800 the Puritan revolution was linked in complex ways to the positive version of the "English model", but the image of Cromwell was very negative. On the right, even before the end of the monarchy, the parallel between Louis XVI and Charles I was frequent (Malesherbes's prophecy, many references in right-wing papers) ; after the king's execution, royalists insisted that the French were worse than the English puritans ; on the left, the parallel was used immediately after Varennes to threaten Louis XVI. But Cromwell was a monster for both the patriots and their enemies, and many people were compared to Cromwell : La Fayette, Mirabeau, Fauchet, Dumouriez, Danton, Rousin. After Thermidor the image of Robespierre-Cromwell was frequent (although Robes¬ pierre had been alone in foreseeing the danger of a dictatorship), and the final version was of course Bonaparte-Cromwell.
Figures de la pensée quantitative en France
Authors: Klotz Gérard 
Published: June 2016

Gérard Klotz : Representatives of quantitative thought.
Together with the appearance of economics as a separate field of research, there developed in France the idea of an order behind economic life, which can be looked at in different ways. The present article studies this order as a circuit made up of measurable flows which irrigate and reproduce society. Thus the functioning and malfunctioning of the circuit can be compared thanks to figures, which was a new method at the time, but one which led the way to modem analyses as the argument, being freed from subjectivity and measurable, claimed to be scientific. For the authors surveyed here, this calculation was in practical terms motivated by essentially fiscal considerations.
Luxe
Authors: Retat Pierre 
Published: June 2016

Pierre Rétat : Luxury.
On a superficial view, the debate on luxury which runs through the 18th Century can be seen as a reversal of the theory which saw luxury as an economic stimulus (in mercantilist theory), replacing it by one which saw it as an economic brake (in the Physiocratic and Smithian view of an economy of production). But the notion must also be seen in the context of the ambiguous status of economics, which was still closely associated with morality, politics and philosophy ; luxury is therefore associated with the passions, nature and happiness. The study of luxury in the 18th Century thus throws light on how difficult it was for economics to become a separate field of study.
L'«opportunisme» au siècle des Lumières
Authors: Fontaine Philippe 
Published: June 2016

Philippe Fontaine : Opportunism in the Enlightenment.
Since 1970, there has been growing interest in the previously neglected issue of opportunism, which calls for a historical analysis. In this article, based on 18th-century economic literature, it is argued that commentators came to underestimate unfair economic behaviour when they substituted the hypothesis of perfect information concerning the quality and price of products, for that of the result of an analysis in which the progressive accumulation of knowledge discourages opportunism.
Malebranche revisité : l'économie naturelle des physiocrates
Authors: Larrère Catherine 
Published: June 2016

Catherine Larrère : Malebranche revisited. The natural economy of the Physiocrats.
This article aims, through a study of the links between Malebranche and Quesnay, at showing the originality of the Physiocrats' approach to the economy. Quesnay found in Malebranche' s naturel theology : firstly a formula for imputing evil which allowed him to charge the government with responsibility for the crisis ; secondly the general formula for the economy, namely the most advantageous natural order for men in society ; and finally a conception of the relationship of humans to nature which allowed him to understand how man can be part of a world that he has not made.
Les Éphémérides du citoyen, instrument périodique au service de l'ordre naturel (1765-1772)
Authors: Goutte Pierre-Henri 
Published: June 2016

Pierre-Henri Goutte : The Ephémérides du citoyen, a periodical in the service of the natural order, 1765-1772.
A study of the Ephémérides du citoyen reveals a remarkable convergence between a scientific project (to "discover" evidence of the natural order) and the medium used to achieve it. The Physiocrats studied, on the one hand, great empires to prove that order is unchanging and, on the other, the identity of individual and national interest to show its universal character. By writing in a periodical they chose a means of information that was in itself demonstrative. They were forced to reply periodically to any future event likely to bring into question, even partially, the existence of an eternal order ; they received articles, book reviews, official documents and chronicles which supported their ideas and popularised them in order to show the readers their true interest which, according to the editors, should lead them to follow the principles of the universal order.
Les gens de lettres, le banquier et l'opinion : Diderot et la polémique sur la Compagnie des Indes
Authors: Dulac Georges 
Published: June 2016

Georges Dulac : Men of letters, the banker and public opinion. Diderot and
the debate over the "Compagnie des Indes".
From July to October 1769 Diderot wrote for the Correspondance littéraire five articles on the dispute over the suspension of the Compagnie des Indes' charter, which for him was important and on which his opinion changed. He understod what was at stake in a way not always seen by Necker or by Morellet, whom he criticised for being the Minister's mouthpiece. For him the central issue was the role of the man of letters and of public opinion, which he should guide in politics. The philosophe' s reflection reveals the differences separating his conceptions from those of the government, the banker and Morellet, who was close to Turgot. Thus we see the importance Diderot accorded to his economic writing a year before the Apologie de Galiani, in which he returns to some of the issues discussed here.
Sur une petite levrette blanche : lettres inédites de D'Alembert et de Julie de Lespinasse à Louis Dutens, présentées
Authors: Pappas John 
Published: June 2016

John P appas : A little white female whippet. Unpublished letters of D'Alembert and Mlle de Lespinasse to Louis Dutens.
This article presents ten unpublished letters, discovered in the archives of Coutts in London, to L. Dutens, a French Protestant in England. As chargé d'affairs in Turin he had met Lagrange who introduced him to D'Alembert ; hence the references to Italian savants and to Lagrange, now in Frederick II' s court on D'Alembert' s recommendation. Much of the correspondence in 1766-68 deals with Mlle de Lespinasse's request for a white female whippet and how it is to be delivered ; the one letter by MUe de Lespinasse thanks him for his guidebook to Europe (1775). There are also references to the Rousseau-Hume quarrel and the Jesuits in England. Despite Dutens' s anti-Voltairian Le Tocsin (1769) D'Alembert remained on good terms with him, no doubt in part because he obtained a pension for Diderot in 1774.
Une lettre inédite de Bernardin de Saint-Pierre à Catherine II
Authors: Stroev Alexandre 
Published: June 2016

An unpublished letter from Bernardin de Saint-Plerre to Catherine II, presented by Alexandre Stroev.
Several unpublished letters (one dated 1773, from Bernardin de Saint-Pierre to Catherine II, and two dated 1771 and 1786, from Prince V.S. Dolgourouki to Bernardin) from the archives and libraries of Moscow, Amsterdam and Le Havre, make it possible to trace the history of the French writer's contacts with Russia. The former member of the Russian army sent Catherine II his Voyages à l'île de France (1773) in an attempt to strengthen his literary reputation and win imperial favour, then tried in vain to send her his Études de la nature (1785). Only at the begining of the 19th Century did the Imperial family subscribe to a luxury edition of Paul et Virginie. Bernardin' s correspondence and works present both true and mythological images of Russia. A letter (1805), now in Moscow, from Bernardin to his second wife, is published in an appendix.
La prédication officielle dans la seconde moitié du siècle
Authors: Marconot Jean-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Jean-Marie Marconot : Official preaching in the second half of the 18th
Century.
This sociolinguistic study looks at the issue of official preaching, the result of a constantly reevalued consensus between Church and Royalty, and its develop¬ ment during the 18th Century. A clear break occurred after the 1750s ; by studying precisely the relationship between the social and the religious, the preachers announced a bleak future for religion and for the society founded on it. This is particularly obvious in sermons on sensitive topics, such as "blessed are the poor" or "alms". Here we can see one of the early and effective inspirations of the Revolution. Preachers had long felt and expressed the need for deep reforms in society and religion, and by thus expressing doubts concerning the divine or purely social nature of orders and privileges, they prepared minds for another conception of social relations.
L'échec du Contrat social. A propos d'une critique récente de la théorie de Rousseau
Authors: Pezzillo Lelia 
Published: June 2016

Lelia Pezzillo : The failure of the Contrat social. On a recent criticism of
Rousseau's theory.
The publication in Italy of a new critical edition of the Contrat social, inspired by the most recent English-language debates on political philosophy, raises certain fundamental questions concerning Rousseau's political theory. This article pays special attention to the passage from the state of nature to the state of society and to the role played in it by antagonism, inequality and property. Relevant contemporary theory also provides an opportunity for a rapid statement of the important links between Rousseauism and Anglo-American philosophy, expecially John Rawls's contractualism. This philosophy has led to an interpretation of Rousseau's political theory that looks like being the most original and interesting study of Rousseau to have appeared in the last two decades.
L'importance des « Extraits » dans la diffusion des Lumières françaises en Hongrie
Authors: Penke Olga 
Published: June 2016

Olga Penke : The importance of - excerpts- in the spread of the French
enlightenment in Hungary.
The except was the 18th-century literary genre used to transmit the essence of published works and to popularise knowledge. In Hungary the aim was slightly different, as men of letters used it to bring the intellectual and economic level of their country up to that of Western countries. This study shows the role played by two types of excepts : on the one hand, book reviews, whose importance is demonstrated by a study of about 100 articles from the Esprit des Journalistes de Trévoux, published by one of the first Hungarian-language reviews ; on the other, notes, seen through the study of manuscript extracts from the Histoire des Deux Indes. In the last two decades of the century, these excepts played a fundamental role in awakening public interest in aesthetic, scientific and political questions and in encouraging reflection on the emerging profession of journalism in Hungary.
La pensée des Idéologues en Grèce
Authors: Argyropoulos Roxane D. 
Published: June 2016

Roxane D. Argyropoulos : The thought of the Ideologues in Greece.
At the turn of the 18th Century the Idologues were considered in Greece as the most innovative current in philosophy, and their political thought played a role in the development of liberalism. The Greek intellectual A. Coray, a member of the Société des Observateurs de l'Homme, was associated with the Idéologues and considered their philosophy as a science and a new branch of knowledge. It was at his instigation that Ideology was taught in Greek schools in the Ottoman empire and in prosperous centres of the Greek diaspora in Italy, Central Europe and Russia. Ideology also formed the basis of university philo¬ sophy teaching in modern Greece. The limits of the influence of this theory were reached around 1850, but the political thought of the Idéologues continued to dominate in Greece until the end of the century.
Le «génie» de Diderot, ou de l'indistinction première de l'esthétique et de l'histoire
Authors: Martin-Haag Éliane 
Published: June 2016

Eliane Martin-Haag : Diderot's "genius".
Does the concern for aesthetics, which is specific to Enlightenment philosophers, show a failure of philosophical rationality or, on the contrary, a greater demand for rationality ? Diderot's conception of "genius" helps us to answer this question, for with this notion he aims philosophically at the construction of a historical conception of knowledge which involves the development of a "religion of humanity" or the cult of great men, in order to invent a hermeneutics or system of "interpretation". Reflection on art forces the philosopher to distinguish the universal from the identic. The genius is only one of numerous individualisations of reason, which means that his work must be subjected to a critical "interpretation". Diderot's "eclecticism" is to be distinguished from eclecticism in the pejorative sense or from "syncreticism".
Rousseau persifleur ?
Authors: Bourguinat Élisabeth 
Published: June 2016

Elisabeth Bourguinat : Rousseau, a -persifleur- ?
Le persifleur is a short early work whose frivolous tone contrasts with Rousseau's usual style. A reminder of the original meaning of the word "persiflage", which appeared in 1735 and was in fashion at the time Rousseau wrote the work, and a comparison with other writers using the same term, show the relationship of this work to the "illumination at Vincennes" that occurred shortly afterwards. Le persifleur is a reflection of Rousseau's final attempts to make a name for himself in the salons, and his failure helped to bring about his "reformation".
Les grammaires latines en France
Authors: Colombat Bernard 
Published: June 2016

Bernard Colombat : Latin grammars in France.
The aim of this article is to show that while France contributed little to the theoretical development of Latin grammar in the 18th Century, it produced truly new works for learning Latin. The big 17th-century grammars, too complex for children with no real competence in the language, were replaced by much shorter works, even when, like Lhomond's, they were in the traditional style. At the same time there appeared more original methods, like that of Frémy, who claimed to reduce all of Latin syntax to a single rule, inter-line translations (Du Marsais and many others) or methods based on the reading of authors (Chompré, Pluche). The work by Radonvilliers shows a real concern for pedagogical progress and provides interesting remarks on word order. Now Latin was learnt through a knowledge of French grammar and implied an analysis of the differences between French and Latin, or what was precisely called the "method".
L'Antiquité expliquée et représentée en figures (1719-1724) par Bernard de Montfaucon
Authors: Poulouin Claudine 
Published: June 2016

Claudine Poulouin : Bernard de Montfaucon's L'antiquité expliquée et
représentée en figures (1719-24).
B. de Montfaucon's Antiquité expliquée, the symbol of antiquarian literature, is a richly-illustrated work which dispensed with the need for the general public to visit scholar's studies as it popularised their riches. But, by proposing a rigorous and coherent classification of objects, the author's ambition was also to transform the antiquarian's curiosity into a scientific attitude. The ten volumes of the work create a new visual space which lays down the boundaries of an as yet unexplored field. The objects, presented just as the pagans produced them, become before the readers' eyes vestiges and traces of an alien experience and gradually modify the way they look at the Ancients. The objects are organised according to an original plan which aims at showing the distant past's individual and collective face, and they are an invitation to create a new learning able to reestablish the communication with the classical past which had been broken by time and neglect. Despite its limits, L'Antiquité dévoilée is a milestone in the understanding of Antiquity.
Les singes de Mars et le singe antiquaire. A propos des dieux gréco-romains
Authors: Mercier-Faivre Anne-Marie 
Published: June 2016

Anne-Marie Merceer-Faivre : Aping Mars and the antiquarian ape.
In the 18th Century the world of the ancient gods divided into two ; fables were the futile side while mythology made it an object of science. The fable, which was present in teaching, in social codes and in the arts, seemed ever more old-fashioned, or even immoral or incomprehensible. Mythology, the object of research on the part of historians, philologists and antiquaries, tried to read human history in that of the gods or to interpret these accounts as allegories useful to humans. Ancient traditions subsisted in both the arts and the preoccupations of the learned, but they were drained of life by this two-fold development. On the one hand there were empty forms and on the other disincarnated meaning, and thus they evaporated when faced with changes in people and time.