bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mental Health Care Use in Later Life: Results from a National Survey of Canadians
Authors: Cairney John , Corna Laurie M , Streiner David L 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To estimate the proportion of older adults who have used mental health services in the past 12 months among those who meet the criteria for one or more Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM), Fourth Edition, 12-month psychiatric disorders. We also examine the factors associated with mental health care use in this population. Method: We used secondary data from the Canadian Community Health Survey: Mental Health and Well-Being (CCHS 1.2). We first estimated the proportion of adults aged 55 years and older who used a range of mental health services. Next, using logistic regression, we examined the relative contribution of predisposing, enabling, and need characteristics in predicting any service use in this population. Results: Among the 12 792 adults aged 55 years and older in the CCHS 1.2, 513 (4.23%, 95% CI 3.89% to 4.95%) met the criteria for at least one 12-month DSM-IV disorder. Among these respondents, 37% (95% CI 31% to 43%) saw at least one type of mental health care provider in the past 12 months. Visits to a general health care provider for mental health reasons were most common, followed by specialist care. Only psychological distress was significantly and positively associated with using mental health care services. Conclusions: Over 60% of the older adults who met the criteria for a DSM-IV disorder were not using mental health care services. Social and demographic factors did not predict service use in this population.
The Association of Suicide and Bullying in Childhood to Young Adulthood: A Review of Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Research Findings
Authors: Klomek Anat Brunstein , Sourander Andre , Gould Madelyn 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the research addressing the association of suicide and bullying, from childhood to young adulthood, including cross-sectional and longitudinal research findings. Method: Relevant publications were identified via electronic searches of PsycNet and MEDLINE without date specification, in addition to perusing the reference lists of relevant articles. Results: Cross-sectional findings indicate that there is an increased risk of suicidal ideation and (or) suicide attempts associated with bullying behaviour and cyberbullying. The few longitudinal findings available indicate that bullying and peer victimization lead tosuicidality but that this association varies by sex. Discrepancies between the studies available may be due to differences in the studies' participants and methods. Conclusions: Bullying and peer victimization constitute more than correlates of suicidality. Future research with long-term follow-up should continue to identify specific causal paths between bullying and suicide.
Étude contrôlée randomisée des effets de la pharmaco-éducation sur une population française de patients souffrant de troubles schizophréniques et schizoaffectifs
Authors: Maurel Murièle , Drai Delphine , Kaladjian Arthur , Pauly Vanessa , Azorin Jean-Michel 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: L'objectif de l'étude était d'évaluer l'effet d'un module de pharmaco-éducation sur les durées d'hospitalisation ainsi que l'état clinique et fonctionnel d'une population française de patients souffrant de troubles schizophréniques et schizoaffectifs. Méthodes: Après inclusion, 82 patients ont été répartis par tirage au sort en deux groupes, l'un recevant le module de pharmaco-éducation, l'autre un programme contrôle. Les durées d'hospitalisation, le nombre de recours aux urgences et de médicaments reçus ont été comptabilisés. Les patients ont été évalués à l'aide de l'échelle des syndromes positif et négatif (PANSS), de l'échelle d'Impression clinique globale (CGI), de l'échelle d'akathisie de Barnes (BAS), de l'échelle de Simpson-Angus (SAS), de l'échelle de qualité de vie (QOL), et et de l'échelle globale du fonctionnement (GAF); les données étaient recueillies initialement, puis chaque année pendant deux ans. Résultats: Parmi les 72 patients analysés, ceux bénéficiant de la pharmaco-éducation ont une durée totale d'hospitalisation, une durée d'hospitalisation forcée et un nombre de recours aux urgences significativement moindres que les patients du groupe contrôle, et une amélioration plus marquée de leur symptomatologie, de leur autonomie et de leur qualité de vie. Ils présentent également moins d'akathisie et ont une consommation inférieure de médicaments. Conclusions: La pharmaco-éducation permet de réduire les durées d'hospitalisation des patients souffrant de troubles schizophréniques et schizoaffectifs ainsi que d'améliorer leur état clinique et fonctionnel, probablement par l'intermédiaire d'une meilleure observance.
Frequency of Antidepressant Use in Relation to Recent and Past Major Depressive Episodes
Authors: Patten Scott B , Wang Jian Li , Williams Jeanne VA , Lavorato Dina H , Beck Cynthia A , Bulloch Andrew GM 
Published: January 2017

Objective: There has been a trend toward increasing antidepressant (AD) use in recent decades. We used data from the National Population Health Survey (NPHS) to determine whether this trend is continuing and to provide updated estimates of the frequency of use. Methods: The NPHS is a longitudinal general health survey that began collecting data in 1994. The NPHS evaluates past-year major depressive episodes (MDEs) using a brief diagnostic instrument. At each biannual interview (from 1994 to 2006) current medication use is recorded. We estimated the frequency with which ADs were taken by respondents (aged 12 years and older) with and without past-yearMDEs. These frequencies were cross-tabulated by sex, year of interview, and the reported duration of symptoms. Results: ADs are taken by about 5.4% of the household population at any point in time. Most respondents taking ADs did not report past-year MDEs but 63.9% of respondents taking ADs in the absence of past-year episodes reported previous episodes or being diagnosed by a health professional with depression. This pattern is consistent with long-term treatment for relapse prevention. The overall frequency of use of ADs is increasing only in respondents without past-year episodes. Conclusions: AD use among community residents with past-year MDEs is no longer increasing. The continued increase in the overall frequency of use may point toward broadening indications for AD treatment and may indicate that people are taking these medications for longer periods of time.
Dual Diagnosis: A National Study of Psychiatric Hospitalization Patterns of People with Developmental Disability
Authors: Lunsky Yona , Balogh Rob 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To report national demographics and diagnostic profiles of people with developmental disability hospitalized for psychiatric reasons, and to contrast results to psychiatric hospitalizations among patients with no comorbid developmental disability. Method: People with developmental disability across Canada were identified using data administered by the Canadian Institute for Health Information. Among this cohort of people with developmental disability, records of hospitalization for psychiatric reasons were aggregated for the 2005/06 fiscal year (April 2005 to March 2006). Descriptive statistics on province of residence, age, sex, specific diagnoses, length of stay, and hospitalization frequency were calculated and compared with people without developmental disability. Results: In Canada, people with developmental disability were hospitalized a total of 8378 times in 2005/06; among these, 3478 (42%) were for psychiatric conditions. The number of people with developmental disability hospitalized for a psychiatric condition represents about 2% of the general population hospitalized for such conditions. Among people with developmental disability hospitalized for a psychiatric condition most were men and people aged between 15 and 34 years. For almost all psychiatric disorder categories, people with developmental disability were hospitalized at rates significantly different than their counterparts without developmental disability. Lengths of hospital stays for psychiatric conditions were very similar when comparing the study groups; however, people with developmental disability were more likely to have 2 or more hospitalizations during the year. Conclusions: People with developmental disability display unique hospitalization patterns, compared with the general population.
The Epidemiology of Excess Mortality in People with Mental Illness
Authors: Lawrence David , Kisely Stephen , Pais Joanne 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To investigate the burden of excess mortality among people with mental illness in developed countries, how it is distributed, and whether it has changed over time. Method: We conducted a systematic search of MEDLINE, restricting our attention to peer-reviewed studies and reviews published in English relating to mortality and mental illness. Because of the large number of studies that have been undertaken during the last 30 years, we have selected a representative cross-section of studies for inclusion in our review. Results: There is substantial excess mortality in people with mental illness for almost all psychiatric disorders and all main causes of death. Consistently elevated rates have been observed across settings and over time. The highest numbers of excess deaths are due to cardiovascular and respiratory diseases. With life expectancy increasing in the general population, the disparity in mortality outcomes for people with mental illness is increasing. Conclusions: Without the development of alternative approaches to promoting and treating the physical health of people with mental illness, it is possible that the disparity in mortality outcomes will persist.
Time Trends in Mortality Associated with Depression: Findings from the Stirling County Study
Authors: Murphy Jane M , Gilman Stephen E , Lesage Alain , Horton Nicholas J , Rasic Daniel , Trinh Nhi-Ha , Alamiri Bibi , Sobol Arthur M , Fava Mazio , Smoller Jordan W 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To address the question of whether a mortality risk associated with depression in a 1952 representative sample of Stirling County adults changed in a new sample in 1970, and whether there was a change in associations with cigarette smoking and alcoholism. Method: Sample members were interviewed about depression and cigarette smoking. General physicians were interviewed by psychiatrists regarding alcoholism. Information about death as of December 31, 1992, was provided by Statistics Canada. Proportional hazards models were fitted in the 2 samples to assess the mortality risks associated with depression among men and women during 20 years of follow-up, and additionally among men with heavy smoking and alcoholism. Specific causes of death were investigated. Results: Hazard ratios representing the association between depression and premature death among men were 2.6 (95% CI 1.4 to 4.9) and 2.8 (95% CI 1.5 to 5.1), respectively, in the 1952 and 1970 samples for the first 10 years of follow-up. Hazard ratios for women were 1.4 (95% CI 0.6 to 3.2) and 1.2 (95% CI 0.5 to 2.9). The risk associated with depression among men was independent of alcoholism and heavy smoking. Depression and alcoholism were significantly associated with death by external causes and circulatory disease; heavy smoking was significantly associated with malignant neoplasms. Conclusion: The mortality associated with depression did not change during the period from 1952 to 1970. Depressed men experienced a significant mortality risk that was not matched among depressed women and also was not due to alcoholism and heavy smoking.
Pharmacoepidemiology of Benzodiazepine and Sedative-Hypnotic Use in a Canadian General Population Cohort during 12 Years of Follow-up
Authors: Patten Scott B , Williams Jeanne VA , Lavorato Dina H , Kassam Aliya , Sabapathy C David 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Benzodiazepines (BDZs) and similar sedative-hypnotics (SSHs) can have both beneficial and adverse effects. Clinical practice guidelines indicate that the course of treatment should usually be brief (a few weeks), but patients often take these medications for longer periods of time. We hypothesized that treatment with antidepressants (ADs) would be associated with a shorter duration of SSHs use as mood and anxiety disorders may underlie the symptoms usually targeted by BDZ treatment. Method: Our study used data from a Canadian longitudinal general health study, the National Population Health Survey, which has collected data since 1994. Data are currently available to 2006. At each interview, all medications taken in the preceding 2 days are recorded. In our study, we used proportional hazard models to describe patterns of initiation and discontinuation of these medications in the general population. Results: At each interview, the frequency of BDZ-SSH use was 2% to 3%. About 1% of the population initiated use in each 2-year follow-up period. Contrary to expectation, taking ADs predicted initiation of BDZ-SSHs, but not discontinuation. Conclusions: Unexpectedly, respondents taking ADs had a higher frequency of new BDZ-SSH use. AD use may be a marker for depression severity or comorbidity, such that the observed results may be an artifact of confounding by these factors. Irrespective of etiology, initiation of AD treatment does not appear to negate the risk of long-term BDZ-SSH use.
Propriétés psychométriques de la version française de l'inventaire de sentiment de culpabilité
Authors: Kedia Gayannée , Berthoz Sylvie 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Le sentiment de culpabilité est essentiel au bon fonctionnement interpersonnel mais peut également jouer un rôle dans les conduites autodestructrices. Bien qu'il existe une vingtaine d'échelles de culpabilité en anglais, aucune n'a été à ce jour validée en langue française. Cette étude pallie ce manque en proposant une version française de l'Inventaire de culpabilité (IC, « Guilt Inventory ») qui évalue le sentiment de culpabilité état et trait, ainsi que les standards moraux. Méthode: Sept cent trente-huit étudiants ont rempli l'IC français ainsi que des échelles évaluant l'anxiété trait et état, et les compétences empathiques. Dans un sous-groupe de cet échantillon, nous avons également évalué la dépression, la désirabilité sociale et les facteurs de personnalité. Résultats: L'analyse factorielle exploratoire, menée sur la moitié des participants, a conduit à conserver 18 des 20 items de l'IC trait, et 9 des 10 items de l'IC état, mais à écarter l'échelle des standards moraux. L'analyse factorielle confirmatoire, effectuée sur l'autre moitié de l'échantillon, a validé cette structure en deux facteurs. Les corrélations attendues entre les scores de culpabilité, d'affectivité négative et de fonctionnement interpersonnel ont été observées. Conclusion: Cette étude suggère que la version française de l'IC constitue une mesure satisfaisante du sentiment de culpabilité trait et état et pourrait s'avérer un instrument utile tant pour la recherche qu'à des fins cliniques.
Trends in Alcohol and Drug Use among Canadian Adolescents, 1990–2006
Authors: Elgar Frank J , Phillips Natalie , Hammond Nicole 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To report trends in rates of drunkenness, alcohol use, and drug use among Canadian adolescents. Method: Five national school-based surveys were carried out between 1990 and 2006 as part of the Canadian Health Behaviour in School-aged Children study ( n = 4504 to 7010). Students in Grades 6, 8, and 10 were surveyed about the frequency of their drunken episodes and consumption of beer, liquor, and wine. Grade 10 students were also surveyed about their use of drugs. Results: Rates of drunkenness and alcohol use declined slightly from 1990 to 2006, but about one-half of Grade 10 students in 2006 had used cannabis at least once in their lifetime (up from one-third in 1990). Lifetime prevalence rates of using other drug substances were below 10%. Conclusions: Timely information on alcohol and drug use among adolescents is important to health policy. Declining trends in alcohol misuse is encouraging; however, the proliferation of cannabis use indicates a need for continued surveillance and education about the risks associated with frequent cannabis use.
Pattern of Psychotropic Drug Use among Older Adults Having a Depression or an Anxiety Disorder: Results from the Longitudinal ESA Study
Authors: Préville Michel , Vasiliadis Helen-Maria , Bossé Cindy , Dionne Pierre-Alexandre , Voyer Philippe , Brassard Joëlle ,   Scientific Committee of the ESA Study
Published: January 2017

Objective: To document the use of psychotropic drugs in Quebec older adult population with a depressive or anxiety disorder. Method: Data from the Enquête sur la Santé des Aînés (ESA) study conducted between 2005 and 2008 using a representative sample ( n = 1869) of community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older were used to examine the use of psychotropic drugs in the Quebec older adult population. Results: Our results indicate that only 46.9% of the older adults with a diagnosis of depression or anxiety during the 24-month period studied according to the Régie de l'assurance maladie du Quebec (RAMQ) register used antidepressants (AD) for 400 days (12.9 months) on average during this period. Also, 59% of the RAMQ's mental health disorder patients used a mean daily dose of 5 mg of a diazepam equivalent for 338 days (10.9 months) on average during the same period. However, 10.0% of the older adults without any symptoms (ESA) at T1 and at T2 and any RAMQ depression and anxiety diagnosis between T0 and T2 were AD users during the 24-month period studied. They represent 26.2% of the AD users and consumed them for 494 days (15.9 months) on average during the 24-month period studied. Finally, the number of days of AD and benzodiazepine use was not associated with partial or total remission. Conclusions: This result questions the population effectiveness of these drugs in this population.
Mortality Associated with Benzodiazepines and Benzodiazepine-Related Drugs among Community-Dwelling Older People in Finland: A Population-Based Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Gisev Natasa , Hartikainen Sirpa , Chen Timothy F , Korhonen Mikko , Bell J Simon 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To investigate the association between the use of benzodiazepines (BDZs) and BDZ-related drugs and mortality among community-dwelling people aged 65 years and older in Finland. Method: This was a population-based retrospective cohort study. Records of all reimbursed drugs purchased by all 2224 residents of Leppävirta, Finland, aged 65 years and older in 2000 were extracted from the Finnish National Prescription Register. Diagnostic data were extracted from the Special Reimbursement Register. All-cause mortality was assessed after 9 years using national registers. Cox proportional hazards models were used to compute unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals for mortality among prevalent users of BDZs and BDZ-related drugs in 2000 ( n = 325), compared with nonusers of BDZs and BDZ-related drugs between 2000 and 2008 ( n = 1520). Results: BDZs and BDZ-related drugs were used by 325 out of the 2224 residents (14.6%) in 2000. The 9-year mortality was 50.2% among BDZ and BDZ-related drug users in 2000 and 36.3% among BDZ and BDZ-related drug nonusers between 2000 and 2008 (HR 1.53; 95% CI 1.28 to 1.82). After adjusting for baseline age, sex, antipsychotic drug use, and diagnostic confounders, the HR was 1.01 (95% CI 0.84 to 1.21). Conclusions: Use of BDZs and BDZ-related drugs was associated with an increased mortality hazard in unadjusted analyses. However, after adjusting for age, sex, antipsychotic drug use, and diagnostic confounders, the use of BDZs and BDZ-related drugs was not associated with excess mortality.
Parenting Behaviours Associated with the Development of Adaptive and Maladaptive Offspring Personality Traits
Authors: Johnson Jeffrey G , Liu Lydia , Cohen Patricia 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To investigate the associations of beneficial parenting behaviours with adaptive and maladaptive offspring personality traits that persist into adulthood among individuals in the community. Methods: Families ( n = 669) participating in the Children in the Community Study were interviewed during the childhood, adolescence, emerging adulthood, and adulthood of the offspring at the mean ages of 6, 14, 16, 22, and 33 years. Results: Twelve types of beneficial maternal and paternal child-rearing behaviour, reported by offspring at the mean age of 16 years, were associated with elevated offspring personality resiliency, at the mean ages of 22 and 33 years, and with low offspring personality disorder trait levels. These longitudinal associations remained significant when histories of childhood behaviour problems and parental psychiatric disorder were controlled statistically. Similar linear (that is, dose-dependent) associations were observed between the number of beneficial parenting behaviours during childhood and adaptive and maladaptive offspring traits at the mean ages of 22 and 33 years. Maternal and paternal behaviours were independently associated with both adaptive and maladaptive offspring traits. Conclusions: Beneficial maternal and paternal child-rearing behaviours may promote the development of adaptive offspring personality traits that endure into adulthood, and they may be prospectively associated with reduced levels of maladaptive offspring traits. These associations may not be attributable to childhood behaviour problems or parental psychiatric disorders, and they may be equally evident during early and middle adulthood.
Association of Mental Health with Health Care Use and Cost: A Population Study
Authors: Cawthorpe David , Wilkes Thomas C R , Guyn Lindsay , Li Bing , Lu Mingshan 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To compare the health costs of groups with and without psychiatric diagnoses (PDs) using 9 years of physician billing data. Methods: A dataset containing registration data for all patients receiving public mental health service was constructed and subsequently matched, on age and sex, in a final patient to comparison patient ratio of 1:8, with health care users who did not receive treatment in the mental health system. Three groups emerged: a patient PD group—patients with psychiatric disorders treated in public mental health care ( n = 76 677); a comparison patient PD group—comparison patients with PDs treated in physicians only ( n = 277 627); and a patient–comparison patient non-PD group—patients (treated in specialized publicly funded care or by their physician) without PDs ( n = 329 177). Examining over 42 million billing records for all of these patients, we compared the average number of visits and the average health only (nonpsychiatric) billing cost per each patient during the 9-year study period across the groups. Results: Among all health care users in the data, the health costs (Total Costs – Mental Health Costs) were greater on average for the patients with PD group ($3437) and the comparison patient PD group ($3265), compared with patient–comparison patient non-PD group ($1345). Forty-six percent of the comparison sample had a PD. Conclusions: Having a mental health problem is related to greater health-related expenditures. This has important policy implications on how mental health resources are constructed and rationed within the health care system.