bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Uncertainty and Communication
Authors: Brashers Dale 
Published: September 2017

Uncertainty has been an important concept in communication theory for many decades (→ Uncertainty Reduction Theory). Understanding how people respond to uncertainty in developing relationships (→ Relational Uncertainty) and in intercultural encounters (→ Anxiety Uncertainty Management Theory) has been the foundation of a large body of interpersonal communication research. This work has demonstrated complex relationships between communication, → information seeking, and the management of uncertainty (→ Uncertainty Management).
Verbal Aggressiveness
Authors: Hample Dale 
Published: September 2017

Verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness are distinct but closely related concepts that apply to conflictual interpersonal interaction (→ Argumentative Discourse; Conflict Resolution; Interpersonal Communication; Interpersonal Conflict). Verbal aggressiveness is the inclination to attack the other person's feelings or identity. Argumentativeness is the motivation to attack the other person's position, arguments, or statements. Both are types of aggressive communication, which can be subdivided into two categories: constructive and destructive. Constructive aggressive communication can be assertive or argumentative. Destructive aggressive communication also has two subdivisions: hostility and verbal aggressiveness. Assertiveness and hostility have received little research attention. Verbal aggressiveness and argumentativeness are often assessed together in empirical investigations. Males generally score higher than females on both measures, and cultural differences have been explored (though without a simple generalized conclusion to this point). Dominic Infante is the originator of the current work on these two topics.
Verstehen vs Erklären
Authors: Lindlof Thomas R. 
Published: September 2017

During much of the twentieth century, the dichotomy between
verstehen
(interpretive understanding) and
erklären
(causal explanation) helped frame the debates about the epistemological foundations, purposes, and methods of the social sciences (→ Research Methods). Similar in many respects to the nomothetic/idiographic controversy (→ Idiographic vs Nomothetic Science), the key issue was whether it is possible – or desirable – to achieve unity between the natural and social sciences. The concept of
verstehen
, in particular, posed a challenge to this idea of unification. By the end of the twentieth century, the coexistence of multiple forms of inquiry had become an accepted state of affairs in all of the social sciences, including communication research, and dampened the urgency of this issue. However, the legacy of the
verstehen
/
erklären
dichotomy lives on in the worldviews and practical activities of scholars. In such realms as the methods they use, the theoretical traditions they uphold, and the curricula they teach, there can still be found the imprint of the split between interpretive inquiry and causal explanation.
Victimization, Secondary
Authors: Kunczik Michael 
Published: September 2017

An aspect of mass media violence largely ignored in mass communication research and criminology is the effect news coverage has on victims of reported crimes (→ Crime Reporting). Few studies address the reaction of the social environment to the victims after a crime (→ Reciprocal Effects). “Secondary victimization” is defined as the victimization of the crime victim due to media coverage. It must also be taken into account that coverage of the crime can benefit the victim reported about, in that it helps them to deal with the fact of having become a crime victim.
Video Malaise
Authors: O'Keefe Garrett J. 
Published: September 2017

The term “video malaise” was coined by political scientist Michael Robinson in 1975 in reference to a hypothesis that viewership of televised public affairs programming results in an increased sense of malaise, or vague cynicism or detachment, regarding political institutions, processes, and actors. The rationale was based on a discernible decrease in the 1960s and 1970s in political trust, confidence, and efficacy (→ Political Efficacy) among US citizens, coupled with the rise of → television news and related programming as their dominant source of political information (→ Political News). Various scholars and critics had previously claimed that television posed a unique presentation format and a perceived negative tilt against established political institutions and values. Similar views were voiced in other western democracies (→ Political Cynicism; Negativity).
Violence as Media Content
Authors: Signorielli Nancy 
Published: September 2017

Most of what we know about violence in the media has explored violence on → television. While some studies of television violence were conducted during the 1950s and 1960s, most of the information about the amount of violence on television in the US comes from the long‐term research conducted as part of the Cultural Indicators (CI) Project's analysis of samples of prime‐time network programs (1967 to 2002; → Cultivation Theory; Gerbner, George) and the National Television Violence Study's (NTVS) short‐term analysis of a larger sample of network and cable channels from the mid‐1990s (→ Television Networks; Cable Television). In the UK, information about television violence comes from an analysis of samples of programs from the mid‐1990s. Knowledge about television violence in other countries (Japan or the Netherlands, for example) comes from studies looking at violence in samples of programs taken at one point in time. Most of these studies, whether conducted in the US or in other countries, focus on physical violence (hurting or killing) because emotional violence is extremely difficult to define and isolate in a consistent way.
Virtual Communities
Authors: Steinmueller W. Edward 
Published: September 2017

Largely due to Rheingold (1993), the term “virtual communities” has become the most popular way to identify interpersonal and Internet‐based communication networks to form, maintain, or extend social relationships. In 1993, Rheingold was writing ethnographies (→ Ethnography of Communication) of the communities anticipated by pioneers such as Licklider (1968), who imagined the → Internet as the source of new meeting places and as a revolutionary advance in communication capability. For social scientists, virtual communities represent a new platform for the observation and testing of theories of interpersonal communication behavior (Sproull & Kiesler 1986), structuration (Orlikoski 1992; DeSanctis 1994), and identity (Turkle 1995; → Personal Communication by CMC). A distinctive literature employing various combinations of underlying theories has emerged (e.g., Kollock & Smith 1999; Wellman & Gulia 1999).
Visual Culture
Authors: Cartwright Lisa 
Published: September 2017

Visual culture is an area of study focused on practices of looking and the role of visual representations in the arts, popular and alternative media cultures, institutional and professional contexts, and everyday life. Art history, film and media studies, → cultural studies, sociology, and anthropology are some of the fields in which visual culture study is conducted. Forms of → visual representation studied include → museum display, fine art, film and → Television, old and new media, computer and → video games, digital culture, medical images such as X‐rays and sonograms, and advertising (→ Art as Communication; Painting; Cinema; Film as Popular Culture; Television, Visual Characteristics of; Video; Digital Imagery; Advertisement, Visual Characteristics of).
Visual Representation
Authors: Jewitt Carey 
Published: September 2017

The study and conceptualization of visual representation were primarily associated with art and art history prior to the twentieth century, and drew on the analytical tools of iconology with a focus on the artist's intention and perception (→ Iconography). With the advent of → semiotics, followed by other theories of the visual, the twentieth century marked a broadening in conceptions of visual representation from the realm of art to the realm of the everyday. Studies of visual representation have expanded to include the images that surround people everyday. This includes studies of images in film (Metz 1990), the use of photography (Sontag 1979), advertising (Goffman 1979), scientific imagery (Latour & Woolgar 1986), learning and development (Kress 1996), and the representation of social identities (Hall 1997). This expansion of the domain of the visual has influenced how visual representation is theorized and approached, including a shift in focus from the image to contexts of production and viewers. Today a range of theories is applied to understanding the visual, including theories drawn from anthropology, art history, cognitive psychology, cultural studies, linguistics, psychoanalytical theories, and sociology.
Woman as Sign
Authors: Byerly Carolyn M. 
Published: September 2017

Woman as → Sign is a → semiotic construct developed by feminist scholars trying to explain the ways in which women's status in patriarchal society is understood, communicated, and acted on through institutional practices. Film scholar Laura Mulvey's (1975) application of psychoanalysis to → film theory was foundational to the construct's development. Mulvey argued that woman stands in patriarchal culture “as signifier for the male other” within a symbolic system in which men are permitted to live out their fantasies of domination both linguistically and through images they create (1975, 7). Feminist anthropologist Elizabeth Cowie (1978) coined the term “woman as sign” on the basis of her work with Claude Lévi‐Strauss on kinship systems that featured the exchange of women (e.g., a bride leaves her father's house to live in her husband's house). Woman's status in such systems, she said, is economic but also that of a sign, which conveys an understanding of subordination and enables her to be exchanged physically among men. Cowie advocated a revolution in kinship systems to create more egalitarian
sex roles
and the meanings associated with them.
Women in the Media, Images of
Authors: Rakow Lana F. 
Published: September 2017

Images of women in the media have presented a serious problem and challenge to feminist activists and scholars concerned about women's status in society. In the US in particular, but also in other parts of the world, the type, quality, and number of → images of women in various fictional and nonfictional → Genres (in film, television, and magazines especially) have been well documented since the 1970s. Consistently, such research documents women's subordinate status to men, demonstrated by their key absences (such as in → news) and attention to physical appearance or domesticity (such as in commercial advertising). While documenting problematic visualizations of women has been a dominant approach to assessing women's relationship to the mass media, other approaches have raised challenges about the theoretical and political shortcomings of a focus on “images.” Consequently, more sophisticated understandings of the relationship between mass media, reality, and political and economic structures have taken hold in feminist communication scholarship (→ Reality and Media Reality; Media and Perceptions of Reality).
Yellow Journalism
Authors: Kaplan Richard L. 
Published: September 2017

The term “yellow journalism” first emerged in the United States as a pejorative to characterize the news produced by publishers William Randolph Hearst and Joseph Pulitzer in their competition for New York City readers during the late 1890s. Their success in achieving daily circulations surpassing one million helped spread their innovations, including → sensationalism, to other newspapers. With Pulitzer and Hearst, the US news industry joined that of other industrialized democracies at the turn of the century, including Sweden, Germany, Canada, and England (with the Northcliffe revolution), in evolving from a limited “class” press to a “mass” medium. These mass newspapers adopted varying proportions of sensationalism, populism, and socialism to address the interests of new, urban, working‐class, and immigrant readers. In response, the established upper‐class journals fought back on matters of taste and politics, in part by disputing the legitimacy of the new journalism and castigating it as yellow (→ Newspaper, History of).
Dosimetric characterization of GMS BT‐125‐1 125I radioactive seed with Monte Carlo simulations and experimental measurement
Authors: Zhao Nan , Yang Ruijie , Ren Li , Fan Yi , Li Junli , Zhang Jianguo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPurposeTo investigate the dosimetric characteristics of the new GMS BT‐125‐1 125I radioactive seed, including dose rate constant, radial dose functions, and anisotropy functions.MethodsDosimetric parameters of GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed including dose rate constant, radial dose functions, and anisotropy functions were calculated using the Monte Carlo code of MCNP5, and measured with thermoluminescent dosimeters (TLDs). The results were compared with those of PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1, PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I, and model 6711 125I seeds.ResultsThe dose rate constant of GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed was 0.959 , with the difference of 0.94%, 0.83%, and 0.73% compared with the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed, PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed, and Model 6711 125I seed, respectively. For radial dose function, the differences between the Monte Carlo and the experimental g(r) results were mostly within 10%. Monte Carlo results of g(r) for GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed were found in agreement (within 3.3%) with corresponding results for the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed. The largest differences were 8.1% and 6.2% compared with PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed and model 6711 125I seed, respectively. For anisotropy function, the difference between GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed and PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed was typically <10%.ConclusionsThe measured dose rate constant, radial dose functions, and two‐dimensional anisotropy functions for the GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed showed good agreement with the Monte Carlo results. The dose rate constant of the GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed is similar to that of the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed, the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed, and the model 6711 125I seed. For radial dose functions and two‐dimensional anisotropy functions, the GMS BT‐125‐1 125I seed is similar to the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐2 125I seed but different from the PharmaSeed BT‐125‐1 125I seed and the model 6711 125I seed.
3D Foam Strutted Graphene Carbon Nitride with Highly Stable Optoelectronic Properties
Authors: Guo Qianyi , Zhang Yuanhao , Zhang Hai‐Shan , Liu Yingjun , Zhao Yu‐Jun , Qiu Jianrong , Dong Guoping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractControlled morphology modulation of graphene carbon nitride (g‐C3N4) is successfully realized from bulk to 3D loose foam architecture via the blowing effect of a bubble, which can be controlled by heating rate. The loose foam network is comprised by spatially scaffolded few‐atom‐layer interconnected flakes with the large specific surface area, as supporters to prevent agglomeration and provide a pathway for electron/phonon transports. The photocatalytic performance of 3D foam strutted g‐C3N4 toward RhB decomposition and hydrogen evolution is significantly enhanced with the morphology optimization while its excellent optoelectronic properties are maintained simultaneously. Herein, the ultrathin, mono‐, and high‐quality foam g‐C3N4 interconnected flakes with controlled layer are facilely obtained through ultrasonic, thus overcoming the drawbacks of a traditional top–down approach, opening a wide horizon for diverse practical usages. Additionally, the layer control mechanism of 3D hierarchical structure has been explored by means of bubble growth kinetics analysis and the density functional theory calculations.
Bifunctional Phase‐Transfer Catalysts Catalyzed Diastereo‐ and Enantioselective Aza‐Henry Reaction of β,γ‐Unsaturated Nitroalkenes With Amidosulfones
Authors: Lu Ning , Bai Fuquan , Fang Yanhong , Wei Zhonglin , Cao Jungang , Liang Dapeng , Lin Yingjie , Duan Haifeng 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAn efficient diastereo‐ and enantioselective aza‐Henry reaction of β,γ‐unsaturated nitroalkenes with N‐Boc amidosulfones has been realized under the catalysis of bifunctional chiral phase‐transfer catalysts bearing multiple H‐bonding donors, which was derived from cinchona alkaloids. This asymmetric catalytic protocol is suitable for a wide range of substrates, and give the corresponding products in high to excellent yields (up to 99%) with excellent diastereo‐ and enantioselectivities (up to >99 : 1 dr, up to >99% ee). Density functional theory (DFT) calculations are also performed and give the possible transition‐state model to illustrate the mechanism of the developed reaction.magnified image
Deformable and Transparent Ionic and Electronic Conductors for Soft Energy Devices
Authors: Park Sangbaek , Parida Kaushik , Lee Pooi See 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe recent boom in deformable or stretchable electronics, flexible transparent displays/screens, and their integration into the human body has facilitated the development of multifunctional energy devices that are stretchable, transparent, wearable, and/or biocompatible while meeting the energy or power requirements. The development of soft energy systems begins with the preparation of relevant conductors and the design of innovative device configurations. In this study, recent advances and trends in stretchable and transparent electronic and ionic conductors are reviewed coupled with the growing efforts to use them for soft energy storage and conversion systems. Stretchable transparent ionic conductors present possibilities for use as current collectors and electrolytes in soft electronic/energy devices, providing novel insight into biofriendly systems for an effective human–machine interaction. Moreover, representative examples that demonstrate soft energy devices based on stretchable transparent ionic/electronic conductors are discussed in detail. Furthermore, the challenges and perspectives of developing novel stretchable transparent conductors and device configurations with tailored features are also considered.
3D Printing Sulfur Copolymer‐Graphene Architectures for Li‐S Batteries
Authors: Shen Kai , Mei Hailong , Li Bin , Ding Junwei , Yang Shubin 
Published: September 2017

Abstract3D printing is becoming an efficient approach to facilely and accurately fabricate diverse complex architectures with broad applications. However, suitable inks and 3D print favorable architectures with high electrochemical performances for energy storage are still being explored. Here, sulfur copolymer‐graphene architectures with well‐designed periodic microlattices are 3D printed as a cathode for Li‐S batteries using a suitable ink composed of sulfur particles, 1,3‐diisopropenylbenzene (DIB), and condensed graphene oxide dispersion. Using thermal treatment, elemental sulfur can be reacted with DIB to produce sulfur copolymer, which can partially suppress the dissolution of polysulfides. Moreover, graphene in the architecture can provide high electrical conductivity for whole electrode. Hence, 3D printed sulfur copolymer‐graphene architecture exhibits a high reversible capacity of 812.8 mA h g−1 and good cycle performance. Such a simple 3D printing approach can be further extended to construct many complex architectures for various energy storage devices.
Understanding the Impact of Oligomeric Polystyrene Side Chain Arrangement on the All‐Polymer Solar Cell Performance
Authors: Kurosawa Tadanori , Gu Xiaodan , Gu Kevin L. , Zhou Yan , Yan Hongping , Wang Cheng , Wang Ging‐Ji Nathan , Toney Michael F. , Bao Zhenan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe introduction of oligomeric polystyrene (PS) side chains into the conjugated backbone is proven to enhance the processability and electronic properties of semiconducting polymers. Here, two series of donor and acceptor polymers are prepared with different molar percentages of PS side chains to elucidate the effect of their substitution arrangement on the all‐polymer solar cell performance. The observed device performance is lower when the PS side chains are substituted on the donor polymer and higher when on the acceptor polymer, indicating a clear arrangement effect of the PS side chain. The incorporation of PS side chains to the acceptor polymer contributes to the decrease in phase separation domain size in the blend films. However, the reduced domain size was still an order of magnitude larger than the typical exciton diffusion length. A detailed morphological study together with the estimation of solubility parameter of the pristine PS, donor, and acceptor polymers reveals that the relative value of solubility parameter of each component dominantly contributes to the purity of the phase separated domain, which strongly impacts the amount of generated photocurrent and overall solar cell performance. This study provides an understanding of the design strategies to improve the all‐polymer solar cells.
Single‐Crystalline Nanomesh Tantalum Nitride Photocatalyst with Improved Hydrogen‐Evolving Performance
Authors: Xiao Mu , Luo Bin , Lyu Miaoqiang , Wang Songcan , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTantalum nitride (Ta3N5) with a suitable bandgap (≈2 eV) is regarded as one of the most promising photocatalysts for efficient solar energy harvesting and conversion. However, Ta3N5 suffers from low hydrogen production activity due to the low carrier mobility and fast carrier recombination. Thus, the design of Ta3N5 nanostructures to facilitate charge carrier transport and improve photocatalytic performance remains a challenge. This study reports a new type of ultrathin (≈2 nm) Ta3N5 nanomesh with high specific surface area (284.6 m2 g−1) and excellent crystallinity by an innovative bottom‐up graphene oxide templated strategy. The resulting Ta3N5 nanomeshes demonstrate drastically improved electron transport ability and prolonged lifetime of charge carriers, due to the nature of high surface area and excellent crystallinity. As a result, when used as photocatalysts, the Ta3N5 nanomeshes exhibit a greater than tenfold improvement in solar hydrogen production compared to bulk counterparts. This work provides an effective and generic strategy for designing 2D ultrathin nanomesh structures for nonlayered materials with improved catalytic activity.
Surface‐Modified Porous Carbon Nitride Composites as Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst for Zn‐Air Batteries
Authors: Niu Wenhan , Li Zhao , Marcus Kyle , Zhou Le , Li Yilun , Ye Ruquan , Liang Kun , Yang Yang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPorous carbon nitride (PCN) composites are fabricated using a top‐down strategy, followed by additions of graphene and CoSx nanoparticles. This subsequently enhances conductivity and catalytic activity of PCN (abbreviated as CoSx@PCN/rGO) and is achieved by one‐step sulfuration of PCN/graphene oxides (GO) composite materials. As a result, the as‐prepared CoSx@PCN/rGO catalysts display excellent activity and stability toward both oxygen evolution and reduction reactions, surpassing electrocatalytic performance shown by state‐of‐the‐art Pt, RuO2 and other carbon nitrides. Remarkably, the CoSx@PCN/rGO bifunctional activity allows for applications in zinc‐air batteries, which show better rechargeability than Pt/C. The enhanced catalytic performance of CoSx@PCN/rGO can primarily be attributed to the highly porous morphology and sufficiently exposed active sites that are favorable for electrocatalytic reactions.