bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing the 'two interface' problem: Comparatives and superlatives
Authors: Dunbar Ewan , Wellwood Alexis 
Published: April 2016

How much meaning can a morpheme have? Syntactic and morphological analyses generally underdetermine when distinctions in meaning between two forms are due to (i) the presence of an additional syntactic head or to (ii) different information coded on the same head. Surveying patterns across hundreds of languages, Bobaljik (2012) hypothesizes that superlative forms universally consist of a comparative morpheme plus an additional superlative morpheme, e.g., tallest is underlyingly [ SUP [ CMPR [ TALL ] ] ]. Bobaljik’s hypothesis includes, in part, a speculative proposal for a universal limit on the semantic complexity of morphemes. We offer a concrete basis for this proposal, the ‘No Containment Condition’ (NCC). The NCC is a constraint on grammars such that they cannot contain a certain semantic representation for a unitary head, if that representation can be constructed out of the semantic representations of two heads. Illustrating the proposal, we take Bobaljik’s analysis of forms like tallest further, into [ [ [ CMPR SUP ] MUCH ] TALL ]. Based in semantic analysis, our suggestion introduces Bresnan’s (1973) classical analysis of comparatives into the decomposition of superlatives.
2016/3 Supreme Court allows transferee to differentiate between ‘own’ and acquired employees (PL)
Authors: Wujczyk Marcin 
Published: April 2016

2016/3 Supreme Court allows transferee to differentiate between ‘own’ and acquired employees (PL)
Paying employees acquired by way of the transfer of an undertaking less than the transferee’s original staff not discriminatory. The Supreme Court recently came to this conclusion based on a rather daring interpretation of a provision of national law aimed at transposing an EU directive. Although Polish law obligates employers to treat employees who perform the same work equally regardless of personal characteristics, the provision at issue should be read more narrowly.
2016/5 Government order to suspend civil servants’ pension payments discriminatory (HU)
Authors: Ratkai Ildiko 
Published: April 2016

2016/5 Government order to suspend civil servants’ pension payments discriminatory (HU)
The European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) has recently ruled on a Hungarian law suspending payment of civil servants’ pensions for the period during which they are employed in certain areas of the public sector. The ECtHR found this law to be discriminatory as it breaches Article 14 of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) read in conjunction with Article 1, Protocol 1. Hungary, as the respondent State, is to pay pecuniary and non-pecuniary damages and procedural costs and expenses to the applicant, Mr Gyula Fábián. The judgment was delivered on 15 December 2015 and, if not appealed to the Grand Chamber, will cease to be appealable on 15 March 2016.
2016/6 An employee’s salary may be above the equal treatment standards if there is a material reason (CZ)
Authors: Randlová Nataša 
Published: April 2016

2016/6 An employee’s salary may be above the equal treatment standards if there is a material reason (CZ)
The employer may unilaterally stipulate or agree a salary with an employee that goes beyond the equal treatment standards, to the employee’s benefit if there is a material reason. The reason must either represent a competitive advantage compared to other employees, or the unequal treatment must be a substantial requirement necessary for the particular work.
2016/7 The prohibition against gender-based discrimination applies to self-employed contractors (HU)
Authors: Ormai Gabriella , Bán Péter 
Published: April 2016

2016/7 The prohibition against gender-based discrimination applies to self-employed contractors (HU)
In accordance with EU law, the prohibition against gender-based discrimination (in this case: dismissal relating to pregnancy) cannot be limited to employment relationships as defined in national law: it must also apply to other types of legal relationship, where one party provides services to another party for consideration, for an open-ended period of time under the supervision of a principal.
2016/15 Former CEO awarded € 1,250,000 compensation for unfair dismissal (IR)
Authors: O’Leary Orla 
Published: April 2016

2016/15 Former CEO awarded € 1,250,000 compensation for unfair dismissal (IR)
Under Irish law, an employee claiming compensation for constructive dismissal bears a high burden of proof. Failure to exhaust the employer’s grievance procedure before bringing such a claim to court is generally a recipe for failure. However, a CEO who brought such a claim without first going through the grievance procedure was recently awarded record compensation of € 1.25 million.
2016/16 ‘Too conspicuous’ hairstyle was no reason for dismissal during parental part-time (AT)
Authors: Hießl Christina 
Published: April 2016

2016/16 ‘Too conspicuous’ hairstyle was no reason for dismissal during parental part-time (AT)
Austrian law permits the dismissal of an employee during parental leave only in cases where the employer cannot reasonably be expected to continue the contractual relationship. The colour of a hair ribbon does not justify the termination of a young father’s employment as a bus driver.
2016/17 Court order for reinstatement not satisfied by placing employee on garden leave (LI)
Authors: Klimašauskiené Inga 
Published: April 2016

2016/17 Court order for reinstatement not satisfied by placing employee on garden leave (LI)
An employer was ordered to reinstate an employee they had wrongly dismissed. The employer reinstated him, putting him back on the payroll, but simultaneously placed him on involuntary garden leave. The employee sought and got a second court order that this was not real reinstatement. The employer was ordered to allow the employee to return to the office and perform his habitual work there on pain of a penalty of € 100 for each day of non-compliance. The employer challenged this penalty, but without success.
Nazorg ex-gedetineerden – tien jaar na invoering
Authors: van Duijvenbooden Karel 
Published: April 2016

The project ‘Follow-up care for former detainees’ – ten years after its introduction: looking back and taking stock
In 2002, the Dutch Ministry of Justice introduced the programme ‘Reducing Recidivism’ to reduce high recidivism rates among ex-prisoners. As part of this programme, a special project called ‘Follow-up care for former detainees’ was launched late 2004. Until then, little attention had been given to this topic and there had not been any organised form of cooperation between municipalities and penal institutions. In many cases the basic conditions for reintegration were not well arranged. The main aim of the project was to establish a connection between prisons and municipalities by which the basic conditions for social reintegration could be settled. First, cooperation at working level practice was established. In 2007, this practice was confirmed at a political administrative level. In doing so, a unique form of cooperation between prison services and municipalities for follow-up care for former detainees has been realised in the Netherlands.
Quantitation of Deltamethrin in Rat Liver and Muscle Homogenates Using Dispersive Solid-Phase Extraction with GC-NCI-MS
Authors: Gullick Darren R , Bruckner James V , White Catherine A , Chen Chen , Cummings Brian S , Bartlett Michael G 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
An improved bioanalytical method to determine pyrethroids from small-volume (300 μL) rat liver and muscle homogenates was developed, validated, and applied to small-animal studies. The method used dispersive SPE (d-SPE) to clean the samples, and GC negative chemical ion MS (GC-NCI-MS) to analyze the samples. High-quality trace analysis of pyrethroids in biological samples was necessary to assess the health risk of environmentally encountered levels. Currently used highly sensitive methods to measure pyrethroids have focused on large-volume samples related to environmental exposure (water, soil, food products) or urine; however, there are no validated methods for quantifying this class of compounds in small-volume rat liver and muscle tissue homogenates. Individual rat tissue homogenate samples (300 μL) were prepared by protein precipitation using hexane-saturated acetonitrile. The samples were mixed on a vortex mixer and decanted into a d-SPE tube containing octadecylsilyl (C18) and primary secondary amine (PSA) sorbents and magnesium sulfate. The samples were centrifuged before evaporation to dryness. Pyrethroids were extracted and reconstituted from the residue using toluene in advance of injection into an Agilent Model 6890N gas chromatograph equipped with a Model 5973 quadrupole mass analyzer. Samples were ionized via electron capture in the negative ion mode using methane as a chemical ionization gas. Six qualifying ions were monitored using selected-ion monitoring for quantitation and verification of the analyte. Cis-permethrin was used as the internal standard. Method linearity was from 1 to 500 ng/mL for muscle and liver homogenates. The inter- and intraday precision and accuracy of the method were better than 20% at the lower LOQ and better than 15% over the remainder of the linear range. The method was used to elucidate tissue time-courses of deltamethrin (DLM) disposition following oral dosing of rats with 1 to 5 mg/kg in corn oil. DLM was monitored in rat tissue samples ≤24 h following dosing. Sample cleanup with d-SPE provided more selective chromatography than previous analytical methods.
High-Throughput Phenotypic Screening of Human Astrocytes to Identify Compounds That Protect Against Oxidative Stress
Authors: Thorne Natasha , Malik Nasir , Shah Sonia , Zhao Jean , Class Bradley , Aguisanda Francis , Southall Noel , Xia Menghang , McKew John C. , Rao Mahendra , Zheng Wei 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Astrocytes are the predominant cell type in the nervous system and play a significant role in maintaining neuronal health and homeostasis. Recently, astrocyte dysfunction has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Astrocytes are thus an attractive new target for drug discovery for neurological disorders. Using astrocytes differentiated from human embryonic stem cells, we have developed an assay to identify compounds that protect against oxidative stress, a condition associated with many neurodegenerative diseases. This phenotypic oxidative stress assay has been optimized for high-throughput screening in a 1,536-well plate format. From a screen of approximately 4,100 bioactive tool compounds and approved drugs, we identified a set of 22 that acutely protect human astrocytes from the consequences of hydrogen peroxide-induced oxidative stress. Nine of these compounds were also found to be protective of induced pluripotent stem cell-differentiated astrocytes in a related assay. These compounds are thought to confer protection through hormesis, activating stress-response pathways and preconditioning astrocytes to handle subsequent exposure to hydrogen peroxide. In fact, four of these compounds were found to activate the antioxidant response element/nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 pathway, a protective pathway induced by toxic insults. Our results demonstrate the relevancy and utility of using astrocytes differentiated from human stem cells as a disease model for drug discovery and development.

Significance
Astrocytes play a key role in neurological diseases. Drug discovery efforts that target astrocytes can identify novel therapeutics. Human astrocytes are difficult to obtain and thus are challenging to use for high-throughput screening, which requires large numbers of cells. Using human embryonic stem cell-derived astrocytes and an optimized astrocyte differentiation protocol, it was possible to screen approximately 4,100 compounds in titration to identify 22 that are cytoprotective of astrocytes. This study is the largest-scale high-throughput screen conducted using human astrocytes, with a total of 17,536 data points collected in the primary screen. The results demonstrate the relevancy and utility of using astrocytes differentiated from human stem cells as a disease model for drug discovery and development.
Massive Clonal Selection and Transiently Contributing Clones During Expansion of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Cultures Revealed by Lentiviral RGB-Barcode Technology
Authors: Selich Anton , Daudert Jannik , Hass Ralf , Philipp Friederike , von Kaisenberg Constantin , Paul Gabi , Cornils Kerstin , Fehse Boris , Rittinghausen Susanne , Schambach Axel , Rothe Michael 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Mesenchymal stem (or stromal) cells (MSCs) have been used in more than 400 clinical trials for the treatment of various diseases. The clinical benefit and reproducibility of results, however, remain extremely variable. During the in vitro expansion phase, which is necessary to achieve clinically relevant cell numbers, MSCs show signs of aging accompanied by different contributions of single clones to the mass culture. Here we used multicolor lentiviral barcode labeling to follow the clonal dynamics during in vitro MSC expansion from whole umbilical cord pieces (UCPs). The clonal composition was analyzed by a combination of flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, and deep sequencing. Starting with highly complex cell populations, we observed a massive reduction in diversity, transiently dominating populations, and a selection of single clones over time. Importantly, the first wave of clonal constriction already occurred in the early passages during MSC expansion. Consecutive MSC cultures from the same UCP implied the existence of more primitive, MSC culture-initiating cells. Our results show that microscopically homogenous MSC mass cultures consist of many subpopulations, which undergo clonal selection and have different capabilities. Among other factors, the clonal composition of the graft might have an impact on the functional properties of MSCs in experimental and clinical settings.

Significance
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can easily be obtained from various adult or embryonal tissues and are frequently used in clinical trials. For their clinical application, MSCs have to be expanded in vitro. This unavoidable step influences the features of MSCs, so that clinical benefit and experimental results are often highly variable. Despite a homogenous appearance under the microscope, MSC cultures undergo massive clonal selection over time. Multicolor fluorescence labeling and deep sequencing were used to demonstrate the dynamic clonal composition of MSC cultures, which might ultimately explain the variable clinical performance of the cells.
Functional and Transcriptional Characterization of Histone Deacetylase Inhibitor-Mediated Cardiac Adverse Effects in Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Cardiomyocytes
Authors: Kopljar Ivan , Gallacher David J. , De Bondt An , Cougnaud Laure , Vlaminckx Eddy , Van den Wyngaert Ilse , Lu Hua Rong 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors possess therapeutic potential to reverse aberrant epigenetic changes associated with cancers, neurological diseases, and immune disorders. Unfortunately, clinical studies with some HDAC inhibitors displayed delayed cardiac adverse effects, such as atrial fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia. However, the underlying molecular mechanism(s) of HDAC inhibitor-mediated cardiotoxicity remains poorly understood and is difficult to detect in the early stages of preclinical drug development because of a delayed onset of effects. In the present study, we show for the first time in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) that HDAC inhibitors (dacinostat, panobinostat, vorinostat, entinostat, and tubastatin-a) induce delayed dose-related cardiac dysfunction at therapeutic concentrations associated with cardiac adverse effects in humans. HDAC inhibitor-mediated delayed effects on the beating properties of hiPS-CMs developed after 12 hours by decreasing the beat rate, shortening the field potential duration, and inducing arrhythmic behavior under form of sustained contractions and fibrillation-like patterns. Transcriptional changes that are common between the cardiotoxic HDAC inhibitors but different from noncardiotoxic treatments identified cardiac-specific genes and pathways related to structural and functional changes in cardiomyocytes. Combining the functional data with epigenetic changes in hiPS-CMs allowed us to identify molecular targets that might explain HDAC inhibitor-mediated cardiac adverse effects in humans. Therefore, hiPS-CMs represent a valuable translational model to assess HDAC inhibitor-mediated cardiotoxicity and support identification of better HDAC inhibitors with an improved benefit-risk profile.

Significance
Histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors are a promising class of drugs to treat certain cancers, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseases. However, treated patients can experience various cardiac adverse events such as hearth rhythm disorders. This study found that human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPS-CMs) can predict cardiac adverse events in patients caused by HDAC inhibitors. Furthermore, transcriptional changes at the level of gene expression supported the effects on the beating properties of hiPS-CMs and highlight targets that might cause these cardiac adverse effects. hiPS-CMs represent a valuable translational model to assess HDAC inhibitor-mediated cardiotoxicity and to support development of safer HDAC inhibitors.
Fulfill Your Digital Preservation Goals with a Budget Studio
Authors: Zhou Yongli 
Published: April 2016

In order to fulfill digital preservation goals, many institutions use high-end scanners for in-house scanning of historical print and oversize materials. However, high-end scanners’ prices do not fit in many small institutions’ budget. As digital single-lens reflex (DSLR) camera technologies advance and camera prices drop quickly, a budget photography studio can help to achieve institutions’ preservation goals. This paper compares images delivered by a high-end overhead scanner and a consumer level DSLR camera, discusses pros and cons of using each method, demonstrates how to set up a cost efficient shooting studio, and presents a budget estimate for a studio.
iPad Versus Handwriting: Pilot Study Exploring the Writing Abilities of Students with Learning Disabilities
Authors: Corkett Julie K. , Benevides Tina 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWritten expression is an essential skill to actively function in today's society. For many learners, especially those with a learning disability (LD), writing can be a source of frustration. Technology in its various forms, holds promise to assist students in this area. The current study examines the role that tablet technology, specifically, iPads, has on the writing skills of students who have an LD. Using a visual analysis approach and paired-sample t-tests, the current study examines how the writing of nine (female = 1, age = 12.5; male = 8; mean age = 11.5) grade six Caucasian students from Northern Ontario with an LD differs when they write by hand versus writing with an iPad. Specifically, the study examines whether there is a difference in (a) writing productivity; (b) spelling accuracy; (c) lexical diversity; (d) syntactical complexity; and, (e) ideas expressed. Results revealed that digital writing using an iPad was effective in significantly improving spelling accuracy, number of T-units and number of ideas expressed. There was also an insignificant improvement in the areas of writing productivity, number of sentences written, and grammatical errors. The results of the current study suggest that the use of iPads has a positive influence on' writing. Therefore, the use of iPads may have long-term effects that cannot be measured sufficiently in a short-term study.
Inclusive Classes in Physical Education: Teachers' Difficulties
Authors: Toloi Gabriela Gallucci , Manzini Eduardo José , Spoldaro Diego Machado , Ventura Zacarias Lucas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe successful inclusion of students with special needs in physical education classes requires much planning and preparation. Lack of preparation of physical education teachers working in inclusive settings in Brazil has demonstrated the need for specialized training in strategies for implementing inclusion. The goal of this study was to identify, through self-reporting, common difficulties physical education teachers experienced while teaching children with special needs in inclusive environments. Two focus groups of physical education teachers who taught children with special needs were interviewed to provide data. Focus groups met twice for an average of two hours each meeting. An interview guide was employed to encourage discussion and idea sharing. Verbal interactions were transcribed and subjected to content analysis. Data analysis identified seven subthemes related to difficulties commonly experienced by the teachers working in inclusive environments: 1) access to diagnoses; 2) physical education syllabus; 3) inclusion and physical education; 4) architectural and administrative barriers; 5) family collaboration; 6) relationships with other professionals; 7) teacher training. Identifying these subthemes of commonly shared difficulties relating to successful inclusion may help guide the development of a training program for including students with special needs in physical education classes.
ChemInform Abstract: Bi3n+1Ti7Fe3n‐3O9n+11 Homologous Series: Slicing Perovskite Structure with Planar Interfaces Containing Anatase‐Like Chains.
Authors: Batuk Dmitry , Tsirlin Alexander A. , Filimonov Dmitry S. , Zakharov Konstantin V. , Volkova Olga S. , Vasiliev Alexander , Hadermann Joke , Abakumov Artem M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTitle compounds with n = 3—6 are prepared by solid state reaction of Bi2O3, TiO2, and Fe2O3 (1000 °C, 60—100 h).
ChemInform Abstract: (Cs6Cl)6Cs3 [Ga53Se96]: A Unique Long Period‐Stacking Structure of Layers Made from Ga2Se6 Dimers via cis or trans Intralayer Linking.
Authors: Lin Hua , Chen Hong , Lin Zi‐Xiong , Zhao Hua‐Jun , Liu Peng‐Fei , Yu Ju‐Song , Chen Ling 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe new title compound is synthesized by reaction of Ga and Se in a CsCl flux in the presence of Mn (CsCl:Mn:Ga:Se = 6:4:5:12,1273 K, 4 d; 60% yield).
ChemInform Abstract: Biimidazoline Ligands for Palladium‐Catalyzed Asymmetric Allylic Alkylation.
Authors: Hao Xin‐Qi , Dong Ya‐Nan , Gao Biao , Li Ke , Zhao Xue‐Mei , Xu Yan , Song Mao‐Ping 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA variety of bis‐imidazolines are synthesized and evaluated as ligands in Pd‐catalyzed asymmetric allylic alkylation reactions of 1,3‐diarylpropenyl acetates (I) with malonates.
ChemInform Abstract: Alkaline Earth Metal Catalyzed, One‐Pot, Multi‐Component Approach for the Synthesis of Dihydropyridine, Acridine and Xanthene Derivatives in Water.
Authors: Yaragorla Srinivasarao , Singh Garima , Pareek Abhishek 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAn environmentally benign Ca(II)‐catalyst and water as green solvent are used.
ChemInform Abstract: Tandem Claisen Rearrangement/6‐endo Cyclization Approach to Allylated and Prenylated Chromones.
Authors: Schmidt Bernd , Riemer Martin , Schilde Uwe 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAllyl, dimethylallyl, and prenyl ethers of ortho‐acylphenols react upon microwave irradiation to form C‐allylated or ‐prenylated chromones.
ChemInform Abstract: Development of a Phase‐Transfer‐Catalyzed, [2,3]‐Wittig Rearrangement.
Authors: Denmark Scott E. , Cullen Lindsey R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe asymmetric [2,3]‐sigmatropic rearrangement of cyclic (allyloxy)carbonyl compounds (II) and (IV) in the presence of chiral phase transfer catalysts such as (I) is presented.