bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparative genomics ofPseudomonas syringaepathovartomatoreveals novel chemotaxis pathways associated with motility and plant pathogenicity
Authors: Clarke Christopher R. , Hayes Byron W. , Runde Brendan J. , Markel Eric , Swingle Bryan M. , Vinatzer Boris A. 
Published: October 2016

The majority of bacterial foliar plant pathogens must invade the apoplast of host plants through points of ingress, such as stomata or wounds, to replicate to high population density and cause disease. How pathogens navigate plant surfaces to locate invasion sites remains poorly understood. Many bacteria use chemical-directed regulation of flagellar rotation, a process known as chemotaxis, to move towards favorable environmental conditions. Chemotactic sensing of the plant surface is a potential mechanism through which foliar plant pathogens home in on wounds or stomata, but chemotactic systems in foliar plant pathogens are not well characterized. Comparative genomics of the plant pathogenPseudomonas syringaepathovartomato(Pto) implicated annotated chemotaxis genes in the recent adaptations of one Pto lineage. We therefore characterized the chemosensory system of Pto. The Pto genome contains two primary chemotaxis gene clusters,che1andche2. Theche2cluster is flanked by flagellar biosynthesis genes and similar to the canonical chemotaxis gene clusters of other bacteria based on sequence and synteny. Disruption of the primary phosphorelay kinase gene of theche2cluster,cheA2, eliminated all swimming and surface motility at 21 °C but not 28 °C for Pto. Theche1cluster is located next to Type IV pili biosynthesis genes but disruption ofcheA1has no observable effect on twitching motility for Pto. Disruption ofcheA2also altersin plantafitness of the pathogen with strains lacking functionalcheA2being less fit in host plants but more fit in a non-host interaction.
An advanced retrieval algorithm for greenhouse gases using polarization information measured by GOSAT TANSO‐FTS SWIR I: Simulation study
Authors: Kikuchi N. , Yoshida Y. , Uchino O. , Morino I. , Yokota T. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe present an algorithm for retrieving column‐averaged dry air mole fraction of carbon dioxide (
) and methane (
) from reflected spectra in the shortwave infrared (SWIR) measured by the TANSO‐FTS (Thermal And Near infrared Sensor for carbon Observation Fourier Transform Spectrometer) sensor on board the Greenhouse gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT). The algorithm uses the two linear polarizations observed by TANSO‐FTS to improve corrections to the interference effects of atmospheric aerosols, which degrade the accuracy in the retrieved greenhouse gas concentrations. To account for polarization by the land surface reflection in the forward model, we introduced a bidirectional reflection matrix model that has two parameters to be retrieved simultaneously with other state parameters. The accuracy in
and
values retrieved with the algorithm was evaluated by using simulated retrievals over both land and ocean, focusing on the capability of the algorithm to correct imperfect prior knowledge of aerosols. To do this, we first generated simulated TANSO‐FTS spectra using a global distribution of aerosols computed by the aerosol transport model SPRINTARS. Then the simulated spectra were submitted to the algorithms as measurements both with and without polarization information, adopting a priori profiles of aerosols that differ from the true profiles. We found that the accuracy of
and
, as well as profiles of aerosols, retrieved with polarization information was considerably improved over values retrieved without polarization information, for simulated observations over land with aerosol optical thickness greater than 0.1 at 1.6 μm.
Future nuisance flooding at Boston caused by astronomical tides alone
Authors: Ray Richard D. , Foster Grant 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSea level rise necessarily triggers more occurrences of minor, or nuisance, flooding events along coastlines, a fact well documented in recent studies. At some locations nuisance flooding can be brought about merely by high spring tides, independent of storms, winds, or other atmospheric conditions. Analysis of observed water levels at Boston indicates that tidal flooding began to occur there in 2011 and will become more frequent in subsequent years. A compilation of all predicted nuisance‐flooding events, induced by astronomical tides alone, is presented through year 2050. The accuracy of the tide prediction is improved when several unusual properties of Gulf of Maine tides, including secular changes, are properly accounted for. Future mean sea‐level rise at Boston cannot be predicted with comparable confidence, so two very different climate scenarios are adopted; both predict a large increase in the frequency and the magnitude of tidal flooding events.
Unlocking the Potential of Leloir Glycosyltransferases for Applied Biocatalysis: Efficient Synthesis of Uridine 5′‐Diphosphate‐Glucose by Sucrose Synthase
Authors: Gutmann Alexander , Nidetzky Bernd 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDespite the unsurpassed selectivity that enzymes usually offer, biocatalytic transformations repeatedly fall short of the robustness and process efficiency demanded for production‐scale chemical synthesis. Nucleotide sugar‐dependent “Leloir” glycosyltransferases (GTs) are fine catalysts of glycosylation but there is concern as to whether reactions from this enzyme class are fit for industrial process development. We demonstrate in this study of sucrose synthase (SuSy; EC 2.4.1.13) that, in order to unlock the synthetic potential of the GT reaction, it was vital to combine a focused, kinetic characteristics‐based enzyme selection with a reaction design properly aligned to thermodynamic constraints. The equilibrium constant (Keq) for the conversion of sucrose and uridine 5′‐diphosphate (UDP) into the target product UDP‐α‐d‐glucose and d‐fructose decreased with increasing pH due to deprotonation of the β‐phosphate group of UDP above the pKa of ∼6.0. Proton uptake coupled to the glucosyl transfer made it essential that the pH was carefully controlled throughout the reaction. Comparing two SuSys from Acidithiobacillus caldus and Glycine max (soybean), substrate inhibition by UDP superseded catalytic efficiency as the prior selection criterion, demanding choice of the bacterial GT for use at high UDP concentrations. Reaction at the operational pH optimum, determined as 5.0, gave 255 mM (144 g L−1) of UDP‐glucose in 85% yield from UDP. Using an enzyme concentration of only 0.1 g L−1, a space‐time yield of 25 g L−1 h−1 was obtained. The mass‐based turnover number (g product formed per g enzyme added) reached a value of 1440 from a single batch conversion. Therefore, these parameters of the UDP‐glucose synthesis show that the reaction of a GT can be pushed to a process efficiency typically required for implementation in fine chemicals production.magnified image
Effectiveness of OSHA Outreach Training on carpenters’ work‐related injury rates, Washington State 2000–2008
Authors: Schoenfisch Ashley L. , Lipscomb Hester , Sinyai Clayton , Adams Darrin 
Published: October 2016

IntroductionDespite the size and breadth of OSHA's Outreach Training program for construction, information on its impact on work‐related injury rates is limited.MethodsIn a 9‐year dynamic cohort of 17,106 union carpenters in Washington State, the effectiveness of OSHA Outreach Training on workers’ compensation claims rate was explored. Injury rates were calculated by training status overall and by carpenters’ demographic and work characteristics using Poisson regression.ResultsOSHA Outreach Training resulted in a 13% non‐significant reduction in injury claims rates overall. The protective effect was more pronounced for carpenters in their apprenticeship years, drywall installers, and with increasing time since training.ConclusionsIn line with these observed effects and prior research, it is unrealistic to expect OSHA Outreach Training alone to have large effects on union construction workers’ injury rates. Standard construction industry practice should include hazard awareness and protection training, coupled with more efficient approaches to injury control. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:45–57, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Investigating economic specialization on the central Peruvian coast: A reconstruction of Late Intermediate Period Ychsma diet using stable isotopes
Authors: Marsteller Sara J. , Zolotova Natalya , Knudson Kelly J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectivesHypothetical models of socioeconomic organization in pre‐Columbian societies generated from the rich ethnohistoric record in the New World require testing against the archaeological and bioarchaeological record. Here, we test ethnohistorian Maria Rostworowski's horizontality model of socioeconomic specialization for the Central Andean coast by reconstructing dietary practices in the Late Intermediate Period (c. AD 900‐1470) Ychsma polity to evaluate complexities in social behaviors prior to Inka imperial influence.Materials and methodsStable carbon and nitrogen isotope analysis of archaeological human bone collagen and apatite (δ13Ccol[VPDB], δ15Ncol[AIR], δ13Cap[VPDB]) and locally available foods is used to reconstruct the diets of individuals from Armatambo (n = 67), associated ethnohistorically with fishing, and Rinconada Alta (n = 46), associated ethnohistorically with agriculture.ResultsOverall, mean δ15Ncol[AIR] is significantly greater at Armatambo, while mean δ13Ccol[VPDB] and mean δ13Cap[VPDB] are not significantly different between the two sites. Within large‐scale trends, adult mean δ13Cap[VPDB] is significantly greater at Armatambo. In addition, nearly one‐third of Armatambo adults and adolescents show divergent δ15Ncol[AIR] values.DiscussionThese results indicate greater reliance on marine resources at Armatambo versus Rinconada Alta, supporting the ethnohistoric model of socioeconomic specialization for the Central Andean coast. Deviations from large‐scale dietary trends suggest complexities not accounted for by the ethnohistoric model, including intra‐community subsistence specialization and/or variation in resource access.
Sustained myrmecophagy in Nigerian chimpanzees: Preferred or fallback food?
Authors: Sommer Volker , Buba Umaru , Jesus Gonçalo , Pascual‐Garrido Alejandra 
Published: October 2016

AbstractObjectiveAt some sites across Africa, chimpanzees consume army ants, often aided by plant tools, although consumption frequencies vary greatly. Other populations do not eat these insects at all, despite apparent abundance. The relative importance of this type of myrmecophagy for chimpanzee diet therefore remains unclear. We investigate if army ants constitute a preferred food or a fallback resource for chimpanzees at Gashaka, Nigeria, where army ants are consumed much more frequently than elsewhere.MethodsLong‐term records on temporal variation of climate and availability of fruit as the chimpanzees' preferred food are compared with rates of recovered army ant dipping wands and army ant remains in feces.ResultsDespite strict seasonality of rainfall and fruit abundance, myrmecophagy does not negatively correlate with fruit availability. Instead, army ant eating is sustained year round at high levels, with 44% of feces containing remains.ConclusionsResults contradict the fallback hypothesis and support the hypothesis that ants are a preferred food. Nevertheless, compared with fruit, ant‐meals can normally provide only negligible amounts of nutrients. At Gashaka, however, nutritional yield may be significant, given that ant‐dipping sessions provide on average 13 mg of dry weight to a chimpanzee. The species exclusively eaten here, Dorylus rubellus, might be particularly aggressive, thus resulting in greater harvesting success than elsewhere. Army ants may hence serve as a diet supplement or complement in terms of macro‐ or micronutrients.
Anionic Chains of Parent Pnictogenylboranes
Authors: Marquardt Christian , Kahoun Tobias , Stauber Andreas , Balázs Gábor , Bodensteiner Michael , Timoshkin Alexey Y. , Scheer Manfred 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWe report on the synthesis and structural characterization of unprecedented anionic parent compounds of mixed Group 13/15 elements. The reactions of the pnictogenylboranes H2E‐BH2⋅NMe3 (1 a=P, 1 b=As) with phosphorus and arsenic centered nucleophiles of the type [EH2]− (E=P, As) lead to the formation of compounds of the type [H2E‐BH2‐E′H2]− (2: E=E′=P; 3: E=E′=As; 4: E=P, E′=As) containing anionic pnictogen–boron chain‐like units. Furthermore, a longer 5‐membered chain species [H2As‐BH2‐PH2‐BH2‐AsH2]− (5) and a cyclic compound [NHCdipp‐H2B‐PH2‐BH2‐NHCdipp]+[P5B5H19]− (6) containing a n‐butylcyclohexane‐like anion were obtained. All the compounds have been characterized by X‐ray structure analysis, multinuclear NMR spectroscopy, IR spectroscopy, and mass spectrometry. DFT calculations elucidate their high thermodynamic stability, the charge distribution, and give insight into the reaction pathway.
Mystacial Whisker Layout and Musculature in the Guinea Pig (Cavia porcellus): A Social, Diurnal Mammal
Authors: Grant Robyn A. , Delaunay Mariane G. , Haidarliu Sebastian 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTAll mammals (apart from apes and humans) have whiskers that make use of a similar muscle arrangement. Whisker specialists, such as rats and mice, tend to be nocturnal and arboreal, relying on their whisker sense of touch to guide exploration around tree canopies at night. As such, nocturnal arboreal rodents have many whiskers that are organised into a grid‐like pattern, and moved using a complex array of muscles. Indeed, most arboreal, nocturnal mammals tend to have specialised whiskers that are longer and arranged in a dense, regular grid, compared with terrestrial, diurnal mammals. The guinea pig diverged early from murid rodents (around 75 million years ago), and are ground‐dwelling, diurnal animals. It would be predicted that, as a terrestrial mammal, they may have less whiskers and a reduced muscle architecture compared to arboreal, nocturnal rodents. We examined the mystacial whisker layout, musculature and movement capacity of Guinea pig (Cavia porcellus) whiskers and found that they did indeed have a disorganized whisker layout, with a fortification around the eye area. In addition, there was a reduction in musculature, especially in the intrinsic muscles. Despite guinea pigs not cyclically moving their whiskers, the mystacial musculature was still very similar to that of murid rodents. We suggest that the conserved presence of whisker layout and musculature, even in visual mammals such as primates and guinea pigs, may indicate that whiskers still play an important role in these animals, including protecting the eyes and being involved in tactile social behaviors. Anat Rec, 300:527–536, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Potential value of routine contralateral patent processus vaginalis repair in children with unilateral inguinal hernia
Authors: Zhao J , Chen Y , Lin J , Jin Y , Yang H , Wang F , Zhong H , Zhu J 
Published: October 2016

Abstract

Background
The development of laparoscopy as a means of evaluation and treatment of inguinal hernia in children has raised the question of whether simultaneous closure of a contralateral patent processus vaginalis (CPPV) is justified. The present study aimed to determine the rate of metachronous inguinal hernia (MIH) in children with CPPV.

Methods
Children with unilateral inguinal hernia from two hospitals underwent either open or laparoscopic repair, and were followed up for MIH. The presence of CPPV was evaluated during laparoscopy and, if detected, the CPPV was closed. The relationship between CPPV and subsequent MIH was studied.

Results
The study included children who had complete follow-up (90·0 per cent of those having open repair and 92·2 per cent of those undergoing laparoscopic repair). Of 2538 children who had open hernia repair, 62 (2·4 per cent) developed MIH (30 on the right side and 32 on the left; P = 0·015). Among 2855 children who underwent laparoscopic repair, a CPPV was identified and closed in 1469 (51·5 per cent). The rate of MIH after negative laparoscopic evaluation for CPPV was three of 2855 (0·1 per cent). There were no significant differences in the rate of CPPV between sexes and either the right or left side (P = 0·072 and P = 0·099 respectively). Ipsilateral recurrence was less frequent after laparoscopic repair: seven (0·2 per cent) versus 26 (1·0 per cent) for open repair (P &lt; 0·001).

Conclusion
Laparoscopic inguinal hernia repair was associated with a lower recurrence rate than open repair. Routine repair of CPPV reduced the rate of subsequent MIH, but 21 CPPVs needed to be closed to prevent one MIH.
Lipopolysaccharide increases IL‐6 secretion via activation of the ERK1/2 signaling pathway to up‐regulate RANKL gene expression in MLO‐Y4 cells
Authors: Yu Ke , Ma Yuanyuan , Li Xianxian , Wu Xiangnan , Liu Wenjia , Li Xiaoyu , Shen Jiefei , Wang Hang 
Published: October 2016

AbstractLipopolysaccharide (LPS) plays an important role in bone resorption, which involves numerous cytokines through various signaling pathways. RANKL and interleukin (IL)‐6 are two important cytokines that are involved in bone remodeling. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of LPS on RANKL and IL‐6 gene expression, the relationship of RANKL and IL‐6, and the role of extracellular signal‐regulated kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) on IL‐6 secretion induced by LPS in MLO‐Y4 cells. The cells were stimulated by LPS at different concentrations (1, 10, 100, 500, and 1000 ng/mL) for different durations (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h and 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 h), and the mRNA expressions of RANKL and IL‐6 were determined by PCR. In the presence of 100 ng/mL LPS at different time points (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, and 4 h), IL‐6 secretion and ERK1/2 phosphorylation in the cells were determined by ELISA and western blotting, respectively. STAT3 phosphorylation in cells simulated by 100 ng/mL LPS at different time points (0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h) was assessed by western blotting. We found that LPS significantly up‐regulated RANKL expression and activated the ERK1/2 pathway to induce IL‐6 mRNA expression and protein synthesis in MLO‐Y4 cells. However, the increased IL‐6 was blocked by pre‐treatment of MLO‐Y4 cells with the ERK1/2 inhibitor U0126 (10 µM), and the enhanced RANKL was blocked by the STAT3 inhibitor S3I‐201 (100 µM). Our results indicate that LPS up‐regulates osteocyte expression of RANKL and IL‐6, and the increased RANKL is associated with the up‐regulation of IL‐6, which involves the ERK1/2 pathway.
Rational Design of Morphological Characteristics to Determine the Optimal Hierarchical Nanostructures in Heterogeneous Catalysis
Authors: Halhouli Mohammad , Kieninger Jochen , Yurchenko Olena , Urban Gerald 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis work draws attention to the optimal hierarchical nanostructure morphology and the morphological characteristics that lead to a rational design of heterogeneous nanocatalysts, especially for reactions that exhibit sluggish kinetics. A simplified methanol oxidation on two types of hierarchical nanostructures, external and internal, is reported. A complex system of asymmetric geometries was simplified by mapping 3 D geometries into 2 D models by using a mass transport approach. The macropore size was the most comprehensive characteristic to evaluate the specific activity and current density of hierarchical nanostructures. The optimal current densities for both types of nanostructures were achieved in macropore size ranges of 3.2–4.5 and 1.9–3.2 μm, respectively. The optimal mass activity of the internal nanostructures was achieved in the porosity range of 40–50 %, whereas that of the external hierarchical nanostructures was achieved at high porosity values. In comparison to internal hierarchical nanostructures, external hierarchical nanostructures tend to be cost‐effective catalysts that have a high catalytic activity.
Effect of Ion Exchange Resin Functionality on Catalytic Activity and Leaching of Palladium Nanoparticles in Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Van Vaerenbergh Beau , Lauwaert Jeroen , Bert Wim , Thybaut Joris W. , De Clercq Jeriffa , Vermeir Pieter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMacroporous ion exchange resin supported palladium nanoparticle (Pd‐NP) catalysts are prepared by an intermatrix synthesis. For the first time, the effect of resin functionality (weak acid, strong acid, strong base) on the NP size, their catalytic activity, and leaching is investigated in the Suzuki cross‐coupling of iodobenzene and phenylboronic acid. Whereas the smallest NPs (1.34 nm) are found in the thiol Ambersep GT74 resin, the sulfonic acid Lewatit K2629 and quaternary amine Lewatit MP500 OH resins resulted in NPs of a similar size (2.42 and 2.59 nm, respectively). Despite their smaller size, the NPs on Ambersep GT74 exhibited the lowest conversion (21.6 %), which is attributed to a too strong coordination of the NPs by the thiol groups. The conversions obtained by using Lewatit K2629 (76.8 %) and Lewatit MP500 OH (94.2 %) were considerably higher, the excellent performance of the latter catalyst being ascribed to the promoting effect of the hydroxyl groups on the transmetallation and reductive elimination steps in Suzuki cross‐coupling. No Pd leaching was observed when using Ambersep GT74 as the support, compared with Pd leaching amounting to 1.1 % and 4.8 % when using Lewatit MP500 OH and Lewatit K2629, respectively. Such low values indicate that ion exchange resins are ideal supports to stabilize the NPs. Particularly, the combination of high conversion and limited leaching on Lewatit MP500 OH opens up new perspectives for catalyzing Suzuki cross‐coupling with a heterogeneous catalyst.
Controlling the BET Surface Area of Porous Carbon by Using the Cd/C Ratio of a Cd–MOF Precursor and Enhancing the Capacitance by Activation with KOH
Authors: Li Zuo‐Xi , Zhang Xue , Liu Yi‐Chen , Zou Kang‐Yu , Yue Man‐Li 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHerein, four new cadmium metal–organic frameworks (Cd–MOFs), [Cd(bib)(bdc)]∞ (1), [Cd(bbib)(bdc)(H2O)]∞ (2), [Cd(bibp)(bdc)]∞ (3), and [Cd2(bbibp)2(bdc)2(H2O)]∞ (4), have been constructed from the reaction of Cd(NO3)2⋅4 H2O with 1,4‐benzenedicarboxylate (H2bdc) and structure‐related bis(imidazole) ligands (1,4‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (bib), 1,4‐bis(benzoimidazol‐1‐yl)benzene (bbib), 4,4′‐bis(imidazol‐1‐yl)biphenyl (bibp), and 4,4′‐bis(benzoimidazol‐1‐yl)biphenyl (bbibp)) under solvothermal conditions. Cd–MOF 1 shows a 2D (4,4) lattice with parallel interpenetration, whereas 2 displays an interesting 3D interpenetrating dia network, 3 exhibits an unusual 3D interpenetrating dmp network, and 4 presents a 3D self‐catenated pillar‐layered framework with a Schäfli symbol of [43⋅63]2⋅[46⋅616⋅86]. The structural diversity indicates that the backbone of the bis(imidazole) ligand (including the terminal group and spacer) plays a crucial role in the assembly of mixed‐ligand frameworks. By using the pore‐forming effect of cadmium vapor, for the first time we have utilized these Cd–MOFs as precursors to further prepare porous carbon materials (PCs) in a calcination–thermolysis procedure. These PCs show different porous features that correspond to the topological structures of Cd–MOFs. Significantly, it was found that the specific surface area and capacitance of PCs are tuned by the Cd/C ratio of the MOF. Furthermore, the as‐synthesized PCs were processed with KOH to obtain activated porous carbon materials (APCs) with higher specific surface area and porosity, which greatly promoted the energy‐storage capacity. After full characterization, we found that APC‐bib displays the largest specific surface area (1290 m2 g−1) and total pore volume (1.37 cm3 g−1) of this series of carbon materials. Consequently, APC‐bib demonstrates the highest specific capacitance of 164 F g−1 at a current density of 0.5 A g−1, and also excellent retention of capacitance (≈89.4 % after 5000 cycles at 1 A g−1). Therefore, APC‐bib has great potential as the electrode material in a supercapacitor.