bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is Primary Aldosteronism Still Largely Unrecognized?
Authors: Buffolo Fabrizio , Monticone Silvia , Burrello Jacopo , Tetti Martina , Veglio Franco , Williams Tracy , Mulatero Paolo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Primary aldosteronism (PA) was first reported by Jerome W. Conn in 1954 when it was considered a rare disorder, only suspected in cases of hypertension and spontaneous hypokalemia. Over the last 30 years, with the wide application of the plasma aldosterone to plasma renin activity ratio as screening test, the clinical spectrum of PA has dramatically changed. Different studies displayed significant differences in term of patients investigated, diagnostic criteria and hormonal assays; however, large prospective studies with robust diagnostic criteria indicated that the prevalence of PA is around 6% of the general hypertensive population and 11% of the patients referred to hypertension centers. In light of these epidemiological studies, the Endocrine Society Guideline recommends the screening for PA of around 50% of patients with hypertension, and identifies the categories of patients at high risk for the disease. However, clinical data obtained from “real-life” show that the screening rate is much lower and PA remains an under-diagnosed and under-treated cause of secondary hypertension with an associated increased risk of cardio- and cerebrovascular mortality and morbidity.
Ultrahochfeld-MRT am Hühnerembryo in ovo – ein Modell für die experimentelle Ophthalmologie
Authors: Klose Ronja , Streckenbach Felix , Hadlich Stefan , Stahnke Thomas , Guthoff Rudolf , Wree Andreas , Frank Marcus , Langner Sönke , Stachs Oliver , Lindner Tobias 
Published: November 2017

ZusammenfassungDie UHF-MRT ist ein hervorragendes Verfahren zur nicht invasiven sowie nicht destruktiven Darstellung verschiedener Gewebe mit unterschiedlichem Weichteilkontrast sowie einem hohen Auflösungsvermögen im µm-Bereich. Das embryonale Auge stellt mit seinen filigranen anatomischen Strukturen genau diese Anforderungen an ein Bildgebungsverfahren. Durch seinen kurzen Entwicklungszyklus ist das Huhn ein beliebtes Tiermodell für embryonale Studien. Als nicht invasives Bildgebungsdiagnostikum erlauben repetitive In-ovo-Untersuchungen am selben Embryo eine Realisierung longitudinaler Studien über den gesamten Entwicklungsverlauf. Am Hühnerembryonenmodell (Gallus gallus domesticus) wurden die Grenzen und Möglichkeiten der In-ovo-Bildgebung bei 7 T evaluiert sowie das Größenwachstum der Embryonen mit Hauptaugenmerk auf die detaillierte Augenentwicklung beschrieben.
1.1.5 Quantifying Steric and Electronic Properties of N-Heterocyclic Carbenes
Authors: Vummaleti S. V. C. , Falivene L. , Cavallo L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter gives an overview of the most-used methods to evaluate the steric and electronic properties of N-heterocyclic carbenes (NHCs). Quantification of these properties allows for a straightforward and quantitative comparison between different NHCs, allowing for a more enlightened selection of the appropriate carbene for any given application.
2.1.4 Enyne Metathesis
Authors: Diesendruck C. E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEnyne metathesis is a metal-catalyzed reaction between an alkene and an alkyne, resulting in C–C bond formation to give a 1,3-diene. This chapter explores the different forms of this powerful reaction, both as a single reaction and as part of a reaction cascade to form polycyclic compounds.
Invisibility of class identity in Turkish media: news coverage of class identity and class-based policies
Authors: Şen Ayşe Fulya 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOne of the primary requirements of a democratic media is to represent the interests of different social groups in the society it seeks to serve. Since the dominant class invariably has control over the media industry, media outputs typically reflects its own viewpoints or perspectives. Using a content analysis method this study discusses the invisibility and under-representation of class identity and examines news coverage of the automotive and glassware workers’ strikes and the class-based issues in Turkey. We attempt to reveal the under-representation of class identity and how the media constructs a dominant ideology in capitalist societies, including how class identity is excluded from the mainstream media in the case of Turkey. Our findings reveal that class identity has been under-represented in the news media.
Toroidal plasmoid generation via extreme hydrodynamic shear
Authors: Gharib Morteza , Mendoza Sean , Rosenfeld Moshe , Beizai Masoud , Alves Pereira Francisco J. 
Published: November 2017

SignificancePlasmas at atmospheric pressure conditions are ubiquitous, in natural form, such as the familiar lightning, or produced through artificially created electromagnetic or electrostatic fields for industrial and scientific applications. One distinctive feature of these cold-type plasmas is their lack of a topologically defined shape, concurrent with spatial unsteadiness and nonuniformity. Here, we report the observation of a coherent and stable toroidal plasma that spontaneously forms under extreme hydrodynamic shear, without external electromagnetic action. The confined and chamberless nature of this plasmoid has potential implications for the investigation of plasma–matter interactions, in the development of plasma-based deposition techniques for the microelectronics industry, in the emerging field of plasma medicine, or as a model for energy-storing self-maintained plasmoids.
The Role of Aspirin Dose on the Prevention of Preeclampsia and Fetal Growth Restriction: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Roberge S. , Nicolaides K. , Demers S. , Hyett J. , Chaillet N. , Bujold E. 
Published: November 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(2):110–120.e6)
Preeclampsia (PE) and fetal growth restriction (FGR) are significant causes of perinatal morbidity and mortality. Responsible for >70,000 maternal deaths worldwide each year, PE is also associated with increased long-term risk for developing cardiovascular disease in both mother and infant. Several studies and meta-analyses have indicated that prophylactic use of low-dose aspirin at ≤16 weeks’ gestation in women at high risk of developing PE could reduce the prevalence of PE and FGR, and several national societies now recommend that women identified as being at high risk of PE receive low-dose aspirin beginning at <16 week’s gestation. The optimal dose of aspirin remains unclear. The present systematic review and meta-analysis sought to determine the dose-response effect of aspirin for the prevention of PE and FGR.
Effects of Epidural Labor Analgesia With Low Concentrations of Local Anesthetics on Obstetric Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Wang T.T. , Sun S. , Huang S.Q. 
Published: November 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2017;124(5):1571–1580)
Epidural analgesia may slightly prolong the second stage of labor and increase the instrumental birth rate, especially when high concentrations of local anesthetics are used. Consequently, low concentrations of local anesthetics (LCLAs) have become popular for epidural labor analgesia to help mediate second stage labor. The authors of the present study conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compare the effects of epidural analgesia with LCLAs with that of nonepidural analgesia on obstetric outcomes.
Neuraxial Labor Analgesia: Does It Influence the Outcomes of Labor?
Authors: Wong Cynthia A. 
Published: November 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2017;124(5):1389–1391)
In this editorial, Cynthia A. Wong, MD, discussed the issue of neuraxial labor analgesia and its effect on the outcomes (mode of delivery, duration) of labor. In general, there are conflicting reports regarding the effect of neuraxial labor analgesia on the mode of delivery.
Prediction of Progression to Severe Disease in Women With Late Preterm Hypertensive Disorders of Pregnancy
Authors: Zwertbroek E.F. , Broekhuijsen K. , Langenveld J. , van Baaren G.J. , van den Berg P.P. , Bremer H.A. , Ganzevoort W. , van Loon A.J. , Mol B.W. , van Pampus M.G. , Perquin D.A. , Rijnders R.J. , Scheepers H.C. , Sikkema M.J. , Woiski M.D. , Groen H. , Franssen M.T. 
Published: November 2017

(Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2017;96(1):96–105)
Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) complicate ∼10% of all pregnancies and are strongly associated with maternal morbidity and mortality, as well as with neonatal stillbirth and morbidity. The only effective treatment to prevent maternal or fetal complications in HDP is delivery, but preterm delivery may result in short-term neonatal morbidity (eg, respiratory distress syndrome) or morbidity beyond the neonatal period, such as neurological developmental problems, school-related problems, and impaired growth.
The Limits of Electronic Fetal Heart Rate Monitoring in the Prevention of Neonatal Metabolic Acidemia
Authors: Clark S.L. , Hamilton E.F. , Garite T.J. , Timmins A. , Warrick P.A. , Smith S. 
Published: November 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(2):163.e1–163.e6)
While unexpected intrapartum fetal death has largely been eliminated with the use of electronic fetal heart rate monitoring (EFHRM), the goal of consistently preventing hypoxia-induced fetal metabolic acidemia has proven difficult. Moreover, the impact of EFHRM on long-term neonatal outcomes is not well documented, as the potential impact of monitoring conditions on outcomes with multifactorial origins (such as cerebral palsy) is so small as never to have been statistically demonstrated. The present outcomes-blinded case control study had 3 aims: to determine why infants were born with significant metabolic acidemia despite the use of EFHRM, to evaluate the potential impact of a previously published algorithm on these outcomes, and to consider the limits of EFHRM in the prevention of neonatal metabolic acidemia.
Accreta Placentation: A Systematic Review of Prenatal Ultrasound Imaging and Grading of Villous Invasiveness
Authors: Jauniaux E. , Collins S.L. , Jurkovic D. , Burton G.J. 
Published: November 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(6):712–721)
Placenta accreta (PA) is the invasion or abnormal attachment of placental tissue to uterine musculature and can lead to major hemorrhage and other serious outcomes. There are 3 categories of PA: placenta creta, when villi only adhere to the myometrium but do not invade it; placenta increta (PI), in which the villi penetrate the myometrium only to the external layer; and placenta percreta (PP), in which the villi reaches or penetrates the uterine serosa.
The “Virtual” Obstetrical Intensive Care Unit: Providing Critical Care for Contemporary Obstetrics in Nontraditional Locations
Authors: Leovic M.P. , Robbins H.N. , Foley M.R. , Starikov R.S. 
Published: November 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2016;215(6):736.e1–736.e4)
This American Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology Viewpoint article makes the case for a “virtual” obstetrical intensive care unit to provide optimal care for critically ill pregnant patients while also optimizing resource allocation. The authors note that there is limited research to guide recommendations for the optimal setting for delivery of care to critically ill pregnant women, and summarize the current state of the field of managing the critically ill pregnant woman.
A Retrospective Review of an Epidural Blood Patch Database: The Incidence of Epidural Blood Patch Associated With Obstetric Neuraxial Anesthetic Techniques and the Effect of Blood Volume on Efficacy
Authors: Booth J.L. , Pan P.H. , Thomas J.A. , Harris L.C. , D’Angelo R. 
Published: November 2017

(Int J Obstet Anesth 2017;29:10–17)
Postdural puncture headache (PDPH) is one of the most common obstetric anesthesia complications. One estimate of the proportion of parturients suffering a PDPH is 1.5%. However, among obstetric patients who have experienced a dural puncture with an epidural needle (epidural wet tap) rates of PDPH have been reported as high as 81%. While an epidural blood patch (EBP) is a standard treatment for PDPH, with success rates from different studies varying between 61% and 98%, there is no general consensus regarding the optimal volume of blood to be used for the procedure.
Lithium Use in Pregnancy and the Risk of Cardiac Malformations
Authors: Patorno E. , Huybrechts K.F. , Bateman B.T. , Cohen J.M. , Desai R.J. , Mogun H. , Cohen L.S. , Hernandez-Diaz S. 
Published: November 2017

(N Engl J Med. 2017;376(23):2245–2254)
Lithium is a first-line treatment for bipolar disorder in women of reproductive age in the United States, and has even been reported to reduce the risk of mood-episode recurrence during pregnancy and the postpartum period. However, infants born to mothers treated with lithium early in pregnancy are at increased risk for cardiac defects, although some small studies have shown conflicting results. Consequently, the authors of this large, retrospective cohort study evaluated the records of pregnant women nested in the US Medicaid Analytic eXtract (MAX), to provide evidence of the association between increased risk of neonatal cardiac malformations and maternal use of lithium in the first trimester.
Analysis of Physiological Respiratory Variable Alarm Alerts Among Laboring Women Receiving Remifentanil
Authors: Weiniger C.F. , Carvalho B. , Stocki D. , Einav S. 
Published: November 2017

(Anesth Analg. 2017;124(4):1211–1218)
Remifentanil is a short-acting opioid. Its use for labor analgesia is controversial because of reports of associated apnea. The aim of this study was to perform a secondary analysis of respiratory data from a previous study of laboring women using patient-controlled intravenous (IV) remifentanil analgesia, in order to evaluate physiologic variables as early warning alerts of apnea.
Labour Pain With Remifentanil Patient-controlled Analgesia Versus Epidural Analgesia: A Randomized Equivalence Trial
Authors: Logtenberg S.L.M. , Oude Rengerink K. , Verhoeven C.J. , Freeman L.M. , van den Akker E.S.A. , Godfried M.B. , van Beek E. , Borchert O.W.H.M. , Schuitemaker N. , van Woerkens E.C.S.M. , Hostijn I. , Middeldorp J.M. , van der Post J.A. , Mol B.W. 
Published: November 2017

(BJOG. 2017;124:652–660)
Pain intensity scores and patient satisfaction with analgesia for labor and delivery have been compared between the treatment options of intravenous (IV) remifentanil patient-controlled analgesia (RPCA) and epidural analgesia (EA) in previous studies. EA is considered the more invasive technique and is associated with some adverse events such as hypotension and unintentional dural puncture. Remifentanil is short acting and metabolized quickly, but is also associated with oxygen desaturation and respiratory depression. Patient participation in the decision-making process regarding labor analgesia is an important component of a woman’s overall satisfaction. Previous studies in medium or high-risk patients have reported similar satisfaction levels for these 2 treatment options, although better pain relief was found with EA. This study investigated whether the same conclusion about patient satisfaction held for low risk women.
A Call for Science Preparedness for Pregnant Women During Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Faherty L.J. , Rasmussen S.A. , Lurie N. 
Published: November 2017

(Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2017;216(1):34.e1–34.e5)
The Zika virus epidemic raised many questions in relation to birth defects in infants born to mothers infected with Zika. This included whether the risk of adverse outcomes could be reduced after infection. During both the 2009 H1N1 pandemic and the 2014 to 2015 Ebola epidemic, there were missed opportunities to involve pregnant women in research to better understand poor neonatal outcomes or the effects of antiviral medications on pregnant women and neonates.
Asthma: personalized and precision medicine
Authors: Canonica Giorgio W. , Ferrando Matteo , Baiardini Ilaria , Puggioni Francesca , Racca Francesca , Passalacqua Giovanni , Heffler Enrico 
Published: November 2017

Purpose of review
In this review, we herein describe the progress in management of severe asthma, evolving from a ‘blockbuster approach’ to a more personalized approach targeted to the utilization of endotype-driven therapies.

Recent findings
Severe asthma characterization in phenotypes and endotypes, by means of specific biomarkers, have led to the dichotomization of the concepts of ‘personalized medicine’ and ‘precision medicine’, which are often used as synonyms, but actually have conceptual differences in meaning. The recent contribute of the omic sciences (i.e. proteomics, transcriptomics, metabolomics, genomics, …) has brought this initially theoretic evolution into a more concrete level.

Summary
This step-by-step transition would bring to a better approach to severe asthmatic patients as the personalization of their therapeutic strategy would bring to a better patient selection, a more precise endotype-driven treatment, and hopefully to better results in terms of reduction of exacerbation rates, symptoms, pulmonary function and quality of life.
Pediatric Supracondylar Humerus Fractures: AAOS Appropriate Use Criteria Versus Actual Management at a Pediatric Level 1 Trauma Center
Authors: Wang Joanne H. , Morris William Z. , Bafus Blaine T. , Liu Raymond W. 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:
The purpose of this study was to characterize management of supracondylar humerus fractures (SCHFs) at a level 1 trauma center and identify factors contributing to divergence in management from American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons (AAOS) the Appropriate Use Criteria (AUC) recommendations.

Methods:
A query revealed 556 patients with diagnoses of SCHF between 2013 and 2015 at a pediatric level 1 trauma center. Patients were excluded if they were younger than 2 years of age, older than 12 years of age, were polytrauma patients, or if there was not sufficient clinical or radiographic documentation, resulting in 449 patients. Urgent/emergent intervention was defined as surgery within 8 hours of presentation. Binomial logistic regression assessed whether various factors predicted operative versus nonoperative management.

Results:
Operative management was undertaken in 0/208 (0%) type I fractures, 61/106 (57.0%) type II fractures, and 135/135 (100%) type III fractures. Comparison with AUC recommendations revealed disagreement in 31% (138/449) of cases. Among 449 patients, 44 were treated nonoperatively despite AUC recommendations for operative treatment. All 44 of these patients were type II SCHFs managed nonoperatively. There were no definitive cases of malalignment or loss of alignment in these nonoperative cases. Factors predictive of operative management were anterior humeral line not intersecting the capitellum (odds ratio, 200; P<0.001) and increasing age (odds ratio, 1.53; P=0.024). The AUC more frequently recommended urgent/emergent operative intervention (148/449, 33.0%) than was performed at our pediatric level 1 trauma center (50/449, 11.1%). The majority of this disagreement (94/98, 95.9%) consisted of uncomplicated type III SCHF treated operatively in >8 hours. None of these patients developed compartment syndrome or required an open reduction.

Conclusions:
The American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons AUC recommended operative and urgent/emergent intervention more frequently than was performed at a level 1 pediatric trauma center. Patient age and alignment of the anterior humeral line with the capitellum, though not specifically addressed in the AUC, were most predictive of operative versus nonoperative management at our institution.
Trends in Management and Complications of Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries in Pediatric Patients: A Survey of the PRiSM Society
Authors: Popkin Charles A. , Wright Margaret L. , Pennock Andrew T. , Vogel Laura A. , Padaki Ajay , Redler Lauren H. , Ahmad Christopher S. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries have been recognized and treated with increasing frequency in children and adolescents. ACL reconstruction (ACLR) in skeletally immature patients has unique considerations and there is a large practice variation in the management of these injuries. The purpose of this study was to survey the members of the Pediatric Research in Sports Medicine (PRiSM) Society regarding their experience with the management and complications of pediatric ACL injuries.

Methods:
A 15-question survey was distributed to 71 orthopaedic members of the Pediatric Research in Sports Medicine study group.

Results:
Regarding treatment of an 8-year-old child with a complete ACL tear, 53% of respondents recommended iliotibial band reconstruction, 33% recommended all-epiphyseal reconstruction, and only 3% would treat nonoperatively in a brace. In adolescent patients with 2 years of growth remaining, 47% of respondents recommended a physeal “respecting” technique, 31% recommended a physeal-sparing technique, and 19% would perform an adult-style ACLR. There were 29 new cases of growth arrest reported.

Conclusions:
This study demonstrates that there have been major changes in the trends in pediatric ACLR over the past 15 years, and the most treatment variability is found among adolescent patients with about 2 years of growth remaining. The study also demonstrates that while the overall incidence of growth disturbance after ACLR remains low, new cases of growth disturbance continue to be identified.

Level of Evidence:
Level V—survey of expert opinion and experience.
Incidence of Fractures From Perioperative Blood Pressure Cuff Use, Tourniquet Use, and Patient Positioning in Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Sullivan Brian T. , Margalit Adam , Garg Vaibhav S. , Njoku Dolores B. , Sponseller Paul D. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is a rare connective tissue disease with varying severity. Patients with OI are highly susceptible to skeletal fractures. Optimal perioperative management of these patients is not well defined. We investigated the risks associated with intraoperative use of noninvasive blood pressure (NIBP) cuffs, tourniquets, and intra-arterial catheters, and patient positioning in children with OI.

Methods:
We retrospectively reviewed records of patients younger than 21 years with OI who underwent surgery with general anesthesia from 2010 to 2016 at our tertiary care center. The primary outcome of interest was iatrogenic fracture caused by NIBP cuff use, tourniquet use, or patient positioning. The secondary outcome of interest was complications associated with intra-arterial catheter use.

Results:
Thirty-seven patients (15 girls) with a mean age of 10±4.8 years underwent 96 orthopaedic procedures (lower extremity, upper extremity, and spine) and 2 nonorthopaedic procedures (myringotomy, dental rehabilitation). Blood pressure was monitored with NIBP cuffs in 81 surgeries and intra-arterial catheters in 17 surgeries. Tourniquets (all applied to the lower extremity at a pneumatic pressure of 250 mm Hg) were used to minimize bleeding in 30 surgeries. There were no iatrogenic fractures associated with NIBP cuff use. One patient had a left humerus fracture that occurred during preoperative patient positioning. There were no fractures associated with tourniquet use and no complications related to intra-arterial catheters.

Conclusions:
In pediatric patients with OI, intraoperative use of NIBP cuffs and tourniquets was not associated with iatrogenic fracture. There were no complications related to intra-arterial catheter use. Care should be used during the perioperative period to prevent fractures during body positioning.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV.