bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE SCIENTIFIC ALLEGORY OF JOHN AUGUSTINE ZAHM: ZAHM'S THEOLOGICAL METHOD WITH INSIGHT FROM MARIE‐JOSEPH LAGRANGE
Authors: Moscicke Hans 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCatholic modernist John Augustine Zahm is best known for his attempt to reconcile the theory of evolution with the Christian scriptures. However, Zahm's theological method—the underlying principles and procedures in his effort to reconcile faith and science—remains largely unexamined. In this article, I analyze Zahm's theological method and submit that it is an attempt to harmonize scientific knowledge and Christian scripture through a “scientific allegory” of the bible, which takes into account the human and divine meanings of scripture, the exegesis of the church fathers, and the dogmatic constitutions of the Catholic church. I compare Zahm's method with that of pioneering Catholic bible critic Marie‐Joseph Lagrange, and his conception of biblical inspiration and the supra‐literal sense of scripture. Through this historical investigation, I hope to contribute to the question of the relationship between modern science and Christian hermeneutics.
Does trans‐spinal and local DC polarization affect presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression?
Authors: Kaczmarek D. , Ristikankare J. , Jankowska E. 
Published: November 2016

Key points
Trans‐spinal polarization was recently introduced as a means to improve deficient spinal functions. However, only a few attempts have been made to examine the mechanisms underlying DC actions. We have now examined the effects of DC on two spinal modulatory systems, presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression, considering whether they might weaken exaggerated spinal reflexes and enhance excessively weakened ones.
Direct current effects were evoked by using local intraspinal DC application (0.3–0.4 μA) in deeply anaesthetized rats and were compared with the effects of trans‐spinal polarization (0.8–1.0 mA).
Effects of local intraspinal DC were found to be polarity dependent, as locally applied cathodal polarization enhanced presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression, whereas anodal polarization weakened them. In contrast, both cathodal and anodal trans‐spinal polarization facilitated them.
The results suggest some common DC‐sensitive mechanisms of presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression, because both were facilitated or depressed by DC in parallel.
AbstractDirect current (DC) polarization has been demonstrated to alleviate the effects of various deficits in the operation of the central nervous system. However, the effects of trans‐spinal DC stimulation (tsDCS) have been investigated less extensively than the effects of transcranial DC stimulation, and their cellular mechanisms have not been elucidated. The main objectives of this study were, therefore, to extend our previous analysis of DC effects on the excitability of primary afferents and synaptic transmission by examining the effects of DC on two spinal modulatory feedback systems, presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression, in an anaesthetized rat preparation. Other objectives were to compare the effects of locally and trans‐spinally applied DC (locDC and tsDCS). Local polarization at the sites of terminal branching of afferent fibres was found to induce polarity‐dependent actions on presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression, as cathodal locDC enhanced them and anodal locDC depressed them. In contrast, tsDCS modulated presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression in a polarity‐independent fashion because both cathodal and anodal tsDCS facilitated them. The results show that the local presynaptic actions of DC might counteract both excessively strong and excessively weak monosynaptic actions of group Ia and cutaneous afferents. However, they indicate that trans‐spinally applied DC might counteract the exaggerated spinal reflexes but have an adverse effect on pathologically weakened spinal activity by additional presynaptic weakening. The results are also relevant for the analysis of the basic properties of presynaptic inhibition and post‐activation depression because they indicate that some common DC‐sensitive mechanisms contribute to them.
Compensatory axon sprouting for very slow axonal die‐back in a transgenic model of spinal muscular atrophy type III
Authors: Udina Esther , Putman Charles T. , Harris Luke R. , Tyreman Neil , Cook Victoria E. , Gordon Tessa 
Published: November 2016

Key points
Smn+/− transgenic mouse is a model of the mildest form of spinal muscular atrophy.
Although there is a loss of spinal motoneurons in 11‐month‐old animals, muscular force is maintained.
This maintained muscular force is mediated by reinnervation of the denervated fibres by surviving motoneurons.
The spinal motoneurons in these animals do not show an increased susceptibility to death after nerve injury and they retain their regenerative capacity.
We conclude that the hypothesized immaturity of the neuromuscular system in this model cannot explain the loss of motoneurons by systematic die‐back.
AbstractSpinal muscular atrophy (SMA) is a common autosomal recessive disorder in humans and is the leading genetic cause of infantile death. Patients lack the SMN1 gene with the severity of the disease depending on the number of copies of the highly homologous SMN2 gene. Although motoneuron death in the Smn+/− transgenic mouse model of the mildest form of SMA, SMA type III, has been reported, we have used retrograde tracing of sciatic and femoral motoneurons in the hindlimb with recording of muscle and motor unit isometric forces to count the number of motoneurons with intact neuromuscular connections. Thereby, we investigated whether incomplete maturation of the neuromuscular system induced by survival motoneuron protein (SMN) defects is responsible for die‐back of axons relative to survival of motoneurons. First, a reduction of ∼30% of backlabelled motoneurons began relatively late, at 11 months of age, with a significant loss of 19% at 7 months. Motor axon die‐back was affirmed by motor unit number estimation. Loss of functional motor units was fully compensated by axonal sprouting to retain normal contractile force in four hindlimb muscles (three fast‐twitch and one slow‐twitch) innervated by branches of the sciatic nerve. Second, our evaluation of whether axotomy of motoneurons in the adult Smn+/− transgenic mouse increases their susceptibility to cell death demonstrated that all the motoneurons survived and they sustained their capacity to regenerate their nerve fibres. It is concluded the systematic die‐back of motoneurons that innervate both fast‐ and slow‐twitch muscle fibres is not related to immaturity of the neuromuscular system in SMA.
Resveratrol supplementation of high‐fat diet‐fed pregnant mice promotes brown and beige adipocyte development and prevents obesity in male offspring
Authors: Zou Tiande , Chen Daiwen , Yang Qiyuan , Wang Bo , Zhu Mei‐Jun , Nathanielsz Peter W. , Du Min 
Published: November 2016

Key points
Maternal high‐fat diet impairs brown adipocyte function and correlates with obesity in offspring.
Maternal resveratrol administration recovers metabolic activity of offspring brown adipose tissue.
Maternal resveratrol promotes beige adipocyte development in offspring white adipose tissue.
Maternal resveratrol intervention protects offspring against high‐fat diet‐induced obesity.
AbstractPromoting beige/brite adipogenesis and thermogenic activity is considered as a promising therapeutic approach to reduce obesity and metabolic syndrome. Maternal obesity impairs offspring brown adipocyte function and correlates with obesity in offspring. We previously found that dietary resveratrol (RES) induces beige adipocyte formation in adult mice. Here, we evaluated further the effect of resveratrol supplementation of pregnant mice on offspring thermogenesis and energy expenditure. Female C57BL/6 J mice were fed a control diet (CON) or a high‐fat diet (HFD) with or without 0.2% (w/w) RES during pregnancy and lactation. Male offspring were weaned onto a HFD and maintained on this diet for 11 weeks. The offspring thermogenesis and related regulatory factors in adipose tissue were evaluated. At weaning, HFD offspring had lower thermogenesis in brown and white adipose tissues compared with CON offspring, which was recovered by maternal RES supplementation, along with the appearance of multilocular brown/beige adipocytes and elevated thermogenic gene expression. Adult offspring of RES‐treated mothers showed increased energy expenditure and insulin sensitivity when on an obesogenic diet compared with HFD offspring. The elevated metabolic activity was correlated with enhanced brown adipose function and white adipose tissue browning in HFD+RES compared with HFD offspring. In conclusion, RES supplementation of HFD‐fed dams during pregnancy and lactation promoted white adipose browning and thermogenesis in offspring at weaning accompanied by persistent beneficial effects in protecting against HFD‐induced obesity and metabolic disorders.
ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА ВИЖИВАННЯ НОВОНАРОДЖЕНИХ ІЗ НИЗЬКОЮ МАСОЮ ТІЛА ПРИ НАРОДЖЕННІ
Authors: Dudina O. O. , Gaborets Yu. Yu. , Dziuba G. A. 
Published: November 2016

Мета: вивчити та проаналізувати показники виживання новонароджених із низькою масою тіла при народженні в умовах впровадження регіоналізації перинатальної допомоги в Україні.Матеріали і методи. У ході виконання дослідження використано статистичний та бібліосемантичний методи. Матеріалами дослідження стали дані Держкомстату України та перинатального аудиту за 2011–2015 роки.Результати. Показники виживання новонароджених з дуже малою масою тіла у перші 168 годин життя склали 81,3%–81,9%, у т. ч. з масою тіла при народженні 500–999 г – 64,2%–63,0%, з масою тіла при народженні 1000–1499 г – 90,1%–91,3%. Встановлена позитивна тенденція щодо перинатальної смертності – 8,6 на 1000 народжених живими і мертвими у 2014 р. і 8,5 у 2015 р. та неонатальної – 3,4 і 3,1 на 1000 народжених живими відповідно.Висновки. Показана ефективність впровадження регіоналізації перинатальної допомоги в країні.
Expected Fitness Gains of Randomized Search Heuristics for the Traveling Salesperson Problem
Authors: Nallaperuma Samadhi , Neumann Frank , Sudholt Dirk 
Published: November 2016

Randomized search heuristics are frequently applied to NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems. The runtime analysis of randomized search heuristics has contributed tremendously to our theoretical understanding. Recently, randomized search heuristics have been examined regarding their achievable progress within a fixed-time budget. We follow this approach and present a fixed-budget analysis for an NP-hard combinatorial optimization problem. We consider the well-known Traveling Salesperson Problem (TSP) and analyze the fitness increase that randomized search heuristics are able to achieve within a given fixed-time budget. In particular, we analyze Manhattan and Euclidean TSP instances and Randomized Local Search (RLS), (1+1) EA and (1+[Formula: see text]) EA algorithms for the TSP in a smoothed complexity setting, and derive the lower bounds of the expected fitness gain for a specified number of generations.
Diurnal Variation of TRMM/LIS Lightning Flash Radiances
Authors: Chronis Themistoklis , Koshak William J. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This study provides, for the first time, an analysis of the climatological diurnal variations in the lightning flash radiance data product ε from the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission Lightning Imaging Sensor (TRMM/LIS). The ε values over 13 years (2002–14), and over a global scale (∼38°S–38°N), reveal novel and remarkably consistent regional and seasonal patterns as a function of the local solar time (LST). In particular, the diurnal variation of ε (over both continental and oceanic regions) is characterized by a monotonic increase from late afternoon (∼2000 LST), attaining a maximum around 0900 LST, followed by a decreasing trend. The continental (oceanic) ε values reach a broader minimum spanning from ∼1500 to 1900 LST (∼1800 to 2000). The relative diurnal amplitude variation in continental ε is about 45%, compared to about 15% for oceanic ε. This study confirms that the results are not affected by diurnal biases associated with instrument detection or other statistical artifacts. Notable agreement is shown between the diurnal variations of ε and the global-scale (∼38°S–38°N) mesoscale convective system areal extent. Comparisons with recently published diurnal variations of cloud-to-ground lightning peak current over the United States also exhibit a marked similarity. Given the novelty of these findings, a few tentative hypotheses about the underlying physical mechanism(s) are discussed.
Dynamical and Physical Processes Associated with Orographic Precipitation in a Conditionally Unstable Uniform Flow: Variation in Basic Wind Speed
Authors: Sever Gökhan , Lin Yuh-Lang 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A series of systematic two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D, respectively) idealized numerical experiments were conducted to investigate the combined effects of dynamical and physical processes on orographic precipitation with varying incoming basic-flow speed U in a conditionally unstable uniform flow. In addition to the three moist flow regimes found in Chu and Lin at lower wind speeds, a new flow regime, regime IV, is found for higher wind speeds (U &gt; 36 m s−1) and is characterized by gravity waves and heavy precipitation and lack of upper-level wave breaking and turbulence over the lee slope. The transition from regime III to regime IV at 36 m s−1 is explained by the transition from upward-propagating gravity waves to evanescent flow, which can be predicted with a modified mountain wave theory. Although the basic features are captured well in low grid resolution (Δx = 1 km), high-resolution (Δx = 100 m) 2D and 3D simulations are required to resolve precipitation distribution and intensity at higher basic winds (U &gt; 30 m s−1). Based on 3D simulations, gravity wave–induced severe downslope winds and turbulent mixing within hydraulic jump reduce orographic precipitation in regime III. A preliminary budget analysis indicated that, in regime IV, orographic precipitation further increases as a result of enhanced rain processes when the blocking effect of wave breaking vanishes.
Importance of Resolving Kuroshio Front and Eddy Influence in Simulating the North Pacific Storm Track
Authors: Ma Xiaohui , Chang Ping , Saravanan R. , Montuoro Raffaele , Nakamura Hisashi , Wu Dexing , Lin Xiaopei , Wu Lixin 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Local and remote atmospheric responses to mesoscale SST anomalies associated with the oceanic front and eddies in the Kuroshio Extension region (KER) are studied using high- (27 km) and low-resolution (162 km) regional climate model simulations in the North Pacific. In the high-resolution simulations, removal of mesoscale SST anomalies in the KER leads to not only a local reduction in cyclogenesis but also a remote large-scale equivalent barotropic response with a southward shift of the downstream storm track and jet stream in the eastern North Pacific. In the low-resolution simulations, no such significant remote response is found when mesoscale SST anomalies are removed. The difference between the high- and low-resolution model simulated atmospheric responses is attributed to the effect of mesoscale SST variability on cyclogenesis through moist baroclinic instability. It is only when the model has sufficient resolution to resolve small-scale diabatic heating that the full effect of mesoscale SST forcing on the storm track can be correctly simulated.
A Comparative Analysis of Data Derived from Orbiting MSU/AMSU Instruments
Authors: Swanson R. Eric 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSpencer and Christy of the University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) recently introduced a new method to process MSU/AMSU satellite brightness temperature data with their version 6 (v6) data. A comparison of UAH v6 north polar lower stratospheric (TLS) data with that from Remote Sensing Systems (RSS) is presented, indicating a possible bias between 1986 and 1988. Comparing UAH and NOAA Center for Satellite Applications and Research (NOAA) TLS data produces a similar result. An additional analysis utilizing midtropospheric (TMT) data also found a similar bias. Comparing the NOAA TMT data for the May 2016 release against UAH and RSS TMT evidenced another excursion, dated at the middle of 2005, that was corrected in later releases. These comparisons reinforce the concerns expressed by other analysts regarding the merging procedure for UAH v6, repeating similar concerns regarding the earlier UAH v5 products. Any biases in the UAH, RSS, or STAR products would impact the trends calculated for these products and could explain the differences between these trends. Biases in the UAH series would also impact the UAH TLTv6 lower-troposphere product, which is a linear combination of the UAH TMT, tropopause temperature (TTP), and TLS series.
Impact of CYGNSS Ocean Surface Wind Speeds on Numerical Simulations of a Hurricane in Observing System Simulation Experiments
Authors: Zhang Shixuan , Pu Zhaoxia , Posselt Derek J. , Atlas Robert 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe NASA Cyclone Global Navigation Satellite System (CYGNSS) was launched in late 2016. It will make available frequent ocean surface wind speed observations throughout the life cycle of tropical storms and hurricanes. In this study, the impact of CYGNSS ocean surface winds on numerical simulations of a hurricane case is assessed with a research version of the Hurricane Weather Research and Forecasting Model and a Gridpoint Statistical Interpolation analysis system in a regional observing system simulation experiment framework. Two different methods for reducing the CYGNSS data volume were tested: one in which the winds were thinned and one in which the winds were superobbed.The results suggest that assimilation of the CYGNSS winds has great potential to improve hurricane track and intensity simulations through improved representations of the surface wind fields, hurricane inner-core structures, and surface fluxes. The assimilation of the superobbed CYGNSS data seems to be more effective in improving hurricane track forecasts than thinning the data.
Thermally Activated Delayed Fluorescence Properties of Regioisomeric Xanthone-Based Twisted Intramolecular Charge-Transfer Luminophores
Authors: Lee Jiyoung , Park In Seob , Yasuda Takuma 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) emitters consisting of a xanthone acceptor unit and a para-, meta-linked tercarbazole donor unit were developed. The influence of the regioisomeric donor–acceptor structures on their photophysical and TADF properties was studied. Blue organic light-emitting diodes employing these TADF emitters showed high external electroluminescence quantum efficiencies of up to 14.4% with suppressed roll-off characteristics.
Níveis dos sintomas climatéricos em mulheres fisicamente ativas e insuficientemente ativas
Authors: Probo Ana , Soares Nathanael , Silva Vernon , Cabral Patrícia 
Published: November 2016

O objetivo do estudo foi avaliar o nível de sintomatologia em mulheres fisicamente ativas e insuficientemente ativas. A amostra foi composta por 60 mulheres entre 40 a 60 anos (média 49,4), sendo 30 fisicamente ativas e 30 insuficientemente ativas. Características sociodemográficas e clínicas foram avaliadas por instrumentos padrão, a sintomatologia climatérica pelo Índice Menopausal de Blatt-Kupperman (IMBK) e o nível de atividade física, pela versão curta do International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). O programa SSPS, versão 18.0, foi utilizado em abrangências descritivas e inferenciais. O Test t student e o Test χ² revelaram diferenças não significativas em características sociodemográficas entre os grupos (p>0.05). Dados do IMBK e os referentes a todos os sintomas, com exceção da depressão e zumbidos, revelaram níveis significativos, sendo todos mais baixos para as mulheres ativas (p<0.05). Uma Análise de regressão linear relativa aos sintomas climatéricos mostrou que a prática regular de atividade física, pode reduzir o valor do IMBK até 12 pontos. A atividade física regular faz diminuir a intensidade dos sintomas climatéricos em mulheres de meia idade.
The Metalog Distributions
Authors: Keelin Thomas W. 
Published: November 2016

The metalog distributions constitute a new system of continuous univariate probability distributions designed for flexibility, simplicity, and ease/speed of use in practice. The system is comprised of unbounded, semibounded, and bounded distributions, each of which offers nearly unlimited shape flexibility compared to previous systems of distributions. Explicit shape-flexibility comparisons are provided. Unlike other distributions that require nonlinear optimization for parameter estimation, the metalog quantile functions and probability density functions have simple closed-form expressions that are quantile parameterized linearly by cumulative-distribution-function data. Applications in fish biology and hydrology show how metalogs may aid data and distribution research by imposing fewer shape constraints than other commonly used distributions. Applications in decision analysis show how the metalog system can be specified with three assessed quantiles, how it facilities Monte Carlo simulation, and how applying it aided an actual decision that would have been made wrongly based on commonly used discrete methods. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. You are free to copy, distribute, transmit and adapt this work, but you must attribute this work as “Decision Analysis. Copyright © 2016 The Author(s). https://doi.org/10.1287/deca.2016.0338 , used under a Creative Commons Attribution License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ .”
The Relation Between Intellectual Functioning and Adaptive Behavior in the Diagnosis of Intellectual Disability
Authors: Tassé Marc J. , Luckasson Ruth , Schalock Robert L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Intellectual disability originates during the developmental period and is characterized by significant limitations both in intellectual functioning and in adaptive behavior as expressed in conceptual, social, and practical adaptive skills. In this article, we present a brief history of the diagnostic criteria of intellectual disability for both the DSM-5 and AAIDD. The article also (a) provides an update of the understanding of adaptive behavior, (b) dispels two thinking errors regarding mistaken temporal or causal link between intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, (c) explains that there is a strong correlational, but no causative, relation between intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior, and (d) asserts that once a question of determining intellectual disability is raised, both intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior are assessed and considered jointly and weighed equally in the diagnosis of intellectual disability. We discuss the problems created by an inaccurate statement that appears in the DSM-5 regarding a causal link between deficits in intellectual functioning and adaptive behavior and propose an immediate revision to remove this erroneous and confounding statement.