bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Enhancement in open-circuit voltage of implantable CMOS-compatible glucose fuel cell by improving the anodic catalyst
Authors: Niitsu Kiichi , Ando Takashi , Kobayashi Atsuki , Nakazato Kazuo 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This paper presents an implantable CMOS-compatible glucose fuel cell that generates an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of 880 mV. The developed fuel cell is solid-catalyst-based and manufactured from biocompatible materials; thus, it can be implanted to the human body. Additionally, since the cell can be manufactured using a semiconductor (CMOS) fabrication process, it can also be manufactured together with CMOS circuits on a single silicon wafer. In the literature, an implantable CMOS-compatible glucose fuel cell has been reported. However, its OCV is 192 mV, which is insufficient for CMOS circuit operation. In this work, we have enhanced the performance of the fuel cell by improving the electrocatalytic ability of the anode. The prototype with the newly proposed Pt/carbon nanotube (CNT) anode structure successfully achieved an OCV of 880 mV, which is the highest ever reported.
Longitudinal variation in the ionosphere‐plasmasphere system at the minimum of solar and geomagnetic activity: Investigation of temporal and latitudinal dependences
Authors: Klimenko Maxim V. , Klimenko Vladimir V. , Zakharenkova Irina E. , Vesnin Artem M. , Cherniak Iurii V. , Galkin Ivan A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe use the Global Self‐consistent Model of the Thermosphere, Ionosphere and Protonosphere (GSM TIP) as the first‐principle calculation of the physical system state, the quick‐run ionospheric electron density model (NeQuick) as the climatology background, and the International Reference Ionosphere‐based Real‐Time Assimilative Model for a global view of the ionospheric weather during a quiet period of the December 2009 solstice. The model computations are compared to the Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) radio occultation profiles, CHAMP and Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment in situ densities, and GPS total electron content (TEC). It is shown that the plasma density in the ionosphere is generally larger in the American/Atlantic longitudinal sector at any local time. The high‐latitude density enhancements are visible in the GSM TIP output at different altitudes but are not reproduced by the NeQuick empirical model. Given that observational data confirm an existence of the high‐latitude areas where ionospheric densities are elevated in the altitude range between 300 and 480 km, we conclude that the NmF2 maximum in the GSM TIP output can be trusted. Indeed, such high‐latitude NmF2, ionospheric electron content, and TEC maxima in the American longitude sector form on the proper places as shown by the GSM TIP data, COSMIC and GPS observations. According to our results, the high‐latitude maximum of NmF2 (1) manifests itself only when the integration over LT or UT of the global maps for 22 December 2009 includes nighttime, i.e., supporting an argument of its close association with the Weddell Sea Anomaly, and (2) also appears in the Ne distribution at altitudes above the F2 peak.
Spaced‐based search coil magnetometers
Authors: Hospodarsky George B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSearch coil magnetometers are one of the primary tools used to study the magnetic component of low‐frequency electromagnetic waves in space. Their relatively small size, mass, and power consumption, coupled with a good frequency range and sensitivity, make them ideal for spaceflight applications. The basic design of a search coil magnetometer consists of many thousands of turns of wire wound on a high permeability core. When a time‐varying magnetic field passes through the coil, a time‐varying voltage is induced due to Faraday's law of magnetic induction. The output of the coil is usually attached to a preamplifier, which amplifies the induced voltage and conditions the signal for transmission to the main electronics (usually a low‐frequency radio receiver). Search coil magnetometers are usually used in conjunction with electric field antenna to measure electromagnetic plasma waves in the frequency range of a few hertz to a few tens of kilohertzs. Search coil magnetometers are used to determine the properties of waves, such as comparing the relative electric and magnetic field amplitudes of the waves, or to investigate wave propagation parameters, such as Poynting flux and wave normal vectors. On a spinning spacecraft, they are also sometimes used to determine the background magnetic field. This paper presents some of the basic design criteria of search coil magnetometers and discusses design characteristics of sensors flown on a number of spacecraft.
A family for miniature, easily reconfigurable particle sensors for space plasma measurements
Authors: Wieser M. , Barabash S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractOver the last 15 years the Swedish Institute of Space Physics developed a line of miniaturized ion mass analyzers for space plasma studies with masses of 400–600 g and highly compact and dense design to minimize the volume. The sensors cover an energy range from few eV up to 15 keV and reach an angular coverage up to hemispherical and mass resolution up to 7, depending on application. The experience with this line of sensors demonstrates that a sensor mass of 400–600 g is a limit in the trade‐off between scientifically valuable performance and the sensor mass. The Solar Wind Monitor (SWIM), part of the Sub‐keV Atom Reflecting Analyzer (SARA) on board of the Indian Chandrayaan‐1 mission to the Moon, was the first sensor in the line. A number of instruments derived from SWIM were built, each using the same basic architecture but adapted for the needs of the corresponding mission: the Miniature Ion Precipitation Analyzer (MIPA) on the European Space Agency's BepiColombo mission to Mercury, the Detector for Ions at Mars (DIM) for the Russian Phobos‐Grunt mission and the Yinghuo Plasma Package Ion sensor (YPPi) for the Chinese Yinghuo‐1 spacecraft (both to Mars), the Prisma Ion Mass Analyzer (PRIMA) for the Swedish PRISMA spacecraft to Earth orbit, the eXtra Small Analyzer of Neutrals (XASN) for the Russian Luna‐Glob lander, and the Laboratory Ion Scattering Analyzer (LISA) used for laboratory studies. We review architecture, design, performance, and fields of application of the instruments in this family and give and outlook in future developments.
Excitation of oblique O+ band EMIC waves in the inner magnetosphere driven by hot H+ with ring velocity distributions
Authors: Yu Xiongdong , Yuan Zhigang , Wang Dedong , Huang Shiyong , Qiao Zheng , Yu Tao , Yao Fei 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBased on the linear theory, the detailed growth rate expression of plasma waves for hot ions with ring velocity distributions is derived, which can be directly used to study the wave growth with satellite data. Using linear growth rate calculations with simple magnetic field and background plasma density models, the roles of five parameters (Ne,ηH + : ηHe + : ηO +, Er, Tperp, and Tpara) playing in the excitation of O+ band electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves driven by hot H+ with ring velocity distributions are investigated. Our calculations demonstrate that ring distributions with sufficiently large ring velocity Vr, small perpendicular thermal spread V⊥, and appropriate parallel thermal spread V// could enhance the wave growth of oblique O+ band EMIC waves. Moreover, our results show that O+ band EMIC waves considered here are mainly unstable with large wave normal angles in a dense and rich O+ background plasma, in consistent with the statistical characteristics of O+ band EMIC waves previously observed by satellites. Therefore, it is indicated that hot H+ with ring velocity distributions should play an important role in the excitation of O+ band EMIC waves, as a necessary and useful supplement to ring current ions with temperature‐anisotropy bi‐Maxwellian distributions.
Recent climatological trends and potential influences on forest phenology around western Lake Superior, USA
Authors: Garcia Matthew , Townsend Philip A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe assess long‐term climatological means, trends, and interannual variability around the western end of Lake Superior during 1984–2013 by using available weather station data. Our results focus on changes in basic and derived climate indicators from seasonal and annual temperature and precipitation, to the traditionally defined frost‐free season, to a novel definition of the climatological growing season. We describe seasonal and year‐to‐year climate variability that influences forest phenology, using an alternative growing season metric that is based on the warm‐season plateau in accumulated chilling days as an indicator of environmental triggers for vegetation growth and senescence. Our results indicate +0.56°C regional warming during our 30 year study period, with cooler springs (−1.26°C) and significant autumn warming (+1.54°C). The duration of the climatological growing season has increased +0.27 d/yr, extending primarily into autumn. Summer precipitation in our study area has declined by an average −0.34 cm/yr, potentially leading to moisture stress that impairs vegetation carbon uptake rates and can render the forest more vulnerable to disturbance. Many changes in temperature, precipitation, and climatological growing season are most prominent in locations where Lake Superior exerts a strong hydroclimatological influence, especially the Minnesota shoreline and in forest areas downwind (southeast) of the lake. Observed trends in lake temperature and ice phenology have also changed, coincident with a large‐scale climatological regime shift around 1998. A number of factors are likely altering forest phenology and the role of the forest in the climate system of this ecologically important and highly varied forest‐and‐lake region.
Early High‐Intensity Versus Low‐Intensity Rehabilitation After Total Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Bade Michael J. , Struessel Tamara , Dayton Michael , Foran Jared , Kim Raymond H. , Miner Todd , Wolfe Pamela , Kohrt Wendy M. , Dennis Douglas , Stevens‐Lapsley Jennifer E. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectiveTo examine the safety and efficacy of a high‐intensity (HI) progressive rehabilitation protocol beginning 4 days after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) compared to a low‐intensity (LI) rehabilitation protocol.MethodsA total of 162 participants (mean ± SD ages 63 ± 7 years; 89 women) were randomized to either the HI group or LI group after TKA. Key components of the HI intervention were the use of progressive resistance exercises and a rapid progression to weight‐bearing exercises and activities. Both groups were treated in an outpatient setting 2 to 3 times per week for 11 weeks (26 total sessions). Outcomes included the stair climbing test (SCT; primary outcome), timed‐up‐and‐go (TUG) test, 6‐minute walk (6MW) test, the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), 12‐item Short Form health survey (SF‐12), knee range of motion (ROM), quadriceps and hamstring strength, and quadriceps activation. Outcomes were assessed preoperatively and at 1, 2, 3 (primary end point), 6, and 12 months postoperatively.ResultsThere were no significant differences between groups at 3 or 12 months in SCT, TUG, 6MW, WOMAC scores, knee ROM, quadriceps and hamstrings strength, quadriceps activation, or adverse event rates. By 12 months, outcomes on the 6MW, TUG, WOMAC, SF‐12, quadriceps and hamstring strength, and quadriceps activation had improved beyond baseline performance in both groups.ConclusionBoth the HI and LI interventions were effective in improving strength and function after TKA. HI progressive rehabilitation is safe for individuals after TKA. However, its effectiveness may be limited by arthrogenic muscular inhibition in the early postoperative period.
Relationships between digit ratio (2D:4D) and basketball performance in Australian men
Authors: Frick Nathan A. , Hull Melissa J. , Manning John T. , Tomkinson Grant R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate relationships between the digit ratio (2D:4D) and competitive basketball performance in Australian men.MethodsUsing an observational cross‐sectional design a total of 221 Australian basketball players who competed in the Olympic Games, International Basketball Federation World Championships/Cup, Australian National Basketball League, Central Australian Basketball League or socially had their 2D:4Ds measured. Analysis of variance was used to assess differences in mean 2D:4Ds between men playing at different competitive standards, with relationships between 2D:4Ds and basketball game‐related statistics assessed using Pearson's product moment correlations in men playing at a single competitive standard.ResultsThere were significant differences between competitive standards for the left 2D:4D following Bonferroni correction, but not for the right 2D:4D, with basketballers who achieved higher competitive standards tending to have lower left 2D:4Ds. No important correlations between 2D:4D and basketball game‐related statistics were found, with correlations typically negligible.ConclusionsThis study indicated that the 2D:4D can discriminate between basketballers competing at different standards, but not between basketballers within a single competitive standard using objective game‐related statistics.
Highly Chemoselective DMPU‐Mediated Trialkylsilylation of Terminal Alkynes Using Trifluoromethyltrialkylsilane
Authors: Nozawa‐Kumada Kanako , Inagi Moeto , Kondo Yoshinori 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA chemoselective silylation of terminal alkynes with trifluoromethyltrialkylsilane in 1,3‐dimethyl‐3,4,5,6‐tetrahydro‐2(1H)‐pyrimidinone (DMPU) is described. This process is effective even under mild conditions without the use of fluorides or an N‐heterocyclic carbene (NHC), providing a widely applicable method for the synthesis of alkynylsilicon compounds. Moreover, it was found that the preferential deprotonation of terminal alkynes using this system proceeded faster than the trifluoromethylation of aldehydes, ketones, and esters.
Asymmetric Tandem Conjugate Addition–Aldol Condensation with N‐Acryloyloxazolidines Derived from 2‐Phenylglycinol
Authors: Zelocualtecatl‐Montiel Iván , García‐Álvarez Fernando , Juárez Jorge R. , Orea Laura , Gnecco Dino , Mendoza Angel , Chemla Fabrice , Ferreira Franck , Jackowski Olivier , Aparicio David M. , Perez‐Luna Alejandro , Terán Joel L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe tandem 1,4‐addition–aldol condensation reaction of diethylzinc, α,β‐unsaturated chiral enantiopure oxazolidines derived from 2‐phenylglycinol, and carbonyl compounds is disclosed. The reaction proceeds through a radical‐polar crossover mechanism involving the aldol condensation of a trisubstituted zinc enolate through a Zimmerman–Traxler transition state. Installation of a 2‐pyridine moiety at the hemiaminal position of the chiral auxiliary allows obtaining both excellent asymmetric induction and diastereoselectivity (up to >90 % de). The developed protocol is suitable for aromatic and aliphatic aldehydes, as well as ketones.
Die Bedeutung der Probennahme im Brauprozess
Authors: Schwill‐Miedaner Annette 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDie Bierbereitung ist ein komplexer Prozess, der sich aus einer Vielzahl von Einzelschritten zusammensetzt. Nach jedem Schritt muss die Qualität der Zwischenprodukte überprüft werden. Durch gestiegene Anforderungen an die Qualität der eingesetzten Rohstoffe, Produktkonstanz und Homogenität hat sich der Kontrollaufwand im Rahmen der Qualitätssicherung erhöht. Der Probennahme kommt dabei eine enorme Bedeutung zu, da exakte und repräsentative Analysenergebnisse nur bei deren korrekter Durchführung erhalten werden. Ort, Zeitpunkt und Art der Probennahme sowie die Menge der Probe bestimmen über deren Repräsentativität.
Structure‐Dependent Base‐Free Aerobic Oxidation of Benzyl Alcohol over High‐Surface‐Area Mg‐Doped ZnAl2O4 Spinel Supported Gold Nanoparticles
Authors: Li Siqi , Li Wei , Li Yizhen , Fan Guoli , Li Feng 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA facile and economical strategy to synthesize high surface area Mg‐doped ZnAl2O4 spinels is developed. These materials are employed as catalyst supports to prepare supported gold catalysts for the aerobic oxidation of benzyl alcohol by using molecular oxygen in the absence of additional alkali. The as‐fabricated supported Au catalyst with the Mg/(Mg+Zn) molar ratio of 0.15 was found to show good catalytic activity with high benzaldehyde selectivity (>99 %) and a high turnover frequency of 5382 h−1. The relationship between the surface properties of the supported Au catalysts and their catalytic performances reveals that the high catalytic efficiency is mainly attributable to surface cooperative effects between the abundant basic sites and favorable active Au species, including metallic Au and cationic Auδ+ ions. A possible mechanism for selective oxidation of benzyl alcohol is tentatively proposed. Moreover, the as‐fabricated supported Au catalyst could be reused at least four times without significant loss of its catalytic performance. The present finding provides a new route for designing high‐performance supported noble or non‐noble metal catalysts by using high surface area ZnAl2O4‐based spinels.
Sunlight‐Driven Overall Water Splitting by the Combination of Surface‐Modified La5Ti2Cu0.9Ag0.1S5O7 and BaTaO2N Photoelectrodes
Authors: Higashi Tomohiro , Shinohara Yuki , Ohnishi Atsushi , Liu Jingyuan , Ueda Koichiro , Okamura Shintaro , Hisatomi Takashi , Katayama Masao , Nishiyama Hiroshi , Yamada Taro , Minegishi Tsutomu , Domen Kazunari 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA photoelectrochemical (PEC) cell composed of an Al‐doped La5Ti2Cu0.9Ag0.1S5O7 (Al‐LTCA) photocathode and a BaTaO2N (BTON) photoanode was employed for overall water splitting. The surface of the Al‐LTCA photocathode was modified first with CdS by a chemical bath treatment (CBT) and subsequently with TiO2 and Pt (to form Pt/TiO2/CBT‐CdS/Al‐LTCA). The modified photocathode Pt/TiO2/CBT‐CdS/Al‐LTCA showed a significantly enhanced photocurrent for the PEC hydrogen evolution reaction in strongly alkaline aqueous phosphate solutions. This enhancement was attributed to surface stabilization by TiO2 and to the enhanced charge separation caused by the formation of a p–n junction at the CBT‐CdS/Al‐LTCA interface. The BTON photoanode surface modified with Co and Ir species (Ir/Co/BTON) showed a lower onset potential than that of a Co‐loaded BTON photoanode for the PEC oxygen evolution reaction. A PEC cell incorporating the Pt/TiO2/CBT‐CdS/Al‐LTCA photocathode and the Ir/Co/BTON photoanode exhibited stoichiometric H2 and O2 generation. The solar‐to‐hydrogen energy conversion efficiency of this PEC cell was found to be 0.14 % following a minute of simulated sunlight irradiation.
Interpopulation resource partitioning of Lesser Frigatebirds and the influence of environmental context
Authors: Mott Rowan , Herrod Ashley , Clarke Rohan H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractConspecific individuals inhabiting nearby breeding colonies are expected to compete strongly for food resources owing to the constraints imposed by shared morphology, physiology, and behavior on foraging strategy. Consequently, colony‐specific foraging patterns that effectively partition the available resources may be displayed. This study aimed to determine whether intraspecific resource partitioning occurs in two nearby colonies of Lesser Frigatebirds (Fregata ariel). A combination of stable isotope analysis and GPS tracking was used to assess dietary and spatial partitioning of foraging resources during the 2013 and 2014 breeding seasons. These results were compared to vessel‐derived estimates of prey availability, local primary productivity, and estimates of reproductive output to suggest potential drivers and implications of any observed partitioning. Isotopic data indicated a more neritic source of provisioned resources for near‐fledged chicks at an inshore colony, whereas their offshore counterparts were provisioned with resources with a more pelagic signal. Deep pelagic waters (>200 m) had higher availability of a preferred prey type despite a trend for lower primary productivity. Differences in foraging ecology between the two populations may have contributed to markedly different reproductive outputs. These findings suggest environmental context influences dietary and spatial aspects of foraging ecology. Furthermore, the effect of colony‐specific foraging patterns on population demography warrants further research.
Endophyte species influence the biomass production of the native grassAchnatherum sibiricum(L.) Keng under high nitrogen availability
Authors: Li Xia , Zhou Yong , Mace Wade , Qin Junhua , Liu Hui , Chen Wei , Ren Anzhi , Gao Yubao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractResearch on the interaction of endophytes and native grasses normally takes infection status into account, but less often considers the species of endophyte involved in the interaction. Here, we examined the effect of endophyte infection, endophyte species, nitrogen availability, and plant maternal genotype on the performance of a wild grass,Achnatherum sibiricum. Six differentEpichloë‐infected maternal lines ofA. sibiricumwere used in the study; three lines harboredEpichloë gansuensis(Eg), while three lines harboredEpichloë sibirica(Es). These endophytes are vertically transmitted, whileEgalso occasionally produces stromata on host tillers. We experimentally removed the endophyte from some ramets of the six lines, with the infected (E+) and uninfected (E−) plants grown under varying levels of nitrogen availability.Eghosts produced more aboveground biomass thanEshosts only under high nitrogen supply. Endophyte species did not show any influence on the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax), photosynthetic nitrogen use efficiency, or total phenolics ofA. sibiricumunder all nitrogen conditions. However, the plant maternal genotype did influence thePmaxand shoot biomass ofA. sibiricum. Our results show that endophyte species influenced the shoot biomass ofA. sibiricum, and this effect was dependent on nitrogen supply. As with most coevolutionary interactions,A. sibiricumthat harboredEgandEsmay show pronounced geographic variation in natural habitats with increased nitrogen deposition. In addition, stroma‐bearing endophyte (Eg) provides positive effects (e.g., higher biomass production) toA. sibiricumplants during the vegetative growth stage.
Electrochemical Noise as a Diagnostic Tool for PEMFC
Authors: Denisov E. S. , Evdokimov Y. K. , Martemianov S. , Thomas A. , Adiutantov N. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA promising direction for improving proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) is the increase of their reliability and operating time without failure. Therefore, the problem of a reliable diagnostic tool is important. It has been theoretically deduced that a non uniform current distribution causes the increase of power spectral density of the flicker‐noise component of electrical fluctuations, which was experimentally confirmed for the case of excess humidification. Theoretical investigations allow to conclude that other reasons of current non uniformity, for example incorrect stoichiometry, can lead to similar results as well. Experimental findings show that the behavior and parameters of electrical fluctuations depend on the fuel cell operation mode and technical state of its components. This paper shows that electrical fluctuations reflect physical processes inside the fuel cell. Thus, the electrical fluctuations can be considered as a reliable diagnostics tool for PEMFC.