bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Western Apache, a Southern Athabaskan Language
Authors: de Reuse Willem J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWestern Apache belongs to the Southern or Apachean branch of the Athabaskan language family, (Nadene phylum) and is spoken by ca. 6,000 people in central and eastern Arizona, USA. Since there are very few children acquiring the language, it is endangered. The Western Apache noun word is morphologically simple, but the verb word is unusually complex. It can be characterized morphologically by what Sapir called “interrupted synthesis”, that is, a complex interdigitation of functionally diverse prefixal elements: inflectional prefixes, derivational prefixes, and thematic prefixes. Furthermore, the Athabaskan polysynthetic word is also characterized by extensive fusion or contraction of short prefix elements, prefix slippage, and haplology. As a result, the Athabaskan verb word is often between two and four syllables long, which is quite short when compared to words in more “orthodox” polysynthetic language families (Woodbury, Chapter 30, this volume) such as Eskimo-Aleut, Chukotko-Kamchatkan, and Wakashan.
Polysynthesis in Nuuchahnulth, a Wakashan Language
Authors: Nakayama Toshihide 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNuuchahnulth is a Southern Wakashan language spoken in British Columbia, Canada. It is a verb-initial head-marking language and is almost exclusively suffixing morphologically. The language exhibits polysynthesis involving holophrasis but does not allow compounding. Instead, it has numerous suffixes with heavy lexical content, traditionally termed ‘lexical suffixes’. This lexical suffixation serves as the central mechanism in Nuuchahnulth for bringing multiple lexically heavy morphemes into a word. The complexity of actual polysynthetic words in this language seems rather limited compared to what is reported to be possible in Eskimo languages. There are cases where similar semantic content can be expressed either synthetically using a polysynthetic word or analytically as separate words. When such an alternation is possible, discourse-pragmatic considerations, particularly discourse referentiality of the object of the predicate, play a major role in the choice of constructions.
Nawatl (Uto-Aztecan)
Authors: Canger Una 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA brief introduction places the language, Nawatl, geographically and chronologically, with emphasis on dialect diversity and the long-documented history of the language. The dialect spoken in one community in Northern Puebla is in focus in the following. Basic typological features of this dialect are presented. A valency system based on verb derivation is outlined. A conceptual approach to valency is adopted, and it leads to no recognition of anti-passive in Nawatl. A suffix, ta/te:, the function of which is to broadly suspend referentiality to subject, object, and possessor, is presented. Reduplication is shown to be equally broadly used with several meanings. A brief presentation of a second Nawatl dialect shows that Nawatl dialects cannot all be said to display equally strong polysynthetic features.
Argument Marking in the Polysynthetic Verb and Its Implications
Authors: Mithun Marianne 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIt is generally agreed that the essence of polysynthesis goes beyond sheer numbers of morphemes per word, but which other properties might be criterial is unclear. Most frequently cited is the marking of core arguments within the verb, such that the key elements of the clause, predicate, and arguments, are contained within that one word. Also often cited are noun incorporation, applicatives, rich inventories of adverbial affixes, and pragmatically motivated word order. But argument marking on the verb is not categorical: pronominal affix paradigms show a range of differential marking patterns dependent on various semantic and grammatical features, none reliably predictive of other characteristics typically associated with polysynthesis. Yet these characteristics tend to cluster, indicating that they are not reflections of a single, underlying governing principle, but rather constitute structural complexes that emerge from constellations of cognitive and social factors favoring the development and maintenance of complex morphologies.
Polysynthesis in Dalabon
Authors: Evans Nicholas 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter gives a sketch of how polysynthesis behaves in Dalabon, a polysynthetic language of Arnhem Land belonging to the Gunwinyguan family. It focuses on synchronic issues; some additional features of Dalabon which are better understood in a diachronic perspective and hence require comparative data from other Gunwinyguan languages are discussed in Chapter 19. Particularly interesting are the rich set of adverbial prefixes to the verb, the complex methods for modifying valency (stem thematic alternations, applicatives, and reflexive/reciprocal suffixes), the rich incorporation possibilities for both nouns and (more limited) verbal stems, and the existence of a number of types of subordinating morphology.
Plants, People, and Diet in the Neolithic of Western Eurasia
Authors: Bogaard Amy , Styring Amy 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The establishment of farming is a defining feature of the Neolithic period in western Asia and Europe. Decades of archaeobotanical research have clarified the spectrum of crops that emerged, geographical and diachronic variation in the cultivation of particular species, and, more recently, aspects of arable land management. Most of the available evidence, however, is indirect as regards the actual role of crops in the human (and animal) diet. Taking western Eurasia as a particularly well-researched frame of reference, this chapter uses case studies to illustrate complementary inferences from plant processing, storage, and food preparation evidence, on the one hand, and direct dietary inferences incorporating preserved human remains, on the other. This integrated approach supports the rarely tested assumption that crops were dietary staples in Neolithic communities, and that the ‘politics’ of their production and storage shaped social life.
Progress on a New Kind of Progress Test: Assessing Medical Students’ Clinical Skills
Authors: DeMuth Robin H. , Gold Jonathan G. , Mavis Brian E. , Wagner Dianne P. 
Published: November 2017

Problem
Progress testing of medical knowledge has advantages over traditional medical school examination strategies. However, little is known about its use in assessing medical students’ clinical skills or their integration of clinical skills with necessary science knowledge. The authors previously reported on the feasibility of the Progress Clinical Skills Examination (PCSE), piloted with a group of early learners. This subsequent pilot test studied the exam’s validity to determine whether the PCSE is sensitive to the growth in students’ clinical skills across the four years of medical school.

Approach
In 2014, 38 medical student volunteers (years 1–4) in the traditional 2 + 2 curriculum at Michigan State University College of Human Medicine participated in the eight-station PCSE. Faculty and standardized patients assessed students’ clinical skills, and faculty assessed students’ responses to postencounter necessary science questions. Students performed pretest self-assessment across multiple measures and completed a posttest evaluation of their PCSE experience.

Outcomes
Student performance generally increased by year in medical school for communication, history-taking, and physical examination skills. Necessary science knowledge increased substantially from first-year to second-year students, with less change thereafter. Students felt the PCSE was a fair test of their clinical skills and provided an opportunity to demonstrate their understanding of the related necessary science.

Next Steps
The authors have been piloting a wider pool of cases. In 2016, they adopted the PCSE as part of the summative assessment strategy for the medical school’s new integrated four-year curriculum. Continued assessment of student performance trajectories is planned.
Rethinking the Educator Portfolio: An Innovative Criteria-Based Model
Authors: Shinkai Kanade , Chen Chen (Amy) , Schwartz Brian S. , Loeser Helen , Ashe Cynthia , Irby David M. 
Published: November 2017

Problem
Academic medical centers struggle to achieve parity in advancement and promotions between educators and discovery-oriented researchers in part because of narrow definitions of scholarship, lack of clear criteria for measuring excellence, and barriers to making educational contributions available for peer review. Despite recent progress in expanding scholarship definitions and identifying excellence criteria, these advances are not integrated into educator portfolio (EP) templates or curriculum vitae platforms.

Approach
From 2013 to 2015, a working group from the Academy of Medical Educators (AME) at the University of California, San Francisco (UCSF) designed a streamlined, criteria-based EP (EP 2.0) template highlighting faculty members’ recent activities in education and setting rigorous evaluation methods to enable educational scholarship to be objectively evaluated for academic advancement, AME membership, and professional development.

Outcomes
The EP 2.0 template was integrated into the AME application, resulting in high overall satisfaction among candidates and the selection committee and positive feedback on the template’s transparency, ease of use, and streamlined format. In 2016, the EP 2.0 template was integrated into the campus-wide curriculum vitae platform and academic advancement system.

Next Steps
The authors plan to increase awareness of the EP 2.0 template by educating promotions committees and faculty at UCSF and partnering with other institutions to disseminate it for use. They also plan to study the impact of the template on supporting educators by making their important scholarly contributions available for peer review, providing guidance for professional development, and decreasing disparities in promotions.
Speaking Up: An Ethical Action Exercise
Authors: Dwyer James , Faber-Langendoen Kathy 
Published: November 2017

Problem
Health care professionals encounter situations in which they need to speak up to prevent harm, ensure better care, and/or address unprofessional behavior. Speaking up is often difficult, especially for medical students; nonetheless, it is a skill students must practice, so they can better advocate for patients.

Approach
The authors have designed an ethical action exercise and incorporated it into a required bioethics course that meets concurrently with third-year clerkships. The exercise requires students to speak up to try to correct, resolve, or improve one situation during a clerkship. The exercise involves overt action, but students determine how, where, and when to act.

Outcomes
In 2013–2014, 111 students at State University of New York Upstate Medical University completed the exercise. Most spoke up about situations in which they thought that some aspect of patient care could be improved (n = 78; 70%); others spoke up when they perceived unprofessional conduct (n = 32; 29%). Although most students found speaking up to be difficult (n = 96; 86%), speaking up often led to improved care (n = 46; 41%). As a result of completing the ethical action exercise, 2 students reported becoming less likely to speak up in the future, whereas 64 students reported becoming more likely.

Next Steps
Going forward, the authors want to address three issues: the development of lasting habits, the role of culture, and connections with other initiatives to improve care.
Scheduled Intravenous Acetaminophen Improves Patient Satisfaction With Postcraniotomy Pain Management: A Prospective, Randomized, Placebo-controlled, Double-blind Study
Authors: Artime Carlos A. , Aijazi Hassan , Zhang Haijun , Syed Tariq , Cai Chunyan , Gumbert Sam D. , Ferrario Lara , Normand Katherine C. , Williams George W. , Hagberg Carin A. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Postcraniotomy pain can be difficult to manage with opioids due to opioid-related side effects, including drowsiness, nausea/vomiting, confusion, and pupillary changes, potentially masking the signs of postoperative neurological deterioration. Intravenous (IV) acetaminophen, a nonopioid analgesic, has been reported to have opioid-sparing effects after abdominal and orthopedic surgeries. This study investigates whether IV acetaminophen has similar effects after craniotomy.

Materials and Methods:
In this prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trial, 100 adult patients scheduled to undergo supratentorial craniotomy for excision of a brain mass were randomized to receive either IV acetaminophen or placebo preincision and then every 6 hours for a total of 24 hours after surgery. Total 24-hour opioid consumption, pain scores, satisfaction with overall pain management, time to meet postanesthesia care unit discharge criteria, and incidence of opioid-related side effects were compared.

Results:
There was no difference in the 24-hour postoperative opioid consumption in morphine equivalents between the IV acetaminophen group (median, 11 mg; n=45) and the placebo group (median, 10.1 mg; n=41). No statistically significant difference of visual analog scale pain score was observed between 2 treatment groups. Patient satisfaction with overall postoperative pain management was significantly higher in the IV acetaminophen group than the placebo group on a 1 to 10 scale (8.1±0.4 vs. 6.9±0.4; P=0.03). There was no significant difference in secondary outcomes, including the incidence of opioid-related side effects.

Conclusions:
IV acetaminophen, as adjunctive therapy for craniotomy procedures, did not show an opioid-sparing effect in patients for the 24 hours after craniotomy; however, it was associated with improved patient satisfaction regarding overall pain control.
ABO Blood Group and Cochlear Status: Otoacoustic Emission Markers
Authors: Chen Welen Weilu , Chow Kin Tsun , McPherson Bradley 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:There are an increasing number of research studies examining the effects of ABO blood group on susceptibility to disease. However, little is known regarding the potential relationship between blood group and hearing. Higher risk of noise-induced hearing loss was linked to blood group O in several occupational health studies. Based on this finding, a recent study of cochlear status was conducted with normal-hearing female participants representing equal numbers of the four blood groups in the ABO blood group system. ABO blood group was associated with cochlear characteristics, including the prevalence of spontaneous otoacoustic emissions (SOAEs) and the amplitudes of transient-evoked otoacoustic emissions (TEOAEs) and distortion-product otoacoustic emissions (DPOAEs). Females with blood group O showed significantly lower amplitudes of DPOAEs at some frequencies and lower prevalence of SOAEs compared with participants with blood group B. There was a general trend of reduced TEOAE and DPOAE amplitudes in blood group O individuals compared with participants with non-O blood groups. Following from this finding, and based on known sex differences in otoacoustic emission characteristics, the present study examined the possible effects of blood group on otoacoustic emission status in males.Design:Sixty clinically normal-hearing males aged between 18 and 26 years, with equal numbers of participants in each of the ABO blood groups, were recruited by purposive sampling. SOAE, DPOAE, and linear and nonlinear TEOAE recordings were collected from all participants, as well as tympanometric data related to external and middle ear characteristics.Results:The male blood group O participants exhibited significantly lower SOAE prevalence and reduced amplitudes of DPOAEs on average, and in the midfrequency range, than participants with blood group B, and lower nonlinear and linear TEOAE amplitudes at a number of frequencies when compared with participants with blood groups A and B. A consistent trend of lower TEOAE and DPOAE response amplitudes was observed in participants with blood group O. No significant difference was noted among blood groups for outer or middle ear characteristics.Conclusions:These results were consistent with previous findings of reduced otoacoustic emission responses in female blood group O individuals. Results support the hypothesis that blood group O individuals may be at increased risk of cochlear damage from noise exposure. Further investigation on the potential link between ABO blood group and auditory status, including potentially differential effects of noise exposure on cochlear function, is needed. The possible effects of ABO blood group on other aspects of audition, such as hearing sensitivity, speech understanding, and auditory processing, should be evaluated.
What’s New in Pediatric Upper Extremity Sports Injuries?
Authors: Beck Jennifer J. , Richmond Connor G. , Tompkins Marc A. , Heyer Ann , Shea Kevin G. , Cruz Aristides I. 
Published: November 2017

Background:
Sports injuries are common in pediatric and adolescent patients and the evaluation and treatment of these injuries continues to evolve. The purpose of this review is to provide a comprehensive appraisal of the most recent literature, highlighting updates on sports-related upper extremity injuries in pediatric patients.

Methods:
An electronic search of the PubMed, EMBASE, and Google Scholar databases was performed for keywords related to pediatric overhead athletes, osteochondritis dissecans (OCD) of the capitellum, medial epicondyle fractures, shoulder instability, and clavicle fractures. Search results were filtered by publication date to yield articles published electronically or in print on or after January 1, 2013 to May 30, 2017. Papers were selected based on expert opinion and consensus by the authors and included if deemed to have contributed important findings to the above topics.

Results:
A total of 51 articles were deemed to have contributed significant findings to the literature: 11 overhead athlete, 9 OCD of the capitellum, 6 medial epicondyle fractures, 17 shoulder instability, and 8 clavicle fractures. The level of evidence for most studies was either Level III or IV.

Conclusions:
Overuse and traumatic conditions of the pediatric elbow including UCL tear, capitellar OCD, and medial epicondyle fractures represent a significant portion of injuries in the overhead athlete. Research in the prevention and treatment of primary and recurrent shoulder instability in young athletes continues to evolve. The operative treatment of clavicle fractures in adolescents has been increasing without a commensurate increase in the level of evidence supporting such treatment. Advances have been made in the treatment of sports-related upper extremity injuries in pediatric patients, however, high-level, comparative outcomes research in many areas is lacking and this review may help inform topics for future study.

Level of Evidence:
Level IV—Literature review.
Leptospirosis in ICU: A Retrospective Study of 134 Consecutive Admissions
Authors: Delmas Benjamin , Jabot Julien , Chanareille Paul , Ferdynus Cyril , Allyn Jérôme , Allou Nicolas , Raffray Loïc , Gaüzere Bernard-Alex , Martinet Olivier , Vandroux David 
Published: November 2017

Objectives:
Leptospirosis causes reversible multiple organ failure, and its mortality remains high. The aim of this study was to determine the mortality rate of leptospirosis in an ICU offering all types of organ support available nowadays and to compare it with mortality in bacterial sepsis.

Design:
Retrospective, descriptive, and single-center cohort study.

Settings:
The largest ICU of Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) in a teaching hospital.

Patients:
Consecutive patients hospitalized in ICU for leptospirosis from January 2004 to January 2015.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
We report 134 cases of patients with leptospirosis hospitalized in ICU. The median age was 40 years (interquartile range, 30–52 yr), with a Simplified Acute Physiology Score II of 38 (27–50) and a Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score of 10 (8–12). Forty-one patients (31%) required mechanical ventilation and 76 (56%) required renal replacement therapy. The door-to-renal replacement therapy time was 0 (0–1) day after admission with a median urea of 25 mmol/L (17–32 mmol/L). Five patients required extracorporeal membrane oxygenation. The mortality rate was 6.0% (95% CI, 2.6–11.4). Among patients hospitalized for sepsis, the standardized mortality ratio of patients with leptospirosis with regards to Simplified Acute Physiology Score II was dramatically low: 0.40 (95% CI, 0.17 – 0.79).

Conclusions:
The mortality of severe leptospirosis is lower than for other bacterial infection, provided modern resuscitation techniques are available. Prompt organ support ensures very low mortality rates despite high severity scores.
A Pilot Study of the Prevalence of Anal Human Papillomavirus and Dysplasia in a Cohort of Patients With IBD
Authors: Cranston Ross D. , Regueiro Miguel , Hashash Jana , Baker Jonathan R. , Richardson-Harman Nicola , Janocko Laura , McGowan Ian 
Published: November 2017

BACKGROUND:
Defective cell-mediated immunity increases the risk of human papillomavirus–associated anal dysplasia and cancer. There is limited information on anal canal disease in patients with IBD.

OBJECTIVE:
The purpose of this study was to assess anal/vaginal human papillomavirus and anal dysplasia prevalence in patients with IBD.

DESIGN:
Patients had an anal examination before routine colonoscopy.

SETTINGS:
The study was conducted at a tertiary IBD referral center.

PATIENTS:
We studied a convenience sample of sexually active male and female patients with IBD who were not on biological therapy.

INTERVENTION:
Anal examination, anal and vaginal human papillomavirus testing, anal cytology, and high-resolution anoscopy/biopsy were carried out.

MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES:
Anal and vaginal human papillomavirus types, anal cytology, and biopsy grade were measured.

RESULTS:
Twenty-five male and 21 female evaluable participants, 31 with Crohn’s disease, 14 with ulcerative colitis, and 1 with indeterminate colitis, were predominantly white (91.3%), treatment experienced (76.1%), an average age of 38.1 years (range, 22.0–66.0 y), and had an average length of IBD diagnosis of 9.3 years (range, 1.0–33.0 y). Eighteen (39.1%) had an abnormal perianal examination and 3 (6.5%) had an abnormal digital examination. Forty-one (89.1%) had anal human papillomavirus, 16 with a single type and 25 with multiple types (range, 2–5 types). Human papillomavirus type 16 was most common (65.2%), followed by human papillomavirus types 11 and 45 (37.0% each). Nineteen of 21 (90.5%) women had vaginal human papillomavirus. Overall, 21 (45.7%) had abnormal anal cytology. Thirty three (71.7%) had ≥1 anal biopsy (9 had multiple), with dysplasia diagnosed in 28 (60.9%) and high-grade and low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions diagnosed in 4 (8.7%) and 24 (43.5%).

LIMITATIONS:
No control group was included, and no detailed sexual history was taken.

CONCLUSIONS:
A high prevalence of anal and vaginal human papillomavirus and anal dysplasia was demonstrated in the study population outcomes. See Video Abstract at http://links.lww.com/DCR/A379.