bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mechanistic peculiarities of activation-induced mobilization of cytotoxic effector proteins in human T cells
Authors: Lettau Marcus , Armbrust Fred , Dohmen Katharina , Drews Lisann , Poch Tobias , Dietz Michelle , Kabelitz Dieter , Janssen Ottmar 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt is widely accepted that cytotoxic T and NK cells store effector proteins including granzymes, perforin and Fas ligand (FasL) in intracellular granules, often referred to as secretory lysosomes. Upon target cell encounter, these organelles are transported to the cytotoxic immunological synapse, where they fuse with the plasma membrane to release the soluble effector molecules and to expose transmembrane proteins including FasL on the cell surface. We previously described two distinct species of secretory vesicles in T and NK cells that differ in size, morphology and protein loading, most strikingly regarding FasL and granzyme B. We now show that the signal requirements for the mobilization of one or the other granule also differ substantially. We report that prestored FasL can be mobilized independent of extracellular Ca2+, whereas the surface exposure of lysosome-associated membrane proteins (Lamps; CD107a and CD63) and the release of granzyme B are calcium-dependent. The use of selective inhibitors of actin dynamics unequivocally points to different transport mechanisms for individual vesicles. While inhibitors of actin polymerization/dynamics inhibit the surface appearance of prestored FasL, they increase the activation-induced mobilization of CD107a, CD63 and granzyme B. In contrast, inhibition of the actin-based motor protein myosin 2a facilitates FasL-, but impairs CD107a-, CD63- and granzyme B mobilization. From our data, we conclude that distinct cytotoxic effector granules are differentially regulated with respect to signaling requirements and transport mechanisms. We suggest that a T cell might ‘sense’ which effector proteins it needs to mobilize in a given context, thereby increasing efficacy while minimizing collateral damage.
All-dielectric meta-optics and non-linear nanophotonics
Authors: Kivshar Yuri 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Most optical metamaterials fabricated and studied to date employ metallic components resulting in significant losses, heat and overall low efficiencies. A new era of metamaterial physics is associated with all-dielectric meta-optics, which employs electric and magnetic Mie resonances of subwavelength particles with high refractive index for an optically induced magnetic response, thus underpinning a new approach to design and fabricate functional and practical metadevices. Here we review the recent developments in meta-optics and subwavelength dielectric photonics and demonstrate that the Mie resonances can play a crucial role in the realization of the unique functionalities of meta-atoms, also driving novel effects in the fields of metamaterials and nanophotonics. We discuss the recent research frontiers in all-dielectric meta-optics and uncover how Mie resonances can be employed for a flexible control of light with full phase and amplitude engineering, including unidirectional metadevices, highly transparent metasurfaces, non-linear nanophotonics and topological photonics.
Evidence for GeV cosmic rays from white dwarfs in the local cosmic ray spectra and in the gamma-ray emissivity of the inner Galaxy
Authors: Kamae Tuneyoshi , Lee Shiu-Hang , Makishima Kazuo , Shibata Shinpei , Shigeyama Toshikazu 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Recent observations found that electrons are accelerated to ∼10 GeV and emit synchrotron hard X-rays in two magnetic white dwarfs (WDs), also known as cataclysmic variables (CVs). In nova outbursts of WDs, multi-GeV gamma-rays were detected, implying that protons are accelerated to 100 GeV or higher. In recent optical surveys, the WD density is found to be higher near the Sun than in the Galactic disk by a factor ∼2.5. The cosmic rays (CRs) produced by local CVs and novae will accumulate in the local bubble for 106–107 yr. On these findings, we search for CRs from historic CVs and novae in the observed CR spectra. We model the CR spectra at the heliopause as sums of Galactic and local components based on observational data as much as possible. The initial Galactic CR electron and proton spectra are deduced from the gamma-ray emissivity, the local electron spectrum from the hard X-ray spectra at the CVs, and the local proton spectrum from gamma-ray spectra at novae. These spectral shapes are then expressed in a simple set of polynomial functions of CR energy and regressively fitted until the high-energy (&gt;100 GeV) CR spectra near Earth and the Voyager-1 spectra at the heliopause are reproduced. We then extend the modeling to nuclear CR spectra and find that one spectral shape fits all local nuclear CRs, and that the apparent hardening of the nuclear CR spectra is caused by the roll-down of local nuclear spectra around 100–200 GeV. All local CR spectra populate a limited energy band below 100–200 GeV and enhance gamma-ray emissivity below ∼10 GeV. Such an enhancement is observed in the inner Galaxy, suggesting the CR fluxes from CVs and novae are substantially higher there.
National Beef Quality Audit–2016: assessment of cattle hide characteristics, offal condemnations, and carcass traits to determine the quality status of the market cow and bull beef industry
Authors: Harris McKensie K , Eastwood L Clay , Boykin Courtney A , Arnold Ashley N , Gehring Kerri B , Hale Daniel S , Kerth Christopher R , Griffin Davey B , Savell Jeffrey W , Belk Keith E , Woerner Dale R , Hasty Josh D , Delmore Robert J , Martin Jennifer N , Lawrence Ty E , McEvers Trenton J , VanOverbeke Deborah L , Mafi Gretchen G , Pfeiffer Morgan M , Schmidt Ty B , Maddock Robert J , Johnson D Dwain , Carr Chad C , Scheffler Jason M , Pringle T Dean , Stelzleni Alexander M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
To continue the series that began in 1994, the National Beef Quality Audit (NBQA) – 2016 was conducted to quantify the quality status of the market cow and bull beef sector, as well as determine improvements made in the beef and dairy industry since 2007. The NBQA-2016 was conducted from March through December of 2016, and assessed hide-on carcasses (n = 5,278), chilled carcasses (n = 4,285), heads (n = 5,720), and offal items (n = 4,800) in 18 commercial processing facilities throughout the United States. Beef cattle were predominantly black-hided; 68.0% of beef cows and 67.2% of beef bulls possessed a black hide. Holstein was the predominant type of dairy animal observed. Just over half (56.0%) of the cattle surveyed had no mud contamination on the hide, and when mud was present, 34.1% of cattle only had small amounts. Harvest floor assessments found 44.6% of livers, 23.1% of lungs, 22.3% of hearts, 20.0% of viscera, 8.2% of heads, and 5.9% of tongues were condemned. Liver condemnations were most frequently due to abscess presence. In contrast, contamination was the primary reason for condemnation of all other offal items. Of the cow carcasses surveyed, 17.4% carried a fetus at the time of harvest. As expected, mean carcass weight and loin muscle area values observed for bulls were heavier and larger than cows. The marbling scores represented by cull animal carcasses were most frequently slight and traces amounts. Cow carcasses manifested a greater amount of marbling on average than bull carcasses. The predominant fat color score showed all carcasses surveyed had some level of yellow fat. Only 1.3% of carcasses exhibited signs of arthritic joints. Results of the NBQA-2016 indicate there are areas in which the beef and dairy industries have improved and areas that still need attention to prevent value loss in market cows and bulls.
Effects of shade-coffee certification programs on bird, trees and butterfly diversity in Colombia
Authors: Gomez Juan Pablo , Ortiz-Acevedo Elena , Botero Jorge E. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIn the last decade coffee certification programs have grown rapidly in Latin America, encouraging producers to harvest coffee based on production standards intended to enhance biodiversity conservation. However, few studies have tested whether such programs have a positive conservation impact. To date, research has focused on comparing community similarity between forests and plantations, but the question of whether certified plantations provide refuges for biodiversity in regions where all the forest has been lost remains untested. Here, we compare bird, butterfly and plant communities in highly deforested regions in Santander, Colombia, to determine the potential conservation role of two certification programs: Rainforest Alliance and Rainforest Alliance+Organic. We used 13 farms to census birds, butterflies, and trees, and quantified structural characteristics of the shade. We found little difference in most measures of diversity and composition of birds, butterfly and plant communities between types of plantations. However, despite high variation across farms, butterfly richness and abundance increased with the decrease in the use of pesticides in plantations. These results suggest that reduced use of chemical compounds in certified coffee plantations might enhance conservation of butterfly communities. The biodiversity associated with these coffee plantations and the high deforestation rates in Santander, suggest that irrespective of their certification type they provide the last refuges for biodiversity conservation in this region.
Aerothermodynamic study of a small hypersonic plane
Authors: D’Oriano Vera , Savino Raffaele , Visone Michele 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to present an aerothermodynamic analysis of a new concept of a small hypersonic airplane. Aerodynamics characteristics for different flow conditions encountered during the missions are analyzed. The effects of elevons deflection for pitch control and of the presence of engines on aerodynamic performances are also investigated for different flight conditions. The effects of boundary layer laminar–turbulent transition on aerodynamic heating are studied to preliminarily identify proper materials that can sustain the hypersonic phase.

Design/methodology/approach
Aerodynamic characteristics are predicted by means of the semi-empirical aerodynamic prediction code Missile DATCOM and computational fluid dynamics simulations. Computational fluid dynamics analysis is also performed to investigate aerodynamic heating phenomenon.

Findings
Major discrepancies between the results offered by the two methods have been registered in transonic regime, whereas in subsonic and super-hypersonic conditions, Missile DATCOM confirms to be a suitable tool for preliminary design steps. The results of the analysis show that for the identification of the materials that can sustain the hypersonic phase, the turbulent solution must be taken into account. Carbon fiber reinforced ceramics composite materials seem particularly well suited for the nose, wing and vertical tail leasing edges and control surfaces, while titanium alloys could be used for the rest of the vehicle surface.

Originality/value
This new concept of vehicle is designed both for point-to-point medium range hypersonic transportation and long duration suborbital space tourism missions, by integrating available technologies developed for aeronautical and space systems.
PIL simulations of an FWUAV under windy conditions
Authors: Ülker Hakan , Baykara Cemal , Özsoy Can 
Published: January 2018

PurposeA fixed wing unmanned aerial vehicle (FWUAV) is targeted to perform processor in the loop (PIL) simulations for the flight scenarios such as straight and level, level climb, level turn, climbing turn and level steady heading sideslip under windy conditions such as steady wind (SW) and wind gust (WG) in a desired and controlled manner.Design/methodology/approachThe constrained multi-input–multi-output (MIMO) lateral and longitudinal linear models-based model predictive controllers (MPCs) which are proposed in a previous study (Ulker et al., 2017) are tested in the PIL simulations under specified windy conditions. BeagleBone Black Rev C is used as a target hardware or processor in the PIL simulations.FindingsThe results of the PIL simulations show that the MPCs proposed in the previous study can achieve satisfactory performance and flying qualities for the all flight scenarios handled in this paper under windy conditions.Practical implicationsThe MPCs proposed in the previous study can be easily implemented in the real world to a low-cost and small-sized board like BeagleBone Black Rev C which is used in this paper.Originality/valueThe proposed MPCs in the previous study which are capable of providing more flexibility in terms of tracking complex trajectories are showed to be able to be implemented to real system by means of PIL simulations under the changeable windy conditions which are difficult for performance tests.
Swarm system for CubeSats
Authors: Zanette Luca , Reyneri Leonardo , Bruni Giuseppe 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to present an innovative system able to establish an inter-satellite communication crosslink and to determine the mutual physical positioning for CubeSats belonging to a swarm.

Design/methodology/approach
Through a system involving a smart antenna array managed by a beamforming control strategy, every CubeSat of the swarm can measure the direction of arrival (DOA) and the distance (range) to estimate the physical position of the received signal. Moreover, during the transmission phase, the smart antenna shapes the beam to establish a reliable and directive communication link with the other spacecraft and/or with the ground station. Furthermore, the authors introduce a deployable structure fully developed at Politecnico di Torino that is able to increase the external surface of CubeSats: this surface allows to gain the interspace between elements of the smart antenna.

Findings
As a consequence, the communication crosslink, the directivity and the detection performance of the DOA system in terms of directivity and accuracy are improved.

Practical implications
Moreover, the deployable structure offers a greater usable surface, so a larger number of solar panels can be used. This guarantees up to 25 W of average power supply for the on-board systems and for transmission on a one-unit (1U) CubeSat (10 × 10 × 10 cm).

Originality/value
This paper describes the physical implementation of the antenna array system on a 1U CubeSat by using the deployable structure developed. Depending on actuators and ability that every CubeSat disposes, various interaction levels between elements can be achieved, thus making the CubeSat constellation an efficient and valid solution for space missions.
System identification-based aeroelastic modelling for wing flutter
Authors: F. Promio Charles , Samikkannu Raja , Sura Niranjan K. , Mulla Shanwaz 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
Ground vibration testing (GVT) results can be used as system parameters for predicting flutter, which is essential for aeroelastic clearance. This paper aims to compute GVT-based flutter in time domain, using unsteady air loads by matrix polynomial approximations.

Design/methodology/approach
The experimental parameters, namely, frequencies and mode shapes are interpolated to build an equivalent finite element model. The unsteady aerodynamic forces extracted from MSC NASTRAN are approximated using matrix polynomial approximations. The system matrices are condensed to the required shaker location points to build an aeroelastic reduced order state space model in SIMULINK.

Findings
The computed aerodynamic forces are successfully reduced to few input locations (optimal) for flutter simulation on unknown structural system (where stiffness and mass are not known) through a case study. It is demonstrated that GVT data and the computed unsteady aerodynamic forces of a system are adequate to represent its aeroelastic behaviour.

Practical implications
Airforce of every nation continuously upgrades its fleet with advanced weapon systems (stores), which demands aeroelastic flutter clearance. As the original equipment manufacturers does not provide the design data (stiffness and mass) to its customers, a new methodology to build an aeroelastic system of unknown aircraft is devised.

Originality/value
A hybrid approach is proposed, involving GVT data to build an aeroelastic state space system, using rationally approximated air loads (matrix polynomial approximations) computed on a virtual FE model for ground flutter simulation.
Aerodynamic performance of flying discs
Authors: Kamaruddin Noorfazreena , Potts Jonathan , Crowther William 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
The purpose of this paper is to examine geometrical design influence of various types of flying discs on their flight performance from the aerodynamics perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
The lift, drag and moment coefficients of the discs were measured experimentally using a wind tunnel. Three types of golf discs and four sets of simpler parametric discs were studied to analyze and isolate the effect of design factors on these aerodynamic characteristics. Full six degree-of-freedom simulations of the discs were performed to visualize their flight trajectories and attitudes. These simulations, combined with the experimental data, provide details on the well-known “S-shaped” ground-path traced by a flying disc.

Findings
This paper reveals two key parameters to evaluate the flight performance of a disc: its coefficient of lift-to-drag ratio (CL/CD) and, more importantly, its coefficient of pitching moment (CM). The latter influences the tendency of the disc to yaw from its intended path, and the former influences its throwing distance.

Practical implications
The work suggests that to optimize the flight performance of a disc, the magnitudes and gradient of its CM should be minimized and its trim-point shifted from origin, while its CL/CD should be maximized with a flatter peak.

Originality/value
In this paper, the design parameters and the aerodynamic characteristics of various types of flying discs are analysed, compared and discussed in depth. Recommendations of design improvements to enhance the performance of any flying disc are offered as well.
Simulation-based dynamic model and speed controller design of a small-scale turbojet engine
Authors: Yazar Isil , Kiyak Emre , Caliskan Fikret , Karakoc T. Hikmet 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to present a nonlinear mathematical model of a small-scale turbojet aeroengine and also a speed controller design that is conducted for the constructed nonlinear mathematical model.

Design/methodology/approach
In the nonlinear mathematical model of the turbojet engine, temperature, rotational speed, mass flow, pressure and other parameters are generated using thermodynamic equations (e.g. mass, energy and momentum conservation laws) and some algebraic equations. In calculation of the performance parameters, adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) method is preferred in related components. All calculated values from the mathematical model are then compared with the cycle data of the turbojet engine. Because of the single variable control need and effect of noise factor, modified proportional–integral–derivative (PID) controller is treated for speed control. For whole operation envelope, various PID structures are designed individually, according to the operating points. These controller structures are then combined via gain-scheduling approach and integrated to the nonlinear engine model. Simulations are performed on MATLAB/Simulink environment for design and off-design operating points between idle to maximum thrust levels.

Findings
The cascade structure (proposed nonlinear engine aero-thermal model and speed controller) is simulated and tested at various operating points of the engine and for different transient conditions. Simulation results show that the transitions between the operating points are found successfully. Furthermore, the controller is effective for steady-state load changes. It is suggested to be used in real-time engine applications.

Research limitations/implications
Because of limited data, only speed control is treated and simulated.

Practical implications
It can be used as an application in the industry easily.

Originality/value
First point of novelty in the paper is in calculation of the performance parameters of compressor and turbine components. ANFIS method is preferred to predict performance parameters in related components. Second novelty in the paper can be seen in speed controller design part. Because of the single variable control need and effect of noise factor, modified PID is treated.
An alternative neural airspeed computation method for aircrafts
Authors: Turkmen Ilke 
Published: January 2018

Purpose
This paper aims to present an alternative airspeed computation method based on artificial neural networks (ANN) without requiring pitot-static system measurements.

Design/methodology/approach
The data set used to train proposed neural model is obtained from the Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit records of a Boeing 737 type commercial aircraft for real flight routes. The proposed method uses the flight parameters as inputs of the ANN. The Levenberg–Marquardt training algorithm was used to train the neural model.

Findings
The predicted airspeed values obtained with ANN are in good agreement with the measured airspeed values. The proposed neural model can be used as an alternative airspeed computation method.

Practical implications
The proposed alternative airspeed computation method can be used when the air data computer or pitot-static system has failed.

Originality/value
The proposed method uses flight parameters as inputs for the ANN. As such, airspeed is calculated using flight parameters instead of the pitot-static system measurements.
Empirical analysis of the effect of financial restraint policy on Chinese residents’ consumption
Authors: Huang Feiming 
Published: January 2018

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to test whether the policies of China’s financial restraint have an inhibitory effect on the consumption of residents.Design/methodology/approachThis study used the principal component analysis for constructing a financial restraint index and also used empirical methodology.FindingsThe authors found that financial restraint policies create rent opportunities for banking sector and production sector, which further creates the rent opportunities for the household sector. Such transfer of rent and redistribution will have an inhibitory effect on residents’ consumption. The financial restraint policies directly and indirectly inhibit the growth of residents’ income; and in theory, the purpose of financial restraint policy is to promote economic growth, thus promoting residents’ consumption. Thus, the financial restraint policies impacting the residents’ consumption are non-linear and test the threshold effect of financial restraints on the residents’ consumption of China.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper’s theoretical contribution includes: increasing the connotation of financial restraint in the policies of stock market and foreign exchange controls, and further developing the financial restraint theory; and exploring the inhibitory effect on the consumption of residents from the perspective of financial restraints to enrich the connotation of the consumption theory.Originality/valueThe findings in this study can help the financial authorities to gradually relax the financial restraint policies to encourage residents’ consumption.