bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Oferta y demanda de estudios de equivalencia terapéutica (in vitro e in vivo) de medicamentos en Costa Rica
Authors: Pereira-Vega Zacarías 
Published: October 2016

<p class="p1">El continuo incremento del gasto en medicamentos a nivel mundial, íntimamente asociado al crecimiento poblacional y al aumento de la esperanza de vida de las personas, ha llevado en las últimas décadas a los gobiernos a buscar alternativas que contribuyan a reducir el impacto de este rubro en los presupuestos. Una alternativa es el uso de medicamentos genéricos, que son más baratos que los innovadores. Sin embargo, antes de ser registrado, el producto genérico debe demostrar su equivalencia terapéutica mediante ensayos <em>in vitro </em>y/o <em>in vivo </em>contra un medicamento de referencia, con el propósito de garantizar su calidad, seguridad y eficacia y, como consecuencia de ello, su intercambiabilidad. </p><p class="p1">Mediante una encuesta <em>online </em>realizada en Costa Rica durante los meses de marzo y abril de 2013, se determinó que existía una demanda de 85 medicamentos fabricados en el país, que para ser registrados a nivel nacional requerían de la misma cantidad de estudios de equivalencia terapéutica, de los cuales 47 correspondían a ensayos <em>in vitro </em>y 38 a ensayos <em>in vivo</em>. Esta demanda provenía principalmente de cuatro laboratorios que fabrican medicamentos en Costa Rica, y aumenta si se consideran los medicamentos exportados. En cuanto a la oferta nacional de estos servicios (ensayos <em>in vitro </em>e <em>in vivo</em>) por parte de laboratorios ajenos a la casa fabricante, se sabe que es muy limitada, ya que solo había dos que los ofertaban y su labor se circunscribe, por ahora, a los ensayos <em>in vitro</em>. </p>
Biodigesters: chemical, physical and biological factors related to their productivity
Authors: Rivas-Solano Olga , Faith-Vargas Margie , Guillén-Watson Rossy 
Published: October 2016

<p class="p1">Biodigesters are designed to optimize biogas production using organic wastes, thereby attaining clean, low-cost renewable energy. In 2008, a group of ITCR researchers worked on developing a wireless electronic system for control and protection of biogas production. One of the specific objectives of this work was to find information about methods to increase biogas production. In this review we established the mathematical parameters related to biogas estimation of productivity. We then focused on the influence of chemical factors such as substrate composition, substrate combinations, addition of fat, and presence of inhibitors. We also studied the effect of physical factors such as temperature, solids removal, protein exclusion and phase separation during anaerobic digestion of organic matter. Finally we attempted to determine the role of biological factors such as the addition of thermophilic bacteria and the importance of methanogens. </p>
HidroEsta, software for hydrological calculations
Authors: Villón-Béjar Máximo 
Published: October 2016

<p class="p1">This investigation, “HidroEsta, software for Hydrological Calculations” is oriented towards the creation of a computing tool using Visual Basic intended to facilitate and simplify difficult calculations that must be carried out in hydrological studies. </p><p class="p1">The software allows making calculations of statistical parameters, as well as linear and non-linear, simple and multiple regression calculations, and polynomial regressions. It is also useful for evaluating if a series of data can be fitted to a series of distributions, and calculating design events with a given probability of occurrence, based on a seasonal variation curve or a duration curve; analyzing a storm and calculating maximum intensities based on pluviograms data; calculating flow measurements taken with windmills or current meters; calculating maximum flows with empirical and statistical methods; calculating evapotranspiration and hydric balance. </p><p class="p1">Several numeric methods were used to solve the equations, selecting the most appropriate one for each case. The results of this work provide civil, agricultural engineers, and agronomists, hydrologists and other specialists who work in this field with a tool that enableZs them to carry out calculations, rapid simulations, and determine flow or precipitation for designs. </p>
Optimización multiobjetivo con funciones de alto costo computacional. Revisión del estado del arte
Authors: Calderón-Arce Cindy , Alvarado-Moya Pablo 
Published: October 2016

<p class="p1">La optimización multiobjetivo es un proceso complejo, más aún cuando las funciones objetivo que definen los problemas no están bien condicionadas o no cumplen con los requisitos mínimos para garantizar la convergencia de algoritmos clásicos, como convexidad, continuidad y diferenciabilidad. La literatura, entonces, se enfoca en el estudio de técnicas de optimización para problemas definidos por funciones con características particulares, por ejemplo, que el costo de su evaluación sea elevado, no convexas o no diferenciables. Este artículo hace una revisión general de las técnicas predominantes en problemas este tipo de funciones. </p>
ALTERNATIVE TREE CROPS FOR RECONSTRUCTION OF THE GREEN INFRASTRUCTURE POST-TSUNAMI IN THE COASTAL AREAS OF ACEH BARAT DISTRICT
Authors: Wahyunto Wahyunto , Ritung Sofyan , Wahdini Wahyu , Agus Fahmuddin 
Published: October 2016

Tree farming such as coconut, cocoa, coffee, rubber, and rambutan was dominant in the west coast of Aceh prior to tsunami. The farming is not only important for sustainable livelihood, but also for superior environmental protection. During the tsunami, considerable portion of this ‘green infrastructure’ was devastated. Therefore, a scientifically based land suitability evaluation is needed for supporting the redesign and reconstruction of the tree-based farming. The objectives of this research were to evaluate the current physical condition of the area and develop recommendation of land suitability for tree crops farming in the area. Field survey for inventory and evaluation of land characteristics was conducted in 2006, 15 months after the tsunami. Land suitability evaluation was conducted by matching field survey data and soil sample analyses in every mapping unit with crop growth requirements. The land suitability map was further matched with the district development plan, existing land uses and land status. The resulted land use recommendation map showed that the marine ecosystem along the coastal line was most suitable for coconut, cacao, coffee, and casuarinas. The recommended tree crops for the ancient sandy beach were areca nut, coconut, rambutan, mango, rubber and oil palm; and for the alluvial ecosystem were coconut, cacao, areca nut, mango, and bread fruit. Peatland of less than 3 m thick was marginally suitable for oil palm and rubber, while those thicker than 3 m were recommended for conservation due to its fragile ecosystem. In the undulating tectonic plain, the suitable tree crops were rubber, oil palm, coconut, and rambutan.
CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPOSTED BIO-TOILET RESIDUE AND ITS POTENTIAL USE AS A SOIL CONDITIONER
Authors: Triastuti Jovita , Sintawardani Neni , Irie Mitsuteru 
Published: October 2016

Bio-toilet is a dry toilet where human excreta is trapped in a lignocelluloses soil matrix such as wood sawdust, then it is decomposed by aerobic bacteria to organic compost rich in minerals such as N, P, and K. The study aimed to characterize the bio-toilet residue and its potential use as a soil conditioner for Jatropha curcas. The study was conducted in a private school of Daarut Tauhid in Bandung West Java. A bio-toilet S-50 type of Japan was constructed consisting of a composting chamber, mixer, heater, exhaust fan, and closet. The composting chamber was filled with 63 kg of Albizzia sawdust. Feces and urine was loaded daily by 54 students for 122-day observation. At the end of observation, the decomposed bio-toilet residue was evaluated for its physical properties such as bulk density (rb), porosity (%), and water retention (WR). Chemical properties such as pH, C/N ratio, N, P, and K, as well as microbiological properties such as numbers of bacteria, fungi, and worm eggs were evaluated at 14 and 122 days of decomposition process. Effect of the composted bio-toilet residue as plant growth media was evaluated using J. curcass as a plant indicator. Before it was used as a growth media, the composted bio-toilet residue was dried in a room temperature for 30 days. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design 2 x 4 factorial with three replications. The first factor was the rate of composted biotoilet residue, i.e., 0, 20, 40, and 60% based on weight of the growth media mixture (1500 g pot-1), and the second was NPK fertilizer addition at 0 and 2 g pot-1. Each pot was planted with 2-month old of J. curcas seedlings. Parameters evaluated were leaf number, leaf area, stem height, and stem diameter measured at 12 weeks after planting. The results showed that the biotoilet residue was suitable as soil conditioner because it had high porosity (76%), low bulk density (0.19 g cm-3), high water retention (2.6 ml g-1 DM), neutral pH (6.9), C/N ratio 27, and contained N, P, K, and Na of 1.73, 1.15, 1.03, and 0.88%, respectively. Its microbial count showed only two kinds of bacteria, i.e., Klebsiella pneumonia and Escherichia coli, detected at 14 and 122 days of bio-toilet usage. The composted bio-toilet residue improved vegetative performances of J. curcas as indicated by increasing leaf number, leaf area, stem height, and stem diameter.
REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY OF FIVE SPECIES OF ANCHOVIES (ENGRAULIDAE) FROM BIMA BAY, SUMBAWA, NUSA TENGGARA
Authors: Andamari Retno , Milton David , Zubaidi Thohir 
Published: October 2016

The reproductive biology of five species of anchovies (Encrasicholina and Stolephorus) in Bima Bay, Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia was examined and compared with previous studies of the same species in Bacan, Maluku and other parts of Indonesia. Fish and plankton sampling was conducted in February and April 2000. The length and weight relationship of five species of anchovies had a slope (b) that ranged from 2.71 to 3.74. These values were less than those found in Bacan for the same species. All species were multiple spawner and the mean batch fecundity ranged between 1226 (Encrasicholina devisi) and 2470 (E. punctifer). Relative fecundity varied among the species inversely with size, being lower in the larger species. Age at first spawning varied from 67 to 141 days for all five species and was higher in Stolephorus species. Lifetime egg production was less than that found in Bacan for the same species, but similar to that found in similar habitats elsewhere in the tropical Indo-Pacific. These results suggest that anchovy egg production is higher, but more variable in open oceanic environments compared with the more stable, coastal bays.
EFFECT OF PHOSPHATE ON NODULE PRIMORDIA OF SOYBEAN (Glycine max Merrill) IN ACID SOILS IN RHIZOTRON EXPERIMENTS
Authors: Waluyo Setiyo Hadi , Lie Tek An , Mannetje Leendert ’t 
Published: October 2016

To clarify whether P had a direct or indirect effect on the nodulation process of soybean grown in acid soils from Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia, a series of rhizotron experiments, with special attention given to formation of nodule primordia, was conducted at Laboratory of Microbiology, Wageningen University in 1998-2000. It was shown that Ca and P were essential nutrients for root growth, nodule formation, and growth of soybean in the acid soils (Oxisols). Ca increased root growth, number of nodule primordia, nodules, and growth of the soybean plant. This positive effect of Ca was increased considerably by the application of P. Ca and P have a synergistic effect on biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) of soybean in acid soils. Ca is important for the establishment of nodules, whilst P is essential for the development and function of the formed nodules. P increased number of nodule primordia, thus it also has an important role in the initiation of nodule formation. From this study, it can be concluded that Ca and P are the most limiting nutrients for BNF of soybean in the acid soils of Sitiung, West Sumatra, Indonesia.
ROLE OF POLYAMINES IN INHIBITION OF ETHYLENE BIOSYNTHESIS AND THEIR EFFECTS ON RICE ANTHER CULTURE DEVELOPMENT
Authors: Dewi Iswari S. , Purwoko Bambang S. 
Published: October 2016

The polyamines such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine were reported to increase green plant regeneration in rice anther culture. Low response of anther culture of rice sub-species indica may be improved with the addition of putrescine in the culture media. Four experiments were conducted to study the role of polyamines in inhibition of ethylene biosynthesis and their effects on rice anther culture development. Anthers of two subspecies of rice, indica (IR64, Krowal, Jatiluhur) and japonica (Taipei 309) were cultured onto media supplemented with putrescine (N6P) and without putrescine (N6). Young<br />panicles containing the anthers at mid-to-late nucleate microspores were cold pretreated at 5 + 2°C and incubated in the dark for 8 days before the anthers were cultured. Results<br />showed that medium without putrescine produced an earlier senescence of indica rice anther than that of japonica. The addition of 10-3 M putrescine into the culture media inhibited ethylene biosynthesis as anther senescence delayed, increased the three polyamines contents, and decreased the ACC content as well as ACC oxydase activity in anther-derived calli. In the anther and anther-derived calli of subspecies indica, the total<br />polyamines content was lower (10.14 nM g-1 anther and 8.48 nM g-1 calli) than that of subspecies japonica (12.61 nM g-1 anther and 10.16 nM g-1 calli), whereas the ethylene production was higher (32.31 nM g-1 anther and 2.48 nM g-1 calli) than the japonica (31.68 nM g-1 anther and 1.76 nM g-1 calli). This study suggests that application of 10-3 M putrescine in anther culture of rice subspecies indica improves androgenesis by inhibiting<br />early senescence of cultured anthers and enhancing embryo or callus formation from microspores.
A case of syncope and ventricular asystole triggered by postoperative nausea and vomiting
Authors: Sakai Michihiro , Terahata Akihiro , Goto Takahisa , Kaneko Mitsuhisa 
Published: October 2016

SummaryA 67‐year‐old, otherwise healthy female, developed recurrent syncope and ventricular asystole immediately after an uncomplicated total knee arthroplasty. The syncope was preceded by postoperative nausea and vomiting. The ECG findings during these episodes revealed high‐degree atrioventricular block followed by ventricular pauses, making it impossible to rule out a serious atrioventricular conduction abnormality. Further electrophysiological evaluation revealed that the cardiac conducting system was normal. Vagal dependence could not be confirmed; however a hypersensitive vagal response to postoperative nausea and vomiting appeared to be the most likely explanation.
A severe postoperative dystonic reaction to ondansetron
Authors: Kulkarni Rucha 
Published: October 2016

SummaryA 48 year old female underwent an uneventful laparoscopic cholecystectomy under general anaesthesia in the day surgery unit. She received 4mg ondansetron intravenously before emergence from anaesthesia. Thirty minutes later, in the recovery room, she developed a severe dystonic reaction, which was attributed to ondansetron. She showed improvement with 20mg procyclidine and 2 mg midazolam given intravenously and was discharged home without any neurological sequelae on the third day. This reaction caused significant distress to the patient, increased hospital stay and associated expense. Measures were taken to prevent recurrence; the reaction was highlighted on the electronic patient record system and the patient's GP informed of this and other potential triggering agents.
Tension pneumothorax presenting during upper GI endoscopy due to a chest drain in the oesophagus
Authors: Iles Lindsey , Tallach Rosel 
Published: October 2016

SummaryDiscovery of a chest drain in the oesophagus is a rare occurrence [1]. We describe the case of a 74‐year‐old female who developed a tension pneumothorax secondary to a chest drain that had entered the oesophagus and that was found during an oesophageal stent change. She was managed with retraction of the chest drain and further stent placement. A brief review of the management and imaging findings is discussed.
The use of nasal high flow oxygen to aid the management of respiratory failure and obesity in a district general maternity unit
Authors: McGovern Christopher , Soosay Alvin , Edwards Jennifer , Williamson Roy , Burns Fergal , Chaudhri Sofia 
Published: October 2016

SummaryNasal high flow (NHFTM) oxygen using the OptiflowTM system (Fisher & Paykel Healthcare Limited, Panmure, Auckland, New Zealand) is frequently used in our hospital in the management of type one respiratory failure. We present two cases where we have used NHFTM in our maternity unit. In the first case, this was used in the management of respiratory failure and as an adjunct at induction of general anaesthesia, and in the second, to facilitate safe neuraxial anaesthesia in a morbidly obese patient. Our experience of this equipment has prompted our department to consider its use beyond managing respiratory failure in critical care but also an adjunct for use in the operating theatres and maternity unit.
Ultrasound‐guided sciatic nerve catheter placement in a patient with Charcot‐Marie‐Tooth disease
Authors: Mathers Jonathan , Li Melinda , Hamdy Ahmed 
Published: October 2016

SummaryCharcot‐Marie‐Tooth is the commonest inherited peripheral neuropathy but the reported use of perineural infusions is limited. Use of a nerve stimulator has been questioned in the context of preexisting motor neuropathy. We describe the use of ultrasound to enable safe placement of a distal sciatic perineural catheter for postoperative pain control following ankle arthroplasty.
Implementasi Program Jaminan Pendidikan Daerah di Kota Yogyakarta
Authors: Sidik Fajar 
Published: October 2016

Abstrak:
Tulisan ini menganalisis tentang implementasi program Jaminan Pendidikan Daerah (JPD) di Kota Yogyakarta. Belum efektif- nya program JPD dalam mencapai tujuannya menjadi latarbelakang kajian ini. Pentingnya penilaian untuk menjelaskan ala- san-alasan program JPD tersebut belum efektif menjadi tujuan dari penulisan ini. Pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif digunakan penulis untuk menjelaskan secara objektif, detail, dan mendalam terhadap hasil yang telah diperolah di lapangan. Teknik obser- vasi, wawancara mendalam, dan dokumentasi digunakan penulis dalam pengumpulan datanya. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa implementasi program Jaminan Pendidikan Daerah (JPD) di kota Yogyakarta belum efektif mencapai tujuannya dikare- nakan: pertama, hasil penilaian keluaran (output) program seperti akses, bias, cakupan, dan ketepatan layanan menunjukkan belum efektif dilaksanakan. Kedua, penilaian hasil keluaran (outcome) program menunjukkan bahwa bantuan yang diberikan kepada para siswa KMS secara langsung dapat dirasakan. Namun, secara lebih lanjut pada penilaian kedua yaitu dampak jangka menengah (intermediate) belum menunjukkan efektif karena motivasi belajar maupun prestasi belajar siswa KMS masih dapat dikatakan rendah. Selanjutnya, dampak jangka panjang (long-term) belum dapat terwujud dan masih menjadi harapan program.
Avaliação quantitativa de características produtivas e medidas lineares em rebanho leiteiro da raça Holandesa
Authors: Silveira Neto Osvaldo José da Silveira Neto , Taveira Rodrigo Zaiden , Luz Thais Nunes , Leite Ana Anária Alvarenga , Oliveira Bruna Cristhina de , Martins Taynara Raimundo 
Published: October 2016

The milk production maximization have been being by several years selected in the livestock that do this economical function, however, can be observed that the precocity sell of cows from median to high production, due problems in the important functional traits, as aplomb and aspects relationship to the mammary system. The cows that have the best functional traits can be kept in the livestock by more time, but, they should be good milk producers, having the chance to produce more daughters that can be incorporate into the livestock or sold, aiming important gains to the milk producer. The study was conducted in a dairy livestock located in the São Luís de Montes Belos city, Goiás state. There were evaluated 50 cows of Holstein breed, in the same lactation stadium, evaluated the daily milk production, the milk production adjusted by 305 days of each animal and 07 type linear measures. The linear measures were themselves correlated and with the milk production, by the Pearson correlation. It was evaluate the scores for ramp angulation and legs angulation, considering scale from 01 to 09, and mouth width, considering scale from 01 to 05. The average milk production until 305 days found in this study was 9,860 kg of milk. The average body weight was 658.70 kg. Could be observed that 46% and 36% of the animal showing the ramp angulation and legs angulation in the 07 score. Can be adopted the selection considering the less corporal size and better legs angulation, aiming the better benefice – cost relationship between milk production costs and animals productive. The highest phenotypic correlation occurred between the daily milk production and the posterior uberous width, showing that the cows with this higher measure, trend to produce more milk, should, therefore, include in the selection criteria of the livestock
Comparison of clonogenic cell survival and DNA damage induced by 188Re and X-rays in rat thyroid cells
Authors: Arlt Jana , Oehme Liane , Freudenberg Robert , Kotzerke Jörg , Runge Roswitha 
Published: October 2016

Summary
Aim: Ionizing radiation produces DNA lesions among which DNA double strand breaks (DSB) are the most critical events. Radiation of various energy types might differ in their biological effectiveness. Here, we compared cell survival and DNA damage induced by 188Re and X-rays using YH2AX foci as a measure of DSB. The correlation between survival and residual foci was also analyzed. Methods: PCCl3 cells were irradiated with 200 kV X-rays (1.2 Gy/min) or 0.5-25 MBq/ml 188Re (1 h irradiation) achieving doses up to 10 Gy. By blocking of sodium iodide sym- porter (NIS) essentially extracellular activity could be guaranteed. Survival fractions (SF) were detected by colony forming assay. Initial and residual YH2AX foci (15 min and 24 h after irradiation) were assessed by immunos- taining. The relationship between SF and residual radiation induced YH2AX foci (RIF) was evaluated by Spearman and Pearson correlation tests. Results: We did not find significant differences between the survival curves in terms of the radiation quality. The D37 values were 4.6 Gy and 4.2 Gy for 188Re or X-ray, respectively. The initial foci numbers were in the same range for 188Re and X-ray, but higher levels of residual foci persisted after X-rays in comparison to 188Re (1 GyX-ray 6.5 ± 0.2; 1 GyRe-188 4.8 ± 0.2 RIF). Accordingly, for 188Re a higher extent of DSB repair was found. The Spearman test revealed a significant (p < 0.01) correlation between SF and residual RIF for both radiation modalities. Conclusion: No differences in terms of radiation were found for SF and initial foci. However, residual foci were lower for 188Re than for X-rays. A prediction of SF by residual foci should consider the properties of the radiation qualities that influence foci removal and DSB repair.