bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Review of the ecosystem service implications of mangrove encroachment into salt marshes
Authors: Kelleway Jeffrey J. , Cavanaugh Kyle , Rogers Kerrylee , Feller Ilka C. , Ens Emilie , Doughty Cheryl , Saintilan Neil 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSalt marsh and mangrove have been recognized as being among the most valuable ecosystem types globally in terms of their supply of ecosystem services and support for human livelihoods. These coastal ecosystems are also susceptible to the impacts of climate change and rising sea levels, with evidence of global shifts in the distribution of mangroves, including encroachment into salt marshes. The encroachment of woody mangrove shrubs and trees into herbaceous salt marshes may represent a substantial change in ecosystem structure, although resulting impacts on ecosystem functions and service provisions are largely unknown. In this review, we assess changes in ecosystem services associated with mangrove encroachment. While there is quantitative evidence to suggest that mangrove encroachment may enhance carbon storage and the capacity of a wetland to increase surface elevation in response to sea‐level rise, for most services there has been no direct assessment of encroachment impact. On the basis of current understanding of ecosystem structure and function, we theorize that mangrove encroachment may increase nutrient storage and improve storm protection, but cause declines in habitat availability for fauna requiring open vegetation structure (such as migratory birds and foraging bats) as well as the recreational and cultural activities associated with this fauna (e.g., birdwatching and/or hunting). Changes to provisional services such as fisheries productivity and cultural services are likely to be site specific and dependent on the species involved. We discuss the need for explicit experimental testing of the effects of encroachment on ecosystem services in order to address key knowledge gaps, and present an overview of the options available to coastal resource managers during a time of environmental change.
Oral flora in acute stroke patients: A prospective exploratory observational study
Authors: Boaden Elizabeth , Lyons Mary , Singhrao Sim K. , Dickinson Hazel , Leathley Michael , Lightbody Catherine E. , McLoughlin Alison , Khan Zarine , Crean Stjohn , Smith Craig , Higham Susan , Watkins Caroline 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo describe the bacterial profile of the oral flora during the first 2 weeks following a stroke, examining changes in the condition of the oral cavity and infections.BackgroundDysphagia is common after a stroke and can lead to aspiration pneumonia. Oral flora changes associated with stroke have been implicated as a possible source of bacteria that can cause systemic infections.Materials and methodsSeventy‐seven participants were recruited over a period of 9 months. Fifty participants had a complete set of swabs from four different oral sites and a saliva sample taken at three time points over a 14‐day period. Molecular identification of bacteria was performed on the pooled DNA extracted.ResultsA total of 103 bacterial phylotypes were identified, 29 of which were not in the Human Oral Microbiome Database (HOMD). Fourteen of the twenty most common bacterial phylotypes found in the oral cavity were Streptococcal species with Streptococcus salivarius being the most common. The condition of the oral cavity worsened during the study period. Fifteen (30%) patients had at least one infection.ConclusionsThere appears to be huge diversity of bacterial organisms in the oral cavity of stroke patients, and as most phylotypes identified were only found in one or two participants, no particular patterns linked to infection or the condition of the oral cavity could be discerned.
Tics in TACs: A Step into an Avalanche? Systematic Literature Review and Conclusions
Authors: Wöber Christian 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundTrigeminal autonomic cephalalgias (TACs) comprise cluster headache, paroxysmal hemicrania, short‐lasting unilateral neuralgiform headache attacks, and hemicrania continua. In some cases, trigeminal neuralgia (TN, “tic douloureux”) or TN‐like pain may co‐occur with TACs.AimThis article will review the co‐occurrence and overlap of TACs and tics in order to contribute to a better understanding of the issue and an improved management of the patients.MethodsFor performing a systematic literature review Pubmed was searched using a total of ten terms. The articles identified were screened for further articles of relevance.SummaryTACs are related to tics in various ways. TN or TN‐like paroxysms may co‐occur with CH, PH, and HC, labeled as cluster‐tic syndrome, PH‐tic syndrome, and HC‐tic syndrome. Such co‐occurrence was not only found in the primary TACs but also in secondary headaches resembling TACs. The initial onset of TAC and tic may be simultaneous or separated by months or years. In acute attacks, tic and TAC may occur concurrently or much more often independently of each other. The term “cluster‐tic syndrome” was also used in patients with a single type of pain in a twilight zone between TACs and TN fulfilling none of the relevant diagnostic criteria. Short‐lasting neuralgiform headache attacks overlap with TN in terms of clinical features, imaging findings, and therapy.
Aura and Other Neurologic Dysfunction in or with Migraine
Authors: Kissoon Narayan R. , Cutrer Fred Michael 
Published: May 2017

PremiseMigraine can present with a wide range of neurological symptoms.ProblemBased on currently available data, the symptoms of typical migraine aura are most likely related to cortical spreading depression (CSD), and evidence supports that CSD can lead to trigeminovascular activation resulting in the headache phase of migraine.Potential SolutionAn alternative diagnosis to migraine aura should be considered if migrainous headaches present with transient neurological symptoms that have features inconsistent with aura.
Phylogeography and diversification of an Amazonian understorey hummingbird: paraphyly and evidence for widespread cryptic speciation in the Plio‐Pleistocene
Authors: Araújo‐Silva Lucas E. , Miranda Leonardo S. , Carneiro Lincoln , Aleixo Alexandre 
Published: May 2017

Straight‐billed Hermit Phaethornis bourcieri inhabits the understorey of upland terra firme forest throughout most of the Amazon basin. Currently, two allopatric taxa regarded as subspecies are recognized: P. b. bourcieri and P. b. major. However, the validity, interspecific limits and evolutionary history of these taxa are not yet fully elucidated. We use molecular characters to propose a phylogenetic hypothesis for populations and taxa grouped under Phaethornis bourcieri. Our results showed that P. bourcieri is part of the ‘Ametrornis’ clade, along with Phaethornis philippii and Phaethornis koepckeae, and that the subspecies major is more closely related to the latter two species than to populations grouped under nominate bourcieri. Our phylogenetic hypotheses recovered three main reciprocally monophyletic clades under nominate bourcieri separated by the lower Negro River and the Branco River or the Branco–Negro interfluve (clades B and C) and the upper Amazon (Solimões) or lower Marañon/Ucayali Rivers (clades C and D). Based on multi‐locus phylogeographic and population genetics approaches, we show that P. b. major is best treated as a separate species, and that P. b. bourcieri probably includes more than one evolutionary species, whose limits remain uncertain. The diversification of the ‘Ametrornis’ clade (P. bourcieri, P. philippii and P. koepckeae) is centred in the Amazon and appears to be closely linked to the formation of the modern Amazon drainage during the Plio‐Pleistocene.
Periodontal maintenance following active specialist treatment: Should patients stay put or return to primary dental care for continuing care? A comparison of outcomes based on the literature
Authors: Leavy PG , Robertson DP 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo review the evidence for the efficacy of periodontal maintenance (PM) carried out in primary dental care (PDC) compared to the specialist setting for patients previously treated in a specialist setting for chronic (ChP) or aggressive (AgP) periodontitis.MethodsA focused PICO question and search protocol were developed. Online databases including MEDLINE, EMBASE, WEB OF SCIENCE™ and COCHRANE LIBRARY were searched along with specialist journals in the subject area of periodontal research. Selection criteria included studies that investigated delivery of PM in both specialist and PDC settings for patients with ChP or AgP over a minimum 12 months. We looked for studies that reported changes in clinical attachment levels (CAL), tooth loss, pocket probing depths (PPDs) and bleeding on probing (BoP) as outcome measures.ResultsEight cohort studies were chosen for inclusion. There was considerable heterogeneity found between the eight studies, which did not allow for quantitative (meta) analysis and statistical testing of differences between groups. Clinical attachment levels remained relatively stable in patients who received specialist PM with mean changes of −0.42 mm to +0.2 mm, while for those enrolled in PDC‐based PM for periods >12 months, mean CAL losses were between −0.13 mm and −2.80 mm. PPD reduction for those subjects receiving specialist PM was between 0.05 and 1.8 mm for five studies but two cohorts experienced increases of 0.32 and 0.80 mm, respectively. Increases of up to 2.90 mm (range: −0.1 to +2.90) and a higher proportion of deeper pockets were noted among PDC PM cohorts. Higher rates of BoP among those in receipt of PDC PM were reported in half of all studies. There were insufficient long‐term data to make any firm conclusions about the effect of the delivery of PM on tooth loss.ConclusionWithin the limitations of the data available, it appears that specialist PM is effective in sustaining periodontal stability following active specialist intervention. There is limited evidence that PDC provides the same level of care; however, the limited comparative data available suggest that outcomes could be slightly worse in PDC.
Longitudinal patterns in objective physical activity and sedentary time in a multi‐ethnic sample of children from the UK
Authors: Smith L. , Aggio D. , Hamer M. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundChildren of South Asian decent born in the UK display lower levels of physical activity than British Caucasians although no longitudinal data are available.ObjectivesWe aimed to investigate change in activity levels over 1 year in a diverse ethnic sample of children residing in London, UK.MethodsChildren were categorized into ethnic groups (Caucasian/mixed, Black, South Asian). At baseline and 1‐year follow‐up, children's objective physical activity was monitored (Actigraph accelerometer) for at least 1 day. Mixed models were employed to investigate differences in change in activity levels between ethnic groups.ResultsA total of 281 children were included in the analyses. South Asians had a significantly greater increase in time spent sedentary at follow‐up than those of a Caucasian/mixed ethnicity (B [ratio sedentary/wear time] = 0.024; 95% confidence interval 0.003, 0.046). South Asian children recorded lower moderate to vigorous physical activity at baseline (B = −6.5, 95% confidence interval, −11.1, −1.9 min d−1, p = 0.006) although levels remained relatively stable over follow‐up and changes did not differ across ethnic group.ConclusionsIn a diverse ethnic sample of children from inner city London, those of a South Asian ethnicity exhibited a significantly greater increase in sedentary time over a period of 12 months in comparison with Caucasian/mixed and Black children.
CD40‐mediated signalling influences trafficking, T‐cell receptor expression, and T‐cell pathogenesis, in the NOD model of type 1 diabetes
Authors: Vaitaitis Gisela M. , Waid Dan M. , Yussman Martin G. , Wagner David H. 
Published: May 2017

SummaryCD40 plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). The mechanism of action, however, is undetermined, probably because CD40 expression has been grossly underestimated. CD40 is expressed on numerous cell types that now include T cells and pancreatic β cells. CD40+ CD4+ cells [T helper type 40 (TH40)] prove highly pathogenic in NOD mice and in translational human T1D studies. We generated BDC2.5.CD40−/− and re‐derived NOD.CD154−/− mice to better understand the CD40 mechanism of action. Fully functional CD40 expression is required not only for T1D development but also for insulitis. In NOD mice, TH40 cell expansion in pancreatic lymph nodes occurs before insulitis and demonstrates an activated phenotype compared with conventional CD4+ cells, apparently regardless of antigen specificity. TH40 T‐cell receptor (TCR) usage demonstrates increases in several Vα and Vβ species, particularly Vα3.2+ that arise early and are sustained throughout disease development. TH40 cells isolated from diabetic pancreas demonstrate a relatively broad TCR repertoire rather than restricted clonal expansions. The expansion of the Vα/Vβ species associated with diabetes depends upon CD40 signalling; NOD.CD154−/− mice do not expand the same TCR species. Finally, CD40‐mediated signals significantly increase pro‐inflammatory Th1‐ and Th17‐associated cytokines whereas CD28 co‐stimulus alternatively promotes regulatory cytokines.
Vulnerabilities to housing bubbles: Evidence from linkages between housing prices and income fundamentals
Authors: Huang MeiChi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates US state‐level housing markets by examining three signs of vulnerabilities to housing bubbles: negative or insignificant co‐movements between housing prices and income fundamentals, high housing‐price persistence, and boom–bust regime‐switching phenomena. The study effectively mitigates potential estimation bias by estimating income growth using three explanatory variables for housing markets: the stock price, the federal funds, rate and non‐farm‐employment growth. The moving‐average thresholds track housing boom–bust regime shifts from a forward‐looking perspective. Although only California displays high housing‐bubble vulnerability in all dimensions analysed, all selected states show signs of housing‐bubble vulnerabilities because income fundamentals lack explanatory power for housing price dynamics. The results suggest that the US government had difficulties in stabilizing the housing market during the period 1976–2010.
The influence of monetary policy on bank profitability
Authors: Borio Claudio , Gambacorta Leonardo , Hofmann Boris 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis paper investigates how monetary policy affects bank profitability. We use data for 109 large international banks headquartered in 14 major advanced economies for the period 1995–2012. Overall, we find a positive relationship between the level of short‐term rates and the slope of the yield curve (the ‘interest rate structure’, for short), on the one hand, and bank profitability – return on assets – on the other. This suggests that the positive impact of the interest rate structure on net interest income dominates the negative one on loan loss provisions and on non‐interest income. We also find that the effect is stronger when the interest rate level is lower and the slope less steep, that is, when non‐linearities are present. All this suggests that, over time, unusually low interest rates and an unusually flat term structure erode bank profitability.
Public Pedagogy and Social Justice in Arts Education
Authors: Hochtritt Lisa , Ahlschwede Willa , Halsey‐Dutton Bonnie , Fiesel Laura Mychal , Chevalier Liz , Miller Taylor , Farrar Chelsea 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this article we explore examples of public pedagogical actions and interventions, reading them through a social justice education framework lens. In our discussion we start with definitions of social justice, public pedagogy and case study methodologies. Then, we look at a variety of international examples to highlight the pervasiveness of public pedagogical opportunities in visual culture that include a festival, an individual, a citywide symposium, an online community, a cultural group and a museum exhibition. They are divided into three categories based on social justice principles suggested by Ayers et al. and later interpreted by Dewhurst: (1) Public pedagogy and social justice is rooted in people's experiences: Fiesta del Señor de Choquekillka: Ollantaytambo, Peru and Janet Weight Reed – an artist's public pedagogy utilising social media; (2) Public pedagogy and social justice is a process of reflection and action together: Ideas City Festival and the Vlogbrothers; (3) Public pedagogy and social justice seeks to dismantle systems of inequality to create a more humane society: CULTURUNNERS and sh[OUT]: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender and Intersex art and culture. It is our hope that in looking more closely at these international examples of public pedagogy and social justice education that the power of such alternative sites of learning is apparent and encourages further interventions and investigations in such spaces of inquiry.
Using phylogenies to trace the geographical signal of diversification
Authors: Abellán Pedro , Ribera Ignacio 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAimCurrent geographical distributions in conjunction with species‐level phylogenies have been viewed as offering an enormous potential for investigating the causes of speciation. However, many authors have concluded that species ranges are too dynamic to retain the historical signal of the speciation processes. We develop an approach to explore the extent to which range changes have erased the geographical signal of speciation in the current distribution of species lineages, and whether phylogenetic relationships among species and their current distributions can provide information regarding the geography of diversification. As case studies we used different lineages of aquatic Coleoptera.LocationWestern Palaearctic.MethodsWe first assessed the persistence of a geographical signal in the current distribution of a clade from the association between evolutionary relationships and geography using Mantel tests. We then tested two potential scenarios of diversification using bivariate plots of the geographical distance between the centroids of the species ranges and phylogenetic distances, and an assessment of the match between the observed geographical distribution and the phylogenetic topology. We used as a study system a set of 10 monophyletic lineages of water beetles with different ecological characteristics (either standing water, running water or a mixture of both habitat types).ResultsOur results point to a common pattern of geographically conserved ranges where current species seem to have originated through range fragmentation of formerly more widespread species. Exclusive standing water clades showed a much weaker signal, as expected from their higher mobility, which erases the geographical signal at much shorter temporal scales.Main conclusionsOverall, our findings show that for at least some lineages it is possible to obtain strong evidence of stasis of the geographical ranges of species, as well as information regarding the diversification process, through the study of their current distributions and phylogenetic relationships.
Morphology and Molecular Phylogeny of a New Hypotrich Ciliate, Pseudourostyla guizhouensis sp. nov. from Southern China, with Notes on a Chinese Population of Hemicycliostyla franzi (Foissner, 1987) Paiva et al., 2012 (Ciliophora, Hypotricha)
Authors: Li Yanbo , Lyu Zhao , Warren Alan , Zhou Kexin , Li Fengchao , Chen Xumiao 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe morphology and molecular phylogeny of a soil hypotrich ciliate, Pseudourostyla guizhouensis sp. nov., collected from southern China, were investigated. Pseudourostyla guizhouensis sp. nov. has an elongate elliptical body measuring 180–310 × 65–85 μm in vivo; invariably two right and three or four left marginal rows; six or seven dorsal kineties; adoral zone consisting of 57–70 membranelles; 12–16 frontal cirri, one buccal cirrus, 13–20 midventral pairs, two frontoterminal cirri, two pretransverse cirri, and five to seven transverse cirri. Morphogenesis during physiological regeneration indicates that the marginal rows of each side originate from a common anlage that differentiates into several rows. Molecular phylogenetic analysis based on SSU rDNA sequence data reveals that P. guizhouensis sp. nov. clusters with the type species P. cristata (Jerka‐Dziadosz, 1964) Borror, 1972 and that the genus Pseudourostyla is monophyletic. The morphological characters of another soil hypotrich ciliate, Hemicycliostyla franzi (Foissner, 1987) Paiva et al., 2012, are also described based on a Chinese (Guizhou) population.
Effect of Spironolactone on Exercise Tolerance and Arterial Function in Older Adults with Heart Failure with Preserved Ejection Fraction
Authors: Upadhya Bharathi , Hundley William G. , Brubaker Peter H. , Morgan Timothy M. , Stewart Kathryn P. , Kitzman Dalane W. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the effects of an aldosterone antagonist on exercise intolerance in older adults with heart failure and preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF).DesignRandomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blind trial.SettingAcademic medical center, Winston‐Salem, North Carolina.ParticipantsOlder adults (N = 80, aged 71 ± 1; 80% female) with stable compensated HFpEF and controlled blood pressure (BP).MeasurementsParticipants were randomized into a 9‐month treatment of spironolactone 25 mg/d vs placebo. Assessments were peak exercise oxygen consumption (VO2), 6‐minute walk test, Minnesota Living with Heart Failure Questionnaire (MLHFQ), cardiac magnetic resonance imaging, Doppler echocardiography, and vascular ultrasound.ResultsSeventy‐one participants completed the trial: 37 in the spironolactone group and 34 in the placebo group. Adherence according to pill count was excellent (spironolactone 95%, placebo 97%). Mean spironolactone dose was 24.3 ± 2.9 mg/d and was well tolerated. Spironolactone significantly reduced systolic and diastolic BP at rest and peak exercise. At 9‐month follow‐up, baseline‐adjusted peak VO2, the primary outcome, was 13.5 ± 0.3 mL/kg per minute in the spironolactone group versus 13.9 ± 0.3 mL/kg per minute in the placebo group (adjusted mean difference −0.4 mL/kg per minute; 95% confidence interval = −1.1–0.4 mL/kg per minute; P = .38). The 95% confidence intervals of spironolactone's effect on peak VO2 (−8.2% to 3.2%) excluded a clinically significant beneficial effect. There were also no significant differences in 6‐minute walk distance, arterial stiffness, left ventricular (LV) mass, LV mass/end‐diastolic volume, or MLHFQ score.ConclusionIn older adults with stable compensated HFpEF, 9 months of spironolactone 25 mg/d was well tolerated and reduced BP but did not improve exercise capacity, quality of life, LV mass, or arterial stiffness.
The Rise and Decline ofLa Yuma: Global Symbols, Local Meanings, and Remittance Circuits in Post‐Soviet Cuba
Authors: Ryer Paul 
Published: May 2017

ResumenExaminando las transformaciones actuales de la sociedad cubana tras la desapariciόn de la Uniόn Soviética, este artículo explora el término popular cubano “La Yuma,” y las mutaciones semióticas de sus más deseados bienes, marcas y símbolos durante los últimos veinte años. Mi propuesta es que, en vez de apuntar simplemente a una política contrarrevolucionaria, bienes tales como prendas de ropa con la bandera estadounidense, o tenis de la marca Nike, indican principalmente la emergencia de lo que yo llamo “circuitos de remesas” entre la Cuba post‐soviética y sus comunidades en la diáspora, en vez de denotar sencillamente una posición política de resistencia al estado revolucionario, tal y como se asume con frecuencia. Una mirada integradora, que busque comprender a la vez los movimientos de personas, sus marcas preferidas, y los significados locales de símbolos globales, contribuirá a enriquecer etnográficamente la comprensión teórica de la Cuba contemporánea en campos tales como los estudios (post) socialistas, caribeños, transnacionales, y globales, en un amplio sentido.