bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Production of P, N Co‐doped Graphene‐Based Materials by a Solution Process and Their Electrocatalytic Performance for Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Jang Dawoon , Lee Seungjun , Kim Sujin , Choi Kwangrok , Park Sunghee , Oh Junghoon , Park Sungjin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGraphene‐based materials are promising as metal‐free, cost‐effective electrocatalysts owing to their feasibility for mass production and excellent electrochemical properties. Recently, heteroatom co‐doping of graphene networks has been identified as a promising route to produce efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR). In this study, we have synthesized a P, N co‐doped graphene‐based material (N−P−rG−O) using a two‐step solution process in which graphene oxide is sequentially reacted with phytic acid and ammonium hydroxide in water. The N−P−rG−O catalyst exhibits an onset potential for the ORR in basic medium (0.1 M KOH) of 0.89 V (vs. the reversible hydrogen electrode), following a four‐electron pathway and showing excellent stability against methanol poisoning in durability tests.
Free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist, MR1704, lowers blood glucose levels in rats unresponsive to the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide
Authors: Tsuda Naoto , Kawaji Atsuko , Takagi Mitsuhiro , Higashi Chika , Nakamura Masaki , Hosaka Yoshitaka , Sakaki Junichi 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Preclinical Research & Development

MR1704 is a selective G protein‐coupled receptor 40/free fatty acid receptor 1 agonist, which exhibited favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and glucose‐lowering effects in animal models. We studied the effects of MR1704 in a sulfonylurea‐desensitized Sprague–Dawley rat model and evaluated the risk of pancreatic β‐cell exhaustion compared to that of glibenclamide in Zucker fatty rats. Rats fed ad libitum a diet containing 0.03% glibenclamide exhibited lower non‐fasting blood glucose levels compared to those in rats fed a control diet during the first 6 days. However, the response to glibenclamide disappeared on day 9. In a rat oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT), MR1704 reduced the plasma glucose excursion, whereas glibenclamide did not show this effect. In Zucker fatty rats, oral administration of MR1704 reduced glucose excursion during the OGTT, and the effects of MR1704 were maintained after 2‐week treatment. In contrast, the glucose‐lowering effects of glibenclamide were diminished, and glucose tolerance was aggravated after 2‐week treatment. These results indicated that MR1704 provided more sustainable effects compared to those of the sulfonylurea, glibenclamide suggesting that MR1704 may be an attractive therapeutic option for diabetic patients who are unresponsive to sulfonylurea treatment.
Prematurity and perinatal adversity effects hypothalamic‐pituitary‐adrenal axis reactivity to social evaluative threat in adulthood
Authors: Sullivan Mary C. , Winchester Suzy B. , Bryce Crystal I. , Granger Douglas A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThis study examined the long‐term effects of prematurity and perinatal adversity on individual differences in stress‐related reactivity and regulation of the HPA axis. A prospective sample of 155 infants born preterm and healthy (n = 20), medical illness (n = 48), neurological illness (n = 26), and small for gestational age (n = 24) and full‐term (n = 37) were recruited between 1985 and 1989. At age 23 years, multiple saliva samples were collected before and after participation in the Trier Social Stress Test and later assayed for cortisol. Results reveal that at age 23 years, infants born premature with neurological complications showed higher cortisol reactivity to social evaluative threat compared to either their full‐term, small for gestation age, medically ill, or healthy preterm peers. Findings are discussed in terms of implications for contemporary theories that propose effects of early adversity on biological sensitivities and susceptibilities, which translate experience into developmental outcomes related to poor health and risk for disease.
Rapid facial reactions in response to happy and angry expressions in 7‐month‐old infants
Authors: Datyner Amy , Henry Julie D. , Richmond Jenny L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractHumans rapidly and spontaneously activate muscles in the face when viewing emotional facial expressions in others. These rapid facial reactions (RFRs) are thought to reflect low‐level, bottom‐up processes, and are theorized to assist an observer to experience and share the affect of another individual. It has been assumed that RFRs are present from birth; however to date, no study has investigated this response in children younger than 3 years of age. In the present study, we used facial electromyography (EMG) to measure corrugator supercilii (brow) and zygomaticus major (cheek) muscle activity in 7‐month‐old infants while they viewed happy and angry facial expressions. The results showed that 7‐month olds exhibited greater zygomaticus activity in response to happy expressions than angry expressions, however, we found no evidence of differential corrugator muscle activity.
Geographic isolation facilitates the evolution of reproductive isolation and morphological divergence
Authors: Worsham McLean L. D. , Julius Eric P. , Nice Chris C. , Diaz Peter H. , Huffman David G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractGeographic isolation is known to contribute to divergent evolution, resulting in unique phenotypes. Oftentimes morphologically distinct populations are found to be interfertile while reproductive isolation is found to exist within nominal morphological species revealing the existence of cryptic species. These disparities can be difficult to predict or explain especially when they do not reflect an inferred history of common ancestry which suggests that environmental factors affect the nature of ecological divergence. A series of laboratory experiments and observational studies were used to address what role biogeographic factors may play in the ecological divergence of Hyalella amphipods. It was found that geographic isolation plays a key role in the evolution of reproductive isolation and divergent morphology and that divergence cannot be explained by molecular genetic variation.
Residence time, native range size, and genome size predict naturalization among angiosperms introduced to Australia
Authors: Schmidt John P. , Drake John M. , Stephens Patrick 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAlthough critical to progress in understanding (i) if, and (ii) at what rate, introduced plants will naturalize and potentially become invasive, establishing causal links between traits and invasion success is complicated by data gaps, phylogenetic nonindependence of species, the inability to control for differences between species in residence time and propagule pressure, and covariance among traits. Here, we focus on statistical relationships between genomic factors, life history traits, native range size, and naturalization status of angiosperms introduced to Australia. In a series of analyses, we alternately investigate the role of phylogeny, incorporate introduction history, and use graphical models to explore the network of conditional probabilities linking traits and introduction history to naturalization status. Applying this ensemble of methods to the largest publicly available data set on plant introductions and their fates, we found that, overall, residence time and native range size best predicted probability of naturalization. Yet, importantly, probability of naturalization consistently increased as genome size decreased, even when the effects of shared ancestry and residence time in Australia were accounted for, and that this pattern was stronger in species without a history of cultivation, but present across annual–biennials, and herbaceous and woody perennials. Thus, despite introduction biases and indirect effects of traits via introduction history, across analyses, reduced genome size was nevertheless consistently associated with a tendency to naturalize.
Opposite effects of daytime and nighttime warming on top‐down control of plant diversity
Authors: Barton Brandon T. , Schmitz Oswald J. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractEcological analyses of climate warming explore how rising mean temperature will affect the species composition of communities and their associated functioning. Experimentation usually presumes that warming arises from simultaneous increase in daily maximum (daytime) and minimum (nighttime) temperatures. Yet evidence shows that mean warming arises largely from increasing nighttime temperatures. We report on a 3‐yr experiment that compared the effects of daytime and nighttime warming on a community comprising herbaceous plants, grasshopper herbivores and predatory spiders. We warmed experimental mesocosms 3–4°C above ambient control treatments during the daytime (06:00–18:00 h) or nighttime (18:00–06:00 h). Daytime warming caused spiders to seek a thermal refuge low in the plant canopy and away from grasshopper prey, which allowed grasshoppers to spend more time feeding on a competitively dominant plant species. Nighttime had the opposite effect, where spider activity increased causing grasshoppers to reduce feeding. Two consecutive years of daytime warming resulted in a suppression of the competitive dominant plant and increased the diversity and evenness of the plant community, whereas nighttime warming had opposite effects. These results show that ignoring the nuanced effects of asymmetrical warming may lead to inaccurate conclusions about the net effects of climate change on ecosystems.
Transcription factor YY1 can control AID‐mediated mutagenesis in mice
Authors: Zaprazna Kristina , Basu Arindam , Tom Nikola , Jha Vibha , Hodawadekar Suchita , Radova Lenka , Malcikova Jitka , Tichy Boris , Pospisilova Sarka , Atchison Michael L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractActivation‐induced cytidine deminase (AID) is crucial for controlling the immunoglobulin (Ig) diversification processes of somatic hypermutation (SHM) and class switch recombination (CSR). AID initiates these processes by deamination of cytosine, ultimately resulting in mutations or double strand DNA breaks needed for SHM and CSR. Levels of AID control mutation rates, and off‐target non‐Ig gene mutations can contribute to lymphomagenesis. Therefore, factors that control AID levels in the nucleus can regulate SHM and CSR, and may contribute to disease. We previously showed that transcription factor YY1 can regulate the level of AID in the nucleus and Ig CSR. Therefore, we hypothesized that conditional knock‐out of YY1 would lead to reduction in AID localization at the Ig locus, and reduced AID‐mediated mutations. Using mice that overexpress AID (IgκAID yy1f/f) or that express normal AID levels (yy1f/f), we found that conditional knock‐out of YY1 results in reduced AID nuclear levels, reduced localization of AID to the Sμ switch region, and reduced AID‐mediated mutations. We find that the mechanism of YY1 control of AID nuclear accumulation is likely due to YY1‐AID physical interaction which blocks AID ubiquitination.
Using Short‐Wave Infrared Radiation to Improve Aqueous Enzymatic Extraction of Peanut Oil: Evaluation of Peanut Cotyledon Microstructure and Oil Quality
Authors: Deng Bo‐Xin , Li Bo , Li Xiao‐Dan , Zaaboul Farah , Jiang Jiang , Li Jin‐Wei , Li Qiu , Cao Pei‐Rang , Liu Yuan‐Fa 
Published: October 2017

In this study, the effects of short‐wave infrared radiation (SIR) on enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) of peanut oil (PO) are investigated, including peanuts cotyledon cells mircrostructure and yield as well as quality of extracted PO. GC‐flash electronic nose (EN) combined with principal components analysis (PCA) is applied to select conditions for SIR process. The appropriate roasting condition based on the overall flavor is determined as 150 °C for 55 min. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) are used to investigate the effects of SIR on cotyledon microstructure. The results demonstrated that SIR damaged the cell microstructure and oil body membrane, and the extraction of oil is facilitated. Accordingly, the oil yield increased significantly by 8.74% compared to that of the control (p < 0.05). Further analysis on the quality properties of PO revealed that the content of polyphenols of oil extracted from SIR roasted peanuts (2.79 ± 0.05 mg GAE kg−1) is 62.21% higher than that from the control. It is in consistent with the significantly enhanced oxidation stability of oil in the present study (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the variety and relative content of volatile compounds which contributed to a better overall flavor are greatly increased.Practical Applications: SIR as a mild and efficient roasting method could enhance the oil extraction yield in EAEP and improve the oxidation stability of the extracted oil. With the appropriate pre‐roasting of peanuts by SIR, the overall flavor of EAEP extracted peanut oil was improved. Its volatiles pattern was close to that of the commercial hot‐pressed PO. It was confirmed that SIR is a novel choice for roasting processing, as well as a potential and available pre‐roasting method of peanuts to improve the EAEP technology.In order to improve the enzyme‐assisted aqueous extraction process (EAEP) of peanut oil, short‐wave infrared radiation (SIR) to roast peanuts before the extraction process is used. SEM and TEM are employed to evaluate the roasting effects on cotyledon microstructure. Some chemical properties, the content of antioxidant compounds, and the flavor of extracted oil are assessed to show the effects on oil quality. The oil yield is also evaluated to explain the roasting effects together with the changes of the microstructure.
Uptake and dissipation of neonicotinoid residues in nectar and foliage of systemically treated woody landscape plants
Authors: Mach Bernadette M. , Bondarenko Svetlana , Potter Daniel A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract

Systemic neonicotinoid insecticides used in urban arboriculture could pose a risk to bees and other pollinators foraging on treated plants. We measured uptake and dissipation of soil-applied imidacloprid and dinotefuran in nectar and leaves of 2 woody plant species, a broadleaf evergreen tree (Ilex × attenuata) and a deciduous shrub (Clethra alnifolia), to assess concentrations to which pollinators and pests might be exposed in landscape settings. Three application timings, autumn (postbloom), spring (prebloom), and summer (early postbloom), were evaluated to see if taking advantage of differences in the neonicotinoids’ systemic mobility and persistence might enable pest control while minimizing transference into nectar. Nectar and tissue samples were collected from in-ground plants and analyzed for residues by high-performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC–MS/MS) in 2 successive years. Concentrations found in nectar following autumn or spring applications ranged from 166 to 515 ng/g for imidacloprid and from 70 to 1235 ng/gg for dinotefuran, depending on plant and timing. These residues exceed concentrations shown to adversely affect individual- and colony-level traits of bees. Summer application mitigated concentrations of imidacloprid (8–31 ng/g), but not dinotefuran (235–1191 ng/g), in nectar. Our data suggest that dinotefuran may be more persistent than is generally believed. Implications for integrated pest and pollinator management in urban landscapes are discussed. Environ Toxicol Chem 2018;37:860–870. © 2017 SETAC
The challenge of forgetting: Neurobiological mechanisms of auditory directed forgetting
Authors: Gamboa Olga Lucía , Sung Lai Yuen Kenneth , von Wegner Frederic , Behrens Marion , Steinmetz Helmuth 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDirected forgetting (DF) is considered an adaptive mechanism to cope with unwanted memories. Understanding it is crucial to develop treatments for disorders in which thought control is an issue. With an item‐method DF paradigm in an auditory form, the underlying neurocognitive processes that support auditory DF were investigated. Subjects were asked to perform multi‐modal encoding of word‐stimuli before knowing whether to remember or forget each word. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging, we found that DF is subserved by a right frontal‐parietal‐cingulate network. Both qualitative and quantitative analyses of the activation of this network show converging evidence suggesting that DF is a complex process in which active inhibition, attentional switching, and working memory are needed to manipulate both unwanted and preferred items. These results indicate that DF is a complex inhibitory mechanism which requires the crucial involvement of brain areas outside prefrontal regions to operate over attentional and working memory processes. Hum Brain Mapp 39:249–263, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
White matter alterations over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons and the effect of a jugular compression collar: A preliminary longitudinal diffusion tensor imaging study
Authors: Yuan Weihong , Barber Foss Kim D. , Thomas Staci , DiCesare Christopher A. , Dudley Jonathan A. , Kitchen Katie , Gadd Brooke , Leach James L. , Smith David , Altaye Mekibib , Gubanich Paul , Galloway Ryan T. , McCrory Paul , Bailes Julian E. , Mannix Rebekah , Meehan William P. , Myer Gregory D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe cumulative effects of repetitive subclinical head impacts during sports may result in chronic white matter (WM) changes and possibly, neurodegenerative sequelae. In this pilot study, we investigated the longitudinal WM changes over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons and explored the long‐term effects of a jugular vein compression collar on these WM alterations. Diffusion tensor imaging data were prospectively collected both pre‐ and postseason in the two consecutive seasons. Participants were assigned into either collar or noncollar groups. Tract‐based spatial statistics (TBSS) approach and region of interest‐based approach were used to quantify changes in WM diffusion properties. Despite comparable exposure to repetitive head impacts, significant reductions in mean, axial, and/or radial diffusivity were identified in Season 1 in multiple WM regions in the noncollar group but not in the collar group. After an 8‐ to 9‐month long off‐season, these changes observed in the noncollar group partially and significantly reversed but also remained significantly different from the baseline. In Season 2, trend level WM alterations in the noncollar group were found but located in spatially different regions than Season 1. Last, the WM integrity in the collar group remained unchanged throughout the four time points. In conclusion, we quantitatively assessed the WM structural changes and partial reversal over the course of two consecutive high‐school football seasons. In addition, the mitigated WM alterations in athletes in the collar group might indicate potential effect of the collar in ameliorating the changes against repetitive head impacts. Hum Brain Mapp 39:491–508, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Individualized prediction of schizophrenia based on the whole‐brain pattern of altered white matter tract integrity
Authors: Chen Yu‐Jen , Liu Chih‐Min , Hsu Yung‐Chin , Lo Yu‐Chun , Hwang Tzung‐Jeng , Hwu Hai‐Gwo , Lin Yi‐Tin , Tseng Wen‐Yih Isaac 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundA schizophrenia diagnosis relies on characteristic symptoms identified by trained physicians, and is thus prone to subjectivity. This study developed a procedure for the individualized prediction of schizophrenia based on whole‐brain patterns of altered white matter tract integrity.MethodsThe study comprised training (108 patients and 144 controls) and testing (60 patients and 60 controls) groups. Male and female participants were comparable in each group and were analyzed separately. All participants underwent diffusion spectrum imaging of the head, and the data were analyzed using the tract‐based automatic analysis method to generate a standardized two‐dimensional array of white matter tract integrity, called the connectogram. Unique patterns in the connectogram that most accurately identified schizophrenia were systematically reviewed in the training group. Then, the diagnostic performance of the patterns was individually verified in the testing group by using receiver‐operating characteristic curve analysis.ResultsThe performance was high in men (accuracy = 0.85) and satisfactory in women (accuracy = 0.75). In men, the pattern was located in discrete fiber tracts, as has been consistently reported in the literature; by contrast, the pattern was widespread over all tracts in women. These distinct patterns suggest that there is a higher variability in the microstructural alterations in female patients than in male patients.ConclusionsThe individualized prediction of schizophrenia is feasible based on the different whole‐brain patterns of tract integrity. The optimal masks and their corresponding regions in the fiber tracts could serve as potential imaging biomarkers for schizophrenia. Hum Brain Mapp 39:575–587, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
New evidence for preserved somatosensory pathways in complete spinal cord injury: A fMRI study
Authors: Wrigley Paul J. , Siddall Philip J. , Gustin Sylvia M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTrauma to the spinal cord rarely results in complete division of the cord with surviving nerves sometimes remaining silent or failing to function normally. The term motor or sensory discomplete has been used to describe this important but unclassified subgroup of complete SCI. Importantly, silent motor or sensory pathways may contribute to aversive symptoms (spasticity, pain) or improved treatment success. To demonstrate more objectively the presence of subclinical preserved somatosensory pathways in clinically complete SCI, a cross‐sectional study using functional MRI (fMRI) was undertaken. The presence of brain activation following innocuous brushing of an insensate region below‐injury (great toe) was analyzed in 23 people (19 males (83%), mean ± SD age 43 ± 13 years) with clinically complete (AIS A) SCI with (n = 13) and without (n = 10) below‐level neuropathic pain and 21 people without SCI or pain (15 males (71%); mean ± SD age 41 ± 14 years). Location appropriate, significant fMRI brain activation was detected in 48% (n = 11/23) of subjects with clinically complete SCI from below‐injury stimulation. No association was found between the presence of subclinical sensory pathways transmitting innocuous mechanical stimuli (dorsal column medical lemniscal) and below‐level neuropathic pain (χ2 = 0.034, P = 0.9). The high prevalence of sensory discomplete injuries (∼50% complete SCI) strengthens the case to explore inclusion of this category into the international SCI taxonomy (ISNCSCI). This would ensure more widespread inclusion of discomplete SCI in ongoing pain and motor recovery research. Neurophysiological tests such as fMRI may play a role in this process. Hum Brain Mapp 39:588–598, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.