bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Collective dynamics in plasmas—I. Hydrodynamics and transport
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter presents simple, illustrative descriptions of collective dynamics in plasmas—in particular, in fully-ionized plasmas. These descriptions entail choices of collective plasma models, and the simplest models of plasma dynamics which describe collective modes spanning regimes from LF and long-wavelengths to HF and short-wavelengths. The chapter also addresses reduced hydrodynamic model equations appropriate for the first regime with emphasis on the Braginskii transport equations and the magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) model equations. The topics covered here are critical to students in two dimensions: The first is important in evaluating the validity of a result that follows from a reduced hydrodynamic description. The second is important to appreciate and understand the quasi-steady state, classical properties of a magnetically-confined plasma, and to compare these to experiments in current magnetic confinement fusion (MCF) plasmas exhibiting “anomalous” transport. Additionally, it is also important to be able to appreciate and evaluate the time and space scales of such collisional transport.
Drift-free cold plasma, magnetized—II. Linear modes; principal waves
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter offers a detailed study and exposition of linear natural modes in a homogeneous, magnetized, drift-free cold plasma. These linear modes are stable waves; at a given frequency, and in the absence of collisions, they propagate or evanesce relative to magnetization and are of a large variety in the structure of their field polarization. In addition, the linear natural modes description presented in the chapter emphasizes the electric fields of the modes, all other field variables having been expressed in terms of the electric field. The chapter concludes with an examination of the dispersion tensor to other coordinates and the dispersion relation under various constraints as well as some of the more detailed aspects of the principal wave.
Streaming instabilities in cold plasmas
Authors: Bers Abraham 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
This chapter provides detailed analyses of streaming instabilities in cold, collisionless plasmas. It highlights one-d electrostatic (ES) instabilities, which are most prominent due to having the largest growth rates. Their large growth rates justify (in most cases) the neglect of collisions (and sometimes even thermal effects) in their initial evolution, but they also imply that nonlinear effects set in rapidly. Hence, the linear description of each of these instabilities is supplemented by giving results from computer simulations that show the nonlinear evolution and saturation of these instabilities. The analyses here, although limited in dynamics, given an initial, qualitative understanding of some nonlinear phenomena that play an important role in these instabilities. In addition, the chapter includes a relativistic analysis of small amplitude modes in a beam drifting along an externally-applied magnetic field, allowing for wave propagation in arbitrary directions.
RENT+: an improved method for inferring local genealogical trees from haplotypes with recombination
Authors: Mirzaei Sajad , Wu Yufeng 
Published: November 2016

Abstract

Motivation
Haplotypes from one or multiple related populations share a common genealogical history. If this shared genealogy can be inferred from haplotypes, it can be very useful for many population genetics problems. However, with the presence of recombination, the genealogical history of haplotypes is complex and cannot be represented by a single genealogical tree. Therefore, inference of genealogical history with recombination is much more challenging than the case of no recombination.

Results
In this paper, we present a new approach called RENT+ for the inference of local genealogical trees from haplotypes with the presence of recombination. RENT+ builds on a previous genealogy inference approach called RENT, which infers a set of related genealogical trees at different genomic positions. RENT+ represents a significant improvement over RENT in the sense that it is more effective in extracting information contained in the haplotype data about the underlying genealogy than RENT. The key components of RENT+ are several greatly enhanced genealogy inference rules. Through simulation, we show that RENT+ is more efficient and accurate than several existing genealogy inference methods. As an application, we apply RENT+ in the inference of population demographic history from haplotypes, which outperforms several existing methods.

Availability and Implementation
RENT+ is implemented in Java, and is freely available for download from: https://github.com/SajadMirzaei/RentPlus.

Supplementary information
Supplementary data are available at Bioinformatics online.
Honest signals to maintain a long‐lasting relationship: floral colour change prevents plant‐level avoidance by experienced pollinators
Authors: Makino Takashi T. , Ohashi Kazuharu 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Honest signals prevail when those signals manipulate receivers to benefit the senders more than deceptive signals do. Floral colour change (FCC), reported in hundreds of species, is a well‐known example of honest signalling in plant–pollinator interactions. It occurs in fully turgid flowers, and usually correlates with a cessation of reward production in individual flowers. This trait has been considered a plant strategy that enhances distant pollinator attraction by extended displays, while minimizing visits to non‐reproductive flowers by honest colour signals.

Here, we propose an additional, overlooked benefit of FCC, which emerges when we consider the spatial learning ability of pollinators to avoid unprofitable plants. If a plant retains rewardless flowers without FCC, it is difficult for pollinators to visually locate the rewarding flowers. Although the enhanced display initially attracts more pollinators, its low profitability for foraging may cause plant‐level avoidance by them. The avoidance resulting from rewardless flower retention may be prevented by FCC because it helps pollinators to find rewarding flowers. To test this hypothesis, we observed the behavioural changes of bumblebees foraging in an array of artificial plants.

We found that rewardless flowers without FCC could initially attract bees by increasing the plant's display size, but their lack of reward resulted in plant‐level avoidance by those bees with spatial memories. The FCC in rewardless flowers, in contrast, encouraged bees to return by helping them to find rewards on plants. Consequently, honest plants with FCC received more visits than those dishonest plants that did not display colour change.

Floral colour change thus can prevent plant‐level avoidance by pollinators that use spatial memory when choosing plants. The spatial learning ability of pollinators may, therefore, be one of the keys to understanding why both colour‐changing and non‐colour‐changing plant species occur among angiosperms.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Connexin32 deficiency is associated with liver injury, inflammation and oxidative stress in experimental non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis
Authors: Tiburcio Taynã Cristina , Willebrords Joost , da Silva Tereza Cristina , Pereira Isabel Veloso Alves , Nogueira Marina Sayuri , Crespo Yanguas Sara , Maes Michaël , Silva Elisangela dos Anjos , Dagli Maria Lucia Zaidan , de Castro Inar Alves , Oliveira Cláudia Pinto , Vinken Mathieu , Cogliati Bruno 
Published: November 2016

SummaryNon‐alcoholic steatohepatitis is a highly prevalent liver pathology featured by hepatocellular fat deposition and inflammation. Connexin32, which is the major building block of hepatocellular gap junctions, has a protective role in hepatocarcinogenesis and is downregulated in chronic liver diseases. However, the role of connexin32 in non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis remains unclear. Connexin32−/− mice and their wild‐type littermates were fed a choline‐deficient high‐fat diet. The manifestation of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis was evaluated based on a battery of clinically relevant read‐outs, including histopathological examination, diverse indicators of inflammation and liver damage, in‐depth lipid analysis, assessment of oxidative stress, insulin and glucose tolerance, liver regeneration and lipid‐related biomarkers. Overall, more pronounced liver damage, inflammation and oxidative stress were observed in connexin32−/− mice compared to wild‐type animals. No differences were found in insulin and glucose tolerance measurements and liver regeneration. However, two lipid‐related genes, srebf1 and fabp3, were upregulated in Cx32−/− mice in comparison with wild‐type animals. These findings suggest that connexin32‐based signalling is not directly involved in steatosis as such, but rather in the sequelae of this process, which underlie progression of non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis.
Synergistic attraction of pine sawyer Monochamus saltuarius (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) to monochamol and α‐pinene
Authors: Lee Sung‐Min , Hong Do Kyung , Jang Sei‐Heon , Lee Kyeong‐Yeoll , Lee ChangWoo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMonochamus (Coleoptera: Cerambycidae) species are longhorn pine sawyers that serve as insect vectors of the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Nematoda: Parasitaphelenchidae), which are responsible for debilitating pine wilt disease. An aggregation pheromone, 2‐(1‐undecyloxy)‐1‐ethanol (hereafter referred to as monochamol), was shown to be effective at attracting Monochamus species. However, attraction of the pine sawyers to aggregation pheromones varied depending on semiochemicals, including host plant volatiles and kairomones. In this study, we investigated the abilities of monochamol and the host‐plant volatiles α‐pinene and ethanol to attract M. saltuarius in a pine forest in Cheongsong, Gyeongsangbuk‐do, Korea. A total of 91 M. saltuarius (28 males and 63 females) were captured. The combination of monochamol (700 mg) with α‐pinene and ethanol exhibited a synergistic effect on attracting M. saltuarius (11.0 beetles per trap), whereas monochamol alone and a mixture of α‐pinene and ethanol resulted in the capture of 3.2 beetles and 3.6 beetles per trap, respectively. Our results suggest that multi‐funnel traps baited with a blend of monochamol, α‐pinene and ethanol are highly effective for monitoring M. saltuarius and M. alternatus in pine forests.
Ezetimibe: Use, costs, and adverse events in Australia
Authors: Hollingworth Samantha A. , Ostini Remo , David Michael C. , Martin Jennifer H. , Tett Susan E. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryAimTo analyze the subsidized use and reported adverse events of ezetimibe, used to lower cholesterol, in Australia over the 11 years following its inclusion on the Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) in 2004.MethodsPharmacoepidemiological analysis of dispensed prescriptions from Medicare Australia. Adverse event data were obtained from the Therapeutic Goods Administration. Use was measured by the defined daily dose (DDD) per 1000 population per day for each calendar year. Adverse events were counted by organ class system.ResultsTotal ezetimibe use rose to 8.46 DDD/1000 population/d in the 11 years to 2015. Ezetimibe as a sole active ingredient was the most commonly dispensed formulation followed by the two combination products containing ezetimibe and 40 mg or 80 mg simvastatin. The average yearly increase in utilization was 19% with a 24% annual increase in costs to government (2006‐2015) to $169.0 million in 2015. There were substantial differences in ezetimibe use between states, with no relationship to deaths from ischaemic heart disease (IHD) in each jurisdiction. The major reported adverse events were musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders and gastrointestinal disorders.ConclusionsEzetimibe use has increased rapidly in Australia since receiving public subsidy. Although the indications for subsidy are very restricted, there appears to have been widespread use, not explained by differential geographical IHD death rates. Latest guidelines still question the value of ezetimibe, so further discussion about whether the public spending on this medication for any potential improvement in population health outcomes is justified.
He‐Ar‐S‐Pb Isotopic Compositions of Pyrite: Constraints on the Source of Ore‐forming Materials of the Chengchao Skarn Iron Deposit, SE Hubei Province, Eastern China
Authors: LI Wei , XIE Guiqing , ZHU Qiaoqiao 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe Chengchao iron deposit, the largest high‐grade skarn iron deposit in southeastern Hubei Province, contains considerable amounts of magnetite and by‐product anhydrite. To obtain better understanding of the ore‐formation process, this study carried out He‐Ar‐S‐Pb multi‐isotopic analyses on the pyrites formed during two stages of mineralization. The results indicate that the δ34S values (ranging from 14.0‰ to 17.6‰) of pyrites formed from the two stages have no obvious differences, suggesting that they were not derived from a single magmatic sulfur source. The δ34S values of anhydrite mostly range from 21.9‰ to 28.4‰, similar to that of the Middle Triassic sedimentary anhydrite in the Middle‐Lower Yangtze River metallogenic belt (MLYRB). The Pb isotopic compositions of the pyrites of both stages are homogeneous, with values of 208Pb/204Pb, 207Pb/204Pb, and206Pb/204Pb being 38.006–38.257, 15.523–15.556, and 17.806–18.052, respectively, indicating a mixed crust‐mantle source. The He‐Ar results exhibit different compositions of the two stages: the 3He/4He (R/Ra) and 40Ar/36Ar values for the early‐stage pyrite are 0.46–0.63 and 311–322, respectively, whereas the values for late‐stage pyrite are 0.23–0.34 and 305–361, respectively. Both stages of pyrites indicate the multiple sources of the ore‐forming fluids, with decreasing amount of magmatic water and increasing amount of modified meteoric water(MASW) during fluid evolution. The Triassic evaporites played an important role in the mineralization process.
Executive Gender Pay Gaps: The Roles of Female Risk Aversion and Board Representation
Authors: Carter Mary Ellen , Franco Francesca , Gine Mireia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractUsing a large sample of executives in S&P 1500 firms over 1996–2010, we document significant salary and total compensation gaps between female and male executives and explore two possible explanations for the gaps. We find support for greater female risk aversion as one contributing factor. Female executives hold significantly lower equity incentives and demand larger salary premiums for bearing a given level of compensation risk. These results suggest that females’ risk aversion contributes to the observed lower pay levels through its effect on ex ante compensation structures. We also find evidence that the lack of gender diversity on corporate boards affects the size of the gaps. In firms with a higher proportion of female directors on the board, the gaps in salary and total pay levels are lower. Together, these findings suggest that female higher risk aversion may act as a barrier to full pay convergence, despite the mitigating effect from greater gender diversity on the board.
Preparing to lead: Mayoral transition planning in Canadian cities
Authors: Spicer Zachary , Graham Kate 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTransition teams are often used to help Prime Ministers and Premiers move into their new roles. At the municipal level, the use of transition teams is relatively new. As such, we know little about what these groups do in comparison to federal and provincial transition teams. In this article, we examine mayoral transition teams and find that the increased use of these groups is a reflection of the enhanced organizational complexity of Canadian local government. Additionally, local conditions and candidate experience often dictate the shape and function of transition teams. Overall, we argue that more resources should be devoted to the municipal transition process.
Integrating archaeology and ancient DNA analysis to address invasive species colonization in the Gulf of Alaska
Authors: West Catherine , Hofman Courtney A. , Ebbert Steve , Martin John , Shirazi Sabrina , Dunning Samantha , Maldonado Jesus E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe intentional and unintentional movement of plants and animals by humans has transformed ecosystems and landscapes globally. Assessing when and how a species was introduced are central to managing these transformed landscapes, particularly in island environments. In the Gulf of Alaska, there is considerable interest in the history of mammal introductions and rehabilitating Gulf of Alaska island environments by eradicating mammals classified as invasive species. The Arctic ground squirrel(Urocitellus parryii)is of concern because it affects vegetation and seabirds on Gulf of Alaska islands. This animal is assumed to have been introduced by historic settlers; however, ground squirrel remains in the prehistoric archaeological record of Chirikof Island, Alaska, challenge this timeline and suggest they colonized the islands long ago. We used 3 lines of evidence to address this problem: direct radiocarbon dating of archaeological squirrel remains; evidence of prehistoric human use of squirrels; and ancient DNA analysis of dated squirrel remains. Chirikof squirrels dated to at least 2000 years ago, and cut marks on squirrel bones suggested prehistoric use by people. Ancient squirrels also shared a mitochondrial haplotype with modern Chirikof squirrels. These results suggest that squirrels have been on Chirikof longer than previously assumed and that the current population of squirrels is closely related to the ancient population. Thus, it appears ground squirrels are not a recent, human‐mediated introduction and may have colonized the island via a natural dispersal event or an ancient human translocation.
Incidental Learning of Melodic Structure of North Indian Music
Authors: Rohrmeier Martin , Widdess Richard 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMusical knowledge is largely implicit. It is acquired without awareness of its complex rules, through interaction with a large number of samples during musical enculturation. Whereas several studies explored implicit learning of mostly abstract and less ecologically valid features of Western music, very little work has been done with respect to ecologically valid stimuli as well as non‐Western music. The present study investigated implicit learning of modal melodic features in North Indian classical music in a realistic and ecologically valid way. It employed a cross‐grammar design, using melodic materials from two modes (rāgas) that use the same scale. Findings indicated that Western participants unfamiliar with Indian music incidentally learned to identify distinctive features of each mode. Confidence ratings suggest that participants' performance was consistently correlated with confidence, indicating that they became aware of whether they were right in their responses; that is, they possessed explicit judgment knowledge. Altogether our findings show incidental learning in a realistic ecologically valid context during only a very short exposure, they provide evidence that incidental learning constitutes a powerful mechanism that plays a fundamental role in musical acquisition.
Seasonal Variations in Color Preference
Authors: Schloss Karen B. , Nelson Rolf , Parker Laura , Heck Isobel A. , Palmer Stephen E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractWe investigated how color preferences vary according to season and whether those changes could be explained by the ecological valence theory (EVT). To do so, we assessed the same participants’ preferences for the same colors during fall, winter, spring, and summer in the northeastern United States, where there are large seasonal changes in environmental colors. Seasonal differences were most pronounced between fall and the other three seasons. Participants liked fall‐associated dark‐warm colors—for example, dark‐red, dark‐orange (brown), dark‐yellow (olive), and dark‐chartreuse—more during fall than other seasons. The EVT could explain these changes with a modified version of Palmer and Schloss’ (2010) weighted affective valence estimate (WAVE) procedure that added an activation term to the WAVE equation. The results indicate that color preferences change according to season, as color‐associated objects become more/less activated in the observer. These seasonal changes in color preferences could not be characterized by overall shifts in weights along cone‐contrast axes.
Board monitoring of the chief financial officer: A review and research agenda
Authors: Uhde David Alexander , Klarner Patricia , Tuschke Anja 
Published: November 2016

AbstractManuscript Type:ReviewResearch Question/Issue:Research on how boards govern individual top management team (TMT) members, i.e., senior executives aside from the CEO, is still scarce and fragmented. In this study, we review extant research on board monitoring of the Chief Financial Officer (CFO) – an increasingly influential actor at the top of the firm – synthesize it, and propose an integrative future research agenda on board governing of the CFO.Research Findings/Insights:Our review of the accounting, finance, and management literatures reveals that extant research emphasizes the board's need to monitor the CFO as a major strategic actor in the firm. However, studies have frequently focused on selective aspects of board monitoring activities, neglecting how central board attributes influence effective governance of the CFO. We therefore develop a comprehensive model of board monitoring and advising of the CFO that addresses the role of board attributes in governance activities.Theoretical/Academic Implications:Our future research program on board governance of the CFO contributes to developing a better understanding of how board composition, structure, characteristics, and processes influence different board monitoring and advising activities.Practitioner/Policy Implications:We offer a framework for boards of directors responsible for governing CFOs, highlighting the factors they have to take into consideration when selecting, dismissing, and compensating the CFO and when ratifying her decisions and rendering advice on her proposals. We also provide CFOs with insights into the factors that influence their dismissal, compensation, and collaboration with the board.