bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An artificial diet containing plant pollen for the mealybug predator Cryptolaemus montrouzieri
Authors: Xie Jiaqin , Wu Hongsheng , Pang Hong , De Clercq Patrick 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe specialist predatory ladybird Cryptolaemus montrouzieri is an effective natural enemy of mealybugs and plays a key role in the biological control of these pests. However, its mass production is complicated by the dependence on parallel cultures of mealybugs or the need for Ephestia kuehniella eggs as an expensive factitious prey.RESULTSHere we developed a pollen‐based artificial food for the predator to lower its dependence on natural prey. We found that this artificial diet was an effective alternative food for larvae and adults of this predator. The artificial food supported the development and reproduction of the predator not only in the first generation (F0) but also in the next generation (F1). Although the developmental time and preoviposition period of C. montrouzieri on the artificial food were ca 1.5 days and 4 days longer than on the natural prey, the citrus mealybug Planococcus citri, respectively, its immature survival, fecundity and egg hatch were similar to those on mealybugs. In addition, adult C. montrouzieri maintained on natural or artificial food had a similar starvation resistance.CONCLUSIONSOur results suggest that the pollen‐based artificial diet can be used as an alternative food in the rearing of C. montrouzieri, and indicate its potential to support the mass production and wider application of this predator in biological control programmes. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Modelling Skilled and Less‐Skilled Interregional Migrations in China, 2000–2005
Authors: Liu Ye , Shen Jianfa 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPrevious analysis and modelling of interregional migration in China have treated migrants as a homogenous group. The flow of skilled migration is the focus of recent research. However, the skilled and less‐skilled migrations have not been systematically analysed and compared in terms of their determinants. Previous modelling of interregional migration in China does not take network autocorrelation into consideration. This paper attempts to fill this research gap by modelling skilled and less‐skilled migrations in China using the eigenvector spatially filtered method. It is found that both skilled and less‐skilled migrants tend to move away from the interior to the coastal region. Results from the eigenvector spatially filtered negative binomial regression model show that, compared with the migration of less‐skilled people, the migration of skilled people is less influenced by the friction of distance, the regional unemployment rate, and the concentration of foreign investment but is more affected by the regional wage disparity. With respect to the effect of amenities, climatic amenities exert a strong influence on skilled migration but have positive effect on less‐skilled migration at origin and no effect at destination. Quality medical services are influential for the migration of less‐skilled people to destinations but no effect on skilled people. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
GW method and Bethe–Salpeter equation for calculating electronic excitations
Authors: Leng Xia , Jin Fan , Wei Min , Ma Yuchen 
Published: May 2016

The introduction of GW approximation to the electron's self‐energy by Hedin in the 1960s, where G and W denote the one‐particle Green's function and the screened Coulomb interaction, respectively, facilitates the computation of quasiparticle energies through Dyson's equation. GW method can also help us determine the electron–hole interaction, which is a functional derivative of self‐energy with respect to one‐particle Green's function, with excellent accuracy, and its combination with Bethe–Salpeter equation, which is derived from two‐particle Green's function, is a powerful tool to study electronic excitations and optical absorption. Thanks to the development of methodology and softwares during the last 30 years, the capability of GW method and Bethe–Salpeter equation to deal with real systems is elevated substantially, while they also exhibit many advantages over other first‐principles methods in band structures, ionization potentials, electron affinities, optical spectra, and so on. They have been successfully applied in the excited states of various systems, including crystals, metals, nanomaterials, chemical and biological systems, and so on. WIREs Comput Mol Sci 2016, 6:532–550. doi: 10.1002/wcms.1265This article is categorized under:

Electronic Structure Theory > Ab Initio Electronic Structure Methods
Theoretical and Physical Chemistry > Spectroscopy
AI assisted ethics
Authors: Etzioni Amitai , Etzioni Oren 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The growing number of ‘smart’ instruments, those equipped with AI, has raised concerns because these instruments make autonomous decisions; that is, they act beyond the guidelines provided them by programmers. Hence, the question the makers and users of smart instrument (e.g., driver-less cars) face is how to ensure that these instruments will not engage in unethical conduct (not to be conflated with illegal conduct). The article suggests that to proceed we need a new kind of AI program—oversight programs—that will monitor, audit, and hold operational AI programs accountable.
Observational study of prevalence of sleep disorder in patients with epilepsy
Authors: Turaga Suryaprabha , Soanpet Preetika , Manikinda Jayasree , Kohat Abhijeet , Davidi Samatha 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground Reduced sleep quality with subsequent excessive daytime sleepiness (EDS) is found in patients with epilepsy.Aim To know the frequency of sleep disorders in comparison to control group to know the predictors of sleep disorders that have implications on management of patient with epilepsy.Materials and methods 199 patients with epilepsy and 48 controls, who attended Nizam's Institute of Medical Sciences were taken into the study.The Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS) and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) are two questionnaires commonly used in clinical assessment of EDS and sleep quality.Results 24.6% of PWE are found to have problems with sleep disorders when compared to controls (10.6%). PWE had significantly higher scores when compared to controls in global PSQI total scores (3.78 vs. 2.43). Sleep latency and medication use (0.83 vs. 0.53 and 0.52 vs. 0.06 respectively) as well as sleep quality and sleep efficiency are poor as indicated by high scores (0.75 vs. 0.40 and 0.22 vs.0.20 respectively).Conclusion Poor sleep quality of PWE in PSQI correlated with EDS of ESS. Poor control of seizures, polytherapy, and partial epilepsy make the PWE statistically more vulnerable to poor sleep quality thereby having therapeutic implications.
An Analysis of Media-Reported Venomous Snakebites in the United States, 2011–2013
Authors: Wasko Dennis K. , Bullard Stephan G. 
Published: May 2016

Background Venomous snakebite is a widespread natural hazard in the United States. A common perception exists that the majority of these snakebites are “illegitimate,” resulting from deliberate interaction with snakes (such as attempting to move or kill the animal), but there is little quantitative information available regarding the conditions under which bites occur. Methods To better understand the circumstances under which victims are bitten, we compiled a dataset of media-reported snakebites in the United States between 2011 and 2013. A total of 332 reported snakebites were recorded. Of these, 307 were from snakes encountered under natural circumstances and 25 were under captive-care conditions. Results Most reported victims were adult males. Although some bites occurred during intentional handling of snakes and such activity may relate to bite severity, the majority of victims reported being unaware of the snake before they were bitten. Accidentally stepping on or placing the hands near an unseen snake were the activities most frequently associated with bites under natural conditions. Conclusions Although bias in snakebite reporting patterns by the media is likely, across the United States “legitimate” bites from unseen snakes appear to be the norm.
The Aztec Economic World
Authors: Hirth Kenneth G. 
Published: May 2016

This study explores the organization, scale, complexity, and integration of Aztec commerce across Mesoamerica at Spanish contact. The aims of the book are threefold. The first is to construct an in-depth understanding of the economic organization of precolumbian Aztec society and how it developed in the way that it did. The second is to explore the livelihoods of the individuals who bought, sold, and moved goods across a cultural landscape that lacked both navigable rivers and animal transport. Finally, this study models Aztec economy in a way that facilitates its comparison to other ancient and premodern societies around the world. What makes the Aztec economy unique is that it developed one of the most sophisticated market economies in the ancient world in a society with one of the worse transportation systems. This is the first book to provide an updated and comprehensive view of the Aztec economy in thirty years.
Development and Application of Syndromic Surveillance for Severe Weather Events Following Hurricane Sandy
Authors: Tsai Stella , Hamby Teresa , Chu Alvin , Gleason Jessie A. , Goodrow Gabrielle M. , Gu Hui , Lifshitz Edward , Fagliano Jerald A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveFollowing Hurricane Superstorm Sandy, the New Jersey Department of Health (NJDOH) developed indicators to enhance syndromic surveillance for extreme weather events in EpiCenter, an online system that collects and analyzes real-time chief complaint emergency department (ED) data and classifies each visit by indicator or syndrome.MethodsThese severe weather indicators were finalized by using 2 steps: (1) key word inclusion by review of chief complaints from cases where diagnostic codes met selection criteria and (2) key word exclusion by evaluating cases with key words of interest that lacked selected diagnostic codes.ResultsGraphs compared 1-month, 3-month, and 1-year periods of 8 Hurricane Sandy-related severe weather event indicators against the same period in the following year. Spikes in overall ED visits were observed immediately after the hurricane for carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning, the 3 disrupted outpatient medical care indicators, asthma, and methadone-related substance use. Zip code level scan statistics indicated clusters of CO poisoning and increased medicine refill needs during the 2 weeks after Hurricane Sandy. CO poisoning clusters were identified in areas with power outages of 4 days or longer.ConclusionsThis endeavor gave the NJDOH a clearer picture of the effects of Hurricane Sandy and yielded valuable state preparation information to monitor the effects of future severe weather events. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2016;10:463–471)
The response of glaciers to climatic persistence
Authors: ROE GERARD H. , BAKER MARCIA B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe attribution of past glacier length fluctuations to changes in climate requires characterizing glacier mass-balance variability. Observational records, which are relatively short, are consistent with random fluctuations uncorrelated in time, plus an anthropogenic trend. However, longer records of other climate variables suggest that, in fact, there is a degree of temporal persistence associated with internal (i.e. unforced) climate variability, and that it varies with location and climate. Therefore, it is likely that persistence does exist for mass balance, but records are too short to confirm its presence, or establish its magnitude, with conventional statistical tests. Extending the previous work, we explore the impact of potential climatic persistence on glacier length fluctuations. We use a numerical model and a newly developed analytical model to establish that persistence, even of a degree so small as to be effectively undetectable in the longest mass-balance records, can significantly enhance the resulting glacier length fluctuations. This has a big impact on glacier-excursion probabilities: what was an extremely unlikely event (<1%) can become virtually certain (>99%), when persistence is incorporated. Since the actual degree of climatic persistence that applies to any given glacier is hard to establish, these results complicate the attribution of past glacier changes.
A flow cytometric method to measure prokaryotic records in ice cores: an example from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide drilling site
Authors: SANTIBÁÑEZ PAMELA A. , McCONNELL JOSEPH R. , PRISCU JOHN C. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTMicroorganisms were the earliest inhabitants on our planet that occupy nearly every environment, and play a major role in biogeochemical cycles. Despite their global importance, there remains a paucity of data on microbial responses to long-term environmental and climatic changes. Microorganisms are known to be immured in glacial ice, but no high-resolution temporal records of their density exist, owing in large part to the lack of appropriate clean methodology that allows for rapid analysis of samples over depth. We describe a clean and time efficient method that can produce a high-temporal resolution record of prokaryotic density archived in ice cores. The method combines acquisition of discrete samples using a continuous ice-core melting system coupled with flow cytometry (FCM) of DNA-stained samples. Specifically, we evaluate the performance of the FCM measurement technique in terms of specificity, precision, accuracy and minimum detection limits. Examples from the West Antarctic Ice Sheet Divide ice core are included to show the efficacy of the method.
A critical review of exercise as a treatment for clinically depressed adults: time to get pragmatic
Authors: Schuch Felipe Barreto , Morres Ioannis Dimitrios , Ekkekakis Panteleimon , Rosenbaum Simon , Stubbs Brendon 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveAlthough considerable evidence supports the efficacy of exercise as an antidepressant treatment, critical reviews informing routine practice and future research directions are scarce.MethodsWe critically reviewed exercise studies for clinically depressed adults, focussing on the PICOS criteria referred to participants, interventions, comparisons, outcomes, and study designs.ResultsMost studies have not screened their samples for symptom heterogeneity. Also, they have employed heterogeneous exercise interventions and control groups that may lead to an underestimation of the benefits of exercise. In addition, pragmatic trials allowing scalable replication and implementation in routine practice are scarce. Future studies, can consider the research domain criteria as a diagnostic framework, and conduct moderator analyses to identify depressed subgroups with symptomatology and biopsychosocial characteristics associated with differential responses to exercise interventions. The search for biomarkers of the antidepressant responses to exercise should be prioritised. Further, non-physically active comparison groups should be used to minimise treatment cross-overs and thus the underestimation of the effects of exercise interventions. Finally, the use of outcome measures that maintain their validity at low and moderate levels of symptom severity and the development of trials with a pragmatic design are essential.ConclusionThe current evidence base is fraught with methodological considerations that need to be taken into account in order to increase further our understanding on the impact of exercise as medicine in depression. Future research should include moderator analyses, incorporate biomarker assays, use appropriate control and comparison groups, assess outcomes with psychometrically sensitive measures, and prioritise pragmatic trials towards transition to routine practice.
Impact of early home language exposure on phonological and orthographic skills and their contributions to English literacy abilities in English monolingual and Chinese–English bilingual adults
Authors: YEONG STEPHANIE H. M. , FLETCHER JANET , BAYLISS DONNA M. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTRelatively little is known about the importance of phonological and orthographic processing skills for reading and spelling in monolingual and bilingual adults. We compared these underlying skills, using a series of phonological and orthographic tasks, in English monolingual (n = 28), English first language and Chinese second language bilingual (n = 21), and Chinese first language and English second language bilingual adults (n = 22) who were equally proficient in reading and spelling English, and examined the contributions of these skills to English word reading and spelling for each group. The results showed group differences in phonological processing, with English monolingual adults having better phonological skills than both groups of bilingual adults. No significant group differences were found for orthographic processing. Regression analyses showed phonological skills were a unique predictor of English word reading for both bilingual groups, but not for the English monolingual group. Orthographic skills were a significant predictor of English word spelling, but only for the English monolingual adults. This suggests there may be a long-lasting influence of being exposed to two contrasting languages on skills underlying literacy in bilingual individuals.
Development of a cryocatcher prototype and measurement of cold desorption
Authors: Bozyk L. , Hoffmann D.H.H. , Kollmus H. , Spiller P. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe superconducting synchrotron SIS100 of the FAIR accelerator project will provide heavy ion beams of highest intensities. SIS100 is the first synchrotron with a special design, optimized for the control of ionization beam loss. Ionization beam loss is the most pronounced loss mechanism at operation with high-intensity, intermediate charge state heavy ions. The new synchrotron layout comprises an ion catcher system, which in combination with a charge separator lattice shall suppress dynamic vacuum effects.A prototype cryogenic ion catcher, including a dedicated cryostat has been designed, manufactured, and tested under realistic conditions with beams from the heavy-ion synchrotron SIS18 at GSI. The gas desorption induced by the impact of heavy ions on this cryocatcher has been measured. For the very first time, a rise of desorption yield with increasing beam energy has been observed. However, measurements at room temperature have confirmed the known decrease of the pressure rise in the investigated energy regime. A transition temperature of 18 K, underneath hydrogen is adsorbed, could be verified several times. The results are significant and used to predict the ionization beam loss at operation of SIS100 at full-beam intensity.
The complex relationship between CD4 count, HIV viral load, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole prophylaxis, and skin-and-soft-tissue infection risk in patients with HIV: insights from a causal diagram and simulation study
Authors: HEMMIGE V. , LAUDERDALE D. S. , DAVID M. Z. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYSkin and soft tissue infection (SSTIs) due toStaphylococcus aureus, particularly community-associated methicillin-resistantStaphylococcus aureus(CA-MRSA), are common in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected populations in the United States. Studies have differed as to the importance of epidemiological and immunological factors in this relationship, and have employed conflicting strategies for variable selection in multivariate analyses. Developments in causal inference methods in epidemiology have emerged in the last decade to clarify relationships between variables and identify appropriate variables to include in and exclude from multivariate analysis. In this paper, we develop a causal diagram to clarify the pathways linking CA-MRSA and HIV. We focus on the role played by trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) prophylaxis, prescribed to many severely immunocompromised HIV patients and potentially protective against SSTIs, which both mediates and moderates the relationship between immunological parameters and SSTI risk. We demonstrate, using simulated data, that statistical models may yield biased results if they do not account for how HIV viral load may also be a marker of adherence to TMP-SMX prophylaxis. We conclude with a proposed causal model that includes both the epidemiological as well as immunological factors that may explain the increased risk of initial and recurrent SSTI risk in HIV-infected populations.
Socioeconomic status and vaccine coverage during wild-type poliovirus emergence in Israel
Authors: BINYAMINY B. , BILENKO N. , HAAS E. J. , GROTTO I. , GDALEVICH M. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYIn August 2013, a nationwide vaccination campaign with bivalent oral polio vaccine (bOPV) was initiated after isolation of wild-type poliovirus type 1 (WPV-1) in routine sewage surveillance in Israel. The campaign started in the Southern district and later extended to the entire country. This study examined the association between socioeconomic status (SES), and compliance with bOPV vaccine during the campaign. Nationwide data relating to SES by geographical cluster were correlated with vaccine coverage rates in the same areas. All analyses were conducted separately for Jews and Arabs. Coverage with the bOPV vaccination campaign in the Arab population (92·4%) was higher than in the Jewish population (59·2%). This difference was consistently present in all SES clusters. In the Jewish population there was an inverse correlation between SES and vaccination coverage rates (R= −0·93,P< 0·001). Lower vaccination coverage with supplemental vaccine activities in higher SES groups is a challenge that needs to be addressed in future public health events and emergencies in order to achieve satisfactory protection rates for the public.
What is this thing called “SAD”? A critique of the concept of seasonal affective disorder
Authors: Hansen Vidje , Skre Ingunn , Lund Eiliv 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackground– Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD) is supposed to be caused by lack of daylight in winter. Yet the population of Northern Norway, living without sun for two winter months, does not spontaneously complain about depression during the dark period.Aims– To summarize research bearing upon the validity of the concept of SAD.Method– Review of relevant literature concerning the epidemiology of SAD and the questionnaire developed to measure it in general populations, the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire (SPAQ).Results– Large population studies from northern Norway do not point to a higher prevalence of depression in winter than expected in any other general population. The psychometric properties of SPAQ are rather poor, and the diagnosis of SAD based on SPAQ bears little relationship to a meaningful concept of depression.Conclusions– Seasonal Affective Disorder is not a valid medical construct. Instead, “Recurrent depression with seasonal pattern” as defined in the DSM-IV and the ICD-10 should be used as terms. However, more research is needed to establish whether it is at all fruitful to single out such a subtype of recurrent depression.Declaration of Interest: None.