bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis of dimethyl ether from biomass gasification: A simulation and techno-economic analysis
Authors: Shrestha R , Upreti A , Solanki N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
With ever-increasing concerns over environmental hazards, energy security, and, fleeting reserves of petroleum-based fuel, dimethyl ether (DME) has been under scrutiny as an alternative fuel, which is a high-efficiency compression ignition fuel with minimal NOx, SOx, and particulate matter emission. This paper explores the efficacy of biomass gasification as a method to synthesize dimethyl ether. The impact of steam and pure oxygen on syngas production has been studied, along with an analysis of how temperature affects the yield of DME. A process simulating software, ASPEN PlusV10.0, was used to simulate the synthesis process using the Langmuir-Hinshelwood-Hougen-Watson (LHHW) model. The direct (one-step) method has been studied where methanol synthesis and dehydration of methanol over a catalyst occur in a single plug flow reactor. Both steam and oxygen increased hydrogen production. Steam reduced CO and increased CO2 production, whereas oxygen enhanced CO and decreased CO2 production. From a biomass of 10,000 kg/hr, a yield of 4,583 kg/hr of dimethyl ether was achieved through the utilization of steam and oxygen as gasifying agents. A tentative economic analysis has been performed to understand the feasibility of the project. The CAPEX amounted to 64.7 million USD, while OPEX amounted to 28.9 million USD. It yielded an annual rate of return of 10.46%. The purity of DME was measured at 98.89%.
Design and Development of a Wall-Pressed Robot for In-Pipe Inspection
Authors: Singh Raghwendra Prasad , Dahal Prajwal , Shrestha Safal , Shrestha Sirapa , Mahat Chiranjeevi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Pipelines have become a major part of energy infrastructure, which requires a secure and reliable means of maintenance. It has become critical to introduce advanced robotic methods for inspecting pipelines in order to offer a more secure alternative to human entry and facilitate deployment of specialized visual inspection devices. This paper primarily deals with the design and development of a simple wall-pressed robot capable of detecting visual defects inside pipelines of diameters ranging from 38 cm to 65 cm. The overall structure of the robot is divided into two segments, each equipped with a three-wheel module arranged 120° from the central axis. Static structural analysis for strength optimization is performed using finite element method. Poly lactic acid plastic and aluminium alloy are selected as structural materials for lightweight design. Real time forces on the robot structure are simulated by applying fixed supports at the holding frame, – 33.85 N compressive forces at the wheel ends of the linkage in the axial direction and placing 145 gm weight at the motor linkage. Motion simulations are carried out to study functionality of driving mechanism. A robot prototype is built and powered by 11.1 V 5200 mAh LiPo batteries. Experimental testing is conducted in a steel pipe of inner diameter 38 cm to validate the robot’s design, assessing traction, gradeability and operational robustness. Testing results are validated with calculated results that the robot applied a tractive force of 26.26 N to the in-pipe wall against each wheel during normal operation and maintained a uniform velocity of 30 mm/sec in horizontal test. This robot has the potential to ensure the safety, reliability and affordability of operations in oil and gas pipelines.
Epilogue
Authors: Talisse Robert B 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
We are accustomed to think of democracy strictly in its public and collective aspects. However, the argument of the preceding chapters shows that democracy is fundamentally a matter of the dispositions and attitudes we bring to our political engagement. The argument has shown that many of the necessary dispositions are eroded in the course of familiar and essential forms of democratic participation. Thus we have a duty to take steps to restore within ourselves the dispositions and capacities that enable us to act as democratic citizens. In this way, democracy is a task within us.
The Rule of Law: A Very Short Introduction
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The Rule of Law: A Very Short Introduction sets out the origins and development of an English-language debate centered around the phrase “rule of law.” It aims is to explore the distinctive ethical contributions offered by various thinkers to this specific phrase, first theorized by the English scholar A. V. Dicey, while largely setting aside how the same questions are framed and resolved in other traditions. The book opens by canvassing the classical and early modern sources upon which Dicey and his successors explicitly drew. It then explores the ideas of Dicey, which it flags as the first self-conscious theorist of the rule of law. It then recounts his immediate successors. These include a heterogeneous range of thinkers, such as Friedrich Hayek, Lon Fuller, Ronald Dworkin, and Tom Bingham. With this genealogy in hand, the book then reflects the important question of why the rule of law (in some version or other) persists—that is, why do actors with the power to cast aside the rule of law not do so? The book next turns to the ways in which the phrase “rule of law “has diffused across borders, making it a geopolitical phenomenon. Specifically, the phrase was taken across borders toward the end of the twentieth century by actors as diverse as the World Bank, Singapore, and the Chinese Communist Party. Finally, the book closes by examining the way that the rule-of-law tradition can be challenged both as a matter of theory and practice.
Why does the rule of law matter?
Authors: Huq Aziz Z. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This brief chapter introduces the key genealogical and analytic questions raised by the study of the rule of law. To begin, it explores the core rule-of-law idea that law (i.e., a body of written rules) can constrain how power is flexed, especially by the state. Yet how or when this happens is disputed and murky. Building on the observation that “the law” itself is a very complex social practice, it explores a number of potential ways of conceptualizing the relationship between “law” as a system and a normative ideal such as the “rule of law.” Finally, it considers the ethical stakes of the rule of law from the perspective of those subject to state power, along with the absence of state protection.
Looking back at the achievements of functional food science in Japan
Authors: Murakami Akira 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Functional food science in Japan actively began approximately 40 years ago in the form of specific research projects funded by Grants-in-Aids for Scientific Research from the Ministry of Education, Science and Culture. Then, a new category of healthy food, that is “Food for Specified Health Use” (FOSHU), was established. Toshihiko Osawa organized and held the First International Conference on Food Factors in Hamamatsu, Japan, in 1995. As examples of key achievements in basic science, the chemical identification of numerous active principles in foods, elucidation of their metabolism pathways, and mechanistic findings using “omics” technologies and the discovery of target molecules are remarkable. However, whether FOSHU truly contributes to public health is still unknown. In this minireview, the author looks back on functional food science in Japan to date and, at the same time, describes the prospects to share a vision of the future in the next 10 years.
Expression patterns of Arabidopsis thaliana RecQ-like (AtRecQl) genes and the roles of AtRecQl2 and AtRecQl3 in response to abiotic stress
Authors: Dutta Amit Kumar , Hossain Md Firose , Sultana Mst Momtaz , Hachiya Takushi , Nakagawa Tsuyoshi 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Helicases are involved in almost every nucleic acid metabolism process. Within this family, RecQ helicase proteins protect genome integrity across all organisms through DNA recombination, repair, and replication. This study focused on five Arabidopsis thaliana RecQ-like (AtRecQl) genes with diverse functionalities. Analysis of ProAtRecQl: GUS expression during vegetative and reproductive development stages revealed organ- and tissue-specific patterns. Changes in AtRecQls transcript levels in response to abiotic stressors suggest their involvement in diverse stimuli responses. Notably, germination and growth rates were lower in atrecql2 and atrecql3 mutants under various salt concentrations and cold conditions. These findings indicate that AtRecQl2 and AtRecQl3 act as positive regulators of abiotic stress tolerance during the germinative and postgerminative phases.
AESurv: autoencoder survival analysis for accurate early prediction of coronary heart disease
Authors: Shen Yike , Domingo-Relloso Arce , Kupsco Allison , Kioumourtzoglou Marianthi-Anna , Tellez-Plaza Maria , Umans Jason G , Fretts Amanda M , Zhang Ying , Schnatz Peter F , Casanova Ramon , Martin Lisa Warsinger , Horvath Steve , Manson JoAnn E , Cole Shelley A , Wu Haotian , Whitsel Eric A , Baccarelli Andrea A , Navas-Acien Ana , Gao Feng 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Coronary heart disease (CHD) is one of the leading causes of mortality and morbidity in the United States. Accurate time-to-event CHD prediction models with high-dimensional DNA methylation and clinical features may assist with early prediction and intervention strategies. We developed a state-of-the-art deep learning autoencoder survival analysis model (AESurv) to effectively analyze high-dimensional blood DNA methylation features and traditional clinical risk factors by learning low-dimensional representation of participants for time-to-event CHD prediction. We demonstrated the utility of our model in two cohort studies: the Strong Heart Study cohort (SHS), a prospective cohort studying cardiovascular disease and its risk factors among American Indians adults; the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI), a prospective cohort study including randomized clinical trials and observational study to improve postmenopausal women’s health with one of the main focuses on cardiovascular disease. Our AESurv model effectively learned participant representations in low-dimensional latent space and achieved better model performance (concordance index-C index of 0.864 ± 0.009 and time-to-event mean area under the receiver operating characteristic curve-AUROC of 0.905 ± 0.009) than other survival analysis models (Cox proportional hazard, Cox proportional hazard deep neural network survival analysis, random survival forest, and gradient boosting survival analysis models) in the SHS. We further validated the AESurv model in WHI and also achieved the best model performance. The AESurv model can be used for accurate CHD prediction and assist health care professionals and patients to perform early intervention strategies. We suggest using AESurv model for future time-to-event CHD prediction based on DNA methylation features.
Motor practice related changes in the sensorimotor cortices of youth with cerebral palsy
Authors: Kurz Max J , Taylor Brittany K , Heinrichs-Graham Elizabeth , Spooner Rachel K , Baker Sarah E , Wilson Tony W 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The altered sensorimotor cortical dynamics seen in youth with cerebral palsy appear to be tightly coupled with their motor performance errors and uncharacteristic mobility. Very few investigations have used these cortical dynamics as potential biomarkers to predict the extent of the motor performance changes that might be seen after physical therapy or in the design of new therapeutic interventions that target a youth’s specific neurophysiological deficits. This cohort investigation was directed at evaluating the practice dependent changes in the sensorimotor cortical oscillations exhibited by youth with cerebral palsy as a step towards addressing this gap. We used magnetoencephalography to image the changes in the cortical oscillations before and after youth with cerebral palsy (N = 25; age = 15.2 ± 4.5 years; Gross Motor Function Classification Score Levels I–III) and neurotypical controls (N = 18; age = 14.6 ± 3.1 years) practiced a knee extension isometric target-matching task. Subsequently, structural equation modelling was used to assess the multivariate relationship between changes in beta (16–22 Hz) and gamma (66–82 Hz) oscillations and the motor performance after practice. The structural equation modelling results suggested youth with cerebral palsy who had a faster reaction time after practice tended to also have a stronger peri-movement beta oscillation in the sensorimotor cortices following practicing. The stronger beta oscillations were inferred to reflect greater certainty in the selected motor plan. The models also indicated that youth with cerebral palsy who overshot the targets less and matched the targets sooner tended to have a stronger execution-related gamma response in the sensorimotor cortices after practice. This stronger gamma response may represent improve activation of the sensorimotor neural generators and/or alterations in the GABAergic interneuron inhibitory–excitatory dynamics. These novel neurophysiological results provide a window on the potential neurological changes governing the practice-related outcomes in the context of the physical therapy.
Visuomotor prediction during action planning in the human frontoparietal cortex and cerebellum
Authors: Quirmbach Felix , Limanowski Jakub 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The concept of forward models in the brain, classically applied to describing on-line motor control, can in principle be extended to action planning, i.e. assuming forward sensory predictions are issued during the mere preparation of movements. To test this idea, we combined a delayed movement task with a virtual reality based manipulation of visuomotor congruence during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Participants executed simple hand movements after a delay. During the delay, two aspects of the upcoming movement could be cued: the movement type and the visuomotor mapping (i.e. congruence of executed hand movements and visual movement feedback by a glove-controlled virtual hand). Frontoparietal areas showed increased delay period activity when preparing pre-specified movements (cued &gt; uncued). The cerebellum showed increased activity during the preparation for incongruent &gt; congruent visuomotor mappings. The left anterior intraparietal sulcus showed an interaction effect, responding most strongly when a pre-specified (cued) movement was prepared under expected visuomotor incongruence. These results suggest that motor planning entails a forward prediction of visual body movement feedback, which can be adjusted in anticipation of nonstandard visuomotor mappings, and which is likely computed by the cerebellum and integrated with state estimates for (planned) control in the anterior intraparietal sulcus.
Cardiovascular care with digital twin technology in the era of generative artificial intelligence
Authors: Thangaraj Phyllis M , Benson Sean H , Oikonomou Evangelos K , Asselbergs Folkert W , Khera Rohan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Digital twins, which are in silico replications of an individual and its environment, have advanced clinical decision-making and prognostication in cardiovascular medicine. The technology enables personalized simulations of clinical scenarios, prediction of disease risk, and strategies for clinical trial augmentation. Current applications of cardiovascular digital twins have integrated multi-modal data into mechanistic and statistical models to build physiologically accurate cardiac replicas to enhance disease phenotyping, enrich diagnostic workflows, and optimize procedural planning. Digital twin technology is rapidly evolving in the setting of newly available data modalities and advances in generative artificial intelligence, enabling dynamic and comprehensive simulations unique to an individual. These twins fuse physiologic, environmental, and healthcare data into machine learning and generative models to build real-time patient predictions that can model interactions with the clinical environment to accelerate personalized patient care. This review summarizes digital twins in cardiovascular medicine and their potential future applications by incorporating new personalized data modalities. It examines the technical advances in deep learning and generative artificial intelligence that broaden the scope and predictive power of digital twins. Finally, it highlights the individual and societal challenges as well as ethical considerations that are essential to realizing the future vision of incorporating cardiology digital twins into personalized cardiovascular care.
195 Falls: Ireland’s Unexpected Leader in Trauma - A Leap Towards Healthier Moves
Authors: Brent Louise , Ahern Emer , Murphy Terence , Deasy Conor 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Background
Falls from a low height i.e. standing height or less are the leading cause of trauma in Ireland. Each year almost 4000 patients fracture their hip and 3000 major trauma patients suffer life threatening or life changing injuries due to a fall.

Methods
The National Office of Clinical Audit manages two national trauma based clinical audits, the Irish Hip Fracture Database since 2012 and the Major Trauma Audit. Combined they have data on over 50,000 patients who have suffered serious injury from a fall. Both audts are web-based and clinically led and contain data on patient demographics, care standards, injury profile and outcomes. This data is reported back to the healthsystem on a continuous basis to facilitate care planning and quality improvment.

Results
95% of hip fractures are attributable to a low fall in the home or nurisng home and 62% of major trauma is from low falls 50% of which was in the home. As age increased so too does the proportion of patients presenting with a fall. Data from the audits shows that older patients are less likely to be suspected of serious injuries due to the inocuous nature of the mechanism of injury and therefore recognition of the serious nature of their injuries is delayed and often patients are not seen as promptly as they should by senior clinicans and outcomes are much worse then those who did not present by a ‘low mechanism injury’. Both audits have demonstrated this is increasing, in line with our ageing population and the protracted time patients spent in their homes during the pandemic has led to a further increase in patients presenting with falls and frailty.

Conclusion
To date education materials have been developed on how to keep safe in the home, falls prevention and home activity advice for healthcare workers, public health and patients. This has generated some coverage in the media but more needs to be done to keep our population fit and active and aware of the importance of bone health to support not just an active life but also safe lifestyle.
45 Optimising the management of chronic ischemic heart disease by training general practitioners to deliver very brief advice on physical activity (OptiCor)
Authors: Kastaun Sabrina , Hoppe Sabrina , Prinz Alicia , Mons Ute , Kotz Daniel , Icks Andrea , Vomhof Markus , Donner-Banzhoff Norbert , Crutzen Rik , Kuß Oliver , Wilm Stefan 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Purpose
The German treatment guideline “chronic ischemic/coronary heart disease (IHD)” recommends that general practitioners (GPs) deliver advice on physical activity (PA) to IHD patients. This recommendation is inadequately implemented, often due to GP’s insufficient specific training. International guidelines recommend training GPs in how to deliver PA advice effectively and efficiently. Evidence is lacking on how such training should be designed to match the recipients’ needs, and whether it improves the frequency and quality of advice. With OptiCor we aim to systematically develop and evaluate such a training for GPs to optimise the routine care of IHD patients.

Project
OptiCor has started in 2022. It comprises three phases over five years. The methodology matches the Medical Research Council framework recommendations for complex interventions. GPs and patients are substantially involved throughout the entire project. OptiCor (funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research) will be presented internationally for the first time.
Phase 1 (needs analysis/development)–completed: A nationwide, face-to-face household survey was used to collect data on the receipt of GP-delivered PA advice in people with IHD. Focus group discussions and problem-centred interviews were conducted with GPs and patients with IHD to explore attitudes and motivation towards, experiences with, and barriers and facilitators of PA advice implementation or reception, respectively. The findings are now being used to inform the theory-based training development.
Phase 2 (pilot): A pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial (cRCT) on the effectiveness of the GP training on delivered PA advice during routine care of IHD patients will be pilot tested in summer 2024.
Phase 3 (evaluation): A full pragmatic cRCT will be conducted from 2025 onwards (primary endpoint: patient-reported proportions of GP-delivered PA advice). Health economic and process-related analyses will facilitate a potential future broad dissemination and health economic evaluation of the training.

Conclusions
If our training successfully enhances the proportions and quality of delivered PA advice to IHD patients, it represents a low-threshold strategy for a broad implementation in general practice. The training could extend existing projects on PA referral/prescription schemes, and it could be transferred to the management of other diseases or to other healthcare settings.
49 Characteristics of combined movement behaviour interventions in children and adolescents: A scoping review
Authors: Maloney Ciaran 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Evidence suggests that targeting physical activity, sedentary behaviour, and sleep in combination can benefit health and academic outcomes in young people. This scoping review aimed to describe the extent, range, and nature of combined movement behaviour interventions and examine recruitment and effectiveness patterns in disadvantaged populations. The following electronic databases were searched: Web of Science, CINAHL, MEDLINE, and PsycINFO. Grey literature was identified through ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global, Google Scholar, and the British Library EThOS. Included studies were randomised or quasi-experimental interventions that modified two or more movement behaviours with the goal of affecting health-, behavioural- or academic-related outcomes in children or adolescents. Peer-reviewed publications from scientific databases, master’s level dissertations, and doctoral theses from grey literature searches in the English language were included. The behaviour change technique taxonomy (BCT) and PROGRESS-Plus framework were used to map intervention characteristics. Twenty-eight studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies were individual-level randomised controlled trials (43%), conducted in Europe (39%), and delivered in a school setting (75%). Physical activity and sedentary behaviour were the predominant behaviours that were modified (82%). The most commonly used BCTs included information about health consequences (68%) and social support [unspecified] (68%). All included studies focused on health-related outcome measures. Nine studies (32%) examined differential effects by PROGRESS-Plus subgroups. Future research should explore the value of movement behaviour interventions across the breadth of non-health-related outcomes and include a stronger focus on differential effectiveness in disadvantaged populations. No funding was received for conducting this study.