bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Micro‐mechanical studies on the effect of various stress‐states on ductile damage and failure
Authors: Hagenbrock Vanessa , Gerke Steffen , Brünig Michael 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe paper deals with the effect of different stress states on damage and failure behavior of ductile materials. To be able to model these effects a continuum damage model has been proposed taking into account the dependence of the stress intensity, the stress triaxiality and the Lode parameter on the constitutive equations. The model is based on the introduction of damaged and fictitious undamaged configurations. Only experiments are not adequate enough to determine all constitutive parameters. Therefore, additional three‐dimensional micro‐mechanical simulations of representative volume elements have been performed to get more insight in the complex damage mechanisms. These simulations cover a wide range of different void sizes, void shapes and void distributions. After all, the results from the micro‐mechanical simulations are used to propose the damage equations and to identify corresponding parameters. (© 2016 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
A Nonlocal Zero‐Equation Turbulence Model and a Deficit‐Power Law of the Wall with a Dynamical Critical Phenomenon
Authors: Egolf Peter W. , Hutter Kolumban 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article supports a deficit power law for ‘wall’ turbulent shear flows. For infinite Reynolds number flow the model predicts a power, which is a quadratic irrationality in good agreement with experiments (relative error less than one percent). (© 2016 Wiley‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
The role of genetics in pulmonary arterial hypertension
Authors: Ma Lijiang , Chung Wendy K 
Published: October 2016

AbstractGroup 1 pulmonary hypertension or pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a rare disease characterized by proliferation and occlusion of small pulmonary arterioles, leading to progressive elevation of pulmonary artery pressure and pulmonary vascular resistance, and right ventricular failure. Historically, it has been associated with a high mortality rate, although, over the last decade, treatment has improved survival. PAH includes idiopathic PAH (IPAH), heritable PAH (HPAH), and PAH associated with certain medical conditions. The aetiology of PAH is heterogeneous, and genetics play an important role in some cases. Mutations in BMPR2, encoding bone morphogenetic protein receptor 2, a member of the transforming growth factor‐β superfamily of receptors, have been identified in 70% of cases of HPAH, and in 10–40% of cases of IPAH. Other genetic causes of PAH include mutations in the genes encoding activin receptor‐like type 1, endoglin, SMAD9, caveolin 1, and potassium two‐pore‐domain channel subfamily K member 3. Mutations in the gene encoding T‐box 4 have been identified in 10–30% of paediatric PAH patients, but rarely in adults with PAH. PAH in children is much more heterogeneous than in adults, and can be associated with several genetic syndromes, congenital heart disease, pulmonary disease, and vascular disease. In addition to rare mutations as a monogenic cause of HPAH, common variants in the gene encoding cerebellin 2 increase the risk of PAH by approximately two‐fold. A PAH panel of genes is available for clinical testing, and should be considered for use in clinical management, especially for patients with a family history of PAH. Copyright © 2016 Pathological Society of Great Britain and Ireland. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Template‐based modeling and ab initio refinement of protein oligomer structures using GALAXY in CAPRI round 30
Authors: Lee Hasup , Baek Minkyung , Lee Gyu Rie , Park Sangwoo , Seok Chaok 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTMany proteins function as homo‐ or hetero‐oligomers; therefore, attempts to understand and regulate protein functions require knowledge of protein oligomer structures. The number of available experimental protein structures is increasing, and oligomer structures can be predicted using the experimental structures of related proteins as templates. However, template‐based models may have errors due to sequence differences between the target and template proteins, which can lead to functional differences. Such structural differences may be predicted by loop modeling of local regions or refinement of the overall structure. In CAPRI (Critical Assessment of PRotein Interactions) round 30, we used recently developed features of the GALAXY protein modeling package, including template‐based structure prediction, loop modeling, model refinement, and protein–protein docking to predict protein complex structures from amino acid sequences. Out of the 25 CAPRI targets, medium and acceptable quality models were obtained for 14 and 1 target(s), respectively, for which proper oligomer or monomer templates could be detected. Symmetric interface loop modeling on oligomer model structures successfully improved model quality, while loop modeling on monomer model structures failed. Overall refinement of the predicted oligomer structures consistently improved the model quality, in particular in interface contacts. Proteins 2017; 85:399–407. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Improving animal welfare in wildlife shooting: The importance of projectile energy
Authors: Hampton Jordan O. , Adams Peter J. , Forsyth David M. , Cowled Brendan D. , Stuart Ivor G. , Hyndman Tim H. , Collins Teresa 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTIn wildlife shooting programs, the energy profile of the projectile or bullet (i.e., kinetic energy transferred to the animal), as distinct from caliber (projectile diameter), is an important factor for animal welfare. We examined the role of projectile energy in determining animal welfare outcomes for a typical European rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) sharpshooting program. We compared 2 projectiles of different energy profiles: low‐energy 40‐grain .22 long rifle rimfire (.22LR; 198 J) bullets and high‐energy 40‐grain .222 Remington® centerfire (.222R; 1,433 J) bullets, fired under similar conditions on 3 nights in September 2014, on a livestock grazing property near Broken Hill, New South Wales, southeastern Australia. We used a thermal‐imaging camera to collect antemortem data from 500 rabbits that were shot at varying distance. We collected postmortem data via visual inspection from 482 rabbits that were killed. We used these data to compare 3 animal welfare parameters: wounding rate, duration of suffering, and ballistic injuries. We then used regression modeling to measure the effect of projectile type on these welfare parameters while accounting for shooting distance. All animal welfare parameters indicated that .222R projectiles were more humane than .22LR projectiles. When controlling for distance, for rabbits shot with a .22LR compared with a .222R, the odds of nonlethal wounding increased by a factor of 8 and noninstantaneous death increased by a factor of 9. All animal welfare parameters declined with increasing distance for both projectiles. Our results show that projectile energy and shooting distance were critical determinants of animal welfare outcomes in wildlife shooting programs. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
A systems biology approach to investigate the antimicrobial activity of oleuropein
Authors: Li Xianhua , Liu Yanhong , Jia Qian , LaMacchia Virginia , O’Donoghue Kathryn , Huang Zuyi 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Oleuropein and its hydrolysis products are olive phenolic compounds that have antimicrobial effects on a variety of pathogens, with the potential to be utilized in food and pharmaceutical products. While the existing research is mainly focused on individual genes or enzymes that are regulated by oleuropein for antimicrobial activities, little work has been done to integrate intracellular genes, enzymes and metabolic reactions for a systematic investigation of antimicrobial mechanism of oleuropein. In this study, the first genome-scale modeling method was developed to predict the system-level changes of intracellular metabolism triggered by oleuropein in Staphylococcus aureus, a common food-borne pathogen. To simulate the antimicrobial effect, an existing S. aureus genome-scale metabolic model was extended by adding the missing nitric oxide reactions, and exchange rates of potassium, phosphate and glutamate were adjusted in the model as suggested by previous research to mimic the stress imposed by oleuropein on S. aureus. The developed modeling approach was able to match S. aureus growth rates with experimental data for five oleuropein concentrations. The reactions with large flux change were identified and the enzymes of fifteen of these reactions were validated by existing research for their important roles in oleuropein metabolism. When compared with experimental data, the up/down gene regulations of 80% of these enzymes were correctly predicted by our modeling approach. This study indicates that the genome-scale modeling approach provides a promising avenue for revealing the intracellular metabolism of oleuropein antimicrobial properties.
A whole cell biocatalyst for double oxidation of cyclooctane
Authors: Müller C A , Weingartner A M , Dennig A , Ruff A J , Gröger H , Schwaneberg Ulrich 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A novel whole cell cascade for double oxidation of cyclooctane to cyclooctanone was developed. The one-pot oxidation cascade requires only a minimum of reaction components: resting E. coli cells in aqueous buffered medium (=catalyst), the target substrate and oxygen as environmental friendly oxidant. Conversion of cyclooctane was catalysed with high efficiency (50% yield) and excellent selectivity (&gt;94%) to cyclooctanone. The reported oxidation cascade represents a novel whole cell system for double oxidation of non-activated alkanes including an integrated cofactor regeneration. Notably, two alcohol dehydrogenases from Lactobacillus brevis and from Rhodococcus erythropolis with opposite cofactor selectivities and one monooxygenase P450 BM3 were produced in a coexpression system in one single host. The system represents the most efficient route with a TTN of up to 24363 being a promising process in terms of sustainability as well.
Assessment of ataxia phenotype in a new mouse model of galactose‐1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) deficiency
Authors: Chen Wyman , Caston Rose , Balakrishnan Bijina , Siddiqi Anwer , Parmar Kamalpreet , Tang Manshu , Feng Merry , Lai Kent 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDespite adequate dietary management, patients with classic galactosemia continue to have increased risks of cognitive deficits, speech dyspraxia, primary ovarian insufficiency, and abnormal motor development. A recent evaluation of a new galactose‐1 phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT)‐deficient mouse model revealed reduced fertility and growth restriction. These phenotypes resemble those seen in human patients. In this study, we further assess the fidelity of this new mouse model by examining the animals for the manifestation of a common neurological sequela in human patients: cerebellar ataxia. The balance, grip strength, and motor coordination of GALT‐deficient and wild‐type mice were tested using a modified rotarod. The results were compared to composite phenotype scoring tests, typically used to evaluate neurological and motor impairment. The data demonstrated abnormalities with varying severity in the GALT‐deficient mice. Mice of different ages were used to reveal the progressive nature of motor impairment. The varying severity and age‐dependent impairments seen in the animal model agree with reports on human patients. Finally, measurements of the cerebellar granular and molecular layers suggested that mutant mice experience cerebellar hypoplasia, which could have resulted from the down‐regulation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway.
Reciprocal Relationships: the Genetic Counselor‐Patient Relationship Following a Life‐Limiting Prenatal Diagnosis
Authors: Williams S. R. , Berrier K. L. , Redlinger‐Grosse K. , Edwards J. G. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUtilizing the tenet, “Relationship is integral to the genetic counseling process” from the Reciprocal Engagement Model (REM) of genetic counseling practice, this study sought to explore the relationship between the genetic counselor and patient following a “life‐limiting” prenatal diagnosis that resulted in a major loss (termination, stillbirth/miscarriage, or neonatal death). The specific aims of this study were to: 1) Understand and describe aspects of the genetic counselor‐patient relationship in the context of the life‐limiting prenatal diagnosis, and identify characteristics and actions of the 2) genetic counselor and 3) patient that influence the relationship. Genetic counselor (GC) participants were recruited via a web‐based survey distributed by NSGC and the NSGC Prenatal SIG. Eligible GCs maintained a relationship with a patient beyond the prenatal diagnosis and had a willing patient participant. Individual 60‐min audio‐recorded telephone interviews were conducted with eight GC and 8 respective patients (n = 16) using parallel interview guides (n = 16). Transcriptions underwent thematic content analysis for systematic coding and identification of emergent themes. The GC‐patient relationship was characterized by the evolution of communication and promoted by the supportive needs of the patient, the nature of the diagnosis, and characteristics and supportive actions of the participants. This exploratory study highlights the unique service of support offered by genetic counselors in the context of a life‐limiting prenatal diagnosis.
Significance of Fetal Aberrant Right Subclavian Artery and Comparison with Other Second Trimester Markers for Down Syndrome Screening
Authors: Vikraman Seneesh Kumar , Chandra Vipin , Balakrishnan Bijoy , Batra Meenu , Sreeja P. S. , Patil Swapneel Neelkanth , Kannoly Gopinathan 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe chief objectives of our study were to assess the incidence and significance of fetal aberrant right subclavian artery (ARSA) in a nonreferral cohort of south Indian antenatal woman, and to compare it with other second trimester markers of Down syndrome. This was a prospective study conducted at Edappal hospital, India. After satisfying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 2000 consecutive antenatal women, seeking prenatal care and planning delivery at the same center, were recruited in a consecutive fashion. ARSA was identified as a retrotracheal arterial vessel in the axial three vessel trachea view, coursing towards right axilla. During February 2015 to January 2016, nine cases of ARSA were identified amongst 2000 antenatal women, yielding an incidence of 0.45 % (95 % CI 0.2–0.9 %). Of these, eight cases (8/9, 89 %) were isolated with normal karyotype, and negative for 22q11 microdeletion. Down syndrome was prenatally diagnosed in four cases (4/2000, 0.2 %), with ARSA detected in one case [sensitivity—25 %, specificity—99.6 %, positive likelihood ratio (+LR)—62.5 %, negative likelihood ratio (-LR)—0.75 %; Odds ratio 82.8 %, 95 % CI 7.8–883]. Of the significant second trimester minor markers, an absent nasal bone was the most common (13/2000, 0.65 %), followed by ARSA. All the isolated cases had normal neonatal outcomes. ARSA is relatively common second trimester aneuploidy marker, associated with high global +LR but nil isolated +LR. Indication for fetal karyotype in isolated cases seems to be weak.
Minimax across a population of games
Authors: Erev Ido , Roth Alvin E. , Slonim Robert 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMost economic experiments designed to test theories carefully choose specific games. This paper reports on an experimental design to evaluate how well the minimax hypothesis describes behavior across a population of games. Past studies suggest that the hypothesis is more accurate the closer the equilibrium is to equal probability play of all actions, but many differences between the designs makes direct comparison impossible. We examine the minimax hypothesis by randomly sampling constant sum games with two players and two actions with a unique equilibrium in mixed strategies. Only varying the games, we find behavior is more consistent with minimax play the closer the mixed strategy equilibrium is to equal probability play of each action. The results are robust over all iterations as well as early and final play. Experimental designs in which the game is a variable allow some conclusions to be drawn that cannot be drawn from more conventional experimental designs.
Catechin and epicatechin reduce mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress induced by amiodarone in human lung fibroblasts
Authors: Silva Santos Luciana Fernandes , Stolfo Adriana , Calloni Caroline , Salvador Mirian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundAmiodarone (AMD) and its metabolite N‐desethylamiodarone can cause some adverse effects, which include pulmonary toxicity. Some studies suggest that mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress may play a role in these adverse effects. Catechin and epicatechin are recognized as important phenolic compounds with the ability to decrease oxidative stress. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of catechin and epicatechin to modulate mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage caused by AMD in human lung fibroblast cells (MRC‐5).MethodsMitochondrial dysfunction was assessed through the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis. Cell viability was evaluated using the 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Superoxide dismutase and catalase activity were measured spectrophotometrically at 480 and 240 nm, respectively. Lipid and protein oxidative levels were determined by thiobarbituric reactive substances and protein carbonyl assays, respectively. Nitric oxide (NO) levels were evaluated using the Griess reaction method.ResultsAMD was able to inhibit the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis in MRC‐5 cells. Lipid and protein oxidative markers increased along with cell death, while superoxide dismutase and catalase activities and NO production decreased with AMD treatment. Both catechin and epicatechin circumvented mitochondrial dysfunction, thereby restoring the activity of mitochondrial complex I and ATP biosynthesis. Furthermore, the phenolic compounds were able to restore the imbalance in superoxide dismutase and catalase activities as well as the decrease in NO levels induced by AMD. Protein and lipid oxidative damage and cell death were reduced by catechin and epicatechin in AMD‐treated cells.ConclusionsCatechin and epicatechin reduced mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress caused by AMD in MRC‐5 cells.
Residual Limb Hyperhidrosis Managed by Botulinum Toxin Injections, Enhanced by the Iodine‐Starch Test: A Case Report
Authors: Hansen Colby R. , Godfrey Bradeigh 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHyperhidrosis of the residual limb is a common condition affecting patients with amputations. The iodine‐starch test is used by dermatologists to identify focal areas of hyperhidrosis before treatment with botulinum toxin. Here, we describe a case of a patient with a transtibial amputation with moderate‐to‐severe hyperhidrosis who received intradermal botulinum toxin injections to treat residual limb hyperhidrosis, with particular emphasis given to the utility of the iodine‐starch test in managing this common condition. The iodine‐starch test successfully identified hyperhidrotic areas before treatment as well as confirmed the physiologic anhidrotic effect of the botulinum toxin treatment.Level of EvidenceV
Effect of Backpack Strap Patterns on Gait Parameters in Young Adults at Self‐Selected Normal and Fast Walking Speeds
Authors: Abaraogu Ukachukwu Okoroafor , Ugwa Wisdom Onyedikachi , Nnodim Osita , Ezenwankwo Elochukwu Fortune 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe effects of backpack load on young adults' gait parameters have received little attention. We previously reported that with a backpack load within 15% body weight (BW), young adults maintain their gait parameters at the expense of increased exertion during a 6‐minute walk at self‐selected normal walking speed. However, the effect of backpack strap pattern on gait parameters during faster walking or longer stride length has not been evaluated.ObjectiveTo determine the effect of different backpack strap patterns on gait parameters during a 12‐minute walk test in young adults at self‐selected normal and fast walking speeds.DesignA crossover, self‐controlled experimental study with repeated measures.SettingDepartment of Medical Rehabilitation, University of Nigeria.ParticipantsA convenience sample of 24 healthy young adults (21.29 ± 1.20 years) who voluntarily signed an informed consent form, were able to wear a backpack on 1 and on both shoulders, were able to walk independently, and passed the physical activity readiness screening participated in this study.MethodsUsing a validated method of an observational gait analysis, each participant carried out a 12‐minute walk test at self‐determined normal and fast walking speeds, respectively. The effect of the following test conditions on the selected gait parameters was evaluated: normal and fast walking without load, and normal and fast walking with 10% and 20% BW backpack carried each on 1 and both shoulders.Main Outcome MeasurementStride length, stride time, velocity, cadence, and base of support were assessed by the equation definitions method of the velocity field diagram.ResultsAt self‐selected fast walking speed with 10% BW backpack load, stride time (P = .004) and cadence (P = .006) were significantly decreased when participants wore a double‐strap backpack. At self‐selected normal walking speed with 20% BW backpack load, cadence was significantly decreased with double‐strap backpack carriage (P = .008). Cadence (P < .001), velocity (P < .001), and stride time (P < .001)were also significantly decreased at both conditions of single and double‐strap backpack carriage of 20% BW respectively at fast walking speed.ConclusionBackpack strap patterns do not affect the gait parameters of young adults in a 12‐minute bout of normal walking speed, provided that the load is less than 20% BW. However, a load up to 10% BW carried on a double strap causes a decrease in stride time and cadence when these individuals walk fast.Level of EvidenceNot applicable.
Morality is its own Reward
Authors: Elizondo E. Sonny 
Published: October 2016

AbstractTraditionally, Kantian ethics has been thought hostile to agents’ well-being. Recent commentators have rightly called this thought into question, but they do not push their challenge far enough. For they assume, in line with the tradition, that happiness is all there is to well-being – an assumption which, combined with Kant’s rationalism about morality and empiricism about happiness, implies that morality and well-being are at best extrinsically related. Drawing on Kant’s underappreciated discussion of self-contentment, an intellectual analogue of happiness, I reconstruct an alternative account of morality’s relation to well-being. Morality is intrinsically related to well-being – and so is its own reward – not because it makes us happy but because it makes us self-contented.