bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Personality dimensions, positive emotions and coping strategies in the caregivers of people living with HIV in Lahore, Pakistan
Authors: Ashraf Mujeeba , Sitwat Aisha 
Published: May 2016

The aim of this research was to study the relationship between personality dimensions, positive emotions and coping mechanisms of caregivers of patients living with HIV. This study used a cross‐sectional research design. A sample comprising 56 caregivers was recruited from HIV/AIDS clinics in three teaching hospitals in Lahore, Pakistan. Data were collected between February and July 2010.Most caregivers were men, and of low socio‐economic status. Individuals with both high and low extraversion used problem‐focused coping, self‐control and accepting responsibility, but those with low extraversion used more escape‐avoidance coping, and they had also high levels of negative emotions. Those high in neuroticism used more tension‐reduction coping than problem‐focused coping, and experienced fewer positive emotions. Regression analysis findings revealed neuroticism as a significant predictor of negative emotions as well as emotion‐focused coping, and only extraversion significantly predicted negative emotions.This research could help in devising psychological management plans for caregivers of patients living with HIV in order to assist them in coping with the burden of care.
Is it a Container? Young Infants' Understanding of Containment Events
Authors: Mou Yi , Luo Yuyan 
Published: May 2016

The present research examined how certain features of a box affected 4.5‐month‐old infants' interpretation of containment events the box was involved in. If the box was a regular container, infants did not respond with increased attention when a tall cylinder became fully hidden after being lowered inside the box, consistent with previous research. In contrast, if a three‐sided object (the box without its back) replaced the box, or if shown that the box had a removable back, infants were able to detect the height violations, 3 months earlier than they normally would. These results demonstrate how infants' perception or representation of objects interplays with their interpretation of physical events these objects involve in.
Glabrous lesional stem cells differentiated into functional melanocytes: new hope for repigmentation
Authors: Kumar R. , Parsad D. , Rani S. , Bhardwaj S. , Srivastav N. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundVitiligo is characterized by the loss of pigment‐producing cells, melanocytes and one of the important goals of treatment is replenishing the melanocytes from existing reservoirs. Reservoir for melanocyte stem cell has been reported to be present in the skin hair follicles, but glabrous skin does not have hair follicles. Therefore, repigmentation of glabrous lesional skin is very difficult and almost rare. There is no explanation for melanocyte reservoir in the glabrous lesional skin of vitiligo patients.ObjectiveThis study is designed to check the glabrous lesional skin for the presence of stem cells as source of melanocytes for repigmentation.MethodsSkin grafts were collected from glabrous lesional skin of vitiligo patients. Immunohistochemistry of glabrous lesional skin was performed to check for the presence of stem cells. These glabrous lesional stem cells were isolated, cultured and characterized. After characterization, glabrous lesional stem cells were differentiated into melanocytes.ResultsOur results demonstrate that NGFRp75‐positive stem cells are present in the glabrous lesional skin of vitiligo patients and can be differentiated into melanocytes. These dermal stem cells showed self‐renewal capacity and were capable of differentiating into melanocytes which are required for the repigmentation.ConclusionPresence of stem cells in the glabrous lesional skin which are capable of self‐renewal and differentiating into melanocytes gives new hope for vitiligo patients having lesion on the glabrous skin. However, still repigmentation of glabrous lesional skin is very difficult and rare with current available treatments. This clearly means that treatments available till date are not effective enough to activate these dermal stem cells differentiation and their migration to the lesional epidermis. Stimulating these stem cells to differentiate into melanocytes and migrate to lesional epidermis can be ideal for repigmentation of the glabrous lesions.
Effect of Exposure to Pulsed Magnetic Field on Microbiological Quality, Color and Oxidative Stability of Fresh Ground Beef
Authors: Goldschmidt Lins Patricia , Aparecida Silva Alessandra , Marina Piccoli Pugine Silvana , Ivan Cespedes Arce Aldo , José Xavier Costa Ernane , Pires De Melo Mariza 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the use of 1 Hz pulsed magnetic field (PMF) in the preservation of fresh ground beef during aerobic refrigerated storage. Supraspinatus muscle from Angus cattle was ground and aerobically packaged into 21 portions. These portions were divided into three treatment groups: not exposed to PMF (control); exposed to PMF for 2 h (PMF‐2h) and exposed to PMF for 12 days (PMF‐12d). Packages from all groups were stored for 12 days in the dark at 4°C. One package from each group was used for microbiological assays and analyses of pH, instrumental color, myoglobin and lipid oxidation. Results have shown that exposure to PMF for 12 days did not alter the preservation and quality of ground beef compared to the control. However, samples exposed to PMF for 2 h reduced the microorganism growth and metmyoglobin content in relation to the control group. However, pH, instrumental color and lipid oxidation of samples exposed to PMF for 2 h did not change during storage compared to the control. We concluded that PMF could be used for fresh meat preservation. However, more studies are needed to understand the mechanisms of action of the magnetic field.Practical ApplicationsIn the present study, the use of a moderate pulsed magnetic field for preservation of fresh beef looks promising for preventing microbial growth, without changing some parameters such as pH, color or lipid oxidation. However, this mild and nonthermal technology needs more studies to evaluate some factors such as the exposure time to the magnetic field. In general, the use of the magnetic field in food preservation may be a viable alternative to the traditional technologies, and can be used alone or in combination with traditional methods in order to increase their efficiency.
A Database to Facilitate a Process‐Oriented Approach to Urban Metabolism
Authors: Ravalde Tom , Keirstead James 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn view of urbanization trends coupled with climate‐change challenges, it is increasingly important to establish less‐harmful means of urban living. To date, urban metabolism (UM) studies have quantified the aggregate material and energy flows into and out of cities and, further, have identified how consumer activity causes these flows. However, little attention has been paid to the networks of conversion processes that link consumer end‐use demands to aggregate metabolic flows. Here, we conduct a systematic literature search to assemble a database of 202 urban energy, water, and waste management processes. We show how the database can help planners and policy makers choose the preferred process to meet a specific resource management need; identify synergies between energy, water, and waste management processes; and compute optimal networks of processes to meet an area's consumer demand at minimum environmental cost. We make our database publicly available under an open‐source license and discuss the possibilities for how it might be used alongside other industrial ecology data sets to enhance research opportunities. This will encourage more holistic UM analyses, which appreciate how both consumer activity and the engineered urban system work together to influence aggregate metabolic flows and thus support efforts to make cities more sustainable.
An in situ correlative STEM‐EDS and HRTEM based nanoscale chemical characterization of solid–liquid interfaces in an aluminium alloy
Authors: ESWARA S. , MITTERBAUER C. , WIRTZ T. , KUJAWA S. , HOWE J.M. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryThe chemistry and the structure of solid–liquid interface in an Al‐Si based alloy during high temperature phase transformation were characterized at nanoscale using scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy‐EDS and HRTEM. Such studies were until recently limited by large sample drift associated with conventional heating holders. This study was made possible thanks to the modern low‐drift MEMS‐chip based localized heating technology. The results reveal that (i) the structural interface between solid (111) oriented Si phase and the liquid phase (i.e. decay of crystalline order) coexisting at 600°C is 3.2 nm wide (ii) the STEM‐EDS chemical maps show inhomogeneous distribution of the elements with the solid phase being rich in Si and the liquid phase rich in Al (iii) the HRTEM and the HAADF images display respectively dark and bright intensity bands along the interface which could be due to apparent enrichment of Cu at the interface region resulting in enhanced amplitude‐contrast (darker band in HRTEM) and Z‐contrast (bright band in HAADF) and (iv) intriguingly, the concentration profiles within (i.e. compositional width) and across the solid–liquid interface display element‐specific complex and asymmetric variation in the chemical widths.
A voltammetric and mathematical analysis of histaminergic modulation of serotonin in the mouse hypothalamus
Authors: Samaranayake Srimal , Abdalla Aya , Robke Rhiannon , Nijhout H. Frederik , Reed Michael C. , Best Janet , Hashemi Parastoo 
Published: May 2016

AbstractHistamine and serotonin are neuromodulators which facilitate numerous, diverse neurological functions. Being co‐localized in many brain regions, these two neurotransmitters are thought to modulate one another's chemistry and are often implicated in the etiology of disease. Thus, it is desirable to interpret the in vivo chemistry underlying neurotransmission of these two molecules to better define their roles in health and disease. In this work, we describe a voltammetric approach to monitoring serotonin and histamine simultaneously in real time. Via electrical stimulation of the axonal bundles in the medial forebrain bundle, histamine release was evoked in the mouse premammillary nucleus. We found that histamine release was accompanied by a rapid, potent inhibition of serotonin in a concentration‐dependent manner. We developed mathematical models to capture the experimental time courses of histamine and serotonin, which necessitated incorporation of an inhibitory receptor on serotonin neurons. We employed pharmacological experiments to verify that this serotonin inhibition was mediated by H3 receptors. Our novel approach provides fundamental mechanistic insights that can be used to examine the full extent of interconnectivity between histamine and serotonin in the brain.
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Histamine and serotonin are co‐implicated in many of the brain's functions. In this paper, we develop a novel voltammetric method for simultaneous real‐time monitoring of histamine and serotonin in the mouse premammillary nucleus. Electrical stimulation of the medial forebrain bundle evokes histamine and inhibits serotonin release. We show voltammetrically, mathematically, and pharmacologically that this serotonin inhibition is H3 receptor mediated.
The effect of a classroom activity break on physical activity levels and adiposity in primary school children
Authors: Drummy Clare , Murtagh Elaine M , McKee David P , Breslin Gavin , Davison Gareth W , Murphy Marie H 
Published: May 2016

AimDespite recognition that regular physical activity is essential for good health, many children do not accumulate sufficient daily physical activity. The aim of this study was to examine the effect of a classroom‐based activity break on accelerometer‐determined moderate‐to‐vigorous intensity physical activity (MVPA) and adiposity in primary school children.MethodsOne hundred twenty children from seven primary schools in Northern Ireland participated in the study. In each school, one class of children was randomly assigned to an intervention group and another class to a control group. Teachers of the intervention classes led a 5‐min activity break three times per day for 12 weeks. Accelerometer‐determined MVPA, height, weight and four skinfolds were measured at baseline and post‐intervention.ResultsCompared with the control group, the intervention group significantly increased weekday MVPA (+9.5 min) from baseline to post‐intervention. There were no significant changes in BMI; however, an increase in sum‐of‐skinfolds of the intervention group was observed.ConclusionsClassroom‐based activity breaks led by the teacher are successful in increasing children's physical activity levels. The programme shows a positive step in improving overall physical activity levels and contributing to the goal of 60 min daily MVPA.
Parent and teacher perceptions of emerging special health care needs
Authors: O'Connor Meredith , Rosema Stefanie , Quach Jon , Kvalsvig Amanda , Goldfeld Sharon 
Published: May 2016

AimA fifth of children enter school with special health care needs (SHCN) impacting on their physical, psychosocial or educational development, including many with emerging SHCN who often do not qualify for additional supports. This study aimed to compare the perceptions of parents and teachers on children's emerging SHCN, and explore correlates of conflicting reports.MethodsThe Longitudinal Study of Australian Children (LSAC) is a nationally representative study of Australian children, which includes the abbreviated Children with Special Health Care Needs Screener. Data were analysed from a subsample of n = 720 children from the LSAC Kindergarten cohort (n = 4983) for whom teachers also completed the Australian Early Development Index checklist, a measure of early childhood development that includes teacher reported SHCN.ResultsTeachers (n = 120, 17.34%) identified more emerging SHCN than parents (n = 74, 10.74%), and reports were often discrepant. Children were more likely to have consistent reports of emerging SHCN when their parents had high levels of involvement at school (OR 4.86; 95% CI 1.08–21.80; P < 0.05), whereas children who came from disadvantaged family backgrounds were more likely to have teacher‐only identified difficulties (OR 3.66; 95% CI 1.17–11.50; P < 0.05).ConclusionParents and teachers bring different perspectives to children's development and additional support needs, each of which is valuable. Greater attention should be given to ensuring that common understandings about a child's needs at school are established early in children's educational pathways.
Effect of quercetin on the uptake and efflux of aristolochic acid I from Caco-2 cell monolayers
Authors: Kimura Osamu , Fujii Yukiko , Haraguchi Koichi , Ohta Chiho , Koga Nobuyuki , Kato Yoshihisa , Endo Tetsuya 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Objective
The purpose of this study was to determine whether quercetin decreases the uptake of aristolochic acid I (AAI) from the apical membranes of Caco-2 cells via H+-linked MCTs at neutral pH as well as to confirm the secretion of AAI through the Caco-2 cell monolayers via ABC transporters.

Methods
Caco-2 cells cultured on the dishes or permeable membranes were incubated with AAI in the absence or presence of quercetin or transporter inhibitors.

Key findings
Coincubation with quercetin decreased the uptake of AAI by Caco-2 cells cultured on the dishes at pH 7.4, and a similar decrease in AAI uptake was found when the cells were coincubated with acetic acid or benzoic acid. In contrast, the basolateral-to-apical transport of AAI was higher than the apical-to-basolateral transport of AAI at pH 7.4, and the former transport was decreased by quercetin and the BCRP inhibitors of Ko-143 and mitoxantrone, but not by P-gp or MRP2 inhibitors.

Conclusions
AAI appears to be secreted from the apical membranes of Caco-2 cells via BCRP at neutral pH, although a small amount of AAI is taken up from the apical membranes via H+-linked MCTs, and quercetin may decrease both the BCRP-mediated efflux and the MCT-mediated influx of AAI.
Development and optimization of ketoconazole oral strips by means of continuous hot-melt extrusion processing
Authors: Maniruzzaman Mohammed , Farias Smirna , Slipper Ian J , Boateng Joshua S , Chowdhry Babur Z , Nair Arun , Douroumis Dennis 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

Objectives
The aim of this study was to develop mucoadhesive oral strips using hot-melt extrusion as a continuous manufacturing process.

Methods
Powder blends of ketoconazole, a water-insoluble drug – either hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) or soluplus (SOL), sorbitol (SRB) and magnesium aluminometasilicate (MAS) were extruded to manufacture thin strips with 0.5-mm thickness. The presence of the inorganic metasilicate facilitated smooth processing of the extruded strips as it worked as an absorbent directly impacting on the extensive mixing of the drug/excipients inside the extruder barrel.

Key findings
The use of MAS also favoured the rapid hydration, swelling and eventual disintegration of the strips. Differential scanning calorimetry and transmission X-ray diffraction analysis revealed the existence of the amorphous drug within the extruded strips. Scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray undertaken on the formulations showed a homogeneous drug distribution within the extruded strips.

Conclusion
The strips produced via continuous hot-melt extrusion processing showed significantly faster release of ketoconazole compared to the bulk drug substance.
Is psychosocial and cognitive dysfunction misattributed to the virus in hepatitis C infection? Select psychosocial contributors identified
Authors: Lowry D. , Burke T. , Galvin Z. , Ryan J. D. , Russell J. , Murphy A. , Hegarty J. , Stewart S. , Crowe J. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryChronic hepatitis C is associated with health‐related quality of life and cognitive impairments, even in mild disease. Recent evidence demonstrating hepatitis C virus (HCV) neurotropism has strengthened a neuropathophysiological hypothesis. However, sample heterogeneity confounds study outcomes. A uniquely homogeneous cohort of Irish women, following an iatrogenic HCV outbreak, offers a rare opportunity to control for HCV chronicity and the virus’ purported impact on quality of life and cognition. A multi site, three‐group, cross‐sectional design was employed. Noncirrhotic, iatrogenically infected women, developing either acute or chronic infection, were recruited from prospective tertiary‐care liver clinics and the community. Well‐matched healthy controls were also recruited. All participants completed a psychosocial survey and were invited to undergo a comprehensive neuropsychological test battery. Significantly distressed psychosocial symptom profiles were observed in those with an iatrogenic HCV exposure history, which was independent of viral chronicity. Chronic and cleared HCV cohorts were not differentiated from each other. Two distinct subgroups, demarcated along ‘impaired’ vs ‘nonimpaired’ quality‐of‐life reports, were clearly identified and logistic regression analysis identified depressed mood and cognitive fatigue, rather than viral status, as statistically significant predictors of group membership. Compared with matched controls, significant cognitive impairments were not observed in either HCV cohort. Our findings provide strong evidence of nonviral factors accounting for quality of life impairment in chronic HCV and they also appear to question existing reports of cognitive dysfunction in mild disease. Depressed mood and cognitive fatigue appear to be critical psychosocial mediators of reduced quality‐of‐life and we hypothesize that metabolite abnormalities reported in HCV samples may also be confounded by these factors, given the associated literature.
Vibrationally Resolved Absorption and Fluorescence Spectra of Firefly Luciferin: A Theoretical Simulation in the Gas Phase and in Solution
Authors: Cheng Yuan‐Yuan , Liu Ya‐Jun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractFirefly bioluminescence has been applied in several fields. However, the absorption and fluorescence spectra of the substrate, luciferin, have not been observed at the vibrational level. In this study, the vibrationally resolved absorption and fluorescence spectra of firefly luciferin (neutral form LH2, phenolate ion form LH− and dianion form L2−) are simulated using the density functional method and convoluted by a Gaussian function, with displacement, distortion and Duschinsky effects in the framework of the Franck–Condon approximation. Both neutral and anionic forms of the luciferin are considered in the gas phase and in solution. The simulated spectra have desired band maxima with the experimental ones. The vibronic structure analysis reveals that the features of the most contributive vibrational modes coincide with the key geometry‐changing region during transition between the ground state and the first singlet excited state.
Of Quantiles and Expectiles: Consistent Scoring Functions, Choquet Representations and Forecast Rankings
Authors: Ehm Werner , Gneiting Tilmann , Jordan Alexander , Krüger Fabian 
Published: May 2016

SummaryIn the practice of point prediction, it is desirable that forecasters receive a directive in the form of a statistical functional. For example, forecasters might be asked to report the mean or a quantile of their predictive distributions. When evaluating and comparing competing forecasts, it is then critical that the scoring function used for these purposes be consistent for the functional at hand, in the sense that the expected score is minimized when following the directive. We show that any scoring function that is consistent for a quantile or an expectile functional can be represented as a mixture of elementary or extremal scoring functions that form a linearly parameterized family. Scoring functions for the mean value and probability forecasts of binary events constitute important examples. The extremal scoring functions admit appealing economic interpretations of quantiles and expectiles in the context of betting and investment problems. The Choquet-type mixture representations give rise to simple checks of whether a forecast dominates another in the sense that it is preferable under any consistent scoring function. In empirical settings it suffices to compare the average scores for only a finite number of extremal elements. Plots of the average scores with respect to the extremal scoring functions, which we call Murphy diagrams, permit detailed comparisons of the relative merits of competing forecasts.
Oracally Efficient Estimation and Consistent Model Selection for Auto-Regressive Moving Average Time Series with Trend
Authors: Shao Qin , Yang Lijian 
Published: May 2016

Summary
Most time series that are encountered in practice contain non-zero trend, yet textbook approaches to time series analysis are typically focused on zero-mean stationary auto-regressive moving average (ARMA) processes. Trend is often estimated by ad hoc methods and subtracted from time series, and the residuals are used as the true ARMA noise for data analysis and inference, including parameter estimation, lag selection and prediction. We propose a theoretically justified two-step method to analyse time series consisting of a smooth trend function and ARMA error term, which is computationally efficient and easy for practitioners to implement. The trend is estimated by B-spline regression, and the maximum likelihood estimator based on residuals is shown to be oracally efficient in the sense that it is asymptotically as efficient as if the true trend function were known and then removed to obtain the ARMA errors. In addition, consistency of the Bayesian information criterion for model selection is established for the detrended residual sequence. Finite sample performance of the procedure is illustrated by simulation studies and real data analysis.