bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Second label learning in bilingual and monolingual infants
Authors: Kandhadai Padmapriya , Hall D. Geoffrey , Werker Janet F. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMutual exclusivity is the assumption that each object has only one category label. Prior research suggests that bilingual infants, unlike monolingual infants, fail to adhere to this assumption to guide word learning. Yet previous work has not addressed whether bilingual infants systematically interpret a novel word for a familiar object (i.e. an object with a known category label) as a second category label. We addressed this question by exploring bilingual and monolingual infants’ use of mutual exclusivity in a task in which they heard a novel label for a familiar object with a salient color (e.g. an aqua‐colored dog). They were subsequently tested with two trials that probed whether they interpreted the word as a second category label for the object (e.g. another word meaning dog) or as a label for one of the object's salient properties, namely its color (e.g. a word meaning aqua). Bilingual infants failed to adhere to mutual exclusivity and interpreted the novel word systematically as a second object category label for the familiar object. In contrast, consistent with their use of mutual exclusivity, monolingual infants rejected the novel word as a second category label, and instead showed some evidence of interpreting it as a property (color) term for the familiar object. The findings suggest that both bilingual and monolingual infants are systematic in their interpretation of a novel label for a familiar object, but that they show different interpretations of that label. We thus argue that theoretical accounts of early word learning must consider the crucial role of linguistic experience.
Growth characteristics in cerebral palsy subtypes: a comparative assessment
Authors: Stanek Jeremy L , Emerson Jane A , Murdock Fred A , Petroski Gregory F 
Published: April 2016

AimChildren with quadriplegic cerebral palsy (CP) have been found to have growth rates that differ from those of children with typical development. Little research has been performed to distinguish whether growth patterns in hemiplegic, diplegic, and quadriplegic CP differ from one another. The purpose of this study was to compare growth of children with quadriplegic, hemiplegic, and diplegic CP.MethodRetrospective data were collected from the electronic medical record of patients with CP at an outpatient center. Linear mixed models were used to examine growth by diagnosis, using International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision (ICD‐9) diagnosis codes 343.0 (diplegia), 343.1 (hemiplegia), and 343.2 (quadriplegia).ResultsHeights and weights of children with quadriplegic CP were consistently lower than those with hemiplegic or diplegic CP. Children with hemiplegic CP had greater heights and weights than other CP subtypes. There were statistically significant differences in weight gain curves among the three diagnoses for males (p<0.05).InterpretationOur study reveals differences in growth rates between hemiplegic, diplegic, and quadriplegic CP subtypes.
Linguistic features in children born very preterm at preschool age
Authors: Guarini Annalisa , Marini Andrea , Savini Silvia , Alessandroni Rosina , Faldella Giacomo , Sansavini Alessandra 
Published: April 2016

AimThis cross‐sectional study focused on the effect of very preterm (VPT) birth on language development by analysing phonological, lexical, grammatical, and pragmatic skills and assessing the role of cognitive and memory skills.MethodSixty children (29 males, 31 females) born VPT (<32wks) aged 5 years were compared with 60 children with typical development. The linguistic assessment was performed by administering a battery of Italian tests for the evaluation of language; cognitive and memory skills were assessed by Raven's coloured progressive matrices and digit span subtest (Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children [WISC‐III]).ResultsChildren born VPT showed delays in lexical (comprehension: z‐score difference −1.18; 95% confidence interval [CI] −1.60 to −0.77; naming: −0.88; 95% CI −1.19 to −0.58) and pragmatic skills (comprehension: −0.76; 95% CI −1.02 to −0.49; narrative production: −0.47; 95% CI −0.72 to −0.23). Delays in phonology and grammar were less diffuse, involving productive skills (−1.09; 95% CI −1.64 to −0.54; −0.48; 95% CI −0.85 to −0.12, respectively), and were dependent by cognitive and memory skills. Lexical delays were more specific.InterpretationThe linguistic profile of children born preterm is characterized by some abilities more impaired than others. This highlights the need of a linguistic assessment at the end of preschool age in order to plan a focused intervention aimed at improving lexical and pragmatic skills.
Patient‐reported outcomes measure for children born preterm: validation of the SOLE VLBWI Questionnaire, a new quality of life self‐assessment tool
Authors: Olivieri Ivana , M Bova Stefania , Fazzi Elisa , Ricci Daniela , Tinelli Francesca , Montomoli Cristina , Rezzani Cristiana , Balottin Umberto , Orcesi Simona ,   The SOLE VLBWI Questionnaire Study Group
Published: April 2016

AimThis study was conducted to develop and validate a new self‐report questionnaire for measuring quality of life (QoL), at school age, in children with a very low birthweight (VLBW).MethodThrough a focus group approach, children were involved directly in defining the questionnaire items, which were presented as illustrations rather than written questions. This preliminary validation of the questionnaire was conducted in 152 participants with VLBW (aged 7–11y) randomly selected from the five participating Italian centres. The questionnaire was completed by children and parents separately; data on children's demographic and medical history, and intellectual, adaptive, and behavioural functioning were collected using standardized scales. All the children also completed the Paediatric Quality of Life Inventory (PedsQL), another Italian‐language measure of QoL in children.ResultsOur questionnaire was readily accepted and understood, and quick to complete. The Cronbach's alpha value showed it to be a reliable instrument. The child‐compiled version correlated well with the PedsQL, whereas no correlations emerged with the other scales used, IQ, or degree of impairment. Conversely, these variables correlated significantly with the parent‐compiled version. Children's and parents’ answers were divergent on practically all the items.InterpretationThe results confirm the validity of the new instrument and highlight a poor overlap between parents’ and children's perspectives.
Effects of multiple ascending doses of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF‐06291874 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Authors: Kazierad D. J. , Bergman A. , Tan B. , Erion D. M. , Somayaji V. , Lee D. S. , Rolph T. 
Published: April 2016

AimsTo assess the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, safety and tolerability of multiple ascending doses of the glucagon receptor antagonist PF‐06291874 in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).MethodsPatients were randomized to oral PF‐06291874 or placebo on a background of either metformin (Part A, Cohorts 1–5: 5–150 mg once daily), or metformin and sulphonylurea (Part B, Cohorts 1–2: 15 or 30 mg once daily) for 14–28 days. A mixed‐meal tolerance test (MMTT) was administered on days −1 (baseline), 14 and 28. Assessments were conducted with regard to pharmacokinetics, various pharmacodynamic variables, safety and tolerability. Circulating amino acid concentrations were also measured.ResultsPF‐06291874 exposure was approximately dose‐proportional with a half‐life of ∼19.7–22.7 h. Day 14 fasting plasma glucose and mean daily glucose values were reduced from baseline in a dose‐dependent manner, with placebo‐corrected decreases of 34.3 and 42.4 mg/dl, respectively, at the 150 mg dose. After the MMTT, dose‐dependent increases in glucagon and total glucagon‐like peptide‐1 (GLP‐1) were observed, although no meaningful changes were noted in insulin, C‐peptide or active GLP‐1 levels. Small dose‐dependent increases in LDL cholesterol were observed, along with reversible increases in serum aminotransferases that were largely within the laboratory reference range. An increase in circulating gluconeogenic amino acids was also observed on days 2 and 14. All dose levels of PF‐06291874 were well tolerated.ConclusionPF‐06291874 was well tolerated, has a pharmacokinetic profile suitable for once‐daily dosing, and results in reductions in glucose with minimal risk of hypoglycaemia.
Centralized Fiscal Spending by Supranational Unions
Authors: Simon Jenny , Valasek Justin Mattias 
Published: April 2016

We study fiscal spending by supranational unions, where participation is voluntary and countries bargain over contributions to and the allocation of a central budget. Since decisions are made by unanimity, bargaining power over the allocation becomes a function of contributions, which generically causes inefficiency in the presence of income asymmetry between member nations. This link between the budget allocation and contributions explains patterns of inefficient spending in the EU, e.g. why resources are diverted to low‐productivity projects in high‐income countries: the option of veto creates a trade‐off between efficiency on the contributions margin and efficiency on the allocation margin.
Acute and Chronic Effects of Noninvasive Ventilation on Left and Right Myocardial Function in Patients with Obstructive Sleep Apnea Syndrome: A Speckle Tracking Echocardiographic Study
Authors: D'Andrea Antonello , Martone Francesca , Liccardo Biagio , Mazza Mariano , Annunziata Anna , Di Palma Enza , Conte Marianna , Sirignano Cesare , D'Alto Michele , Esposito Nicolino , Fiorentino Giuseppe , Russo Maria Giovanna , Bossone Eduardo , Calabrò Raffaele 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundIn patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome (OSAS), repetitive hypoxia due to sleep‐induced apnea adversely affects the interaction between myocardial oxygen demand and supply, resulting in the development of subclinical cardiac dysfunction. The purpose of the study was to analyze the different involvement of left and right heart myocardial function in patients with OSAS treated with noninvasive ventilation (NIV).MethodsConventional Doppler echocardiography, Doppler myocardial imaging (DMI), and two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography (2DSTE) of left (LV) and right ventricular (RV) longitudinal and right atrial (RA) deformation were performed in 55 patients with OSAS undergoing NIV (M/F 38/17; mean age 67.8 ± 11.2 years). LV and RV global longitudinal strain (GLS) was calculated by averaging local strain along the entire right and left ventricle, before and during NIV, and after 6 months of nocturnal NIV therapy.ResultsLV morphology was comparable before and during NIV, whereas LV ejection fraction and LV DMI early diastolic peak velocity were significantly improved in patients with OSAS during NIV, as was LV regional peak myocardial strain (P < 0.001). RV diameters were slightly increased in patients with OSAS during ventilation, whereas pulmonary artery systolic pressure (PASP), RV GLS, and regional peak myocardial RV strain were significantly reduced during ventilation (P < 0.0001). RA transverse diameters and RA area were also slightly increased during NIV, whereas RA lateral wall strain was reduced (P < 0.001). Acute RV myocardial impairment completely reversed at follow‐up, with a decrease in PASP and subsequent increase in both RV and RA myocardial performance.ConclusionsConventional 2DSTE is a useful tool for assessing left and right heart morphology and myocardial deformation in patients with OSAS and for monitoring both acute and chronic effects of NIV.
Right Pulmonary Artery Compression by Giant Aortic Aneurysm
Authors: Kahyaoglu Muzaffer , Gecmen Cetin , Karaman Ozge , Hakgor Aykun , Onal Cagatay , Celik Mehmet , Kalayci Arzu , Tuncer Mehmet Altug , Kirma Cevat 
Published: April 2016

Mini‐AbstractA 52‐year‐old man was admitted to our emergency department due to shortness of breath, bilateral pretibial edema, and abdominal ascites. His medical history revealed successful surgical repair of coarctation 28 years ago. Transthoracic echocardiography showed an approximately 16‐cm ascending aortic aneurysm, compression of right pulmonary artery. A contrast‐enhanced chest computed tomography scan indicated a 16‐cm ascending aortic aneurysm with calcified ulcerated plaque and the right pulmonary artery to be obstructed by the aortic aneurysm.
Correlation of Left Atrial Appendage Ejection Velocities with the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc Scores
Authors: Clark Craig B. , Telles Garcia Nelson A. , Hackett Renner Catherine , Ryan Sarah M. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundIn patients with atrial fibrillation or flutter, a left atrial appendage ejection velocity measured via transesophageal echocardiography equal to or less than 40 cm/sec has been shown to correlate with an increased risk of developing left atrial appendage thrombus while velocities greater than 40 cm/sec are at lower risk. The CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores calculated from clinical variables have been developed to risk stratify patients with atrial fibrillation/flutter in regard to the need for anticoagulation. This study was designed to assess whether a relationship exists between left atrial appendage ejection velocities and the respective CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores, and whether this relationship is affected by the presence of atrial fibrillation or atrial flutter.MethodsA retrospective chart review was performed on patients in the last 5 years who had undergone a transesophageal echocardiogram in which LAA velocity was measured. Once these patients were identified, relevant clinical information allowing for the calculation of the CHADS2 and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores was also extracted from the medical record.ResultsData from a total of 151 patients were included in the study. A statistically significant correlation between LAA velocity and CHADS2 score (P = 0.942) or between LAA velocity and CHA2DS2‐VASc scores (P = 0.723) was not found.ConclusionsWe could not identify a relationship between either the CHADS2 or CHA2DS2‐VASc scores and LAA velocities. This was true regardless of whether patients were in sinus rhythm or AF at the time of the TEE. While reduced LAA velocities increase the risk of LAA thrombus, the development of stroke in patients with AF is secondary to a complex interplay of multiple clinical variables.
Influence of working model position on the formation of a pressure‐formed mouthguard
Authors: Mizuhashi Fumi , Koide Kaoru , Mizuhashi Ryo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to examine the influence of the position of the working model on the formation of a pressure‐formed mouthguard.Materials and methodsMouthguard sheets of 3.8 mm ethylene vinyl acetate were pressure‐formed on working models in three positions: anterior, central, and posterior. The thickness of the mouthguard was measured at the labial surface of the central incisor and the buccal and occlusal surfaces of the first molar. Differences in the thickness of the mouthguards were analyzed by two‐way analysis of variance.ResultsMouthguard thickness varied among the measured regions of the central incisors and first molars (P < 0.01). The thickness at the labial surface of the central incisor was greatest for mouthguards formed with the working model in the posterior position (P < 0.01).ConclusionsThe results of this study suggest that pressure‐formed mouthguards could be fabricated effectively by positioning the center of the working model 15 mm posteriorly from the center of the pressure former. The position of the working model should be considered carefully when forming a mouthguard.
Youth mental health services in Italy: An achievable dream?
Authors: Masillo Alice , Brandizzi Martina , Nelson Barnaby , Lo Cascio Nella , Saba Riccardo , Lindau Juliana Fortes , Telesforo Ludovica , Montanaro Dori , D'Alema Marco , Girardi Paolo , McGorry Patrick , Fiori Nastro Paolo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAim“Liberiamo il futuro” (LIF) project was designed to assess psychological problems of adolescents and young adults and to identify individuals at high‐risk for developing a psychosis through a collaboration between a University team, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Services and Adult Mental Health Services. This paper presents the baseline demographic and clinical characteristics of the cohort, particularly the nature and severity of psychopathology.MethodAll help‐seeking young people aged 12–35 years residing in the health district involved in LIF were invited to participate in the study and completed a battery of self‐ report and interviewer‐administered measures of psychopathology and functioning at baseline.ResultsA total of 338 adolescents and young people (mean age 17.42) participated in the study. The majority of the sample (n = 107, 35%) had an anxiety disorder, followed by mood disorders (n = 62, 21%). Only 35 (12%) participants had no psychiatric diagnosis. After a screening phase, 166 (52%) individuals were assessed to detect the presence of an Ultra High Risk (UHR) state. Of these, 38.60% (n = 64) met UHR criteria. Overall, the majority of the sample resulted moderately functionally impaired at baseline.ConclusionsLIF project showed that psychological problems, associated with impaired psychosocial functioning, are very common among help‐seeking young people. The help‐seeking behaviour of young people is in contrast with the barriers presented by the Italian community mental health system that is modelled around adults' requirements. A need of a strong, stigma‐free, young oriented system of care for young people up to the mid‐20s emerged.
Systematic review of the evidence for service models delivering early intervention in psychosis outside the stand‐alone centre
Authors: Behan Caragh , Masterson Sarah , Clarke Mary 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAimAlthough early intervention in psychosis is an accepted policy internationally, the evidence base for this paradigm, originates mostly from the specialist model. In a real world setting, variations of this model are often implemented. The aim of this paper is to systematically evaluate the evidence for delivering early intervention outside the specialist stand‐alone centre.MethodsA systematic search following the PRISMA guidelines was undertaken in Medline, PsycInfo, Embase and the Cochrane trials register. The search was limited to articles in English from 1990 to end of January 2016. Inclusion criteria for the review comprised comparative evaluations of services delivering early intervention in psychosis outside the specialist model. Exclusion criteria included prodromal services, descriptions of services without reference to a comparator and stand‐alone specialist services evaluated in comparison to treatment as usual.ResultsThere were 637 unique citations. Twenty‐eight papers were reviewed at second‐stage screening. The majority were excluded as they compared specialist early intervention with treatment as usual, did not evaluate the first episode or had no comparator. Seven peer‐reviewed publications and two conference papers fulfilled criteria evaluating models of delivering early intervention other than the specialist model.ConclusionsThere is a spaucity of evidence evaluating models other than specialist models in early intervention. Published studies are heterogeneous in design and outcome. Although there have been two recent trials evaluating integrated early intervention in comparison with treatment as usual, it remains unclear whether reported improved outcomes of specialist centres apply to other models.
An observational analysis of recent female dental enrolment figures in the Republic of Ireland
Authors: Neville P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurpose/ObjectiveThis research investigates the participation and completion rates of Irish female undergraduate dental students from 2003 to 2014.MethodsThe Higher Education Authority database was accessed and dental students enrolment and completion figures were extracted, compiled and analysed according to gender distribution.ResultFrom 2003 to 2014, there has been a steady increase in the number of female students enrolled in and completing Ireland's undergraduate dentistry programmes.ConclusionsThe findings reveal that a distinct process of feminisation has occurred in Ireland since the early 2000s. The feminisation of dentistry in Ireland will impact on workforce projections for the Irish dental service. However, more research needs to be undertaken to explore why female students are motivated to pursue a career in dentistry. Due regard also needs to be given to ensuring these women progress in their dental career. Dental education can play an important role here.
Rostrocaudal functional gradient among the pre‐dorsal premotor cortex, dorsal premotor cortex and primary motor cortex in goal‐directed motor behaviour
Authors: Nakayama Yoshihisa , Yamagata Tomoko , Hoshi Eiji 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe dorsal premotor cortex residing in the dorsolateral aspect of area 6 is a rostrocaudally elongated area that is rostral to the primary motor cortex (M1) and caudal to the prefrontal cortex. This region, which is subdivided into rostral [pre‐dorsal premotor cortex (pre‐PMd)] and caudal [dorsal premotor cortex proper (PMd)] components, probably plays a central role in planning and executing actions to achieve a behavioural goal. In the present study, we investigated the functional specializations of the pre‐PMd,PMd, and M1, because the synthesis of the specific functions performed by each area is considered to be essential. Neurons were recorded while monkeys performed a conditional visuo‐goal task designed to include separate processes for determining a behavioural goal (reaching towards a right or left potential target) on the basis of visual object instructions, specifying actions (direction of reaching) to be performed on the basis of the goal, and preparing and executing the action. Neurons in the pre‐PMd andPMd retrieved and maintained behavioural goals without encoding the visual features of the visual object instructions, and subsequently specified the actions by multiplexing the goals with the locations of the targets. Furthermore,PMd and M1 neurons played a major role in representing the action during movement preparation and execution, whereas the contribution of the pre‐PMd progressively decreased as the time of the actual execution of the movement approached. These findings revealed that the multiple processing stages necessary for the realization of an action to accomplish a goal were implemented in an area‐specific manner across a functional gradient from the pre‐PMd to M1 that included thePMd as an intermediary.