bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sequencing paediatric antiretroviral therapy in the context of a public health approach
Authors: Boerma Ragna S , Boender T Sonia , van Hensbroek Michael Boele , Rinke de Wit Tobias F , Sigaloff Kim CE 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionAs access to prevention of mother‐to‐child transmission (PMTCT) efforts has increased, the total number of children being born with HIV has significantly decreased. However, those children who do become infected after PMTCT failure are at particular risk of HIV drug resistance, selected by exposure to maternal or paediatric antiretroviral drugs used before, during or after birth. As a consequence, the response to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in these children may be compromised, particularly when non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs) are used as part of the first‐line regimen. We review evidence guiding choices of first‐ and second‐line ART.DiscussionChildren generally respond relatively well to ART. Clinical trials show the superiority of protease inhibitor (PI)‐ over NNRTI‐based treatment in young children, but observational reports of NNRTI‐containing regimens are usually favourable as well. This is reassuring as national guidelines often still recommend the use of NNRTI‐based treatment for PMTCT‐unexposed young children, due to the higher costs of PIs. After failure of NNRTI‐based, first‐line treatment, the rate of acquired drug resistance is high, but HIV may well be suppressed by PIs in second‐line ART. By contrast, there are currently no adequate alternatives in resource‐limited settings (RLS) for children failing either first‐ or second‐line, PI‐containing regimens.ConclusionsAffordable salvage treatment options for children in RLS are urgently needed.
Reverse plasma motion driven by moderately screened rotating electric field in an electrodeless plasma thruster
Authors: Ohnishi Naofumi , Nomura Ryosuke , Nakamura Takahiro , Nishida Hiroyuki 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A reversely-induced azimuthal current has been found in two-dimensional particle simulations with moderately screened rotating electric field (REF) though an ideally penetrating REF drives a “positive” azimuthal current following rotating E × B drifts. This brings us an alternative acceleration concept, called a negative-moving response (NMR) acceleration, of the helicon plasma under practical conditions using a converging magnetic field because the internal electric potential, formed by the plasma response against the external field, drives the “negative” azimuthal current. Under realistic experimental conditions, e.g., a magnetic field of 0.2 T, AC frequency of <100 MHz, and AC voltage of <1000 V, the resultant thrust can be estimated at an observable level of >0.1 mN with the NMR acceleration. Moreover, the reverse REF is more favorable to the NMR acceleration than the conventional forward one because the reverse field produces a Lissajous acceleration in the converging magnetic field.
Preparation of mixed bismuth and iron thin films by pulsed laser deposition using powder targets
Authors: Kawasaki Hiroharu , Ohshima Tamiko , Yagyu Yoshihito , Ihara Takeshi , Tanaka Yuki , Suda Yoshiaki 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Bismuth iron garnet (Bi3Fe5O12) thin films, for use in magnetic optics, were prepared by a pulsed laser deposition method using Bi and Fe mixed powder targets in oxygen gas. The deposition rate of the film strongly depended on the target mixture. The X-ray diffraction and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results suggest that the prepared films were not Bi3Fe5O12 but Bi-rich films, because of the lower melting temperature of Bi (544 K) compared with that of Fe (1811 K).
Microbiological Safety of Using Eye Drops After One Month: Contamination is A Rule or Mere Regulation ?
Authors: Virani Shalini , Rewri Parveen , Vyas Anamika 
Published: December 2015

Objective:
The study was aimed to assess microbial contamination of the eye drop solution after using for one month.

Design:
A prospective study of the sterility of sixty multi-drop residual eye drops was done. Eye drops were collected from the rural based patients, after at least one month of use. All the eye drop bottles were de-labeled and coded and sent for microbiological evaluation. Only eye drop solution was examined for contamination.

Results:
None of the eye drop had any qualitative or quantitative evidence of growth after 14 days of incubation on various culture media.

Conclusion:
The eye drops can be used without fear of microbiological contamination for at least six weeks after opening the vial irrespective of its contents and presence of preservatives.
How much does it rain over land?
Authors: Herold N. , Alexander L. V. , Donat M. G. , Contractor S. , Becker A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDespite the availability of several observationally constrained data sets of daily precipitation based on rain gauge measurements, remote sensing, and/or reanalyses, we demonstrate a large disparity in the quasi‐global land mean of daily precipitation intensity. Surprisingly, the magnitude of this spread is similar to that found in the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 (CMIP5). A weakness of reanalyses and CMIP5 models is their tendency to over simulate wet days, consistent with previous studies. However, there is no clear agreement within and between rain gauge and remotely sensed data sets either. This large discrepancy highlights a shortcoming in our ability to characterize not only modeled daily precipitation intensities but even observed precipitation intensities. This shortcoming is partially reconciled by an appreciation of the different spatial scales represented in gridded data sets of in situ precipitation intensities and intensities calculated from gridded precipitation. Unfortunately, the spread in intensities remains large enough to prevent us from satisfactorily determining how much it rains over land.
Nonstorm loss of relativistic electrons in the outer radiation belt
Authors: Katsavrias Ch. , Daglis I. A. , Turner D. L. , Sandberg I. , Papadimitriou C. , Georgiou M. , Balasis G. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe report observations of electron Phase Space Density (PSD) dropout and evidence that supports the loss mechanism of magnetopause shadowing and outward radial diffusion during a nonstorm period characterized by persistently positive values of the SYM‐H index. On 14 April 2013 an electron PSD dropout of 2 orders of magnitude was observed at the nightside magnetosphere by the Van Allen Probes. The magnetopause shadowing was associated with a strong pulse attributed to the arrival of an interplanetary coronal mass ejection. It is shown, for the first time in detail, that significant losses to the magnetosheath may occur even in the absence of significant reconnection and magnetic storm activity. Signatures of substorm injections that penetrate the outer belt and enhance the low‐energy electrons were also observed right after the interplanetary pressure pulse. Moreover, particle measurements from THEMIS constellation also show a PSD depletion in the dayside magnetosphere.
Interpersonal Deception Theory
Authors: Burgoon Judee K. , Buller David B. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Interpersonal deception theory (IDT) explains the process and outcomes of deception in interpersonal conversations. It focuses on intentional, strategic communication behaviors by interacting senders and receivers in conversations, as well as the involuntary behavior that arises from their affective reactions and cognitions. Articulated are its core assumptions and a series of interconnected propositions that model the entire deception process. Evaluation, criticisms, and future research directions pertaining to the theory are presented.
Photoredox α‐Allylation of α‐Halocarbonyls with Allylboron Compounds Accelerated by Fluoride Salts under Visible Light Irradiation
Authors: Suzuki Itaru , Esumi Naoto , Yasuda Makoto 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOrganic dyes are an attractive alternative to the use of transition‐metal complexes in photoredox catalysis. Herein, we report an inexpensive organic dye (eosin Y)‐catalyzed radical coupling of α‐bromocarbonyl compounds with allyltrifluoroborates under visible light irradiation. This reaction was accelerated by either Bu4NF or CsF. Based on mechanistic studies, the cation exchange between potassium allyltrifluoroborate and Bu4NF proceeded to generate KF. The generated KF or CsF acts as a Lewis acid to promote a single electron transfer (SET) from eosin Y to α‐halocarbonyls. The protocol was applied to bromoesters, bromoketones, and bromoamides to give the coupling products in high yields.
Fachdidaktische Anmerkungen
Authors: Gebbeken Norbert , Wetzel Markus 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDie Ingenieurwissenschaften werden zu den exakten Wissenschaften gezählt. Damit verbunden ist die Notwendigkeit der Verwendung einer präzisen Sprache und einer präzisen Fachdidaktik. Schaut man in Fachaufsätze, Lehrbücher, Normen oder Gutachten, bekommt man manchmal das Gefühl, dass es sich bei der (technischen) Sprache eher um eine babylonische Sprachenverwirrung handelt. Der folgende Bericht möchte anhand von Beispielen zeigen, dass eine einheitliche und präzise Fachdidaktik das Verstehen, das Verständnis, das Lernen und die unmissverständliche Kommunikation fördert.Remarks on technical didacticsEngineering sciences are considered to be exact sciences. Thus, both the technical language as well as technical didactics should be exact or at least precise. Reading technical papers, text books, codes or reports one might get the impression that we deal with babylonian confusion rather than with a precise language. This paper is intended to show with some examples that precise technical didactics is essential for better understanding, learning and communication.
Prozessqualität beim Planen und Bauen
Authors: Bastert Heinrich 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDie tägliche Baupraxis zeigt, dass Kosten‐ und Terminüberschreitungen sowie Mängel an Gebäuden nicht (nur) aus einzelnen Planungs‐ und Bauleistungen der Beteiligten resultieren, sondern oft auch strukturelle Ursachen haben, die mit dem Sammelbegriff Prozessqualität bezeichnet werden können. Es gilt, idealerweise bereits zu Projektbeginn, Fehlentwicklungen in der Prozessqualität vorzubeugen. Experten unterschiedlicher Fachrichtungen mit umfangreicher Projekterfahrung haben es sich unter Federführung des Deutschen Beton‐ und Bautechnik‐Vereins E.V. (DBV) zur Aufgabe gemacht, alle Baubeteiligten, also auch Auftraggeber und Planer, in plausibler Weise von der Notwendigkeit einer strukturierten Planungsphase für Bauprojekte zu überzeugen. Das Ergebnis wurde im Frühjahr 2015 als DBV‐Merkblatt “Qualität der Planung” vorgelegt.Ergänzend zum DBV‐Merkblatt erschien nun das neue DBV‐Heft 32 zum Themenbereich der Prozessqualität beim Planen und Bauen, in welchem u. a. detaillierte Erläuterungen zu Planungsstrukturen und Möglichkeiten zur Vorbeugung von kostenträchtigen Planungs‐ und Ausführungsmängeln aufgezeigt und vertieft werden.Process quality for design and construction work – DBV‐Guide to Good Practice “Quality of Planning”The planning and development of buildings has changed dramatically over the past few decades. The parties involved have often not realized sufficiently the requirements of suitability as to planning, and execution of construction work. That is why the Guide to Good Practice “Quality of Planning” by Deutscher Beton‐ und Bautechnik‐Verein E.V. (DBV) addresses this particular requirement and deals with the necessary requirements of process qualities for design and construction work. This Guide to Good Practice gives suggestions for the complete design of structures from inception through to completion. These fundamental statements are valid for all kinds of buildings although they are based on the terms of the German Schedule of Services and Fees for Architects and Engineers (HOAI).
Effizienter und nachhaltiger Schutz vor kraftwerksinduzierten Schwingungen: Langzeiterfahrung beim Kraftwerk Hochwuhr in Feldkirch
Authors: Gerhaher Ulrich , Grass Bertram 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAm Beispiel des Kraftwerks Hochwuhr in Feldkirch (A) wird eindrucksvoll gezeigt, dass die Schwingungen bei einer entsprechend dimensionierten elastischen Lagerung der Kraftwerksanlagen mit Getzner Materialien keinen nennenswerten Einfluss auf direkt benachbarte Gebäude haben. Dies setzt jedoch eine konsequente Umsetzung in der Planung und im Einbau über den Untergrund voraus.Das Kraftwerk befindet sich nur unweit des historischen Stadtzentrums, in direkter Nachbarschaft zu schützenswerten Gebäuden. Im Zuge des Kraftwerkneubaus wurde der gesamte innere Fundamentblock, in welchem sich die beiden 2 kW Maschinen befinden, mit Elastomer‐Matten isoliert, um die Anrainer vor den negativen Auswirkungen von spürbaren Schwingungen und sekundärem Luftschall zu schützen.Trotz komplexer geometrischer Randbedingungen konnte der Einbau der Elastomer‐Matten in kürzester Zeit realisiert werden. Die Materialauswahl erfolgte unter Berücksichtigung der vorhandenen statischen Belastung, der dynamischen Anregung und der angestrebten Isolierwirkung.
Aufbereitung und Wiederverwertung von Tunnelausbruchmaterial beim Brenner Basistunnel
Authors: Voit Klaus , Zeman Oliver , Murr Roland , Bergmeister Konrad , Arnold Roland 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBei der Errichtung von langen Tunnel fallen große Mengen an Tunnelausbruchmaterial an, welche bei entsprechender Aufbereitung einer Wiederverwertung zugeführt und für eine – zumindest teilweise – Eigenversorgung des Bauvorhabens mit aufbereiteten Gesteinskörnungen verwendet werden können. Diese Vorgangsweise birgt nicht nur ein Einsparungspotenzial hinsichtlich Anschaffung, Lagerung und Transport von Baustoffen, die ansonsten zugeführt werden müssten, sondern trägt neben einer Verringerung der Umweltbelastungen auch zur Reduzierung des benötigten Deponievolumens und damit zu einer Kostenersparnis bei.Die Strategie eines umfangreichen Materialrecyclings wurde bereits beim Bau des Lötschberg und Gotthard Basistunnels erfolgreich umgesetzt. Aus diesem Grund gibt es auch im Zuge der Errichtung des Brenner Basistunnels Bestrebungen, eine größtmögliche Wiederverwertung von ausgebrochenem Gesteinsmaterial zu erreichen. Hier erfolgt derzeit u. a. der Vortrieb des Zufahrtstunnels Wolf in Steinach am Brenner, bei welchem Gesteine der Bündnerschieferserie ausgebrochen werden.Aufbauend auf im Vorfeld getätigte Untersuchungen werden hier seit Herbst 2014 die höherwertigen Kalkschiefer der Bündnerschieferserie mittels dreistufigem Brechersystem und einer leistungsstarken Nassaufbereitung im Bereich der Deponie Padastertal aufbereitet und v. a. als Gesteinskörnung für Spritz‐ und Konstruktionsbeton sowie als Drainagekies für die Errichtung des Bauloses verwertet.Processing and recycling of tunnel excavation material at the Brenner Base TunnelDuring the construction of major tunnels large quantities of excavation material are generated, that – if suitably treated and processed – can be recycled as aggregate and be used in the construction of the tunnel itself. This approach generates numerous benefits regarding the costs for material procurement, storage and transport. In addition, reduction of environmental impact and demand for landfill volume can be achieved.The strategy of an extensive material recycling has already been successfully implemented in the construction of the Swiss Lötschberg and Gotthard base tunnel. For this reason there are significant efforts to achieve an equal high level of recycling of tunnel excavation material in the course of the construction of the Brenner Base Tunnel. There, tunnel driving of the access tunnel Wolf in Steinach am Brenner is currently ongoing and rocks of the Bündner Schists are being excavated.Building on the results of previous studies, calcareous schists of higher quality from Wolf have been recycled since autumn 2014 using a three‐stage rock crushing system followed by a high performing wet‐processing of the aggregates at the area of the Padastertal landfill site. The processed material is used primarily as aggregate for shotcrete and structural concrete as well as draining gravel.
Monolith disk chromatography separates PEGylated protein positional isoforms within minutes at low pressure
Authors: Isakari Yu , Podgornik Ales , Yoshimoto Noriko , Yamamoto Shuichi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough PEGylation makes proteins drugs more effective, the PEGylation reaction must be controlled carefully in order to obtain a desired PEGylated protein form since various different PEGylated forms may be produced during the reaction. For monitoring the PEGylation reaction, a method with monolith disk ion exchange chromatography, which can separate positional isomers as well as PEGmers, has been developed as a process analytical tool (PAT). The method was optimized for separation of randomly PEGylated protein (lysozyme) isoforms based on the number of resolved peaks, peak resolution, analysis time and pressure drop. In order to increase the retention of mono‐ and di‐PEGylated protein isomers the mobile phase was decreased to pH 4.5, where a large number of mono‐ and di‐PEGylated isomers were resolved within a few minutes. Based on the linear gradient elution optimization model, the following values were determined: gradient slope 0.016 M/mL, disk thickness 3 mm (single disk) and flow rate 10 mL/min. Under these optimal conditions, the analysis was completed within ca. 4 min while the pressure drop was below 1 MPa. As the method was successfully applied to monitoring mono and di‐PEGylated positional isoforms in the reaction mixture of random PEGylation of lysozyme, it is expected to be an efficient PAT tool.
High‐yield secretion of recombinant proteins expressed in tobacco cell culture with a designer glycopeptide tag: Process development
Authors: Zhang Ningning , Gonzalez Maria , Savary Brett , Xu Jianfeng 
Published: December 2015

AbstractLow‐yield protein production remains the most significant economic hurdle with plant cell culture technology. Fusions of recombinant proteins with hydroxyproline‐O‐glycosylated designer glycopeptide tags have consistently boosted secreted protein yields. This prompted us to study the process development of this technology aiming to achieve productivity levels necessary for commercial viability. We used a tobacco BY‐2 cell culture expressing EGFP as fusion with a glycopeptide tag comprised of 32 repeat of ”Ser‐Pro“ dipeptide, or (SP)32, to study cell growth and protein secretion, culture scale‐up, and establishment of perfusion cultures for continuous production. The BY‐2 cells accumulated low levels of cell biomass (∼7.5 g DW/L) in Schenk & Hildebrandt medium, but secreted high yields of (SP)32‐tagged EGFP (125 mg/L). Protein productivity of the cell culture has been stable for 6.0 years. The BY‐2 cells cultured in a 5‐L bioreactor similarly produced high secreted protein yield at 131 mg/L. Successful operation of a cell perfusion culture for 30 days was achieved under the perfusion rate of 0.25 and 0.5 day−1, generating a protein volumetric productivity of 17.6 and 28.9 mg/day/L, respectively. This research demonstrates the great potential of the designer glycopeptide technology for use in commercial production of valuable proteins with plant cell cultures.
Beta emitters rhenium‐188 and lutetium‐177 are equally effective in radioimmunotherapy of HPV‐positive experimental cervical cancer
Authors: Phaeton Rebecca , Jiang Zewei , Revskaya Ekaterina , Fisher Darrell R. , Goldberg Gary L. , Dadachova Ekaterina 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCervical cancer caused by the infection with the human papillomavirus (HPV) remains the fourth leading killer of women worldwide. Therefore, more efficacious treatments are needed. We are developing radioimmunotherapy (RIT) of HPV‐positive cervical cancers by targeting E6 and E7 viral oncoproteins expressed by the cancer cells with the radiolabeled monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). To investigate the influence of different radionuclides on the RIT efficacy—we performed RIT of experimental cervical cancer with Rhenium‐188 (188Re) and Lutetium‐177 (177Lu)‐labeled mAb C1P5 to E6. The biodistribution of 188Re‐ and 177Lu‐labeled C1P5 was performed in nude female mice bearing CasKi cervical cancer xenografts and the radiation dosimetry calculations for the tumors and organs were carried out. For RIT the mice were treated with 7.4 MBq of either 188Re‐C1P5 or 177Lu‐C1P5 or left untreated, and observed for their tumor size for 28 days. The levels of 188Re‐ and 177Lu‐C1P5 mAbs‐induced double‐strand breaks in CasKi tumors were compared on days 5 and 10 post treatment by staining with anti‐gamma H2AX antibody. The radiation doses to the heart and lungs were similar for both 177Lu‐C1P5 and 188Re‐C1P5. The dose to the liver was five times higher for 177Lu‐C1P5. The doses to the tumor were 259 and 181 cGy for 177Lu‐C1P5 and 188Re‐C1P5, respectively. RIT with either 177Lu‐C1P5 or 188Re‐C1P5 was equally effective in inhibiting tumor growth when each was compared to the untreated controls (P = 0.001). On day 5 there was a pronounced staining for gamma H2AX foci in 177Lu‐C1P5 group only and on day 10 it was observed in both 177Lu‐C1P5 and 188Re‐C1P5 groups. 188Re‐ and 177Lu‐labeled mAbs were equally effective in arresting the growth of CasKi cervical tumors. Thus, both of these radionuclides are candidates for the clinical trials of this approach in patients with advanced, recurrent or metastatic cervical cancer.
Structural Implications of Homopyrimidine Base Pairs in the Parallel‐Stranded d(YGA) Motif
Authors: Tripathi Shailesh , Paukstelis Paul J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDNA can adopt many other structures beyond the canonical B‐form double helix. These alternative DNA structures have become increasingly significant as new biological roles are found for them. Additionally, there has been a growing interest in using non‐canonical base pairs to provide structural diversity for designing DNA architectures for nanotechnology applications. We recently described the crystal structure of d(ACTCGGATGAT), which forms a tetraplex through parallel‐stranded homo‐base pairs and nucleobase intercalation. The homoduplex region contains a d(YGA⋅YGA) motif observed in crystal and solution structures. Here, we examine the structural implications of the homopyrimidine base pair within this motif. We determined crystal structures of two variants that differ from the original structure in the homopyrimidine base pairs and number of d(YGA) motifs. Our results show that the intercalation‐locked tetraplex motif is predictable in these different sequence contexts and that substituting C⋅C base pairs for T⋅T base pairs introduces asymmetry to the homoduplex. These results have important implications for utilizing d(YGA) motifs in DNA crystal design and could provide a basis for understanding how local structures could be associated with repeat expansions.
Parallel Post‐Polyketide Synthase Modification Mechanism Involved in FD‐891 Biosynthesis in Streptomyces graminofaciens A‐8890
Authors: Kudo Fumitaka , Kawamura Koichi , Furuya Takashi , Yamanishi Hiroto , Motegi Atsushi , Komatsubara Akiko , Numakura Mario , Miyanaga Akimasa , Eguchi Tadashi 
Published: December 2015

AbstractTo isolate a key polyketide biosynthetic intermediate for the 16‐membered macrolide FD‐891 (1), we inactivated two biosynthetic genes coding for post‐polyketide synthase (PKS) modification enzymes: a methyltransferase (GfsG) and a cytochrome P450 (GfsF). Consequently, FD‐892 (2), which lacks the epoxide moiety at C8–C9, the hydroxy group at C10, and the O‐methyl group at O‐25 of FD‐891, was isolated from the gfsF/gfsG double‐knockout mutant. In addition, 25‐O‐methyl‐FD‐892 (3) and 25‐O‐demethyl‐FD‐891 (4) were isolated from the gfsF and gfsG mutants, respectively. We also confirmed that GfsG efficiently catalyzes the methylation of 2 and 4 in vitro. Further, GfsF catalyzed the epoxidation of the double bond at C8‐C9 of 2 and 3 and subsequent hydroxylation at C10, to afford 4 and 1, respectively. These results suggest that a parallel post‐PKS modification mechanism is involved in FD‐891 biosynthesis.