bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Using Molecular Simulation to Explore Unusually Low Moisture Uptake in Amine‐Cured Epoxy Carbon Fiber Reinforced Nanocomposites
Authors: Hamerton Ian , Tang Winnie , Anguita Jose Virgilio , Pradip Silva Sembukuttiarachilage Ravi , Stute Thomas 
Published: March 2016

Reinforced nanocomposites based on a diamine‐cured diglycidylether of bisphenol A are reported containing a monoamino‐substituted polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) reagent and polyacrylonitrile fibers. Covalent incorporation of monoamino‐POSS at 2 wt% leads to especially attractive properties, including an increase (20 K) in glass transition temperature (Tg) and thermal stability (increase in char yield of up to 5%). The addition of POSS (2 wt%) in the diglycidylether of bisphenol A (DGEBA) leads to a reduction in moisture uptake of less than 0.30–0.91 wt%, depending on relative humidity (after 6000 h), with little effect on Tg (reduction of 9–11 K compared with 11–22 K in the unmodified DGEBA). Molecular dynamics simulation is used to visualize the cured network structure of these nanocomposites, relating free volume to water uptake. Translation of the properties from neat resin to CFRP is very encouraging with a reduction in the equilibrium moisture absorption of up to 29% in the latter.
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Initiator and Photocatalyst‐Free Visible Light Induced One‐Pot Reaction: Concurrent RAFT Polymerization and CuAAC Click Reaction
Authors: Wang Jie , Wang Xinbo , Xue Wentao , Chen Gaojian , Zhang Weidong , Zhu Xiulin 
Published: March 2016

A new, visible light‐catalyzed, one‐pot and one‐step reaction is successfully employed to design well‐controlled side‐chain functionalized polymers, by the combination of ambient temperature revisible addtion‐fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and click chemistry. Polymerizations are well controlled in a living way under the irradiation of visible light‐emitting diode (LED) light without photocatalyst and initiator, using the trithiocarbonate agent as iniferter (initiator‐transfer agent‐terminator) agent at ambient temperature. Fourier transfer infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), NMR, and matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (MALDI‐TOF‐MS) data confirm the successful one‐pot reaction. Compared to the reported zero‐valent metal‐catalyzed one‐pot reaction, the polymerization rate is much faster than that of the click reaction, and the visible light‐catalyzed one‐pot reaction can be freely and easily regulated by turning on and off the light.
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Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD): Monomolecular‐Step Growth of Polymers with Designated Sequences
Authors: Yoshimura Tetsuzo 
Published: March 2016

SummaryTailored organic thin films with designated molecular arrangements are expected to provide a variety of photonic/electronic devices due to their ability to optimize the performance or to generate new functions by controlling the electron wavefunction shapes. Molecular Layer Deposition (MLD), which enables monomolecular‐step organic film growth, is one of the promising fabrication processes of tailored organic thin films. In the present report, first, the concept and an experimental demonstration of MLD are described. Next, after three featured capabilities of MLD, namely, ultra‐thin/conformal, tailored, and selective organic film growth are presented, applications of MLD based on these capabilities are reviewed, emphasizing polymer multiple quantum dots we have developed. Finally, conceptual proposal of MLD for the molecular targeted drug delivery for cancer therapy is suggested.
Mechanical and Thermal Properties of PALF Reinforced Epoxy Composites
Authors: Nagarajan T. T. , Babu A. Suresh , Palanivelu K. , Nayak S. K. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryAlkali treated pineapple leaf fibers (PALF) were used as reinforcement in an epoxy matrix. The prepared Epoxy/PALF composites were evaluated for thermal and mechanical properties. Increasing the fiber loading in Epoxy systems showed considerable enhancements in mechanical properties up to the optimum level as compared to the neat epoxy matrix. In this study, the long fibers were used in unidirectional to fabricate the composites using hand lay‐up process. Embedded composites were characterized for Fourier Transform‐Infrared spectra (FTIR), Dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), Thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Mechanical properties like tensile, flexural and impact strength. The mechanical properties of the treated composites were observed to be good when compared to untreated composites and treated composites gave increased mechanical properties and there is no considerable changes in the thermal properties. A comparative study in the epoxy matrix using treated and untreated fibers is elaborated. The enhanced properties of the treated PALF/epoxy composites, increases the scope of the application in automobile parts.
Neuropathological basis of nonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease
Authors: Adler Charles H. , Beach Thomas G. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTNonmotor manifestations of Parkinson's disease (PD) can begin well before motor PD begins. It is now clear, from clinical and autopsy studies, that there is significant Lewy‐type α‐synucleinopathy present outside the nigro‐striatal pathway and that this may underlie these nonmotor manifestations. This review discusses neuropathological findings that may underlie nonmotor symptoms that either predate motor findings or occur as the disease progresses. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
Rasagiline for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: A placebo‐controlled trial
Authors: Weintraub Daniel , Hauser Robert A. , Elm Jordan J. , Pagan Fernando , Davis Matthew D. , Choudhry Azhar ,   for the MODERATO Investigators
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundThis study's aims were to determine the efficacy and tolerability of rasagiline, a selective monoamine oxidase inhibitor B, for PD patients with mild cognitive impairment.MethodsPatients on stable dopaminergic therapy were randomized to adjunct rasagiline 1 mg/day or placebo in this 24‐week, double‐blind, placebo‐controlled, multisite study. The primary endpoint was mean change from baseline to week 24 on the Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson's Disease‐Cognition total score. Key secondary measures included changes in cognition, activities of daily living, motor scores, and Clinical Global Impression of Change, as well as safety and tolerability measures.ResultsOf the 170 patients randomized, 151 (88.2%) completed the study. Change in Scales for Outcomes of Parkinson's Disease‐Cognition scores were not significantly different in the rasagiline and placebo groups (adjusted mean: 1.6 [standard error {SE} = 0.5] vs. 0.8 [SE = 0.5] points; LS means difference = 0.8; 95% confidence interval: −0.48, 2.05; P = 0.22). There were no between‐group differences in change in the MoCA (p=0.84) or Penn Daily Activities Questionnaire (P = 0.48) scores or in the distribution of Alzheimer's Disease Cooperative Study–Clinical Global Impression of Change modified for mild cognitive impairment (P = 0.1). Changes in motor (UPDRS part III; P = 0.02) and activities of daily living (UPDRS part II; P < 0.001) scores favored rasagiline. Rasagiline was well tolerated; the most common adverse events in both groups were falls and dizziness.ConclusionsRasagiline treatment in PD patients with mild cognitive impairment was not associated with cognitive improvement. Rasagiline did not worsen cognition, improved motor symptoms and activities of daily living, and was well tolerated in elderly cognitively impaired patients. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society
On random k‐out subgraphs of large graphs
Authors: Frieze Alan , Johansson Tony 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe consider random subgraphs of a fixed graph with large minimum degree. We fix a positive integer k and let Gk be the random subgraph where each independently chooses k random neighbors, making kn edges in all. When the minimum degree then Gk is k‐connected w.h.p. for ; Hamiltonian for k sufficiently large. When , then Gk has a cycle of length for . By w.h.p. we mean that the probability of non‐occurrence can be bounded by a function (or ) where . © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Random Struct. Alg., 50, 143–157, 2017
Molecular Mechanistic Reasoning: Toward Bridging the Gap Between the Molecular and Cellular Levels in Life Science Education
Authors: van MIL MARC H. W. , POSTMA PAULIEN A. , BOERWINKEL DIRK JAN , KLAASSEN KEES , WAARLO AREND JAN 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough learning about DNA, RNA, and proteins is part of the upper secondary biology curriculum in most countries, many studies report that students fail to connect molecular knowledge to phenomena at the higher level of cells, organs, and organisms. As a result, many students use memorization and rote learning as a coping strategy when presented with molecular‐level concepts. This study explores the potential of a new educational approach that aims at facilitating students to interpret animations and graphics of (sub)cellular processes as mechanistic explanations based on molecular interactions so as to bridge the explanatory gap between the molecular and cellular levels. The study presents the theoretical basis for a learning trajectory based on molecular mechanistic reasoning and shows in a small‐scale test of the educational approach that it is within reach for pre‐university students (aged 17–18 years) to interpret the visual models of (sub)cellular processes using a multilevel mechanistic perspective on (sub)cellular events. It is argued that this perspective helps students get to grips with cellular complexity in life science education.
A novel conditional gene silencing method using a tumor-specific and heat-inducible siRNA system
Authors: Feng Jing , Wang Xiaoyu , Liao Yi , Feng Jianguo , Tang Liling 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRNAi technology is an invaluable tool for investigating gene function. However, the non-temporal and non-spatial control is the primary limitation, which leads to siRNA leakiness and off-target effects. In this study, we inserted three kinds of HSE into tumor specific promoter hTERT, which aims to construct a temperature-inducible and tumor-specific RNAi plasmid vector. In our system, the expression of mature siRNA is tightly controlled by the heat shock-inducible and tumor-specific promoters. From the expression level of RNA and protein, we determined the efficiency of the inducible siRNA system by targeting SNCG gene in HepG2 and MCF-7 cells. Results showed that the controllable siRNA system could be induced to initiate siRNA expression by heat-induce. The silencing effect of SNCG is on a relative low level (10 %) at 37 °C, while it is significantly increased to 50 or 60 % after heat inducing at 43 °C. This new conditional siRNA system provides a novel approach to drive the siRNA expression by heat-inducible and tumor-specific promoter.
Professional Issues of International Genetic Counseling Students Educated in the United States
Authors: Akgumus Gozde , Shah Divya , Higgs Lydia , Valverde Kathleen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractInternational students have unique personal and academic challenges during their training in genetic counseling programs across the United States (U.S.). Previous research has explored their motivations and experiences; however, there is scant research on how their international status affects the post‐graduate experience. The current study used semi‐structured phone interviews to explore the professional issues that international students face throughout their educational and professional careers. Twenty‐six participants were interviewed including international genetic counseling students in their second years of training and international genetic counselors who graduated from a U.S.‐accredited program. Participants included six, second‐year students, twelve genetic counselors employed in the U.S., six employed in Canada, and one employed in the United Kingdom (U.K.). Qualitative analysis of interviews captured the common experiences and challenges international students faced during their training and post‐graduation. Participants stated that they applied to programs in the U.S. because there is wide transferability of qualifications across the world, and there is limited or no opportunities for masters level genetic counseling training in their home country. Most participants who had applied for jobs in the U.S. experienced difficulties regarding unfamiliarity of human resources (HR) departments and Border Control Officers with international genetic counselors (GCs) and their visa requirements. The results suggest that currently there are insufficient job resources tailored to international genetic counselors, and an inadequate availability of peer support. The results also speak to the need to develop resources for prospective international students and for international GCs seeking jobs, and establishment of a peer support network. These resources may also provide assistance to genetic counseling training programs and employers to address the challenges faced by international genetic counselors.
Exclusive real‐time monitoring during recurrent laryngeal nerve dissection in conventional monitored thyroidectomy
Authors: Liu Xiao‐Li , Wu Che‐Wei , Zhao Yi‐Shen , Wang Tie , Chen Peng , Xin Jing‐Wei , Li Shi‐Jie , Zhang Da‐Qi , Zhang Guang , Fu Yan‐Tao , Zhao Li‐Na , Zhou Le , Dionigi Gianlorenzo , Chiang Feng‐Yu , Sun Hui 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDuring conventional intermittent intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) in thyroidectomy, recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury is detected by an electromyographic (EMG) loss of signal (LOS) after the nerve dissection. Exclusive continuous monitoring during the phase of RLN dissection may be helpful in detecting adverse EMG changes earlier. A total of 208 RLNs at risk were enrolled in this study. Standardized IONM procedures were followed. We continuously stimulated the RLN at the lower exposed end with a stimulator to exclusively monitor the real‐time quantitative EMG change during RLN dissection. Once the amplitude decreased by more than 50% of the initial signal, the surgical maneuver was paused and the RLN was retested every minute for 10 minutes to determine amplitude recovery before restarting the dissection. The procedure was feasible in all patients. No LOS was encountered in this study. Nineteen RLNs had an amplitude reduction of more than 50%. Eighteen nerves showed gradual amplitude recovery (16 nerves had a traction injury and two nerves had a compression injury). After 10 minutes, the recovery was complete (i.e., >90%) in eight nerves, 70–90% in seven nerves, and 50–70% in three nerves. Among these 18 nerves, only one nerve developed temporary vocal palsy because it was exposed to unavoidable repeated nerve traction after restarting the dissection. Another nerve showed no gradual recovery from thermal injury, and developed temporary vocal palsy. The temporary and permanent palsy rates were 1% and 0%, respectively. During intermittent IONM, exclusive real‐time monitoring of the RLN during dissection is an effective procedure to detect an adverse EMG change, and prevent severe RLN injuries that cause LOS.
Circle of Willis Collateral During Temporary Internal Carotid Artery Occlusion II: Observations From Computed Tomography Angiography
Authors: Wang Bill Hao , Leung Andrew , Lownie Stephen P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroduction: The Circle of Willis (CoW) is the most effective collateral circulation to the brain during internal carotid artery (ICA) occlusion. Carotid stump pressure (CSP) is an established surrogate measure of the cerebral collateral circulation. This study aims to use hemodynamic and computed tomography angiography measurements to determine the strongest influences upon the dependent variable, CSP. These findings could help clinicians noninvasively assess the adequacy of the collateral circulation and facilitate surgical risk assessment in an outpatient setting. Methods: CSP and mean arterial pressure were measured during carotid endarterectomy or during carotid balloon test occlusion in 92 patients. Intracranial arterial diameters were measured on computed tomography angiography at 16 different locations. Univariate and multivariate analyses were used to determine the key factors associated with CSP. In a subgroup of individuals (n=27) with severe (>70% North American Symptomatic Carotid Endarterectomy Trial) contralateral stenosis or occlusion, the same analysis was performed. Results: The contralateral anterior cerebral artery proximal to anterior communicating artery (A1) of the CoW had the strongest influence upon CSP, followed by the mean arterial pressure, the contralateral ICA diameter, and the anterior communicating artery diameter (R2=0.364). In the subgroup with high-grade contralateral ICA stenosis, the ipsilateral posterior communicating artery exerted the strongest influence (R2=0.620). Conclusions: During ICA occlusion, the anterior CoW dominates in preserving collateral flow, especially the contralateral A1 segment. In individuals with high-grade contralateral carotid stenosis, the posterior communicating artery calibre becomes a dominant influence. The most favourable anatomy consists of large contralateral A1 and anterior communicating arteries, and no contralateral carotid stenosis.
Does the Movement Need a King?
Authors: LING PETER J. 
Published: March 2016

Not every book sent for review comes with two pages of endorsements from the great and the good. Stokely is accompanied by glowing approval from such familiar names as Henry Louis Gates, Cornel West, Robin D. G. Kelley, Michael Eric Dyson, Gerald Horne, Charles Oglethorpe, and David Levering Lewis. Even without the para-textual apparatus to guide one's judgement, however, there is enough in this biography of Stokely Carmichael for any scholar of the civil rights movement to relish. This may not be the “definitive biography” that John Stauffer declares it to be, but it is indisputably important. In essence, Joseph argues that Stokely is the missing panel in a triptych of heroes, flanked on either side by the already canonized Malcolm X and Martin Luther King. In key respects, he insists, Stokely was the synthesis of Malcolm and Martin.
Saturation in the Hypercube and Bootstrap Percolation
Authors: MORRISON NATASHA , NOEL JONATHAN A. , SCOTT ALEX 
Published: March 2016

LetQddenote the hypercube of dimensiond. Givend⩾m, a spanning subgraphGofQdis said to be (Qd,Qm)-saturated if it does not containQmas a subgraph but adding any edge ofE(Qd)\E(G) creates a copy ofQminG. Answering a question of Johnson and Pinto [27], we show that for every fixedm⩾ 2 the minimum number of edges in a (Qd,Qm)-saturated graph is Θ(2d).We also study weak saturation, which is a form of bootstrap percolation. A spanning subgraph ofQdis said to beweakly(Qd,Qm)-saturated if the edges ofE(Qd)\E(G) can be added toGone at a time so that each added edge creates a new copy ofQm. Answering another question of Johnson and Pinto [27], we determine the minimum number of edges in a weakly (Qd,Qm)-saturated graph for alld⩾m⩾ 1. More generally, we determine the minimum number of edges in a subgraph of thed-dimensional gridPkdwhich is weakly saturated with respect to ‘axis aligned’ copies of a smaller gridPrm. We also study weak saturation of cycles in the grid.
Neuropsychological Criteria for Mild Cognitive Impairment and Dementia Risk in the Framingham Heart Study
Authors: Jak Amy J. , Preis Sarah R. , Beiser Alexa S. , Seshadri Sudha , Wolf Philip A. , Bondi Mark W. , Au Rhoda 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectives: To refine mild cognitive impairment (MCI) diagnostic criteria, we examined progression to dementia using two approaches to identifying MCI. Methods: A total of 1203 Framingham Heart Study participants were classified at baseline as cognitively normal or MCI (overall and four MCI subtypes) via conventional Petersen/Winblad criteria (single cognitive test impaired per domain, >1.5 SD below expectations) or Jak/Bondi criteria (two tests impaired per domain, >1 SD below norms). Cox proportional hazards models were constructed to examine the association between each MCI definition and incident dementia. Results: The Petersen/Winblad criteria classified 34% of participants as having MCI while the Jak/Bondi criteria classified 24% as MCI. Over a mean follow-up of 9.7 years, 58 participants (5%) developed incident dementia. Both MCI criteria were associated with incident dementia [Petersen/Winblad: hazards ratio (HR) = 2.64; p-value=.0002; Jak/Bondi: HR=3.30; p-value <.0001]. When both MCI definitions were included in the same model, only the Jak/Bondi definition remained statistically significantly associated with incident dementia (HR=2.47; p-value=.008). Multi-domain amnestic and single domain non-amnestic MCI subtypes were significantly associated with incident dementia for both diagnostic approaches (all p-values <.01). Conclusions: The Jak/Bondi MCI criteria had a similar association with dementia as the conventional Petersen/Winblad MCI criteria, despite classifying ~30% fewer participants as having MCI. Further exploration of alternative methods to conventional MCI diagnostic criteria is warranted. (JINS, 2016, 22, 937–943)
Radio Emission from Interstellar Hydrogen Cyanide and X-ogen
Authors: Snyder Lewis E. , Buhl David 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRadio emission spectra from the J = 1−0 transition of H12C14N and H13C14N, two molecular isotopes of hydrogen cyanide, have been detected at 88.6 and 86.3 GHz, respectively. In addition, an emission signal from a new and unidentified interstellar molecule was detected at 89.2 GHz. The new molecule temporarily has been named ‘X-ogen’ until its chemical identity can be determined. X-ogen has been detected in several regions and may be as common as hydrogen cyanide in the Galaxy.
Some Astrophysical Aspects of Pulsars
Authors: Woltjer L. 
Published: March 2016

In principle the formation rate can be obtained on the basis of a knowledge of a spatial densities and lifetimes. Extreme care is needed, however because of the incompleteness of the available sample because of luminosity effects. Since luminosity and age are correlated it is essential that densities and lifetimes be evaluated for the same sample. Incompleteness affects the very faint pulsars most strongly, but because of their long lifetime the effect on the formation rate is comparatively small. We shall assume that the lifetime of a pulsar in our sample is on the average equal to twice its age. Further we estimate distances (r) from dispersion measures on the basis of a mean electron density ne of 0.05 cm−3 near the Sun. The fluctuations in ne again may cause systematic errors, but no information is available for an estimate of the magnitude of these.There are 5 pulsars known with r cosb (b galactic latitude) less than 100 pc. For three of these ages are available from which a harmonic mean life time T of 2.5 × 107 yr is found. Of 19 pulsars with r cos b < 300 pc, eight have ages from which T= 1.1 × 107 yr. Samples with larger r cos b appear to be too incomplete for our purpose. Taking the Galaxy to be a uniform disk with a radius of 14 kpc, we obtain from both samples a formation rate of about one pulsar per 250 yr. It should be stressed that this is the rate for ‘visible’ pulsars. If beaming effects cause only a fraction η to be in principle observable, the formation rate is to be multiplied by η−1.