bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
De smokkel van Syrische migranten naar Nederland
Authors: van der Velden Sacha 
Published: September 2017

The smuggling of Syrian migrants to the Netherlands
In this article the following question is answered. What is the modus operandi of human smugglers that smuggle Syrian migrants to the Netherlands in de period 2014-2016? Content analysis of police and Royal Marechaussee files, interviews with experts and Syrian migrants and literature research has revealed that: Syrian migrants in first instance use the South-Eastern route overseas from Turkey to Greece, for which they pay 1200-4000 euro to a smuggler, depending on the quality of the boat. From Greece some travel over land on the Balkan route. Several means of transportation are used on this route, with smugglers asking prices ranging from tens to hundreds of euros. Also they travel large parts on their own. Others are smuggled by airplane, for which they need (false) documentation. Smuggling by plane tends to be successful when departing from a small airfield, when made a detour through visa-free countries and/or a good quality (false) travel document. Prices range from 2.000 to 14.000 euros. Migrants mostly pay cash through irregular ‘banks’, a third party that plays an important facilitating role within several smuggling networks. These networks consist of several cells, with in these cells leaders and ‘employees’ and are located on migration routes and ‘hubs’ like Istanbul, Athens and Milan. The South-Eastern route is mostly in hands of Turkish criminal networks, and the continuation of the journey by airplane or through Milan over land is in hands of Syrian Dutch smugglers, the Balkan route seems to be mainly operated by individual smugglers. Within these smuggling networks the most important roles are: the recruiter, who is responsible for making contact with migrants on migration hubs or social media. The organizer/leader who coordinates activities along the smuggling route and calls employees to account. And finally the driver. Responsible for transporting the migrants and instructing them. Based on these findings several recommendations were made that can be found in this article or full research rapport.
Eer op de vlucht
Authors: Janssen Janine , Sanberg Ruth 
Published: September 2017

Honour on the run On honour based violence in Dutch asylum centers
In this exploratory study, two questions are addressed. Firstly, examining police files on honour based violence (HBV), do we find conflicts that take place in asylum centers, and if so, what can we learn from those files? Secondly, to what extent can these police files provide insight into the role of HBV in the lives of refugees in the Netherlands? What are the possibilities and limitations and how can they be dealt with in future research?We apply the importation and deprivation models within total institutions on asylum centers and zoom in on honour based conflicts within these centers. The conflicts revolved around family life and morality issues, and resulted in both threats and physical violence. Among younger victims, their choice of partner was the main stumbling block, while later in the course of life conflicts arose from divorces and new relationships. Distinguishing between importation and deprivation factors within these HBV cases turned out to be difficult for two reasons. Firstly, within Dutch policy HBV is primarily viewed as violence within (extended) families and often originating from conflicts regarding partner choice and morality. This focus corresponds to importation rather than deprivation. Secondly, many cases showed interaction between the two factors, for example the many different backgrounds of the inhabitants of the asylum center can be viewed as both importation and deprivation. Future research should look into (a combination of) different data sources to shed light on the role of deprivation, because deprivational factors are more susceptible for (short term) policy measures to help prevent unnecessary stress and causes of conflict, whether honour based or not.
Age, growth, mortality and reproductive seasonality of jolthead porgy, Calamus bajonado, from Florida waters
Authors: Burton Michael L. , Potts Jennifer C. , Page Jordan , Poholek Ariel 
Published: September 2017

Ages of jolthead porgy (Calamus bajonado Schneider 1801) (n = 635) from Florida commercial and recreational fisheries from 2008–2016 were determined using sectioned sagittal otoliths. We determined, using edge-type analysis, that opaque zones were annular, forming March–June (peaking in April). Jolthead porgy ranged from 1–13 years, and the largest fish measured 680 mm TL (total length, mm). Body size relationships for jolthead porgy were TL = 1.09FL + 20.44 (n = 622, r2 = 0.99), FL = 0.90 TL –14.26 (n = 622, r2 = 0.99), and W = 1.1 × 10−5 TL3.06 (n = 577), where W is total weight (grams, g) and FL is fork length (mm). The von Bertalanffy growth equation for jolthead porgy was Lt = 737(1 − e−0.14(t+2.02)) (n = 635). Point estimate of natural mortality was M = 0.32, while age-specific estimates of M ranged from 0.58–0.17 y−1 for ages 1–13. Catch curve analysis estimated the instantaneous rate of total mortality Z = 0.70, while instantaneous rate of fishing mortality F was 0.38. Macroscopic staging of female gonads indicated the presence of hydrated oocytes from December–March, and GSI data indicates that peak spawning in females occurs during March. This study presents the first published findings of life history parameters for jolthead porgy from the Atlantic waters off the southeastern United States.
MESSENGER Observations of Magnetotail Loading and Unloading: Implications for Substorms at Mercury
Authors: Imber S. M. , Slavin J. A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe present the first statistical study of loading and unloading of magnetic flux in Mercury's magnetotail. These events describe the global circulation of magnetic flux through the magnetosphere and provide strong evidence that terrestrial‐type substorms take place at Mercury. 438 events were identified over the 4 years of the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission by a gradual, short‐lived increase in the magnetotail lobe magnetic field strength, coincident with an outward flaring of the magnetotail. Substorm duration ranged from tens of seconds to several minutes, with a median of 195 s and a mean of 212 s. The median amplitude of lobe magnetic field increase was ~11.5 nT, which represents an increase of 23.4% on the background lobe field strength, compared with ~10% for terrestrial substorms. The magnetotail lobes were found to contain ~2–3 MWb of magnetic flux based on 1031 tail passes, with a mean of 2.52 MWb and a standard deviation of 0.48 MWb. An estimate of the change in open flux content during the loading phase of each substorm ranged from 0.08 to 3.7 MWb with a mean value of 0.69 MWb and a standard deviation of 0.38 MWb. These changes in open flux content are an underestimate as the change in magnetotail radius during the events was not accounted for. The maximum lobe flux content during each substorm (~3 MWb) represented ~40% of the total available magnetic flux in the system (~7.5 MWb). During terrestrial substorms, the maximum lobe magnetic flux content is ~10–12% of the total flux from the dipole. A typical substorm at Mercury therefore cycles through a significantly larger fraction of the available magnetic flux than all but the largest substorms at the Earth.
Rheological Weakening of Olivine + Orthopyroxene Aggregates Due To Phase Mixing: Part 2. Microstructural Development
Authors: Tasaka Miki , Zimmerman Mark E. , Kohlstedt David L. , Stünitz Holger , Heilbronner Renée 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo understand the processes involved in phase mixing during deformation and the resulting changes in rheological behavior, we conducted torsion experiments on samples of iron‐rich olivine plus orthopyroxene. The experiments were conducted at a temperature, T, of 1200°C and a confining pressure, P, of 300 MPa using a gas‐medium deformation apparatus. Samples composed of olivine plus 26% orthopyroxene were deformed to outer radius shear strains up to γ ≈ 26. In samples deformed to lower strains of γ ≲ 4, elongated olivine and pyroxene grains form a compositional layering. Already by this strain, mixtures of small equant grains of olivine and pyroxene begin to develop and continue to evolve with increasing strain. The ratios of olivine to pyroxene grain size in deformed samples follow the Zener relationship, indicating that pyroxene grains effectively pin the grain boundaries of olivine and inhibit grain growth. Due to the reduction in grain size, the dominant deformation mechanism changes as a function of strain. The microstructural development forming more thoroughly mixed, fine‐grained olivine‐pyroxene aggregates can be explained by the difference in diffusivity among Me (Fe or Mg), O, and Si, with transport of MeO significantly faster than that of SiO2. These mechanical and associated microstructural properties provide important constraints for understanding rheological weakening and strain localization in upper mantle rocks.
Climatology and decadal variations in multicore structure of the North Pacific subtropical mode water
Authors: Liu Cong , Xie Shang‐Ping , Li Peiliang , Xu Lixiao , Gao Wendian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe pycnostad of the North Pacific subtropical mode water (STMW) often displays multiple vertical minima in the potential vorticity profile. Argo profile data from 2004 to 2015 are used to investigate interannual to decadal variations of the multicore structure. Climatologically, about 24% pycostads of STMW have multicore structure, and most of them distribute in the region west of 150°E. STMW cores are classified into three submodes—the cold, middle, and warm ones with potential temperatures of 16.0–17°C, 17–18°C, and 18–19.5°C, respectively. The Kuroshio Extension (KE) varies between stable and unstable states. The unstable KE with large meanders increases the subsurface stratification and shoals the winter mixed layer east of 150°E with warmer temperatures. There, the dominant STMW type varies from the cold single type in stable KE years (making up 72% of the profiles with STMW) to the middle single one (53%) in unstable years. The variation of the dominant STMW type in the region east of 150°E subsequently affects the multicore structure of STMW west of 150°E. In a broad region between 130°E and 180°E, profiles with STMW are fewer in unstable years but the proportion of multicore profiles increases among STMW profiles. This might be due to the split recirculation gyre with a chaotic KE.
Satellite observed salinity distributions at high latitudes in the Northern Hemisphere: A comparison of four products
Authors: Garcia‐Eidell Cynthia , Comiso Josefino C. , Dinnat Emmanuel , Brucker Ludovic 
Published: September 2017

AbstractGlobal surface ocean salinity measurements have been available since the launch of SMOS in 2009 and coverage was further enhanced with the launch of Aquarius in 2011. In the polar regions where spatial and temporal changes in sea surface salinity (SSS) are deemed important, the data have not been as robustly validated because of the paucity of in situ measurements. This study presents a comparison of four SSS products in the ice‐free Arctic region, three using Aquarius data and one using SMOS data. The accuracy of each product is assessed through comparative analysis with ship and other in situ measurements. Results indicate RMS errors ranging between 0.33 and 0.89 psu. Overall, the four products show generally good consistency in spatial distribution with the Atlantic side being more saline than the Pacific side. A good agreement between the ship and satellite measurements was also observed in the low salinity regions in the Arctic Ocean, where SSS in situ measurements are usually sparse, at the end of summer melt seasons. Some discrepancies including biases of about 1 psu between the products in spatial and temporal distribution are observed. These are due in part to differences in retrieval techniques, geophysical filtering, and sea ice and land masks. The monthly SSS retrievals in the Arctic from 2011 to 2015 showed variations (within ∼1 psu) consistent with effects of sea ice seasonal cycles. This study indicates that spaceborne observations capture the seasonality and interannual variability of SSS in the Arctic with reasonably good accuracy.
High‐Altitude Aeolian Research on the Tibetan Plateau
Authors: Dong Zhibao , Hu Guangyin , Qian Guangqiang , Lu Junfeng , Zhang Zhengcai , Luo Wanyin , Lyu Ping 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAeolian processes and their role in desertification have been studied extensively at low elevations but have been rarely studied at high elevations in areas such as the Tibetan Plateau, where aeolian processes were active in the geologic past and remain active today. In this review, we summarize research that improves our understanding of aeolian processes on the Tibetan Plateau, including the distribution, characteristics, and provenance of aeolian sediments; the history of aeolian activity; aeolian geomorphology; and wind‐driven land degradation. Contemporary aeolian processes primarily occur in dry basins, in wide river valleys, on lakeshores, on mountain slopes, and on gravel pavements. Sediment characteristics suggest a local origin and provide interesting contrasts with those of China's Loess Plateau. The history of aeolian activity and its paleoclimatic implications, reconstructed based on aeolian archives, is short (mostly since the Late Glacial) and shows wide regional differences. Aeolian geomorphology is simple and suggests short formation time. Wind‐driven land degradation is less severe than previously thought, driven by different factors in different areas, and exhibited complex interactions with freeze‐thaw processes. Aeolian research has been conducted within the general framework of aeolian science but addresses issues specific to the Tibetan Plateau that arise due to the low air temperature, low air density, and the presence of a cryosphere. We propose six priorities for future research: aeolian physics, the effect of freeze‐thaw cycles, comparisons with other areas, regional differences, effects of wind‐driven land degradation, and integrated observation and monitoring.
Improved diagnosis of Parkinson's disease from a detailed olfactory phenotype
Authors: Gerkin Richard C. , Adler Charles H. , Hentz Joseph G. , Shill Holly A. , Driver‐Dunckley Erika , Mehta Shyamal H. , Sabbagh Marwan N. , Caviness John N. , Dugger Brittany N. , Serrano Geidy , Belden Christine , Smith Brian H. , Sue Lucia , Davis Kathryn J. , Zamrini Edward , Beach Thomas G. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo assess the predictive potential of the complete response pattern from the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test for the diagnosis of Parkinson's disease.MethodsWe analyzed a large dataset from the Arizona Study of Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders, a longitudinal clinicopathological study of health and disease in elderly volunteers. Using the complete pattern of responses to all 40 items in each subject's test, we built predictive models of neurodegenerative disease, and we validated these models out of sample by comparing model predictions against postmortem pathological diagnosis.ResultsConsistent with anatomical considerations, we found that the specific test response pattern had additional predictive power compared with a conventional measure – total test score – in Parkinson's disease, but not Alzheimer's disease. We also identified specific test questions that carry the greatest predictive power for disease diagnosis.InterpretationOlfactory ability has typically been assessed with either self‐report or total score on a multiple choice test. We showed that a more accurate clinical diagnosis can be made using the pattern of responses to all the test questions, and validated this against the “gold standard” of pathological diagnosis. Information in the response pattern also suggests specific modifications to the standard test that may optimize predictive power under the typical clinical constraint of limited time. We recommend that future studies retain the individual item responses for each subject, and not just the total score, both to enable more accurate diagnosis and to enable additional future insights.
Direct Laser Writing of Superhydrophobic PDMS Elastomers for Controllable Manipulation via Marangoni Effect
Authors: Wang Wei , Liu Yu‐Qing , Liu Yan , Han Bing , Wang Huan , Han Dong‐Dong , Wang Jian‐Nan , Zhang Yong‐Lai , Sun Hong‐Bo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDirect light‐to‐work conversion enables manipulating remote devices in a contactless, controllable, and continuous manner. Although some pioneering works have already proven the feasibility of controlling devices through light‐irradiation‐induced surface tension gradients, challenges remain, including the flexible integration of efficient photothermal materials, multifunctional structure design, and fluidic drag reduction. This paper reports a facile one‐step method for preparing light‐driven floating devices with functional surfaces for both light absorption and drag reduction. The direct laser writing technique is employed for both arbitrary patterning and surface modification. By integrating the functional layer at the desired position or by designing asymmetric structures, three typical light‐driven floating devices with fast linear or rotational motions are demonstrated. Furthermore, these devices can be driven by a variety of light sources including sunlight, a filament lamp, or laser beams. The approach provides a simple, green, and cost‐effective strategy for building functional floating devices and smart light‐driven actuators.
Carbon Nanotube Based Inverted Flexible Perovskite Solar Cells with All‐Inorganic Charge Contacts
Authors: Luo Qiang , Ma He , Hao Feng , Hou Qinzhi , Ren Jing , Wu Lili , Yao Zhibo , Zhou Yu , Wang Ning , Jiang Kaili , Lin Hong , Guo Zhanhu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractOrganolead halide perovskite solar cells (PSC) are arising as promising candidates for next‐generation renewable energy conversion devices. Currently, inverted PSCs typically employ expensive organic semiconductor as electron transport material and thermally deposited metal as cathode (such as Ag, Au, or Al), which are incompatible with their large‐scale production. Moreover, the use of metal cathode also limits the long‐term device stability under normal operation conditions. Herein, a novel inverted PSC employs a SnO2‐coated carbon nanotube (SnO2@CSCNT) film as cathode in both rigid and flexible substrates (substrate/NiO‐perovskite/Al2O3‐perovskite/SnO2@CSCNT‐perovskite). Inverted PSCs with SnO2@CSCNT cathode exhibit considerable enhancement in photovoltaic performance in comparison with the devices without SnO2 coating owing to the significantly reduced charge recombination. As a result, a power conversion efficiency of 14.3% can be obtained on rigid substrates while the flexible ones achieve 10.5% efficiency. More importantly, SnO2@CSCNT‐based inverted PSCs exhibit significantly improved stability compared to the standard inverted devices made with silver cathode, retaining over 88% of their original efficiencies after 550 h of full light soaking or thermal stress. The results indicate that SnO2@CSCNT is a promising cathode material for long‐term device operation and pave the way toward realistic commercialization of flexible PSCs.
Transparent and Flexible Nacre‐Like Hybrid Films of Aminoclays and Carboxylated Cellulose Nanofibrils
Authors: Liu Yingxin , Yu Shu‐Hong , Bergström Lennart 
Published: September 2017

AbstractNacre and other biological composites are important inspirations for the design and fabrication of multifunctional composite materials. Transparent, strong, and flexible hybrid films of aminoclays (AC) and carboxylated cellulose nanofibrils (CNF) with a nacre‐like microstructure at AC contents up to 60 wt% are prepared. The high transmittance of visible light is attributed to the high homogeneity of the hybrid films and to the relatively small refractive index contrast between the CNF‐based matrix and synthetic AC. The strength and strain to failure of the hybrids are significantly higher than biogenic nacre and other nacre‐mimicking nanocellulose‐based materials, e.g., montmorillonite‐CNF and graphene oxide‐CNF composite films. The excellent mechanical properties are related to the ionic bonds between the negatively charged carboxylic groups on the CNF and the positively charged amine groups on the AC nanoparticles. This work illustrates the significance of tailoring the interactions between small clay particles and biopolymers in multifunctional materials with potential applications as printable barrier coatings and substrates for optoelectronics.
Dual Functionalization of Liquid‐Exfoliated Semiconducting 2H‐MoS2 with Lanthanide Complexes Bearing Magnetic and Luminescence Properties
Authors: McAdams Simon G. , Lewis Edward A. , Brent Jack R. , Haigh Sarah J. , Thomas Andrew G. , O'Brien Paul , Tuna Floriana , Lewis David J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLiquid exfoliated, atomically thin semiconducting transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), as inorganic equivalents of graphene, have attracted great interest due to their distinctive physical, optoelectronic, and chemical properties. Functionalization of 2D TMDs brings new prospects for applications in optoelectronics, quantum technologies, catalysis, and medicine. In this report, dual functionalization of 2D semiconducting 2H‐MoS2 nanosheets through simultaneous incorporation of magnetic and luminescent properties is demonstrated. A facile method is proposed for tuning the properties of the TDM semiconductors and accessing multimodal platforms, consisting in covalent grafting of lanthanide complexes onto the surface of 2D TMDs. Dual functionalization of liquid‐exfoliated MoS2 nanosheets is demonstrated simultaneously with both europium (III) and gadolinium (III) complexes to form a colloidally stable luminescent (with millisecond lifetimes) and paramagnetic MoS2‐based nanohybrid material. This work is the first example of transition metal dichalcogenide nanosheets functionalized with preformed lanthanide complexes. These findings open new prospects for covalent functionalization of TMDs with molecular species bearing specific functionalities as a means to tune the optoelectronic properties of the semiconductors, in order to create advanced materials and devices with a wide range of functionalities.
Thermosensitive Hydrogel Containing Doxycycline Exerts Inhibitory Effects on Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm Induced By Pancreatic Elastase in Mice
Authors: Yu Maomao , Dong Anjie , Chen Cong , Xu Shuxin , Cao Yini , Liu Shu , Zhang Qiang , Qi Rong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDoxycycline (DOX) is reported to exert therapeutic effects against abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA), a severe degenerative disease. In this study, a DOX hydrogel formulation of DOX/PECTgel is studied, and its phase transition behavior and in vitro release profiles are explored. In addition, the anti‐AAA effects and bioavailability of DOX/PECTgel are evaluated in an elastase induced AAA mouse model. The results show that the phase transition temperature of 30% poly(e‐caprolactone‐co‐1,4,8‐trioxa[4.6]spiro‐9‐undecanone) (PECT) solution is above 34 °C. In vitro release profiles of DOX/PECTgel indicate a fast release of DOX at the first two days, followed by a slow and sustained release for 14 d. In vivo single‐dose single subcutaneous injection of DOX/PECTgel containing 8.4 or 4.2 mg mL−1 DOX presents comparatively preventive effects on AAA, compared to intraperitoneal injections of DOX alone at a dose of 15 mg kg−1 for seven injections, while DOX bioavailability of the DOX/PECTgel treated groups is 1.39 times or 1.19 times of the DOX alone treated group, respectively.