bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Westermarck Effect
Authors: Shor Eran 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The Westermarck effect (also known as the Westermarck hypothesis) is the proposition that early close childhood association leads to sexual aversion, which is in turn the reason for incest avoidance. This proposition has received ample support from ethological research, as well as from a few natural experiments, most notably on “minor” marriage practices in Taiwan and on child socialization in the Israeli kibbutzim. However, several sociologists have questioned both the empirical evidence and the conclusions offered in support of the hypothesis. Some have also conducted studies that directly challenge the validity of the Westermarck effect and highlight the role of sociocultural and social psychological elements (such as group cohesion, social pressures, and habituation) in inbreeding avoidance.
Migration: International
Authors: Kritz Mary M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractInternational migration is generally defined as the change of a person's usual place of residence from one country to another. The United Nations recommends that a time element of at least one year be added to this definition in order to differentiate international migrants from international visitors. Tourists are people who visit another country “for purposes of recreation, holiday, visits to friends and relatives, business, medical treatment, or religious pilgrimage” and are not considered international migrants. Because international migration is a dyadic process, it includes the movement of both citizens and foreigners into and out of countries. Citizenship determines the type of international migration that occurs.
“Trade‐Off” Hidden in Condensed State Solvation: Multiradiative Channels Design for Highly Efficient Solution‐Processed Purely Organic Electroluminescence at High Brightness
Authors: Cai Xinyi , Chen Dongjun , Gao Kuo , Gan Lin , Yin Qingwu , Qiao Zhenyang , Chen Zijun , Jiang Xiaofang , Su Shi‐Jian 
Published: December 2017

AbstractActualizing highly efficient solution‐processed thermally activated delayed fluorescent (TADF) organic light‐emitting diodes (OLEDs) at high brightness becomes significant to the popularization of purely organic electroluminescence. Herein, a highly soluble emitter benzene‐1,3,5‐triyltris((4‐(9,9‐dimethylacridin‐10(9H)‐yl)phenyl)methanone was developed, yielding high delayed fluorescence rate (kTADF > 105 s−1) ascribed to the multitransition channels and tiny singlet–triplet splitting energy (ΔEST ≈ 32.7 meV). The triplet locally excited state is 0.38 eV above the lowest triplet charge‐transfer state, assuring a solely thermal equilibrium route for reverse intersystem crossing. Condensed state solvation effect unveils a hidden “trade‐off”: the reverse upconversion and triplet concentration quenching processes can be promoted but with a reduced radiative rate from the increased dopant concentration and the more polarized surroundings. Striking a delicate balance, corresponding vacuum‐evaporated and solution‐processed TADF‐OLEDs realized maximum external quantum efficiencies (EQEs) of ≈26% and ≈22% with extremely suppressed efficiency roll‐off. Notably, the wet‐processed one achieves to date the highest EQEs of 20.7%, 18.5%, 17.1%, and 13.6%, among its counterparts at the luminance of 1000, 3000, 5000, and 10 000 cd m−2, respectively.
Yolk–Shell Structured Assembly of Bamboo‐Like Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotubes Embedded with Co Nanocrystals and Their Application as Cathode Material for Li–S Batteries
Authors: Park Seung‐Keun , Lee Jung‐Kul , Kang Yun Chan 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDespite their high theoretical specific capacity (1675 mA h g−1), the practical application of Li–S batteries remains limited because the capacity rapidly degrades through severe dissolution of lithium polysulfide and the rate capability is low because of the low electronic conductivity of sulfur. This paper describes novel hierarchical yolk–shell microspheres comprising 1D bamboo‐like N‐doped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) encapsulating Co nanoparticles (Co@BNCNTs YS microspheres) as efficient cathode hosts for Li–S batteries. The microspheres are produced via a two‐step process that involves generation of the microsphere followed by N‐doped CNTs growth. The hierarchical yolk–shell structure enables efficient sulfur loading and mitigates the dissolution of lithium polysulfides, and metallic Co and N doping improves the chemical affinity of the microspheres with sulfur species. Accordingly, a Co@BNCNTs YS microsphere‐based cathode containing 64 wt% sulfur exhibits a high discharge capacity of 700.2 mA h g−1 after 400 cycles at a current density of 1 C (based on the mass of sulfur); this corresponds to a good capacity retention of 76% and capacity fading rate of 0.06% per cycle with an excellent rate performance (752 mA h g−1 at 2.0 C) when applied as cathode hosts for Li–S batteries.
Homoepitaxial Growth of Large‐Scale Highly Organized Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Patterns
Authors: Chen Jianyi , Zhao Xiaoxu , Grinblat Gustavo , Chen Zhongxin , Tan Sherman J. R. , Fu Wei , Ding Zijing , Abdelwahab Ibrahim , Li Yi , Geng Dechao , Liu Yanpeng , Leng Kai , Liu Bo , Liu Wei , Tang Wei , Maier Stefan A. , Pennycook Stephen John , Loh Kian Ping 
Published: December 2017

AbstractControllable growth of highly crystalline transition metal dichalcogenide (TMD) patterns with regular morphology and unique edge structure is highly desired and important for fundamental research and potential applications. Here, single‐crystalline MoS2 flakes are reported with regular trigonal symmetric patterns that can be homoepitaxially grown on MoS2 monolayer via chemical vapor deposition. The highly organized MoS2 patterns are rhombohedral (3R)‐stacked with the underlying MoS2 monolayer, and their boundaries are predominantly terminated by zigzag Mo edge structure. The epitaxial MoS2 crystals can be tailored from compact triangles to fractal flakes, and the pattern formation can be explained by the anisotropic growth rates of the S and Mo edges under low sulfur chemical potential. The 3R‐stacked MoS2 pattern demonstrates strong second and third‐harmonic‐generation signals, which exceed those reported for monolayer MoS2 by a factor of 6 and 4, correspondingly. This homoepitaxial growth approach for making highly organized TMD patterns is also demonstrated for WS2.
A High‐Performing Direct Carbon Fuel Cell with a 3D Architectured Anode Operated Below 600 °C
Authors: Wu Wei , Zhang Yunya , Ding Dong , He Ting 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDirect carbon fuel cells (DCFCs) are highly efficient power generators fueled by abundant and cheap solid carbons. However, the limited triple‐phase boundaries (TPBs) in the fuel electrode, due to the lack of direct contact among carbon, electrode, and electrolyte, inhibit the performance and result in poor fuel utilization. To address the challenges of low carbon oxidation activity and low carbon utilization, a highly efficient, 3D solid‐state architected anode is developed to enhance the performance of DCFCs below 600 °C. The cell with the 3D textile anode framework, Gd:CeO2–Li/Na2CO3 composite electrolyte, and Sm0.5Sr0.5CoO3 cathode demonstrates excellent performance with maximum power densities of 143, 196, and 325 mW cm−2 at 500, 550, and 600 °C, respectively. At 500 °C, the cells can be operated steadily with a rated power density of ≈0.13 W cm−2 at a constant current density of 0.15 A cm−2 with a carbon utilization over 85.5%. These results, for the first time, demonstrate the feasibility of directly electrochemical oxidation of solid carbon at 500–600 °C, representing a promising strategy in developing high‐performing fuel cells and other electrochemical systems via the integration of 3D architected electrodes.
Environmentally Friendly Solvent‐Processed Organic Solar Cells that are Highly Efficient and Adaptable for the Blade‐Coating Method
Authors: Zhao Wenchao , Zhang Shaoqing , Zhang Yun , Li Sunsun , Liu Xiaoyu , He Chang , Zheng Zhong , Hou Jianhui 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe power conversion efficiencies (PCEs) of state‐of‐the‐art organic solar cells (OSCs) have increased to over 13%. However, the most commonly used solvents for making the solutions of photoactive materials and the coating methods used in laboratories are not adaptable for future practical production. Therefore, taking a solution‐coating method with environmentally friendly processing solvents into consideration is critical for the practical utilization of OSC technology. In this study, a highly efficient PBTA‐TF:IT‐M‐based device processed with environmentally friendly solvents, tetrahydrofuran/isopropyl alcohol (THF/IPA) and o‐xylene/1‐phenylnaphthalene, is fabricated; a high PCE of 13.1% can be achieved by adopting the spin‐coating method, which is the top result for OSCs. More importantly, a blade‐coated non‐fullerene OSC processed with THF/IPA is demonstrated for the first time to obtain a promising PCE of 11.7%; even for the THF/IPA‐processed large‐area device (1.0 cm2) made by blade‐coating, a PCE of 10.6% can still be maintained. These results are critical for the large‐scale production of highly efficient OSCs in future studies.
Textile Inspired Lithium–Oxygen Battery Cathode with Decoupled Oxygen and Electrolyte Pathways
Authors: Xu Shaomao , Yao Yonggang , Guo Yuanyuan , Zeng Xiaoqiao , Lacey Steven D. , Song Huiyu , Chen Chaoji , Li Yiju , Dai Jiaqi , Wang Yanbin , Chen Yanan , Liu Boyang , Fu Kun , Amine Khalil , Lu Jun , Hu Liangbing 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe lithium–air (Li–O2) battery has been deemed one of the most promising next‐generation energy‐storage devices due to its ultrahigh energy density. However, in conventional porous carbon–air cathodes, the oxygen gas and electrolyte often compete for transport pathways, which limit battery performance. Here, a novel textile‐based air cathode is developed with a triple‐phase structure to improve overall battery performance. The hierarchical structure of the conductive textile network leads to decoupled pathways for oxygen gas and electrolyte: oxygen flows through the woven mesh while the electrolyte diffuses along the textile fibers. Due to noncompetitive transport, the textile‐based Li–O2 cathode exhibits a high discharge capacity of 8.6 mAh cm−2, a low overpotential of 1.15 V, and stable operation exceeding 50 cycles. The textile‐based structure can be applied to a range of applications (fuel cells, water splitting, and redox flow batteries) that involve multiple phase reactions. The reported decoupled transport pathway design also spurs potential toward flexible/wearable Li–O2 batteries.
Band‐like Charge Photogeneration at a Crystalline Organic Donor/Acceptor Interface
Authors: Fusella Michael A. , Brigeman Alyssa N. , Welborn Matthew , Purdum Geoffrey E. , Yan Yixin , Schaller Richard D. , Lin YunHui L. , Loo Yueh‐Lin , Voorhis Troy Van , Giebink Noel C. , Rand Barry P. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOrganic photovoltaic cells possess desirable practical characteristics, such as the potential for low‐cost fabrication on flexible substrates, but they lag behind their inorganic counterparts in performance due in part to fundamental energy loss mechanisms, such as overcoming the charge transfer (CT) state binding energy when photogenerated charge is transferred across the donor/acceptor interface. However, recent work has suggested that crystalline interfaces can reduce this binding energy due to enhanced CT state delocalization. Solar cells based on rubrene and C60 are investigated as an archetypal system because it allows the degree of crystallinity to be moldulated from a highly disordered to highly ordered system. Using a postdeposition annealing method to transform as‐deposited amorphous rubrene thin films into ones that are highly crystalline, it is shown that the CT state of a highly crystalline rubrene/C60 heterojunction undergoes extreme delocalization parallel to the interface leading to a band‐like state that exhibits a linear Stark effect. This state parallels the direct charge formation of inorganic solar cells and reduces energetic losses by 220 meV compared with 12 other archetypal heterojunctions reported in the literature.
Holey 2D Nanomaterials for Electrochemical Energy Storage
Authors: Peng Lele , Fang Zhiwei , Zhu Yue , Yan Chunshuang , Yu Guihua 
Published: December 2017

Abstract2D nanomaterials provide numerous fascinating properties, such as abundant active surfaces and open ion diffusion channels, which enable fast transport and storage of lithium ions and beyond. However, decreased active surfaces, prolonged ion transport pathway, and sluggish ion transport kinetics caused by self‐restacking of 2D nanomaterials during electrode assembly remain a major challenge to build high‐performance energy storage devices with simultaneously maximized energy and power density as well as long cycle life. To address the above challenge, porosity (or hole) engineering in 2D nanomaterials has become a promising strategy to enable porous 2D nanomaterials with synergetic features combining both 2D nanomaterials and porous architectures. Herein, recent important progress on porous/holey 2D nanomaterials for electrochemical energy storage is reviewed, starting with the introduction of synthetic strategies of porous/holey 2D nanomaterials, followed by critical discussion of design rule and their advantageous features. Thereafter, representative work on porous/holey 2D nanomaterials for electrochemical capacitors, lithium‐ion and sodium‐ion batteries, and other emerging battery technologies (lithium‐sulfur and metal‐air batteries) are presented. The article concludes with perspectives on the future directions for porous/holey 2D nanomaterial in energy storage and conversion applications.
Clinical experience with the BCL2‐inhibitor venetoclax in combination therapy for relapsed and refractory acute myeloid leukemia and related myeloid malignancies
Authors: DiNardo Courtney D. , Rausch Caitlin R. , Benton Christopher , Kadia Tapan , Jain Nitin , Pemmaraju Naveen , Daver Naval , Covert Wendy , Marx Kayleigh R. , Mace Morgan , Jabbour Elias , Cortes Jorge , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Ravandi Farhad , Bhalla Kapil N. , Kantarjian Hagop , Konopleva Marina 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionVenetoclax (VEN), a selective BCL2 inhibitor, has single‐agent activity in relapsed and refractory (R/R) acute myeloid leukemia (AML), and efficacy in lower intensity combinations for treatment‐naïve elderly AML patients. VEN treatment combinations in R/R AML have not been previously reported.MethodsAll R/R myeloid patients (including AML, myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS), and blastic plasmacytoid dendritic cell neoplasm (BPDCN)) treated with VEN combinations in the salvage setting were reviewed.ResultsForty‐three patients with median age 68 (range, 25–83) were treated for AML (91%), MDS (5%), or BPDCN (5%). Most (n = 36, 84%) were ≥ salvage‐2 treatment status, including prior hypomethylating agent (HMA) in 77%. In combination with VEN, most patients received HMA therapy (n = 31, 72%); eight (19%) received low‐dose cytarabine (LDAC). Patients received a median of 2 treatment cycles (range, 1–4). Objective response was observed in 9 (21%) patients, including 2 complete responses (CR), 3 CRi, and 4 morphologic leukemia‐free state (MLFS). Median survival was 3.0 months (range, 0.5–8.0), and estimated 6‐month survival was 24%. Responses were observed in five (24%) of 21 patients with intermediate‐risk cytogenetics, 3 (27%) of 11 IDH1/2‐mutant, and 4 (50%) of 8 RUNX1‐mutated patients. Two (20%) of 10 TP53‐mutated patients responded; both had concurrent RUNX1 mutations. Of the 3 (15%) responding patients with adverse cytogenetics, all had concurrent RUNX1 mutations.ConclusionLow‐intensity chemotherapy, including HMAs or LDAC, in combination with VEN is a viable salvage option, even in multiply relapsed/refractory patients with AML, MDS, and BPDCN. Notable responses were identified in patients with diploid/intermediate cytogenetics, RUNX1, and/or IDH1/2 mutations.
Einzelzell‐Massenspektrometrie zur Untersuchung zellulärer Heterogenität
Authors: Zhang Linwen , Vertes Akos 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDie Diversität der Zusammensetzung ist eine fundamentale Eigenschaft von Zellpopulationen. Neue Einblicke in diese zelluläre Heterogenität auf Genom‐, Transkriptom‐, Proteom‐ und Metabolomniveau verspricht die Einzelzellanalyse. Die Massenspektrometrie (MS) ist ein markierungsfreies Verfahren, das die Multiplex‐Analyse von Proteinen, Peptiden, Lipiden und Metaboliten in Einzelzellen ermöglicht. Die Häufigkeiten dieser Verbindungsklassen werden mit den physiologischen Zuständen und den Reaktionen der Zellen auf Umgebungsänderungen korreliert. Dieser Kurzaufsatz beschreibt neue Fortschritte bei den Einzelzell‐MS‐Techniken mit dem Schwerpunkt auf Entnahme‐ und Ionisationsmethoden, die für volumenbegrenzte Proben entwickelt wurden. Bei Einzelzellen erfordern die Strategien zur Probenbehandlung, die Trennmethoden und die Datenanalyse besondere Überlegungen. Aktuelle analytische Herausforderungen betreffen unter anderem die subzelluläre Heterogenität, nicht normale statistische Verteilungen von Zelleigenschaften sowie die Notwendigkeit von Hochdurchsatzanwendungen, einem breiten Molekülspektrum und minimaler Störung.
Reversing Conventional Reactivity of Mixed Oxo/Alkyl Rare‐Earth Complexes: Non‐Redox Oxygen Atom Transfer
Authors: Hong Jianquan , Tian Haiwen , Zhang Lixin , Zhou Xigeng , del Rosal Iker , Weng Linhong , Maron Laurent 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe preferential substitution of oxo ligands over alkyl ones of rare‐earth complexes is commonly considered as “impossible” due to the high oxophilicity of metal centers. Now, it has been shown that simply assembling mixed methyl/oxo rare‐earth complexes to a rigid trinuclear cluster framework cannot only enhance the activity of the Ln‐oxo bond, but also protect the highly reactive Ln‐alkyl bond, thus providing a previously unrecognized opportunity to selectively manipulate the oxo ligand in the presence of numerous reactive functionalities. Such trimetallic cluster has proved to be a suitable platform for developing the unprecedented non‐redox rare‐earth‐mediated oxygen atom transfer from ketones to CS2 and PhNCS. Controlled experiments and computational studies shed light on the driving force for these reactions, emphasizing the importance of the sterical accessibility and multimetallic effect of the cluster framework in promoting reversal of reactivity of rare‐earth oxo complexes.
Photokatalytische aerobe Phosphatierung von Alkenen
Authors: Depken Christian , Krätzschmar Felix , Rieger Rene , Rode Katharina , Breder Alexander 
Published: December 2017

AbstractEs wurde ein katalytisches Verfahren für die direkte Phosphatierung einfacher unpolarisierter Alkene entwickelt, das erstmals die Nutzung von gewöhnlichen unaktivierten Phosphorsäurediestern als Phosphatquelle und O2 als terminales Oxidationmittel ermöglicht. Die Methode erlaubt einen direkten und höchst ökonomischen Aufbau von verschiedenen Allylphosphatestern. Im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Phosphorsäureestern ist die aerobe Phosphatierung vollständig komplementär, da erstere zum Großteil auf der Verwendung von vorfunktionalisierten oder voraktivierten Reagenzien wie Alkoholen oder Phosphorylhalogeniden beruhen. Ermöglicht wird die Reaktion durch das katalytische Zusammenwirken eines Photokatalysators und einer Selen‐π‐Säure über eine Abfolge von Ein‐Elektronen‐Transferprozessen.
The Common Intermediates of Oxygen Evolution and Dissolution Reactions during Water Electrolysis on Iridium
Authors: Kasian Olga , Grote Jan‐Philipp , Geiger Simon , Cherevko Serhiy , Mayrhofer Karl J. J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractUnderstanding the pathways of catalyst degradation during the oxygen evolution reaction is a cornerstone in the development of efficient and stable electrolyzers, since even for the most promising Ir based anodes the harsh reaction conditions are detrimental. The dissolution mechanism is complex and the correlation to the oxygen evolution reaction itself is still poorly understood. Here, by coupling a scanning flow cell with inductively coupled plasma and online electrochemical mass spectrometers, we monitor the oxygen evolution and degradation products of Ir and Ir oxides in situ. It is shown that at high anodic potentials several dissolution routes become possible, including formation of gaseous IrO3. On the basis of experimental data, possible pathways are proposed for the oxygen‐evolution‐triggered dissolution of Ir and the role of common intermediates for these reactions is discussed.
Single‐Cell Mass Spectrometry Approaches to Explore Cellular Heterogeneity
Authors: Zhang Linwen , Vertes Akos 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCompositional diversity is a fundamental property in cell populations. Single‐cell analysis promises new insight into this cellular heterogeneity on the genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic levels. Mass spectrometry (MS) is a label‐free technique that enables the multiplexed analysis of proteins, peptides, lipids, and metabolites in individual cells. The abundances of these molecular classes are correlated with the physiological states and environmental responses of the cells. In this Minireview, we discuss recent advances in single‐cell MS techniques with an emphasis on sampling and ionization methods developed for volume‐limited samples. Strategies for sample treatment, separation methods, and data analysis require special considerations for single cells. Ongoing analytical challenges include subcellular heterogeneity, non‐normal statistical distributions of cellular properties, and the need for high‐throughput, high molecular coverage and minimal perturbation.
Catalysis of Carbon Dioxide Photoreduction on Nanosheets: Fundamentals and Challenges
Authors: Sun Zhenyu , Talreja Neetu , Tao Hengcong , Texter John , Muhler Martin , Strunk Jennifer , Chen Jianfeng 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe transformation of CO2 into fuels and chemicals by photocatalysis is a promising strategy to provide a long‐term solution to mitigating global warming and energy‐supply problems. Achievements in photocatalysis during the last decade have sparked increased interest in using sunlight to reduce CO2. Traditional semiconductors used in photocatalysis (e.g. TiO2) are not suitable for use in natural sunlight and their performance is not sufficient even under UV irradiation. Some two‐dimensional (2D) materials have recently been designed for the catalytic reduction of CO2. These materials still require significant modification, which is a challenge when designing a photocatalytic process. An overarching aim of this Review is to summarize the literature on the photocatalytic conversion of CO2 by various 2D materials in the liquid phase, with special attention given to the development of novel 2D photocatalyst materials to provide a basis for improved materials.
Palladium‐Catalyzed Intramolecular Trost–Oppolzer‐Type Alder–Ene Reaction of Dienyl Acetates to Cyclopentadienes
Authors: Bankar Siddheshwar K. , Singh Bara , Tung Pinku , Ramasastry S. S. V. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA new approach to the synthesis of highly substituted cyclopentadienes, indenes, and cyclopentene‐fused heteroarenes by means of the Pd‐catalyzed Trost–Oppolzer‐type intramolecular Alder–ene reaction of 2,4‐pentadienyl acetates is described. This unprecedented transformation combines the electrophilic features of the Tsuji–Trost reaction with the nucleophilic features of the Alder–ene reaction. The overall outcome can be perceived as a hitherto unknown “acid‐free” iso‐Nazarov‐type cyclization. The versatility of this strategy was further demonstrated by the formal synthesis of paucifloral F, a resveratrol‐based natural product.