bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Counterfactual Plausibility and Comparative Similarity
Authors: Stanley Matthew L. , Stewart Gregory W. , Brigard Felipe De 
Published: November 2016

AbstractCounterfactual thinking involves imagining hypothetical alternatives to reality. Philosopher David Lewis (1973, 1979) argued that people estimate the subjective plausibility that a counterfactual event might have occurred by comparing an imagined possible world in which the counterfactual statement is true against the current, actual world in which the counterfactual statement is false. Accordingly, counterfactuals considered to be true in possible worlds comparatively more similar to ours are judged as more plausible than counterfactuals deemed true in possible worlds comparatively less similar. Although Lewis did not originally develop his notion of comparative similarity to be investigated as a psychological construct, this study builds upon his idea to empirically investigate comparative similarity as a possible psychological strategy for evaluating the perceived plausibility of counterfactual events. More specifically, we evaluate judgments of comparative similarity between episodic memories and episodic counterfactual events as a factor influencing people's judgments of plausibility in counterfactual simulations, and we also compare it against other factors thought to influence judgments of counterfactual plausibility, such as ease of simulation and prior simulation. Our results suggest that the greater the perceived similarity between the original memory and the episodic counterfactual event, the greater the perceived plausibility that the counterfactual event might have occurred. While similarity between actual and counterfactual events, ease of imagining, and prior simulation of the counterfactual event were all significantly related to counterfactual plausibility, comparative similarity best captured the variance in ratings of counterfactual plausibility. Implications for existing theories on the determinants of counterfactual plausibility are discussed.
Utility of endobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration in diagnosing non‐specific inflammatory intrathorcacic lymphadenitis
Authors: Yang Huizhen , Wang Shenglan , Teng Jiajun , Han Baohui , Sun Jiayuan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground and objectiveEndobronchial ultrasound‐guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS‐TBNA) has emerged as a minimally invasive technique for diagnosing intrathoracic malignancies and some benignancies; however, there are no data available on the utility of EBUS‐TBNA for the diagnosis of non‐specific inflammatory intrathoracic lymphadenitis.MethodsA prospective analysis was performed from 104 patients with enlarged lymphadenopathy suspected of non‐specific lymphadenitis referred for EBUS‐TBNA between October 2009 and March 2012. Rapid on‐site cytological evaluation was not adopted. Microbiological tests were carried out in all patients. Patients were excluded from the study if there was other diagnosis being defined.ResultsOne hundred ninety‐one lesions were aspirated in 94 patients with enlarged mediastinal/hilar lymph nodes within reach of EBUS‐TBNA, which were diagnosed as non‐specific intrathorcacic lymphadenitis by pathology and clinical follow‐up. According to EBUS‐TBNA pathologies, 94 patients were categorized into four kinds: (i) inflammatory cell infiltrates and/or noncaseating necrosis in 38 cases; (ii) granuloma formed by epithelioid cells and/or fiber hyperplasia in 13 cases; (iii) lymph node tissue/lymphocyte without obvious abnormal lesions in 41 cases; (iv) inadequate sample in 2 cases. Bacterial and/or fungal smears and cultures were carried out in all 94 patients (100%), with pathogens being found in 4 (4.3%) cases. All patients (100%) underwent acid‐fast staining and culture for mycobacterium tuberculosis to exclude tuberculosis. No procedure‐related complication was observed.ConclusionsEBUS‐TBNA can provide pathological and microbiological evidences for diagnosing non‐specific inflammatory intrathoracic lymphadenopathy, and it is a safe and effective first‐line investigation for ruling out malignancies and other benign diseases.
A case of pulmonary cryptococcosis with large pericardial effusion diagnosed using cervical lymph node biopsy
Authors: Liu Xuchun , Jia Wei , Huang Shubin , Sun Gengyun 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPulmonary cryptococcosis (PC) is a relatively rare infectious disease. It mainly involves the lungs; however, in some patients, the infection could spread to other parts of the body. PC mostly occurs in patients with immune deficiencies. However, PC infections have been reported in non‐immunocompromised patients. The diagnosis of PC is challenging in patients without immune deficiencies. Here, the case of a 27‐year‐old immunocompetent woman who was diagnosed with PC was report. She had unexplained fever and a history of close contact with poultry feathers. Lesions were observed in the lungs, pleural cavity, pericardium, and cervical lymph nodes. Biopsy of the cervical lymph nodes helped in the pathological diagnosis of PC. She was treated with fluconazole, and the lesions disappeared. They present this case to encourage detailed inquiry of medical history in such patients, improve the diagnostic awareness of clinicians, and help reduce the likelihood of misdiagnosis.
Mandibular angle fractures: a comparative study between one‐ and two‐plate fixation
Authors: Monnazzi Marcelo Silva , Gabrielli Marisa Ap Cabrini , Gabrielli Mário Francisco Real , Trivellato Alexandre Elias 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackground/AimThe mandibular angle fracture is a challenging fracture to manage. Over time, the literature has shown many types of treatment modalities and different kinds of internal fixation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the outcomes and complications of mandibular angle fractures managed by Champy's technique and two‐plate fixation, over a period of 20 years.Material and methodsThe files of 149 patients with 155 angle fractures fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were chosen for this study. Data were collected regarding gender, age, race, date of trauma, addictions, etiology, signs and symptoms, fracture management, and complications.ResultsPrevalence was higher in males (82%), Caucasians (62%), and during the third decade of life (62%). Mean age was 26.5 years. The main cause was interpersonal violence, and the mean follow‐up period was 232 days. The main signs and symptoms were pain, edema, and mouth‐opening restriction. The most often associated fracture involved the mandibular condyle, and the most common complication was infection.ConclusionThere was no difference between the two modalities of treatment. However, the one‐plate fixation technique had fewer complications.
Adequate tacrolimus concentration for myasthenia gravis treatment
Authors: Kanai T. , Uzawa A. , Kawaguchi N. , Himuro K. , Oda F. , Ozawa Y. , Kuwabara S. 
Published: November 2016

Background and purposeA single, oral dose of 3 mg/day tacrolimus, approved for myasthenia gravis (MG) treatment in Japan, was shown to reduce steroid dose and anti‐acetylcholine receptor (AChR) antibody titers as well as to improve MG symptoms. However, no studies have investigated the association between tacrolimus concentration and its clinical efficacy in MG. In this study, we aimed to determine the optimal tacrolimus concentration for MG treatment.MethodsThe trough tacrolimus concentration in 51 patients with MG (positive for anti‐AChR antibody, n = 48; negative for anti‐AChR and anti‐muscle‐specific tyrosine kinase antibodies, n = 3) who received 3 mg/day tacrolimus for more than 1 year was measured using a chemiluminescent enzyme immunoassay. The clinical characteristics of patients with MG as well as the dose of prednisolone used before and after tacrolimus treatment were evaluated retrospectively.ResultsThe median trough tacrolimus concentration was 5.4 (range, 2.9–7.6) ng/mL, which was correlated with ‘minimal manifestation or better status’ (P = 0.0190, r = 0.3273) and the reduction in anti‐AChR antibody 1 year after tacrolimus initiation (P = 0.0170, r = 0.3465). When the cut‐off value for tacrolimus was defined as 4.8 ng/mL using a receiver operating characteristic curve, patients with adequate tacrolimus concentration (≥4.8 ng/mL) showed more reduction in anti‐AChR antibody titers and more improvement in MG‐related activities in daily life scores. More patients with adequate tacrolimus concentration achieved ‘minimal manifestation or better status’ compared with those with low tacrolimus concentration.ConclusionsAn adequate tacrolimus concentration is required for better MG prognosis.
Label‐free multiphoton microscopy reveals altered tissue architecture in hippocampal sclerosis
Authors: Uckermann Ortrud , Galli Roberta , Leupold Susann , Coras Roland , Meinhardt Matthias , Hallmeyer‐Elgner Susanne , Mayer Thomas , Storch Alexander , Schackert Gabriele , Koch Edmund , Blümcke Ingmar , Steiner Gerald , Kirsch Matthias 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe properties and structure of tissue can be visualized without labeling or preparation by multiphoton microscopy combining coherent anti‐Stokes Raman scattering (CARS), addressing lipid content, second harmonic generation (SHG) showing collagen, and two‐photon excited fluorescence (TPEF) of endogenous fluorophores. We compared samples of sclerotic and nonsclerotic human hippocampus to detect pathologic changes in the brain of patients with pharmacoresistant temporomesial epilepsy (n = 15). Multiphoton microscopy of cryosections and bulk tissue revealed hippocampal layering and micromorphologic details in accordance with reference histology: CARS displayed white and gray matter layering and allowed the assessment of axonal myelin. SHG visualized blood vessels based on adventitial collagen. In addition, corpora amylacea (CoA) were found to be SHG‐active. Pyramidal cell bodies were characterized by intense cytoplasmic endogenous TPEF. Furthermore, diffuse TPEF around blood vessels was observed that co‐localized with positive albumin immunohistochemistry and might indicate degeneration‐associated vascular leakage. We present a label‐free and fast optical approach that analyzes pathologic aspects of HS. Hippocampal layering, loss of pyramidal cells, and presence of CoA indicative of sclerosis are visualized. Label‐free multiphoton microscopy has the potential to extend the histopathologic armamentarium for ex vivo assessment of changes of the hippocampal formation on fresh tissue and prospectively in vivo.
Knowledge structures in a knowledge base
Authors: Li Zhaowen , Li Qingguo , Zhang Rongrong , Xie Ningxin 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRough set theory is a useful tool for dealing with imprecise knowledge. One of the advantages of rough set theory is the fact that an unknown target concept can be approximately characterized by existing knowledge structures in a knowledge base. This paper explores knowledge structures in a knowledge base. Knowledge structures in a knowledge base are firstly described by means of set vectors and relationships between knowledge structures divided into four classes. Then, properties of knowledge structures are discussed. Finally, group, lattice, mapping, and soft characterizations of knowledge structures are given.
Importance of advective mass transfer and sediment surface area for streambed microbial communities
Authors: Mendoza‐Lera Clara , Frossard Aline , Knie Matthias , Federlein Laura L. , Gessner Mark O. , Mutz Michael 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Variability of flow and shear stress cause local sorting and a patchy distribution of grain size in streambed sediments. Sediment microbial communities can be affected by the resulting heterogeneity because grain size determines (i) the sediment surface area available for microbial colonisation and (ii) the hydraulic conductivity and hence advective mass transfer of solutes and redox partners. However, the relative influence of the two factors on sediment microbial communities is not clear.

We performed an experiment in 12 indoor flumes with three types of sediment: gravel (2–8 mm), a sand–gravel mixture (25 and 75% by mass) and sand (0.2–0.8 mm) in four flumes each. The sediments differed in both advective mass transfer (gravel > sand–gravel mixture = sand) and surface area (gravel < sand–gravel mixture < sand). We added a microbial inoculum to each flume. After 40 days of colonisation, we collected sediment samples to characterise the sediment microbial community by determining the abundance of bacteria and algae, respiration rates and potential enzyme activities.

The consistent pattern found across all microbial variables showed that grain size clearly influences sediment microbial communities through advective mass transfer, although an influence of sediment surface area cannot be ruled out: (i) all variables were highest in gravel when expressed per surface area but differed little between sand and the sand–gravel mixture and (ii) all variables were similarly high in gravel and sand or the sand–gravel mixture on a volumetric basis, in spite of a greatly reduced surface area in gravel.

Overall, our findings suggest that grain‐size distribution in streams should be taken into account in analyses of streambed microbial communities, especially if it has an effect on advective mass transfer.
Plants, microorganisms, and soil temperatures contribute to a decrease in methane fluxes on a drained Arctic floodplain
Authors: Kwon Min Jung , Beulig Felix , Ilie Iulia , Wildner Marcus , Küsel Kirsten , Merbold Lutz , Mahecha Miguel D. , Zimov Nikita , Zimov Sergey A. , Heimann Martin , Schuur Edward A. G. , Kostka Joel E. , Kolle Olaf , Hilke Ines , Göckede Mathias 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAs surface temperatures are expected to rise in the future, ice‐rich permafrost may thaw, altering soil topography and hydrology and creating a mosaic of wet and dry soil surfaces in the Arctic. Arctic wetlands are large sources of CH4, and investigating effects of soil hydrology on CH4 fluxes is of great importance for predicting ecosystem feedback in response to climate change. In this study, we investigate how a decade‐long drying manipulation on an Arctic floodplain influences CH4‐associated microorganisms, soil thermal regimes, and plant communities. Moreover, we examine how these drainage‐induced changes may then modify CH4 fluxes in the growing and nongrowing seasons. This study shows that drainage substantially lowered the abundance of methanogens along with methanotrophic bacteria, which may have reduced CH4 cycling. Soil temperatures of the drained areas were lower in deep, anoxic soil layers (below 30 cm), but higher in oxic topsoil layers (0–15 cm) compared to the control wet areas. This pattern of soil temperatures may have reduced the rates of methanogenesis while elevating those of CH4 oxidation, thereby decreasing net CH4 fluxes. The abundance of Eriophorum angustifolium, an aerenchymatous plant species, diminished significantly in the drained areas. Due to this decrease, a higher fraction of CH4 was alternatively emitted to the atmosphere by diffusion, possibly increasing the potential for CH4 oxidation and leading to a decrease in net CH4 fluxes compared to a control site. Drainage lowered CH4 fluxes by a factor of 20 during the growing season, with postdrainage changes in microbial communities, soil temperatures, and plant communities also contributing to this reduction. In contrast, we observed CH4 emissions increased by 10% in the drained areas during the nongrowing season, although this difference was insignificant given the small magnitudes of fluxes. This study showed that long‐term drainage considerably reduced CH4 fluxes through modified ecosystem properties.
Clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with recurrent chronic hepatitis B after nucleos(t)ide analog withdrawal with stringent cessation criteria: A prospective cohort study
Authors: Liu Zhirong , Liu Feng , Wang Lei , Liu Youde , Zhang Meng , Li Tao 
Published: November 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to explore the clinical characteristics and outcomes of patients with recurrent chronic hepatitis B meeting the cessation criteria outlined by the 2008 Asian Pacific Association for the Study of the Liver guidelines.MethodsIn total, 223 chronic hepatitis B patients who met the cessation criteria and discontinued nucleos(t)ide analog therapy were prospectively included. They were monitored monthly during the first 4 months and every 3–6 months thereafter. Early relapse was defined as viral relapse (serum hepatitis B virus [HBV] DNA >104 copies/mL) confirmed within 3 months after cessation.ResultsOf the 38 hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg)‐positive relapse cases, 44.7%, 65.8%, 76.3% and 89.5% occurred within 3 months, 6 months, 12 months, and 48 months, respectively; in the 49 HBeAg‐negative relapse cases, 44.9%, 51.0%, 77.6% and 91.8% occurred within 3, 6, 12 and 36 months, respectively. Time to undetectable HBV DNA was a predictive factor of early relapse. Viral relapses were accompanied by elevated alanine aminotransferase in 70 (80.5%) patients. A peak alanine aminotransferase 10 times over the upper limit of normal after relapse was observed in 15.8% of the HBeAg‐positive and 22.4% of the HBeAg‐negative patients. Hepatic decompensation and liver failure were not observed.ConclusionsFor HBeAg‐positive and HBeAg‐negative patients meeting stringent cessation criteria, at least 4 years and 3 years of close follow‐up are necessary. For those with a longer time to undetectable HBV DNA, more attention should be paid to the early stages after cessation. Nucleos(t)ide analog withdrawal in selected non‐cirrhotic patients is generally safe, although close monitoring and timely intervention are needed.
A comparative review of gerontological nursing citation data
Authors: Antunez Marilia Y. , Henry Marcia 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundGerontological nursing is a highly interdisciplinary specialty. English‐language bibliometric research is scarce.ObjectivesStudy gerontological nursing literature to identify journals useful for nurses and researchers working with older adults, help librarians assist gerontological nursing authors to find publication outlets and make library collection decisions.MethodsUsing a combination of methods, the authors identified cited journals in the Journal of Gerontological Nursing (JGN) and Geriatric Nursing (GN) from 2008 to 2010 using part of the Nursing and Allied Health Resources (NAHRS) Section protocol. A list was generated and compared to the results of an earlier unpublished NAHRS study and an earlier review article. A second list was developed following set criteria of bibliometric indicators and journal lists.ResultsZone 1 showed 28 journals, and Zone 2 had 1472 titles. Zone 1 journals were examined further based on the inclusion of certain bibliometrics and journal lists.DiscussionProviding insight into the complementary use comparative review and citation mapping, this study reports an increase in gerontological nursing research from 2008 to 2010 across a diverse group of highly cited journals.ConclusionA list of new journal titles is presented to aid collection development and suggestions of places to publish gerontological research.
Identification and initial characterization of matrix metalloproteinases in the yellow fever mosquito, Aedes aegypti
Authors: Kantor A. M. , Dong S. , Held N. L. , Ishimwe E. , Passarelli A. L. , Clem R. J. , Franz A. W. E. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAedes aegypti is a major vector for arboviruses such as dengue, chikungunya and Zika viruses. During acquisition of a viremic bloodmeal, an arbovirus infects mosquito midgut cells before disseminating to secondary tissues, including the salivary glands. Once virus is released into the salivary ducts it can be transmitted to another vertebrate host. The midgut is surrounded by a basal lamina (BL) in the extracellular matrix, consisting of a proteinaceous mesh composed of collagen IV and laminin. BL pore size exclusion limit prevents virions from passing through. Thus, the BL probably requires remodelling via enzymatic activity to enable efficient virus dissemination. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are extracellular endopeptidases that are involved in remodelling of the extracellular matrix. Here, we describe and characterize the nine Ae. aegypti encoded MMPs, AeMMPs 1−9, which share common features with other invertebrate and vertebrate MMPs. Expression profiling in Ae. aegypti revealed that Aemmp4 and Aemmp6 were upregulated during metamorphosis, whereas expression of Aemmp1 and Aemmp2 increased during bloodmeal digestion. Aemmp1 expression was also upregulated in the presence of a bloodmeal containing chikungunya virus. Using polyclonal antibodies, AeMMP1 and AeMMP2 were specifically detected in tissues associated with the mosquito midgut.
Co‐operative suppression of inflammatory responses in human dendritic cells by plant proanthocyanidins and products from the parasitic nematode Trichuris suis
Authors: Williams Andrew R. , Klaver Elsenoor J. , Laan Lisa C. , Ramsay Aina , Fryganas Christos , Difborg Rolf , Kringel Helene , Reed Jess D. , Mueller‐Harvey Irene , Skov Søren , van Die Irma , Thamsborg Stig M. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryInteractions between dendritic cells (DCs) and environmental, dietary and pathogen antigens play a key role in immune homeostasis and regulation of inflammation. Dietary polyphenols such as proanthocyanidins (PAC) may reduce inflammation, and we therefore hypothesized that PAC may suppress lipopolysaccharide (LPS) ‐induced responses in human DCs and subsequent T helper type 1 (Th1) ‐type responses in naive T cells. Moreover, we proposed that, because DCs are likely to be exposed to multiple stimuli, the activity of PAC may synergise with other bioactive molecules that have anti‐inflammatory activity, e.g. soluble products from the helminth parasite Trichuris suis (TsSP). We show that PAC are endocytosed by monocyte‐derived DCs and selectively induce CD86 expression. Subsequently, PAC suppress the LPS‐induced secretion of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and IL‐12p70, while enhancing secretion of IL‐10. Incubation of DCs with PAC did not affect lymphocyte proliferation; however, subsequent interferon‐γ production was markedly suppressed, while IL‐4 production was unaffected. The activity of PAC was confined to oligomers (degree of polymerization ≥ 4). Co‐pulsing DCs with TsSP and PAC synergistically reduced secretion of tumour necrosis factor‐α, IL‐6 and IL‐12p70 while increasing IL‐10 secretion. Moreover, both TsSP and PAC alone induced Th2‐associated OX40L expression in DCs, and together synergized to up‐regulate OX40L. These data suggest that PAC induce an anti‐inflammatory phenotype in human DCs that selectively down‐regulates Th1 response in naive T cells, and that they also act cooperatively with TsSP. Our results indicate a novel interaction between dietary compounds and parasite products to influence immune function, and may suggest that combinations of PAC and TsSP can have therapeutic potential for inflammatory disorders.