bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-17 Hydrolyzed yeast supplementation and withdrawal effect on rumen fermentation dynamics
Authors: Schulze Hagen , Francis Becca B Grimes , Johnston Jay 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In vitro rumen fermentation studies have shown that hydrolyzed yeast (HY; LivaltaCell HY40, Peterborough, UK) can modify the rumen microbial composition and activity (Schulze et al 2024). The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of prolonged (10 d) feeding and withdrawal of HY (15 gּ animal-1ּ d-1) on in vitro rumen fermentation dynamics. Dry rumen-fistulated Holstein cows (n = 10) were used in this study as individual experimental units. The cows had free access to haylage and drinking water and were restricted fed a corn silage-based TMR with HY for 10 d and without HY for the following 10 d. This provided 3 treatment groups, at measure points d 0 (CTRL), 10 (HY) and 20 (-HY; withdrawal) at which duplicate samples of rumen fluid were collected at 1500 h from each cow. An automated in vitro rumen fermentation model based on infrared sensors (Fermentrics), with triplicate vessels per cow, was used to analyze gas production dynamics of total gas, CO2, CH4, H2 and NH3 during a 12 and 24 h period, and 24 h pH, aOMD and aMBP. An aliquote 20 mL sample of rumen fluid mixed with 80 mL buffer and 12 h in vitro fermentation samples were analysed for volatile fatty acids (VFA) to calculate Net vFA production per cow and treatment. Statistical analysis was performed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure of SAS (9.4, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC) with day as fixed effect (CTRL, HY, and -HY). LSMEANS were separated and denoted different (P ≤ 0.05) using the pairwise comparison PDIFF option of SAS. HY supplementation did not impact any of the gas parameters measured at either 12 or 24 h compared with CTRL. However, 10 d after removal of HY (-HY), 12 h total gas and CO2 as well as 12 and 24 h CH4 production increased (P &lt; 0.05), whereas 24 h H2 was reduced (P &lt; 0.05). The CH4 content in the 24 h total gas production was greater (P &lt; 0.05) at -HY (15.0%), whereas no differences were observed between CTRL (13.0%) and HY (12.1%). aOMD was similar for CTRL (51.4%) and -HY (52.5%) but higher (P &lt; 0.05) for HY (55.9%). aMBP was significantly different between all three groups, with HY showing greatest (172.8mg/g), CTRL medium (154.2mg/g) and -HY least (122.1mg/ g) microbial biomass production. Net 12 h in vitro VFA production was significantly increased with HY (29.2 mmol) compared with CTRL (16.2 mmol) and -HY (18.9mmol), mainly driven by an increase of acetic and butyric acid production. The proportion of propionic acid declined from 30% for CTRL to 20% with HY and 21% with -HY. It can be concluded that supplementing a TMR with HY can change the rumen microbiota density and composition leading to elevated VFA production and consequently energy supplies, without increasing CH4 production.
PSXIII-23 Phytogenic feed additive to improve performance by grazing Nellore growing cattle
Authors: Matos Isabelle E , Silva Aline G , Perdigão Alexandre , Carvalho Victor , Acedo Tiago S S , Silva Gislaine J , Teixeira Edvan C , Fernandes Henrique J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Our objective was to evaluate the effects of a phytogenic additive (Digestarom Prime, dsm-firmenich, Switzerland) on performance and supplement intake of growing grazing Nellore young bulls from November 2021 to April 2022. Animals [n = 120; initial body weight (BW) = 280 kg and age = 14 mo] were equally distributed in six paddocks (7.7 ha each) of B. brizantha cv. Marandu (20 animal/paddocks) equipped with electronic feeders that provided individual access (Intergado system). The experiment was conducted in a complete randomized design, with 20 replicates (animals) per treatment. Treatments consisted of a protein supplement (Fosbovi Proteico 30, DSM, Brazil), provided ad libitum, with or without the addition of Digestarom Prime, in a dose adjusted to ensure a daily intake of 0.2, 0.4, 0.6 or 0.8 gּ animal-1ּ d-1. Treatments evaluated were: 1) control (CON) with no additive; 2) monensin 15 ppm (MON); 3) Digestarom 0.2 gּ animal-1ּ d-1 (D 02); 3) Digestarom 0.4 gּ animal-1ּ d-1 (D04); Digestarom 0.6 gּ animal-1ּ d-1 (D06) and 6) Digestarom 0.8 gּ animal-1ּ d-1 (D08). The experiment lasted 150 d. Supplement intake was measured by electronic feeders, and intake as % of BW was calculated using the average of initial and final BW. Average daily gain (ADG) was measured by Intergado system, through the electronic weighing system installed underneath the drinkers. Data were analyzed by SAS PROC MIXED in DIC considering the initial BW as a covariate. Student’s t test was utilized for means comparison. Significance of 5% was adopted. Supplementation with Digestarom at the level of 0.6 gּ animal-1ּ d-1 increased ADG in approximately 0.116 kg/d (means: D06 = 1.174 kg/d vs. CON = 1.064, MON = 1.086, D02 = 1.069, D04 = 1.038 and D08 = 1.034 kg/d; P &lt; 0.01), and final BW, in approximately 19 kg (means D06 = 459 kg vs CON = 436, MON = 439, D02 = 449, D04 = 443 and D08 = 435 kg; P &lt; 0.05). Monensin presented the least supplement intake evaluated as either absolute or relative to BW (0.214 kg/d and 0.061% of BW, P &lt; 0.01), followed by Digestarom levels of 0.4 and 0.8 g gּ animal-1ּ d-1 (D04 = 0.347 kg/d and 0.098% of BW and D08 = 0.367 and 0.103), that did not differ from each other (P &gt; 0.05). Control, 0.2 and 0.6 Digestarom gּ animal-1ּ d-1 presented the greatest supplement intake (CON = 0.481 kg/d and 0.134% of BW, D02 = 0.456 and 0.123, D06 = 0.444 and 0.120, P &lt; 0.01), that also did not differ from each other (P &gt; 0.05). We conclude that Digestarom supplementation at 0.6 gּ animal-1ּ d-1 improves animal performance, without affecting supplement intake of grazing Nellore young bulls.
PSXIII-20 Impact of Aspergillus oryzae fermentation-derived prebiotic-like additive combined with monensin on feedlot performance in finishing steers
Authors: yraola Felipe Pereyra , Colombatto Darío , Forneris Natalia S , Bargo Fernando , Ipharraguerre Ignacio 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of supplementing a prebiotic-like action additive product derived from the fermentation of Aspergillus oryzae (AM; 2 g Amaferm/d) in combination with monensin throughout the entire feedlot period. The primary objective was to evaluate the impact of this dietary intervention on feedlot performance, focusing on parameters such as feed intake, feed-to-gain ratio, body weight (BW), average daily gain (ADG), and carcass quality. Steers (n = 1,200), aged approximately 18 mo with an initial BW of 307.8 ± 17 kg, were randomly assigned to 8 pens (150 steers per pen) and each pen was randomly assigned to two treatments: a control diet with monensin (M; monensin supplemented at 33 mg/kg DM) and a treatment diet with the addition of AM (M+AM; monensin supplemented at 33 mg/kg DM and 2 g Amaferm/d). The feedlot period comprised three steps, with daily feed delivery adjustments using a feed bunk management system. A multilevel model using the PROC MIXED procedure of SAS with pen as experimental unit, was employed to evaluate feed intake, feed to gain ratio, BW and ADG for each period, also including effects on carcass quality and growth measured by ultrasound (random sample of 45 animals per pen; 30% of each pen). No significant differences were observed in feed intake across the three diet steps (P &gt; 0.10). During the adaptation period, steers fed AM had greater ADG (+0.168 kg/d; P = 0.003) and increased BW at d 20 (+5.5 kg; P &lt; 0.001). Although ADG during the finishing phase was similar for both treatments, a trend was observed for greater BW at d 108 (+4.6 kg; P = 0.095) when supplemented with AM. The inclusion of AM showed no impact on feed-to-gain ratio for the entire period (P = 0.589). In the finishing period, a positive effect on ribeye area (REA) growth rate (+0.54 cm2/mo; P = 0.016) and a trend towards greater back fat deposition rate (+0.11 mm/mo; P = 0.069) were observed with AM supplementation. At the end of the finishing period, a trend towards greater REA (+1.39 cm2; P = 0.101) was noted with no differences in back fat. Overall, this study demonstrates that the addition of AM throughout the feedlot period positively influenced the productive response during the adaptation period, leading to improvements in carcass growth during the finishing period.
PSIX-23 Evaluation of number of goats grazing grass-based pasture for estimation of methane emission using GreenFeed system
Authors: Tadesse Dereje T , Puchala Ryszard , Hirut Yirga Y , Patra Amlan K , Goetsch Arthur L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the number of goats in pasture grazing on methane (CH4) emissions estimates using the GreenFeed system (GFS). The study involved growing meat goats, approximately 1.2 yr old and body weight (BW) of 23.9 ± 0.63 kg, over seven 2-wk periods. In periods 1, 2, and 3, 24 goats were used (Treatment 1: G-24), while periods 4 and 5 involved 18 goats (Treatment 2: G-18), and periods 6 and 7 used 12 goats (Treatment 3: G-12). The pasture area was divided into three paddocks for grazing, except during gas measurements in a stationary respiration calorimetry system (SCS) room for 2 d, where goats were fed fresh forage from the same pastureland. The GFS was programmed to dispense pellets and measured gas at specific intervals of the day (i.e., at 0700-0800 h, 1300-1400 h, 1900-2000 h, and 0100-0200 h), provided 120 g/d of concentrate pellets to attract goats for gas measurements. Statistical analysis using mixed model procedures of SAS included SCS data from preceding and succeeding periods as covariates for GFS gas data analysis. Daily dry matter (DM) intake was greater (P &lt; 0.001) in G-12 compared with G-24 and G-18, but when expressed g/kg BW, intakes were similar (P = 0.081) across treatments. Conversely, digested DM and gross energy intakes were greater (P &lt; 0.001) in G-24 than in G-18 and G-12 (494, 509, and 577 g/d and SE = 21.3 and 7.91, 8.10, and 9.20 MJ/d and SE = 0.359 for G-24, G-18, and G-12, respectively). Daily CH4 production was unaffected (P = 0.254) by treatment (26.6, 25.2, and 26.1 g/d; SE = 0.819), despite variations in daily GFS visits by goats (3.26, 2.61, and 2.53 visits/d and SE = 0.106 for G-24, G-18, and G-12, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). However, CH4 emissions in g/kg DM intake or digestible DM intake differed among treatments, with G-18 intermediate between G-24 and G-12 (35.6, 33.4, and 32.0 g/kg DM intake, SE = 1.02, P = 0.024; 54.1, 51.2, and 48.9 g/kg digestible DM intake, SE = 1.71, and P &lt; 0.001 for G-24, G-18, and G-12, respectively). Carbon dioxide production, expressed in g/d and g/kg DM intake, was greater in G-12 and G-18 compared with G-24. Heat production ranked greatest in G-12, followed by G-18 and G-24. Regardless of treatment, CH4 emissions in g/d, g/kg DM intake or g/kg digestible DM intake were greater in GFS than in SCS (25.5 and 9.56 g/d, 33.8 and 14.4 g/kg DM intake, and 51.2 and 23.8 g/kg digestible DM intake for GFS and SCS, respectively; P &lt; 0.001). In conclusion, differences in CH4 emissions in g/kg DM intake and digestible DM intake among treatments suggests that number of animals in grazing pasture may influence CH4 emission estimates in goats.
PSIX-28 Optimization of feeding trial length for evaluating feed efficiency in sheep
Authors: Lei Yaogeng , Osonowo Olufemi , Gellatly Desiree , Jawad Hamza , Thompson Sean , Manafiazar Ghader 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Feed efficiency tests are well established for beef cattle, but testing for sheep remains rare due to the lack of appropriate equipment and standardized protocols. To explore the optimum trial length for evaluating feed efficiency in sheep, freshly weaned Rideau Arcott ewe lambs [n = 80; 4to 5 mo of age and body weights (BW) of 16 to 25 kg] were enrolled in a 65-d feeding trial, following a 20-d adaptation period. A mixed ration containing barley gain and protein supplement pellets were offered twice daily, and lambs had ad libitum access to feed, water and bedding straw during the trial period. Daily feed intake of individual lambs was monitored with Vytelle SENSE feed bunks, BW was recorded biweekly, as well as on two consecutive days at the start and end of the trial. Lambs that had died or had abnormal growth patterns from sickness were removed, resulting in 62 lambs remaining in the final dataset. Optimum trial length for measuring feed intake (DMI) and average daily gain (ADG) were evaluated with R Software (v. 4.3.3) via a post-hoc analysis of constructing shortened trial lengths from the regular test. The DMI and ADG values from the shortened trial datasets were compared with those from regular trial days with correlation (Pearson and Spearman tests) and linear regression analyses. There were 64 shortened trial lengths for DMI by 1 d increments, and 15 sub-datasets for ADG consisting of trial lengths between every two BW measurements. Residual feed intake (RFI), residual average daily gain (RADG), and residual intake and BW gain (RIG) were calculated for and compared between the regular trial length (65 d) and favorable shortened trial lengths based on DMI and ADG evaluations. Correlation, regression and agreement analyses were used to determine the optimum trial lengths for RFI, RADG and RIG evaluations. Results showed that DMI and ADG measurements could be shortened to 42 (r &gt; 0.95, R2 &gt; 0.90, β &gt; 0.95, P &lt; 0.001) and 56 d (r &gt; 0.96, R2 &gt; 0.93, β &gt; 0.96, P &lt; 0.001), respectively. Additionally, trial length for RFI, RADG, and RG evaluations could be reduced to 56 d (r &gt; 0.95, R2 &gt; 0.91, β &gt; 0.95, CCC &gt; 0.95, P &lt; 0.001), primarily due to the trial length requirement for accurate ADG measurement. Reducing the duration of trials for evaluating feed efficiency in sheep not only reduces testing costs, fostering greater uptake among sheep producers, but also allows for the evaluation of more lambs annually, thereby enhancing the overall productivity and profitability of the sheep industry.
PSVII-29 Integrating hybrid rye into organic pig production to reduce feed and bedding costs
Authors: Li Yuzhi , Kavanagh Megan , Lima Gabriella , Hilbrands Adrienne , Lazarus William , DeWitte Diane , Johnston Lee J 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
An obstacle to profitable organic swine production is the high cost of feed and bedding. We evaluated whether growing hybrid rye for organic feed and bedding for pigs was economically viable by replacing corn with hybrid rye and evaluating pig growth performance and feed and bedding costs. Hybrid rye was grown on certified organic land at WCROC in 2022 and 2023. Rye grain and straw were used in a feeding trial with pigs raised according to the National Organic Standards. The animal trial consisted of three replicates. Each replicate included 100 pigs in two pens (Control vs. Rye, 50 pigs/pen) in a bedded hoop barn. Control pigs were fed corn soybean meal-based diets and Rye pigs were fed diets with 50% of corn in the control diets replaced by hybrid rye. Each replicate lasted for about 12 wk until pigs reached market weight (120 kg). Pigs were weighed individually at the beginning, every 4 wk thereafter, and at the conclusion of the study. Feed disappearance was recorded on a pen basis at the time of weighing pigs. Growth performance[average daily gain(ADG), average daily daily feed intake (ADFI), and Gain: Feed] was calculated for each weigh period. Carcass weight was recorded at harvest and dressing percent was calculated for each pig. Bedding usage was recorded for each pen (Control pen = wheat straw, Rye pen = rye straw) and average usage for each pig was calculated. Growth performance and bedding usage data were analyzed using the Proc Glimmix Procedures of SAS, with dietary treatment as the fixed effect, replicate as the random effect, and pen as the experimental unit. Production costs were set at $239/ha for organic rye grain and $20/ha for rye straw baling according to the FINBIN Database, and the unit costs ($/kg) were calculated based on yield for each year. Prices for organic corn, soybean meal, base mix, wheat straw, and market pigs were based on market prices (Table 1). Yield of organic hybrid rye grain at WCROC was 1,070 and 712 kg/ha in 2022 and 2023, respectively, with corresponding rye straw yield being 661 and 367 kg/ha. The reduction in rye yield in 2023 was considered due to drought. No difference was detected in growth performance, dressing percent, or bedding usage between Control and Rye pigs (all P &gt; 0.19; Table 1). Replacing 50% of corn with hybrid rye saved $9.6/pig in 2022, but cost $7.20/pig more for feed in 2023, due to changes in hybrid rye grain yield. Savings on bedding were $15.40 and $13.20/pig for 2022 and 2023, respectively. Results indicate that replacing 50% of corn with hybrid rye in feed did not negatively affect growth performance of pigs raised organically, but the economic viability of integrating hybrid rye into organic pig production may depend on crop yield.
Effects of feeding a negative dietary cation and anion difference diet to twin-bearing Merino ewes in late gestation on parturition outcomes
Authors: Munn Amy L , van Wettere William H E J , Swinbourne Alyce M , Lean Ian J , Weaver Alice C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Australia, dystocia is responsible for 53% of lamb mortalities, and calcium deficiencies may be a contributing factor. A negative dietary cation–anion difference (DCAD) diet can increase calcium concentrations in sheep. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the effects of a negative DCAD diet on metabolic state, mineral status, and parturition duration in ewes compared with those fed a positive DCAD diet. At approximately day 130 of gestation (dG), 71 twin-bearing ewes were placed in the following treatment groups; ewes receiving a positive DCAD TMR (total mixed ration; DCAD of total diet = 281.8 mEq/kg DM; n = 35) and twin-bearing ewes receiving a negative DCAD TMR (DCAD of total diet = −89.0 mEq/kg DM; n = 36). Urine and blood were sampled on dG 130, 140, and 145, and blood was also sampled at the onset of parturition and 4 h postpartum. Urine was analyzed for pH and blood was analyzed for metabolites, mineral concentration, and acid–base balance. Lambs’ liveweight, rectal temperature, blood glucose and lactate, and body morphology were measured. Serum phosphate concentrations at dG 145 were significantly lower for negative DCAD ewes compared with positive DCAD ewes (1.9 ± 0.1 vs. 2.1 ± 0.1 mmol/L, P = 0.047). Ionized calcium (P = 0.09) and serum magnesium (P = 0.09) prepartum were marginally greater in the negative DCAD ewes (1.35 ± 0.06 and 1.06 ± 0.03 mmol/L, respectively) compared with the positive DCAD ewes (1.18 ± 0.08 and 0.98 ± 0.04 mmol/L, respectively). Urine pH was lower in the negative DCAD ewes compared with positive DCAD ewes at both dG 140 (7.38 ± 0.17 vs. and 8.10 ± 0.19. P = 0.01) and dG 145 (and 7.20 ± 0.19 vs. 8.25. P &lt; 0.01). The birth interval between the first the second-born lamb was shorter in the negative DCAD ewes compared with the positive DCAD ewes (P = 0.02), but no differences in lamb survival or lamb viability (P &gt; 0.05) were seen. The negative DCAD diet reduced parturition duration, most likely due to the marginally greater ionized calcium and magnesium concentrations. Despite this improvement, the negative DCAD ewes did not reach urinary acidification, indicating that the marginally significant greater ionized calcium and serum magnesium concentrations were due to the magnesium in the diets and not metabolic acidosis. Further research testing a negative DCAD diet that can achieve the target urine pH is required to determine whether this diet can decrease parturition duration and improve lamb viability.
Evaluation of corn fermented protein on the fecal microbiome of cats
Authors: Kilburn-Kappeler Logan R , Doerksen Tyler , Lu Andrea , Palinski Rachel M , Lu Nanyan , Aldrich Charles G 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Co-products from the ethanol industry, such as distillers dried grains with solubles (DDGS), can provide alternative protein sources for pet food. Corn fermented protein (CFP) is produced using postfermentation technology to split the protein and yeast from fiber prior to drying. This results in a higher protein ingredient compared to DDGS, increasing its appeal for pet food. In addition, the substantial yeast component, at approximately 20% to 25%, may promote gut health through modulation of the microbiome and the production of short-chain fatty acids. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of CFP on the fecal microbiome of cats. The 4 experimental diets included a control with no yeast (T1) and diets containing either 3.5% brewer’s dried yeast (T2), 2.5% brewer’s dried yeast plus 17.5% DDGS (T3), or 17.5% CFP (T4). All diets except T1 were formulated to contain 3.5% yeast. Diets were fed to adult cats (n = 11) in an incomplete 4 × 4 replicated Latin square design. Cats were adapted to diet for 9 d followed by a 5-d total fecal collection. During each collection period, fresh fecal samples from each cat were collected and stored at −80 °C until analysis. Fresh fecal samples (n = 44) were analyzed by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Raw sequences were processed through Mothur (v.1.44.1). Community diversity was evaluated in R (v4.0.3). Relative abundance was analyzed within the 50 most abundant operational taxonomic unitsusing a mixed model of SAS (v9.4, SAS Institute, Inc., Cary, NC). Diet was the fixed effect and cat and period were random effects. Results were considered significant at P &lt; 0.05. Alpha-diversity indices (Observed, Chao1, Shannon, Simpson) and beta-diversity metric (principal coordinate analysis) were similar for all treatments. Predominant phyla were Firmicutes (66%), Bacteroidetes (25%), Actinobacteria (8%), Proteobacteria (0.64%), and Desulfobacteria (0.54%). The relative abundance of Firmicutes and Actinobacteria was lower (P &lt; 0.05) for T3 compared to T4 and T2, respectively. On a more specific phylogenic level, 17 genera resulted in differences (P &lt; 0.05) among dietary treatments. Overall, this data indicates that compared to traditional yeast and distillers dried grains, CFP did not alter the overall diversity of the fecal microbiome of healthy adult cats over a 14-d period.