bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortisol Awakening Response as a Prospective Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms in Women After Treatment for Breast Cancer
Authors: Kuhlman Kate Ryan , Irwin Michael R. , Ganz Patricia A. , Crespi Catherine M. , Petersen Laura , Asher Arash , Bower Julienne E. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis) functioning as a neurobiological risk factor for depressive symptoms in an ongoing longitudinal, observational study of women undergoing treatment and recovery from breast cancer. Many women with breast cancer experience depressive symptoms that interfere with their treatment, recovery, and quality of life. Psychosocial risk factors for depression among patients with cancer and survivors have been identified, yet neurobiological risk factors in this population remain largely unexamined.

Methods
Women recently diagnosed with early-stage breast cancer (N = 135) were enrolled before starting neoadjuvant/adjuvant treatment (radiation, chemotherapy, endocrine therapy). At baseline, participants collected saliva samples to measure diurnal HPA axis functioning for 3 days: at waking, 30 minutes after waking, 8 hours after waking, and bedtime. Participants also completed a standardized measure of depressive symptoms (Center for Epidemiological Studies-Depression Scale) at baseline and 6 months after completion of primary treatment. Multivariate regression was used to predict continuous depressive symptoms at 6-month posttreatment from continuous depressive symptoms at baseline, cortisol awakening response (CAR), and other measures of diurnal HPA axis functioning.

Results
The magnitude of CAR predicted changes in depressive symptoms over time, such that women with a higher CAR showed a greater increase from baseline to 6-month posttreatment (b = 5.67, p = .023). Diurnal slope and total cortisol output were not associated with concurrent depressive symptoms or their change over time.

Conclusions
Elevated CAR may be a neurobiological risk factor for increases in depressive symptoms in the months after breast cancer treatment and warrants further investigation.
A Report of Information Technology and Health Deficiencies in U.S. Nursing Homes
Authors: Alexander Gregory L. , Madsen Richard W. 
Published: May 2017

Objective
The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of nursing home (NH) information technology (IT) sophistication on publically reported health safety deficiency scores documented during standard inspections.

Methods
The sample included 807 NHs from every U.S. state. A total of 2187 health inspections were documented in these facilities. A national IT sophistication survey describing IT capabilities, extent of IT use, and degree of IT integration in resident care, clinical support, and administrative activities in U.S. NHs was used. The relationship between NH health deficiencies and IT sophistication survey scores was examined, using weighted regression.

Results
Controlling for registered nurse hours per resident day, deficiency scores decreased as total IT sophistication increased. Controlling for total IT sophistication score, deficiency scores decreased as registered nurse hours per resident day increased. Ownership status significantly influenced health deficiency scores.

Conclusions
These results highlight the necessity to understand benefits of implementing NH IT and demonstrating its impact on patient safety.
Disparities in Awareness of HIV Postexposure and Preexposure Prophylaxis Among Notified Partners of HIV-Positive Individuals, New York City 2015–2017
Authors: Misra Kavita , Udeagu Chi-Chi 
Published: May 2017

Background:
Named sex- or needle-sharing partners of HIV-positive individuals are a priority prevention population due to their known HIV exposure. Understanding postexposure and preexposure prophylaxis (PEP and PrEP) awareness and use among them is important for successful interventions.

Methods:
Data from notified partners of HIV-positive individuals (New York City, May 2015–April 2017) were analyzed to describe PEP/PrEP awareness, provider discussion, and use by sociodemographic and risk characteristics. Multivariate logistic regression was used to generate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of partners' PEP and PrEP awareness.

Results:
Among notified partners (n = 621), PEP and PrEP awareness were 34% and 44%, respectively; provider discussion of PEP was reported by 32% and of PrEP by 42%; PEP use was reported by 2% and PrEP use by 14%. PEP awareness was higher among men who have sex with men sex partners than among heterosexual sex partners (aOR: 4.21; 95% CI: 2.10 to 8.44). Odds of PrEP awareness were lower among black (aOR: 0.34; 95% CI: 0.15 to 0.75) and Hispanic partners (aOR: 0.37; 95% CI: 0.17 to 0.84) than among white partners, and higher among men who have sex with men than heterosexual sex partners (aOR: 4.60; 95% CI: 2.38 to 8.87). Black partners were less likely than whites to report a provider discussion of PrEP. Postnotification HIV-positive test results were significantly lower among partners reporting PEP awareness than among those who had not heard of PEP.

Conclusions:
Low levels of PEP/PrEP awareness and of provider PEP/PrEP discussion among notified partners, particularly blacks, Hispanics, and heterosexual sex partners, indicate the timeliness of tailored prevention messaging, provider training, and sensitization, to avoid disparities in PEP/PrEP use.
Extracorporeal Life Support Increases Survival After Prolonged Ventricular Fibrillation Cardiac Arrest in the Rat
Authors: Magnet Ingrid Anna Maria , Ettl Florian , Schober Andreas , Warenits Alexandra-Maria , Grassmann Daniel , Wagner Michael , Schriefl Christoph , Clodi Christian , Teubenbacher Ursula , Högler Sandra , Weihs Wolfgang , Sterz Fritz , Janata Andreas 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
Extracorporeal life support (ECLS) for cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) may increase end organ perfusion and thus survival when conventional CPR fails. The aim was to investigate, if after ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest in rodents ECLS improves outcome compared with conventional CPR.

Methods:
In 24 adult male Sprague–Dawley rats (460–510 g) resuscitation was started after 10 min of no-flow with ECLS (consisting of an open reservoir, roller pump, and membrane oxygenator, connected to cannulas in the jugular vein and femoral artery, n = 8) or CPR (mechanical chest compressions plus ventilations, n = 8) and compared with a sham group (n = 8). After return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC), all rats were maintained at 33°C for 12 h. Survival to 14 days, neurologic deficit scores and overall performance categories were assessed.

Results:
ECLS leads to sustained ROSC in 8 of 8 (100%) and neurological intact survival to 14 days in 7 of 8 rats (88%), compared with 5 of 8 (63%) and 1 of 8 CPR rats. The median survival time was 14 days (IQR: 14–14) in the ECLS and 1 day (IQR: 0 to 5) for the CPR group (P = 0.004).

Conclusion:
In a rat model of prolonged ventricular fibrillation cardiac arrest, ECLS with mild hypothermia produces 100% resuscitability and 88% long-term survival, significantly better than conventional CPR.
Neuroprotection with the P53-Inhibitor Pifithrin-μ after Cardiac Arrest in a Rodent Model
Authors: Glas Michael , Frick Tamara , Springe Dirk , Putzu Alessandro , Zuercher Patrick , Grandgirard Denis , Leib Stephen L. , Jakob Stephan M. , Takala Jukka , Haenggi Matthias 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
The small molecule pifithrin-μ reversibility inhibits the mitochondrial pathway of apoptosis. The neuronal effects of pifithrin-μ applied after cardiac arrest are unknown. We hypothesized that pifithrin-μ reduces neuronal damage in the most vulnerable brain region, the hippocampus, after cardiac arrest.

Methods:
In two randomized controlled series we administered pifithrin-μ or control in 109 rats resuscitated after 8 or 10 min of cardiac arrest. Neuronal damage was blindly assessed with histology (Fluoro Jade B: FJB, cresyl violet: CV) in the most vulnerable brain region (CA1 segment of hippocampus) and with a series of neurobehavioral tests (Open Field Task, Tape-Removal Test, Morris Water Maze test). Mixed ANOVA was used to combine both series, simple comparisons were done with t tests or Mann–Whitney U test.

Results:
Pifithrin-μ reduced the number of degenerating, FJB-positive neurons by 25% (mixed ANOVA p group = 0.014). This was more prominent after 8 min cardiac arrest (8 min arrest pifithrin-μ 94 ± 47 vs control 128 ± 37; n = 11 each; 10 min arrest pifithrin-μ 78 ± 44, n = 15 vs control 101 ± 31, n = 18; p group∗ arrest length interaction = 0.622). The reduction of ischemic CV-positive neurons in pifithrin-μ animals was not significant (ANOVA p group = 0.063). No significant group differences were found in neurobehavioral testing.

Conclusion:
Temporarily inhibition of apoptosis with pifithrin-μ after cardiac arrest decreases the number of injured neurons in the CA1 segment of hippocampus in a cardiac arrest rat model, without clinical correlate. Further studies should elucidate the role of this neuroprotective agent in different settings and with longer cardiac arrest.
Child welfare professionals’ determination of when children’s access or potential access to loaded firearms constitutes child neglect
Authors: Evans Erin M. , Jennissen Charles A. , Oral Resmiye , Denning Gerene M. 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND
Pediatric deaths and injuries from access to firearms are a significant public health problem. No studies have examined how experts determine child neglect regarding firearm access in the home. Our study objectives were to identify factors that influenced pediatric experts’ finding of firearm-related child neglect and to assess their attitudes toward child access prevention (CAP) laws.

METHODS
A survey was distributed to the American Academy of Pediatrics Section on Child Abuse and Neglect members. Demographics, attitudes regarding CAP laws, and ages (up to 14 years old) at which experts deemed several scenarios as child neglect were determined. Scenarios tested potential versus actual loaded firearm access, presence or absence of a CAP law, and injury versus no injury when the firearm was accessed.

RESULTS
One hundred ninety-three surveys were completed. Experts agreed (>95%) that CAP laws were important, even for children up to age 15 years. Although a high percentage considered potential access to a loaded firearm as child neglect, a CAP law significantly increased the percentage for each age. In addition, higher percentages of respondents from states with CAP laws than those without deemed potential access as child neglect for 12- and 14-year-olds. In contrast, if the child had accessed a loaded firearm, there were no significant differences in the high percentages that deemed the scenario as child neglect under any conditions, including with and without a CAP law.

CONCLUSIONS
Although almost all child neglect experts considered potential and actual access to loaded firearms as child neglect, CAP laws increased the percentage for cases of potential access. Universal CAP laws may help ensure that determinations of child neglect are more consistent across states. The deterrent effect of potential child neglect findings may increase the number of parents securing firearms in ways that prevent child access and reduce firearm-related deaths and injuries.

LEVEL OF EVIDENCE
Epidemiologic study, level III.
Fetal death certificate data quality: A tale of two US counties
Authors: Christiansen-Lindquist Lauren , Silver Robert M. , Parker Corette B. , Dudley Donald J. , Koch Matthew A. , Reddy Uma M. , Saade George R. , Goldenberg Robert L. , Hogue Carol J. R. 
Published: May 2017

PurposeDescribe the relative frequency and joint effect of missing and misreported fetal death certificate (FDC) data and identify variations by key characteristics.MethodsStillbirths were prospectively identified during 2006-2008 for a multi-site population-based case-control study. For this study, eligible mothers of stillbirths were not incarcerated residents of DeKalb County, Georgia, or Salt Lake County, Utah, aged > 13 years, with an identifiable FDC. We identified the frequency of missing and misreported (any departure from the study value) FDC data by county, race/ethnicity, gestational age, and whether the stillbirth was antepartum or intrapartum.ResultsData quality varied by item, and was highest in Salt Lake County. Reporting was generally not associated with maternal or delivery characteristics. Reasons for poor data quality varied by item in DeKalb County: some items were frequently missingandmisreported; however, others were of poor quality due toeithermissing or misreported data.ConclusionsFDC data suffer from missing and inaccurate data, with variations by item and county. Salt Lake County data illustrate that high quality reporting is attainable. The overall quality of reporting must be improved to support consequential epidemiologic analyses for stillbirth, and improvement efforts should be tailored to the needs of each jurisdiction.Abbreviations and AcronymsCCCconcordance correlation coefficientCDCCenters for Disease Control and PreventionFDCFetal death certificateNCHSNational Center for Health StatisticsSCRNStillbirth Collaborative Research Network
High-throughput, image-based screening of genetic variant libraries
Authors: Emanuel George , Moffitt Jeffrey R. , Zhuang Xiaowei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractImage-based, high-throughput, high-content screening of pooled libraries of genetic perturbations will greatly advance our understanding biological systems and facilitate many biotechnology applications. Here we introduce a high-throughput screening method that allows highly diverse genotypes and the corresponding phenotypes to be imaged in numerous individual cells. To facilitate genotyping by imaging, barcoded genetic variants are introduced into the cells, each cell carrying a single genetic variant connected to a unique, nucleic-acid barcode. To identify the genotype-phenotype correspondence, we perform live-cell imaging to determine the phenotype of each cell, and massively multiplexed FISH imaging to measure the barcode expressed in the same cell. We demonstrated the utility of this approach by screening for brighter and more photostable variants of the fluorescent protein YFAST. We imaged 20 million cells expressing ~60,000 YFAST mutants and identified novel YFAST variants that are substantially brighter and/or more photostable than the wild-type protein.
Contrasting patterns of evolutionary constraint and novelty revealed by comparative sperm proteomic analysis
Authors: Whittington Emma , Forsythe Desiree , Karr Timothy L. , Walters James R. , Dorus Steve 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundRapid evolution is a hallmark of reproductive genetic systems and arises through the combined processes of sequence divergence, gene gain and loss, and changes in gene and protein expression. While studies aiming to disentangle the molecular ramifications of these processes are progressing, we still know little about the genetic basis of evolutionary transitions in reproductive systems. Here we conduct the first comparative analysis of sperm proteomes in Lepidoptera, a group that broadly exhibits dichotomous spermatogenesis, in which males simultaneously produce a functional fertilization-competent sperm (eupyrene) and an incompetent sperm morph lacking DNA (apyrene). Through the integrated application of evolutionary proteomics and genomics, we characterize the genomic patterns associated with the origination of this unique spermatogenic process and assess the importance of genetic novelty in Lepidoptera sperm biology.ResultsComparison of the newly characterized Monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) sperm proteome to those of the Carolina sphinx moth (Manduca sexta) and the fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) demonstrated conservation at the level of protein abundance and post-translational modification within Lepidoptera. In contrast, comparative genomic analyses across insects reveals significant divergence at two levels that differentiate the genetic architecture of sperm in Lepidoptera from other insects. First, a significant reduction in orthology among Monarch sperm genes relative to the remainder of the genome in non-Lepidopteran insect species was observed. Second, a substantial number of sperm proteins were found to be specific to Lepidoptera, in that they lack detectable homology to the genomes of more distantly related insects. Lastly, the functional importance of Lepidoptera specific sperm proteins is broadly supported by their increased abundance relative to proteins conserved across insects.ConclusionsOur results suggest that the origin of heteromorphic spermatogenesis early in Lepidoptera evolution was associated with a burst of genetic novelty. This pattern of genomic diversification is distinct from the remainder of the genome and thus suggests that this transition has had a marked impact on Lepidoptera genome evolution. The identification of abundant sperm proteins unique to Lepidoptera, including proteins distinct between specific lineages, will accelerate future functional studies aiming to understand the developmental origin of dichotomous spermatogenesis and the functional diversification of the fertilization incompetent apyrene sperm morph.
Evolutionary dynamics of incubation periods
Authors: Ottino-Löffler Bertrand , Scott Jacob G. , Strogatz Steven H. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe incubation period of a disease is the time between an initiating pathologic event and the onset of symptoms1. For typhoid fever2,3, polio4, measles5, leukemia6and many other diseases7–10, the incubation period is highly variable. Some affected people take much longer than average to show symptoms, leading to a distribution of incubation periods that is right skewed and often approximately lognormal8–10. Although this statistical pattern was discovered more than sixty years ago8, it remains an open question to explain its ubiquity11. Here we propose an explanation based on evolutionary dynamics on graphs12–18. For simple models of a mutant or pathogen invading a network-structured population of healthy cells, we show that skewed distributions of incubation periods emerge for a wide range of assumptions about invader fitness, competition dynamics, and network structure. The skewness stems from stochastic mechanisms associated with two classic problems in probability theory: the coupon collector and the random walk19,20. Unlike previous explanations11,21that rely crucially on heterogeneity, our results hold even for homogeneous populations. Thus, we predict that two equally healthy individuals subjected to equal doses of equally pathogenic agents may, by chance alone, show remarkably different time courses of disease.
Feeding ecology is the primary driver of beak shape diversification in waterfowl
Authors: Olsen Aaron M. 
Published: May 2017

Summary

The diversity of beak shapes among birds is often assumed to be largely the result of adaptations to different feeding behaviors and diets. However, this assumption has only been tested for a small subset of avian diversity, primarily within the order Passeriformes. Moreover, given the role of the beak in behaviors other than feeding and given that most previously identified beak‐feeding associations concern beak size rather than shape, it remains unclear how much of beak shape diversity is explained by feeding ecology and what functional explanations account for these differences in shape.

I quantified the association between beak shape and feeding ecology for 42 species in the bird order Anseriformes (waterfowl) using 3D curvature of the upper beak collected from museum specimens and continuous dietary data compiled from the literature. I also tested whether leverage or stress resistance of the beak explains the association between beak shape and feeding ecology. Diet is strongly and significantly correlated with beak shape in waterfowl. An ancestral beak shape reconstruction and the reconstructed diet of the anseriform fossil Presbyornis both support filter‐feeding as ancestral for most waterfowl, followed by multiple, significantly convergent transitions from a duck‐like beak toward a more goose‐like beak. The evolution of a more goose‐like beak is associated with increased consumption of leaves, decreased consumption of invertebrates, and an increase in mechanical advantage of the beak. Moreover, no association was identified between size (measured as either beak size or body mass) and feeding ecology nor between size and beak shape.

These results demonstrate that feeding ecology has acted as the primary selective force in the diversification of waterfowl beak shapes, including the convergent originations of geese. Thus, rapid and convergent adaptation of the beak to feeding is not limited to passerines nor is it limited to size‐correlated shape changes. The positive evolutionary correlation between mechanical advantage and herbivory shows that lever mechanics can explain the functional evolution of the kinetic upper beak in birds. These results also suggest that functions of the beak other than feeding may play a minor role in explaining overall beak shape diversity.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Idioms of Accumulation: Corporate Accumulation by Dispossession in Urban Zimbabwe
Authors: Mbiba Beacon 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDavid Harvey's notion of ‘accumulation by dispossession' has inspired a wide range of studies in different places. But it has hardly registered in the area of urban land grabbing in Africa and what the role of local capital has been in these processes. In this article, I use archival data, field observations and insights from key informant interviews in Harare to examine how the 1990s neoliberalism and the post‐1999 Zimbabwe crisis created new opportunities for accumulation of wealth through the irregular and fraudulent transfer of public urban land into private hands, including those of reputable corporate institutions. I provide a summary of the literature on contemporary land grabbing, raising questions about and providing new insights for a comparative understanding of the transformative role and nature of the state, postcolonial African cities, anti‐capitalist struggles, and the status and meaning of planning in different settings.
Stock price firm‐specific information on the choice of stock payment in mergers and acquisitions
Authors: Ouyang Wenjing , Szewczyk Samuel H. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPrevious studies on the choice of stock payment in M&A mainly focus on managerial private information. This study shows that managers also learn new firm‐specific information from financial markets in making this decision. The acquirer's stock price firm‐specific information increases the stock‐payment‐to‐Q sensitivity. The target's stock price firm‐specific information decreases the stock payment probability. Further analyses on deal and firm characteristics as well as shareholder wealth in stock mergers support the managerial learning argument. Overall, this study highlights a new set of information that affects the form of merger payment in mergers and acquisitions.