bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: NEW LOSSEN REARRANGEMENT PRECURSORS, THE RELATIVE RATES OF REARRANGEMENT OF NITROPHENYLBENZHYDROXAMATES IN AQUEOUS BASE
Authors: SWENSON J. S. , DAVIS A. M. , DEYO R. A. , GRAHAM B. W. , JAHN E. P. , MATTICE J. D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIm Zusammenhang mit Untersuchungen über Austrittsgruppen bei der Lossenschen Umlagerung werden aus dem Benzhydroxamat (Ia) über die Alkaliverbindung (Ib) die O‐Äther (III) hergestellt und untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: THIOIMIDATES AND KETENE MERCAPTALS FROM KETENIMINES
Authors: BARKER M. W. , LAUDERDALE S. C. , WEST J. R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus den Keteniminen (I) erhält man mit den Thioverbindungen (II) die Addukte (III) in siedendem Benzol, während um 170°C eine doppelte Reaktion zu den Ketendimercaptalen (IV) erfolgt unter Eliminierung von Amin (V).
ChemInform Abstract: UMSETZUNG VON 2,4‐DIOXO‐ UND 2‐OXO‐4‐THIOXO‐5,6‐BENZODIHYDRO‐1,3‐OXAZINEN MIT AMINEN
Authors: WAGNER G. , LEISTNER S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung der Dioxo‐benzodihydro‐oxazine (I) mit den Aminen (II) führt zu den Hanrstoffderivaten (III).
ChemInform Abstract: ATTEMPTED SYNTHESES OF TRANS‐15‐METHYL‐15,16‐DIHYDROPYRENE
Authors: BOEKELHEIDE V. , CHUNG HSIUNG TSAI CHUNG HSIUNG TSAI 
Published: March 2016

Abstract2,6‐Bis‐brommethyl‐toluol (I) kondensiert mit dem Xylylendimercaptan (II) zum cyclischen Disulfid (III), das bei der Hofmann‐Eliminierung durch Behandlung mit Dimethoxymethan‐tetrafluoroborat und dann mit tert.‐Butylat über (IV) in (V) übergeht, das über (VI) letztlich das Pyren (VII) gibt.
ChemInform Abstract: ACYLATING AGENTS AS CATALYSTS IN THE SEMMLER‐WOLFF AROMATISATION
Authors: MANNERING G. C. , KEENE B. R. T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBei der Aromatisierung der Oximacetate von Tetralon‐l (I) in chlorwasserstoffgesättigtem Sulfolan bei 100°C bildet sich α‐Naphthylamin (II) in einer Ausbeute von 6,8‐3l%.
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR STRUKTUR VON NAPHTHYL‐ALKENON‐OXIMEN 11. MITT. UEBER UNGESAETTIGTE OXIME
Authors: UNTERHALT B. , PINDUR U. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract1‐Naphthaldehyd (I) und 2‐Naphthaldehyd (V) kondensieren mit den Ketonen (II) in wäß?g alkalischer Lösung zu den ungesättigten Ketonen (III) und (VI).
ChemInform Abstract: EIN KONTINUIERLICHES VERFAHREN ZUR HERST. VON EPICHLORHYDRIN
Authors: KYAZIMOV SH. K. , RZAEVA A. S. , PONOMAREVA G. Z. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie kombinierte Oxidation von Allylchlorid (I) und Acetaldehyd (II) mit Luftsauerstoff von Atmosphärendruck bei 120‐160°C in Dimethylphthalat als Lösungsmittel wird in einem Durchflußreaktor untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: AN ANOMALOUS REACTION OF METHADONE WITH CHLOROFORMATE ESTERS
Authors: CHATTERJIE N. , INTURRISI C. E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMethadon (II) reagiert mit den Chlorkohlensäureestern (IIIa) und (IIIb) über die Zwischenstufen (IV) zum Eliminierungsprodukt (V), das allerdings nicht mit Methylamin zu (VI) umgesetzt werden konnte.
ChemInform Abstract: DIFFERENT OXIDATION PATHWAYS WITH VARIOUS MNO2 TYPES, ANOMALOUS REACTION WITH GIBBERELLIC ACID
Authors: KOBRINA N. S. , SEREBRYAKOV E. P. , KUCHEROV V. F. , ADAM G. , VOIGT B. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Oxidation der Titelverbindung (I) mit neutralem Mn‐dioxid in Aceton bei 20‐23°C liefert neben kleinen Mengen der Oxocarbonsäure (V) die Lactone (II), (III) und (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: ZUR AMINOMETHYLIERUNG VON ISOINDOLINDERIVATEN
Authors: ROTH H. J. , SCHWARZ D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Dreikomponentenreaktion von Verbindungen (I), Formaldehyd und sekundären Aminen führt zu den N‐Aminomethyl‐Derivaten (II) und nicht zu O‐Mannichbasen.
ChemInform Abstract: SOME 2‐NITROTHIAZOLES
Authors: BORTHWICK ALAN D. , FOXTON MICHAEL W. , GRAY BRIAN V. , GREGORY GORDON I. , SEALE PETER W. , WARBURTON WILLAM K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus dem Nitrothiazolcarbaldehydoxim (I) wird durch Dehydratisierung das Nitril (II) dargestellt, das über das Carboxamidoxim (III) in das Thiazolyloxadiazol (IV) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND ACID‐CATALYZED BRIDGE CLEAVAGE REACTIONS OF 6‐CHLORO‐8‐OXABICYCLO(3,2,1)OCTA‐2,5‐DIENES, A NOVEL SYNTHETIC ROUTE TO 4,5‐BENZTROPONES
Authors: RANKEN P. F. , HARTY B. J. , KAPICAK L. , BATTISTE M. A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas Addukt aus Tetrachlorcylopropen (I) und Furan (II) liefert mit Lithiumaluminiumhydrid in siedendem Tetrahydrofuran das Chloroxabicyclooctadien (III).
ChemInform Abstract: DIE UNTERSUCHUNG VON LACTAMEN 24. MITT. DIE RK. VON L‐5‐CARBAETHOXY‐O‐AETHYLBUTYROLACTIM MIT ALPHA‐AMINO‐ALPHA‐CYANACETAMID UND DIE SYNTH. VON L‐4‐MERCAPTO‐6H,7,8‐DIHYDROPYRROLO(1,2‐E)PURINYL‐8‐CARBONSAEURE
Authors: GLUSHKOV R. G. , GRANIK V. G. , VOLSKOVA V. A. , CHERNOV V. A. , MINAKOVA S. M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus den Pyrrolidonen (I) werden durch Behandlung mit Triäthyloxoniumfluoroborat (II) und Alkali die Lactimäther (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: NEUE ANORGANISCHE RINGSYSTEME 15. MITT. DIE SECHSGLIEDRIGEN RINGSYSTEME P(III)SI2N3, (P(V)SI2N3)(+) UND P(V)SI2N3
Authors: FALIUS H. H. , GIESEN K. P. , WANNAGAT U. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractReaktionen der aus dem Diaminodisilazan (I) und den Phosphinen (II) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin synthetisierten, luft‐ und feuchtigkeitsempfindlichen Phosphadisilatriazacyclohexan‐Verbindungen (III) werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: DIE SYNTH. UND DIE BIOLOGISCHE AKTIVITAET FUENFGLIEDRIGER ORGANISCHER HETEROCYCLEN. 1‐OXO‐1‐ALKOXYPHOSPHOLENE‐(2) UND ‐(3)
Authors: ARBUZOV B. A. , VISEL' A. O. , GINIYATULLIN R. S. , STUDENTSOVA I. A. , GARAEV R. S. , POMAZANOV V. V. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDurch Umsetzung der l‐Oxo‐1‐chlorphospholene (I) und (IV) mit den Alkoholen (II) in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin werden die Derivate (III) und (V) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ALPHA‐DIAZOMERCURIALS, SYNTHESIS AND PHOTOCHEMISTRY
Authors: VALENTY S. J. , SKELL P. S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus den Organoquecksilberverbindungen (Ia) entstehen über die Äthoxy‐ bzw. Hydroxy‐Verbindungen (Ib) bzw. (Ic) die Organomercuri‐diazoverbindungen (III), z.B. (IIIa)‐(IIId), die anschließend der Photolyse unterworfen werden.
ChemInform Abstract: BEITRAEGE ZUR CHEMIE DER ALKYLVERBINDUNGEN VON UEBERGANGSMETALLEN 12. MITT. VERSUCHE ZUR GEWINNUNG VON BENZYLVERBINDUNGEN DES NICKELS, KOBALTS UND EISENS
Authors: JACOB K. , WISWEDEL I. , ZEINE T. , THIELE K.‐H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractVersuche zur Benzylierung von Ni‐, Co‐ und Fe‐halogeniden, Triaryl‐ und Trialkylphosphin‐Komplexen von Ni‐ und Co‐halogeniden, Bis‐[cyclooctadien]‐Ni und Tetrakis‐[triphenylphosphin]‐Ni mit verschiedenen Benzylierungsreagenzien wie Benzyl‐Mghalogeniden, Benzyl‐Li oder Benzylchlorid werden berichtet.
ChemInform Abstract: THE SELECTIVE TRIOXIDATION OF 1,2,4‐ AND 1,3,5‐TRIFERROCENYLBENZENE
Authors: PITTMAN C. U. , SASAKI Y. , WILEMON G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus den Tris‐ferrocenyl‐benzolen (I) und (III) entstehen unter verschiedenen Bedingungen mit Dichlordicyanochinon aufgrund der unterschiedlichen Reaktionsgeschwindigkeiten, mit der Mono‐ und Dioxidationsprodukte weiterreagieren, lediglich die Tris‐Oxidationsprodukte (II) bzw. (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: MIXED LIGAND COMPLEXES OF COBALT(III)
Authors: DEY K. , DE R. L. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Gemischt‐Liganden‐Komplexe des Typs (I) und (II) werden durch Reaktion von zuvor oxidierten Co(II)‐Schiffschen‐Basen‐Komplexen mit den entsprechenden zweizähnigen Liganden dargestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION PATHS AND MECHANISMS IN THE CATALYTIC CYCLOADDITION OF ALLENE OVER NICKEL(0) TEMPLATE SYSTEMS
Authors: OTSUKA SEI , TANI KAZUHIDE , YAMAGATA TSUNEAKI 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAllen (I) cyclooligomerisiert bei leichtem Erwärmen in Benzol in Gegenwart von Dicyclooctadien‐(1,5)‐Nickel(0) [Ni(cod)2] und eines Austauschliganden (Triphenylphosphin, Tri‐n‐butylphosphin, Tri‐o‐tolyl‐phosphit, bei ‐78°C zugesetzt) zu den Ver‐ ′ bindungen (II)‐(IV) (Gesamtausbeute 93‐100%), in Abwesenheit eines zusätzlichen Liganden aber zu dem Pentameren (IV) als einzigem Produkt (52%).
ChemInform Abstract: PALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES WITH SULPHONIUM YLIDES
Authors: BRAVO PIERFRANCESCO , FRONZA GIOVANNI , GAUDIANO GIORGIO , TICOZZI CALIMERO 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Ylide (I) reagieren mit dem Benzonitril‐Pd(II)‐Komplex (II) zu den Ylid‐Pd(II)‐ Komplexen (III), denen im kristallinen Zustand aufgrund von IR‐spektroskopischen und röntgenographischen Untersuchungen eine quadratisch‐planare d,l‐trans‐Struktur zuerkannt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: THE TOTAL SYNTHESIS OF (+‐)‐ALPHA‐ UND (+‐)‐BETA‐PINENE, A GENERAL ROUTE TO BICYCLO(3,1,1)HEPTANES
Authors: THOMAS M. T. , FALLIS A. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAus Hagemanns Ester (I) erhält man das Dithioketal (IIa), das zu (IIb) und (IIc) reduziert und acetyliert und dann zu (III) verseift wird.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW GENERAL SYNTHESIS OF ISOPRENOID CHAINS EMPLOYING THE REACTION OF DIALKYLCUPRATES WITH BETA‐ACETOXY ALPHA,BETA‐UNSATURATED ESTERS
Authors: CASEY C. P. , MARTEN D. F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDer Alkohol (Ia) wird in das Bromid (Ib) übergeführt, das mit dem Dianion (II) von Acetessigsäuremethylester den Ketocarbonsäureester (III) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: REDUCTION OF STEROIDAL KETONES WITH AMINOIMINOMETHANESULPHINIC ACID
Authors: HERZ JOSEF E. , DE MARQUEZ LILIA ALBERT 
Published: March 2016

Abstract5oz‐Cholestanon‐(3) und 3β‐Hydroxy‐Sa‐cholestanon‐(ö) werden mit Aminoiminomethansulfinsäure in NaOH/Äthanol unter Rückflußkochen und anschließender HC Hydrolyse an der Ketofunktion unter Bildung von α‐β‐Isomerengemischen der entsprechenden Alkohole reduziert.
ChemInform Abstract: NOVEL BETA‐EPOXIDATION OF CHOLESTEROL AND ITS ANALOGS WITH FERRIC ACETYLACETONATE AND HYDROGEN PEROXIDE
Authors: TOHMA M. , TOMITA T. , KIMURA M. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCho1esterol(IIa) liefert mit Persäuren das Epoxid (I), während aus (IIa) oder seinem Acetat (IIb) mit Wasserstoffperoxid in Gegenwart von Acetylacetonat in Acetonitril isomere Epoxide (IIIa) und (IIIb) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: IMPROVED ALDEHYDE SYNTHESIS, PREPARATION OF 3ALPHA,7ALPHA,12ALPHA‐TRIACETOXY‐5BETA‐CHOLAN‐23‐AL WITH RUTHENIUM TETROXIDE IN NEUTRAL MEDIUM
Authors: SHALON Y. , ELLIOTT W. H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Umsetzung des Steroid‐Carbonsäureesters (I) mit überschüssigem Pheny1magnesiumbromid und anschließende Reaktion des erhaltenen Tetrols mit Essigsäureanhydrid/Essigsäure ergeben das Diphenyl‐Derivat (II), das mit Rutheniumtetroxid in saurem , Medium zur Carbonsäure (III) und in neutralem Medium zum Aldehyd (IV) abgebaut wird.
ChemInform Abstract: PROTECTION OF THE PHOSPHORYL GROUP IN OLIGONUCLEOTIDES IN THE FORM OF A DIANILIDATE. DIANILIDOPHOSPHOCHLORIDATE AS PHOSPHORYLATING AGENT
Authors: SMRT J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDie Verwendung von Dianilidophosphorochlorid (I) gestattet die Einführung der Dianilinophosphorylschutzgruppe bei Nucleotidsynthesen.
ChemInform Abstract: NEW METABOLIC PRODUCTS OF ASPERGILLUS FLAVUS PART 4, 4′‐HYDROXY‐ASPERENTIN AND 5′‐HYDROXY‐ASPERENTIN 8‐METHYL ETHER
Authors: GROVE JOHN FREDERICK 
Published: March 2016

AbstractEinem früher als Nebenprodukt aus Aspergillus flavus isolierten Metaboliten wird die Struktur (I) zugeordnet.
ChemInform Abstract: (22S)‐HYDROXYVITAMIN D4
Authors: CRUMP DOUGLAS R. , WILLIAMS DUDLEY H. , PELC BOHUMIL 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas aus Ergosterinacetat und 3,5‐Dioxo‐4‐phenyl‐1,2,4‐triazolin erhaltene Addukt (I) wird zu dem Epoxid (II) oxidiert, dessen Reduktion zu dem Diol (IIIa) führt.
ChemInform Abstract: ALKANEDIAZOATES PART 13, SYNTHESIS OF AZOXYALKANES, L‐DIHYDROELAIOMYCIN (4‐METHOXY‐3‐(OCTYL‐ONN‐AZOXY)BUTAN‐2‐OL)
Authors: MOSS ROBERT A. , LEE THOMAS B. K. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDas aus L‐Threoninäthylesterhydrochlorid und Benzimidoäthylester erhaltene Oxazolin (Ia) wird mit LiAlH4 zu dem Alkohol (Ib) reduziert, dessen Tosylat (Ic) mit Na‐methylat in Methanol bei 52°C in den gewünschten Äther (Id) übergeführt wird; neben (Id) entsteht das Oxazol (II).
Hyperbolic model for the classical Navier‐Stokes equations
Authors: Abohadima Samir , Guaily Amr 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA new formulation of the classical Navier‐Stokes equations is presented, which overcomes the equations' main disadvantage: being a mixed parabolic‐hyperbolic system. The new model is achieved by adopting the compressible codeformational time derivative in the stress‐strain constitutive relation, resulting in a consistency with the principle of material frame indifference. The main advantage of the new formulation is that the resulting system of equations is purely hyperbolic. The proposed formulation is used to model the benchmark problem of the shock/boundary layer/expansion fan interaction with an apparent degree of success.
Copper(I)‐Catalyzed 3‐Position Methylation of Coumarins by Using Di‐tert‐butyl Peroxide as the Methylation Reagents
Authors: Zhuang Huan , Zeng Runsheng , Zou Jianping 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe copper‐catalyzed methylation of coumarin by using di‐tert‐butyl peroxide (DTBP) has been described. The reaction provides direct access to a wide range of 3‐methylcoumarins in moderate to good yields. In this procedure, it is noteworthy that DTBP was employed not only as the oxidant, but also as the methyl source.
Convenient Synthesis of Spiro[benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1‐b]thiazole‐3,2′‐indenes] Derivatives via Three‐Component Reaction
Authors: Shen Guoliang , Sun Jing , Yan Chaoguo 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe three‐component reaction of N‐phenacylbenzothiazolium bromides, aromatic aldehydes and indane‐1,3‐dione in ethanol at room temperature in the presence of triethylamine as base afforded functionalized spiro[benzo[d]pyrrolo[2,1‐b]thiazole‐3,2′‐indenes] in good yields and with high diastereoselectivity. The 1H NMR data and single crystal structure clearly indicated that the obtained spiro compounds predominately have one diastereoisomer.
Kenyan endemic bird species at home in novel ecosystem
Authors: Habel Jan Christian , Teucher Mike , Rödder Dennis , Bleicher Marie‐Therese , Dieckow Claudia , Wiese Anja , Fischer Christina 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRiparian thickets of East Africa harbor a large number of endemic animal and plant species, but also provide important ecosystem services for the human being settling along streams. This creates a conflicting situation between nature conservation and land‐use activities. Today, most of this former pristine vegetation is highly degraded and became replaced by the invasive exoticLantana camarashrub species. In this study, we analyze the movement behavior and habitat use of a diverse range of riparian bird species and model the habitat availability of each of these species. We selected the following four riparian bird species: Bare‐eyed ThrushTurdus tephronotus, Rufous ChattererTurdoides rubiginosus, Zanzibar Sombre GreenbulAndropadus importunus insularis,and the Kenyan endemic Hinde′s BabblerTurdoides hindei. We collected telemetric data of 14 individuals during a 2 months radio‐tracking campaign along the Nzeeu River in southeast Kenya. We found that (1) all four species had similar home‐range sizes, all geographically restricted and nearby the river; (2) all species mainly use dense thicket, in particular the invasiveL. camara; (3) human settlements were avoided by the bird individuals observed; (4) the birds' movement, indicating foraging behavior, was comparatively slow within thickets, but significantly faster over open, agricultural areas; and (5) habitat suitability models underline the relevance ofL. camaraas suitable surrogate habitat for all understoreyed bird species, but also show that the clearance of thickets has led to a vanishing of large and interconnected thickets and thus might have negative effects on the population viability in the long run.
A further cost for the sicker sex? Evidence for male‐biased parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation
Authors: Stephenson Jessica F. , Kinsella Cormac , Cable Joanne , van Oosterhout Cock 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMales are typically the sicker sex. Data from multiple taxa indicate that they are more likely to be infected with parasites, and are less “tolerant,” or less able to mitigate the fitness costs of a given infection, than females. One cost of infection for many animals is an increased probability of being captured by a predator. A clear, hitherto untested, prediction is therefore that this parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation is more pronounced among males than females. We tested this prediction in the sexually size dimorphic guppy, Poecilia reticulata, in which females are typically larger than males. We either sham or experimentally infected guppies with Gyrodactylus turnbulli, elicited their escape response using an established protocol and measured the distance they covered during 60 ms. To discriminate between the effects of body size and those of other inherent sex differences, we size‐matched fish across treatment groups. Infection with G. turnbulli reduced the distance covered during the escape response of small adults by 20.1%, whereas that of large fish was unaffected. This result implies that parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation is male‐biased in the wild: although there was no difference in escape response between our experimentally size‐matched groups of males and females, males are significantly smaller across natural guppy populations. These results are consistent with Bateman's principle for immunity: Natural selection for larger body sizes and longevity in females seems to have resulted in the evolution of increased infection tolerance. We discuss the potential implications of sex‐ and size‐biased parasite‐induced vulnerability to predation for the evolutionary ecology of this host–parasite interaction in natural communities.
Reactivity of the Donor‐Stabilized Guanidinatosilylene [ArNC(NMe2)­NAr]Si[N(SiMe3)2] (Ar = 2,6‐Diiso­propylphenyl)
Authors: Mück Felix M. , Baus Johannes A. , Ulmer Anna , Burschka Christian , Tacke Reinhold 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTo get more information about the reactivity profile of the donor‐stabilized guanidinatosilylene [ArNC(NMe2)NAr]Si[N(SiMe3)2] (1; Ar = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl), a series of test reactions was studied. Thus, treatment of 1 with Me3SiN3, (PhO)2P(O)N3, PhC(O)Ph, Me–C≡C–C≡C–Me, Ph–C≡C–C≡C–Ph, CO2, CS2, ZnCl2, or ZnEt2 yielded the respective products 9–17, all of which were characterized by elemental analyses, NMR spectroscopic investigations in the solid state and in solution, and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The formation of compounds 9–17 is based on oxidative addition reactions (for 9–15) or Lewis acid/base reactions (for 16 and 17). In most cases, these typical silylene reactions are coupled with additional reactivity facets, which are correlated with the guanidinato or bis(trimethylsilyl)amido ligand of 1. According to these studies, silylene 1 proved to be a very useful building block with high synthetic potential for the preparation of new silicon(IV) and silicon(II) compounds, with quite novel structural motifs.
Spondyloocular Syndrome: Novel Mutations in XYLT2 Gene and Expansion of the Phenotypic Spectrum
Authors: Taylan Fulya , Costantini Alice , Coles Nicole , Pekkinen Minna , Héon Elise , Şıklar Zeynep , Berberoğlu Merih , Kämpe Anders , Kıykım Ertuğrul , Grigelioniene Giedre , Tüysüz Beyhan , Mäkitie Outi 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACT

Spondyloocular syndrome is an autosomal-recessive disorder with spinal compression fractures, osteoporosis, and cataract. Mutations in XYLT2, encoding isoform of xylosyltransferase, were recently identified as the cause of the syndrome. We report on 4 patients, 2 unrelated patients and 2 siblings, with spondyloocular syndrome and novel mutations in XYLT2. Exome sequencing revealed a homozygous nonsense mutation, NM_022167.3(XYLT2): c.2188C&gt;T, resulting in a premature stop codon (p.Arg730*) in a female patient. The patient presents visual impairment, generalized osteoporosis, short stature with short trunk, spinal compression fractures, and increased intervertebral disc space and hearing loss. We extended our XYLT2 analysis to a cohort of 22 patients with generalized osteoporosis, mostly from consanguineous families. In this cohort, we found by Sanger sequencing 2 siblings and 1 single patient who were homozygous for missense mutations in the XYLT2 gene (p.Arg563Gly and p.Leu605Pro). The patients had osteoporosis, compression fractures, cataracts, and hearing loss. Bisphosphonate treatment in 1 patient resulted in almost complete normalization of vertebral structures by adolescence, whereas treatment response in the others was variable. This report together with a previous study shows that mutations in the XYLT2 gene result in a variable phenotype dominated by spinal osteoporosis, cataract, and hearing loss. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Chemical and mechanical properties of snake fangs
Authors: Jansen van Vuuren Ludwig , Kieser Jules A. , Dickenson Michelle , Gordon Keith C. , Fraser‐Miller Sara J. 
Published: March 2016

The composition of dental tissues and their interaction determines its mechanical properties. The mechanical properties and chemical composition of the teeth of extant reptiles are still poorly studied areas. As a preliminary study the fangs of four species of snakes and a human tooth were investigated through nanoindentation and Raman spectroscopy. The average elastic modulus values for the main body of the fangs ranged from 15.3 GPa to 24.6 GPa, and 19.1 GPa for the human dentine. Raman spectroscopy and principal component analysis (PCA) showed that snake fangs are similar in composition to human dentine, both of which comprised of hydroxyapatite and an organic matrix. The elastic modulus and hardness data were correlated to the Raman spectra using partial least squares regression (PLS). The spectral features which correlated with the elastic modulus would suggest that elastic modulus is dependent on the relative protein to mineral amounts in the tooth. The form of the phosphate and the relative levels of phosphate to organic components also appear to be governing factors for elastic modulus. The PLS of Raman spectra against the hardness gave very similar results. The small differences between snake fangs and human dentine appeared to be because of carbonate content, with higher levels of carbonate in the human tooth than the snake fangs.Snake fangs should be able to withstand large lateral forces. Human dentine aids in dissipating imposed loads. This similarity in the chemical composition of the snake fangs and human dentine supported the findings of the similarities in mechanical properties, which may be attributed to the similar functional demands of these biocomposites. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.