bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical measurement of anisotropic magnetic susceptibility for diamagnetic fine particles
Authors: Kitamura Naoyuki , Takahashi Kohki , Mogi Iwao , Awaji Satoshi , Watanabe Kazuo 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
We have developed an apparatus that allows the observation of the transient rotational motion of fine particles under a high magnetic field in order to determine anisotropic magnetic susceptibility. The anisotropic susceptibilities of spherical nanoparticles of bismuth and commercially available carbon nanofibers were determined. The estimated Δχ = 3.9 × 10−5 of spherical bismuth nanoparticles with a diameter of 370 nm was fairly consistent with the value determined previously by the magnetic field dependence of diffraction peak intensity in the X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern, but was slightly smaller than the value for the bulk crystal. In contrast, the transient behavior of carbon nanofibers did not obey the theoretical motion of a single crystal. The wide distribution of fiber lengths, the irregularity of the structure in the fiber, and the connections between the fibers are suggested for the anomalous behavior.
Ionic pH and glucose sensors fabricated using hydrothermal ZnO nanostructures
Authors: Wang Jyh-Liang , Yang Po-Yu , Hsieh Tsang-Yen , Juan Pi-Chun 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Hydrothermally synthesized aluminum-doped ZnO (AZO) nanostructures have been adopted in extended-gate field-effect transistor (EGFET) sensors to demonstrate the sensitive and stable pH and glucose sensing characteristics of AZO-nanostructured EGFET sensors. The AZO-nanostructured EGFET sensors exhibited the following superior pH sensing characteristics: a high current sensitivity of 0.96 µA1/2/pH, a high linearity of 0.9999, less distortion of output waveforms, a small hysteresis width of 4.83 mV, good long-term repeatability, and a wide sensing range from pHs 1 to 13. The glucose sensing characteristics of AZO-nanostructured biosensors exhibited the desired sensitivity of 60.5 µA·cm−2·mM−1 and a linearity of 0.9996 up to 13.9 mM. The attractive characteristics of high sensitivity, high linearity, and repeatability of using ionic AZO-nanostructured EGFET sensors indicate their potential use as electrochemical and disposable biosensors.
Synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles using a solution plasma and their gas-sensing properties
Authors: Zhang Jianbo , Hu Xiulan , Shi Junjun , Lu Ping , Shen Xiaodong , Xu Peifeng , Saito Nagahiro 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
A simple solution plasma method was applied to the synthesis of SnO2 nanoparticles directly from tin(II) chloride solution, without adding any precipitant, stabilizer, or other agents at atmospheric pressure, because solution plasma provides a reaction field with a highly excited energy state. The results of X-ray power diffraction (XRD) analysis and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) verified that well-crystallized SnO2 nanoparticles in the size range of 2–5 nm were synthesized. SnO2 nanoparticles show satisfactory sensitivities to acetaldehyde and ethanol.
Synthesis of silver nanoparticles prepared in aqueous solutions using helium dc microplasma jet
Authors: Thong Ying Li , Chin Oi Hoong , Ong Boon Hoong , Huang Nay Ming 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized in aqueous solutions by reduction of silver nitrate (AgNO3) assisted by a helium dc microplasma jet at atmospheric pressure without additional chemical reducing agents. Surfactant-free AgNPs were obtained at low initial AgNO3 precursor concentrations ≤0.5 mM. A surface plasmon resonance peak at approximately 400 nm confirmed the presence of AgNPs. At higher concentrations, sucrose was used to prevent agglomeration and cap the growth of nanoparticles. The effects of the molar ratio of sucrose/AgNO3 on the size distribution and morphologies of AgNPs were investigated. The average sizes of AgNPs synthesized at molar ratios of 20, 50, and 60% were 11.2 ± 0.4, 10.0 ± 0.2, and 6.2 ± 0.1 nm, respectively.
Creating a Chinese suicide dictionary for identifying suicide risk on social media
Authors: Lv Meizhen , Li Ang , Liu Tianli , Zhu Tingshao 
Published: December 2015

Introduction.Suicide has become a serious worldwide epidemic. Early detection of individual suicide risk in population is important for reducing suicide rates. Traditional methods are ineffective in identifying suicide risk in time, suggesting a need for novel techniques. This paper proposes to detect suicide risk on social media using a Chinese suicide dictionary.Methods.To build the Chinese suicide dictionary, eight researchers were recruited to select initial words from 4,653 posts published on Sina Weibo (the largest social media service provider in China) and two Chinese sentiment dictionaries (HowNet and NTUSD). Then, another three researchers were recruited to filter out irrelevant words. Finally, remaining words were further expanded using a corpus-based method. After building the Chinese suicide dictionary, we tested its performance in identifying suicide risk on Weibo. First, we made a comparison of the performance in both detecting suicidal expression in Weibo posts and evaluating individual levels of suicide risk between the dictionary-based identifications and the expert ratings. Second, to differentiate between individuals with high and non-high scores on self-rating measure of suicide risk (Suicidal Possibility Scale, SPS), we built Support Vector Machines (SVM) models on the Chinese suicide dictionary and the Simplified Chinese Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (SCLIWC) program, respectively. After that, we made a comparison of the classification performance between two types of SVM models.Results and Discussion.Dictionary-based identifications were significantly correlated with expert ratings in terms of both detecting suicidal expression (r= 0.507) and evaluating individual suicide risk (r= 0.455). For the differentiation between individuals with high and non-high scores on SPS, the Chinese suicide dictionary (t1:F1= 0.48; t2:F1= 0.56) produced a more accurate identification than SCLIWC (t1:F1= 0.41; t2:F1= 0.48) on different observation windows.Conclusions.This paper confirms that, using social media, it is possible to implement real-time monitoring individual suicide risk in population. Results of this study may be useful to improve Chinese suicide prevention programs and may be insightful for other countries.
Food Packaging
Authors: Dunn Thomas J. 
Published: December 2015

The primary purpose of food packaging is to ensure the quality and safety of the food. The properties of foods determine the processing, packaging, storage, and transport conditions from the producer to the consumer, to maximize foods' shelf life.Packaging methods are presented in terms of materials, formats, and the means of fabrication. Critical differences among materials (paper and paperboard, metals, glass, and a variety of plastics) in their capability to isolate a packaged food from its environment are discussed. Packaging chemicals for which public controversy accompanies their otherwise legal use are referenced.
Heat Pipes
Authors: Kosoy Boris 
Published: December 2015

Heat pipe is a self‐contained heat transfer device based on the evaporation and condensation of a working fluid, with passive pumping of the condensate back to the evaporator; it has no mechanical moving parts and requires no external power other than the heat that flows through it. Heat pipes ensure good heat spreading capability and geometric flexibility.Heat pipes are used to perform several important heat transfer and thermal management roles in the chemical and linked industries. Examples include separation of hazardous streams associated with heat source and sink, heat recovery, temperature flattening or isothermalization of processes, temperature control in chemical reactions, and spot cooling.In its simplest function, the heat pipe possesses the property of extremely high effective thermal conductivity (several hundred times that of metals), for that reason they are sometimes referred to as “thermal superconductors.” As a result, the heat pipe can produce nearly isothermal conditions making an almost ideal heat transfer element. In another form, the heat pipe can provide positive, rapid, and precise control of temperature under conditions that vary with respect to time.
Total Synthesis
Authors: Sierra Miguel A. , de la Torre María C. 
Published: December 2015

Total synthesis is the production of a molecule from commercially or readily available chemicals through a series of chemical reactions including bio‐mediated transformations. In the first quarter of the twenty‐first century, most complex molecules are, in principle, accesible through total synthesis. However, often, complex molecules can only be prepared in small amounts of a few milligrams. Therefore, the challenges of total synthesis in the XXIth century is the efficiency by which required amounts of a product can be prepared in the shorter time possible.In this article, different types of syntheses are discussed. These are divided into four classes: target‐oriented synthesis (TOS), combinatorial synthesis (CS), diversity‐oriented synthesis (DOS), and diverted total synthesis (DTS). The concepts, challenges, and requirements of each class are introduced and relevant examples, from classic to contemporary, including Woodward's synthesis of strychnine, are discussed.
Geophysicochemical model of an ionospheric auroral gyroscope
Authors: Serban Andreea I. , Geicu Ovidiu I. , Serban Florea 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis study presents a geophysicochemical model of an ionospheric auroral gyroscope. The gyroscopic effect occurs due to the electromagnetic interaction in Earth's polar regions between two types of vertical cavity auroras: the herpolhodic cone (proton cavity aurora), operating in the cusp polar region, and two polhodic cones (an electronic cone and a protonic cone), operating in the aurora region. The ratio between the angular speeds of the herpolhodic and polhodic cones is established by the angle between Earth's rotational axis and the geomagnetic dipole axis. We have developed a theory of the ionospheric auroral gyroscope as a kinematic part of the terrestrial magnetosphere and ionosphere that enables a unified explanation of important macroscopic phenomena that occur at this level. Accordingly, we have explained the oval shape of the polar auroras, Schumann resonances, geomagnetic micropulsation excitation, and the structuring of Earth's areas of radiation. The terrestrial gravitomagnetic field and dark matter are implicated in the initiation and behavior of the auroral ionospheric gyroscope, both of which provide stability and accuracy. Viewed in a wider context, the ionospheric auroral gyroscope theory could offer a way to experimentally investigate dark matter on Earth. Furthermore, it may have a potential value as a predictive tool, providing information about the large earthquakes and Earth's phenomena.
Inferring field‐scale properties of a fractured aquifer from ground surface deformation during a well test
Authors: Schuite Jonathan , Longuevergne Laurent , Bour Olivier , Boudin Frédérick , Durand Stéphane , Lavenant Nicolas 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFractured aquifers which bear valuable water resources are often difficult to characterize with classical hydrogeological tools due to their intrinsic heterogeneities. Here we implement ground surface deformation tools (tiltmetry and optical leveling) to monitor groundwater pressure changes induced by a classical hydraulic test at the Ploemeur observatory. By jointly analyzing complementary time constraining data (tilt) and spatially constraining data (vertical displacement), our results strongly suggest that the use of these surface deformation observations allows for estimating storativity and structural properties (dip, root depth, and lateral extension) of a large hydraulically active fracture, in good agreement with previous studies. Hence, we demonstrate that ground surface deformation is a useful addition to traditional hydrogeological techniques and opens possibilities for characterizing important large‐scale properties of fractured aquifers with short‐term well tests as a controlled forcing.
Source analysis of a potential hydraulic‐fracturing‐induced earthquake near Fox Creek, Alberta
Authors: Wang Ruijia , Gu Yu Jeffrey , Schultz Ryan , Kim Ahyi , Atkinson Gail 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAn earthquake with a reported magnitude of 4.4 (ML) was detected on 13 June 2015 in western central Alberta, Canada. This event was the third felt earthquake this year near Fox Creek, a shale gas exploration region. Our results from full moment tensor inversions of regional broadband data show a strong strike‐slip mechanism with near‐vertical fault plane solutions. The decomposition of the moment tensor solution is overwhelmingly double couple, while only a modest (∼20%) contribution is attributed to compensated‐linear‐vector‐dipole. The depth of this earthquake is 3–4 km, near the base of the sedimentary layer, and the moment magnitude (M= 3.9) of this event is considerably smaller than the initial reportedMLvalue. The hypocenter location, depth, and mechanism are favorable to a possible association between this earthquake and hydraulic fracturing operations within the Duvernay shale.
Scaling laws for magnetic reconnection, set by regulation of the electron pressure anisotropy to the firehose threshold
Authors: Ohia O. , Egedal J. , Lukin V. S. , Daughton W. , Le A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMagnetic reconnection in a weakly collisional plasma, such as in the Earth's magnetosphere, is known to be accompanied by electron pressure anisotropy. For reconnection scenarios including moderate guide magnetic field, electrons are magnetized throughout the reconnection region, and the anisotropy drives extended electron current layers. Along these layers, the anisotropy nears the firehose threshold. We describe how the anisotropy stagnates at this threshold by a mechanism that does not involve pitch‐angle mixing. Using previously established anisotropic equations of state and by imposing the marginal firehose condition, scaling laws are obtained for quantities along the current layers as functions of plasma parameters upstream of the reconnection region. The predicted reconnection region quantities include the magnetic field strength, plasma density, and the parallel and perpendicular electron pressures, allowing for a characterization of electron energization solely as a function of the upstream plasma conditions. This characterization is in agreement with simulations and spacecraft observations.
On the role of buoyant flexure in glacier calving
Authors: Wagner Till J. W. , James Timothy D. , Murray Tavi , Vella Dominic 
Published: December 2015

AbstractInteractions between glaciers and the ocean are key for understanding the dynamics of the cryosphere in the climate system. Here we investigate the role of hydrostatic forces in glacier calving. We develop a mathematical model to account for the elastic deformation of glaciers in response to three effects: (i) marine and lake‐terminating glaciers tend to enter water with a nonzero slope, resulting in upward flexure around the grounding line; (ii) horizontal pressure imbalances at the terminus are known to cause hydrostatic in‐plane stresses and downward acting torque; (iii) submerged ice protrusions at the glacier front may induce additional buoyancy forces that can cause calving. Our model provides theoretical estimates of the importance of each effect and suggests geometric and material conditions under which a given glacier will calve from hydrostatic flexure. We find good agreement with observations. This work sheds light on the intricate processes involved in glacier calving and can be hoped to improve our ability to model and predict future changes in the ice‐climate system.
Sediment supply versus local hydraulic controls on sediment transport and storage in a river with large sediment loads
Authors: Dean David J. , Topping David J. , Schmidt John C. , Griffiths Ronald E. , Sabol Thomas A. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe Rio Grande in the Big Bend region of Texas, USA, and Chihuahua and Coahuila, Mexico, undergoes rapid geomorphic changes as a result of its large sediment supply and variable hydrology; thus, it is a useful natural laboratory to investigate the relative importance of flow strength and sediment supply in controlling alluvial channel change. We analyzed a suite of sediment transport and geomorphic data to determine the cumulative influence of different flood types on changing channel form. In this study, physically based analyses suggest that channel change in the Rio Grande is controlled by both changes in flow strength and sediment supply over different spatial and temporal scales. Channel narrowing is primarily caused by substantial deposition of sediment supplied to the Rio Grande during tributary‐sourced flash floods. Tributary floods have large suspended‐sediment concentrations, occur for short durations, and attenuate rapidly downstream in the Rio Grande, depositing much of their sediment in downstream reaches. Long‐duration floods on the mainstem have the capacity to enlarge the Rio Grande, and these floods, released from upstream dams, can either erode or deposit sediment in the Rio Grande depending upon the antecedent in‐channel sediment supply and the magnitude and duration of the flood. Geomorphic and sediment transport analyses show that the locations and rates of sand erosion and deposition during long‐duration floods are most strongly controlled by spatial changes in flow strength, largely through changes in channel slope. However, spatial differences in the in‐channel sediment supply regulate sediment evacuation or accumulation over time in long reaches (greater than a kilometer).
Performance of the Goddard multiscale modeling framework with Goddard ice microphysical schemes
Authors: Chern Jiun‐Dar , Tao Wei‐Kuo , Lang Stephen E. , Matsui Toshihisa , Li J.‐L. F. , Mohr Karen I. , Skofronick‐Jackson Gail M. , Peters‐Lidard Christa D. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe multiscale modeling framework (MMF), which replaces traditional cloud parameterizations with cloud‐resolving models (CRMs) within a host atmospheric general circulation model (GCM), has become a new approach for climate modeling. The embedded CRMs make it possible to apply CRM‐based cloud microphysics directly within a GCM. However, most such schemes have never been tested in a global environment for long‐term climate simulation. The benefits of using an MMF to evaluate rigorously and improve microphysics schemes are here demonstrated. Four one‐moment microphysical schemes are implemented into the Goddard MMF and their results validated against three CloudSat/CALIPSO cloud ice products and other satellite data. The new four‐class (cloud ice, snow, graupel, and frozen drops/hail) ice scheme produces a better overall spatial distribution of cloud ice amount, total cloud fractions, net radiation, and total cloud radiative forcing than earlier three‐class ice schemes, with biases within the observational uncertainties. Sensitivity experiments are conducted to examine the impact of recently upgraded microphysical processes on global hydrometeor distributions. Five processes dominate the global distributions of cloud ice and snow amount in long‐term simulations: (1) allowing for ice supersaturation in the saturation adjustment, (2) three additional correction terms in the depositional growth of cloud ice to snow, (3) accounting for cloud ice fall speeds, (4) limiting cloud ice particle size, and (5) new size‐mapping schemes for snow and graupel. Despite the cloud microphysics improvements, systematic errors associated with subgrid processes, cyclic lateral boundaries in the embedded CRMs, and momentum transport remain and will require future improvement.
Why Does Industry Not Use Immobilized Transition Metal Complexes as Catalysts?
Authors: Hübner Sandra , de Vries Johannes G. , Farina Vittorio 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMuch effort has gone into the immobilization of homogeneous catalysts based on the idea that in this way the catalysts could be not only separated more easily from the product but also reused several times, thus reducing the cost of the catalyst use. So far none of these immobilized catalysts have been used by industry. In this article we critically review the use of immobilized homogeneous catalysts from the point of view of process development for the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industry. The first and foremost question that needs to be answered is: will immobilizing a homogeneous catalyst really lead to lower costs? The answer is thus far always no. This is caused mostly by the fact that homogeneous catalysts are not stable and thus there is little point in immobilizing them. The second reason is the extra added cost that is incurred in immobilizing the catalysts. Other problems are lower rates, sometimes lower selectivities and metal leaching. Three different areas are discussed. The research on immobilized metathesis catalysts is analyzed in detail; in general the immobilized catalysts do not achieve sufficient turnovers to be interesting for industrial use. Very many publications have appeared on immobilized palladium catalysts that were used for CC bond‐forming reactions, such as Suzuki, Heck or Sonogashira reactions. These catalysts are invariably converted to nanoparticles after the first run. Although these catalysts can be reused, there is no reason to use an expensive support based on immobilized ligands. This also does not protect the product from palladium contamination. Even more effort has gone into the immobilization of homogeneous hydrogenation catalysts. Most of these catalysts suffer from the same problems as the other immobilized catalysts: catalyst deactivation, low turnover numbers, and leaching of the metal. In addition, the heterogenization adds complexity to the system, increasing risk and prolonging process development.magnified image
Preparation and Properties of Polyimides Containing 1,2,3‐Triazole Moieties
Authors: Rukmanikrishnan Balasubramanian , Muthusamy Sarojadevi 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA new diamine containing 1,2,3‐triazole ring was synthesized by the click reaction in the presence of Cu (I) catalyst. A series of novel polytriazoleimides (PTAIs) were synthesized using the prepared diamine by the conventional two‐step thermal or chemical imidization method with commercially available aromatic dianhydrides. The chemical structure of the monomers and polymers was characterized by Fourier transform Infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and 13C NMR spectral analysis. Solubility of the PTAIs was tested in various organic solvents. The glass transition temperatures of these PTAIs are in the range of 215–254°C. PTAIs exhibit low dielectric constant of 3.04–3.34 at 1 MHz, high thermal stability, and temperature corresponding to 5% (T5%) weight loss is in the range of 442–492°C. The flame retardance values (limiting oxygen index) are in the range of 38.4–40.5. The PTAI films exhibited good mechanical properties with tensile strength of 96.2–98.9 MPa, elongation to break of 9.8–12.6%, and tensile modulus of 2.5–3.1 GPa.
A Derivative of s‐Triazine Modified Reduced Graphene Oxide with the Function of UV‐absorbing
Authors: Liu Tianye , Yan Hongxia , Chen Zhengyan , Xu Peilun , Su Shikun 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA new s‐triazine derivative modified graphene composite, in which 2,4,6‐tri(2,4‐dihydroxyphenyl)‐1,3,5‐triazine (TDTA) was attached onto reduced graphene oxide (rGO) via the noncovalent functionalization approach, named TDTA/rGO, was reported. And the TDTA was synthesized via a Friedel‐Crafts reaction. FTIR and NMR spectroscopic characterizations were carried out to confirm the synthesis of TDTA. UV‐Vis, XPS and TEM revealed that TDTA molecules were successfully loaded onto graphene sheets by π‐π stacking, and the composite is found to improve greatly the dispersity of rGO in DMF and to be a good UV‐absorber.