bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Facing up to (online) fashion and fads … Face-to-face contact is here to stay in M&E capacity building. Evidence from 35 National Evaluation Societies
Authors: Dewachter Sara , Holvoet Nathalie 
Published: August 2016

Background: Over the years, Communities of Practice have gained popularity as a capacity-building method among Monitoring and Evaluation practitioners. Yet, thus far, relatively little is known about their effectiveness.Objectives: This article focuses on National Evaluation Societies as Communities of Practice that aim to contribute to the monitoring and evaluation capacity building of their members.Method: Drawing upon a survey of 35 National Evaluation Societies in 33 low- and middle-income countries, we explore to what extent capacity building efforts have been successful and what factors explain the relative success or failure in capacity building. We rely upon Qualitative Comparative Analysis as we are particularly interested in different pathways to ensure successful National Evaluation Societies.Results: Our findings highlight that regular face-to-face contact is a particularly important element. This does not entirely come as a surprise, as monitoring and evaluation capacity building often implies tacit knowledge that is most effectively shared face-to-face. Furthermore, capacity building in conducting and, particularly, using evaluations entails building networks among the monitoring and evaluation supply and demand side which can most easily be done through regular face-to-face interaction.Conclusion: Our findings are not only theoretically interesting, they are also policy relevant; they hint at the fact that in an era of quick advances in technology, investing in face-to-face contact among members remains important.
Contraceptive practices among women seeking termination of pregnancy in one public hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa
Authors: Oluwole Ebenezer O. , Skaal Linda 
Published: August 2016

Background: There is significantly high contraceptive knowledge in South Africa, but the uptake of contraceptives is average to low with resultant soaring of unplanned pregnancy and rising statistics of termination of pregnancy (TOP) services. This study aimed to establish the contraceptive practices among women in the South African population seeking TOP in one public hospital in Eastern Cape, South Africa.Methods: A cross-sectional study was carried out among women seeking TOP in a women’s clinic. Self-administered questionnaires were used as data collection tool, and the data collected were entered into SPSS software for analysis, using descriptive statistics to calculate frequencies and percentages while chi-square test was used to determine the associations between the socio-demography and contraceptive practices of the participants.Results: Majority of the women were aged between 20 and 29 years, had secondary education, unemployed, single and resided in townships. Contraceptive uptake prior to termination of pregnancy (CTOP) among them was 44.1%, but 85.8% had good contraceptives knowledge. Their contraceptive practices are determined by partner’s opinion, source and availability of contraceptives, previous CTOP, side effect of contraceptives and having children. Age group, educational level and employment status were found to be related to the contraceptive practices of the participants but were not statistically significant.Conclusion: To reduce unplanned pregnancies and subsequent number of women seeking CTOP, the socio-economic factors associated with contraceptive practices as well as the programmes, policies and guidelines of contraceptives need to be improved on for any improvement on the factors determining contraceptive practices.
Integration of Dermatology-Focused Physical Diagnosis Rounds and Case-Based Learning within the Internal Medicine Medical Student Clerkship
Authors: Scott Brian L. , Barker Blake , Abraham Reeni , Wickless Heather W. 
Published: August 2016

Background Over half of dermatologic conditions are seen by nondermatologists, yet medical students receive little dermatology education. Medical students in the clinical years of training at our institution felt insecure in their physical diagnosis skills for dermatologic conditions. Objective The objective of this study was to implement dermatology-focused curricula within the Internal Medicine (IM) Core Clerkship to increase student confidence in diagnosing skin diseases. Methods Two dermatology-focused sessions were integrated into the IM Clerkship. A faculty dermatologist leads students on a dermatology-focused physical diagnosis “Skin Rounds”, where patients are seen at the bedside and students practice describing skin lesions and forming a differential diagnosis. Students also participate in a case-based active learning session. A dermatologist selects images of common skin conditions that students describe utilizing appropriate terminology and offer a differential diagnosis. The impact of these sessions was assessed through survey-based student feedback and by comparing the results from the IM Shelf Exam before and after intervention. Results A total of 74 students completed the skin rounds survey (32% response rate). About 99% ( n = 73) of students felt that skin rounds were effective and useful, and 92% ( n = 68) of students reported that they felt more confident in describing skin lesions afterward. A total of 43 students completed the case-based learning session survey (37% response rate), and 98% ( n = 42) of students strongly agreed or agreed that the session was effective and useful. Performance on the dermatologic questions of the IM Shelf Exam was analyzed. While not statistically significant at P < 0.05, students improved from an average of 77% correct responses before intervention to 79% afterward ( P = 0.60). Conclusions Our case-based and bedside teaching interventions were met with high satisfaction from medical students and increased their confidence in describing skin lesions. This intervention can serve as a model to improve dermatology education and can be adapted to utilize the IM clerkship to address curriculum inadequacies at other institutions.
Practical Techniques in Ghost Fluid Method for Compressible Multi-Medium Flows
Authors: Xu Liang , Feng Chengliang , Liu Tiegang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe modified ghost fluid method (MGFM), due to its reasonable treatment for ghost fluid state, has been shown to be robust and efficient when applied to compressible multi-medium flows. Other feasible definitions of the ghost fluid state, however, have yet to be systematically presented. By analyzing all possible wave structures and relations for a multi-medium Riemann problem, we derive all the conditions to define the ghost fluid state. Under these conditions, the solution in the real fluid region can be obtained exactly, regardless of the wave pattern in the ghost fluid region. According to the analysis herein, a practical ghost fluid method (PGFM) is proposed to simulate compressible multi-medium flows. In contrast with the MGFM where three degrees of freedomat the interface are required to define the ghost fluid state, only one degree of freedomis required in this treatment. However, when these methods proved correct in theory are used in computations for the multi-medium Riemann problem, numerical errors at the material interface may be inevitable. We show that these errors are mainly induced by the single-medium numerical scheme in essence, rather than the ghost fluid method itself. Equipped with some density-correction techniques, the PGFM is found to be able to suppress these unphysical solutions dramatically.
Finite Element Algorithm for Dynamic Thermoelasticity Coupling Problems and Application to Transient Response of Structure with Strong Aerothermodynamic Environment
Authors: Li Zhihui , Ma Qiang , Cui Junzhi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAs an exploratory study for structural deformation and thermodynamic response induced by spacecraft reentry aerodynamic force and thermal environment, a finite element algorithm is presented on the basis of the classic Fourier heat conductive law to simulate the dynamic thermoelasticity coupling performance of the material. The Newmark method and Crank-Nicolson scheme are utilized to discretize the dynamic thermoelasticity equation and heat conductive equation in the time domain, respectively, and the unconditionally stable implicit algorithm is constructed. Four types of finite-element computing schemes are devised and discussed to solve the thermodynamic coupling equation, all of which are implemented and compared in the computational examples including the one-dimensional transient heat conduction in considering and not considering the vibration, the transient heat flow for the infinite cylinder, and the dynamic coupling thermoelasticity around re-entry flat plate from hypersonic aerothermodynamic environment. The computational results show that the transient responses of temperature and displacement field generate lag phenomenon in case of considering the deformation effect on temperature field. Propagation, rebounding, attenuation and stabilized phenomena of elastic wave are also observed by the finite-element calculation of thermodynamic coupling problem considering vibration and damping, and the oscillation of the temperature field is simultaneously induced. As a result, the computational method and its application research platform have been founded to solve the transient thermodynamic coupling response problem of the structure in strong aerodynamic heating and force environment. By comparing various coupling calculations, it is demonstrated that the present algorithm could give a correct and reliable description of transient thermodynamic responses of structure, the rationality of the sequentially coupling method in engineering calculation is discussed, and the bending deformation mechanism produced by the thermodynamic coupling response from windward and leeward sides of flying body is revealed, which lays the foundation in developing the numerical method to solve material internal temperature distribution, structural deformation, and thermal damage induced by spacecraft dynamic thermoelasticity coupling response under uncontrolled reentry aerothermodynamic condition.
Extended Hydrodynamic Models and Multigrid Solver of a Silicon Diode Simulation
Authors: Hu Zhicheng , Li Ruo , Qiao Zhonghua 
Published: August 2016

AbstractExtended hydrodynamic models for carrier transport are derived from the semiconductor Boltzmann equation with relaxation time approximation of the scattering term, by using the globally hyperbolic moment method and the moment-dependent relaxation time. Incorporating the microscopic relaxation time and the applied voltage bias, a formula is proposed to determine the relaxation time for each moment equation, which sets different relaxation rates for different moments such that higher moments damp faster. The resulting models would give more satisfactory results of macroscopic quantities of interest with a high-order convergence to those of the underlying Boltzmann equation as the involved moments increase, in comparison to the corresponding moment models using a single relaxation time. In order to simulate the steady states efficiently, a multigrid solver is developed for the derived moment models. Numerical simulations of an n+-n-n+ silicon diode are carried out to demonstrate the validation of the presented moment models, and the robustness and efficiency of the designed multigrid solver.
Field-Free Molecular Orientation Induced by a Single-Cycle THz Laser Pulse Train
Authors: Zhang Xiao-Miao , Li Jian , Yu Jie , Cong Shu-Lin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe investigate theoretically the field-free orientation of CO molecules induced by a single-cycle THz laser pulse train. It is shown that the molecular orientation can be obviously enhanced by applying the pulse train. The laser intensity and pulse number have some effects on the molecular orientation. The high degree of field-free molecular orientation |⟨cosθ⟩|max=0.9246 is obtained at temperature T=0 K. The variations of the maximum orientation degree with the experimentally available pulse number and peak intensity are given. Temperature T has a considerable influence on the field-free molecular orientation. The maximal field-free molecular orientation at T=0, 10, 20 and 30 K for N=14 and E0=1.8 MV/cm are |⟨cosθ⟩|max=0.9188, 0.7338, 0.6055 and 0.5154 in order, and the corresponding effective duration times of molecular orientation are Δt=0.759, 0.432, 0.297 and 0.117 ps.
Impact of molecular structure on secondary organic aerosol formation from
aromatic hydrocarbon photooxidation under low-NOx conditions
Authors: Li Lijie , Tang Ping , Nakao Shunsuke , Cocker III David R. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The molecular structure of volatile organic compounds determines their oxidation pathway, directly impacting secondary organic aerosol (SOA) formation. This study comprehensively investigates the impact of molecular structure on SOA formation from the photooxidation of 12 different eight- to nine-carbon aromatic hydrocarbons under low-NOx conditions. The effects of the alkyl substitute number, location, carbon chain length and branching structure on the photooxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons are demonstrated by analyzing SOA yield, chemical composition and physical properties. Aromatic hydrocarbons, categorized into five groups, show a yield order of ortho (o-xylene and o-ethyltoluene) > one substitute (ethylbenzene, propylbenzene and isopropylbenzene) > meta (m-xylene and m-ethyltoluene) > three substitute (trimethylbenzenes) > para (p-xylene and p-ethyltoluene). SOA yields of aromatic hydrocarbon photooxidation do not monotonically decrease when increasing alkyl substitute number. The ortho position promotes SOA formation while the para position suppresses aromatic oxidation and SOA formation. Observed SOA chemical composition and volatility confirm that higher yield is associated with further oxidation. SOA chemical composition also suggests that aromatic oxidation increases with increasing alkyl substitute chain length and branching structure. Further, carbon dilution conjecture developed by Li et al. (2016) is extended in this study to serve as a standard method to determine the extent of oxidation of an alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbon.
The Diasporic Journeys of Louise Little: Grassroots Garveyism, the Midwest, and Community Feminism
Authors: McDuffie Erik S. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This article demonstrates the importance of women in leading Marcus Garvey’s Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA) at the grassroots level, the ways Garveyite women forged “community feminism,” and the understudied importance of the U.S. Midwest and Canada as key sites of diasporic protest through the life, activism, and legacy of Malcolm X’s mother, Louise Langdon Norton Little. Born in Grenada in 1900, Little stands as a major figure in twentieth-century black nationalism, Pan-Africanism, and the African Diaspora. Passionately committed to black self-determination and fiercely proud of African-descended people, she emerged as an important grassroots leader in the UNIA, which claimed six million members in the United States, Canada, the Caribbean, Central America, Africa, and Europe during the 1920s. She joined the UNIA in Montreal, Canada, after she emigrated there after World War I in search of a better life. In the coming years, Little served as an officer in the UNIA division in Omaha, Nebraska, and avidly discussed politics with Garvey when he visited the Littles’ home in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, in 1922. However, The Autobiography of Malcolm X portrays Louise Little one-dimensionally as a wretched figure, while historian Manning Marable’s biography on Malcolm X minimizes her active role in developing his political consciousness and in leading broader black freedom struggles. These prevailing narratives affirm literary scholar Carole Boyce Davies’s observation about the ways black women have been erased from scholarly analysis of the black radical tradition. Tracing the history of Louise Little provides a lens for appreciating the importance of women in leading Pan-Africanist movements, the making of community feminism at the grassroots level, and the importance of the U.S. Midwest and Canada as sites of diasporic protest.
Becoming Creole, Becoming Black: Migration, Diasporic Self-Making, and the Many Lives of Madame Maymie Leona Turpeau de Mena
Authors: Morris Courtney Desiree 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This article examines the complex life of one of the Universal Negro Improvement Association’s most charismatic but undertheorized figures, Madame Maymie Leona Turpeau de Mena. Relegated to the footnotes of UNIA history, the existing version of de Mena’s biography identifies her as an Afro-Nicaraguan immigrant who rose to the upper echelons of the UNIA. After years of serving as assistant international organizer and electrifying audiences throughout the hemisphere, she eventually assumed control of all the North American chapters of the UNIA, the editorship of the Negro World, and acted as Marcus Garvey’s representative in the United States and globally. Recently uncovered archival materials reveal that de Mena was actually born in St. Martinville, Louisiana, in 1879. How could such a prominent UNIA figure vanish from the historical record only to reappear and be so misunderstood? Part of the dilemma lies in the fact that de Mena appears to have intentionally altered the key elements of her biography to reflect her changing personal life and political commitments. This article maps de Mena’s shifting racial and political subjectivities as a transnational proto-feminist, moving through the landscapes of the U.S. Gulf South, Caribbean Central America, the U.S. Northeast, and preindependence Jamaica. It provides a critical corrective to de Mena’s existing biography and examines how black women moved through transnational political and cultural movements of the early twentieth century, authoring themselves into existence through intimate and public acts of diasporic self-making.
An Apparatus for Negro Women: Black Women’s Organizing, Communism, and the Institutional Spaces of Radical Pan-African Thought
Authors: Makalani Minkah 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This article examines the activities and ideas of black women Communists Grace Campbell and Williana Burroughs as Pan-African intellectuals. Campbell established key Harlem-based formations, which facilitated black radicals’ thinking about racial oppression in terms of housing, health, and childcare. Burroughs drew on her experiences in these formations when she became the first black woman to participate in an international Communist gathering in Moscow in 1928. While neither theorized an intersectional approach to race, gender, and class, their activism informed important Communist organizations. Rather than make a claim of intellectual or political origins, this article argues that Campbell, Burroughs, and other black women Communists created the conditions of possibility for black women such as Claudia Jones, who would go on to theorize her notions of super-exploitation and triple oppression, and emerge as one of the most important radical Pan-Africanist intellectuals in Harlem and London.
ESTIMATIVA DA ALTURA DA CAMADA LIMITE PLANETÁRIA DIURNA E NOTURNA NA CIDADE DE NATAL, ESTADO DO RIO GRANDE DO NORTE
Authors: Ribeiro Roberta Everllyn Pereira , Aragão Maria Regina da Silva , Sousa Leandro Fontes de , Fatima Magaly Correia de , Vilar Rafaella De Araújo Aires 
Published: August 2016

This study aims to estimate the PBL height and to investigate characteristics of its development by means of atmospheric sounding data obtained at 00 UTC and 12 UTC in a rainy month in the city of Natal-RN. The PBL height is estimated by applying the methods of the vertical profiles of potential temperature and mixing ratio, for daytime and nighttime. It was possible to estimate the PBL height for almost all soundings, by both methods in their majority. The mean PBL height is lower in nighttime. The lowest (highest) height estimated for the PBL top is 563m (2847m). The PBL height is, in general, lower in the first half of the month of study, May 2013.
ESTIMATIVA DA PROBABILIDADE DE OCORRÊNCIA DE PRECIPITAÇÃO, A PARTIR DE TÉCNICAS ESTATÍSTICAS NÃO PARAMÉTRICAS APLICADAS A SIMULAÇÕES NUMÉRICAS DE WRF. UM CASO DE ESTUDO
Authors: Rodríguez Lissette Guzmán , Anabor Vagner , Puhales Franciano Scremin , Piva Everson Dal 
Published: August 2016

In this paper was used the kernel density estimation (KDE), a nonparametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable, to obtain a probabilistic precipitation forecast, from an ensemble prediction with the WRF model. The nine members of the prediction were obtained by varying the convective parameterization of the model, for a heavy precipitation event in southern Brazil. Evaluating the results, the estimated probabilities obtained for periods of 3 and 24 hours, and various thresholds of precipitation, were compared with the estimated precipitation of the TRMM, without showing a clear morphological correspondence between them. For accumulated in 24 hours, it was possible to compare the specific values of the observations of INMET, finding better coherence between the observations and the predicted probabilities. Skill scores were calculated from contingency tables, for different ranks of probabilities, and the forecast of heavy rain had higher proportion correct in all ranks of probabilities, and forecasted precipitation with probability of 75%, for any threshold, did not produce false alarms. Furthermore, the precipitation of lower intensity with marginal probability was over-forecasted, showing also higher index of false alarms.
Demonstration of electron beam excitation laser using a GaInN-based multiquantum well active layer
Authors: Hayashi Takafumi , Nagata Noriaki , Senga Takashi , Iwayama Sho , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu , Matsumoto Takahiro 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this study, an electron beam excitation laser using a GaInN-based multiquantum well (MQW) active layer was investigated, and laser emission was observed for the first time from a GaInN-based MQW excited by an electron beam. This technology has the potential to provide access to an expanded wavelength region for the laser action of nitride-semiconductor-based lasers from deep UV to infrared.
Resistance switching memory operation using the bistability in current–voltage characteristics of GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes
Authors: Nagase Masanori , Takahashi Tokio , Shimizu Mitsuaki 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Resistance switching memory operations using the bistability in the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of GaN/AlN resonant tunneling diodes (RTDs) were investigated to realize an ultrafast nonvolatile memory operating at a picosecond time scale. Resistance switching memory operations based on electron accumulation due to intersubband transitions and electron release due to tunneling current were demonstrated with high reproducibility at room temperature when the leakage of electrons accumulating in the quantum well from the deep level in the AlN barrier was suppressed. A nonvolatile memory for the processor core in a normally off computing system is expected to be realized using the bistability in the I–V characteristics of GaN/AlN RTDs.