bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tick‐Borne Relapsing Fever in Dogs
Authors: Piccione J. , Levine G.J. , Duff C.A. , Kuhlman G.M. , Scott K.D. , Esteve‐Gassent M.D. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundIn the United States, Tick‐Borne Relapsing Fever (TBRF) in dogs is caused by the spirochete bacteria Borrelia turicatae and Borrelia hermsii, transmitted by Ornithodoros spp. ticks. The hallmark diagnostic feature of this infection is the visualization of numerous spirochetes during standard blood smear examination. Although the course of spirochetemia has not been fully characterized in dogs, in humans infected with TBRF the episodes of spirochetemia and fever are intermittent.ObjectivesTo describe TBRF in dogs by providing additional case reports and reviewing the disease in veterinary and human medicine.AnimalsFive cases of privately‐owned dogs naturally infected with TBRF in Texas are reviewed.MethodsCase series and literature review.ResultsAll dogs were examined because of lethargy, inappetence, and pyrexia. Two dogs also had signs of neurologic disease. All dogs had thrombocytopenia and spirochetemia. All cases were administered tetracyclines orally. Platelet numbers improved and spirochetemia and pyrexia resolved in 4 out of 5 dogs, where follow‐up information was available.Conclusion and Clinical ImportanceTBRF is likely underdiagnosed in veterinary medicine. In areas endemic to Ornithodoros spp. ticks, TBRF should be considered in dogs with thrombocytopenia. Examination of standard blood smears can provide a rapid and specific diagnosis of TBRF when spirochetes are observed.
Online nutrition information for pregnant women: a content analysis
Authors: Storr Tayla , Maher Judith , Swanepoel Elizabeth 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPregnant women actively seek health information online, including nutrition and food‐related topics. However, the accuracy and readability of this information have not been evaluated. The aim of this study was to describe and evaluate pregnancy‐related food and nutrition information available online. Four search engines were used to search for pregnancy‐related nutrition web pages. Content analysis of web pages was performed. Web pages were assessed against the 2013 Australian Dietary Guidelines to assess accuracy. Flesch–Kincaid (F‐K), Simple Measure of Gobbledygook (SMOG), Gunning Fog Index (FOG) and Flesch reading ease (FRE) formulas were used to assess readability. Data was analysed descriptively. Spearman's correlation was used to assess the relationship between web page characteristics. Kruskal–Wallis test was used to check for differences among readability and other web page characteristics. A total of 693 web pages were included. Web page types included commercial (n = 340), not‐for‐profit (n = 113), blogs (n = 112), government (n = 89), personal (n = 36) and educational (n = 3). The accuracy of online nutrition information varied with 39.7% of web pages containing accurate information, 22.8% containing mixed information and 37.5% containing inaccurate information. The average reading grade of all pages analysed measured by F‐K, SMOG and FOG was 11.8. The mean FRE was 51.6, a ‘fairly difficult to read’ score. Only 0.5% of web pages were written at or below grade 6 according to F‐K, SMOG and FOG. The findings suggest that accuracy of pregnancy‐related nutrition information is a problem on the internet. Web page readability is generally difficult and means that the information may not be accessible to those who cannot read at a sophisticated level. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Plant adaptive radiation mediated by polyploid plasticity in transcriptomes
Authors: Shimizu‐Inatsugi Rie , Terada Aika , Hirose Kyosuke , Kudoh Hiroshi , Sese Jun , Shimizu Kentaro K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe habitats of polyploid species are generally distinct from their parental species. Stebbins described polyploids as ‘general purpose genotypes’, which can tolerate a wide range of environmental conditions. However, little is known about its molecular basis because of the complexity of polyploid genomes. We hypothesized that allopolyploid species might utilize the expression patterns of both parents depending on environments (polyploid plasticity hypothesis). We focused on hydrological niche segregation along fine‐scale soil moisture and waterlogging gradients. Two diploid species,Cardamine amaraandCardamine hirsuta, grew best in submerged and unsubmerged conditions, respectively, consistent with their natural habitats. Interestingly, the allotetraploidCardamine flexuosaderived from them grew similarly in fluctuating as well as submerged and unsubmerged conditions, consistent with its wide environmental tolerance. A similar pattern was found in another species trio: allotetraploidCardamine scutataand its parents. Using the close relatedness ofCardamineandArabidopsis, we quantified genomewide expression patterns following dry and wet treatments using anArabidopsismicroarray. Hierarchical clustering analysis revealed that the expression pattern ofC. flexuosaclustered withC. hirsutain the dry condition and withC. amarain the wet condition, supporting our hypothesis. Furthermore, the induction levels of most genes in the allopolyploid were lower than in a specialist diploid species. This reflects a disadvantage of being allopolyploid arising from fixed heterozygosity. We propose that recurrent allopolyploid speciation along soil moisture and waterlogging gradients confers niche differentiation and reproductive isolation simultaneously and serves as a model for studying the molecular basis of ecological speciation and adaptive radiation.
Political Rivalry Effects on Human Capital Accumulation and Inequality: A New Political Economy Approach
Authors: Sochirca Elena , Afonso Oscar , Silva Sandra T. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe propose an endogenous growth model with new political economy elements in order to (1) examine how political incentives affect economic allocations and (2) study the effects of political rivalry on human capital accumulation and income inequality. Focusing on two important policies affecting economic performance—fiscal policy and public investments in human capital accumulation—we find that different political incentives have distinct effects on policies and economic allocations. We also find that political rivalry increases income inequality and reduces economic growth and human capital accumulation through its negative impact on public investments in education, wages and individual learning choice.
The bacterial SRP receptor, FtsY, is activated on binding to the translocon
Authors: Draycheva Albena , Bornemann Thomas , Ryazanov Sergey , Lakomek Nils‐Alexander , Wintermeyer Wolfgang 
Published: June 2016

SummaryProteins are inserted into the bacterial plasma membrane cotranslationally after translating ribosomes are targeted to the translocon in the membrane via the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The targeting pathway involves an interaction between SRP and the SRP receptor, FtsY. Here we focus on the role of FtsY and its interaction with the translocon in controlling targeting. We show that in unbound FtsY the NG and A domains interact with one another. The interaction involves the membrane‐targeting region at the junction between A and N domain. The closed form of FtsY is impaired in binding to SRP. Upon binding to the phospholipid‐embedded translocon the domains of FtsY move apart. This enhances the docking of the FtsY NG domain to the homologous NG domain of the SRP protein Ffh. Thus, FtsY binding to the translocon has a central role in orchestrating the formation of a quaternary transfer complex in which the nascent peptide is transferred to the translocon. We propose that FtsY activation at the translocon ensures that ribosome–SRP complexes are directed to available translocons. This way sequestering SRP in futile complexes with unbound FtsY can be avoided and efficient targeting to the translocon achieved.
Feedback control of Campylobacter jejuni flagellin levels through reciprocal binding of FliW to flagellin and the global regulator CsrA
Authors: Radomska Katarzyna A. , Ordoñez Soledad R. , Wösten Marc M. S. M. , Wagenaar Jaap A. , van Putten Jos P. M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBacterial flagella assembly is tightly regulated to ensure a timely and sequential production of the various flagellum constituents. In the pathogen Campylobacter jejuni the hierarchy in flagella biosynthesis is largely determined at the transcriptional level through the activity of the alternative sigma factors sigma54 and sigma28. Here, we report that C. jejuni flagellin levels are also controlled at the post‐transcriptional level via the thus far poorly‐characterized flagellar assembly factor FliW. Analysis of flagellin synthesis in C. jejuni 81116 and a ΔfliW knock‐out mutant showed reduced flagellin protein levels in the mutant strain while ectopic expression of FliW resulted in enhanced levels. Real‐time RT‐PCR revealed relatively minor changes in flaA and flaB mRNA levels for the recombinant and parent strain consistent with post‐transcriptional regulation. Purified FliW was found to bind to FlaA and FlaB flagellin as well as to the global post‐transcriptional regulator CsrA. Inactivation of CsrA resulted in increased levels of flagellin translation. An in vitro translation assay confirmed the regulatory role of CsrA in flagellin biosynthesis. We propose that competitive reciprocal binding of FliW to flagellins and the RNA binding protein CsrA serves as a feedback mechanism to control the number of cytosolic flagellin copies at the protein level.
Triggers and nursing influences on delirium in intensive care units
Authors: Piao Jinshi , Jin Yinji , Lee Sun‐Mi 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTAmong care providers, nurses have the most influence on the occurrence of delirium in patients. To identify and investigate the risk factors associated with delirium and analyse the nurse's influence on delirium, a secondary data analysis approach was used with clinical data from the electronic medical record and health care provider data from the management information systems of a university hospital. Data of 3284 patients (delirium = 688, non‐delirium = 2596) hospitalized in the medical and surgical intensive care units containing 2178 variables were analysed. Donabedian's structure‐process‐outcome model was applied to categorize the factors for multilevel hierarchical logistic regression analysis. Sixteen factors (10 patient factors, 1 provider factor, 1 environmental factor, 2 nursing intervention factors and 2 medical intervention factors) were identified as significant in the final model. Longer intensive care unit experience of nurses did not decrease the risk of delirium. Greater number of nursing intervention needs and greater use of restraints were associated with an increased risk of delirium. The duration of nursing career did not affect the reduction of the risk of delirium. Nurses should therefore endeavour to acquire nursing experience specific for delirium care and attend training courses for delirium management.
Enzyme‐driven metabolomic screening: a proof‐of‐principle method for discovery of plant defence compounds targeted by pathogens
Authors: Carere Jason , Colgrave Michelle L. , Stiller Jiri , Liu Chunji , Manners John M. , Kazan Kemal , Gardiner Donald M. 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Plants produce a variety of secondary metabolites to defend themselves from pathogen attack, while pathogens have evolved to overcome plant defences by producing enzymes that degrade or modify these defence compounds. However, many compounds targeted by pathogen enzymes currently remain enigmatic. Identifying host compounds targeted by pathogen enzymes would enable us to understand the potential importance of such compounds in plant defence and modify them to make them insensitive to pathogen enzymes.

Here, a proof of concept metabolomics‐based method was developed to discover plant defence compounds modified by pathogens using two pathogen enzymes with known targets in wheat and tomato. Plant extracts treated with purified pathogen enzymes were subjected to LC‐MS, and the relative abundance of metabolites before and after treatment were comparatively analysed.

Using two enzymes from different pathogens the in planta targets could be found by combining relatively simple enzymology with the power of untargeted metabolomics. Key to the method is dataset simplification based on natural isotope occurrence and statistical filtering, which can be scripted.

The method presented here will aid in our understanding of plant–pathogen interactions and may lead to the development of new plant protection strategies.
Scale dependence of canopy trait distributions along a tropical forest elevation gradient
Authors: Asner Gregory P. , Martin Roberta E. , Anderson Christopher B. , Kryston Katherine , Vaughn Nicholas , Knapp David E. , Bentley Lisa Patrick , Shenkin Alexander , Salinas Norma , Sinca Felipe , Tupayachi Raul , Quispe Huaypar Katherine , Montoya Pillco Milenka , Ccori Álvarez Flor Delis , Díaz Sandra , Enquist Brian J. , Malhi Yadvinder 
Published: June 2016

Summary

Average responses of forest foliar traits to elevation are well understood, but far less is known about trait distributional responses to elevation at multiple ecological scales. This limits our understanding of the ecological scales at which trait variation occurs in response to environmental drivers and change.

We analyzed and compared multiple canopy foliar trait distributions using field sampling and airborne imaging spectroscopy along an Andes‐to‐Amazon elevation gradient. Field‐estimated traits were generated from three community‐weighting methods, and remotely sensed estimates of traits were made at three scales defined by sampling grain size and ecological extent.

Field and remote sensing approaches revealed increases in average leaf mass per unit area (LMA), water, nonstructural carbohydrates (NSCs) and polyphenols with increasing elevation. Foliar nutrients and photosynthetic pigments displayed little to no elevation trend. Sample weighting approaches had little impact on field‐estimated trait responses to elevation. Plot representativeness of trait distributions at landscape scales decreased with increasing elevation. Remote sensing indicated elevation‐dependent increases in trait variance and distributional skew.

Multiscale invariance of LMA, leaf water and NSC mark these traits as candidates for tracking forest responses to changing climate. Trait‐based ecological studies can be greatly enhanced with multiscale studies made possible by imaging spectroscopy.
Genetic architecture of plant height in maize phenotype‐selected introgression families
Authors: Abdel‐Ghani Adel H. , Hu Songlin , Chen Yongsheng , Brenner Everton A. , Kumar Bharath , Blanco Michael , Lübberstedt Thomas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study aimed at developing, characterizing and evaluating two maize phenotypic‐selected introgression libraries for a collection of dominant plant height (PHT)‐increasing alleles by introgressing donor chromosome segments (DCS) from Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) accessions into elite inbred lines: PHB47 and PHZ51. Different backcross generations (BC1‐BC4) were developed and the tallest 23 phenotype‐selected introgression families (PIFs) from each introgression library (PHB47 or PHZ51) were selected for single nucleotide polymorphism genotyping to localize DCS underlying PHT. The result shows that most PIFs carrying DCS were significantly (α = 0.01) taller than the respective recurrent parent. In addition, they contained larger donor genome proportions than expected in the absence of selection or random mating across all BC generations. The DCS were distributed over the whole genome, indicating a complex genetic nature underlying PHT. We conclude that our PIFs are enriched for favourable PHT‐increasing alleles. These two libraries offer opportunities for future PHT gene isolation and allele characterization and for breeding purposes, such as novel cultivars for biofuel production.
Intestinal malrotation needs immediate consideration and investigation
Authors: Ezer Semire Serin , Oguzkurt Pelin , Temiz Abdulkerim , Ince Emine , Gezer Hasan Ozkan , Demir Senay , Hicsonmez Akgun 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of this study was to evaluate clinical presentation, diagnostic studies, and volvulus rate and to describe the unusual clinical clues of intestinal malrotation.MethodsA retrospective descriptive review was carried out of all patients diagnosed with intestinal malrotation between 2002 and 2014. Patients were divided into two groups: infants (≤1 year, n = 16; group 1); and children (>1 year, n = 12; group 2). Patient demographics, clinical history, symptoms, physical examination, diagnostic work‐up, operative findings and early outcome were evaluated.ResultsBilious vomiting was the cardinal complaint in both groups. Unusual symptoms such as respiratory insufficiency, dehydration, afebrile convulsion, and lethargy were prominent symptoms in six patients in group 1, whereas history of frequent hospitalization due to recurrent abdominal pain and feeding intolerance were prominent in six patients in group 2. Midgut volvulus was identified in 15 patients, four of whom were in group 2. Standard Ladd's procedure was done in addition to correction of volvulus.ConclusionMalrotation with or without midgut volvulus is not a rare condition and should be kept in mind for any age group. Specific signs of diagnosis are not easily identified. In the case of unusual clinical presentation, diagnosis may be delayed and can result in catastrophic consequences if intestinal perfusion occurs. Although midgut volvulus is seen most frequently in infants, risk and complication rate are high beyond 1 year of age as well, and can manifest as failure to thrive, food intolerance, and abdominal pain needing recurrent hospitalization. Diagnostic suspicion and interdisciplinary coordination are essential for timely diagnosis and surgical treatment.
Maintenance of B cells during chronic murine Trypanosoma brucei gambiense infection
Authors: Cnops J. , Kauffmann F. , De Trez C. , Baltz T. , Keirsse J. , Radwanska M. , Muraille E. , Magez S. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryAfrican trypanosomosis is a debilitating parasitic disease occurring in large parts of sub‐Saharan Africa. Trypanosoma brucei gambiense accounts for 98% of the reported HAT infections and causes a chronic, gradually progressing disease. Multiple experimental murine models for trypanosomosis have demonstrated inflammation‐dependent apoptosis of splenic follicular B (FoB) cells and the destruction of B‐cell memory against previously encountered pathogens. Here, we report that during murine infection with a chronic T. b. gambiense field isolate, FoB cells are retained. This coincided with reduced levels of IFN‐γ and TNF‐α during the acute phase of the infection. This result suggests that in chronic infections with low virulent parasites, less inflammation is elicited and consequently no FoB cell destruction occurs.
Sm–Nd and Ar–Ar Isotopic Dating of the Nuri Cu–W–Mo Deposit in the Southern Gangdese, Tibet: Implications for the Porphyry‐Skarn Metallogenic System and Metallogenetic Epochs of the Eastern Gangdese
Authors: Chen Lei , Qin Kezhang , Li Guangming , Li Jinxiang , Xiao Bo , Zhao Junxing , Fan Xin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Nuri Cu–W–Mo deposit is a large newly explored deposit located at the southern margin of the Gangdese metallogenic belt. There are skarn and porphyry mineralizations in the deposit, but the formation age of the skarn and the relationship between the skarn and porphyry mineralizations are controversial. Constraints on the precise chronology are of fundamental importance for understanding the ore genesis of the Nuri deposit. To determine the formation age of the skarn, we chose garnets and whole rock skarn samples for Sm–Nd dating. We also selected biotite associated with potassic alteration for Ar–Ar dating to confirm the ore formation age of the porphyry mineralizations. The Sm–Nd ages of the skarn are 25.73 ± 0.92 – 25.2 ± 3.9 Ma, and the age of the potassic alteration is 24.37 ± 0.32 Ma. The results indicate that the skarn and porphyry mineralization are coeval and belong to a unified magmatic hydrothermal system. Combined with a previous molybdenite Re–Os age, we think that the hydrothermal activity of the Nuri deposit lasted for 1.2 – 2.1 Myr, which indicates that the mineralization formed rapidly. The chronologic results indicate that the Nuri deposit formed in the period of transformation from compression to extension in the late collisional stage of the collision between the Indian and Eurasian continents.
An intelligent geospatial processing unit for image classification based on geographic vector agents (GVAs)
Authors: Borna Kambiz , Moore Antoni B. , Sirguey Pascal 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSpatial modeling methods usually use pixels and image objects as fundamental processing units to address real‐world objects, geo‐objects, in image space. To do this, both pixel‐based and object‐based approaches typically employ a linear two‐staged workflow of segmentation and classification. Pixel‐based methods segment a classified image to address geo‐objects in image space. In contrast, object‐based approaches classify a segmented image to identify geo‐objects from raster datasets. These methods lack the ability to simultaneously integrate the geometry and theme of geo‐objects in image space. This article explores Geographical Vector Agents (GVAs) as an automated and intelligent processing unit to directly address real‐world objects in the process of remote sensing image classification. The GVA is a distinct type of geographic automata characterized by elastic geometry, dynamic internal structure, neighborhoods and their respective rules. We test this concept by modeling a set of objects on a subset IKONOS image and LiDAR DSM datasets without the setting parameters (e.g. scale, shape information), usually applied in conventional Geographic Object‐Based Image Analysis (GEOBIA) approaches. The results show that the GVA approach achieves more than 3.5% improvement for correctness, 2% improvement for quality, although no significant improvement for completeness to GEOBIA, thus demonstrating the competitive performance of GVAs classification.
Regulation of the lysophosphatidylserine and sphingosine 1‐phosphate levels in autologous whole blood by the pre‐storage leukocyte reduction
Authors: Nagura Y. , Tsuno N. H. , Kano K. , Inoue A. , Aoki J. , Hirowatari Y. , Kaneko M. , Kurano M. , Matsuhashi M. , Ohkawa R. , Tozuka M. , Yatomi Y. , Okazaki H. 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYBackground and objectivesThe effect of leukoreduction and storage periods on the accumulation of bioactive lysophospholipids and substances in human autologous blood (AB units) has not been fully investigated.Materials and methodsThe accumulation of bioactive lysophospholipids such as sphingosine 1‐phosphate (S1P) and lysophosphatidylserine (LysoPS) in AB units during the storage was investigated. The time‐dependent changes and the effect of the filtration in pre‐storage leuckoreduction (LR) and unmodified samples derived from 46 AB units were analysed. Additionally, the changes of lysophospholipids and platelet releasate, namely β‐thromboglobulin (β‐TG), induced by exposure of whole blood (WB) or platelet‐rich plasma (PRP) to the filter material were analysed.ResultsLysoPS, but not S1P levels, time‐dependently and significantly increased in both unmodified and LR samples. LysoPS significantly decreased in LR compared with unmodified samples, whereas S1P increased in LR compared with unmodified samples. In addition, exposure of WB and/or PRP to the filter material in vitro resulted in increased levels of S1P, LysoPS and β‐TG.ConclusionsLR effectively reduced the accumulation of LysoPS in AB units. On the other hand, it increased concentrations of S1P due to platelet activation by exposure to the filter material. These suggest that increases of S1P levels in LR and LysoPS in the unmodified samples were mainly caused by the leukocytes and/or platelets and that LR was effective in inhibiting the accumulation of LysoPS.