bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Developing a predictive model to identify Sea Lamprey parasitism on Lake Trout using biologgers
Authors: Reeve Connor , Adams Jean V. , Miehls Scott M. , Lowe Michael R. , Cooke Steven J. , Moser Mary , Brownscombe Jacob W. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Objective
Sea Lamprey Petromyzon marinus remain problematic for Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush restoration in the Laurentian Great Lakes. Fisheries assessments would benefit from knowledge of spatial–temporal patterns of Sea Lamprey parasitism on Lake Trout; however, such patterns are challenging to estimate from wounding rates on caught Lake Trout. Electronic tags have been used to identify distinct fish behaviors (e.g., foraging or spawning) using measurements of acceleration or heart rate. We hypothesized that Sea Lamprey attachment would elicit changes in the heart rate and swimming behavior of Lake Trout. Here, we determined whether tagging devices could record these changes and whether we could accurately predict lamprey attachment on Lake Trout using these recordings.

Methods
Adult Lake Trout (n = 34) were implanted with acceleration and heart rate tags and then were subjected to Sea Lamprey parasitism within a laboratory setting. Approximately 70 different acceleration and heart rate metrics were collected and tried as predictors of lamprey attachment. The top variables were used to train random forest models and then tried on test data sets. The accuracy of these models was then validated using a jackknife approach.

Result
Metrics related to body orientation and heart rate were identified as the best predictors of Sea Lamprey attachment. The best models predicted lamprey attachments with high accuracy; however, individual-level jackknife tests resulted in less accurate cross-individual prediction and regularly predicted false negatives. These findings may be related to individual variance in the Lake Trout response to attachment, but there was evidence that the shifting of tags after implantation impacted predictive performance, which could be remedied with adjustments during implantation.

Conclusions
Our study highlights the potential to use tagging devices for quantifying Sea Lamprey attachments on Lake Trout in the wild. Further development appears necessary; however, once improved, these predictive models have the potential to generate field-based estimates of Sea Lamprey attack rates on Lake Trout.
Emerging Trends in CdS‐Based Nanoheterostructures: From Type‐II and Z‐Scheme toward S‐Scheme Photocatalytic H2 Production
Authors: Ullah Ikram , Zhao Pei , Qin Ning , Chen Shuai , Li Jing‐Han , Xu An‐Wu 
Published: October 2024

AbstractCadmium sulfide (CdS) based heterojunctions, including type‐II, Z‐scheme, and S‐scheme systems emerged as promising materials for augmenting photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) generation from water splitting. This review offers an exclusive highlight of their fundamental principles, synthesis routes, charge transfer mechanisms, and performance properties in improving H2 production. We overview the crucial roles of Type‐II heterojunctions in enhancing charge separation, Z‐scheme heterojunctions in promoting redox potentials to reduce electron‐hole (e−/h+) pairs recombination, and S‐scheme heterojunctions in combining the merits of both type‐II and Z‐scheme frameworks to obtain highly efficient H2 production. The importance of this review is demonstrated by its thorough comparison of these three configurations, presenting valuable insights into their special contributions and capability for augmenting photocatalytic H2 activity. Additionally, key challenges and prospects in the practical applications of CdS‐based heterojunctions are addressed, which provides a comprehensive route for emerging research in achieving sustainable energy goals.
Functional analysis of PagERF021 gene in salt stress tolerance in Populus alba × P. glandulosa
Authors: Fan Gaofeng , Gao Yuan , Wu Xinyue , Yu Yingying , Yao Wenjing , Jiang Jiahui , Liu Huanzhen , Jiang Tingbo 
Published: October 2024

AbstractPoplar trees are crucial for timber and greening, but high levels of salt in the soil have severely limited the yield of poplar. Ethylene response factor (ERF) transcription factors play an important role in growth, development, and stress response in eukaryotes. Our study focused on the PagERF021 gene from Populus alba × P. glandulosa, which was significantly upregulated in various tissues under salt stress [Correction added on October 4, 2024, after first online publication: “ETS2 reporter factor” is changed to “Ethylene response factor”.]. Both the tissue‐specific expression pattern and β‐glucuronidase (GUS) staining of proPagERF021‐GUS plants indicated that this gene was predominantly expressed in the roots and stems. The subcellular localization showed that the protein was only localized in the nucleus. The yeast assay demonstrated that this protein had transcriptional activation activity at its C‐terminal and could specifically binding to the MYB‐core cis‐element. The overexpression of PagERF021 gene could scavenge the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and reduce the degree of cellular membrane damage, indicating that this gene enhanced the salt tolerance of poplars. This finding will provide a feasible insight for future research into the regulatory mechanisms of ERF genes in resisting to abiotic stress and the development of new stress‐resistant varieties in plants.
An Integrated Spatial Fuzzy‐Based Site Suitability Assessment Framework for Agricultural BMP Placement
Authors: Mirnasl Nayyer , Akbari Aidin , Philpot Simone , Hipel Keith W. , Deadman Peter 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTAssigning crisp class boundaries to landscape features can result in the loss of vital information for land evaluation objectives, especially when these boundaries lack clear definitions. This challenge becomes particularly pronounced when land suitability is assessed for implementing agricultural best management practices (BMPs)—conservation measures aimed at reducing the environmental risks of farming activities to aquatic ecosystems while simultaneously achieving water quality and economic objectives. To address the limitations associated with Boolean suitability assessment frameworks, we have introduced an integrated spatial, fuzzy‐based land evaluation framework that considers a range of hydrological and economic determinants for BMP placement. By employing data‐driven fuzzy membership functions and overlay operators, this framework generates a joint suitability index for BMP placement across agricultural watersheds. The application of the proposed framework to the Thames River Watershed in southwestern Ontario, Canada, produced the first joint suitability index of the watershed. Further analysis of the average farm‐level joint suitability scores identified statistically significant clusters of highly suitable and unsuitable lands for BMP placement, with 85% of highly suitable lands being situated in the upper basin areas. The proposed framework is adaptable to various agricultural production geographies, especially in data‐limited environments, allowing for strategic BMP placement to mitigate the global impacts of anthropogenic nutrient loadings on aquatic ecosystems. For optimal results, context‐specific applications should prioritize research on locally relevant fuzzy membership functions and BMP implementation drivers.
Effect of Microplastic Exposure to the Reproductive Energy and Fecundity of Female Wami Tilapia (Oreochromis urolepis, Norman 1922) Fish
Authors: Mbugani John J. , Shilla Daniel A. , Kimaro Wahabu , Shilla Dativa Joseph , Khan Farhan R. 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTThere is mounting evidence indicating that microplastics (MPs, < 5 mm) cause reproductive dysfunction in fish, yet information on the long‐term effects of MP exposure remains scarce. In this study, Wami tilapia fries were exposed to 38–45 µm polyethylene (PE) MPs for their first 2 months in treatment groups of control (0 PE MPs/mL), 1, 10, and 100 PE MPs/mL (with 60 individuals per group in triplicates), and subsequently maintained in a ratio of 3 females to 1 male for an additional 5 months. Reproductive proxies and parameters of female fish health were calculated, and models were developed according to the Akaike information criterion (AIC) and no significant differences in fecundity, relative fecundity, hepatosomatic index (HSI), weight, length, gonadosomatic index, and oocyte packing density were found between treatment groups (one‐Way ANOVA, p > 0.05). However, condition factors varied significantly between treatment groups (Kruskal–Wallis Test, p = 0.006), with the control group differing significantly from the groups exposed to 1 PE MPs/mL (p = 0.007), 10 PE MPs/mL (p = 0.03), and 100 PE MPs/mL (p = 0.001). Fecundity showed strong correlations with weight and length in all treatment groups except the group exposed to 10 PE MPs/mL (weight: r = 0.471, p = 0.346; length: r = 0.688, p = 0.131) and showed insignificant correlations with condition factors and HSI. Multiple regression models revealed that weight significantly contributed to fecundity in all treatment groups except the group exposed to 10 PE MPs/mL. Histopathological analysis indicated damage to livers and small intestines proportional to the dose of PE MPs. This study demonstrates that long‐term exposure of fish to MPs has no significant effect on fecundity but impairs fish health, which could potentially jeopardize the quality of fish eggs and recruitment.
Fly Ash Amendments Reduced Heavy Metal Availability and Uptake in Leafy Vegetables Grown in Agricultural Soils From Selibe Phikwe, Botswana
Authors: Ultra Venecio U. , Taupedi Sekgele Bobby , Gaothobogwe Koziba , Manyiwa Trust , Gajaje Katumelo 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTPoor waste management of mining operations in Selibe Phikwe, Botswana, has resulted in elevated levels of heavy metals (HM) in farmlands and crops near the mining regions, contaminating the food chain and posing a health risk. To mitigate HM contamination in food crops grown in this area, different soil amendments were evaluated for their potential to reduce heavy metal uptake and accumulation in harvested crops. A two‐factor complete randomized design was used to conduct a pot experiment in which varied rates of fly ash (FA) were applied to HM‐contaminated soil in combination with compost and/or NPK inorganic fertilizers. On this setup, two successive cropping of rape and spinach crops were established. Changes in soil chemical characteristics and heavy metal availability, as well as yield and heavy metal content of harvested plants, were monitored. Our findings showed that the addition of FA from 5% to 15% (w/w) had significantly improved the yield, and reduced the concentration of arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), and lead (Pb) in shoots for both spinach and rape. Additional application of compost and/or inorganic fertilizer further improved the yield but the optimum yield was obtained through the combination of 10% FA + compost for both spinach and rape. The highest reduction of As, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Mn in the shoots of spinach and rape was obtained in soils amended with 10% FA + compost + NPK fertilizer. Improvement of growth due to different amendments could be attributed to their ability to modify soil chemical properties, reduce available heavy metals in soils, and provide essential nutrients for plants. Optimum results based on growth and heavy metal mitigation can be attained by the application of 10% FA and the addition of compost + NPK fertilizer for both spinach and rape. Further verification and efficacy tests under field conditions are recommended.
The Effects of Pregnancy Status on Lacrimal Caruncle Temperature, Intraocular Pressure and Rectal Temperature in Cats: A Preliminary Study
Authors: Ozcan Candemir , Safak Tarik , Dellalbasi Ayse Basak , Dogan Elif 
Published: October 2024

ABSTRACTObjectiveThe objectives of this study were to compare the body temperatures between pregnant and nonpregnant cats from two sites, lacrimal caruncle temperature (LCT) and rectal temperature (RT), and to compare intraocular pressure (IOP) between pregnant and nonpregnant cats.Animal studiedThis study was performed on 13 pregnant and 16 anoestrous cats.ProceduresThe gestation period of the pregnant cats ranged from 20 to 45 days. A vaginal smear was also performed to determine the sexual cycles of nonpregnant cats. The IOP was measured using a rebound tonometer.ResultsThe pregnant cats (38 ± 0.7°C) exhibited a lower RT than the nonpregnant cats (38.5 ± 0.5°C) (p < 0.05). No significant differences existed between the pregnant and nonpregnant groups in the right (R)‐LCT or left (L)‐LCT (p > 0.05). The average LCT temperature measured 32.30 ± 2.23°C in cats. The right (R)‐IOP in pregnant cats (17.69 ± 5.6 mm Hg) was significantly lower than in nonpregnant cats (22.37 ± 5.27 mm Hg) (p < 0.029). Pregnant cats exhibited a significantly lower left (L)‐IOP value (17.69 ± 5.76 mm Hg) compared to nonpregnant cats (23.18 ± 5.55 mm Hg) (p < 0.015).ConclusionThis study presents a preliminary report that documents a noteworthy reduction in RT in pregnant cats (38 ± 0.7°C) as compared to cats in anoestrus. Pregnancy also has an effect on the IOP. It was hypothesised that the hormonal changes induced by pregnancy in cats would have a substantial impact on IOP and RT. Although body temperature can be measured using LCT, RT should still be utilised as the reference measurement site.
Quantifying the effects of size exclusion on colloidal particle transport in porous media at a pore scale and column scale
Authors: Wang Changxi , Šimůnek Jirka , Liu Yuqi , Duan Zhaofei , Liao Renkuan 
Published: October 2024

AbstractColloid‐facilitated transport has been widely acknowledged as a significant contributor to surface water and groundwater pollution. Compared to water‐dissolved solutes, colloids are subject to a size exclusion effect (SEE) due to their inherent size when transported through porous media. However, only a few studies have quantitatively assessed SEE on colloid transport in porous media. In this study, we conducted dynamic observation experiments (in a quartz sand micro‐model) using a high‐speed camera and directly observed the size exclusion phenomenon of colloid transport in pores. Moreover, we further performed column experiments to quantitatively characterize the breakthrough curves of silica colloids with diameters ranging from 0.1 to 5 µm through different‐size sands. Silica colloids displayed a distinct SEE, as demonstrated by their earlier breakthroughs compared to the NaNO3 tracer. This observation served as a quantitative indicator of the SEE. The breakthrough curves were fitted using the advection‐dispersion equation to quantify this phenomenon, allowing for calculating the water saturation that is inaccessible to mobile colloids (γ). It was determined that γ exhibited a significant negative linear correlation (p < 0.01) with the average grain size (d50) of porous media. Additionally, power–law correlations were identified between γ and the colloid diameter (dp) and dp/d50. When the grain size of porous media remained below 1031 µm, an increase in the colloid diameter (from 0.1 to 5 µm) resulted in a more noticeable SEE, leading to the proportion of inaccessible pore regions to all pores increasing from 0.017 to 0.098, with this change following a power–law trend. These findings provide valuable insights into quantifying the SEE on silica colloids during transport in porous media. Furthermore, they provide theoretical support for future quantitative research on the mechanisms underlying colloid‐facilitated transport.
Seasonal nitrogen removal in an outdoor microalgal polyculture at Nordic conditions
Authors: Mattsson Lina , Farnelid Hanna , Hirwa Maurice , Olofsson Martin , Svensson Fredrik , Legrand Catherine , Lindehoff Elin 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMicroalgal solutions to clean waste streams and produce biomass were evaluated in Nordic conditions during winter, spring, and autumn in Southeast Sweden. The study investigated nitrogen (N) removal, biomass quality, and safety by treating industrial leachate water with a polyculture of local microalgae and bacteria in open raceway ponds, supplied with industrial CO2 effluent. Total N (TN) removal was higher in spring (1.5 g−2d−1), due to beneficial light conditions compared to winter and autumn (0.1 and 0.09 g−2d−1). Light, TN, and N species influenced the microalgal community (dominated by Chlorophyta), while the bacterial community remained stable throughout seasons with a large proportion of cyanobacteria. Winter conditions promoted biomass protein (19.6–26.7%) whereas lipids and carbohydrates were highest during spring (11.4–18.4 and 15.4–19.8%). Biomass toxin and metal content were below safety levels for fodder, but due to the potential presence of toxic strains, biofuels or fertilizer could be suitable applications for the algal biomass.Practitioner points
Microalgal removal of nitrogen from leachate water was evaluated in Nordic conditions during winter, spring, and autumn.
Total nitrogen removal was highest in spring (1.5 g−2d−1), due to beneficial light conditions for autotrophic growth.
Use of local polyculture made the cultivation more stable on a seasonal (light) and short‐term (N‐species changes) scale.
Toxic elements in produced algal biomass were below legal thresholds for upcycling.
The Standard Model of Particle Physics
Authors: Raven Will 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn this chapter, we explore the fascinating world of particle physics and the Standard Model of Particle Physics. We discuss the constraints of the Schrödinger equation and the necessity of quantum field theory, introducing key concepts like antimatter, vacuum fluctuations, and Feynman diagrams. The chapter details the fundamental particles and forces in the Standard Model and highlights unresolved questions, such as dark matter, dark energy, and the integration of gravity. Additionally, we examine the role of virtual particles and the impact of vacuum fluctuations on our understanding of particle interactions. We aim to provide a comprehensive overview of the current state of particle physics and the exciting challenges that lie ahead.
Single-Event Effect Prediction Methodologies
Authors: Aguiar Ygor Quadros de , Wrobel Frédéric , Autran Jean-Luc , García Alía Rubén 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe use of circuit modeling and simulation has long been established as a fundamental approach in studying physical phenomena, particularly in the field of electronics for understanding the behavior of MOS transistors. Likewise, in the investigation of electronic components’ susceptibility to radiation effects, numerous models have been developed and documented in the literature to analyze the diverse interaction mechanisms at both the device and circuit levels. This chapter provides an introduction to circuit modeling and simulation techniques specifically tailored for studying single-event effects (SEEs). The aim is to elucidate the underlying principles and methodologies employed in simulating the impact of radiation on electronic circuits. Furthermore, we will outline the multi-scale and multi-physics prediction workflow that will be employed throughout the remainder of this book.
Superconformal indices of 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$ = 2 SCFTs and holography
Authors: Bobev Nikolay , Choi Sunjin , Hong Junho , Reys Valentin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
We study the superconformal index of 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 superconformal field theories on S1 ×ωS2 in the Cardy-like limit where the radius of the S1 is much smaller than that of the S2. We show that the first two leading terms in this Cardy-like expansion are dictated by the Bethe Ansatz formulation of the topologically twisted index of the same theory. We apply this relation to 3d $$ \mathcal{N} $$
N
= 2 holographic superconformal field theories describing the low-energy dynamics of N M2-branes and derive closed form expressions, valid to all orders in the 1/N expansion, for the two leading terms in the Cardy-like expansion of the superconformal index. We also discuss the implications of our results for the entropy of supersymmetric Kerr-Newman black holes in AdS4 and the four-derivative corrections to 4d gauged supergravity.
Point Potentials on Euclidean Space, Hyperbolic Space and Sphere in Any Dimension
Authors: Dereziński Jan , Gaß Christian , Ruba Błażej 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn dimensions $$d=1,2,3$$

d
=
1
,
2
,
3

, the Laplacian can be perturbed by a point potential. In higher dimensions, the Laplacian with a point potential cannot be defined as a self-adjoint operator. However, for any dimension there exists a natural family of functions that can be interpreted as Green’s functions of the Laplacian with a spherically symmetric point potential. In dimensions 1, 2, 3, they are the integral kernels of the resolvent of well-defined self-adjoint operators. In higher dimensions, they are not even integral kernels of bounded operators. Their construction uses the so-called generalized integral, a concept going back to Riesz and Hadamard. We consider the Laplace(–Beltrami) operator on the Euclidean space, the hyperbolic space and the sphere in any dimension. We describe the corresponding Green’s functions, also perturbed by a point potential. We describe their limit as the scaled hyperbolic space and the scaled sphere approach the Euclidean space. Especially interesting is the behavior of positive eigenvalues of the spherical Laplacian, which undergo a shift proportional to a negative power of the radius of the sphere. We expect that in any dimension our constructions yield possible behaviors of the integral kernel of the resolvent of a perturbed Laplacian far from the support of the perturbation. Besides, they can be viewed as toy models illustrating various aspects of renormalization in quantum field theory, especially the point-splitting method and dimensional regularization.
Single cell–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-MS) reveals metallic heterogeneity in a macrophage model of infectious diseases
Authors: Davison Claire , Pascoe Jordan , Bailey Melanie , Beste Dany J. V. , Felipe-Sotelo Mónica 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSingle cell–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry (SC-ICP-MS) offers an attractive option for rapidly measuring trace metal heterogeneity at the single cell level. Chemical fixation has been previously applied to mammalian cells prior to sample introduction so that they can be resuspended in a solution suitable for SC-ICP-MS. However, the effect of fixation on the elemental composition of suspended cells is unknown, and robust methodologies are urgently needed so that the community can measure the effects of intracellular pathogens on elemental composition of their host cells. We demonstrate that different fixatives impact measured cell elemental composition. We have compared suspensions treated using different fixatives (methanol 60–100% in H2O and 4% paraformaldehyde in phosphate-buffered saline solution), and the number of distinguishable single cell events, keeping a constant particle number concentration. Significantly more single cell events (n = 3, P ≤ 0.05) were observed for Ca and Mg when cells were fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde than for the methanol-based fixatives, confirming the hypothesis that methanol fixatives cause leaching of these elements from the cells. The impact of fixation on Mn and Zn was less pronounced. Microbial and viral infection of eukaryotic cells can have profound effects on their elemental composition, but chemical fixation is necessary to render infected cells safe before analysis. We have successfully applied our methodology to a macrophage model of tuberculosis demonstrating utility in understanding metal homeostasis during microbial infection of mammalian cells.
Graphical Abstract