bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Snow-blind in a Blizzard of Their Own Making: Bodies of Structural Harmony and White Male Negrophobes in the Work of Frantz Fanon
Authors: Welcome H. Alexander 
Published: January 2017

AbstractFrantz Fanon's Black Skin, White Masks is an analysis of lived experience, experiences supported or inhibited by our group, and individual interactions with the world. Present in the text is an accounting of the lived experiences of Negrophobic white males. Fanon argues that Negrophobic white males live their bodies and their worlds inauthentically, as improperly limited possibilities. He finds that the Negrophobic white male's body operates as a body of “structural harmony.” The Negrophobe tries to use his interactions with others to delude himself into believing that his body is the pinnacle of agency. The Negrophobe is troubled by guilt. Projecting, what he sees as, his socially acceptable characteristics onto fellow white males and projecting, what he sees as, his socially unacceptable characteristics onto black males allows the Negrophobic white male to perpetuate the lie that he is the pinnacle of innocence. Removing this mythical blackness into the background of his world would allow the Negrophobe to exist in a world that is all white. He would be white. All of the Other people in this world would be white. And, they would all be innocent. In this world the prevalence of whiteness would mean that the Negrophobe and his guilt could not be seen because everyone would be suffering from snow-blindness.
Lydgate at Long Melford: Reassessing the Testament and “Quis Dabit Meo Capiti Fontem Lacrimarum” in Their Local Context
Authors: Davis Matthew Evan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
The extracodical stanzas of John Lydgate's Testament and “Quis Dabit Meo Capiti Fontem Lacrimarum” in the Clopton chantry chapel of the Great Church of Holy Trinity, Long Melford, not only are two intriguing witnesses differing in presentation and language from the manuscript copies but also can be considered as part of a rhetorical program wherein the Lydgate works serve to connect the Clopton family as the benefactors of the chapel to the fabric of the church and the larger community. With the careful selection of particular Lydgate stanzas and their placement alongside visual objects, the result is a text that is unique to the particular context of Long Melford and which reflects not only Lydgate but the parish community as a whole. For this reason, both context and content have to be considered when presenting these verses, rather than relying simply on the text itself.
De discretionaire ruimte bij het gebruik van geweld: hoe kleiner, hoe beter?
Authors: Noppe Jannie 
Published: January 2017

Discretion in police use of force: the smaller, the better?
First line police officers need a certain amount of discretion as they have to deal with various and complex situations on a daily basis. In this article the author examines the extent to which police officers have room for discretion in their use of force. We start from Mastrofski’s proposition that in case of decisions to use deadly force (use of firearm) police officers’ discretionary space must be restricted as much as possible. In case of less intrusive use of force, police officers may have more room for discretion. We used data from a small survey in three local police forces in Belgium to examine whether police officers have similar opinions on the decision to use their firearm – in comparison with the decision to use lower levels of force (non-firearm/non-lethal). Furthermore, we compare police officers who are highly trained in the use of force, with less trained police officers. Our results indicate that police officers are indeed more univocal when it comes to decisions to use their firearm, especially in case of more trained police officers.
Virtual Touch Tissue Imaging and Quantification in the Evaluation of Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Zhou Hang , Zhou Xian‐Li , Xu Hui‐Xiong , Li Dan‐Dan , Liu Bo‐Ji , Zhang Yi‐Feng , Xu Jun‐Mei , Bo Xiao‐Wan , Li Xiao‐Long , Guo Le‐Hang , Qu Shen 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate the diagnostic performance of a 2‐dimensional shear wave elastographic technique (Virtual Touch tissue imaging and quantification [VTIQ]; Siemens Medical Solutions, Mountain View, CA) for predicting thyroid malignancy.MethodsA total of 302 thyroid nodules underwent conventional sonography and VTIQ before fine‐needle aspiration examination or surgery. Compared with histopathologic or cytologic results in combination with follow‐up, the diagnostic performance of various shear wave speed (SWS) indices (minimum [SWSmin], maximum [SWSmax], and mean [SWSmean]) on VTIQ as well as conventional sonographic features for predicting thyroid malignancy was evaluated in all of the nodules.ResultsSixty‐five malignant and 237 benign thyroid nodules were histopathologically or cytologically confirmed. All SWS indices on VTIQ were lower in benign nodules than thyroid malignancy (all P < .001). For discrimination between malignant and benign nodules, all VTIQ SWS indices were better than conventional sonographic features, such as a solid component, a taller‐than‐wide shape, microcalcification, a poorly defined margin and hypoechogenicity, in predicting thyroid malignancy (all P < .05). By applying a cutoff SWSmean value of 2.60 m/s, VTIQ achieved sensitivity and negative predictive values of 84.6% and 94.3%, respectively, for differentiating nodules. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of SWSmax (0.862 versus 0.717), SWSmin (0.866 versus 0.717), and SWSmean (0.891 versus 0.725) for nodules larger than 10 mm were higher than those for nodules of 10 mm or smaller (all P < .05). Interoperator and intraoperator reproducibility was proven to be excellent, with all interclass correlation coefficient values higher than 0.80 (range, 0.813–0.905)ConclusionsVirtual Touch tissue imaging and quantification is a useful and reproducible tool for predicting thyroid malignancy.
Implementation of a 4‐Year Point‐of‐Care Ultrasound Curriculum in a Liaison Committee on Medical Education–Accredited US Medical School
Authors: Wilson Sean P. , Mefford Jason M. , Lahham Shadi , Lotfipour Shahram , Subeh Mohammad , Maldonado Gracie , Spann Sophie , Fox John C. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe established benefits of point‐of‐care ultrasound have given rise to multiple new and innovative curriculums to incorporate ultrasound teaching into medical education. This study sought to measure the educational success of a comprehensive and integrated 4‐year point‐of‐care ultrasound curriculum.MethodsWe integrated a curriculum consisting of traditional didactics combined with asynchronous learning modules and hands‐on practice on live models with skilled sonographers into all 4 years of education at a Liaison Committee on Medical Education–accredited US Medical School. Each graduating student was administered an exit examination with 48 questions that corresponded to ultrasound milestones.ResultsNinety‐five percent (n = 84) of fourth‐year medical students completed the exit examination. The mean score was 79.5% (SD, 10.2%), with mean scores on the ultrasound physics and anatomy subsections being 77.1% (SD, 11.0%) and 85.9% (SD, 21.0%), respectively.ConclusionsA comprehensive 4‐year point‐of‐care ultrasound curriculum integrated into medical school may successfully equip graduating medical students with a fundamental understanding of ultrasound physics, anatomy, and disease recognition.
Analytical Glow Discharges: Fundamentals, Applications, and New Developments
Authors: Bengtson Arne , Hoffmann Volker , Kasik Martin , Marshall Kim 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOptical (atomic absorption spectroscopy, AAS; atomic emission spectroscopy, AES) and mass spectrometric (magnetic sector and time‐of‐flight, TOF) instrumentation are well suited for coupling to the glow discharge (GD).The GD source is a relatively simple device. A potential gradient (500–1500 V) is applied between an anode and cathode. In most cases, the sample is also the cathode. A noble gas (e.g. Ar, Ne, Kr, and Xe) is introduced into the discharge region before power initiation. When a potential is applied, electrons are accelerated toward the anode. As these electrons accelerate, they collide with gas atoms. A fraction of these collisions is of sufficient energy to remove an electron from a support gas atom, forming an ion. These ions are, in turn, accelerated toward the cathode. These ions impinge on the surface of the cathode, sputtering sample atoms from the surface. Sputtered atoms that do not redeposit on the surface diffuse into the excitation/ionization regions of the plasma where they can undergo excitation and/or ionization via a number of collisional processes.GD sources offer a number of distinct advantages that make them well suited for specific types of analyses. These sources provide analytically useful gas‐phase species from solid samples and can be interfaced with a variety of spectroscopic and spectrometric instruments for both quantitative and qualitative analyses. GD sources afford direct analysis of solid samples, thus minimizing the sample preparation required for analysis. According to the nature of this plasma, the atomization and excitation processes are separated in space and time that helps to minimize the matrix effects that plague so many other elemental techniques. This low influence of the matrix is also supported by the fact that the plasma consists mainly of the discharge gas and the sample is only present in low concentration. Unfortunately, the GD source functions optimally in a dry environment, making analysis of solutions more difficult. The GD sources are working optimally with conductive samples and in low‐pressure environment. It makes adaptation of GD sources for analysis of nonconductive samples and samples with high vapor pressure difficult and challenging.In this article, first the principles of operation of the GD plasma are reviewed, with an emphasis on how those principles relate to optical spectroscopy and mass spectrometry (MS). Basic applications of the GD techniques are considered next. These include bulk analysis, surface analysis, and the analysis of solutions and gaseous samples. The requirements necessary to obtain optical information are addressed following the analytical applications. This section focuses on the instrumentation needed to make optical measurements using the GD as an atomization/excitation source. Finally, mass spectrometric instrumentation is addressed as it pertains to the use of a GD plasma as an ion source.
Medication Nonadherence in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus: A Systematic Review
Authors: Mehat Pavandeep , Atiquzzaman Mohammad , Esdaile John M. , AviÑa‐Zubieta Antonio , De Vera Mary A. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveMedication nonadherence has not been well characterized in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Our objective was to a conduct a systematic review of the literature, examining the burden and determinants of medication nonadherence in SLE.MethodsWe conducted a systematic search of Medline (1946–2015), Embase (1974–2015), and Web of Science (1900–2015) databases and selected original studies of SLE patients that evaluated nonadherence to SLE therapies as the primary study outcome. We extracted information on study design, sample size, length of followup, data sources, type of nonadherence problem examined, adherence measures and reported estimates, and determinants of adherence reported in multivariable analyses.ResultsAfter screening 4,111 titles, 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. Study sample sizes ranged from 32 to 246 patients, and studies were categorized according to data source: self‐report (5), electronic monitoring devices (1), clinical records from rheumatology clinics (3), and refill information from pharmacy records (2). Overall, the percentage of nonadherent patients ranged from 43% to 75%, with studies consistently reporting that over half of patients are nonadherent. Studies also showed that up to 33% of patients discontinue therapy after 5 years. Determinants of nonadherence included having depression, rural residence, lower education level, and polypharmacy.ConclusionOverall, synthesis of current evidence suggests that the burden of medication nonadherence is substantial in SLE. Findings highlight the importance of developing interventions to support adherence and improve outcomes among patients.
Association Between Menopausal Factors and the Risk of Seronegative and Seropositive Rheumatoid Arthritis: Results From the Nurses’ Health Studies
Authors: Bengtsson Camilla , Malspeis Susan , Orellana Cecilia , Sparks Jeffrey A. , Costenbader Karen H. , Karlson Elizabeth W. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate whether menopausal factors are associated with the development of serologic rheumatoid arthritis (RA) phenotypes.MethodsData were analyzed from the Nurses’ Health Studies (NHS; 1976–2010 and NHSII 1989–2011). A total of 120,700 female nurses ages 30–55 years in the NHS, and a total of 116,430 female nurses ages 25–42 years in the NHSII, were followed via biennial questionnaires on lifestyle and disease outcomes. In total, 1,096 incident RA cases were confirmed by questionnaire and chart review. Seropositive RA was defined as rheumatoid factor positive (RF) or antibodies to citrullinated protein antigen (ACPA) positive, and seronegative RA was defined as RF negative and ACPA negative. We used Cox proportional hazards models to obtain multivariable‐adjusted hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) of seropositive/seronegative RA associated with menopausal status, age at menopause, type of menopause, ovulatory years, and postmenopausal hormone therapy (PMH) use.ResultsPostmenopausal women had a 2‐fold increased risk of seronegative RA, compared with premenopausal women (NHS: HR 1.8 [95% CI 1.1–3.0], NHSII: HR 2.4 [95% CI 1.4–3.9], and pooled HR 2.1 [95% CI 1.4–3.0]). Natural menopause at early age (≤44 years) was associated with an increased risk of seronegative RA (pooled HR 2.4 [95% CI 1.5–4.0]). None of the menopausal factors was significantly associated with seropositive RA. We observed no association between PMH use and the risk of seronegative or seropositive RA, except that PMH use of ≥8 years was associated with increased risk of seropositive RA (pooled HR 1.4 [95% CI 1.1–1.9]).ConclusionPostmenopause and natural menopause at an early age were strongly associated with seronegative RA, but only marginally with seropositive RA, suggesting potential differences in the etiology of RA subtypes.
A facile route to develop hydrophilicity on the polyolefin surface for biomedical applications
Authors: Siddiqa Akhtar J. , Maji Somnath , Chaudhury Koel , Adhikari Basudam 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this study, the surface of low‐density polyethylene (LDPE) was functionalized with maleic anhydride (MA) using solution grafting method in the presence of benzoyl peroxide (BPO), an initiator. The surface chemistry of the grafted LDPE was characterized using different characterization tools. The effect of MA grafting for analysis of bulk properties such as the change in mechanical strength and thermal properties was studied. Further, the nanoindentation study was performed to analyze the surface mechanical property after MA grafting. Biocompatibility studies were carried out using NIH‐3T3 cells through MTT assay test. FTIR analysis revealed the presence of carboxylic groups on LDPE surface. The contact angle value was found to be 44 ± 3°, which confirms the development of hydrophilicity in LDPE. Cell viability was found >75% in MTT assay. These results suggested that the prepared hydrophilic LDPE is a potential candidate for biomedical applications and surface coatings with other polar polymer.
Hay fever, asthma, and eczema and early infectious diseases among children in Kilimanjaro, Tanzania
Authors: Wander Katherine , Shell‐Duncan Bettina , Brindle Eleanor , O'Connor Kathleen 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesTo investigate the hygiene (or “old friends”) hypothesis in a high‐infectious disease (ID) environment, rural Kilimanjaro, Tanzania.MethodsAmong a cross‐sectional sample of 2‐ to 7‐year‐old children, we collected physician‐diagnosed hay fever, asthma, and eczema, history of hospitalization, family size, and household environment information via questionnaire; performed active and passive surveillance for ID; and, evaluated total immunoglobulin E (IgE) and biomarkers of inflammation in dried blood spot specimens. We used regression models to describe patterns in allergic diseases.ResultsComplete information was available for 280 children: 12.5% had been diagnosed with hay fever; 18.9% with eczema; 2.1% with asthma. There was a positive association between hay fever and eczema diagnoses (π2: 4.07; P = 0.044); total IgE was positively associated with eczema (β: 0.24; P = 0.100) and allergic diseases together (β: 0.26; P = 0.042). ID were common: the incidence of any ID diagnosis was 28 per 100 children per month. Hay fever was inversely associated with household animals (OR: 0.27; P = 0.006), and positively associated with earth housing materials (OR: 1.93; P = 0.079) and hospitalization in infancy with an ID (3.16; P = 0.066); patterns were similar when allergic disease outcomes were considered together. Few associations between these predictors and eczema or asthma alone were apparent.ConclusionsAllergic diseases were common among children in Kilimanjaro. The inverse association between household animals and allergy is consistent with the hygiene/old friends hypothesis; however, positive associations between allergic diseases and earth housing materials and early hospitalization with ID bear further explanation.
Cryptosporidiosis outbreak at an academic animal research laboratory―Colorado, 2014
Authors: Hancock‐Allen Jessica , Alden Nisha B. , Cronquist Alicia B. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundAfter cryptosporidiosis was reported in three workers caring for preweaned calves at an academic research laboratory, we sought to identify cases, determine risk factors, and implement control measures.MethodsA cryptosporidiosis case was defined as diarrhea duration ≥72 hr, abdominal cramps, or vomiting in an animal research laboratory worker during July 14–July 31. A confirmed case had laboratory evidence of Cryptosporidium infection. Staff were interviewed regarding illness, potential exposures, training, and personal protective equipment (PPE) standard operating procedures (SOPs).ResultsThe cryptosporidiosis attack rate (AR) was 74% (20/27); five were laboratory‐confirmed. Median job training was 2 hr including respiratory‐fit testing. No SOPs existed for doffing PPE. AR for workers who removed their gloves first was 84% (16/19) compared with 20% (1/5) for workers who removed gloves last (risk ratio = 4.2; P < 0.02).ConclusionsThis outbreak highlights the importance of adequate training, enforced proper PPE procedures, and promoting a culture of safety. Am. J. Ind. Med. 60:208–214, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
First‐principle calculations of optical properties of monolayer arsenene and antimonene allotropes
Authors: Xu Yuanfeng , Peng Bo , Zhang Hao , Shao Hezhu , Zhang Rongjun , Zhu Heyuan 
Published: January 2017

Recently a stable monolayer of antimony in buckled honeycomb structure called antimonene was successfully grown on 3D topological insulator Bi2Te3 and Sb2Te3, which displays novel semiconducting properties. By first‐principle calculations, we systematically investigate the electronic and optical properties of α‐ and β‐allotropes of monolayer arsenene/antimonene. The obtained electronic structures reveal that the direct band gap of α‐arsenene/antimonene is much smaller than the indirect band gap of their β‐counterpart, respectively. Significant absorption is observed in α‐antimonene, which can be used as a broad saturable absorber. For β‐arsenene/antimonene, the reflectivity is low and the absorption is negligible in the visible region when the polarization along the out‐plane direction, indicating that β‐arsenene/antimonene are polarizationally transparent materials.image
Solubilisierung von Membranproteinen in funktionelle Lipiddoppelschicht‐Nanodiscs mithilfe eines Diisobutylen/ Maleinsäure‐Copolymers
Authors: Oluwole Abraham Olusegun , Danielczak Bartholomäus , Meister Annette , Babalola Jonathan Oyebamiji , Vargas Carolyn , Keller Sandro 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNach Entfernung aus ihrer natürlichen Umgebung sind Membranproteine auf membranmimetische Systeme angewiesen, um ihre nativen Strukturen und Funktionen beizubehalten. Als Alternativen zu Detergensmizellen und Liposomen wurden für die In‐vitro‐Membranproteinforschung Lipiddoppelschicht‐Nanodiscs eingeführt, die von Gerüstproteinen oder amphiphilen Polymeren wie Styrol/Maleinsäure(SMA)‐Copolymeren umgrenzt sind. Hier zeigen wir, dass ein alternierendes Diisobutylen/Maleinsäure(DIBMA)‐Copolymer bei der Solubilisierung von Phospholipiden SMA ebenbürtig ist, ein integrales Membranenzym in funktionellen Doppelschicht‐Nanodiscs stabilisiert und Proteine unterschiedlicher Größen direkt aus zellulären Membranen extrahiert. Im Gegensatz zu aromatischem SMA hat aliphatisches DIBMA nur einen milden Effekt auf die Lipid‐Acylkettenordnung, interferiert nicht mit optischer Spektroskopie im fernen UV‐Bereich und präzipitiert nicht in Gegenwart von niedrigen millimolaren Konzentrationen zweiwertiger Kationen.
Ein S‐oxygenierter [NiFe]‐Komplex als Modell für Sulfenat‐ intermediate einer O2‐toleranten Hydrogenase
Authors: Lindenmaier Nils J. , Wahlefeld Stefan , Bill Eckhard , Szilvási Tibor , Eberle Christopher , Yao Shenglai , Hildebrandt Peter , Horch Marius , Zebger Ingo , Driess Matthias 
Published: January 2017

AbstractUm das Wissen über die aerobe Umsetzung von Diwasserstoff durch eine lösliche, NAD+‐reduzierende [NiFe]‐Hydrogenase auf molekularer Ebene zu vertiefen, wird hier der erste bioinspirierte, heterobimetallische S‐oxygenierte [NiFe]‐Komplex als strukturelles und schwingungsspektroskopisches Modell des sauerstoffinhibierten aktiven Zentrums vorgestellt. Dieser S‐oxygenierte Komplex und seine nicht‐S‐oxygenierte Variante wurden vollständig charakterisiert. Die elektronischen Strukturen beider Verbindungen wurden experimentell sowie durch theoretische Untersuchungen aufgeklärt, wobei ein besonderes Augenmerk auf der verbrückenden Sulfenatogruppe lag. Aufbauend auf den schwingungsspektroskopischen Eigenschaften dieser Verbindungen können außerdem neue Strategien zur Untersuchung von S‐oxygenierten Intermediaten in Hydrogenasen und verwandten Enzymen vorgeschlagen werden.
Clamped Hybridization Chain Reactions for the Self‐Assembly of Patterned DNA Hydrogels
Authors: Wang Jianbang , Chao Jie , Liu Huajie , Su Shao , Wang Lianhui , Huang Wei , Willner Itamar , Fan Chunhai 
Published: January 2017

AbstractDNA hydrogels hold great potential for biological and biomedical applications owing to their programmable nature and macroscopic sizes. However, most previous studies involve spontaneous and homogenous gelation procedures in solution, which often lack precise control. A clamped hybridization chain reaction (C‐HCR)‐based strategy has been developed to guide DNA self‐assembly to form macroscopic hydrogels. Analogous to catalysts in chemical synthesis or seeds in crystal growth, we introduced DNA initiators to induce the gelation process, including crosslinked self‐assembly and clamped hybridization in three dimensions with spatial and temporal control. The formed hydrogels show superior mechanical properties. The use of printed, surface‐confined DNA initiators was also demonstrated for fabricating 2D hydrogel patterns without relying on external confinements. This simple method can be used to construct DNA hydrogels with defined geometry, composition, and order for various bioapplications.