bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of the Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) to Identify Behaviors Associated With Appropriate Gestational Weight Gain During Pregnancy
Authors: Cohen Tamara R. , Plourde Hugues , Koski Kristine G. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The Pregnancy Physical Activity Questionnaire (PPAQ) assesses physical activity practices of pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to identify specific pregnancy practices that were associated with a healthy gestational weight gain (GWG).Methods:Associations between PPAQ scores, pedometer steps, energy intakes (EI), energy expenditures (EE), and rate of GWG were assessed for 61 pregnant women in their second or third trimester during a home visit. Principle component analyses (PCA) were used to cluster PPAQ questions into Factors associated with either rate or total GWG, physical activity (PA), EE, EI, and parity.Results:PCA identified 3 Factors: Factor 1 associated EE with parity and child care; Factor 2 clustered several structured exercise activities; and Factor 3 grouped walking, playing with pets, and shopping with pedometer steps. Only Factor 3 clustered steps with weekly rate of GWG. EI was not associated with PA or GWG.Conclusions:PCA analysis identified 15 of 32 PPAQ questions that were related to increased physical activity in pregnant women, but only walking and pedometer steps were associated with GWG. Our analysis supports daily walking as the preferred PA for achieving a healthy rate of GWG.
Prompting Health Professionals to Be Activity Role Models—Motivating Stair Use at the 2001 ACSM Scientific Meeting
Authors: Andersen Ross E. , Bauman Adrian E. , Franckowiak Shawn C. , Reilley Sue M. , Marshall Alison L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:This intervention promoted stair use among people attending the American College of Sports Medicine (ACSM) annual meeting.Methods:All attendees using the stairs or escalators in the main lobby were unobtrusively observed for 3 days and coded for activity choices to get to the second floor. During day 2, a prominent sign stating “Be a role model. Use the stairs!” encouraged point-of-choice decisions favoring stairs over the escalator. The sign was removed on day 3.Results:16,978 observations were made. Stair use increased from 22.0% on day 1 to 29.3% and 26.8% on days 2 and 3, respectively (P values < .001). Active choices (stair use or walk up escalator) increased from 28.3% on day 1 to 40.1% and 40.2% on subsequent days. Analyses were similar after adjustment for gender, estimated age category, and race.Conclusions:Relatively few conference attendees were persuaded to model stair-use behavior. Health professionals should be encouraged to be “active living” role models.
Physical Fitness and Academic Achievement in Elementary School Children
Authors: Eveland-Sayers Brandi M. , Farley Richard S. , Fuller Dana K. , Morgan Don W. , Caputo Jennifer L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The benefits of physical fitness are widely acknowledged and extend across many domains of wellness. The association between fitness and academic achievement, however, remains to be clarified, especially in young children. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between fitness and academic achievement in elementary school children.Methods:Data were collected from 134 third-, fourth-, and fifth-grade children. One-mile run time, body mass index, curl-up, and sit-and-reach data were collected from physical education instructors in Middle Tennessee. The percentage of questions answered correctly for the mathematics and reading/language arts sections of the Terra-Nova achievement test was taken as a measure of academic achievement.Results:A negative association (P < .01) was noted between 1-mile run times and mathematics scores (r = –.28), whereas a positive relationship (P < .05) was observed between muscular fitness and mathematics scores (r = .20). Relative to sex differences, inverse relationships (P < .05) were observed between 1-mile run times and reading/language arts and mathematics scores in girls (r = –.31 and –.36, respectively), but no significant associations were evident in boys.Conclusions:Results from this study support a link between specific components of physical fitness and academic achievement in elementary school children.
Leisure-Time Walking and Compliance With ACSM/AHA Aerobic-Related Physical Activity Recommendations: 1999–2004 NHANES
Authors: Fitzhugh Eugene C. , Thompson Dixie L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Adults integrate walking into their leisure-time (LT) in a variety of ways, including the use of walking as their only outlet for leisure-time physical activity (LTPA). The purpose of this study was to examine how LT walking relates to compliance with the 2007 ACSM/AHA guidelines for aerobic-related physical activity (PA).Methods:The study sample (N = 14,470 adults, 20+ years of age) came from the 1999 to 2004 NHANES. PA Interviews (past month) allowed each LT active subject to be classified by walking behavior (LTPA Active-No Walking, Walking-Only, Walking-Plus other LTPA). Walking prevalence, frequency (bouts per week), duration (minutes per bout), and compliance with ACSM/AHA recommendations were examined in SUDAAN.Results:Overall, 34.4% of adults in the U.S. walk in their LT. Among these active LT walkers, 34.8% were Walking-Only and 65.2% were Walking-Plus adults. Related to compliance with PA recommendations, Walking-Only (29.4%; 95% CI = 26.3 to 32.5) adults were significantly less likely than Walking-Plus (74.6%; 95% CI = 72.6 to 76.7) adults to be compliant with guidelines. The frequency of LTPA explains this difference in compliance (3.4 vs. 7.6 bouts/week, respectively).Conclusions:Walking-Only adults should be targeted for increased compliance with PA recommendations by promoting walking frequency and added variety among LTPAs.
Assessing the Capacity of State Physical Activity Programs—A Baseline Perspective
Authors: Calise Tamara Vehige , Martin Sarah 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical inactivity is one of the top 3 risk factors associated with an increased prevalence of obesity and other chronic diseases. The public health infrastructure positions state health departments to address physical inactivity. To examine preparedness, all 50 health departments were assessed, using the 5 benchmarks developed by CDC for physical activity and public health practice, on their capacity to administer physical activity programs.Methods:States were scored on a 5-point scale for each benchmark. The top 2 high and low scores were combined to create 2 categories. Exact Chi-square analyses were performed.Results:States with CDC obesity funding scored higher on 4 benchmarks than states without. States with a state physical activity plan scored higher on all benchmarks than states without. States with a physical activity coalition scored higher on 2 benchmarks than states without.Conclusions:At the time of the assessment, approximately 20% of state physical activity programs could have improved in the use of evidence-based strategies and planning and evaluation approaches. Furthermore, many programs seemed to have limited sustainability. The findings of this report serve as a baseline of the capacity and infrastructure of state health department physical activity programs.
PE2GO: Program Evaluation of a Physical Activity Program in Elementary Schools
Authors: Martin Maurice W. , Martin Sarah , Rosengard Paul 
Published: August 2016

Background:PE2GO is a self-contained physical education (PE) program that provides classroom teachers with the tools they need to lead developmentally appropriate PE lessons. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the PE2GO pilot programs in 6 school districts across the United States.Methods:We used paper and pencil surveys at pre intervention (n = 114) and mid intervention (n = 94) and an electronic survey at post intervention (n = 65). In addition an electronic survey was sent to administrators at preintervention (n = 18); focus groups were conducted with teachers at mid intervention for a broader perspective. The study took place September 2004 through May 2005.Results:Results indicate that teachers were satisfied with the PE2GO program and the perceived effects it had on their students. Teachers reported that students increased their time engaged in physical activity (128.7−181.1 minutes per week pre-to-post intervention). Administrator support was important (ie, associated with improvement), but not always present.Conclusion:In conclusion, the PE2GO program holds promise for the concept of providing in-class physical activity opportunities for students.
Examining the Role of Churches in Adolescent Girls’ Physical Activity
Authors: Pfeiffer Karin , Colabianchi Natalie , Dowda Marsha , Porter Dwayne , Hibbert James , Pate Russell R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:In adults, associations between church attendance and positive health behaviors exist; however, similar evidence among children and youth is lacking. The purposes of this investigation were to examine the associations between physical activity (PA) and church attendance, PA and use of church as a PA facility, and PA and proximity to churches among those who use church as a PA facility (while addressing racial and geographical differences).Methods:High school girls (N = 915, age = 17.7 ± 0.6 years, 56% African American) completed the 3-Day Physical Activity Recall and surveys including demographics and use of PA facilities. Geographic Information Systems data were used to spatially examine the number of churches within a 0.75-mile street network buffer around girls’ homes. Associations were examined using mixed model analyses controlling for demographic factors.Results:For the overall sample, total METs (56 versus 52) and proportion of girls meeting PA guidelines (62% vs. 52%) were significantly higher in church attendees versus nonattendees. Among participants who used facilities, having more churches close to home was associated with more PA.Conclusions:Church attendance and use are correlates of physical activity that should be further explored and addressed in future intervention research with adolescent girls.
An Exploration of Children’s Perceptions and Enjoyment of School-Based Physical Activity and Physical Education
Authors: Coulter Maura , Woods Catherine B. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The promotion of physical activity among young children has become a universal challenge. Children spend large amounts of time in school, making it an attractive setting in which to promote positive health behaviors. The purpose of this study was to investigate school-based physical activity behavior and its determinants in young Irish children.Methods:Participants self-reported school-based free-play activity, commuting to school behavior, and levels of enjoyment of physical education and physical activity.Results:Data were collected from 605 children, mean age was 8.8 years (±2.2; range 5−14 years), 44% were female. Thirty-nine percent of children actively commuted to school, with 40% of males compared with 34.8% of females walking to school. Boys reported more physically active free-play activity (88.6% at break and 90.9% at lunch time) compared with girls (70.8% and 83.7% respectively). Physical education was a top 3 favorite subject for 78% of children and 50.7% reported they would prefer to take part in more active pastimes directly after school.Conclusions:Strategies for increasing active commuting are required. Boys and girls are more alike than unlike in their behaviors and attitudes. Teachers should capitalize on the fact that children’s favorite subject is physical education to promote physical activity.
The Role of Physical Activity and Diet on Overall and Central Obesity Incidence
Authors: Camões Miguel , Oliveira Andreia , Lopes Carla 
Published: August 2016

Objective:Evaluate the role of different types of physical activity (PA) and diet on overall and central obesity incidence.Methods:A cohort study with 1621 adults was conducted in an urban Portuguese population. Anthropometrics were objectively obtained during 1999−2003 and 2005−2008. Overall, obesity was defined by a body mass index (BMI) ≥ 30.0 kg/m2 and central obesity by a waist circumference (WC) > 88.0 cm in women and >102.0 cm in men. Usual PA and dietary intake were assessed using validated questionnaires. Analyses of obesity incidence were conducted through different types of PA and a “healthy” dietary score.Results:Significant inverse associations were found between leisure-time PA and obesity incidence, namely among subjects classified into the last tertile of energy expenditure, who had approximately a 40% lower risk of developing the disease. Despite higher energy intakes, individuals with a high Physical Activity Level (PAL > 1.60) were significantly protected against obesity incidence, relative risks (RR) = 0.25 (0.09−0.72) and RR = 0.47(0.27−0.94), for overall and central obesity, respectively. No significant associations were found between dietary score and obesity incidence rates.Conclusions:In our population, leisure-time PA played a significant role in preventing obesity. In both overall and central obesity, PAL above 60% of the resting metabolic rate and moderate energy intake seem to strike the right balance to prevent obesity.
The Role of Recreational Spaces in Meeting Physical Activity Recommendations Among Middle School Students
Authors: Chomitz Virginia Rall , Aske Denise Burke , McDonald Julia , Cabral Howard , Hacker Karen Ann 
Published: August 2016

Background:There is growing recognition of the importance of recreational space utilization for promoting physical activity (PA) among youth.Methods:An cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 926 diverse 6th-8th grade students in Somerville, MA. Participants completed the 2007 Youth Risk Surveillance Survey (YRBS). Chi-square testing and logistical regression modeling were performed to predict meeting national PA recommendations for moderate, vigorous, and 60 minutes or more (60+) PA.Results:The participants reported meeting recommended PA levels for moderate (27%), vigorous (70%) and 60+ (21%) PA. In multivariate analysis, being male and speaking English were significantly associated with meeting all 3 PA recommendations. Recreational spaces significantly associated with meeting PA recommendations included neighborhood parks and walk/bike paths, playing fields and courts, and recreational centers. Recreational space utilization varied by gender, race/ethnicity, and language.Conclusions:Recreational space utilization was an important predictor of meeting PA recommendations among middle school students. Our results showed that PA attainment and recreational space utilization varied by demographic characteristics. The role of each recreational space in predicting PA varied depending on the outcome used. This study demonstrates the potential use of YRBS data to inform resource allocation for PA promotion in diverse communities.
Association of Physical Activity and Atrial Fibrillation
Authors: Müller-Riemenschneider Falk , Andersohn Frank , Ernst Sabine , Willich Stefan N. 
Published: August 2016

Background:There is controversy regarding the association of physical activity (PA) and atrial fibrillation (AF). This systematic review aims to summarize the evidence regarding the association of PA at different levels and AF.Methods:A structured search of databases was performed until December 2009. Studies that investigated the association between PA and AF were included and assessed by 2 researchers according to selection criteria and methodological quality. The overall quality of evidence was rated according to the Grade system.Results:Of 855 publications, 10 met the inclusion criteria. The risk of uncontrolled bias and confounding was profound and there was substantial heterogeneity regarding observed associations. One methodologically rigorous study reported substantial risk reductions associated with moderate intensity PA. Another indicated modest increases in risk with high levels of vigorous PA. Five methodologically less reliable studies reported large increases in risk due to regular sport practice.Conclusion:The overall quality of evidence indicating increases in risk of AF is low. Most reports of large increases in risk appear to be overestimated substantially. In light of the public health importance of regular PA, contradictory recommendations concerning the participation in PA should be considered cautiously before more rigorous studies have investigated this issue.
Exploring Park Director Roles in Promoting Community Physical Activity
Authors: Marsh Terry , Derose Kathryn Pitkin , Cohen Deborah A. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Parks provide numerous opportunities for physical activity (PA). Previous studies have evaluated parks’ physical features, but few have assessed how park staff influence PA.Methods:We conducted semistructured interviews with 49 park directors, focusing on perceptions of their role, park programs, marketing and outreach, external collaborations, and PA promotion. Directors also completed a questionnaire providing demographics, education and training, and other personal characteristics.Results:Park directors’ descriptions of their roles varied widely, from primarily administrative to emphasizing community interaction, though most (70% to 80%) reported offering programs and community interaction as primary. Including PA in current programs and adding PA-specific programs were the most commonly reported ways of increasing PA. Also noted were facility and staffing improvements, and conducting citywide marketing. Many directors felt inadequately trained in marketing. Most parks reported community collaborations, but they appeared fairly superficial. An increasing administrative burden and bureaucracy were recurring themes throughout the interviews.Conclusions:Staff training in marketing and operation of PA programs is needed. Partnerships with health departments and organizations can help facilitate the PA promotion potential of parks. As there are competing views of how parks should be managed, standardized benchmarks to evaluate efficiency may help to optimize usage and PA promotion.
The Development of an Instrument to Measure Effectiveness in Campus Recreation Programs
Authors: Weese W. James 
Published: August 2016

Organizational effectiveness continues to be a popular topic in management settings, seminars, and research projects. Similar levels of interest prevail in the area of sport management, although most of the attention is expressed in the elite sport areas. This paper provides an overview of the organizational effectiveness literature with specific application to the area of recreationalintramural sport programs in institutions of higher learning.The Target Population Satisfaction Index (TPSI) instrument is introduced as an instrument to measure organizational effectiveness in these programs. The author outlines the steps taken to develop and test the instrument as well as a suggested protocol for administering the instrument. The TPSI instrument was subjected to a number of psychometric assessments and is presented as a valid and reliable measurement tool.
Continuous Compression as an Effective Therapeutic Intervention in Treating Eccentric-Exercise-Induced Muscle Soreness
Authors: Kraemer William J. , Bush Jill A. , Wickham Robbin B. , Denegar Craig R. , Gomez Ana L. , Gotshalk Lincoln A. , Duncan Noel D. , Volek Jeff S. , Newton Robert U. , Putukian Margot , Sebastianelli Wayne J. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Prior investigations using ice, massage, or exercise have not shown efficacy in relieving delayed-onset muscle soreness.Objectives:To determine whether a compression sleeve worn immediately after maximal eccentric exercise enhances recovery.Design:Randomized, controlled clinical study.Setting:University sports medicine laboratory.Participants:Fifteen healthy, non-strength-trained men, matched for physical criteria, randomly placed in a control group or a continuous compression-sleeve group (CS).Methods and Measures:Subjects performed 2 sets of 50 arm curls. 1RM elbow flexion at 60°/s, upper-arm circumference, resting-elbow angle, serum creatine kinase (CK), and perception-of-soreness data were collected before exercise and for 3 days.Results:CK was significantly (P < .05) elevated from the baseline value in both groups, although the elevation in the CS group was less. CS prevented loss of elbow extension, decreased subjects’ perception of soreness, reduced swelling, and promoted recovery of force production.Conclusions:Compression is important in soft-tissue-injury management.
Time Course of Habituation After Repeated Ice-Bath Immersion of the Ankle
Authors: Rubley Mack D. , Holcomb William R. , Guadagnoli Mark A. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Cryotherapy is initially uncomfortable, but habituation is thought to occur during treatment.Objective:To examine pain habituation to ice-bath immersion over 5 consecutive days.Design:Mean Borg ratings were analyzed by ANOVA.Setting:Athletic training laboratory.Intervention:Ankle immersion in a 1 °C ice bath for 20 min.Participants:28 healthy individuals.Main Outcome Measure:Level of discomfort was rated at immersion; during treatment at 1, 3, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, and 20 min; and 1 min posttreatment.Results:Analysis revealed significant main effects for day and time and a Day × Time interaction. Day 1 had higher pain ratings than days 4 and 5. From min 1 to 11 there was a progressive decline in pain rating; after that there was no significant decline.Conclusions:Discomfort was greatest during the first 5 min, and perception of discomfort at initial immersion was consistent across 5 days. In addition, after 3 days of treatments habituation occurred. Taken together, this suggests that treatment habituation is not the result of change in receptor sensitivity.
Intersession Reliability of the Omnikinetic Closed-Chain Dynamometer
Authors: Hopkins J. Ty , Adolph Jason 
Published: August 2016

Context:The Omnikinetic closed-chain dynamometer calculates bilateral ankle, knee, and hip moments during a semirecumbent stepping motion against a predetermined load.Objective:To establish intersession reliability of several kinetic variables during different load and speed conditions over a 4-wk period.Subjects:19 healthy, physically active adults (age 21 ± 2 y, height 174.7 ± 10.5 cm, mass 74.0 ± 17.2 kg).Measurement:Peak measurements were recorded from the dominant leg for joint torque, power, root-mean-square (RMS) power, and knee shear.Results:Intersession reliability ranges across conditions were ankle torque .422−.947, ankle power .336−.877, ankle RMS .671−.893, knee torque .816−.918, knee power .823−.927, knee RMS .855−.943, knee shear .832−.936, hip torque .436−.752, hip power .691−.918, and hip RMS .448−.895.Conclusions:Moderate to strong reliability was observed in most measurements of the ankle and knee, whereas the hip showed increased variability.
Fracture of the Superomedial Weight-Bearing Surface of the Acetabulum in a Division I Field-Hockey Player: A Case Study
Authors: VanOpdorp Heather , Van Lunen Bonnie , Swanson James 
Published: August 2016

Context:Hip and pelvic injuries are often associated with direct trauma, but spe-cific fractures to the acetabulum are rare. The signs and symptoms of an acetabular fracture can mimic those of conditions that are more common at the hip area, and therefore the specificity of the diagnostic testing is crucial.Objective:To present the case of a female Division I college field-hockey player who developed a superomedial acetabular fracture.Background:The athlete’s initial complaint of intolerable hip pain decreased after a 3-week rest period but persisted with passive internal and external hip rotation. Additional diagnostic testing was needed to differentiate the various pathologies that were associated with her symptoms.Conclusions:Clinicians should be aware of the potential differential diagnoses of the hip and should investigate all potential possibilities even though they might not coincide with the initial injury.