bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pharmacy refill data can be used to predict virologic failure for patients on antiretroviral therapy in Brazil
Authors: Martin David , Luz Paula M. , Lake Jordan E. , Clark Jesse L. , Campos Dayse P. , Veloso Valdilea G. , Moreira Ronaldo I. , Cardoso Sandra W. , Klausner Jeffrey D. , Grinsztejn Beatriz 
Published: June 2017

AbstractIntroduction: Pharmacy adherence measures such as pharmacy dispensing ratios (PDRs) have previously been shown to be predictive of virologic outcomes. We aimed to determine the optimal interval of PDR assessment for predicting virologic failure for HIV‐infected patients on antiretroviral therapy (ART).Methods: Using national Brazilian ART pharmacy refill data, we examined PDRs for patients ≥18 years of age with at least one HIV RNA level ≥180 days after ART initiation on or after 1 January 2011. Patients with a documented ART change ≤270 days prior to viral load test date were excluded. Logistic regression models were used to describe associations between virologic failure, defined as an HIV RNA level ≥400 copies/mL and PDRs, defined as the number of days index drug dispensed (non‐nucleoside reverse‐transcriptase inhibitor or protease inhibitor) per 180‐ and 90‐day, interval preceding viral load testing, adjusting for sex, age, race, time since ART initiation and index drug. Backward elimination of insignificant variables was performed after adjusting for PDR. A predictive probability of virologic failure was calculated using the corresponding odds ratios for the PDR and any other significant variables. The diagnostic performance of the PDR interval was assessed by calculating the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUROC) for the predictive probability with respect to virologic failure.Results and Discussion: A total of 1,025 patients were included (68% were male, median age 40 years, median time on ART 3.4 years). The PDR was found to be significantly associated with virologic failure for all of the PDR intervals (p < 0.001). There was an increased risk of virologic failure for all PDRs <0.95. The 90–180 days interval had a AUROC of 0.842, compared to 0.841 and 0.829 for the 0–180 days and 0–90 days intervals, respectively. The PDR performed well as a predictive tool to identify patients in virologic failure with the 90–180‐days interval prior to viral load testing being marginally more predictive.Conclusions: The validation and use of the pharmacy dispensing ratio using public pharmacy refill data could aid in early identification of patients with poor adherence and prevent development of treatment failure and drug resistance in Brazil.
Temperature variations in the dayside magnetosheath and their dependence on ion‐scale magnetic structures: THEMIS statistics and measurements by MMS
Authors: Dimmock A. P. , Osmane A. , Pulkkinen T. I. , Nykyri K. , Kilpua E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe magnetosheath contains an array of waves, instabilities, and nonlinear magnetic structures which modify global plasma properties by means of various wave‐particle interactions. The present work demonstrates that ion‐scale magnetic field structures (∼0.2–0.5 Hz) observed in the dayside magnetosheath are statistically correlated to ion temperature changes on orders 10–20% of the background value. In addition, our statistical analysis implies that larger temperature changes are in equipartition to larger amplitude magnetic structures. This effect was more pronounced behind the quasi‐parallel bow shock and during faster solar wind speeds. The study of two separate intervals suggests that this effect can result from both local and external drivers. This manuscript presents two separate case studies, one from using THEMIS (Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms) data and another from Magnetospheric Multiscale; these measurements are then supported by extensive THEMIS statistical observations. These results could partly explain the 10–20% dawn‐favored asymmetry of the magnetosheath ion temperature seed population and contribute to the dawn‐favored asymmetry of cold component ions in the cold dense plasma sheet.
Statistical comparison of the ICME's geoeffectiveness of different types and different solar phases from 1995 to 2014
Authors: Shen Chenglong , Chi Yutian , Wang Yuming , Xu Mengjiao , Wang Shui 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe geoeffectiveness of interplanetary coronal mass ejections (ICMEs) is an important issue in space weather research and forecasting. Based on the ICME catalog that we recently established and the Dst indices from the World Data Center, we study and compare the geoeffectiveness of ICMEs of different in situ signatures and different solar phases from 1995 to 2014. According to different in situ signatures, all ICMEs are divided into three types: isolated ICMEs (I‐ICMEs), multiple ICMEs (M‐ICMEs), and shock‐embedded ICMEs (S‐ICMEs), resulting in a total of 363 group events. The main findings of this work are as follows: (1) Fifty‐eight percent of ICMEs caused geomagnetic storms with Dstmin≤−30 nT. Further, large fraction (87%) of intense geomagnetic storms are caused by ICME groups and their sheath regions. (2) Numbers of ICME groups and the probabilities of ICME groups in causing geomagnetic storms varied in pace with the solar cycle. Meanwhile, the ICME groups and the probabilities of them in causing geomagnetic storms in Solar Cycle 24 are much lower than those in Solar Cycle 23. (3) The maximum value of the intensity of the magnetic field (B), south component of the magnetic field (Bs), and dawn‐dusk electric field vBs are well correlated with the intensity of the magnetic storms. (4) Shock‐embedded ICMEs have a high probability in causing geomagnetic storms, especially intense geomagnetic storms. (5) The compression of shock on the south component of magnetic field is an important factor to enhance the geoeffectiveness of S‐ICMEs structures.
An isolated, bright cusp aurora at Saturn
Authors: Kinrade J. , Badman S. V. , Bunce E. J. , Tao C. , Provan G. , Cowley S. W. H. , Grocott A. , Gray R. L. , Grodent D. , Kimura T. , Nichols J. D. , Arridge C. S. , Radioti A. , Clarke J. T. , Crary F. J. , Pryor W. R. , Melin H. , Baines K. H. , Dougherty M. K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractSaturn's dayside aurora displays a number of morphological features poleward of the main emission region. We present an unusual morphology captured by the Hubble Space Telescope on 14 June 2014 (day 165), where for 2 h, Saturn's FUV aurora faded almost entirely, with the exception of a distinct emission spot at high latitude. The spot remained fixed in local time between 10 and 15 LT and moved poleward to a minimum colatitude of ~4°. It was bright and persistent, displaying intensities of up to 49 kR over a lifetime of 2 h. Interestingly, the spot constituted the entirety of the northern auroral emission, with no emissions present at any other local time—including Saturn's characteristic dawn arc, the complete absence of which is rarely observed. Solar wind parameters from propagation models, together with a Cassini magnetopause crossing and solar wind encounter, indicate that Saturn's magnetosphere was likely to have been embedded in a rarefaction region, resulting in an expanded magnetosphere configuration during the interval. We infer that the spot was sustained by reconnection either poleward of the cusp or at low latitudes under a strong component of interplanetary magnetic field transverse to the solar wind flow. The subsequent poleward motion could then arise from either reconfiguration of successive open field lines across the polar cap or convection of newly opened field lines. We also consider the possible modulation of the feature by planetary period rotating current systems.
Next‐generation ice core technology reveals true minimum natural levels of lead (Pb) in the atmosphere: Insights from the Black Death
Authors: More Alexander F. , Spaulding Nicole E. , Bohleber Pascal , Handley Michael J. , Hoffmann Helene , Korotkikh Elena V. , Kurbatov Andrei V. , Loveluck Christopher P. , Sneed Sharon B. , McCormick Michael , Mayewski Paul A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractContrary to widespread assumptions, next‐generation high (annual to multiannual) and ultra‐high (subannual) resolution analyses of an Alpine glacier reveal that true historical minimum natural levels of lead in the atmosphere occurred only once in the last ~2000 years. During the Black Death pandemic, demographic and economic collapse interrupted metal production and atmospheric lead dropped to undetectable levels. This finding challenges current government and industry understanding of preindustrial lead pollution and its potential implications for human health of children and adults worldwide. Available technology and geographic location have limited previous ice core investigations. We provide new high‐ (discrete, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, ICP‐MS) and ultra‐high resolution (laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, LA‐ICP‐MS) records of atmospheric lead deposition extracted from the high Alpine glacier Colle Gnifetti, in the Swiss‐Italian Alps. We show that contrary to the conventional wisdom, low levels at or approaching natural background occurred only in a single 4 year period in ~2000 years documented in the new ice core, during the Black Death (~1349–1353 C.E.), the most devastating pandemic in Eurasian history. Ultra‐high chronological resolution allows for the first time detailed and decisive comparison of the new glaciochemical data with historical records. Historical evidence shows that mining activity ceased upwind of the core site from ~1349 to 1353, while concurrently on the glacier lead (Pb) concentrations—dated by layer counting confirmed by radiocarbon dating—dropped to levels below detection, an order of magnitude beneath figures deemed low in earlier studies. Previous assumptions about preindustrial “natural” background lead levels in the atmosphere—and potential impacts on humans—have been misleading, with significant implications for current environmental, industrial, and public health policy, as well as for the history of human lead exposure. Trans‐disciplinary application of this new technology opens the door to new approaches to the study of the anthropogenic impact on past and present human health.
Gusts and shear within hurricane eyewalls can exceed offshore wind turbine design standards
Authors: Worsnop Rochelle P. , Lundquist Julie K. , Bryan George H. , Damiani Rick , Musial Walt 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOffshore wind energy development is underway in the U.S., with proposed sites located in hurricane‐prone regions. Turbine design criteria outlined by the International Electrotechnical Commission do not encompass the extreme wind speeds and directional shifts of hurricanes stronger than category 2. We examine a hurricane's turbulent eyewall using large‐eddy simulations with Cloud Model 1. Gusts and mean wind speeds near the eyewall of a category 5 hurricane exceed the current Class I turbine design threshold of 50 m s−1 mean wind and 70 m s−1 gusts. Largest gust factors occur at the eye‐eyewall interface. Further, shifts in wind direction suggest that turbines must rotate or yaw faster than current practice. Although current design standards omit mention of wind direction change across the rotor layer, large values (15–50°) suggest that veer should be considered.
Subsurface injection of combustion power plant effluent as a solid‐phase carbon dioxide storage strategy
Authors: Darnell K. N. , Flemings P. B. , DiCarlo D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractLong‐term geological storage of CO2 may be essential for greenhouse gas mitigation, so a number of storage strategies have been developed that utilize a variety of physical processes. Recent work shows that injection of combustion power plant effluent, a mixture of CO2 and N2, into CH4 hydrate‐bearing reservoirs blends CO2 storage with simultaneous CH4 production where the CO2 is stored in hydrate, an immobile, solid compound. This strategy creates economic value from the CH4 production, reduces the preinjection complexity since costly CO2 distillation is circumvented, and limits leakage since hydrate is immobile. Here we explore the phase behavior of these types of injections and describe the individual roles of H2O, CO2, CH4, and N2 as these components partition into aqueous, vapor, hydrate, and liquid CO2 phases. Our results show that CO2 storage in subpermafrost or submarine hydrate‐forming reservoirs requires coinjection of N2 to maintain two‐phase flow and limit plugging.
Extensive Amazonian‐aged fluvial channels on Mars: Evaluating the role of Lyot crater in their formation
Authors: Weiss David K. , Head James W. , Palumbo Ashley M. , Cassanelli James P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWidespread Amazonian‐aged fluvial channels have been mapped proximal to Lyot crater, a ~225 km diameter impact basin in the northern lowlands of Mars. Comparable in area to some Noachian/Hesperian fluvial systems, their morphology differs, being dominated by broad, shallow braided channels. Using new developments in the study of cratering, water inventory, and climate history, we assess eight different models for their origin. Dewatering of excavated ice‐rich Lyot ejecta and contact melting from hot Lyot ejecta superposed on surface ice deposits are the most plausible channel origins. The existence of this extensive Amazonian fluvial system is attributed to: (1) the large size of Lyot, and its consequent hot ejecta, and (2) the presence of surface ice at the time of impact, attributed to obliquity changes redistributing polar ice to the mid‐latitudes, a relatively common occurrence in Martian geologic history.
Conjugate observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron waves associated with traveling convection vortex events
Authors: Kim Hyomin , Clauer C. Robert , Gerrard Andrew J. , Engebretson Mark J. , Hartinger Michael D. , Lessard Marc R. , Matzka Jürgen , Sibeck David G. , Singer Howard J. , Stolle Claudia , Weimer Daniel R. , Xu Zhonghua 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe report on simultaneous observations of electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) waves associated with traveling convection vortex (TCV) events caused by transient solar wind dynamic pressure (Pd) impulse events. The Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) spacecraft located near the magnetopause observed radial fluctuations of the magnetopause, and the GOES spacecraft measured sudden compressions of the magnetosphere in response to sudden increases in Pd. During the transient events, EMIC waves were observed by interhemispheric conjugate ground‐based magnetometer arrays as well as the GOES spacecraft. The spectral structures of the waves appear to be well correlated with the fluctuating motion of the magnetopause, showing compression‐associated wave generation. In addition, the wave features are remarkably similar in conjugate hemispheres in terms of bandwidth, quasiperiodic wave power modulation, and polarization. Proton precipitation was also observed by the DMSP spacecraft during the wave events, from which the wave source region is estimated to be 72°–74° in magnetic latitude, consistent with the TCV center. The confluence of space‐borne and ground instruments including the interhemispheric, high‐latitude, fluxgate/induction coil magnetometer array allows us to constrain the EMIC source region while also confirming the relationship between EMIC waves and the TCV current system.
1‐Nitropropan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) for 1‐nitropropane, considering all toxicity endpoints. The critical effects of 1‐nitropropane [108‐03‐2] were inflammation and degeneration of the olfactory mucosa and inflammation of the squamous epithelium in rats after 28 or 47 days inhalation. The study yielded a NOAEC of 24 ml/m3for local effects. Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to this approach, the MAK value for 1‐nitropropane has been lowered from 25 ml/m3to a concentration of 2 ml/m3. As local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I is confirmed. The excursion factor of 8 is set as a human volunteer study revealed irritative effects only at considerably higher concentrations. Because there are no studies of teratogenicity, the substance is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D. Skin contact is expected to contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and 1‐nitropropane is designated with an “H”. 1‐Nitropropane is not genotoxic and data for carcinogenicity are lacking. Sensitization is not expected from the limited data.
Furan [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated furan [110‐00‐9]. All toxicity endpoints have been considered and publications are described in detail.
Genotoxicity data show only a secondary genotoxic effect at high doses and no effect at low doses. Therefore, furan is classified as a primary non‐genotoxic carcinogen. As a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value) can be derived from available studies, furan was reclassified from Category 2 into Category 4 for carcinogens.

There are no long‐term inhalation studies available to derive a MAK value. In a 13‐week study with rats, subcapsular inflammation and apoptosis in the liver of unclear relevance for humans were observed at 0.12 mg/kg body weight/day with a NOAEL of 0.03 mg/kg body weight/day. These may be adaptive effects and were not observed in a two‐year study or its interim investigations. A physiologically based pharmacokinetic model predicted the burden in human livers to be about three‐fold lower compared with rats. The NOAEL of 0.03 mg/kg body weight/day was scaled to a concentration at the workplace and a MAK value of 0.02 ml/m
3
was derived, also taking into account the lower liver dose in humans.

The MAK value was derived from a systemic NOAEL; therefore, furan is classified in Peak Limitation Category II with the default excursion factor of 2 as sufficient toxicokinetic data are not available, especially for the reactive metabolite cis‐2‐butene‐1,4‐dial.
Model calculations show that dermal absorption would contribute substantially to the systemic toxicity and furan continues to be designated with an „H“.
Because there are no studies on developmental toxicity, furan is assigned to Pregnancy Risk Group D.
There are no data on sensitization.
1‐Decanol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has evaluated 1‐decanol [112‐30‐1] to derive a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Critical effects are irritation and the tumour‐promoting potential on the skin. Neither appropriate data in humans nor inhalation or oral studies of 1‐decanol with animals are available for derivation of a MAK value. An 8‐week feeding study in Wistar rats with the structurally related 1‐dodecanol resulted in a NOAEL of 100 mg/kg body weight and day. The same NOAEL is assumed for 1‐decanol. From this NOAEL, the concentration in workplace air was calculated according to the Commission's procedure to be 245 mg 1‐decanol/m3. However, as 1‐decanol is irritating and there are no studies of effects in the respiratory tract, a comparison with structurally‐related substances is indicated as well. The RD50values of 45 ml/m3and 50 ml/m3for 2‐ethylhexanol and 1‐octanol, respectively, are rather similar, which can also be assumed for 1‐decanol. Because of its similar irritating potency, the MAK value for 1‐decanol has been established at 10 ml/m3in analogy to 2‐ethylhexanol. As local effects are critical, the substance is assigned to Peak Limitation Category I. The excursion factor of 2 is set in analogy to 2‐ethylhexanol. From a synopsis of all data, 1‐decanol is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C, despite the small difference between MAK value and NOAEC of 15 ml/m3for developmental toxicity. 1‐Decanol is not mutagenic in bacteria. There are no long‐term studies with 1‐decanol. Papillomas, squamous cell carcinomas and severe skin irritation occurred after 60‐week application to the skin of the mouse following initiation with 7,12‐dimethylbenz[a]anthracene. The maximum skin absorption of 10 mg is less than 25% of the systemically tolerable amount of 660 mg which is taken up by inhalation at the MAK value. There are no positive clinical findings of contact sensitization from 1‐decanol, nor are such effects expected from the structure and the comparison with homologous alcohols. Data for sensitization of the airways are not available.
2‐Phenoxyethanol [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2017]
Authors: Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: May 2017

Abstract
The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 2‐phenoxyethanol [122‐99‐6], considering all toxicity endpoints. Available publications and study reports are described in detail.

In a 14‐day inhalation study with rats, critical effects of 2‐phenoxyethanol were hyperplasia, degeneration and metaplasia of the respiratory epithelium in the nasal cavity beginning at 246 mg/m
3
. The NOAEC was 48.2 mg/m
3
(8.4 ml/m
3
). Since 2014, the Commission uses an empirical approach to set maximum concentrations at the workplace (MAK values) for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. Based on this approach, a MAK value of 1 ml/m
3
has been derived. The assignment to Peak Limitation Category I, because local effects are critical, and the excursion factor of 2 have been confirmed.

No developmental toxicity was detected in rats (oral) or rabbits (dermal) up to doses of 1000 or 600 mg/kg body weight and day, resp. In an oral two‐generation study in mice, the NOAEL for foetotoxicity was about 400 mg/kg body weight and day. The differences between the NOAEL for rats, mice and rabbits scaled to an inhalation concentration at the workplace and the MAK value are considered so large that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value is observed. Therefore, classification in Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed.
2‐Phenoxyethanol is not regarded to be genotoxic or carcinogenic. Sensitization is not expected based on results of animal studies and experience in humans. Skin contact is not expected to contribute significantly to the systemic toxicity.