bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dyons and Certain Symmetries in Maxwell’s Equations
Authors: Bruce S. A. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractWe developed certain symmetries in Maxwell’s equations by incorporating (independent) dynamical degrees of freedom. Once magnetic monopoles are included, it was assessed whether this system can admit electromagnetic-like scalar and pseudo-scalar fields so that a full symmetry may be accomplished. The result is restated in differential forms. The subsequent generalised classical equations of motion for dyons are displayed. In quantum mechanics, we find that, for a given scalar potential, a critical behaviour does not occur and the Dirac vacuum remains stable: the scalar coupling cannot create spontaneous electron-positron pairs.
Regional Cellular Environment Shapes Phenotypic Variations of Hippocampal and Neocortical Chandelier Cells
Authors: Ishino Yugo , Yetman Michael J. , Sossi Serena M. , Steinecke André , Hayano Yasufumi , Taniguchi Hiroki 
Published: September 2017

Different cortical regions processing distinct information, such as the hippocampus and the neocortex, share common cellular components and circuit motifs but form unique networks by modifying these cardinal units. Cortical circuits include diverse types of GABAergic interneurons (INs) that shape activity of excitatory principal neurons (PNs). Canonical IN types conserved across distinct cortical regions have been defined by their morphological, electrophysiological, and neurochemical properties. However, it remains largely unknown whether canonical IN types undergo specific modifications in distinct cortical regions and display “regional variants.” It is also poorly understood whether such phenotypic variations are shaped by early specification or regional cellular environment. The chandelier cell (ChC) is a highly stereotyped IN type that innervates axon initial segments of PNs and thus serves as a good model with which to address this issue. Here, we show that Cadherin-6 (Cdh6), a homophilic cell adhesion molecule, is a reliable marker of ChCs andCdh6-CreERmice (both sexes) provide genetic access to hippocampal ChCs (h-ChCs). We demonstrate that, compared with neocortical ChCs (nc-ChCs), h-ChCs cover twice as much area and innervate twice as many PNs. Interestingly, a subclass of h-ChCs exhibits calretinin (CR) expression, which is not found in nc-ChCs. Furthermore, we find that h-ChCs appear to be born earlier than nc-ChCs. Surprisingly, despite the difference in temporal origins, ChCs display host-region-dependent axonal/synaptic organization and CR expression when transplanted heterotopically. These results suggest that local cellular environment plays a critical role in shaping terminal phenotypes of regional IN variants in the hippocampus and the neocortex.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTCanonical interneuron (IN) types conserved across distinct cortical regions such as the hippocampus and the neocortex are defined by morphology, physiology, and gene expression. However, it remains unknown whether they display phenotypic variations in different cortical regions. In addition, it is unclear whether terminal phenotypes of regional IN variants belonging to a canonical IN type are determined intrinsically or extrinsically. Our results provide evidence of striking differences in axonal/synaptic organization and calretinin expression between hippocampal chandelier cells (ChCs) and neocortical ChCs. They also reveal that local cellular environment in distinct cortical regions regulates these terminal phenotypes. Therefore, our study suggests that local cortical environment shapes the phenotypes of regional IN variants, which may be required for unique circuit operations in distinct cortical regions.
Approaching the Ground Truth: Revealing the Functional Organization of Human Multisensory STC Using Ultra-High Field fMRI
Authors: Gentile Francesco , van Atteveldt Nienke , De Martino Federico , Goebel Rainer 
Published: September 2017

Integrating inputs across sensory systems is a property of the brain that is vitally important in everyday life. More than two decades of fMRI research have revealed crucial insights on multisensory processing, yet the multisensory operations at the neuronal level in humans have remained largely unknown. Understanding the fine-scale spatial organization of multisensory brain regions is fundamental to shed light on their neuronal operations. Monkey electrophysiology revealed that the bimodal superior temporal cortex (bSTC) is topographically organized according to the modality preference (visual, auditory, and bimodal) of its neurons. In line with invasive studies, a previous 3 Tesla fMRI study suggests that the human bSTC is also topographically organized according to modality preference (visual, auditory, and bimodal) when analyzed at 1.6 × 1.6 × 1.6 mm3voxel resolution. However, it is still unclear whether this resolution is able to unveil an accurate spatial organization of the human bSTC. This issue was addressed in the present study by investigating the spatial organization of functional responses of the bSTC in 10 participants (from both sexes) at 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 mm3and 1.1 × 1.1 × 1.1 mm3using ultra-high field fMRI (at 7 Tesla). Relative to 1.5 × 1.5 × 1.5 mm3, the bSTC at 1.1 × 1.1 × 1.1 mm3resolution was characterized by a larger selectivity for visual and auditory modalities, stronger integrative responses in bimodal voxels, and it was organized in more distinct functional clusters indicating a more precise separation of underlying neuronal clusters. Our findings indicate that increasing the spatial resolution may be necessary and sufficient to achieve a more accurate functional topography of human multisensory integration.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe bimodal superior temporal cortex (bSTC) is a brain region that plays a crucial role in the integration of visual and auditory inputs. The aim of the present study was to investigate the fine-scale spatial organization of the bSTC by using ultra-high magnetic field fMRI at 7 Tesla. Mapping the functional topography of bSTC at a resolution of 1.1 × 1.1 × 1.1 mm3revealed more accurate representations than at lower resolutions. This result indicates that standard-resolution fMRI may lead to wrong conclusions about the functional organization of the bSTC, whereas high spatial resolution is essential to more accurately approach neuronal operations of human multisensory integration.
Adrenal hyperandrogenism does not deteriorate insulin resistance and lipid profile in women with PCOS
Authors: Paschou Stavroula A , Palioura Eleni , Ioannidis Dimitrios , Anagnostis Panagiotis , Panagiotakou Argyro , Loi Vasiliki , Karageorgos Georgios , Goulis Dimitrios G , Vryonidou Andromachi 
Published: September 2017

Objective
The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of adrenal hyperandrogenism on insulin resistance and lipid profile in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Patients and methods
We studied 372 women with PCOS according to the NIH criteria. 232 age- and BMI-matched women served as controls in order to define adrenal hyperandrogenism (DHEA-S >95th percentile). Then, patients with PCOS were classified into two groups: with adrenal hyperandrogenism (PCOS-AH, n = 108) and without adrenal hyperandrogenism (PCOS-NAH, n = 264). Anthropometric measurements were recorded. Fasting plasma glucose, insulin, lipid profile, sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) and androgen (TT, Δ4A, DHEA-S) concentrations were assessed. Free androgen index (FAI) and homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) index were calculated.

Results
Women with PCOS-AH were younger than PCOS-NAH (P < 0.001), but did not differ in the degree and type of obesity. No differences were found in HOMA-IR, total cholesterol, HDL-c, LDL-c and triglyceride concentrations (in all comparisons, P > 0.05). These metabolic parameters did not differ between the two groups even after correction for age. Women with PCOS-AH had lower SHBG (29.2 ± 13.8 vs 32.4 ± 11.8 nmol/L, P = 0.025) and higher TT (1.0 ± 0.2 vs 0.8 ± 0.4 ng/mL, P = 0.05) and Δ4A (3.9 ± 1.2 vs 3.4 ± 1.0 ng/mL, P = 0.007) concentrations, as well as FAI (14.1 ± 8.0 vs 10.2 ± 5.0, P < 0.001). These results were confirmed by a multiple regression analysis model in which adrenal hyperandrogenism was negatively associated with age (P < 0.001) and SHBG concentrations (P = 0.02), but not with any metabolic parameter.

Conclusions
Women with PCOS and adrenal hyperandrogenism do not exhibit any deterioration in insulin resistance and lipid profile despite the higher degree of total androgens.
Combined oral contraceptives plus spironolactone compared with metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a one-year randomized clinical trial
Authors: Alpañés Macarena , Álvarez-Blasco Francisco , Fernández-Durán Elena , Luque-Ramírez Manuel , Escobar-Morreale Héctor F 
Published: September 2017

Objective
We aimed to compare a combined oral contraceptive (COC) plus the antiandrogen spironolactone with the insulin sensitizer metformin in women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS).

Design
We conducted a randomized, parallel, open-label, clinical trial comparing COC (30 μg of ethinylestradiol and 150 μg of desogestrel) plus spironolactone (100 mg/day) with metformin (850 mg b.i.d.) for one year in women with PCOS (EudraCT2008–004531–38).

Methods
The composite primary outcome included efficacy (amelioration of hirsutism, androgen excess and menstrual dysfunction) and cardiometabolic safety (changes in the frequencies of disorders of glucose tolerance, dyslipidemia and hypertension). A complete anthropometric, biochemical, hormonal and metabolic evaluation was conducted every three months and data were submitted to intention-to-treat analyses.

Results
Twenty-four patients were assigned to COC plus spironolactone and 22 patients to metformin. Compared with metformin, COC plus spironolactone caused larger decreases in hirsutism score (mean difference 4.6 points, 95% CI: 2.6–6.7), total testosterone (1.1 nmol/L, 0.4–1.7), free testosterone (25 pmol/L, 12–39), androstenedione (5.5 nmol/L, 1.8–9.2) and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate (2.7 μmol/L, 1.4–4.0). Menstrual dysfunction was less frequent with COC plus spironolactone (OR: 0.06, 95% CI: 0.02–0.23). No differences were found in frequencies of abnormal glucose tolerance (OR: 1.7, 95% CI: 0.7–4.4), dyslipidemia (OR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.2–1.8) or hypertension (OR: 0.3, 95% CI: 0.5–2.0). No major adverse events occurred and biochemical markers were similarly safe with both treatments.

Conclusions
COC plus spironolactone was more effective than metformin for symptoms of PCOS showing similar safety and overall neutral effects on cardiometabolic risk factors.
Donor-Recipient Identification in Para- and Poly-phyletic Trees Under Alternative HIV-1 Transmission Hypotheses Using Approximate Bayesian Computation
Authors: Romero-Severson Ethan O , Bulla Ingo , Hengartner Nick , Bártolo Inês , Abecasis Ana , Azevedo-Pereira José M , Taveira Nuno , Leitner Thomas 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Diversity of the founding population of Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type 1 (HIV-1) transmissions raises many important biological, clinical, and epidemiological issues. In up to 40% of sexual infections, there is clear evidence for multiple founding variants, which can influence the efficacy of putative prevention methods, and the reconstruction of epidemiologic histories. To infer who-infected-whom, and to compute the probability of alternative transmission scenarios while explicitly taking phylogenetic uncertainty into account, we created an approximate Bayesian computation (ABC) method based on a set of statistics measuring phylogenetic topology, branch lengths, and genetic diversity. We applied our method to a suspected heterosexual transmission case involving three individuals, showing a complex monophyletic-paraphyletic-polyphyletic phylogenetic topology. We detected that seven phylogenetic lineages had been transmitted between two of the individuals based on the available samples, implying that many more unsampled lineages had also been transmitted. Testing whether the lineages had been transmitted at one time or over some length of time suggested that an ongoing superinfection process over several years was most likely. While one individual was found unlinked to the other two, surprisingly, when evaluating two competing epidemiological priors, the donor of the two that did infect each other was not identified by the host root-label, and was also not the primary suspect in that transmission. This highlights that it is important to take epidemiological information into account when analyzing support for one transmission hypothesis over another, as results may be nonintuitive and sensitive to details about sampling dates relative to possible infection dates. Our study provides a formal inference framework to include information on infection and sampling times, and to investigate ancestral node-label states, transmission direction, transmitted genetic diversity, and frequency of transmission.
Diversification of Transcriptional Regulation Determines Subfunctionalization of Paralogous Branched Chain Aminotransferases in the Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae
Authors: González James , López Geovani , Argueta Stefany , Escalera-Fanjul Ximena , el Hafidi Mohammed , Campero-Basaldua Carlos , Strauss Joseph , Riego-Ruiz Lina , González Alicia 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae harbors BAT1 and BAT2 paralogous genes that encode branched chain aminotransferases and have opposed expression profiles and physiological roles . Accordingly, in primary nitrogen sources such as glutamine, BAT1 expression is induced, supporting Bat1-dependent valine–isoleucine–leucine (VIL) biosynthesis, while BAT2 expression is repressed. Conversely, in the presence of VIL as the sole nitrogen source, BAT1 expression is hindered while that of BAT2 is activated, resulting in Bat2-dependent VIL catabolism. The presented results confirm that BAT1 expression is determined by transcriptional activation through the action of the Leu3–α-isopropylmalate (α-IPM) active isoform, and uncovers the existence of a novel α-IPM biosynthetic pathway operating in a put3Δ mutant grown on VIL, through Bat2-Leu2-Leu1 consecutive action. The classic α-IPM biosynthetic route operates in glutamine through the action of the leucine-sensitive α-IPM synthases. The presented results also show that BAT2 repression in glutamine can be alleviated in a ure2Δ mutant or through Gcn4-dependent transcriptional activation. Thus, when S. cerevisiae is grown on glutamine, VIL biosynthesis is predominant and is preferentially achieved through BAT1; while on VIL as the sole nitrogen source, catabolism prevails and is mainly afforded by BAT2.
Evaluation of ghrelin levels and endothelial functions in patients with coronary slow flow phenomenon
Authors: Çelik Oğuzhan , Demirci Erkan , Aydın Mustafa , Karabag Turgut , Kalçık Macit 
Published: September 2017

Background
Ghrelin has recently been reported to have beneficial effects on cardiac contractile functions and coronary blood flow. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the role of ghrelin in the pathogenesis of coronary slow flow (CSF) together with endothelial functions.

Methods
Twenty-five patients having normal coronary arteries with CSF and 25 controls with normal coronary flow were included into the study. The quantitative measurement of coronary blood flow was performed for each coronary artery using the thrombolysis in myocardial infarction (TIMI) frame count (TFC) method. Ghrelin levels were measured using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method from venous blood samples. Endothelial functions were evaluated from the brachial artery with the flow-mediated dilation (FMD) and nitrate-related dilation methods.

Results
There was a significant difference in terms of mean TFC values between the control and CSF groups (p < 0.001 for all coronary arteries). The mean FMD percentage among patients with CSF was lower than that of the control group (5.9 ± 0.8 vs. 10.7% ± 1.1%; p < 0.001). A moderate negative correlation was observed between the FMD percentages and the TFCs. There was no relationship between the TFC and ghrelin levels.

Conclusion
Plasma ghrelin levels seem to be uninfluential while impaired endothelial functions play an important role in the etiopathogenesis of CSF.
Pathomorphological peculiarities of tuberculous meningoencephalitis associated with HIV infection
Authors: Kozko Volodymyr M. , Bondarenko Andriy V. , Gavrylov Anatoliy V. , Shevchenko Olga S. , Gargin Vitalii V. 
Published: September 2017

Background and aims
One of the most severe manifestation displays of tuberculosis (TB) generalization is meningitis/meningoencephalitis. The purpose of this work was to improve the diagnostic efficiency of TB central nervous system (CNS) affection in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected persons.

Materials and methods
Meninges and cerebral tissues, taken from died patients, who were HIV-infected and dead from TB of CNS affection, were investigated histologically.

Results and discussion
Our examination showed that clinical course of the pathologic process loses the peculiarity of TB-undulating character, and changes in tissues have monomorphism that appears in the presence of the same type of granulomas with a few Pirogov–Langhans cells. Alterative reactions with formation of the large fields of caseous necrosis, necrotic focuses, areas of infiltration with polymorphic cellular elements went out on the first plan in the disorder of cerebrum in patients with the terminal stage of HIV infection. The tendency to decrease in inflammatory–proliferative processes was observed, which is confirmed by the presence of the poorly expressed cellular reaction on the peripheries of focuses of caseous necrosis.

Conclusion
Morphologic features of tuberculous meningoencephalitis in HIV-infected patients are the presence of edema, gliosis, trombovasculitis, small focal hemorrhage, tuberculous granuloma formation with a small number of Pirogov–Langhans cells, and the prevalence of alterative–exudative reactions.
Kemampuan Guru PAI dalam Merencanakan dan Melaksanakan Penilaian Autentik
Authors: Syaâ€™idah Ulpah , Amaliyah Amaliyah , Ismail Yusuf 
Published: September 2017

In conducting the assessment in accordance with the 2013 curriculum, a teacher is required to apply an authentic assessment in accordance with the Standards of Assessment. Teachers are also required to have the ability to make conformity between assessment techniques and assessment instruments which are the requirements of instruments that have been set in Permendikbud No. 66 of 2013. However, in fact teachers are difficult to make assessment instruments tailored to the form of assessment. This study aims to understand more about the ability of PAI teachers in conducting learning evaluation through non-test assessment (authentic assessment). In this study, researchers used qualitative research with case study research. The data collection techniques through interviews and documentation. The result of this research shows that PAI teacher in SMA 53 Jakarta has understood in doing authentic assessment planning through learning implementation plan (RPP). As for carrying out authentic assessment actually PAI teacher in SMA 53 Jakarta has been able, just because of lack of self motivation or work ethic in teacher to do pedagogic competence, and also professional attitude especially in doing assessment or evaluation.
Keywords: Authentic Assessment, Master's Ability.
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memahami lebih dalam tentang kemampuan guru PAI dalam melakukan evaluasi pembelajaran melalui penilaian non tes (penilaian autentik). Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan penelitian yang bersifat kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Adapun teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ini menujukkan bahwa guru PAI di SMA Negeri 53 Jakarta sudah paham dalam melakukan perencanaan penilaian autentik melalui rencana pelaksanaan pembelajaran (RPP). Adapun dalam melaksanakan penilaian autentik sebenarnya guru PAI di SMA Negeri 53 Jakarta telah mampu, hanya karena kurangnya motivasi diri atau etos kerja dalam diri guru untuk melakukan kompetensi pedagogik, serta sikap profesional khusunya dalam melakukan penilaian atau evaluasi.
Kata kunci : Penilaian Autentik, Kemampuan Guru.
Syiah: Dari Kemunculannya Hingga Perkembanganya di Indonesia
Authors: Dewi Oki Setiana 
Published: September 2017

Shia is a sect in Islamic theology whose existence is undeniable throughout the discourse of Islamic studies. But this existence is not infrequently a polemic that never ends even a debate that led to the devouring. This is based on differences relating to the concept of relativism in understanding the verses of the Qur'an and Hadith. As well as the principles of Islamic teachings to the concept of Imamat. This research uses library research method by analyzing various expositions of experts related to discourse about Shia. The purpose of this study is to study and analyze the Shiite theology from its emergence, its sects, the subject of its teachings to its development in Indonesia.The results of this study conclude that the Shia are those who love the Prophet and the ahl al-bayt on the historical development of the terms of the Shia experiencing post-abritase expansion. One of the most fundamental Shiite ideologies has been the problem of Imamat. This concept of Imamat which then led to various sects in the Shia. the later sects influenced the subject of the Shia itself. In its development Shia in Indonesia through its various stages make a very significant contribution in religious life in Indonesia.
Keywords: History, Principal Teachings, Sects, Shia in Indonesia
Abstrak
Syiah merupakan sekte dalam teologi Islam yang keberadaannya tidak terbantahkan sepanjang diskursus studi keislaman. Namun keberadaan ini tak jarang menjadi polemik yang tak kunjung usai bahkan menjadi perbebatan yang berujung kepada penyesaatan. Hal ini bertolak dari perbedaan terkait konsep relativisme dalam memahami ayat-ayat al Quran dan Hadits. Serta pokok-pokok ajaran Islam hingga konsep imamah. Penelitian ini mengunakan metode library research dengan menganlisis berbagai pemaparan para ahli terkait diskursus tentang syiah. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji dan menganalisis teologi syiah mulai dari kemunculannya, sekte-sektenya, pokok ajarannya hingg perkembangannya di Indonesia. Hasil dari penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa syiah adalah orang-orang yang mencintai Rasulullah Saw dan ahlulbait pada perkembangan sejarah terms tentang syiah mengalami perluasan pasca abritase. Salah satu ideologi syiah yang paling fundamental terkiat persoalan imamah. Konsep imamah ini yang kemudian memunculkan berbagai sekte dalam syiah. sekte-sekte yang ada kemudian berpengaruh kepada pokok ajara dalam syiah itu sendiri. Dalam perkembangannya syiah di Indonesia melalui berbagai tahapannya memberikan kontribusi yang sangat signifikan dalam kehidupan keberagamaan di Indonesia.
Kata kunci : Sejarah, Pokok Ajaran, Sekte-Sekte, Syiah di Indonesia