bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: “CIS‐TRIOXA‐TRI‐Σ‐HOMOBENZENE”. SYNTHESIS AND (Σ2S + Σ2S + Σ2S) CYCLOREVERSION
Authors: SCHWESINGER R. , FRITZ H. , PRINZBACH H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie in wesentlichen Zügen durch vorläufige Mitt. 1972 bereits publizierte Synthese der Titelverbindung (VII) wurde soweit optimiert, daß nunmehr Gesamtausb.
ChemInform Abstract: A CONVENIENT SYNTHESIS OF α‐SUBSTITUTED CYCLIC α‐IMINO ACIDS
Authors: YASUO H. , SUZUKI M. , YONEDA N. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Isocyanessigsäureester (I) werden mit den Dibromiden (II) zu den Estern (III) substituiert, aus denen sauer die Aminoester (IV) entstehen (keine Isolierung von (III) und (IV)).
ChemInform Abstract: ALLENES. PART 38. IMIDAZOLINES, BENZIMIDAZOLES, AND HEXAHYDROBENZIMIDAZOLES FROM 1,2‐DIAMINES AND ALLENIC OR ACETYLENIC NITRILES
Authors: LANDOR S. R. , LANDOR P. D. , FOMUM Z. T. , MPANGO G. W. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie bei der Addition der Diamine (II) an die Nitrile (I) und (VI) entstehenden Enamine (III) bzw. (VII) cyclisieren sich bei 300°C unter Abspaltung von Acetonitril zu den Imidazolinen (V) bzw. (VIII) ((VIIIa) bildet sich direkt beim Erhitzen der Reaktanten in Ethanol, (VIIIb) erst bei 300°C aus dem isolierten Enamin (VIIb)).
ChemInform Abstract: ALLENES AND ACETYLENES. XX. SYNTHESIS OF 2,5‐DIHYDROFURANS AND 5,6‐DIHYDRO‐2H‐PYRANS BY SILVER(I)‐CATALYZED CYCLIZATION OF ALLENIC ALCOHOLS
Authors: OLSSON L.‐I. , CLAESSON A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstractα‐Allenalkohole (I) werden durch Silbertetrafluoroborat in Chloroform oder durch Silbemitrat in Wasser/Dioxan in Gegenwart von Calciumcarbonat zu 2,5‐Dihydrofuran (II) cyclisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC REACTIONS AND RESULTING PRODUCTS. PART 10. PYRAZOLO(1,5‐A)INDOLES
Authors: MARXER A. , SIEGRIST M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBeim Umsetzen mit KOH in 95proz. Ethanol oder mit Na‐ethylat/Ethanol liefern die (Heteroaroyl‐ oder Aroyl‐phenyl)‐pyrazole (I) und Isomerisierung ‐ über die entsprechenden Anionen unter intramolekularem Angriff auf die Carbonylgruppe ‐ die stabilen neuen Pyrazoloindole (II), die als potentiell neue Psychopharmaka in Frage kommen.
ChemInform Abstract: NICOTINE ANALOGS: SYNTHESIS OF PYRIDYLAZETIDINES
Authors: SECOR H. V. , EDWARDS W. B. III 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus der 3‐Pyridyl‐aminopropionsäure (Ia), die aus 3‐Pyridinaldehyd zugänglich ist, erhält man nach Veresterung zu (Ib) das Tosylamid (II), das zu (IIIa) reduziert und weiter über den O‐Tosylester (IIIb) mit tert.‐Butylat zum Azetidin (IVa) cyclisiert wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHETIC STUDIES ON PYRROLOQUINOLINES. PART 5. PREPARATION OF HYDROGENATED 3A‐METHYLPYRROLO(2,3‐B)QUINOLINES
Authors: IWAKUMA T. , MIYAZAKI M. , MASHIMO K. , TANAKA T. , AOE K. , NAGAHASHI M. , DATE T. , KOTERA K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Synthesen der Hexahydro‐3a‐methylpyrrolo‐[2,3‐b]chinoline (VI) und (IX) ausgehend von den Phthalimidoethyl‐dihydrochinolindionen (I) werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIVITY OF 4‐(BROMOMETHYL)QUINOLINE DERIVATIVES TOWARDS GLYCINE AND THIOGLYCOLIC ACID. A NEW RING SYSTEM
Authors: NASR M. , ZOOROB H. H. , ZAYED A. , EL‐WASSIMI M. T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Kondensationsprodukte (II) aus den Chinolinen (I) und Glycin bzw. Thioglykolsäure werden zu den Dihydrobenzonaphthyridinonen (III) (X: ‐NH‐) bzw. Thiopyranochinolinonen (III) (X: ‐S‐) cyclisiert, aus denen, ebenso wie direkt aus den Säuren (II), die Chlorderivate (IV) dargestellt werden.
ChemInform Abstract: ISOMERIZATIONS AKIN TO THE DIMROTH REARRANGEMENT. V. BIS‐S‐TRIAZOLO(4,3‐A:4′,3′‐C)PYRIMIDINES AND RELATED SYSTEMS
Authors: BROWN D. J. , NAGAMATSU T. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractKondensation der Bis‐hydrazinopyrimidine (I) mit den Orthoestern (II) gibt die Bis‐triazolopyrimidine (III), von denen (IIIa) bzw. (IIIb) beim Erhitzen eine Dimroth‐ähnliche Umlagerung zu den Isomeren (IVa) bzw. (IVb) eingehen.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF BENZOFURAZAN N‐OXIDE WITH BUTA‐1,3‐DIENYLAMINES. SYNTHESIS OF A NOVEL CLASS OF QUINOXALINE NN′‐DIOXIDE ENAMINES
Authors: DEVI P. , SANDHU J. S. , THYAGARAJAN G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBenzofuran‐N‐oxid (I) bildet mit (II) das N,N′‐Dioxid (III).
ChemInform Abstract: 3‐PHENYL‐2H‐1,4‐BENZOXAZINE‐4‐OXIDES. I. SYNTHESIS AND REDUCTION
Authors: BATTISTONI P. , BRUNI P. , FAVA G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Phenolate (I) werden mit den Bromketonen (II) zu den neuartigen Acetophenonen (III) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: A NEW SYNTHESIS OF 1‐ALKYL‐3‐AMINOINDOLES
Authors: SACCARELLO M. L. , STRADI R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie aus Tetraminoethanen (I) und umsalze (II) reagieren mit N‐Alkylanilinen (III) ‐Aminoindolen (IV).
ChemInform Abstract: NEUROTROPIC AND PSYCHOTROPIC AGENTS. CXXXII. 6,11‐DIHYDRODIBENZO(B,E)THIEPIN‐11‐THIOL AND ‐11‐ACETIC ACID DERIVATIVES; SOME 2‐METHYL‐6,11‐DIHYDRODIBENZO(B,E)THIEPINS; SYNTHESIS AND PHARMACOLOGICAL SCREENING
Authors: VALENTA V. , KVIS F. , NEMEC J. , PROTIVA M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von den Dihydrodibenzothiepinen (Ia) bzw. (Ib) werden nach den aufgezeichneten Reaktionsfolgen die ll‐substituierten Derivate (III) und (VIII) bzw. (IX) synthetisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF α‐(TRIALKYLSILYL) KETONES
Authors: OBAYASHI M. , UTIMOTO K. , NOZAKI H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Oxidation der E‐ und Z‐Isomeren (I) bzw. (IV) der Silylolefine mit m‐Chlorperbenzoesäure liefert stereospezifisch die 2S,3S‐ Oxirane (II) bzw. die 2S,3R‐Oxirane (V).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF PHOSPHINES WITH ACETYLENES. PART 18. THE MECHANISM OF FORMATION OF 1,2‐ALKYLIDENEDIPHOSPHORANES
Authors: TEBBY J. C. , WILSON I. F. , GRIFFITHS D. V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktionen der Acetylen‐Verbindungen (I) mit verschiedenen tert.‐Arylphosphinen wie (II) im Überschuß werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: 7,8‐DICARBA‐9‐ARSA‐NIDO‐UNDECABORANE(11) AND RELATED COMPOUNDS
Authors: COLQUHOUN H. M. , GREENHOUGH T. J. , WALLBRIDGE M. G. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reaktion von Na‐undecahydro‐5,6‐dicarbanidodecaborat, erhalten aus C2B8H12 und NaH in Diethylether, reagiert mit AsCl3 bzw. PCl3 und Zinkstaub in siedendem Diethylether in geringer Ausb. zu den luftstabilen kristallinen Produkten (I).
ChemInform Abstract: COMPLEX CHEMISTRY OF POLYFUNCTIONAL LIGANDS. 51. HALO‐ AND PSEUDOHALO‐MANGANESE(I)‐CARBONYL COMPLEXES OF THE TRIS(TERTIARY PHOSPHINE) 1,1,1‐TRIS((DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)METHYL)ETHANE
Authors: ELLERMANN J. , LINDNER H. A. , MOLL M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Mn(I)‐manganat (I) setzt sich mit Halogenwasserstoffen in wäßriger Lösung zu den als H2O/HX‐Solvaten isolierten Halogeniden (IIa) um.
ChemInform Abstract: ORGANOMETALLIC COMPOUNDS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS. SOME TRICARBONYL(CYCLOHEXADIENYL)IRON CATIONS AND NITROGEN CONTAINING NUCLEOPHILES
Authors: BIRCH A. J. , LIEPA A. J. , STEPHENSON R. G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Cyclohexadienyl‐eisentricarbonyl‐tetrafluoroborat (I) erhält man mit den Anilinen (II) die Kondensationsprodukte (III).
ChemInform Abstract: RING‐OPENING ACETYLATION OF A COMPLEX WITH CYCLIC LIGANDS OF THE DIVINYLBORANE TYPE COORDINATED TO COBALT
Authors: HERBERICH G. E. , THOENNESSEN M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas in zwei Schritten aus (I) darstellbare (III) liefert bei photochemischer Umsetzung mit dem Cobaltkomplex (IV) die [2‐6‐17‐Dimethylsilaboracyclohexadien]‐Verbindung (V), die bei Friedel‐Crafts‐Bedingungen unter Ringöffnung zu den isomeren Acetylverbindungen (VI) und (VII) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF HIGHLY REACTIVE METAL POWDERS. PREPARATION AND REACTIONS OF HIGHLY REACTIVE PALLADIUM AND PLATINUM METAL SLURRIES
Authors: RIEKE R. D. , KAVALIUNAS A. V. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPalladium(II)‐ und Platin(II)‐ Chlorid werden in Form der Komplexe mit Triethylphosphin durch Alkalimetalle wie Kalium (II) zu hoch reaktiven, komplex fixierten Metallpulvem reduziert und direkt mit Arylhalogeniden (III) zu den Komplexen (IV) kondensiert.
ChemInform Abstract: REACTIONS OF 1,4‐DIAZA‐3‐METHYLBUTADIEN‐2‐YLPALLADIUM(II) DERIVATIVES WITH CHLORO‐BRIDGED RHODIUM(I) COMPLEXES
Authors: CROCIANI B. , BELLUCO U. , SANDRINI P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUnterschiede und Gemeinsamkeiten bei der Umsetzung der Titelverbindungen (I) mit der zweikernigen Rhodium‐Verbindung (II) werden beschrieben und diskutiert.
ChemInform Abstract: DOUBLE YLIDES. VII. SYNTHESIS, PROPERTIES, AND STRUCTURE DETERMINATION OF THE E BORANATOBIS(DIMETHYLPHOSPHONIUM METHYLIDE) COMPLEXES OF NICKEL, PALLADIUM, AND PLATINUM
Authors: MUELER G. , SCHUBERT U. , ORAMA O. , SCHMIDBAUR H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Boranato‐bis‐[trimethylphosphonium]‐bromid.(I) wird mit zwei Äquivalenten Butyl‐Li metalliert und in situ mit einem halben Äquivalent eines der Dichlorodiphosphin‐Komplexe (II) zu den Titelverbindungen (III) weiter umgesetzt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONSTITUENTS OF OSMANTHUS ABSOLUTE. PART 5. (8E)‐4,7‐EPOXYMEGASTIGMA‐5(11),8‐DIENE
Authors: KAISER R. , LAMPARSKY D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Reduktion des α‐Iononepoxides (I) mit Aluminiumtriisopropylat entsteht ein Gemisch, das zu 90% die Verbindungen (II) und (III) im Verhältnis 7: l enthält.
ChemInform Abstract: ON A SULFURATED GRIGNARD REAGENT EQUIVALENT TO THAT OF 2‐(CHLOROMETHYL)‐1,3‐BUTADIENE. NEW SYNTHESES OF IPSENOL (2‐METHYL‐6‐METHYLENE‐7‐OCTEN‐4‐OL) AND OF (E)‐β‐FARNESENE ((E)‐7,11‐DIMETHYL‐3‐METHYLENE‐1,6,10‐DODECATRIENE)
Authors: CAZES B. , GUITTET E. , JULIA S. , RUEL O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von den Thioethern (I) bzw. (II) oder von dem Trisylhydrazon (III) werden der Sulfidester (IV) und daraus durch Reduktion der Alkohol (V) hergestellt.
ChemInform Abstract: CONFORMATIONS OF THE 10‐MEMBERED RING IN 5,10‐SECOSTEROIDS. II. (E)‐3α‐ACETOXY‐5,10‐SECO‐1(10)‐CHOLESTEN‐5‐ONE AND (E)‐5,10‐SECO‐1(10)‐CHOLESTENE‐3,5‐DIONE
Authors: FUHRER H. , LORENC L. , PAVLOVIC V. , RIHS G. , RIST G. , KALVODA J. , MIHAILOVIC M. LJ. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Secocholestenon (IIb), das aus dem 5α‐Cholestanol (I) durch Photolyse in Gegenwart von Pb‐tetraacetat, Hydrolyse, säulenchromatographische Abtrennung des (E)‐Alkohols (IIa) und dessen Acetylierung hergestellt wird, bildet monokline Kristalle der Raumgruppe P21.
ChemInform Abstract: CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS FROM MONOSACCHARIDES. I. TRANSFORMATIONS IN THE GLUCOSE E SERIES
Authors: BERNET B. , VASELLA A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEine Methode zur Darstellung pentasubstituierter Cyclopentane wie (IV) und (XII) aus Monosacchariden wie (I), (VII) oder (IX) wird beschrieben: Reduktive Fragmentierung z.B. von (Ia) mit Zn gibt die Didesoxyhexenose (II), deren Cyclisierung mit dem Hydroxylamin (III) die Produkte (IVa) + (IVb) + (V) + (VI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: PHOSPHORUS‐CONTAINING SUGARS. IV. PREPARATION OF BRANCHED SUGAR PHOSPHONATES BY NUCLEOPHILIC CONJUGATE ADDITION
Authors: TRONCHET J. M. J. , NEESER J.‐R. , GONZALEZ L. , CHAROLLAIS E. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Addition der Phosphor‐Nucleophile (II), (IV), (VII) und (XIII) an die entsprechenden verzweigten Zucker (III) bzw. (XII) zu den phosphorylierten Derivaten (I), (V) und (VI), (VIII) und (IX) bzw. (X) und (XI) und (XIV)‐(XVI) wird beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: PREPARATION OF FORTAMINE AND 6‐EPI‐PURPUROSAMINE B FROM FORTIMICIN B
Authors: SANO H. , SAKAGUCHI T. , MORI Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFortimicii B (Ia) wird zu dem Benzyloxycarbonylderivat (Ib) umgesetzt, das bei Benzylalkoholyse die α‐ und β‐Glycoside (IIa und b) von 6‐epi‐Purpurosamin Bund das Fortaminderivat (IIIa) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY OF LH‐RH ANALOGS SUBSTITUTED BY ALKYLTRYPTOPHANS AT POSITION 3
Authors: YABE Y. , MIURA C. , HORIKOSHI H. , MIYAGAWA H. , BABA Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGemäß dem Formelschema werden die Analoga (VI) dargestellt.
An exploration of malayalam basic and nonbasic color terms during a color naming task and in naturalistic narratives
Authors: Nambiar Rinu 
Published: April 2016

AbstractLanguages show variations in their basic color terms [Basic Color Terms: Their Universality and Evolution. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press; 1969]. Evidence for languages that have or lack basic color terms mainly comes from standardized naming tasks [The World Color Survey. Stanford, CA: CSLI; 2010]. In this article, we take a somewhat different perspective on the issue of color naming in languages. Starting from a language, Malayalam, with a limited number of basic color terms, and thus with a mixed color naming system, we ask how language users behave when they are asked to produce spontaneous narratives in a communicative setting in which color is manipulated systematically. Do narrators behave as predicted by naming task results and grammars, or do they behave (systematically) differently? In this article, we explore how two different color naming settings affect the expression of colors that have basic color terms in contrast with nonbasic terms. For this purpose, a color naming task was administered to validate basic and nonbasic color terms in Malayalam. The result showed that Malayalam has six colors considered simple color terms (e.g., chuvappu ‘red’) and five complex color terms (e.g., tavittu‐niram brown “color of rice bran”). This result was used to develop eight short stories in two color term conditions. The color terms extracted out from “naturalistic narratives” were more varied than those that were predicted by the color naming task. In the Malayalam primary color condition, respondents often used complex constructions rather than simple color terms only [e.g., chuvappu niram(ulla)]. In the secondary color condition, respondents, as expected, used more complex constructions, but they also avoided complex constructions in interesting ways. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Col Res Appl, 42, 193–202, 2017
Combined Use of Unguided FNA and CNB Increases the Diagnostic Accuracy for Palpable Breast Lesions
Authors: Al Nemer Areej 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundObtaining nonsurgical precise diagnosis of a palpable breast lesion is of paramount importance. Both core needle biopsy (CNB) and fine needle aspiration (FNA) are validated techniques used for this purpose. In this study, we compared the accuracy of both methods and explored whether combining both tests adds significant diagnostic value, and for the first time, we tested the concordance of tumor grading in parallel biopsies with reference to surgical excision (SE).MethodsPatients underwent concurrent unguided FNA and CNB followed by SE were retrospectively recruited. Chi‐square was used to compare the accuracy of malignancy detection, and tumor grade agreement was calculated using kappa (k) statistical test with reference to SE findings.ResultsAll patients were females (n: 170). The median age was 45 years. Excluding 18 cases which had inadequate FNA, accuracy of FNA and CNB was 86.2% and 79.6%; respectively. Accuracy was 94.1% when we considered both tests together for any positive result. For tumor grading, the agreement was 91.6% for CNB and 98.8% for FNA.ConclusionDiagnostic strength was comparable for both FNA and CNB, slightly more favorable for the former. Combination of both tests significantly minimized missing cases as false negative. When available, it is worthy to grade malignant FNA samples. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:578–581. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cytologic Differential Diagnosis of Malignant Mesothelioma and Reactive Mesothelial Cells With FISH Analysis of p16
Authors: Hiroshima Kenzo , Wu Di , Hasegawa Mizue , Koh Eitetsu , Sekine Yasuo , Ozaki Daisuke , Yusa Toshikazu , Walts Ann E. , Marchevsky Alberto M. , Nabeshima Kazuki , Tada Yuji , Shimada Hideaki , Tagawa Masatoshi 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundMesothelioma patients often present with serosal effusions, which are ideal for cytopathological diagnoses. However, the morphological overlap between malignant and benign mesothelial proliferation can make a conclusive cytological diagnosis of mesothelioma elusive because immunohistochemical staining does not discriminate definitively between the two in this setting. p16 is deleted in up to 80% of pleural mesotheliomas. The aim of this study was to establish the correlation between the p16 deletion status of the cell block with that of its corresponding tumor using fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) analysis for individual patient tumors.MethodsTwenty‐two biopsies and 24 corresponding cell blocks, containing serosal effusions with atypical mesothelial cells from 22 patients with histologically confirmed pleural mesotheliomas, were analyzed with p16 FISH. Seventeen cell blocks consisting of serosal effusions with reactive mesothelial cells from nonmesothelioma cases were also analyzed. Combined immunofluorescence and FISH were also performed.ResultsSeventeen of the 22 mesothelioma patients (77.3%) showed homozygous deletions of p16 in the tumor tissue and in the atypical mesothelial cells from the cell blocks. p16 FISH followed by immunofluorescence with EMA was helpful towards identifying the mesothelioma cells in the cell blocks.ConclusionWe confirmed that the p16 FISH results obtained from the cell blocks are as reliable as those from the tissue sections. Cell block analysis is recommended for patients with serosal effusions of unknown origins with the following methods: immunohistochemistry should be performed to validate the mesothelial origin, and p16 FISH should be performed to confirm malignancy. Diagn. Cytopathol. 2016;44:591–598. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Self‐assembled Ultrathin Gold Nanowires as Highly Transparent, Conductive and Stretchable Supercapacitor
Authors: Gong Shu , Zhao Yunmeng , Shi Qianqian , Wang Yan , Yap Lim Wei , Cheng Wenlong 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHigh transparency, conductivity and stretchability are very difficult to achieve simultaneously in a single type of capacitance device. Usually, high optical transparency requires very thin conductive film, which will inevitably cause cracking or breakage when a strain is applied. In this case, most of the currently developed electrodes are either transparent or stretchable but not both. Herein, we report a simple yet efficient method to fabricate self‐assembled monolayer gold nanowires (AuNWs) conductive thin film. Such film is both transparent and stretchable due to the unique flexible hairy structure of ultrathin AuNWs (2 nm in diameter, aspect ratio >10,000). In addition, the resultant AuNWs film could be used as nanostructured electrode for transparent and stretchable supercapacitors. The entire supercapacitor showed a high transparency of 79 % at the wavelength of 550 nm, and could be stretched up to 30 % strain without degradation over 80 stretching cycles.
Composites of Single/Double Perovskites as Cathodes for Solid Oxide Fuel Cells
Authors: Bu Yunfei , Chen Yu , Wei Tao , Lai Samson , Ding Dong , Sun Haibin , Zhen Dongxin , Xiong Xunhui , Zhong Qin 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe state‐of‐art cathode materials PrBaCo2O5+δ (PBC) and La0.4Sr0.6Co0.2Fe0.8O3−δ (LSCF) are mixed into a composite cathode for intermediate‐temperature solid oxide fuel cells (IT‐SOFCs). Analysis by X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) demonstrates that a structure comprising a single and double perovskite is obtained upon sintering in air at 1000 °C. Possible chemical interdiffusion between PBC and LSCF grains is further investigated by transmission electron microscopy and scanning transmission electron microscopy combined with electron energy loss spectroscopy. The composite cathode PBC+LSCF (with mass ratio 6:4) shows improved performance compared to either PBC or LSCF alone, achieving total area resistance (ASR) values in air of 0.017, 0.032, 0.07, 0.16, and 0.32 Ω cm−2 at 800, 750, 700, 650, and 600 °C, respectively. The PBC‐LSCF 64 cell delivered power densities of 1103 mW cm−2 at 750 °C, which were enhanced by 26 % and 35 % compared to the initial PBC and LSCF powders, respectively.
Lithology‐controlled evolution of stream bed sediment and basin‐scale sediment yields in adjacent mountain watersheds, Idaho, USA
Authors: Mueller Erich R. , Smith M. Elliot , Pitlick John 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe composition, grain‐size, and flux of stream sediment evolve downstream in response to variations in basin‐scale sediment delivery, channel network structure, and diminution during transport. Here, we document downstream changes in lithology and grain size within two adjacent ~300 km2 catchments in the northern Rocky Mountains, USA, which drain differing mixtures of soft and resistant rock types, and where measured sediment yields differ two‐fold. We use a simple erosion–abrasion mass balance model to predict the downstream evolution of sediment flux and composition using a Monte Carlo approach constrained by measured sediment flux. Results show that the downstream evolution of the bed sediment composition is predictably related to changes in underlying geology, influencing the proportion of sediment carried as bedload or suspended load. In the Big Wood basin, particle abrasion reduces the proportion of fine‐grained sedimentary and volcanic rocks, depressing bedload in favor of suspended load. Reduced bedload transport leads to stronger bed armoring, and coarse granitic rocks are concentrated in the stream bed. By contrast, in the North Fork Big Lost basin, bedload yields are three times higher, the stream bed is less armored, and bed sediment becomes dominated by durable quartzitic sandstones. For both basins, the geology‐based mass balance model can reproduce within ~5% root‐mean‐square error the composition of the bed substrate using realistic erosion and abrasion parameters. As bed sediment evolves downstream, bedload fluxes increase and decrease as a function of the abrasion parameter and the frequency and size of tributary junctions, while suspended load increases steadily. Variable erosion and abrasion rates produce conditions of variable bed‐material transport rates that are sensitive to the distribution of lithologies and channel network structure, and, provided sufficient diversity in bedrock geology, measurements of bed sediment composition allow for an assessment of sediment source areas and yield using a simple modeling approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.