bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Broadband NIR photoelectronic performance for sunlight‐induced photocurrent from (NaYF4:Yb‐Er)/BiOI hybrid films
Authors: Jia Hong , Chen Zhi , Chen Ping , Xu Cheng , Liu Chang , Zhao Zhiguo , Liu Xiaofeng , Qiu Jianrong 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe fabrication and near‐infrared optoelectronic performance of the (NaYF4:Yb‐Er)/BiOI upconversion phosphor/semiconductor hybrid films are reported. The composite films were fabricated by a simple electro‐deposition and successive ionic layer adsorption and reaction (SILAR) method. We observed efficient upconversion emissions in the film of NaYF4:Yb‐Er upon irradiation by near‐infrared part of simulated sunlight, and the UC emission is drastically quenched in the composite film (NaYF4:Yb‐Er)/BiOI. More importantly, this composite film displays unusual negative photoresponse to near‐infrared part of simulated sunlight when used in a standard electrochemical cell where the composite film serves as the photoanode. This result may pave the way for potential application of this hybrid films for the development of novel photovoltaic and infrared optoelectronic devices.
Charge distribution in nano‐scale grains of magnesium aluminate spinel
Authors: Halabi Mahdi , Ezersky Vladimir , Kohn Amit , Hayun Shmuel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractCharge distribution in magnesium aluminate spinel (MAS) results in the formation of a space‐charge region that plays a critical role in assigning functional properties. Significant theoretical advances explaining this phenomenon have been accomplished, even though quantitative experimental support from nano‐scale granular MAS is only indirect. In this work, the electrostatic potential distribution in nano‐scale grains of nonstoichiometric MAS (MgO·0.95Al2O3 and MgO·1.07Al2O3) was measured by off‐axis electron holography (OAEH) and compared to the distribution of cations and defects in this material as measured by electron energy‐loss spectroscopy (EELS). In this manner, we studied the roles of composition, grain size, and applied electric field (EF) on the formation of a space‐charge region. We quantitatively demonstrated that regardless of grain size, the vicinity of MgO·0.95Al2O3 grain boundaries presented an excess of Mg+2 cations, whereas the vicinity of MgO·1.07Al2O3 grain boundaries included an excess of Al+3 cations. The degree of structural disorder (ie, the inversion parameter, i) indicated that as‐synthesized MAS were significantly disordered (i between 0.37 and 0.41), with values decreasing toward equilibrium ordering values following annealing (i between 0.27 and 0.31). The application of an external ~150 V/cm EF during annealing further enhanced lattice ordering (i between 0.16 and 0.19). Such variations in the distribution of cations and defects should determine the space‐charged potential (SCP). However, using these measurements to calculate the SCP was not possible due to the wide range of values reported for formation energies of defects (0.82‐8.78 eV). Consequently, we correlated local ionic ordering with electrostatic potential in nonstoichiometric MAS. The magnitudes of the SCP in both MgO·0.95Al2O3 and MgO·1.07Al2O3 decreased following annealing from −3.4 ± 0.3 V and 2.0 ± 0.2 V to −2.0 ± 0.2 V and 1.6 ± 0.1 V, respectively.
Flash‐sintering of magnesium aluminate spinel (MgAl2O4) ceramics
Authors: Yoshida Hidehiro , Biswas Papiya , Johnson Roy , Mohan Mantravadi Krishna 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe sintering behavior of commercially available MgAl2O4 spinel was investigated under DC electric field in a range of 0 and 1000 V/cm. Flash‐sintering results in densification close to theoretical density at 1410°C under the DC field of 1000 V/cm, in comparison to the higher sintering temperature of 1650°C in case of conventional sintering. It was observed that the fields less than 750 V/cm had no significant effect on the densification behavior. An abrupt increase in power dissipation was observed corresponding to the occurrence of the flash event. A significant enhancement in grain size was observed in case of flash‐sintered dense spinel samples. The gradual increase in the specimen conductivity observed in the electric field‐assisted sintering (FAST) regime led to Joule heating within the specimen. The increased specimen temperature triggered further increment of current and Joule heating, resulting in the immediate densification.
Effects of heating rate, quartz particle size, viscosity, and form of glass additives on high‐level waste melter feed volume expansion
Authors: Lee SeungMin , VanderVeer Bradley J. , Hrma Pavel , Hilliard Zachary J. , Heilman‐Moore Jayven S. , Bonham Charles C. , Pokorny Richard , Dixon Derek R. , Schweiger Michael J. , Kruger Albert A. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNuclear waste can be vitrified by mixing it with glass‐forming and ‐modifying additives. The resulting feed is charged into an electric glass melter. To comprehend melting behavior of a high‐alumina melter feed, we monitored the volume expansion of pellets in response to heating at different heating rates. The feeds were prepared with different particle sizes of quartz (the major additive component) and with varied silica‐to‐fluxes ratio to investigate the glass melt viscosity effects. Also, we used additional melter feeds with additives premelted into glass frit. The volume of pellets was nearly constant at temperatures <600°C. After a short period of volume shrinkage at ~600°C‐700°C, foam generation produced massive volume expansion. The low heat conductivity of foam hinders the transfer of heat from molten glass to the reacting feed. The extent of foaming increased with faster heating and higher melt viscosity, and decreased with increasing size of quartz particles and fritting of the additives. Volume expansion data are needed for the mathematical modeling of the cold cap.
Pathogenesis of central and complex sleep apnoea
Authors: Orr Jeremy E. , Malhotra Atul , Sands Scott A. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACTCentral sleep apnoea (CSA) – the temporary absence or diminution of ventilatory effort during sleep – is seen in a variety of forms including periodic breathing in infancy and healthy adults at altitude and Cheyne–Stokes respiration in heart failure. In most circumstances, the cyclic absence of effort is paradoxically a consequence of hypersensitive ventilatory chemoreflex responses to oppose changes in airflow, that is elevated loop gain, leading to overshoot/undershoot ventilatory oscillations. Considerable evidence illustrates overlap between CSA and obstructive sleep apnoea (OSA), including elevated loop gain in patients with OSA and the presence of pharyngeal narrowing during central apnoeas. Indeed, treatment of OSA, whether via continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP), tracheostomy or oral appliances, can reveal CSA, an occurrence referred to as complex sleep apnoea. Factors influencing loop gain include increased chemosensitivity (increased controller gain), reduced damping of blood gas levels (increased plant gain) and increased lung to chemoreceptor circulatory delay. Sleep–wake transitions and pharyngeal dilator muscle responses effectively raise the controller gain and therefore also contribute to total loop gain and overall instability. In some circumstances, for example apnoea of infancy and central congenital hypoventilation syndrome, central apnoeas are the consequence of ventilatory depression and defective ventilatory responses, that is low loop gain. The efficacy of available treatments for CSA can be explained in terms of their effects on loop gain, for example CPAP improves lung volume (plant gain), stimulants reduce the alveolar‐inspired PCO2
difference and supplemental oxygen lowers chemosensitivity. Understanding the magnitude of loop gain and the mechanisms contributing to instability may facilitate personalized interventions for CSA.
Phylogeny, classification and divergence times of pygmy leaf‐mining moths (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): the earliest lepidopteran radiation on Angiosperms?
Authors: DOORENWEERD CAMIEL , VAN NIEUKERKEN ERIK J. , HOARE ROBERT J. B. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractNepticulidae represent one of the early diverging Lepidoptera lineages, and the family currently comprises over 850 described species. The larvae of the vast majority of the species are leaf miners on Angiosperms and highly monophagous, which has led to persistent ideas on coevolution with their plant hosts. We present here a molecular phylogeny based on eight gene fragments from 355 species, representing 20 out of 22 extant Nepticulidae genera. Using two fossil calibration points, we performed molecular dating to place the origin of the family in the Early Cretaceous, before the main Angiosperm diversification. Based on our results we propose a new classification, abandoning all ranks between family and genus, as well as subgenera to allow for a stable classification. The position of Enteucha Meyrick within Nepticulidae remains somewhat ambiguous, and the species‐rich cosmopolitan genus Stigmella Schrank, with nearly half of all described Nepticulidae, requires further study. Ectoedemia Busck, Zimmermannia Hering, Acalyptris Meyrick, Etainia Beirne, Parafomoria Borkowski, Muhabbetana Koçak & Kemal and Fomoria Beirne appear to have diversified in a relatively short evolutionary period, leading to short branches in the molecular phylogeny and unclear suprageneric relations. Otherwise support values throughout the phylogeny are mostly high and the species groups, genera and higher clades are discussed in respect of their supporting morphological and life‐history characters. Wing venation characters are confirmed to be mostly reliable and relevant for Nepticulidae classification, but some other previously used characters require reinterpretation. The species groups of most genera are recovered, but only partly so in the large genus Stigmella. The molecular dating results are compared with existing knowledge on the timing of the Angiosperm radiation and reveal that the diversification of Nepticulidae could largely have been contemporaneous with their hosts, although some of the genera restricted to a single plant family appear to have begun to diversify before their hosts.
Perceptual Pragmatism and the Naturalized Ontology of Color
Authors: Chirimuuta Mazviita 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis paper considers whether there can be any such thing as a naturalized metaphysics of color—any distillation of the commitments of perceptual science with regard to color ontology. I first make some observations about the kinds of philosophical commitments that sometimes bubble to the surface in the psychology and neuroscience of color. Unsurprisingly, because of the range of opinions expressed, an ontology of color cannot simply be read off from scientists’ definitions and theoretical statements. I next consider two alternative routes. First, conceptual pluralism inspired by Mark Wilson's analysis of scientific representation. I argue that these findings leave the prospects for a naturalized color ontology rather dim. Second, I outline a naturalized epistemology of perception. I ask how the correctness and informativeness of perceptual states is understood by contemporary perceptual science. I argue that the detectionist ideal of correspondence should be replaced by the pragmatic ideal of usefulness. I argue that this result has significant implications for the metaphysics of color.
Phenomenal Intentionality and Color Experience
Authors: Matey Jennifer 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPhenomenal intentionality is a view about the representational content of conscious experiences that grounds the content of experiences in their phenomenal character. The view is motivated by evidence from introspection, as well as theoretical considerations and intuitions. This paper discusses one potential problem with the view. The view has difficulty accounting for the intentionality of color experiences. Versions of the view either fail to count things as part of the content of color experience that should be counted, resulting in verdicts that some color experiences are inaccurate which should not be, or they admit properties as part of their contents that ought not to be admitted, resulting in color experiences being considered to be accurate when they ought not to be considered so. This is a problem because color predicates are usefully employed in sciences such as biology, cognitive science, and engineering. They are used in generalizations that take the form of laws governing the presence and behavior of properties. Scientific practice relies on the assumption that the laws governing how entities behave employ terms that refer to actual properties that entities really have. We should therefore assume that there is some consistent set of properties to which our color terms refer.
External Public Debt, Trade Linkages and Contagion During the Eurozone Crisis
Authors: Cutrini Eleonora , Galeazzi Giorgio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAgainst the backdrop of the contagion literature, the paper analyses the impact of financial and trade linkages on sovereign bond spreads in the Eurozone crisis. Using quarterly data for a sample of EMU countries during the period 2000–13, we estimate fixed‐effect panel models with Driscoll and Kraay standard errors that are robust to general forms of spatial and temporal dependence. Our main results can be summarised as follows: first, we suggest that the ‘sudden stop’ of capital inflow towards the peripheral sovereign debt triggered a re‐segmentation of financial markets and economic systems along national borders, with negative implications for risk‐sharing and the efficient allocation of capital. The ‘home bias’ effect – that is the increase in the share of sovereign debt held by domestic banks – worsened the country‐specific risk because the twin crisis (sovereign and banking) began to be conceived as more closely intertwined within countries than before. Second, the structure of international trade helps to account for the geographic scope of contagion, even after controlling for macroeconomic and fiscal vulnerabilities. Finally, the ‘substitution effect’ of public debt securities of stand‐alone emerging countries has affected more the sovereign spreads in the core than in the periphery.
DianNao family
Authors: Chen Yunji , Chen Tianshi , Xu Zhiwei , Sun Ninghui , Temam Olivier 
Published: October 2016

Machine Learning (ML) tasks are becoming pervasive in a broad range of applications, and in a broad range of systems (from embedded systems to data centers). As computer architectures evolve toward heterogeneous multi-cores composed of a mix of cores and hardware accelerators, designing hardware accelerators for ML techniques can simultaneously achieve high efficiency and broad application scope.While efficient computational primitives are important for a hardware accelerator, inefficient memory transfers can potentially void the throughput, energy, or cost advantages of accelerators, that is, an Amdahl's law effect, and thus, they should become a first-order concern, just like in processors, rather than an element factored in accelerator design on a second step. In this article, we introduce a series of hardware accelerators (i.e., the DianNao family) designed for ML (especially neural networks), with a special emphasis on the impact of memory on accelerator design, performance, and energy. We show that, on a number of representative neural network layers, it is possible to achieve a speedup of 450.65x over a GPU, and reduce the energy by 150.31x on average for a 64-chip DaDianNao system (a member of the DianNao family).<!-- END_PAGE_1 -->
A reconfigurable fabric for accelerating large-scale datacenter services
Authors: Putnam Andrew , Caulfield Adrian M. , Chung Eric S. , Chiou Derek , Constantinides Kypros , Demme John , Esmaeilzadeh Hadi , Fowers Jeremy , Gopal Gopi Prashanth , Gray Jan , Haselman Michael , Hauck Scott , Heil Stephen , Hormati Amir , Kim Joo-Young , Lanka Sitaram , Larus James , Peterson Eric , Pope Simon , Smith Aaron , Thong Jason , Xiao Phillip Yi , Burger Doug 
Published: October 2016

Datacenter workloads demand high computational capabilities, flexibility, power efficiency, and low cost. It is challenging to improve all of these factors simultaneously. To advance datacenter capabilities beyond what commodity server designs can provide, we designed and built a composable, reconfigurable hardware fabric based on field programmable gate arrays (FPGA). Each server in the fabric contains one FPGA, and all FPGAs within a 48-server rack are interconnected over a low-latency, high-bandwidth network.
We describe a medium-scale deployment of this fabric on a bed of 1632 servers, and measure its effectiveness in accelerating the ranking component of the Bing web search engine. We describe the requirements and architecture of the system, detail the critical engineering challenges and solutions needed to make the system robust in the presence of failures, and measure the performance, power, and resilience of the system. Under high load, the large-scale reconfigurable fabric improves the ranking throughput of each server by 95% at a desirable latency distribution or reduces tail latency by 29% at a fixed throughput. In other words, the reconfigurable fabric enables the same throughput using only half the number of servers.
ENSO Precipitation and Temperature Forecasts in the North American Multimodel Ensemble: Composite Analysis and Validation
Authors: Chen Li-Chuan , van den Dool Huug , Becker Emily , Zhang Qin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In this study, precipitation and temperature forecasts during El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events are examined in six models in the North American Multimodel Ensemble (NMME), including the CFSv2, CanCM3, CanCM4, the Forecast-Oriented Low Ocean Resolution (FLOR) version of GFDL CM2.5, GEOS-5, and CCSM4 models, by comparing the model-based ENSO composites to the observed. The composite analysis is conducted using the 1982–2010 hindcasts for each of the six models with selected ENSO episodes based on the seasonal oceanic Niño index just prior to the date the forecasts were initiated. Two types of composites are constructed over the North American continent: one based on mean precipitation and temperature anomalies and the other based on their probability of occurrence in a tercile-based system. The composites apply to monthly mean conditions in November, December, January, February, and March as well as to the 5-month aggregates representing the winter conditions. For anomaly composites, the anomaly correlation coefficient and root-mean-square error against the observed composites are used for the evaluation. For probability composites, a new probability anomaly correlation measure and a root-mean probability score are developed for the assessment. All NMME models predict ENSO precipitation patterns well during wintertime; however, some models have large discrepancies between the model temperature composites and the observed. The fidelity is greater for the multimodel ensemble as well as for the 5-month aggregates. February tends to have higher scores than other winter months. For anomaly composites, most models perform slightly better in predicting El Niño patterns than La Niña patterns. For probability composites, all models have superior performance in predicting ENSO precipitation patterns than temperature patterns.
Reexamination of the Wave Activity Envelope Convective Scheme in Theoretical Modeling of MJO
Authors: Chen Guosen , Wang Bin 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The skeleton model is one of the theoretical models for understanding the essence of the Madden–Julian oscillation (MJO). The heating parameterization scheme in the skeleton model assumes that precipitation tendency is in phase and proportional to the low-level moisture anomaly. The authors show that the observed MJO precipitation tendency is not in phase with the low-level moisture anomaly. The consequence of the wave activity envelope (WAE) scheme is reexamined by using a general MJO theoretical framework in which trio-interaction among convective heating, moisture, and wave–boundary layer (BL) dynamics are included and various simplified convective schemes can be accommodated. Without the BL dynamics, the general model framework can be reduced to the original skeleton model. The authors show that the original skeleton model yields a neutral mode that exhibits a “quadrupole” horizontal structure and a quadrature relationship between precipitation and low-level moisture; both are inconsistent with observations. With the BL dynamics and damping included, the model can produce a growing mode with improved horizontal structure and precipitation–moisture relationship, but deficiencies remain because of the WAE scheme. The authors further demonstrate that the general model with the simplified Betts–Miller scheme and BL dynamics can produce a realistic horizontal structure (coupled Kelvin–Rossby wave structure) and precipitation–moisture relationship (i.e., the BL moisture convergence leads precipitation, and column-integrated moisture coincides with precipitation).
Atmospheric Water Balance and Variability in the MERRA-2 Reanalysis
Authors: Bosilovich Michael G. , Robertson Franklin R. , Takacs Lawrence , Molod Andrea , Mocko David 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Closing and balancing Earth’s global water cycle remains a challenge for the climate community. Observations are limited in duration, global coverage, and frequency, and not all water cycle terms are adequately observed. Reanalyses aim to fill the gaps through the assimilation of as many atmospheric water vapor observations as possible. Former generations of reanalyses have demonstrated a number of systematic problems that have limited their use in climate studies, especially regarding low-frequency trends. This study characterizes the NASA Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications version 2 (MERRA-2) water cycle relative to contemporary reanalyses and observations. MERRA-2 includes measures intended to minimize the spurious global variations related to inhomogeneity in the observational record. The global balance and cycling of water from ocean to land is presented, with special attention given to the water vapor analysis increment and the effects of the changing observing system. While some systematic regional biases can be identified, MERRA-2 produces temporally consistent time series of total column water and transport of water from ocean to land. However, the interannual variability of ocean evaporation is affected by the changing surface-wind-observing system, and precipitation variability is closely related to the evaporation. The surface energy budget is also strongly influenced by the interannual variability of the ocean evaporation. Furthermore, evaluating the relationship of temperature and water vapor indicates that the variations of water vapor with temperature are weaker in satellite data reanalyses, not just MERRA-2, than determined by observations, atmospheric models, or reanalyses without water vapor assimilation.