bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Shift in the chemical composition of dissolved organic matter in the Congo
River network
Authors: Lambert Thibault , Bouillon Steven , Darchambeau François , Massicotte Philippe , Borges Alberto V. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract. The processing of terrestrially derived dissolved organic matter (DOM) during downstream transport in fluvial networks is poorly understood. Here, we report a dataset of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations and DOM composition (stable carbon isotope ratios, absorption and fluorescence properties) acquired along a 1700 km transect in the middle reach of the Congo River basin. Samples were collected in the mainstem and its tributaries during high-water (HW) and falling-water (FW) periods. DOC concentrations and DOM composition along the mainstem were found to differ between the two periods because of a reduced lateral mixing between the central water masses of the Congo River and DOM-rich waters from tributaries and also likely because of a greater photodegradation during FW as water residence time (WRT) increased. Although the Cuvette Centrale wetland (one of the world's largest flooded forests) continuously releases highly aromatic DOM in streams and rivers of the Congo Basin, the downstream transport of DOM was found to result in an along-stream gradient from aromatic to aliphatic compounds. The characterization of DOM through parallel factor analysis (PARAFAC) suggests that this transition results from (1) the losses of aromatic compounds by photodegradation and (2) the production of aliphatic compounds by biological reworking of terrestrial DOM. Finally, this study highlights the critical importance of the river–floodplain connectivity in tropical rivers in controlling DOM biogeochemistry at a large spatial scale and suggests that the degree of DOM processing during downstream transport is a function of landscape characteristics and WRT.
Um ovo azul e outro rosa: pedagogia Kinder e a construção visual dos gêneros e das infâncias
Authors: Baliscei João Paulo , Maio Eliane Rose , Calsa Geiva Carolina 
Published: September 2016

Em 2013, a marca Kinder lançou produtos nas versões “azul” e “rosa”, com as palavras “meninos” e “meninas” estampadas em sua embalagem. Quais as representações que o Kinder Ovo cria sobre masculinidade e feminilidade? Para discutir sobre essa temática, realizamos uma pesquisa documental e bibliográfica, cujo objetivo é problematizar a constituição de gênero pelas representações e discursos promovidos por artefatos culturais infantis. Utilizamos o Image Watching para investigar o corpus da pesquisa, integrado por 13 imagens do que aqui chamamos de “Pedagogia Kinder”, que apresenta às crianças pós-modernas modos restritos de viverem suas infâncias e suas identidades de gênero. Palavras-chave: Educação, Estudo da Cultura Visual, Estudos Culturais
African Musical Hybridity in the Colonial Context: An Analysis of Ephraim Amu’s “Yɛn Ara Asase Ni”
Authors: Terpenning Steven Spinner 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This essay describes how the creative hybridity of “Yɛn Ara Asase Ni,” a choral composition by Ephraim Amu, contributed to the emergence of national consciousness in Ghana. Originally composed for a colonial holiday in 1929, this piece spread through schools, radio broadcasts, and live performances, and was heard throughout the country around the time of independence. Based on postcolonial theory, secondary sources, archival research, and interviews, I present a history and analysis of “Yɛn Ara Asase Ni” that demonstrates how it disrupted colonial categories, such as religion and culture, and prepared the way for an independence movement informed by Pan-Africanism and Christianity.
The Spectrum of Histologic Findings in Hepatic Outflow Obstruction
Authors: Gonzalez Raul S. , Gilger Michael A. , Huh Won Jae , Washington Mary Kay 
Published: September 2016

Context.—Cardiac hepatopathy and Budd-Chiari syndrome are 2 forms of hepatic venous outflow obstruction with different pathophysiology but overlapping histologic findings, including sinusoidal dilation and centrilobular necrosis.
Objective.—To determine whether a constellation of morphologic findings could help distinguish between the 2 and could suggest the diagnoses in previously undiagnosed patients.
Design.—We identified 26 specimens with a diagnosis of cardiac hepatopathy and 23 with a diagnosis of Budd-Chiari syndrome. Slides stained with hematoxylin and eosin and with trichrome were evaluated for several distinctive histologic findings.
Results.—Features common to both forms of hepatic outflow obstruction included sinusoidal dilation and portal tract changes of fibrosis, chronic inflammation, and bile ductular reaction. Histologic findings significantly more common in cardiac hepatopathy included pericellular/sinusoidal fibrosis and fibrosis around the central vein. Only centrilobular hepatocyte dropout/necrosis was significantly more common in Budd-Chiari, regardless of duration.
Conclusions.—The finding of pericellular/sinusoidal fibrosis in cardiac hepatopathy compared with Budd-Chiari is not unexpected, given the chronic nature of most cardiac hepatopathy. Portal tract changes are common in both forms of hepatic outflow obstruction and should not deter one from making the diagnosis of hepatic outflow obstruction. Fibrosis along sinusoids and around the central vein may be suggestive of cardiac hepatopathy in biopsies from patients without a prior diagnosis.
Number of Lymph Nodes in Primary Nodal Basin and a “Second Look” Protocol as Quality Indicators for Optimal Nodal Staging of Colon Cancer
Authors: Lisovsky Mikhail , Schutz Shannon N. , Drage Michael G. , Liu Xiaoying , Suriawinata Arief A. , Srivastava Amitabh 
Published: September 2016

Context.—Evaluation of 12 or more lymph nodes (LNs) is currently used as a quality indicator for adequacy of pathologic examination of colon cancer resections.Objective.—To evaluate the utility of a focused LN search in the immediate vicinity of the tumor and a “second look” protocol in improving LN staging in colon cancer.Design.—Lymph nodes were submitted separately from the primary nodal basin (PNB) and secondary nodal basin (SNB) defined as an area less than 5 cm away and an area greater than 5 cm away from the tumor edge, respectively, in 201 consecutive resections (2010–2013). One hundred sixty-eight consecutive tumors (2006–2009) were used as a control group. A second search was performed in all cases that were N0 after the first search.Results.—In cases that were N0 after the first search, 20.9 ± 10.8 LNs were collected from the PNB, compared to 8.5 ± 9.1 from the SNB. Positive LNs were found in N+ tumors in the PNB in all cases but in only 9% (4 of 46) of SNBs (P &lt; .001). A second search increased node count by an average of 10 additional LNs. In 5 of 114 cases (4.4%), N0 after the first search converted to N+ after a second search that yielded 1 to 4 positive LNs, all of which were in the PNB.Conclusions.—Emphasis on the number of LNs examined from the PNB and a “second look” protocol improve nodal staging.
External driving synchronization in a superconducting quantum interference device based oscillator
Authors: Zhao Jie , Zhao Peng , Yu Haifeng , Yu Yang 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We propose an external driving, self-sustained oscillator based on superconducting resonators. The dynamics of the self-sustained oscillator can be described by a Duffing–van der Pol like equation. Under external driving, the self-sustained oscillator presents synchronization phenomena. We analytically and numerically investigate the synchronization regions, and the results show that the synchronization bandwidth can be quickly adjusted in situ by the external weak magnetic field in sub-nano seconds. Moreover, the system can re-stabilize in about 10 ns with a certain sudden change of driving frequency or the critical current of the superconducting quantum interference device (SQUID). These advantages allow the potential applications of self-sustained oscillators in timing reference, microwave communication and electromagnetic sensing.
RBioplot: an easy-to-use R pipeline for automated statistical analysis and data visualization in molecular biology and biochemistry
Authors: Zhang Jing , Storey Kenneth B. 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundStatistical analysis and data visualization are two crucial aspects in molecular biology and biology. For analyses that compare one dependent variable between standard (e.g., control) and one or multiple independent variables, a comprehensive yet highly streamlined solution is valuable. The computer programming language R is a popular platform for researchers to develop tools that are tailored specifically for their research needs. Here we present an R package RBioplot that takes raw input data for automated statistical analysis and plotting, highly compatible with various molecular biology and biochemistry lab techniques, such as, but not limited to, western blotting, PCR, and enzyme activity assays.MethodThe package is built based on workflows operating on a simple raw data layout, with minimum user input or data manipulation required. The package is distributed through GitHub, which can be easily installed through one single-line R command. A detailed installation guide is available athttp://kenstoreylab.com/?page_id=2448. Users can also download demo datasets from the same website.Results and DiscussionBy integrating selected functions from existing statistical and data visualization packages with extensive customization, RBioplot features both statistical analysis and data visualization functionalities. Key properties of RBioplot include:-Fully automated and comprehensive statistical analysis, including normality test, equal variance test, Student’s t-test and ANOVA (with post-hoc tests);-Fully automated histogram, heatmap and joint-point curve plotting modules;-Detailed output files for statistical analysis, data manipulation and high quality graphs;-Axis range finding and user customizable tick settings;-High user-customizability.
Accuracy of conventional identification methods used for Enterobacteriaceae isolates in three Nigerian hospitals
Authors: Jesumirhewe Christiana , Ogunlowo Peter Oladejo , Olley Mitsan , Springer Burkhard , Allerberger Franz , Ruppitsch Werner 
Published: September 2016

BackgroundEnterobacteriaceae are ubiquitously present in nature and can be found in the intestinal tract of humans and animals as commensal flora. Multidrug-resistant Enterobacteriaceae are increasingly reported and are a threat to public health implicating a need for accurate identification of the isolates to species level. In developing countries, identification of bacteria basically depends on conventional methods: culture and phenotypic methods that hamper the accurate identification of bacteria. In this study, matrix-assisted desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) technique was compared to conventional identification techniques.Materials and MethodsIn total, 147 Enterobacteriaceae isolates were collected from March to May 2015 from three medical microbiology laboratories of hospitals in Edo state, Nigeria, after being tested according to the individual laboratories standard operating procedures. All isolates were stored at −20°C until tested centrally by MALDI-TOF MS.ResultsOne hundred and forty five (98.6%) isolates had a MALDI Biotyper best score > or =2.0, indicating a secure genus and probable species identification; and 2(1.36%) isolates had a best score <2.0 indicating probable genus identification. Isolates with best scores of > or =2.0 comprised nine genera and 10 species, respectively. A total of 57.2% and 33.1% of isolates identified had agreement between MALDI-TOF MS and conventional techniques for identification at genus and species level, respectively, when analyzing bacteria with MALDI Biotyper best scores > or =2.0.ConclusionThe results of our study show that the applied conventional identification techniques for Enterobacteriaceae in the investigated Nigerian hospitals are not very accurate. Use of state-of-the-art identification technologies for microorganisms is necessary to guarantee comparability of bacteriological results.
Mercury isotope compositions across North American forests
Authors: Zheng Wang , Obrist Daniel , Weis Dominique , Bergquist Bridget A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractForest biomass and soils represent some of the largest reservoirs of actively cycling mercury (Hg) on Earth, but many uncertainties exist regarding the source and fate of Hg in forest ecosystems. We systematically characterized stable isotope compositions of Hg in foliage, litter, and mineral soil horizons across 10 forest sites in the contiguous United States. The mass‐independent isotope signatures in all forest depth profiles are more consistent with those of atmospheric Hg(0) than those of atmospheric Hg(II), indicating that atmospheric Hg(0) is the larger source of Hg to forest ecosystems. Within litter horizons, we observed significant enrichment in Hg concentration and heavier isotopes along the depth, which we hypothesize to result from additional deposition of atmospheric Hg(0) during litter decomposition. Furthermore, Hg isotope signatures in mineral soils closely resemble those of the overlying litter horizons suggesting incorporation of Hg from litter as a key source of soil Hg. The spatial distribution of Hg isotope compositions in mineral soils across all sites is modeled by isotopic mixing assuming atmospheric Hg(II), atmospheric Hg(0), and geogenic Hg as major sources. This model shows that northern sites with higher precipitation tend to have higher atmospheric Hg(0) deposition than other sites, whereas drier sites in the western U.S. tend to have higher atmospheric Hg(II) deposition than the rest. We attribute these differences primarily to the higher litterfall Hg input at northern wetter sites due to increased plant productivity by precipitation. These results allow for a better understanding of Hg cycling across the atmosphere‐forest‐soil interface.
The role of metabolism in modulating CO2 fluxes in boreal lakes
Authors: Bogard Matthew J. , del Giorgio Paul A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLake CO2 emissions are increasingly recognized as an important component of the global CO2 cycle, yet the origin of these emissions is not clear, as specific contributions from metabolism and in‐lake cycling, versus external inputs, are not well defined. To assess the coupling of lake metabolism with CO2 concentrations and fluxes, we estimated steady state ratios of gross primary production to respiration (GPP:R) and rates of net ecosystem production (NEP = GPP‐R) from surface water O2 dynamics (concentration and stable isotopes) in 187 boreal lakes spanning long environmental gradients. Our findings suggest that internal metabolism plays a dominant role in regulating CO2 fluxes in most lakes, but this pattern only emerges when examined at a resolution that accounts for the vastly differing relationships between lake metabolism and CO2 fluxes. Fluxes of CO2 exceeded those from NEP in over half the lakes, but unexpectedly, these effects were most common and typically largest in a subset (~30% of total) of net autotrophic lakes that nevertheless emitted CO2. Equally surprising, we found no environmental characteristics that distinguished this category from the more common net heterotrophic, CO2 outgassing lakes. Excess CO2 fluxes relative to NEP were best predicted by catchment structure and hydrologic properties, and we infer from a combination of methods that both catchment inputs and internal anaerobic processes may have contributed this excess CO2. Together, our findings show that the link between lake metabolism and CO2 fluxes is often strong but can vary widely across the boreal biome, having important implications for catchment‐wide C budgets.
A drought index based on actual evapotranspiration from the Bouchet hypothesis
Authors: Kim Daeha , Rhee Jinyoung 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGlobal drought assessment has mainly depended on precipitation‐based drought indices that may also take into account potential evapotranspiration (ETp). In this study, we combined the actual evapotranspiration (ETa) estimated from the Bouchet hypothesis and the structure of the Standardized Precipitation‐Evapotranspiration Index to develop a fully ET‐based drought index, the Standardized Evapotranspiration Deficit Index (SEDI). We found that SEDI, without using precipitation data, produces results that are consistent with the Palmer Drought Severity Index (PDSI) and the Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI) for drought identification in the South‐Central United States. We also found a competitive performance of SEDI through comparisons between the Vegetation Health Index with SEDI, PDSI, and SPI. We suggest the high applicability of the SEDI based on the Bouchet hypothesis as an independent drought index for regions with strong land‐atmosphere coupling or as an alternative drought index to fully precipitation‐dependent indices for assessing agricultural droughts.
Investigation of triggering of poleward moving auroral forms using satellite‐imager coordinated observations
Authors: Wang Boyi , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Zou Ying , Lyons Larry R. , Angelopoulos Vassilis , Frey Harald , Mende Stephen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPoleward moving auroral forms (PMAFs) are thought to be an ionospheric signature of dayside magnetic reconnection. While PMAFs are more likely to occur when the interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) is southward, how often PMAFs are triggered by changes in solar wind parameters is still an open question. To address this issue, we used one of the Automatic Geophysical Observatories all‐sky imagers in Antarctica and the Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) B and C satellites, which can give solar wind measurements much closer to the subsolar bow shock than by Wind or ACE, to examine if PMAFs occurred in association with IMF orientation changes. We identified 60 PMAFs in conjunction with THEMIS B and C during 2008, 2009, and 2011 and 70% of events show reduction of Bz before PMAF onset indicating that IMF southward turning plays an important role in triggering a majority of PMAFs. In contrast, the magnitude of the IMF Bz reduction in OMNI data was smaller and the reduction occurred in a slightly smaller percentage of events (40–60%). This suggests that solar wind structures that missed the L1 point or evolution of solar wind between the L1 point and THEMIS may be important for identifying IMF changes responsible for transient dayside reconnection. Additionally, 17 PMAFs that did not have substantial IMF southward turnings are correlated well with foreshock events, indicating that foreshock phenomena may also play a role in triggering PMAFs.
Ionospheric total electron content: Spatial patterns of variability
Authors: Lean J. L. , Meier R. R. , Picone J. M. , Sassi F. , Emmert J. T. , Richards P. G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe distinctive spatial patterns of the ionosphere's total electron content (TEC) response to solar, seasonal, diurnal, and geomagnetic influences are determined across the globe using a new statistical model constructed from 2‐hourly TEC observations from 1998 to 2015. The model combines representations of the physical solar EUV photon and geomagnetic activity drivers with solar‐modulated sinusoidal parameterizations of four seasonal cycles and solar‐modulated and seasonally modulated parameterizations of three diurnal cycles. The average absolute residual of the data‐model differences is 2.1 total electron content unit, 1 TECU = 1016 el m−2 (TECU) (9%) and the root‐mean‐square error is 3.5 TECU (15%). Solar and geomagnetic variability, the semiannual oscillation and the diurnal and semidiurnal oscillations all impact TEC most at low magnetic latitudes where TEC itself maximizes, with differing degrees of longitudinal inhomogeneity. In contrast, the annual oscillation manifests primarily in the Southern Hemisphere with maximum amplitude over midlatitude South America, extending to higher southern latitudes in the vicinity of the Weddell Sea. Nighttime TEC levels in the vicinity of the Weddell Sea exceed daytime levels every year in Southern Hemisphere summer as a consequence of the modulation of the diurnal oscillations by the seasonal oscillations. The anomaly, which is present at all phases of the solar cycle, commences sooner and ends later under solar minimum conditions. The model minus data residuals maximize at tropical magnetic latitudes in four geographical regions similar to the ionosphere pattern generated by lower atmospheric meteorology. Enhanced residuals at northern midlatitudes during winter are consistent with an influence of atmospheric gravity waves.
Ridge asymmetry and deep aqueous alteration at the trench observed from Rayleigh wave tomography of the Juan de Fuca plate
Authors: Bell Samuel , Ruan Youyi , Forsyth Donald W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUsing Rayleigh wave tomography of noise‐removed ocean bottom seismometer data from the Cascadia Initiative, we illuminate the structure of the upper mantle beneath the Juan de Fuca plate. Beneath the Juan de Fuca ridge, there is strong asymmetry, with a pronounced low‐velocity zone in the 25–65 km depth range. Extending to the west from the spreading axis, this anomaly has velocities low enough to indicate the presence of melt. The asymmetry in velocity structure and the much greater abundance of seamounts on the west flank of the ridge suggest that dynamic, buoyant upwelling is important, perhaps triggered by thermal or compositional anomalies beneath Axial Seamount. In contrast, there is no evidence for asymmetry in the axial zone or lower than expected velocities beneath the Gorda ridge. On the eastern flank of the Juan de Fuca ridge, the shear velocity in the 25–65 depth range is higher than expected; the lithosphere appears to be colder and thicker than predicted by standard plate cooling models, perhaps caused by the downwelling counterpart of the upwelling on the west side of the ridge. Close to the trench, there is a sharp decrease in shear velocity. We interpret this as aqueous alteration caused by hydrothermal circulation through deep normal faults associated with bending of the plate. Beneath the Astoria and Nitinat fans, where abyssal plain sediment is thickest, the velocity decrease is much smaller, which is consistent with a thick sediment cap that prevents hydrothermal alteration of the plate.