bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sustentabilidad en la movilidad: vivir con seguridad según las posibilidades colectivas
Authors: Thorson Jorgensen Ole 
Published: December 2017

Nos enfrentamos a un sistema de movilidad fundamentalmente técnico, incapaz de incorporar el componente humano, en las distintas propuestas y soluciones. Como consecuencia tenemos un alto índice de mortalidad por accidentes viales, así como por afecciones relacionadas por altos niveles de contaminación acústica y del medio, originada por el ruido y las emisiones que producen los vehículos motorizados. En este contexto, lo que se pretende en este artículo es señalar las principales líneas a seguir para lograr una mayor sustentabilidad en la movilidad, en otras palabras, humanizar la movilidad, entre las cuales se cuentan la correcta priorización de cada una de las formas de transporte: primero, el peatón: segundo, el transporte público; y tercero, el vehículo privado; así como la planificación conjunta de las distintas formas de movilidad. En este sentido, se subraya la necesidad de concienciar tanto a los técnicos como a los usuarios del sistema.
Ens enfrontem a un sistema de mobilitat fonamentalment tècnic, incapaç d’incorporar el component humà en les diferents propostes i solucions. Com a conseqüència tenim un alt índex de mortalitat per accidents vials, així com per afectacions relacionades per alts nivells de contaminació acústica i del medi, originada pel soroll i les emissions que produeixen vehicles motoritzats. En aquest context, el que es pretén en aquest article és assenyalar les principals línies a seguir per aconseguir una major sostenibilitat en la mobilitat, en altres paraules, humanitzar la mobilitat, entre les quals es tenen en compte la correcta priorització de cadascuna de les formes de transport: primer el peató, segon el transport públic, i tercer el vehicle privat; així com la planificació conjunta de les diferents formes de mobilitat. En aquest sentit, es ressalta la necessitat de conscienciar tant als tècnics com als usuaris del sistema.
We face a highly technical system of mobility, unable to incorporate the human element in the different proposals and solutions. As a result we have a high mortality rate due to road accidents and to the high levels of environment pollution, caused by noise and emissions produced by motor vehicles. In this context, the aim in this article is to point out the main lines to achieve greater sustainability in mobility, in other words: humanize mobility, among which include the correct prioritization of each of the forms of transport: first, the pedestrian; second, the public transport; and third, private vehicles, planning jointly the different forms of mobility. In this regard, stresses the need to educate both, technicians and users of the system.
Looking for order in the maze of urban water and wastewater pipeline networks
Authors: Govindarajan Venkatesh , Brattebø Helge 
Published: December 2017

Active research has been going on to validate the Power Law in physics, economics,
linguistics, sociology, geophysics etc. This paper sets out to test the hypothesis that the Power
Law is a feature of water and wastewater pipeline networks in cities. Databases from 30
different municipalities in Norway serve as the raw data to be processed. The findings may
seem a bit intuitive in retrospect, but the numerical results provide some interesting insights.
There is greater conformity to the Power Law when the number of pipelines in different lengthclasses
is taken into account, as compared to when the total length in each length-class is
considered. By considering only the equations with a high degree or conformity to the Power
Law, it is possible to derive a standard equation representing an average saturated Norwegian
water-wastewater pipeline network. The authors recommend similar analyses of networks in
other parts of the world.
Investigació activa s'ha estat desenvolupant per validar la Llei de Potències en física, economia, lingüística, sociologia, geofísica, etc. En aquest treball es pretén provar la hipòtesi de que la Llei Potencial és una característica que compleixen les xarxes de canonades d'aigua i aigües residuals a les ciutats. Les bases de dades de 30 municipis noruecs serveixen d'informació primària per ésser processats. Els descobriments podrien ser una mica primitius en retrospectiva, però els resultats numèrics ofereixen algunes idees interessants. Hi ha una major conformitat amb la Llei Potencial quan es té en compte el nombre de canonades en diverses classes de longitud en comparació a quan es considera la longitud total en cada classe de longitud. Al considerar només les equacions un alt grau o conformitat amb la Llei Potencial, és possible derivar una equació estàndard que representi la saturació mitjana de la xarxa noruega de canonades d'aigua i aigües residuals. Els autors recomanen anàlisis similars de xarxes en altres parts del món.
Investigación activa se ha estado desarrollando para validar la Ley de Potencias en física, economía, lingüística, sociología, geofísica, etc. En este trabajo se pretende probar la hipótesis de que la Ley Potencial es un rasgo que cumplen las redes de tuberías de agua y aguas residuales en las ciudades. Las bases de datos de 30 municipios noruegos sirven de información primaria para ser procesados. Los hallazgos podrían parecer un poco intuitivos en retrospectiva, pero los resultados numéricos ofrecen algunas ideas interesantes. Hay una mayor conformidad con la Ley Potencial cuando se toma en cuenta el número de tuberías en diferentes clases de longitud, en comparación a cuando se considera la longitud total en cada clase de longitud. Al considerar sólo las ecuaciones con un alto grado o conformidad con la Ley Potencial, es posible derivar una ecuación estándar que represente la saturación promedio de la red noruega de tuberías de agua y aguas residuales. Los autores recomiendan análisis similares de redes en otras partes del mundo.
La Junta diocesana de obras y reparaciones, el pueblo y el estado durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX: proyectos de conservación, restauración y de nueva planta en la arquitectura religiosa vallisoletana de Jerónimo Ortiz de Urbina
Authors: Domínguez Burrieza Francisco Javier 
Published: December 2017

El arquitecto más influyente de Valladolid durante la segunda mitad del siglo XIX, y quizá también, desde el punto de vista docente, de los más influyentes en buena parte de la zona norte de España (Galicia, Cantabria, Asturias y País Vasco), Jerónimo Ortiz de Urbina Díaz de Junguitu, fue, sin lugar a dudas, una pieza clave en la reparación y restauración de un importante número de templos y conventos de la diócesis vallisoletana. Entre sus proyectos, todos inéditos, contamos, y tan sólo a modo de ejemplo, con los llevados a cabo para la colegiata de San Antolín (Medina del Campo), la iglesia de los Santos Juanes (Nava del Rey) o la iglesia conventual de Santa María Magdalena (Medina del Campo). Tras un profundo trabajo de archivo y de análisis, en todos ellos vemos cómo los diferentes intereses económicos y sociales de las partes implicadas jugaron a favor o en contra de la conservación de importantes Bienes de Interés Cultural (BIC) de nuestro país.
L'arquitecte més influent de Valladolid durant la segona meitat del segle XIX i potser també, des del punt de vista docent, dels més influents en bona part de la zona Nord d'Espanya (Galicia, Cantàbria, Astúries i País Basc), Jerónimo Ortiz de Urbina Díaz de Junguitu, for sense dubte una peça clau en la reparació i restauració d'un important nombre de temples i convents de la diòcesi val·lisoletana. Entre els seus projectes, tots inèdits, contem, tant sols a mode d'exemple, amb els portats a terme per la col·legiata de San Antolín (Medina del Campo), l'església de Los Santos Juanes (Nava del Rey) o l'església conventual de Santa María Magdalena (Medina del Campo). Després d'un profund treball d'arxiu i d'anàlisi, en tots ells veiem com els diferents interessos econòmics i socials de les parts implicades van jugar a favor o en contra de la conservació d'importants Béns d'Interès Cultural del nostre país
The most influent architect in Valladolid during the second half of 19th, and probably also, from educational point of view, one of the most influent of the whole north zone of Spain (Galicia, Cantabria, Asturias and País Vasco), Jerónimo Ortiz de Urbina Díaz de Junguitu, was undoubtedly a key figure in the preservation and restoration of a good number of temples and convents in the Diocese of Valladolid. Among his projects we have, only as examples, with those performed for the collegiate church of Saint Antolín ( in Medina del Campo), the Church of Los Santos Juanes ( Nava del Rey) or the conventual church of Saint Mary Magdalene (Medina del Campo). After a deep work of archive and of analysis, in these examples we can see how the different economic and social interests of the parts played for or against the preservation of important BIC in our country.
Imaginarios habitacionales de la vivienda de lujo frente a la globalización. El caso de la ciudad de Guadalajara
Authors: Díaz Núñez Verónica Livier , Hernández Rodríguez César Abraham 
Published: December 2017

Algunos efectos de la globalización han sido los de homogenizar, en este sentido las políticas
económicas, sociales y culturales, para la producción de la vivienda, manifiestan un código que
parece ser eficaz al ofrecer desarrollos habitacionales aparentemente adecuados a la demanda
actual de consumo. A través de la fenomenología este trabajo analiza las arquitecturas de
“apariencia” cuyo propósito es convencer y seducir; incidiendo en la conformación del
imaginario arquitectónico-social. Nuestras lecturas finales reflejan que en muchas ocasiones no
corresponde lo ofertado por la publicidad con el producto terminado.
The homogenization has been one impact derived from globalization, in this respect, the economic, social and cultural policies for the production of the housing, express a code that
seems to be effective to offer residential developments apparently suitable to the current
demand of consumption. Using phenomenology this work analyzes the architectures of "appearance" which intention is to convince and to seduce; affecting in the conformation of the architectural - social imaginary. Our final analysis reflects that in many occasions the
characteristics advertised don't correspond to the finished product.
Alguns efectes de la globalització han estat els d’homogeneïtzar, en aquest sentit les polítiques econòmiques, socials i culturals, per la producció de l’habitatge, manifesten un codi que sembla ser eficaç a l’oferir desenvolupaments habitaculars aparentment adequats a la demanda actual de consum. A través de la fenomenologia, aquest treball analitza les arquitectures “d’aparença” el propòsit de les quals és convèncer i seduir, incidint en la conformació de l’imaginari arquitectònic social. Les lectures finals reflecteixen que en moltes ocasions no correspon el que s’ofereix per la publicitat amb el producte acabat.
Un enfoque instrumental abierto: el caso de los planes directores urbanísticos en las comarcas centrales de Cataluña
Authors: Elinbaum Pablo 
Published: December 2017

Durante las dos primeras décadas democráticas, pese a que Cataluña cuenta con una ley de política territorial propia, la ordenación territorial permanece como un propósito abstracto y distante de la sociedad. A finales de 2003, sin embargo, se reafirma la confianza en el planeamiento territorial. En este contexto, la implementación de los Planes Directores
Urbanísticos permite articular los múltiples niveles del modelo territorial determinado por la administración autonómica Catalana (2003-2010). Sin embargo, en la práctica, la diversidad de enfoques metodológicos de los redactores evidencia que la oportunidad instrumental de los Planes Directores Urbanísticos trasciende la coordinación plurimunicipal. Éstos no son instrumentos tipificables; su flexibilidad potencial permite adecuar su alcance a la singularidad
de cada uno de los territorios abordados. El objetivo de este artículo radica en definir las aportaciones innovadoras y la especificidad instrumental de los Planes Directores Urbanísticos mediante un estudio de casos comparados.
Durant les dues primeres dècades democràtiques, tot i que Catalunya compta amb una llei de política territorial pròpia, l'ordenació territorial resta com un propòsit abstracte i distant de la societat. A finals de 2003, no obstant, es reafirma la confiança en el planejament territorial. En aquest context, la implementació dels Plans Directors Urbanístics permet articular els múltiples nivells del model territorial determinat per l'administració autonòmica catalana (2003-2010). Tot i així, a la pràctica, la diversitat d'enfocaments metodològics dels redactors evidencia que la oportunitat instrumental dels Plans Directors Urbanístics transcendeix la coordinació plurimunicipal. Aquests no són instruments tipificables; la seva flexibilitat potencial permet adequar la seva influència a la singularitat de cadascun dels territoris abordats. L'objectiu d'aquest article radica en definir les aportacions innovadores i la especificitat instrumental dels Plans Directors Urbanístics mitjançant un estudi de casos comparats.
During the first two decades of democracy, although Catalonia has a territorial
planning law, spatial planning remains as an abstract and distant purpose from
society. In late 2003, however, confidence in spatial planning is restated. In this
context, the implementation of Supra-local Urban Plans (PDU), articulates the
multiple levels of the territorial model established by the Catalan Autonomous
Government (2003-2010). However, in practice, the diversity of drafter’s
methodological approaches shows that the instrumental opportunity of the
PDUs exceeds the plurimunicipal coordination. PDUs are not typeable
instruments; their potential flexibility allows adapting its scope to the uniqueness
of each territory. The aim of this paper is to define the innovative contributions
and the instrumental specificity of the PDU through a multiple case study.
Un análisis sistemático de los parámetros urbanísticos de la edificación
Authors: Romero Aloy Ma Jesús 
Published: December 2017

El planeamiento urbanístico contiene las determinaciones de ordenación pormenorizada con arreglo a las cuales deben confeccionarse los proyectos arquitectónicos y construirse los edificios. Estos parámetros son, en consecuencia, de uso habitual en el oficio de la arquitectura y también bastante numerosos. Se han entendido de manera diversa ofreciendo un panorama impreciso con consecuencias poco favorables desde el punto de vista de la operatividad. En base a los desarrollos reglamentarios de algunas comunidades autónomas se efectúa una racionalización de los parámetros fijando un contenido preciso de los mismos.
El planejament urbanístic conté les determinacions d'ordenació detallades amb solució a les quals han de confeccionar-se els projectes arquitectònics i construir-se els edificis. Aquests paràmetres són, en conseqüència, d'ús habitual en l'ofici de l'arquitectura i també bastant nombrosos. S'han entès de forma diversa oferint un panorama imprecís amb conseqüències poc favorables des del punt de vista de l'operativitat. En base als desenvolupaments reglamentaris d'algunes comunitats autònomes s'efectua una racionalització dels paràmetres fixant un contingut precís d'aquests.
The building plan contains the details and the step-by-step legal system that
architectural projects and buildings must strictly follow. Consequently, these
parameters are of common use in the profession and are profuse. However
those concepts lack precision and therefore have provoked negative operational
consequences. We effect a rationalization of the parameters fixing a precise
content for those concepts. We have based this work on the development of
regulations made on some autonomous communities.
[3 + 2] Dipolar Cycloadditions of Cyclic Nitrones with Alkenes
Authors: Brandi Alberto , Cardona Francesca , Cicchi Stefano , Cordero Franca M. , Goti Andrea 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe chapter describes the 1,3‐dipolar cycloadditions of cyclic nitrones with alkenes and surveys the literature from 1985 to 2014. In addition to comprehensive coverage of the cycloadditions reactions, which are presented in tables with experimental details, the introductory chapter describes methods for synthesizing cyclic nitrones, discusses mechanistic aspects of the cycloadditions and their scope, and furnishes selected examples of applications in the context of natural product synthesis.
Pesticides (New Generation) and Related Compounds, Analysis of
Authors: Ccanccapa Alexander , Picó Yolanda 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article presents an overview of analytical methods for the analysis of pesticide (new‐generation) and related compounds in the last 5 years, which updates the previous one. Pesticides included in this group display almost no change, but the evolution of analytical techniques is important. In general, new pesticides are now included in multiresidue methods with generic sample treatment methodologies being able to extract as many pesticide classes as possible. However, this article focuses not only on these common multiresidue methods but also on specific methodologies as single‐residue methods for the analysis of new‐generation pesticides. The most widely used detection technique for the determination of pesticides is mass spectrometry (MS) combined with gas chromatography (GC) and/or liquid chromatography (LC). However, the advances in immunoassays, biosensors and other techniques are also included. Finally, the future perspectives and the trends for pesticide residue analysis in food and environmental matrices are outlined.
Lanthanides: Divalent Organometallic Chemistry
Authors: Nicholas Hannah M. , Mills David P. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

This article focuses on the chemistry of Ln
2+
(Ln = lanthanide) complexes that exhibit at least one Ln–C bond. We include the group 3 elements Sc, Y, and La for completeness due to their chemical similarity, though strictly they are not part of the lanthanide series. The vast majority of complexes discussed contain one or more of the classical divalent lanthanides (Sm, Eu, or Yb) because the divalent organometallic chemistry of these elements has been known for nearly 50 years. Ln
2+
organometallic chemistry for the other lanthanides is underdeveloped since, as a result of their larger standard reduction potentials, they are more difficult to access. Therefore, this article gives a historical perspective, together with state‐of‐the‐art results from the last 20 years to show the current vibrancy of this research field. As the ligand environment is the most vital factor for the stabilization of the lanthanide +2 oxidation state, sections are divided according to the supporting ligand: substituted cyclopentadienyls (CpR, C5R5; R = H, alkyl, silyl), phospholyls (PC4R5; R = H, alkyl, silyl), alkyls, aryls, and alkynides. Common synthetic routes are outlined throughout, together with a discussion of how the stability and reactivity profiles of Ln
2+
organometallic complexes change depending on the supporting ligand environment.

Divalent organolanthanide chemistry is dominated by substituted Cp ligands, thus these are discussed first. The early development of classical Ln
2+
organometallic chemistry using the Cp* (C5Me5) ligand is outlined, followed by a discussion of contemporary non‐classical divalent lanthanide CpR chemistry, which has utilized bulky alkyl and silyl substituents to stabilize Ln
2+
ions for all lanthanides save Pm. Phospholyls are covered next as they have similar electronic properties to CpR. Phospholyl ligands with bulky alkyl and silyl substituents stabilize Ln
2+
ions analogously to CpR ligands with similar steric properties, hence divalent Sm, Eu, Yb, and Tm phospholyl complexes are presented. Alkyl complexes are the next most common family of classical Ln
2+
complexes. These vary in size and complexity from monodentate silyl‐ and alkyl‐stabilized examples to multidentate bis(iminophopshorano)methanide ligands. Classical divalent lanthanide aryl complexes are less numerous than alkyls, but synthetic routes to these complexes are presented herein as these are also useful starting materials. Finally, classical divalent lanthanide alkynide chemistry, the least developed of all ligand systems discussed in this article, is covered for completeness.
Transition Metal Aziridination Catalysts
Authors: Chandrachud Preeti P. , Jenkins David M. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Aziridines are three‐membered rings containing one nitrogen and two carbon atoms. This functional group is present in many bioactive molecules in addition to being a useful synthetic intermediate that is analogous to epoxides. Since they are a strained ring system, aziridines are reactive toward nucleophilic ring opening, ring expansion, and ring rearrangement reactions. Due to their importance in synthetic chemistry, numerous approaches to their synthesis have been developed. In addition to traditional organic reaction approaches to aziridination, transition metal catalyzed versions of this reaction have been developed. The primary rationales for catalyzed aziridination includes broadening the substrate scope, increasing yields (particularly under mild conditions), and improving enantiomeric purity. These catalytic reactions can mostly be designated as one of three classes. In this article, each of these important transition metal catalyzed aziridination reaction paths will be reviewed in addition to the catalysts that perform them.
Popular Culture
Authors: Miller Toby 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
“Popular culture” relates to markets. Neoclassical economics assumes that expressions of the desire and capacity to pay for services stimulate the provision of entertainment and hence – when the result is publicly accepted – determine what is “popular.” Value is decided through competition between providers to obtain the favor of consumers, with the conflictual rationality of the parties producing value to society. The connection of market entertainment to new identities leads to a variety of sociological reactions. During the Industrial Revolution, anxieties about a suddenly urbanized and educated population saw theorists from both right and left argued that newly literate publics would be vulnerable to manipulation by demagogues. The subsequent emergence of public schooling in the west took as its project empowering, and hence disciplining, the working class. This notion of the suddenly enfranchised being bamboozled by the unscrupulously fluent has recurred throughout the modern period. It inevitably leads to a primary emphasis on the number and conduct of audiences to popular culture: where they came from, how many there were, and what they did as a consequence of being present.
X‐Ray Computed Tomography of Crop Plant Root Systems Grown in Soil
Authors: Mairhofer Stefan , Pridmore Tony , Johnson James , Wells Darren M. , Bennett Malcolm J. , Mooney Sacha J. , Sturrock Craig J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNon‐destructive methods to quantify the root system architecture of a plant grown in soil are essential to aid our understanding of the factors that impact plant root development in natural environments. With environmental change threatening our ability to sustain agricultural productivity for an expanding global population, the application of these methods has never before seen such an increase in demand. X‐ray computed tomography (CT) based phenotyping techniques permit the spatio‐temporal quantification of roots, helping to identify novel adaptive root architectural responses to abiotic and biotic factors. This protocol reports an integrated workflow from column preparation and plant growth to image and quantification of the root system using novel open source software applications, RooTrak and RooTh. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.