bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
and Its Invasin EtpE Block Reactive Oxygen Species Generation by Macrophages in a DNase X-Dependent Manner
Authors: Teymournejad Omid , Lin Mingqun , Rikihisa Yasuko 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

The obligatory intracellular pathogen
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
lacks most genes that confer resistance to oxidative stress but can block reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation by host monocytes-macrophages. Bacterial and host molecules responsible for this inhibition have not been identified. To infect host cells,
Ehrlichia
uses the C terminus of its surface invasin, entry-triggering protein of
Ehrlichia
(EtpE; EtpE-C), which directly binds the mammalian cell surface receptor glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored protein DNase X. We investigated whether EtpE-C binding to DNase X blocks ROS production by mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages (BMDMs). On the basis of a luminol-dependent chemiluminescence assay,
E. chaffeensis
inhibited phorbol myristate acetate (PMA)-induced ROS generation by BMDMs from wild-type, but not DNase X
−/−
, mice. EtpE-C is critical for inhibition, as recombinant EtpE-C (rEtpE-C)-coated latex beads, but not recombinant N-terminal EtpE-coated or uncoated beads, inhibited PMA-induced ROS generation by BMDMs from wild-type mice. DNase X is required for this inhibition, as none of these beads inhibited PMA-induced ROS generation by BMDMs from DNase X
−/−
mice. Previous studies showed that
E. chaffeensis
does not block ROS generation in neutrophils, a cell type that is a potent ROS generator but is not infected by
E. chaffeensis
. Human and mouse peripheral blood neutrophils did not express DNase X. Our findings point to a unique survival mechanism of ROS-sensitive obligate intramonocytic bacteria that involves invasin EtpE binding to DNase X on the host cell surface. This is the first report of bacterial invasin having such a subversive activity on ROS generation.

IMPORTANCE
Ehrlichia chaffeensis
preferentially infects monocytes-macrophages and causes a life-threatening emerging tick-transmitted infectious disease called human monocytic ehrlichiosis. Ehrlichial infection, and hence the disease, depends on the ability of this bacterium to avoid or overcome powerful microbicidal mechanisms of host monocytes-macrophages, one of which is the generation of ROS. Our findings reveal that an ehrlichial surface invasin, EtpE, not only triggers bacterial entry but also blocks ROS generation by host macrophages through its host cell receptor, DNase X. As ROS sensitivity is an Achilles’ heel of this group of pathogens, understanding the mechanism by which
E. chaffeensis
rapidly blocks ROS generation suggests a new approach for developing effective anti-infective measures. The discovery of a ROS-blocking pathway is also important, as modulation of ROS generation is important in a variety of ailments and biological processes.
Ablation of an Ovarian Tumor Family Deubiquitinase Exposes the Underlying Regulation Governing the Plasticity of Cell Cycle Progression in
Toxoplasma gondii
Authors: Dhara Animesh , de Paula Baptista Rodrigo , Kissinger Jessica C. , Snow E. Charles , Sinai Anthony P. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT

The
Toxoplasma
genome encodes the capacity for distinct architectures underlying cell cycle progression in a life cycle stage-dependent manner. Replication in intermediate hosts occurs by endodyogeny, whereas a hybrid of schizogony and endopolygeny occurs in the gut of the definitive feline host. Here, we characterize the consequence of the loss of a cell cycle-regulated
o
varian
tu
mor (OTU family) deubiquitinase, OTUD3A of
Toxoplasma gondii
(TgOTUD3A; TGGT1_258780), in
T. gondii
tachyzoites. Rather than the mutation being detrimental, mutant parasites exhibited a fitness advantage, outcompeting the wild type. This phenotype was due to roughly one-third of TgOTUD3A-knockout (TgOTUD3A-KO) tachyzoites exhibiting deviations from endodyogeny by employing replication strategies that produced 3, 4, or 5 viable progeny within a gravid mother instead of the usual 2. We established the mechanistic basis underlying these altered replication strategies to be a dysregulation of centrosome duplication, causing a transient loss of stoichiometry between the inner and outer cores that resulted in a failure to terminate S phase at the attainment of 2N ploidy and/or the decoupling of mitosis and cytokinesis. The resulting dysregulation manifested as deviations in the normal transitions from S phase to mitosis (S/M) (endopolygeny-like) or M phase to cytokinesis (M/C) (schizogony-like). Notably, these imbalances are corrected prior to cytokinesis, resulting in the generation of normal progeny. Our findings suggest that decisions regarding the utilization of specific cell cycle architectures are controlled by a ubiquitin-mediated mechanism that is dependent on the absolute threshold levels of an as-yet-unknown target(s). Analysis of the TgOTUD3A-KO mutant provides new insights into mechanisms underlying the plasticity of apicomplexan cell cycle architecture.

IMPORTANCE
Replication by
Toxoplasma gondii
can occur by 3 distinct cell cycle architectures. Endodyogeny is used by asexual stages, while a hybrid of schizogony and endopolygeny is used by merozoites in the definitive feline host. Here, we establish that the disruption of an
o
varian-
tu
mor (OTU) family deubiquitinase, TgOTUD3A, in tachyzoites results in dysregulation of the mechanism controlling the selection of replication strategy in a subset of parasites. The mechanistic basis for these altered cell cycles lies in the unique biology of the bipartite centrosome that is associated with the transient loss of stoichiometry between the inner and outer centrosome cores in the TgOTUD3A-KO mutant. This highlights the importance of ubiquitin-mediated regulation in the transition from the nuclear to the budding phases of the cell cycle and provides new mechanistic insights into the regulation of the organization of the apicomplexan cell cycle.
A BSSRDF model for efficient rendering of fur with global illumination
Authors: Yan Ling-Qi , Sun Weilun , Jensen Henrik Wann , Ramamoorthi Ravi 
Published: November 2017

Physically-based hair and fur rendering is crucial for visual realism. One of the key effects is global illumination, involving light bouncing between different fibers. This is very time-consuming to simulate with methods like path tracing. Efficient approximate global illumination techniques such as dual scattering are in widespread use, but are limited to human hair only, and cannot handle color bleeding, transparency and hair-object inter-reflection.
We present the first global illumination model, based on dipole diffusion for subsurface scattering, to approximate light bouncing between individual fur fibers. We model complex light and fur interactions as subsurface scattering, and use a simple neural network to convert from fur fibers' properties to scattering parameters. Our network is trained on only a single scene with different parameters, but applies to general scenes and produces visually accurate appearance, supporting color bleeding and further inter-reflections.
An Offensive and Defensive Exposition of Wearable Computing
Authors: Shrestha Prakash , Saxena Nitesh 
Published: November 2017

Wearable computing is rapidly getting deployed in many—commercial, medical, and personal—domains of day-to-day life. Wearable devices appear in various forms, shapes, and sizes and facilitate a wide variety of applications in many domains of life. However, wearables raise unique security and privacy concerns. Wearables also hold the promise to help enhance the existing security, privacy, and safety paradigms in unique ways while preserving the system’s usability.
The contribution of this research literature survey is threefold. First, as a background, we identify a wide range of existing as well as upcoming wearable devices and investigate their broad applications. Second, we provide an exposition of the security and privacy of wearable computing, studying dual aspects, that is, both attacks and defenses. Third, we provide a comprehensive study of the potential security, privacy, and safety enhancements to existing systems based on the emergence of wearable technology. Although several research works have emerged exploring different offensive and defensive uses of wearables, there is a lack of a broad and precise literature review systematizing all those security and privacy aspects and the underlying threat models. This research survey also analyzes current and emerging research trends and provides directions for future research.
Early Elevated Troponin Levels After Ischemic Stroke Suggests a Cardioembolic Source
Authors: Yaghi Shadi , Chang Andrew D. , Ricci Brittany A. , Jayaraman Mahesh V. , McTaggart Ryan A. , Hemendinger Morgan , Narwal Priya , Dakay Katarina , Mac Grory Brian , Cutting Shawna M. , Burton Tina M. , Song Christopher , Mehanna Emile , Siket Matthew , Madsen Tracy E. , Reznik Michael , Merkler Alexander E. , Lerario Michael P. , Kamel Hooman , Elkind Mitchell S.V. , Furie Karen L. 
Published: November 2017

Background and Purpose—
Elevated cardiac troponin is a marker of cardiac disease and has been recently shown to be associated with embolic stroke risk. We hypothesize that early elevated troponin levels in the acute stroke setting are more prevalent in patients with embolic stroke subtypes (cardioembolic and embolic stroke of unknown source) as opposed to noncardioembolic subtypes (large-vessel disease, small-vessel disease, and other).

Methods—
We abstracted data from our prospective ischemic stroke database and included all patients with ischemic stroke during an 18-month period. Per our laboratory, we defined positive troponin as ≥0.1 ng/mL and intermediate as ≥0.06 ng/mL and <0.1 ng/mL. Unadjusted and adjusted regression models were built to determine the association between stroke subtype (embolic stroke of unknown source and cardioembolic subtypes) and positive and intermediate troponin levels, adjusting for key confounders, including demographics (age and sex), clinical characteristics (hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes mellitus, renal function, coronary heart disease, congestive heart failure, current smoking, and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score), cardiac variables (left atrial diameter, wall-motion abnormalities, ejection fraction, and PR interval on ECG), and insular involvement of infarct.

Results—

We identified 1234 patients, of whom 1129 had admission troponin levels available; 10.0% (113/1129) of these had a positive troponin. In fully adjusted models, there was an association between troponin positivity and embolic stroke of unknown source subtype (adjusted odds ratio, 4.46; 95% confidence interval, 1.03–7.97;
P
=0.003) and cardioembolic stroke subtype (odds ratio, 5.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.83–13.63;
P
=0.002).

Conclusions—
We found that early positive troponin after ischemic stroke may be independently associated with a cardiac embolic source. Future studies are needed to confirm our findings using high-sensitivity troponin assays and to test optimal secondary prevention strategies in patients with embolic stroke of unknown source and positive troponin.
Introduction to Amir Esbati, “The Student Movement of May 1968
and the Fine Art Students”
Authors: Montazami Morad 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This text introduces the translation of Amir Esbati's essay “The Student Movement [Revolt] of May 1968 and the Fine Art Students,” first published in Labour and Art in Tehran in 1980. In the midst of the Iranian Revolution political and aesthetic upheaval, Amir Esbati, a member of the Marxist Group 57 student organisation, observed the following in the local revue Labour and Art in December 1978: “The walls of the city have become like the pages of a popular history book, so specific that we can tell the date and time of each sign or inscription.” This introduction looks at the most powerful manifestation of street politics shaping visual culture in modern Iran and at the way in which political posters operated, were reproduced, and became the objects of commentary and speculation.
The Student Movement of May 1968 and the Fine Art Students
Authors: Esbati Amir 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This text introduces the translation of Amir Esbati's essay “The Student Movement [Revolt] of May 1968 and the Fine Art Students,” first published in Labour and Art in Tehran in 1980. In the midst of the Iranian Revolution political and aesthetic upheaval, Amir Esbati, a member of the Marxist Group 57 student organisation, observed the following in the local revue Labour and Art in December 1978: “The walls of the city have become like the pages of a popular history book, so specific that we can tell the date and time of each sign or inscription.” This introduction looks at the most powerful manifestation of street politics shaping visual culture in modern Iran and at the way in which political posters operated, were reproduced, and became the objects of commentary and speculation.
Strengthening the Legal and Institutional Frame-work of the Southeast Pacific: Focus on the bbnj Package Elements
Authors: Durussel Carole , Soto Oyarzún Eulogio , Urrutia S. Osvaldo 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The role of the regional level in addressing and strengthening the conservation and sustainable use of marine biodiversity in areas beyond national jurisdiction (bbnj) should not be undermined. As a complementary approach to the ongoing negotiations for an implementing agreement on the conservation and sustainable use of bbnj under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, it can provide useful lessons learnt and best practices that can inform the global negotiation process. Focusing on the highly productive Southeast Pacific region, this article highlights the institutional and legal challenges faced by this region in the adoption and implementation of the four bbnj elements and provides options on how to strengthen the legal and institutional framework of the Southeast Pacific to better address the conservation and sustainable use of bbnj.
Using History as Evidence in Philosophy of Science: A Methodological Critique
Authors: McAllister James W. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This article offers a critical review of past attempts and possible methods to test philosophical models of science against evidence from history of science. Drawing on methodological debates in social science, I distinguish between quantitative and qualitative approaches. I show that both have their uses in history and philosophy of science, but that many writers in this domain have misunderstood and misapplied these approaches, and especially the method of case studies. To test scientific realism, for example, quantitative methods are more effective than case studies. I suggest that greater methodological clarity would enable the project of integrated history and philosophy of science to make renewed progress.
Generic synopsis of the jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea) from Colombia
Authors: RENDÓN-MERA DIANA ISABEL , SERNA FRANCISCO , BURCKHARDT DANIEL 
Published: November 2017

Jumping plant-lice (Hemiptera: Sternorrhyncha: Psylloidea) are a group of phloem-feeding insects with nearly 4000 described species. Previous records from Colombia comprise 19 genera of all eight known families. The revision of material deposited in six Colombian and three foreign museums yielded another nine genera that constitute new country records. Material from 16 departments was examined. Each genus is diagnosed and information is provided on biology, damage and host-plants. Local distribution maps and a generic key for the identification of adults are provided.
Comprehensive Study of Optical, Physical, Chemical, and Radiative Properties of Total Columnar Atmospheric Aerosols over China: An Overview of Sun–Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) Measurements
Authors: Li Z. Q. , Xu H. , Li K. T. , Li D. H. , Xie Y. S. , Li L. , Zhang Y. , Gu X. F. , Zhao W. , Tian Q. J. , Deng R. R. , Su X. L. , Huang B. , Qiao Y. L. , Cui W. Y. , Hu Y. , Gong C. L. , Wang Y. Q. , Wang X. F. , Wang J. P. , Du W. B. , Pan Z. Q. , Li Z. Z. , Bu D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn overview of Sun–Sky Radiometer Observation Network (SONET) measurements in China is presented. Based on observations at 16 distributed SONET sites in China, atmospheric aerosol parameters are acquired via standardization processes of operational measurement, maintenance, calibration, inversion, and quality control implemented since 2010. A climatology study is performed focusing on total columnar atmospheric aerosol characteristics, including optical (aerosol optical depth, ÅngstrÖm exponent, fine-mode fraction, single-scattering albedo), physical (volume particle size distribution), chemical composition (black carbon; brown carbon; fine-mode scattering component, coarse-mode component; and aerosol water), and radiative properties (aerosol radiative forcing and efficiency). Data analyses show that aerosol optical depth is low in the west but high in the east of China. Aerosol composition also shows significant spatial and temporal variations, leading to noticeable diversities in optical and physical property patterns. In west and north China, aerosols are generally affected by dust particles, while monsoon climate and human activities impose remarkable influences on aerosols in east and south China. Aerosols in China exhibit strong light-scattering capability and result in significant radiative cooling effects.
Predictability and Dynamics of Hurricane Joaquin (2015) Explored through Convection-Permitting Ensemble Sensitivity Experiments
Authors: Nystrom Robert G. , Zhang Fuqing , Munsell Erin B. , Braun Scott A. , Sippel Jason A. , Weng Yonghui , Emanuel Kerry 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Real-time ensemble forecasts from the Pennsylvania State University (PSU) WRF EnKF system (APSU) for Hurricane Joaquin (2015) are examined in this study. The ensemble forecasts, from early in Joaquin’s life cycle, displayed large track spread, with nearly half of the ensemble members tracking Joaquin toward the U.S. East Coast and the other half tracking Joaquin out to sea. The ensemble forecasts also displayed large intensity spread, with many of the members developing into major hurricanes and other ensemble members not intensifying at all.
Initial condition differences from the regions greater than (less than) 300 km were isolated by effectively removing initial condition differences in desired regions through relaxing each ensemble member to GFS (APSU) initial conditions. The regions of initial condition errors contributing to the track spread were examined, and the dominant source of track errors arose from the region greater than 300 km from the tropical cyclone center. Further examination of the track divergence revealed that the region between 600 and 900 km from the initial position of Joaquin was found to be the largest source of initial condition errors that contributed to this divergence. Small differences in the low-level steering flow, originating from perturbations between 600 and 900 km from the initial position, appear to have resulted in the bifurcation of the forecast tracks of Joaquin. The initial condition errors north of the initial position of Joaquin were also shown to contribute most significantly to the track divergence. The region inside of 300 km, specifically, the initial intensity of Joaquin, was the dominant source of initial condition errors contributing to the intensity spread.
Relationship between Ocean Carbon and Heat Multidecadal Variability
Authors: Thomas Jordan , Waugh Darryn , Gnanadesikan Anand 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe global ocean serves as a critical sink for anthropogenic carbon and heat. While significant effort has been dedicated to quantifying the oceanic uptake of these quantities, less research has been conducted on the mechanisms underlying decadal-to-centennial variability in oceanic heat and carbon. Therefore, little is understood about how much such variability may have obscured or reinforced anthropogenic change. Here the relationship between oceanic heat and carbon content is examined in a suite of coupled climate model simulations that use different parameterization settings for mesoscale mixing. The differences in mesoscale mixing result in very different multidecadal variability, especially in the Weddell Sea where the characteristics of deep convection are drastically changed. Although the magnitude and frequency of variability in global heat and carbon content is different across the model simulations, there is a robust anticorrelation between global heat and carbon content in all simulations. Global carbon content variability is primarily driven by Southern Ocean carbon variability. This contrasts with global heat content variability. Global heat content is primarily driven by variability in the southern midlatitudes and tropics, which opposes the Southern Ocean variability.
Διαταραχή Ελλειμματικής Προσοχής – Υπερκινητικότητας και Μαθησιακές Δυσκολίες
Authors: ΜΠΑΣΤΕΑ ΑΓΓΕΛΙΚΗ , ΠΑΠΑΔΑΤΟΣ ΙΩΑΝΝΗΣ 
Published: November 2017

Σύμφωνα με τα αποτελέσματα πολλών ερευνών διαπιστώνεται μια αυξανόμενη διασύνδεση μεταξύ της Διαταραχής Ελλειμματικής Προσοχής – Υπερκινητικότητας (ΔΕΠ-Υ) και της εμφάνισης Μαθησιακών Δυσκολιών. H διαταραχή της ΔΕΠ-Υ συνδέεται συχνά με χαμηλή σχολική επίδοση, λόγω των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών που εμφανίζονται τόσο στην ανάγνωση και στη γραφή, όσο και στα μαθηματικά, όπως αυτές διαγιγνώσκονται με κατάλληλες δοκιμασίες. Επιπλέον, η διαταραχή της ΔΕΠΥ έχει αρκετές πιθανότητες να εμφανίσει συννοσηρότητα με διαταραχές συμπεριφοράς, διαταραχές άγχους ή συναισθηματικές διαταραχές, οι οποίες επιβαρύνουν το μαθησιακό και γνωστικό επίπεδο του παιδιού.Η ΔΕΠ-Υ συνδέεται, επίσης, με αυξημένη χρήση των υπηρεσιών Eιδικής Αγωγής αυξημένα ποσοστά σχολικής διαρροής και τελικά, με σχετικά χαμηλά ποσοστά αποφοίτησης από την τριτοβάθμια εκπαίδευση.Σκοπός της παρούσας έρευνας είναι ο εντοπισμός των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών σε παιδιά, τα οποία, σύμφωνα με τα κριτήρια του DSM-5, είχαν διαγνωστεί με ΔΕΠΥ, και η διερεύνηση του είδους των μαθησιακών δυσκολιών τους. Στην έρευνά μας συμμετείχαν 45 παιδιά με ΔΕΠΥ, τα οποία φοιτούσαν από την Β΄ μέχρι την ΣΤ΄ Δημοτικού. Τα παιδιά αξιολογήθηκαν με κατάλληλα διαγνωστικά εργαλεία.Από τα αποτελέσματα της έρευνας διαφαίνεται η ύπαρξη μαθησιακών δυσκολιών στο σύνολο των παιδιών που συμμετείχαν στην έρευνα.Τα συμπεράσματα είναι ιδιαίτερα σημαντικά για την έγκαιρη διάγνωση των Μαθησιακών Δυσκολιών και την παροχή κατάλληλης και εξειδικευμένης παρέμβασης που θα ανταποκρίνεται στις ανάγκες των παιδιών με ΔΕΠΥ