bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Working with group dynamics while teaching group dynamics in a traditional classroom setting
Authors: Schruijer Sandra 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Based on an experience, the paper aims to describe how group dynamics can play out in a traditional classroom setting and reflect on how the author worked with these dynamics from a systems psychodynamic perspective.

Design/methodology/approach
The experience involved teaching a two-day module on group dynamics to a class of 35 mature students enrolled in a business school. The author tried to create a space to understand and work with here-and-now dynamics as the module progressed.

Findings
Frustration grew among the students regarding the time spent on discussion and reflection. The group was split in two, with one subgroup opening up to experiencing and reflecting on the dynamics, whereas the other subgroup grew more frustrated and demanded that the author take up his authority. Apart from attempting to work with the dynamics, the author introduced relevant concepts and theories that could help to understand the dynamics. The group was characterized by an emotional climate of dependency while students projected hitherto unexplored frustrations onto the lecturer. Although the conditions for experiential learning were far from optimal, the group did experience group dynamics and did engage in reviewing their experiences. Learning did take place, although the depth varied among individuals.

Originality/value
Reflections are provided on the (im)possibilities of learning about group dynamics at business schools. Suggestions are given how to create conditions for experiential learning in management education.
Video games and young children’s evolving sense of identity: a qualitative study
Authors: Bassiouni Dina H. , Hackley Chris 
Published: July 2016

PurposeThis paper aims to investigate children’s experience as consumers of video games and associated digital communication technology, and the role this experience may play in their evolving senses of identity.Design/methodology/approachQualitative depth interviews and discussions were conducted in a convenience sample consisting of 22 children of both genders aged 6-12 years, parents and video games company executives in the southwest of the UK. The fully transcribed data sets amounting to some 27,000 words were analysed using discourse analysis.FindingsThe findings revealed the heightened importance that the knowledge of video games plays in children’s strategies for negotiating their nascent sense of identity with regard to peer groups, family relationships and gender identity. Video games were not only a leisure activity but also a shared cultural resource that mediated personal and family relationships.Research limitations/implicationsThe study is based on an interpretive analysis of data sets from a small convenience sample, and is therefore not statistically generalisable.Practical implicationsThis study has suggested that there may be positive benefits to children’s video game playing related to aspects of socialisation, emotional development and economic decision-making. An important caveat is that these benefits arise in the context of games as part of a loving and ordered family life with a balance of activities.Social implicationsThe study hints at the extent to which access to video games and associated digital communications technology has changed children’s experience of childhood and integrated them into the adult world in both positive and negative ways that were not available to previous generations.Originality/valueThis research addresses a gap in the field and adds to an understanding of the impact of video games on children’s development by drawing on children’s own expression of their subjective experience of games to engage with wider issues of relationships and self-identity.
Fashioning masculinity among young New Zealand men: young men, shopping for clothes and social identity
Authors: McNeill Lisa , McKay Jacob 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
The purpose of this study is to explore how fashion clothing is perceived and consumed by young males, what their attitudes are toward fashion and how fashion is used in the construction of a social identity by these men.

Design/methodology/approach
An exploratory approach is used in this research, with the fashion consumption behaviours and perceptions of males aged between 19 and 25 explored.

Findings
Results note the positive role of social comparison amongst young men in their fashion-seeking behaviour, with fashion consumption playing a large role in the emotional well-being of young men in a social context.

Research limitations/implications
This research was exploratory in nature and used a small sample of males from a specific age cohort. As such, the results cannot be generalized but do offer analytical insights into male attitudes and behaviour toward fashion that can be extended in future research.

Practical implications
While the act of shopping for clothing was traditionally seen as a female recreation, fragmentation of the traditional male/female dichotomy has seen men become active in the social consumption ethic surrounding fashion. The current study examines the emergence of fashion-aware males and offers insight into the key motivations for young males to seek out fashion products.

Social implications
In a society where fashion seeking is a popular recreational activity across genders and changing notions of masculinity allow for more appearance focused men, shopping for clothes is no longer considered an exclusively female activity.

Originality/value
Where research has previously examined fashion items and their integral role in product-self extension from a female perspective, very little studies focus on males’ relationships with fashion. Whilst prior research has examined men’s self-image and self-modification via exercise or plastic surgery, there is little that focuses on the role of clothing in men’s identity creation.
Exploring self-regulatory strategies for eating behaviour in Danish adolescents
Authors: Nureeva Liliya , Brunsø Karen , Lähteenmäki Liisa 
Published: July 2016

Purpose
Healthy eating behaviour in adolescence may be negatively affected by lack of self-regulation. The purpose of this paper is to discuss strategies for regulating eating behaviour as formulated by adolescents themselves.

Design/methodology/approach
Self-regulatory strategies were elicited with concept mapping, which is a group-based method. Three meetings were conducted with each of four school classes in Denmark. Participants in the 12-15-year age group were recruited for the study. At the first meeting, participants had to complete the phrase “Things I can do to ensure my healthy eating are: […]”. At the second meeting, participants had to group the statements. At the third meeting, the results were discussed with participants.

Findings
The results suggest that adolescents’ knowledge about healthy and unhealthy eating is in line with the official guidelines provided by health organisations. Adolescents made 142 statements about things they could do to ensure healthy eating; the statements were grouped by adolescents, and 12 strategies were formulated: following nutrition recommendations, developing own rules, making healthy deals with oneself, ensuring the right balance and regularity of food intake, awareness: remember to eat healthy, thinking of consequences, good advice for shopping and cooking, seeking help from parents, influencing family and others, avoiding temptations, replacing unhealthy food with a healthier option and reducing the amounts of unhealthy food in diet.

Practical implications
Focusing on improving adolescents’ self-regulatory skills in the domain of eating behaviour is a promising approach in developing future interventions.

Originality/value
The present article explores self-regulatory strategies for eating behaviour in adolescence and discusses their relevance.
Genetic mixture of multiple source populations accelerates invasive range expansion
Authors: Wagner Natalie K. , Ochocki Brad M. , Crawford Kerri M. , Compagnoni Aldo , Miller Tom E.X. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

A wealth of population genetic studies have documented that many successful biological invasions stem from multiple introductions from genetically distinct source populations. Yet, mechanistic understanding of whether and how genetic mixture promotes invasiveness has lagged behind documentation that such mixture commonly occurs. We conducted a laboratory experiment to test the influence of genetic mixture on the velocity of invasive range expansion.

The mechanistic basis for effects of genetic mixture could include evolutionary responses (mixed invasions may harbour greater genetic diversity and thus elevated evolutionary potential) and/or fitness advantages of between‐population mating (heterosis). If driven by evolution, positive effects of source population mixture should increase through time, as selection sculpts genetic variation. If driven by heterosis, effects of mixture should peak following first reproductive contact and then dissipate.

Using a laboratory model system (beetles spreading through artificial landscapes), we quantified the velocity of range expansion for invasions initiated with one, two, four or six genetic sources over six generations. Our experiment was designed to test predictions corresponding to the evolutionary and heterosis mechanisms, asking whether any effects of genetic mixture occurred in early or later generations of range expansion. We also quantified demography and dispersal for each experimental treatment, since any effects of mixture should be manifest in one or both of these traits.

Over six generations, invasions with any amount of genetic mixture (two, four and six sources) spread farther than single‐source invasions. Our data suggest that heterosis provided a ‘catapult effect’, leaving a lasting signature on range expansion even though the benefits of outcrossing were transient. Individual‐level trait data indicated that genetic mixture had positive effects on local demography (reduced extinction risk and enhanced population growth) during the initial stages of invasion but no consistent effects on dispersal ability.

Our work is the first to demonstrate that genetic mixture can alter the course of spatial expansion, the stage of invasion typically associated with the greatest ecological and economic impacts. We suggest that similar effects of genetic mixture may be a common feature of biological invasions in nature, but that these effects can easily go undetected.
Secularism before the Strasbourg Court: Abstract Constitutional Principles as a Basis for Limiting Rights
Authors: McCrea Ronan 
Published: July 2016

The justification for the restrictions on religion inherent in secularism is the subject of lively debate in constitutional and political theory. As a rights‐focused text, the ECHR struggles to accommodate constitutional principles such as secularism whose aims and justifications may go beyond the protection of the rights of others and include abstract goals such as upholding the religious neutrality of the state. Rights alone cannot provide an adequate account of the relationship between religion, state and law, and in Ebrahimian v France, the Strasbourg Court rightly reaffirmed that secularism and strict neutrality can be in harmony with the values of the Convention. However, the Court needs more clarity about the reasons for this stance and to be vigilant in its protection of private autonomy so that the use of abstract principles to restrict religious expression does not give excessive latitude to states to restrict individual autonomy and minority rights.
Understanding the structure and function of bacterial expansins: a prerequisite towards practical applications for the bioenergy and agricultural industries
Authors: Martinez‐Anaya Claudia 
Published: July 2016

SummarySince the publication of a landmark article on the structure of EXLX1 from Bacillus subtilis in 2011, our knowledge of bacterial expansins has steadily increased and our view and understanding of these enigmatic proteins has advanced with relation to their structure, phylogenetic relationships and substrate interaction, although the molecular basis for their mechanism of action remains to be determined. Lignocellulosic material represents a source of fermentable sugars for the production of biofuels, and cell‐wall degrading activities are essential to efficiently release such sugars from their polymeric structures. Because expansins from fungi and bacteria seem to be required to properly colonize or cause disease to plant tissues, and because they share some characteristics with their plant counterparts for loosening the cell wall they have been seen as a promising tool to overcome the recalcitrance of these materials. However, microbial expansins activity is at best, very low compared with plant expansins activity. This revision analyses recent work on bacterial expansins structure, function and biological role, emphasizing our need to focus on their mechanism of action as a means to design better strategies for their use, in both in the energy and agricultural industries.
Trauma‐ and Stress‐Induced Response in Veterans with Alcohol Dependence and Comorbid Post‐Traumatic Stress Disorder
Authors: Ralevski Elizabeth , Southwick Steven , Jackson Eric , Jane Jane Serrita , Russo Melanie , Petrakis Ismene 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAlcohol dependence (AD) and post‐traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) commonly co‐occur, and the co‐occurrence is associated with worse prognosis than either disorder absent the other. Craving is an important construct related to relapse, but the relationship between PTSD symptoms, craving, and relapse is not well understood. Several studies have documented the relationship between stress and craving in individuals without comorbid PTSD, but the effect on those with comorbid PTSD is not well known. A small literature suggests that trauma imagery affects craving. This is the first study to explore the effects of trauma‐induced and stress‐induced scripts on alcohol craving, affect, cardiovascular, and cortisol responses in the laboratory.MethodsVeterans (n = 25) diagnosed with AD and PTSD who were participating in a randomized clinical treatment trial took part in this laboratory study. Baseline assessment included PTSD symptoms and drinking quantity and frequency over 3 months before study initiation. In the laboratory, participants were exposed to neutral, stressful, and trauma scripts randomly assigned. Main outcomes included craving, anxiety, mood states, salivary cortisol, and cardiovascular responses.ResultsBoth stress and trauma scripts produced greater increases in craving, negative affect, and cardiovascular reactivity, compared to neutral scripts. Trauma scripts produced significantly stronger craving for alcohol and greater cardiovascular reactivity than stress scripts. Also, trauma‐induced but not stress‐induced craving was positively correlated with baseline levels of drinking. There were no changes in cortisol levels from pre‐ to postexposure of any scripts.ConclusionsThe results highlight that trauma cues are more salient in inducing alcohol craving than stress cues and higher reactivity is related to more baseline drinking. This finding is consistent with clinical observations that show an association between PTSD symptoms and alcohol relapse. It also underscores the importance of adequate treatment of PTSD as reactivity related to trauma cues and reminders may be an important factor in craving and relapse.
The Buckley–James Estimator and Induced Smoothing
Authors: Wang You‐Gan , Zhao Yudong , Fu Liya 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe Buckley–James (BJ) estimator is known to be consistent and efficient for a linear regression model with censored data. However, its application in practice is handicapped by the lack of a reliable numerical algorithm for finding the solution. For a given data set, the iterative approach may yield multiple solutions, or no solution at all. To alleviate this problem, we modify the induced smoothing approach originally proposed in 2005 by Brown & Wang. The resulting estimating functions become smooth, thus eliminating the tendency of the iterative procedure to oscillate between different parameter values. In addition to facilitating point estimation the smoothing approach enables easy evaluation of the projection matrix, thus providing a means of calculating standard errors. Extensive simulation studies were carried out to evaluate the performance of different estimators. In general, smoothing greatly alleviates numerical issues that arise in the estimation process. In particular, the one‐step smoothing estimator eliminates non‐convergence problems and performs similarly to full iteration until convergence. The proposed estimation procedure is illustrated using a dataset from a multiple myeloma study.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor of the cerebral microvasculature: a forgotten and nitric oxide‐dependent contributor of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor in the brain
Authors: Monnier A. , Prigent‐Tessier A. , Quirié A. , Bertrand N. , Savary S. , Gondcaille C. , Garnier P. , Demougeot C. , Marie C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAimEvidence that brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a neurotrophin largely involved in cognition, is expressed by cerebral endothelial cells led us to explore in rats the contribution of the cerebral microvasculature to BDNF found in brain tissue and the link between cerebrovascular nitric oxide (NO) and BDNF production.MethodsBrain BDNF protein levels were measured before and after in situ removal of the cerebral endothelium that was achieved by brain perfusion with a 0.2% CHAPS (3‐[(3‐cholamidopropyl) dimethylammonio]‐1‐propane sulphonate) solution. BDNF protein and mRNA levels as well as levels of endothelial NO synthase phosphorylated at serine 1177 (P‐eNOSser1177) were measured in cerebral microvessel‐enriched fractions. These fractions were also exposed to glycerol trinitrate. Hypertension (spontaneously hypertensive rats) and physical exercise training were used as experimental approaches to modulate cerebrovascular endothelial NO production.ResultsCHAPS perfusion resulted in a marked decrease in brain BDNF levels. Hypertension decreased and exercise increased P‐eNOSser1177 and BDNF protein levels. However, BDNF mRNA levels that were increased by exercise did not change after hypertension. Finally, in vitro exposure of cerebral microvessel‐enriched fractions to glycerol trinitrate enhanced BDNF production.ConclusionThese data reveal that BDNF levels measured in brain homogenates correspond for a large part to BDNF present in cerebral endothelial cells and that cerebrovascular BDNF production is dependent on cerebrovascular endothelial eNOS activity. They provide a paradigm shift in the cellular source of brain BDNF and suggest a new approach to improve our understanding of the link between endothelial function and cognition.
Liver stiffness measurement reliability and main determinants of point shear‐wave elastography in patients with chronic liver disease
Authors: Fraquelli M. , Baccarin A. , Casazza G. , Conti C. B. , Giunta M. , Massironi S. , Invernizzi F. , Donato M. F. , Maggioni M. , Aghemo A. , Conte D. , Colombo M. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundLiver stiffness (LS) measured by transient elastography (TE) accurately predicts the severity of chronic liver diseases (CLD). Point quantification shear‐wave elastography (pSWE) is a new technique incorporated into a conventional ultrasound system for measuring LS. We evaluated pSWE feasibility, reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy in consecutively recruited CLD patients who concomitantly underwent TE and liver biopsy.AimTo evaluate pSWE feasibility, reproducibility and diagnostic accuracy in consecutively recruited CLD patients who concomitantly underwent TE and liver biopsy.MethodsOver 2 years 186 CLD patients (116 males, 132 viral hepatitis) consecutively underwent pSWE (10 valid measurements by ElastPQ) blindly performed by two raters. A further operator performed TE. Inter‐observer agreement for pSWE was analysed by intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and correlated with histological liver fibrosis (METAVIR). Main determinants of pSWE were investigated by linear regression model.ResultsThree hundred and seventy‐two (100%) reliable measurements were obtained by pSWE and 184 by TE (99%). LS was 8.1 ± 4.5 kPa for pSWE with the first rater and 8.0 ± 4.2 kPa with the second one vs. 8.8 ± 3.6 kPa for TE. pSWE ICC was 0.89 (95% CI 0.85‒0.91), not influenced by age, sex, BMI, liver enzymes, liver aetiology. ICC increased over time with year 1 at 0.86 and 95% CI 0.81–0.90 vs. year 2 at 0.92 and 95% CI 0.87–0.95. Liver fibrosis was the only independent determinant of LS on pSWE. The AUROCs for diagnosing F ≥ 2, F ≥ 3 and F = 4 were 0.77, 0.85 and 0.88 for pSWE vs. 0.81, 0.88 and 0.94 for TE. After 1‐year training they were 0.86, 0.94 and 0.91.ConclusionPoint quantification shear‐wave elastography reliably and reproducibly evaluates liver stiffness, matching transient elastography for accuracy after a 1‐year learning curve or 130 examinations.
Drug disposition before and after gastric bypass: fenofibrate and posaconazole
Authors: Gesquiere Ina , Hens Bart , Van der Schueren Bart , Mols Raf , de Hoon Jan , Lannoo Matthias , Matthys Christophe , Foulon Veerle , Augustijns Patrick 
Published: July 2016

AimsRoux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) alters the anatomical structure of the gastrointestinal tract, which can result in alterations in drug disposition. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the oral disposition of two compounds belonging to the Biopharmaceutical Classification System Class II – fenofibrate (bile salt‐dependent solubility) and posaconazole (gastric pH‐dependent dissolution) – before and after RYGB in the same individuals.MethodsA single‐dose pharmacokinetic study with two model compounds – namely, 67 mg fenofibrate (Lipanthyl®) and 400 mg posaconazole (Noxafil®) – was performed in 12 volunteers pre‐ and post‐RYGB. After oral administration, blood samples were collected at different time points up to 48 h after administration. Plasma concentrations were determined by high‐performance liquid chromatography in order to calculate the area under the concentration–time curve up to 48 h (AUC0–48 h), the peak plasma concentration (Cmax) and the time to reach peak concentration (Tmax).ResultsAfter administration of fenofibrate, no relevant differences in AUC0–48 h, Cmax and Tmax between the pre‐ and postoperative setting were observed. The geometric mean of the ratio of AUC0–48 h post/pre‐RYGB for fenofibrate was 1.10 [95% confidence interval (CI) 0.87, 1.40; P = 0.40]. For posaconazole, an important decrease in AUC0–48 h and Cmax following RYGB was shown; the geometric mean of the AUC0–48 h post/pre‐RYGB ratio was 0.68 (95% CI 0.48, 0.96; P = 0.03) and the geometric mean of the Cmax pre/post‐RYGB ratio was 0.60 (95% CI 0.39, 0.94; P = 0.03). The decreased exposure of posaconazole could be explained by the increased gastric pH and accelerated gastric emptying of fluids post‐RYGB. No difference for Tmax was observed.ConclusionsThe disposition of fenofibrate was not altered after RYGB, whereas the oral disposition of posaconazole was significantly decreased following RYGB.