bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Stratigraphy of the north polar layered deposits of Mars from high‐resolution topography
Authors: Becerra Patricio , Byrne Shane , Sori Michael M. , Sutton Sarah , Herkenhoff Kenneth E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe stratigraphy of the layered deposits in the polar regions of Mars is theorized to contain a record of recent climate change linked to insolation changes driven by variations in the planet's orbital and rotational parameters. In order to confidently link stratigraphic signals to insolation periodicities, a description of the stratigraphy is required based on quantities that directly relate to intrinsic properties of the layers. We use stereo digital terrain models (DTMs) from the High Resolution Imaging Science Experiment to derive a characteristic of north polar layered deposit (NPLD) strata that can be correlated over large distances: the topographic protrusion of layers exposed in troughs, which is a proxy for the layers' resistance to erosion. Using a combination of image analysis and a signal‐matching algorithm to correlate continuous depth‐protrusion signals taken from DTMs at different locations, we construct a stratigraphic column that describes the upper ~500 m of at least 7% of the area of the NPLD and find accumulation rates that vary by factors of up to 2. We find that, when coupled with observations of exposed layers in images, the topographic expression of the strata is consistently continuous across large distances in the top 300–500 m of the NPLD, suggesting that it is better related to intrinsic layer properties than the brightness of exposed layers alone.
Cenozoic volcanism in the Bohemian Massif in the context of P‐ and S‐velocity high‐resolution teleseismic tomography of the upper mantle
Authors: Plomerová Jaroslava , Munzarová Helena , Vecsey Luděk , Kissling Eduard , Achauer Ulrich , Babuška Vladislav 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNew high‐resolution tomographic models of P‐ and S‐wave isotropic‐velocity perturbations for the Bohemian upper mantle are estimated from carefully preprocessed travel‐time residuals of teleseismic P, PKP and S waves recorded during the BOHEMA passive seismic experiment. The new data resolve anomalies with scale lengths 30–50 km. The models address whether a small mantle plume in the western Bohemian Massif is responsible for this geodynamically active region in central Europe, as expressed in recurrent earthquake swarms. Velocity‐perturbations of the P‐ and S‐wave models show similar features, though their resolutions are different. No model resolves a narrow subvertical low‐velocity anomaly, which would validate the “baby‐plume” concept. The new tomographic inferences complement previous studies of the upper mantle beneath the Bohemian Massif, in a broader context of the European Cenozoic Rift System (ECRIS) and of other Variscan Massifs in Europe. The low‐velocity perturbations beneath the Eger Rift, observed in about 200km‐broad zone, agree with shear‐velocity models from full‐waveform inversion, which also did not identify a mantle plume beneath the ECRIS. Boundaries between mantle domains of three tectonic units that comprise the region, determined from studies of seismic anisotropy, represent weak zones in the otherwise rigid continental mantle lithosphere. In the past, such zones could have channeled upwelling of hot mantle material, which on its way could have modified the mantle domain boundaries and locally thinned the lithosphere.
Three‐dimensional electrical resistivity model of the hydrothermal system in Long Valley Caldera, California, from magnetotellurics
Authors: Peacock J. R. , Mangan M. T. , McPhee D. , Wannamaker P. E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThough shallow flow of hydrothermal fluids in Long Valley Caldera, California, has been well studied, neither the hydrothermal source reservoir nor heat source has been well characterized. Here a grid of magnetotelluric data were collected around the Long Valley volcanic system and modeled in 3‐D. The preferred electrical resistivity model suggests that the source reservoir is a narrow east‐west elongated body 4 km below the west moat. The heat source could be a zone of 2–5% partial melt 8 km below Deer Mountain. Additionally, a collection of hypersaline fluids, not connected to the shallow hydrothermal system, is found 3 km below the medial graben, which could originate from a zone of 5–10% partial melt 8 km below the south moat. Below Mammoth Mountain is a 3 km thick isolated body containing fluids and gases originating from an 8 km deep zone of 5–10% basaltic partial melt.
Investigation of wing crack formation with a combined phase‐field and experimental approach
Authors: Lee Sanghyun , Reber Jacqueline E. , Hayman Nicholas W. , Wheeler Mary F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractFractures that propagate off of weak slip planes are known as wing cracks and often play important roles in both tectonic deformation and fluid flow across reservoir seals. Previous numerical models have produced the basic kinematics of wing crack openings but generally have not been able to capture fracture geometries seen in nature. Here we present both a phase‐field modeling approach and a physical experiment using gelatin for a wing crack formation. By treating the fracture surfaces as diffusive zones instead of as discontinuities, the phase‐field model does not require consideration of unpredictable rock properties or stress inhomogeneities around crack tips. It is shown by benchmarking the models with physical experiments that the numerical assumptions in the phase‐field approach do not affect the final model predictions of wing crack nucleation and growth. With this study, we demonstrate that it is feasible to implement the formation of wing cracks in large scale phase‐field reservoir models.
The Draupner wave: A fresh look and the emerging view
Authors: Cavaleri Luigi , Barbariol Francesco , Benetazzo Alvise , Bertotti Luciana , Bidlot Jean‐Raymond , Janssen Peter , Wedi Nils 
Published: August 2016

AbstractUsing the new high‐resolution operational model of ECMWF, we revisit the storm during which the Draupner freak wave of 1 January 1995 was recorded. The modeling system gives a realistic evolution of the storm highlighting the crucial role played by the southward propagating polar low in creating the extreme wave conditions present at the time the freak wave was recorded. We also discuss the predictability of the meteorological event. The hindcast wave spectra allow a new analysis of the probability of occurrence of the Draupner wave that we analyze not only in time at a specific position, but also in space. This leads us to discuss how exceptional the so‐called freak waves really are. For a given sea state, as characterized by the significant wave height, they are namely part of the reality of the ocean, the key point being the probability of encountering them. In this respect, the often considered record at a specific location can be misleading because the probability of detecting a freak wave must be considered both in space and time.
Seasonal variation of speed and width from kinematic parameters of mode‐1 nonlinear internal waves in the northeastern East China Sea
Authors: Cho Chomgun , Nam SungHyun , Song Heechun 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo better understand the statistical and theoretical characteristics of nonlinear internal waves (NLIWs) in the broad continental shelf of the northeastern East China Sea (ECS), historical hydrographic data collected over 50 years between 1962 and 2011 are analyzed to calculate monthly climatology. Based on KdV and extended KdV models under the two‐layer approximation (i.e., mode‐1 NLIWs), the monthly climatology for propagating speed and characteristic width is constructed, ranging from 0.8 to 1.2 m s−1 and from O(102) to O(103) m, respectively. The result is consistent with a few previous in situ observations in the region. When NLIWs originating in the southeastern slope area approach the shallower regime (northwestward propagation), they propagate more slowly with neither break nor extinction, but with a shorter width, since both the Iribarren and Ostrovsky numbers are small (Ir ≪ 0.45 and Os ≪ 1, respectively). Limitations of the two‐layered KdV‐type models are discussed (e.g., an importance of mode‐2 waves) in the context of occasional extension of the low‐salinity Changjiang Discharged Water onto the area, which implies distinct effects on the kinematic parameters of NLIWs in the ECS.
Reassessing properties and radiative forcing of contrail cirrus using a climate model
Authors: Bock Lisa , Burkhardt Ulrike 
Published: August 2016

AbstractContrail cirrus is the largest known component contributing to the radiative forcing associated with aviation. Despite major advances simulating contrail cirrus, their microphysical and optical properties and the associated radiative forcing remain largely uncertain. We use a contrail cirrus parameterization in a global climate model which was extended to include a microphysical two‐moment scheme. This allows a more realistic representation of microphysical processes, such as deposition and sedimentation, and therefore of the microphysical and optical properties of contrail cirrus. The simulated contrail microphysical and optical properties agree well with in situ and satellite observations. As compared to estimates using an older version of the contrail cirrus scheme, the optical depth of contrail cirrus is significantly higher, particularly in regions with high air traffic density, due to high ice crystal number concentrations on the main flight routes. Nevertheless, the estimated radiative forcing for the year 2002 supports our earlier results. The global radiative forcing of contrail cirrus for the year 2006 is estimated to be 56mW/m2. A large uncertainty of the radiative forcing estimate appears to be connected with the, on average, very small ice crystal radii simulated in the main air traffic areas, which make the application of a radiative transfer parameterization based on geometric optics questionable.
French Connectives
Authors: Degand Liesbeth , Zufferey Sandrine 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAn overview is given of pioneering work in the field of French connectives. Among the seminal notions and distinctions introduced in descriptive studies of French connectives are (1) the distinction between objective and subjective readings of causal relations; (2) the notion of procedural meaning of connectives; and (3) language‐specific semantic distributions of connectives. The entry closes with discussion of the ongoing LEXCONN project, which aims at providing an exhaustive list of French connectives and an indication of their grammatical category, function(s), and semantic relation(s).
Hybrid Language Learning
Authors: Arispe Kelly 
Published: August 2016

AbstractHybrid or blended learning incorporates a mix of traditional, face‐to‐face, and online contexts in a single course. By definition, a hybrid course has a range of 30–79% of online implementation and is typically adopted for economic, practical and/or pedagogic reasons. Specifically, within the field of computer‐assisted language learning, researchers have characterized the value that hybrid language learning can contribute to the process of second‐language development. Many studies have compared hybrid language‐learning environments to traditional ones, while others have set out to characterize the affordances associated with hybrid language learning. As Web 2.0 technologies become more ubiquitous in language‐learning environments, models for hybrid language‐learning implementation will be of utmost importance.
Regio‐ and Enantioselective Copper‐Catalyzed 1,4‐Conjugate Addition of Trimethylaluminium to Linear α,β,γ,δ‐Unsaturated Alkyl Ketones
Authors: Wu Xiaoting , Xie Fang , Ling Zheng , Tang Liang , Zhang Wanbin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA regio‐ and enantioselective copper‐catalyzed 1,4‐conjugate addition of trimethylaluminium to linear δ‐aryl‐substituted α,β,γ,δ‐unsaturated alkyl ketones was developed. A series of γ,δ‐unsaturated alkyl ketones were obtained in good yields with high regio‐ and enantioselectivity (up to 88% ee and 96:4 dr). Expansion of the reaction scope to substrates containing aromatic heterocycles also afforded good yields and enantioselectivities (up to 91% ee) with very high regioselectivities, exclusively providing the single 1,4‐products.magnified image
Unilateral cardiogenic pulmonary edema associated with acute mitral regurgitation
Authors: Kashiura Masahiro , Tateishi Kazuya , Yokoyama Taro , Jujo Mioko , Tanabe Takahiro , Sugiyama Kazuhiro , Akashi Akiko , Hamabe Yuichi 
Published: August 2016

CaseTwo cases of cardiogenic unilateral pulmonary edema are reported. Both patients presented to the emergency department with dyspnea, and chest radiography revealed unilateral infiltration, which mimics pulmonary disease. However, the patients were diagnosed with cardiogenic pulmonary edema, because echocardiography showed severe mitral regurgitation with an eccentric jet.OutcomeThe patients underwent mitral valve replacement and were discharged without complications.ConclusionUnilateral cardiogenic pulmonary edema is rare, and early diagnosis and treatment are difficult. Delayed treatment leads to high mortality. The major cause of unilateral pulmonary edema is acute mitral regurgitation, and the direction of the jet is suggested as a mechanism of laterality.
Cobalt‐Catalyzed Alkyne Hydrosilylation and Sequential Vinylsilane Hydroboration with Markovnikov Selectivity
Authors: Zuo Ziqing , Yang Ji , Huang Zheng 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA pyridinebis(oxazoline) cobalt complex is a very efficient precatalyst for the hydrosilylation of terminal alkynes with Ph2SiH2, providing α‐vinylsilanes with high (Markovnikov) regioselectivity and broad functional‐group tolerance. The vinylsilane products can be further converted into geminal borosilanes through Markovnikov hydroboration with pinacolborane and a bis(imino)pyridine cobalt catalyst.
Survey and empirical evaluation of nonhomogeneous arrival process models with taxi data
Authors: Sayarshad Hamid R. , Chow Joseph Y. J. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryArrival processes are important inputs to many transportation system functions, such as vehicle prepositioning, taxi dispatch, bus holding strategies, and dynamic pricing. We conduct a comprehensive survey of the literature which shows that many transport systems employ basic homogeneous arrival process models or static nonhomogeneous processes. We conduct an empirical experiment to compare five state of the art arrival process short term prediction models using a common transportation system data set: New York taxi passenger pickups in 2013. Pickup data is split between 672 observations for model estimation and 96 observations for validation. From our experiment, we obtain evidence to support a recent model called FM‐IntGARCH, which is able to combine the benefits of both time series models and discrete count processes. Using a set of seven performance metrics from the literature, FM‐IntGARCH is shown to outperform the offline models—seasonal factor method, piecewise linear model—as well as the online models—ARIMA, Gaussian Cox process. Implications for operating data‐driven “smart” transit systems and urban informatics are discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Estimating negative binomial parameters from occurrence data with detection times
Authors: Hwang Wen‐Han , Huggins Richard , Stoklosa Jakub 
Published: August 2016

The negative binomial distribution is a common model for the analysis of count data in biology and ecology. In many applications, we may not observe the complete frequency count in a quadrat but only that a species occurred in the quadrat. If only occurrence data are available then the two parameters of the negative binomial distribution, the aggregation index and the mean, are not identifiable. This can be overcome by data augmentation or through modeling the dependence between quadrat occupancies. Here, we propose to record the (first) detection time while collecting occurrence data in a quadrat. We show that under what we call proportionate sampling, where the time to survey a region is proportional to the area of the region, that both negative binomial parameters are estimable. When the mean parameter is larger than two, our proposed approach is more efficient than the data augmentation method developed by Solow and Smith (, Am. Nat. 176, 96–98), and in general is cheaper to conduct. We also investigate the effect of misidentification when collecting negative binomially distributed data, and conclude that, in general, the effect can be simply adjusted for provided that the mean and variance of misidentification probabilities are known. The results are demonstrated in a simulation study and illustrated in several real examples.
Use of an absorbable embolization material for reversible portal vein embolization in an experimental model
Authors: Olthof P B , Huisman F , van Golen R F , Cieslak K P , van Lienden K P , Plug T , Meijers J C M , Heger M , Verheij J , van Gulik T M 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Background
Portal vein embolization (PVE) is used to increase future remnant liver size in patients requiring major hepatic resection. PVE using permanent embolization, however, predisposes to complications and excludes the use of PVE in living donor liver transplantation. In the present study, an absorbable embolization material containing fibrin glue and different concentrations of the fibrinolysis inhibitor aprotinin was used in an experimental animal model.

Methods
PVE of the cranial liver lobes was performed in 30 New Zealand White rabbits, which were divided into five groups, fibrin glue + 1000, 700, 500, 300 or 150 kunits/ml aprotinin, and were compared with a previous series of permanent embolization using the same experimental set-up. Caudal liver lobe hypertrophy was determined by CT volumetry, and portal recanalization was identified on contrast-enhanced CT images. Animals were killed after 7 or 42 days, and the results were compared with those of permanent embolization.

Results
PVE using fibrin glue with aprotinin as embolic material was effective, with 500 kunits/ml providing the optimal hypertrophic response. Lower concentrations of aprotinin (150 and 300 kunits/ml) led to reduced hypertrophy owing to early recanalization of the embolized segments. The regeneration rate over the first 3 days was higher in the group with 500 kunits/ml aprotinin than in the groups with 300 or 150 kunits/ml or permanent embolization. In the 500-kunits/ml group, four of five animals showed recanalization 42 days after embolization, with minimal histological changes in the cranial lobes following recanalization.

Conclusion
Fibrin glue combined with 500 kunits/ml aprotinin resulted in reversible PVE in 80 per cent of animals, with a hypertrophy response comparable to that achieved with permanent embolization material. Surgical relevancePortal vein embolization (PVE) is used to increase future remnant liver volume in patients scheduled for major liver resection who have insufficient future remnant liver size to perform a safe resection. The current standard is PVE with permanent embolization materials, which renders patients found to have unresectable disease prone to complications owing to the permanently deportalized liver segments. Absorbable embolization might prevent the PVE-associated morbidity and lower the threshold for its application.In this study, PVE using fibrin glue and aprotinin resulted in an adequate hypertrophy response with 80 per cent recanalization after 42 days. Considering the minor histological changes following recanalization of embolized segments and potentially preserved function, reversible PVE might also be applied in living donor liver transplantation.
The feasibility of 11C‐PIB‐PET/CT for amyloid plaque burden: validation of the effectiveness of CT‐based partial volume correction
Authors: Sasaki Kei , Maikusa Norihide , Imabayashi Etsuko , Yuasa Tetsuya , Matsuda Hiroshi 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionAmyloid positron‐emission tomography (PET) imaging with 11C‐Pittsburgh compound B (PiB) is an effective tool for assessing brain amyloid deposits. PET imaging, however, can suffer from the partial volume effect (PVE). PVE has been corrected using MRI (magnetic resonance imaging) image data. However, correction of the PVE of PET using MRI usually requires two separate procedures, imposing a burden on patients and leading to low throughput and inefficient diagnoses. The advent of PET/computed tomography (PET/CT) may potentially overcome these problems and offer higher throughput and reliable quantification of amyloid plaques and assessment of Alzheimer disease (AD).MethodsWe investigated the feasibility of correcting PVE in amyloid PET using CT, obtained by PET/CT, instead of MRI. We demonstrated the efficacy of partial volume correction (PVC) based on CT by comparing the results of CT‐based PVC and those of MRI‐based PVC using images acquired from AD patients and controls.ResultsBoth methods were able to perform PVC. Slight but significant differences between standard uptake volume ratio (SUVR) values were noted between the two modalities; these were attenuated by constant multiplication.ConclusionCT will potentially replace MRI for PVC, allowing the use of a single PET/CT scanner for amyloid plaque quantitation.
Photochromic Dithienylethene‐Containing Boron(III) Ketoiminates: Modulation of Photo‐Responsive Behavior through Variation of Intramolecular Motion
Authors: Wong Cheok‐Lam , Poon Chun‐Ting , Yam Vivian Wing‐Wah 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA series of dithienylethene‐containing boron(III) ketoiminates, as well as their corresponding β‐ketoimine ligands, have been synthesized and characterized. The photophysical, electrochemical, and photochromic properties of the compounds have been studied. Photocyclization has been found to be suppressed upon introduction of a phenyl substituent on the nitrogen atom of the β‐ketoiminate core, whereas photochromism could be observed by replacement of the phenyl substituent with a bulky mesityl group. It is believed that the steric effect of the mesityl unit restricts molecular rotation, resulting in such a prominent difference in the photochromic properties.
CRUSTAL STRUCTURE OF XISHA BLOCK AND ITS TECTONIC ATTRIBUTES
Authors: Xiao-Ran GUO , Ming-Hui ZHAO , Hai‐Bo HUANG , Xue-Lin QIU , Jian WANG , En-Yuan HE , Jia-Zheng ZHANG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractXisha block, as a micro‐continental massif formed during the process of the formation of the South China Sea (SCS), has recorded important information about the evolutionary history of the SCS. The crustal structure, petrological properties and tectonic attributes of Xisha block are critical to the theory of formation and evolution of the SCS. Based on Ocean Bottom Seismometers (OBS) data acquired from Line OBS2013–3, the P‐wave velocity model of Xisha block along this line is established employing the ray‐tracing and forward travel‐time modeling method. The velocity structure shows that the sedimentary layer is various with a velocity of 2.2∼3.2 km·s–1 and a thickness of 0.8∼3.0 km. The basement interface is locally rugged and rough. The velocity values of the upper and lower crusts are 5.0∼6.4 km·s–1 and 6.5∼6.9 km·s–1, and the upper mantle is a layer with an velocity of 8.0 km·s–1. The average crustal thickness of Xisha block is about 23 km. The depths of the upper and lower crusts are 9 km and 14 km. Moho interface lies at the depth of 23∼27 km. Xisha block is a thinned continental crust as compared with the South China continental margin; it has a size about 9.2×105 km3 calculated from two mutually perpendicular seismic profiles crossing the block. Xisha block and Nansha block are distributed on the two sides of the fossil spreading ridge of Northwest Sub‐basin. They are conjugate to each other since their velocity structures are very similar.