bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
From Boondoggle to Settlement Colony: Hendrik Witbooi and the Evolution of Germany's Imperial Project in Southwest Africa, 1884–1894
Authors: Blackler Adam A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIn the span of ten years, what started as a minor commercial enterprise in a faraway African territory grew into an important extension of the German state. This article reorients our understanding of the relationship between theKaiserreichand its overseas empire, specifically with a focus on Captain Hendrik Witbooi and on how the Witbooi Namaqua he led influenced the evolution of German imperial rule in Southwest Africa between 1884 and 1894. Witbooi's refusal to accept imperial authority compelled colonial officials to confront their administrative limitations in the colony. When the façade of imperial fantasy gave way to colonial reality, German administrators expanded the size and scope of the imperial government to subdue the Namaqua. The article emphasizes the appointments ofLandeshauptmannCurt von François and Governor Theodor Leutwein as critical examples of Witbooi's impact on imperial policy, as well as the colonial administration's embrace of military violence to attain German supremacy in Southwest Africa. An emphasis on the Witbooi Namaqua illustrates the prominent role of Africans in German colonial history and exposes how peoples in distant places like Windhoek and Otjimbingwe manipulated official efforts to control and exploit the colony.
Growing Apart: Farmers and the Division of Germany, 1945–1965
Authors: Schaefer Sagi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA variety of external forces led to the division of Germany after 1945, and, almost three decades after the fall of the Berlin Wall, division continues to persist as a social, economic, and political factor in united Germany. This article contributes to scholarly efforts aimed at delineating the ways in which division became a component in the self-perception of many Germans. Focusing on farmers, it shows that their attachment to the land was one such path. At the same time, it argues that farmers were among the first to contend with division in 1945 and, as the most numerous participants in the so-called Little Border Traffic (Kleine Grenzverkehr) between the two postwar states, were keenly aware of the growing division of Germany from its earliest days. The article highlights the choice that farmers made between living in East or in West Germany, arguing that because crossing the border was optional until the mid-1960s, and because land was much less available in the West than in the East, many East German farmers came to associate life in West Germany with the loss of land—and life in East Germany with an ability to keep it. When deciding to stay put, flee westward, or move from West to East, farmers prioritized the degree to which they were attached to their land and property. By making that choice, they cemented their self-perception as belonging to one of the opposing sides. This was not an ideological declaration per se, but rather one rooted in eminently practical considerations.
Reimagining Energy and Growth: Decoupling and the Rise of a New Energy Paradigm in West Germany, 1973–1986
Authors: Gross Stephen G. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article traces the rise of new ideas about energy and growth in West Germany between 1973 and 1986. It shows how new economic expertise emerged in response to the oil shocks, and looks at how West Germany could, paradoxically, sustain growth in a world of seemingly exhausted and insecure energy sources. These experts reconceptualized the economy to imagine a future where “decoupling”—reducing energy consumption while expanding Gross Domestic Production—was possible. They found support in the Social Democratic Party, which, in using their ideas to overcome an internal rift precipitated by the rise of the Green movement in the 1970s, helped make these new ideas mainstream. Investigating this new energy paradigm helps us understand why Germany began to diverge from other large, industrialized states in the 1980s, as it increasingly focused on energy conservation rather than on expanding its energy supply.
Landmark lecture: Perloff lecture: Tribute to Professor Joseph Kayle Perloff and lessons learned from him: aortopathy in adults with CHD
Authors: Niwa Koichiro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMarfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valve, and/or coarctation of the aorta are associated with medial abnormalities of the ascending aortic or para-coarctation aorta. Medial abnormalities in the ascending aorta are prevalent in other type of patients with a variety of CHDs such as single ventricle, persistent truncus arteriosus, transposition of the great arteries, hypoplastic left heart syndrome, and tetralogy of Fallot, encompassing a wide age range and may predispose to dilatation, aneurysm, and rapture necessitating aortic valve and root surgery. These CHDs exhibit ongoing dilatation of the aortic root and reduced aortic elasticity and increased aortic stiffness that may relate to intrinsic properties of the aortic root. These aortic dilatation and increased stiffness can induce aortic aneurysm, rapture of the aorta, and aortic regurgitation, but also provoke left ventricular hypertrophy, reduced coronary artery flow, and left ventricular failure. Therefore, a new clinical entity can be used to call this association of aortic pathophysiological abnormality, aortic dilation, and aorto-left ventricular interaction – “aortopathy”.
Landmark lecture on cardiac intensive care and anaesthesia: continuum and conundrums
Authors: Laussen Peter C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCardiac anesthesia and critical care provide an important continuum of care for patients with congenital heart disease. Clinicians in both areas work in complex environments in which the interactions between humans and technology is critical. Understanding our contributions to outcomes (modifiable risk) and our ability to perceive and predict an evolving clinical state (low failure-to-predict rate) are important performance metrics. Improved methods for capturing continuous physiologic signals will allow for new and interactive approaches to data visualization, and for sophisticated and iterative data modeling that will help define a patient’s phenotype and response to treatment (precision physiology).
Landmark lecture on surgery: paediatric cardiothoracic surgery – training the next generation of congenital heart surgeons
Authors: Starnes Vaughn A. , Sullivan Maura E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIntroductionRecent changes in surgical education have had an impact on our congenital training programmes. The mandate of the 8-hour workweek, a rapidly expanding knowledge base, and a host of other mandates has had an impact on the readiness of the fellows who are entering congenital programmes. To understand these issues completely, we interviewed the top congenital experts in the United States of America. The purpose of this paper is to share their insight and offer suggestions to address these challenges.MethodsWe used a qualitative thematic analysis approach and performed phone interviews with the top five congenital experts in the United States of America.ResultsExperts unanimously felt that duty-hour restrictions have negatively affected congenital training programmes in the following ways: current fellows do not seem as conditioned as fellows in the past, patient handoffs are not consistent with excellent performance, the mentor–mentee relationship has been affected by duty-hour restrictions, and fellows may be less prepared for real-world practice. Three positive themes emerged in response to duty-hour restrictions: fellows appear to be doing less menial task work, fellows are now better rested for learning, and we are attracting more individuals into the speciality. Experts agreed that congenital fellowships should be increased to 2 years. There was support for both the traditional and integrated residency pathways.DiscussionWe are in a new era of education and must work together to overcome the challenges that have arisen in recent years.
The 2017 Seventh World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology & Cardiac Surgery: week in review – interventional cardiology
Authors: Kenny Damien P. , Hijazi Ziyad M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe interventional cardiology track at the 7th World Congress of Pediatric Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery reflects the pivotal position of transcatheter interventions in the future of our speciality. The highlights of the week are outlined in this review.
The dietary impact of introducing new retailers of fruits and vegetables into a community: results from a systematic review
Authors: Woodruff Rebecca C , Raskind Ilana G , Harris Diane M , Gazmararian Julie A , Kramer Michael , Haardörfer Regine , Kegler Michelle C 
Published: December 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the potential dietary impact of the opening of new retailers of healthy foods.DesignSystematic review of the peer-reviewed research literature.SettingReferences published before November 2015 were retrieved from MEDLINE, EMBASE and Web of Science databases using keyword searches.SubjectsThe outcome of the review was change in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults.ResultsOf 3514 references retrieved, ninety-two articles were reviewed in full text, and twenty-three articles representing fifteen studies were included. Studies used post-test only (n 4), repeated cross-sectional (n 4) and repeated measures designs (n 7) to evaluate the dietary impact of supermarket (n 7), farmers’ market (n 4), produce stand (n 2) or mobile market (n 2) openings. Evidence of increased fruit and vegetable consumption was most consistent among adults who began shopping at the new retailer. Three of four repeated measures studies found modest, albeit not always statistically significant, increases in fruit and vegetable consumption (range 0·23–0·54 servings/d) at 6–12 months after baseline. Dietary change among residents of the broader community where the new retailer opened was less consistent.ConclusionsThe methodological quality of studies, including research designs, sampling methods, follow-up intervals and outcome measures, ranged widely. Future research should align methodologically with previous work to facilitate meta-analytic synthesis of results. Opening a new retailer may result in modest short-term increases in fruit and vegetable consumption among adults who choose to shop there, but the potential longer-term dietary impact on customers and its impact on the broader community remain unclear.
Involving citizens in disinvestment decisions: what do health professionals think? Findings from a multi-method study in the English NHS
Authors: Daniels Tom , Williams Iestyn , Bryan Stirling , Mitton Craig , Robinson Suzanne 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPublic involvement in disinvestment decision making in health care is widely advocated, and in some cases legally mandated. However, attempts to involve the public in other areas of health policy have been accused of tokenism and manipulation. This paper presents research into the views of local health care leaders in the English National Health Service (NHS) with regards to the involvement of citizens and local communities in disinvestment decision making. The research includes a Q study and follow-up interviews with a sample of health care clinicians and managers in senior roles in the English NHS. It finds that whilst initial responses suggest high levels of support for public involvement, further probing of attitudes and experiences shows higher levels of ambivalence and risk aversion and a far more cautious overall stance. This study has implications for the future of disinvestment activities and public involvement in health care systems faced with increased resource constraint. Recommendations are made for future research and practice.
Loss of mtDNA activates astrocytes and leads to spongiotic encephalopathy
Authors: Ignatenko Olesia , Chilov Dmitri , Paetau Ilse , de Miguel Elena , Jackson Christopher B. , Capin Gabrielle , Paetau Anders , Terzioglu Mugen , Euro Liliya , Suomalainen Anu 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMitochondrial dysfunction manifests as different neurological diseases, but the mechanisms underlying the clinical variability remain poorly understood. To clarify whether different brain cells have differential sensitivity to mitochondrial dysfunction, we induced mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) depletion in either neurons or astrocytes of mice, by inactivating Twinkle (TwKO), the replicative mtDNA helicase. Here we show that astrocytes, the most abundant cerebral cell type, are chronically activated upon mtDNA loss, leading to early-onset spongiotic degeneration of brain parenchyma, microgliosis and secondary neurodegeneration. Neuronal mtDNA loss does not, however, cause symptoms until 8 months of age. Findings in astrocyte-TwKO mimic neuropathology of Alpers syndrome, infantile-onset mitochondrial spongiotic encephalopathy caused by mtDNA maintenance defects. Our evidence indicates that (1) astrocytes are dependent on mtDNA integrity; (2) mitochondrial metabolism contributes to their activation; (3) chronic astrocyte activation has devastating consequences, underlying spongiotic encephalopathy; and that (4) astrocytes are a potential target for interventions.
How to probe the spin contribution to momentum relaxation in topological insulators
Authors: Nam Moon-Sun , Williams Benjamin H. , Chen Yulin , Contera Sonia , Yao Shuhua , Lu Minghui , Chen Yan-Feng , Timco Grigore A. , Muryn Christopher A. , Winpenny Richard E. P. , Ardavan Arzhang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTopological insulators exhibit a metallic surface state in which the directions of the carriers’ momentum and spin are locked together. This characteristic property, which lies at the heart of proposed applications of topological insulators, protects carriers in the surface state from back-scattering unless the scattering centres are time-reversal symmetry breaking (i.e. magnetic). Here, we introduce a method of probing the effect of magnetic scattering by decorating the surface of topological insulators with molecules, whose magnetic degrees of freedom can be engineered independently of their electrostatic structure. We show that this approach allows us to separate the effects of magnetic and non-magnetic scattering in the perturbative limit. We thereby confirm that the low-temperature conductivity of SmB6 is dominated by a surface state and that the momentum of quasiparticles in this state is particularly sensitive to magnetic scatterers, as expected in a topological insulator.
A non-cell-autonomous role for Pml in the maintenance of leukemia from the niche
Authors: Guarnerio Jlenia , Mendez Lourdes Maria , Asada Noboru , Menon Archita Venugopal , Fung Jacqueline , Berry Kelsey , Frenette Paul S. , Ito Keisuke , Pandolfi Pier Paolo 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDisease recurrence after therapy, due to the persistence of resistant leukemic cells, represents a fundamental problem in the treatment of leukemia. Elucidating the mechanisms responsible for the maintenance of leukemic cells, before and after treatment, is therefore critical to identify curative modalities. It has become increasingly clear that cell-autonomous mechanisms are not solely responsible for leukemia maintenance. Here, we report a role for Pml in mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in supporting leukemic cells of both CML and AML. Mechanistically, we show that Pml regulates pro-inflammatory cytokines within MSCs, and that this function is critical in sustaining CML-KLS and AML ckit+ leukemic cells non-cell autonomously.
Profiling the lymphoid-resident T cell pool reveals modulation by age and microbiota
Authors: Durand Aurélie , Audemard-Verger Alexandra , Guichard Vincent , Mattiuz Raphaël , Delpoux Arnaud , Hamon Pauline , Bonilla Nelly , Rivière Matthieu , Delon Jérôme , Martin Bruno , Auffray Cédric , Boissonnas Alexandre , Lucas Bruno 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDespite being implicated in non-lymphoid tissues, non-recirculating T cells may also exist in secondary lymphoid organs (SLO). However, a detailed characterization of this lymphoid-resident T cell pool has not yet been done. Here we show that a substantial proportion of CD4 regulatory (Treg) and memory (Tmem) cells establish long-term residence in the SLOs of specific pathogen-free mice. Of these SLOs, only T cell residence within Peyer’s patches is affected by microbiota. Resident CD4 Treg and CD4 Tmem cells from lymph nodes and non-lymphoid tissues share many phenotypic and functional characteristics. The percentage of resident T cells in SLOs increases considerably with age, with S1PR1 downregulation possibly contributing to this altered homeostasis. Our results thus show that T cell residence is not only a hallmark of non-lymphoid tissues, but can be extended to secondary lymphoid organs.
Sleeping sickness is a circadian disorder
Authors: Rijo-Ferreira Filipa , Carvalho Tânia , Afonso Cristina , Sanches-Vaz Margarida , Costa Rui M , Figueiredo Luísa M. , Takahashi Joseph S. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSleeping sickness is a fatal disease caused by Trypanosoma brucei, a unicellular parasite that lives in the bloodstream and interstitial spaces of peripheral tissues and the brain. Patients have altered sleep/wake cycles, body temperature, and endocrine profiles, but the underlying causes are unknown. Here, we show that the robust circadian rhythms of mice become phase advanced upon infection, with abnormal activity occurring during the rest phase. This advanced phase is caused by shortening of the circadian period both at the behavioral level as well as at the tissue and cell level. Period shortening is T. brucei specific and independent of the host immune response, as co-culturing parasites with explants or fibroblasts also shortens the clock period, whereas malaria infection does not. We propose that T. brucei causes an advanced circadian rhythm disorder, previously associated only with mutations in clock genes, which leads to changes in the timing of sleep.
Trithorax dependent changes in chromatin landscape at enhancer and promoter regions drive female puberty
Authors: Toro Carlos A. , Wright Hollis , Aylwin Carlos F. , Ojeda Sergio R. , Lomniczi Alejandro 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPolycomb group (PcG) proteins control the timing of puberty by repressing the Kiss1 gene in hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) neurons. Here we identify two members of the Trithorax group (TrxG) of modifiers, mixed-lineage leukemia 1 (MLL1), and 3 (MLL3), as central components of an activating epigenetic machinery that dynamically counteracts PcG repression. Preceding puberty, MLL1 changes the chromatin configuration at the promoters of Kiss1 and Tac3, two genes required for puberty to occur, from repressive to permissive. Concomitantly, MLL3 institutes a chromatin structure that changes the functional status of a Kiss1 enhancer from poised to active. RNAi-mediated, ARC-specific Mll1 knockdown reduced Kiss1 and Tac3 expression, whereas CRISPR-Cas9-directed epigenome silencing of the Kiss1 enhancer selectively reduced Kiss1 activity. Both interventions delay puberty and disrupt reproductive cyclicity. Our results demonstrate that an epigenetic switch from transcriptional repression to activation is crucial to the regulatory mechanism controlling the timing of mammalian puberty.
Acculturation orientations affect the evolution of a multicultural society
Authors: Erten E. Yagmur , van den Berg Pieter , Weissing Franz J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe migration of people between different cultures has affected cultural change throughout history. To understand this process, cross-cultural psychologists have used the ‘acculturation’ framework, classifying ‘acculturation orientations’ along two dimensions: the willingness to interact with culturally different individuals, and the inclination to retain the own cultural identity (‘cultural conservatism’). Here, using a cultural evolution approach, we construct a dynamically explicit model of acculturation. We show that the evolution of a multicultural society, where immigrant and resident culture stably coexist, is more likely if individuals readily engage in cross-cultural interactions, and if resident individuals are more culturally conservative than immigrants. This result holds if some cultural traits pay off better than others, and individuals use social learning to adopt more advantageous cultural traits. Our study demonstrates that formal dynamic models can help us understand how individual orientations towards immigration eventually determine the population-level distribution of cultural traits.
Light-tuned selective photosynthesis of azo- and azoxy-aromatics using graphitic C3N4
Authors: Dai Yitao , Li Chao , Shen Yanbin , Lim Tingbin , Xu Jian , Li Yongwang , Niemantsverdriet Hans , Besenbacher Flemming , Lock Nina , Su Ren 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSolar-driven photocatalysis has attracted significant attention in water splitting, CO2 reduction and organic synthesis. The syntheses of valuable azo- and azoxyaromatic dyes via selective photoreduction of nitroaromatic compounds have been realised using supported plasmonic metal nanoparticles at elevated temperatures (≥90 °C); however, the high cost, low efficiency and poor selectivity of such catalyst systems at room temperature limit their application. Here we demonstrate that the inexpensive graphitic C3N4 is an efficient photocatalyst for selective syntheses of a series of azo- and azoxy-aromatic compounds from their corresponding nitroaromatics under either purple (410 nm) or blue light (450 nm) excitation. The high efficiency and high selectivity towards azo- and azoxy-aromatic compounds can be attributed to the weakly bound photogenerated surface adsorbed H-atoms and a favourable N-N coupling reaction. The results reveal financial and environmental potential of photocatalysis for mass production of valuable chemicals.
A neural basis for antagonistic control of feeding and compulsive behaviors
Authors: Mangieri Leandra R. , Lu Yungang , Xu Yuanzhong , Cassidy Ryan M. , Xu Yong , Arenkiel Benjamin R. , Tong Qingchun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAbnormal feeding often co-exists with compulsive behaviors, but the underlying neural basis remains unknown. Excessive self-grooming in rodents is associated with compulsivity. Here, we show that optogenetically manipulating the activity of lateral hypothalamus (LH) projections targeting the paraventricular hypothalamus (PVH) differentially promotes either feeding or repetitive self-grooming. Whereas selective activation of GABAergic LH→PVH inputs induces feeding, activation of glutamatergic inputs promotes self-grooming. Strikingly, targeted stimulation of GABAergic LH→PVH leads to rapid and reversible transitions to feeding from induced intense self-grooming, while activating glutamatergic LH→PVH or PVH neurons causes rapid and reversible transitions to self-grooming from voracious feeding induced by fasting. Further, specific inhibition of either LH→PVH GABAergic action or PVH neurons reduces self-grooming induced by stress. Thus, we have uncovered a parallel LH→PVH projection circuit for antagonistic control of feeding and self-grooming through dynamic modulation of PVH neuron activity, revealing a common neural pathway that underlies feeding and compulsive behaviors.