bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Safety Case in the Gulf of Mexico: Method and Benefits for Old and New Facilities
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: July 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper OTC 25957, “Safety Case in Gulf of Mexico: Method and Benefits for Old and New Facilities,” by Julia Carval, SPE, and Bibek Das, SPE, Bureau Veritas North America, prepared for the 2015 Offshore Technology Conference, Houston, 4–7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
The purpose of the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement (BSEE) Safety and Environmental Management Systems (SEMS) is to enhance safety of operations in the Gulf of Mexico (GOM). One of the principal SEMS objectives is to encourage the use of performance-based operating practices. However, the current US regulatory framework for GOM operations does not provide adequate tools to focus on specific risks associated with a facility. The adoption of the safety-case regime would steer operations toward this goal.
Introduction
This paper discusses the application of the safety-case concept and how the operator can demonstrate that the major safety and environmental hazards have been identified, and associated risks estimated, and show how these risks are managed by achieving a target level of safety. Throughout the safety-case road map, the identification of safety critical elements (SCEs) and associated performance standards represents one of the cornerstones of asset-integrity-management (AIM) strategy.
The paper discusses how application of the safety-case regime for existing facilities would highlight particular risks that may have been misjudged, taking into account the current state of installations and the actual operational procedures in place. For new facilities, the introduction of the safety case at the early stages of design would ease the integration of the overall risk-management (RM) plan at each level of organization.
Hydrogen Sulfide Measurement With Wireless Technology
Authors: Wilson Adam 
Published: July 2016

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 171720, “H2S Measurement Using Wireless Technology,” by P. Phelan, A.-R. Shames Khouri, and H.A. Wahed, Abu Dhabi Gas Industries, prepared for the 2014 Abu Dhabi International Petroleum Exhibition and Conference, Abu Dhabi, 10–13 November. The paper has not been peer reviewed.
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) represents a major hazard in oil and gas production, and the efficient and reliable detection of gas leaks is a critical safety aspect. Wireless-detection systems offer an opportunity to expand the measurement area. This paper reviews a specific application of wireless technology in gas detection and details the steps taken to assess the integrity of the wireless system and the considerations necessary to ensure the reliability and availability of the signal transmission.
Wireless-Sensor Networks (WSNs)
WSNs are an alternative to hard-wired systems where the cabling is replaced by radio-frequency (RF) transmission of the measured data into a host system. The network may be point-to-point or meshed transmission. Meshed transmission allows for multiple alternative routes and, therefore, offers potential improvements in the ability of the system to ensure that the data are delivered to the host system.
WSNs have been developed since 2003 on the basis of Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Standard 802.15.4, which defines the operating frequency of 2.4 GHz and other aspects of the basic physical layer of communication. This is currently adopted by the process industry as the essential foundation for most wireless-measurement systems.
Subsequent to the definition of the physical layer for communication, the HART Foundation, which was originally established to define protocols for serial data communication between cabled field devices, was extended to cover WSN technology. This wireless HART technology was subsequently approved by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) in 2006 as IEC Standard 62591. A parallel development was undertaken by the International Society of Automation (ISA) in the US under the ISA 100.11a standard in 2009. Each of these standards seeks to establish interoperability of the different equipment manufacturers, and it is important that this convergence be achieved to prevent development and adoption delays.
The development of battery technology is also an important aspect of WSNs. Significant advances in battery design, solar-cell charging, and energy harvesting are expected to play an active role in the future. In present systems, sophisticated software is used to turn on and wake up components to minimize power consumption. It is also imperative that monitoring of battery status be managed actively by the host system.
Predicting Heat Stress in Cotton Using Probabilistic Canopy Temperature Forecasts
Authors: Christ Emily H. , Webster Peter J. , Snider John L. , Toma Violeta E. , Oosterhuis Derrick M. , Chastain Daryl R. 
Published: July 2016

Heat stress can reduce crop yield or even cause total crop failure. The ability to predict heat stress in advance would allow growers time to implement protective measures, helping to avoid such losses. This study presents a strategy for producing probabilistic heat stress forecasts for well‐watered cotton (Gossypium hirsutumL.) in the Camilla, GA, region. Multiple linear regression was used to develop a cotton canopy temperature model based on predicted air temperature, humidity, solar radiation, and wind speed. The European Centre for Medium‐Range Weather Forecasts Ensemble Prediction System was used to predict the meteorological variables used in the canopy temperature model, which produced 10‐d probabilistic canopy temperature forecasts for each day of observations during 2014. A statistical mean bias correction was applied to improve on the raw model forecasts. The forecasts were found to be skillful, with relative operating characteristic areas greater than 0.5. The bias‐corrected forecasts were found to increase skill. A heat stress warning system was then created using the forecasts. Additionally, an economic analysis was performed as an example of how probabilistic forecasts can be used to aid producers with financial decisions pertaining to weather‐related risks.Creating heat stress advisories for crops provide growers time to protect assets.Coupling crop and atmospheric models translates weather data into usable information for growers.Probabilistic canopy temperature forecasts can be used to evaluate on‐farm weather‐related risks.
Extração supercrítica dos ésteres de forbol da torta de Jatropha curcas: avaliação preliminar do uso do etanol como co-solvente
Authors: Mendes Marisa Fernandes , Pessoa Fernando Luiz Pelegrini , Ribeiro José Antônio De Aquino , Mendonça Simone , Pereira Cristiane De Souza Siqueira 
Published: July 2016

O pinhao manso (Jatropha curcas L.), pertencente a familia das Euphorbiaceae e é uma oleaginosa que possui um alto teor de óleo que se destaca como uma planta com caracteristicas favoráveis para a produção de biodiesel. Após a extração do óleo, toneladas de torta sao produzidas como coproduto. Essa torta contém alto valor nutricional, mas a presenca de éster de forbol, um composto tóxico, restringe a sua utilização como alimentação animal. Diferentes processos de destoxificação têm sido desenvolvidos em virtude da necessidade da remoção deste componente tóxico visando o aproveitamento da torta. Os compostos bioativos, como os ésteres de forbol, estão normalmente presentes em matrizes vegetais em baixas concentrações, sendo necessários processos de extração mais seletivos e efetivos para recuperação destes materiais. A utilização do fluido supercrítico é uma técnica alternativa para recuperação de compostos bioativos a partir de materiais vegetais. Neste trabalhou avaliou-se o uso do etanol como co-solvente no processo de extração supercrítica. As condições experimentais utilizadas foram: 40 ºC – 300 bar, 70 ºC – 300 bar, 50 ºC – 440 bar, 90 ºC – 440 bar, 70ºC – 500 bar. A extração se mostrou eficiente, sendo o melhor resultado obtido na condição operacional de 70 °C e 500 bar, removendo 61% da concentração inicial de éster presente na torta após 5 horas de extração.
Hydroxyl Ethyl Cellulose HHX and Polymethyl Methacrylate Based Site Specific Floating Delivery of Prochlorperazine Maleate
Authors: Jagdale Swati C. , Randhave Aleesha B. 
Published: July 2016

Background:Prochlorperazine maleate is a phenothiazine antipsychotic used principally in the treatment of nausea, vomiting and vertigo. Biological half- life of the drug is about 6 to 8 hrs and oral dose is 5 or 10 mg thrice or four times a day. The mean absolute bioavailability for drug is 12.5%. Due to the solubility of drug in acidic pH, it is mainly absorbed from stomach.Objective:Site specific oral floating delivery of prochlorperazine maleate will prolong the gastric retention time, increases the drug bioavailability, reduces frequency of administration and can result in better patient compliance.Method:The tablets were prepared by direct compression technique. Floating drug delivery was developed using gas forming agent and release retarding agenti.e.hydroxyethyl cellulose HHX (Natrosol HHX) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). 32full factorial design was used for optimization. Prepared tablets were evaluated for pre and post compression parameters.Results:From the factorial batches it was observed that formulation containing 68.5% of hydroxyethyl cellulose HHX and 15% of polymethyl methacrylate had shown a drug release of 91.56 ± 2.7% with floating upto 10 hrs following Korsmeyer Peppas release kinetics.Conclusion:In- vivoplacebo X-ray study for optimized batch F6 had shown good gastroretention ability for 6 ± 0.5 hrs.In- vitroandin- vivostudy confirmed the site specific floating delivery for drug.
An apparatus for the instantaneous measurement of the relative light intensity
Authors: Vyncke G. , Goossens R. 
Published: July 2016

An apparatus for the instantaneous measurement of the relative light intensity was constructed by Brechtel (1962). An analogical apparatus was built, from the same point of view, but on another principle. Namely two selenium photo-cells, connected in opposition, produce anti-currents in a closed circuit. The differential current is compensated or reduced to zero by a linear potentiometer. The position of this potentiometer can be related to a value for the relative ratio between the light intensity above and below the forest canopy. The neutral density filters, which are necessary for the used photo-cells, can enlarge the reading scale, if they are chosen judiciously. Some positive measurements were done in a forest stand. Generally the apparatus will give good results and will be easily used for the characterization of light condition in forest stands.
Le degré de précision dans le calcul de la courbe d'équilibre d'après de Liocourt
Authors: Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

Lors du calcul des nombres de pieds de la courbe d'équilibre, les mêmes résultats ne sont pratiquement jamais obtenus, parce que l' arrondissement des nombres des pieds se fait d'une façon plutôt arbitraire. Pour un calcul très précis d la répanicion du nombre de pieds , à partir des valeurs de q et DE connues, l'arrondissement des nombres qui servent à calculer les nombres de pieds suivants, peut se faire au plus tôt au troisième chiffre après l'unité. Cependant, lors de l'enregistrement des nombres de pieds, on peut arrondir au premier chiffre après l'unité. Il s'ensuit que de même les volumes ne doivent etre calculés que jusqu'à un chiffre après l'unité. Le tableau 1 et les figures 1 et 2 montrent clairement les erreurs causées par un arrondissement incorrect. L'augmentation forte de a (nombre de pieds dans la classe 15), du nombnre de pieds total et du volume total dans la courbe anormale (arrondir à l'unité) et la courbe complètement anormale (arrondir l'unité au chiffre supérieur), s'explique par le fait que dans ces courbes q est en réalité devenu plus grand. Par contre, lorsque l'on part des valeurs de q et de a connues, l'arrondissement peut se fair au premier chiffre après l'unité, parce que les petits nombres de pieds, où se produit l'erreur relativement la plus grande, ont lieu le plus tard.
Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer
Authors: Goossens R. 
Published: July 2016

Contribution to the automation of the calculations involving the forest inventory with the aid of an office computer - In this contribution an attempt was made to perform the calculations involving the forest inventory by means of an office computer Olivetti P203. The general program (flowchart 1), identical for all tree species except for the values of the different parameters, occupies the tracks A and B of a magnetic card used with this computer. For each tree species one magnetic card is required, while some supplementary cards are used for the subroutines. The first subroutine (flowchart 1) enables us to preserve temporarily the subtotals between two tree species (mixed stands) and so called special or stand cards (SC). After the last tree species the totals per ha are calculated and printed on the former, the average trees occuring on the line below. Appendix 1 gives an example of a similar form resulting from calculations involving a sampling in a mixed stand consisting of Oak (code 11), Red oak (code 12), Japanese larch (code 24) and Beech (code 13). On this form we find from the left to the right: the diameter class (m), the number of trees per ha, the basal area (m2/ha), the current annual increment of the basal area (m2/year/ha), current annual volume increment (m3/year/ha), the volume (m3/ha) and the money value of the standing trees (Bfr/ha). On the line before the last, the totals of the quantities mentioned above and of all the tree species together are to be found. The last line gives a survey of the average values dg, g, ig, ig, v and w. Besides this form each stand or plot has a so-called 'stand card SC' on wich the totals cited above as well as the area of the stand or the plot and its code are stored. Similar 'stand card' may replace in many cases completely the classical index cards; moreover they have the advantage that the data can be entered directly into the computer so that further calculations, classifications or tabling can be carried out by means of an appropriate program or subroutine. The subroutine 2 (flowchart 2) illustrates the use of similar cards for a series of stands or eventually a complete forest, the real values of the different quantities above are calculated and tabled (taking into account the area). At the same time the general totals and the general mean values per ha, as well as the average trees are calculated and printed. Appendix 2 represents a form resulting from such calculations by means of subroutine 2.
La structure et la composition de groupes de régénération de hêtre dans la forêt de Soignes. Comm. N° 2 : Croissance et Accroissement
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , Réh J. 
Published: July 2016

The structure and composition of beech regeneration groups in the forest of Soignes. Comm. N° 2 : Growth and increment - Comparison between natural (RN) and artificial (RA) regeneration groups of beech, from 16 to 26 years old, clearly indicates quicker growth in the RA during the first years. This lead disappears within a short time, as a consequence of premature culmination of growth (height and girth) in the RA at a moment where growth is accelerating in the RN. An analogous inversion in basal area of the groups occurs the relation GRA &gt; GRN in 16 years old groups changes into GRN &gt; GRA at 26 years old groups. The analysis of biomass as characterized by total shoot length and basal area pro surface unit, also proves the relative and absolute superiority of the RN in regard to standing stock and increment. The confrontation with values, deduced from the production tables by WIEDEMANN, indicates a far reaching similarity under many aspects between older stands and the RN, whereas important differences between older stands and the RA exist. Dynamic evolution, on the other hand, is characterized in both cases by social degradation and progression concentration of biomass in the upper story. In the RN it is further accompanied by concentration of the highest number of stems in the lower story. As a direct consequence treatment chooses the upper story, in which all real value is to be found, as its immediate object. In no case it endeavours to stimulate social promotion considered impossible in RA on account of extremely low stand density and in RN because of far reaching social stratification. In groups with RN, treatment goes out from high stand density and all kind of inegalities between stand components. It stresses the necessity of early individualisation of the better trees in the upper story creating at the same time good conditions for the development of the cultural function, to be fulfilled by a well balanced intermediate and lower story. In the RA, on the contrary, the maintenance of the maximal number of stems in the upper story is a principal objective of treatment, as this story is not only considered as the source of future value development but also as the nearly exclusive bearer of the cultural function. In doing so the tendency toward structural uniformisation is accentuated. The evident superiority of the RN over the RA regarding, qualitative and quantitative aspects of structure, growing stock, biomass and increment is a fact to be taken permanently into consideration.
Above ground biomass and biomass distribution in nursery plants of Abies grandis Lindley
Authors: Van Miegroet M. , Lust N. 
Published: July 2016

After 3 years, significant differences exist between fast and slower growing plants of Abies grandis Lindley. These differences increase, absolutely and relatively, with the passing of time. In both cases 50 % of all overground biomass is concentrated in the needles, 30 % in the main stem and 20 % in the branches.
Concepts of forest stability and forest management
Authors: Van Miegroet M. 
Published: July 2016

To realize its most important task, the perpetuation of forest use by the stabilization of the forest itself, forest management must have sound ecological foundations. A steady-state equilibrium in species composition, resulting from unidirectional succession, is not acceptable as a parameter for the stability of the forest ecosystem. Its concept is based on the prevalence of internal control, whereas the frequency of minor and major disturbances, as well as the importance of chronic external influences characterize the forest as a relatively open system. With better results, the stability of a forest can be measured by its resistance to internal and external stress, its degree of resilience and the community control over energy-flow, hydrology and nutrients. Forest management is aware that forest stability is not a permanent state. Therefore silvicultural treatment must control the dynamics of change within limits, set by the physical environment and the biotic components of the forest. Each intervention is to be seen as a purposefully induced and willfully directed perturbation to stimulate and optimalize the internal mechanisms of selfregulation.
Esquisse de la sylviculture et de la recherche forestière au Rwanda et au Burundi avant 1961
Authors: Reynders M. 
Published: July 2016

Dans des pays pauvres et à forte densité de population comme le Rwanda et le Burundi, l'approvisionnement en bois de chauffage et en bois de service constituent le plus grand problème. La sylviculture et la recherche forestière sont donc surtout conçues en fonction de ces besoins prioritaires, sans négliger toutefois des activités forestières en vu de la production de bois d'œuvre.
The establishment of red oak and pedunculate oak seedlings in the experimental forest of Aelmoeseneie at Gontrode (Belgium)
Authors: Lust N. , Speleers L. 
Published: July 2016

The natural regeneration of American oak and pedunculate oak under cover occurs regularly in the Aelmoeseneie forest. Nevertheless, these seedlings tend to establish very difficultly. They often die off after one year. In order to survive, the crown cover has to be strongly opened after the first year. One year old seedlings of American oak, however, grow slightly better under cover than under partial freestand. The seedlings of pedunculate oak, on the other hand, hardly react on the different light conditions. The American oak seeds are of good quality. A considerable amount is eaten by the birds. The seeds of pedunculate oak are of a minor quality; an important number is eaten by the worms. The growth of the seedlings in the Aelmoeseneie forest does not always correspond to the growth on other sites.
Transpiration of two willow species (Salix viminalis and Salix triandra) growing on a landfill of dredged sludge
Authors: Scheirlinck H. , Lust N. , Nachtergale L. 
Published: July 2016

A landfill of dredged sludge was afforested with two different willow species: Salix viminalis cv. Belgisch rood and Salix triandra cv. Noir de Vilaine. Mats of willow wickers of those two species were woven and put on the non-consolidated sludge. Next the stomatal resistance and the transpiration rate of this one year old stand was measured on five characteristic days during the vegetation period. Finally these data were extrapolated over the whole growing season to estimate the total transpiration of this stand. Two different methods to do this extrapolation were compared.
Silvicultural education in Greece today and tomorrow
Authors: Hatzistathis A. T.H. , Zagas T. H. 
Published: July 2016

Since last century, silviculture in Greece has been based on the knowledge and experience of the silviculturally developed countries, mainly those of Central Europe. This knowledge was adapted to the Greek conditions with satisfactory results. The Laboratory of Silviculture which belongs to the Department of Forestry and Natural Environment pays attention to the existing silvicultural problems of Greece and other countries and records them. With proper evaluation of these problems in the framework of the present education programme, our Laboratory tries to educate the students of the Department and consult the Forest Engineers. Special attention is paid to the following subjects: - The multiple role of natural forest (with priority to their ecological role). - The rehabilitation of the degraded forest ecosystems (avoidance of the danger of desertification). - The landscape exology according to the contemporary needs. - The protection of the forests and their regeneration mainly after destruction. - The systematic cultivation of forests and especially of plantations, aiming mainly to safeguard their resistance against various dangers.