bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Problems with adherence to treatment among adolescents with diabetes mellitus type 1
Authors: Pires Mônica Rocha , Bani Raissa Cazzonatto de Figueiredo , Lima Graziele Zamineli de , Haddad Maria Isabela Ramos , Takamoto Patrícia Mayumi , Pires Lúcia Alves da Rocha , Manganaro Márcia Marcondes , Croscioli Márcia Regina Felippe Bueno , Fernani Déborah Cristina Gonçalves Luiz , Vanderlei Luiz Carlos Marques , Freire Ana Paula Coelho Figueira , Pacagnelli Francis Lopes 
Published: May 2016

Introduction: Diabetes Mellitus type 1 (DM1) is a chronic degenerative disease with high impact on the lives of children and adolescents. The DM1 affects mainly children and young adults under 30 years old, with a predominance from 10 to 14 years old. As a chronic disease, involves changes in daily habits, being following the recommendations of health professionals one of the main conducts to achieve such changes, however, this follow-up is not easy and can directly infl uence the glycemic control and lead to complications. Objective: Identify the diffi culties of adolescent with DM1 to treatment adherence. The recommendations of this treatment are related to the blood glucose measurements, using a diet plan and insulin application. Methods: The study included 15 adolescent with DM1, of both genders, aged 10-19 years participating in a multidisciplinary group at an outpatient unit in São Paulo, Brazil, aged 13,93 ± 2.4 years, diagnosed with DM1 with an average time of 4.5 years. The following evaluations were employed:1) individual interviews for identifi cation and clinical characterization; 2) characterization of cardiovascular and metabolic parameters; 2) anthropometric assessment and 4) application of a questionnaire with questions about problems of blood glucose measurements, diet plan and insulin application. Data collection was performed before medical appointment with an endocrinologist in a hospital in São Paulo state. Results: The identifi ed diffi culties and cardio-metabolic variables showed the adolescents presented uncontrolled blood glucose levels, doing the rotation of insulin incompletely and face many daily diffi -culties to perform the appropriate treatment, being the most frequently reported the insulin application and proper nutrition. Conclusion: Adolescents with type 1 diabetes presented diffi culties in adherence to treatment, mainly o follow insulin treatment and proposals for changes in eating habits by following a diet. It is necessary that health professionals offer strategies and orientation to these individuals to improve the handling of their diffi culties that directly affect the course of the disease and leave them more susceptible to developing complications.
Dynamics of carbonate chemistry, production, and calcification of the Florida Reef Tract (2009–2010): Evidence for seasonal dissolution
Authors: Muehllehner Nancy , Langdon Chris , Venti Alyson , Kadko David 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOcean acidification is projected to lower the Ωar of reefal waters by 0.3–0.4 units by the end of century, making it more difficult for calcifying organisms to secrete calcium carbonate while at the same time making the environment more favorable for abiotic and biotic dissolution of the reefal framework. There is great interest in being able to project the point in time when coral reefs will cross the tipping point between being net depositional to net erosional in terms of their carbonate budgets. Periodic in situ assessments of the balance between carbonate production and dissolution that spans seasonal time scales may prove useful in monitoring and formulating projections of the impact of ocean acidification on reefal carbonate production. This study represents the first broad‐scale geochemical survey of the rates of net community production (NCP) and net community calcification (NCC) across the Florida Reef Tract (FRT). Surveys were performed at approximately quarterly intervals in 2009–2010 across seven onshore‐offshore transects spanning the upper, middle, and lower Florida Keys. Averaged across the FRT, the rates of NCP and NCC were positive during the spring/summer at 62 ± 7 and 17 ± 2 mmol m−2 d−1, respectively, and negative during the fall/winter at −33 ± 6 and −7 ± 2 mmol m−2 d−1. The most significant finding of the study was that the northernmost reef is already net erosional (−1.1 ± 0.4 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1) and midreefs to the south were net depositional on an annual basis (0.4 ± 0.1 kg CaCO3 m−2 yr−1) but erosional during the fall and winter. Only the two southernmost reefs were net depositional year‐round. These results indicate that parts of the FRT have already crossed the tipping point for carbonate production and other parts are getting close.
The prolonged southward IMF‐Bz event of 2–4 May 1998: Solar, interplanetary causes and geomagnetic consequences
Authors: Bisoi Susanta Kumar , Chakrabarty D. , Janardhan P. , Rastogi R. G. , Yoshikawa A. , Fujiki K. , Tokumaru M. , Yan Y. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA detailed investigation is carried out to understand the prolonged (∼44 h) weakly southward interplanetary magnetic field (IMF‐Bz) condition during 2–4 May 1998. In situ observations, during the period, show the passage of an expanding magnetic cloud embedded in an interplanetary coronal mass ejection (ICME), followed up by a shock and an interplanetary discontinuity driven by another ICME. It is the arrival of the ICMEs and the upfront shocks that caused the prolonged southward IMF‐Bz condition. The magnetic configuration of the source regions of the IMF associated with the ICME interval was also examined, which showed open magnetic field structures, emanating from a small active region on the north of the heliospheric current sheet (HCS). The structures remained constantly to the north of the HCS, both on 29 April and 1 May, suggesting no change in their polarity. The draping of these outward directed radial field lines around the propagating CMEs in the shocked plasma explains the observed polarity changes of the IMF‐Bz at 1 AU. In addition, multiple enhancements were also detected in the geomagnetic field variations, which showed a distinct one‐to‐one correspondence with the density pulses observed at 1 AU, during 0700–1700 UT on 3 May. The spectral analyses of both the variations showed the same discrete frequencies of 0.48, 0.65, and 0.75 mHz, demonstrating that the solar wind density enhancements can cause detectable global geomagnetic disturbances. The observations, thus, provide a deeper insight into the possible causes and geomagnetic consequences of a prolonged weakly southward IMF‐Bz condition.
Uncertainty of mantle geophysical properties computed from phase equilibrium models
Authors: Connolly J. A. D. , Khan A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractPhase equilibrium models are used routinely to predict geophysically relevant mantle properties. A limitation of this approach is that nonlinearity of the phase equilibrium problem precludes direct assessment of the resultant uncertainties. To overcome this obstacle, we stochastically assess uncertainties along self‐consistent mantle adiabats for pyrolitic and basaltic bulk compositions to 2000 km depth. The dominant components of the uncertainty are the identity, composition and elastic properties of the minerals. For P wave speed and density, the latter components vary little, whereas the first is confined to the upper mantle. Consequently, P wave speeds, densities, and adiabatic temperatures and pressures predicted by phase equilibrium models are more uncertain in the upper mantle than in the lower mantle. In contrast, uncertainties in S wave speeds are dominated by the uncertainty in shear moduli and are approximately constant throughout the model depth range.
A case study of a density structure over a vertical magnetic field region in the Martian ionosphere
Authors: Duru F. , Gurnett D. A. , Diéval C. , Morgan D. D. , Pisa D. , Lundin R. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOne of the discoveries made by the radar sounder on the Mars Express spacecraft is the existence of magnetically controlled structures in the ionosphere of Mars, which result in bulges in the ionospheric electron density contours. These bulges lead in turn to oblique echoes, which show up as hyperbola‐shaped features in the echograms. A hyperbola‐shaped feature observed over an isolated region of strong crustal magnetic field is associated with a plasma cavity in the upper ionosphere and a corresponding density enhancement in the lower levels of the ionosphere. We suggest that along open magnetic field lines, the solar wind electrons are accelerated downward and the ionospheric ions are accelerated upward in a manner similar to the field line‐driven auroral acceleration at Earth. This heating due to precipitating electrons may cause an increase in the scale height and may drive a loss of ionospheric plasma at high altitudes.
Cluster observations of reflected EMIC‐triggered emission
Authors: Grison B. , Darrouzet F. , Santolík O. , Cornilleau‐Wehrlin N. , Masson A. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractOn 19 March 2001, the Cluster fleet recorded an electromagnetic rising tone on the nightside of the plasmasphere. The emission was found to propagate toward the Earth and toward the magnetic equator at a group velocity of about 200 km/s. The Poynting vector is mainly oblique to the background magnetic field and directed toward the Earth. The propagation angle
becomes more oblique with increasing magnetic latitude. Inside each rising tone
is more field aligned for higher frequencies. Comparing our results to previous ray tracing analysis we conclude that this emission is a triggered electromagnetic ion cyclotron (EMIC) wave generated at the nightside plasmapause. We detect the wave just after its reflection in the plasmasphere. The reflection makes the tone slope shallower. This process can contribute to the formation of pearl pulsations.
Maternal phenotype, independent of family economic capital, predicts educational attainment in lowland nepalese children
Authors: Marphatia Akanksha A. , Devakumar Delan , Wells Jonathan C.K. , Saville Naomi , Reid Alice , Costello Anthony , Manandhar Dharma S , Osrin David 
Published: May 2016

ObjectivesFactors acting before children are born or reach school‐going age may explain why some do not complete primary education. Many relevant factors relate to maternal phenotype, but few studies have tested for independent associations of maternal factors relative to those characterizing the family in general.MethodsUsing data from a longitudinal study of 838 children in Dhanusha, Nepal, we used logistic regression models to test whether indices of maternal somatic and educational capital, or family economic capital, were independently associated with children having had ≤2 versus 3+ years of schooling at a mean age of 8.5 years. We also tested whether maternal age, children's early growth, and urban/rural location mediated such associations.ResultsChildren had a higher risk of completing less schooling if their mothers were short, thin, anemic, and uneducated. Independently, lower family material assets and land acreage also increased children's odds of less schooling. There was an indication of gender differences, with the risk of poor educational attainment in girls associated with low maternal somatic and educational capital, whereas in boys the relevant factors were low maternal education and family land ownership.ConclusionsOur analysis demonstrates that, independent of broader indices of family capital such as land or material assets, children's educational attainment is associated with factors embodied in maternal phenotype. Both somatic and educational maternal capital appeared important. A composite index of maternal capital could provide a new measurable proxy, prior to school entry, for identifying children at risk of completing fewer years of schooling. Am. J. Hum. Biol. 28:687–698, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Characteristics of patients who fell into open drains: a report from a single emergency center in East Shizuoka
Authors: Jitsuiki Kei , Ohsaka Hiromichi , Ishikawa Kouhei , Yoshizawa Toshihiko , Omori Kazuhiko , Oode Yasumasa , Yanagawa Youichi 
Published: May 2016

AimTo clarify the characteristics of injuries caused by falling into an open drain.MethodsA medical chart review was retrospectively carried out of all patients in East Shizuoka, Japan, who were injured due to falling into an open drain, and who were subsequently transported to hospital by ambulance or a physician‐staffed helicopter, between January 2013 and December 2014. The patients were divided into two groups, those treated as outpatients and those who were admitted to hospital.ResultsDuring the investigation period, there were 33 patients who had accidentally fallen into an open drain. The ages of the subjects ranged from 10 to 90 years, with an average age of 58.8 years. The average age of the subjects, the ratio of female patients, and the average injury severity score in the admission group were higher than that of the outpatient group. One patient in the admission group who had cardiac arrest due to a cervical cord injury eventually died.ConclusionFalls into open drains are especially frequent in elderly people and female patients, and older patients tend to more frequently require admission due to severe injury. To prevent injuries of this type, some measures are required to improve the safety of open drains.
Reduktive Umpolung von Carbonylderivaten mittels Photoredoxkatalyse mit sichtbarem Licht: ein direkter Zugang zu vicinalen Diaminen und Aminoalkoholen über α‐Aminoradikale und Ketylradikale
Authors: Fava Eleonora , Millet Anthony , Nakajima Masaki , Loescher Sebastian , Rueping Magnus 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEine Aldimin‐Anilin‐ und Aldehyd‐Anilin‐Kupplung konnte durch eine von sichtbarem Licht vermittelte Photoredoxkatalyse realisiert werden. Die reduktive SET‐Umpolung diverser Carbonylderivate ermöglicht die Generierung von intermediären Ketyl‐ und α‐Aminoradikalanionen, die zur Synthese von wertvollen unsymmetrisch substituierten 1,2‐Diaminen und Aminoalkoholen genutzt werden.
How to circumvent untoward drug crystallization during emulsion‐templated microencapsulation process
Authors: Kim Yuyoung , Sah Hongkee 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTUnwanted drug crystals often form on the surface of PLGA microspheres or in an aqueous phase when a hydrophobic drug undergoes emulsion‐templated microencapsulation processes. In our study, over 70% of progesterone crystallizes in the aqueous phase when microencapsulation proceeds with a typical oil‐in‐water solvent evaporation process. During filtration employed for microsphere recovery, unentrapped drug crystals are collected alongside with progesterone‐containing microspheres. This phenomenon accompanies unfavorable consequences on the microsphere quality. In contrast, when microspheres are prepared with a new solvent extraction‐evaporation hybrid process, it is possible to completely avoid drug crystallization. Consequently, the new microencapsulation technique yields high drug encapsulation efficiencies of ≥ 90.8%, and the resultant microspheres show a homogeneous size distribution pattern. Also, the microsphere surface is free of drug crystals. For loading hydrophobic drugs into PLGA microspheres, the new microencapsulation process reported in this study has distinct advantages over commonly used emulsion‐templated solvent evaporation processes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43768.
Morphology and thermal properties of recycled polyacrylonitrile fiber blends with poly(ethylene terephthalate): Microstructural characterization
Authors: Adegbola Taoreed Adesola , Rotimi Sadiku E. , Suprakas Sinha Ray 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe compounding of rPAN/PET [polyacrylonitrile/poly(ethylene terephthalate]; 30/70, 50/50, and 70/30 wt %) using a melt‐blending technique was the main focus of this investigation. An X‐ray diffraction study indicated the possibility of interphase boundary interactions between the polymer matrices in the blends. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that varying the ratios of rPAN in the blends marginally improved the processing temperature of PET. The thermogravimetric analysis revealed that the addition of PET up to 70% increased the thermal stability of the blend, and adding more than 70% of PET resulted in poor adhesion between the matrix and phase. On the basis of the results obtained, we propose a general understanding of how the morphology and the mechanical and thermal properties of the blend could assist in the development of rPAN blends with PET, rather than disposing of the viable materials as wastes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43777.
A multiplex microsatellite tool for conservation genetics of the endemic limpet Patella candei in the Macaronesian archipelagos
Authors: Faria João , Pita Alfonso , Rivas Manuel , Martins Gustavo M. , Hawkins Stephen J. , Ribeiro Pedro , Neto Ana I. , Presa Pablo 
Published: May 2016

Abstract

The intertidal limpet Patella candei represents an important exploited resource in the Macaronesian archipelagos of Azores, Madeira and Canaries (NE Atlantic). Despite being considered endemic, the taxonomic status of P. candei throughout the region remains unclear.
The aim of this study was to develop novel microsatellite markers using next generation sequencing for the limpet P. candei.
Twelve novel loci were described and amplified in 103 individuals from two populations (Azores and Madeira) using three multiplex reactions. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 2 to 14 and global observed heterozygosity was 0.417. Genetic differentiation between samples was highly significant (FST = 0.427) as two main gene pools (K = 2) were identified using Bayesian approaches.
The present genetic tool can be useful to establish the genetic structuring and patterns of connectivity of P. candei in Macaronesia as well as to determine the number of extant subspecies within the P. candei species complex. Such data will provide a fundamental asset to define stocks and thus inform specific conservation strategies that foster the sustainable exploitation of the P. candei complex throughout Macaronesia archipelagos.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Gravitational lensing size scales for quasars
Authors: Chartas G. , Rhea C. , Kochanek C. , Dai X. , Morgan C. , Blackburne J. , Chen B. , Mosquera A. , MacLeod C. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe review results from our monitoring observations of several lensed quasars performed in the optical, UV, and X‐ray bands. Modeling of the multi‐wavelength light curves provides constraints on the extent of the optical, UV, and X‐ray emission regions. One of the important results of our analysis is that the optical sizes as inferred from the microlensing analysis are significantly larger than those predicted by the theoretical‐thin‐disk estimate. In a few cases we also constrain the slope of the size‐wavelength relation. Our size constraints of the soft and hard X‐ray emission regions of quasars indicate that in some objects of our sample the hard X‐ray emission region is more compact than the soft and in others the soft emission region is smaller. This difference may be the result of the relative strengths of the disk‐reflected (harder and extended) versus corona‐direct (softer and compact) components in the quasars of our sample. Finally, we present the analysis of several strong microlensing events where we detect an evolution of the relativistic Fe line profile as the magnification caustic traverses the accretion disk. These caustic crossings are used to provide constraints on the innermost stable circular orbit (ISCO) radius and the accretion disk inclination angle of the black hole in quasar RX J1131–1231. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Fast ionized X‐ray absorbers in AGNs
Authors: Fukumura K. , Tombesi F. , Kazanas D. , Shrader C. , Behar E. , Contopoulos I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe investigate the physics of the X‐ray ionized absorbers often identified as warm absorbers (WAs) and ultra‐fast outflows (UFOs) in Seyfert AGNs from spectroscopic studies in the context of magnetically‐driven accretion‐disk wind scenario. Launched and accelerated by the action of a global magnetic field anchored to an underlying accretion disk around a black hole, outflowing plasma is irradiated and ionized by an AGN radiation field characterized by its spectral energy density (SED). By numerically solving the Grad‐Shafranov equation in the magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) framework, the physical property of the magnetized disk‐wind is determined by a wind parameter set, which is then incorporated into radiative transfer calculations with xstar photoionization code under heating‐cooling equilibrium state to compute the absorber's properties such as column density NH, line‐of‐sight (LoS) velocity v, ionization parameter ς, among others. Assuming that the wind density scales as n ∝ r–1, we calculate theoretical absorption measure distribution (AMD) for various ions seen in AGNs as well as line spectra especially for the Fe Kα absorption feature by focusing on a bright quasar PG 1211+143 as a case study and show the model's plausibility. In this note we demonstrate that the proposed MHD‐driven disk‐wind scenario is not only consistent with the observed X‐ray data, but also help better constrain the underlying nature of the AGN environment in a close proximity to a central engine. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)
Variabiity of the X‐ray broad iron spectral features in active galactic nuclei and black‐hole binaries
Authors: Mizumoto M. , Ebisawa K. , Tsujimoto M. , Inoue H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe “broad iron spectral features” are often seen in X‐ray spectra of active galactic nuclei (AGN) and black‐hole binaries (BHB). These features may be explained either by the “relativistic disc reflection” scenario or the “partial covering” scenario: It is hardly possible to determine which model is valid from time‐averaged spectral analysis. Thus, X‐ray spectral variability has been investigated to constrain spectral models. To that end, it is crucial to study iron structure of BHBs in detail at short time‐scales, which is, for the first time, made possible with the Parallel‐sum clocking (P‐sum) mode of XIS detectors on board of Suzaku. This observational mode has a time‐resolution of 7.8 ms as well as a CCD energyresolution. We have carried out systematic calibration of the P‐sum mode, and investigated spectral variability of the BHB GRS 1915+105. Consequently, we found that the spectral variability of GRS 1915+105 does not show iron features at sub‐seconds. This is totally different from variability of AGN such as 1H0707–495, where the variation amplitude significantly drops at the iron K‐energy band. This difference can be naturally explained in the framework of the “partial covering” scenario. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)