bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
New Instrument Performance Models for Combined Wellbore Surveys: A Move Toward Optimal Use of Survey Information
Authors: Ledroz Adrián , Bang Jon , Weston John 
Published: November 2016

Summary
To confidently determine the path of a wellbore, established practice involves the collection of multiple-survey data by use of the various methods that are available to the industry, such as measurement-while-drilling (MWD) methods using either magnetic or gyroscopic measurements, or surveys taken after a section of the wellbore has been completed, normally using gyroscopic tools. The survey deemed to be of the highest precision, based on published survey-system error models, is commonly selected to be the “definitive survey” for that section of the well and all other data are discarded. However, by combining multiple data sets through the use of survey-averaging techniques, it is possible to obtain a more accurate estimate of wellbore position.
After generating a “combined survey” by such an averaging method (i.e., a survey generated by combining two or more surveys that may be of the same or different type), it is then required to quantify the accuracy of that survey. This may be expressed in the usual manner as a sequence of error ellipsoids at intervals along the path of the well. At present, however, this can only be achieved through rigorous calculations analogous to the survey averaging itself. This is a complex analysis, which is one important reason why survey averaging has not been generally implemented and adopted as a standard analysis practice.
Error models for individual survey tools are usually specified in terms of instrument-performance model (IPM) files in accordance with methods and procedures derived through the work of the SPE Wellbore Positioning Technical Section (SPE-WPTS). The IPM files, along with wellbore-trajectory data, form the inputs to standard error-model software packages, through which survey uncertainty is calculated to a specified level of confidence. This paper demonstrates how new IPM files can be generated for combined surveys. The error analysis resulting from the new IPM file is shown to be consistent with the results obtained through the rigorous mathematical analysis of the individual surveys.
The introduction of new IPM files offers an easy and efficient method for operators to use all available survey information in a consistent manner. This may contribute toward optimization of the surveying program, with implications for both positional uncertainty assessment and safety aspects. Furthermore, the improvement in the positional data as well as the reduced uncertainty that can be achieved by combining surveys may be of significant importance when considering small targets, very long extended-reach wells, and highly congested fields in general, because it might turn unfeasible projects into achievable ones.
Delineation of Gravitational Instability Induced by Gas Charges into Oil Reservoirs Using Diffusion and Flory-Huggins-Zuo Equations
Authors: Zuo Julian Y. , Pan Shu , Wang Kang , Mullins Oliver C. , Harfoushian Jack H. , Elshahawi Hani 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
A reservoir crude oil contains dissolved gas, liquid and solids (asphaltenes). Together with the Yen-Mullins model and the Flory-Huggins-Zuo equation of state (FHZ EOS), Downhole fluid analysis (DFA) has been successfully employed to delineate asphaltene gradients and reservoir connectivity. Because solubility of asphaltenes in crude oil decreases with increasing gas/oil ratio (GOR) and asphaltene instability, tar mats may be formed by a late gas or light hydrocarbon charge into an oil reservoir. This tar mat is frequently far away from the location of the asphaltene instability, thereby implying asphaltene migration in the formation at much faster rates than diffusive velocities. Therefore, a dynamic mechanism is required to take this phenomenon into account.
A dynamic mechanism with gravitational instability induced by gas charges into an oil reservoir is proposed for this purpose. A late gas charge into an oil reservoir can yield a gas cap above initially undersaturated oil. Gas diffusion into the oil column then increases solution gas (GOR) which has the effect of decreasing asphaltene solubility in the crude oil. This can cause asphaltenes to diffuse away from the region of increasing solution gas. Diffusion equations that couple methane, maltene and asphaltene diffusion are consistent with this description. This process can lead to a build-up of asphaltenes at a certain position of the diffusive solution gas front. This increase in asphaltenes, which have been expelled from the high GOR regions, leads to higher density oil than the original oil below this perturbed section of the oil column. In turn, this ‘fluid density inversion’ in the oil column gives rise to gravity currents (gravitational instability – diffusion induced convection) that enable the movement of asphaltenes in porous media over large distances.
To validate the proposed mechanism, a diffusive model with moving boundary conditions was developed in conjunction with the FHZ EOS and was applied to gas, maltene and asphaltene multicomponent systems. In addition, this diffusive model is compared with the simplified diffusive model developed by Zuo et al. (2016) and the rigorous diffusive model developed by Shu et al. (2016). The three models predict that the gas/oil contact (GOC) moves up with time due to the swelling effect of a gas charge into a crude oil reservoir and to the loss of gas from the gas cap diffusing into the oil. Density inversion can be produced by the three models by the coupled gas and asphaltene diffusion equations in a relatively wide range of conditions. Significant fluid density inversion is generated at the conditions close to the asphaltene phase instability boundary. This is consistent with the frequent observation of some asphaltene deposition at the gas-oil contact and some asphaltene deposition at the oil-water contact.
Simulating Loads and Motions of Full-Scale Offshore Platforms in Cyclonic Wave Conditions
Authors: Abdussamie N. , Haase M. , Sartipi K. , Ojeda R. , Amin W. , Thomas G. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The commercial Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code STAR-CCM+ was used to simulate the dynamic behaviour of a tension leg platform in extreme weather conditions. The numerical results of surge motions and tendon tensions were compared against the measurements acquired in model tests. The full-scale CFD simulations were then conducted on the basis of the settings performed in modelscale simulations. Both model- and full-scale surge motions and tendon tensions predicted by CFD were in good agreement with the measurements. Using CFD results, it was revealed that the component of the vertical wave-in-deck force caused a slam force on the platform followed by tendon slack situations in the down-wave tendons.
Benchmarking Pulsed Neutron Technologies for Saturation Monitoring Under Challenging Reservoir Characteristics and Borehole Conditions
Authors: Bilbeisi J. , Serry A. , Espinassous M. , AbdelFattah Y. , Sudhukaran S. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Pulsed neutron reservoir saturation monitoring logs are being acquired since the early stages of the subject offshore field life to monitor variations of saturation with time in addition to identifying pay zones for well intervention and reactivation operations. This is important given the increasing complexity of reservoir management due to water and miscible gas secondary and tertiary oil recovery schemes adopted by the operator. However, with the introduction of new pulsed neutron technologies and resource limitations, a benchmarking exercise was imperative to confirm data quality and identify any discrepancies in the recorded data.
Two candidate wells were selected based on the maximum Jurassic reservoir units coverage, including a group of lithologies (limestone, dolomitic limestone, anhydrite etc.) and borehole environments (single to multiple casing/tubing, cement and borehole fluids) to establish different correction parameters. The study was conducted with back-to-back logs utilizing current and new pulsed neutron tools from different service providers.
In addition to the comparing the changes of formation capture cross section (SIGMA), borehole salinity, sigma and porosity measurements against the logging environment and changing completion hardware, three-phase fluid interpretation products were compared. The results were validated via well performance and production logging data.
The approach is trying to support the reservoir saturation monitoring end users within the asset units operating in mature carbonate fields to design their time-lapse analysis methodology and to minimize the fluid saturation interpretation uncertainties, and as a result improve confidence in fluid front mapping and infill well planning.
Urlopy wypoczynkowe w świetle przepisów prawa pracy
Authors: MAJCHRZAK KATARZYNA 
Published: November 2016

The article discusses the issues associated with annual leave pursuant the provisions of the labour law. The main purpose of an annual leave is to provide an employee with the opportunity to rest so she or he can fully regenerate physical and mental strength and efficiently perform the prescribed duties. The annual leave mechanism features primarily a protective function. An employee is entitled to annual leave every year, the leave is fully paid and it cannot be waived.Annual leave is a privilege, which, given its purpose, should be provided in its natural form, in other words the employee should use the time off from work he or she is entitled to. However, in situations where the employee cannot utilise his or her annual leave in nature, he or she is entitled to cash equivalent.Every employee is entitled to annual leave, that is why it should utilised in the calendar year in which this entitlement arises. Without doubt the use of this entitlement affects the organisation of the workplace and may often interfere with the normal course of work, and for that reason the legislator has introduced annual leave planning.Juvenile employees enjoy annual leave entitlement which is more favourable than in case of adult employees. Reasons for such solution include their age and young organism that requires more time for rejuvenation as well as the opportunity to gradually adapt to their professional duties.
RELIGIJNOŚĆ W PROCESIE PRZEMIAN – KONCEPCJA DEKONWERSJI HEINZA STREIBA
Authors: NOWOSIELSKI MIROSŁAW ROMUALD 
Published: November 2016

Charakterystyczną cechą religijności jest przemiana, której jednym z aspektów jest odchodzenie od dotychczasowego sposobu przeżywania przez jednostkę stosunku do sacrum. Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje koncepcję dekonwersji Heinza Streiba. Tłem teoretycznym tej koncepcji jest pojęcie nawrócenia (konwersji) i zmiany w jego rozumieniu w obszarze psychologii. W artykule przedstawiono zaproponowane przez Streiba kryteria-wymiary zjawiska dekonwersji, umiejscowienie go w perspektywie biegu życia człowieka oraz typologie opracowane na podstawie analiz teoretycznych oraz przeprowadzonych przez Streiba koncepcji badań jakościowych. Artykuł kończy krytyczna analiza koncepcji. Teoria dekonwersji ma duży potencjał heurystyczny, ważny w perspektywie potrzeby badania różnorodnych zmian zachodzących obecnie w społecznym i indywidualnym obrazie religijności.
Filozoficzna myśl Roberta Boyle’a a stanowisko chrześcijańskiego teizmu naturalistycznego
Authors: Kazibut Radosław 
Published: November 2016

Robert Boyle jest autorem oryginalnej koncepcji mediacji pomiędzy sferą religii a nauki. W artykule przedstawiono wybrane elementy myśli filozoficznej Boyle’a, które wyznaczają jego ujęcie zagadnienia relacji wiara a nauka. W literaturze przedmiotu poglądy Boyle’a kwalifikuje się często jako przykład podejścia nazywanego „koncepcją dwóch ksiąg” albo „Boga jako zapchaj dziury”. W artykule przedstawiono polemikę z tymi interpretacjami myśli Boyle’a i wskazuje się, że jego koncepcja jest bliska współczesnemu stanowisku chrześcijańskiego teizmu naturalistycznego.
KOBIETA W ISLAMIE. MUZUŁMAŃSKI FEMINIZM?
Authors: Piwko Aldona Maria 
Published: November 2016

Artykuł podejmuje próbę analizy miejsca i funkcji kobiety w społeczności muzułmańskiej. Islam wyraźnie definiuje obowiązki ludzi względem Boga i między sobą. Kobieta została stworzona przez Boga, a jej szczególnym zadaniem jest urodzenie i wychowanie dzieci. Religia narzuca określone zachowanie kobiecie, wyrażone w ubiorze oraz stosowanymzachowaniu, którego najwymowniejszym przejawem jest chrakterystyczny dla kultury muzułmańskiej damski strój. Dominująca od wieków struktura społeczeństwa patriarchalnego w islamie, stałą się przyczyną zmian w świadomości kobiet. W XX wieku zaczęły powstawać ruchy kobiece, będące początkiem nurtu feminizmu muzułmańskiego. Feminizmw islamie posiada dwa główne nurty. Feminizm muzułmański dba o równydostęp kobiet do edukacji, ochrony zdrowia, praw obywatelskich. Feminizm islamski dąży do postrzegania kobiety zgodnie z nauką Koranu.
SPECYFICZNE CZYNNIKI WPŁYWAJĄCE NA HIGIENĘ ZDROWIA PSYCHICZNEGO KAPŁANÓW RZYMSKOKATOLICKICH
Authors: Sztajerwald Tomasz 
Published: November 2016

Artykuł ma na celu ukazanie specyficznych czynników, które wpływająna utrzymanie zdrowia psychicznego w życiu i pracy księży katolickich.Każdy człowiek spotyka się w swoim życiu ze stresem, który może wpływać mobilizująco lub niszcząco. W tym drugim przypadku, aby utrzymać równowagę psychiczną, należy korzystać z zasobów – zewnętrznych i wewnętrznych – które pozwalają przed nim się obronić. Artykuł nie tylko definiuje owe zasoby, ale przybliża też specyficzne przestrzenie w pracy księży rzymskokatolickich, które mogą utrudniać utrzymanie higieny zdrowia psychicznego. Stara się także uwrażliwić na konieczność dbania o higienę zdrowia psychicznego, jako niezbędnego elementu potrzebnego do osiągnięcia równowagi psychicznej.
SYNOD DIECEZJALNY, JEGO HISTORIA, STRUKTURA I ZNACZENIE W KOŚCIELE (REFLEKSJA KANONICZNO-PASTORALNA)
Authors: Rogala Krzysztof 
Published: November 2016

Analiza dziejów instytucji synodów diecezjalnych, ukazuje iż potrzeba takich zebrań istniała już od pierwszych wieków Kościoła. Podyktowane potrzebą czasów nieformalne zebrania duchowieństwa, stopniowo przerodziły się w prawnie uregulowana instytucję. Troska o synody diecezjalne wyrażona została na wielu soborach powszechnych, które zwracały uwagę, by pielęgnować tą ważną dla poszczególnych Kościołów lokalnych instytucję. Istotne zmiany w strukturach synodów diecezjalnych, nadał im Sobór Watykański II, przewidując w obradach synodalnych udział osób świeckich. Od tego czasu synody przestały być zebraniami tylko duchowieństwa, ale brali w nich udział przedstawiciele wszystkich stanów w Kościele. Dzięki tym reformom, synody diecezjalne zaczęły bardziej odpowiadać pastoralnym potrzebom Kościoła i odpowiadać na współczesne potrzeby Ludu Bożego.
Adiponectin, Insulin Sensitivity, β-Cell Function, and Racial/Ethnic Disparity in Treatment Failure Rates in TODAY
Authors: Arslanian Silva , El ghormli Laure , Bacha Fida , Caprio Sonia , Goland Robin , Haymond Morey W. , Levitsky Lynne , Nadeau Kristen J. , White Neil H. , Willi Steven M. ,   for the TODAY Study Group
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVEThe Treatment Options for type 2 Diabetes in Adolescents and Youth (TODAY) study demonstrated that glycemic failure rates in the three treatments combined—metformin plus rosiglitazone, metformin alone, and metformin plus lifestyle—were higher in non-Hispanic blacks (NHB; 52.8%) versus non-Hispanic whites (NHW; 36.6%) and Hispanics (H; 45.0%). Moreover, metformin alone was less effective in NHB versus NHW versus H youth. This study describes treatment-associated changes in adiponectin, insulin sensitivity, and β-cell function over time among the three racial/ethnic groups to understand potential mechanism(s) responsible for this racial/ethnic disparity.RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODSTODAY participants underwent periodic oral glucose tolerance tests to determine insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oral disposition index (oDI), with measurements of total and high-molecular-weight adiponectin (HMWA).RESULTSAt baseline NHB had significantly lower HMWA than NHW and H and exhibited a significantly smaller increase (17.3% vs. 33.7% vs. 29.9%, respectively) during the first 6 months overall. Increases in HMWA were associated with reductions in glycemic failure in the three racial/ethnic groups combined (hazard ratio 0.61, P &lt; 0.0001) and in each race/ethnicity separately. Over time, HMWA was significantly lower in those who failed versus did not fail treatment, irrespective of race/ethnicity. There were no differences in treatment-associated temporal changes in insulin sensitivity, C-peptide index, and oDI among the three racial/ethnic groups.CONCLUSIONSHMWA is a reliable biomarker of treatment response in youth with type 2 diabetes. The diminutive treatment-associated increase in HMWA in NHB (∼50% lower) compared with NHW and H may explain the observed racial/ethnic disparity with higher therapeutic failure rates in NHB in TODAY.
The Impact of Medicare Part D on the Proportion of Out-of-Pocket Prescription Drug Costs Among Older Adults With Diabetes
Authors: Choi Yoon Jeong , Jia Haomiao , Gross Tal , Weinger Katie , Stone Patricia W. , Smaldone Arlene M. 
Published: November 2016

OBJECTIVE
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of Medicare Part D on reducing the financial burden of prescription drugs in older adults with diabetes.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
Using Medical Expenditure Panel Survey data (2000–2011), interrupted time series and difference-in-difference analyses were used to examine out-of-pocket costs for prescription drugs in 4,664 Medicare beneficiaries (≥65 years of age) compared with 2,938 younger, non-Medicare adults (50–60 years) with diabetes and to estimate the causal effects of Medicare Part D.

RESULTS
Part D enrollment of Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes gradually increased from 45.7% (2006) to 52.4% (2011). Compared with years 2000–2005, out-of-pocket pharmacy costs decreased by 13.5% (SE 2.1) for all Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes following Part D implementation; on average, Part D beneficiaries had 5.3% (0.8) lower costs compared with those without Part D. Compared with a younger group with diabetes, out-of-pocket pharmacy costs decreased by 19.4% (1.7) for Medicare beneficiaries after Part D. Part D beneficiaries with diabetes who experienced the coverage gap decreased from 60.1% (2006) to 40.9% (2011) over this period.

CONCLUSIONS
These findings demonstrate that although Medicare Part D has been effective in reducing the out-of-pocket cost burden of prescription drugs, approximately two out of five Part D beneficiaries with diabetes experienced the coverage gap in 2011. Future research is needed to examine the impact of Affordable Care Act provisions to close the coverage gap on the cost burden of prescription drugs for Medicare beneficiaries with diabetes.
Comparison of contrast media for visualization of the colon of healthy dogs during computed tomography and ultrasonography
Authors: Cheon Byunggyu , Moon Sohyeon , Park Seungjo , Lee Sang-kwon , Hong Sunghwa , Cho Hyun , Choi Jihye 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate contrast agents for their ability to improve visualization of the colon wall and lumen during CT and ultrasonography.
ANIMALS 10 healthy adult Beagles.
PROCEDURES Food was withheld from dogs for 36 hours, after which dogs consumed 250 mL of polyethylene glycol solution. Dogs were then anesthetized, a contrast agent (tap water, diluted barium, or air; order randomly assigned) was administered rectally, iodine contrast medium (880 mg of I/kg) was administered IV, and CT and ultrasonography of the colon were performed. After a 1-week washout period, this process was repeated with a different contrast agent until all agents had been evaluated. Two investigators reviewed the CT and ultrasonographic images for colon wall thickness, conspicuity, artifacts, wall layering, and degree of lumen dilation at 4 sites.
RESULTS Thickness of the colon wall was greatest in CT and ultrasonographic images with water used as contrast agent, followed by barium and then air. The CT images obtained after water administration had a smooth appearance that outlined the colonic mucosa and had the highest score of the 3 contrast agents for wall conspicuity. Although no substantial artifacts related to any of the contrast agents were identified on CT images, barium- and gas-induced shadowing and reverberation artifacts hindered wall evaluation during ultrasonography. For ultrasonography, the degree of conspicuity was highest with barium in the near-field wall and with water in the far-field wall. In contrast to CT, ultrasonography could be used to distinguish wall layering, and the mucosal and muscular layers were distinct with all contrast agents.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of water as a contrast agent for both CT and ultrasonography of the colon in dogs compensated for each imaging modality's disadvantages and could be beneficial in the diagnosis of colon disease.
Measurement of cortisol concentration in the tears of horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction
Authors: Hart Kelsey A. , Kitchings Kalyn M. , Kimura Shune , Norton Natalie A. , Myrna Kathern E. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare tear cortisol concentrations between horses and ponies with pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction (PPID) and healthy nonaged (≤ 15 years old) and aged (≥ 20 years old) horses and to determine whether serum and tear cortisol concentrations were correlated.
ANIMALS 11 horses and ponies with PPID and 20 healthy control horses and ponies (11 nonaged and 9 aged).
PROCEDURES Paired tear and serum samples were obtained from PPID and control animals. All animals were free of active ocular disease. Tear and serum cortisol concentrations were measured with an ELISA and chemiluminescent assay, respectively. Groups were compared with Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests, and Spearman correlation analysis was used to examine relationships between tear and serum cortisol concentrations within groups.
RESULTS Median tear cortisol concentration was significantly higher in PPID animals than in aged control animals, despite comparable serum cortisol concentrations in PPID and aged control animals. Median tear-to-serum cortisol concentration ratios were also significantly higher in PPID animals than in aged control animals. Serum and tear cortisol concentrations were not significantly correlated in PPID or control animals.
CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Some horses and ponies with PPID had increased tear cortisol concentrations, compared with concentrations in healthy aged animals. Localized cortisol production in the tear film or altered cortisol binding dynamics could have contributed to this increase. Further studies are warranted to evaluate these mechanisms and to determine whether increased tear cortisol concentrations are associated with delays in corneal wound healing in horses and ponies with and without PPID.