bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The ‘hangar of the future’ for sustainable aviation
Authors: Plastropoulos A. , Fan I.-S. , Avdelidis N.P. , Angus J.P. , Maggiore J. , Atkinson H. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractSustainability is becoming a major strategic driver within the aviation industry, which has moved from providing primarily economic benefits to delivering the ‘triple bottom line’, including social and environmental impact as well as financial performance. Sustainable aviation is also being tracked by the International Civil Aviation Organisation (ICAO) Global Collation for Sustainable Aviation. Operations and Infrastructure is an important near-term opportunity to deliver sustainability benefits. Digital Technologies, Integrated Vehicle Health Management (IVHM) and Maintenance Repair and Overhaul (MRO) play a prominent role in implementing these benefits, with a particular focus on operational efficiencies. As part of this, the sustainable smart hangar of the future is a concept that is becoming more and more important in forming the future of the aviation industry. The Hangar of the Future is an excellent opportunity for innovation, combining the progress in manufacturing, materials, robotics and artificial intelligence technologies. Succeeding in developing a hangar with these characteristics will provide us with potential benefits ranging from reduced downtime and costs to improved safety and environmental impact. This work explores some of the key features related to the sustainable smart hangar of the future by discussing research that takes place in DARTeC’s (Digital Aviation Research and Technology Centre) hangar led by the IVHM Centre in Cranfield. Additionally, the paper touches on some longer-term aspirations.
Characteristics of the 15-year surge of Mittie Glacier, SE Ellesmere Island, Canadian Arctic
Authors: Copland Luke , Hallé Danielle , Van Wychen Wesley , Lauzon Benoît , Dowdeswell Julian A. , Davis Jamie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
A surge of Mittie Glacier, a 50 km-long tidewater outlet glacier of Manson Icefield, occurred between approximately 1992 and 2007. Velocities increased slowly at first, but then increased rapidly to reach a peak of 4800 m a−1 in early 1996, the highest ever reported for a glacier in the Canadian Arctic. The surge initiated at the terminus and propagated up-glacier, with a maximum terminus advance of 7.3 km between 1994 and 1999. The surge was almost entirely restricted to the lower ~30 km of the glacier, in a region which radio-echo sounding shows to be grounded below sea level. A 3 km-wide crevasse with a 150 m opening occurred at the separation between faster moving ice downstream and slower moving ice upstream. Surge initiation appears to have been triggered by flotation of the lower terminus, caused by long-term thinning of this region during quiescence.
Planetary pictures: historicizing environmental and climate sciences in the Anthropocene
Authors: Simpson Thomas 
Published: October 2024

AbstractHow should historians of environmental and climate sciences respond to the Earth's move from the blank canvas to a foreground feature of ‘big-picture’ scholarship? This article highlights three crucial themes for histories of science in the Anthropocene: categories of scale and methods of scaling, the relationship between history of science and the disciplines it historicizes, and the entanglement of environmental damage and environmental knowledge. Critically engaging a wide range of recent literature across history of science, environmental history, and environmental humanities, alongside an array of case studies, the article puts forward an agenda for ‘planetary pictures’. These are analyses that actively contribute to the vital political and ethical task to make visible, and force a reckoning with, the perpetrators and victims of Anthropocene violence.
Necessary Truths and St. Thomas Aquinas’ Definition of ‘Law’
Authors: Drefcinski Shane D. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWhat is the nature of law? The question that St. Thomas Aquinas answers in Summa Theologica I-II continues to be a crucial question in contemporary philosophy of law. Various scholars of jurisprudence attempt to identify the necessary features of law. Yet they struggle with the question, what kind of necessity is involved? Is it conceptual necessity? Metaphysical necessity? In this paper, I explore an alternative way of distinguishing different kinds of necessity that is found in Aquinas’ Commentary on Aristotle’s Physics. I argue that the three kinds of necessity simpliciter, from the formal, material, and efficient cause, and hypothetical necessity, from the final cause, are relevant for understanding how Aquinas’ definition of ‘law’—an ordinance of reason, for the common good, made by the one who has care for the community, and promulgated—is a necessary truth. This historically interesting approach offers insights for contemporary jurisprudence.
The Coming of Age of Deliberative Constitutionalism
Authors: Giuffré C. Ignacio 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn a 1998 article, Bohman argued that the contemporary deliberative turn in democratic theory had reached its ‘coming of age’, as deliberative democrats began to show greater interest in the institutionalization of their proposal. Moreover, Bohman referred to this growing interest with an expression that was unprecedented at the time: ‘deliberative constitutionalism’. At present, deliberative constitutionalism has become one of the most original and relevant contemporary proposals. In this context, my article proceeds as follows. I begin by arguing that the contemporary deliberative turn in democratic theory also gave rise to a deliberative turn in constitutionalism—that is, a trend aimed at orienting constitutionalism and judicial review towards democratic deliberation. Next, I argue that, at that embryonic yet promising stage, deliberative constitutionalism had shortcomings that hindered the aim assumed since its origins. Finally, I argue that, over recent decades, these shortcomings have been finessed, which shows that deliberative constitutionalism has also reached its coming of age.
Doctrinal Legal Science: A Science of Its Own?
Authors: Byrne William Hamilton , Olsen Henrik Palmer 
Published: October 2024

AbstractDoctrinal legal scholarship faces persistent challenges from empirical approaches, but such criticism rarely seeks to encounter doctrine on its own terms. In this article, we seek to excavate the theoretical and methodological basis of doctrinal legal scholarship by situating the discipline in a hermeneutic continuum between theory and practice, or law’s engagement with the social world. We first unfold this dynamic as an exercise in methodological interpretivism and ontological hermeneutics and then turn to explicate our analysis with examples drawn from tort law and international criminal law. We ultimately argue that law can never be strictly circumscribed as an empirical object because law cannot be disassociated from an agent’s reasons, which are continuously bound up in a hermeneutic circle, and which the scholar must enter into to achieve legal understanding. Unavoidably, therefore, doctrinal legal scholarship becomes part of the very object it is investigating.
Consumer Being a Party to the Group Insurance Contract is Not Just a Silent Observer: The CJEU’s Clarification in Ocidental
Authors: Mantrov Vadim 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIf the consumer is insured under the group insurance contract and becomes a party to that contract, the consumer shall enjoy the protection envisaged under the Unfair Terms Directive. As a result, the consumer shall be allowed to get acquainted with the terms of the contract, otherwise the consumer is entitled to rely on protection against unfair terms even if they relate to the insurance cover (author’s summary).
The tension between democracy and populism: an empirical test of Canovan's claims of the two faces of democracy
Authors: Marolla Francesco , Achterberg Peter , Luijkx Ruud , Quaranta Mario 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study provides a first empirical test of Margaret Canovan's influential argument on the relationship between democracy and populism, which posits that populism emerges as a consequence of the unresolved conflict between the pragmatic and redemptive faces of democracy. Despite its impact on scholars of populism, the implications of her framework remain untested. Using data from the EVS/WVS Integrated Values Surveys, we test Canovan's claims about the effect of ‘pragmatic politics’ on support for populist parties, operationalized as consensual democracies, economic and political globalization, and checks on government. Our analyses predominantly reveal no significant effects, and where significant results are observed, they indicate directions contrary to Canovan's claims, thus providing no empirical support for her claims. These results challenge long-standing assumptions about the relationship between populism and democracy, urging scholars to reevaluate existing assumptions and explore this intricate connection further. We conclude by suggesting some directions for future research to deepen our understanding of populism.
Maximum likelihood estimation for spinal-structured trees
Authors: Azaïs Romain , Henry Benoît 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe investigate some aspects of the problem of the estimation of birth distributions (BDs) in multi-type Galton–Watson trees (MGWs) with unobserved types. More precisely, we consider two-type MGWs called spinal-structured trees. This kind of tree is characterized by a spine of special individuals whose BD
$\nu$
is different from the other individuals in the tree (called normal, and whose BD is denoted by
$\mu$
). In this work, we show that even in such a very structured two-type population, our ability to distinguish the two types and estimate
$\mu$
and
$\nu$
is constrained by a trade-off between the growth-rate of the population and the similarity of
$\mu$
and
$\nu$
. Indeed, if the growth-rate is too large, large deviation events are likely to be observed in the sampling of the normal individuals, preventing us from distinguishing them from special ones. Roughly speaking, our approach succeeds if
$r\lt \mathfrak{D}(\mu,\nu)$
, where r is the exponential growth-rate of the population and
$\mathfrak{D}$
is a divergence measuring the dissimilarity between
$\mu$
and
$\nu$
.
Finite element approximations for stochastic control problems with unbounded state space
Authors: Vieten Martin G. , Stockbridge Richard H. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA numerical method is proposed for a class of one-dimensional stochastic control problems with unbounded state space. This method solves an infinite-dimensional linear program, equivalent to the original formulation based on a stochastic differential equation, using a finite element approximation. The discretization scheme itself and the necessary assumptions are discussed, and a convergence argument for the method is presented. Its performance is illustrated by examples featuring long-term average and infinite horizon discounted costs, and additional optimization constraints.
How small a nanoplastic can be? A discussion on the size of this ubiquitous pollutant
Authors: Rani-Borges Bárbara , Ando Rômulo Augusto 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Microplastics pollution is a widely recognized issue, although significant analytical challenges remain to be overcome in order to achieve a more comprehensive ecological understanding. The complex nature of this pollutant, with its variable physical and chemical properties, presents considerable challenges when it comes to establishing standardized methods for studying it. One crucial factor that influences its toxicity is particle size, yet even this parameter lacks a well-established framework, especially in the case of nanoplastics. Although the size range limits are already proposed in the literature, where the most acceptable values for microplastics are from 1 to 5,000 μm and for nanoplastics are from 1 to 1,000 nm, we propose narrowing these limits to 0.1–1,000 μm and 10–100 nm, respectively. We based our discussion on conceptual terminology, polymer structure and toxicity, highlighting the significance of accurately defining their size range. The standardization of these limits will allow the development of more efficient approaches to studying this pollutant, enabling a comprehensive understanding of its ecological consequences and potential risks.
Supercongruences involving Motzkin numbers and central trinomial coefficients
Authors: Liu Ji-Cai 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLet Mn and Tn denote the nth Motzkin number and the nth central trinomial coefficient respectively. We prove that for any prime $p\ge 5$,
\begin{equation*}
\begin{aligned}\\[-22pt]
&\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}M_k^2\equiv \left(\frac{p}{3}\right)\left(2-6p\right)\pmod{p^2},\\
&\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}kM_k^2\equiv \left(\frac{p}{3}\right)\left(9p-1\right)\pmod{p^2},\\
&\sum_{k=0}^{p-1}T_kM_k\equiv \frac{4}{3}\left(\frac{p}{3}\right)+\frac{p}{6}\left(1-9\left(\frac{p}{3}\right)\right)\pmod{p^2},\\[-6pt]
\end{aligned}
\end{equation*}where $\left(-\right)$ is the Legendre symbol. These results confirm three supercongruences conjectured by Z.-W. Sun in 2010.
The combinatorics of
$N_\infty$
operads for
$C_{qp^n}$
and
$D_{p^n}$
Authors: Balchin Scott , MacBrough Ethan , Ormsby Kyle 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe provide a general recursive method for constructing transfer systems on finite lattices. Using this, we calculate the number of homotopically distinct
$N_{\infty} $
operads for dihedral groups
$D_{p^n}$
,
$p \gt 2$
prime, and cyclic groups
$C_{qp^n}$
,
$p \neq q$
prime. We then further display some of the beautiful combinatorics obtained by restricting to certain homotopically meaningful
$N_\infty$
operads for these groups.
Authoritarian governance of academia in Central and Eastern Europe: Chances of a European counter-culture
Authors: Ziegler Tamas Dezso 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This article highlights the challenges of external reactions to authoritarian higher education governance in certain Central and Eastern European countries, especially Hungary and Poland. It interprets the political change in these countries as an authoritarian cultural backlash, which is not just a legal or political problem, but a kind of post-fascist cultural revolution contesting the liberal script. First, the article explains the framework of authoritarian policing in academia based on the more general works of Bob Altemeyer and Zeev Sternhell. Second, it tries to answer the question: What tools could counter these tendencies from the perspective of the European Union? As the article interprets the rise of authoritarianism as a phenomenon rooted in the cultural deficit of the countries concerned, it argues that a programme for a democratic and pluralist cultural counter-revolution should be implemented. However, no nation can be democratized solely by external actors, and the basics of democratic thinking should be developed from the grassroots level. If the crisis in academia is rooted in a value-crisis within the societies concerned, then measures countering this phenomenon should also include promoting Enlightened pluralism at all levels of these societies.
Effects of Leafy Flexible Vegetation on Bed‐Load Transport and Dune Geometry
Authors: Artini G. , Francalanci S. , Solari L. , Aberle J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe development of sustainable river management strategies requires knowledge of the effect of vegetation on hydrodynamics and sediment transport. To date, the complex physical processes involving the combined effects of leafy flexible vegetation and mobile bedforms are not completely understood. Most sediment transport models have been developed for bare bed conditions so that their performance in the presence of leafy flexible vegetation remains unclear. On the other hand, recently developed models consider vegetated conditions but they typically account only for the presence of rigid cylinders and in some cases scour at their base. For this purpose, laboratory experiments were conducted with mobile dune bed conditions and artificial flexible plants with varying Leaf Area Index to investigate the effect of flexible vegetation on bed morphology and sediment transport. Sediment transport rates and bedform characteristics such as height, wavelength and celerity, were measured in specifically designed experimental runs. The collected data show that the presence of leafy vegetation alters bed morphology, tending to reduce the average dune wavelength and leading to the formation of complex 3D geometries. Bed‐shear‐stress‐based models for predicting sediment transport were verified to be valid under conditions of low vegetation roughness density. On the contrary, the collected data emphasize that the measured bed‐load transport rate increased in the presence of leafy flexible vegetation with higher frontal area. Recent bed‐load models for vegetated channels provide a better interpretation for dense leafy vegetation but are less effective when predominant effects related to dunes are present.
Global Estimates of Particulate Organic Carbon Concentration From the Surface Ocean to the Base of the Mesopelagic
Authors: Fox James , Behrenfeld Michael J. , Halsey Kimberly H. , Graff Jason R. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThe gravitational settling of organic particles from the surface to the deep ocean is an important export pathway and one of the largest components of the ocean carbon pump. The strength and efficiency of the gravitational pump are often measured using metrics reliant on reference depths and empirical formulations that parameterize the relationship between depth and the flux or concentration of particulate organic carbon (POC). Here, BGC‐Argo profiles were used to identify the isolume where POC concentration, [POC], starts to decline, revealing attenuation trends below this isolume that are remarkably consistent across the global ocean. We developed a simple empirical approach that uses observations from the first optical depth to predict [POC] from the surface ocean to the base of the mesopelagic (1,000 m), allowing assessments of spatial and temporal variability in gravitational pump efficiencies. We find that rates of [POC] attenuation are high in areas of high biomass and low in areas of low biomass, supporting the view that bloom events sometimes result in a relatively weak deep biological pump that is characterized by low transfer efficiency to the base of the mesopelagic. Our isolume‐based attenuation model was applied to satellite data to yield the first remote sensing‐based estimate of integrated global POC stock of 3.02 Pg C over the top 1,000 m, with an uncertainty of 0.69 Pg C. Of this total stock, approximately 1.02 Pg was located above the reference isolume where [POC] begins to attenuate.
Tree Rings Reveal ENSO in the Last Millennium
Authors: Cook Edward R. , Cane Mark A. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractWe present new climate field reconstructions (CFR) of tropical Pacific ENSO sea surface temperatures (HadISST) for the boreal winter season using a circum‐Pacific tree‐ring network from known El Niño rainfall impact regions. We use two different CFR methods: Point‐by‐Point Regression (PPR) and reduced‐space Orthogonal Spatial Regression (OSR). Both methods produce reconstructions with high validation skill, but OSR is preferred because it has less spatial noise and is more efficient. Only the leading EOF of the SST field (EOF1) can be skillfully reconstructed by either method; EOF2 does not validate. The success of EOF1 reflects its importance for ENSO rainfall impacts over land; the failure with EOF2 is from the lack of these impacts. EOF1 allows for the reconstruction of many ENSO indices, including the ENSO Longitudinal Index (ELI). We also find evidence in our reconstructions for a recent increase in ENSO activity.
Organic Carbon Reaction Kinetics in Bioturbated Sediments
Authors: Kuderer Matthias , Middelburg Jack J. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMost organic carbon delivered to the seafloor is degraded within the bioturbated layer. Theory and empirical evidence have shown that organic carbon reactivity relates to the age of a particle. However, due to particle mixing, the age‐depth linear relation induced by sediment accretion is obfuscated. Here we combine a Lagrangian particle tracking model that resolves the age distribution of particles in the bioturbated zone and couple it to age‐dependent organic carbon degradation. Depth profiles for organic carbon concentration, reactivity and degradation rate are presented for sediments receiving low and high reactivity organic carbon in coastal, continental slope and deep‐sea environments. Our results show that a simple first‐order kinetics model suffices for well‐mixed sediments and systems receiving pre‐processed materials. A reactive continuum approach is needed for poorly mixed sediments receiving highly reactive organic carbon and for sediments below the bioturbated layer.
The Sensitivity of the Spatial Pattern of Sea Level Changes to the Depth of Antarctic Meltwater Fluxes
Authors: Eisenman Ian , Basinski‐Ferris Aurora , Beer Emma , Zanna Laure 
Published: October 2024

AbstractRegional patterns of sea level rise are affected by a range of factors including glacial melting, which has occurred in recent decades and is projected to increase in the future, perhaps dramatically. Previous modeling studies have typically included fluxes from melting glacial ice only as a surface forcing of the ocean or as an offline addition to the sea surface height fields produced by climate models. However, observational estimates suggest that the majority of the meltwater from the Antarctic Ice Sheet actually enters the ocean at depth through ice shelf basal melt. Here we use simulations with an ocean general circulation model in an idealized configuration. The results show that the simulated global sea level change pattern is sensitive to the depth at which Antarctic meltwater enters the ocean. Further analysis suggests that the response is dictated primarily by the steric response to the depth of the meltwater flux.
Impact of North Atlantic Tripole and Extratropical North Pacific Extreme SSTs on the 2023/24 El Niño
Authors: Hong Chi‐Cherng , Sullivan Arnold , Chang Chih‐Chun 
Published: October 2024

AbstractObservations revealed notable discrepancies in the 2023/24 El Niño compared to earlier events, despite registering moderate Niño3.4 index magnitudes. Essential indicators such as the westerly wind burst, thermocline zonal tilting, and eastward propagation of oceanic Kelvin waves were conspicuously weak, indicating a weak air‐sea coupled in contrast to past occurrences, the 2023/24 El Niño coincided with unusually high North Atlantic Tripole and extratropical North Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs). The elevated North Atlantic Tripole SST triggered a strong negative Pacific meridional mode and easterly anomalies in the equatorial western‐central Pacific. At the same time, the extratropical North Pacific SST induced a negative Pacific Decadal Oscillation‐like pattern. These anomalies potentially dampened SST‐wind coupling during the developmental stages of El Niño. The negative Pacific meridional mode distinguished the 2023/24 El Niño from previous events and substantially altered its local and remote influences.