bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cortisol, parathyroid hormone-related protein and the onset of
calcium secretion by the mammary gland of the goat
Authors: THOMPSON GORDON E. , ABBAS S. KHAWAR , HOLT CARL , CARE ANTHONY D. 
Published: July 2002

During lactogenesis in the goat, the onset of secretion of calcium

into milk occurs
at parturition (Thompson et al. 1995) at approximately the same
time
as the onset
of secretion of parathyroid hormone-related protein (PTHrP) by the mammary

gland (Ratcliffe et al. 1992); these events may be unrelated or
PTHrP
may be involved in calcium transport from blood to milk.Parturition in goats is initiated by fetal secretion of cortisol (Flint

et al. 1978) and
maternal secretion of cortisol also increases (Paterson &
Linzell, 1971). Injecting
cortisol locally into the sinus of a mammary gland of the late-pregnant
goat when the
tight junctions between secretory epithelial cells appear to be
‘loose’, and injectate
can reach the basolateral surfaces of secretory cells, stimulates an early

tightening of
these junctions (Thompson, 1996) as occurs naturally at parturition. This
tightening
can be produced by an increased concentration of ionized calcium in the
extracellular
fluid of the gland (Neville & Peaker, 1981).The experiments reported here were undertaken to determine if cortisol
injection
stimulates the mammary gland to secrete both PTHrP and calcium before
parturition.
Structure and energetics of optimal Ekman layer

perturbations
Authors: FOSTER RALPH C. 
Published: July 2002

The optimal non-modal perturbations for the neutrally

stratified boundary layer in a

rotating frame of reference (Ekman layer) are found for a Reynolds

number characteristic of the planetary boundary layer (PBL). Two classes

of non-modal instabilities are found: evanescent perturbations,

with lifetimes up to about one hour,

and growing instabilities. The important difference between these

types of perturbations is whether or not the optimal non-modal

perturbation projects onto an unstable normal mode. The

evanescent instabilities are of smaller scale and are

oriented at larger angles to the surface isobars compared to

either the growing perturbations or normal-mode instabilities.

The optimal perturbations take the form of vortices at an acute

angle to the geostrophic flow that rapidly transform

into streaks with associated overturning motion. The energetics

of the optimal perturbations are investigated in detail to

clarify the instability mechanism throughout its evolution.Nonlinear stability analyses of the neutrally stratified Ekman

layer have shown that the normal-mode instability will equilibrate

with the mean flow to form boundary-layer-scale equilibrium roll

eddies aligned closely with the geostrophic flow. However,

numerical simulations do not generate these rolls in neutral

stratification although they often realize small-scale

near-surface streaks oriented at large angles to the geostrophic

wind. The evanescent optimal perturbations bear a close

resemblance to the simulated streaks. It is proposed that

the non-model perturbation mechanism is associated with

the streaks.
Effect of slight stratification on the nonlinear spatial
evolution of a weakly unstable wave in a free shear layer
Authors: SHUKHMAN I. G. , CHURILOV S. M. 
Published: July 2002

We examine the spatial evolution of an instability wave excited
by an external source
in a free, nearly non-dissipative, stably stratified shear flow
with a small Richardson
number Ri[Lt ]1. It turns out that at the nonlinear stage
of evolution even so small
a stratification modifies greatly the evolution behaviour
compared with the case of a
homogeneous flow which was studied in detail by Goldstein & Hultgren (1988).We have investigated (analytically and numerically) different stages of evolution
corresponding to different critical layer regimes, and determined the formation
conditions and structure of a quasi-steady nonlinear critical layer.It is shown that the stratification influence upon the nonlinear evolution
is governed by the parameter
(Pr−1)Ri/γ2L,
where Pr is the Prandtl number and γL is the wave's
linear growth rate (which is a measure of supercriticality), and this effect
is important only when γL<Ri1/2,
Pr≠1. The character of this influence radically depends on
the sign of (Pr−1). Thus, when Pr<1 the amplitude
in the course of the evolution
varies in a limited range and either reaches saturation, when the supercriticality
is small enough or, at higher supercriticality, performs quasi-periodic oscillations,
whose structure becomes increasingly complicated with increasing
γL. When Pr>1
stratification leads to the appearance of new evolutionary stages, namely the stage
of explosive growth in the unsteady critical layer regime,
and the stage of essentially
unsteady evolution in the nonlinear critical layer regime, and
to a modification of the
power-law growth in the regime of a quasi-steady nonlinear critical layer.
Free boundary effects on baroclinic instability
Authors: BERON-VERA F. J. , RIPA P. 
Published: July 2002

The effects of a free boundary on the stability of a baroclinic

parallel flow are

investigated using a reduced-gravity model. The basic state has uniform
density

stratification and a parallel flow with uniform vertical shear

in thermal-wind balance

with the horizontal buoyancy gradient. A finite value of the velocity

at the free (lower)

boundary requires the interface to have a uniform slope in the direction
transversal

to that of the flow. Normal-mode perturbations with arbitrary vertical
structure are

studied in the limit of small Rossby number. This solution is restricted
to neither a

horizontal lower boundary nor a weak stratification in the basic state.In the limit of a very weak stratification and bottom

slope there is a large separation

between the first two deformation radii and hence short or long perturbations
may

be identified:(a) The short-perturbation limit corresponds to the

well-known Eady problem in

which case the layer bottom is effectively rigid and its slope in the basic
state is

immaterial.(b) In the long-perturbation limit the bottom is free

to deform and the unstable

wave solutions, which appear for any value of the Richardson number

Ri, are

sensible to its slope in the basic state. In fact, a sloped bottom

is found to stabilize the basic flow.At stronger stratifications there is no distinction between

short and long perturbations, and the bottom always behaves as a free

boundary. Unstable wave solutions are found for Ri→∞

(unlike the case of long perturbations). The increase in stratification
is

found to stabilize the basic flow. At the maximum stratification compatible

with static stability, the perturbation has a vanishing growth rate

at all wavenumbers.Results in the long-perturbation limit corroborate those predicted

by an approximate layer model that restricts the buoyancy

perturbations to have a linear vertical

structure. The approximate model is less successful in the short-perturbation
limit

since the constraint to a linear density profile does not

allow the correct representation of the exponential trapping of

the exact eigensolutions. With strong stratification,

only the growth rate of long enough perturbations superimposed on basic
states with

gently sloped lower boundaries behaves similarly to that of the exact model.
However,

the stabilizing tendency on the basic flow as the stratification

reaches its maximum is

also found in the approximate model. Its partial success in this case

is also attributed

to the limited vertical structure allowed by the model.
V-waves, bow shocks, and wakes in supercritical hydrostatic flow
Authors: JIANG QINGFANG , SMITH RONALD B. 
Published: July 2002

The structure of the bow shock, V-wave, and the related wave drag and wake in
supercritical ambient flow are investigated for homogeneous hydrostatic single-layer
flow with a free surface over an isolated two-dimensional (i.e. h(x, y)) obstacle. The
two control parameters for this physical system are the ratio of obstacle height to
fluid depth and the Froude number F = U/√gH. Based on theoretical analysis and
numerical modelling, a steady-state regime diagram is constructed for supercritical
flow. This study suggests that supercritical flow may have an upstream bow shock
with a transition from the supercritical state to the subcritical state near the centreline,
and a V-shock in the lee without a state transition. Unlike subcritical flow, neither
a flank shock nor a normal lee shock is observed, due to the local supercritical
environment. Both the bow shock and V-shock are dissipative and reduce the Bernoulli
constant, but the vorticity generation is very weak in comparison with subcritical
ambient flow. Thus, in supercritical flow, wakes are weak and eddy shedding is
absent.Formulae for V-wave shape and V-wave drag are given using linear theory. Both
formulae compare well with numerical model runs for small obstacles.These results can be applied to air flow over mountains, river hydraulics and coastal
ocean currents with bottom topographies.
The role of defeat and entrapment (arrested flight) in
depression: an exploration of an evolutionary view
Authors: GILBERT PAUL , ALLAN STEVEN 
Published: July 2002

Background. The social rank theory of psychopathology

suggests that with the evolution of social
hierarchies various psychobiological mechanisms became attuned to
the success or failure in conflict
situations. Specifically, subordinates and those who have lost status are

at greater risk of pathology
than winners and those of higher status. In this theory concepts of
defeat and entrapment are seen
to be of special relevance to the study of depression. We outline the
role of defeat and entrapment within the social rank theory of depression.Methods. New self-report measures of entrapment and defeat
were
developed and used to test
predictions of the social rank theory of depression. Both a sample of
students and depressed patients
were assessed with these new scales and other social rank measures (e.g.
social comparison and
submissive behaviour).Results. The entrapment and defeat measures were found to
have good psychometric properties and
significantly correlated with depression. They were also strongly associated
with other rank
variables. Defeat maintained a strong association with depression even
after controlling for
hopelessness (r=0·62), whereas the relationship between

hopelessness and depression was
substantially reduced when controlling for defeat. Entrapment and
defeat added substantially to the
explained variance of depression after controlling for the other social
rank variables.Conclusions. Defeat and entrapment appear to be promising
variables for the study of depression.
These variables may also help to develop linkages between human and animal
models of
psychopathology.
American Editor
Authors: PAYKEL EUGENE 
Published: July 2002

Psychological Medicine is proud to announce a major step forward. With this issue Dr Kenneth S.
Kendler joins as American Editor. Dr Kendler will be well known to the readership of Psychological
Medicine. One of the most distinguished of psychiatric genetic epidemiologists, he is Rachel Brown
Banks Distinguished Professor of Psychiatry, Professor of Human Genetics, and Co-Director of
Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics at the Medical College of Virginia,
Virginia Commonwealth University. He has been a contributor of papers to Psychological Medicine
for many years, and a member of the Editorial Board since 1995.The proportion of papers which we publish from the Americas has been gradually increasing.
They are now nearly one-third of all papers, mostly from the USA. There will be an additional
editorial office in Richmond, Virginia and Dr Kendler will deal with submissions from the
Americas, together with all submissions in psychiatric genetics, whatever their origin. Revised
submission instructions are included in this issue. Our high standards for publication will
continue.We also announce an additional smaller change. From now on each volume will include eight
rather than six issues. The total number of pages per year will be unchanged, with issues slightly
slimmer and a little more frequent. This will allow us to expedite publication of major papers, has
advantages for the printers, and is similar to the pattern of eight issues per year adopted by what
is now our sister Cambridge University Press publication, the Journal of Child Psychology and
Psychiatry.With this issue also a loss: after seven years Simon Wessely relinquishes the role of associate
editor and book review editor. We are grateful to him for his many contributions and pleased that
he has agreed to remain as a member of the Editorial Board.
Ronald K. S. Macaulay, Standards and variation
in urban speech: Examples from Lowland Scots. (Varieties
of English around the world, 20). Amsterdam: Benjamins,
1997. Pp. x, 201. Hb $65.00.
Authors: Cameron Deborah 
Published: July 2002

The central idea that informs Macaulay's book
is aptly expressed in a passage he quotes from Sapir (1929:214):Language is primarily a cultural or social product and must
be understood as such ... It is peculiarly important that
linguists, who are often accused, and accused justly, of failure
to look beyond the pretty patterns of their subject-matter, should
become aware of what their science may mean for the interpretation
of human conduct in general. (138)
Dreaming as an active construction of meaning
Authors: Ardito Rita B. 
Published: July 2002

Although the work of Revonsuo is commendable for its attempt to use an evolutionary approach to formulate a hypothesis about the adaptive function of dreaming, the conclusions arrived at by this author cannot be fully shared. Particularly questionable is the idea that the specific function of dreaming is to simulate threatening events. I propose here a hypothesis in which the dream can have a different function.[Revonsuo]
Manoeuvring highly redundant manipulators
Authors: Conkur E. Sahin , Buckingham Rob 
Published: July 2002

A task based approach to the issue of redundant robots starts from the
premise that there are obstacles that cannot be removed from the working area
and which therefore must be avoided. This statement produces the requirement for
a device with a certain degree of mobility, and stresses the need to ensure that
the aim is twofold: reach the goal and avoid obstacles. But avoiding obstacles
is not the same objective as keeping as far away from an obstacle as possible;
the primary goal is still to reach the target. In fact humans use soft contact
to reach targets that are at the periphery of their reach. This soft distributed
contact has the effect of smoothing the surface of the object and hence there is
an element of only being interested in obstacle detail at the appropriate scale
to achieve the task. This paper describes a new approach to collision
avoidance based on using a global path finding algorithm, in this case using
Laplacian potential fields, in conjunction with a simple local geometrically
based algorithm for avoiding obstacles and maximising the use of manoeuvring
space in a manner which is not limited by digital computation resolution issues.
This extra technique is in some ways analogous to the human soft contact
approach. Three examples are presented to illustrate the robustness of
the algorithm. In order to be able to compare results with other techniques, an
environment measurement scheme is defined which gives an indication of the
difficulty of the trajectory being followed.
A characterization of the Petersen-type geometry of the McLaughlin group
Authors: BAUMEISTER B. , IVANOV A. A. , PASECHNIK D. V. 
Published: July 2002

The McLaughlin sporadic simple group McL is the flag-transitive automorphism
group of a Petersen-type geometry [Gscr ] = [Gscr ](McL) with the diagramdiagram herewhere the edge in the middle indicates the geometry of vertices and edges of the
Petersen graph. The elements corresponding to the nodes from the left to the right
on the diagram P33 are called points,
lines, triangles and planes, respectively. The residue in [Gscr ] of a point is the
P3-geometry [Gscr ](Mat22) of the Mathieu group of degree
22 and the residue of a plane is the P3-geometry [Gscr ](Alt7)
of the alternating group of degree 7. The geometries [Gscr ](Mat22) and
[Gscr ](Alt7) possess 3-fold covers [Gscr ](3Mat22) and
[Gscr ](3Alt7) which are known to be universal. In this paper we show that [Gscr ] is simply
connected and construct a geometry [Gscr ]˜ which possesses a 2-covering onto [Gscr ]. The
automorphism group of [Gscr ]˜ is of the form 323McL;
the residues of a point and a plane are isomorphic to [Gscr ](3Mat22) and
[Gscr ](3Alt7), respectively. Moreover, we reduce the classification problem of all
flag-transitive Pmn-geometries
with n, m [ges ] 3 to the calculation of the universal cover of [Gscr ]˜.
Host‐specificity and distribution of cephalochlamydid cestodes: correlation with allopolyploid evolution of pipid anuran hosts
Authors: Jackson J. A. , Tinsley R. C. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe taxonomy and distribution of cephalochlamydid cestodes are reviewed. This group is primarily specific to pipid anurans and occurs naturally across sub‐Saharan Africa. Paracephalochlamys gen. nov. has two large lateral testes (sometimes doubled or absent on one side) on the anterior margin of each segment, while Cephalochlamys Blanchard, 1908 has three to 23 small testes scattered in lateral fields. Paracephalochlamys papilionis sp. nov. infects Pseudhymenochirus merlini in Sierra Leone. The distribution of Cephalochlamys species is inferred from the previous literature and numerous new records. Cephalochlamys namaquensis (Cohn, 1906) occurs in Xenopus laevis laevis in Namibia, South Africa, Lesotho and Zimbabwe, X. l. poweri (new host record) in Zambia and the Democratic Republic of Congo (D.R.C.), X. l. victorianus in Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda and D.R.C., X. l. sudanensis (new host record) in Cameroon and Sudan, and the ranid anuran, Rana angolensis, in Zimbabwe. Anthropogenic dispersal of C. namaquensis, together with X. l. laevis, has occurred to localities in the south‐western United States and Isle of Wight, U.K. Cephalochlamys compactus sp. nov., differentiated from C. namaquensis by a less well developed median ovarian cavity and more compact vitellarium, occurs in Xenopus muelleri in Togo, Ghana, Nigeria, Cameroon, D.R.C., Zimbabwe and South Africa, X. borealis in Kenya, X. clivii in Ethiopia, R. angolensis in Ethiopia and R. occipitalis in Nigeria. Cephalochlamys representatives of uncertain specific status have been recorded in X. gilli (new host record) in South Africa, X. pygmaeus and X. fraseri‐like hosts (new host records) in the D.R.C., X. tropicalis (new host record) in Nigeria and R. occipitalis in Gabon. Despite the ability of some species to infect distantly related amphibians, the distribution of cephalochlamydid taxa amongst their principal hosts, pipids, can be related to the allopolyploid evolution of this anuran family.
From America to Europe: Educating Consumers
Authors: Chessel Marie-Emmanuelle 
Published: July 2002

Lendol Calder, Financing the American Dream. A Cultural History of Consumer Credit (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999), 377 pp., $17.95, ISBN 0-691-05827-X. Ellen Furlough and Carl Strikwerda, eds., Consumers against Capitalism? Consumer Cooperation in Europe, North America, and Japan, 1840–1990 (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 1999), 377 pp., $29.95, ISBN 0-8476-8649-3. Jennifer A. Loehlin, From Rugs to Riches: Housework, Consumption and Modernity in Germany (Oxford: Berg, 1999), 250 pp., $68.00, ISBN 1-85973-284-4. Susan E. Reid and David Crowley, eds., Style and Socialism. Modernity and Material Culture in Post-War Eastern Europe (Oxford: Berg, 2000), 213 pp., $19.50, ISBN 1-85973-239-9. Susan Strasser, Charles McGovern and Matthias Judt, eds., Getting and Spending. European and American Consumer Societies in the Twentieth Century (Washington: The German Historical Institute and Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998), 477 pp., $19.95, ISBN 0-521-62694-3.The last twenty years have seen a proliferation of studies tracing the development of
the principal institutions of ‘mass consumption’ in Westernised societies during the
nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Studies of leading department stores and the
marketing policies of major firms, publicity and sales methods, have sought to
increase understanding of the actors or ‘professions’ instrumental in the transformation
of such practices, their methods and scope, the reasons for their success and by
extension the reasons for the failure of alternative practices, ‘small’ shopkeepers and
‘small’ industrialists who felt threatened by the wave of change.
A Moveable Feast: On the History of Norwegian Foreign Policy
Authors: Laursen Johnny 
Published: July 2002

Norsk utenrikspolitikks historie (‘The History of Norwegian Foreign Policy’), 6 vols. (Universitetsforlaget, 1995–7), NOK 298 – per volume ISBN 8–200–22639–5.Volume I: Narve Bjørgo, Øystein Rian and Alf Kaardtvedt: Selvstendighet og union. Fra middelalderen til 1905 (1995), 416 pp., ISBN 8–200–22393–0.Volume II: Roald Berg: Norge på egen hånd 1905–1920 (1995), 401 pp., ISBN 8–200–22394–9.Volume III: Odd-Bjørn Fure: Mellomkrigstid 1920–1940 (1996), 434 pp., ISBN 2–200–22534–8.Volume IV: Jakob Sverdrup: Inn i storpolitiken 1940–1949 (1996), 389 pp., ISBN 8–200–22531–3.Volume V: Knut Einar Eriksen and Helge Ø. Pharo: Kald krig og internasjonalisering 1949–1965 (1997), 505 pp., ISBN 8–200–22894–0.Volume VI: Rolf Tamnes: Oljealder 1965–1995 (1997), 568 pp., ISBN 8–200–22893–2.It is a tempting thought that there is a contrast between, on the one hand, this voluminous, painstakingly thorough and admirably documented publication and, on the other hand, the size of its subject. A foreign policy history is a prestigious project that is traditionally associated with the great and powerful states of Europe. The Norwegian Foreign Ministry has approached the project with no less austere a mind than the authorities of more populous European states. Well financed, well led and with stunningly generous access to even contemporary archive materials – up till 1995 – this particular foreign policy history might even be the one with the best official backing to date. Moreover, of the Scandinavian countries Norway is the one with the strongest tradition of international history, and most of the best minds in the field have been members of the team of authors. But why then, some would cry, throw this impressive weight into a history of one of Europe's smallest states, 4.5 million souls, placed at the outskirts of the European continent, not a member of the European Union and with fewer than 100 years of independent foreign policy at that?
One‐dimensional site‐specific forecasting of radiation fog. Part II: Impact of site observations
Authors: Clark P A , Hopwood W P 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe Met. Office currently operates a high resolution mesoscale model that provides guidance on the likely formation of radiation fog on the spatial scale of 30–40km. A project has been under way to build a Site‐Specific Forecast Model (SSFM) using a one‐dimensional version of the Met. Office Unified Model as a basis, with suitable modifications to its surface treatment and, driven by output from three‐dimensional NWP models. The SSFM has been applied to the forecasting of radiation fog as part of the European Commission sponsored project 4MIDaBLE (4Dimensional Met. Information DataBase Linked across Europe). This paper describes the influence of site observations on the model evolution for two real fog cases. This requires a method of forcing the SSFM via coupling to three‐dimensional NWP model output; such a method is described. It is shown that when observational data at the site of interest is incorporated into the model's initial state humidity measurements provide the greatest impact on model evolution. However, their influence is short‐lived (typically less than 6 hours) implying the importance of initialisation time in the correct forecast of radiation fog. Copyright © 2001 Royal Meteorological Society