bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous oral mucosal bleeding unmasking undiagnosed sarcoidosis: a case report
Authors: Kalsi Harpreet , McParland Helen , Cook Richard J 
Published: August 2017

Sarcoidosis is a multisystem, non-caseating, chronic, granulomatous disease affecting any organ. In the head and neck region, salivary glands and lymph nodes are most commonly involved. Oral manifestations are rare but these lesions, occasionally haemorrhagic, may be the first sign of systemic disease. It is important to recognize the oral manifestations of sarcoidosis and to be aware of potential secondary disease-driven processes, such as thrombocytopenia. The purpose of this paper is to present a previously undiagnosed case of sarcoidosis, initially presenting with oral manifestations, including mucosal bleeding, and to review the current literature on oral sarcoidosis. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Oral lesions can be the first sign of undiagnosed systemic sarcoidosis.
Adult dental anxiety: recent assessment approaches and psychological management in a dental practice setting
Authors: Humphris Gerry , Spyt James , Herbison Alice G , Kelsey Thomas W 
Published: August 2017

Dental anxiety of patients is a common feature of the everyday experience of dental practice. This article advocates the use of regular assessment of this psychological construct to assist in patient management. Various tools, such as the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale (MDAS), are available to monitor dental anxiety that are quick to complete and easy to interpret. Patient burden is low. A new mobile phone assessment system (DENTANX) is being developed for distribution. This application and other psychological interventions are being investigated to assist patients to receive dental care routinely. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article provides evidence and expert opinion on the worth of regular dental anxiety assessment in dental practice using structured tools, such as the Modified Dental Anxiety Scale, and consideration of psychological intervention development.
Modern endodontic principles part 8: the future of endodontics
Authors: Roudsari Reza Vahid , Jawad Sarra , Taylor Carly , Darcey James , Qualtrough Alison 
Published: August 2017

Although the principles of endodontics have remained unchanged for many decades, root canal treatment has been subject to major changes in the past few years. This paper outlines the cutting-edge advances including the materials and techniques used. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article provides an overview of bioactive materials and insight into regenerative endodontics, vital pulp therapy and intentional replantation.
Pain part 10: headaches
Authors: Chong M S , Renton Tara 
Published: August 2017

This last in a series of 10 papers aims to provide the dental and medical teams with an update in headache conditions relevant to dentistry and medicine. Headache is the most common presenting symptom for patients presenting to A&E departments. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Most of the dental team take for granted their knowledge and ability to manage acute dental pain. However, the education and preparation in managing patients with headache conditions remains poor. Dentists are in a privileged position to be able to advise their patients about common conditions including headaches.
Orthodontic first aid for general dental practitioners
Authors: Sodipo Ibukunoluwa , Birdsall Joanne 
Published: August 2017

Orthodontic emergencies occasionally arise and although they can cause discomfort to the patient, they can usually be stabilized by a general dentist and then followed up by the orthodontist. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Patients undergoing orthodontic treatment may initially present to their general dental practitioner with an orthodontic emergency as opposed to their orthodontist. It is therefore important that general dental practitioners are aware of common orthodontic emergencies and their management.
Mouthwashes: do they work and should we use them? part 2: anticaries, antihalitosis and dry mouth relief efficacy of mouthwashes
Authors: Hodge Penny 
Published: August 2017

This article will review the anticaries, antihalitosis and dry mouth relief efficacy of mouthwashes. Fluoride mouthwashes may provide an additional benefit to toothpaste and gel in children with a high risk of dental caries, but toothpaste alone may be a more acceptable mode of delivery. There may be a beneficial effect of fluoride mouthwashes on caries levels in older adults, particularly those at higher risk of root caries. The available data of the antihalitosis effect of mouthwashes neither supports nor contra-indicates their use. The key area where a mouthwash may be of use in the treatment of patients with a dry mouth is through the anticaries effect of fluoride. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The evidence supporting the use of anticaries, antihalitosis and dry mouth relief mouthwashes is evaluated. This provides guidance for dentists and dental care professionals of when it is appropriate to recommend the use of a mouthwash in these situations.
Evaluation of quaternary ammonium compound disinfectants against mycobacteria in dental practices
Authors: Sandle Tim 
Published: August 2017

This paper discusses the use in dental practices of quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) and alcohol-based disinfectants in relation to bactericidal efficacy against mycobacteria. QAC disinfectants are commonly used in dental practices, although there are concerns about their efficacy against tuberculosis-causing bacteria. The paper discusses a recent study where two QAC products (ready-to-use and saturated wipe liquor presentations) were tested, using a recognized suspension test, at the manufacturer's recommended concentration, under simulated ‘clean’ and ‘dirty’ conditions. The test data indicated that, after a 10-minute contact time, suitable kill of the test organism was not obtained. These findings raise questions about the suitability of QAC disinfectants for dental practices. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Tuberculosis, a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis, is increasingly becoming a communicable disease of concern. It is important that dental practices ensure that a suitable level of decontamination takes place between patients. QAC disinfectants may not be suitable for this purpose and alternative biocides, like alcohol, may need to be considered.
Periodontal disease: breaking the downward spiral of the disease process
Authors: Kehily Elaine , Roberts Anthony 
Published: August 2017

Periodontal disease is a common disease affecting more than 50% of the world's adult population. It presents a diagnostic and treatment challenge for the dental clinician. A successful treatment outcome can be achieved by early and repeated intervention when signs of disease are evident in the mouth. Gingival bleeding is one of the early signs of gum disease and one which should not be overlooked by the patient or his/her dental care professional. This is usually indicative of the presence of gingivitis, which can lead to periodontitis in susceptible patients. CPD/Clinical Relevance: A high standard of plaque control is essential throughout treatment for a favourable periodontal outcome and yet it is unfortunate that sometimes, despite the best endeavour of both patients and clinicians, this is not possible. As a consequence of the failure to establish high levels of plaque control, some patients do not respond fully to traditional periodontal therapy and, for some patients, an ongoing deterioration or ‘downward spiral’ continues and adjuncts to non-surgical periodontal therapy are indicated to improve periodontal outcomes.
The importance of correct diagnosis and treatment in endo-periodontal lesions: a two cases comparison
Authors: Bernardi Sara , Frascarelli Christian , Fantozzi Giulia , Caruso Silvia , Gatto Robert , Nardi Gianna Maria , Continenza Maria Adelaide 
Published: August 2017

This paper illustrates two endo-periodontal lesions treated with the same standardized protocols with different prognoses. In the first case, the endodontics and periodontal therapies were performed with clinical and radiological healing of the lesion. In the second case, the tooth had to be extracted because of repeated inflammatory processes. In order to investigate the reasons for failure, the extracted tooth was submitted to clearing process, followed by stereomicroscope observation. It revealed a vertical fracture running along the palatal root, not detectable by radiographic examination. This pathway between pulpal and periodontal tissues determined the negative prognosis of the treatment. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This report aims to highlight how root vertical fractures may not be readily detectable to the standard bi-dimensional radiograph.
Serving the customer–do patient feedback and questionnaires improve quality?
Authors: Keshtgar Asma , D'Cruz Len 
Published: August 2017

This review article aims to analyse whether patient feedback and questionnaires improve quality of care. It is recognized that patients cannot assess the medical competence of the clinician, yet patient experience provides an insight into the process of care through the patients' eyes. Patient experience measures are more reliable for use to assess quality than patient satisfaction surveys. It is inappropriate to use patient satisfaction surveys as a basis for remuneration of dentists within the NHS. Patient Reported Outcome Measures (PROMs) have been a successful measure of patient experience in medicine and their introduction to dentistry needs to be considered. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This article will enable clinicians to understand the importance of patient experience measures as a more reliable way of improving the quality of clinical care than patient satisfaction surveys.
Oral candidosis in the paediatric patient
Authors: Ryan Kevin , Agel Mona , Zaitoun Halla , Hegarty Anne M 
Published: August 2017

Oral candidosis can present in childhood with recognizable mucosal changes. It may be associated with predisposing factors or suggest underlying systemic disease such as poorly controlled diabetes or an immunosuppressed state. Investigations are often required and management includes addressing predisposing factors in addition to prescribing topical or systemic antifungal therapy. CPD/Clinical Relevance: It is important for general dental practitioners to recognize oral mucosal changes related to candidal infection and refer to secondary care for further assessment when appropriate.
The immune system: basis of so much health and disease: 1. overview of immunity and the immune system
Authors: Scully Crispian , Georgakopoulou Eleni A , Hassona Yazan 
Published: August 2017

The immune system is the body's primary defence mechanism against infections, and disturbances in the system can cause disease if the system fails in defence functions (in immunocompromised people), or if the activity is detrimental to the host (as in auto-immune and auto-inflammatory states). A healthy immune system is also essential to normal health of dental and oral tissues. This series presents the basics for the understanding of the immune system, this article covering an overview of immunity and the immune system. Clinical Relevance: Modern dental clinicians need a basic understanding of the immune system as it underlies health and disease.
Type-1 dentine dysplasia – diagnostic and clinical challenges in restorative management
Authors: Rasaratnam Lakshmi , Djemal Serpil 
Published: August 2017

Type-1 dentine dysplasia is a rare hereditary condition, associated with an abnormality in dentine formation. Deceptively, teeth have the clinical appearance of normality, however, radiographically, a different picture is seen; with multiple periapical radiolucencies associated with non-carious, unrestored teeth. This article reports the diagnostic and management challenges associated with dentine dysplasia in adults. CPD/Clinical Relevance: Early diagnosis and preventive advice within primary care are imperative in the long-term outcomes.
The value of cone beam computed tomography in the management of dentigerous cysts – a review and case report
Authors: Allison James R , Garlington Grace 
Published: August 2017

Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) has recently seen an expansion in use, however there are few robust, evidence-based guidelines to inform practitioners. This article reports the case of a large dentigerous cyst in the maxilla affecting the eruption of multiple teeth, considers the use of CBCT in the management of such lesions, and discusses guidelines on the use of CBCT in dentistry. CPD/Clinical Relevance: As CBCT use increases it is important that practitioners understand the guidelines surrounding its use. Due to the prevalence of dentigerous cysts, it is likely that they will be encountered clinically, and it is important that clinicians referring patients with such lesions are familiar with the principles of managing them.
A predictable alternative to a smile in six months?
Authors: Kalantzis Elizabeth , Waring David T , Malik Ovais H 
Published: August 2017

The aim of this article is to explore the use of Incognito™ Lite as an alternative to competitors advertising a ‘Smile in Six Months’ or rather short-term orthodontics for improving dental appearance through tooth movement. The focus is on the varied clinical use of this appliance system and its comparative advantages, disadvantages and placement techniques. Some alternatives are discussed and appraised. Two cases successfully treated with Incognito™ Lite are then presented. CPD/Clinical Relevance: A reliable and predictable tool for aesthetic alignment of teeth, creating a broader range of treatment options for both the clinician and the patient.
What's new in dentine bonding?: universal adhesives
Authors: Burke FJ Trevor , Lawson Anna , Green David JB , Mackenzie Louis 
Published: August 2017

The ability to bond restorations to dentine successfully is central to minimally invasive restorative dentistry. While dentine-bonding agents have gone through a variety of ‘generations’, it is the purpose of this paper to describe the latest dentine-bonding agents, the Universal Bonding Agents. These materials may be considered ‘Universal’ insofar as they may be considered to be capable of being used for direct and indirect dentistry, as well as being suitable for use in whichever etching modality the clinician considers appropriate, namely self-etch, etch and rinse or selective enamel etch. Laboratory investigations and initial clinical studies hold the promise that Universal Bonding Agents are a forward step in the quest for the ultimate bond to tooth substance. CPD/Clinical Relevance: New Universal Bonding Agents appear to present a promising advance in bonding to dentine.
Supra-therapeutic oral paracetamol overdose in adults: an update for the dental team
Authors: Leader Ross , Hackett James , Al-Naher Ahmed 
Published: August 2017

Paracetamol (acetaminophen) is a commonly used analgesic; its ‘over the counter’ availability, low cost and popularity amongst patients often make it the first choice for dental pain. It is in this that its potential toxicity, made more complicated by the ever extending range of paracetamol-containing products, make the understanding of this medication key to the safe management of patients presenting to surgery with dental pain. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The purpose of this article is to supply dental practitioners with the knowledge to manage patients who present having taken an oral supra-therapeutic paracetamol overdose. Consideration is given to those patients who can be treated safely in primary care and to those who require transfer to Accident and Emergency (A&E).
Low level light therapy in the management of paediatric oral and oropharyngeal mucositis
Authors: McDowall Fiona , O'Murchu Nora , Welbury Richard 
Published: August 2017

Oral and oropharyngeal mucositis is a common, debilitating condition experienced by patients undergoing oncology treatment. There are many different management strategies, with low level light therapy (LLLT) an emerging field. Ongoing research on the topic of LLLT for mucositis has resulted in LLLT being included in national clinical guidelines. The number of centres currently using LLLT for paediatric patients with oropharyngeal mucositis is growing, with Glasgow having successfully used this treatment method for a number of years. Across medicine and dentistry, LLLT is coming to the fore and is a treatment modality of which we should all be aware. CPD/Clinical Relevance: New technologies and treatment modalities are areas with which practitioners should stay up to date. Low level light therapy continues to be a growing research field.
Let's talk about mouth cancer – the story and the facts
Authors: Mc Goldrick Niall , Choileain Orna Ni , MacKessack-Leitch Ewan C , Sammut Stephanie , Lopes Victor 
Published: August 2017

Let's Talk About Mouth Cancer is a Scottish charity set up by a group of healthcare professionals with the aim of improving the prognosis of a patient diagnosed with mouth cancer. This article will present the charity's award winning oral health campaigns and the various methods used to empower patients with skills and knowledge to catch mouth cancer early. The social media platforms used in the campaign and the demographic engaged will be discussed, along with the knowledge of mouth cancer signs, symptoms, risk factors and current practice of self-examination in Scotland. CPD/Clinical Relevance: The incidence of mouth cancer is on the rise in the UK. Dental care professionals in primary and secondary care should be aware of the barriers to early detection, and help to raise awareness of the disease.
Desquamative gingivitis – aetiology, diagnosis and management
Authors: Winning Lewis , Willis Amanda , Mullally Brian , Irwin Christopher 
Published: August 2017

The diagnosis and classification of mucosal disease for the busy general dental practitioner can be difficult since many mucosal diseases present with a similar oral appearance. The term desquamative gingivitis (DG) is often used as a descriptive term because the aetiology of the inflammation may originate from multiple oral conditions. In this review article, we discuss oral lichen planus, mucous membrane pemphigoid, and pemphigus vulgaris as the main mucocutaneous diseases associated with DG. The importance of plaque control is emphasized in the initial management of these cases. CPD/Clinical Relevance: As an oral complaint, patients will likely seek dental advice as their first point of contact for symptoms associated with DG. Therefore, an understanding of potential conditions that are causing their symptoms, as well as some general measures which may help improve their condition, are important.
A new dimension in managing the troublesome transmigratory canine
Authors: Shaw Karen , Thomson Donald , McIntyre Grant T 
Published: August 2017

This case illustrates the benefits of CBCT over plain radiography in accurately localizing an unerupted transmigratory permanent mandibular canine and determining if it was aetiologically responsible for resorption of the permanent mandibular incisors. Clinical Relevance: The use of CBCT can determine if root resorption is caused by unerupted teeth.
Orthodontics and root resorption part 2
Authors: Parvizi Farnaz , Barker Christopher S , Weiland Frank , Ireland Anthony J , Sandy Jonathan R 
Published: August 2017

The aim of this second article in this series of two is to outline the treatment-related factors, which are understood to play an important role in orthodontically-induced inflammatory root resorption (OIIRR). This article will highlight the importance of patient assessment, as well as the long-term effects of OIIRR. It will also discuss future developments, which may improve our understanding of the mechanisms of tooth movement and root resorption. Clinical Relevance: The orthodontic practitioner should be aware of the iatrogenic effects of treatment mechanics and the need for detailed patient assessment prior to the start of treatment to reduce harmful consequences.
Update on 2D and 3D digital imaging in orthodontics
Authors: Davies Jonathan , Harwood Anne , Whites Eric 
Published: August 2017

This article provides an update on two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) imaging in contemporary orthodontics. The use of computed radiography (CR) and direct digital radiography (DR) for two-dimensional intra- and extra-oral imaging are outlined and compared. The advantages and disadvantages of each approach are discussed and various common imaging faults that may be produced are illustrated. 3D Cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) image production is presented and discussed with consideration to patient dose and its applications in orthodontics. The current SEDENTEX CT guidelines for the appropriate use of this imaging modality are also outlined. Clinical Relevance: As radiographic imaging is an integral aspect of clinical orthodontics understanding modern 2D and 3D imaging techniques is essential to maximize the benefits and minimize the risks to patients.
Standard edgewise technique and its relevance in contemporary fixed appliance therapy part 3: overbite control and space closure
Authors: McGuinness Niall JP 
Published: August 2017

The first two papers in this series looked at the development of the edgewise appliance, the use of first-, second- and third-order bends, and the construction of arch forms. This third and final paper will examine the methods that can be used for overbite control and space closure using standard edgewise and other techniques. Clinical Relevance: Overbite control is important in orthodontic treatment as good treatment results (especially correct incisor positioning) cannot be achieved without it. Space closure is often accomplished by sliding mechanics, but friction in the appliance may prevent this occurring and methods are shown how to overcome this.
Aesthetic labial orthodontic appliances – an update
Authors: Shah Hemendranath V , Boyd Stephen A , Sandy Jonathan R , Ireland Anthony J 
Published: August 2017

This paper will give an update on recent developments in aesthetic archwires, brackets and accessories that are presently available to increase the options available for the provision of an aesthetic labial orthodontic fixed appliance. Clinical Relevance: In a consumer driven market, the demands for aesthetic orthodontic appliances to correct malocclusions is increasing. Aesthetic labial fixed appliances have the advantage of precise three-dimensional control of tooth movement with the aesthetic requirements demanded by patients.
Evidence on early correction of class III malocclusion
Authors: Misra Sangeeta , Waring David T , Malik Ovais H 
Published: August 2017

The presence of high quality evidence on the dentofacial orthopaedic correction of Class III malocclusion is scarce. Long-term follow-up of growth modification has reported mixed results. The aim of this article is to review the literature on the early correction of Class III malocclusion and to provide some clarification on the following important issues: definite types of treatment modalities for treatment of Class III malocclusion; case selection; short-term and long-term effects of different treatment modalities; timing of treatment; success rate and skeletal and dental effect of different treatment modalities. Clinical Relevance: Early treatment of Class III patients with maxillary deficiency using appliances such as protraction facemasks can be used to maximize maxillary growth potential in appropriate cases. However, correct diagnosis and understanding of the individual growth pattern is imperative in determining the success of early Class III treatment.