bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Predicting Peer Nominations Among Medical Students: A Social Network Approach
Authors: Michalec Barret , Grbic Douglas , Veloski J. Jon , Cuddy Monica M. , Hafferty Frederic W. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
Minimal attention has been paid to what factors may predict peer nomination or how peer nominations might exhibit a clustering effect. Focusing on the homophily principle that “birds of a feather flock together,” and using a social network analysis approach, the authors investigated how certain student- and/or school-based factors might predict the likelihood of peer nomination, and the clusters, if any, that occur among those nominations.

Method
In 2013, the Jefferson Longitudinal Study of Medical Education included a special instrument to evaluate peer nominations. A total of 211 (81%) of 260 graduating medical students from the Sidney Kimmel Medical College responded to the peer nomination question. Data were analyzed using a relational contingency table and an ANOVA density model.

Results
Although peer nominations did not cluster around gender, age, or class rank, those students within an accelerated program, as well as those entering certain specialties, were more likely to nominate each other. The authors suggest that clerkships in certain specialties, as well as the accelerated program, may provide structured opportunities for students to connect and integrate, and that these opportunities may have an impact on peer nomination. The findings suggest that social network analysis is a useful approach to examine various aspects of peer nomination processes.

Conclusions
The authors discuss implications regarding harnessing social cohesion within clinical clerkships, the possible development of siloed departmental identity and in-group favoritism, and future research possibilities.
Does Time Pressure Have a Negative Effect on Diagnostic Accuracy?
Authors: ALQahtani Dalal A. , Rotgans Jerome I. , Mamede Silvia , ALAlwan Ibrahim , Magzoub Mohi Eldin M. , Altayeb Fatheya M. , Mohamedani Manahil A. , Schmidt Henk G. 
Published: January 2016

Purpose
Studies suggest time pressure has negative effects on physicians’ working conditions and may lead to suboptimal patient care and medical errors. Experimental evidence supporting this is lacking, however. This study investigated the effect of time pressure on diagnostic accuracy.

Method
In 2013, senior internal medicine residents at three hospitals in Saudi Arabia were divided randomly into two groups: a time-pressure condition and a control condition without time pressure. Both groups diagnosed eight written clinical cases presented on computers. In the time-pressure condition, after completing each case, participants received information that they were behind schedule. Response time was recorded, and diagnostic accuracy was scored.

Results
The 23 participants in the time-pressure condition spent significantly less time diagnosing the cases (mean = 96.00 seconds) than the 19 control participants (mean = 151.97 seconds) (P < .001). Participants under time pressure had a significantly lower diagnostic accuracy score (mean = 0.33; 95% CI, 0.23–0.43) than participants without time pressure (mean = 0.51; 95% CI, 0.42–0.60) (F[1, 41] = 6.90, P = .012, η2 = 0.15). This suggests participants in the time-pressure condition made on average 37% more errors than control participants.

Conclusions
Time pressure has a negative impact on diagnostic performance. The authors propose that the effect of time pressure on diagnostic accuracy is moderated by both the case difficulty level and the physician’s level of experience. Post hoc analyses demonstrated that time pressure affects diagnostic accuracy only if cases are not too difficult and physicians’ expertise level is intermediate.
Is Hearing Loss Associated with Poorer Health in Older Adults Who Might Benefit from Hearing Screening?
Authors: Mick Paul , Pichora-Fuller M. Kathleen 
Published: January 2016

Objectives:
Hearing screening programs may benefit adults with unacknowledged or unaddressed hearing loss, but there is limited evidence regarding whether such programs are effective at improving health outcomes. The objective was to determine if poorer audiometric hearing thresholds are associated with poorer cognition, social isolation, burden of physical or mental health, inactivity due to poor physical or mental health, depression, and overnight hospitalizations among older American adults with unacknowledged or unaddressed hearing loss.

Design:
The authors performed a cross-sectional population-based analysis of older American adults with normal hearing or unacknowledged or unaddressed hearing loss. Data was obtained from the 1999 to 2010 cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Participants with a pure-tone average (PTA in the better hearing ear of thresholds at 0.5, 1, 2, and 4 kHz) > 25 dB HL who self-reported their hearing ability to be “good” or “excellent” were categorized as having “unacknowledged” hearing loss. Those who had a PTA > 25 dB HL and who self-reported hearing problems but had never had a hearing test or worn a hearing aid were categorized as having “unaddressed” hearing loss. Multivariate regression was performed to account for confounding due to demographic and health variables.

Results:
A 10 dB increase in PTA was associated with a 52% increased odds of social isolation among 60- to 69-year-olds in multivariate analyses (p = 0.001). The average Digit Symbol Substitution Test score dropped by 2.14 points per 10 dB increase in PTA (p = 0.03), a magnitude equivalent to the drop expected for 3.9 years of chronological aging. PTA was not associated significantly with falls, hospitalizations, burden of physical or mental health, or depression, or social isolation among those ages 70 years or older in these samples.

Conclusion:
Unacknowledged or unaddressed hearing loss was associated with a significantly increased risk of social isolation among 60- to 69-year-olds but not those 70 years or older. It was also associated with lower cognitive scores on the Digit Symbol Substitution Test among 60- to 69-year-olds. This study differs from prior studies by focusing specifically on older adults who have unacknowledged or unaddressed hearing loss because they are the most likely to benefit from pure-tone hearing screening. The finding of associations between hearing loss and measures of social isolation and cognition in these specific samples extends previous findings on unrestricted samples of older adults including those who had already acknowledged hearing problems. Future randomized controlled trials measuring the effectiveness of adult hearing screening programs should measure whether interventions have an effect on these measures in those who have unacknowledged or unaddressed pure-tone hearing loss.
Obesity Increases Complexity of Distal Radius Fracture in Fall From Standing Height
Authors: Ebinger Thomas , Koehler Daniel M. , Dolan Lori A. , McDonald Katelyn , Shah Apurva S. 
Published: January 2016

Objectives:
To investigate the relationship between obesity and distal radius fracture severity after low-energy trauma and to identify patient-specific risk factors predictive of increasing fracture severity.

Design:
Retrospective review.

Setting:
Level 1 Trauma Center.

Patients/Participants:
Four hundred twenty-three adult subjects with a history of fracture of the distal radius resulting from a fall from standing height.

Intervention:
Demographic data and injury characteristics were obtained. Preoperative wrist radiographs were reviewed and classified by the OTA classification system. Distal radius fractures were categorized as simple [closed and extra-articular (OTA 23-A)] and complex [intra-articular (OTA 23-B or 23-C) or open fracture or concomitant ipsilateral upper extremity fracture]. Multivariate logistic regression was completed to model the probability of incurring a complex fracture.

Main Outcome Measurements:
Simple versus complex fracture pattern.

Results:
Average age at the time of injury was 53.8 years (range, 18.9–98.4). Seventy-nine percent of subjects were female. The average body-mass index was 28.1 (range, 13.6–59.5). Two hundred forty-four patients (58%) suffered complex distal radius fractures per study criteria. Obese patients (body-mass index > 30) demonstrated increased fracture severity as per the OTA classification (P = 0.039) and were more likely to suffer a complex injury (P = 0.032). Multivariate regression identified male gender, obesity, and age ≥50 as independent risk factors for sustaining a complex fracture pattern.

Conclusions:
Obesity is associated with more complex fractures of the distal radius after low-energy trauma, particularly in elderly patients. This relationship may have important epidemiologic implications predictive of future societal fracture burden and severity in an obese, aging population.

Level of Evidence:
Prognostic Level III. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Peginterferon Therapy in Children With Chronic Hepatitis C
Authors: Suzuki Mitsuyoshi , Tajiri Hitoshi , Tanaka Yasuhito , Takano Tomoko , Miyoshi Yoko , Murakami Jun , Shimizu Toshiaki , Brooks Stephen 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTObjectives:The aim of the present study was to review the medical treatment of Japanese children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C in the past 10 years.Methods:This nationwide, multicenter study evaluated patients who were younger than 18 years of age when diagnosed with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and were treated with pegylated interferon (PEG‐IFN) monotherapy or PEG‐IFN/ribavirin (RBV) combination therapy between 2004 and 2013. The subjects’ median age was 10 (3–18) years, with a male to female ratio of 52:50 and a genotype‐1 to genotype‐2 ratio of 45:57. Among the 102 patients, 18 received PEG‐IFN monotherapy and 84 received PEG‐IFN/RBV combination therapy. The IL28B genotype polymorphism was analyzed in patients infected with genotype‐1.Results:In patients with HCV genotype‐1 infections, sustained virological response (SVR) rates obtained by PEG‐IFN monotherapy and by PEG‐IFN/RBV combination therapy were 100% (2/2) and 72% (31/43), respectively. In patients with HCV genotype‐2 infections, SVRs were 75% (12/16) and 100% (41/41), respectively. In 32 genotype‐1 patients available for the IL28B genotype (rs8099917), SVR was achieved in more patients in the IL28B major allele group than in the minor allele group (15/17 vs 7/15, P = 0.021) after PEG‐IFN/RBV combination therapy. The frequencies of adverse events were similar between the treatment regimens.Conclusions:Overall, both therapies showed encouraging results, and were reasonably safe in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis C. The IL28B genotype was useful for predicting the treatment response to PEG‐IFN/RBV combination therapy in this cohort.
Droplets Bumpers as Mechanical Sensors for Cell Migration Under Confinement
Authors: Molino D. , Quignard S. , Gruget C. , Pincet F. , Chen Y. , Piel M. , Fattaccioli J. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTMechanical cell forces play determinant roles in cell growth and tissue development. Cell migration is a relevant context to explore single cell forces, since mechanotransduction and cell morphology are dynamically and biochemically co-regulated in order to modulate cell shape changes minute to minute. In this work we present the design of a hybrid microdevice made from a set of parallel PDMS microchannels in which oil emulsion droplets are introduced to be used as biocompatible and deformable cell forces transducers upon HL-60 human leukemia cell line migration. We show that the mechanical stress exerted by the cells can be measured from the analysis of the droplets deformations at the single cell level. Finally we show that acto-myosin contraction plays a role in the cell ability to cross obstacles in confinement conditions.
Precision Medicine in the Clinic: Personalizing a Model of Glioblastoma Through Parameterization
Authors: Hawkins-Daarud Andrea , Swanson Kristin 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this article, we present an example of how to parameterize a partial differential equation model of glioblastoma growth for individual patients. The parameters allow for a deeper understanding of individual patients which have all been labeled with the same disease based on the tumor growth kinetics.
Exploring genes of rectal cancer for new treatments based on protein interaction network
Authors: Teng Wenjing , Zhou Chao , Li Yan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo develop a protein-protein interaction network of rectal cancer, which is based on genetic genes as well as to predict biological pathways underlying the molecular complexes in the network. In order to analyze and summarize genetic markers related to diagnosis and prognosis of rectal cancer.Methodsthe genes expression profile was downloaded from OMIM (Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man)database; the protein-protein interaction network of rectal cancer was established by Cytoscape; the molecular complexes in the network were detected by Clusterviz plugin and the pathways enrichment of molecular complexes were performed by DAVID online and Bingo (The Biological Networks Gene Ontology tool).Results and DiscussionA total of 127 rectal cancer genes wereidentified to differentially expressin OMIM Database. The protein-protein interaction network of rectal cancer was contained 966 nodes (proteins), 3377 edges (interactive relationships) and 7 molecular complexes (score>7.0).Regulatory effects of genes and proteins were focused on cell cycle, transcription regulation and cellular protein metabolic process. Genes ofDDK1, sparcl1, wisp2, cux1, pabpc1, ptk2andhtralwere significant nodes in PPI network. The discovery of featured genes which were probably related to rectal cancer, has a great significance on studying mechanism, distinguishing normal and cancer tissues, and exploring new treatments for rectal cancer.
Sensitive whole mountin situlocalization of small RNAs in plants
Authors: Ghosh Dastidar Mouli , Mosiolek Magdalena , Nodine Michael D. , Maizel Alexis 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSmall regulatory RNAs are pivotal regulators of gene expression and play important roles in many plant processes. Although our knowledge of their biogenesis and mode of action has significantly progressed, we comparatively still know little about their biological functions. In particular, knowledge about their spatiotemporal patterns of expression rely on either indirect detection by use of reporter constructs or labor-intensive direct detection byin situhybridization on sectioned material. None of the current approaches allows for a systematic investigation of small RNAs expression patterns.Here, we present a method for the sensitive in situ detection of micro-and siRNAs in intact plant tissues that utilizes both double-labelled probes and a specific cross linker. We determined the expression patterns of several small RNAs in plant roots and embryos.
Children's comprehension of an unfamiliar speaker accent: a review
Authors: Harte Jennifer , Oliveira Ana , Frizelle Pauline , Gibbon Fiona 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe effect of speaker accent on listeners’ comprehension has become a key focus of research given the increasing cultural diversity of society and the increased likelihood of an individual encountering a clinician with an unfamiliar accent.AimsTo review the studies exploring the effect of an unfamiliar accent on language comprehension in typically developing (TD) children and in children with speech and language difficulties. This review provides a methodological analysis of the relevant studies by exploring the challenges facing this field of research and highlighting the current gaps in the literature.Methods & ProceduresA total of nine studies were identified using a systematic search and organized under studies investigating the effect of speaker accent on language comprehension in (1) TD children and (2) children with speech and/or language difficulties.Main ContributionThis review synthesizes the evidence that an unfamiliar speaker accent may lead to a breakdown in language comprehension in TD children and in children with speech difficulties. Moreover, it exposes the inconsistencies found in this field of research and highlights the lack of studies investigating the effect of speaker accent in children with language deficits.Conclusions & ImplicationsOverall, research points towards a developmental trend in children's ability to comprehend accent‐related variations in speech. Vocabulary size, language exposure, exposure to different accents and adequate processing resources (e.g. attention) seem to play a key role in children's ability to understand unfamiliar accents. This review uncovered some inconsistencies in the literature that highlight the methodological issues that must be considered when conducting research in this field. It explores how such issues may be controlled in order to increase the validity and reliability of future research. Key clinical implications are also discussed.
Legal geography and coastal climate change adaptation: the Vaughan litigation
Authors: O'Donnell Tayanah 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe impacts on the Australian coast of a changing climate include environmental and property damage arising from increased frequency and severity of coastal weather events, storm surge, coastal erosion, and coastal flooding. Coastal management policies and planning laws are often relied upon to manage both the impacts and competing interests in the coast. The existence of these policies and laws, and their interpretation by the courts, bears a weight of expectation upon them to deliver in the face of climate change which merits further consideration. Indeed, a rich field is open from which to consider the constitution and construction of law in and across different places, in the context of climate change adaptation. The Australian coast is a unique and locally specific context from which to explore the relationship between law and place as performed in theVaughanlitigation, and this paper considers such important potential as it gains expression in theVaughanlitigation. © 2016 Institute of Australian Geographers
Association between dietary iron intake and bone mineral density: A cross‐sectional study in Chinese population
Authors: Xiong Yilin , Wei Jie , Zeng Chao , Yang Tuo , Li Hui , Deng Zhenhan , Zhang Yi , Ding Xiang , Yang Ye , Lei Guanghua 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAimThe incidence of osteoporosis is rising continuously along with the ageing process in the Chinese population. Iron is an important trace element for bone growth, development and maintenance. However, the association of dietary iron with bone mineral density has not been widely investigated. The present study examined the cross‐sectional association between dietary iron intake and phalangeal osteoporosis in the Chinese population.MethodsA total of 1870 subjects were included. Dietary intake was assessed using a semi‐quantitative food frequency questionnaire. Bone mineral density scans were performed at the middle phalanges of the second, third and fourth fingers of the non‐dominant hand. Then, a multivariable logistic analysis model was adopted to test the relationship between dietary iron intake and phalangeal osteoporosis after adjusting a number of potential confounding factors.ResultsA modest inverse association between dietary iron intake and phalangeal osteoporosis was observed in the model adjusted by a set of factors, including sex, age, body mass index, smoking status, alcohol drinking status, exercise intensity, waist circumference, total energy intake, calcium intake, fibre intake, nutrient supplementation, history of hypertension and history of diabetes. This association existed both in the total subjects and in the female subgroup, especially in the postmenopausal female subgroup, but not in the male subgroup.ConclusionsThe findings of the present study indicated that proper dietary iron intake may play a positive role in the prevention of osteoporosis in the female subgroup, especially in the postmenopausal female subgroup.
Noninvasive prenatal testing in routine clinical practice – An audit of NIPT and combined first‐trimester screening in an unselected Australian population
Authors: McLennan Andrew , Palma‐Dias Ricardo , da Silva Costa Fabricio , Meagher Simon , Nisbet Debbie L. , Scott Fergus 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundThere are limited data regarding noninvasive prenatal testing (NIPT) in low‐risk populations, and the ideal aneuploidy screening model for a pregnant population has yet to be established.AimsTo assess the implementation of NIPT into clinical practice utilising both first‐ and second‐line screening models.Materials and MethodsThree private practices specialising in obstetric ultrasound and prenatal diagnosis in Australia offered NIPT as a first‐line test, ideally followed by combined first‐trimester screening (cFTS), or as a second‐line test following cFTS, particularly in those with a calculated risk between 1:50 and 1:1000.ResultsNIPT screening was performed in 5267 women and as a first‐line screening method in 3359 (63.8%). Trisomies 21 and 13 detection was 100% and 88% for trisomy 18. Of cases with known karyotypes, the positive predictive value (PPV) of the test was highest for trisomy 21 (97.7%) and lowest for monosomy X (25%). Ultrasound detection of fetal structural abnormality resulted in the detection of five additional chromosome abnormalities, two of which had high‐risk cFTS results. For all chromosomal abnormalities, NIPT alone detected 93.4%, a contingent model detected 81.8% (P = 0.097), and cFTS alone detected 65.9% (P < 0.005).ConclusionsNIPT achieved 100% T21 detection and had a higher DR of all aneuploidy when used as a first‐line test. Given the false‐positive rate for all aneuploidies, NIPT is an advanced screening test, rather than a diagnostic test. The benefit of additional cFTS was the detection of fetal structural abnormalities and some unusual chromosomal abnormalities.
Effects of Preexcitation Syndrome on Terminal QRS Vector Observed in Spatial Vector
Authors: Wang Qingru , Chen Yang , Liu Renguang , Chang Qinghua 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundPreexcitation syndrome could affect terminal QRS vector, which is not emphasized in clinic. In this study, we made a comparison between vectorcardiogram (VCG) before and after ablation to observe the change of terminal QRS vector. Furthermore, the relationship between the change of terminal QRS vector and accessory pathway (AP) as well as the change of initial QRS vector (delta vector) was analyzed.MethodsThirty patients who were proved to have a single AP by ablation were included. All patients were divided into seven groups based on the AP location. Comparison between VCG before and after ablation was made to observe the change of terminal and delta vector. The relationship between the change of terminal QRS vector and AP location as well as delta vector was analyzed.Results(1) All 30 patients had a change in terminal QRS vector (elevation and/or azimuth) in comparison to postablation VCG. (2) The change of terminal QRS vector was related to delta vector and AP location. The agreement and consistency between the change of terminal QRS vector and delta vector were 91.65% and 0.856 (P < 0.01), respectively.Conclusions(1) Both initial and terminal QRS vector are affected by the antegrade conduction of AP. The change of terminal QRS vector is related to the AP location and delta vector. (2) The effect of preexcitation syndrome on QRS terminal vector is shown as more intuitive and easy in spatial vector by comparison with electrocardiogram, which is helpful for the diagnosis of atypical preexcitation and localization of AP.