bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Periodontitis epidemiology: is periodontitis under‐recognized, over‐diagnosed, or both?
Authors: Papapanou Panos N. , Susin Cristiano 
Published: July 2017

AbstractCurrently, two principal forms of destructive periodontal disease are recognized – chronic periodontitis and aggressive periodontitis – but their distinction in epidemiologic studies has been rather problematic because of substantial overlap of their primary features. This review critically appraises some key features relevant to the epidemiology of human periodontitis that underlie its core ‘identity’ as a bacterial biofilm‐induced, inflammatory disease and discusses its impact within the larger context of aging populations. The currently adopted epidemiologic methodologies/definitions that result in the almost ubiquitous prevalence of periodontitis indeed overestimate the occurrence of the disease that may actually put individuals at a true biologic, functional or psychosocial disadvantage. Use of these definitions has inevitably promoted the inference that periodontitis constitutes an insurmountable oral health problem. In contrast, reliance solely on physical measurements of probing depth and/or attachment loss under‐recognizes the true impact that periodontitis may have on the well‐being of individuals. It is currently unclear whether inclusion of the psychosocial and systemic dimensions of the disease in case definitions would result in higher or lower prevalence estimates. The review concludes that periodontitis should no longer be defined solely by gingival/periodontal inflammation in the presence of increased probing depths and attachment loss but should incorporate additional dimensions capturing impaired function, esthetics, and impact on general health and quality of life. A multidimensional approach to the assessment of periodontitis would facilitate an improved understanding of its epidemiology and consequences.
Small‐scale variation of corticolous microalgal covers: Effects of microhabitat, season, and space
Authors: Štifterová Anna , Neustupa Jiří 
Published: August 2017

SUMMARYThe present study focuses on temporal and microscale spatial variation of the community structure and richness of subaerial microalgae growing on the bark of European beech (Fagus sylvatica) trees in temperate deciduous forests. Subaerial phototrophic biofilms present common and conspicuous microalgal communities growing on a variety of natural and man‐made substrata. However, in comparison with other major microalgal communities such as phytoplankton and microphytobenthos, basic patterns of their spatio‐temporal variation remain largely unknown. The bark samples were collected six times each spring and autumn in a period of 3 years (2010–2013) and were cultured on agar plates, and then individual clonal strains were identified by light microscopy. A total of 55 morphotypes (considered as operational taxonomic units for subsequent analyses) were recognized, which mainly belong to the classes Trebouxiophyceae and Chlorophyceae. Interestingly, temporal variation explained the largest proportion of variation in the community structure. This variation was primarily related to seasonal fluctuations, and although the communities recorded in spring and autumn showed many overlapping taxa, a clear distinction in species composition and abundance was observed. However, the microhabitat characteristics such as bark roughness also significantly structured the microalgal community. Conversely, spatial factors such as the height of the samples above ground or distance of the samples on a trunk seemed to be of lesser importance on this scale. Thus, we concluded that the previously unrecognized seasonal changes, resulting from variation in temperature, humidity, and irradiance, as well as the non‐seasonal temporal changes, possibly resulting from local colonization or extinction of individual taxa, should be considered as one of the important factors in structuring aerial microalgal communities.
miR‐182 selectively targets HOXA10 in goat endometrial epithelium cells in vitro
Authors: Zhang L , Liu X‐R , Liu J‐Z , Song Y‐X , Zhou Z‐Q , Cao B‐Y 
Published: July 2017

ContentsProper HOXA10 expression was essential for endometrial receptivity what was crucial for successful embryo implantation in mammalian. This study confirmed that miR‐182 regulated the expression levels of HOXA10 by binding to its 3′ UTR, selectively downregulated HOXA10 in goat endometrial epithelium cells (gEECs) but not stromal cell (gESCs) in vitro. However, HOXA10 and miR‐182 both up‐expressed in the goat endometrium at gestational day 15 (D15) compared with gestational day 5 (D5), suggesting that there were some other factors regulated the expression of HOXA10 during the development of goat endometrium in vivo. What's more, HOXA10 gene silencing (HOXA10‐siRNA) resulted in gEECs apoptosis in vitro, and it regulated the protein levels of oestrogen receptor a (ERa), progesterone receptor B (PRb), insulin‐like growth factor 1 receptor (IGF1R), BCL‐2, pleiotrophin (PTN), AKT and p‐JNK in gEECs. Furthermore, HOXA10 might regulate the protein levels of endometrial receptivity biomarker genes, including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), osteopontin (OPN), cyclooxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) and prolactin receptor (PRLR) in gEECs. In conclusion, miR‐182 targeted HOXA10 selectively in EECs in vitro, and HOXA10 played an important role in maintaining the function of EECs in dairy goats.
The global burden of respiratory infections in indigenous children and adults: A review
Authors: Basnayake Thilini L. , Morgan Lucy C. , Chang Anne B. 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACTThis review article focuses on common lower respiratory infections (LRIs) in indigenous populations in both developed and developing countries, where data is available.Indigenous populations across the world share some commonalities including poorer health and socio‐economic disadvantage compared with their non‐indigenous counterparts. Generally, acute and chronic respiratory infections are more frequent and more severe in both indigenous children and adults, often resulting in substantial consequences including higher rates of bronchiectasis and poorer outcomes for patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).Risk factors for the development of respiratory infections require recognition and action. These risk factors include but are not limited to socio‐economic factors (e.g. education, household crowding and nutrition), environmental factors (e.g. smoke exposure and poor access to health care) and biological factors. Risk mitigation strategies should be delivered in a culturally appropriate manner and targeted to educate both individuals and communities at risk.Improving the morbidity and mortality of respiratory infections in indigenous people requires provision of best practice care and awareness of the scope of the problem by healthcare practitioners, governing bodies and policy makers.
Frequency and number of B‐lines using a regionally based lung ultrasound examination in cats with radiographically normal lungs compared to cats with left‐sided congestive heart failure
Authors: Lisciandro Gregory R. , Fulton Robert M. , Fosgate Geoffrey T. , Mann Kelly A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo establish a baseline lung ultrasound (LUS) artifact profile using a regionally based protocol in cats without clinical signs of respiratory disease and with radiographically normal lungs compared to a cohort of cats with left‐sided congestive heart failure (CHF).DesignProspective case series.AnimalsForty‐nine cats without clinical signs of respiratory disease and with radiographically normal lungs and 7 cats with radiographic evidence of left‐sided CHF.InterventionsApplication of a previously published LUS protocol. Frequency of B‐lines was compared based on signalment, body condition score, investigator, and reasons for radiography and between 49 cats with radiographically normal lungs to 7 cats with radiographic evidence of left‐sided CHF.ResultsOverall frequency of B‐lines was 12% (95% confidence interval, 5–24%) in cats without respiratory disease versus 100% (95% confidence interval, 65–100%) in those with left‐sided CHF. Six cats (6/49) had B‐lines with 5/6 having B‐lines at a single site; and 4/5 having a single B‐line at 1 site, 1/5 having 2 B‐lines at 1 site; and the sixth cat having 2 positive sites with a single B‐line at each. In the cohort of cats with left‐sided CHF, all cats (7/7) had >3 B‐lines detected at every site.ConclusionsThe lack of B‐lines in cats without respiratory disease (with radiographically normal lungs) and the predominance of B‐lines in cats with left‐sided CHF suggest that a regionally based LUS protocol may be clinically useful for the identification and evaluation of feline respiratory conditions.
EFFECT OF FATIGUE TEST ON SPOT WELDED STRUCTURAL JOINT
Authors: Wahid Mohammad Khalid , Muhammed Sufian Muhammad Nabil , Hussin Mohamed Saiful Firdaus 
Published: July 2017

Spot welding is mainly used method in joining sheet metals for body structure in automotive industry. The comprehension of the fatigue strength for the spot welds is very critical in automotive component design. Parameter for the resistance spot welding and fatigue machines is constant for each specimen used. The S-N curve is obtained from the fatigue testing for each specimen. This experiment parameters are varies the different thickness and different material combination in spot welding structure to investigate the fatigue life cycle and fatigue stress. For 1050A aluminium joint, fatigue life cycle and fatigue strength will decrease from number of cycle 500 at 16.58 MPa to number of cycle 61 at 6.62 MPa as the thickness increase. The fatigue life cycle and fatigue stress for galvanized iron will increase from number of cycle Â 46 at 9.25 MPa to number of cycleÂ 1500 at 57.8 MPa when the thickness of joint increase. The finding from the combination of 1050A aluminum and galvanized iron on spot welded structure has shown no improvement in term of fatigue life cycle and fatigue strength because specimens experienced failure at number of cycle 19 with fatigue stress 2.36 MPa.
Next-Generation Probiotics Targeting Clostridium difficile through Precursor-Directed Antimicrobial Biosynthesis
Authors: Spinler Jennifer K. , Auchtung Jennifer , Brown Aaron , Boonma Prapaporn , Oezguen Numan , Ross Caná L. , Luna Ruth Ann , Runge Jessica , Versalovic James , Peniche Alex , Dann Sara M. , Britton Robert A. , Haag Anthony , Savidge Tor C. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

Integration of antibiotic and probiotic therapy has the potential to lessen the public health burden of antimicrobial-associated diseases.
Clostridium difficile
infection (CDI) represents an important example where the rational design of next-generation probiotics is being actively pursued to prevent disease recurrence. Because intrinsic resistance to clinically relevant antibiotics used to treat CDI (vancomycin, metronidazole, and fidaxomicin) is a desired trait in such probiotic species, we screened several bacteria and identified
Lactobacillus reuteri
to be a promising candidate for adjunct therapy. Human-derived
L. reuteri
bacteria convert glycerol to the broad-spectrum antimicrobial compound reuterin. When supplemented with glycerol, strains carrying the
pocR
gene locus were potent reuterin producers, with
L. reuteri
17938 inhibiting
C. difficile
growth at a level on par with the level of growth inhibition by vancomycin. Targeted
pocR
mutations and complementation studies identified reuterin to be the precursor-induced antimicrobial agent. Pathophysiological relevance was demonstrated when the codelivery of
L. reuteri
with glycerol was effective against
C. difficile
colonization in complex human fecal microbial communities, whereas treatment with either glycerol or
L. reuteri
alone was ineffective. A global unbiased microbiome and metabolomics analysis independently confirmed that glycerol precursor delivery with
L. reuteri
elicited changes in the composition and function of the human microbial community that preferentially targets
C. difficile
outgrowth and toxicity, a finding consistent with glycerol fermentation and reuterin production. Antimicrobial resistance has thus been successfully exploited in the natural design of human microbiome evasion of
C. difficile
, and this method may provide a prototypic precursor-directed probiotic approach. Antibiotic resistance and substrate bioavailability may therefore represent critical new determinants of probiotic efficacy in clinical trials.
A Bacterial Stress Response Regulates Respiratory Protein Complexes To Control Envelope Stress Adaptation
Authors: Guest Randi L. , Wang Junshu , Wong Julia L. , Raivio Tracy L. 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACT

The Cpx envelope stress response mediates adaptation to stresses that affect protein folding within the envelope of Gram-negative bacteria. Recent transcriptome analyses revealed that the Cpx response impacts genes that affect multiple cellular functions predominantly associated with the cytoplasmic membrane. In this study, we examined the connection between the Cpx response and the respiratory complexes NADH dehydrogenase I and cytochrome
bo
3
in enteropathogenic
Escherichia coli
. We found that the Cpx response directly represses the transcription of the
nuo
and
cyo
operons and that Cpx-mediated repression of these complexes confers adaptation to stresses that compromise envelope integrity. Furthermore, we found that the activity of the aerobic electron transport chain is reduced in
E. coli
lacking a functional Cpx response despite no change in the transcription of either the
nuo
or the
cyo
operon. Finally, we show that expression of NADH dehydrogenase I and cytochrome
bo
3
contributes to basal Cpx pathway activity and that overproduction of individual subunits can influence pathway activation. Our results demonstrate that the Cpx response gauges and adjusts the expression, and possibly the function, of inner membrane protein complexes to enable adaptation to envelope stress.

IMPORTANCE
Bacterial stress responses allow microbes to survive environmental transitions and conditions, such as those encountered during infection and colonization, that would otherwise kill them. Enteric microbes that inhabit or infect the gut are exposed to a plethora of stresses, including changes in pH, nutrient composition, and the presence of other bacteria and toxic compounds. Bacteria detect and adapt to many of these conditions by using envelope stress responses that measure the presence of stressors in the outermost compartment of the bacterium by monitoring its physiology. The Cpx envelope stress response plays a role in antibiotic resistance and host colonization, and we have shown that it regulates many functions at the bacterial inner membrane. In this report, we describe a novel role for the Cpx response in sensing and controlling the expression of large, multiprotein respiratory complexes at the cytoplasmic membrane of
Escherichia coli
. The significance of our research is that it will increase our understanding of how these stress responses are involved in antibiotic resistance and the mechanisms used by bacteria to colonize the gut.
Embryonal carcinoma presenting as a calcified solitary testicular mass on ultrasound
Authors: Gerber Daniel , Wright Henry Collier , Sussman Rachael D , Stamatakis Lambros 
Published: August 2017

A 24-year-old man presented with a 2-week history of a painless right testicular mass; ultrasound demonstrated a dense, solitary calcified mass. The patient elected observation after further workup showed no evidence of metastasis.A repeat ultrasound 3 months later showed interval growth and the patient underwent right radical orchiectomy. Pathology was consistent with pure embryonal carcinoma of the testis. Calcified testicular masses are typically benign but do carry a differential of spermatic granuloma, large-cell calcifying Sertoli cell tumour, trauma, tuberculosis, filariasis, calcified Leydig cell tumour and burned-out testicular tumour.To our knowledge, this is the first case report of pure embryonal carcinoma presenting as a solitary calcified testicular mass.
Childhood hospitalisation and related deaths in Hanoi, Vietnam: a tertiary hospital database analysis from 2007 to 2014
Authors: Nguyen Nhung T T , Dien Tran Minh , Schindler Christian , Lien Nguyen T B , Probst-Hensch Nicole , Lan Vu T H , Künzli Nino , Perez Laura 
Published: August 2017

ObjectiveTo describe hospital admission and emergency visit rates and potential risk factors of prolonged hospitalisation and death among children in Hanoi.Study designA retrospective study reviewed 212 216 hospitalisation records of children (aged 0–17) who attended the Vietnam National Children's Hospital in Hanoi between 2007 and 2014. Four indicators were analysed and reported: (1) rate of emergency hospital visits, (2) rate of hospitalisation, (3) length of hospital stay and (4) number of deaths. The risk of prolonged hospitalisation was investigated using Cox proportion hazard, and the risk of death was investigated through logistic regressions.ResultsDuring 2007–2014, the average annual rate of emergency visits was 2.2 per 1000 children and the rate of hospital admissions was 13.8 per 1000 children. The annual rates for infants increased significantly by 3.9 per 1000 children during 2012–2014 for emergency visits and 25.1 per 1000 children during 2009–2014 for hospital admissions. Digestive diseases (32.0%) and injuries (30.2%) were common causes of emergency visits, whereas respiratory diseases (37.7%) and bacterial and parasitic infections (19.8%) accounted for most hospital admissions. Patients with mental and behavioural disorders remained in the hospital the longest (median=12 days). Morbidities related to the perinatal period dominated mortality causes (32.5% of deaths among those admitted to the hospital. Among the respiratory diseases, pneumonia was the leading cause of both prolonged hospitalisation and death.ConclusionsPreventable health problems, such as common bacterial infections and respiratory diseases, were the primary causes of hospital admissions in Vietnam.
Protocol for a prospective longitudinal study of risk factors for hypertension incidence in a Mexico City population: the Tlalpan 2020 cohort
Authors: Colín-Ramírez Eloisa , Rivera-Mancía Susana , Infante-Vázquez Oscar , Cartas-Rosado Raúl , Vargas-Barrón Jesús , Madero Magdalena , Vallejo Maite 
Published: August 2017

IntroductionSystemic hypertension (HTN) is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In Mexico, HTN prevalence has increased over time and is currently 31%. Nonetheless, information about the country's HTN incidence and its associated risk factors is scarce. Understanding this condition is a priority for identifying the scope of primary prevention. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the effect of traditional and non-traditional risk factors on the incidence of HTN in a cohort of healthy Mexico City residents under biannual follow-up for 10 years.Methods and analysisA prospective longitudinal study is proposed in which clinically healthy residents of Mexico City between 20 and 50 years old will be recruited; the participants will be evaluated every 2 years over a period of 10 years or until they develop HTN. Evaluations regarding sociodemographic, clinical, anthropometric, biochemical, diet, physical activity, stress, sleep quality, alcohol and tobacco consumption factors will be performed. The participants will be recruited from the 16 municipalities of Mexico City through promotional strategies aimed at the community and will be clinically evaluated at a tertiary care institution, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez), located in Mexico City, Mexico. Sample size estimated for this study is 3436, and the Cox proportional hazards model will be used to estimate HRs for the association between explanatory variables and HTN using both raw and adjusted data.Ethics and disseminationThis study was approved by the Institutional Bioethics Committee of the Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez (National Institute of Cardiology Ignacio Chavez) under number 13-802. Findings from this study will be disseminated through scientific papers and research conferences.
Sancus 2.0
Authors: Noorman Job , Bulck Jo Van , Mühlberg Jan Tobias , Piessens Frank , Maene Pieter , Preneel Bart , Verbauwhede Ingrid , Götzfried Johannes , Müller Tilo , Freiling Felix 
Published: August 2017

The Sancus security architecture for networked embedded devices was proposed in 2013 at the USENIX Security conference. It supports remote (even third-party) software installation on devices while maintaining strong security guarantees. More specifically, Sancus can remotely attest to a software provider that a specific software module is running uncompromised and can provide a secure communication channel between software modules and software providers. Software modules can securely maintain local state and can securely interact with other software modules that they choose to trust.
Over the past three years, significant experience has been gained with applications of Sancus, and several extensions of the architecture have been investigated—both by the original designers as well as by independent researchers. Informed by these additional research results, this journal version of the Sancus paper describes an improved design and implementation, supporting additional security guarantees (such as confidential deployment) and a more efficient cryptographic core.
We describe the design of Sancus 2.0 (without relying on any prior knowledge of Sancus) and develop and evaluate a prototype FPGA implementation. The prototype extends an MSP430 processor with hardware support for the memory access control and cryptographic functionality required to run Sancus. We report on our experience using Sancus in a variety of application scenarios and discuss some important avenues of ongoing and future work.