bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Establishing a sustainable childhood obesity monitoring system in regional Victoria
Authors: Crooks Nicholas , Strugnell Claudia , Bell Colin , Allender Steve 
Published: December 2016

Issue addressedChildhood obesity poses a significant immediate and long‐term burden to individuals, societies and health systems. Infrequent and inadequate monitoring has led to uncertainty about trends in childhood obesity prevalence in many countries. High‐quality data, collected at regular intervals, over extended timeframes, with high response rates and timely feedback are essential to support prevention efforts. Our aim was to establish a sustainable childhood obesity monitoring system in regional Australia to collect accurate anthropometric and behavioural data, provide timely feedback to communities and build community engagement and capacity.MethodsAll schools from six government regions of South‐West Victoria were invited to participate. Passive (opt‐out) consent was used to collect measured anthropometric and self‐reported behavioural data from children in years 2, 4, and 6, aged 7–12 years.ResultsWe achieved a 70% school participation rate (n = 46) and a 93% student response rate (n = 2198) among government and independent schools. Results were reported within 10 weeks post data collection. Harnessing high levels of community engagement throughout the planning, data collection and reporting phases increased community capacity and data utility.ConclusionsThe monitoring system achieved high response rates, community engagement and community capacity building, and delivered results back to the community in a timely manner.So what?This system has the potential to provide sustainable monitoring of childhood obesity that is not dependent on external funding. The results of this monitoring will likely inform health promotion efforts in communities across the region.
Whole-GUV patch-clamping
Authors: Garten Matthias , Mosgaard Lars D. , Bornschlögl Thomas , Dieudonné Stéphane , Bassereau Patricia , Toombes Gilman E. S. 
Published: December 2016

Significance
Although membrane composition and tension modulate the activity of ion channels and transporters, this protein–membrane coupling has been challenging to study due to the difficulty of controlling membrane properties in cells and technical limitations of existing in vitro systems. This work demonstrates that the whole-cell patch-clamp technique is stabilized by a dynamic passivation mechanism that can be used to control and measure the current and voltage of intact giant unilamellar vesicles (GUVs), a cell-sized model biomimetic system in which the membrane composition, tension, and shape can be readily controlled. The resulting “whole-GUV” configuration will permit electrophysiological studies of ion channels and transporters in a membrane with a defined composition and physiologically relevant range of tensions.
Association of Household Wealth Index, Educational Status, and Social Capital with Hypertension Awareness, Treatment, and Control in South Asia
Authors: Gupta Rajeev , Kaur Manmeet , Islam Shofiqul , Mohan Viswanathan , Mony Prem , Kumar Rajesh , Kutty Vellappillil Raman , Iqbal Romaina , Rahman Omar , Deepa Mohan , Antony Justy , Vijaykumar Krishnapillai , Kazmi Khawar , Yusuf Rita , Mohan Indu , Panwar Raja Babu , Rangarajan Sumathy , Yusuf Salim 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

OBJECTIVE
Hypertension control rates are low in South Asia. To determine association of measures of socioeconomic status (wealth, education, and social capital) with hypertension awareness, treatment, and control among urban and rural subjects in these countries we performed the present study.

METHODS
We enrolled 33,423 subjects aged 35–70 years (women 56%, rural 53%, low-education status 51%, low household wealth 25%, low-social capital 33%) in 150 communities in India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh during 2003–2009. Prevalence of hypertension and its awareness, treatment, and control status and their association with wealth, education, and social capital were determined.

RESULTS
Age-, sex-, and location-adjusted prevalence of hypertension in men was 31.5% (23.9–40.2%) and women was 32.6% (24.9–41.5%) with variations in prevalence across study sites (urban 30–56%, rural 11–43%). Prevalence was significantly greater in urban locations, older subjects, and participants with more wealth, greater education, and lower social capital index. Hypertension awareness was in 40.4% (urban 45.9, rural 32.5), treatment in 31.9% (urban 37.6, rural 23.6), and control in 12.9% (urban 15.4, rural 9.3). Control was lower in men and younger subjects. Hypertension awareness, treatment, and control were significantly lower, respectively, in lowest vs. highest wealth index tertile (26.2 vs. 50.6%, 16.9 vs. 44.0%, and 6.9 vs. 17.3%, P &lt; 0.001) and lowest vs. highest educational status tertile (31.2 vs. 48.4%, 21.8 vs. 42.1%, and 7.8 vs. 19.2%, P &lt; 0.001) while insignificant differences were observed in lowest vs. highest social capital index (38.2 vs. 36.1%, 35.1 vs. 27.8%, and 12.5 vs. 9.1%).

CONCLUSIONS
This study shows low hypertension awareness, treatment, and control in South Asia. Lower wealth and educational status are important in low hypertension awareness, treatment, and control.
Implementation of a Rapid Genotypic Assay to Promote Targeted Ciprofloxacin Therapy of Neisseria gonorrhoeae in a Large Health System
Authors: Allan-Blitz Lao-Tzu , Humphries Romney M. , Hemarajata Peera , Bhatti Ashima , Pandori Mark W. , Siedner Mark J. , Klausner Jeffrey D. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
Multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae is a top threat to public health. In November 2015, UCLA Health introduced a rapid gyrase A (gyrA) genotypic assay for prediction of Neisseria gonorrhoeae susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. We found a significant reduction in ceftriaxone use with a concomitant increase in targeted therapy.
Sustained Antibody Responses 6 Years Following 1, 2, or 3 Doses of Quadrivalent Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Vaccine in Adolescent Fijian Girls, and Subsequent Responses to a Single Dose of Bivalent HPV Vaccine: A Prospective Cohort Study
Authors: Toh Zheng Quan , Russell Fiona M. , Reyburn Rita , Fong James , Tuivaga Evelyn , Ratu Tupou , Nguyen Cattram D. , Devi Rachel , Kama Mike , Matanitobua Silivia , Tabrizi Sepehr N. , Garland Suzanne M. , Sinha Rohit , Frazer Ian , Tikoduadua Lisi , Kado Joseph , Rafai Eric , Mulholland Edward K. , Licciardi Paul V. 
Published: December 2016

Abstract

Background.
The duration of antibody response following reduced human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccine doses has not been determined. We compared the antibody responses in girls previously vaccinated with zero, 1, 2, or 3 doses of quadrivalent HPV vaccine (4vHPV; Gardasil, Merck) 6 years previously.

Methods.
A prospective cohort study was undertaken in 200 Fijian girls 15–19 years of age. Approximately equal numbers of girls from 2 main ethnic groups (Fijians of Indian descent [FID] and Indigenous Fijians [iTaukei]) in Fiji were recruited for each dosage groups. Blood was drawn before and 28 days following a single dose of bivalent HPV vaccine (2vHPV; Cervarix, GlaxoSmithKline). We measured neutralizing antibodies (NAb) against HPV-6, -11, -16, and -18 using the pseudovirion-based neutralization assay.

Results.
After 6 years (before a dose of 2vHPV was given), the geometric mean NAb titers for all 4 HPV types were not statistically different between 2-dose (2D) and 3-dose (3D) recipients: HPV-6 (3D: 2216 [95% confidence interval {CI},1695–2896]; 2D: 1476 [95% CI, 1019–2137]; P = .07), HPV-11 (3D: 4431 [95% CI, 3396–5783]; 2D: 2951 [95% CI, 1984–4390]; P = .09), HPV-16 (3D: 3373 [95% CI, 2511–4530]; 2D: 3275 [95% CI, 2452–4373]; P = .89); HPV-18 (3D: 628 [95% CI: 445–888]; 2D: 606 [95% CI, 462–862]; P = .89), and were higher in FID than iTaukei girls. Although 1-dose recipients had significantly lower NAb titers than 2-/3-dose recipients, their NAb titers were 5- to 30-fold higher than unvaccinated girls. Post-2vHPV NAb titers against HPV-16 and -18 were not statistically different between girls who received 1, 2, or 3 doses of 4vHPV previously.

Conclusions.
Two doses of 4vHPV provide similar NAb titers as 3 doses for 6 years, although the clinical significance is unknown. A single dose of 4vHPV elicits antibodies that persisted for at least 6 years, and induced immune memory, suggesting possible protection against HPV vaccine types after a single dose of 4vHPV.
OUTCOMES OF ANTI-VEGF THERAPY IN CHOROIDAL NEOVASCULARIZATION AFTER MACULAR SURGERY
Authors: Hua Duc Anh , Casella Antonio M. , Berrocal Maria H. , Han Dennis , Alshareef Rayan A. , Quiroz-Mercado Hugo , Arevalo J. Fernando , Chhablani Jay 
Published: December 2016

Purpose:
To report treatment outcomes of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy in choroidal neovascularization (CNV) presenting after macular surgery.

Methods:
Retrospective analysis of 7 eyes of 7 patients, who were diagnosed to have CNV after macular surgery and were treated with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. Collected data included demographic details; history of present illness; surgical procedure; and clinical examination including visual acuity at presentation and follow-up with imaging and management. Main outcome measures were resolution of CNV activity at the last follow-up. Secondary outcomes included change in visual acuity at final follow-up from baseline, number of injections, treatment free interval, and adverse events.

Results:
Seven eyes of 7 patients (2 females and 5 males), which underwent macular surgery (4 macular hole repairs and 3 epiretinal membrane (ERM) removal), were included in this study. Two eyes had drusen at the time of surgery; however, five eyes had no preexisting conditions. Mean interval between surgery and CNV development was 21.07 ± 38.55 months (range, 2 months–9 years). All patients had undergone intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor injections (range, 2–15; mean number: 5.85) with one eye requiring additional photodynamic therapy (PDT) and focal laser. Visual acuity was unchanged with inactive CNV at the last visit in all eyes after anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy. The mean follow-up duration after the development of CNV was 35.5 months (range, 6.5 months–8 years).

Conclusion:
Choroidal neovascularization occurring after otherwise successful macular surgery is uncommon with unknown predisposing factors. This entity appears to have poor visual outcome with currently available anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy.
Customizing Extensor Reconstruction in Vascularized Toe Joint Transfers to Finger Proximal Interphalangeal Joints: A Strategic Approach for Correcting Extensor Lag
Authors: Loh Charles Yuen Yung , Hsu Chung-Chen , Lin Cheng-Hung , Chen Shih-Heng , Lien Shwu-Huei , Lin Chih-Hung , Wei Fu-Chan , Lin Yu-Te 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Vascularized toe proximal interphalangeal joint transfer allows the restoration of damaged joints. However, extensor lag and poor arc of motion have been reported. The authors present their outcomes of treatment according to a novel reconstructive algorithm that addresses extensor lag and allows for consistent results postoperatively.

Methods:
Vascularized toe joint transfers were performed in a consecutive series of 26 digits in 25 patients. The average age was 30.5 years, with 14 right and 12 left hands. Reconstructed digits included eight index, 10 middle, and eight ring fingers. Simultaneous extensor reconstructions were performed and eight were centralization of lateral bands, five were direct extensor digitorum longus–to–extensor digitorum communis repairs, and 13 were central slip reconstructions.

Results:
The average length of follow-up was 16.7 months. The average extension lag was 17.9 degrees. The arc of motion was 57.7 degrees (81.7 percent functional use of pretransfer toe proximal interphalangeal joint arc of motion). There was no significant difference in the reconstructed proximal interphalangeal joint arc of motion for the handedness (p = 0.23), recipient digits (p = 0.37), or surgical experience in vascularized toe joint transfer (p = 0.25). The outcomes of different techniques of extensor mechanism reconstruction were similar in terms of extensor lag, arc of motion, and reconstructed finger arc of motion compared with the pretransfer toe proximal interphalangeal joint arc of motion.

Conclusion:
With this treatment algorithm, consistent outcomes can be produced with minimal extensor lag and maximum use of potential toe proximal interphalangeal joint arc of motion.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Adipose Extracellular Matrix/Stromal Vascular Fraction Gel: A Novel Adipose Tissue–Derived Injectable for Stem Cell Therapy
Authors: Yao Yao , Dong Ziqing , Liao Yunjun , Zhang Pan , Ma Jingjing , Gao Jianhua , Lu Feng 
Published: December 2016

Background:
Adipose-derived stem cells and other stromal vascular fraction cells were used more often for stem cell therapy, even though limitations such as poor cell retention rate, complicated and expensive isolation processes, and the use of specific laboratory equipment need to be overcome.

Methods:
Here, the authors developed a novel but simple method for generating an injectable mixture of stromal vascular fraction cells and native adipose extracellular matrix. It is a purely mechanical process in which lipoaspirate is processed into an extracellular matrix/stromal vascular fraction gel. The standard processing procedure was established using quantized tests. The therapeutic potential of the product for wound healing was then tested.

Results:
Extracellular matrix/stromal vascular fraction gel derived from lipoaspirate and processed using a standard Coleman technique, followed by 1 minute of mechanical processing by passage back and forth between two 10-ml syringes at a flow rate of 10 ml/second, showed the highest adipose-derived stem cell and endothelial cell density. The stromal vascular fraction cells within the product also showed potential for multipotent differentiation similar to that of normal fat samples. In addition, the product showed better therapeutic results than stromal vascular fraction cell suspension when used to treat a nude mouse model of wound healing.

Conclusions:
Extracellular matrix/stromal vascular fraction gel is an autologous injectable derived from native extracellular matrix and is a functional cellular component generated using a simple mechanical process. As such, it may offer a novel mode of tissue repair suitable for clinical application in stem cell therapies.
Statistical testing and power analysis for brain-wide association study
Authors: Gong Weikang , Wan Lin , Lu Wenlian , Ma Liang , Cheng Fan , Cheng Wei , Grünewald Stefan , Feng Jianfeng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe identification of connexel-wise associations, which involves examining functional connectivities between pairwise voxels across the whole brain, is both statistically and computationally challenging. Although such a connexel-wise methodology has recently been adopted by brain-wide association studies (BWAS) to identify connectivity changes in several mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, autism and depression [Cheng et al., 2015a,b, 2016], the multiple correction and power analysis methods designed specifically for connexel-wise analysis are still lacking. Therefore, we herein report the development of a rigorous statistical framework for connexel-wise significance testing based on the Gaussian random field theory. It includes controlling the family-wise error rate (FWER) of multiple hypothesis testings using topological inference methods, and calculating power and sample size for a connexel-wise study. Our theoretical framework can control the false-positive rate accurately, as validated empirically using two resting-state fMRI datasets. Compared with Bonferroni correction and false discovery rate (FDR), it can reduce false-positive rate and increase statistical power by appropriately utilizing the spatial information of fMRI data. Importantly, our method considerably reduces the computational complexity of a permutation-or simulation-based approach, thus, it can efficiently tackle large datasets with ultra-high resolution images. The utility of our method is shown in a case-control study. Our approach can identify altered functional connectivities in a major depression disorder dataset, whereas existing methods failed. A software package is available athttps://github.com/weikanggong/BWAS.
Acidic pH-dependent depletion ofMycobacterium tuberculosisthiol pools potentiates antibiotics and oxidizing agents
Authors: Coulson Garry B. , Johnson Benjamin K. , Colvin Christopher J. , Fillinger Robert J. , Zheng Huiqing , Haiderer Elizabeth R. , Hammer Neal D. , Abramovitch Robert B. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) must sense and adapt to immune pressures such as acidic pH and reactive oxygen species (ROS) during pathogenesis. The goal of this study was to isolate compounds that inhibit acidic pH resistance, thus defining virulence pathways that are vulnerable to chemotherapy. Here we report that the acidic pH-dependent compound AC2P36 depletes intracellular thiol pools, sensitizes Mtb to killing by acidic pH, and potentiates the bactericidal activity of isoniazid, clofazimine, and oxidizing agents. We show that the pHdependent activity of AC2P36 is associated with metabolic stress at acidic pH and a pHdependent accumulation of intracellular ROS. Mechanism of action studies show that AC2P36 directly depletes Mtb thiol pools. These data support a model where chemical depletion of Mtb thiol pools at acidic pH enhances sensitivity to oxidative damage, resulting in bacterial killing and potentiation of antibiotics.
Isolation and Gene Flow in a Speciation Continuum in Newts
Authors: Pabijan Maciej , Zieliński Piotr , Dudek Katarzyna , Stuglik Michał , Babik Wiesław 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBecause reproductive isolation often evolves gradually, differentiating lineages may retain the potential for genetic exchange for prolonged periods, providing an opportunity to quantify and understand the fundamental role of gene flow during speciation. Here we delimit taxa, reconstruct the phylogeny and infer gene flow in newts of theLissotriton vulgarisspecies complex based on 74 nuclear markers sampled from 127 localities. We demonstrate that distinct lineages along the speciation continuum in newts exchange nontrivial amounts of genes, affecting their evolutionary trajectories. By integrating a wide array of methods, we delimit nine taxa and show that two principle factors have driven their genetic differentiation: time since the last common ancestor determining levels of shared ancestral polymorphism, and shifts in geographic distributions determining the extent of secondary contact. Post-divergence gene flow, indicative of evolutionary non-independence, has been most extensive between sister and non-sister taxa in Central Europe, while four southern European lineages have acquired the population genetic hallmarks of independent species (L. graecus,L. kosswigi,L. lantzi,L. schmidtleri). We obtained strong statistical support for widespread mtDNA introgression, previously suggested by discordance between mtDNA phylogeny and morphology. Our study suggests that long-term evolution in structured populations that may periodically exchange genes may be common: although some of these populations may become extinct or fuse, others will acquire complete reproductive isolation and will carry signatures of this complex history in their genomes.
Non-random mating and information theory
Authors: Carvajal-Rodríguez A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn this work, mate choice is modeled by means of the abstract concept of mutual mating propensity. This only assumes that different type of couples can have different mating success. The model is adequate for any population where mating occurs among distinct types. There is no extra assumption about particular mating scheme or preference model. The concept of mutual mating propensity permits to express the observed change in the mating phenotypes as the gain in information with respect to random mating. The obtained expression is a form of the Price equation in which the mapping between ancestral and descendant population is substituted by a mapping between random mating and non random mating population.At the same time, this framework provides the connection between mate choice and the exact mathematical partition of the choice effects, namely sexual isolation, sexual selection and a mixed effect. The sexual selection component is the sum of the intra-sexual male and female selection.The proposed framework helps to unveil previously hidden invariants. For example, if the mutual preference between partner types is multiplicative there is no sexual isolation (inter-sexual selection) effect on the frequencies, i.e. the only possible effect of mate choice is intra-sexual selection. On the contrary, whatever the contribution of each partner to the mutual preference, if it comes as a non-multiplicative factor, there is at least an inter-sexual selection detectable effect.This new view over the mate choice problem, permits to develop general mating propensity models and to make predictions of the mate choice effects that may emerge from such models. This possibility opens up the way for setting a general theory of model fitting and multimodel inference for mate choice.Thus, it is suggested that the proposed framework, by describing mate choice as the flow of information due to non-random mating, provides a new important setting for exploring different mating models and their consequences.
The Constancy of Colored After-Images
Authors: Zeki Semir , Cheadle Samuel , Pepper Joshua , Mylonas Dimitris 
Published: December 2016

AbstractWe undertook psychophysical experiments to determine whether the color of the after-image produced by viewing a colored patch which is part of a complex multi-colored scene depends on the wavelength-energy composition of the light reflected from that patch. Our results show that, just as the color of a patch which is part of a complex scene is independent of the wavelength-energy composition of the light coming from it alone, but depends as well on the wavelength-energy composition of the light coming from its surrounds, so is the color of its after-image. Hence, traditional accounts of after-images as being the result of retinal adaptation or the perceptual result of physiological opponency, are inadequate. We propose instead that the color of after-images is generated after colors themselves are generated in the visual brain.