bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Porifera
Authors: Leys Sally P. , Farrar Nathan 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Poriphera sponges are benthic animals that filter vast volumes of water to extract bacteria and other pico-plankton. While sponges have tissues and some regionalization of the body is present, complex tissues such as conventional muscle and nerves are absent, which in part explains their slow movements. Sponge effectors are smooth muscle-like epithelial cells, which contract to reduce the size of water canals or the size of the whole sponge; and flagella, which arrest beating, stopping the suction of water through the body. Sensory systems include larval light-sensitive cells that direct swimming orientation, and primary cilia that are presumed to allow responses to change in flow. Signalling conduits are epithelia with junctions that are simple, allowing mechanical stretching between and along cells, and also presumably the passage of slow signals via metabotropic receptors. Molecular infrastructure includes the majority of scaffolding proteins for post-synaptic densities. Glutamatergic signalling has been demonstrated, as has responsiveness to a suite of other small molecules. Portions of the pathways for manufacturing signalling molecules (e.g. epinephrine, dopamine, serotonin) are present, and receptors exist that bind several of them loosely, but without clear identity with 5HT or adrenergic receptors. Electrical signalling involving calcium-potassium action potentials that travel along unique syncytial tissues, is found only in glass sponges, where it controls the arrest of feeding current and prevents uptake of unwanted particles. The sponge sensory and coordination system—in both cellular and syncytial forms—is well adapted to controlling the movement of water through the body.
Platyhelminthes (Excluding Neodermata)
Authors: Hartenstein Volker 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe platyhelminthes represent a large and diverse group of free-living and parasitic worms. Morphologically, flatworms can be characterized by the absence of a coelom and a vascular system, by the absence of mitosis among all differentiated cells, and by the existence of totipotent stem cells (neoblasts) that continuously replace somatic tissues. Free-living flatworms (‘Turbellaria’) have a gut with a single opening and a simple or muscular pharynx, and an epidermal layer of multiciliated cells that form the main organ of locomotion. Among the free living plathelminths, several major groups have been distinguished. In spite of their diversity in form and habitats, flatworms have a nervous system that shares a number of architectural characters. All flatworm possess a more or less compact anterior brain resembling a typical invertebrate ganglion. Nerve cell bodies are arranged as an external cell layer (‘cortex’) around a central neuropil. The central nervous system of the trunk consists of several paired nerve cords, which represent medullary cords. In many species, a ventral, lateral, and dorsal pairs of nerve cords can be distinguished. Typically, the ventral cord is more strongly developed, and is called the ‘main cord’. Interconnected by more or less regularly distributed transverse commissures, cords and commissures together form the so-called ‘orthogon’. A glial sheath, as found in other invertebrates such as annelids, molluscs, or arthropods, is absent in flatworms. Nervous system development, as opposed to regeneration, has been investigated in several descriptive studies, using markers that label differentiating neurons and their processes.
Gnathostomulida
Authors: Schmidt-Rhaesa Andreas 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Gnathostomulida is a taxon with about 100 described species to date. Species live in the marine interstitial system and have a worldwide distribution. The general appearance is more or less flatworm-like, but it is their conspicuous jaw apparatus that gives the taxon its name. There is a brain in the anterior body region, it has a central neuropil and a covering of peripheral somata. Up to six longitudinal neurite bundles run into the body, while in some species they all appear equal, in other species they are of different length and thickness, with the ventrolateral pair being dominant. Fine transverse neurites may be present, connecting the longitudinal bundles. One further element is a buccal ganglion that is positioned posterior of the jaw apparatus. Gnathostomulids contain a number of different sensory structures, in particular in the epidermis. These range from sensory ‘bristles’ to intraepidermal spiral ciliary receptors. Only two types of neurotransmitters have been successfully identified in gnathostomulids, using immunohistochemistry: the peptide family FMRFamides and the monoamine 5-HT (serotonin).
Perspective—Nervous System Development in Bilaterian Larvae: Testing the Concept of ‘Primary Larvae’
Authors: Richter Stefan , Stach Thomas , Wanninger Andreas 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSince the dawn of evolutionary theory, ‘larvae’ have played a prominent role in the interpretation of animal evolution. Jägersten suggested in 1972 that the ‘pelagic larval type has persisted in ontogeny without interruption since its first appearance’ and he termed those larvae which can be traced back directly to this ancient larva, ‘primary larvae’. This chapter reviews the development of the nervous system in the various types of larvae, where our knowledge has increased tremendously over the past decade, based on new immunohistochemical techniques in combination with confocal laser-scanning microscopy. The chapter focuses especially on correspondence and non-correspondence between the different larval types, thereby testing the ‘primary larva’ concept of Jägersten (1972) with reference to the protostome-deuterostome ancestor (PDA). The data currently available support the hypothesis of a PDA with a pelago-benthic life cycle, including a pelagic larva with an apical organ and a larval nervous system that at least partially disappeared during metamorphosis. This also supports Jägersten’s ‘primary larva’ concept. The crustacean nauplius is unlikely to constitute a ‘primary larva’. The major problems are that structures comparable to an ‘apical organ’ are absent and that the entire larval nervous system persists during metamorphosis and into the adult stage.
Cycliophora
Authors: Neves Ricardo C. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Cycliophora is a group of minute, acoelomate animals that live on the mouthparts of nephropid lobsters. The cycliophoran life cycle alternates between asexual and sexual reproduction, and involves a succession of adult and larval stages. All life cycle stages are bilaterally symmetric. Knowledge on the neuroanatomy of Cycliophora resulted initially from light and transmission electron microscopy studies. More recently, a number of immunocytochemical and confocal microscopy studies have contributed new data on the nervous system of several life cycle stages of Cycliophora. All larval stages—namely the Pandora larva, the Prometheus larva, and the chordoid larva—possess a dorsal brain constituted by a pair of lateral clusters of perikarya and a median neuropile. However, the presence of a brain in the feeding stage is still controversial. Moreover, the chordoid larva has four distinct ventral longitudinal neurites, while the other larval forms have only two. Since all larval types of Cycliophora lack a serotonergic apical organ with flask-shaped cells, the overall neuroanatomical condition of cycliophoran larvae resembles much more the situation found in adult rather than larval Spiralia.
Perspective—Brain Atlases For Studying Neuronal Circuitry In Arthropods
Authors: Rybak Jürgen 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe study of neuronal circuits that mediate an animal’s behaviour requires a multidisciplinary approach. The brains of arthropods, such as the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster and the honey bee Apis mellifera, can be investigated at the level of single cells or small networks. These important model systems allow us to unravel neural correlates and the neuroanatomical specifications underlying sensory processing, associative and non-associative learning, and motor control. A structural correlate for functional studies is the basic element of all nervous systems, the neuron. Neuronal networks that make up the brain are currently analysed at different levels ranging from macro scales (brain-wide connectivity) to synaptic microcircuitry (connectome). Comparative neuroanatomy also quantifies morphological characteristics, and, in recent years, digital brain atlases have emerged as important tools at the interface of neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, behaviour, and neuroinformatics. Initially, digital brain atlases were used as a platform to exchange data across different laboratories and experiments. Furthermore, they served as a basis for acquiring morphological data at different levels of resolution; using diverse imaging modalities (e.g. classical histology, confocal microscopy), these data were registered into a 3D reference system. Insect brain atlases already exist for several species (e.g. Drosophila melanogaster, Manduca sexta, Schistocerca gregaria, Bombyx mori, Heliothis virescens, and Apis mellifera) and are used to study brain development and neuromorphological plasticity. Here, the chapter discusses the versatility of imaging registration techniques, using examples from the olfactory system of the honeybee, Apis mellifera, and the vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster, and show why physiological, molecular, and in vivo data obtained across neurobiological disciplines should be integrated into future databases to create dynamic computational models of brain function.
Myriapoda
Authors: Sombke Andy , Rosenberg Jörg 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMyriapoda, comprising Chilopoda, Diplopoda, Symphyla, and Pauropoda, are multi-legged obligate terrestrial arthropods. Although they have a worldwide distribution and can occur in large quantities, many aspects of their biology including, e.g. morphology, physiology, and behaviour, are understudied. Moreover, in comparison with hexapods and crustaceans, little is known about the architecture and organization of the nervous system or neurogenesis in myriapods. The present review provides a brief overview on historical investigations in neuroanatomy, introduces the general layout of the myriapod nervous system, and introduces relevant brain components that are described in comparison to other arthropods using a contemporary, unified, neuroanatomical nomenclature. In general, the most prominent part of the nervous system, the brain, is a syncerebrum, which is composed of the three neuromeres, proto-, deuto-, and tritocerebrum. The protocerebrum features major neuropils such as, e.g. the mushroom bodies, two optic neuropils, and a central body, whereas olfactory and mechanosensory neuropils are, most prominently, located within the deutocerebrum. The tritocerebrum innervates the preoral head region and connects to the suboesophageal ganglion and ventral nerve cord. Morphological characteristics of certain neuropils are so far best investigated in representatives of Chilopoda, although often restricted to individual species. The chapter discusses evolutionary aspects of the brain architecture in myriapods in comparison to that of other Mandibulata.
Tunicata
Authors: Manni Lucia , Pennati Roberta 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTunicata comprise approximately 3000 species of marine animals. They have evolved different reproductive strategies and life cycles, also comprising asexual reproduction. Their larva has a typical chordate body plan, with a dorsal hollow neural tube. At metamorphosis, the larval nervous system undergoes deep rearrangements and in the adult the central nervous system consists of a brain located between the two siphons. Studies on the tunicate nervous system began at the end of the nineteenth century and saw a renewal of interest from the early 1980s with the advent of molecular biology technologies. The central nervous system of the ascidian larva is considered a miniaturized model of the vertebrate nervous system. For this reason, it is the focus of research aimed at investigating the organization and evolution of the vertebrate nervous system. Alternatively, the ascidian adult nervous system has been generally considered to be uninteresting, even if it shows peculiarities, such as the ability to regenerate, the interconnection with excitable epithelia, and alternative developmental pathways in colonial species. This chapter integrates knowledge from classical morphological studies with recent findings from molecular investigations, mainly focusing on ascidians, the most studied tunicate taxon. An overview of the neuro-anatomy of adults and larvae is reported, with particular emphasis on the sensory organs and neurotransmitter localization.
CUSTOM-SEQ: a prototype for oncology rapid learning in a comprehensive EHR environment
Authors: Warner Jeremy L , Wang Lucy , Pao William , Sosman Jeffrey A , Atreya Ravi V , Carney Pam , Levy Mia A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackground: As targeted cancer therapies and molecular profiling become widespread, the era of “precision oncology” is at hand. However, cancer genomes are complex, making mutation-specific outcomes difficult to track. We created a proof-of-principle, CUSTOM-SEQ: Continuously Updating System for Tracking Outcome by Mutation, to Support Evidence-based Querying, to automatically calculate and display mutation-specific survival statistics from electronic health record data.Methods: Patients with cancer genotyping were included, and clinical data was extracted through a variety of algorithms. Results were refreshed regularly and injected into a standard reporting platform. Significant results were highlighted for visual cueing. A subset was additionally stratified by stage, smoking status, and treatment exposure.Results: By August 2015, 4310 patients with a median follow-up of 17 months had sufficient data for survival calculation. As expected, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) mutations in lung cancer were associated with superior overall survival, hazard ratio (HR) = 0.53 (P &lt; .001), validating the approach. Guanine nucleotide binding protein (G protein), q polypeptide (GNAQ) mutations in melanoma were associated with inferior overall survival, a novel finding (HR = 3.42, P &lt; .001). Smoking status was not prognostic for epidermal growth factor receptor–mutated lung cancer patients, who also lived significantly longer than their counterparts, even with advanced disease (HR = 0.54, P = .001).Interpretation: CUSTOM-SEQ represents a novel rapid learning system for a precision oncology environment. Retrospective studies are often limited by study of specific time periods and can lead to incomplete conclusions. Because data is continuously updated in CUSTOM-SEQ, the evidence base is constantly growing. Future work will allow users to interactively explore populations by demographics and treatment exposure, in order to further investigate significant mutation-specific signals.
Finding Planet Nine: a Monte Carlo approach
Authors: de la Fuente Marcos C. , de la Fuente Marcos R. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Planet Nine is a hypothetical planet located well beyond Pluto that has been proposed in an attempt to explain the observed clustering in physical space of the perihelia of six extreme trans-Neptunian objects or ETNOs. The predicted approximate values of its orbital elements include a semimajor axis of 700 au, an eccentricity of 0.6, an inclination of 30°, and an argument of perihelion of 150°. Searching for this putative planet is already under way. Here, we use a Monte Carlo approach to create a synthetic population of Planet Nine orbits and study its visibility statistically in terms of various parameters and focusing on the aphelion configuration. Our analysis shows that, if Planet Nine exists and is at aphelion, it might be found projected against one out of the four specific areas in the sky. Each area is linked to a particular value of the longitude of the ascending node and two of them are compatible with an apsidal anti-alignment scenario. In addition and after studying the current statistics of ETNOs, a cautionary note on the robustness of the perihelia clustering is presented.
Discovery of a very weak magnetic field on the Am star Alhena
Authors: Blazère A. , Neiner C. , Petit P. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Alhena (γ Gem) was observed in the frame of the BRIght Target Explorer spectropolarimetric survey, which gathers high resolution, high signal-to-noise, high sensitivity, spectropolarimetric observations of all stars brighter than V = 4 to combine seismic and spectropolarimetric studies of bright stars. We present here the discovery of a very weak magnetic field on the Am star Alhena, thanks to very high signal-to-noise spectropolarimetric data obtained with Narval at Télescope Bernard Lyot. All previously studied Am stars show the presence of ultraweak (sub-Gauss) fields with Zeeman signatures with an unexpected prominent positive lobe. However, Alhena presents a slightly stronger (but still very weak, only a few Gauss) field with normal Zeeman signatures with a positive and negative lobe, as found in stronger field (hundreds or thousands of Gauss) stars. It is the first detection of a normal magnetic signature in an Am star. Alhena is thus a very interesting object, which might provide the clue to understanding the peculiar shapes of the magnetic signatures of the other Am stars.
Pomegranate Juice Polyphenols Induce Macrophage Death via Apoptosis as Opposed to Necrosis Induced by Free Radical Generation: A Central Role for Oxidative Stress
Authors: Rom Oren , Volkova Nina , Nandi Sukhendu , Jelinek Raz , Aviram Michael 
Published: March 2016

Abstract:
At high concentrations, polyphenols induce cell death, and the polyphenols-rich pomegranate juice (PJ), known for its antioxidative/antiatherogenic properties, can possibly affect cell death, including macrophage death involved in atherogenesis. In the present study, apoptotic/necrotic macrophage death was analyzed in J774A.1 macrophages and in peritoneal macrophages isolated from atherosclerotic apoE−/− mice treated with PJ. The effects of PJ were compared with those of the free radical generator 2, 2′-azobis (2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH). Both PJ and AAPH significantly increased J774A.1 macrophage death; however, flow cytometric and microscopic analyses using annexin V/propidium iodide revealed that PJ increased the early apoptosis of the macrophage dose dependently (up to 2.5-fold, P < 0.01), whereas AAPH caused dose-dependent increases in late apoptosis/necrosis (up to 12-fold, P < 0.001). Unlike PJ, AAPH-induced macrophage death was associated with increased intracellular oxidative stress (up to 7-fold, P < 0.001) and with lipid stress demonstrated by triglyceride accumulation (up to 3-fold, P < 0.01) and greater chromatic vesicle response to culture medium (up to 5-fold, P < 0.001). Accordingly, recombinant paraoxonase 1, which hydrolyzes oxidized lipids, attenuated macrophage death induced by AAPH, but not by PJ. Similar apoptotic and oxidative effects were found in macrophages from apoE−/− mice treated with PJ or AAPH. As macrophage apoptotic/necrotic death has considerable impact on atherosclerosis progression, these findings may provide novel mechanisms for the antiatherogenicity of PJ.
Speciation by Symbiosis: The Microbiome and Behavior
Authors: Shropshire J. Dylan , Bordenstein Seth R. 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTSpecies are fundamental units of comparison in biology. The newly discovered importance and ubiquity of host-associated microorganisms is now stimulating work on the roles that microbes can play in animal speciation. We previously synthesized the literature and advanced concepts of speciation by symbiosis with notable attention to hybrid sterility and lethality. Here, we review recent studies and relevant data on microbes as players in host behavior and behavioral isolation, emphasizing the patterns seen in these analyses and highlighting areas worthy of additional exploration. We conclude that the role of microbial symbionts in behavior and speciation is gaining exciting traction, and the holobiont and hologenome concepts afford an evolving intellectual framework to promote research and intellectual exchange between disciplines such as behavior, microbiology, genetics, symbiosis and speciation. Given the increasing centrality of microbiology in macroscopic life, microbial symbiosis is arguably the most neglected aspect of animal and plant speciation, and studying it should yield a better understanding of the origin of species.
Investigation of the Antimicrobial Activity of Soy Peptides by Developing a High Throughput Drug Screening Assay
Authors: Dhayakaran Rekha , Neethirajan Suresh , Weng Xuan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundAntimicrobial resistance is a great concern in the medical community, as well as food industry. Soy peptides were tested against bacterial biofilms for their antimicrobial activity. A high throughput drug screening assay was developed using microfluidic technology, RAMAN spectroscopy, and optical microscopy for rapid screening of antimicrobials and rapid identification of pathogens.MethodsSynthesized PGTAVFK and IKAFKEATKVDKVVVLWTA soy peptides were tested againstPseudomonas aeruginosaandListeria monocytogenesusing a microdilution assay. Microfluidic technology in combination with Surface Enhanced RAMAN Spectroscopy (SERS) and optical microscopy was used for rapid screening of soy peptides, pathogen identification, and to visualize the impact of selected peptides.ResultsThe PGTAVFK peptide did not significantly affectP. aeruginosa, although it had an inhibitory effect onL. monocytogenesabove a concentration of 625 µM. IKAFKEATKVDKVVVLWTA was effective against bothP. aeruginosaandL. monocytogenesabove a concentration of 37.2 µM. High throughput drug screening assays were able to reduce the screening and bacterial detection time to 4 h. SERS spectra was used to distinguish the two bacterial species.ConclusionsPGTAVFK and IKAFKEATKVDKVVVLWTA soy peptides showed antimicrobial activity againstP. aeruginosaandL. monocytogenes. Development of high throughput assays could streamline the drug screening and bacterial detection process.General significance:The results of this study show that the antimicrobial properties, biocompatibility, and biodegradability of soy peptides could possibly make them an alternative to the ineffective antimicrobials and antibiotics currently used in the food and medical fields. High throughput drug screening assays could help hasten pre-clinical trials in the medical field.