bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Augmented reality m-learning to enhance nursing skills acquisition in the clinical skills laboratory
Authors: Garrett Bernard M. , Jackson Cathryn , Wilson Brian 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to report on a pilot research project designed to explore if new mobile augmented reality (AR) technologies have the potential to enhance the learning of clinical skills in the lab.

Design/methodology/approach
– An exploratory action-research-based pilot study was undertaken to explore an initial proof-of-concept design in using AR resources to supplement clinical skills lab teaching. A convenience non-probability sample of 72 undergraduate nursing students tested these resources during lab sessions, and participated in post-exposure surveys and focus groups to help evaluate them. This pilot design aimed to test logistics and gather information prior to further developmental work.

Findings
– Key similarities emerged between the survey and focus group findings regarding the technical issues and support for student learning. Students clearly expressed a comfort with the technology, and both students and faculty identified the ability to access resources to support self-directed learning and review of skills as positive attributes of using AR. However, technical issues such as slow response times and incompatible smartphones interfered with resource access and frustrated some students, potentially having a negative impact on their learning. Students gave positive feedback regarding the value of mobile access and having AR resources available “at the bedside” where they were practicing.

Research limitations/implications
– This empirical pilot study was limited to a small number of participants in a single location. However, a deeper understanding of the potential value of AR in clinical health professional education, and best practices in implementing these new technologies, was achieved.

Practical implications
– This study provides a valuable practical contribution, as the approach for AR resource development described can be readily replicated by teachers with limited technical skills. The practical limitations of AR technologies discovered by use in real-world settings will provide developers and educators with valuable information as they begin to explore the use of AR in the lab and beyond.

Social implications
– AR represents a rapidly developing field, with increasing social impact. This study provides some initial ideas that will help inform future uptake of AR in wider educational settings, beyond health professional education.

Originality/value
– This study represents original work in the field, and specifically, an original implementation of AR in an educational context.
Special safeguard tariff impacts on the Brazilian sugar exports
Authors: Costa Cinthia Cabral da , Burnquist Heloisa Lee , Guilhoto Joaquim José Martins 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to present a critical analysis of special safeguards (SSGs) and a simulation of their effects on Brazilian sugar exports to countries such as the US and the European Union (EU) bloc.

Design/methodology/approach
– The first stage involved the identification of tariff lines for the EU and the US sugar imports from Brazil between 1995 and 2013. Next, notifications of World Trade Organization about SSGs were examined to identify the years when the measure was applied on the sugar trade by these countries. For the years when SSGs were applied, the values of these additional tariffs were calculated. This information was used, along with price elasticities, to obtain the effects of an increase in Brazilian sugar exports in the absence of SSG and also the overall impact on the Brazilian economy, using its input-output matrix.

Findings
– Results indicated that the estimated value of the direct, indirect and income effects of SSG tariffs on Brazilian sugar exports to the EU and the US markets through the period 1995 to 2013 could amount to BRL 22 billion in terms of the exporting country GDP. This suggests that this policy can be highly perverse, as it translates into lower domestic production for both, the exporting and the importing countries. This issue is relevant for discussions on the global sugar market, given the facts that it is one of the markets which have been most distorted by protectionism.

Originality/value
– This issue is relevant for discussions on the global sugar market, given the facts that it is one of the markets which have been most distorted by protectionism.
Robustness of the Carhart four-factor and the Fama-French three-factor models on the South African stock market
Authors: Boamah Nicholas Addai 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this study is to explore the applicability of the Fama–French and Carhart models on the South African stock market (SASM). It examines the ability of the models to capture size, book-to-market (BM) and momentum effects on the SASM. The paper, additionally, explores the ability of the Fama–French–Carhart factors to predict the future growth of the South African economy.

Design/methodology/approach
– The paper relies on data of 848 firms from January 1996 to April 2012 to examine the size, BM and momentum effects on the SASM. The paper constructs the test assets from a 3 × 3 sort on size and BM and a 3 × 3 sort on size and momentum. The paper estimates momentum as the past six-months’ cumulative return. The momentum portfolios are monthly rebalanced. Additionally, the size and BM portfolios are formed annually at the end of each June.

Findings
– Evidence is provided that size, BM and momentum effects exist on the SASM; also, the small- and high-BM firm portfolios, respectively, appear riskier than the big- and low-BM firm portfolios. The paper provides evidence of past winners outperforming past losers aside from the small-firm group. Additionally, the models only partially capture the size and value effects on the SASM. The Carhart model partly captures the momentum effects, but the Fama–French model is unable to describe the returns to the momentum-sorted portfolios. The evidence shows that the models’ factors predict future gross domestic product growth.

Originality/value
– The models do not fully describe returns on the SASM; any application of the models on the SASM should be done with caution. The Carhart model better describes returns than the Fama–French model on the SASM. The Fama–French–Carhart factors may relate to the underlying economic risk of the South African economy.
Are micro-cap mutual funds indeed riskier?
Authors: Rodriguez Javier 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– This study aims to examine the cross-sectional variation in risk of US-based micro-cap open-end mutual funds. Micro-cap mutual funds allow investors to access very low-priced stocks issued by the smallest of companies. The stock of these firms is usually not traded in major exchanges, and their financial information is not readily available and, thus, regarded as risky investments.

Design/methodology/approach
– The author examines the cross-sectional variation in risk and higher moments of US-based micro-cap mutual funds in comparison with that of small-cap and mid-cap mutual funds. Total, systematic and idiosyncratic risk metrics, along with higher moments, are estimated before, during and after the 2008 financial crisis.

Findings
– The author finds that, indeed, based on total and idiosyncratic risk metrics, the sample of micro-cap funds is riskier than the size-matched samples of small-cap and mid-cap funds. The author also reports that the sample of micro-cap funds fail to generate higher excess returns than the less risky small-cap and mid-cap funds.

Originality/value
– To the best of the author’s knowledge, this is the first time that the risk of small-cap mutual funds has been examined.
Crossing the bridge – connecting with people in the later stages of dementia
Authors: Bradley Andy 
Published: November 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to provoke reflection on the risks of people in the later stages of dementia being marginalised in care settings and to set out some key principles and approaches which enable ongoing connection. The paper provides practice examples to illuminate ways in which connected relationships can be maintained.

Design/methodology/approach
– This is a view point paper based on both a personal perspective (the writer grew up in a care home) and professional experience in the field of care work and culture change.

Findings
– Connecting with people who are in the later stages of dementia is of central importance in offering person-centred relational care.

Originality/value
– The PACE principles described are original and are published here for the first time.
Screening adult patients with a tracheostomy tube for dysphagia: a mixed‐methods study of practice in the UK
Authors: Ginnelly Aeron , Greenwood Nan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundPatients with tracheostomy tubes are at risk of aspiration and swallowing problems (dysphagia), and because of their medical acuity, complications in this patient population can be severe. It is well recognized that swallow screening in stroke significantly reduces potential complications by allowing early identification and appropriate management of patients at risk (by health professionals), thereby reducing delays in commencing oral intake and preventing unnecessary, costly interventions by speech and language therapists (SLTs). However, there is no standardized swallow screen for the tracheostomised population and there is a paucity of literature regarding either current or best practice in this area.AimsTo investigate current UK practice for dysphagia screening in adult patients with tracheostomy tubes and to explore and describe health professionals’ perceptions of their current practice or current systems used.Methods & ProceduresA mixed‐methods approach was adopted comprising a semi‐structured online questionnaire and recorded follow‐up telephone interviews. Participants were SLTs, nurses and physiotherapists working with patients with tracheostomies. Responses were analysed to determine current practice with regard to swallow screening. Thematic analysis of interviews allowed further exploration and clarification of the questionnaire findings.Outcomes & ResultsA total of 221 questionnaires were completed. Approximately half (45%) the participants worked in trusts with formal swallow screens, whilst the remainder used a variety of other approaches to identify patients at risk, often relying on informal links with multidisciplinary teams (MDT). In line with current evidence, patients with neurological diagnoses and a tracheostomy were consistently referred directly to speech and language therapy (SLT). Only one‐quarter of questionnaire participants thought their current system was effective at identifying patients at risk of swallowing problems. Eleven questionnaire participants were interviewed. They highlighted the important role of MDT team working here, emphasizing both its strengths and weaknesses when working with these patients.Conclusions & ImplicationsCurrent practice in the UK for screening patients with a tracheostomy for swallow problems is varied and often suboptimal. Despite the evidence for enhancing outcomes, MDT working is still perceived as problematic. A swallow screening tool for use with this population, to enhance MDT working whilst also ensuring that practice fits in line with current evidence, may improve patient safety and care.
Exploratory investigation of communication management in residential‐aged care: a comparison of staff knowledge, documentation and observed resident–staff communication
Authors: Bennett Michelle K. , Ward Elizabeth C. , Scarinci Nerina A. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundThere is a high prevalence of communication difficulty among older people living in residential‐aged care. Such functional deficits can have a negative impact on resident quality of life, staff workplace satisfaction and the provision of quality care. Systematic research investigating the nature of communication management in residential‐aged care and factors impacting optimal communication management is lacking.AimsTo use data triangulation across multiple sources to describe resident–staff communication and communication management in residential‐aged care.Methods & ProceduresParticipants included a sample of 14 residents and 29 staff directly involved in communication interactions with residents. Data were obtained from: (1) resident file review (n = 14), (2) observation of resident–staff communication (n = 14), (3) resident surveys (n = 14) and (4) staff surveys (n = 29). Data from each source were examined separately then triangulated.Outcomes & ResultsAll residents had limited opportunity for meaningful communication with staff. Documentation of residents’ communication needs and strategies to facilitate resident–staff communication was insufficient to provide individualized recommendations. Although staff were observed to use various strategies to facilitate communication with residents, staff agreement about the applicability of these strategies to individual residents was inconsistent. Differences in resident–staff communication for residents who experience nil/mild versus moderate/severe communication difficulty were also found.Conclusions & ImplicationsResident–staff communication and communication management in residential‐aged care is limited in scope and challenged in meeting residents’ individual communication needs. Improvements in both documentation and staff knowledge of residents’ communication needs are necessary. Strategies to facilitate communication with individual residents must be tailored, evidence based, documented in care plans and delivered to staff through ongoing education. Increased involvement of specialist providers such as speech pathologists to support better communication management in residential‐aged care may provide one way of facilitating such change.
The glutathione peroxidase‐mediated reactive oxygen species resistance, fungicide sensitivity and cell wall construction in the citrus fungal pathogen Alternaria alternata
Authors: Yang Siwy Ling , Yu Pei‐Ling , Chung Kuang‐Ren 
Published: November 2015

SummaryThe ability to detoxify reactive oxygen species (ROS) is critical for pathogenicity in the necrotrophic fungus Alternaria alternata. We report a glutathione peroxidase 3 (AaGPx3) involved in the complex signalling network that is essential for the detoxification of cellular stresses induced by ROS and for A. alternata pathogenesis in citrus. AaGPx3 deletion mutants displayed increased sensitivity to H2O2 and many ROS‐generating compounds. AaGPx3 is required for correct fungal development as the AaGPx3 mutant strains showed a severe reduction in conidiation. AaGPx3 mutants accumulated higher chitin content than the wild‐type and were less sensitive to the cell wall‐targeting compounds calcofluor white and Congo red, as well as the fungicides fludioxonil and vinclozolin, suggesting a role of the glutathione systems in fungal cell wall construction. Virulence assays revealed that AaGPx3 is required for full virulence. The expression of AaGPx3 was downregulated in fungal strains carrying defective NADPH oxidase (Nox) or the oxidative stress responsive regulators YAP1 and HOG1, all implicated in ROS resistance. These results further support the important role of ROS detoxification during A. alternata pathogenesis in citrus. Overall, our study provides genetic evidence to define the central role of AaGPx3 in the biological and pathological functions of A. alternata.
Transcriptional and metabolic regulation of denitrification in Paracoccus denitrificans allows low but significant activity of nitrous oxide reductase under oxic conditions
Authors: Qu Zhi , Bakken Lars R. , Molstad Lars , Frostegård Åsa , Bergaust Linda L. 
Published: November 2015

SummaryOxygen is known to repress denitrification at the transcriptional and metabolic levels. It has been a common notion that nitrous oxide reductase (N2OR) is the most sensitive enzyme among the four N‐oxide reductases involved in denitrification, potentially leading to increased N2O production under suboxic or fluctuating oxygen conditions. We present detailed gas kinetics and transcription patterns from batch culture experiments with Paracoccus denitrificans, allowing in vivo estimation of e−‐flow to O2 and N2O under various O2 regimes. Transcription of nosZ took place concomitantly with that of narG under suboxic conditions, whereas transcription of nirS and norB was inhibited until O2 levels approached 0 μM in the liquid. Catalytically functional N2OR was synthesized and active in aerobically raised cells transferred to vials with 7 vol% O2 in headspace, but N2O reduction rates were 10 times higher when anaerobic pre‐cultures were subjected to the same conditions. Upon oxygen exposure, there was an incomplete and transient inactivation of N2OR that could be ascribed to its lower ability to compete for electrons compared with terminal oxidases. The demonstrated reduction of N2O at high O2 partial pressure and low N2O concentrations by a bacterium not known as a typical aerobic denitrifier may provide one clue to the understanding of why some soils appear to act as sinks rather than sources for atmospheric N2O.
Race, Crime, and the Micro‐Ecology of Deadly Force
Authors: Klinger David , Rosenfeld Richard , Isom Daniel , Deckard Michael 
Published: November 2015

Research SummaryLimitations in data and research on the use of firearms by police officers in the United States preclude sound understanding of the determinants of deadly force in police work. The current study addresses these limitations with detailed case attributes and a microspatial analysis of police shootings in St. Louis, MO, between 2003 and 2012. The results indicate that neither the racial composition of neighborhoods nor their level of economic disadvantage directly increase the frequency of police shootings, whereas levels of violent crime do—but only to a point. Police shootings are less frequent in areas with the highest levels of criminal violence than in those with midlevels of violence. We offer a provisional interpretation of these results and call for replications in other settings.Policy ImplicationsNationwide replications of the current research will require the establishment of a national database of police shootings. Informative assessments of a single agency's policies and practices require comparative information from other agencies. We recommend specific data elements to be included in such an information system that would shed further empirical light on the interconnections among race, crime, and police use of deadly force. The database also would contribute to the development of evidence‐based policies and procedures on deadly force—an urgent public priority in light of recent controversial police shootings across the United States.
Emergency Department Diagnostic Imaging: The Journey to Quality
Authors: Kanzaria Hemal K. , Hall M. Kennedy , Moore Christopher L. , Burstin Helen 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPriorities in health care delivery are shifting, with a greater focus on enhancing value, incentivizing quality, and advancing population health. While measurement of quality in emergency department (ED) care is still in its infancy, performance measures are increasingly being linked to reimbursement to encourage the delivery of high‐value care. With such changes, there will be growing oversight of diagnostic imaging in all clinical settings, including the ED. Here, the authors examine the current state of quality measurement as it pertains to ED imaging. The authors review relevant policies and discuss both the associated challenges and the facilitators of using quality measures to help optimize ED imaging. Understanding such factors will help ensure the delivery of diagnostic imaging that is appropriate, high‐quality, and patient‐centered.
Implant salvage in breast reconstruction with severe peri‐prosthetic infection
Authors: Meybodi Farid , Sedaghat Negin , French James , Keighley Caitlin , Mitchell David , Elder Elisabeth 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackgroundAlthough treatment of mild peri‐prosthetic infection in implant‐based breast reconstruction results in high rates of resolution, successful management of severe peri‐prosthetic infection remains a significant challenge.MethodsIn this case series, a protocol utilizing a novel dressing – negative pressure wound therapy with instillation (NPWTi) – for the management of severe peri‐prosthetic infection in breast reconstruction patients is described. This is an operative technique involving: (i) explantation of the breast prosthesis and application of the NPWTi dressing to the implant pocket; (ii) change of the NPWTi dressing; (iii) intraoperative fluid/tissue cultures; and (iv) reimplantation of the breast prosthesis when cultures yield no growth.ResultsThis protocol was utilized in six cases of severe peri‐prosthetic infection in five patients with immediate breast reconstruction for breast cancer or risk‐reducing surgery. Cultures of fluid/tissue grew typical and/or unusual organisms. Only one case did not yield an organism. The hospital length of stay upon completion of the protocol ranged from 7–16 days (mean, 12 days). Successful implant salvage was achieved in five of six cases. The protocol was aborted in one case to allow for completion of adjuvant chemotherapy.ConclusionsEarly findings from this case series suggest that in cases of severe peri‐prosthetic infection this novel operative protocol may result in successful implant salvage for breast reconstruction patients. Further studies are needed to more fully elaborate the role of NPWTi to achieve implant salvage in challenging cases of peri‐prosthetic infection.
Rethinking Whiteness and Masculinity in Geography: Drinking Alcohol in the Field in Vietnam
Authors: Gillen Jamie 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis paper evaluates the spatial politics of fieldwork in Vietnam in order to think through the connections between whiteness, masculinity, and geography. In drawing attention to how the consumption of alcohol underwrites daily activities in Vietnam, as well as fieldwork activities, I show that research ethics are underpinned by unique spatial contexts that do not conform to conventional accounts of masculinity and whiteness in the global North. I make three interrelated arguments. First, I argue that debates in geography about whiteness and masculinity must be understood alongside fieldwork experiences in the global South. Second, I invite geographers to think through how research ethics are shaped by spatially contingent productions of whiteness and masculinity. Lastly, I challenge geographers to keep pace with how disruptive categories like whiteness and masculinity are produced outside of the global North.