bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Epidemiology of Reduced Visual Acuity among Chinese Multiethnic Students
Authors: Qian Deng-Juan , Hu Min , Zhong Hua , Nie Qiao , Li Jun , Yuan Yuansheng , Pan Chen-Wei 
Published: October 2017

SIGNIFICANCE
Data regarding the epidemiology of reduced visual acuity (VA) among multiethnic children and adolescents in China are few. Understanding the vision-related health inequalities among different ethnic groups is crucial for health resource allocations and clinical managements for eye diseases.

PURPOSE
We aim to determine the prevalence, main causes, and health inequalities of reduced VA in multiethnic school students in rural China.

METHODS
A school-based eye survey including 7681 multiethnic school students aged 5 to 16 years in the southwestern part of China was conducted. Detailed ocular examinations including VA measurements, ocular motility evaluations, bilateral postcycloplegic refractions, and the assessments of the external eye, anterior segment, media, and retinal fundus were carried out by trained research vision professionals. Visual acuity was measured using a logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution E-chart, and reduced VA was defined as a presenting VA of worse than 20/40. Concentration index was initiatively utilized to measure health inequalities among different ethnic groups.

RESULTS
The prevalence of reduced VA was 11.4 per 100 children (95% confidence interval, 10.7 to 12.1%) based on the worse-seeing eye data. The prevalence of reduced VA increased with increasing age (P < .001 for trend) and was higher among girls compared with boys (P < .0001). Uncorrected refractive error was the principal cause for reduced VA, which accounted for 87.3% of the participants with reduced VA. The concentration index for reduced VA was 0.07 among different ethnic groups.

CONCLUSIONS
Compared with the estimates reported from previous studies on Chinese children and adolescents, a relatively lower prevalence of reduced VA was observed among multiethnic school students in rural China. Ethnic variations and health inequalities of reduced VA were not significant in this study.
Forensic Features of Clothing-Related Deaths
Authors: Byard Roger W. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Clothing may both cause death and contribute to ongoing lethal mechanisms by a variety of quite disparate mechanisms. The manner of death may be accidental, suicidal, or homicidal. Accidental deaths include burning from clothing catching on fire, strangulation from clothing tangling in vehicle wheels or exposed machinery, and drowning. Entanglement of clothing in machinery may also result in significant injuries, which are not uncommon in farming communities. Excessive clothing, or its absence, may significantly alter body temperature, and hanging from clothing is a feature in the young or in mentally or physically handicapped adults, or in adults who are intoxicated with alcohol or drugs. In previous years, potentially lethal amounts of arsenic were present in clothing and accessories from dyes. Clothing may also be used to form nooses or to pad ropes in suicides and may be used in cases of strangulation, suffocation, or choking in homicides. The contribution of clothing to mortality has changed over the years with changes in fashions and in manufacturing techniques. Geographical differences in clothing-related deaths persist because of variable social and cultural practices and legislative frameworks.
Neutrophil Phenotype Correlates With Postoperative Inflammatory Outcomes in Infants Undergoing Cardiopulmonary Bypass
Authors: Huber Jody N. , Hilkin Brieanna M. , Hook Jessica S. , Brophy Patrick D. , Davenport Tina L. , Davis James E. , Colaizy Tarah T. , Moreland Jessica G. 
Published: October 2017

Objectives:
Infants with congenital heart disease frequently require cardiopulmonary bypass, which causes systemic inflammation. The goal of this study was to determine if neutrophil phenotype and activation status predicts the development of inflammatory complications following cardiopulmonary bypass.

Design:
Prospective cohort study.

Setting:
Tertiary care PICU with postoperative cardiac care.

Patients:
Thirty-seven patients 5 days to 10 months old with congenital heart disease requiring cardiopulmonary bypass.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Laboratory and clinical data collected included length of mechanical ventilation, acute kidney injury, and fluid overload. Neutrophils were isolated from whole blood at three time points surrounding cardiopulmonary bypass. Functional analyses included measurement of cell surface protein expression and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity. Of all patients studied, 40.5% displayed priming of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity in response to N-formyl-Met-Leu-Phe stimulation 24 hours post cardiopulmonary bypass as compared to pre bypass. Neonates who received steroids prior to bypass demonstrated enhanced priming of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity at 48 hours. Patients who displayed priming post cardiopulmonary bypass were 8.8 times more likely to develop severe acute kidney injury as compared to nonprimers. Up-regulation of neutrophil surface CD11b levels pre- to postbypass occurred in 51.4% of patients, but this measure of neutrophil priming was not associated with acute kidney injury. Subsequent analyses of the basal neutrophil phenotype revealed that those with higher basal CD11b expression were significantly less likely to develop acute kidney injury.

Conclusions:
Neutrophil priming occurs in a subset of infants undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass. Acute kidney injury was more frequent in those patients who displayed priming of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity after cardiopulmonary bypass. This pilot study suggests that neutrophil phenotypic signature could be used to predict inflammatory organ dysfunction.
Prepectoral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Ter Louw Ryan P. , Nahabedian Maurice Y. 
Published: October 2017

Summary:
Oncologic and reconstructive advancements in the management of patients with breast cancer and at high risk for breast cancer have led to improved outcomes and decreased patient morbidity. Traditional methods for prosthetic breast reconstructions have utilized total or partial muscle coverage of prosthetic devices. Although effective, placement of devices under the pectoralis major muscle can be associated with increased pain due to muscle spasm and animation deformities. Prepectoral prosthetic breast reconstruction has gained popularity in the plastic surgery community, and long-term outcomes have become available. This article will review the indications, technique, and current literature surrounding prepectoral prosthetic breast reconstruction.
Fat Grafting to the Breast: Clinical Applications and Outcomes for Reconstructive Surgery
Authors: Katzel Evan B. , Bucky Louis P. 
Published: October 2017

Summary:
This article is a review of fat grafting for breast reconstruction. The use of small volume fat grafting for the correction of step-off deformities, intrinsic deformities, and extrinsic deformities of the breast, and the uses of large volume fat grafting for total breast reconstruction, correction of implant complications with simultaneous implant exchange with fat, and correction of noncancer chest wall deformities is reviewed. Cancer monitoring and the risks of cancer recurrence following fat-grafting to the breast is also reviewed.
What’s New in Acellular Dermal Matrix and Soft-Tissue Support for Prosthetic Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Kim John Y. S. , Mlodinow Alexei S. 
Published: October 2017

Summary:
Of the nearly 90,000 implant-based breast reconstructions performed in the United States, the majority use internal soft-tissue support. Aesthetically, these constructs may allow for better positioning of prosthesis, improve lower pole expansion, and increase projection. They may have particular utility in direct-to-implant, nipple-sparing mastectomies, and prepectoral reconstructions. In recent years, new permutations of acellular dermal matrices have evolved with diverse shapes, sizes, form-factor innovations, and processing characteristics. The literature is largely limited to retrospective studies (and meta-analyses thereof), making robust comparisons of 1 iteration vis-à-vis another difficult. Although synthetic mesh may provide a cost-effective alternative in primary and secondary reconstruction, comparative studies with acellular dermal matrix are lacking. This review aims to provide a balanced overview of recent biologic and synthetic mesh innovation. As this technology (and concomitant techniques) evolve, the reconstructive surgeon is afforded more—and better—choices to improve care for patients.
A New Operative One-Wing Technique to Correct Fronto-Orbital Region in Unilateral Nonsyndromic Plagiocephaly
Authors: Messi Marco , Luzi Michele , Consorti Giuseppe 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Anterior plagiocephaly is a premature closing of unilateral coronal suture. This premature suture fusion causes a series of cranial asymmetry and alteration of the fronto-orbital region.
The authors described a new surgical technique to correct the facial asymmetry that reduces the operative time and the possible complications.
In a period between 2013and 2016, 12 children affected by nonsyndromic anterior plagiocephaly were treated with this new procedure.
Clinical, cranial development, and absence of postoperative complication demonstrated that one-wing surgical bone correction is a useful and innovative technique.
Transorbital Penetrating Intracranial Injury by a Battery
Authors: Park Su Jin , Chi Mijung 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The authors report a patient of transorbital penetrating intracranial injury by a battery. A 59-year-old man presented with a foreign body in the left orbital region after an explosion during waste combustion. Physical examination revealed his left eyelid had been punctured and the eyeball ruptured by what appeared to be a battery, which was lodged in the left orbit. The patient was neurologically intact. Facial computed tomography showed a ca. 6.2 × 1.7 cm sized metallic foreign body, probably an electric battery, penetrating through the left orbit and orbital roof and terminating in the left anterior cranial fossa. Clinical presentation, treatment course, and follow-up are discussed.
Corticotomy With a Palatal Bone-Borne Retractor for Correcting Severe Bimaxillary Protrusion
Authors: Noh Min-Ki , Kim Young-Jun , Chung Kyu-Rhim , Kim Seong-Hun , Nelson Gerald 
Published: October 2017

Background:
This article presents an alternate surgical treatment method to correct a severe anterior protrusion in the adult patient with an extremely thin alveolus.

Methods:
In the maxilla, a wide linear corticotomy was performed under local anesthesia. Cortical alveolar bone of the upper first bicuspids area was widely removed. Orthopedic force for bony block movement was applied by a palatal bone-borne type retractor supported by skeletal anchorage. Residual extraction space closure was performed by biocreative orthodontics strategy (BOS). In the mandible, an anterior segmental osteotomy (ASO) and extraction of 1st premolars were performed under local anesthesia.

Results:
In the maxilla, bony block movement followed by the wide linear corticotomy with a palatal bone-borne type retractor was implemented without complications. Remaining extraction space after the bony block movement was closed effectively by BOS. In the mandible, anterior segmental retraction was achieved effectively by ASO.

Conclusions:
Wide linear corticotomy with a palatal bone-borne type retractor and ASO under local anesthesia can be an effective alternative to orthognathic surgery in adults with protrusion and an extremely thin alveolus. The biocreative strategy also provides a simple and effective method to retract the 6 anterior teeth.
Relationship of a Metopic Ridge and Anterior Cranial Volume Measured by a Noninvasive Laser Shape Digitizer
Authors: Applegren Nathan D. , Shock Leslie A. , Aldridge Kristina J. , Derrick Chase D. , Tanaka Tomoko , Baker C. Lynette , Muzaffar Arshad R. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Cranial dysmorphology observed in patients with metopic craniosynostosis varies along a spectrum of severity including varying degrees of metopic ridging, bitemporal narrowing, and trigonocephaly. Management has been based upon the subjective clinical impression of presence and severity of trigonocephaly. Severity of cranial dysmorphology does not predict the occurrence or severity of associated abnormal neurodevelopment, as children with mild-to-moderate trigonocephaly may also experience developmental delays. The authors sought to determine the relationship between mild-to-moderate trigonocephaly and anterior cranial volume using a noninvasive laser shape digitizer (STARscanner) in patients with abnormal head shape.
An IRB-approved retrospective review of a prospectively maintained database and medical records was performed. Two hundred three patients less than 1 year of age with abnormal head shape were categorized as having a metopic ridge with mild-to-moderate trigonocephaly, metopic ridge without trigonocephaly, or no ridge. Measurements of cranial volume, circumference, and symmetry were calculated by the STARscanner, which quantifies three-dimensional shape of the cranial surface. Measures were analyzed using a series of analyses of variance and post-hoc Tukey honest significant difference.
The authors results showed ACV was significantly reduced in patients with mild-to-moderate trigonocephaly compared with those without metopic ridge (P = 0.009), and trended toward significance compared with those with a ridge but without trigonocephaly (P = 0.072). The ratio of anterior-to-posterior cranial volume was significantly reduced in those with mild-to-moderate trigonocephaly compared with those without metopic ridge (P = 0.036).
In conclusion, patients with milder anterior cranial deformities demonstrated an association between a metopic ridge with mild-to-moderate trigonocephaly and reduced anterior cranial volume.
Innovation: an emerging focus from cells to societies
Authors: Hochberg Michael E. , Marquet Pablo A. , Boyd Robert , Wagner Andreas 
Published: October 2017

Innovations are generally unexpected, often spectacular changes in phenotypes and ecological functions. The contributions to this theme issue are the latest conceptual, theoretical and experimental developments, addressing how ecology, environment, ontogeny and evolution are central to understanding the complexity of the processes underlying innovations. Here, we set the stage by introducing and defining key terms relating to innovation and discuss their relevance to biological, cultural and technological change. Discovering how the generation and transmission of novel biological information, environmental interactions and selective evolutionary processes contribute to innovation as an ecosystem will shed light on how the dominant features across life come to be, generalize to social, cultural and technological evolution, and have applications in the health sciences and sustainability.This article is part of the theme issue ‘Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies’.
Phylogenetic tests for evolutionary innovation: the problematic link between key innovations and exceptional diversification
Authors: Rabosky Daniel L. 
Published: October 2017

Evolutionary innovation contributes to the spectacular diversity of species and phenotypes across the tree of life. ‘Key innovations’ are widely operationalized within evolutionary biology as traits that facilitate increased diversification rates, such that lineages bearing the traits ultimately contain more species than closely related lineages lacking the focal trait. In this article, I briefly review the inference, analysis and interpretation of evolutionary innovation on phylogenetic trees. I argue that differential rates of lineage diversification should not be used as the basis for key innovation tests, despite the statistical tractability of such approaches. Under traditional interpretations of the macroevolutionary ‘adaptive zone’, we should not necessarily expect key innovations to confer faster diversification rates upon lineages that possess them relative to their extant sister clades. I suggest that a key innovation is a trait that allows a lineage to interact with the environment in a fundamentally different way and which, as a result, increases the total diversification—but not necessarily the diversification rate—of the parent clade. Considered alone, branching patterns in phylogenetic trees are poorly suited to the inference of evolutionary innovation due to their inherently low information content with respect to the processes that produce them. However, phylogenies may be important for identifying transformational shifts in ecological and morphological space that are characteristic of innovation at the macroevolutionary scale.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies’.
Geographic mosaics and changing rates of cereal domestication
Authors: Allaby Robin G. , Stevens Chris , Lucas Leilani , Maeda Osamu , Fuller Dorian Q. 
Published: October 2017

Domestication is the process by which plants or animals evolved to fit a human-managed environment, and it is marked by innovations in plant morphology and anatomy that are in turn correlated with new human behaviours and technologies for harvesting, storage and field preparation. Archaeobotanical evidence has revealed that domestication was a protracted process taking thousands of plant generations. Within this protracted process there were changes in the selection pressures for domestication traits as well as variation across a geographic mosaic of wild and cultivated populations. Quantitative data allow us to estimate the changing selection coefficients for the evolution of non-shattering (domestic-type seed dispersal) in Asian rice (Oryza sativaL.), barley (Hordeum vulgareL.), emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon(Shrank) Schübl.) and einkorn wheat (Triticum monococcumL.). These data indicate that selection coefficients tended to be low, but also that there were inflection points at which selection increased considerably. For rice, selection coefficients of the order of 0.001 prior to 5500 BC shifted to greater than 0.003 between 5000 and 4500 BC, before falling again as the domestication process ended 4000–3500 BC. In barley and the two wheats selection was strongest between 8500 and 7500 BC. The slow start of domestication may indicate that initial selection began in the Pleistocene glacial era.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Process and pattern in innovations from cells to societies’.
From Cohorts to Molecules: Adverse Impacts of Endocrine Disrupting Mixtures
Authors: Birgersson Lina , Borbély Gábor , Caporale Nicolò , Germain Pierre-Luc , Leemans Michelle , Rendel Filip , D’Agostino Giuseppe Alessandro , Bressan Raul Bardini , Cavallo Francesca , Chorev Nadav Even , Kos Vesna Munic , Lazzarin Maddalena , Pollard Steven M. , Sundström Birgitta , Tobon Alejandro Lopez , Trattaro Sebastiano , Zanella Matteo , Bergman Åke , Damdimopoulou Pauliina , Jönsson Maria , Kiess Wieland , Kitraki Efthymia , Kiviranta Hannu , Öberg Mattias , Rantakkoko Panu , Rudén Christina , Söder Olle , Bornehag Carl-Gustaf , Demeneix Barbara , Fini Jean-Baptiste , Gennings Chris , Nånberg Eewa , Rüegg Joëlle , Sturve Joachim , Testa Giuseppe 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTConvergent evidence associates endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with major, increasingly-prevalent human disorders. Regulation requires elucidation of EDC-triggered molecular events causally linked to adverse health outcomes, but two factors limit their identification. First, experiments frequently use individual chemicals, whereas real life entails simultaneous exposure to multiple EDCs. Second, population-based and experimental studies are seldom integrated. This drawback was exacerbated until recently by lack of physiopathologically meaningful human experimental systems that link epidemiological data with results from model organisms.We developed a novel approach, integrating epidemiological with experimental evidence. Starting from 1,874 mother-child pairs we identified mixtures of chemicals, measured during early pregnancy, associated with language delay or low-birth weight in offspring. These mixtures were then tested on multiple complementary in vitro and in vivo models. We demonstrate that each EDC mixture, at levels found in pregnant women, disrupts hormone-regulated and disease-relevant gene regulatory networks at both the cellular and organismal scale.
Frailty index as a predictor of all-cause and cause-specific mortality in a Swedish population-based cohort
Authors: Jiang M , Foebel AD , Kuja-Halkola R , Karlsson I , Pedersen NL , Hägg S , Jylhävä J 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBackgroundFrailty is a complex manifestation of aging and associated with increased risk of mortality and poor health outcomes. Younger individuals (under 65 years) typically have low levels of frailty and are less-studied in this respect. Also, the relationship between the Rockwood frailty index (FI) and cause-specific mortality in community settings is understudied.MethodsWe created and validated a 42-item Rockwood-based FI in The Swedish Adoption/Twin Study of Aging (n=1477; 623 men, 854 women; aged 29-95 years) and analyzed its association with all-cause and cause-specific mortality in up to 30-years of follow-up. Deaths due to cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, dementia and other causes were considered as competing risks.ResultsOur FI demonstrated construct validity as its associations with age, sex and mortality were similar to the existing literature. The FI was independently associated with increased risk for all-cause mortality in younger (<65 years; HR per increase in one deficit 1.11, 95%CI 1.07-1.17) and older (≥65 years; HR 1.07, 95%CI 1.04-1.10) women and in younger men (HR 1.05, 95%CI 1.01-1.10). In cause-specific mortality analysis, the FI was strongly predictive of CVD mortality in women (HR per increase in one deficit 1.13, 95%CI 1.09-1.17), whereas in men the risk was restricted to deaths from other causes (HR 1.07, 95%CI 1.01-1.13).ConclusionsThe FI showed good predictive value for all-cause mortality especially in the younger group. The FI predicted CVD mortality risk in women, whereas in men it captured vulnerability to death from various causes.