bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Local Roots of January 6th
Authors: Dempsey Sadie , Li Jianing 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This methodological essay illustrates how researchers can utilize a mixed-methods, multilevel approach to shift their analytical vantage point and examine familiar phenomena in new ways. The chapter considers the origins of January 6th from the ground up, examining the role that local Republican county parties played in perpetuating 2020 election fraud disinformation. This mixed-methods, multilevel approach has four distinct advantages: it provides (1) more accurate measurements, (2) more analytical specificity, (3) insight into processes that bridge the micro, macro, and meso levels, and (4) opportunities to generate and test theories. This methodological approach is a valuable tool in a researcher’s analytical toolkit, offering opportunities for creativity and discovery.
Afflicting the Comfortable
Authors: Karpf Dave 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Many of the people who stormed the Capitol on January 6th are rightly facing jail time. The political elites who stoked that insurrection may face no such consequences. This chapter uses conservative legal scholar John Eastman as a guiding example of political elites who told audacious lies and expected to face no consequences as a result. The chapter argues that, if we are to prevent another January 6th, it is crucial that comfortable elites face social, professional, and reputational consequences for their behavior. Norms of democratic governance and civic life can continue to function only if there is some cost associated with violating them.
Singing of Arms and Men
Authors: Harness Kelley 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Balletti a cavallo, although little known today, emerged as valued dramatic entertainments in early modern Europe, capable of demonstrating the wealth and magnificence of the patrons who commissioned them and the horsemanship and military skills of the noblemen who rode in them. Although the horse ballet did not originate in Florence, that city—and its ruling grand dukes—acquired a reputation for excellence in the genre. Between 1608 and 1686 the court commissioned horse ballets to commemorate important state events such as Medici weddings or visits by foreign visitors. The noblemen invited to lend their equestrian skills during that period confirmed their family’s relationship to the Medici and were provided a venue for demonstrating masculine nobility. These works also communicated messages relevant to the occasions for which they were performed, delivered by means of texts sung in styles similar to contemporary opera. Music, choreography, and dramatic structure punctuated and clarified these messages. Mock battles fought with swords and pistols animated audiences but also provided visible instances of conflict, which were then interrupted by the sudden arrival of a deus ex machina, who commanded the combatants to instead join forces to defeat a common enemy. The knights then demonstrated newfound cooperation through their creation of choreographed figures danced on horseback. Decorated pageant floats, colorful costumes, and complicated machines also played crucial roles in establishing magnificence: documentary evidence confirms that the Medici family expended significant financial and human resources on these one-time events, revealing just how much work it took to appear effortless.
In the Time of Sky-Rhyming
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In the Time of Sky-Rhyming: How Hip Hop Resonated in Brown Los Angeles tracks the reception of Hip Hop by Latines in Los Angeles, when it first arrived there. The era when Hip Hop was first transposed onto the West Coast context, what this book calls the “time of sky-rhyming,” was an important step in Hip Hop’s global expansion, and Brown Los Angeles participated in its adaptation. Many creatives from Brown Los Angeles found their place in early underground expressions of Hip Hop, including in breaking, rhyming, DJing, and graffiti elements. The movement resonated in Brown Los Angeles through channels of cultural exchange, especially the regional histories of Black American and Latine interaction, transregional connections of Caribbean-origin migrants, and Borderland legacies of resistance and innovation. During this period, Central American immigrants were settling in the urban corridors of the region, young Chicanos were coming of age in the post–civil rights era, Caribbean migrants carried resources from east to west, South American immigrants established networks across cities, and Latines were interacting with other minoritized populations such as Black Americans, ethnic Samoans, Filipinos, and Koreans. At sites like Club Radio and Radiotron, at church events, and in neighborhoods around the Los Angeles basin, spaces that often included Latines, West Coast Hip Hop was being defined. Though West Coast Hip Hop is often cast as a deleterious movement, based on original oral history interviews, the chapter demonstrates demonstrate how Hip Hop empowered Latine creatives in the greater Los Angeles area to positively address societal challenges.
Caribbean Currents
Authors: Calvillo Jonathan E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores an important resonance channel that influenced Hip Hop’s embrace in Brown Los Angeles: the contributions of Caribbean-origin Latines in the Los Angeles area. Caribbean-origin creatives played important roles in pre–Hip Hop Los Angeles and during Hip Hop’s arrival. Caribbean-origin creatives were uniquely positioned to cross boundaries of geography, race, and gender and transferred cultural resources to Brown Los Angeles during the emergence of West Coast Hip Hop. This chapter focuses on the lives of three Caribbean-origin creatives, DJ Pebo Rodriguez, street dancer Ana “Lollipop” Sanchez, and DJ/rapper Henry “Hen Gee” Garcia. The chapter highlights how these creatives drew on familial resources in their participation within the West Coast scene. Rodriguez and Sanchez were uniquely shaped by their Puerto Rican heritage, while Garcia was uniquely shaped by his Honduran heritage. The chapter also considers how Afro-Caribbean creatives uniquely contributed to the West Coast scene.
This Abominable Slavery
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Purcell Carruth LaJean 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This Abominable Slavery places the debate over Native American indentures and African American enslavement in Utah Territory within the context of the nation’s growing sectional divide that would tear the Union asunder less than a decade later. It situates the bills under debate in Utah in comparison to similar bills passed by other states and territories in the antebellum period. It reveals in new detail debates about slavery and labor never before available. In fact, Latter-day Saint apostle and legislator Orson Pratt gave an animated speech in opposition to Latter-day Saint prophet and territorial governor Brigham Young. Pratt proposed that legislators reject the Black “servant” code outright and advocated for Black male voting rights in the debate over Utah’s election law. This Abominable Slavery not only elucidates the type of laws legislators passed but also attempts to understand the meaning of those laws in the lives of Black enslaved people and Native American indentured servants. In doing so, it sheds new light on the origins of the racial priesthood and temple restrictions in Latter-day Saint theology and the complex overlapping relationship between law and religion in Utah. Most importantly, it situates the Utah experience in detailed and nuanced ways within a national framework and thereby offers an important contribution to scholarly work on race, religion, slavery, and unfree labor in the antebellum period.
Race and Election Law
Authors: Reeve W. Paul , Rich Christopher B. , Carruth LaJean Purcell 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
On February 4, 1852, the Utah territorial legislature passed a new election law; in doing so lawmakers stipulated that white men over twenty-one years of age could vote in the Utah Territory. The official legislative minutes do not record any opposition to the voting requirements in the election bill or mention any discussion on the subject. However, a few surviving sources indicate that councilman Orson Pratt firmly opposed any law denying Black men the right to vote. Pratt had already condemned An Act in Relation to Service and the Indian indenture bill, and he now expressed concerns about racial equality in Utah’s election laws. As fellow legislator Hosea Stout recorded it, Orson Pratt voted against “all acts prohibiting the right of Negroes the privileges of voting.” The chapter also discusses Brigham Young’s February 5 speech summarized by Wilford Woodruff. Historians primarily rely on Woodruff’s truncated and condensed version of the speech for an understanding of Young’s views on race and priesthood. Woodruff’s version, however, introduced significant inaccuracies into the historical record and should no longer be trusted as a precise assessment of Young’s views on race and priesthood.
Changes in China’s Macro-Policy Direction on the Economy
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines a number of important changes in China’s overall macro-policy direction of the economy. In this book, macro-policy settings refer to the party’s overarching political and policy guidance for the economy as a whole. The movement to the Marxist left on economic policy has unfolded more gradually than the move to the Leninist left in Xi’s overall reassertion of political control. Indeed, during the early stages of Xi’s term, there were still pro-market, reformist policies being prosecuted. However, in the aftermath of a stock market meltdown and associated financial crisis in 2015–2016, the retreat to party and state interventionism accelerated. New economic campaigns emerged around the concepts of a ‘New Development Concept’, ‘common prosperity’ and a new ‘Dual Circulation Economy’ emphasising national self-sufficiency. This trend to the Marxist left in economic policy accelerated further after the 19th Party Congress in 2017, when Xi formally redefined the party’s “central contradiction” to deal with the unbalanced development that arose under the previous period of reform and opening. The chapter also argues that China’s changing international economic circumstances (including its trade war with the US) reinforced Xi’s preexisting ideological predisposition for a more Marxist, interventionist and mercantilist posture.
Nationalism in Xi Jinping’s Worldview
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter focusses on nationalism in Xi Jinping’s worldview. It discusses the new forms of Chinese nationalism he has used to move the party’s overall nationalist discourse towards the right in support of a more assertive foreign and national security policy. While the relationship between Chinese nationalism and socialism has changed over the last century, it has always been present within party’s ideological framework. Under Xi, however, nationalism has become more prominent than under any of his post-Mao predecessors. The chapter canvasses a series of banner terms that reflect a more direct and decisive expression of public nationalist sentiment—including the ‘great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation’, China’s ‘outstanding traditional culture’, China’s growing ‘comprehensive national power’, and changes not seen in a ‘hundred years’. These thematics embrace a unifying theme of changing the international status quo in a direction more compatible with Chinese national interest, values, and power.
Codifying the Marxist and Nationalist Dimensions of Xi Jinping Thought through the Party’s 2021 Historical Resolution
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the Marxist and nationalist dimensions of Xi Jinping Thought (XJPT) as brought together in the CCP’s 2021 historical resolution—only the third such resolution in the party’s 100-year history. It explains how Xi has sought to synthesize the various Leninist, Marxist, and nationalist threads of his overall ideological worldview into the authoritative canon of XJPT. XJPT aims to ideologically legitimize political and policy change brought about under Xi in the eyes of both the party and the people, as well as outline the party’s future strategy and trajectory. Following the CCP Central Committee plenum in November 2021, XJPT was formally enshrined as the body of Marxist thought to guide China through ‘the new era’. The 2021 historical resolution is the party’s most densely ideological document since 1981. It provides an approved ideological framework as the party’s orthodox methodology for viewing the real world and, as a consequence, analyzing and responding to the major challenges for the future. It has no parallel in the last forty years.
China after Xi
Authors: Rudd Kevin 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter tackles the future direction of Xi Jinping Thought (XJPT) and the much broader question of where China heads after Xi. It cites the unlikelihood of Xi Jinping repudiating any of the core Marxist, Leninist or nationalist positions he has already incorporated into the party’s ideological orthodoxy. It explains Xi’s foreshadowed reform Chinese Marxism through a “second integration” that seeks to incorporate into its canon new concepts, language and expressions drawn from the China’s classical tradition to widen the long-term appeal of this “Marxism of the 21st century.” The chapter also explains Xi’s intention to incorporate concepts from world cultures, thereby enhancing the global appeal of Chinese Marxism. The chapter goes on to explore the question of China after Xi. It argues that Xi’s superior political skill craft and increasingly powerful surveillance state makes it unlikely he will be successfully challenged–despite the accumulating political, economic, social, and elite pressures within the Chinese system. Xi is also unlikely to retire given his deep reservations about the political reliability of his own generation (and the one immediately below him) for having allowed corruption, careerism, and ideological confusion to reign supreme. Xi will likely remain cautious about trusting anyone to replace him who entered a significant position of political authority under his predecessors. Xi is therefore relying on the ideological and nationalist enthusiasm of the generation who have come of age under him. However, it will take some decades for this cohort to be old enough to assume positions of authority and preserve his legacy. If he passes from the scene before then, the processes of political and ideological self-correction and rebalancing are, on balance, more likely to draw China back towards a more moderate position, as has happened at various points in modern Chinese history since 1949.
The Rise of Invisible Cases
Authors: Hinkle Rachael K. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
A tremendous spike in the workload of federal circuit courts occurred in the 1960s and 1970s. By the mid-1970s every circuit had adopted rules making a distinction between published and unpublished decisions (and often prohibiting citation of the latter). Within a few more years, circuits clarified that even where citation to unpublished decisions was permitted, they were not binding precedent. This chapter provides an overview of this history including the circumstances surrounding the emergence of unpublished decisions, the criticisms leveled, measures taken to address them, and empirical exploration of how such measures have fared. It concludes by describing the Comprehensive Circuit Court Panel Opinion (C3PO) database, an original collection of over two hundred thousand cases that informs a series of inquires in subsequent chapters concerning how selective publication affects who gets what, when, and how.
Visible Rules, Invisible Norms
Authors: Hinkle Rachael K. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter addresses a foundational empirical question: What factors shape the publication decision? Explicit legal rules almost assuredly play a substantial role. As a result, cases with novel and particularly important legal issues should be published. But publication decisions may be influenced by several other factors as well. A group of judges with divergent viewpoints may use nonpublication as a tool of compromise. Cases with litigants or legal issues that judges don’t view as a high priority might be less likely to result in a published opinion. Judges may be more willing to publish decisions that reflect their own ideological preferences. Finally, judges may leave rulings unpublished when they anticipate the possibility of hostile review. The empirical evidence reveals support for several of these explanations. Specifically, there is evidence that publication rules, judicial ideology, and both internal and external strategic considerations shape publication decisions.
Introduction
Authors: Khalil Mona Ali , Lavaud Floriane 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The introduction offers an overview of the book, setting forth reforms and measures to empower the Security Council and ensure greater legitimacy and effectiveness in its efforts to maintain international peace and security, in particular to prevent and respond to aggression and mass atrocity crimes. Part I seeks to empower the voices and improve the composition of the elected members of the Council. Part II proposes tools to uphold the primary responsibility of the UNSC in accordance with Article 24 of the UN Charter. Part III discusses the means by which to restrain the use of the veto in order to restore the legitimacy of the Council and to uphold the jus cogens norms of international law. Part IV reimagines the potential of the partners, including the General Assembly, the International Court of Justice, and the International Criminal Court, as well as regional organizations and other international security arrangements.
Equitable Estoppel and Restitution as Interstitial Causes of Action
Authors: McFarlane Ben 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter considers the function, form, and limits of two causes of action: equitable estoppel and the restitutionary claim exemplified by the case of a mistaken payment. It is argued that each cause of action plays the same interstitial role: it supplements (but does not correct) primary legal rules, such as those of contract and property, which endow parties with legal powers. By mitigating some of the practical problems that can arise from the existence of such powers, each cause of action deals with problems which the law itself creates. This analysis helps us to understand the limits on the doctrines and shows that each has a characteristically equitable function.
Historical linguistics of Borneo
Authors: Smith Alexander D. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses the Malayo-Polynesian languages of the island of Borneo, the centre of Island Southeast Asia and an area of considerable linguistic diversity. The languages of Borneo have played an important role in the field of Austronesian comparative linguistics, due in no small part to the island’s central location. Borneo sits at a “transition zone” between more Philippine-type languages to the north and more “Indonesian-type” languages to the south and west. The chapter focuses on the historical and comparative study of these languages; how they are related to one another and the linguistic properties of the proto-languages from which they descend. It takes a bottom-up approach to Bornean historical linguistics, dealing first with lower-to-mid-level subgroups that enjoy consensus support before discussing competing hypotheses on higher-level subgrouping, focusing on more recent theories of Bornean linguistic subgrouping.
Sulawesi historical linguistics
Authors: Mead David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The island of Sulawesi in Indonesia is home to more than one hundred indigenous languages all of which belong to the large Austronesian language family. Following more than a century of research, historical-comparative linguists have come to recognize that these languages divide into ten subgroups. This paper outlines the history of this research as well as the evidence--in terms of sound changes and other shared innovations that indicate a period of common historical development--that they have put forward in order to establish each of the subgroups. The chapter also examines the search for higher level relationships between the established subgroups and externally to languages outside of Sulawesi.
Vitality, maintenance, and documentation among the Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia
Authors: Ewing Michael C , Kimoto Yukinori 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores issues surrounding the language endangerment affecting Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia. It provides an overview of the language ecologies of six key jurisdictions where Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia are found: the Philippines, Malaysia, Brunei, Indonesia, Timor Leste (East Timor) and Madagascar. As well as describing varying degrees of indigenous language vitality, it also sets out multiple interrelated factors that give rise to the current vitality and endangerment status, such as surrounding multilingualism, government and education policies, and communities’ attitudes towards their own languages. The chapter highlights several on-going language documentation projects, language maintenance activities, and mother-tongue based education being undertaken by community members, academics, educators, government and non-government organizations, and collaborations between these different stakeholders.
Multilingualism
Authors: Gil David 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of multilingualism as manifest in the contemporary Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia; its goal is to provide a sense of the pervasiveness of multilingualism, and the diversity of its forms and associated contexts, throughout the Malayo-Polynesian-speaking regions of Southeast Asia. Section 2 introduces a classificatory schema characterizing the relationships among the dialects or languages in a multilingual situation. Sections 3, 4 and 5 then survey multilingualism within individual Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia, across Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia, and between Malayo-Polynesian languages of Southeast Asia and various other non-Austronesian languages respectively. In this chapter, multilingualism is illustrated through numerous naturalistic examples of code-switching, in which two or more distinct varieties or languages alternate within the same text, utterance or even word.