bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Automatic control: the vertebral column of dogfish sharks behaves as a continuously variable transmission with smoothly shifting functions
Authors: Porter Marianne E. , Ewoldt Randy H. , Long John H. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTDuring swimming in dogfish sharks, Squalus acanthias, both the intervertebral joints and the vertebral centra undergo significant strain. To investigate this system, unique among vertebrates, we cyclically bent isolated segments of 10 vertebrae and nine joints. For the first time in the biomechanics of fish vertebral columns, we simultaneously characterized non-linear elasticity and viscosity throughout the bending oscillation, extending recently proposed techniques for large-amplitude oscillatory shear (LAOS) characterization to large-amplitude oscillatory bending (LAOB). The vertebral column segments behave as non-linear viscoelastic springs. Elastic properties dominate for all frequencies and curvatures tested, increasing as either variable increases. Non-linearities within a bending cycle are most in evidence at the highest frequency, 2.0 Hz, and curvature, 5 m−1. Viscous bending properties are greatest at low frequencies and high curvatures, with non-linear effects occurring at all frequencies and curvatures. The range of mechanical behaviors includes that of springs and brakes, with smooth transitions between them that allow for continuously variable power transmission by the vertebral column to assist in the mechanics of undulatory propulsion.
Morphine addiction in ants: a new model for self-administration and neurochemical analysis
Authors: Entler Brian V. , Cannon J. Timothy , Seid Marc A. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTConventional definitions of drug addiction are focused on characterizing the neurophysiological and behavioral responses of mammals. Although mammalian models have been invaluable in studying specific and complex aspects of addiction, invertebrate systems have proven advantageous in investigating how drugs of abuse corrupt the most basic motivational and neurochemical systems. It has recently been shown that invertebrates and mammals have remarkable similarities in their behavioral and neurochemical responses to drugs of abuse. However, until now only mammals have demonstrated drug seeking and self-administration without the concurrent presence of a natural reward, e.g. sucrose. Using a sucrose-fading paradigm, followed by a two-dish choice test, we establish ants as an invertebrate model of opioid addiction. The ant species Camponotus floridanus actively seeks and self-administers morphine even in the absence of caloric value or additional natural reward. Using HPLC equipped with electrochemical detection, the neurochemicals serotonin, octopamine and dopamine were identified and subsequently quantified, establishing the concurrent neurochemical response to the opioid morphine within the invertebrate brain. With this study, we demonstrate dopamine to be governing opioid addiction in the brains of ants. Thus, this study establishes ants as the first non-mammalian model of self-administration that is truly analogous to mammals.
Navigating under sea ice promotes rapid maturation of diving physiology and performance in beluga whales
Authors: Noren Shawn R. , Suydam Robert 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTLittle is known about the postnatal development of the physiological characteristics that support breath-hold in cetaceans, despite their need to swim and dive at birth. Arctic species have the additional demand of avoiding entrapment while navigating under sea ice, where breathing holes are patchily distributed and ephemeral. This is the first investigation of the ontogeny of the biochemistry of the locomotor muscle in a year-round Arctic-dwelling cetacean (beluga whale, Delphinapterus leucas). Compared with what we know about other cetaceans, belugas are born with high myoglobin content (1.56±0.02 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass, N=2) that matures rapidly. Myoglobin increased by 452% during the first year after birth and achieved adult levels (6.91±0.35 g 100 g−1 wet muscle mass, N=9) by 14 months postpartum. Buffering capacity was 48.88±0.69 slykes (N=2) at birth; adult levels (84.31±1.38 slykes, N=9) were also achieved by 14 months postpartum. As the oxygen stores matured, calculated aerobic dive limit more than doubled over the first year of life, undoubtedly facilitating the movements of calves under sea ice. Nonetheless, small body size theoretically continues to constrain the diving ability of newly weaned 2 year olds, as they only had 74% and 69% of the aerobic breath-hold capacity of larger adult female and male counterparts. These assessments enhance our knowledge of the biology of cetaceans and provide insight into age-specific flexibility to alter underwater behaviors, as may be required with the ongoing alterations in the Arctic marine ecosystem associated with climate change and increased anthropogenic activities.
Information infrastructure as means of tourism development on the territories with limited recognition
Authors: Лебезова Элла , Lebezova Ella 
Published: September 2016

The article is devoted to solving the problems of tourism development on unrecognized and partially recognized territories through creation of a modern information infrastructure of tourism and recreational sector.
The article shows the current geopolitical trends in the world related to the separation, merger and self-determination of different territories. In this regard, the political importance of tourism and its social responsibility worldwide is noted. It is shown that tourism can and should contribute to the strengthening of mutual understanding between different cultures and territories, thereby easing geopolitical conflicts.
The author raises the issue of a possibility of tourism industry development on the territory of small states with limited recognition, which are on the stage of registration of their statehood and adaptation of their economy to new conditions.
Possibilities of information infrastructure creation and, its development and promotion on territories with limited recognition are considered. Donbass has been taken as a multi example.
The article substantiates necessity of creating a Single Multilingual Tourism Portal as a mechanism of promotion of tourism potential of a territory and development of domestic tourism. The author shows the prospects of informational support of a territory and tourism in the Internet resources such as Wikipedia and Google Earth.
Recommendations and descriptions of specific steps for conducting a large-scale Republican campaign to promote the region as an attractive tourism area are provided. The author concludes that tourism is an incentive of civilization diversity in the context of modern geopolitics, able to improve mutual understanding between nations and accelerate international recognition of unrecognized or partially recognized territories.
Critical evaluation of advance statements from patients lacking mental capacity
Authors: Amblum-Almer Jeshni 
Published: September 2016

Advance refusals of medical treatment present complex dilemmas with ethical, moral and legal facets. A competent patient may refuse any treatment, even where the decision may lead to an untimely death. The same holds true with respect to an incompetent patient with an advance directive made when that patient was competent and there is no reason to believe that the patient has changed his or her mind. Advance statements arise from respect of patient autonomy and the introduction of The Mental Capacity Act 2005, which aims to provide consistently better protection and greater empowerment for vulnerable people and their autonomous rights. This article outlines how the patient's right to choose in advance how they are to be treated if not competent to make his own treatment decisions is a positive development in the law. However, it may be of limited effect, as the majority of people will probably never make an advance statement. As a result, we should educate both patients and doctors about their rights in relation to medical decision-making, particularly as our increasing ability to prolong life makes decisions to terminate life-sustaining treatment more common. In order to respect patient autonomy, avoid harm to patients and reduce the risk to paramedics of civil or criminal liability, paramedics need to determine the legal validity of advance directives before making their treatment decision. In cases of uncertainty treatment decisions should be made in the patient's best interests while legal advice is sought as to the validity of the directive.
A developing research-oriented pedagogy for undergraduate teaching in art and design
Authors: Winters Tara Michelle 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Art and design continues to negotiate its activity as academic research. It has had to build arguments for how its procedures constitute a disciplinary specific form of enquiry and communicate how its activities constitute something important in the world – an alternative means of thinking and generating knowledge. It has had to do this while not losing sight of its fundamental nature and purpose as art and design. This article surveys the ways in which practice-based research is achieving this, connecting key aspects of these efforts to a developing research-oriented pedagogy for undergraduate teaching and learning. I suggest that the development of a research culture has reinvigorated the undergraduate curriculum, advancing our pedagogical content knowledge. In this respect I outline a number of strategies of importance in assisting students to build more sophisticated conceptions of artistic research.
Drawing on philosophy – an investigation of theory in praxis
Authors: Ashton Alex 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The article addresses the question: what is the relationship between perceptual experience and its interpretation through drawing? It is proposed that drawing, as knowledge and experience, is a particular way of coming to know the world that is explicated within personal practice. The research examines how drawing, through its expression of the concrete and the imaginary, provides interconnected ways of orientating knowledge that contribute to a multifaceted understanding of the ‘lived experience’. The practice of drawing is utilised as a research methodology in order to consider visualisations that are both descriptive and interpretive.
The study draws on philosophy, in particular the writings of Maurice Merleau-Ponty, to consider the complexities and interconnections of mind, object and body that are experienced through drawing. By being immersed in the visible, the concrete, through the body, the visible is not appropriated, but is instead revealed by the act of ‘looking’.
Lesbians blending with the crowd on prime-time Spanish television
Authors: Platero Luzmila Camacho 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article examines how five series on prime-time Spanish television introduced and experimented with lesbian characters. These efforts reveal the complex workings of stereotypes, as discussed by Richard Dyer, as well as Judith Butler’s performative nature of gender, which has the potential to transgress gender roles but also to perpetuate them. The image of the lesbian on Spanish television underwent various representations, often attempting to portray lesbians blending with the crowd and thereby exposing societal angst about their difference. Following Dyer’s insistence that there is nothing inherently wrong with stereotypes but rather the problem is who controls them, it becomes clear that either political ideology or market ideology plays a decisive role in the construction of cultural representations of lesbians. Although all of these series are lacking a more diverse and realistic representation, overall the cultural changes can be viewed positively, for they brought the lesbian character into mainstream Spanish (popular) culture.
Buñuel’s social close-up: An entomological gaze on El ángel exterminador/The Exterminating Angel (1962)
Authors: Ramey James 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
This article proposes a new interpretation of Buñuel’s film-making strategies by examining his training in entomology and his early theorization of the Griffithian close-up as a technique whereby edited film-making can be made to conceive in a way that simple images or continuous shots cannot. This technique, I argue, implies the opposite of Auerbach´s unipersonal subjectivism in modernist literature, requiring a cinematic multipersonal subjectivism that is covalent with Bakhtinian dialogism. In developing his multi-personal subjectivism into a rational tool for opening a window on the irrational world of the unconscious, I believe Buñuel´s entomological training led him to conceive and represent a dialogical parasitism, similar to the posthumanist philosophy of Michel Serres decades later, as being inherent in all human relationships, a view most clearly conveyed in El ángel exterminador/The Exterminating Angel (1962).
Reviews
Authors: Marín Yarí Pérez , Zubiaurre Maite , Mérida Jiménez Rafael M. , Navarro Sandra V. , Noble Fiona , Benet Vicente J. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
NEW ARGENTINE CINEMA, JENS ANDERMANN (2012) New York: I.B. Tauris, 209 pp., ISBN: 9781848854635, p/bk £17.99
IMAGEN, CUERPO Y SEXUALIDAD: REPRESENTACIONES DEL CUERPO EN LA CULTURA AUDIOVISUAL CONTEMPORÁNEA, FRANCISCO A. ZURIÁN (2013) Madrid: Editorial Ocho y Medio, 241 pp., ISBN: 9788496582873, p/bk, €25.00
CUESTIÓN DE IMAGEN: CINE Y MARCA ESPAÑA, ALFREDO MARTÍNEZ EXPÓSITO (2015) Vigo: Editorial Academia del Hispanismo, 291 pp., ISBN: 9788416187065, p/bk, €39
SCREENING MINORS IN LATIN AMERICAN CINEMA, CAROLINA ROCHA AND GEORGIA SEMINET (EDS) (2014) New York: Lexington Books, 224 pp., ISBN: 9780739199510, h/bk, $90.00; ISBN: 9780739199527, e-Book, $89.99
IMMIGRATION CINEMA IN THE NEW EUROPE, ISOLINA BALLESTEROS (2015) Bristol, UK; Chicago, USA: Intellect, xv + 265 pp., ISBN: 9781783204113, p/bk, £28
A HISTORY OF SPANISH FILM: CINEMA AND SOCIETY 1910−2010, SALLY FAULKNER (2013) 1st ed., London: Bloomsbury Academic, 314 pp., ISBN: HB 9780826416667, p/bk, $15.21
Assessing Personal Injury Liabilities in China from National to Provincial Level: An International Comparative Analysis
Authors: Chan Felix W.H. , Chan Wai-Sum , Li Johnny S.H. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In a tort-based legal system, when a party is injured as a consequence of another party’s negligence, the party should be provided with sufficient compensation so that he or she may live as fulfilling a life as possible after the injury. The moral objective underlying this supposition is intuitively appealing. It is not surprising, therefore, that this jurisprudential notion is favourably regarded and widely applied in various common law and civilian jurisdictions, despite differences in tradition and culture. Nonetheless, although the two bodies of law share a similar objective in this respect, there are a number of differences in the substantive content of the law and the configuration of the rules. The present authors argue, and provide empirical evidence to support, that there are signs of convergence as both legal systems are in fact applying the same multiplicand-multiplier approach in assessing the quantum of damages. Case studies in mainland China (concerning civil law) and in the United Kingdom and Hong Kong (regarding common law) are adopted as the research methodology to explore the broader implications of this convergence.
The Hong Kong Cantonese language: Current features and future prospects
Authors: Bauer Robert S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAs the contemporary Chinese language has evolved into various distinguishable varieties across East and Southeast Asian speech communities, the term pluricentric (i. e. having multiple centers or standards) has appropriately been applied to it. Because the development of the Chinese variety as spoken and written in Hong Kong has been profoundly influenced by a unique congeries of social, economic, political, cultural, environmental, historical, and linguistic factors intrinsically linked to Hong Kong, it systematically differs from those varieties used in mainland China and on Taiwan. Hong Kong’s predominant, most widely-used speech variety is Cantonese: this is to say that 90 % of the ethnic Chinese population of about 6.5 million speak it as their usual, daily language. The Hong Kong Cantonese language has acquired an extraordinary status due to its distinctive vocabulary and indigenous Chinese characters, identifiably colloquial phonetic features, highly conventionalized written form, large inventory of English loanwords borrowed through phonetic transliteration, and tradition of lexicography combined with romanization. Although Cantonese predominates in Hong Kong, however, at the same time, a worrying trend is the increasing number of schools switching their medium of instruction from Cantonese to Putonghua, just one noticeable difference between now and 1997 when Hong Kong, a British Crown Colony since 1841, was returned to China’s sovereignty as a Special Administrative Region. The Hong Kong speech community’s attitudes toward Cantonese are contradictory: some people denigrate it as “a coarse, vulgar relic of China’s feudal past” that should be replaced by Putonghua, the national language, while others praise it for preserving ancient rimes and extol it for expressing social, political, and cultural differences that set Hong Kong apart from mainland China. That Cantonese continues to decline in Guangzhou may be a harbinger of things to come in Hong Kong. Ironically, the Hong Kong government’s recognition of the Cantonese language as intangible cultural heritage which would seem to be a good status for it to have, on the contrary, has made some people fear it could become extinct in the future.
Identity regionalism and English as an ASEAN lingua franca
Authors: Hashim Azirah , Kaur Jagdish , Kuang Tan Siew 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The ASEAN Charter refers to English as the “working language of ASEAN,” a situation different from the EU that has a multiplicity of official and working languages. It has been argued that English, as a foreign “working language,” does not have an emotive value to it as it has merely a functional role. This, however, may change as many people in ASEAN speak a particular variety of English, especially those from countries such as Malaysia, Singapore, Philippines and Brunei. Even in countries such as Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam, which had not been colonised by the British, many learn English today and see it as vital for survival in many domains and especially with the forming of the ASEAN community and ASEAN integration. This ASEAN English is different from the many varieties in the region in that it does not possess the national and ethnic characteristics that varieties do. ASEAN English appears to possess its own characteristic features, often with an avoidance of features that are found in national varieties to aid mutual understanding between members who come from different ASEAN societies. This paper examines informal interactions between ASEAN speakers from the Asian Corpus of English. It analyses the features that create rapport and illustrates that ELF has an emotive value and does not merely play a functional role in ASEAN.
Teasing in informal contexts in English as an Asian lingua franca
Authors: Walkinshaw Ian 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper explores how speakers of English as a lingua franca (ELF) manage the interactional back-and-forth of teasing, a social action which, being fundamentally ambiguous, is open to interpretation by a target and/or other participants as aggressive in intent. The data reported here draw on the Asian Corpus of English (ACE), and describe some of the more typical teasing practices which occur among Asian ELF speakers in informal, non-task-focused contexts. More specifically, this research explores the interpersonal functions which teasing performs in ACE interactions; the teasing strategies commonly employed to serve these functions; and the responses of recipients to teases targeting them. The data show that teasing is a common practice in interaction among Asian ELF speakers, and is accomplished through a variety of strategies such as jocular mockery, jocular agreement with a target’s negative self-assessment, jocular insult, and banter. Significantly, teasing in ACE appears to be essentially jocular rather than conveying veiled aggression; markers such as laughter, heightened vocal pitch and lexical exaggeration are commonly employed to signpost the non-serious nature of such utterances. Teases are also commonly received as jocular by recipients; there are no instances of offense being expressed by a tease recipient.
Corrosion behaviour of steel CSN 422707.9 in concentrated synthetic bentonite pore water
Authors: Novikova D. , Kouřil M. , Msallamová Š. , Stoulil J. , Strnadová N. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Concentrating of pore bentonite water as a result of water evaporation at the hot container surface is expected when the bentonite cover of the permanent nuclear waste container is being gradually saturated. The study assesses the influence of an extent of the pore water enrichment by chloride and sulphate ions up to a multiple of a hundred of their equilibrium concentration. An increase of concentration of these ions does not imply an increase of the electrolyte aggressivity automatically. A minimum of corrosion resistance was observed at triplicate concentration at all temperatures, 40, 70 and 90°C. Even more significant impact on corrosion behaviour was recognized for composition of anoxic atmosphere above the electrolyte. Contrary to nitrogen, the mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide remarkably elevates the electrolyte’s corrosion aggressivity.
Effects of nano-SiO2 on mechanical and hygric behaviors of glass fiber reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Yang Jinshui , Wang Chunqi , Zeng Jingcheng , Jiang Dazhi 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The unmodified and nano-SiO2 modified glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composites were prepared by the hot-compression molding process to investigate the effects of nano-SiO2 on the mechanical and hygric properties of the GFRP composites. The results indicate that the nano-SiO2 modification results in an increase of 9.7% and 7.9% in the tensile and flexural strength of the GFRP composites, and a decrease of 10.6% in the interlaminar shear strength (ILSS). The maximum swelling of the unmodified GFRP is 2.6 times as that of the nano-SiO2 modified GFRP. The normalized-ILSS decrease of the nano-SiO2 modified GFRP is only 12% after 138 days aging, while that of the GFRP reaches 31%. After 95-days hygric-aging, the decrease of the normalized flexural strength is 15.3% for the GFRP, while the normalized flexural strength of the nano-SiO2 modified GFRP still maintains an increase of 5.0%. It is concluded that the nano-SiO2 particle could improve the mechanical and hygric properties of the GFRP composites.