bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Coal Mining and Population Loss in Appalachia
Authors: Kratzer Nate W. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Despite abundant natural resources, Appalachia struggles with both poverty and population loss. Previous literature has not fully explored the hypothesis that the extraction of natural resources is causally related to the subsequent decline in population, given the failure to include extractive industries, economics, and population loss in a single model. I also suggest theoretical reasons for the link between extractive industries and population loss. The theory is tested using data from the 2000 and 2010 Census across 410 Appalachian counties. I test for population change and economic decline in 2010 based on coal production in 2000, controlling for the county’s economic status in 2000, as well as for demographic variables. I find support for the hypothesis that counties with high levels of coal mining experience higher population loss.
"Money Gets Things Done, But Legwork Does Too": Labor’s (Re)Claiming of Community Space in a Privatized Public
Authors: Fletcher Rebecca Adkins 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
This ethnographic research highlights the efforts of a Central Labor Council in metropolitan Central Appalachia to become more involved in the community. The council’s strategies include renewing interests in community participation, making charitable donations, and strengthening their political voice. This article describes two specific events, the member-to-member political canvassing prior to the 2007 Kentucky gubernatorial election and the Labor Council’s efforts to "take back" the annual community Labor Day celebrations in 2007 and 2008, to highlight how this Central Labor Council is responding to changing economic and political landscapes in ways that are in line with "new unionism" tactics. The importance of free spaces in creating and maintaining union identity and consciousness-raising are highlighted for their contributions to democratic and political participation.
Practical Applications in Immunohistochemistry: Evaluation of Rejection and Infection in Organ Transplantation
Authors: Troxell Megan L. , Lanciault Christian 
Published: January 2016

Context.—Immunohistochemical analysis of tissue biopsy specimens is a crucial tool in diagnosis of both rejection and infection in patients with solid organ transplants. In the past 15 years, the concept of antibody-mediated rejection has been refined, and diagnostic criteria have been codified in renal, heart, pancreas, and lung allografts (with studies ongoing in liver, small intestine, and composite grafts), all of which include immunoanalysis for the complement split product C4d.Objectives.—To review the general concepts of C4d biology and immunoanalysis, followed by organ-allograft–specific data, and interpretative nuances for kidney, pancreas, and heart, with discussion of early literature for lung and liver biopsies. Additionally, practical applications and limitations of immunostains for infectious organisms (Polyomavirus, Adenoviridae [adenovirus], and the herpes virus family, including Herpes simplex virus, Cytomegalovirus, Human herpes virus 8, and Epstein-Barr virus) are reviewed in the context of transplant recipients.Data Sources.—Our experience and published primary and review literature.Conclusions.—Immunohistochemistry continues to have an important role in transplant pathology, most notably C4d staining in assessment of antibody-mediated rejection and assessment of viral pathogens in tissue. In all facets of transplant pathology, correlation of morphology with special studies and clinical data is critical, as is close communication with the transplant team.
The FDA's Quality Revolution
Authors: Pitts Peter J. 
Published: January 2016

Let it be said that the spark that ignited the flame was when FDA leadership asked, “Do we know enough about the quality of drugs that are sold in the United States.”In 2009, the FDA announced its Safe Use of Drugs Initiative. The theory being that one way to make drugs safer is to ensure that they are used as directed. The main strategy was education and the agency’s efforts were (and are) aimed at physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and patients.Earlier this year, the agency announced not just an office, but a Super Office of Pharmaceutical Quality, further underscoring that the FDA operates not under a two-dimensional system of safety and efficacy, but a three-dimensional approach that includes quality … with a capital (indeed a “super”) Q.Since there is no such thing as a safe substandard product, the agency is putting time, resources, and the use of the bully pulpit to go beyond cGMPs, API and excipient sourcing to develop a risk-based approach that includes data gathered from a variety of sources including manufacturing inspections, adverse event reporting, and substandard pharmaceutical events as evidenced in the agency’s bioequivalence- driven actions with bupropion in 2012, metoprolol in 2014, and methylphenidate in 2015.So, in many respects, pharmaceutical quality is both a pre and post-licensure endeavor and, like Safe Use, a scientific and educational enterprise that requires close coordination with many stakeholders. And it won’t come easily or inexpensively. As Aristotle said that, “Quality is not an act, it is a habit.”
Pump–probe photoelectron spectroscopy by a high-power 90 nm vacuum-ultraviolet laser
Authors: Sato Motoki , Suzuki Yoshi-ichi , Suzuki Toshinori , Adachi Shunsuke 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We present pump–probe photoelectron spectroscopy of Kr and NO using a high-power vacuum-ultraviolet (VUV) laser at a wavelength of 90 nm. Clear quantum beats are observed in the photoelectron angular distributions as well as in the photoelectron yields, resulting from the coherent excitation of two Kr Rydberg states by the VUV pump. The entire Franck–Condon envelope of the NO A(2Σ+) excited state is also successfully captured by the VUV probe.
Changes in the electric resistivity of CrN subsequent to oxygen dissolution
Authors: Nagasawa Shinobu , Suzuki Kazuma , Sato Aoi , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nakayama Tadachika , Suematsu Hisayuki , Niihara Koichi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Single-phase epitaxial chromium oxynitride thin films containing 11 to 45 mol % oxygen were successfully synthesized on MgO(100) substrates by pulsed laser deposition at 773 K while controlling the ambient oxygen partial pressure. The film compositions were subsequently analyzed by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, while crystal phases were identified by X-ray diffractometry using the Bragg–Brentano and glancing incidence configurations and by in-plane φ scanning. The microstructures were observed by transmission electron microscopy. The electrical resistance of the films was determined by either the two- or four-probe method. The Cr(N,O) thin film having 11 mol % oxygen exhibited a metallic temperature dependence. In contrast, the films containing oxygen of 13 mol % or higher showed a semiconducting (or insulating) temperature dependence. This resistivity change is believed to result from enhanced electron correlation brought about by increases in oxygen content, sufficient to transform the Cr(N,O) thin film into a Mott insulator.
Ag–In–Zn–S quantum dots for hybrid organic–inorganic solar cells
Authors: Kim Eung-min , Ruankham Pipat , Lee Jae-hyeong , Hachiya Kan , Sagawa Takashi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Quantum dots of (AgIn)
x
Zn2(1−

x

)S2 (x = 0.6, 0.8, and 1.0) capped by oleylamine were prepared and applied for hybrid organic–inorganic solar cells consisting of glass–indium–tin-oxide/ZnO/(AgIn)
x
Zn2(1−

x

)S2/poly(3-hexylthiophene)/MoO3/Ag. The short-circuit current density (J
sc) and open-circuit voltage (V
oc) of the hybrid solar cells were measured, and we found a low power conversion efficiency (PCE) below 0.1%. From the incident photon-to-current efficiency (IPCE) profiles of the hybrid devices, there is no marked photocurrent generation from 350 to 700 nm, which is ascribed to the absorption region of (AgIn)
x
Zn2(1−

x

)S2. To improve the photovoltaic performance, ligand substitution from oleylamine to pyridine was performed. The PCE of the hybrid cell using the pyridine-capped (AgIn)
x
Zn2(1−

x

)S2 was improved twofold in terms of both J
sc and V
oc as compared with that of the oleylamine-capped one. In particular, from the IPCE measurements, a remarkable (more than doubled) enhancement of photocurrent generation from 400 to 450 nm was observed with the pyridine-substituted nanoparticles.
Low-Dose Metformin and Profibrotic Signature in Central Centrifugal Cicatricial Alopecia
Authors: Bao Aaron , Qadri Aasheen , Gadre Aditi , Will Elizabeth , Collins Dina , Ahima Rexford , Bordone Lindsey A. , Aguh Crystal 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceCentral centrifugal cicatricial alopecia (CCCA) is a scarring alopecia predominantly affecting Black female individuals. Current conventional treatments target inflammation but not the underlying fibrotic processes, often leading to permanent hair loss.ObjectiveTo investigate the associations of low-dose oral metformin, an antidiabetic medication with antifibrotic properties, with clinical symptoms and scalp gene expression patterns in patients with CCCA.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis retrospective clinical case series and transcriptomic analysis included patients treated at a single tertiary academic medical center between January 2023 and March 2024. All patients had biopsy-confirmed CCCA refractory to standard treatments. Transcriptomic analysis was performed on patients with previously banked, paired scalp biopsies before and after treatment with adjuvant metformin for at least 6 weeks.ExposureExtended-release metformin, 500 mg, once daily was added to participants’ baseline CCCA treatment regimens.Main Outcomes and MeasuresClinical assessments included pruritus, inflammation, scalp resistance, and hair regrowth. Gene expression profiling via bulk RNA sequencing analysis evaluated differential gene expression and pathway enrichment.ResultsA total of 12 Black female participants were included in the study, and transcriptomic analysis was performed in 4 participants. After at least 6 months of metformin treatment, 9 participants experienced improvement in disease, including scalp pain, inflammation, and/or pruritus, and 6 demonstrated clinical evidence of hair regrowth. The addition of metformin led to reversal of many prominent gene pathways previously identified in CCCA. Transcriptomic analysis revealed upregulation of pathways and genes (keratin-associated proteins [KRTAPs]) involved in keratinization, epidermis development, and the hair cycle (absolute log2-fold change &amp;gt; 4), with concomitant downregulation of fibrosis-related pathways and genes (eg, MMP7, COL6A1) (fold change &amp;gt;1.5; all false discovery rate &amp;lt;.05). Gene set analysis showed reduced expression of helper T cell 17 and epithelial-mesenchymal transition pathways and elevated adenosine monophosphate kinase signaling and KRTAPs after metformin treatment.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this case series of patients with treatment-refractory CCCA, low-dose oral metformin was associated with symptomatic improvement and dual modulation of gene expression, stimulating hair growth pathways while suppressing fibrosis and inflammation markers. These findings provide a rationale for future clinical trials studying metformin as a targeted therapy for CCCA and other cicatricial alopecias.
Deaths Related to Domestic Violence in Washington State
Authors: Kafka Julie M. , Adhia Avanti , Martin David D. , Mustafa Ayah , Rowhani-Rahbar Ali , Rivara Frederick P. 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceDomestic violence (DV; including intimate partner and family violence) is associated with heightened lethality risks, yet limited research has comprehensively assessed the connection between DV and fatal violence considering both homicides and suicides. Understanding the fatal consequences of DV can point to missed opportunities to support individuals and their families.ObjectiveTo assess the proportion of violent deaths that were connected to DV and describe contacts with the legal system or social services prior to each DV-related fatality.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cross-sectional study used quantitative and qualitative data from the National Violent Death Reporting System (NVDRS) for all individuals who died by homicide or suicide in Washington from January 1, 2015, to December 31, 2020. Analyses were conducted from August 1, 2022, to September 30, 2023.Main Outcomes and MeasuresA multipronged approach was used to assess DV history using existing NVDRS variables, leveraging data from prior review of NVDRS death narratives, applying a validated natural language processing tool, and linking related deaths. Domestic violence was recorded as yes or no, but the decedent’s role in the abusive relationship (ie, experiencing or enacting DV) could not be differentiated. To describe system involvement prior to each death, keyword searching and hand review of NVDRS death narratives were used.ResultsA total of 7352 intentional violent deaths (1192 homicides [16.2%]; 6160 suicides [83.8%]) with known circumstances were recorded in Washington during the study period. Of these, 948 deaths (12.9%) were connected to DV (624 [65.8%] among males; mean [SD] age at death, 45.3 [19.2] years), including 588 suicides (62.0%) and 360 homicides (38.0%). For 420 DV-related deaths (44.3%), there was evidence to suggest that the person who died or their intimate partner(s), family, or cohabitants had prior contacts with the legal system or social services. Specifically, 318 records (33.5%) mentioned prior contacts with law enforcement or the criminal legal system (eg, prior 9-1-1 calls, criminal convictions), and 225 (23.7%) described engagement with social services or the civil legal system (eg, civil protection order, divorce, or child custody problems).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cross-sectional study, 12.9% of violent deaths in Washington were connected to DV. The findings suggest that more resources are needed to support law enforcement, court professionals, and social services specialists to proactively identify and refer families to wraparound supports before the situation can escalate to a fatality.
The implementation of low instantaneous dose rate total body irradiation with linear accelerator in small‐size treatment rooms
Authors: Gao Zhengxin , Xu Qiuyi , Zhang Fengjiao , Hong Yaling , Hu Qiaoying , Yu Qi , Fu Shen , Gong Qing 
Published: September 2024

AbstractPurposeThis paper describes the implementation of an instantaneous low‐dose‐rate total body irradiation (TBI) technique using block‐filtered 6 MV X‐rays with a linear accelerator (LINAC) to reduce pulmonary toxicity.MethodsIn the absence of dedicated TBI‐specific meter‐set dose rates in LINAC and sufficient treatment room size, a 2‐cm‐thick transmission block was used together with a 200‐cm source‐to‐surface distance (SSD) to reduce the instantaneous dose rates of 6 MV x‐rays down to 10 cGy/min, thus alteration to the beam properties. A TBI‐specific dose calculation model was built with data acquired at the treatment planning system (TPS)‐permitted maximum 140‐cm SSD and was validated in phantoms at a 180‐cm SSD. As for planning strategies, we adopted large anterior‐to‐posterior/posterior‐to‐anterior (AP/PA) open fields with multi‐leaf collimator shielding for lungs to achieve target coverage, lung protection, and efficient dose delivery. A custom‐designed sliding couch (Patent No. ZL202123085880.1) was manufactured to support patients during treatment. Measures to control the quality and safety of TBI treatment include machine interlocks, pretreatment checklists, and in‐vivo dose monitoring.ResultsThe instantaneous dose rate of block‐filtered 6MV X‐ray was reduced to approximately 7.0 cGy/min at 12.5–7.5 cm depth with a 185–200 cm SSD. The dose calculated by TPS differs from the measurements by 0.15%–1.55% in the homogeneous phantom and 1.2%–4.85% in the CIRS thorax phantom. The open‐field TBI technique achieved V90% (PTV) ≈ 96.8% and MLD = 6.6 Gy with 1‐h planning and 50‐min beam delivery in a single fraction. From February 2021 to July 2023, 30 patients received TBI treatments in our center, and in‐vivo monitoring results differed from TPS calculations by −1.49%–2.10%. After 6–12 months of follow‐ups, all the patients treated in our center showed no pulmonary toxicities of grade 2 or higher.ConclusionA low instantaneous dose rate TBI technique can be implemented in the clinic.
Performance Comparison of Shape Memory Polymer Structures Printed by Fused Deposition Modeling and Melt Electrowriting
Authors: Tandon Biranche , Sabahi Nasim , Farsi Reza , Kangur Taavet , Boero Giovanni , Bertsch Arnaud , Li Xiaopeng , Brugger Juergen 
Published: September 2024

AbstractFused deposition modeling (FDM) and melt electrowriting (MEW) are techniques that use polymer fibers as building blocks for printing complex 3D structures, with fibers at the macroscopic and micrometer scale. Here, FDM and MEW are used to produce fibers of shape memory polymer at two different scales, and compare the performance of these fibers, in terms of shape fixity, shape recovery, and self‐healing properties. FDM and MEW are used for 4D printing of a shape memory polymer blend of thermoplastic poly(ε‐caprolactone) (30% by wt.) and a soft thermoplastic elastomer polyurethane (70% by wt.) at two different scales. The shape transformation from a programmed temporary state to the printed permanent shape in response to temperature as the stimuli imparts the 4D aspect to the printing. The mean fiber diameter of shape memory polymer produced by FDM and MEW is 340 and 40 µm, respectively. The manufactured fibers show an excellent shape fixity ratio (≈95%) and shape recovery properties (>84%). MEW fibers show a 1.5x faster recovery rate than FDM fibers due to the scaling effect. The excellent shape memory properties are complemented by self‐healing characteristics in the printed fibers. Additionally, MEW of a shape memory polymer is directly performed on a cylindrical collector to obtain tubular constructs which can potentially be used as stents for coronary or vascular applications.
Precise Patterning of Flexible Transparent and Conductive Films without Chemical Etchings and Applications in Capacitive Proximity Sensors
Authors: Guo Peiyi , Ma Lijun , Ge Qianru , Shi Jun , Li Shuxin , Ji Shulin 
Published: September 2024

AbstractProcess microminiaturization is in need not only in chip field, but also in sensor‐related industries. Touch panel sensors as an example have their man‐machine interactive performance in high relation with the circuit resolution. Traditional etchings by yellow light or laser encounter their resolution limit of ≈50 µm; moreover, former pollution using chemical etchants and latter damage to flexible substrates are inevitable. This paper demonstrates an efficient and green patterning technology for flexible silver nanowire (AgNW) transparent and conductive films, which can enable complicated patterns on various types of substrates with high resolution of a 30 µm line width and 40 µm line spacing. The approach uses a water‐soluble photosensitive polymer as the selective protection layer to facilitate the removal of unwanted AgNWs through simple water washing. Due to its good water resistance and mechanical properties, the patterned electrodes exhibit excellent flexibility and environmental stability. As a proof of concept, a capacitive proximity sensor is designed using the patterned AgNW electrodes of the micro feature size, which exhibits excellent proximity sensing performance. The developed patterning technology paves the way to miniaturized feature sizes of different optoelectronic devices for wide applications in fields like new‐style displays, man‐machine interaction, IoT sensing and intelligent robots.
Lysosome‐Targeted Bifunctional Therapeutics Induce Autodynamic Cancer Therapy
Authors: Raveendran Athira , Ser Jinhui , Park Seung Hun , Jang Paul , Choi Hak Soo , Cho Hoonsung 
Published: September 2024

AbstractAutodynamic cancer therapy possesses tremendous potential for enhancing therapeutic efficacy by initiating the treatment process autonomously within targeted cells. However, challenges related to biocompatibility and targeted delivery have hindered its clinical translation owing to the induction of adverse effects and cytotoxicity in healthy cells. In this study, a novel approach for auto‐initiated dynamic therapy by conjugating zwitterionic near‐infrared fluorophores to a cell‐penetrating peptide is proposed. This enables efficient cellular uptake and specific targeting of therapy to desired cells while avoiding off‐target uptake. The zwitterionic bioconjugate causes cancer‐specific toxicity following its internalization into the targeted cells, triggered by specific intracellular conditions in lysosomes. This innovative approach enables selective targeting of lysosomes in malignant cells while minimizing cytotoxic effects on normal cells. By targeting lysosomes, the method overcomes inherent risks and side effects associated with conventional cancer treatments, offering a selective and effective approach to cancer therapy.
IL6 Derived from Macrophages under Intermittent Hypoxia Exacerbates NAFLD by Promoting Ferroptosis via MARCH3‐Led Ubiquitylation of GPX4
Authors: Cai Weisong , Wu Sa , Ming Xiaoping , Li Zhen , Pan Dingyu , Yang Xiuping , Yang Minlan , Yuan Yufeng , Chen Xiong 
Published: September 2024

AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a common sleep disorder characterized by intermittent hypoxia (IH) and is associated with the occurrence and development of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). However, the specific mechanism by which OSA induces NAFLD remains unclear. Therefore, effective interventions are lacking. This study aims to investigate the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in OSA‐related NAFLD using clinical data analyses, cell‐based molecular experiments, and animal experiments. Indicators of liver function, lipid accumulation, and ferroptosis are also examined. RNA‐seq, qPCR, western blotting, gene intervention, and E3 ligase prediction using UbiBrowser and co‐IP are used to explore the potential underlying mechanisms. The results show that ferroptosis increases in the liver tissues of patients with OSA. Chronic IH promotes NAFLD progression in mice and is alleviated by a ferroptosis inhibitor Fer‐1. The increased secretion of IL6 by macrophages can promote the expression of MARCH3 in hepatocytes under intermittent conditions, and subsequently promote the ubiquitination and degradation of GPX4 to regulate ferroptosis and lipid accumulation in hepatocytes. Hence, targeted inhibition of MARCH3 may alleviate IH‐induced ferroptosis and lipid accumulation in liver tissues and inhibit the progression of NAFLD.