bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Moderate increase of reactive oxygen species triggers meiotic resumption in rat follicular oocytes
Authors: Tiwari Meenakshi , Chaube Shail K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimThe mammalian ovary generates reactive oxygen species (ROS) on an extraordinary scale; however, the role of ROS during meiotic cell cycle progression in follicular oocytes remains poorly understood. The present study was aimed to determine whether a moderate increase of ROS level in the ovary is beneficial for meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest in follicular oocytes.MethodsCumulus oocyte complexes were collected from the ovaries of female rats that had been treated with either: (i) pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin; or (ii) pregnant mare's serum gonadotrophin + human chorionic gonadotrophin. We analyzed morphological changes, ROS and hydrogen peroxide levels, catalase activity, 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate and 3′,5′‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels, Thr14/Tyr15, Th‐161, total cyclin‐dependent kinase 1 (Cdk1) and cyclin B1 levels.ResultsHuman chorionic gonadotrophin treatment induced meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest and extrusion of first polar body in cumulus oocyte complexes collected from ovaries and cultured for 3 h in vitro. Meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest was associated with increased ROS and hydrogen peroxide levels but decreased 3′,5′‐cyclic adenosine monophosphate as well as 3′,5′‐cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels. The reduced cyclic nucleotide levels were associated with decreased Thr161 phosphorylated Cdk1 and cyclin B1 level but increased Thr14/Tyr15 phosphorylated Cdk1 level leading to maturation promoting factor destabilization. Destabilized maturation‐promoting factor triggered meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest and progression to metaphase‐I as well as metaphase‐II stage in follicular oocytes.ConclusionOur findings suggest that a moderate increase of ROS in the ovary is beneficial for meiotic resumption from diplotene arrest and extrusion of first polar body in follicular oocytes.
Summer diving and haul‐out behavior of leopard seals (Hydrurga leptonyx) near mesopredator breeding colonies at Livingston Island, Antarctic Peninsula
Authors: Krause Douglas J. , Goebel Michael E. , Marshall Greg J. , Abernathy Kyler 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLeopard seals are conspicuous apex predators in Antarctic coastal ecosystems, yet their foraging ecology is poorly understood. Historically, the ecology of diving vertebrates has been studied using high‐resolution time‐depth records; however, to date such data have not been available for leopard seals. Twenty‐one time‐depth recorders were deployed on seasonally resident adult females in January and February between 2008 and 2014. The average deployment length was 13.65 ± 11.45 d and 40,308 postfilter dives were recorded on 229 foraging trips. Dive durations averaged 2.20 ± 1.23 min. Dives were shallow with 90.1% measuring 30 m or less, and a mean maximum dive depth of 16.60 ± 10.99 m. Four dive types were classified using a k‐means cluster analysis and compared with corresponding animal‐borne video data. Dive activity (number of dives/hour) was concentrated at night, including crepuscular periods. Haul‐out probabilities were highest near midday and were positively correlated with available daylight. Visual observations and comparisons of diving activity between and within years suggest individual‐based differences of foraging effort by time of day. Finally, dive and video data indicate that in addition to at‐surface hunting, benthic searching and facultative scavenging are important foraging strategies for leopard seals near coastal mesopredator breeding colonies.
Effect of systemic transplantation of bone marrow‐derived mesenchymal stem cells on neuropathology markers in APP/PS1 Alzheimer mice
Authors: Naaldijk Y. , Jäger C. , Fabian C. , Leovsky C. , Blüher A. , Rudolph L. , Hinze A. , Stolzing A. 
Published: February 2016

AimsMesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have recently attracted interest as a potential basis for a cell‐based therapy of AD. We investigated the putative immune‐modulatory effects in neuroinflammation of systemic transplantation of MSC into APP/PS1 transgenic mice.Methods106 MSC were injected into APP/PS1 mice via the tail vein and histological analysis was performed for microglia and amyloid (pE3‐Aβ) plaque numbers, glial distribution and pE3‐Aβ plaque size. In addition, a biochemical analysis by qPCR for pro‐inflammatory, chemoattractant and neurotrophic factors was performed.ResultsMSC are associated with pE3‐Aβ plaques. The effects of transplantation on microglia‐associated pathology could be observed after 28 days. Animals showed a reduction in microglial numbers in the cortex and in microglia size. Gene expression was reduced for TNF‐α, IL‐6, MCP‐1, and for NGF, in MSC recipients. Also, we investigated for the first time and found no changes in expression of IL‐10, CCR5, BDNF, VEGF and IFNγ. PTGER2 expression levels were increased in the hippocampus but were reduced in the cortex of MSC recipients. While there were no transplant‐related changes in pE3‐Aβ plaque numbers, a reduction in the size of pE3‐Aβ plaques was observed in the hippocampus of transplant recipients.ConclusionThis is the first study to show reduction in pE3‐Aβ plaque size. pE3‐Aβ plaques have gained attention as potential key participants in AD due to their increased aggregation propensity, the possibility for the initial seeding event, resistance against degradation and neurotoxicity. These findings support the hypothesis that MSC‐transplants may affect AD pathology via an immune‐modulatory function that includes an effect on microglial cells.
The clinicopathological features of pituicytoma and the differential diagnosis of sellar glioma
Authors: Wang Junmei , Liu Zhaoxia , Du Jiang , Cui Yun , Fang Jingyi , Xu Li , Li Guilin 
Published: February 2016

Pituicytoma is rare and difficult to diagnose. This study explored the clinicopathological features, immunophenotype and differential diagnosis of pituicytoma. We compared 11 cases of pituicytoma and 26 cases of sellar glioma (16 pilocytic astrocytomas, four diffuse astrocytomas, three pilomyxoid astrocytomas, and three third ventricle chordoid gliomas). The 11 pituicytoma cases involved six men and five women (age: 33–65 years). Three of the 11 patients experienced recurrence due to a residual tumor, and one patient underwent three surgeries during a 6‐month period. Imaging findings revealed tumors were in the intrasellar region (four cases), suprasellar region (four cases) and intra‐suprasellar regions (three cases). The tumor diameters were 1.3–3.8 cm, and the preoperative diagnoses were pituitary adenoma, craniopharyngioma and meningioma. The tumors were solid and contained spindle or slightly chubby cells that were densely arranged with visible cleft‐like or expanded sinusoid structures. The cells had vague boundaries, circular nuclei, fine chromatin, and a small nucleolus. Immunohistochemical staining of the pituicytomas revealed positive expression of thyroid transcription factor‐1 (TTF‐1) and S‐100 protein (S‐100), positive focal expression of glial GFAP;(five of 11 cases), and negative oligodendrocyte transcription factor 2 (Olig2), CD34 and neurofilament expression. The Ki67 index was 6% in one case and 1–2% in the other cases. Unlike pituicytoma, most sellar glioma cases exhibited GFAP and Olig2 expression, and negative TTF‐1 expression. Third ventricle chordoid gliomas expressed TTF‐1, GFAP and CD34, and were negative for Olig2. Our results indicate that pituicytoma typically involves dense arrangements of spindle or slightly chubby cells. The morphology is occasionally atypical, with ependymoma‐like or meningioma‐like structures, and occasionally exhibits pilomyxoid degeneration. Abundant sinusoids are characteristic of hemorrhagic tumors. The dense spindle cell arrangement is a relatively specific morphology, and staining for GFAP, TTF‐1, Olig2 and CD4 may help differentiate pituicytoma from sellar glioma.
Student nurses' perceptions of aggression: An exploratory study of defensive styles, aggression experiences, and demographic factors
Authors: Bilgin Hulya , Keser Ozcan Neslihan , Tulek Zeliha , Kaya Fadime , Boyacioglu Nur Elcin , Erol Ozgul , Arguvanli Coban Sibel , Pazvantoglu Ozan , Gumus Kubra 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThroughout the clinical learning process, nursing students' perception of aggression might have implications in terms of their future professional behavior toward patients. Using a descriptive cross‐sectional design, we investigated the relationships between student nurses' perceptions of aggression and their personal characteristics, defense styles, and a convenience sample of 1539 experiences of aggressive behavior in clinical practice. Information about the students' personal features, their clinical practice, and experiences of aggressive behavior was obtained by questionnaire. The Turkish version of the Perception of Aggression Scale and Defense Styles Questionnaire‐40 were also used. Students were frequently exposed to verbal aggression from patients and their relatives. And perceived patient aggression negatively, perception of aggression were associated with sex, defense styles, feelings of safety, and experiences of aggressions during clinical practice. Of interest is the reality that student nurses should be prepared for untoward events during their training.
Molecular evolution of parsnip (Pastinaca sativa) membrane‐bound prenyltransferases for linear and/or angular furanocoumarin biosynthesis
Authors: Munakata Ryosuke , Olry Alexandre , Karamat Fazeelat , Courdavault Vincent , Sugiyama Akifumi , Date Yoshiaki , Krieger Célia , Silie Prisca , Foureau Emilien , Papon Nicolas , Grosjean Jérémy , Yazaki Kazufumi , Bourgaud Frédéric , Hehn Alain 
Published: February 2016

Summary

In Apiaceae, furanocoumarins (FCs) are plant defence compounds that are present as linear or angular isomers. Angular isomers appeared during plant evolution as a protective response to herbivores that are resistant to linear molecules. Isomeric biosynthesis occurs through prenylation at the C6 or C8 position of umbelliferone.

Here, we report cloning and functional characterization of two different prenyltransferases, Pastinaca sativa prenyltransferase 1 and 2 (PsPT1 and PsPT2), that are involved in these crucial reactions.

Both enzymes are targeted to plastids and synthesize osthenol and demethylsuberosin (DMS) using exclusively umbelliferone and dimethylallylpyrophosphate (DMAPP) as substrates. Enzymatic characterization using heterologously expressed proteins demonstrated that PsPT1 is specialized for the synthesis of the linear form, demethylsuberosin, whereas PsPT2 more efficiently catalyses the synthesis of its angular counterpart, osthenol.

These results are the first example of a complementary prenyltransferase pair from a single plant species that is involved in synthesizing defensive compounds. This study also provides a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms governing the angular FC biosynthetic pathway in apiaceous plants, which involves two paralogous enzymes that share the same phylogenetic origin.
OsCLT1, a CRT‐like transporter 1, is required for glutathione homeostasis and arsenic tolerance in rice
Authors: Yang Jian , Gao Ming‐Xing , Hu Han , Ding Xiao‐Meng , Lin Hong‐Wei , Wang Lei , Xu Ji‐Ming , Mao Chuan‐Zao , Zhao Fang‐Jie , Wu Zhong‐Chang 
Published: February 2016

Summary

Arsenic (As) contamination in a paddy environment can cause phytotoxicity and elevated As accumulation in rice (Oryza sativa). The mechanism of As detoxification in rice is still poorly understood.

We isolated an arsenate (As(V))‐sensitive mutant of rice. Genomic resequencing and complementation identified OsCLT1, encoding a CRT‐like transporter, as the causal gene for the mutant phenotype.

OsCLT1 is localized to the envelope membrane of plastids. The glutathione and γ‐glutamylcysteine contents in roots of Osclt1 and RNA interference lines were decreased markedly compared with the wild‐type (WT). The concentrations of phytochelatin PC2 in Osclt1 roots were only 32% and 12% of that in WT after As(V) and As(III) treatments, respectively. OsCLT1 mutation resulted in lower As accumulation in roots but higher As accumulation in shoots when exposed to As(V). Under As(III) treatment, Osclt1 accumulated a lower As concentration in roots but similar As concentration in shoots to WT. Further analysis showed that the reduction of As(V) to As(III) was decreased in Osclt1. Osclt1 was also hypersensitive to cadmium (Cd).

These results indicate that OsCLT1 plays an important role in glutathione homeostasis, probably by mediating the export of γ‐glutamylcysteine and glutathione from plastids to the cytoplasm, which in turn affects As and Cd detoxification in rice.
Clinical Uses of Intrathecal Therapy and Its Placement in the Pain Care Algorithm
Authors: Pope Jason E. , Deer Timothy R. , Bruel Brian M. , Falowski Steven 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIntrathecal drug delivery is an effective treatment option for patients with severe chronic pain who have not obtained adequate analgesia from more conservative therapies (eg, physical therapy, systemic opioids, nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, antidepressants, and anticonvulsants). This review focuses on, but is not limited to, the 2 agents currently approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for intrathecal analgesia: preservative‐free morphine and ziconotide (a nonopioid, selective N‐type calcium channel blocker). We describe the appropriate use of intrathecal therapy in the management of severe chronic pain, based on current best practices. Topics addressed here include patient selection, trialing, dosing and titration, adverse event profiles, long‐term management, intrathecal therapy for cancer‐related pain, and the placement of intrathecal therapy in the pain care algorithm. In appropriately selected patients with chronic pain, intrathecal therapy can provide substantial pain relief with improved functioning and quality of life. Successful long‐term management requires ongoing patient monitoring for changes in efficacy and the occurrence of adverse events, with subsequent changes in intrathecal dosing and titration, the addition of adjuvant intrathecal agents, and the use of concomitant oral medications to address side effects, as needed. Based on an infrequent but clinically concerning risk of overdose, granuloma, and other opioid‐induced complications, nonopioid therapy with ziconotide may be preferred as a first‐line intrathecal therapy in patients without a history of psychosis or allergy.
Conversational Implicatures and Legal Texts
Authors: Slocum Brian G. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLegal texts are often given interpretations that deviate from their literal meanings. While legal concerns often motivate these interpretations, others can be traced to linguistic phenomena. This paper argues that systematicities of language usage, captured by certain theories of conversational implicature, can sometimes explain why the meanings given to legal texts by judges differ from the literal meanings of the texts. Paul Grice's account of conversational implicature is controversial, and scholars have offered a variety of ways to conceptualize implicatures and Grice's maxims of conversation. Approaches that emphasize the systematic nature of implicatures can provide explanatory accounts of the gap between literal meaning and the meaning communicated in the text. For example, a theory of scalar implicature, a type of generalized conversational implicature, can account for the application of the interpretive principle known as ejusdem generis, which narrows the scope of “catch‐all” clauses located at the end of lists of items. Despite the availability of such theories, some scholars have argued that conversational implicatures are not applicable to legislation. The arguments, based primarily on the uniqueness of the legislative context and its noncooperative nature, though, do not establish the inapplicability of conversational implicatures to legislation.
An Unusual yet “Mg”nificent Indication for Hemodialysis
Authors: Bansal Amar D. , Negoianu Dan , Warburton Karen M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHypermagnesemia is an uncommon electrolyte abnormality, due to the fact that magnesium toxicity is only seen in the setting of a massive exposure to exogenous magnesium, often in the setting of renal insufficiency. Here, we report a case of severe hypermagnesemia that resulted in complete paralysis that was secondary to Renacidin administration, a rarely used agent used for intra‐renal pelvic or intra‐vesicular instillation dissolution of struvite stones. The patient also had concurrent acute kidney injury (AKI). The patient's magnesium was as high as 16.7 mg/dL, and he initially received hemodialysis followed by continuous venovenous hemodialysis. These therapies resulted in a rapid reduction in magnesium levels and eventual resolution of the muscular weakness. The case discussion highlights several key aspects of magnesium homeostasis, the limited mechanistic understanding of Renacidin‐induced hypermagnesemia, and the role of renal replacement therapies in the treatment of hypermagnesemia.
HIV‐infected CD4+ T Cells Use T‐bet‐dependent Pathway for Production of IL‐10 Upon Antigen Recognition
Authors: Shete A. , Suryawanshi P. , Godbole S. , Pawar J. , Paranjape R. , Thakar M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInterleukin (IL)‐10 has been implicated in persistence of pathogens in a number of chronic infections. Infected CD4+ cells upon reactivation with HIV antigens were also shown to produce IL‐10, which might contribute to their persistence. Hence, it is crucial to determine mechanisms regulating IL‐10 production after activation with HIV antigens for devising effective blocking strategies. In this study, ERK‐, T‐bet‐ and FoxP3‐dependent pathways were evaluated for their possible roles in IL‐10 production by infected CD4+ cells after reactivation with HIV Env. Intracellular and secreted IL‐10 levels were determined by flow cytometry and Bioplex assay after treating PBMCs with PD98059, tipifarnib and cyclosporin A for blocking of ERK‐, T‐bet‐and FoxP3‐dependent pathways, respectively. Baseline levels of T‐bet, pERK were higher in P24+ CD4+ cells as compared to uninfected CD4+ cells, which increased further after activation with Env. Inhibition of T‐bet resulted in 2.3‐fold reduction of IL‐10 expression whereas ERK and FoxP3 inhibition failed to cause suppression of IL‐10 expression. Conversely, IL‐10 secreted by PBMCs was inhibited maximally after ERK inhibition suggesting its role in regulation of cytokine secretory pathway. IFN‐γ was found to be suppressed after treatment with inhibitors of all these pathways. Thus, the study highlighted need for IL‐10 blockade along with the use of antigens for therapeutic vaccinations or latency reversal and identified the T‐bet‐dependent pathway as an important pathway regulating IL‐10 production by infected CD4+ cells. However, simultaneous blockade of IFN‐γ precludes use of inhibitor of this pathway as an IL‐10 blocking strategy.
Prosocial Tendencies among Chinese American Children in Immigrant Families: Links to Cultural and Socio‐demographic Factors and Psychological Adjustment
Authors: Main Alexandra , Zhou Qing , Liew Jeffrey , Lee Charlene 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe present study examined relations between prosocial tendencies (dispositional sympathy and prosocial behavior) and psychological adjustment using a multi‐method and multi‐informant approach in a socioeconomically diverse sample of first‐ and second‐generation Chinese American children from immigrant families (N = 238, M age = 9.2 years). We tested the concurrent associations between: (a) children's dispositional sympathy (rated by parents, teachers, and children, and observed prosocial behavior), (b) psychological adjustment (parent‐ and teacher‐reported externalizing problems and social competence); and (c) cultural and socio‐demographic factors (children's Chinese and American orientations, family Socioeconomic Status (SES), only child status, and children's age, sex, and social desirability). Results from correlations and structural equation modeling suggested that different measures of prosocial tendencies related differently to children's psychological adjustment. Parent‐ and teacher‐rated sympathy were associated with higher child social competence and lower externalizing problems within, but not across, reporter. By contrast, child‐rated sympathy was associated with higher teacher‐rated social competence, and observed prize donation was associated with lower teacher‐rated externalizing problems. Different measures of prosocial tendencies also showed different relations to cultural and socio‐demographic factors. These findings suggest that prosocial tendencies are not a unitary construct in Chinese American immigrant children: the manifestations of prosocial tendencies and their adjustment implications might depend on the context and/or targets of these tendencies.
The Effect of Personal Economic Values on Economic Policy Preferences*
Authors: Friesen Amanda , Hibbing Matthew V. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesCitizens often express that the government should be run like a business or household in the way that money is saved and spent, though individuals vary in their personal financial preferences and attitudes toward money. To explore the relationship between the personal and political, we draw upon research in psychology, economics, and consumer science on personal economic values, such as materialism and the importance of saving money.MethodsUsing a survey of 340 adults, we test connections between political ideology, the Big Five personality traits, and money conservation and material values.ResultsOur data suggest that values regarding personal money conservation are unrelated to economic policy attitudes like welfare spending and wealth redistribution, but the value individuals place on material items is predictive of these political preferences.ConclusionBy showing the political significance of personal (and nonpolitical) materialism values, we contribute to a rapidly growing literature showing that political attitudes and behaviors are best understood in the context of the larger social world.