bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Perceived Employability in Difficult Economic Times
Authors: Berglund Tomas , Wallinder Ylva 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACT
This paper focuses on current European employment policy, promoting the individual's responsibility for remaining employable. Within this supply-oriented framework, general political responsibilities of both increasing the demand for labour and facilitating the development of human capital through training and education opportunities are less emphasized than the individual's own responsibility to remain attractive for employers. In an analysis of perceived opportunities among European employees, we argue that the concept of ‘employment security’ can lift the individualized perspective on employability skills and attributes to a more structural and institutional perspective. To enhance individuals’ chances of finding a job, educational and lifelong learning policies and active labour market measures are believed to be important factors, besides general demand in the labour market. Through multi-level modelling, we analyse the significance of individual and contextual factors on employees’ perception of their chances in the labour market. The data used are from the European Social Survey (2010), including data from 21 countries. Our results indicate that employability cannot solely be regarded as an individual phenomenon relying on individual characteristics. We also need to focus on the institutional context enabling the individual to remain in employment in the existing mobile and risky labour market.
Survival of Age-0 Hatchery Summer-Run Chinook Salmon is Enhanced by Early Release
Authors: Snow Charles G 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Subyearling (age-0) hatchery summer-run Chinook Salmon Oncorhynchus tshawytscha have been released into the Columbia River in mid-June from Wells Fish Hatchery, Washington, since 1993, but release-to-adult survival (SAR) under this strategy has been low. I used paired releases of four broods of coded-wire-tagged age-0 Chinook Salmon released in mid-May (early release [ER] group) and mid-June (late release [LR] group) to evaluate whether advancing the release date could improve SAR. Additionally, passive integrated transponder tags implanted in a subsample of each release group were used to estimate emigration rate and release-to-McNary Dam survival of juvenile fish. Mean migration rate from release to McNary Dam was significantly faster for LR fish than for ER fish. No among-year difference in mean survival from release to McNary Dam was observed between ER and LR groups, although differences were observed within years. Mean overall SAR was significantly greater for ER fish than for LR fish. These results suggest that altering the release date of age-0 Chinook Salmon at Wells Hatchery would enhance return survival.
Visibility moments and power spectrum of turbulence velocity
Authors: Dutta Prasun 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Here we introduce moments of visibility function and discuss how those can be used to estimate the power spectrum of the turbulent velocity of external spiral galaxies. We perform numerical simulation to confirm the credibility of this method and found that for galaxies with lower inclination angles it works fine. The estimator outlined here is unbiased and has the potential to recover the turbulent velocity spectrum completely from radio interferometric observations.
Family Economics and Obesity
Authors: Wilson Sven E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObesity deserves attention by economists because it has moved to the forefront of public health concerns worldwide and because it is a health condition that defies the general economic pattern that economic prosperity is associated with better health. The economic theory of household behavior and accompanying empirical evidence both suggest that married couples are able to reap the rewards of more efficient investment in health. Obesity, however, is an important exception, with both men and women tending to gain weight following marriage. Wealthier societies should also be able to invest more effectively in child health, but the epidemic of childhood obesity in rich countries counters this trend. This essay argues that the paradoxical economics of obesity must be studied within the primary context where obesity-related decisions are made: the family. Thus, the case of obesity reveals the benefits of and challenges to obtaining a better understanding of familial health capital.
Public and Private Returns to Investing in Nutrition
Authors: Alderman Harold , Sahn David E. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The authors examine the impact of nutrition on productivity at both the micro and macro levels and conclude that large economic returns to investing in nutrition. These can be measured at both the individual level as well as through economy-wide indicators such as aggregate incomes and gross domestic product. The evidence comes from a range of methodologies and disciplines, including the work of economic historians, cross-country models, microsimulation, and structural and experimental microeconomic analysis. The positive economic returns to investing in nutrition operate through multiple channels. These range from literature that shows that in utero and early-life nutritional inputs contribute positively to various economic metrics through a range of mediating factors (such as increased stature, improved cognition, and savings associated with reduced morbidity and mortality across the life course) to evidence from long-term historical studies that improved nutrition contributes to large improvements in per capita growth.
Jonson’s Thematic Language and Catchphrases
Authors: Dahl Marcus 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter analyses Jonson’s use of language in a selection of his texts. A ‘Plagiarism’ analysis of an electronic archive of 457 early modern texts was conducted, including eighteen plays and four masques by Jonson. The text archive was analysed for collocations which occurred either often in, or rarely outside of, the works of Jonson—thus revealing a basic pattern for Jonson’s language. These repeated or rarely occurring words and phrases were then analysed in terms of their usage and their possible significance for Jonson, focusing on certain key linguistic themes: London and its people, city culture, language and fashion.
Information Structure and Production Planning
Authors: Wagner Michael 
Published: December 2015

AbstractUtterances are planned and realized incrementally. Which information is salient or attended to prior to initiating an utterance has influences on choices in argument structure and word order, and affects the prosodic prominence of the constituents involved. Many phenomena that the linguistic literature usually treats as reflexes of the grammatical encoding of information structure, such as the early ordering of topics, or the prosodic reduction of old information, are treated in the production literature as a consequence of how contextual salience interacts with production planning. This article reviews information structural effects that arise as a consequence of how syntactic and phonological information is incrementally encoded in the production process, and how we can tell these effects apart from grammatically encoded aspects of information structure that form part of the message.
Arabic
Authors: Stetkevych Suzanne Pinckney 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThis article offers an overview of Arabic literature of the pre-Islamic and early Islamic periods. Although a wide range of examples and genres—proverbs, maxims, etiological tales, folk and religious lore—is discussed, the chapter focuses on the preeminent early Arabic literary genre, the originally orally composed and transmitted ode (s. qaṣīdah, pl. qaṣāʾid) of the mostly Bedouin Arab tribes, prior to the coming of Islam. Through its elegiac nasīb depicting the abandoned campsite and lost beloved; the raḥīl, desert journey by she-camel; and its compelling madīḥ, praise of the patron’s virtues, the qaṣīdah encoded and preserved the ethos of the warrior aristocacry of the pre-Islamic period and together with the Qurʾān formed the literary-cultural foundation for the most extensive of the Semitic literatures, that of Arab-Islamic civilization.
Spatial Proximity and Similarity
Authors: Kubovy Michael 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The author describes the quantification of grouping by proximity using a perturbation approach applied to briefly seen arrays of dots distributed in space or space-time. This work revealed a law of grouping by proximity (the pure distance law): the log-odds of seeing alternative groupings is a linear function of the ratios of their interdot distances, independent of the configuration of the array of dots. Surprisingly, curved organizations are more salient than rectilinear ones. Studies of grouping in space-time revealed that perception of apparent motion is inconsistent with any notion of spatiotemporal distance. When grouping principles (such as proximity and similarity) are conjoined (i.e., more than one grouping principle is applied to the same stimulus), they sometimes affect perception additively. When they do not operate additively, they interact to produce a new emergent property.
Culture, Politics, and Development
Authors: Woolcock Michael 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article explores the value of the study of culture for understanding development. Important advances have been made in recent years in understanding how culture, politics, and development interact. Today, the leading theoretical approach to culture seeks to provide an empirically grounded, mechanisms-based account of how symbols, frames, identities, and narratives are deployed as part of a broader repertoire of cultural “tools.” For politics and development, a central virtue of this approach resides less in its broad policy prescriptions than in its commitment to engaging with the idiosyncrasies of local contexts. This engagement contributes to development policy by enabling careful intracountry comparisons to be made of the conditions under which variable responses to otherwise similar problems emerge. Such knowledge is also important for discerning the generalizability (or “external validity”) of claims regarding the efficacy of development interventions, especially those overtly engaging with social, legal, and political issues.
The Comparative Politics of Service Delivery in Developing Countries
Authors: Lieberman Evan S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This article focuses on the comparative politics of service delivery in developing countries from 1990 to mid-2011. It first reviews the theoretical arguments and empirical evidence related to the provision of basic public services such as education, water, electricity, and health care before turning to the determinants of service provision. The link between accountability and the quality of service provision is emphasized. The article also considers factors that account for variation in service provision, including democracy versus autocracy, elections, political competition, and ethnicity. It shows that countries governed by democratic regimes tend to spend more and to provide more basic services than their autocratic counterparts and that decentralization improves the quality of services provided to citizens.
Historiography of Just War Theory
Authors: Reichberg Gregory M. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
This chapter examines the historiography of just war theory. It starts off by showing how the concept of war has remained far from constant from one period to another and why recognition of these shifts in meaning is a prerequisite for historical reflection in this domain. Proceeding afterwards to explain why histories of the just war ‘tradition’ have been written, in what historical contexts and in view of what aims, it is shown how few of these histories have been recounted as purely descriptive exercises. Displaying the normative options that have oriented historical methodology in this field is thus a principal task of this chapter. Finally, to exhibit the salience of just war historiography for contemporary theorising, this chapter concludes with a reflection on the antecedents to our present debate on the moral equality of combatants.
Measurement of Femoral Version by MRI is as Reliable and Reproducible as CT in Children and Adolescents With Hip Disorders
Authors: Hesham Khalid , Carry Patrick M. , Freese Krister , Kestel Lauryn , Stewart Jamie R. , Delavan Joshua A. , Novais Eduardo N. 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Femoral version measurement techniques based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) studies have been developed as an alternative to the high levels of ionizing radiation associated with computed tomography (CT)-based methods. Previous studies have not evaluated the reliability, repeatability, and accuracy of MRI-based femoral version measurements in an adolescent population.

Methods:
Subjects who underwent MRI and CT studies for clinical suspicion of hip pain secondary to hip dysplasia or femoroacetabular impingement between 2011 and 2013 were identified. Rapid sequence femoral version images were obtained from MRI Hip dGEMRIC and/or postarthrogram studies. Femoral version images were also obtained from bilateral CT lower extremity, without contrast, studies. Measurements were made by 1 fellowship-trained, pediatric hip preservation attending surgeon, 2 pediatric orthopaedic surgical fellows, and 1 fellowship-trained musculoskeletal radiologist on 2 separate occasions. Linear mixed models were used to estimate the reliability and repeatability associated with CT-based and MRI-based measurements (intraclass correlation coefficients) and to estimate the agreement (CT-MRI) between the 2 techniques.

Results:
The mean age of 36 subjects was 15.4 years (±4.1 y). Interrater reliability was 0.91 (95% CI, 0.86-0.95) for the CT technique compared with 0.90 (95% CI, 0.86-0.94) for the rapid sequence MRI technique. Intrarater reliability for the CT technique was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.91-0.98) compared with 0.95 (95% CI, 0.90-0.97) for the MRI technique. The agreement between the MRI-based and CT-based techniques (bias: 1.9 degrees, limits of agreement: −11.3 to 14.9 degrees) was similar to the agreement between consecutive MRI measurements (bias: 0.4 degrees, limits of agreement: −7.8 to 8.6 degrees) as well as consecutive CT measurements (bias: 0.5 degrees, limits of agreement: −8.8 to 9.9 degrees).

Conclusions:
The interrater and intrarater reliability and repeatability estimates (intraclass correlation coefficient values) associated with both techniques was excellent (>0.90). Acquirement of axial images at the pelvis and knee during MRI for investigation of adolescents with hip pain allows for reliable measurement of femoral version.

Level of Evidence:
Level II—diagnostic study.
Changes in Thirst Intensity During Optimization of Heart Failure Medical Therapy by Nurses at the Outpatient Clinic
Authors: Waldréus Nana , Hahn Robert G. , Lyngå Patrik , van der Wal Martje H. L. , Hägglund Ewa , Jaarsma Tiny 
Published: December 2015

Background:
Thirst can be aggravated in patients with heart failure (HF), and optimization of HF medication can have positive impact on thirst.

Objectives:
The aims of this study were to describe changes in thirst intensity and to determine factors associated with high thirst intensity during optimization of HF medication.

Methods and Results:
Patients with HF (N = 66) who were referred to an HF clinic for up-titration of HF medication were included. Data were collected during the first visit to the clinic and at the end of the treatment program. Data were dichotomized by the median visual analog scale score for thirst, dividing patients into 2 groups: low thirst intensity (0–20 mm) and high thirst intensity (>20 mm on a visual analog scale of 0–100 mm). In total, 67% of the patients reported a higher thirst intensity after the HF up-titration program. There was no difference in thirst intensity between the patients who reached target doses and those who did not. Plasma urea level (odds ratio, 1.33; 95% confidence interval, 1.07–1.65) and fluid restriction (odds ratio, 6.25; 95% confidence interval, 1.90–20.5) were independently associated with high thirst intensity in patients with HF.

Conclusions:
Thirst intensity increased in two-thirds of the patients during a time period of optimization of HF medication. Fluid restriction and plasma urea levels were associated with high thirst intensity.
DanQ: a hybrid convolutional and recurrent deep neural network for quantifying the function of DNA sequences
Authors: Quang Daniel , Xie Xiaohui 
Published: December 2015

AbstractModeling the properties and functions of DNA sequences is an important, but challenging task in the broad field of genomics. This task is particularly difficult for noncoding DNA, the vast majority of which is still poorly understood in terms of function. A powerful predictive model for the function of noncoding DNA can have enormous benefit for both basic science and translational research because over 98% of the human genome is noncoding and 93% of disease-associated variants lie in these regions. To address this need, we propose DanQ, a novel hybrid convolutional and bi-directional long short-term memory recurrent neural network framework for predicting noncoding functionde novofrom sequence. In the DanQ model, the convolution layer captures regulatory motifs, while the recurrent layer captures long-term dependencies between the motifs in order to learn a regulatory “grammar” to improve predictions. DanQ improves considerably upon other models across several metrics. For some regulatory markers, DanQ can achieve over a 50% relative improvement in the area under the precision-recall curve metric compared to related models.Availability and implementationAll source code is available at the github repositoryhttp://github.com/uci-cbcl/DanQ.
Whole-genome sequencing uncovers cryptic and hybrid species among Atlantic and Pacific cod-fish
Authors: Halldórsdóttir Katrín , Árnason Einar 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTSpeciation often involves the splitting of a lineage and the adaptation of daughter lineages to different environments. It may also involve the merging of divergent lineages, thus creating a stable homoploid hybrid species1that constructs a new ecological niche by transgressing2the ecology of the parental types. Hybrid speciation may also contribute to enigmatic and cryptic biodiversity in the sea.3,4The enigmatic walleye pollock, which is not a pollock at all but an Atlantic cod that invaded the Pacific 3.8 Mya,5differs considerably from its presumed closest relatives, the Pacific and Atlantic cod. Among the Atlantic cod, shallow-water coastal and deep-water migratory frontal ecotypes are associated with highly divergent genomic islands;6,7however, intermediates remain an enigma.8Here, we performed whole-genome sequencing of over 200 individuals using up to 33 million SNPs based on genotype likelihoods9and showed that the evolutionary status of walleye pollock is a hybrid species: it is a hybrid between Arctic cod and Atlantic cod that transgresses the ecology of its parents. For the first time, we provide decisive evidence that the Atlantic cod coastal and frontal ecotypes are separate species that hybridized, leading to a true-breeding hybrid species that differs ecologically from its parents. We refute monophyly and dichotomous branching of these taxa, and stress the importance of looking beyond branching trees at admixture and hybridity. Our study demonstrates the power of whole-genome sequencing and population genomics in providing deep insights into fundamental processes of speciation. Our study was a starting point for further work aimed at examining the criteria of hybrid speciation,10selection, sterility and structural chromosomal variation11among cod-fish, which are among the most important fish stocks in the world. The hybrid nature of both the walleye pollock and Atlantic cod raises the question concerning the extent to which very profitable fisheries12,13depend on hybrid vigour. Our results have implications for management of marine resources in times of rapid climate change.14,15
MBPpred: Proteome-wide detection of membrane lipid-binding proteins using profile Hidden Markov Models
Authors: Nastou Katerina C. , Tsaousis Georgios N. , Papandreou Nikolaos C. , Hamodrakas Stavros J. 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTA large number of modular domains that exhibit specific lipid binding properties are present in many membrane proteins involved in trafficking and signal transduction. These domains are present in either eukaryotic peripheral membrane or transmembrane proteins and are responsible for the non-covalent interactions of these proteins with membrane lipids. Here we report a profile Hidden Markov Model based method capable of detecting Membrane Binding Proteins (MBPs) from information encoded in their amino acid sequence, called MBPpred. The method identifies MBPs that contain one or more of the Membrane Binding Domains (MBDs) that have been described to date, and further classifies these proteins based on their position in respect to the membrane, either as peripheral or transmembrane. MBPpred is available online athttp://bioinformatics.biol.uoa.gr/MBPpred. This method was applied in selected eukaryotic proteomes, in order to examine the characteristics they exhibit in various eukaryotic kingdoms and phylums.