bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Neptune’s Triton: A Moon Rich in Dry Ice and Carbon?
Authors: Prentice A. J. R. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe encounter of the spacecraftVoyager 2with Neptune and its large satellite Triton in August 1989 will provide a crucial test of ideas regarding the origin and chemical composition of the outer solar system. In this pre-encounter paper we quantify the possibility that Triton is a captured moon which, like Pluto and Charon, originally condensed as a major planetesimal within the gas ring that was shed by the contracting protosolar cloud at Neptune’s orbit. Ideas of supersonic convective turbulence are used to compute the gas pressure, temperature and rate of catalytic synthesis of CH4, CO2and solid carbon within the protosolar cloud, assuming that all C is initially present as CO. The calculations lead to a unique composition for Triton, Pluto, and Charon: each body consists of, by mass, 18.5% solid CO2ice, 4% graphite, 0.5% CH4ice, 29% methanated water ice and 48% anhydrous rock. This mix has a density consistent with that of the Pluto-Charon system and yields a predicted mean density for Triton of 2.20±0.05 g cm−3, for satellite radius equal to 1750 km.
The Evolution of Disturbed Neutral Point Equilibria
Authors: Craig I. J. D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe consider the linear and non-linear evolution of a perturbed X-type neutral point. A semi-analytic treatment is given for the case of small disturbances of the equilibrium field. This problem admits well defined azimuthal modes which allow a formally exact determination of the magnetic annihilation rate. It is shown that the longest lived modes are purely radial and decay of the timescale τ ≈ |ln η| where η defines the resistivity of the coronal plasma. Higher azimuthal modes decay much faster, generally on a fraction (O(m−1)) of the Alfvén timescale for the outer field.We go on to perform finite amplitude calculations that demonstrate the implosive current build-up that precedes the reconnective phase of the relaxation. In general both linear and non-linear studies support the idea of an initial implosive stage which rapidly releases the bulk of the energy associated with arbitrary field disturbances.
Astronomy and Human Life
Authors: Ramadurai S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe role of astronomy in the cultural exchanges between India and China through several centuries is taken as an example of astronomy shaping human life. Then the tradition of astronomy in the development of scientific thought is examined. The contribution of astronomy in shaping the post-Renaissance society is briefly introduced. It is concluded that the recent developments of ideas in cosmology throw light on the intrinsic nature and limitations of the scientist as a human being.
AT Monitoring of SNR 1987A
Authors: Staveley-Smith L. , Manchester R. N. , Kesteven M. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe prompt radio emission associated with SN 1987A appeared and disappeared within the space of a few days. The next radio emission is expected as the high velocity ejecta expand into the circumstellar material. The evidence from the timing of the initial UV-flash is that this stage may occur shortly. We have therefore begun to monitor the field around SNR 1987A at high sensitivity with the Australia Telescope Compact Array. At λ6cm, an upper limit to the radio emission of 180μJy has been obtained. Continued observations are planned.
A Radiotelescope for Undergraduate Teaching
Authors: Storey J.W.V. , Lloyd J.P. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA fully-steerable 3.7 metre radiotelescope has been developed as an aid to undergraduate teaching. By using commercially available domestic satellite television components, excellent performance can be achieved at very low cost. The telescope is to be fully computer controlled, and has interchangeable feed horns and low-noise amplifiers for 21 cm, 2.5 cm and 7.5 cm. Experiments will include measurement of the surface temperature of the moon and Venus and of the effective temperature of the sun, plus observation of the brightest thermal and non-thermal galactic sources.
Supernova Remnants: A Generalized Theoretical Approach to the Radio Evolution
Authors: Caswell J. L. , Lerche I. 
Published: July 2016

Theoretical work on the radio emission from supernova remnants (SNRs) has not developed much since the pioneering work of Shklovsky (1960) and van der Laa (1962a, b). Despite agreement that the emission results from the synchrotron process, the origin of the relativistic particles and magnetic field is not clear. There are three reasonable alternatives:(i) particles and field originate within the ejected material (e.g. Shklovsky 1960);(ii) both field and particles originate in the compressed interstellar medium (e.g. van der Laan 1962a);(iii) the field is interstellar but the particles are from the ejecta (as outlined by van der Laan 1962b).
Observations of 18 cm OH Emission and Absorption from Halley’s Comet
Authors: Duncan R. A. , Norris R. P. , Forster J. R. , Stewart R. T. , McConnell D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe 1665 and 1667 MHz OH intensity towards Halley’s comet has been monitored during the period October 1985 to April 1986. The flux density variation during the course of the apparition roughly follows the predictions of Schloerb and Gerard (1985), although we find a systematically lower flux than they predicted. The relative intensities of these lines are approximately in the ratio expected for thermodynamic equilibrium.
Clinical Trials Abroad: The Marketable Ethics, Weak Protections and Vulnerable Subjects of EU Law
Authors: Flear Mark L 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis chapter explores how the EU is a largely overlooked exporter of normative power through its facilitation and use of clinical trials data produced abroad for the marketing of safe pharmaceuticals at home; a move that helps to foster the growing resort to pharmaceuticals as a fix for public health problems. This is made possible by the EU’s (de)selection of international ethical frameworks in preference to the international technical standards it co-authors with other global regulators. Clinical trials abroad underscore how ethics are contingent and revisable in light of market needs, producing weak protections for the vulnerable subjects of EU law. I argue that these components and effects of the regime are ultimately about that which undergirds, shapes and directs regulatory design. That is, I point to the use, infiltration, perpetuation and extension of market-oriented ideas, values and rationalities into formally non-market domains like biomedical knowledge production and public health. I explain how these are central to efforts at producing and legitimating the EU, its related imagined socio-political order based on a more innovative, profitable and competitive pharmaceutical sector in order to foster economic growth, jobs and prosperity, and with them the project of European integration. ‘Bioethics as risk’ is highlighted as a way to reshape and redirect the regulatory regime in ways that are more consistent with the spirit and letter of the ethical standards (and through them the human rights) the EU claims to uphold.
Experience of the Time to Change programme in England as predictor of mental health service users' stigma coping strategies
Authors: Sampogna G. , Bakolis I. , Robinson E. , Corker E. , Pinfold V. , Thornicroft G. , Henderson C. 
Published: July 2016

Aims.In the field of stigma research, an area of interest is the coping strategies that mental health service users can use in response to discriminatory experiences. As a part of the evaluation of the Time to Change (TTC) anti-stigma programme, the Viewpoint telephone survey was run annually in order to assess service users' reported levels of discrimination and selected coping strategies. The study aim is to test the extent to which experience of TTC programme is a positive predictor of selected coping strategies.Methods.Telephone interview surveys carried out by peer interviewers were conducted annually. ‘Educating others’ and ‘challenging’ coping strategies were assessed alongside anticipated and experienced discrimination.Results.During 2011–2014, 3903 mental health service users were interviewed. Participants more often adopted the ‘educating others’ strategy (2.31 ± 0.01) than the ‘challenging’ strategy (2.15 ± 0.02) (p< 0.001). On the other hand, those who participated in campaign activities endorsed ‘challenging’ more frequently than people who were not aware of TTC (2.78 ± 1.23v.2.09 ± 1.08,p< 0.001). According to the multi-variate linear regression model, we found that being actively involved in TTC activities (OR = 0.74, CI: 0.29–1.19;p< 0.05), having a diagnosis of a depressive disorder (OR = 0.20, CI: 0.04–0.36;p< 0.05) or personality disorder (OR = 0.23, CI: 0.04–0.43;p< 0.05) were good predictors of endorsing a ‘challenging’ strategy even after adjusted for confounding variables.Conclusions.A positive relationship between participating in the TTC programme and using the ‘challenging’ strategy was found. There is still a need to disentangle the complex association between these two coping strategies and the role of anti-stigma campaigns, promoting further local activities led by service users and carers' as well as all others stakeholders' associations.
South Asian Free Trade Agreement and the Possibility of Regional Integration within the SAARC: A Historical, Legal and Economic Analysis
Authors: Ewing-Chow Michael , Islam Md. Rizwanul 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPreferential trading exchanges have been a very common phenomenon in today's world. FTAs and RTAs are growing so fast that many academics are arguing that they are creating obstacles towards WTO's multilateral trade liberalization. Although seven nations in the South Asian region have recently executed an FTA, the progress of regional cooperation in this region is rather dismal. The purpose of this paper is to analyze SAFTA and discuss the prospect of more meaningful cooperation within the SAARC.
Religious Pluralism, Personal Laws and Gender Equality in Asia: Their History of Conflict and the Prospects for Accommodation
Authors: Duara Juliette G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis paper examines the relationship between three religio-legal traditions and their interactions and responses to the concept of gender equality as reflected in their inheritance practices. Specifically, questions of accommodation and authenticity will be explored through the Hindu, Confucian and Islamic traditions as they exist in contemporary India, Singapore and Hong Kong. While the primary focus will be on the current state of law and practice, the paper will begin personal laws during the period of British colonization. The impact of British jurisprudence will be recounted as background to understanding the contemporary state of the three traditions. For India and Singapore this history will include the impact of their independence movements on their personal laws. Hong Kong's history will include the impact of the territory's return to China.
Observational evidence confirms modelling of the long-term integrity of CO2-reservoir caprocks
Authors: Kampman N. , Busch A. , Bertier P. , Snippe J. , Hangx S. , Pipich V. , Di Z. , Rother G. , Harrington J. F. , Evans J. P. , Maskell A. , Chapman H. J. , Bickle M. J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractStorage of anthropogenic CO2 in geological formations relies on a caprock as the primary seal preventing buoyant super-critical CO2 escaping. Although natural CO2 reservoirs demonstrate that CO2 may be stored safely for millions of years, uncertainty remains in predicting how caprocks will react with CO2-bearing brines. This uncertainty poses a significant challenge to the risk assessment of geological carbon storage. Here we describe mineral reaction fronts in a CO2 reservoir-caprock system exposed to CO2 over a timescale comparable with that needed for geological carbon storage. The propagation of the reaction front is retarded by redox-sensitive mineral dissolution reactions and carbonate precipitation, which reduces its penetration into the caprock to ∼7 cm in ∼105 years. This distance is an order-of-magnitude smaller than previous predictions. The results attest to the significance of transport-limited reactions to the long-term integrity of sealing behaviour in caprocks exposed to CO2.
Peptide–oligonucleotide conjugates as nanoscale building blocks for assembly of an artificial three-helix protein mimic
Authors: Lou Chenguang , Martos-Maldonado Manuel C. , Madsen Charlotte S. , Thomsen Rasmus P. , Midtgaard Søren Roi , Christensen Niels Johan , Kjems Jørgen , Thulstrup Peter W. , Wengel Jesper , Jensen Knud J. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPeptide-based structures can be designed to yield artificial proteins with specific folding patterns and functions. Template-based assembly of peptide units is one design option, but the use of two orthogonal self-assembly principles, oligonucleotide triple helix and a coiled coil protein domain formation have never been realized for de novo protein design. Here, we show the applicability of peptide–oligonucleotide conjugates for self-assembly of higher-ordered protein-like structures. The resulting nano-assemblies were characterized by ultraviolet-melting, gel electrophoresis, circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, small-angle X-ray scattering and transmission electron microscopy. These studies revealed the formation of the desired triple helix and coiled coil domains at low concentrations, while a dimer of trimers was dominating at high concentration. CD spectroscopy showed an extraordinarily high degree of α-helicity for the peptide moieties in the assemblies. The results validate the use of orthogonal self-assembly principles as a paradigm for de novo protein design.
Two-dimensional chiral topological superconductivity in Shiba lattices
Authors: Li Jian , Neupert Titus , Wang Zhijun , MacDonald A. H. , Yazdani A. , Bernevig B. Andrei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe chiral p-wave superconductor is the archetypal example of a state of matter that supports non-Abelian anyons, a highly desired type of exotic quasiparticle. With this, it is foundational for the distant goal of building a topological quantum computer. While some candidate materials for bulk chiral superconductors exist, they are subject of an ongoing debate about their actual paring state. Here we propose an alternative route to chiral superconductivity, consisting of the surface of an ordinary superconductor decorated with a two-dimensional lattice of magnetic impurities. We furthermore identify a promising experimental platform to realize this proposal.
Local biodiversity is higher inside than outside terrestrial protected areas worldwide
Authors: Gray Claudia L. , Hill Samantha L. L. , Newbold Tim , Hudson Lawrence N. , Börger Luca , Contu Sara , Hoskins Andrew J. , Ferrier Simon , Purvis Andy , Scharlemann Jörn P. W. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractProtected areas are widely considered essential for biodiversity conservation. However, few global studies have demonstrated that protection benefits a broad range of species. Here, using a new global biodiversity database with unprecedented geographic and taxonomic coverage, we compare four biodiversity measures at sites sampled in multiple land uses inside and outside protected areas. Globally, species richness is 10.6% higher and abundance 14.5% higher in samples taken inside protected areas compared with samples taken outside, but neither rarefaction-based richness nor endemicity differ significantly. Importantly, we show that the positive effects of protection are mostly attributable to differences in land use between protected and unprotected sites. Nonetheless, even within some human-dominated land uses, species richness and abundance are higher in protected sites. Our results reinforce the global importance of protected areas but suggest that protection does not consistently benefit species with small ranges or increase the variety of ecological niches.
Ratio abstraction over discrete magnitudes by newly hatched domestic chicks (Gallus gallus)
Authors: Rugani Rosa , McCrink Koleen , de Hevia Maria-Dolores , Vallortigara Giorgio , Regolin Lucia 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA large body of literature shows that non-human animals master a variety of numerical tasks, but studies involving proportional discrimination are sparse and primarily done with mature animals. Here we trained 4-day-old domestic chicks (Gallus gallus) to respond to stimuli depicting multiple examples of the proportion 4:1 when compared with the proportion 2:1. Stimuli were composed of green and red dot arrays; for the rewarded 4:1 proportion, 4 green dots for every red dot (e.g. ratios: 32:8, 12:3, and 44:11). The birds continued to discriminate when presented with new ratios at test (such as 20:5), characterized by new numbers of dots and new spatial configurations (Experiment 1). This indicates that chicks can extract the common proportional value shared by different ratios and apply it to new ones. In Experiment 2, chicks identified a specific proportion (2:1) from either a smaller (4:1) or a larger one (1:1), demonstrating an ability to represent the specific, and not relative, value of a particular proportion. Again, at test, chicks selectively responded to the previously reinforced proportion from new ratios. These findings provide strong evidence for very young animals’ ability to extract, identify, and productively use proportion information across a range of different amounts.
Understanding and simulating the material behavior during multi-particle irradiations
Authors: Mir Anamul H. , Toulemonde M. , Jegou C. , Miro S. , Serruys Y. , Bouffard S. , Peuget S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA number of studies have suggested that the irradiation behavior and damage processes occurring during sequential and simultaneous particle irradiations can significantly differ. Currently, there is no definite answer as to why and when such differences are seen. Additionally, the conventional multi-particle irradiation facilities cannot correctly reproduce the complex irradiation scenarios experienced in a number of environments like space and nuclear reactors. Therefore, a better understanding of multi-particle irradiation problems and possible alternatives are needed. This study shows ionization induced thermal spike and defect recovery during sequential and simultaneous ion irradiation of amorphous silica. The simultaneous irradiation scenario is shown to be equivalent to multiple small sequential irradiation scenarios containing latent damage formation and recovery mechanisms. The results highlight the absence of any new damage mechanism and time-space correlation between various damage events during simultaneous irradiation of amorphous silica. This offers a new and convenient way to simulate and understand complex multi-particle irradiation problems.
Versatile microrobotics using simple modular subunits
Authors: Cheang U Kei , Meshkati Farshad , Kim Hoyeon , Lee Kyoungwoo , Fu Henry Chien , Kim Min Jun 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe realization of reconfigurable modular microrobots could aid drug delivery and microsurgery by allowing a single system to navigate diverse environments and perform multiple tasks. So far, microrobotic systems are limited by insufficient versatility; for instance, helical shapes commonly used for magnetic swimmers cannot effectively assemble and disassemble into different size and shapes. Here by using microswimmers with simple geometries constructed of spherical particles, we show how magnetohydrodynamics can be used to assemble and disassemble modular microrobots with different physical characteristics. We develop a mechanistic physical model that we use to improve assembly strategies. Furthermore, we experimentally demonstrate the feasibility of dynamically changing the physical properties of microswimmers through assembly and disassembly in a controlled fluidic environment. Finally, we show that different configurations have different swimming properties by examining swimming speed dependence on configuration size.
Effects of induction and inhibition of matrix cross-linking on remodeling of the aqueous outflow resistance by ocular trabecular meshwork cells
Authors: Yang Yong-Feng , Sun Ying Ying , Acott Ted S. , Keller Kate E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe trabecular meshwork (TM) tissue controls drainage of aqueous humor from the anterior chamber of the eye primarily by regulating extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Glaucomatous TM tissue is stiffer than age-matched controls, which may be due to alterations in ECM cross-linking. In this study, we used genipin or beta-aminopropionitrile (BAPN) agents to induce or inhibit matrix cross-linking, respectively, to investigate the effects on outflow resistance and ECM remodeling. Treatment with BAPN increased outflow rates in perfused human and porcine anterior segments, whereas genipin reduced outflow. Using a fluorogenic peptide assay, MMP activity was increased with BAPN treatment, but reduced with genipin treatment. In genipin-treated TM cells, Western immunoblotting showed a reduction of active MMP2 and MMP14 species and the presence of TIMP2-MMP14 higher molecular weight complexes. BAPN treatment increased collagen type I mRNA and protein levels, but genipin reduced the levels of collagen type I, tenascin C, elastin and versican. CD44 and fibronectin levels were unaffected by either treatment. Collectively, our results show that matrix cross-linking has profound effects on outflow resistance and ECM composition and are consistent with the emerging paradigm that the stiffer the ECM, the lower the aqueous outflow facility through the TM.
Two IIIf Clade-bHLHs from Freesia hybrida Play Divergent Roles in Flavonoid Biosynthesis and Trichome Formation when Ectopically Expressed in Arabidopsis
Authors: Li Yueqing , Shan Xiaotong , Gao Ruifang , Yang Song , Wang Shucai , Gao Xiang , Wang Li 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe MBW complex, comprised by R2R3-MYB, basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) and WD40, is a single regulatory protein complex that drives the evolution of multiple traits such as flavonoid biosynthesis and epidermal cell differentiation in plants. In this study, two IIIf Clade-bHLH regulator genes, FhGL3L and FhTT8L, were isolated and functionally characterized from Freesia hybrida. Different spatio-temporal transcription patterns were observed showing diverse correlation with anthocyanin and proanthocyanidin accumulation. When overexpressed in Arabidopsis, FhGL3L could enhance the anthocyanin accumulation through up-regulating endogenous regulators and late structural genes. Unexpectedly, trichome formation was inhibited associating with the down-regulation of AtGL2. Comparably, only the accumulation of anthocyanins and proanthocyanidins was strengthened in FhTT8L transgenic lines. Furthermore, transient expression assays demonstrated that FhGL3L interacted with AtPAP1, AtTT2 and AtGL1, while FhTT8L only showed interaction with AtPAP1 and AtTT2. In addition, similar activation of the AtDFR promoter was found between AtPAP1-FhGL3L/FhTT8L and AtPAP1- AtGL3/AtTT8 combinations. When FhGL3L was fused with a strong activation domain VP16, it could activate the AtGL2 promoter when co-transfected with AtGL1. Therefore, it can be concluded that the functionality of bHLH factors may have diverged and a sophisticated interaction and hierarchical network might exist in the regulation of flavonoid biosynthesis and trichome formation.