bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Interference
Authors: Ower E. 
Published: August 2016

Second in importance only to the problem of increasing the safety and reliability of aeroplanes is the question of reducing their head resistance. If aviation was to take its place as an established means of commercial transport the first essential was obviously to make it reasonably safe and certain, and the main energies of investigators and designers immediately after the War were directed to this object. Economy of operation, of which the reduction of head resistance is one of the major factors, was, by comparison, somewhat neglected. But in the last three or four years, with the safety and reliability problems essentially solved, more attention has been devoted to the reduction of drag.In reviewing the progress that has been made, and the possibilities of further improvement, it is helpful to inquire what is the best we can hope for. We know that the generation of the lift required to carry weight in heavier-than-air aircraft is inseparably associated with a certain drag—the induced drag.
The Primary Importance of Mechanical Testing in Aircraft Construction
Authors: Gerard I. J. 
Published: August 2016

An accurate knowledge of the strength of materials is more essential in aircraft construction than in any other branch of engineering, as every aircraft component has to be reduced in weight to a minimum compatible with safety. Equally essential in aircraft construction is the use of every available refinement in calculation, although it is not possible as yet to estimate with sufficient accuracy from calculations alone the strength of many of the components. At every stage hv aircraft construction, mechanical tests are therefore made, first to determine the qualities of the materials, then to verify the strength of each part and finally to. check the strength of the complete machine.Owing to the wide range of my subject and to the limited time available, I propose to deal briefly with some of the aspects of mechanical testing of special importance in aircraft research and development, describing more particularly some of the test apparatus and methods of testing I have had opportunities of developing.
Ferrous Metallurgy in Relation to Aircraft
Authors: Hatfield W. H. 
Published: August 2016

Nearly twenty years have passed since the author had the pleasure of giving a paper on the same subject to this Society. Progress in the meantime as regards the means and art of flying has been not only sustained, but rapid, as is brought out by the simple facts contained in Table I. The amazing technology is well represented by the De Havilland Comet, which has just flown tc Australia and back in thirteen and a quarter days, developing 460 h.p. with a weight ratio of i2lbs. per h.p. It therefore becomes interesting and perhaps useful to determine the extent to which metallurgy has contributed and is contributing.It is proposed to confine this paper to Ferrous Metallurgy, since that is the field with which firstly the author feels most qualified to deal, and secondly, because steel, in a manner unparalleled amongst available metals, can be so profoundly modified in properties by changes in composition and heat treatment.
An Engineer's Conception of Matter and its Application to Materials of Construction
Authors: Stedman E. W. 
Published: August 2016

Most engineers have a sound working knowledge of the handling of materials of different kinds, and of their properties, and make use of these wellknown properties. If, however, the engineer attempts to explain any of these properties he frequently finds that his training has not equipped him with an acceptable explanation.In recent years much work has been done towards explaining these properties, but this work is dealt with in the specialist works of chemists, physicists and metallurgists, and is usually not easily available for the engineer, involving as it does a great deal of reading and investigation.
Noise
Authors: Davis A. H. 
Published: August 2016

Noise is becoming of increasing importance and interest in modern life, and we appear to be approaching the time when much that we endure now will be regarded as intolerable. Public protests arise spasmodically on every hand and noise has been the subject of a certain amount of attention in the medical and popular press. With many persons the chief deterrent to air travel is understood to be the discomfort caused by the noise experienced. Whilst we may not wish to investigate the physiological reason for such discomfort, it is of interest to notice that in a recent paper, Laird (Acous. Soc. Am. J., I, p. 256, 1930), has summarised experimental data on the effect of sound on living beings.No fully representative commission of medical, legal, acoustical and engineering interests has yet been set up in England, but in 1929 the Aeronautical Research Committee appointed a Sub–Committee in connection with the reduction of aircraft noise, and traffic noises have been considered in conferences by the Ministry of Transport.
Deck Flying
Authors: Acland W. R. D. 
Published: August 2016

A lecture on Deck Flying must include a good deal about carriers and the development of the seaplane carrier into the modern flush decked ship from which high performance aeroplanes can operate in almost any kind of weather, and as I believe this is the first occasion upon which a paper has been read to the Society on deck flying I propose to trace briefly the development of the modern aircraft carrier from the improvised auxiliaries commissioned to meet war exigencies.The design of the ship has throughout directly influenced the design of the aircraft until to—day a stage has been reached which within certain limits enables the fleets to use aeroplanes which are no longer hampered by extra strong undercarriages and appliance for picking up wires used with the original arresting gear, details of which I will describe later.
The Development of Aircraft Manufacture
Authors: Martin Glenn L. 
Published: August 2016

Even from the early days of 1860, when your countryman Wenham experimented with gliders, the development of aerodynamics has been a systematic search for facts. The well–directed efforts of Wilbur and Orville Wright to search out the fundamentals of flight gave a profound impetus to contemporary and later experimenting, and libraries have been filled with the orderly research of aeronautical science. The development of manufacturing practice, however, has been dictated by the immediate needs of the moment, largely without the benefit of methodical study.I trust I shall not be suspected of pleading a case either for the art of manufacturing, or for aeronautical science, as in the early days it was not unusual for me to find myself designing with one hand, while, in a manner of speaking, manufacturing with the other.
Elements of Detail Design
Authors: Radcliffe Frank 
Published: August 2016

British aircraft engineering has reached a stage in its development when one is safe in saying that:—(a) The aerodynamics of flight is appreciated and understood to a satisfactory extent;(b) The methods of determining the loads likely to be present in the primary structural members are reliable;(c) The change over from wood to metal construction is, for all practical purposes, a reality; and(d) Suitable ferrous and non-ferrous materials of construction available for use by aircraft constructors have been standardised and proved to be reliable and consistent in quality.
Some Aspects of Air Safety
Authors: Jackson C. H. 
Published: August 2016

An opinion exists, more felt than written or spoken, that safety standards in air transport do not keep pace with technical progress. The facts belie this and, given a united effort by all concerned, there should be opening up a period of increased safety.A simple comparison of the characteristics of say, the Ensign class with more modern aircraft, cannot reveal progress, and might even show the reverse. Commercial competition, operational demands, and public expectations have taken us beyond the stage when we can think in terms of the aeroplane alone and have led to the present state when air safety can only be examined in terms of the aircraft associated with ground equipment and airline organisation.
The Weight Aspect in Aircraft Design
Authors: Rosenthal L. W. 
Published: August 2016

This lecture does not set out any new method or offer any ideas to enable the design office to start cutting down the weights of new projects.The last lecture dealing with the weight of aircraft was given by Major T. M. Barlow, M.Sc, M.Inst.C.E., M.I.Mech.E., F.R.Ae.S., in 1929.
Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft
Authors: Wilson G. W. , Bridgland E. P. 
Published: August 2016

It is many years since aircraft were first A operated under extreme low temperature conditions, mainly by bush pilots pioneering the northern latitudes of Canada.The aircraft used were of the light and semi—medium type fitted with simple, low—powered engines. Consequently, crude methods could be adopted to keep them operating.With the advent of high—powered boosted—engined aircraft, with their complexity and numerous complicated installations, together with other associated equipments, the difficulties became manifold and the earlier methods used were either impracticable or inadequate.For this reason, some intensive testing and research has been done on the latest type of aircraft, engines and equipment, in an endeavour to solve the problems and, if not entirely successful, find what medium of success can be achieved with the least amount of subsidiary aid.
The Second Barnwell Memorial Lecture: The Outlook on Airframe Fatigue
Authors: Tye Walter 
Published: August 2016

My pleasure in accepting your invitation to lecture, which I treat as a great honour, has been somewhat overshadowed by doubt that I shall do justice to the occasion. This is but the second lecture to commemorate Captain Frank Barnwell. I am fully alive to the fact that the members of this Branch of the Society, many of whom were Captain Barnwell's personal friends, are very desirous of establishing, in these early lectures, a standard which is a worthy memorial.Captain Barnwell was one of a small number—I suppose they can be counted on the fingers of two hands —who, by their courage and ability, made the barely flyable contraptions of 50 years ago into the aeroplanes we know today. The changes in aeronautical engineering have been so great that it is not easy to realise in 1955 the problems Barnwell and his colleagues faced in 1905, the year of the first Barnwell designs.
Australia in Empire Air Transport
Authors: Hudson Fysh W. 
Published: August 2016

It is a great honour to have been asked by The Royal Aeronautical Society to give the foundation British Commonwealth and Empire Lecture, and I have accepted, having in mind the Australian pioneers of the air from whose past has sprung the beginning of our Australian part in the common effort of to-day.I would like to congratulate the Society on founding this lecture, which it takes little prediction to forecast will grow into one of the most important annual aviation events in the Empire–as well as facilitating the assembling together in the Journal of information, opinion and suggestion from the four corners of the Empire. This, in itself, is only made possible by air travel, and as an illustration of what can be done, you should know that this is my third visit to this country from Australia in this year of 1945.
Naval Aircraft and Carrier Equipment
Authors: Boddington L. 
Published: August 2016

There are a number of essential differences between aircraft designed to operate from carriers and those designed to operate solely from land bases. Some of the features are detrimental to good structural weight and even to aerodynamic performance, and involve both the aircraft and carrier in special equipment.Of these features the two most important are assisted take–off and deck landing. Assisted take–off includes catapulting, accelerating and rocket assistance; landing involves arresting and safety–barriers.It is now the practice to refer to all methods of mechanically–assisted take–off as catapulting, to bring it into line with American terminology. Until recently, catapulting denoted a particular method of launching whereby the aircraft was supported entirely on a cradle with no part of the airframe in contact with the ship structure, and such equipment was installed in ships with no flight deck. Accelerating denoted that the aircraft was launched along the deck on its own undercarriage which gave it some degree of support. Accelerating was peculiar to ships with flight decks, i.e. carriers.
A Combination of the Quasi-Cylinder and Slender Body Theories
Authors: Warren C. H. E. , Fraenkel L. E. 
Published: August 2016

The Quasi-Cylinder and slender body theories for the supersonic flow past bodies of revolution have been much used in recent years because, for reasonably simple body profiles, these theories permit a simple and rapid calculation of the first-order pressure distributions and aerodynamic forces. It is assumed in both theories that the body profile slope is small; in the quasi-cylinder theory it is also assumed that the body radius is nearly constant, whereas in the slender body theory it is assumed that the thickness ratio of the body (maximum diameter/length) is small.In the present note these two theories are combined completely. From a strictly mathematical point of view nothing is gained by this combination, and, furthermore,application of the combined theory to a particular case is in general a little more laborious than application of either of the original theories.
Analogue Computing in Aeronautics
Authors: Diprose K. V. 
Published: August 2016

I intend in this lecture to discuss tlie ways in which I think analogue computing can be of assistance to aeronautics in the future. I shall therefore be less concerned with how they are built, than with how they are used, and in fact, what circumstances justify using them at all. Up to a few years ago the only large computors were analogue ones, so the user had no choice, but when the automatic digital computor became established as a practical machine (and even before) there were many people to suggest that the analogue was obsolete. This view is now less widely held, even by makers and designers of digital machines, and reviews of aeronautical computing aids have usually found some place for the analogue computor, without establishing any general principles on which the choice has been made, except, perhaps, to suggest that the accuracy required is the criterion.I shall start by describing three of the types of computor most commonly used in aeronautics, the “ response simulator,” the “ electrolytic tank” and the “network analyser” and use these to illustrate the particular properties of analogue computing.
The Bending Fatigue Strength of Aluminium Alloy MG5 Between 10 and 10 Million Cycles
Authors: Low A. C. 
Published: August 2016

The work described was undertaken under a Ministry of Supply Contract to investigate the fatigue strength of certain materials where the expected endurance in use was less than the range of values usually examined in fatigue testing.The material was supplied in the form of a 6 ft. x 3 ft. x 1/4 in. sheet of aluminium alloy MG5.Tensile test pieces having a parallel length one inch wide by 4 1/2 in. long were taken in both directions from two diagonally opposite corners of the sheet. Later, similar longitudinal test pieces were taken from areas near the other two corners.The plane bending fatigue test pieces were of the form shown in Fig. 1 and were all cut in the longitudinal direction. The waisted test portion was polished on the edges, the original sheet surface being retained on the faces. Steel plates were clamped to the ends of the test pieces by bolts passing through the holes in order to localise the strain in the test portion as much as possible.
Torsional Vibration Analysis of Systems Connected by Flexibly-Mounted Epicyclic Gearing
Authors: Manley R. G. 
Published: August 2016

The author has described elsewhere (reference 1) the general principles of the dynamic stiffness method of analysing torsional vibration problems. Amongst the systems treated were those involving simple spur or helical gear-steps. The method can also be applied, however, to deal with epicyclic gearing, making proper allowance for the effect of flexibility in the gear-housing. The present paper outlines this extension.A similar method may be used to allow for housing flexibility in normal spur gearing.
The Design of Compression Structures for Minimum Weight
Authors: Farrar D. J. 
Published: August 2016

The primary structure of an aeroplane usually consists basically of a set of tubular beams. The main structural box of the wing or tailplane is a well-known example: a semi-monocoque fuselage is another. For any given loading condition of the aircraft the material in the tube is stressed mainly in tension, in shear, or in compression, depending on its location in the tube cross section.The aim of the designer is to make the material fulfil these three functions in the most economical manner. In tension, he is limited only by the quality of material available. In shear, this is again substantially the case, although it is well known that very light shear webs over great depths do not develop as high an effective failing stress as do more sturdy webs. This property of dependence on theintensity of loadingis much more marked in the case of the compression structure, which is liable to instability in various ways.
Aircraft Defect Report Procedure
Authors: Greenwood A. H. C. 
Published: August 2016

This review is an attempt to examine, very briefly, the existing methods by which the airframe, engine and accessory manufacturers are informed of the operational troubles which are experienced by the users of their equipment, and how these manufacturers thus come to possess the knowledge which alone can enable them to avoid the recurrence of similar faults in the future. The importance of this knowledge can hardly be over-emphasised, but it is suggested that, in the past, there has been an abundance of such information which has failed to reach the right people at the right time.For the purpose of this review it is proposed to divide the troubles to which the aeroplane is heir, into three main categories:—1Aerodynamic or handling faults.2Structural or design failures.3The general unreliability of components which causes low serviceability and utilisation rates.
The Determination of Vibration Modes
Authors: Harpur N. F. 
Published: August 2016

At some stage in the design of every aeroplane it is necessary to estimate or to measure the resonance modes of vibration. This has not always been the case, but the problems of flutter, control reversal and dynamic loads have increased in importance as speeds have risen. Nowadays, it is an airworthiness requirement that these effects be considered and the aircraft made safe for all conditions of flight. A knowledge of the normal modes of vibration is essential for all accurate estimates of these aeroelastic effects.Taking flutter as an example, the technique of flutter investigations consists of first determining which combinations of the various possible degrees of freedom are liable to excite dangerous oscillations. Typical degrees of freedom for a wing are bending and twist in each normal mode, aileron deflection and tab deflection; for a tailplane and elevator we might consider tailplane bending or twist, elevator deflection, tab deflection, fuselage bending and twist, and pitching of the whole aeroplane.
The Servicing of Aircraft: Choice of Principle and Procedure
Authors: Crawley Blick 
Published: August 2016

This paper discusses a few simple ideas which may be supposed to form, consciously or unconsciously, a schematic basis for the servicing of given aircraft in given circumstances. It is not concerned with engineering technique but rather with the assumptions behind it.The purpose of an aircraft's upkeep, by which is meant its servicing and maintenance in the widest sense, is to enable the machine to furnish the maximum output of flying work of the required kind and intensity. “Intensity” is used to mean an aircraft's rate of output of flying work in a calendar period.For commercial aircraft the average intensity required is usually near the maximum that can be sustained at reasonable upkeep expense, because this tends to maximise net profit (or to minimise net loss if there is no profit) by lowering the overheads related to the capital cost of aircraft.
Mechanical Vibration and Aeroelasticity
Authors: Walker P. B. 
Published: August 2016

In his article “The Expanding Domain of Aeroelasticity,” Professor Collar explains how, in the course of a few years, the subject of aeroelasticity has grown from a mere collection of problems of common interest to the aerodynamicist and the structural specialist to become a main branch of aeronautical engineering. Aeronautical engineers owe Professor Collar a debt of gratitude for defining in the clearest terms what aeroelasticity purports to be, and for removing the vagueness and uncertainty which so often permeates any new branch of science or engineering, especially when it is derived from long–established subjects, as aeroelasticity is from aerodynamics and theory of structures.As is to be expected from one so distinguished in the aeroelastic field, Professor Collar writes especially from the standpoint of the aeroelastic specialist. Engineers with a different background, while accepting the broad principles which Professor Collar lays down, may see their applications and development in a different light.
Rockets and Assisted Take-Off
Authors: Cleaver A. V. 
Published: August 2016

Under present conditions, the author of any paper on rocket power plant engineering must inevitably apologise for a certain reticence as regards technical details, which is imposed by security requirements. These arise from the important applications of rocket propulsion for guided weapons and other military purposes, and are less stringent in regard to its use as a means for providing take-off assistance. It is with the latter subject that this paper will be mainly concerned when practical applications are discussed.Most of the fundamentals are common to all uses of the rocket motor and it is hoped that a general survey of these may be of some value, especially since the field of rocketry has been relatively neglected in the technical publications of this country.
Note on the Distortion Characteristics of Swept and Cranked Wings in Relation to Flutter and Other Aeroelastic Phenomena
Authors: Williams D. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryThe parts played by calculation, and by resonance tests on simplified scale models, in obtaining the normal modes of an aeroplane with wings of unorthodox plan forms are discussed on the basis that the normal modes are the best means of defining the elastic-inertia characteristics of an aircraft for the purpose of flutter investigations.Methods of simplifying the model for ease and cheapness of construction are put forward.The radical difference between the effects of shear-lag and of ordinary bending-shear flexibility is described, and an approximate method of allowing for the latter effect is indicated.