bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
PSXII-7 Forage quality and grazing dairy cattle performance as affected by the circadian rhythm: A meta-analytic investigation
Authors: Congio Guilhermo F S , Maciel Isabella C F , da Silva Sila C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The circadian rhythm alters forage chemical composition by balancing processes of photosynthesis, respiration, and transpiration. Timing of moving animals to a new paddock in a rotationally stocked system may take advantage of potential improvements in forage quality. The objective of this study was to collate available peer-reviewed papers aiming at comparing the forage quality and grazing dairy cattle performance when moved to a new paddock either in the morning (a.m.) or afternoon (p.m.). Twenty-four studies were gathered in total, and the number of observations per variable varied according to its availability within the studies. Among forage chemical composition parameters, contents of dry matter (DM), total non-structural carbohydrates (TNC), soluble carbohydrates (SC), starch, neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), acid-detergent lignin (ADL), ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), and digestibility were assessed. The animal performance parameters included dry matter intake (DMI), milk yield (MY), energy-corrected milk yield (ECM), milk fat (MF) and milk protein (MP) contents, fat yield (FY), and protein yield (PY). A meta-analysis was performed according to a random effects model weighted by inverse variance (Comprehensive Meta-Analysis V3.3.070). Means, standard deviations or p-values, and number of observations were used to compute the effect sizes. Heterogeneity between observed effect sizes was examined with the Cochran’s Q test and the I2 statistic. The standardized mean difference was reported with its 95% confidence interval (CI), where positive values indicate an increment of p.m. compared with a.m., and negative values indicate a reduction. Statistical differences were declared significant at P ≤ 0.05, and trends were declared at P ≤ 0.10. Forage sampled in the p.m. had greater (P &lt; 0.001) contents of DM, TNC, SC, starch, and digestibility by 19.8, 16.3, 21.3, 12.1, and 1.0%, while NDF (P &lt; 0.001), ADF (P &lt; 0.001), ADL (P &lt; 0.001), and CP (P &lt; 0.01) were decreased by 1.8, 2.4, 2.4, and 1.7% relative to a.m. forage, respectively (Table 1). Content of EE was not influenced (P &gt; 0.05) by time. The ECM was 3.4% greater (P &lt; 0.001) and the PY tended to be 3.7% greater (P = 0.07) for dairy cows moved in the p.m. compared with those moved in the a.m (Table 2). Dry matter intake, MY, MF, MP, and FY were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by time. Results indicate that even with considerable improvements of forage nutritive value in the afternoon, the benefits in terms of animal performance are small. Future studies assessing potential benefits of moving animals to a new paddock during the afternoon, should consider statistical power analysis and sample size calculation when designing the experiment.
PSXIII-10 Impacts of inoculation with Pediococcus pentosaceus in combination with chitinase on bale core temperature, nutrient composition, microbial ecology, and ruminal digestion of high moisture alfalfa hay
Authors: Wang Yuxi , Nair Jayakrishnan , Jin Long , Chevaux Eric , McAllister Tim A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Baling alfalfa hay at greater than optimal moisture (18% to 25%) can shorten wilting time and reduce field losses due to precipitation and leaf separation, but plant cellular respiration and the growth of spoilage microorganisms can reduce the nutritional value of baled hay. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of the application of Pediococcus pentosaceus NCIMB 12674 (PP) with various sources and concentrations of chitinase on conservation and nutritive value of alfalfa high-moisture hay (HMH). P. pentosaceus (1012 colony forming unit/tonne) combined with 1.5 (PP+LC), 7.5 (PP+MC) or 15.0 (PP+HC) g of chitinase/tonne fresh weight of 1st cut alfalfa (Exp. 1) or PP with chitinase from three different suppliers (PP+Fe, PP+Pe and PP+Si) were applied to 2nd cut alfalfa (Exp. 2) in 2016. In 2017, PP was applied alone or in combination with chitinase at 1.5 (PP+LC) or 7.5 (PP+MC) g/tonne of 1st cut (Exp. 3) and 2nd cut (Exp. 4) alfalfa. In all experiments, deionized water and propionic acid (PA) were applied as neutral (CON) and positive control (CON+), respectively. Bale temperatures were measured at 4-h intervals over the initial 60-d storage. Core hay samples were collected on d 30, 60, 90, and 120 of storage for chemical and microbial evaluation. Samples collected after 120-d storage were used to measure in situ dry matter and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility. Ambient-adjusted bale temperature was positively correlated (r2 = 0.44) to the moisture content of HMH at baling. The maximum temperature (Tmax) during 60-d storage was positively related (r2 = 0.66) to total microbial populations (bacteria + mold + yeast) with mold being the largest factor. The NH3-N concentration of the HMH increased with the total microbial population (r2 = 0.80) with mean bacterial numbers during d 30 to 120 being the main contributing (r2 = 0.83) factor. Treatments had no effect on total bacteria or lactic acid bacteria counts, while PP+MC had decreased yeast counts than CON after 60-d in Exp. 4 (P = 0.01) and after 120-d in Exp 3 (P &lt; 0.001). Mold populations for bales treated with PP+HC at d 60 and PP+LC, PP+MC, and PP+HC at d 90 in Exp. 1, PP+MC at d 120 in Exp. 3 and CON+ at d 30 in Exp. 4 were all less (P &lt; 0.05) than CON. The NDF digestibility after 72-h ruminal incubation was greater (P &lt; 0.01) for PP+LC, PP+MC, and PP+HC than CON+ in Exp.1 and for PP+LC than CON in Exp 3 (P &lt; 0.001). Combination of P. pentosaceus and chitinase have potential as additives to reduce microbial spoilage and to increase NDF digestibility of HMH.
PSVII-17 The effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, rumen fermentation, and diarrhea in newborn calves before weaning
Authors: Zhang Yutong , Yang Yi , Bu Dengpan , Ma Lu 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As antibiotic feed additives are being prohibited, alternative growth promoters that do not use antibiotics must be identified and developed for the livestock industry, notably for young animals like newborn calves. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) is a significant inhibitory neurotransmitter in the mammalian central nervous system that reduces blood pressure, stimulates feed intake, and enhances antioxidant capability. While GABA has been used as a feed additive for adult cows, little research has been conducted on GABA supplementation in calves. In this study, we examined GABA effects on the growth performance, antioxidant capacity, rumen fermentation, and diarrhea incidences in newborn calves. We randomized calves (n = 90) into five GABA-administered groups: 0 mg/d (G0), 25 mg/d (G25), 50 mg/d (G50), 100 mg/d (G100), or 200 mg/d (G200) were administered to animals from 11 and 75-d of age. Feed intake was recorded daily. Calves were individually fed twice a day (0600 h and 1400 h) and weaned at 75-d of age. Rumen fluid, serum, and fecal scores were collected at 11, 28, 42, 60, and 75-d of age. GABA addition (50 mg/d and 200 mg/d) numerically reduced diarrhea incidences in 11–28- and 11–75-d-old animals. GABA also had positive effects on average daily gain (ADG) and body height. The ADG in the 100 mg/d group was significantly higher than in controls (P = 0.004). GABA also increased butyrate concentrations and decreased methane (CH4) levels. In conclusion, GABA addition benefited newborn calves in terms of growth performance and diarrhea prevention. The optimal supplementation level was G100 (100 mg/d).
PSII-13 Analysis of variation characteristics within genes associated with temperament traits in horses
Authors: Choi Jae-Young , Kang Yong-Jun , Cho In-Cheol , Kim Hyeonah 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Temperament traits in horses are key characteristics evaluated in assessing riding horses. The aim of this study is to explore the polymorphism of genetic variants associated with temperament traits using Jeju crossbred horses (a cross between Jeju horses and Thoroughbreds). To investigate the genetic characteristics of temperament in horses, analysis was conducted on 12 variants within 9 genes associated with temperament. Temperament traits were evaluated in 46 Jeju crossbred horses using a temperament test (assessing gentleness, patience, aggressiveness, sensitivity and friendliness) and a contact test (involving objects such as handkerchief, umbrella, plastic bag, air spray and whistle). The temperament test involved observers evaluating the behavior of the horses, while the contact test scored the reactions and movement distances of the horses when exposed to objects or sounds. Genetic variant analysis was performed using pyrosequencing. The association between genetic variants and temperament evaluation was analyzed using t-Tests and ANOVA tests to determine significance. Three variants (DDC rs394771481, GNAT3 rs395660537 and NLN rs1148100304) were found to be genetically fixed, while most variants, except for two (DRD5 rs68544696, ESR1 rs69463001), exhibited major allele frequencies of 0.8~0.9 (Table). Through association analysis between temperament traits and genetic variants, it was confirmed that the COMT(rs3431120406) variant was significantly associated with Aggressiveness, Friendliness, and Whistle responses. Additionally, significant differences in Whistle evaluation scores were observed based on genotypes in DRD5(rs68544698) and ESR1(rs69463001). This study suggests that genetic variations associated with temperament traits could serve as a theoretical foundation for evaluating temperament characteristics using Jeju crossbred horses.
PSLBI-27 Rumen microbiome dynamics in feedlot steers receiving free-choice garlic-infused mineral supplements
Authors: Holman Devin B , Gzyl Katherine E , Kommadath Arun , McAllister Tim A , Gonzalez Emmanuel , Durunna Obioha N 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Garlic (Allium sativum) in its dehydrated or distillate (garlic oil) form has been used as a feed additive owing to its insecticidal, antimicrobial, and organoleptic properties. Commercial mineral mixtures have been formulated to contain a low proportion of dehydrated garlic powder as a strategy to deter pest flies and increase mineral intake in cattle. As an antimicrobial, garlic powder has the potential to alter the rumen microbiome, with possible implications for feed digestibility and the growth performance of beef cattle. This study evaluated the effect of short-term feeding of a garlic-mineral mixture in feedlot steers receiving high-grain diets. Four groups of twenty steers [total = 80, ~14 mo old, body weight (BW) = 599 ± 32 kg] were randomly assigned to either a 5% garlic-mineral (5DGP) or plain mineral supplement (MS). The individual feed and mineral intakes of the steers were measured with an automatic feeding system. Feed and mineral supplements were tracked in different bunks for each group. Baseline rumen fluid samples were collected from all steers at the end of an acclimatization period before administering the trial supplements. Rumen samples were later collected from 10 steers in each group with the greatest mineral supplement intake over the trial period. Total DNA and RNA were extracted from all rumen samples and subjected to metagenomic and metatranscriptomic sequencing, respectively. None of the bacterial species with an overall relative abundance of greater than 0.1% were differentially abundant between the two supplement treatments, nor did the rumen microbial community structures differ between the two groups (PERMANOVA: R2 = 0.02, P = 0.43). Regardless of the dietary supplement, the rumen microbiome of the steers was dominated by uncultured Prevotella spp. (in addition to Prevotella lacticifex) as well as the uncharacterized UBA2810 sp900317945 and UBA2810 sp002351705. Overall, these results show that a 5DGP can be effectively administered to cattle without significantly disrupting the rumen microbiome.
PSLBII-6 Measuring greenhouse gas emissions from biogas facility as manure treatment and comparing with 2006 IPCC guideline calculation
Authors: Park Geunwoo , Kim Dongwoo , Park Kyu-Hyun 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
To achieve global net-zero emission goals by 2050, Korea government announced 2050 carbon neutral scenarios. Substitution of fossil fuel power plants to renewable energy plants is the main strategic long-term vision. It included increasing the number of a biogas facility to retrieve methane (CH₄) for energy sources from manure. As increasing the biogas facility with using manure, it is important to quantify and monitor the greenhouse gas (GHG) such as CH₄ and nitrous oxide (N₂O). The objective of this research was to measure the GHG emissions from the biogas facility as the baseline to construct the country-specific emission factors, and to compare the emissions between site measured data and 2006 IPCC guideline (2006 IPCC GL). This facility was constituted with feedstock, anaerobic digestion, biogas storage, and liquid fertilizer storage. The facility treats 70 tons of swine manure from 20,000 pigs and 30 ton of food waste per day and generates 3,000 m3 /d of biogas. All gases were vented by negative pressure from the odor treatment tower, except the generator and its blowers. Quantification of the total GHG emissions from the biogas facility was conducted for 24 h every 2 wk, from July 2022 to October 2023, using CH₄/N2O Analyzer (Los Gatos Research, San Jose, CA). The total emissions of CH₄ and N2O were 12,545 ± 2,297 kgCH4/yr and 442 ± 1,123 kg N2O/yr. To compare total GHG emissions from the facility, it was changed by carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent. The results showed that when the system of biogas facility operated normally, it can reduce the total GHG emissions by up to 60% compared with 2006 IPCC GL calculation. However, if the system does not circulate properly, it can result in 18 times greater emissions due to N2O, leading to significant increase in GHG emissions. To reduce GHG from biogas facilities, it is crucial to ensure continuous operation of organic matter in and out, and increase the amount of sufficient aeration in liquid fertilizer storage.
PSLBII-3 Influence of iron supplementation on insulin and glucose dynamics in horses
Authors: Gluck Cassandra R , Pratt-Phillips Shannon E 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Iron is an essential micromineral involved in various physiological functions such as oxygen transport. The National Research Council’s Nutrient Requirements of Horses has iron requirements set at 400 mg iron daily for a 500 kg horse at maintenance; however, a survey found that Thoroughbreds consumed well over the daily requirement at 3,900 mg of iron from hay and grain alone. Additionally, a previous study has found a correlation between hyperinsulinemia and increased ferritin, an indicator of iron body stores. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to determine the effects of iron supplementation on body iron stores as well as insulin and glucose dynamics. It was hypothesized that iron supplementation would influence body iron stores and insulin and glucose responses. Mixed-breed geldings [n = 12; 558.9 ± 74.4 kg body weight (BW)] were housed individually for the study. Horses were fed 2% of their BW in grass hay and an iron-free vitamin mineral supplement, consuming an average of 600 mg of iron daily for the first 28 d (Hay Phase). Horses were then assigned to continue on the hay diet (CTRL; n = 4) or an iron-supplemented diet (IRON; n = 8), in which an oral iron supplement was given daily in the form of ferrous sulfate, with IRON horses consuming an average of 4,000 mg of iron daily for 28 d (Supplement Phase). Oral sugar tests (OSTs) were performed at the beginning of the study as well as the end of each phase, using a 0.45 mL/kg of BW Karo Light Syrup dose to determine insulin response, with jugular venous samples taken prior to the dose and 60 min after. All statistical analysis was performed in GraphPadPrism Version 10.2.0 (GraphPad Software, Boston, MA), using analysis of variance for repeated measures and correlation analysis. All OSTs throughout the study had a significant time effect (P &lt; 0.05) for both insulin and glucose. There was a time X treatment trend (P = 0.1) for insulin during the Supplement Phase and when using multiple comparisons, insulin response was significantly greater (P &lt; 0.0007) at 0 versus 60 min in IRON horses. Although there was no correlation found between 60-min insulin and ferritin concentrations in both IRON and CTRL horses, mean ± SD insulin and ferritin in the IRON group were 23.6 ± 10 uU/mL and 570 ± 195.8 ng/mL, respectively, while in the CTRL group these were 12.7 ± 2.9 uU/mL and 453 ± 31.1 ng/mL, respectively. In conclusion, iron supplementation with an inorganic form at 10 times the daily requirement appears to result in increased insulin responses as well as body iron stores. Further research needs to determine if feeds naturally enriched in iron impact glucose metabolism.
PSLBII-27 Investigating the emergence of antimicrobial resistance in Mycoplasma bovis from feedlot cattle
Authors: Andrés-Lasheras Sara , Zaheer Rahat , Ruzzini Antonio , Jelinski Murray D , McAllister Tim A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Bovine respiratory disease (BRD) is the most significant disease affecting feedlot cattle in North America. Mycoplasma bovis is among the main BRD pathogenic bacteria. Infection control of M. bovis is hampered by a lack of effective vaccines and increasing antimicrobial resistance (AMR). Integrative and conjugative elements (ICEs) have been documented as a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in mycoplasmas. Mycoplasma ICEs (MICE) do not carry AMR genes but have been associated with the HGT of genes that confer AMR through point mutations. Hence, there is a need to gain a better understanding of the role of MICE in M. bovis AMR. Randomly selected M. bovis isolates (n = 54) collected from Western Canadian feedlot cattle (AB and SK) underwent whole-genome sequencing by short-reads (Illumina), with a subset (n = 6) selected based on AMR and ICE profiles for Oxford Nanopore long-read sequencing. Sequences were screened for the presence of MICE. MICE circularization (cMICE) is the first step of conjugation, and an in-house collection of 472 M. bovis field isolates (feedlot cattle just from AB) was screened by PCR for the presence of cMICE as a proxy for conjugation capabilities. Environmental conditions that could impact cMICE quantity, including growth phase, temperature, cell density, pH, starvation, UV light, CO2 concentration, and sub-inhibitory concentrations of mitomycin C were investigated by qPCR, followed by growth of M. bovis isolates under the most favorable conditions identified for cMICE-detection and screening by a high throughput qPCR method that eliminated the need for DNA extraction. Nineteen different mating pairs were carried out and 4 different environmental factors were tested for their possible impact on conjugation occurrence (incubation time, incubation volume, conjugation parent proportions, atmosphere). All isolates carried MICEs with 23/54 having a structure/sequence comparable to previously described functional MICE in mycoplasma, 43/54 possessing non-functional ICE, and 23 having &gt;1 ICE. The presence of more than one MICE/genome suggests a lack of MICE (entry) exclusion systems in M. bovis, a trait that may promote the flow of genetic information among M. bovis isolates including AMR. Even though some factors including growth phase (early stationary phase) and pH (9.0) generated greater levels (≥1.5 fold) of cMICE, none of the examined parameters were statistically significant. However, as early stationary growth phase generated the greatest cMICE quantity (2.3 fold), M. bovis isolates were cMICE-screened at this growth stage for the expeditious identification of M. bovis conjugation candidates. A total of 25.7% M. bovis were cMICE-positive. Of 19 mating pairs tested, transconjugants were recovered from only 2 different mating pairs, possibly reflective of the need for further optimization of conjugation conditions.
PSLBII-25 Impact of strain and sex on hematological and serum biochemical characteristics of broiler chickens in Ikorodu, Lagos, Nigeria
Authors: Anjola Olugbenga A , Onigemo Murisiku , Agbaye Peter , Asafa Rafiu , Ishola Olawale , Agbalaya Khadijah , Tijani Lateef , Oso Yusuf 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This experiment was conducted to evaluate the influence of strain and sex on the hematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken reared in Ikorodu area of Lagos, Nigeria. A total of 153 unsexed broiler birds containing 51 of Marshall, Arbor Acre and Cobb strains each were used for the experiment. The birds were reared under the same condition for 8 wk. Blood samples, collected from the jugular veins, were used to determine hematological parameters including Hemoglobin (Hb), packed cell volume (PCV), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC), neutrophils (NEUT), lymphocyte (LYMP) monocytes (MON) and eosinophils (EOS). However, the serum biochemical indices include the total protein (PRO), serum glucose (GLU), serum albumin (ALB), uric acid (URIC), alkaline phosphatase (ALP) and Serum Cholesterol (CHOL) and creatinine. Statistical analysis revealed that Hb, WBC, EOS, MCHC and Serum cholesterol were significantly influenced by strains and sex while PCV, RBC, NEUT, LYMP, PRO, GLU, ALP and uric were significantly affected by sex of broiler chicken (Table 1-4).