bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Portuguese Empire: 1. Origins and development
Authors: Curto Diogo Ramada 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe history of the origins and organization of the Portuguese Empire has been bedeviled by some of the myths created in the past, of noble pioneers and Christian martyr evangelists carrying civilization to the outer regions of the globe. The other great myth has been of the Portuguese openness toward other cultures, not least in the form of miscegenation creating hybrid populations. A modern historiography has produced much more complex analyses involving the reorientation of the Portuguese economy toward the Atlantic coasts sparking explorations and trading opportunities stimulated by royal power, but usually breaking down into a sequence of more individual enterprises. In the process Portuguese political, social, economic, and religious institutions were invariably modified by interactions with local circumstances and peoples. Forms of exploitative violence, both in conflicts with other European empires and in respect of indigenous societies, are now emphasized, particularly regarding the growing significance of slavery and the slave trade. The decline (though far from complete) of the initial Portuguese enterprise in Asia was balanced by the shift in the center of gravity toward the West where slaving in Angola was crucial to the plantation economy of Brazil.
Engineering of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to utilize xylan as a sole carbohydrate source by co-expression of an endoxylanase, xylosidase and a bacterial xylose isomerase
Authors: Mert Marlin John , la Grange Daniël Coenrad , Rose Shaunita Hellouise , van Zyl Willem Heber 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Xylan represents a major component of lignocellulosic biomass, and its utilization by Saccharomyces cerevisiae is crucial for the cost effective production of ethanol from plant biomass. A recombinant xylan-degrading and xylose-assimilating Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain was engineered by co-expression of the xylanase (xyn2) of Trichoderma reesei, the xylosidase (xlnD) of Aspergillus niger, the Scheffersomyces stipitis xylulose kinase (xyl3) together with the codon-optimized xylose isomerase (xylA) from Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron. Under aerobic conditions, the recombinant strain displayed a complete respiratory mode, resulting in higher yeast biomass production and consequently higher enzyme production during growth on xylose as carbohydrate source. Under oxygen limitation, the strain produced ethanol from xylose at a maximum theoretical yield of ~90 %. This study is one of only a few that demonstrates the construction of a S. cerevisiae strain capable of growth on xylan as sole carbohydrate source by means of recombinant enzymes.
Decreased fluidity of cell membranes causes a metal ion deficiency in recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae producing carotenoids
Authors: Liu Peitong , Sun Liang , Sun Yuxia , Shang Fei , Yan Guoliang 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The genome-wide transcriptional responses of S. cerevisiae to heterologous carotenoid biosynthesis were investigated using DNA microarray analysis. The results show that the genes involved in metal ion transport were specifically up-regulated in the recombinant strain, and metal ions, including Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, and Mg2+, were deficient in the recombinant strain compared to the ion content of the parent strain. The decrease in metal ions was ascribed to a decrease in cell membrane (CM) fluidity caused by lower levels of unsaturated fatty acids and ergosterol. This was confirmed by the observation that metal ion levels were restored when CM fluidity was increased by supplying linoleic acid. In addition, a 24.3 % increase in the β-carotene concentration was observed. Collectively, our results suggest that heterologous production of carotenoids in S. cerevisiae can induce cellular stress by rigidifying the CM, which can lead to a deficiency in metal ions. Due to the importance of CM fluidity in cellular physiology, maintaining normal CM fluidity might be a potential approach to improving carotenoid production in genetically engineered S. cerevisiae.
Mixed Stability and Antimicrobial Properties of Gluconamide‐Type Cationic Surfactants
Authors: Zhi Lifei , Li Qiuxiao , Sun Yongqiang , Yao Shushan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe stability of anionic‐cationic surfactant solutions and the antimicrobial properties of novel N,N‐dimethyl‐N‐[3‐(gluconamide/lactobionamide)]propyl‐N‐alkylammonium bromides (CnDGPB and CnDLPB), N‐methyl‐N‐hydroxyethyl group‐N‐[3‐(gluconamide)‐propyl]‐N‐alkylammonium bromide (CnMHGPB) and star‐shaped gluconamide‐type cationic surfactants N‐dodecyl‐N,N‐bis[(3‐d‐gluconylamido)propyl]‐N‐alkylammonium bromide (CnDBGB) were investigated. Mixed stability in combination with sodium n‐alkylbenzenesulfonate (LAS) was determined via transmittance; stability is achieved when percent transmittance was greater than 90 %. Transmittance results suggest that these cationic surfactants can form stable solutions with anionic surfactants over a broad concentration range. The inhibition activity of CnDBGB is the best among the three kinds of glucocationic surfactants. Antimicrobial activity of C12 surfactants was the best, C14 was the second and C10 was the worst. Moreover, antibacterial activity of glucose‐based cationic surfactants was greater than lactose‐based cationic surfactants.
Short‐Term Stability of Whole Blood Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Content on Filter Paper During Storage at −28 °C
Authors: Pupillo Daniele , Simonato Manuela , Cogo Paola E. , Lapillonne Alexandre , Carnielli Virgilio P. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFinger or heel‐pricked blood sampling for fatty acid analysis is suitable especially in newborn infants where blood sampling is difficult and phlebotomy for research can be unethical. The aim of this study was to evaluate dried blood long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC‐PUFA) stability during storage at −28 °C. We collected 12 blood cord samples that were analyzed immediately after blood drawing, with and without drying the blood on filter paper. Dried samples were then analyzed 7 days and 1, 3, and 6 months after collection. Butylated hydroxytoluene was added to all samples. Fatty acid composition and 13C enrichment were measured by gas chromatography and by gas chromatography‐isotope ratio mass spectrometry, respectively. The fatty acid composition, expressed in mol%, of the major LC‐PUFA at day 7 was not statistically different from time 0, however lower values were found by the first month of storage. The 13C enrichment of 20:4n‐6 and 22:6n‐3 did not differ during the whole study period. LC‐PUFA analysis from dried umbilical cord blood in neonates should be performed within a week, major losses of LC‐PUFA occur afterwards. However, fatty acids obtained from dried blood maintain their 13C enrichment value for up to 6 months and thus these samples are suitable for natural abundance isotopic studies.
Effect of Specific Oil Surface Area on the Thermal Stressing of Rapeseed Oil During Heating in an Electric Frying Pan
Authors: Kobyliński Jakub P. , Krygier Krzysztof , Karlovits György , Szydłowska‐Czerniak Aleksandra 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe effect of specific oil surface (SOS) during pan frying of rapeseed oil on its thermal stability and antioxidant capacity (AC) was evaluated. Rapeseed oils with different oil layer heights (OLH = 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0, and 2.5 cm) were heated on an electric frying pan coated with Teflon at 180 ± 10 °C until a selected end point of 25 % total polar compounds (TPC) was reached. The changes of chemical parameters of oil samples such as peroxide value, p‐anisidine value, Totox value, free fatty acids, TPC and AC using the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl assay were determined. Irrespective of the applied methods, the highest changes in oil with OLH = 0.5 cm were observed. Heating in low OLH also led to the fastest time of TPC formation in rapeseed oil; the 0.5‐cm layer reached 25 % TPC in a relatively short time (71.5 min) compared to the highest OLH = 2.5 cm (t = 315.1 min). The SOS and the rate of change in the heated oils decreased with increasing OLH. Crucial effects of SOS on physicochemical oil changes were observed. The present study demonstrated the protective effect of increasing the OLH on the quality of the heated rapeseed oils.
The Influence of Emotion Upregulation on the Expectation of Sexual Reward
Authors: Brom Mirte , Laan Ellen , Everaerd Walter , Spinhoven Philip , Trimbos Baptist , Both Stephanie 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Emotion regulation research has shown successful altering of unwanted aversive emotional reactions. Cognitive strategies can also downregulate expectations of reward arising from conditioned stimuli, including sexual stimuli. However, little is known about whether such strategies can also efficiently upregulate expectations of sexual reward arising from conditioned stimuli, and possible gender differences therein.

Aim
The present study examined whether a cognitive upregulatory strategy could successfully upregulate sexual arousal elicited by sexual reward-conditioned cues in men and women.

Methods
Men (n = 40) and women (n = 53) participated in a study using a differential conditioning paradigm, with genital vibrostimulation as unconditioned stimulus (US) and sexually relevant pictures as conditional stimuli.

Main Outcome Measures
Penile circumference and vaginal pulse amplitude were assessed and ratings of US expectancy, affective value, and sexual arousal value were obtained. Also a stimulus response compatibility task was included to assess automatic approach and avoidance tendencies.

Results
Evidence was found for emotion upregulation to increase genital arousal response in the acquisition phase in both sexes, and to enhance resistance to extinction of conditioned genital responding in women. In men, the emotion upregulatory strategy resulted in increased conditioned positive affect.

Conclusion
The findings support that top-down modulation may indeed influence conditioned sexual responses. This knowledge may have implications for treating disturbances in sexual appetitive responses, such as low sexual arousal and desire.
Urogenital and Sexual Complaints in Female Club Cyclists—A Cross-Sectional Study
Authors: Hermans T.J.N. , Wijn R.P.W.F. , Winkens B. , Van Kerrebroeck Ph.E.V.A. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Cycling has gained increased popularity among women, but in contrast to men, literature on urogenital overuse injuries and sexual dysfunctions is scarce.

Aim
To determine the prevalence and duration of urogenital overuse injuries and sexual dysfunctions in female cyclists of the largest female cycling association in The Netherlands.

Methods
A cross-sectional questionnaire survey was sent to 350 members of the largest female Dutch cycling association and 350 female members of a Dutch athletics association (runners).

Main Outcome Measures
The prevalence and duration of urogenital overuse injuries and sexual complaints were assessed using predefined international definitions.

Results
Questionnaire results of 114 cyclists (32.6%) and 33 runners (9.4%) were analyzed. After at least 2 hours of cycling, dysuria, stranguria, genital numbness, and vulvar discomfort were present in 8.8%, 22.2%, 34.9%, and 40.0%, respectively (maximum duration 48 hours). These complaints are not present in the controls (P &lt; .001). In multivariable logistic regression analysis, increased saddle width was significantly associated with the presence of dysuria and stranguria. Older age was significantly associated to the presence of vulvar discomfort. Of the cyclists, 50.9% has at least one urogenital overuse injury. Insertional dyspareunia was present in 40.0% of cyclists and lasted until 48 hours after the effort. The latter complaint was not present in runners (P &lt; .001). Uni- or bilateral vulvar edema was reported by 35.1% of cyclists. As for general complaints, 18.4% of cyclists reported a change in sexual sensations and 12.8% reported difficulties in reaching orgasm owing to cycling-related complaints. Limitations include population size and the use of non-validated questionnaires.

Conclusions
The results of this study suggest that urogenital overuse injuries and sexual complaints are highly prevalent in female cyclists who are active participants in riding groups.
Impaired Lipid Profile is a Risk Factor for the Development of Sexual Dysfunction in Women
Authors: Baldassarre Maurizio , Alvisi Stefania , Mancini Ilaria , Moscatiello Simona , Marchesini Giulio , Seracchioli Renato , Meriggiola Maria Cristina 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Dyslipidemia is a common risk factor for cardiovascular disease which may contribute to sexual dysfunction in women.

Aims
To assess the impact of dyslipidemia compared with other metabolic alterations on female sexual function.

Methods
In total, 466 women were enrolled in the study, of which 256 were postmenopausal. Dyslipidemia was defined based on high-density lipoprotein, low-density lipoprotein, or triglycerides levels. Women completed the Female Sexual Function Index (FSFI), the Female Sexual Distress Scale (FSDS), and the Middlesex Hospital Questionnaire (MHQ). Biochemical and anthropometric measurements were performed and the Framingham risk score (FRS) was calculated for each subject.

Main Outcome Measurements
FSFI, FSDS, and MHQ scores, prevalence of FSD and FRS.

Results
Median age of the population enrolled was 51.5 (range 42.0–58.0) years. The overall prevalence of FSD, according to FSFI and FSDS scores, was 24%. A significantly higher prevalence of FSFI (P = .001) and FSDS (P = .006) pathological scores were found in women with dyslipidemia compared with the control group. The prevalence of FSD was significantly higher in dyslipidemic women (P = .001). Women with dyslipidemia had significantly higher total scores in areas of depression, somatization, and obsession in the MHQ questionnaire compared with control women. Multivariate analysis showed that dyslipidemia (OR:1.7, CI 1.1–2.9, P = .037), postmenopausal status (OR:2.7, CI 1.5–4.7, P = .001), higher education (OR:0.6; CI 0.3–0.9, P = .038), and somatization (OR:1.7, CI 1.0–2.8, P = .045) were independently associated with FSD. The FRS was higher in dyslipidemic women (P = .001) and in those with FSD (P = .001), being associated with an almost doubled risk of developing FSD.

Conclusion
Our results indicate that dyslipidemia is an independent risk factor for FSD irrespective of postmenopausal status. Also, psychopathological alterations such as somatization are strongly associated with sexual dysfunction. The direct correlation between FSFI score and FRS suggest the importance of cardiovascular integrity in female sexual health.
Sexuality After Cancer: A Model for Male Survivors
Authors: Katz Anne , Dizon Don S. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
For men with cancer, sexual dysfunction is a common issue and has a negative impact on quality of life, regardless of whether he has a partner. In general, sexuality encompasses much more than intercourse; it involves body image, identity, romantic and sexual attraction, and sexual thoughts and fantasies.

Aim
Acknowledging that cancer affects multiple physical and psychosocial domains in patients, the authors propose that such changes also inform sexual function for the male survivor.

Methods
An in-depth review of the literature describing alterations to sexual functioning in men with cancer was undertaken. Based on this and the clinical expertise of the authors, a new model was created and is presented.

Results
This biopsychosocial model is intended to expand the understanding of male sexuality beyond a purely biomedical model that addresses dysfunction as distinct from the context of a man's life and sexual identity.

Conclusion
Most data on sexual dysfunction in men with cancer are derived from those with a history of prostate cancer, although other data suggest that men with other types of malignancies are similarly affected. Unfortunately, male sexuality is often reduced to aspects of erection and performance. Acknowledging that cancer affects multiple physical and psychosocial domains in patients, the authors propose that such changes also inform sexual function for the male survivor. This biopsychosocial model might form the basis for interventions for sexual problems after cancer that includes a man and his partner as a complex whole.
Why Us? Perceived Injustice is Associated with More Sexual and Psychological Distress in Couples Coping with Genito-Pelvic Pain
Authors: Pâquet Myriam , Bois Katy , Rosen Natalie O. , Mayrand Marie-Hélène , Charbonneau-Lefebvre Véronique , Bergeron Sophie 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Provoked vestibulodynia (PVD) is the most frequent cause of genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (GPPPD) and is associated with negative psychological and sexual consequences for affected women and their partners. PVD is often misdiagnosed or ignored and many couples may experience a sense of injustice, due to the loss of their ability to have a normal sexual life. Perceiving injustice has been documented to have important consequences in individuals with chronic pain. However, no quantitative research has investigated the experience of injustice in this population.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the associations between perceived injustice and pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression among women with PVD and their partners.

Methods
Women diagnosed with PVD (N = 50) and their partners completed questionnaires of perceived injustice, pain, sexual satisfaction, sexual distress, and depression.

Main Outcome Measures
(1) Global Measure of Sexual Satisfaction Scale; (2) Female Sexual Distress Scale; (3) Beck Depression Inventory-II; and (4) McGill-Melzack Pain Questionnaire.

Results
After controlling for partners' age, women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater sexual distress, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher level of perceived injustice was associated with their own greater depression, and the same pattern was found for partners. Women's higher perceived injustice was not associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction but partners' higher perceived injustice was associated with their own lower sexual satisfaction. Perceived injustice was not associated with women's pain intensity.

Conclusion
Results suggest that perceiving injustice may have negative consequences for the couple's sexual and psychological outcomes. However, the effects of perceived injustice appear to be intra-individual. Targeting perceived injustice could enhance the efficacy of psychological interventions for women with PVD and their partners.
Erectile Dysfunction is Not a Predictor of Atrial Fibrillation: A Population-Based Propensity-Score Matched Cohort Study
Authors: Liu Kuan-Liang , Ye Ling-Long , Chou Shing-Hsien , Tung Ying-Chang , Lin Yu-Sheng , Wu Lung-Sheng , Lin Chia-Pin , Shia Ben-Chang , Chu Pao-Hsien 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Erectile dysfunction (ED) has been regarded a marker of cardiovascular diseases. Nevertheless, the association between ED and incident atrial fibrillation (AF) remains unknown.

Aim
To determine the association between ED and incident AF.

Methods
This population-based cohort study was conducted using the National Health Insurance Research Database in Taiwan. In total, 6,273 of patients with ED without a prior diagnosis of AF were enrolled from January 1, 2001 through December 31, 2009, and a propensity-score matching method was used to identify 3,516 patients in the ED and control groups.

Main Outcome Measures
Newly incident AF at follow-up was recorded as the end point.

Results
The mean age of the study population was 40.0 ± 17.1 years, and the follow-up period was 8.0 ± 0.5 years. Compared with the control group, patients with ED were older and had more of the following comorbidities: D’Hoore Charlson Comorbidity Index, hypertension, congestive heart failure, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, chronic lung disease, major depression disorder, obstructive sleep apnea, and hyperthyroidism. After adjusting for confounders, the ED group was not associated with more incident AF compared with the control group (hazard ratio = 1.031, 95% confidence interval = 0.674–1.578, P =.888). In these patients, ED of an organic origin was associated with a trend of having AF more often compared with ED of a psychosexual type (P =.272 by log-rank test).

Conclusion
Although ED is known as a predictor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular diseases, it is not independently associated with incident AF in men.
Peripheral Atherosclerosis in Patients with Erectile Dysfunction: A Population-Based Study
Authors: Lahoz Carlos , Mostaza Jose M. , Salinero-Fort Miguel A. , García-Iglesias Francisca , González-Alegre Teresa , Estirado Eva , Laguna Fernando , de Burgos-Lunar Carmen , Sánchez-Arroyo Vanesa , Sabín Concesa , López Silvia , Cornejo-Del-Río Víctor , Patrón Pedro , Fernández-García Pedro , Fernández-Puntero Belén , Vicent David , Montesano-Sanchez Luis ,   the SPREDIA-2 Group
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The presence of erectile dysfunction (ED) could be a warning of vascular disease in different arterial territories.

Aim
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between ED and the presence of atherosclerosis in 2 different vascular beds: carotid and lower limbs.

Methods
A total of 614 volunteers between 45 and 74 years of age (mean age 61.0 years) were randomly selected from the general population. ED was assessed using the International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5). Ankle-brachial index (ABI) measurement and carotid atherosclerosis were evaluated by echo-Doppler.

Main Outcome Measures
Mean carotid intima-media thickness (IMT), prevalence of carotid plaques, mean ABI, and prevalence of ABI &lt; 0.9 were the main outcome measures.

Results
ED was present in 373 subjects (59.7%). Mean carotid IMT was significantly higher in men with ED (0.762 ± 0.151 mm vs 0.718 ± 0.114 mm, P &lt; .001). Also the global prevalence of carotid plaques was more frequent in men with ED (63.8% vs 44.8%, P &lt; .001), even after adjusting by age, cardiovascular risk factors, and ongoing treatment (P = .039). Both the IMT and the prevalence of carotid plaques increased significantly with ED severity (P trend .004 and &lt;.001, respectively). There were no significant differences between groups neither in mean ABI nor in the prevalence of subjects with ABI &lt; 0.9. However, there was a trend to a lower ABI and a higher prevalence of ABI &lt; 0.9 with increasing ED severity.

Conclusion
In the general population, the presence of ED identifies subjects with higher atherosclerosis burden in carotid arteries but not in the lower extremities.