bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of oxygen therapy on myocardial salvage in ST elevation myocardial infarction: the randomized SOCCER trial
Authors: Khoshnood Ardavan , Carlsson Marcus , Akbarzadeh Mahin , Bhiladvala Pallonji , Roijer Anders , Nordlund David , Höglund Peter , Zughaft David , Todorova Lizbet , Mokhtari Arash , Arheden Håkan , Erlinge David , Ekelund Ulf 
Published: November 2016

Objective
Recent studies suggest that administration of O2 in patients with acute myocardial infarction may have negative effects. With the use of cardiac MRI (CMR), we evaluated the effects of supplemental O2 in patients with ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) accepted for acute percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI).

Materials and methods
This study was a randomized-controlled trial conducted at two university hospitals in Sweden. Normoxic STEMI patients were randomized in the ambulance to either supplemental O2 (10 l/min) or room air until the conclusion of the PCI. CMR was performed 2–6 days after the inclusion. The primary endpoint was the myocardial salvage index assessed by CMR. The secondary endpoints included infarct size and myocardium at risk.

Results
At inclusion, the O2 (n=46) and air (n=49) patient groups had similar patient characteristics. There were no significant differences in myocardial salvage index [53.9±25.1 vs. 49.3±24.0%; 95% confidence interval (CI): −5.4 to 14.6], myocardium at risk (31.9±10.0% of the left ventricle in the O2 group vs. 30.0±11.8% in the air group; 95% CI: −2.6 to 6.3), or infarct size (15.6±10.4% of the left ventricle vs. 16.0±11.0%; 95% CI: −4.7 to 4.1).

Conclusion
In STEMI patients undergoing acute PCI, we found no effect of high-flow oxygen compared with room air on the size of ischemia before PCI, myocardial salvage, or the resulting infarct size. These results support the safety of withholding supplemental oxygen in normoxic STEMI patients.
Management of Older Inpatients Who Refuse Nonpsychiatric Medication Within Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust
Authors: Umotong Eno 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The effects of poor medication compliance are well documented and include increased morbidity, early mortality, and financial costs to the society. According to national guidelines, when a competent patient refuses medication, the doctor on duty has a responsibility to ensure the patient understands their proposed course of action. The aims of this audit were to evaluate whether this consultation was taking place within older in-patient units across Birmingham and Solihull Mental Health NHS Foundation Trust when patients refuse nonpsychiatric medicines. Poor compliance was defined as more than five refusals of a nonpsychiatric medication over a 4-week period. A discussion with the duty doctor occurred in 75% of cases (27/36), which resulted in a change in prescription or compliance in 59% (16/27 patients). After patient refusal of medication, a consultation with the duty doctor is likely to improve compliance and uncover salient issues particularly in regards to capacity and drug suitability.
Stacked Thoracodorsal Artery Perforator Flaps for Unilateral Breast Reconstruction
Authors: Angrigiani Claudio , Rancati Alberto , Artero Guillermo , Khouri Roger K. , Walocko Frances M. 
Published: November 2016

Summary:
The thoracodorsal artery perforator flap is reliable and safe for breast reconstruction, but stacking bilateral thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps for unilateral reconstruction to achieve greater volumes has not been reported. To create a stacked thoracodorsal artery perforator flap, the ipsilateral flap is transferred as an island, and the contralateral flap is transferred as a microvascular free flap. In this article, the authors present their 8-year 14- patient experience with stacked thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction. Patients’ ages ranged from 33 to 72 years (mean, 52.6 years). Mean follow-up time was 48.1 months (range, 1 to 98 months). Flaps measured between 22 × 6 cm and 32 × 8 cm and weighed between 110 and 550 g. Two of the island flaps had steatofibrosis of the distal 3 cm, which was resected and closed directly. The rest of the island flaps and all 14 free flaps healed uneventfully. At the time of follow-up, all flaps appeared healthy, and the reconstructed breast had a similar appearance and volume as the contralateral side. The donor areas had almost no functional deficit, and the final scar was aesthetically acceptable, especially when the ascending oblique design was used. This represents the first description of stacked thoracodorsal artery perforator flaps for unilateral breast reconstruction. This novel addition to the reconstructive surgeon’s selection of methods is a safe and reliable option for large-volume unilateral breast reconstruction. It allows for symmetry without requiring prostheses or reduction of the contralateral side.
Comparison of Ulnar Intrinsic Function following Supercharge End-to-Side Anterior Interosseous–to–Ulnar Motor Nerve Transfer: A Matched Cohort Study of Proximal Ulnar Nerve Injury Patients
Authors: Baltzer Heather , Woo Alice , Oh Christine , Moran Steven L. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
There are few studies supporting supercharge end-to-side nerve transfer for high ulnar nerve injury. The current study hypothesized that patients with a supercharge end-to-side anterior interosseous nerve–to–ulnar motor nerve transfer would demonstrate superior return of intrinsic function compared with conventional treatment only.

Methods:
A retrospective matched-cohort study matched supercharge end-to-side transfer patients based on age, level of injury, and mechanism to ulnar nerve injury patients who did not have the transfer. The primary outcome was return of ulnar intrinsic function, based on clinical examination and/or electromyography. Dichotomous and continuous variables were compared with Fisher’s exact and t tests, respectively.

Results:
Thirteen supercharge end-to-side patients were identified (>1 year follow-up). The average age of both cohorts was 35 years. Ulnar nerve transection above the proximal third of the forearm represented 54 percent of patients; compressive injuries represented 46 percent. Eleven supercharge end-to-side transfer patients (84 percent) demonstrated intrinsic function recovery compared with five (38 percent) non–supercharge end-to-side patients (p < 0.05). Average time to initial motor recovery was similar between the two groups (supercharge end-to-side, 2.9 months; non–supercharge end-to-side, 3.8 months; p > 0.2). Intrinsic function return was more likely following nerve transection with the supercharge end-to-side procedure (85 percent versus 14 percent; p = 0.03), whereas compression injuries had comparable intrinsic function return regardless of the supercharge end-to-side transfer (67 percent versus 67 percent; p = 1.0).

Conclusions:
This matched cohort study demonstrates that the supercharge end-to-side transfer results in increased ulnar intrinsic reinnervation following ulnar nerve injury. This finding may be most relevant following transection injuries. Improved outcomes associated with supercharge end-to-side and ulnar nerve repair warrant further investigation.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, III.
Health-Related Quality of Life following Reconstruction for Common Head and Neck Surgical Defects
Authors: Cohen Wess A. , Albornoz Claudia R. , Cordeiro Peter G. , Cracchiolo Jennifer , Encarnacion Elizabeth , Lee Meghan , Cavalli Michele , Patel Snehal , Pusic Andrea L. , Matros Evan 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Improved understanding and management of health-related quality of life represents one of the greatest unmet needs for patients with head and neck malignancies. The purpose of this study was to prospectively measure health-related quality of life associated with different anatomical (head and neck) surgical resections.

Methods:
A prospective analysis of health-related quality of life was performed in patients undergoing surgical resection with flap reconstruction for stage II or III head and neck malignancies. Patients completed the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Core Quality-of-Life Questionnaire-30 and the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer Head and Neck Cancer Module-35 preoperatively, and at set postoperative time points. Scores were compared with a paired t test.

Results:
Seventy-five patients were analyzed. The proportion of the cohort not alive at 2 years was 53 percent. Physical, role, and social functioning scores at 3 months were significantly lower than preoperative values (p < 0.05). At 12 months postoperatively, none of the function or global quality-of-life scores differed from preoperative levels, whereas five of the symptom scales remained below baseline. At 1 year postoperatively, maxillectomy, partial glossectomy, and oral lining defects had better function and fewer symptoms than mandibulectomy, laryngectomy, and total glossectomy. From 6 to 12 months postoperatively, partial glossectomy and oral lining defects had greater global quality of life than laryngectomies (p < 0.05).

Conclusions:
Postoperative health-related quality of life is associated with the anatomical location of the head and neck surgical resection. Preoperative teaching should be targeted for common ablative defects, with postoperative expectations adjusted appropriately. Because surgery negatively impacts health-related quality of life in the immediate postoperative period, the limited survivorship should be reviewed with patients.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Triptolide Reduces the Required Dose of Tacrolimus by Attenuating Inflammation, Enhancing Immunosuppression, and Increasing Donor Chimerism in a Heterotopic Hindlimb Transplantation Model
Authors: Gu Chuan , Liu Fei , Luo Xusong , Zhou Xianyu , Yang Jun , Levin L. Scott 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Induction of tolerance and minimizing the toxicity of immunosuppression are two fundamental goals in vascularized composite allotransplantation. Accumulating data indicate that triptolide is an agent that may have the capacity to suppress inflammation and immunologic rejection.

Methods:
A heterotopic hindlimb allotransplantation model from Brown Norway to Lewis rats was established and treated with different doses of tacrolimus combined with or without triptolide. Mean survival time of the transplants was monitored, and histopathologic examination of the skin was performed. The level of inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β, interleukin-6, and tumor necrosis factor-á in peripheral blood was assayed. The percentage of T lymphocytes and its subsets was measured using flow cytometry. The level of recipient peripheral chimerism and the apoptosis of donor bone marrow cells were evaluated. The apoptotic related genes bcl-2 and Bax were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction.

Results:
The authors’ results showed that triptolide not only reduces the dose of tacrolimus required for immunosuppression, but also decreased drug side effects in terms of weight gain and diarrhea. Triptolide had an obvious effect on proinflammatory cytokine expression and T-lymphocyte proliferation in the peripheral blood. Interestingly, triptolide could increase the mixed chimerism level of recipients, possibly by inhibiting the apoptosis of transplanted bone marrow cells by means of regulation of the apoptotic genes bcl-2 and Bax.

Conclusions:
Triptolide reduces the dose of tacrolimus required for immunosuppression by attenuating inflammation and by T-cell suppression. Furthermore, triptolide increases the chimerism level, which might contribute to acceptance of the allografts.
Breast Tissue Expanders with Magnetic Ports: Clinical Experience at 1.5 T
Authors: Thimmappa Nanda Deepa , Prince Martin R. , Colen Kari L. , Ahn Christina Y. , Dutruel Silvina P. , Boddu Srikanth R. , Greenspun David T. , Vasile Julie V. , Chen Constance M. , Usal Hakan , Rohde Christine H. , Redstone Jeremiah S. , LoTempio Maria M. , Lerman Oren Z. , Nath Anik K. , Allen Robert J. , Levine Joshua L. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The purpose of this study was to evaluate breast tissue expanders with magnetic ports for safety in patients undergoing abdominal/pelvic magnetic resonance angiography before autologous breast reconstruction.

Methods:
Magnetic resonance angiography of the abdomen and pelvis at 1.5 T was performed in 71 patients in prone position with tissue expanders with magnetic ports labeled “MR Unsafe” from July of 2012 to May of 2014. Patients were monitored during magnetic resonance angiography for tissue expander–related symptoms, and the chest wall tissue adjacent to the tissue expander was examined for injury at the time of tissue expander removal for breast reconstruction. Retrospective review of these patients’ clinical records was performed. T2-weighted fast spin echo, steady-state free precession and gadolinium-enhanced spoiled gradient echo sequences were assessed for image artifacts.

Results:
No patient had tissue expander or magnetic port migration during the magnetic resonance examination and none reported pain during scanning. On tissue expander removal (71 patients, 112 implants), the surgeons reported no evidence of tissue damage, and there were no operative complications at those sites of breast reconstruction.

Conclusion:
Magnetic resonance angiography of the abdomen and pelvis in patients with certain breast tissue expanders containing magnetic ports can be performed safely at 1.5 T for pre–autologous flap breast reconstruction perforator vessel mapping.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Carbon Dioxide–Based versus Saline Tissue Expansion for Breast Reconstruction: Results of the XPAND Prospective, Randomized Clinical Trial
Authors: Ascherman Jeffrey A. , Zeidler Kamakshi , Morrison Kerry A. , Appel James Z. , Berkowitz R. L. , Castle John , Colwell Amy , Chun Yoon , Johnson Debra , Mohebali Khashayar 
Published: November 2016

Background:
AeroForm is a new type of remote-controlled, needle-free, carbon dioxide–based expander involving a potentially faster method of tissue expansion. Results are presented here from the AirXpanders Patient Activated Controlled Tissue Expander pivotal trial comparing AeroForm to saline tissue expanders.

Methods:
Women undergoing two-stage breast reconstruction were randomized at 17 U.S. sites in this U.S. Food and Drug Administration–approved investigational device exemption trial. Expansion in the investigational arm was performed by the patient in 10-cc increments up to 30 cc/day of carbon dioxide and in the control arm by the physician with periodic bolus injections of saline. Safety endpoints, expansion and reconstruction times, pain, and satisfaction were assessed.

Results:
One hundred fifty women were treated: 98 with carbon dioxide expanders (n = 168) and 52 with saline expanders (n = 88). The treatment success rate (all breasts exchanged successfully excluding non–device-related failures) was 96.1 percent for carbon dioxide and 98.8 percent for saline. Median time to full expansion and completion of the second-stage operation was 21.0 and 108.5 days (carbon dioxide) versus 46.0 and 136.5 days (saline), respectively, with a similar rate of overall complications. Ease of use for the carbon dioxide expander was rated high by patients (98 percent) and physicians (90 percent).

Conclusions:
The AirXpanders Patient Activated Controlled Tissue Expander trial results demonstrate that a carbon dioxide–based expander is an effective method of tissue expansion with a similar overall adverse event rate compared to saline expanders, and provides a more convenient and expedient expansion.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, I.
Separation, Aspiration, and Fat Equalization: SAFE Liposuction Concepts for Comprehensive Body Contouring
Authors: Wall Simeon H. , Lee Michael R. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Separation, aspiration, and fatty equilibration (SAFE) liposuction uses a process approach to body contouring and minimizes injury to surrounding structures. The multistep process allows for (1) fat separation, (2) lipoaspiration, and (3) fat equalization. The purpose of this study was to review both outcomes and complications of primary SAFE liposuction.

Methods:
Retrospective chart review was completed of patients undergoing SAFE liposuction from January of 2006 to January of 2011. Patient selection was limited to those undergoing liposuction alone with no adjuvant excisional procedures. Data were collected regarding demographics, body mass index, operative details, and outcomes.

Results:
Seven hundred thirty-four patients were identified as having undergone SAFE liposuction. One hundred twenty-nine patients were found to have been treated with liposuction alone. Patient age ranged from 18 to 42 years and body mass index ranged from 18 to 42 kg/m2 (mean, 26.3 kg/m2). Seven patients (5.4 percent) underwent treatment of the face and neck, six patients (4.7 percent) underwent treatment of upper extremities, 13 patients (10.1 percent) underwent treatment of the chest, 20 patients (15.5 percent) underwent treatment of lower extremities, 32 patients (24.8 percent) underwent treatment of the circumferential trunk, and 51 patients (39.5 percent) underwent treatment of circumferential trunk and additional area(s). No major complications occurred. Five of the 129 patients (3.87 percent) developed the minor complication of seroma formation.

Conclusions:
SAFE liposuction is a multistep process approach to body contouring consisting of (1) fat separation, (2) lipoaspiration, and (3) fat equalization. The results of this study show such technique to be safe and effective.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.
Total Human Eye Allotransplantation: Developing Surgical Protocols for Donor and Recipient Procedures
Authors: Davidson Edward H. , Wang Eric W. , Yu Jenny Y. , Fernandez-Miranda Juan C. , Wang Dawn J. , Richards Nikisha , Miller Maxine , Schuman Joel S. , Washington Kia M. 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Vascularized composite allotransplantation of the eye is an appealing, novel method for reconstruction of the nonfunctioning eye. The authors’ group has established the first orthotopic model for eye transplantation in the rat. With advancements in immunomodulation strategies together with new therapies in neuroregeneration, parallel development of human surgical protocols is vital for ensuring momentum toward eye transplantation in actual patients.

Methods:
Cadaveric donor tissue harvest (n = 8) was performed with orbital exenteration, combined open craniotomy, and endonasal approach to ligate the ophthalmic artery with a cuff of paraclival internal carotid artery, for transection of the optic nerve at the optic chiasm and transection of cranial nerves III to VI and the superior ophthalmic vein at the cavernous sinus. Candidate recipient vessels (superficial temporal/internal maxillary/facial artery and superficial temporal/facial vein) were exposed. Vein grafts were required for all anastomoses. Donor tissue was secured in recipient orbits followed by sequential venous and arterial anastomoses and nerve coaptation. Pedicle lengths and calibers were measured. All steps were timed, photographed, video recorded, and critically analyzed after each operative session.

Results:
The technical feasibility of cadaveric donor procurement and transplantation to cadaveric recipient was established. Mean measurements included optic nerve length (39 mm) and caliber (5 mm), donor artery length (33 mm) and caliber (3 mm), and superior ophthalmic vein length (15 mm) and caliber (0.5 mm). Recipient superficial temporal, internal maxillary artery, and facial artery calibers were 0.8, 2, and 2 mm, respectively; and superior temporal and facial vein calibers were 0.8 and 2.5 mm, respectively.

Conclusion:
This surgical protocol serves as a benchmark for optimization of technique, large-animal model development, and ultimately potentiating the possibility of vision restoration transplantation surgery.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, V.
Watershed Areas in Face Transplantation
Authors: Bassiri Gharb Bahar , Frautschi Russell S. , Halasa Brianna C. , Doumit Gaby D. , Djohan Risal S. , Bernard Steven L. , Gastman Brian R. , Siemionow Maria Z. , Papay Francis A. , Rampazzo Antonio 
Published: November 2016

Background:
The maxillary artery has traditionally been considered the main blood supply of the facial skeleton. However, the deep and concealed location makes the harvest of facial allografts based on this artery challenging, giving preference to the facial artery. There is growing evidence that the junction between the hard and soft palate may represent a watershed area in facial artery–based allografts. The aim of this study was to review the occurrence of partial allograft necrosis and modify the available craniofacial techniques, allowing for a reliable harvest of maxillary artery–based facial allografts.

Methods:
PubMed/MEDLINE databases were searched for articles presenting allograft perfusion details and the occurrence of partial flap necrosis. Next, 25 fresh cadaver heads were used: eight allografts were harvested by means of a traditional Le Fort III approach, in six the maxillary artery was injected with latex, in three cadaver heads lead oxide gel was injected in the maxillary artery, and eight full facial allografts were harvested through a modified approach.

Results:
Seven patients developed palatal fistulas or palatal necrosis (41 percent) when allograft was perfused through the facial artery. The traditional Le Fort III approach demonstrated consistent injury to maxillary artery/branches. The modified approach allowed for preservation of the maxillary artery under direct vision.

Conclusions:
Current facial transplantation outcomes indicate that facial artery–based allografts containing Le Fort III bony components can experience compromised palate perfusion. The described modified Le Fort III approach allowed safe dissection of the maxillary artery, preserving the arterial blood supply to the facial skeleton.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, V.
Facial Contouring by Targeted Restoration of Facial Fat Compartment Volume: The Midface
Authors: Wang Wenjin , Xie Yun , Huang Ru-Lin , Zhou Jia , Tanja Herrler , Zhao Peijuan , Cheng Chen , Zhou Sizheng , Pu Lee L. Q. , Li Qingfeng 
Published: November 2016

Background:
Recent anatomical findings have suggested that facial fat distribution is complex and changes with age. Here, the authors developed a grafting technique based on the physiologic distribution and volume changes of facial fat compartments to achieve a youthful and natural-appearing face.

Methods:
Forty cadaveric hemifaces were used for the dissection of fat compartments and neurovascular structures in the midface area. Seventy-eight patients were treated for cheek atrophy using the authors’ targeted restoration of midface fat compartment volume. The outcome was evaluated by a two-dimensional assessment, malar lipoatrophy assessment, and a satisfaction survey.

Results:
The medial and lateral parts of the deep medial cheek fat compartment were separated by a septum arising from the lateral border of the levator anguli oris muscle. The angular vein traveled between the deep medial cheek fat compartment and the buccal fat pad, 12 mm from the maxilla. A total volume of 29.3 ml of fat was grafted per cheek for each patient. A 12-month follow-up revealed an average volume augmentation rate of 27.1 percent. Pleasing and elevated anterior projection of the cheek and ameliorated nasolabial groove were still obvious by 12 months after the procedure. In total, 95.2 percent of the patients were satisfied with their results.

Conclusions:
The present study provides the anatomical and clinical basis for the concept of compartmentally based fat grafting. It allows for the restoration of facial fat volume close to the physiologic state. With this procedure, a natural and youthful facial contour could be rebuilt with a high satisfaction rate.

CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE:
Therapeutic, IV.