bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Verification of a Front‐to‐Front (FTF) System Consisting of Two Modular Multilevel Cascade Converters Based on Double‐Star Chopper Cells
Authors: OGUMA KOTA , SASONGKO FIRMAN , HAGIWARA MAKOTO , AKAGI HIROFUMI 
Published: June 2016

SUMMARYThis paper presents an experimental discussion on modular multilevel cascade converters based on double‐star chopper cells (MMCC‐DSCC). Hereinafter, a single MMCC‐DSCC is referred to simply as a “DSCC”. A couple of DSCCs are used to form a front‐to‐front (FTF) system capable of dc voltage matching and galvanic isolation between two dc grids. The FTF system can be considered as a dc–ac–dc power conversion system including an ac‐link high‐power transformer. The higher the ac‐link frequency, the smaller and lighter are the ac‐link transformer and dc capacitors. When the so‐called “phase‐shifted‐carrier PWM” is applied to the DSCC, theoretical analysis and computer simulation have confirmed that a ratio of the carrier frequency with respect to the ac‐link frequency can be reduced to 5/2. This paper designs, constructs, and tests a 400‐Vdc 10‐kW downscaled FTF system with a carrier frequency of 450 Hz and an ac‐link frequency of 180 Hz, where their ratio is 5/2. Experimental waveforms obtained from the downscaled system are compared with simulated ones obtained from a software package, PSCAD/EMTDC, under the same operating and circuit conditions. They agree well each other not only under steady states but also under transient states.
Electrochemically Triggered DNA Release from a Mixed‐brush Polymer‐modified Electrode
Authors: Masi Madeline , Gamella Maria , Guz Nataliia , Katz Evgeny 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSingle‐stranded DNA molecules were loaded on the mixed poly(N,N‐dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) (PDMAEMA)/poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) brush covalently attached to an indium tin oxide (ITO) electrode on a flexible support. The DNA deposition was performed at pH 5.0 when the polymer brush is positively charged due to protonation of tertiary amino groups in PDMAEMA, thus resulting in electrostatic attraction of the negatively charged DNA. By applying electrolysis at −1.0 V (vs. Ag/AgCl reference) electrochemical oxygen reduction resulted in the consumption of hydrogen ions and local pH increase in the vicinity of the electrode surface. The process resulted in the transition to negative charge of the mixed polymer‐brush due to dissociation of carboxylic groups of PMAA. This resulted in the electrostatic repulsion and release of the loaded DNA. The developed approach allows cyclic load‐release of the DNA with the significantly increased amount of the released DNA comparing with previously reported systems. Further options for the improvements of the system are discussed.
Rock slope failure in a recently deglaciated permafrost rock wall at Piz Kesch (Eastern Swiss Alps), February 2014
Authors: Phillips Marcia , Wolter Andrea , Lüthi Rachel , Amann Florian , Kenner Robert , Bühler Yves 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn February 2014, a rock pillar with a volume of around 150 000 m3 collapsed at Piz Kesch in the Eastern Swiss Alps. A reconstruction of the conditions prior to the event and of the event itself is presented on the basis of different sources of data. The methods applied include photogrammetry, terrestrial laser scanning, structural geological analysis, examination of meteorological data, carbon‐14 (14C) dating of organic material in permafrost ice from a tension crack and numerical modelling of likely modes of failure. Despite a complete lack of in situ measurements in the rock wall prior to the event and of direct observations during the event, the available data allow the determination of the approximate timing of the event as well as the structural predisposition, the probable mode of failure and the timescale of several millennia involved in the triggering of the failure of the rock pillar. The interdisciplinary analysis of this event contributes towards understanding the complex interaction of processes involved in large rock slope failures currently occurring in warming mountain permafrost regions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
In‐situ‐Bestimmung von effektiven Scherparametern in rutschgefährdeten Schichten im Oberen Buntsandstein
Authors: Ernst Christian , Hecht Thomas , Witt Karl Josef 
Published: June 2016

AbstractZur Bemessung einer Einschnittsböschung in rutschgefährdeten Schichten des Oberen Buntsandsteins (Röt) im Grenzbereich zum überlagernden Unteren Muschelkalk wurden Labor‐ und Feldversuche zur Bestimmung der Scherfestigkeit in den kritischen Schichthorizonten durchgeführt. Die direkten Scherversuche im Feld bilden den typischen Grenzzustand des Gleitens auf prädestinierten Verwitterungshorizonten weit besser ab, als dreiaxiale Druckversuche an ungestörten Proben des geschichteten Gebirges. Die mit beiden Versuchsarten ermittelten Scherfestigkeiten sind als Grundlage für eine Langzeitbemessung abzumindern, da durch die Entlastung beim Auffahren des Einschnitts und durch den fortschreitenden Verwitterungsprozess der dominante Anteil der Kohäsion an der Scherfestigkeit stark abfällt. Der Beitrag beschreibt die spezifischen geologischen Standortbedingungen sowie die Durchführung und Auswertung sowohl der In‐situ‐Scherversuche als auch der Triaxialversuche. Im Ergebnis werden angemessene Werte der Langzeitscherfestigkeit abgeleitet.In situ‐determination of the effective shear strength of landslide‐prone layers of the Upper Red Sandstone. The paper describes how the common limit state design of a rock slope can be reliable improved when the necessary strength parameter values are determined by field tests. For the design of a down cutting in slide prone layers of red sandstone in the transitional zone of the overlying shell limestone, laboratory and field tests were implemented in order to determine the shear strength within the critical range. The typical limit state for sliding on predestinated weathered layers deliver far better results with direct in situ shear tests, than with triaxial test on undisturbed samples of rock. The basis for a long term design are the shear strength determined with both test types, which has to be reduced, as the amount of the cohesion as part of the resistance might be reduced due to the reload during excavation and the progressive weathering process. The specific geological site conditions as well as the implementation and evaluation of the in situ shear tests and the triaxial tests are presented in the paper. As a result, appropriate values for the long term shear strength are proposed.
Graph Sharing Game and the Structure of Weighted Graphs with a Forbidden Subdivision
Authors: Gągol Adam , Micek Piotr , Walczak Bartosz 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the graph sharing game, two players share a connected graph G with nonnegative weights assigned to the vertices claiming and collecting the vertices of G one by one, while keeping the set of all claimed vertices connected through the whole game. Each player wants to maximize the total weight of the vertices they have gathered by the end of the game, when the whole G has been claimed. It is proved that for any class of graphs with an odd number of vertices and with forbidden subdivision of a fixed graph (e.g., for the class of planar graphs with an odd number of vertices), there is a constant such that the first player can secure at least the proportion of the total weight of G whenever . Known examples show that such a constant does no longer exist if any of the two conditions on the class (an odd number of vertices or a forbidden subdivision) is removed. The main ingredient in the proof is a new structural result on weighted graphs with a forbidden subdivision.
Nowhere‐Zero 5‐Flows On Cubic Graphs with Oddness 4
Authors: Mazzuoccolo Giuseppe , Steffen Eckhard 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTutte's 5‐flow conjecture from 1954 states that every bridgeless graph has a nowhere‐zero 5‐flow. It suffices to prove the conjecture for cyclically 6‐edge‐connected cubic graphs. We prove that every cyclically 6‐edge‐connected cubic graph with oddness at most 4 has a nowhere‐zero 5‐flow. This implies that every minimum counterexample to the 5‐flow conjecture has oddness at least 6.
Europium(III) Catalysis for Reduction of Thionine Dye by Selenous Acid in Aqueous Sulfuric Acid Solutions: A Kinetic and Mechanistic Approach
Authors: Fawzy Ahmed 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThe catalytic effect of europium(III) on the reduction of thionine dye (Th) by selenous acid has been studied by spectrophotometry in aqueous sulfuric acid solutions at a constant ionic strength of 3.0 mol dm−3 and at different temperatures (283–313 K). A first‐order dependence with respect to both [Th] and [EuIII] was obtained, whereas the orders with respect to [SeIV] and [H+] were less than unity. Variation of ionic strength and dielectric constant of the reaction media did not affect the reaction rates. Probable mechanistic schemes for thionine reductions in both the absence and presence of europium(III) catalyst were proposed. The rate laws associated with the reaction mechanisms were derived, and the reaction constants were calculated. The activation parameters of the rate constants of the slow steps of both uncatalyzed and catalyzed reactions along with thermodynamic quantities of the equilibrium constants are computed and discussed.
Teflon granulomas mimicking cerebellopontine angle tumors following microvascular decompression
Authors: Deep Nicholas L. , Graffeo Christopher S. , Copeland William R. , Link Michael J. , Atkinson John L. , Neff Brian A. , Raghunathan Aditya , Carlson Matthew L. 
Published: June 2016

Objectives/HypothesisTo report two patients with a history of microvascular decompression (MVD) for hemifacial spasm who presented with Teflon granulomas (TG) mimicking cerebellopontine angle (CPA) tumors and to perform a systematic review of the English‐language literature.Study DesignCase series at a single tertiary academic referral center and systematic review.MethodsRetrospective chart review with analysis of clinical, radiological, and histopathological findings. Systematic review using PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, and Web of Science databases.ResultsTwo patients with large skull base TGs mimicking CPA tumors clinically and radiographically were managed at the authors' institution. The first presented 4 years after MVD with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss, multiple progressive cranial neuropathies, and brainstem edema due to a growing TG. Reoperation with resection of the granuloma confirmed a foreign‐body reaction consisting of multinucleated giant cells containing intracytoplasmic Teflon particles. The second patient presented 11 years after MVD with asymmetrical sensorineural hearing loss and recurrent hemifacial spasm. No growth was noted over 2 years, and the patient has been managed expectantly. Only one prior case of TG after MVD for hemifacial spasm has been reported in the English literature.ConclusionsTG is a rare complication of MVD for hemifacial spasm. The diagnosis should be suspected in patients presenting with a new‐onset enhancing mass of the CPA after MVD, even when performed decades earlier. A thorough clinical and surgical history is critical toward establishing an accurate diagnosis to guide management and prevent unnecessary morbidity. Surgical intervention is not required unless progressive neurologic complications ensue.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 127:715–719, 2017
The rise of the machines: Artificial intelligence meets scholarly content
Authors: Wade Alex D. , Wang Kuansan 
Published: June 2016

Key points

New forms of human/machine dialogue are emerging as robots understand vast amounts of content rather than simply indexing content as strings of characters.
Recognizing strings of characters as entities (e.g. = names = authors) allows for meaningful associations between entities and reasoning over these relationships.
Web‐scale adoption of the Semantic Web approach has been slow because it is too complex to implement and does not scale.
User intent, discovered through conversational models of human–computer interaction, allows for a deeper understanding of exactly what researchers are looking for.
Personal agents hold the promise of finding information that we will find useful before we have started to look for it.
Publishers can use Academic Knowledge APIs to interpret academic user queries and find rich information from the Microsoft Academic Graph.
Why are there virtually no mandatory open access policies at American universities?
Authors: Anderson Rick 
Published: June 2016

Key points

U.S. university OA policies are far less mandatory than those in the U.K.
The waiver clauses in U.S. university policies make it easy for authors to decline making their articles OA.
The relative autonomy – and competitiveness – of U.S. universities may be the reason for weaker OA policies.
OA in the U.S. is likely to be driven by government funding agency policies rather than by academia.
Greenhouse gas flux from headwater streams in New Hampshire, USA: Patterns and drivers
Authors: Schade John D. , Bailio Jason , McDowell William H. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFreshwater ecosystems can be considerable sources of greenhouse gases (GHG), however, much uncertainty remains in global estimates and understanding of drivers of these emissions. Furthermore, headwater streams have received insufficient attention and may contribute disproportionately to global GHG flux. Our objective was to quantify carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), and nitrous oxide (N2O) flux and assess the impact of changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and NO3 concentrations on GHG flux in three streams in the Lamprey River watershed in New Hampshire, U.S.A., that contrast in surface water DOC: NO3. We measured DOC, NO3 and dissolved gas partial pressures and estimated gas flux in surface waters monthly from May 2011 to April 2012. We found higher GHG partial pressures and fluxes in the two streams with high DOC concentrations. The stream with high DOC and high NO3 showed high N2O and low CH4 flux, while the high DOC, low NO3 stream showed high CH4 and low N2O flux. Our results support a model in which C inputs drive total GHG production, while NO3 input regulates the relative importance of CH4 and N2O, likely by suppressing methanogenesis and stimulating denitrification. Results suggest streams in this region are small sources of CO2, but potentially important sources of CH4 and N2O. Since CH4 and N2O are more powerful than CO2 at trapping heat in the atmosphere, freshwater emissions of these gases have the potential to partially offset climate benefits of terrestrial carbon sinks, a possibility that has not been sufficiently incorporated into climate models.
Treatment of port wine stains using Pulsed Dye Laser, Erbium YAG Laser, and topical rapamycin (sirolimus)—A randomized controlled trial
Authors: Greveling Karin , Prens Errol P. , van Doorn Martijn B. 
Published: June 2016

Background and ObjectivePulsed Dye Laser (PDL) is currently the gold standard treatment for port wine stains (PWS), although the degree of lesion blanching is variable and often unpredictable. This appears to be due to reformation and reperfusion of blood vessels. Rapamycin has shown potential as an antiangiogenic agent and may prevent the revascularization after PDL treatment. The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of adjuvant use of (commercially available) topical rapamycin after PDL treatment in patients with PWS.Materials and MethodsWe conducted a prospective, intra‐patient, randomized controlled trial. Four treatment areas of 1 cm2 were created in each PWS. PDL‐only treatment was compared to the following three treatments: PDL + rapamycin, PDL + Erbium YAG laser ablation of the stratum corneum + rapamycin, and rapamycin monotherapy. We also compared PDL + Erbium YAG + rapamycin with PDL + rapamycin. The primary endpoint was the percentage clearance assessed colorimetrically at 6 months follow‐up. Secondary outcomes were photographic evaluation by an expert panel, patient satisfaction, treatment related pain, and safety.ResultsFourteen patients completed the treatment protocol. The highest percentage clearance was achieved with PDL‐only treatment (mean [SD] 16% [34]), but there were no statistically significant differences between treatments. The best photographic evaluation and highest patient satisfaction were also achieved with PDL‐only treatment, but only the difference between PDL‐only and rapamycin monotherapy was statistically significant. The treatment related pain was well tolerated. Application‐site pruritus was a frequent occurring adverse event. Allergic contact dermatitis to rapamycin occurred in one patient. There were no serious adverse events.ConclusionTopical application of the commercially available solution of rapamycin (Rapamune® 0.1%) as an adjuvant to PDL treatment does not appear to improve PWS blanching. Lasers Surg. Med. 49:104–109, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Sonophotolytically Synthesized Silicon Nanoparticle‐Polymer Composite Ink from a Commercially Available Lower Silane
Authors: Cádiz Bedini Andrew P. , Muthmann Stefan , Flohre Jan , Thiele Björn , Willbold Sabine , Carius Reinhard 
Published: June 2016

The preparation of a printable silicon ink using semiconductor grade and commercially available trisilane (Si3H8) is reported. The synthesis is carried out in solution at room temperature or below in N2 atmosphere at ambient pressure and involves an initial sonication step, followed by irradiation with ultraviolet light. The production of higher order silanes via ultrasound is demonstrated using gas chromatography and nuclear magnetic resonance measurements are used to show that a combined sonophotolytic treatment yields a highly branched silicon hydride polymer. In addition, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images are used to ascertain the sonocatalytic production of silicon nanoparticles. Furthermore, it is argued that these particles are partially responsible for enabling dramatically accelerated polymer growth, not otherwise observed in the same amount of time using ultraviolet light alone. Finally, the utility of the ink used in this study is demonstrated for the field of printable electronics by fabricating amorphous silicon thin films by spin‐coating and atmospheric pressure chemical vapor deposition with optoelectronic properties approaching those of state‐of‐the‐art plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD) material.
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Simple Platform Method for the Synthesis of Densely Functionalized Microgels by Modification of Active Ester Latex Particles
Authors: Han Kang , Tiwari Rahul , Heuser Thomas , Walther Andreas 
Published: June 2016

This study reports a simple and versatile synthesis route for the preparation of highly uniform and densely functionalized aqueous microgels by modification of latex particles composed of an active ester monomer (pentafluorophenyl acrylate; PFPA). The hydrophobic nature of the PFPA allows synthesizing very uniform latex particles via emulsion polymerization, whose size can be controlled by the surfactant concentration, while the degree of crosslinking is a function of the added crosslinker. The high reactivity of the PFPA groups toward nucleophilic substitution delivers a platform method to synthesize functional microgels by reaction with functional amines. This study demonstrates this process for the dense functionalization of the entire particle with an amine carrying a pH‐responsive unit. This study further describes the influence of the crosslinking degree on the ability for swelling of the resulting microgels in aqueous dispersion.
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Software Infrastructure for Computer‐aided Drug Discovery and Development, a Practical Example with Guidelines
Authors: Moretti Loris , Sartori Luca 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIn the field of Computer‐Aided Drug Discovery and Development (CADDD) the proper software infrastructure is essential for everyday investigations. The creation of such an environment should be carefully planned and implemented with certain features in order to be productive and efficient. Here we describe a solution to integrate standard computational services into a functional unit that empowers modelling applications for drug discovery. This system allows users with various level of expertise to run in silico experiments automatically and without the burden of file formatting for different software, managing the actual computation, keeping track of the activities and graphical rendering of the structural outcomes. To showcase the potential of this approach, performances of five different docking programs on an Hiv‐1 protease test set are presented.
Re‐constructing nutritional history of Serengeti wildebeest from stable isotopes in tail hair: seasonal starvation patterns in an obligate grazer
Authors: Rysava K. , McGill R. A. R. , Matthiopoulos J. , Hopcraft J. G. C. 
Published: June 2016

RationaleNutritional bottlenecks often limit the abundance of animal populations and alter individual behaviours; however, establishing animal condition over extended periods of time using non‐invasive techniques has been a major limitation in population ecology. We test if the sequential measurement of δ15N values in a continually growing tissue, such as hair, can be used as a natural bio‐logger akin to tree rings or ice cores to provide insights into nutritional stress.MethodsNitrogen stable isotope ratios were measured by continuous‐flow isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS) from 20 sequential segments along the tail hairs of 15 migratory wildebeest. Generalized Linear Models were used to test for variation between concurrent segments of hair from the same individual, and to compare the δ15N values of starved and non‐starved animals. Correlations between δ15N values in the hair and periods of above‐average energy demand during the annual cycle were tested using Generalized Additive Mixed Models.ResultsThe time series of nitrogen isotope ratios in the tail hair are comparable between strands from the same individual. The most likely explanation for the pattern of 15N enrichment between individuals is determined by life phase, and especially the energetic demands associated with reproduction. The mean δ15N value of starved animals was greater than that of non‐starved animals, suggesting that higher δ15N values correlate with periods of nutritional stress.ConclusionsHigh δ15N values in the tail hair of wildebeest are correlated with periods of negative energy balance, suggesting they may be used as a reliable indicator of the animal's nutritional history. This technique might be applicable to other obligate grazers. Most importantly, the sequential isotopic analysis of hair offers a continuous record of the chronic condition of wildebeest (effectively converting point data into time series) and allows researchers to establish the animal's nutritional diary.