bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of chronic local cold exposure on finger temperature responses
Authors: Adams Thomas , Smith R. Elphin 
Published: December 2017

Caucasian subjects from a temperate climate immersed their right index fingers in a stirred ice-water bath for 20 min four times daily for 1 month. During subsequent test immersion, fingers exposed in this way showed an earlier initiation and a more rapid rate of spontaneous rewarming and a higher and more labile final temperature level than did either the same finger before the prolonged cold exposure or other digits not chronically cold exposed. The inference derived from these data that blood flow is elevated in chronically cold-exposed fingers was supported by digital calorimetric determinations. Since finger temperature responses were modified only in the cold-conditioned digit, the term “local cold conditioning” appears justified. Variation of the number of daily exposures made clear a progressive modification of skin temperature responses to cold. During the month of repeated cold exposures, pain associated with this type of cold exposure diminished and finally disappeared. These experimental data parallel most observations on peripheral vascular responses to natural cold exposures and may suggest a mechanism for the changes under both conditions. Submitted on July 28, 1961
Behavioral consequence of painful electric shock
Authors: Dinnerstein A. J. , Lowenthal M. 
Published: December 2017

Choice reaction time and hand steadiness were studied under conditions in which correct performance of a task produced painful electric shock. Task performance deteriorated in response to shock. Deterioration was greater when shock was applied to the active hand than when applied to the passive hand. The hand steadiness test also involved variation in shock intensity and administration of aspirin or placebo. Tremor increased with shock intensity, and aspirin decreased the difference in performance between shock and nonshock trials. The methods employed offer a means of laboratory simulation of disability produced by pathological pain and a possible means of evaluation of analgesic effectiveness. Submitted on September 11, 1961
Local reactions to air cooling in an Eskimo population
Authors: Miller L. Keith , Irving Laurence 
Published: December 2017

Bare hand and facial temperatures in otherwise well-clothed Eskimo men, women, and children were studied during cooling in open air at temperatures between -3 and -7C. Two groups of white men, one composed of individuals accustomed to cold, served for comparison. In contrast to both groups of whites, Eskimo men showed significantly higher minimum finger temperatures, smaller temperature fluctuations during cooling, and higher finger temperatures at termination of exposure. White men less accustomed to cold cooled more rapidly than Eskimo men during initial exposure; white men accustomed to cold cooled at an intermediate rate. Despite an average hand volume less than half that of adult men, Eskimo children maintained finger temperatures as well as white men not accustomed to cold. Two white subjects exhibited a progressively deteriorating type of cooling response in which finger temperatures approached freezing, necessitating early termination of test exposures. Eskimo women reacted in the same manner as Eskimo men. Hand discomfort during cooling was reported absent or minor in adult Eskimos, but was marked in most whites. Eskimo and white adults responded similarly to facial cooling, but cheek temperatures of Eskimo children fell more rapidly. Submitted on December 26, 1961
Total lung volume and its subdivisions in children: normal standards
Authors: Lyons Harold A. , Tanner Ralph W. 
Published: December 2017

Total lung capacity and its subdivisions were determined for 458 apparently healthy school children who ranged in age from 6 to 14 years. Calculations of correlation coefficients for these determinations and height, weight, and body surface area were made. Correlation coefficients were best with height for expiratory reserve volume (boys, 0.821; girls, 0.777), for functional residual capacity (boys, 0.800; girls, 0.801), for residual volume (boys, 0.550; girls, 0.538), for vital capacity (boys, 0.895; girls 0.861), and for total lung capacity (boys, 0.898; girls, 0.975). Inspiratory capacity correlated best with body surface area (boys, 0.881; girls, 0.853). Prediction formulas based on these data were established for total lung capacity and its subdivisions. For total lung capacity the following formulas were found: for boys, 30.71 H + 29.35 W – 2545; for girls, 30 H + 31.31 W – 2536. Submitted on November 6, 1961
Effect of heat acclimatization on artificial and natural cold acclimatization in man
Authors: Davis T. R. A. 
Published: December 2017

The seasonal changes in oxygen consumption, rectal temperature, and skin temperature in response to a 1-hr nude exposure to 14.1 C were measured once monthly in six subjects between October and February. The same measurements were obtained in another group nude exposed 8 hr daily to a chamber temperature of 13.5 C. Shivering decreased as a result of the seasonal and chamber cold exposure ( P < 0.01). Heat production also decreased as a result of both types of exposure ( P < 0.05) but never decreased to basal values. Skin temperature in the seasonal group exhibited no change, whereas a small fall occurred in the chamber group ( P < 0.05). Although no rectal temperature change was demonstrated in the seasonal group, there was a significant fall in the rectal temperature in the chamber group. After the period of chamber and seasonal cold acclimatization, both groups were subjected to 21 days of heat acclimatization followed by another cold-response measurement. In both groups the changes induced by winter exposure and chamber exposure were not influenced by heat exposure. Since previous studies have demonstrated the lack of influence of cold exposure on heat acclimatization, it is concluded that heat and cold acclimatization are not mutually exclusive and can exist simultaneously in man. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of D. R. Johnston, F. W. Jacks, and W. Rawlings) Submitted on October 6, 1961
Cerebrospinal fluid buffering during acute experimental respiratory acidosis
Authors: Swanson August G. , Rosengren Harold 
Published: December 2017

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in vitro has less buffering capacity than blood since it lacks serum protein and cellular hemoglobin buffers. However, during acute respiratory acidosis CSF pH falls less than blood pH, indicating a significant in vivo spinal fluid buffering capacity. The nature of this buffering capacity was studied in anesthetized and artificially ventilated cats. Carbon dioxide tensions of 70–75 mm Hg were induced by 7% CO2 breathing. Simultaneous arterial blood and cisternal CSF samples were drawn at 0, 15, 30, 60, and 120 min. pCO2 and bicarbonate were measured with a radiometer AME-1 pH meter and tonometer, using the Astrup technique. A rapid increase in CSF bicarbonate maintained spinal fluid significantly more alkaline than blood throughout CO2 breathing, even though CSF and blood CO2 tensions were nearly equal. Intravenous bicarbonate did not alter CSF bicarbonate significantly during 2 hr. It is postulated that the buffering capacity of spinal fluid increases as a result of diffusion of preformed bicarbonate from brain cells. Submitted on March 12, 1962
Airflow resistance in lower airway of the dog
Authors: Rossing Robert G. 
Published: December 2017

The resistance of the lower airway was measured in dogs by an adaptation of the esophageal-balloon method. In normal dogs resistance was found to be lower than previously reported values and not appreciably changed by flow or volume. In dogs with increased resistance, induced either acutely by pilocarpine inhalation or chronically by repeated exposure to phosgene, resistance decreased with increasing volume. However, resistance was not found to increase with increasing flow, supporting the concept that flow in the lower airway is laminar, at least at the flow rates studied. This changing resistance observed during tidal breathing suggests that a single value for resistance cannot adequately describe the dynamic mechanical behavior of the lung under conditions of increased resistance. The technique described for measuring lower-airway resistance may be useful in the evaluation of the bronchomotor effects of drugs. Submitted on October 30, 1961
Thermal and metabolic responses of coastal Eskimos during a cold night
Authors: Hart J. S. , Sabean H. B. , Hildes J. A. , Depocas F. , Hammel H. T. , Andersen K. L. , Irving L. , Foy G. 
Published: December 2017

Metabolic and thermal studies were conducted at night at Pangnirtung, N.W.T., on a group of ten Eskimo hunters from Cumberland Sound, Baffin Island, and on three white controls, to compare their reactions to cold (5 ± 1 C) with that of other racial groups. Cumberland Sound Eskimos maintained a resting metabolism that was elevated, according to DuBois standards, during sleep on warm nights. This elevation was not found in hospitalized men who had been living for an average of 6 months in Edmonton, Alberta. During exposure to moderate cold, the Cumberland Sound Eskimos and white controls had an elevated metabolism, shivering, and a disturbed sleep. Peripheral temperatures were maintained at a higher level in Eskimos than in whites. Because of the absence of marked physiological differences between Eskimos and whites, it is concluded that the principal adaptation of these Eskimos to their climate is technological. Submitted on June 4, 1962
Chronic derangements of cerebrospinal fluid acid-base components in man
Authors: Pauli H. G. , Vorburger C. , Reubi F. 
Published: December 2017

In a group of normal subjects a relative respiratory acidosis in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) as compared with arterial blood was found. There was no significant gradient for bicarbonate concentrations between the two compartments. In normal subjects under high-altitude adaptation, arterial and CSF respiratory alkalotic shifts were similar. A concomitant fall in bicarbonate levels was slightly less in CSF than in arterial blood. In a group of patients with uremic acidosis the arterial-cerebrospinal H ion gradient was reversed, as bicarbonate was significantly less reduced in CSF relative to arterial blood. Hemodialysis led to restitution of the relative respiratory acidosis in CSF. These findings seem to indicate fast diffusion of CO2 across the cerebrospinal-arterial barrier. In contrast, diffusion of bicarbonate and/or H ion appears to be delayed and incomplete. CSF acid-base components are not likely to correlate with stimulation of the respiratory centers under these conditions. Submitted on March 12, 1962
A physiological criterion for setting thermal environmental limits for everyday work
Authors: Lind A. R. 
Published: December 2017

Three subjects walked continuously on a treadmill for periods of 1 hr or more at 180, 300, or 420 kcal/hr in a range of cool and hot climates from corrected effective temperature (CET) 10–32 C. At each rate of work rectal thermal equilibrium was practically independent of the influence of environment over a wide range of climates (“prescriptive” zone); the upper limit of the prescriptive zone appeared to be associated with the minimal bodily thermal gradient compatible with the transfer of adequate amounts of heat from the core to the periphery without placing the thermoregulatory system under disproportionately increased strain, in terms of circulatory response and elevated body core temperature; as such, this seems to be one possible criterion by which thermal environmental limits for everyday work may be assessed. The upper limits of prescriptive zones for work at an energy expenditure of 300 kcal/hr is CET 27.4 C and those for the lower and higher rates of work, respectively, were CET 30.2 C and 26.9 C. Submitted on June 15, 1962
Cardiogenic oscillations as an index of pulmonary blood flow distribution
Authors: Fowler K. T. , Read John 
Published: December 2017

A relationship has been developed between the amplitudes of cardiogenic oscillations of expired gas tensions and the ratio of blood flows through upper and lower zones of the erect human lung. Instrumental methods have been devised for the accurate measurement of the amplitudes of these oscillations. A theoretical and experimental study was made of the sources of error. The ratio of upper- to lower-zone blood flow could be determined with a reproducibility of ±20% so that changes in this ratio of greater than 20%, attendant upon a stimulus, could be identified. Submitted on July 16, 1962
Solubility of carbon dioxide in serum from 15 to 38 C
Authors: Austin William H. , Lacombe Eleanor , Rand Peter W. , Chatterjee Manu 
Published: December 2017

The solubility of carbon dioxide in serum has been determined from 15 to 38 C. Consideration was given to the water, lipid, protein, and electrolyte composition of the serum which influences the solubility. It was concluded that the direct determination of the solubility of carbon dioxide in serum yields significantly different values from those extrapolated from 38 C based on an assumed parallel relationship between serum and water. New solubility factors and pK's have been calculated from this information. Submitted on July 5, 1962
Slowing of the heart at the beginning of exercise
Authors: Craig F. N. , Cummings E. G. 
Published: December 2017

At 18 C the heart began to beat faster at the beginning of treadmill exercise. In the first 10 beats, the average increase above the previous standing rate amounted to 12 beats/min in walking and 28 beats/min in running. At 38 C or when atropine was injected, the standing rate before exercise was rapid; in the immediate response to exercise, the rate increased less than at 18 C without atropine, remained the same as in standing, or decreased temporarily below the standing rate by as much as 40 beats/min. These early responses were attributed to changes in vagal inhibition. After the start of the run there was a secondary increase between the 25th and 60th sec that averaged 22 beats/min at the peak of the response to atropine. This secondary increase was attributed to accelerator activity. Submitted on August 27, 1962
Artificial acclimatization of women to heat
Authors: Hertig B. A. , Belding H. S. , Kraning K. K. , Batterton D. L. , Smith C. R. , Sargent Frederick 
Published: December 2017

Acclimatization to heat, repeatedly demonstrated in male subjects, has not been reported in females. This paper presents quantitative evidence for heat acclimatization in women. Nine women participated (five at University of Pittsburgh and four at University of Illinois, Urbana) in daily 2-hr walks in the heat for 2–3 weeks. By the usual criteria (reduced pulse rate, reduced rectal temperature rise, lower skin temperature, ability to complete the assigned task, and subjective comfort) all subjects became acclimatized to heat. Submitted on September 4, 1962
Relationship between fractions of the Q-T interval
Authors: Simonson Ernst , Cady Lee D. , Woodbury Max 
Published: December 2017

In 100 healthy men from 40 to 59 years of age, the regressions and correlations between the R-R, Q-T, QRS intervals, S-T segment duration, and T-wave duration were determined by means of computer analysis. The range of heart rate was from 45 to 115 beats/min, with equal distribution of the samples in four ranges of heart rate (45–60, 60–70, 70–80, 80–115). The error of measurement of the S-T duration was determined from independent repeat measurements of one observer and observer variation from measurements of two observers. The regressions of all interval fractions on heart rate are linear. The correlation of the R-R interval and of the Q-T interval with all fractions except the QRS interval is highly significant. The major contributing factor to the slope of the Q-T interval versus heart rate is the duration of the S-T segment. A table with the fiducial normal limits for evaluation of interval changes in individual patients is given. Submitted on November 16, 1962
Relation between work output of respiratory muscles and end-tidal CO2 tension
Authors: Milic-Emili J. , Tyler J. M. 
Published: December 2017

End-tidal CO2 tension, pulmonary ventilation, and work output of respiratory muscles were determined in six normal subjects breathing various mixtures of carbon dioxide in air, with three graded resistances added to both inspiration and expiration. In two individuals, the resistances were also added separately to inspiration or expiration. A linear relationship was found between work output of inspiratory muscles and end-tidal CO2 tension; this relationship was uninfluenced by added resistance. No consistent relationship was observed between either ventilation or work output of expiratory muscles and end-tidal CO2 tension. These results suggest that carbon dioxide controls directly the activity of inspiratory muscles alone and that the activity of expiratory muscles is only coincidentally involved. The possible role of intrinsic properties of respiratory muscles and of nervous mediation in the control of breathing is discussed. Submitted on October 22, 1962
Alveolar-arterial oxygen tension gradient due to diffusion
Authors: Staub Norman C. 
Published: December 2017

This is a theoretical paper in which the absolute time course of O2 uptake by the red blood cells during their passage through the pulmonary capillaries is calculated from recently obtained values of thetaO2 (the rate of O2 uptake by human red cells per milliliter of blood as a function of O2Hb saturation), the components of diffusion resistance (alveolar-capillary membrane and instantaneous pulmonary capillary blood volume), and the pulmonary blood flow. One result of these calculations is the alveolar-arterial Po2 difference due to diffusion. Five situations of varying degrees of diffusion stress are examined. The diffusion gradient for O2 is generally smaller than that computed by older techniques. Most of the diffusion resistance lies in the blood in normal subjects at rest breathing air. If the membrane and blood components of the diffusion resistance are unevenly distributed in the lung, the diffusion gradient will be greater than the ideal values. Regional variations in capillary transit time for any reason are more serious than membrane variation because of higher diffusion resistance of the blood normally. Submitted on November 19, 1962
Effect of postburn serum on in vitro respiration of normal myocardium
Authors: Spector Arthur A. 
Published: December 2017

An in vitro respiratory system using normal guinea pig left ventricular myocardium is described. QO2 values are given for this preparation incubated with representative substrates. A larger elevation in oxygen consumption is seen with linoleic acid as compared to other unesterified fatty acids tested. Serum obtained from dogs before and 15 min after flash burn was incubated with this heart slice system. No differences in oxygen uptake are noted between addition of control and postburn serum. No major serum enzymatic or chemical alterations are found at 15 min postburn. Plasma protein electrophoretic patterns remain unchanged at 15 and 40 min after injury. These results do not support the concept that the cardiac defect in early burn shock is caused by a circulating substance that either inhibits oxidation or uncouples oxidative phosphorylation by the myocardium. Note: (With the Technical Assistance of Ralph A. Abreo and Raburn Jackson) Submitted on November 15, 1962
Heart rate responses to apneic underwater diving and to breath holding in man
Authors: Craig Albert B. 
Published: December 2017

Bradycardia is a response to apneic diving which man has in common with many other species. Slowing of the heart rate during diving was observed in children as well as adults and was as prominent in poor swimmers as in those subjects who were familiar with the water. The response was independent of depth down to 27 m, but could not be produced by simulated dives in a compression chamber. Diving in water implies several maneuvers, some of which were investigated during breath holding. It was observed that the tachycardia produced by breath holding at different Valsalva pressures was proportional to the increase of intrathoracic pressure. At equal pressures the tachycardia was less when the subject was in water than when in air. Other maneuvers which increased venous return at the beginning of the breath hold produced a bradycardia during the apnea, and conversely when venous return was impaired there was a tachycardia. The hypothesis is presented that diving bradycardia in man might be explainable in terms of already known physiological mechanisms. swimming; submersion Submitted on February 27, 1963
Ventilatory response to inspired carbon dioxide in infants and adults
Authors: Avery Mary Ellen , Chernick Victor , Dutton Robert E. , Permutt Solbert 
Published: December 2017

A rebreathing method was used to study the increase in ventilation with an increase in PaCOCO2 in newborn infants and adults. The response curve of infants was shifted to the left of that of adults, which is consistent with their lower initial PaCOCO2 and buffer base, and greater metabolism per kilogram of body weight. The rebreathing response curves of infants were also to the left of steady-state responses reported by others. It is postulated that nonchemical stimuli caused higher ventilation throughout the entire range of the CO2 response curves in the infants studied by rebreathing without altering the sensitivity to increases in Pco2. The change in ventilation per kilogram versus the change in PaCOCO2, the slopes of the CO2 response curves, were nearly the same in infants and adults studied by either method. This finding, when the comparison is made on the basis of body weight, suggests the sensitivity of the regulatory apparatus does not change with age, and the output of the effector apparatus, lungs and chest wall, is related to the mass of the individual. CO2 response curves; nonchemical stimuli; chemical stimuli; respiration Submitted on February 19, 1963
Effects of differential housing and stress on diet selection, water intake, and body weight in the rat
Authors: McDonald David G. , Stern John A. , Hahn William W. 
Published: December 2017

Animals were divided into three groups: group-housed, standard laboratory diet; group-housed, self-selection diet; individually housed, self-selection diet. After adaptation to diets, animals were observed during periods of restricted (1 hr/day) feeding, cold stress (with restricted feeding maintained), recovery from cold stress, and recovery from restricted feeding, in that order. Measures recorded were body weight and food and water intake. Differential effects of the procedures on each of the groups were evaluated, and it was concluded that individually housed animals were generally less adaptable to the experimental procedures. Several hypotheses on the effects of individual housing are discussed. cold stress; food deprivation; group vs. individual; housing; environmental adaptation; self-selection diet Submitted on January 23, 1963
Glass electrode measurements of blood sodium and potassium in man
Authors: Friedman Sydney M. , Wong Shek-Leung , Walton John H. 
Published: December 2017

A practical, simple procedure for the estimation of (Na+) and (K+) in undiluted whole blood or serum is presented. The method uses cation-responsive glass electrodes and is based on a graphic simplification of equations and on calibration steps for deriving the necessary constants. When one electrometer is used, the procedure requires about the same time as standard flame photometry; with two electrometers, it is faster. Values for (Na+) and (K+) in our series of 38 normal young adults compare well both absolutely and in terms of variability with recently published flame photometric measurements in protein-free samples. In a random series of hospital patients, occasional striking divergences suggest that ion binding as a factor in disease warrants further investigation. blood cation activity; electrolytes in man Submitted on March 21, 1963