bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1. On the Third Pair of Nerves
Authors: Bell C. 
Published: June 2016

This paper is the first of three communications, in which is shewn the distinctions in the regular series of nerves arising from the spinal marrow, and the ten nerves which arise directly from the brain.The author remarks, that unless we comprehend the reason of the perfect symmetry of the spinal nerves, as contrasted with the irregularity of the encephalic nerves, we must confess ignorance of much of the structure of the animal frame.After a general view of the nerves arising from the base of the brain, and assigning the reason of their apparent irregularity, he enters on the investigation of the third nerve. He shews that it arises from the distinct columns of which the crus cerebri is composed, by courses of parallel filaments; and that these afterwards compose a dense structure resembling ganglion.
2. Notice on the Geology of Gottland, from the Observations of Mr Laing
Authors: Traill  
Published: June 2016

The fine Map of Sweden by Hissenger shews that the greatest part of that kingdom, to beyond the 61° N. Lat., may be characterized as a vast gneiss formation, skirted on the SW. and NE. by extensive detrital or alluvial formations.The gneiss is interspersed with considerable tracts of granite, especially in the province of Ostergottland, and here and there exhibits small portions of hornblende-rock, porphyry, quartz-rock, mica-slate, and primary sandstone; but these rocks scarcely form any considerable tracts, and the scarcity of mica-slate is rather remarkable in a gneiss country.
The Colours of the Atmosphere considered with reference to a paper “On the Colour of Steam under certain circumstances,” read at the last meeting of the Royal Society
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper was to develope an application of the fact communicated by the author on the 21st January. It was then remarked, that the discovery that steam in a certain stage of condensation is deeply red-coloured for transmitted light, seemed to offer a probable solution of a difficulty which has never yet been fairly met, namely, the red colour of clouds at sunset, and the redness of light transmitted through certain kinds of fogs.A-pretty full history of theories proposed to account for the colours of the atmosphere was first given; it was obtained in almost every case from an examination of the original authorities.
1. Solution of a Functional Equation, with its application to the Parallelogram of Forces and to Curves of Equilibration
Authors: Wallace  
Published: June 2016

The functional equation to be resolved is this—In this equation xo° and x′ denote any two values of the indefinite variable x, and c is a constant quantity. The object of inquiry is the forms of the function.It is proved that there are two forms of the function, which alike satisfy the proposed equation: viz.In the first of these functions x increases, while f(x) decreases; and in the second, x and f(x) increase together. The first of these functions is applied in the paper to the theorem of the Parallelogram of Forces, whilst the theory of Curves of Equilibration is deduced from the second function: these last, in their most general form, have two parameters. The curve of equilibration is formed by a perfectly flexible chain suspended in a vertical plane between two fixed points.
2. On the Fatal Effects of Air drawn into the Veins during Surgical Operations on the Neck and Shoulder
Authors: Bell Charles 
Published: June 2016

“The author referred in this paper to the experience of Baron Larrey; also to operations performed by Baron Dupuytren and M. Roux, who, in removing the arm at the shoulder-joint, heard the air drawn in, and witnessed the effect in the instant death of their patients.“He noticed the experiments made by the Academie Royal de Medicine, and conceived that they regarded too exclusively the influence of the heart and lungs. He explained the phenomenon to be owing to the elevation of the muscles of the neck, by which the atmospheric pressure was taken off, and the air drawn into the open vein.
2. On the Plane and Angle of Polarization at the Surfaces of Crystals
Authors: Kelland  
Published: June 2016

The subject of Crystalline Reflexion has been treated by Mr MacCullagh and M. Neumann; but both these writers commence their investigations by assuming that certain equations hold true at the common surface of two media. The object of the present Memoir is to obtain such equations from mechanical considerations. To attain this, the following hypotheses are made:—1. That common light consists of vibrations, whose plane of motion is continually changing without law, or is indeterminate.2. That light, polarized in a given plane, consists of vibrations perpendicular to that plane.
3. Contributions to Optical Meteorology. No. 1. On the Polarization of the Light of the Sky
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The author began by recapitulating the observations already made known on this subject.The facts generally admitted (principally on the authority of M. Arago) appear to be, (1.) That a clear sky reflects light polarized in planes passing through the sun, the eye of the observer, and the point of the sky observed, (2.) That this polarization is a maximum in a zone 90° from the sun. (3.) That in the parts of the sky nearly opposite to the sun, this description ceases to be accurate; for the polarization, in a vertical plane passing through the sun and the observer, vanishes at an angle with the sun considerably less than 180°,—perhaps 150° or 160° (varying according to circumstances),—and gradually reappears in a plane perpendicular to the former, at greater angles than this. (4.) That the polarization is more intense in the neighbourhood of the horizon than of the zenith. (5.) M. Babinet has recently remarked that, under certain circumstances, there is a second neutral point in the neighbourhood of the sun.
1. On the Circulation of the Blood, and the Difference of the Laws of Fluids moving in Living and Dead Tubes. Part Second
Authors: Bell Charles 
Published: June 2016

He recommenced with the statement of the difference with which water flowed from a reservoir through tubes of equal calibre, but unequal lengths; and of the effect of pressure on elastic tubes, shewing that the impediment to the transmission of fluid through them was proportioned to their length. He stated that the obstruction at the turn of a tube, was proportioned to the acuteness of the angle. He then inferred that the arteries were in circumstances to render the delivery of blood unequal, unless there was a living property additional to the hydraulic laws.Then, referring to the effect of capillary attraction, he argued, that if the law prevailed in the animal body as in dead tubes, then, on estimating the length of vessels of capillary size, and the attraction existing between solid and fluid, the circulation could not go on.
3. Account of the Fossil Species of the genus Solarium, Lamarck, found in the Supercretaceous group in Italy
Authors: Michelotti M. le Chev. 
Published: June 2016

This genus of shells belongs to the Class Gasteropoda of Cuvier, and to the family Turbinacea of Lamarck, of which the general character is to have the shell turreted or conoid, with the aperture rounded or oblong, and the margin disunited.M. Michelotti was induced to undertake the examination of the fossil Italian species of this genus, from the doubts prevailing regarding the identity of some of the species in the writings of authors. He describes in all ten species, which are found in the neighbourhood of Turin, of which four have not been previously noticed. The four newly described species are Solarium neglectum, S. pulchellum, S. Lyellii, and S. humile. Two of the other species described, viz. S. Stramineum, Lamarck and S. luteum, have their living prototypes,—the first in the Indian and Mediterranean Seas, and the second in the seas of New Holland.
2. On the Anatomy of the Amphioxus lanceolatus of Yarrell
Authors: Goodsir John 
Published: June 2016

After a short statement of the labours of Yarrell, Couch, Retzius, and Müller, the author gave a detailed description of the structure of Amphioxus, as observed in the dissection of one of two specimens taken by Mr Forbes in the Irish Sea. The abdominal folds, and the anterior and posterior anal fins, were described, and the existence of a fin in front of the anus illustrated by an observation made by Professor Agassiz, of the temporary existence of a similar fin in the embryos of certain fresh-water fishes.The osseous system presented two divisions,—the true or neuro-skeleton, and the intestinal or splanchno-skeleton. The true skeleton consisted of a chorda dorsalis, equally pointed at both extremities, without the slightest trace of a cranium, and destitute of any of the peripheral vertebral elements, with the exception of a row of cells—germs of interspinous bones and fin-rays —along the base of the dorsal and anal fins.
3. On the Results obtained with different forms of Rain-Gauges
Authors: Atkinson Joseph 
Published: June 2016

The objects proposed were—First, To discover the difference, which the height of Rain-Gauges above the surface makes in the amount of rain received by each gauge.Second, To try the effect of an Inclined Funnel, which always presents itself towards the wind.Third, To test the action of a Globular Gauge or Sphere.Fourth, To investigate whether any and what difference the size of the funnel made in the quantity of rain received.
Papers on Glaciers. No. 2, describing the Rate of Motion of the Ice of the Mer de Glace, deduced from observation
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The author detailed in this paper the methods of observation by which he was enabled to ascertain the daily and even hourly motion of different parts of the glacier.The following are some of the principal results:—I. In the particular case of the Mer de Glace, the motion of the higher parts of the glacier are on the whole slower than those of its lower portion, but the motion of the middle region is slower than either.
3. On the Determination of Heights by the Temperature of Boiling Water
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

The investigations in this paper were made in order to reduce certain observations on the boiling point of water, made by the author in the Alps, in 1842.He considered that it has been too generally assumed that the boiling point corresponds to a barometric pressure which expresses the elasticity of steam taken from the usual tables. He, therefore, attempted to deduce the connection of these data by a direct comparison of cases, in which both the barometer and boiling point were noticed by himself. He finds this result, that the pressures increase rigorously in a geometrical ratio, whilst the temperature of the boiling point rises uniformly.
3. Notice regarding The Indian Grass Oil, or Oil of Andropogon Calamus-aromaticus
Authors: Tilley Thomas G. 
Published: June 2016

The oil known as Indian Grass Oil, has been referred by Dr Royle to the Andropogon Calamus-aromaticus, a plant which he conceives to be identical with the Καλαμος αζωματιχος of the Greeks. It has been used in medicine as a stimulant embrocation in rheumatism, &c.The oil, which was green, became yellow when heated. It acquired a steady boiling point at 440°, between which temperature and 442°, a transparent colourless oil distil over.
1. Biographical Account of Professor Louis Albert Necker, of Geneva, Honorary Member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh
Authors: Forbes David James 
Published: June 2016

Louis Albert Necker, who died at Portree, in Skye, on the 20th November 1861, aged 76, had been for many years a Foreign Honorary Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.His relation to the Royal Society, and to Scotland generally, was, however, far different from what belongs to most honorary members. As a youth, his studies had been pursued at the Edinburgh University. He had received almost his first introductions to society amongst the very best circles which the Scottish capital, in the days of perhaps its highest literary and scientific celebrity, could afford; he visited the Highlands, and even the remoter Hebrides, with an admiring enthusiasm which few native tourists have surpassed. In later life he returned with renewed interest to revisit the scenes where he spent his youth.
3. On the Occurrence of Amœbiform Protoplasm and the Emission of Pseudopodia in the Hydroida
Authors: Allman  
Published: June 2016

The author described the contents of the small tubular appendages, named Nematophores by Busk, which are developed upon certain definite points of the hydrosome in the Plumularidœ. These contents were shown to consist of a granular protoplasm, with occasionally a cluster of large thread-cells embedded in it.The protoplasm has the property of emitting pseudopodia, which are very extensile and mutable in shape, and exactly resemble the pseudopodial prolongations, whose occurrence among the Rhizopoda is so eminently characteristic of this group of Protozoa. The contents of the nematophores, indeed, except alone in the presence of thread-cells, are indistinguishable in structure, and in the phenomena presented by them from the sarcode or protoplasm, which forms the substance of an amœba, a difflugia, or an arcella.
4. Notice of a Simple Method of Approximating to the Roots of any Algebraic Equation
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

M. Lagrange, on applying the method of continued fractions to the resolution of numerical equations, discovered that, for those of the second degree, the quotients recur periodically. From this, combined with the previously well known fact that all periodic chain fractions belong to quadratics, he inferred that periodicity is exclusively confined to equations of this order.In January 1858, I showed to the Royal Society that the series of approximating fractions obtained by M. Lagrange can be continued in the opposite direction, and that the convergence then is to the other root; and enunciated the general theorem, that if any two fractions be assumed, and if a progression be formed from them by combining fixed multiples of their members, this progression, which I called duserr or two-headed, may be continued in either way, and gives on the one hand the one, on the other hand the other root of a quadratic.
3. An Essay on the Theory of Commensurables
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The subject of this essay may be described as an application of the Theory of Number to Geometry, its principal or characteristic problem being to determine under what conditions the sides or surfaces of figures may be represented by integer numbers.Like all other inquiries into the properties of integers, it is rather speculative than practical, and yet, perhaps on that very account, is more apt to engross the attention of its cultivators than almost any other department of pure mathematics. It seems, indeed to be of very little moment whether we can demonstrate that the sum of two cubes never can be a cube; and yet one after another of the most eminent mathematicians have tried, and, though foiled, have again and again essayed the proof of Fermat's negation.
2. On Sun Spots, and their connection with Planetary Configurations
Authors: Stewart Balfour 
Published: June 2016

The author was led to examine the sun pictures taken by the Kew Photoheliograph, with the view of ascertaining if any connection exists between the behaviour of sun spots and planetary configurations.It was found, that when any portion of the sun's disc recedes by virtue of rotation from the neighbourhood of Venus, it acquires a tendency to break out into spots, and, on the other hand, when such approaches Venus, there is a tendency towards the healing up of spots. Carrington's observations were then discussed, which seem to show that, on the whole, the sun's surface is fullest of spots when Jupiter is furthest from our luminary, and freest from spots when he is nearest.
9. A Contribution to the History of the Oxides of Manganese
Authors: Dittmar W. 
Published: June 2016

It is known that oxides of manganese, when ignited in air, either absorb or lose oxygen, until they attain the composition expressed by the formula Mn3 O4. Schneider found that when they are heated in pure oxygen, they leave the oxide Mn2 O3.This latter result is not what one might have expected, for we know of no positive action exerted on manganese oxides or on pure oxygen by nitrogen. Thus air should act like dilute oxygen, producing the same oxide.
11. Notes on the Boulder-Clay at Greenock and Port-Glasgow
Authors: Watson R. Boog 
Published: June 2016

In Greenock, excavations have lately been made for a new gasometer. The works are now completed, but the superintendent, a most intelligent man, took me to the place, and told me what they had found in the course of digging.The site of the excavation is close to the shore, and very little above the tide-mark.At the south-east corner of the works, i.e., most remote from the sea, the workmen reached the rock at a depth of 20 feet. It was a soft shale, and I could not ascertain that any striations were observed on it. Probably there were none preserved on such material. Its upper surface was flat. Towards the sea, or north and west, the rock sloped downwards very steeply, and this seaward face was covered by a great bed or bank of sand, that sloped up from the edge of the rock, and as it receded rose higher as a bank.
On a New Bituminous Substance, imported under the name of Coal from Brazil
Authors: Archer T. C. 
Published: June 2016

This material was brought from Brazil to Liverpool, for the purpose of ascertaining its commercial value in this country. The importers submitted it to Dr Edwards, who reported that it yields a much larger percentage of oil than even the celebrated coal of Torbane Hill.The crude oil of the first distillation has a sp. gr. of ·859.On redistillation, a light and heavy oil are obtained from the crude oil.
1. Experimental Inquiry into the Laws of Conduction of Heat in Bars. Part II.—On the Conductivity of Wrought Iron, deduced from the Experiments of 1851
Authors: Forbes  
Published: June 2016

This is a sequel to a paper read 28th April 1862 (See “Proceedings,” vol. iv. p. 607), and contains the results of the complete reduction of the observations on the conductivity of iron, by the application of the method there described. The thermometric readings are now rigorously corrected for scale errors, and for the difference of temperature between the bulb and the stem.The methods of reduction, consisting of a combination of calculation and graphical projection, are the same as have been described in the first part of the paper. But the whole has beeen executed with minute attention to accuracy, and the avoidance of error of every kind.
6. On the Action of Hydriodic Acid on Mandelic Acid
Authors: Brown Alex. Crum 
Published: June 2016

The relation of mandelic acid to benzoic aldehyd is so precisely the same as that of lactic acid to acetic aldehyd, that whatever constitution we assume for the latter acid, a similar one must be ascribed to the former.The researches of Kolbe and Lautemann, and of Wislicenus, prove that lactic acid is oxypropionic acid. Mandelic acid must therefore be oxytoluic acid, and, indeed, it has been so formulated by Kolbe in his work on Organic Chemistry.
2. Notice of a large Calcareous Stalagmite brought from the Island of Bermuda in the year 1819, and now in the College of Edinburgh
Authors: Home David Milne 
Published: June 2016

The author stated that this stalagmite was a calcareous deposit of a columnar shape, which had been brought to Edinburgh, about forty-six years ago, by his father, the late Admiral Sir David Milne.Whilst commander-in-chief on the North American and West Indian Station during the three years ending 1819, Sir David had passed a part of every winter in the genial climate of Bermuda. He took much interest in the various objects of natural history abounding in the island, and particularly in its remarkable caves.
2. On the Third Co-ordinate Branch of the Higher Calculus
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

The object of the paper was to point out that the theory of variables has a third branch, bearing to the Differential and Integral Calculus a relation somewhat analogous to that which the theory of Logarithms bears to Involution and Evolution.In the theory of Functions there are three connected variable quantities, viz., the Primary, the Function, and the Derivative. When the relation between the primary and the function is given, the discovery of the derivative belongs to the Differential Calculus. When that between the primary and the derivative is given, the function is found by help of the Integral Calculus. And the general problem to find the primary when the relation between the function and its derivative is given, belongs to a third branch, which may be called the Calculus of Primaries.
6. On the Theory of the Refraction and Dispersion of Light. Part I
Authors: Catton Alfred R. 
Published: June 2016

Supposing the phenomena of light to be caused by the indefinitely small vibrations of a highly elastic medium pervading space, it is a simple problem to determine the motion of such a medium in vacuo, or in space, where matter does not exist, as in these cases the problem is reduced to the determination of the motion of a homogeneous elastic medium.On proceeding, however, to investigate the motion of the ethereal medium in crystals, for the purpose of accounting for the phenomena of crystalline refraction, the question arises, whether there is an action between the material molecules and the etherial medium. In other words, are the laws of the refraction of the ether within crystals, independent of the existence of material molecules, so that the ether may be treated as a single elastic medium, or are the phenomena of crystalline refraction produced, wholly or partially, by a direct action between the material molecules and the ether?
2. Preliminary Notice of the Great Fin Whale, recently stranded at Longniddry
Authors: Turner  
Published: June 2016

This communication was preliminary to a more extended memoir which the author hopes to lay before the Society during the Session.The colour, general form, and dimensions of the animal, were taken when the whale was lying on the shore at Longniddry. The observations on its internal structure were made whilst it was undergoing the operation of flensing at Kirkcaldy, or on specimens which were brought over to the Anatomical Museum of the University. These specimens it was his intention to preserve in the Museum. In conducting the examination he had been ably and willingly seconded by the thoroughly cordial and enthusiastic co-operation of his assistant Mr Stirling, and his pupils Mr Millen Coughtrey, and Mr James Foulis.
3. On the Structure of Tubifex
Authors: M'Intosh W. C. 
Published: June 2016

The paper consisted of a detailed account of the external form; the arrangement of the body-cavity and its walls; the perivisceral space and corpuscles; the digestive, circulatory, and generative systems.It was specially mentioned, in regard to the perivisceral corpuscles, that the author was not at all inclined to think that they originated from the glandular fatty coating of the digestive tract and the dorsal blood-vessel. The corpuscles seem rather to be the product of the perivisceral cavity itself and its special (free) contents. This view requires no stretch of ordinary physiological principles, and is quite in keeping with what is found in other groups. In the Nemerteans, for instance, a complex corpusculated fluid is produced within a closed chamber with smooth walls.