bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modified Mixed Lagrangian–Eulerian Method Based on Numerical Framework of MT3DMS on Cauchy Boundary
Authors: Suk Heejun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMT3DMS, a modular three‐dimensional multispecies transport model, has long been a popular model in the groundwater field for simulating solute transport in the saturated zone. However, the method of characteristics (MOC), modified MOC (MMOC), and hybrid MOC (HMOC) included in MT3DMS did not treat Cauchy boundary conditions in a straightforward or rigorous manner, from a mathematical point of view. The MOC, MMOC, and HMOC regard the Cauchy boundary as a source condition. For the source, MOC, MMOC, and HMOC calculate the Lagrangian concentration by setting it equal to the cell concentration at an old time level. However, the above calculation is an approximate method because it does not involve backward tracking in MMOC and HMOC or allow performing forward tracking at the source cell in MOC. To circumvent this problem, a new scheme is proposed that avoids direct calculation of the Lagrangian concentration on the Cauchy boundary. The proposed method combines the numerical formulations of two different schemes, the finite element method (FEM) and the Eulerian–Lagrangian method (ELM), into one global matrix equation. This study demonstrates the limitation of all MT3DMS schemes, including MOC, MMOC, HMOC, and a third‐order total‐variation‐diminishing (TVD) scheme under Cauchy boundary conditions. By contrast, the proposed method always shows good agreement with the exact solution, regardless of the flow conditions. Finally, the successful application of the proposed method sheds light on the possible flexibility and capability of the MT3DMS to deal with the mass transport problems of all flow regimes.
Comparable pharmacodynamics, efficacy, and safety of linagliptin 5 mg among Japanese, Asian and white patients with type 2 diabetes
Authors: Sarashina Akiko , Friedrich Christian , Crowe Susanne , Patel Sanjay , Graefe‐Mody Ulrike , Hayashi Naoyuki , Horie Yoshiharu 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionThe efficacy and safety of drugs can vary between different races or ethnic populations because of differences in the relationship of dose to exposure, pharmacodynamic response or clinical efficacy and safety. In the present post‐hoc analysis, we assessed the influence of race on the pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics, efficacy and safety of monotherapy with the dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibitor, linagliptin, in patients with type 2 diabetes enrolled in two comparable, previously reported randomized phase III trials.Materials and MethodsStudy 1 (with a 12‐week placebo‐controlled phase) recruited Japanese patients only (linagliptin, n = 159; placebo, n = 80); study 2 (24‐week trial) enrolled Asian (non‐Japanese; linagliptin, n = 156; placebo, n = 76) and white patients (linagliptin, n = 180; placebo, n = 90).ResultsLinagliptin trough concentrations were equivalent across study and race groups, and were higher than half‐maximal inhibitory concentration, resulting in dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 inhibition >80% at trough. Linagliptin inhibited plasma dipeptidyl peptidase‐4 activity to a similar degree in study 1 and study 2. Linagliptin reduced fasting plasma glucose concentrations by a similar magnitude across groups, leading to clinically relevant reductions in glycated hemoglobin in all groups. Glycated hemoglobin levels decreased to a slightly greater extent in study 1 (Japanese) and in Asian (non‐Japanese) patients from study 2. Linagliptin had a favorable safety profile in each race group.ConclusionsTrough exposure, pharmacodynamic response, and efficacy and safety of linagliptin monotherapy were comparable among Japanese, Asian (non‐Japanese) and white patients, confirming that the recommended 5‐mg once‐daily dose of linagliptin is appropriate for use among different race groups.
Compatibility of Metarhizium anisopliae with Calpurnia aurea leaf extracts and virulence against Rhipicephalus pulchellus
Authors: Nana P. , Ekesi S. , Nchu F. , Maniania N. K. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLeaf extracts of Capurnia aurea (Fabaceae) have been reported to attract ticks and can be considered for use in combination with entomopathogenic fungus in an autodissemination approach, whereby ticks that are attracted to baited traps are infected with the inoculum. Bioassays were undertaken to assess the compatibility of aqueous, methanol and acetone extracts of C. aurea with conidia of Metarhizium anisopliae sensu stricto (ss) (Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) isolate ICIPE 7 in terms of mycelial growth, conidial production and spore viability. Aqueous extract of C. aurea was compatible with the fungus at all the concentrations tested whereas methanol and acetone extracts inhibited all the fungal growth parameters. The virulence of M. anisopliae formulated in different extracts of C. aurea was also tested against different developmental stages of Rhipicephalus pulchellus in laboratory bioassays. No significant differences in virulence were observed between M. anisopliae applied alone and M. anisopliae formulated in different concentrations of extracts of C. aurea among the larvae, nymphs and adults. However, mortality varied according to the developmental stage, with larval stage being the most susceptible. Aqueous extract was compatible with M. anisopliae and could be therefore mixed together for ‘spot‐spray’ treatments as low cost and environmentally friendly technology for tick control in grazing pasture.
Suction‐trap catches partially predict infestations of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae in winter wheat fields
Authors: Jonsson M. , Sigvald R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEffective pest monitoring programmes are needed for providing reliable advice on when pest populations require active management. We studied whether suction‐trap catches of the grain aphid Sitobion avenae during the period 1989–2009 can be used to predict field infestations of this aphid in Swedish winter wheat fields. We found that suction‐trap catches of S. avenae until the time of crop heading (GS51) were significantly related to both number of aphids per tiller (R2 = 0.69 at GS 59 and R2 = 0.27 at GS 69) and proportion of fields with infestations above economic threshold (R2 = 0.49 at GS 59 and R2 = 0.40 at GS 69). This effect was consistent across Swedish regions and years. This information could be used by advisory services and farmers to decide whether field inspection to estimate the profitability of insecticide treatment at heading is needed. To improve the predictive ability further, suction‐trap catches could be combined with weather data and information about biological control potential in different landscapes.
Isolation and identification of bacterial strains with insecticidal activities from Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)
Authors: Pu Y.‐C. , Hou Y.‐M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeveral pathogenic bacteria strains were isolated from dead larvae of the weevil, Rhynchophorus ferrugineus Oliver, collected on palm trees in Taiwan, China. Strains of pure cultures were temporarily named TW‐1, TW‐2, TW‐3, TW‐4, TW‐5, TW‐6, TW‐7, TW‐8, TW‐9, TW‐10, TW‐11, TW‐12, TW‐13 and TW‐14. These strains were identified by synthetically using colony morphological characters, physiological and biochemical tests and molecular biological analysis. Our results showed that these 14 isolated strains belonged to four genera and five species. The expected approximate 1400‐bp bands were obtained through 16S rDNA universal primer amplification. The sequencing results obtained from a commercial sequencing company were initially compared with a corresponding database from NCBI using BLAST, and a phylogenetic tree was constructed using mega 5.1 software. The phylogenetic results indicated that these isolated strains had more than 99% homology with type strains. To further confirm these strains, numerous physiological and biochemical indexes were confirmed. TW‐1, TW‐2, TW‐3, TW‐9, TW‐12, TW‐13 and TW‐14 were identified as Serratia marcescens; TW‐4, TW‐5, TW‐8 and TW‐10 as Staphylococcus sciuri; TW‐6 as Klebsiella pneumonia subsp. pneumonia; TW‐7 as Proteus vulgaris and TW‐11 as Proteus mirabilis. The preliminary single‐dose bioassay on fourth instar larvae showed that S. marcescens had a higher virulence at a density of 1.89 OD600 (56.37% mortality) than the other strains. The corrected mortalities of the other strains were all less than 50%. The lowest toxicities were found for P. vulgaris and P. mirabilis where the corrected mortalities were only 28.18% and 25.57%, respectively. LC50 of S. marcescens was 1.2 × 107 CFU/ml inoculums. Our results indicated that S. marcescens from facultative cultivable bacterial flora isolated from R. ferrugineus could potentially be used as a microbial control agent for this widespread pest.
Stability analysis of riverfront facility on inundated floodplain based on flow characteristic
Authors: Song C.G. , Ku Y.H. , Kim Y.D. , Park Y.S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecent years have seen an increase in the intensity of extreme rainfalls and the frequency of floods caused by climate change. As a result, South Korea is facing an ever‐increasing risk of flooding due to typhoons in the summer season. In South Korea, since the implementation of the ‘Four Major Rivers Restoration Project’, a variety of eco‐friendly riverfront facilities, such as ecological parks as well as sports and recreation areas, have been constructed on floodplains. These riverfront facilities have a high risk of damage due to inundations during the rainy season. To perform hydraulic analysis and stability assessment of these facilities, accurate numerical modelling is necessary. First and foremost, it is crucial to address the dry/wet (DW) phenomena caused by rising and falling water levels. In this study, a two‐dimensional (2D) finite element model was developed and its applicability was checked against the results of various DW analyses. The developed 2D model was then applied to a natural river undergoing DW phenomena. In the validation test, the applied 2D model demonstrated a high correlation coefficient (R2 = 0.954). Subsequently, using the results of the model, we calculated four types of flood risk indexes and analysed their correlations to evaluate the stability of the riverside facilities.
A Rapid and Cost‐Efficient Technique for Simultaneous/Duplex Detection of Listeria Monocytogenes and Escherichia Coli O157:H7 Using Real Time PCR
Authors: Kaynak Ahmet , Şakalar Ergün 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe increasing industrial interest in easy, economical and reliable methods has led to the development and application of DNA‐based methods for the detection of microbial pathogens in food. In the present article, we describe the development of a cost‐efficient EvaGreen‐based real‐time Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique for simultaneous and practical detection of Listeria monocytogenes (L. monocytogenes) and Escherichia coli O157:H7 (E. coli O157:H7) in the food matrix. EvaGreen‐based simplex and duplex real‐time PCR showed that specific PCR products were identified by melting curve analysis, and had a reproducible Tm of 77.00 ± 0.4C for L. monocytogenes and 85.60 ± 0.2 for E. coli O157:H7.The absolute detection limit of Eva Green‐based simplex and duplex real‐time PCR was 0.0001 ng/μL for DNA of both pathogens. The relative detection limit of the simplex and duplex technique was less than 10 cells/mL for the two pathogens.Practical ApplicationsThis study illustrates a rapid, effective and cheap identification method to simultaneously monitor two foodborne pathogens in food samples. The specificity and sensitivity of this method can be used to clearly identify these two foodborne pathogens in practical food samples based on the specific genes of the species. Hence, this detection method is applicable to surveillance measures for these two foodborne pathogens in the food production chain. Moreover, this technique is used by food control laboratories in a secure way.
Occurrence of Multidrug‐Resistant Salmonella Enterica in Retail Chicken Meat and Development of A Six Genes‐Based Multiplex PCR as An Alternative Diagnostic Method
Authors: Amin H.S. , Abdelrahman A.A. , Abdellrazeq G.S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis study was aimed to develop a rapid discriminatory PCR‐based assay for detection and differentiation the most common Salmonella serovars in chicken meat and their products. Definite six target genes were selected for their ability to give unique results in a simple multiplex PCR assay to identify Salmonella typhimurium, Salmonella kentucky and Salmonella enteritidis with multidrug resistance properties. Three hundred chicken meat samples were analyzed using conventional methods. The isolates were identified, serotyped and tested against 16 antibiotics. Isolated Salmonella serovars were further analyzed for the presence of six target genes (invA, avrA, stn, fliC, stm and sefA) using two multiplex PCR assays. 2.5, 0.5 and 0.5% of raw chicken meat were positive for S. typhimurium, S. kentucky and S. enteritidis, respectively. All isolates were resistant, at least, to three antibiotics. Multiplex PCR gave 284 bp (invA), 422 bp (avrA) and 617 bp (stn) fragments belonging to the genus Salmonella, and additional three fragments of 559 bp (fliC), 915 bp (stm) and 310 bp (sefA) which allowed distinct identification of S. typhimurium, S. kentucky and S. enteritidis. The developed six genes‐based multiplex PCR in this study is a potential alternative method for discrimination of the most common serotypes of Salmonella.Practical ApplicationsWe developed a six genes‐based multiplex PCR for effective discrimination of the most common foodborne Salmonella serovars with multidrug resistance prosperities. Although there are few studies about the incidence of Salmonella in retail meat in Egypt, our study is the first one in Alexandria (on the Mediterranean Sea in the north central part) about multidrug‐resistant (MDR) serovars of Salmonella in retail chicken meat and their products. If we analyze all these findings to see the potential risk assessments in this region, our study could be a leading report in near future.
Prevalence of Listeria Spp. and Listeria Monocytogenes in Cattle Farms in Cyprus using Bulk Tank Milk Samples
Authors: Botsaris George , Nikolaou Kyriaki , Liapi Maria , Pipis Christodoulos 
Published: January 2016

AbstractListeria monocytogenes is an important foodborne pathogen which causes listeriosis in humans and animals. Presence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in raw bovine milk could lead to the manufacture of contaminated products due to lack or insufficient pasteurization or cross‐contamination. The purpose of this study was to record the prevalence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in all the Cypriot dairy farms, using bulk tank milk (BTM) samples. A total of 205 raw BTM samples were analyzed for Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes. In addition a total viable count (TVC) was also performed in parallel in an attempt to correlate high TVC with the presence of Listeria. Results revealed a total of three samples (1.46%; 95% CI: 0.3–4.4%) positive for Listeria spp. two (0.98%; 95% CI: 0.04–3.72%), of which were successfully identified as L. monocytogenes. Molecular serotyping indicated that the two isolates were both 1/2a. This is the first report in Cyprus documenting the prevalence of Listeria spp. and L. monocytogenes in the raw BTM of all Cypriot dairy farms revealing a low prevalence in a reported asymptomatic population. Monitoring the prevalence is essential in an attempt to protect animal health and welfare as well as human health by reducing the risk of listeriosis through consumption of milk and dairy products.Practical ApplicationsThere is an increasing need to better understand the prevalence of Listeria monocytogenes in the environment and food, given the rise of listeriosis in Europe, as reported by EFSA. Raw milk is an important exposure vehicle to humans either directly, through the consumption of unpasteurized products, or as a result of cross‐contamination in food establishments. Previous detection studies have been published in Europe and throughout the world but never before a full prevalence study which records the results in bulk tank milk (BTM) following the sampling from all dairy herds in a country. In addition, this is the first report in Cyprus documenting the prevalence of L. monocytogenes in raw BTM, revealing a low prevalence in a reported asymptomatic population of cattle. Furthermore, the predominant serotypes are identified, providing useful epidemiological information for future studies in Cyprus and throughout the world.
Calpastatin inhibits motor neuron death and increases survival of hSOD1G93A mice
Authors: Rao Mala V. , Campbell Jabbar , Palaniappan Arti , Kumar Asok , Nixon Ralph A. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAmyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive motor neuron disease with a poorly understood cause and no effective treatment. Given that calpains mediate neurodegeneration in other pathological states and are abnormally activated in ALS, we investigated the possible ameliorative effects of inhibiting calpain over‐activation in hSOD1G93A transgenic (Tg) mice in vivo by neuron‐specific over‐expression of calpastatin (CAST), the highly selective endogenous inhibitor of calpains. Our data indicate that over‐expression of CAST in hSOD1G93A mice, which lowered calpain activation to levels comparable to wild‐type mice, inhibited the abnormal breakdown of cytoskeletal proteins (spectrin, MAP2 and neurofilaments), and ameliorated motor axon loss. Disease onset in hSOD1G93A/CAST mice compared to littermate hSOD1G93A mice is delayed, which accounts for their longer time of survival. We also find that neuronal over‐expression of CAST in hSOD1G93A transgenic mice inhibited production of putative neurotoxic caspase‐cleaved tau and activation of Cdk5, which have been implicated in neurodegeneration in ALS models, and also reduced the formation of SOD1 oligomers. Our data indicate that inhibition of calpain with CAST is neuroprotective in an ALS mouse model.
image
CAST (encoding calpastatin) inhibits hyperactivated calpain to prevent motor neuron disease operating through a cascade of events as indicated in the schematic, with relevance to amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). We propose that over‐expression of CAST in motor neurons of hSOD1G93A mice inhibits activation of CDK5, breakdown of cytoskeletal proteins (NFs, MAP2 and Tau) and regulatory molecules (Cam Kinase IV, Calcineurin A), and disease‐causing proteins (TDP‐43, α‐Synuclein and Huntingtin) to prevent neuronal loss and delay neurological deficits. In our experiments, CAST could also inhibit cleavage of Bid, Bax, AIF to prevent mitochondrial, ER and lysosome‐mediated cell death mechanisms. Similarly, CAST over‐expression in neurons attenuated pathological effects of TDP‐43, α‐synuclein and Huntingtin. These results suggest a potential value of specific small molecule inhibitors of calpains in delaying the development of ALS.Read the Editorial Highlight for this article on page 140.
Interaction of stromal and microvascular components in keratocystic odontogenic tumors
Authors: Sousa‐Neto Ernesto Santos , Cangussu Maria Cristina Teixeira , Gurgel Clarissa Araújo , Guimarães Vanessa Sousa , Ramos Eduardo Antônio Gonçalves , Xavier Flávia Caló Aquino , Cury Patrícia Ramos , Carneiro Júnior Braúlio , Leonardi Rosalia , Dos Santos Jean Nunes 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveLittle is known about the interaction of stromal components in odontogenic tumors. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate mast cells (MCs), myofibroblasts, macrophages, and their possible association with angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in keratocystic odontogenic tumors (KCOTs).Material and MethodsThirty cases of KCOTs were included and analyzed by immunohistochemistry for mast cell tryptase, α‐SMA, CD34, CD163, and D240. For comparative purpose, 15 radicular cysts (CRs) and 7 pericoronal follicles (PFs) were included.ResultsThere was an increase in MCs for RCs and this difference was significant when they were compared to KCOTS and PFs. A significant increase in the density of MFs was observed for KCOTs when compared to RCs and PFs (P = 0.00). No significant difference in CD163‐positive macrophages (P = 0.084) and CD34‐positive vessels (P = 0.244) densities was observed between KCOTs, RCs, and PFs, although KCOTs showed a higher density of all proteins. Significant difference in lymphatic vessel density was observed for KCOTs when compared to RCs and PFs (P = 0.00). Positive correlation was observed between mast cell tryptase and CD34 in KCOTs (P = 0.025).ConclusionsA significant interaction between the MC population and CD34‐positive vessels in KCOTs supported the hypothesis that MCs and blood vessels contribute to the stromal scaffold of KCOT.
Friendly Girls and Mean Girls: Social Constructions of Popularity among Teenage Girls in Shanghai
Authors: Xi Juzhe , Owens Laurence , Feng Huarun 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTwo different research traditions in the West see popularity defined either sociometrically, as being well‐liked, or in a peer‐perceived way as being publically visible and having social status and influence. Recent Q studies in Australia and England have supported the public prestige conception of popularity but we do not know how teenagers in Asian cultures view popularity. The current study used Q methodology and individual interviews to investigate the social constructions of popularity among 53 (16‐ to 19‐year old) girls from two schools in Shanghai. Q factor analysis revealed one common perspective—popular girls were considered to be friendly and pro‐social, while unpopular girls were characterized by relational aggression and self‐centeredness. The interview data indicated that among Shanghai girls, the popularity concept was more related to peer acceptance than to social influence. The differences in the features of popular girls in this Shanghai‐based study and teenage girls in Western studies are discussed.
The Happiness of Individuals and the Collective
Authors: Uchida Yukiko , Oishi Shigehiro 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHappiness and well‐being are often defined as internal feelings or states of satisfaction. As such, research on well‐being has focused on the long‐term happiness and life satisfaction of individuals. But recently, psychological researchers have also begun to examine the effects that group‐level functions (e.g., nation‐level economic status) have on happiness. The present article: (a) overviews measures of individual and collective happiness and the validity of these measurements; (b) explicates the role of culture in understanding the long‐term happiness and life satisfaction of individuals; and (c) explores the possibility and importance of studying the happiness of collectives (e.g., work groups, organizations, cities, nations). We then discuss future directions for happiness research, proposing several methodological and theoretical areas for progress in: (a) cross‐temporal analyses to examine historical changes; and (b) multilevel analyses to identify the units of culture that affect happiness. Additionally, this paper argues that policy‐making and interdisciplinary approaches can make important contributions to happiness studies.