bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The program structure does not reliably recover the correct population structure when sampling is uneven: subsampling and new estimators alleviate the problem
Authors: Puechmaille Sebastien J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractInferences of population structure and more precisely the identification of genetically homogeneous groups of individuals are essential to the fields of ecology, evolutionary biology and conservation biology. Such population structure inferences are routinely investigated via the program structure implementing a Bayesian algorithm to identify groups of individuals at Hardy–Weinberg and linkage equilibrium. While the method is performing relatively well under various population models with even sampling between subpopulations, the robustness of the method to uneven sample size between subpopulations and/or hierarchical levels of population structure has not yet been tested despite being commonly encountered in empirical data sets. In this study, I used simulated and empirical microsatellite data sets to investigate the impact of uneven sample size between subpopulations and/or hierarchical levels of population structure on the detected population structure. The results demonstrated that uneven sampling often leads to wrong inferences on hierarchical structure and downward‐biased estimates of the true number of subpopulations. Distinct subpopulations with reduced sampling tended to be merged together, while at the same time, individuals from extensively sampled subpopulations were generally split, despite belonging to the same panmictic population. Four new supervised methods to detect the number of clusters were developed and tested as part of this study and were found to outperform the existing methods using both evenly and unevenly sampled data sets. Additionally, a subsampling strategy aiming to reduce sampling unevenness between subpopulations is presented and tested. These results altogether demonstrate that when sampling evenness is accounted for, the detection of the correct population structure is greatly improved.
Cost‐effectiveness of the Cardiac Component of the Focused Assessment of Sonography in Trauma Examination in Blunt Trauma
Authors: Hall M. Kennedy , Omer Talib , Moore Chris L. , Taylor R. Andrew 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundBlunt cardiac injury severe enough to require surgical intervention (sBCI) is an exceedingly rare event occurring in approximately 1 out of every 1600 trauma patients. While performing the cardiac component of the Focused Assessment of Sonography in Trauma (cFAST) exam is effective in penetrating trauma, it is unclear whether it is of value in blunt trauma given the low prevalence of sBCI, the imperfect test characteristics of the FAST exam, and the rate of incidental pericardial effusion.ObjectiveThe objective was to determine through decision analysis whether performing the cFAST exam is cost‐effective in the evaluation of hypotensive and normotensive blunt trauma patients.MethodsWe created two decision analytic models using commercially available software (TreeAgePro2011) to evaluate the cost‐effectiveness of the cFAST in hypotensive (systolic blood pressure <90 mm Hg) and normotensive blunt trauma patients. Clinical probabilities were obtained from published data. Costs were estimated from Medicare reimbursement and charge data. The willingness‐to‐pay threshold was $50,000/quality‐adjusted life‐years (QALYs). Sensitivity analyses were performed over plausible ranges using available literature.ResultsIn hypotensive patients, for the base case scenario of a 34‐year‐old with blunt trauma, the cFAST strategy had a cost of $42,882.70 and an effectiveness of 25.3597 QALYs, whereas the no cFAST strategy had a cost of $42,753.52 and an effectiveness of 25.3532 QALYs. The incremental cost‐effectiveness ratio (ICER) was $19,918/QALY. For normotensive patients the cFAST strategy had a cost of $18,331.03 and an effectiveness of 23.2817 QALYs, whereas the no cFAST strategy had a cost of $18,207.58 and an effectiveness of 23.2814 QALYs. The ICER was $465,867/QALY. In the sensitivity analyses, age, probability of death from sBCI with prompt treatment, and probability of sBCI were the main drivers of variability in the model outcomes.ConclusionsThe cFAST for blunt trauma is cost‐effective for hypotensive but not for normotensive patients. The ICER for hypotensive patients was more than 20 times higher than the ICER for normotensive patients. Our results suggest that performing the cFAST exam may not be an effective use of resources in normotensive blunt trauma patients.
Are mental health services getting better at responding to abuse, assault and neglect?
Authors: Read J. , Sampson M. , Critchley C. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveTo determine whether staff responses to abuse disclosures had improved since the introduction of a trauma policy and training programme.MethodThe files of 250 clients attending four New Zealand mental health centres were audited.ResultsThere was a significant improvement, compared to an audit prior to the introduction of the policy and training, in the proportion of abuse cases included in formulations, and, to a lesser extent, in treatment plans. There was no significant improvement in the proportion referred for relevant treatment, which remained at less than 25% across abuse categories. The proportion of neglect disclosures responded to was significantly lower than for abuse cases. Fifty percent of the files in which abuse/neglect was recorded noted whether the client had been asked about previous disclosure, and 22% noted whether the client thought there was any connection between the abuse/neglect and their current problems. Less than 1% of cases were reported to legal authorities. People diagnosed with a psychotic disorder were significantly less likely to be responded to appropriately.ConclusionFuture training may need to focus on responding well to neglect and people diagnosed with psychosis, on making treatment referrals, and on initiating discussions about reporting to authorities.
Ecological momentary assessment of working memory under conditions of simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use
Authors: Schuster Randi Melissa , Mermelstein Robin J. , Hedeker Donald 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground and aimsThe neuropsychological correlates of simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use are largely unknown, which is surprising as both substances have similar neural substrates and have opposing influences on working memory (WM). This study examined the effects of marijuana alone, tobacco alone and simultaneous marijuana and tobacco use on WM.DesignPrimary aims were tested using a within‐subject design, controlling for multiple subject‐ and momentary‐level confounds via ecological momentary assessment (EMA).SettingData collection occurred in the Chicago, USA area in participants' natural environments.ParticipantsParticipants were 287 community young adults from a larger natural history study, oversampled for ever smoking, all of whom event‐recorded at least one substance use occasion during the study week.MeasurementsMomentary tobacco, marijuana and alcohol use were recorded during multiple EMA across 1 week of data capture. WM was assessed at the end of each EMA assessment. Contextual variables that may influence WM were recorded via EMA.FindingsThere were main effects for marijuana and tobacco: WM was poorer with marijuana [odds ratio (OR) = 0.91, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.84–0.99] and better with tobacco (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.04–1.18). These effects were not qualified by an interaction (OR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.84–1.26). Alcohol also reduced WM (OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.79–0.95), and the tobacco × alcohol interaction was significant (OR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.66–0.99), indicating that the facilitative effect of tobacco disappeared with concurrent alcohol use.ConclusionsRelative to when individuals did not use these substances, working memory decreased with acute marijuana and alcohol use and increased with acute tobacco use. However, the putative effect of marijuana on working memory and the facilitative effect of tobacco on working memory were no longer present when used simultaneously with tobacco and alcohol, respectively. Data suggest that tobacco use may compensate for working memory decrements from marijuana among young adults and highlight the importance of investigating further the negative impact of alcohol use on cognition.
Five‐year outpatient programme that provided children with continuous behavioural obesity treatment enjoyed high success rate
Authors: Danielsson Pernilla , Bohlin Anna , Bendito Ana , Svensson Annie , Klaesson Sven 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimResults from long‐time follow‐up of obesity treatment in early childhood are lacking. We investigate long‐term continuous behavioural childhood obesity treatment and factors of importance for treatment effect.MethodA five‐year longitudinal retrospective controlled study of children aged five to 13 years in obesity treatment, divided into three groups depending on age at start of treatment. Outcome is presented as change in degree of obesity, body mass index standard deviation score (BMI SDS), change in weight status and decrease of ≥0.5 BMI SDS units, in relation to a age‐matched obese comparison group.ResultsIn total, 220 children (46% females) were included. After five years of treatment, the decrease in BMI SDS was significant in all age groups with the largest effect in age group 4‐6 years. Compared to the comparison group (n = 369), the decline in BMI SDS was greater (p = 0.001). After five years of treatment, 48% of the patients were cured from their obesity and 72% reached a decline of 0.5 BMI SDS units. Age at start of treatment was the only factor affecting treatment efficacy.ConclusionThe ability to reach a significant weight loss in a paediatric outpatient clinic is promising through a long‐term behavioural obesity treatment.
Fulvestrant decreases anastrozole drug concentrations when taken concurrently by patients with metastatic breast cancer treated on SWOG study S0226
Authors: Hertz Daniel L. , Barlow William E. , Kidwell Kelley M. , Albain Kathy S. , Vandenberg Ted A. , Dakhil Shaker R. , Tirumali Nagendra R. , Livingston Robert B. , Gralow Julie , Hayes Daniel F. , Hortobagyi Gabriel N. , Mehta Rita S. , Rae James M. 
Published: February 2016

AimsIn the SWOG S0226 trial the combination of anastrozole plus fulvestrant (n = 349) was superior to anastrozole alone (n = 345) in hormone receptor (HR)‐positive metastatic breast cancer. Here we report a pharmacokinetic subset analysis investigating a possible drug interaction between anastrozole and fulvestrant.MethodsPost‐menopausal patients with HR‐positive metastatic breast cancer were randomized to anastrozole with or without concurrent fulvestrant. Blood samples were collected at 2, 4, 6 and 8 months, just prior to receiving the next dose of anastrozole and fulvestrant. Drug concentrations were measured via LC/MS‐MS. Anastrozole concentration was compared in patients on anastrozole alone vs. patients on concomitant fulvestrant. Comparisons were made at each time point using parametric tests and over time using a linear mixed effects model.ResultsA total of 483 anastrozole concentration measurements were included, 224 samples from 64 patients on the anastrozole alone arm and 259 from 73 patients on the combination arm. The mean anastrozole concentration in the combination arm was significantly lower than that in the anastrozole alone arm at each sample collection time (all P < 0.01) and in the mixed effects model (an estimated difference of 9.85 ng ml‐1 (95% CI 5.69, 14.00 ng ml‐1), P < 0.001).ConclusionA significant pharmacokinetic drug interaction was detected, in which the addition of fulvestrant to anastrozole treatment decreased the trough anastrozole concentration. Further research is needed to verify whether this interaction affects treatment efficacy and to determine the pharmacological mechanism by which this interaction occurs.
Visual biases in judging body weight
Authors: Cornelissen Katri K. , Gledhill Lucinda J. , Cornelissen Piers L. , Tovée Martin J. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThere has been a steady rise in obesity levels in Western countries, and a contributory factor is people's failure to recognize weight gain. Two important visual perceptual biases, contraction bias and Weber's law, that have hitherto been ignored in the obesity literature could contribute to this problem. Contraction bias predicts that the weight of obese bodies will be underestimated and the degree of underestimation will increase as body mass index (BMI) increases. Weber's law predicts that change in the body size will become progressively harder to detect as their BMI increases.MethodsIn Experiment 1, 29 women participants estimated the weight of 120 women varying in their body mass. In Experiment 2, 28 women participants judged which body was the heavier in a 2‐alternative forced choice paradigm.ResultsIn Experiment 1, as predicted the participants showed a progressive underestimation of overweight and obese bodies, β1 = 0.71, t = 26.96, p < .0001. For Experiment 2, there was a significant effect of the BMI of the bodies being judged on the just noticeable difference needed to discriminate between them: F(1, 196) = 89.39, p < .0001 for 3D bodies and F(1, 86.5) = 44.57, p < .0001 for digital photographs.ConclusionsNormal visual perceptual biases influence our ability to determine body size: contraction bias and Weber's law mean that as bodies become overweight and obese, it is harder to judge their weight and detect any increase in size. These effects may therefore compromise people's ability to recognize weight gain and undertake compensatory weight control behaviours.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

It is common knowledge that obesity levels in the West are rapidly rising and that people fail to recognize weight gain. What has not been widely recognized before is that there are sound perceptual reasons for this failure. Here, we identify two such perceptual biases.

What does this study add?

Weber's law and contraction bias compromise people's ability to recognize weight gain.

It becomes progressively harder to discriminate the size of bodies as their body mass index increases.

This compromises the ability to recognize weight gain and undertake compensatory behaviours.
Sediment partitioning, continental slopes and base‐of‐slope systems
Authors: Prather Bradford E. , O'Byrne Ciaran , Pirmez Carlos , Sylvester Zoltán 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDeciphering the role slope topography plays in partitioning sediment on siliciclastic continental slope and base‐of‐slope systems helps our understanding of slope depositional processes in significant ways: (1) by validation of large‐scale depositional process models for continental margins, (2) by validation of numerical basin‐scale stratigraphic forward models used to test and deploy source‐to‐sink (S2S) concepts and (3) by creating models for setting reservoir presence and quality expectations in frontier areas poorly constrained by wells and seismic. A global database consisting of >700 km of drilled stratigraphy provide empirical rock data lacking from most S2S studies. Analysis of calibrated seismic stratigraphic units characterised using the contextual framework laid out in this paper show that both gross depositional environments (GDEs) and sand content occur across slope profiles in systematic ways. The challenge in using these observations to quantify reservoir risk and uncertainty lies with relating the observations to depositional processes that can be used to characterise frontier basins that lack calibration. Depositional process‐based understanding encoded in 3D stratigraphic forward models (SFM) can simulate both lithologies and GDEs providing broad predictions for exploration at the scale of an entire basin or slope system. Stratigraphic forward models allow the integration of S2S understanding and provide a framework for testing sediment‐partitioning hypotheses in frontier settings. Valid S2S models must balance sediment yield from the source catchments with sinks, and be consistent with basin specific observations. The proportions of GDEs across the slope provide additional validation criteria to ensure the models are plausible.
The plight of international child support enforcement
Authors: Levine Joanne 
Published: February 2016

AbstractArising from the landscape of global development and fueled by the demographics of increasing rates of mobility and divorce, the international enforcement of child support is a challenging and growing problem. Current initiatives to rectify this critical problem cut across geopolitical divides and have resulted in the creation of uniform procedures for child support enforcement that are awaiting ratification in the USA: the 2007 Hague Convention on the International Recovery of Child Support and Other Forms of Family Maintenance. In the following paper, we will trace the evolution of these efforts and extrapolate a framework for social work practice illustrated by examples drawn from a case study of a family's plight with international child support enforcement. While thousands of families are impacted by this issue, there is a gap in the social work literature about this critical issue.
Prevalence of biopsy‐proven non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease in severely obese subjects without metabolic syndrome
Authors: Qureshi K. , Abrams G. A. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryObesity is a major risk factor for non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). NAFLD encompasses simple fatty liver (FL) and non‐alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) in its spectrum. NASH can progress to liver cirrhosis and is associated with liver cancer. Not all obese subjects have insulin resistance (IR) or develop metabolic syndrome (MS). This study evaluates the prevalence of NAFLD in severely obese subjects without MS. We retrospectively reviewed 445 charts from our database of severely obese subjects with clinical suspicion of NAFLD and who were selected for laparoscopic Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery. One hundred five subjects who did not have MS, as defined by the International Diabetes Foundation, based on comprehensive pre‐operative metabolic evaluation were included. Liver biopsy specimens were evaluated for NAFLD. 24% of morbidly obese (mean body mass index [BMI] 48 kg m−2) adult subjects (mean age 38 years) who underwent bariatric surgery did not have MS. NAFLD was identified in 77 (73%) on liver biopsy, out of which 59 (56%) were labelled as FL and 18 (17%) had histological diagnosis of NASH. Age, gender, race and BMI were the same among all groups. Among NAFLD subjects, 22% did not have any additional metabolic component of MS, while 36% had low high‐density lipoprotein, 27% had hypertension, 8% had high triglycerides and 6% had hyperglycaemia. IR calculated by HOMA‐IR (Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance) and diagnosis of hyperglycaemia was statistically higher in NASH group compared to those who did not have NASH. NAFLD is highly prevalent in morbidly obese individuals who undergo bariatric surgery despite the absence of MS. Diagnosis of hyperglycaemia in such subjects suggests the presence of IR and may have underlying NASH, which is a progressive form of NAFLD.
Blastocysts derivation from somatic cell fusion with premature oocytes (prematuration somatic cell fusion)
Authors: Saadeldin Islam M. , Khoirinaya Candrani , Kim Su Jin , Moon Joon Ho , Almadaly Essam , Lee Byeong Chun 
Published: February 2016

This study was undertaken to investigate the development of immature oocytes after their fusion with male somatic cells expressing red fluorescence protein (RFP). RFP‐expressing cells were fused with immature oocytes, matured in vitro and then parthenogenetically activated. Somatic nuclei showed spindle formation, 1st polar body extrusion after in vitro maturation and protruded the 2nd polar body after parthenogenetic activation. RFP was expressed in the resultant embryos; two‐cell stage and blastocysts. Chromosomal analysis showed aneuploidy in 81.82% of the resulting blastocysts while 18.18% of the resulting blastocysts were diploid. Among eight RFP‐expressing blastocysts, Xist mRNAs was detected in six while Sry mRNA was detected in only one blastocyst. We propose “prematuration somatic cell fusion” as an approach to generate embryos using somatic cells instead of spermatozoa. The current approach, if improved, would assist production of embryos for couples where the male partner is sterile, however, genetic and chromosomal analysis of the resultant embryos are required before transfer to the mothers.
Evaluation of Left and Right Atrial Function in Patients with Coronary Slow‐Flow Phenomenon Using Two‐Dimensional Speckle Tracking Echocardiography
Authors: Wang Yonghuai , Zhang Yan , Ma Chunyan , Guan Zhengyu , Liu Shuang , Zhang Weixin , Li Yuling , Yang Jun 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundCoronary slow‐flow phenomenon (CSFP) is an angiographic diagnosis characterized by delayed coronary opacification in the absence of obstructive coronary artery disease. Currently, several investigators are focusing on ventricular function assessment in patients with CSFP; however, there is a paucity of data on their atrial function. This study was performed to evaluate left atrial (LA) and right atrial (RA) function in patients with CSFP.Materials and MethodsEighty‐two patients with CSFP and 55 controls without CSFP were enrolled in the study. Diagnosis of CSFP was made by thrombolysis in myocardial infarction frame count (TFC). The LA and RA global longitudinal strain and strain rate during systole (Ss, SRs), during early diastole (Se, SRe), and during late diastole (Sa, SRa) were measured using two‐dimensional speckle tracking echocardiography.ResultsIn the CSFP group, LA Se and SRe decreased, while LA Sa and SRa increased, compared with the control group. RA Se and SRe were lower in patients with CSFP than in the controls.ConclusionsLA conduit function decreased in patients with CSFP, while contractile function increased. RA conduit function also decreased in patients with CSFP.
Did rent deregulation alter tenure choice decisions in the Czech Republic?
Authors: Tsharakyan Ashot , Zemčík Petr 
Published: February 2016

AbstractOur study is the first that explicitly links rent deregulation and the choice between owning and renting (the tenure choice) using household decisions over a 1‐year period. The rent deregulation process in the Czech Republic started in 2006, two years after joining the European Union. By design, the maximum regulated rent appreciation depended explicitly on real estate prices, which accelerated the pace of deregulation due to rapidly rising prices at the time. A unique dataset enables us to track the tenure choice of households from consumption surveys for subsequent years. The proportion of households that switched from renting to owning sharply increased among renters of regulated apartments. We show that this change was caused by the deregulation process. In contrast, rent deregulation makes owners and renters paying market rent less likely to change ownership status.