bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Observed Soil Moisture–Precipitation Feedback in Illinois: A Systematic Analysis over Different Scales
Authors: Duerinck H. M. , van der Ent R. J. , van de Giesen N. C. , Schoups G. , Babovic V. , Yeh Pat J.-F. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The lack of understanding on the soil moisture–precipitation feedback mechanisms remains a large source of uncertainty for land–atmosphere coupled models. Previous observation-based studies on the soil moisture–precipitation feedback in Illinois have shown contradictory results. This paper extends earlier research by providing a more holistic analysis considering different scales based on an 11-yr (2003–13) hourly soil moisture dataset, which makes it possible to revisit the disputed hypothesis on the correlation between warm-season soil moisture and subsequent precipitation. This study finds a strong positive correlation between late spring/early summer state-average soil moisture at the root-zone depths and subsequent state-average summer precipitation. On the daily to weekly time scale, however, no relation is found. Moreover, regional analysis suggests that precipitation variability over central Illinois can be best explained by the soil moisture variability in northwest Illinois. Using a back-trajectory method [Water Accounting Model-2 layers (WAM-2layers)] from May to July, the evaporative sources of precipitation in Illinois are identified. The pattern of the source regions shows little interannual variability, while the strength of the sources changes significantly and the Gulf of Mexico contributes more during wet years. However, strong influences (teleconnections) of sea surface temperatures on the subsequent precipitation variability in Illinois are not found on a seasonal scale. The long time scale of the soil moisture–precipitation correlation and the weak influences of SSTs and climate indices may suggest that precipitation variability in spring/summer in Illinois is mostly related to continental-scale soil moisture–precipitation feedback.
Structure of the Airflow above Surface Waves
Authors: Buckley Marc P. , Veron Fabrice 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn recent years, much progress has been made to quantify the momentum exchange between the atmosphere and the oceans. The role of surface waves on the airflow dynamics is known to be significant, but our physical understanding remains incomplete. The authors present detailed airflow measurements taken in the laboratory for 17 different wind wave conditions with wave ages [determined by the ratio of the speed of the peak waves Cp to the air friction velocity u* (Cp/u*)] ranging from 1.4 to 66.7. For these experiments, a combined particle image velocimetry (PIV) and laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) technique was developed. Two-dimensional airflow velocity fields were obtained as low as 100 μm above the air–water interface. Temporal and spatial wave field characteristics were also obtained. When the wind stress is too weak to generate surface waves, the mean velocity profile follows the law of the wall. With waves present, turbulent structures are directly observed in the airflow, whereby low-horizontal-velocity air is ejected away from the surface and high-velocity fluid is swept downward. Quadrant analysis shows that such downward turbulent momentum flux events dominate the turbulent boundary layer. Airflow separation is observed above young wind waves (Cp/u*< 3.7), and the resulting spanwise vorticity layers detached from the surface produce intense wave-coherent turbulence. On average, the airflow over young waves (with Cp/u* = 3.7 and 6.5) is sheltered downwind of wave crests, above the height of the critical layer zc [defined by 〈u(zc)〉 = Cp]. Near the surface, the coupling of the airflow with the waves causes a reversed, upwind sheltering effect.
Systematic Review on Surgical Outcomes and Hearing Preservation for Cochlear Implantation in Children and Adults
Authors: Bruijnzeel Hanneke , Draaisma Kaspar , van Grootel Roderick , Stegeman Inge , Topsakal Vedat , Grolman Wilko 
Published: February 2016

ObjectiveThe mastoidectomy with facial recess approach (MFRA) is considered the reference standard for cochlear implantation. The suprameatal approach (SMA) was developed more recently and does not require mastoidectomy, which could influence postoperative outcomes. We aim to identify the optimal operative approach for cochlear implantation based on postoperative complications and hearing preservation in children and adults.Data SourcesPubMed, EMBASE, Scopus, and Google Scholar.Review MethodsStudies comparing MFRA and SMA in children and adults were eligible for inclusion. Original reports with moderate relevance and validity were included. Relevance and validity were assessed with a self‐modified critical appraisal tool. This review was reported in accordance to PRISMA guidelines.ResultsWe retrieved 294 citations. Only retrospective nonrandomized studies were identified (level III evidence). Six articles were selected for full‐text inclusion and 4 articles for data extraction. No article found a significant difference between MFRA and SMA with respect to postoperative complications in children and adults. One study found a significantly (P <. 023) higher pediatric MFRA mastoiditis rate; however, meta‐analysis did not indicate an overall effect. Hearing preservation was reported only in adults, and outcomes between techniques did not differ.ConclusionNo evidence was noted for lower complication rates or improved hearing preservation between the MFRA and SMA for cochlear implantation in children and adults. Pediatric data were available for children implanted above the age of 24 months only. Level I evidence is needed to resolve the uncertainty regarding differences in postoperative outcomes of pediatric and adult MFRA and SMA.
Utility of Surgery/Radiotherapy in Distant Metastatic Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma
Authors: Patel Tapan D. , Marchiano Emily , Chin Oliver Y. , Kilic Suat , Eloy Jean Anderson , Baredes Soly , Park Richard Chan Woo 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe aim of this study is to analyze the survival benefits of surgery and/or radiation therapy over no therapy in patients with metastatic (M1) squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck region (HN‐SCC).Study DesignRetrospective administrative database analysis.Subjects and MethodsThe Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database was queried for M1 HN‐SCC cases from 1988 to 2012 (6663 patients). Patient demographics, initial treatment, and survival outcomes were analyzed. Survival was analyzed with the Kaplan‐Meier model.ResultsOf the 6663 patients identified with M1 HN‐SCC in the SEER database, 1669 patients received no therapy; 2459 patients, radiotherapy; 570 patients, surgery; and 1100 patients, surgery with adjuvant radiotherapy. The mean survival was 8.44 months for patients who did not undergo any therapy. In comparison, patients who underwent radiotherapy alone, surgery alone, or surgery with radiotherapy had mean survivals of 18.03 (P <. 0001), 31.07 (P <. 0001), and 39.93 (P <. 0001) months, respectively. The 5‐year disease‐specific survival rates were 6.35% for no therapy, 17.51% for radiotherapy alone, 30.50% for surgery alone, and 33.75% for surgery with radiotherapy (P <. 0001). Site‐specific analysis revealed that surgery and/or radiation provides disease‐specific survival benefit as compared with no therapy at all subsites within the head and neck region.ConclusionsSurgery and/or radiation—which has been shown to improve quality of life in patients with advanced cancer—is associated with an increased survival when utilized in patients with distant metastatic disease.
Occult Nodal Disease Prevalence and Distribution in Recurrent Laryngeal Cancer Requiring Salvage Laryngectomy
Authors: Birkeland Andrew C. , Rosko Andrew J. , Issa Mohamad R. , Shuman Andrew G. , Prince Mark E. , Wolf Gregory T. , Bradford Carol R. , McHugh Jonathan B. , Brenner J. Chad , Spector Matthew E. 
Published: February 2016

ObjectivesThe indications for neck dissection concurrent with salvage laryngectomy in the clinically N0 setting remain unclear. Our goals were to determine the prevalence of occult nodal disease, analyze nodal disease distribution patterns, and identify predictors of occult nodal disease in a salvage laryngectomy cohort.Study DesignCase series with planned data collection.SettingTertiary academic center.SubjectsPatients with persistent or recurrent laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma (LSCC) after radiation/chemoradiation failure undergoing salvage laryngectomy with neck dissection.MethodsWe analyzed a single‐institution retrospective case series of patients between 1997 and 2014 and identified those who had clinically N0 (cN0) necks (n = 203). Clinical and pathologic data, including nodal prevalence and distribution, were collected and statistical analyses performed.ResultsOverall, cN0 necks had histologically positive occult nodes in 17% (n = 35) of cases. Univariate predictors of occult nodal positivity included recurrent T4 stage (34% T4 vs 12% non‐T4; P =. 0003) and supraglottic subsite (28% supraglottic vs 10% nonsupraglottic; P =. 0006). Histologically positive nodes associated with supraglottic primaries were most frequently positive in ipsilateral levels II and III (17% and 16%). Positive nodes for glottic LSCC were most frequently positive in the ipsilateral and contralateral paratracheal nodes (11% and 9%).ConclusionHistologically positive occult nodes are identified in 17% of cN0 patients undergoing salvage laryngectomy with neck dissection. Occult nodal disease varies in frequency and distribution based on tumor subsite. Predictors of high (>20%) occult nodal positivity include T4 tumors and supraglottic subsite. In glottic LSCC, the most frequent sites of occult nodal disease are the paratracheal nodal basins.
Reshaping the public service bargain in Queensland 2009–2014: Responding to austerity?
Authors: Colley Linda 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis is a study of the renegotiation of pay, employment security, and of the relationship between government and public sector unions, in an Australian state public service during and after the global financial crisis. It examines the extent to which this renegotiation of the ‘public service bargain’ was necessitated by austerity requirements, and the extent to which the crisis provided an opportunity for the deprivileging of public employment that has been an enduring feature of the neoliberal state. A case study of the different approaches of two Queensland governments to their relationships with public sector workers between 2009 and 2014, it tracks two key measures of wages and staff numbers, as well as the consequences of breaches of the trust relationships of the traditional public sector bargain. Given the moderate nature of Australia’s economic downturn, the implementation of public service austerity measures was less an economic necessity than an opportunity for a conservative government to alter employment policies and sever union relationships. This continuation of public sector employment relations favoured by previous conservative governments had electoral consequences.
Latest Quaternary sedimentation in the northern Gulf of Mexico intraslope basin province: II — Stratigraphic analysis and relationship to glacioeustatic climate change
Authors: Olson Hilary Clement , Damuth John E. , Nelson C. Hans 
Published: February 2016

Stratigraphic zonation of 139 piston cores from the intraslope basin province of the northern Gulf of Mexico based on the Globorotalia menardii complex and calcium carbonate fluctuations shows that the vast majority of the cores contain sediments only of Holocene (Z zone) and Late Wisconsin (Y zone, Last Glacial) age. Only 13 widely spaced cores penetrate sediments of Last Interglacial (X zone) age. Overall, sedimentation rates average approximately 13 cm for the Holocene, but they range up to 600 cm. Redeposited sediments (mass-transport deposits and/or turbidites) occur in cores from the Rio Grande Submarine Fan, the East Breaks Slide Complex, the Trinity-Brazos Turbidite System, and the Bryant Canyon Turbidite System. Stratigraphic zonation of suites of cores from these areas shows that nearly all of these deposits were emplaced during Late Wisconsin (Y zone, Last Glacial). Redeposited sediments in the Holocene (Z zone) are rare.
Incidence and Predictive Factors for Recovery of Ovarian Function in Amenorrheic Women in Their 40s Treated With Letrozole
Authors: Krekow Lea K. , Hellerstedt Beth A. , Collea Rufus P. , Papish Steven , Diggikar Shrinivas M. , Resta Regina , Vukelja Svetislava J. , Holmes Frankie Ann , Reddy Praveen K. , Asmar Lina , Wang Yunfei , Fox Patricia S. , Peck Susan R. , O’Shaughnessy Joyce 
Published: February 2016

Purpose This prospective study assessed the impact of 2 years of aromatase inhibitor (AI) therapy on the incidence of ovarian function recovery (OFR) in women age 40 to 49 with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer who were premenopausal at diagnosis and who underwent chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea during adjuvant treatment. Patients and Methods Women age 40 to 49 with estrogen receptor–positive breast cancer who had ceased menstruating with adjuvant cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy, had postmenopausal serum estradiol (E2), and had received tamoxifen for ≥ 1 year were treated with letrozole (2.5 mg) daily for ≥ 2 years. Serum follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and E2 were measured at baseline and over 2 years. A general linear model was used to assess serial FSH by OFR. Logistic regression was used to assess baseline predictors and OFR. Results The study enrolled 177 women (145 women age 45 to 49 years and 32 women age 40 to 44 years). Of 173 evaluable patients, 67 (39%; 95% CI, 31% to 46%) regained ovarian function; 11 of these patients (6%; 95% CI, 3% to 10%) resumed menses, and 56 of these patients (32%; 95% CI, 25% to 39%) developed premenopausal E2 without menses. Among AI-naïve patients, serial FSH significantly increased over time (P < .001), did not vary significantly by OFR status (P = .55), but showed mild evidence of a decrease after month 12 for those who resumed menses (P = .0989). Age less than 45 years and inhibin B were significant multivariable baseline predictors of OFR. Conclusion These results emphasize the challenge in determining definitive menopause in women with chemotherapy-induced amenorrhea. The risk of OFR during treatment with AIs in amenorrheic women in their 40s is high, and AI therapy should be avoided in these patients.
Trends in Health-Related Quality of Life After a Diagnosis of Ductal Carcinoma In Situ
Authors: Hart Vicki , Sprague Brian L. , Lakoski Susan G. , Hampton John M. , Newcomb Polly A. , Gangnon Ronald E. , Trentham-Dietz Amy 
Published: February 2016

Purpose Studies of quality of life (QoL) are scarce among survivors of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS). The objective of this study was to assess long-term QoL in DCIS survivors in relation to age at diagnosis, time since diagnosis, and treatments received. Methods We assessed physical and mental measures of health-related QoL in 1,604 patients with DCIS diagnosed in 1997 to 2006 with up to four follow-up interviews. We further compared baseline QoL to 1,055 control patients without DCIS. QoL was measured using the validated Medical Outcomes Study Short Form 36 Health Status Survey questionnaire. Among patients with DCIS, we examined trends in QoL over time since diagnosis using generalized linear regression models, adjusting for confounders. We tested for effect modification by surgical treatment choice, post-treatment endocrine therapy use, and age at diagnosis. Results Both physical and mental measures of QoL among DCIS survivors at fewer than 2 years after diagnosis were comparable to controls. Mental measures of QoL among patients with DCIS declined at ≥ 10 years after diagnosis and were significantly lower than at less than 2 years after diagnosis (47.4 v 52.0; P < .01). In the first 5 years after a DCIS diagnosis, mental QoL was significantly higher among women diagnosed at ages 50 to 74 years compared with those diagnosed at ages 28 to 49 years, although this difference was not sustained in later time periods. Conclusion QoL after a DCIS diagnosis was generally comparable to that of women of similar age without a personal history of DCIS. Our findings suggest that DCIS survivors, and particularly those diagnosed at a younger age, may benefit from support for mental QoL.
Comparison of Treatment Effects Measured by the Hazard Ratio and by the Ratio of Restricted Mean Survival Times in Oncology Randomized Controlled Trials
Authors: Trinquart Ludovic , Jacot Justine , Conner Sarah C. , Porcher Raphaël 
Published: February 2016

Purpose We aimed to compare empirically the treatment effects measured by the hazard ratio (HR) and by the difference (and ratio) of restricted mean survival times (RMST) in oncology randomized trials. Methods We selected oncology randomized controlled trials from five leading journals during the last 6 months of 2014. We reconstructed individual patient data for one time-to-event outcome from each trial, preferably the primary outcome. We reanalyzed each trial and compared the treatment effect estimated by the HR with that by the difference (and ratio) of RMST. We estimated an average ratio of the HR to the ratio of RMST; an average ratio less than one indicates more optimistic assessments with HRs. Results We analyzed 54 randomized controlled trials totaling 33,212 patients. The selected outcome was overall survival in 21 (39%) trials. There was evidence of nonproportionality of hazards in 13 (24%) trials. The HR and RMST-based measures were in agreement regarding the statistical significance of the effect, except in one case. The median HR was 0.84 (Q1 to Q3 range, 0.67 to 0.97) and the median difference in RMST was 1.12 months (range, 0.22 to 2.75 months). The average ratio of the HR to the ratio of RMST was 1.11 (95% CI, 1.07 to 1.15), with substantial between-trial variability (I2 = 86%). Results were consistent by outcome type (overall survival v other outcomes) and whether the proportional hazard assumption held or not. Conclusion On average, the HR provided significantly larger treatment effect estimates than the ratio of RMST. The HR may seem large when the absolute effect is small. RMST-based measures should be routinely reported in randomized trials with time-to-event outcomes.
The Drosophila tricellular junction protein Gliotactin regulates its own mRNA levels through BMP-mediated induction of miR-184
Authors: Sharifkhodaei Zohreh , Padash-Barmchi Mojgan , Gilbert Mary M. , Samarasekera Gayathri , Fulga Tudor A. , Van Vactor David , Auld Vanessa J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
Epithelial bicellular and tricellular junctions are essential for establishing and maintaining permeability barriers. Tricellular junctions are formed by the convergence of three bicellular junctions at the corners of neighbouring epithelia. Gliotactin, a member of the Neuroligin family, is located at the Drosophila tricellular junction, and is crucial for the formation of tricellular and septate junctions, as well as permeability barrier function. Gliotactin protein levels are tightly controlled by phosphorylation at tyrosine residues and endocytosis. Blocking endocytosis or overexpressing Gliotactin results in the spread of Gliotactin from the tricellular junction, resulting in apoptosis, delamination and migration of epithelial cells. We show that Gliotactin levels are also regulated at the mRNA level by micro (mi)RNA-mediated degradation and that miRNAs are targeted to a short region in the 3′UTR that includes a conserved miR-184 target site. miR-184 also targets a suite of septate junction proteins, including NrxIV, coracle and Mcr. miR-184 expression is triggered when Gliotactin is overexpressed, leading to activation of the BMP signalling pathway. Gliotactin specifically interferes with Dad, an inhibitory SMAD, leading to activation of the Tkv type-I receptor and activation of Mad to elevate the biogenesis and expression of miR-184.
Analysis of Pigments in the Printing Inks of the First Japanese Postage Stamps, the Hand-Engraved Issues
Authors: Araki Shuki , Kondo Emi , Shibata Tomohiro , Yokota Takeshi , Suzuki Marena , Hirashita Tsunehisa , Yamaguchi Koichi , Matsumoto Hiroki , Murase Yoshiaki 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Pigments in the printing inks employed for Japanese hand-engraved stamps, the first issues of Japanese postage stamps, were analyzed and characterized by means of FTIR, Raman, and XRF spectroscopy. This work has revealed, for the first time, the changes of the pigments used for all colors of the stamps issued during 1871–1876, and it has been recognized that a drastic change in the ink composition occurred in 1872, when the printing of the stamps was transferred from Matsuda to the Government.
Increased risk of muscle tears below physiological temperature ranges
Authors: Scott E. E. F. , Hamilton D. F. , Wallace R. J. , Muir A. Y. , Simpson A. H. R. W. 
Published: February 2016

Objectives Temperature is known to influence muscle physiology, with the velocity of shortening, relaxation and propagation all increasing with temperature. Scant data are available, however, regarding thermal influences on energy required to induce muscle damage. Methods Gastrocnemius and soleus muscles were harvested from 36 male rat limbs and exposed to increasing impact energy in a mechanical test rig. Muscle temperature was varied in 5°C increments, from 17°C to 42°C (to encompass the in vivo range). The energy causing non-recoverable deformation was recorded for each temperature. A measure of tissue elasticity was determined via accelerometer data, smoothed by low-pass fifth order Butterworth filter (10 kHz). Data were analysed using one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significance was accepted at p = 0.05. Results The energy required to induce muscle failure was significantly lower at muscle temperatures of 17°C to 32°C compared with muscle at core temperature, i.e., 37°C (p < 0.01). During low-energy impacts there were no differences in muscle elasticity between cold and warm muscles (p = 0.18). Differences in elasticity were, however, seen at higher impact energies (p < 0.02). Conclusion Our findings are of particular clinical relevance, as when muscle temperature drops below 32°C, less energy is required to cause muscle tears. Muscle temperatures of 32°C are reported in ambient conditions, suggesting that it would be beneficial, particularly in colder environments, to ensure that peripheral muscle temperature is raised close to core levels prior to high-velocity exercise. Thus, this work stresses the importance of not only ensuring that the muscle groups are well stretched, but also that all muscle groups are warmed to core temperature in pre-exercise routines. Cite this article: Professor A. H. R. W. Simpson. Increased risk of muscle tears below physiological temperature ranges. Bone Joint Res 2016;5:61–65. doi: 10.1302/2046-3758.52.2000484.