bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Normal halogen dependence of 13C NMR chemical shifts of halogenomethanes revisited at the four‐component relativistic level
Authors: Samultsev Dmitry O. , Rusakov Yury Yu. , Krivdin Leonid B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe ‘Normal Halogen Dependence’ of 13C NMR chemical shifts in the series of halogenomethanes is revisited at the four‐component relativistic level. Calculations of 13C NMR chemical shifts of 70 halogenomethanes have been carried out at the density functional theory (DFT) and MP2 levels with taking into account relativistic effects using the four‐component relativistic theory of Dirac‐Coulomb within the different computational methods (4RPA, 4OPW91) and hybrid computational schemes (MP2 + 4RPA, MP2 + 4OPW91). The most efficient computational protocols are derived for practical purposes. Relativistic shielding effect reaches as much as several hundreds of ppm for heavy halogenomethanes, and to account for this effect in comparison with experiment at the qualitative level, relativistic Dyall's basis sets of triple‐zeta quality or higher are to be used within the framework of the four‐component relativistic theory taking into account solvent effects. Relativistic geometrical optimization (as compared with the non‐relativistic level) is essential for the molecules containing at least two iodines at one carbon atom. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Topology optimization of fluid problems using genetic algorithm assisted by the Kriging model
Authors: Yoshimura M. , Shimoyama K. , Misaka T. , Obayashi S. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryA non‐gradient‐based approach for topology optimization using a genetic algorithm is proposed in this paper. The genetic algorithm used in this paper is assisted by the Kriging surrogate model to reduce computational cost required for function evaluation. To validate the non‐gradient‐based topology optimization method in flow problems, this research focuses on two single‐objective optimization problems, where the objective functions are to minimize pressure loss and to maximize heat transfer of flow channels, and one multi‐objective optimization problem, which combines earlier two single‐objective optimization problems. The shape of flow channels is represented by the level set function. The pressure loss and the heat transfer performance of the channels are evaluated by the Building‐Cube Method code, which is a Cartesian‐mesh CFD solver. The proposed method resulted in an agreement with previous study in the single‐objective problems in its topology and achieved global exploration of non‐dominated solutions in the multi‐objective problems. © 2016 The Authors International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd
Patient complaints about health care in a Swedish County: characteristics and satisfaction after handling
Authors: Skålén Charlotta , Nordgren Lena , Annerbäck Eva‐Maria 
Published: May 2016

AbstractAimTo describe patient complaints and to examine possible associations between healthcare providers’ statements and reports of satisfaction/dissatisfaction.DesignA retrospective and descriptive design was used to examine filed complaints.MethodsComplaints from one Patient Advisory Committee in Sweden in 2011 was examined using three different protocols/reading guides (n = 618). Associations between contents in responses from healthcare providers and reports of satisfaction/dissatisfaction from the complainants were analysed.ResultsLess than one‐third of the complainants were satisfied after handling and with healthcare providers’ statements about the complaint. The most frequent causes for dissatisfaction were that the healthcare provider ‘did not tell the truth’ or ‘gave insufficient information’. There was a statistically significant association with dissatisfaction if the statement from the healthcare provider included the category ‘disagree/defend themselves’. Four categories were associated with being satisfied and the associations were statistically significant when two or more of these were combined.
Tumor necrosis factor‐alpha levels in blood cord is directly correlated with the body weight of mothers
Authors: de Toledo Baldi E. , Dias Bóbbo V. C. , Melo Lima M. H. , Velloso L. A. , Pereira de Araujo E. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryBackgroundObesity has emerged as major public health problem leading to increased morbidity and mortality. Epidemiological studies indicate that in many regions of the world, children and teenagers are increasingly affected by obesity, which contributes for a pessimistic projection for the near future. Maternal obesity has been implicated in metabolic disorders of the offspring, but there are no biological markers that can be detected early on life that predict the development of obesity in the offspring.ObjectiveTo evaluate the expression of inflammatory markers in the umbilical cord blood of babies of mothers with obesity/overweight, and correlate these markers with the body weight at age 9 months.MethodsAnthropometric data of mothers and babies were obtained during prenatal evaluation, at birth and 9 months after birth. Cord blood was collected during delivery of 54 babies from mothers with obesity/overweight and of 50 babies from lean mothers. Tumour necrosis factor‐alpha (TNF‐α), transforming growth factor 1 beta, monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 and 2 (MCP‐1/MCP‐2) were determined in serum samples using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay methods. Correlations were evaluated using the Spearman correlation coefficient, and comparisons were evaluated using the non‐parametric Mann–Whitney U‐test.ResultsCord blood TNF‐α was positively correlated with maternal body mass index. There was an inverse correlation between cord blood transforming growth factor 1 beta and baby body weight at birth. There was no biological marker that predicted body weight at age 9 months.ConclusionAlthough we have not found a biological marker to predict increased body weight at 9 months of age, the study shows that maternal obesity exposes the baby to higher TNF‐α level in the early stages of life, and this can affect metabolic and inflammatory parameters during adulthood.
Simulink fault localization: an iterative statistical debugging approach
Authors: Liu Bing ,   Lucia, Nejati Shiva , Briand Lionel C. , Bruckmann Thomas 
Published: May 2016

SummaryDebugging Simulink models presents a significant challenge in the embedded industry. This paper proposes SimFL, a fault localization approach for Simulink models by combining statistical debugging and dynamic model slicing. Simulink models, being visual and hierarchical, have multiple outputs at different hierarchy levels. Given a set of outputs to observe for localizing faults, we generate test execution slices, for each test case and output, of the Simulink model. In order to further improve fault localization accuracy, we propose iSimFL, an iterative fault localization algorithm. At each iteration, iSimFL increases the set of observable outputs by including outputs at lower hierarchy levels, thus increasing the test oracle cost but offsetting it with significantly more precise fault localization. We utilize a heuristic stopping criterion to avoid unnecessary test oracle extension. We evaluate our work on three industrial Simulink models from Delphi Automotive. Our results show that, on average, SimFL ranks faulty blocks in the top 8.9% in the list of suspicious blocks. Further, we show that iSimFL significantly improves this percentage down to 4.4% by requiring engineers to observe only an average of five additional outputs at lower hierarchy levels on top of high‐level model outputs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social wasp intestines host the local phenotypic variability of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains
Authors: Dapporto Leonardo , Stefanini Irene , Rivero Damariz , Polsinelli Mario , Capretti Paolo , De Marchi Paolo , Viola Roberto , Turillazzi Stefano , Cavalieri Duccio 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNowadays, the presence of Saccharomyces cerevisiae has been assessed in both wild and human‐related environments. Social wasps have been shown to maintain and vector S. cerevisiae among different environments. The availability of strains isolated from wasp intestines represents a striking opportunity to assess whether the strains found in wasp intestines are characterized by peculiar traits. We analysed strains isolated from the intestines of social wasps and compared them with strains isolated from other sources, all collected in a restricted geographic area. We evaluated the production of volatile metabolites during grape must fermentation, the resistance to different stresses and the ability to exploit various carbon sources. Wasp strains, in addition to representing a wide range of S. cerevisiae genotypes, also represent large part of the phenotypes characterizing the sympatric set of yeast strains; their higher production of acetic acid and ethyl acetate could reflect improved ability to attract insects. Our findings suggest that the relationship between yeasts and wasps should be preserved, to safeguard not only the natural variance of this microorganism but also the interests of wine‐makers, who could take advantage from the exploitation of their phenotypic variability. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Blue growth and ocean governance—how to balance the use and the protection of the seas
Authors: Ehlers Peter 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The economic value of the oceans and maritime industry is strongly gaining in importance. As the oceans are very large and particularly sensitive ecosystems, which need to be preserved, a balance between the use and the protection of the seas has to be found. On this issue, the paper presents some thoughts starting with a brief analysis of what to understand by maritime industry which is labeled as blue economy, and a recapitulation of the main threats for the marine environment, caused by blue economy. After that, some noteworthy prerequisites and criteria for finding a sound balance between the use and the protection of the seas will be highlighted, especially the need for sustainable ocean governance is put to discussion.
Acute and Long‐Term Effects of Multidirectional Treadmill Training on Gait and Balance in Parkinson Disease
Authors: Bryant Mon S. , Workman Craig D. , Hou Jyh‐Gong G. , Henson Helene K. , York Michele K. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundTreadmill training has been shown to be a promising rehabilitation strategy for improving gait and balance in persons with Parkinson disease (PD). Most studies have involved only forward walking as an intervention. The effects of multidirectional treadmill (forward, backward, and left and right sideways) on gait and balance have not been reported.ObjectiveTo investigate the acute and long‐term effects of multidirectional treadmill training (MDTT) on gait and balance in persons with PD, and to determine the optimal training duration.DesignSingle group, repeated‐measures design.SettingResearch laboratory in a hospital.ParticipantsTen persons with PD (mean age 65.9 ± 7.4 years; average disease duration 3.90 ± 2.18 years).InterventionsMDTT was used. Participants walked forward, backward, and left and right sideways for 5‐7 minutes in each direction at their fastest tolerated speed. The training was 3 days per week continuously for 8 weeks.Main Outcome MeasurementsGait speed, cadence, and stride length of forward, backward and sideways walks; time and number of steps to turn 360°; and the timed 5‐step test and Timed Up‐and‐Go (TUG) test were performed after the first session of MDTT and every 2 weeks. Effect size of MDTT on each gait and balance variable was measured every 2 weeks for 8 weeks to determine the optimal training duration. Gait and balance variables after the first session of MDTT were compared to the baseline values (pre‐MDTT) to study the acute effect of MDTT.ResultsStride length of forward, backward, and sideways walks improved immediately after 1 session of MDTT (P = .031, .012, and .001, respectively). The number of steps to turn and the timed 5‐step test score decreased after the first session (P = .016, and .010, respectively). Six weeks of training was found to yield the largest mean effect size of all gait and balance variables. At 6 weeks of MDTT, gait speed of all walking directions (P = .001‐.031), stride length of backward (P < .005) and sideways (P = .001) walks, cadence of sideways walk (P = .036), number of steps to turn (P = .014), and timed 5‐step test (P = .033) improved from pre‐MDTT measures.ConclusionsMDTT immediately improved gait and balance in persons with PD. Six weeks of MDTT might be the optimal training duration to improve gait and balance in the long term.Level of EvidenceIV
The effect of Reynolds number on inertial particle dynamics in isotropic turbulence. Part 2. Simulations with gravitational effects
Authors: Ireland Peter J. , Bragg Andrew D. , Collins Lance R. 
Published: May 2016

In Part 1 of this study (Ireland et al., J. Fluid Mech., vol. 796, 2016, pp. 617–658), we analysed the motion of inertial particles in isotropic turbulence in the absence of gravity using direct numerical simulation (DNS). Here, in Part 2, we introduce gravity and study its effect on single-particle and particle-pair dynamics over a wide range of flow Reynolds numbers, Froude numbers and particle Stokes numbers. The overall goal of this study is to explore the mechanisms affecting particle collisions, and to thereby improve our understanding of droplet interactions in atmospheric clouds. We find that the dynamics of heavy particles falling under gravity can be artificially influenced by the finite domain size and the periodic boundary conditions, and we therefore perform our simulations on larger domains to reduce these effects. We first study single-particle statistics that influence the relative positions and velocities of inertial particles. We see that gravity causes particles to sample the flow more uniformly and reduces the time particles can spend interacting with the underlying turbulence. We also find that gravity tends to increase inertial particle accelerations, and we introduce a model to explain that effect. We then analyse the particle relative velocities and radial distribution functions (RDFs), which are generally seen to be independent of Reynolds number for low and moderate Kolmogorov-scale Stokes numbers $St$. We see that gravity causes particle relative velocities to decrease by reducing the degree of preferential sampling and the importance of path-history interactions, and that the relative velocities have higher scaling exponents with gravity. We observe that gravity has a non-trivial effect on clustering, acting to decrease clustering at low $St$ and to increase clustering at high $St$. By considering the effect of gravity on the clustering mechanisms described in the theory of Zaichik & Alipchenkov (New J. Phys., vol. 11, 2009, 103018), we provide an explanation for this non-trivial effect of gravity. We also show that when the effects of gravity are accounted for in the theory of Zaichik & Alipchenkov (2009), the results compare favourably with DNS. The relative velocities and RDFs exhibit considerable anisotropy at small separations, and this anisotropy is quantified using spherical harmonic functions. We use the relative velocities and the RDFs to compute the particle collision kernels, and find that the collision kernel remains as it was for the case without gravity, namely nearly independent of Reynolds number for low and moderate $St$. We conclude by discussing practical implications of the results for the cloud physics and turbulence communities and by suggesting possible avenues for future research.
Atlantic salmon require long-chain n-3 fatty acids for optimal growth throughout the seawater period
Authors: Rosenlund Grethe , Torstensen Bente E. , Stubhaug Ingunn , Usman Nafiha , Sissener Nini H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe nutritional requirement for n-3 long-chain PUFA in fast-growing Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) during grow out in the sea is not well documented. Diets were formulated with levels of EPA (20 : 5n-3) and DHA (22 : 6n-3) ranging from 1·3 to 7·4 % of fatty acids (4–24 g/kg feed). Two long-term trials were conducted through the seawater phase, the first at 6 and 12°C, and the second at 12°C. In the first trial, growth at both temperatures was significantly lower in fish fed 1·4 % EPA+DHA of total fatty acids compared with the 5·2 % EPA+DHA group. In the second trial, growth was significantly lower in fish fed 1·3 and 2·7 % compared with 4·4 and 7·4 % EPA + DHA. Fatty acid composition in the fish reflected diet composition, but only after a 7-fold increase in body weight did the fatty acid profile of the fish stabilise according to dietary fatty acids (shown for EPA and DHA). The retention efficiency of DHA increased with decreasing dietary levels, and was 120–190 and 120–200 % in trials 1 and 2, respectively. The retention efficiency of EPA was lower (60–200 %), and values >100 % were only achieved at the lowest dietary levels in both trials. Temperature did not affect fatty acid retention efficiency. These results suggest that Atlantic salmon have a specific requirement for EPA + DHA >2·7 % of fatty acids for optimal long-term growth in seawater, and that short-term growth trials with less weight increase would not show these effects.
Cryoconite hole connectivity on the Wright Lower Glacier, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica
Authors: MACDONELL SHELLEY , SHARP MARTIN , FITZSIMONS SEAN 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTCryoconite holes can be important sources and stores of water and nutrients on cold and polythermal glaciers, and they provide a habitat for various forms of biota. Understanding the hydrological connectivity of cryoconite holes may be the key to understanding the transport of nutrients and biological material to the proglacial areas of such glaciers. This paper aims to characterize and explain spatial variability in the connectivity of ice-lidded cryoconite holes on a small, piedmont glacier in the McMurdo Dry Valleys through geochemical analysis of cryoconite hole waters. Solute concentrations in both surface and near-surface ice and cryoconite holes, vary greatly along the glacier centerline, and all sample types displayed similar spatial patterns of variability. Using chloride as a tracer, we estimated variations in cryoconite hole connectivity along the glacier centerline. We found that a previously used mass transfer method did not provide reliable estimates of the time period for which cryoconite hole waters had been isolated from the atmosphere. We attribute this to spatial variability in both the chloride content of the surface ice and surface ablation rates. The approach may, however, be used to qualitatively characterize spatial variations in the hydrological connectivity of the cryoconite holes. These results also suggest that ice-lidded cryoconite holes are never truly isolated from the near-surface drainage system.
Automatic Recognition of Sunspots in HSOS Full-Disk Solar Images
Authors: Zhao Cui , Lin GangHua , Deng YuanYong , Yang Xiao 
Published: May 2016

AbstractA procedure is introduced to recognise sunspots automatically in solar full-disk photosphere images obtained from Huairou Solar Observing Station, National Astronomical Observatories of China. The images are first pre-processed through Gaussian algorithm. Sunspots are then recognised by the morphological Bot-hat operation and Otsu threshold. Wrong selection of sunspots is eliminated by a criterion of sunspot properties. Besides, in order to calculate the sunspots areas and the solar centre, the solar limb is extracted by a procedure using morphological closing and erosion operations and setting an adaptive threshold. Results of sunspot recognition reveal that the number of the sunspots detected by our procedure has a quite good agreement with the manual method. The sunspot recognition rate is 95% and error rate is 1.2%. The sunspot areas calculated by our method have high correlation (95%) with the area data from the United States Air Force/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (USAF/NOAA).
Migration as Class-based Consumption: The Emigration of the Rich in Contemporary China
Authors: Liu-Farrer Gracia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLabelled as the third wave of migration out of post-reform China, the recent emigration of wealthy Chinese has attracted worldwide attention. Although this form of mobility involves primarily the richest 0.1 per cent of the Chinese population, the high profile of the people who move and the amount of wealth implied have made it a sensational social phenomenon. Through interviews, participant observation and media reports, this paper searches for the social meanings of this trend of emigration. Journalists generally attribute the exodus of the rich to a desire to secure their wealth, an aspiration for a different education for their children, or concerns with air pollution and food safety. What this paper argues is that underneath these stated motivations, emigration is in fact a form of class-based consumption, a strategy for class reproduction, and a way to convert economic resources into social status and prestige. “Emigration” (yimin), a form of mobility that may not entail settling abroad, is a path created by wealthy Chinese striving to be among the global elite.
Temporal association between the influenza virus and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV): RSV as a predictor of seasonal influenza
Authors: MÍGUEZ A. , IFTIMI A. , MONTES F. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYEpidemiologists agree that there is a prevailing seasonality in the presentation of epidemic waves of respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) infections and influenza. The aim of this study is to quantify the potential relationship between the activity of RSV, with respect to the influenza virus, in order to use the RSV seasonal curve as a predictor of the evolution of an influenza virus epidemic wave. Two statistical tools, logistic regression and time series, are used for predicting the evolution of influenza. Both logistic models and time series of influenza consider RSV information from previous weeks. Data consist of influenza and confirmed RSV cases reported in Comunitat Valenciana (Spain) during the period from week 40 (2010) to week 8 (2014). Binomial logistic regression models used to predict the two states of influenza wave, basal or peak, result in a rate of correct classification higher than 92% with the validation set. When a finer three-states categorization is established, basal, increasing peak and decreasing peak, the multinomial logistic model performs well in 88% of cases of the validation set. The ARMAX model fits well for influenza waves and shows good performance for short-term forecasts up to 3 weeks. The seasonal evolution of influenza virus can be predicted a minimum of 4 weeks in advance using logistic models based on RSV. It would be necessary to study more inter-pandemic seasons to establish a stronger relationship between the epidemic waves of both viruses.