bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Forgetting of Foreign‐Language Skills: A Corpus‐Based Analysis of Online Tutoring Software
Authors: Ridgeway Karl , Mozer Michael C. , Bowles Anita R. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe explore the nature of forgetting in a corpus of 125,000 students learning Spanish using the Rosetta Stone® foreign‐language instruction software across 48 lessons. Students are tested on a lesson after its initial study and are then retested after a variable time lag. We observe forgetting consistent with power function decay at a rate that varies across lessons but not across students. We find that lessons which are better learned initially are forgotten more slowly, a correlation which likely reflects a latent cause such as the quality or difficulty of the lesson. We obtain improved predictive accuracy of the forgetting model by augmenting it with features that encode characteristics of a student's initial study of the lesson and the activities the student engaged in between the initial and delayed tests. The augmented model can predict 23.9% of the variance in an individual's score on the delayed test. We analyze which features best explain individual performance.
Effects of drought stress on oviposition preference and offspring performance of the lace bugCorythucha marmorataon its goldenrod host,Solidago altissima
Authors: Helmberger Maxwell S. , Craig Timothy P. , Itami Joanne K. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractStress and vigor are endpoints on a continuum of the suitability of plants for insect herbivores. Senescence‐feeding insects, such as the chrysanthemum lace bug,Corythucha marmorata(Uhler) (Hemiptera:Tingidae,Tingitini), are hypothesized to benefit from any stressor hastening the senescence of plant tissues, such as drought. They are also hypothesized to prefer feeding and ovipositing on stressed plants, due to increased performance of themselves and their offspring. We conducted choice and no‐choice field‐cage experiments to test the effects of drought stress on the oviposition preference and nymph survival ofC. marmorataon its goldenrod host,Solidago altissimaL. (Asteraceae). We placed lace bugs on high‐ and low‐water treatment plants, surveyed egg and nymph densities twice weekly, and at the end of the experiment, collected newly developed adults, weighed them, and determined their nitrogen concentration. Low‐water treatment plants experienced decreased growth and increased leaf senescence. Lace bug nymphs had significantly greater survival, faster maturation, and higher adult mass on low‐water treatment plants than on high‐water treatment plants. We observed a non‐significant, though consistent trend toward increased oviposition preference for low‐water treatment plants. Nitrogen concentrations of lace bugs did not differ by treatment, but lace bugs from low‐water treatment plants contained more nitrogen in total due to their higher mass. These results suggest that lace bugs perform better on drought‐stressed plants due to mobilization of structural nitrogen increasing the nutritional quality of stressed tissues.
Olfactory learning and memory in Grapholita molesta
Authors: Sant'Ana Josué , Gregório Patrícia L.F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study aimed to evaluate the effect of previous exposure to the essential oil of lemongrass [Cymbopogon citratus (DC) Stapf (Poaceae)] on the chemotactic behavior of Grapholita molesta (Busck) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) larvae and adults. All insect responses were evaluated using a Y‐tube (dual choice) olfactometer. Experience with the essential oil for 48 h after hatching did not change the chemotactic behavior of larvae; however, when they were exposed to lemongrass for 10–12 consecutive days, they did not present a preference for either treatment. Adults originating from larvae exposed to the essential oil odor until the formation of pupae responded more to this treatment in comparison to acetone. Similar results were obtained with insects exposed for only 24 h (at the end of the last instar) to the same treatment. Similar to inexperienced individuals, adults exposed for 48 h after emergence to acetone were significantly more responsive to this compound than to the essential oil. However, insects exposed to lemongrass odor during the same period displayed no preference for either treatment. This study demonstrated that both larvae and adults of G. molesta are capable of non‐associative learning and the memory acquired in the larval stage is maintained for at least 48 h after emergence.
Temporal changes in olfactory and oviposition responses of the diamondback moth to herbivore‐induced host plants
Authors: Ang Gurion C.K. , Zalucki Myron P. , Furlong Michael J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTemporal changes in the pre‐ and post‐alighting responses of mated female diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), to two species of Brassica (Brassicaceae) host plants induced by larval feeding were studied using olfactometer and oviposition assays. Females displayed strong olfactory and oviposition preferences for herbivore‐induced common cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata L. cv. sugarloaf) plants over intact plants; these preferences decreased with time and disappeared by the 7th day after induction. In herbivore‐induced common cabbage plants, eggs were clustered near feeding damage on the younger leaves (leaves 5–7), whereas in intact plants, eggs were clustered on the stem and lower leaves (leaves 1–4) . However, as the time interval between larval feeding and oviposition increased, more eggs were laid on the lower leaves of induced plants. This demonstrates a change in egg distribution from the pattern associated with induced plants to that associated with intact plants. In contrast, females displayed strong olfactory and oviposition preferences for intact Chinese cabbage [Brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis (Lour.) Hanelt cv. Wombok] plants over induced plants; these preferences decreased with time and disappeared by the 5th day after induction. More eggs were laid on the upper leaves (leaves 4–6) than on the lower leaves (leaves 1–3) of intact Chinese cabbage plants at first, but the distribution changed over time until there were no significant differences in the egg count between upper and lower leaves by the 4th day post induction. For both host plant species, pre‐alighting responses of moths were reliable indicators of post‐alighting responses on the first 2 days post induction. The results suggest that temporal changes in a plant's profile (chemical or otherwise) following herbivory may influence attractiveness to an insect herbivore and be accompanied by changes in olfactory and oviposition preferences.
Using elemental profiling to determine intrinsic markers to track the dispersal of Prostephanus truncatus, a pest of stored grain with alternative natural hosts
Authors: Tigar Barbara J. , Hursthouse Andrew S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDetecting sources of insects attacking grain stores can help to develop more effective pest management tools. This study considers combinations of chemical elements as intrinsic markers for tracing resource use by Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae), a pest of stored maize (Zea mays L., Poaceae) which occurs in natural environments where alternative hosts may support reservoirs of infestation. Prostephanus truncatus were laboratory‐reared on maize or field‐caught in pheromone‐baited flight‐traps. Beetles and hosts were screened for multiple elements using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP‐AES). For elements above detection limits, we tested relationships between determinations for various host plants, and for beetles according to environment where captured. An alternative host, Spondias purpurea L. (Anacardiaceae), contained more Al, B, Ca, Cu, Fe, Mg, Si, and Sr than maize, and less P and Zn. Elemental profiles of beetles were associated with environment, with significantly lower Al, Ca, Cu, Cr, Fe, P, S, Si, Sr, Ti, and Zn determinations in maize‐reared beetles than in beetles captured in agricultural or natural environments. Additionally, Al, Ba, K, P, Sr, and Ti determinations of field beetles captured in agricultural vs. natural environments were significantly different. This suggests Al, Sr, and Ti as candidate markers for environment, and possibly others as elemental concentrations (except B, Ba, Ni, and P) were significantly different in comparisons of all field‐collected vs. maize‐reared beetles. We present a robust practical solution which successfully identified combinations of elemental markers for remotely tracing resource use and dispersal by P. truncatus. We discuss the application of chemical characterisation for identifying intrinsic markers of pests, particularly species with alternative hosts. We discuss how to manage the low replication and unbalanced sample sizes inherent in insect elemental screening, particularly when rarer elements are potential markers.
Migraine is associated with better cognition in the middle‐aged and elderly: the Rotterdam Study
Authors: Wen K. , Nguyen N. T. , Hofman A. , Ikram M. A. , Franco O. H. 
Published: June 2016

Background and purposeConverging evidence suggests that migraine has, in part, a vascular basis. In turn, vascular pathology is a strong risk factor for cognitive decline. In this population‐based study, we studied cognition amongst individuals with and without migraine.MethodsIn 6708 participants of the Rotterdam Study, migraine was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Cognition was assessed by the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and a dedicated cognitive test battery. Participants were classified as non‐migraineurs (n = 5399), migraineurs (n = 1021) or probable migraineurs (n = 288). Multivariable linear regression was used to cross‐sectionally evaluate the association between migraine and cognition, adjusting for age, sex and cardiovascular risk factors. Additionally, we stratified the analysis by sex and by migraine subtype.ResultsMigraineurs had higher mean MMSE scores [unstandardized regression coefficient 0.21, (95% confidence interval, 0.08; 0.34)] and global cognition [0.10 (0.04; 0.15)] than non‐migraineurs. This difference was particularly marked for migraineurs with aura [MMSE: 0.39 (0.13; 0.66); global cognition: 0.13 (0.01; 0.24)]. Migraineurs performed better on tests of executive function and fine motor skills amongst specific cognitive domains. The difference in MMSE between migraineurs and non‐migraineurs was greater in women [0.25 (0.10; 0.40)] than in men [0.13 (−0.15; 0.40)], whereas the difference in global cognition was similar in men and women [0.15 (0.04; 0.27) and 0.09 (0.02; 0.15), respectively].ConclusionsMigraineurs, particularly migraineurs with aura, tend to score higher in cognition tests than non‐migraineurs. More studies are needed to corroborate these findings.
Cortical sensorimotor alterations classify clinical phenotype and putative genotype of spasmodic dysphonia
Authors: Battistella G. , Fuertinger S. , Fleysher L. , Ozelius L. J. , Simonyan K. 
Published: June 2016

Background and purposeSpasmodic dysphonia (SD), or laryngeal dystonia, is a task‐specific isolated focal dystonia of unknown causes and pathophysiology. Although functional and structural abnormalities have been described in this disorder, the influence of its different clinical phenotypes and genotypes remains scant, making it difficult to explain SD pathophysiology and to identify potential biomarkers.MethodsWe used a combination of independent component analysis and linear discriminant analysis of resting‐state functional magnetic resonance imaging data to investigate brain organization in different SD phenotypes (abductor versus adductor type) and putative genotypes (familial versus sporadic cases) and to characterize neural markers for genotype/phenotype categorization.ResultsWe found abnormal functional connectivity within sensorimotor and frontoparietal networks in patients with SD compared with healthy individuals as well as phenotype‐ and genotype‐distinct alterations of these networks, involving primary somatosensory, premotor and parietal cortices. The linear discriminant analysis achieved 71% accuracy classifying SD and healthy individuals using connectivity measures in the left inferior parietal and sensorimotor cortices. When categorizing between different forms of SD, the combination of measures from the left inferior parietal, premotor and right sensorimotor cortices achieved 81% discriminatory power between familial and sporadic SD cases, whereas the combination of measures from the right superior parietal, primary somatosensory and premotor cortices led to 71% accuracy in the classification of adductor and abductor SD forms.ConclusionsOur findings present the first effort to identify and categorize isolated focal dystonia based on its brain functional connectivity profile, which may have a potential impact on the future development of biomarkers for this rare disorder.
Bioavailability and bioequivalence comparison of brivaracetam 10, 50, 75, and 100 mg tablets and 100 mg intravenous bolus
Authors: Stockis Armel , Hartstra Jan , Mollet Muriel , Hadi Salah 
Published: June 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo determine the bioequivalence of brivaracetam oral tablet formulations (10, 75, and 100 mg) versus 50 mg oral tablet and to compare the bioavailability of brivaracetam 100 mg intravenous (i.v.) bolus versus 50 and 100 mg tablets, in healthy participants.MethodsPhase 1, randomized, open‐label, five‐period crossover study. Participants received five single doses of brivaracetam: 10, 50 (reference), 75, and 100 mg oral tablets; 100 mg, i.v., bolus injection. Pharmacokinetic parameters (maximum plasma concentration [Cmax], area under the plasma concentration‐time curve from time zero to the time of last quantifiable concentration [AUCt], area under the plasma concentration‐time curve extrapolated to infinity [AUCinf]) were compared using analysis of variance (ANOVA) following dose normalization and logarithmic transformation. Bioavailability comparisons were based on the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) around the geometric least squares mean ratios (test: reference).ResultsTwenty‐five participants were randomized. The 90% CIs around Cmax, AUCt, and AUCinf ratios for brivaracetam 10, 75, and 100 mg tablets versus 50 mg tablet were entirely contained within the bioequivalence limits (0.8000–1.2500). For brivaracetam 100 mg, i.v., bolus, bioequivalence versus 50 and 100 mg tablets was met for AUCt and AUCinf, but Cmax was partly outside the limits (90% CI: 1.1867–1.3863 and 1.1222–1.3136, respectively).SignificanceBrivaracetam 10, 75, and 100 mg tablets were bioequivalent to the 50 mg tablet. Brivaracetam 100 mg, i.v., bolus had bioavailability similar to that of 50 and 100 mg tablets.
Does status epilepticus induced at early postnatal period change excitability after cortical epileptic afterdischarges?
Authors: Mareš Pavel , Kubová Hana 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPossible changes of cortical excitability after status epilepticus (SE) elicited in 12‐day‐old rats were studied by means of paired cortical afterdischarges (ADs). Consequences of lithium‐pilocarpine status were studied in animals with implanted electrodes 3, 6, 9, 13, and 26 days after SE. Paired low‐frequency stimulation with a 1‐min interval was repeated after 10 min, and duration of ADs was measured. Control rats received saline instead of pilocarpine; other treatments were the same as in SE group. Postictal refractoriness (i.e., the testing response significantly shorter than the conditioning one) appeared at the age of 18 days in lithium‐paraldehyde controls, whereas SE animals exhibited this phenomenon since postnatal day 21. The only significant difference between SE and lithium‐paraldehyde controls was found in the second conditioning AD in the oldest group studied–it was longer in 38‐day‐old SE animals. Our results demonstrated moderate signs of higher excitability of SE rats in comparison with control ones long before appearance of spontaneous seizures.
Influences of ocean conditions and feeding ecology on the survival of juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha)
Authors: Hertz E. , Trudel M. , Tucker S. , Beacham T.D. , Parken C. , Mackas D. , Mazumder A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRecruitment variability in many fish populations is postulated to be influenced by climatic and oceanographic variability. However, a mechanistic understanding of the influence of specific variables on recruitment is generally lacking. Feeding ecology is one possible mechanism that more directly links ocean conditions and recruitment. We test this mechanism using juvenile Chinook Salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) collected off the west coast of Vancouver Island, British Columbia, Canada, in 2000–2009. Stable isotopes of carbon (δ13C), an indicator of temperature or primary productivity, and nitrogen (δ15N), an indicator of trophic position, were taken from muscle tissues of genetically stock‐identified salmon. We also collated large‐scale climate indices (e.g., Pacific Decadal Oscillation, North Pacific Gyre Oscillation), local climate variables (e.g., sea surface temperature) and copepod community composition across these years. We used a Bayesian network to determine how ocean conditions influenced feeding ecology, and subsequent survival rates. We found that smolt survival of Chinook Salmon is predicted by their δ13C value, but not their δ15N. In turn, large‐scale climate variability determined the δ13C values of salmon, thus linking climate to survival through feeding ecology, likely through qualities propagated from the base of the food chain.
Care models in the management of haemophilia: a systematic review
Authors: Yeung C. H. T. , Santesso N. , Pai M. , Kessler C. , Key N. S. , Makris M. , Navarro‐Ruan T. , Soucie J. M. , Schünemann H. J. , Iorio A. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundHaemophilia care is commonly provided via multidisciplinary specialized management. To date, there has been no systematic assessment of the impact of haemophilia care delivery models on patient‐important outcomes.ObjectiveTo conduct a systematic review of published studies assessing the effects of the integrated care model for persons with haemophilia (PWH).Search methodsWe searchedMEDLINE,EMBASEandCINAHLup to April 22, 2015, contacted experts in the field, and reviewed reference lists.Selection criteriaRandomized and non‐randomized studies ofPWHor carriers, focusing mainly on the assessment of care models on delivery.Data collection and analysisTwo investigators independently screened title, abstract, and full text of retrieved articles for inclusion. Risk of bias and overall quality of evidence was assessed using Cochrane'sACROBAT‐NRSItool andGRADErespectively. Relative risks, mean differences, proportions, and means and their variability were calculated as appropriate.Results27 non‐randomized studies were included: eight comparative and 19 non‐comparative studies. We found low‐ to very low‐quality evidence that in comparison to other models of care, integrated care may reduce mortality, hospitalizations and emergency room visits, may lead to fewer missed days of school and work, and may increase knowledge seeking.ConclusionOur comprehensive review found low‐ to very low‐quality evidence from a limited number of non‐randomized studies assessing the impact of haemophilia care models on some patient‐important outcomes. While the available evidence suggests that adoption of the integrated care model may provide benefit toPWH, further high‐quality research in the field is needed.
Understanding stakeholder important outcomes and perceptions of equity, acceptability and feasibility of a care model for haemophilia management in the US: a qualitative study
Authors: Lane S. J. , Sholapur N. S. , Yeung C. H. T. , Iorio A. , Heddle N. M. , Sholzberg M. , Pai M. 
Published: June 2016

IntroductionCare for persons with haemophilia (PWH) is most commonly delivered through the integrated care model used by Hemophilia Treatment Centers (HTCs). Although this model is widely accepted as the gold standard for the management of haemophilia; there is little evidence comparing different care models.AimWe performed a qualitative study to gain insight into issues related to outcomes, acceptability, equity and feasibility of different care models operating in the US.MethodsWe used a qualitative descriptive approach with semi‐structured interviews. Purposive sampling was used to recruit individuals with experience providing or receiving care for haemophilia in the US through either an integrated care centre, a specialty pharmacy or homecare company, or by a specialist in a non‐specialized centre. Persons with haemophilia, parents of PWH aged ≤18, healthcare providers, insurance company representatives and policy developers were invited to participate.Results and ConclusionsTwenty‐nine interviews were conducted with participants representing 18 US states. Participants in the study sample had experience receiving or providing care predominantly within an HTC setting. Integrated care at HTCs was highly acceptable to participants, who appreciated the value of specialized, expert care in a multidisciplinary team setting. Equity and feasibility issues were primarily related to health insurance and funding limitations. Additional research is required to document the impact of care on health and psychosocial outcomes and identify effective ways to facilitate equitable access to haemophilia treatment and care.
Patient involvement in rheumatology outpatient service design and delivery: a case study
Authors: de Souza Savia , Galloway James , Simpson Carol , Chura Radka , Dobson Joanne , Gullick Nicola J. , Steer Sophia , Lempp Heidi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundPatient involvement is increasingly recognized as important within the UK National Health Service to ensure that services delivered are relevant to users’ needs. Organizations are encouraged to work with service users to achieve excellence in care. Patient education can improve health outcomes and reduce health‐care costs. Mobile technologies could play a vital role in this.AimPatient‐centred development of innovative strategies to improve the experience of rheumatology outpatients.Case studyThe Group Rheumatology Initiative Involving Patients (GRIIP) project was set up in 2013 as a joint venture between patients, clinicians, academics and management at a London hospital. The project saw (i) the formation of an independent patient group which provided suggestions for service improvement – outcomes included clearer signs in the outpatient waiting area, extended phlebotomy opening hours and better access to podiatry; (ii) a rolling patient educational evening programme initiated in 2014 with topics chosen by patient experts – feedback has been positive and attendance continues to grow; and (iii) a mobile application (app) co‐designed with patients launched in 2015 which provides relevant information for outpatient clinic attendees and data capture for clinicians – downloads have steadily increased as users adopt this new technology.ConclusionPatients can effectively contribute to service improvement provided they are supported, respected as equals, and the organization is willing to undergo a cultural change.