bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Mass budget partitioning during explosive eruptions: insights from the 2006 paroxysm of Tungurahua volcano, Ecuador
Authors: Bernard Julien , Eychenne Julia , Le Pennec Jean‐Luc , Narváez Diego 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHow and how much the mass of juvenile magma is split between vent‐derived tephra, PDC deposits and lavas (i.e., mass partition) is related to eruption dynamics and style. Estimating such mass partitioning budgets may reveal important for hazard evaluation purposes. We calculated the volume of each product emplaced during the August 2006 paroxysmal eruption of Tungurahua volcano (Ecuador) and converted it into masses using high‐resolution grainsize, componentry and density data. This data set is one of the first complete descriptions of mass partitioning associated with a VEI 3 andesitic event. The scoria fall deposit, near‐vent agglutinate and lava flow include 28, 16 and 12 wt. % of the erupted juvenile mass, respectively. Much (44 wt. %) of the juvenile material fed Pyroclastic Density Currents (i.e., dense flows, dilute surges and co‐PDC plumes), highlighting that tephra fall deposits do not depict adequately the size and fragmentation processes of moderate PDC‐forming event. The main parameters controlling the mass partitioning are the type of magmatic fragmentation, conditions of magma ascent, and crater area topography. Comparisons of our data set with other PDC‐forming eruptions of different style and magma composition suggest that moderate andesitic eruptions are more prone to produce PDCs, in proportions, than any other eruption type. This finding may be explained by the relatively low magmatic fragmentation efficiency of moderate andesitic eruptions. These mass partitioning data reveal important trends that may be critical for hazard assessment, notably at frequently active andesitic edifices.
The rogue nature of hiatuses in a global warming climate
Authors: Sévellec F. , Sinha B. , Skliris N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe nature of rogue events is their unlikelihood and the recent unpredicted decade‐long slowdown in surface warming, the so‐called hiatus, may be such an event. However, given decadal variability in climate, global surface temperatures were never expected to increase monotonically with increasing radiative forcing. Here surface air temperature from 20 climate models is analyzed to estimate the historical and future likelihood of hiatuses and “surges” (faster than expected warming), showing that the global hiatus of the early 21st century was extremely unlikely. A novel analysis of future climate scenarios suggests that hiatuses will almost vanish and surges will strongly intensify by 2100 under a “business as usual” scenario. For “CO2 stabilisation” scenarios, hiatus, and surge characteristics revert to typical 1940s values. These results suggest to study the hiatus of the early 21st century and future reoccurrences as rogue events, at the limit of the variability of current climate modelling capability.
Transient water adsorption on newly formed fault gouge and its relation to frictional heating
Authors: Mizoguchi K. , Hirose T. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDetermination of the amount of frictional heating on faults during slips provides insight into the mechanics of faulting. Fault slips cause frictional heating as well as production of gouge materials. Newly formed gouge is mechanochemically stimulated to gain a transient water adsorption ability. We showed that the synthetic gouge from friction tests on rocks at a 1 mm/s slip rate without frictional heating adsorbed a large amount of water, comparable to that adsorbed by clay minerals. The amount of adsorbed water decreased significantly with increasing slip rate to 100 mm/s, where the fault temperature increased above 400°C. We confirmed there was no additional adsorption on the heated gouges after termination of the slip. We conclude that the adsorption state can be considered a new indicator of a temperature rise of < 400°C by frictional heating associated with recent, near‐surface faulting.
Spatial distribution of Mercury's flux ropes and reconnection fronts: MESSENGER observations
Authors: Sun W. J. , Fu S. Y. , Slavin J. A. , Raines J. M. , Zong Q. G. , Poh G. K. , Zurbuchen T. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe perform a statistical study of flux ropes and reconnection fronts based on MErcury Surface, Space ENviroment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) magnetic field and plasma observations to study the implications for the spatial distribution of reconnection sites in Mercury's near magnetotail. The results show important differences of temporal and spatial distributions as compared to Earth. We have surveyed the plasma sheet crossings between −2 RM and −3 RM downtail from the planet, i.e., the location of Near‐Mercury Neutral Line (NMNL). Plasma sheets were defined to be regions with β ≥ 0.5. Using this definition, 39 flux ropes and 86 reconnection fronts were identified in the plasma sheet. At Mercury, the distributions of flux ropes and reconnection fronts show clear dawn‐dusk asymmetry with much higher occurrence rate on the dawnside plasma sheet than on the duskside. This suggests that magnetic reconnection in Mercury's magnetotail occurs more frequently in the dawnside than in the duskside plasma sheet, which is different than the observations in Earth's magnetotail showing more reconnection signatures in the duskside plasma sheet. The distribution of plasma sheet thickness shows that plasma sheet near the midnight is the thinnest part and does not show obvious asymmetry. Thus, the reasons that cause magnetic reconnection to preferentially occur on the dawnside of the magnetotail at Mercury may not be the plasma sheet thickness and require further study. The peak occurrence rates of flux ropes and reconnection fronts in Mercury's plasma sheet are ~ 60 times higher than that of Earth's values, which we interpret to be due to the highly variable magnetospheric conditions at Mercury. Such higher occurrence rate of magnetic reconnection would generate more plasma flows in the dawnside plasma sheet than in the duskside. These plasma flows would mostly brake and initiate the substorm dipolarization on the postmidnight sector at Mercury rather than the premidnight susbtorm onset location at Earth.
Metal‐Templated Asymmetric Catalysis: (Z)‐1‐Bromo‐1‐Nitrostyrenes as Versatile Substrates for Friedel–Crafts Alkylation of Indoles
Authors: Huang Kaifang , Ma Qiao , Shen Xiang , Gong Lei , Meggers Eric 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAn asymmetric Friedel–Crafts alkylation of indoles with (Z)‐1‐bromo‐1‐nitrostyrenes, which is efficiently catalyzed by a number of hydrogen bond interactions with the ligand sphere of bis‐cyclometalated iridium complexes, has been reported. The proposed transition state exploits a hydrogen bond network, which is illustrated by the co‐crystal structure of a model catalyst with an analog of the nitro substrate. The bromo functional group not only plays an important role for achieving a high asymmetric induction but also affords chiral indole‐containing products, which can be readily converted to a range of useful intermediates for the creation of chiral indole building blocks.
Morphological and functional implications of sexual dimorphism in the human skeletal thorax
Authors: García‐Martínez Daniel , Torres‐Tamayo Nicole , Torres‐Sanchez Isabel , García‐Río Francisco , Bastir Markus 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe human respiratory apparatus is characterized by sexual dimorphism, the cranial airways of males being larger (both absolutely and relatively) than those of females. These differences have been linked to sex‐specific differences in body composition, bioenergetics, and respiratory function. However, whether morpho‐functional variation in the thorax is also related to these features is less clear. We apply 3D geometric morphometrics to study these issues and their implications for respiratory function.Material and methodsFour hundred two landmarks and semilandmarks were measured in CT‐reconstructions of rib cages from adult healthy subjects (Nmale = 18; Nfemale = 24) in maximal inspiration (MI) and maximal expiration (ME). After Procrustes registration, size and shape data were analyzed by mean comparisons and regression analysis. Respiratory function was quantified through functional size, which is defined as the difference of rib cage size between MI and ME.ResultsMales showed significantly larger thorax size (p < .01) and functional size (p < .05) than females. In addition, the 3D‐shape differed significantly between sexes (p < .01). Male rib cages were wider (particularly caudally) and shorter, with more horizontally oriented ribs when compared to females. While thorax widening and rib orientation were unrelated to allometry, thorax shortening showed a slight allometric signal.ConclusionsOur findings are in line with previous research on sexual dimorphism of the respiratory system. However, we add that thorax shortening observed previously in males is the only feature caused by allometry. The more horizontally oriented ribs and the wider thorax of males may indicate a greater diaphragmatic contribution to rib cage kinematics than in females, and differences in functional size fit with the need for greater oxygen intake in males.
Northern exposure: Mandibular torus in the Greenlandic Norse and the whole wide world
Authors: Scott G. Richard , Schomberg Roman , Swenson Victoria , Adams Donovan , Pilloud Marin A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectivesIn the first issue of the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, E.A. Hooton noted the expression of Eskimoid characteristics in the Icelandic skull, one of which was mandibular torus. Our goal is to evaluate this trait in another North Atlantic population, the Greenlandic Norse.Materials and methodsAn investigation of mandibular torus was carried out on all Greenlandic Norse skeletons disinterred up to 1986 (n = 109), along with comparative samples from Iceland (n = 82), Norway (n = 98), and Denmark (n = 64). Torus expression was scored on a six grade scale with absence and five degrees of trait presence.ResultsGreenlanders and Icelanders show extraordinarily high frequencies (65–97%) and pronounced expressions of mandibular torus. More surprising was the almost complete absence of this trait in a Danish Viking sample (9%) and a significantly lower frequency in medieval Norwegians (48%).DiscussionThe dramatic expression of mandibular torus in the Greenlandic Norse and their contrast to related Scandinavian populations in Europe stimulated the collection of data from the literature and the database of Christy G. Turner II for 49,970 individuals in 335 populations. When plotted on a global scale, mandibular torus shows a strong clinal distribution with the highest frequencies in northern latitudes and the lowest frequencies around the equator. Although mandibular torus has some hereditary component, as indicated by family studies, the trait has a strong environmental component of variance. How factors of a northern environment, including climatic stress and dietary behavior, influence torus expression remains enigmatic.
Single‐Layered Hybrid Materials Based on 1D Associated Metalorganic Nanoribbons for Controlled Release of Pheromones
Authors: Moreno José María , Navarro Ismael , Díaz Urbano , Primo Jaime , Corma Avelino 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA new family of stable layered organic–inorganic materials has been prepared, in one‐step solvothermal process. They are based on an ordered nickel cluster‐type nanoribbons separated from each other by specific alkyl (heptyl‐ or dodecyl‐) arylic mono‐carboxylate moieties acting as molecular spacers, perpendicular to the 1D inorganic chains. These organic spacers contain hydrocarbon tails with different length which control the separation level between inorganic 1D sub‐units, inhibiting the 3D growth of conventional DUT‐8‐type metal–organic frameworks (MOFs). The lamellar nature of the materials formed was studied and confirmed by different characterization techniques, showing the structural location of individual organic and inorganic building units. They have been successfully used as a long‐lasting biodegradable and water‐proof materials for controlled release of chemicals, such as pheromones for sustainable treatment of insect plagues.
Oxidative Difunctionalization of Alkenyl MIDA Boronates: A Versatile Platform for Halogenated and Trifluoromethylated α‐Boryl Ketones
Authors: Lv Wen‐Xin , Zeng Yao‐Fu , Li Qingjiang , Chen Yunyun , Tan Dong‐Hang , Yang Ling , Wang Honggen 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of halogenated and trifluoromethylated α‐boryl ketones via a one‐pot oxidative difunctionalization of alkenyl MIDA boronates is reported. These novel densely functionalized organoborons bearing synthetically and functionally valuable carbonyl, halogen/CF3 and boronate moieties within the same molecule are synthetically challenging for the chemist, but have great synthetic potential, as demonstrated by their applications in a straightforward synthesis of borylated furans. The generality of this reaction was extensively investigated. This reaction is attractive since the starting materials, alkenyl MIDA boronates, are easily accessible.
Synthesis of Sulfoximidoyl‐Containing Hypervalent Iodine(III) Reagents and Their Use in Transition‐Metal‐Free Sulfoximidations of Alkynes
Authors: Wang Han , Cheng Ying , Becker Peter , Raabe Gerhard , Bolm Carsten 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWell‐defined hypervalent iodine(III) reagents incorporating transferable sulfoximidoyl groups were obtained through ligand exchange reactions of methoxy(tosyloxy)iodobenzene (MTIB) with NH sulfoximines in good to excellent yields. The solid‐state structure of a representative product was characterized by X‐ray crystallography. Utilizing these reagents in synthesis provides a new, transition‐metal‐free approach towards N‐alkynylated sulfoximines.
Total Synthesis of Notoamides F, I, and R and Sclerotiamide
Authors: Zhang Benxiang , Zheng Weifeng , Wang Xiaoqing , Sun Deqian , Li Chaozhong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe total synthesis of the natural indole alkaloids (+)‐notoamide F, I, and R and (−)‐sclerotiamide is described. The four heptacyclic compounds were synthesized in 10–12 steps in a convergent and highly stereoselective manner from the readily available Seebach acetal. Key steps of the synthesis include a stereoselective oxidative aza‐Prins cyclization to construct the bicyclo[2.2.2]diazaoctane, and a cobalt‐catalyzed radical cycloisomerization to create the cyclohexenyl ring.
N‐Linked Glycosyl Auxiliary‐Mediated Native Chemical Ligation on Aspartic Acid: Application towards N‐Glycopeptide Synthesis
Authors: Chai Hua , Le Mai Hoang Kim , Vu Minh Duy , Pasunooti Kalyan , Liu Chuan‐Fa , Liu Xue‐Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA practical approach towards N‐glycopeptide synthesis using an auxiliary‐mediated dual native chemical ligation (NCL) has been developed. The first NCL connects an N‐linked glycosyl auxiliary to the thioester side chain of an N‐terminal aspartate oligopeptide. This intermediate undergoes a second NCL with a C‐terminal thioester oligopeptide. Mild cleavage provides the desired N‐glycopeptide.
Individualized p‐Doped Carbon Nanohorns
Authors: Stergiou Anastasios , Liu Zheng , Xu Bin , Kaneko Toshiro , Ewels Christopher P. , Suenaga Kazu , Zhang Minfang , Yudasaka Masako , Tagmatarchis Nikos 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA facile approach to individualize spherically aggregated pristine carbon nanohorns (pr‐CNHs) was established. Specifically, we found that treatment of pr‐CNHs with chlorosulfonic acid generates positively charged polarized species, which disintegrate toward individualized carbon nanohorns (in‐CNHs). Interestingly, the isolated in‐CNHs were revealed to be p‐doped owing to the adsorption of chlorosulfonate units. The findings were confirmed by data derived from high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy imaging, Raman and ultraviolet photoemission spectroscopy, and additionally supported by theoretical calculations and thermogravimetry.
Adaptive Observer for Simultaneous State and Parameter Estimations for an Output Depending Normal Form
Authors: Yu Lei , Zheng Gang , Boutat Driss 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we investigate the problem of simultaneous state and parameter estimation for a class of nonlinear systems which can be transformed into an output depending normal form. A new and simple adaptive observer for such class of systems is presented. Sufficient condition for the existence of the proposed observer is derived. A concrete application is given in order to highlight the effectiveness of the proposed result.
Modelling public transport on‐board congestion: comparing schedule‐based and agent‐based assignment approaches and their implications
Authors: Cats Oded , Hartl Maximilian 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTransit systems are subject to congestion that influences system performance and level of service. The evaluation of measures to relieve congestion requires models that can capture their network effects and passengers' adaptation. In particular, on‐board congestion leads to an increase of crowding discomfort and denied boarding and a decrease in service reliability. This study performs a systematic comparison of alternative approaches to modelling on‐board congestion in transit networks. In particular, the congestion‐related functionalities of a schedule‐based model and an agent‐based transit assignment model are investigated, by comparing VISUM and BusMezzo, respectively.The theoretical background, modelling principles and implementation details of the alternative models are examined and demonstrated by testing various operational scenarios for an example network. The results suggest that differences in modelling passenger arrival process, choice‐set generation and route choice model yield systematically different passenger loads. The schedule‐based model is insensitive to a uniform increase in demand or decrease in capacity when caused by either vehicle capacity or service frequency reduction. In contrast, nominal travel times increase in the agent‐based model as demand increases or capacity decreases. The marginal increase in travel time increases as the network becomes more saturated. Whilst none of the existing models capture the full range of congestion effects and related behavioural responses, existing models can support different planning decisions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Brand growth in packaged goods markets: Ten cases with common patterns
Authors: Dawes John G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe study examines 10 consumer goods brands that grew market share year on year, to identify if there are commonalities in the way that key brand performance metrics change during growth. The study uses consumer panel data from the UK and USA. Ten brands in a range of categories are examined. Brand metrics of penetration, repeat‐purchase loyalty, cross‐purchasing by other brand's buyers, the distribution of purchase frequency, and the brand's market share within buyer subgroups are analyzed. The principal findings are as follows: (1) as these brands grew, brand penetration increased far more than repeat‐purchase loyalty on average; (2) the most apparent change in the buyer base was the big increase in light or infrequent buyers; (3) they induced more cross‐purchasing from most or all other competitor brands' buyers; and (4) they grew their market share in all buyer demographic groups. Implications are that brand growth strategies should be geared towards enlarging the size of the customer base, with less emphasis on boosting loyalty. The results also suggest that specifically targeting certain sorts of buyers may be counterproductive. These findings challenge traditional assumptions in relation to brand growth and success. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Lignans from the Twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold and Their Biological Evaluation
Authors: Lee Seulah , Moon Eunjung , Choi Sang Un , Kim Ki Hyun 
Published: July 2016

A new sesquilignan, euonymolin A (1), and six known lignans, (−)‐de‐O‐methylmagnolin (2), (+)‐de‐O‐methylepimagnolin A (3), (+)‐syringaresinol (4), (+)‐pinoresinol (5), (+)‐medioresinol (6), and (+)‐lariciresinol 4′‐O‐β‐d‐glucopyranoside (7), were isolated from the twigs of Euonymus alatus (Thunb.) Siebold (Celastraceae). The structures of the isolated compounds were elucidated based on spectroscopic analyses, including extensive 1D‐ and 2D‐NMR techniques, HR‐MS analysis and circular dichroism (CD) data, and the literature data. All of the isolated compounds were evaluated for antiproliferative activity against A549, SK‐OV‐3, SK‐MEL‐2, and HCT‐15 cell lines and inhibition of nitric oxide (NO) production in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐activated BV2 cell line. All compounds showed cytotoxicity against the SK‐MEL‐2 cell line with IC50 values of 23.24 – 48.14 μm and inhibited NO production in LPS‐activated BV‐2 cells with IC50 values of 6.75 – 23.53 μm.
Reducing Time to Market by Innovative Development and Production Strategies
Authors: Grützner Thomas , Schnider Christian , Zollinger Daniel , Seyfang Bernhard C. , Künzle Niklaus 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDuring the past years cost pressure on the European chemical companies grew dramatically by increased competition from low‐labor‐cost BRIC countries on the one side and the United States, favored by decreased energy costs due to shale gas exploitation, on the other side. Raising costs for energy consumption and wages come on top. Therefore, highly efficient procedures in both development and production with the aim to decrease costs became necessary. A combination of technical solutions like new production concepts, e.g., hybrid processes, and organizational solutions like standardization and improved utilization of equipment are needed. Some of the applied techniques are described in detail and their potential in terms of time and cost reduction is demonstrated.
ChemInform Abstract: RE3Au5Zn (RE: Y, Sm, Gd—Ho) — A New Structure Type with Five‐ and Six‐Membered Rings as Building Units in a Gold Network.
Authors: Gerke Birgit , Poettgen Rainer 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPolycrystalline Ln3Au5Zn (Ln: Y, Sm, Gd—Ho) intermetallics are prepared by melting of stoichiometric mixtures of elements (sealed Ta tubes in evacuated quartz tubes, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: High‐Pressure Investigations of Lanthanoid Oxoarsenates. Part 1. Single Crystals of Scheelite‐Type Ln[AsO4] Phases with Ln: La—Nd from Monazite‐Type Precursors.
Authors: Metzger Sebastian J. , Ledderboge Florian , Heymann Gunter , Huppertz Hubert , Schleid Thomas 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTransparent single crystals of Ln[AsO4] (Ln: La—Nd) are obtained by the pressure‐induced monazite‐to‐scheelite type phase transition (Walker‐type multi‐anvil cell, 11 GPa, 1100—1300 °C, 15 min).
ChemInform Abstract: Luminescence and Thermoluminescence Properties of a Red Emitting Phosphor, Sr4Al14O25:Eu3+.
Authors: Emen Fatih M. , Altinkaya Ramazan , Kafadar Vural E. , Avsar Gokturk , Yesilkaynak Tuncay , Kulcu Nevzat 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSr4‐xAl14O25:xEu3+ (x = 0.02—0.06) phosphors are prepared by firing stoichiometric amounts of Al(OH)3, SrCO3, and Eu2O3 as well as H3BO3 as the flux (Pt boats, 1.
ChemInform Abstract: Rapid Synthesis and Enhanced Thermoelectric Properties of Ba8Cu6Ge8xSi40‐8x (x = 0, 1, 2, 3) Alloys Prepared Using High‐Temperature, High‐Pressure Method.
Authors: Sun Bing , Jia Xiaopeng , Huo Dexuan , Sun Hairui , Zhang Yuewen , Liu Binwu , Liu Haiqiang , Kong Lingjiao , Liu Baomin , Ma Hongan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe title clathrates are prepared by hot press sintering of stoichiometric amounts of Si, Ge, Cu, and BaSi2 (China‐type cubic high pressure apparatus, 3 GPa, 1125 K, 30 min).
ChemInform Abstract: NaGe6As6: Insertion of Sodium into the Layered Semiconductor Germanium Arsenide GeAs.
Authors: Khatun Mansura , Mar Arthur 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe new title compound is prepared by solid state reaction of stoichiometric amounts of Na, Ge, and As (Al2O3 crucible in evacuated silica tubes, 650 °C, 10 d).