bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Color Doppler Sonography in the Evaluation of Superficial Lymphomatous Lymph Nodes
Authors: Giovagnorio Francesco , Galluzzo Michele , Andreoli Chiara , De Cicco Maria Luisa , David Vincenzo 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesWe performed a retrospective study to document the sonographic and color Doppler characteristics of lymphomatous superficial lymph nodes.MethodsWe selected 130 individuals who underwent sonography, color Doppler imaging, fine‐needle aspiration biopsy, and surgical removal of the nodes with the final diagnosis of lymphoma (87) and chronic adenitis (43). During sonography, for each node we considered the longitudinal and axial diameters, long/short axis ratio, visibility of the hilum, and the internal echogenicity of the node. During the color and power Doppler examination, we classified the nodes into 3 patterns: type I, “hilar normal”; type II, “hilar activated”; and type III, “peripheral.”ResultsSonographic evidence was not significant. With color Doppler sonography, 97% of nodes affected by non‐Hodgkin lymphoma, 94% of nodes affected by Hodgkin lymphoma, and 100% of non‐neoplastic nodes showed hilar vascularity. Type I seemed more frequently associated with inflammation, and type II was more frequently associated with lymphoma.ConclusionsThe presence of peripheric subcapsular vessels, which is typical of metastasis, is definitely rare in lymphoma (with the possible exception of the uncommon subtypes of high‐grade lymphomas). The differential diagnosis between lymphoma and lymphadenitis is frequently impossible on the basis of sonographic and color Doppler patterns alone; therefore, clinical evaluation and biopsy are generally mandatory.
Observation on the Integrity of the Blood‐Brain Barrier After Microbubble Destruction by Diagnostic Transcranial Color‐Coded Sonography
Authors: Schlachetzki Felix , Hölscher Thilo , Koch Horst J. , Draganski Bogdan , May Arne , Schuierer Gerhard , Bogdahn Ulrich 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate alteration of the blood‐brain barrier from ultrasonic contrast agent destruction by diagnostic transcranial color‐coded sonography using gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging.MethodsHealthy male volunteers received 10 mL (400 mg/dL) of Levovist (SH U 508A; Schering AG, Berlin, Germany; n = 6) or 3 mL of Optison (FS069; Mallinckrodt Inc, St Louis, MO; n = 4) followed by 0.3 mmol/kg magnetic resonance imaging contrast agent (Magnevist; Schering) intravenously. Then transcranial color‐coded sonography was performed with a conventional color duplex sonographic system, which insonated the brain in a slightly angulated axial plane with temporal average intensity of less than 700 mW/cm2 or acoustic pressure amplitude of less than 2.69 MPa, attenuated by the temporal bone. Before, immediately after, and 2 hours after insonation, T1‐weighted axial magnetic resonance imaging was performed. All magnetic resonance images were individually assessed, and T1 signal intensities were measured in 2 regions of interest in both hemispheres at the 3 time points.ResultsNo focal contrast enhancement or damage to the brain and no significant difference between T1 signal intensities in the right and left brain regions could be detected during early or late phases when either ultrasonic contrast agent was used.Conclusions. This bioeffects study gives further evidence of the safety of ultrasonic destruction of Levovist and Optison microbubbles by diagnostic transcranial color‐coded sonography. However, more subtle local effects may have been missed by gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging. Studies on diagnostic contrast‐enhanced transcranial color‐coded sonography as well as microbubble‐based drug delivery strategies should consider ultrasonic contrast agent microbubble characteristics and concentration as well as ultrasound transmission power levels.
Diagnostic Performance of a Random Versus Lesion‐Directed Biopsy of the Prostate From Transrectal Ultrasound
Authors: Lan Shih-Kai , Tsai Yuh-Shyan , Lin Yi-Hsiang , Tzai Tzong-Shin 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare cancer detection rates of sonographically suspicious lesion‐directed biopsies and random biopsies through transverse examination of prostate halves in 518 patients over 5 years.MethodsFrom 1998 to 2002, 518 patients were referred for prostate biopsies because of either elevated prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) levels or abnormal digital rectal examination findings. On the basis of transverse examination of prostate halves by transrectal ultrasound, we performed lesion‐directed biopsy of 3 to 5 cores if morphologically suspicious lesions existed on sonography or random biopsy of 3 cores if no obvious suspicious lesions existed. Biopsy specimens were put into 2 labeled containers. Pathologic results were correlated with random and lesion‐directed guided locations.ResultsNine‐hundred fifty‐nine results were obtained from 439 random and 520 lesion‐directed biopsies in 518 patients. Cancer was detected in 207 patients (40.7%). Patients with cancer who had PSA levels of 10.0 ng/mL or greater had higher proportions of bilateral cancer lesions than those with PSA levels of less than 10 ng/mL (P = 0.03). One hundred ten (25.1%) of 439 normal‐appearing halves taken by random biopsy were tumor‐positive compared with 200 (38.5 %) of 520 biopsies from halves with sonographically suspicious lesions. Regardless of having random or lesion‐directed biopsies, patients with PSA levels of 10 ng/mL or greater had higher positive malignancy rates than those with PSA levels of less than 10.0 ng/mL (P < .001). In about 40 patients, a diagnosis was made by random biopsy from halves that were morphologically normal on sonography, not by lesion‐directed biopsy from tumor‐suspicious contralateral halves.ConclusionsCancer detection rates of lesion‐directed biopsies are superior to those of random biopsies regardless of PSA level.
Correlation of Prenatal Sonographic Diagnosis and Morphologic Findings of Fetal Autopsy in Fetuses With Trisomy 21
Authors: Szigeti Zsanett , Csaba Ákos , Pete Barbara , Hajdú Júlia , Papp Zoltán , Papp Csaba 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to compare the prenatal sonographic and postmortem pathologic findings of fetuses with trisomy 21.MethodsAmong 22,150 fetal chromosome analyses, trisomy 21 was diagnosed in 207 fetuses between 1990 and 2004. Findings of second‐trimester sonography and fetal autopsy were compared by organ system, and their correlation was assigned to 1 of 3 categories.ResultsIn total, 83.1% of the 184 fetuses that constituted the final study group had 1 or more abnormal structural findings at postabortion pathologic examination, whereas in 16.9% of the cases, fetal pathologic examination did not reveal any defects in fetal anatomy. Among major structural defects, the agreement between sonographic and autopsy findings was greater than 60% of all abnormalities of these systems: central nervous system (65.4%), heart (67.4%), fetal hydrops (100%), and cystic hygroma (93.3%), whereas the concordance rate was lower in these organ systems: abdominal abnormalities (46.2%), renal anomalies (50%), facial abnormalities (1.2%), and extremities (4.4%). The rate of additional major findings at autopsy was 34.2%. These mainly involved 3 organ systems: heart, head, and abdominal anomalies. Some sonographic findings (n = 16) were not verified at autopsy. The concordances between sonographic and autopsy findings regarding soft markers were considerably high in these markers: increased nuchal fold thickness (72%), short femur/humerus (75%), and pyelectasis (51.9%).ConclusionsExamining the correlation between sonography and pathologic findings may indicate possible directions of further development in sonographic screening for trisomy 21. In addition to obstetricians, pediatricians, and geneticists, specialized perinatal pathologists have an important role in the multidisciplinary management of prenatally diagnosed fetal malformations.
An Increased Thermal Index Can Be Achieved When Performing Doppler Studies in Obstetric Sonography
Authors: Sheiner Eyal , Shoham-Vardi Ilana , Pombar Xavier , Hussey Michael J. , Strassner Howard T. , Abramowicz Jacques S. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe present study was aimed at evaluating acoustic outputs during clinical ultrasound examinations, as expressed by the thermal index (TI) and the mechanical index (MI), during the second half of pregnancy and comparing acoustic outputs between B‐mode and Doppler examinations.MethodsPatients with suspected fetal growth problems undergoing Doppler studies of the fetal circulation in addition to B‐mode sonography were selected. Examinations took place between 21 and 40 weeks' gestation. An obstetrician collected data prospectively. Sonographers were unaware of the data being sought. The analysis of variance test was applied for differences in continuous variables.ResultsA total of 63 examinations were evaluated. The mean gestational age ± SD was 31.6 ± 5.1 weeks. The mean duration of the total examinations was 17.6 ± 8.6 minutes, whereas the Doppler studies lasted 0.9 ± 0.8 minutes. The TI was significantly higher in the pulsed wave Doppler studies (mean, 1.5 ± 0.5; range, 0.9–2.8) and color flow imaging studies (mean, 0.8 ± 0.1; range, 0.6–1.2) compared with B‐mode sonography (mean, 0.3 ± 0.1; range, 0.1–0.7; P < .01). During the examination, 190 B‐mode MI variations were recorded (mean, 1.1 ± 0.1), which were comparable with those of the 31 color flow Doppler studies (mean, 1.0 ± 0.1; P = .09) but higher than the 190 pulsed wave Doppler MI variations (mean 0.9 ± 0.2; P < .001).ConclusionsIncreased acoustic output levels, as expressed by TI levels, are reached during obstetric Doppler studies. In particular, TI levels may reach 1.5 and higher. Doppler procedures should be performed with caution and be as brief as possible during obstetric sonography.
Diagnosis of Fetal Limb Abnormalities Before 15 Weeks
Authors: Rice Katherine J. , Ballas Jerasimos , Lai Edgar , Hartney Caitlin , Jones Marilyn C. , Pretorius Dolores H. 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe purposes of this study were (1) to identify cases of limb abnormalities identified before 15 weeks and correlate with outcomes and (2) to assess first‐trimester nuchal translucency examinations to determine how frequently the upper and lower limbs were identified.MethodsA retrospective review was conducted of sonographic studies up to 15 weeks' gestational age from 2003 to 2010 at our high‐risk fetal center. Data were collected regarding fetal gestational age, limb abnormalities, associated anatomic abnormalities, pregnancy outcomes, karyotypes, autopsy results, and the utility of transabdominal sonography, transvaginal sonography, and 3‐dimensional sonography. A retrospective analysis of 100 consecutive first‐trimester examinations was also conducted to assess the sensitivity of transabdominal sonography in visualization of limb buds.ResultsA total of 15 cases were identified with a mean gestational age of 12 weeks 6 days. Club hand was the most common abnormality seen (8 cases), followed by absence of long bones (5 cases), a missing limb (5 cases), club foot (5 cases), shortening of long bones (2 cases), abnormal hands (2 cases), clenched hands (2 cases), and overlapping digits (1 case). Trisomy 18 was present in 9 cases. Transabdominal sonography allowed for detection of all limb buds in 100 consecutive nuchal translucency examinations and 9 of 15 cases of limb abnormalities. Four of the cases resulted in fetal death, and the remaining 11 cases were terminated.ConclusionsFetal limb abnormalities can be detected on sonography before 15 weeks' gestational age and are often associated with serious congenital conditions, especially trisomy 18. Transabdominal sonography alone can show most of these abnormalities, although transvaginal and 3‐dimensional sonography can provide additional information. Targeted evaluation of fetal limbs during sonography before 15 weeks should be considered in high‐risk populations.
Differentiating Benign From Malignant Thyroid Nodules
Authors: Jang Mijung , Kim Sun Mi , Lyou Chae Yeon , Choi Byung Se , Choi Sang Il , Kim Jae Hyoung 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesTo compare the diagnostic performance of radiologists and to determine interobserver and intraobserver variability with regard to differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules using prospectively obtained 2‐dimensional (2D) and 3‐dimensional (3D) sonograms.MethodsThis study had Institutional Review Board approval, and the requirement for patient informed consent was waived. Conventional 2D and 3D sonograms were obtained from 82 patients (age range, 20–77 years; mean age, 51 years) with 91 thyroid nodules (15 cancers, 13 indeterminate, and 63 benign lesions) before diagnostic fine‐needle aspiration. Three radiologists reviewed stored 2D and 3D images for internal content, shape, margin, echogenicity, echo texture, and the presence of calcification and estimated the level of suspicion as to the probability of malignancy according to known sonographic criteria. The diagnostic performance of 2D images was compared with that of 3D images.ResultsFor all readers, interpretation using 3D images was more sensitive and specific than that using 2D images for diagnosis of malignant thyroid nodules, with the exception of specificity for reader 1. However, differences were not statistically significant (P > .05). Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve values were 0.83 for 2D images and 0.92 for 3D images for reader 1; 0.78 for 2D images and 0.89 for 3D images for reader 2; and 0.89 for 2D images and 0.93 for 3D images for reader 3. Interobserver agreement between the 3 radiologists for differentiation of benign and malignant thyroid nodules was better for 3D images (κ = 0.49) than for 2D images (κ = 0.15). Intraobserver variability for nodule descriptions and assessments using 3D and 2D images was fair to moderate.ConclusionThe performance of radiologists and interobserver and intraobserver agreement for characterization of thyroid nodules were better when 3D sonograms were used than when 2D sonograms were used.
Maternal Hydration Therapy Improves the Quantity of Amniotic Fluid and the Pregnancy Outcome in Third‐Trimester Isolated Oligohydramnios
Authors: Patrelli Tito Silvio , Gizzo Salvatore , Cosmi Erich , Carpano Maria Giovanna , Di Gangi Stefania , Pedrazzi Giuseppe , Piantelli Giovanni , Modena Alberto Bacchi 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesAmniotic fluid is important for the maintenance of fetal well‐being; therefore, an amniotic fluid deficiency, ie, oligohydramnios, can have multiple impacts on the prognosis of the pregnancy. In some cases, there are no evident fetal or maternal causes, and the condition is called isolated oligohydramnios. The aim of our study was to validate maternal intravenous and oral hydration therapy as a means for improvement of isolated oligohydramnios in the third trimester of pregnancy.MethodsWe conducted a prospective randomized controlled study on pregnancies complicated by idiopathic oligohydramnios (group A, 66 women) with a control group of women with normal pregnancies without oligohydramnios (group B, 71 women). Oligohydramnios was diagnosed using the amniotic fluid index (AFI; <5 cm). Sonographic examinations were performed with a convex 3.5‐MHz probe. Group A underwent 6 days of intravenous infusion of 1500 mL of an isotonic solution per day. An AFI measurement, a nonstress test, and a fetal biophysical profile were performed at 0 and 7 days. Group A was randomized into subgroups A1 and A2. Subgroup A1 was prescribed home oral hydration therapy of 1500 mL/d and subgroup A2 2500 mL/d. We considered the AFI to compare the effectiveness of the therapy.ResultsGeneral features did not reveal any significant differences between the two groups. In group A, the mean AFI ± SD at recruitment was 39.68 ± 11.11 mm; in group B, it was 126.92 ± 10.59 mm (P < .001). In group A, the mean AFI at 7 days was 77.70 ± 15.03 mm; in group B, it was unchanged. In subgroup A1, the mean AFI at birth was 86.21 ± 16.89 mm; in subgroup A2, it was 112.45 ± 14.92 mm (P < .001).ConclusionsOur data show that in pregnancies complicated by isolated oligohydramnios, hydration therapy significantly improves the quantity of amniotic fluid.
Safety of Sulfur Hexafluoride Microbubbles in Sonography of Abdominal and Superficial Organs: Retrospective Analysis of 30,222 Cases
Authors: Tang Chunlin , Fang Kejing , Guo Yanli , Li Rui , Fan Xiaozhou , Chen Ping , Chen Zhaohui , Liu Qiangwei , Zou Ye 
Published: January 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to investigate the safety of the sulfur hexafluoride microbubble contrast agent SonoVue (Bracco SpA, Milan, Italy) and to implement precautions with the intent of further improving the safety of this contrast agent.MethodsA total of 30,222 patients undergoing contrast‐enhanced sonography of abdominal and superficial organs in our hospital from January 2005 to December 2014 were retrospectively investigated. SonoVue was used as the ultrasound contrast agent. The symptoms and treatments of adverse reactions occurring during the contrast‐enhanced sonographic examinations were reviewed and analyzed.ResultsNo patient died as a result of any adverse reaction. Six patients (0.020%) had adverse reactions of varying degrees, including 2 patients (0.007%) who had signs of early anaphylactic shock (chest tightness, palpitations, sweating, and rapid and weak pulse, followed by cyanosis, a disappearing pulse, and a drop in blood pressure) that improved after active rescue. The remaining 4 patients developed the following: redness and a rash on the arm above the injection site, nasal bleeding and nausea, nausea and vomiting, and back pain with numbness of the lips and limbs. Symptoms in these 4 patients self‐resolved after a period of rest.ConclusionsContrast‐enhanced sonography with sulfur hexafluoride microbubbles had good clinical safety, but rare adverse reactions were observed. A comprehensive emergency plan and rescue measures for adverse reactions should be prepared and made available to minimize the occurrence of negative clinical outcomes.
Discursos dos profissionais de saúde da família na ótica da assistência à saúde do idoso Speeches of family health professionals in optics of assistance to the elderly
Authors: Amthauer Camila , Falk João Werner 
Published: January 2017

Objetivo: Identificar as práticas realizadas pelos profissionais da Estratégia de Saúde da Família (ESF) junto aos idosos atendidos em uma Unidade Básica de Saúde (UBS). Método: Trata-se de uma pesquisa qualitativa, desenvolvida junto aos profissionais da ESF. A pesquisa constituiu-se por meio de entrevistas semiestruturadas com 16 profissionais de saúde. Resultados: A partir da análise temática, proposta por Minayo, emergiram sete categorias: visita domiciliar, grupos de convivência, atividades físicas, escuta, vínculo, corresponsabilização do idoso e prevenção de agravos. Conclusão: Para pensar nos significados do envelhecimento devem-se considerar as relações dinâmicas que a sociedade remete ao processo de envelhecer. É papel do profissional da saúde assegurar o cuidado integral ao idoso. Refletir sobre suas práticas de cuidado garante ao usuário um atendimento digno e humanizado, compreendendo o idoso em sua totalidade.
Pacific‐Atlantic Ocean influence on wildfires in northeast China (1774 to 2010)
Authors: Yao Qichao , Brown Peter M. , Liu Shirong , Rocca Monique E. , Trouet Valerie , Zheng Ben , Chen Haonan , Li Yinchao , Liu Duanyang , Wang Xiaochun 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIdentification of effects that climate teleconnections, such as El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), and North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO), have on wildfires is difficult because of short and incomplete records in many areas of the world. We developed the first multicentury wildfire chronologies for northeast China from fire‐scarred trees. Regional wildfires occurred every 7 years from the 1700s to 1947, after which fire suppression policies were implemented. Regional wildfires occurred predominately during drought years and were associated with positive phases of ENSO and PDO and negative NAO. Twentieth century meteorological records show that this contingent combination of +ENSO/+PDO/−NAO is linked to low humidity, low precipitation, and high temperature during or before late spring fire seasons. Climate and wildfires in northeast China may be predictable based on teleconnection phases, although future wildfires may be more severe due to effects of climate change and the legacy of fire suppression.
Generation of Multiband Chorus in the Earth's Magnetosphere: 1‐D PIC Simulation
Authors: Gao Xinliang , Ke Yangguang , Lu Quanming , Chen Lunjin , Wang Shui 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMultiband chorus waves, where the frequency of upper band chorus is about twice that of lower band chorus, have recently been reported based on THEMIS observations. The generation of multiband chorus waves is attributed to the mechanism of lower band cascade, where upper band chorus is excited via the nonlinear coupling process between lower band chorus and the associated density mode with the frequency equal to that of lower band chorus. In this letter, with a one‐dimensional (1‐D) particle‐in‐cell (PIC) simulation model, we have successfully reproduced multiband chorus waves. During the simulation, the significant density fluctuation is driven by the fluctuating electric field along the wave vector of the pump wave (lower band chorus), which can be directly observed in this self‐consistent plasma system. Then, the second harmonic of the pump whistler‐mode wave (upper band chorus) is generated. After quantitatively analyzing resonant conditions among wave numbers, we can confirm that the generation is caused due to the coupling between the pump wave and the density fluctuation along its wave vector. The third harmonic can also be excited through lower band cascade if the pump whistler‐mode wave has a sufficiently large amplitude. Our simulation results not only provide a theoretical support to the mechanism of lower band cascade to generate multiband chorus but also propose a new pattern of evolution for whistler‐mode waves in the Earth's magnetosphere.
Community production modulates coral reef pH and the sensitivity of ecosystem calcification to ocean acidification
Authors: DeCarlo Thomas M. , Cohen Anne L. , Wong George T. F. , Shiah Fuh‐Kwo , Lentz Steven J. , Davis Kristen A. , Shamberger Kathryn E. F. , Lohmann Pat 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCoral reefs are built of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) produced biogenically by a diversity of calcifying plants, animals, and microbes. As the ocean warms and acidifies, there is mounting concern that declining calcification rates could shift coral reef CaCO3 budgets from net accretion to net dissolution. We quantified net ecosystem calcification (NEC) and production (NEP) on Dongsha Atoll, northern South China Sea, over a 2 week period that included a transient bleaching event. Peak daytime pH on the wide, shallow reef flat during the nonbleaching period was ∼8.5, significantly elevated above that of the surrounding open ocean (∼8.0–8.1) as a consequence of daytime NEP (up to 112 mmol C m−2 h−1). Diurnal‐averaged NEC was 390 ± 90 mmol CaCO3 m−2 d−1, higher than any other coral reef studied to date despite comparable calcifier cover (25%) and relatively high fleshy algal cover (19%). Coral bleaching linked to elevated temperatures significantly reduced daytime NEP by 29 mmol C m−2 h−1. pH on the reef flat declined by 0.2 units, causing a 40% reduction in NEC in the absence of pH changes in the surrounding open ocean. Our findings highlight the interactive relationship between carbonate chemistry of coral reef ecosystems and ecosystem production and calcification rates, which are in turn impacted by ocean warming. As open‐ocean waters bathing coral reefs warm and acidify over the 21st century, the health and composition of reef benthic communities will play a major role in determining on‐reef conditions that will in turn dictate the ecosystem response to climate change.