bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fiber-jacketed Creep Resistant Pipes for High-Temperature Applications
Authors: Friedrich Maximilian , Klenk Andreas , Weihe Stefan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In order to enable safe long-term operation, metallic pipes operated in the creep range at high temperatures require considerable wall thicknesses at significant operating pressures, such as those required in thermal power plants of all kinds or in the chemical industry. This paper presents a concept that makes it possible to design such pipes with thinner wall thicknesses. This is achieved by adding a jacket made of a ceramic matrix composite material to the pipe. The high creep resistance of the jacket makes it possible to considerably extend the service life of thin- walled pipes in the creep range. This is demonstrated in the present paper using hollow cylinder specimens. These specimens are not only investigated experimentally but also numerically and are further analyzed after failure. The investigations of the specimen show that the modeling approaches taken are feasible to describe the long-term behavior of the specimen sufficiently. Furthermore, the paper also demonstrates the possibility of applying the concept to pipeline components of real size in a power plant and shows that the used modeling approaches are also feasible to describe their long-term behavior.
Tensile Property Measurement of AlSi10Mg Lattice Structures - From Single Strut to Lattice Networks
Authors: Fry A.T , Crocker L. E. , Woolliams P. , Poole M. , Koko A. , Breheny C. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
At present there is no recognized standard test method that can be used for the measurement of the tensile properties of additively manufactured lattice structures. The aim of this work was to develop and validate a methodology that would enable this material property to be measured for these geometrically and microstructurally complex material structures. A novel test piece has been designed and trialed to enable lattice struts and substructures to be manufactured and tested in standard bench top universal testing machines and in small scale in-situ SEM loading jigs (not reported in this paper). In conjunction with the mechanical tests, a finite element (FEA) modelling approach has been used to help cross validate the methodology and results, and to enable larger lattice structures to be modelled with confidence. The specimen design and testing approach developed, is described and the results reviewed for AlSi10Mg.
Use of Modeling and Experiments to Assess the Effect of Minor Alloying Additions on Alumina Scale Formation during High-Temperature Oxidation
Authors: De Vecchis Rafael Rodríguez , Gleeson Brian , Pillai Rishi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
During the last decades, new generations of Ni-based superalloys have emerged with judiciously controlled chemistries. These alloys heavily rely on the addition of refractory elements to enhance their mechanical properties at elevated temperatures; however, a clear interpretation of the influence of these minor-element additions on the alloy's high-temperature oxidation behavior is still not well understood, particularly from the standpoint of predicting the transition from internal to external alumina formation. In this context, the present investigation describes a systematic study that addresses the intrinsic effects that minor element additions of Nb, Ta, and Re have on the oxidation behavior of alumina-scale forming γ-Ni alloys. By combining a novel simulation approach with high-temperature oxidation experiments, the present study evidences the generally positive effect associated with 2 at. % addition of Ta and Re as well as the detrimental consequences of Nb additions on the 1100 °C oxidation of (in at. %) Ni-6Al-(0,4,6,8)Cr alloys.
Evaluation of Highly Irradiated Stainless Steel and Nickel-based Materials using Phased Array Ultrasonic Inspections
Authors: Johnson Kristian C. , MacLauchlan Daniel T. , Phan H. Josiah , Wiggins B. Blake , Williams Cody D. , Tatman Jonathan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Nuclear reactor inspections occasionally identify degraded materials in irradiated reactor components. Although mechanical repair options are possible, these repair solutions may be cost prohibitive or impractical to implement due to access restraints and/or the severity of the degradation. Welding repair of reactor components may input excessive heat into these irradiated materials resulting in diffusion of trace amounts of helium within the grain boundaries of the weld heat-affected zone (HAZ). Intergranular HAZ cracking can then result from the combination of this helium diffusion and high localized tensile stresses generated during weld cooling. It is therefore critical to characterize these zones and understand limitations for welding highly irradiated components to prevent helium-induced cracking. To accomplish this, typical reactor structural materials including Types 304L and 316L stainless steels and nickel-based Alloy 600/182 materials irradiated within the High Flux Isotope Reactor facility at Oak Ridge National Laboratory were used in this study for welding and evaluation. A phased array ultrasonic inspection system has been developed to characterize cracking in the weld samples. It provides remote controlled scanning and minimizes handling the samples, minimizing operator dose. The samples are inspected from the side opposite of the welds. The material and weld grain noise were evaluated at 10 MHz and found to be conducive to detecting cracking in the material and welds. Inspection of the samples comprises a 10 MHz phased array probe sweeping a focused longitudinal wave from -60° to 60° while the probe is raster scanned over the sample in small increments. The collected data is analyzed using UltraVision 3. Several of the irradiated samples were inspected prior to welding. Some of the samples had what appear to be small lamination defects in them. One irradiated welded sample has been tested to date with no cracking detected, which has been confirmed by destructive examination.
Atmosphere Influence on the Fatigue Crack Growth Behavior of Wrought, Cast and PBF-LB/M Processed IN718 under Different Loading Conditions at 650 °C
Authors: Brune T. , Kraemer K. M. , Kontermann C. , Oechsner M. , Bellmer M. , Schlesinger M. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
For the safe life prediction of components under high cycle fatigue loading at high temperature, such as gas turbine blades and turbocharger components, the behavior of initial defects, which are physically short cracks below the long crack threshold ΔK is of crucial importance. The evolution of different crack closure mechanisms (such as plasticity, roughness and oxide induced crack closure) can lead to crack arrest by a reduction of the effective crack tip loading. To visualize the crack growth behavior of such cracks, cyclic crack resistance curves (cyclic R-curves) are used. The experimental determination of cyclic R-curves is challenging, especially under high temperature conditions due to a lack of optical accessibility. The formation of very short cracks in high strength materials makes it even more complicated to reliably determine these data. Within this study the crack growth behavior of physically short fatigue cracks in three different material states of the nickel alloy IN718 (wrought, cast and PBF-LB/M - processed) is experimentally determined at 650 °C. Based on a load increase procedure applied on Single Edge Notched (SEN) specimens with a compression pre-cracking procedure in advance, crack propagation of physically short cracks is measured with alternating current potential drop systems in air and under vacuum conditions. These examinations are carried out for three different load ratios (R = -1, 0 and 0.5) to investigate the amount of certain crack closure mechanisms active under different loading conditions. Moreover, the formation of a plastic wake along the crack flanks is determined by a finite element simulation. The results determined in air and under vacuum conditions are used to describe the impact of oxide induced crack closure on the behavior of physically short cracks. This allows the evaluation of the behavior of both near-surface and internal defects that are not accessible to the atmosphere.
Damage of Rankine Cycle Components in Concentrated Solar Power Plants
Authors: Kung Steven , Caravaggio Michael 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The steam generation systems (SGS) of concentrated solar power (CSP) plants employ multiple heat exchangers arranged in series to convert thermal energy collected from the sun via a heat transfer fluid (HTF) to produce superheated steam in the Rankine cycle. Common CSP plant designs are based either on parabolic trough or central tower technology. The major Rankine cycle components consist of preheaters, evaporators, steam drums, superheaters, steam turbines, and water/air-cooled condensers, all connected through steel piping. For CSP plants capable of reheating the steam for improved efficiency, reheaters are also included in the Rankine cycle. In central tower design with directly heated water as the HTF, the receiver can also be considered part of the Rankine cycle. Operating experiences of CSP plants indicate that plant reliability is significantly impacted by failures in various components of the Rankine cycle. Many damage mechanisms have been identified, which include corrosion, thermal fatigue, creep, and stress corrosion cracking, among others. Much of the damage can be attributed to poor water/steam chemistry and inadequate temperature control. While damage in the Rankine cycle components is common, there is generally lack of comprehensive guidelines created specifically for the operation of these CSP components. Therefore, to improve CSP plant reliability and profitability, it is necessary to better understand the various damage mechanisms experienced by linking them to specific operating conditions, followed by developing a “theory and practice” guideline document for the CSP operators, so that failures in the Rankine cycle components can be minimized. In a major research project sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), effort is being undertaken by EPRI to develop such a guideline document exclusively for the CSP industry. This paper provides an overview of the ongoing DOE project along with a few examples of component failures experienced in the Rankine cycle.
Analysis of Crystal Structure in Temper Embrittled 12% Cr Turbine Blade Steel
Authors: Lee Gil Jae , Choe Byung Hak 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This study investigates the mechanisms of temper embrittlement in 410 martensitic stainless steel, a material widely used in steam turbine blades due to its excellent corrosion resistance and high strength achieved through quenching and tempering heat treatments. While the material’s hardness and impact toughness strongly depend on tempering temperatures, significant embrittlement occurs around 540°C, manifesting as decreased Charpy impact energy alongside increased strength and hardness. To understand this phenomenon at the nanometer scale, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis was performed, focusing on electron diffraction patterns along the &lt;110&gt;α-Fe and &lt;113&gt;α-Fe zone axes. The analysis revealed distinctive double electron diffraction spots at 1/3(211) and 2/3(211) positions, with lattice spacing of approximately 3.5 Å—triple the typical α-bcc lattice spacing (1.17 Å). These regions were identified as metastable “zones” resembling ω-phase structures, potentially responsible for the embrittlement. While this newly identified phase structure may not fully explain the complex mechanisms of temper embrittlement, it provides valuable insights for developing improved alloying and heat treatment methods to mitigate embrittlement in martensitic steels.
High-Performance Corrosion and Erosion Resistance of an Amorphous Iron-Based Alloy Coating Exposed to Molten FLiNaK Salt Nuclear Reactor Coolant at 700 °C
Authors: Maya-Visuet Enrique 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This presentation compares the corrosion resistance of uncoated Haynes 230 and SS316HS substrates to the same substrates coated with a Fe-based amorphous alloy. The substrates were exposed to highly corrosive media, FLiNaK, for 120 hours at 700 °C. The findings indicate that the thermal spray amorphous alloy coating provided superior corrosion resistance within the coatings while protecting the substrates against the aggressive environment. As a result, the new amorphous metal coating improved the substrate's lifespan by providing better protection against high-temperature corrosion, paving the way for a more efficient and cost-effective future in various industrial applications.
Friction Stir Layer Deposition of a High Entropy Alloy for Nuclear Applications
Authors: Meher Subhashish , Garcia David , Nartu Mohan S.K.K.Y. , Wang Tianhao , Irving  , Brown  , dos Santos Jorge F. , van Rooyen Isabella 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Friction Stir Layer Deposition on a Cu-containing high-entropy alloy (HEA) has been performed for its suitability of the core component of nuclear materials. Excellent irradiation resistance in this Cu-containing HEA has been reported previously. Friction stir layer deposition (FSLD) offers a solid-state deformation processing route to metal additive manufacturing, in which the feed material undergoes severe plastic deformation at elevated temperatures. Some of the key advantages of this process are fabrication of fully dense material with fine, equiaxed grain structures. This work reports the detailed microstructure of the FSLD product, and it discusses the grain refinement and micro-hardness variation observed in FSLD product.
Weldability Evaluation of Computationally Designed Filler Wires for Wire-Arc Additive Manufacturing of Functionally Graded Materials in Harsh Service Environments
Authors: Melaragno Giacomo , Alexandrov Boian , Shingledecker John , Siefert John , Gagliano Michael , Penso Jorge 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Olefin furnaces contain gravity cast U-bend fittings from Fe-Ni-Cr alloys that can experience premature failures due to a combination of harsh service conditions. The fittings undergo steep temperature variations during startup and shutdown, outer diameter (OD) oxidation from furnace flue gases, and inner diameter (ID) carburization from process fluids. As a result, cracking often occurs along large solidification grain boundaries from interconnected networks of carbides and secondary phases. To address these degradation concerns, Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) is being used to produce a functionally graded fitting that provides increased oxidation, carburization, creep, and thermal fatigue resistance. Three welding wire compositions have been designed based on thermodynamic and kinetic modeling techniques to address the appropriate corrosion resistance and mechanical properties needed in the OD, Core, and ID regions of the U- bend fitting cross-section. A Fe-35Cr-45Ni-0.7Nb solid welding wire is being used for the Core section, and metal-cored welding wires based around this composition with additions of Si or Al are being used for the OD and ID sections, respectively. This study involved weldability evaluation focused on understanding the microstructures and potential additive manufacturing printability challenges associated with graded WAAM structures using these welding wires. To achieve this, Cast Pin Tear Testing (CPTT) was performed to evaluate solidification cracking susceptibility of the welding wires. Additionally, Scheil calculations were performed in Thermo-Calc software to predict solidification microstructures. To validate the results, SEM characterization was conducted on cast buttons of each welding wire to identify phases in the respective microstructures. These unique data will help inform WAAM design parameters needed to produce a Functionally Graded Material (FGM) that improves the lifetime of Fe-Ni-Cr U-bend fittings in olefin furnaces.?
ABD-1000AM: a Highly Processible Superalloy for Additive Manufacturing, Computationally Designed for 1000°C Applications
Authors: Peachey Dominic , He Yining , Zhang Pimin , Clark John , Hussain Zara , Wagstaff Thomas , Nemeth André , Crudden David 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The advancement of additive manufacturing (AM) technology has heightened interest in producing components from nickel-based superalloys for high-temperature applications; however, developing high gamma prime (γ’) strengthened alloys suitable for AM at temperatures of 1000°C or higher poses significant challenges due to their “non-weldable” nature. Traditional compositions intended for casting or wrought processes are often unsuitable for AM due to their rapid heating and cooling cycles, leading to performance compromises. This study introduces ABD-1000AM, a novel high gamma prime Ni-based superalloy designed using the Alloys-by-Design computational approach to excel in AM applications at elevated temperatures. Tailored for AM, particularly powder bed fusion, ABD-1000AM demonstrates exceptional processing capability and high-temperature mechanical and environmental performance at 1000°C. The study discusses the alloy design approach, highlighting the optimization of key performance parameters, composition, and process-microstructure-performance relationships to achieve ABD-1000AM’s unique combination of processability and creep resistance. Insights from ABD-1000AM’s development inform future directions for superalloy development in complex AM components.
Creep Ductility in 9Cr Creep Strength Enhanced Ferritic Steels - Part II, Microstructural Observations
Authors: Siefert John A. , Parker Jonathan D. , Perrin Ian J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The time-dependent behavior of 9Cr creep strength enhanced ferritic (CSEF) steels has long fixated on the creep life recorded in uniaxial constant load creep tests. This focus is a consequence of the need to develop stress allowable values for use in the design by formulae approach of rules for new construction. The use of these simple rules is justified in part by the assumption that the alloys used will invariably demonstrate high creep ductility. There appears to be little awareness regarding the implication(s) that creep ductility has on structural performance when mechanical or metallurgical notches (e.g., welds) are present in the component design or fabricated component. This reduced awareness regarding the role of ductility is largely because low alloy CrMo steels used for very many years typically were creep ductile. This paper focuses on the structural response from selected tests that have been commissioned or executed by EPRI over the last decade. The results of these tests demonstrate unambiguously the importance that creep ductility has on long-term, time-dependent behavior. This is the second part of a two-part paper; Part I reviewed the selected tests and discussed them from a mechanical perspective. The association of performance with specific microstructural features is briefly reviewed in this paper and the remaining gaps are highlighted for consideration among the international community.
Quantification of Dynamic Recrystallization and Its Relation to Imposed Mechanical Energy and Ductility Dip Cracking in High-Chromium Nickel Alloy Groove Welds
Authors: Singh Anil , Alexandrov Boian T. , Mills Michael J. , Luther Samuel J. , McCracken Steven L. , Tatman Jonathan K. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Ductility dip cracking (DDC) is known to occur in highly restrained welds and structural overlays made using high chromium (Cr) nickel (Ni) based filler metals in the nuclear power generation industry, resulting in costly repairs and reworks. Previous work explored the role of mechanical energy imposed by the thermo-mechanical cycle of multipass welding on DDC formation in a highly restrained Alloy 52 filler metal weld. It was hypothesized that imposed mechanical energy (IME) in the recrystallization temperature range would induce dynamic recrystallization (DRX), which is known to mitigate DDC formation. It was not shown however that IME in the recrystallization temperature range (IMERT) induced DRX. The objective of the work is to discern if a relationship between IMERT and DRX exists and quantify the amount of DRX observed in a filler metal 52 (FM-52) groove weld. DRX was analyzed and quantified using electron beam scattered diffraction (EBSD) generated inverse poll figures (IPF), grain surface area and grain aspect ratio distribution, grain orientation spread (GOS), kernel average misorientation (KAM), and grain boundary (GB) length density. From the analysis, GOS was determined to be an unsuitable criterion for quantifying DRX in multipass Ni-Cr fusion welds. Based on the observed criteria, higher IMERT regions correlate to smaller grain surface area, larger grain boundary density, and higher grain aspect ratio, which are all symptoms of DRX. High IMERT has a strong correlation with the symptoms DRX, but due to the lack of observable DRX, creating a threshold for DRX grain size, grain aspect ratio, and GB density is not possible. Future work will aim to optimize characterization criteria based on a Ni-Cr weld with large presence of DRX.
Evaluation of Directed Energy Deposition 316LSi Stainless Steel Pressure Boundary Parts
Authors: Tate Stephen , Schaeffer Ben , Barnhart Brad 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Additive manufacturing is being considered for pressure boundary applications for power plant service by ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and regulators. Both existing and new plants could benefit from the reduced lead times, design flexibility, and part consolidation possible with additive manufacturing. Various ASME code committees are working towards rules and guidance for use of additive manufacturing. To further the industry's understanding, this research program was undertaken to evaluate the properties of wire arc additive manufactured 316L stainless steel. This study included microstructural characterization, chemical composition testing, mechanical testing, and nondestructive evaluation of multiple large (1600-pound (700 kg)) 316LSi stainless steel valve bodies produced using the gas metal arc directed energy deposition process followed by solution annealing. The results showed the tensile behavior over a range of temperatures was comparable to wrought material. No variation in tensile behavior was observed with change in tensile sample orientation relative to the build direction. Room temperature Charpy V-notch absorbed energy toughness was comparable to wrought material. Large grain sizes were observed in the metallographic samples, indicating that lowering the solution anneal temperature may be worthwhile. The results of surface and volumetric examination were acceptable when compared to forged material acceptance criteria. Together these results suggest that GMA-DED can produce acceptable materials properties comparable to forged materials requirements.