bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unpacking the public stigma of problem gambling: The process of stigma creation and predictors of social distancing
Authors: Hing Nerilee , Russell Alex M. T. , Gainsbury Sally M. 
Published: August 2016

Background and aims
Public stigma diminishes the health of stigmatized populations, so it is critical to understand how and why stigma occurs to inform stigma reduction measures. This study aimed to examine stigmatizing attitudes held toward people experiencing problem gambling, to examine whether specific elements co-occur to create this public stigma, and to model explanatory variables of this public stigma.

Methods
An online panel of adults from Victoria, Australia (N = 2,000) was surveyed. Measures were based on a vignette for problem gambling and included demographics, gambling behavior, perceived dimensions of problem gambling, stereotyping, social distancing, emotional reactions, and perceived devaluation and discrimination. A hierarchical linear regression was conducted.

Results
People with gambling problems attracted substantial negative stereotypes, social distancing, emotional reactions, and status loss/discrimination. These elements were associated with desired social distance, as was perceived that problem gambling is caused by bad character, and is perilous, non-recoverable, and disruptive. Level of contact with problem gambling, gambling involvement, and some demographic variables was significantly associated with social distance, but they explained little additional variance.

Discussion and conclusions
This study contributes to the understanding of how and why people experiencing gambling problems are stigmatized. Results suggest the need to increase public contact with such people, avoid perpetuation of stereotypes in media and public health communications, and reduce devaluing and discriminating attitudes and behaviors.
The Induced Membrane Technique for Bone Defects of Critical Size After Infection in Children
Authors: Felden Arnaud , Aurégan Jean-Charles , Badina Alina , Glorion Christophe , Pannier Stéphanie 
Published: August 2016

Case:
We report 3 consecutive cases of bone defects of critical size after chronic osteomyelitis in children that were treated with the induced membrane technique, in 2 girls and a boy 7 months to 7 years old. All defects were diaphyseal. The length of resection was from 4 to 12 cm (35% to 55% of the total bone length). Resection of the infected bone, filling of the defect with a cement spacer, and intramedullary fixation were followed by autologous bone-grafting 60 to 90 days later. All defects healed. At the latest follow-up, which ranged from 21 months to 6 years, no recurrence or complication had occurred.

Conclusion:
The induced membrane technique is an attractive option for bone defects of critical size after chronic osteomyelitis in children.
Application of Nitrapyrin with Banded Urea, Urea Ammonium Nitrate, and Ammonia Delays Nitrification and Reduces Nitrogen Loss in Canadian Soils
Authors: Degenhardt Rory F. , Juras Len T. , Smith Laura R.A. , MacRae Andrew W. , Ashigh Jamshid , McGregor William R. 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
Nitrapyrin has been tested in fallow field trials in cereal and oilseed growing regions of Canada.
Nitrapyrin maintained N in the ammonium form through critical loss periods.
Nitrapyrin preserved more mineral N in the soil relative to non‐stabilized fertilizer.
Soil N loss is a significant impediment to maximizing yield and profitability for farmers in Canada. Maintaining N in the stable and plant‐available NH4+ form via use of nitrification inhibitors limits the potential for soil N losses from denitrification or leaching. Between 2013 and 2015, twenty‐one research trials were established across the major cereal and oilseed growing regions of Canada to evaluate the efficacy of two commercially available formulated nitrapyrin products, eNtrenchTM and N‐Serve, at stabilizing soil N in the NH4+ form and protecting against N loss. Urea, urea ammonium nitrate (UAN) or NH3 fertilizer treatments were banded in the fall or spring on fallow land, and the soil was sampled to a depth of 60 cm at multiple time intervals after application. Fall applications of nitrapyrin resulted in 21–63% more NH4N, and 10–19% more total mineral N, at spring sampling after soil thaw relative to non‐stabilized fertilizer. Spring applications of nitrapyrin resulted in larger pools of NH4–N for at least 8 weeks after treatment, and they increased total mineral N by up to 25%, compared with non‐stabilized treatments. Results suggest that eNtrench and N‐Serve are useful tools for growers looking to protect their N investment, optimize crop yield potential, and enhance flexibility of their N application timing.
Generalization of the Green–Ampt Theory for Horizontal Infiltration into Homogeneous Soils
Authors: Prevedello Celso Luiz , Armindo Robson André 
Published: August 2016

Core Ideas
The Green–Ampt theory may be now generalized for the unsaturated zone.
This theory is applicable in any homogeneous soil for θi ≠ 0.
The centenary limitation of the Green–Ampt theory for horizontal infiltration has been solved.
In past work, an analytic solution of the Boltzmann transform as a function of matric potential was proposed to estimate the soil water content profile for horizontal water infiltration into porous media. However, it could only be successfully described for sands, but with singularity at position x = 0. Later, others introduced the concept of air‐entry pressure to divide the soil water retention curve into saturated and unsaturated domains to provide an exact solution of the Bruce and Klute equation, with no restrictions, while assuming the initial soil water content to be zero before the infiltration process. The problem remained that the above‐mentioned analytical solution was limited to sands, while the Bruce‐ and Klute‐based approach was limited to zero water content at the beginning. This study was based on both previous studies, and the objective was to develop a solution that works for all soil types and does not depend on zero initial soil moisture content. As a result, an alternative solution is presented that generalizes the centenary theory of Green and Ampt for any homogeneous soil.
A Teoria do Mercado Religioso: Evidências Empíricas na Literatura
Authors: Oliveira Lívio Luiz Soares de , Neto Giácomo Balbinotto 
Published: August 2016

Este artigo trata da Teoria Econômica do Mercado Religioso. São apresentados conceitos extraídos desse paradigma, como commodity religiosa, oferta e demanda de bens e serviços religiosos, competição e monopólio no mercado religioso, dentre outros. Os graus de regulação no mercado religioso são discutidos. São mostradas as definições de organizações religiosas e seus tipos, conceitos de compensadores religiosos e as possíveis consequências da intervenção governamental no mercado religioso. A principal contribuição deste trabalho é uma revisão da literatura, com base nos resultados de testes empíricos, sobre o principal resultado da Teoria do Mercado Religioso, ou seja, a de que existe uma correlação positiva entre pluralismo religioso e frequência religiosa.
Liberdade em Clausura
Authors: Garcia Miriam Verri , Rosado Maria José 
Published: August 2016

artigo aborda a vida religiosa feminina em clausura no Brasil, buscando identificarelementos que motivam mulheres, ainda hoje, a escolher esse estilo de vida. O trabalhoempírico foi desenvolvido junto a um mosteiro de monjas da Ordem das CarmelitasDescalças, no estado de São Paulo. Aplicou-se um questionário a toda a população domosteiro. Histórias de vida foram obtidas por meio de entrevistas presenciais realizadascom cinco monjas. Partiu-se do princípio de que essas mulheres realizam livremente aopção de viver em clausura. Fatores biográficos e da estrutura familiar, bem como umapossível ausência de perspectiva na vida dessas mulheres aparecem, porém, comoelementos definidores de suas escolhas. As monjas, no entanto, nas conversas, visitas eentrevistas realizadas, afirmam-se mais livres em seu mundo restrito, enclausuradas, doque as pessoas que vivem no mundo. Esse sentimento delas está expresso no título: Liberdade em clausura. Teoricamente, a análise do material coletado orienta-se pelasinterrogações de gênero, enfatizando os mecanismos de controle eclesiástico sobre omosteiro, as normas estritas da clausura, diferentemente do que ocorre com mosteirosmasculinos.
Modern trends in Class III orthognathic treatment: A time series analysis
Authors: Lee Chang-Hoon , Park Hyun-Hee , Seo Byoung-Moo , Lee Shin-Jae 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
Objective: To examine the current trends in surgical-orthodontic treatment for patients with Class III malocclusion using time-series analysis.
Materials and Methods: The records of 2994 consecutive patients who underwent orthognathic surgery from January 1, 2004, through December 31, 2015, at Seoul National University Dental Hospital, Seoul, Korea, were reviewed. Clinical data from each surgical and orthodontic treatment record included patient's sex, age at the time of surgery, malocclusion classification, type of orthognathic surgical procedure, place where the orthodontic treatment was performed, orthodontic treatment modality, and time elapsed for pre- and postoperative orthodontic treatment.
Results: Out of the orthognathic surgery patients, 86% had Class III malocclusion. Among them, two-jaw surgeries have become by far the most common orthognathic surgical treatment these days. The age at the time of surgery and the number of new patients had seasonal variations, which demonstrated opposing patterns. There was neither positive nor negative correlation between pre- and postoperative orthodontic treatment time. Elapsed orthodontic treatment time for both before and after Class III orthognathic surgeries has been decreasing over the years.
Conclusion: Results of the time series analysis might provide clinicians with some insights into current surgical and orthodontic management.
The Determinants of Fertility among Women of Reproductive Age in Nepal
Authors: Sharma Mahendra Prasad 
Published: August 2016

This study is conducted on determinants of fertility among women of reproductive age in Nepal. The study takes into account some demographic, socio-cultural, economic and spatial variables. Fertility trends are estimated from the date obtained in the 1996, 2001, and 2006 NDHS with information gathered in the 2011 NDHS. Fertility declined from 4.6 births per woman in the 1996 NFHS to 2.6 births per woman in the 2011 NDHS—a drop of two births per woman in the past 15 years. The decline in fertility is most pronounced in the five years between 2001 and 2006 (a one-child decline). Fertility has declined in every age group over the past 15 years, with largest decline seen among women 25-34 years. But over the past 5 years the largest decline is observed among women 20-24 years. Many factors may have contributed to this quick decline fertility in Nepal, including improved communication and greater access to modern methods of contraception. Extended spousal separations due to migrants seeking work in foreign countries, especially the Gulf countries and other Southeast Asian countries, may be another reason for the fertility decline (NDHS Report 2012). The multivariate analysis is used to show the strength of relationship of fertility with its correlates. It estimates the effect of socio–economic and demographic as well as spatial variables on total Children Ever Born (CEB). This study also attempts to find out variation of fertility among women by using frequency table, rate, ratio, percentage, cross tabulation, correlation and regression analysis and mean CEB. The result shows that when other factors remain unchanged, age of respondents at first birth and educational attainment have strong and significant negative impact on fertility. Similarly son who have died, daughter who have died, parity at sterilization and age at sterilization have strong and significant positive impact on fertility whereas regions, type of place of residence, age at marriage and destination India have weak positive impact on fertility. The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS)Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 55-68
Tourism Development and Energy Consumption Pattern in Langtang Valley of Nepal Himalayas
Authors: Chapagain Prem Sagar 
Published: August 2016

Langtang is one of the three major trekking destinations in Nepal. Tourism development in Langtang was started since after the establishment of Langtang National Park in 1976. Langtang is the nearest mountain trekking route from Kathmandu. About 12000 tourists visit annually in Langtang Valley. The Langtang valley from Syabrubesi to Kyanjing has rich physical, biological and cultural diversity which has been the center of tourism activities in Langtang region. This paper aims to trace out the tourism development trend and energy consumption pattern by hotels and lodges of the region. There are three major tourist destinations i.e. Lamahotel, Langtang, and Kyanjing in the Langtang valley where there are 49 hotels altogether. Initially, by 2000, hotels were concentrated at Lamahotel, then to Langtang village and finally to Kyanjing. Many tourist hubs in mountain including the Langtang valley use firewood as a major source of energy. The per bed/day firewood consumption is slightly varied in different altitude in the valley. The amount of firewood consumption decreases with increasing altitude and the distance from the source of firewood collection places. The annual firewood consumption is the highest in Lama hotel that is 457 kilogram/bed followed by Langtang with 460 kilogram and Kyanjing (400kg). It is important that the Bhattis consume more firewood. Hotels with less than 20 beds consume more firewood compared to big hotels suggests firewood energy threshold in the mountain tourism hub. LP gas and cow dung cake are other energy sources. The big hotels having more than 20 beds use more LG gas compared to smaller hotels.The Journal of Development and Administrative Studies (JODAS)Vol. 23(1-2), pp. 69-83
Understanding the Challenges of Women in Non-Traditional Occupations
Authors: Shrestha Govinda Kumar 
Published: August 2016

This qualitative case study research was conducted to understand the perception of women in non-traditional occupations in Nepalese context. Seven participants from four nontraditional occupations, namely electrical, motorcycle mechanics (automobile), light vehicle driving and mechanical lathe operator were selected from Kathmandu valley. The data were collected using interview and focus group discussion.The findings revealed that involvement of Nepalese women in non-traditional occupations are very nominal. It is due to the conventional thinking towards women that they should do only the household chores. Non-traditional occupations for Nepalese women have not been women-friendly, however, they may if they do not feel inferior to male and avoid hesitation to work in these professions. The biggest challenge for women in these professions is the societal disbelief on the women’s work. They are behaved with suspicion by people and the society. Leg pulling and backbiting nature of people towards women in this profession are also the serious problems for them. Nevertheless, the female participants have got support from their family and organizations. Moreover, they have played significant roles from beginning to date to inspire them to continue their work.
Structural and Antibacterial Properties of PP/CuO Composite Filaments Having Different Cross Sectional Shapes
Authors: Kara S. , Ureyen M. E. , Erdogan U. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTextile scientists make researches for producing new types of fibers as well as modifying the existing fibers to provide new raw materials for technical textile applications. The easiest way of modifying fiber physical properties is to change the cross sectional shape of a synthetic fiber. Also, composite fibers loaded with different kinds of additives attracted the attention of researchers in the last decades for functionalizing fibers. Some other methods like coating, exhausting, padding or other novel methods can be used for the same purpose. But in these methods, the functional effect is generally not durable enough against several times of washing and abrasion. Also, these methods usually require higher consumption of water and heat when compared to composite fiber production. As a result, in this work the effect of cross sectional modification and composite fiber production were combined in the same fiber. One of the most important functional properties which can be provided by composite fiber production is antibacterial activity. Only a few research papers were published on antibacterial additive doped polypropylene fibers. In this work cupric oxide (CuO) doped antibacterial composite polypropylene (PP) fibers having different cross sectional shapes (circular, trilobal and triangular) were produced and the effect of cross sectional shape and CuO on the antibacterial activity, structural and mechanical properties of the fibers were investigated for the first time. Cross sectional and longitudinal images of composite fibers were evaluated by using optical microscope and scanning electron microscope (SEM). As the released content of active agent is an important parameter for the activity, durability, environmental and health effect of the product, the copper release from the fibers into the water media was investigated by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Thermal analysis results showed that PP/CuO composite filaments having three different cross sectional shapes can be produced without any significant changes on thermal behavior of fibers. With the increasing content of cupric oxide, tenacities of fibers slightly decreased. Cupric oxide particles also led to some crystallinity changes. All of the composite fibers showed good antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli.
Machining Optimization of HDPE Pipe Using the Taguchi Method and Grey Relational Analysis
Authors: Belhadi S. , Kaddeche M. , Chaoui K. , Yallese M.-A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The demand for the machining and cutting of plastic parts is in continuous increase. The present study is intended to investigate the optimization of high density polyethylene (HDPE-100) orthogonal turning operation using the Grey Relational Analysis (GRA). Accordingly, experimental tests based on Taguchi method are performed to establish a correlation between cutting parameters on one hand and machining force, specific cutting force and roughness of machined surface on the other hand. An optimal parameters combination for the turning process is obtained. In addition to regression models deduction, the analysis of variance (ANOVA) is applied to identify the most significant factors. It is found that the order of the importance of controllable factors to the tangential cutting force (Ft) is feed rate (f), depth of cut (ap) and cutting speed (Vc). However, when considering the importance with respect to specific cutting force (Ks), the order becomes (Vc), (ap) and (f). Finally, the order of cutting parameters according to mean roughness criteria, represented by (Ra), (Rz) and (Rt), shifts to (f), (Vc) and (ap). The optimized cutting regime ensuring minimization of roughness and cutting forces is well described by Vc = 188 m/min, f = 0.14 mm/rev and ap = 3 mm. This study unveiled new approaches based on combined GRA and ANOVA for machining other polymers such as tough reinforced polymers and composites used as human prosthesis.
Evaluation and Optimization of Electrospun Polyvinyl Alcohol Fibers via Taguchi Methodology
Authors: Pirsalami S. , Zebarjad S. M. , Daneshmanesh H. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In this study the electrospinning of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) was evaluated and optimized for minimum fiber diameter following Taguchi methodology. The effect of four factors including the solution concentration, voltage, flow rate and needle-collector distance each at 3 levels on fiber diameter were investigated. The morphology and the diameter of the fibers were studied by a scanning electron microscope. It was found out from the main effects and the analysis of variance that in the range of levels studied concentration is the most influencing factor on the fiber diameter with a contribution of 89.22 %. Voltage makes a minor contribution of 10.028 % and the flow rate and distance have negligible influence (less than < 1 %). The minimum fiber diameter was predicted to be 381 nm and to be achieved at the combination of concentration of 8 wt.% PVA, voltage of 18 kV, flow rate of 0.7 cm3/h and the distance of 10 cm. Validation experiment resulted in fibers with 390 nm diameter which is in close agreement with the predicted value by the Taguchi technique.
HST IMAGING OF THE LOCAL VOLUME DWARF GALAXIES PISCES A AND B: PROTOTYPES FOR LOCAL GROUP DWARFS
Authors: Tollerud Erik J. , Geha Marla C. , Grcevich Jana , Putman Mary E. , Weisz Daniel R. , Dolphin Andrew E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
We present observations of the Pisces A and B galaxies with the Advanced Camera for Surveys on the Hubble Space Telescope. Photometry from these images clearly resolves a red giant branch (RGB) for both objects, demonstrating that they are nearby dwarf galaxies. We describe a Bayesian inferential approach to determining the distance to these galaxies using the magnitude of the tip of the RGB, and then apply this approach to these galaxies. This reveals the distance to these galaxies as

and

for Pisces A and B, respectively, placing both within the Local Volume but not the Local Group (LG). We estimate the star formation histories of these galaxies, which suggests that they have recently undergone an increase in their star formation rates. Together these yield luminosities for Pisces A and B of

and −12.9 ± 0.2, respectively, and estimated stellar masses of

and

. We further show that these galaxies are likely at the boundary between nearby voids and higher-density filamentary structure. This suggests that they are entering a higher-density region from voids, where they would have experienced delayed evolution, consistent with their recent increased star formation rates. If this is indeed the case, they are useful for study as proxies of the galaxies that later evolved into typical LG satellite galaxies.
HIGH-SPEED BULLET EJECTIONS DURING THE AGB-TO-PLANETARY NEBULA TRANSITION: HST OBSERVATIONS OF THE CARBON STAR, V HYDRAE
Authors: Sahai R. , Scibelli S. , Morris M. R. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACT
The well-studied carbon star, V Hya, showing evidence for high-speed, collimated outflows and dense equatorial structures, is a key object in the study of the poorly understood transition of AGB stars into aspherical planetary nebulae. Using the Space Telescope Imaging Spectrograph instrument on board the Hubble Space Telescope, we have obtained high spatial-resolution long-slit optical spectra of V Hya that show high-velocity emission in [S ii] and [Fe ii] lines. Our data set, spanning three epochs spaced apart by a year during each of two periods (in 2002–2004 and 2011–2013), shows that V Hya ejects high-speed (∼200–250

) bullets once every ∼8.5 years. The ejection axis flip–flops around a roughly eastern direction, both in and perpendicular to the sky-plane, and the radial velocities of the ejecta also vary in concert between low and high values. We propose a model in which the bullet ejection is associated with the periastron passage of a binary companion in an eccentric orbit around V Hya with an orbital period of ∼8.5 years. The flip–flop phenomenon is likely the result of collimated ejection from an accretion disk (produced by gravitational capture of material from the primary) that is warped and precessing, and/or that has a magnetic field that is misaligned with that of the companion or the primary star. We show how a previously observed 17 year period in V Hya’s light-cycle can also be explained in our model. Additionally, we describe how the model proposed here can be extended to account for multipolar nebulae.