bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of land management practices and environmental parameters on growing season denitrification rates under dairy crop rotations in Atlantic Canada
Authors: Fuller Keith D. , Burton David L. , Grimmett Mark G. , Franklin Jeff , Drury Craig F. , Zebarth Bernie J. , Rodd A. Vernon , St. George Eddie 
Published: April 2016

Denitrification losses from agricultural land have been identified as a significant nitrogen (N) loss pathway that contributes to poor utilization of applied N. Higher losses have been reported when inorganic fertilizer N is substituted with an organic N source such as livestock manure. This research examines the relationships between denitrification rates, land management practices and soil processes when using spring applied liquid dairy manure (LDM) as principal N source. Mean daily denitrification rates (DDRs) in a perennial hayfield (PH) rotation and a corn–soybean–wheat (CSW) rotation with or without tillage (T and NT respectively) ranged between 0.9 and 27.0 g N ha−1 day−1. Mean, seasonal DDRs in the PH rotation were significantly lower in three out of six seasons when compared with the CSW-T and (or) CSW-NT rotation. When averaged across the six season study period, the mean DDR in PH of 4.4 g N ha−1 day−1was also significantly lower than CSW-T and NT (7.6 and 8.1 g N ha−1 day−1, respectively). There were no significant effects of tillage in the CSW rotations in any of the six growing seasons. When treatment and growing season data were combined, a positive relationship between water-filled pore space (WFPS) and DDR indicated a threshold of approximately 40% WFPS for onset of significant denitrification. Similarly, the relationship between soil nitrate levels and denitrification rates in the population data set demonstrated that NO3−began to limit DDR below 2–5 mg N kg−1. This 6-year study of denitrification losses suggests a primary effect of WFPS, a secondary effect of O2consumption as reflected by soil respiration, and nitrate limiting only at relatively low concentrations. Environmental variables were more consistent drivers of denitrification in three manure-fed crop rotations typical of Atlantic Canada dairy operations than were land management decisions and practices.
An introduction to the Mesozoic biotas of Scandinavia and its Arctic territories
Authors: Kear Benjamin P. , Lindgren Johan , Hurum Jørn H. , Milàn Jesper , Vajda Vivi 
Published: April 2016

Abstract

The Mesozoic biotas of Scandinavia have been studied for nearly two centuries. However, the last 15 years have witnessed an explosive advance in research, most notably on the richly fossiliferous Triassic (Olenekian–Carnian) and Jurassic (Tithonian)
Lagerstätten
of the Norwegian Arctic Svalbard archipelago, Late Cretaceous (Campanian) Kristianstad Basin and Vomb Trough of Skåne in southern Sweden, and the UNESCO heritage site at Stevns Klint in Denmark – the latter constituting one of the most complete Cretaceous–Palaeogene (Maastrichtian–Danian) boundary sections known globally. Other internationally significant deposits include earliest (Induan) and latest Triassic (Norian–Rhaetian) strata from the Danish autonomous territory of Greenland, and the Early Jurassic (Sinemurian–Pliensbachian) to Early Cretaceous (Berriasian) rocks of southern Sweden and the Danish Baltic island of Bornholm, respectively. Marine palaeocommunities are especially well documented, and comprise prolific benthic macroinvertebrates, together with pelagic cephalopods, chondrichthyans, actinopterygians and aquatic amniotes (ichthyopterygians, sauropterygians and mosasauroids). Terrestrial plant remains (lycophytes, sphenophytes, ferns, pteridosperms, cycadophytes, bennettitaleans and ginkgoes), including exceptionally well-preserved carbonized flowers, are also world famous, and are occasionally associated with faunal traces such as temnospondyl amphibian bones and dinosaurian footprints. While this collective documented record is substantial, much still awaits discovery. Thus, Scandinavia and its Arctic territories represent some of the most exciting prospects for future insights into the spectacular history of Mesozoic life and environments.
Mitochondrial Sirtuins in Cancer: Emerging Roles and Therapeutic Potential
Authors: George Jasmine , Ahmad Nihal 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
The past few decades have witnessed a furious attention of scientific community toward identifying novel molecular factors and targets that could be exploited for drug development for cancer management. One such factor is the sirtuin (SIRT) family of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+)-dependent deacetylases. The role of SIRTs in cancer is extremely complex, with dichotomous functions depending on cell contexts. Mammalian SIRTs (SIRT1–7) differ in their cellular localization and biologic functions. Among these, SIRT -3, -4, and -5 are located in the mitochondria and are being carefully investigated. These mitochondrial SIRTs (mtSIRT) regulate multiple cellular and physiologic processes, including cell cycle, gene expression, cell viability, stress response, metabolism, and energy homeostasis. Recent research suggests that mtSIRTs influence tumors by regulating the metabolic state of the cell. Although the research on the role of mtSIRTs in cancer is still in its infancy, studies have suggested tumor suppressor as well as tumor promoter roles for them. This review is focused on discussing up-to-date information about the roles and functional relevance of mtSIRTs (SIRT -3, -4, -5) in cancers. We have also provided a critical discussion and our perspective on their dual roles, as tumor promoter versus tumor suppressor, in cancer. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2500–6. ©2016 AACR.
A Novel MIF Signaling Pathway Drives the Malignant Character of Pancreatic Cancer by Targeting NR3C2
Authors: Yang Shouhui , He Peijun , Wang Jian , Schetter Aaron , Tang Wei , Funamizu Naotake , Yanaga Katsuhiko , Uwagawa Tadashi , Satoskar Abhay R. , Gaedcke Jochen , Bernhardt Markus , Ghadimi B. Michael , Gaida Matthias M. , Bergmann Frank , Werner Jens , Ried Thomas , Hanna Nader , Alexander H. Richard , Hussain S. Perwez 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Pancreatic cancers with aberrant expression of macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) are particularly aggressive. To identify key signaling pathways that drive disease aggressiveness in tumors with high MIF expression, we analyzed the expression of coding and noncoding genes in high and low MIF-expressing tumors in multiple cohorts of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) patients. The key genes and pathways identified were linked to patient survival and were mechanistically, functionally, and clinically characterized using cell lines, a genetically engineered mouse model, and PDAC patient cohorts. Here, we report evidence of a novel MIF-driven signaling pathway that inhibits the orphan nuclear receptor NR3C2, a previously undescribed tumor suppressor that impacts aggressiveness and survival in PDAC. Mechanistically, MIF upregulated miR-301b that targeted NR3C2 and suppressed its expression. PDAC tumors expressing high levels of MIF displayed elevated levels of miR-301b and reduced levels of NR3C2. In addition, reduced levels of NR3C2 expression correlated with poorer survival in multiple independent cohorts of PDAC patients. Functional analysis showed that NR3C2 inhibited epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition and enhanced sensitivity to the gemcitabine, a chemotherapeutic drug used in PDAC standard of care. Furthermore, genetic deletion of MIF disrupted a MIF–mir-301b–NR3C2 signaling axis, reducing metastasis and prolonging survival in a genetically engineered mouse model of PDAC. Taken together, our results offer a preclinical proof of principle for candidate therapies to target a newly described MIF–miR-301b–NR3C2 signaling axis for PDAC management. Cancer Res; 76(13); 3838–50. ©2016 AACR.
Carcinoma Cell Hyaluronan as a “Portable” Cancerized Prometastatic Microenvironment
Authors: Turley Eva A. , Wood David K. , McCarthy James B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHyaluronan (HA) is a structurally simple polysaccharide, but its ability to act as a template for organizing pericellular matrices and its regulated synthesis and degradation are key to initiating repair responses. Importantly, these HA functions are usurped by tumor cells to facilitate progression and metastasis. Recent advances have identified the functional complexities associated with the synthesis and degradation of HA-rich matrices. Three enzymes synthesize large HA polymers while multiple hyaluronidases or tissue free radicals degrade these into smaller bioactive fragments. A family of extracellular and cell-associated HA-binding proteins/receptors translates the bioinformation encrypted in this complex polymer mixture to activate signaling networks required for cell survival, proliferation, and migration in an actively remodeling microenvironment. Changes in HA metabolism within both the peritumor stroma and parenchyma are linked to tumor initiation, progression, and poor clinical outcome. We review evidence that metastatic tumor cells must acquire the capability to autonomously synthesize, assemble, and process their own “portable” HA-rich microenvironments to survive in the circulation, metastasize to ectopic sites, and escape therapeutic intervention. Strategies to disrupt the HA machinery of primary tumor and circulating tumor cells may enhance the effectiveness of current conventional and targeted therapies. Cancer Res; 76(9); 2507–12. ©2016 AACR.
The Widening Sphere of Influence of HOXB7 in Solid Tumors
Authors: Errico Maria Cristina , Jin Kideok , Sukumar Saraswati , Carè Alessandra 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Strong lines of evidence have established a critical role for the homeodomain protein HOXB7 in cancer. Specifically, molecular and cellular studies have demonstrated that HOXB7 is a master regulatory gene, capable of orchestrating a variety of target molecules, resulting in the activation of several oncogenic pathways. HOXB7 overexpression correlates with clinical progression and poor outcome of cancer patients. Specific inhibition of HOXB7 is particularly relevant in cancers still lacking effective therapies, such as tamoxifen-resistant breast cancer and melanoma. Mechanistic studies are providing additional targets of therapy, and biomarker studies are further establishing its importance in early diagnosis and prognosis. Cancer Res; 76(10); 2857–62. ©2016 AACR.
Is There a Future for Chemoprevention of Prostate Cancer?
Authors: Bosland Maarten C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe outcome of the Selenium and Vitamin E Cancer Prevention Trial, demonstrating harm and no preventive activity of selenomethionine and α-tocopherol for prostate cancer, and the lack of approval by the FDA for the use of 5α-reductase inhibitors to prevent prostate cancer have cast doubt about the future of chemoprevention of prostate cancer. This article attempts to critically assess whether the notion that chemoprevention of prostate cancer has no future is warranted. Risk of prostate cancer is modifiable and chemoprevention of prostate cancer, particularly fatal/lethal cancer, is both needed and possible. However, the approach to prostate cancer–chemopreventive agent development has not followed a rational and systematic process. To make progress, the following steps are necessary: (i) identification of intermediate biomarkers predictive of fatal/lethal disease; (ii) development of a rational approach to identification of candidate agents, including high-throughput screening and generation of information on mechanism and biology of candidate agents and potential molecular targets; and (iii) systematic evaluation of the predictive value of preclinical models, phase II trials, and intermediate biomarkers for the outcome of phase III trials. New phase III trials should be based on adequate preclinical and phase II studies. Cancer Prev Res; 9(8); 642–7. ©2016 AACR.
Invasive Assessment of Coronary Physiology Predicts Late Mortality After Heart Transplantation
Authors: Yang Hyoung-Mo , Khush Kiran , Luikart Helen , Okada Kozo , Lim Hong-Seok , Kobayashi Yuhei , Honda Yasuhiro , Yeung Alan C. , Valantine Hannah , Fearon William F. 
Published: April 2016

Background—
The aim of this study is to determine the prognostic value of invasively assessing coronary physiology early after heart transplantation.

Methods and Results—

Seventy-four cardiac transplant recipients had fractional flow reserve, coronary flow reserve, index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR), and intravascular ultrasound performed down the left anterior descending coronary artery soon after (baseline) and 1 year after heart transplantation. The primary end point was the cumulative survival free of death or retransplantation at a mean follow-up of 4.5±3.5 years. The cumulative event-free survival was significantly lower in patients with a fractional flow reserve <0.90 at baseline (42% versus 79%;
P
=0.01) or an IMR ≥20 measured 1 year after heart transplantation (39% versus 69%;
P
=0.03). Patients in whom IMR decreased or did not change from baseline to 1 year had higher event-free survival compared with patients with an increase in IMR (66% versus 36%;
P
=0.03). Fractional flow reserve <0.90 at baseline (hazard ratio, 0.13; 95% confidence interval, 0.02–0.81;
P
=0.03), IMR ≥20 at 1 year (hazard ratio, 3.93; 95% confidence interval, 1.08–14.27;
P
=0.04), and rejection during the first year (hazard ratio, 6.00; 95% confidence interval, 1.56–23.09;
P
=0.009) were independent predictors of death/retransplantation, whereas intravascular ultrasound parameters were not.

Conclusions—
Invasive measures of coronary physiology (fractional flow reserve and IMR) determined early after heart transplantation are significant predictors of late death or retransplantation.
Seasonal Sensitivity of the Eddy-Driven Jet to Tropospheric Heating in an Idealized AGCM
Authors: McGraw Marie C. , Barnes Elizabeth A. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
A dry dynamical core is used to investigate the seasonal sensitivity of the circulation to two idealized thermal forcings: a tropical upper-tropospheric heating and a polar lower-tropospheric heating. The thermal forcings are held constant, and the response of the circulation in each month of the year is explored. First, the circulation responses to tropical warming and polar warming are studied separately, and then the response to the simultaneously applied forcings is analyzed. Finally, the seasonality of the internal variability of the circulation is explored as a possible mechanism to explain the seasonality of the responses. The primary results of these experiments are as follows: 1) There is a seasonal sensitivity in the circulation response to both the tropical and polar forcings. 2) The jet position response to each forcing is greatest in the transition seasons, and the jet speed response exhibits a seasonal sensitivity to both forcings, although the seasonal sensitivities are not the same. 3) The circulation response is nonlinear in the transition seasons, but approximately linear in the winter months. 4) The internal variability of the unforced circulation exhibits a seasonal sensitivity that may partly explain the seasonal sensitivity of the forced response. The seasonality of the internal variability of daily MERRA reanalysis data is compared to that of the model, demonstrating that the broad conclusions drawn from this idealized modeling study may be useful for understanding the jet response to anthropogenic forcing.
Progressive Midlatitude Afforestation: Impacts on Clouds, Global Energy Transport, and Precipitation
Authors: Laguë Marysa M. , Swann Abigail L. S. 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Vegetation influences the atmosphere in complex and nonlinear ways, such that large-scale changes in vegetation cover can drive changes in climate on both local and global scales. Large-scale land surface changes have been shown to introduce excess energy to one hemisphere, causing a shift in atmospheric circulation on a global scale. However, past work has not quantified how the climate response scales with the area of vegetation. Here, the response of climate to linearly increasing the area of forest cover in the northern midlatitudes is systematically evaluated. This study shows that the magnitude of afforestation of the northern midlatitudes determines the local climate response in a nonlinear fashion, and the authors identify a threshold in vegetation-induced cloud feedbacks—a concept not previously addressed by large-scale vegetation manipulation experiments. Small increases in tree cover drive compensating cloud feedbacks, while latent heat fluxes reach a threshold after sufficiently large increases in tree cover, causing the troposphere to warm and dry, subsequently reducing cloud cover. Increased absorption of solar radiation at the surface is driven by both surface albedo changes and cloud feedbacks. This study shows how atmospheric cross-equatorial energy transport changes as the area of afforestation is incrementally increased. The results highlight the importance of considering both local and remote climate effects of large-scale vegetation change and explore the scaling relationship between changes in vegetation cover and resulting climate impacts.
Breaking the Linkage Between Labrador Sea Water Production and Its Advective Export to the Subtropical Gyre
Authors: Zou Sijia , Lozier M. Susan 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDeep water formation in the northern North Atlantic has been of long-standing interest because the resultant water masses, along with those that flow over the Greenland–Scotland Ridge, constitute the lower limb of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC), which carries these cold, deep waters southward to the subtropical region and beyond. It has long been assumed that an increase in deep water formation would result in a larger southward export of newly formed deep water masses. However, recent observations of Lagrangian floats have raised questions about this linkage. Motivated by these observations, the relationship between convective activity in the Labrador Sea and the export of newly formed Labrador Sea Water (LSW), the shallowest component of the deep AMOC, to the subtropics is explored. This study uses simulated Lagrangian pathways of synthetic floats produced with output from a global ocean–sea ice model. It is shown that substantial recirculation of newly formed LSW in the subpolar gyre leads to a relatively small fraction of this water exported to the subtropical gyre: 40 years after release, only 46% of the floats are able to reach the subtropics. Furthermore, waters produced from any one particular convection event are not collectively and contemporaneously exported to the subtropical gyre, such that the waters that are exported to the subtropical gyre have a wide distribution in age.
Residual Transport of Suspended Material by Tidal Straining near Sloping Topography
Authors: Schulz Kirstin , Umlauf Lars 
Published: April 2016

AbstractTidal straining is known to have an important impact on the generation of residual currents and the transport of suspended material in estuaries and the coastal ocean. Essential for this process is an externally imposed horizontal density gradient, typically resulting from either freshwater runoff or differential heating. Here, it is shown that near sloping topography, tidal straining may effectively transport suspended material across isobaths even if freshwater runoff and differential heating do not play a significant role. A combined theoretical and idealized modeling approach is used to illustrate the basic mechanisms and implications of this new process. The main finding of this study is that, for a wide range of conditions, suspended material is transported upslope by a pumping mechanism that is in many respects similar to classical tidal pumping. Downslope transport may also occur, however, only for the special cases of slowly sinking material in the vicinity of slopes with a slope angle larger than a critical threshold. The effective residual velocity at which suspended material is transported across isobaths is a significant fraction of the tidal velocity amplitude (up to 40% in some cases), suggesting that suspended material may be transported over large distances during a single tidal cycle.
A Case of an Undular Bore and Prefrontal Precipitation in the Australian Alps
Authors: Watson Campbell D. , Lane Todd P. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study explores the mesoscale processes that led to the development of two prefrontal precipitation events in the Australian Alps on 29–30 October 2010. The synoptic setting was characterized by the passage of an interacting front and prefrontal trough across southern Australia. Observations and model simulations revealed that when the prefrontal trough entered southeast Australia it resembled a density current advancing into a stable nocturnal layer, forming a bore at its leading edge. The bore detached from and propagated ahead of the prefrontal trough and became undular, supported by a wave-ducting mechanism. The undular bore was observed in the Doppler wind field of a radar, parts of which were collocated with bands of reflectivity. Strong winds coincident with this band of reflectivity suggest the undular bore triggered convection that eventually led to the bore’s demise. An ensemble of high-resolution model simulations (with perturbed initial and boundary conditions) was used to understand the key processes affecting the undular bore and two prefrontal precipitation events. While no member of the ensemble reproduced the first prefrontal precipitation event, at least six members (20%) reproduced parts of the second prefrontal precipitation event. Despite the low precipitation predictability, analysis of the ensemble suggests the undular bore was both a predictable phenomenon and integral to the initiation and/or evolution of the two prefrontal precipitation events.
The effect of multiple analysers on the biochemical diagnosis of myocardial infarction using a contemporary troponin–I assay
Authors: Pethick James , Patel Prashanth , Davies Timothy , Thompson John , Nallagonda Madhavi , Beech Alison , Collinson Paul , Lee Virginia , Gupta Pankaj 
Published: April 2016

Background The measurement of cardiac troponin is central for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction (MI). It is recommended that a coefficient of variation of ≤10% is achieved at the diagnostic threshold and significant change between serial measurements reported. Many modern laboratories use multiple analysers linked by automation where samples are randomly assigned to an analyser. It is therefore important to consider the combined effect of all analysers on the analytical performance of troponin measurement. Method The performance of a contemporary troponin-I (cTn-I) assay run on three analysers, linked by an automated track, was undertaken across a range of cTn-I concentrations. The data for the three analysers were aggregated to obtain the combined analytical coefficient of variation (CVA) and reference change values (RCVs). Results The CVA improved with increasing concentration and calculated RCVs ranged from 67.2% (±13 ng/L) to 32% (±160 ng/L) between cTn-I values 20 ng/L and 500 ng/L. Although there were significant differences in cTn-I measurement between analysers around the diagnostic threshold ( P < 0.05), the CVA was 13.6%. Conclusions We demonstrate that there are significant differences between the performances of analysers which can impact the biochemical criteria for the diagnosis of MI. We also show that the RCV varies according to baseline cTn-I values and that reporting a single RCV across the analytical range of cTn-I may not be appropriate.