bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Judgments of damage to public versus private property in Chinese children at different historical times
Authors: Chen Xinyin , Li Dan , Liu Junsheng , Chen Huichang , Zhao Siman 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study examined children's judgments of damage to public versus private property in China at two historical times. Participants were two cohorts (1980 and 2012) of elementary school children at ages 7, 9, and 11 years. The children were administered paired stories that described a protagonist who damaged public or private property with a good or bad intention. The results showed that children in the 2012 cohort were less likely than their counterparts in the 1980 cohort to judge damage to public property as more culpable than damage to private property. The cohort differences were more evident in older children than in younger children. The results suggest that macro‐level contexts may play an important role in shaping children's judgments.
Efficacy and safety of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists in type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and mixed‐treatment comparison analysis
Authors: Htike Zin Z. , Zaccardi Francesco , Papamargaritis Dimitris , Webb David R. , Khunti Kamlesh , Davies Melanie J. 
Published: December 2016

AimsTo compare efficacy and safety of glucagon‐like peptide‐1 receptor agonists (GLP‐1RAs) in people with type 2 diabetes.Materials and methodsWe electronically searched, up to June 3, 2016, published randomized clinical trials lasting between 24 and 32 weeks that compared a GLP‐1RA (albiglutide, dulaglutide, twice‐daily exenatide and once‐weekly exenatide, liraglutide, lixisenatide, semaglutide and taspoglutide) with placebo or another GLP‐1RA. Data on cardiometabolic and safety outcomes were analysed using a mixed‐treatment comparison meta‐analysis.ResultsA total of 34 trials (14 464 participants) met the inclusion criteria; no published data for semaglutide were available. Compared with placebo, all GLP‐1RAs reduced glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels (reductions ranged from −0.55% and −0.73 mmol/L, respectively, for lixisenatide to −1.21% and −1.97 mmol/L, respectively, for dulaglutide). There were no differences within short‐acting (twice‐daily exenatide and lixisenatide) or long‐acting (albiglutide, dulaglutide, once‐weekly exenatide, liraglutide and taspoglutide) groups. Compared with twice‐daily exenatide, dulaglutide treatment was associated with the greatest HbA1c and FPG reduction (0.51% and 1.04 mmol/L, respectively), followed by liraglutide (0.45% and 0.93 mmol/L, respectively) and once‐weekly exenatide (0.38% and 0.85 mmol/L, respectively); similar reductions were found when these 3 agents were compared with lixisenatide. Compared with placebo, all GLP‐1RAs except albiglutide reduced weight and increased the risk of hypoglycaemia and gastrointestinal side effects, and all agents except dulaglutide and taspoglutide reduced systolic blood pressure. When all GLP‐1RAs were compared with each other, no clinically meaningful differences were observed in weight loss, blood pressure reduction or hypoglycaemia risk. Albiglutide had the lowest risk of nausea and diarrhoea and once‐weekly exenatide the lowest risk of vomiting.ConclusionsThe RCTs in the present analysis show that all GLP‐1RAs improve glycaemic control, reduce body weight and increase the risk of adverse gastrointestinal symptoms compared with placebo. Although there were no differences when short‐acting agents were compared with each other or when long‐acting agents were compared with each other, dulaglutide, liraglutide and once‐weekly exenatide were superior to twice‐daily exenatide and lixisenatide at lowering HbA1c and FPG levels. There were no differences in hypoglycaemia between these 3 agents, whilst once‐weekly exenatide had the lowest risk of vomiting. These results, along with patient's preferences and individualized targets, should be considered when selecting a GLP‐1RA.
Effect of varying degrees of renal impairment on the pharmacokinetics and tolerability of taspoglutide
Authors: Giraudon Mylène , Sturm Stefan , Lambert Nathalie , Niggli Markus , Brumm Jochen , Mangold Bernhard , Schmitt Christophe 
Published: December 2016

AimTo evaluate single‐dose pharmacokinetics and tolerability of taspoglutide in people with varying degrees of renal impairment and matched healthy participants.MethodsParticipants in the present study were people with mild renal impairment (n = 10), moderate impairment (n = 10), severe impairment (n = 9), and a matched healthy control group (n = 10). Participants received a single subcutaneous injection of taspoglutide (10 mg) on day 1. Plasma and urine drug concentration, antibody formation, vital signs, ECGs and routine laboratory variables were measured frequently and adverse events (AEs) were monitored for 9 weeks.ResultsTaspoglutide exposure was higher among participants with moderate and severe renal impairment compared with participants with normal renal function. Mean AUClast
was 13% and 38% higher in participants with moderate and severe renal impairment, respectively compared with participants with normal renal function. Likewise, mean peak plasma concentration (Cmax
) was 57% and 93% higher in participants with moderate and severe renal function impairment, respectively, compared with participants with normal renal function. Linear regression analyses showed a statistically significant inverse relationship between taspoglutide exposure parameters (AUC and Cmax
) and creatinine clearance. Higher incidences of gastrointestinal (GI) AEs were reported in participants with severe renal impairment.ConclusionRenal impairment altered the pharmacokinetics of taspoglutide. The degree of renal impairment was associated with an increased exposure to taspoglutide and an increased risk of GI AEs.
Evaluation of the counter‐regulatory responses to hypoglycaemia in patients with type 1 diabetes during opiate receptor blockade with naltrexone
Authors: Naik Sarita , Belfort‐DeAguiar Renata , Sejling Anne‐Sophie , Szepietowska Barbara , Sherwin Robert S. 
Published: December 2016

AimsHypoglycaemia is the major limiting factor in achieving optimal glycaemic control in people with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), especially intensively treated patients with impaired glucose counter‐regulation during hypoglycaemia. Naloxone, an opiate receptor blocker, has been reported to enhance the acute counter‐regulatory response to hypoglycaemia when administered intravenously in humans. The current study was undertaken to investigate the oral formulation of the long‐acting opiate antagonist, naltrexone, and determine if it could have a similar effect, and thus might be useful therapeutically in treatment of T1DM patients with a high risk of hypoglycaemia.Materials and methodsWe performed a randomized, placebo‐controlled, double‐blinded, cross‐over study in which 9 intensively treated subjects with T1DM underwent a 2‐step euglycaemic‐hypoglycaemic‐hyperinsulinaemic clamp on 2 separate occasions. At 12 hours and at 1 hour before the clamp study, participants received 100 mg of naltrexone or placebo orally. Counter‐regulatory hormonal responses were assessed at baseline and during each step of the hyperinsulinaemic‐clamp.ResultsGlucose and insulin levels did not differ significantly between the naltrexone and placebo visits; nor did the glucose infusion rates required to keep glucose levels at target. During hypoglycaemia, naltrexone, in comparison with the placebo group, induced an increase in epinephrine levels (
P
= .05). However, no statistically significant differences in glucagon, cortisol and growth hormone responses were observed.ConclusionIn contrast to the intravenous opiate receptor blocker naloxone, overnight administration of the oral long‐acting opiate receptor blocker, naltrexone, at a clinically used dose, had a limited effect on the counter‐regulatory response to hypoglycaemia in intensively treated subjects with T1DM.
In vitro differentiation of neural stem cells derived from human olfactory bulb into dopaminergic‐like neurons
Authors: Alizadeh Rafieh , Hassanzadeh Gholamreza , Joghataei Mohammad Taghi , Soleimani Mansoureh , Moradi Fatemeh , Mohammadpour Shahram , Ghorbani Jahangir , Safavi Ali , Sarbishegi Maryam , Pirhajati Mahabadi Vahid , Alizadeh Leila , Hadjighassem Mahmoudreza 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThis study describes a new accessible source of neuronal stem cells that can be used in Parkinson's disease cell transplant. The human olfactory bulb contains neural stem cells (NSCs) that are responsible for neurogenesis in the brain and the replacement of damaged cellular components throughout life. NSCs are capable of differentiating into neuronal and glial cells. We isolated NSCs from the olfactory bulb of brain‐death donors and differentiated them into dopaminergic neurons. The olfactory bulb tissues obtained were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium/nutrient mixture F12, B27 supplemented with basic fibroblast growth factor, epidermal growth factor and leukemia inhibitory factor. The NSCs and proliferation markers were assessed. The multipotentiality of olfactory bulb NSCs was demonstrated by their capacity to differentiate into neurons, oligodendrocytes and astrocytes. To generate dopaminergic neurons, olfactory bulb NSCs were differentiated in neurobasal medium, supplemented with B27, and treated with sonic hedgehog, fibroblast growth factor 8 and glial cell‐derived neurotrophic factor from the 7th to the 21st day, followed by detection of dopaminergic neuronal markers including tyrosine hydroxylase and aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase. The cells were expanded, established in continuous cell lines and differentiated into the two classical neuronal phenotypes. The percentage of co‐positive cells (microtubule‐associated protein 2 and tyrosine hydroxylase; aromatic l‐amino acid decarboxylase and tyrosine hydroxylase) in the treated cells was significantly higher than in the untreated cells. These results illustrate the existence of multipotent NSCs in the adult human olfactory bulb that are capable of differentiating toward putative dopaminergic neurons in the presence of trophic factors. Taken together, our data encourage further investigations of the possible use of olfactory bulb NSCs as a promising cell‐based therapeutic strategy for Parkinson's disease.
Unity, Objectivity, and the Passivity of Experience
Authors: Gomes Anil 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn the section ‘Unity and Objectivity’ ofThe Bounds of Sense, P. F. Strawson argues for the thesis that unity of consciousness requires experience of an objective world. My aim in this essay is to evaluate this claim. In the first and second parts of the essay, I explicate Strawson's thesis, reconstruct his argument, and identify the point at which the argument fails. Strawson's discussion nevertheless raises an important question: are there ways in which we must think of our experiences if we are to self‐ascribe them? In the third part of the essay, I use Kant's remarks concerning the passivity of experience to suggest one answer to this question: in self‐ascribing experiences, we must be capable of thinking of them as passive to their objects. This can be used to provide an alternative route from unity to objectivity.
Growth hormone/IGF‐1 axis longitudinal evaluation in clinically isolated syndrome patients on interferon β‐1b therapy: stimulation tests and correlations with clinical and radiological conversion to multiple sclerosis
Authors: Lanzillo R. , Di Somma C. , Quarantelli M. , Carotenuto A. , Pivonello C. , Moccia M. , Cianflone A. , Marsili A. , Puorro G. , Saccà F. , Russo C. V. , De Luca Picione C. , Ausiello F. , Colao A. , Brescia Morra V. 
Published: December 2016

Background and purposeGrowth hormone (GH)/insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) axis abnormalities in multiple sclerosis (MS) suggest their role in its pathogenesis. Interferon β (IFN‐β) efficacy could be mediated also by an increase of IGF‐1 levels. A 2‐year longitudinal study was performed to estimate the prevalence of GH and/or IGF‐1 deficiency in clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) patients and their correlation with conversion to MS in IFN treated patients.MethodsClinical and demographic features of CIS patients were collected before the start of IFN‐β‐1b. IGF‐1 levels and GH response after arginine and GH releasing hormone + arginine stimulation tests were assessed. Clinical and magnetic resonance imaging evaluations were performed at baseline, 1 year and 2 years.ResultsThirty CIS patients (24 female) were enrolled. At baseline, four patients (13%) showed a hypothalamic GH deficiency (GHD), whilst no one had a pituitary GHD. Baseline demographic, clinical and radiological data were not related to GHD, whilst IGF‐1 levels were inversely related to age (P < 0.001) and GH levels (P = 0.03). GH and IGF‐1 serum mean levels were not significantly modified after 1 and 2 years of treatment in the whole group, although 3/4 GHD patients experienced a normalization of GH levels, whilst one dropped out. After 2 years of treatment 13/28 (46%) patients converted to MS. The presence of GHD and GH and IGF‐1 levels were not predictive of relapses, new T2 lesions or conversion occurrence.ConclusionsGrowth hormone/IGF‐1 axis function was found to be frequently altered in CIS patients, but this was not related to MS conversion. Patients experienced an improvement of GHD during IFN therapy. Longer follow‐up is necessary to assess its impact on disease progression.
Motor associations of iron accumulation in deep grey matter nuclei in Parkinson's disease: a cross‐sectional study of iron‐related magnetic resonance imaging susceptibility
Authors: Martin‐Bastida A. , Lao‐Kaim N. P. , Loane C. , Politis M. , Roussakis A. A. , Valle‐Guzman N. , Kefalopoulou Z. , Paul‐Visse G. , Widner H. , Xing Y. , Schwarz S. T. , Auer D. P. , Foltynie T. , Barker R. A. , Piccini P. 
Published: December 2016

Background and purposeTo determine whether iron deposition in deep brain nuclei assessed using high‐pass filtered phase imaging plays a role in motor disease severity in Parkinson's disease (PD).MethodsSeventy patients with mild to moderate PD and 20 age‐ and gender‐matched healthy volunteers (HVs) underwent susceptibility‐weighted imaging on a 3 T magnetic resonance imaging scanner. Phase shifts (radians) in deep brain nuclei were derived from high‐pass filtered phase images and compared between groups. Analysis of clinical laterality and correlations with motor severity (Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale, Part III, UPDRS‐III) were performed. Phase shifts (in radians) were compared between HVs and three PD subgroups divided according to UPDRS‐III scores using analysis of covariance, adjusting for age and regional area.ResultsParkinson's disease patients had significantly (P < 0.001) higher radians than HVs bilaterally in the putamen, globus pallidus and substantia nigra (SN). The SN contralateral to the most affected side showed higher radians (P < 0.001) compared to the less affected side. SN radians positively correlated with UPDRS‐III and bradykinesia−rigidity subscores, but not with tremor subscores. ancova followed by post hoc Bonferroni‐adjusted pairwise comparisons revealed that SN radians were significantly greater in the PD subgroup with higher UPDRS‐III scores compared to both lowest UPDRS‐III PD and HV groups (P < 0.001).ConclusionsIncreased nigral iron accumulation in PD appears to be stratified according to disease motor severity and correlates with symptoms related to dopaminergic neurodegeneration. This semi‐quantitative in vivo iron assessment could prove useful for objectively monitoring PD progression, especially in clinical trials concerning iron chelation therapies.
Measuring changes in the optic nerve sheath diameter in patients with idiopathic normal‐pressure hydrocephalus: a useful diagnostic supplement to spinal tap tests
Authors: Ertl M. , Aigner R. , Krost M. , Karnasová Z. , Müller K. , Naumann M. , Schlachetzki F. 
Published: December 2016

Background and purposeCerebrospinal fluid (CSF) removal improves clinical symptoms of many patients with idiopathic normal‐pressure hydrocephalus (iNPH). The aim of this study was to investigate the correlation of changes in the optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) with patient responses to CSF removal.MethodsTransorbital ultrasonography was performed to obtain ONSD measurements in 31 patients with iNPH before and after lumbar puncture. Measurements were obtained while patients were supine and upright. Changes in the ONSD between supine and upright positions [ONSD variability (ONSD‐V)] were assessed and compared with those in 60 healthy volunteers. ONSD‐V was correlated with relative changes in a validated iNPH severity (Boon) score.ResultsMean pre‐puncture ONSD‐V was significantly lower in healthy volunteers and patients with no response to CSF removal (Fisher test) [0.05 ± 0.14 mm (SD)] than in responsive patients [0.37 ± 0.20 mm (SD), P < 0.001]. ONSD‐V predicted response to the spinal tap test (odds ratio, 0.30; 95% confidence interval, 0.12–0.75 mm, P = 0.011). The higher the ONSD‐V, the better the therapeutic effect (χ2 = 14.980, P < 0.001). The post‐spinal tap test ONSD‐V correlated significantly with clinical severity in the motor portion of the Boon score [0.16 ± 0.23 mm (SD), P = 0.003].ConclusionsThe ONSD‐V before and after spinal tap test correlated well with the clinical effects of CSF removal. Transorbital ultrasonography seems to be a reliable, safe add‐on to the Fisher test and may support selection of patients for shunt intervention.
A semantic interoperability approach to health‐care data: Resolving data‐level conflicts
Authors: Sonsilphong Suphachoke , Arch‐int Ngamnij , Arch‐int Somjit , Pattarapongsin Cherdpan 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe integration of data from various electronic health record (EHR) systems presents a critical conflict in the sharing and exchanging of patient information across a diverse group of health‐oriented organizations. Patient health records in each system are annotated with ontologies utilizing different health‐care standards, creating ontology conflicts both at the schema and data levels. In this study, we introduce the concept of semantic ontology mapping for the facilitation and interoperability of heterogeneous EHR systems. This approach proposes a means of detecting and resolving the data‐level conflicts that generally exist in the ontology mapping process. We have extended the semantic bridge ontology in support of ontology mapping at the data level and generated the required mapping rules to reconcile data from different ontological sources into a canonical format. As a result, linked‐patient data are generated and made available in a semantic query engine to facilitate user queries of patient data across heterogeneous EHR systems.
Atmospheric CH4 oxidation by Arctic permafrost and mineral cryosols as a function of water saturation and temperature
Authors: Stackhouse B. , Lau M. C. Y. , Vishnivetskaya T. , Burton N. , Wang R. , Southworth A. , Whyte L. , Onstott T. C. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe response of methanotrophic bacteria capable of oxidizing atmospheric CH4 to climate warming is poorly understood, especially for those present in Arctic mineral cryosols. The atmospheric CH4 oxidation rates were measured in microcosms incubated at 4 °C and 10 °C along a 1‐m depth profile and over a range of water saturation conditions for mineral cryosols containing type I and type II methanotrophs from Axel Heiberg Island (AHI), Nunavut, Canada. The cryosols exhibited net consumption of ~2 ppmv CH4 under all conditions, including during anaerobic incubations. Methane oxidation rates increased with temperature and decreased with increasing water saturation and depth, exhibiting the highest rates at 10 °C and 33% saturation at 5 cm depth (260 ± 60 pmol CH4 gdw−1 d−1). Extrapolation of the CH4 oxidation rates to the field yields net CH4 uptake fluxes ranging from 11 to 73 μmol CH4 m−2 d−1, which are comparable to field measurements. Stable isotope mass balance indicates ~50% of the oxidized CH4 is incorporated into the biomass regardless of temperature or saturation. Future atmospheric CH4 uptake rates at AHI with increasing temperatures will be determined by the interplay of increasing CH4 oxidation rates vs. water saturation and the depth to the water table during summer thaw.
Environmental impacts of bioenergy wood production from poplar short‐rotation coppice grown at a marginal agricultural site in Germany
Authors: Schweier Janine , Molina‐Herrera Saúl , Ghirardo Andrea , Grote Rüdiger , Díaz‐Pinés Eugenio , Kreuzwieser Jürgen , Haas Edwin , Butterbach‐Bahl Klaus , Rennenberg Heinz , Schnitzler Jörg‐Peter , Becker Gero 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFor avoiding competition with food production, marginal land is economically and environmentally highly attractive for biomass production with short‐rotation coppices (SRCs) of fast‐growing tree species such as poplars. Herein, we evaluated the environmental impacts of technological, agronomic, and environmental aspects of bioenergy production from hybrid poplar SRC cultivation on marginal land in southern Germany. For this purpose, different management regimes were considered within a 21‐year lifetime (combining measurements and modeling approaches) by means of a holistic Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). We analyzed two coppicing rotation lengths (7 × 3 and 3 × 7 years) and seven nitrogen fertilization rates and included all processes starting from site preparation, planting and coppicing, wood chipping, and heat production up to final stump removal. The 7‐year rotation cycles clearly resulted in higher biomass yields and reduced environmental impacts such as nitrate (NO3) leaching and soil nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. Fertilization rates were positively related to enhanced biomass accumulation, but these benefits did not counterbalance the negative impacts on the environment due to increased nitrate leaching and N2O emissions. Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with the heat production from poplar SRC on marginal land ranged between 8 and 46 kg CO2‐eq. GJ−1 (or 11–57 Mg CO2‐eq. ha−1). However, if the produced wood chips substitute oil heating, up to 123 Mg CO2‐eq. ha−1 can be saved, if produced in a 7‐year rotation without fertilization. Dissecting the entire bioenergy production chain, our study shows that environmental impacts occurred mainly during combustion and storage of wood chips, while technological aspects of establishment, harvesting, and transportation played a negligible role.
UNEXPECTED AND VITAL CONTROVERSIES: FOUCAULT'S LES MOTS ET LES CHOSES IN ITS PHILOSOPHICAL MOMENT AND IN OURS
Authors: WORMS FRÉDÉRIC 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTAn explicit controversy stirred by Foucault's announcement of the “death of man” in Les mots et les choses had a side effect: it hid another kind of controversy between allies and friends, that is between Foucault and contemporaries of the new moment he was opening, among whom were Canguilhem, Deleuze, and Derrida. These internal and unexpected controversies are the very life of the “60s” moment in French philosophy. It so happens that they also all dealt with the question of life, thus leading to the heart of our moment today.