bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Aesthetics of Liposuction
Authors: Gruner Clara Lieberman 
Published: January 2017

Liposuction as such has the purpose of creating beauty by reducing the deformity of a human body through this scientific technique; therefore, it is essential to be aesthetically prepared to discriminate zones that deform or disfigure the human body. It is important to have a clear concept of what beauty is as such, through time and at present; to recognize the sense of proportion, cultural perspective, historical approach, customs, social objectivity, and artistic knowledge. The obligation of incorporating into this specialty the art concept as a primordial component of the scientific training creates liposculpture of the human body and the knowledge that the final objective is to sculpt a human body with a scientific–artistic eye.
Medical Malpractice Trial: Use of Evidence of Uncharged Misconduct
Authors: Shiffman Melvin A. 
Published: January 2017

Evidence of uncharged misconduct may be offered at a malpractice trial to prove motive, opportunity, intent, preparation, plan, knowledge, identity, or absence of mistake or accident, but not to prove that a person acted in conformity with other wrongs or acts on a particular occasion. The author offers a summary of the general rules of evidence and analyzes the doctrine of Uncharged Misconduct, narrowing the discussion to the admission of uncharged evidence in medical malpractice trials in particular. Physicians should be aware that his/her practice may be scrutinized for prior charged malpractice as well as recurring incidents of medical mistakes that have remained uncharged.
The Breast Implant and Disease: An Observed Association or a Verdict of Causation? Part I
Authors: Discoe Tony A. 
Published: January 2017

The issue presented in breast implant litigation, whether breast implants cause harm, graphically displays the frontiers of the interface of law and medicine, and the complex method of evaluating causal relationships in medicine. Should the law wait for an answer? This paper provides a system for evaluating the results of studies in the area of breast implant litigation, in terms of the extent to which those results support or refute a causal relationship. The concept and characteristics of causation and the reliability of cases, reports, descriptive studies, and anecdotal cases as evidence of causation are discussed. Because of the current media and medical legal environment, recommendations for the care and treatment of patients with breast implants are being made without careful thought. The consequences of widespread litigation may be the determining factor in attempting to resolve the question of the potential harm of the silicone-gel breast implant.
Combined Action of Bovine Collagen and Glycolic Acid in Soft-Tissue Augmentation
Authors: Sito Giuseppe , Sorrentino Laura 
Published: January 2017

Bovine collagen and glycolic acid have been used in recent years to rejuvenate skin. Both stimulate new endogen collagen synthesis in the host. The authors have worked out a protocol based on a contemporary use of the two substances in progressive steps in order to prove a synergistic action of bovine collagen and glycolic acid used in combination, giving better and longer lasting aesthetic results. Studies were performed on 48 Sprague-Dawley female rats and clinically on 60 carefully informed female human volunteers. Bovine purified American collagen conjugated with glutaraldehyde and unbuffered glycolic acid in gel form, combined with fluorescein, at pH 0.95 and at 70% was utilized. Evaluations of histological aspects were carried out on macroscopic and microscopic levels in animals. At the second month, the collagen implant treated with glycolic acid was observed to be more voluminous and better preserved than the untreated implant. On a clinical level, the group undergoing the “Protocollo Sito” obtained far more satisfactory results than the two control groups.
Effects of Calcium and Phosphate On Secretion of Enamel Matrix and Its Subsequent Mineralization in Vitro
Authors: Woltgens J.H.M. , Lyaruu D.M. , Bervoets TH.J.M. , Bronckers A.L.J.J. 
Published: January 2017

We examined the effects of various calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) levels on enamel matrix synthesis, secretion, and its subsequent mineralization in vitro. Second maxillary molar tooth germs of three-day-old hamsters were cultured for nine days in vitro in media containing low (0.9 mmol/L), moderate (2.6 mmol/L), or high (4.5 mmol/L) medium levels of Ca, with either moderate (1.65 mmol/L) or high (3.65 mmol/ L) medium levels of P. Explants were then examined histologically. For examination of matrix synthesis and mineralization, explants were labeled during the last 24 hr of culture with a triple label of 3H-proline, 45Ca, and 32PO4. At low Ca levels, tooth germs failed to deposit enamel matrix and dentin, and no mineralization took place, regardless of the levels of P. Low levels of Ca, however, did not prevent deposition of pre-dentin. At moderate and high levels of Ca, considerable amounts of enamel and dentin were deposited in vitro, and both matrices mineralized. At high Ca levels, however, the forming enamel hypermineralized, was more irregular, and tended to be thinner. Increasing P concentrations at moderate and high Ca levels resulted in formation of a more regular enamel and dentin and a better-controlled mineralization. Biochemically, high levels of Ca tended to decrease enamel matrix secretion but significantly enhanced the uptake of 45Ca. This Ca-stimulated increase of 45Ca uptake could be reduced to below control levels by increases in P medium levels. We conclude that: (1) a minimum medium Ca concentration is required to induce enamel matrix deposition and mineralization of both enamel and dentin; (2) high levels of medium Ca induce hypermineralization of enamel and give rise to deposition of a more irregular enamel than at moderate Ca levels; and (3) high levels of P are not able to induce mineralization when Ca levels are low but seem to moderate effects of moderate and high levels of Ca.
Localization of Cellular Calcium in Differentiating Ameloblasts and Its Relationship To the Early Mineralization Process in Mantle Dentin and Enamel in Hamster Tooth Germs in Vitro
Authors: Lyaruu D.M. , Bronckers A.L.J.J. , Woltgens J.H.M. , Hoeben-Schornagel K. 
Published: January 2017

The relationship between the distribution of calcium in the cells of the enamel organ and the mineralization process in mantle dentin and enamel was investigated at the ultrastructural level in cultured hamster second maxillary molar tooth germs explanted before the onset of mineralization (bell stage). During the early stages of pre-odontoblast and pre-ameloblast differentiation, pyroantimcnate (PA) reaction product for calcium was observed only in the nuclei. However, an abrupt increase in PA reaction product appeared in the apical cytoplasm of both the pre-odontoblasts and pre-ameloblasts prior to the onset of mantle dentin mineralization. In the pre-dentin, the PA reaction product was localized mainly on the striated collagen fibers. The PA reaction product in the apical poles of these cells increased concomitantly with increasing mantle dentin mineralization. The amounts of PA reaction product along the plasma membranes and in the cytoplasm decreased in the direction of the basal (stratum intermedium) pole. The highest PA activity in the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membranes of the ameloblasts was found during the secretory phase of amelogenesis. However, in the area around the tips of the Tomes' processes, membrane-associated and cytoplasmic PA activity was low or absent but gradually increased toward the ameloblast cell body, an indication of the presence of a calcium gradient in the processes. These results indicate that in vitro: (1) both odontoblasts and (pre)-ameloblasts are involved in the calcium acquisition necessary for the initial stages of mantle dentin mineralization; (2) in ameloblasts, there is a calcium gradient in the direction of the mineralization front from the earliest stages of mantle dentin mineralization onward; (3) enamel matrix does not seem to be involved in calcium translocation to the enamel mineralization front; (4) the Tomes' processes seem to regulate transmembrane calcium transport to the mineralization front; and (5) the distribution of calcium in the enamel organ is comparable with that found in vivo.
Distribution of Calcium and Phosphate in Cells of the Enamel Organ in the Rat Lower Incisor
Authors: Kawamoto T. , Shimizu M. 
Published: January 2017

The distribution of calcium and phosphate in the cells of the enamel organ of the rat lower incisors was investigated by autoradiography and energy-dispersive x-ray spectrometry (EDS). Radioactive calcium or phosphate was injected i.p. into seven-day-old rats of the Wistar strain. The animals were frozen 0.5, 1, and 10 min after injection, and embedded in 5% carboxymethyl cellulose. Sagittal sections of 10 μm thickness were made in which the lower incisor was included as a part of the whole-body section. For autoradiography, the sections were freeze-dried and placed in contact with dry thin films prepared from autoradiographic emulsion. For EDS, sections were mounted on carbon stubs, freeze-dried, coated with carbon, and examined by EDS in a SEM. 45Ca and 32P autoradiograms showed that the radioactivity was located over the papillary layer cells adjacent to the secretory stage ameloblasts and was much higher here than in the ameloblastic layer. On the other hand, there was no significant difference between the amount of radioactivity of these two cell layers in the maturation stage, although higher radioactivity was detectable in the maturation stage enamel than in the secretory stage enamel. Pronounced Ka x-ray peaks were obtained for P, S, Cl, and K originating from the cells of the papillary and ameloblastic layers in the secretory stage, but only very low peaks were obtained for Ca. On the other hand, in addition to these elements, remarkably high Ca and Fe peaks could be detected in the ameloblastic layer of the maturation stage.
Temperature-Related Ultrastructural Changes in Early Stage Amelogenesis in Vascularly Perfused Rat Incisors
Authors: Takano Y. , Akai M. , Matsuo S. , Wakisaka S. , Ichikawa H. , Nishikawa S. 
Published: January 2017

Vascularly perfused rat incisors were investigated by electron microscopy in order to achieve further definition of the origin and nature of stippled material in developing enamel. A prolonged (20-minute) pre-wash perfusion of the rat with a physiological solution at 37°C prior to perfusion fixation retained good morphology of the secretory ameloblasts and adjacent enamel, showing virtually no extracellular accumulation of granular material. Granular material appeared throughout the developing enamel after pre-wash perfusion at low temperatures (0-2°C), and accumulated in the extensively dilated extracellular spaces between the proximal portions of Tomes' processes, where numerous coated pits and coated vesicles were located. Vascular perfusion at 37°C, preceded by a cold perfusion, abolished the granular material in the developing enamel, whereas the granular material in the extracellular spaces between Tomes' processes remained as huge droplets of dense material. These results indicate that at least a part of the matrix protein of rat incisor developing enamel has the physico-chemical property to dissociate at low temperature during pre-wash perfusion and move toward the enamel surface. Thus, in perfusion-fixed specimens, an intimate relationship between the artifactual formation of stippled material and the temperature of the pre-wash perfusate is suggested.
Resins in Restorative Dental Materials: Reactor Response
Authors: Franz G.F.E. 
Published: January 2017

The response stresses two remarks of Prof. Braden about the sensitizing agents and the importance of a decrease of shrinkage in new dental resins. The objective of our own investigation was to measure the wear of veneering resins brushed with dentifrices and to find a good combination of resin and fillers, as well as which abrasives in toothpastes make the smallest abrasion on veneering resins. The in vitro method-described in this paper-is based on the results obtained in an in vivo abrasion test with dental students. The in vitro abrasion test instrument has to produce similar results with the six tested dentifrices on polymethylmethacrylate as measured in our in vivo test. Two different series of veneering resins were tested, one with increasing cross-linkage, the other with increasing microfiller. In the series with increasing cross-linkage, the hardness increased and the abrasion values decreased. In the series with increasing microfiller, the hardness also increased; however, the abrasion resistance was not related to the hardness. Two dentifrices caused nearly no abrasion, while three higher-abrasive dentifrices showed an increase of abrasion on the 40% and 60% filler-containing specimens. Thus, the abrasion resistance can be improved with the right relation between microfiller and cross-linkage. A toothbrush with medium stiffness and a dentifrice containing an amorphous silica, i.e., Syloblanc 7/82, should be recommended for appropriate oral hygiene when veneering resins are present. The objective of our second study was to use a torsion test to investigate the bond strength between metal and resin. The results depend on the cross-head speed used, i.e., the stress results increased with the speed.
Current Developments in Posterior Composite Resins
Authors: Leinfelder K.F. 
Published: January 2017

The use of posterior composite resins has grown at a rapid rate. While the original materials were completely inadequate for the restoration of Class I and II cavity preparations, the newer-generation materials are apparently superior. While wear rates of over 100 μm per year were not uncommon, some of the newer composites wear away at the rate of less than 1 μm per month. A great deal of the improvement in wear resistance can be attributed to an optimization of the filler particle. Specifically, the particle size has been decreased and the filler loading has been increased. In some instances, softer filler particles have been incorporated in order to decrease the hardness differential between the filler and the resin matrix. Other factors which have been considered include chemical erosion of the matrix, degradation of the silane coupling agent, internal porosity, method of polymerization, and hydrophobicity of the resin matrix. A greater understanding has been developed regarding patterns of wear as well as rates of wear. Techniques have been developed for rapid and routine measurements of the loss of anatomical form. Although the composite resins have been improved substantially, their use in posterior teeth is quite technique-sensitive. Furthermore, the problem of secondary caries is still a major concern.
Endodontic Materials
Authors: Ørstavik D. 
Published: January 2017

Endodontic sealing materials for permanent obturation of root canals are highly variable both in chemistry of setting and in their additives. Conventional materials are based on zinc oxide-eugenol, rosin-chloroform, or synthetic resins. These have been extensively tested for biological and technical properties. Most materials are slightly or moderately cytotoxic, and some - notably paraformaldehyde-containing materials- have been associated with clinical complications such as paresthesia of the mental and/or inferior alveolar nerve. Recently, Ca(OH)2-containing materials have been introduced with claims of improved clinical and biological performance. However, there is little documentation of the alleged benefits of new materials. The virtual absence of comparative clinical studies on endodontic filling materials appears to be the major obstacle to critical assessment of old materials or to adequate documentation of new formulae. A recently introduced scoring system for the radiographic assessment of apical periodontitis may aid in the future testing of endodontic materials. Results with this scoring system on extensive clinical material indicate that it is possible to discriminate among endodontic materials with small differences in clinical performance.
Dental Cements: Reactor Response
Authors: Swartz M.L. 
Published: January 2017

This paper is in response to Dr. Dennis Smith's paper, which dealt with the current status of dental cements and recommendations with respect to future research needs. Interest in cements and research in this area have mushroomed with the development of polycarboxylate and glass-ionomer cements. Despite this increased research, there still exist significant voids, which can only be elucidated by further concerted research efforts, both laboratory and clinical. With newer systems -e.g., the polycarboxylate and glass-ionomer cements—properties such as modulus of elasticity, which were of little concern with the phosphate cements, have now assumed clinical relevance. Also, the need persists to develop an in vitro test that reflects the relative resistance of cements to disintegration in the oral cavity. Finally, greater efforts should be expended by the research community to disseminate new findings to the dental practitioner in order that the patient population may benefit from the latest advances in materials.
The Problems Preventing Progress in Adhesive Restorative Dentistry
Authors: Fusayama T. 
Published: January 2017

Recognition of the following facts is essential for progress in adhesive restorative dentistry: (1) The system removing only the infected outer layer of carious dentin by the caries detector and placing the chemically adhesive composite can save teeth maximally without operative pain; (2) The traditional fear of dentin etching must be eliminated. The chemically adhesive composite placed upon etched dentin without lining secures maximum retentive stability and pulp safety; and (3) The chemically adhesive posterior composite, if used properly, is far kinder to teeth than is amalgam.
Calcium Phosphate Materials in Restorative Dentistry: a Review
Authors: Legeros R.Z. 
Published: January 2017

This report deals with some of the calcium phosphate materials which are currently used in preventive and restorative dentistry and other calcium phosphate materials which have potential for dental and medical applications. Such materials include those which form calcium phosphate in situ (e.g., Bioglass ceramics and calcium phosphate cements) and those originating from natural materials (such as corals and bones). The reports on the development and current status of the calcium phosphate ceramics and glass ceramics presented here were based on recent reviews and recent evaluations of clinical studies for the period 1975 to 1986 (Table 3) with humans and with animals when reports on human studies were not yet available. Methods of preparation and relevant physico-chemical properties of some of the calcium phosphate materials were based on data reported in the literature and on other studies by the author. New calcium phosphate materials, e.g., calcium phosphate cements, calcium phosphate-coated implants, calcium phosphate/polymer composites, have also been briefly covered in this report. Based on the information summarized in Tables 1 to 6 and on solicited comments from clinicians and researchers involved with calcium phosphate materials, several areas of basic and clinical research are recommended (Table 7).
Collagen Remodeling in Wound Healing by Gingival Fibroblasts in Vitro
Authors: Yajima T. 
Published: January 2017

Collagen degradation by fibroblasts was studied in the absence of other cell types to improve our understanding of the mechanisms by which fibroblasts digest collagen. Human gingival fibroblasts were cultured in α -MEM medium for eight weeks. Incisional wounds were made in the fibroblast cultures, and the cells were fixed by different procedures at two days post-wounding. Collagen remodeling has been investigated by tracer experiments and by cytochemical demonstration of acid and alkaline phosphatase activity at the ultrastructural level and stereological analysis in experimental wound-healing in vitro. The results showed that fibroblasts in the wounded zone exhibited high collagen phagocytic activity, and indicate that fibroblasts have a fundamental role to play in collagen remodeling in wound repair in vitro. This in vitro experimental system is also suggested as a useful model for the analysis of collagen remodeling in wound-healing by fibroblasts.
Cross-Reactive Monoclonal Antibodies Induced by Lps from Periodontopathic Bacteria
Authors: Kato T. , Okuda K. , Takazoe I. 
Published: January 2017

Monoclonal antibodies against lipopolysaccharides (LPS) of Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586 and Eikenella corrodens FDC 1073 were used for the study of antigenic characteristics of periodontopathic bacteria. LPS was extracted by the hot-phenol/water method. Three monoclonal antibodies (isotype IgM) against F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 were cross-reactive with LPS from E. corrodens FDC 1073. Four hybridomas producing antibody to E. corrodens FDC 1073 LPS were also obtained. Three out of four monoclonal antibodies (isotype IgM) were found to exhibit cross-reactivity with LPS from F. nucleatum ATCC 25586. These six monoclonal antibodies reacted with four out of seven E. corrodes and nine out of 27 F. nucleatum clinical isolates. Western immunoblotting analysis demonstrated that the six antibodies reacted with a similar fast-migrating band of LPS from F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and E. corrodens FDC 1073. Another monoclonal antibody (isotype IgG3) against E. corrodens FDC 1073 LPS exhibited cross-reactivity with LPS from Fusobacterium necrophorum ATCC 25286 and Capnocytophaga ochracea M-12. This antibody was found to react with slow-migrating bands of E. corrodens FDC 1073 LPS and a fast-migrating band of LPS from F. necrophorum ATCC 25286 and C. ochracea M-12 by Western immunoblotting analysis. Four out of seven clinical isolates of E. corrodens reacted strongly with this antibody. The present findings indicate that there is a common LPS core epitope between F. nucleatum ATCC 25586 and E. corrodens FDC 1073. They also indicated that the O-side-chain epitope of E. corrodens FDC 1073 might be common to the LPS core epitopes of F. necrophorum ATCC 25286 and C. ochracea M-12.
Serum Immunoglobulin G Antibody To Periodontal Bacteria
Authors: Murayama Y. , Nagai A. , Okamura K. , Kurihara H. , Nomura Y. , Kokeguchi S. , Kato K. 
Published: January 2017

The purpose of this study was to assess the serum antibody levels to periodontal bacteria in patients with periodontal disease, and to explore the diagnostic uses of the serum antibody assessment and its potential as a therapeutic guide. One hundred twenty-nine patients were clinically examined for the type and extent of periodontal destruction and serum IgG antibody levels to Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Actinomyces israelii (Ai), A. viscosus (Av), Bacteroides asaccharolyticus (Ba), B. corporis (Bc), B. denticola (Bd), B. gingivalis (Bg), B. intermedius (Bi), B. loescheii (BI), Capnocytophaga gingivalis (Cg), C. ochracea (Co), and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). Clinical and serological data were subjected to correlation analyses. A small group of patients was monitored during the progress of periodontal treatments. The IgG antibody levels were assessed with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Significantly elevated IgG antibody levels were manifested to Aa, Ai, Bg, and Fn in all forms of periodontal disease, additionally to Cg and Co in juvenile periodontitis, and to Bi in adult periodontitis. There were some correlations between a few clinical parameters and the antibody levels. Successful periodontal treatment significantly decreased the antibody levels to all of the micro-organisms; however, during periodontal treatment, there were no marked differences between pre- and post-treatment levels. The antibody reactivities to the periodontopathic micro-organisms may be of diagnostic and predictive value in patients.