bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Visual World as Illusion
Authors: Grossberg Stephen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter shows how visual illusions arise from neural processes that play an adaptive role in achieving the remarkable perceptual capabilities of advanced brains. It clarifies that many visual percepts are visual illusions, in the sense that they arise from active processes that reorganize and complete perceptual representations from the noisy data received by retinas. Some of these representations look illusory, whereas others look real. The chapter heuristically summarizes explanations of illusions that arise due to completion of perceptual groupings, filling-in of surface lightnesses and colors, transformation of ambiguous motion signals into coherent percepts of object motion direction and speed, and interactions between the form and motion cortical processing streams. A central theme is that the brain is organized into parallel processing streams with computationally complementary properties, that interstream interactions overcome these complementary deficiencies to compute effective representations of the world, and how these representations generate visual illusions.
Reverse-Perspective Art and Objects—Illusions in Depth and Motion
Authors: Papathomas Thomas V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The main goal of this chapter is to present the relatively new art form of reverspectives, invented and refined by Patrick Hughes. Reverspectives are painted on nonplanar surfaces that jut out of the wall, yet the painted scenery contains strong reverse-perspective cues that cause depth reversal: convex and concave parts are perceived as concave and convex, respectively. Reverspectives also appear to move vividly as viewers move past them. The chapter presents a wide variety of reverspectives, as well as a related class of illusions that are painted on large spheres, producing depth inversion and illusory motion. The chapter provides a plausible explanation for the percepts obtained with these types of stimuli.
The New Moon Illusion
Authors: Rogers Brian , Anstis Stuart 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When the sun is near the horizon and the moon is visible and higher in the sky, there is a compelling illusion that the sun is not in a direction perpendicular to the boundary between the lit and dark sides of the moon. This New Moon illusion has been observed and discussed previously but without a complete explanation. This chapter argues that both perceptual and cognitive factors contribute to the illusion and that it arises from the fact that the straight line joining the sun and the moon describes a great circle over the flattened dome of the sky. The New Moon illusion also raises the question of how we are able to judge the straightness of extended straight and parallel lines.
Antigravity Slopes
Authors: Sugihara Kokichi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A new type of illusion, called the antigravity slope illusion, is presented in this chapter. In this illusion a slope orientation is perceived opposite to the true orientation and hence a ball put on it appears to be rolling uphill, defying the law of gravity. This illusion is based on the ambiguity in the distance from a viewpoint to the surface of a three-dimensional solid represented in a single-view image. This illusion also arises in human real life, for example, when a car driver misunderstands the orientation of a road along which he or she is driving. Two assumptions are explored: (a) the human brain prefers to interpret vertical columns in a two-dimensional image as being vertical in three-dimensional space to being slanted and (b) the human brain prefers the most symmetric shape as the interpretation of a two-dimensional image.
The Staircase Gelb Illusion
Authors: Gilchrist Alan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAdhemar Gelb showed that if a piece of black paper is suspended in midair and illuminated by a projector, it appears white. However, when a white paper is brought into the projector beam and placed next to or surrounding the black paper, the black paper once again appears black. In the staircase Gelb illusion, a succession of increasingly lighter papers, dark gray, middle gray, light gray, and finally white, is brought into the projector beam. Each time a lighter paper is added it appears white, and this causes the prior paper to darken, due to the highest luminance rule of anchoring. When all five shades are present within the beam, the gamut of perceived values is compressed relative to the actual values. The compression requires the simultaneous juxtaposition of different illumination levels and illustrates the codetermination principle of Kardos.
The Scintillating Grid
Authors: Lingelbach Bernd 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The scintillating grid was first presented at the European Conference on Visual Perception in Tübingen in 1995. At the time, the prevailing explanation of the Hermann grid illusion was in terms of the arrangement of the receptive fields on the retina. The minor modification of having a grey instead of a white grid with white dots at the intersections produced a strikingly new and powerful illusion. Instead of the white dots, dark black dots are seen to “blink” and appear even darker in intensity than the black printer’s ink of the square. They then disappear again to reappear immediately somewhere else. The dark diagonals that appear from time to time fitted more to low-pass filtering. The study of low-pass filtered Hermann grids led to the discovery of the scintillating grid and several variants. To this day this illusion still has not been fully explained.
Vasarely’s Nested Squares and the Alternating Brightness Star Illusion
Authors: Martinez-Conde Susana , Macknik Stephen L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The arts sometimes precede the sciences in the discovery of fundamental visual principles. Victor Vasarely’s “Nested Squares” show an illusory effect in which corners look brighter and more salient than straight edges, despite having equivalent luminance. This chapter summarizes recent research, originally based on Victor Vasarely’s Nested Squares illusion, to discover the related perceptual and underlying physiological principles. The results offer significant insights into how corners, angles, curves, and line endings affect the appearance of brightness, shape, salience, depth, and color in our brains. Concepts covered include the alternating brightness star illusion, center-surround simulations, brain activation, corner perception, and the redundancy-reducing hypothesis.
Filling-In Between Contours
Authors: van Lier Rob 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Color and form appear to be strongly interconnected, and visual illusions provide a perfect entrance to learn more about the underlying mechanisms of the visual brain. In particular, the color impression of surfaces often depend on the presence and properties of contours. To illustrate the influence of contours on the appearance of surfaces three visual illusions are discussed; the “double neon color” illusion, the “catching patches illusion,” and the “afterimage filling-in illusion.” In each of these illusions, contours—either illusory or real—appear to trigger and constrain filling-in processes. Modulations of the filling-in illusions presented in the chapter may further reveal properties of the underlying mechanism dealing with color-contour interactions.
Attention-Generated Apparent Motion
Authors: Lu Zhong-Lin , Sperling George 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter explores attention-generated apparent motion. A flickering display can seem to appear to move in opposite directions depending on which feature the observer attends to in the display. The illusory motion, generated by attention, demonstrates the mechanism of the third-order motion system: a dynamic salience map of the locations of the most salient stimulus features is determined jointly by stimulus strength (bottom-up) and by selective attention (top-down). Motion is computed directly and automatically from the salience map. Concepts covered in this chapter include apparent motion, first-order motion and second-order motion, feature tracking, salience maps, bottom-up processing, and top-down processing.
On the Pinna Illusion
Authors: Pinna Baingio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Pinna illusion is the first case of visual illusion showing a rotating motion phenomenon. Squares, arranged in two concentric rings, show a strong counter-rotation effect. The inner ring of the squares appears to rotate counterclockwise and the outer ring clockwise when the observer’s head is slowly moved toward the figure while the gaze is kept fixed in the center of the stimulus pattern. The direction of rotation is reversed when the observer’s head moves away from the stimulus. The speed of the illusory rotation is proportional to the one of the motion imparted by the observer. While the way each individual check receives a local illusory motion signal can be explained by the response of direction-selective neurons at the earliest cortical stage of visual processing, the whole illusory rotational motion can be thought to be sensed by the higher cortical area, which collates all the signals provided by the local motion checks.
Paths of Apparent Human Motion Follow Motor Constraints
Authors: Shiffrar Maggie , Joseph Christina 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The phenomenon of apparent motion, or the illusory perception of movement from rapidly displayed static images, provides an excellent platform for the study of how perceptual systems analyze input over time and space. Studies of the human body in apparent motion further suggest that the visual system is also influenced by an observer’s motor experience with his or her own body. As a result, the human visual system sometimes processes human movement differently from object movement. For example, under apparent motion conditions in which inanimate objects appear to traverse the shortest possible paths of motion, human motion instead appears to follow longer, biomechanically plausible paths of motion. Psychophysical and brain imaging studies converge in supporting the hypothesis that the visual analysis of human movement differs from the visual analysis of nonhuman movements whenever visual motion cues are consistent with an observer’s motor repertoire of possible human actions.
The Ternus Effect
Authors: Hein Elisabeth 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The Ternus effect refers to an ambiguous apparent motion display in which two or three elements presented in succession and shifted horizontally by one position can be perceived as either a group of elements moving together or as one element jumping across the other(s). This chapter introduces the phenomenon and describes observations made by Pikler and Ternus in the beginning of the twentieth century. Next, reasons for continued interest in the Ternus effect are discussed and an overview of factors that influence it offered, including low-level image-based factors, for example luminance, as well as higher-level scene-based factors, for example perceptual grouping. The chapter ends with a discussion of theories regarding the mechanisms underlying the Ternus effect, providing insight into how the visual system is able to perceive coherent objects in the world despite discontinuities in the input (e.g., as a consequence of eye movements or object occlusion).
Two Sinusoids
Authors: Kremláček Jan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Multiplication of a stationary and moving sinusoids create ambiguous stimulus that, when observed, can result in five alternating perceptions and another physically plausible but hardly traceable interpretation. The most astonishing about this illusion is that using single physical stimulus creates several vivid unambiguous perceptions that may intentionally or spontaneously alternate in observer’s mind. The illusion demonstrates the brain’s active role in acquiring and processing visual information and its ability to construct 3D objects from a 2D motion. To build such visual interpretations the brain exploits several mechanisms. In the presented illusion the most noticeable strategies are a kinetic depth perception and a perceptual rivalry.
Motion-Induced Blindness
Authors: Bonneh Yoram 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Motion-induced blindness (MIB) is a phenomenon characterized by “visual disappearance” in which relatively small but salient visual objects may disappear from one’s awareness intermittently for several seconds when embedded within a moving pattern. It is a compelling example of multistable perception in which physically invariant stimulation leads to fluctuations in perception. The interest in MIB stems from its potential use in studying visual processing outside the locus of awareness and the neural correlates of consciousness. Current studies of MIB provide evidence against low-level suppression of the visual signal and demonstrate residual processing of the invisible. This chapter explores these and related concepts.
Stereo Rotation Standstill and Related Illusions
Authors: Dürsteler Max R. , Lorincz Erika N. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When we fixate the center of a rotating three-dimensional structure, such as a physically rotating wheel made out of sectors, which stereo cues are encoded with a static random-dot “texture,” a rather striking global motion illusion occurs: the rotating three-dimensional wheel appears as standing still (stereo rotation standstill). Even when using a dynamic (flickering) random-dot texture, it is still impossible to gain a percept of smooth rotation. However, local motion can still be clearly perceived. When the random-dot texture “overlaying” the wheel is also rotating, the concealed wheel is perceived as rotating at the same velocity as the texture, regardless of its velocity (stereo rotation capture). Stereo complex motion standstill and capture is shown to occur for other categories of complex motions such as expanding, contracting, and spiraling motions thus providing evidence for a dominance of luminance inputs over stereo inputs for complex motion detectors in our visual system.
The Color Dove Illusion
Authors: Barkan Yuval , Spitzer Hedva 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The color dove illusion is a type of a positive afterimage. The color dove illusion can be obtained with different colors and spatial surrounding regions. In this illusion the disappearance of a colored background causes an empty shape to obtain the hue of the disappeared background. The effect can be obtained even when the surrounding background area is relatively thin and when it is presented for a very short duration. This illusion occurs only when the contour of the empty shape remains after the background disappearance. Thus the color dove illusion is a positive aftereffect, which is different from classical positive aftereffects. The parameters of the color dove illusion as well as variants, such as the flickering variation, are discussed. Related concepts such as simultaneous contrast and spatiotemporal edge are discussed
Hybrid Image Illusion
Authors: Oliva Aude , Schyns Philippe G. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Artists, designers, photographers, and visual scientists are routinely looking for ways to create, out of a single image, the feeling that there is more to see than what meets the eye. Many well-known visual illusions are dual in nature, causing the viewer to experience two different interpretations of the same image. Hybrid images illustrate a double-image illusion, where different images are perceived depending on viewing distance, viewing duration, or image size: one that appears when the image is viewed up-close (displaying high spatial frequencies) and another that appears from afar (showing low spatial frequencies). This method can be used to create compelling dual images in which the observer experiences different percepts when interacting with the image.
Feeding the Flock
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This is a study of the general scheme of organization, offices, authority, and practices that God designed to bring to fruition his ultimate intentions for the human family, which scheme arises out of the theology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, that is, Mormonism. As a study of ecclesiology, the focus is on how Mormon ideas and doctrines have been formally implemented through an ecclesiastical structure and modes of worship. Underlying Mormon theology is a radically reconstituted covenant theology, which Mormons call the New and Everlasting Covenant, which has its origins in premortal or pre-existent councils, envisions mortality as an educative process rather than as a digression entailed by an Adamic fall, and finds culmination in the theosis or divinization of all humans. Such theosis anticipates the incorporation of men and women into a heavenly family, which end is achieved through a system of covenants and temple ordinances or sacraments. Also vital to this process are proper authority, or priesthood, an organizational structure to the church, spiritual gifts, and scriptures that include but go beyond the Bible. The study concludes with an overview of Mormon practices of boundary maintenance and discipline.
What Is the Church, and Why Is One Necessary?
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Mormon theology begins with idea of a covenant instituted in a premortal council, whereby heavenly parents invite humans into eternal relationship with them. The church is instituted to provide both salvation, and the assurance of such salvation. The Reformation radically redefined the nature of the church and the role of sacraments. Joseph Smith’s personal journey and religion-making career began in very similar circumstances to those of John Wesley (and indeed, Smith was long inclined toward Methodism and greatly influenced by it). Mormonism arose out of Joseph Smith’s anxiety over salvation, and returns to a Catholic model of sacramentalism and priesthood authority. To the underlying framework Smith gives the name the New and Everlasting Covenant, and the impetus for this reformulation is in the Book of Mormon. 96
Spiritual Gifts
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Mormons believe that spiritual gifts must be in evidence in the true church and cited them frequently as evidence of a divinely sanctioned “restoration” of the gospel. Even many contemporary Restorationists broke with Mormons on the question of cessationism. Early Mormon charismata were tamed by revelation urging rational standards. Mormons continue to hold revelation—direct communication from God—as a fundamental tenet, with the institutional and the personal sometimes in tension. Visions and prophecies are affirmed in principle but less frequent in the modern church. Healing has largely been relegated to a priesthood ordinance. Speaking in unknown tongues (glossolalia) is almost unheard of today, and xenoglossia is interpreted as a spiritual assist to missionaries in foreign lands. Discernment is similarly understood in non-charismatic ways, and exorcism has largely faded.
Boundary Maintenance and Discipline
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Like most Christian churches, dating to the New Testament, Mormons have practiced church discipline for certain conduct. Mormons impose disfellowshipment or excommunication for gravely immoral conduct and for publicly opposing the church or its teachings. Mormons also have a two-tiered order of worship (with Puritan parallels). All are welcome to participate in Sunday worship (though excommunicants cannot take the sacrament); but only those prepared and willing to commit to the full range of Mormon covenant obligations worship in the temple. The temple recommend defines this willingness to commit to such principles and practices as chastity, tithing, the Word of Wisdom (the Mormon health code), and affirming a personal testimony of Jesus Christ. The temple ceremony for which this interview grants access culminates in a visual image of the atonement of Christ, placing it at the center of the New and Everlasting Covenant.
$\mathcal{KL}_*$
-stability for a class of hybrid dynamical systems
Authors: Liu Bin , Dam Hai Huyen Heidi , Teo Kok Lay , Hill David John 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This article studies $\mathcal{KL}_*$-stability (the stability expressed by $\mathcal{KL}_*$-class function) for a class of hybrid dynamical systems (HDS). The notions of $\mathcal{KL}_{*}\mathcal{K}_{*}$-property and $\mathcal{KL}_{*}$-stability are proposed for HDS with respect to the hybrid-event-time. The $\mathcal{KL}_{*}$-stability, which is based on $\mathcal{K}$ or $\mathcal{L}$ property of the continuous flow, the discrete jump, and the event in an HDS, extends the $\mathcal{KLL}$-stability and the event-stability reported in the literature for HDS. The relationships between $\mathcal{KL}_{*}\mathcal{K}_{*}$-property and $\mathcal{KL}_{*}$-stability are established via introducing the hybrid dwell-time condition (HDT). The HDT generalizes the average dwell-time condition in the literature. For an HDS with $\mathcal{KL}_{*}\mathcal{K}_{*}$-property consisting of stabilizing $\mathcal{L}$-property and destabilizing $\mathcal{K}$-property, it is shown that there exists a common HDT under which the HDS will achieve $\mathcal{KL}_{*}$-stability. Thus HDT may help to derive some easily tested conditions for HDS to achieve uniform asymptotic stability. Moreover, a criterion of $\mathcal{KL}_{*}$-stability is derived by using the multiple Lyapunov-like functions. Examples are given to illustrate the obtained theoretical results.
Dose-rate effect of ultrashort electron beam radiation on DNA damage and repair in vitro
Authors: Babayan Nelly , Hovhannisyan Galina , Grigoryan Bagrat , Grigoryan Ruzanna , Sarkisyan Natalia , Tsakanova Gohar , Haroutiunian Samvel , Aroutiounian Rouben 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Laser-generated electron beams are distinguished from conventional accelerated particles by ultrashort beam pulses in the femtoseconds to picoseconds duration range, and their application may elucidate primary radiobiological effects. The aim of the present study was to determine the dose-rate effect of laser-generated ultrashort pulses of 4 MeV electron beam radiation on DNA damage and repair in human cells. The dose rate was increased via changing the pulse repetition frequency, without increasing the electron energy. The human chronic myeloid leukemia K-562 cell line was used to estimate the DNA damage and repair after irradiation, via the comet assay. A distribution analysis of the DNA damage was performed. The same mean level of initial DNA damages was observed at low (3.6 Gy/min) and high (36 Gy/min) dose-rate irradiation. In the case of low-dose-rate irradiation, the detected DNA damages were completely repairable, whereas the high-dose-rate irradiation demonstrated a lower level of reparability. The distribution analysis of initial DNA damages after high-dose-rate irradiation revealed a shift towards higher amounts of damage and a broadening in distribution. Thus, increasing the dose rate via changing the pulse frequency of ultrafast electrons leads to an increase in the complexity of DNA damages, with a consequent decrease in their reparability. Since the application of an ultrashort pulsed electron beam permits us to describe the primary radiobiological effects, it can be assumed that the observed dose-rate effect on DNA damage/repair is mainly caused by primary lesions appearing at the moment of irradiation.