bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Australian Football League concussion guidelines: what do community players think?
Authors: White Peta E , Donaldson Alex , Sullivan S John , Newton Joshua , Finch Caroline F 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundPreventing concussion in sport is a global challenge. To assess community-level adult male Australian Football players’ views on following the Australian Football League's (AFL) concussion guidelines.Methods3 focus groups, each comprising 6 players from 1 regional league, were conducted until saturation of issues raised. Discussions followed a semistructured script and were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Thematic analysis was conducted by 2 coders independently.ResultsIdentified advantages of the guidelines included highlighting the seriousness of concussion; changing the culture around playing with concussion and shifting return-to-play decision responsibility from players to others. Disadvantages included players being removed from play unnecessarily; removal of players’ rights to decide if they are fit to play and players changing their behaviours to avoid being removed from play. Identified facilitators to guideline use included local league enforcement; broad information dissemination and impartial medically trained staff to assess concussion. Identified barriers to guideline use included players’ desire to play at all costs; external pressure that encouraged players to return to play prematurely; and inconvenience and cost.ConclusionsPlayers generally understand that the AFL concussion guidelines protect their long-term welfare. However, their desire to play at all costs and help their team win is a common barrier to reporting concussion and adhering to guidelines. Leagues should take a lead role by mandating and enforcing the use of the guidelines and educating coaches, game day medical providers and players. The return-to-play component of the guidelines is complex and needs further consideration in the context of community sport.
Spuriously high thyroid hormone concentrations measured by chemiluminescent immunoassay attributable to anti‐iodothyronine antibodies in a dog
Authors: Zeugswetter Florian K , Hittmair Katharina M , Patzl Martina 
Published: November 2016

A 2.5‐year‐old female English setter was presented with clinicopathological findings suggestive of hypothyroidism. Thyroid‐stimulating hormone (TSH: 4.3 ng/ml, normal <0.5), but also free thyroxine (FT4: 77 pmol/l, normal 7.7–48), total thyroxine (67 nmol/l, normal 17–58) and total triiodothyronine (8.7 nmol/l, normal 0.3–3.2) measured with a chemiluminescent immunoassay (CLIA) were elevated. Further investigations revealed oval‐shaped hypoechoic thyroid glands characteristic of thyroiditis and very high titres for thyroglobulin autoantibodies, T4 autoantibodies and T3 autoantibodies. As expected the FT4 concentration determined by equilibrium dialysis (ED) to exclude analyte‐dependent interferences was low. With levothyroxine therapy clinical signs disappeared and the concentrations of TSH and FT4 (ED) were within the respective reference intervals again. This case demonstrates that anti‐thyroid hormone antibodies can cause erroneous CLIA readings, and that their presence should be clarified if thyroid hormone results do not match the clinical presentation or are discordant with TSH results.
Comparison of phenotypic and genotypic profiles among caprine and ovineMycoplasma ovipneumoniaestrains
Authors: Maksimović Z. , De la Fe C. , Amores J. , Gómez‐Martín Á. , Rifatbegović M. 
Published: November 2016

Mycoplasma ovipneumoniae(Movp) is considered to be one of the most important mycoplasmas causing respiratory disease in small ruminants. Most epidemiologic and characterisation studies have been conducted on strains collected from sheep. Information on the presence and characteristics ofMovpin healthy and pneumonic goats is limited. Phenotypic or genotypic differences between sheep and goat isolates have never been studied. The objective of our study was to characterise and compare the similarities and differences between caprine and ovineMovpstrains isolated from affected and asymptomatic animals in order to elucidate phenotypic and genotypic variability. Four different techniques were used on a set of 23Movpisolates. These included SDS‐PAGE, Western blotting, random amplified polymorphic DNA and the heat shock protein 70 gene sequence‐based method. A high degree of phenotypic and genotypic heterogeneity amongMovpstrains was demonstrated in this study. Our results demonstrated differences between goat and sheep strains, revealing not only a link between strains and host ruminant species, but by geographical origin as well. However, the finding of immunodominant antigens of molecular masses 36, 38, 40 and 70 kDa (±3 kDa) inMovpisolates from sheep and goats foretells their potential use in the development of serological diagnostic tests and vaccines.
Understanding ancient life: how Martin Brasier changed the way we think about the fossil record
Authors: Antcliffe Jonathan B. , Liu Alexander G. , Menon Latha R. , McIlroy Duncan , McLoughlin Nicola , Wacey David 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Crucial to our understanding of life on Earth is the ability to judge the validity of claims of very ancient ‘fossils’. Martin Brasier's most important contribution to this debate was to establish a framework within which to discuss claims of the ‘oldest’ life. In particular, he made it clear that the burden of proof must fall on those making the claim of ancient life, not those refuting it. This led to his formulation of the concept of the continuum of morphologies produced by life and non-life and the considerable challenges of differentiating biogenesis from abiogenesis. Martin Brasier developed a set of criteria for distinguishing life from non-life and extended the use of many new high-resolution analytical techniques to palaeontological research. He was also renowned for his work on the Cambrian explosion and the origin of animals. Although he had spent much of his early career working on the geological context of these events, it was not until he returned to studying the Ediacaran and Cambrian periods in his later years that he began to apply this null hypothesis way of thinking to these other major transitions in the history of life. This led to him becoming involved in the development of a series of nested null hypotheses, his ‘cone of contention’, to analyse enigmatic fossils more generally. In short, Martin Brasier taught us how to formulate biological hypotheses in deep time, established the rules for how those hypotheses should be tested and championed a host of novel analytical techniques to gather the data required. As a consequence, future discussions of enigmatic specimens and very old fossils will be greatly enriched by his contributions.
Molecular Pathways: Receptor Ectodomain Shedding in Treatment, Resistance, and Monitoring of Cancer
Authors: Miller Miles A. , Sullivan Ryan J. , Lauffenburger Douglas A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Proteases known as sheddases cleave the extracellular domains of their substrates from the cell surface. The A Disintegrin and Metalloproteinases ADAM10 and ADAM17 are among the most prominent sheddases, being widely expressed in many tissues, frequently overexpressed in cancer, and promiscuously cleaving diverse substrates. It is increasingly clear that the proteolytic shedding of transmembrane receptors impacts pathophysiology and drug response. Receptor substrates of sheddases include the cytokine receptors TNFR1 and IL6R; the Notch receptors; type-I and -III TGFβ receptors; receptor tyrosine kinases (RTK) such as HER2, HER4, and VEGFR2; and, in particular, MET and TAM-family RTKs AXL and Mer (MerTK). Activation of receptor shedding by mechanical cues, hypoxia, radiation, and phosphosignaling offers insight into mechanisms of drug resistance. This particularly holds for kinase inhibitors targeting BRAF (such as vemurafenib and dabrafenib) and MEK (such as trametinib and cobimetinib), along with direct sheddase inhibitors. Receptor proteolysis can be detected in patient fluids and is especially relevant in melanoma, glioblastoma, lung cancer, and triple-negative breast cancer where RTK substrates, MAPK signaling, and ADAMs are frequently dysregulated. Translatable strategies to exploit receptor shedding include combination kinase inhibitor regimens, recombinant decoy receptors based on endogenous counterparts, and, potentially, immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res; 23(3); 623–9. ©2016 AACR.
Dopamine Alters the Fidelity of Working Memory Representations according to Attentional Demands
Authors: Fallon Sean James , Zokaei Nahid , Norbury Agnes , Manohar Sanjay G. , Husain Masud 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Capacity limitations in working memory (WM) necessitate the need to effectively control its contents. Here, we examined the effect of cabergoline, a dopamine D2 receptor agonist, on WM using a continuous report paradigm that allowed us to assess the fidelity with which items are stored. We assessed recall performance under three different gating conditions: remembering only one item, being cued to remember one target among distractors, and having to remember all items. Cabergoline had differential effects on recall performance according to whether distractors had to be ignored and whether mnemonic resources could be deployed exclusively to the target. Compared with placebo, cabergoline improved mnemonic performance when there were no distractors but significantly reduced performance when distractors were presented in a precue condition. No significant difference in performance was observed under cabergoline when all items had to be remembered. By applying a stochastic model of response selection, we established that the causes of drug-induced changes in performance were due to changes in the precision with which items were stored in WM. However, there was no change in the extent to which distractors were mistaken for targets. Thus, D2 agonism causes changes in the fidelity of mnemonic representations without altering interference between memoranda.
Domain-general Stroop Performance and Hemispheric Asymmetries: A Resting-state EEG Study
Authors: Ambrosini Ettore , Vallesi Antonino 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The ability to suppress irrelevant information while executing a task, also known as interference resistance ability, is a function of pFC that is critical for successful goal-directed human behavior. In the study of interference resistance and, more generally, executive functions, two key questions are still open: Does pFC contribute to cognitive control abilities through lateralized but domain-general mechanisms or through hemispheric specialization of domain-specific processes? And what are the underlying causes of interindividual differences in executive control performance? To shed light on these issues, here we employed an interindividual difference approach to investigate whether participants' hemispheric asymmetry in resting-state electrophysiological brain dynamics may reflect their variability in domain-general interference resistance. We recorded participants' resting-state electroencephalographic activity and performed spectral power analyses on the estimated cortical source activity. To measure participants' lateralized brain dynamics at rest, we computed the right–left hemispheric asymmetry score for the β/α power ratio. To measure their domain-general interference resistance ability, verbal and spatial Stroop tasks were used. Robust correlations followed by intersection analyses showed that participants with stronger resting-state-related left-lateralized activity in different pFC regions, namely the mid-posterior superior frontal gyrus, middle and posterior middle frontal gyrus, and inferior frontal junction, were more able to inhibit irrelevant information in both domains. The present results confirm and extend previous findings showing that neurophysiological difference factors may explain interindividual differences in executive functioning. They also provide support for the hypothesis of a left pFC hemispheric specialization for domain-independent phasic cognitive control processes mediating Stroop performance.
High-intensity Interval Exercise Promotes Motor Cortex Disinhibition and Early Motor Skill Consolidation
Authors: Stavrinos Ellen L. , Coxon James P. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) inhibition shapes motor cortex output, gates synaptic plasticity in the form of long-term potentiation, and plays an important role in motor learning. Remarkably, recent studies have shown that acute cardiovascular exercise can improve motor memory, but the cortical mechanisms are not completely understood. We investigated whether an acute bout of lower-limb high-intensity interval (HIT) exercise could promote motor memory formation in humans through changes in cortical inhibition within the hand region of the primary motor cortex. We used TMS to assess the input–output relationship, along with inhibition involving GABAA and GABAB receptors. Measures were obtained before and after a 20-min session of HIT cycling (exercise group) or rest (control group). We then had the same participants learn a new visuomotor skill and perform a retention test 5 hr later in the absence of sleep. No differences were found in corticomotor excitability or GABAB inhibition; however, synaptic GABAA inhibition was significantly reduced for the exercise group but not the control group. HIT exercise was found to enhance motor skill consolidation. These findings link modification of GABA to improved motor memory consolidation after HIT exercise and suggest that the beneficial effects of exercise on consolidation might not be dependent on sleep.
Cognitive Training in the Elderly: Bottlenecks and New Avenues
Authors: Zokaei Nahid , MacKellar Christopher , Čepukaitytė Giedrė , Patai Eva Zita , Nobre Anna Christina 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Development of measures to preserve cognitive function or even reverse cognitive decline in the ever-growing elderly population is the focus of many research and commercial efforts. One such measure gaining in popularity is the development of computer-based interventions that “exercise” cognitive functions. Computer-based cognitive training has the potential to be specific and flexible, accommodates feedback, and is highly accessible. As in most budding fields, there are still considerable inconsistencies across methodologies and results, as well as a lack of consensus on a comprehensive assessment protocol. We propose that the success of training-based therapeutics will rely on targeting specific cognitive functions, informed by comprehensive and sensitive batteries that can provide a “fingerprint” of an individual's abilities. Instead of expecting a panacea from training regimens, focused and personalized training interventions that accommodate individual differences should be developed to redress specific patterns of deficits in cognitive rehabilitation, both in healthy aging and in disease.
SOAP Opera: Self as Object and Agent in Prioritizing Attention
Authors: Truong Grace , Todd Rebecca M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractA growing body of evidence has demonstrated that multiple sources of salience tune attentional sets toward aspects of the environment, including affectively and motivationally significant categories of stimuli such as angry faces and reward-associated target locations. Recent evidence further indicates that objects that have gained personal significance through ownership can elicit similar attentional prioritization. Here we discuss current research on sources of attentional prioritization that shape our awareness of the visual world from moment to moment and the underlying neural systems and contextualize what is known about attentional prioritization of our possessions within that research. We review behavioral and neuroimaging research on the influence of self-relevance and ownership on cognition and discuss challenges to this literature stemming from different modes of conceptualizing and operationalizing the self. We argue that ownership taps into both “self-as-object,” which characterizes the self as an object with a constellation of traits and attributes, and “self-as-subject,” which characterizes the self as an agentic perceiver and knower. Despite an abundance of research probing neural and behavioral indices of self-as-object and its effects on attention, there exists a paucity of research on the influence of self-relevance of attention when self is operationalized from the perspective of a first-person subject. To begin to address this gap, we propose the Self as Ownership in Attentional Prioritization (SOAP) framework to explain how ownership increases salience through attention to external representations of self-identity (i.e., self as object) and attention to contextually mediated permission to act (i.e., self as subject).
Consensus and Divergences of the Legal Definition of “CI-SHAN”
Authors: Ma Jianyin 
Published: November 2016

This article analyzes the divergence on the legal definition of “ci-shan” (charity) and the orientation of The Charity Law of the People’s Republic of China (clprc), in the context of legislative process, in particular the stage led by the National People’s Congress since 2013. This article also discusses the achievements and the shortcomings in the discourse of clprc, which will have impact on the future charity legislation as the national strategy “rule of law” in full swing.
This article indicates the two confusions in the basic orientation of clprc. First, clprc with the tendency toward organic law ignores the behavior law’s logic of the charity institution; Second, there is the understanding of the basic legal relationship in a reverse priority, charitable legal system carries strong inertia of public law and needs a revising process of “privatizing public law.” Consequently, some issues should be called for special attention, especially in the following three aspects: The first aspect is that the related administrative framework is not enough to support/promote this charitable ideal of philanthropy (da ci-shan); the second aspect is that this charity law does not touch upon the tax system, and it is uncertain that the new authority will be in agreement with the fundamental preference of this charity legislature in the future tax legislation; the third aspect is that the basic orientation of the charity law will continue to be discussed in the public sphere, and the organic and public law complex is still very strong in the field of charity and philanthropy in the future several years.
Impact of Simulated Twenty-First-Century Changes in Extratropical Cyclones on Coastal Flooding at the Battery, New York City
Authors: Roberts Keith J. , Colle Brian A. , Korfe Nathan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis paper explores simulated changes to the cool-season (November–March) storm-surge and coastal-flooding events at the Battery in New York City, New York (NYC), during most of the twenty-first century using several climate models and a previously developed multilinear regression model. The surface wind and pressure forcing for the surge predictions are obtained from an ensemble of 6 coupled global climate models (GCM) and 30 members from the Community Earth System Model. Using the “RCP8.5” emission scenario, both the single-model and multimodel ensemble means yielded insignificant (significance level p > 0.05) simulated changes to the median surge event (>0.61 m above astronomical tide) between a historical period (1979–2004) and the mid-to-late twenty-first century (2054–79). There is also little change in the return interval for the moderate-to-high surge events. By the mid-to-late twenty-first century, there is a poleward shift of the mean surface cyclone track in many of the models and most GCMs demonstrate an intensification of the average cyclone. There is little effect on the future surge events at the Battery because most of these storm changes are not in a region that favors more or higher-amplitude surges at NYC. Rather, projected sea level rise dominates the future simulated change in the number of flooding events by the mid-to-late twenty-first century. For example, the projections show about 23 times as many coastal-flooding events (tide + surge ≥ 2.44 m above mean lower low water; 1983–2001) in 2079 when compared with 1979, and the return intervals for some major coastal floods (e.g., the December 1992 northeaster) decrease by a factor of 3–4.
Characterizing Drought in India Using GRACE Observations of Terrestrial Water Storage Deficit
Authors: Sinha Debanjan , Syed Tajdarul H. , Famiglietti James S. , Reager John T. , Thomas Reis C. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFrequent recurrences of drought in India have had major societal, economical, and environmental impacts. While region-specific assessments are abundant, exhaustive appraisal over large spatial scales has been insubstantial. Here a new drought index called Water Storage Deficit Index (WSDI) is devised and analyzed for holistic representation of drought. The crux of the method is the employment of terrestrial water storage (TWS) variations from Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) for quantification of drought intensity and severity. Drought events in recent times are well identified and quantified using the approach over four homogenous rainfall regions of India over the period from April 2002 to April 2015. Among the four regions, the highest peak deficit of −158.00 mm is observed in January 2015 over central India. While the drought of 2002–04 is prominent in peninsular and west-central India, the drought of 2009–10 and 2012–13 is conspicuous in almost all four regions of India. The longest deficit period of 23 months (from February 2009 to December 2010) and the highest severity value of −26.31 are observed in central and northwestern India, respectively. WSDI values show an increasing trend in west-central India (0.07 yr−1), indicating recovery from previously existing drought conditions. On the contrary, a decreasing trend in WSDI is observed in northwestern (−0.07 yr−1) and central (−0.18 yr−1) India. Results demonstrate considerable confidence in the potential of WSDI for robust characterization of drought over large spatial scales.