bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transcriptomic analysis of diplomonad parasites reveals a trans-spliced intron in a helicase gene in Giardia
Authors: William Roy Scott 
Published: January 2017

Background
The mechanisms by which DNA sequences are expressed is the central preoccupation of molecular genetics. Recently, ourselves and others reported that in the diplomonad protist Giardia lamblia, the coding regions of several mRNAs are produced by ligation of independent RNA species expressed from distinct genomic loci. Such trans-splicing of introns was found to affect nearly as many genes in this organism as does classical cis-splicing of introns. These findings raised questions about the incidence of intron trans-splicing both across the G. lambliatranscriptome and across diplomonad diversity in general, however a dearth of transcriptomic data at the time prohibited systematic study of these questions.

Methods
I leverage newly available transcriptomic data from G. lamblia and the related diplomonad Spironucleus salmonicidato search for trans-spliced introns. My computational pipeline recovers all four previously reported trans-spliced introns in G. lamblia, suggesting good sensitivity.

Results
Scrutiny of thousands of potential cases revealed only a single additional trans-spliced intron in G. lamblia, in the p68 helicase gene, and no cases in S. salmonicida. The p68 intron differs from the previously reported trans-spliced introns in its high degree of streamlining: the core features of G. lamblia trans-spliced introns are closely packed together, revealing striking economy in the implementation of a seemingly inherently uneconomical molecular mechanism.

Discussion
These results serve to circumscribe the role of trans-splicing in diplomonads both in terms of the number of genes effected and taxonomically. Future work should focus on the molecular mechanisms, evolutionary origins and phenotypic implications of this intriguing phenomenon.
Submesoscale cyclones in the Agulhas current
Authors: Krug M. , Swart S. , Gula J. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGliders were deployed for the first time in the Agulhas Current region to investigate processes of interactions between western boundary currents and shelf waters. Continuous observations from the gliders in water depths of 100–1000 m and over a period of 1 month provide the first high‐resolution observations of the Agulhas Current's inshore front. The observations collected in a nonmeandering Agulhas Current show the presence of submesoscale cyclonic eddies, generated at the inshore boundary of the Agulhas Current. The submesoscale cyclones are often associated with warm water plumes, which extend from their western edge and exhibit strong northeastward currents. These features are a result of shear instabilities and extract their energy from the mean Agulhas Current jet.
Localized polar cap precipitation in association with nonstorm time airglow patches
Authors: Zou Ying , Nishimura Yukitoshi , Lyons Larry R. , Shiokawa Kazuo 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAlthough airglow patches are traditionally regarded as high‐density ionospheric plasma unrelated to local precipitation, past observations were limited to disturbed conditions. Recent nonstorm time observations show patches to be associated with ionospheric flow channels and localized field‐aligned currents. We examine whether nonstorm time patches are related also to polar cap precipitation using Fast Auroral Snapshot‐imager conjunctions. We have identified localized precipitation that is enhanced within patches in comparison to the weak polar rain outside patches. The precipitation consists of structured or diffuse soft electron fluxes. While the latter resembles polar rain only with higher fluxes, the former consists of discrete fluxes enhanced by 1–2 orders of magnitude from several to several hundred eV. Therefore, patches should be regarded as part of a localized magnetosphere‐ionosphere coupling system along open magnetic field lines and their transpolar evolution as a reflection of mesoscale magnetotail lobe processes. The precipitation a minor contributor to patch ionization.
Cascadia subduction slab heterogeneity revealed by three‐dimensional receiver function Kirchhoff migration
Authors: Cheng Cheng , Bodin Thomas , Tauzin Benoit , Allen Richard M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe present a 3‐D model of upper mantle seismic discontinuity structure below Cascadia using a receiver function Kirchhoff migration method. A careful analysis of the primary and multiple reverberated phases allows imaging of the Juan de Fuca plate dipping below the North American continent. The subducting slab is observed as an eastward dipping signal at all latitudes. We associate this signal with a thermal gradient between the slab and surrounding mantle, rather than a sharp chemical discontinuity. Our model also shows along‐strike variations in the dipping angle and strength of this signal. To the southern and northern ends of the subduction system, the signal is clearly observed down to ~300 km. However, beneath central Oregon, this structure is missing below ~150 km depth. We propose that this gap is due to weakening of the slab beneath central Oregon possibly caused by deformation and hydration combined with plume‐slab interaction processes after subduction.
Detailed spatiotemporal evolution of microseismicity and repeating earthquakes following the 2012 Mw 7.6 Nicoya earthquake
Authors: Yao Dongdong , Walter Jacob I. , Meng Xiaofeng , Hobbs Tiegan E. , Peng Zhigang , Newman Andrew V. , Schwartz Susan Y. , Protti Marino 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe apply a waveform matching technique to obtain a detailed earthquake catalog around the rupture zone of the 5 September 2012 moment magnitude 7.6 Nicoya earthquake, with emphasis on its aftershock sequence. Starting from a preliminary catalog, we relocate ~7900 events using TomoDD to better quantify their spatiotemporal behavior. Relocated aftershocks are mostly clustered in two groups. The first is immediately above the major coseismic slip patch, partially overlapping with shallow afterslip. The second one is 50 km SE to the main shock nucleation point and near the terminus of coseismic rupture, in a zone that exhibited little resolvable afterslip. Using the relocated events as templates, we scan through the continuous recording from 29 June 2012 to 30 December 2012, detecting approximately 17 times more than template events. We find 190 aftershocks in the first half hour following the main shock, mostly along the plate interface. Later events become more scattered in location, showing moderate expansion in both along‐trench and downdip directions. From the detected catalog we identify 53 repeating aftershock clusters with mean cross‐correlation values larger than 0.9, and indistinguishably intracluster event locations, suggesting slip on the same fault patch. Most repeating clusters occurred within the first major aftershock group. Very few repeating clusters were found in the aftershock grouping along the southern edge of the Peninsula, which is not associated with substantial afterslip. Our observations suggest that loading from nearby afterslip along the plate interface drives spatiotemporal evolution of aftershocks just above the main shock rupture patch, while aftershocks in the SE group are to the SE of the observed updip afterslip and poorly constrained.
Comparing simulated PSC optical properties with CALIPSO observations during the 2010 Antarctic winter
Authors: Zhu Yunqian , Toon Owen B. , Pitts Michael C. , Lambert Alyn , Bardeen Charles , Kinnison Douglas E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractWe simulate polar stratospheric clouds (PSCs) during the Antarctic winter of 2010 using the Specified Dynamics version of the Whole Atmosphere Community Climate Model/Community Aerosol and Radiation Model for Atmospheres (SD‐WACCM/CARMA) model. The current PSC model contains microphysical schemes for supercooled ternary solutions (STS) and nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) particles, as well as a prognostic treatment for PSC ice particles and dehydration. Our simulations and CALIPSO satellite data suggest two major NAT particle formation mechanisms. The first mechanism is the nucleation of NAT from STS. Our model, with homogeneous nucleation rates of NAT from STS constrained by observations from the Arctic winter of 2010–2011, reproduces optical properties observed by CALIPSO over Antarctica in May and the timing of denitrification observed by the Microwave Limb Sounder within their uncertainties. On the other hand, the CALIPSO data indicate that our simulations are missing clouds containing small NAT particles with large number densities. We suggest these particles are most likely to form from ice clouds or STS in gravity waves, as found by previous investigations. The simulated cloud coverage agrees with the CALIPSO cloud coverage within a few percent on average with a correlation coefficient of 0.83. However, using the CALIPSO classification algorithm, simulated ice clouds often fall into Mix categories under the denitrified and dehydrated conditions. The model needs an improved ice microphysical representation, not only to allow ice particles to be a source of NAT but also to provide information on ice cloud particle number and size so that ice cloud optical properties can be more precisely calculated for comparison with CALIPSO data.
Influence of atmospheric waves on the maintenance and variability of the southern subtropical jet in winter
Authors: Kuroda Yuhji 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe mechanisms behind the maintenance and variability of the Southern Hemisphere (SH) winter subtropical jet are examined, in comparison with those of the Northern Hemisphere (NH) jet. It is found that atmospheric waves play an important role in setting the climatological jet position and controlling its variability on various time scales. The mechanisms of maintenance and variability are broadly very similar in the two hemispheres, but low‐frequency transient waves and synoptic waves play major roles in maintaining the climatological jet and in forcing monthly time scale variability, respectively, in the SH, whereas stationary waves are dominant for both roles in the NH. Accordingly, the 1 month lagged autocorrelation for the subtropical jet zonal wind is found to be much smaller in the SH than in the NH.
Sorting out compositional trends in sedimentary rocks of the Bradbury group (Aeolis Palus), Gale crater, Mars
Authors: Siebach K. L. , Baker M. B. , Grotzinger J. P. , McLennan S. M. , Gellert R. , Thompson L. M. , Hurowitz J. A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSedimentary rocks are composed of detrital grains derived from source rocks, which are altered by chemical weathering, sorted during transport, and cemented during diagenesis. Fluvio‐lacustrine sedimentary rocks of the Bradbury group, observed on the floor of Gale crater by the Curiosity rover during its first 860 Martian solar days, show trends in bulk chemistry that are consistent with sorting of mineral grains during transport. The Bradbury group rocks are uniquely suited for sedimentary provenance analysis because they appear to have experienced negligible cation loss (i.e., open‐system chemical weathering) at the scale of the Alpha Particle X‐ray Spectrometer bulk chemistry analyses based on low Chemical Index of Alteration values and successful modeling of >90% of the (volatile‐free) targets as mixtures of primary igneous minerals. Significant compositional variability between targets is instead correlated to grain‐size and textural characteristics of the rocks; the coarsest‐grained targets are enriched in Al2O3, SiO2, and Na2O, whereas the finer‐grained targets are enriched in mafic components. This is consistent with geochemical and mineralogical modeling of the segregation of coarse‐grained plagioclase from finer‐grained mafic minerals (e.g., olivine and pyroxenes), which would be expected from hydrodynamic sorting of the detritus from mechanical breakdown of subalkaline plagioclase‐phyric basalts. While the presence of a distinctive K2O‐rich stratigraphic interval shows that input from at least one distinctive alkali‐feldspar‐rich protolith contributed to basin fill, the dominant compositional trends in the Bradbury group are consistent with sorting of detrital minerals during transport from relatively homogeneous plagioclase‐phyric basalts.
DABCO‐Promoted Decarboxylative Acylation: Synthesis of α‐Keto and α,β‐Unsaturated Amides or Esters
Authors: Zhang Jun‐Rong , Liao Yan‐Yan , Deng Jian‐Chao , Tang Zi‐Liang , Xu Yuan‐Lin , Xu Li , Tang Ri‐Yuan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract1,4‐Diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO) was found to be an effective reagent for decarboxylative acylation of carboxylic acids with carbamic chlorides or alkyl carbonochloridates. In the absence of a metal catalyst, carboxylic acids such as α‐ketocarboxylic, cinnamic and arylpropiolic acids, underwent the decarboxylative acylation smoothly to afford various α‐keto (or α,β‐unsaturated) amides and esters in good to excellent yields.
Pd and Ni complexes of a novel vinylidene β‐diketimine ligand: Their application as catalysts in Heck coupling and alkyne trimerization
Authors: Beesam Raghavendra , Nareddula Dastagiri Reddy 
Published: January 2017

A β‐diketimine ligand with vinylidene substitution at γ‐carbon, CH2C(CH3CNAr)2 (Ar = 2,6‐diisopropylphenyl) (L2), was synthesized by treating β‐diketimine H2C(CH3CNAr)2 with n‐BuLi followed by paraformaldehyde. L2 formed the homobimetallic ether‐bridged β‐diketiminate complex [O{(CH2‐β‐diketiminate)Pd(OAc)}2] (1) with (PdOAc)2. It also gave complexes [L2PdCl2] (2) and [L2NiBr2] (3) when treated with PdCl2(CH3CN)2 and NiBr2(dimethoxyethane), respectively. All the compounds were characterized using 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy and single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction studies. The catalytic activity of Pd and Ni complexes 1, 2 and 3 was explored in Heck coupling and alkyne trimerization reactions and it was found that they are very good catalysts. The results are reported in detail.
Metallated porphyrin noncovalent interaction with reduced graphene oxide‐modified electrode for amperometric detection of environmental pollutant hydrazine
Authors: Sakthinathan Subramanian , Kubendhiran Subbiramaniyan , Chen Shen‐Ming , Govindasamy Mani , Al‐Hemaid Fahad M.A. , Ajmal Ali M. , Tamizhdurai P. , Sivasanker S. 
Published: January 2017

A reduced graphene oxide/platinum(II) tetraphenylporphyrin nanocomposite (RGO/Pt‐TPP)‐modified glassy carbon electrode was developed for the selective detection of hydrazine. The RGO/Pt‐TPP nanocomposite was successfully prepared via noncovalent π–π stacking interaction. The prepared nanocomposite was characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance, electrochemical impedance, ultraviolet–visible and Raman spectroscopies, scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffraction. The electrochemical detection of hydrazine was performed via cyclic voltammetry and amperometry. The RGO/Pt‐TPP nanocomposite exhibited good electrocatalytic activity towards detection of hydrazine with low overpotential and high oxidation peak current. The fabricated sensor exhibited a wide linear range from 13 nM to 232 μM and a detection limit of 5 nM. In addition, the fabricated sensor selectively detected hydrazine even in the presence of 500‐fold excess of common interfering ions. The fabricated electrode exhibited good sensitivity, stability, repeatability and reproducibility. In addition, the practical applicability of the sensor was evaluated in various water samples with acceptable recoveries.
Quantitative evaluation of rate‐determining steps in polymer complexation
Authors: Hatanaka Masashi , Nishino Kazuma , Miyasaka Makoto 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTA quantitative method to find the rate determining steps in the ion‐adsorption kinetics of polymer complexation agents is theoretically formulated and experimentally established. The degree of film‐diffusion control and particle‐diffusion control is simultaneously evaluated based on the law of addition of kinetic resistances combined with Einstein's viscosity expression. The change in the initial rate with respect to the resin concentration was scrutinized by plotting the effective rate constant versus the initial rate, and the film mass transfer coefficient was calculated. This is a concise and practical procedure to analyze the rate determining steps of polymer complexation kinetics. The validity of the method was confirmed by studying the adsorption of Cu(II) ion on crosslinked chitosans. In these materials, the importance of film diffusion was found both in adsorption and desorption processes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44738.
Improving the charged and antifouling properties of PVDF ultrafiltration membranes by blending with polymerized ionic liquid copolymer P(MMA‐b‐MEBIm‐Br)
Authors: Du Chunhui , Ma Xumin , Li Jing , Wu Chunjin 
Published: January 2017

ABSTRACTThis study describes the fabrication and properties of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) filtration membranes modified by blending with ionic liquid block copolymer P(MMA‐b‐MEBIm‐Br), which is synthesized via reversible addition‐fragmentation chain transfer polymerization method. The attenuated total reflectance‐Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X‐ray photoelectron analyses reveal that the ionic liquid block copolymers are immobilized on PVDF membrane surface. The modified PVDF membrane exhibits excellent charged and antifouling properties because of the charged and hydrophilic properties of the copolymer. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy also indicate the morphological characteristics of the membrane and demonstrate that the surface porous structure becomes denser after adding the copolymer. The data of filtration and the zeta potential of the membranes suggest that the charged properties of the ionic liquid block copolymers are mainly responsible for the improvement of the reversible fouling ratio and the decrease in the total fouling ratio of the membranes. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44751.
The Energy Trilemma and the Smart Grid: Implications Beyond the United States
Authors: Oliver Jeannie , Sovacool Benjamin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis article argues that smart grid technologies enable policy‐makers and communities to successfully manage enduring energy policy concerns. It defines what ‘smart’ energy technologies, grids and policies mean, and then evaluates how the smart grid can enable policy‐makers to respond to an emerging energy ‘trilemma’. Drawing on case studies from the United States, the article suggests that the automated communications enabled by smart grid technologies significantly benefit each dimension of the energy trilemma: economic, social and environmental. However, successful smart grid implementation requires smart communication beyond technology. Failure to engage with customers through targeted communication, or to adequately address customers' privacy concerns, risks alienating customers, threatening the value of the smart grid investment. This article concludes that, with smart communication, both technical and human, the smart grid is an important step towards a sustainable energy future for stakeholders well beyond the United States.
Illegal downloading of pop music among university students in Taiwan: An agent‐based model simulation
Authors: Pai Chi‐Ling , Chie Bin‐Tzong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe lifestyle and consumption patterns of the current mobile generation (m‐generation), born after the Internet gained popularity, have changed dramatically. This study investigated university students' consumption attitude toward pop music and their behavior of illegally downloading such music by considering different law enforcement environments. In the first stage of our study, we designed and administered a questionnaire survey and collected 424 responses. The valid sample size was 394. On the basis of the sample, we developed a behavioral model that could be customized according to individual observation. In the second stage, we developed an agent‐based model for performing a simulation.This study divided law enforcement environments into combinations of the probability of being arrested engaging in illegal downloading behavior and the financial penalty after being caught. The results revealed that in an environment where the strength of law enforcement is increased, the agents' willingness to illegally download music in the model decreases. This empirical study highlighted that the deterrent effects in both the real world and simulated model were more sensitive to the probability of being caught primarily because of illegal downloading behavior.Therefore, the study suggests that for the m‐generation of the post‐Internet age, the most feasible approach to achieving instant results is through effective and certain law enforcement, which can effectively reduce the copyright infringement in the pop music industry caused by illegal downloading. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Hypoglycemia evaluation and reporting in diabetes: Importance for the development of new therapies
Authors: Klonoff David C. , Alexander Fleming G. , Muchmore Douglas B. , Frier Brian M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHypoglycemia complicating diabetes therapy is well recognized to be an ever‐present threat to patients, their families, providers, payers, and regulators. Despite this being widely acknowledged, the regulatory stance on hypoglycemia as an endpoint in clinical trials to support new product registration has not evolved in any meaningful way since the publication of a position paper by an American Diabetes Association (ADA) Workgroup in 2005. As the impact of hypoglycemia on persons affected by diabetes is of major importance when assessing new treatments, the historical position of regulatory agencies on hypoglycemia is reviewed with respect to product approvals. The purpose of this article is to present proposals for facilitating development of therapies that reduce hypoglycemia risk through (1) development of composite measures of benefit for regulatory endpoints and (2) facilitation of the fulfillment of an unmet clinical need for reducing hypoglycemia. In view of greater comprehension of the effects of hypoglycemia, coupled with improved methodology to assess its frequency, the authors recommend: (1) a numerical cut point of <54 mg/dl (<3.0 mmol/L) as a clinically relevant level with which to define meaningful hypoglycemia for trials of diabetes therapies; (2) utilization in clinical trials of mature glucose monitoring technologies for purposes of regulatory evaluation and clinical decision‐making; and (3) development of primary efficacy endpoint composites that include hypoglycemia rates and glycemic control.