bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Constructing Disraeli in Twentieth-Century Conservatism
Authors: Pearce Nick 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Since the 1960s, when historians first dethroned the dominant view of Benjamin Disraeli as a Tory democrat and social reformer, his association with an interventionist, socially inclusive Conservatism has largely been considered an exercise in political myth-making. This focus on the Disraeli ‘myth’ has tended to obscure the myriad and substantive ways in which Disraeli’s life and works were interpreted and put to work in Conservative ideological debates and political practice in the twentieth century, reducing them to social policy and state intervention in the economy and overlooking the lineages of his political career in Conservative political economy debates, conceptions of the nation and the constitution, and imperial and foreign policy thinking. This article examines interpretations of Disraeli, and how his legacy was constructed, by conservative biographers, historians and public intellectuals from the decades after his death until the historiography of the 1960s. It traces how Disraeli was memorialised and celebrated in the Conservative movement and popular culture; how his life and works were interpreted for popular audiences by an important group of conservative historians in the inter-war period; and how Disraeli was mobilised in Conservative and Unionist Party debates on tariff reform, social reform, the nation and empire, concluding in the aftermath of the Second World War, when his legacy and statecraft were consistently evoked in Conservative debates on post-war Britain. It demonstrates that Disraeli was interpreted in much more diverse ways, and with more diverse political objectives, than the standard readings of the Disraelian tradition have hitherto appreciated.
The impact of Medicaid expansion under the Affordable Care Act on HIV care continuum outcomes across the United States
Authors: Rebeiro Peter F , Thome Julia C , Gange Stephen J , Althoff Keri N , Berry Stephen A , Horberg Michael A , Moore Richard D , Silverberg Michael J , Sack Daniel E , Sterling Timothy R , Sant’Anna Pedro , Shepherd Bryan E 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
HIV care continuum outcome disparities by health insurance status have been noted among people with HIV (PWH). We therefore examined associations between state Medicaid expansion and HIV outcomes in the United States.
Adults (≥18 years) with ≥1 visit in NA-ACCORD clinical cohorts from 2012-2017 contributed person-time annually between first and final visit or death; in each calendar year, clinical retention was ≥2 completed visits &gt; 90 days apart, antiretroviral therapy (ART) receipt was receipt of ≥3 antiretroviral agents, and viral suppression was last measured HIV-1 RNA &lt; 200 copies/mL. CD4 at enrollment was obtained within 6 months of enrollment in cohort. Difference-in-difference (DID) models quantified associations between Medicaid expansion changes (by state of residence) and HIV outcomes.
Across 50 states, 87 290 PWH contributed 325 113 person-years of follow-up. Medicaid expansion had a substantial positive effect on CD4 at enrollment (DID = 93.5, 95% CI: 52.9, 134 cells/mm3), a small negative effect on proportions clinically retained (DID = −0.19, 95% CI: −0.037, −0.01), and no effects on ART receipt (DID = 0.001, 95% CI: −0.003, 0.005) or viral suppression (DID = −0.14, 95% CI: −0.34, 0.07).
Medicaid expansion had a positive effect on CD4 at entry, suggesting more timely HIV testing and care linkage, but generally null effects on downstream HIV care continuum measures.
Understanding migration power in international studies
Authors: Fernández-Molina Irene , Tsourapas Gerasimos 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Where and how does power operate in the governance of international migration? Migrants and refugees are increasingly used for strategic purposes in international politics, but scholarship on this matter has yet to engage thoroughly with the central International Relations concept of power. This article draws on the thinking of Michael Barnett and Raymond Duvall to propose a well-rounded picture of the multiple forms of power in, through or against migration that are mobilized by states and other international actors. We thus conceptualize migration power across two relational dimensions: the nature of the social relations between the actors involved (interactive or constitutive) and the specificity of such relations (direct or diffuse). This leads us to distinguish between four complementary types of migration power—compulsory, institutional, structural and productive—and to identify the main causal mechanisms through which they operate. We argue that power in international migration governance is diffuse, wielded by a wide range of actors, unevenly spread across its different dimensions, and yet, deeply asymmetrical in its distribution along intersecting axes: namely global North vs South, as well as state vs non-state. Beyond academia, the recognition of this complexity can encourage more reflexivity in policy-making and more sensitivity among practitioners.
Estimating the fishing rate for maximum nutritional yield (FMNY) optimizes fish production for human health
Authors: Lӧfstedt Anneli , Kell Laurence T , de Roos Baukje , Fernandes Paul G 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Fisheries management is largely based on the principle of achieving the maximum sustainable yield (MSY) with little regard for nutritional value. Management strategies maximizing nutrients rather than yield, however, may provide a smarter contribution to global food and nutrition security. Here, we present a novel fisheries management strategy: fishing at maximum nutritional yield (FMNY), the exploitation rate at which essential nutrients are maximized. Combining top-down population modelling approaches with bottom-up nutrient compositional analysis, we compared nutrient yields across seasons for Europe’s most valuable fishery (Atlantic mackerel, Scomber scombrus). FMNY estimates differed between nutrients, but were equal to, or lower than, FMSY. An autumn fishery provided higher amounts of lipids, omega-3 fatty acids, and protein, whereas vitamin D3, and calcium were maximized in winter. Aligning national fisheries policies and nutrition objectives is paramount to realising the potential of seafood in building healthier food systems. Developing novel fisheries management strategies, such as FMNY, where fisheries are optimised for human nutrition will, therefore, contribute to nutrient sustainability and help improve human health and diets.
Rights-Based Legal Considerations for Tuberculosis Isolation Practices in Community Settings in the Postpandemic Era
Authors: Bonomo Elizabeth J , Shah Maunank 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
State and local governments are free to enact infectious disease control laws to protect the public health but must conform those laws to right-based limitations imposed by the United States Constitution. Tuberculosis (TB) control laws that empower public health agencies and their representatives to institute restrictions on movement and activities for persons with TB have remained largely unchanged for decades and warrant review to ensure consistency with modern legal principles. During the coronavirus disease 2019 pandemic, there was increased attention to the tension between nonpharmaceutical public health interventions (masking, isolation, lockdowns) intended to reduce transmission and improve community health and their potential negative consequences on learning, mental health, individual finances, and the economy at large. Increasing evidence suggests that much of TB transmission is likely to have occurred prior to diagnosis and treatment initiation, and there is limited scientific evidence for the efficacy of community-based isolation in reducing TB incidence or TB mortality; by contrast, there is evidence that treatment rapidly reduces infectiousness and that prolonged isolation may have deleterious health and financial effects for persons with TB. The postpandemic era presents an opportunity to reassess public health authorities' legal obligations in designing voluntary and involuntary isolation policies for persons with tuberculosis. In so doing, state and local governments can recalibrate the balance between respect for individual constitutional rights and achieving public health TB goals.
Genomic Epidemiology of Extrapulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Isolates at Emerging Infections Program Sites—United States, 2019–2020
Authors: Masters Thao L , Toney Nadege Charles , Ewing Thomas O , McAllister Gillian A , Mathis Marsenia H , Grigg Cheri , Magill Shelley S , Jackson Kelly A , Byram Rebecca , See Isaac , Salfinger Max , Barter Devra , Johnston Helen , Lynfield Ruth , Vagnone Paula Snippes , Tourdot Laura , Anderson Bridget J , Dumyati Ghinwa , Pierce Rebecca , Lutgring Joseph D , Gargis Amy , McKay Susannah L 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) cause pulmonary and extrapulmonary infections. Although isolation of NTM from clinical specimens has increased nationally, few studies delineated the molecular characteristics of extrapulmonary NTM.

Methods
Extrapulmonary isolates were collected by 4 Emerging Infections Program sites from October 2019 to March 2020 and underwent laboratory characterization, including matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time of flight mass spectrometry, Sanger DNA sequencing, and whole genome sequencing. Bioinformatics analyses were employed to identify species, sequence types (STs), antimicrobial resistance (AR), and virulence genes; isolates were further characterized by phylogenetic analyses.

Results
Among 45 isolates, the predominant species were Mycobacterium avium (n = 20, 44%), Mycobacterium chelonae (n = 7, 16%), and Mycobacterium fortuitum (n = 6, 13%). The collection represented 31 STs across 10 species; the most common ST was ST11 (M. avium, n = 7). M. fortuitum and Mycobacterium abscessus isolates harbored multiple genes conferring resistance to aminoglycosides, β-lactams, and macrolides. No known AR mutations were detected in rpoB, 16S, or 23S rRNAs. Slow-growing NTM species harbored multiple virulence genes, including type VII secretion components, adhesion factors, and phospholipase C.

Conclusions
Continued active laboratory- and population-based surveillance will further inform the prevalence of NTM species and STs, monitor emerging clones, and allow AR characterization.
Training in the symptothermal method to ameliorate unmet need for family planning: knowledge, attitudes and satisfaction
Authors: Igben-Pender Catherine E , Omemo Peter , Ng'wena Gideon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Addressing the unmet need for family planning to prevent unintended pregnancies is a high priority for women's health, and training as an element of the symptothermal method (STM) is deemed to be an effective strategy. This study assessed training on knowledge, attitudes and satisfaction with STM to ameliorate the unmet need for family planning.

Methods
The study adopted a pre–post study design. A total of 136 women participated in this study. Knowledge and attitudes were assessed pre- and post-training as well as the level of satisfaction, using cycle charts and questionnaires. The χ2 test (p&lt;0.05) was used to analyse data on sociodemographics, attitudinal characteristics and satisfaction. Paired samples t-test (p&lt;0.05) was used to establish the mean difference of the two groups (knowledge and attitudes pre- and post-training).

Results
The paired samples t-test established that women have significant (t=−058.716, p=0.001) knowledge post-training (1.0000±0.00000) compared with pre-training (0.0682±0.01587) on STM. There was no significant (t=−1.419, p=0.158) difference in attitudes towards STM pre- and post-training. There was a significant level of satisfaction (p=0.001).

Conclusions
Our interventional study has enabled women to acquire robust knowledge, positive attitudes and satisfaction with the utilization of STM. This has ameliorated unmet need for family planning among participants.
Outsourcing Empire: International Monetary Power in the Age of Offshore Finance
Authors: Binder Andrea 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Offshore finance allows foreign banks to create US dollars under the laws of an offshore jurisdiction. How and why does this affect international monetary power? Conceptually, I argue that offshore finance bifurcates across borders the shared power of the state and banks to create money, combining the US dollar with mostly English law. Empirically, I demonstrate that more US dollars are created offshore outside US jurisdiction than onshore within it. Offshore finance increases liquidity, at higher risk, and leads to a cross-border entanglement of issuing country, offshore financial centers, borrowers, and global banks. In short, offshore finance changes the power inherent in money. Consequently, international monetary power has become the ability to get access to offshore dollars in combination with the capacity to determine international liquidity and to set, select, or circumvent the related rules. It is constrained by the hierarchically organized social credit relations that money consists of. The international monetary power of the United States has become an instance of indirect rule with global banks having been delegated the prerogative of US dollar creation. As is common with indirect rule, it entails a difficult balancing act between geographical reach and centralization of power.
Policies, Places and Practices: Why Environmental Law Scholars Should Care About the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act 2023
Authors: Ogden-Jones Rhiannon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act 2023 has marked major reforms in how planning law legally conceptualises policies, places and practices. These reforms have an impact not only on the scope of planning law but also on the shape of environmental law in England and Wales. In particular, the Levelling-Up and Regeneration Act 2023 changes how different forms of national and local policy legally interact, creates new administrative regulation for protected landscapes and establishes a new framework for environmental impact assessment called the Environmental Outcome Reports. This introduction to the legislation illustrates the importance of understanding the planning law reform for environmental law scholarship more generally.
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin signaling in B cells from progenitors to plasma cells
Authors: Domeier Phillip P , Ziegler Steven F 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is an established pleotropic alarmin cytokine that is generated at barrier tissues to induce type 2 immune responses, but its role in regulating the diversity of B cells is poorly understood. Here, we will highlight the key findings that underpin our limited understanding of the role thymic stromal lymphopoietin in modulating different stages of B cell development. We will also provide an overview of how thymic stromal lymphopoietin drives B cell-mediated immune disease and how novel thymic stromal lymphopoietin-blocking biologics could be used to modulate B cell responses. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin is critical for the regulation, diversity, and longevity of humoral immunity.
Clinical efficacy and safety of neoadjuvant chemotherapy with paclitaxel and cisplatin in combination with concurrent chemoradiotherapy for locally advanced cervical cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis
Authors: Yeshe Penpa , Li Fang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The meta-analysis was to evaluate the therapeutic benefits of neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT), primarily consisting of platinum-based regimens in conjunction with paclitaxel, when integrated with concurrent chemoradiotherapy (CCRT) for individuals afflicted with locally advanced cervical cancer (LACC). The outcomes were determined by overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), complete response rate (CRR), objective response rate, recurrence rate and adverse events. The assessment of these outcomes was based on the relative risk (RR) accompanied by its 95% confidence interval (CI). Eight articles were included for analysis. LACC patients who underwent treatment with paclitaxel combined with cisplatin (TP)-based NACT in conjunction with CCRT demonstrated improved OS at 2 (RR: 1.11, 95% CI: 1.07, 1.16, P &lt; 0.001), 3 (RR: 1.30, 95% CI: 1.23, 1.37, P &lt; 0.001) and 5 years (RR: 1.20, 95% CI: 1.10, 1.32, P &lt; 0.001), as well as PFS at 1 (RR: 1.03, 95% CI: 1.00, 1.06, P = 0.035), 2 (RR: 1.21, 95% CI: 1.04, 1.40, P = 0.012), 3 (RR: 1.26, 95% CI: 1.17, 1.34, P &lt; 0.001) and 5 (RR: 1.39, 95% CI: 1.25, 1.55, P &lt; 0.001) years, when compared with patients who received CCRT alone. Moreover, the TP-based NACT in conjunction with CCRT achieved a higher CRR and exhibited a lower rate of disease recurrence (RR:1.28, 95% CI:1.08, 1.50, P = 0.003). No significant differences in the risk of adverse effects including anemia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, radiocystitis and radiation enteritis between the group treated with TP-based NACT combined with CCRT and the group treated with CCRT alone were observed. The combination of TP-based NACT and CCRT demonstrates superior clinical efficacy than CCRT alone. This study may contribute to reducing the burden of LACC by using TP-based NACT plus CCRT.
Genomic and biochemical analyses of lipid biosynthesis in Cyanophora paradoxa: limited role of the chloroplast in fatty acid synthesis
Authors: Sato Naoki , Ikemura Eri , Uemura Mana , Awai Koichiro 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Archaeplastida, a group of photosynthetic organisms with primary plastids, consists of green algae (plus land plants), red algae, and glaucophytes. In contrast to green and red algae, information on lipids and lipid biosynthesis is still incomplete in the glaucophytes. The chloroplast is the site of photosynthesis and fatty acid synthesis in all photosynthetic organisms known to date. However, the genomic data of the glaucophyte Cyanophora paradoxa indicated the lack of acetyl-CoA carboxylase and most components of fatty acid synthase in the chloroplast. Instead, multifunctional fatty acid synthase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase are likely to reside in the cytosol. To examine this hypothesis, we measured fatty acid synthesis in isolated chloroplasts and whole cells using stable isotope labeling. The chloroplasts had very low fatty acid synthesis activity, if any. Most processes of fatty acid synthesis, including elongation and desaturation, must be performed within the cytosol, and the fatty acids imported into the chloroplasts are assembled into the chloroplast lipids by the enzymes common to other algae and plants. Cyanophora paradoxa is a rare organism in which fatty acid synthesis and photosynthesis are not tightly linked. This could question the common origin of these two biosynthetic processes in Archaeplastida.
Lean methodology in health care practice: an example of application for clinical laboratory urinalysis processing
Authors: Kontautas Evaldas , Rajackaitė Ema , Jacikė Živilė , Šepetienė Ramunė 
Published: October 2024

Abstract

Background
Improving quality and laboratory testing turnaround time (TAT) is a constant challenge for a clinical laboratory. The formulas that describe the best way to manage these goals are outlined in International Organization for Standardization standards. According to standards, improvement must be timely and continuous. Lean methodology is a tool to meet this requirement. One of the fundamental elements of Lean is a systematic approach to process improvement by removing waste to create value for the end-user (eg, patient) of the service. This methodology can be adapted in resource-limited settings.

Objective
The aim of this study was to test the application of Lean methodology in urinalysis.

Methods
Lean has various collections of tools and concepts. We applied the most useful for the clinical laboratory: Gemba walk, Takt time, cycle time, and value-stream mapping. Finally, we created and approved workplace standards to improve the performance of urinalysis.

Results
We compared the TATs of urinalysis tests before optimization, immediately after, and long after (~5 months). We found that TATs had significantly shortened. The TATs of emergency (STAT) urine tests immediately after optimization improved: automated microscopy to 16% (P =.194), fully automated test-strip to 23% (P = .0172), and standardized urine sediment examination to 20% (P =.0048). The TATs of routine urine tests also improved immediately after optimization: automated microscopy to 18% (P &lt;.0001), fully automated test-strip to 11% (P =.0025), and standardized urine sediment examination to 18% (P =.0011). After 5 months of Lean application within the urinalysis laboratory, TATs of routine urine tests remained improved; however, the improvement of STAT urine test TATs dropped to approximately 4%.

Conclusion
The application of the Lean methodology shows significant improvement in TATs of processes in our laboratory.
An Unexpected Descendant of Benjamin Hobson’s Chinese Treatise on Natural Philosophy: The Bowu Xinbian Tushuo (‘Illustrated Account of Natural Philosophy’, 1898)
Authors: Lu Di 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The English medical missionary Benjamin Hobson (1816-1873) published one of his well known Chinese books, the Bowu Xinbian (‘Natural Philosophy’), in Canton in 1854. Over forty years later, Chen Xiutang produced a lesser known book in Shanghai, the Bowu Xinbian Tushuo (‘Illustrated Account of Natural Philosophy’, 1898). Both books contributed to the circulation of Western natural knowledge in Chinese society. Yet their relationship and the content of Chen’s book have never been explored. A comparative analysis of the two books reveals that the third part of Hobson’s book, authored by both Hobson and Chen, provided the basis of Chen’s own book. The removal of Chen’s name from the second edition of Hobson's book probably served as a major cause behind the publication of Chen’s book.
Operando Freezing Cryogenic Electron Microscopy of Active Battery Materials
Authors: Dutta Nikita S , Carroll Gerard Michael , Neale Nathan R , Han Sang-Don , Al-Jassim Mowafak , Jungjohann Katherine 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Understanding structural and chemical evolution of battery materials during operation is critical to achieving safe, efficient, and long-lasting energy storage. Cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) has become a valuable tool in battery characterization, leveraging low temperatures to improve stability of sensitive materials under electron beam irradiation. However, typical cryo-EM sample preparations leave extended time between the electrochemical point of interest and ex situ freezing of samples, during which active structures may relax, degrade, or otherwise evolve. Here, we detail a method for operando freezing cryo-EM to preserve and characterize native electrode and interfacial structures that arise during battery cycling, based on an operando plunge freezer and cold sample removal process. We validate the method on multiple electrode materials and quantify and discuss the freezing rate achieved. Operando freezing cryo-EM can be used to directly visualize transient features that arise at active electrochemical interfaces, to enable deeper understanding of structural evolution and interfacial chemistry in batteries and other electrochemical systems.