bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Unexpected Reactivity of the Carbon Sites on the Nanostructured Carbon Catalysts towards the C−H Bond Activation from the Analysis of the Aromaticity
Authors: Sun XiaoYing , Li Bo , Su DangSheng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIt is believed that the oxygen groups on the carbon catalysts are responsible for the observed reactivity for C−H bond activations. On the other hand, the oxygen groups also reduce the aromaticity of the host. The loss of the aromaticity increases reactivities of the carbon atoms and they become the active sites for the C−H bond activation. The newly identified C−C site exhibits the comparable catalytic performance in the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of propane compared with the conventional oxygen groups like quinone and ketone. A series of calculations indicate that the aromaticity might be a useful descriptor for the carbon catalysts.
Effect of capping agent on the particle size of CdSe nanoparticles
Authors: Sahu Narsing , Brahme Namita , Sharma Ravi 
Published: April 2016

AbstractCdSe nanoparticles were synthesized by green route and chemical route methods. In the green route method the samples were capped by starch and in the chemical route method the samples were capped by mercaptoacetic acid (MAA). The samples were characterized by powder X‐ ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Both the samples showed zinc blend structure. The optical absorption spectra and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra were also studied. A blue shift was seen in the absorption spectra as compared with the bulk as well as the sample capped by starch. TEM images showed agglomeration for the starch‐capped sample as compared with the MAA‐capped sample. The particle size for the sample capped by MAA was found to be less as compared with the starch‐capped sample. A blue shift in the photoluminescence (PL) spectra was also recorded for the samples prepared by the chemical route as compared with the sample prepared by the green route as well as the bulk. The PL peak shifted towards the red side and increase in the peak intensity occurred with the change in the excitation wavelength. Change in PL intensity was observed with different pH at 685 nm. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Synthesis and characterization of novel Na15(SO4)5F4Cl:Ce3+halosulfate phosphors
Authors: Bhake A. M. , Nair Govind B. , Zade G. D. , Dhoble S. J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA series of Na15(SO4)5F4Cl phosphors doped with Ce3+ions was prepared using the wet chemical method. X‐Ray diffraction studies were used to determine their phase formation and purity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy effectively identified the chemical bonds present in the molecule. The photoluminescence properties of the as‐prepared phosphors were investigated and the Ce3+ions in these hosts were found to give broadband emission in the UV range. For the thermoluminescence study, phosphors were irradiated with a 5 Gy dose ofγ‐rays from a60Co source. Chen’s half‐width method was employed to calculate the trapping parameters from the thermoluminescence glow curve. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Establishment of a ternary network system for evaluating the antioxidant fraction of Danhong injection
Authors: Wang Yan , Jiang Zhenzuo , Yang Fan , Chai Xin , Zhu Yan , Zhao Xiaoya , Jiang Miaomiao , Yang Jing , Zhao Buchang , Qian Ke , Wang Yuefei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOxidative stress plays a crucial role in numerous cardiovascular diseases. As an effective therapy, Danhong injection (DHI) is considered to act through an antioxidant mechanism for the treatment of cardiovascular disease. In our study, we focused on the potential contribution of the antioxidant capacity of DHI fractions (Frs) and established an innovative screening method based on a 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity assay. A ternary network evaluation system, which was constructed based on the radical scavenging activity, the area under the activity–concentration curve and the solid content of the fractions, was implemented to select the fractions that posed the greatest antioxidant effect. As a result, Frs 5–7 and Frs 17–19 were shown to exhibit superior antioxidant activity according to the regression area of the ternary network, which was >0.5. Furthermore, the active fractions were characterized by ultra‐performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry combined with nuclear magnetic resonance. This study provided an effective method for the comprehensive evaluation of the antioxidant effect of DHI fractions. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Differences in the distribution of risk factors for stroke among the high‐risk population in urban and rural areas of Eastern China
Authors: Mi Te , Sun Shangwen , Du Yifeng , Guo Shougang , Cong Lin , Cao Mingfeng , Sun Qinjian , Sun Yi , Qu Chuanqiang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIntroductionConsidering the program of screening for risk factors of stroke in Eastern China, the aim of this study was to compare the distribution differences in risk factors for stroke among the high‐risk population living in urban and rural areas.MethodsA total of 231,289 residents were screened and basic information collected. Risk factors for stroke among the high‐risk population were compared between the urban and rural groups.ResultsA total of 117,776 high‐risk residents from urban areas and 113,513 from rural areas were included in the analysis. The prevalence of hypertension was much higher in rural areas (73.3%) than that in urban areas (64.1%). Dyslipidemia (48.9% vs. 26.9%), sport lack (46.6% vs. 31.6%), diabetes mellitus (21.3% vs. 16.5%), and atrial fibrillation (18.7% vs. 9.8%) were more prevalent in the urban group, while smoking (26.5% vs. 28.8%), previous stroke (10.1% vs. 16.9%), and transient ischemic attack (20.9% vs. 24.6%) were less prevalent.ConclusionAmong the population at high risk of stroke, there were significant differences in the distribution of the following risk factors between the urban and rural groups: hypertension, atrial fibrillation, dyslipidemia, lack of physical exercise, and a previous stroke.
Biomimetic strategies for targeted nanoparticle delivery
Authors: Dehaini Diana , Fang Ronnie H. , Zhang Liangfang 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNanoparticle‐based drug delivery and imaging platforms have become increasingly popular over the past several decades. Among different design parameters that can affect their performance, the incorporation of targeting functionality onto nanoparticle surfaces has been a widely studied subject. Targeted formulations have the ability to improve efficacy and function by positively modulating tissue localization. Many methods exist for creating targeted nanoformulations, including the use of custom biomolecules such as antibodies or aptamers. More recently, a great amount of focus has been placed on biomimetic targeting strategies that leverage targeting interactions found directly in nature. Such strategies, which have been painstakingly selected over time by the process of evolution to maximize functionality, oftentimes enable scientists to forgo the specialized discovery processes associated with many traditional ligands and help to accelerate development of novel nanoparticle formulations. In this review, we categorize and discuss in‐depth recent works in this growing field of bioinspired research.
Regulation of multidrug resistance 1 expression by CDX2 in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma
Authors: Koh Iemasa , Hinoi Takao , Sentani Kazuhiro , Hirata Eiji , Nosaka Suguru , Niitsu Hiroaki , Miguchi Masashi , Adachi Tomohiro , Yasui Wataru , Ohdan Hideki , Kudo Yoshiki 
Published: April 2016

AbstractEpithelial ovarian cancer is an aggressive gynecological malignancy with a high mortality rate. Resistance against chemotherapeutic agents often develops in ovarian cancer patients, contributing to high recurrence rates. The multidrug resistance 1 (MDR1/ABCB1) gene encodes P‐glycoprotein, which affects the pharmacokinetic properties of anticancer agents. We previously reported that the Caudal‐related homeobox transcription factor CDX2 transcriptionally regulates MDR1 expression in colorectal cancer. CDX2 is a factor that influences cancer cell differentiation, malignancy, and cancer progression. We hypothesized that profiling of CDX2 and MDR1 expression could be an effective strategy for predicting anticancer drug resistance. We studied the expression of these factors in clinical samples from ovarian cancer patients. We found that endogenous MDR1 expression was positively associated with CDX2 expression in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma. Using ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma cell lines, we also observed decreased MDR1 expression following inhibition of CDX2 by RNA interference. In addition, CDX2 overexpression in MN‐1 cells, which display low endogenous CDX2, resulted in upregulation of MDR1 expression. CDX2 induced MDR1‐dependent resistance to vincristine and paclitaxel, which was reversed by treatment with the MDR1‐specific inhibitor verapamil. Our findings show that CDX2 promotes upregulation of MDR1 expression, leading to drug resistance in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma. Therefore, our study demonstrates the potential of novel chemotherapy regimens based on CDX2 status and MDR1 expression in ovarian mucinous adenocarcinoma.
Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotides in early‐stage colorectal cancers with and without high‐frequency microsatellite instability: same, same but different?
Authors: Watson Martin M. , Lea Dordi , Rewcastle Emma , Hagland Hanne R. , Søreide Kjetil 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMicrosatellite instability (MSI) is associated with better prognosis in colorectal cancer (CRC). Elevated microsatellite alterations at selected tetranucleotides (EMAST) is a less‐understood form of MSI. Here, we aim to investigate the role of EMAST in CRC±MSI related to clinical and tumor‐specific characteristics. A consecutive, population‐based series of stage I–III colorectal cancers were investigated for MSI and EMAST using PCR primers for 10 microsatellite markers. Of 151 patients included, 33 (21.8%) had MSI and 35 (23.2%) were EMAST+, with an overlap of 77% for positivity, (odds ratio [OR] 61; P < 0.001), and 95% for both markers being negative. EMAST was more prevalent in colon versus rectum (86% vs. 14%, P = 0.004). EMAST+ cancers were significantly more frequent in proximal colon (77 vs. 23%, P = 0.004), had advanced t‐stage (T3–4 vs. T1–2 in 94% vs. 6%, respectively; P = 0.008), were larger (≥5 cm vs. <5 cm in 63% and 37%, respectively; P = 0.022) and had poorly differentiated tumor grade (71 vs. 29%, P < 0.01). Furthermore, EMAST+ tumors had a higher median number of harvested lymph nodes than EMAST− (11 vs. 9 nodes; P = 0.03). No significant association was found between EMAST status and age, gender, presence of distant metastases or metastatic lymph nodes, and overall survival. A nonsignificant difference toward worse survival in node‐negative colon cancers needs confirmation in larger cohorts. EMAST+ cancers overlap and share features with MSI+ in CRC. Overall, survival was not influenced by the presence of EMAST, but may be of importance in subgroups such as node‐negative disease of the colon.
Inhibitory Kinetics of Azachalcones and their Oximes on Mushroom Tyrosinase: A Facile Solid‐state Synthesis
Authors: Radhakrishnan Sini K. , Shimmon Ronald G. , Conn Costa , Baker Anthony T. 
Published: April 2016

A solid‐state‐based mechanochemical process was used to synthesize novel azachalcones and their oximes as tyrosinase inhibitors. Their inhibitory activities on mushroom tyrosinase using l‐3,4‐dihydroxyphenylalanine as a substrate were investigated. Two of the novel oxime derivatives synthesized were seen to be more potent than the positive control, kojic acid. Both the compounds 1b and 2b inhibited the diphenolase activity of tyrosinase in a dose‐dependent manner with their IC50 values of 15.3 and 12.7 μm, respectively. The kinetic analysis showed that their inhibition mechanism was reversible. Both the novel oxime compounds displayed competitive inhibition with their Ki values of 5.1 and 2.5 μm, respectively. This method minimizes waste disposal problems and provides a simple, efficient, and benign method for the synthesis of novel tyrosinase inhibitors for use as skin‐whitening agents or as anti‐browning food additives.
TGF‐β1 promotes bovine mammary fibroblast proliferation through the ERK 1/2 signalling pathway
Authors: Gao Yuanyuan , Wang Yuping , Li Yingying , Xia Xiaojing , Zhao Shuang , Che Yanyi , Sun Yingying , Lei Liancheng 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe abnormal proliferation of bovine mammary fibroblasts (BMFBs) impairs mammary gland development and lactation. Severe manifestations develop into breast fibrosis, leading to the culling of cows and causing serious losses to the dairy industry. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) is an important modulator of cell proliferation and extracellular matrix formation; however, limited information is available on BMFBs. In this study, a convenient and stable culture method for BMFBs was established. Treatment with 5 ng/mL of TGF‐β1 significantly promoted the proliferation of BMFBs and accelerated the cell cycle. TGF‐β1 stimulation for up to 12 h significantly increased the relative ERK1/2 mRNA expression and enhanced the protein expression of p‐ERK1/2 and cyclin D1. Conversely, the ERK1/2 inhibitor PD98059 blocked these TGF‐β1 effects. Further exploration using a mouse model showed that TGF‐β1 significantly increased the proportion of fibroblasts and accelerating the cell transition from the G1 to G2/M phases. In addition, TGF‐β1 enhanced the expression of fibrosis markers, α‐SMA and I Collagen, which could be blocked efficiently by the PD98059 in mouse mammary gland. Finally, immunofluorescence analysis confirmed that TGF‐β1 promoted fibroblast proliferation in healthy dairy cows after normal long‐term dietary corn straw roughage supplementation. It is suggested that the diet may promote mammary fibroblast proliferation by raising the level of TGF‐β1. Our study provides new insights into how nutrition causes undesirable changes in mammary gland structure.
SIRT1 expression is refractory to hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines in nucleus pulposus cells: Novel regulation by HIF‐1α and NF‐κB signaling
Authors: Wang Xiaofei , Li Hongjian , Xu Kang , Zhu Haipeng , Peng Yan , Liang Anjing , Li Chunhai , Huang Dongsheng , Ye Wei 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHypoxia and a marked increase in inflammatory cytokines are common hallmarks of intervertebral disc degeneration; these events disrupt the normal balance between extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and synthesis in degenerative intervertebral discs. SIRT1, one of the NAD+‐dependent class III histone deacetylases, controls cellular processes and is regulated by hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines in a cell‐type‐dependent manner. SIRT1 protects degenerative human nucleus pulposus cells against apoptosis. However, the role of SIRT1 in inflammation in intervertebral discs is still unclear. The current study showed that in rat NP cells, as in other cells, SIRT1 suppressed the induction of the mRNA expression of proteases that degrade ECM induced by TNF‐α. Moreover, real‐time PCR, transfection, and loss‐ and gain‐of‐function experiments revealed that SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression were refractory to hypoxia and HIF‐1α. Additionally, SIRT1 mRNA and protein expression and the activity of the SIRT1 promoter were not affected by inflammatory cytokines but were sustained by NF‐κB signaling in the presence or absence of TNF‐α. In summary, the present study suggested that SIRT1 is not affected by hypoxia and inflammatory cytokines in rat intervertebral discs. Moreover, not HIF‐1α but NF‐κB signaling is critical for the maintenance of SIRT1 expression in NP cells under physiologic and pathophysiologic conditions.
Photocatalysts in Polymerization Reactions
Authors: Zivic Nicolas , Bouzrati‐Zerelli Mariem , Kermagoret Anthony , Dumur Frédéric , Fouassier Jean‐Pierre , Gigmes Didier , Lalevée Jacques 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA short review of the role of photocatalysts in photopolymerization reactions is presented. A special emphasis is placed on photoredox catalysts leading to i) high‐performance initiating systems for polymerization upon low light intensity for the use of light emitting diodes (LEDs) and/or visible light and ii) controlled radical photopolymerization (CRP2) processes with formation/reactivation of dormant species triggered by light.
High‐Pressure‐Induced Pseudo‐oxidation of Copper Surfaces by Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Zhang Xueqiang , Ptasinska Sylwia 
Published: April 2016

AbstractInstantaneous electronic and structural modifications of Cu surfaces by high‐pressure CO were explored. At pressures over a millibar range the coverage of CO on the Cu(1 1 1) surface reached approximately one monolayer, and we observed several shake‐up peaks in the Cu 2p photoemission spectra for the first time by using ambient pressure X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. These shake‐up peaks resembled those obtained for oxidized surface Cu atoms. We propose that these changes are related to the generation of a copper–carbonyl complex and subsequent Cu surface restructuring owing to lateral CO–CO repulsions. The generality of this finding was investigated in two model reactions, the water‐gas shift and CO oxidation, on a Cu(1 1 1) surface, and we clearly identified the pseudo‐oxidation of Cu. These reversible changes were found to be independent of the orientation of the Cu surface and are of general importance for Cu‐based heterogeneous catalysis.
Bi2O3 as a Promoter for Cu/TiO2 Photocatalysts for the Selective Conversion of Carbon Dioxide into Methane
Authors: Jeong Sunil , Kim Whi Dong , Lee Sooho , Lee Kangha , Lee Seokwon , Lee Dongkyu , Lee Doh C. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA significantly enhanced gas‐phase photocatalytic conversion of carbon dioxide into methane on Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles upon introducing Bi2O3 as a promoter in the vicinity of Cu was observed. The maximum rate of CH4 generation of 11.90 μmol g−1 h−1 recorded in the case of Cu‐Bi2O3/TiO2 is approximately one order of magnitude higher than that obtained with Cu/TiO2 nanoparticles. The enhanced performance was attributed to facilitated migration of CO* from Cu to the Bi2O3 surface.
Design and Optimization of the Methanol‐to‐Olefin Process. Part II: Comparison of Different Methods for Propylene/Propane Separation
Authors: Yu Bor‐Yih , Chien I‐Lung 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDesign and optimization of different methods for propylene/propane separation in the downstream of the methanol‐to‐olefin process are investigated. Since propylene and propane have similar boiling points, a large number of trays and high energy are required when separating by a traditional single column with industrial low‐pressure steam as reboiler heat source (TRA‐LPS case). Some alternatives are studied, including the traditional column using waste hot water as heat resource (TRA‐HW), implementation of a vapor recompression cycle (VRC) configuration, and extractive distillation (ED) with acetonitrile solution as entrainer. Compared to TRA‐LPS, the total annual cost can be reduced significantly for TRA‐HW and ED and to a minor extent for VCR. The required number of trays for separation is also clearly reduced for the three cases. It can be concluded that TRA‐HW and ED are both promising alternatives for this separation.
Enhanced Cycling Ability of V2O5 Aerogel using Room‐Temperature Ionic Liquid‐Based Electrolytes
Authors: Moretti Arianna , Jeong Sangsik , Passerini Stefano 
Published: April 2016

AbstractVanadium oxide is an attractive high‐capacity cathode material for metal batteries, but it is affected by severe capacity fading upon cycling in conventional electrolytes. In this manuscript, it is shown that the cycling ability of vanadium oxide (V2O5) aerogel cathodes can be substantially improved by using properly designed electrolytes. In particular, the electrochemical characterization of V2O5 aerogel, in combination with room‐temperature ionic liquid‐based electrolytes, demonstrates cycling stabilities above 600 cycles with capacity retentions higher than 80 %. Furthermore, the ionic liquid‐based electrolytes grant cyclability and safety in lithium–metal batteries even above room temperature.
Atomic Layer Deposition of LixAlyS Solid‐State Electrolytes for Stabilizing Lithium‐Metal Anodes
Authors: Cao Yanqiang , Meng Xiangbo , Elam Jeffrey W. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIncreasing global demands for energy storage in electric vehicles and the grid necessitate “beyond‐lithium‐ion” batteries that simultaneously exhibit high capacity, long‐term cyclability, and excellent safety. Several candidates, most notably lithium–air and lithium–sulfur batteries, utilize lithium‐metal anodes. Although the specific capacity of lithium metal is unrivaled (3860 mA h g−1), the capacity fade and risk of catastrophic failure must be overcome. Herein, we describe ultrathin, ionically conducting lithium aluminum sulfide (LixAlyS) coatings prepared on lithium‐metal anodes by using atomic layer deposition, which stabilize the Li–electrolyte interface and reduce (up to five times) the interfacial impedance of lithium–metal anodes in contact with organic electrolyte. We demonstrate that these thin films effectively suppress dendrite formation and preserve a smooth, low‐surface‐area morphology for electrodeposited lithium metal, thereby doubling the lifetime of Li–Cu asymmetric cells.
Template‐Engaged Solid‐State Synthesis of Barium Magnesium Silicate Yolk@Shell Particles and Their High Photoluminescence Efficiency
Authors: Chen Xuncai , Kim Woo‐Sik 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis study presents a new synthetic method for fabricating yolk@shell‐structured barium magnesium silicate (BMS) particles through a template‐engaged solid‐state reaction. First, as the core template, (BaMg)CO3 spherical particles were prepared based on the coprecipitation of Ba2+ and Mg2+. These core particles were then uniformly shelled with silica (SiO2) by using CTAB as the structure‐directing template to form (BaMg)CO3@SiO2 particles with a core@shell structure. The (BaMg)CO3@SiO2 particles were then converted to yolk@shell barium magnesium silicate (BMS) particles by an interfacial solid‐state reaction between the (BaMg)CO3 (core) and the SiO2 (shell) at 750 °C. During this interfacial solid‐state reaction, Kirkendall diffusion contributed to the formation of yolk@shell BMS particles. Thus, the synthetic temperature for the (BaMg)SiO4:Eu3+ phosphor is significantly reduced from 1200 °C with the conventional method to 750 °C with the proposed method. In addition, the photoluminescence intensity of the yolk@shell (BaMg)SiO4:Eu3+phosphor was found to be 9.8 times higher than that of the conventional (BaMg)SiO4:Eu3+ phosphor. The higher absorption of excitation light by the structure of the yolk@shell phosphor is induced by multiple light‐reflection and ‐scattering events in the interstitial void between the yolk and the shell. When preparing the yolk@shell (BaMg)SiO4:Eu3+ phosphor, a hydrogen environment for the solid‐state reaction results in higher photoluminescence efficiency than nitrogen and air environments. The proposed synthetic method can be easily extended to the synthesis of other yolk@shell multicomponent metal silicates.