bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of RN Age and Experience on Transformational Leadership Practices
Authors: Herman Susan , Gish Mary , Rosenblum Ruth , Herman Michael 
Published: May 2017

OBJECTIVE
This study reported the evolution of transformational leadership (TL) practices and behaviors across years of age, management experience, and professional nursing practice within a professional nursing leadership organization.

BACKGROUND
Recent studies of CNO TL found valuations peak near age 60 years. This study reported on a wider range of management positions, correlating years of RN practice and management experience and age to TL metrics.

METHOD
This study used Kouzes and Posner's Leadership Practices Inventory—Self-Assessment (LPI-S) to survey a nursing leadership organization, the Association of California Nurse Leaders (ACNL). Anonymous responses were analyzed to identify leadership trends in age and years of professional service.

RESULTS
On average, LPI-S metrics of leadership skills advance through years of management, RN experience, and age. The TL scores are statistically higher in most LPI-S categories for those with more than 30 years of RN or management experience. Decade-averaged LPI-S TL metrics in the ACNL survey evolve linearly throughout age before peaking in the decade from age 60 to 69 years. A similar evolution of TL metrics is seen in decades of either years of management experience or years of RN experience. Transformational leadership increased with nursing maturity particularly for LPI-S categories of “inspire a shared vision,” “challenge the process,” and “enable others to act.”

CONCLUSION
In the ACNL population studied, decade-averaged leadership metrics advanced. Leadership evolution with age in the broader RN population peaked in age bracket 60 to 69 years. The LPI-S averages declined when older than 70 years, coinciding with a shift from full-time work toward retirement and part-time employment.
Bundled Payments for Care Improvement
Authors: Hardin Lauran , Kilian Adam , Murphy Elizabeth 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUND
The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Innovation Center introduced the Bundled Payments for Care Improvement (BPCI) initiative in 2011 as 1 strategy to encourage healthcare organizations and clinicians to improve healthcare delivery for patients, both when they are in the hospital and after they are discharged. Mercy Health Saint Mary’s, a large urban academic medical center, engaged in BPCI primarily with a group of medical diagnosis-related groups (DRGs).

OBJECTIVES
In this article, we describe our experience creating a system of response for the diverse people and diagnoses that fall into the medical DRG bundles and specifically identify organizational factors for enabling successful implementation of bundled payments.

RESULTS
Our experience suggests that interprofessional collaboration enabled program success.

CONCLUSIONS
Although still in its early phases, observations from our program’s strategies and tactics may provide potential insights for organizations considering engagement in the BPCI initiative.
Comparison of Ocular Lubricant Osmolalities
Authors: Bitton Etty , Perugino Carolyn , Charette Stéphanie 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Purpose
The aim of this study was to evaluate the osmolality of commercially available ocular tear lubricants.

Methods
Thirty-seven (n = 37) ocular lubricants, measured three times each, were evaluated for osmolality using a vapor pressure osmometer (Wescor VAPRO 5520). The osmometer was calibrated before each use, and the order of the lubricants was randomized. Ambient temperature and humidity were monitored for stability.

Results
Of the 37 ocular lubricants tested, 35 (94.6%) had an osmolality of less than 295 mmol/kg, one (2.7%) had between 295 and 308 mmol/kg, and one (2.7%) had more than 308 mmol/kg. The ambient room temperature was stable and ranged from 21.9°C to 22.0°C, and the relative humidity ranged from 21.2% to 25.6% during experimentation. When ocular lubricants were grouped by ingredient (carboxymethylcellulose and hydroxylpropyl methylcellulose, hyaluronic acid, and hydroxypropyl guar), no significant difference in osmolality was noted between groups (Mann-Whitney U test, P > .05).

Conclusions
The majority of the ocular lubricants tested had low osmolalities, mimicking the osmolarity of newly formed tears (295 to 300 mOsm/L). Several factors need to be considered when choosing a tear lubricant, which have more complex formulations than ever. Knowledge of their osmolality may be an added parameter to consider when choosing therapeutic options for dry eye.
Corneal Equilibrium Flux as a Function of Corneal Surface Oxygen Tension
Authors: Compañ Vicente , Aguilella-Arzo Marcel , Weissman Barry A. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTPurposeOxygen is essential for aerobic mammalian cell physiology. Oxygen tension (Po2) should reach a minimum at some position within the corneal stroma, and oxygen flux should be zero, by definition, at this point as well. We found the locations and magnitudes of this “corneal equilibrium flux” (xmin) and explored its physiological implications.MethodsWe used an application of the Monod kinetic model to calculatexminfor normal human cornea as anterior surface Po2changes from 155 to 20 mmHg.ResultsWe find thatxmindeepens, broadens, and advances from 1.25 μm above the endothelial–aqueous humor surface toward the epithelium (reaching a position 320 μm above the endothelial–aqueous humor surface) as anterior corneal surface Po2decreases from 155 to 20 mmHg.ConclusionsOur model supports an anterior corneal oxygen flux of 9 μL O2· cm−2· h−1and an epithelial oxygen consumption of approximately 4 μL O2· cm−2· h−1. Only at the highest anterior corneal Po2does our model predict that oxygen diffuses all the way through the cornea to perhaps reach the anterior chamber. Of most interest, corneal oxygen consumption should be supported down to a corneal surface Po2of 60 to 80 mmHg but declines below this range. We conclude that the critical oxygen tension for hypoxia induced corneal swelling is more likely this range rather than a fixed value.
Trust in the Medical Profession Among Adolescents in an Emergency Department
Authors: Ellis Kelstan Lynch , Randell Kimberly , Lantos John , Miller Melissa K. 
Published: May 2017

Objective
The aims of this study were to assess trust in the medical profession among adolescents in an urban pediatric emergency department (ED) and explore factors associated with trust.

Methods
We used a computerized survey to assess personal trust, perceived trust among family/friends, health care use, general and genital examination preferences, health behaviors, and demographics among youth aged 14 to 19 years. The primary outcome was the mean composite score of a validated 5-item scale. Responses were summed (range, 5–25); higher scores indicated greater trust. We compared trust between subgroups using the t test for independent samples.

Results
We enrolled 150 adolescents (80% of approached); 146 completed the survey (mean age, 15.6 y; 40% male; 36% African American, 40% white, 17% Hispanic; 29% commercial insurance). The mean trust score was 19.51 ± 3.1 (range, 7–25), indicating a fairly high level of trust. Trust was not associated with race, ethnicity, sex, type of insurance, or health care use. The mean score for those with high paternal trust was higher than those reporting low paternal trust (19.8 ± 2.2 vs 15.3 ± 5.7, P = 0.02); there was no association with perceived trust among mothers or friends. Preference for a chaperoned genital examination was associated with lower trust and female sex.

Conclusions
Adolescents in this ED reported high levels of trust in the medical profession, and trust was not associated with race, ethnicity, sex, insurance, or health care use. Youth with lower trust preferred chaperoned genital examinations. Adolescent trust may be influenced by perceived trust among important adults. Exploration of these associations seems warranted to facilitate optimal sexual health outcomes.
Does Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus Affect the Shear Wave Velocity of the Thyroid Gland of Children Without Autoimmune Thyroiditis?
Authors: Sağlam Dilek , Ceyhan Bilgici Meltem , Kara Cengiz , Can Yilmaz Gülay , Tanrivermiş Sayit Asli 
Published: May 2017

Objective
The aim of this study is to evaluate the shear wave velocity (SWV) of the thyroid gland with acoustic radiation force impulse elastography in children with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D).

Materials and Methods
Between November 2015 and April 2016, 35 T1D patients who were referred to our hospital's endocrinology outpatient clinic (mean age, 11.88 ± 4.1 years) and 30 children (mean age, 11.3 ± 3.08 years) in the control group were enrolled in the study. Five acoustic radiation force impulse elastography measurements from each lobe of the thyroid gland in m/s were recorded. Diabetes age, hemoglobin A1c, and C-peptide levels were recorded in T1D patients. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS version 21 (IBM Corporation, Armonk, NY).

Results
The mean SWV of the thyroid gland in T1D patients and the control group was 1.11 ± 0.21 and 1.29 ± 0.23 m/s, respectively. The mean SWV of the thyroid gland in T1D patients was lower than that in the control group and this was significant (P = 0.002). The mean SWV of the thyroid gland was not correlated with hemoglobin A1c level, body mass index, or the insulin dose in T1D patients.

Conclusions
The present study showed that T1D affects the thyroid gland stiffness even in patients without autoimmune thyroiditis. Acoustic radiation force impulse elastography may be a useful method in determining early changes in thyroid gland in T1D and may be used as a screening tool.
Histone-Complexed DNA Fragments Levels are Associated with Coagulopathy, Endothelial Cell Damage, and Increased Mortality after Severe Pediatric Trauma
Authors: Russell Robert T. , Christiaans Sarah C. , Nice Tate R. , Banks Morgan , Mortellaro Vincent E. , Morgan Charity , Duhachek-Stapelman Amy , Lisco Steven J. , Kerby Jeffrey D. , Wagener Brant M. , Chen Mike K. , Pittet Jean-François 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACT

Background:
The release of damage-associated molecular pattern molecules in the extracellular space secondary to injury has been shown to cause systemic activation of the coagulation system and endothelial cell damage. We hypothesized that pediatric trauma patients with increased levels of histone-complexed DNA fragments (hcDNA) would have evidence of coagulopathy and endothelial damage that would be associated with poor outcomes.

Methods:
We conducted a prospective observational study of 149 pediatric trauma patients and 62 control patients at two level 1 pediatric trauma centers from 2013 to 2016. Blood samples were collected upon arrival and at 24 h, analyzed for hcDNA, coagulation abnormalities, endothelial damage, and clinical outcome. Platelet aggregation was assessed with impedance aggregometry (Multiplate) and coagulation parameters were assessed by measuring prothrombin time ratio in plasma and the use of viscoelastic techniques (Rotational Thromboelastometry) in whole blood.

Results:
The median age was 8.3 years, the median injury severity score (ISS) was 20, and overall mortality was 10%. Significantly higher levels of hcDNA were found on admission in patients with severe injury (ISS > 25), coagulopathy, and/or abnormal platelet aggregation. Patients with high hcDNA levels also had significant elevations in plasma levels of syndecan-1, suggesting damage to the endothelial glycocalyx. Finally, significantly higher hcDNA levels were found in non-survivors.

Conclusion:
hcDNA is released following injury and correlates with coagulopathy, endothelial glycocalyx damage, and poor clinical outcome early after severe pediatric trauma. These results indicate that hcDNA may play an important role in development of coagulation abnormalities and endothelial glycocalyx damage in children following trauma.
When two wrongs make a right: synchronized neuronal bursting from combined electrical and inhibitory coupling
Authors: Reimbayev Reimbay , Daley Kevin , Belykh Igor 
Published: May 2017

Synchronized cortical activities in the central nervous systems of mammals are crucial for sensory perception, coordination and locomotory function. The neuronal mechanisms that generate synchronous synaptic inputs in the neocortex are far from being fully understood. In this paper, we study the emergence of synchronization in networks of bursting neurons as a highly non-trivial, combined effect of electrical and inhibitory connections. We report a counterintuitive find that combined electrical and inhibitory coupling can synergistically induce robust synchronization in a range of parameters where electrical coupling alone promotes anti-phase spiking and inhibition induces anti-phase bursting. We reveal the underlying mechanism, which uses a balance between hidden properties of electrical and inhibitory coupling to act together to synchronize neuronal bursting. We show that this balance is controlled by the duty cycle of the self-coupled system which governs the synchronized bursting rhythm.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology’.
Biological modelling of a computational spiking neural network with neuronal avalanches
Authors: Li Xiumin , Chen Qing , Xue Fangzheng 
Published: May 2017

In recent years, an increasing number of studies have demonstrated that networks in the brain can self-organize into a critical state where dynamics exhibit a mixture of ordered and disordered patterns. This critical branching phenomenon is termed neuronal avalanches. It has been hypothesized that the homeostatic level balanced between stability and plasticity of this critical state may be the optimal state for performing diverse neural computational tasks. However, the critical region for high performance is narrow and sensitive for spiking neural networks (SNNs). In this paper, we investigated the role of the critical state in neural computations based on liquid-state machines, a biologically plausible computational neural network model for real-time computing. The computational performance of an SNN when operating at the critical state and, in particular, with spike-timing-dependent plasticity for updating synaptic weights is investigated. The network is found to show the best computational performance when it is subjected to critical dynamic states. Moreover, the active-neuron-dominant structure refined from synaptic learning can remarkably enhance the robustness of the critical state and further improve computational accuracy. These results may have important implications in the modelling of spiking neural networks with optimal computational performance.This article is part of the themed issue ‘Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology’.
Energy landscape analysis of neuroimaging data
Authors: Ezaki Takahiro , Watanabe Takamitsu , Ohzeki Masayuki , Masuda Naoki 
Published: May 2017

Computational neuroscience models have been used for understanding neural dynamics in the brain and how they may be altered when physiological or other conditions change. We review and develop a data-driven approach to neuroimaging data called the energy landscape analysis. The methods are rooted in statistical physics theory, in particular the Ising model, also known as the (pairwise) maximum entropy model and Boltzmann machine. The methods have been applied to fitting electrophysiological data in neuroscience for a decade, but their use in neuroimaging data is still in its infancy. We first review the methods and discuss some algorithms and technical aspects. Then, we apply the methods to functional magnetic resonance imaging data recorded from healthy individuals to inspect the relationship between the accuracy of fitting, the size of the brain system to be analysed and the data length.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology’.
Transient sequences in a hypernetwork generated by an adaptive network of spiking neurons
Authors: Maslennikov Oleg V. , Shchapin Dmitry S. , Nekorkin Vladimir I. 
Published: May 2017

We propose a model of an adaptive network of spiking neurons that gives rise to a hypernetwork of its dynamic states at the upper level of description. Left to itself, the network exhibits a sequence of transient clustering which relates to a traffic in the hypernetwork in the form of a random walk. Receiving inputs the system is able to generate reproducible sequences corresponding to stimulus-specific paths in the hypernetwork. We illustrate these basic notions by a simple network of discrete-time spiking neurons together with its FPGA realization and analyse their properties.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology’.
Modelling far field pacing for terminating spiral waves pinned to ischaemic heterogeneities in cardiac tissue
Authors: Boccia E. , Luther S. , Parlitz U. 
Published: May 2017

In cardiac tissue, electrical spiral waves pinned to a heterogeneity can be unpinned (and eventually terminated) using electric far field pulses and recruiting the heterogeneity as a virtual electrode. While for isotropic media the process of unpinning is much better understood, the case of an anisotropic substrate with different conductivities in different directions still needs intensive investigation. To study the impact of anisotropy on the unpinning process, we present numerical simulations based on the bidomain formulation of the phase I of the Luo and Rudy action potential model modified due to the occurrence of acute myocardial ischaemia. Simulating a rotating spiral wave pinned to an ischaemic heterogeneity, we compare the success of sequences of far field pulses in the isotropic and the anisotropic case for spirals still in transient or in steady rotation states. Our results clearly indicate that the range of pacing parameters resulting in successful termination of pinned spiral waves is larger in anisotropic tissue than in an isotropic medium.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology’.
Assessing the strength of cardiac and sympathetic baroreflex controls via transfer entropy during orthostatic challenge
Authors: Porta Alberto , Marchi Andrea , Bari Vlasta , De Maria Beatrice , Esler Murray , Lambert Elisabeth , Baumert Mathias 
Published: May 2017

The study assesses the strength of the causal relation along baroreflex (BR) in humans during an incremental postural challenge soliciting the BR. Both cardiac BR (cBR) and sympathetic BR (sBR) were characterized via BR sequence approaches from spontaneous fluctuations of heart period (HP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) and muscle sympathetic nerve activity (MSNA). A model-based transfer entropy method was applied to quantify the strength of the coupling from SAP to HP and from DAP to MSNA. The confounding influences of respiration were accounted for. Twelve young healthy subjects (20–36 years, nine females) were sequentially tilted at 0°, 20°, 30° and 40°. We found that (i) the strength of the causal relation along the cBR increases with tilt table inclination, while that along the sBR is unrelated to it; (ii) the strength of the causal coupling is unrelated to the gain of the relation; (iii) transfer entropy indexes are significantly and positively associated with simplified causality indexes derived from BR sequence analysis. The study proves that causality indexes are complementary to traditional characterization of the BR and suggests that simple markers derived from BR sequence analysis might be fruitfully exploited to estimate causality along the BR.
This article is part of the themed issue ‘Mathematical methods in medicine: neuroscience, cardiology and pathology’.
Sim3C: simulation of HiC and Meta3C proximity ligation sequencing technologies
Authors: DeMaere Matthew Z , Darling Aaron E 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundChromosome conformation capture (3C) and HiC DNA sequencing methods have rapidly advanced our understanding of the spatial organization of genomes and metagenomes. Many variants of these protocols have been developed, each with their own strengths. Currently there is no systematic means for simulating sequence data from this family of sequencing protocols.FindingsWe describe a computational simulator that, given reference genome sequences and some basic parameters, will simulate HiC sequencing on those sequences. The simulator models the basic spatial structure in genomes that is commonly observed in HiC and 3C datasets, including the distance-decay relationship in proximity ligation, differences in the frequency of interaction within and across chromosomes, and the structure imposed by cells. A means to model the 3D structure of topologically associating domains (TADs) is provided. The simulator also models several sources of error common to 3C and HiC library preparation and sequencing methods, including spurious proximity ligation events and sequencing error.ConclusionsWe have introduced the first comprehensive simulator for 3C and HiC sequencing protocols. We expect the simulator to have use in testing of HiC data analysis algorithms, as well as more general value for experimental design, where questions such as the required depth of sequencing, enzyme choice, and other decisions must be made in advance in order to ensure adequate statistical power to test the relevant hypotheses.
HIV transmission efficiency through contaminated injections in Roka, Cambodia
Authors: Gisselquist David 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA nosocomial HIV outbreak recognized in late 2014 in Roka commune, Cambodia, demonstrates the potential for rapid transmission through skin-piercing healthcare procedures. Information reported from the investigation of the Roka commune outbreak is sufficient to estimate the transmission efficiency of HIV through contaminated injection equipment. With conservative assumptions, two estimates are 4.6% and 9.2%. These estimates are much greater than widely disseminated and influential low estimates of risk from unsafe injections, estimates which have encouraged low estimates of the contribution of unsafe healthcare to Africa’s generalized HIV epidemics. More information about nosocomial risks in Roka commune could improve the estimates in this paper and advise HIV prevention programs, particularly in countries with unreliably sterile healthcare and high HIV prevalence.
The etymology of user experience
Authors: Fox Robert 
Published: May 2017

Purpose
The psychology of user experience is sometimes overlooked in favor of assumptions based on didactic principles that do not apply to the use of the Web. This column aims to explore the implications of some psychological principles that bear on user interface (UI) design and the implications those principles may have for the digital library.

Design/methodology/approach
This is a regular column – a literature review was completed and incorporated into the text.

Findings
Common perceptual biases, particularly related to our perception of the material world, heavily influence our interaction with Web UIs. Aligning Web UI design with our hardwired expectations regarding physical space and material objects has the possibility of increasing the effectiveness of those interfaces.

Originality/value
The psychology of user design is an important area of concern, and it should be considered by libraries engaged in the provisioning of online content and services. This has not been extensively explored in the literature, and these principles are rarely adhered to in the library community. The primary example given that seems to have successfully taken this seriously in the commercial sector is Google’s promotion of a recommendation called Material Design.