bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Inner-Core Moisture in Tropical Cyclone Predictability and Practical Forecast Skill
Authors: Emanuel Kerry , Zhang Fuqing 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Errors in tropical cyclone intensity forecasts are dominated by initial-condition errors out to at least a few days. Initialization errors are usually thought of in terms of position and intensity, but here it is shown that growth of intensity error is at least as sensitive to the specification of inner-core moisture as to that of the wind field. Implications of this finding for tropical cyclone observational strategies and for overall predictability of storm intensity are discussed.
A Numerical Study of the June 2013 Flood-Producing Extreme Rainstorm over Southern Alberta
Authors: Li Yanping , Szeto Kit , Stewart Ronald E. , Thériault Julie M. , Chen Liang , Kochtubajda Bohdan , Liu Anthony , Boodoo Sudesh , Goodson Ron , Mooney Curtis , Kurkute Sopan 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
A devastating, flood-producing rainstorm occurred over southern Alberta, Canada, from 19 to 22 June 2013. The long-lived, heavy rainfall event was a result of complex interplays between topographic, synoptic, and convective processes that rendered an accurate simulation of this event a challenging task. In this study, the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model was used to simulate this event and was validated against several observation datasets. Both the timing and location of the model precipitation agree closely with the observations, indicating that the WRF Model is capable of reproducing this type of severe event. Sensitivity tests with different microphysics schemes were conducted and evaluated using equitable threat and bias frequency scores. The WRF double-moment 6-class microphysics scheme (WDM6) generally performed better when compared with other schemes. The application of a conventional convective/stratiform separation algorithm shows that convective activity was dominant during the early stages, then evolved into predominantly stratiform precipitation later in the event. The HYSPLIT back-trajectory analysis and regional water budget assessments using WRF simulation output suggest that the moisture for the precipitation was mainly from recycling antecedent soil moisture through evaporation and evapotranspiration over the Canadian Prairies and the U.S. Great Plains. This analysis also shows that a small fraction of the moisture can be traced back to the northeastern Pacific, and direct uptake from the Gulf of Mexico was not a significant source in this event.
Impact of a Mean Current on the Internal Tide Energy Dissipation at the Critical Latitude
Authors: Richet O. , Muller C. , Chomaz J.-M. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPrevious numerical studies of the dissipation of internal tides in idealized settings suggest the existence of a critical latitude (~29°) where dissipation is enhanced. But observations only indicate a modest enhancement at this latitude. To resolve this difference between observational and numerical results, the authors study the latitudinal dependence of internal tides’ dissipation in more realistic conditions. In particular, the ocean is not a quiescent medium; the presence of large-scale currents or mesoscale eddies can impact the propagation and dissipation of internal tides. This paper investigates the impact of a weak background mean current in numerical simulations. The authors focus on the local dissipation of high spatial mode internal waves near their generation site. The vertical profile of dissipation and its variation with latitude without the mean current are consistent with earlier studies. But adding a weak mean current has a major impact on the latitudinal distribution of dissipation. The peak at the critical latitude disappears, and the dissipation is closer to a constant, albeit with two weak peaks at ~25° and ~35° latitude. This disappearance results from the Doppler shift of the internal tides’ frequency, which hinders the nonlinear transfer of energy to small-scale secondary waves via the parametric subharmonic instability (PSI). The new two weak peaks correspond to the Doppler-shifted critical latitudes of the left- and right-propagating waves. The results are confirmed in simulations with simple sinusoidal topography. Thus, although nonlinear transfers via PSI are efficient at dissipating internal tides, the exact location of the dissipation is sensitive to large-scale oceanic conditions.
Airborne Wind Lidar Measurements of Vertical and Horizontal Winds for the Investigation of Orographically Induced Gravity Waves
Authors: Witschas Benjamin , Rahm Stephan , Dörnbrack Andreas , Wagner Johannes , Rapp Markus 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAirborne coherent Doppler wind lidar measurements, acquired during the Gravity Wave Life-Cycle (GW-LCYCLE) I field campaign performed from 2 to 14 December 2013 in Kiruna, Sweden, are used to investigate internal gravity waves (GWs) induced by flow across the Scandinavian Mountains. Vertical wind speed is derived from lidar measurements with a mean bias of less than 0.05 m s−1 and a standard deviation of 0.2 m s−1 by correcting horizontal wind projections onto the line-of-sight direction by means of ECMWF wind data. The horizontal wind speed and direction are retrieved from lidar measurements by applying a velocity–azimuth display scan and a spectral accumulation technique, leading to a horizontal resolution of about 9 km along the flight track and a vertical resolution of 100 m, respectively. Both vertical and horizontal wind measurements are valuable for characterizing GW properties as demonstrated by means of a flight performed on 13 December 2013 acquired during weather conditions favorable for orographic GW excitation. Wavelet power spectra of the vertical wind speed indicate that the horizontal GW wavelengths lay mainly between 10 and 30 km and that the GW amplitude above the mountain ridge decreases with increasing altitude. Additionally, the perturbations of the horizontal wind speed are analyzed, showing horizontal wavelengths in the excitation region of 100–125 km with upwind-tilted wave fronts. By means of elevation power spectra, it is revealed that vertical wind power spectra are dominated by the short-wave elevation part, whereas horizontal wind perturbations are dominated by the long-wave part.
Dopamine dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex relates to cognitive deficits in the sub-chronic PCP-model for schizophrenia: A preliminary investigation
Authors: McLean Samantha L , Harte Michael K , Neill Joanna C , Young Andrew MJ 
Published: April 2017

Rationale: Dopamine dysregulation in the prefrontal cortex (PFC) plays an important role in cognitive dysfunction in schizophrenia. Sub-chronic phencyclidine (scPCP) treatment produces cognitive impairments in rodents and is a thoroughly validated animal model for cognitive deficits in schizophrenia. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of PFC dopamine in scPCP-induced deficits in a cognitive task of relevance to the disorder, novel object recognition (NOR). Methods: Twelve adult female Lister Hooded rats received scPCP (2 mg/kg) or vehicle via the intraperitoneal route twice daily for 7 days, followed by 7 days washout. In vivo microdialysis was carried out prior to, during and following the NOR task. Results: Vehicle rats successfully discriminated between novel and familiar objects and this was accompanied by a significant increase in dopamine in the PFC during the retention trial ( p < 0.01). scPCP produced a significant deficit in NOR ( p < 0.05 vs. control) and no PFC dopamine increase was observed. Conclusions: These data demonstrate an increase in dopamine during the retention trial in vehicle rats that was not observed in scPCP-treated rats accompanied by cognitive disruption in the scPCP group. This novel finding suggests a mechanism by which cognitive deficits are produced in this animal model and support its use for investigating disorders in which PFC dopamine is central to the pathophysiology.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa prevalence, antibiotic resistance and antimicrobial use in Chinese burn wards from 2007 to 2014
Authors: Dou Yi , Huan Jingning , Guo Feng , Zhou Zengding , Shi Yan 
Published: April 2017

Objective To assess the application of antibacterial agents, alongside pathogen prevalence and Pseudomonas aeruginosa drug resistance, with the aim of understanding the impact of inappropriate antibacterial use. Methods This retrospective study assessed bacteria from wounds, catheters, blood, faeces, urine and sputum of hospitalized patients in burn wards between 2007 and 2014. The intensity of use of antibacterial agents and resistance of P. aeruginosa to common anti-Gram-negative antibiotics were measured. Results Annual detection rates of Staphylococcus aureus were significantly decreased, whereas annual detection rates of P. aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae were significantly increased. Multidrug-resistant strains of P. aeruginosa were increased. The intensity of use of some anti-Gramnegative antibiotics positively correlated with resistance rates of P. aeruginosa to similar antimicrobials. Conclusion In burn wards, more attention should be paid to P. aeruginosa and K. pneumoniae. The use of ciprofloxacin, ceftazidime and cefoperazone/sulbactam should be limited to counter the related increase in resistance levels.
Acute Effects of Ataractic Drugs on Spontaneous Autonomic and Metabolic Oscillating Systems in Schizophrenic and Other Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Doust J. W. Lovett , Harrington R. W. 
Published: April 2017

1. Three monitors of autonomic and metabolic function were employed to study the periodic frequency and amplitude of non-specific, spontaneous, endogenous oscillations in 18 untreated psychiatric patients at rest. Seventeen drugs were then exhibited individually to the patients and the longitudinal study continued kinetically so that their effects on these oscillations could be observed. 2. Confirmation was obtained for earlier reported findings that frequency analysis of resting spontaneous periodic oscillations of capillary blood-oxygen saturation, capillary corpuscular blood flow and skin tissue cell changes reliably distinguishes between patients with schizophrenia and those belonging to certain other psychiatric diagnostic groups. 3. The effects of drugs on these spontaneous periodicities was found to depend principally on whether or not the drug in question influenced the brain stem ascending reticular activating system. Drugs such as the phenothiazines and reserpines affecting this system brought about a frequency change in the autonomic oscillations; drugs not affecting the system did not do so. 4. Amplitude analysis showed that drugs affected the three monitors in a fashion quite different from their effects on frequency. 5. The known and suggested mechanisms of action of the ataractic drugs are reviewed and arguments suggesting a combined neurophysiological and vascular action for them are presented. 6. It is suggested that these findings offer an objective technique for the rapid clinical screening of psychopharmacologic agents.
Chlorpromazine, Trifluoperazine and Placebo with Long-Term Mental Hospital Patients
Authors: Coons W. H. , Boyd B. A. , White J. G. 
Published: April 2017

One hundred and seventeen long-term mental hospital patients, judged to be suitable for tranquillizing medication, were randomly assigned to three groups: one received trifluoperazine, one received chlorpromazine, and one received an inert placebo. Assessment of adjustment to hospital, by means of the Hospital Adjustment Scale (HAS), revealed no significant group differences in response to treatment after either three or six weeks. Comparison of each group's level of adjustment at the beginning, middle, and end of the experimental period showed a similar absence of significant differences. From these data it was concluded that there was no generalized improvement in adjustment associated with any of the treatment conditions. Inspection of the HAS scores of the individuals in each group indicated that there was wide variability in the inter-individual responses to all three of the treatment conditions. The implications of these findings for the management of long-term patients and for further study, are discussed.
The Pedophilias: Their Clinical, Social and Legal Implications
Authors: Mohr Johann W. 
Published: April 2017

This article deals with sexual behaviour with children, proposing a tighter clinical definition, based on a phenomenological nosology. This nosology classifies the behavioural symptoms by the object, the act, and the agent. 1. The Object: the child must be prepubertal and the sex of the child denotes either hetero- or homosexual pedophilia. 2. The Act: Consists of either: a) Immature gratification b) Deviant acts c) Genital union Only a) is included under the term pedophilia. 3. The Agent: pedophiles fall into three distinct age groupings, culminating in adolescence, mid to late thirties and mid to late fifties. An account of heterosexual pedophilia, homosexual pedophilia, and the situation of the victim is given, and the clinical, social and legal implications are discussed.
Complications of Pregnancy — a Psychosomatic Approach
Authors: Destounis Nicholas 
Published: April 2017

This study, which was carried out with 232 women, has presented comparative data on two groups: 1. 10 women followed throughout their pregnancy psychotherapeutically (experimental group). 2. 52 women followed throughout their pregnancy by the family physician only (control group). A specially designed psychotherapeutic technique was described which included collections of blood and urine for serological (Ross-Waaler) and hormonal studies at weekly intervals. Specific results are reported together with two individual cases from both groups to support the findings which include: A. Of the experimental group only 2 (20%) developed complications in pregnancy, in contrast to 43 (82.1%) of the control group. x2 = 20.41; P - 0.005 > P > 0.001). B. The majority, 30 (57.3%) of the women of the control group were (prior to marriage) from the lower social strata, in contrast to none (0%) of the women of the experimental group. (x2 = 11.36; P - 0.005 > P > 0.001). C. Differences between the two groups, in favour of the experimental group, of the husband's social identification were significant at x2 = 5.00; P - 0.1 > P > 0.05. D. Differences between the two groups, in favour of the experimental group, concerning education and religion were very significant at x2 = 10.49; P - 0.005 > P > 0.001 and x2 = 2.58; P - 0.50 > P > 0.25 respectively. E. Psychotherapy given these women had a salutary effect upon those psychophysiological processes which maintain pregnancy at a live-birth rate of 90%.
Fashions in Psychiatry: Melancholia 1621—Depression 1961
Authors: Lindsay J.H. 
Published: April 2017

The Seventeenth and Twentieth Centuries were both characterized by drastic and sudden changes in social values. The people of both appear to have been greatly concerned about the uncertainties of their future and consequently indulged themselves in considerable introspective musings. Treatises on depression, one dated 1621, the other 1961, were compared and one is left with the impression that we have learned very little about the aetiology of depression in the past three hundred and forty years and that the symptoms are basically unchanged. The main difference is perhaps that in 1621 propaganda methods did not create iatrogenic problems. Modern propaganda refinements are perhaps mainly redounding to satisfy mental health enthusiasts and to benefit pharmaceutical industrialists, while offering therapeutic methods of doubtful merit and creating more anxieties to keep the vicious circle of anxieties — frustration — depression, clanging merrily around.
Fashions in Neurosis
Authors: Forster W. 
Published: April 2017

The textbooks of a hundred years ago considered the conditions we would call psychotic to be largely psychogenic, the conditions we would call neurotic to be associated with organic diseases, and those we would call hysterical to be due to a special sensitivity of the nervous system or to gynaecological disorders. The conditions corresponding to the neuroses as we know them today, apart from “hysterical insanity” do not seem to have been part of the province of the alienist but of the general physician and later the neurologist. Towards the end of the last century, it was suggested that the term neurosis should apply to a disordered physiological state and the term psychosis to a disordered mind. Psychiatric textbooks of a century ago did not concern themselves with neuroses. The medical textbooks described hysteria in great detail, usually manifestations of a gross kind. The idea of hysteria having something to do with the uterus persisted, Cullen ascribing it to amenorrhoea or too great a salacity. Later, when theories of exhaustion of the nervous system in neurasthenia became popular, the exhaustion was held by some to be caused by the “irritation” of the nervous system by gynaecological disorders. Neuroses with somatic symptomatology tended to be classified under a somatic label. Anxiety states with somatization were attributed either to the common diseases of the day, such as gout or dyspepsia, or to dysfunction of the nervous system. The rest therapy popularized by Weir Mitchell in 1875 got its results through suggestion and the anaclitic meaning it carried. Although popular for “neurasthenia” it was widely used for all mental disorders, and in its day was as revolutionary as shock therapy or the tranquilizers. Focal sepsis and auto-intoxication provided theories which led to the surgical treatment of neuroses. Present day fashions in diagnosis of the neuroses vary with the orientation of the diagnostician: in terms of reaction of a personality, in terms of dynamics, or in terms of symptom groupings.
Biological Clocks: Psychophysiologic Evidence for the Existence of One such Clock Specific to Certain Psychiatric Disorders
Authors: Doust John W. Lovett 
Published: April 2017

1. Personal, interior or biological time is distinguished from sidereal and other reference forms of time, and the measurement of time-lapse by clocks is discussed in terms of biological clocks and of consciousness of the sense of time. 2. Examples of biological time-keeping in plants and animals are given, along with evidence that the duration or recurrence rate of endogenous biological rhythms can vary from 2,000 cycles/sec. up to 1 cycle/year or more. 3. Engineering analogues of biological oscillators and their mathematical treatment are surveyed, along with a discussion of the role such oscillating systems play in maintenance of homoiostasis in the organism. 4. The operating characteristics of circadian-type registration of biological clocks are summarized and reviewed in terms of their relevance to periodic illness occurring in medical practice. 5. Evidence for the operation of an endogenous, innate, psychiatric clock is presented, the pace-making setting of which appears to predetermine certain types of psychiatric illness. Some characteristics of this clock are described.
A Controlled Study of the Use of Thioridazine in the Treatment of Hyperactive and Aggressive Children in a Children's Psychiatric Hospital
Authors: Alderton Harvey R. , Hoddinott B. A. 
Published: April 2017

Studies on the use of thioridazine in adults and children were reviewed and the paucity of the controlled objective investigated, observed.Thioridazine in doses of 25 mg. t.i.d. was administered to nine children with persistent marked aggressivity and hyper-activity. A double-blind study revealed a considerable reduction in aggressive, destructive and hyperactive behaviour. Status epilepticus occurred in an epileptic boy, necessitating an increase in anticonvulsant medication. No other side effects were observed.It is concluded that thioridazine is a safe and useful drug in the treatment of hyperactive, aggressive, destructive patterns of behaviour in children.
Trends in Mental Hospitals
Authors: McGregor K. M. 
Published: April 2017

Statistics from other countries indicate a trend to decreasing resident mental hospital population in spite of an increasing admission rate. This trend began prior to the widespread use of psychotropic drugs. Their value, however, can not be discounted as they have, in addition to their therapeutic value, broken the barrier between practising physician and mental patient, have facilitated psychotherapy and have augmented and supported the many facets which now go to form the ‘therapeutic community.’ At The Ontario Hospital, St. Thomas, the resident population has remained relatively constant since 1956, in spite of an increasing admission rate. Resident schizophrenic population is decreasing with an accumulation of elderly schizophrenics. More non-psychotics are being admitted. The use of psychotropic drugs continues to increase and comprises 75% of total drug cost. The total hospital program providing the patients with more of the amenities of living; the involvement of the community in aftercare, and our rehabilitation program are outlined. A study at The Ontario Hospital, St. Thomas comparing two groups of first admission schizophrenics (1948–49 and 1957–58) revealed, 1) The median length of stay of first admission schizophrenics decreased from six to four months. 2) The decreased length of stay did not result in an increase in readmissions. 3) The number of chronic patients (first admission schizophrenics continuously in hospital for four years), decreased 13.9% in the interval under consideration.
Natural History of Narcotic Addiction
Authors: Richman A. , Borschneck A. , Rienzi A. 
Published: April 2017

“It has been suggested that addiction in some is but a temporary maturation problem, as in certain delinquent behaviour. Cursory reviews of United States prison statistics revealed the age of the majority of addicts to be in the 3rd or 4th decades. Observers in Iran and Egypt are under the impression that not all young addicts become old addicts. Many of these implications titillate the imagination as to the possibility that drug addiction would be ‘curable’ if only better information were available.” World Health Organization, Technical Reports Series No. 131, p. 19.
Observation of a Comprehensive Legal System in Microcosm at the George Junior Republic
Authors: Pittenger Robert E. 
Published: April 2017

The George Junior Republic is described, with emphasis on its comprehensive legal-judicial system which makes it an extraordinary laboratory for the study of jurisprudence. It is a school-treatment setting for adolescents (aged 13 to 21). The educational approach is one of providing a small community modelled after the larger society—a community in which young people may have practice in a wide range of adult experiences as they perform truly necessary social and personal functions. Here the junior citizen matures through the exercise of serious responsibilities which are not entrusted to him in the usual home or school. He must help run the executive, legislative and judicial branches of his own government. He seeks jobs, is hired and fired, is paid for his work in the Junior Republic's special currency with which, in turn, he must purchase all of the necessities of life at the Junior Republic, and out of which he must save for whatever luxuries he would like to enjoy. The rotation of roles, the comprehensive overview, and the learning by participation are discussed. The Junior Republic, as a microcosm of the Society, affords a learning situation of great value to the individual. It also furnished us a laboratory for the study of the Social Systems of our society.