bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Host adapted serotypes of Salmonella enterica
Authors: UZZAU S. , BROWN D. J. , WALLIS T. , RUBINO S. , LEORI G. , BERNARD S. , CASADESÚS J. , PLATT D. J. , OLSEN J. E. 
Published: July 2002

Salmonella constitutes a genus of zoonotic bacteria of
worldwide economic and health importance. The
current view of salmonella taxonomy assigns the
members of this genus to two species: S. enterica and
S. bongori. S. enterica itself is divided into six
subspecies, enterica, salamae, arizonae, diarizonae,
indica, and houtenae, also known as subspecies I, II,
IIIa, IIIb, IV, and VI, respectively [1]. Members of
Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica are mainly
associated with warm-blooded vertebrates and are
usually transmitted by ingestion of food or water
contaminated by infected faeces. The pathogenicity of
most of the distinct serotypes remains undefined, and
even within the most common serotypes, many
questions remain to be answered regarding the
interactions between the organism and the infected
host.Salmonellosis manifests itself in three major forms:
enteritis, septicaemia, and abortion, each of which
may be present singly or in combination, depending
on both the serotype and the host involved. Although
currently over 2300 serovars of Salmonella are
recognized, only about 50 serotypes are isolated in
any significant numbers as human or animal
pathogens [2, 3] and they all belong to subspecies
enterica. Of these, most cause acute gastroenteritis
characterized by a short incubation period and a
severe systemic disease in man or animals, characterized by septicaemia, fever and/or abortion, and
such serotypes are often associated with one or few
host species [4–6].It is the intention of this review to present a
summary of current knowledge of these host-adapted
serotypes of S. enterica. The taxonomic relationships
between the serotypes will be discussed together with
a comparison of the pathology and pathogenesis of
the disease that they cause in their natural host(s).
Since much of our knowledge on salmonellosis is
based on the results of work on Typhimurium, this
serotype will often be used as the baseline in
discussion. It is hoped that an appreciation of the
differences that exist in the way these serotypes
interact with the host will lead to a greater understanding of the complex host–parasite relationship
that characterizes salmonella infections.
The diet and landclass affinities of the Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus
Authors: Dingerkus S. K. , Montgomery W. I. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractThe diet of the Irish hare Lepus timidus hibernicus was investigated in Northern Ireland. Faecal pellets were collected at regular intervals from three contrasting study sites and from a number of randomly selected sites from known land classes. Microhistological techniques were employed to analyse the pellets. Grass species occurred in high percentage frequencies in all samples of faecal pellets and a wide variety of plant species were represented (up to 26 species in one study site). In a stratified, random survey of the presence of hares, areas of lowland intensive agriculture had fewer positive records than expected. It is contended that L. t. hibernicus may not be able to sustain viable populations in areas of intensive agriculture, which are almost exclusively composed of ryegrass Lolium spp.
The behavioural ecology of the island fox (Urocyon littoralis)
Authors: Roemer Gary W. , Smith Deborah A. , Garcelon David K. , Wayne Robert K. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractInsular populations typically occur at higher densities, have higher survivorship, reduced fecundity, decreased dispersal, and reduced aggression compared to their mainland counterparts. Insularity may also affect mating system and genetic population structure. However, these factors have not been examined simultaneously in any island vertebrate. Here we report on the ecological, behavioural and genetic characteristics of a small carnivore, the island fox Urocyon littoralis, from Fraser Point, Santa Cruz Island, California. Dispersal distances in island foxes are very low (mean 1.39 km, sd 1.26, range 0.16–3.58 km, n=8). Home‐range size is one of the smallest (mean annual home range=0.55 km2, sd 0.2, n= 14) and density is nearly the highest recorded for any canid species (2.4–15.9 foxes/km2). Similar to other fox species, island foxes are distributed as mated pairs that maintain discrete territories. Overlap among mated pairs was always high (mean 0.85, sd 0.05), while overlap among neighbours (mean 0.11, sd 0.13), regardless of sex, was low. Despite this high degree of territoriality, island foxes are not strictly monogamous. Four of 16 offspring whose parents were identified by paternity analysis were a result of extra‐pair fertilizations. Mated pairs were unrelated, however, suggesting inbreeding avoidance. Substantial population differentiation was found between the Fraser Point subpopulation and one only 13 km away (Fst= 0.11). We suggest that the primary effect of finite island area is to limit dispersal, which then influences the demography, behaviour and genetic structure of island fox populations.
Reshaping the European City and Territory
Authors: Montès Christian 
Published: July 2002

Gordon Cherry, Town Planning in Britain since 1900 (Oxford: Blackwell, 1996), 260 pp., £12.99, ISBN 0–631–19994–2.Mark Clapson, Invincible green suburbs, brave new towns (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1998), 242 pp., £45.00 (hb), ISBN 0–719–04135–X.Mark Clapson, Mervyn Dobbin and Peter Waterman, eds., The Best Laid Plans. Milton Keynes since 1967 (Luton: University of Luton Press, 1998), 142 pp., ISBN 1–860–20556–9.Gilles Massardier, Expertise et aménagement du territoire. L'Etat savant (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1996), 286 pp., 160 FF, ISBN 2–738–44903–4.Danièle Voldman, La reconstruction des villes françaises de 1940 à 1954. Histoire d'une politique (Paris: L'Harmattan, 1997), 488 pp., 270 FF, ISBN 2–738–45194–2.About one century ago, a movement was born which aimed at reforming the
physical environment of cities in order to reform society. It greatly broadened the
scope of the former, piecemeal Improvement Commissions which had begun to
beautify the cities. Five recent and varied publications will be reviewed here,
originating from both British and French academics and planners. We shall use them
to make a second reading of ideas and processes contributing to the (re)shaping of
town and country in two west European countries. Often described as entities with
distinct political, social and economic agendas, both countries nevertheless developed strong
confidence in the planning role of the state in cities as well as in ‘town
and country’.
German Foreign Trade Policy Towards the East in the Light of Recent Research
Authors: Rudolph Karsten 
Published: July 2002

Robert Mark Spaulding, Osthandel und Ostpolitik. German Foreign Trade Policies in Eastern Europe from Bismarck to Adenauer (Oxford and Providence: Berghahn, 1997), 546 pp., £60, ISBN 1–57181–039–0.Volker R. Berghahn, ed., Quest for Economic Empire. European Strategies of German Big Business in the Twentieth Century (Oxford and Providence: Berghahn, 1996), 224 pp., £35:00 (hb), £16.50 (pb), ISBN 1–57181–027–7.Meung-Hoan Hoh, Westintegration versus Osthandel. Politik und Wirtschaft in den Ost-West-Beziehungen der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, 1949–1958, (Frankfurt: Peter Lang, 1995), ISBN 3–631–49003–8.Friedrich von Heyl, Der innerdeutsche Handel um Eisen- und Stahl, 1945–1972. Deutsch-deutsche Beziehungen im Kalten Krieg. (Cologne: Böhlau, 1997), DM 64, ISBN 3–412–03897–0.Research into the history of foreign trade relations languishes in a grey area between the history of foreign policy and economic history. This is particularly true of German trade relations with eastern Europe during the Cold War, even though this was precisely the time when the topic was the focal point of public interest. Before Chancellor Willy Brandt and Foreign Minister Walter Scheel introduced their New Ostpolitik, the Federal Republic's trade with the East (Osthandel) was one of the most controversial issues in foreign policy. The reasons for this were, in no small measure, historical, closely tied up with the ‘ghost of Rapallo’ and the myth of red trade. The treaty concluded between the German empire and Soviet Russia at the economic conference of Genoa in 1922 created the fatal impression that this was a case of two underdogs in the international community getting together to undermine the status quo established by the Treaty of Versailles. From then on, whenever the ‘ghost of Rapallo’ was invoked what was meant was that Germany could be sure of Soviet support for the implementation of its revisionist claims in the East, and thus have greater room for manoeuvre vis-à-vis the West.
Total Variation Asymptotics for Refined Poisson
Process Approximations of Random Logarithmic Assemblies
Authors: STARK DUDLEY 
Published: July 2002

Assemblies are decomposable combinatorial objects characterized
by a sequence mi that
counts the number of possible components of size i. Permutations on n elements, mappings
from a set containing n elements into itself, 2-regular graphs on n vertices, and set partitions
on a set of size n are all assemblies with natural decompositions. Logarithmic assemblies are
characterized by constants θ > 0 and κ0 > 0 such that
miκi0/
(i−1)! → θ. Random mappings,
permutations and 2-regular graphs are all logarithmic assemblies, but set partitions are not.Given a logarithmic assembly, all representatives having total size n are chosen uniformly
and a component counting process C(n)
= (C1(n), C2(n),
…, Cn(n))
is defined, where Ci(n)
is the number of components of size i. Our results also apply to C(n) distributed as the
Ewens sampling formula with parameter θ. Denote the component counting process up
to size at most b by Cb(n)
= (C1(n), C2(n),
…, Cb(n)). It is natural to
approximate Cb by Zb
= (Z1, Z2,
…, Zb), the b-dimensional process
of independent Poisson variables Zi for
which the ith variable has expectation [ ]Zi
= miκi0
exp((1−θ)i/n)/i!. We find asymptotics
for the total variation distance between Cb(n) and
Zb.
Guard Cell- and Phloem Idioblast-Specific Expression of Thioglucoside Glucohydrolase 1 (Myrosinase) in Arabidopsis
Authors: Husebye Harald , Chadchawan Supachitra , Winge Per , Thangstad Ole P. , Bones Atle M. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Thioglucoside glucohydrolase 1 (TGG1) is one of two known functional myrosinase enzymes in Arabidopsis. The enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of glucosinolates into compounds that are toxic to various microbes and herbivores. Transgenic Arabidopsis plants carrying β-glucuronidase and green fluorescent protein reporter genes fused to 0.5 or 2.5 kb of the TGG1 promoter region were used to study spatial promoter activity. Promoter activity was found to be highly specific and restricted to guard cells and distinct cells of the phloem. No promoter activity was detected in the root or seed. All guard cells show promoter activity. Positive phloem cells are distributed in a discontinuous pattern and occur more frequent in young tissues. Immunocytochemical localization of myrosinase in transverse and longitudinal sections of embedded material show that the TGG1 promoter activity reflects the position of the myrosinase enzyme. In the flower stalk, the myrosinase-containing phloem cells are located between phloem sieve elements and glucosinolate-rich S cells. Our results suggest a cellular separation of myrosinase enzyme and glucosinolate substrate, and that myrosinase is contained in distinct cells. We discuss the potential advantages of locating defense and communication systems to only a few specific cell types.
Phosphate Availability Alters Architecture and Causes Changes in Hormone Sensitivity in the Arabidopsis Root System
Authors: López-Bucio José , Hernández-Abreu Esmeralda , Sánchez-Calderón Lenin , Nieto-Jacobo Marı́a Fernanda , Simpson June , Herrera-Estrella Luis 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The postembryonic developmental program of the plant root system is plastic and allows changes in root architecture to adapt to environmental conditions such as water and nutrient availability. Among essential nutrients, phosphorus (P) often limits plant productivity because of its low mobility in soil. Therefore, the architecture of the root system may determine the capacity of the plant to acquire this nutrient. We studied the effect of P availability on the development of the root system in Arabidopsis. We found that at P-limiting conditions (&lt;50 μm), the Arabidopsis root system undergoes major architectural changes in terms of lateral root number, lateral root density, and primary root length. Treatment with auxins and auxin antagonists indicate that these changes are related to an increase in auxin sensitivity in the roots of P-deprived Arabidopsis seedlings. It was also found that the axr1-3, axr2-1, and axr4-1 Arabidopsis mutants have normal responses to low P availability conditions, whereas the iaa28-1mutant shows resistance to the stimulatory effects of low P on root hair and lateral root formation. Analysis of ethylene signaling mutants and treatments with 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid showed that ethylene does not promote lateral root formation under P deprivation. These results suggest that in Arabidopsis, auxin sensitivity may play a fundamental role in the modifications of root architecture by P availability.
Isolation of a cDNA and a Genomic Clone Encoding Cinnamate 4-Hydroxylase from Arabidopsis and Its Expression Manner in Planta
Authors: Mizutani M. , Ohta D. , Sato R. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We have isolated a cDNA for a cytochrome P450, cinnamate 4-hydroxylase (C4H), of Arabidopsis thaliana using a C4H cDNA from mung bean as a hybridization probe. The deduced amino acid sequence is 84.7% identical to that of mung bean C4H and therefore was designated CYP73A5. The CYP73A5 protein was expressed in insect cells using the baculovirus expression system and when reconstituted with lipid and NADPH-cytochrome P450 reductase resulted in C4H activity with a specific activity of 68 nmol min-1 nmol-1 P450. Southern blot analysis revealed that CYP73A5 is a single-copy gene in Arabidopsis. C4H (CYP73A5) expression was apparently coordinated in Arabidopsis with both PAL1 and 4CL in response to light and wounding. Although the light induction of CHS followed a time course similar to that observed with C4H, no induction of CHS was detected upon wounding. On the other hand, the C4H expression patterns exhibited no significant coordination with those of PAL2 and PAL3. A C4H promoter region of 907 bp contained all of the three cis-acting elements (boxes P, A, and L) conserved among the PAL and 4CL genes so far reported as controlling expression.
Cellular Localization of Arabidopsis Xyloglucan Endotransglycosylase-Related Proteins during Development and after Wind Stimulation
Authors: Antosiewicz D. M. , Purugganan M. M. , Polisensky D. H. , Braam J. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
A gene family encoding xyloglucan endotransglycosylase (XET)-related proteins exists in Arabidopsis. TCH4, a member of this family, is strongly up-regulated by environmental stimuli and encodes an XET capable of modifying cell wall xyloglucans. To investigate XET localization we generated antibodies against the TCH4 carboxyl terminus. The antibodies recognized TCH4 and possibly other XET-related proteins. These data indicate that XETs accumulate in expanding cells, at the sites of intercellular airspace formation, and at the bases of leaves, cotyledons, and hypocotyls. XETs also accumulated in vascular tissue, where cell wall modifications lead to the formation of tracheary elements and sieve tubes. Thus, XETs may function in modifying cell walls to allow growth, airspace formation, the development of vasculature, and reinforcement of regions under mechanical strain. Following wind stimulation, overall XET levels appeared to decrease in the leaves of wind-stimulated plants. However, consistent with an increase in TCH4 mRNA levels following wind, there were regions that showed increased immunoreaction, including sites around cells of the pith parenchyma, between the vascular elements, and within the epidermis. These results indicate that TCH4 may contribute to the adaptive changes in morphogenesis that occur in Arabidopsis following exposure to mechanical stimuli.
Biochemical and Molecular Biological Characterization of CAC2, the Arabidopsis thaliana Gene Coding for the Biotin Carboxylase Subunit of the Plastidic Acetyl-Coenzyme A Carboxylase
Authors: Sun J. , Ke J. , Johnson J. L. , Nikolau B. J. , Wurtele E. S. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The biotin carboxylase subunit of the heteromeric chloroplastic acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase (ACCase) of Arabidopsis thaliana is coded by a single gene (CAC2), which is interrupted by 15 introns. The cDNA encodes a deduced protein of 537 amino acids with an apparent N-terminal chloroplast-targeting transit peptide. Antibodies generated to a glutathione S-transferase-CAC2 fusion protein react solely with a 51-kD polypeptide of Arabidopsis; these antibodies also inhibit ACCase activity in extracts of Arabidopsis. The entire CAC2 cDNA sequence was expressed in Escherichia coli and the resulting recombinant biotin carboxylase was enzymatically active in carboxylating free biotin. The catalytic properties of the recombinant biotin carboxylase indicate that the activity of the heteromeric ACCase may be regulated by light-/dark-induced changes in stromal pH. The CAC2 gene is maximally expressed in organs and tissues that are actively synthesizing fatty acids for membrane lipids or oil deposition. The observed expression pattern of CAC2 mirrors that previously reported for the CAC1 gene (J.-K. Choi, F. Yu, E.S. Wurtele, B.J. Nikolau [1995] Plant Physiol 109: 619–625; J. Ke, J.-K Choi, M. Smith, H.T. Horner, B.J. Nikolau, E.S. Wurtele [1997] Plant Physiol 113: 357–365), which codes for the biotin carboxyl carrier subunit of the heteromeric ACCase. This coordination is probably partially established by coordinate transcription of the two genes. This hypothesis is consistent with the finding that the CAC2 and CAC1 gene promoters share a common set of sequence motifs that may be important in guiding the transcription of these genes.
The GA2 Locus of Arabidopsis thalianaEncodes ent-Kaurene Synthase of Gibberellin Biosynthesis
Authors: Yamaguchi Shinjiro , Sun Tai-ping , Kawaide Hiroshi , Kamiya Yuji 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The ga2 mutant ofArabidopsis thaliana is a gibberellin-deficient dwarf. Previous biochemical studies have suggested that the ga2mutant is impaired in the conversion of copalyl diphosphate toent-kaurene, which is catalyzed byent-kaurene synthase (KS). Overexpression of the previously isolated KS cDNA from pumpkin (Cucurbita maxima) (CmKS) in the ga2 mutant was able to complement the mutant phenotype. A genomic clone coding for KS, AtKS, was isolated from A. thalianausing CmKS cDNA as a heterologous probe. The corresponding A. thaliana cDNA was isolated and expressed in Escherichia coli as a fusion protein. The fusion protein showed enzymatic activity that converted [3H]copalyl diphosphate to [3H]ent-kaurene. The recombinant AtKS protein derived from the ga2–1 mutant is truncated by 14 kD at the C-terminal end and does not contain significant KS activity in vitro. Sequence analysis revealed that a C-2099 to T base substitution, which converts Gln-678 codon to a stop codon, is present in the AtKS cDNA from the ga2–1 mutant. Taken together, our results show that the GA2 locus encodes KS.
Surface Localization of Zein Storage Proteins in Starch Granules from Maize Endosperm1
Authors: Mu-Forster Chen , Wasserman Bruce P. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Starch granules from maize (Zea mays) contain a characteristic group of polypeptides that are tightly associated with the starch matrix (C. Mu-Forster, R. Huang, J.R. Powers, R.W. Harriman, M. Knight, G.W. Singletary, P.L. Keeling, B.P. Wasserman [1996] Plant Physiol 111: 821–829). Zeins comprise about 50% of the granule-associated proteins, and in this study their spatial distribution within the starch granule was determined. Proteolysis of starch granules at subgelatinization temperatures using the thermophilic protease thermolysin led to selective removal of the zeins, whereas granule-associated proteins of 32 kD or above, including the waxy protein, starch synthase I, and starch-branching enzyme IIb, remained refractory to proteolysis. Granule-associated proteins from maize are therefore composed of two distinct classes, the surface-localized zeins of 10 to 27 kD and the granule-intrinsic proteins of 32 kD or higher. The origin of surface-localized δ-zein was probed by comparing δ-zein levels of starch granules obtained from homogenized whole endosperm with granules isolated from amyloplasts. Starch granules from amyloplasts contained markedly lower levels of δ-zein relative to granules prepared from whole endosperm, thus indicating that δ-zein adheres to granule surfaces after disruption of the amyloplast envelope. Cross-linking experiments show that the zeins are deposited on the granule surface as aggregates. In contrast, the granule-intrinsic proteins are prone to covalent modification, but do not form intermolecular cross-links. We conclude that individual granule intrinsic proteins exist as monomers and are not deposited in the form of multimeric clusters within the starch matrix.
Identification of the Gene Encoding the Tryptophan Synthase β-Subunit from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii1
Authors: Palombella Anthony L. , Dutcher Susan K. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
We report the isolation of a Chlamydomonas reinhardtii cDNA that encodes the β-subunit of tryptophan synthase (TSB). This cDNA was cloned by functional complementation of atrp-operon-deleted strain of Escherichia coli. Hybridization analysis indicated that the gene exists in a single copy. The predicted amino acid sequence showed the greatest identity to TSB polypeptides from other photosynthetic organisms. With the goal of identifying mutations in the gene encoding this enzyme, we isolated 11 recessive and 1 dominant single-gene mutation that conferred resistance to 5-fluoroindole. These mutations fell into three complementation groups, MAA2, MAA7, andTAR1. In vitro assays showed that mutations at each of these loci affected TSB activity. Restriction fragment-length polymorphism analysis suggested thatMAA7 encodes TSB. MAA2 andTAR1 may act to regulate the activity ofMAA7 or its protein product.
High Aluminum Resistance in Buckwheat1
Authors: Zheng Shao Jian , Ma Jian Feng , Matsumoto Hideaki 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
High Al resistance in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. cv Jianxi) has been suggested to be associated with both internal and external detoxification mechanisms. In this study the characteristics of the external detoxification mechanism, Al-induced secretion of oxalic acid, were investigated. Eleven days of P depletion failed to induce secretion of oxalic acid. Exposure to 50 μmLaCl3 also did not induce the secretion of oxalic acid, suggesting that this secretion is a specific response to Al stress. Secretion of oxalic acid was maintained for 8 h by a 3-h pulse treatment with 150 μm Al. A nondestructive method was developed to determine the site of the secretion along the root. Oxalic acid was found to be secreted in the region 0 to 10 mm from the root tip. Experiments using excised roots also showed that secretion was located on the root tip. Four kinds of anion-channel inhibitors showed different effects on Al-induced secretion of oxalic acid: 10 μm anthracene-9-carboxylic acid and 4,4′-diisothiocyanatostilbene-2,2′-disulfonate had no effect, niflumic acid stimulated the secretion 4-fold, and phenylglyoxal inhibited the secretion by 50%. Root elongation in buckwheat was not inhibited by 25 μm Al or 10 μm phenylglyoxal alone but was inhibited by 40% in the presence of Al and phenylglyoxal, confirming that secretion of oxalic acid is associated with Al resistance.