bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Desertification, resilience, and re-greening in the African Sahel – a matter of the observation period?
Authors: Kusserow Hannelore 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Since the turn of the millennium various scientific publications have been discussing a re-greening of the Sahel after the 1980s drought mainly based on coarse-resolution satellite data. However, the author's own field studies suggest that the situation is far more complex and that both paradigms, the encroaching Sahara and the re-greening Sahel, need to be questioned.This paper discusses the concepts of desertification, resilience, and re-greening by addressing four main aspects: (i) the relevance of edaphic factors for a vegetation re-greening, (ii-iii) the importance of the selected observation period in the debate on Sahel greening or browning, and (iv) modifications in the vegetation pattern as possible indicators of ecosystem changes (shift from originally diffuse to contracted vegetation patterns).The data referred to in this paper cover a time period of more than 150 years and include the author's own research results from the early 1980s until today. A special emphasis, apart from fieldwork data and remote sensing data, is laid on the historical documents.The key findings summarised at the end show the following: (i) vegetation recovery predominantly depends on soil types; (ii) when discussing Sahel greening vs. Sahel browning, the majority of research papers only focus on post-drought conditions. Taking pre-drought conditions (before the 1980s) into account, however, is essential to fully understand the situation. Botanical investigations and remote-sensing-based time series clearly show a substantial decline in woody species diversity and cover density compared to pre-drought conditions; (iii) the self-organised patchiness of vegetation is considered to be an important indicator of ecosystem changes.
Meteorological and snow distribution data in the Izas Experimental Catchment (Spanish Pyrenees) from 2011 to 2017
Authors: Revuelto Jesús , Azorin-Molina Cesar , Alonso-González Esteban , Sanmiguel-Vallelado Alba , Navarro-Serrano Francisco , Rico Ibai , López-Moreno Juan Ignacio 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. This work describes the snow and meteorological data set available for the Izas Experimental Catchment in the Central Spanish Pyrenees, from the 2011 to 2017 snow seasons. The experimental site is located on the southern side of the Pyrenees between 2000 and 2300 m above sea level, covering an area of 55 ha. The site is a good example of a subalpine environment in which the evolution of snow accumulation and melt are of major importance in many mountain processes. The climatic data set consists of (i) continuous meteorological variables acquired from an automatic weather station (AWS), (ii) detailed information on snow depth distribution collected with a terrestrial laser scanner (TLS, lidar technology) for certain dates across the snow season (between three and six TLS surveys per snow season) and (iii) time-lapse images showing the evolution of the snow-covered area (SCA). The meteorological variables acquired at the AWS are precipitation, air temperature, incoming and reflected solar radiation, infrared surface temperature, relative humidity, wind speed and direction, atmospheric air pressure, surface temperature (snow or soil surface), and soil temperature; all were taken at 10 min intervals. Snow depth distribution was measured during 23 field campaigns using a TLS, and daily information on the SCA was also retrieved from time-lapse photography. The data set (https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.848277) is valuable since it provides high-spatial-resolution information on the snow depth and snow cover, which is particularly useful when combined with meteorological variables to simulate snow energy and mass balance. This information has already been analyzed in various scientific studies on snow pack dynamics and its interaction with the local climatology or topographical characteristics. However, the database generated has great potential for understanding other environmental processes from a hydrometeorological or ecological perspective in which snow dynamics play a determinant role.
Intense precipitation events in the Central Range of the Iberian Peninsula
Authors: García Manuel Mora , Martín Jesús Riesco , Sánchez Llorente José Miguel , Soriano Luis Rivas , de Pablo Dávila Fernando 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. Intense orographic precipitation associated with the Central Range was analysed using data of maximum accumulated precipitation in 24 h, occurring between 1958 and 2010. The 18 selected episodes were associated with a southwesterly tropospheric flow, a low-level jet, and high moisture flux at low levels. The observed moisture flux was higher than 100 (m g(s kg)−1) and the dry and wet Froude numbers were greater than 1. The selected area to study this synoptic situation was Gredos, broad and high range, which is located in the eastern part of the Central Range and generates a leeward orographic shadow. The effect of the Central Range on the spatial distribution of precipitation on the Iberian Peninsula plateau results in a sharp increase in precipitation in the south of the Central Range, followed by a decrease to the north of this range.
UM LEVANTAMENTO DA PRODUÇÃO INTELECTUAL SOBRE ENERGIA SOLAR FOTOVOLTAICA
Authors: Albuquerque Thiago Carrano , Maldonado Mauricio Uriona , Vaz Caroline Rodriges 
Published: December 2017

A evolução da humanidade sempre esteve conectada às exigências por fontes de energia. Hoje, a matriz energética global é altamente dependente dos combustíveis derivados de petróleo, que por sua vez possuem alto coeficiente energético, porém causam grandes impactos ao meio-ambiente em sua exploração e utilização. As fontes renováveis têm como vantagem a geração de energia sem danos significativos a natureza. Dentre essas, a geração solar fotovoltaica ganha destaque nos últimos anos como uma alternativa sustentável de atendimento à demanda de eletricidade. No intuito de aprofundar mais as pesquisas realizadas sobre este tema foi realizada uma busca bibliométrica de artigos que tratavam de energia fotovoltaica, a fim de se identificar as principais áreas pesquisadas, palavras-chave, revistas (journals), países, anos de publicação e autores que são mais relevantes facilitando assim o processo de busca de outros pesquisadores por uma literatura especifica dentro do tema abordado. A pesquisa foi realizada na base de dados Web of Science, a partir de 1645 artigos resultantes das buscas. Como resultados finais da pesquisa são apresentados as principais áreas de pesquisa, as redes de citação, bem como os autores mais relevantes de cada área e além destas informações, foi realizada uma seleção dos 25 principais artigos do tema. Palavras-chave: Energia Solar, Fotovoltaica e Análise Bibliométrica.
Interpretation of an Epoch in the Novel "the Big Green Tent" by L. Ulitskaya: Linguistic-Cultural Analysis of Verbal Lexicon
Authors: Safin Ildar Ch. , Kolosova Elena I. , Gimranova Tatyana A. 
Published: December 2017

<p> This article is the verbal lexicon analysis based on the text of the novel "The Big Green Tent" by L. Ulitskaya. The creative manner of the contemporary writer attracts the attention of researchers, her writings describe the emotional experiences of the heroes and also give a generalized image of time full of historical details and features. The language of her stories and short stories is characterized by a special style in the description of time realities. A verb in the text allows the author to express the events and the circumstances that characterize an action in its dynamics due to the fact that verbal categories reflect the real reality in our consciousness. The method of linguistic cultural analysis of verbal lexicon in the novel "The Big Green Tent" made it possible to single out exactly those language units that the writer carefully selects for the creation and interpretation of the era. A special emphasis in the study is made on the creation of an expressive-emotional style of narration using the stylistic capabilities of the Russian verb. The individual author's methods of narration expressiveness creation are singled out: synonymous series, euphemisms, colloquial lexicon, etc. The conducted study and a careful analysis of the selected factual material testifies that, recreating an epoch, the master of the word invariably uses that language arsenal that brightly and fully conveys the color of time. L. Ulitskaya is able to be not only an indifferent witness of the epoch, but also her tenacious observer and interpreter. The analyzed factual material and the main points of this research can be used in the courses on stylistics and linguistic culturology, and also as an illustrative material during the classes on the linguistic analysis of a literary text.</p>
The Development of "Immigration to Europe" Topic in the Time History of Speech Pattern Changes on the TV News
Authors: Arsentyeva Galina L. 
Published: December 2017

<p>The migration subject from the countries of North Africa and the Middle East to Europe was one of the main subjects of 2015-2016 on the Russian television, in particular, in information programs. In the real research we also explore the period from May 15 to May 22, 2017 with the purpose of tracking the appeal of journalists to this subject a year later after its active lighting in world media. At the same time the analysis of speech dynamics changes in texts of information programs on the basis of which conclusions on this research were drawn became a main objective. Let us note that several scientific approaches to a research of the television speech are known: lingual-and-stylistic, social-and-linguistic, psycho-linguistic, culturological, structural, system, functional approaches. In literature are in this regard described also effect of priming and cultivation. Besides, the new information era and a variety of information sources led to information overload which became a studying subject for representatives of cognitive sciences. Language and stylistic features of the television speech on an immigration subject in the real research are considered as a telespeech implementer in communication aspect. The research of its internal linguistic component, including phonetic implementers, became a basis of their studying. Results of the research conducted on the basis of the Kazan Federal University are given in the article. The author shows two-year speech dynamics changes in plots of information releases of the central TV channels with the universal programming strategy concerning a subject of mass migration to Europe. </p>
Increased Fluid Flow Activity in Shallow Sediments at the 3 km Long Hugin Fracture in the Central North Sea
Authors: Lichtschlag A. , Cevatoglu M. , Connelly D. P. , James R. H. , Bull J. M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe North Sea hosts a wide variety of seafloor seeps that may be important for transfer of chemical species, such as methane, from the Earth's interior to its exterior. Here we provide geochemical and geophysical evidence for fluid flow within shallow sediments at the recently discovered, 3 km long Hugin Fracture in the Central North Sea. Although venting of gas bubbles was not observed, concentrations of dissolved methane were significantly elevated (up to six‐times background values) in the water column at various locations above the fracture, and microbial mats that form in the presence of methane were observed at the seafloor. Seismic amplitude anomalies revealed a bright spot at a fault bend that may be the source of the water column methane. Sediment porewaters recovered in close proximity to the Hugin Fracture indicate the presence of fluids from two different shallow (<550 m) sources: (i) a reduced fluid characterized by elevated methane concentrations and/or high levels of dissolved sulfide (up to 6 mmol L−1), and (ii) a low‐chlorinity fluid (Cl ∼305 mmol L−1) that has low levels of dissolved methane and/or sulfide. The area of the seafloor affected by the presence of methane‐enriched fluids is similar to the footprint of seepage from other morphological features in the North Sea.
Direct Evidence of Meltwater Flow Within a Firn Aquifer in Southeast Greenland
Authors: Miller Olivia , Solomon D. Kip , Miège Clément , Koenig Lora , Forster Richard , Schmerr Nicholas , Ligtenberg Stefan R. M. , Montgomery Lynn 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWithin the lower percolation zone of the southeastern Greenland ice sheet, meltwater has accumulated within the firn pore space, forming extensive firn aquifers. Previously, it was unclear if these aquifers stored or facilitated meltwater runoff. Following mixing of a saline solution into boreholes within the aquifer, we observe that specific conductance measurements decreased over time as flowing freshwater diluted the saline mixture in the borehole. These tests indicate that water flows through the aquifer with an average specific discharge of 4.3 × 10−6 m/s (σ = 2.5 × 10−6 m/s). The specific discharge decreases dramatically to 0 m/s, defining the bottom of the aquifer between 30 to 50 m depth. The observed flow indicates that the firn pore space is a short‐term (<30 years) storage mechanism in this region. Meltwater flows out of the aquifer, likely into nearby crevasses, and possibly down to the base of the ice sheet and into the ocean.
Enrichment of Extracellular Carbonic Anhydrase in the Sea Surface Microlayer and Its Effect on Air‐Sea CO2 Exchange
Authors: Mustaffa N. I. H. , Striebel M. , Wurl O. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis paper describes the quantification of extracellular carbonic anhydrase (eCA) concentrations in the sea surface microlayer (SML), the boundary layer between the ocean and the atmosphere of the Indo‐West Pacific. We demonstrated that the SML is enriched with eCA by 1.5 ± 0.7 compared to the mixed underlying water. Enrichment remains up to a wind speed of 7 m s−1 (i.e., under typical oceanic conditions). As eCA catalyzes the interconversion of HCO3− and CO2, it has been hypothesized that its enrichment in the SML enhances the air‐sea CO2 exchange. We detected concentrations in the range of 0.12 to 0.76 nM, which can enhance the exchange by up to 15% based on the model approach described in the literature.
First Spaceborne GNSS‐Reflectometry Observations of Hurricanes From the UK TechDemoSat‐1 Mission
Authors: Foti Giuseppe , Gommenginger Christine , Srokosz Meric 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe present the first examples of Global Navigation Satellite Systems‐Reflectometry (GNSS‐R) observations of hurricanes using spaceborne data from the UK TechDemoSat‐1 (TDS‐1) mission. We confirm that GNSS‐R signals can detect ocean condition changes in very high near‐surface ocean wind associated with hurricanes. TDS‐1 GNSS‐R reflections were collocated with International Best Track Archive for Climate Stewardship (IBTrACS) hurricane data, MetOp ASCAT A/B scatterometer winds, and two reanalysis products. Clear variations of GNSS‐R reflected power (σ0) are observed as reflections travel through hurricanes, in some cases up to and through the eye wall. The GNSS‐R reflected power is tentatively inverted to estimate wind speed using the TDS‐1 baseline wind retrieval algorithm developed for low to moderate winds. Despite this, TDS‐1 GNSS‐R winds through the hurricanes show closer agreement with IBTrACS estimates than winds provided by scatterometers and reanalyses. GNSS‐R wind profiles show realistic spatial patterns and sharp gradients that are consistent with expected structures around the eye of tropical cyclones.
Messenger
RNA
in Eukaryotes
Authors: Akusjärvi Göran , Punga Tanel 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The concept that eukaryotic gene expression is primarily regulated at the level of RNA (ribonucleic acid) polymerase II recruitment to a promoter has changed dramatically during the past decades. Changes such as mRNA capping, splicing, polyadenylation, editing as well as various chemical modifications produce a huge variety of unique mRNA species. The mRNA factory model suggests that transcription and mRNA processing are intimately coupled. Thus, the elongating RNA polymerase II, via its carboxy‐terminal domain (CTD), recruits key factors required for the proper capping, splicing and polyadenylation to the nascent transcript. Furthermore, factors controlling the speed of elongation, such as nucleosome occupancy and modification, also partake in the generation of alternatively spliced mRNA, a process that represents an important regulatory level at which eukaryotes can expand the coding capacity of their genomes.

Key Concepts

mRNA processing events, such as capping, splicing and polyadenylation, are coordinated and occur predominantly co‐transcriptionally.

Different phosphorylation patterns of the carboxy‐terminal domain (CTD) control the temporal recruitment of capping, splicing and polyadenylation factors to the elongating RNA polymerase II.

Nucleosomes are preferentially found at exonic sequences and influence the speed of elongation and outcome of co‐transcriptional splicing.

Essentially, all eukaryotic genes produce alternatively spliced and polyadenylated mRNAs.

Alternative splicing greatly expands the coding capacity of a gene; that is one gene does not only code for one protein.

mRNA splicing, mRNA export and nonsense‐mediated mRNA decay are tightly coupled reactions that ensure that erroneous mRNAs are destroyed.

RNA editing is an important regulatory mechanism to produce protein diversity and control various aspects of the mRNA life cycle.

Dynamic ribonucleotide modifications, such as adenosine methylation, present a novel way to regulate mRNA stability, localisation and translation.
Population Stratification, Adjustment for
Authors: Gao Xiaoyi , Edwards Todd L 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Population stratification (PS) is a major concern in genetic association studies. Failure to control it effectively can lead to excess false‐positive results and failure to detect true associations. Many methods have been designed to adjust for PS, which mainly fall under the following categories: (1) genomic control for the inflation of test statistics, (2) structured association, (3) principal component analysis and multidimensional scaling, (4) mixed‐model approaches, (5) adjustment in admixed populations and (6) other approaches. Nowadays, with the availability of a variety of datasets, such as meta‐analysis test statistics from consortia and extensive cohort data, and genomics data from admixed populations, these big and diverse genomic datasets raise challenges to traditional PS methods and provide opportunities for new approaches. No method is likely to be superior in all situations. Care needs to be taken to ensure that the assumptions of the method are met and that the method is used for its intended purpose.

Key Concepts

Population stratification is a major source of potential confounding in genetic association studies.

PS can be corrected using many different statistical methods.

The inflation of test statistics may be due to polygenicity rather than PS.

Linear‐mixed models are able to correct for both PS and cryptic relatedness.

PS‐correction methods may be sensitive to genetic marker selection.

Both global ancestry and local ancestry can be ascertained and accounted for in admixed populations.

Care needs to be taken to make sure that the assumptions of the different statistical methods used are met.
Mobile Elements in the Human Genome: Implications for Disease
Authors: Chénais Benoît 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

Transposable elements (TEs) are mobile DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) sequences that represent a great portion of the human genome. TEs are divided into retrotransposons, the more abundant, and DNA transposons, which differ by their structure and transposition mechanisms. The major
LINE‐1
and
Alu
elements represent about one‐third of the human genome and are responsible for several chromosomal rearrangements, gene deletion, insertional mutagenesis as well as RNA (ribonucleic acid) splicing alteration and epigenetic regulation. DNA transposons and human endogenous retroviruses are also a source of genetic alterations. Consequently, TE insertion and mobility lead to human diseases, among which are cancer, hematologic disease, metabolic disease, neurodegenerescence and neurologic and psychiatric diseases. The examples of TE‐related diseases presented herein aim to highlight the interest of increasing our knowledge of TEs through extensive genomic approaches, which may lead to new potential diagnostic markers of diseases.

Key Concepts

Transposable elements are numerous in the human genome, and the most abundant
Alu
and
LINE‐1
retroelements represent about one‐third of the human genome.

Transposable elements are a source of genomic rearrangements that may lead to several human diseases.

Gene expression may be affected by transposable elements through the modification of regulatory elements and RNA splicing events.

Transposable elements impact and are impacted by epigenetic regulation.

Examples of human diseases related to transposable elements include (but are not limited to) cancer, hematologic, metabolic and neurologic diseases.
Discretionary Justice
Authors: Paik Leslie 
Published: December 2017

Conceptualizations of discretionary justice often focus on individual justice actors' implicit biases about offenders that lead to different case outcomes. Despite its affecting people's views of the law as a legitimate, objective, or fair institution, discretion in the justice system is pervasive. Understanding discretionary justice requires situating those acts of discretion within the work practices of a particular justice agency – whether it is the police, prosecutors, defense, probation, parole, or the courts. Studying discretionary justice then provides a way to see the various levels through which the justice system generates, changes, and reproduces existing power dynamics and inequalities such as race, class, and gender in the larger society.
K
ahn‐
F
reund,
O
tto
Authors: Weiner Richard R. 
Published: December 2017

Otto Kahn‐Freund, like Franz Neumann, developed a critical sociology of law alongside the emerging Frankfurt School. His focus was the study of self‐binding practices as social pacts, as autonomous social law. Kahn‐Freund – in a heuristic model he termed “collective laissez‐faire” – initially looked to labor law as an institutionalizing force in establishing economic democracy. However, he came to appreciate these pacts as accommodations out of conflicting forces of society, as well as accommodations to the labor market. By the close of the 1960s, Kahn‐Freund came to grudgingly recognize the increasing functional role of government intervention, and the increasing systemic imperatives for functional control of labor market collisions and conflicts.
Law
Authors: Voyce Malcolm 
Published: December 2017

This entry examines law, including natural and customary law, jurisprudence, and Sharia.
Law is defined as a system of rules that are generally recognized by a community of people. Such rules regulate actions of members. Generally, rules must be of a general nature applicable to all similar situations, and must be enforceable by sanctions or by a punishment. Natural law is a form of philosophy of law, which regards law as being subject to higher moral principles. Customary law is a system of practices of indigenous people that have a long consistent usage. Jurisprudence is legal philosophy or theory of law. Sharia is the divine law as expressed in the Qur'an and through the example of the life of the Prophet Muhammad.
Prices
Authors: Worrell Mark P. 
Published: December 2017

The concept of price is defined within the social science tradition as the measure of value. This definition problematizes the relationship between price and value. A number of perspectives – “nominalist,” “realist,” and “social constructivist” – address the relationship within the context of the capitalist system of wealth production and accumulation. Also important to the social theory of price are the concepts of “inflation” and “deflation.”