bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of bone marrow with particular consideration of the megakaryocyte lineage and coagulation profile in the pregnant fallow deer (Dama dama)
Authors: Snarska A. , Sobiech P. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the megakaryocyte lineage of bone marrow and coagulation parameters in fallow deer during the last month of pregnancy. The animals were managed in the barn-feeding system. Twenty female fallow deer, aged 2-3 years, divided into 2 groups were used in the study. Group 1 comprised the females in the last month of pregnancy, and the non-pregnant females were used as the control. All the animals were clinically healthy. Coagulation parameters were measured in all the deer: thrombin time (TT), prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), and plasma concentrations of fibrinogen, D-dimer, and antithrombin III. A quantitative assessment of bone marrow was carried out for the erythroblastic, myeloid, lymphoid, monocyte-macrophage, and megakaryopoietic cell lines. A detailed analysis of megakaryocyte lineage was performed after whole blood and platelet count.
There were no significant differences in the erythroblast, granulocyte, monocyte-macrophage and lymphoid systems between the animal groups. Thrombocyte count in the pregnant deer was lower than that found in the control group. Bone marrow smears revealed a slightly decreased megakaryocyte count, while the megakaryoblast and promegakaryocyte counts were unchanged. The analysis of coagulation parameters showed increased levels of fibrinogen, thrombin time, prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time in the pregnant animals. The study suggested a hyperactivation of the coagulation system with a slight reduction in the megakaryocyte count in bone marrow, and a reduction in platelet count in peripheral blood at the end of pregnancy.
The effects of freezing on long-term storage of canine erythrocytes
Authors: Aktaran Bala D. , Özcan M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Human medicine studies have so far demonstrated that erythrocytes may be preserved and stored at low temperatures for decades retaining their metabolic and biochemical properties. However, detailed studies regarding this problem are not yet available in veterinary medicine. Therefore, the objective of the current study was to investigate time-dependent effects of long-term frozen storage of canine red blood cells.
Twelve healthy adult dogs meeting the criteria for blood transfusion were used in the study. Whole blood samples (450 ± 45 ml) collected from each dog were centrifuged by a cryogenic microcentrifuge and packed RBC suspensions were obtained. The samples were prewashed three times in 0.9% NaCl solution and were allocated into three groups to be evaluated at three different time points (day 0 and month 4 and 6). The samples to be frozen were subjected to glycerolization and then stored at −80°C for 4 and 6-month periods. At the end of this period the packed RBC samples were thawed, centrifuged and then washed in a consecutive series of dextrose solutions. 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG), Adenosin triphosphate (ATP), supernatant hemoglobin (SupHb), sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) levels, residual glycerol concentrations and hemograms were evaluated and compared. Sterility tests were performed on all samples for bacterial contamination. A statistically significant decrease was noted in potassium levels, which was the natural outcome of deglycerolization process. No significant change was observed in terms of other parameters due based on different time points. In conclusion, long-term frozen storage had no negative effect on the quality parameters of canine erythrocytes.
Growth Patterns and Spatial Distribution of Common Ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) in Latvia
Authors: Liepiņš Kaspars , Liepiņš Jānis , Matisons Roberts 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In Latvia, common ash (Fraxinus excelsior L.) can form ecologically stable monoculture stands in localities with optimum growing conditions, but they are mainly found in mixed forests throughout the country on sites with fresh, fertile, sufficiently moist, yet well-drained soils. Over the last two decades, ash decline has become a serious problem for the whole of Europe; the causal agent for it is also present in Latvia. The aim of the given study was to investigate the growth patterns of ash in different populations at the age of maturity (over 80 years), tracing back their course of growth, and identify the spatial distribution of ash to identify localities with appreciable concentration of ash-dominated stands. The study revealed high variation in the juvenile growth of ash, and confirmed that the height and diameter growth for common ash peaks at an early age. Analysis of the spatial distribution of ash indicated considerable expansion of common ash over the country during the second half of the 20th century, to some extent complementing natural overgrowing of abandoned lands by forest. Apart from the Zemgale Plain in the middle of Latvia, the highest concentration of ash stands is in upland areas with highly varying land relief conditions.
Presenilin 2 overexpression is associated with apoptosis in Neuro2a cells
Authors: Kumar Ashish , Sivanandam T. M. , Thakur M. K. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Presenilin 1 (PS1) and PS2 are evolutionarily conserved transmembrane proteins of the aspartyl protease family. Initially, they were reported to be associated with the early onset of familial, early-onset Alzheimer’s disease. PS1 has been implicated in several crucial brain functions including developmental processes, synaptic plasticity, and processing of various molecules, while PS2 has been poorly studied and is considered to be a compensatory partner of PS1. Certain controversial reports have suggested that PS2 has a role in apoptosis, though the underlying mechanism is not clear. To ascertain the role of PS2 in apoptosis, mouse neuroblastoma cells (Neuro2a) were transfected with a cDNA construct encoding full length mouse PS2 and analyzed for viability, expression of PS1, PS2, Bax and p53, Bax protein, and status of chromatin condensation. Our results showed reduced viability, condensed chromatin and higher expression of Bax at mRNA and protein levels, but no change in the expression of p53 and PS1 in PS2-overexpressing Neuro2a cells. Thus, it is evident that PS2, independent of PS1, is associated with apoptosis via a Bax-mediated pathway. These findings might help in the understanding of the involvement of PS2 in apoptosis and its associated brain disorders.
Genetic modification of tomato with the tobacco lycopene β-cyclase gene produces high β-carotene and lycopene fruit
Authors: Ralley Louise , Schuch Wolfgang , Fraser Paul D. , Bramley Peter M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Transgenic Solanum lycopersicum plants expressing an additional copy of the lycopene β-cyclase gene (LCYB) from Nicotiana tabacum, under the control of the Arabidopsis polyubiquitin promoter (UBQ3), have been generated. Expression of LCYB was increased some 10-fold in ripening fruit compared to vegetative tissues. The ripe fruit showed an orange pigmentation, due to increased levels (up to 5-fold) of β-carotene, with negligible changes to other carotenoids, including lycopene. Phenotypic changes in carotenoids were found in vegetative tissues, but levels of biosynthetically related isoprenoids such as tocopherols, ubiquinone and plastoquinone were barely altered. Transformants showed tolerance to the bleaching herbicide β-cyclase inhibitor, 2-(4-chlorophenylthio) triethylamine. The phenotype was inherited for at least three generations.
Weibull Effective Volumes, Surfaces, and Strength Scaling for Cylindrical Flexure Specimens Having Bi-Modularity
Authors: Bhushan A. , Panda S. K. , Khan D. , Ojha A. , Chattopadhyay K. , Kushwaha H. S. , Khan I. A. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The objective of this present work was to predict the strength distribution of bi-modular cylindrical ceramic specimen from that of another based on Weibull statistical theory. In order to do so, initially, semi-analytical expression for effective volume and effective surface for the cylindrical bar loaded in flexure were derived. In addition, strength scaling ratio from one flexural loading configuration to another with various Weibull modulus was made available. Elaborate experimentation and numerical simulations was carried out to verify the analytical model. Generally, strength scaling for specimen size is dependent on whether the flaws are volume or surface distributed; however, in this study, it was observed that the ratio of strengths from any two configurations, such as three-point flexural to four-point, is independent of whether the flaws are volume or surface distributed when the cross-sectional sizes are the same.
Characterizing Vibration Responses of Cement Pavement Slabs Atop Different Interlayers to Moving Vehicle Load
Authors: Yao J. L. , Guan R. , Yuan J. B. , Liu B. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This research characterized the vibration responses of cement pavement surface slabs atop different interlayers under a moving vehicle load via the laboratory simulated vibration response tests and the field tests. This was done with the help of a micro-seismic monitoring system. In the laboratory simulated vibration response tests, a 4.5 kg hammer was used to impose impact loading, while geotextile and rubber sheet were used as the interlayers. The laboratory test results indicated that under the same impact load, compared with the surface slabs without an interlayer beneath, the vector sum of the peak vibration velocity of the surface slabs atop the rubber sheet interlayer, the single-layered geotextile interlayer, and the double-layered geotextile interlayer decreased by 68, 56, and 67 %, respectively; the vector sum of their maximum displacement amplitude decreased by 96, 52, and 45 %, respectively. In the field tests for vibration response, which were done under an estimated vehicle loading 60 t (rear axle loading 30 t) and an estimated vehicle speed of 60 km/h, the surface slabs with geotextile or plastic membrane as the interlayer beneath were tested. The field test results indicated that under the same other conditions, compared with the surface slabs without an interlayer beneath, the vector sum of the peak vibration velocity of the surface slabs atop the interlayer of a double-layered geotextile plus a single-layered plastic membrane, the interlayer of a single-layered geotextile plus a single-layered plastic membrane, and the interlayer of a single-layered plastic membrane decreased by 53, 46, and 10 %, respectively. The vector sum of their maximum displacement amplitude decreased by 41, 39, and 19 %, respectively. To conclude, the rubber sheet interlayers and the geotextile interlayers can help the cement pavement surface slabs significantly damp the vibrations caused by the moving vehicle load or the impact load.
DLC Duplex Coating on High-Speed Tool-Steel Substrates Using Plasma Nitrocarburizing After Radical Nitriding
Authors: Kikuchi Y. , Hanai R. , Shiroya T. , Sakamoto Y. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Diamond-like carbon (DLC) is applied to a wide variety of fields in the industry because of its tribological properties and hardness. However, one of the major issues is the adhesion strength between DLC films and the metal substrate. Many efforts have been made to obtain a higher adhesion strength, such as the formation of an interlayer and the modification of the surface layer. In contrast, radical nitriding is one of the most suitable methods for the pretreatment of duplex coatings, because it makes it possible to increase the surface hardness while maintaining the roughness of the original surface. According to this process, a diffusion layer is formed in the surface region using state plasma control. In the present investigation, we used existing hot-wall plasma nitriding equipment to treat high-speed tool steel using both plasma nitrocarburizing and radical nitriding to form a DLC film. Our results indicated that radical nitriding formed a nitrogen-diffusion layer, followed by the formation of a carbon layer by nitrocarburizing without the formation of a brittle compound layer. It maintained surface roughness compared with the untreated substrate. Although the hardness of the steel did not improve, the resulting DLC films exhibited better adhesion to the treated-steel substrates than to the untreated ones.
MANAGEMENT OF ENDOCRINE DISEASE: Hypothyroidism-associated hyponatremia: mechanisms, implications and treatment
Authors: Liamis G , Filippatos T D , Liontos A , Elisaf M S 
Published: August 2016

Background
Patients with moderate to severe hypothyroidism and mainly patients with myxedema may exhibit reduced sodium levels (<135 mmol/L).

Summary
The aim of this short review is the presentation of the mechanisms of hyponatremia and of the available data regarding its implications and treatment in patients with hypothyroidism. Hypothyroidism is one of the causes of hyponatremia, thus thyroid-stimulating hormone determination is mandatory during the evaluation of patients with reduced serum sodium levels. The main mechanism for the development of hyponatremia in patients with chronic hypothyroidism is the decreased capacity of free water excretion due to elevated antidiuretic hormone levels, which are mainly attributed to the hypothyroidism-induced decrease in cardiac output. However, recent data suggest that the hypothyroidism-induced hyponatremia is rather rare and probably occurs only in severe hypothyroidism and myxedema. Other possible causes and superimposed factors of hyponatremia (e.g. drugs, infections, adrenal insufficiency) should be considered in patients with mild/moderate hypothyroidism. Treatment of hypothyroidism and fluid restriction are usually adequate for the management of mild hyponatremia in patients with hypothyroidism. Patients with possible hyponatremic encephalopathy should be urgently treated according to current guidelines.

Conclusions
Severe hypothyroidism may be the cause of hyponatremia. All hypothyroid patients with low serum sodium levels should be evaluated for other causes and superimposed factors of hyponatremia and treated accordingly.
Evolution of Management and Outcomes in Waldenström Macroglobulinemia: A Population-Based Analysis
Authors: Olszewski Adam J. , Treon Steven P. , Castillo Jorge J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Introduction.
Waldenström macroglobulinemia/lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma (WM) is a rare lymphoma affecting older patients. Its management largely relies on small phase II trials and it is unclear how their results translate into clinical practice in the community.

Method.
We evaluated changes in the presentation, management, and survival among 2,666 Medicare beneficiaries diagnosed with WM between 1994 and 2011, using Medicare claims linked to Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results data.

Results.
Prevalence of transfusions, anemia, thrombocytopenia, and neuropathy at diagnosis significantly increased over time, whereas the use of plasmapheresis was low (2.5%) and stable. The proportion of patients starting chemotherapy within 1 year of WM diagnosis increased from 39% in 1994 to 62% in 2011 (p &lt; .0001). Treatments based on classic alkylators and purine analogs predominated in the 1990s, but were quickly replaced by rituximab-containing regimens after 2000. Rituximab monotherapy has been prescribed for &gt;50% of patients since 2004, and combination chemoimmunotherapy for a further 30%. Most patients initiating multiagent regimens in 2012–2013 received rituximab with bortezomib or bendamustine. These changes were accompanied by significant improvements in overall and WM-related survival, but also by a significant increase in cost of chemotherapy. Mean Medicare payments for chemotherapy drugs accrued in the first year of treatment rose from $9,464 in 1994–2000 to $29,490 after 2008.

Conclusion.
Hematologists have rapidly adopted innovative, expensive therapies for WM before completion of randomized trials. This underscores the need to assess the comparative value of such therapies in rare malignancies through a combination of clinical and observational data.
On the record: Interview with Phumeza Mlungwana, Social Justice Coalition
Authors: Faull Andrew 
Published: July 2016

In March this year a prominent South African grassroots organisation, the Social Justice Coalition (SJC), announced that it would be taking the South African Police Service (SAPS) to court. Andrew Faull spoke to the SJC’s General Secretary, Phumeza Mlungwana, about crime and policing in Khayelitsha, Cape Town.
Health-Improving Potential of Dancing Exercises in Physical Education of Students of Higher Educational Institutions
Authors: Кравчук Т. М. , Роганіна О. С. 
Published: August 2016

Research objective: to determine the health-improving potential of dancing exercises used in physical education of female students of higher educational institutions. Research methods: study and analysis of pedagogical, scientific and methodological literature on the subject matter of the research; observations, questionnaires, functional tests; statistical methods of data reduction.Conclusions. As part of the study, the use of dancing exercises in the physical education of female students of higher educational institutions proved contributing to a significant increase in the level of their physical health in general and improvement of some of its indicators, including strength and life indices, heart rate recovery time after 20 squats. Dancing exercises also boost spirits, improve health and activity of the female students, which the study proved statistically.
Effect of Tabata Methods as Interval Training Variant on Physical Performance of Pedagogical University Students
Authors: Пашкевич С. А. , Бондаренко Н. І. , Нікуліна Г. Л. 
Published: August 2016

The objective of the research is to develop, substantiate and evaluate the effectiveness of interval training methods during physical training of students of higher educational institutions pursuant to changes in physical performance.Methods. The reference group (RG) consisted of 20 students (5 male and 15 female), the test group (TG) — 26 (5 male and 19 female). The RG students did fitness during their physical training classes at the university, while the TG students, besides the same program, did Tabata training in class and independently on their own at three levels of intensity four times a week for four weeks.We evaluated the effectiveness by the changes in students’ physical performance. We used χ2 tests (binary variables) to compare the output characteristics in the groups, t–tests (continuous variables) and Mann-Whitney test to compare the distribution of ordinal variables, and Wilcoxon test (related samples).Results. During the month of the forming experiment being conducted, the TG students’ physical performance showed the increase of + 38.9% and was reliably different from the results of the initial period (p < 0.05). The anthropometric indicators did not significantly change in their dynamics, nor was there any difference between the comparison groups.The evaluation of the effectiveness of interval training by the Tabata methods pursuant to the dynamics of the students’ physical performance allowed to objectively prove the positive effect that additional independent training of students has when implemented.
Model Direct Training untuk Meningkatkan Keterampilan Mahasiswa PGSD Cibiru Pembelajaran IPA SD dalam Bahasa Inggris
Authors: Yuliariatiningsih Margaretha Sri 
Published: August 2016

<p>Penelitian ini untuk mengetahui kemampuan dan keterampilan mahasiswa PGSD UPI Kampus Cibiru membelajarkan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris. Gagasan muncul, karena di era globalisasi menuntut sumber daya manusia yang berpikir global melalui komunikasi dengan bahasa yang bersifat global pula. Salah satu kemampuan berbahasa Inggris yang dimiliki oleh masyarakat di Malaysia, Singapura, dan Hongkong adalah sejak SD para siswa belajar Matematika dan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris. Masyarakat Indonesia pun menuntut pendidikan yang bersifat global, hal ini tampak pada sekolah yang banyak diminati oleh masyarakat adalah yang menggunakan dwi bahasa dalam pembelajaran. Konsekuensi logisnya adalah pasar kerja menuntut guru untuk terampil dalam berbahasa Inggris di samping menguasai materi pelajaran di SD. </p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui tingkat kemampuan berbahasa Inggris mahasiswa PGSD membelajarkan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris, penguasaan pengorganisasian kelas menggunakan classroom language yang tepat, merancang RPP, dan kendala yang dihadapi mahasiswa dalam membelajarkan IPA menggunakan bahasa Inggris. Model Direct Training dikembangkan dengan filosofinya “If the child hasn’t learned, the teacher hasn’t taught”.</p><p>Metode yang digunakan menekankan pada kajian situasi alamiah di lapangan yang melibatkan dosen dan mahasiswa dalam proses kegiatan pembelajaran. Subjek penelitian adalah mahasiswa PGSD semester 6 konsentrasi IPA tahun akademik 2007/2008 pada mata kuliah Konsep Dasar Fisika di SD. </p><p>Hasil penelitian menunjukkan keterampilan mahasiswa dalam merancang RPP dan penguasaan konsep IPA dalam bahasa Indonesia sangat baik. Kesulitan yang dialami mahasiswa adalah pada bagian KBM karena skenario dituliskan dalam bahasa Inggris. Kesalahan yang banyak dilakukan pada aspek kosakata, pemilihan kata, tata bahasa, dan pelafalan saat simulasi. Kesimpulan penelitian adalah kemampuan mahasiswa PGSD masih rendah untuk dapat membelajarkan IPA dalam bahasa Inggris, kendala yang dihadapi adalah kurangnya rasa percaya diri . Saran yang dapat diberikan pada lembaga atau dosen adalah membiasakan mahasiswa berbicara dan mendengar bahasa Inggris serta banyak menggunakan kosakata IPA dalam bahasa Inggris saat perkuliahan IPA.</p>
Pendekatan Konstruktivisme Dan Dampaknnya Bagi Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa SD
Authors: Mulyati Tita 
Published: August 2016

<p>Abstrak </p><p>Belajar menuntut peran serta semua pihak. Pengetahuan bukan sesuatu yang diserap secara pasif oleh siswa, melainkan sesuatu yang ditemukan, dibangun, dan dikembangkan secara aktif oleh siswa dengan mengalami dan mengerjakanya dalam proses masuk ke dunia nyata secara terus‐menerus, karena siswa di kelas tidak dalam keadaan kosong, tetapi memiliki pengetahuan dari pengalaman yang telah diperoleh sebelumnya. Pembelajaran terjadi ketika siswa memadukan pengetahuan dan keterampilan baru ke dalam pengetahuan dan keterampilan yang telah dimiliki sebelumnya. Dalam pembelajaran matematika pun, untuk mempelajari materi matematika yang baru, pengalaman belajar yang lalu (konsepsi awal) sebagai pengetahuan prasyarat dari siswa akan mempengaruhi terjadinya proses belajar matematika tersebut. Guru bertugas sebagai fasilitator yang menciptakan kondisi dan sistuasi agar proses belajar dapat berlangsung efektif. Oleh karena itu, guru perlu mengupayakan inovasi dalam proses pembelajaran sehingga siswa terlibat penuh secara aktif dalam belajar dan dapat membangun pengetahuannya sendiri sehingga pengetahuan yang didapat lebih bermakna dan selalu diingat, mengingat pentingnya matematika sebagai ilmu dan bagi kehidupan masyarakat. Salah satunya adalah dengan menerapkan pendekatan konstruktivisme dalam pembelajaran matematika di SD. Pembelajaran berdasarkan pendekatan konstruktivisme meliputi empat tahap, yaitu : (1) tahap persepsi, (2) tahap eksplorasi, (3) tahap diskusi dan penjelasan konsep, dan (4) tahap pengembangan dan aplikasi konsep. Beberapa penelitian yang relevan menunjukkan bahwa pembelajaran dengan pendekatan konstruktivisme terbukti efektif meningkatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa SD</p><p>Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran matematika, pendekatan konstruktivisme, hasil belajar matematika</p>