bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
In Vitro
Activity of Lefamulin Tested against Streptococcus pneumoniae with Defined Serotypes, Including Multidrug-Resistant Isolates Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in the United States
Authors: Mendes Rodrigo E. , Farrell David J. , Flamm Robert K. , Talbot George H. , Ivezic-Schoenfeld Zrinka , Paukner Susanne , Sader Helio S. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Lefamulin was evaluated against various
Streptococcus pneumoniae
serotypes that were collected from adults with lower respiratory tract infections. Lefamulin exhibited MIC
50
and MIC
90
values of 0.12 and 0.25 μg/ml, respectively, against the entire collection (
n
= 822). Similar results were obtained for lefamulin against each of the most common serotypes as well as against multidrug-resistant isolates and strains that are nonsusceptible to ceftriaxone or erythromycin. These data support the clinical development of lefamulin for the treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.
Efficacy of Lysophosphatidylcholine in Combination with Antimicrobial Agents against Acinetobacter baumannii in Experimental Murine Peritoneal Sepsis and Pneumonia Models
Authors: Parra Millán R. , Jiménez Mejías M. E. , Sánchez Encinales V. , Ayerbe Algaba R. , Gutiérrez Valencia A. , Pachón Ibáñez M. E. , Díaz C. , Pérez del Palacio J. , López Cortés L. F. , Pachón J. , Smani Y. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACT

Immune response stimulation to prevent infection progression may be an adjuvant to antimicrobial treatment. Lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) is an immunomodulator involved in immune cell recruitment and activation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the efficacy of LPC in combination with colistin, tigecycline, or imipenem in experimental murine models of peritoneal sepsis and pneumonia. We used
Acinetobacter baumannii
strain Ab9, which is susceptible to colistin, tigecycline, and imipenem, and multidrug-resistant strain Ab186, which is susceptible to colistin and resistant to tigecycline and imipenem. Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters for colistin, tigecycline, and imipenem and the 100% minimal lethal dose (MLD
100
) were determined for both strains. The therapeutic efficacies of LPC, colistin (60 mg/kg of body weight/day), tigecycline (10 mg/kg/day), and imipenem (180 mg/kg/day), alone or in combination, were assessed against Ab9 and Ab186 at the MLD
100
in murine peritoneal sepsis and pneumonia models. The levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, i.e., tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-10 (IL-10), were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the same experimental models after inoculating mice with the MLD of both strains. LPC in combination with colistin, tigecycline, or imipenem markedly enhanced the bacterial clearance of Ab9 and Ab186 from the spleen and lungs and reduced bacteremia and mouse mortality rates (
P
< 0.05) compared with those for colistin, tigecycline, and imipenem monotherapies. Moreover, at 4 h post-bacterial infection, Ab9 induced higher TNF-α and lower IL-10 levels than those with Ab186 (4 μg/ml versus 3 μg/ml [
P
< 0.05] and 2 μg/ml versus 3.4 μg/ml [
P
< 0.05], respectively). LPC treatment combined with colistin, tigecycline, or imipenem modestly reduced the severity of infection by
A. baumannii
strains with different resistance phenotypes compared to LPC monotherapy in both experimental models.
Mouse Model of Coxiella burnetii Aerosolization
Authors: Melenotte Cléa , Lepidi Hubert , Nappez Claude , Bechah Yassina , Audoly Gilles , Terras Jérôme , Raoult Didier , Brégeon Fabienne 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTCoxiella burnetiiis mainly transmitted by aerosols and is responsible for multiple-organ lesions. Animal models have shownC. burnetiipathogenicity, but long-term outcomes still need to be clarified. We used a whole-body aerosol inhalation exposure system to mimic the natural route of infection in immunocompetent (BALB/c) and severe combined immunodeficient (SCID) mice. After an initial lung inoculum of 104C. burnetiicells/lung, the outcome, serological response, hematological disorders, and deep organ lesions were described up to 3 months postinfection.C. burnetii-specific PCR, anti-C. burnetiiimmunohistochemistry, and fluorescentin situhybridization (FISH) targetingC. burnetii-specific 16S rRNA completed the detection of the bacterium in the tissues. In BALB/c mice, a thrombocytopenia and lymphopenia were first observed, prior to evidence ofC. burnetiireplication. In all SCID mouse organs, DNA copies increased to higher levels over time than in BALB/c ones. Clinical signs of discomfort appeared in SCID mice, so follow-up had to be shortened to 2 months in this group. At this stage, all animals presented bone, cervical, and heart lesions. The presence ofC. burnetiicould be attestedin situfor all organs sampled using immunohistochemistry and FISH. This mouse model describedC. burnetiiNine Mile strain spread using aerosolization in a way that corroborates the pathogenicity of Q fever described in humans and completes previously published data in mouse models.C. burnetiiinfection occurring after aerosolization in mice thus seems to be a useful tool to compare the pathogenicity of different strains ofC. burnetii.
Ecological Opportunity, Evolution, and the Emergence of Flea-Borne Plague
Authors: Hinnebusch B. Joseph , Chouikha Iman , Sun Yi-Cheng 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe plague bacillusYersinia pestisis unique among the pathogenicEnterobacteriaceaein utilizing an arthropod-borne transmission route. Transmission by fleabite is a recent evolutionary adaptation that followed the divergence ofY. pestisfrom the closely related food- and waterborne enteric pathogenYersinia pseudotuberculosis. A combination of population genetics, comparative genomics, and investigations ofYersinia-flea interactions have disclosed the important steps in the evolution and emergence ofY. pestisas a flea-borne pathogen. Only a few genetic changes, representing both gene gain by lateral transfer and gene loss by loss-of-function mutation (pseudogenization), were fundamental to this process. The emergence ofY. pestisfits evolutionary theories that emphasize ecological opportunity in adaptive diversification and rapid emergence of new species.
Simple decision rules can reduce reinjury risk by 84% after ACL reconstruction: the Delaware-Oslo ACL cohort study
Authors: Grindem Hege , Snyder-Mackler Lynn , Moksnes Håvard , Engebretsen Lars , Risberg May Arna 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundKnee reinjury after ACL reconstruction is common and increases the risk of osteoarthritis. There is sparse evidence to guide return to sport (RTS) decisions in this population.ObjectivesTo assess the relationship between knee reinjury after ACL reconstruction and (1) return to level I sports, (2) timing of RTS and (3) knee function prior to return.Methods106 patients who participated in pivoting sports participated in this prospective 2-year cohort study. Sports participation and knee reinjury were recorded monthly. Knee function was assessed with the Knee Outcome Survey—Activities of Daily Living Scale, global rating scale of function, and quadriceps strength and hop test symmetry. Pass RTS criteria were defined as scores >90 on all tests, failure as failing any.ResultsPatients who returned to level I sports had a 4.32 (p=0.048) times higher reinjury rate than those who did not. The reinjury rate was significantly reduced by 51% for each month RTS was delayed until 9 months after surgery, after which no further risk reduction was observed. 38.2% of those who failed RTS criteria suffered reinjuries versus 5.6% of those who passed (HR 0.16, p=0.075). More symmetrical quadriceps strength prior to return significantly reduced the knee reinjury rate.ConclusionsReturning to level I sports after ACL reconstruction leads to a more than 4-fold increase in reinjury rates over 2 years. RTS 9 months or later after surgery and more symmetrical quadriceps strength prior to return substantially reduce the reinjury rate.
The incidence and patterns of illness at the Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympic Games: a prospective cohort study of 6564 athlete days
Authors: Derman W , Schwellnus M P , Jordaan E , Runciman P , Van de Vliet P , Blauwet C , Webborn N , Willick S , Stomphorst J 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo describe the epidemiology of illness at the Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympic Games.MethodsA total of 547 athletes from 45 countries were monitored daily for 12 days over the Sochi 2014 Winter Paralympic Games (6564 athlete days). Illness data were obtained daily from teams without their own medical support (13 teams, 37 athletes) and teams with their own medical support (32 teams, 510 athletes) through electronic data capturing systems.ResultsThe total number of illnesses reported was 123, with an illness incidence rate (IR) of 18.7 per 1000 athlete days (95% CI 15.1% to 23.2%). The highest IR was reported for wheelchair curling (IR of 20.0 (95% CI 10.1% to 39.6%)). Illnesses in the respiratory system (IR of 5.6 (95% CI 3.8% to 8.0%)), eye and adnexa (IR of 2.7 (95% CI 1.7% to 4.4%)) and digestive system (IR of 2.4 (95% CI 1.4% to 4.2%)) were the most common. Older athletes (35–63 years) had a significantly higher IR than younger athletes (14–25 years, p=0.049).ConclusionsThe results of this study indicate that Paralympic athletes report higher illness incidence rates compared to Olympic athletes at similar competitions. The highest rates of illness were reported for the respiratory and digestive systems, eye and adnexa, respectively. Thus, the results of this study form a basis for the identification of physiological systems at higher risk of illness, which can in turn inform illness prevention and management programmes with eventual policy change to promote athlete safety in future editions of the Winter Paralympic Games.
Integrative health coaching: a behavior skills approach that improves HbA1c and pharmacy claims-derived medication adherence
Authors: Wolever Ruth Q , Dreusicke Mark H 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveMedication adherence requires underlying behavior skills and a supporting mindset that may not be addressed with education or reminders. Founded in the study of internal motivation and health psychology, integrative health coaching (IHC) helps patients gain insight into their behaviors and make long-term, sustainable lifestyle changes. The purpose of the study is to determine whether IHC improves oral medication adherence, glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), and psychosocial measures, and to assess whether adherence changes are sustained after the intervention.MethodsUsing a prospective observational design, participants (n=56) received 14 coaching calls by telephone over 6 months. Medication possession ratio (MPR) was calculated for time intervals before, during, and after the intervention. HbA1c and patient-reported psychosocial outcomes were obtained to test interactions with MPR.ResultsMedication adherence (MPR) increased from 0.74±0.197 to 0.85±0.155 during coaching, and was sustained at 0.82±0.175 during a 6-month period after the study. Better adherence correlated with a greater decrease in HbA1c. HbA1c decreased from 8.0±1.92% to 7.7±1.70% over the 6-month intervention. All psychosocial measures showed significant improvement. In addition to discussing medication adherence strategies with their coach, patients discussed nutrition and exercise (86.9% of calls), stress management (39.8%), and social support and relationships (15.4%).ConclusionsIHC targets internal motivation and supports behavior change by facilitating patients’ insight into their own behaviors, and it uses this insight to foster self-efficacy. This approach may yield sustainable results for medication adherence and warrants further exploration for health-related behavior change.
Protocol for a population-based molecular epidemiology study of tuberculosis transmission in a high HIV-burden setting: the Botswana Kopanyo study
Authors: Zetola N M , Modongo C , Moonan P K , Click E , Oeltmann J E , Shepherd J , Finlay A 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionMycobacterium tuberculosis(Mtb) is transmitted from person to person via airborne droplet nuclei. At the community level, Mtb transmission depends on the exposure venue, infectiousness of the tuberculosis (TB) index case and the susceptibility of the index case's social network. People living with HIV infection are at high risk of TB, yet the factors associated with TB transmission within communities with high rates of TB and HIV are largely undocumented. The primary aim of the Kopanyo study is to better understand the demographic, clinical, social and geospatial factors associated with TB and multidrug-resistant TB transmission in 2 communities in Botswana, a country where 60% of all patients with TB are also infected with HIV. This manuscript describes the methods used in the Kopanyo study.Methods and analysisThe study will be conducted in greater Gaborone, which has high rates of HIV and a mobile population; and in Ghanzi, a rural community with lower prevalence of HIV infection and home to the native San population. Kopanyo aims to enrol all persons diagnosed with TB during a 4-year study period. From each participant, sputum will be cultured, and for all Mtb isolates, molecular genotyping (24-locus mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats) will be performed. Patients with matching genotype results will be considered members of a genotype cluster, a proxy for recent transmission. Demographic, behavioural, clinical and social information will be collected by interview. Participant residence, work place, healthcare facilities visited and social gathering venues will be geocoded. We will assess relationships between these factors and cluster involvement to better plan interventions for reducing TB transmission.EthicsEthical approval from the Independent Review Boards at the University of Pennsylvania, US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Botswana Ministry of Health and University of Botswana has been obtained.
Use of the ICU Nurse–Physician Questionnaire (ICU N-P-Q): testing reliability and validity in neonatal intensive care units in Japan
Authors: Sasaki Hatoko , Yonemoto Naohiro , Mori Rintaro , Nishida Toshihiko , Kusuda Satoshi , Nakayama Takeo 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveAlthough communication among health providers has become a critical part of improving quality of care, few studies on this topic have been conducted in Japan. This study aimed to examine the reliability and validity of the Intensive Care Unit Nurse–Physician Questionnaire (ICU N-P-Q) for use among nurses and physicians in neonatal ICUs (NICUs) in Japan.MethodsA Japanese translation of the ICU N-P-Q was administered to physicians and nurses working at 40 NICUs across Japan, which were participating in the Improvement of NICU Practice and Team Approach Cluster randomized controlled trial (INTACT). We used the principal components analysis to evaluate the factor structure of the instruments. Convergent validity was assessed by examining correlations between the subscales of Communication and Conflict Management of the ICU N-P-Q and the subscales and total score of the Nurse–Physician Collaboration Scale (NPCS). Correlations between the subscales of Communication and Conflict Management by correlation with scales that refer to performance, including Job Satisfaction and Unit Effectiveness, were calculated to test the criterion validity.ResultsIn total, 2006 questionnaires were completed by 316 physicians and 1690 nurses. The exploratory factor analysis revealed 15 factors in the physicians' questionnaire and 12 in the nurses' questionnaire. Convergent validity was confirmed, except for ‘Between-group Accuracy’ and ‘Cooperativeness’ in the physicians' scale, and for ‘Between-group Accuracy’ and ‘Sharing of Patient Information’ in the nurses' scale. Correlations between the subscales of communication and outcomes were confirmed in the nurses' questionnaire but were not fully supported in the physicians' questionnaire.ConclusionsAlthough the psychometric property behaved somewhat differently by occupation, the present findings provide preliminary support for the utility of the common item structure with the original scale, to measure the degree and quality of communication and collaboration among staff at NICUs and similar healthcare settings in Japan.Trial registration numberUMIN000007064; Pre-results.
Protocol of a cluster randomised stepped-wedge trial of behavioural interventions targeting amphetamine-type stimulant use and sexual risk among female entertainment and sex workers in Cambodia
Authors: Page Kimberly , Stein Ellen S , Carrico Adam W , Evans Jennifer L , Sokunny Muth , Nil Ean , Ngak Song , Sophal Chhit , McCulloch Charles , Maher Lisa 
Published: May 2016

IntroductionHIV risk among female entertainment and sex workers (FESW) remains high and use of amphetamine-type stimulants (ATS) significantly increases this risk. We designed a cluster randomised stepped wedge trial (TheCambodiaIntegrated HIV and DrugPreventionImplementation (CIPI) study) to test sequentially delivered behavioural interventions targeting ATS use.Methods and analysisThe trial combines a 12-week Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) intervention with 4 weeks of cognitive-behavioural group aftercare (AC) among FESW who use ATS. The primary goal is to reduce ATS use and unprotected sex among FESW. The CCT+AC intervention is being implemented in 10 provinces where order of delivery was randomised. Outcome assessments (OEs) including biomarkers and self-reported measures of recent sexual and drug use behaviours are conducted prior to implementation, and at three 6-month intervals after completion. Consultation with multiple groups and stakeholders on implementation factors facilitated acceptance and operationalisation of the trial. Statistical power and sample size calculations were based on expected changes in ATS use and unprotected sex at the population level as well as within subjects.Ethics and disseminationEthical approvals were granted by the Cambodia National Ethics Committee; University of New Mexico; University of California, San Francisco; and FHI360. The trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov. Dissemination of process indicators during the multiyear trial is carried out through annual in-country Stakeholder Meetings. Provincial ‘Close-Out’ forums are held at the conclusion of data collection in each province. When analysis is completed, dissemination meetings will be held in Cambodia with stakeholders, including community-based discussion sessions, policy briefs and results published and presented in the HIV prevention scientific journals and conferences.ConclusionsCIPI is the first trial of an intervention to reduce ATS use and HIV risk among FESW in Cambodia.ResultsWill inform both CCT+AC implementation in low and middle-income countries and programmes designed to reach FESW.Trial registration numberNCT01835574; Pre-results.
High-intensity interval training to improve fitness in children with cerebral palsy
Authors: Lauglo Reidun , Vik Torstein , Lamvik Torarin , Stensvold Dorthe , Finbråten Ane-Kristine , Moholdt Trine 
Published: May 2016

AimTo evaluate effects of high-intensity interval training (HIT) on aerobic exercise capacity, quality of life, and body composition in children with cerebral palsy (CP).MethodsThis was a baseline control trial. Children with CP, Gross Motor Function Classification System (GMFCS) levels I–IV, and age 10–17 years were included. The primary outcome, peak, and submaximum oxygen uptake (VO2peak, VO2submax) were measured at enrolment to the study (T0), after a pretraining period (T1), and after HIT (T2). Secondary outcomes were quality of life assessed with the KINDL questionnaire, and body composition measured using whole body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scanning. The exercise was performed on treadmills and consisted of 24 sessions, each with a total of 16 min of exercise at >85% of maximal heart rate.Results20 children were included and 6 children dropped out. VO2peakincreased by 10%, from a median of 37.3 (31.0–40.1) to 41.0 (36.6–48.5) mL/kg/min from T1 to T2 (p<0.01). VO2submaxdid not change; thereby, the percentage oxygen utilisation was reduced. Body composition was unchanged. Parent-reported quality of life improved, whereas quality of life reported by the children did not improve.ConclusionsAerobic exercise capacity improved and per cent utilisation of VO2maxdeclined after HIT in children with CP. Therefore, HIT can be a time efficient way to improve maximal capacity, and increase energy reserve in this patient group.Trial registration numberNCT00965133.
Mechanical thrombectomy for anterior circulation stroke: 5-year experience in a statewide service with differences in pretreatment time metrics across two hospitals sites
Authors: Kabra Ruchi , Phillips Timothy J , Saw Jacqui-Lyn , Phatouros Constantine C , Singh Tejinder P , Hankey Graeme J , Blacker David , Ghia Darshan , Prentice David , McAuliffe William 
Published: May 2016

ObjectiveTo audit our institutional mechanical thrombectomy (MT) outcomes for acute anterior circulation stroke and examine the influence of workflow time metrics on patient outcomes.MethodsA database of 100 MT cases was maintained throughout May 2010—February 2015 as part of a statewide service provided across two tertiary hospitals (H1 and H2). Patient demographics, stroke and procedural details, blinded angiographic outcomes, and 90-day modified Rankin Scale (mRS) scores were recorded. The following time points in stroke treatment were recorded: stroke onset, hospital presentation, CT imaging, arteriotomy, and recanalization. Statistical analysis of outcomes, predictors of outcome, and differences between the hospitals was carried out.ResultsThrombolysis in Cerebral Infarction (TICI) 2b/3 reperfusion was 79%. Forty-nine per cent of patients had good clinical outcomes (mRS 0–2). In a subgroup analysis of 76 patients with premorbid mRS 0–1 and first CT performed ≤4.5 h after stroke onset, 60% had good clinical outcomes. Patient and disease characteristics were matched between the two hospitals. H1 had shorter times between hospital presentation and CT (32 vs 55 min, p=0.01), CT and arteriotomy (33 vs 69 min, p=0.00), and stroke onset and recanalization (198 vs 260 min, p=0.00). These time metrics independently predicted good clinical outcome. Median days spent at home in the first 90 days was greater at H1 (61 vs 8, p=0.04) than at H2. A greater proportion of patients treated at H1 were independent (mRS 0–2) at 90 days (54% vs 42%); however, this was not statistically significant (p=0.22).ConclusionsOutcomes similar to randomized controlled trials are attainable in ‘real-world’ settings. Workflow time metrics were independent predictors of clinical outcome, and differed between the two hospitals owing to site-specific organizational differences.