bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
La contribution limitée de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale des marchandises pour l’application des “clauses de durabilité” des biocarburants
Authors: DE ANDRADE PRISCILA PEREIRA 
Published: September 2016

RésuméL’inclusion de l’objectif du développement durable au sein des chaînes contractuelles internationales de vente de biocarburants souligne un nouveau rôle pour le droit international des contrats. Cet article examine comment les règles matérielles de la Convention des Nations Unies sur les contrats de vente internationale des marchandises (CVIM) peuvent contribuer à la mise en œuvre du développement durable et à l’applicabilité des “clauses de durabilité.” Les cocontractants, et notamment les derniers acheteurs d’une chaîne d’approvisionnement mondiale, ont le droit d’exiger l’exécution de ces clauses contractuelles. Toutefois, la CVIM demeure limitée quant aux effets juridiques des contrats internationaux à l’égard des tiers bénéficiaires ou intéressés au développement durable des biocarburants. Dans ce contexte, le rôle joué par l’outil contractuel dans le commerce international des produits durables devient non seulement utile, mais aussi indispensable.
SARAH ALLAN,BURIED IDEAS: LEGENDS OF ABDICATION AND IDEAL GOVERNMENT IN EARLY CHINESE BAMBOO-SLIP MANUSCRIPTS: A REVIEW ARTICLE
Authors: Lewis Mark Edward 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBuried Ideasis a major contribution to the study of early China, and of ancient civilizations in general. It analyzes four important, recently discovered texts that in some manner deal with the idea that the position of the ruler should be transferred by voluntary abdication from one sage to another. In addition to analyzing in detail the arguments of these texts and their relations to the received tradition, it also provides a useful introductory survey of the current state of the study of Chu-script bamboo-slip texts, facilitates direct confrontation with these texts for anyone who desires to pursue them, demonstrates—in association with her earlier monographs—how newly discovered texts have transformed our understanding of early China, offers insights into the origins and deep structure of the Chinese modeling of history as a dynastic cycle/sequence, and shows how working across generic boundaries both improves our understanding of ancient China, and allows more insightful comparisons with other early civilizations.
ON FOREMAN’S MAXIMALITY PRINCIPLE
Authors: GOLSHANI MOHAMMAD , HAYUT YAIR 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we consider Foreman’s maximality principle, which says that any nontrivial forcing notion either adds a new real or collapses some cardinals. We prove the consistency of some of its consequences. We observe that it is consistent that every c.c.c. forcing adds a real and that for every uncountable regular cardinal κ, every κ-closed forcing of size 2<κ collapses some cardinal.
Management challenges for the fastest growing marine shipping sector in Arctic Canada: pleasure crafts
Authors: Johnston Margaret , Dawson Jackie , De Souza Elsa , Stewart Emma J. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTChanging environmental conditions in the Canadian Arctic are associated with an increase in marine tourism. A substantial decline in the extent of ice coverage in the summer season has resulted in greater accessibility for all categories of ships, and the tourism sector has been quick to respond to new opportunities. This increase in vessel traffic has raised significant issues for management, and particular concerns about the pleasure craft (non-commercial tourism) sector. This paper reports on research aimed at identifying change in the pleasure craft sector in Canadian Arctic waters since 1990; exploring management concerns held by stakeholders regarding changes in the sector; and, providing recommendations for government stakeholders. The paper is based on material gathered through an examination of existing data sources and stakeholder interviews (n= 22). Analysis was aimed at understanding the rapid development of the sector and potential management strategies, including research needs. Analysis reveals a dramatic increase in annual vessel numbers, particularly from 2010 onwards. Management concerns of interviewees relate to implications of this growth in four areas: visitor behaviour; services, facilities and infrastructure; control; and, planning and development. The paper concludes by describing recommendations in the areas of research needs, regulation, and strategic development.
SLAVERY AND THE BIRTH OF WORKING-CLASS RACISM IN ENGLAND, 1814–1833The Alexander Prize Essay
Authors: Hanley Ryan 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper examines racist discourse in radical print culture from the end of the Napoleonic Wars to the passing of the Abolition of Slavery Act in Britain. Acknowledging the heterogeneity of working-class ideology during the period, it demonstrates that some radical writers actively sought to dehumanise enslaved and free black people as a means of promoting the interests of the white working class in England. It argues that by promoting a particular understanding of English racial superiority, radical intellectuals such as John Cartwright, William Cobbett, and Richard Carlile were able to criticise the diversion of humanitarian resources and attention away from exploited industrial workers and towards enslaved black people in the British West Indies or unconverted free Africans. Moreover, by presenting a supposedly inferior racial antitype, they sought to minimise the social boundaries that were used to disenfranchise English working men and reinforce their own, seemingly precarious, claims to parliamentary reform and meaningful political representation.
BETWEEN POISE AND POWER: EMBODIED MANLINESS IN EIGHTEENTH- AND NINETEENTH-CENTURY BRITISH CULTURE
Authors: Begiato Joanne 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper explores representations of the manly body and the ways in which its relationship with masculine identity and embodied selfhood changed over time and class. It spans a period in which different types of masculinities were dominant, from the later eighteenth-century man of feeling to the later nineteenth-century muscular Christian, and proposes that an embodied approach offers a more nuanced consideration of the ways in which ideals of masculinity were culturally viewed and utilised. First, it provides a chronology of the manner in which the ideal manly body changed over the two centuries, demonstrating that abstract masculine values were always rooted in male bodies. Secondly, it proposes that although most idealised masculine identities were elite, attention to the more corporeal aspects of gender offers evidence that there were features of the manly body, for example hardness, that appealed across social ranks.1Elite men valorised idealised working-class men's bodies and saw in them something to emulate. Moreover, working-class men used classically inspired figures to represent themselves when formulating class and gender identities.
Factors influencing bacteraemia in patients with isomerism and CHD: the effects of functional splenic status and antibiotic prophylaxis
Authors: Loomba Rohit S. , Pelech Andrew N. , Anderson Robert H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackground“Heterotaxy syndrome”, best segregated as isomerism, is characterised by laterality defects of the thoraco-abdominal organs, causing functional impairment. In particular, the spleen is frequently affected, increasing susceptibility to bacteraemia. This study explored factors that may increase the risk of bacteraemia in patients with isomerism.MethodsWe identified patients with CHD and isomerism. Review of outpatient, inpatient, and surgical records was conducted to collect data and determine trends in the cohort. A Cox regression analysis was conducted to determine factors influencing freedom from bacteraemia (Fig 1).ResultsWe identified 83 patients with CHD and isomerism – 17 (20%) who had documented episodes of bacteraemia with a total of 21 episodes. A majority (86%) were nosocomial. The median age at the time of bacteraemia was 4 months. Although splenic anatomy did appear to influence the risk of bacteraemia in univariate analysis, this significance was lost with multivariate analysis. None of the other factors was significantly associated in either univariate or multivariate analysis.ConclusionSpecific factors such as splenic anatomy, atrial appendage isomerism, and antibiotic prophylaxis status are not significantly associated with the risk of bacteraemia in patients with CHD and isomerism. Nosocomial infections represent a majority of bacteraemia in these patients.
Anatomical considerations for the management of a left-sided superior caval vein draining to the roof of the left atrium
Authors: Saundankar Jelena , Ho Andrew B. , Salmon Anthony P. , Anderson Robert H. , Magee Alan G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsThe pathophysiological entity of a persisting left-sided superior caval vein draining into the roof of the left atrium represents an extreme form of coronary sinus de-roofing. This is an uncommon, but well-documented condition associated with systemic desaturation due to a right-to-left shunt. Depending on the size of the coronary ostium, the defect may also present with right-sided volume loading. We describe two patients, both of whom presented with desaturation, and highlight the important anatomical features underscoring management.Methods and ResultsBoth patients were managed interventionally with previous assessment of the size of the coronary sinus ostium through cross-sectional imaging. This revealed a restrictive interatrial communication at the right atrial mouth of the coronary sinus in both patients, which permitted an interventional approach, as the residual left-to-right shunt subsequent to closure of the aberrant vessel would be negligible. At intervention, test occlusion of the left superior caval vein allowed assessment of decompressing vessels before successful occlusion using an Amplatzer Vascular Plug.ConclusionsPersistence of a left superior caval vein draining to the left atrium may be associated with an interatrial communication at the mouth of the unroofed coronary sinus. The ostium of the de-roofed coronary sinus can be atretic, restrictive, normally sized, or enlarged. Careful assessment of the size of this defect is required before treatment. In view of its importance, which has received little attention in the literature to date, we suggest an additional consideration to the classification of unroofed coronary sinus.
Thin-Film Phase Plates for Transmission Electron Microscopy Fabricated from Metallic Glasses
Authors: Dries Manuel , Hettler Simon , Schulze Tina , Send Winfried , Müller Erich , Schneider Reinhard , Gerthsen Dagmar , Luo Yuansu , Samwer Konrad 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThin-film phase plates (PPs) have become an interesting tool to enhance the contrast of weak-phase objects in transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The thin film usually consists of amorphous carbon, which suffers from quick degeneration under the intense electron-beam illumination. Recent investigations have focused on the search for alternative materials with an improved material stability. This work presents thin-film PPs fabricated from metallic glass alloys, which are characterized by a high electrical conductivity and an amorphous structure. Thin films of the zirconium-based alloy Zr65.0Al7.5Cu27.5(ZAC) were fabricated and their phase-shifting properties were evaluated. The ZAC film was investigated by different TEM techniques, which reveal beneficial properties compared with amorphous carbon PPs. Particularly favorable is the small probability for inelastic plasmon scattering, which results from the combined effect of a moderate inelastic mean free path and a reduced film thickness due to a high mean inner potential. Small probability plasmon scattering improves contrast transfer at high spatial frequencies, which makes the ZAC alloy a promising material for PP fabrication.
Culture and understanding in the Singapore war crimes trials (1946–1948): interpreting arguments of the defence
Authors: Cheah W.L. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
After the Second World War, the British military organised 131 war crimes trials in Singapore, which served as the base for British war crimes investigations in Asia. These trials brought together diverse participants-judges and counsel from the UK, India, and other Allied countries; accused persons from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan; defence counsel from Japan; and witnesses from all over Asia. The majority of defendants in these trials did not deny their involvement in the war crimes concerned; instead, these defendants argued that their conduct was consistent with Japanese norms, beliefs and practices. This article explores trial participants' varied and contested interpretations of the culturally influenced arguments put forward by the defence.
The Fra-1–miR-134–SDS22 feedback loop amplifies ERK/JNK signaling and reduces chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells
Authors: Wu Jianmin , Sun Yimin , Zhang Pei-Ying , Qian Mengyao , Zhang Hengchao , Chen Xiao , Ma Di , Xu Yunsheng , Chen Xiaoming , Tang Kai-Fu 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Fra-1 transcription factor is frequently upregulated in multiple types of tumors. Here we found that Fra-1 promotes miR-134 expression. miR-134 activates JNK and ERK by targeting SDS22, which in turn induces Fra-1 expression and leads to miR-134 upregulation. In addition, miR-134 augmented H2AX S139 phosphorylation by activating JNK and promoted non-homologous end joining (NHEJ)-mediated DNA repair. Therefore, ectopic miR-134 expression reduced chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells. Furthermore, miR-134 promotes cell proliferation, migration and invasion of ovarian cancer cells, and enhances tumor growth in vivo. Of particular significance, both Fra-1 and miR-134 are upregulated in ovarian cancer tissues, and Fra-1 and miR-134 expression is positively correlated. High levels of miR-134 expression were associated with a reduced median survival of ovarian cancer patients. Our study revealed that a Fra-1-miR-134 axis drives a positive feedback loop that amplifies ERK/JNK signaling and reduces chemosensitivity in ovarian cancer cells.
Thorium–phosphorus triamidoamine complexes containing Th–P single- and multiple-bond interactions
Authors: Wildman Elizabeth P. , Balázs Gábor , Wooles Ashley J. , Scheer Manfred , Liddle Stephen T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDespite the burgeoning field of uranium-ligand multiple bonds, analogous complexes involving other actinides remain scarce. For thorium, under ambient conditions only a few multiple bonds to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, selenium and tellurium are reported, and no multiple bonds to phosphorus are known, reflecting a general paucity of synthetic methodologies and also problems associated with stabilising these linkages at the large thorium ion. Here we report structurally authenticated examples of a parent thorium(IV)–phosphanide (Th–PH2), a terminal thorium(IV)–phosphinidene (Th=PH), a parent dithorium(IV)–phosphinidiide (Th–P(H)-Th) and a discrete actinide–phosphido complex under ambient conditions (Th=P=Th). Although thorium is traditionally considered to have dominant 6d-orbital contributions to its bonding, contrasting to majority 5f-orbital character for uranium, computational analyses suggests that the bonding of thorium can be more nuanced, in terms of 5f- versus 6d-orbital composition and also significant involvement of the 7s-orbital and how this affects the balance of 5f- versus 6d-orbital bonding character.
Genomic Regions Associated With Interspecies Communication in Dogs Contain Genes Related to Human Social Disorders
Authors: Persson Mia E. , Wright Dominic , Roth Lina S. V. , Batakis Petros , Jensen Per 
Published: September 2016

AbstractUnlike their wolf ancestors, dogs have unique social skills for communicating and cooperating with humans. Previously, significant heritabilities for human-directed social behaviors have been found in laboratory beagles. Here, a Genome-Wide Association Study identified two genomic regions associated with dog’s human-directed social behaviors. We recorded the propensity of laboratory beagles, bred, kept and handled under standardized conditions, to initiate physical interactions with a human during an unsolvable problem-task, and 190 individuals were genotyped with an HD Canine SNP-chip. One genetic marker on chromosome 26 within theSEZ6Lgene was significantly associated with time spent close to, and in physical contact with, the human. Two suggestive markers on chromosome 26, located within theARVCFgene, were also associated with human contact seeking. Strikingly, four additional genes present in the same linkage blocks affect social abilities in humans, e.g.,SEZ6Lhas been associated with autism andCOMTaffects aggression in adolescents with ADHD. This is, to our knowledge, the first genome-wide study presenting candidate genomic regions for dog sociability and inter-species communication. These results advance our understanding of dog domestication and raise the use of the dog as a novel model system for human social disorders.
Homer1a attenuates glutamate-induced oxidative injury in HT-22 cells through regulation of store-operated calcium entry
Authors: Rao Wei , Peng Cheng , Zhang Lei , Su Ning , Wang Kai , Hui Hao , Dai Shu-hui , Yang Yue-fan , Luo Peng , Fei Zhou 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCalcium disequilibrium is extensively involved in oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury. Although Homer1a is known to regulate several neuronal calcium pathways, its effects on, or its exact relationship with, oxidative stress-induced neuronal injury has not yet been fully elucidated. We found that Homer1a protected HT-22 cells from glutamate-induced oxidative stress injury by inhibiting final-phase intracellular calcium overload and mitochondrial oxidative stress. In these cells, stromal interactive molecule 1 (STIM1) puncta, but not the protein level, was significantly increased after glutamate treatment. Store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) inhibitors and cells in which a key component of SOCE (STIM1) was knocked out were used as glutamate-induced oxidative stress injury models. Both models demonstrated significant improvement of HT-22 cell survival after glutamate treatment. Additionally, increased Homer1a protein levels significantly inhibited SOCE and decreased the association of STIM1-Orai1 triggered by glutamate. These results suggest that up-regulation of Homer1a can protect HT-22 cells from glutamate-induced oxidative injury by disrupting the STIM1-Oria1 association, and then by inhibiting the SOCE-mediated final-phrase calcium overload. Thus, regulation of Homer1a, either alone or in conjunction with SOCE inhibition, may serve as key therapeutic interventional targets for neurological diseases in which oxidative stress is involved in the etiology or progression of the disease.
Rapid Electron Transfer within the III-IV Supercomplex in Corynebacterium glutamicum
Authors: Graf Simone , Fedotovskaya Olga , Kao Wei-Chun , Hunte Carola , Ädelroth Pia , Bott Michael , von Ballmoos Christoph , Brzezinski Peter 
Published: September 2016

AbstractComplex III inC. glutamicumhas an unusual di-heme cyt.c1and it co-purifies with complex IV in a supercomplex. Here, we investigated the kinetics of electron transfer within this supercomplex and in the cyt.aa3alone (cyt.bc1was removed genetically). In the reaction of the reduced cyt.aa3with O2, we identified the same sequence of events as with other A-type oxidases. However, even though this reaction is associated with proton uptake, no pH dependence was observed in the kinetics. For the cyt.bc1-cyt.aa3supercomplex, we observed that electrons from thec-hemes were transferred to CuAwith time constants 0.1–1 ms. Theb-hemes were oxidized with a time constant of 6.5 ms, indicating that this electron transfer is rate-limiting for the overall quinol oxidation/O2reduction activity (~210 e−/s). Furthermore, electron transfer from externally added cyt.cto cyt.aa3was significantly faster upon removal of cyt.bc1from the supercomplex, suggesting that one of thec-hemes occupies a position near CuA. In conclusion, isolation of the III-IV-supercomplex allowed us to investigate the kinetics of electron transfer from theb-hemes, via the di-heme cyt.c1and hemeato the hemea3-CuBcatalytic site of cyt.aa3.
A naturally-occurring ‘cold earth’ spot in Northern China
Authors: Niu Fujun , Cheng Guodong , Niu Yonghong , Zhang Mingyi , Luo Jing , Lin Zhanju 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPermafrost is determined to a large extent by the Earth’s surface temperature, therefore it distributes mainly in high altitude and latitude regions. However, stable, warm (about −1 °C) permafrost occurs within a scree slope in northern China that is more than 600 km south of the southernmost limit of latitudinal permafrost on the Eurasian Continent. It is at an elevation of only 900 m above sea level (ASL). The area has a mean annual air temperature (MAAT) of 6 to 8 °C. Thermal processes of the scree slope, investigated through field monitoring and numerical simulation, showed that the permafrost is caused by winter air convection within the porous rock deposits and is stable as air convection does not occur in summer time. The deposit is covered by a 30-cm-thick peaty soil layer dated (carbon C-14) to between 1,000 to 1,600 years ago. The layer also contributes to the permafrost’s existence due to the peat’s thermal conductivity offset when frozen and thawed. The existence of permafrost under such warm climatic conditions confirms the effectiveness of using crushed rock layer as basement or slope cover to protect the warm permafrost subgrade of the recently-constructed Qinghai-Tibet Railway (QTR), even under the predicted climate warming conditions.
Rotational friction of dipolar colloids measured by driven torsional oscillations
Authors: Steinbach Gabi , Gemming Sibylle , Erbe Artur 
Published: September 2016

AbstractDespite its prominent role in the dynamics of soft materials, rotational friction remains a quantity that is difficult to determine for many micron-sized objects. Here, we demonstrate how the Stokes coefficient of rotational friction can be obtained from the driven torsional oscillations of single particles in a highly viscous environment. The idea is that the oscillation amplitude of a dipolar particle under combined static and oscillating fields provides a measure for the Stokes friction. From numerical studies we derive a semi-empirical analytic expression for the amplitude of the oscillation, which cannot be calculated analytically from the equation of motion. We additionally demonstrate that this expression can be used to experimentally determine the rotational friction coefficient of single particles. Here, we record the amplitudes of a field-driven dipolar Janus microsphere with optical microscopy. The presented method distinguishes itself in its experimental and conceptual simplicity. The magnetic torque leaves the local environment unchanged, which contrasts with other approaches where, for example, additional mechanical (frictional) or thermal contributions have to be regarded.