bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Brain Organoids
Authors: Gabriel Elke , Gopalakrishnan Jay 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Recent developments in stem cell technologies are extending the boundaries forward to produce not only specific cell types but also even complex 3D structures, such as organoids, ‘mini organs in dish’. One such type is brain organoids derived from human pluripotent stem cells. Brain organoids consist of various cell types of ectodermal lineage and self‐assemble into organised structures resembling early human brain. Brain organoids exhibit ventricular zones (VZs) consisting of highly proliferative neural stem cells. During neurogenesis, neural stem cells differentiate and migrate from the VZ to the marginal zone of the organoid to form a primitive cortical plate by differentiating to neurons.

Brain organoids provide novel insights into human brain development and give new opportunities to study neurodevelopmental disorders such as microcephaly
in vitro
. In future, brain organoids can serve as a useful tool to model neurodegenerative disorders in humans and for therapeutic screening and drug testing in high‐throughput assays.

Key Concepts

Human 3D cell culture models are an alternative to animal models to study developmental diseases in humans.

Pluripotent stem cells can differentiate into complex 3D organoids.

Differentiating cells self‐assemble to form tissue‐like structures.

Brain organoids recapitulate important aspects of human brain development.

Brain organoids recapitulate early events in human brain development.

Brain organoids serve as a tool to model neurodevelopmental and neurodegenerative diseases.

Brain organoids can be used in high‐throughput assays for drug screening and toxicity testing.
Stylistic Fronting
Authors: Holmberg Anders 
Published: November 2017

AbstractStylistic Fronting (SF) is a phenomenon where a syntactic constituent is moved to what looks like the subject position in finite sentences with a subject gap, that is, subject relatives, embedded subject questions, other embedded sentences with the subject extracted, and various types of impersonal sentences. The phenomenon has mainly been studied in the context of Icelandic, Faroese, and Old Scandinavian, but is now known also to occur in Old Romance languages, and SF‐like phenomena can be observed in various other languages, too. A striking property of SF is the range of categories that can undergo the movement: they include participles, infinitives, predicative adjectives, verb particles, adverbs, the negation, PPs, and DPs. Although SF looks like movement to a vacant subject position, the categories moved are mostly not subject‐like at all. Another striking property of SF is the lack of a distinctive semantic effect. One of the key questions in the research on SF is: what kind of movement is SF? Does it fall into any of the established types of movement (A‐movement, A‐bar movement, head movement), or is it a distinct, new type of movement? Is it movement in the phonological component (which would explain the lack of semantic effect)? What function does it have? What is the movement trigger? The chapter will enumerate and discuss the syntactic, diagnostic properties of SF, taking SF in Icelandic as the standard. It will discuss and compare the various syntactic analyses proposed in the literature for SF, and the theories proposed to explain the properties of SF.
The Experimental Approach to Studying Employers' Hiring Behavior
Authors: Gërxhani Klarita 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This essay advocates the use of experimental methods to study labor demand. Experimentation contributes to a better understanding of employers' hiring behavior by establishing what is cause and what is effect in observed behavior and allows for a better grip on the mechanisms underlying the hiring process. Given the difficulties in obtaining information from employers, experiments offer a fruitful alternative route to collecting information about the hiring process. The limited existing research provides a basis for new and promising steps into the future. To address research questions related to employers' hiring behavior, I propose combining experimental methods; implementing cross‐country experimental designs; conducting experiments on online labor markets; and using experimental control to explore the interaction between social context and biological factors. Setting these steps will give employers' decisions the attention they deserve when it comes to the important role that hiring plays in generating labor market (in)equalities.
Environmental Accounting
Authors: Muller Nicholas Z. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
While metrics such as gross domestic product (GDP) constitute important means to gauge the value of production, it is widely recognized that indices that focus exclusively on market production are incomplete. Omitted environmental assets include (i) those that have the capacity to act as a source of valuable inputs to production such as timber, subsurface minerals, or fisheries; and (ii) media that serve as a sink for anthropogenic residuals such as air, water, or soil. The human health impacts depend crucially on two parameters in the integrated asset models (IAMs): the effect that exposures to fine particles have on adult mortality rates and the value attributed to small changes in mortality risk. This essay focuses on recent research that augments standard measures of output to include damages from air and greenhouse gas pollution into national output.
Immigrant Adolescents: Opportunities and Challenges
Authors: Titzmann Peter F. , P. Juang Linda 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Immigration is a critical issue for adolescent development as migration around the world continues at an increased pace. This essay provides insights into the opportunities and challenges in this area of research, but also spotlights important work that can serve as the foundation for future investigations. Our focus is on adolescent immigrants, as a substantial share of international migrants is under the age of 20. We first address specific issues across the crucial life domains of family, peers, and school, highlighting the need for developing outcome‐ and domain‐specific models in immigration research instead of focusing on “The Integration” of adolescent immigrants in general. We will then discuss more general challenges and future avenues in research with immigrant adolescents: the interplay of development and acculturation, discrimination, and the increasing heterogeneity of modern societies.
The Reading Brain: The Canary in the Mind
Authors: Wolf Maryanne 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The development of the seemingly simple cultural invention of reading alters the brain of each literate individual, propulses the intellectual development of the species, and provides human beings with a history of past knowledge as a foundation for future thought. Understanding how this happened in the species provides unexpected lessons for how children learn, how teachers teach, and how the brain learns anything new. Understanding the intrinsic plasticity of the reading brain circuit provides a cautionary tale for examining the cognitive impact of different media on how we read and how we think.
Universal field matching in craniospinal irradiation by a background‐dose gradient‐optimized method
Authors: Traneus Erik , Bizzocchi Nicola , Fellin Francesco , Rombi Barbara , Farace Paolo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractPurposeThe gradient‐optimized methods are overcoming the traditional feathering methods to plan field junctions in craniospinal irradiation. In this note, a new gradient‐optimized technique, based on the use of a background dose, is described.MethodsTreatment planning was performed by RayStation (RaySearch Laboratories, Stockholm, Sweden) on the CT scans of a pediatric patient. Both proton (by pencil beam scanning) and photon (by volumetric modulated arc therapy) treatments were planned with three isocenters. An ‘in silico’ ideal background dose was created first to cover the upper‐spinal target and to produce a perfect dose gradient along the upper and lower junction regions. Using it as background, the cranial and the lower‐spinal beams were planned by inverse optimization to obtain dose coverage of their relevant targets and of the junction volumes. Finally, the upper‐spinal beam was inversely planned after removal of the background dose and with the previously optimized beams switched on.ResultsIn both proton and photon plans, the optimized cranial and the lower‐spinal beams produced a perfect linear gradient in the junction regions, complementary to that produced by the optimized upper‐spinal beam. The final dose distributions showed a homogeneous coverage of the targets.DiscussionOur simple technique allowed to obtain high‐quality gradients in the junction region. Such technique universally works for photons as well as protons and could be applicable to the TPSs that allow to manage a background dose.
Progress Toward the Clinical Translation of Bioinspired Peptide and Protein Assemblies
Authors: Hainline Kelly M. , Fries Chelsea N. , Collier Joel H. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSupramolecular materials composed of proteins and peptides have been receiving considerable attention toward a range of diseases and conditions from vaccines to drug delivery. Owing to the relative newness of this class of materials, the bulk of work to date has been preclinical. However, examples of approved treatments particularly in vaccines, dentistry, and hemostasis demonstrate the translational potential of supramolecular polypeptides. Critical milestones in the clinical development of this class of materials and currently approved supramolecular polypeptide therapies are described in this study. Additional examples of not‐yet‐approved materials that are steadily advancing toward clinical use are also featured. Spherical assemblies such as virus‐like particles, designed protein nanoparticles, and spherical peptide amphiphiles are highlighted, followed by fiber‐forming systems such as fibrillizing peptides, fiber‐forming peptide‐amphiphiles, and filamentous bacteriophages.
Donor age determines outcome in acute leukemia patients over 40 undergoing haploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation
Authors: Canaani Jonathan , Savani Bipin N. , Labopin Myriam , Huang Xiao‐Jun , Ciceri Fabio , Arcese William , Koc Yener , Tischer Johanna , Blaise Didier , Gülbas Zafer , Van Lint Maria Teresa , Bruno Benedetto , Mohty Mohamad , Nagler Arnon 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHaploidentical hematopoietic cell transplantation (haplo‐HCT) is being increasingly used in acute leukemia patients as an alternative transplant modality when matched sibling or matched unrelated donors are unavailable. As several potential haploidentical relative donors are typically available for a given patient, optimizing donor selection to improve clinical outcome is crucial. The impact of donor age and kinship on the outcome of acute leukemia patients is not clearly established in this setting. Using the multinational registry of the acute leukemia working party of the European society for blood and marrow transplantation we retrospective analyzed the clinical outcome of 1270 acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphoblastic leukemia patients who underwent haplo‐HCT between 2005 and 2015. Patients over the age of 40 were significantly affected by increasing donor age resulting in higher non‐relapse mortality (NRM) [Hazard ratio (HR)=1.86, confidence interval (CI) 95%, 1.18‐2.94; P = .007], inferior leukemia‐free survival (LFS) (HR = 1.59, CI 95%, 1.13‐2.24; P = .007), and overall survival (OS) (HR = 1.74, CI 95%, 1.22‐2.47; P = .002) when donors were over the age of 40. Additionally, kinship was found to be prognostically significant as patients transplanted from children donors over the age of 35 experienced an increased rate of NRM (HR = 1.82, CI 95%, 1.13‐2.9; P = .01), inferior LFS (HR = 1.5, CI 95%, 1.05‐2.13; P = .03), and OS (HR = 1.5, CI 95%, 1.04‐2.15; P = .03). For patients younger than 40 years, donor age and kinship were mostly not clinically impactful. Our data establish donor age and kinship as significant determinants of outcome following haplo‐HCT for acute leukemia patients.
Sinonasal cancer in the Italian national surveillance system: Epidemiology, occupation, and public health implications
Authors: Binazzi Alessandra , Corfiati Marisa , Di Marzio Davide , Cacciatore Anna M. , Zajacovà Jana , Mensi Carolina , Galli Paolo , Miligi Lucia , Calisti Roberto , Romeo Elisa , Franchi Alessandro , Marinaccio Alessandro 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundSinonasal cancer (SNC) is a rare tumor with predominant occupational etiology associated with exposures to specific carcinogens. The aim of this study is to describe SNC cases recorded in Italy in the period 2000‐2016.MethodsClinical information, occupational history, and lifestyle habits of SNC cases collected in the Italian Sinonasal Cancer Register were examined. Age‐standardized rates were estimated.ResultsOverall, 1529 cases were recorded. The age‐standardized incidence rates per 100 000 person‐years were 0.65 in men and 0.26 in women. Occupational exposures were predominant among the attributed exposure settings, primarily to wood and leather dusts. Other putative causal agents included chrome, solvents, tannins, formaldehyde, textile dusts, and pesticides. Many cases had unknown exposure.ConclusionsEpidemiological surveillance of SNC cases and their occupational history is fundamental for monitoring the occurrence of the disease in exposed workers in industrial sectors generally not considered at risk of SNC as well as in non‐occupational settings.
Applicability of 3D‐dental reconstruction in cervical odontometrics
Authors: Kazzazi Seyedeh M. , Kranioti Elena F. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe objective of this study was to assess the accuracy, reliability, and reproducibility of computed tomography (CT) images in measuring cervical mesiodistal and buccolingual tooth sizes, by comparing the values obtained by 3D virtual models from CT images with those obtained using digital calipers.Materials and methodsIn total, 530 maxillary and mandibular teeth of 51 individuals from two Iron Age sites were scanned using a Siemens Somatom sensation 64‐slice computed tomography machine, and the images were reconstructed and measured. Values obtained by direct measurement served as the primary reference for cervical measurements. Intra‐ and inter‐observer reliability was assessed by calculating technical error of measurements (TEM), relative technical error of measurements (rTEM), and the coefficient of reliability (R).ResultsResults showed that virtual cervical measurements were not significantly different from the actual measurements, and the correlation of the two measurement methods shows that the methods are comparable. Inter‐ and intra‐observer error analysis also indicated high replicability of measurements with both measuring methods (R > 0.99). The rTEM values for all the measurements were below the 5% standards for anthropometric studies.DiscussionCT is a non‐invasive technique that allows for an accurate and detailed visualization of morphological features without causing any damage to teeth. Our findings indicate that virtual odontometric analysis is a reliable method, similar to traditional physical odontometric analysis. Currently, the virtual system is likely to be more suitable for fragile specimens, such as archaeological samples.
Magnesium Boryl Reactivity with 9‐BBN and Ph3B: Rational B−B′ Bond Formation and Diborane Isomerization
Authors: Pécharman Anne‐Frédérique , Hill Michael S. , McMullin Claire L. , Mahon Mary F. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReactions of a magnesium‐based pinacolatoboryl nucleophile with the electrophilic organoboranes, 9‐BBN and Ph3B, provide facile B−B′ single bond formation. Although the Ph3B derivative is thermally stable, when heated, the unsymmetrical diborane(5) anion derived from 9‐BBN is found to isomerize to two regioisomeric species via a proposed mechanism involving dehydroboration of the borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane and syn‐diboration of the resultant alkenyl carbocycle.
A Stable Nanocobalt Catalyst with Highly Dispersed CoNx Active Sites for the Selective Dehydrogenation of Formic Acid
Authors: Tang Conghui , Surkus Annette‐Enrica , Chen Feng , Pohl Marga‐Martina , Agostini Giovanni , Schneider Matthias , Junge Henrik , Beller Matthias 
Published: November 2017

AbstractNovel nanostructured catalysts with highly dispersed cobalt have been synthesized by the pyrolysis of metal phenanthroline complexes. Materials with significantly different properties were obtained by simply tuning the metal/ligand ratio. The catalytic potential of this class of compounds is shown by the first example of the dehydrogenation of formic acid under the catalysis of atomically dispersed cobalt. From TEM, XPS, and XRD characterization, KSCN poisoning, and acid leaching, the formation of CoNx species as the active site seems key to the success of this reaction. Excellent stability and recyclability make this new catalyst also attractive for other applications.
Photoinduced Remote Functionalisations by Iminyl Radical Promoted C−C and C−H Bond Cleavage Cascades
Authors: Dauncey Elizabeth M. , Morcillo Sara P. , Douglas James J. , Sheikh Nadeem S. , Leonori Daniele 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA photoinduced cascade strategy leading to a variety of differentially functionalised nitriles and ketones has been developed. These reactions rely on the oxidative generation of iminyl radicals from simple oximes. Radical transposition by C(sp3)−(sp3) and C(sp3)−H bond cleavage gives access to distal carbon radicals that undergo SH2 functionalisations. These mild, visible‐light‐mediated procedures can be used for remote fluorination, chlorination, and azidation, and were applied to the modification of bioactive and structurally complex molecules.
Development of an Efficient Biosensor for the In Vivo Monitoring of Cu+ and pH in the Brain: Rational Design and Synthesis of Recognition Molecules
Authors: Liu Wei , Dong Hui , Zhang Limin , Tian Yang 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn efficient biosensor was created for the ratiometric monitoring of Cu+ and pH in the brain using both current and potential outputs. A series of N,N‐bis(2‐[2‐(ethylthio)ethyl])‐based (NS4s) derivatives was designed for the specific recognition of Cu+. After systematically evaluating the electrochemical parameters of Cu+ oxidation by tuning alkyl chain length, polyaromatic structure, and substitute group site of NS4, N,N‐bis(2‐[2‐(ethylthio)ethyl])‐2‐naphthamide (NS4‐C1) was finally optimized for Cu+ detection as it showed the most negative potential and the largest current density. At the same time, 9,10‐anthraquinone was used as a selective pH sensor with 2,2′‐azino‐bis(3‐ethylbenzthiazoline‐6‐sulfonic acid) as an internal reference. This single biosensor with both current and potential signal outputs can simultaneously determine Cu+ concentrations from 0.5 to 9.5 μm and pH values ranging from 6.0 to 8.0. The efficient biosensor was applied to the simultaneous detection of Cu+ and pH in the live brain. The average levels of Cu+ were reported for the first time in the cortex, hippocampus, and striatum in a mouse model of Alzheimer's disease.
Radical Cyclization of Alkene‐Tethered Ketones Initiated by Hydrogen‐Atom Transfer
Authors: Saladrigas Mar , Bosch Caroline , Saborit Gisela V. , Bonjoch Josep , Bradshaw Ben 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn unprecedented C−C coupling reaction between alkenes and ketones by hydrogen‐atom transfer, using Fe(acac)3 and PhSiH3 in EtOH, is described. This mild protocol features high site selectivity and allows the construction of sterically congested structures containing tertiary alcohols and quaternary centers. The overall process introduces a novel strategic bond disconnection for ring‐closing reactions.
Synthesis of a novel organosoluble, biocompatible, and antibacterial chitosan derivative for biomedical applications
Authors: Rizwan Muhammad , Yahya Rosiyah , Hassan Aziz , Yar Muhammad , Anita Omar Ros , Azari Pedram , Danial Azzahari Ahmad , Selvanathan Vidhya , Rageh Al‐Maleki Anis , Venkatraman Gopinath 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTElectrospun materials have a number of applications in the tissue engineering field. However, the limited solubility of chitosan (CS), especially in organic solvents, makes its electrospinning with other synthetic organosoluble polymers impossible. In this article, we report the synthesis of a novel organosoluble derivative of CS through the application of a simple synthetic methodology. CS was reacted with 1,3‐diethyl‐2‐thiobarbituric acid (DETBA) with triethylorthoformate in the presence of methanol and acetic acid (4:1). The functional groups in the synthesized materials were confirmed by Fourier transform infrared and solid‐state NMR spectroscopy, whereas X‐ray diffraction revealed the level of crystallinity. The CS derivative (CS–DETBA) was tested for its cytotoxic effects on human gastric adenocarcinoma AGS cells and was found to be nontoxic. The prepared derivative showed a much enhanced inhibitory effect on the growth of three bacterial strains, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Staphylococcus aureus, over that of CS itself. Overall, CS–DETBA showed good solubility in a range of organic solvents, such as dimethyl sulfoxide and N,N‐dimethylformamide, and was blended with polycaprolactone (PCL) to form films and electrospun nanofibers. The morphologies of the synthesized materials were analyzed by field emission scanning electron microscopy, and the fiber diameter was 360 nm under optimum conditions. This study demonstrated that the CS–DETBA–PCL blend could be a potential material for tissue engineering and biomedical applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45905.
Integrated Dynamics Control and Energy Efficiency Optimization for Overactuated Electric Vehicles
Authors: Li Boyuan , Du Haiping , Li Weihua , Zhang Bangji 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA large number of studies have been conducted on the dynamics control of electric vehicles or on the optimization of their energy efficiency but few studies have looked at both of these together. In this study, an integrated dynamics control and energy efficiency optimization strategy is proposed for overactuated electric vehicles, where the control of both longitudinal and lateral dynamics is dealt with while the energy efficiency is optimized. First, considering the trade‐off between control performance and energy efficiency, criteria are defined to categorize the vehicle motion status as linear pure longitudinal motion and non‐linear motion or turning motion. Then different optimization targets are developed for different motion status. For the pure linear longitudinal motion and cornering motion, the energy efficiency and vehicle dynamics performance are equally important and a trade‐off control performance between them needs to be achieved. For the non‐linear turning motion, vehicle handling and stability performance are the primary concerns, and energy efficiency is a secondary target. Based on the defined targets, the desired longitudinal and lateral tyre forces and yaw moment are then optimally distributed to the wheel driving and steering torques. Finally numerical simulations are used to verify the effectiveness of the proposed strategies. The simulation results show that the proposed strategies can provide good dynamics control performance with less energy consumption.