bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Late 19th-Century British Perspective on Modern Foreign Language Learning, Teaching, and Reform
Authors: Perlman Lorch Marjorie 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe late 19th century saw a great rise in private foreign language learning and increasing provision of Modern foreign language teaching in schools. Evidence is presented to document the uptake of innovations in Thomas Prendergast’s (1807–1886) “Mastery System” by both individual language learners and educationalists. Although it has previously been suggested that Prendergast’s method failed to have much impact, this study clearly demonstrates the major influence he had on approaches to language learning and teaching in Britain and around the world both with his contemporaries and long after his death. This detailed case study illuminates the landscape of modern language pedagogy in Victorian Britain.
Dose–volume analysis of predictors for chronic gastrointestinal complications in patients with cervical cancer treated with postoperative concurrent chemotherapy and whole-pelvic radiation therapy
Authors: Isohashi Fumiaki , Mabuchi Seiji , Akino Yuichi , Yoshioka Yasuo , Seo Yuji , Suzuki Osamu , Tamari Keisuke , Yoshino Kiyoshi , Sawada Kenjiro , Ueda Yutaka , Kobayashi Eiji , Sumida Iori , Mizuno Hirokazu , Okubo Hirofumi , Kimura Tadashi , Ogawa Kazuhiko 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The purpose of this study is to evaluate dose–volume histogram (DVH) predictors for the development of chronic gastrointestinal (GI) complications in patients with cervical cancer who have undergone postoperative concurrent chemotherapy and whole-pelvic radiation therapy (WPRT). The subjects were 135 patients who had undergone postoperative WPRT with concurrent nedaplatin-based chemotherapy between 2000 and 2014. Associations between selected DVH parameters and the incidence of chronic GI complications of G3 or higher were evaluated. Chronic GI complications of severity G3 occurred in 18 (13%) patients. Patients with GI complications had significantly greater V5–V45, mean dose and the generalized equivalent uniform dose (gEUD) of the small bowel loops, compared with those without GI complications. V30–V45, mean dose and gEUD of the bowel bag also showed significant differences between patients with and without GI complications. In contrast, no parameter for the large bowel loop was correlated with GI complications. Receiver operating characteristics curve analysis indicated that V30–V45 of the small bowel loops were better predictors than these respective parameters for the bowel bag. Next, patients were divided into four groups based on the median V15 and V40 of the small bowel loops. The group with both a high V15 and a high V40 showed a significantly higher probability of chronic GI complications. In conclusion, the small bowel loops are better predictors of chronic GI complications compared with the bowel bag, and a relatively high-dose volume (e.g. V40) of the small bowel loops is a useful predictor of chronic GI complications.
From Bench to Bedside and Back Again
Authors: Maze Mervyn 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Dexmedetomidine Diminishes Halothane Anesthetic Requirements in Rats Through a Postsynaptic Alpha 2 Adrenergic Receptor. By Segal IS, Vickery RG, Walton JK, Doze VA, and Maze M. Anesthesiology 1988; 125:590–4. Abstract reprinted with permission.
The effect of 4(5)-[1-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)ethyl]imidazole (medetomidine), the α2 adrenergic agonist, on anesthetic requirements was investigated in rats anesthetized with halothane. Halothane MAC was determined before and after either dexmedetomidine (d-enantiomer) or levomedetomidine (l-enantiomer) 10, 30, and 100 μg/kg, or vehicle intraperitoneally. There was a dose-dependent increase in MAC with the d-, but not the l-, stereoisomer. At the highest dose of dexmedetomidine (100 μg/kg), halothane could be discontinued for up to 30 min with no response to tail clamping. To determine whether α2 adrenoreceptors mediated this effect of dexmedetomidine on MAC, cohorts of rats were pretreated with idazoxan, 10 mg/kg intraperitoneally, a highly selective α2 antagonist. This completely prevented the reduction of MAC caused by dexmedetomidine. To determine whether the reduction of MAC caused by dexmedetomidine was mediated in part through either opiate or adenosine receptors, groups of rats were pretreated with either naltrexone, 5 mg/kg intraperitoneally, an opiate antagonist, or 8-phenyltheophylline, 2.5 mg/kg intraperitoneally, an A1 adenosine antagonist. These two pretreatments did not alter the reduction of MAC by dexmedetomidine. To determine whether postsynaptic mechanisms mediate the anesthetic effect of dexmedetomidine, rats were depleted of central catecholamine stores with either n-(2-chloroethyl)-n-ethyl-2-bromobenzylamine or reserpine and α-methyl-para-tyrosine, and MAC was determined before and after each dose of dexmedetomidine. While the catecholamine-depleted rats had a lower basal MAC than the vehicle controls, there was still a profound reduction in halothane MAC after administration of dexmedetomidine. The reduction of MAC by dexmedetomidine was blocked with idazoxan in the catecholamine-depleted rats. These data indicate that the reduction of MAC caused by dexmedetomidine is mediated through α2 adrenoreceptors with no apparent involvement of either opiate or A1 adenosine receptors. Data from catecholamine-depleted rats suggest that the mediating mechanism must involve site(s) other than or in addition to the presynaptic α2 adrenergic receptors on noradrenergic neurons. The authors conclude that central postsynaptic α2 adrenergic receptors mediate a significant part of the reduction of anesthetic requirements caused by dexmedetomidine.
SCLEROMYXEDEMA WITH RETINAL VASCULITIS AND MACULAR EDEMA
Authors: Gutiérrez-Aguirre Karen I. , Stewart Michael W. , Sluzevich Jason C. 
Published: June 2016

Background/Purpose:
To describe the findings and clinical course of a patient with scleromyxedema complicated by retinal vasculitis and macular edema.

Methods:
Interventional case report.

Results:
A 64-year old Caucasian woman with recently diagnosed, biopsy proven scleromyxedema presented with decreased visual acuity (20/50 OD; 20/100 OS) due to retinal vasculitis and macular edema. She received intravitreal bevacizumab and subtenon's triamcinolone acetonide for the macular edema, and bilateral pars plana vitrectomies were required for vitreous hemorrhages. Monthly intravenous infusions of immunoglobulins (IVIG) resulted in resolution of the macular edema and vasculitis, and stabilization of the VA (20/40 OD; counting fingers at 6 feet OS).

Conclusion:
Scleromyxedema may be complicated by retinal vasculitis and macular edema. Treatment with corticosteroids and vascular endothelial growth factor inhibitors may be minimally effective but IVIG should be considered for both the ocular and systemic findings.
Disseminated Aspergillosis in a Previously Immunocompetent Host: A Case Report
Authors: Smith Joshua , Noor Aliya , Hage Chadi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Aspergillus infection can manifest in a variety of ways ranging from allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis to disseminated aspergillosis. Invasive disease is typically seen in the immunocompromised population but may rarely affect immunocompetent hosts. We present a case of a 48-year-old previously healthy man initially presenting with septic shock and multiorgan system failure. After stabilization, he developed persistent fevers with worsening mental status. Imaging of the brain revealed multiple hemorrhages with impending brain herniation. Postmortem examination revealed purulent abscesses in multiple organs with culture and microscopic evaluation revealing Aspergillus fumigatus.
Gamma-rhythmic Gain Modulation
Authors: Ni Jianguang , Wunderle Thomas , Lewis Christopher M. , Desimone Robert , Diester Ilka , Fries Pascal 
Published: June 2016

SummaryCognition requires the dynamic modulation of effective connectivity, i.e. the modulation of the postsynaptic neuronal response to a given input. If postsynaptic neurons are rhythmically active, this might entail rhythmic gain modulation, such that inputs synchronized to phases of high gain benefit from enhanced effective connectivity. We show that visually induced gamma-band activity in awake macaque area V4 rhythmically modulates responses to unpredictable stimulus events. This modulation exceeded a simple additive superposition of a constant response onto ongoing gamma-rhythmic firing, demonstrating the modulation of multiplicative gain. Gamma phases leading to strongest neuronal responses also led to shortest behavioral reaction times, suggesting functional relevance of the effect. Furthermore, we find that constant optogenetic stimulation of anesthetized cat area 21a produces gamma-band activity entailing a similar gain modulation. As the gamma rhythm in area 21a did not spread backwards to area 17, this suggests that postsynaptic gamma is sufficient for gain modulation.
Comparative analysis highlights variable genome content of wheat rusts and divergence of the mating loci
Authors: Cuomo Christina A. , Bakkeren Guus , Khalil Hala Badr , Panwar Vinay , Joly David , Linning Rob , Sakthikumar Sharadha , Song Xiao , Adiconis Xian , Fan Lin , Goldberg Jonathan M. , Levin Joshua Z. , Young Sarah , Zeng Qiandong , Anikster Yehoshua , Bruce Myron , Wang Meinan , Yin Chuntao , McCallum Brent , Szabo Les J. , Hulbert Scot , Chen Xianming , Fellers John P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThree members of thePuccinigenus,P. triticina(Pt),P. striiformis f.sp. tritici(Pst), andP. graminis f.sp. tritici(Pgt), cause the most common and often most significant foliar diseases of wheat. While similar in biology and life cycle, each species is uniquely adapted and specialized. The genomes ofPtandPstwere sequenced and compared to that ofPgtto identify common and distinguishing gene content, to determine gene variation among wheat rust pathogens, other rust fungi and basidiomycetes, and to identify genes of significance for infection.Pthad the largest genome of the three, estimated at 135 Mb with expansion due to mobile elements and repeats encompassing 50.9% of contig bases; by comparison repeats occupy 31.5% forPstand 36.5% forPgt. We find all three genomes are highly heterozygous, withPst(5.97 SNPs/kb) nearly twice the level detected inPt(2.57 SNPs/kb) and that previously reported forPgt. Of 1,358 predicted effectors inPt, 784 were found expressed across diverse life cycle stages including the sexual stage. Comparison to related fungi highlighted the expansion of gene families involved in transcriptional regulation and nucleotide binding, protein modification, and carbohydrate enzyme degradation. Two allelic homeodomain, HD1 and HD2, pairs and three pheromone receptor (STE3) mating-type genes were identified in each dikaryoticPucciniaspecies. The HD proteins were active in a heterologousUstilago maydismating assay and host induced gene silencing of the HD andSTE3alleles reduced wheat host infection.
The Impact of the Minimum Legal Drinking Age on Alcohol‐Related Chronic Disease Mortality
Authors: Plunk Andrew D. , Krauss Melissa J. , Syed‐Mohammed Husham , Hur Michael , Cavzos‐Rehg Patricia A. , Bierut Laura J. , Grucza Richard A. 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundThe minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) of 21 has been associated with a number of benefits compared to lower MLDAs, including long‐term effects, such as reduced risk for alcoholism in adulthood. However, no studies have examined whether MLDA during young adulthood is associated with mortality later in life. We examined whether individuals exposed to permissive MLDA (<21) had higher risk of death from alcohol‐related chronic disease compared to those exposed to the 21 MLDA. Because prior work suggests that MLDA affects college students differently, we also conducted conditional analyses based on ever having attended college.MethodsData from the 1990 through 2010 U.S. Multiple Cause‐of‐Death files were combined with data on the living population and analyzed. We included individuals who turned 18 during the years 1967 to 1990, the period during which MLDA varied across states. We examined records on death from several alcohol‐related chronic diseases, employing a quasi‐experimental approach to control for unobserved state characteristics and stable time trends.ResultsIndividuals who reported any college attendance did not exhibit significant associations between MLDA and mortality for the causes of death we examined. However, permissive MLDA for those who never attended college was associated with 6% higher odds for death from alcoholic liver disease, 8% higher odds for other liver disease, and 7% higher odds for lip/oral/pharynx cancers (odds ratio [OR] = 1.06, 95% confidence interval [CI] [1.02, 1.10]; OR = 1.08, 95% CI [1.03, 1.13]; OR = 1.07, 95% CI [1.03, 1.12], respectively).ConclusionsThe 21 MLDA likely protects against risk of death from alcohol‐related chronic disease across the lifespan, at least for those who did not attend college. This is consistent with other work that shows that the long‐term association between MLDA and alcohol‐related outcomes is specific to those who did not attend college.
Wildlife Habitat Is Similar at Mined Versus Unmined Sites 30 Years Following Surface Mining for Coal in Southern Illinois
Authors: Nielsen Clayton K. , Kelly Veronica L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRiparian ecosystems provide important habitat for wildlife and serve as corridors for animal movements. Surface mining activities clearly impact wildlife habitat by removing vegetation needed by wildlife. However, few studies have assessed longer‐term success of habitat restoration in riparian ecosystems following surface mining. During 2012–13, we evaluated microhabitat quality at three stream segments restored 30 years ago following surface mining for coal and one unmined stream segment in Perry County, Illinois. Microhabitat differences were very minor among restored and control stream sites. Of the 41 habitat variables measured, 14 differed among sites, four of which were uncorrelated: canopy cover, overstory hard mast, bare ground, and herbaceous ground cover; thus, restored riparian buffers were comparable to unmined sites, indicating that habitat restoration efforts were successful. Our analysis from data collected at Burning Star 4 mine in Perry County, Illinois, is of value to land managers for it shows how the reclamation process has successfully jump‐started wildlife habitat in buffers around streams affected by mining.
Historical biogeography of the short‐faced scorpionflies (Insecta: Mecoptera: Panorpodidae)
Authors: Hu Gui‐Lin , Hua Bao‐Zhen 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimPanorpodidae is a species‐poor family of Mecoptera, containing only 13 species in its two genera, Panorpodes and Brachypanorpa. They are found disjunctly in eastern Asia and North America, and this distribution has been deeply affected by the region's complex geological and climatic history. We calculate a time‐calibrated molecular phylogeny and use it to reconstruct the historical biogeography of the Panorpodidae, in order to explore the family's phylogenetic origin and the biogeographical process that resulted in the present disjunct distribution.LocationEastern Asia and North America.MethodsSequence data from mitochondrial (COI and COII) and nuclear DNA (28S and EF‐1α) were assembled from eight ingroup species. A phylogeny was reconstructed using maximum‐likelihood analysis and Bayesian inference, and divergence times were estimated using fossil‐calibrated Bayesian analysis. Ancestral areas were reconstructed with rasp 3.02, implementing dispersal–vicariance analysis, dispersal–extinction–cladogenesis and Bayesian binary MCMC.ResultsThe initial diversification of Panorpodidae occurred during the Ypresian (c. 53.9 Ma). A wide ancestral distribution in eastern Asia and western North America was inferred from the biogeographical analyses. The original range of Panorpodes across eastern Asia and western North America was fragmented by intercontinental vicariance. The genus Brachypanorpa was initially restricted to western North America and subsequently dispersed into eastern regions of North America.Main conclusionsTwo alternative biogeographical patterns were recovered. Either Panorpodidae was restricted to western North America in the Eocene and subsequently dispersed into eastern Asia or – more reasonably – it was widely distributed in western North America, eastern Asia and Europe during the Eocene. Our biogeographical reconstructions corroborate the significant role of vicariance in shaping the current eastern Asian and North American disjunction in Panorpodes. The geographical separation of western and eastern North American Brachypanorpa species is likely to have resulted from the uplift of the Rocky Mountains and the emergence of grassland biomes in central North America.
Biological traits yield divergent phylogeographical patterns between two aphids living on the same host plants
Authors: Fang Fang , Chen Jing , Jiang Li‐Yun , Chen Rui , Qiao Ge‐Xia 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimAnimals' phylogeographical patterns are frequently explained by Pleistocene glacial fluctuations and topographical environments. However, species‐specific biological traits are thought to have profound impacts on distribution patterns, particularly in aphids. We hypothesize that the phylogeographical patterns and/or population dynamics of two sympatric aphids may be different due to their different reproductive modes and feeding sites, even though they share the same hosts and environmental conditions.LocationChina.MethodsWe explored our hypothesis in Chaitophorus saliniger and Tuberolachnus salignus, two aphids that share the same host plants (genus Salix) but differ biologically. Chaitophorus saliniger is characterized by alternating sexual and asexual reproduction and only feeds on willow leaves, whereas T. salignus has obligate asexual reproduction and feeds on trunks and branches. The genetic diversity, population structure and demographic history of the aphids were analysed based on both mitochondrial DNA (cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b) and nuclear DNA (translation elongation factor 1 alpha). Ecological niche models (ENMs) were used to explore historical changes in distribution. The chief environmental variables that discriminate the different haplogroups were identified through multivariate statistical analysis.ResultsThere were striking differences in the phylogeographical patterns between the species. The sexual C. saliniger exhibited higher genetic diversity and population variations than the asexual T. salignus. According to genetic analyses and ENMs, both species experienced glacial contraction and post‐glacial expansion. Multivariate statistical analysis revealed that the climatic differences between the divergent haplogroups were explained by principal components mainly loaded with temperature and elevation.Main conclusionsOur results suggest that species‐specific biological traits and historical climate fluctuations have both shaped the current phylogeographical patterns of both aphid species. Their distinct genetic diversity and population structures highlight the importance of intrinsic biological features in driving phylogeographical patterns.
Cohesin subunits, STAG1 and STAG2, and cohesin regulatory factor, PDS5b, in oral squamous cells carcinomas
Authors: França Josiane Alves , Diniz Marina Gonçalves , Bernardes Vanessa Fátima , Costa‐Silva Raíssa Cristina , Souza Renan Pedra , Gomez Ricardo Santiago , Gomes Carolina Cavaliéri 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundCohesin complex is responsible for sister chromatid cohesion. STAG1/STAG2 is part of the complex, which is regulated by PDS5B. Alterations in these genes were described in tumors. PDS5B is a negative regulator of cell proliferation. We aimed to assess molecular alterations in these genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) and predict their expression by the expression of 84 cell cycle genes. In addition, we investigated whether pds5b protein expression impacted ki‐67 and p53 immunopositivity.MethodsWe assessed loss of heterozygosity (LOH) at STAG1 and STAG2 loci in 15 OSCC using three polymorphic markers. Associations between the immunoexpression of pds5b and ki‐67 and p53 were tested in 62 samples. Differences between transcriptional levels of STAG1, STAG2, and PDS5B between OSCC and normal oral mucosa (NM) were evaluated by qPCR. An 84 cell cycle genes qPCR array was carried with OSCC samples, and STAG1, STAG2, and PDS5B were independently used as response variables in multiple linear regression models.ResultsLoss of heterozygosity in at least one marker was observed in three samples. pds5b, p53, and ki‐67 were highly expressed, and no association was found between pds5b immunoexpression and ki‐67 or p53 (P > 0.05). OSCC and NM showed similar transcriptional levels of STAG1, STAG2, and PDS5B. STAG1 and CUL3 expression seem to be related (P = 0.004).ConclusionsThere is LOH at STAG1 and STAG2 loci in OSCC, but OSCC and NM showed similar transcriptional levels of STAG1, STAG2, and PDS5B. pds5b immunoexpression in OSCC was high, but it was not associated with proliferation cell index.
Silicon‐Induced Changes in the Antioxidant System Reduce Soybean Resistance to Frogeye Leaf Spot
Authors: Telles Nascimento Kelly Juliane , Debona Daniel , Silveira Patrícia Ricardino , Silva Leandro Castro , DaMatta Fabio Murilo , Rodrigues Fabricio Ávila 
Published: June 2016

AbstractFrogeye leaf spot (FLS), caused by the fungus Cercospora sojina, is one of the most important soybean diseases and can cause great yield losses. Several studies have demonstrated that silicon (Si) enhances the plant antioxidant system, especially when they are subjected to stresses. Thus, this study was designed to evaluate the effect of Si on soybean resistance to FLS, on the antioxidant system, on the concentration of reactive oxygen species and on cellular damage during the infection process of C. sojina. Plants from cultivars Bossier and Conquista, susceptible and resistant to FLS, respectively, were supplied with either 0 (−Si) or 2 mm (+Si) and non‐inoculated or inoculated with C. sojina. FLS severity was greater for Bossier than for Conquista, regardless of the Si supply, and it was increased by Si for both cultivars. The activities of the most antioxidant enzymes were lower in the +Si plants than in the −Si plants when they were not inoculated. Inoculated plants usually showed an increased enzyme activities and higher concentrations of ascorbate and reduced glutathione than did the non‐inoculated plants, regardless of Si supply. At advanced stages of fungal infection, the +Si‐inoculated plants from Bossier had higher activity of most antioxidant enzymes and higher concentrations of superoxide and malondialdehyde compared to the non‐inoculated plants as a result of an increased oxidative stress. The results from this study provide the first evidence that Si reduces the basal activity of antioxidant enzymes in soybean leaves leading to an increase in host susceptibility to FLS.