bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wave Theory
Authors: Guenther B. D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A traveling wave on a string is used to find the functional form of a one-dimensional wave. Following a discussion of the energy associated with the traveling wave, the one-dimensional model associated with the string illustration is extended to three dimensions. The displacement of the wave discussed in this chapter is assumed to be a scalar function and the theory is called a scalar wave theory. The Helmholtz equation and the dispersion relation are discussed and the concepts of wavenumber, phase velocity, and wavefront are introduced.
Dispersion
Authors: Guenther B. D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The result of sluggish response of atoms and molecules to light waves is dispersion (i.e., variation of the index of refraction with frequency). A classical model is used to visualize the optical response of materials. The model first treats a system of noninteracting charges. The complexity of the theory is increased by adding an unspecified force between two charges to produce a restoring force when acted upon by an electromagnetic field. Finally, pairs of charges are allowed to interact. The resulting theory explains the origin of a complex dielectric constant and the observation of resonant absorption, but quantum theory is required to calculate experimentally observable parameters. Anomalous dispersion can yield both a phase and a group velocity greater than the speed of light (superluminal propagation). The theory developed to explain this apparent contradiction with the theory of relativity is discussed. The special case of metals and surface plasmons is discussed.
Coherence
Authors: Guenther B. D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The mathematical implementation of a comparison of two quantities is the correlation operation. This chapter develops the connection between coherence theory and correlation via Fourier theory and discusses the experimental techniques that duplicate the correlation operation, for example the Michelson interferometer and Young’s two-slit configuration. The coherence function is calculated for a typical spectral distribution found in emission or absorption spectroscopy, and the spatial coherence of a line source aids in understanding the use of Michelson’s stellar interferometer to measure the spatial extent of a star. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) utilizes the temporal coherence of a superluminous diode to generate high-spatial-resolution images for medical applications, especially in ophthalmology. Intensity correlation and the Hanbury Brown and Twiss experiment are discussed.
Fraunhofer Diffraction
Authors: Guenther B. D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The Huygens–Fresnel integral is solved with the assumption that all waves in the aperture are plane waves. This assumption leads to Fraunhofer diffraction. Diffraction is a strong function of source coherence, and its impact is discussed. It is demonstrated that Fraunhofer diffraction is mathematically identical to the Fourier transform integral, and this is used to calculate diffraction from rectangular and circular apertures as well as arrays of apertures. The fact that Fraunhofer diffraction appears in the back focal plane of a lens leads to Abbe’s theory of a microscope. The use of the Fourier theory allows the development of a theory for coherent and incoherent imaging systems. This theory explains the operation of the phase contrast microscope, optical pattern recognition, and the resolution limits of imaging systems. An introduction to computational imaging and coded apertures is also given.
Periodic Index of Refraction
Authors: Guenther B. D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Diffraction can be used to increase the performance of optical systems. Two theoretical approaches are discussed, based on materials with a periodic index of refraction: holography and photonic crystals. A hologram is basically the recording of a interference pattern created by a reference wave and a signal wave. A theory is developed based on point objects that can be viewed as generating Fresnel zone lenses. An initial examination of holography treats the recording and reconstruction of interference patterns, using collinearly propagating reference and signal waves. The recording is assumed to be an amplitude recording, and the model developed allows specifications to be placed on the recording material and coherence requirements on the light source. The phase recording is outlined in an appendix. In the general discussion of photonic crystals, Bloch waves are used to describe propagation in a one-dimensional periodic potential created by periodic modulation of the index of refraction.
Anisotropy
Authors: Guenther B. D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Optical anisotropic materials have an index of refraction that varies with the propagation direction in the material. These materials are said to be birefringent. In an anisotropic material, the two vectors E and D are no longer parallel to one another, requiring the use of tensors to describe birefringence. Some of the properties of tensors and a geometrical construct used to aid in the interpretation of symmetric second-rank tensors are presented. There are two descriptions of propagation in an anisotropic material, and both geometrical constructions are described. The nonzero scalar product E⋅k≠0 leads to Fresnel’s equation. Some materials will rotate the plane of polarization, and a brief discussion of what is called optical activity is given.
Nonlinear Optics
Authors: Guenther B. D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The relationship between P and E is assumed to be described by a power series, and nonlinear effects are assumed to be small perturbations of linear behavior. Maxwell’s equations are used to obtain the equation of motion for a wave propagating in a nonlinear medium. The nonlinear behavior is characterized through a nonlinear dielectric susceptibility. Experimental nonlinear effects are discussed in terms of a nonlinear optical coefficient. The effects of crystal symmetry are discussed. Phase matching is introduced and methods are described. Second-harmonic generation is discussed, as is phase conjugation arising from third-order nonlinearities.
Homeric Epic and its Reception
Authors: Schein Seth L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
This book consists of twelve chapters written over the past forty-five years. Nine are revised and in some cases expanded versions of previously published papers. Chapters 7, 9, and 11 are new. The twelve chapters reflect the author’s long-standing interest in, and approaches to, the literary interpretation of Homeric poetry. Some focus closely on the diction, metre, style, and thematic resonance of particular passages and episodes and move from close readings to broad ideas and interpretations; others explore the usefulness of mythological allusion, Homeric intertextuality, hexameter metrics, and the contrast between humanity and divinity as interpretive pathways into the poems; still others explore the contributions to the literary interpretation of Homeric poetry by Milman Parry and Ioannis Kakridis, who founded the two most fruitful twentieth-century scholarly approaches to Homeric epic: the study of the poems as traditional oral formulaic poetry and of ‘the epic technique of oral versemaking’ (Parry) and the Neoanalytical emphasis on the Homeric adaptation and transformation of traditional mythology, folktales, and poetic motifs (Kakridis). The final three chapters discuss some of the most compelling poetic and critical receptions of the Iliad since the late nineteenth century and the institutional reception of the Iliad and Odyssey in colleges and universities in the United States over the past two centuries. All twelve chapters gain strength by being brought together in a single volume that focuses on the iliad, the Odyssey, and the Homeric Hymn to Aphrodite as literary works.
Odysseus and Polyphemos in the Odyssey
Authors: Schein Seth L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The story of Odysseus and Polyphemos in Book 9 of the Odyssey differs in five respects from the well known, wide-spread folk-tale of a hero trapped in a cave by a one-eyed, giant shepherd: Polyphemos eats his victims raw, not cooked; he is blinded by an olive-wood stake instead of a metal spit, and put to sleep by drinking too much wine, not as a result of his meal; Odysseus tells the Cyclops that his name is ‘Nobody’ rather then ‘Myself’, and he and his men are almost killed when Odysseus shouts out his real name, not when a magic ring, a gift of the giant shepherd, begins to shout ‘here I am’. These differences makes sense in light of themes, ideas, and ethical values central to the poem and illustrate the poet’s technique of appropriating and adapting traditional folklore and mythology in accordance his own poetic purposes.
‘War—What is it Good For?’ in Homer’s Iliad and Four Receptions
Authors: Schein Seth L. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The most compelling twentieth- and twenty-first-century receptions of Homer’s Iliad often fail to do justice to the complexity of its representation of war. These receptions dwell on the brutal, dehumanizing features of Iliadic warfare, its physical and psychological harshness and destructiveness, the pathos of its victims and its cost in human terms, but they rarely capture the ‘joy of battle’ (charmê) that warriors ‘remember’ and call on their comrades to ‘remember’ in the midst of battle, or the economic, social, and almost metaphysical fruitfulness of war as a means of winning honour and glory. Detailed attention to the critical receptions by Simone Weil and Rachel Bespaloff and the poetic receptions of Alice Oswald and Christopher Logue show in detail how these authors understand, interpret, and transform the Iliadic representation of warfare in accordance with their own experiences, insights, and values.
An Uneasy Smile
Authors: Bakker Mathieu de 
Published: January 2016

AbstractHerodotus, in contrast to some of his contemporaries, does not commit himself to the medium of maps. Instead, he ridicules mapmakers for the content and pretence of their works and makes characters like Aristagoras and Xerxes fail in their aspirations when they attempt to view the world from a higher, cartographical vantage point. Herodotus’ alternative approach is to describe space from the down-to-earth perspective of a wandering traveller and measure distance in temporal rather than spatial units. The advantage of this so-called ‘hodological’ perspective, however, can be questioned. In the polemical Egypt book, for instance, Herodotus yields to the methods of cartographers with an eye to upholding his authority. In battle scenes, meanwhile, the use of the perspective contributes to an impression of ignorance on Herodotus’ part about the course of the events, and to the anecdotal, piecemeal structure that characterizes these passages.
Pots in Space
Authors: Brughmans Tom , Poblome Jeroen 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRoman tableware distribution is traditionally explored through establishing presences in specific places, often visualized as dots on a map. As such these attestations seem to represent distinct entities that do not relate, other than in their relative proximity. This chapter challenges an exclusively geographical perspective of tableware distribution by proposing a networks approach for exploring ceramic distributions. It states that it is equally informing to explore the dynamics between physical and relational space. This chapter aims at addressing the following issues: To what extent can the relationships between attestations of tableware sherds inform us on processes that led to the distribution of the original vessels as we know it, and how can topological and geographical networks complement each other in understanding such processes?
Tracing Networks
Authors: Foxhall Lin , Rebay-Salisbury Katharina 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMaterial culture is pivotal in the construction and maintenance of contacts between people and allows exploring networks and geographical connections ‘below the radar’ of texts like Herodotus’. ‘Tracing Networks’, a research programme funded by the Leverhulme Trust, used the chaîne opératoire and Cross-Craft Interaction as systematic frameworks to investigate networks of craftspeople and craft traditions across and beyond the Mediterranean region c.1500–200 bc. Scientific analytical techniques and semantic web technology contribute to tracking movements of objects and help to explain how and why traditions, techniques, and technologies change and cross cultural boundaries. The networks this chapter shows being reconstructed using everyday objects seem mundane, but they add a crucial component in understanding the ancient world: how people, while sourcing raw materials, learning crafts, and trading objects experienced their world.
Verbal Expressions of Geographical Information
Authors: Eide Øyvind 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis chapter explores differences between maps and verbal texts which have consequences not only for how things are said, but also for what can be said in each of the two media. It expands on the claim that Herodotus’ contribution can serve as a critique of cartographic reason, linking up with a discussion of the consequences of the ongoing spatial turn in the humanities. Mapping is compared to modelling in digital humanities and is seen as a process of coming to know stable maps and models. The chapter also shows how the studies of the sister arts of poetry and painting, the Ut pictura poesis tradition leading up to intermedia studies, are relevant for the relationship between narrative texts and geographical maps in general. This diachronic approach can help us better understand the problems of representing space, in antiquity as well as today.
Martingale unobserved component models
Authors: Shephard Neil 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThis chapter generalizes the familiar linear Gaussian unobserved component models or structural time series models to martingale unobserved component models. This generates forecasts whose rate of discounting of data is time-varying or local. How to handle such models is shown, effectively using an auxiliary particle filter which deploys M competing Kalman filters run in parallel. Here, one thinks of M as being 1000 or more. The model is applied to inflation forecasting. The martingale unobserved component model generalizes in several ways, to allow for trends, cycles, and seasonal components, and the methods developed in this chapter can be extended in the same way.
On detecting end-of-sample instabilities
Authors: Busetti Fabio 
Published: January 2016

AbstractTests of parameter instabilities are likely to have low power when changepoints occur towards the end of the sample. This chapter considers various modifications to existing tests and introduces new statistics designed to have high power in such circumstances. The properties of both Wald-type tests of a one-time shift in the parameters and locally most powerful (LMP) tests against the hypothesis of random walk coefficients are examined. Asymptotic critical values of the tests are provided and their properties are evaluated in finite samples. Empirical illustrations describe the use of the tests for detecting structural changes at the time of the “Great Recession.”
Improved frequentist prediction intervals for autoregressive models by simulation
Authors: Helske Jouni , Nyblom Jukka 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIt is well known that the so-called plug-in prediction intervals for autoregressive processes, with Gaussian disturbances, are too short, i.e. the coverage probabilities fall below the nominal ones. However, simulation experiments show that the formulas borrowed from the ordinary linear regression theory yield one-step prediction intervals, which have coverage probabilities very close to that claimed. From a Bayesian point of view the resulting intervals are posterior predictive intervals when uniform priors are assumed for both autoregressive coefficients and logarithm of the disturbance variance. This finding enables one to see how to treat multi-step prediction intervals that are obtained by simulation either directly from the posterior distribution or using importance sampling. An application of the method to forecasting the annual gross domestic product growth in the United Kingdom and Spain is given for the period 2002 to 2011 using the estimation period 1962 to 2001.
The superiority of the LM test in a class of econometric models where the Wald test performs poorly
Authors: Ma Jun , Nelson Charles R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn models having a representation y=γ·g(β,x) + ɛ the standard Wald test for β has systematically been the wrong size in finite samples when the identifying parameter γ is small relative to its estimation error. This chapter looks at the Lagrange multiplier test based on linearization of g(.) which may be interpreted as an approximation to an exact test for a ratio of regression coefficients, or as a reduced form test which is exact when g(.) is linear. It shows that this test has nearly the correct size in nonlinear regression, ARMA, GARCH, and unobserved components models when the Wald test performs poorly.
Do plant traits predict the competitive abilities of closely related species?
Authors: Schwartz Lauren M. , Gibson David J. , Young Bryan G. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractInvasive species are a threat to every ecosystem. There is a strong incentive to predict which species will become invasive before they become too widespread and unmanageable. Different approaches have been advocated to assess invasive species potential. These include examining plant functional traits, quantifying competitive ability and phylogenetic comparison. In this study, we conducted experiments based on the above approaches in a multi-year, temporally replicated, set of experiments to compare these assessment methods to determine the invasive potential of Japanese chaff flower ( Achyranthes japonica ). We compared plant traits and competitive ability of Japanese chaff flower with two agricultural invasive species, Palmer amaranth ( Amaranthus palmeri ) and tall waterhemp ( Amaranthus tuberculatus ), and one endangered plant species, bloodleaf ( Iresine rhizomatosa ), in the Amaranthaceae. Additionally, we assessed the invasive potential based on each of these approaches and determined the degree of agreement between them. A relatively conservative assessment integrating all three approaches would be that the competitive ability of closely related individuals with similar functional traits would share invasive potential. In a greenhouse experiment, each of the study species and soya beans were grown as monocultures and were evaluated to assess the drawdown of an aboveground (light) and a belowground (nitrogen) resource. In a field experiment, each study species was grown at varying densities per 15-cm-diameter pot with or without one or two soya bean plants, to simulate relative densities for soya beans grown in 38- and 76-cm-wide row spacing, respectively. In addition, Japanese chaff flower seedlings were planted either as un-manipulated seedlings or as a seedling cut back to the soil surface at the four-node stage (cut Japanese chaff flower) at which point seedlings have reached a perennial growth stage. The greenhouse experiment showed that each species drew down light differently, but not nitrogen. Shading decreased the aboveground biomass of the species in comparison with unshaded controls. Nitrogen, however, increased the aboveground biomass of Palmer amaranth and Japanese chaff flower. In the field experiment, a competitive effect ranking was determined to be: tall waterhemp ≥ Palmer amaranth = cut Japanese chaff flower ≥ uncut Japanese chaff flower ≥ bloodleaf, with the competitive response ranking being the inverse. These results suggest that under specific conditions, these closely related species do exhibit similar competitive abilities. Furthermore, the invasiveness and not the life history or habitat of these closely related species appeared to be the driving factor of competitiveness.
A new inclination instability reshapes Keplerian discs into cones: application to the outer Solar system
Authors: Madigan Ann-Marie , McCourt Michael 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Discs of bodies orbiting a much more massive central object are extremely common in astrophysics. When the orbits comprising such discs are eccentric, we show they are susceptible to a new dynamical instability. Gravitational forces between bodies in the disc drive exponential growth of their orbital inclinations and clustering in their angles of pericentre, expanding an initially thin disc into a conical shape by giving each orbit an identical ‘tilt’ with respect to the disc plane. This new instability dynamically produces the unusual distribution of orbits observed for minor planets beyond Neptune, suggesting that the instability has shaped the outer Solar system. It also implies a large disc mass (∼ 1–10 Earth masses) of scattered bodies at hundreds of au; we predict increasing numbers of detections of minor planets clustered in their angles of pericentre with high inclinations.
Internal rent – experiences from public sector in Norway
Authors: Lædre Ola , Lohne Jardar , Haugen Tore 
Published: January 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to identify the advantages and disadvantages of introducing internal rent and to find the main success factors when introducing internal rent.Design/methodology/approach– This paper’s analysis is based on experience from the introduction of internal rent models within four major Norwegian public organisations. The experience is documented after 19 semi-structured interviews with stakeholders representing the client organisations, property management and tenants.Findings– The major advantage consist in that internal rent compels the different users to discipline concerning the use of space and make them adapt their use to fit the real needs and demand for space suited for their primary activities. The main disadvantage of internal rent consists in the temporary organisational noise that results from the introduction and the permanent extra bureaucratic burden it causes. The success factors for introduction of internal rent are: the users need to perceive the model as of real importance, the property management must take in enough funds to assure reliable maintenance and the client needs to avoid that the tenants think the model is constructed to seize funds.Originality/value– The authors discuss a market-orientated approach to property management, namely, introducing internal rent models. It is more than a decade ago since internal rent was first introduced in the analysed public organisations. Now it is possible to identify the success factors – related to the advantages and disadvantages – from this introduction.