bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effect of NeemAzal and other neem products on mortality, fecundity and frass activity of the larger grain borer Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) infesting maize.
Authors: Ogemah V. , Reichmuth C. , Büttner C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Two NeemAzal products from Trifolio GmbH, Germany, and neem oil and neem seed cake powder of the Kenyan neem tree were tested for their efficacy against the storage pest P. truncatus in the laboratory at (a) low, (b) medium and (c) high rates, containing approximately 1.5, 3 and 6 mg azadirachtin A/kg maize, respectively. The maize samples were stored in 250 ml glass jars at 30°C and 70% relative humidity. After one month of storage, NeemAzal PC KG 01 (0.1% azadirachtin A) at all the tested rates and neem seed oil at high rates caused more than 80% mortality compared with 4% in the control. The two compounds also reduced weight loss to less than 20% of the loss in the control. Neem oil at high rates resulted in the highest mortality after 24 h. Most of the mortality caused by the NeemAzal PC KG 01 at all rates occurred within 7 days of treatment. Insect population increase was completely inhibited by rates of more than 7.5 ml/kg (approx. 22.5 mg azadirachtin A/kg maize) of neem oil and 3 mg azadirachtin A/kg maize of NeemAzal PC KG 01, while the lower dosage levels of neem oil also resulted in significantly fewer progeny compared with the untreated control. Neem oil caused larval mortality in their early developmental stages within the grains. These results are discussed in relation to the existing widely varied reports on the same subject.
Microwave treatment of flowing grain for disinfestation of stored product insects.
Authors: Phillips T. W. , Halverson S. , Bigelow T. , Mbata G. , Halverson W. , Payton M. , Forester S. , Ryas-Duarte P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The research reported here used a microwave unit with a 28 GHz, 200 kW gyrotron to (1) conduct dose-response studies with flowing grain containing different insect species and life stages, to determine those most tolerant to microwaves, and (2) conduct validation studies with a near-commercial-scale applicator using power sufficient to kill 99% of tolerant insects in flowing grain. Dose-response studies used 170-g samples of wheat that each contained about 200 individuals of either eggs, young larvae, or pupae of one of the following pest species: lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae) or red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum). Samples were poured through the test applicator and exposed to powers of 28 GHz microwaves that ranged from 1.8 to 15 kW. The most susceptible insects were the pupae of the rice weevil, and the most tolerant were larvae of the red flour beetle and eggs of the lesser grain borer. A test of exposure time limits showed that the energy needed for effective treatment could be delivered to flowing grain either as high-energy short bursts or lower-energy pulses in longer bursts equal to the grain residence time in the applicator. Validation studies utilized 15 kg lots of hard red winter wheat artificially infested with 150 larvae of the red flour beetle and passed through a larger applicator at near-commercial rates. No insects survived treatment, and grain showed no market quality loss as determined in milling and baking studies. Ancillary studies using 2.45 GHz applied to 15 kg of infested static wheat gave total kill of test insects, and suggested that this commonly used frequency could be applied to disifesting stored grain.
Volatile activity of plant essential oils against stored-product beetle pests.
Authors: Pascual-Villalobos M. J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The insecticidal effects of a group of plant essential oils (caraway, coriander (Coriandrum sativum), sweet basil (Ocimum basilicum) and garland chrysanthemum) were studied against the damaging legume and cereal storage pests Callosobruchus maculatus and Sitophilus granarius. Volatile toxicity was recorded by setting up a bioassay, with experimental units of 0.5 litres, which took into account the pest, the mode of oil application (vapours only, avoiding direct contact) and the stored product. Caraway oil was the most effective, causing 100 and 60% mortality in C. maculatus at 10 µl and 1 µl respectively, while 25 µl was needed to kill 68% of S. granarius adults. Other oils, such as coriander (10 µl) and sweet basil (25 µl), showed activity only against the bruchid. The practical use of such plant derivatives for stored product protection is discussed.
Cyanogen: a possible fumigant for flour/rice mills and space fumigation.
Authors: Ren YongLin Ren YongLin , Le Vu Trang Le Vu Trang 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Cyanogen (C2N2) has potential for use as a fumigant in flour and rice mills, and for space fumigation. This paper compares some of the characteristics of cyanogen, methyl bromide and phosphine used as fumigants for wheat flour.
Phosphine tolerance in two bruchid beetles, Callosobruchus chinensis (L.) and C. maculatus (F.) (Coleoptera: Bruchidae).
Authors: Hasan M. M. , Reichmuth C. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

C. chinensis and C. maculatus mortality induced by phosphine application was evaluated over a range of fixed phosphine concentrations (0.01-6.0 mg/litre) and exposure duration (0.25-48 h) at 25°C and 65% relative humidity. C. maculatus (reared on mung bean) was slightly more tolerant of phosphine than C. chinensis (reared on chickpea). Increases in gas concentration were more effective than increases in exposure time in achieving complete mortality. The concentrations for 50 and 99% mortality in C. maculatus were higher than the corresponding values for C. chinensis, except at 0.25 and 1.00 mg/litre concentrations and 48-h exposure period for 99% mortality. A rate-dependent mortality in both species was observed.
Laboratory bioassay and dose variation of diatomaceous earth surface treatments.
Authors: Cook D. A. , Armitage D. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE) as grain protectant was evaluated. Grain samples were scooped from the surface of treated and untreated bulks of wheat and used to set up efficacy tests under controlled laboratory conditions. Bioassays were carried out at 10, 15 and 25°C, and moisture contents of 16-17% using two mite and two insect species. The mean percentage population inhibition was calculated for surface rates of 3, 2 and 1 g DE/kg after one generation. All rates resulted in 100% inhibition of the mite species Acarus siro and Lepidoglyphus destructor, with the exception of 1 g/kg at 25 and 15°C for A. siro and 2 g/kg at 25°C for L. destructor (99.9%). Among the insects, 100% inhibition was recorded for Oryzaephilus surinamensis, but an inhibition rate of only 61-99%, depending on the rate and temperature, was recorded for the developing stages of Sitophilus granarius. This reduction in population compared to the controls showed that the treatment affected the number of eggs laid. Samples from the 2 g/kg treatment were also used to estimate the evenness of surface treatment. The rate achieved across the surface was between 0.55 and 3.46 g/kg. Although uneven, there was no indication that this affected the efficacy between paired treatments. These results also suggest that DE treatments will still give protection during different stages of cooling and against surface populations that may occur during summer warming and prolonged storage.
Lowering the moisture content of stored grain can gain extra time for cooling to prevent infestation: studies on the development, productivity and survival at two relative humidities of two insect species on whole wheat and artificial diet.
Authors: Fleming D. A. , Armitage D. M. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Comparison of the development times of recently collected UK strains of the saw-toothed grain beetle, Oryzaephilus surinamensis, and the rust-red grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus, indicates that development was extended on whole wheat (cv. Mercia) grain compared with that on the usually employed laboratory diet. The reduction of the relative humidity (rh) from 70 to 50% (15-12% moisture content) substantially reduced the proportion of insects able to complete development on wheat, whereas rh had little effect when a laboratory diet was used. Only a slight variation was observed at 5°C between the survival of O. surinamensis on wheat or on artificial diet; however, at 10°C, O. surinamensis survived for a shorter time on whole grain. If temperatures below 10°C become difficult to achieve, moisture reductions may assist low temperature disinfestation. Productivity on a laboratory diet was enhanced by more than 10-fold compared with that on wheat, and while humidity had no effect on a laboratory diet, it effectively increased the lower temperature-breeding threshold on wheat.
VapomateTM: a non-flammable ethyl formate/liquid carbon dioxide fumigant mixture.
Authors: Ryan R. , Hari Krishna Hari Krishna , Epenhuijsen K. van , Grant N. , Bishop S. , Fontinha M. , Pearson D. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Ignition tests were conducted on a range of mixtures of ethyl formate, carbon dioxide and air to determine the limits of flammability for ethyl formate. A maximum of 15% v/v of ethyl formate vapour in carbon dioxide gas was inert in all proportions with air. A safe maximum rate of 12.5% v/v is recommended based on literature and experimental values for the lower explosiveness limit of ethyl formate.
Laboratory selection for resistance to diatomaceous earth.
Authors: Fields P. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Three selection methods were used to evaluate the development of resistance to diatomaceous earth (DE) in 3 stored products pests. In the first method, the insects were constantly cultured on wheat with a low rate of DE. In the second method, the insects were constantly exposed to DE at a rate two-fold higher than the previous rate applied only to the top half of wheat. In the third method, the adults were exposed to a high DE rate for 10-14 days. DE resulted in 50-80% insect mortality at approximately every 2-3 months. Three insect species were tested: Tribolium castaneum (red flour beetle), Cryptolestes ferrugineus (rusty grain beetle) and Sitophilus oryzae (rice weevil). In the first method, DE was applied at 200, 30 and 100 ppm for T. castaneum, C. ferrugineus and S. oryzae, respectively. The initial DE rates using the third method were 500 ppm for T. castaneum, 100 ppm for C. ferrugineus and 300 ppm for S. oryzae. Constant exposures to sublethal concentrations of DE, either mixed wheat sample or in only the top half, did not increase tolerance to DE over a three-year period. Occasional high rates of DE that killed 50-80% of the population increased the tolerance of all three insect species. At the end of the three years of selection, the LD50 value was 1004 (831-1143) ppm (two-fold higher than that of the control) for T. castaneum, 379 (321-501) ppm (three-fold higher than that of the control) for C. ferrugineus, and 1286 (1198-1375) (four-fold higher than that of the control) for S. oryzae. The results suggest that the method of using DE will affect the rate at which DE-resistant populations develop.
Can reduced concentrations of chlorpyrifos-methyl be combined with other products to effectively control stored grain pests?
Authors: Bonjour E. L. , Phillips T. W. , Pitts J. T. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficacy of different concentrations of chlorpyrifos-methyl and cyfluthrin, singly and in combination, against stored grain beetles and their progeny was evaluated (experiment 1). A new product, Storcide, containing both insecticides was also evaluated for residual activity in preventing infestations (experiment 2). In experiment 1, the insects were exposed to treated wheat at 1 day, or 4, 13 or 27 weeks after insecticide application. In experiment 2, treated wheat stored in drums were exposed to natural, fluctuating temperatures in a storage shed located in Stillwater, Oklahoma, USA, from 14 July 1999 to 12 July 2000. Grain samples were collected from the drums at 0, 4, 12, 24, 36 or 48 weeks after treatment. The beetles used were Rhyzopertha dominica, Sitophilus oryzae and Tribolium castaneum. Adult mortality was evaluated after a 7-day exposure. Progeny production was studied after seven weeks. All treatments that contained cyfluthrin effectively controlled R. dominica. S. oryzae was not controlled by either cyfluthrin or chlorpyrifos-methyl when used alone. When cyfluthrin at 2 ppm was combined with chlorpyrifos-methyl at 0.5-6 ppm, mortality of S. oryzae adults was more than 80%, and only a few progeny were produced at the lowest concentrations. T. castaneum adults were the most difficult to kill, even at the highest combinations. However, very few progeny were produced in any treatment. Treatment with Storcide (3 ppm chlorpyrifos-methyl and 2 ppm cyfluthrin) resulted in nearly 100% adult mortality for R. dominica and S. oryzae at all time periods. No R. dominica progenies were produced and there was only one S. oryzae adult produced at 48 weeks. Storcide effectiveness against adult T. castaneum decreased through time, but no progeny was produced with this treatment. Storage at warm temperatures did not appear to affect the residual activity of the insecticides. Combining insecticides at lower rates rather than applying singly may be an effective strategy for controlling stored grain insects.
Carbonyl sulfide fumigation of hay.
Authors: Weller G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Penetration into highly compressed bales, sorption and desorption of carbonyl sulfide (COS) were evaluated in the laboratory and during a fumigation of a shipping container of oat hay in Bowmans, South Australia. The results indicate that COS is suitable for the fumigation of highly compressed hay. However, the slow diffusion of the gas out of the hay following a fumigation necessitates an airing procedure, and the extended time of fumigation over methyl bromide will require a higher level of gas-tightness of shipping containers used for this purpose.
The mortality of stored product insects following exposure to gaseous ozone at high concentrations.
Authors: Leesch J. G. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Ozone as a toxicant was evaluated against the stored product pests Plodia interpunctella and Tribolium confusum. Ozone was introduced into the continuous air stream flowing through a chamber made of high-density polyethylene and polycarbonate. By decreasing the flow of ozone and/or air in the chamber, various concentrations of ozone were obtained. The eggs, larvae and pupae were exposed to ozone at varying duration (1 to 18 h). The developmental stages exhibited delayed reactions to toxicity. Even high concentrations of 200-500 ppm (v/v) required up to 18 h to kill the insects. Mortality was first observed among the adults, followed by larvae, pupae and eggs. Carbon dioxide and reduced pressure were also evaluated for the stimulation of the opening of the spiracles of the insects as a means to increase the penetration of ozone into the insects. All the stages responded to the treatment except the eggs, which were unaffected. The pupal and larval stages were the most susceptible.
Deltamethrin resistance in Rhyzopertha dominica (F.) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in Brazil.
Authors: Lorini I. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Samples from some uncontrolled and other populations of R. dominica were collected to investigate the extent of their tolerance to deltamethrin. Eleven strains were bioassayed with deltamethrin using the standard FAO method for resistance to pesticide and wheat grain as food. Ten strains, originating from Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were designated BR1 to BR10, and one originating from the UK was designated UK1. The evaluation of tolerance to deltamethrin revealed two very resistant strains, BR6 and BR7, and two susceptible strains, BR4 and UK1, whereas the remaining strains showed intermediate tolerance. Selection pressure (deltamethrin insecticide applied in the laboratory for 21 generations) increased the resistance of BR7 strain by 29 937-fold.
Evaluation on the efficacy of spinosad dust against major storage insect pests.
Authors: Mutambuki K. , Ngatia C. M. , Mbugua J. N. , Likhayo P. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Laboratory bioassays were conducted to compare the efficacy of spinosad dust (0.125%) admixed with shelled wheat grains with that of a cocktail of pirimiphos-methyl (1.6%) and permethrin (0.3%) as actellic super dust against Sitophilus zeamais, Tribolium castaneum, Rhyzopertha dominica and Prostephanus truncatus. Spinosad dust was applied at 0.35, 0.7 and 1.44 ppm, and actellic dust at 10.5 ppm. All treatments were significantly (P=0.05) better than the control except when applied against T. castaneum. Spinosad at 0.7 and 1.44 ppm controlled S. zeamais over the 24-week period. All treatments gave good control of P. truncatus and R. dominica, with no apparent significant differences (P=0.05) between treatments on the latter. On P. truncatus, spinosad showed better performance than actellic super dust (P=0.05). All levels of spinosad dust appeared to perform better on P. truncatus compared to actellic super; however, spinosad dust, unlike actellic super, was unable to control T. castaneum. The results suggest that spinosad dust may have potential in controlling major storage insect pests, with special applicability against the destructive larger grain borer, P. truncatus.
Use of diatomaceous earth for insect control in paddy rice stored in silos.
Authors: Paula M. C. Z. , Lazzari F. A. , Lazzari S. M. N. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The efficacy of diatomaceous earth (DE) against the insect pests of stored rice was evaluated in a rice storage facility in Massaranduba, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Rice stored in four 1875-t silos were treated with diatomaceous earth (DE) at 1000 g/t applied to the grain as powder, or with pirimiphos-methyl at 12 ml/t sprayed on the conveyor belt. The treatments were evaluated every 15 days for 5 months based on insect captures with probe traps. The results were not very consistent and varying numbers of insects were captured in all silos, noticeably when new lots of rice were being received, and probably due to cross infestation from the field. The rusty grain beetle, Cryptolestes ferrugineus was the most common species captured in the traps.
Spinosad: an effective replacement for organophosphate grain protectants.
Authors: Subramanyam B. , Toews M. , Fang L. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Spinosad is a bacterial fermentation product that has low mammalian toxicity. It exhibits both stomach and contact activities against insects. Spinosad is commercially registered on 250 crops in more than 24 countries. It is not registered for use on stored grains. Laboratory and field tests on wheat and maize have shown that this product is effective against the lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica), rice weevil (Sitophilus oryzae), flat grain beetle (Cryptolestes pusillus), rusty grain beetle (Cryptolestes ferrugineus), confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusum) and larvae of the Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella) at 1 mg/kg. On stored grain, adults of the red flour beetle (T. castaneum) and saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis) are less susceptible to spinosad than other species. In farm bins, spinosad on wheat at 0.1-6 mg/kg was stable for one year. This was confirmed by residue data and bioassays against the lesser grain borer and red flour beetle. The trend in species susceptibility was consistent among grain types (maize and wheat), but varied among wheat classes. On concrete, steel, floor tile and waxed floor tile surfaces, spinosad provided >98% mortality of adults of eight stored product beetles exposed for 24 h to deposits of 0.05 and 0.1 mg/cm2. Activity against a variety of stored product insects, persistence in farm-stored grain, and low mammalian toxicity make spinosad a viable alternative to currently registered organophosphate grain protectants, such as malathion, chlorpyrifos-methyl and pirimiphos-methyl.
Sorption and insect toxicity of propylene oxide in dried fruits and nuts.
Authors: Zettler J. L. , Hartsell P. L. , Allred D. B. , Muhareb J. S. , Hurley J. M. , Gill R. F. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Dried fruits and nuts were fumigated with a mixture of propylene oxide (PPO) and CO2 (8%:92% w/w) in 28.42-litre chambers to determine PPO sorption rates in these products and toxicity to a variety of postharvest insect pests. A 48-h fumigation using a rate of 45 mg/litre at 38°C resulted in more than 97% sorption in almonds, pecans and walnuts, and induced 100% mortality of mixed life stages of the following insects: Indian meal moth (Plodia interpunctella), red flour beetle (Tribolium castaneum), confused flour beetle (T. confusum), warehouse beetle (Trogoderma variabile), cigarette beetle (Lasioderma serricorne), lesser grain borer (Rhyzopertha dominica) and saw-toothed grain beetle (Oryzaephilus surinamensis). The 48-h fumigations resulted in PPO residues in the nuts that were below the tolerance level (300 ppm). The residues dropped to undetectable levels following aeration for 3 days. A 24-h fumigation of walnuts, raisins and figs infested with P. interpunctella, Trogoderma variabile and dried fruit beetle (Carpophilus hemipterus) using a rate of 75 mg/litre at 26.7°C resulted in 78, 95 and 93% sorption, respectively, but failed to provide complete mortality of the insects. Susceptibility to PPO was C. hemipterus > P. interpunctella > T. variabile. The rate of PPO sorption into walnuts, raisins and figs was independent of rate.
Combinations to enhance the efficacy of diatomaceous earth against the larger grain borer, Prostephanus truncatus (Horn).
Authors: Stathers T. E. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Combinations of Protect-It (diatomaceous earth; DE) with low levels of pyrethroids, plant extracts or soil bacteria metabolites were evaluated against P. truncatus on maize. Deltamethrin and permethrin exhibited a high knockdown effect and prevented progeny emergence of P. truncatus at 0.025 and 2.00 mg/kg, respectively. No further effects from the addition of Protect-It (500, 1000 or 2500 ppm) were observed. The combinations of DE and plant extracts or soil bacteria metabolites, formulated as "All Natural" and "Spindeba", also prevented progeny emergence of P. truncatus at 50-100 ppm. The results are discussed in the context of improving the efficacy of DE against P. truncatus for use by small-scale producers in developing countries.