bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
“The Shadow of Slavery”: Historical Time, Labor, and Citizenship in Nineteenth-Century Alta Verapaz, Guatemala
Authors: Gibbings Julie 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn the midst of Guatemala's nineteenth-century coffee boom, a frost struck the department of Alta Verapaz, destroying coffee harvests and catalyzing a debate over the “slavery” of mandamiento (forced wage labor). At the heart of these disputes was the problem of how to achieve Guatemalan political modernity, which focused discursive struggles over mandamientos around questions of national progress and related conceptions of history as the teleological march of nations and people forward in historical time toward modernity. While state officials justified mandamientos by arguing that Mayas were not yet civilized enough for equality and freedom, Q'eqchi’ Maya patriarchs and their ladino allies argued for abolishing mandamientos by drawing upon the metanarrative charting the end of slavery and feudalism and the rise of capitalism. While scholars have illustrated the importance of history to nationalism, this article argues for a broader understanding of historical discourse as a conceptual framework for ordering the world.
Stability of system of infrastructure business: basic concepts and initial methodological approaches to realization
Authors: Джуха Владимир , Dzhukha Vladimir , Кокин Андрей , Kokin Andrey 
Published: January 2016

specific aspects of maintenance of stability of infrastructural
business are considered. The concept of stability of infrastructural
sphere is proved, key factors of its maintenance, first of
all, the coordination of actions of all market agents and realization
of regular diagnostics of a market position are allocated. The infrastructure
is considered as the mechanism of the coordination of
interactions, not only providing functioning of various branches of
economy, but also promoting occurrence of the new economic relations,
allowing to overcome arising market deformations. Such
approach opens new directions for economic researches in sphere
of infrastructural development
Ethnobotany of Canarium plant species used by Tobelo Dalam
Authors: TAMALENE M. NASIR , AL MUHDHAR MIMIEN HENIE IRAWAT , SUARSINI ENDANG , RAHMAN FATCHUR , HASAN SAID 
Published: January 2016

Tamalene MN, Al-Muhdhar MHI, Suarsini E, Rahman F, Hasan S. 2016. Ethnobotany of Canarium plant species used byÂ Tobelo Dalam (Togutil)Â ethnic community of Halmahera Island, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 17: 61-69. Tobelo Dalam (Togutil) ethnic group has been using local plants for years; one of them is Canarium. The ethnic are nomads and live in conservation forests. Data on ethnobotanical knowledge was collected through interview technique with â€œwork in the woodâ€ method. There were three types of informant: main informants, key informants, and recommended informants. Main informants were chosen through purposive sampling technique while key informants and recommended informants were chosen through snowball sampling technique. The informants in this study were grouped based on their age: 14 children (5-11 years)Â 13 adults (26-45 years), nine (46-65 years) and three old age (â‰¥ 65 years).Â The result of fidelity level analysis (FL%) indicated that all age groups had FL value of 100% in utilizing walnut as local food. Regarding the use of skin exocarp the result was as follow: children (FL: 28.57%),Â teenagers (FL: 77,77%), adults (FL: 69,23%), and elder and old age (FL: 100%).Â Whereas, the use of Shell endocarp among the age groups was as follow: children (FL: 14.28%),Â teenagers (FL: 66.66%), adults (FL: 46,15%), elder (FL: 33.33%), and old age (FL: 100%).Â CanariumÂ bark had value of FL% in children (FL: 35,71%),Â teenagers (FL: 61.11%),Â adults (FL: 92.3%),Â elder (FL: 33.33%), andÂ old age (FL: 100%).Â The use of resin by the groups was children (FL: 50%),Â teenagers (FL: 83.33%),Â adults (FL: 92.3%),Â elder and old age (FL: 100%).Â The use of Canarium root among the groups was children (FL: 14.28%),Â teenagers (FL: 61.11%),Â adults (FL: 92.3%),Â elder (FL:Â 33.33%),Â Â and old age (FL: 100%).Â The use of plantâ€™s trunk was as follow: children (FL: 50%),Â teenagers (FL: 77.77%), adults, elder, and old age (FL: 100%).Â The research indicated that walnut had high utility value. All parts of the plant (root, wood, bark, and resin)Â were exploited for economic, health and cultural interest.
Polymorphisms Glu23Lys of KCNJ11 gene are associated with Type 2 diabetes in the Kyrgyz Population
Authors: Isakova Jainagul Tolonovna , Talaibekova Elnura Talaybekovna , Isabaeva Dinara Isfanbekovna , Lunegova Olga Sergeevna , Kerimkulova Alina Suyuntbekovna , Asambaeva Diana Abilgazyevna , Aldashev Almaz Abdulkhaevich 
Published: January 2016

Aim — in this study, we investigated whether polymorphisms Glu23Lys in KCNJ11 are associated with Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in the Kyrgyz population.Material and methods. We genotyped 287 Kyrgyz individuals. A case—control study was performed, including 178 patients with T2DM (female — 55, male — 123, average age 54±6,6) and 109 non-diabetes controls (female — 48, male — 61, average age 50±8,4). The genotypes of polymorphic position Glu23Lys of KCNJ11 were determined by PCR-RFLP assay.Results. Genotypes Glu23Lys and Lys23Lys, containing the minor allele 23Lys, were more frequent in the group of type 2 diabetes (χ2=4,09; p=0,043). The allele 23Lys of KCNJ11 gene is associated with a high risk of developing type 2 diabetes in the Kyrgyz population [OR=1,46 (1,02—2,07); p=0,036]. Homozygous genotype Glu23Glu and allele Glu23 reduces the risk of developing type 2 diabetes [OR=0,61 (0,37—0,99); p=0,043 and OR=0,69 (0,48—0,98); p=0,037], respectively).Conclusion. Polymorphisms Glu23Lys of KCNJ11 gene are associated with the risk of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Kyrgyz Population according to the dominant and additive models of inheritance of the trait. Our results indicate that the allele 23Lys of KCNJ11 gene confers an elevated risk for the development of Type 2 diabetes mellitus in the Kyrgyz population.
The hereditary predisposition features of latent autoimmune diabetes of adults
Authors: Shtandel' Svetlana Anatol'evna , Tikhonova Tat'yana Mikhaylovna 
Published: January 2016

There are the results of complex study of features formation of hereditary predisposition to latent autoimmune diabetes of adults (LADA).The aim of the study was the complex analysis of LADA hereditary predisposition with using of genealogical, genetic-demographic and molecular-genetic methods.Material and methods. Genetic and genetic-demographic research is spent at 1155 diabetes mellitus (DM) patients, the analysis of distribution of polymorphism С1858Т of gene PTPN22 is executed at 599 DM patients and 253 healthy ones; 49A/G gene CTLA4 — at 300 DM patients and 44 control group persons; Е23К gene KCNJ11 — at 231 DM patients and 44 healthy ones. Testing of polygene and genetic heterogeneity inheritance models are held; the interrelation of crossbreeding degree sick and DM family accumulation is studied; definition of single nucleotide polymorphisms were carried out with the help of polymerase chain reaction and restrict analysis.Results. It has been shown, that LADA is genetically independent DM form, is described by parameters of polygenic threshold model, in its inheritance the essential role belongs to hereditary factors (59,2%), are available nonlinear intraloci and interallelic (GD=1,2%) interactions and influence of some genes with the expressed effect in determination of this form of disease is possible. In LADA genetic control system has about identical quantity of the common genes with DM type 1 and 2 (65,3 and 66,1%, accordingly). Change of family accumulation type 1 and 2 DM among 1 and 2nd degree of relationship relatives at LADA patients with crossbreeding degree augmentation differs from that at patients both type 1, and 2 DM. It has been shown, that the Е23К of gene KCNJ11, 49A/G gene CTLA4 and С1858Т gene PTPN22 polymorphisms in the Kharkov population are associated with LADA, type 1 and 2 DM and raised the risk of their development. The homozygous carriage 23K/K gene KCNJ11, 49G/G gene and 1858T/T gene PTPN22 corresponds to the greatest risk of the LADA development.Conclusions. The carried out complex research has taped the LADA genetic independence what can form the establishment for specification of classification of this DM form.
The recommendations on diagnostics and treatment of male hypogonadism (deficit of testosterone). The project
Authors: Dedov Ivan Ivanovich , Mel'nichenko Galina Afanas'evna , Rozhivanov Roman Viktorovich , Kurbatov Dmitriy Gennadievich 
Published: January 2016

Male hypogonadism is a condition in which the body doesn’t produce enough testosterone which results in its low serum level in combination with characteristic clinical symptoms and/or signs (see the description below) that can be observed in the patients presenting with pathological changes in testicles and/or hypophysis, such as Kleinfelter’s syndrome, and in men with idiopathic metabolic or iatrogenic disorders leading to androgen deficiency. The present recommendations does not cover the entire set of pathological conditions responsible for the development of hypogonadism (deficit of testosterone); rather, they are focused on its clinical variants that account for the majority of the cases of male hypogonadism.
Cheating in the first, second, and third degree: Educators' responses to high-stakes testing
Authors: Amrein-Beardsley Audrey , Berliner David C. , Rideau Sharon 
Published: January 2016

Educators are under tremendous pressure to ensure that their students perform well on tests. Unfortunately, this pressure has caused some educators to cheat. The purpose of this study was to investigate the types of, and degrees to which, a sample of teachers in Arizona were aware of, or had themselves engaged in test-related cheating practices as a function of the high-stakes testing policies of No Child Left Behind. A near census sample of teachers was surveyed, with valid responses obtained from about 5 percent, totaling just over 3,000 teachers. In addition, one small convenience sample of teachers was interviewed, and another participated in a focus group. Data revealed that cheating occurs and that educators can be quite clever when doing so. But how one defines cheating makes it difficult to quantify the frequency with which educators engage in such practices. Our analysis thus required us to think about a taxonomy of cheating based on the definitions of 1st, 2nd, and 3rd degree offenses in the field of law. These categories were analyzed to help educators better define, and be more aware of others' and their own cheating practices, in an attempt to inform local testing policies and procedures.
Findings vs. Interpretation in “The Long-Term Impacts of Teachers” by Chetty et al.
Authors: Adler Moshe 
Published: January 2016

The authors of the study “The Long-Term Impact of Teachers” claim that their study shows that increases in teacher value-added lead to significant and lasting increases in test scores and significant increases in income that will last throughout adulthood. Instead, I show that these claims are false because they are contradicted by the findings of the study itself. In fact, the results of the Chetty et al. study raise serious questions about the benefits of using the value-added method for evaluating teachers.
Visibilidad y poder de las mujeres en instituciones universitarias.
Authors: Sanchez-Moreno Marita , Tomás Folch Marina , Lavié Martinez José Manuel 
Published: January 2016

Este artículo plantea el debate acerca de la presencia y visibilidad de las mujeres en puestos de responsabilidad en la gestión universitaria así como el carácter que adopta el ejercicio del poder en las mujeres responsables de unidades organizativas de instituciones de educación superior. Para ello se presentan los resultados de una indagación desarrollada mediante un estudio descriptivo en dos universidades públicas españolas. El análisis fue realizado mediante la información obtenida a través de tres instrumentos de recogida de datos: entrevistas semiestructuradas, análisis de sitios Web institucionales y grupos de discusión. Los resultados obtenidos revelan que la visibilidad y el ejercicio del poder son aspectos que tienen una relación directa con el género. La existencia de cierta invisibilidad de las mujeres en las dos universidades españolas estudiadas aparece como consecuencia de las características socioculturales que han impregnado la vida de las académicas universitarias así como de las circunstancias estructurales imperantes en la universidad española.
Public entrepreneurs and the adoption of broad-based merit aid beyond the Southeastern United States
Authors: Ingle William Kyle , Petroff Ruth Ann 
Published: January 2016

The concentration of broad-based merit aid adoption in the southeastern United States has been well noted in the literature. However, there are states that have adopted broad-based merit aid programs outside of the Southeast. Guided by multiple theoretical frameworks, including innovation diffusion theory (e.g., Gray, 1973, 1994; Rogers, 2003), Roberts and King’s (1991) typology of public entrepreneurs, and Anderson’s (2003) stages of the policymaking process, this qualitative study sought to answer the following questions. First, in the absence of regional diffusion pressures, what internal determinants are reported as accounting for the diffusion of broad-based merit aid programs outside of the Southeastern US? What types of public entrepreneurs were identified as playing key roles in establishing merit aid in states outside the southeastern US? During which stages of the policymaking process were they active? We found that merit aid was a means of addressing an array of public problems, including low college going rates at in-state public colleges and universities, and weak K-12 accountability. Consistent factors reported as facilitating merit aid creation included a strong, vocal public advocate (governors and a university system president) and a desire to strengthen state economies and diversify workforces. A full range of public entrepreneurs played key roles in developing merit aid in the sampled states. Political and executive entrepreneurs were in the forefront of merit aid efforts, but our data suggest that a cast of supporting public entrepreneurs were integral to the eventual adoption of broad-based merit aid in the sampled states.
Charter School Competition, Organization, and Achievement in Traditional Public Schools
Authors: Davis Tomeka M. 
Published: January 2016

Market models of education reform predict that the growth of charter schools will infuse competition into the public school sector, forcing traditional public schools to improve the practices they engage in to educate students. Some scholars have criticized these models, arguing that competition from charter schools is unlikely to produce significant change among public schools. Using data from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study – Kindergarten Class, I attempt to identify potential mechanisms linking charter competition to achievement in traditional public schools. The results provide little support for the market model. Competition from charter schools is not associated with reading or math scores, and is only associated with three of ten organizational measures. There is some support for an indirect relationship between math achievement and competition through reductions in teacher absenteeism, but these results fall short of meeting conventional thresholds for statistical significance.
Algebraic flows on abelian varieties
Authors: Ullmo Emmanuel , Yafaev Andrei 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Let A be an abelian variety. The abelian Ax–Lindemann theorem shows that
the Zariski closure of an algebraic flow in A is a translate of an abelian subvariety of A. The paper discusses some conjectures on the usual topological closure of an algebraic flow in A. The main result is a proof of these conjectures when the algebraic flow is given by an algebraic curve.
Rigidity and sharp stability estimates
for hypersurfaces with constant and almost-constant nonlocal mean curvature
Authors: Ciraolo Giulio , Figalli Alessio , Maggi Francesco , Novaga Matteo 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We prove that the boundary of a (not necessarily connected) bounded smooth set with constant nonlocal mean curvature is a sphere. More generally, and in contrast with what happens in the classical case,
we show that the Lipschitz constant of the nonlocal mean curvature of such a boundary controls
its

C
2

{C^{2}}

-distance from a single sphere. The corresponding stability inequality is obtained with a sharp decay rate.
A new interpretation of Lachmann’s Law
Authors: De Angelis Alessandro , Chilà Annamaria 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn Latin, a short vowel followed by a voiced plosive undergoes lengthening in the past participle (Lachmann’s law). Many of these ppp. show a nasal segment inherited from the present or perfect stem. In a few ppp. moving from a dental stem, such as
Exaptation and phonological change
Authors: Kaźmierski Kamil 
Published: January 2016

AbstractLooking at the fate of the concept of exaptation in historical linguistics, this article attempts an extension of exaptation from morphosyntactic change to phonological change. It argues that explicit recognition of the links between language change and other manifestations of Darwinian evolution can provide a context in which the use of this concept might be justified. First, an overview of the applications of exaptation in linguistics is provided (
The cellular level mode I fracture behaviour of spruce and birch in the RT crack propagation system
Authors: Tukiainen Pekka , Hughes Mark 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The effect of the microscopic structure and the moisture content (MC) of wood on its fracture behaviour has been investigated. Green and air-dried spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth.) wood were subjected to pure mode I loading in the radial- tangential (RT) crack propagation system. Tests were carried out in situ in an environmental scanning electron microscope to observe crack propagation at the cellular level. Crack-tip displacement fields were computed by digital image correlation, and crack propagation was observed from the images captured during testing. Both the MC and the microscopic structure were found to affect the fracture process. In the air-dried birch and spruce, only microcracking caused large displacements ahead of the crack-tip. In spruce, the microcracking zone was larger than in birch. In green birch and spruce, microcracking was less evident than in the air-dried specimens, and in some cases, there were notable deformations in a few cells ahead of the crack-tip before crack extension. Microcracking is considered to be the main toughening mechanism in spruce and birch in the RT crack propagation system.
The study of entrepreneurship in Ireland
Authors: O’Gorman Colm 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
In this paper, I (1) reflect on the current state of entrepreneurship research in Ireland; (2) assess the impact of Irish entrepreneurship research on four groups: students, academic peers, policymakers and practitioners; and (3) outline the factors that might shape the entrepreneurship research agenda in Ireland. While there is an established body of research on entrepreneurship in Ireland, I argue that this has had a limited impact on the international research community and, perhaps more importantly, it may not have impacted or informed, to the extent that it could, the teaching of entrepreneurship, the practice of entrepreneurship or policy relating to entrepreneurship in Ireland. The agenda for entrepreneurship research in Ireland should reflect (1) the national industrial development imperative, (2) aspects of the Irish context that offer Irish researchers a comparative advantage, (3) the changing nature of entrepreneurship and (4) emerging frameworks and theories.
Changing times for management educators: Rethinking engagement with participatory forms of knowledge production
Authors: Harrington Denis , Short Jeremy C. , Hynes Briga 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Oscar Wilde once quipped, ‘Education is an admirable thing, but it is well to remember from time to time that nothing that is worth knowing can be taught.’ Whilst business scholars have challenged this premise, debate rages concerning what elements are most worth knowing. Specifically, the value of rigorous academic research is often weighed against the merits of specific student experiences that may have more immediate value in the marketplace. Within this changed context, academics are challenged to embrace collaborative forms of research activity and re-imagine the nature of the academic-practitioner exchange and accompanying knowledge transfer. We explore this changing role of the business school with an eye towards outlining potential bridges between academic knowledge and benefits of interactions with practice. Specifically, we consider the academic-practitioner interface in the context of the wider debate on ‘rigour and relevance’ in management education and research. Participatory modes of knowledge production are discussed, and current ideas on the ‘management practice’ gap are discussed. We conclude that more innovative forms of research engagement are required to encourage academic-practitioner collaboration. To that end, we discuss a number of potential approaches to help foster co-learning and discovery and debate their student, educator and broader instructional implications.
Effect of γ irradiation on the impact response of rigid polyurethane foam
Authors: Chandra Sagar , Sharma Sudhanshu , Ali Hajrat , Mane Jotiram V. , Naik Yeshwant P. , Chavan Vivek M. , Manjunath Bychapur S. , Patel Rameshchandra J. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
An experimental study to observe the change in impact response of rigid polyurethane foam due to γ irradiation is presented. The foam samples were irradiated using a 60Co based γ irradiator, γ Chamber 5000. Dynamic tests were performed on unirradiated and irradiated cubical foam specimens in a drop weight testing machine to characterize the mechanical properties. Structural characterization was performed using phase-contrast X-ray imaging and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The results reveal a significant change in the dynamic response of polyurethane foam after irradiation due to change in structure. The response of foam gets stiffer in the initial linear phase, and densification (lockup) occurs well below the strains at which lockup occurs for an unirradiated foam. The ramifications of this study towards the application of polyurethane foam as an impact limiter in nuclear shipping casks are discussed.
Nonorthogonal Stagnation-point Flow of a Second-grade Fluid Past a Lubricated Surface
Authors: Mahmood Khalid , Sajid Muhammad , Ali Nasir 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe stagnation-point flow of a second-grade fluid past a power law lubricated surface is considered in this paper. It is assumed that the fluid impinges on the wall obliquely. A suitable choice of similarity transformations reduces the governing partial differential equations into ordinary differential equations. The thin lubrication layer suggests that the interface conditions between the fluid and the lubricant can be imposed on the boundary. An implicit finite difference scheme known as the Keller-Box method is employed to obtain the numerical solutions. The effects of slip parameter and Weissenberg number on the fluid velocity and streamlines is discussed in the graphs. The limiting cases of partial-slip and no-slip can be deduced from the present solutions.