bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An MRI scanner‐independent radiofrequency dosimeter for the estimation of RF power deposition with a human torso phantom
Authors: Seo Youngseob 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn assessment of radiofrequency (RF) power deposition independent of the information provided by MRI scanners is thus desirable. We developed a novel scanner‐independent RF dosimeter based on measurements of the resistance of a thermistor that dissipates the RF power during scanning. With the RF dosimeter, the RF power deposition for four MRI sequences with specific absorption rate (SAR) values (0.1‐3.3 W/kg) was measured on five different scanners and the correlation between the RF dosimeter reading and the SAR levels calculated by the scanners was investigated. The novel RF dosimeter showed a linear relationship between the RF power deposition and the scanner‐reported whole‐body averaged SAR for each scanner. However, there was a variability in the reading among different scanners. The RF dosimeter readings were 9.7 and 9.5 mW on GE 1.5 T (SAR=2.6 W/kg), 3.6 and 3.7 mW on Philips 1.5 T (SAR=3.3 W/kg), 9.5 and 8.6 mW on Siemens 3 T (SAR=3.0 W/kg), and 4.7 and 3.9 mW on Philips 3 T (SAR=2.6 W/kg), respectively. The scanner‐independent RF dosimeter developed in this study can play a significant role in checking the accuracy of scanners’ SAR values as a standardized method for measuring the RF power deposition for MR safety.
Sacituzumab govitecan (IMMU‐132), an anti‐Trop‐2‐SN‐38 antibody‐drug conjugate for the treatment of diverse epithelial cancers: Safety and pharmacokinetics
Authors: Ocean Allyson J. , Starodub Alexander N. , Bardia Aditya , Vahdat Linda T. , Isakoff Steven J. , Guarino Michael , Messersmith Wells A. , Picozzi Vincent J. , Mayer Ingrid A. , Wegener William A. , Maliakal Pius , Govindan Serengulam V. , Sharkey Robert M. , Goldenberg David M. 
Published: May 2017

BACKGROUNDSacituzumab govitecan (IMMU‐132), an antitrophoblastic cell‐surface antigen (anti‐Trop‐2) humanized antibody‐SN‐38 conjugate, had encouraging efficacy in the phase 1 clinical trial. This report further examines the pharmacokinetics and safety of multiple cycles of IMMU‐132 at doses of 8 or 10 mg/kg in patients with diverse advanced epithelial cancers.METHODSPatients who had multiple prior therapies received IMMU‐132 on days 1 and 8 of 21‐day treatment cycles. Trop‐2 staining of archived tumor specimens, clearance of IMMU‐132 and its constituents (ie, immunoglobulin G [IgG], SN‐38 [a camptothecin, the active component of irinotecan], and glucuronidated SN‐38 [SN‐38G]), antibody responses, and uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1A1 (UGT1A1) levels were determined. Safety was assessed according to Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events version 4.0, and responses were assessed using Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors, version 1.1.RESULTSPatients with diverse metastatic cancers who received IMMU‐132 at 8 mg/kg (n = 81) and 10 mg/kg (n = 97) were examined. Trop‐2 was positive in 93% of the available specimens. IMMU‐132 cleared with a half‐life of approximately 11 to 14 hours, reflecting the release of SN‐38 from the conjugate; IgG cleared more slowly (half‐life, approximately 103‐114 hours). Most SN‐38 in the serum (>95%) was bound to IgG. SN‐38G concentrations were lower than SN‐38 concentrations. Dose‐limiting neutropenia after the first cycle was not correlated with SN‐38 in serum or with UGT1A1 genotype. No antibody responses were detected. Objective responses were observed in several indications, including metastatic triple‐negative breast cancer, confirming that 10 mg/kg produced an encouraging overall response.CONCLUSIONSSacituzumab govitecan has a predictable pharmacokinetic profile and manageable toxicity at doses of 8 and 10 mg/kg. With objective responses and a good therapeutic index at 10 mg/kg, this dose was chosen for future development. Cancer 2017;123:3843–3854. © 2017 American Cancer Society
Analytics for citizens: A linked open data model for statistical data exploration
Authors: Diamantini Claudia , Potena Domenico , Storti Emanuele 
Published: May 2017

SummaryA growing number of public institutions all over the world have recently started to make government statistical data available in open formats, thus enhancing transparency and accountability, stimulating innovation, and promoting civic awareness and engagement. Integration issues related to fragmentation and heterogeneity of these datasets can be partially addressed by referring to the Linked Data approach, which also enables easier access and consumption by users. However, the lack of an explicit representation of how statistical indicators are calculated still hinders their interpretation, and hence the development of applications and services especially useful for citizens, who do not have full knowledge and control over the underlying data and analysis models. In the present work, we discuss an approach to ease the interaction of communities of citizens with statistical Linked Open Data. We define a model and a set of services allowing people to recognize the mathematical structure of statistical indicators, improving in this way user awareness of the meaning of indicators and their mutual relations. Through such services, it is possible to enable interactive browsing of indicator formulas and novel typologies of data exploration, including dynamic computation of indicators not explicitly stored and comparison of different Linked Data resources.
Epoxy Matrices Modified by Green Additives for Recyclable Materials
Authors: Henriksen Martin L. , Ravnsbæk Jens B. , Bjerring Morten , Vosegaard Thomas , Daasbjerg Kim , Hinge Mogens 
Published: May 2017

AbstractEpoxy‐based thermosets are one of the most popular matrix materials in many industries, and significant environmental benefits can be obtained by developing a recyclable variant of this widely utilized material. Incorporation of a bio‐based disulfide additive within a commercial epoxy system leads to a cross‐linked material that can be fractionated under mild and environmentally benign conditions. The material has been analyzed by FTIR and solid‐state NMR. Furthermore, modified epoxy matrices with low additive concentrations are demonstrated to have similar mechanical and thermal properties compared to commercially available benchmarks. Thus, additive formulation and fractionation based on green chemistry principles have been demonstrated, and a recyclable epoxy matrix has been developed.
Bottom‐Up Construction of Porous Organic Frameworks with Built‐In TEMPO as a Cathode for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries
Authors: Zhou Baolong , Hu Xiang , Zeng Guang , Li Shiwu , Wen Zhenhai , Chen Long 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTwo redox‐active porous organic frameworks (POFs) with a built‐in radical moiety (TEMPO) and hierarchical porous structures were synthesized through a facile bottom‐up strategy and studied as cathode materials for lithium–sulfur (Li−S) batteries. The sulfur loading in these two POFs reached 61 %, benefitting from their large pore volumes. Owing to the highly dense docking sites of TEMPO, sulfur could be covalently immobilized within the porous networks and efficiently inhibit the shuttle effect, thereby significantly improving the cycling performance. The composites TPE‐TEMPO‐POF‐S (TPE=tetraphenylethene) deliver a capacity in excess of 470 mAh g−1 after 200 cycles with a coulombic efficiency of around 100 % at a current rate of 0.1 C. Furthermore, TEMPO‐POFs with sulfur embedded showed excellent rate capability with limited capacity loss at rates of 0.1–1 C.
Dynamic changes and prognostic value of pulmonary congestion by lung ultrasound in acute and chronic heart failure: a systematic review
Authors: Platz Elke , Merz Allison A. , Jhund Pardeep S. , Vazir Ali , Campbell Ross , McMurray John J. 
Published: May 2017

AimsPulmonary congestion is an important finding in patients with heart failure (HF) that can be quantified by lung ultrasound (LUS). We conducted a systematic review to describe dynamic changes in LUS findings of pulmonary congestion (B‐lines) in HF and to examine the prognostic utility of B‐lines in HF.Methods and resultsWe searched online databases for studies conducted in patients with chronic or acute HF that used LUS to assess dynamic changes or the prognostic value of pulmonary congestion. We included studies in adult populations, published in English, and conducted in ≥25 patients. Of 1327 identified studies, 13 (25–290 patients) met the inclusion criteria: six reported on dynamic changes in LUS findings (438 patients) and seven on the prognostic value of B‐lines in HF (953 patients). In acute HF, B‐line number changed within as few as 3 h of HF treatment. In acute HF, ≥15 B‐lines on 28‐zone LUS at discharge identified patients at a more than five‐fold risk for HF readmission or death. Similarly, in ambulatory patients with chronic HF, ≥3 B‐lines on five‐ or eight‐zone LUS marked those at a nearly four‐fold risk for 6‐month HF hospitalization or death.ConclusionsLung ultrasound findings change rapidly in response to HF therapy. This technique may represent a useful and non‐invasive method to track dynamic changes in pulmonary congestion. Furthermore, residual congestion at the time of discharge in acute HF or in ambulatory patients with chronic HF may identify those at high risk for adverse events.
Hydrophilic interaction anion exchange for separation of multiply modified neutral and anionic Dictyostelium N‐glycans
Authors: Hykollari Alba , Malzl Daniel , Yan Shi , Wilson Iain B. H. , Paschinger Katharina 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe unusual nature of the N‐glycans of the cellular slime mould Dictyostelium discoideum has been revealed by a number of studies, primarily based on examination of radiolabeled glycopeptides but more recently also by MS. The complexity of the N‐glycomes of even glycosylation mutants is compounded by the occurrence of anionic modifications, which also present an analytical challenge. In this study, we have employed hydrophilic interaction anion exchange (HIAX) HPLC in combination with MALDI‐TOF MS/MS to explore the anionic N‐glycome of the M31 (modA) strain, which lacks endoplasmic reticulum α‐glucosidase II, an enzyme conserved in most eukaryotes including Homo sapiens. Prefractionation with HIAX chromatography enabled the identification of N‐glycans with unusual oligo‐α1,2‐mannose extensions as well as others with up to four anionic modifications. Due to the use of hydrofluoric acid treatment, we were able to discriminate isobaric glycans differing in the presence of sulphate or phosphate on intersected structures as opposed to those carrying GlcNAc‐phosphodiesters. The latter represent biosynthetic intermediates during the pathway leading to formation of the methylphosphorylated mannose epitope, which may have a similar function in intracellular targeting of hydrolases as the mannose‐6‐phosphate modification of lysosomal enzymes in mammals. In conclusion, HIAX in combination with MS is a highly sensitive approach for both fine separation and definition of neutral and anionic N‐glycan structures.
Sustainable Energy‐Storage Materials from Lignin–Graphene Nanocomposite‐Derived Porous Carbon Film
Authors: Tran Chau D. , Ho Hoi Chun , Keum Jong K. , Chen Jihua , Gallego Nidia C. , Naskar Amit K. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA simple, green approach to fabricating porous free‐standing carbon films is presented. An alkaline solution of low‐cost, renewable lignin and graphene oxide (GO) is cast, followed by simultaneous carbonization and activation. Lignin, which is the least valued product from several biomass processing industries, is an efficient source of carbon when used as an intercalating agent to separate graphene sheets derived from homogeneous GO/lignin nanocomposite films prepared from an aqueous alkaline (KOH) solution. After thermal treatment the GO/lignin films show complete dispersion of reduced GO sheets within amorphous lignin‐derived carbon. The presence of KOH in the film produces activated carbon. These activated carbon films display a specific surface area of up to 1744 m2 g−1 and consist of a balance of pore volumes with pore sizes below and above 1 nm. A two‐electrode supercapacitor composed of these films in an aqueous electrolyte exhibits near‐ideal capacitive behavior at an ultrahigh scan rate of 1 V s−1, while maintaining an excellent specific capacitance of 162 F g−1. Such outstanding performance of renewable carbon as a supercapacitor, in addition to the ease of electrode fabrication from a precursor containing 85 % lignin, offers a novel method for valorization of lignin‐rich byproduct streams from biomass processing industries.
Advancing the adverse outcome pathway framework—An international horizon scanning approach
Authors: LaLone Carlie A. , Ankley Gerald T. , Belanger Scott E. , Embry Michelle R. , Hodges Geoff , Knapen Dries , Munn Sharon , Perkins Edward J. , Rudd Murray A. , Villeneuve Daniel L. , Whelan Maurice , Willett Catherine , Zhang Xiaowei , Hecker Markus 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Our ability to conduct whole-organism toxicity tests to understand chemical safety has been outpaced by the synthesis of new chemicals for a wide variety of commercial applications. As a result, scientists and risk assessors are turning to mechanistically based studies to increase efficiencies in chemical risk assessment and making greater use of in vitro and in silico methods to evaluate potential environmental and human health hazards. In this context, the adverse outcome pathway (AOP) framework has gained traction in regulatory science because it offers an efficient and effective means for capturing available knowledge describing the linkage between mechanistic data and the apical toxicity end points required for regulatory assessments. A number of international activities have focused on AOP development and various applications to regulatory decision-making. These initiatives have prompted dialogue between research scientists and regulatory communities to consider how best to use the AOP framework. Although expert-facilitated discussions and AOP development have been critical in moving the science of AOPs forward, it was recognized that a survey of the broader scientific and regulatory communities would aid in identifying current limitations while guiding future initiatives for the AOP framework. To that end, a global horizon scanning exercise was conducted to solicit questions concerning the challenges or limitations that must be addressed to realize the full potential of the AOP framework in research and regulatory decision-making. The questions received fell into several broad topical areas: AOP networks, quantitative AOPs, collaboration on and communication of AOP knowledge, AOP discovery and development, chemical and cross-species extrapolation, exposure/toxicokinetics considerations, and AOP applications. Expert ranking was then used to prioritize questions for each category, where 4 broad themes emerged that could help inform and guide future AOP research and regulatory initiatives. In addition, frequently asked questions were identified and addressed by experts in the field. Answers to frequently asked questions will aid in addressing common misperceptions and will allow for clarification of AOP topics. The need for this type of clarification was highlighted with surprising frequency by our question submitters, indicating that improvements are needed in communicating the AOP framework among the scientific and regulatory communities. Overall, horizon scanning engaged the global scientific community to help identify key questions surrounding the AOP framework and guide the direction of future initiatives. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:1411–1421. © 2017 SETAC
Improvement of the weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme based on the interaction of smoothness indicators
Authors: Chai Delin , Sun Zhongguo , Huang Zhu , Xi Guang 
Published: May 2017

SummaryThe weighted essentially nonoscillatory scheme is improved by introducing new smoothness indicators that evaluate the interactions among the classical smoothness indicators suggested by Jiang and Shu. The effect of the key parameters in the new smoothness indicators on the scheme is systematically investigated. The improved scheme has smaller dissipation with larger weight assignment to the discontinuous stencils and higher numerical accuracy with weights closer to the ideal weights. To verify the theory, benchmark problems governed by the linear transport equation, the 1‐dimensional nonlinear Burgers equation, and the Euler equations are conducted and analyzed, respectively. Better computational performances both on numerical resolution and accuracy are shown in the comparisons with other classical weighted essentially nonoscillatory schemes.
Evidence for decreased interaction and improved carotenoid bioavailability by sequential delivery of a supplement
Authors: Salter‐Venzon Dawna , Kazlova Valentina , Izzy Ford Samantha , Intra Janjira , Klosner Allison E. , Gellenbeck Kevin W. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractDespite the notable health benefits of carotenoids for human health, the majority of human diets worldwide are repeatedly shown to be inadequate in intake of carotenoid‐rich fruits and vegetables, according to current health recommendations. To address this deficit, strategies designed to increase dietary intakes and subsequent plasma levels of carotenoids are warranted. When mixed carotenoids are delivered into the intestinal tract simultaneously, competition occurs for micelle formation and absorption, affecting carotenoid bioavailability. Previously, we tested the in vitro viability of a carotenoid mix designed to deliver individual carotenoids sequentially spaced from one another over the 6 hr transit time of the human upper gastrointestinal system. We hypothesized that temporally and spatially separating the individual carotenoids would reduce competition for micelle formation, improve uptake, and maximize efficacy. Here, we test this hypothesis in a double‐blind, repeated‐measure, cross‐over human study with 12 subjects by comparing the change of plasma carotenoid levels for 8 hr after oral doses of a sequentially spaced carotenoid mix, to a matched mix without sequential spacing. We find the carotenoid change from baseline, measured as area under the curve, is increased following consumption of the sequentially spaced mix compared to concomitant carotenoids delivery. These results demonstrate reduced interaction and regulation between the sequentially spaced carotenoids, suggesting improved bioavailability from a novel sequentially spaced carotenoid mix.
From the Foundation Up
Authors: Callahan Daniel 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn 2019, The Hastings Center will celebrate its fiftieth anniversary. It is more than a bit staggering to think how far we have come since 1969. When I floated the idea of a center on bioethics to my friend and neighbor, psychiatrist Willard Gaylin, at a Christmas party in 1968—even before the word “bioethics” was used—I had only the fuzziest idea of where that would take us. Neither Will nor I had run anything, nor did we know how to raise money to support an organization. We would and did learn how, but much of what we did in those early years was made up on the fly. We not only had to invent an organization but no less to invent a field of research and education on issues still little noticed by the public or academics. Out of curiosity, I recently googled “bioethics.” I was astonished at what I found and by the sheer quantity of what is going on.
How to Rethink the Fourteen‐Day Rule
Authors: Chan Sarah 
Published: May 2017

AbstractRecently, attention has been drawn to the basic principles governing the use of human embryos in research: specifically, the so‐called fourteen‐day rule. This rule stipulates that human embryos should not be allowed to grow in vitro past fourteen days of development. For years, the fourteen‐day limit was largely theoretical, since culture techniques were not sufficient to maintain embryos up to this point. Yet in the past year, research has suggested that growing embryos beyond fourteen days might be feasible and scientifically valuable. At the same time, work with pluripotent stem cells, including human PSCs, has shown that under certain conditions, they can form structures that recapitulate developmental features of the postimplantation embryo. This raises the possibility that PSCs could generate embryo‐like structures in vitro, even “synthetic embryos,” that might provoke moral concern but would not fall under most current embryo research policies. In countries that permit embryo research, the fourteen‐day rule has long been the linchpin of an effective policy compromise between what remain deeply divided moral positions on the human embryo's status. It has also, particularly in the United Kingdom, been influential in establishing a bioethics public‐policy process. Any moves to change the rule must consider not just the implications for the use of embryos but also the potential impact of this model of bioethical governance of science.
Reconciling Patient Safety and Epistemic Humility: An Ethical Use of Opioid Treatment Plans
Authors: Ho Anita 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Joshua Rager and Peter Schwartz suggest using opioid treatment agreements as public health monitoring tools to inform patients about “the requirements entailed by undergoing opioid therapy,” rather than as contractual agreements to alter patients’ individual behavior or to benefit them directly. Because Rager and Schwartz's argument presents suspected OTA violations as a justification to stop providing opioids yet does not highlight the broader epistemic and systemic context within which clinicians prescribe these medications, their proposal may perpetuate a climate of distrust and stigmatization without correcting systemic factors that may have placed patients and others at risk in the first place. Given the context of epistemic uncertainty regarding opioid safety and efficacy, insufficient training for opioid prescribers, and inadequate patient education, I propose replacing OTAs, which have a narrow focus on patient behaviors, with opioid treatment plans, which would promote mutual, collaborative, and shared decision‐making on the most appropriate pain management program. An OTP can be ethically justified as a tool to prevent and treat iatrogenic addiction under a specific paradigm—one that adopts a default position of professional epistemic humility and holds all collaborative parties accountable in chronic pain management.
Opioid Treatment Agreements Repurposed—But Who Monitors the Monitors?
Authors: Payne Richard 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn this issue of the Hastings Center Report, Joshua Rager and Peter Schwartz reframe the justification for the use of opioid treatment agreements. Instead of documents used to define the roles and responsibilities of doctors and patients to one another in the course of opioid treatment for chronic pain and to describe the risks and benefits of therapy for the individual, OTAs are now proposed for use as “surveillance and monitoring” instruments. As such, they are specifically meant to disclose the risks of opioid therapy and to describe the other processes and tools used to monitor abuse and diversion of medications. Given the crisis of the opioid overdose and death epidemic, along with this repurposing of OTAs as disclosure documents primarily, Rager and Schwartz argue that patient consent is not needed (although desired) and that OTAs should be universally applied in clinical practices. We can all agree on the big picture goal of limiting the number of opioid prescriptions in order to minimize the tragedy of opioid overdose deaths. We disagree, though, about the acceptable level of collateral damage to people in pain who fall victim to fighting the war against the so‐called opioid epidemic.