bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Unraveling the “Seesaw” Competition between the Electrically Driven Reduction and Reoxidation Processes in Ceria with In Situ Electron Microscopy
Authors: Li Xiaomin , Qi Kuo , Sun Muhua , Huang Qianming , Wei Jiake , Xu Zhi , Wang Wenlong , Bai Xuedong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn improved mechanistic understanding of the redox behavior of ceria (CeO2) is central to controlling its catalytic and ionic properties, which are involved in a variety of technologically important applications. Here, as enabled by the real‐time temporal resolution of in situ electron microscopy, we present strong evidence to help elucidate the complex interplay and dynamics of the electrically driven redox equilibria in ceria. Under an external electric field, a CeO2 film sandwiched between a Nb‐doped SrTiO3 substrate (cathode) and a tungsten probing tip (anode) was observed to dynamically exhibit a seesaw‐like, reversible forward/backward propagation of the modulation wave formed in the cubic ceria lattice as a consequence of ordering and migration of oxygen vacancies. Such an interesting seesaw‐like behavior indicates subtle competition between the electrically driven reduction (forming oxygen vacancies) of ceria and its dynamic reoxidation (repairing oxygen vacancies) by residual oxygen gas in the chamber (≈10−6 Pa). This result provides important new insight that can be used to understand the redox chemistry of ceria, for which, in previous studies, the reduction and oxidation processes were assumed to be two seemingly separate events that could occur only after switching the external thermodynamic conditions.
Aeration of Liquid‐Liquid Systems Using Various Agitators in a Mixer Equipped with a Membrane Diffuser
Authors: Szaferski Waldemar , Mitkowski Piotr T. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractEfficient aeration of liquid mixtures is essential in many biochemical and chemical processes. The power requirements needed to obtain three‐phase gas‐liquid‐liquid systems containing air, mineral oil, and water as modeling mixture were analyzed. The influence of using various kinds of agitators consisting of two stirrers on a common shaft and different volume fractions of oil ranging from 0.111 to 0.429 were investigated experimentally. The studies were performed for three configurations of stirrers consisting of Smith disc, Rushton, or flat‐blade turbines.
Comparison of Response Surface Methodology and Artificial Neural Network for Modeling Xylose‐to‐Xylitol Bioconversion
Authors: Sampaio Fábio Coelho , de Faria Janaína Teles , de Lima Silva Gabriel Dumond , Gonçalves Ricardo Melo , Pitangui Cristiano Grijó , Casazza Alessandro Alberto , Arni Saleh Al , Converti Attilio 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPrevious experimental data of xylose‐to‐xylitol bioconversion by Debaryomyces hansenii carried out according to a 33 full factorial design were used to model this process by two different artificial neural network (ANN) training methods. Models obtained for four responses were compared with those of response surface methodology (RSM). ANN models were shown to be superior to RSM in the predictive capacity, whereas the latter showed better performance in the generalization capability step. RSM with optimization using a genetic algorithm was revealed as a whole to be the best modeling option, which suggests that the comparative performances of RSM and ANN may be a highly problem‐specific issue.
Influence of Ester versus Amide Linkers on the Supramolecular Polymerization Mechanisms of Planar BODIPY Dyes
Authors: Rödle Alexander , Ritschel Benedikt , Mück‐Lichtenfeld Christian , Stepanenko Vladimir , Fernández Gustavo 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe report the H‐type supramolecular polymerization of two new hydrophobic BODIPY derivatives equipped with ester and amide linkages. Whereas the ester‐containing BODIPY derivative undergoes an isodesmic supramolecular polymerization in which the monomers are parallel‐oriented, the replacement of the ester by amide groups leads to a highly cooperative self‐assembly process into H‐type aggregates with a rotational displacement of the dye molecules within the stack. The dye organization imposed by simultaneous π–π and hydrogen bonding interactions is the driving force for the cooperative supramolecular polymerization, whereas the absence of additional hydrogen bonds for the ester‐containing moiety does not suffice to induce cooperative phenomena.
Ferroxidase Activity in Eukaryotic Ferritin is Controlled by Accessory‐Iron‐Binding Sites in the Catalytic Cavity
Authors: Bernacchioni Caterina , Pozzi Cecilia , Di Pisa Flavio , Mangani Stefano , Turano Paola 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFerritins are iron‐storage nanocage proteins that catalyze the oxidation of Fe2+ to Fe3+ at ferroxidase sites. By a combination of structural and spectroscopic techniques, Asp140, together with previously identified Glu57 and Glu136, is demonstrated to be an essential residue to promote the iron oxidation at the ferroxidase site. However, the presence of these three carboxylate moieties in close proximity to the catalytic centers is not essential to achieve binding of the Fe2+ substrate to the diferric ferroxidase sites with the same coordination geometries as in the wild‐type cages.
Crystal Structures and Phase Sequences of Metallocenium Salts with Fluorinated Anions: Effects of Molecular Size and Symmetry on Phase Transitions to Ionic Plastic Crystals
Authors: Mochida Tomoyuki , Funasako Yusuke , Ishida Mai , Saruta Shingo , Kosone Takashi , Kitazawa Takafumi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSandwich compounds often exhibit various phase transitions, including those to plastic phases. To elucidate the general features of the phase transitions in metallocenium salts, the thermal properties and crystal structures of [Fe(C5Me5)2]X ([1]X), [Co(C5Me5)2]X ([2]X), and [Fe(C5Me4H)2]X ([3]X) have been investigated, where the counter anions (X) are Tf2N (=(CF3SO2)2N−), OTf (=CF3SO3−), PF6, and BF4. The Tf2N salts commonly undergo phase transitions from an ordered phase at low temperatures to an anion‐disordered phase, followed by a plastic phase and finally melt at high temperatures. All these salts exhibit a phase transition to a plastic phase, and the transition temperature generally decreases with decreasing cation size and increasing anion size. The crystal structures of these salts comprise an alternating arrangement of cations and anions. About half of these salts exhibit phase transitions at low temperatures, which are mostly correlated with the order–disorder of the anion.
A Masked Phosphinidene Trapped in a Fluxional NCN Pincer
Authors: Hyvl Jakub , Yoshida Wesley Y. , Rheingold Arnold L. , Hughes Russell P. , Cain Matthew F. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe trapping of a phosphinidene (R‐P) in an NCN pincer is presented. Stabilized phosphinidene 1 was characterized by 31P{1H}, 1H, and 13C{1H} NMR spectroscopy, exhibiting an averaged C2v symmetry in solution between −60 and 60 °C. In the solid state, the phosphinidene is coordinated by one adjacent N atom featuring a formal P−N bond (1.757(2) Å) to give a five‐membered ring with some aromatic character, confirmed by DFT calculations (B3LYP‐D3/6‐311G**++) to be the ground‐state structure. Equilibration of the two N ligands occurs rapidly in solution via a “bell‐clapper”‐type process through an associative symmetric transition state calculated to lie 4.0 kcal mol−1 above the ground state.
Fucoidan Induces ROS‐Dependent Apoptosis in 5637 Human Bladder Cancer Cells by Downregulating Telomerase Activity via Inactivation of the PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Han Min Ho , Lee Dae‐Sung , Jeong Jin‐Woo , Hong Su‐Hyun , Choi Il‐Whan , Cha Hee‐Jae , Kim Suhkmann , Kim Heui‐Soo , Park Cheol , Kim Gi‐Young , Moon Sung‐Kwon , Kim Wun‐Jae , Hyun Choi Yung 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Preclinical Research

Fucoidan, a sulfated polysaccharide, is a compound found in various species of seaweed that has anti‐viral, anti‐bacterial, anti‐oxidant, anti‐inflammatory, and immunomodulatory activities; however, the underlying relationship between apoptosis and anti‐telomerase activity has not been investigated. Here, we report that fucoidan‐induced apoptosis in 5637 human bladder cancer cells was associated with an increase in the Bax/Bcl‐2 ratio, the dissipation of the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP, Δψm), and cytosolic release of cytochrome c from the mitochondria. Under the same experimental conditions, fucoidan‐treatment decreased hTERT (human telomerase reverse transcriptase) expression and the transcription factors, c‐myc and Sp1. This was accompanied by decreased telomerase activity. Fucoidan‐treatment also suppressed activation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Inhibition of PI3K/Akt signaling enhanced fucoidan‐induced apoptosis and anti‐telomerase activity. Meanwhile, fucoidan treatment increased the generation of intracellular ROS, whereas the over‐elimination of ROS by N‐acetylcysteine, an anti‐oxidant, attenuated fucoidan‐induced apoptosis, inhibition of hTERT, c‐myc, and Sp1 expression, and reversed fucoidan‐induced inactivation of the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. Collectively, these data indicate that the induction of apoptosis and the inhibition of telomerase activity by fucoidan are mediated via ROS‐dependent inactivation of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Drug Dev Res 78 : 37–48, 2017.   © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Assessment of wildland fire impacts on watershed annual water yield: Analytical framework and case studies in the United States
Authors: Hallema Dennis W. , Sun Ge , Caldwell Peter V. , Norman Steven P. , Cohen Erika C. , Liu Yongqiang , Ward Eric J. , McNulty Steven G. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractMore than 50% of water supplies in the conterminous United States originate on forestland or rangeland and are potentially under increasing stress as a result of larger and more severe wildfires. Little is known, however, about the long‐term impacts of fire on annual water yield and the role of climate variability within this context. We here propose a framework for evaluating wildland fire impacts on streamflow that combines double‐mass analysis with new methods (change point analysis, climate elasticity modeling, and process‐based modeling) to distinguish between multiyear fire and climate impacts. The framework captures a wide range of fire types, watersheds characteristics, and climate conditions using streamflow data, as opposed to other approaches requiring paired watersheds. The process is illustrated with three case studies. A watershed in Arizona experienced a +266% increase in annual water yield in the 5 years after a wildfire, where +219% was attributed to wildfire and +24% to precipitation trends. In contrast, a California watershed had a lower (−64%) post‐fire net water yield, comprised of enhanced flow (+38%) attributed to wildfire offset (−102%) by lower precipitation in the post‐fire period. Changes in streamflow within a watershed in South Carolina had no apparent link to periods of prescribed burning but matched a very wet winter and reports of storm damage. The presented framework is unique in its ability to detect and quantify fire or other disturbances, even if the date or nature of the disturbance event is uncertain, and regardless of precipitation trends.
The ACA's Provision on Nondiscrimination Takes Shape
Authors: Johnson Sandra H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe Department of Health and Human Services has issued far‐reaching regulations to implement the nondiscrimination requirement of the Affordable Care Act. Now commonly called “Section 1557,” this ACA provision prohibits discrimination by “any health program or activity, any part of which is receiving Federal financial assistance,” on grounds prohibited under previously enacted federal antidiscrimination statutes. The DHHS Office of Civil Rights enforces Section 1557. These new regulations and accompanying commentary give warning of the standards the agency will use in its enforcement efforts. Courts will also give some deference to the DHHS regulations in interpreting the statute in lawsuits by individuals claiming damages against covered health care providers for illegal discrimination under Section 1557. Three central issues are the nature of the rights created in Section 1557 and their relation to the listed federal antidiscrimination statutes, the sorts of health care programs and activities that are covered by Section 1557, and the definition of the personal characteristics, including sexual orientation and gender identity, against which discrimination is prohibited.
Emergency Nursing, Ebola, and Public Policy: The Contributions of Nursing to the Public Policy Conversation
Authors: Wolf Lisa , Ulrich Connie M. , Grady Christine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractExcellent patient care within the emergency department requires interdisciplinary training, teamwork, and communication to manage the chaos of the environment. Specifically, invasive procedures required to manage airway, breathing, and circulation via intubation, chest compressions, and establishing intravenous access can provide a direct benefit to save lives but also have the potential to harm both patients and health care clinicians alike; emergency health care clinicians can be exposed to significant amounts of blood and body fluids as well as other threats of physical and psychological harm. The ethical components of care in this environment are often under‐recognized due to the need for rapid patient assessment and immediate action. Moreover, challenges to practice that can include lack of qualified personnel, equipment, and other resources to provide safe care to a large volume of patients can lead to moral distress in ED staff. Because the ED is a high‐uncertainty, high‐acuity environment, continuing interprofessional communication, collaboration, and planning is critical. Opportunities for multidisciplinary policy dialogue and the development of professional guidelines can make the ED a safer environment for both patients and providers.
Primary payer status, individual patient characteristics, and hospital‐level factors affecting length of stay and total cost of hospitalization in total laryngectomy
Authors: Mehta Vikas , Flores José M. , Thompson Richard Will , Nathan Cherie‐Ann 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundMedicaid and uninsured patients anecdotally incur higher cost and length of stay because of nonmedical, discharge‐related factors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the association between primary payer and length of stay and cost, controlling for comorbidities and complications, in patients undergoing total laryngectomy.MethodsThe sample included 4128 patients who underwent total laryngectomy in the 2005 to 2010 National Inpatient Sample (NIS). Patients were categorized into 4 subgroups based on payer status: Medicare, Medicaid, uninsured, and private insurance. Using multilevel modeling, we examined differences in length of stay and hospitalization costs.ResultsThe odds of being in the top quartile of length of stay increased for Medicaid patients by 41% (odds ratio [OR] = 1.41; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.03–1.92) compared with privately insured patients.ConclusionAfter controlling for medical factors, Medicaid patients had increased lengths of stay. Overall costs were highest for those with public insurance, but no difference was seen for the adjusted cost. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 39: 311–319, 2017
Slow stabilization of concurrently acquired hippocampal context representations
Authors: Law L. Matthew , Bulkin David A. , Smith David M. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTHippocampal neurons exhibit spatially localized firing patterns that, at the population level, represent a particular environment or context. Many studies have examined how hippocampal neurons switch from an existing representation to a new one when the environment is changed, a process referred to as remapping. New representations were commonly thought to emerge rapidly, within a few minutes and then remain remarkably stable thereafter. However, a number of recent studies suggest that hippocampal representations may be more fluid than previously thought and most of the previous studies only required that subjects switch from a familiar environment to a novel one. In the present study, we examined the concurrent development of two distinct hippocampal representations by exposing rats to two distinct environmental contexts in an ABAB pattern and we recorded neuronal activity for eight daily training sessions. Hippocampal neurons exhibited normal place fields with typical firing properties during the initial exposure to each context on the first day. However, when the rats were returned to the original context after having spent 15 min in the second context, many of the neurons fired in new locations (i.e., they remapped) as if the rat had encountered a new environment. By the third day, the representations had stabilized and were highly consistent across visits to the same context. These results suggest that when subjects concurrently encode multiple contexts, hippocampal representations may require repeated experiences to fully stabilize. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Cell response to sterilized electrospun poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) scaffolds to aid tendon regeneration in vivo
Authors: Bhaskar Prajwal , Bosworth Lucy A. , Wong Richard , O'brien Marie A. , Kriel Haydn , Smit Eugene , McGrouther Duncan A. , Wong Jason K. , Cartmell Sarah H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe functional replacement of tendon represents an unmet clinical need in situations of tendon rupture, tendon grafting, and complex tendon reconstruction, as usually there is a finite source of healthy tendon to use as donors. The microfibrous architecture of tendon is critical to the function of tendon. This study investigates the use of electrospun poly(ɛ‐caprolactone) scaffolds as potential biomaterial substitutes for tendon grafts. We assessed the performance of two electrospinning manufacturers (small‐ and large‐scale) and the effect of two sterilization techniques—gamma irradiation and ethanol submersion—on cell response to these electrospun scaffolds after their implantation into a murine tendon model. Cell infiltration and proliferation analyses were undertaken to determine the effect on cell response within the implant over a 6‐week period. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to characterize inflammatory response and healing characteristics (proliferation, collagen deposition, myofibroblast activity, and apoptosis). Neither the sterilization techniques nor the manufacturer was observed to significantly affect the cell response to the scaffold. At each time point, cell response was similar to the autograft control. This suggests that ethanol submersion can be used for research purposes and that the scaffold can be easily reproduced by a large‐scale manufacturer. These results further imply that this electrospun scaffold may provide an alternative to autograft, thus eliminating the need for sourcing healthy tendon tissue from a secondary site. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 389–397, 2017.
Osteocyte-Secreted Wnt Signaling Inhibitor Sclerostin Contributes to Beige Adipogenesis in Peripheral Fat Depots
Authors: Fulzele Keertik , Lai Forest , Dedic Christopher , Saini Vaibhav , Uda Yuhei , Shi Chao , Tuck Padrig , Aronson Jenna L , Liu Xiaolong , Spatz Jordan M , Wein Marc N , Divieti Pajevic Paola 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT

Cells of the osteoblast lineage are increasingly identified as participants in whole-body metabolism by primarily targeting pancreatic insulin secretion or consuming energy. Osteocytes, the most abundant bone cells, secrete a Wnt-signaling inhibitor called sclerostin. Here we examined three mouse models expressing high sclerostin levels, achieved through constitutive or inducible loss of the stimulatory subunit of G-proteins (Gsα in mature osteoblasts and/or osteocytes). These mice showed progressive loss of white adipose tissue (WAT) with tendency toward increased energy expenditure but no changes in glucose or insulin metabolism. Interestingly beige adipocytes were increased extensively in both gonadal and inguinal WAT and had reduced canonical β-catenin signaling. To determine if sclerostin directly contributes to the increased beige adipogenesis, we engineered an osteocytic cell line lacking Gsα which has high sclerostin secretion. Conditioned media from these cells significantly increased expression of UCP1 in primary adipocytes, and this effect was partially reduced after depletion of sclerostin from the conditioned media. Similarly, treatment of Gsα-deficient animals with sclerostin-neutralizing antibody partially reduced the increased UCP1 expression in WAT. Moreover, direct treatment of sclerostin to wild-type mice significantly increased UCP1 expression in WAT. These results show that osteocytes and/or osteoblasts secrete factors regulating beige adipogenesis, at least in part, through the Wnt-signaling inhibitor sclerostin. Further studies are needed to assess metabolic effects of sclerostin on adipocytes and other metabolic tissues. © 2016 American Society for Bone and Mineral Research.
Allometry Is a Reasonable Choice in Pediatric Drug Development
Authors: Liu Tao , Ghafoori Parima , Gobburu Jogarao V. S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPharmacokinetics (PK) plays a key role in bridging drug efficacy and safety from adults to pediatric patients. The principal purpose of projecting dosing in pediatrics is to guide trial design, not to waive the study per se. This research was designed to evaluate whether the allometric scaling (AS) approach is a satisfactory method to design PK studies in pediatric patients aged 2 years and older. We systematically evaluated drugs that had pediatric label information updated from 1998 to 2015. Only intravenous (IV) or oral administration drugs with available PK information in both children and adults from FDA‐approved labels were included. The allometric scaling approach was used to extrapolate adult clearance to pediatric clearance. The relative difference between the observed and the allometric scaling approach–predicted clearance was summarized and used to evaluate the predictive power of the allometric scaling approach. A total of 36 drugs eliminated by a metabolic pathway and 10 drugs by the renal pathway after intravenous (IV) or oral administration were included. Regardless of the administration route, elimination pathway, and age group, the allometric scaling approach can predict clearance in pediatric patients within a 2‐fold difference; 18 of the included drugs were predicted within a 25% difference, and 31 drugs within a 50% difference. The allometric scaling approach can adequately design PK studies in pediatric subjects 2 years and older.