bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Palestinian Children in the Hemato-Oncology Ward of an Israeli Hospital
Authors: Nehari Miri , Bielorai Bella , Toren Amos 
Published: September 2017

Purpose An encounter between Palestinian parents of children with cancer and Israeli medical staff is a very special situation where “potential enemies” interact in a caring, trusting and intimate relationship for long periods of time. Our aim was to study the psychological and cultural encounter in order to understand the dynamics involved. Method The study is a qualitative one. Data was collected by way of structured in-depth interviews. Participants were physicians and nurses employed in the department, and Palestinian parents accompanying their children who were hospitalized during the research period. Results Six main themes emerged from the analysis of the interviews: (1) The decision to come to Israel for treatment. (2) The “meeting points” of the two peoples: the Israeli check points and the Palestinian Authority permits. (3) Encounter with the Israeli hospital. (4) Relationship between medical staff and parents. (5) Language and cultural barriers. (6) Emotions, thoughts and behaviors during high security tension. Conclusion The interviews depict a poignant picture of the unique encounter between Israeli Doctors and nurses and Palestinian parents. The psychological mechanism used by parents and doctors is “splitting”-having a dichotomized, simple emotional-perceptual picture of a situation with no conflicts. Nurses use another psychological mechanism in addition which enables them to contain the paradox and the conflict.
A Unique Complication Associated with Concurrent Chemoradiation for the Treatment of Locally Advanced Head and Neck Cancer
Authors: Cahlon Oren , Shaha Ashok , Lee Nancy 
Published: September 2017

Background Concurrent chemoradiation is becoming an increasingly popular treatment for patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer. The full extent of treatment related complications has not been completely documented in the literature. Methods We present the case of a patient treated with definitive intensity modulated radiation therapy and concurrent carboplatin and fluorouracil for a locally advanced oral cavity and base of tongue cancer. Results The patient suffered acute grade 4 dermatitis and mucositis during treatment. One month after completion of treatment, the patient was found to have permanent adherence of the tongue to the buccal mucosa as a result of severe scar tissue formation. Conclusions As more patients undergo chemoradiation for the treatment of locally advanced head and neck cancer, the full extent of treatment related complications are being identified. To our knowledge, this is the first report of chemoradiation for head and neck cancer resulting in adherence of the tongue to the buccal mucosa.
Oxaliplatin for Metastatic Colon Cancer in a Patient with Renal Failure
Authors: Katsumata Kenji , Sumi Tetsuo , Wada Tatehiko , Mori Yasuharu , Hisada Masayuki , Kawakita Hideaki , Enomoto Masanori , Suzuki Shoji , Matsuda Daisuke , Tsuchida Akihiko , Aoki Tatsuya 
Published: September 2017

Objective Oxaliplatin, a key part of the standard regimen for colorectal cancer in Western countries, has become available in Japan. In a hemodialysis patient with cecal cancer, we investigated the efficacy, safety, pharmacokinetics, and dialysability of oxaliplatin. Methods A 65-year-old man who had cecal cancer was treated with oxaliplatin (40 mg/m2) and l-leucovorin(l-LV) (200 mg/m2), which were administered simultaneously over 120 min via the side and main arms of a Y-tube, respectively. Then 5-FU (400 mg/m2) was administered rapidly via the side tube, followed by 5-FU (2,000 mg/m2) over 46 hours via the main tube. The patient had chronic renal failure due to diabetic nephropathy and hemodialysis was performed 3 times a week. Blood samples were collected from the dialyzer before and after each hemodialysis session to examine platinum clearance. Results The patient received 3 courses of oxaliplatin before he died of cancer. During hemodialysis, the platinum level fell from 0.32 μg/mL to 0.15 μg/mL. Conclusion Since patients with renal failure have various associated disorders and oxaliplatin has a long half-life, it is necessary to obtain more pharmacokinetic data to investigate its accumulation and dialysability during long-term treatment. Such data will assist in treating the rapidly increasing number of hemodialysis patients with colorectal cancer.
Uncertainty in counting ice nucleating particles with continuous flow diffusion chambers
Authors: Garimella Sarvesh , Rothenberg Daniel A. , Wolf Martin J. , David Robert O. , Kanji Zamin A. , Wang Chien , Rösch Michael , Cziczo Daniel J. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. This study investigates the measurement of ice nucleating particle (INP) concentrations and sizing of crystals using continuous flow diffusion chambers (CFDCs). CFDCs have been deployed for decades to measure the formation of INPs under controlled humidity and temperature conditions in laboratory studies and by ambient aerosol populations. These measurements have, in turn, been used to construct parameterizations for use in models by relating the formation of ice crystals to state variables such as temperature and humidity as well as aerosol particle properties such as composition and number. We show here that assumptions of ideal instrument behavior are not supported by measurements made with a commercially available CFDC, the SPectrometer for Ice Nucleation (SPIN), and the instrument on which it is based, the Zurich Ice Nucleation Chamber (ZINC). Non-ideal instrument behavior, which is likely inherent to varying degrees in all CFDCs, is caused by exposure of particles to different humidities and/or temperatures than predicated from instrument theory of operation. This can result in a systematic, and variable, underestimation of reported INP concentrations. We find here variable correction factors from 1.5 to 9.5, consistent with previous literature values. We use a machine learning approach to show that non-ideality is most likely due to small-scale flow features where the aerosols are combined with sheath flows. Machine learning is also used to minimize the uncertainty in measured INP concentrations. We suggest that detailed measurement, on an instrument-by-instrument basis, be performed to characterize this uncertainty.
Effects of the 2014 major Baltic inflow on methane and nitrous oxide dynamics in the water column of the central Baltic Sea
Authors: Myllykangas Jukka-Pekka , Jilbert Tom , Jakobs Gunnar , Rehder Gregor , Werner Jan , Hietanen Susanna 
Published: September 2017

Abstract. In late 2014, a large, oxygen-rich salt water inflow entered the Baltic Sea and caused considerable changes in deep water oxygen concentrations. We studied the effects of the inflow on the concentration patterns of two greenhouse gases, methane and nitrous oxide, during the following year (2015) in the water column of the Gotland Basin. In the eastern basin, methane which had previously accumulated in the deep waters was largely removed during the year. Here, volume-weighted mean concentration below 70 m decreased from 108 nM in March to 16.3 nM over a period of 141 days (0.65 nM d−1), predominantly due to oxidation (up to 79 %) following turbulent mixing with the oxygen-rich inflow. In contrast nitrous oxide, which was previously absent from deep waters, accumulated in deep waters due to enhanced nitrification following the inflow. Volume-weighted mean concentration of nitrous oxide below 70 m increased from 11.8 nM in March to 24.4 nM in 141 days (0.09 nM d−1). A transient extreme accumulation of nitrous oxide (877 nM) was observed in the deep waters of the Eastern Gotland Basin towards the end of 2015, when deep waters turned anoxic again, sedimentary denitrification was induced and methane was reintroduced to the bottom waters. The Western Gotland Basin gas biogeochemistry was not affected by the inflow.
Factors Affecting to Job Satisfaction of Banking Employees in Sri Lanka Special Reference Public and Private Banks in Anuradhapura District
Authors: Weerasinghe Salinda , Dedunu Harshani , Jayani Chiranthani 
Published: September 2017

Employees are the backbone of any organization. They are the most precious and important asset among all the assets of any organization. Job satisfaction is a part of employee life satisfaction. So the employee job satisfaction becomes one of the top priority issues in the banking industry. Therefore, the study aims to identify the level of job satisfaction of banking employees’ in private and public banks in Sri Lanka with special reference to Anuradhapura District. All employees who are working in either public or private banks in Anuradhapura District were the population of the study and out of them 226 employees were selected as sample of the study based on stratified sampling technique. Data were processed through number of rigorous analysis to derive a robust conclusion. The findings of the study indicated higher level of job satisfaction in public sector banking employees than private sector employees in Sri Lanka. Further study regression result highlighted statistically significant impact of work itself, salary, job security and recognition on employee job satisfaction in baking sector Sri Lanka, however possibility of growth and working conditions no longer make significant impact on employee job satisfaction. Finally, study identified salary as a greatest explanatory variable of employee job satisfaction in banking sector Sri Lanka. Key words: Banking Sector, Job satisfaction, Salary, Job security
Can a supervised algorithmic assessment of men for prostate cancer improve the quality of care? A retrospective evaluation of a prostate assessment pathway in Saskatchewan
Authors: Liu Bonnie , Jana Kunal , Groot Gary 
Published: September 2017

Introduction: The Saskatoon Prostate Assessment Pathway (SPAP) was developed in 2013 in part to decrease the wait times between physician referral and biopsy for patients with suspected prostate cancer. Using an algorithm carefully designed to optimize appropriate prostate biopsy rates, physicians can directly refer patients for biopsy through the SPAP without seeing a urologist. All other patients are referred to the Saskatoon Urology Associates (SUA). The present study evaluates the performance of the algorithm.Methods: 971 patients seen at the SUA and 302 patients seen through the SPAP were identified. Information on age, biopsy status and outcome, risk stratification, and time between referral and biopsy was collected. Biopsy wait time data was analyzed using gamma distribution. Association between referral method and biopsy rate, and between referral method and risk stratification, was analyzed using Z-test.Results: The expected wait time from referral to biopsy for patients seen through SUA was 2.63 times longer than those seen through SPAP (34 vs. 91 days). The biopsy rate of patients seen in the SPAPwas significantly higher than those by SUA (88% vs. 69%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.14–0.26; p<0.00001). There was no significant difference in positive biopsy rates for patients seen through the SPAP vs. SUA (81% vs. 74%, 95% CI -0.011,0.14; p=0.095), for detection of low-risk cancer, (12% vs. 10%, 95% CI -0.034,0.080; p=0.44), or for clinically relevant cancer, i.e., intermediate- and high-risk cancer, for SPAP vs. SUA (56.54% vs. 56.68%, 95% CI -0.091,0.089; p=0.49).Conclusions: The algorithm used in the SPAP is effective in decreasing wait time to prostate biopsy and has the same cancer/pre-cancer detection rate, but at the cost of a higher biopsy rate. Both referralmechanisms result in few low-risk cancer detection biopsies, finding primarily cases of high- or intermediate-risk cancer.
Methane Production Explained Largely by Water Content in the Heartwood of Living Trees in Upland Forests
Authors: Wang Zhi‐Ping , Han Shi‐Jie , Li Huan‐Long , Deng Feng‐Dan , Zheng Yan‐Hai , Liu Hai‐Feng , Han Xing‐Guo 
Published: September 2017

AbstractMost forests worldwide are located in upland landscapes. Previous studies have mainly focused on ground methane (CH4) flux in upland forests, and living tree stem‐based CH4 processes and fluxes are thus relatively poorly understood. This study investigated the relationship between CH4 concentration and water content in the heartwood of living trees in midtemperate, warm temperate, and subtropical upland forests and also measured seasonal changes of in situ stem CH4 flux and the CH4 concentration and water content in the heartwood of Populus davidiana Dode in a warm temperate upland forest. We found that approximately 4–13% of tree stems or approximately 8–31% of tree species had a substantial CH4 concentration of ≥10,000 μL L−1 in their heartwood across the three types of upland forests. The heartwood CH4 concentration was related to water content by a power function. A threshold of water content occurred beyond which CH4 was produced at high levels in the heartwood. The CH4 emissions from the breast height stems of P. davidiana ranged from 202.1 to 331.6 μg m−2 h−1 on a stem surface area basis during July–October 2016 and were significantly linearly correlated with the CH4 concentration or water content in the heartwood throughout the experimental period, but the linear correlation was not significant at daily and monthly scales. Temperature was not a limiting factor for CH4 production during July–October 2016, and thus, most of the CH4 production may be explained by water content in the heartwood of living trees in upland forests.
Imidazoleglycerol‐Phosphate Dehydratase (IGPD)
Authors: Bisson Claudine , Baker Patrick J , Rice David W 
Published: September 2017

AbstractImidazoleglycerol‐phosphate dehydratase (IGPD) catalyzes the manganese‐dependent dehydration of (2R,3S)‐2,3‐dihydroxy‐3‐(1H‐imidazol‐5‐yl)propyl dihydrogen phosphate (2R,3S‐IGP) to 3‐(1H‐imidazol‐4‐yl)‐2‐oxopropyl dihydrogen phosphate (IAP) as part of histidine biosynthesis. IGPD shows strict enantioselectivity for thed‐erythro‐diasteroisomer of IGP, with the other three diastereoisomers acting as competitive inhibitors of the enzyme. Structural studies combined with spectroscopic and biochemical data have shown that the enzyme contains a novel dimanganese (II) cluster at the active site, whose binding site is dominated by interactions of the metal ions with two imperfectly repeated histidine‐rich sequence motifs that have arisen as part of an ancient gene duplication event. The formation of this cluster is crucial not only to the assembly of the active 24‐mer from an inactive trimeric precursor but also to the chemistry carried out by the enzyme. The mode of recognition of the IGP substrate exploits pseudosymmetry at the active site arising from a combination of the assembly of the particle and the pseudosymmetry present in each subunit as a result of the gene duplication.The analysis of a series of high‐resolution crystal structures of an inactive mutant of IGPD2 fromArabidopsis thalianain complex with IGP has provided insights into the events that accompany catalysis by IGPD. These show how substrate binding triggers a switch in the coordination state of one of the active site Mn(II) ions between six‐ and five‐coordinate species. This switch is critical to prime the active site for catalysis by facilitating the formation of a high‐energy imidazolate intermediate whose existence has led to a detailed proposal for the enzyme mechanism. The discovery of this important aspect of the catalytic cycle of IGPD illustrates how metalloenzymes are able to manipulate the coordination chemistry of metal ions to facilitate catalysis exploiting their unique properties to diversify enzyme chemistry.IGPD has been suggested as an attractive target for the development of a novel herbicide and is inhibited by a series of chiral triazolyl phosphonates, where the nanomolar potency of the lead inhibitor, 2‐hydroxy‐3‐(1,2,4‐triazol‐1‐yl) propylphosphonate (C348), is based on mimicking key reaction intermediates. Biochemical data from bothin vivoandin vitroassays further shows that, unusually, both the (R)‐ and (S)‐enantiomers of C348 are equipotent nanomolar inhibitors of the enzyme. Structural data show that both these enantiomers make equivalent interactions with the active site of IGPD and bind with mirror‐image packing providing a molecular explanation of this finding.
Professionalization
Authors: Iarskaia‐Smirnova Elena , Kononenko Rostislav 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFunctionalist sociologists have described professionalization as a positive and progressive force that fosters social change in ways that minimize social conflict and disintegration. The basis of professional practice was considered to be technical knowledge and the ideal of service. Early studies assumed a clear divide between the professions and occupations. Lists of traits were developed to distinguish the ideal type of a profession. The functionalist and traits approaches were criticized for their essentialist position. Conducted on microlevel, interactionist works focus on professional socialization in workplaces, relationships in the everyday life of occupations, and their meanings in working routine and in wider contexts. In the neo‐Weberian approach professionalization is seen as the project whereby a distinct occupational group seeks to gain a monopoly control of competence and credibility with the public and, as a result, to secure an increase in income, power, and prestige.
Access to the Media
Authors: Terilli Samuel A. 
Published: September 2017

Access to the media encompasses the efforts and rights of individuals and groups to represent their views through the pages or airtime of established media entities – private or public. It should not be confused with access to information (→ Freedom of Information; Right to Know) or even the related question of open‐access television (→ Public Access Television). The question of access to the media typically arises when a political candidate wants advertising or free airtime or when a person, business, or group demands time (or space) to reply to a news report or present a competing analysis (→ Right of Reply). Rights of reply constitute a particular form of access to the media. More broadly, the access‐to‐the‐media question asks whether society can or should force a publisher or broadcaster to devote space or time to diverse subjects and viewpoints. The → Internet and other technological advances may in time lessen the practical importance of such access rights by facilitating new forms of communication, ranging from blogs (→ Blogger) to social media (→ Media Content and Social Networks), and direct access to audiences by diverse speakers (→ E‐Democracy).
Behavioral Norms: Perception through the Media
Authors: Shah Dhavan V. , Rojas Hernando 
Published: September 2017

Social norms entail learned expectations of behavior or categorization that are deemed desirable, or at least appear as unproblematic (Sherif 1936) for a specific social group in a given situation (→ Social Norms). Mass media have been found to help shape → perceptions of behavioral norms (→ Observational Learning; Media and Perceptions of Reality). These perceptions are consequential for health behaviors, social and sexual practices, democratic participation, and a range of other outcomes.
Bertelsmann Corporation
Authors: Becker Jörg 
Published: September 2017

Bertelsmann Corporation, with headquarters in the small northern German city of Gütersloh, is one of the largest multinational media, information, and consulting corporations worldwide (→ Media Conglomerates), with a turnover of almost 20 million euros and about 100,000 employees (all figures here are for 2006). If the size of the company is assessed on the basis not of annual turnover but of its credit rating with banks, then for many years Bertelsmann has been the world's largest multinational information concern, as (unlike many US companies) it has been debt free for a long time.
Black Feminist Media Studies
Authors: Keeling Kara 
Published: September 2017

Black feminist media studies is a growing body of scholarly work that looks at the intersection of media, race, and gender, with a specific focus on women of African descent. This field of research most often designates scholarship produced in the United States or Europe that explores the ways that film, television, broadcast and print news, and new media (and, less often, radio) produce messages and ideas about women of African descent and the possible ways in which these representations influence political, economic, and cultural structures in society (→ Feminist and Gender Studies).
Bona Fide Groups
Authors: Kramer Michael W. 
Published: September 2017

The bona fide group construct grew out of a concern over the external → validity and generalizability of studies conducted on zero‐history, laboratory groups. More than just a focus on studying naturally occurring groups, a bona fide group perspective focuses on characteristics of naturally occurring groups that do not exist in laboratory groups (→ Experiment, Laboratory). The first conceptualization of this by Linda Putnam and Cynthia Stohl (1990) emphasized that naturally occurring (bona fide) groups have stable but permeable boundaries, are interdependent with the immediate context, and have links between the boundaries and context. So unlike artificially created groups, in bona fide groups, group membership frequently changes, the group's internal dynamics are influenced by the external environment, and its members are influenced by their simultaneous membership in other groups. For example, an ad hoc committee frequently experiences membership changes as personnel are reassigned, is interdependent with the administrator who convened the group and with other groups who provide it with resources, and is affected by the divided loyalties of its members as they balance their involvement in the ad hoc committee with other departmental and social groups.
Book
Authors: Amert Kay 
Published: September 2017

The book is a durable vehicle for words and images and often is a central artifact in cultures with the written word. Those produced in the era before the advent of printing are unique “manuscript” books that were made by hand (→ Printing, History of). The book became the first mass medium, and conventions for its presentation shaped those of later media. It can be distinguished from other printed and electronic media by the substantial length of its texts and by the diversity of its content, which ranges from the worldly and practical to the poetic and sublime. Because books both comprise and safeguard the working memory of humanity, they are inherently conservative at the same time as they announce what is new. Thus the book is a complex artifact: it reveals the personal, social, and cultural values of a period, and it can be “read” in a variety of ways (→ Typography).
Branding
Authors: Gelbrich Katja 
Published: September 2017

The term “branding” is used for the identification of offers (products and services). Etymologically, the origin of the word can be found in the branding of cattle. Initially, the spectrum of meanings was closely restricted to the pure act of naming. In the course of time, a more tailored definition of branding was suggested: integrated and harmonized use of all marketing mix instruments with the aim of creating a concise, comprehensive, and positively discriminating brand image within the relevant competitive environment (→ Image; Marketing). However, this all‐embracing concept is not clearly distinguishable from brand management. Hence,
another definition
situated between these two extremes has become widely accepted: the so‐called magic triangle of branding. The triangle has the following three sides: brand name, trademark (for example, a logo), and product design and packaging. It is the task of branding to balance these three sides so that they position a brand uniquely (see also Aaker 1991; Aaker & Joachimsthaler 2000; → Brands).