bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Legitimacy of the Summer 2017 GCC crisis and Qatar’s AML framework
Authors: Naheem Mohammed Ahmad 
Published: August 2017

Purpose
In June 2017, members of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) ended diplomatic ties with Qatar. There is a legitimate concern about the accusation levied on Qatar. This paper aims to analyse the progress Qatar’s financial system has made with respect to its anti-money laundering (AML) and counter-terrorist financing (CFT) regulations, which further serves as the country’s effort to combating the financing of terrorism (CTF). The paper further wishes to advance the discussion by considering the legitimate goals of the aforementioned bodies and their discourse on creating national and international obligations towards reducing terrorist financing through robust AML frameworks.

Design/methodology/approach
The paper analyses Qatar’s legislative and regulatory overhaul following the Financial Action Task Force’s Mutual Evaluation Report. Qatar had distinctively strengthened its approach against Money Laundering and Terrorist Financing. The paper takes an ex ante approach by understanding Qatar’s “strategic deficiencies” before the FATF’s mutual evaluation. Subsequently, the paper studies independent international evaluations of Qatar’s AML/CTF legislation and regulation.

Findings
The paper finds Qatar in significant compliance to the recommendations of the various international bodies, including the Financial Action Task Force (FATF), Basel AML Index, IMF’s financial sector reviews, United Nations and independent reports on AML progress from regulatory bodies around the world. None of these organizations present obligatory rules but have set and determined and international standard for AML/CTF laws.

Originality/value
The primary aim is to draw parallels between Qatar’s regulatory AML and CTF efforts through the country’s compliance with international initiatives, such as the FATF guidelines, Basel AML Index, IMF’s financial sector reviews, United Nations and independent reports on AML progress from regulatory bodies around the world.
Implications of forfeiting property in money laundering cases in Malaysia
Authors: Hamin Zaiton , Omar Normah , Abdul Hakim Muhammad Muaz 
Published: August 2017

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to examine the broad concept of forfeiture, its legal positions in the UK and Malaysia, and to highlight the implications of such forfeiture systems and legislations.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses a doctrinal legal analysis and secondary data, which analyses primary sources, the POCA (2002) and the AMLATFA 2001, and secondary sources including case law, articles in academic journals, books and online databases.FindingsThe authors contend that the civil forfeiture system and law have far-reaching implications, affecting not only law enforcement agencies, but also on property owners, the courts and bona fide third parties. Also, civil forfeiture law as contained in AMLATFA 2001 represents one of the most serious encroachments on private property rights. Not only that, such a legal rule has made property, and not the owner, guilty until proven innocent.Originality/valueThis paper could be a useful source of information for practitioners, academicians and students. It could also be a beneficial guide for policymakers for any possible future amendments to the law.
Characterization of H5N6 highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses isolated from wild and captive birds in the winter season of 2016–2017 in Northern Japan
Authors: Hiono Takahiro , Okamatsu Masatoshi , Matsuno Keita , Haga Atsushi , Iwata Ritsuko , Nguyen Lam Thanh , Suzuki Mizuho , Kikutani Yuto , Kida Hiroshi , Onuma Manabu , Sakoda Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2017

ABSTRACTOn 15 November 2016, a black swan that had died in a zoo in Akita prefecture, northern Japan, was strongly suspected to have highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI); an HPAI virus (HPAIV) belonging to the H5N6 subtype was isolated from specimens taken from the bird. After the initial report, 230 cases of HPAI caused by H5N6 viruses from wild birds, captive birds, and domestic poultry farms were reported throughout the country during the winter season. In the present study, 66 H5N6 HPAIVs isolated from northern Japan were further characterized. Phylogenetic analysis of the hemagglutinin gene showed that the H5N6 viruses isolated in northern Japan clustered into Group C of Clade 2.3.4.4 together with other isolates collected in Japan, Korea and Taiwan during the winter season of 2016–2017. The antigenicity of the Japanese H5N6 isolate differed slightly from that of HPAIVs isolated previously in Japan and China. The virus exhibited high pathogenicity and a high replication capacity in chickens, whereas virus growth was slightly lower in ducks compared with that of an H5N8 HPAIV isolate collected in Japan in 2014. Comprehensive analyses of Japanese isolates, including those from central, western, and southern Japan, as well as rapid publication of this information are essential for facilitating greater control of HPAIVs.
Soil fertility and species traits, but not diversity, drive productivity and biomass stocks in a Guyanese tropical rainforest
Authors: van der Sande Masha T. , Arets Eric J. M. M. , Peña‐Claros Marielos , Hoosbeek Marcel R. , Cáceres‐Siani Yasmani , van der Hout Peter , Poorter Lourens 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Tropical forests store and sequester large amounts of carbon in above‐ and below‐ground plant biomass and soil organic matter (SOM), but how these are driven by abiotic and biotic factors remains poorly understood.

Here, we test the effects of abiotic factors (light variation, caused by logging disturbance, and soil fertility) and biotic factors (species richness and functional trait composition) on biomass stocks (above‐ground biomass, fine root biomass), SOM and productivity in a relatively monodominant Guyanese tropical rainforest. This forest grows on nutrient‐poor soils and has few species that contribute most to total abundance. We, therefore, expected strong effects of soil fertility and species’ traits that determine resource acquisition and conservation, but not of diversity. We evaluated 6 years of data for 30 0.4‐ha plots and tested hypotheses using structural equation models.

Disturbance increased productivity but decreased above‐ground biomass stocks. Soil phosphorus (P) enhanced above‐ground biomass and productivity, whereas soil nitrogen reduced fine root biomass. In contrast to expectations, trait values representing acquisitive strategies (e.g. high leaf nutrient concentration) increased biomass stocks, possibly because they indicate higher nutrient absorption and thus higher biomass build‐up. However, under harsh conditions where biomass increase is slow, acquisitive trait values may increase respiration and vulnerability to hazards and therefore increase biomass loss. As expected, species richness did not affect productivity.

We conclude that light availability (through disturbance) and soil fertility—especially P—strongly limit forest biomass productivity and stocks in this Guyanese forest. Low P availability may cause strong environmental filtering, which in turn results in a small set of dominant species. As a result, community trait composition but not species richness determines productivity and stocks of biomass and SOM in tropical forest on poor soils.

A plain language summary is available for this article.
Sexual selection on male body size, genital length and heterozygosity: Consistency across habitats and social settings
Authors: Head Megan L. , Kahn Andrew T. , Henshaw Jonathan M. , Keogh J. Scott , Jennions Michael D. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Spatial and temporal variation in environmental factors and the social setting can help to maintain genetic variation in sexually selected traits if it affects the strength of directional selection. A key social parameter which affects the intensity of, and sometimes predicts the response to, mating competition is the operational sex ratio (OSR; ratio of receptive males to females).

How the OSR affects selection for specific male traits is poorly understood. It is also unclear how sexual selection is affected by interactions between the OSR and environmental factors, such as habitat complexity, that alter key male–female interactions such as mate encounter rates.

Here, we experimentally manipulated the OSR and habitat complexity and quantified sexual selection on male mosquitofish (Gambusia holbrooki) by directly measuring male reproductive success (i.e. paternity).

We show that despite a more equitable sharing of paternity (i.e. higher levels of multiple paternity) under a male‐biased OSR, selection on focal male traits was unaffected by the OSR or habitat complexity. Instead, sexual selection consistently, and significantly, favoured smaller bodied males, males with higher genome wide heterozygosity (based on >3,000 SNP markers) and males with a relatively long gonopodium (intromittent organ).

Our results show that sexual selection on male body size, relative genital size and heterozygosity in this system is consistent across environments that vary in ecological parameters that are expected to influence mate encounter rates.
Wildlife disease ecology from the individual to the population: Insights from a long‐term study of a naturally infected European badger population
Authors: McDonald Jenni L. , Robertson Andrew , Silk Matthew J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractLong‐term individual‐based datasets on host–pathogen systems are a rare and valuable resource for understanding the infectious disease dynamics in wildlife. A study of European badgers (Meles meles) naturally infected with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) at Woodchester Park in Gloucestershire (UK) has produced a unique dataset, facilitating investigation of a diverse range of epidemiological and ecological questions with implications for disease management.Since the 1970s, this badger population has been monitored with a systematic mark–recapture regime yielding a dataset of >15,000 captures of >3,000 individuals, providing detailed individual life‐history, morphometric, genetic, reproductive and disease data.The annual prevalence ofbTBin the Woodchester Park badger population exhibits no straightforward relationship with population density, and both the incidence and prevalence ofMycobacterium bovisshow marked variation in space. The study has revealed phenotypic traits that are critical for understanding the social structure of badger populations along with mechanisms vital for understanding disease spread at different spatial resolutions.Woodchester‐based studies have provided key insights into how host ecology can influence infection at different spatial and temporal scales. Specifically, it has revealed heterogeneity in epidemiological parameters; intrinsic and extrinsic factors affecting population dynamics; provided insights into senescence and individual life histories; and revealed consistent individual variation in foraging patterns, refuge use and social interactions.An improved understanding of ecological and epidemiological processes is imperative for effective disease management. Woodchester Park research has provided information of direct relevance tobTBmanagement, and a better appreciation of the role of individual heterogeneity in disease transmission can contribute further in this regard.The Woodchester Park study system now offers a rare opportunity to seek a dynamic understanding of how individual‐, group‐ and population‐level processes interact. The wealth of existing data makes it possible to take a more integrative approach to examining how the consequences of individual heterogeneity scale to determine population‐level pathogen dynamics and help advance our understanding of the ecological drivers of host–pathogen systems.
Mammal‐induced trophic cascades in invertebrate food webs are modulated by grazing intensity in subalpine grassland
Authors: Vandegehuchte Martijn L. , Schütz Martin , de Schaetzen Frederic , Risch Anita C. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Even though mammalian herbivores can exert strong indirect effects on other animals by altering the vegetation, the study of trophic cascades retains a focus on apex predators and their top‐down forces. Bottom‐up trophic interaction chains induced by mammalian herbivores, particularly in invertebrate food webs, remain largely unexplored.

We tested whether effects of mammalian herbivores on the vegetation ricochet back up several trophic levels of the invertebrate food web. We further tested two alternative hypotheses: the strength of herbivore‐induced indirect interactions either increases with plant productivity because of a concurrent higher grazing intensity, or it decreases because of a higher plant tolerance to grazing.

We progressively excluded large, medium and small herbivorous mammals from replicated plots of 6 m2 in productive, intensively grazed short‐grass vegetation and less productive, less intensively grazed tall‐grass vegetation of subalpine grasslands. We measured vegetation quantity, quality, structure and composition, and determined the abundance of invertebrate herbivores, detritivores, omnivores and predators. We used structural equation modelling to test vegetation‐mediated cascading effects of the different mammalian herbivores across different trophic groups of invertebrates.

In the short‐grass vegetation, mammals caused changes in vegetation quantity and thickness. These changes directly affected detritivorous and predatory invertebrate abundance, yet indirectly affected predatory and omnivorous invertebrates through a bottom‐up trophic cascade via changes in herbivorous invertebrate abundance. In the tall‐grass vegetation, mammal‐induced changes in vegetation quality and composition affected detritivorous invertebrates and in turn omnivorous invertebrates, but these cascading effects were weaker than those in the short‐grass vegetation. Smaller mammals were at least as important as large mammals in structuring the invertebrate food web.

Our results demonstrate that differently sized mammalian herbivores can trigger trophic cascades in the local invertebrate food web. Our findings further support the hypothesis that herbivore‐induced indirect interactions are stronger in more productive systems because of higher foraging intensity, as opposed to the hypothesis that a higher grazing tolerance of plants should dampen herbivore‐induced indirect interactions in productive systems.
Celecoxib inhibits osteoblast differentiation independent of cyclooxygenase activity
Authors: Matsuyama Atsushi , Higashi Sen , Tanizaki Saori , Morotomi Takahiko , Washio Ayako , Ohsumi Tomoko , Kitamura Chiaki , Takeuchi Hiroshi 
Published: August 2017

SummaryNon‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their effects primarily by inhibiting the activity of cyclooxygenase (COX), thus suppressing prostaglandin synthesis. Some NSAIDs are known to perform functions other than pain control, such as suppressing tumour cell growth, independent of their COX‐inhibiting activity. To identify NSAIDs with COX‐independent activity, we examined various NSAIDs for their ability to inhibit osteoblastic differentiation using the mouse pre‐osteoblast cell line MC3T3‐E1. Only celecoxib and valdecoxib strongly inhibited osteoblastic differentiation, and this effect was not correlated with COX‐inhibiting activity. Moreover, 2,5‐dimethyl (DM)‐celecoxib, a celecoxib analogue that does not inhibit COX activity, also inhibited osteoblastic differentiation. Celecoxib and DM‐celecoxib inhibited osteoblastic differentiation induced by bone morphogenetic protein (BMP)‐2 in C2C12 mouse myoblast cell line. Although celecoxib suppresses the growth of some tumour cells, the viability and proliferation of MC3T3‐E1 cells were not affected by celecoxib or DM‐celecoxib. Instead, celecoxib and DM‐celecoxib suppressed BMP‐2‐induced phosphorylation of Smad1/5, a major downstream target of BMP receptor. Although it is well known that COX plays important roles in osteoblastic differentiation, these results suggest that some NSAIDs, such as celecoxib, have targets other than COX and regulate phospho‐dependent intracellular signalling, thereby modifying bone remodelling.
Institutions and the Diversity and Prevalence of Multinationals’ Knowledge‐Augmenting Subsidiaries
Authors: Allen Matthew M. C. , Allen Maria L. , Lange Knut 
Published: August 2017

AbstractMultinational corporations (MNCs) increasingly seek to gain access to, and exploit, locationally specific sources of advanced knowledge and technological capabilities, creating a need to explain (1) the diversity among these facilities and (2) how institutions influence MNCs’ abilities to invest in different subsidiary types. Extending debates on firms’ knowledge‐augmenting activities, the authors integrate institutions into their analytical framework to a greater extent than previous work has done. Moreover, existing contributions providetypologiesof R&D subsidiaries. In contrast, the authors focus on a particular subset of subsidiaries, knowledge‐augmenting ones, and put forward a theory to explain their variety and their prevalence, enabling them to identify previously neglected subsidiary types that have important managerial and policy implications. By downplaying the diversity of these subsidiaries, existing work has not been able to capture the full range of managerial challenges as well as the costs and benefits of different subsidiary types to host countries. The authors, therefore, problematize firms’ abilities to gain access to foreign knowledge‐generating assets, highlight the importance of institutional environments, provide policy recommendations and identify areas for future research.
The gas that fuels the engine: Individuals’ motivations for medicalisation
Authors: Bell Ann V. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIt is well established that the drivers of medicalisation have shifted alongside changes in the institution of medicine. The process of medicalisation is no longer incited by macro processes of institutional prestige or control; rather, individual patients/consumers are pushing the process forward. The present study complicates this neat transition and examines the relationship between structure and agency using the case of assisted reproductive technology (ART), specifically the medicalisation of lesbian reproduction in the US. I explore individuals’ influence on and motivations towards medicalisation through 24 in‐depth interviews with women in same‐sex relationships who had ever attempted to become pregnant. In centring on their experiences, I find that while individual consumers may now propel medicalisation forward, oftentimes consumers’ motivations for doing so reside in the prestige and control of medicine. In other words, consumers now seek medicalisation precisely because of the process's previous institutional drivers. In exploring what fuels the engine of medicalisation, the findings reveal its nuance and complexity.
Re‐making the global economy of knowledge: do new fields of research change the structure of North–South relations?
Authors: Connell Raewyn , Pearse Rebecca , Collyer Fran , Maia João , Morrell Robert 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHow is global‐North predominance in the making of organized knowledge affected by the rise of new domains of research? This question is examined empirically in three interdisciplinary areas – climate change, HIV‐AIDS, and gender studies – through interviews with 70 researchers in Southern‐tier countries Brazil, South Africa and Australia. The study found that the centrality of the North was reinstituted as these domains came into existence, through resource inequalities, workforce mechanisms, and intellectual framing. Yet there are tensions in the global economy of knowledge, around workforce formation, hierarchies of disciplines, neoliberal management strategies, and mismatches with social need. Intellectual workers in the Southern tier have built significant research centres, workforces and some distinctive knowledge projects. These create wider possibilities of change in the global structure of organized knowledge production.
Social space and cultural class divisions: the forms of capital and contemporary lifestyle differentiation
Authors: Flemmen Magne , Jarness Vegard , Rosenlund Lennart 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn this article, we address whether and how contemporary social classes are marked by distinct lifestyles. We assess the model of the social space, a novel approach to class analysis pioneered by Bourdieu's Distinction. Although pivotal in Bourdieu's work, this model is too often overlooked in later research, making its contemporary relevance difficult to assess. We redress this by using the social space as a framework through which to study the cultural manifestation of class divisions in lifestyle differences in contemporary Norwegian society. Through a Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) of unusually rich survey data, we reveal a structure strikingly similar to the model in Distinction, with a primary dimension of the volume of capital, and a secondary dimension of the composition of capital. While avoiding the substantialist fallacy of predefined notions of ‘highbrow’ and ‘lowbrow’ tastes, we explore how 168 lifestyle items map onto this social space. This reveals distinct classed lifestyles according to both dimensions of the social space. The lifestyles of the upper classes are distinctly demanding in terms of resources. Among those rich in economic capital, this manifests itself in a lifestyle which involves a quest for excitement, and which is bodily oriented and expensive. For their counterparts rich in cultural capital, a more ascetic and intellectually oriented lifestyle manifests itself, demanding of resources in the sense of requiring symbolic mastery, combining a taste for canonized, legitimate culture with more cosmopolitan and ‘popular’ items. In contrast to many studies’ descriptions of the lower classes as ‘disengaged’ and ‘inactive’, we find evidence of distinct tastes on their part. Our analysis thus affirms the validity of Bourdieu's model of social class and the contention that classes tend to take the form of status groups. We challenge dominant positions in cultural stratification research, while questioning the aptness of the metaphor of the ‘omnivore’, as well as recent analyses of ‘emerging cultural capital’.
The Difficult Task of Diagnosing Prostate Cancer Metastases on Dry Bone
Authors: Castoldi Elisa , Cappella Annalisa , Gibelli Daniele , Sforza Chiarella , Cattaneo Cristina 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe interpretation of pathology on skeletal remains is mandatory for implementing the biological profile and for disease recognition. Prostate cancer is one of the most common tumors, with a high preference for the skeleton as a primary site of metastasis. Its diagnosis on bone is however still ambiguous, due to its “osteoblastic” and resorptive manifestation. This study investigates distribution and appearance of prostate cancer metastases on dry bone on six known cases (selected from the Milano Cemetery Skeletal Collection) and one healthy individual. A macroscopic inspection was performed highlighting the abnormalities observed, describing location, shape, dimension, and aspect. A great amount of proliferative and mixed lesions was noticed, but also cases of pure lytic lesions were displayed. The multiple appearances of the manifestations observed display the difficulty in correctly identifying such a pathology, but also the potential and advantages provided by investigating a study sample with known antemortem history.