bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Do non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs impair fracture healing? A survey of Australian orthopaedic surgeons
Authors: Ekegren Christina L. , Hart Melissa J. , Cameron Peter A. , Edwards Elton R. , Oppy Andrew , de Steiger Richard , Page Richard , Liew Susan , Hau Raphael , Bucknill Andrew , Gabbe Belinda J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThere is currently a lack of clear evidence on the impact of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) on fracture healing post‐operatively. Australian orthopaedic surgeons were surveyed about their perceptions of the relationship between NSAIDs and fracture healing to determine whether equipoise exists within the profession. Results demonstrated divergence of opinion amongst Australian orthopaedic surgeons, lending support to the commencement of randomised controlled trials testing the influence of NSAIDs on fracture healing within Australia.
Spectrums and Outcomes of Adnexal Torsion at Different Ages
Authors: Feng Jie‐Ling , Lei Ting , Xie Hong‐Ning , Li Li‐Juan , Du Liu 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTo investigate the role of ultrasound in the preoperative diagnosis of adnexal torsion and describe its histological spectrum and outcomes at different ages.MethodsThis study comprised a retrospective investigation of a data set that included 195 female patients with clinically suspected adnexal torsion between January 2010 and July 2015. Each patient received a detailed pelvic ultrasound examination by an experienced ultrasound examiner, and a definitive diagnosis was achieved via surgery. The accuracy of an ultrasonic diagnosis of adnexal torsion was assessed. The patients were divided into three groups: female children and adolescents, fertile women, and postmenopausal women. The size, type, histological spectrum, and outcome of adnexal torsion in the different groups were also described.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of ultrasound were 0.84, 0.77, and 0.81, respectively. There were significant differences in the presence of ultrasonic hallmarks among the true positive, false positive, and false negative cases of adnexal torsion. Ovarian torsion was identified in 94 cases, and isolated tubal torsion was identified in 15 cases. The most common histologic diagnoses of the pediatric group and the other two groups were a normal ovary and teratoma, respectively. The most common histologic diagnoses in the cases of isolated tubal torsion were mesosalpinx cyst and oviduct inflammation.ConclusionsUltrasonography plays an important role in the preoperative diagnosis of adnexal torsion. Despite ovarian involvement in most of the cases, isolated oviduct torsion was not uncommon. The spectrum of histological diagnoses varied among the age groups.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Sonography for Detection of a Fistula on the Birth Day in Neonates With an Imperforate Anus: Comparison of Diagnostic Performance Between Suprapubic and Perineal Approaches
Authors: Hosokawa Takahiro , Yamada Yoshitake , Tanami Yutaka , Hattori Shinya , Sato Yumiko , Tanaka Yujiro , Kawashima Hiroshi , Hosokawa Mayumi , Oguma Eiji 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesTo evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of sonography for detection of an internal fistula on the birth day in neonates with an imperforate anus and to compare the diagnostic performance between the suprapubic and perineal approaches.MethodsWe included 46 neonates with an imperforate anus (29 low type and 17 intermediate/high type) who underwent sonography by both the suprapubic and perineal approaches on the birth day. Thirty‐nine neonates had internal fistulas, and 12 did not, as surgically proven. Two blinded radiologists evaluated the suprapubic and perineal sonograms for the presence of the internal fistula in consensus. A final diagnosis of the internal fistula was determined on the basis of the findings of both approaches. A receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to compare the diagnostic performance for detection of an internal fistula between the suprapubic and perineal approaches.ResultsThe sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of the final diagnosis based on the findings of suprapubic, perineal, and both approaches were 52.9%, 79.4%, and 79.4%; 75.5%, 75.5%, and 75.5%; and 58.7%, 78.3%, and 78.3%, respectively. The diagnostic performance of the perineal approach was significantly better than that of the suprapubic approach (P < .0001).ConclusionsThe diagnostic accuracy of sonography for detection of an internal fistula on the birth day exceeded 75% in neonates with an imperforate anus, and sonography on the birth day is feasible. The perineal approach had superior diagnostic performance over the suprapubic approach. Thus, when evaluating an internal fistula by sonography, we recommend using the perineal approach in addition to the suprapubic approach.
Pair Scanning: Integrating the Student Sonographer Without Impacting Patient Care
Authors: Docherty Marcia A. , Foran Kathleen E. , Burnett‐Roy Susan , May Samantha 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesUltrasound departments in Canada frequently reduce patient bookings to support student training, which impacts not only patient care but also revenue generation. Therefore, physicians and employers are reluctant to host student sonographers, and educational programs struggle to find sufficient clinical placements for their students. Two research questions were investigated: (1) Can a pair scanning technique effectively integrate the student sonographer into the workplace without impacting patient volumes? (2) Does the pair scanning technique prepare the student sonographer for entry‐level practice faster than traditional practice?MethodsThis research project was divided into 2 phases. The first phase used action research to develop the pair scanning protocol at a single site with a single preceptor and student. The second phase used a mixed methods approach to test the transferability of the pair scanning protocol across multiple sites, preceptors, and students.ResultsIn phase 1, the student sonographer performed a greater number of total examinations than the rest of her cohort (who were at different placement sites), and the higher performance of independent examinations by the student sonographer under the pair scanning technique was statistically significant [H(4) = 36.297; P < .01]. In phase 2, the pair scanning group and the control group performed equally, with no statistically significant differences.ConclusionsThe pair scanning protocol is effective at integrating the student sonographer into the work flow without impacting patient care. It prepares the student sonographer for entry‐level practice equally with traditional practice and may be most effective with the weak to average student.
Metalenses at visible wavelengths: past, present, perspectives
Authors: Lalanne Philippe , Chavel Pierre 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe so‐called ‘flat optics’ that shape the amplitude and phase of light with high spatial resolution are presently receiving considerable attention. Numerous journal publications seemingly offer hope for great promises for ultra‐flat metalenses with high efficiency, high numerical aperture, broadband operation… We temperate the expectation by referring to the current status of metalenses against their historical background, assessing the technical and scientific challenges recently solved and critically identifying those that still stand in the way.
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Understanding the Microstructure of Living Ethylene/1‐Octene Block Copolymers with Dynamic Monte Carlo Simulation
Authors: Tongtummachat Tiprawee , Anantawaraskul Siripon , Soares João B. P. 
Published: May 2017

Living ethylene/1‐olefin copolymerization with multiple comonomer feeding stages allows the production of living block copolymers (LBCs) with well‐controlled microstructures. A dynamic Monte Carlo model is developed to simulate the production of LBCs in a semibatch reactor, and it is used to study how the polymer microstructure evolves during the polymerization. The model also describes how chain transfer reactions affect the microstructure of LBC blocks. These model predictions provide useful guidelines for producing LBCs with precisely designed microstructures.
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Use of stimulated electromyography in the analysis of the neuromuscular junction in children
Authors: Pitt Matthew C. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTA screening test is required to diagnose disorders of the neuromuscular junction (NMJ) in children. This Review describes the development of stimulation potential analysis with concentric needle electrodes (SPACE). This nomenclature was chosen to distinguish the technique from single‐fiber methodology because of the difficulties in identifying single‐fiber potentials in most studies, particularly those with the most severe abnormalities of the NMJ. Performed on orbicularis oculi in children with proven or probable disorders of the NMJ, it demonstrated a sensitivity of 84%, specificity of 71%, negative predictive value of 95%, and positive predictive value of 36%. It is well tolerated and within the capability of any clinical neurophysiologist. When combined with a full electrodiagnostic examination, SPACE provides invaluable information about children with NMJ disorders, whose diagnosis often is difficult. Muscle Nerve 56: 841–847, 2017
Dynamic basis of fidelity and speed in translation: Coordinated multistep mechanisms of elongation and termination
Authors: Prabhakar Arjun , Choi Junhong , Wang Jinfan , Petrov Alexey , Puglisi Joseph D. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAs the universal machine that transfers genetic information from RNA to protein, the ribosome synthesizes proteins with remarkably high fidelity and speed. This is a result of the accurate and efficient decoding of mRNA codons via multistep mechanisms during elongation and termination stages of translation. These mechanisms control how the correct sense codon is recognized by a tRNA for peptide elongation, how the next codon is presented to the decoding center without change of frame during translocation, and how the stop codon is discriminated for timely release of the nascent peptide. These processes occur efficiently through coupling of chemical energy expenditure, ligand interactions, and conformational changes. Understanding this coupling in detail required integration of many techniques that were developed in the past two decades. This multidisciplinary approach has revealed the dynamic nature of translational control and uncovered how external cellular factors such as tRNA abundance and mRNA modifications affect the synthesis of the protein product. Insights from these studies will aid synthetic biology and therapeutic approaches to translation.
Rives Technique for the Primary Larger Inguinal Hernia Repair: A Prospective Study of 1000 Repairs
Authors: Grau‐Talens Enrique J. , Ibáñez Carlos D. , Motos‐Micó Jacob , García‐Olives Francisco , Arribas‐Jurado Martina , Jordán‐Chaves Carlos , Aparicio‐Gallego José M. , Salgado José F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveWe report a prospective study of repairs using the Rives technique of the more difficult primary inguinal hernias, focusing on the immediate post‐operative period, clinical recurrence, testicular atrophy, and chronic pain. A mesh placed in the preperitoneal space can reduce recurrences and chronic pain.MethodsFor the larger primary inguinal hernias (Types 3, 4, 6, and some 7), we favour preperitoneal placement of a mesh, covering the myopectineal orifice by means of a transinguinal (Rives technique) approach. The Rives technique was performed on 943 patients (1000 repairs), preferably under local anaesthesia plus sedation in ambulatory surgery.ResultsThe mean operative time was 31.8 min. Pain assessment after 24 h with an Andersen scale and a categorical scale gave two patients with intense pain on the Andersen scale, and four patients who thought their state was bad. Surgical wound complications were below 1%, and urinary retention was 1.2% mostly associated with spinal anaesthesia and, in one case, bladder perforation. There was spermatic cord and testicular oedema with some degree of orchitis in 17 patients. The clinical follow‐up of 849 repairs (86.4%), mean (range) 30.0 (12–192) months, gave five recurrences (0.6%), three cases (0.4%) of testicular atrophy, and 37 (4.3%) of post‐operative chronic pain (8 patients with visual analogue scale of 3–10).ConclusionsThe Rives technique requires a sound knowledge of inguinal preperitoneal space anatomy, but it is an excellent technique for the larger and difficult primary inguinal hernias, giving a low rate of recurrences and chronic pain.
Paraesophageal Hernia and Reflux Prevention: Is One Fundoplication Better than the Other?
Authors: Andolfi Ciro , Plana Alejandro , Furno Sara , Fisichella Piero Marco 
Published: May 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe management of paraesophageal hernia (PEH) is one of the most debated in surgery. Trends regarding indications, approach (open, laparoscopic, thoracoscopic), sac excision, mesh placement, and routine performance of fundoplication have changed over time. Today, most surgeons tend to perform a laparoscopic PEH repair that entails the excision of the sac, liberal use of a mesh to buttress the hiatus, and the addition of an anti‐reflux procedure. Nevertheless, very little has been written on which type of fundoplication should be performed in these patients. Therefore, the goal of our study was to provide an evidence‐based overview of which type of fundoplication should be performed during a PEH repair and the role of preoperative function tests in the decision‐makingMethodsWe searched the MEDLINE, Cochran, PubMed, Google Scholar, and Embase databases for papers published between 1996 and 2016 pertaining to the surgical treatment of PEH. We hand‐searched the bibliographies of included studies and we excluded all reviews and case reports. We selected clinical studies and technical reports. We only considered papers stating rationales for the type of fundoplication performed.ResultsOur search yielded 24 articles: 17 clinical studies and 7 technical reports. In five of the clinical studies, a fundoplication was added only to patients with reflux symptoms. In all clinical studies, the most performed procedure was a total fundoplication (Nissen or Nissen‐Rossetti), whereas a partial fundoplication (Toupet more frequently than Dor) or no fundoplication was reserved to those with impaired esophageal motility. All seven technical reports recommended a tailored approach and suggested adding a partial fundoplication (mainly Toupet) when the manometric findings showed esophageal dismotility.ConclusionThe argument of whether or not a fundoplication should be added to a PEH repair in patients without evidence of reflux still persists. However, this review highlights that, when a fundoplication is performed, a tailored approach based on preoperative function tests is almost always preferred.
Preference for Boys, Family Size, and Educational Attainment in India
Authors: Kugler Adriana D. , Kumar Santosh 
Published: May 2017

AbstractUsing data from nationally representative household surveys, we test whether Indian parents make trade-offs between the number of children and investments in education. To address the endogeneity due to the joint determination of quantity and quality of children, we instrument family size with the gender of the first child, which is plausibly random. Given a strong son preference in India, parents tend to have more children if the firstborn is a girl. Our instrumental variable results show that children from larger families have lower educational attainment and are less likely to be enrolled in school, with larger effects for rural, poorer, and low-caste families as well as for families with illiterate mothers.
CONTRACEPTIVE USE AND TIME TO FIRST BIRTH
Authors: Tshiswaka-Kashalala Gauthier , Koch Steven F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAlthough contraception allows women to delay childbirth, stop unwanted childbearing, and postpone childbirth, not all contraception is equally effective, equally easy to access, or equally easy to use. Due to heterogeneity in women’s contraception opportunities and choices, in the effectiveness of the contraception used and even in luck, women differ in both their birth intervals and their age at first childbirth. We explore this heterogeneity, theoretically, incorporating contraception effectiveness and uncertainty (along with potential earnings, contraception costs, and net child benefits) into a potential mother’s childbearing decisions. Empirically, these factors are incorporated into a first hit time duration model, focusing on time to first birth, estimated with data from the Democratic Republic of Congo. The results provide nuanced insights into the income-fertility puzzle. Our evidence suggests that educated women start childbearing later, and are better able to use contraception, even less effective contraception. Thus, there are education-related heterogeneities in contraceptive effectiveness. Further, we find that women using more effective contraception start childbearing at a later age, as do women with better access to contraception. Both improved female education and improved access to modern contraception have the potential to hasten the fertility transition in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
Quality of food-frequency questionnaire validation studies in the dietary assessment of children aged 12 to 36 months: a systematic literature review
Authors: Lovell Amy , Bulloch Rhodi , Wall Clare R. , Grant Cameron C. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA child's diet is an important determinant of growth and development. Because of this, the accurate assessment of dietary intake in young children remains a challenge. A systematic search of studies validating FFQ methodologies in children 12 to 36 months of age was completed. English-language articles published until March 2016 were searched using three electronic databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE and CINAHL). Quality assessment of the identified studies was carried out using The Reduced Summary Score and EURopean micronutrient RECommendations Aligned (EURRECA) scoring system. Seventeen studies were included and categorised according to whether they reflected long-term (≥7 d) or short-term (<7 d) intake, or used a biomarker. A total score for each micronutrient was calculated from the mean of the correlation coefficients weighted by the study quality score. At least three validation studies per micronutrient were required for inclusion. Fifteen studies (83 %) that considered validity of the FFQ in assessing nutrient intakes had quality scores from 2·5 to 6·0. Of those, ten (67 %) studies found FFQ to have good correlations in assessing dietary intake (>0·4). Of the nutrients with three or more studies available, FFQ validated using a reference method reflecting short-term intake had a good weighted correlation for Ca (0·51), and acceptable weighted correlations for vitamin C (0·31) and Fe (0·33). Semi-quantitative FFQ were shown to be valid and reproducible when estimating dietary intakes at a group level, and are an acceptable instruments for estimating intakes of Ca, vitamin C and Fe in children 12 to 36 months of age.
DENSITY-1-BOUNDING AND QUASIMINIMALITY IN THE GENERIC DEGREES
Authors: CHOLAK PETER , IGUSA GREGORY 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe consider the question “Is every nonzero generic degree a density-1-bounding generic degree?” By previous results [8] either resolution of this question would answer an open question concerning the structure of the generic degrees: A positive result would prove that there are no minimal generic degrees, and a negative result would prove that there exist minimal pairs in the generic degrees.We consider several techniques for showing that the answer might be positive, and use those techniques to prove that a wide class of assumptions is sufficient to prove density-1-bounding.We also consider a historic difficulty in constructing a potential counterexample: By previous results [7] any generic degree that is not density-1-bounding must be quasiminimal, so in particular, any construction of a non-density-1-bounding generic degree must use a method that is able to construct a quasiminimal generic degree. However, all previously known examples of quasiminimal sets are also density-1, and so trivially density-1-bounding. We provide several examples of non-density-1 sets that are quasiminimal.Using cofinite and mod-finite reducibility, we extend our results to the uniform coarse degrees, and to the nonuniform generic degrees. We define all of the above terms, and we provide independent motivation for the study of each of them.Combined with a concurrently written paper of Hirschfeldt, Jockusch, Kuyper, and Schupp [4], this paper provides a characterization of the level of randomness required to ensure quasiminimality in the uniform and nonuniform coarse and generic degrees.
Handling Overdispersion in CRONUS-Earth Intercomparison Measurements: A Bayesian Approach
Authors: Muzikar Paul , Goehring Brent , Lifton Nathaniel 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe recently completed CRONUS-Earth project broadly studied the production systematics of terrestrial in-situ cosmogenic nuclides and also incorporated an intercomparison study in which multiple labs measured various nuclides in homogenized geologic materials. Aliquots of these materials were measured in several labs for multiple nuclides, and the results combined to determine benchmark, consensus values. Results for some of these samples exhibited overdispersion, meaning that the measurements from the various labs differed by more than we would expect, given the quoted uncertainties. A traditional way to handle overdispersion is to add an extra amount to the variance of each lab. Another approach is to use a method that identifies potential outliers and then gives the outliers less weight in determining the final answer. A group of such methods is based on Bayesian thinking; one relatively simple member of this group was first proposed by Press (1997). We review the Press method and then apply it to the CRONUS data sets. We compare these results to those obtained by the added variance method and discuss the implications.
Small-mass graphite preparation for AMS 14C measurements performed at GIGCAS, China
Authors: Ding P , Shen C D , Yi W X , Wang N , Ding X F 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe sealed tube Zn reduction method has been applied for small-mass samples ranging from 15 to 100 μg carbon preparation for accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) radiocarbon (14C) measurements at the AMS-14C Preparation Lab in Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (GIGCAS). The volume of the sealed reactor tube is reduced to ~0.75 cm3 in order to increase the yield of graphite. Graphite targets are measured at the Keck Carbon Cycle AMS Facility at the University of California, Irvine (KCCAMS). The targets generate a maximum 12C+1 current of about 0.5 μA per 1 μg C. The modern-carbon background is estimated to be 0.25–0.60 μg C, and dead-carbon background to be ~0.3–0.9 μg C. Both modern-carbon background and dead-carbon background are size dependent, so the results can be corrected. The precision of the small-mass modern carbon standard samples is±15–25‰ for the size of ~15–20 μg C,±5–10‰ for ~20–50 μg C, and±3–10‰ for 50–100 μg C. Further reduction of dead-carbon and modern-carbon contamination is needed in preparation of small-mass samples at GIGCAS.