bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ten Years and More of ‘Biosciences’ in CORESTA - A Brief Historic Overview
Authors: Röper W 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
In June 2001, the CORESTA2 Board formally decided to broaden the scope of CORESTA by engaging in biosciences (other than tobacco agronomy and phytopathology), starting with in vitro toxicity testing and biomarkers of tobacco (smoke) exposure. Until then, work addressing biological aspects of smoking had only been done since 1996 by a special committee within CORESTA, reporting directly to the Scientific Commission, the Smoking Behaviour Committee. Membership of that committee was - similar to ACAC3 - by invitation only. The broadened scope consequently led to the re-shaping of the then Study Groups ‘Smoke’ and ‘Technology’ into ‘Smoke Science’ (SS) and ‘Product Technology’ (PT).
Subsequently, three Sub-Groups (SG) and Task Forces (TF) were set up, reflecting this change: i) SG Smoking Behaviour (name change of former Committee in 2001), ii) TF ‘Nicotine Intake’ (2001, later on named ‘Nicotine Uptake’, disbanded in 2009) and iii) TF ‘In vitro Toxicity Testing of Tobacco Smoke’ (2002). Finally, a new SG ‘Biomarkers’ was launched in 2009 with a wider scope than its predecessor TF ‘Nicotine Uptake’. The work of these groups has had and still has significant impact on the scientific work within CORESTA, leading to numerous presentations at CORESTA meetings and publications in peer-reviewed journals.
This paper provides a brief analysis of some 270 presentations and posters addressing tobacco smoke toxicity, human smoking behaviour or biomarkers, delivered at CORESTA Congresses and SSPT Joint Meetings between 1993 and 2011. More than 50% of these papers covered different aspects of toxicology, mainly in vitro toxicity testing methodologies, smoke exposure systems and other equipments. Other papers described the influence of cigarette design parameters on smoke toxicity. Approaches to human risk assessment were presented, including the search for suitable in vitro models of the major smoking related human diseases.
CORESTA began discussing smoking behaviour topics at their Vienna meeting in 1995 and received five respective presentations there; indeed, the issue has various aspects, from smoking topography and human smoke yield to smoke uptake, deposition and retention, and… Why do people smoke at all?
As early as 1996, a presentation was given on the determination of urinary mutagenicity in volunteers exposed to ETS (environmental tobacco smoke), apparently indicating a need for CORESTA to engage in this field and to face new challenges. Indeed, our knowledge of biomarkers and how to measure them has increased considerably over the years, and there is a clear trend towards using this knowledge for conducting clinical studies into the assessment of ‘modified risk tobacco products’.
Characterisation of the Draw Resistance Across a Lit Cigarette
Authors: Colard S , Julien S 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The consumer senses and reacts to the draw resistance of the cigarette after it is lit. In spite of this obvious fact, this physical parameter is usually measured under standard conditions on the unlit cigarette (1). In order to evaluate more accurately the smokers’ perception during the course of cigarette smoking, the theoretical aspects of the draw resistance measurement of a lit cigarette have been studied and an experimental device has been developed.
During puffing on a smoking machine, the variation of the pressure in the cigarette holder is influenced by several parameters which are independent of the characteristics of the cigarette itself, such as the airflow and the experimental device characteristics. Theory and experiments show that the saturation of the Cambridge filter pad and the dead volume, in the sample holder and connection tubes, significantly modify the measured pressure at the mouth end. The impact of these modifications can be minimized by the calculation of a single parameter which is characteristic of the draw resistance of the cigarette, and derived from the evolution of pressure over time. In addition, the integration of the measured pressure profile during each puff provides another way for the draw resistance assessment and gives a value related to the energy required to generate each of them.
An experimental device has been developed using a oneport smoking machine, a cigarette holder with a connection for a pressure sensor, an analog-to-digital converter and a recorder. For the calibration of the system, a procedure using multi-capillary pressure drop standards composed of capillary tubes is discussed.
Finally, the developed device and approach enabled the measurement and the recording of the draw resistance evolution over the time as the cigarette burns, and thus a better assessment of the potential smokers’ sensation during smoking.
Evaluation of Several Minor Alkaloid Levels in Tobacco with Separation of R- and S-Nornicotine
Authors: Moldoveanu SC 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The chiral separation of minor alkaloids from tobacco is of interest because R and S isomers of these compounds have differences in their physiological activity. This difference is also reflected in the physiological properties of tobaccospecificN’-nitrosamines (TSNAs), in particular that of N’-nitrosonornicotine. This compound results mainly from nornicotinenitrosation. The previously reported analytical techniques for the enantiomer separation of minor alkaloids have various shortcomings, such as the need for bidimensional chromatography or poor enantiomer separation. A new method for the analysis of nornicotine, anabasine and anatabine has been developed, based on an original derivatization and a simple gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analysis. The method allows separate quantitation of S-nornicotine and R-nornicotine, and the analysis of anabasine and anatabine (without isomer separation). It was found that the proportion of S-nornicotine in the total nornicotine present in tobacco varies, depending on the tobacco type, between 52.6% for a flue-cured tobacco to 91.4% for a Burley. Green tobaccos (freeze dried) showed lower levels of minor alkaloids and S-nornicotine accounted for between 31.6% to 43.8% of the total nornicotine (in the analyzed samples).
Editors’ Note
Authors: Heller WD , Scherer G 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
We would like to inform our readers that early next year our website will be relaunched. BeiträgezurTabakforschung International will subsequently appear on the online platform of the publishing house of De Gruyter as an open access journal. The journal will thus be integrated with a worldwide network of other journals, databases and libraries and its contents will be distributed to a global network of users. Our readers will be able to access it - as before - free of charges but they will be asked to register as a user on this platform before access can be made. Our authors are invited to submit their manuscripts using the online manuscript submission and peer review system.
We would like to wish all of you a blessed Christmas and a prosperous and Happy New Year.
The Relationship between Sustainability– Oriented Innovation Practices and Organizational Performance: Empirical Evidence from Slovenian Organizations
Authors: Maletič Matjaž , Maletič Damjan , Dahlgaard Jens J. , Dahlgaard-Park Su Mi , Gomišček Boštjan 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background and Purpose - The purpose of this paper is to empirically analyse the effects of sustainability-oriented innovation practices on the overall organizational performance. Further, this paper also aims to advance understanding of the measurement of corporate sustainability practices with the focus on innovation dimensions. Design/Methodology/Approach - The study uses data obtained from a survey of 116 organizations encompassing both the manufacturing and service industries in Slovenia. Descriptive statistics were used in order to determine the level of sustainability-oriented innovation practices deployment. Exploratory factor analysis was applied to extract the underlying factors and to provide a basis for assessing their reliability and validity. In addition, regression analysis was used to quantify the effect of sustainability practices on the organizational performance. Results - Data analysis result showed that sustainability-oriented innovation practices are significantly associated with organizational performance. Therefore, empirical evidence from this research confirmed the premise that building innovation competencies and integrating innovation activities in organization’s processes lead to performance benefits. This contributes to the debate about the potential for organizations to be sustainable and competitive. Conclusion - The presented research on corporate sustainability provides important theoretical and practical insights on which the deployment of sustainability-oriented innovation practices are conducive to fostering a broader set of performance benefits. As such, managers should increase organizations’ capacity for innovation which can be beneficial in terms of performance implications and achieving sustainability goals
Shaping of Competencies of Managers in Academic Incubators of Entrepreneurship in Poland
Authors: Kurowska-Pysz Joanna 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background and purpose: Participation of future entrepreneurs in Academic Incubators of Entrepreneurship (AIE) in Poland is one of the innovative paths to shape their managerial competences. The aim of the paper is to analyse and evaluate the activities of the AIEs as an environment inside of which managerial competencies are formed, and formulate recommendations concerning the improvement of AIEs, in terms of the development of managerial skills of future entrepreneurs. Design/methodology/approach: The author relied on research - study surveys and empirical, qualitative, exploratory research, which were supported by figures. The author focused on four important issues: - Motives of researchers and students interested in the support of AIE; - The quality of support offered by the incubator to its participants as well as the frequency of use of this support by future entrepreneurs; - The possibility of extending the support system for AIE participants; - Traits / managerial and entrepreneurial competences desired in people running their own businesses. Results: AIE participants are focused primarily on implementing their business ventures and to a much lesser extent, care about the simultaneous development of their managerial competencies to manage these projects. It is manifested, among other by differentiated assessment of the suitability of certain forms of support from the incubator and the low intensity of use of this support. Despite this, AIE participants perceive the development of desirable traits and strengthening of specific entrepreneurial, management competencies. It is not a very dynamic growth, although it translates into their motivation to start a business after leaving the incubator. Conclusion: It is recommended to place greater emphasis on mobilizing the future entrepreneurs to make use of forms of support for the development of their managerial competences. It is necessary for complex preparation of future entrepreneurs to independently conduct business after leaving the incubator
Training Needs Assessment for Leaders in Nursing Based on Comparison of Competency Models
Authors: Kvas Andreja , Seljak Janko , Stare Janez 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background and Purpose: The main purpose behind the formation of leadership competency models must be the improvement of leadership. A competency model should serve as one of the tools for selecting the most suitable leaders, appraising their work, assessing training needs and preparing programmes of functional and formal education. The objective of this research is to assess the training needs of leaders in health care. A comparison of leadership competency models between different professional groups should serve as one of the tools with which to assess the training needs of various levels of leaders. Design/Methodology/Approach: A descriptive study using a survey design was conducted on 141 nurse leaders in Slovenia. Respondents indicated to what extent each of 95 different behaviours was characteristic of a person at their leadership level. Results: The most important competence dimensions (groups of behaviours) for leaders in health care are (1) at the first - top leadership level: strategic thinking, openness to change and responsibility; (2) for leaders at the second - middle leadership level: relations with co-workers, animation, resistance to stress; and (3) for leaders at the third leadership level: realisation skills, execution of procedures, communication. Training needs assessments were done for three leadership levels in nursing care. Conclusions: The greatest need for training of nurse leaders can be observed at the third leadership level. Special training programmes should be organised in the competency areas of realisation skills, execution of procedures, communication, education and ethics
Total Character of a Group G with (G, Z(G)) as a Generalized Camina Pair
Authors: Prajapati S. K. , Sarma R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe investigate whether the total character of a finite group G is a polynomial in a suitable irreducible character of G. When (G, Z(G)) is a generalized Camina pair, we show that the total character is a polynomial in a faithful irreducible character of G if and only if Z(G) is cyclic.
Interior Penalty Discontinuous Galerkin Based Isogeometric Analysis for Allen-Cahn Equations on Surfaces
Authors: Zhang Futao , Xu Yan , Chen Falai , Guo Ruihan 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe propose a method that combines Isogeometric Analysis (IGA) with the interior penalty discontinuous Galerkin (IPDG) method for solving the Allen-Cahn equation, arising from phase transition in materials science, on three-dimensional (3D) surfaces consisting of multiple patches. DG ideology is adopted at patch level, i.e., we employ the standard IGA within each patch, and employ the IPDG method across the patch interfaces. IGA is very suitable for solving Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) on (3D) surfaces and the IPDG method is used to glue the multiple patches together to get the right solution. Our method takes advantage of both IGA and the IPDG method, which allows us to design a superior semi-discrete (in time) IPDG scheme. First and most importantly, the time-consuming mesh generation process in traditional Finite Element Analysis (FEA) is no longer necessary and refinements, includingh-refinement andp-refinement which both maintain the original geometry, can be easily performed at any level. Moreover, the flexibility of the IPDG method makes our method very easy to handle cases with non-conforming patches and different degrees across the patch interfaces. Additionally, the geometrical error is eliminated (for all conic sections) or significantly reduced at the beginning due to the geometric flexibility of IGA basis functions, especially the use of multiple patches. Finally, this method can be easily formulated and implemented. We present our semi-discrete IPDG scheme after generally describe the problem, and then briefly introduce the time marching method employed in this paper. Theoretical analysis is carried out to show that our method satisfies a discrete energy law, and achieves the optimal convergence rate with respect to theL2norm. Furthermore, we propose an elliptic projection operator on (3D) surfaces and prove an approximation error estimate which are vital for us to obtain the error estimate in theL2norm. Numerical tests are given to validate the theory and gauge the good performance of our method.
A Minimum Action Method with Optimal Linear Time Scaling
Authors: Wan Xiaoliang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this work, we develop a minimum action method (MAM) with optimal linear time scaling, called tMAM for short. The main idea is to relax the integration time as a functional of the transition path through optimal linear time scaling such that a direct optimization of the integration time is not required. The Feidlin-Wentzell action functional is discretized by finite elements, based on whichh-type adaptivity is introduced to tMAM. The adaptive tMAM does not require reparametrization for the transition path. It can be applied to deal with quasi-potential: 1) When the minimal action path is subject to an infinite integration time due to critical points, tMAM with a uniform mesh converges algebraically at a lower rate than the optimal one. However, the adaptive tMAM can recover the optimal convergence rate. 2) When the minimal action path is subject to a finite integration time, tMAM with a uniform mesh converges at the optimal rate since the problem is not singular, and the optimal integration time can be obtained directly from the minimal action path. Numerical experiments have been implemented for both SODE and SPDE examples.
An Adaptive Combined Preconditioner with Applications in Radiation Diffusion Equations
Authors: Yue Xiaoqiang , Shu Shi , Xu Xiao wen , Zhou Zhiyang 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe paper aims to develop an effective preconditioner and conduct the convergence analysis of the corresponding preconditioned GMRES for the solution of discrete problems originating from multi-group radiation diffusion equations. We firstly investigate the performances of the most widely used preconditioners (ILU(k) and AMG) and their combinations (Bco and Bco), and provide drawbacks on their feasibilities. Secondly, we reveal the underlying complementarity of ILU(k) and AMG by analyzing the features suitable for AMG using more detailed measurements on multiscale nature of matrices and the effect of ILU(k) on multiscale nature. Moreover, we present an adaptive combined preconditioner Bcoα involving an improved ILU(0) along with its convergence constraints. Numerical results demonstrate that Bcoα-GMRES holds the best robustness and efficiency. At last, we analyze the convergence of GMRES with combined preconditioning which not only provides a persuasive support for our proposed algorithms, but also updates the existing estimation theory on condition numbers of combined preconditioned systems.
High Order Numerical Simulation of Detonation Wave Propagation Through Complex Obstacles with the Inverse Lax-Wendroff Treatment
Authors: Wang Cheng , Ding Jianxu , Tan Sirui , Han Wenhu 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe high order inverse Lax-Wendroff (ILW) procedure is extended to boundary treatment involving complex geometries on a Cartesian mesh. Our method ensures that the numerical resolution at the vicinity of the boundary and the inner domain keeps the fifth order accuracy for the system of the reactive Euler equations with the two-step reaction model. Shock wave propagation in a tube with an array of rectangular grooves is first numerically simulated by combining a fifth order weighted essentially non-oscillatory (WENO) scheme and the ILW boundary treatment. Compared with the experimental results, the ILW treatment accurately captures the evolution of shock wave during the interactions of the shock waves with the complex obstacles. Excellent agreement between our numerical results and the experimental ones further demonstrates the reliability and accuracy of the ILW treatment. Compared with the immersed boundary method (IBM), it is clear that the influence on pressure peaks in the reflected zone is obviously bigger than that in the diffracted zone. Furthermore, we also simulate the propagation process of detonation wave in a tube with three different widths of wall-mounted rectangular obstacles located on the lower wall. It is shown that the shock pressure along a horizontal line near the rectangular obstacles gradually decreases, and the detonation cellular size become large and irregular with the decrease of the obstacle width.
A Polynomial Chaos Method for Dispersive Electromagnetics
Authors: Gibson Nathan L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractElectromagnetic wave propagation in complex dispersive media is governed by the time dependent Maxwell's equations coupled to equations that describe the evolution of the induced macroscopic polarization. We consider “polydispersive” materials represented by distributions of dielectric parameters in a polarization model. The work focuses on a novel computational framework for such problems involving Polynomial Chaos Expansions as a method to improve the modeling accuracy of the Debye model and allow for easy simulation using the Finite Difference Time Domain (FDTD) method. Stability and dispersion analyzes are performed for the approach utilizing the second order Yee scheme in two spatial dimensions.
Heat Jet Approach for Atomic Simulations at Finite Temperature
Authors: Tang Shaoqiang , Liu Baiyili 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn this paper, we propose a heat jet approach for atomic simulations at finite
temperature. Thermal fluctuations are injected into an atomic subsystem from its
boundaries, without modifying the governing equations for the interior domain.
More precisely, we design a two way local boundary condition, and take the
incoming part of a phonon representation for thermal fluctuation input. In this
way, nonthermal wave propagation simulations are effectively performed at finite
temperature. We further apply this approach to nonlinear chains with the Morse
potential. Chains with model parameters fitted to carbon and gold are simulated
at room temperature with fidelity.
Highest extent of lateral and medial heads of triceps brachii muscle
Authors: Lovesh S. , Kaur D. , Jain M. , Pandey S. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Introduction: Various studies have been done on triceps brachii muscle but the description of the highest extent of lateral and medial head of triceps brachii muscle remained unexplored that is why this study was undertaken to know the extent of their proximal attachments in relation to anatomical neck of humerus and capsule of shoulder joint. Materials and Methods: The shoulder region of 50 formalin fixed upper limbs were dissected to explore the capsule of shoulder joint to reach the highest extent of lateral & medial head of triceps brachii muscle where the nature of fibres, fleshy or tendinous was noted. Oblique and vertical distances of proximal attachment of lateral & medial head of triceps brachii muscle to the anatomical neck of humerous was measured with the help of a sliding caliper. Results: Medial head of triceps brachii muscle in all the cases was fleshy in origin while that of lateral head; fibres were fleshy and tendinous in 82% & 18% of cases, respectively. Fibres of lateral and medial head were blending with the capsule of shoulder joint in 28% & 6% of cases respectively. Maximum cases of lateral head were having their oblique and vertical distances between 21-40 mm (64% & 58% respectively) while those for medial head were >40 mm (68% & 74% respectively). Conclusion: Accurate knowledge of these anatomical patterns of triceps brachii muscle are of considerable clinical importance in the conduct of reparative open access and arthroscpic surgeries around the shoulder and the fracture management of the upper end of humerus.