bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Parsing the Behavioral and Brain Mechanisms of Third-Party Punishment
Authors: Ginther Matthew R. , Bonnie Richard J. , Hoffman Morris B. , Shen Francis X. , Simons Kenneth W. , Jones Owen D. , Marois René 
Published: September 2016

The evolved capacity for third-party punishment is considered crucial to the emergence and maintenance of elaborate human social organization and is central to the modern provision of fairness and justice within society. Although it is well established that the mental state of the offender and the severity of the harm he caused are the two primary predictors of punishment decisions, the precise cognitive and brain mechanisms by which these distinct components are evaluated and integrated into a punishment decision are poorly understood. Using fMRI, here we implement a novel experimental design to functionally dissociate the mechanisms underlying evaluation, integration, and decision that were conflated in previous studies of third-party punishment. Behaviorally, the punishment decision is primarily defined by a superadditive interaction between harm and mental state, with subjects weighing the interaction factor more than the single factors of harm and mental state. On a neural level, evaluation of harms engaged brain areas associated with affective and somatosensory processing, whereas mental state evaluation primarily recruited circuitry involved in mentalization. Harm and mental state evaluations are integrated in medial prefrontal and posterior cingulate structures, with the amygdala acting as a pivotal hub of the interaction between harm and mental state. This integrated information is used by the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex at the time of the decision to assign an appropriate punishment through a distributed coding system. Together, these findings provide a blueprint of the brain mechanisms by which neutral third parties render punishment decisions.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTPunishment undergirds large-scale cooperation and helps dispense criminal justice. Yet it is currently unknown precisely how people assess the mental states of offenders, evaluate the harms they caused, and integrate those two components into a single punishment decision. Using a new design, we isolated these three processes, identifying the distinct brain systems and activities that enable each. Additional findings suggest that the amygdala plays a crucial role in mediating the interaction of mental state and harm information, whereas the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex plays a crucial, final-stage role, both in integrating mental state and harm information and in selecting a suitable punishment amount. These findings deepen our understanding of how punishment decisions are made, which may someday help to improve them.
Natural mutations in IFITM3 modulate post‐translational regulation and toggle antiviral specificity
Authors: Compton Alex A , Roy Nicolas , Porrot Françoise , Billet Anne , Casartelli Nicoletta , Yount Jacob S , Liang Chen , Schwartz Olivier 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe interferon‐induced transmembrane (IFITM) proteins protect host cells from diverse virus infections. IFITM proteins also incorporate into HIV‐1 virions and inhibit virus fusion and cell‐to‐cell spread, with IFITM3 showing the greatest potency. Here, we report that amino‐terminal mutants of IFITM3 preventing ubiquitination and endocytosis are more abundantly incorporated into virions and exhibit enhanced inhibition of HIV‐1 fusion. An analysis of primate genomes revealed that IFITM3 is the most ancient antiviral family member of the IFITM locus and has undergone a repeated duplication in independent host lineages. Some IFITM3 genes in nonhuman primates, including those that arose following gene duplication, carry amino‐terminal mutations that modify protein localization and function. This suggests that “runaway” IFITM3 variants could be selected for altered antiviral activity. Furthermore, we show that adaptations in IFITM3 result in a trade‐off in antiviral specificity, as variants exhibiting enhanced activity against HIV‐1 poorly restrict influenza A virus. Overall, we provide the first experimental evidence that diversification of IFITM3 genes may boost the antiviral coverage of host cells and provide selective functional advantages.
The echocardiography of replacement heart valves
Authors: Chambers John B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis is a practical description of how replacement valves are assessed using echocardiography. Normal transthoracic appearances including normal variants are described. The problem of differentiating normal function, patient–prosthesis mismatch and pathological obstruction in aortic replacement valves with high gradients is discussed. Obstruction and abnormal regurgitation is described for valves in the aortic, mitral and right-sided positions and when to use echocardiography in suspected infective endocarditis. The roles of transoesophageal and stress echocardiography are described and finally when other imaging techniques may be useful.
Profile and Training Exposure of Medicinal Plant Growers
Authors: Sain Kiran , Yadav Beena , Goel Rita 
Published: September 2016

<div><p><em>An attempt was made to find out the preference of the subsidiary and off-seasonal occupations of horticultural farmers. The study was conducted on 30 medicinal plant growers of Bhiwani , Hisar and Mohindergarh districts of South West Zone of Haryana state. Maximum number of medicinal plant growers were in the age group of 40-56 years (53.3%), hailed from upper caste (60.0%), had nuclear families (86.6%) with slightly more than half of them (56.6%) having family size of 5-7 members, maximum of them had education upto senior secondary level (36.6%) with land holding upto five acres (40.0%). No formal training was attended by any of the growers before starting cultivation of medicinal plants. They had positive attitude towards majority of the aspects related to medicinal plants. </em></p></div>
Probabilistic Well-Time Estimation Revisited: Five Years On
Authors: Adams A. J. , Grundy K. C. , Kelly C. M. 
Published: September 2016

Summary
In 2010, Adams et al. published a paper on well-time estimation, which for the first time allowed accurate calculation of probabilistic duration for noncritical wells. The present paper extends the method and data coverage to high stepout and high-pressure–high-temperature (HP/HT) wells.
The method has now been in use for 5 years. Actual and predicted durations are given for each year's drilling, showing that the accuracy is historically within 2 to 3% for stable trainwreck rates.
The historical well database upon which the statistics are based now stands at 211 wells, 93 more than the previous paper. To the authors’ knowledge, it remains the only large-sample timings database published in the open literature. To allow others to use the method, the updated activity timings, mechanical nonproductive time (NPT), and waiting-on-weather (WOW) data for semisubmersible-drilled wells are given in full.
It is shown that the commonly used distributed trainwrecks model has too high a sampling uncertainty for accurate time estimation. The lumped trainwrecks approach presented here does not suffer from this limitation, and is therefore (to the authors’ knowledge) the only published method that delivers the required accuracy for practical data-set sizes.
Comparative allelopathic effects of mango, litchi, sal forest leaf litter on the germination and seedling growth of rice (Oryza sativa)
Authors: Hoshi Menovikho , Dhyani Kamla , Sahni Shweta , Singh* Chhaya 
Published: September 2016

The present investigation is carried out to study the effect of leaf litter extract on the other crop. Allelopathic is the, phytotoxic effect of plants leaf on the other plants is well known. Some plants whether orchard crop or forest trees releases some chemicals which effects negatively sometimes positively to the growth of the other plants. In the present study it was studied that how the soil treated with leaf litter powder of trees (Litchi, Mango, Forest tree) is effected the growth and development of other plant. In an orchard generally leaf litter is the important source of allelochemicals in the soil. Litchi, Mango and forest litter all inhibit the growth of the test crop(Rice) but maximum inhibition is recorded by Litchi leaf powder treatment followed by mango and Forest whether Agriculture soil is treated as control in this case. Germination %, MDA content, Root shoot dry weight is highly affected but chlorophyll was maximum recorded from litchi leaf treatment.
Niegodziwa mamona – postawa wobec bogactwa według Nowego Testamentu
Authors: Wronka Stanisław 
Published: September 2016

The „mammon” means wealth, money, all the material riches and is always defined by Jesus negatively as „unrighteous”. So the expression „unrighteous mammon” seems to condemn and reject the wealth as totally contrary to God and to His kingdom. In reality this expression, as well as all the hyperbolical statements and sharp antitheses of the New Testament in this matter pay only attention to the danger of wealth, which can easily subdue the man, make him a slave, so that he isn’t able to use it wisely for his true good, to share it with the others and to set final hopes in God. For the material riches are gift of God, which one doesn’t need to fear, but should accept with gratitude, wisely increase, use for a worthy life in relation with the people and in unity with God, that is a supreme good of man and his ultimate fulfillment.The right attitude towards the wealth is called poverty, the example of which we have in the life of Jesus and His disciples. Their radical renouncement of riches was dictated by the wandering way of apostolate and the imminent eschatological perspective, but it didn’t hinder them from using the material riches provided by the others. Paul himself lived in a great measure by the work of his own hands. Yet the material values weren’t a goal for them, but a mean in the life lived for God and proclaiming His supreme value. Today both the manner of evangelization and the remote eschatological perspective require a solid material base also for these which devote themselves to the kingdom of God. In the daily life they can’t run much away from the environment where they make apostolate, but with their way of life they have always to bear witness to the absolute priority of God and to the destination of man and world to His glory.
CYTOTOXIC BIOACTIVE COMPOUNDS FROM CALOTROPIS GIGANTEA STEM BARK
Authors: Hasballah Kartini , . Murniana , . Erya , . Ardian 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The present study deals with the cytotoxic activity of n-hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of <em>Calotropis gigantea</em> L. stem bark and its fractions such as A, B, C, D and E fractions on murine leukemia cell line P388.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The crude extracts of <em>C. gigantea</em> stem bark were prepared using n-hexane and ethyl acetate solvents. The plant extracts were subjected to vacuum liquid chromatography followed by TLC. According to the similarity of stain patterns, the fractions were combined. The extracts and its combined fractions were then subjected for the phytochemical test. Cytotoxic activity of those extracts and its combined fractions were tested using MTT assay. Fraction D was subjected to gravity column chromatography followed by TLC. Then, fractions A, B, and D2 were crystallized and subjected to GC-MS.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The qualitative screening of n-hexane extract of <em>Calotropis gigantea</em> L. stem bark for secondary metabolites showed the presence of terpenoid, flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. While the ethyl acetate extract contained phenolics, steroids, flavonoids, saponins and coumarins compounds. IC<sub>50 </sub>values for n-hexane extract and E fraction are 76.29 µg/ml and 18.48 µg/ml, respectively. In the ethyl acetate extract and C fraction obtained IC<sub>50</sub> values 57.05 µg/ml and 52.58 µg/ml.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Cytotoxic activity from E fraction of n-hexane extract of <em>C. gigantea</em> stem bark is the most potent and containing flavonoids, phenolics and coumarins. The main components from several compounds of n-hexane extract of <em>C. gigantea</em> are germacrane-A, (-)-globulol, urs-12-ene and veridiflorol. </p>
HIV-1 REVERSE TRANSCRIPTASE AND PROTEASE ASSAY OF METHANOLIC EXTRACTS OF ADANSONIA DIGITATA L.
Authors: Sharma Amrish , Rangari Vinod 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong>Anti-HIV activity studies of methanolic extracts of <em>Adansonia digitata</em> L. leaves, root bark and fruit pulp.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods</strong>:<strong> </strong>Methanolic extracts of <em>A. digitata</em> were tested for HIV enzyme inhibitory activity against HIV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) and HIV-1 protease (PR). HIV-1 RT assay was performed using<em> </em>non-radioactive HIV-RT colorimetric ELISA kit while the HIV-1 PR assay was performed using a fluorogenic octapeptide substrate, HIV-FRET (fluorescence resonance energy transfer) and a recombinant HIV-1 protease solution (AnaSpec Inc., USA).</p><p><strong>Results</strong>:<strong> </strong>The percentage inhibition of controls and <em>A. digitata </em>leaves, root bark and fruit pulp extracts were calculated relative to uninhibited HIV-1 RT and PR in 2% DMSO. The results of the HIV-1 RT assay indicated 26.5% inhibition by root bark extract (50 µg/ml) and 12.2% inhibition by leaf extract while the fruit pulp extract (100 µg/ml) has shown only 5.9% inhibition as compared to standard Nevirapine (100 nM) 27.5% inhibition.</p><p>In the case of HIV-protease assay, leaf extract and fruit pulp extract (50 µg/ml) has shown quite high inhibition (≥ 50%) to the extent of 75% and 74% respectively which is very significant. The root bark extract has shown 35% inhibition.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Methanolic extract of the leaves, root bark and fruit pulp of <em>A. digitata</em> has shown low anti-HIV-1 RT but significant PR activity. HIV-1 RT activity of root bark extract and HIV-1 PR activity of fruit pulp extract indicates the potential of the plant as an anti-HIV agent. </p>
ANTIDIABETIC EFFECT OF THYMUS SATUREIOIDES AQUEOUS EXTRACT IN STREPTOZOTOCIN-INDUCED DIABETIC RATS
Authors: Kabbaoui Mohamed El , Chda Alae , Mejrhit Najlae , Farah Abdellah , Aarab Lotfi , Bencheikh Rachid , Tazi Abdelali 
Published: September 2016

<p><strong>Objective</strong>:<strong> </strong>The aerial parts of <em>Thymus satureioides </em>have been traditionally used to treat diabetes mellitus and its complications in Morocco. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects of the aqueous extract of <em>Thymus satureioides </em>aerial parts in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rats.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Experimental diabetes was induced in overnight fasted rats by intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were orally administered with aqueous extract of <em>Thymus satureioides</em> (500 mg/kg b.w.) for 28 d. Glibenclamide (2 mg/kg), a standard antidiabetic drug, was used as a positive control drug. Body weight and fasting blood glucose (FGB) were measured every week. Oral glucose tolerance, change in lipid parameters, urea, creatinine, aspartate aminotransferase (ASAT) and alanine aminotransferase (ALAT) levels of diabetic rats were evaluated at the end of the treatment.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Administration of <em>Thymus satureioides </em>aqueous extract to diabetic rats for 28 d reduced their fasting blood glucose levels significantly compared to the diabetic control rats. The extract improved body weight and glucose tolerance in diabetic rats. The antihyperlipidemic assessment of the extract revealed a decrease in plasma total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL levels and an increase in HDL level in the plasma of treated diabetic rats. Furthermore, the biochemical liver and kidney functional tests have shown that serum biomarkers of liver and renal dysfunction were significantly reduced in treated diabetic rats.</p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The present findings suggest that <em>Thymus satureioides </em>extract has both antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic effects in experimental diabetic rats which can be beneficial in the management of diabetes and its complications.<p> </p>
MAGNETO-FRICTIONAL MODELING OF CORONAL NONLINEAR FORCE-FREE FIELDS. II. APPLICATION TO OBSERVATIONS
Authors: Guo Y. , Xia C. , Keppens R. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
A magneto-frictional module has been implemented and tested in the Message Passing Interface Adaptive Mesh Refinement Versatile Advection Code (MPI-AMRVAC) in the first paper of this series. Here, we apply the magneto-frictional method to observations to demonstrate its applicability in both Cartesian and spherical coordinates, and in uniform and block-adaptive octree grids. We first reconstruct a nonlinear force-free field (NLFFF) on a uniform grid of 1803 cells in Cartesian coordinates, with boundary conditions provided by the vector magnetic field observed by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) on board the Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO) at 06:00 UT on 2010 November 11 in active region NOAA 11123. The reconstructed NLFFF successfully reproduces the sheared and twisted field lines and magnetic null points. Next, we adopt a three-level block-adaptive grid to model the same active region with a higher spatial resolution on the bottom boundary and a coarser treatment of regions higher up. The force-free and divergence-free metrics obtained are comparable to the run with a uniform grid, and the reconstructed field topology is also very similar. Finally, a group of active regions, including NOAA 11401, 11402, 11405, and 11407, observed at 03:00 UT on 2012 January 23 by SDO/HMI is modeled with a five-level block-adaptive grid in spherical coordinates, where we reach a local resolution of

pixel−1 in an area of 790 Mm × 604 Mm. Local high spatial resolution and a large field of view in NLFFF modeling can be achieved simultaneously in parallel and block-adaptive magneto-frictional relaxations.
NEW MODEL-INDEPENDENT METHOD TO TEST THE CURVATURE OF THE UNIVERSE
Authors: Yu H. , Wang F. Y. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We propose a new model-independent method to test the cosmic curvature by comparing the proper distance and transverse comoving distance. Using the measurements of the Hubble parameter H(z) and the angular diameter distance d

A
, the cosmic curvature parameter

is constrained to be −0.09 ± 0.19, which is consistent with a flat universe. We also use a Monte Carlo simulation to test the validity and efficiency, and find that our method can give a reliable and efficient constraint on cosmic curvature. Compared with other model-independent methods testing the cosmic curvature, our method can avoid some drawbacks and give a better constraint.
A NANOFLARE-BASED CELLULAR AUTOMATON MODEL AND THE OBSERVED PROPERTIES OF THE CORONAL PLASMA
Authors: Fuentes Marcelo López , Klimchuk James A. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
We use the cellular automaton model described in López Fuentes & Klimchuk to study the evolution of coronal loop plasmas. The model, based on the idea of a critical misalignment angle in tangled magnetic fields, produces nanoflares of varying frequency with respect to the plasma cooling time. We compare the results of the model with active region (AR) observations obtained with the Hinode/XRT and SDO/AIA instruments. The comparison is based on the statistical properties of synthetic and observed loop light curves. Our results show that the model reproduces the main observational characteristics of the evolution of the plasma in AR coronal loops. The typical intensity fluctuations have amplitudes of 10%–15% both for the model and the observations. The sign of the skewness of the intensity distributions indicates the presence of cooling plasma in the loops. We also study the emission measure (EM) distribution predicted by the model and obtain slopes in log(EM) versus log(T) between 2.7 and 4.3, in agreement with published observational values.
A TRIPLE-ENERGY-SOURCE MODEL FOR SUPERLUMINOUS SUPERNOVA iPTF13ehe
Authors: Wang S. Q. , Liu L. D. , Dai Z. G. , Wang L. J. , Wu X. F. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Almost all superluminous supernovae (SLSNe) whose peak magnitudes are

mag can be explained by the 56Ni-powered model, the magnetar-powered (highly magnetized pulsar) model, or the ejecta-circumstellar medium (CSM) interaction model. Recently, iPTF13ehe challenged these energy-source models, because the spectral analysis shows that

of 56Ni have been synthesized, but are inadequate to power the peak bolometric emission of iPTF13ehe, while the rebrightening of the late-time light curve (LC) and the Hα emission lines indicate that the ejecta-CSM interaction must play a key role in powering the late-time LC. Here we propose a triple-energy-source model, in which a magnetar together with some amount (

) of 56Ni may power the early LC of iPTF13ehe, while the late-time rebrightening can be quantitatively explained by an ejecta-CSM interaction. Furthermore, we suggest that iPTF13ehe is a genuine core-collapse supernova rather than a pulsational pair-instability supernova candidate. Further studies on similar SLSNe in the future would eventually shed light on their explosion and energy-source mechanisms.
BUOYANCY-DRIVEN MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMIC WAVES
Authors: Hague A. , Erdélyi R. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Turbulent motions close to the visible solar surface may generate low-frequency internal gravity waves (IGWs) that propagate through the lower solar atmosphere. Magnetic activity is ubiquitous throughout the solar atmosphere, so it is expected that the behavior of IGWs is to be affected. In this article we investigate the role of an equilibrium magnetic field on propagating and standing buoyancy oscillations in a gravitationally stratified medium. We assume that this background magnetic field is parallel to the direction of gravitational stratification. It is known that when the equilibrium magnetic field is weak and the background is isothermal, the frequencies of standing IGWs are sensitive to the presence of magnetism. Here, we generalize this result to the case of a slowly varying temperature. To do this, we make use of the Boussinesq approximation. A comparison between the hydrodynamic and magnetohydrodynamic cases allows us to deduce the effects due to a magnetic field. It is shown that the frequency of IGWs may depart significantly from the Brunt–Väisälä frequency, even for a weak magnetic field. The mathematical techniques applied here give a clearer picture of the wave mode identification, which has previously been misinterpreted. An observational test is urged to validate the theoretical findings.