bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Donor- and Ligand-Dependent Differences in C-C Chemokine Receptor 5 Reexpression
Authors: Sabbe Rebecca , Picchio Gastón R. , Pastore Cristina , Chaloin Olivier , Hartley Oliver , Offord Robin , Mosier Donald E. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTN-terminal modifications of the chemokine RANTES bind to C-C chemokine receptor 5 (CCR5) and block human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) infection with greater efficacy than native RANTES. Modified RANTES compounds induce rapid CCR5 internalization and much slower receptor reexpression than native RANTES, suggesting that receptor sequestration is one mode of anti-HIV activity. The rates of CCR5 internalization and reexpression were compared using the potentn-nonanoyl (NNY)-RANTES derivative and CD4+T cells derived from donors with different CCR5 gene polymorphisms. NNY-RANTES caused even more rapid receptor internalization and slower reexpression than aminooxypentane (AOP)-RANTES. Polymorphisms in the promoter and coding regions of CCR5 significantly affected the receptor reexpression rate after exposure of cells to NNY-RANTES. These observations may be relevant for understanding the protective effects of different CCR5 genotypes against HIV-1 disease progression.
Protective Mucosal Immunity to Ocular Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 Infection in Mice by UsingEscherichia coliHeat-Labile Enterotoxin B Subunit as an Adjuvant
Authors: Richards C. M. , Aman A. T. , Hirst T. R. , Hill T. J. , Williams N. A. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACTThe potential of nontoxic recombinant B subunits of cholera toxin (rCtxB) and its close relativeEscherichia coliheat-labile enterotoxin (rEtxB) to act as mucosal adjuvants for intranasal immunization with herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) glycoproteins was assessed. Doses of 10 μg of rEtxB or above with 10 μg of HSV-1 glycoproteins elicited high serum and mucosal anti-HSV-1 titers comparable with that obtained using CtxB (10 μg) with a trace (0.5 μg) of whole toxin (Ctx-CtxB). By contrast, doses of rCtxB up to 100 μg elicited only meager anti-HSV-1 responses. As for Ctx-CtxB, rEtxB resulted in a Th2-biased immune response with high immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1)/IgG2a antibody ratios and production of interleukin 4 (IL-4) and IL-10 as well as gamma interferon by proliferating T cells. The protective efficacy of the immune response induced using rEtxB as an adjuvant was assessed following ocular challenge of immunized and mock-immunized mice. Epithelial disease was observed in both groups, but the immunized mice recovered by day 6 whereas mock-immunized mice developed more severe corneal disease leading to stromal keratitis. In addition, a significant reduction in the incidence of lid disease and zosteriform spread was observed in immunized animals and there was no encephalitis compared with 95% encephalitis in mock-immunized mice. The potential of such mucosal adjuvants for use in human vaccines against pathogens such as HSV-1 is discussed.
Replicating Adenoviruses That Target Tumors with Constitutive Activation of the wnt Signaling Pathway
Authors: Brunori Michele , Malerba Maddalena , Kashiwazaki Haruhiko , Iggo Richard 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
Despite important advances in understanding the molecular basis of cancer, few treatments have been devised which rationally target known causal oncogenic defects. Selectively replicating viruses have a major advantage over nonreplicating viruses to target these defects because the therapeutic effect of the injected virus is augmented by virus produced within the tumor. To permit rational targeting of colon tumors, we have developed replicating adenoviruses that express the viral E1B and E2 genes from promoters controlled by the Tcf4 transcription factor. Tcf4 is constitutively activated by mutations in the adenomatous polyposis coli and β-catenin genes in virtually all colon tumors and is constitutively repressed by Groucho and CtBP in normal tissue. The Tcf-E2 and Tcf-E1B promoters are active in many, but not all, cell lines with activation of the wnt pathway. Viruses with Tcf regulation of E2 expression replicate normally in SW480 colon cancer cells but show a 50- to 100-fold decrease in replication in H1299 lung cancer cells and WI38 normal fibroblasts. Activation of wnt signaling by transduction of a stable β-catenin mutant into normal fibroblasts renders the cells permissive for virus replication. Insertion of Tcf4 sites in the E1B promoter has only small effects on replication in vitro but significantly reduces the inflammatory response in a rodent lung model in vivo. Replicating adenoviruses with Tcf regulation of both E1B and E2 transcription are potentially useful for the treatment of liver metastases from colorectal tumors, but additional changes will be required to produce a virus that can be used to treat all colon tumors.
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus Xenoinfection: the Role of Chemokine Receptors and Envelope Diversity
Authors: Johnston J. B. , Power C. 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
The use of chemokine receptors as cell recognition signals is a property common to several lentiviruses, including feline, human, and simian immunodeficiency viruses. Previously, two feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) isolates, V1CSF and Petaluma, were shown to use chemokine receptors in a strain-dependent manner to infect human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) (J. Johnston and C. Power, J. Virol. 73:2491-2498, 1999). Since the sequences of these viruses differed primarily in regions of the FIV envelope gene implicated in receptor use and cell tropism, envelope chimeras of V1CSF and Petaluma were constructed to investigate the role of envelope diversity in the profiles of chemokine receptors used by FIV to infect primate cells. By use of a receptor-blocking assay, all viruses were found to infect human and macaque PBMC through a mechanism involving the CXCR4 receptor. However, infection by viruses encoding the V3-to-V5 region of the V1CSF surface unit was also inhibited by blockade of the CCR3 or CCR5 receptor. Similar results were obtained with GHOST cells, human osteosarcoma cells expressing specific combinations of chemokine receptors. CXCR4 was required for infection by all FIV strains, but viruses expressing the V3-to-V5 region of V1CSF required the concurrent presence of either CCR3 or CCR5. In contrast, CXCR4 alone was sufficient to allow infection of GHOST cells by FIV strains possessing the V3-to-V5 region of Petaluma. To assess the role of primate chemokine receptors in productive infection, Crandell feline kidney (CrFK) cells that expressed human CXCR4, CCR3, or CCR5 in addition to feline CXCR4 were generated. Sustained infection by viruses encoding the V3-to-V5 region of V1CSF was detected in CrFK cells expressing human CCR3 or CCR5 but not in cells expressing CXCR4 alone, while all CrFK cell lines were permissive to viruses encoding the V3-to-V5 region of Petaluma. These results indicate that FIV uses chemokine receptors to infect both human and nonhuman primate cells and that the profiles of these receptors are dependent on envelope sequence, and they provide insights into the mechanism by which xenoinfections may occur.
Simultaneous Determination of Dopamine, Serotonin and Their Metabolites in the Rat Brain by HPLC Method with Coulometric Detection
Authors: Bielavská Marcela , Kassa Jiří 
Published: July 2002

A rapid and sensitive method for simultaneous determination of 3-hydroxytyramine (dopamine), 5-hydroxytryptamine (serotonin) and their metabolites - 3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid, 3-methoxytyramine, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenylacetic acid (homovanillic acid) and 5-hydroxyindole-3-acetic acid in the rat brain was developed. Brain samples with the internal standard and heparin were deproteinized by perchloric acid with ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid disodium salt and sodium sulfite. Following homogenization, centrifugation and filtration, the supernatant was directly injected into a reversed-phase HPLC system with coulometric detector. The response of the detected substances was linear in the range 12-700 ng/g of cerebellum homogenate (24-1 400 pg on column). Total recovery of the method was higher than 95%. The method was used for the determination of catecholamines and their metabolites in the chosen part of rat brain following the inhalation exposure to sarin (organophosphate).
Occupational exposure to carcinogens in the European Union
Authors: Kauppinen Timo , Toikkanen Jouni , Pedersen David , Young Randy , Ahrens Wolfgang , Boffetta Paolo , Hansen Johnni , Kromhout Hans , Blasco Jeronimo Maqueda , Mirabelli Dario , de la Orden-Rivera Victoria , Pannett Brian , Plato Nils , Savela Anja , Vincent Raymond , Kogevinas Manolis 
Published: July 2002

OBJECTIVESTo construct a computer assisted information system for the estimation of the numbers of workers exposed to established and suspected human carcinogens in the member states of the European Union (EU).METHODSA database called CAREX (carcinogen exposure) was designed to provide selected exposure data and documented estimates of the number of workers exposed to carcinogens by country, carcinogen, and industry. CAREX includes data on agents evaluated by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) (all agents in groups 1 and 2A as of February 1995, and selected agents in group 2B) and on ionising radiation, displayed across the 55 industrial classes. The 1990–3 occupational exposure was estimated in two phases. Firstly, estimates were generated by the CAREX system on the basis of national labour force data and exposure prevalence estimates from two reference countries (Finland and the United States) which had the most comprehensive data available on exposures to these agents. For selected countries, these estimates were then refined by national experts in view of the perceived exposure patterns in their own countries compared with those of the reference countries.RESULTSAbout 32 million workers (23% of those employed) in the EU were exposed to agents covered by CAREX. At least 22 million workers were exposed to IARC group 1 carcinogens. The exposed workers had altogether 42 million exposures (1.3 mean exposures for each exposed worker). The most common exposures were solar radiation (9.1 million workers exposed at least 75% of working time), environmental tobacco smoke (7.5 million workers exposed at least 75% of working time), crystalline silica (3.2 million exposed), diesel exhaust (3.0 million), radon (2.7 million), and wood dust (2.6 million).CONCLUSIONThese preliminary estimates indicate that in the early 1990s, a substantial proportion of workers in the EU were exposed to carcinogens.
Hyperaldosteronism: recent concepts, diagnosis, and management
Authors: Foo R , O'Shaughnessy K M , Brown M J 
Published: July 2002

ABSTRACT
As a cause for hypertension, aldosterone excess is now thought to be more prevalent than previously quoted in textbooks. Classical features of hypokalaemia and metabolic alkalosis can be absent even in the presence of marked hypertension. This implies the need for a high index of suspicion and possibly argues the case for routine screening, especially in patients with “difficult to treat” hypertension. Given multisystem target organ damage and increased cardiovascular risk associated with chronic uncontrolled hypertension, a readily treatable cause such as hyperaldosteronism is an important diagnosis to make. In addition, hyperaldosteronism related hypertension is now known to cover other recently identified monogenic disorders such as glucocorticoid remediable aldosteronism. These rarer monogenic hypertensive disorders provide clues to cracking the mystery behind polygenic “essential” hypertension. Apart from patients with hyperaldosteronism, a subset of the well recognised “low renin hypertension” patient group also appears to produce a dramatic and remarkable response when treated with spironolactone. We suggest that spironolactone sensitive hypertension may represent a wider spectrum of disorders where blood pressure is readily controlled by the addition of aldosterone receptor antagonist.
Chronic pericardial constriction linked to the antiparkinsonian dopamine agonist pergolide
Authors: Balachandran K P , Stewart D , Berg G A , Oldroyd K G 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Constrictive pericarditis is present when a fibrotic, thickened, and adherent pericardium restricts diastolic filling of the heart. Several drugs can cause pericarditis, which can lead to chronic pericardial constriction. A case of constrictive pericarditis in a patient receiving the antiparkinsonian drug pergolide is reported.
Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis associated with omeprazole
Authors: Odeh M , Lurie M , Oliven A 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Omeprazole is a potent proton pump inhibitor and usually is well tolerated. Adverse effects of this drug have been reported in up to 5% of patients, most of which are trivial and disappear rapidly on discontinuation of the drug. Skin adverse reactions attributed to omeprazole are uncommon and include rashes, urticaria, angio-oedema, acute disseminated epidermal necrolysis, lichen spinulosus, and contact dermatitis. Cutaneous leucocytoclastic vasculitis (CLV) has not been previously reported in association with omeprazole. The development of CLV in an elderly patient four weeks after starting treatment with omeprazole is described.
Ulcerative colitis after statin treatment
Authors: Rea W E , Durrant D C S , Boldy D A R 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Statin treatment is widely used in both primary and secondary prevention of diseases in which hyperlipidaemia is a major risk factor, for example, ischaemic heart disease. The development of ulcerative colitis as an adverse reaction to simvastatin is reported, which, despite withdrawal of the drug, proved fatal. The adverse reaction profile of the statins is reviewed, which suggests that this is a class effect and not one limited to simvastatin.
Coating of Polyaniline with an Insulating Polymer to Improve the Power Efficiency of Electrorheological Fluids
Authors: Akhavan J. , Slack K. , Wise V. , Block H. 
Published: July 2002

Currents drawn under high fields often present practical limitations to electrorheological (ER) fluids usefulness. For heavy-duty applications where large torques have to be transmitted, the power consumption of a ER fluid can be considerable, and for such uses a current density of ~100μ A cm -2 is often taken as a practical upper limit. This investigation was conducted into designing a fluid which has little extraneous conductance and therefore would demand less current. Selected semi-conducting polymers provide effective substrates for ER fluids. Such polymers are soft insoluble powdery materials with densities similar to dispersing agents used in ER formulations. Polyaniline is a semi-conducting polymer and can be used as an effective ER substrate in its emeraldine base form. In order to provide an effective ER fluid which requires less current polyaniline was coated with an insulating polymer. The conditions for coating was established for lauryl and methyl methacrylate. Results from static yield measurements indicate that ER fluids containing coated polyaniline required less current than uncoated polyaniline i.e. 0.5μ A cm -2. The generic type of coating was also found to be important.
BILATERAL SUPRASCAPULAR ENTRAPMENT NEUROPATHY: A CASE REPORT
Authors: Cooper Timothy M. , Steimnitz Jules P. , Buncke Harry J. 
Published: July 2002

Suprascapular nerve entrapment is an uncommon condition. It is not often included in the differential diagnosis of shoulder pain and is therefore probably underdiagnosed. The nerve may be compressed at either the suprascapular notch or spinalglenoid notch.The clinical presentation is often unremarkable with poorly localised pain over the posterolateral shoulder, which tends to become persistent. There is often a history of minor trauma or repeated exertion. Weakness of external rotation and abduction may be present and in advanced cases there is wasting of the supraspinatous and infraspinatous muscles. There may be tenderness over the suprascapular notch. Diagnosis is established with EMG findings of delayed nerve root conduction and/or denervation potentials in the involved muscles.
STUDY OF THE HYDROXYAPATITE (HA)-COATED ACETABULAR CUPS RETRIEVED AT REVISION SURGERY — RELATION OF THE RESIDUAL HA TO THE FAILURE ODES
Authors: HU WEN-PIN , LAI KUO-AN , JOU I-MING , LIN JE-HSIN , CHANG GUANG-LIANG 
Published: July 2002

Fifty-three retrieved hydroxyapatite (HA)-coated acetabular cups were studied with scanning electron microscope (SEM) for identification of the residual HA. Image processing technique was applied for quantification of the residual HA as percentage of the cup surface. The study included 28 Landos Atoll, 21 Osteonic Omnifit and 4 Howmedica ABG cups. These cups were retrieved at an average of 59.1 (13–107) months after implantation due to aseptic loosening in 24, septic loosening in 14, infection without loosening in 7, polyethylene wear in 7 and osteolysis in 1 cup. The relationships of residual HA to original coating thickness, failure mode, duration in the host and other factors were studied with Pearson's correlation, linear regression and ANOVA tests for its statistical significance.The residual HA is negatively correlated with the duration in the host (r = -0.375, p < 0.01 for all cups, r = -0.732, p < 0.001 for loose Atoll cups and r = -0.592, p < 0.01 for the loose Omnifit cups). The thicker coating (155 um, Atoll) had more residual HA than the thinner (50 um, Omnifit) coating (p < 0.001). The loose cups had less residual HA than the stable cups (p < 0.001). The loss of HA coating during the first 2 years averages 52% and 22% for the loose and stable Atoll cups, respectively. Thereafter, HA coating disappears at a rate of 7.4 ± 2.6% and 3.8 ± 1.8% per year. And the loss of HA surface from the Omnifit and ABG cups during the first 2 years averages 69% and 42% for the loose and stable cups, respectively. Then the following loss rates are 10.1 ± 3.8% and 7.1 ± 2.9% of surface per year, respectively.The HA coating is resorbed in the host. The resorption rate is higher on the loose cups than on the stable cups. A hemispherical smooth surfaced cup depends solely on screws for resistance of rotational torque after HA resorption. Clinical loosening and migration of the cup then follow screw loosening or failure. The design of HA-coated acetabular cup should avoid smooth surfaced hemispheric metal shell without a more dependable fixation than screws.
Spatial management of data
Authors: Herot Christopher F. 
Published: July 2002

Spatial data management is a technique for organizing and retrieving information by positioning it in a graphical data space (GDS). This graphical data space is viewed through a color raster-scan display which enables users to traverse the GDS surface or zoom into the image to obtain greater detail. In contrast to conventional database management systems, in which users access data by asking questions in a formal query language, a spatial data management system (SDMS) presents the information graphically in a form that seems to encourage browsing and to require less prior knowledge of the contents and organization of the database.
This paper presents an overview of the SDMS concept and describes its implementation in a prototype system for retrieving information from both a symbolic database management system and an optical videodisk.
Size complexity in context-free grammars forms
Authors: Ginsburg Seymour , Lynch Nancy 
Published: July 2002

Grammar forms are compared for their efficiency in representing languages, as measured by the sizes (i.e. total number of symbols, number of variable occurrences, number of productions, and number of distinct variables) of interpretation grammars. For every regular set, right- and left-linear forms are essentially equal in efficiency. Any form for the regular sets provides, at most, polynomial improvement over right-linear form. Moreover, any polynomial improvement is attained by some such form, at least on certain languages. Greater improvement for some languages is possible using forms expressing larger classes of languages than the regular sets. However, there are some languages for which no improvement over right-linear form is possible.
While a similar set of results holds for forms expressing exactly the linear languages, only linear improvement can occur for forms expressing all the context-free languages.
A practical approach to managing resources and avoiding deadlocks
Authors: Frailey Dennis J. 
Published: July 2002

Resource scheduling and allocation can be expensive with regard to time and space in multiprogramming or time-sharing environments involving large numbers of tasks and resources with conflicting requirements. Detection and/or prevention of deadlocks can require massive amounts of additional overhead if efficient usage of resources is to be maintained.
A resource management program is described which uses linked lists along with other techniques to overcome a large portion of this overhead. The program, which is currently running as part of a large scale general purpose operating system, keeps resources relatively active but does not detect or prevent all deadlocks in its implemented state. Certain changes, which would permit more comprehensive levels of deadlock prevention/detection at additional cost, have not been incorporated in the running system due to the infrequency of deadlock situations.
Simulation of traffic flows in a network
Authors: Sakai Toshiyuki , Nagao Makoto 
Published: July 2002

A computer simulation program which deals with traffic flows in the network of a large area is described. Each road is segmented into blocks of several ten-meter lengths and is represented by a bidirectional list in computer memory. The movement of cars, i.e. the transfer of cars from one block to the next, is expressed by a proper formula. This formula is based on the supposition that the speed of cars in a block is determined only by the density of cars in the block, and this speed-versus-density curve is empirically given the numerical values.
This simulation scheme has its excellent point in that it makes it possible to trace the dynamic behavior of traffic flows in a variety of situations, some examples of which are given for an actual area of the city of Kyoto, Japan.
Mediator of Transcriptional Regulation
Authors: Myers Lawrence C. , Kornberg Roger D. 
Published: July 2002

▪ Abstract  Three lines of evidence have converged on a multiprotein Mediator complex as a conserved interface between gene-specific regulatory proteins and the general transcription apparatus of eukaryotes. Mediator was discovered as an activity required for transcriptional activation in a reconstituted system from yeast. Upon resolution to homogeneity, the activity proved to reside in a 20-protein complex, which could exist in a free state or in a complex with RNA polymerase II, termed holoenzyme. A second line of evidence came from screens in yeast for mutations affecting transcription. Two-thirds of Mediator subunits are encoded by genes revealed by these screens. Five of the genetically defined subunits, termed Srbs, were characterized as interacting with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II in vivo, and were shown to bind polymerase in vitro. A third line of evidence has come recently from studies in mammalian transcription systems. Mammalian counterparts of yeast Mediator were shown to interact with transcriptional activator proteins and to play an essential role in transcriptional regulation. Mediator evidently integrates and transduces positive and negative regulatory information from enhancers and operators to promoters. It functions directly through RNA polymerase II, modulating its activity in promoter-dependent transcription. Details of the Mediator mechanism remain obscure. Additional outstanding questions include the patterns of promoter-specificity of the various Mediator subunits, the possible cell-type–specificity of Mediator subunit composition, and the full structures of both free Mediator and RNA polymerase II holoenzyme.