bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hippocampal Contribution to Context Encoding across Development Is Disrupted following Early-Life Adversity
Authors: Lambert Hilary K. , Sheridan Margaret A. , Sambrook Kelly A. , Rosen Maya L. , Askren Mary K. , McLaughlin Katie A. 
Published: January 2017

Context can drastically influence responses to environmental stimuli. For example, a gunshot should provoke a different response at a public park than a shooting range. Little is known about how contextual processing and neural correlates change across human development or about individual differences related to early environmental experiences. Children (N= 60; 8–19 years, 24 exposed to interpersonal violence) completed a context encoding task during fMRI scanning using a delayed match-to-sample design with neutral, happy, and angry facial cues embedded in realistic background scenes. Outside the scanner, participants completed a memory test for context-face pairings. Context memory and neural correlates of context encoding did not vary with age. Larger hippocampal volume was associated with better context memory. Posterior hippocampus was recruited during context encoding, and greater activation in this region predicted better memory for contexts paired with angry faces. Children exposed to violence had poor memory of contexts paired with angry faces, reduced hippocampal volume, and atypical neural recruitment on encoding trials with angry faces, including reduced hippocampal activation and greater functional connectivity between hippocampus and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (vlPFC). Greater hippocampus-vlPFC connectivity was associated with worse memory for contexts paired with angry faces. Posterior hippocampus appears to support context encoding, a process that does not exhibit age-related variation from middle childhood to late adolescence. Exposure to dangerous environments in childhood is associated with poor context encoding in the presence of threat, likely due to greater vlPFC-dependent attentional narrowing on threat cues at the expense of hippocampus-dependent processing of the broader context.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe ability to use context to guide reactions to environmental stimuli promotes flexible behavior. Remarkably little research has examined how contextual processing changes across development or about influences of the early environment. We provide evidence for posterior hippocampus involvement in context encoding in youth and lack of age-related variation from middle childhood to late adolescence. Children exposed to interpersonal violence exhibited poor memory of contexts paired with angry faces and atypical neural recruitment during context encoding in the presence of threatening facial cues. Heightened attention to threat following violence exposure may come at the expense of encoding contextual information, which may ultimately contribute to pathological fear expressed in safe contexts.
Differential Regulation of NMDA Receptor-Mediated Transmission by SK Channels Underlies Dorsal-Ventral Differences in Dynamics of Schaffer Collateral Synaptic Function
Authors: Babiec Walter E. , Jami Shekib A. , Guglietta Ryan , Chen Patrick B. , O'Dell Thomas J. 
Published: January 2017

Behavioral, physiological, and anatomical evidence indicates that the dorsal and ventral zones of the hippocampus have distinct roles in cognition. How the unique functions of these zones might depend on differences in synaptic and neuronal function arising from the strikingly different gene expression profiles exhibited by dorsal and ventral CA1 pyramidal cells is unclear. To begin to address this question, we investigated the mechanisms underlying differences in synaptic transmission and plasticity at dorsal and ventral Schaffer collateral (SC) synapses in the mouse hippocampus. We find that, although basal synaptic transmission is similar, SC synapses in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus exhibit markedly different responses to θ frequency patterns of stimulation. In contrast to dorsal hippocampus, θ frequency stimulation fails to elicit postsynaptic complex-spike bursting and does not induce LTP at ventral SC synapses. Moreover, EPSP-spike coupling, a process that strongly influences information transfer at synapses, is weaker in ventral pyramidal cells. Our results indicate that all these differences in postsynaptic function are due to an enhanced activation of SK-type K+channels that suppresses NMDAR-dependent EPSP amplification at ventral SC synapses. Consistent with this, mRNA levels for the SK3 subunit of SK channels are significantly higher in ventral CA1 pyramidal cells. Together, our findings indicate that a dorsal-ventral difference in SK channel regulation of NMDAR activation has a profound effect on the transmission, processing, and storage of information at SC synapses and thus likely contributes to the distinct roles of the dorsal and ventral hippocampus in different behaviors.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDifferences in short- and long-term plasticity at Schaffer collateral (SC) synapses in the dorsal and ventral hippocampus likely contribute importantly to the distinct roles of these regions in cognition and behavior. Although dorsal and ventral CA1 pyramidal cells exhibit markedly different gene expression profiles, how these differences influence plasticity at SC synapses is unclear. Here we report that increased mRNA levels for the SK3 subunit of SK-type K+channels in ventral pyramidal cells is associated with an enhanced activation of SK channels that strongly suppresses NMDAR activation at ventral SC synapses. This leads to striking differences in multiple aspects of synaptic transmission at dorsal and ventral SC synapses and underlies the reduced ability of ventral SC synapses to undergo LTP.
Tonsillectomy Versus Watchful Waiting for Recurrent Throat Infection: A Systematic Review
Authors: Morad Anna , Sathe Nila A. , Francis David O. , McPheeters Melissa L. , Chinnadurai Sivakumar 
Published: January 2017

CONTEXT:
The effectiveness of tonsillectomy or adenotonsillectomy (“tonsillectomy”) for recurrent throat infection compared with watchful waiting is uncertain.

OBJECTIVE:
To compare sleep, cognitive, behavioral, and health outcomes of tonsillectomy versus watchful waiting in children with recurrent throat infections.

DATA SOURCES:
MEDLINE, Embase, and the Cochrane Library.

STUDY SELECTION:
Two investigators independently screened studies against predetermined criteria.

DATA EXTRACTION:
One investigator extracted data with review by a second. Investigators independently assessed risk of bias and strength of evidence (SOE) and confidence in the estimate of effects.

RESULTS:
Seven studies including children with ≥3 infections in the previous 1 to 3 years addressed this question. In studies reporting baseline data, number of infections/sore throats decreased from baseline in both groups, with greater decreases in sore throat days, clinician contacts, diagnosed group A streptococcal infections, and school absences in tonsillectomized children in the short term (&lt;12 months). Quality of life was not markedly different between groups at any time point.

LIMITATIONS:
Few studies fully categorized infection/sore throat severity; attrition was high.

CONCLUSIONS:
Throat infections, utilization, and school absences improved in the first postsurgical year in tonsillectomized children versus children not receiving surgery. Benefits did not persist over time; longer-term outcomes are limited. SOE is moderate for reduction in short-term throat infections and insufficient for longer-term reduction. SOE is low for no difference in longer-term streptococcal infection reduction. SOE is low for utilization and missed school reduction in the short term, low for no difference in longer-term missed school, and low for no differences in quality of life.
Robust mixture regression based on the skew t distribution
Authors: Doğru Fatma Zehra , Arslan Olcay 
Published: January 2017

In this study, we propose a robust mixture regression procedure based on the skew t distribution to model heavy-tailed and/or skewed errors in a mixture regression setting. Using the scale mixture representation of the skew t distribution, we give an Expectation Maximization (EM) algorithm to compute the maximum likelihood (ML) estimates for the paramaters of interest. The performance of proposed estimators is demonstrated by a simulation study and a real data example.
Double Generalized Beta-Binomial and Negative Binomial Regression Models
Authors: Cepeda-Cuervo Edilberto , Cifuentes-Amado María Victoria 
Published: January 2017

Overdispersion is a common phenomenon in count datasets, that can greatly affect inferences about the model. In this paper develop three joint mean and dispersion regression models in order to fit overdispersed data. These models are based on reparameterizations of the beta-binomial and negative binomial distributions. Finally, we propose a Bayesian approach to estimate the parameters of the overdispersion regression models and use it to fit a school absenteeism dataset.
Dental Arch Relationships and Reverse Headgear Effects in Southern Chinese Patients with Unilateral Cleft Lip and Palate
Authors: Hassan Yang Rafidah , Tse Kwan Lok , Khambay Balvinder , Wong Ricky Wing Kit , Gu Min , Yang Yanqi 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To evaluate the severity of the dental arch relationships and the treatment outcomes of reverse headgear (RHG) in southern Chinese patients with unilateral cleft lip and palate (UCLP). Design: A retrospective study. Setting: Faculty of Dentistry, The University of Hong Kong. Patients: Thirty-eight UCLP patients with complete records. Among them, 14 were later treated with RHG (RHG group) and 24 were under review (non-RHG group) before definitive orthodontic or in conjunction with orthognathic surgery. Interventions: Study models at T1 (aged 9.4 ± 0.4 years old), prebone grafting and before any orthodontic treatment started; T2 (aged 11.3 ± 0.6 years old), after bone grafting, and RHG treatment (RHG group) or under review (non-RHG group); and T3 (aged 15.3 ± 3.2 years old), pretreatment of definitive orthodontic or in conjunction with orthognathic surgery. Main Outcome Measures: With satisfactory intra- and interexaminer agreement proven by the kappa value, the dental arch relationships of the study models at T1, T2, and T3 were assessed by a solo calibrated examiner using the GOSLON Yardstick. Results: The median GOSLON score for southern Chinese patients with UCLP at T1 was 4.0. Sixty percent of the patients were categorized as “poor” at T1. RHG significantly improved dental arch relationships from T1 to T2, and the improvement was maintained until T3 assessed by the GOSLON Yardstick. Conclusions: The dental arch relationships in southern Chinese UCLP patients at 8 to 10 years old are unfavorable. RHG treatment shows positive effects in improving the dental arch relationships in UCLP patients, as assessed by the GOSLON Yardstick.
Secondary Cleft Nasolabial Deformities
Authors: Sittah Ghassan Abu , Ghanem Odette Abou , Hamdan Usama , Ramia Paul , Zgheib Elias 
Published: January 2017

Introduction: Secondary or residual cleft lip and nasal deformities following primary unilateral or bilateral cleft lip repair are common. Many classification systems have been proposed to describe congenital cleft lip and palate deformities before repair. This article proposes a one-of-a-kind classification system for residual cleft deformities and describes its application to 136 cleft lip revision cases from cleft outreach missions worldwide. Methods: Patients’ demographics and deformities were classified preoperatively, and a database of the classification was created. Postoperatively, the type of surgery performed was added to the database and comparison was done using an independent t test. Results: Kappa coefficient was 0.92 and showed excellent agreement between the type assigned preoperatively to the patient and the type of procedure done. Conclusions: This system proves to provide good descriptions of the deformities, is user friendly, facilitates the planning of the corrective surgical procedure, and enhances the communicative lingo between surgeons and members of cleft multidisciplinary care teams. It is broadly applicable in outreach missions with limited resources and cleft referral centers with considerable load.
Estudio de correlación de las variables significativas analizadas en el censo económico 2010
Authors: Álvarez Guale Raúl 
Published: January 2017

This article presents a study of correlation analysis about the most significant variables presented by the National Institute of Statistics and Census of economical census in 2010. The study makes focus using the linear correlation of Pearson and it is pretended to eliminate nonsense correlations found in this analysis by the use partial correlations
USO DE LOS SPOTS TELEVISIVOS EN LAS ELECCIONES: LA CAMPAÑA POLITICA DE PAUL GRANDA PARA LA ALCADIA DE CUENCA - 2009
Authors: De Santis Andrea 
Published: January 2017

<p>El presente estudio pretende demostrar la importancia del uso de spots televisivos en campaña electoral, como parte de estrategias profesionales que cambian el escenario donde diferentes candidatos se disputan los votos de las y los ciudadanas/os. Partiendo de la realidad del contexto político ecuatoriano, en particular de la ciudad de Cuenca, se analizan cinco spots televisivos utilizados por el candidato Paul Granda en su primer intento de ganar la Alcaldía de Cuenca, y símbolo del cambio que marca la forma de hacer campaña electoral en Ecuador, de tradicional a profesional. La maquinaria propagandística puesta en marcha por el Movimiento PAIS, obliga los otros partidos y candidatos a dar un giro radical a su estrategia electoral, produciendo un fuerte impacto en los públicos votantes, y consagrando el consenso que los ecuatorianos habían manifestado por el Presidente Rafael Correa en 2006. En el estudio se muestra este cambio a través de la campaña del candidato Granda, de la dependencia del movimiento y de los contrastes que provocan viejas y nuevas herramientas en el desarrollo de campañas profesionales que miden y planifican impactos, percepciones y preferencias.</p>
Increased matrix metalloproteinase-9 in male elderly with low 25-hydroxy-vitamin D
Authors: Pusparini Pusparini , Merijanti Lie Tanu , Sudharma Novia I. 
Published: January 2017

<p>Background <br />One of the extra-skeletal roles of vitamin D for health is associated with cardiovascular disease. Poor vitamin D status has been associated with vascular endothelial dysfunction. There were controversial results about the association between vitamin D deficiency and matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9) concentration. The purpose of the present study was to determine the concentrations of 25(OH) vitamin D [25(OH)D] in an elderly population and to find any association between 25(OH)D and MMP-9 concentrations.</p><p>Methods<br />This study was of cross-sectional design involving 160 male and female subjects aged 55–65 years, in South Jakarta, Indonesia. Determination of MMP-9 and 25(OH)D concentrations was done concurrently on subjects who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria after all study subjects had been selected. 25(OH)D and MMP-9 concentrations were assessed by direct competitive chemiluminescence immunoassay (CLIA) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) respectively. Statistical analysis used chi square and t tests.</p><p>Results<br />Mean 25(OH)D concentration in the study subjects was 14.4 ± 6.4 ng/mL. A total of 68.8% of subjects had a 25(OH)D level of &lt;20 ng/mL, and 31.2 % had a 25(OH)D level of &gt;20 ng/mL.There was an increased MMP-9 concentration in male subjects with a 25(OH)D level of &lt;20 ng/mL compared with subjects with 25(OH)D level of &gt;20 ng/mL (p=0.011), but not among female subjects (p=0.809).</p><p>Conclusion<br />The MMP-9 concentration was increased among male subjects with low level of (OH)D. This study confirmed that 25(OH)D concentration may have a potential role in endothelial function.</p>
Black sugarcane decoction reduces rat brain ischemia
Authors: Handayani Ety Sari , Nugraha Zainuri Sabta , Nurmasitoh Titis , Kuswati Kuswati , Ahsani Dwi N. , Nanda Ajeng G. 
Published: January 2017

Background<br />There are people in Yogyakarta, who use black sugarcane decoction (BSD) to prevent stroke. BSD contains policosanol and antioxidants. It has been proven that policosanol can reduce global ischemia in Mongolian gerbils. This study aims to evaluate the effect of BSD on brain ischemia in a rat stroke model. <br /><br />Methods<br />A laboratory experiment using eighteen 3-month old male Wistar rats without any defects, of 175-250 g body weight. Brain ischemia was produced by a 20-minute bilateral carotid communis artery oclusion (BCCAO). Using a rat stroke model, brain ischemia was produced by a 20-minute BCCAO. The rats were randomized into three groups: BSD treated stroke model rats (group 1), non treated stroke model rats (group 2), and sham operated rats (group 3). BSD was administered by gavage for 1 week before BCCAO. Decapitation of rats was performed two hours post BCCAO. Brain tissues were stained with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC). Ischemic areas were analyzed using Image J softwere. Statistical analysis was conducted by one way ANOVA test.<br /><br />Results<br />The mean percentages of rat brain ischemic area differed between group 3 (0.0 ± 0.0%), group 2 (3.13 ± 0.59%) and group 1 (1.15 ± 0.47%) p =0.001). Post hoc test showed that there was no difference between group 3 with group 1. Instead, there was a significant difference between group 2 and the other groups.<br /><br />Conclusion<br />The administration of BSD reduced rat brain ischemia after bilateral carotid artery ligation.
Improving People’s Lives: The Case for Hydraulic Fracturing
Authors: Meehan Nathan 
Published: January 2017

President's column
There are two great truths tied to hydraulic fracturing.
It has helped improve people’s lives by enabling the oil and gas industry to tap reserves that otherwise could not have been recovered.
It has unleashed dramatic public opposition.
I am disappointed to see public opposition to hydraulic fracturing, because I think, for the biggest part, it is unfounded. Hydraulic fracturing has become “fracking” in the common parlance. To too many people, “fracking” symbolizes all that is wrong with oil and gas companies and modern technology. It is certainly associated with all aspects of unconventional resource development, which depends on both horizontal drilling and hydraulic fracturing to be successful.
It would be inaccurate to deny that there can be problems. But, an objective look reveals that its benefits far outweigh its potential risks. It is a safe, reliable technology that has proven highly beneficial to society and it is being improved continuously by operators and service companies. Many studies done by the US Environmental Protection Agency (2015) and others have found very small risks from the practice. Let us take a closer look.
A Proven Technology
Since the late 1940s, hydraulic fracturing technology has been used in more than 1 million US wells to safely produce oil and gas reserves that otherwise could not be recovered. While the principles of the process have not changed in decades, modern hydraulic fracturing relies on vastly improved technology and processes to ensure its continued contribution to a safe, environmentally responsible energy future.
Why the Complaints?
Detractors claim that we do not know enough about fracturing’s impacts and risks, despite decades of experience. Many who are critical of hydraulic fracturing are actually critical of unconventional well activity, oil and gas activity in general, and the use of fossil fuels. To them, hydraulic fracturing is a focal point for their broader objections.
Critics of the process have claimed multiple problems with hydraulic fracturing, including:
Earthquakes caused by hydraulic fracturing
Pollution of groundwater with unknown chemicals
Air pollution
Surface spills
Fugitive methane emissions
Traffic and noise pollution
Excess use of water resources
Understanding Uncertainty and Risk in Capital Projects
Authors: Whitfield Stephen 
Published: January 2017

The SPE Asia Pacific Unconventional Resources Conference and Exhibition held in Brisbane last November featured a special session, “Megaprojects: Past, Present, and Future,” that focused on some of the key issues facing megaprojects in the Asia Pacific region. Panel speakers discussed the main impediments to megaprojects, resource acquisition and management, and the project management skills and business climate in the region.
Another topic the speakers addressed was the role of uncertainty and risk in sanctioning megaprojects. In an environment where more than half of all projects are facing cost overruns, schedule delays, or both, the need to recognize problem areas prior to sanction is as great as ever (Ernst and Young 2014).
One way to improve decision making for megaprojects is to understand, quantify, and mitigate risk and uncertainty. To do that, exploration and production companies are spending money to gather and analyze the necessary data.
Steve Begg, a professor of petroleum engineering and management at the University of Adelaide and a panelist at the megaproject special session, said a company that is biased toward risk aversion or risk-seeking behaviors faces a worse long-term outcome than companies that take a risk-neutral, or an expected-value, approach to decision making.
“If you’ve got large degrees of uncertainty but you’re unbiased, then one project might fail but another one might be brilliant, and if you look at a collection of decision outcomes in a corporation, you’ll be well ahead. So uncertainty isn’t the problem. It’s bias,” he said.
The final investment decision often involves three elements: an owner’s goals for the project, the tasks an operator can realistically execute within a project, and the information an operator has about the project. Begg said a problem most companies face is that the information they have is skewed toward desirable outcomes such as lower costs, lower construction times, and higher production totals.
Begg said that faulty estimations are a measure of uncertainty, and risk is a possible consequence of uncertainty. A company that makes optimistic estimations prior to sanction is not engaging in risk-seeking behavior, and a company that makes cautious estimations is engaging in risk-averse behavior.