bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Superfluidity and Superconductivity
Authors: Horing Norman J. Morgenstern 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Chapter 13 addresses Bose condensation in superfluids (and superconductors), which involves the field operator ψ having a c-number component (&lt;ψ(x,t)&gt;≠0), challenging number conservation. The nonlinear Gross-Pitaevskii equation is derived for this condensate wave function &lt;ψ&gt;=ψ−ψ˜, facilitating identification of the coherence length and the core region of vortex motion. The noncondensate Green’s function G˜1(1,1′)=−i&lt;(ψ˜(1)ψ˜+(1′))+&gt; and the nonvanishing anomalous correlation function F˜∗(2,1′)=−i&lt;(ψ˜+(2)ψ˜+(1′))+&gt; describe the dynamics and elementary excitations of the non-condensate states and are discussed in conjunction with Landau’s criterion for viscosity. Associated concepts of off-diagonal long-range order and the interpretation of &lt;ψ&gt; as a superfluid order parameter are also introduced. Anderson’s Bose-condensed state, as a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of number states, resolves issues of number conservation. Superconductivity involves bound Cooper pairs of electrons capable of Bose condensation and superfluid behavior. Correspondingly, the two-particle Green’s function has a term involving a product of anomalous bound-Cooper-pair condensate wave functions of the type F(1,2)=−i&lt;(ψ(1)ψ(2))+&gt;≠0, such that G2(1,2;1′,2′)=F(1,2)F+(1′,2′)+G˜2(1,2;1′,2′). Here, G˜2 describes the dynamics/excitations of the non-superfluid-condensate states, while nonvanishing F,F+ represent a phase-coherent wave packet superposition of Cooper-pair number states and off-diagonal long range order. Employing this form of G2 in the G1-equation couples the condensed state with the non-condensate excitations. Taken jointly with the dynamical equation for F(1,2), this leads to the Gorkov equations, encompassing the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) energy gap, critical temperature, and Bogoliubov-de Gennes eigenfunction Bogoliubons. Superconductor thermodynamics and critical magnetic field are discussed. For a weak magnetic field, the Gorkov-equations lead to Ginzburg–Landau theory and a nonlinear Schrödinger-like equation for the pair wave function and the associated supercurrent, along with identification of the Cooper pair density. Furthermore, Chapter 13 addresses the apparent lack of gauge invariance of London theory with an elegant variational analysis involving re-gauging the potentials, yielding a manifestly gauge invariant generalization of the London equation. Consistency with the equation of continuity implies the existence of Anderson’s acoustic normal mode, which is supplanted by the plasmon for Coulomb interaction. Type II superconductors and the penetration (and interaction) of quantized magnetic flux lines are also discussed. Finally, Chapter 13 addresses Josephson tunneling between superconductors.
Random matrix approaches to open quantum systems
Authors: Schomerus Henning 
Published: January 2018

AbstractOver the past decades, a great body of theoretical and mathematical work has been devoted to random-matrix descriptions of open quantum systems. This chapter reviews the physical origins and mathematical structures of the underlying models, and collects key predictions which give insight into the typical system behaviour. In particular, the aim is to give an idea how the different features are interlinked. The chapter mainly focuses on elastic scattering but also includes a short detour to interacting systems, which are motivated by the overarching question of ergodicity. The first sections introduce general notions from random matrix theory, such as the 10 universality classes and ensembles of Hermitian, unitary, positive-definite, and non-Hermitian matrices. The following sections then review microscopic scattering models that form the basis for statistical descriptions, and consider signatures of random scattering in decay, dynamics, and transport. The last section touches on Anderson localization and localization in interacting systems.
Quantum spin chains and classical integrable systems
Authors: Zabrodin Anton 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
This chapter is a review of the recently established quantum-classical correspondence for integrable systems based on the construction of the master T-operator. For integrable inhomogeneous quantum spin chains with gl(N)-invariant R-matrices in finite-dimensional representations, the master T-operator is a sort of generating function for the family of commuting quantum transfer matrices depending on an infinite number of parameters. Any eigenvalue of the master T-operator is the tau-function of the classical modified KP hierarchy. It is a polynomial in the spectral parameter which is identified with the 0th time of the hierarchy. This implies a remarkable relation between the quantum spin chains and classical many-body integrable systems of particles of the Ruijsenaars-Schneider type. As an outcome, a system of algebraic equations can be obtained for the spectrum of the spin chain Hamiltonians.
The Historical Contexts of Byzantinization
Authors: Galadza Daniel 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Once the liturgical tradition of Jerusalem has been presented, Chapter 2 examines the historical context of Byzantinization, narrated from the perspective of liturgy through the example of pilgrims, monks, bishops, emperors, and caliphs. It is within this context that we approach the interaction between Jerusalem and Constantinople. Christological controversies played a role in defining Christian communities in Jerusalem, but it was contact between the monks from St Sabas Lavra in Palestine and the monks from the Stoudios Monastery in Constantinople that left a lasting mark on Jerusalem’s liturgy. Their liturgical interaction—and not, say, a political ideology of the Byzantine empire to consciously export the liturgy of Constantinople, or the influence of the exiled Jerusalemite patriarchs in Constantinople—provides answers to questions of liturgical Byzantinization.
Marginal Separation Theory
Authors: Ruban Anatoly I. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChapter 5 discusses the ‘short separation bubble’ that forms at the leading edge of an aerofoil when the angle of attack reaches a certain value. It then suggests that the process of the formation of the bubble is described by the Marginal Separation theory, which represents a special version of the triple-deck theory. It then covers how, in this case, the viscous-inviscid interaction problem may be reduced to an integro-differential equation for the skin friction. It discusses how by solving this equation not only the transition from attached to separated flow in the boundary layer be predicted, but also the well-known phenomenon of the ‘bubble bursting’ that leads to a sudden loss of the lift produced by an aerofoil.
Domesticating the market: moral exchange and the sharing economy
Authors: Fitzmaurice Connor J , Ladegaard Isak , Attwood-Charles William , Cansoy Mehmet , Carfagna Lindsey B , Schor Juliet B , Wengronowitz Robert 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe ‘sharing economy’ is a contested realm, with critics arguing it represents a further development of neoliberalism, as platforms such as Airbnb and TaskRabbit, monetize previously uncommodified realms of life via renting of bedrooms, possessions, space and labor time. To date, this debate has largely ignored participants’ views. Using data from 120 in-depth interviews with providers in two for-profit and three not-for-profit sites, we find that most see the sharing economy differently, as an opportunity to build a radically different market, from the bottom up. Like the detractors, they are critical of dominant market arrangements, however, they believe the sharing sector can construct personalized exchanges that are morally attuned, based on ideals of community, and that help them achieve creative and financial autonomy in their working lives. These aspirations represent an attempt to tame, or domesticate the neoliberal market.
Cyclosporine blocks muscle differentiation by inducing oxidative stress and by inhibiting the peptidylprolyl‐cistrans‐isomerase activity of cyclophilin A: cyclophilin A protects myoblasts from cyclosporine‐induced cytotoxicity
Authors: Hong Feng , Lee Jinhwa , Song Jae‐Woo , Lee Su Jae , Ahn Heekyung , Cho Jeong Je , Ha Joohun , Kim Sung Soo 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTAllogenic myoblast transplantation (AMT) is under investigation for treatment of severe genetic myopathies. Data regarding the role of cyclosporine (CsA) and FK‐506 in AMT have shown that CsA is less effective than FK‐506. For this study, we investigated mechanisms of CsA toxicity during AMT and showed that a high level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generated by CsA, mediated partly by inhibition of the peptidylprolyl‐cis‐trans‐isomerase (PPIase)‐like activity of cyclophilin A (CypA), blocked differentiation and induced apoptosis at an early stage of muscle differentiation. Inhibition of the PPIase‐like activity of CypA alone also blocked muscle differentiation. However, CsA toxicity did not depend on the inhibition of calcineurin activity during muscle differentiation. Together, these data suggest that CsA‐mediated inhibition of the PPIase‐like activity of CypA and the high level of ROS generation contributed to the low efficacy of CsA in AMT. In addition, we showed that a reduction of oxidative stress protected cells from CsA‐induced apoptosis, and myoblasts that had survived after preexposure to CsA not only proliferated and differentiated reversibly but also gained resistance to subsequent CsA exposure. Thus, administration of antioxidants or overexpression of CypA either exogenously or endogenously during CsA treatment has the potential to improve the success of this treatment in AMT.
Immediate Postpartum Levonorgestrel Intrauterine Device Insertion and Breast-Feeding Outcomes: A Noninferiority Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Turok David K. , Leeman Lawrence , Sanders Jessica N. , Thaxton Lauren , Eggebroten Jennifer L. , Yonke Nicole , Bullock Holly , Singh Rameet , Gawron Lori M. , Espey Eve 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Am J Obstet Gynecol 2017;217:665.e1–665.e8)
Maternal and infant health benefits are associated with breastfeeding to extend at least 6 months or more after birth. While most women plan to breastfeed, it is only exclusively practiced by less than 20% of them.
Cervical Pessary for Preventing Preterm Birth in Singleton Pregnancies With Short Cervical Length: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Saccone Gabriele , Ciardulli Andrea , Xodo Serena , Dugoff Lorraine , Ludmir Jack , Pagani Giorgio , Visentin Silvia , Gizzo Salvatore , Volpe Nicola , Maruotti Giuseppe Maria , Rizzo Giuseppe , Martinelli Pasquale , Berghella Vincenzo 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from J Ultrasound Med 2017;36:1535–1543)
Spontaneous preterm birth (SPTB) is the leading cause of perinatal death in the United States and other countries. A short cervical length (CL) is a predictor of SPTB, and cervical pessaries have been found in some studies to decrease the rate of preterm birth.
Review on Clinical and Molecular Epidemiology of Human Rhinovirus–Associated Lower Respiratory Tract Infections in African and Southeast Asian Children
Authors: Baillie Vicky L. , Olwagen Courtney P. , Madhi Shabir A. 
Published: January 2018

Background:
The detection of human rhinoviruses (HRV) is highly prevalent in children with pneumonia, bronchiolitis, acute asthma and croup; however, there is also evidence that HRV is common in asymptomatic individuals. The majority of studies on the role of different HRV serotypes during acute respiratory tract infections episodes have limited sample size to fully characterize the epidemiology of HRV infection, including those from low-middle income countries, where the burden of childhood respiratory disease is greatest.

Methods:
We systematically reviewed HRV clinical and molecular epidemiology in low- and middle-income countries in Africa and Southeast Asia before November 2015.

Results:
We identified 31 studies, which included data from 13 African and 6 Southeast Asian countries, emphasizing the gaps in knowledge surrounding HRV infections. HRV was one of the most prevalent respiratory viruses detected during childhood respiratory disease (13%–59%); however, many studies could not determine the attributable role of HRV in the pathogenesis of acute respiratory infections due to high prevalence of detection among asymptomatic individuals (6%–50%). A meta-analysis showed no significant difference in the prevalence of HRV identification between children of different age groups; or between children with severe disease compared with asymptomatic children.

Conclusions:
These data highlight the need for large-scale surveillance projects to determine the attributable etiologic role of HRV in respiratory disease.
Dietary Influences on Acne Vulgaris
Authors: Coyner Theresa , Purath Janet 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACT
Acne vulgaris is a common dermatological condition affecting an estimated 85% of school-aged adolescents and 43% of individuals in their 30s. Dietary influences on acne have been explored by several clinical studies. Preliminary evidence suggests that dairy products influence the development and severity of acne through the actions of Insulin-like growth factor 1. Additional studies suggest that high-glycemic diets impact acne. Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation influences on acne show conflicting results. Further large-scale clinical studies are needed to definitively explore the influence of diet on the development of acne. Providers should consider assessing dietary patterns in patients with acne and counsel those individuals who are found to intake diets that might adversely affect acne.
Synergistic increase in cardiovascular risk in diabetes mellitus with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a meta-analysis
Authors: Zhou Yao-Yao , Zhou Xiao-Dong , Wu Sheng-Jie , Hu Xian-Qing , Tang Biao , Poucke Sven van , Pan Xiao-Yan , Wu Wen-Jun , Gu Xue-Mei , Fu Shen-Wen , Zheng Ming-Hua 
Published: January 2018

Background
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been linked to an increased risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). To explore the impact of diabetes mellitus (DM) as a cardiovascular risk factor, this meta-analysis quantitatively assessed the association of NAFLD and CVD in diabetic patients.

Methods
PubMed, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library database were analyzed until the end of March 2017. Original studies analyzing the association between NAFLD and cardiovascular risk factors in the diabetic population were included. The available data related to outcome were extracted for the effect estimate using a random-effects model. The quality of the included studies was assessed using the Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale.

Results
Of the 770 initially identified studies, 11 studies involving 8346 patients were finally included. The Newcastle–Ottawa Quality Assessment Scale scores suggested that the studies included were of high quality. The pooled effects estimate showed that diabetic patients with NAFLD showed a two times increased risk for CVD compared with patients without NAFLD (odds ratio=2.20, 95% confidence interval: 1.67–2.90). Subgroup analysis also yielded a markedly increased risk, with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) values of 2.28 (1.61–3.23) and 1.90 (1.48–2.45) in cross-sectional and cohort studies, respectively.

Conclusion
This is the first meta-analysis investigating the relationship between NAFLD and CVD independent of the impact of DM. Our findings suggested that NAFLD increases the risk of CVD in populations with comparable DM profiles. Diabetic patients diagnosed with NAFLD might benefit from a more early cardiovascular risk assessment, thereby reducing CVD morbidity and mortality.
Prospective Screening With the Validated Opioid Risk Tool Demonstrates Gynecologic Oncology Patients Are at Low Risk for Opioid Misuse
Authors: Garcia Christine , Lefkowits Carolyn , Pelkofski Elizabeth , Blackhall Leslie , Duska Linda R. 
Published: January 2018

(Abstracted from Gynecol Oncol 2017;147:456–459)
Mortality rates in the United States due to opioid misuse have risen in recent years and continue to rise. Many of these deaths were attributed to misuse of prescription drugs.
Herpes Simplex Virus Type 2 Seroprevalence Among Different National Populations of Middle East and North African Men
Authors: Dargham Soha R. , Nasrallah Gheyath K. , Al-Absi Enas S. , Mohammed Layla I. , Al-Disi Rana S. , Nofal Mariam Y. , Abu-Raddad Laith J. 
Published: January 2018

Background
There are limited data on herpes simplex virus type 2 (HSV-2) seroprevalence in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA). We examined country- and age-specific HSV-2 seroprevalence among select MENA populations residing in Qatar.

Methods
Sera were collected from male blood donors attending Hamad Medical Corporation between June 2013 and June 2016. Specimens were screened for anti-HSV-2 IgG antibodies following a 2-test algorithm: HerpeSelect 2 ELISA was used to identify HSV-2–positive specimens, and Euroline-WB was used to confirm positive and equivocal specimens for final HSV-2 status. Trends and associations with HSV-2 seropositivity were assessed.

Results
Of the 2077 tested sera, 61 were found and confirmed positive. The proportion of those confirmed positive increased steadily with HerpeSelect 2 ELISA index value, ranging from 16.3% for index values of 1.101 to 1.999 to 92.9% for index values of 4 or greater. Nationality-specific seroprevalence was 6.0% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.1%–8.8%) in Qataris, 5.3% (95% CI, 2.5%–11.1%) in Iranians, 4.2% (95% CI, 1.8%–9.5%) in Lebanese, 3.1% (95% CI, 1.2%–7.7%) in Sudanese, 3.0% (95% CI, 1.4%–6.4%) in Palestinians, 2.2% (95% CI, 1.1%–4.3%) in Egyptians, 2.0% (95% CI, 1.0%–5.0%) in Syrians, 1.0% (95% CI, 0.3%–3.6%) in Jordanians, 0.7% (95% CI, 0.1%–3.7%) in Yemenis, and 0.5% (95% CI, 0.1%–2.8%) in Pakistanis. There was evidence for higher seroprevalence in older age groups.

Conclusions
The seroprevalence of HSV-2 was in the range of few percentage points. There were no major differences in seroprevalence by nationality. These findings add to our understanding of HSV-2 epidemiology in MENA and indicate unmet needs for sexual health and control of sexually transmitted infections.
Comparison Between Small and Large Bowel Intussusception in Children
Authors: Levinson Hila , Capua Tali , Scolnik Dennis , Rimon Ayelet , Salomon Lotan , Glatstein Miguel 
Published: January 2018

Background
Intussusception is the most common cause of intestinal obstruction in young children, and delayed diagnosis may lead to serious sequelae. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of ileoileal intussusception and to document and compare clinical outcomes with ileocolic intussusception.

Methods
A retrospective cohort study of children with an abdominal ultrasound that diagnosed intussusception. Clinical data and diagnostic studies were retrieved, to compare ileoileal with ileocolic intussusception.

Results
A total of 488 patients were evaluated with an abdominal ultrasound on suspicion of intussusception; 54 (11%) had ileoileal intussusception and 30 (6%) ileocolic intussusception. The significant features distinguishing the 2 conditions were fever, more common in patients with ileoileal intussusception, and an abdominal mass, which was papable more commonly in ileocolic intussusception. None of the ileoileal intussusception patients required surgical intervention, and all were discharged without complication.

Conclusions
With recent advances in abdominal ultrasound, the diagnosis of ileoileal intussusception has become easier than before. Patients presenting with small bowel intussusception may not need any immediate intervention. The presence of fever supports the diagnosis of ileoileal intussusception.
Transmission Networks of HCV Genotype 1a Enriched With Pre-existing Polymorphism Q80K Among HIV-Infected Patients With Acute Hepatitis C in Poland
Authors: Parczewski Miłosz , Cielniak Iwona , Kordek Justyna , Aksak-Wąs Bogusz , Urbańska Anna , Leszczyszyn-Pynka Magdalena , Siwak Ewa , Bociąga-Jasik Monika , Nowak Anna , Szymczak Aleksandra , Zalewska Małgorzata , Łojewski Władysław , Vandamme Anne-Mieke , Lübke Nadine , Cuypers Lize 
Published: January 2018

Background:
Hepatitis C virus (HCV) resistance–associated variants (RAVs) have been shown to adversely affect treatment response of direct-acting antivirals. Identifying pre-existing RAVs and transmission networks among HIV/HCV genotype 1 (G1)–infected patients from Poland will assist in shaping surveillance strategies for HCV.

Methods:
NS3 and NS5A sequences were obtained from samples of 112 direct-acting antiviral–naive G1 patients (45 G1a and 67 G1b), of which 74 were chronically infected and 38 were diagnosed with acute hepatitis C (AHC). RAVs were identified using geno2pheno, and 98 concatenated NS3/NS5A alignments were constructed to identify transmission clusters using a maximum likelihood approach.

Results:
G1a was notably more prevalent compared with G1b among men-having-sex-with-men (MSM) (60.0% vs. 31.3%, P = 0.004), AHC cases (46.7% vs. 25.4%, P = 0.019), and patients diagnosed with syphilis (52.2% vs. 24.5%, P = 0.009). The overall NS3/NS5A RAVs frequency was 14.3% with variants occurring more often in G1a compared with G1b (27.5% vs. 5.2%, P = 0.005), mostly for NS3 due to the high prevalence of polymorphism Q80K. NS5A RAVs were only found in 2.9% of sequences. Significant clustering was observed for 73.5% of the Polish sequences, however, more common in G1a MSM compared with G1b (50.0% vs. 25.9%, P = 0.02). The identified clusters contained sequences originating from up to 5 Polish cities, located within a mean distance of 370 km.

Conclusions:
Close clustering of Polish strains suggests the presence of compartmentalized epidemics of MSM that fuel the spread of G1a variants. Particularly patients with AHC form a national transmission network, including clusters enriched with the NS3 Q80K polymorphism.