bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of aqueous ozone treatments on microbial load reduction and shelf life extension of fresh‐cut apple
Authors: Liu Chenghui , Ma Tao , Hu Wenzhong , Tian Mixia , Sun Lu 
Published: February 2016

SummaryAqueous ozone was first used to take the place of chlorine as fresh‐cut apples sanitiser. Aqueous ozone (1.4 mg L−1) treatments were evaluated for their effectiveness on microbial growth, quality attributes and shelf life of fresh‐cut apples. The results indicated that aqueous ozone treatments for 5 and 10 min achieved accepted microbial quality and, respectively, reduced total bacteria counts by 1.83 and 2.13 log10CFU g−1 compared with the control samples on the 12th day. The ethylene production, polyphenol oxidase and peroxidase activities, and total phenol and malondialdehyde contents were reduced by aqueous ozone treatments. In addition, this sanitiser also delayed the quality deterioration of fresh‐cut apples and enhanced their antioxidant capacity. Therefore, it was recommended to sanitise fresh‐cut apples with aqueous ozone (1.4 mg L−1) for 5 min, which applied to industrial production requirement for both efficiency and costs and could extend the shelf life up to 10 days.
Mouse and human CD8+ CD28low regulatory T lymphocytes differentiate in the thymus
Authors: Vuddamalay Yirajen , Attia Mehdi , Vicente Rita , Pomié Céline , Enault Geneviève , Leobon Bertrand , Joffre Olivier , Romagnoli Paola , van Meerwijk Joost P.M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryRegulatory T (Treg) lymphocytes play a central role in the control of immune responses and so maintain immune tolerance and homeostasis. In mice, expression of the CD8 co‐receptor and low levels of the co‐stimulatory molecule CD28 characterizes a Treg cell population that exerts potent suppressive function in vitro and efficiently controls experimental immunopathology in vivo. It has remained unclear if CD8+ CD28low Treg cells develop in the thymus or represent a population of chronically activated conventional T cells differentiating into Treg cells in the periphery, as suggested by their CD28low phenotype. We demonstrate that functional CD8+ CD28low Treg cells are present in the thymus and that these cells develop locally and are not recirculating from the periphery. Differentiation of CD8+ CD28low Treg cells requires MHC class I expression on radioresistant but not on haematopoietic thymic stromal cells. In contrast to other Treg cells, CD8+ CD28low Treg cells develop simultaneously with CD8+ CD28high conventional T cells. We also identified a novel homologous naive CD8+ CD28low T‐cell population with immunosuppressive properties in human blood and thymus. Combined, our data demonstrate that CD8+ CD28low cells can develop in the thymus of mice and suggest that the same is true in humans.
The ICN Leadership For Change™ Programme – 20 years of growing influence
Authors: Ferguson Stephanie L. , Al Rifai Fatima , Maay'a Maisa , Nguyen Luu Bich , Qureshi Kristine , Tse Alice M. , Casken John , Parsons Teresa , Shannon Maureen , Napa Maria Diana , Samson‐Langidrik Malia , Jeadrik Glorine 
Published: February 2016

AimThe aim of this article was to present experiences from the field in the context of the International Council of Nurses' Leadership for Change™ programme, which celebrates 20 years of excellence in 2016 for developing the leadership and management capacity of nurses worldwide.BackgroundThe programme was launched in 1996 in order to boost nurse participation in the healthcare policy‐making process, globally, and to foster within the nursing profession the requisite skills for nurses to lobby for and assume a greater responsibility in the leadership and management of health care services.IntroductionOver the course of two decades, the programme has been implemented in cooperation between ICN, national nurses associations, the World Health Organization, Ministries of Health and a variety of donor organizations such as the W.K. Kellogg Foundation and development agencies such as USAID and AUSAID. The programme has been implemented in more than 60 nations throughout Africa, Asia, Europe, the Middle East, Latin America and the Pacific Islands, to name a few regions.MethodsThis article offers an overview of the impact that certified ICN LFC nurse trainers and their colleagues have had in the United Arab Emirates, Vietnam and the United States of America and is affiliated islands and the North Pacific Islands.ResultsTwenty years of growth and empowerment are now the ongoing legacy of the ICN LFC Program, which has graduated and deployed nurse trainers around the world and achieved significant advances in the professional development of nurse leaders on an international scale.Implications for nursing and health policyNurse leaders can improve the health and well‐being of their nations in collaboration with consumers and other key stakeholders. Nurse leaders are critical in improving health systems, their work places and broader societal challenges through sound nursing practice, education, research and evidence‐based health and social policy change.
Capricious, or tied to history's apron strings? Floristic regions in north‐west European brambles (RubussubgenusRubus, Rosaceae)
Authors: Haveman Rense , Bijlsma Rienk‐Jan , de Ronde Iris , Schaminée Joop H. J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTo classify and describe distributional patterns in apomicticRubussubgenusRubusin north‐west Europe and to characterize the major regions by statistically derived character species.LocationNorth‐western Europe, in particular Ireland, the United Kingdom, the Netherlands, Denmark and Germany.MethodsWe usedtwinspananalysis to distinguish hierarchically ordered phytogeographical regions using grid‐based distributional patterns of bramble species, Dufrêne–Legendre indicator species analysis to define character species for the regions, and descriptive statistical analysis of broad‐scale abiotic factors derived from theLANMAPlandscape classification for each region.ResultsGrid cells were classified into 114 initial groups and 12 regions (florulas), forming three major bramble territories. Up to 15 indicator species could be assigned to each florula. The florulas in the British Isles are geographically isolated, unlike those on the continent. The florulas differ in minimum temperature in January, mean precipitation in August, and elevation. Although a clear view of the relationship between the bramble flora in the British Isles and the continental flora is obscured by the lack of data from Belgium and France, the major biogeographical patterns coincide with the genetic structure of the genus as published by Sochoret al. (). Other factors forming the basis for the observed patterns are isolation (especially in the British Isles), and arguably also landscape history and landscape patterns.Main conclusionsPhytogeographical patterns inRubussubg.Rubusare strongly influenced by historical factors and can be traced back to the hybridization of sexualRubus ulmifolius,Rubus canescensandRubusser.Glandulosiespecially. Geographical and ecological factors also play a role in the realization of large‐scale patterns, but these factors seem to be closely tied to the history and genetic structure of the genus through inherited ecology from the ancestral species.
Hylobius abietis L. feeding on the novel host Pinus brutia Ten. increases emission of volatile organic compounds
Authors: Semiz G. , Erbilgin N. , Holopainen J. K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPlants respond to feeding by herbivorous insects by producing volatile organic chemicals, which mediate interactions between herbivores and plants. Yet, few studies investigated whether such plant responses to herbivory differ between historical host and novel plants. Here, we investigated whether herbivory by the pine weevil Hylobius abietis causes a release of volatile organic chemicals from a novel tree Pinus brutia and compared the relative amounts of volatiles released from herbivore's historical hosts and P. brutia. We collected volatiles emitted from P. brutia seedlings that were either subjected to feeding by H. abietis or no feeding. Our results indicated that feeding increased emission of volatile compounds, composed of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes, and that the emission was several fold higher in the damaged seedlings than in undamaged seedlings. In particular, emission of monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes increased by 4.4‐and 10‐fold in the damaged plants, respectively. Strikingly, individual monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes showed much greater dissimilarity between damaged and undamaged seedlings. Furthermore, several minor monoterpenes showed negative relationships with the weevil gnawed area. We discussed these results with the results of previous studies focused on historical host plants of H. abietis and hypothesized the ecological relevance and importance of our results pertaining relevance to the plant–herbivory interactions.
Elevation of cortical serotonin transporter activity upon peripheral immune challenge is regulated independently of p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase activation and transporter phosphorylation
Authors: Schwamborn Robert , Brown Eric , Haase Jana 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe serotonin transporter (SERT) is responsible for high‐affinity serotonin (5‐HT) uptake from extracellular fluid and is a prominent pharmacological target in the treatment of depression. In recent years, depression has also been linked to immune system activation. Inflammatory conditions can cause sickness behaviour and depression‐like symptoms in both animals and humans. Since SERT has been proposed as one of the molecular targets in inflammation‐induced depression, we applied the widely used lipopolysaccharides (LPS) model to study the effects of peripheral inflammation on SERT activity in the brain. We show that 24 h after intraperitoneal LPS administration, SERT‐mediated 5‐HT uptake is significantly enhanced in the frontal cortex. Analysis of uptake kinetics revealed that the transport capacity (Vmax) of cortical SERT was increased in LPS‐injected animals, while the Km value remained unchanged. The increase in Vmax was neither due to increased SERT protein expression nor increased synaptic surface exposure. The suppression of SERT activity upon inhibition of p38 MAPK was not selective for LPS‐induced enhancement of SERT function. In addition, SERT activity changes in LPS‐treated rats are unaffected by nitric oxide synthase and protein kinase G inhibitors. Using the Phos‐Tag method, we identified five SERT‐specific protein bands representing distinct phosphorylation states of SERT. However, the enhancement of SERT activity in LPS‐treated rats was not correlated with altered transporter phosphorylation. Together with previous studies by others, our results suggest that SERT is regulated by multiple mechanisms in response to peripheral immune system activation.
imagePeripheral injection of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induces characteristic sickness and depression‐like behaviour in rats over a period of at least 24 h. We show here that the activity of the serotonin transporter (SERT), a prominent antidepressant target, is up‐regulated 24 h following LPS administration. In contrast to previous studies focusing on earlier responses to LPS treatment, we found that SERT function is selectively enhanced in the frontal cortex, independently of the p38 MAPK pathway. Our study provides further insight into molecular mechanisms underlying inflammation‐induced depression.
High Oestradiol Replacement Reverses Response Memory Bias in Ovariectomised Female Rats Regardless of Dopamine Levels in the Dorsal Striatum
Authors: Hussain D. , Cossette M.‐P. , Brake W. G. 
Published: February 2016

Oestrogens influence memory system bias in female rats such that high levels of oestrogen are associated with place (or spatial) memory use, and low oestrogen levels with response (or habitual) memory use. Moreover, striatal‐dependent response memory is sensitive to dopamine transmission in the dorsal striatum, and oestrogens have been shown to affect dopamine release in that brain area. In the present study, the effects of oestrogens and dopamine transmission on multiple memory system bias were explored in ovariectomised rats receiving low or high 17β‐oestradiol replacement under saline, autoreceptor‐activating doses of the dopamine D2 receptor agonist, apomorphine (50 and 80 μg/kg), or amphetamine (0.5 mg/kg) administration. Furthermore, dorsal striatal dopamine release was measured after administration of the same drug conditions using in vivo microdialysis. As expected, high oestradiol rats predominantly used place memory, whereas the opposite pattern was observed in low oestradiol rats. However, the high apomorphine dose statistically significantly altered memory bias in high oestradiol rats from predominant place to predominant response memory, with a similar trend in the low apomorphine dose and the amphetamine group. There was no effect of drugs on memory bias in low oestradiol rats. Rats with high oestradiol replacement receiving amphetamine exhibited greater dorsal striatal dopamine release than low oestradiol replacement rats, and this difference was amplified in the right hemisphere. Furthermore, a logistic regression analysis revealed that oestradiol, but not dorsal striatal dopamine levels, significantly predicted response memory bias. These findings provide further evidence that oestradiol modulates memory system bias, and also that memory bias is changed by systemic apomorphine administration. However, although oestradiol affects dopamine transmission in the dorsal striatum in a lateralised manner, this does not predict memory system bias.
Family presence during resuscitation in a paediatric hospital: health professionals’ confidence and perceptions
Authors: McLean Julie , Gill Fenella J , Shields Linda 
Published: February 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate medical and nursing staff's perceptions of and self‐confidence in facilitating family presence during resuscitation in a paediatric hospital setting.BackgroundFamily presence during resuscitation is the attendance of family members in a location that affords visual or physical contact with the patient during resuscitation. Providing the opportunity for families to be present during resuscitation embraces the family‐centred care philosophy which underpins paediatric care. Having families present continues to spark much debate amongst health care professionals.DesignA descriptive cross‐sectional randomised survey using the ‘Family Presence Risk/Benefit Scale’ and the ‘Family Presence Self‐Confidence Scale ‘to assess health care professionals’ (doctors and nurses) perceptions and self‐confidence in facilitating family presence during resuscitation of a child in a paediatric hospital.MethodsSurveys were distributed to 300 randomly selected medical and nursing staff. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to compare medical and nursing, and critical and noncritical care perceptions and self‐confidence.ResultsCritical care staff had statistically significant higher risk/benefit scores and higher self‐confidence scores than those working in noncritical care areas. Having experience in paediatric resuscitation, having invited families to be present previously and a greater number of years working in paediatrics significantly affected participants’ perceptions and self‐confidence. There was no difference between medical and nursing mean scores for either scale.ConclusionBoth medical and nursing staff working in the paediatric setting understood the needs of families and the philosophy of family‐centred care is a model of care practised across disciplines.Relevance to clinical practiceThis has implications both for implementing guidelines to support family presence during resuscitation and for education strategies to shift the attitudes of staff who have limited or no experience.
Learning about Mutual Fund Managers
Authors: CHOI DARWIN , KAHRAMAN BIGE , MUKHERJEE ABHIROOP 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTWe study capital allocations to managers with two mutual funds, and show that investors learn about managers from their performance records. Flows into a fund are predicted by the manager's performance in his other fund, especially when he outperforms and when signals from the other fund are more useful. In equilibrium, capital should be allocated such that there is no cross‐fund predictability. However, we find positive predictability, particularly among underperforming funds. Our results are consistent with incomplete learning: while investors move capital in the right direction, they do not withdraw enough capital when the manager underperforms in his other fund.
Evolution of the PEBP gene family and selective signature on FT‐like clade
Authors: Zheng Xiao‐Ming , Wu Fu‐Qing , Zhang Xin , Lin Qi‐Bing , Wang Jie , Guo Xiu‐Ping , Lei Cai‐Lin , Cheng Zhi‐Jun , Zou Cheng , Wan Jian‐Min 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe PEBP family of proteins, which encode a phosphatidyl ethanolamine‐binding protein (PEBP) domain, serve as a hub in the network of integrating environmental and developmental signals to regulate flowering in all angiosperms. To understand how PEBP duplication genes arose and evolved during plant evolution, we identified 259 genes involved in the PEBP domain from 25 species, including angiosperms, gymnosperms, and embryophytes. We found that plant PEBP genes could be divided into three monophyletic groups, including FT‐like, TFL‐like and MFT‐like subgroups. Based on the phylogeny, FT‐like and TFL‐like subgroups split before the angiosperm divergence. The likelihood ratio test indicates that the FT‐like clade is significantly different in Ka/Ks with TFL‐like and MFT‐like clades. We found this shift in mutation might be attributed to the positive selection imposed on the fourth exon of recent FT duplications. Divergent expression patterns of FT paralogs indicated that they had undergone subfunctionalization after duplication. In addition, some of the FT‐like genes have been targets of selection during domestication in rice and maize, for which the flowering time is an important agronomic trait. These results imply potential recent positive selection on FT‐like genes with potential to increase the prevalence of novel functional alleles leading to extensive plant flowering time diversity and adaptation to environmental changes.
Finding the undiagnosed: a qualitative exploration of hepatitis C diagnosis delay in the United Kingdom
Authors: Harris M. , Ward E. , Gore C. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryHepatitis C virus (HCV)‐related morbidity and mortality will continue to rise unless HCV testing and treatment uptake increases. In the European region, an estimated nine million people live with HCV, yet only 10–40% are diagnosed. Over 100 000 undiagnosed people live with HCV in the United Kingdom (UK). For some, a late diagnosis can come too late. The aim of this qualitative study was to explore the context of a diagnosis delay among people living with HCV in the UK. Participants were recruited through two London Hospitals and The Hepatitis C Trust. Eligible participants identified a recent (<3 years) HCV diagnosis and a historical HCV transmission risk period (>15 years). The primary method of data collection was in‐depth interviews (12 participants) and focus groups (16 participants). Analysis was informed by grounded theory principles. The sample, 17 men and 11 women, reported an average gap of 28 years between their HCV‐risk period and first HCV test. Forty per cent had cirrhosis at HCV diagnosis. Diagnosis delay was attributed to limited HCV relevance, felt wellness, stigma, compartmentalization of former injecting practices, unexplained symptoms and general practitioner inaction. Diagnosis context involved a change of health care providers or a chance medical encounter. Trust in providers was impacted by a delayed diagnosis, with implications for future engagement in care. These data indicate that risk awareness does not necessarily result in action. A multipronged approach is needed to increase HCV case finding in the UK, particularly among ‘hidden populations’ such as former injectors and transfusion recipients.
Effect of oral administration of carprofen on intraocular pressure in normal dogs
Authors: Meekins J. M. , Overton T. L. , Rankin A. J. , Roush J. K. 
Published: February 2016

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of oral administration of carprofen on intraocular pressure in normal dogs. Twelve young adult beagle dogs were randomly assigned to treatment (n = 6) or control (n = 6) groups. After an 11‐day acclimation period, the treatment group received approximately 2.2 mg/kg carprofen per os every 12 h for 7 days, and the control group received a placebo gel capsule containing no drug per os every 12 h for 7 days. Intraocular pressure (IOP) was measured by a rebound tonometer at three time points per day (8 am, 2 pm, and 8 pm) during the acclimation (days 1–11) and treatment (days 12–18) phases and for 48 h (days 19–20) after the completion of treatment. There was no statistically significant change inIOPfor either eye in the dogs receiving oral carprofen during the treatment phase (days 12–18). After day 4, no significant dailyIOPchanges were seen in control group dogs. Carprofen administered orally every 12 h for 7 days had no effect onIOPin normal beagle dogs. An acclimation period to frequentIOPmeasurements of at least 5 days is necessary to establish baselineIOPvalues and minimize possible anxiety‐related effects onIOPmeasurements.
Pharmacokinetics of methocarbamol and phenylbutazone in exercised Thoroughbred horses
Authors: Knych H. K. , Stanley S. D. , Seminoff K. N. , McKemie D. S. , Kass P. H. 
Published: February 2016

Methocarbamol (MCBL) is commonly used in performance horses for the treatment of skeletal muscle disorders. Current regulatory recommendations for show horses and racehorses are based on a single oral dose of 5 g, although doses in excess of this are often administered. The goal of the current study was to characterize the disposition of MCBL following higher dose administration and administration in combination with another commonly used drug in performance horses, phenylbutazone (PBZ). Exercised Thoroughbred horses were administered various doses of MCBL as a sole agent and MCBL in combination with PBZ. Blood samples were collected at various times, concentrations of MCBL and PBZ measured using LC‐MS/MS and pharmacokinetic parameters calculated using compartmental analysis. Following administration of 15 g of MCBL, either as part of a single‐ or multiple‐dose regimen, a number of horses exceeded the Association of Racing Commissioners International and the United States Equestrian Federation's recommended regulatory threshold at the recommended withdrawal time. There was not a significant difference between horses that received only MCBL and those that received MCBL and PBZ. Results of the current study support an extended withdrawal guideline when doses in excess of 5 g are administered.