bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Validation of an algorithm for identifying type 1 diabetes in adults based on electronic health record data
Authors: Schroeder Emily B. , Donahoo William T. , Goodrich Glenn K. , Raebel Marsha A. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPurposeAlgorithms using information from electronic health records to identify adults with type 1 diabetes have not been well studied. Such algorithms would have applications in pharmacoepidemiology, drug safety research, clinical trials, surveillance, and quality improvement. Our main objectives were to determine the positive predictive value for identifying type 1 diabetes in adults using a published algorithm (developed by Klompas et al) and to compare it to a simple requirement that the majority of diabetes diagnosis codes be type 1.MethodsWe applied the Klompas algorithm and the diagnosis code criterion to a cohort of 66 690 adult Kaiser Permanente Colorado members with diabetes. We reviewed 220 charts of those identified as having type 1 diabetes and calculated positive predictive values.ResultsThe Klompas algorithm identified 3286 (4.9% of 66 690) adults with diabetes as having type 1 diabetes. Based on chart reviews, the overall positive predictive value was 94.5%. The requirement that the majority of diabetes diagnosis codes be type 1 identified 3000 (4.5%) as having type 1 diabetes and had a positive predictive value of 96.4%. However, the algorithm criterion involving dispensing of urine acetone test strips performed poorly, with a positive predictive value of 20.0%.ConclusionsData from electronic health records can be used to accurately identify adults with type 1 diabetes. When identifying adults with type 1 diabetes, we recommend either a modified version of the Klompas algorithm without the urine acetone test strips criterion or the requirement that the majority of diabetes diagnosis codes be type 1 codes.
Computational methods for birth‐death processes
Authors: Crawford Forrest W. , Ho Lam Si Tung , Suchard Marc A. 
Published: January 2018

Many important stochastic counting models can be written as general birth‐death processes (BDPs). BDPs are continuous‐time Markov chains on the non‐negative integers in which only jumps to adjacent states are allowed. BDPs can be used to easily parameterize a rich variety of probability distributions on the non‐negative integers, and straightforward conditions guarantee that these distributions are proper. BDPs also provide a mechanistic interpretation—birth and death of actual particles or organisms—that has proven useful in evolution, ecology, physics, and chemistry. Although the theoretical properties of general BDPs are well understood, traditionally statistical work on BDPs has been limited to the simple linear (Kendall) process. Aside from a few simple cases, it remains impossible to find analytic expressions for the likelihood of a discretely‐observed BDP, and computational difficulties have hindered development of tools for statistical inference. But the gap between BDP theory and practical methods for estimation has narrowed in recent years. There are now robust methods for evaluating likelihoods for realizations of BDPs: finite‐time transition, first passage, equilibrium probabilities, and distributions of summary statistics that arise commonly in applications. Recent work has also exploited the connection between continuously‐ and discretely‐observed BDPs to derive EM algorithms for maximum likelihood estimation. Likelihood‐based inference for previously intractable BDPs is much easier than previously thought and regression approaches analogous to Poisson regression are straightforward to derive. In this review, we outline the basic mathematical theory for BDPs and demonstrate new tools for statistical inference using data from BDPs.WIREs Comput Stat2018, 10:e1423. doi: 10.1002/wics.1423This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Bayesian Methods and TheoryStatistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Modeling Methods and AlgorithmsApplications of Computational Statistics > Computational Chemistry
Phase-Stable, Multi-μJ Femtosecond Pulses from a Repetition-Rate Tunable Ti:Sa-Oscillator-Seeded Yb-Fiber Amplifier
Authors: Saule T. , Holzberger S. , De Vries O. , Plötner M. , Limpert J. , Tünnermann A. , Pupeza I. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We present a high-power, MHz-repetition-rate, phase-stable femtosecond laser system based on a phase-stabilized Ti:Sa oscillator and a multi-stage Yb-fiber chirped-pulse power amplifier. A 10-nm band around 1030 nm is split from the 7-fs oscillator output and serves as the seed for subsequent amplification by 54 dB to 80 W of average power. The μJ-level output is spectrally broadened in a solid-core fiber and compressed to ~30 fs with chirped mirrors. A pulse picker prior to power amplification allows for decreasing the repetition rate from 74 MHz by a factor of up to 4 without affecting the pulse parameters. To compensate for phase jitter added by the amplifier to the feed-forward phase-stabilized seeding pulses, a self-referencing feed-back loop is implemented at the system output. An integrated out-of-loop phase noise of less than 100 mrad was measured in the band from 0.4 Hz to 400 kHz, which to the best of our knowledge corresponds to the highest phase stability ever demonstrated for high-power, multi-MHz-repetition-rate ultrafast lasers. This system will enable experiments in attosecond physics at unprecedented repetition rates, it offers ideal prerequisites for the generation and field-resolved electro-optical sampling of high-power, broadband infrared pulses, and it is suitable for phase-stable white light generation.
High-Precision Spectroscopy of the HD+ Molecule at the 1-p.p.b. Level
Authors: Biesheuvel J. , Karr J.-Ph. , Hilico L. , Eikema K. S. E. , Ubachs W. , Koelemeij J. C. J. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Recently we reported a high-precision optical frequency measurement of the (v, L): (0, 2)

$$ \to $$

→

(8, 3) vibrational overtone transition in trapped deuterated molecular hydrogen (HD+) ions at 10 mK temperature. Achieving a resolution of 0.85 parts-per-billion (p.p.b.), we found the experimental value [ν
0 = 383, 407, 177.38 (41) MHz] to be in agreement with the value from molecular theory [ν
th 383, 407, 177.150 (15) MHz] within 0.6 (1.1) p.p.b. (Biesheuvel et al. in Nat Commun 7:10385, 2016). This enabled an improved test of molecular theory (including QED), new constraints on the size of possible effects due to ‘new physics,’ and the first determination of the proton–electron mass ratio from a molecule. Here, we provide the details of the experimental procedure, spectral analysis, and the assessment of systematic frequency shifts. Our analysis focuses in particular on deviations of the HD+ velocity distribution from thermal (Gaussian) distributions under the influence of collisions with fast ions produced during (laser-induced) chemical reactions, as such deviations turn out to significantly shift the hyperfine-less vibrational frequency as inferred from the saturated and Doppler-broadened spectrum, which contains partly unresolved hyperfine structure.
All Polarization-Maintaining Fiber Laser Architecture for Robust Femtosecond Pulse Generation
Authors: Hänsel Wolfgang , Hoogland Heinar , Giunta Michele , Schmid Sebastian , Steinmetz Tilo , Doubek Ralf , Mayer Peter , Dobner Sven , Cleff Carsten , Fischer Marc , Holzwarth Ronald 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We report on a novel architecture for robust mode-locked femtosecond fiber lasers using a nonlinear optical loop mirror with all polarization-maintaining fibers. Due to a nonreciprocal phase shift, the loop mirror can be operated in a compact and efficient reflection mode, offering the possibility to reach high repetition rates and easy implementation of tuning elements. In particular, longitudinal mode spacing and carrier-envelope offset frequency may be controlled in order to operate the laser as an optical frequency comb. We demonstrate femtosecond pulse generation at three different wavelengths (1030, 1565, and 2050 nm) using Ytterbium, Erbium, and co-doped Thulium–Holmium as gain media, respectively. Robust operation is achieved for a wide range of parameters, including repetition rates from 10 to 250 MHz.
New Avenues for Matter-Wave-Enhanced Spectroscopy
Authors: Rodewald Jonas , Haslinger Philipp , Dörre Nadine , Stickler Benjamin A. , Shayeghi Armin , Hornberger Klaus , Arndt Markus 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We present matter-wave interferometry as a tool to advance spectroscopy for a wide class of nanoparticles, clusters and molecules. The high sensitivity of de Broglie interference fringes to external perturbations enables measurements in the limit of an individual particle absorbing only a single photon on average, or even no photon at all. The method allows one to extract structural and electronic information from the loss of the interference contrast. It is minimally invasive and works even for dilute ensembles.
Shifting the Phase of a Coherent Beam with a $$ {}^{\mathbf{174}}{\mathbf{Yb}}^{+} $$ Ion: Influence of the Scattering Cross Section
Authors: Fischer Martin , Srivathsan Bharath , Alber Lucas , Weber Markus , Sondermann Markus , Leuchs Gerd 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
We discuss and measure the phase shift imposed onto a radially polarized light beam when focusing it onto an

$$ {}^{174}{\mathrm{Yb}}^{+} $$

174

Yb
+

ion. In the derivation of the expected phase shifts, we include the properties of the involved atomic levels. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of the scattering cross section and its relation to the efficiency for coupling the focused light to an atom. The phase shifts found in the experiment are compatible with the expected ones when accounting for known deficiencies of the focusing optics and the motion of the trapped ion at the Doppler limit of laser cooling (Hänsch and Schawlow in Opt Commun 13:68–69, 1975).
Extraction of Enhanced, Ultrashort Laser Pulses from a Passive 10-MHz Stack-and-Dump Cavity
Authors: Breitkopf Sven , Wunderlich Stefano , Eidam Tino , Shestaev Evgeny , Holzberger Simon , Gottschall Thomas , Carstens Henning , Tünnermann Andreas , Pupeza Ioachim , Limpert Jens 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Periodic dumping of ultrashort laser pulses from a passive multi-MHz repetition-rate enhancement cavity is a promising route towards multi-kHz repetition-rate pulses with Joule-level energies at an unparalleled average power. Here, we demonstrate this so-called stack-and-dump scheme with a 30-m-long cavity. Using an acousto-optic modulator, we extract pulses of 0.16 mJ at 30-kHz repetition rate, corresponding to 65 stacked input pulses, representing an improvement in three orders of magnitude over previously extracted pulse energies. The ten times longer cavity affords three essential benefits over former approaches. First, the time between subsequent pulses is increased to 100 ns, relaxing the requirements on the switch. Second, it allows for the stacking of strongly stretched pulses (here from 800 fs to 1.5 ns), thus mitigating nonlinear effects in the cavity optics. Third, the choice of a long cavity offers increased design flexibility with regard to thermal robustness, which will be crucial for future power scaling. The herein presented results constitute a necessary step towards stack-and-dump systems providing access to unprecedented laser parameter regimes.
From Quantum Transitions to Electronic Motions
Authors: Krausz Ferenc 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Laser spectroscopy and chronoscopy permit precision measurement of quantum transitions and captures atomic-scale dynamics, respectively. Frequency- and time-domain metrology ranks among the supreme laser disciplines in fundamental science. For decades, these fields evolved independently, without interaction and synergy between them. This has changed profoundly with controlling the position of the equidistant frequency spikes of a mode-locked laser oscillator. By the self-referencing technique invented by Theodor Hänsch, the comb can be coherently linked to microwaves and used for precision measurements of energy differences between quantum states. The resultant optical frequency synthesis has revolutionized precision spectroscopy. Locking the comb lines to the resonator round-trip frequency by the same approach has given rise to laser pulses with controlled field oscillations. This article reviews, from a personal perspective, how the bridge between frequency- and time-resolved metrology emerged on the turn of the millennium and how synthesized several-cycle laser fields have been instrumental in establishing the basic tools and techniques for attosecond science.
Quantum Regime of a Free-Electron Laser: Relativistic Approach
Authors: Kling Peter , Sauerbrey Roland , Preiss Paul , Giese Enno , Endrich Rainer , Schleich Wolfgang P. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
In the quantum regime of the free-electron laser, the dynamics of the electrons is not governed by continuous trajectories but by discrete jumps in momentum. In this article, we rederive the two crucial conditions to enter this quantum regime: (1) a large quantum mechanical recoil of the electron caused by the scattering with the laser and the wiggler field and (2) a small energy spread of the electron beam. In contrast to our recent approach based on nonrelativistic quantum mechanics in a co-moving frame of reference, we now pursue a model in the laboratory frame employing relativistic quantum electrodynamics.
Assessment of Cu applications in two contrasting soils—effects on soil microbial activity and the fungal community structure
Authors: Keiblinger Katharina M. , Schneider Martin , Gorfer Markus , Paumann Melanie , Deltedesco Evi , Berger Harald , Jöchlinger Lisa , Mentler Axel , Zechmeister-Boltenstern Sophie , Soja Gerhard , Zehetner Franz 
Published: January 2018

AbstractCopper (Cu)-based fungicides have been used in viticulture to prevent downy mildew since the end of the 19th century, and are still used today to reduce fungal diseases. Consequently, Cu has built up in many vineyard soils, and it is still unclear how this affects soil functioning. The present study aimed to assess the short and medium-term effects of Cu contamination on the soil fungal community. Two contrasting agricultural soils, an acidic sandy loam and an alkaline silt loam, were used for an eco-toxicological greenhouse pot experiment. The soils were spiked with a Cu-based fungicide in seven concentrations (0–5000 mg Cu kg−1soil) and alfalfa was grown in the pots for 3 months. Sampling was conducted at the beginning and at the end of the study period to test Cu toxicity effects on total microbial biomass, basal respiration and enzyme activities. Fungal abundance was analysed by ergosterol at both samplings, and for the second sampling, fungal community structure was evaluated via ITS amplicon sequences. Soil microbial biomass C as well as microbial respiration rate decreased with increasing Cu concentrations, with EC50ranging from 76 to 187 mg EDTA-extractable Cu kg−1soil. Oxidative enzymes showed a trend of increasing activity at the first sampling, but a decline in peroxidase activity was observed for the second sampling. We found remarkable Cu-induced changes in fungal community abundance (EC50ranging from 9.2 to 94 mg EDTA-extractable Cu kg−1soil) and composition, but not in diversity. A large number of diverse fungi were able to thrive under elevated Cu concentrations, though within the order ofHypocrealesseveral species declined. A remarkable Cu-induced change in the community composition was found, which depended on the soil properties and, hence, on Cu availability.
Physics-Informed Network Models: a Data Science Approach to Metal Design
Authors: Verma Amit K. , French Roger H. , Carter Jennifer L. W. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFunctional graded materials (FGM) allow for reconciliation of conflicting design constraints at different locations in the material. This optimization requires a priori knowledge of how different architectural measures are interdependent and combine to control material performance. In this work, an aluminum FGM was used as a model system to present a new network modeling approach that captures the relationship between design parameters and allows an easy interpretation. The approach, in an un-biased manner, successfully captured the expected relationships and was capable of predicting the hardness as a function of composition.
DEFINITE DISCOURSE-NEW REFERENCE IN L1 AND L2
Authors: Crosthwaite Peter , Yeung Yuk , Bai Xuefei , Lu Li , Bae Yeonsuk 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDefinite discourse-new bridging reference (e.g., a school …the teacher; Clark, 1975) is a complex syntax-pragmatic component of referential movement, one that is subject to relatively opaque form-function contingency compared with forms used for discourse-old reference, and one that is especially prone to crosslinguistic influence. Research shows Asian second language (L2) learners of English struggle to produce bridging reference appropriately, yet little research has been done on the L2 production of bridging in Asian languages. We collected oral picture sequence narrative data from 80 lower-intermediate L2 Mandarin learners from first language (L1) English (+ article, n = 23) and L1 Korean and Japanese (- article, n = 57) backgrounds, alongside equivalent L1 data. Speakers of article-L1s were more likely than those from article-less L1s to use numeral + classifier noun phrases (NPs) for nonbridging referents and demonstrative + classifier NPs when introducing bridging referents, essentially (and infelicitously) using these constructions as de facto English-like indefinite/definite articles in their L2 Mandarin production. Speakers of article-less languages infelicitously marked bridging relations with nonbridging forms. These findings confirm substantial crosslinguistic difficulties for the L2 marking of this complex syntax-pragmatic phenomenon across relatively underexplored L1/L2 pairs.
Droperidol dropped; consultants not consulted
Authors: Reid Gavin , Hughson Mark 
Published: January 2018

Aims and Method
We conducted a postal questionnaire survey of the practice of rapid tranquillisation among 215 consultant psychiatrists in the West of Scotland, before and after the withdrawal of droperidol by the manufacturer.

Results
One hundred and eighty questionnaires (84% of those sent) were returned. Droperidol had been used extensively, often combined with lorazepam, for rapid tranquillisation. The main replacement suggested for droperidol was haloperidol. About half of the respondents to our survey chose to comment on the withdrawal of droperidol. More than half of the comments were unfavourable, including lack of an adequate replacement and lack of consultation with the psychiatric profession.

Clinical Implications
The abrupt withdrawal of droperidol, partly for commercial reasons, was regrettable. There was no time for an adequate evaluation of possible replacement medications and a lack of consultation with the profession regarding the impact on clinical care.
Service innovations
Authors: Richman Anna , Wilson Ken , Scally Lynn , Edwards Paul , Wood Jacqueline 
Published: January 2018

Aims and Method
We describe activity and outcome concerning a consecutive series of older community patients referred to an outreach support team while waiting for acute psychiatric admission.

Results
Forty patients on an admissions waiting list who were referred to the outreach support team were followed up. Each patient was reassessed for admission by the responsible medical officer when an in-patient bed became available. Thirty patients who would have been admitted (if a bed had been available at the time of the first assessment) remained at home and did not need hospitalisation.

Clinical Implications
This study suggests that intensive domiciliary support might offer an acceptable form of crisis intervention for older people with mental illness. Further research is needed before generalisation of these findings can be recommended.
Thermoluminescent microparticle thermal history sensors
Authors: Talghader Joseph J. , Mah Merlin L. , Yukihara Eduardo G. , Coleman Adam C. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWhile there are innumerable devices that measure temperature, the nonvolatile measurement of thermal history is far more difficult, particularly for sensors embedded in extreme environments such as fires and explosions. In this review, an extensive analysis is given of one such technology: thermoluminescent microparticles. These are transparent dielectrics with a large distribution of trap states that can store charge carriers over very long periods of time. In their simplest form, the population of these traps is dictated by an Arrhenius expression, which is highly dependent on temperature. A particle with filled traps that is exposed to high temperatures over a short period of time will preferentially lose carriers in shallow traps. This depopulation leaves a signature on the particle luminescence, which can be used to determine the temperature and time of the thermal event. Particles are prepared—many months in advance of a test, if desired—by exposure to deep ultraviolet, X-ray, beta, or gamma radiation, which fills the traps with charge carriers. Luminescence can be extracted from one or more particles regardless of whether or not they are embedded in debris or other inert materials. Testing and analysis of the method is demonstrated using laboratory experiments with microheaters and high energy explosives in the field. It is shown that the thermoluminescent materials LiF:Mg,Ti, MgB4O7:Dy,Li, and CaSO4:Ce,Tb, among others, provide accurate measurements of temperature in the 200 to 500 °C range in a variety of high-explosive environments.
Oxidation of Atg3 and Atg7 mediates inhibition of autophagy
Authors: Frudd Karen , Burgoyne Thomas , Burgoyne Joseph Robert 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMacroautophagy (autophagy) is a crucial cellular stress response for degrading defective macromolecules and organelles, as well as providing bioenergetic intermediates during hypoxia and nutrient deprivation. Here we report a thiol-dependent process that may account for impaired autophagy during aging. This is through direct oxidation of key autophagy-related (Atg) proteins Atg3 and Atg7. When inactive Atg3 and Atg7 are protected from oxidation due to stable covalent interaction with their substrate LC3. This interaction becomes transient upon activation of Atg3 and Atg7 due to transfer of LC3 to phosphatidylethanolamine (lipidation), a process crucial for functional autophagy. However, loss in covalent-bound LC3 also sensitizes the catalytic thiols of Atg3 and Atg7 to inhibitory oxidation that prevents LC3 lipidation, observed in vitro and in mouse aorta. Here findings provide a thiol-dependent process for negatively regulating autophagy that may contribute to the process of aging, as well as therapeutic targets to regulate autophagosome maturation.