bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Jakość wody pitnej w Polsce
Authors: Kłos Lidia 
Published: March 2016

Wprowadzenie: Pytanie, czy w Polsce wszyscy obywatele mają zapewniony dostęp do bezpiecznej i czystej wody, nie jest retoryczne. Z badań przeprowadzonych przez TNS OBOP[1] w 2009 r. wynika, że ponad 60% Polaków nie ma do niej zaufania i boi się ją pić bez przegotowania. Woda płynąca z kranów, chociaż powszechnie dostępna, oceniana jest jako zbyt zanieczyszczona, nadmiernie nasycona fluorem lub nie posiadająca odpowiednich walorów konsumpcyjnych (kolor, zapach i smak).Obecne systemy uzdatniania wody potrafią je wyeliminować, jednakże samo uzdatnianie, dokonywane w Polsce przede wszystkim za pomocą procesu chlorowania wody, zdecydowanie pogarsza jej jakość w stosunku do wody naturalnie czystej. W efekcie coraz mniej Polaków pije wodę surową, bezpośrednio z kranu, coraz częściej też nawet do gotowania potraw używana jest kupowana w sklepach woda butelkowana, ponieważ społeczeństwo nie ma zaufania do bezpieczeństwa wody dostarczanej im przez wodociągi miejskie. Pytanie brzmi: Czy słusznie? Metody badań i wyniki: Artykuł przedstawia analizę stanu w zakresie jakości wody pitnej oraz stopnia dostępu do sieci wodociągowo-kanalizacyjnej w Polsce. W tym celu wykorzystano metodę analizy wtórnej danych statystycznych dostępnych w materiałach Głównego Urzędu Statystycznego w Warszawie, danych źródłowych Izby Gospodarczej Wodociągi Polskie w Bydgoszczy oraz Krajowego Zarządu Gospodarki Wodnej w Warszawie. Otrzymane wyniki pozwolą na ocenę stopnia zwodociągowania i skanalizowania kraju oraz sformułowanie wniosków w zakresie jakości dostępnej wody dla mieszkańców.Słowa kluczowe: jakość wody, zwodociągowanie, skanalizowanie.[1] Agencja badawcza zajmująca się badaniem opinii publicznej.
Zróżnicowanie zaawansowania starości demograficznej na obszarze województwa łódzkiego
Authors: Majdzińska Anna 
Published: March 2016

Głównym celem artykułu jest analiza zmian w strukturze wieku populacji województwa łódzkiego, ze szczególnym uwzględnieniem procesu starzenia się ludności. Badanie to zostało przeprowadzone na początku pierwszej i drugiej dekady XXI wieku oraz w niedalekiej przyszłości na poziomie powiatów i gmin. Dodatkowo, dla wskazania szerszego kontekstu przemian w tym względzie, analizy na poziomie województwa zaprezentowane zostały dla lat 1995-2013. Tło dla tych rozważań stanowi przedstawienie obecnej sytuacji w zakresie struktury wieku populacji pozostałych województw Polski.
Use of liposomal bupivacaine in the postoperative management of posterior spinal decompression
Authors: Grieff Anthony N. , Ghobrial George M. , Jallo Jack 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVE
The aim in this paper was to evaluate the efficacy of long-acting liposomal bupivacaine in comparison with bupivacaine hydrochloride for lowering postoperative analgesic usage in the management of posterior cervical and lumbar decompression and fusion.

METHODS
A retrospective cohort-matched chart review of 531 consecutive cases over 17 months (October 2013 to February 2015) for posterior cervical and lumbar spinal surgery procedures performed by a single surgeon (J.J.) was performed. Inclusion criteria for the analysis were limited to those patients who received posterior approach decompression and fusion for cervical or lumbar spondylolisthesis and/or stenosis. Patients from October 1, 2013, through December 31, 2013, received periincisional injections of bupivacaine hydrochloride, whereas after January 1, 2014, liposomal bupivacaine was solely administered to all patients undergoing posterior approach cervical and lumbar spinal surgery through the duration of treatment. Patients were separated into 2 groups for further analysis: posterior cervical and posterior lumbar spinal surgery.

RESULTS
One hundred sixteen patients were identified: 52 in the cervical cohort and 64 in the lumbar cohort. For both cervical and lumbar cases, patients who received bupivacaine hydrochloride required approximately twice the adjusted morphine milligram equivalent (MME) per day in comparison with the liposomal bupivacaine groups (5.7 vs 2.7 MME, p = 0.27 [cervical] and 17.3 vs 7.1 MME, p = 0.30 [lumbar]). The amounts of intravenous rescue analgesic requirements were greater for bupivacaine hydrochloride in comparison with liposomal bupivacaine in both the cervical (1.0 vs 0.39 MME, p = 0.31) and lumbar (1.0 vs 0.37 MME, p = 0.08) cohorts as well. None of these differences was found to be statistically significant. There were also no significant differences in lengths of stay, complication rates, or infection rates. A subgroup analysis of both cohorts of opiate-naive versus opiate-dependent patients found that those patients who were naive had no difference in opiate requirements. In chronic opiate users, there was a trend toward higher opiate requirements for the bupivacaine hydrochloride group than for the liposomal bupivacaine group; however, this trend did not achieve statistical significance.

CONCLUSIONS
Liposomal bupivacaine did not appear to significantly decrease perioperative narcotic use or length of hospitalization, although there was a trend toward decreased narcotic use in comparison with bupivacaine hydrochloride. While the results of this study do not support the routine use of liposomal bupivacaine, there may be a benefit in the subgroup of patients who are chronic opiate users. Future prospective randomized controlled trials, ideally with dose-response parameters, must be performed to fully explore the efficacy of liposomal bupivacaine, as the prior literature suggests that clinically relevant effects require a minimum tissue concentration.
Die regionale Waldentwicklung mithilfe von Fotografien dokumentieren (Essay)
Authors: Hahn Peter 
Published: March 2016

Documenting regional forest developments through photographs (essay)
By lucky chance, there exists in Entlebuch, in the canton of Lucerne, a rich collection of photographs valuable for forest history. Modern photos are presented opposite the historical images to show the development of forests over the last 100 years. Intensive study of these photos has led the author to interesting discoveries. For this reason, he encourages today's practising foresters to document their own experiences in connection with the forest, for example through photographs.
Forstbetrieblicher Kennzahlenvergleich Deutschland – Österreich – Schweiz
Authors: Bürgi Patric , Sekot Walter , Ermisch Nils , Pauli Bernhard , Möhring Bernhard , Toscani Philipp 
Published: March 2016

Forest enterprise key figure comparison Germany – Austria – Switzerland
The forest enterprise networks in the so-called DACH region (Germany [D], Austria [A] and Switzerland [CH]) have a long tradition going back to the 1950s. Due to different concepts and definitions, however, the national results are not directly comparable. Therefore, the aim of the DACH initiative is to enhance the comparability of national data sets and to draw conclusions for the forestry sector from the comparison of key figures. In order to achieve this, differences between country- specific indicator definitions were first identified and then offset as much as possible. A subsequent key figure analysis showed that certain forestry key figures of the DACH forest enterprise network can be made comparable, revealing the effects of the partially different conditions in the countries. The comparison of key figures over the years 2008 to 2013 shows that the German and Austrian forest enterprises achieved continuous profits in forest management. In contrast, the Swiss forest enterprises were in deficit despite extensive subsidies and compensations. This is partly due to the significantly higher expenses for timber harvesting, silviculture and forest road infrastructure, resulting in part from higher labor costs and in particular a much higher operational personnel density.
Water management, transport, and the development of market towns in the Lake Tai region, eleventh-sixteenth centuries
Authors: Shi Xie 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Although recent studies of the Lake Tai region have tended to treat the area as homogenous, this paper will use a historical geography approach to explore some of the differences in development within the region over time. While the basic topographical difference between the highlands and the lowlands had a pro found influence on agricultural development, these physical characteristics are not enough to explain the specific history of the region. Instead, social and institutional processes played a key role. This paper looks at the period between the eleventh and sixteenth centuries, which saw extensive growth in the region, including the expansion of agriculture and maritime shipping, as well as the growth of market towns (shizhen市镇), a distinctive type of settlement characterised by extensive trade and commerce in an otherwise rural area. In order to trace these developments, the article will focus on changing water management systems (including land reclamation using polders, irrigation and dredging rivers to make them navigable) as well as the establishment of administrative units, which reveal the changing importance of various regions as well as the effects of extra-regional activities such as the transport of grain tribute.
X-ray propagation-based equally sloped tomography for mouse brain
Authors: Ren Yuqi , Wang Yudan , Zhou Guangzhao , He You , Xie Honglan , Du Guohao , Deng Biao , Lin Xiaojie , Yang Guo-yuan , Xiao Tiqiao 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: The outstanding functional importance of the brain implies a strong need for brain imaging modalities. However, the current imaging approaches that target the brain in rodents remain suboptimal. OBJECTIVE AND METHODS: In this paper, X-ray propagation-based phase contrast imaging combined with equally sloped tomography (PPCI-EST) was employed to nondestructively investigate the mouse brain. RESULTS: The grey and white matters, which have extremely small differences in electron density, were clearly discriminated. The fine structures, including the corpus callosum (cc), the optic chiasma (ox) and the caudate putamen (CPu), were revealed. Compared to the filtered back projection reconstruction, the PPCI-EST significantly reduce projection number while maintaining sufficient image quality. CONCLUSIONS: It could be a potential tool for fast and low-dose phase-contrast imaging to biomedical specimens.
Cardiac CT: A system architecture study
Authors: FitzGerald Paul , Bennett James , Carr Jeffrey , Edic Peter M. , Entrikin Daniel , Gao Hewei , Iatrou Maria , Jin Yannan , Liu Baodong , Wang Ge , Wang Jiao , Yin Zhye , Yu Hengyong , Zeng Kai , De Man Bruno 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND: We are interested in exploring dedicated, high-performance cardiac CT systems optimized to provide the best tradeoff between system cost, image quality, and radiation dose. OBJECTIVE: We sought to identify and evaluate a broad range of CT architectures that could provide an optimal, dedicated cardiac CT solution. METHODS: We identified and evaluated thirty candidate architectures using consistent design choices. We defined specific evaluation metrics related to cost and performance. We then scored the candidates versus the defined metrics. Lastly, we applied a weighting system to combine scores for all metrics into a single overall score for each architecture. CT experts with backgrounds in cardiovascular radiology, x-ray physics, CT hardware and CT algorithms performed the scoring and weighting. RESULTS: We found nearly a twofold difference between the most and the least promising candidate architectures. Architectures employed by contemporary commercial diagnostic CT systems were among the highest-scoring candidates. We identified six architectures that show sufficient promise to merit further in-depth analysis and comparison. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that contemporary diagnostic CT system architectures outperform most other candidates that we evaluated, but the results for a few alternatives were relatively close. We selected six representative high-scoring candidates for more detailed design and further comparative evaluation.
IEOOS: the Spanish Institute of Oceanography Observing System
Authors: Tel Elena , Balbin Rosa , Cabanas Jose-Manuel , Garcia Maria-Jesus , Garcia-Martinez M. Carmen , Gonzalez-Pola Cesar , Lavin Alicia , Lopez-Jurado Jose-Luis , Rodriguez Carmen , Ruiz-Villarreal Manuel , Sánchez-Leal Ricardo F. , Vargas-Yáñez Manuel , Vélez-Belchí Pedro 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Since its foundation, 100 years ago, the Spanish Institute of Oceanography (IEO) has been observing and measuring the ocean characteristics. Here is a summary of the initiatives of the IEO in the field of the operational oceanography. Some systems like the tide gauges network has been working for more than 70 years. The standard sections began at different moments depending on the local projects, and nowadays there are more than 180 coastal stations and deep-sea ones that are systematically sampled, obtaining physical and biochemical measurements. At this moment, the Observing System includes six permanent moorings equipped with current meters, an open-sea ocean-meteorological buoy offshore Santander and a sea-surface temperature satellite image station. It also supports the Spanish contribution to the Argo international programme with 47 deployed profilers, and continuous monitoring thermosalinometers, meteorological stations and vessel-mounted acoustic Doppler current profilers on the research vessel fleet. The system is completed with the contribution to the Northwest Iberian peninsula and Gibraltar observatories, and the development of regional prediction models. All these systematic measurements allow the IEO to give responses to ocean research activities, official agencies requirements and industrial and main society demands such as navigation, resource management, risks management, recreation, as well as for management development pollution-related economic activities or marine ecosystems. All these networks are linked to international initiatives, framed largely in supranational programmes of Earth observation sponsored by the United Nations or the European Union. The synchronic observation system permits a spatio-temporal description of some events, such as new deep water formation in the Mediterranean Sea and the injection of heat to intermediate waters in the Bay of Biscay after some colder northern storms in winter 2005.
3-D visualisation of palaeoseismic trench stratigraphy and trench logging using terrestrial remote sensing and GPR – a multiparametric interpretation
Authors: Schneiderwind Sascha , Mason Jack , Wiatr Thomas , Papanikolaou Ioannis , Reicherter Klaus 
Published: March 2016

Abstract. Two normal faults on the island of Crete and mainland Greece were studied to test an innovative workflow with the goal of obtaining a more objective palaeoseismic trench log, and a 3-D view of the sedimentary architecture within the trench walls. Sedimentary feature geometries in palaeoseismic trenches are related to palaeoearthquake magnitudes which are used in seismic hazard assessments. If the geometry of these sedimentary features can be more representatively measured, seismic hazard assessments can be improved. In this study more representative measurements of sedimentary features are achieved by combining classical palaeoseismic trenching techniques with multispectral approaches. A conventional trench log was firstly compared to results of ISO (iterative self-organising) cluster analysis of a true colour photomosaic representing the spectrum of visible light. Photomosaic acquisition disadvantages (e.g. illumination) were addressed by complementing the data set with active near-infrared backscatter signal image from t-LiDAR measurements. The multispectral analysis shows that distinct layers can be identified and it compares well with the conventional trench log. According to this, a distinction of adjacent stratigraphic units was enabled by their particular multispectral composition signature. Based on the trench log, a 3-D interpretation of attached 2-D ground-penetrating radar (GPR) profiles collected on the vertical trench wall was then possible. This is highly beneficial for measuring representative layer thicknesses, displacements, and geometries at depth within the trench wall. Thus, misinterpretation due to cutting effects is minimised. This manuscript combines multiparametric approaches and shows (i) how a 3-D visualisation of palaeoseismic trench stratigraphy and logging can be accomplished by combining t-LiDAR and GPR techniques, and (ii) how a multispectral digital analysis can offer additional advantages to interpret palaeoseismic and stratigraphic data. The multispectral data sets are stored allowing unbiased input for future (re)investigations.
Othello, Stranger in a Strange Land
Authors: Cacicedo Alberto 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The dynamic of early versus late twentieth-century perspectives on Othello is a signal instance of what anthropologists call ethnocentrism, defined by Berry and his colleagues (1992) as follows: “us better—them worse” (8). For the early twentieth-century scholars, Europe was self-evidently better, and clearly the non-European was worse; for the late twentieth century, the European was worse, and clearly the non-European, absent the imposition of European hegemony, was infinitely better. In practice, the earlier critics assume that Iago is right in denigrating Othello, while the later critics assert that Shakespeare himself, with or without volition, in effect takes Iago's perspective as well. In the cross chatter between those two poles, critical discourse ceases to be about the play and instead turns to arguing for an ethnocentric point of view. In this paper, then, I pay attention to Othello himself and to his insertion into Venice. To frame him and his activities, I deploy ideas derived from the field of cross-cultural psychology. My thesis is that Othello is undone, not by some grand hegemonic discourse of early European colonialism, but by the dynamic of immigrant acculturation.
Downregulation of Melanoma Cell Adhesion Molecule (MCAM/CD146) Accelerates Cellular Senescence in Human Umbilical Cord Blood-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells
Authors: Jin Hye Jin , Kwon Ji Hye , Kim Miyeon , Bae Yun Kyung , Choi Soo Jin , Oh Wonil , Yang Yoon Sun , Jeon Hong Bae 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTherapeutic applications of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) for treating various diseases have increased in recent years. To ensure that treatment is effective, an adequate MSC dosage should be determined before these cells are used for therapeutic purposes. To obtain a sufficient number of cells for therapeutic applications, MSCs must be expanded in long-term cell culture, which inevitably triggers cellular senescence. In this study, we investigated the surface markers of human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs) associated with cellular senescence using fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis and 242 cell surface-marker antibodies. Among these surface proteins, we selected the melanoma cell adhesion molecule (MCAM/CD146) for further study with the aim of validating observed expression differences and investigating the associated implications in hUCB-MSCs during cellular senescence. We observed that CD146 expression markedly decreased in hUCB-MSCs following prolonged in vitro expansion. Using preparative sorting, we found that hUCB-MSCs with high CD146 expression displayed high growth rates, multilineage differentiation, expression of stemness markers, and telomerase activity, as well as significantly lower expression of the senescence markers p16, p21, p53, and senescence-associated β-galactosidase, compared with that observed in hUCB-MSCs with low-level CD146 expression. In contrast, CD146 downregulation with small interfering RNAs enhanced the senescence phenotype. In addition, CD146 suppression in hUCB-MSCs caused downregulation of other cellular senescence regulators, including Bmi-1, Id1, and Twist1. Collectively, our results suggest that CD146 regulates cellular senescence; thus, it could be used as a therapeutic marker to identify senescent hUCB-MSCs.SignificanceOne of the fundamental requirements for mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based therapies is the expansion of MSCs during long-term culture because a sufficient number of functional cells is required. However, long-term growth inevitably induces cellular senescence, which potentially causes poor clinical outcomes by inducing growth arrest and the loss of stem cell properties. Thus, the identification of markers for evaluating the status of MSC senescence during long-term culture may enhance the success of MSC-based therapy. This study provides strong evidence that CD146 is a novel and useful marker for predicting senescence in human umbilical cord blood-derived MSCs (hUCB-MSCs), and CD146 can potentially be applied in quality-control assessments of hUCB-MSC-based therapy.
Passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser using Fe3O4-nanoparticle saturable absorber
Authors: Bai Xuekun , Mou Chengbo , Xu Luxi , Wang Shaofei , Pu Shengli , Zeng Xianglong 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe experimentally demonstrate passively Q-switched erbium-doped fiber laser (EDFL) operation using a saturable absorber (SA) based on Fe3O4nanoparticles (FONPs). As a type of transition metal oxide, the FONPs have a large nonlinear optical response and fast response time. The FONP-based SA possesses a modulation depth of 8.2% and nonsaturable absorption of 56.6%. Stable passively Q-switched EDFL pulses with an output pulse energy of 23.76 nJ, a repetition rate of 33.3 kHz, and a pulse width of 3.2 µs were achieved when the input pump power was 110 mW. The laser features a low threshold pump power of ∼15 mW.
Rock magnetic expression of fluid infiltration in the Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault (Longmen Shan thrust belt, China)
Authors: Yang Tao , Yang Xiaosong , Duan Qingbao , Chen Jianye , Dekkers Mark J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFluid infiltration within fault zones is an important process in earthquake rupture. Magnetic properties of fault rocks convey essential clues pertaining to physicochemical processes in fault zones. In 2011, two shallow holes (134 and 54 m depth, respectively) were drilled into the Yingxiu‐Beichuan fault (Longmen Shan thrust belt, China), which accommodated most of the displacement of the 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake. Fifty‐eight drill core samples, including granitic host rock and various fault rocks, were analyzed rock‐magnetically, mineralogically, and geochemically. The magnetic behavior of fault rocks appears to be dominated by paramagnetic clay minerals. Magnetite in trace amounts is identified as the predominant ferrimagnetic fraction in all samples, decreasing from the host rock, via fault breccia to (proto‐)cataclasite. Significant mass‐losses (10.7–45.6%) are determined for the latter two with the “isocon” method. Volatile contents and alteration products (i.e., chlorite) are enriched toward the fault core relative to the host rocks. These observations suggest that magnetite depletion occurred in these fault rocks—exhumed from the shallow crust—plumbed by fluid‐assisted processes. Chlorite, interpreted to result from hydrothermal activity, occurs throughout almost the entire fault core and shows high coefficients of determination (R2 > 0.6) with both low and high‐field magnetic susceptibility. Close relationships, with R2 > 0.70, are also observed between both low and high‐field magnetic susceptibility and the immobile elements (e.g., TiO2, P2O5, MnO), H2O+, and the calculated mass‐losses of fault rocks. Hence, magnetic properties of fault rocks can serve as proxy indicators of fluid infiltration within shallow fault zones.