bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Obesity-Related Perivascular Adipose Tissue Damage Is Reversed by Sustained Weight Loss in the Rat
Authors: Bussey Charlotte E. , Withers Sarah B. , Aldous Robert G. , Edwards Gillian , Heagerty Anthony M. 
Published: May 2016

Objective—
Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) exerts an anticontractile effect in response to various vasoconstrictor agonists, and this is lost in obesity. A recent study reported that bariatric surgery reverses the damaging effects of obesity on PVAT function. However, PVAT function has not been characterized after weight loss induced by caloric restriction, which is often the first line treatment for obesity.

Approach and Results—
Contractility studies were performed using wire myography on small mesenteric arteries with and without PVAT from control, diet-induced obese, calorie restricted and sustained weight loss rats. Changes in the PVAT environment were assessed using immunohistochemistry. PVAT from healthy animals elicited an anticontractile effect in response to norepinephrine. This was abolished in diet-induced obesity through a mechanism involving increased local tumor necrosis factor-α and reduced nitric oxide bioavailability within PVAT. Sustained weight loss led to improvement in PVAT function associated with restoration of adipocyte size, reduced tumor necrosis factor-α, and increased nitric oxide synthase function. This was associated with reversal of obesity-induced hypertension and normalization of plasma adipokine levels, including leptin and insulin.

Conclusions—
We have shown that diet-induced weight loss reverses obesity-induced PVAT damage through a mechanism involving reduced inflammation and increased nitric oxide synthase activity within PVAT. These data reveal inflammation and nitric oxide synthase, particularly endothelial nitric oxide synthase, as potential targets for the treatment of PVAT dysfunction associated with obesity and metabolic syndrome.
Relation Between Adolescent Cardiovascular Risk Factors and Carotid Intima‐Media Echogenicity in Healthy Young Adults: The Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults (ARYA) Study
Authors: Eikendal Anouk L. M. , Groenewegen Karlijn A. , Bots Michiel L. , Peters Sanne A. E. , Uiterwaal Cuno S. P. M. , den Ruijter Hester M. 
Published: May 2016

Background

Echogenicity is an ultrasound measure that reflects arterial wall composition. In adult populations, lower carotid intima‐media echogenicity relates to an unfavorable cardiovascular risk burden yet appears to reflect a different aspect of arterial wall remodeling than carotid intima‐media thickness (
CIMT
). Since studies on carotid intima‐media echogenicity earlier in life are lacking, we investigated associations between adolescent cardiovascular risk factors and young adulthood carotid intima‐media echogenicity and compared this to
CIMT
.

Methods and Results

In 736 participants of the Atherosclerosis Risk in Young Adults study, information on adolescent anthropometrics, puberty stage, and systolic blood pressure (
SBP
) was available. In young adulthood, demographics, anthropometrics, and fasting plasma samples were collected. Common
CIMT
and echogenicity, quantified as gray‐scale median (
GSM
), were evaluated using B‐mode ultrasonography. Lower and higher
GSM
values, respectively, represented lower and higher echogenicity. Associations of adolescent body mass index and
SBP
with young adulthood
GSM
and
CIMT
were evaluated using linear regression analysis. Mean age was 13.5 years in adolescence and 28.4 years in young adulthood (difference: 14.9 years). After full adjustment, adolescent body mass index related to
GSM
(β=−1.62/
SD
; 95%
CI
: −2.79, −0.46;
P
=0.006), independent of
CIMT
. Adolescent
SBP
did not relate to
GSM
. Moreover, adolescent body mass index (β=8.06 μm/
SD
[95%
CI
: 4.12, 11.99],
P
<0.001) and
SBP
(β=4.69 μm/
SD
[95%
CI
: 0.84, 8.54],
P
=0.02) related to
CIMT
.

Conclusions

Adolescent body mass index related to
GSM
and
CIMT
in young adulthood;
SBP
only related to
CIMT
. Hence, carotid intima‐media echogenicity appears to be involved in arterial wall remodeling, yet may mimic a different facet of this process than
CIMT
.
Impact of Target Arterial Residual Stenosis on Outcome After Endovascular Revascularization
Authors: Hwang Yang-Ha , Kim Yong-Won , Kang Dong-Hun , Kim Yong-Sun , Liebeskind David S. 
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—
Acute intracranial occlusion can be associated with in situ thrombo-occlusion in relation to preexisting intracranial atherosclerotic disease. We aimed to assess residual stenosis at the site of a target arterial lesion (TAL) to determine whether residual stenosis at the TAL is associated with underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease.

Methods—
One hundred and sixty-three patients who underwent endovascular therapy for M1 middle cerebral artery occlusion and achieved angiographic reperfusion were selected for analysis. The presence of residual stenosis at the TAL was classified using the Arterial Occlusive Lesion (AOL) scale at postprocedural angiography, and the severity of stenosis was grouped into none, mild (<50%), moderate (50%–69%), severe (70%–99%), and occlusion on postprocedural and follow-up angiography. We also recorded the incidence of instant reocclusion occurring during the procedure and delayed reocclusion detected on follow-up angiography.

Results—
Seventy-four patients (45.5%) showed target arterial residual stenosis (AOL 2). As to the TAL pathogenesis, 40 patients were classified into in situ thrombo-occlusion (54.1% of AOL 2 and 24.5% of M1 occlusion). The occurrence of instant or delayed reocclusion was independently associated with a low chance of favorable 3-month outcome. Furthermore, the occurrence of delayed reocclusion was associated with excellent pretreatment collateral flow and early neurological worsening, but not the severity of residual stenosis at the TAL.

Conclusions—
In population with a high prevalence of intracranial atherosclerotic disease, residual stenosis may be attributed to in situ thrombo-occlusion with underlying intracranial atherosclerotic disease in ≈25% of cases, hindering functional recovery via the occurrence of instant or delayed reocclusion.
Edaravone Reduces Hyperperfusion-Related Neurological Deficits in Adult Moyamoya Disease
Authors: Uchino Haruto , Nakayama Naoki , Kazumata Ken , Kuroda Satoshi , Houkin Kiyohiro 
Published: May 2016

Background and Purpose—
Postoperative hyperperfusion-related transient neurological deficits (TNDs) are frequently observed in adult patients with moyamoya disease who undergo direct bypass procedures. The present study evaluated the effect of the free radical scavenger edaravone on postoperative hyperperfusion in adult moyamoya disease.

Methods—
This study included 92 hemispheres in 72 adult patients who underwent direct bypass for moyamoya disease. Serial measurements of cerebral blood flow were conducted immediately after surgery and on postoperative days 2 and 7. In 40 hemispheres for 36 patients, edaravone (60 mg/d) was administered from the day of surgery to postsurgical day 7. The incidence of postoperative hyperperfusion and associated TNDs were compared with a control group that included 52 hemispheres in 36 patients.

Results—

Radiological hyperperfusion was observed in 28 of 40 (70.0%) and 39 of 52 (75.0%) hemispheres in the edaravone and control groups, respectively (
P
=0.30). Hyperperfusion-related TND incidences were significantly lower in the edaravone group compared with the control group (12.5% versus 32.7%;
P
=0.024). Multivariate analysis demonstrated that edaravone administration (
P
=0.009) and left-sided surgery (
P
=0.037) were significantly correlated with hyperperfusion-related TNDs (odds ratios, 0.3 and 4.2, respectively).

Conclusions—
Perioperative administration of edaravone reduced the incidence of hyperperfusion-related TNDs after direct bypass procedures in adult patients with moyamoya disease.
Satellite-Based Estimation of Temporally Resolved Dust Radiative Forcing in Snow Cover
Authors: Miller Steven D. , Wang Fang , Burgess Ann B. , McKenzie Skiles S. , Rogers Matthew , Painter Thomas H. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractRunoff from mountain snowpack is an important freshwater supply for many parts of the world. The deposition of aeolian dust on snow decreases snow albedo and increases the absorption of solar irradiance. This absorption accelerates melting, impacting the regional hydrological cycle in terms of timing and magnitude of runoff. The Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Dust Radiative Forcing in Snow (MODDRFS) satellite product allows estimation of the instantaneous (at time of satellite overpass) surface radiative forcing caused by dust. While such snapshots are useful, energy balance modeling requires temporally resolved radiative forcing to represent energy fluxes to the snowpack, as modulated primarily by varying cloud cover. Here, the instantaneous MODDRFS estimate is used as a tie point to calculate temporally resolved surface radiative forcing. Dust radiative forcing scenarios were considered for 1) clear-sky conditions and 2) all-sky conditions using satellite-based cloud observations. Comparisons against in situ stations in the Rocky Mountains show that accounting for the temporally resolved all-sky solar irradiance via satellite retrievals yields a more representative time series of dust radiative effects compared to the clear-sky assumption. The modeled impact of dust on enhanced snowmelt was found to be significant, accounting for nearly 50% of the total melt at the more contaminated station sites. The algorithm is applicable to regional basins worldwide, bearing relevance to both climate process research and the operational management of water resources.
Peer education: From enduring problematics to pedagogical potential
Authors: Southgate Erica , Aggleton Peter 
Published: May 2016

Background: Peer education is a much-used approach to health education with young people and marginalised groups. Rarely, however, has the concept been interrogated for its meaning and usefulness, despite pleas for the importance of doing so going back several decades. Objectives: Against this background, this paper offers a specifically educational analysis and critique of existing conceptualisations and descriptions of peer education. Design: The paper responds to the challenge of opening up the ‘black box’ of peer education with respect to teaching and learning, using the pedagogical frameworks offered by Basil Bernstein, critical pedagogy, feminist post-structuralism and Robin Alexander. Results and Conclusion: Findings point to the value of theories of pedagogy as conceptual and analytic lenses through which to interrogate what peer education is (and might be) and to better account for the uneven effectiveness of the approach.
The Impact of a National Tobacco Education Campaign on State-Specific Quitline Calls
Authors: Zhang Lei , Malarcher Ann , Babb Steve , Mann Nathan , Davis Kevin , Campbell Kelsey , Schauer Gillian , Alexander Robert , Debrot Karen , Rodes Robert 
Published: May 2016

Purpose: The ads from the first federally funded national tobacco education campaign, Tips From Former Smokers (Tips), considerably increased quitline calls nationwide. This study evaluates the effect of Tips on state-specific quitline calls. Design: Precampaign, during-campaign, and postcampaign comparison; regression modeling. Setting: All fifty states as well as the District of Columbia. Subjects: Calls to state quitlines. Intervention: Tips. Measures: Tips campaign exposure was measured by gross rating points (GRPs). Calls to quitline’s 1-800-QUIT-NOW were assigned to markets in each state based on their area codes. Analysis: Multivariate regression was used to assess the relationship between calls to state quitlines and media market-level Tips GRPs, while controlling for market and area code characteristics. Results: Nationally, every 100 Tips GRPs per week at the market level was associated with an average of 45 additional quitline calls in each area code (β = 44.65, p < .001). Tips GRPs were associated with significant increases in quitline calls in 46 states and the District of Columbia, of which 11 experienced effects significantly larger than the national average and 5 experienced significantly smaller effects. We were unable to detect statistically significant effects of GRPs on call volumes for four states. Graphically, call volumes in those states followed Tips GRPs. Conclusion: The Tips campaign significantly increased calls to quitlines for almost all the states. These findings underscore the effectiveness of national tobacco media campaigns for reaching state audiences.
Spinal astrocytic activation contributes to both induction and maintenance of pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide type 1 receptor-induced long-lasting mechanical allodynia in mice
Authors: Yokai Masafumi , Kurihara Takashi , Miyata Atsuro 
Published: May 2016

Background Pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP) and its receptors are present in the spinal dorsal horn and dorsal root ganglia, suggesting an important role of PACAP–PACAP receptors signaling system in the modulation of spinal nociceptive transmission. We have previously reported that a single intrathecal injection of PACAP or a PACAP specific (PAC1) receptor selective agonist, maxadilan, in mice induced dose-dependent aversive behaviors, which lasted more than 30 min, and suggested that the maintenance of the nociceptive behaviors was associated with the spinal astrocytic activation. Results We found that a single intrathecal administration of PACAP or maxadilan also produced long-lasting hind paw mechanical allodynia, which persisted at least 84 days without affecting thermal nociceptive threshold. In contrast, intrathecal application of vasoactive intestinal polypeptide did not change mechanical threshold, and substance P, calcitonin gene-related peptide, or N-methyl-D-aspartate induced only transient mechanical allodynia, which disappeared within 21 days. Western blot and immunohistochemical analyses with an astrocytic marker, glial fibrillary acidic protein, revealed that the spinal PAC1 receptor stimulation caused sustained astrocytic activation, which also lasted more than 84 days. Intrathecal co-administration of L-α-aminoadipate, an astroglial toxin, with PACAP or maxadilan almost completely prevented the induction of the mechanical allodynia. Furthermore, intrathecal treatment of L-α-aminoadipate at 84 days after the PAC1 stimulation transiently reversed the mechanical allodynia accompanied by the reduction of glial fibrillary acidic protein expression level. Conclusion Our data suggest that spinal astrocytic activation triggered by the PAC1 receptor stimulation contributes to both induction and maintenance of the long-term mechanical allodynia.
Impact of a physical activity intervention on adolescents’ subjective sleep quality: a pilot study
Authors: Baldursdottir Birna , Taehtinen Richard E. , Sigfusdottir Inga Dora , Krettek Alexandra , Valdimarsdottir Heiddis B. 
Published: May 2016

Background: The aim of this pilot study was to examine the impact of a brief physical activity intervention on adolescents’ subjective sleep quality. Cross-sectional studies indicate that physically active adolescents have better subjective sleep quality than those with more sedentary habits. However, less is known about the effectiveness of physical activity interventions in improving adolescents’ subjective sleep quality. Methods: In a three-week physical activity intervention, four Icelandic upper secondary schools were randomized to either an intervention group with pedometers and step diaries or a control group without pedometers and diaries. Out of 84, a total of 53 students, aged 15−16 years, provided complete data or a minimum of two days step data (out of three possible) as well as sleep quality measures at baseline and follow-up. Subjective sleep quality, the primary outcome in this study, was assessed with four individual items: sleep onset latency, nightly awakenings, general sleep quality, and sleep sufficiency. Daily steps were assessed with Yamax CW-701 pedometers. Results: The intervention group ( n = 26) had significantly higher average step-count ( p = 0.03, partial η2 = 0.093) compared to the control group ( n = 27) at follow-up. Subjective sleep quality improved ( p = 0.02, partial η2 = 0.203) over time in the intervention group but not in the control group. Conclusions: Brief physical activity interventions based on pedometers and step diaries may be effective in improving adolescents’ subjective sleep quality. This has important public health relevance as the intervention can easily be disseminated and incorporated into school curricula.
CHAMPION-1: a phase 1/2 study of once-weekly carfilzomib and dexamethasone for relapsed or refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Berenson James R. , Cartmell Alan , Bessudo Alberto , Lyons Roger M. , Harb Wael , Tzachanis Dimitrios , Agajanian Richy , Boccia Ralph , Coleman Morton , Moss Robert A. , Rifkin Robert M. , Patel Priti , Dixon Sandra , Ou Ying , Anderl Janet , Aggarwal Sanjay , Berdeja Jesus G. 
Published: May 2016

Key PointsThe CHAMPION-1 study is the first clinical trial to investigate carfilzomib on a once-weekly dosing schedule with dexamethasone. Once-weekly carfilzomib (30-minute infusion; 20 and 70 mg/m2) with dexamethasone is feasible and effective in relapsed/refractory MM.
Predictive and prognostic factors in patients with blood-culture-positive community-acquired pneumococcal pneumonia
Authors: Amaro Rosanel , Liapikou Adamantia , Cilloniz Catia , Gabarrus Albert , Marco Francesc , Sellares Jacobo , Polverino Eva , Garau Javier , Ferrer Miquel , Musher Daniel M. , Torres Antoni 
Published: May 2016

In patients with pneumococcal community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the risk factors for bacteraemia and its impact on outcomes are not fully elucidated. We aimed to compare characteristics of patients with blood-culture-positiveversusblood-culture-negative pneumococcal CAP, and to characterise bacteraemic serotypes.We describe a prospective, observational study on nonimmunocompromised patients with pneumococcal CAP, from 1996 to 2013. We define severe pneumonia according to American Thoracic Society/Infectious Diseases Society of America guidelines.Of a total of 917 patients with pneumococcal CAP, 362 had blood-culture-positive pneumococcal pneumonia (BCPPP; 39%). High C-reactive protein (CRP) (≥20 mg·dL−1) (odds ratio (OR) 2.36, 95% CI 1.45–3.85), pleural effusion (OR 2.03, 95% CI 1.13–3.65) and multilobar involvement (OR 1.69, 95% CI 1.02–2.79) were independently associated with bacteraemic CAP, while nursing home resident (OR 0.12, 95% CI 0.01–1.00) was found as a protective factor. Despite the clinical differences, BCPPP showed similar outcomes to blood-culture-negative pneumococcal pneumonia (BCNPP). 14% of the serotypes (period 2006–2013) causing bacteraemia are included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PVC7, 74% in pneumococcal conjugate vaccine PVC13 and 83% in pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine PPSV23.Pleural effusion, a high level of CRP and multilobar involvement predicted an increased risk of BCPPP. Although BCPPP patients were more severely ill at admission, mortality was not significantly greater than in BCNPP patients.
Incidence and familial risk of pleural mesothelioma in Sweden: a national cohort study
Authors: Ji Jianguang , Sundquist Jan , Sundquist Kristina 
Published: May 2016

Familial clustering of pleural mesothelioma was reported previously, but none of the reports quantified the familial risk of mesothelioma or the association with other cancers. The contributions of shared environmental or genetic factors to the aggregation of mesothelioma were unknown.We used a number of Swedish registers, including the Swedish Multigeneration Register and the Swedish Cancer Register, to examine the familial risk of mesothelioma in offspring. Standardised incidence ratios (SIRs) were used to calculate the risk. Age standardised incidence rates of mesothelioma were calculated from the Swedish Cancer Registry.The incidence of mesothelioma reached its peak rate in 2000 and decreased thereafter. Risk of mesothelioma was significantly increased when parents or siblings were diagnosed with mesothelioma, with SIRs of 3.88 (95% CI 1.01–10.04) and 12.37 (95% CI 5.89–22.84), respectively. Mesothelioma was associated with kidney (SIR 2.13, 95% CI 1.16–3.59) and bladder cancers (SIR 2.09, 95% CI 1.32–3.14) in siblings. No association was found between spouses.Family history of mesothelioma, including both parental and sibling history, is an important risk factor for mesothelioma. Shared genetic factors may contribute to the observed familial clustering of mesothelioma, but the contribution of shared environmental factors could not be neglected. The association with kidney and bladder cancers calls for further study to explore the underlying mechanisms.
Mediating pathways from central obesity to childhood asthma: a population-based longitudinal study
Authors: Chih An-Hsuan , Chen Yang-Ching , Tu Yu-Kang , Huang Kuo-Chin , Chiu Tai-Yuan , Lee Yungling Leo 
Published: May 2016

The mediating pathways linking obesity and asthma are largely unknown. We aimed to investigate the mediating pathways and to search for the most prominent pathological mechanism between central obesity and childhood asthma.In the Taiwan Children Health Study, we collected data on an open cohort of children aged 9–13 years. Children's respiratory outcomes, atopic conditions, obesity measures and pulmonary function were surveyed annually between 2010 and 2012. Exhaled nitric oxide fraction concentrations were recorded in 2012. Generalised estimating equations and general linear models were used to examine the associations between central obesity, possible mediators and asthma. Structural equation models were applied to investigate the pathways that mediate the link between central obesity and asthma.Central obesity (waist-to-hip ratio) most accurately predicted childhood asthma. In the active asthma model, the percentage of mediation was 28.6% for pulmonary function, 18.1% for atopy and 5.7% for airway inflammation. The percentage of mediation for pulmonary function was 40.2% in the lifetime wheeze model. Pulmonary function was responsible for the greatest percentage of mediation among the three mediators in both models.Decline in pulmonary function is the most important pathway in central obesity related asthma. Pulmonary function screening should be applied to obese children for asthma risk prediction.
Risk factors for lung cancer worldwide
Authors: Malhotra Jyoti , Malvezzi Matteo , Negri Eva , La Vecchia Carlo , Boffetta Paolo 
Published: May 2016

Lung cancer is the most frequent malignant neoplasm in most countries, and the main cancer-related cause of mortality worldwide in both sexes combined.The geographic and temporal patterns of lung cancer incidence, as well as lung cancer mortality, on a population level are chiefly determined by tobacco consumption, the main aetiological factor in lung carcinogenesis.Other factors such as genetic susceptibility, poor diet, occupational exposures and air pollution may act independently or in concert with tobacco smoking in shaping the descriptive epidemiology of lung cancer. Moreover, novel approaches in the classification of lung cancer based on molecular techniques have started to bring new insights to its aetiology, in particular among nonsmokers. Despite the success in delineation of tobacco smoking as the major risk factor for lung cancer, this highly preventable disease remains among the most common and most lethal cancers globally.Future preventive efforts and research need to focus on non-cigarette tobacco smoking products, as well as better understanding of risk factors underlying lung carcinogenesis in never-smokers.