bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Factor Analysis, Dynamic
Authors: Bolla Marianna 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe review small‐ and medium‐sized standard and dynamic factor analysis and include recent asymptotic results on high‐dimensional dynamic factor models. The latter allow the construction of consistent estimators in the factor model, which are based on principal component analysis techniques either in the time or in the frequency domain. The point is that when both the number of time series and the number of observations (time instances) tend to infinity, the error terms become negligible and the spectral gap in the spectral density decides the number of hidden factors. Although mainly developed within Time Series Econometrics, high‐dimensional factor models are quite appealing for applications to environmental data sets and for expanding (both in time and in the number of observables) networks. Eventually, in the small word of real‐life data (in the presence of sudden economic changes and crises, macroeconomic time series span sometimes for 10–20 years only), a parametric model with an easily implementable algorithm and a numerical example is presented.
Micromaps
Authors: Symanzik Jürgen , Carr Daniel B. , McManus Michael G. , Weber Marc H. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMicromap visualizations are an important tool for the geovisualization of areal data that are based on a series of small maps, the micromaps. The three major variations of micromap visualization designs are linked micromap (LM) plots, conditioned micromaps, and comparative micromaps. The most widely used are LM plots. These are based on several panel columns that consist of multiple small maps, that is, the micromaps, name identifiers of the area units, plotting symbols, and one or more statistical data columns. LM plots overcome some of the limitations of choropleth maps that are frequently used for the display of areal data, but that are usually limited to only one statistical variable at a time and that do not work well for visualizing small areas. Micromaps were originally created for the United States, but have seen extended use for countries in Europe (France and Germany), Asia (Korea and China), and South America (Brazil and Argentina) as well as for different nonadministrative boundaries, such as watersheds and ecoregions. Micromaps have been used for all kinds of areal data, such as environmental, agricultural, and medical, to name only a few.
Media Evaluation
Authors: Cappella Joseph N. , Kim Minji 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Understanding the effect of messages that appear in the mediated environment in terms of their effectiveness is challenging. Serious, careful evaluation is very expensive in time and in financial and human resources. Efficient procedures for evaluating the effectiveness of messages for the purposes of persuasion would be a useful tool for those designing public health campaigns, political and social issue campaigns, and certainly for researchers seeking to evaluate various types of message effects as they undertake theory testing. The purpose of this entry is to suggest an efficient, reliable, and valid protocol to assess message effectiveness that involves quantitative methods (1) using multiple messages, (2) recruiting evaluators from the target population, (3) using valid and reliable measures for evaluation, (4) exposing an evaluator to multiple messages, and (5) ensuring enough (2) evaluations per message for stability.
Political Agenda‐Building
Authors: Seethaler Josef 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

The term
political agenda‐building
refers to two major concepts: the source–media relationship and (in a broader sense) the interchange between civil society, the public, news media, and policymakers. The first concept focuses on the processes of communication by which political actors endeavor to secure media coverage for “their” issues. This approach is referred to as the fourth phase of agenda‐setting research. The second concept aims at studying the impact of strategies of issue expansion by various stakeholders in the agenda of institutional actors, such as parliaments or governments. Here the overall question is how issues get on the policy agenda while others fail. The first concept is anchored in theories of political economy; the second deals with political participation as a necessary prerequisite for the stability of a democratic system. Both kinds of agenda‐building processes are expected to be influenced by online media, and particularly social networks.
News Values: Audience Effects
Authors: Gehrau Volker 
Published: March 2017

Abstract

This entry outlines the relations between news values and audience effects. News values are conceptualized as characteristics of events—for instance,
negativism
or
personalization
—that determine whether these events become news and guide aspects of audience reactions. First, it is noted that the news values
continuity
(issue establishment) and
controversy
influence selective exposure. Second, it is noted that the news values
unexpectedness
and
controversy
support cognitive processing in conjunction with
personification
and
damage
. In addition, the news value
continuity
facilitates social adoption, whereas
negativism
hinders social adoption. Finally, it is established that news values affect the audience in ways that are mediated by their impact on news coverage through classic media effects such as news diffusion, agenda‐setting, and media malaise.
Key Events: Media and Audience Effects
Authors: Elmelund‐Præstekær Christian , Hopmann David Nicolas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractExtraordinary events spur news waves, media hypes, and media storms. This entry discusses how previous research has definedkey eventsand what kinds of key events previous research has considered. Next, various effects of key events are reviewed: They are found to have a substantial impact both on media content and, subsequently, on news audiences. Following key events, journalists focus more on the issue domain of the key event, be it immigration, natural disasters, or terrorist attacks. Also, key events are able to affect citizens' attitudes toward related issues as well as their behavior and even psychological well‐being. These effects tend to be fairly short lived. On rare occasions, key events lead to profound and long‐lasting changes in news coverage. Finally, two promising avenues for future research on the effects of key events are identified.
Excitation Transfer Theory
Authors: Cummins R. Glenn 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Excitation transfer theory posits that the physiological dimension of one's emotional response to an initial stimulus or event persists or lingers beyond the immediate exposure to that stimulus. In turn, this residual arousal works in an additive fashion with stimulation from a subsequent event to intensify the emotional response to that subsequent event. The theory has been employed to explain how residual excitation can elevate responses in interpersonal contexts (e.g., increased aggression, attraction) as well as in a variety of mediated contexts (e.g., enhanced enjoyment of drama and sports, advertising, music appreciation).
Flow Theory
Authors: Sherry John L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAs more media research has shifted from the negative effects paradigm to a focus on enjoyment and positive outcomes, media flow theory has emerged as a popular line of research. Media flow theory explains the mechanism by which media provides its users with a collection of enjoyable experiences, reward, control, diversion, and escape. This entry maps out the historical roots of flow theory, the current description of flow experiences, three theorized mechanisms used in media research, and challenges for future media research on flow.
Communication Mediation Model
Authors: Lee Nam‐Jin 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Communication mediation models theorize the process of communication mediation in which news consumption and political discussion shape and direct social structural influences on civic and political engagement. These models theorize communication as a key set of processes that intervene between the private “lifeworld” in which individuals are embedded and their behavior as public citizens. Drawing on the O‐S‐O‐R model from cognitive social psychology, the early mediation formulation recognized that media effects are not simple, direct effects but involve complicated interactions between audience predispositions, the media messages, and intervening audience orientations. This early model has been extended to incorporate various psychological, social, and cultural factors that influence communication mediation and to describe more complete pathways to civic life. Research on communication mediation has demonstrated that communication mediation is an empirically robust and theoretically guided mechanism of communication effects.
Network Society: Networks, Media, and Effects
Authors: Siapera Eugenia 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry is concerned with Castells's theory of the network society. It outlines the main tenets of the theory and identifies its main intersections with media theories. These are a reconciliation of the transmission and ritual views of communication; an endorsement of McLuhan's view of the media as structuring society; a political economy of the media industry; the creative audience; and frames as producing cognitive effects. Ultimately the theory accepts media effects at two levels: the broader structural level, which organizes society; and the local cognitive level, which determines people's attitudes and behaviors. However, these are mediated by several factors such as policies, industry reactions, cultural values, and the personal trajectories of individuals. Moreover, media effects can be produced by those on the opposite side of corporate media. While Castells's contribution to media theory is undoubtedly significant, its value lies more in synthesizing existing perspectives than in its novelty.
Domestication and the Media
Authors: Haddon Leslie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDomestication theory provides a framework for understanding the way in which information and communication technologies (ICTs) find a role in people's lives. This entry offers an account of its origins, a broad assessment of its central features, and an indication of how it has diversified in the hands of different researchers. Two key areas are discussed, where writers have identified how domestication analysis could be developed further: how domestication theory is shaped by wider social discourse; and what influence cultural specificities have on it.
Media Representation: Politics
Authors: Boomgaarden Hajo G. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRepresentations of politics in mass media are a central source of citizens' experiences with and perceptions of politics. This entry discusses key aspects that have evolved in the literature on mediated representations of politics and their possible influences on the public. Focusing specifically on mass media coverage of political actors, it considers attributes such as news bias, personalization, or negativity. Subsequently important generic frame categories are discussed, such as strategy or conflict framing of political processes. Finally the entry turns to the phenomenon of entertainization of politics in the media. It concludes with a discussion of the importance of standardizing content‐analytical measurement and considers the possible consequences of media fragmentation for studies of mediated representations of politics.
Fandom and Fan Fiction
Authors: Reijnders Stijn , Waysdorf Abby , Zwaan Koos , Duits Linda 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This entry presents an overview of the development and current state of fan studies, exploring the “reverse image” of media effects. The field of fan studies offers the ultimate rebuttal of the traditional media effects model by stressing the independence, agency, and power of media consumers vis‐à‐vis media producers. After providing a short historiography of the discipline, this entry dives deeper into three themes that have been central to discussions within fan studies since its early beginnings: fan fiction, fan communities, and places of fandom.
Media Habits
Authors: Larose Robert 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Habits account for a great deal of media consumption behavior and challenge prevailing theories of media attendance and media effects. Recent developments in the neuropsychology and social psychology of habits and debates about Internet addiction and other problematic forms of media consumption call attention to automatic, nonconscious processes and the role of self‐regulation in understanding attendance to the media and their effects on behavior, culture, and society.
Mobility
Authors: Frith Jordan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMobility refers to movement of different types, including physical and virtual mobility. It has received increased attention in the social sciences, especially with the development of the “new mobilities paradigm.” This entry discusses the importance of mobility for media studies through an examination of the relevant literature in mobile media studies. The entry also discusses the tenets of the new mobilities paradigm and concludes with a section on methodological approaches to studying the relationship between media and mobility.
Apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide, CN‐105, improves outcomes in ischemic stroke
Authors: Tu Tian Ming , Kolls Brad J. , Soderblom Erik J. , Cantillana Viviana , Ferrell Paul Durham , Moseley M. Arthur , Wang Haichen , Dawson Hana N. , Laskowitz Daniel T. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveAt present, the absence of a pharmacological neuroprotectant represents an important unmet clinical need in the treatment of ischemic and traumatic brain injury. Recent evidence suggests that administration of apolipoprotein E mimetic therapies represent a viable therapeutic strategy in this setting. We investigate the neuroprotective and anti‐inflammatory properties of the apolipoprotein E mimetic pentapeptide, CN‐105, in a microglial cell line and murine model of ischemic stroke.MethodsTen to 13‐week‐old male C57/BL6 mice underwent transient middle cerebral artery occlusion and were randomly selected to receive CN‐105 (0.1 mg/kg) in 100 μL volume or vehicle via tail vein injection at various time points. Survival, motor‐sensory functional outcomes using rotarod test and 4‐limb wire hanging test, infarct volume assessment using 2,3,5‐Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining method, and microglial activation in the contralateral hippocampus using F4/80 immunostaining were assessed at various time points. In vitro assessment of tumor necrosis factor‐alpha secretion in a microglial cell line was performed, and phosphoproteomic analysis conducted to explore early mechanistic pathways of CN‐105 in ischemic stroke.ResultsMice receiving CN‐105 demonstrated improved survival, improved functional outcomes, reduced infarct volume, and reduced microglial activation. CN‐105 also suppressed inflammatory cytokines secretion in microglial cells in vitro. Phosphoproteomic signals suggest that CN‐105 reduces proinflammatory pathways and lower oxidative stress.InterpretationCN‐105 improves functional and histological outcomes in a murine model of ischemic stroke via modulation of neuroinflammatory pathways. Recent clinical trial of this compound has demonstrated favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profile, suggesting that CN‐105 represents an attractive candidate for clinical translation.
Langkettige Alkylcyanide, beispiellose flüchtige Verbindungen aus Pseudomonas‐ und Micromonospora‐Bakterien
Authors: Montes Vidal Diogo , von Rymon‐Lipinski Anna‐Lena , Ravella Srinivasa , Groenhagen Ulrike , Herrmann Jennifer , Zaburannyi Nestor , Zarbin Paulo H. G. , Varadarajan Adithi R. , Ahrens Christian H. , Weisskopf Laure , Müller Rolf , Schulz Stefan 
Published: March 2017

AbstractLangkettige aliphatische Nitrile, eine neue Naturstoffklasse, wurden durch Analyse flüchtiger Verbindungen aus Bakterienkulturen gefunden. Diese Nitrile werden von Gram‐positiven Micromonospora echinospora und Gram‐negativen Pseudomonas veronii produziert, jedoch mit unterschiedlichen Strukturmerkmalen. Eine flexible Abfolge von Kettenverlängerungen und Dehydratisierung in der Fettsäurebiosynthese führt zu unverzweigten gesättigten Nitrilen und entsprechenden ungesättigten Nitrilen mit ω−7‐Doppelbindung, wie (Z)‐11‐Octadecennitril, oder zu methylverzweigten ungesättigten Nitrilen mit einer Doppelbindung in C‐3‐Position, z. B. (Z)‐13‐Methyltetradec‐3‐ennitril. Die Biosynthese dieser Verbindungen beginnt mit Fettsäuren, die zuerst in ihre Amide und schließlich unter Wasserabspaltung zu Nitrilen umgewandelt werden. Die Strukturen und die Biosynthese der 19 natürlich vorkommenden Verbindungen wurden durch Massenspektrometrie, Synthese und Fütterungsexperimente mit deuterierten Vorstufen aufgeklärt. Einige der Nitrile zeigten antimikrobielle Aktivität, z. B. gegen MRSA‐Stämme.
Rh/Cu‐Catalyzed Cascade [4+2] Vinylic C−H O‐Annulation and Ring Contraction of α‐Aryl Enones with Alkynes in Air
Authors: Zhao Yinsong , Li Shiqing , Zheng Xuesong , Tang Junbin , She Zhijie , Gao Ge , You Jingsong 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAn unprecedented Rh‐catalyzed ketone‐directed vinylic C−H activation/[4+2] O‐annulation of α‐aryl enones with internal alkynes followed by a Cu‐catalyzed ring contraction in air to provide multiaryl‐substituted furan derivatives has been developed. The preliminary mechanism study identifies the active pyrylium salt as the key intermediate.
A Dimeric Bis(melamine)‐Substituted Bispidine for Efficient Transmembrane H+/Cl− Cotransport
Authors: Shinde Sopan Valiba , Talukdar Pinaki 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA 3,7‐diazabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane linking to two melamines is a unique transmembrane H+/Cl− carrier. In the solid state, the V‐shaped compound forms a HCl‐bound zig‐zag network through cooperative protonation and hydrogen bond interactions. In the lipid membrane, the receptor forms a dimeric self‐assembly involving multiple H+ and Cl− leading to the efficient transport of the acid. The pH‐dependent Cl− efflux observed for the compound was rationalized based on a gradual protonation model that confers an active transmembrane carrier at physiological pH.
Measuring Spin⋅⋅⋅Spin Interactions between Heterospins in a Hybrid [2]Rotaxane
Authors: Boulon Marie‐Emmanuelle , Fernandez Antonio , Moreno Pineda Eufemio , Chilton Nicholas F. , Timco Grigore , Fielding Alistair J. , Winpenny Richard E. P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUse of molecular electron spins as qubits for quantum computing will depend on the ability to produce molecules with weak but measurable interactions between the qubits. Here we demonstrate use of pulsed EPR spectroscopy to measure the interaction between two inequivalent spins in a hybrid rotaxane molecule.
Transition‐Metal‐Catalyzed Utilization of Methanol as a C1 Source in Organic Synthesis
Authors: Natte Kishore , Neumann Helfried , Beller Matthias , Jagadeesh Rajenahally V. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractMethanol is used as a common solvent, cost‐effective reagent, and sustainable feedstock for value‐added chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and materials. Among the various applications, the utilization of methanol as a C1 source for the formation of carbon–carbon, carbon–nitrogen, and carbon–oxygen bonds continues to be important in organic synthesis and drug discovery. In particular, the synthesis of C‐, N‐, and O‐methylated products is of central interest because these motifs are found in a large number of natural products as well as fine and bulk chemicals. In this Minireview, we summarize the utilization of methanol as a C1 source in methylation, methoxylation, formylation, methoxycarbonylation, and oxidative methyl ester formation reactions.
Silica‐Encapsulated Pt‐Sn Intermetallic Nanoparticles: A Robust Catalytic Platform for Parahydrogen‐Induced Polarization of Gases and Liquids
Authors: Zhao Evan W. , Maligal‐Ganesh Raghu , Xiao Chaoxian , Goh Tian‐Wei , Qi Zhiyuan , Pei Yuchen , Hagelin‐Weaver Helena E. , Huang Wenyu , Bowers Clifford R. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractRecently, a facile method for the synthesis of size‐monodisperse Pt, Pt3Sn, and PtSn intermetallic nanoparticles (iNPs) that are confined within a thermally robust mesoporous silica (mSiO2) shell was introduced. These nanomaterials offer improved selectivity, activity, and stability for large‐scale catalytic applications. Here we present the first study of parahydrogen‐induced polarization NMR on these Pt‐Sn catalysts. A 3000‐fold increase in the pairwise selectivity, relative to the monometallic Pt, was observed using the PtSn@mSiO2 catalyst. The results are explained by the elimination of the three‐fold Pt sites on the Pt(111) surface. Furthermore, Pt‐Sn iNPs are shown to be a robust catalytic platform for parahydrogen‐induced polarization for in vivo magnetic resonance imaging.
Internet Safety and the Silver Surfer: The Relationship Between Gist Reasoning and Adults' Risky Online Behavior
Authors: White Claire M. , Gummerum Michaela , Wood Stacey , Hanoch Yaniv 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCurrently, fewer older adults are online compared with younger generations. However, with many new initiatives aiming to significantly increase the number of older internet users, they will increasingly be exposed to potential victimisation from internet fraud, a fundamental issue affecting all adult internet users. Despite this, little research has examined online risk‐taking across the adult lifespan or adults' reasoning about risky online behaviors. Using fuzzy trace theory, we investigated adults' online risk‐taking behavior and intentions, and whether these behaviors were related to different ways of reasoning about risk, namely, gist reasoning (using qualitative, intuitive knowledge) and verbatim reasoning (using quantitative, specific knowledge). Participants (326 adults, 18–79 years old, Mage = 49.54 years) reported their past risk‐taking behavior, future online risk intentions, gist and verbatim reasoning about online risk, sensation seeking, and time spent online. Age was negatively correlated with past risk‐taking, time online, future risk intentions, and sensation seeking. However, time spent online was positively related to future risk intentions, suggesting that spending more time using the internet could lead individuals to take more risks. Increased verbatim reasoning predicted increased intentions to take online risks, while gist reasoning predicted reduced intentions to take risks online. Our findings extend online risk research applying fuzzy trace theory to adolescents and young adults and suggest that online safety training incorporating gist‐based reasoning strategies could benefit all adults and, in particular, older generations. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.