bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N‐terminal region of cysteine‐rich protein (CRP) in carlaviruses is involved in the determination of symptom types
Authors: Fujita Naoko , Komatsu Ken , Ayukawa Yu , Matsuo Yuki , Hashimoto Masayoshi , Netsu Osamu , Teraoka Tohru , Yamaji Yasuyuki , Namba Shigetou , Arie Tsutomu 
Published: November 2016

SummaryPlant viruses in the genusCarlavirusinclude more than 65 members. Plants infected with carlaviruses exhibit various symptoms, including leaf malformation and plant stunting. Cysteine‐rich protein (CRP) encoded by carlaviruses has been reported to be a pathogenicity determinant. Carlavirus CRPs contain two motifs in their central part: a nuclear localization signal (NLS) and a zinc finger motif (ZF). In addition to these two conserved motifs, carlavirus CRPs possess highly divergent, N‐terminal, 34 amino acid residues with unknown function. In this study, to analyse the role of these distinct domains, we tested six carlavirus CRPs for their RNA silencing suppressor activity, ability to enhance the pathogenicity of a heterologous virus and effects on virus accumulation levels. Although all six tested carlavirus CRPs showed RNA silencing suppressor activity at similar levels, symptoms induced by thePotato virus X(PVX) heterogeneous system exhibited two different patterns: leaf malformation and whole‐plant stunting. The expression of each carlavirus CRP enhanced PVX accumulation levels, which were not correlated with symptom patterns. PVX‐expressing CRP with mutations in either NLS or ZF did not induce symptoms, suggesting that both motifs play critical roles in symptom expression. Further analysis using chimeric CRPs, in which the N‐terminal region was replaced with the corresponding region of another CRP, suggested that the N‐terminal region of carlavirus CRPs determined the exhibited symptom types. The up‐regulation of a plant geneupp‐L, which has been reported in a previous study, was also observed in this study; however, the expression level was not responsible for symptom types.
Infection assays in Arabidopsis reveal candidate effectors from the poplar rust fungus that promote susceptibility to bacteria and oomycete pathogens
Authors: Germain Hugo , Joly David L. , Mireault Caroline , Plourde Mélodie B. , Letanneur Claire , Stewart Donald , Morency Marie‐Josée , Petre Benjamin , Duplessis Sébastien , Séguin Armand 
Published: November 2016

SummaryFungi of the Pucciniales order cause rust diseases which, altogether, affect thousands of plant species worldwide and pose a major threat to several crops. How rust effectors—virulence proteins delivered into infected tissues to modulate host functions—contribute to pathogen virulence remains poorly understood. Melampsora larici‐populina is a devastating and widespread rust pathogen of poplar, and its genome encodes 1184 identified small secreted proteins that could potentially act as effectors. Here, following specific criteria, we selected 16 candidate effector proteins and characterized their virulence activities and subcellular localizations in the leaf cells of Arabidopsis thaliana. Infection assays using bacterial (Pseudomonas syringae) and oomycete (Hyaloperonospora arabidopsidis) pathogens revealed subsets of candidate effectors that enhanced or decreased pathogen leaf colonization. Confocal imaging of green fluorescent protein‐tagged candidate effectors constitutively expressed in stable transgenic plants revealed that some protein fusions specifically accumulate in nuclei, chloroplasts, plasmodesmata and punctate cytosolic structures. Altogether, our analysis suggests that rust fungal candidate effectors target distinct cellular components in host cells to promote parasitic growth.
The Elongator complex‐associated protein DRL1 plays a positive role in immune responses against necrotrophic fungal pathogens in Arabidopsis
Authors: Wang Chenggang , Zhang Xudong , Li Jian‐Liang , Zhang Yanping , Mou Zhonglin 
Published: November 2016

SummaryDEFORMED ROOT AND LEAVES1 (DRL1) is an Arabidopsis homologue of the yeast TOXIN TARGET4 (TOT4)/KILLER TOXIN‐INSENSITIVE12 (KTI12) protein that is physically associated with the RNA polymerase II‐interacting protein complex named Elongator. Mutations in DRL1 and Elongator lead to similar morphological and molecular phenotypes, suggesting that DRL1 and Elongator may functionally overlap in Arabidopsis. We have shown previously that Elongator plays an important role in both salicylic acid (SA)‐ and jasmonic acid (JA)/ethylene (ET)‐mediated defence responses. Here, we tested whether DRL1 also plays a similar role as Elongator in plant immune responses. Our results show that, although DRL1 partially contributes to SA‐induced cytotoxicity, it does not play a significant role in SA‐mediated expression of PATHOGENESIS‐RELATED genes and resistance to the virulent bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. maculicola ES4326. In contrast, DRL1 is required for JA/ET‐ and necrotrophic fungal pathogen Botrytis cinerea‐induced defence gene expression and for resistance to B. cinerea and Alternaria brassicicola. Furthermore, unlike the TOT4/KTI12 gene which, when overexpressed in yeast, confers zymocin resistance, a phenotype of the tot4/kti12 mutant, overexpression of DRL1 does not change B. cinerea‐induced defence gene expression and resistance to this pathogen. Finally, DRL1 contains an N‐terminal P‐loop and a C‐terminal calmodulin (CaM)‐binding domain and is a CaM‐binding protein. We demonstrate that both the P‐loop and the CaM‐binding domain are essential for the function of DRL1 in B. cinerea‐induced expression of PDF1.2 and ORA59, and in resistance to B. cinerea, suggesting that the function of DRL1 in plant immunity may be regulated by ATP/GTP and CaM binding.
The effect of plant water storage on water fluxes within the coupled soil–plant system
Authors: Huang Cheng‐Wei , Domec Jean‐Christophe , Ward Eric J. , Duman Tomer , Manoli Gabriele , Parolari Anthony J. , Katul Gabriel G. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

In addition to buffering plants from water stress during severe droughts, plant water storage (PWS) alters many features of the spatio‐temporal dynamics of water movement in the soil–plant system. How PWS impacts water dynamics and drought resilience is explored using a multi‐layer porous media model.

The model numerically resolves soil–plant hydrodynamics by coupling them to leaf‐level gas exchange and soil–root interfacial layers. Novel features of the model are the considerations of a coordinated relationship between stomatal aperture variation and whole‐system hydraulics and of the effects of PWS and nocturnal transpiration () on hydraulic redistribution (HR) in the soil.

The model results suggest that daytime PWS usage and generate a residual water potential gradient () along the plant vascular system overnight. This represents a non‐negligible competing sink strength that diminishes the significance of HR.

Considering the co‐occurrence of PWS usage and HR during a single extended dry‐down, a wide range of plant attributes and environmental/soil conditions selected to enhance or suppress plant drought resilience is discussed. When compared with HR, model calculations suggest that increased root water influx into plant conducting‐tissues overnight maintains a more favorable water status at the leaf, thereby delaying the onset of drought stress.
A nonnative and a native fungal plant pathogen similarly stimulate ectomycorrhizal development but are perceived differently by a fungal symbiont
Authors: Zampieri Elisa , Giordano Luana , Lione Guglielmo , Vizzini Alfredo , Sillo Fabiano , Balestrini Raffaella , Gonthier Paolo 
Published: November 2016

Summary

The effects of plant symbionts on host defence responses against pathogens have been extensively documented, but little is known about the impact of pathogens on the symbiosis and if such an impact may differ for nonnative and native pathogens. Here, this issue was addressed in a study of the model system comprising Pinus pinea, its ectomycorrhizal symbiont Tuber borchii, and the nonnative and native pathogens Heterobasidion irregulare and Heterobasidion annosum, respectively.

In a 6‐month inoculation experiment and using both in planta and gene expression analyses, we tested the hypothesis that H. irregulare has greater effects on the symbiosis than H. annosum.

Although the two pathogens induced the same morphological reaction in the plant−symbiont complex, with mycorrhizal density increasing exponentially with pathogen colonization of the host, the number of target genes regulated in T. borchii in plants inoculated with the native pathogen (i.e. 67% of tested genes) was more than twice that in plants inoculated with the nonnative pathogen (i.e. 27% of genes).

Although the two fungal pathogens did not differentially affect the amount of ectomycorrhizas, the fungal symbiont perceived their presence differently. The results may suggest that the symbiont has the ability to recognize a self/native and a nonself/nonnative pathogen, probably through host plant‐mediated signal transduction.
Informing models through empirical relationships between foliar phosphorus, nitrogen and photosynthesis across diverse woody species in tropical forests of Panama
Authors: Norby Richard J. , Gu Lianhong , Haworth Ivan C. , Jensen Anna M. , Turner Benjamin L. , Walker Anthony P. , Warren Jeffrey M. , Weston David J. , Xu Chonggang , Winter Klaus 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Our objective was to analyze and summarize data describing photosynthetic parameters and foliar nutrient concentrations from tropical forests in Panama to inform model representation of phosphorus (P) limitation of tropical forest productivity.

Gas exchange and nutrient content data were collected from 144 observations of upper canopy leaves from at least 65 species at two forest sites in Panama, differing in species composition, rainfall and soil fertility. Photosynthetic parameters were derived from analysis of assimilation rate vs internal CO2 concentration curves (A/Ci), and relationships with foliar nitrogen (N) and P content were developed.

The relationships between area‐based photosynthetic parameters and nutrients were of similar strength for N and P and robust across diverse species and site conditions. The strongest relationship expressed maximum electron transport rate (Jmax) as a multivariate function of both N and P, and this relationship was improved with the inclusion of independent data on wood density.

Models that estimate photosynthesis from foliar N would be improved only modestly by including additional data on foliar P, but doing so may increase the capability of models to predict future conditions in P‐limited tropical forests, especially when combined with data on edaphic conditions and other environmental drivers.
Transfer of 13C between paired Douglas‐fir seedlings reveals plant kinship effects and uptake of exudates by ectomycorrhizas
Authors: Pickles Brian J. , Wilhelm Roland , Asay Amanda K. , Hahn Aria S. , Simard Suzanne W. , Mohn William W. 
Published: November 2016

Summary

Processes governing the fixation, partitioning, and mineralization of carbon in soils are under increasing scrutiny as we develop a more comprehensive understanding of global carbon cycling. Here we examined fixation by Douglas‐fir seedlings and transfer to associated ectomycorrhizal fungi, soil microbes, and full‐sibling or nonsibling neighbouring seedlings.

Stable isotope probing with 99% 13C‐CO2 was applied to trace 13C‐labelled photosynthate throughout plants, fungi, and soil microbes in an experiment designed to assess the effect of relatedness on 13C transfer between plant pairs. The fixation and transfer of the 13C label to plant, fungal, and soil microbial tissue was examined in biomass and phospholipid fatty acids.

After a 6 d chase period, c. 26.8% of the 13C remaining in the system was translocated below ground. Enrichment was proportionally greatest in ectomycorrhizal biomass. The presence of mesh barriers (0.5 or 35 μm) between seedlings did not restrict 13C transfer.

Fungi were the primary recipients of 13C‐labelled photosynthate throughout the system, representing 60–70% of total 13C‐enriched phospholipids. Full‐sibling pairs exhibited significantly greater 13C transfer to recipient roots in two of four Douglas‐fir families, representing three‐ and fourfold increases (+ c. 4 μg excess 13C) compared with nonsibling pairs. The existence of a root/mycorrhizal exudation–hyphal uptake pathway was supported.
The impact of the Dementia ABC educational programme on competence in person‐centred dementia care and job satisfaction of care staff
Authors: Rokstad Anne Marie Mork , Døble Betty Sandvik , Engedal Knut , Kirkevold Øyvind , Benth Jūratė Šaltytė , Selbæk Geir 
Published: November 2016

Aim and objectivesThe objective of the study was to evaluate the impact of the Dementia ABC educational programme on the participants’ competence in person‐centred care and on their level of job satisfaction.BackgroundThe development of person‐centred care for people with dementia is highly recommended, and staff training that enhances such an approach may positively influence job satisfaction and the possibility of recruiting and retaining competent care staff.DesignThe study is a longitudinal survey, following participants over a period of 24 months with a 6‐month follow‐up after completion of the programme.MethodsA total of 1,795 participants from 90 municipalities in Norway are included, and 580 from 52 municipalities completed all measurements. The person‐centred care assessment tool (P‐CAT) is used to evaluate person‐centredness. The psychosocial workplace environment and job satisfaction questionnaire is used to investigate job satisfaction. Measurements are made at baseline, and after 12, 24 and 30 months.ResultsA statistically significant increase in the mean P‐CAT subscore of person‐centred practice and the P‐CAT total score is found at 12, 24 and 30 months compared to baseline. A statistically significant decrease in scores in the P‐CAT subscore for organisational support is found at all points of measurement compared to baseline. Statistically significant increases in satisfaction with workload, personal and professional development, demands balanced with qualifications and variation in job tasks as elements of job satisfaction are reported.ConclusionThe evaluation of the Dementia ABC educational programme identifies statistically significant increases in scores of person‐centredness and job satisfaction, indicating that the training has a positive impact.Implications for practiceThe results indicate that a multicomponent training programme including written material, multidisciplinary reflection groups and workshops has a positive impact on the development of person‐centred care practice and the job satisfaction of care staff.
Moebius syndrome
Authors: Hoyle P. , Durey K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMoebius syndrome is a rare congenital disorder involving complete or partial palsy of cranial nerve VII. Other cranial nerves can also be involved along with limb and orofacial malformations. This case report describes and discusses the clinical manifestations and briefly highlights management options for a patient diagnosed with Moebius syndrome.
Characteristics and Outcomes of Concurrently Diagnosed New Rapid Atrial Fibrillation or Flutter and New Reduced Ejection Fraction
Authors: RODRIGUEZ YASSER , ALTHOUSE ANDREW D. , ADELSTEIN EVAN C. , JAIN SANDEEP K. , MENDENHALL GEORGE STUART , SABA SAMIR , SHALABY ALAA A. , VOIGT ANDREW H. , WANG NORMAN C. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundCharacteristics and outcomes of concurrently diagnosed new rapid atrial fibrillation (AF) or atrial flutter (AFL) and new heart failure with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) are not well described.MethodsA retrospective cohort study of subjects referred for expedited transesophageal echocardiography‐guided rhythm‐control strategies for concurrent new rapid AF/AFL and new LVEF ≤ 40% diagnosed during the same admission was analyzed.ResultsTwenty‐five subjects (median age 57 years; 96% male; 96% Caucasian; median CHA2DS2‐VASc = 2) presented with new AF (n = 18) or AFL (n = 7) with rapid ventricular rate (median 135 beats/min) and new reduced LVEF (median 27%; range, 10–37.5%). Seven (28%) subjects had left atrial appendage thrombi (LAAT) and five (20%) subjects had heavy or binge alcohol use. Baseline characteristics were similar between those with and without LAAT. Thirteen subjects with AF and without LAAT underwent direct‐current cardioversion (DCCV) and 10 (77%) had AF recurrence within 90 days. Improvement of long‐term LVEF to >40% was comparable for subjects with and without initial LAAT (83% vs 94%; P = 0.46). Three of four subjects who received primary prophylaxis implantable cardioverter‐defibrillators improved their LVEF to >35% after sinus rhythm maintenance. The median long‐term follow‐up time was 3.0 years.ConclusionsSubjects with concurrently diagnosed new rapid AF/AFL and new reduced LVEF are characterized by a high prevalence of LAAT and significant alcohol use. AF subjects without initial LAAT who underwent DCCV had a high 90‐day AF recurrence rate. The presence of LAAT did not have a prognosticative effect on eventual LVEF improvement, which was observed in almost all subjects.
Molecular mapping of a quantitative trait locus qSTV11Z harbouring rice stripe virus resistance gene, Stv‐b
Authors: Lee Sais‐Beul , Hur Yeon‐Jae , Lee Jong‐Hee , Kwon Tackmin , Shin Dongjin , Kim Tae‐Heon , Han Sang‐Ik , Cho Jun‐Hyeon , Yoon Young‐Nam , Kiswara Gilang , Song You‐Chun , Yeo Un‐Sang , Kwon Young‐Up , Kim Kyung‐Min , Park Dong‐Soo 
Published: November 2016

AbstractRice stripe virus (RSV) predominantly affects rice. In this study, we attempted to localize the quantitative trait locus (QTL) conferring RSV resistance in the ‘Zenith’ variety, which is known to harbour Stv‐a and Stv‐b. The resistant variety Zenith was crossed with the susceptible variety ‘Ilpum’ to generate a mapping population comprising 180 F2:3 lines for QTL analysis. Contrary to previous findings, we could not detect Stv‐a‐specific QTLs on chromosome 6. Stv‐b‐specific QTL was detected on the long arm of chromosome 11; it was designated qSTV11z. Six F4:5 lines were selected from the F3:4 population and fine‐mapped using insertion/deletion (InDel) markers. qSTV11z was mapped to a 520‐kb region between the InDel markers Sid2 and Indel8. This region included OsSOT1 (candidate gene for STV11) and other previously reported RSV resistance QTLs. The OsSOT1 sequence in Ilpum and Zenith was identical to that of the susceptible variety ‘Koshihikari’, indicating that OsSOT1 is not the candidate gene of qSTV11z. The localization of qSTV11z should provide useful information for marker‐assisted selection and determination of genetic resources in rice breeding.
Fat‐free mass index predicts survival in patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
Authors: Nishiyama Osamu , Yamazaki Ryo , Sano Hiroyuki , Iwanaga Takashi , Higashimoto Yuji , Kume Hiroaki , Tohda Yuji 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectiveDetailed body composition, such as fat‐free mass, has not been examined in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF). We investigated whether the fat‐free mass index (FFMI), an index of lean body mass, predicted survival.MethodsForty‐four patients with IPF were enrolled in the study. Their body composition was assessed using direct segmental multi‐frequency bioelectrical impedance analysis. The degree of correlation between variables of body composition and other variables such as forced vital capacity (FVC) and survival was examined.ResultsThere was a significant positive correlation between FFMI and FVC, diffusion capacity of the lung for carbon monoxide (DLCO
) and 6‐min walk distance, and a significant negative correlation with age. However, there was no significant correlation between FFMI and percentage predicted FVC or DLCO
, with the degree of correlation being similar to that observed for BMI. The mean observation period in the survival analysis was 837.5 ± 407.5 days. A univariate Cox proportional hazard model showed that several variables, but not BMI, were associated significantly with survival. FFMI (hazard ratio (HR): 0.64, 95% CI: 0.43–0.94, P = 0.02) and percentage predicted FVC (HR: 0.96, 95% CI: 0.93–0.99, P=0.008) were significant factors in a multivariate model.ConclusionWe conclude that FFMI is a significant independent predictor of survival in patients with IPF.
Reduced DNA methylation of sphingosine‐1 phosphate receptor 5 in alveolar macrophages in COPD: A potential link to failed efferocytosis
Authors: Barnawi Jameel , Jersmann Hubertus , Haberberger Rainer , Hodge Sandra , Meech Robyn 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveWe previously showed that alveolar macrophages from COPD patients are defective in their ability to phagocytose apoptotic cells (‘efferocytosis’) and that this defect is potentially linked to the sphingosine‐1 phosphate (S1P) system, in particular the sphingosine‐1 phosphate receptor 5 (S1PR5). In alveolar macrophages from COPD patients, S1PR5 mRNA expression levels increased and were correlated with both lung function and efferocytosis. However, it us unknown whether these changes are under epigenetic control via DNA methylation or whether DNA methylation directly modulates macrophage function.MethodsBisulfite sequencing was used to assess DNA methylation levels at CpG islands associated with genes encoding selected S1P system components, including sphingosine kinase 1 (SPHK1), S1PR1 and S1PR5, in alveolar macrophages from 20 COPD patients, 7 healthy smokers and 10 healthy non/ex‐smokers) by methyl quantitative real‐time PCR (methyl qPCR). The effect of the DNA methyltransferase inhibitor, 5‐azacytidine on the efferocytosis capacity of THP‐1 macrophages was assessed using flow cytometry.ResultsAmong the S1P system genes examined, S1PR5 was the single target that showed significant changes in DNA methylation between patient groups. Alveolar macrophages isolated from COPD patients showed lower methylation levels in the same region compared to macrophages from non/ex‐smokers. in vitro studies using THP‐1 macrophages showed that DNA demethylation with 5‐azacytidine increased the efferocytosis capacity and dose‐dependently rescued the cells from the cigarette smoke‐induced defect in efferocytosis.ConclusionMacrophage function can be modulated epigenetically. Reduced methylation may underlie the increased expression of the S1PR5 gene in alveolar macrophages and associated defective efferocytosis in COPD.
Simulation of laser‐tattoo pigment interaction in a tissue‐mimicking phantom using Q‐switched and long‐pulsed lasers
Authors: Ahn K. J. , Kim B. J. , Cho S. B. 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundLaser therapy is the treatment of choice in tattoo removal. However, the precise mechanisms of laser‐tattoo pigment interactions remain to be evaluated.MethodsWe evaluated the geometric patterns of laser‐tattoo pigment particle interactions using a tattoo pigment‐embedded tissue‐mimicking (TM) phantom.ResultsA Q‐switched (QS) neodymium‐doped yttrium aluminum garnet laser was used at settings of 532‐, 660‐, and 1064‐nm wavelengths, single‐pulse and quick pulse‐to‐pulse treatment modes, and spot sizes of 4 and 7 mm. Most of the laser‐tattoo interactions in the experimental conditions formed cocoon‐shaped or oval photothermal and photoacoustic injury zones, which contained fragmented tattoo particles in various sizes depending on the conditions. In addition, a long‐pulsed 755‐nm alexandrite laser was used at a spot size of 6 mm and pulse widths of 3, 5, and 10 ms. The finer granular pattern of tattoo destruction was observed in TM phantoms treated with 3‐ and 5‐ms pulse durations compared to those treated with a 10‐ms pulse.ConclusionWe outlined various patterns of laser‐tattoo pigment interactions in a tattoo‐embedded TM phantom to predict macroscopic tattoo and surrounding tissue reactions after laser treatment for tattoo removal.