bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Carbohydrate utilization and its protein-sparing effect in diets for grouper(Epinephelus malabaricus)
Authors: Shiau S. Y. , Lin Y. H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractTo investigate the utilization of different carbohydrate sources and the possible protein-sparing effects of carbohydrates for grouper (Epinephelus malabaricus), six isoeneregtic purified diets were prepared. Three dietary protein levels (500, 460, 420 g/kg) were achieved by substitution with three levels (143, 195, 246 g/kg) and two sources (glucose and starch) of dietary carbohydrate. Each of the six diets was given to triplicate groups of grouper in a recirculating rearing system for 8 weeks. In the glucose group, weight gain of fish decreased with increasing dietary glucose and decreasing protein content. In the starch group, weight gain of fish given the 500 g/kg protein diet was higher (P< 0 ·05) than fish given the 460 and 420 g/kg protein diets. At each of the dietary protein levels weight gain of the glucose-group fish and the starch-group fish were similar (P> 0·05). At the 500 g/kg dietary protein level body lipid content of the starch-group fish was higher than that of glucose-group fish. At 500 and 460 g/kg dietary protein levels, fish given starch diets had higher hepatic hexokinase activity than fish given the glucose diets. These results suggest that, at the levels studies, the utilization of starch and glucose by grouper is similar. Decreasing the dietary protein level from 460 g/kg to 420 g/kg by increasing the starch content in the diet from 195 g/kg to 246 g/kg did not reduce (P> 0·05) weight gain and food efficiency, suggesting that starch could spare some protein when the dietary protein level is low.
Effects of space allowance during transport and duration of mid-journey lairage period on the physiological, behavioural and immunological responses of young calves during and after transport
Authors: Grigor P. N. , Cockram M. S. , Steele W. B. , Le Sueur C. J. , Forsyth R. E. , Guthrie J. A. , Johnson A. K. , Sandilands V. , Reid H. W. , Sinclair C. , Brown H. K. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe effects of space allowance during transportation and duration of a mid-journey lairage period on measurements of stress, injury, dehydration, food restriction and rest in young calves were assessed during and after transport. Groups of calves were transported for two 9-h journeys (at a space allowance of either 0·375 or 0·475 m2 per calf) separated by a mid-journey lairage period of either 1 or 12 h. Non-transported calves were offered milk replacer and drinking water either at the usual times or only at the same times as the transported calves.During transport, transported calves spent significantly less time lying down and had a greater plasma cortisol concentration than control calves. Under the driving conditions used, increased space allowance was not associated with greater injury or loss of stability. The duration of the mid-journey lairage was not an important factor; the shorter lairage time, giving the calves sufficient time to receive milk replacer but little opportunity to rest, had no major detrimental effects on the variables used to assess welfare. Although there was little evidence that transport affected immunological variables, there was some evidence that it adversely affected the health of the calves post transport.
Inheritance of faecal egg counts during early lactation in Scottish Blackface ewes facing mixed, natural nematode infections
Authors: Bishop S.C. , Stear M.J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis paper presents an analysis of nematode faecal egg counts from Scottish Blackface ewes facing mixed, natural nematode infections (predominantly Teladorsagia circumcincta). The data set comprised 1445 measurements on 421 ewes taken at 4 and 6 weeks post-lambing, over a 4-year period. The ewes, themselves, were the progeny of 73 sires and 285 dams. Only Strongyle eggs were consistently present, and faecal egg counts from this genera ranged from zero (0·4 of all measurements) to 3388 eggs per g. Faecal egg counts were significantly affected by the number of lambs reared and suckled (increasing reproductive burden led to higher counts) by ewe age (older ewes had lower counts) and by previous selection history (ewes from a line previously selected for increased carcass fatness had lower faecal egg counts than ewes from a conversely selected lean line). The heritability of log-transformed faecal egg counts was 0·23 (s.e. 005) and the repeatability, including both within- and between-year permanent environmental effects, was 0·25 (s.e. 004). The apparent presence or absence of infection had a heritability of 015 (s.e. 007) on the observed scale and 0·39 (s.e. 016) when analysed as a binomial threshold trait. The genetic correlation between average 4-week weight of lamb suckled by the ewe and faecal egg counts was 0·24 (s.e. 010). The results suggest that faecal egg counts during early lactation are heritable and influenced by the reproductive performance of the ewe. Selection to reduce nematode faecal egg output from ewes during this period should be successful in reducing pasture larval contamination.
Dietary protein source affects the susceptibility to lipid peroxidation of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) and sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) muscle
Authors: López-Bote C.J. , Diez A. , Corraze G. , Arzel J. , Alvarez M. , Dias J. , Kaushik S.J. , Bautista J.M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study was designed to explore the effect of protein source on muscle susceptibility to lipid peroxidation in two representative species of fish farmed for human consumption: the freshwater rainbow trout and the seawater European sea bass. Four isoproteic diets (digestible protein in the range 366 to 392 for rainbow trout and 391 to 415 g/kg for European sea bass) were formulated to contain one of the following as the main protein source: fish meal, warm water alcohol-extracted or toasted soya protein concentrates or maize gluten meal. Highest daily growth indices were always achieved using the diets based on fish meal as the main source of protein (P< 0·05). Fish of both species given diets containing maize gluten and the toasted soya protein concentrate showed slowest growth. The depressant growth effect of the vegetable protein concentrates was greater in sea bass than in rainbow trout. Dietary treatment was not correlated with any significant effect on whole-body composition or intramuscular fat content except for ash concentration in European sea bass. Under conditions of forced peroxidation in vitro for 240 min, muscle specimens of trout and sea bass given diets containing fish protein as the main source of protein showed the highest peroxidation levels (P< 0·05); while the lowest peroxidation values were found in fish given maize gluten-containing diets (P< 0·05). In the present case, the partial substitution of fish meal with vegetable proteins in diets led to a lower susceptibility of fish flesh to peroxidation. This finding may have applications in the production of fish of improved quality and longer shelf life.
Can information about solid food be transmitted from one piglet to another?
Authors: Morgan C.A. , Lawrence A.B. , Chirnside J. , Deans L.A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWhen weaned early, piglets commonly take some time to accept solid food, resulting in a growth check and reduced welfare. The transmission of information about food between animals has been demonstrated in other species and it would be advantageous if this occurred in piglets. This experiment investigated the effects of pairing piglets that were consuming solid food with newly weaned piglets. Six litters of piglets did not receive solid food until weaning. In each litter four piglets (3 plus 1 spare) were weaned at 21 days of age and housed together for 7 days and offered one of two foods (3 litters per food). At 28 days of age the remaining piglets were weaned and four pairs of piglets were formed, such that there were three experienced animals paired with three inexperienced observers, each pair having visual contact and varying degrees of physical contact (1: none, 2: through wire mesh, 3: housed together), and a pair of inexperienced piglets (4: housed together) to act as controls. Food intake and weight gain were recorded over a period of 7 days. There was no effect of food type on food intake or live-weight gain of the pairs but the inexperienced pigs had higher gains on food 1 than food 2. The inexperienced pairs ate less food than the other pairs and the experienced/observer pairs that were housed together had the greatest weight gain. The level of variation between piglets was such that there were no significant effects of pairing treatment on the weight gain of the inexperienced animals. Total time spent feeding increased with time from pair formation. The number of simultaneous feeding events was higher for the experienced/observer pairs housed together than for the inexperienced pairs. This experiment has indicated that food intake is stimulated when an inexperienced piglet is housed with an experienced piglet and, with further work, this could be exploited to alleviate the weaning check.
Comparison of breast-milk iodine concentration of lactating women in Australia pre and post mandatory iodine fortification
Authors: Huynh Dao , Condo Dominique , Gibson Robert , Makrides Maria , Muhlhausler Beverly , Zhou Shao Jia 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the breast-milk iodine concentrations (BMIC) of lactating women before and after the mandatory iodine fortification of bread in Australia in 2009.DesignCross-sectional study. Breast milk samples were collected from two cohorts of women in South Australia within 7 d of delivery to determine BMIC. The percentage of samples with iodine concentration below 100 µg/l, a level considered adequate for breast-fed infants, was calculated. Sociodemographic information and intake of dietary supplements were obtained from all women.SettingThe breast milk samples were collected between 2006 and 2007 in the pre-fortification cohort and between 2012 and 2013 in the post-fortification cohort.ResultsThe median (interquartile range) BMIC was higher in the post-fortification samples compared with samples collected in the pre-fortification period (187 (130–276)v.103 (73–156) µg/l;P<0·05). Overall, the percentage of women with BMIC <100 µg/l was lower in the post-fortification cohort than in the pre-fortification cohort (13v.49 %;P<0·01). The percentage of women with BMIC <100 µg/l in the post-fortification cohort was lower among women who took iodine supplements in pregnancy (12v. 29 %;P<0·01).ConclusionsMandatory iodine fortification of bread has resulted in an increase in the iodine content of breast milk in Australian women. However, iodine supplementation may still be required in some women post-iodine fortification to reach the level of BMIC that is considered adequate to meet the iodine requirement of full-term infants.
Latino parents’ perceptions of the eating and physical activity experiences of their pre-school children at home and at family child-care homes: a qualitative study
Authors: Lindsay Ana C , Greaney Mary L , Wallington Sherrie F , Sands Faith D , Wright Julie A , Salkeld Judith 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveResearch indicates that healthful eating and physical activity (PA) practices implemented in child-care settings can have a positive effect on children’s healthful behaviours in this setting, and this effect on healthful behaviours may possibly transfer to the home environment. While more research is needed to examine whether behaviours learned in family child-care homes (FCCH) transfer, the potential for transferability is especially important given that Latino children’s home environment has been characterized by obesogenic parenting practices. We aimed to examine Latino parents’ perceptions of their pre-school children’s eating and PA experiences at home and at FCCH.DesignQualitative study. Six focus groups were conducted in Spanish (n36). Transcripts were analysed using thematic analysis to identify key concepts and themes.ResultsAnalyses revealed that Latino parents perceive their children have healthier eating and PA experiences at FCCH than at home. Parents attributed this to FCCH providers providing an environment conducive to healthful eating and PA due to providers having more knowledge and skills, time and resources, and being required to follow rules and regulations set by the state that promote healthful eating and PA.ConclusionsUnderstanding parental perceptions, attitudes and practices related to establishing and maintaining an environment conducive to children’s healthful eating and PA at home and at the FCCH is essential for the design of successful interventions to promote children’s healthful behaviours in these two settings. Given that parents perceive their children as having more healthful behaviours while at FCCH, interventions that address both settings jointly may be most effective than those addressing only one environment by itself.
Observations on the Tables of the Mortality Experience of the Scottish Amicable Society from 1826 to 1860
Authors: Spens William 
Published: August 2016

As stated in the introduction to the Tables, they relate to 10,255 persons, as under—And they embrace the experience of the first thirty-four years of the Society—reckoning, as was found most suitable, the first year's experience as the experience of the persons entering in the first year for one year from their respective entries, and so on. In this way it will be found that the experience does not include any of the persons entering in 1860, and none of the deaths in 1860 of persons who had been assured for more than a year from the time of payment of their annual premium in 1859. These deaths, and the entries of 1860, fall, according to the principle adopted, to be included in the experience of the thirty-fifth year of the Society.
Remarks upon the present state of Information relating to the Laws of Sickness and Mortality, as exemplified in the Tables of Contributions, &c. used by Friendly Societies
Authors: Tompkins H. 
Published: August 2016

One of the most important problems of social statistics, after the questions of food and labour, is to determine the ratio of mortality and sickness.The general mortality having been a subject of investigation during a long period, and the collection of facts and deductions therefrom being essential to the operations of the various respectable and long-established Assurance Companies, has at length been determined with sufficient exactness.
On the Mortality arising from Naval Operations
Authors: Hodge William Barwick 
Published: August 2016

To ascertain with precision the loss of life occasioned by war is an object of so much importance in every point of view, whether national or social, that whatever apology may be required for the manner in which the present subject is treated, none can be necessary for bringing it forward.That so little should have been done towards the elucidation of the question, is no doubt partly attributable to the difficulty of obtaining accurate information with respect to it, but in a greater degree, perhaps, to the reluctance to dwell upon it felt by the public.
A Budget of Paradoxes (Continued from page 188)
Authors: De Morgan A. 
Published: August 2016

In 1842-43 a Mr. Henson had proposed what he called an aeronaut steam-engine, and a Bill was brought in to incorporate an “Aerial Transit Company.” The present plan is altogether different, the moving power being the explosion of mixed hydrogen and air. Nothing came of it—not even a Bill. What the final destiny of the balloon may be no one knows: it may reasonably be suspected that difficulties will at last be overcome. Darwin, in his Botanic Garden (1781), has the following prophecy:—“Soon shall thy arm, unconquered Steam! afarDrag the slow barge, or drive the rapid car;Or, on wide-waving wings expanded, bearThe flying chariot through the fields of air.”Darwin's contemporaries, no doubt, smiled pity on the poor man. It is worth note that the two true prophecies have been fulfilled in a sense different from that of the predictions. Darwin was thinking of the suggestion of Jonathan Hulls, when he spoke of dragging the slow barge: it is only very recently that the steam-tug has been employed on the canals. The car was to be driven, not drawn, and on the common roads. Perhaps, the flying chariot will be something of a character which we cannot imagine, even with the two prophecies and their fulfilments to help us.
On the Distribution of Profits in Mutual Insurance Societies
Authors: Pell  
Published: August 2016

There is no part of the subject of Life Insurance which has occasioned so much difficulty, and given rise to so much diversity of opinion and of practice, as that of the distribution of profits. The methods which have been adopted are very various, and very few of them seem founded upon any intelligible principle.Many attempts have been made of late years to form an exact theory on this subject, and to deduce systematic rules; but it cannot, I think, be yet said that there is any method which is generally recognised as theoretically correct, and capable of application in all cases.
On the effects of Migrations in disturbing Local Rates of Mortality, as exemplified in the Statistics of London and the surrounding country, for the Years 1851–1860
Authors: Welton Thomas A. 
Published: August 2016

I propose in this paper to deal with a question which has an important bearing upon those calculations as to deathrates, which are now so widely circulated and so generally felt to possess interest.It has occurred to the Registrar-General, and, as I believe, to other inquirers, to remark that the mortality happening in London is diminished, “because domestic servants, shopwomen and milliners, “who have come from the country, retire when health fails them “to their native air.”
Microfibres and macroscopic films from the coordination-driven hierarchical self-assembly of cylindrical micelles
Authors: Lunn David J. , Gould Oliver E. C. , Whittell George R. , Armstrong Daniel P. , Mineart Kenneth P. , Winnik Mitchell A. , Spontak Richard J. , Pringle Paul G. , Manners Ian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAnisotropic nanoparticles prepared from block copolymers are of growing importance as building blocks for the creation of synthetic hierarchical materials. However, the assembly of these structural units is generally limited to the use of amphiphilic interactions. Here we report a simple, reversible coordination-driven hierarchical self-assembly strategy for the preparation of micron-scale fibres and macroscopic films based on monodisperse cylindrical block copolymer micelles. Coordination of Pd(0) metal centres to phosphine ligands immobilized within the soluble coronas of block copolymer micelles is found to induce intermicelle crosslinking, affording stable linear fibres comprised of micelle subunits in a staggered arrangement. The mean length of the fibres can be varied by altering the micelle concentration, reaction stoichiometry or aspect ratio of the micelle building blocks. Furthermore, the fibres aggregate on drying to form robust, self-supporting macroscopic micelle-based thin films with useful mechanical properties that are analogous to crosslinked polymer networks, but on a longer length scale.
Genome-wide association study identifies 14 novel risk alleles associated with basal cell carcinoma
Authors: Chahal Harvind S. , Wu Wenting , Ransohoff Katherine J. , Yang Lingyao , Hedlin Haley , Desai Manisha , Lin Yuan , Dai Hong-Ji , Qureshi Abrar A. , Li Wen-Qing , Kraft Peter , Hinds David A. , Tang Jean Y. , Han Jiali , Sarin Kavita Y. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBasal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common cancer worldwide with an annual incidence of 2.8 million cases in the United States alone. Previous studies have demonstrated an association between 21 distinct genetic loci and BCC risk. Here, we report the results of a two-stage genome-wide association study of BCC, totalling 17,187 cases and 287,054 controls. We confirm 17 previously reported loci and identify 14 new susceptibility loci reaching genome-wide significance (P<5 × 10−8, logistic regression). These newly associated SNPs lie within predicted keratinocyte regulatory elements and in expression quantitative trait loci; furthermore, we identify candidate genes and non-coding RNAs involved in telomere maintenance, immune regulation and tumour progression, providing deeper insight into the pathogenesis of BCC.
A comparison of zircon U-Pb age results of the Red Clay sequence on the central Chinese Loess Plateau
Authors: Gong Hujun , Nie Junsheng , Wang Zhao , Peng Wenbin , Zhang Rui , Zhang Yunxiang 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSingle grain zircon U-Pb geochronology has demonstrated great potentials in extracting tectonic and atmospheric circulation signal carried by aeolian, fluvial, and fluviolacustrine sediments. A routine in this sort of studies is analyzing 100–150 grains and then compares zircon U-Pb age spectra between the measured sample and the potential sources. Here we compared the zircon U-Pb age results of the late Miocene-Pliocene Red Clay sequence of two neighboring sites from the Chinese Loess Plateau where similar provenance signal is expected. Although the results from the 5.5 Ma sediment support this prediction, the results from the 3 Ma sediment at these two sites differ from each other significantly. These results emphasize the importance of increasing analysis number per sample and combining the zircon U-Pb geochronology with other provenance tools in order to get reliable provenance information.
Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress May Play a Pivotal Role in Lipid Metabolic Disorders in a Novel Mouse Model of Subclinical Hypothyroidism
Authors: Zhou Lingyan , Ding Shuyan , Li Yujie , Wang Laicheng , Chen Wenbin , Bo Tao , Wu Kunpeng , Li Congcong , Liu Xiaojing , Zhao Jiajun , Xu Chao , Gao Ling 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSubclinical hypothyroidism (SCH) is becoming a global health problem due to its increasing prevalence and potential deleterious effects. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying the lipid metabolic disorders in SCH have not been fully clarified. Additionally, progress in elucidating the exact pathogenesis of SCH has been hampered by the lack of optimized mouse models. Methimazole (MMI) was applied to construct a noninvasive SCH mouse model. Eight-week-old C57BL/6 mice were administrated MMI through the drinking water. After 12 weeks, the MMI-treated mice showed the diagnostic criteria for SCH: increased serum thyrotropin (TSH) levels with constant thyroid hormone levels that persisted for approximately 8 weeks. Notably, SCH mice presented evident lipid metabolic disturbances, including dyslipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation. Further analysis showed that hepatic endoplasmic reticulum stress (ER stress) was induced in the SCH mice or by the elevation of TSH in vitro, likely via the IRE1α/XBP-1 pathway. Interestingly, when we used 4-phenyl butyric acid to repress ER stress in SCH mice for 4 weeks, dyslipidemia and hepatic lipid accumulation were both significantly alleviated. Our findings indicate that an optimized SCH mouse model could be established using MMI and ER stress may play a pivotal role in the lipid metabolic abnormalities in SCH.