bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reconstruction of the extinct Ezo wolf's diet
Authors: Matsubayashi J. , Ohta T. , Takahashi O. , Tayasu I. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractOn Hokkaido, Japan, the Ezo wolfCanis lupus hattai, an apex predator, became extinct at the end of the 19th century owing to human activities. Top predators often have an important role in their ecosystems, yet we have no scientific information on the feeding habits of the Ezo wolf. We performed carbon and nitrogen stable isotope analysis and radiocarbon dating of specimens of the wolf (n = 7) and its prey species and estimated the components of the wolves’ diet using an isotope mixing model. Radiocarbon dating suggested that most of the wolves examined came from different populations or generations. The mean stable isotope ratios of the wolves were −19.5 ‰ (±1.9 ‰sd) forδ13C and 8.7 ‰ (±2.6 ‰sd) forδ15N. The discrimination‐corrected isotopic ratios of five of the seven wolves were almost the same as those of Sika deer at the same sites. In contrast, those of two wolves had clearly higher isotopic values than those of deer, suggesting that these wolves depended partly on marine prey such as salmon and marine mammals. Thus, Ezo wolves had similar ecological roles to Canadian grey wolves, and were a second subspecies shown to have fed on a marine diet, in addition to the ‘coastal wolves’ of British Columbia.
The genus Anthopsis and its phylogenetic position in Chaetothyriales
Authors: Moussa Tarek A. A. , Gerrits van den Ende Bert H. G. , Al Zahrani Hassan S. , Kadasa Naif M. S. , de Hoog Sybren G. , Dolatabadi Somayeh 
Published: January 2017

SummaryThe genus Anthopsis was introduced for a black fungus with peculiar, inverted phialides and triangular conidia. The genus accommodates, in addition to the type species Anthopsis deltoidea, which once was reported as a cause of human phaeohyphomycosis, two further taxa: A. catenata and A. microspora. Current taxonomy is mainly based on microscopic structures of phialides. To assess the phylogenetic position of the genus, sequences of the internal transcribed spacer region and partial LSU rDNA were obtained for Anthopsis spp. and compared with sequences from public databases. Phylogenetic analyses based on both loci were used to assess the evolutionary relationships of Anthopsis spp. at the family and ordinal levels. Anthopsis s.str. was found to cluster in Chaetothyriales, while A. catenata proved to be of helotialean affinity. Thermotolerance and morphology of each species were recorded.
Detection of neonatal unit clusters of Candida parapsilosis fungaemia by microsatellite genotyping: Results from laboratory‐based sentinel surveillance, South Africa, 2009‐2010
Authors: Magobo Rindidzani E. , Naicker Serisha D. , Wadula Jeannette , Nchabeleng Maphoshane , Coovadia Yacoob , Hoosen Anwar , Lockhart Shawn R. , Govender Nelesh P. ,   the TRAC‐South Africa group
Published: January 2017

SummaryNeonatal candidaemia is a common, deadly and costly hospital‐associated disease. To determine the genetic diversity of Candida parapsilosis causing fungaemia in South African neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). From February 2009 through to August 2010, cases of candidaemia were reported through laboratory‐based surveillance. C. parapsilosis isolates from neonatal cases were submitted for identification by internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region sequencing, antifungal susceptibility testing and microsatellite genotyping. Cluster analysis was performed using Unweighted Pair Group Method with Arithmetic Mean (UPGMA). Of 1671 cases with a viable Candida isolate, 393 (24%) occurred among neonates. Isolates from 143 neonatal cases were confirmed as C. parapsilosis sensu stricto. Many isolates were resistant to fluconazole (77/143; 54%) and voriconazole (20/143; 14%). Of 79 closely‐related genotypes, 18 were represented by ≥2 isolates; 61 genotypes had a single isolate each. Seven clusters, comprised of 82 isolates, were identified at five hospitals in three provinces. Isolates belonging to certain clusters were significantly more likely to be fluconazole resistant: all cluster 7 isolates and the majority of cluster 4 (78%), 5 (89%) and 6 (67%) isolates (P<.001). Candida parapsilosis‐associated candidaemia in public‐sector NICUs was caused by closely related genotypes and there was molecular evidence of undetected outbreaks as well as intra‐hospital transmission.
The effect of potassium diclofenac and dexamethasone on MMP‐1 gene transcript levels during experimental tooth movement in rats
Authors: Molina Da Silva G. P. , Tanaka O. M. , Campos Navarro D. F. , Repeke C. E. , Garlet G. P. , Guariza‐Filho O. , Trevilatto P. C. 
Published: January 2017

Structured AbstractObjectivesThe aim of this study was to analyze MMP‐1 transcript levels in periodontal tissues of rats that underwent orthodontic treatment using potassium diclofenac and dexamethasone at different stages of tooth movement.Setting and Sample PopulationThe sample comprised of ninety male Wistar rats.Material and MethodsA closed nickel‐titanium coil spring was used to apply a force of 50 cN to move the maxillary right first molars mesially. One group received daily doses of 0.9% saline solution, the second group received daily doses of 5 mg/kg potassium diclofenac, and the third group received daily doses of 0.5 mg/kg dexamethasone. Tooth movement was observed on days 0, 1, 3, 7, and 14. MMP‐1 transcript levels were evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction and the results were compared between groups by three‐way ANOVA, with a significance level of 0.05.ResultsTranscript levels increased in groups that received the coil spring treatment on all days of the experiment. MMP‐1 expression was found to be decreased in groups treated with potassium diclofenac and dexamethasone compared to that in the control group, on days 1, 3, 5, and 7.ConclusionsThe application of orthodontic forces significantly increased MMP‐1 transcript levels. The use of anti‐inflammatory drugs may have an inhibitory effect on MMP‐1 expression.
Effects of Antegrade Accessory Pathway Conduction on QRS Terminal Vector in Patients with Preexcitation Syndrome
Authors: LIU RENGUANG , CHEN QI , CHEN YANG , ZHANG YINGJIE , XU ZHAOLONG , WANG GAOPIN 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundVentricle preexcitation through accessory pathway changes QRS initial vector, and manifests as delta wave on electrocardiogram (ECG). However, QRS terminal vector can also be affected.MethodsA total of 158 patients who had single accessory pathway (AP) with antegrade conduction capacity were included and divided into two groups according to the ECG with or without delta wave. Note that 150 patients had delta wave (overt AP group) on ECG; classical preexcitation syndrome was diagnosed before radiofrequency ablation. Eight patients had no delta wave on ECG (unapparent AP group); preexcitation was induced by transesophageal atrial pacing. ECGs and intracardiac electrogram (IEGM) before and after ablation and during atrioventricular reentrant tachycardia were analyzed.Results(1) In the overt AP group: QRS terminal vector amplitude and polarity changes were observed in all the 150 patients, and were related to AP location and delta wave polarity. (2) In the unapparent AP group: QRS terminal vector changes were found in two out of eight patients, and the initial activation of ventricle myocardium via AP on IEGM was almost simultaneous with the onset of QRS complex on ECG.ConclusionsIt is not only the QRS initial vector, but also the QRS terminal vector that can be changed by the antegrade accessory pathway conduction in patients with preexcitation syndrome. The change of QRS terminal vector is valuable for the diagnosis of atypical preexcitation.
Evaluating the efficacy of seasonal grazing and livestock exclusion as restoration tools for birds in riparian habitat of the Okanagan Valley, British Columbia, Canada
Authors: Forrester Timothy R. , Green David J. , McKibbin René , Bishop Christine A. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRiparian habitat supports the highest density and diversity of songbirds in Western North America despite covering less than 1% of the land area. Widespread destruction and degradation of riparian habitat, especially by livestock grazing, has led to habitat restoration efforts. In 2000, restoration activities in the form of permanent and seasonal exclusion of livestock from riparian areas were initiated to improve habitat for the endangered Western Yellow‐breasted Chat (Icteria virens auricollis) population, which is dependent on early successional shrub habitat for nesting, in the Okanagan Valley of British Columbia, Canada. We assessed the effectiveness of livestock exclusion by examining temporal changes in the abundance, richness, and breeding performance of birds in restoration and reference sites. The abundance of W. Yellow‐breasted Chats significantly increased between 2002 and 2013 in areas where restoration activities occurred. However, restoration did not have significant effects on the abundance, richness, or breeding performance of other riparian birds at the restoration sites independent of temporal changes that occurred at reference sites. Our results provide evidence that limiting livestock grazing in temperate riparian areas can lead to recovery of endangered riparian songbirds that rely on early successional shrub habitat but may have limited effects on common species that are not strictly reliant on this habitat.
Fifteen Years after the Bellingham ISSRM: An Empirical Evaluation of Frederick Buttel's Differentiating Criteria for Environmental and Resource Sociology
Authors: Qin Hua , Bent Elizabeth , Brock Caroline , Dguidegue Yassine , Achuff Elizabeth , Hatcher Meghan , Ojewola Ojetunde 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe sociology of natural resources and the environment constitutes a major field of inquiry in the research on human–environmental interactions. A constructive debate and dialogue on the relationships between environmental sociology (ES) and the sociology of natural resources (SNR) began at the 2000 International Symposium on Society and Resource Management (ISSRM) in Bellingham, Washington. Frederick Buttel argued that the two subdisciplines had different subject matters, levels of analysis, spatial focuses, theoretical orientations, policy relevance, and interdisciplinary commitments. These distinctive tendencies have been widely accepted in environmental and natural resource social science but have not been systematically analyzed. The primary objective of this research is to conduct an empirical test of Buttel's differentiating criteria through a systematic review of sample American sociological journal articles published in 2000 and 2014. The multivalue qualitative comparative analysis revealed that there was no clear‐cut divide between the two subfields regarding the combinations of empirical research characteristics, while the general tendencies within both of them became more diverse over time. The overall lack of empirical research evidence for rigid ES–SNR distinctions also indicates that there is more potential than typically realized to build an integrative environmental and resource sociology in the American context and beyond.
Does Institutional Linkage of Bank‐MFI Foster Inclusive Financial Development Even in the Presence of MFI Frauds?
Authors: Ho Shirley J. , Mallick Sushanta K. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractGrowing reports indicate the presence of frauds in microfinance institutions (MFIs), as it can occur in any organization in countries where there are weak institutions, weak rule of law, and fraudulent behavior of MFI officers for personal gain. While there are increasing calls to launch financial governance of these NGO MFIs, there are concerns as to whether frauds of this nature can damage MFIs’ contributions to the credit market, particularly in the bank‐linkage program where the NGO MFIs act as third party intermediary. The purpose of this study was to analyze the collusion decisions faced by MFIs and their impact on the bank‐linkage program, which has been offered as a solution to help overcome adverse selection and moral hazard problems in the credit market by harnessing local information via MFIs. Our results show that even when there is a chance of collusion between MFI and the borrower, the linkage between MFI and bank can still increase the probability that the borrower puts in full effort, and therefore decreases the probabilities of both credit rationing and strategic default. Such linkage in financing viable projects can make micro‐financing more effective in achieving inclusive financial development and thereby poverty reduction in rural areas.
Resolving evolutionary relationships in closely related nonmodel organisms: a case study using chromosomally distinct members of a black fly species complex
Authors: CONFLITTI IDA M. , SHIELDS GERALD F. , MURPHY ROBERT W. , CURRIE DOUGLAS C. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCoalescent‐based analyses have been recommended for species delimitation and tree reconstruction. Yet, despite recent advances in molecular methods, acquiring sufficient genetic data often precludes coalescent‐based analyses in nonmodel organisms. We show that these methods are accessible to questions in nonmodel systems. Specifically, we use coalescent‐based analyses to investigate evolutionary independence and relationships among chromosomally distinct members (sibling species) of a black fly (Diptera: Simuliidae) species complex. Our dataset consists of nuclear DNA (nuDNA) and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) markers – the former developed using the black fly transcriptome and available genomes from model relatives. We show that individual gene trees exhibit considerable discordance among one another and reveal little about potential species limits. Consistent species tree topologies are obtained from analyses of nuDNA, both with and without the inclusion of mtDNA data. Nodes on the tree receive robust support with the addition of mtDNA. Coalescent‐based species validation approaches recognize all sibling species. However, unlike species tree analyses, the addition of mtDNA data does not improve or alter the results. Thus, analyses of nuDNA alone can validate sibling species. Contrary to these results, population genetic patterns of neutral diversity, within‐locus recombination, and linkage disequilibrium suggest that sibling species represent a single species with high levels of nucleotide polymorphism, large effective population sizes, and extensive gene flow. Demographic patterns inferred from neutrality tests integrate seemingly disparate results by showing signatures of gene flow among structured populations that are expanding in size. Thus, admixture associated with geographic range expansions may be assimilating sibling species into a single genetic lineage.
Identification of a 10/10 matched donor for patients with an uncommon haplotype is unlikely
Authors: Olson J. A. , Gibbens Y. , Tram K. , Kempenich J. , Novakovich J. , Buck K. , Dehn J. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundDespite over 6 million subjects contributing to the National Marrow Donor Program human leukocyte antigen (HLA) haplotype frequency reference data (HFD), haplotypes cannot be predicted from the HLA assignments of some patients searching for an unrelated donor (URD) in the Be The Match Registry®. We aimed to determine the incidence of these patient searches and whether haplotypes lacking from the HFD can be found among the low‐resolution typed URD pool.Materials and MethodsNew NMDP searches with uncommon patient haplotypes (UPH), defined as a lack of haplotype pairs in any single ethnic group in the HFD based upon HLA‐A˜C˜B˜DRB1˜DQB1, were identified. Each search had up to 20 potential 10/10 or 8/8 URDs typed to determine the likelihood of an allele match.ResultsThe incidence of patient searches without haplotype pairs in a single ethnic group in the HFD was 1.2% (N=144 out of 12,172) and a majority of these patients (117; 81%) had one uncommon haplotype previously uncharacterized in the HFD. Non‐White patients had the highest incidence of UPH. Importantly, no patients with UPH had a 10/10 URD identified. The transplant rate among UPH patients was 15%, and a majority of these patients utilized cord blood units as their transplant stem cell source.ConclusionTherefore, the HLA HFD that informs the HapLogic matching algorithm is thorough as UPH patient searches were infrequent. Since such patients are highly unlikely to have a fully 10/10 matched URD identified, this study supports the identification of alternative stem cell sources including cord blood or a mismatched URD early in the search process.
Combining one‐step Sanger sequencing with phasing probe hybridization for HLA class I typing yields rapid, G‐group resolution predicting 99% of unique full length protein sequences
Authors: Tu Bin , Masaberg Carly , Hou Lihua , Behm Daniel , Brescia Peter , Cha Nuri , Kariyawasam Kanthi , Lee Jar How , Nong Thoa , Sells John , Tausch Paul , Yang Ruyan , Ng Jennifer , Hurley Carolyn Katovich 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundSanger‐based DNA sequencing of exons 2+3 of HLA class I alleles from a heterozygote frequently results in two or more alternative genotypes. This study was undertaken to reduce the time and effort required to produce a single high resolution HLA genotype.Materials and methodsSamples were typed in parallel by Sanger sequencing and oligonucleotide probe hybridization. This workflow, together with optimization of analysis software, was tested and refined during the typing of over 42,000 volunteers for an unrelated hematopoietic progenitor cell donor registry. Next generation DNA sequencing (NGS) was applied to over 1000 of these samples to identify the alleles present within the G group designations.ResultsSingle genotypes at G level resolution were obtained for over 95% of the loci without additional assays. The vast majority of alleles identified (>99%) were the primary allele giving the G groups their name. Only 0.7% of the alleles identified encoded protein variants that were not detected by a focus on the antigen recognition domain (ARD)‐encoding exons.ConclusionOur combined method routinely provides biologically relevant typing resolution at the level of the ARD. It can be applied to both single samples or to large volume typing supporting either bone marrow or solid organ transplantation using technologies currently available in many HLA laboratories.
Patient engagement in HIV care and treatment in Zambia, 2004–2014
Authors: Chung Neo Christopher , Bolton‐Moore Carolyn , Chilengi Roma , Kasaro Margaret P. , Stringer Jeffrey S. A. , Chi Benjamin H. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo describe engagement along the HIV continuum of care using a large network of clinics in Zambia.MethodsWe employed a practical framework to describe retention along the HIV treatment cascade, using routinely collected clinical data available in resource‐constrained settings. We included health facilities in four Zambian provinces with more than 300 enrolled patients over the age of 5 years. We described attrition at each step, from HIV enrolment to 720 days after ART initiation. The population was further stratified by year of enrolment to describe temporal trends in patient engagement.ResultsFrom January 2004 to December 2014, 444 439 individuals over the age of 5 years sought HIV care at 75 eligible health facilities. Among those enrolled into HIV care, 82.1% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 79.4–84.5%) were fully assessed for ART eligibility within 180 days of enrolment and 63.6% (95% CI: 61.7–65.3) were found to be eligible for ART based on the HIV treatment guidelines at the time. Of those patients eligible for ART, 81.1% (95% CI: 79.5–82.7%) initiated ART within 180 days. Patient retention in ART programme was 81.2% (95% CI: 80.4–81.9%) at 90 days, 70.0% (95% CI: 68.7–71.2%) at 360 days and 61.6% (95% CI: 60.0–63.2%) at 720 days. We noted a steady decline in proportions assessed for ART eligibility and deemed eligible for ART in the time frame. Proportions that started ART and remained in care remained relatively consistent.ConclusionWe describe a simple approach for assessing patient engagement after enrolment into HIV care. Using limited types of data routinely available, we demonstrate an important and replicable approach to monitoring programmes in resource‐constrained settings.
Immunogenicity of hepatic differentiated human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells promoted by porcine decellularized liver scaffolds
Authors: Li Yi , Wu Qiong , Wang Yujia , Li Li , Chen Fei , Shi Yujun , Bu Hong , Bao Ji 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCell‐based approaches, including hepatocyte transplantation and tissue‐engineered livers, offer promising alternatives and are expected to help support patients with liver diseases until liver transplantation or recovery via regeneration of the damaged liver. However, the success of cell therapies remains dependent on how well the cells are accepted after transplantation and is directly related to their degree of immunogenicity. In this study, hepatic differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hUC‐MSCs) was induced in the traditional monolayer (2D) culture and newly established three‐dimensional (3D) aggregation culture with the porcine decellularized liver scaffold (DLS) system (3D‐DLS). We investigated the immunogenicity of these hepatocyte‐like cells in vitro. We found that monolayer hepatic differentiated hUC‐MSCs expressed higher levels of human leukocyte antigen‐DR (HLA‐DR) (P<.05) and lost the ability to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation (P<.05), in association with a lower level of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) (P<.05) and a higher level of interferon‐γ (IFN‐γ) (P<.05) secretion, compared to undifferentiated hUC‐MSCs. The hepatocyte‐like cells differentiated in the 3D‐DLS system did not show an elevation of MHC‐II (P>.05), or cause obvious lymphocytes proliferation, and demonstrated more PGE2 (P<.05) and less IFN‐γ (P<.05) secretion. Hepatocyte‐like cells in the 3D‐DLS system presented a lower immunogenic phenotype than the 2D culture in vitro. Hepatocyte‐like cells in 3D‐DLS system also performed a higher immunosuppressive capacity than 2D culture.
L’AFFAIRE DU DIFFÉREND TERRITORIAL ET MARITIME ENTRE LE NICARAGUA ET LA COLOMBIE: CERTAINES QUESTIONS CONCERNANT LA SOUVERAINETÉ TERRITORIALE ET LA DÉLIMITATION MARITIME
Authors: Gómez-Pulisich Facundo M. 
Published: January 2017

<p>La presente contribución tiene como principal objetivo proponer un análisis detallado de ciertas cuestiones jurídicas tratadas por la Corte Internacional de Justicia (CIJ) en las dos principales sentencias concernientes al Diferendo territorial y marítimo entre Nicaragua y Colombia, emitidas el 13 de diciembre de 2007 y el 19 de noviembre de 2012 sobre las excepciones preliminares y el fondo, respectivamente. Estas dos decisiones revisten una importancia particular, debido principalmente al efecto que ellas tuvieron sobre el comportamiento adoptado por cada uno de los Estados partes en el litigio, una vez que la decisión sobre el fondo fue adoptada. El presente artículo está dividido en dos partes. En la primera parte, el recorrido seguido por el Tratado de 1928 y su Protocolo de 1930, en su condición de títulos jurídicos, atraerá nuestra atención. En efecto, en primer lugar, se trata la pertinencia del análisis sobre la validez de estos instrumentos, para luego concentrar la atención sobre la interpretación jurídica que la CIJ les ha dado. En la segunda parte, presentamos ciertas reflexiones sobre la delimitación marítima. Primero, serán examinados los argumentos presentados por la Corte para justificar su decisión de no tratar la segunda demanda presentada por Nicaragua. En segundo lugar, analizaremos tanto el método de delimitación marítima identificado como su aplicación.</p>