bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Herbivory facilitates growth of a key reef‐building Caribbean coral
Authors: Suchley Adam , Alvarez‐Filip Lorenzo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe decline of reef‐building corals in conjunction with shifts to short‐lived opportunistic species has prompted concerns that Caribbean reef framework‐building capacity has substantially diminished. Restoring herbivore populations may be a potential driver of coral recovery; however, the impact of herbivores on coral calcification has been little studied. We performed an exclusion experiment to evaluate the impact of herbivory on Orbicella faveolata coral growth over 14 months. The experiment consisted of three treatments: full exclusion cages; half cage procedural controls; and uncaged control plates, each with small O. faveolata colonies. We found that herbivorous fish exclusion had a substantial impact on both macroalgal cover and coral growth. Fleshy macroalgae reached 50% cover within some exclusion cages, but were almost absent from uncaged control plates. Critically, O. faveolata calcification rates were suppressed by almost half within exclusion cages, with monthly coral growth negatively related to overgrowth by fleshy macroalgae. These findings highlight the importance of herbivorous fishes for coral growth and the detrimental impact of macroalgal proliferation in the Caribbean. Policy makers and local managers should consider measures to protect herbivorous fishes and reduce macroalgal proliferation to enable coral communities to continue to grow and function.
International and product diversification: Which strategy suits family managers?
Authors: Stadler Christian , Mayer Michael C. J. , Hautz Julia , Matzler Kurt 
Published: November 2017

Research Summary: This article explores the impact of family and professional managers on performance and how this relationship is affected by international and product diversification. Using a dataset of 262 German firms from 2000 to 2009, we find that an increasing proportion of family managers on the management board is associated with higher performance. This relationship is negatively moderated by higher levels of international diversification but reinforced by increased product diversification due to differences in the human and social capital between family and professional managers. Firms with a significant presence of family members on the top management team (TMT) face a choice of either adopting a corporate strategy that runs counter to “globalfocusing” or adjusting the balance of family and professional managers in the TMT.Managerial Summary: Deciding the extent of family involvement on the executive team is a key strategic decision. While our research supports the general proposition that family managers will enhance performance, we show they do not have the same positive impact in all situations. More precisely, we show that family managers are more suited to lead diversification than internationalization. If a family firm wants to go international, it is sensible to increase the proportion of professional managers on the executive team. Diversifying into new product markets, however, does not require outside expertise commonly associated with professional managers.
Bambusuril Anion Receptors
Authors: Lizal Tomas , Sindelar Vladimir 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBambusurils are macrocyclic compounds whose synthesis was first reported in 2010. Since then bambusurils have been investigated mainly because of its six‐membered homologues’ outstanding binding affinities towards inorganic anions in both organic solvents and water. Here we summarize the most important aspects of bambusuril chemistry. Basic characteristics of bambusurils are presented, followed by details of their synthesis, and a discussion of their supramolecular properties, with an emphasis on binding in water. Potential applications of bambusurils are highlighted at the end of the review.
Current or recent smoking is associated with more variable telomere length in prostate stromal cells and prostate cancer cells
Authors: Joshu Corinne E. , Peskoe Sarah B , Heaphy Christopher M. , Kenfield Stacey A. , Mucci Lorelei A. , Giovannucci Edward L. , Stampfer Meir J. , Yoon Ghilsuk , Lee Thomas K. , Hicks Jessica L. , De Marzo Angelo M. , Meeker Alan K. , Platz Elizabeth A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBackgroundCurrent and recent smoking have been associated with a greater risk of prostate cancer recurrence and mortality, though the underlying mechanism is unknown.MethodsTo determine if telomere shortening, which has been associated with poor outcomes, may be a potential underlying mechanism, we prospectively evaluated the association between smoking status and telomere length in 567 participants in the Health Professionals Follow‐up Study, who were surgically treated for prostate cancer. Using tissue microarrays (TMA), we measured telomere length in cancer and benign tissue, specifically stromal cells in the same TMA spot using a telomere‐specific fluorescence in situ hybridization assay. Smoking status was collected via questionnaire 2‐years before diagnosis. Adjusting for age, pathologic stage and grade, the median and standard deviation of the per‐cell telomere signals were determined for each man for stromal cells and cancer cells by smoking categories. In sub‐analyses, we restricted to men without major co‐morbidities diagnosed before prostate cancer.ResultsOverall, there were no associations between smoking status and telomere length or variability in stromal cells or cancer cells. However, among men without comorbidities, current smokers and former smokers who quit <10 years ago had the most variable telomere length in stromal cells (29.3% more variable than never smokers; P‐trend = 0.0005) and in cancer cells (27.7% more variable than never smokers; P‐trend = 0.05). Among men without comorbidities, mean telomere length did not differ by smoking status in stromal cells or cancer cells.ConclusionTelomere variability in prostate cells may be one mechanism through which smoking influences poor prostate cancer outcomes.
Chemical metabolome assay by high‐resolution Orbitrap mass spectrometry and assessment of associated antitumoral activity of Actinocephalus divaricatus
Authors: Zanatta Ana C. , Mari Angela , Masullo Milena , Zeppone Carlos Iracilda , Vilegas Wagner , Piacente Sonia , Campaner dos Santos Lourdes 
Published: November 2017

RationaleActinocephalus divaricatus (Eriocaulaceae) is an important source of income for rural communities as it is sold as an ornamental plant. To date, no investigation has been conducted concerning the chemical composition and biological studies of the aerial parts of A. divaricatus.MethodsThe methanolic extract of the aerial parts of this species was chemically characterized. We applied an analytical dereplication approach based on Liquid Chromatography coupled to High‐Resolution Orbitrap Mass Spectrometry in order to develop, identify and define rapidly the metabolite fingerprint of the aerial parts of A. divaricatus. Biological in vitro antitumor tests were undertaken using breast and lung cell lines of mice and humans.ResultsHigh‐Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS) allowed the fast determination of 30 compounds, which comprised three different classes of compounds: naphthopyranones, flavonoids and saponins. Chromatographic fractionation of the crude methanolic extract validated these results, since it led to the isolation of compounds belonging to the aforementioned classes of compounds, including new acyl glycosylated flavonoids (6‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxyquercetin‐3‐O‐(2"‐O‐acetyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside and 6‐hydroxy‐7‐methoxyquercetin‐3‐O‐(6“‐O‐acetyl)‐β‐D‐glucopyranoside), which were fully characterized by Nuclear Magnetic Resonance and Mass Spectrometry experiments, and a known triterpenic saponin (3‐O‐β‐D‐glucuronopyranosyl‐30‐norolean‐12,20(29)‐dien‐28‐O‐β‐D‐glucopyranosyl ester). Biological assays indicated that the methanolic extract of the capitula exhibited the best in vitro cytotoxicity against MCF7 cells (human breast cancer).ConclusionsThe HRMS technique enabled us to identify several classes of compounds. In addition, saponins were identified for the first time in plants belonging to the Eriocaulaceae family. Thus, the essential contribution of this work lies in the new elements it brings to the taxonomic discussion which the Actinocephalus genus as a distinct genus of the Paepalanthus. The results obtained show that the methanolic extract of the capitula could be a promising source of bioactive fractions and/or compounds that may contribute towards breast cancer treatment.
Intercalates and discrepancy in random Latin squares
Authors: Kwan Matthew , Sudakov Benny 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAn intercalate in a Latin square is a 2 × 2 Latin subsquare. Let be the number of intercalates in a uniformly random n × n Latin square. We prove that asymptotically almost surely , and that (therefore asymptotically almost surely for any ). This significantly improves the previous best lower and upper bounds. We also give an upper tail bound for the number of intercalates in 2 fixed rows of a random Latin square. In addition, we discuss a problem of Linial and Luria on low‐discrepancy Latin squares.
4β‐Hydroxywithanolide E selectively induces oxidative DNA damage for selective killing of oral cancer cells
Authors: Tang Jen‐Yang , Huang Hurng‐Wern , Wang Hui‐Ru , Chan Ya‐Ching , Haung Jo‐Wen , Shu Chih‐Wen , Wu Yang‐Chang , Chang Hsueh‐Wei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractReactive oxygen species (ROS) induction had been previously reported in 4β‐hydroxywithanolide (4βHWE)‐induced selective killing of oral cancer cells, but the mechanism involving ROS and the DNA damage effect remain unclear. This study explores the role of ROS and oxidative DNA damage of 4βHWE in the selective killing of oral cancer cells. Changes in cell viability, morphology, ROS, DNA double strand break (DSB) signaling (γH2AX foci in immunofluorescence and DSB signaling in western blotting), and oxidative DNA damage (8‐oxo‐2′deoxyguanosine [8‐oxodG]) were detected in 4βHWE‐treated oral cancer (Ca9‐22) and/or normal (HGF‐1) cells. 4βHWE decreased cell viability, changed cell morphology and induced ROS generation in oral cancer cells rather than oral normal cells, which were recovered by a free radical scavenger N‐acetylcysteine (NAC). For immunofluorescence, 4βHWE also accumulated more of the DSB marker, γH2AX foci, in oral cancer cells than in oral normal cells. For western blotting, DSB signaling proteins such as γH2AX and MRN complex (MRE11, RAD50, and NBS1) were overexpressed in 4βHWE‐treated oral cancer cells in different concentrations and treatment time. In the formamidopyrimidine‐DNA glycolyase (Fpg)‐based comet assay and 8‐oxodG‐based flow cytometry, the 8‐oxodG expressions were higher in 4βHWE‐treated oral cancer cells than in oral normal cells. All the 4βHWE‐induced DSB and oxidative DNA damage to oral cancer cells were recovered by NAC pretreatment. Taken together, the 4βHWE selectively induced DSB and oxidative DNA damage for the ROS‐mediated selective killing of oral cancer cells.
A preliminary account of the Cucurbitariaceae
Authors: Jaklitsch W.M. , Checa J. , Blanco M.N. , Olariaga I. , Tello S. , Voglmayr H. 
Published: November 2017

Fresh collections, type studies and molecular phylogenetic analyses of a multigene matrix of partial nuSSU-ITS-LSU rDNA, rpb2, tef1 and tub2 sequences were used to evaluate the boundaries of Cucurbitaria in a strict sense and of several related genera of
the Cucurbitariaceae. Two species are recognised in Cucurbitaria and 19 in Neocucurbitaria. The monotypic genera Astragalicola, Cucitella, Parafenestella, Protofenestella, and Seltsamia are described as new. Fenestella is here
included as its generic type F. fenestrata (= F. princeps), which is lecto- and epitypified. Fenestella mackenzei and F. ostryae are combined in Parafenestella. Asexual morphs of Cucurbitariaceae, where known, are all pyrenochaeta- or
phoma-like. Comparison of the phylogenetic analyses of the ITS-LSU and combined matrices demonstrate that at least rpb2 sequences should be added whenever possible to improve phylogenetic resolution of the tree backbone; in addition, the tef1 introns should be added as well to
improve delimitation of closely related species.
Dynamic stress-related epigenetic regulation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene promoter during early development: The role of child maltreatment
Authors: Parent Justin , Parade Stephanie H. , Laumann Laura E. , Ridout Kathryn K. , Yang Bao-Zhu , Marsit Carmen J. , Seifer Ronald , Tyrka Audrey R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEpigenetics processes may play a vital role in the biological embedding of early environmental adversity and the development of psychopathology. Accumulating evidence suggests that maltreatment is linked to methylation of the glucocorticoid receptor gene, nuclear receptor subfamily 3, group C, member 1 (NR3C1), which is a key regulator of the hypothalamus–pituitary–adrenal axis. However, prior work has been exclusively cross-sectional, greatly constraining our understanding of stress-related epigenetic processes over time. In the current study, we examined the effect of maltreatment and other adversity on change in NR3C1 methylation among at-risk preschoolers to begin to characterize within-child epigenetic changes during this sensitive developmental period. Participants were 260 preschoolers (3–5 years old, 53.8% female), including 51.5% with moderate to severe maltreatment in the past 6 months. Child protection records, semistructured interviews, and parent reports were used to assess child stress exposure. Methylation of exons 1D and 1F of NR3C1 via saliva DNA were measured at two time points approximately 6 months apart. Results indicate that maltreated children evidence higher baseline levels of NR3C1 methylation, significant decreases in methylation over time, and then at follow-up, lower levels of methylation, relative to nonmaltreated preschoolers. Findings from the current study highlight the complex nature of stress-related epigenetic processes during early development.
Variation in DNA methylation of the oxytocin receptor gene predicts children's resilience to prenatal stress
Authors: Milaniak Izabela , Cecil Charlotte A. M. , Barker Edward D. , Relton Caroline L. , Gaunt Tom R. , McArdle Wendy , Jaffee Sara R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEmerging research in epigenetics has shown that there is variability in how environmental exposures “get under the skin” through mechanisms like DNA methylation to influence gene expression that may lead to differential adaptations to stress. This is the first study to examine prospectively the relationship between DNA methylation at birth and resilience to prenatal environmental stressors in several domains (conduct, hyperactivity, emotional problems, and global symptomatology) in middle childhood. We focused on DNA methylation in the vicinity of the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) gene as it has been previously associated with impairments in social–cognitive processes that may underlie a wide range of childhood psychopathology. Participants were 91 youth exposed to pre- and postnatal adversity with established conduct problem trajectories drawn from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children. Consistent with our hypothesis, OXTR DNA methylation was predictive of resilience in the conduct problems domain in middle childhood. DNA methylation profiles did not predict resilience in domains of emotional, hyperactivity, and global symptomatology, suggesting a potential role for OXTR in the development of conduct problems in particular. However, individuals who were resilient to conduct problems were also broadly resilient across multiple domains. Therefore, future research should elucidate the biological pathways between OXTR DNA methylation and gene expression and its relation to impairments in social behavior.
Heterologous expression reveals the biosynthesis of the antibiotic pleuromutilin and generates bioactive semi-synthetic derivatives
Authors: Alberti Fabrizio , Khairudin Khairunisa , Venegas Edith Rodriguez , Davies Jonathan A. , Hayes Patrick M. , Willis Christine L. , Bailey Andy M. , Foster Gary D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe rise in antibiotic resistance is a major threat for human health. Basidiomycete fungi represent an untapped source of underexploited antimicrobials, with pleuromutilin—a diterpene produced by Clitopilus passeckerianus—being the only antibiotic from these fungi leading to commercial derivatives. Here we report genetic characterisation of the steps involved in pleuromutilin biosynthesis, through rational heterologous expression in Aspergillus oryzae coupled with isolation and detailed structural elucidation of the pathway intermediates by spectroscopic methods and comparison with synthetic standards. A. oryzae was further established as a platform for bio-conversion of chemically modified analogues of pleuromutilin intermediates, and was employed to generate a semi-synthetic pleuromutilin derivative with enhanced antibiotic activity. These studies pave the way for future characterisation of biosynthetic pathways of other basidiomycete natural products in ascomycete heterologous hosts, and open up new possibilities of further chemical modification for the growing class of potent pleuromutilin antibiotics.
A Co3O4-CDots-C3N4 three component electrocatalyst design concept for efficient and tunable CO2 reduction to syngas
Authors: Guo Sijie , Zhao Siqi , Wu Xiuqin , Li Hao , Zhou Yunjie , Zhu Cheng , Yang Nianjun , Jiang Xin , Gao Jin , Bai Liang , Liu Yang , Lifshitz Yeshayahu , Lee Shuit-Tong , Kang Zhenhui 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSyngas, a CO and H2 mixture mostly generated from non-renewable fossil fuels, is an essential feedstock for production of liquid fuels. Electrochemical reduction of CO2 and H+/H2O is an alternative renewable route to produce syngas. Here we introduce the concept of coupling a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalyst with a CDots/C3N4 composite (a CO2 reduction catalyst) to achieve a cheap, stable, selective and efficient route for tunable syngas production. Co3O4, MoS2, Au and Pt serve as the HER component. The Co3O4-CDots-C3N4 electrocatalyst is found to be the most efficient among the combinations studied. The H2/CO ratio of the produced syngas is tunable from 0.07:1 to 4:1 by controlling the potential. This catalyst is highly stable for syngas generation (over 100 h) with no other products besides CO and H2. Insight into the mechanisms balancing between CO2 reduction and H2 evolution when applying the HER-CDots-C3N4 catalyst concept is provided.
Label-free nanoscale optical metrology on myelinated axons in vivo
Authors: Kwon Junhwan , Kim Moonseok , Park Hyejin , Kang Bok-Man , Jo Yongjae , Kim Jae-Hwan , James Oliver , Yun Seok-Hyun , Kim Seong-Gi , Suh Minah , Choi Myunghwan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn the mammalian nervous system, myelin provides electrical insulation for the neural circuit by forming a highly organized, multilayered thin film around the axon fibers. Here, we investigate the spectral reflectance from this subcellular nanostructure and devise a new label-free technique based on a spectroscopic analysis of reflected light, enabling nanoscale imaging of myelinated axons in their natural living state. Using this technique, we demonstrate three-dimensional mapping of the axon diameter and sensing of dynamic changes in the substructure of myelin at nanoscale. We further reveal the prevalence of axon bulging in the brain cortex in vivo after mild compressive trauma. Our novel tool opens new avenues of investigation by creating unprecedented access to the nanostructural dynamics of live myelinated axons in health and disease.
Stem cell senescence drives age-attenuated induction of pituitary tumours in mouse models of paediatric craniopharyngioma
Authors: Gonzalez-Meljem Jose Mario , Haston Scott , Carreno Gabriela , Apps John R. , Pozzi Sara , Stache Christina , Kaushal Grace , Virasami Alex , Panousopoulos Leonidas , Mousavy-Gharavy Seyedeh Neda , Guerrero Ana , Rashid Mamunur , Jani Nital , Goding Colin R. , Jacques Thomas S. , Adams David J. , Gil Jesus , Andoniadou Cynthia L. , Martinez-Barbera Juan Pedro 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSenescent cells may promote tumour progression through the activation of a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), whether these cells are capable of initiating tumourigenesis in vivo is not known. Expression of oncogenic β-catenin in Sox2+ young adult pituitary stem cells leads to formation of clusters of stem cells and induction of tumours resembling human adamantinomatous craniopharyngioma (ACP), derived from Sox2− cells in a paracrine manner. Here, we uncover the mechanisms underlying this paracrine tumourigenesis. We show that expression of oncogenic β-catenin in Hesx1+ embryonic precursors also results in stem cell clusters and paracrine tumours. We reveal that human and mouse clusters are analogous and share a common signature of senescence and SASP. Finally, we show that mice with reduced senescence and SASP responses exhibit decreased tumour-inducing potential. Together, we provide evidence that senescence and a stem cell-associated SASP drive cell transformation and tumour initiation in vivo in an age-dependent fashion.
Bactofilin-mediated organization of the ParABS chromosome segregation system in Myxococcus xanthus
Authors: Lin Lin , Osorio Valeriano Manuel , Harms Andrea , Søgaard-Andersen Lotte , Thanbichler Martin 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn bacteria, homologs of actin, tubulin, and intermediate filament proteins often act in concert with bacteria-specific scaffolding proteins to ensure the proper arrangement of cellular components. Among the bacteria-specific factors are the bactofilins, a widespread family of polymer-forming proteins whose biology is poorly investigated. Here, we study the three bactofilins BacNOP in the rod-shaped bacterium Myxococcus xanthus. We show that BacNOP co-assemble into elongated scaffolds that restrain the ParABS chromosome segregation machinery to the subpolar regions of the cell. The centromere (parS)-binding protein ParB associates with the pole-distal ends of these structures, whereas the DNA partitioning ATPase ParA binds along their entire length, using the newly identified protein PadC (MXAN_4634) as an adapter. The integrity of these complexes is critical for proper nucleoid morphology and chromosome segregation. BacNOP thus mediate a previously unknown mechanism of subcellular organization that recruits proteins to defined sites within the cytoplasm, far off the cell poles.