bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Research Progress in the Petroleum and Natural Gas Geological Theory of China
Authors: Yongsheng MA , Peirong ZHAO 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe Chinese landmass, as a composite region, consists of multiple small continental blocks, such as Sino‐Korea, Yangtze, Tarim, etc., and orogenic belts. Because of its distinctive tectono‐sedimentary evolution, China's oil/gas‐bearing regions differ remarkably from that elsewhere in the world. For instance, in comparison to the Middle East oil/gas‐bearing regions which are characterized by Mesozoic‐Cenozoic marine oil/gas‐bearing beds, early oil and gas discoveries in China are distributed mainly in Mesozoic‐Cenozoic continental sedimentary basins. Generation of oil from terrestrial organic matter, or terrestrial oil generation, and the formation of large oil/gas fields in continental sedimentary basins were previously the major characteristics of petroleum geology of China. However, in the past 20 years, a series of major oil and gas discoveries from marine strata have been made. Marine oil/gas fields in China are mainly distributed in the Tarim, Sichuan, and Ordos basins, which are tectonically stable and covered with Mesozoic‐Cenozoic deposits. In these basins, hydrocarbon‐bearing strata are of old age and the oil/gas fields are commonly deeply‐buried. Cumulatively, 995 oil/gas fields have been found so far, making China the fourth largest oil‐producing country and the sixth largest gas‐producing country in the world. In terms of petroleum and natural gas geology, theories of hydrocarbon generation from continental strata, such as terrestrial oil generation and coal‐generated hydrocarbons, etc., have been established. Significant progress has been made in research on the sequence stratigraphy of continental strata, formation mechanisms of ultra‐deep clastic reservoirs, and hydrocarbon accumulation in the continental subtle reservoir. Regarding research on the marine petroleum geology of China, with respect to the major characteristics, such as deeply‐buried reservoirs, old strata, and multiple phases of transformation, important advances have been made, in areas such as the multiple‐elements of hydrocarbon supply, formation of reservoirs jointly controlled by deposition, tectonic activities, and diagenetic fluid‐rock reactions, and oil/gas reservoirs formed through superimposed multi‐stage hydrocarbon accumulation. As more and more unconventional hydrocarbon resources are discovered, unconventional oil and gas reservoirs are under study by Chinese petroleum geologists, who endeavor to come up with new discoveries on their formation mechanisms.
Shale Gas Formation and Occurrence in China: An Overview of the Current Status and Future Potential
Authors: Caineng ZOU , Zhi YANG , Songqi PAN , Yanyan CHEN , Senhu LIN , Jinliang HUANG , Songtao WU , Dazhong DONG , Shufang WANG , Feng LIANG , Shasha SUN , Yong HUANG , Dingwei WENG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractShale gas is one of the most promising unconventional resources both in China and abroad. It is known as a form of self‐contained source‐reservoir system with large and continuous dimensions. Through years of considerable exploration efforts, China has identified three large shale gas fields in the Fuling, Changning and Weiyuan areas of the Sichuan Basin, and has announced more than 540 billion m3 of proven shale gas reserves in marine shale systems. The geological theories for shale gas development have progressed rapidly in China as well. For example, the new depositional patterns have been introduced for deciphering the paleogeography and sedimentary systems of the Wufeng shale and Longmaxi shale in the Sichuan Basin. The shale gas storage mechanism has been widely accepted as differing from conventional natural gas in that it is adsorbed on organic matter or a mineral surface or occurs as free gas trapped in pores and fractures of the shale. Significant advances in the techniques of microstructural characterization have provided new insights on how gas molecules are stored in micro‐and nano‐scale porous shales. Furthermore, newly‐developed concepts and practices in the petroleum industry, such as hydraulic fracturing, microseismic monitoring and multiwell horizontal drilling, have made the production of this unevenly distributed but promising unconventional natural gas a reality. China has 10–36 trillion m3 of promising shale gas among the world's whole predicted technically recoverable reserves of 206.6 trillion m3. China is on the way to achieving its goal of an annual yield of 30–50 billion m3 by launching more trials within shale gas projects.
Groundwater System Division and Description of Asia
Authors: Fawang ZHANG , Qing YI , Yanpei CHENG , Chen YUE , Hua DONG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBased on landform, climate, river system, geological structure and hydrogeological structure and from the perspective of systematology, the groundwater system of Asia can be divided into 36 secondary groundwater systems under 11 primary ones by the intercontinental scale. This forms part of the work of the groundwater series map of Asia, which is compiled according to groundwater system division and evaluation of the total amount and types of aquifer, reflecting the large‐scale features of groundwater resources in Asia. Systematic profiling of groundwater in this way provides a scientific basis for groundwater exploitation planning and management in Asia, and avoiding disputes over groundwater resources and the environment among Asian countries.
A Simplified Numerical Approach for the Prediction of Rainfall‐Induced Retrogressive Landslides
Authors: Hungchou LIN , Yuzhen YU , Guangxin LI , Hua YANG , Jianbing PENG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractRetrogressive landslides are common geological phenomena in mountainous areas and on onshore and offshore slopes. The impact of retrogressive landslides is different from that of other landslide types due to the phenomenon of retrogression. The hazards caused by retrogressive landslides may be increased because retrogressive landslides usually affect housing, facilities, and infrastructure located far from the original slopes. Additionally, substantial geomorphic evidence shows that the abundant supply of loose sediment in the source area of a debris flow is usually provided by retrogressive landslides that are triggered by the undercutting of water. Moreover, according to historic case studies, some large landslides are the evolution result of retrogressive landslides. Hence the ability to understand and predict the evolution of retrogressive landslides is crucial for the purpose of hazard mitigation. This paper discusses the phenomenon of a retrogressive landslide by using a model experiment and suggests a reasonably simplified numerical approach for the prediction of rainfall‐induced retrogressive landslides. The simplified numerical approach, which combines the finite element method for seepage analysis, the shear strength reduction finite element method, and the analysis criterion for the retrogression and accumulation effect, is presented and used to predict the characteristics of a retrogressive landslide. The results show that this numerical approach is capable of reasonably predicting the characteristics of retrogressive landslides under rainfall infiltration, particularly the magnitude of each landslide, the position of the slip surface, and the development processes of the retrogressive landslide. Therefore, this approach is expected to be a practical method for the mitigation of damage caused by rainfall‐induced retrogressive landslides.
Shared Decision Making to Improve the Emergency Care of Older Adults: A Research Agenda
Authors: Hogan Teresita M. , Richmond Natalie L. , Carpenter Christopher R. , Biese Kevin , Hwang Ula , Shah Manish N. , Escobedo Marcus , Berman Amy , Broder Joshua S. , Platts‐Mills Timothy F. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractOlder emergency department patients have high rates of serious illness and injury, are at high risk for side effects and adverse events from treatments and diagnostic tests, and in many cases, have nuanced goals of care in which pursuing the most aggressive approach is not desired. Although some forms of shared decision making (SDM) are commonly practiced by emergency physicians caring for older adults, broader use of SDM in this setting is limited by a lack of knowledge of the types of patients and conditions for which SDM is most helpful and the approaches and tools that can best facilitate this process. We describe a research agenda to generate new knowledge to optimize the use of SDM during the emergency care of older adults.
Detection of selection signatures of population‐specific genomic regions selected during domestication process in Jinhua pigs
Authors: Li Zhengcao , Chen Jiucheng , Wang Zhen , Pan Yuchun , Wang Qishan , Xu Ningying , Wang Zhengguang 
Published: August 2016

SummaryChinese pigs have been undergoing both natural and artificial selection for thousands of years. Jinhua pigs are of great importance, as they can be a valuable model for exploring the genetic mechanisms linked to meat quality and other traits such as disease resistance, reproduction and production. The purpose of this study was to identify distinctive footprints of selection between Jinhua pigs and other breeds utilizing genome‐wide SNP data. Genotyping by genome reducing and sequencing was implemented in order to perform cross‐population extended haplotype homozygosity to reveal strong signatures of selection for those economically important traits. This work was performed at a 2% genome level, which comprised 152 006 SNPs genotyped in a total of 517 individuals. Population‐specific footprints of selective sweeps were searched for in the genome of Jinhua pigs using six native breeds and three European breeds as reference groups. Several candidate genes associated with meat quality, health and reproduction, such as GH1, CRHR2, TRAF4 and CCK, were found to be overlapping with the significantly positive outliers. Additionally, the results revealed that some genomic regions associated with meat quality, immune response and reproduction in Jinhua pigs have evolved directionally under domestication and subsequent selections. The identified genes and biological pathways in Jinhua pigs showed different selection patterns in comparison with the Chinese and European breeds.
A prospective randomised study of a rigid video‐stylet vs. conventional lightwand intubation in cervical spine‐immobilised patients
Authors: Seo H. , Kim E. , Son J. D. , Ji S. , Min S. W. , Park H. P. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryCompared with a lightwand which is used blind, Optiscope™, a rigid video‐stylet, can provide direct imaging of airway structures, potentially offering improved conditions in cervical spine‐immobilised patients. We randomly assigned 168 patients who required cervical immobilisation during tracheal intubation to use of the Optiscope or the lightwand. The initial intubation success rate (95% CI) was 90 (82–95)% with the Optiscope and 87 (78–93)% with the lightwand (p = 0.626). Median (IQR [range]) intubation time was longer (19 (12–41 [5–195] s vs. 15 (8–29 [3–117] s; p = 0.016), and there were fewer scooping movements (1 (1–2 [0–9]) vs. 2 (1–3 [0–14]); p = 0.002) when using the Optiscope compared with the lightwand. The incidence of postoperative airway complications was similar in the two groups. The devices were equivalent with respect to initial intubation success rate but the Optiscope yielded slightly longer intubating times.
Antibiotic resistance in early periprosthetic joint infection
Authors: Ravi Saiprasad , Zhu Mark , Luey Christopher , Young Simon W. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundProphylactic antibiotics significantly reduce prosthetic joint infection (PJI) rates after hip and knee arthroplasty. However, rising antibiotic resistance has raised concerns over the adequacy of conventional prophylaxis. This study aimed to identify organisms causing PJIs in hip and knee arthroplasty secondary to perioperative contamination and their susceptibility to current prophylactic antibiotics.MethodsWe performed a retrospective audit of 4009 primary hip and knee arthroplasties (1852 hips and 2157 knees) at three tertiary referral hospitals. PJIs were identified according to the Infectious Diseases Society of America definition, and patients were followed‐up for 2 years. For patients with confirmed PJIs, causative bacteria and their antibiotic susceptibilities were identified.ResultsThirty‐five PJI cases were identified (13 hips and 22 knees). The overall definite PJI rate was 0.87% (0.7% for hips, 1.0% for knees). Ninety‐six percent of patients with PJI received cefazolin prophylaxis. Culture information was available for 30 cases. The most common infecting organisms were coagulase‐negative staphylococci (CoNS), causing 35% of infections. Ninety‐two percent of CoNS strains were cefazolin‐resistant. Twenty‐five percent of patients were infected with Staphylococcus aureus, 9.1% of which were methicillin‐resistant. Overall, 53% of infecting organisms were cefazolin‐resistant.ConclusionsThe majority of bacteria causing early PJI are resistant to cefazolin. Whilst many organisms cultured were susceptible to vancomycin, there is currently insufficient evidence to justify its routine use as a prophylactic. However, when treating PJI in the early postoperative period, surgeons should be aware that most organisms will be methicillin‐resistant, and the choice of empirical antibiotic treatment should reflect this.
Colposcopy and additive diagnostic value of biopsies from colposcopy‐negative areas to detect cervical dysplasia
Authors: Baasland Ingrid , Hagen Bjørn , Vogt Christina , Valla Marit , Romundstad Pål R. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe evaluated colposcopy in the routine diagnostic workup of women with abnormal cervical cytology, as well as the diagnostic value of endocervical curettage material and biopsies taken from colposcopy‐positive and colposcopy‐negative quadrants of the cervix.Material and methodsThis cross‐sectional study included 297 nonpregnant women with abnormal cervical cytology and no prior treatment for cervical dysplasia or cancer. All women underwent gynecological examination, colposcopy, endocervical curettage, and had cervical biopsies taken. Colposcopy was considered satisfactory if the squamocolumnar junction was fully visible, and biopsies were taken from all four quadrants of the cervix, regardless of colposcopy results.ResultsIn all, 130 of the women in our study had satisfactory colposcopy results and were diagnosed with cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (CIN2+), 61% via a colposcopy‐positive biopsy and 39% via a colposcopy‐negative biopsy. Eighty‐seven of them had positive colposcopy results, but CIN2+ was histologically verified from colposcopy‐positive biopsies in 91% (n = 79) and from colposcopy‐negative biopsies in 9% (n = 8). The remaining 43 women with CIN2+ had negative colposcopy findings, so their diagnosis was verified in colposcopy‐negative biopsies. The sensitivity of colposcopy alone to detect CIN2+ was 61% (95% CI 52–69).ConclusionsIn the present study, colposcopy was not a stand‐alone diagnostic method. Colposcopy‐negative biopsies had a clear additive value, identifying a substantial proportion of women with both positive and negative colposcopy results with treatment‐worthy cervical dysplasia. Endocervical curettage material had little diagnostic value in this study.
Multidisciplinary care management has a positive effect on paediatric obesity and social and individual factors are associated with better outcomes
Authors: Carriere C. , Cabaussel C. , Bader C. , Barberger‐Gateau P. , Barat P. , Thibault H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAimThe RePPOP Aquitaine network, which was established in south‐west France to prevent and treat paediatric obesity, has developed a multidisciplinary approach based on multicomponent lifestyle interventions and family‐based actions. This study assessed the impact of its care management programme and investigated the factors associated with better outcomes.MethodsThe impact of the RePPOP care management programme was assessed by changes in the body mass index (BMI) Z score, between baseline and the end‐of‐care management. We focused on 982 overweight or obese children (59.9% girls) with a mean age of 10.64 years and a range of 2.4–17.9 years. A multivariate analysis examined the independent factors associated with better outcomes.ResultsAt the end‐of‐care management programme, 75.5% of children had decreased their BMI Z score. Initial characteristics significantly associated with better outcomes were as follows: the age at baseline between five years and 15 years of age, playing sport at a club, being followed up by RePPOP for longer than 10 months, no parental obesity and no academic difficulties.ConclusionThis study confirmed that multidisciplinary treatment had a significant positive effect on paediatric obesity and that social and individual factors affected the efficiency of the care management.
Prevention of progression to cirrhosis in hepatitis C with fibrosis: effectiveness and cost effectiveness of sequential therapy with new direct‐acting anti‐virals
Authors: Faria R. , Woods B. , Griffin S. , Palmer S. , Sculpher M. , Ryder S. D. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe new direct‐acting anti‐virals (DAAs) for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection offer higher cure rates, but at a much higher cost than the standard interferon‐based treatments.AimTo identify the cost‐effective treatment for patients with HCV infection with F3 liver fibrosis who are at high risk of progression to cirrhosis.MethodsA decision‐analytic Markov model compared the health benefits and costs of all currently licensed treatments as single treatments and in sequential therapy of up to three lines. Costs were expressed in pound sterling from the perspective of the UK National Health Service. Health benefits were expressed in quality‐adjusted life years.ResultsTreatment before progression to cirrhosis always offers the most health benefits for the least costs. Sequential therapy with multiple treatment lines cures over 89% of patients across all HCV genotypes while ensuring a cost‐effective use of resources. Cost‐effective regimes for HCV genotype 1 patients include first‐line oral therapy with sofosbuvir–ledipasvir while peginterferon continues to have a role in other genotypes.ConclusionsThe cost‐effective treatment for HCV can be established using decision analytic modelling comparing single and sequential therapies. Sequential therapy with DAAs is effective and cost‐effective in HCV patients with F3 fibrosis. This information is of significant benefit to health care providers with budget limitations and provides a sound scientific basis for drug treatment choices.
An IL‐27/Stat3 axis induces expression of programmed cell death 1 ligands (PD‐L1/2) on infiltrating macrophages in lymphoma
Authors: Horlad Hasita , Ma Chaoya , Yano Hiromu , Pan Cheng , Ohnishi Koji , Fujiwara Yukio , Endo Shinya , Kikukawa Yoshitaka , Okuno Yutaka , Matsuoka Masao , Takeya Motohiro , Komohara Yoshihiro 
Published: August 2016

Immune escape and tolerance in the tumor microenvironment are closely involved in tumor progression, and are caused by T‐cell exhaustion and mediated by the inhibitory signaling of immune checkpoint molecules including programmed death‐1 (PD‐1), cytotoxic T‐lymphocyte associated protein 4, and T‐cell immunoglobulin and mucin domaincontaining molecule‐3. In the present study, we investigated the expression of the PD‐1 ligand 1 (PD‐L1) in a lymphoma microenvironment using paraffin‐embedded tissue samples, and subsequently studied the detailed mechanism of upregulation of PD‐L1 on macrophages using cultured human macrophages and lymphoma cell lines. We found that macrophages in lymphoma tissues of almost all cases of adult T‐cell leukemia/lymphoma (ATLL), follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B‐cell lymphoma expressed PD‐L1. Cell culture studies showed that the conditioned medium of ATL‐T and SLVL cell lines induced increased expression of PD‐L1/2 on macrophages, and that this PD‐L1/2 overexpression was dependent on activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (Stat3). In vitro studies including cytokine array analysis showed that IL‐27 (heterodimer of p28 and EBI3) induced overexpression of PD‐L1/2 on macrophages via Stat3 activation. Because lymphoma cell lines produced IL‐27B (EBI3) but not IL‐27p28, it was proposed that the IL‐27p28 derived from macrophages and the IL‐27B (EBI3) derived from lymphoma cells formed an IL‐27 (heterodimer) that induced PD‐L1/2 overexpression. Although the significance of PD‐L1/2 expressions on macrophages in lymphoma progression has never been clarified, an IL‐27‐Stat3 axis might be a target for immunotherapy for lymphoma patients.
In Infants' Hands: Identification of Preverbal Infants at Risk for Primary Language Delay
Authors: Lüke Carina , Grimminger Angela , Rohlfing Katharina J. , Liszkowski Ulf , Ritterfeld Ute 
Published: August 2016

Early identification of primary language delay is crucial to implement effective prevention programs. Available screening instruments are based on parents' reports and have only insufficient predictive validity. This study employed observational measures of preverbal infants' gestural communication to test its predictive validity for identifying later language delays. Pointing behavior of fifty‐nine 12‐month‐old infants was analyzed and related to their language skills 1 year later. Results confirm predictive validity of preverbal communication for language skills with the hand shape of pointing being superior compared to the underlying motives for pointing (imperative vs. declarative). Twelve‐month‐olds who pointed only with their open hand but never with their index finger were at risk for primary language delay at 2 years of age.