bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Architecture of collapse: regime shift and recovery in an hierarchically structured marine ecosystem
Authors: Daskalov Georgi M. , Boicenco Laura , Grishin Alexandre N. , Lazar Luminita , Mihneva Vesselina , Shlyakhov Vladislav A. , Zengin Mustafa 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBy the late 20th century, a series of events or ‘natural experiments’, for example the depletion of apex predators, extreme eutrophication and blooms of invasive species, had suggested that the Black Sea could be considered as a large ecosystem ‘laboratory’. The events resulted in regime shifts cascading through all trophic levels, disturbing ecosystem functioning and damaging the water environment. Causal pathways by which the external (hydroclimate, overfishing) and internal (food web interactions) drivers provoke regime shifts are investigated. Statistical data analyses supported by an interpretative framework based on hierarchical ecosystem theory revealed mechanisms of hierarchical incorporation of environmental factors into the ecosystem. Evidence links Atlantic teleconnections to Black Sea hydroclimate, which together with fishing shapes variability in fish stocks. The hydroclimatic signal is conveyed through the food web via changes in productivity at all levels, to planktivorous fish. Fluctuating fish abundance is believed to induce a lagged change in competitor jelly plankton that cascades down to phytoplankton and influences water quality. Deprived of the stabilising role of apex predators, the Black Sea's hierarchical ecosystem organisation is susceptible to both environmental and anthropogenic stresses, and increased fishing makes fish stock collapses highly probable. When declining stocks are confronted with burgeoning fishing effort associated with the inability of fishery managers and decision‐makers to adapt rapidly to changes in fish abundance, there is overfishing and stock collapse. Management procedures are ineffective at handling complex phenomena such as ecosystem regime shifts because of the shortage of suitable explanatory models. The proposed concepts and models reported here relate the hydroclimate, overfishing and invasive species to shifts in ecosystem functioning and water quality, unravelling issues such as the causality of ecosystem interactions and mechanisms and offering potential for finding ways to reverse regime shifts. We advocate a management approach aiming at restoring ecosystem hierarchy that might mitigate the costly consequences of regime shifts.
Antarctic Ice‐Core Water (USGS49) – A New Isotopic Reference Material for δ2H and δ18O Measurements of Water
Authors: Lorenz Jennifer M. , Qi Haiping , Coplen Tyler B. 
Published: September 2016

As a result of the scarcity of isotopic reference waters for daily use, a new secondary isotopic reference material for international distribution has been prepared from ice‐core water from the Amundsen–Scott South Pole Station. This isotopic reference material, designated as USGS49, was filtered, homogenised, loaded into glass ampoules, sealed with a torch, autoclaved to eliminate biological activity and measured by dual‐inlet isotope‐ratio mass spectrometry. The δ2H and δ18O values of USGS49 are −394.7 ± 0.4 and −50.55 ± 0.04 mUr (where mUr = 0.001 = ‰), respectively, relative to VSMOW, on scales normalised such that the δ2H and δ18O values of SLAP reference water are, respectively, −428 and −55.5 mUr. Each uncertainty is an estimated expanded uncertainty (U = 2uc) about the reference value that provides an interval that has about a 95% probability of encompassing the true value. This isotopic reference material is intended as one of two isotopic reference waters for daily normalisation of stable hydrogen and oxygen isotopic analysis of water with an isotope‐ratio mass spectrometer or a laser absorption spectrometer. It is available by the case of 144 glass ampoules or as a set of sixteen glass ampoules containing 5 ml of water in each ampoule.
Application of Large‐Scale Inversion Algorithms to Hydraulic Tomography in an Alluvial Aquifer
Authors: Fischer P. , Jardani A. , Soueid Ahmed A. , Abbas M. , Wang X. , Jourde H. , Lecoq N. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLarge‐scale inversion methods have been recently developed and permitted now to considerably reduce the computation time and memory needed for inversions of models with a large amount of parameters and data. In this work, we have applied a deterministic geostatistical inversion algorithm to a hydraulic tomography investigation conducted in an experimental field site situated within an alluvial aquifer in Southern France. This application aims to achieve a 2‐D large‐scale modeling of the spatial transmissivity distribution of the site. The inversion algorithm uses a quasi‐Newton iterative process based on a Bayesian approach. We compared the results obtained by using three different methodologies for sensitivity analysis: an adjoint‐state method, a finite‐difference method, and a principal component geostatistical approach (PCGA). The PCGA is a large‐scale adapted method which was developed for inversions with a large number of parameters by using an approximation of the covariance matrix, and by avoiding the calculation of the full Jacobian sensitivity matrix. We reconstructed high‐resolution transmissivity fields (composed of up to 25,600 cells) which generated good correlations between the measured and computed hydraulic heads. In particular, we show that, by combining the PCGA inversion method and the hydraulic tomography method, we are able to substantially reduce the computation time of the inversions, while still producing high‐quality inversion results as those obtained from the other sensitivity analysis methodologies.
Uterus human leucocyte antigen expression in the perspective of transplantation
Authors: Gauthier Tristan , Filloux Matthieu , Guillaudeau Angelique , Essig Marie , Bibes Romain , Pacha Adam Fodil , Piver Pascal , Aubard Yves , Marquet Pierre , Drouet Mireille 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimTo describe class I and II human leucocyte antigen (HLA) expression using different uterine tissues in the perspective of uterus transplantation.MethodsHuman uterine tissues were obtained from 12 women who had undergone hysterectomy for the treatment of benign disease. HLA class I and HLA‐antigen D related (DR) expression were assessed via immunochemistry. HLA class I expression in the uterus was compared with expression in other organs and tissues, including kidney and myocardium samples.ResultsHLA class I expression was strong in the endometrial glands and mild in the myometrium. Staining of endometrial glands was similar to glomerular staining in the kidney. The myometrium seems to express HLA class I similarly to hepatocytes and myocardial cells. HLA class I expression in the uterus did not differ in younger or post‐menopausal women. HLA‐DR was expressed in the endometrial glands, but not in the myometrium. A lack of HLA‐DR expression seemed to be correlated with cell proliferation.ConclusionHLA expression in the endometrium and myometrium is different. The endometrium should be the major target of alloreactive response. As for other transplanted organs, assessment of HLA unacceptable antigens and multiple immunosuppressive treatments is necessary in uterus transplantation.
Pharmacokinetics of an extended‐release formulation of eprinomectin in healthy adult alpacas and its use in alpacas confirmed with mange
Authors: Pollock J. , Bedenice D. , Jennings S. H. , Papich M. G. 
Published: September 2016

The study objective was to determine the pharmacokinetics and clinical effects of an extended‐release 5% eprinomectin formulation (Longrange®) following subcutaneous (s.c.) injection in healthy (n = 6) and mange‐infected (n = 4) adult alpacas. High‐performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze plasma samples obtained at regular intervals for 161 days following a single 5 mg/kg injection s.c. in healthy alpacas, and for 5 days following each dose (3 treatments, 2 months apart) in mange‐affected animals. Skin scrapings and biopsies were performed pre‐ and post‐treatment at two comparable sites in alpacas with mange. Four alpacas served as healthy controls. Eprinomectin plasma concentrations showed a biphasic peak (CMAX‐1: 5.72 ± 3.25 ng/mL; CMAX‐2: 6.06 ± 2.47 ng/mL) in all animals at 3.88 ± 5.16 days and 77 ± 12.52 days, respectively. Eprinomectin plasma concentrations remained above 1.27 ± 0.96 ng/mL for up to 120 days. Hematocrit (35.8 vs. 31.3%, P < 0.003) and albumin (3.5 vs. 2.8 g/dL P < 0.006) reduced significantly over 6 months in multidose animals, while fecal egg counts did not differ between groups. Self‐limiting injection site reactions occurred in 9 of 10 animals. Pre‐ and post‐treatment skin biopsies showed reduced hyperkeratosis, but increased fibrosis, with 1 of 4 alpacas remaining positive on skin scraping for mange. In conclusion, alpacas require a higher eprinomectin dose (5.0 mg/kg s.c.) than cattle, to reach comparable plasma concentrations.
Changes in New Zealand forest plant communities following the prehistoric extinction of avian megaherbivores
Authors: Wood Jamie R. , Wilmshurst Janet M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractQuestionsFollowing the mid 15th century AD extinction of moa (Aves: Dinornithiformes) there was a ~400‐yr period when large herbivores were absent from New Zealand's terrestrial ecosystems. This ended with the introduction of mammalian herbivores by European settlers in the 19th century. For at least 40 yr researchers have speculated about how New Zealand's vegetation communities might have responded to the ‘herbivore gap’. Did plant taxa once consumed by moa flourish in forest understoreys without large herbivores to browse them? Did forest understoreys become denser, preventing regeneration of long‐lived conifers and altering forest composition? Such questions remain to be tested using palaeoecological records.LocationThree locations on South Island, New Zealand (from <20 to 750 m a.s.l) where forest has not been burned since human settlement, and where there has been no obvious geological or climatic disturbance events over the past 1000 yr that have influenced vegetation dynamics.MethodsWe identified and quantified pollen grains and fern spores from soil/peat cores taken beneath, or adjacent to, tall forest canopies. Soil/peat samples from the cores were radiocarbon dated and Bayesian age–depth models were constructed for each core, from which depths corresponding to the herbivore gap period were identified. Changes in pollen/spore abundances occurring within the herbivore gap were identified and critically examined for consistency between cores and likelihood of being caused by loss of browsing pressure from large herbivores (through comparison with plant taxa known to have been consumed by moa).ResultsGround fern spores and Coprosma pollen exhibited increases in relative abundance at all three sites during the herbivore gap. Both occur frequently in moa coprolites and gizzard content, and so can be interpreted as possible responses to moa extinction. However, other changes in pollen assemblages at this time were inconsistent between sites, or could be better explained as being related to anthropogenic burning in the local region.ConclusionsNew Zealand forest plant communities appear to have experienced only relatively minor changes during the herbivore gap. Our results contradict long‐standing hypotheses that shrubs and ferns had flourished in New Zealand forest understoreys at this time, preventing podocarp regeneration. However, due to the relatively recent extinction of moa, and long life span of many forest trees, there may be an extinction debt where the long‐term consequences of moa extinction are still to be fully realized.
Plant community assembly in Mediterranean grasslands: understanding the interplay between grazing and spatio‐temporal water availability
Authors: Rota Cristina , Manzano Pablo , Carmona Carlos P. , Malo Juan E. , Peco Begoña 
Published: September 2016

AbstractQuestionsHow does grazing affect taxonomic diversity and functional structure of Mediterranean grassland communities? How do spatial and inter‐annual variations in water availability, as a proxy for productivity, modulate grazing effects? Are shifts in taxonomic diversity systematically mirrored by analogous changes in functional diversity along these gradients?LocationMediterranean grasslands in central Spain.MethodsWe surveyed grassland plant communities in 3 yrs with contrasting mean annual rainfall (total n = 441 plots). Grazing gradients were quantified by periodic visual observation. DEM and annual rainfall data were used to quantify water availability. We examined the effects of grazing and spatio‐temporal water availability on taxonomic diversity (TD; species richness), functional diversity (FD; Rao's Q) and community mean trait values (CMT) for three key plant traits (specific leaf area –SLA–, height and seed mass). Functional redundancy was discussed through the relationship between TD and FD trends.ResultsThe results for TD, FD and CMT showed that environmental filtering determined the differences between plots with different grazing and water availability conditions. In contrast to seed mass FD, FD of vegetative traits (height and SLA) was highly decoupled from TD as a result of both spatial and inter‐annual variations in water availability. Grazing reduced TD and functional redundancy only in the wettest year (i.e. in the absence of drought filtering), but selected for species with grazing tolerance and grazing avoidance strategies (reflected by high SLA CMT and low height CMT, respectively) in all water availability conditions.ConclusionsOur results highlight the importance of grazing and both spatial and temporal variation in water availability as drivers of the assembly of Mediterranean grassland communities. The complex and decoupled responses that we found confirm that future studies should combine the use of different analytical methods to elucidate the multiple facets of community change, along with an optimal characterization of livestock pressure and its potential interactions with habitat productivity.
Can experience reduce collisions between birds and vehicles?
Authors: DeVault T. L. , Seamans T. W. , Blackwell B. F. , Lima S. L. , Martinez M. A. , Fernández‐Juricic E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBird collisions with vehicles cause serious safety, financial and conservation concerns worldwide, but the causes of such collisions are poorly described. We investigated how experience with vehicles influenced avian avoidance responses. We trained three groups of vehicle‐naïve rock pigeons Columba livia with 32 near‐miss vehicle approaches over 4 weeks at 60 and 120 km h−1, and also included individuals that heard but did not see the approaches (control group). We subsequently measured flight initiation distance (FID) and whether individuals ‘collided’ with a virtual vehicle directly approaching at 120 or 240 km h−1 using video playback. We found that inexperienced individuals (i.e. the control group) had longer FIDs than experienced birds, although only one of 90 individuals across groups successfully avoided virtual collision. Vehicle approach speed during video playback and the interaction of approach speed and training group did not influence FID. Our results suggest that a habituation‐like effect based on repeated observations of passing vehicles could contribute to ineffective vehicle avoidance responses by birds when collisions are imminent. Novel strategies should be developed to enhance avoidance responses to high‐speed vehicles to minimize bird mortality.
Disseminated cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related inflammation manifesting as non‐convulsive status epilepticus
Authors: Watanabe Yasuaki , Kuroda Hiroshi , Nishiyama Shuhei , Kobayashi Junpei , Jin Kazutaka , Aoki Masashi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractCerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related inflammation is a rare treatable encephalopathy in the elderly. Although cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related inflammation often manifests as seizures, the details have not been well documented. We describe a 70‐year‐old man with disseminated cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related inflammation manifesting as secondary non‐convulsive status epilepticus, whose ictal electroencephalogram showed periodic lateralized epileptiform discharges. The cerebral microbleeds were disseminated, but rather obscure in the region where the magnetic resonance imaging and electroencephalogram abnormalities were prominent. The symptoms ameliorated after the administration of corticosteroids in combination with an antiepileptic drug. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related inflammation should be taken into consideration when elderly patients present with progressive mental and cognitive decline with disseminated cortical and subcortical lesions. As some cerebral amyloid angiopathy‐related inflammation patients might manifest as non‐convulsive seizure, electroencephalograms are necessary for deciding the therapeutic strategy.
Ecological study on solid fuel use and pneumonia in young children: A worldwide association
Authors: Accinelli Roberto A. , Leon‐Abarca Juan A. , Gozal David 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Background and objectivePneumonia constitutes one of the major causes of worldwide mortality in young children. Poverty has been traditionally assigned as the underlying factor accounting for these trends. However, the independent role of solid fuel use yielding biomass pollution on pneumonia rates among young children has not been extensively examined.MethodsIndependent socio‐economic variables, and the percentage of solid fuel use, tobacco consumption, improved water access source and sanitation facilities were extracted for each country from the available public databases. Multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess potential associations between these recognized risk factors and country pneumonia incidence in young children <5 years of age.ResultsMultivariate linear regression analyses yielded two models that accounted for approximately 87% of the variance, and included solid fuel use, tobacco consumption, sanitation access, measles immunization, life expectancy, access to electricity and the Human Development Index (HDI) as being independently associated with the number of annual pneumonia cases per child <5 years of age.ConclusionIn this ecological study, current country rates of pneumonia among young children are independently associated with the use of solid fuels. We postulate that interventions aimed at reducing indoor solid fuel biomass pollution through implementation of efficient stoves will translate into meaningful decreases in child mortality and morbidity.
Dental treatment of a patient with Opitz G/BBB syndrome
Authors: Giovani Élcio Magdalena , Marinho Kelly Cristine Tarquinio , Andia‐Merlin Ruth 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTOpitz G/BBB syndrome is a genetic condition characterized by several abnormalities along the midline of the body, such as hypertelorism, craniofacial deformities, and dysphagia. This study reports the clinical features of Optiz syndrome and its importance in the knowledge of patients who are developmentally challenged as a whole, in order to establish adequate dental treatment for a certain clinical case. A 19‐year‐old patient visited the Paulista University for a dental treatment. The extraoral examination revealed ocular hypertelorism (wide‐spaced eyes), oblique eyelids, epicanthus, low‐set cart, and intellectual disability. During the intraoral examination, large caries lesions were observed surrounding the braces of the fixed orthodontic appliance and poor oral hygiene. Preventive and restorative treatments were carried out. It was concluded that the knowledge of patients with special needs as a whole is mandatory for an adequate dental treatment. This is a case report that highlights the importance of dentist and interdisciplinary care attendance for all patient systems, the examination and analyses should not be restricted to the oral cavity.
The epidemiology and outcomes of invasive Candida infections among organ transplant recipients in the United States: results of the Transplant‐Associated Infection Surveillance Network (TRANSNET)
Authors: Andes David R. , Safdar Nasia , Baddley John W. , Alexander Barbara , Brumble Lisa , Freifeld Allison , Hadley Susan , Herwaldt Loreen , Kauffman Carol , Lyon G. Marshall , Morrison Vicki , Patterson Thomas , Perl Trish , Walker Randall , Hess Tim , Chiller Tom , Pappas Peter G. ,   The TRANSNET Investigators
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundInvasive candidiasis (IC) is a common cause of mortality in solid organ transplant recipients (OTRs), but knowledge of epidemiology in this population is limited.MethodThe present analysis describes data from 15 US centers that prospectively identified IC from nearly 17 000 OTRs. Analyses were undertaken to determine predictors of infection and mortality.ResultsA total of 639 cases of IC were identified. The most common species was Candida albicans (46.3%), followed by Candida glabrata (24.4%) and Candida parapsilosis (8.1%). In 68 cases >1 species was identified. The most common infection site was bloodstream (44%), followed by intra‐abdominal (14%). The most frequently affected allograft groups were liver (41.1%) and kidney (35.3%). All‐cause mortality at 90 days was 26.5% for all species and was highest for Candida tropicalis (44%) and C. parapsilosis (35.2%). Non‐white race and female gender were more commonly associated with non‐albicans species. A high rate of breakthrough IC was seen in patients receiving antifungal prophylaxis (39%). Factors associated with mortality include organ dysfunction, lung transplant, and treatment with a polyene antifungal. The only modifiable factor identified was choice of antifungal drug class based upon infecting Candida species.ConclusionThese data highlight the common and distinct features of IC in OTRs.
Differential deposition of H2A.Z in combination with histone modifications within related genes in Oryza sativa callus and seedling
Authors: Zhang Kang , Xu Wenying , Wang Chunchao , Yi Xin , Zhang Wenli , Su Zhen 
Published: September 2016

SummaryAs a histone variant, H2A.Z is highly conserved among species and plays a significant role in diverse cellular processes. Here, we generated genome‐wide maps of H2A.Z in Oryza sativa (rice) callus and seedling by combining chromatin immunoprecipitation using H2A.Z antibody and high‐throughput sequencing. We found a significantly high peak and a small peak of H2A.Z distributed at the 5′ and 3′ ends of highly expressed genes, respectively. H2A.Z was also associated with inactive genes in both tissues. H3 lysine 4 trimethylation was associated with H2A.Z deposition at the 5′ end of expressed genes, and H3 lysine 27 trimethylation peaks were partially associated with H2A.Z. In summary, our study provides global analysis data for the distribution of H2A.Z in the rice genome. Our results demonstrate that the differential deposition of H2A.Z might play important roles in gene transcription during rice development.