bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Examining the occupancy–density relationship for a low‐density carnivore
Authors: Linden Daniel W. , Fuller Angela K. , Royle J. Andrew , Hare Matthew P. 
Published: February 2017

Summary

The challenges associated with monitoring low‐density carnivores across large landscapes have limited the ability to implement and evaluate conservation and management strategies for such species. Non‐invasive sampling techniques and advanced statistical approaches have alleviated some of these challenges and can even allow for spatially explicit estimates of density, one of the most valuable wildlife monitoring tools.

For some species, individual identification comes at no cost when unique attributes (e.g. pelage patterns) can be discerned with remote cameras, while other species require viable genetic material and expensive laboratory processing for individual assignment. Prohibitive costs may still force monitoring efforts to use species distribution or occupancy as a surrogate for density, which may not be appropriate under many conditions.

Here, we used a large‐scale monitoring study of fisher Pekania pennanti to evaluate the effectiveness of occupancy as an approximation to density, particularly for informing harvest management decisions. We combined remote cameras with baited hair snares during 2013–2015 to sample across a 70 096‐km2 region of western New York, USA. We fit occupancy and Royle–Nichols models to species detection–non‐detection data collected by cameras, and spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models to individual encounter data obtained by genotyped hair samples. Variation in the state variables within 15‐km2 grid cells was modelled as a function of landscape attributes known to influence fisher distribution.

We found a close relationship between grid cell estimates of fisher state variables from the models using detection–non‐detection data and those from the SCR model, likely due to informative spatial covariates across a large landscape extent and a grid cell resolution that worked well with the movement ecology of the species. Fisher occupancy and density were both positively associated with the proportion of coniferous‐mixed forest and negatively associated with road density. As a result, spatially explicit management recommendations for fisher were similar across models, though relative variation was dampened for the detection–non‐detection data.

Synthesis and applications. Our work provides empirical evidence that models using detection–non‐detection data can make similar inferences regarding relative spatial variation of the focal population to models using more expensive individual encounters when the selected spatial grain approximates or is marginally smaller than home range size. When occupancy alone is chosen as a cost‐effective state variable for monitoring, simulation and sensitivity analyses should be used to understand how inferences from detection–non‐detection data will be affected by aspects of study design and species ecology.
Cross‐scale interactions affect tree growth and intrinsic water use efficiency and highlight the importance of spatial context in managing forests under global change
Authors: Ruzicka Kenneth J. , Puettmann Klaus J. , Brooks J. Renée 
Published: February 2017

SummaryWe investigated the potential of cross‐scale interactions to affect the outcome of density reduction in a large‐scale silvicultural experiment to better understand options for managing forests under climate change.We measured tree growth and intrinsic water‐use efficiency (iWUE) based on stable carbon isotopes (δ13C) to investigate impacts of density reduction across a range of progressively finer spatial scales: site, stand, hillslope position and neighbourhood. In particular, we focused on the influence of treatments beyond the boundaries of treated stands to include impacts on downslope and neighbouring stands across sites varying in soil moisture.Trees at the wet site responded with increased growth when compared with trees at the dry site. Additionally, trees in treated stands at the dry site responded with increasediWUEwhile trees at the wet site showed no difference iniWUEcompared to untreated stands.We hypothesized that water is not the primary limiting factor for growth at our sites, but that density reduction released other resources, such as growing space or nutrients to drive the growth response. At progressively finer spatial scales we found that tree responses were not driven by hillslope location (i.e. downslope of treatment) but to changes in local neighbourhood tree density.Synthesis. This study demonstrated that water can be viewed as an agent to investigate cross‐scale interactions as it links processes operating at coarse to finer spatial scales and vice versa. Consequently, management prescriptions such as density reductions to increase resistance and resilience of trees to climate change, specifically to drought, need to consider cross‐scale interactions as specific magnitude and mechanisms of growth responses can only be predicted when multiple scales are taken into account.
Major shifts in species’ relative abundance in grassland mixtures alongside positive effects of species diversity in yield: a continental‐scale experiment
Authors: Brophy Caroline , Finn John A. , Lüscher Andreas , Suter Matthias , Kirwan Laura , Sebastià Maria‐Teresa , Helgadóttir Áslaug , Baadshaug Ole H. , Bélanger Gilles , Black Alistair , Collins Rosemary P. , Čop Jure , Dalmannsdottir Sigridur , Delgado Ignacio , Elgersma Anjo , Fothergill Michael , Frankow‐Lindberg Bodil E. , Ghesquiere An , Golinska Barbara , Golinski Piotr , Grieu Philippe , Gustavsson Anne‐Maj , Höglind Mats , Huguenin‐Elie Olivier , Jørgensen Marit , Kadziuliene Zydre , Kurki Päivi , Llurba Rosa , Lunnan Tor , Porqueddu Claudio , Thumm Ulrich , Connolly John 
Published: February 2017

SummaryIncreased species diversity promotes ecosystem function; however, the dynamics of multi‐species grassland systems over time and their role in sustaining higher yields generated by increased diversity are still poorly understood. We investigated the development of species’ relative abundances in grassland mixtures over 3 years to identify drivers of diversity change and their links to yield diversity effects.A continental‐scale field experiment was conducted at 31 sites using 11 different four‐species mixtures each sown at two seed abundances. The four species consisted of two grasses and two legumes, of which one was fast establishing and the other temporally persistent. We modelled the dynamics of the four‐species mixtures, and tested associations with diversity effects on yield.We found that species’ dynamics were primarily driven by differences in the relative growth rates (RGRs) of competing species, and secondarily by density dependence and climate. The temporally persistent grass species typically had the highestRGRs and hence became dominant over time. Density dependence sometimes induced stabilising processes on the dominant species and inhibited shifts to monoculture. Legumes persisted at most sites at low or medium abundances and persistence was improved at sites with higher annual minimum temperature.Significant diversity effects were present at the majority of sites in all years and the strength of diversity effects was improved with higher legume abundance in the previous year. Observed diversity effects, when legumes had declined, may be due to (i) important effects of legumes even at low abundance, (ii) interaction between the two grass species or (iii) a store of N because of previous presence of legumes.Synthesis. Alongside major compositional changes driven byRGRdifferences, diversity effects were observed at most sites, albeit at reduced strength as legumes declined. This evidence strongly supports the sowing of multi‐species mixtures that include legumes over the long‐standing practice of sowing grass monocultures. Careful and strategic selection of the identity of the species used in mixtures is suggested to facilitate the maintenance of species diversity and especially persistence of legumes over time, and to preserve the strength of yield increases associated with diversity.
Interspecific integration of trait dimensions at local scales: the plant phenotype as an integrated network
Authors: Messier Julie , Lechowicz Martin J. , McGill Brian J. , Violle Cyrille , Enquist Brian J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryPlant phenotypic diversity is shaped by the interplay of trade‐offs and constraints in evolution. Closely integrated groups of traits (i.e. trait dimensions) are used to classify plant phenotypic diversity into plant strategies, but we do not know the degree of interdependence among trait dimensions. To assess how selection has shaped the phenotypic space, we examine whether trait dimensions are independent.We gathered data on saplings of 24 locally coexisting tree species in a temperate forest, and examined the correlation structure of 20 leaf, branch, stem and root traits. These traits fall into three well‐established trait dimensions (the leaf economic spectrum, the wood spectrum and Corner's Rules) that characterize vital plant functions: resource acquisition, sap transport, mechanical support and canopy architecture. Using ordinations, network analyses and Mantel tests, we tested whether the sapling phenotype of these tree species is organized along independent trait dimensions.Across species, the sapling phenotype is not structured into clear trait dimensions. The trait relationships defining trait dimensions are either weak or absent and do not dominate the correlation structure of the sapling phenotype as a whole. Instead traits from the three commonly recognized trait dimensions are organized into an integrated trait network. The effect of phylogeny on trait correlations is minimal.Our results indicate that trait dimensions apparent in broad‐based interspecific surveys do not hold up among locally coexisting species. Furthermore, architectural traits appear central to the phenotypic network, suggesting a pivotal role for branching architecture in linking resource acquisition, mechanical support and hydraulic functions.Synthesis. Our study indicates that local and global patterns of phenotypic integration differ and calls into question the use of trait dimensions at local scales. We propose that a network approach to assessing plant function more effectively reflects the multiple trade‐offs and constraints shaping the phenotype in locally co‐occurring species.
The role of glycerol in the pathogenic lifestyle of the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae
Authors: Foster Andrew J. , Ryder Lauren S. , Kershaw Michael J. , Talbot Nicholas J. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryThe rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae elaborates a specialized cell called an appressorium, which is used to breach the tough outer cuticle of a rice leaf, enabling the fungus entry to host plant cells. The appressorium generates enormous turgor by accumulating glycerol to very high concentrations within the cell. Glycerol accumulation and melanization of the appressorium cell wall collectively drive turgor‐mediated penetration of the rice leaf. In this review, we discuss the potential metabolic sources of glycerol in the rice blast fungus and how appressorium turgor is focused as physical force at the base of the infection cell, leading to the formation of a rigid penetration peg. We review recent studies of M. oryzae and other relevant appressorium‐forming fungi which shed light on how glycerol is synthesized and how appressorium turgor is regulated. Finally, we provide some questions to guide avenues of future research that will be important in fully understanding the role of glycerol in rice blast disease.
Precarity in late life: rethinking dementia as a ‘frailed’ old age
Authors: Grenier Amanda , Lloyd Liz , Phillipson Chris 
Published: February 2017

AbstractApproaches to ageing that are organised around productivity, success, and active late life have contributed to views of dementia as an unsuccessful, failed or ‘frailed’ old age. Operating through dominant frameworks, socio‐cultural constructs and organisational practices, the ‘frailties’ of the body and mind are often used to mark the boundaries of health and illness in late life, and shape responses accordingly. Our concern is that both the taken for granted and the ‘imagined’ can further marginalise persons who occupy the locations of dementia and disablement. This article analyses the extent to which frailty and dementia are better understood in the context of new forms of insecurity affecting the life course. Drawing on the concept of ‘precarity’, this article shifts debates on the ‘fourth age’ away from age or stage‐based thinking, into a recognition of the shared vulnerability and responsibilities for care. The argument of this article is that ‘precarity’ represents a ‘new form of ageing’, notably as regards its impact on the upper extremes of the life course. The article concludes with a call for a response that is grounded in an acknowledgement of the fragility and limitations which affect human lives, this requiring grounding in inclusive forms of citizenship.
Social class, dementia and the fourth age
Authors: Jones Ian Rees 
Published: February 2017

AbstractResearch addressing social class and dementia has largely focused on measures of socioeconomic status as causal risk factors for dementia and in observed differences in diagnosis, treatment and care. This large body of work has produced important insights but also contains numerous problems and weaknesses. Research needs to take account of the ways in which ageing and social class have been transformed in tandem with the economic, social and cultural coordinates of late modernity. These changes have particular consequences for individual identities and social relations. With this in mind this article adopts a critical gaze on research that considers interactions between dementia and social class in three key areas: (i) epidemiological approaches to inequalities in risk (ii) the role of social class in diagnosis and treatment and (iii) class in the framing of care and access to care. Following this, the article considers studies of dementia and social class that focus on lay understandings and biographical accounts. Sociological insights in this field come from the view that dementia and social class are embedded in social relations. Thus, forms of distinction based on class relations may still play an important role in the lived experience of dementia.
A Bird's Eye View of Civilians Killed by Police in 2015
Authors: Nix Justin , Campbell Bradley A. , Byers Edward H. , Alpert Geoffrey P. 
Published: February 2017

Research SummaryWe analyzed 990 police fatal shootings using data compiled by The Washington Post in 2015. After first providing a basic descriptive analysis of these shootings, we then examined the data for evidence of implicit bias by using multivariate regression models that predict two indicators of threat perception failure: (1) whether the civilian was not attacking the officer(s) or other civilians just before being fatally shot and (2) whether the civilian was unarmed when fatally shot. The results indicated civilians from “other” minority groups were significantly more likely than Whites to have not been attacking the officer(s) or other civilians and that Black civilians were more than twice as likely as White civilians to have been unarmed.Policy ImplicationsWe implore the U.S. government to move forward with its publication of a national police use‐of‐force database, including as much information about the officers involved as possible. We further suggest police departments use training programs and community activities to minimize implicit bias among their officers.
Indeterminate CT pulmonary angiogram: Why and does it matter?
Authors: Yeo Ju Hee , Zhou Lifeng , Lim Remy 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionThis study assessed the rate of indeterminate CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) in a general hospital and evaluated potential contributing factors to an indeterminate CTPA and patients’ eventual clinical outcome.MethodsFour hundred and three consecutive CTPA and their finalised report from 01/08/2012 to 05/12/2012 at Waitemata DHB were reviewed retrospectively. Patient demographics, scan parameters and average Hounsfield unit (HU) of the main pulmonary trunk (PT) and likely cause of indeterminate study were documented. Studies were categorised into diagnostic, suboptimal or non‐diagnostic studies. Univariate and multiple regression analyses were employed.ResultsSix per cent (n = 24) of the studies were deemed indeterminate which included suboptimal and non‐diagnostic studies. Seven pregnant patients were scanned during the study period and four of the seven studies were deemed indeterminate. In univariate analysis, predictors of indeterminate studies included ‘weight’ (P = 0.022), ‘average HU of PT’ (P < 0.0001) and ‘effective dose’ (P = 0.0003). In the multivariate logistic regression model, only ‘average HU of PT’ was associated with indeterminate studies (OR = 0.99, 95%CI: 0.99, 1.00). Twelve of 24 indeterminate studies had suboptimal pulmonary enhancement with causes including suboptimal timing of contrast bolus, hyperdynamic state due to pregnancy and transient interruption of contrast. Three patients had excessive noise due to body habitus. Eight studies had motion artefacts and one patient had left lower lobe pneumonia which decreased the accuracy. A third of the indeterminate studies were clinically considered as negative by referring clinicians.ConclusionsPulmonary trunk average Hounsfield unit is a predictor of indeterminate CT pulmonary angiogram.
Avoiding Fragmentation of Global Financial Governance
Authors: Henning C. Randall 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRegions of the world have developed an increasing number of financial arrangements to underpin the stability of capital markets and combat crises. But these arrangements vie for influence over international finance with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), as has been dramatically illustrated during the euro crisis, and threatens to fragment global financial governance. This article reviews the regional financial arrangements (RFAs) and their relationships to the IMF, examines the sources of conflict between these institutions, draws lessons from the euro crisis for institutional cooperation, and proposes a set of guidelines and principles to avoid fragmentation of financial governance in the future.
Tracing the origin of a cryptic invader: phylogeography of theEuwallacea fornicatus(Coleoptera:Curculionidae:Scolytinae) species complex
Authors: Stouthamer Richard , Rugman‐Jones Paul , Thu Pham Q. , Eskalen Akif , Thibault Tim , Hulcr Jiri , Wang Liang‐Jong , Jordal Bjarte H. , Chen Chi‐Yu , Cooperband Miriam , Lin Ching‐Shan , Kamata Naoto , Lu Sheng‐Shan , Masuya Hayato , Mendel Zvi , Rabaglia Robert , Sanguansub Sunisa , Shih Hsin‐Hui , Sittichaya Wisut , Zong Shixiang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe ambrosia beetle morphologically identified asEuwallacea fornicatusconsists of several cryptic species that exhibit large differences in theDNAsequences of several nuclear and mitochondrial gene regions.Based on these differences, we suggest that there are at least three different species each with distinct phylogeography.Members of this cryptic species complex have invaded many areas outside their native range and cause substantial damage to both agriculture (avocado in particular) and other tree species.Three of these cryptic species have invaded theUSA: two species inCalifornia and a third species in bothFlorida andHawaii.Identification of their native range allows directed search for their natural enemies that may be used in biological control of these tree pests.
Do Business Relationships Affect the Accuracy of Analyst Earnings Forecasts? Evidence from China
Authors: Wang Shengnian , Wei Chunyan , Han Liang 
Published: February 2017

AbstractSupporting the “conflicts of interest hypothesis,” we show that, in China, better‐informed analysts issue more optimistically biased forecasts and the reputation of financial analysts mitigates the bias. We contribute to the literature by showing that such an adverse information effect varies over types of investment banking relationships and a better developed local legal environment reduces forecast bias. Our results call for a better developed market mechanism to discipline analysts so as to issue independent and accurate earnings forecasts in China.
Effects of acute controlled changes in end‐tidal carbon dioxide on the diameter of the optic nerve sheath: a transorbital ultrasonographic study in healthy volunteers
Authors: Dinsmore M. , Han J. S. , Fisher J. A. , Chan V. W. S. , Venkatraghavan L. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryTransorbital ultrasonographic measurement of the diameter of the optic nerve sheath is a non‐invasive, bed‐side examination for detecting raised intracranial pressure. However, the ability of the optic nerve sheath diameter to predict acute changes in intracranial pressures remains unknown. The aim of this study was to examine the dynamic changes of the optic nerve sheath diameter in response to mild fluctuations in cerebral blood volume induced by changes in end‐tidal carbon dioxide. We studied 11 healthy volunteers. End‐tidal carbon dioxide was controlled by a model‐based prospective end‐tidal targeting system (RespirAct™). The volunteers' end‐tidal carbon dioxide was targeted and maintained for 10 min each at normocapnia (baseline); hypercapnia (6.5 kPa); normocapnia (baseline 1); hypocapnia (3.9 kPa) and on return to normocapnia (baseline 2). A single investigator repeatedly measured the optic nerve sheath diameter for 10 min at each level of carbon dioxide. With hypercapnia, there was a significant increase in optic nerve sheath diameter, with a mean (SD) increase from baseline 4.2 (0.7) mm to 4.8 (0.8) mm; p < 0.001. On return to normocapnia, the optic nerve sheath diameter rapidly reverted back to baseline values. This study confirms dynamic changes in the optic nerve sheath diameter with corresponding changes in carbon dioxide, and their reversibly with normocapnia.
The Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants has convergent and discriminant validity in preterm and term infants
Authors: Montgomery Cecilia , Hellström Westas Lena , Strand Brodd Katarina , Sonnander Karin , Persson Kristina 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimMethods are needed to evaluate the level of early motor development and quality of motor performance in infants. We examined the convergent and discriminant validity of the Structured Observation of Motor Performance in Infants (SOMP‐I) for evaluating the level of motor development and quality of motor performance in preterm and term infants.MethodsA regional cohort of 111 preterm infants with a gestational age of <32 weeks and 72 healthy term born infants were assessed with the SOMP‐I, at two, four, six and 10 months of corrected age. Convergent validity was analysed with a mixed model analysis of the motor performance over time. Discriminant validity was analysed with the Mann–Whitney U‐test in groups with different neonatal characteristics.ResultsConvergent validity was supported, as the level of motor development increased with age and the quality of motor performance improved over time. The method discriminated for both level and quality between the preterm and the term infants. The preterm infants demonstrated different quality deficits regardless of the level of motor development.ConclusionConvergent validity and discriminant validity of the SOMP‐I were supported in preterm and term infants and facilitates early identification of infants with atypical motor development.