bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Are our dynamic water quality models too complex? A comparison of a new parsimonious phosphorus model, SimplyP, and INCA‐P
Authors: Jackson‐Blake L. A. , Sample J. E. , Wade A. J. , Helliwell R. C. , Skeffington R. A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractCatchment‐scale water quality models are increasingly popular tools for exploring the potential effects of land management, land use change and climate change on water quality. However, the dynamic, catchment‐scale nutrient models in common usage are complex, with many uncertain parameters requiring calibration, limiting their usability and robustness. A key question is whether this complexity is justified. To explore this, we developed a parsimonious phosphorus model, SimplyP, incorporating a rainfall‐runoff model and a biogeochemical model able to simulate daily streamflow, suspended sediment, and particulate and dissolved phosphorus dynamics. The model's complexity was compared to one popular nutrient model, INCA‐P, and the performance of the two models was compared in a small rural catchment in northeast Scotland. For three land use classes, less than six SimplyP parameters must be determined through calibration, the rest may be based on measurements, while INCA‐P has around 40 unmeasurable parameters. Despite substantially simpler process‐representation, SimplyP performed comparably to INCA‐P in both calibration and validation and produced similar long‐term projections in response to changes in land management. Results support the hypothesis that INCA‐P is overly complex for the study catchment. We hope our findings will help prompt wider model comparison exercises, as well as debate among the water quality modeling community as to whether today's models are fit for purpose. Simpler models such as SimplyP have the potential to be useful management and research tools, building blocks for future model development (prototype code is freely available), or benchmarks against which more complex models could be evaluated.
Air‐sea fluxes for Hurricane Patricia (2015): Comparison with supertyphoon Haiyan (2013) and under different ENSO conditions
Authors: Huang Hsiao‐Ching , Boucharel Julien , Lin I.‐I. , Jin Fei‐Fei , Lien Chun‐Chi , Pun Iam‐Fei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHurricane Patricia formed on 20 October 2015 in the Eastern Pacific and, in less than 3 days, rapidly intensified from a Tropical Storm to a record‐breaking hurricane with maximum sustained winds measured around 185 knots. It is almost 15 knots higher than 2013's supertyphoon Haiyan (the previous strongest tropical cyclone (TC) ever observed). This research focuses on analyzing the air‐sea enthalpy flux conditions that contributed to Hurricane Patricia's rapid intensification, and comparing them to supertyphoon Haiyan's. Despite a stronger cooling effect, a higher enthalpy flux supply is found during Patricia, in particular due to warmer pre‐TC sea surface temperature conditions. This resulted in larger temperature and humidity differences at the air‐sea interface, contributing to larger air‐sea enthalpy heat fluxes available for Patricia's growth (24% more than for Haiyan). In addition, air‐sea fluxes simulations were performed for Hurricane Patricia under different climate conditions to assess specifically the impact of local and large‐scale conditions on storm intensification associated with six different phases and types of El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and long‐term climatological summer condition. We found that the Eastern Pacific El Niño developing and decaying summers, and the Central Pacific El Niño developing summer are the three most favorable ENSO conditions for storm intensification. This still represents a 37% smaller flux supply than in October 2015, suggesting that Patricia extraordinary growth is not achievable under any of these typical ENSO conditions but rather the result of the exceptional environmental conditions associated with the buildup of the strongest El Niño ever recorded.
The responses of cyclonic and anticyclonic eddies to typhoon forcing: The vertical temperature‐salinity structure changes associated with the horizontal convergence/divergence
Authors: Liu Shan‐Shan , Sun Liang , Wu Qiaoyan , Yang Yuan‐Jian 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe responses of the cyclonic eddies (CEs) and anticyclonic eddies (AEs) to typhoon forcing in the Western North Pacific Ocean (WNPO) are analyzed using Argo profiles. Both CEs and AEs have the primary cooling at the surface (0–10 m depth) and deep upwelling from the top of thermocline (200 m depth) down to deeper ocean shortly after typhoon forcing. Due to the deep upwelling, part of warm and fresh water at the top of AEs move out of the eddy, which leads to a colder and saltier subsurface in the AEs after the passage of the typhoon. In contrast, the inflow of warm and fresh water heats and freshens the subsurface in the CEs to compensate the cooling induced by the typhoon. This explains why the observed strong SST cooling were much less than modeled, since the AEs are more frequent than CEs in the WNPO. It indicates that there is divergence (convergence) of warm and fresh water in the surface of AEs (subsurface of CEs). The divergence‐convergence effects of the AEs and CEs lead to the secondary cooling center locate at a shallow layer of 100 m in the AEs and a much deeper layer of 350 m in the CEs. This shallow divergence‐convergence flow could lead a shallow overturning flow in upper oceans, which may potentially influences the large‐scale ocean circulations and climates.
Eddy‐driven nutrient transport and associated upper‐ocean primary production along the Kuroshio
Authors: Uchiyama Yusuke , Suzue Yota , Yamazaki Hidekatsu 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe Kuroshio is one of the most energetic western boundary currents accompanied by vigorous eddy activity both on mesoscale and submesoscale, which affects biogeochemical processes in the upper ocean. We examine the primary production around the Kuroshio off Japan using a climatological ocean modeling based on the Regional Oceanic Modeling System (ROMS) coupled with a nitrogen‐based nutrient, phytoplankton and zooplankton, and detritus (NPZD) biogeochemical model in a submesoscale eddy‐permitting configuration. The model indicates significant differences of the biogeochemical responses to eddy activities in the Kuroshio Region (KR) and Kuroshio Extension Region (KE). In the KR, persisting cyclonic eddies developed between the Kuroshio and coastline are responsible for upwelling‐induced eutrophication. However, the eddy‐induced vertical nutrient flux counteracts and promotes pronounced southward and downward diapycnal nutrient transport from the mixed‐layer down beneath the main body of the Kuroshio, which suppresses the near‐surface productivity. In contrast, the KE has a 23.5% higher productivity than the KR, even at comparable eddy intensity. Upward nutrient transport prevails near the surface due to predominant cyclonic eddies, particularly to the north of the KE, where the downward transport barely occurs, except at depths deeper than 400 m and to a much smaller degree than in the KR. The eddy energy conversion analysis reveals that the combination of shear instability around the mainstream of the Kuroshio with prominent baroclinic instability near the Kuroshio front is essential for the generation of eddies in the KR, leading to the increase of the eddy‐induced vertical nitrate transport around the Kuroshio.
Synchronous and proportional deglacial changes in Atlantic meridional overturning and northeast Brazilian precipitation
Authors: Mulitza Stefan , Chiessi Cristiano M. , Schefuß Enno , Lippold Jörg , Wichmann David , Antz Benny , Mackensen Andreas , Paul André , Prange Matthias , Rehfeld Kira , Werner Martin , Bickert Torsten , Frank Norbert , Kuhnert Henning , Lynch‐Stieglitz Jean , Portilho‐Ramos Rodrigo C. , Sawakuchi André O. , Schulz Michael , Schwenk Tilmann , Tiedemann Ralf , Vahlenkamp Maximilian , Zhang Yancheng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractChanges in heat transport associated with fluctuations in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) are widely considered to affect the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), but the temporal immediacy of this teleconnection has to date not been resolved. Based on a high‐resolution marine sediment sequence over the last deglaciation, we provide evidence for a synchronous and near‐linear link between changes in the Atlantic interhemispheric sea surface temperature difference and continental precipitation over northeast Brazil. The tight coupling between AMOC strength, sea surface temperature difference, and precipitation changes over northeast Brazil unambiguously points to a rapid and proportional adjustment of the ITCZ location to past changes in the Atlantic meridional heat transport.
Under High Perceptual Load, Observers Look but Do Not See
Authors: Greene Ciara M. , Murphy Gillian , Januszewski Julia 
Published: May 2017

SummaryHigh perceptual load reduces distractor processing and increases inattentional blindness for unexpected stimuli. We reported previously that high perceptual load reduces memory accuracy and impairs eyewitness identification. Here, we used eye tracking to investigate whether memory impairments under load are due to inattentional blindness or a failure to visually inspect stimuli. Seventy‐two participants viewed high or low load versions of a video depicting a theft and identified characters in the video from photographic line‐ups. High perceptual load impaired participants' ability to identify the peripheral character (witness) but not the central character (thief). There was no effect of perceptual load on number of ocular fixations on the witness, time to first fixation or total visit duration. We conclude that memory impairments under load are due to attentional failures rather than differences in visual search behaviour. These findings suggest that high perceptual load scenes may hamper eyewitnesses' ability to encode easily visible stimuli. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Iron‐Promoted 1,5‐Substitution (SN2′′) Reactions of Enyne Acetates and Oxiranes with Grignard Reagents
Authors: Taç Doğan , Aytaç İsmet Arınç , Karatavuk Ali Osman , Kuş Melih , Ziyanak Fırat , Artok Levent 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAcetate derivatives of 2‐en‐4‐yne alcohols 1 and enyne oxiranes 4 regioselectively underwent 1,5‐substitution (SN2′′) reactions with Grignard reagents in the presence of an iron compound to provide vinylallenes exclusively with the (E)‐configuration. An alkali salt was needed to avoid the hydride‐promoted reductive 1,5‐substitution pathway for 1, whereas no such additive was needed for the effective conversion of 4 into the desired alkylated or arylated vinylallene structure.
Computational and Experimental Study on Electrocarboxylation of Benzalacetone
Authors: Wang Huan , Zhu Hong‐Wei , Guo Rong‐Rong , Hu Qiao‐Li , Zeng Sheng , Lu Jia‐Xing 
Published: May 2017

AbstractElectrocarboxylation of benzalacetone was studied experimentally and computationally. Only β‐C carboxylate acid was obtained by potentiostatic electrolysis in the presence of CO2 under mild conditions. Density functional theory calculations revealed that benzalacetone dicarboxylation, both at the O and β‐C positions rather than monocaboxylation at the β‐C position, occurred during the process. Moreover, Mg2+ played a crucial role in the stabilization of intermediates, thereby promoting carboxylation.
Using urinary parameters to estimate seasonal variation in the physical condition of female white‐faced capuchin monkeys (Cebus capucinus imitator)
Authors: Bergstrom Mackenzie L. , Emery Thompson Melissa , Melin Amanda D. , Fedigan Linda M. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe physical condition of females depends on access to resources, which vary over space and time. Assessing variation in physical condition can help identify factors affecting reproductive success, but noninvasive measurement is difficult in wild animals. Creatinine concentration relative to the specific gravity (i.e., density) of urine has promise for noninvasively quantifying the relative muscle mass (RMM) of wild primates. We verified the relationship between these urinary parameters for wild white‐faced capuchin monkeys, and assessed temporal changes in the RMM of females across groups and between periods of high and low resource abundance.Materials and MethodsWe collected urine from 25 adult females in three groups across varying seasons at Sector Santa Rosa, Costa Rica. We measured the specific gravity and creatinine concentration of 692 samples and the effect of specific gravity on creatinine concentration. We used the residuals of this relationship to measure effects of group and season using mixed‐effects models.ResultsSpecific gravity significantly predicted creatinine concentration. Season, group membership and the interaction between these variables were significant predictors of residual creatinine variation. Specifically, RMM was higher during months with high fruit energy density, lower in one social group, and less variable among females in the smallest group.DiscussionOur findings suggest that specific gravity and creatinine may be used as urinary parameters to make inferences about the RMM of capuchins. Using this technique, we infer that females experienced changes in muscle mass according to variation in resource energy availability and social group variation.
The genetic landscape of familial congenital hydrocephalus
Authors: Shaheen Ranad , Sebai Mohammed Adeeb , Patel Nisha , Ewida Nour , Kurdi Wesam , Altweijri Ikhlass , Sogaty Sameera , Almardawi Elham , Seidahmed Mohammed Zain , Alnemri Abdulrahman , Madirevula Sateesh , Ibrahim Niema , Abdulwahab Firdous , Hashem Mais , Al‐Sheddi Tarfa , Alomar Rana , Alobeid Eman , Sallout Bahauddin , AlBaqawi Badi , AlAali Wajeih , Ajaji Nouf , Lesmana Harry , Hopkin Robert J. , Dupuis Lucie , Mendoza‐Londono Roberto , Al Rukban Hadeel , Yoon Grace , Faqeih Eissa , Alkuraya Fowzan S. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveCongenital hydrocephalus is an important birth defect, the genetics of which remains incompletely understood. To date, only 4 genes are known to cause Mendelian diseases in which congenital hydrocephalus is the main or sole clinical feature, 2 X‐linked (L1CAM and AP1S2) and 2 autosomal recessive (CCDC88C and MPDZ). In this study, we aimed to determine the genetic etiology of familial congenital hydrocephalus with the assumption that these cases represent Mendelian forms of the disease.MethodsExome sequencing combined, where applicable, with positional mapping.ResultsWe identified a likely causal mutation in the majority of these families (21 of 27, 78%), spanning 16 genes, none of which is X‐linked. Ciliopathies and dystroglycanopathies were the most common etiologies of congenital hydrocephalus in our cohort (19% and 26%, respectively). In 1 family with 4 affected members, we identified a homozygous truncating variant in EML1, which we propose as a novel cause of congenital hydrocephalus in addition to its suggested role in cortical malformation. Similarly, we show that recessive mutations in WDR81, previously linked to cerebellar ataxia, mental retardation, and disequilibrium syndrome 2, cause severe congenital hydrocephalus. Furthermore, we confirm the previously reported candidacy of MPDZ by presenting a phenotypic spectrum of congenital hydrocephalus associated with 5 recessive alleles.InterpretationOur study highlights the importance of recessive mutations in familial congenital hydrocephalus and expands the locus heterogeneity of this condition. Ann Neurol 2017;81:890–897
Sodium intake and multiple sclerosis activity and progression in BENEFIT
Authors: Fitzgerald Kathryn C. , Munger Kassandra L. , Hartung Hans‐Peter , Freedman Mark S. , Montalbán Xavier , Edan Gilles , Wicklein Eva‐Maria , Radue Ernst‐Wilhelm , Kappos Ludwig , Pohl Christoph , Ascherio Alberto ,   for the BENEFIT Study Group
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveTo assess whether a high‐salt diet, as measured by urinary sodium concentration, is associated with faster conversion from clinically isolated syndrome (CIS) to multiple sclerosis (MS) and MS activity and disability.MethodsBENEFIT was a randomized clinical trial comparing early versus delayed interferon beta‐1b treatment in 465 patients with a CIS. Each patient provided a median of 14 (interquartile range = 13–16) spot urine samples throughout the 5‐year follow‐up. We estimated 24‐hour urine sodium excretion level at each time point using the Tanaka equations, and assessed whether sodium levels estimated from the cumulative average of the repeated measures were associated with clinical (conversion to MS, Expanded Disability Status Scale [EDSS]) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) outcomes.ResultsAverage 24‐hour urine sodium levels were not associated with conversion to clinically definite MS over the 5‐year follow‐up (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.67–1.24 per 1g increase in estimated daily sodium intake), nor were they associated with clinical or MRI outcomes (new active lesions after 6 months: HR = 1.05, 95% CI = 0.97–1.13; relative change in T2 lesion volume: −0.11, 95% CI = −0.25 to 0.04; change in EDSS: −0.01, 95% CI = −0.09 to 0.08; relapse rate: HR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.56–1.07). Results were similar in categorical analyses using quintiles.InterpretationOur results, based on multiple assessments of urine sodium excretion over 5 years and standardized clinical and MRI follow‐up, suggest that salt intake does not influence MS disease course or activity. Ann Neurol 2017;82:20–29
Isomerisierung, Ringerweiterungs‐ und Ringverengungsreaktionen von 1,3‐Diphosphet‐Komplexen
Authors: Rummel Eva‐Maria , Balázs Gábor , Heinl Veronika , Scheer Manfred 
Published: May 2017

AbstractReaktionen zwischen dem 1,3‐Diphosphet‐Komplex [Cp′′′Co(η4‐P2C2tBu2)] (1) und Ag[Al{OC(CF3)3}4] (Ag[pftb]) wurden unter verschiedenen Bedingungen durchgeführt. In CH2Cl2 konnte das 1,2‐Diphosphet‐Isomerisierungsprodukt [Ag2{Cp′′′Co(μ,η4:η1:η1‐1,2‐P2C2tBu2)}2{Cp′′′Co(μ,η4:η1‐1,2‐P2C2tBu2)}2]⋅2[pftb] (2) isoliert werden. In Diffusionsexperimenten von 1 in n‐Hexan und Ag[pftb] in CH2Cl2, wurden der Triphosphacobaltocenium‐Komplex [Cp′′′Co(η5‐P3C2tBu2)][pftb] (4) und der Phosphirenylium‐Komplex [Cp′′′Co(η3‐PC2tBu2)][pftb] (5) über eine Ringerweiterung bzw. Ringverengung erhalten. Darüber hinaus wurde durch Hinzugabe von Pyridin zum Ag‐Komplex 2 der 1,2‐Diphosphet‐Komplex [Cp′′′Co(η4‐1,2‐P2C2tBu2)] (3) freigesetzt. Ebenfalls zeigte sich, dass die Bildung von 3 durch Thermolyse von 1 möglich ist, was eine aussichtsreiche Methode für solche Isomerisierungen repräsentiert. 1,2‐Diphosphet‐Komplexe wie 3 sind thermodynamisch stabiler, aber schwerer zu synthetisieren als die 1,3‐Isomere.
Role of poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) in the modification of polysulfone membranes for ultrafiltration
Authors: Singh Randeep , Purkait Mihir Kumar 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study polysulfone membranes with antifouling and hydrophilic properties were synthesized using poly(2‐acrylamido‐2‐methyl‐1‐propanesulfonic acid) (AMPS) as an additive for the first time. Different wt % of AMPS was used to prepare polysulfone membranes by phase inversion method. The role of AMPS on the porosity, pore size distribution, hydrophilicity, and antifouling nature was investigated and analyzed in detail. Characterization techniques like field emission scanning electron microscope, atomic force microscopy, and imageJ software were used to characterize the morphology of prepared membranes. There is positive effect of the additive addition on all the membrane parameters like Pure water flux [101.76 L/(m2 h)] (MR0) to 464.06 L/(m2 h) (MR4)], hydraulic permeability [0.65 (MR0) to 2.01 (MR4)], equilibrium water content [21.74 (MR0) to 71.45 (MR4)], and porosity [0.024 (MR0) to 0.58 (MR4)]. Response surface methodology was used for the optimization of bovine serum albumin (BSA) flux and rejection. The results of the morphological as well as permeation studies depicted that permeate flux and antifouling nature were increased with the amount of AMPS present in the membrane matrix. The antifouling study of the prepared membranes was undertaken by using BSA solution of 1000 mg/L. Positive results were seen with the increase in amount of AMPS, since, the total membrane resistance has been decreased from 0.95 (MR0) to 0.74 (MR4). Separation of humic acid from aqueous medium was also performed with the best performing membrane (MR4, having the highest amount of AMPS). Separation efficiency of 100% and 94% were obtained using 10 mg/L and 50 mg/L of HA, respectively. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 45290.
Restoring Maximum Vertical Browsing Reach in Sauropod Dinosaurs
Authors: PAUL GREGORY S. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe ongoing controversy centered on neck posture and function in sauropod dinosaurs is misplaced for a number of reasons. Because of an absence of pertinent data it is not possible to accurately restore the posture and range of motion in long necked fossil animals, only gross approximations are possible. The existence of a single “neutral posture” in animals with long, slender necks may not exist, and its relationship to feeding habits is weak. Restorations of neutral osteological neck posture based on seemingly detailed diagrams of cervical articulations are not reliable because the pictures are not sufficiently accurate due to a combination of illustration errors, and distortion of the fossil cervicals. This is all the more true because fossil cervical series lack the critical inter‐centra cartilage. Maximum vertical reach is more readily restorable and biologically informative for long necked herbivores. Modest extension of 10° between each caudal cervical allowed high shouldered sauropods to raise the cranial portion of their necks to vertical postures that allowed them to reach floral resources far higher than seen in the tallest mammals. This hypothesis is supported by the dorsally extended articulation of the only known co‐fused sauropod cervicals. Many sauropods appear to have been well adapted for rearing in order to boost vertical reach, some possessed retroverted pelves that may have allowed them to walk slowly while bipedal. A combination of improved high browsing abilities and sexual selection probably explains the unusually long necks of tall ungulates and super tall sauropods. Anat Rec, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Anat Rec, 300:1802–1825, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Strategies for Efficient Solar Water Splitting Using Carbon Nitride
Authors: Yang Yilong , Wang Songcan , Li Yongli , Wang Jinshu , Wang Lianzhou 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGraphitic carbon nitride (g‐C3N4)‐based photocatalysts are promising for photocatalytic water splitting to produce clean solar fuels due to their low cost, suitable band structure and excellent photocatalytic performance. This review focuses on the state‐of‐the‐art progress of the strategies for modifying g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts toward efficient photocatalytic water splitting. In particular, we highlight the importance of interfacial engineering and nanostructural control to facilitating charge separation and migration. Other strategies including doping and defect engineering are also concisely discussed. Finally, the perspectives on the challenges and future development of g‐C3N4‐based photocatalysts are presented.