bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Muscle Force and Range of Motion as Predictors of Function in Older Adults
Authors: Beissner Katherine L , Collins Jennifer E , Holmes Heidi 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Musculoskeletal impairments and functional limitations are linked to disability in older adults. The purposes of this study were to identify the extremity musculoskeletal impairments that best predict functional limitations in older adults and to assess the validity of measurements obtained for the Physical Performance Test (PPT) as a predictor of disability. Subjects and Methods. Eighty-one older adults residing in independent and dependent care facilities were tested for extremity muscle force, range of motion, and function. Data were analyzed using multiple regression analysis to identify extremity impairments that predicted function scores and logistic regression analysis to determine whether PPT scores predicted subjects' living situation as dependent versus independent. Results. Subject age, lower-extremity muscle force, and lower-extremity range of motion explained 77% of the variance in function as measured by the PPT. Results differed when analysis was done by the subjects' living situation, with a higher percentage of the variance in function scores explained by musculoskeletal measures for the dependent living group as compared with the independent living group. Conclusion and Discussion. Extremity musculoskeletal impairments have a strong relationship to function, especially in older adults living in dependent care settings. The results of this study can be used to design interventions to address the musculoskeletal disorders most related to function in the older population.
Use of The Blue MACS: Acceptance by Clinical Instructors and Self-Reports of Adherence
Authors: Hrachovy Julie , Clopton Nancy , Baggett Kristi , Garber Tamara , Cantwell Jennifer , Schreiber Jennifer 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and Purpose. The purpose of this study was to evaluate clinical instructors' (CIs') acceptance of and self-reported adherence to instructions for use of The Blue MACS (5th edition) for evaluating the clinical performance of physical therapist students. Subjects and Methods. One hundred twenty-four usable survey instruments were returned by CIs. Results. Twenty-two items from The Blue MACS were collapsed into a score representing acceptance, and 10 items were collapsed into a score representing reported adherence to instructions. Ninety-six percent of the CIs surveyed expressed a positive opinion of the instrument. Ninety-eight percent of the CIs reported at least moderately consistent adherence to instructions. Conclusion and Discussion. The instrument was regarded as a useful tool, and most CIs reported using the instrument according to the instructions. A positive opinion of the clinical performance assessment instrument is desirable to facilitate its use by CIs. Consistent use by different CIs is desirable to promote accurate communication among students, CIs, and the educational institution.
Submaximal Exercise Testing: Clinical Application and Interpretation
Authors: Noonan Vanessa , Dean Elizabeth 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCompared with maximal exercise testing, submaximal exercise testing appears to have greater applicability to physical therapists in their role as clinical exercise specialists. This review contrasts maximal and submaximal exercise testing. Two major categories of submaximal tests (ie, predictive and performance tests) and their relative merits are described. Predictive tests are submaximal tests that are used to predict maximal aerobic capacity. Performance tests involve measuring the responses to standardized physical activities that are typically encountered in everyday life. To maximize the validity and reliability of data obtained from submaximal tests, physical therapists are cautioned to apply the tests selectively based on their indications; to adhere to methods, including the requisite number of practice sessions; and to use measurements such as heart rate, blood pressure, exertion, and pain to evaluate test performance and to safely monitor patients.
Relationships Between Walk/Run Performance and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Adolescents Who Are Overweight
Authors: Drinkard Bart , McDuffie Jennifer , McCann Serena , Uwaifo Gabriel I , Nicholson Jennifer , Yanovski Jack A 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and Purpose. Little is known about the methods used to assess the physical fitness of adolescents who are overweight. We investigated the relationship between walk/run performance and cardiorespiratory fitness in adolescents who are overweight. Subjects. Eight African-American adolescents (5 female, 3 male) and 10 Caucasian adolescents (5 female, 5 male) who were overweight (mean age=14.5 years, SD=2.0, range=12–17; mean body mass index [BMI]=42.9 kg/m2, SD=11.5) participated in this study. Methods. Subjects performed a 12-minute walk/run test. The distances traveled at both 9 minutes (D9) and 12 minutes (D12) were recorded, and the distance traveled between 9 and 12 minutes (D9–12) was calculated. Subjects also completed a maximal cycle ergometry test, during which peak oxygen uptake (V̇o2peak), anaerobic threshold (AT), peak power (Wpeak), and power at the anaerobic threshold (Wat) were determined. Body composition was determined by air displacement plethysmography. Results. The mean percentage of body fat was 48.6% (SD=5.3%, range=40.3%–60.4%). Percentage of body fat and BMI were each inversely related to D9, D12, and V̇o2peak (all P&lt;.005). Peak oxygen uptake (r=.72, P=.0001), V̇o2peak/kg lean body mass (r=.60, P&lt;.005), Wpeak (r=.88, P&lt;.0001), and Wat (r=.72, P=.0007) were all related to D12, with greater r values than for D9. If D9–12was included in regression analyses, D9 did not account for additional variance in any of the cycle ergometry variables. Discussion and Conclusion. These results suggest that an easily obtained measurement of physical performance (distance traveled during a 12-minute walk/run test) is related to cardiorespiratory fitness and to body composition in adolescents who are overweight. The 12-minute walk/run distance is more predictive of cycle ergometry test results than the 9-minute distance.
Concurrent and Construct Validity of Scores on the Timed Movement Battery
Authors: Creel Gwenda L , Light Kathye E , Thigpen Mary T 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. The Timed Movement Battery (TMB) is a new assessment tool designed to measure mobility in elderly individuals. “Mobility” was defined as a person's ability to maneuver his or her body independently in order to accomplish everyday tasks. The purpose of this study was to assess the concurrent and construct validity of scores obtained with the TMB as a measure of mobility in a group of elderly individuals who reported moderate or no difficulty in performing either basic or instrumental activities of daily living (BADL or IADL). Subjects. Thirty community-dwelling elderly people, with a mean age of 77.5 years (SD=7.0, range=65–92), participated in this study. Methods. Subjects responded to 2 questionnaires regarding their activities of daily living (ADL) (ie, Barthel Index and an 18-item ADL/IADL scale) and completed 3 assessments of mobility (ie, Berg Balance Scale, Timed “Up & Go” Test, and the TMB). Subjects were asked to perform the items on the TMB at a “self-selected” speed (their normal speed) and at a “maximum-movement” speed (as quickly as they could safely perform the items). Subjects' scores on the TMB were cross-correlated with data for 4 criterion tests (ie, Berg Balance Scale, Timed “Up & Go” Test, Barthel Index, and the 18-item ADL/IADL scale) using Spearman rank correlations and Pearson product moment correlations. Results. Composite scores of the TMB performed at self-selected speeds correlated highly with data for the criterion tests and differentiated between those subjects reporting difficulty with ADL and those reporting no difficulty. Conclusion and Discussion. These results support the validity of scores obtained with the TMB as a measure of mobility in this sample of elderly individuals with moderate or no reported difficulty with ADL.
Application of Passive Stretch and Its Implications for Muscle Fibers
Authors: De Deyne Patrick G 
Published: February 2017

AbstractTo increase range of motion, physical therapists frequently use passive stretch as a means of gaining increased excursion around a joint. In addition to clinical studies showing effectiveness, thereby supporting evidence-based practice, the basic sciences can explain how a technique might work once it is known to be effective. The goal of this article is to review the potential cellular events that may occur when muscle fibers are stretched passively. A biomechanical example of passive stretch applied to the ankle is used to provide a means to discuss passive stretch at the cellular and molecular levels. The implications of passive stretch on muscle fibers and the related connective tissue are discussed with respect to tissue biomechanics. Emphasis is placed on structures that are potentially involved in the sensing and signal transduction of stretch, and the mechanisms that may result in myofibrillogenesis are explored.
Student Performance and Perceptions of a Lecture-based Course Compared With the Same Course Utilizing Group Discussion
Authors: Lake David A 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Self-directed learning is believed to be an important aspect of the reflective clinical practitioner. This study was a comparison of student learning and student perceptions of course and instructor effectiveness, course difficulty, and amount learned between the active learning and lecture sections of a course. Subjects. Participants in this study were 170 physical therapist students in 3 sections of a physiology course in the first year of their professional program. Methods. Course grades and the results of teacher-course evaluations were compared between a lecture section and an active learning section. The students in the original active learning section were reassessed 1 year later to determine their perceptions of the course. The differences were analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney U tests. Results. Course grades were higher in both active learning sections than in the lecture section. However, the students in both active learning sections perceived that they had learned less than students in the lecture section. Students' perceptions of course and instructor effectiveness were lower in the active learning sections than in the lecture section. There were no differences between the lecture and active learning sections on the students' perceptions of course difficulty. Conclusion and Discussion. Although they did better in the active learning environment, physical therapist students in a basic sciences course (physiology) in the first year of their professional program perceived that they had learned less in active learning courses. They also had lower perceptions of course and instructor quality.
Patients in General Practice in Denmark Referred to Physiotherapists: A Description of Patient Characteristics Based on General Health Status, Diagnoses, and Sociodemographic Characteristics
Authors: Jørgensen Carsten Krogh , Fink Per , Olesen Frede 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Both musculoskeletal illness and mental illness characterized by somatic symptoms are common in primary care, and it is hypothesized that many patients with musculoskeletal illness have relatively poor mental health. The purpose of this study was to describe the characteristics of patients in general practice in Denmark who are referred to physiotherapists with signs and symptoms of musculoskeletal illness. Subjects and Methods. One hundred ninety-four general practitioners, representing 124 practices, participated in a survey of 2,042 consecutive patients with musculoskeletal illness. Results. The diagnoses were generally poorly defined. Compared with the general population, patients with musculoskeletal illness had markedly poorer physical health and poorer mental health. Patients with poorly defined diagnoses did not differ from patients with well-defined diagnoses in terms of physical health, but they scored lower on the mental health component summary scale of the Danish version of the Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey (SF-36). Conclusion and Discussion. Of the patients referred to physiotherapists by general practitioners in Denmark, the subgroup with poorly defined diagnoses had lower mental health scores than those with well-defined diagnoses, suggesting that a biopsychosocial approach to care may be appropriate for this group of patients.
Exercise in 94°F Water for a Patient With Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Peterson Colleen 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. The purpose of this case report is to describe the examination, intervention, and outcome of a patient with multiple sclerosis (MS) who participated in a comprehensive rehabilitation program that included aquatic therapy with a pool temperature of 94°F. There are few descriptions of aquatic exercise programs on muscle force, exercise tolerance, and functional outcomes in individuals with MS, and most authors recommend a water temperature of less than 85°F to prevent an exacerbation of symptoms. Description. The patient was a 33-year-old woman. Before, during, and after the aquatic program, she was monitored for body temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and perceived exertion. She was also assessed for muscle force and functional abilities. Outcomes. The patient did not experience heat sensitivity or fatigue throughout the program, and her manual muscle test grades and mobility improved. Discussion. This patient's participation in aquatic therapy, in conjunction with land-based interventions, may have been associated with the improvement in functional abilities.
The Effect of Quadriceps Femoris Muscle Strengthening Exercises on Spasticity in Children With Cerebral Palsy
Authors: Fowler Eileen G , Ho Teresa W , Nwigwe Azuka I , Dorey Fredrick J 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. The Bobath neurodevelopmental treatment approach advised against the use of resistive exercise, as proponents felt that increased effort would increase spasticity. The purpose of this study was to test the premise that the performance of exercises with maximum efforts will increase spasticity in people with cerebral palsy (CP). Spasticity, in the present study, was defined as a velocity-dependent hyperexcitability of the muscle stretch reflex. Subjects. Twenty-four subjects with the spastic diplegic form of CP (mean age=11.4 years, SD=3.0, range=7–17) and 12 subjects without known neurological impairments (mean age=11.6 years, SD=3.5, range= 7–17) were assessed. Methods. Knee muscle spasticity was assessed bilaterally using the pendulum test to elicit a stretch reflex immediately before and after 3 different forms of right quadriceps femoris muscle exercise (isometric, isotonic, and isokinetic) during a single bout of exercise training. Pendulum test outcome measures were: (1) first swing excursion, (2) number of lower leg oscillations, and (3) duration of the oscillations. Results. There were no changes in spasticity following exercise between the 2 groups of subjects. Discussion and Conclusion. These results do not support the premise that exercises with maximum efforts increase spasticity in people with CP.
The Impact of Social and Organizational Factors on Workers' Coping With Musculoskeletal Symptoms
Authors: Torp Steffen , Riise Trond , Moen Bente E 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Workers with musculoskeletal symptoms are often advised to cope with their symptoms by changing their working technique and by using lifting equipment. The main objective of this study was to test the hypothesis that negative social and organizational factors where people are employed may prevent workers from implementing these coping strategies. Subjects and Methods. A total of 1,567 automobile garage workers (72%) returned a questionnaire concerning coping with musculoskeletal symptoms and social and organizational factors. Results. When job demands, decision authority, social support, and management support related to health, environment, and safety (HES) were used as predictor variables in a multiple regression model, coping as the outcome variable was correlated with decision authority, social support, and HES-related management support (standardized beta=.079, .12, and .13, respectively). When an index for health-related support and control was added to the model, it correlated with coping (standardized beta=.36), whereas the other relationships disappeared. Discussion and Conclusion. Decision authority and social support entail health-related support and control that, in turn, influences coping.
Material Properties of Thera-Band Tubing
Authors: Patterson Rita M , Stegink Jansen Caroline W , Hogan Harry A , Nassif Michael D 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Thera-Band Tubing has been used in rehabilitation to provide resistance for exercise and splinting. However, the forces required to stretch the tubing have not been thoroughly quantified. Therefore, the therapist cannot assess, with certainty, how much force is applied when using a given length and type of Thera-Band Tubing. The purpose of this study was to quantify the material properties of Thera-Band Tubing. Methods. Force versus percentage of strain for all types of Thera-Band Tubing was measured during elongation in a mechanical testing machine. Results. The material is very compliant and displays nonlinear behavior in the initial stretching phase and linear behavior after 50% elongation. Discussion and Conclusion. From the data obtained in this project, plots that can provide the therapist with information about the forces needed for exercises with Thera-Band Tubing were generated. These data should allow therapists to make better choices about which size of tubing to use for each patient.
Level of Activities Associated With Mobility During Everyday Life in Patients With Chronic Congestive Heart Failure as Measured With an “Activity Monitor”
Authors: van den Berg-Emons Hendrika (Rita) , Bussmann Johannes (Hans) , Balk Aggie , Keijzer-Oster Dorinde , Stam Henk 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Because of dyspnea and fatigue, patients with congestive heart failure (CHF) may be restricted in the performance of normal everyday activities. The aim of this study was to obtain a preliminary indication of the level of activities associated with mobility during everyday life and between-day variance in activities in patients with mild to moderate CHF as measured with an “Activity Monitor.” Subjects and Methods. The “Activity Monitor” is based on long-term (&gt;24 hours) ambulatory monitoring of signals from accelerometers fixed to the subject's body during everyday activities with the aim of assessing the level of activities associated with mobility. Measurements were obtained over 3 days from 5 male subjects with CHF (mean age=64 years, SD=5, range=59–72) and over 2 days from 5 matched comparison subjects (mean age=65 years, SD=4, range=61–71). Results. Mean duration of movement-related activities (walking, cycling, or general movement) (expressed as a percentage of the duration of the measurement day) was lower in the subjects with CHF (X̄=3.9, SD=1.5, range=2.2–6.7) than in the comparison subjects (X̄=11.3, SD=3.0, range=6.6–14.1). In the patients, between-day variance was smaller for different weekdays (eg, Monday versus Tuesday) than for similar weekdays (eg, 2 Mondays) (1.11% and 7.28%, respectively). Discussion and Conclusion. The results show how activities associated with mobility during everyday life may be restricted in people with CHF.
The Effects of a Contoured Foam Seat on Postural Alignment and Upper-Extremity Function in Infants With Neuromotor Impairments
Authors: Washington Kathleen , Deitz Jean C , White Owen R , Schwartz Ilene S 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Physical therapists and occupational therapists frequently use adaptive seating devices to improve stability in sitting for children with neuromotor impairments. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a contoured foam seat (CFS) on postural alignment and on the ability of infants with neuromotor impairments to engage with toys. Parental perceptions regarding the use and effects of the CFS also were assessed via semistructured interviews. Subjects. Subjects were 4 infants, ages 9 to 18 months, who were unable to sit independently. Method. A time-series, alternating-treatments design was used, with data collected under 3 conditions: (1) a regular highchair, (2) a regular highchair with a thin foam liner, and (3) a CFS used as an insert in a regular highchair. The primary dependent measures were postural alignment and engagement with toys. Engagement with toys was defined as percentage of intervals with 2 hands on a toy and percentage of intervals with no hands on a highchair tray and 1 or 2 hands on a toy. Results. Results showed a sustained effect of the CFS on improving postural alignment for all subjects. Effects of the CFS on increasing the number of intervals of bimanual play were not demonstrated for any subjects, although some improvement in the infant's ability to free the arms from support was observed for 2 subjects. Mothers reported acceptability of the CFS for everyday use and described benefits for themselves and their infants. Discussion and Conclusion. The results support the use of a CFS for improving postural alignment. Future research on adaptive seating should focus on interventions and outcomes that help children participate in functional activities relevant to them and their families.
Back Performance Scale for the Assessment of Mobility-Related Activities in People With Back Pain
Authors: Strand Liv Inger , Moe-Nilssen Rolf , Ljunggren Anne Elisabeth 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background and Purpose. Activities that require mobility of the trunk are often limited in patients with back problems. For this study, 5 tests (Sock Test, Pick-up Test, Roll-up Test, Fingertip-to-Floor Test, and Lift Test), all requiring sagittal-plane mobility, were performed, and the test scores were combined by the authors in a scale called the Back Performance Scale (BPS) to obtain a performance measure of mobility-related activities. Subjects. The participants were 288 patients with long-lasting musculoskeletal pain. Methods. The basis for constructing a sum scale (BPS), discriminative ability, and responsiveness to important change of the BPS were examined in patients with back pain. Results. Bivariate correlations (rs) of scores among tests ranged from .27 to .50, and correlations between separate tests and the BPS ranged from .63 to .73. The Cronbach alpha was .73. The BPS sum scores discriminated between patients with different return to work status and were higher for back pain than for other musculoskeletal pain. Responsiveness was high (effect size=1.33) in patients who had changed and low (effect size=0.31) in patients who had not changed, using return to work as an external indicator of important change. The BPS was more responsive than the separate tests. Discussion and Conclusion. The BPS appears to measure an aspect of physical performance that is of clinical importance to patients with back pain.