bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Nonequivalent release sites govern synaptic depression
Authors: Wen Hua , McGinley Matthew J. , Mandel Gail , Brehm Paul 
Published: December 2015

Significance
Activity-dependent depression is a common aspect of synaptic plasticity resulting from an inability to recover full-release competency during bouts of high-frequency stimulation. At the zebrafish neuromuscular synapse, frequencies between 1 and 10 Hz lead to 50% depression, but paradoxically, this synapse can still follow frequencies approaching the refractory period of the action potential without failure. Capitalizing on the advantages offered by this synapse, we report a new mechanism causal to nonlinear dependence of steady-state depression on frequency involving two types of release sites differing in vesicle reloading rates. The slow sites cannot sustain vesicle release at high frequencies, and therefore, it is the number of fast reloading sites that determines the steady-state level of transmission associated with depression.
Understanding the physics of ELM pacing via vertical kicks in JET in view of ITER
Authors: de la Luna E. , Chapman I.T. , Rimini F. , Lomas P.J. , Saibene G. , Koechl F. , Sartori R. , Saarelma S. , Albanese R. , Flanagan J. , Maviglia F. , Parail V. , Sips A.C.C. , Solano E.R. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Experiments on JET, with both the previous carbon wall (JET-C) and the new Be/W wall (JET-ILW), have demonstrated the efficacy of using a fast vertical plasma motion (known as vertical kicks in JET) for active ELM control. In this paper we report on a series of experiments that have been recently conducted in JET-ILW with the goal of further improving the physics understanding of the processes governing the triggering of ELMs via vertical kicks. This is a necessary step to confidently extrapolate this ELM control method to ITER. Experiments have shown that ELMs can be reliably triggered provided a minimum vertical plasma displacement and velocity is imposed. The magnitude of the minimum displacement depends on the plasma parameters, being smaller for higher pedestal temperatures and lower collisionalities, which is encouraging in view of ITER. Modelling and stability analysis suggest that a localized current density induced by the vertical plasma movement close to the separatrix plays a major role in the ELM triggering mechanism, which is consistent with the experimental observations. The implications of these results for the extrapolation of this ELM control scheme to ITER are discussed.
Simulation study of NBI heating in the time-evolving and multi-ion-species plasmas of LHD
Authors: Yamaguchi H. , Murakami S. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Numerical simulations of neutral beam injection (NBI) heating in the time-evolving and multi-ion-species plasma in the large helical device (LHD) are performed. Two typical impurity species in the high-

experiment plasma, helium and carbon, are considered. The birth simulation using the HFREYA code has shown that the fast ion birth increases with the carbon impurity fraction in the tangential and perpendicular NBI heating cases. The GNET-TD code is used to simulate the slowing down of the fast ions, taking into account the plasma time evolution, impurity collisions and guiding-centre motion in the three-dimensional magnetic configuration. It is found that the fast ion confinement is deteriorated by the pitch-angle scattering with carbon ions, nevertheless the total heat deposition of the tangential NBI increases with the carbon fraction in the simulation of steady-state plasma. The time-dependent simulation with the carbon pellet injection has shown the deformation of the fast ion distribution function and an increase in the heat depositions after the carbon pellet injection. It has also been shown that the steady-state simulations underestimate the heat deposition in the core region right after the pellet injection.
Application of symbolic regression to the derivation of scaling laws for tokamak energy confinement time in terms of dimensionless quantities
Authors: Murari A. , Peluso E. , Lungaroni M. , Gelfusa M. , Gaudio P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In many scientific applications, it is important to investigate how certain properties scale with the parameters of the systems. The experimental studies of scalings have traditionally been addressed with log regression, which limits the results to power laws and to theoretical and not data-driven dimensionless quantities. This has also been the case in nuclear fusion, in which the scaling of the energy confinement time is a crucial aspect in understanding the physics of transport and in the design of future devices. Traditionally two main assumptions are at the basis of the most widely accepted empirical scaling laws for the confinement time: (a) the dimensionless variables used are the ones derived from the symmetries of the Vlasov equation; (b) the final scalings have the mathematical form of power laws. In this paper, it is shown how symbolic regression (SR), implemented with genetic programming (GP) techniques, can be used to test these hypotheses. Neither assumption is confirmed by the available data of the multi-machine International Tokamak Physics Activity (ITPA) of validated tokamak discharges. The statistically soundest expressions are not power laws and cannot be formulated in terms of the traditional dimensionless quantities. The consequences of the data-driven scaling laws obtained are both practical and theoretical: the confinement time for the ITER can be significantly shorter than foreseen by power laws and different dimensionless variables should be considered for theoretical investigations. On the other hand, higher quality databases should be built to reduce the uncertainties in the extrapolations. It is also worth emphasising that the proposed methodology is fully general and therefore can be applied to any field of science.
Application of transfer entropy to causality detection and synchronization experiments in tokamaks
Authors: Murari A. , Peluso E. , Gelfusa M. , Garzotti L. , Frigione D. , Lungaroni M. , Pisano F. , Gaudio P. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Determination of causal-effect relationships can be a difficult task even in the analysis of time series. This is particularly true in the case of complex, nonlinear systems affected by significant levels of noise. Causality can be modelled as a flow of information between systems, allowing to better predict the behaviour of a phenomenon on the basis of the knowledge of the one causing it. Therefore, information theoretic tools, such as the transfer entropy, have been used in various disciplines to quantify the causal relationship between events. In this paper, Transfer Entropy is applied to determining the information relationship between various phenomena in Tokamaks. The proposed approach provides unique insight about information causality in difficult situations, such as the link between sawteeth and ELMs and ELM pacing experiments. The application to the determination of disruption causes, and therefore to the classification of disruption types, looks also very promising. The obtained results indicate that the proposed method can provide a quantitative and statistically sound criterion to address the causal-effect relationships in various difficult and ambiguous situations if the data is of sufficient quality.
Improved error estimates for splitting methods applied to highly-oscillatory nonlinear Schrödinger equations
Authors: Chartier Philippe , Méhats Florian , Thalhammer Mechthild , Zhang Yong 
Published: December 2015

In this work, the error behavior of operator splitting methods is analyzed for highly-oscillatory differential equations. The scope of applications includes time-dependent nonlinear Schrödinger equations, where the evolution operator associated with the principal linear part is highly-oscillatory and periodic in time. In a first step, a known convergence result for the second-order Strang splitting method applied to the cubic Schrödinger equation is adapted to a wider class of nonlinearities. In a second step, the dependence of the global error on the decisive parameter

0
>
ε
>

>
1

0 > \varepsilon >\!\!> 1

, defining the length of the period, is examined. The main result states that, compared to established error estimates, the Strang splitting method is more accurate by a factor

ε
\varepsilon

, provided that the time stepsize is chosen as an integer fraction of the period. This improved error behavior over a time interval of fixed length, which is independent of the period, is due to an averaging effect. The extension of the convergence result to higher-order splitting methods and numerical illustrations complement the investigations.
A Randomized Controlled Trial of Mentoring Interventions for Underrepresented Minorities
Authors: Lewis Vivian , Martina Camille A. , McDermott Michael P. , Trief Paula M. , Goodman Steven R. , Morse Gene D. , LaGuardia Jennifer G. , Sharp Daryl , Ryan Richard M. 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
To conduct a randomized controlled trial to evaluate the effects of different mentoring interventions on the basic psychological need satisfaction of underrepresented minorities and women in academia.

Method
Participants were 150 mentor/protégé dyads from three academic medical centers and eight other colleges and universities in western and central New York, randomized from 2010 to 2013 into mentor training (using principles of self-determination theory); peer mentoring for protégés; mentor training and peer mentoring for protégés combined; or control/usual practice. Protégé participants were graduate students, fellows, and junior faculty who were from underrepresented groups based on race, ethnicity, gender, or disability.
The primary analysis was a comparison of intervention effects on changes in protégés’ satisfaction of their basic psychological needs (competence, autonomy, and relatedness) with their mentor. They completed a well-validated, online questionnaire every two months for one year.

Results
There was no significant effect at the end of one year of either mentor training or peer mentoring on protégés’ psychological basic need satisfaction with mentor specifically or at work in general. Exploratory analyses showed a significant effect of the mentor-based intervention on the protégés’ overall psychological need satisfaction with their mentor at two months, the time point closest to completing mentor training.

Conclusions
This randomized controlled trial showed a potential short-term effect of mentor training on changing basic psychological need satisfaction of underrepresented scholars with their mentors. Despite the lack of sustained effect of either mentor training or peer mentoring, these short-term changes suggest feasibility and potential for future study.
The inhibitive properties of Nopal slime on the corrosion of steel in chloride-contaminated mortar
Authors: Martinez-Molina Wilfrido , Torres-Acosta Andres , Hernández-Leos Rosalba , Alonso-Guzman Elia , Mendoza-Pérez Itzel , Martinez-Peña Itandehui 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to determine if a type of cactus mucilage, Opuntia ficus-indica (OFI), may act as a corrosion inhibitor for carbon steel in cement-based materials (mortar) exposed to chloride-laden environment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Mortar prisms, reinforced with carbon steel rods, were immersed in sodium chloride (NaCl) solution for five wet – dry cycles. The experimentation included electrochemical monitoring (corrosion potential, Ecorr, and polarization resistance, Rp) of carbon steel during the time of exposure until corrosion-induced cracking appeared at the mortar surface. Crack survey on the mortar prisms was performed. Carbon steel rods were retrieved from the mortar after crack survey and steel mass loss at the end of the experimental period was estimated. A comparison between the different mixtures was also performed.

Findings
– OFI mucilage did perform as a corrosion inhibitor of steel in chloride contaminated mortar.

Research limitations/implications
– The experimental program needs to be corroborated in concrete specimens with typical dimensions. The surface oxide/hydroxide formation of the carbon steel in contact with the OFI mucilage is still unknown; thus, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses are needed.

Practical implications
– OFI mucilage is a suitable natural product that can be used to increase durability of concrete structures not only in countries where OFI cactus is produced, but also in many other countries where this plant is considered a plague.

Originality/value
– The new information obtained from this paper is the innovative use of a by-product of this cactus plant for construction industry applications.
Preserving the value of highway maintenance equipment against roadway deicers: a case study and preliminary cost benefit analysis
Authors: Shi Xianming , Hansen Greg , Mills Monty , Jungwirth Scott , Zhang Yan 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to report the best practices of deicer corrosion control adopted by the Washington State Department of Transportation (WSDOT) to preserve the performance, reliability and value of its highway maintenance equipment assets.

Design/methodology/approach
– To enable quantitative analyses, data were collected from a site visit to WSDOT, as well as from a survey of maintenance practitioners from various transportation agencies. The direct costs related to equipment corrosion aggravated by the exposure to roadway deicers were analyzed, along with the direct benefits of mitigating such corrosion, using WSDOT as a case study. In addition, the same preliminary cost benefit analysis was conducted for an “average” Department of Transportation in a northern climate.

Findings
– Both cases show a highly favorable benefit-to-cost ratio for enhanced investment in controlling the risk of deicer corrosion.

Research limitations/implications
– It has not yet been possible to confirm this compelling argument because the analysis is partly based on assumptions instead of fully based on actual data.

Practical implications
– This work highlights the need to collect the relevant data such that future analysis and sensitivity analysis can be substantiated with actual data on costs and benefits. It concludes with a few suggestions for implementation.

Originality/value
– Many components in highway maintenance equipment fleet are at the risk of metallic corrosion, which is exacerbated in service environments where roadway deicers have been applied. This work lays the foundation for future research into this important issue.
Corrosion – inhibiting properties of molybdenum-containing pigments in coatings
Authors: Hájková Tereza , Kalendova Andrea 
Published: December 2015

Purpose
– This paper aims to synthesise anticorrosion pigments containing molybdenum for paints intended for corrosion protection of metals.

Design/methodology/approach
– The anticorrosion pigments were prepared by high-temperature solid-state synthesis from the appropriate oxides, carbonates and calcium metasilicate. Stoichiometric molybdates and core-shell molybdates with a non-isometric particle shape containing Ca, Sr, Zn, Mg and Fe were synthesised. The pigments were examined by X-ray diffraction analysis and scanning electron microscopy. Paints based on an epoxy resin and containing the substances at a pigment volume concentration of 10 volume per cent were prepared. The paints were subjected to physico-mechanical tests and to tests in corrosion atmospheres. The corrosion test results were compared to those of the paint with a commercial pigment, which is used in many industrial applications.

Findings
– The molybdate structure of each pigment prepared was elucidated. The core-shell molybdates exhibit a non-isometric particle shape. The pigments prepared were found to impart a very good anticorrosion efficiency to the paints. A high anticorrosion efficiency was found with the pigments Fe2(MoO4)3 and Fe2(MoO4)3/CaSiO3 and with Mg and Zn molybdates.

Practical implications
– The pigments can be used for the formulation of paints intended for the corrosion protection of metals. The pigments also improve the paints’ physical properties.

Originality/value
– The use of the pigments in anticorrosion paints for the protection of metals is new. The benefits include the use and the procedure of synthesis of the anticorrosion pigments which are free from heavy metals and are acceptable from the aspect of environmental protection. Moreover, the core-shell molybdates, whose high efficiency is comparable to that of the stoichiometric molybdates, have lower molybdenum contents.
Unpacking the link between entrepreneurialism and employability
Authors: Bell Robin 
Published: December 2015

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between students’ entrepreneurial attitudes and traits and their classification of employment six months after university graduation. It aims to identify what specific attitudes and traits of entrepreneurial graduates are linked to employability in a professional or managerial field.Design/methodology/approach– The research adopts a quantitative approach to measure the entrepreneurial drive of final-year undergraduate business school students and regresses this measurement against the employment level of the same students six months after their graduation. The employment classification of each respondent was classified as “professional/managerial” or “non-professional/non-managerial”, in line with the Standard Occupational Classification 2010.Findings– The research found that both proactive disposition and achievement motivation were statistically linked to the likelihood of graduates being employed in a professional or managerial position six months after graduation.Originality/value– This research goes beyond existing literature linking entrepreneurship to employability to quantitatively examine what specific attitudes and traits can be linked to employability in recent graduates. By identifying the aspects of entrepreneurialism that have a relationship with employability, more information is available for educators who are designing entrepreneurial education programmes and allows for greater focus on aspects that may be of greatest benefit to all students.
Mas5, a homologue of bacterial DnaJ, is indispensable for the host infection and environmental adaptation of a filamentous fungal insect pathogen
Authors: Wang Jie , Ying Sheng‐Hua , Hu Yue , Feng Ming‐Guang 
Published: December 2015

SummaryMas5, a yeast heat shock protein classified to the Hsp40 group, is homologous to bacterial archetype DnaJ but functionally unexplored in filamentous fungi. Here we identify a Mas5 homologue (46.86 kDa) in Beauveria bassiana and show its indispensability for host infection and environmental adaptation of the fungal insect pathogen. The deletion of mas5 caused severe defects in aerial conidiation, conidial germination and submerged blastospore production (mimic to host haemocoel). The deletion mutant lost 100% virulence to Galleria mellonella larvae through normal cuticular penetration (topical inoculation) and 50% through cuticle‐bypassing infection (intrahaemocoel injection). It formed no blastospore in vivo after inoculation or only a very few after injection. Its extracellular (cuticle degrading) enzymes and virulence‐relating Pr1 proteases were 62% and 32% less active respectively. It became more sensitive to high osmolarity, oxidation, cell‐wall perturbation, heat shock and UV‐B irradiation. These concurred with reduced contents of intracellular mannitol and trehalose, decreased activities of antioxidant enzymes, impaired cell walls and suppressed transcripts of stress‐responsive and virulence‐relating genes. All the changes were restored by targeted mas5 complementation. All together, Mas5 is indispensable for the in vitro and in vivo life cycle of B. bassiana by targeting many sets of enzymes/proteins at transcriptional and post‐transcriptional levels.
Serobactins‐mediated iron acquisition systems optimize competitive fitness of Herbaspirillum seropedicae inside rice plants
Authors: Rosconi Federico , Trovero María F. , de Souza Emanuel M. , Fabiano Elena 
Published: December 2015

SummaryHerbaspirillum seropedicae Z67 is a diazotrophic endophyte able to colonize the interior of many economically relevant crops such as rice, wheat, corn and sorghum. Under iron‐deficient conditions, this organism secretes serobactins, a suite of lipopetide siderophores. The role of siderophores in the interaction between endophytes and their plant hosts are not well understood. In this work, we aimed to determine the importance of serobactins‐mediated iron acquisition systems in the interaction of H. seropedicae with rice plants. First we provide evidence, by using a combination of genome analysis, proteomic and genetic studies, that the Hsero_2345 gene encodes a TonB‐dependent receptor involved in iron–serobactin complex internalization when iron bioavailability is low. Our results show that survival of the Hsero_2345 mutant inside rice plants was not significantly different from that of the wild‐type strain. However, when plants were co‐inoculated at equal ratios with the wild‐type strain and with a double mutant defective in serobactins synthesis and internalization, recovery of mutant was significantly impaired after 8 days post‐inoculation. These results demonstrate that serobactins‐mediated iron acquisition contributes to competitive fitness of H. seropedicae inside host plants.
On assumptions behind estimates of abundance from counts at multiple sites
Authors: Knape Jonas , Korner‐Nievergelt Fränzi 
Published: December 2015

Summary

Count data of animals observed from multiple sites are commonly used to study variation in abundance across space and time. Because some individuals typically go undetected in such surveys, count data alone have traditionally been thought to not contain information about absolute abundance. In a recent paper, we showed that estimates of absolute abundance using single‐visit methods with covariates (Sólymos, et al. Environmetrics, 2012, 23, 197 ) can be biased arbitrarily low if the link function used for detection probability is mis‐specified. Sólymos & Lele (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2015, in press) argue that this is not a relevant issue in practice.

We discuss the implications of the assumptions necessary for estimating abundance from the single‐visit model and clarify and extend results in Knape & Korner‐Nievergelt (Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 2015, 6, 298). We also discuss assumptions of the Dail‐Madsen model.

We show that for the single‐visit model a partially scaled link function which covers the full range from 0 to 1 leads to the same scaling issue as the scaled link function used in Knape & Korner‐Nievergelt (2015) which only covers a restricted range.

We argue that there is essentially no information about absolute abundance contained in single‐visit count data. Additional more direct data on detection probabilities is required to robustly estimate absolute abundances.