bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spectral Heat Transfer Coefficient for Thermal Design Analysis—Part 1: Augmenting the Cooling Law for Non-Isothermal Wall
Authors: He L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
There are two major issues of interest in relation to Newton's law of cooling. The first is its applicability to flow bounded by a nonisothermal wall where the wall surface temperature is nonuniform. The second is the restriction by the basic linear assumption. In terms of the first issue, a general Green's function-based framework exists but its implementation as a working method has been lacking, attributable to the inherent locality of Green's function. Instead of setting up and solving the local–local influence and response, a new spectral heat transfer coefficient (SHTC) method takes a different avenue. It sets up and solves global-to-local temperature-heat flux influences for a small number of low order spectral modes of wall temperature disturbances. The SHTC approach covers a range of physically relevant and numerically resolvable length scales, which have been missing in the conventional cooling law. The present work is aimed at applying the SHTC methodology to turbine blade aerothermal analysis. Two aerothermal regimes are considered, respectively. In the first part (Part 1 of the two-part article), the SHTC approach is described and case-studied for a linear aerothermal regime where the flow energy equation behaves linearly and the corresponding temperature (thermal) field is passively dictated by the velocity (momentum) field. In the companion paper (Part II), the methodology will be extended to a nonlinear regime, where the temperature field will be actively interacting with (rather than passively influenced by) the velocity field.
Automated Layout Design of Hydraulic Components With Constraints on Flow Channels
Authors: Zhu Ciming , Wang Feixue , Zhang Hongyuan , Zheng Yongjiang , Ding Chengfeng , Li Shuai , Yao Jing 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The lightweight design of hydraulic equipment has always been of vital interest. Additive manufacturing (AM) technology can meet the manufacturing requirements of heteroideus and lightweight hydraulic equipment. However, traditional layout optimization often cannot satisfy the functional constraints of hydraulic components. This article proposes a design method of function-based automatic layout optimization for hydraulic components to solve this problem. The proposed method combines multi-component layout optimization with flow-up channel path planning and uses the triangular mesh model of hydraulic components directly as layout units. The spatial pose of the layout unit is used as the gene sequence for a genetic algorithm (GA). To meet the functional constraints, this study also proposes a fast, accurate collision detection algorithm for irregular 3D models and the generating strategy for follow-up flow channels. Here, the volume of the layout units, the total centroid radius of the layout plan, the length of flow channels, and the pressure loss are taken as the objective functions, and an automatic layout optimization algorithm for hydraulic components is developed. By optimizing the initial layout plan of an aviation electro-hydrostatic actuator (EHA), the characteristic volume of the optimized layout is reduced by 30.68% and the total length of the flow channels is decreased by 39.53%, demonstrating the efficiency of this method for lightweight hydraulic equipment design.
Gravitational Effects on Optical Lens Fabrication: First Insides on Earth- and Microgravity Experiments
Authors: Fütterer Laura , Galati Marco-Nicolas , Reitz Birger , Overmeyer Ludger , Lotz Christoph 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Understanding the effects of gravity on manufacturing processes is a pioneering extension of the process parameter space used to date. Until now, the improvement of manufacturing technologies has mainly focused on process parameters such as temperature, pressure, and material composition, as access to variable gravity environments is limited. The Einstein-Elevator opens up new possibilities for the variation of these process parameters and the development of in-space manufacturing technologies. Together with the research of innovative production processes for optical components within the PhoenixD Cluster of Excellence, this creates an entirely new field of research. The research presented here focuses on investigating gravity’s effects on dispensed optical lens production. Using a jet dispenser, sessile droplets are produced during a flight phase in the Einstein-Elevator and cured directly by UV polymerization. As part of this study, optical lenses were produced and compared under microgravity and Earth’s gravitational conditions. Geometric properties such as height and contact angle of the lenses produced were analyzed. It was found that lenses fabricated under microgravity have a larger contact angle than those fabricated under Earth gravity. Similarly, the height increases with decreasing gravity. These results are consistent with the theoretical assumptions described, although generalized theories to describe the morphology of a sessile droplet are not yet available. The case study findings on the influence of gravity as a process parameter on drop morphology represent a fundamental improvement for additive manufacturing technologies, especially for in-space manufacturing.
Isometric Midthigh-Pull Testing: Reliability and Correlation With Key Functional Capacities in Young Soccer Players
Authors: Rago Vincenzo , Nakamura Fábio Yuzo , Suarez-Balsera Carlos , Arnaiz-Lastras Javier , Figueiredo Pedro 
Published: September 2024

Purpose: We examined the reliability of force parameters derived from the isometric midthigh pull (IMTP) and their correlation with the functional capacities of young soccer players. Methods: Data were collected from 20 young professional soccer players within and between 2 sessions (after 1 wk) using a 1000-Hz force plate. Results: Performance outputs in all IMTP parameters were consistent and showed moderate to excellent reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient = .72–1.00) within and between sessions. However, all parameters reported a marginal ability to detect chronic changes in performance (smallest worthwhile change [SWC] < standard error of measurement [SEM]) except for peak vertical force (PF) parameters, which showed good usefulness (SWC > SEM). Absolute PF was correlated with the countermovement-jump (CMJ) total impulse (CMJ-TI; r = .54), whereas relative PF (to body mass) was correlated with CMJ height, CMJ peak power, and the last speed of the 30:15 Intermittent Fitness Test (VIFT; r = .40 to .63). IMTP time-dependent forces were correlated with CMJ-TI (r = .52 to .62). The IMTP impulse parameters were positively correlated with CMJ-TI (r = .48 to .58) and negatively with VIFT (r = −.44 to −.38). None of the IMTP parameters were correlated either with the CMJ mean propulsive force or with any linear acceleration times. Conclusions: All IMTP parameters can be adopted by practitioners involved with testing young soccer players based on their acceptable reliability criteria. However, caution should be taken when interpreting the time-dependent variables based on their marginal usefulness when assessing performance. Generally, a greater PF was associated with a greater vertical power based on its correlation to CMJ.
Exploring the influence of atmospheric CO
2
and O
2
levels on the utility of nitrogen isotopes as proxy for biological N
2
fixation
Authors: Wannicke Nicola , Stüeken Eva E. , Bauersachs Thorsten , Gehringer Michelle M. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Biological N
2
fixation (BNF) is traced to the Archean. The nitrogen isotopic fractionation composition (δ
15
N) of sedimentary rocks is commonly used to reconstruct the presence of ancient diazotrophic ecosystems. While δ
15
N has been validated mostly using organisms grown under present-day conditions; it has not under the pre-Cambrian conditions, when atmospheric
p
O
2
was lower and
p
CO
2
was higher. Here, we explore δ
15
N signatures under three atmospheres with (i) elevated CO
2
and no O
2
(Archean), (ii) present-day CO
2
, and O
2
and (iii) future elevated CO
2
, in marine and freshwater, heterocytous cyanobacteria. Additionally, we augment our data set from literature for more generalized dependencies of δ
15
N and the associated fractionation factor epsilon (
ε
= δ
15
N
biomass
– δ
15
N
N2
) during BNF in Archaea and Bacteria, including cyanobacteria, and habitats. The
ε
ranges between 3.70‰ and −4.96‰ with a mean
ε
value of −1.38 ± 0.95‰, for all bacteria, including cyanobacteria, across all tested conditions. The expanded data set revealed correlations of isotopic fractionation of BNF with CO
2
concentrations, toxin production, and light, although within 1‰. Moreover, correlation showed significant dependency of
ε
to species type, C/N ratios and toxin production in cyanobacteria, albeit it within a small range (−1.44 ± 0.89‰). We therefore conclude that δ
15
N is likely robust when applied to the pre-Cambrian-like atmosphere, stressing the strong cyanobacterial bias. Interestingly, the increased fractionation (lower
ε
) observed in the toxin-producing
Nodularia
and
Nostoc
spp. suggests a heretofore unknown role of toxins in modulating nitrogen isotopic signals that warrants further investigation.

IMPORTANCE

Nitrogen is an essential element of life on Earth; however, despite its abundance, it is not biologically accessible. Biological nitrogen fixation is an essential process whereby microbes fix N
2
into biologically usable NH
3
. During this process, the enzyme nitrogenase preferentially uses light
14
N, resulting in
15
N depleted biomass. This signature can be traced back in time in sediments on Earth, and possibly other planets. In this paper, we explore the influence of
p
O
2
and
p
CO
2
on this fractionation signal. We find the signal is stable, especially for the primary producers, cyanobacteria, with correlations to CO

2

, light, and toxin-producing status, within a small range. Unexpectedly, we identified higher fractionation signals in toxin-producing
Nodularia
and
Nostoc
species that offer insight into why some organisms produce these N-rich toxic secondary metabolites.
Sialic acid and PirB are not required for targeting of neural circuits by neurotropic mammalian orthoreovirus
Authors: Griswold Kira A. , Vasylieva Iaroslavna , Smith Megan C. , Fiske Kay L. , Welsh Olivia L. , Roth Alexa N. , Watson Alan M. , Watkins Simon C. , Sutherland Danica M. , Dermody Terence S. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Serotype 3 (T3) strains of mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) spread to the central nervous system to infect the brain and cause lethal encephalitis in newborn mice. Although reovirus targets several regions in the brain, susceptibility to infection is not uniformly distributed. The neuronal subtypes and anatomic sites targeted throughout the brain are not precisely known. Reovirus binds several attachment factors and entry receptors, including sialic acid (SA)-containing glycans and paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B (PirB). While these receptors are not required for infection of some types of neurons, reovirus engagement of these receptors can influence neuronal infection in certain contexts. To identify patterns of T3 neurotropism, we used microbial identification after passive tissue clearance and hybridization chain reaction to stain reovirus-infected cells throughout intact, optically transparent brains of newborn mice. Three-dimensional reconstructions revealed in detail the sites targeted by reovirus throughout the brain volume, including dense infection of the midbrain and hindbrain. Using reovirus mutants incapable of binding SA and mice lacking PirB expression, we found that neither SA nor PirB is required for the infection of various brain regions. However, SA may confer minor differences in infection that vary by region. Collectively, these studies indicate that many regions in the brain of newborn mice are susceptible to reovirus and that patterns of reovirus infection are not dependent on reovirus receptors SA and PirB.

IMPORTANCE
Neurotropic viruses invade the central nervous system (CNS) and target various cell types to cause disease manifestations, such as meningitis, myelitis, or encephalitis. Infections of the CNS are often difficult to treat and can lead to lasting sequelae or death. Mammalian orthoreovirus (reovirus) causes age-dependent lethal encephalitis in many young mammals. Reovirus infects neurons in several different regions of the brain. However, the complete pattern of CNS infection is not understood. We found that reovirus targets almost all regions of the brain and that patterns of tropism are not dependent on receptors sialic acid and paired immunoglobulin-like receptor B. These studies confirm that two known reovirus receptors do not completely explain the cell types infected in brain tissue and establish strategies that can be used to understand complete patterns of viral tropism in an intact brain.
Epidemiology of childhood invasive pneumococcal disease in Australia: a prospective cohort study
Authors: Phuong Linny Kimly , Cheung Abigail , Templeton Tiarni , Abebe Tamrat , Ademi Zanfina , Buttery Jim , Clark Julia , Cole Theresa , Curtis Nigel , Dobinson Hazel , Shahul Hameed Nadha , Hernstadt Hayley , Ojaimi Samar , Sharp Ella Grace , Sinnaparajar Praisoody , Wen Sophie , Daley Andrew , McMullan Brendan , Gwee Amanda 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundThe widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccines (PCV) has changed the epidemiology of invasive pneumococcal disease (IPD) in children globally.MethodsMulticentre prospective audit of IPD episodes from five paediatric hospitals in Australia over 5.5 years between 2016 and June 2021. Children (<18 years) withStreptococcus pneumoniaeisolated from a sterile site were included.ResultsThere were 377 IPD episodes in 375 children: 338 (90%) had received ≥3 PCV doses; 42 (11%) had IPD risk factors. The most common presentations were complicated pneumonia (254, 67%), bacteraemia (65, 17%) and meningitis (29, 8%). Five (1%) children died.Serotype information was available for 230 (61%) episodes; 140 (61%) were 13vPCV vaccine serotypes (VTs). The majority (85%) of episodes of complicated pneumonia were due to a VT; predominantly 3, 19A, 19F. Children with risk factors were more likely to present with bacteraemia ± sepsis (42% vs 12%) and to have a non-vaccine serotype (NVT) (74% vs 32%). Resistance to ceftriaxone (meningitis cut-off) occurred in 17% of 23B isolates (n=12) and accounted for 22% (5/23) of meningitis cases.ConclusionsComplicated pneumonia is the most common IPD presentation. NVTs account for the majority of bacteraemia and meningitis episodes. High rates of ceftriaxone resistance for NVT 23B support the addition of vancomycin for empiric treatment of suspected meningitis.
Global rapid review of interventions to tackle the harms of illicit tobacco
Authors: Davies Nathan , Bogdanovica Ilze , Bains Manpreet , Jayes Leah , Langley Tessa Elisabeth 
Published: September 2024

ObjectiveThis review aimed to assess interventions designed to reduce harm from illicit tobacco (IT). We evaluated health outcomes, cost-effectiveness, the advantages and disadvantages of interventions, and contextual factors affecting implementation.Data sourcesWe searched MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from January 2002 to June 2024, the grey literature and undertook backward and forward citation searches of included studies without geographical restrictions.Study selectionEligible study types included non-randomised trials, interrupted time series, before–after studies, economic simulations and mixed-methods studies. Case studies providing outcome data linked to specific interventions were also included. Studies were screened by multiple reviewers for eligibility.Data extractionData was extracted on geographical location and dates of interventions, descriptions of the interventions, contexts and outcome data relevant to review objectives which were checked by a second reviewer. Quality assessment was conducted using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools appropriate for each study design.Data synthesisFive studies and 16 case studies were included. These reported on a range of interventions (including track-and-trace systems, anti-counterfeit measures and communications campaigns) and outcomes (including tax revenue and population attitudes toward IT). There was some evidence for the effectiveness of track-and-trace systems. Case studies, predominantly on national-level interventions, reported decreases in IT market share and increases in tax revenue suggesting potential benefits of multicomponent strategies.ConclusionsThere is promising limited evidence for interventions to tackle IT but they are seldom systematically evaluated. Comprehensive, independent evaluations are required to support policymaking and avoid tobacco industry influence in IT research.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023452732.
Rotational dynamics of a disk in a thin film of weakly nematic fluid subject to linear friction
Authors: Daddi-Moussa-Ider Abdallah , Tjhung Elsen , Pradas Marc , Richter Thomas , Menzel Andreas M. 
Published: September 2024

AbstractDynamics at low Reynolds numbers experiences recent revival in the fields of biophysics and active matter. While in bulk isotropic fluids it is exhaustively studied, this is less so in anisotropic fluids and in confined situations. Here, we combine the latter two by studying the rotation of a disk-like inclusion in a uniaxially anisotropic, globally oriented, incompressible two-dimensional fluid film. In terms of a perturbative expansion in parameters that quantify anisotropies in viscosity and in additional linear friction with a supporting substrate or other type of confinement, we derive analytical expressions for the resulting hydrodynamic flow and pressure fields as well as for the resistance and mobility coefficients of the rotating disk. It turns out that, in contrast to translational motion, the solutions remain well-behaved also in the absence of the additional linear friction. Comparison with results from finite-element simulations shows very good agreement with those from our analytical calculations. Besides applications to describe technological systems, for instance, in the area of microfluidics and thin cells of aligned nematic liquid crystals, our solutions are important for quantitative theoretical approaches to fluid membranes and thin films in general featuring a preferred direction.
Combinations of HDAC Inhibitor and PPAR Agonist Induce Ferroptosis of Leukemic Stem Cell–like Cells in Acute Myeloid Leukemia
Authors: Zhou Hui , Qin Dongmei , Xie Chendi , Zhou Jie , Jia Shuman , Zhou Ziwei , Qiu Yi , Xu Bing , Zha Jie 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Purpose:
Leukemic stem cells (LSC) are responsible for leukemia initiation, relapse, and therapeutic resistance. Therefore, the development of novel therapeutic approaches targeting LSCs is urgently needed for patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Experimental Design:
The LSC-like cell lines (KG-1α and Kasumi-1) and CD34+ primary AML cells purified from patients with AML (n = 23) treated with CS055 and/or chiglitazar and were analyzed for viability, death, and colony formation assay. We performed RNA sequencing, glutamate release, intracellular glutathione, lipid reactive oxygen species, transmission electron microscopy, and Western blotting assay and confirmed ferroptosis in LSC-like cells. The luciferase reporter, co-immunoprecipitation, histone deacetylase 3 (HDAC3)-shRNA/HDAC3/deacetylase-deficient LSC-like cell lines, histidine pull-down, and chromatin immunoprecipitation assays performed to clarify the molecular mechanism of CS055/chiglitazar in LSC-like cells. We also established cell-derived xenograft and patient-derived xenograft mouse models to evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of CS055/chiglitazar against AML in vivo.

Results:
We report that the HDAC inhibitor CS055, in combination with peroxisome proliferator–activated receptor pan-agonist (chiglitazar), synergistically targets leukemic stem-like cells from leukemia cell lines and patient samples while sparing normal hematopoietic progenitor cells. Mechanistically, chiglitazar enhances the inhibitory effect of CS055 on HDAC3 and induces ferroptosis in LSC-like cells by downregulating the expression of ferroptosis suppressor SLC7A11. In fact, the inhibition of HDAC3 increases H3K27AC levels in the promoter region of activating transcription factor 3 (ATF3), a transcriptional repressor of the SLC7A11 gene, and upregulates the expression of ATF3. In contrast, ATF4, a SLC7A11 activator, is suppressed by HDAC3 inhibition.

Conclusions:
Our findings suggest that treatment with CS055 combined with chiglitazar will target LSCs by inducing ferroptosis and may confer an effective approach for the treatment of AML.
Multidimensional Immunotyping of Human NF1-Associated Peripheral Nerve Sheath Tumors Uncovers Tumor-Associated Macrophages as Key Drivers of Immune Evasion in the Tumor Microenvironment
Authors: Zhang Lindy , Maalouf Alexandre , Makri Stavriani C. , Banerjee Jineta , Suru Aditya , Tam Ada J. , Calizo Ana , Pollard Kai , Wang Jiawan , Danilova Ludmila , Ioannou Maria , Levin Adam S. , Morris Carol D. , Rhee Daniel S. , Belzberg Allan J. , Blakeley Jaishri O. , Ladle Brian H. , Pardoll Drew M. , Lucas Calixto-Hope G. , Rodriguez Fausto J. , Gross John M. , Anders Robert A. , Pratilas Christine A. , Llosa Nicolas J. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract

Purpose:
Malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors (MPNST) are aggressive soft-tissue sarcomas and the leading cause of mortality in individuals with neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). Despite many clinical trials, outcomes for patients with MPNST have remained stagnant, and most succumb to their disease; thus, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. A better understanding of the MPNST immune ecosystem will aid in the development of strategies to activate the immune system against the tumor. In this study, we profile the tumor immune microenvironment (TIME) in NF1-associated peripheral nerve sheath tumors (PNST) to discover insights on the role played by tumor-infiltrating immune cells in malignant transformation.

Experimental Design:
Using fresh and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded tissue from patients diagnosed with NF1-PNST, we dissected the TIME through IHC, multiparameter flow cytometry, and comparative transcriptomic studies.

Results:
Immunophenotyping confirmed increased immune cell infiltration during malignant progression, with a predominance of infiltrating myeloid cells, particularly CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). The T cells within MPNST exhibited signs of tumor activation, characterized by high programmed cell death 1 expression. Additionally, MPNST specimens demonstrated elevated levels of immunosuppressive TAM, with heightened PD-L1 expression. The proportion of CD163+ myeloid cells within the TIME correlated with poorer progression-free survival. Notably, loss of H3K27 trimethylation correlated with low immune cell infiltration in MPNST.

Conclusions:
Malignant transformation of NF1-PNST is characterized by an immunosuppressive microenvironment comprising TAM with high expression of PD-L1, which is associated with inferior outcomes. These findings suggest the clinical potential of immune-modulating therapeutics that can unleash an antitumor immune response.