bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Global Ocean Water Cycle in Atmospheric Reanalysis, Satellite, and Ocean Salinity
Authors: Yu Lisan , Jin Xiangze , Josey Simon A. , Lee Tong , Kumar Arun , Wen Caihong , Xue Yan 
Published: January 2017

Abstract
This study provides an assessment of the uncertainty in ocean surface (OS) freshwater budgets and variability using evaporation E and precipitation P from 10 atmospheric reanalyses, two combined satellite-based E − P products, and two observation-based salinity products. Three issues are examined: the uncertainty level in the OS freshwater budget in atmospheric reanalyses, the uncertainty structure and association with the global ocean wet/dry zones, and the potential of salinity in ascribing the uncertainty in E − P. The products agree on the global mean pattern but differ considerably in magnitude. The OS freshwater budgets are 129 ± 10 (8%) cm yr−1 for E, 118 ± 11 (9%) cm yr−1 for P, and 11 ± 4 (36%) cm yr−1 for E − P, where the mean and error represent the ensemble mean and one standard deviation of the ensemble spread. The E − P uncertainty exceeds the uncertainty in E and P by a factor of 4 or more. The large uncertainty is attributed to P in the tropical wet zone. Most reanalyses tend to produce a wider tropical rainband when compared to satellite products, with the exception of two recent reanalyses that implement an observation-based correction for the model-generated P over land. The disparity in the width and the extent of seasonal migrations of the tropical wet zone causes a large spread in P, implying that the tropical moist physics and the realism of tropical rainfall remain a key challenge. Satellite salinity appears feasible to evaluate the fidelity of E − P variability in three tropical areas, where the uncertainty diagnosis has a global indication.
Modular Programming in C: An Approach Suitable for Teaching
Authors: Velastin Sergio A. 
Published: January 2017

Modular programming in C: an approach suitable for teaching C has gained considerable popularity in the field of embedded computer systems. However, C is an inherently unsafe language that has resulted in unsafe practices. We present an evolutionary approach derived from the ADA ‘package’ concept. The method has been used in teaching as well as industrial environments.
Calculation of Forces in Dynamic Mechanical Systems: Driving point Impedance Approach
Authors: Asamoah F. 
Published: January 2017

Calculation of forces in dynamic mechanical systems — driving point impedance approach This paper extends the concept of driving point impedance used in analog electronic systems to dynamic mechanical systems. The similarity between the equations and the bus-impedance matrix equations in power systems is pointed out. Examples have been given to demonstrate the application of the method.
Pspice Simulation and Implementation of a Thyristor D.C. Chopper
Authors: Thomas F. , Nayar C. V. , Perahia J. 
Published: January 2017

PSPICE simulation and implementation of a thyristor d.c. chopper Simulation and laboratory results are presented of an SCR forced commutation d.c. chopper. Chopper and model operation are discussed and compared.
Damage Extension in Carbon Fiber/PEEK Crossply Laminates under Low Velocity Impact
Authors: Wang H. , Vu-Khanh T. 
Published: January 2017

Low-velocity impact in carbon fiber/PEEK crossply laminates has been studied by test and analysis. Emphases of the study were focused on the material properties which may control the damage extension of transverse crack and delamination. It was found that, considering the thermal residual stress and the crack constraining effect, extension of transverse cracks could not be predicted by the Strength of Materials approach. The impact-induced delamination could be characterized by the crack arrest concept of fracture mechanics. The delamination resulted from a Mode II-dominated unstable fracture, which occurred under displacement-controlled conditions and seemed to be arrested at a constant interlaminar fracture energy. It was found that the thermoplastic APC-2 composite exhibits the same damage modes as epoxy composites under low velocity impact. Both the matrix-controlled damage and the fiber-controlled penetration may become the dominant failure mode, depending on the stacking sequence of the laminate. The residual stress in the thermoplastic laminates is as high as half of the transverse strength of the unidirectional material. The crack constraining effect tends to increase the in situ transverse strength of the lamina as the lamina thickness decreases. Considering the residual stress and crack constraining effect, the transverse crack extension cannot be predicted by the Strength of Materials approach. The crack arrest concept of fracture mechanics seems to be a useful approach to predict the extension of impact-induced delamination. The delamination resulted from a Mode II-dominated unstable fracture, which occurred under displacement-controlled conditions and seemed to be arrested at a constant interlaminar fracture energy. By assuming the delamination arrest at about the time of maximum impact load, the delamination arrest toughness could be evaluated from the test data of [05/905/05] laminates. The delamination arrest toughness is also found to be close to the Mode II-propagation toughness of the material.
Abnormal Fundal Appearances in a Case of Poisoning by a Cyanide Capsule
Authors: Buchanan I. S. , Dhamee M.-S. , Griffiths F. E. D. , Yeoman W. B. 
Published: January 2017

A case of poisoning by potassium cyanide is described, in which life was maintained for 37 hr 30 min prior to death. The nature of the capsule containing cyanide seems to be unique. A new clinical sign is presented in which the appearances of the fundi were characteristic and reversible. Attention is redirected to the inability of most people to identify cyanide by smell.
Neither Guilty Nor Insane
Authors: Low N. Cranston 
Published: January 2017

The case of Mrs May Clarke, whose verdict of guilty to a shoplifting charge was quashed by the Appeal Court, is quoted together with others to illustrate the clinical findings of short-lived periods of confused thinking in patients suffering from depression. The opinion is expressed that shoplifting is a suicide-equivalent in these cases, and it is urged that the proposal of the Butler Committee to introduce a verdict of ‘not guilty on evidence of mental disorder’ should be extended to lesser offences such as shoplifting.
Victims of Violence: A Demographic and Clinical Study
Authors: Kee M. , Bell P. , Loughrey G. C. , Roddy R. J. , Curran P. S. 
Published: January 2017

This study is an attempt to evaluate the psychiatric sequelae in victims of violence in Northern Ireland between 1979 and 1984. Seven hundred and nineteen consecutive referrals for medico-legal reports were investigated using detailed analysis of case records. These clients were all seeking compensation for psychological injury allegedly sustained following a violent incident. Details of demographic data, diagnosis and utilization of treatment services were recorded. Clients showed a high rate of anxiety and depressive reactions and neuroses, with notable infrequency in the diagnosis of hysteria and phobic neurosis. A large number of people were prescribed drugs, a significant percentage continuing to take these for over one year. The significance of these results is discussed with regard to the issues of compensation neurosis and ‘nervous shock’.
Firearm Fatalities in Victoria, Australia 1988
Authors: Selway R 
Published: January 2017

A study of all the firearm fatalities in the state of Victoria, Australia is presented for the year 1988. The overall incidence was 138 (3.24 per 100,000) of which 71% were suicides, 24% homicides, 2% accidental and 2% undetermined. Twice as many males were homicide victims as females. The female homicide victims being mainly shot by their husbands. 47% of homicides were of a domestic nature, while 15% were criminals shot by police. Only 3 women shot themselves compared with 11 who were victims of homicide. The relative frequency of accidental shooting deaths is the lowest recorded, a surprising finding in a state where hunting is such a common pastime.
1. Lethal Cardiac Tamponade Due to Aortotomy Wound Dehiscence after Cardiac Valve Replacment: A Forensic Presentation
Authors: Patel F 
Published: January 2017

Lethal cardiac tamponade due to aortotomy wound dehiscence after cardiac valve replacement (CVR) are apparently unreported in the recent literature. An uncommon example of delayed non-valvular lethal complication of CVR occurring in the early out-patient period is reported here. The forensic aspects of wound dehiscence in cardiovascular surgery for cardiac valve replacement are discussed, and complemented by a study of the fracture ends of suture material in wound breakdown associated with the suture failure.
Doctors' Holding Power in Practice: Section 5(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983
Authors: Hall A D , Puri B K , Stewart T , Grahame P S 
Published: January 2017

Section 5(2) of the Mental Health Act 1983 (England and Wales) is a commonly used short term power of detention often implemented by junior medical staff, which has no statutory right of appeal. There is little published analysis of its use in clinical practice. A detailed case note study of its use in a psychiatric service with a large catchment area is presented. Fifty-seven per cent of the patients detained under s.5(2) were female. Affective psychosis was over-represented in detained females, while schizophrenia and paranoid states were over-represented in males. Eight per cent of s.5(2) detentions were initiated via the nurses' holding power, s.5(4). None of these patients were subsequently regraded to s.2 or 3, which may be accounted for by the finding that personality disorder and alcohol dependence were more commonly diagnosed in this subgroup. Of s.5(2) detainees, none of those with a non-psychotic disorder were regraded to s.2 or 3. Three patients had not accepted in-patient admission prior to implementation of s.5(2). Moreover, 38 per cent of all s.5(2) detentions took place within 24 hours of admission. Patients with a psychotic disorder were more likely to be detained within 24 hours of admission. Doubts regarding the validity of consent to voluntary admission in these patients are raised.
Traumatic Baso-Brainstem Subarachnoid Haemorrhage
Authors: Patel F 
Published: January 2017

Traumatic basal subarachnoid haemorrhage is an uncommon disorder that is well described in the forensic literature. The aetiology traditionally has been a relatively minor blunt trauma which is sustained typically at the level of the base of head and injures the arterial system to the brain. The site of trauma may be occult and not always demonstrable. In the case discussed, an acute baso-brainstem subarachnoid haemorrhage was caused by a severed extracranial vertebral artery due to a stabwound injury to the upper neck. A gravitational factor and alcohol intoxication, which might contribute to the basal intracranial haematoma, is given a novel thought.
HCV and HIV Counseling and Testing Integration in California: An Innovative Approach to Increase HIV Counseling and Testing Rates
Authors: Stopka Thomas J. , Marshall Clark , Bluthenthal Ricky N. , Webb David S. , Truax Steven R. 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. In California, injection drug users (IDUs) comprise the second leading risk group for human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and the majority of hepatitis C virus (HCV) cases. Innovative disease screening and prevention activities are needed to improve disease surveillance and to guide appropriate public health responses. This study tested the hypothesis that offering HIV counseling and testing (C&T) concurrently with HCV C&T will increase HIV C&T rates among IDUs. Methods. From February through June 2003, HIV and HCV C&T were integrated in five California local health jurisdictions. HIV C&T and disclosure rates among IDUs were monitored when HIV C&T was offered alone during a baseline phase and when offered with HCV C&T during an intervention phase. Results. Among IDUs, HIV C&T rates were significantly higher when HIV and HCV C&T were offered together (27.1%, 354/1,305) than when HIV C&T services were offered alone (8.4%, 138/1,645) ( p,0.05). HIV disclosure rates increased from 54.3% (75/138) when only HIV test results were disclosed to 71.8% (254/354) when HIV test results were disclosed concurrently with HCV test results ( p,0.05). HCV prevalence among IDUs tested ranged from 23% to 75% at the five project sites. Integrating HIV and HCV C&T increased overall C&T time required for staff and clients and increased stress among counselors due to the number of positive test results (HCV) given to clients. Conclusions. Study results suggest that integrating HIV and HCV C&T can increase disease screening rates among IDUs. Careful planning of integrated staff activities and schedules is recommended.
Methods of Generating State Revenue for Breast Cancer Prevention and Early Detection: An Analysis of Pink Dollars
Authors: Eyler Amy A. , Dodson Elizabeth A. , Chalifour Stephanie , Brownson Ross C. 
Published: January 2017

Objective. We assessed income tax check-offs, specialty license plates, and lottery tickets as ways states raise funds for the early detection and prevention of breast cancer. Methods. We conducted an inventory of state legislation allowing these revenue-generating methods, and collected and compared information on each initiative. We conducted logistic regression analyses to compare these methods with state breast cancer mortality rates. Results. Eighteen states had programs for contributions through an income tax check-off. Revenue for tax check-offs and plates is influenced by state population. The median annual revenue for the income tax check-off was $115,000. Twenty-six states had breast cancer license plates generating more than $4.1 million in revenue. The extra cost of the plates ranged from $20 to 75 (mean = $37). Only Illinois offered a state breast cancer lottery ticket, which raised $4 million from 2005 to 2009. States with medium or high breast cancer mortality rates were 2.5 times more likely to offer breast cancer specialty license plates than states with low breast cancer mortality rates; however, we found no statistically significant difference in breast cancer mortality tertiles by income tax check-off. Conclusion. Revenue-generating breast cancer initiatives can be successful strategies for states to raise funds for breast cancer prevention and early detection programs. Although these initiatives can generate revenue, amounts are variable due to population differences, the number of other plates/check-offs/lotteries offered, and the choice to decrease donations during difficult economic times. State breast cancer mortality rates may influence the availability of these initiatives.
Drug Overdose Surveillance Using Hospital Discharge Data
Authors: Slavova Svetla , Bunn Terry L. , Talbert Jeffery 
Published: January 2017

Objectives. We compared three methods for identifying drug overdose cases in inpatient hospital discharge data on their ability to classify drug overdoses by intent and drug type(s) involved. Methods. We compared three International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, Clinical Modification code-based case definitions using Kentucky hospital discharge data for 2000–2011. The first definition (Definition 1) was based on the external-cause-of-injury (E-code) matrix. The other two definitions were based on the Injury Surveillance Workgroup on Poisoning (ISW7) consensus recommendations for national and state poisoning surveillance using the principal diagnosis or first E-code (Definition 2) or any diagnosis/E-code (Definition 3). Results. Definition 3 identified almost 50% more drug overdose cases than did Definition 1. The increase was largely due to cases with a first-listed E-code describing a drug overdose but a principal diagnosis that was different from drug overdose (e.g., mental disorders, or respiratory or circulatory system failure). Regardless of the definition, more than 53% of the hospitalizations were self-inflicted drug overdoses; benzodiazepines were involved in about 30% of the hospitalizations. The 2011 age-adjusted drug overdose hospitalization rate in Kentucky was 146/100,000 population using Definition 3 and 107/100,000 population using Definition 1. Conclusion. The ISW7 drug overdose definition using any drug poisoning diagnosis/E-code (Definition 3) is potentially the highest sensitivity definition for counting drug overdose hospitalizations, including by intent and drug type(s) involved. As the states enact policies and plan for adequate treatment resources, standardized drug overdose definitions are critical for accurate reporting, trend analysis, policy evaluation, and state-to-state comparison.
Studies in Wool Yellowing
Authors: Leaver I. H. , Ramsay G. Caird 
Published: January 2017

Wool and silk fabrics which have been exposed to light of wavelengths present in sunlight undergo further changes in yellowness on treatment with water. Depending upon the wavelengths of the initial radiation, wetting may cause either bleaching or yellowing. For wool fabrics irradiated at 310 nm, wetting initially produces bleaching followed by yellowing, whereas fabrics irradiated at 365 nm are either yellowed or bleached depending on whether or not the sample is fluorescent-brightened. At wavelengths greater than 390 nm, only yellowing is observed. The effect of oxygen on the photoyellowing of wet fluorescent-brightened wool and silk has been examined.
Salts of DEAE-Cottons as Built-in Catalysts for the Cellulose-DMEU Reaction
Authors: Soignet Donald M. , Benerito Ruth R. , Pilkington Mary W. 
Published: January 2017

The use of a built-in tertiary amine salt as a catalyst for the reaction of cotton with substituted cyclic ureas has been investigated, with emphasis on the reaction of 1,3-bis(hydroxymethyl)-imidazolidinone-2 (called dimethylolethyleneurea or DMEU). Both organic and inorganic acid salts of diethylaminoethyl (DEAE) cotton have been found to be catalytically active. The effects of reaction temperature, concentration of reagent in the pad bath, and solvent media were studied. DEAE-cotton in the hydroxide form catalyzed the DMEU-cotton reaction only in 1,3-dichloro-2-propanol solvent. The very reactive DMEU could be used as finishing agent in a delayed-cure process with the hydrochloride of DEAE-cotton. A similar tertiary amine hydrochloride catalyst, introduced as an external catalyst in the pad bath, was found to be unsuitable for the delayed-cure process with DMEU.
Gas Developments in Europe
Authors: Wright D. J. 
Published: January 2017

Natural gas is an important component of the European energy mix and the impact of North Sea developments will assure substantial supplies for the future. In European countries, indexing gas prices has meant that in periods of declining oil prices gas has been uncompetitive and short-term prospects have been constrained. In the long term the Troll / Sleipner development will transform the European gas supply and encourage more extensive use both residentially and industrially. Some antinuclear sentiment and endeavours to deal with the acid rain problem could encourage gas use in the long term. European gas sales would be helped by a more flexible marketing system and a de-indexed pricing mechanism.
Why Should 5,000 Children Die in India Every Day? Major Causes of Death and Managerial Challenges
Authors: Ramani K V , Mavalankar Dileep , Joshi Sanjay , Malek Imran , Puvar Tapasvi , Kumar Harish 
Published: January 2017

Globally, more than 10 million children, under five years of age, almost all in poor countries, die every year (20 children per minute), mostly from preventable causes. The major causes of child death include neonatal disorders (death within 28 days of birth), diarrhoea, pneumonia, and measles with malnutrition being a major contributing factor for childhood illnesses. India alone accounts for almost 5,000 deaths of under-five years children (U5) every day. In 1975, the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) was launched in the country to provide integrated health and nutrition services focusing upon the holistic development of children at the village level. Yet by 2005, 50 per cent of the children in India were still malnourished. India's neonatal mortality, which accounts for almost 50 per cent of the U5 deaths, is one of the highest in the world. India launched the Universal Immunization Programme (UIP) in 1985. Yet full immunization in India had reached only 43.5 per cent by 2005-06, as per the NFHS 31. This paper, besides discussing the status of mortality of children and the situation of child health services, examines the managerial challenges of the child health programmes in India. There is a need for improving the management capacity amongst health service providers, specifically the planning and implementation of child health programmes such as immunization, control of diarrhoea, and pneumonia. The analysis of the trends of the past decline shows that during 1990-2008, India achieved a decrease in infant mortality rate (IMR) at a very low annual average rate of 1.9 per cent. To achieve Millennium Development Goals (MDG) 4, between 2009— 2015, the rate of reduction of IMR needs to be increased to a very high level — at 6.74 per cent every year. This means that the government and the private sector need to improve the effectiveness and efficiency of the child health programmes substantially. Incremental improvement over “business-as-usual” will not help in achieving MDG 4. Effective and efficient management of child health programmes would require focused political and administrative attention and managerial capacity.
Vibration Transmission in the Hip
Authors: Liebaert P. , Quandieu P. , Pellieux L. , Leclercq S. , Piedecocq B. 
Published: January 2017

A mathematical study of vibration propagation in the hip has been carried out. The object of the investigation was to demonstrate that the articulation behaves like a mechanical filter (i.e. linear and stationary) when submitted to vibrations. The study was performed on baboons with a total hip prosthesis on one side, the other being left untouched as means of comparison, both hips of the animals being also fitted with miniature accelerometers. The data collected during the experiments were treated with statistical tests (most of the time non parametric). First results show that both articulations of the animals behave like expected, thus making lawful the use of spectral analysis for further experiments.
Wind Noise and Motorcycle Crash Helmets
Authors: Mccombe A.W. , Binnington J.A. , Nash D. 
Published: January 2017

An investigation was undertaken into the source and levels of wind noise in motorcycle helmets, and their sound attenuation characteristics. All noise measurements increased in a linear fashion when plotted against log10 speed. Low frequency wind noise displayed a greater rate of increase than vehicle noise and surpassed it and the recommended 8 hour occupational maximum of 90dB(A) at approximately 17m/s (40mph/68kph) to reach levels of 111dB(A) at 44m/s (100mph/170kph). There were no statistical differences in the sound levels for different motorcycles, riding position or helmet fit. There were small but significant differences between helmet types. A wind tunnel analysis indicates a turbulent boundary layer as the sound source. As currently designed, a typical motorcycle crash helmet provides no useful sound attenuation below 2000 Hertz and thus little protection against the damaging effects of wind noise. It is suggested that improvements in helmet attenuation characteristics would go some way to addressing this problem.