bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Use of Shorter Intramedullary Guide for Ipsilateral Total Knee Arthroplasty following Prior Total Hip Arthroplasty
Authors: Webb Bradley , Ulrich Slif , MacKinlay Kenneth , Smith Langan , Malkani Arthur 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAlignment after total knee arthroplasty (TKA) plays an important role with respect to patient satisfaction and implant survivorship. In patients undergoing ipsilateral TKA with prior total hip arthroplasty (THA), the femoral intramedullary (IM) guide cannot be fully inserted into the femoral canal because of the prior THA. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of femoral component alignment using a shorter IM guide during TKA in patients with an ipsilateral THA. We identified 42 patients undergoing ipsilateral TKA with the use of a short IM guide in the setting of a prior THA. A matched cohort group was identified from our total joint registry that included 42 patients who underwent primary TKA. The surgical goal was to achieve 5 degrees of valgus on the femoral side and 0 degree on the tibial side with an overall postoperative tibial–femoral angle of 5 degrees of valgus. Patients were evaluated clinically using Knee Society pain scores (KSSs), function scores, and with radiography. Both the tibial–femoral limb alignment and the femoral component alignment were compared using Student's t-test. There were no significant differences between the two groups with respect to sex, age, body mass index (BMI), pre- and postoperative KSSs. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups with respect to radiographic tibial–femoral limb alignment, 4.33 degrees of valgus in the short stem THA–TKA group versus 5.4 degrees of valgus in the TKA group (p < 0.04); however, this difference did not correlate to a difference in postoperative outcomes. An adequate tibial–femoral component alignment was achieved in patients undergoing ipsilateral TKA with prior THA using a shortened IM femoral guide.
Outcomes of Admissions for Preterm Labor
Authors: Kuzniewicz Michael , Black Libby , Walsh Eileen , Li Sherian , Greenberg Mara 
Published: June 2017

Objective This study aims to quantitate the incidence of preterm labor (PTL) admissions and determine the frequency and predictors of preterm delivery (PTD) during these admissions.
Study Design Retrospective cohort of singleton pregnancies within Kaiser Permanente Northern California, 2001 to 2011. PTL admissions were defined as inpatient encounters > 24 hours with an International Classification of Diseases, 9th Revision code for PTL.
Results Total study population was 365,897 with PTL admission rate 11%. PTD occurred in 85% of pregnancies with PTL admission. Delivery occurred within 48 hours of admission in 96% ≥34 weeks, 67% 31 to 33 weeks, and 51.9% <31 weeks. Predictors of delivery during PTL admission included gestational age 34 to 36 weeks (adjusted odds ratio [aOR], 6.90), chorioamnionitis (aOR, 105.58), and preterm rupture of membranes (aOR 19.29).
Conclusion We demonstrate a high rate of PTD per PTL admission in a highly integrated health care system. More work is needed to determine optimal practices for hospitalization and treatment of women diagnosed with PTL.
Chirurgie der Trachea
Authors: Volmerig Jan , Hecker Erich 
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Chirurgie der Trachea ist ein Spezialgebiet, in dem aufgrund der Vielzahl von Indikationen und der erweiterten Topografie viele Disziplinen gemeinsam tätig sind. Nicht nur wegen der besonderen funktionellen Bedeutung, sondern auch wegen seiner komplexen Morphologie, Anatomie und Physiologie stellt dieses Organ eine besondere therapeutische Herausforderung dar. Eine Vielzahl von Krankheiten erfordert chirurgische Eingriffe der Trachea – sowohl die Krankheit selbst als auch patientenabhängige Parameter beeinflussen die therapeutische Strategie. Unabhängig von der Art der zugrunde liegenden Erkrankung erfordert es eine hohe Expertise im Luftwegmanagement, eine sorgfältige Diagnose und interventionellen Planung sowie ein erfahrenes OP-Team mit Beherrschung der erweiterten Operationstechniken, um gute Ergebnisse zu erzielen. Zur optimalen Therapieentscheidung ist immer eine multidisziplinäre Bewertung der individuellen Situation durch den interventionellen Pneumologen, den Thoraxchirurgen, den Viszeralchirurgen, HNO-Chirurgen und Anästhesisten erforderlich.
Die laparoskopisch assistierte Mobilisation und Resektion eines Steißbeinteratoms Altman Typ III
Authors: Gödeke Jan , Engel Veronika , Münsterer Oliver 
Published: June 2017

Zusammenfassung
Zielsetzung Der vorliegende Beitrag zeigt Schritt für Schritt die laparoskopisch assistierte Mobilisation und Resektion eines Steißbeinteratoms Altman Typ III.
Indikation Die laparoskopische supralevatorische Tumormobilisation ist eine in ausgewählten Zentren etablierte Methode und kann als initialer Schritt einer Steißbeinteratomresektion mit intrapelvinem Anteil die komplette (R0-) Resektion vereinfachen.
Methode Es erfolgt eine laparoskopische Operation in Rückenlage mit einem 5-mm-Trokar umbilikal, einem 5-mm-Trokar im rechten Oberbauch und 2 3-mm-Trokaren im linken Mittel- und Unterbauch. Wir verwenden dazu eine 5-mm-45°-Optik und laparoskopische 3-mm-Fasszangen sowie Overholt-Klemmen. Zur Koagulation wird ein laparoskopischer 5-mm-Diathermieversiegler (LigaSure™, Covidien, Neustadt) eingesetzt.
Schlussfolgerung Das Verfahren der laparoskopisch assistierten Tumormobilisation bietet unserer Meinung nach für geeignete Tumoren den Vorteil, dass sich die primär tumorversorgenden Gefäßstrukturen gleich bei Beginn der Operation sicher identifizieren und durchtrennen lassen. Der laparoskopische Ansatz erlaubt ferner exakte Präparation und Mobilisierung des supralevatorischen Tumoranteils unter direkter Sicht. Nach Umlagerung des Patienten in die Bauchlage kann dann von sakral die infralevatorische Präparation ohne größere Blutungsgefahr zeitsparend und sicher erfolgen.
Osteologie – praxisnah
Authors: Lange Uwe 
Published: June 2017

Liebe Kolleginnen und Kollegen,
es ist mir eine große Freude und Ehre, dass mir als vornehmlich klinisch tätigem Arzt und Vertreter der patientenzentrierten klinischen Forschung die Herausgabe des Schwerpunktheftes „Osteologie-Praxisnah“ anvertraut wurde. Für die 5 praxisrelevanten osteologischen Fortbildungsbeiträge ist es mir gelungen, Personen mit Expertise sowohl auf dem osteologischen als auch rheumatologischen Gebiet zu gewinnen.
Notfallbehandlung von Beckenverletzungen
Authors: Lechner Raimund , Lampl Lorenz , Treffer Dominik 
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungSchwere Verletzungen des Beckens gehen mit einer hohen Letalitätsrate einher, bedingt durch einen hohen Blutverlust. Deshalb sollten alle Patienten mit einem relevanten Traumamechanismus, äußeren Verletzungszeichen sowie Schmerzen im Beckenbereich bereits präklinisch mit einer Beckenschlinge versorgt werden. In diesem Beitrag wird die Durchführung einer suffizienten Blutungskontrolle in der Präklinik- und Schockraumphase dargestellt.
Suppression of Forkhead Box Protein O1 (FOXO1) Transcription Factor May Promote Adrenocortical Tumorigenesis
Authors: Stenman Adam , Murtha Timothy , Korah Reju , Carling Tobias 
Published: June 2017

AbstractDespite recent comprehensive genetic analyses, molecular evidence for a pathophysiological continuum linking benign adrenocortical adenoma (ACA) and highly aggressive adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) is still elusive. Using human tumor samples and the established ACC cell line SW-13, this study investigated potential regulatory roles for FOXO transcription factors, in modulating adrenocortical tumorigenesis. Adrenocortical tumor specimens (20 ACAs, 10 ACCs, and 9 normal adrenal tissue samples) obtained from 30 patients were analyzed for ubiquitously expressed FOXO transcription factors, FOXO1 and FOXO3 using qRT-PCR and immunohistochemistry. The SW-13 ACC cells were used to study the phenotypic effects of FOXO regulation in vitro. While FOXO3 expression remained unchanged in ACCs, FOXO1 expression was found to be significantly downregulated in 19/20 ACAs and 9/10 ACCs (p<0.0001 and p<0.05, respectively), suggesting a global role for FOXO1 suppression in promoting and maintaining adrenocortical dedifferentiation. Silencing of FOXO1 in SW-13 cells resulted in significant loss of viability (p<0.001) mediated by apoptosis as determined by quantitative Annexin V immunofluorescence analysis (p<0.01). FOXO1 silencing also augmented the migratory behavior of SW-13 cells (p<0.0001), suggesting distinct roles for FOXO1 in promoting viability and controlled motility of adrenocortical cells.
Versorgungsstrategie von Nervenverletzungen bei schwerem
Weichteilschaden
Authors: Harhaus Leila , Hirche Christoph , Giunta Riccardo E. , Aszmann Oskar , Siemers Frank , Kneser U. , Lehnhardt Marcus 
Published: June 2017

ZusammenfassungNervenverletzungen mit schwerem Weichteilschaden sind selten und bedürfen einer
komplexen, individualisierten Behandlungsstrategie, um die resultierenden
medizinischen und sozioökonomischen Folgen möglichst gering zu halten. Da bisher
eine einheitliche systematische Evidenz fehlt, werden abhängig vom individuellen
Erfahrungstand der versorgenden Mikrochirurgen uneinheitliche Therapiestandards
angewendet. Um beste Voraussetzungen für deren weiteren Heilungsverlauf zu
schaffen, wurden in einem Konsensusworkshop der 38. Jahrestagung der
Deutschsprachigen Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Mikrochirurgie der peripheren Nerven
und Gefäße (DAM) Konsensusempfehlungen von einer Expertengruppe erarbeitet.
Diese beinhalten die Aspekte Zeitpunkt der Nerven- und Weichteilversorgung,
Versorgungsstrategien, sowie Rehabilitation und Heilverfahrenssteuerung.
Validation of Brain Angiotensin System Blockade as a Novel Drug Target in Pharmacological Treatment of Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Authors: Wincewicz Dominik , Braszko Jan 
Published: June 2017

AbstractRetreat in psychiatric drug development results in innovative medication decline that might be at least partially overcome by adjunct therapy. New evidence from clinical studies has shown a possible role for brain Renin-Angiotensin System (RAS) in both affective and psychotic disorders. Simultaneously, rapidly accumulating data from basic studies indicate effectiveness of central RAS blockade in much broader range of neuropsychiatric disease. Recent findings implicate brain RAS, especially Angiotensin II (Ang II), in neural pathophysiology of mental disorders through neuroendocrine modulation and effects on neurotransmitter release, mostly noradrenaline, acetylcholine and dopamine. The potential effects of angiotensin-converting-enzyme (ACE) inhibition and angiotensin type 1 receptor (AT1R) blockade on treatment of mental disorders are a matter of considerable interest. This review describes involvement of brain RAS in pathophysiology of neuropsychiatric disorders and an intriguing possibilities of improvement in pharmacological treatment outcome, where using angiotensin-converting-enzyme inhibitors (ACEI) and Angiotensin Receptor Blockers (ARB), goes beyond blood pressure control.
‘The sea pulled her skirt up’
Authors: Baker Paul , Jabarooty Maryam Paknahad 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This article examines the language used by bloggers in Iran who write about same-sex relationships. Homosexuality is a criminal offence in Iran and discussion of sex is tabooed so blogging potentially acts as a form of empowerment for bloggers who desire such relationships. By conducting a qualitative analysis of a small sample of blogs, we show how Iranian bloggers have developed a range of techniques to avoid censorship of their postings, as well as examining how they orient to discourses around same-sex relationships, oppression of their identities and heteronormativity.
Where Have All the Illusions Gone?
Authors: Rogers Brian 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
It might sound perverse to question the concept of illusion in a book titled The Compendium of Visual Illusions—not least because the idea of illusions and illusory perception has been around for at least two millennia—but that is the purpose of this chapter. Put simply, this chapter argues the case that there is no satisfactory way of distinguishing between “veridical” and “illusory” perception and hence we are forced to regard either all of our perceptions as illusory or none of them. The two main questions addressed are: How should we identify what is the objective reality or truth from which our illusory perception is discrepant? And is there a satisfactory definition of an illusion that allows us to distinguish between those aspects of perception that are illusory and those that are veridical?
“Shape From Smear”
Authors: Fleming Roland W. , Holtmann-Rice Daniel 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Of the many mysteries of sensory perception, one of the greatest is surely our ability to see in three dimensions. While the world is 3D, the retinal images are 2D: So how does the brain work out the extra dimension? Under ordinary conditions, viewing the world with two eyes provides rich sources of information for inferring depths. However, we are also very good at working out 3D shape even from single, static photographs of objects. This chapter presents a novel illusion in which 2D patterns appear vividly 3D, revealing specific image information that the brain uses for inferring 3D shape, based on the way texture appears distorted in the image.
The Picture Surface Illusion
Authors: Hammad Sherief , Kennedy John M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Two-dimensional angles on a picture surface are misperceived. Angles of 40º to 65º and 120º to 160º in a quadrilateral depicting the top of a cube are heavily biased toward the pictured angle (90º). The illusion is likely due to 3D information (e.g., eccentricity depicting foreshortening). Information for the picture surface lessens the effect. Information on the picture surface illusion is covered in this chapter, including the related concepts of 3D and 2D biases and the effect of parameters. The chapter concludes that drawing is likely to be affected by the picture surface illusion, especially in copying a picture. When a V shape in a drawing is surrounded with features suggesting 3D, the V shape will change its apparent shape.
Cast Shadow Illusions
Authors: Kersten Daniel , Mamassian Pascal 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Cast shadows are present in almost every scene we view, yet very little is known about how the brain processes them. On the one hand, shadows can interfere with the visual ability to recognize objects, while on the other hand, they provide critical information for where objects are in a scene. Because shadows can provide compelling cues for location in depth, these cues can overcome other competing sources of information, resulting in illusions. By studying shadow illusions, one can gain insight into the built-in assumptions the brain has about the nature of illumination and its interaction with the surfaces we view each day.
The Invisible Saddle, or the Cap-or-Cup Illusion
Authors: Koenderink Jan , van Doorn Andrea , Wagemans Johan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The linear luminance gradient in a circular disk has become a standard example of the “shape from shading cue” in vision science. It is generally supposed to give rise to one of three possible 3D responses, namely “flat” (cue does not work), “cap” (or convexity), or “cup (concavity). From the perspective of ecological optics, there is an infinite set of possibilities, one of which, “saddle,” has—to the best of our knowledge—never been suggested by any human observer. Bayesian convictions do not come to the rescue, because saddles are actually more frequent than caps or cups. The “illusion” is a strong one, because even if we know (e.g., have programmed it) to look at a saddle, we will see a cap (mostly) or cup (sometimes). Thus not only is the shading cue infinitely ambiguous; it is associated with an extreme bias, which might properly be considered an aphasia (soul blindness).
Geometric Illusions in the Human Face and Body
Authors: Morikawa Kazunori 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Clothing and cosmetic makeup take advantage of visual illusions so as to make the human body and face look more attractive. This chapter lists such real-life geometric illusions and reviews studies that psychophysically measured them. These illusions include the Müller-Lyer illusion, the Helmholtz illusion, the Delboeuf illusion, the “bicolor” illusion, the “shape echo” illusion, and perceptual completion. Puzzling characteristics of these bodily illusions, which can be called “biological illusions,” are discussed. The ways in which geometric illusions in the human face and body differ from classical geometric illusions consisting of simple lines are also discussed, and the concept of “biological motion” as a separate field is proposed.
The Occlusion, Configural Shape, and Shrinkage Illusions
Authors: Palmer Stephen E. , Schloss Karen B. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A suite of three related visual illusions of size and shape are described—the occlusion illusion (OI), configural shape illusion (CSI), and shrinkage illusion (SI)—along with the relations among them. All can be produced by simple geometric arrangements of two overlapping rectangular surfaces. They differ in the direction of their effects, however, with the OI and CSI making regions appear larger and the SI making them appear smaller. Evidence is also described suggesting that different mechanisms underlie them, with the OI caused by partial modal filling-in along an occluding edge and the CSI and SI by assimilation of edge positions to configually relevant borders.
The Geometric-Optical Illusions of J. J. Oppel
Authors: Todorović Dejan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
J. J. Oppel is usually credited for initiating the scientific study of illusions in the mid-nineteenth century. However, his actual work remains largely unknown. This chapter presents a number of his designs and argues that they are precursors of several later published and now classical illusions. Oppel’s related works include papers published in Jahresbericht des physikalischen Vereins zu Frankfurt am Main in the 1850s and 1860s, as well as in Annalen der Physik in 1871. Concepts discussed include geometrical-optical illusions; the Müller-Lyer illusion; position illusions of Thiéry, Wundt, and Judd; and the Zöllner illusion. Oppel’s work is further described through various figures and diagrams that illustrate these points.
The Oppel–Kundt Illusion
Authors: Wackermann Jiří 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A line segment, subdivided into smaller parts, appears longer than an undivided line segment of the same length. This phenomenon is known as “Oppel–Kundt illusion,” also named “illusion of interrupted extent” or “filled space illusion,” is a classic example of so-called “geometric-optical illusions.” It was described about 150 years ago but it is still insufficiently explored and not well understood. This chapter provides an overview of the research into the Oppel–Kundt illusion, summarizes the most important empirical findings and explanatory approaches, and points out relations to other illusory phenomena. The chapter also discusses results of recent original research.
The Shifted-Chessboard Pattern as Paradigm of the Exegesis of Geometrical-Optical Illusions
Authors: Westheimer Gerald 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The shifted chessboard or café wall illusion yields to analysis at the two poles of the practice of vision science: bottom-up, pursuing its course from the visual stimulus into the front end of the visual apparatus, and top-down, figuring how the rules governing perception might lead to it. Following the first approach, examination of the effects of light spread in the eye and of nonlinearity and center-surround antagonism in the retina has made some inroads and provided partial explanations; with respect to the second, principles of perspective and of continuity and smoothness of contours can be evoked, and arguments about perception as Bayesian inference can be joined. Insights from these two directions are helping neurophysiologists in their struggle to identify a neural substrate of the phenomenon Münsterberg described in 1897.
The White Effect
Authors: Blakeslee Barbara , McCourt Mark E. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The White effect is an illusion in which gray test patches of identical luminance placed on the black and white bars of a square-wave grating appear different in brightness/lightness. The effect has received much attention because the direction of the brightness change does not correlate with the amount of black or white border in contact with the gray test patch or its general vicinity. The test patch on the black bar appears lighter than the test patch on the white bar despite changes in test patch height or inducing grating spatial frequency. In addition, although the test patch shows a smooth change in brightness/lightness as its spatial position is varied relative to the inducing grating, spatial inhomogeneities in brightness/lightness within the test patch are also visible. A large number of “higher-level” explanations have been offered for the White effect; only the oriented-difference-of-Gaussians model can account for all of these properties.
Illusory Color Spread from Apparent Motion
Authors: Cicerone Carol M. , Hoffman Donald D. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Color from motion describes the perception of subjective color that spreads over physically achromatic regions that are seen in apparent motion. Multiple frames are shown in quick succession, each frame composed of a random placement of differently colored dots on an achromatic background. From frame to frame, the locations of all dots are fixed, whereas the color assignments of dots in the test region change. Subjective color can be measured by color matches to and cancellation by real lights, can be seen with chromaticity differences alone in test and surround dots, and is independent of contour formation. In stereoscopic view, the perception of depth, as well as color and form, can be recovered in tandem with seeing motion. This chapter suggests that in natural scenes, mechanisms triggered by motion may reconstruct the depth, color, and form of partially obscured objects so they can be seen as if in plain view.
When Light Looks Like Paint
Authors: Kingdom Frederick A. A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter describes misperceptions of light Occasionally, nonuniform illumination such as a cast shadow, shading, or a spotlight appears to be paint or stain, or even a familiar object: in short, light appears to be “material.” Artists have for a long time been interested in how people distinguish material from illumination in their search for ways to depict shadows and shading, and vision scientists have devoted much effort to understanding how vision distinguishes material from illumination using carefully crafted laboratory stimuli. In this chapter examples are described from the natural visual world as well as from art. The chapter argues that such misperceptions are rational interpretations made by vision when the normal rules for the occurrence of spatially nonuniform illumination are violated. Concepts covered include terminology. Mach card, Hering’s shadow illusion, the Gelb effect, shadow art illusion, chromatic shadow illusion, and shadows that appear as objects.
Grating Induction
Authors: McCourt Mark E. , Blakeslee Barbara 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Grating induction is a brightness/lightness illusion in which a sinewave luminance grating induces the appearance of a counterphase sinusoidal grating in a homogeneous test field oriented orthogonally to the inducing grating. Induction is greatest at low spatial and temporal frequencies and declines with increasing frequency in both dimensions. Induction magnitude also declines with increasing test field height and scales as the product of inducing grating spatial frequency (c/d) and test field height. These properties of grating induction are difficult to explain using nonfiltering-based models but are readily accounted for by multiscale spatial filtering and lend support to such models of brightness/lightness induction.