bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immune cell profile of dental pulp tissue treated with zoledronic acid
Authors: de Barros Silva P. G. , Verde M. E. Q. L. , Brizeno L. A. C. , Wong D. V. T. , Lima Júnior R. C. P. , Sousa F. B. , Mota M. R. L. , Alves A. P. N. N. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo characterize the pulp immune cell profile in the teeth of rats treated with zoledronic acid (ZA).MethodologyMale Wistar rats (n = 6 per group) received four intravenous infusions of ZA at doses of 0.04, 0.20 or 1.00 mg kg−1 ZA or saline (control). On the 70th experimental day, they were euthanized. The first right molar was examined microscopically and submitted to toluidine blue reaction and immunohistochemical for CD68, tumour necrosis Factor (TNF)‐α, interleukin (IL)‐1β, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), nuclear factor kappa B (NF‐kB) and IL‐18 binding protein (IL‐18 bp). The presence of ectasic/dilated vessels and inflammatory cells was analysed, and mast cells and mononuclear CD68‐positive cells were counted along with the intensity of immunostaining (0–3) for inflammatory markers in odontoblasts and nonodontoblasts pulp cells. The Kruskal‐Wallis/Dunn's test (scores or quantitative data) and the chi‐squared test (categorical data) were used (GraphPad Prism 5.0, P < 0.05).ResultsThere was no differences in the number of animals exhibiting dilated/ectasic blood vessels (P = 0.242) and inflammatory cells (P = 0.489) or in the number of mast cells (P = 1.000). However, there was an increase in mononuclear CD68‐positive cells (P = 0.026), immunostaining of TNF‐α (P = 0.020), IL‐1β (P = 0.027) and iNOS (P = 0.001) in odontoblasts, and IL‐1β (P = 0.013) in nonodontoblast pulp cells dose‐dependently. NFkB (nucleus and cytoplasm) and IL‐18 bp did not differ between groups.ConclusionZA modified the immune cell profile in the dental pulp, increasing the number of macrophages and expression of pro‐inflammatory markers independent of NFkB.
Preparation and performance study of cordierite/mullite composite ceramics for solar thermal energy storage
Authors: Xu Xiaohong , Zhang Yinfeng , Wu Jianfeng , Hu Cheng , Tang Zhaohui 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe employment of solar energy in recent years has reached a remarkable edge. It has become even more popular as the cost of fossil fuel continues to rise. Energy storage system improves an adjustability and marketability of solar thermal and allowing it to produce electricity in demand. This study attempted to prepare cordierite/mullite composite ceramics used as solar thermal storage material from calcined bauxite, talcum, soda feldspar, potassium feldspar, quartz, and mullite. The thermal physical performances were evaluated and characterized by XRD, SEM, EPMA, and EDS. It was found that the optimum sintering temperature was 1280°C for preparing, and the corresponding water adsorption was 11.25%, apparent porosity was 23.59%, bulk density was 2.10 mg·cm−3, bending strength was 88.52 MPa. The residual bending strength of specimen sintered at 1280°C after thermal shock of 30 times decreased to be 57 MPa that was 36% lower than that before. The thermal conductivity of samples sintered at 1280°C was tested to be 2.20 W·(m·K)−1 (26°C), and after wrapped a PCM (phase change materials) of K2SO4, the thermal storage density was 933 kJ·kg−1 with the temperature difference (ΔT) ranged in 0‐800°C. The prepared cordierite/mullite composite ceramic was proved to be a promising material for solar thermal energy storage.
Television food advertising viewed by preschoolers, children and adolescents: contributors to differences in exposure for black and white youth in the United States
Authors: Fleming‐Milici F. , Harris J. L. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundPublic health experts raise concerns about adolescents' and black youth's greater exposure to TV advertising for unhealthy foods and beverages compared with children and white youth.ObjectivesExamine how television‐viewing patterns and rates of advertising during targeted programming contribute to this greater exposure.MethodsNielsen panel data provided viewing times and amount of food advertising viewed on U.S. television in 2008 and 2012. Researchers compared results by network type (black‐, child‐ and youth‐targeted), age group (preschoolers, children and adolescents) and race (black and white youth).ResultsFood advertising exposure increased with age for both black and white youth, but black youth viewed approximately 50% or more ads than did white youth of the same age. Higher rates of food advertising on youth‐targeted networks explained greater adolescent exposure. However, greater television viewing and higher rates of advertising on youth‐ and black‐targeted networks both contributed to black youth's greater exposure. From 2008 to 2012, increases in food‐ads‐per‐hour increased exposure for all youth.ConclusionsFood advertisers and networks, especially those targeting adolescents and black youth, must do more to reduce advertising that negatively impacts young people's health. Furthermore, reducing commercial‐television viewing by black youth may help reduce health disparities affecting their communities.
A descriptive study of effect‐size reporting in research reviews
Authors: Floyd Judith A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimTo describe effect‐size reporting in research reviews completed in support of evidence‐based practice in nursing.BackgroundMany research reviews report nurses’ critical appraisal of level, quality and overall strength of evidence available to address clinical questions. Several studies of research‐review quality suggest effect‐size information would be useful to include in these reviews, but none focused on reviewers’ attention to effect sizes.DesignDescriptive.MethodsOne hundred and four reviews indexed in CINAHL as systematic reviews and published from July 2012–February 2014 were examined. Papers were required to be peer‐reviewed, written in English, contain an abstract and have at least one nurse author. Reviews were excluded if they did not use critical appraisal methods to address evidence of correlation, prediction or effectiveness. Data from remaining papers (N = 73) were extracted by three or more independent coders using a structured coding form and detailed codebook. Data were stored, viewed and analysed using Microsoft Office Excel® spreadsheet functions.ResultsSixteen percent (n = 12) of the sample contained effect‐size information. Of the 12, six included all the effect‐size information recommended by APA guidelines. Independent of completeness of reporting, seven contained discussion of effect sizes in the paper, but none included effect‐size information in abstracts.ConclusionResearch reviews available to practicing nurses often fail to include information needed to accurately assess how much improvement may result from implementation of evidence‐based policies, programs, protocols or practices. Manuscript reviewers are urged to hold authors to APA standards for reporting/discussing effect‐size information in both primary research reports and research reviews.
The 2014 International Pressure Ulcer Guideline: methods and development
Authors: Haesler Emily , Kottner Jan , Cuddigan Janet ,   the 2014 International Guideline Development Group
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimA discussion of the methodology used to develop the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers: Clinical Practice Guideline. (2014).BackgroundInternational experts representing National Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel and Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance developed the second edition of this clinical guideline.DesignDiscussion paper – methodology.Data sourcesA comprehensive search for papers published up to July 2013 was conducted in 11 databases and identified 4286 studies. After critical appraisal, 356 studies were included and assigned a level of evidence.Implications for NursingGuideline recommendations provide guidance on best practice in pressure ulcer prevention and treatment. Understanding the development process of a guideline increases the meaningfulness of recommendations to clinicians.FindingsFive hundred and seventy five recommendations arose from the research and its interpretation. The body of evidence supporting each recommendation was assigned a strength of evidence. A strength of recommendation was assigned to recommendation statements using the GRADE system. Recommendations are primarily supported by a body of evidence rated as C (87% of recommendations), representing low quality and/or indirect evidence (30%) and expert opinion (57%). Two hundred and forty seven recommendations (43%) received a strong recommendation (‘Do it’).ConclusionRecommendations were developed with consideration to research of the highest methodological quality evidence and studies that add to clinical insight and provide guidance for areas of care where minimal research has been conducted. Recommendations in the guideline reflect best practice and should be implemented with consideration to local context and resources and the individual's preferences and needs.
The relative contributions of competition and abiotic tolerances in determining the geographical distributions of four closely related Yucca species in Texas
Authors: Darwell Clive T. , Althoff David M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimThe determinants of species’ geographical ranges are the result of both abiotic and biotic factors. Among co‐occurring closely related species, some degree of differentiation in niche characteristics is assumed necessary to allow continued coexistence. As niche requirements are likely to show similarity or overlap, competition among such species may also restrict range limits and help maintain species boundaries. We examined the roles of niche compartmentalization and competition to assess their relative contributions in determining geographical distributions of four closely related species of Yucca co‐occurring across a large region of Texas. These species are pollinated by the same moth species, but each yucca is a distinct biological species.LocationTexas, USA.MethodsWe used species distribution modelling and niche evaluation methods based on extensive field surveys to evaluate the roles of abiotic factors and competition. We also conducted surveys of flowering activity to determine if species boundaries may be maintained by species‐specific shifts in flowering phenology that would limit interspecific gene flow.ResultsNiche evaluation methods demonstrate unique niches mostly consistent with the defined ecological regions of Texas. Geographical distributions of yuccas are mostly parapatric with some regions of sympatry. Species distribution models indicate that most species pairings display a region of potential sympatry where one of the species is numerically dominant, suggesting that competitive exclusion is delineating species ranges at parapatric margins. Flowering activity data indicate the potential for cross‐pollination among these species. Nevertheless, there is little evidence for hybridization, suggesting that strong selection due to niche requirements is mediating species boundaries.Main conclusionsResults suggest that adaptation to abiotic conditions has been a major force underpinning diversification in these plants. However, competition at the edge of species’ ranges likely limits the spread of any one species, leading to uncharacteristically high species diversity over a relatively small geographical area.
A null biogeographical test for assessing ecological niche evolution
Authors: Nunes Laura A. , Pearson Richard G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimsQuantification of the degree to which ecological niches change over evolutionary time‐scales is important for deepening our understanding of evolutionary and ecological processes. Phylogenetic niche conservatism (PNC) is when closely related species differ less ecologically than expected by chance, whereas Phylogenetic Niche Divergence (PND) is when closely related species differ more ecologically than expected by chance. We present a new null model to test for PNC and PND (the random translocation and rotation (RTR) significance test), which we combine with a novel metric for quantifying niche overlap.LocationEurope, North America and Madagascar.MethodsThe RTR null model comprises many thousands of replicates generated by randomly translocating and rotating the set of occurrence records for two populations (e.g. sister species) while maintaining the spatial configuration between all occurrences within each replicate. For each replicate, we calculate niche overlap as the proportion of the combined niche breadth that is shared by the two species, averaged over n environmental dimensions. This approach enables us to test whether the observed niche overlap is more or less than expected by chance given the environmental conditions present in the study area. We test the performance of our approach in comparison to other methods using both simulated and real case scenarios, including crested newts in Europe, pocket gophers in North America, and lemurs in Madagascar.ResultsWe find that our measure of niche overlap performs better than other metrics in an artificial simulation scenario, and we find evidence for both PNC and PND in our case studies for Europe, North America and Madagascar. Our results demonstrate that both the RTR significance test and the novel metric of niche overlap are consistent with evolutionary theory and are suitable methods to test for PNC and PND.Main conclusionsWe make available scripts to implement the RTR test and metric of niche overlap, and expect that the methods will prove useful for addressing a broad set of questions relating to ecological niche evolution and speciation, particularly for restricted‐range species for which few known occurrence records are available.
Ancient diversification in glacial refugia leads to intraspecific diversity in a Holarctic mammal
Authors: Polfus Jean L. , Manseau Micheline , Klütsch Cornelya F.C. , Simmons Deborah , Wilson Paul J. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimGlacial‐interglacial cycles influenced the contemporary genetic structure of many North American species. While phylogeographical lineage divergence among Pleistocene refugia has been proposed as a significant driver of subspecific and ecotypic differentiation, emerging evidence highlights the role of diversification within refugia in producing post‐glacial variation. Caribou (Rangifer tarandus) exhibit significant morphological, ecological and behavioural phenotypic variation and occurred within Beringian and sub‐Laurentide refugia. More specifically, the boreal ecotype of woodland caribou ranges from the southern regions of Canada to the Northwest Territories (NWT). Woodland caribou are generally accepted to have evolved south of the glacial extent, but the boreal ecotype in the northern part of their range co‐occurs with caribou that have a Beringian origin. This proximity provides an opportunity to test whether woodland caribou colonized boreal habitats from a single southern refugial source or if independent evolution to a common ecotype resulted from diversification within refugia.LocationNorthwestern Canada.MethodsWe used approximate Bayesian computation to discriminate between alternate evolutionary histories of caribou belonging to boreal, northern mountain and barren‐ground ecotypes using microsatellite and mtDNA markers.ResultsOur analysis indicates that unlike the southern‐evolved boreal ecotype, the boreal ecotype of central NWT has Beringian origins and arose from a common lineage with barren‐ground and mountain caribou. Importantly, the divergence of the lineage resulting in the boreal ecotype of central NWT significantly pre‐dates the Last Glacial Maximum.Main conclusionsWe demonstrate that independent evolutionary trajectories can converge on a similar phenotype and for the first time show that the boreal ecotype of caribou in North America contains two phylogeographical assemblages. The ancient divergence suggests that diversification within Beringia could have resulted in ecological specialization. An eco‐evolutionary focus will be essential to designing biodiversity conservation strategies for caribou that maximize genetic diversity and preserve adaptive potential in this intraspecifically diverse species.
Biogeography and radiation of the land snail genus Xerocrassa (Geomitridae) in the Balearic Islands
Authors: Chueca Luis J. , Gómez‐Moliner Benjamín J. , Forés Maximino , Madeira María José 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimOur aim was to assess the evolutionary history of the land snail genus Xerocrassa on the Balearic Islands with a molecular phylogeny. We investigated how the main palaeogeographical events and climate changes which occurred in the Western Mediterranean basin influenced the current diversity and distribution of the genus within the archipelago.LocationThe Balearic Islands, Western Mediterranean.MethodsA dataset of 2540‐bp DNA sequences was generated from one nuclear and two mitochondrial gene fragments obtained from 170 specimens representing 112 populations. Applying maximum likelihood and Bayesian phylogenetic methods and a Bayesian molecular clock, we examined the evolutionary history of the genus Xerocrassa. We also used genetic‐based species delimitation models to clarify the taxonomy of the genus in the archipelago.ResultsWe provide the first molecular phylogeny of the endemic Xerocrassa of the Balearic Islands. The monophyly of several currently recognized species was not supported. The genus colonized the archipelago in a single event during the Messinian salinity crisis (5.96–5.33 Ma) from the eastern part of the Iberian Peninsula. The hypothesis of a relatively recent origin for the evolutionary diversification within the group was supported by molecular clock analyses. Allopatric speciation occurred after the isolation of the Pityusic and Gymnesic island systems. Moreover, most of the extant species are the result of within‐island speciation events.Main conclusionsHistorical biogeographical reconstruction strongly supports the hypothesis of Messinian salinity crisis as the colonization period of the Balearic Islands for Xerocrassa. Major climate changes experienced in the Western Mediterranean basin during the Plio‐Pleistocene influenced the within‐island speciation processes postulated for Xerocrassa. The high morphological diversity in the genus represents 11 species and a strong phylogeographical structure within the main islands.
Past, present and future refugia for Tasmania's palaeoendemic flora
Authors: Mokany Karel , Jordan Greg J. , Harwood Thomas D. , Harrison Peter A. , Keppel Gunnar , Gilfedder Louise , Carter Oberon , Ferrier Simon 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimRefugia under past climates have been important in structuring current patterns in diversity, while refugia under anthropogenic climate change will likely be important in retaining this diversity and shaping new patterns. However, few studies have examined the congruence of past, present and future refugia, or the spatiotemporal connectivity of these refugia. Our aim was to test the extent of overlap of refugia under Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), present (2015) and likely future climates (2100), for Tasmania's palaeoendemic flora. We then aimed to identify areas of high spatiotemporal refugia connectivity, as priority areas for conservation and management.LocationTasmania, Australia.MethodsWe developed and applied a new community‐level approach to identifying refugia, based on generalized dissimilarity modelling of compositional turnover and a set of reference sites with known biodiversity value. Using these projections of palaeoendemic plant refugia for past, present and future climates, we developed and applied a second approach to quantify the level of connectivity of these refugia over space and time.ResultsAlthough there was large overlap (85%) between current and future climates in the distribution of the highest value palaeoendemic refugia, the small congruence of these areas with refugia at the LGM resulted in only a small area (c. 9 km2) of persistent high value refugia over all three time periods. Despite this, our spatiotemporal analysis identified several areas of high connectivity in refugial environments for Tasmania's palaeoendemic flora over time.Main conclusionsThe community‐level approaches we demonstrate here to quantify refugia and their spatiotemporal connectivity have the potential to advance our understanding of biodiversity dynamics, particularly for taxonomic groups that are species‐rich, poorly studied or comprised of many rare species, where species‐level approaches are less suitable.
Historical changes in the importance of climate and land use as determinants of Dutch pollinator distributions
Authors: Aguirre‐Gutiérrez Jesús , Kissling W. Daniel , Biesmeijer Jacobus C. , WallisDeVries Michiel F. , Reemer Menno , Carvalheiro Luísa G. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAimSpecies distribution models are often used to project species distributions to different environmental conditions. However, most models do not consider whether the importance of abiotic factors may change over time. If they change, this has implications for the assessment of how abiotic changes affect species distributions. Here, we use spatially explicit historical data on species occurrences, climate and land use to test whether the importance of different climatic and land‐use drivers as determinants of species distributions has remained constant over a period of > 60 years (1951–2014).LocationThe Netherlands.MethodsUsing species distribution models and a comprehensive country‐wide dataset at 5 × 5 km resolution, we modelled the distribution of a total of 398 pollinator species (bees, butterflies and hoverflies) for three periods (1951–1970, 1971–1990 and 1998–2014). We then evaluated whether the importance of variables related to climate (precipitation, temperature) and land use (landscape composition and habitat fragmentation) in determining pollinator distributions has changed over time.ResultsVariables related to landscape composition were highly important in determining pollinator distributions in all periods. Precipitation was generally less important than temperature, and habitat fragmentation less than landscape composition. Land‐use variables remained equally important across time for all pollinator groups, except for bees where the importance of habitat fragmentation decreased significantly over time. Among climate variables, the importance of precipitation did not change across time for any pollinator group. However, the importance of temperature increased significantly in recent times for bees and hoverflies.Main conclusionsDeterminants of species distributions can change in their importance over time when changes in the magnitude and range of environmental conditions occur. Given future temperature rises, our results imply that species distribution models calibrated with current climatic conditions may not adequately predict the future importance of environmental factors in driving species distributions.
How marine currents influenced the widespread natural overseas dispersal of reptiles in the Western Indian Ocean region
Authors: Hawlitschek Oliver , Ramírez Garrido Sergio , Glaw Frank 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn a recent contribution to this journal, Wilmé et al. (2016) proposed that the giant tortoises of the islands of the Western Indian Ocean (WIO: Aldabra, the Mascarenes, and the Granitic Seychelles) might have originated from translocation by early Austronesian sailors. Prompted by this paper we review recent literature and show that natural overseas dispersal was remarkably widespread in the colonization history of terrestrial reptiles in the WIO region. Almost 90% of the successful colonization events are supported by prevailing marine surface currents. However, these currents may change over geological (and evolutionary) time‐scales, and eddies and counter‐currents may facilitate transport against the main current direction. We review the cases of the extant and extinct WIO giant tortoises and suggest that the current distribution of all lineages can be convincingly explained by overseas dispersal.