bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Nationwide Online Survey on Comparative Preference of Face-To-Face Lecture, Online Synchronous, and Asynchronous Learning in Indian Undergraduate Medical Students
Authors: Mondal Himel , Mondal Shaikat , Swain Sharada Mayee 
Published: September 2024

Background:
During the coronavirus disease-2019 pandemic, learning activity via the digital medium has suddenly increased. Medical teachers quickly adapted with synchronous (i.e., online classes), and asynchronous (i.e., video-and other materials-based learning) method of delivering the content to the students.

Aim:
We aimed to explore the comparative preference of face-to-face lecture, synchronous, and asynchronous learning among Indian undergraduate medical students.

Materials and Methods:
We conducted a cross-sectional nation-wide online survey in July–August 2020 with a snowball sampling technique. We collected response from undergraduate medical students who had attended both online classes and video-and other materials-based learning. Preference on the three modes of learning (namely, face-to-face lecture, online synchronous, and asynchronous) was recorded in a 10 point Likert-type scale. Obtained responses were statistically compared by analysis of variance with a P < 0.05 to be statistically significant.

Results:
A total of 695 (female = 304 (43.74%), male = 391 (56.26%)) entries were analyzed. Overall, traditional face-to-face lecture class was the most preferred method (8.68 ± 1.49) followed by asynchronous (6.33 ± 2.22) learning and then online classes (5.22 ± 2.55, P < 0.0001). Perceived attention, interest, scope of learning, and possibility of interaction with the teachers were highest in face-to-face lecture. The scope of taking notes from all three modes was equal but the scope of formative assessment was highest with synchronous learning. The distraction was highest with asynchronous learning.

Conclusion:
Undergraduate medical students in India prefer to learn by face-to-face lecture while compared with distance delivery via the digital media. Postpandemic blended learning may be planned with the following sequence of importance: Face-to-face lecture >asynchronous >synchronous learning.
Preparing a Teaching Hospital and University Campus for the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Al-Assaf Wajdan , Al-Raye Mohammed , Joseph Mercy , Al-Anazi Ahmed , Jumat Sabarina , Al-Zughibi Hisham , Allam Aseem , Al-Suwaida Abdulkareem 
Published: September 2024

Objectives:
To outline the preparation conducted by King Abdullah Bin Abdulaziz University hospital, And princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman university to deal with COVID-19 pandemic. This experience may assist other healthcare facilities (especially academic hospitals) in pandemic-related disaster planning and management.

Methods:
A descriptive study outlining the process of disaster preparedness and functional implication of this preparedness for a university campus and its related academic hospital to cope with the merging COVID-19 pandemic for the period from February 2020-October 2020.

Results:
The implemented measures in both the university and hospital helped in decreasing the rate of COVID-19 cross-infections between healthcare workers, admitted patients and university personnel. Resources were evenly distributed, and clear line of management, reporting and communication was established between the hospital and university.

Conclusion :
Integration between all stake holders in academic hospital and university leadership is the corner stone in pandemic and disaster management.
Prevalence of Self-Esteem and Imposter Syndrome and Their Associated Factors among King Saud University Medical Students
Authors: Alsaleem Lara , Alyousef Nada , Alkaff Zaina , Alzaid Lujane , Alotaibi Reema , Shaik Shaffi Ahamed 
Published: September 2024

Objectives:
Our objectives are to estimate the prevalence of self-esteem and imposter syndrome, to compare their prevalence between genders and different academic years, and to determine their associated factors among King Saud University (KSU) medical students.

Methods:
Our study is a quantitative analytical cross-sectional study. Data were collected on the KSU campus. Participants in this research are KSU medical students including males and females from 1st to 5th year, with a sample size of 502. A stratified random sampling design was used. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire that includes the Young imposter scale, Rosenberg self-esteem scale, and sociodemographic factors.

Results:
The prevalence of low self-esteem and positive imposter syndrome is 23.6% and 42.1% (n = 573), respectively. There is a positive correlation between low self-esteem and positive imposter syndrome. There is a significant association between self-esteem and gender, mother's education, and Grade Point Average (GPA). Imposter syndrome is significantly associated with gender.

Conclusion:
Low self-esteem and positive imposter syndrome are prevalent among medical students, especially in the first few years and particularly in female students. These issues affect the mental health of medical students and thus need to be addressed to possibly improve the educational system.
Parents' Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Toward Seasonal Influenza Vaccination of Primary School Children in Buraidah City, Qassim in 2018–2019
Authors: Alqarzai Rahaf Khalid , Almaghyuli Leen Majed , Alolyan Sharouq Ali , Alharbi Fai Mutlaq , Aljehani Ebtehal Khalid , Mohamed Dalia A. , Kamal Manal Mohamed 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Influenza viruses cause seasonal influenza which is an acute respiratory infection. The WHO reported that annually, there are about 290,000–650,000 deaths worldwide due to seasonal influenza. Vaccination is one of the most effective ways to prevent seasonal influenza and despite the high recommendation and the proven effectiveness of seasonal influenza vaccines in children, still, there is hesitancy and refuse among children's parents.

Objective:
This study assesses the parents' knowledge, attitude, and practice toward children's seasonal influenza vaccines (knowledge, attitude and practices). In addition, it aims to figures out solutions to increase awareness toward seasonal influenza vaccines.

Methods:
This study targets the parents of primary school children aged from 7 to 12 years who live in Buraidah. On 800 sample size, we used cluster random sampling. Self-administer hard copy questionnaire has been distributed.

Results:
The result shows that there is a significant association between the gender and receiving of flu vaccine P = 0.006, and the most common barrier prevents patents to vaccinate their children was because of their thoughts about its potential side effects 20.2%. Furthermore, there is no relationship between the educational level and the knowledge about seasonal influenza vaccination benefits P = 0.483614. In addition, a great proportion of our participants trust the information given to them by the Saudi Ministry of health and by their doctors 95.5% and 94.2%, respectively.

Conclusions:
We suggest increasing the effort in awareness campaigns and find a solution to correct the misconception and limits the rumors to increase the number of influenza vaccine uptake.
Knowledge about Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder among Primary School Teachers in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Authors: Abouammoh Noura , Younis Afnan , Alwatban Layan , Alkhalil Marwah , Alharbi Rawan , AlHalabi Reham , Alzahrani Shahad , Alrwais Shikah 
Published: September 2024

Context:
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common neurobehavioral disorders affecting children. As ADHD symptoms affect the learning process of children at schools, teachers have an important role in identifying children who may have ADHD.

Aim:
This study aims to estimate knowledge level of primary school teachers in Riyadh about ADHD and to correlate the level of knowledge to demographic characteristics.

Settings and Design:
A cross-sectional study including 448 male and female teachers from 20 primary schools.

Materials and Methods:
Schools were sampled using multistage random sampling technique. The Knowledge of Attention Deficit Disorder Scale questionnaire was used for data collection. Data collection continued for 1 month starting from January 30, 2020.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Association between main outcome and different demographic variables was tested using analysis of variance test for more than two groups, categorical variables and t-test for nominal binary variables using SPSS.

Results:
The mean of the overall knowledge about ADHD was 43.1%. The mean of ADHD general knowledge, diagnosis, and treatment was 32.3%, 61%, and 36%, respectively. Regarding general knowledge about ADHD, teachers between 22 and 30 years of age and males scored significantly higher than the other groups. Regarding teachers' knowledge about ADHD treatment, statistically significant higher scores were found male teachers. Previous experience with ADHD child had significantly higher scores than those who did not have experience in all three knowledge categories.

Conclusions:
Knowledge about ADHD has a positive correlation to previous experience with ADHD which proves the importance of implementing a training program to help the teachers identify students with ADHD leading to earlier diagnosis and better outcomes.
Anxiety, Depression, Disease Disability, and Health-Related Quality of Life in Rheumatoid Arthritis Patients during the Coronavirus Disease 2019 Pandemic
Authors: Alaujan Shiekha S. , Almalag Haya M. , Alshehri Shahad M. , Alkendi Jumanah M. , Almansour Mohamad A. , Alanizy Layla N. , Omair Mohammed 
Published: September 2024

Purpose:
The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has posed a threat to global health, including mental health. This study aimed to examine the impact of the pandemic on psychological health and to identify the factors associated with anxiety in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between September and November 2020, at the rheumatology clinics of two tertiary care hospitals. Eligible participants were adults with a confirmed diagnosis of RA. Data collected included socio-demographics, contact history, commitment to COVID-19 precautionary measures, medication-taking behavior, the hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS), the European Quality of Life (QoL) measure (EQ-5D-3L), and the health assessment questionnaire disability index (HAQ-DI).

Results:
Of the 252 invited eligible patients, 204 agreed to participate. The majority were aged 41–50 years (28.2%), female (86.5%), and nonsmokers (96%), had at least one comorbidity (38.8%), had missed medications (8.8%), and had psychiatric illnesses or were on psychiatric medication for the past 3 months (15.4%). Borderline-abnormal anxiety levels were reported in 32.8% of patients. The mean standard deviation score for HADS depression was 3 (3), that for the EQ-5D-3L index was 0.587 (0.378), and that for the HAQ-DI was 0.947 (0.887). After adjusting for age, sex, presence of psychiatric illnesses or psychiatric medication use and noncompliance with medication, higher levels of anxiety were significantly associated with a higher level of depression, RA disability index, and pain intensity (p-value< 0.05). In contrast, higher health-related QoL was significantly associated with lower levels of anxiety (p-value< 0.001).

Conclusion:
During the mid-phase of the pandemic in Saudi Arabia, almost one-third of RA patients reported the presence of anxiety symptoms. Higher anxiety levels were found to be associated with depression, health-related QoL, and disease disability in RA patients.
Prevalence, Risk Factors, and Outcome of Diabetic Patients Infected with COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia
Authors: AlOtair Hadil Abdulkader , Sheshah Eman , AlJuaid Mohammed M. , AlShaikh Mashael K. , AlNajjar Farrah K. , AlAshgar Lolwah M. , Alzeer Faisal A. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Recent global studies including those coming from Saudi Arabia highlighted the apparent increase in the prevalence and severity of COVID-19 in diabetic patients. Hence, this study was conducted to report the prevalence, clinical outcomes, and risk factors among a cohort of diabetic patients with COVID-19 infection in Saudi Arabia.

Research Design and Methods:
A retrospective observational case–control study of COVID-19 patients admitted at two major hospitals in Saudi Arabia between April 2020 and July 2020. Electronic charts were retrospectively reviewed, comparing diabetic and nondiabetic patients' demographic, clinical variables, and outcome measures.

Results:
A total of 564 patients with polymerase chain reaction-confirmed COVID-19 infection were enrolled in the study. Their mean age was 52.3 ± 14.4 years and 254 patients (45%) had diabetes mellitus (DM). Diabetic patients were significantly older compared to patients without DM (P < 0.001) and more likely to have hypertension (P < 0.001), heart failure (P = 0.011), chronic kidney disease (P = 0.002), ischemic heart disease (P = 0.005), and higher D-Dimer level (P = 0.011). Patients with DM had significantly higher risk of acute kidney injury (26.4% vs. 14.8%, P = 0.001) and higher rate of inhospital mortality (25.2% vs. 15.8%, P = 0.006) compared to nondiabetics. The most important independent risk factors in diabetic patients were HbA1c and the average capillary glucose check during admission (P < 0.001).

Conclusion:
Diabetes is highly prevalent among COVID-19 patients admitted to hospitals in Saudi Arabia. The inhospital mortality rate is increased among diabetic patients of older age group with high HbA1c levels, poor glycemic control during hospitalization, and had multiple comorbid conditions compared to nondiabetics. Early identification of at-risk patients with DM and optimal blood glucose control are extremely important for better clinical outcomes.
The Relationship Between Coronavirus Disease-2019-Positive Patients and Plasma Interleukins and Transforming Growth Factor-β Levels
Authors: Vatansever H. Seda , Sayan Murat , Ozgul-Onal Melike , Akhan Sila , Ozel Selcan , Sanlidag Tamer 
Published: September 2024

Objective:
The aim of this study is to reveal the relationship between the cytokine plasma levels and symptoms of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19)-positive patients, which is characterized by serious respiratory syndromes.

Materials and Methods:
Severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)-positive patients were evaluated in four groups. Group 1 patients had no symptoms. Group 2 patients were mildly symptomatic. Group 3 patients had multiple symptoms. Group 4 patients had all symptoms of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Analysis of interleukin (IL)-17A, transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1), and IL-6 concentrations in plasma samples taken from patients were examined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay method.

Results:
IL-17A levels were increased in parallel with the clinical condition in all patients. TGF-β1 was only observed in patients in Groups 3 and 4, and IL-6 was only observed in Group 4 patients.

Conclusion:
It is known that many cytokines are involved in the development of different viral infections and viral invasion always triggers an inflammatory response. The profile of inflammatory markers may be used to classify COVID-19 patients. In conclusion of this study, it is suggested that the level of cytokines which is changed according to the patient's clinical status should be used to evaluate the response of SARS-CoV-2 treatment. IL-17A, TGF-β1, and IL-6 concentrations in plasma levels could be good prognostic indicators of COVID-19.
Patients' Attitudes Toward Alternative Medicine as a Treatment for Musculoskeletal Conditions
Authors: AlSaleh Khalid , Alkhenizan Zeyad , Aldossari Abdulelah , Alammari Ali , Dakhil Abdulaziz Bin , AlZakri Abdulmajeed 
Published: September 2024

Introduction:
Despite rapid progress in providing advanced medical care, patients still seek traditional and alternative medicine (AM) therapies for their musculoskeletal complaints.

Materials and Methods:
A survey of adult patients attending the outpatient orthopedic clinics of a Tertiary Care Institution in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia, was performed. The survey was designed to delineate the patients' demographics, current musculoskeletal complaints, previous history of seeking an alternative treatment modality, and their opinions regarding these AM therapies.

Results:
One hundred and ninety-six patients agreed to fill the questionnaire. Fifty-four (27.6%) admitted to having had AM in the past. Wet cupping and traditional manual therapy were the most popular AM modalities undertaken, follow closely by herbal treatment and cautery. Age and educational level were found to be associated with the use of AM (P < 0.05). Most participants would never consider using AM, their rationale because it was perceived to be either unsafe or ineffective.

Conclusion:
AM use for musculoskeletal ailments is still prevalent. It is provision by the untrained and unlicensed individual is a concern. Better access to healthcare, advances in education, and a younger population may decrease its prevalence in the future.
Medical Education at the Time of COVID-19
Authors: Alrumaihi Nouf , AlSheikh Mona Hmoud , Zaini Rania G. , Alamri Abdulaziz , Patel Ayyub , Alassiri Ali , Ageely Hussein M. , Abdulghani Hamza , Alamro Ahmad , Alrumayyan Ahmad , Neel Khalid Fouda , Soliman Mona M 
Published: September 2024

Background:The coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has disrupted medical education worldwide. This study investigates how Saudi medical colleges face the pandemic and proceed with teaching and assessment plans. The study also highlights the best practices employed by Saudi medical colleges during the time of COVID-19 crisis and proposes a contingency plan in the event of future outbreaks necessitating similar containment measures.Methods:This cross-sectional study was conducted among medical colleges in Saudi Arabia between June and August 2020. A convenience sampling method was applied. An online questionnaire was designed. The questionnaire consisted of six main parts: basic demographic data, curriculum, teaching and learning, learning management systems (LMS), assessment, and lessons learned. The questions targeting the educational process focused on what was happening before and what was done during the pandemic. Data were collected using Google Forms. The data was analyzed using SPSS.Results:A variety of teaching modalities were used before the pandemic, including class lectures (95.46%), problem-based learning (70%), case-based learning (47.25%), team-based learning (43.67%), videos/online interaction (24.58%), and flipped classroom (18.13%). During the pandemic, 97.87% of the participants used video lectures. During the pandemic, PBL and tutorial usage were reduced to 40.09% and 48.44% compared to 71.59% and 64.91% before the pandemic, respectively. Most faculty members (65.39%) reported no problems (nor did they encounter any obstacles) during online classes. Fully 96.18% of participants used Blackboard LMS during the pandemic. During the COVID-19 pandemic, 50.83% of participants reported utilizing continuous assessment, and 50.35% reported that the summative (final) assessment they performed was an online assessment. Most participants reported (85.68%) use online multiple-choice questions, followed by students' projects (34.84%), online SAQs (25.53%), and online objective structured clinical examinations (21.47%) if the pandemic were to continue.Conclusions:This study's value lies in the large sample of faculty and nationwide distribution of responses. Study results enable an understanding of early heuristic responses to online education, which may be used as a guide for mitigation efforts and to identify success stories, obstacles, key issues, and solutions.
The Global Shortage of Essential Drugs during the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Salahuddin Mohammed , Manzar Dilshad , Unissa Aleem , Pandi-Perumal Seithikurippu R. , BaHammam Ahmed S. 
Published: September 2024

Background:
Implications from accumulated bodies of commentaries and media/social-media reports highlight the drug shortage during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this special report, the relation between drug shortage and response measures is discussed in the light of a preliminary data construct.

Materials and Methods:
Media reports and social media posts on public and national drug regulatory bodies' websites were searched between March 1, 2020, and August 11, 2020. The search's key terms were shortage, nonavailability, essential medicine, essential drug, imported medicine, imported drug, COVID-19, current pandemic, and corona. A qualitative and quantitative summary of drug-shortage response pages and trends of drug-shortage reports are presented.

Results:
In the developed countries, the drug regulatory bodies released drug-shortage response pages; such pages were not made available in the developing countries. There were reports of drug shortages from both the developing and developed countries. There were reports of drug shortage from as early as March 2020 when the lockdown was first implemented and continued until July 2020. The reported drug shortages varied from that of simple essential medicines to those needed in critical care.

Conclusions:
The study findings highlighted the spread (across the developing and developed countries), time trend of drug-shortage reports (started from the 1st week of the first round of lockdown and continued throughout the study duration), and nontermination of drug-shortage reports even after availability of drug-shortage response page.
Knowledge, Beliefs, and Practice toward Seasonal Influenza Vaccine among Adults with Chronic Conditions in Riyadh
Authors: Binkhamis Khalifa M. , Alshammari Taif A. , Alnahdi Maha M. , Alghunaim Lamia A. , Alyahya Lama A. , Arnous Nouran K. , Alkeridy Walid A. 
Published: September 2024

Aims:
The present study aimed to assess the knowledge, beliefs, practices, and associated factors (educational level, gender, age, and socioeconomic status) that influence the decision to receive the influenza vaccine and determine whether health-care recommendations affect its acceptance among adults with chronic conditions in Riyadh from 2020 to 2021.

Settings and Design:
This analytical cross-sectional study was conducted using a convenience sampling technique in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Materials and Methods:
An electronic questionnaire was distributed through social media, shopping centers, home care unit patients, and outpatient clinics at King Khalid University Hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.

Statistical Analysis Used:
Descriptive statistics (frequencies and percentages) were used to describe quantitative and categorical variables. Bivariate statistical analysis was performed using the Chi-square test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.

Results:
The total number of participants was 518, and 66.4% of those who had received the vaccine (n = 211) had high knowledge. Of the 210 male participants, 68.1% had received the vaccine, and of the 308 female participants, 56.8% had received the vaccine. The main motives for vaccine uptake were worry about contracting influenza (48.1%) and health-care professionals’ recommendations (44.6%).

Conclusions:
Influenza vaccination in adults with chronic diseases in Riyadh is suboptimal. Physician recommendations are the main motivator, whereas the fear of side effects is the main barrier. Educational campaigns should be conducted to promote knowledge and address misconceptions, fears, and false beliefs about the influenza vaccine, along with increasing physicians’ recommendations.