bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Criminal Records and the Labor Market
Authors: Petersen Thomas Søbirk 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is twofold. First, we shall present and critically discuss two central objections to the current and commonest use of criminal records in the labor market. The two objections are: that such use is harmful to the well-being of ex-offenders, their relatives, future possible victims of crime; and that the use of criminal records necessarily involves wrongful discrimination. It will be argued that while the harm objection is indeed convincing, the objection from discrimination is not convincing at all. Second, the aim is to present details of a proposal designed to mitigate the harm that ex-offenders, their relatives, and future possible victims of crime may be subjected to as a result of the use of criminal records in the labor market. This proposal is called “Relevant Matching.” Relevant Matching will be defended against the following five objections: i) the Relevant Matching proposal is difficult and expensive to apply; ii) it is not crime-preventive enough compared with the preventive effects of the current use of criminal records in the labor market; iii) it is morally problematic, because employers have a right to know who they are hiring, including details of the applicant’s criminal records; iv) it is a form of morally problematic double punishment; and v) it involves unequal treatment of job applicants (i.e., those with a criminal record and those without).
Guilty Pleas
Authors: Holmen Sebastian Jon 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In most criminal justice systems, many defendants who plead guilty to committing a crime receive a sentence reduction. This chapter discusses the claim that such guilty plea discounts exert coercive pressure on defendants to an extent that makes their decision to plead guilty involuntary. It argues that the conception of coercion that proponents of the concern rely on is flawed. Other approaches to sustaining the objection are then examined that draw heavily on the philosophical literature on coercion, but it is argued that none of them imply that guilty plea discounts are generally coercive. Finally, the chapter demonstrates why one can consistently claim that guilty plea discounts are usually not coercive while maintaining that trial penalties usually are coercive.
Punishment and Artificial Intelligence
Authors: Ryberg Jesper 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Suppose that computer scientists and engineers have developed a brand-new algorithm which is designed to determine sentences in individual criminal cases. Suppose, furthermore, that it seems that this algorithm is actually very good at doing this job. Would it then be justified to replace human sentencing judges with the sentencing algorithm? The answer to this question obviously depends upon many things. However, in this chapter focus is placed narrowly on the question of how we should compare human judges and the algorithm with regard to how well each is doing the job of determining the severity of the appropriate sentences. It is argued that, due to both theoretical and practical reasons, we do to a large extent currently lack the penal ethical resources to answer this question. The impetus behind these considerations is the assumption that the question may well become urgent in a not very distant future and that, in the absence of the requisite ethical considerations, there is a significant risk that decisions on this matter will be made on insufficient or even ethically arbitrary grounds.
Self-Defense Theories
Authors: Pereboom Derk 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This article concerns theories of criminal justice grounded in the right to self-defense. The self-defense theories for treatment of criminals that are of special interest are those that stand to secure ecumenical support by crucially relying only on a fairly uncontroversial right of self-defense, more precisely a right to harm in self-defense and defense of others. The ecumenism is secured by avoiding reliance on controversial justifications such as classical retributivism and those that fall prey to a powerful use objection. The theory for criminal jurisprudence that the author defends features incapacitation justified by the right to self-defense and defense of others conceived in this way together with limited additional general deterrence that does involves use of persons, but not use of persons merely as means.
Silence and Transitional Justice
Authors: Eastmond Marita , Mannergren Selimovic Johanna 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the role of silence in transitional justice. Silence is more than the absence of speech since silence in human societies can serve numerous purposes in human interaction, social meanings, and political implications. Moreover, silence conveys difficult experiences and sensitive messages more effectively than speech, which also assists in rebuilding trust and restoring relations. The chapter also elaborates on the broad range of possibilities silence offers as a means of communication in war-torn communities. It cites that silence and its semantic and performative potential opens up critical enquiries into the disjunctures between the transitional justice paradigm and the lived experiences of transitions.
Byron’s Celebrity Revisited
Authors: Mole Tom 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This essay considers approaches to Byron that focus on the poet’s celebrity. It examines why accounts of Byron’s celebrity emerged when they did, what varieties they have taken, and how they have informed approaches to other individuals. It then considers what these approaches contribute to our understanding of Byron, why they might be worthwhile, and what future avenues of research might be pursued. The essay traces a productive convergence around the year 2000 between developments in Byron Studies and an increasingly sophisticated approach to celebrity culture emerging in Cultural Studies. It then traces how critics of Byron’s celebrity have widened the discussion to include his readers and the broader cultural phenomenon of ‘Byronism’. The essay concludes that revisiting Byron’s celebrity allows us to locate him more securely within the emerging discourse of celebrity history and in relation to the fame culture of his time.
Byron and the Critics in the New Millennium
Authors: Pomarè Carla 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys the main trends that have surfaced in the field of Byron Studies, intertwining with the developments of literary theory. The dialogue across linguistic, literary, and disciplinary boundaries explored here has provided new approaches to three thematic clusters in Byron criticism. First is the relationship between Byron’s personality and his work, focusing on cultural constructs such as Byron’s masks, his mobility, ‘Byromania’, his takes on gender and race, and his concern for the body as a site of meaning. The second cluster deals with Byron’s ‘thought’, exploring his links with philosophical scepticism, his use of Romantic irony, the religious unorthodoxy or spiritual overtones of his works, and his notion of history and controversial political views, as well as reading him through the lens of the critique of anthropocentrism. The last cluster consists of new formalist approaches to Byron’s writing, covering its generic hybridity, overt intertextuality, and polyglossic qualities.
Byron and Italian Literature
Authors: Rawes Alan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses Byron’s formal and thematic engagements with Italian literature, especially the work of Alfieri, Casti, Dante, Pulci, and Tasso, in Beppo and Don Juan, ‘The Lament of Tasso’, The Prophecy of Dante, and Marino Faliero. It focuses particularly on Byron’s adoption of the ottava rima form and his exploration of Italian literature for alternative futures for the Byronic Hero. It argues that the Byronic Hero exposes various fundamental problems with the Western tradition of heroism, problems Byron looks to Italian literature to resolve. In Beppo, Casti offers him a comedic path. Tasso offers the idea of poetry as an escape, though this escape proves ultimately flawed. Dante suggests the idea that religious faith might resolve Byron’s issues with heroism, and also posits a libertarian rechannelling of the Byronic Hero’s heroism, but this is problematized by Alfieri. Byron does not, then, resolve the crisis in heroism that his hero figure exposes, but these works, in their engagements with Italian literature, represent a profound exploration of masculine heroism in Western culture.
Don Juan in the Ottoman East Dis/Continuities in Cantos V–VIII
Authors: Saglia Diego 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
As with the English Cantos, those set in Constantinople and Ismail constitute a discrete narrative sequence within Don Juan, one whose apparently seamless plot progression is criss-crossed by continuities and discontinuities in relation to the poem’s previous instalments. Discontinuities particularly concern the position of these cantos in the poem’s compositional history during the fraught period of 1821–22, as well as a representation of the Ottoman East which knowingly reprises and relentlessly subverts familiar orientalist topoi. In keeping with Don Juan’s pervasive medley mode, Cantos V–VIII are built on an interplay of dis/continuities forcing readers uninterruptedly to identify and decode multiple, ever-varying lines of argument about excess, consumption, eroticism, and war, and held together by a central thread of reflections on power. Investigating the thematic and structural peculiarities of this section of Don Juan, this chapter suggests that we read it as a unit within the poem that consistently engages with questions of authority and control through a distinctive interweaving of figurative protocols, historical-ideological materials, and metaliterary references.
Byron and the Victorians
Authors: Wootton Sarah 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Lord Byron is a unique and ubiquitous presence in Victorian literature. The cultural impact and transnational reach of this Romantic icon is unparalleled. Byron became a touchstone for Victorian writers eager to cultivate a Byronic posture or define themselves against the populist cult of Byronism. Even commentators who cut their critical teeth on censuring Byron praised his poetry and commended his championing of political causes. This chapter revisits the remarkable history of Byronism in the Victorian period by re-focusing attention away from notable detractors and devotees to writers who, while immersed in Byron’s poetry, sought to challenge the codifying effects of the Byronic. Placing a spotlight on the writings of Byron’s immediate heirs – Elizabeth Barrett Browning and Emily Brontë among them – uncovers a dynamic and multivalent influence that extends outwards beyond echoes and borrowings to stylistic hybridity and experiments with form. How instrumental is the ‘elastic shape’ of Byron’s poetry, as Virginia Woolf would come to regard it, to Barrett Browning’s ‘novel in verse’, Aurora Leigh (1856), and Brontë’s ‘poetic’ novel, Wuthering Heights (1847)? This chapter considers Victorian authors who formulated an enduring yet adaptive sense of the ‘Byronic’, and especially of Byron’s poetry steering their writing into the hinterlands between poetry and prose, with far-reaching implications for how we understand his legacy.
Isn’t It Byronic Reading Byron in the Social Media Age
Authors: Taylor Joanna E. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter aims to assess what is understood as ‘Byronic’ in the social media age, with data from Twitter as a test case. It demonstrates an approach to low-tech digital humanities to construct multi-scalar readings of, first, responses to Byron from the platform and, second, the poems that emerge as key texts from the dataset. The chapter argues that tweets about Byron continue a long tradition of anthologizing his poetry for popular consumption. Specifically, by tracking tweets tagged with the hashtags #byron and #lordbyron between 2016 and 2021, it demonstrates surprisingly that, for many readers on Twitter in this period, Byron was a nature poet more than anything else. The chapter finds that quotations shared on Twitter were more than simply extracts dissevered from Byron’s poetry, biography, or context; they had the potential to stand as metonymies for a Byronic poetics that created a bridge between nineteenth- and twenty-first-century environments.
Themes in Vowel Harmony
Authors: Ritter Nancy A. , van der Hulst Harry 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines the structure of the volume and reviews the central questions that are posed in the study of vowel harmony with reference to the chapters in the handbook where these questions are addressed. We first consider a possible definition of vowel harmony (VH) and then discuss a variety of aspects of this phenomenon such as what counts as a possible domain of VH, whether VH is directional or bidirectional. We then turn to the typological distinction between root-controlled vs. dominant/recessive VH, followed by various formal mechanisms that have been proposed to analyze VH. We conclude with reviewing phonetic correlates of harmonic features, matters of historical change and methods for data coverage.
Minor Vowel Harmony
Authors: Smith Norval 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Processes involving minimal leftward harmony are sometimes referred to as umlaut, although this term often implies that the trigger of the harmony is not visible (on the surface at least). One thing the two processes dealt with here have in common is that the harmonic effects proceed one syllable rightward—a kind of rightward umlaut. In both cases the harmonic cause and effect are surface-visible. They differ in that in one case an assimilation of an underlying syllable is involved, while in the other an epenthetic vowel carries the harmonic effect. Both cases involve Scottish languages—Germanic Scots dialects and Celtic Scottish Gaelic dialects.
Phrasal Vowel Harmony
Authors: Downing Laura J. , Krämer Martin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This short chapter surveys phonological and morphosyntactic parameters conditioning cross-word vowel harmony (VH) and illustrates select parameters by providing details of the VH systems of Gua, Vata, Kinande, Somali, and Wolof. It concludes with arguments for why cross-word harmony must be considered a phonological, not a phonetic, phenomenon. VH is typically claimed to be word bound, and the ‘word’ is usually taken to refer to the phonological word, not the grammatical word, since compounds are often disharmonic. Indeed, VH has been claimed to rarely cross lexical word boundaries, either within compounds or within phrases. However, it is not difficult to find languages where VH applies in a domain larger than the prosodic or grammatical word.
Vowel Harmony in Pre-Generative Phonology
Authors: Kenstowicz Michael J. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter surveys descriptions of vowel harmony (VH) in three pre-generative frameworks: Boasian Descriptivism, American Structuralism (AS), and Firthian Prosodic Analysis (PA). In the absence of any general discussion of harmony in these traditions, the chapter examines their analyses of individual languages with an eye to what they reveal about the underlying approaches, with a focus on AS and PA. For AS, the segmental phoneme is the basic unit of phonological representation, entailing a conception of harmony as a segmental alternation. For the languages surveyed (Yawelmani Yokuts, Hungarian, Turkish), VH is stated at an abstract morphophonemic level. In PA a phonological expression is factored into segment-like phonematic units overlaid by stretches of phonetic features termed prosodies. VH is analyzed by specifying the edges of these prosodic domains. The chapter discusses PA analyses of three canonical harmonies (Turkish, Akan, Igbo) as well as a consonant-induced prosody in Tigre.
Vowel Harmony in Government Phonology
Authors: Polgárdi Krisztina 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines Government Phonology (GP), a principles-and-parameters approach to phonological representations employing monovalent elements and relationships of government and licensing. In GP analyses of vowel harmony (VH), spreading of the harmonic element results from a governing relation between nuclei adjacent on the independently motivated level of nuclear projection. The chapter covers three issues in detail. Concerning the typology of VH, Element Theory predicts the existence of palatal/I, labial/U, and lowering/A-harmony in terms of spreading; ATR harmony as head agreement; and backing, unrounding, or raising harmony as reduction. Restrictions on the domain of harmony are accounted for utilizing the distinction between synthetic and analytic morphology, together with blocking in non-derived environments, as well as employing licensing constraints defining possible element combinations. The behavior of neutral vowels as transparent or opaque is proposed to follow from whether they contain the harmonic element in their representation.
Data-Driven Approaches to Vowel Harmony
Authors: Knowles Rebecca , Sanders Nathan 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter explores fundamental ideas and challenges in using statistical and computational methods for the analysis of vowel harmony from text corpora. These methods are centered on the quantification and visualization of the degree and type of harmony in a language, which can be used for cross-linguistic comparison, measuring historical change in harmony, and unsupervised identification of previously unknown harmony patterns. Models using these methods can differ greatly in robustness, interpretability, and generality. A successful and appropriate model requires consideration of many factors, including the types of corpora to be analyzed, the effect of morphological structure and phonological alternations on harmony, and the potential for anomalous patterns in proper names, loanwords, onomatopoeia, and similar types of words. The chapter includes a general overview of data-driven approaches, important considerations in selecting and using data sources, linguistic considerations and how different models handle them, and work on data-driven visualizations of harmony.
Vowel Harmony in Language Acquisition
Authors: Goad Heather , Ozburn Avery 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines the acquisition of vowel harmony (VH) by first- and second-language learners as well as the use of VH as a cue for word segmentation by pre-verbal infants and children at early stages of word production. Across studies, it is found that VH is acquired early. This holds independent of the features involved (back, round, height, or advanced tongue root), the nature of the trigger (root or stressed vowel), whether the language is agglutinative or not, and whether harmony is categorical or variable. Most errors involve overapplication, indicating that VH is productive for learners; underapplication errors are observed for first-language learners, but are largely due to incomplete acquisition of the vowel system. Although VH is articulatorily advantageous, spontaneous emergence of harmony among first-language learners is surprisingly rare, in contrast to total vowel agreement, which is commonly attested for learners of languages both with and without VH.
Vowel Harmony in Chadic Languages
Authors: Pearce Mary , Lovestrand Joseph 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on Chadic languages, which typically demonstrate feature spreading within a word. The result can be partial or total agreement between the vowels of a word, as well as palatalization or labialization of consonants across the word. In the latter case, these processes are often referred to as prosodies. Central Chadic languages have the most robust prosody systems, to the point where it is claimed that some languages have no contrastive vowel qualities. However, the majority of Chadic languages have only height harmony and/or fronting and rounding harmony (rarely advanced tongue root-type harmony) across an inventory of five to seven vowels, and some have no vowel harmony at all. From a historical perspective, it can be argued that the oldest Chadic systems had a minimal number of contrastive vowel qualities, and that larger inventories of vowels are derived from an interaction of these few vowels with prosodies of palatalization and labialization.
Vowel Harmony in Turkic Languages
Authors: Washington Jonathan North 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter describes in detail the patterns of vowel harmony (VH) attested throughout the modern Turkic language family, with reference to historical varieties, surveying areas which have received attention in the literature, and highlighting areas where questions remain. A representative overview of the range of phenomena attested throughout the family is presented, referencing relevant literature. Two main types of productive VH are attested in Turkic languages: anteriority harmony and rounding harmony, both perseverative. The former is attested in nearly every Turkic language, where it is fully iterative or unbounded, and the latter is attested less widely and with varying implementations. Less common patterns include non-iterative anticipatory umlaut and a sporadically attested partially iterative perseverative height-harmony phenomenon. While generally a question of formalisation and analysis, VH targets, or harmonizing vowels, may be treated as archiphonemes, defined descriptively as vowels with particular harmonization patterns, or structurally as featurally underspecified vowels.
Vowel Harmony in Tungusic Languages
Authors: Li Bing , Smith Norval 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter presents a description of vowel harmony (VH) in Tungusic languages, based on the hypothesis that earlier Tungusic and most modern Tungusic languages are characterized by retracted tongue root (RTR) harmony, drawing empirical data from Even, Orochen, Evenki, Solon, Nanaj, Classical Manchu, and varieties of Modern Manchu, including Sibe. It is clearly demonstrated that on the RTR hypothesis VH in Tungusic languages can be better understood both synchronically and diachronically. It also considers the possibility that VH in Jurchen could be described on the basis of the RTR hypothesis. Rounding harmony of different patterns and the shift in pattern in Tungusic are also investigated.
Vowel Harmony in Basque
Authors: Hualde José Ignacio 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses processes similar to vowel harmony in the Basque language. Basque does not have any true vowel harmony processes, if by this term we mean regular iterative processes affecting all vowels within a word or similar morphological domain. Nevertheless, in different Basque varieties we do find several processes of vowel assimilation across consonants that are worth discussing in this respect. These include the raising of /a/ to /e/ after a high vowel, the raising of /e/ to /i/ before a high vowel, especially when this results in a domain where all vowels in the word are high, and the rounding of /i/ before /y/.
Vowel Harmony in Greek
Authors: Revithiadou Anthi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This chapter examines harmony processes in Greek, a non-harmonic language that exhibits two intriguing yet somewhat marginal patterns of vowel assimilation in specific dialects. The first pattern, documented in Inner Asia Minor Greek, involves the spreading of features from a suffixal vowel to a root/stem vowel. Interestingly, this process is restricted to nouns and evolved due to significant contact-induced changes influenced by Turkish. The second pattern, observed in the southeastern branch, is sonority-driven and involves the copying of a high-sonority pen-initial vowel to a word-initial nucleus. In both assimilation patterns, the harmonizing features originate outside morphologically (root/stem) or phonologically (initial-syllable) privileged positions, and require licensing from such privileged positions to establish an uninterrupted span of identical features, presumably for reasons of perceptual ease.