bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Paralogs are revealed by proportion of heterozygotes and deviations in read ratios in genotyping‐by‐sequencing data from natural populations
Authors: McKinney Garrett J. , Waples Ryan K. , Seeb Lisa W. , Seeb James E. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWhole‐genome duplications have occurred in the recent ancestors of many plants, fish, and amphibians, resulting in a pervasiveness of paralogous loci and the potential for both disomic and tetrasomic inheritance in the same genome. Paralogs can be difficult to reliably genotype and are often excluded from genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS) analyses; however, removal requires paralogs to be identified which is difficult without a reference genome. We present a method for identifying paralogs in natural populations by combining two properties of duplicated loci: (i) the expected frequency of heterozygotes exceeds that for singleton loci, and (ii) within heterozygotes, observed read ratios for each allele in GBS data will deviate from the 1:1 expected for singleton (diploid) loci. These deviations are often not apparent within individuals, particularly when sequence coverage is low; but, we postulated that summing allele reads for each locus over all heterozygous individuals in a population would provide sufficient power to detect deviations at those loci. We identified paralogous loci in three species: Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) which retains regions with ongoing residual tetrasomy on eight chromosome arms following a recent whole‐genome duplication, mountain barberry (Berberis alpina) which has a large proportion of paralogs that arose through an unknown mechanism, and dusky parrotfish (Scarus niger) which has largely rediploidized following an ancient whole‐genome duplication. Importantly, this approach only requires the genotype and allele‐specific read counts for each individual, information which is readily obtained from most GBS analysis pipelines.
The effect of inhaled nitric oxide in acute respiratory distress syndrome in children and adults: a Cochrane Systematic Review with trial sequential analysis
Authors: Karam O. , Gebistorf F. , Wetterslev J. , Afshari A. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryAcute respiratory distress syndrome is associated with high mortality and morbidity. Inhaled nitric oxide has been used to improve oxygenation but its role remains controversial. Our primary objective in this systematic review was to examine the effects of inhaled nitric oxide administration on mortality in adults and children with acute respiratory distress syndrome. We included all randomised, controlled trials, irrespective of date of publication, blinding status, outcomes reported or language. Our primary outcome measure was all‐cause mortality. We performed several subgroup and sensitivity analyses to assess the effect of inhaled nitric oxide. There was no statistically significant effect of inhaled nitric oxide on longest follow‐up mortality (inhaled nitric oxide group 250/654 deaths (38.2%) vs. control group 221/589 deaths (37.5%; relative risk (95% CI) 1.04 (0.9–1.19)). We found a significant improvement in PaO2/FIO2 ratio at 24 h (mean difference (95% CI) 15.91 (8.25–23.56)), but not at 48 h or 72 h, while four trials indicated improved oxygenation in the inhaled nitric oxide group at 96 h (mean difference (95% CI) 14.51 (3.64–25.38)). There were no statistically significant differences in ventilator‐free days, duration of mechanical ventilation, resolution of multi‐organ failure, quality of life, length of stay in intensive care unit or hospital, cost‐benefit analysis and methaemoglobin and nitrogen dioxide levels. There was an increased risk of renal impairment (risk ratio (95% CI) 1.59 (1.17–2.16)) with inhaled nitric oxide. In conclusion, there is insufficient evidence to support inhaled nitric oxide in any category of critically ill patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome despite a transient improvement in oxygenation, since mortality is not reduced and it may induce renal impairment.
Hepatic resection for post‐operative solitary liver metastasis from oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: Liu Jingeng , Wei Zhiru , Wang Yuebin , Xia Zongjiang , Zhao Gaofeng 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundLiver metastasis is common in patients with oesophageal cancer. The effect of operative intervention for post‐operative solitary liver metastasis from oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) has not previously been examined. This research was to compare the effect of surgery and non‐surgical therapy in patients with post‐operative solitary liver metastasis from ESCC.MethodsWe retrospectively analysed the clinical data of 69 consecutive patients with solitary hepatic metastasis who had undergone oesophagectomy for ESCC and were subsequently referred to the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University from January 2005 to December 2013. The survival rates of the surgical and non‐surgical groups were compared.ResultsThere were 26 patients in the surgical group and 43 patients in the non‐surgical group. There was no operative death in the surgical group. Post‐operative complications were observed in six patients, and all of these patients recovered after additional treatments. Patients in the surgical group had 1‐ and 2‐year cumulative survival rates of 50.8 and 21.2%, respectively, which were significantly higher than the 31.0 and 7.1% survival rates of patients in the non‐surgical group (P < 0.05). In each group, the patients with a disease‐free interval (DFI) lasting >12 months had a better survival rate than those with a DFI lasting ≤12 months (all P < 0.05).ConclusionsOperative intervention is a better treatment choice for patients with post‐operative solitary liver metastasis from ESCC, especially for patients with a DFI lasting >12 months. Patients selected for hepatic resection should be considered on an individual basis through a multidisciplinary team of specialists.
The space‐math link in preschool boys and girls: Importance of mental transformation, targeting accuracy, and spatial anxiety
Authors: Wong Wang I. 
Published: October 2016

Spatial abilities are pertinent to mathematical competence, but evidence of the space‐math link has largely been confined to older samples and intrinsic spatial abilities (e.g., mental transformation). The roles of gender and affective factors are also unclear. This study examined the correlations between counting ability, mental transformation, and targeting accuracy in 182 Hong Kong preschoolers, and whether these relationships were weaker at higher spatial anxiety levels. Both spatial abilities related with counting similarly for boys and girls. Targeting accuracy also mediated the male advantage in counting. Interestingly, spatial anxiety moderated the space‐math links, but differently for boys and girls. For boys, spatial abilities were irrelevant to counting at high anxiety levels; for girls, the role of anxiety on the space‐math link is less clear. Results extend the evidence base of the space‐math link to include an extrinsic spatial ability (targeting accuracy) and have implications for intervention programmes.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Much evidence of a space‐math link in adolescent and adult samples and for intrinsic spatial abilities.

What does this study add?

Extended the space‐math link to include both intrinsic and extrinsic spatial abilities in a preschool sample.

Showed how spatial anxiety moderated the space‐math link differently for boys and girls.
Group differences in the legitimization of inequality: Questioning the role of social dominance orientation
Authors: Pehrson Samuel , Carvacho Héctor , Sibley Chris G. 
Published: October 2016

Social dominance orientation (SDO) is conceived as an individual's level of support for group‐based hierarchy in general that causes support for more specific group hierarchies. According to social dominance theory, group differences in SDO underpin ideological and behavioural group differences related to specific group hierarchies. Using representative 5‐year longitudinal panel data from New Zealand (N = 3,384), we test whether SDO mediates effects of sex and ethnicity on legitimizing myths (LMs) relating to gender and ethnic hierarchy over time. The SDO mediation hypothesis is supported in the case of hostile sexism. However, it is unsupported in the case of benevolent sexism and LMs relating to ethnic hierarchy, where there was no cross‐lagged effect of SDO. Moreover, being in the dominant ethnic group is associated with more legitimization of ethnic hierarchy but less legitimization of gender hierarchy, which is inconsistent with the notion of a general orientation underpinning group differences in legitimation. There was mixed evidence for a reverse path whereby specific LMs mediate group differences in SDO across time. We argue for the need to find alternative ways to theorize ideological consensus and difference between groups.
How is supervision recorded in child and family social work? An analysis of 244 written records of formal supervision
Authors: Wilkins David 
Published: October 2016

AbstractWritten records belie the complexity of social work practice. And yet, keeping good records is a key function for social workers in England (and elsewhere). Written records provide a future reference point for children, especially those in public care. They are foundational for the inspection of children's services. They provide practitioners and managers with an opportunity to record their thinking and decisions. They add to result from and cause much of the bureaucratic maze that practitioners have to navigate. As part of a wider study of child and family social work practice, this paper describes an analysis of more than 200 written records of supervision. These records primarily contain narrative descriptions of activity, often leading to a set of actions for the social worker to complete – what they should do next. Records of why these actions are necessary and how the social worker might undertake them are usually absent, as are records of analytical thinking or the child's views. This suggests that written records of supervision are not principally created in order to inform an understanding of the social work decision‐making process; rather, they are created to demonstrate management oversight of practice and the accountability of the practitioner.
Aerial adult dragonflies are highly sensitive to in‐water conditions across an ancient landscape
Authors: Kietzka Gabriella J. , Pryke James S. , Samways Michael J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimAdult dragonflies are renowned for being good bioindicators of anthropogenic change, but their response to the heterogeneity of undisturbed river systems has received little investigation. The Cape Floristic Region (CFR) has had a long lineage of natural selection which has honed life stages to the fine grain of the river systems. This leads to the intriguing question: How sensitive are the aerial adults to the in‐water conditions?LocationRivers of the CFR, in the Western Cape Province, South Africa, are naturally heterogeneous and complex ecosystems running across a geologically ancient landscape. The CFR is a significant centre of local endemism for many taxa, including dragonflies.MethodsWe investigated dragonfly assemblages and 20 environmental variables along untransformed reaches of three CFR rivers.ResultsWe found that each river has its own particular ‘signature’ dragonfly assemblage. We also found that certain in‐water parameters were the most important factors driving adult dragonfly assemblages, and not variables associated with substrate or riparian vegetation under these historic, natural conditions. This responsiveness to a heterogeneous range of in‐water variables was similar from one river to the next, and also was independent of species turnover among the different dragonfly assemblages.Main conclusionsFrom a conservation perspective, the natural variation in certain water parameters, particularly in‐water conditions, is essential for supporting the full suite of adult dragonfly species. Challenging but important for conservation planning is that each river has its own biotic merit. Addressing this challenge also means that maintenance and restoration of historic, heterogeneous, in‐water conditions in addition to the removal of alien invasive trees which are already known to be highly detrimental to this largely irreplaceable dragonfly fauna. Prioritizing which rivers to conserve can be achieved through using indices involving dragonflies.
A systematic review of interventions to improve outcomes for young adults with Type 1 diabetes
Authors: O'Hara M. C. , Hynes L. , O'Donnell M. , Nery N. , Byrne M. , Heller S. R. , Dinneen S. F. ,   the Irish Type 1 Diabetes Young Adult Study Group
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundMany young adults with Type 1 diabetes experience poor outcomes. The aim of this systematic review was to synthesize the evidence regarding the effectiveness of interventions aimed at improving clinical, behavioural or psychosocial outcomes for young adults with Type 1 diabetes.MethodsElectronic databases were searched. Any intervention studies related to education, support, behaviour change or health service organizational change for young adults aged between 15‐30 years with Type 1 diabetes were included. A narrative synthesis of all studies was undertaken due to the large degree of heterogeneity between studies.ResultsEighteen studies (of a possible 1700) were selected and categorized: Health Services Delivery (n = 4), Group Education and Peer Support (n = 6), Digital Platforms (n = 4) and Diabetes Devices (n = 4). Study designs included one randomized controlled trial, three retrospective studies, seven feasibility/acceptability studies and eight studies with a pre/post design. Continuity, support, education and tailoring of interventions to young adults were the most common themes across studies. HbA1c was the most frequently measured outcome, but only 5 of 12 studies that measured it showed a significant improvement.ConclusionBased on the heterogeneity among the studies, the effectiveness of interventions on clinical, behavioural and psychosocial outcomes among young adults is inconclusive. This review has highlighted a lack of high‐quality, well‐designed interventions, aimed at improving health outcomes for young adults with Type 1 diabetes.
The diet‐derived short chain fatty acid propionate improves beta‐cell function in humans and stimulates insulin secretion from human islets in vitro
Authors: Pingitore Attilio , Chambers Edward S. , Hill Thomas , Maldonado Inmaculada Ruz , Liu Bo , Bewick Gavin , Morrison Douglas J. , Preston Tom , Wallis Gareth A. , Tedford Catriona , Castañera González Ramón , Huang Guo C. , Choudhary Pratik , Frost Gary , Persaud Shanta J. 
Published: October 2016

AimsDiet‐derived short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) improve glucose homeostasis in vivo, but the role of individual SCFAs and their mechanisms of action have not been defined. This study evaluated the effects of increasing colonic delivery of the SCFA propionate on β‐cell function in humans and the direct effects of propionate on isolated human islets in vitro.Materials and methodsFor 24 weeks human subjects ingested an inulin‐propionate ester that delivers propionate to the colon. Acute insulin, GLP‐1 and non‐esterified fatty acid (NEFA) levels were quantified pre‐ and post‐supplementation in response to a mixed meal test. Expression of the SCFA receptor FFAR2 in human islets was determined by western blotting and immunohistochemistry. Dynamic insulin secretion from perifused human islets was quantified by radioimmunoassay and islet apoptosis was determined by quantification of caspase 3/7 activities.ResultsColonic propionate delivery in vivo was associated with improved β‐cell function with increased insulin secretion that was independent of changes in GLP‐1 levels. Human islet β‐cells expressed FFAR2 and propionate potentiated dynamic glucose‐stimulated insulin secretion in vitro, an effect that was dependent on signalling via protein kinase C. Propionate also protected human islets from apoptosis induced by the NEFA sodium palmitate and inflammatory cytokines.ConclusionsOur results indicate that propionate has beneficial effects on β‐cell function in vivo, and in vitro analyses demonstrated that it has direct effects to potentiate glucose‐stimulated insulin release and maintain β‐cell mass through inhibition of apoptosis. These observations support ingestion of propiogenic dietary fibres to maintain healthy glucose homeostasis.
Symptomatic and presumed symptomatic focal epilepsies in childhood: An observational, prospective multicentre study
Authors: Vecchi Marilena , Barba Carmen , De Carlo Debora , Stivala Micol , Guerrini Renzo , Albamonte Emilio , Ranalli Domiziana , Battaglia Domenica , Lunardi Giada , Boniver Clementina , Piccolo Benedetta , Pisani Francesco , Cantalupo Gaetano , Nieddu Giuliana , Casellato Susanna , Cappanera Silvia , Cesaroni Elisabetta , Zamponi Nelia , Serino Domenico , Fusco Lucia , Iodice Alessandro , Palestra Filippo , Giordano Lucio , Freri Elena , De Giorgi Ilaria , Ragona Francesca , Granata Tiziana , Fiocchi Isabella , Bova Stefania Maria , Mastrangelo Massimo , Verrotti Alberto , Matricardi Sara , Fontana Elena , Caputo Davide , Darra Francesca , Dalla Bernardina Bernardo , Beccaria Francesca , Capovilla Giuseppe , Baglietto Maria Pia , Gagliardi Alessandra , Vignoli Aglaia , Canevini Maria Paola , Perissinotto Egle , Francione Stefano 
Published: October 2016

SummaryObjectiveTo describe the clinical, neuropsychological, and psychopathologic features of a cohort of children with a new diagnosis of symptomatic or presumed symptomatic focal epilepsy at time of recruitment and through the first month. The selected population will be followed for 2–5 years after enrollment to investigate the epilepsy course and identify early predictors of drug resistance.MethodsIn this observational, multicenter, nationwide study, children (age 1 month–12.9 years) with a new diagnosis of symptomatic or presumed symptomatic focal epilepsy were consecutively enrolled in 15 Italian tertiary childhood epilepsy centers. Inclusion criteria were as follows: (1) diagnosis of symptomatic focal epilepsy due to acquired and developmental etiologies, and presumed symptomatic focal epilepsy; (2) age at diagnosis older than 1 month and <13 years; and (3) written informed consent. Children were subdivided into three groups: ≤3 years, >3 to 6 years, and >6 years. Clinical, electroencephalography (EEG), neuroimaging, and neuropsychological variables were identified for statistical analyses.ResultsTwo hundred fifty‐nine children were enrolled (116 female and 143 male). Median age: 4.4 years (range 1 month–12.9 years); 46.0% (n = 119) of children were younger than 3 years, 24% (61) from 3 to 6 years of age, and 30% (79) older than 6 years. Neurologic examination findings were normal in 71.8%. Brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was abnormal in 59.9%. Children age ≤3 years experienced the highest seizure frequency in the first month after recruitment (p < 0.0001). Monotherapy in the first month was used in 67.2%. Cognitive tests at baseline revealed abnormal scores in 30%; behavioral problems were present in 21%. At multivariate analysis, higher chances to exhibit more than five seizures in the first month after epilepsy onset was confirmed for younger children and those with temporal lobe epilepsy.SignificanceIn this prospective cohort study, an extensive characterization of epilepsy onset in children with symptomatic or presumed symptomatic focal epilepsies is reported in relation to the age group and the localization of the epileptogenic zone.
Wy14643, an agonist for PPARα, downregulates expression of TARC and RANTES in cultured human keratinocytes
Authors: Zhang Wei , Sakai Takashi , Fujiwara Sakuhei , Hatano Yutaka 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBeneficial effects of Wy14643, an agonist for peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor (PPAR)α, on permeability barrier homeostasis‐related functions of keratinocytes such as up‐regulation of epidermal differentiation‐related molecules and lipid synthesis, have been demonstrated. The present study demonstrated that Wy14643 reduced the expression of thymus and activation‐related chemokine (TARC) and regulated on activation normal T cell expressed (RANTES) in both single‐ and 3D‐cultured human keratinocytes. The combined data of the present and previous studies support the notion that Wy14643 could be a therapeutic agent that might simultaneously and directly modulate permeability barrier dysfunction and allergic inflammation in the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis. As for the anti‐microbial barrier function, the present study demonstrated that Wy14643 up‐regulated expression of the anti‐microbial peptide, human β defensin 3, in cultured human keratinocytes only in mRNA levels but not in protein ones, suggesting that Wy14643 might not directly account for the up‐regulation of the anti‐microbial peptide which has been reported in vivo.
Response diversity, nonnative species, and disassembly rules buffer freshwater ecosystem processes from anthropogenic change
Authors: Moore Jonathan W. , Olden Julian D. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntegrating knowledge of environmental degradation, biodiversity change, and ecosystem processes across large spatial scales remains a key challenge to illuminating the resilience of earth's systems. There is now a growing realization that the manner in which communities will respond to anthropogenic impacts will ultimately control the ecosystem consequences. Here, we examine the response of freshwater fishes and their nutrient excretion – a key ecosystem process that can control aquatic productivity – to human land development across the contiguous United States. By linking a continental‐scale dataset of 533 fish species from 8100 stream locations with species functional traits, nutrient excretion, and land remote sensing, we present four key findings. First, we provide the first geographic footprint of nutrient excretion by freshwater fishes across the United States and reveal distinct local‐ and continental‐scale heterogeneity in community excretion rates. Second, fish species exhibited substantial response diversity in their sensitivity to land development; for native species, the more tolerant species were also the species contributing greater ecosystem function in terms of nutrient excretion. Third, by modeling increased land‐use change and resultant shifts in fish community composition, land development is estimated to decrease fish nutrient excretion in the majority (63%) of ecoregions. Fourth, the loss of nutrient excretion would be 28% greater if biodiversity loss was random or 84% greater if there were no nonnative species. Thus, ecosystem processes are sensitive to increased anthropogenic degradation but biotic communities provide multiple pathways for resistance and this resistance varies across space.