bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hepatitis C Virus–Induced Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Suppress NK Cell IFN-γ Production by Altering Cellular Metabolism via Arginase-1
Authors: Goh Celeste C. , Roggerson Krystal M. , Lee Hai-Chon , Golden-Mason Lucy , Rosen Hugo R. , Hahn Young S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The hepatitis C virus (HCV) infects ∼200 million people worldwide. The majority of infected individuals develop persistent infection, resulting in chronic inflammation and liver disease, including cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. The ability of HCV to establish persistent infection is partly due to its ability to evade the immune response through multiple mechanisms, including suppression of NK cells. NK cells control HCV replication during the early phase of infection and regulate the progression to chronic disease. In particular, IFN-γ produced by NK cells limits viral replication in hepatocytes and is important for the initiation of adaptive immune responses. However, NK cell function is significantly impaired in chronic HCV patients. The cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for impaired NK cell function in HCV infection are not well defined. In this study, we analyzed the interaction of human NK cells with CD33+ PBMCs that were exposed to HCV. We found that NK cells cocultured with HCV-conditioned CD33+ PBMCs produced lower amounts of IFN-γ, with no effect on granzyme B production or cell viability. Importantly, this suppression of NK cell–derived IFN-γ production was mediated by CD33+CD11bloHLA-DRlo myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) via an arginase-1–dependent inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin activation. Suppression of IFN-γ production was reversed by l-arginine supplementation, consistent with increased MDSC arginase-1 activity. These novel results identify the induction of MDSCs in HCV infection as a potent immune evasion strategy that suppresses antiviral NK cell responses, further indicating that blockade of MDSCs may be a potential therapeutic approach to ameliorate chronic viral infections in the liver.
Enhancement of Microbiota in Healthy Macaques Results in Beneficial Modulation of Mucosal and Systemic Immune Function
Authors: Manuzak Jennifer A. , Hensley-McBain Tiffany , Zevin Alexander S. , Miller Charlene , Cubas Rafael , Agricola Brian , Gile Jill , Richert-Spuhler Laura , Patilea Gabriela , Estes Jacob D. , Langevin Stanley , Reeves R. Keith , Haddad Elias K. , Klatt Nichole R. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Given the critical role of mucosal surfaces in susceptibility to infection, it is imperative that effective mucosal responses are induced when developing efficacious vaccines and prevention strategies for infection. Modulating the microbiota in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract through the use of probiotics (PBio) is a safe and well-tolerated approach to enhance mucosal and overall health. We assessed the longitudinal impact of daily treatment with the VSL#3 probiotic on cellular and humoral immunity and inflammation in healthy macaques. PBio therapy resulted in significantly increased frequencies of B cells expressing IgA in the colon and lymph node (LN), likely because of significantly increased LN T follicular helper cell frequencies and LN follicles. Increased frequencies of IL-23+ APCs in the colon were found post-PBio treatment, which correlated with LN T follicular helper cells. Finally, VSL#3 significantly downmodulated the response of TLR2-, TLR3-, TLR4-, and TLR9-expressing HEK293 cells to stimulation with Pam3CSK4, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, LPS, and ODN2006, respectively. These data provide a mechanism for the beneficial impact of PBio on mucosal health and implicates the use of PBio therapy in the context of vaccination or preventative approaches to enhance protection from mucosal infection by improving immune defenses at the mucosal portal of entry.
El uso de la imagen en Twitter durante la campaña electoral municipal de 2015 en España
Authors: Quevedo Redondo Raquel , Portalés Oliva Marta , Berrocal Gonzalo Salomé 
Published: January 2016

Este artículo presenta un estudio sobre el uso de la imagen demostrado en Twitter por 36 de los candidatos que concurrieron al proceso electoral municipal de 2015 en España. Metodología. La investigación empírica se apoya en el método del análisis de contenido, acometido a partir de una selección de variables extraídas de una minuciosa revisión bibliográfica. Resultados. La interpretación del trabajo de campo, compuesto por 388 recursos gráficos, ha revelado el carácter indicial de las fotografías de los alcaldables, así como la preponderancia de las técnicas de personalización. Discusión. Las posibilidades que entraña la plataforma de microblogging para la prolongación del contacto entre líderes y ciudadanos evidencian la conveniencia de incidir en la reflexión y extrapolar el tradicional interés por la imagen del ámbito televisivo al de las redes sociales. Conclusiones. Un mayor aprovechamiento de los recursos gráficos y de la comunicación política es posible en Twitter.
Philadelphia Periwigs, Perfumes, and Purpose:
Authors: Arkles Janine Black 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Joseph Cassey was a free black child refugee from the French West Indies who arrived in Philadelphia circa 1800. He married Amy Williams, the only child of Rev. Peter Williams Jr., a black community leader in New York City. Cassey ascended to the wealthiest ranks of the black community and joined Reverend Williams and sailmaker James Forten to promote social change in Philadelphia and New York City. Hard working by day, an activist by night, barber Cassey amassed considerable wealth and promoted antislavery and education in the black community, while within razor-close proximity to the founders of this country.
Mid-Atlantic Colonies, R.I.P.
Authors: Richter Daniel K. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
For the period before 1760, the distinguishing characteristics of a Mid-Atlantic region have always been hard to define. Pennsylvania, New York, New Jersey, and Delaware are usually described in terms of social, ethnic, and religious pluralism. But pluralism is inherently problematic as a unifying concept for colonies composed of countless fractious local communities and groups. Other efforts to find coherence are just as vexed by a collection of communities that virtually no one in the seventeenth or early eighteenth century on either side of the ocean seems to have recognized as a region. Recent turns toward continental and Atlantic frameworks for interpreting colonial North American history make unifying factors for these colonies all the more elusive and indeed undermine the entire concept of region as an interpretive category.
Freedom's Grand Lab:
Authors: Newman Richard S. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
While often marginalized in Atlantic world studies of slavery and freedom, Pennsylvania's civil rights past has attracted a new round of scholarly scrutiny. Whether examining the rise of Atlantic abolitionism or documenting the longstanding struggles of African Americans to achieve freedom, justice and equality, historians have over the past fifteen years reimagined Pennsylvania as a most ramifying place. Indeed, building on the work of Gary Nash, Emma Jones Lapsansky, Jean Soderlund and others, scholars have reintegrated Pennsylvania into the Atlantic world. What happened in the colony and the state was potent—anything but hidebound in the world of slavery and freedom. This essay highlights some of the main historical trends.
The Justice, the Informer, and the Composer:
Authors: Mulcahy Richard P. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
Michael Musmanno, a staunch liberal, was a colorful figure in Pittsburgh and Pennsylvania politics. He loathed Communism, taking up the anti-Communist crusade in 1950. He was joined in this by Matt Cvetic, a former paid FBI informant in the Communist Party, who styled himself as a former “FBI undercover agent.” Roy E. Harris, an American composer on the order of Aaron Copland, was brought to Pittsburgh to serve as composer-in-residence at the Pennsylvania College for Women. His coming was part of Mayor David Lawrence's Pittsburgh Renaissance. Harris was accused by Cvetic and Musmanno of being a Soviet sympathizer since he dedicated his Fifth Symphony to the Soviet people during World War II, creating a McCarthy-style controversy. This article shows how backers of the Renaissance supported Harris and fought off the accusations, and offers thoughts on the case's broader implications and long-term impact.
Teaching Museum Studies in the Twentieth and Twenty-first Centuries, or, A Tale of Two Courses
Authors: Verplanck Anne Ayer 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
This article uses the lens of teaching museum studies to analyze how museums have changed over a nineteen-year period and how university-based teaching has and might continue to respond to these changes. I compare my current class at Penn State Harrisburg to the one I taught from 1996 to 1999 at George Washington University, focusing on changes in museum audience engagement, technology, and pedagogy. Specific content, as well as activities inside and outside of the classroom, were adapted to the needs of varied student bodies and locales to prepare students to participate in the future of history museums.
Continuing to Pay the “Patriotic Debt”:
Authors: Bair Sarah 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
In 1893 the Pennsylvania legislature approved funding to build a residential, industrial school designed to consolidate under one facility the thirty-year-old program for the care and education of Civil War orphans in the state. Two years later, the Pennsylvania Soldiers' Orphans Industrial School opened on 100 acres of land in Scotland, Pennsylvania, a small village near Chambersburg and convenient to the Cumberland Valley Railway line. This article examines how the school's mission and early history were shaped by several distinctive features, including its roots in an existing system for educating Civil War orphans, its chronic financial problems, and its lack of a single founder with a clear vision. Under the direction of a state-appointed commission, the school maintained a traditional focus on order, discipline, morality, and military structure while simultaneously seeking to employ emerging trends in industrial education and child welfare.
Legends of the Susquehanna:
Authors: Sturges Mark 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
This article examines two pieces of regional folklore set in the Susquehanna Valley during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries: the historical legends of Juniata Jack and Cherry Tree Joe McCreery. Taking an interdisciplinary approach that combines environmental history, folklore studies, and ecocriticism, I argue that these stories constitute a mythology of place that invites our critical attention. In effect, the collection of frontier narratives associated with Juniata Jack and Cherry Tree Joe McCreery has created an imaginary geography of the Susquehanna Valley, a storyline of tragic or heroic experience that combines landscape and narrative, connects the local residents to the past, and, in doing so, provides a point of access to the region's fraught history of frontier conquest, racial violence, and resource extraction.
Build It, Buy It, or Both? Rethinking the Sourcing of Advertising Services
Authors: Silk Alvin J. , Stiglin Marta M. 
Published: January 2016

<p>This paper provides an update on the current state of in-house agencies. Whereas traditional consideration of internalizing advertising services was framed as a binary choice of build or buy, today’s advertisers frequently pursue hybrid policies of build <em>and</em> buy<em> </em>to procure the customized bundle required to develop, produce, and implement relevant, resonant promotional campaigns. Increasing numbers of advertisers are discovering that the demand for advertising and marketing services is best served through the coordination and integration of resources from both inside and outside the company, rather than assuming that these options are mutually exclusive. A review of advertising industry history reveals why internal agencies have long operated in the shadows of their external counterparts and how the former organization form has evolved over time. The core competencies underlying the contemporary in-house agency model are analyzed and the competitive position that in-house agencies presently occupy in relation to external providers is assessed. Two case examples of successful internal/external agency collaboration are presented. Finally, recommendations are offered for advertisers seeking to bring their internal and external agency resources together and arrive at a more-collaborative operating model for advertising services.</p>
Relationship between the durations of jumps in solar wind time series and the frequency of the spectral break
Authors: Podesta John J. , Borovsky Joseph E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSeveral physically motivated examples of stochastic processes that exhibit discontinuous jumps at random times are used to show that if the discontinuous jumps are replaced by continuous or smooth transitions with an average duration Δt, then the power spectral density of the process develops a high‐frequency spectral break at a frequency of order ωb = π/Δt. Conversely, if the spectrum of the original process is altered by imposing a high‐frequency spectral break, as may be accomplished by filtering with a low‐pass filter of some kind, then the discontinuous jumps in the original signal are replaced by continuous jumps having a duration of magnitude Δt = π/ωb, where ωb is the break frequency of the altered spectrum. These results suggest that for any stochastic process containing randomly occurring jumps in the time domain and a high‐frequency spectral break in the spectral domain with break frequency ωb, the average durations of the jumps are of order Δt = π/ωb. This result is closely connected with the sampling theorem and the uncertainty principle for Fourier transform pairs and demonstrates that the physical processes responsible for the dissipation of solar wind turbulence also determine the thicknesses of the strongest current sheets in the solar wind.
Localized reconnection in the magnetotail driven by lobe flow channels: Global MHD simulation
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Lyons L. R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractRecent ionospheric measurements suggest polar cap flow channels often trigger nightside auroral brightening. However, measurements were limited to the ionosphere, and it was not understood if such flow channels can exist in the lobe and can trigger magnetotail reconnection in a localized cross‐tail extent. We examined if localized flow channels can form self‐consistently in a global MHD regime, and if so, how such flow channels originate and relate to localized magnetotail reconnection. We show that lobe convection became nonuniform with azimuthally narrow flow channels (enhanced dawn‐dusk electric fields) of ~3 RE cross‐tail width. The flow channels propagated from the dayside toward the plasma sheet as an interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) discontinuity swept tailward. The plasma sheet around the lobe flow channels became thinner with a similar cross‐tail extent and then localized reconnection occurred. These results suggest that localized flow channels can propagate tailward across the lobe and drive localized magnetotail reconnection, that the cross‐tail width of reconnection and resulting plasma sheet flow channels and dipolarization fronts are related to the width of inflow from the lobe, and that IMF discontinuities drive lobe flow channels.
Effects of coarse grain size distribution and fine particle content on pore fluid pressure and shear behavior in experimental debris flows
Authors: Kaitna Roland , Palucis Marisa C. , Yohannes Bereket , Hill Kimberly M. , Dietrich William E. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDebris flows are typically a saturated mixture of poorly sorted particles and interstitial fluid, whose density and flow properties depend strongly on the presence of suspended fine sediment. Recent research suggests that grain size distribution (GSD) influences excess pore pressures (i.e., pressure in excess of predicted hydrostatic pressure), which in turn plays a governing role in debris flow behaviors. We report a series of controlled laboratory experiments in a 4 m diameter vertically rotating drum where the coarse particle size distribution and the content of fine particles were varied independently. We measured basal pore fluid pressures, pore fluid pressure profiles (using novel sensor probes), velocity profiles, and longitudinal profiles of the flow height. Excess pore fluid pressure was significant for mixtures with high fines fraction. Such flows exhibited lower values for their bulk flow resistance (as measured by surface slope of the flow), had damped fluctuations of normalized fluid pressure and normal stress, and had velocity profiles where the shear was concentrated at the base of the flow. These effects were most pronounced in flows with a wide coarse GSD distribution. Sustained excess fluid pressure occurred during flow and after cessation of motion. Various mechanisms may cause dilation and contraction of the flows, and we propose that the sustained excess fluid pressures during flow and once the flow has stopped may arise from hindered particle settling and yield strength of the fluid, resulting in transfer of particle weight to the fluid. Thus, debris flow behavior may be strongly influenced by sustained excess fluid pressures controlled by particle settling rates.
Adaptive response to l‐serine deficiency is mediated by p38 MAPK activation via 1‐deoxysphinganine in normal fibroblasts
Authors: Sayano Tomoko , Kawano Yuki , Kusada Wataru , Arimoto Yashiho , Esaki Kayoko , Hamano Momoko , Udono Miyako , Katakura Yoshinori , Ogawa Takuya , Kato Hisanori , Hirabayashi Yoshio , Furuya Shigeki 
Published: January 2016

Reduced availability of l‐serine limits cell proliferation and leads to an adaptation to l‐serine‐deficient environment, the underlying molecular mechanism of which remain largely unexplored. Genetic ablation of 3‐phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (Phgdh), which catalyzes the first step of de novo l‐serine synthesis, led to diminished cell proliferation and the activation of p38 MAPK and stress‐activated protein kinase/Jun amino‐terminal kinase in mouse embryonic fibroblasts under l‐serine depletion. The resultant l‐serine deficiency induced cyclin‐dependent kinase inhibitor 1a (Cdkn1a; p21) expression, which was mediated by p38 MAPK. Survival of the Phgdh‐deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts was markedly reduced by p38 MAPK inhibition under l‐serine depletion, whereas p38 MAPK could be activated by 1‐deoxysphinganine, an atypical alanine‐derived sphingoid base that was found to accumulate in l‐serine‐depleted mouse embryonic fibroblasts. These observations provide persuasive evidence that when the external l‐serine supply is limited, l‐serine synthesized de novo in proliferating cells serves as a metabolic gatekeeper to maintain cell survival and the functions necessary for executing cell cycle progression.DatabaseGene Expression Omnibus, accession number GSE55687.
Characterization of a novel bioreactor system for 3D cellular mechanobiology studies
Authors: Cook Colin A. , Huri Pinar Y. , Ginn Brian P. , Gilbert‐Honick Jordana , Somers Sarah M. , Temple Joshua P. , Mao Hai‐Quan , Grayson Warren L. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTIn vitro engineering systems can be powerful tools for studying tissue development in response to biophysical stimuli as well as for evaluating the functionality of engineered tissue grafts. It has been challenging, however, to develop systems that adequately integrate the application of biomimetic mechanical strain to engineered tissue with the ability to assess functional outcomes in real time. The aim of this study was to design a bioreactor system capable of real‐time conditioning (dynamic, uniaxial strain, and electrical stimulation) of centimeter‐long 3D tissue engineered constructs simultaneously with the capacity to monitor local strains. The system addresses key limitations of uniform sample loading and real‐time imaging capabilities. Our system features an electrospun fibrin scaffold, which exhibits physiologically relevant stiffness and uniaxial alignment that facilitates cell adhesion, alignment, and proliferation. We have demonstrated the capacity for directly incorporating human adipose‐derived stromal/stem cells into the fibers during the electrospinning process and subsequent culture of the cell‐seeded constructs in the bioreactor. The bioreactor facilitates accurate pre‐straining of the 3D constructs as well as the application of dynamic and static uniaxial strains while monitoring bulk construct tensions. The incorporation of fluorescent nanoparticles throughout the scaffolds enables in situ monitoring of local strain fields using fluorescent digital image correlation techniques, since the bioreactor is imaging compatible, and allows the assessment of local sample stiffness and stresses when coupled with force sensor measurements. In addition, the system is capable of measuring the electromechanical coupling of skeletal muscle explants by applying an electrical stimulus and simultaneously measuring the force of contraction. The packaging of these technologies, biomaterials, and analytical methods into a single bioreactor system has produced a powerful tool that will enable improved engineering of functional 3D ligaments, tendons, and skeletal muscles. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 1825–1837. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A MS‐lesion pattern discrimination plot based on geostatistics
Authors: Marschallinger Robert , Schmidt Paul , Hofmann Peter , Zimmer Claus , Atkinson Peter M. , Sellner Johann , Trinka Eugen , Mühlau Mark 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIntroductionA geostatistical approach to characterize MS‐lesion patterns based on their geometrical properties is presented.MethodsA dataset of 259 binary MS‐lesion masks in MNI space was subjected to directional variography. A model function was fit to express the observed spatial variability in x, y, z directions by the geostatistical parameters Range and Sill.ResultsParameters Range and Sill correlate with MS‐lesion pattern surface complexity and total lesion volume. A scatter plot of ln(Range) versus ln(Sill), classified by pattern anisotropy, enables a consistent and clearly arranged presentation of MS‐lesion patterns based on geometry: the so‐called MS‐Lesion Pattern Discrimination Plot.ConclusionsThe geostatistical approach and the graphical representation of results are considered efficient exploratory data analysis tools for cross‐sectional, follow‐up, and medication impact analysis.