bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Water Temperature Simulation Model for Rice Paddies With Variable Water Depths
Authors: Maruyama Atsushi , Nemoto Manabu , Hamasaki Takahiro , Ishida Sachinobu , Kuwagata Tsuneo 
Published: November 2017

AbstractA water temperature simulation model was developed to estimate the effects of water management on the thermal environment in rice paddies. The model was based on two energy balance equations: for the ground and for the vegetation, and considered the water layer and changes in the aerodynamic properties of its surface with water depth. The model was examined with field experiments for water depths of 0 mm (drained conditions) and 100 mm (flooded condition) at two locations. Daily mean water temperatures in the flooded condition were mostly higher than in the drained condition in both locations, and the maximum difference reached 2.6°C. This difference was mainly caused by the difference in surface roughness of the ground. Heat exchange by free convection played an important role in determining water temperature. From the model simulation, the temperature difference between drained and flooded conditions was more apparent under low air temperature and small leaf area index conditions; the maximum difference reached 3°C. Most of this difference occurred when the range of water depth was lower than 50 mm. The season‐long variation in modeled water temperature showed good agreement with an observation data set from rice paddies with various rice‐growing seasons, for a diverse range of water depths (root mean square error of 0.8–1.0°C). The proposed model can estimate water temperature for a given water depth, irrigation, and drainage conditions, which will improve our understanding of the effect of water management on plant growth and greenhouse gas emissions through the thermal environment of rice paddies.
Centrosome Cycle
Authors: Marteil Gaëlle , Bettencourt‐Dias Mónica 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Centrosomes are the major microtubule‐organising centres of animal cells. These small organelles participate in diverse cellular functions such as cell division, polarity, migration and signalling and are often deregulated in diseases such as cancer and microcephaly. Over the past two decades, technical advances enabled a deeper knowledge of the molecular composition and mechanisms of centrosome assembly and function. These progresses also allowed a better understanding on how the centrosome cycle is coordinated with the cell cycle to ensure that centrosomes duplicate once and only once. These discoveries together with the emergence of
in vivo
models of centrosome deregulation have consolidated the 100‐year‐old pioneer view of Theodor Boveri about the role of centrosome amplification (more than two centrosomes per cell) in abnormal cell division, tumorigenesis and developmental diseases such as microcephaly.

Key Concepts

Centrosomes are made of two orthogonally oriented centrioles surrounded by the pericentriolar material.

The ninefold symmetry of centrioles is mostly defined by the cartwheel, that is, the initial structure formed during centriole assembly made of SAS‐6 oligomers. This protein is highly evolutionarily conserved, being present in the last common ancestor of eukaryotes.

Centrosomes are not only the main microtubule organisers of animal cells but also actin‐organising centres.

Centriole duplication occurs only once per cell cycle and is triggered by a core module composed of PLK4‐SAS‐6‐STIL proteins. Regulation of the level of these components is critical to control centriole number in cells.

Centrosome duplication and cell cycle progression are tightly coupled and share common regulators.

Centrosome loss and amplification can lead to abnormal mitotic spindle formation, chromosome instability and cell cycle arrest.

Centrosome amplification leads to tumorigenesis and microcephaly.
Dominant Traits and Diseases
Authors: Jorde Lynn B 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

The principles of genetic dominance and recessiveness established by Gregor Mendel in his experiments with garden peas equally apply to human genetic diseases. For dominant diseases, which affect approximately 1/70 individuals, the inheritance of one copy of the disease‐causing allele is sufficient to produce disease. Most commonly, an affected heterozygote mates with an unaffected homozygote, resulting in a recurrence risk of 50% for the offspring. In some cases, a parent transmits a de novo mutation to an offspring; the risk to subsequent offspring of this parent is not elevated above that of the general population. Incomplete penetrance, in which a carrier of the disease‐causing allele does not develop the disease phenotype, is a common feature of autosomal dominant diseases. Variable expression, in which genetic and/or nongenetic factors modify the severity of the phenotype, is another common feature of autosomal dominant diseases.

Key Concepts

Recurrence risks for autosomal dominant diseases are 50% for a carrier × unaffected mating and 75% for a carrier × carrier mating.

For autosomal dominant diseases resulting from a new mutation transmitted by a parent, the recurrence risk for siblings of the affected individual is the same as that of the general population, whereas the recurrence risk for the individual's offspring is typically 50%.

Incomplete penetrance, which is seen in familial retinoblastoma, familial breast/ovarian cancer and many other dominant diseases, occurs when a carrier of the disease‐causing allele does not manifest the disease phenotype.

Many dominant diseases are characterised by age‐dependent penetrance, in which the probability of manifesting the disease phenotype increases with age.

Several factors can influence the severity of expression of a dominant disease, including the location and type of disease‐causing allele, the effects of modifier loci and the effects of the nongenetic environment.

Many autosomal dominant diseases involve locus heterogeneity, in which mutations at different disease‐causing loci can cause the same disease phenotype.

Pleiotropy, as seen in Marfan syndrome and osteogenesis imperfecta, is a frequent feature of genetic diseases and describes the fact that a single disease‐causing allele can affect multiple aspects of the patient's phenotype.
Pathogenetic Mechanisms in
A
lagille Syndrome
Authors: Hakimjavadi Roya , Olayinka Abidemi , Luca Mariana Di , Guha Shaunta , Walls Dermot , Redmond Eileen M , Cahill Paul A 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Alagille syndrome (ALGS), also known as arteriohepatic dysplasia, is a rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder caused by mutations in the Notch signalling pathway. The Notch pathway controls mammalian cell fate during embryonic development but also dictates several cell phenotypes in adult cells. The most common mutations affect the Notch ligand, JAG1 (ALGS type 1) or the NOTCH2 receptor (ALGS type 2) genes, and have a significant impact on multiple organ systems. ALGS primarily affects the liver, heart, skeleton, eye, face and kidney. Using animal models, loss‐of‐function mutations in JAG1 reveal that JAG‐1 haploinsufficiency promotes disease phenotypes in most target tissues. Expression and conditional gene knockout studies of JAG1 have further correlated with tissue‐specific disease phenotypes and have provided significant insight into disease pathogenesis. The majority of JAG1 mutations present in ALGS patients are null alleles, suggesting that JAG1 haploinsufficiency is the primary cause of this disorder in humans.

Key Concepts

Alagille syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder with variable expression.

Alagille syndrome and associated abnormalities include those of the liver, heart, eye, skeleton and kidneys and characteristic facial features. Mild‐to‐moderate mental retardation may also be present.

Alagille syndrome is most often caused by a mutation, or defect, in the
JAGGED1
(JAG1) or
NOTCH2
receptor gene.

Alagille syndrome has been mapped to the 20p12‐jagged‐1 locus, JAG1, which encodes a ligand critical to the
NOTCH
gene‐signalling cascade that is important in foetal development.

Notch signalling has been found to regulate formation of three‐dimensional intrahepatic biliary architecture in murine models and vascular cell phenotype during development.

A minority (6–7%) of patients have complete deletion of JAG1, and approximately 15–50% of mutations are spontaneous.

Deaths in people with Alagille syndrome are most often caused by liver failure, heart problems and blood vessel abnormalities.

Therapy is focused on the consequences of liver disease, as well as the surgical and medical treatment of congenital heart defects.
Subject Clitics and (Complex) Inversion
Authors: Pollock Jean‐Yves , Poletto Cecilia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this work, we will first examine the intricate properties of the bafflingly rich syntax of French interrogatives, which display a complex set of restrictions on different types of subjects. We will start off by taking advantage of a set of tests going back to early generative work by R. Kayne showing that the DP subject position in complex inversion (CI) constructions is not to be analyzed as a left dislocation. We will show further that the only analysis that takes care of two apparently contradicting properties of CI – it is a main‐clause phenomenon, although what looks like its displaced subject DP also has properties of IP‐internal subjects in affirmative sentences– must involve remnant IP‐movement to a highly split left periphery also targeted by various (remnant) IP subconstituents. This allows for accounts not only of the specific properties of CI, but also of a large set of French interrogatives, among them subject clitic inversion and stylistic inversion. In addition, we shall show that what has been up to now considered a purely phonological entity, namely the so‐calledepenthetic “‐t‐”showing up in both subject clitic inversion and CI, has syntactic import. Finally, our analysis will attempt to capture the main properties of a similar though crucially distinct construction in Valdôtain. In short, ours will also be a microcomparative analysis building on the morphological clues that we believe guide the speaker in his or her analysis of syntactic structures.
Quantified Expressions and Quantitative Clitics
Authors: Cardinaletti Anna , Giusti Giuliana 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides a discussion of the major issues raised by the syntax of quantified expressions and quantitative clitics, starting from the very early stages of the Extended Standard Theory up to recent developments in generative grammar. It addresses the issue of the categorial status of the quantity items and quantified phrases, some of which occur with quantitative clitics, showing how the literature has accounted for such possible and impossible co‐occurrence facts. It then offers an overview of a number of PPs that induce “partitive” interpretation in a broad sense, showing how they relate to quantified and referential expressions, and whether they can co‐occur with quantitative clitics. Finally, it addresses the issue of the categorial status of quantitative clitics, what portion of the quantitative expression they resume, how they are different to other DP‐ and PP‐clitics, and how they relate to the null portions of nominal expressions known as nominal ellipsis.
TheSpray/LoadAlternation
Authors: Beavers John 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn the Englishspray/loaddiathesis alternation (also sometimes known as the “locative alternation”) causative verbs with meanings in which some locatum is moved into or onto some location allow either non‐causer argument to be realized as the object, with the other argument realized as an oblique (e.g.,John sprayed the paint on the wallvs.John sprayed the wall with the paint). For several decades this alternation has been a significant, cross‐linguistically attested phenomenon that has served as a major testing ground for theories of the nature of argument realization and the relationship of syntax to lexical semantics. This chapter offers a comprehensive empirical overview of the phenomenon, focusing on the variable realization of the non‐subject arguments of verbs that show the alternation, the corresponding semantics whereby whichever argument of the verb is the object receives a “holistic” interpretation, and the connection to related alternations in English and other languages. Various analyses are discussed that have used this alternation to argue for particular views of the syntax of argument realization and the syntax–lexical semantics link, including purely syntactic alternations that take the derivation to be transformational in nature, and approaches that have argued for particular views of the nature of lexical meanings and the mapping to syntax, including traditional thematic role, event structural, lexical aspectual, and lexical entailment‐based approaches. Theories that have argued that the relevant aspects of lexical meaning are encoded syntactically rather than lexically are also discussed, as are theories that have looked at the more fine‐grained microvariation in which verbs show the alternation and why. The ultimate conclusion is that lexical variation in which verbs show the alternation and their properties when they do is one of the largest unanswered questions regarding this phenomenon and will require more detailed work on how lexical idiosyncrasy figures into argument realization.
Clitic Doubling
Authors: Anagnostopoulou Elena 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this chapter I investigate the syntax of clitic doubling constructions focusing on the question of variation within and across languages. In the course of the discussion, two different patterns of clitic doubling emerge, with different factors causing variation across languages in each case. In the first case – direct object (DO) clitic doubling – languages vary with respect to whether they permit it: (i) only with pronouns or also with DPs; (ii) with humans, animates, or also with inanimates; and (iii) with specific indefinites, partitives, or only definites. DO clitic doubling of DPs is generally optional (doubling of pronouns is in many cases obligatory). In the second case – indirect object (IO) doubling – languages vary with respect to whether (i) doubling is obligatory in the double object construction or (ii) doubling is optional in the double object construction. The research on clitic doubling is presented from a historical perspective focusing on the nature of the Clitic Doubling Parameter and its potential implications for the syntax of cliticization.
The Accusative Plus Infinitive Construction in English
Authors: Runner Jeffrey T. , Moulton Keir 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter focuses on the English accusative plus infinitive (A + I) construction, which in the generative literature is known as the raising to object construction and the exceptional case‐marking construction. The A + I construction is an examplepar excellenceof a syntax–semantics mismatch and so has played a central role in our understanding of grammatical relations, semantic relations, and the ways in which syntax coordinates both of these. This chapter discusses what we call the two major “brands” of analysis: raising to object and exceptional case‐marking. We provide an overview of the evidence that has accumulated both for and against each of the brands over the decades. Further, we discuss more recent analyses that countenance the possibility that both brands may coexist. We review more recent research that investigates cases where A + I is interestingly blocked, a topic with renewed interest in the last decade. Finally, we discuss semantic issues associated with A + I and facts that challenge the assumption that A + I and related finite clauses are synonymous.
Resumption
Authors: McCloskey James 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn many languages and in a range of circumstances, a pronominal element may appear in a position in which one might have expected to see a gap bound by a clause‐peripheral element (in relative clauses, constituent questions, cleft constructions, and the like). Such elements (often, but not exclusively, personal pronouns) are known asresumptive elements. Since they are formally pronouns but serve many of the core semantic functions associated with movement constructions, the study of resumptive elements raises fundamental questions about the nature of movement, about the nature of anaphoric elements and relationships, and about the nature of the interaction between these two spheres. These questions have been the focus of a great deal of work, beginning especially in the middle 1970s; this chapter surveys that work – the questions that have been asked, the phenomena that have been discovered, and the current state of thinking about the relevant questions. Consideration of the theoretical questions is organized around the asking of three questions: (i) what are the properties of resumptive elements; (ii) in what ways do they share, or fail to share, properties of movement constructions (island phenomena, reconstruction effects); and (iii) in what ways do they share, or fail to share, properties of anaphoric elements and interactions? In recent years especially, the study of resumption has been enriched by a great deal of experimental work, aimed not only at establishing some basic properties of resumptive elements, but also at better understanding the mechanisms involved in their production and comprehension. The chapter ends with a consideration of that work and its implications. Here, the central question that emerges quickly is that of how theories of competence and theories of performance interact with one another.
Rivastigmine decreases brain damage in HIV patients with mild cognitive deficits
Authors: Perrotta Gaetano , Bonnier Guillaume , Meskaldji Djalel‐Eddine , Romascano David , Aydarkhanov Ruslan , Daducci Alessandro , Simioni Samanta , Cavassini Matthias , Metral Melanie , Lazeyras François , Meuli Reto , Krueger Gunnar , Du Pasquier Renaud A. , Granziera Cristina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractRivastigmine has been shown to improve cognition in HIV+ patients with minor neurocognitive disorders; however, the mechanisms underlying such beneficial effect are currently unknown. To assess whether rivastigmine therapy is associated with decreased brain inflammation and damage, we performed T1/T2* relaxometry and magnetization transfer imaging in 17 aviremic HIV+ patients with minor neurocognitive disorders enrolled on a crossed over randomized rivastigmine trial. Rivastigmine therapy was associated with changes in MRI metrics indicating a decrease in brain water content (i.e., edema reabsorption) and/or reduced demyelination/axonal damage. Furthermore, MRI changes correlated with cognitive improvement on rivastigmine therapy.
Association of Femoroacetabular Impingement and Delayed Gadolinium‐Enhanced Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Cartilage: A Population‐Based Study
Authors: Guo Yimeng , Zhang Honglin , Qian Hong , Wilson David R. , Wong Hubert , Barber Morgan , Forster Bruce B. , Esdaile John , Cibere Jolanda ,   and The Investigations of Mobility, Physical Activity, and Knowledge Translation in Hip Pain Team
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the association of femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) and delayed gadolinium‐enhanced magnetic resonance imaging of cartilage (dGEMRIC) T1 relaxation values (RVs), and to evaluate whether subtypes of FAI (cam, pincer, and mixed) are associated with region‐specific dGEMRIC T1 RVs.MethodsA population‐based sample of white subjects with and without hip pain, ages 20–49 years, was selected through random‐digit dialing. A sample of 128 subjects underwent hip‐joint 3T dGEMRIC scans. Radiographic cam FAI was defined as an alpha angle >55°, while pincer FAI was defined by a lateral center edge angle >40°, or a positive cross‐over sign. Mixed impingement was defined by the presence of both cam and pincer impingement. Overall and region‐specific T1 RVs were compared between all FAI subtypes, using weighted linear regression analysis to account for sampling design of the study.ResultsSubjects had a mean age of 38 years and 51% were female. We did not find an association of FAI with overall hip T1 RV (mean difference −15.5 [95% confidence interval −77.23, 47.14]). Significant associations of cartilage degeneration in anterior superior and central superior regions were found in subjects with mixed FAI compared to other FAI subtypes and non‐FAI subjects.ConclusionSubjects with mixed FAI had reduced T1 RVs compared to other FAI subtypes. No substantial cartilage degeneration was found in pure cam or pincer FAI compared to no‐FAI hips. These results indicate that the presence of cam or pincer impingements alone does not suggest the beginning of cartilage degeneration. In contrast, the presence of both FAI subtypes is a risk factor for early cartilage damage.
Application of FMRAC to fault‐tolerant cooperative control of a wind farm with decreased power generation due to blade erosion/debris buildup
Authors: Badihi Hamed , Zhang Youmin , Pillay Pragasen , Rakheja Subhash 
Published: November 2017

SummaryWind energy has shown a remarkable potential for fulfilling the increasing world's energy demand in a clean and sustainable way. The wind energy industry has installed increasingly sophisticated and larger wind turbines particularly in offshore regions to capture such energy as efficiently and cost effectively as possible. The rapid growth in size and capacity of wind turbines together with harsh climate conditions and limited accessibility in offshore regions all result in higher failure rates and increased maintenance requirements and costs. Such difficulties motivate the use of advanced fault detection and diagnosis and fault‐tolerant control schemes in wind farms to improve their reliability and availability. Given the importance of this issue, this paper uses a fuzzy model reference adaptive control approach in a cooperative framework that is oriented to the design and development of a novel fault‐tolerant cooperative control scheme in a wind farm. This scheme handles decreased power generation faults in a wind farm caused by turbine blade erosion and debris buildup on the blades over time. The effectiveness and performance of the proposed scheme is demonstrated by a series of simulations on an advanced large offshore wind farm benchmark model in the presence of wind turbulence, measurement noise, load variations, and realistic fault scenarios.
Unusual Twisting Phonons and Breathing Modes in Tube‐Terminated Phosphorene Nanoribbons and Their Effects on Thermal Conductivity
Authors: Liu Xiangjun , Gao Junfeng , Zhang Gang , Zhang Yong‐Wei 
Published: November 2017

AbstractBy studying tube‐terminated phosphorene nanoribbons (PNRs), it is found that unusual phonon and thermal properties can emerge from topologically new edges. The lattice dynamics calculations show that in tube‐terminated PNRs, the breaking of rotation symmetry suppresses the degeneracy of phonon modes, causing the emergence of twisting mode. An anomalous change of an out‐of‐plane acoustic mode to breathing modes with nonzero energy at the center of Brillouin zone occurs when the phosphorene sheet is converted into a tube‐terminated PNR. These unusual twisting and breathing modes provide a larger phase space for scattering phonons, thus explaining the low thermal conductivity of tube‐terminated PNRs revealed by molecular dynamics calculations. Due to the change in the stress field distribution caused by the tube edge, a nearly strain‐independent thermal conductivity in tube‐terminated PNRs is observed, which is in contrast to the apparent enhancement of thermal conductivity in pristine and dimer‐terminated PNRs under tensile strain. The work reveals intriguing phononic and thermal behaviors of tube‐terminated 2D materials.