bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
HIV-1 Tat Primes and Activates Microglial NLRP3 Inflammasome-Mediated Neuroinflammation
Authors: Chivero Ernest T. , Guo Ming-Lei , Periyasamy Palsamy , Liao Ke , Callen Shannon E. , Buch Shilpa 
Published: March 2017

Neuroinflammation associated with HIV-1 infection is a problem affecting ∼50% of HIV-infected individuals. NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome has been implicated in HIV-induced microglial activation, but the mechanism(s) remain unclear. Because HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription (Tat) protein continues to be present despite antiretroviral therapy and activates NF-kB, we hypothesized that Tat could prime the NLRP3 inflammasome. We found a dose- and time-dependent induction of NLRP3 expression in microglia exposed to Tat compared with control. Tat exposure also time-dependently increased the mature caspase-1 and IL-1β levels and enhanced the IL-1β secretion. Thesein vitrofindings were validated in archival brain tissues from Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIV)-infected and uninfected rhesus macaques. Further validation of NLRP3 primingin vivoinvolved administration of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to HIV transgenic (Tg) rats followed by assessment of IL-1β mRNA expression and inflammasome activation (ASC oligomers and mature IL-1β). Intriguingly, LPS potentiated upregulation of IL-1β mRNA and inflammasome activation in HIV-Tg rats compared with the wild-type controls. Interestingly, we found an inverse relationship in the expression of NLRP3 and its negative regulator, miR-223, suggesting a miR-223-mediated mechanism for Tat-induced NLRP3 priming. Furthermore, blockade of NLRP3 resulted in decreased IL-1β secretion. Collectively, these findings suggest a novel role of Tat in priming and activating the NLRP3 inflammasome. Therefore, NLRP3 can be envisioned as a therapeutic target for ameliorating Tat-mediated neuroinflammation.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTDespite successful suppression of viremia with increased longevity in the era of combined antiretroviral therapy, chronic inflammation with underlying neurocognitive impairment continues to afflict almost 50% of infected individuals. Viral, bacterial, and cellular products have all been implicated in promoting the chronic inflammation found in these individuals. Understanding the molecular mechanism(s) by which viral proteins such as HIV-1 Transactivator of Transcription (Tat) protein can activate microglia is thus of paramount importance. Herein, we demonstrate a novel role of Tat in priming and activating NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes in microglial cells and in HIV-Tg rats administered lipopolysaccharide. Targeting NLRP3 inflammasome pathway mediators could thus be developed as therapeutic interventions to alleviate or prevent neuroinflammation and subsequent cognitive impairment in HIV-positive patients.
Neural Architecture for Feature Binding in Visual Working Memory
Authors: Schneegans Sebastian , Bays Paul M. 
Published: March 2017

Binding refers to the operation that groups different features together into objects. We propose a neural architecture for feature binding in visual working memory that employs populations of neurons with conjunction responses. We tested this model using cued recall tasks, in which subjects had to memorize object arrays composed of simple visual features (color, orientation, and location). After a brief delay, one feature of one item was given as a cue, and the observer had to report, on a continuous scale, one or two other features of the cued item. Binding failure in this task is associated with swap errors, in which observers report an item other than the one indicated by the cue. We observed that the probability of swapping two items strongly correlated with the items' similarity in the cue feature dimension, and found a strong correlation between swap errors occurring in spatial and nonspatial report. The neural model explains both swap errors and response variability as results of decoding noisy neural activity, and can account for the behavioral results in quantitative detail. We then used the model to compare alternative mechanisms for binding nonspatial features. We found the behavioral results fully consistent with a model in which nonspatial features are bound exclusively via their shared location, with no indication of direct binding between color and orientation. These results provide evidence for a special role of location in feature binding, and the model explains how this special role could be realized in the neural system.SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENTThe problem of feature binding is of central importance in understanding the mechanisms of working memory. How do we remember not only that we saw a red and a round object, but that these features belong together to a single object rather than to different objects in our environment? Here we present evidence for a neural mechanism for feature binding in working memory, based on encoding of visual information by neurons that respond to the conjunction of features. We find clear evidence that nonspatial features are bound via space: we memorize directly where a color or an orientation appeared, but we memorize which color belonged with which orientation only indirectly by virtue of their shared location.
Adipocyte SIRT1 controls systemic insulin sensitivity by modulating macrophages in adipose tissue
Authors: Hui Xiaoyan , Zhang Mingliang , Gu Ping , Li Kuai , Gao Yuan , Wu Donghai , Wang Yu , Xu Aimin 
Published: March 2017

AbstractAdipose tissue inflammation, characterized by augmented infiltration and altered polarization of macrophages, contributes to insulin resistance and its associated metabolic diseases. The NAD+‐dependent deacetylase SIRT1 serves as a guardian against metabolic disorders in multiple tissues. To dissect the roles of SIRT1 in adipose tissues, metabolic phenotypes of mice with selective ablation of SIRT1 in adipocytes and myeloid cells were monitored. Compared to myeloid‐specific SIRT1 depletion, mice with adipocyte‐selective deletion of SIRT1 are more susceptible to diet‐induced insulin resistance. The phenotypic changes in adipocyte‐selective SIRT1 knockout mice are associated with an increased number of adipose‐resident macrophages and their polarization toward the pro‐inflammatory M1 subtype. Mechanistically, SIRT1 in adipocytes modulates expression and secretion of several adipokines, including adiponectin, MCP‐1, and interleukin 4, which in turn alters recruitment and polarization of the macrophages in adipose tissues. In adipocytes, SIRT1 deacetylates the transcription factor NFATc1 and thereby enhances the binding of NFATc1 to the Il4 gene promoter. These findings suggest that adipocyte SIRT1 controls systemic glucose homeostasis and insulin sensitivity via the cross talk with adipose‐resident macrophages.
A dabigatran-antidótum, az intravénás idarucizumab első hazai alkalmazása
Authors: Driesz Lajos , Barabás Éva , Bodócs Ildikó , Szántó Zoltán , Herr György , Bencsik Gábor , Pál László , Borbola József 
Published: March 2017

Abstract: At present, the direct thrombin inhibitor dabigatran is the only one amongst the new direct anticoagulants which has an effective, specific reversal agent. The novel agent idarucizumab is a humanized, monoclonal antibody fragment binds to dabigatran within minutes thereby offers an opportunity to induce a safe, long-lasting reverse of the anticoagulant effects of dabigatran. The authors describe the first use of idarucizumab in Hungary (23. 05. 2016) in an old female patient with non-valvular paroxysmal atrial fibrillation of high stroke risk-score and renal dysfunction who was taking dabigatran (2 x 110 mg/day) when an acute abdomen developed requiring emergency cholecystectomy. Patient received the antidote (idarucizumab 2 x 2.5 g/50 ml iv.) two hours before the surgical intervention, and she did not have any uncontrollable, life-threatening bleeding during the surgery. The high activated partial thromboplastin time relating to anticoagulative influence before the surgery normalized completely after administration of the antidote. Antagonizing dabigatran with idarucizumab was feasible and safe without any side effects. The patient received dabigatran therapy again after her recovery. Orv. Hetil., 2017, 158(10), 387–392.
Teoretyczne i praktyczne zagadnienia związane z pięciodniowym terminem na złożenie wniosku do USC w celu rejestracji kanonicznego małżeństwa (art. 10 ust. 1 pkt 3 Konkordatu)
Authors: Kroczek Piotr 
Published: March 2017

The Concordat between the Holy See and the Republic of Poland was signed in 1993, but ratified in 1998. Year 2013 marks the 15th anniversary of coming into effect of the bilateral agreement. It is a good opportunity to evaluate its provisions. The paper aims to present one of the pieces of evidence from art. 10 sect. 1 no. 3 of the Concordat, namely, the evidence for registering canonical marriage in the State Civil Registry so that the marriage would be a subject to such effects as a marriage contracted according to Polish law. From the interpretation of the provision in question and application of its norms there arise some theoretical and practical problems. The author tries to solve them and give some postulates de lege ferenda so as to make the law more clear.
The celebrant of the Holy Sacrament of the Eucharist. Rules and canonical norms of the Orthodox Church
Authors: Mititelu Cătălina 
Published: March 2017

This review presents the canonical legislation text of the Orthodox Church, from the first millennium – corroborated with the text of the typiconal guidelines made and published over the centuries in this part of this ecumenical Christian world – concerning the celebration of the Divine Sacrament of the Eucharist and, ipso facto, its celebrant. Thus an opportunity is created to offer to the reader (canonist or theologian) some eloquent testimonies of the liturgical-canonical Tradition of this Church, which is part of the common liturgical-canonical heritage of the ecumenical Church of the first millennium.
Morphological Features of Mesenhymal Stroma Cells of Chorionic Villi
Authors: Nizyaeva N. V. , Sukhacheva Т. V. , Kulikova G. V. , Nagovitsyna M. N. , Kan N. E. , Baev O. R. , Pavlovich S. V. , Serov R. A. , Shchegolev A. I. , Poltavtseva R. А. 
Published: March 2017

Background: Nowadays autologous mesenchymal placental stromal cells (MSCs) may use to treat for various diseases both of the mother and the child. Stroma of the placenta villi is appropriated origin for cell culture isolation. Aim of the study was to evaluate the possibility for selection and use of placental tissue for mesenchymal stromal cells. Materials and methods: The present study was based on 45 placental samples of women aged 27−38 yy. who underwent surgical delivery at 36−40 weeks of gestation. 30 of these women have been enrolled in the basic group including children with congenital abnormalities (CA). The comparison group consisted of 15 patients with physiological pregnancy. We performed histological examination (with hematoxylin and eosin staining), immunohistochemical examination (with use monoclonal antibodies CD90 (1:25; Abcam, UK), СD105 (1:500; Abcam, UK), CD44 (1:25; Dako), СD73 (1:200, Abcam, UK), and electron microscopy (by microscope Philips/FEI Corporation, Eindhoven, Holland). Eclipse 80i microscope (Nikon Corporation, Japan) was used to examine the immunohistochemical reactions as a brown staining. The evaluation of the intensity of reaction was conducted by NIS-Elements Advanced Research 3.2 program (Czech Republic). Student’s t-test and analysis of variance were used to compare the mean values. Differences were considered statistically significant at p0.05. Results: Interstitial cells of the stroma of the villi with CA had fibroblastic differentiation as revealed degenerative changes of the cells. The histologic examination with hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed significant fibrosis of the stroma of the placenta villi in CA group (p0,01). Immunohistochemical study of stem and intermediate chorionic villi revealed no significant differences in staining of CD44+, СD90+, СD73+, and CD105+ cells if compared to the control group (p0.05). Although CD105 expression was significantly lower in the CA group (0.058±0.0049) than in the control group (0.088±0.0039) (p0.05). However, electron microscopy detected the villi interstitial stromal cells with fibroblastic differentiation in CA group. Conclusions: Thus, it is necessary to exclude placenta with obstetrical history, somatic, and congenital pathology of the mother and the child when selecting the placental cell culture. Moreover, choosing a sample the morphological structure of the placenta should be taken into consideration. However, congenital malformations of the fetus, pathology of the mother cultivate mesenchymal stromal cells of placentas is inappropriate and should be taken advantage of the donor cells.
Antibacterial activity, metabolites and elemental analysis of Saussurea candicans C. B. Clarke
Authors: Puri Shweta , Sidhu M.C. , Sharma Avantika 
Published: March 2017

<p class="Default"><span>Phytochemical analysis of ethanol and water extracts of <em>Saussurea</em> <em>candicans</em> has indicated the presence of flavonoides, phenolics, tannins <em>etc.</em> that supports its use in traditional medicine both for human and animals in different parts of the world. <em>S. candicans</em> is a plant of medicinal interest hence selected for analysis. Antibacterial activity of the two extracts was tested against <span class="A5"><em><span>Enterococcus faecalis,</span></em></span><span class="A5"><span> <em>Escherichia coli</em>, <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </em>and<em> Staphylococcus aureus. </em></span></span>Only the ethanol extract was found to be effective. Both aqueous and ethanol extracts were prepared and studied for different phytochemicals like alkaloids, flavonoides, phenolics, steroids <em>etc.</em> and also for their antibacterial activity <span class="A5"><span>using agar well diffusion method. </span></span><span class="A5"><span>The Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and </span></span>Wavelength Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (WD-XRF) spectroscopy <span class="A5"><span>of whole plant powder were done to study the functional groups and elemental profile, respectively. The aqueous extract contains more (11) phytochemicals as compared to ethanol (9). No zone of inhibition was observed at d</span></span>ifferent volumes of the extract <em>i. e.,</em> <span class="A5"><span>20μl, 50μl and 100μl but at 150μl and 200μl concentration of 230.7 mg/ml plant extracts, the zone of inhibition was reported. The dose of 150μl concentration active only against <em>E. faecalis</em>, whereas, 200μl concentration showed activity against all bacterial strains. Only the ethanol extract had antibacterial activity against all the tested bacteria. The medicinal activity of <em>S. candicans</em> is assumed to be because of the presence of</span></span> different phytochemicals and elements. Further study can be conducted to understand the role of each and every reported phytochemicals and elements. </span></p>
Correction of Selection Bias in Survey Data: Is the Statistical Cure Worse Than the Bias?
Authors: Hanley James A. 
Published: March 2017

In previous articles in the American Journal of Epidemiology (Am J Epidemiol. 2013;177(5):431–442) and American Journal of Public Health (Am J Public Health. 2013;103(10):1895–1901), Masters et al. reported age-specific hazard ratios for the contrasts in mortality rates between obesity categories. They corrected the observed hazard ratios for selection bias caused by what they postulated was the nonrepresentativeness of the participants in the National Health Interview Study that increased with age, obesity, and ill health. However, it is possible that their regression approach to remove the alleged bias has not produced, and in general cannot produce, sensible hazard ratio estimates. First, we must consider how many nonparticipants there might have been in each category of obesity and of age at entry and how much higher the mortality rates would have to be in nonparticipants than in participants in these same categories. What plausible set of numerical values would convert the (“biased”) decreasing-with-age hazard ratios seen in the data into the (“unbiased”) increasing-with-age ratios that they computed? Can these values be encapsulated in (and can sensible values be recovered from) one additional internal variable in a regression model? Second, one must examine the age pattern of the hazard ratios that have been adjusted for selection. Without the correction, the hazard ratios are attenuated with increasing age. With it, the hazard ratios at older ages are considerably higher, but those at younger ages are well below one. Third, one must test whether the regression approach suggested by Masters et al. would correct the nonrepresentativeness that increased with age and ill health that I introduced into real and hypothetical data sets. I found that the approach did not recover the hazard ratio patterns present in the unselected data sets: the corrections overshot the target at older ages and undershot it at lower ages.
Health Equity and the Fallacy of Treating Causes of Population Health as if They Sum to 100%
Authors: Krieger Nancy 
Published: March 2017

Numerous examples exist in population health of work that erroneously forces the causes of health to sum to 100%. This is surprising. Clear refutations of this error extend back 80 years. Because public health analysis, action, and allocation of resources are ill served by faulty methods, I consider why this error persists. I first review several high-profile examples, including Doll and Peto’s 1981 opus on the causes of cancer and its current interpretations; a 2015 high-publicity article in Science claiming that two thirds of cancer is attributable to chance; and the influential Web site “County Health Rankings & Roadmaps: Building a Culture of Health, County by County,” whose model sums causes of health to equal 100%: physical environment (10%), social and economic factors (40%), clinical care (20%), and health behaviors (30%). Critical analysis of these works and earlier historical debates reveals that underlying the error of forcing causes of health to sum to 100% is the still dominant but deeply flawed view that causation can be parsed as nature versus nurture. Better approaches exist for tallying risk and monitoring efforts to reach health equity.
Estrategias de moderación como mecanismo de participación y construcción de conocimiento en grupos de discusión electrónicos
Authors: Espinosa Villarreal Mónica 
Published: March 2017

Esta investigación explora la aplicación de diferentes niveles de moderación en grupos de discusión electrónicos con el objetivo de lograr la participación y la construcción de conocimiento en los mismos. La investigación pretende contestar las siguientes preguntas: ¿existe diferencia en la percepción que tienen los participantes de grupos de discusión electrónicos que reciben diferentes niveles de moderación? ¿existe diferencia en la frecuencia de participación entre grupos de discusión que reciben diferentes niveles de moderación? ¿existe diferencia en los niveles de cadena alcanzados y el tamaño de los mensajes entre grupos de discusión electrónicos que reciben diferentes niveles de moderación? ¿qué niveles de construcción de conocimiento se manifiestan en grupos de discusión electrónicos que reciben diferentes niveles de moderación? Para contestar las preguntas de investigación se realizó un experimento que involucró tres grupos de discusión electrónicos que recibieron diferentes niveles de moderación: alta, mediana y nula. Los resultados del experimento indican que la percepción de los participantes acerca del grupo de discusión electrónico no tiene variación por el hecho de recibir moderación, sin embargo se comprobó que ésta es un incentivo importante para fomentar la participación en el grupo y para aumentar los niveles de cadena de los mensajes, que sugieren que existió una mayor interacción entre los participantes. Se comprobó también que la moderación ayuda a llegar a niveles más avanzados en cuanto a construcción de conocimiento, aunque no se obtuvo una construcción de conocimiento sustancial durante el experimento. Los resultados también indican que la moderación no influye en el tamaño de los mensajes en un grupo de discusión electrónico.
Internet en el aula: las WebQuest
Authors: Adell Jordi 
Published: March 2017

Una WebQuest es un tipo de actividad didáctica basada en presupuestos constructivistas del aprendizaje y la enseñanza que se basa en técnicas de trabajo en grupo por proyectos y en la investigación como actividades básicas de enseñanza/aprendizaje. Su mecánica es relativamente simple y nos remite a prácticas bien conocidas y asentadas de trabajo en el aula. En una WebQuest se divide a los alumnos en grupos, se le asigna a cada uno un rol diferente y se les propone realizar conjuntamente una tarea, que culminará en un producto con características bien definidas. Para ello seguirán unproceso a través de varios pasos o fases, planificado previamente por el profesor, durante el cual los alumnos realizarán una amplia gama de actividades como leer, comprender y sintetizar información seleccionada de la Internet o de otras fuentes, organizar la información recopilada, elaborar hipótesis, valorar y enjuiciar ideas y conceptos, producir textos, dibujos, presentaciones multimedia, objetos físicos, manejar aparatos diversos, entrevistar a sus vecinos, etc. Durante el proceso, el profesor les propondrá el uso de diversos recursos, generalmente accesibles a través de Internet, comunes a todos los miembros del grupo y/o específicos al rol desempeñado en el grupo y, cuando sea necesario, una serie de ayudas o andamios de recepción, transformación y producción de información que les ayudarán a asimilar y acomodar la nueva información y a elaborar el producto final. Además, los alumnos conocerán de antemano las pautas o rúbrica mediante la cual será evaluado su trabajo, tanto el producto final como el proceso de su elaboración. En el presente artículo se explica con cierto detalle qué es una WebQuest, por qué son estrategias interesantes para nuestra clase, dónde encontrarlas en Internet y cómo diseñar nuestras propias WebQuest.
El foro electrónico: una herramienta tecnológica para facilitar el aprendizaje colaborativo
Authors: Brito R. Vivina 
Published: March 2017

La presente investigación tiene como finalidad mostrar una experiencia educativa en la que se utilizó el Foro Electrónico como herramienta tecnológica para facilitar el Aprendizaje Colaborativo. Para llevar a cabo este estudio se procedió a crear un foro electrónico en el cual se discutió el tema: “Evaluación de los Aprendizajes a través de los Software Educativos”. La experiencia se llevó a cabo con alumnos de la Maestría de Tecnología de la Información y la Comunicación para quienes era importante esta temática. La discusión on-line se desarrolló durante 15 días, en la cual se obtuvo una participación del 80% de los asistentes, quienes comentaron sus experiencias y opiniones con respecto al tema propuesto. Estas intervenciones permitieron ir construyendo algunos resultados más concretos sobre la temática. Entre las conclusiones más significativas se encontró que: El Foro Electrónico es un medio-estrategia que permite la discusión de un tema a distancia y asincrónicamente. El Foro Electrónico favorece el Aprendizaje Colaborativo y la construcción del conocimiento ya que permite la interacción y el intercambio.The electronic forum: a technological tool that fosters cooperative learning