bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Long Term Evaluation of Tempo 20Wp for Control of Lesser Mealworm in Poultry Houses, Wv, 1994
Authors: Weaver Joseph E. , Smith Brad D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Tempo 20WP was applied at label rates to evaluate extended control of lesser mealworm larvae and adults in broiler-breeder houses where adult birds are maintained up to 1 yr without litter (manure) removal. Each house is 42 × 300 ft and initially stocked with 7,300 hens and 800 roosters. Tempo 20WP was applied at the “cleanout” rate of 0.1% or 19 g formulation/100 ft2 to floors and walls with a mist blower adjusted to produce a coarse spray at 1,600 psi. About 125 gal of water was used to treat each house. An outside perimeter spray of each house was applied to about 1 ft of building surface and 1 ft on the ground at the rate of 7 g formulation/1000 ft. The litter (manure) was also treated in layers as it was removed from a house and piled up for storage and later removal; the rate used was 227 g formulation in 125 gal water. Treatments were applied 3 Apr after cleaning each house with a disinfectant. For sampling, an Arends tube trap, consisting of rolled corrugated cardboard was inserted into a 4-inch diameter PVC pipe to trap (collect) larvae and adults. Traps were half buried in the litter/manure accumulation under the slat area of the house and adjacent to the scratch area. Twelve traps (2/location) were placed at 3 marked locations (6/house) about 75 ft apart along each side of the slot-scratch interface area. Traps were left in place for 2-3 d. Data are presented as mean larvae and adults/trap/day.
Evaluation of Neem Insecticides and Persistence for Control of Forest Tent Caterpillar, Ft. Collins, Co, 1994
Authors: Eckberg Thomas B. , Cranshaw Whitney , Casey Sclar D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Ash leaves were sprayed to point of run-off at various dates (May 21, May 23, May 24) with either Azatin or Margosan-O. After sprays had dried on May 24, field collected forest tent caterpillars, in approximately the fourth instar, were placed in groups of ten in a petri dish and fed the treated foliage. Five petri dishes of larvae were used for each treatment. The larvae continued to be fed the treated foliage until May 29, after which time all remaining caterpillars were maintained on untreated ash until pupation. Mortality was periodically assessed for 23 days following initial exposure of larvae to the treated foliage.
Laboratory Evaluations of Bioinsecticides Against Dbm Larvae, 1994
Authors: Mau R. F. L. , Gusukuma-Minuto L. R. , Shimabuku R. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Treatments were evaluated using the leaf dip method. Head cabbage was seeded in community pots. Each pot contained approximately 10 cabbage plants. Potted head cabbage in the 5 true leaf seedling stage were dipped in each respective solution for complete coverage and allowed to air dry. Leaves from treated plants were detached and placed in a ventilated plastic petri dish. DBM larvae from a laboratory colony that originated from individuals collected from a cabbage field at Kula, Hawaii were used. Ten newly hatched larvae were placed on each leaf. Fresh leaves from the original treated plant were added every two days. The number of dead larvae was counted at 24 or 48 hour intervals. Larvae were recorded as dead when there was no movement when probed.
Apple, Secondary Pest Insecticide Testing, 1994
Authors: Reissig H. , Dunham D. H. , Smith C. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Dilute sprays were applied with a hand sprayer (450 psi) at pink (4 May), petal fall (27 May), and as cover sprays on 14 and 28 Jun, 13 and 27 Jul, 8 and 22 Aug. Treatments were replicated three times (two six-tree plots and one eight-tree plot) in a RCBD. At harvest (30 Aug-5 Sep), 100 ‘Mcintosh’ and 100 ‘Cortland’ apples per replication were scored for insect damage. ERM and predaceous mites were sampled on 25 randomly selected ‘Mcintosh’ leaves/replication on 5 Jul, 1 and 16 Aug. On 29 Jul (48 h posttreatment) aphids were counted on the third and fourth distal leaves on five terminals per tree on a ‘Mcintosh’ and ‘Cortland’ tree in each replication. WALH were counted on 50 spur leaves (‘Rhode Island Greening’, Rep I and II, and ‘Mcintosh’ trees, Rep III) on 31 Aug. First generation STLM tissue mines were counted on 25 ‘Mcintosh’ terminals or non-fruiting clusters per tree per replication on 6 Jul. Second generation STLM tissue mines were counted on the six distal leaves on 20 randomly selected “hardened off’ ‘Mcintosh’ terminals per replication on 29 Aug.
Spray Table Evaluation of Brigade, Pirimor, Admire and Diazinon for Hop Aphid Control, 1994
Authors: Miller R. H. , Cone W. W. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Hop leaves infested on the lower side with Phorodon humuli (Shrank) were collected from Cluster LI hops in a yard in south-central Washington state in early October. Leaf squares measuring 2 to 3 cm on a side and containing from 20 to 100 aphids were placed on cotton padding in a square, polyethylene petri dish. Various concentrations of Brigade, Pirimor, Admire, and Diazinon were applied to each petri dish using a spray table. H20 checks were included in each spray series. Following treatment, aphids were examined under a magnifying scope at two post spraying intervals (PT), and the total number of aphids and the number of living aphids recorded. Percent mortality was computed.
Bioassay, Tests of B. Thuringiensis Products Against Overwintering and Non-Overwintering Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Different B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae from two sources, a non-diapausing laboratory colony and one collected from the field and destined to enter diapause. Egg masses were collected from the field in Sep, and larvae hatching from these were destined to stop development in the second or third instar and produce hibernacula for overwintering. These larvae were used in tests 1-2 d after hatching. The other source of larvae was from a laboratory colony that was reared continuously in a long-d photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Larvae from this colony would not stop feeding but continue development. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 u,l) of wetting agent, X-77*, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 7 and 10 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were used for each treatment (25 larvae per treatment per test). Larvae surviving in each test were collected after the last evaluation and stored in alcohol until head capsule widths could be measured. The average head capsule width is an indication of larval age and is thus a measure of sublethal effects of a treatment on larval development. Three tests were conducted using these methods. Rates in the first test were higher than those used in the final two.
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests Comparing Dipel and Xentari Against Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
B. thuringiensis products were evaluated for their effect on PLR larvae using artificial diet as a treatment substrate. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of B. thuringiensis (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A drop of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent. The pinto bean diet was dyed blue to make leafroller larvae more visible during post-treatment examinations. The diet was cut into small cubes of about Vz inch. Ten diet cubes were placed into a treatment solution for about 30 s, during which time it was stirred continuously. The diet cubes were removed by pouring the treatment solution through a wire sieve. Cubes were placed on a wire screen and allowed to dry. One diet cube was placed in a 1-oz plastic portion cup. Cups containing diet cubes were randomly chosen, and five 1- to 2- d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the cube. The cup lids were put in place, and cups were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Cups were examined after 3, 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Ten cups were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment). A leaf-dip bioassay was also used to compare the effect of treatment substrate on product efficacy. Apple leaves were collected from untreated Red Delicious trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped into the same concentrations of Dipel used for the bean-diet bioassay, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and 16:8 photoperiod. Petri dishes were examined after 3, 7 and 14 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Effects of Combinations of Mvp and Myd-0837 on Leafroller Larvae, 1993
Authors: Brunner J. F. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The B. thuringiensis insecticide, MVP, and a related experimental B. thuringiensis product, MYD-0837, were evaluated alone and in combination using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 u,l) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in each petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lids were put in place, and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (± 2°F)
Bioassay, Effects of Molt Accelerating Compounds (MAC) on Neonate Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental ecdysone agonists or Molt Accelerating Compounds (MAC), RH-5992 and RH-2485, were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay to determine their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Concentrations of RH-5992 and RH-2485 were diluted in 500 ml of water plus 2 ml of X-77® wetting agent. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent. Untreatedi apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri qishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Laboratory Tests of Bacillus Thvring1Ensis Products on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
B. thuringiensis products were evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for their effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 JJLI) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (±2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Ten dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Bioassay, Test of Cryolite on Leafroller Larvae, 1994
Authors: Brunner J. F. , Doerr M. D. , Smith L. O. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Kryocide (cryolite) was evaluated using a leaf-dip bioassay method for its effect on PLR and OBLR larvae. Treatments were prepared by diluting the appropriate amt of product (see table) in 500 ml water in a glass beaker. A small amt (about 2 ml) of wetting agent, X-77®, was added to each treatment. An untreated control was prepared using water plus the wetting agent only. Untreated apple leaves were collected from ‘Red Delicious’ trees at the WSU Tree Fruit Research and Extension Center, Wenatchee. Leaves were dipped, then allowed to dry. Two punches (2.3 cm diameter) were taken from each leaf. Four punches were placed in a petri dish (Falcon 1006, 50 × 9 mm). Petri dishes were chosen randomly, and five 1- to 2-d-old leafroller larvae were placed on the leaf disks. The petri dish lid was put in place and dishes were placed inside a food storage container with a moist paper towel to maintain high humidity and kept at 75°F (± 2°F) constant temperature and a photoperiod of 16:8 (L:D) h. Petri dishes were examined after 7 d and larval survival recorded. Five dishes were used for each treatment (50 larvae per treatment).
Evaluation of Molluscicides Against Slugs, Hawaii, 1994
Authors: Hata T. Y. , Hara A. H. , Hu B. K. S. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Bioassay tests were conducted from 18 Jan through 17 Mar at the University of Hawaii at Manoa, Waiakea Experiment Station in Hilo, Hawaii. Field collected slugs were held in a glass aquarium with a screen cover and fed ‘Iceberg’ lettuce daily until tests began. A 3 inch thick layer of peat covered the bottom of the aquarium. Molluscicides were applied at their recommended label rates to 1 ft2 plexiglass cages. A plexiglass cover with ½ inch holes (blocked on one end with aluminum screen) provided air circulation. Cages were held in a fiberglass greenhouse. Each cage contained a 1 inch thick layer of peat moss, a leaf of ‘Iceberg’ lettuce and half of a 3 inch pot cut longitudinally and pushed partially into the peat to provide shelter for the slugs during the day. Immediately after treatment, 10 slugs were added to each cage. Treatments were replicated four times for each species, and mortality assessed 6 DAT. Percentage mortality were transformed to arcsine squareroot and subjected to ANOVA.
Southwestern Corn Borer and Fall Armyworm Damage on Maize in Relation to Seed Treatment with Selected Insecticides, 1993
Authors: Kumar H. , Mihm J. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This study was undertaken with the objective of determining whether maize plants grown with insecticide treated seeds would affect damage by SWCB and FAW. The specific objective was to determine whether the systemic insecticide Gaucho, which is effective for protecting maize plants against the attack of leafhoppers and aphids, would also protect the maize plants against the attack of SWCB and FAW. Experiments were conducted at the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center’s stations at Tlaltizapan (18°41’N; 940 m above sea level) and Poza Rica (20°30’N, 50 m above sea level), Mexico in summer season of 1993. Two single cross maize hybrids from the CIMMYT collection used were ‘Ki-3’ × ‘CML 131’ (susceptible) and ‘CML 67’ × ‘CML 135’ (resistant). Prior to planting, the seeds of each hybrid were treated with insecticides at the rate of 350 g Al/ha or 700 g Al/ha. The insecticides used were Semevin (AI Thiodicarb 31.5%, Rhone-Poulenc Agro Mexico), Furadan (AI Carbofuradan 27.5%, FMC Agroquimica de Mexico) and Gaucho (AI Imidacloprid 70%, Bayer, Mexico). These insecticides were used alone as well as in different combinations. For seed treatment, the calculated amount of insecticide was thoroughly mixed with the desired number of seeds in a plastic cup and dried. At each location, single-row plots were 2.5 m long, spaced 0.75 apart and thinned to 11 plants per row with 0.25 m space between plants within a row. Trials were planted in “zero” tillage plots. A randomized complete block experimental design was used with 4 replicates. At the whorl stage of plant development (6 leaves), plants at Tlaltizapan were artificially infested with 60 neonates of SWCB per plant and plants at Poza Rica were artificially infested with 40 neonates of FAW per plant using a ‘bazooka’. The plants were visually rated for leaf feeding damage on a scale of 1 to 9 at 2 and 3 wk after infestation with FAW and SWCB, respectively. Data were subjected to ANOVA and LSD tests.
Thrips Control/Variety Test in Cotton with Temik, Lonoke, Ar, 1993
Authors: Johnson Donald R. , Jordan April 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cotton was planted on 15 May at the James R Ray farm near Lonoke, AR. Plots were treated with Terrachlor + Temik or Terrachlor + No Temik using Gandy boxes. Plots were 4, 38-inch rows, 50 ft long arranged in a RCB design with 4 replications. Ratings were made on 1, 8, 14 Jun. Visual ratings were made on a scale of 1-10 with 10 = severe damage. Plots were harvested on 7 Oct for first and only pick by harvesting the center 2 rows in each plot.
Apple, Tenlined June Beetle Control, 1994
Authors: Wennemann Ludger , Beers E. H. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experiments were conducted in a two-year-old ‘Braeburn’ planting in Malaga, WA on sandy soil. Pest presence was identified by digging up trees with typical symptoms (wilting, curled leaves, water stress and reduced terminal growth) caused by larval feeding on roots. A complete randomized design with six replicates per treatment was used. Treatments consisted of three species of entomopathogenic nematodes (Steinernema carpocapsae (All Strain) Weiser; S. feltiae (SN strain) Filipjev; S. glaseri Steiner); and Nemacur 3ES, an insecticide/nematicide. Nematode species were applied on 31 May with a hand-operated soil injector (Marayuma 3MI, Tokyo, Japan) at three depths (10, 20 and 30 cm) and six locations 20 cm away from the base of the trunk. Nematodes were delivered at a rate of 240,000 per tree (1 billion/acre) in approximately 110 ml of water. Holes were filled with soil after application. After treatment trees were irrigated for 3 h with undertree impact sprinklers. Nemacur 3ES was applied on 9 Jun to a 2 m wide weed-free strip beneath the trees with a weed sprayer at a rate of 3.3 gal/treated acre. Plots were evaluated on 11 Jul by digging up the trees and the surrounding soil (1 m diameter × 0.6 m depth) and counting live TJB larvae.
Control of the Codling Moth with Experimental Insecticides, 1994
Authors: Hilton Richard , VanBuskirk Philip 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The trial was conducted in a 30 yr old Bartlett pear block with chemicals applied to 4 single tree replicates arranged in a RCB. Materials were applied with conventional, high pressure hand gun equipment and sprayed to runoff or about 400 gpa. Each chemical was applied three times in a season-long, phenologically timed CM program. Two different timings were employed, based on CM biofix as determined by the first male moth captured in pheromone baited traps. A standard larvicidal timing was used in treatments receiving Guthion, A 303,603 and one treatment of RH 5992. This standard program consisted of a first application at about 250 degree days (dd) following biofix; the second 28 days later and the final at about 1250 dd, or 250 dd after the predicted emergence of second generation moths. Corresponding dates to the above schedule were 12—13 May, 9 Jun and 13 Jul. An ovicidal timing was employed for the insect growth regulator (IGR) fenoxycarb. The timings for fenoxycarb was a first application at 50-100 dd after biofix (27 Apr), the second 28 days after the first, and the third at 1050 dd (7 Jul). Evaluation of CM damage was made by recording the number of larval entries per 50 fruit per replicate at the end of the first CM generations (7-9 Jul) and again at harvest (17 Aug). Densities of PP immatures, spider mites (TSM, ERM) and PRM were estimated at three post-treatment intervals (20 Jun, 25 Jul, 16 Aug) by recording their numbers from brushing of 20 leaves (10 old, 10 new) per replicate. Adult PP and predators (lacewings, earwigs, and predaceous bugs) were estimated from two beating tray samples per replicate taken on 22 Jun, 27 Jul, and 19 Aug.
Pear, Seasonal Pear Psylla Control Experiment, 1994
Authors: Hull Larry A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Experimental sprays were applied to replicated three tree plots in a block of ‘Bartlett’ (84%), ‘Bosc’ (9%), and ‘D’Anjou’ (7%) pears. Trees were planted to a spacing of 24 × 24 ft and were 15 years old. Each treatment was replicated four times in a RCB design. Experimental sprays were applied with a Friend Airmaster ‘309’ calibrated to deliver 100 gpa at 2.2 mph. All plots received a regular fungicide maintenance schedule of Benlate 50DF, Streptomycin and Ziran 76WP. All sampling was conducted on the middle ‘Bartlett’ tree in each replicate. All treatments were evaluated by counting eggs and/or nymphs from leaf samples using a binocular microscope under 10X magnification at 5-14 d intervals. Counts were made on 15 spur-leaf samples from 6 May to 18 May; on 5 spur and 10 third most distal leaf samples from 24 May to 30 Jun; and on 15 third most distal leaf samples on 7 Jul to 28 Jul. Adult PP were sampled by making two taps on eight limbs per center plot tree. All adults dropping onto 0.2 m2 collecting tray were counted. Pear fruits (25 per replicate) were rated as 0 (no russet), 1 (1-10% russeted surface), 2 (11-25% russeted surface), 3 (26-50% russeted surface), or 4 (&gt;51% russeted surface). Possible ranges are 0-30 (none to 1-10% russeted surface), 31-60 (1-10% to 11-25% russeted surface), 61-90 (11-25% to 26-50% russeted surface), and 91-120 (26-50% to &gt;51% russeted surface).