bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sympatry with the devil? Niche-based approach explains the mechanisms allowing coexistence of native and non-native salmonids
Authors: Musseau Camille , Vincenzi Simone , Jesenšek Dušan , Boulêtreau Stéphanie , Santoul Frédéric , Crivelli Alain J 
Published: August 2016

AbstractNiche-based hypotheses have been proposed to explain processes and mechanisms of success in the establishment of non-native species into native communities. Competition due to niche overlap may lead to native species niche shift and to native species replacement. To understand the ecological consequences of trophic interactions between non-native rainbow trout and native and endangered marble trout, we used as model system the Idrijca river (Western Slovenia) in which marble trout occurs either in allopatry (MTa) or in sympatry (MTs) with rainbow trout (RTs). We focused on different metrics of niche change such as centroid shift, niche overlap and trophic niche breadth using stable isotope analysis (δ15N and δ13C). Our results showed plasticity in niche overlap between MTs and RTs and niche shift of marble trout when occurring in sympatry with RTs, but not due to a niche replacement of MTs by RTs. Niche breadth of marble trout increases in sympatry and the trophic position during the growth period was higher for MTs than MTa.
Chromosome arm specific patterns of polymorphism associated with chromosomal inversions in the major African malaria vector, Anopheles funestus
Authors: Kamdem Colince , Fouet Caroline , White Bradley J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractChromosomal inversions facilitate local adaptation of beneficial mutations and modulate genetic polymorphism, but the extent of their effects within the genome is still insufficiently understood. The genome ofAnopheles funestus, a malaria mosquito endemic to sub-Saharan Africa, contains an impressive number of paracentric polymorphic inversions, which are unevenly distributed among chromosomes and provide an excellent framework for investigating the genomic impacts of chromosomal rearrangements. Here we present results of a fine-scale analysis of genetic variation within the genome of two weakly differentiated populations ofAnopheles funestusinhabiting contrasting moisture conditions in Cameroon. Using population genomic analyses, we found that genetic divergence between the two populations is centered on regions of the genome corresponding to three inversions, which are characterized by high values ofFST, absolute sequence divergence and fixed differences. Importantly, in contrast to the 2L chromosome arm, which is collinear, nucleotide diversity is significantly reduced along the entire length of three autosome arms bearing multiple overlapping chromosomal rearrangements. These findings support the idea that interactions between reduced recombination and natural selection within inversions contribute to sculpt nucleotide polymorphism across chromosomes inAn. funestus.
Task-related multivariate activation states during task-free rest
Authors: Chen Richard H. , Ito Takuya , Kulkarni Kaustubh R. , Cole Michael W. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMuch of our lives are spent in unconstrained rest states, yet cognitive brain processes are primarily investigated using task-constrained states. It may be possible to utilize the insights gained from experimental control of task processes as reference points for investigating unconstrained rest. To facilitate comparison of rest and task functional MRI (fMRI) data we focused on activation amplitude patterns, commonly used for task but not rest analyses. During rest, we identified spontaneous changes in temporally extended whole-brain activation pattern states. This revealed a hierarchical organization of rest states. The top consisted of two competing states consistent with previously identified “task-positive” and “task-negative” activation patterns. These states were composed of more specific states that repeated over time and across individuals. Contrasting with the view that rest consists of only task-negative states, task-positive states occurred 40% of the time while individuals “rested,” suggesting task-focused activity occurs during rest. Further, analysis of task data revealed a similar hierarchical structure of brain states. Together these results suggest brain activation dynamics form a general hierarchy across task and rest, with a small number of dominant general states reflecting basic functional modes and a variety of specific states likely reflecting a rich variety of cognitive processes.
How the AFF1/4 scaffold recruits the elongation factor ELL2 to promote HIV-1 proviral transcription
Authors: Qi Shiqian , Li Zichong , Schulze-Gahmen Ursula , Stjepanovic Goran , Zhou Qiang , Hurley James H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe intrinsically disordered scaffold proteins AFF1/4 and the transcription elongation factors ELL1/2 are core components of the superelongation complex required for HIV-1 proviral transcription. We determined the 2.0-Å resolution crystal structure of the human ELL2 C-terminal domain bound to its 50-residue binding site on AFF4, the ELLBow. The ELL2 domain has the same arch-shaped fold as the tight junction protein occludin. The ELLBow consists of an N-terminal helix followed by an extended hairpin that we refer to as the elbow joint, and occupies most of the concave surface of ELL2. This surface is important for the ability of ELL2 to promote HIV-1 Tat-mediated proviral transcription. The AFF4-ELL2 interface is imperfectly packed, leaving a cavity suggestive of a potential binding site for transcription-promoting small molecules.
Interspecific interference competition at the resource patch scale: do large herbivores spatially avoid elephants while accessing water?
Authors: Ferry Nicolas , Dray Stéphane , Fritz Hervé , Valeix Marion 
Published: August 2016

Summary

Animals may anticipate and try to avoid, at some costs, physical encounters with other competitors. This may ultimately impact their foraging distribution and intake rates. Such cryptic interference competition is difficult to measure in the field, and extremely little is known at the interspecific level.

We tested the hypothesis that smaller species avoid larger ones because of potential costs of interference competition and hence expected them to segregate from larger competitors at the scale of a resource patch. We assessed fine‐scale spatial segregation patterns between three African herbivore species (zebra Equus quagga, kudu Tragelaphus strepsiceros and giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis) and a megaherbivore, the African elephant Loxodonta africana, at the scale of water resource patches in the semi‐arid ecosystem of Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe.

Nine waterholes were monitored every two weeks during the dry season of a drought year, and observational scans of the spatial distribution of all herbivores were performed every 15 min. We developed a methodological approach to analyse such fine‐scale spatial data.

Elephants increasingly used waterholes as the dry season progressed, as did the probability of co‐occurrence and agonistic interaction with elephants for the three study species. All three species segregated from elephants at the beginning of the dry season, suggesting a spatial avoidance of elephants and the existence of costs of being close to them. However, contrarily to our expectations, herbivores did not segregate from elephants the rest of the dry season but tended to increasingly aggregate with elephants as the dry season progressed.

We discuss these surprising results and the existence of a trade‐off between avoidance of interspecific interference competition and other potential factors such as access to quality water, which may have relative associated costs that change with the time of the year.
Semi‐natural habitats mitigate the effects of temperature rise on wild bees
Authors: Papanikolaou Alexandra D. , Kühn Ingolf , Frenzel Mark , Schweiger Oliver 
Published: August 2016

Summary

The effect of climate change on wild bee communities is of major concern since the decline of bee species could imperil the provision of pollination services. Additionally, habitat loss and fragmentation are major threats to wild bee populations, but improvements to the landscape structure could also improve the general conditions for wild bees. However, potential interactive effects of climate change and landscape structure on wild bee communities remain unknown.

In this study, we assessed the potential of semi‐natural areas to maintain robust communities under changing weather conditions. We used bee monitoring data from six 4 × 4 km field sites across Germany. Almost 30 000 bee specimens were collected from 2010 to 2012 in 16 local communities per site at six sampling occasions per year. Following a multimodel inference approach, we identified the most important weather and landscape variables as well as interaction terms that affect wild bee species richness and total abundance.

Correcting for overall phenology, we found a strong negative relationship between bee species richness and temperature, indicating that future increasing temperatures will lead to a decrease in species richness. However, a high proportion of semi‐natural habitats can considerably decrease the detrimental effect of warmer temperatures on bee species richness and abundance.

Synthesis and applications. Semi‐natural areas and green infrastructure elements within agricultural landscapes become even more important under changing temperature conditions to mitigate the negative effects of increasing temperatures on wild bee species richness and total abundance. This has important implications for conservation decision making, suggesting that maintaining or restoring a fair amount of semi‐natural areas could serve as a countermeasure against climate change for wild bees.
The cost of local, multi‐professional obstetric emergencies training
Authors: Yau Christopher W.H. , Pizzo Elena , Morris Steve , Odd David E. , Winter Cathy , Draycott Timothy J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe aim to outline the annual cost of setting up and running a standard, local, multi‐professional obstetric emergencies training course, PROMPT (PRactical Obstetric Multi‐Professional Training), at Southmead Hospital, Bristol, UK – a unit caring for approximately 6500 births per year.Material and methodsA retrospective, micro‐costing analysis was performed. Start‐up costs included purchasing training mannequins and teaching props, printing of training materials and assembly of emergency boxes (real and training). The variable costs included administration time, room hire, additional printing and the cost of releasing all maternity staff in the unit, either as attendees or trainers. Potential, extra start‐up costs for maternity units without established training were also included.ResultsThe start‐up costs were €5574 and the variable costs for 1 year were €143 232. The total cost of establishing and running training at Southmead for 1 year was €148 806. Releasing staff as attendees or trainers accounted for 89% of the total first year costs, and 92% of the variable costs. The cost of running training in a maternity unit with around 6500 births per year was approximately €23 000 per 1000 births for the first year and around €22 000 per 1000 births in subsequent years.ConclusionsThe cost of local, multi‐professional obstetric emergencies training is not cheap, with staff costs potentially representing over 90% of the total expenditure. It is therefore vital that organizations consider the clinical effectiveness of local training packages before implementing them, to ensure the optimal allocation of finite healthcare budgets.
Corneal endothelial cell loss after Baerveldt glaucoma drainage device implantation in the anterior chamber
Authors: Tan Annelie N. , Webers Carroll A. B. , Berendschot Tos T. J. M. , de Brabander John , de Witte Pauline M. , Nuijts Rudy M. M. A. , Schouten Johannes S. A. G. , Beckers Henny J. M. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurposeTo investigate central and peripheral corneal endothelial cell density (ECD) in relation to Baerveldt (BV) glaucoma drainage device (GDD) tube corneal (TC) distance.MethodsProspective study of all patients scheduled for glaucoma tube surgery with 36 months follow‐up. A BV GDD was inserted into the anterior chamber (AC). Anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS‐OCT) scans were made to determine the TC distance. Central and peripheral ECD was measured, preoperatively and at 3, 6, 12, 24 and 36 months postoperatively.ResultsFifty‐three eyes were included [primary open‐angle glaucoma, (n = 13); secondary glaucoma, (n = 30); and primary angle‐closure glaucoma, (n = 10)]. Central ECD significantly decreased during follow‐up, with a mean decrease of 4.54% per year (p < 0.001), and 6.57% in the peripheral quadrant closest to the BV GDD tube (PQC, p < 0.001). In the PQC, a yearly decrease of 1.57% was shown after transiridial tube placement versus 7.43% after placement ‘free’ into the AC (p = 0.006). Endothelial cell (EC) loss was related to TC distance (mean 1.69 mm), with a central loss of 6.20% and 7.25% in the PQC per year with shorter TC distances, versus a central loss of 4.11% and 5.77% in the PQC per year with longer TC distances (outside mean ± 2SD, p < 0.001). A difference in EC loss by glaucoma subtype was not identified.ConclusionThe TC distance is of significant influence on corneal ECD, a shorter TC distance causing more severe EC loss, especially in the PQC. Transiridial placement of the BV GDD tube seems safer than placement ‘free’ into the AC.
Eccentric small‐zone ray tracing wavefront aberrometry for refraction in keratoconus
Authors: Fredriksson Anneli , Behndig Anders 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurposeTo compare objective refraction using small‐zone eccentric laser ray tracing (LRT) wavefront aberrometry to standard autorefraction in keratoconus (KC), and whether the visual acuities achieved with these refractions differ from corresponding values in healthy eyes.MethodsTwenty‐nine eyes of 29 patients with KC and 29 eyes of 29 healthy controls were included in this prospective unmasked case–control study. The uncorrected (UCVA) and spectacle‐corrected (SCVA) Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) visual acuities based on refractions derived from LRT in central and four eccentric zones were compared to those achieved with standard autorefraction. The spherical equivalent (M) and two astigmatic power vectors (C0 and C45) were calculated for all refractions. Pentacam HR® was used to generate keratometry readings of the corresponding zones.ResultsIn KC, the refraction from the upper nasal zone rendered a higher SCVA than the standard autorefraction more often than in the controls (p < 0.001). There were no significant variation in M between the different LRT measurement points in the control group, but central data provided the best SCVA. The UCVA:s and SCVA:s were worse in KC, and the KC eyes showed inferior myopia and superior hyperopia. Multiple refractions rendered similar SCVA:s in KC. Pentacam HR® showed higher keratometry readings infero‐temporally, but also lower readings supero‐nasally, compared to controls.ConclusionIn KC, eccentric LRT measurements gave better SCVA than standard autorefraction more often than in healthy eyes. Eccentric LRT may become a valuable tool in the demanding task of subjective refraction in KC.
Vitreous and subretinal fluid concentrations of orally administered dabigatran in patients with rhegmatogenous retinal detachment
Authors: Mulder Verena C. , Kluft Cornelis , van Meurs Jan C. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPurposeOne of the factors that was shown to contribute to the development of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) is the coagulation factor thrombin. Therefore, a specific oral thrombin inhibitor such as dabigatran might be a possible therapeutic option. An oral drug has the advantage of patient‐friendly prolonged administration in contrast to drugs that can only be applied during vitrectomy, on condition that the drug reaches the target site. We tested whether dabigatran reaches the vitreous and subretinal fluid (SRF) after a single oral dose of dabigatran.MethodsTwenty‐eight patients with a retinal detachment received a single dose of 220 mg dabigatran etexilate 2–8 hr prior to surgery. During surgery, we took a blood sample and a vitreous or subretinal fluid sample. The concentration of dabigatran was measured using liquid chromatography‐tandem mass spectrometry (LC‐MS/MS).ResultsThe dabigatran concentration between 2 and 9 hr after administration was higher in SRF than in vitreous (max 8.5 and 3.8 ng/ml). Corresponding plasma concentrations ranged from 15 to 225 ng/ml. There was a significant relationship between SRF levels and plasma levels (rs = 0.68, p = 0.014); the levels in vitreous fluid showed no such relationship (rs = 0.20, p = 0.48). In addition, we measured the vitreous concentration of a non‐study patient using 150 mg dabigatran twice daily. The concentration was approximately 10 times higher than after a single dosage (25.8 ng/ml).ConclusionWe demonstrate that oral intake of dabigatran, a candidate drug to modulate PVR, results in potentially relevant intraocular concentrations. We suggest that repeated dosing may lead to higher concentrations, but this should be further explored.
Neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with neurocysticercosis
Authors: Ramirez‐Bermudez Jesus , Higuera‐Calleja Jesus , Espinola‐Nadurille Mariana , Corona Teresa 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIntroduction:The purpose of this study was to explore the presence of neuropsychiatric disorders in patients with neurocysticercosis (NCC).Method:Patients with untreated NCC (n = 45) and healthy controls (n = 45) underwent psychiatric and neuropsychological assessments.Results:The majority of patients in the NCC group (64.4%) had at least 1 psychiatric diagnosis, compared with a minority in the control group (31.1%). The frequency of neurocognitive disorders, and particularly dementia (major neurocognitive disorder), was significantly higher in the group of patients with NCC.Discussion:This study confirms the relationship between NCC and cognitive disorders.
Effect of fermented red ginseng on cytochrome P450 and P‐glycoprotein activity in healthy subjects, as evaluated using the cocktail approach
Authors: Kim Min‐Gul , Kim Yunjeong , Jeon Ji‐Young , Kim Dal‐Sik 
Published: August 2016

AimsWe assessed the drug interaction profile of fermented red ginseng with respect to the activity of major cytochrome (CYP) P450 enzymes and of a drug transporter protein, P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp), in healthy volunteers.MethodsThis study was an open‐label crossover study. The CYP probe cocktail drugs caffeine, losartan, dextromethorphan, omeprazole, midazolam and fexofenadine were administered before and after 2 weeks of fermented red ginseng administration. Plasma samples were collected, and tolerability was assessed. Pharmacokinetic parameters were calculated, and the 90% confidence intervals (CIs) of the geometric mean ratios of the parameters were determined from logarithmically transformed data. Values were compared between before and after fermented red ginseng administration using analysis of variance (anova).ResultsFifteen healthy male subjects were evaluated, none of whom were genetically defined as a poor CYP2C9, CYP2C19 or CYP2D6 metabolizer based on genotyping. Before and after fermented red ginseng administration, the geometric least‐square mean metabolic ratio (90% CI) was 0.901 (0.830–0.979) for caffeine (CYP1A2) to paraxanthine, 0.774 (0.720–0.831) for losartan (CYP2C9) to EXP3174, 1.052 (0.925–1.197) for omeprazole (CYP2C19) to 5‐hydroxyomeprazole, 1.150 (0.860–1.538) for dextromethorphan (CYP2D6) to dextrorphan, and 0.816 (0.673–0.990) for midazolam (CYP3A4) to 1‐hydroxymidazolam. The geometric mean ratio of the area under the curve of the last sampling time (AUClast) for fexofenadine (P‐gp) was 1.322 (1.112–1.571).ConclusionNo significantly different drug interactions were observed between fermented red ginseng and the CYP probe substrates following the two‐week administration of concentrated fermented red ginseng. However, the inhibition of P‐gp was significantly different between fermented red ginseng and the CYP probe substrates. The use of fermented red ginseng requires close attention due to the potential for increased systemic exposure when it is used in combination with P‐gp substrate drugs.
Metastatic potential to regional lymph nodes with Gleason score ≤7, including tertiary pattern 5, at radical prostatectomy
Authors: Diolombi Mairo L. , Epstein Jonathan I. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo determine the risk of pelvic lymph node (LN) metastases at radical prostatectomy (RP) for Gleason score (GS) ≤7: 3 + 3 = 6 (grade group [GG]1); 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2); 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2) with tertiary pattern 5 (T5); 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3); 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) with T5, using the 2014 modified Gleason grading system and the novel GG system.Materials and MethodsWe searched our RP database to indentify cases of GS ≤7 prostate cancer with simultaneous pelvic LN dissection (PLND) in the period between 2005 and 2014. Since 2005, we have graded all glomeruloid and cribriform cancer as Gleason pattern 4 and have graded mucinous adenocarcinoma based on the underlying architectural pattern, consistent with the 2014 modified Gleason grading system. All RPs were embedded in entirety, including the PLND. A total of 7 442 cases were identified, of which 73 had at least one positive LN (+LN).ResultsThe incidence rates for regional LN metastases at RP for 3 + 3 = 6 (GG1), 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2), 3 + 4 = 7 (GG2) with T5, 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) and 4 + 3 = 7 (GG3) with T5 were 0, 0.6, 0.4, 4.3 and 6.3%, respectively. There was a statistically significant difference in risk of +LNs at RP between the grade groups, as defined by the novel GG system. There was no statistically significant difference in risk of +LNs at RP for men with 3 + 4 (GG2) vs 3 + 4 (GG2) with T5 and for men with 4 + 3 (GG3) vs 4 + 3 (GG3) with T5. Non‐pelvic LN involvement was identified in 0.2% of all RP cases. Two patients with GS 3 + 4 = 7 with <5% pattern 4 experienced LN metastases.ConclusionThis study supports our previous finding that men with GS 6 (GG1) at RP have no risk of LN metastases. These findings also support the 2014 revisions to the Gleason grading system where 3 + 3 with T4 (2005 modified grading system) is now considered 3 + 4 (GG2), with a comment on percent pattern 4, because <5% pattern 4 increases the risk of LN metastases. It also supports keeping 3 + 4 (GG2) with T5 (<5% pattern 5) and 4 + 3 (GG3) with T5 with their respective grade groups, with a notation of T5 because the <5% higher grade component did not increase the risk of LN metastases within a given GG. Our findings highlight that 3 + 4 (GG2) and 4 + 3 (GG3), even with a 5% higher grade component, are distinct groups with respect to LN metastases and should not be combined under the umbrella designation of GS 7 as is often the case in the literature with the Gleason grading system.