bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The epidemiological profile of hysterectomy in rural Chinese women: a population-based study
Authors: Liu Fangfang , Pan Yaqi , Liang Yongmei , Zhang Chaoting , Deng Qiuju , Li Xiang , Liu Mengfei , He Zhonghu , Liu Ying , Li Jingjing , Ning Tao , Guo Chuanhai , Xu Ruiping , Zhang Lixin , Cai Hong , Ke Yang 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesHysterectomy is one of the most common surgical procedures performed on women in developed countries; however, little is known about the epidemiology of hysterectomy in low-income to middle-income regions. This study seeks to evaluate the prevalence of hysterectomy and its risk factors in rural China.MethodsQuestionnaires were collected from 3328 female adults aged 25â€“69 years in rural Anyang, China, in 2009â€“2011. Hysterectomy status was ascertained by the gynaecologist at the time of cytological test. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were performed to assess the risk factors for hysterectomy.ResultsThe overall prevalence of hysterectomy was 3.31% (110/3328). Women above the age of 40 years had a higher prevalence of prior hysterectomy, compared with those aged 25â€“39 years (5.01% vs 0.33%). Obesity was marginally related with a higher risk of hysterectomy (adjusted OR=1.59; 95%â€‰CI 0.99 to 2.56; body mass index (BMI) â‰¥28.0 vs 18.5 â‰¤ BMI <24.0). History of prior pregnancy loss conferred a greater risk for hysterectomy (adjusted OR=1.51; 95%â€‰CI 1.02 to 2.23). Of the 75 (68.18%, 75/110) cases who provided further information on hysterectomy, 84.00% (63/75) had undergone total abdominal hysterectomy and 70.67% (53/75) had received surgery for leiomyoma.ConclusionsRural Chinese women had a relatively low prevalence of hysterectomy, and the majority of reported hysterectomies were performed abdominally for leiomyoma. Hysterectomy prevalence differed significantly by age, BMI and history of pregnancy loss. This study expands the current understanding of the epidemiology of hysterectomy in lower resource areas.
Impact of participant attrition on child injury outcome estimates: a longitudinal birth cohort study in Australia
Authors: Cameron Cate M , Osborne Jodie M , Spinks Anneliese B , Davey Tamzyn M , Sipe Neil , McClure Roderick J 
Published: July 2017

BackgroundLongitudinal research is subject to participant attrition. Systemic differences between retained participants and those lost to attrition potentially bias prevalence of outcomes, as well as exposure-outcome associations. This study examines the impact of attrition on the prevalence of child injury outcomes and the association between sociodemographic factors and child injury.MethodsParticipants were recruited as part of the Environments for Healthy Living (EFHL) birth cohort study. Baseline data were drawn from maternal surveys. Child injury outcome data were extracted from hospital records, 2006–2013. Participant attrition status was assessed up to 2014. Rates of injury-related episodes of care were calculated, taking into account exposure time and Poisson regression was performed to estimate exposure-outcome associations.ResultsOf the 2222 participating families, 799 families (36.0%) had complete follow-up data. Those with incomplete data included 137 (6.2%) who withdrew, 308 (13.8%) were lost to follow-up and 978 families (44.0%) who were partial/non-responders. Families of lower socioeconomic status were less likely to have complete follow-up data (p<0.05). Systematic differences in attrition did not result in differential child injury outcomes or significant differences between the attrition and non-attrition groups in risk factor effect estimates. Participants who withdrew were the only group to demonstrate differences in child injury outcomes.ConclusionThis research suggests that even with considerable attrition, if the proportion of participants who withdraw is minimal, overall attrition is unlikely to affect the population prevalence estimate of child injury or measures of association between sociodemographic factors and child injury.
A cross-sectional analysis of pharmaceutical industry-funded events for health professionals in Australia
Authors: Fabbri Alice , Grundy Quinn , Mintzes Barbara , Swandari Swestika , Moynihan Ray , Walkom Emily , Bero Lisa A 
Published: July 2017

ObjectivesTo analyse patterns and characteristics of pharmaceutical industry sponsorship of events for Australian health professionals and to understand the implications of recent changes in transparency provisions that no longer require reporting of payments for food and beverages.DesignCross-sectional analysis.Participants and setting301 publicly available company transparency reports downloaded from the website of Medicines Australia, the pharmaceutical industry trade association, covering the period from October 2011 to September 2015.ResultsForty-two companies sponsored 116 845 events for health professionals, on average 608 per week with 30 attendees per event. Events typically included a broad range of health professionals: 82.0% included medical doctors, including specialists and primary care doctors, and 38.3% trainees. Oncology, surgery and endocrinology were the most frequent clinical areas of focus. Most events (64.2%) were held in a clinical setting. The median cost per event was $A263 (IQR $A153–1195) and over 90% included food and beverages.ConclusionsOver this 4-year period, industry-sponsored events were widespread and pharmaceutical companies maintained a high frequency of contact with health professionals. Most events were held in clinical settings, suggesting a pervasive commercial presence in everyday clinical practice. Food and beverages, known to be associated with changes to prescribing practice, were almost always provided. New Australian transparency provisions explicitly exclude meals from the reporting requirements; thus, a large proportion of potentially influential payments from pharmaceutical companies to health professionals will disappear from public view.
Defining clinically important perioperative blood loss and transfusion for the Standardised Endpoints for Perioperative Medicine (StEP) collaborative: a protocol for a scoping review
Authors: Bartoszko Justyna , Vorobeichik Leon , Jayarajah Mohandas , Karkouti Keyvan , Klein Andrew A , Lamy Andre , Mazer C David , Murphy Mike , Richards Toby , Englesakis Marina , Myles Paul S , Wijeysundera Duminda N 
Published: July 2017

Introduction‘Standardised Endpoints for Perioperative Medicine’ (StEP) is an international collaboration undertaking development of consensus-based consistent definitions for endpoints in perioperative clinical trials. Inconsistency in endpoint definitions can make interpretation of trial results more difficult, especially if conflicting evidence is present. Furthermore, this inconsistency impedes evidence synthesis and meta-analyses. The goals of StEP are to harmonise definitions for clinically meaningful endpoints and specify standards for endpoint reporting in clinical trials. To help inform this endeavour, we aim to conduct a scoping review to systematically characterise the definitions of clinically important endpoints in the existing published literature on perioperative blood loss and transfusion.Methods and analysisThe scoping review will be conducted using the widely adopted framework developed by Arksey and O’Malley, with modifications from Levac. We refined our methods with guidance from research librarians as well as researchers and clinicians with content expertise. The electronic literature search will involve several databases including Medline, PubMed-not-Medline and Embase. Our review has three objectives, namely to (1) identify definitions of significant blood loss and transfusion used in previously published large perioperative randomised trials; (2) identify previously developed consensus-based definitions for significant blood loss and transfusion in perioperative medicine and related fields; and (3) describe the association between different magnitudes of blood loss and transfusion with postoperative outcomes. The multistage review process for each question will involve two reviewers screening abstracts, reading full-text articles and performing data extraction. The abstracted data will be organised and subsequently analysed in an iterative process.Ethics and disseminationThis scoping review of the previously published literature does not require research ethics approval. The results will be used to inform a consensus-based process to develop definitions of clinically important perioperative blood loss and transfusion. The results of the scoping review will be published in a peer-reviewed scientific journal.
The circular law for random regular digraphs with random edge weights
Authors: Cook Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

We consider random [Formula: see text] matrices of the form [Formula: see text], where [Formula: see text] is the adjacency matrix of a uniform random [Formula: see text]-regular directed graph on [Formula: see text] vertices, with [Formula: see text] for some fixed [Formula: see text], and [Formula: see text] is an [Formula: see text] matrix of i.i.d. centered random variables with unit variance and finite [Formula: see text]th moment (here ∘ denotes the matrix Hadamard product). We show that as [Formula: see text], the empirical spectral distribution of [Formula: see text] converges weakly in probability to the normalized Lebesgue measure on the unit disk.
Evaluating CFSv2 Subseasonal Forecast Skill with an Emphasis on Tropical Convection
Authors: Weber Nicholas J. , Mass Clifford F. 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThis study examines the subseasonal predictive skill of CFSv2, focusing on the spatial and temporal distributions of error for large-scale atmospheric variables and the realism of simulated tropical convection. Errors in a 4-member CFSv2 ensemble forecast saturate at lead times of approximately 3 weeks for 500-hPa geopotential height and 5 weeks for 200-hPa velocity potential. Forecast errors exceed those of climatology at lead times beyond 2 weeks. Sea surface temperature, which evolves more slowly than atmospheric fields, maintains skill over climatology through the first month. Spatial patterns of error are robust across lead times and temporal averaging periods, increasing in amplitude as lead time increases and temporal averaging period decreases. Several significant biases were found in the CFSv2 reforecasts, such as too little convection over tropical land and excessive convection over the ocean. The realism of simulated tropical convection and associated teleconnections degrades with forecast lead time. Large-scale tropical convection in CFSv2 is more stationary than observed. Forecast MJOs propagate eastward too slowly and those initiated over the Indian Ocean have trouble traversing beyond the Maritime Continent. The total variability of simulated propagating convection is concentrated at lower frequencies compared to observed convection, and is more fully described by a red spectrum, indicating weak representation of convectively coupled waves. These flaws in simulated tropical convection, which could be tied to problems with convective parameterization and associated mean state biases, affect atmospheric teleconnections and may degrade extended global forecast skill.
Exploring the Impact of Climate Change on the Outbreak of Early Twenty-First-Century Violence in the Middle East and North Africa and the Potential of Permaculture as an Effective Adaptation
Authors: Karim M. Elyas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Considering the ongoing violence taking place in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region, especially within Syria and Iraq, it is essential to provide an accurate explanation of causes in order to develop an adaptation model. In addition to discussing the climate-related concerns associated with the emergence of violence, this paper considers how tackling the environmental crisis in MENA will improve living standards and lead toward sustainable development. As a supplement to a range of secondary data, a small selection of individuals who have escaped the recent conflicts have been interviewed. Because this potential sample pool is small, and the ongoing violence precludes fieldwork in the MENA region, this study provides only a preliminary exploration of the topic. A more detailed study is desirable, if and when it is feasible to conduct such research. As a potential adaptation to climate change in the region, permaculture is presented through illustrations of its capabilities for redressing some of the underlying causes of violence in the MENA region.
Relationship Between Attachment of the Superficial Masseter Muscle and Craniofacial Morphology in Dentate and Edentulous Humans
Authors: Kasai K. , Richards L.C. , Kanazawa E. , Ozaki T. , Iwasawa T. 
Published: July 2017

Previous studies have described the importance of the interaction between the masticatory muscles and the craniofacial skeleton in the control of craniofacial growth. This study describes the attachment and orientation of the superficial masseter muscle and its relationship -with craniof acial morphology in dentate and edentulous subjects. Data were obtained from lateral cephalometric radiographs of a total of 31 cadavers in which the superficial masseter muscle had been defined with liquid barium. The results provide evidence that the morphology of the superficial masseter muscle in the gonion region differed significantly between dentate and edentulous subjects, with the masseter being 2.7 mm wider and the gonion-anterior muscle border distance being 4.0 mm greater in dentate subjects. The complex relationship between craniofacial morphology and the dimensions and inclination of the superficial masseter muscle were most clearly evident in dentate subjects where the position of the anterior border was related to ramus dimensions and mandibular and occlusal plane angles. The association is much less clear in edentulous subjects where normal function was disturbed. In general, age was not a significant determinant of variation in superficial masseter muscle dimensions and orientation.
Downstaging for cervical cancer: A community-based study in the rural areas of Udupi district, Karnataka, India
Authors: Rao R S P , Kamath V G , Chandrashekhar S , Rao L , Pratap K 
Published: July 2017

The objective of this study is to determine the feasibility of utilizing trained auxiliary nurse midwives (ANMs) in downstaging for cancer cervix in a rural area. The study population included all married women in the age group of 35-59 years in two villages of the field practice area. It was a cross-sectional study. Two ANMs were trained in history taking, visual inspection of the cervix, using of speculum and collecting Papanicolaou smears. After training, they made home visits and identified women with gynaecological symptoms suggestive of cervical cancer. These women were asked to report to Rural Maternity and Child Welfare whom homes where the ANMs did a visual inspection of the cervix and made a cervical smear. Atotal of 1402 women were registered of the ANMs could identify 368 women (26%) with symptoms. Only 192 (52.2%) of these women reported for examination. Chronic cervicitis accounted for the largest proportion of the cases (44.8%). In all, three cases were diagnosed as suspected cases of cancer cervix. On cytology, three cases (1.5%) turned out to be malignant. When clinical findings of the ANM were compared with results of cytological examination, a high degree of sensitivity (78.4%) and positive predictive value (97.1%) were observed in diagnosing abnormal cytological findings. However, the sensitivity for detecting specific conditions was generally low. Sensitivity for detecting erosion was 45%, for chronic cervicitis 30%, and malignancies were totally missed. In conclusion, this study clearly shows that ANMs, if trained, would be capable of identifying symptomatic women, differentiating a normal cervix from an abnormal one and taking an adequate smear for cytological examination.
The course of severe chronic fatigue syndrome in childhood
Authors: Rangel L , Garralda M E , Levin M , Roberts H 
Published: July 2017

Summary Little has been reported on prognostic indicators in children with chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS). We used interviews with children and parents, a mean of 45.5 months after illness onset, to follow up 25 cases of CFS referred to tertiary paediatric psychiatric clinics. At its worst, the illness had been markedly handicapping (prolonged bed-rest and school absence in two-thirds); mean time out of school was one academic year. Two-thirds, however, had recovered and resumed normal activities—mean duration of illness to recovery/assessment 38 months—and none had developed other medical conditions. Recovery was associated with specific physical triggers to the illness, with start of illness in the autumn school term and with higher socioeconomic status. Severe fatigue states in children can cause serious and longlasting handicap but most children recover.
A pill in the sandwich: Covert medication in food and drink
Authors: Treloar Adrian , Beats Barbara , Philpot Michael 
Published: July 2017

The covert administration of medicines in food and drink has been condemned by some and condoned by others. We used questionnaires to ascertain the views of people caring for patients with dementia in institutions and in the community. In 24 (71%) of 34 residential, nursing and inpatient units in south-east England, the respondent said that medicines were sometimes given in this way. It was often done secretly and without discussion, probably for fear of professional retribution. Few institutions had a formal policy on the matter. Of 50 people caring for demented patients in the community, 48 (96%) thought the practice sometimes justifiable, but 47 believed that doctors should consult with carers before deciding. Even if, as most carers and some authorities believe, covert medication can be justified, the poor recording and secrecy surrounding the practice in institutions are cause for concern.
Structural Problems in the Design of Market Abuse Regulations in the EU
Authors: Engelen Peter-Jan 
Published: July 2017

This article analyzes the regulatory and supervisory design of market abuse regulations in the EU in order to set the right incentives for corporate insiders to abstain from illegal trading. The analysis is illustrated by the Belgian insider trading law. Although the level of punishment seems to be rather high, the probability of conviction for insider trading is very low. The analysis suggests that the expected costs component of this crime is too low compared to the expected insider trading profits. In order to obtain a higher deterrence of the insider trading prohibition, a change in the design of the financial regulation and supervision must be made. To increase the probability of conviction broad investigative powers and the authority to impose administrative sanctions have to be assigned to the financial markets supervisor, as was recently the case with the European Market Abuse Directive. JEL classification: K42
Menstrual migraine: intermittent prophylaxis with a timed-release pharmacological formulation of dihydroergotamine
Authors: D'alessandro Roberto , Gamberini Gloria , Lozito Antonio , Sacquegna Tommaso 
Published: July 2017

An open study was performed on 20 women between 20 and 40 years of age in order to assess the effectiveness of a slow-release pharmacological formulation of dihydroergotamine in the prevention of menstrual migraine. Therapy was started two days prior to the expected date of menstruation and continued for five days after the onset of menstrual flow. Trial lasted for five months, four patients suspended the treatment: one because of side effects and three because of “ineffectiveness of drug”. In the 16 patients who completed the study, there was a significant reduction both in intensity and duration of migraine compared to the month prior to treatment. An essay clinique a été sur 20 femmes avec un âge minimum de 20 ans et un âge maximum de 40 ans pour étudier l'efficacité d'une preparation à libérateur différée de dihydroergotamine comme traitement preventif de la migraine cataméniale. On a commencé la thérapie deux jours avant la date attendue de la menstruation et on a continué pour 5 jours aprés le debut réel de la menstruation. La durée de l'étude a été de cinq mois. 4 patients ont du sospendre le traitement: le premier pour intolérance, les autres pour “inefficacité de la thérapie”. Entre le 16 patients qui ont fini l'étude on a vu une réduction significative de l'intensité et de la durée de la crise migraineuse en comparaison de mois avant le traitement. In 20 donne di età compresa tra i 20 e i 40 anni é stato condotto uno studio in aperto sull'efficacia di un preparato ritardo di diidroergotamina nella prevenzione dell'emicrania catameniale (mestruale). L'assunzione del farmaco iniziava due giorni prima della data prevista di comparsa del flusso mestruale e proseguiva per i cinque giorni successivi alla comparsa della stessa. Il trattamento é proseguito per cinque mesi. In una sola paziente si é avuta la comparsa di effetti collaterali che hanno provocato la sospensione del trattamento. Nelle 16 pazienti che hanno terminato lo studio é stata rilevata, al quinto mese, una significativa riduzione sia dell'indice emicranico che della durata della cefalea rispetto al mese di pretrattamento.
The Effectiveness of a Preseason Exercise Program to Prevent Adductor Muscle Strains in Professional Ice Hockey Players
Authors: Tyler Timothy F. , Nicholas Stephen J. , Campbell Richard J. , Donellan Sean , McHugh Malachy P. 
Published: July 2017

Background: Adductor strains are among the most common injuries in ice hockey. Hip adductor weakness has been identified as a strong risk factor. Hypothesis: An intervention program including muscle strengthening can reduce the incidence of adductor strains in professional ice hockey players. Study Design: Prospective risk factor prevention study. Methods: Thirty-three of 58 players from the same National Hockey League team were identified as “at risk” on the basis of preseason hip adductor strength and participated in an intervention program. The program consisted of 6 weeks of exercises aimed at functional strengthening of the adductor muscles. Injury and individual exposure data were recorded for all players. Results: There were 3 adductor strains in the 2 seasons subsequent to the intervention, compared with 11 in the previous 2 seasons (0.71 versus 3.2 per 1000 player-game exposures). All adductor strains were first-degree strains and occurred during games. Conclusions: A therapeutic intervention of strengthening the adductor muscle group appears to be an effective method for preventing adductor strains in professional ice hockey players.