bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tropopause-Penetrating Convection from Three-Dimensional Gridded NEXRAD Data
Authors: Solomon David L. , Bowman Kenneth P. , Homeyer Cameron R. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA new method that combines radar reflectivities from individual Next Generation Weather Radars (NEXRAD) into a three-dimensional composite with high horizontal and vertical resolution is used to estimate storm-top altitudes for the continental United States east of the Rocky Mountains. Echo-top altitudes are compared with the altitude of the lapse-rate tropopause calculated from the ERA-Interim reanalysis and radiosondes. To sample the diurnal and annual cycles, tropopause-penetrating convection is analyzed at 3-h intervals throughout 2004. Overshooting convection is most common in the north-central part of the United States (the high plains). There is a pronounced seasonal cycle; the majority of overshooting systems occur during the warm season (March–August). There is also a strong diurnal cycle, with maximum overshooting occurring near 0000 UTC. The overshooting volume decreases rapidly with height above the tropopause. Radiosonde observations are used to evaluate the quality of the reanalysis tropopause altitudes and the dependence of overshooting depth on environmental characteristics. The radar–radiosonde comparison reveals that overshooting is deeper in double-tropopause environments and increases as the stability of the lower stratosphere decreases.
Effects of Saharan Dust on the Linear Dynamics of African Easterly Waves
Authors: Grogan Dustin F. P. , Nathan Terrence R. , Chen Shu-Hua 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
The direct radiative effects of Saharan mineral dust aerosols on the linear dynamics of African easterly waves (AEWs) are examined analytically and numerically. The analytical analysis combines the thermodynamic equation with a dust continuity equation to form an expression for the dust-modified generation of eddy available potential energy . The dust-modified is a function of the transmissivity and spatial gradients of the dust, which are modulated by the Doppler-shifted frequency. The expression for predicts that for a fixed dust distribution, the wave response will be largest in regions where the dust gradients are maximized and the Doppler-shifted frequency vanishes. The numerical analysis uses the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model coupled to an online dust model to calculate the linear dynamics of AEWs. Zonally averaged basic states for wind, temperature, and dust are chosen consistent with summertime conditions over North Africa. For the fastest-growing AEW, the dust increases the growth rate from ~15% to 90% for aerosol optical depths ranging from τ = 1.0 to τ = 2.5. A local energetics analysis shows that for τ = 1.0, the dust increases the maximum barotropic and baroclinic energy conversions by ~50% and ~100%, respectively. The maxima in the generation and conversions of energy are collocated and occur where the meridional dust gradient is maximized near the critical surface—that is, where the Doppler-shifted frequency is small, in agreement with the prediction from the analytical analysis.
Uncertainty and Bias in Satellite-Based Precipitation Estimates over Indian Subcontinental Basins: Implications for Real-Time Streamflow Simulation and Flood Prediction*
Authors: Shah Harsh L. , Mishra Vimal 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Real-time streamflow monitoring is essential over the Indian subcontinental river basins, as a large population is affected by floods. Moreover, streamflow monitoring helps in managing water resources in the agriculture-dominated region. In this study, the authors systematically investigated the bias and uncertainty in satellite-based precipitation products [Climate Prediction Center morphing technique (CMORPH); Precipitation Estimation from Remotely Sensed Information Using Artificial Neural Networks (PERSIANN); PERSIANN Climate Data Record (PERSIANN-CDR); and Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM), version 7, real-time (3B42RTV7) and gauge-adjusted (3B42V7) products] over the Indian subcontinental river basins for the period of 2000–13. Moreover, the authors evaluated the influence of bias in the satellite precipitation on real-time streamflow monitoring and flood assessment over the Mahanadi river basin. Results showed that CMORPH and PERSIANN underestimated daily mean precipitation over the majority of the subcontinental river basins. On the other hand, TRMM-3B42RTV7 overestimated daily mean precipitation over most of the river basins in the subcontinent. While gauge-adjusted products of PERSIANN (PERSIANN-CDR) and TRMM (TRMM-3B42V7) performed better than their real-time products, large biases remain in their performance to capture extreme precipitation (both frequency and magnitudes) over the subcontinental basins. Among the real-time precipitation products, TRMM-3B42RTV7 performed better than CMORPH and PERSIANN over the majority of the Indian subcontinental basins. Daily streamflow simulations using the Variable Infiltration Capacity model (VIC) for the Mahanadi river basin showed a better performance by the TRMM-3B42RTV7 product than the other real-time datasets. Moreover, daily streamflow simulations over the Mahanadi river basin showed that bias in real-time precipitation products affects the initial condition and precipitation forcing, which in turn affects flood peak timing and magnitudes.
On Growth Rate of Wind Waves: Impact of Short-Scale Breaking Modulations
Authors: Kudryavtsev Vladimir , Chapron Bertrand 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe wave generation model based on the rapid distortion concept significantly underestimates empirical values of the wave growth rate. As suggested before, inclusion of the aerodynamic roughness modulations effect on the amplitude of the slope-correlated surface pressure could potentially reconcile this model approach with observations. This study explores the role of short-scale breaking modulations to amplify the growth rate of modulating longer waves. As developed, airflow separations from modulated breaking waves result in strong modulations of the turbulent stress in the inner region of the modulating waves. In turn, this leads to amplifying the slope-correlated surface pressure anomalies. As evaluated, such a mechanism can be very efficient for enhancing the wind-wave growth rate by a factor of 2–3.
Potential Vorticity Structure in the North Atlantic Western Boundary Current from Underwater Glider Observations
Authors: Todd Robert E. , Owens W. Brechner , Rudnick Daniel L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractPotential vorticity structure in two segments of the North Atlantic’s western boundary current is examined using concurrent, high-resolution measurements of hydrography and velocity from gliders. Spray gliders occupied 40 transects across the Loop Current in the Gulf of Mexico and 11 transects across the Gulf Stream downstream of Cape Hatteras. Cross-stream distributions of the Ertel potential vorticity and its components are calculated for each transect under the assumptions that all flow is in the direction of measured vertically averaged currents and that the flow is geostrophic. Mean cross-stream distributions of hydrographic properties, potential vorticity, and alongstream velocity are calculated for both the Loop Current and the detached Gulf Stream in both depth and density coordinates. Differences between these mean transects highlight the downstream changes in western boundary current structure. As the current increases its transport downstream, upper-layer potential vorticity is generally reduced because of the combined effects of increased anticyclonic relative vorticity, reduced stratification, and increased cross-stream density gradients. The only exception is within the 20-km-wide cyclonic flank of the Gulf Stream, where intense cyclonic relative vorticity results in more positive potential vorticity than in the Loop Current. Cross-stream gradients of mean potential vorticity satisfy necessary conditions for both barotropic and baroclinic instability within the western boundary current. Instances of very low or negative potential vorticity, which predispose the flow to various overturning instabilities, are observed in individual transects across both the Loop Current and the Gulf Stream.
The developmental basis of mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs)
Authors: Sheng Guojun 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Background
Mesenchymal Stem/Stromal Cells (MSCs) define a population of progenitor cells capable of giving rises to at least three mesodermal lineages in vitro, the chondrocytes, osteoblasts and adipocytes. The validity of MSCs in vivo has been questioned because their existence, either as a homogeneous progenitor cell population or as a stem cell lineage, has been difficult to prove. The wide use of primary MSCs in regenerative and therapeutic applications raises ethical and regulatory concerns in many countries. In contrast to hematopoietic stem cells, a parallel concept which carries an embryological emphasis from its outset, MSCs have attracted little interest among developmental biologists and the embryological basis for their existence, or lack thereof, has not been carefully evaluated.

Methods
This article provides a brief, embryological overview of these three mesoderm cell lineages and offers a framework of ontological rationales for the potential existence of MSCs in vivo.

Results
Emphasis is given to the common somatic lateral plate mesoderm origin of the majority of body’s adipose and skeletal tissues and of the major sources used for MSC derivation clinically. Support for the MSC hypothesis also comes from a large body of molecular and lineage analysis data in vivo.

Conclusions
It is concluded that despite the lack of a definitive proof, the MSC concept has a firm embryological basis and that advances in MSC research can be facilitated by achieving a better integration with developmental biology.
Overweight boy’s and girl’s experiences with and perception of athletic clothing and its relationship to physical activity participation
Authors: Reddy-Best Kelly L. , Harmon Jennifer 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between athletic clothing and physical activity in overweight children. The perceptions of athletic clothing among overweight children were also investigated. The researchers asked: (a) what are overweight children’s experiences with athletic clothing, (b) does clothing impact overweight children’s motivation to participate in physical activity, and (c) are there differences between boys and girls? Focus groups and individual interviews were conducted with 35 children between the ages of 9 and 14 who were considered overweight according to their body mass index. Literature on social physique anxiety and body image provided the conceptual framework for the study. Four key themes emerged from the children’s discussions of their experiences with athletic clothes and participation in physical activity: (a) body exposure concerns, (b) clothing size exposure concerns, (c) desire to quit because of athletic clothes, and (d) positive experiences with athletic clothes.
Gene-by-Diet Interactions Affect Serum 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels in Male BXD Recombinant Inbred Mice
Authors: Fleet James C. , Replogle Rebecca A. , Reyes-Fernandez Perla , Wang Libo , Zhang Min , Clinkenbeard Erica L. , White Kenneth E. 
Published: November 2015

Abstract1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25[OH]2D) regulates calcium (Ca), phosphate, and bone metabolism. Serum 1,25(OH)2D levels are reduced by low vitamin D status and high fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) levels and increased by low Ca intake and high PTH levels. Natural genetic variation controls serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25[OH]D) levels, but it is unclear how it controls serum 1,25(OH)2D or the response of serum 1,25(OH)2D levels to dietary Ca restriction (RCR). Male mice from 11 inbred lines and from 51 BXD recombinant inbred lines were fed diets with either 0.5% (basal) or 0.25% Ca from 4 to 12 weeks of age (n = 8 per line per diet). Significant variation among the lines was found in basal serum 1,25(OH)2D and in the RCR as well as basal serum 25(OH)D and FGF23 levels. 1,25(OH)2D was not correlated to 25(OH)D but was negatively correlated to FGF23 (r = −0.5). Narrow sense heritability of 1,25(OH)2D was 0.67 on the 0.5% Ca diet, 0.66 on the 0.25% Ca diet, and 0.59 for the RCR, indicating a strong genetic control of serum 1,25(OH)2D. Genetic mapping revealed many loci controlling 1,25(OH)2D (seven loci) and the RCR (three loci) as well as 25(OH)D (four loci) and FGF23 (two loci); a locus on chromosome 18 controlled both 1,25(OH)2D and FGF23. Candidate genes underlying loci include the following: Ets1 (1,25[OH]2D), Elac1 (FGF23 and 1,25[OH]2D), Tbc1d15 (RCR), Plekha8 and Lyplal1 (25[OH]D), and Trim35 (FGF23). This report is the first to reveal that serum 1,25(OH)2D levels are controlled by multiple genetic factors and that some of these genetic loci interact with the dietary environment.
Price Promotions in Choice Models
Authors: Howell John R. , Lee Sanghak , Allenby Greg M. 
Published: November 2015

Promotions are used in marketing to increase sales and drive profits by temporarily decreasing the price per unit of a good. Some price promotions apply to all quantities (20% off), some have limits on the number of units that can be purchased at a reduced price, and others only offer the discount if the volume purchased is sufficiently high. We develop a model of price promotions in the context of a direct utility model where its effects are incorporated through the budget constraint. Price promotions complicate the estimation and analysis of direct utility models because they induce kinks and points of discontinuity in the budget set. We propose a Bayesian approach to addressing these irregularities and demonstrate the ability of the direct utility model to be used in counterfactual analyses of price promotions. We investigate the stability of utility function estimates for consumers under alternative price promotions, and find that the majority of the effect of a price promotion is through the budget set, not through changes in the utility function. We also investigate the economic value of customized price promotions where the customization includes the value and format of the offer. Data, as supplemental material, are available at http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mksc.2015.0948 .
Characteristics that Define a Successful Pharmacy Resident as Perceived by Residency Programs
Authors: Jellinek-Cohen Samantha P. , Cohen Victor , Rab Saba , Likourezos Antonios 
Published: November 2015

Purpose To identify the subjective and objective characteristics that pharmacy residency programs use to define a successful resident and to determine what percentage of their 2009-2010 residency class they felt were successful. Methods An electronic survey was sent via e-mail to all residency program directors (RPDs) of postgraduate year 1 (PGY1) and postgraduate year 2 (PGY2) pharmacy residency programs in the United States. A 3-part survey instrument was developed following validation of questions for clarity and reliability using a pilot survey. Respondents were asked to rank the importance of 20 subjective characteristics for a resident to possess in order to be considered successful and the importance of different objective measurements of accomplishment in the definition of a “successful” resident using a Likert scale where 1 = not at all important, 2 = some importance, 3 = very important, and 4 = critical. Results Of the 1,081 surveys sent to RPDs, 473 respondents answered at least one question, yielding a response rate of 43.8%. The most critically important subjective characteristics in defining a successful resident as ranked among PGY1 residency programs are dependability, professionalism, self-motivation/initiative, and work ethic. PGY2 programs ranked clinical knowledge and skills, critical thinking, and dependability as the most important. The most critically important objective characteristic in defining a successful resident as ranked among both PGY1 and PGY2 programs is obtaining a clinical position. The majority of PGY1 and PGY2 respondents felt that 76% to 100% of their 2009-2010 residency class was successful based on the characteristics they rated most important. Conclusion Identification of the characteristics that pharmacy residency programs use to define success will allow them to identify predictors of success and optimal methods of selecting residents who possess these characteristics.
Pharmacy-Initiated Transitions of Care Services: An Opportunity to Impact Patient Satisfaction
Authors: Reichard Jeffrey S. , Savage Scott , Eckel Stephen F. 
Published: November 2015

Purpose A transitions of care program at an academic teaching hospital was designed to reengineer the fragmented discharge process. The team included a pharmacy technician, called a transition specialist, who coordinated the medication needs of discharging patients. This study intends to assess the impact of the transitions of care program on patient satisfaction scores. Methods Two datasets of Press Ganey and Hospital Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers (HCAHPS) were analyzed. Patients eligible for inclusion were age 18 years or older and successfully discharged from the study facility. All participants received usual care by a servicebased pharmacist, medication counseling by a nurse prior to discharge, and other standard of care services by the inpatient medical team. The intervention group received the previously stated usual care plus services by the transitions of care program. Results The results from HCAHPS scores proved inconclusive. The results from the Press Ganey dataset found that the surgery transplant service demonstrated statistically significant improvement for satisfaction scores, and they warrant further review. Conclusions Results demonstrate that HCAHPS metrics do not correlate with the successes or lack thereof of the transitions of care program. Press Ganey might be a potential surrogate marker for assessing the impact of this program. This study is the first to qualitatively evaluate pharmacy transitions of care service using patient satisfaction scores.
Zeitoptimale Mehrfachregelung linearer Abtastsysteme mit beschränkten Stellgrößen
Authors: Brück P. 
Published: November 2015

Das Problem der zeitoptimalen Regelung linearer Abtastsysteme mit mehreren beschränkten Stellgrößen wird formuliert. Es wird gezeigt, daß die Konvexität gewisser steuerbarer Zustandsmengen die Synthese des Mehrfachreglers durch die Reihenschaltung von Einfachreglern der von Ludyk vorgeschlagenen Art ermöglicht.
Der Einfachregler wird am Beispiel einer wichtigen Klasse von Systemen in einer von der Systemordnung unabhängigen, leicht zu programmierenden Form beschrieben.
Dynamik und Regelung großer wassergekühlter Kernreaktoren / The dynamics and control of large water reactor cores
Authors: Lunde J. E. , Versluis R. M. 
Published: November 2015

Zur Einführung in den folgenden Anwendungsaufsatz von R. Grumbach über ein Verfahren zur Regelung der Neutronenflußverteilung in einem Leistungsreaktor wird mit diesem Beitrag eine Darstellung physikalischer Grundprobleme der Reaktordynamik und Reaktorregelung gegeben. Dabei werden insbesondere die neutronenphysikalischen und thermodynamischen Prozesse im Reaktorkern behandelt.
Die Dynamik von Kernreaktoren wird durch Wechselwirkungen zwischen verschiedenen nuklearen und thermohydraulischen Unterprozessen bestimmt. Die Streckenparameter, deren Kenntnis für den Entwurf eines Regelsystems für den Reaktor erforderlich ist, umfassen sowohl meßbare als auch abgeleitete Zustands- und Kenngrößen. Anhand vereinfachter physikalischer Konzepte wird eine Übersicht über die wichtigsten dieser Größen sowie deren Kopplung untereinander gegeben.
Digital templating for THA: a simple computer-assisted application for complex hip arthritis cases
Authors: Hafez Mahmoud A. , Ragheb Gad , Hamed Adel , Ali Amr , Karim Said 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroduction:Total hip arthroplasty (THA) is the standard procedure for end-stage arthritis of the hip. Its technical success relies on preoperative planning of the surgical procedure and virtual setup of the operative performance. Digital hip templating is one methodology of preoperative planning for THA which requires a digital preoperative radiograph and a computer with special software.Patients and methods:This is a prospective study involving 23 patients (25 hips) who were candidates for complex THA surgery (unilateral or bilateral). Digital templating is done by radiographic assessment using radiographic magnification correction, leg length discrepancy and correction measurements, acetabular component and femoral component templating as well as neck resection measurement.Results:The overall accuracy for templating the stem implant’s exact size is 81%. This percentage increased to 94% when considering sizing within 1 size.Conclusion:Digital templating has proven effective, reliable and essential technique for preoperative planning and accurate prediction of THA sizing and alignment.
Performance of two commercially available BCR-ABL1 quantification assays that use an international reporting scale
Authors: Seo Soo Hyun , Lee Seung Jun , Park Seungman , Kim Min Jin , Song Ji Yoon , Ra Eun Kyung , Cho Sung Im , Kim Hyun Kyung , Yang Man Gil , Kim Ji Yeon , Park Sung Sup , Seong Moon-Woo 
Published: November 2015

Abstract

Background: Quantifying the BCR-ABL1 rearrangement is important for monitoring chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML). To standardize BCR-ABL1 quantification, the World Health Organization (WHO) established the first international genetic reference panel. Here, we compared the BCR-ABL1 levels determined using international scale (IS)-based commercially available assays.

Methods: BCR-ABL1 transcripts were quantified using two IS-based assays. 10–1, 10–2, 10–3, 10–4, 10–5 and 10–6 dilutions of the b3a2 positive RNA were used for evaluating linearity, precision, and limit of detection. Correlation of the assay was evaluated by using DNA obtained from CML patients carrying the BCR-ABL1 b3a2 and b2a2 types.

Results: Both Ipsogen and Asuragen assays showed fine linearity with reasonable %CV. LOD of each assay was calculated as 0.003% for Ipsogen, and 0.005% for Asuragen. By comparing the results that were lower than 10% by either one of the assay, Ipsogen and Asuragen results showed an overall good linear correlation with a tendency for the Ipsogen assay to show slightly higher levels than the Asuragen assay for b3a2 transcript. For b2a2, the tendency was opposite, with Asuragen showing higher values than the Ipsogen.

Conclusions: Two commercially available IS-based BCR-ABL1 assays showed an overall good quantitative correlation. It should be taken into consideration that each assay tended to produce higher values than the other, depending on the BCR-ABL1 subtypes, suggesting that a separate conversion factor for each subtype can be more helpful when BCR-ABL1 transcript levels are converted into IS.
Brieskorn manifolds, positive Sasakian geometry, and contact topology
Authors: Boyer Charles P. , Macarini Leonardo , van Koert Otto 
Published: November 2015

Abstract
Using

S
1

${S^{1}}$

-equivariant symplectic homology, in particular its mean Euler characteristic, of the natural filling of links of Brieskorn–Pham polynomials, we prove the existence of infinitely many inequivalent contact structures on various manifolds, including in dimension 5 the k-fold connected sums of

S
2

×

S
3

${S^{2}\times S^{3}}$

and certain rational homology spheres. We then apply our result to show that on these manifolds the moduli space of classes of positive Sasakian structures has infinitely many components. We also apply our results to give lower bounds on the number of components of the moduli space of Sasaki–Einstein metrics on certain homotopy spheres. Finally, a new family of Sasaki–Einstein metrics of real dimension 20 on

S
5

${S^{5}}$

is exhibited.