bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Achievements and Future of Business Education
Authors: Garrett Geoff , Saloner Garth , Nohria Nitin , Hubbard Glenn 
Published: November 2016

The dean of Columbia Business School is joined by the deans of Stanford, Harvard, and Wharton in discussing the challenges and opportunities facing today's graduate business schools. Most business schools aim to provide students with a certain body of knowledge—in disciplines such as marketing, finance, and accounting—as well as some general management and leadership training and skills. The biggest challenge to this model of business education is now coming from the high cost of the traditional two‐year MBA program and the threat of disruption by “online” alternatives. But the consensus of the four deans is that the combination of training and experience provided by today's top business schools will enable them to withstand the threat from online alternatives.And thus for the leaders of these top schools, one of the main challenges in designing and maintaining a successful business school program is to find the right mix of theory and practice, classroom and “experiential” learning. To the extent the schools succeed in achieving and maintaining this balance, they should continue to produce graduates who are sought by employers that include not only companies large and small, but non‐profits and, at some points in their careers, even the public sector.What's more, the deans all sense the growing demand for business to play a larger role in addressing social problems that have traditionally been seen as the responsibility of government and non‐profits. And one implication of this demand is that business schools, besides producing talent that finds its way to the public as well as private sectors, should prepare to play a greater role in the public debate over solutions to social challenges, such as protecting the environment while at the same time trying to stimulate enough economic growth to limit rising inequality.
Value Creation by Active Investors (and Its Potential for Addressing Social Problems)
Authors: Hilal Paul , Carson Russ , Harris Trevor 
Published: November 2016

A distinguished Columbia academic discusses the methods and outcomes of “active investing” with the co‐founder of a leading private equity firm and a former senior partner of a well‐known hedge fund. In the case studies used by both panelists to illustrate their investment selection and management processes, the investors provided not only capital, but oversight and expertise that helped bring about significant increases in the productivity and value of their portfolio companies. What's more, in both cases, the changes that contributed to high returns for investors also ended up having major benefits for the companies' non‐investor stakeholders, especially their consumers.In the first of the two cases, Paul Hilal explains the thinking behind Pershing Square's $1.1 billion purchase of 14% of the Canadian Pacific Railway in 2012. With the help of intensive “fundamental” analysis of the company, Hilal recognized that Canadian Pacific was substantially underperforming its rival, the Canadian National Railway, in a number of important ways. And when CP's management and board rejected his plan for changes, Hilal led a proxy battle that ended in a landslide victory for the proposed slate of directors, including Hilal himself. Then, after bringing in a new CEO, the restructured board presided over operating changes that, during Pershing's four‐year ownership, increased the market value of CP from $8 billion to $30 billion. By 2016, when Pershing sold its investment (for $4 billion), Canadian Pacific was “shipping 20% more freight … 40% faster than ever before, with record on‐time performance, 40% fewer locomotives, 35% fewer people, and 14% improved fuel efficiency—all while maintaining an industry‐leading safety record.”In the second case, Russ Carson describes the success of Welsh, Carson, Anderson, and Stowe in turning its purchase in 1998 of a single oncology practice in Denver into a publicly traded company with more than 90 outpatient cancer centers throughout the U.S. When it was sold in 2011, US Oncology was producing $4 billion in revenue while employing 1,000 oncologists, who, as significant equity owners, shared in the success of Welsh Carson. Using modern management techniques to create “enormous efficiencies out of an extraordinarily fragmented system,” Carson and his colleagues created “the single largest—and, by all accounts, most reputable—outpatient provider of cancer services in the country.” One of the keys to this success was “getting the doctors to spend their time seeing patients, not looking for records,” which contributed greatly to Welsh Carson's ability to improve “both the quantity and quality of cancer care in the 90 communities that we were operating in.”
Liddle syndrome: clinical and genetic profiles
Authors: Cui Yunying , Tong Anli , Jiang Jun , Wang Fen , Li Chunyan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractLiddle syndrome is a rare autosomal dominant monogenic form of hypertension. The authors analyzed clinical and genetic features of 12 cases of Liddle syndrome, the largest sample size ever reported. Clinical data were studied retrospectively. The exon 13 of the β and γ subunits of the epithelial sodium channel were amplified and sequenced in the peripheral blood leukocytes of the patients. The onset age of the 12 patients was 15.5±3.3 years. Their blood pressures were poorly controlled, and serum potassium levels in most patients were <3.0 mmol/L. Upright plasma renin activity and plasma aldosterone concentration were suppressed in all patients. All patients were treated with triamterene, and blood pressures were well controlled and serum potassium levels returned to normal. The serum creatinine level rose to 124 and 161 μmol/L, respectively, in two patients upon triamterene treatment, and returned to normal soon after treatment was discontinued. Eight mutation alleles were identified, and three mutations were newly identified.
Angiotensin‐(1–7) protects cardiomyocytes against high glucose‐induced injuries through inhibiting reactive oxygen species‐activated leptin–p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase/extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1/2 pathways, but not the leptin–c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase pathway in vitro
Authors: Lei Yiyan , Xu Qing , Zeng Bo , Zhang Wei , Zhen Yulan , Zhai Yuansheng , Cheng Fei , Mei Weiyi , Zheng Dongdan , Feng Jianqiang , Lan Jun , Chen Jingfu 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAims/IntroductionAngiotensin‐(1–7) (Ang‐[1–7]), recognized as a new bioactive peptide in the renin–angiotensin system, shows biological and pharmacological properties in diabetic cardiovascular diseases. The leptin‐induced p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway has been reported to contribute to high glucose (HG)‐induced injury. In the present study, we showed the mechanism of how Ang‐(1–7) can protect against HG‐stimulated injuries in H9c2 cells.Materials and MethodsH9c2 cells were treated with 35 mmol/L glucose (HG) for 24 h to establish a model of HG‐induced damage. Apoptotic cells were observed by Hoechst 33258 staining. Cell viability was analyzed by cell counter kit‐8. The expression of protein was detected by western blot. Reactive oxygen species was tested by 2′,7′‐dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate staining. Mitochondrial membrane potential was measured by 5,5′,6,6′‐Tetrachloro‐1,1′,3,3′‐tetraethyl‐imidacarbocyanine iodide staining.ResultsThe present results showed that treating H9c2 cells with HG obviously enhanced the expressions of both the leptin and phosphorylated (p)‐MAPK pathway. However, the overexpression levels of leptin and p‐p38 MAPK/p‐extracellular signal‐regulated protein kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2), but not p‐c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase, were significantly suppressed by treatment of the cells with Ang‐(1–7). Additionally, leptin antagonist also markedly suppressed the overexpressions of p38 and ERK1/2 induced by HG, whereas leptin antagonist had no influence on the overexpression of c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase. More remarkable, Ang‐(1–7), leptin antagonist, SB203580 or SP600125, respectively, significantly inhibited the injuries induced by HG, such as the increased cell viability, decreased apoptotic rate, reduction of ROS production and increased mitochondrial membrane potential. Furthermore, the overexpressions of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2 and leptin were suppressed by N‐actyl‐L‐cystine.ConclusionsThe present findings show that Ang‐(1–7) protects from HG‐stimulated damage as an inhibitor of the reactive oxygen species–leptin–p38 MAPK/ERK1/2 pathways, but not the leptin–c‐Jun N‐terminal kinase pathway in vitro.
Contact allergy to preservatives: ESSCA* results with the baseline series, 2009–2012
Authors: Giménez‐Arnau A.M. , Deza G. , Bauer A. , Johnston G.A. , Mahler V. , Schuttelaar M.‐L. , Sanchez‐Perez J. , Silvestre J.F. , Wilkinson M. , Uter W. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundAllergic contact dermatitis caused by biocides is common and causes significant patient morbidity.ObjectiveTo describe the current frequency and pattern of patch test reactivity to biocide allergens included in the baseline series of most European countries.MethodsData collected by the European Surveillance System on Contact Allergies (ESSCA) network between 2009 and 2012 from 12 European countries were analysed.ResultsMethylisothiazolinone 0.2% aq. produced the highest prevalence of sensitization during the study period, with an overall prevalence of 4.5%. The mixture methylchloroisothiazolinone /methylisothiazolinone tested at 0.02% aq. followed closely, with 4.1% of positive reactions. Other preservatives with lower rates of sensitization, but still over 1%, include methyldibromo glutaronitrile (MDBGN) 0.5% pet. and iodopropynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) 0.2% pet. Formaldehyde releasers and parabens yielded less than 1% positive reactions during the study period. Some regional differences in the prevalence of contact allergy to biocides among European countries were observed.ConclusionsContact allergy to biocides is common throughout Europe, and regional differences could be explained by differences in exposure or characteristics of the population tested. Timely regulatory action for isothiazolinones is required. Although MDBGN is banned from cosmetics products since 2005, sensitization prevalence has not appeared to plateau. IPBC is an emerging allergen with an increasing prevalence over the last few years, and its inclusion in the European baseline series may be appropriate.
Association Between Hospital Readmission and Acute and Sustained Delays in Functional Recovery During 18 Months After Elective Surgery: The Successful Aging after Elective Surgery Study
Authors: Pisani Margaret A. , Albuquerque Asha , Marcantonio Edward R. , Jones Richard N. , Gou Ray Yun , Fong Tamara G. , Schmitt Eva M. , Tommet Douglas , Isaza Aizpurua Ilean I. , Alsop David C. , Inouye Sharon K. , Travison Thomas G. 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesTo examine the effect of hospital readmission on functional recovery after elective surgery in older adults.DesignProspective cohort of individuals aged 70 and older undergoing elective surgery, enrolled from June 2010 to August 2013.SettingTwo academic medical centers.ParticipantsCommunity‐dwelling older adults (N = 566; mean age ± standard deviation 77 ± 5) undergoing major elective surgery and expected to be admitted for at least 3 days.MeasurementsReadmission was assessed in multiple interviews with participants and family members over 18 months and validated against medical record review. Physical function was assessed according to ability to perform instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) and activities of daily living (ADL), Medical Outcomes Study 12‐item Short‐Form Survey Physical Component Summary score, and a standardized functional composite.ResultsTwo hundred fifty‐five (45%) participants experienced 503 readmissions. Readmissions were associated with delays in functional recovery in all measures of physical function. Having two or more readmissions over 18 months was associated with persistent and significantly greater risk of IADL dependence (relative risk (RR) = 1.8, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5–2.3) and ADL dependence (RR = 3.3, 95% CI = 1.7–6.4). Degree of functional impairment increased progressively with number of readmissions. Readmissions within 2 months resulted in delayed functional recovery to baseline by 18 months, and readmissions between 12 and 18 months after surgery resulted in loss of functional recovery previously achieved.ConclusionReadmission after elective surgery may contribute to delays in functional recovery and persistent functional deficits in older adults.
An Acute Disseminated Encephalomyelitis‐Like Illness in the Elderly: Neuroimaging and Neuropathology Findings
Authors: Kaunzner Ulrike W. , Salamon Elliott , Pentsova Elena , Rosenblum Marc , Karimi Sasan , Nealon Nancy , Lavi Ehud , Jamieson Dara G. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTINTRODUCTIONAcute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) is a rare demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that classically occurs in children and adolescents. It characteristically presents with acute inflammation, resulting in demyelination, often following an infectious disease. ADEM has been described in adult patients, but the incidence in the adult and especially elderly population is low.CASESWe describe five older adults (age 57 to 85) who presented with acute neurological symptoms. Three patients presented with an infectious illness preceding the event, 4 patients were encephalopathic, and oligoclonal bands (OCBs) were negative in all tested cases. The clinical scenario and imaging studies suggested alternative diagnoses, such as metastasis, primary CNS tumor, or stroke. Two patients had contrast enhancing lesions, two other patients had lesions with restricted diffusion on diffusion‐weighted imaging. Neuropathologic diagnostic from biopsy or autopsy was eventually conclusive, showing perivascular zones of myelin loss with relative axonal sparing in all five cases.CONCLUSIONEach of these patients was found to have pathological findings of acute demyelination on tissue diagnosis, suggesting ADEM or ADEM‐like disease. The initial presentation and imaging was pointing toward other diagnoses. Broad differential diagnosis is important, especially for older patients, and pathological proof might be warranted for a conclusive diagnosis.
Internalizing Symptoms and Personality Traits Color Parental Reports of Child Temperament
Authors: Clark D. Angus , Durbin C. Emily , Donnellan M. Brent , Neppl Tricia K. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveDepressed parents have negatively distorted views of the personalities and behaviors of their children. Our goal was to evaluate how other internalizing symptoms and personality traits relate to perceptions of child temperament using data from mothers and fathers as well as a novel statistical method for modeling multi‐informant data.MethodWe applied the trifactor model (Bauer et al., 2013) to data collected from the parents of 273 children (aged 3–5 years).ResultsInternalizing symptoms and personality traits were related to both mothers' and fathers' perceptions of their children. Effects varied somewhat across dimensions of child temperament.ConclusionsThese results support concerns that psychological characteristics influence parental perceptions of their children. This research also provides insights about psychological predictors of potential parental biases.
Identifying the location of epidermal growth factor‐responsive element involved in the regulation of type IIb sodium‐phosphate cotransporter expression in porcine intestinal epithelial cells
Authors: Xing T. , Tan X. , Yu Q. , Yang T. , Fang R. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryPhosphate is an important mineral nutrient for both human and animals in growth and physiological functions; thus, much effort in the past has been made to clarify the mechanisms governing its absorption. Previous studies have found that epidermal growth factor (EGF) inhibits phosphate absorption in human intestinal cells via modulating the interaction of transcriptional factor c‐myb with sodium‐phosphate cotransporter (NaPi‐IIb) gene promoter. This finding provoked our interest in determining the effect of EGF on NaPi‐IIb gene expression in intestinal cells of pigs and the location of EGF‐responsive element in the gene promoter. Using quantitative PCR, it was observed that EGF significantly reduced NaPi‐IIb gene expression in porcine intestinal epithelial IPEC‐J2 cells. Transfection with a series of constructs that contain different lengths of the 5′‐flanking promoter region of the NaPi‐IIb gene manifested that EGF‐responsive element is located in the −1200 to −800 region. Further, c‐myb was extracted from the cell nucleus of IPEC cells that were exposed to EGF or not via immunoprecipitation. The electrophoretic mobility shift assay showed a specific binding of transcription factor c‐myb to labelled probes encompassing DNA sequence from −1092 to −1085 (‐TCCAGTTG‐). This protein‐DNA complex was decreased with cells exposed to EGF and abrogated when c‐myb was pre‐incubated with excessive unlabelled competitive probes. Results from mutagenesis studies demonstrated that the c‐myb‐binding site is the EGF‐responsive element involved in the regulation of NaPi‐IIb expression. Identifying the location of EGF‐responsive element contributes to understanding mechanisms underlying EGF down‐regulated NaPi‐IIb gene expression and provides a foundation for further investigating EGF‐regulatory functions in phosphate absorption in pig intestine.
Preference of goats (Capra hircus L.) for tanniniferous browse species available in semi‐arid areas in Ethiopia
Authors: Mengistu G. , Bezabih M. , Hendriks W. H. , Pellikaan W. F. 
Published: November 2016

SummaryThe objectives were to determine browse species preference of goats using dry matter intake (DMI) as a proxy, to compare preference when offered in combination with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and to establish relationships between browse species intake and chemical compositional data. Air‐dried leaves of Acacia etbaica, Cadaba farinosa, Capparis tomentosa, Dichrostachys cinerea, Dodonaea angustifolia, Euclea racemosa, Maerua angolensis, Maytenus senegalensis, Rhus natalensis and Senna singueana were used. Two cafeteria trials, each lasting 10 days, were conducted using four local mature male goats of 2–2.5 years receiving a daily ration of grass hay (4% of body weight) and 200 g wheat bran. In trial 1, goats were offered 25 g of each browse species for a total of 30 min with intake, time spent on consumption and the number of visits to specific browse species recorded at 10‐min intervals. In trial 2, the same procedure was followed except that 25 g of PEG 4000 was added to the daily wheat bran ration. Crude protein and neutral detergent fibre in browse species ranged from 69.0–245.5 to 159.8–560.6 g/kg dry matter (DM) respectively. Total phenols and total tannins contents ranged between 3.7–70.6 and 2.5–68.1 mg tannic acid equivalent/g DM, respectively, and condensed tannins 1.7–18.4 Abs550 nm/g DM. Preference indicators measured in the first 10 min of browse species intake differed significantly among browse species and with PEG (p < 0.0001). Principal components explained 69.9% of the total variation in browse species DMI. Despite the high tannin levels, D. cinerea, R. natalensis and A. etbaica were the most preferred species regardless of PEG presence. Tannin levels at the observed browse species DMI did not determine preference, instead, preference appeared to be based on hemicellulose. Determining browse species preference is essential to exploit them to improve nutrient utilization and control parasites in goats.
Duration of exclusive breastfeeding is a positive predictor of iron status in 6‐ to 10‐month‐old infants in rural Kenya
Authors: Uyoga Mary A. , Karanja Simon , Paganini Daniela , Cercamondi Colin I. , Zimmermann Sophie A. , Ngugi Benjamin , Holding Penny , Moretti Diego , Zimmermann Michael B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe prevalence of iron‐deficiency anemia (IDA) is high in infants in Sub‐Saharan Africa. Exclusive breastfeeding of infants to 6 months of age is recommended by the World Health Organization, but breast milk is low in iron. Some studies suggest exclusive breastfeeding, although beneficial for the infant, may increase risk for IDA in resource‐limited settings. The objective of this study was to determine if duration of exclusive breastfeeding is associated with anemia and iron deficiency in rural Kenyan infants. This was a cross‐sectional study of 6–10‐month‐old infants (n = 134) in southern coastal Kenya. Anthropometrics, hemoglobin (Hb), plasma ferritin (PF), soluble transferrin receptor (sTfR), and C‐reactive protein were measured. Body iron stores were calculated from the sTfR/PF ratio. Socioeconomic factors, duration of exclusive breastfeeding, nature of complementary diet, and demographic characteristics were determined using a questionnaire. Mean ± SD age of the infants was 7.7 ± 0.8 months. Prevalence of anemia, ID, and IDA were 74.6%, 82.1%, and 64.9%, respectively. Months of exclusive breastfeeding correlated positively with Hb (r = 0.187; p < .05) and negatively with sTfR (r = −0.246; p < .05). sTfR concentrations were lower in infants exclusively breastfed at least 6 months compared with those exclusively breastfed for less than 6 months (7.6 (6.3, 9) vs. 8.9 (6.7, 13.4); p < .05). Controlling for gender, birth weight, and inflammation, months spent exclusively breastfeeding was a significant negative predictor of sTfR and a positive predictor of Hb (p < .05). The IDA prevalence in rural Kenyan infants is high, and greater duration of exclusive breastfeeding predicts better iron status and higher Hb in this age group.
Nausea and vomiting in early pregnancy: Effects on food intake and diet quality
Authors: Crozier Sarah R. , Inskip Hazel M. , Godfrey Keith M. , Cooper Cyrus , Robinson Sian M. ,   SWS Study Group
Published: November 2016

AbstractExperiences of nausea and/or vomiting in pregnancy (NVP) vary greatly, but the paucity of studies with pre‐pregnancy dietary data mean that little is known about the effects of NVP on diet. Using an administered food frequency questionnaire, diet was assessed before pregnancy and at 11 and 34 weeks' gestation in 2270 participants in a UK birth cohort study (Southampton Women's Survey). Experience of NVP in early pregnancy was graded as none, mild, moderate, or severe. Participants reported their level of food consumption as more, the same, or less than before pregnancy. “Prudent” diet scores (derived using principal component analysis) were used to describe participants' diet quality before, in early and late pregnancy.In early pregnancy, 89% of women were nauseous, although most commonly, the NVP experienced was mild (48%) or moderate (30%); 11% had severe NVP. A total of 39% of women reported an increase in their level of food intake in early pregnancy; 34% reported a reduction. Increasing severity of nausea was associated with changes in intake of a range of foods, most notably reduced consumption of vegetables, tea/coffee, rice/pasta, breakfast cereals, beans/pulses and citrus fruits/fruit juices and increased consumption of white bread, and soft drinks. Increasing severity of nausea was also associated with decreasing prudent diet score from before to early pregnancy, such that women with severe nausea had prudent diet scores 0.29 SDs lower than those with no nausea (P < 0.001). However, this was transient as NVP was not related to change in diet quality from before to late pregnancy.