bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Investigation of Viscor and Methanol Spray Dynamics Using Proper Orthogonal Decomposition in Siemens Energy Industrial Atomizers
Authors: Alshahrani Ali , Mohni Izwan , Ajisafe Adesile , Furi Marc , Houde Michel , Sadasivuni Suresh , Engelbrecht Geoffrey Ernest , Bulat Ghenadie , Talibi Midhat , Balachandran Ramanarayanan , Ducci Andrea 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The demand to reduce carbon emissions has prompted research into alternative fuels that can replace conventional fuels like diesel in industrial gas turbines. Among different potential biofuels and e-fuels, methanol emerges as a sustainable and high-performance alternative to diesel for gas turbine applications. It is well established that the fuel physical properties, spray dynamics, and degree of atomization are strongly correlated and affect the engine performance. In this study, proper orthogonal decomposition (POD) was applied on spatiotemporally resolved images to characterize Viscor, here used as diesel surrogate, and methanol sprays of pressure-swirl atomizers employed in Siemens Energy industrial gas turbine (SGT-400) combustors. The methanol experimental results were then compared against Viscor results at analogous operating conditions, including density-adjusted atomizer pressure drop and ambient pressures. Results confirmed that methanol spray cone angle is slightly wider than Viscor at corresponding operating conditions. The POD analysis allowed to identify dominant spatial oscillation modes and characterize them in terms of oscillation amplitude, wavelength, and onset distance from the atomizer edge for both fuels. Oscillations wavelengths and maximum amplitudes were found to correlate with Weber number, average Sauter mean diameter (SMD), and axial jet velocities.
Prognostics and Health Management for Electrified Aircraft Propulsion: State of the Art and Challenges
Authors: Tang Liang , Saxena Abhinav , Younsi Karim 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In recent years, the aviation industry has witnessed a transformative wave of innovation in electrified aircraft propulsion (EAP), driven by sustainability and efficiency goals. Integration of novel electrical subsystems, including high-voltage power electronics, motors/generators, and energy storage devices, has introduced intricate complexities. In this context, an intensified focus on prognostics and health management (PHM) is imperative, considering the heightened reliability needs in a transportation propulsion application. This paper extensively analyzes the current state of the art in PHM applicable to various EAP systems and components crucial for the functioning of electric aircraft. Typical fault modes and fault management strategies are analyzed at various levels of systems hierarchy. An integral aspect of our investigation involves the identification of critical gaps within existing PHM frameworks, guiding the research agenda for enhanced reliability and performance. Moreover, the distributed nature and increasing complexity of electric propulsion systems underscore the importance of model-based systems engineering (MBSE). We advocate for the exploration of MBSE not only to inform the design and implementation of PHM solutions but also to facilitate certification and Verification and Validation activities. Additionally, the paper offers insights into existing tools and simulation software packages capable of integrating traditional gas turbine modules with electric subsystems, as well as simulating various faulty conditions in EAP relevant to PHM development. Key gaps in these tools are emphasized, drawing attention to areas that require further refinement and development. This comprehensive exploration aims to pave the way for future advancements in PHM tailored for the unique challenges posed by electric aircraft propulsion systems.
Supercritical Carbon Dioxide Mixing Loss Characteristics Near the Critical Point
Authors: Wang Jinhong , Cao Teng , Martinez-Botas Ricardo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This paper aims to study the mixing loss characteristic of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) near the critical point and shed light on the nonideal fluid effect on the mixing losses. As a simplified model of the mixing process in the trailing edge or tip leakage flow in turbomachines, a case of mixing in a constant area adiabatic duct involving two streams of parallel flows is studied by control volume analysis. Both perfect gas and nonideal fluid calculations are carried out for comparisons. The isolated and coupled effects of the two mixing streams' temperature, velocity, and pressure differences on the loss are investigated. The study shows that nonideal fluid mixing produces significantly higher losses when compared to the equivalent perfect gas estimation. It also reveals that the nonideal fluid mixing loss is sensitive to the average thermodynamic states of the mixing streams. A general trend is that the closer the temperature is to the critical point, the higher the loss is observed. This is particularly apparent for the temperature and pressure mixings, while the mixing loss due to the velocity difference is less affected. A significant variation of the mixing loss coefficient is reported if the static state of any of the two streams is near the critical point, which is mainly caused by the significant variation of the temperature gradient regarding the entropy along the isobar. In addition, a positive combined effect of the temperature, velocity, and pressure differences was found for mixing loss. The results also show that the change in the mixing loss due to the variation of one property difference between mixing streams is almost independent of the other property difference. This behavior matches the conclusion drawn in literature for perfect gases (Denton, J. D., 1993, “The 1993 IGTI Scholar Lecture: Loss Mechanisms in Turbomachines,” ASME J. Turbomach., 115(4), pp. 621–656). The results from this simple case contribute to understanding the mixing loss behavior differences between perfect gas and nonideal fluids in sCO2 turbomachinery and hold significance for the development of mean-line models.
Comparison of Ingestion of Different Size Hard and Soft Bodies Into a Representative Fan Assembly Model
Authors: Mattar Rashid E. , Sirivolu Dushyanth , D'Souza Kiran 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Foreign matter ingestion into a jet engine is a significant hazard to the safety of aircraft. While soft body ingestions (i.e., bird or ice ingestions) have been extensively researched, the threat posed by uncrewed aircraft systems (UASs) is a more recent concern due to their recent rise in popularity and has not been thoroughly studied. To better understand the damage caused by UAS ingestions, it is crucial to examine the resulting ingestion damage in comparison to birds of similar mass. This analysis is an essential initial step in determining how previous knowledge regarding soft body ingestions can relate to this new threat. To properly analyze these ingestions, development of a model that accurately represents a fan assembly is essential. This model should include a fan, as well as representative boundary conditions for the ingestion, such as blade retention systems, nose cone, casing, and shaft. Items that are analyzed during the ingestion include the overall damage to the fan blades, average and peak forces imparted on the retention systems, impact loads with the casing, and transient loads due to impact on the shaft. The foreign object models used were experimentally validated at their nominal sizes to increase confidence in the results. Comparison of the effects of ingestion of UAS and birds of difference mass into the representative fan model are presented and discussed to gain a better understanding of the differences between soft and hard body ingestion.
Application of Interface Reduction Methods to Rotordynamic Casing Models
Authors: Paehr Martin , Panning-von Scheidt Lars 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
As the use of digital twins for the purpose of structural health monitoring increases, so does the demand for high-quality models. In the area of rotating machines, this means that the casing must also be taken into account. These are often geometrically complex assemblies that require the use of finite element models. The models are then reduced in size by established reduction methods like the Craig-Bampton reduction in order to keep the solution time, e.g. for a forced response analysis as low as possible. In case of nonlinear contact forces, e.g. friction in bolted joints, a secondary reduction step has to be applied. Here, three different interface reduction methods are investigated and used for a rotor-casing assembly including frictional damping. The necessary basics and terms are presented. The performance of the methods is evaluated for a linear model on substructure and assembly level and for a nonlinear model on the assembly level. The implementation of the interface reduction within the Harmonic Balance Method is presented and tested for different unbalance excitation cases.
Whole-genome sequencing of
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
sublineage L1.1.1.7 from Chiangrai, Thailand
Authors: Nuttavuthisit Kanin , Ruangchai Wuthiwat , Bodharamik Thavin , Sawaengdee Waritta , Mahasirimongkol Surakameth , Palittapongarnpim Prasit 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Mycobacterium tuberculosis
(MTB) presents a global health issue. Various genotypes of MTB have different geographic distributions. The majority of MTB in Thailand belong to lineages 1 and 2. Here, we report the complete genomic sequences of MTB sublineage L1.1.1.7, which is common in Thailand and infrequently identified in other countries.
Continental-scale insights into the sugarbeet diffusion juice microbiomes
Authors: Bill Malick , Eide John D. , Fugate Karen K. , Bolton Melvin D. , Kandel Hari P. , Kandel Shyam L. 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Bacterial contamination of raw diffusion juice poses unique challenges during the sugar extraction process. This study profiled bacterial communities by using full-length 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing and quantified the carbohydrate concentrations in raw diffusion juice samples received from sugar factory regions across the USA and Canada. Juice samples were collected at four time points during the 2021 and 2022 processing campaigns.
Firmicutes
was the dominant phylum from the raw diffusion juice samples collected during both campaigns and comprised 85.5% of total bacterial abundance. Lactic acid bacteria such as
Leuconostoc
and
Lactobacillus
were among the core genera which also dominated the bacterial community in raw diffusion juice. Positive correlations in the abundance of functionally and taxonomically related bacterial communities were identified. During the 2021 campaign, 44 bacterial genera were differentially abundant in raw diffusion juice extracted from sugarbeet roots in Periods 1 to 4. This number declined sixfold during the 2022 campaign to three genera. The concentration of raffinose in raw diffusion juice positively correlated to the relative abundance of
Leuconostoc
. Furthermore, an
in vitro
assay was performed to assess the growth dynamics of
Leuconostoc mesenteroides
in sucrose or raffinose-rich medium and observed the rapid consumption of both carbohydrates by this bacterium. This finding is important for deciphering microbial growth dynamics in raw diffusion juice that can be useful in minimizing sugar loss during the factory processing.

IMPORTANCE
Findings additionally provide baseline information that can be used to develop mitigation strategies that reduce losses due to microbial contamination of sucrose processing streams.
Comparison of the indirect immunofluorescence assay and a commercial ELISA to detect KSHV antibodies
Authors: Leducq Valentin , Ben Said Léa , Sayon Sophie , Calvez Vincent , Marcelin Anne-Geneviève , Jary Aude 
Published: September 2024

ABSTRACT

Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) is an oncogenic virus involved in several diseases. The gold standard for KSHV sero diagnosis remains the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), which is time-consuming and operator-dependent. We compared this method with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) targeting solubilized KSHV whole-genome extract among positive (
n
= 49, including 76% of HIV-infected patients) and negative (
n
= 14) control groups. We also included 14 sera with equivocal IFA results. ELISA showed better performance in detecting KSHV antibodies (McNemar’s test,
P =
0.0455). The sensitivity and specificity of both methods were 79% (64–89) and 100% (66–100) for the IFA, respectively, and 94% (83–99) and 100% (66–100) for ELISA, respectively. All IFA equivocal results were either negative or positive with ELISA. ELISA is more reliable and could be a good alternative for determining KSHV serological status, particularly in the context of immunocompromised patients and equivocal serology with the IFA.

IMPORTANCE
Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV) sero status remains challenging because no perfect reference is available for the detection of KSHV antibodies. The current gold-standard method, the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), has a very good specificity of close to 100%, but a lower sensitivity of around 80–85%, which decreases to 64–67% in immunocompromised patients. Additionally, this method is time-consuming and operator-dependent compared with new serological assays such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Thus, further research is still needed to improve KSHV sero diagnosis. Here, we compare the KSHV IgG ELISA kit assay (Advanced Biotechnologies Inc) with the gold-standard IFA, targeting the LANA-1 protein from latent BC-3 cell lines.
Scurvy—a re-emerging disease with the rising cost of living and number of bariatric surgical procedures
Authors: Dermawan Andrew , Eshon Sehrina , Danagher Kevin , Senaratne Sivanthi 
Published: September 2024

This case presents a male in his early 50s with a bilateral painful petechial rash in the lower limbs, which occurred spontaneously without trauma. He also had macroscopic haematuria and macrocytic anaemia with mild neutropenia and lymphopenia. Vasculitis, autoimmune and haematological screens were negative. CT scan of his abdomen and lower limbs did not show any intra-abdominal bleeding or lower limb vasculitis. Skin biopsy was also unremarkable. His petechial rash continued to progress during admission. Further history revealed poor oral intake and cessation of his post-sleeve gastrectomy supplements due to financial constraints. A nutritional panel showed undetectable vitamin C levels, along with other nutritional deficiencies. He was diagnosed and treated for scurvy with ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 1000mg daily, and his painful rash and haematuria resolved.Scurvy is a re-emerging disease with the rising cost of living. It can present as early as a month after a vitamin C-deficient diet. Petechial skin lesions often occur especially in the lower extremities and may be mistaken for systemic vasculitis. The diagnosis is often made after an extensive diagnostic workup including imaging and biopsies, thus delaying treatment. Risk factors for scurvy include poor nutrition, gastric bypass surgery, dialysis, alcoholism, psychiatric history and eating disorders. This disease is easily reversible with supplementation, with a dramatic response seen within 24 hours. Failure to treat may lead to catastrophic haemorrhage, hence, early recognition and prompt treatment are vital.
Value for money of medicine sampling and quality testing: evidence from Indonesia
Authors: Valente de Almeida Sara , Hauck Katharina , Njenga Sarah , Nugrahani Yunita , Rahmawati Ayu , Mawaddati Rahmi , Saputra Stanley , Hasnida Amalia , Pisani Elizabeth , Anggriani Yusi , Gheorghe Adrian 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundSubstandard and falsified medicines (SFMs) are a public health concern of global importance. Postmarket surveillance in the form of medicine sampling and quality testing can prevent and detect SFM, however, there is remarkably scarce evidence about the cost and value for money of these activities: how much do they cost and how effective are they in detecting SFM?MethodsBetween February and October 2022, Systematic Tracking of At Risk Medicines (STARmeds) collected and analysed for quality 1274 samples of 5 medicines from physical and online retail outlets in 7 Indonesian districts. We collated data on the resources consumed by STARmeds, related to all stages of medicines sampling and quality testing including design, fieldwork and laboratory analysis. We used activity-based costing principles to calculate the financial and economic cost of medicine quality surveillance from the perspective of a hypothetical medicines’ regulator. We calculated the cost per day and per week of fieldwork, per sample collected and per substandard sample. We used bootstrapping to capture uncertainty in the number of samples collected, by seller location type (urban, rural and online).ResultsThe total cost of sampling and testing medicines from the market was US$712 964 (current 2022 values). Laboratory costs represented the largest share (70%), followed by other direct costs (12%) and indirect costs (7%). On average, it costs STARmeds US$479 (95% CI US$462 to US$516) to collect one medicine sample and US$5990 (95% CI US$5601 to US$6258) to identify one substandard sample.ConclusionOur findings bring urgently needed and novel information on the cost and value for money of medicine quality surveillance. These may support planning and budgeting of the Indonesian pharmaceutical regulator, but also of regulators and researchers elsewhere, particularly in low-income and middle-income settings, as well as international organisations with health regulation and quality of care remits.
Comparing 24-hour IOP fluctuation slope curve between newly diagnosed ocular hypertension and primary open-angle glaucoma
Authors: Zhang Qing , Feng Hui , Zhang Ye , Han Dong , Tang Guangxian , Fan Su Jie , Zhang Hengli , Jiang Jing , Lv Aiguo , Li Shuning 
Published: September 2024

ObjectiveTo compare the 24-hour intraocular pressure (IOP) fluctuation slope curve between newly diagnosed patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG).Methods and analysisNewly diagnosed and untreated OHT and POAG patients who underwent 24-hour IOP monitoring were consecutively enrolled in the study. IOP measurements were taken every 2 hours from 8:00 to 6:00 hours the following day using an iCare PRO tonometer. Patients maintained their daily routines, with IOP measured in a seated position during the day and supine at night. The 24-hour IOP fluctuation indices, including peak, trough and overall fluctuation, were calculated. Differences in the 24-hour IOP fluctuation slope curves over time between groups were analysed using a generalised additive mixed model.Results46 patients with OHT and 41 with POAG were included. From 2:00 to 10:00 hours, mean IOP increased by 0.69 mm Hg every 2 hours in the POAG group (p<0.0001) and by 0.40 mm Hg in the OHT group (p<0.0001). After 10:00, the IOP showed a downward trend, decreasing by 0.31 mm Hg in the POAG group (p<0.0001) and by 0.17 mm Hg in the OHT group (p=0.0003) every 2 hours. The rate of slope change in the upward phase differed significantly between the groups (0.30 mm Hg per 2 hours; p=0.02), as did the rate in the downward phase (0.14 mm Hg per 2 hours; p for interaction=0.04). Multivariate models showed that each 1 mm Hg increase in circadian and diurnal IOP fluctuation was associated with a 27% and 21% higher likelihood of POAG presence, respectively.ConclusionThe 24-hour IOP slope curve differed between POAG and OHT, with a steeper slope observed in the POAG group. However, the study is limited by potential confounding factors, reliance on a single 24-hour measurement period and the need for further longitudinal studies to validate these findings.
Individual heterogeneity, educational attainment and cardiovascular mortality: a pooled analysis of Norwegian health surveys
Authors: Nguyen Huong Thu , Moger Tron Anders , Valberg Morten , Degerud Eirik , Page Christian M , LeBlanc Marissa , Næss Øyvind 
Published: September 2024

BackgroundSmoking, physical inactivity, cholesterol level and systolic blood pressure are well-established risk factors for cardiovascular diseases (CVD). However, even among individuals with similar levels of these factors, a substantial degree of variation in risk may still remain. We investigated the variation in this unexplained risk across educational levels.MethodsThe study population (N=451 800) was from Norwegian health surveys and linked to the National Education Database and the Norwegian Cause of Death Registry. We used survival analysis with frailty models to measure unobserved heterogeneity (frailty variation). Models were stratified by three educational levels. We highlight the degree of heterogeneity by presenting Gini coefficients and indicate how much the unobserved heterogeneity differed across levels of education from the estimated parameters of the frailty distributions. Lorenz curves were plotted for a graphical representation of inequalities in individual risk.Main resultsThe estimated frailty variances were 24.96, 34.12 and 42.37 in the low, middle and high education groups, respectively, before adjusting for risk factors and 3.76, 7.12 and 7.82 after adjusting for risk factors. The corresponding Gini coefficients were 0.75, 0.84 and 0.86 for low, middle and high education groups, respectively.ConclusionA large share of the variation in CVD mortality was explained by the observed risk factors. However, a substantial individual unobserved variation in CVD mortality remained after adjusting for these risk factors. Our findings indicate that the unobserved variation in CVD mortality could vary somewhat between educational groups, but that education does not explain the major share of the remaining substantial heterogeneity.
Mental health symptoms among Dutch elite athletes and their coaches: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Bilgoe Sharaisha Chanita , Moen Maarten H , Raedts Eefje , Upmeijer Judith , Kerkhoffs Gino , Gouttebarge Vincent 
Published: September 2024

ObjectiveTo establish the prevalence of mental health symptoms (MHSs) among Dutch elite athletes and their coaches, to examine the association between potential contributing factors and MHS among Dutch elite athletes and their coaches and to explore the view and needs of Dutch elite athletes and their coaches regarding mental health resources and support.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted by distributing an electronic questionnaire based on validated screening questionnaires for the assessment of MHS.ResultsIn total, 156 athletes (55% female) and 95 coaches (79% male) across various sports participated in this study. The most prevalent MHS among athletes and coaches were distress (73% and 41%) and alcohol misuse (52% and 53%). Adverse life events showed an association with anxiety, depression, sleep disturbance, alcohol misuse and disordered eating while severe injuries showed an association with distress and sleep disturbance in elite athletes. Among coaches, no significant associations were found between potential contributing factors and MHS. 60% of the athletes and 60% of the coaches (totally) agreed that they could openly address their mental health issues within their sport while 53% of the athletes and 41% of the coaches (totally) agreed a need for increased attention regarding mental health/guidance in their sport.ConclusionsMHSs are prevalent among Dutch elite athletes and coaches. Recent adverse life events and severe injuries have a potential intersection with MHS in elite athletes. There is a need for increased attention regarding mental health/guidance among Dutch elite athletes and coaches within their sport so that subsequent treatment/support can be provided.