bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Scaling and root planing vs. conservative surgery in the treatment of chronic periodontitis
Authors: Deas David E. , Moritz Alan J. , Sagun Ruben S. , Gruwell Scott F. , Powell Charles A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractA renewed interest in conservative surgical techniques has been fueled by new technology, changes in referral patterns to periodontists and a desire to achieve periodontal health in the least invasive, most cost‐efficient manner possible. Trends suggest that an increasing amount of periodontal care is being provided in the offices of general dentists. If true, it is likely that patients receiving care in these offices will be offered simpler surgical treatment modalities that do not require an extensive armamentarium. The purpose of this article was to review the effectiveness of six relatively simple surgical techniques – gingivectomy, flap debridement, modified Widman flap, excisional new attachment procedure, modified excisional new attachment procedure and laser‐assisted new attachment procedure – and to compare the results obtained using these procedures with the well‐known clinical benefits of scaling and root planing. The intent was to determine whether the benefits of surgical procedures in the hands of most general dentists extend beyond those of conventional nonsurgical therapy.
The tobacco‐using periodontal patient: role of the dental practitioner in tobacco cessation and periodontal disease management
Authors: Chaffee Benjamin W. , Couch Elizabeth T. , Ryder Mark I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAlthough the prevalence of tobacco use has declined in some parts of the world, tobacco use remains a persistent and, in some cases, growing problem that will continue to be a fundamental challenge facing dental practitioners in the decades ahead. Dental practitioners have a unique opportunity and professional obligation to be a positive influence in reducing the economic and social burden inflicted by tobacco use on dental and general health. In this article, the current noninvasive, evidence‐based approaches are presented for dental practitioners to help patients avoid initiating tobacco use, to encourage and assist patients in ceasing tobacco use and to address tobacco‐induced damage to periodontal supporting tissues.
Reclaiming the Prison Boom: Considering Prison Proliferation in the Era of Mass Imprisonment
Authors: Eason John M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWhile mass imprisonment is a central topic of investigation within the sociology of punishment, less is known about the prison boom – the period beginning in 1970 during which the number of US prison facilities tripled. Surprisingly, our understanding of prison impact on rural communities is minimal despite nearly 70 percent of the new facilities being constructed in rural areas. With little fanfare, prison proliferation has severely altered the physical, social, economic, and political landscape of rural America. With few exceptions, scholars fail to consider where and why prisons are built, and how these places are impacted economically, or local perceptions of these impacts. As the next steps for this research agenda have not been clearly defined, this paper serves two purposes: (i) to differentiate and redefine the contours of the prison boom from mass imprisonment and then (ii) to explore the causes and consequences of the prison boom in building a framework to conduct future research into these critical issues.
After Postnational Citizenship: Constructing the Boundaries of Inclusion in Neoliberal Contexts
Authors: Deckard Natalie Delia , Heslin Alison 
Published: April 2016

AbstractProfound changes in global exchanges of goods, ideas, and labor in the 20th century required scholars to critically engage with notions of citizenship, belonging and inclusion. Scholars of globalization initially posited the development of a postnational citizenship, wherein rights are attached to individuals as human beings rather than as members of particular nation‐states. This article questions these theories in light of the evolution of neoliberalism in global markets and the worsening problems of the displaced and rightless. We show that, with the prioritization of market participation as a condition of full inclusion, personhood is not sufficient for belonging or claims‐making. We highlight the effects of the new ‘market citizenship’ on both migrant groups and native‐born minorities, whose inclusion is increasingly based on economic success rather than legal citizenship. We consider the literature on the ways that neoliberalism builds upon historical economic inequalities to distribute citizenship rights to those individuals deemed productive within the current economic system. Finally, we demonstrate that the current citizenship regime, while not anchored in the nation‐state, is very different from early formulations of postnational citizenship. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Understanding the Post‐Industrial Assembly Line: A Critical Appraisal of the Call Centre
Authors: Lloyd Anthony 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAs a relatively new form of service sector employment, call centres have been an important issue in the sociology of work for two decades. This article offers a critical review and appraisal of call centre literature, drawing upon an existing typology classifying call centre research in four categories: characteristics and organisational features; choices and strategies of management; the effect of work on employees; and the response of employees to working conditions. The article also explores recent developments that utilise call centres as a tool to investigate emerging social theories and other sociological concepts.
Beyond Denialism: Think Tank Approaches to Climate Change
Authors: Bonds Eric 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSociologists have done important research documenting the key role that think tanks play in the climate change denialism movement in the United States, which has sought to mislead the American public about the realities of global warming. Sociologists have not, however, assessed the full range of ways that think tanks are responding to – or planning for – global environmental change. This article proposes a typology of elite responses to global warming, which goes beyond denialism to include (i) limited climate mitigation, (ii) climate adaptation/privileged accommodation, and (iii) climate opportunism. Ultimately, this article provides insights on ways to build upon previous research in both environmental and political sociology to study the interface between elite‐driven policy, climate change, and capitalism.
Funding for Social Movements
Authors: Corrigall‐Brown Catherine 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFunding is critical for social movements. Our understanding of the relationship between social movements and funders has been shaped by broader theories used to understand movement dynamics. This review examines our changing understanding of the role of funding for movements, paying particular attention to the relative costs and benefits of funding from different groups of actors, such as constituents, foundations, governments, and corporations. While these groups provide critical resources to movements, they can also potentially alter movements by channeling them into less contentious actions and more bureaucratized forms. I explore three current debates in the area of social movement funding. First, current work assesses the relationships of funding, particularly how the interactions between funders and funded groups shape the types of actions in which social movements can engage. Second, social movement funding is embedded within a larger context, and current work is attempting to better understand the role of this context by engaging in comparative research. Finally, debates surrounding the rising importance of corporate funding for movements focus on how these new streams of revenue could help (or hinder) social movement activities.
In Vivo
Pharmacodynamic Target Investigation of Two Bacterial Topoisomerase Inhibitors, ACT-387042 and ACT-292706, in the Neutropenic Murine Thigh Model against Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus
Authors: Lepak A. J. , Seiler P. , Surivet J. P. , Ritz D. , Kohl C. , Andes D. R. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

ACT-387042 and ACT-292706 are two novel bacterial topoisomerase inhibitors with broad-spectrum activity against Gram-positive and -negative bacteria, including methicillin-resistant
Staphylococcus aureus
and penicillin- and fluoroquinolone-resistant
Streptococcus pneumoniae
. We used the neutropenic murine thigh infection model to characterize the pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD) of these investigational compounds against a group of 10
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
isolates with phenotypic resistance to beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones. The
in vitro
activities of the two compounds were very similar (MIC range, 0.03 to 0.125 mg/liter). Plasma pharmacokinetics were determined for each compound by using four escalating doses administered by the subcutaneous route. In treatment studies, mice had 10
7.4
to 10
8
CFU/thigh at the start of therapy with ACT-387042 and 10
6.7
to 10
8.3
CFU/thigh at the start of therapy with ACT-292706. A dose-response relationship was observed with all isolates over the dose range. Maximal kill approached 3 to 4 log
10
CFU/thigh compared to the burden at the start of therapy for the highest doses examined. There was a strong relationship between the PK/PD index AUC/MIC ratio (area under the concentration-time curve over 24 h in the steady state divided by the MIC) and therapeutic efficacy in the model (
R
2
, 0.63 to 0.82). The 24-h free-drug AUC/MIC ratios associated with net stasis for ACT-387042 against
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
were 43 and 10, respectively. The 24-h free-drug AUC/MIC ratios associated with net stasis for ACT-292706 against
S. aureus
and
S. pneumoniae
were 69 and 25, respectively. The stasis PD targets were significantly lower for
S. pneumoniae
(
P
< 0.05) for both compounds. The 1-log-kill AUC/MIC ratio targets were ∼2- to 4-fold higher than stasis targets. Methicillin, penicillin, or ciprofloxacin resistance did not alter the magnitude of the AUC/MIC ratio required for efficacy. These results should be helpful in the design of clinical trials for topoisomerase inhibitors.
Resistance Mechanisms and Clinical Features of Fluconazole-Nonsusceptible Candida tropicalis Isolates Compared with Fluconazole-Less-Susceptible Isolates
Authors: Choi Min Ji , Won Eun Jeong , Shin Jong Hee , Kim Soo Hyun , Lee Wee-Gyo , Kim Mi-Na , Lee Kyungwon , Shin Myung Geun , Suh Soon Pal , Ryang Dong Wook , Im Young Jun 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

We investigated the azole resistance mechanisms and clinical features of fluconazole-nonsusceptible (FNS) isolates of
Candida tropicalis
recovered from Korean surveillance cultures in comparison with fluconazole-less-susceptible (FLS) isolates. Thirty-five clinical isolates of
C. tropicalis
, comprising 9 FNS (fluconazole MIC, 4 to 64 μg/ml), 12 FLS (MIC, 1 to 2 μg/ml), and 14 control (MIC, 0.125 to 0.5 μg/ml) isolates, were assessed.
CDR1
,
MDR1
, and
ERG11
expression was quantified, and the
ERG11
and
UPC2
genes were sequenced. Clinical features of 16 patients with FNS or FLS bloodstream isolates were analyzed. Both FNS and FLS isolates had >10-fold higher mean expression levels of
CDR1
,
MDR1
, and
ERG11
genes than control isolates (
P
values of <0.02 for all). When FNS and FLS isolates were compared, FNS isolates had 3.4-fold higher mean
ERG11
expression levels than FLS isolates (
P
= 0.004), but there were no differences in those of
CDR1
or
MDR1
. Of all 35 isolates, 4 (2 FNS and 2 FLS) and 28 (8 FNS, 11 FLS, and 9 control) isolates exhibited amino acid substitutions in Erg11p and Upc2p, respectively. Both FNS and FLS bloodstream isolates were associated with azole therapeutic failure (3/4 versus 4/7) or uncleared fungemia (4/6 versus 4/10), but FNS isolates were identified more frequently from patients with previous azole exposure (6/6 versus 3/10;
P
= 0.011) and immunosuppression (6/6 versus 3/10;
P
= 0.011). These results reveal that the majority of FNS
C. tropicalis
isolates show overexpression of
CDR1
,
MDR1
, and
ERG11
genes, and fungemia develops after azole exposure in patients with immunosuppression.
Combination Regimens for Treatment of Carbapenem-Resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae Bloodstream Infections
Authors: Gomez-Simmonds A. , Nelson B. , Eiras D. P. , Loo A. , Jenkins S. G. , Whittier S. , Calfee D. P. , Satlin M. J. , Kubin C. J. , Furuya E. Y. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

Previous studies reported decreased mortality in patients with carbapenemase-producing
Klebsiella pneumoniae
bloodstream infections (BSIs) treated with combination therapy but included carbapenem-susceptible and -intermediate isolates, as per revised CLSI breakpoints. Here, we assessed outcomes in patients with BSIs caused by phenotypically carbapenem-resistant
K. pneumoniae
(CRKP) according to the number of
in vitro
active agents received and whether an extended-spectrum beta-lactam (BL) antibiotic, including meropenem, or an extended-spectrum cephalosporin was administered. We retrospectively reviewed CRKP BSIs at two New York City hospitals from 2006 to 2013, where all isolates had meropenem or imipenem MICs of ≥4 μg/ml. Univariate and multivariable models were created to identify factors associated with mortality. Of 141 CRKP BSI episodes, 23% were treated with a single active agent (SAA), 26% were treated with an SAA plus BL, 28% were treated with multiple active agents (MAA), and 23% were treated with MAA plus BL. Ninety percent of isolates had meropenem MICs of ≥16 μg/ml. Thirty-day mortality was 33% overall and did not significantly differ across the four treatment groups in a multivariable model (
P
= 0.4); mortality was significantly associated with a Pitt bacteremia score of ≥4 (odds ratio [OR], 7.7; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.2 to 18.1;
P
= 0.1), and immunosuppression was protective (OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2 to 1.0;
P
= 0.04). Individual treatment characteristics were also not significantly associated with outcome, including use of SAAs versus MAA (26% versus 38%,
P
= 0.1) or BL versus no BL (26% versus 39%,
P
= 0.1). In summary, in patients with CRKP BSIs caused by isolates with high carbapenem MICs, the role of combination therapy remains unclear, highlighting the need for prospective studies to identify optimal treatment regimens.
The YsrS Paralog DygS Has the Capacity To Activate Expression of the Yersinia enterocolitica Ysa Type III Secretion System
Authors: Walker Kimberly A. , Griggs Lauren A. , Obrist Markus , Bode Addys , Summers R. Patrick , Miller Virginia L. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT

The
Yersinia enterocolitica
Ysa type III secretion system (T3SS) is associated with intracellular survival, and, like other characterized T3SSs, it is tightly controlled. Expression of the
ysa
genes is only detected following growth at low temperatures (26°C) and in high concentrations of sodium chloride (290 mM) in the medium. The YsrSTR phosphorelay (PR) system is required for
ysa
expression and likely responds to NaCl. During our investigations into the Ysr PR system, we discovered that genes YE3578 and YE3579 are remarkably similar to
ysrR
and
ysrS
, respectively, and are probably a consequence of a gene duplication event. The amino acid differences between YE3578 and
ysrR
are primarily clustered into two short regions. The differences between YE3579 and
ysrS
are nearly all located in the periplasmic sensing domain; the cytoplasmic domains are 98% identical. We investigated whether these paralogs were capable of activating
ysa
gene expression. We found that the sensor paralog, named DygS, is capable of compensating for loss of
ysrS
, but the response regulator paralog, DygR, cannot complement a
ysrR
gene deletion. In addition, YsrR, but not DygR, interacts with the histidine phosphorelay protein YsrT. Thus, DygS likely activates
ysa
gene expression in response to a signal other than NaCl and provides an example of a phosphorelay system in which two sensor kinases feed into the same regulatory pathway.

IMPORTANCE
All organisms need mechanisms to promote survival in changing environments. Prokaryotic phosphorelay systems are minimally comprised of a histidine kinase (HK) that senses an extracellular stimulus and a response regulator (RR) but can contain three or more proteins. Through gene duplication, a unique hybrid HK was created. We show that, while the hybrid appears to retain all of the phosphorelay functions, it responds to a different signal than the original. Both HKs transmit the signal to the same RR, which activates a promoter that transcribes a set of genes encoding a type III secretion system (T3SS) whose function is not yet evident. The significance of this work lies in finding that two HKs regulate this T3SS, highlighting its importance.
Dead space closure with quilting suture versus conventional closure with drainage for the prevention of seroma after mastectomy for breast cancer (QUISERMAS): protocol for a multicentre randomised controlled trial
Authors: Ouldamer Lobna , Bonastre Julia , Brunet-Houdard Solène , Body Gilles , Giraudeau Bruno , Caille Agnès 
Published: April 2016

IntroductionPostoperative wound seroma is common after mastectomy. This complication is associated with significant impact on patient outcomes and healthcare costs. The optimal closure approach for seroma prevention remains unknown but some evidence suggests that quilting suture of the dead space could lower the incidence of seroma. The aim of this trial is to compare seroma formation using quilting suture versus conventional closure with drainage in patients undergoing mastectomy.Methods and analysisThis is a multicentre, superiority, randomised controlled trial in women undergoing mastectomy with or without axillary involvement. Exclusion criteria include indication of bilateral mastectomy or immediate reconstruction and any physical or psychiatric condition that could impair patient's ability to cooperate with postoperative data collection or that do not allow an informed consent. 320 participants will be randomised in a 1:1 ratio to receive either quilting suture or conventional wound closure with drain. The primary outcome is seroma requiring either aspiration or surgical intervention within 21 days following mastectomy. Secondary outcomes include seroma regardless of whether or not it requires an intervention, surgical site infection, pain score, cosmetic result, patient's quality of life, costs and cost-effectiveness. The primary analysis will be an intention-to treat analysis performed with a χ2test (or Fisher's exact test).Ethics and disseminationWritten informed consent will be obtained from all participants. This study was approved by Tours Research ethics committee (CPP TOURS—Region Centre—Ouest 1, 2014-R20, 16 December 2014). Study findings will be published in peer-reviewed journals and presented at relevant national and international breast cancer conferences.Trial registration numberNCT02263651.
Disability pension due to common mental disorders and subsequent suicidal behaviour: a population-based prospective cohort study
Authors: Rahman Syed Ghulam , Alexanderson Kristina , Jokinen Jussi , Mittendorfer-Rutz Ellenor 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveAdverse health outcomes, including suicide, in individuals on disability pension (DP) due to mental diagnoses have been reported. However, scientific knowledge on possible risk factors for suicidal behaviour (suicide attempt and suicide) in this group, such as age, gender, underlying DP diagnoses, comorbidity and DP duration and grade, is surprisingly sparse. This study aimed to investigate associations of different measures (main and secondary diagnoses, duration and grade) of DP due to common mental disorders (CMD) with subsequent suicidal behaviour, considering gender and age differences.DesignPopulation-based prospective cohort study based on Swedish nationwide registers.MethodsA cohort of 46 515 individuals aged 19–64 years on DP due to CMD throughout 2005 was followed-up for 5 years. In relation to different measures of DP, univariate and multivariate HRs and 95% CIs for suicidal behaviour were estimated by Cox regression. All analyses were stratified by gender and age.ResultsDuring 2006–2010, 1036 (2.2%) individuals attempted and 207 (0.5%) completed suicide. Multivariate analyses showed that a main DP diagnosis of ‘stress-related mental disorders’ was associated with a lower risk of subsequent suicidal behaviour than ‘depressive disorders’ (HR range 0.4–0.7). Substance abuse or personality disorders as a secondary DP diagnosis predicted suicide attempt in all subgroups (HR range 1.4–2.3) and suicide in women and younger individuals (HR range 2.6–3.3). Full-time DP was associated with a higher risk of suicide attempt compared with part-time DP in women and both age groups (HR range 1.4–1.7).ConclusionsDepressive disorders as the main DP diagnosis and substance abuse or personality disorders as the secondary DP diagnosis were risk markers for subsequent suicidal behaviour in individuals on DP due to CMD. Particular attention should be paid to younger individuals on DP due to anxiety disorders because of the higher suicide risk.
Is health impact assessment useful in the context of trade negotiations? A case study of the Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement
Authors: Hirono Katherine , Haigh Fiona , Gleeson Deborah , Harris Patrick , Thow Anne Marie , Friel Sharon 
Published: April 2016

ObjectiveThe Trans Pacific Partnership Agreement (TPP) is a recently concluded free trade agreement involving Australia and 11 other Pacific-rim nations, which has the potential for far-reaching impacts on public health. A health impact assessment (HIA) was carried out during the negotiations to determine the potential future public health impact in Australia and to provide recommendations to mitigate potential harms. This paper explores the findings and outcomes of the HIA, and how this approach can be used to provide evidence for public health advocacy.DesignA modified version of the standard HIA process was followed. The HIA was led by technical experts in HIA, trade policy, and health policy, in collaboration with advocacy organisations concerned with the TPP and health. The HIA reviewed the provisions in leaked TPP text in order to determine their potential impact on future health policy. As part of this process, researchers developed policy scenarios in order to examine how TPP provisions may affect health policies and their subsequent impact to health for both the general and vulnerable populations. The four policy areas assessed were the cost of medicines, tobacco control, alcohol control and food labelling.ResultsIn all areas assessed, the HIA found that proposed TPP provisions were likely to adversely affect health. These provisions are also likely to more adversely affect the health of vulnerable populations.ConclusionsThe HIA produced relevant evidence that was useful in advocacy efforts by stakeholders, and engaging the public through various media platforms.