bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Estimating animal density without individual recognition using information derivable exclusively from camera traps
Authors: Nakashima Yoshihiro , Fukasawa Keita , Samejima Hiromitsu 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Efficient and reliable methods for estimating animal density are essential to wildlife conservation and management. Camera trapping is an increasingly popular tool in this area of wildlife research, with further potential arising from technological improvements, such as video‐recording functions that allow for behavioural observation of animals. This information may be useful in the estimation of animal density, even without individual recognition. Although several models applicable to species lacking individual markings (i.e. unmarked populations) have been developed, a methodology incorporating behavioural information from videos has not yet been established.

We developed a likelihood‐based model: the random encounter and staying time (REST) model. It is an extension of the random encounter model by Rowcliffe et al. (J Appl Ecol 45:1228, 2008). The REST model describes the relationship among staying time, trapping rate, and density, which is estimable using a frequentist or Bayesian approach. We tested the reliability and feasibility of the REST model using Monte Carlo simulations. We also applied the approach in the African rainforest and compared the results with those of a line‐transect survey.

The simulations showed that the REST model provided unbiased estimates of animal density. Even when animal movement speeds varied among individuals, and when animals travelled in pairs, the model provided unbiased density estimates. However, the REST model was vulnerable to unsynchronized activity patterns among individuals. Moreover, it is necessary to use a camera model with a fast and reliable infrared sensor and to set the camera trap's parameters appropriately (i.e. video length, delay period). The field survey showed that the staying time of two ungulate species in the African rainforest exhibited good fit with a temporal parametric distribution, and the REST model provided density estimates consistent with those of a line‐transect survey.

Synthesis and applications. The random encounter and staying time model provides better efficiency and higher feasibility than the random encounter model in estimating animal density without individual recognition. Careful application of the random encounter and staying time model provides the potential to estimate density of many ground‐dwelling vertebrates lacking individually recognizable markings, and thus should be an effective method for population monitoring.
Psychotic (delusional) depression and suicidal attempts: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Gournellis R. , Tournikioti K. , Touloumi G. , Thomadakis C. , Michalopoulou P. G. , Christodoulou C. , Papadopoulou A. , Douzenis A. 
Published: November 2017

ObjectiveIt still remains unclear whether psychotic features increase the risk of suicidal attempts in major depressive disorder. Thus, we attempted, through a systematic review coupled with a meta‐analysis, to elucidate further whether unipolar psychotic depression (PMD) compared to non‐PMD presents higher levels of suicidal attempts.MethodA systematic search was conducted in PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO as well as in various databases of the so‐called gray literature for all studies providing data on suicidal attempts in PMD compared to non‐PMD, and the results were then subjected to meta‐analysis.ResultsTwenty studies met our inclusion criteria, including in total 1,275 PMD patients and 5,761 non‐PMD patients. An elevated risk for suicide attempt for PMD compared to non‐PMD patients was found: The total (lifetime) fixed‐effects pooled OR was 2.11 (95% CI: 1.81–2.47), and the fixed‐effects pooled OR of the five studies of the acute phase of the disorder was 1.93 (95% CI: 1.33–2.80). This elevated risk of suicidal attempt for PMD patients remained stable across all age groups of adult patients.ConclusionDespite data inconsistency and clinical heterogeneity, this systematic review and meta‐analysis showed that patients with PMD are at a two‐fold higher risk, both during lifetime and in acute phase, of committing a suicidal attempt than patients with non‐PMD.
Do we overestimate left ventricular ejection fraction by two‐dimensional echocardiography in patients with left bundle branch block?
Authors: Cabuk Ali K. , Cabuk Gizem , Sayin Ahmet , Karamanlioglu Murat , Kilicaslan Barış , Ekmekci Cenk , Solmaz Hatice , Aslanturk Omer F. , Ozdogan Oner 
Published: November 2017

AimsLeft bundle branch block (LBBB) causes a dyssynchronized contraction of left ventricle. This is a kind of regional wall‐motion abnormality and measuring left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) by two‐dimensional (2D) echocardiography could be less reliable in this particular condition. Our aim was to evaluate the role of dyssynchrony index (SDI), measured by three‐dimensional (3D) echocardiography, in assessment of LVEF and left ventricular volumes accurately in patients with LBBB.Methods and ResultsIn this case–control study, we included 52 of 64 enrolled participants (twelve participants with poor image quality were excluded) with LBBB and normal LVEF or nonischemic cardiomyopathy. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and left ventricular volumes were assessed by 2D (modified Simpson's rule) and 3D (four beats full volume analysis) echocardiography and the impact of SDI on results were evaluated. In patients with SDI ≥6%, LVEF measurements were significantly different (46.00% [29.50–52.50] vs 37.60% [24.70–45.15], P < .001) between 2D and 3D echocardiography, respectively. In patients with SDI < 6%, there were no significant differences between two modalities in terms of LVEF measurements (54.50% [49.00–59.00] vs 54.25% [40.00–58.25], P = .193). LV diastolic volumes were not significantly different while systolic volumes were underestimated by 2D echocardiography, and this finding was more pronounced when SDI ≥ 6%.ConclusionIn patients with LBBB and high SDI (≥6%), LVEF values were overestimated and systolic volumes were underestimated by 2D echocardiography compared to 3D echocardiography.
Spontaneous left atrial echo contrast, mitral annular systolic velocity, and left atrial appendage late emptying velocity in predicting improvement of left atrial function after percutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty
Authors: Arava Tirumala Naresh , Durgaprasad Rajasekhar , Velam Vanajakshamma , Gajjala Obul Reddy , Neelam Vinod K. , Manohar Suchitra N. 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundThromboembolic events are the major cause of morbidity and mortality in patients with mitral stenosis (MS). This study aims to investigate left atrial spontaneous echo contrast (LA SEC), mitral annular systolic velocity (Sa‐wave), left atrial appendage (LAA) late emptying velocity (LAAEV), LAA filling velocity (LAAFV) pre‐ and postpercutaneous balloon mitral valvuloplasty (PBMV) for MS. This also aims to study the association of LA SEC with inflammatory marker, high‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) in MS.MethodsThe study population consisted of 100 patients with symptomatic MS with sinus rhythm who underwent PBMV. Transthoracic echo (TTE), tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), and transesophageal echo (TEE) examinations were carried out before and 14 days following PBMV. High‐sensitivity C‐reactive protein (hs‐CRP) was measured at the time of admission.ResultsThe mean age was 33.2 ± 10.3 years with female preponderance (71%). There was a decrease in SEC grading, (pre‐PBMV 2.8 ± 0.9 and post‐PBMV 0.4 ± 0.1; P < .01), increase in LAAEV (pre‐PBMV 23.0 ± 7.9 cm/s and post‐PBMV 40.9 ± 8.4 cm/s; P < .01), and LAAFV (pre‐PBMV 31.8 ± 9.3 cm/s and post‐PBMV 51.2 ± 8.7 cm/s; P < .01).A significant positive correlation was present between LAAEV and Sa‐wave (r = .52, P < .01). Correlation between hs‐CRP and SEC was positive and significant (r = .33, P < .01). Optimal cutoff value of hs‐CRP for prediction of moderate to dense SEC was >2.3 mg/dL, the cutoff value of Sa‐wave was≤ 5.5 cm/s for prediction of the presence of inactive LAA (LAAEV < 25 cm/s).ConclusionMitral annular systolic velocity (Sa‐wave) is an independent predictor of inactive LAA and a useful parameter in estimating inactive LAA in MS. Sa‐wave and hs‐CRP are independent predictors for SEC. PBMV improves LAA function in patients with MS.
Three‐dimensional echocardiography to evaluate right atrial volume and phasic function in pulmonary hypertension
Authors: Meng Xiangli , Li Yidan , Li Hong , Lv Xiuzhang 
Published: November 2017

ObjectivePulmonary hypertension (PH) impairs right ventricular (RV) systolic and diastolic function, which in turn induces compensatory changes in right atrial (RA) function; the diverse effects on RA function are subject to much debate. We hypothesized that RA function plays a more important role in compensating RV dysfunction, than mere prevention of clinical failure in patients with PH.MethodsWe studied 54 patients with PH and 23 healthy controls. RA volume, including maximum RA volume, minimum RA volume, and the volume before atrial systole, was evaluated by 3DE. RA maximum volume index (VmaxI), total emptying volume index (TotEVI), passive emptying volume index (PassEVI), and active ejection fraction (ActEF) were calculated. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was used to determine the sensitivity and specificity of various cutoff levels of the variables measured for predicting World Health Organization functional class (WHO‐FC) IV in patients with PH.ResultsRAVmaxI in patients with PH was higher than that in controls. In patients with PH, the TotEVI was significantly higher, while PassEVI was significantly lower as compared to that in controls. ActEF was increased in patients with WHO functional class (WHO‐FC) III PH as compared to that in controls (P = .003) but was reduced in more advanced cases (WHO‐FC IV). In addition, the area under the curve of 3D RA ActEF was larger than those of 2D RA ActEF, RA GLS, RA area, FAC, TAPSE, and RIMP (P < .01 for all) for predicting WHO‐FC IV.ConclusionWe demonstrated that RA function plays a more important role in compensating RV dysfunction then mere prevention of clinical failure in PH.
Characterization of endophytic bacteria with plant growth promotion and biological control potential isolated from walnut trees
Authors: Ghorbani S. , Harighi B. 
Published: November 2017

SummaryIn this study, a total of 68 endophytic bacteria were isolated from different tissues of walnut trees. About 55% and 22% of the strains had the ability to produce indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid, respectively. The capability of isolates to solubilize phosphate, growth on N‐free medium, siderophore, protease and lipase production was varied. Based on phenotypic grouping and plant growth promotion properties, twelve isolates were selected and 16S rRNA gene‐based phylogenetic analysis revealed that strains showed 99%–100% similarity to Pseudomonas, Bacillus, Arthrobacter, Roseomonas and Streptomyces genera. Amongst the selected strains, PS12, KS54, JS66 and KS74 showed root and shoot growth enhancement of poplar cutting. NS70, KS54 and PL36 strains showed antagonistic activity against Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae;RR47, KS74 and NR69 strains had inhibition effects against Brenneria nigrifluens; and JS66 and RR26 strains had antagonistic activity against both phytopathogens under in vitro conditions. This is the first reported study to elucidate the endophytic bacterial diversity associated with walnut trees with beneficial attributes.
MONETARY POLICY UNCERTAINTY AND ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS
Authors: Creal Drew D. , Wu Jing Cynthia 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe investigate the relationship between uncertainty about monetary policy and its transmission mechanism, and economic fluctuations. We propose a new term structure model where the second moments of macroeconomic variables and yields can have a first‐order effect on their dynamics. The data favor a model with two unspanned volatility factors that capture uncertainty about monetary policy and the term premium. Uncertainty contributes negatively to economic activity. Two dimensions of uncertainty react in opposite directions to a shock to the real economy, and the response of inflation to uncertainty shocks varies across different historical episodes.
MONOPOLY INSURANCE AND ENDOGENOUS INFORMATION
Authors: Lagerlöf Johan N. M. , Schottmüller Christoph 
Published: December 2017

AbstractWe study a monopoly insurance model with endogenous information acquisition. Through a continuous effort choice, consumers can determine the precision of a privately observed signal that is informative about their accident risk. The equilibrium effort is, depending on parameter values, either zero (implying symmetric information) or positive (implying privately informed consumers). Regardless of the nature of the equilibrium, all offered contracts, also at the top, involve underinsurance, which discourages information gathering. We identify a missorting effect that explains why the insurer wants to discourage information acquisition. Moreover, lower information gathering costs can hurt both consumer and insurer.
Labour Market Disadvantages of Second‐Generation Turks and Moroccans in the Netherlands: Before and during the Great Recession
Authors: Witteveen Dirk , Alba Richard 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis study uses two waves of panel data to examine the labour market integration of children of Moroccan and Turkish immigrants in the Netherlands. The data show a persisting educational attainment gap in terms of high school completion and post‐secondary attendance. The analyses of prime working‐age respondents indicate substantial ethnic penalties that accrue from the hiring process: controlling for educational background and demographics, the youngest cohort of the second generation is less likely to have employment than the native Dutch. We improve on earlier research on ethnic penalties in the Dutch labour market by including measures of precarious work – the chance of avoiding of non‐contracted work – and by comparing minorities’ standing in a pre‐recession (2009) and a peak‐recession (2013) labour market. The results indicate increasing employment disadvantages for both second‐generation groups at a time of labour surplus.
A Novel Approach for Reconstruction of Finger Neurocutaneous Defect: A Sensory Reverse Dorsal Digital Artery Flap from the Neighboring Digit
Authors: Feng Shi‐ming , Sun Qing‐qing , Cheng Jian , Wang Ai‐guo 
Published: December 2017

ObjectiveProviding soft tissue coverage for finger neurocutaneous defects presents aesthetic and sensory challenges. A common source for reconstruction of soft tissue defects of the fingers is the same finger. However, when the donor areas are damaged by concomitant injuries, this option is not available. The present study aims to reconstruct finger neurocutaneous defects using a sensory reverse dorsal digital artery flap from the neighboring digit and to evaluate the efficacy of this technique.MethodsThe study included 16 patients, with an average age of 34.9 years (range, 20–53 years) at the time of surgery, from May 2010 to June 2013. The sensory reverse dorsal digital artery flap was used in all 16 patients, who had a combination of soft tissue and digital nerve defects. The mean size of the soft tissue defects was 3.1 cm × 2.0 cm, and the mean flap size was 3.3 cm × 2.2 cm. The length of the nerve defects ranged from 1.3 to 2.5 cm (mean, 2.0 cm), which were reconstructed with dorsal branches of the proper digital nerve transfer. The active motion of the fingers (injured and donor) and the flap sensibility (static two‐point discrimination) were measured. The appearance and functional recovery of the injured finger and the donor site were assessed using the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire.ResultsAll flaps survived completely. No complications were reported, and no further flap debulking procedure was required. At the mean follow‐up period of 24 months (range, 18–30 months), the mean static two‐point discrimination was 6.5 mm (range, 5–10 mm) of the reconstructed area; the mean ranges of motions of the injured finger and the opposite finger at the proximal interphalangeal and distal interphalangeal joints were 102.2° and 103.5°, and 70.3° and 76.5°, respectively. The average ranges of motions of the metacarpophalangeal and proximal interphalangeal joints of the donor fingers were 90° and 103.4°, respectively. Based on the Michigan Hand Outcomes Questionnaire, 10 patients were strongly satisfied and 6 were satisfied with the functional recovery of the injured finger; however, 13 patients were strongly satisfied and 3 were satisfied with the appearance of the injured finger.ConclusionThe sensory reverse dorsal digital artery flap from the neighboring digit, based on the dorsal branch of the digital artery, is an effective and additional option for finger neurocutaneous defect reconstruction when use of the local and regional flaps is not feasible.
Spatial and temporal geochemical variability in lacustrine sedimentation in the East African Rift System: Evidence from the Kenya Rift and regional analyses
Authors: Owen Richard Bernhart , Renaut Robin W. , Lowenstein Tim K. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractMany previous studies on lacustrine basins in the East African Rift System have directed their attention to climatic controls on contemporary sedimentation or climate change as part of palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. In contrast, this research focuses on the impact of tectonism and volcanism on rift deposition and develops models that help to explain their roles and relative importance. The study focuses on the spatial and temporal variability in bulk sediment geochemistry from a diverse range of modern and ancient rift sediments through an analysis of 519 samples and 50 major and trace elements. The basins examined variously include, or have contained, wetlands and/or shallow to deep, fresh to hypersaline lakes. Substantial spatial variability is documented for Holocene to modern deposits in lakes Turkana, Baringo, Bogoria, Magadi and Malawi. Mio‐Pleistocene sediments in the Central Kenya Rift and Quaternary deposits of the southern Kenya Rift illustrate temporal variability. Tectonic and volcanic controls on geochemical variability are explained in terms of: (i) primary controlling factors (faulting, subsidence, uplift, volcanism, magma evolution and antecedent lithologies and landscapes); (ii) secondary controls (bedrock types, rift shoulder and axis elevations, accommodation space, meteoric and hydrothermal fluids and mantle CO2); and (iii) response factors (catchment area size, orographic rains, rain shadows, vegetation densities, erosion and weathering rates, and spring/runoff ratios). The models developed have, in turn, important implications for palaeoenvironmental interpretation in other depositional basins.
Reflections on the Limitations Imposed by the Zimbabwean State's Essentialist Interpretation of Ethnicity, Nationality, and Identity on Yvonne Vera's Representation of Human Rights in The Stone Virgins
Authors: Mafu Lucas 
Published: December 2017

AbstractYvonne Vera's novel The Stone Virgins (2002) stands out as a courageous text that questions the Zimbabwean state's use of violence and an ethnically exclusivist nationalist ideology in its pursuit of a one‐party state objective between 1982 and 1987. This article argues that subtle intimidation through the articulation of a violent postcolonial nationalist discourse and the state's deployment of a military unit and other instruments of coercion might have forced Vera into self‐censorship in her representation of the ‘Gukurahundi’ atrocities in the provinces dominated by the ethnic Ndebele minority. Furthermore, the discursive limitations imposed by the dominant ideology of paternalist Shona nationalism, the need to avoid persecution by the state, and to narrativize the national memory of a painful and emotive history, compromised her objectivity in the representation of culpability for the genocide.
Computed tomographic characteristics of pneumolabyrinth in a French bulldog with otitis media and externa
Authors: Belmudes Audrey , Couturier Jérôme , Gory Guillaume , Cauvin Eddy , Condamin Guillaume , Rabillard Michael , Rault Delphine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA four‐year‐old female French bulldog was presented for evaluation of acute, left‐sided peripheral vestibular syndrome. Computed tomographic (CT) examination of the head revealed the presence of air within the left cochlea and vestibule, consistent with pneumolabyrinth. This was concurrent with ipsilateral otitis media and externa. Pneumolabyrinth is an uncommon finding in humans and is most frequently due to head trauma and temporal bone fracture. This is the first report describing pneumolabyrinth in a dog, apparently of nontraumatic origin in this case.
Marshallese English: A first sketch
Authors: BUCHSTALLER ISABELLE , WILLSON NIKOLAS DANE 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTThis article provides a first sketch of Marshallese English, a variety which developed through contact between speakers of English and the Marshallese language. Our objectives are two‐pronged: (i) we attempt to position the varieties of English spoken in the Marshall Islands with regard to Kachru's Three Circles model of world Englishes; and (ii) we provide a first linguistic sketch of Marshallese English. Both of these aims have obvious applications for language policy and the development of educational resources and benchmarks.
Guía de práctica clínica para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2: manejo inicial
Authors: Aschner Montoya Pablo , Muñoz Velandía Oscar Mauricio , Girón Cardozo Diana Marcela , García Morales Olga Milena , Fernández Ávila Daniel Gerardo , Casas Luz Ángela , Bohórquez Villamizar Luisa Fernanda , Arango Toro Clara María , Carvajal Gutiérrez Liliana , Ramírez De Peña Doris Amanda , Sarmiento Ramón Juan Guillermo , Colón Cristian Alejandro , Correa González Nestor Fabian , Alarcón Robles Pilar , Bustamante Álvaro Andrés 
Published: December 2017

<p><strong>Resumen</strong></p><strong>Introducción:</strong> En la actualidad es ampliamente aceptada la metformina como manejo farmacológico inicial para el tratamiento de la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 (DMT2). Resulta, sin embargo, controversial si en algunos tipos de pacientes puede iniciarse tratamiento únicamente con cambios intensivos de estilo de vida o si existen grupos en quienes debería iniciarse desde el inicio terapia farmacológica combinada. <strong>Objetivo:</strong> Definir el impacto de estrategias de cambio intensivo en la dieta y de ejercicio, así como de la terapia farmacológica con metformina asociada a un segundo antidiabético oral como estrategias de manejo inicial en pacientes con DMT2 recién diagnosticada. <strong>Métodos: </strong>Se elaboró la guía de práctica clínica, siguiendo los lineamientos de la guía metodológica del Ministerio de Salud y Protección Social colombiano. Se revisó la evidencia disponible de forma sistemática y se formularon las recomendaciones utilizando la metodología GRADE. <strong>Conclusiones: </strong>En pacientes con DMT2 recién diagnosticada no se recomienda el manejo únicamente con cambios intensivos del estilo de vida; estos deben acompañar el manejo farmacológico con metformina, dando prelación a los componentes de la dieta mediterránea y al ejercicio aeróbico.<strong> </strong>En los pacientes con DMT2 recién diagnosticada y niveles de HbA1C &gt; 8 % se recomienda utilizar terapia combinada desde el inicio con metformina y otro antidiabético oral, siendo de primera elección los inhibidores de DPP-4.<p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> diabetes mellitus tipo 2, metformina, tratamiento primario, guías de práctica clínica. </p>