bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Improving the Representation of Polar Snow and Firn in the Community Earth System Model
Authors: van Kampenhout Leonardus , Lenaerts Jan T. M. , Lipscomb William H. , Sacks William J. , Lawrence David M. , Slater Andrew G. , van den Broeke Michiel R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn Earth system models, terrestrial snow is usually modeled by the land surface component. In most cases, these snow models have been developed with an emphasis on seasonal snow. Questions about future sea level rise, however, prompt the need for a realistic representation of perennial snow, as snow processes play a key role in the mass balance of glaciers and ice sheets. Here we enhance realism of modeled polar snow in the Community Land Model (CLM), the land component of the Community Earth System Model (CESM), by implementing (1) new parametrizations for fresh snow density, destructive metamorphism, and compaction by overburden pressure, (2) by allowing for deeper snow packs, and (3) by introducing drifting snow compaction, with a focus on the ice sheet interior. Comparison with Greenlandic and Antarctic snow density observations show that the new physics improve model skill in predicting firn and near‐surface density in the absence of melt. Moreover, compensating biases are removed and spurious subsurface melt rates at ice sheets are eliminated. The deeper snow pack enhances refreezing and allows for deeper percolation, raising ice temperatures up to 15°C above the skin temperature.
Improving Empirical Magnetic Field Models by Fitting to In Situ Data Using an Optimized Parameter Approach
Authors: Brito Thiago V. , Morley Steven K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA method for comparing and optimizing the accuracy of empirical magnetic field models using in situ magnetic field measurements is presented. The optimization method minimizes a cost function—τ—that explicitly includes both a magnitude and an angular term. A time span of 21 days, including periods of mild and intense geomagnetic activity, was used for this analysis. A comparison between five magnetic field models (T96, T01S, T02, TS04, and TS07) widely used by the community demonstrated that the T02 model was, on average, the most accurate when driven by the standard model input parameters. The optimization procedure, performed in all models except TS07, generally improved the results when compared to unoptimized versions of the models. Additionally, using more satellites in the optimization procedure produces more accurate results. This procedure reduces the number of large errors in the model, that is, it reduces the number of outliers in the error distribution. The TS04 model shows the most accurate results after the optimization in terms of both the magnitude and direction, when using at least six satellites in the fitting. It gave a smaller error than its unoptimized counterpart 57.3% of the time and outperformed the best unoptimized model (T02) 56.2% of the time. Its median percentage error in |B| was reduced from 4.54% to 3.84%. The difference among the models analyzed, when compared in terms of the median of the error distributions, is not very large. However, the unoptimized models can have very large errors, which are much reduced after the optimization.
Effective Prevention of Charge Trapping in Graphitic Carbon Nitride with Nanosized Red Phosphorus Modification for Superior Photo(electro)catalysis
Authors: Jing Lin , Zhu Ruixue , Phillips David Lee , Yu Jimmy C. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe high occurrence of trapped unreactive charges due to chemical defects seriously affects the performance of g‐C3N4 in photocatalytic applications. This problem can be overcome by introducing ultrasmall red phosphorus (red P) crystals on g‐C3N4 sheets. The elemental red P atoms reduce the number of defects in the g‐C3N4 structure by forming new chemical bonds for much more effective charge separation. The product shows significantly enhanced photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen production. To the best of our knowledge, the hydrogen evolution rate obtained on this hybrid should be the highest among all P‐containing g‐C3N4 photocatalysts reported so far. The trapping and detrapping processes in this red P/g‐C3N4 system are thoroughly revealed by using time‐resolved transient absorption spectroscopy.
Atomically Thin Femtojoule Memristive Device
Authors: Zhao Huan , Dong Zhipeng , Tian He , DiMarzi Don , Han Myung‐Geun , Zhang Lihua , Yan Xiaodong , Liu Fanxin , Shen Lang , Han Shu‐Jen , Cronin Steve , Wu Wei , Tice Jesse , Guo Jing , Wang Han 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe morphology and dimension of the conductive filament formed in a memristive device are strongly influenced by the thickness of its switching medium layer. Aggressive scaling of this active layer thickness is critical toward reducing the operating current, voltage, and energy consumption in filamentary‐type memristors. Previously, the thickness of this filament layer has been limited to above a few nanometers due to processing constraints, making it challenging to further suppress the on‐state current and the switching voltage. Here, the formation of conductive filaments in a material medium with sub‐nanometer thickness formed through the oxidation of atomically thin two‐dimensional boron nitride is studied. The resulting memristive device exhibits sub‐nanometer filamentary switching with sub‐pA operation current and femtojoule per bit energy consumption. Furthermore, by confining the filament to the atomic scale, current switching characteristics are observed that are distinct from that in thicker medium due to the profoundly different atomic kinetics. The filament morphology in such an aggressively scaled memristive device is also theoretically explored. These ultralow energy devices are promising for realizing femtojoule and sub‐femtojoule electronic computation, which can be attractive for applications in a wide range of electronics systems that desire ultralow power operation.
Extremely Vivid, Highly Transparent, and Ultrathin Quantum Dot Light‐Emitting Diodes
Authors: Choi Moon Kee , Yang Jiwoong , Kim Dong Chan , Dai Zhaohe , Kim Junhee , Seung Hyojin , Kale Vinayak S. , Sung Sae Jin , Park Chong Rae , Lu Nanshu , Hyeon Taeghwan , Kim Dae‐Hyeong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractDisplaying information on transparent screens offers new opportunities in next‐generation electronics, such as augmented reality devices, smart surgical glasses, and smart windows. Outstanding luminance and transparency are essential for such “see‐through” displays to show vivid images over clear background view. Here transparent quantum dot light‐emitting diodes (Tr‐QLEDs) are reported with high brightness (bottom: ≈43 000 cd m−2, top: ≈30 000 cd m−2, total: ≈73 000 cd m−2 at 9 V), excellent transmittance (90% at 550 nm, 84% over visible range), and an ultrathin form factor (≈2.7 µm thickness). These superb characteristics are accomplished by novel electron transport layers (ETLs) and engineered quantum dots (QDs). The ETLs, ZnO nanoparticle assemblies with ultrathin alumina overlayers, dramatically enhance durability of active layers, and balance electron/hole injection into QDs, which prevents nonradiative recombination processes. In addition, the QD structure is further optimized to fully exploit the device architecture. The ultrathin nature of Tr‐QLEDs allows their conformal integration on various shaped objects. Finally, the high resolution patterning of red, green, and blue Tr‐QLEDs (513 pixels in.−1) shows the potential of the full‐color transparent display.
Light Robots: Bridging the Gap between Microrobotics and Photomechanics in Soft Materials
Authors: Zeng Hao , Wasylczyk Piotr , Wiersma Diederik S. , Priimagi Arri 
Published: October 2017

AbstractFor decades, roboticists have focused their efforts on rigid systems that enable programmable, automated action, and sophisticated control with maximal movement precision and speed. Meanwhile, material scientists have sought compounds and fabrication strategies to devise polymeric actuators that are small, soft, adaptive, and stimuli‐responsive. Merging these two fields has given birth to a new class of devices—soft microrobots that, by combining concepts from microrobotics and stimuli‐responsive materials research, provide several advantages in a miniature form: external, remotely controllable power supply, adaptive motion, and human‐friendly interaction, with device design and action often inspired by biological systems. Herein, recent progress in soft microrobotics is highlighted based on light‐responsive liquid‐crystal elastomers and polymer networks, focusing on photomobile devices such as walkers, swimmers, and mechanical oscillators, which may ultimately lead to flying microrobots. Finally, self‐regulated actuation is proposed as a new pathway toward fully autonomous, intelligent light robots of the future.
Vertical Growth of 2D Amorphous FePO4 Nanosheet on Ni Foam: Outer and Inner Structural Design for Superior Water Splitting
Authors: Yang Lei , Guo Zenglong , Huang Jing , Xi Yaoning , Gao Rongjie , Su Ge , Wang Wei , Cao Lixin , Dong Bohua 
Published: October 2017

AbstractRational design of highly efficient bifunctional electrocatalysts based on 3D transition‐metal‐based materials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) is of great importance for sustainable energy conversion processes. Herein, a novel strategy involving outer and inner structural engineering is developed for superior water splitting via in situ vertical growth of 2D amorphous FePO4 nanosheets on Ni foam (Am FePO4/NF). Careful experiments and density functional theory calculations show that the inner and outer structural engineering contributing to the synergistic effects of 2D morphology, amorphous structure, conductive substrate, and Ni−Fe mixed phosphate lead to superior electrocatalytic activity toward OER and HER. Furthermore, a two‐electrode electrolyzer assembled using Am FePO4/NF as an electrocatalyst at both electrodes gives current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm−2 at potentials of 1.54 and 1.72 V, respectively, which is comparable to the best bifunctional electrocatalyst reported in the literature. The strategies, introduced in the present work, may open new opportunities for the rational design of other 3D transition‐metal‐based electrocatalyst through an outer and inner structural control to strengthen the electrocatalytic performance.
Diatom‐Inspired Silica Nanostructure Coatings with Controllable Microroughness Using an Engineered Mussel Protein Glue to Accelerate Bone Growth on Titanium‐Based Implants
Authors: Jo Yun Kee , Choi Bong‐Hyuk , Kim Chang Sup , Cha Hyung Joon 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSilica nanoparticles (SiNPs) have been utilized to construct bioactive nanostructures comprising surface topographic features and bioactivity that enhances the activity of bone cells onto titanium‐based implants. However, there have been no previous attempts to create microrough surfaces based on SiNP nanostructures even though microroughness is established as a characteristic that provides beneficial effects in improving the biomechanical interlocking of titanium implants. Herein, a protein‐based SiNP coating is proposed as an osteopromotive surface functionalization approach to create microroughness on titanium implant surfaces. A bioengineered recombinant mussel adhesive protein fused with a silica‐precipitating R5 peptide (R5‐MAP) enables direct control of the microroughness of the surface through the multilayer assembly of SiNP nanostructures under mild conditions. The assembled SiNP nanostructure significantly enhances the in vitro osteogenic cellular behaviors of preosteoblasts in a roughness‐dependent manner and promotes the in vivo bone tissue formation on a titanium implant within a calvarial defect site. Thus, the R5‐MAP‐based SiNP nanostructure assembly could be practically applied to accelerate bone‐tissue growth to improve the stability and prolong the lifetime of medical implantable devices.
Fabrication and Engineering of Nanostructured Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Electromagnetic Field‐Based Techniques
Authors: Lai Wenhui , Wang Yang , Wang Xuanyu , Nairan Adeela , Yang Cheng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOver the last decade, significant efforts have been made to develop electrode architectures of the electrochemical energy storage (EES) devices. The involvement of electrostatic field, magnetic field, and electromagnetic field for electrode fabrication plays a vital role to enhance performance of supercapacitors in comparison with conventional roots. Electromagnetic techniques are advantageous over others because of several reasons including material's interactions at molecular level, noncontact energy, and chemical transportations to extract physical phase changings, and large‐scale production with a cost‐effective way. Recently, these techniques became a powerful tool for constructing hierarchical and well‐ordered nanostructured electrodes. Their novel mechanisms and forms show high efficiency with numerous advantages such as green, simple, and mild reaction conditions. Herein, recent progress involving electromagnetic techniques for supercapacitor is reviewed; their potential future applications are also highlighted. The present review aims to serve as a guideline for fabrication techniques of next generation supercapacitor electrodes.
High Performances for Solution‐Pocessed 0D–0D Heterojunction Phototransistors
Authors: Yu Yu , Zhang Yating , Song Xiaoxian , Zhang Haiting , Cao Mingxuan , Che Yongli , Dai Haitao , Yang Junnbo , Zhang Heng , Yao Jianquan 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAll‐inorganic cesium lead halide perovskite nanocrystals have emerged as attractive optoelectronic nanomaterials due to their stabilities and highly efficient photoluminescence. High‐sensitivity photodetection covering a large spectral range from ultraviolet to near‐infrared is dominated by phototransistors. To overcome existing limitations in sensitivity and cost of state‐of‐the‐art systems, new‐style device structures and composite material systems are needed with low‐cost fabrication and high performance. Here, field‐effect phototransistors (FEpTs) based on CsPbBr3–PbS colloidal quantum dot heterostructure dominate to obtain a wide response spectral range and high performance. The large spectral detection spectrum is from 400 to 1500 nm similar to PbS quantum dots' response. It is worth mentioning that the device shows responsivity up to 4.5 × 105 A W−1, which is three orders of magnitude higher than the counterpart of individual material‐based devices. Furthermore, other high performance of hybrid CsPbBr3–PbS FEpTs including a short photoresponse time (less than 10 ms) is ascribed to the assistance of heterojunction on the transfer of photoexcitons. The solution‐based fabrication process and excellent device performance strongly underscore CsPbBr3–PbS quantum dot as a promising material for future photoelectronic applications.
Strong Polarized Photoluminescence from Stretched Perovskite‐Nanocrystal‐Embedded Polymer Composite Films
Authors: Lu Wen‐Gao , Wu Xian‐Gang , Huang Sheng , Wang Lei , Zhou Qingchao , Zou Bingsuo , Zhong Haizheng , Wang Yongtian 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPolarized light is very necessary to achieve functional optical systems for display, imaging, and information storage. Luminescent materials with polarized emission are of great interest to achieve polarized light. Here, strong polarized photoluminescence from stretched perovskite‐nanocrystal‐embedded polymer composite films is reported by combining an in situ fabrication process with controllable mechanical stretching. The material characterizations show that perovskite quantum dots (QDs) in stretched composite films are oriented aligned into wires along the stretching direction. The optical measurements illustrate that the stretched composite films exhibit not only isotropic absorption but also polarized photoluminescence emission. This feature can be explained with their unique structure of “QD‐aligned wires”. The achieved polarization ratio is consistent with the calculated results by considering the dielectric confinement of optical electric field and exciton–exciton interactions. In addition, the optimized stretched composite films show strong photoluminescence emission with a polarization ratio of up to 0.33 and a quantum yield of 80%. The use of these composite films in liquid crystal display backlights has potential to increase the light transmittance of polarizers from 50% (without considering the optical loss) to 65%, which is of great significance to improve the energy efficiency.
One‐Pot Synthesis of Cyclopropanes from Methylene Azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexanes Obtained by Formal Sequential [1+2]‐ and [2+3]‐Cycloaddition Reaction of Prop‐2‐ynylsulfonium Salts and Tosylaminomethyl Enones
Authors: Jia Penghao , Zhang Qinglong , Zhuge Yuzhou , Liwei Xingyue , Huang You 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA formal sequential [1+2]‐ and [2+3]‐annulation of prop‐2‐ynylsulfonium salts and tosylaminomethyl enones was developed, constructing a series of methylene azabicyclo[3.1.0]hexane derivatives. A one‐pot procedure was established via hydration of an enamine intermediate to afford substituted cyclopropanes. Prop‐2‐ynylsulfonium salts acted as both C2 and C1 synthons in these two processes.magnified image
Reactivity and Synthetic Applications of α‐Functionalized Oxime Acetates: Divergent Access to Fulleropyrrolidines and Mono‐ and Disubstituted 1‐Fulleropyrrolines via Copper‐Catalyzed Redox‐Neutral N‐Heteroannulation with [60]Fullerene
Authors: Liu Tong‐Xin , Hua Shaoshuai , Ma Nana , Zhang Pengling , Bi Jingjing , Zhang Zhiguo , Zhang Guisheng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe unique reactivity and synthetic applications of oxime acetate derivatives with N, O and S substituents at the α‐position are disclosed for the first time, which leads to 2‐substituted fulleropyrrolidines and mono‐ and disubstituted 1‐fulleropyrrolines via copper‐catalyzed redox‐neutral N‐heteroannulation reactions with C60. This transformation is operationally simple and has a broad substrate scope and good functional group tolerance. Theoretical calculations at the level of B3LYP/6‐31G(d) were performed to elucidate the chemoselectivity of the reaction.magnified image
Tailoring CO2 Reduction with Doped Silicon Nanocrystals
Authors: Wong Annabelle P. Y. , Sun Wei , Qian Chenxi , Ali Feysal M. , Jia Jia , Zheng Ziqi , Dong Yuchan , Ozin Geoffrey A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMore than 20 gigatonnes of carbon dioxide are released into the atmosphere every year. The conversion of CO2 into value‐added chemicals and fuels by solar energy is an immediate solution to mitigate CO2 emissions, while providing global energy security. In this work, boron‐ and phosphorus‐doped silicon nanocrystals (ncSi), comprised of three earth‐abundant elements, are investigated for gas‐phase heterogeneous photoreduction of CO2 for the first time. Surface dopants are demonstrated to induce CO2 adsorption capacity. Remarkably, phosphorus‐doped ncSi is found to be the best performer among the singly doped and co‐doped ncSi samples, doubling the rate of pristine ncSi. The enhancement of activity is attributed to the combination of the number of surface hydrides, its surface hydrophobicity, the addition of electronegative surface atoms, and perhaps an enhanced hydridic character of the SiH induced by the n‐doping effect. Significantly, boron and phosphorus dopants are shown to provide increased stability of CO2 reduction activity compared to pristine ncSi after storing the samples in air for 2 weeks. These noteworthy findings open up a pathway to develop sustainable alternatives for existing photocatalysts for CO2 conversion.
Retail promotion with price cut and the imperfect price responses of orange juice demand in the U.S.
Authors: Kim Hyeyoung , Zansler Marisa , House Lisa A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to investigate imperfect price reversibility and measure price sensitivity incorporated with the effect of trade promotions for refrigerated 100% orange juice (OJ). Using a price decomposition method with distributed lags, we test imperfect reversibility and asymmetric price responses. Empirical models consisted of prices coupled with promotions and prices decoupled from promotions to determine the effect of trade promotions on retail prices. The results showed that the demand for OJ was imperfectly price reversible when we used prices coupled with promotion, and asymmetric price responses were found in not from concentrated OJ demand. Prices coupled with promotions were more elastic than prices decoupled from promotions. The demand for OJ was influenced by both current and previous information. Dynamic adjustments toward price and promotions may result in irreversibility. Competitions with price reduction increase sales in the short run, but frequent promotions may lead to lower reference prices that eventually weaken consumer willingness to purchase at regular prices without promotions. [EconLit citations: C32, Q11, Q13].
Efficacy of VDT PACE‐like regimens in treatment of relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma
Authors: Lakshman Arjun , Singh Preet Paul , Rajkumar S. Vincent , Dispenzieri Angela , Lacy Martha Q. , Gertz Morie A. , Buadi Francis K. , Dingli David , Hwa Yi Lisa , Fonder Amie L. , Hobbs Miriam , Hayman Suzanne R. , Zeldenrust Steven R. , Lust John A. , Russell Stephen J. , Leung Nelson , Kapoor Prashant , Go Ronald S. , Lin Yi , Gonsalves Wilson I. , Kourelis Taxiarchis , Warsame Rahma , Kyle Robert A. , Kumar Shaji K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractExperience with intensive chemotherapy for relapsed/refractory multiple myeloma (RRMM) using VDT PACE regimen and its modifications (VDT PACE‐like regimens: VPLRs) outside TOTAL THERAPY trials is limited. We analyzed the outcomes of 141 patients with RRMM who received VPLRs at our center between 2006 and 2017 in an intent‐to‐treat analysis. Median age was 59.7 years and 66.7% of patients were male. A median of 2.2 years (range 0.02‐11.4) separated diagnosis of myeloma and inititation of VPLR. High‐risk cytogenetics were present in 52.4% patients. Patients received a median of 4 (range 1‐14) prior therapies, including stem cell transplant (SCT) in 66.7% patients. Ninety‐five (67.4%) patients received VDT PACE, 20 (14.2%) patients received VD PACE and 26 (18.4%) patients received other VPLRs. Patients received a median of 1 cycle (range 1‐9) of VPLR. We observed ≥ minimal response in 68.4%, ≥ partial response (PR) in 54.4% and ≥ very good PR in 10.3% patients. Median progression‐free survival was 3.1 months (95% CI, 1.9‐3.9) and median overall survival (OS) was 8.1 months (CI, 6.2‐9.9). One‐hundred and sixteen (82.3%) patients received some therapy after VPLR; 71 (61.2%) received systemic chemotherapy, while 45 (38.8%) underwent SCT. Median OS for those who received SCT after VPLR was 15.1 months (CI, 10.3‐20.8). Age ≥ 60 years (hazard ratio [HR] 2.3 [CI, 1.4‐3.7]; P = 0.0008) and R‐ISS III stage (HR‐ 2.4 [CI, 1.3‐4.0]; P = 0.003) predicted shorter OS in patients receiving VPLR. VPLRs are effective in heavily pre‐treated RRMM. In fit patients, SCT can be used to consolidate the response to VPLR.