bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ABE Condensation over Monometallic Catalysts: Catalyst Characterization and Kinetics
Authors: Goulas Konstantinos A. , Gunbas Gorkem , Dietrich Paul J. , Sreekumar Sanil , Grippo Adam , Chen Justin P. , Gokhale Amit A. , Toste F. Dean 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHerein, we present work on the catalyst development and the kinetics of acetone‐butanol‐ethanol (ABE) condensation. After examining multiple combinations of metal and basic catalysts reported in the literature, Cu supported on calcined hydrotalcites (HT) was found to be the optimal catalyst for the ABE condensation. This catalyst gave a six‐fold increase in reaction rates over previously reported catalysts. Kinetic analysis of the reaction over CuHT and HT revealed that the rate‐determining step is the C−H bond activation of alkoxides that are formed from alcohols on the Cu surface. This step is followed by the addition of the resulting aldehydes to an acetone enolate formed by deprotonation of the acetone over basic sites on the HT surface. The presence of alcohols reduces aldol condensation rates, as a result of the coverage of catalytic sites by alkoxides.
Iridium(III)‐Doped Core‐Shell Silica Nanoparticles: Near‐IR Electrogenerated Chemiluminescence in Water
Authors: Kesarkar Sagar , Rampazzo Enrico , Valenti Giovanni , Marcaccio Massimo , Bossi Alberto , Prodi Luca , Paolucci Francesco 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) properties of two neutral cyclometalated Ir(III) complexes, Ir(iqbt)2dpm (1) and its parent complex fac‐Ir(iqbt)3 (2) [iqbt=1‐(benzo[b]thiophen‐2‐yl)‐isoquinolinate], have been investigated in acetonitrile solution. Complexes 1 and 2 display near‐infrared (near‐IR) ECL emission in acetonitrile with maxima at 712 and 706 nm, respectively. Species 1 and 2 showed a strong increase in ECL intensity upon employing benzoyl peroxide (BPO) as a co‐reactant with respect to the annihilation. The remarkable continuous ECL emission in near‐IR region makes these complexes promising candidates for development of near‐IR‐emitting Ir‐based labels in diagnostics. Furthermore, encapsulation of complex 1 within silica‐PEG nanoparticles was successfully obtained: the resulting 1@NPs are easily solubilized in aqueous media where remarkable ECL emission was observed even in aerated conditions.
Propagation of the Allosteric Modulation Induced by Sodium in the δ‐Opioid Receptor
Authors: Sun Xianqiang , Laroche Genevieve , Wang Xu , Ågren Hans , Bowman Gregory R. , Giguère Patrick M. , Tu Yaoquan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAllosteric sodium in the helix bundle of a G protein‐coupled receptor (GPCR) can modulate the receptor activation on the intracellular side. This phenomenon has confounded the GPCR community for decades. In this work, we present a theoretical model that reveals the mechanism of the allosteric modulation induced by sodium in the δ‐opioid receptor. We found that the allosteric sodium ion exploits a distinct conformation of the key residue Trp2746.48 to propagate the modulation to helices 5 and 6, which further transmits along the helices and regulates their positions on the intracellular side. This mechanism is supported by subsequent functional assays. Remarkably, our results highlight the contrast between the allosteric effects towards two GPCR partners, the G protein and β‐arrestin, as indicated by the fact that the allosteric modulation initiated by the sodium ion significantly affects the β‐arrestin recruitment, while it alters the G protein signaling only moderately. We believe that the mechanism revealed in this work can be used to explain allosteric effects initiated by sodium in other GPCRs since the allosteric sodium is highly conserved across GPCRs.
Wave and wind effects on the oxygen transfer across an air‐water interface: An experimental study
Authors: Tamburrino Aldo , Martínez Natalia 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTThe results of an experimental study on the oxygen transfer across the air‐water interface under the combined effect of wind and mechanically generated waves are presented in the paper. The experiments were carried out in a wind tunnel containing a water tank. From the analysis of the experimental data, a relationship for determining the gas transfer coefficient was obtained, and found that the mean square slope of the water waves, the wave celerity, the wind shear velocity, and the Schmidt number are the relevant variables involved in the phenomena. The results of this study can be considered as a contribution to the advancement of the phenomenon of reaeration in closed water bodies subjected to waves and wind, such as reservoirs and lakes.
Individual and interaction effects of operating parameters on the photocatalytic degradation under visible light illumination: Response surface methodological approach
Authors: Feilizadeh Mehrzad , Rahimi Mohammad , Zakeri S. M. Esmaeil , Mahinpey Nader , Vossoughi Manouchehr , Qanbarzadeh Mojtaba 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, for the first time a statistical analysis based on the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate individual and interaction effects of key operating parameters of the photocatalytic degradation under visible‐light irradiation using Ag‐S/PEG/TiO2. Ag‐S/PEG/TiO2 is a visible‐light‐driven photocatalyst and was synthesized (based on earlier research) by co‐doping of TiO2 with silver and sulphur and addition of polyethylene glycol (as a reagent template). In addition, the model pollutant was methylene orange (MO) and the studied operating parameters included the photocatalyst loading, initial concentration of the pollutant, and pH of the solution. The statistics‐based experimental design and RSM was utilized to find a quadratic model as a functional relationship between the degradation efficiency and the three operating parameters. The regression analysis with R2 value of 0.9678 showed a close fit between the model prediction and experimental data of the degradation efficiency. The analysis of variance based on the model indicated that pH of the solution was the most influential factor, while the two other operating parameters were also significant. The efficiency of MO degradation reached 94.0 % under the optimum conditions (i.e. photocatalyst loading of 1.20 g/L, MO concentration of 5 mg/L, and pH of 2).
Occlusal features and need for orthodontic treatment in persons with osteogenesis imperfecta
Authors: Nguyen Minh Son , Binh Ho Duy , Nguyen Khac Minh , Maasalu Katre , Kõks Sulev , Märtson Aare , Saag Mare , Jagomägi Triin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe aim of the study was to (a) analyse dental occlusion and determine the need for orthodontic treatment of persons with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) in comparison with the healthy population and (b) investigate the associations between OI and malocclusion. A case‐control study included 26 OI persons and 400 healthy participants (control group). Occlusal features and the need for orthodontic treatment were defined according to Dental Health Component‐Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and Dental Aesthetic Index. Results showed that Angle Class I, II, and III relationship was found in 23.1%, 3.8%, and 73.1% of OI group, and in the control group, it was 67%, 17.5%, and 15.5%, respectively. OI group had significantly higher prevalence of reverse overjet >1 mm (76.9%), missing teeth (42.3%), posterior crossbite (34.6%), and open bite >2 mm (19.2%) compared to the control group (8.5%, 2.2%, 6.2%, and 3.5%, respectively). OI group had less incisal segment crowding and more incisal segment spacing than the control group (p < 0.05). The need for orthodontic treatment of OI group according to Dental Health Component‐Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need and Dental Aesthetic Index was 88.5% and 61.5%, respectively, while in the control group, it was 24.8% and 51.8%. The malocclusion in OI persons was associated with reverse overjet > 1 mm (OR = 13.3, 95% CI = 3.9–44.7, p < .001), Angle Class III malocclusion (OR = 8.0, 95% CI = 2.0–30.8, p = .003), and missing teeth (OR = 4.7, 95% CI = 1.0–22.4, p = .049). In conclusion, there is the high probability of malocclusion in OI persons. Persons with OI require early orthodontic treatment because of significant correlation of OI disease with Angle Class III malocclusion, reverse overjet, and missing teeth.
Electrophysiological evidence of altered visual processing in adults who experienced visual deprivation during infancy
Authors: Segalowitz Sidney J. , Sternin Avital , Lewis Terri L. , Dywan Jane , Maurer Daphne 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe examined the role of early visual input in visual system development by testing adults who had been born with dense bilateral cataracts that blocked all patterned visual input during infancy until the cataractous lenses were removed surgically and the eyes fitted with compensatory contact lenses. Patients viewed checkerboards and textures to explore early processing regions (V1, V2), Glass patterns to examine global form processing (V4), and moving stimuli to explore global motion processing (V5). Patients' ERPs differed from those of controls in that (1) the V1 component was much smaller for all but the simplest stimuli and (2) extrastriate components did not differentiate amongst texture stimuli, Glass patterns, or motion stimuli. The results indicate that early visual deprivation contributes to permanent abnormalities at early and mid levels of visual processing, consistent with enduring behavioral deficits in the ability to process complex textures, global form, and global motion.
The development of repetitive motor behaviors in deer mice: Effects of environmental enrichment, repeated testing, and differential mediation by indirect basal ganglia pathway activation
Authors: Bechard Allison R. , Bliznyuk Nikolay , Lewis Mark H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractLittle is known about the mechanisms mediating the development of repetitive behaviors in human or animals. Deer mice reared with environmental enrichment (EE) exhibit fewer repetitive behaviors and greater indirect basal ganglia pathway activation as adults than those reared in standard cages. The developmental progression of these behavioral and neural circuitry changes has not been characterized. We assessed the development of repetitive behavior in deer mice using both a longitudinal and cohort design. Repeated testing negated the expected effect of EE, but cohort analyses showed that progression of repetitive behavior was arrested after 1 week of EE and differed significantly from controls after 3 weeks. Moreover, EE reductions in repetitive behavior were associated with increasing activation of indirect pathway nuclei in males across adolescence, but not females. These findings provide the first assessment of developmental trajectories within EE and support indirect pathway mediation of repetitive behavior in male deer mice.
Variable effects of climate on forest growth in relation to climate extremes, disturbance, and forest dynamics
Authors: Itter Malcolm S. , Finley Andrew O. , D'Amato Anthony W. , Foster Jane R. , Bradford John B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractChanges in the frequency, duration, and severity of climate extremes are forecast to occur under global climate change. The impacts of climate extremes on forest productivity and health remain difficult to predict due to potential interactions with disturbance events and forest dynamics—changes in forest stand composition, density, size and age structure over time. Such interactions may lead to non‐linear forest growth responses to climate involving thresholds and lag effects. Understanding how forest dynamics influence growth responses to climate is particularly important given stand structure and composition can be modified through management to increase forest resistance and resilience to climate change. To inform such adaptive management, we develop a hierarchical Bayesian state space model in which climate effects on tree growth are allowed to vary over time and in relation to past climate extremes, disturbance events, and forest dynamics. The model is an important step toward integrating disturbance and forest dynamics into predictions of forest growth responses to climate extremes. We apply the model to a dendrochronology data set from forest stands of varying composition, structure, and development stage in northeastern Minnesota that have experienced extreme climate years and forest tent caterpillar defoliation events. Mean forest growth was most sensitive to water balance variables representing climatic water deficit. Forest growth responses to water deficit were partitioned into responses driven by climatic threshold exceedances and interactions with insect defoliation. Forest growth was both resistant and resilient to climate extremes with the majority of forest growth responses occurring after multiple climatic threshold exceedances across seasons and years. Interactions between climate and disturbance were observed in a subset of years with insect defoliation increasing forest growth sensitivity to water availability. Forest growth was particularly sensitive to climate extremes during periods of high stem density following major regeneration events when average inter‐tree competition was high. Results suggest the resistance and resilience of forest growth to climate extremes can be increased through management steps such as thinning to reduce competition during early stages of stand development and small‐group selection harvests to maintain forest structures characteristic of older, mature stands.
Coupled geomorphic and habitat response to a flood pulse revealed by remote sensing
Authors: Harrison Lee R. , Pike Andrew , Boughton David A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDespite a growing consensus on the importance of floods in structuring river ecosystems, predicting the geomorphic and habitat response to specific flood pulses across a range of scales remains challenging. We used a large reservoir release in a semiarid river to characterize geomorphic and habitat responses to a flood pulse, using an integrated field, remote sensing, and modeling approach. Large‐scale geomorphic changes were observed as a result of the flood, including lateral migration of the river channel, gravel bar formation, and development of off‐channel chutes. Spatial patterns of gravel storage varied with downstream distance from a large dam, with the upper 15 km experiencing a net sediment deficit and the lower 65 km undergoing net deposition. The longitudinal trends in gravel transport and storage reflected differences in channel gradient and predicted values of sediment mobility. The flood lowered the channel by an average of −0.5 m and roughly doubled the areal extent of pools, by incising new pools in curved reaches and in areas where the river abutted valley walls and terraces. The increased pool abundance provided greater habitat connectivity and was predicted to have positive impacts on anadromous steelhead, providing up to a 3‐fold increase in the number of juvenile fish the river could support. Results from this study highlight the value of using flood pulses as opportunities to learn about river behavior, and for testing the degree to which physical processes can help restore the form and function of river ecosystems.
Plasma Modified V2O5/PEDOT Hybrid Based Flexible Electrochromic Devices
Authors: Karaca Gozde Yurdabak , Eren Esin , Alver Ceyda , Koc Umran , Uygun Emre , Oksuz Lutfi , Oksuz Aysegul Uygun 
Published: February 2017

AbstractVanadium oxide/poly (3,4‐ ethylenedioxythiophene)(V2O5‐PEDOT) hybrid materials were prepared in a rotating quartz plasma reactor via capacitively coupled radio frequency (RF 13.56 MHz) plasma. Thin films of V2O5‐PEDOT hybrid and V2O5 were obtained by electron beam evaporation technique onto flexible PET substrate for electrochromic devices (ECDs) applications. As a counter electrode, both RF magnetron sputtered MoO3 onto ITO coated PET and only ITO coated PET electrodes were used. Characterizations of the films were carried out via using scanning electron microscopy‐energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD). Hybrid ECDs results showed that synergistic effect depending on improved stability between V2O5 and PEDOT. As a result, we developed all solid complementary electrochromic devices including V2O5, V2O5‐PEDOT and MoO3 films. The electrochromic device characteristics such as electrochromic contrast, coloration efficiency, switching time were calculated from optical and electrochemical measurements. The highest coloration efficiency and optical contrast were obtained as 53 cm2/C and 17 % for V2O5‐PEDOT/MoO3‐based ECD.
Mass loss and flammability of insulation materials used in sandwich panels during the pre‐flashover phase of fire
Authors: Giunta d'Albani A.W. , de Kluiver L.L. , de Korte A.C.J. , van Herpen R.A.P. , Weewer R. , Brouwers H.J.H. 
Published: February 2017

SummaryNowadays, buildings contain more and more synthetic insulation materials in order to meet the increasing energy‐performance demands. These synthetic insulation materials have a different response to fire. In this study, the mass loss and flammability limits of different sandwich panels and their cores (polyurethane (PUR), polyisocyanurate (PIR) and stone wool) are studied separately by using a specially designed furnace. Expanded polystyrene and extruded polystyrene are tested on their cores only. The research has shown that the actual mass loss of synthetic and stone wool‐based cores is comparable up to 300 °C. From 300 °C onwards, the mass loss of PUR panels is significant higher. The mass losses up to 350 °C are 7%, 29% and 83% for stone wool, PIR and PUR respectively, for the influenced area. Furthermore, delamination can be observed at exposure to temperatures above 250 °C for the synthetic and 350 °C for the mineral wool panels. Delamination occurs due to the degradation of the resin between core and metal panels and the gasification of the (PUR) core. The lower flammability limits have been established experimentally at 9.2% m/m (PUR) and 3.1% m/m (PS). For PUR, an upper limit of 74% was found. For PIR and mineral wool, no flammability limits could be established. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Fresh preservation of alfalfa sprouts and mushroom slices by soaking with thymol and resveratrol solutions
Authors: Lai Li‐Jung , Chiu Ju‐Min , Chiou Robin Y.‐Y. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe preservation of fresh produce served as salads through soaking with solutions containing naturally occurring phenolic ingredients is of merit. For a primary assay, thymol and resveratrol at 0–500 ppm were prepared and used to inhibit growth and survival of Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus. Thymol and resveratrol exhibited potent inhibitory activities against the growth of both bacteria. For S. aureus, cells treated with thymol at 250 ppm or resveratrol at 500 ppm, the durations to achieve 3 log reduction (3LR) were 40 and 20 min, respectively. When the cells were treated with thymol combined with resveratrol, both at 250 ppm, the 3LR value was achieved in under 5 min. Synergistic antibacterial activity between thymol and resveratrol was apparent. The antibacterial and known health‐enhancing activities of resveratrol are of interest.
Rockfall hazard zones in Austria. Experience, problems and solutions in the development of a standardised procedure
Authors: Mölk Michael , Rieder Benedikt 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe Österreichische Raumordnungskonferenz (ÖROK) set up a partnership in 2011 to deal with ”Risk management for gravitational natural hazards in landuse planning“. As gravitational natural hazards have a decisive influence on development in the Alpine Region, standard procedures were developed for the assessment of the relevance of these processes for landuse planning. This paper describes the recommended procedure for the assessment of hazards affecting permanent settlements from rockfall in a top‐down approach. The first step to define potential conflicts between the maximum run‐out of rockfall processes and the presence of settlements is a conservative empirical assessment based on rock outcrops serving as potential detachment zones and the maximum reach of such rockfalls, leading to a hazard indication map. This approach is only based on existing cartographic information, field investigations are not necessarily involved at this stage. To ensure conservative results, the use of a high‐resolution 1 m ground model to identify rock outcrops is re commended. The next step includes a thorough examination of those areas in the hazard indication map with conflicts between the maximum reach/run‐out of falling blocks and settlements. This stage includes field investigations with mapping of maximum reach blocks, block size distributions, underground conditions of the transit zone and the condition of rock outcrops that act as potential detachment zones. All this information is subsequently integrated into a 3D rockfall simulation. As a result the modelling enables a delineation of areas out of reach (no rockfall hazard), areas with potential impact energies ≤ 100 kJ (low intensity) and areas with potential impact energies > 100 kJ (high intensity).
Comparison of two 3D rockfall codes on behalf of a case study in the Bavarian Alps
Authors: Sellmeier Bettina , Thuro Kurosch 
Published: February 2017

AbstractRockfall events along main traffic routes in alpine regions emphasize the necessity of enhancing hazard assessment, especially in terms of rockfalls. In the field of regional rockfall modelling it becomes more and more important to work with 3D rockfall codes to account for morphological structures. Due to the general scale of regional rockfall modelling it is in most cases not possible to collect quantitative field data. Thus the input parameters are determined according to disposition models like in the Bavarian hazard map. The current paper deals with a detailed rockfall study which was accomplished during rockslope scaling works in the Bavarian Alps. The rock slope consisting of the Hauptdolomite‐Formation extends along the federal road B 305 north of the village of Schneitzlreuth in Bavaria. Due to attending rockslope scaling works in cooperation with the State Agency for Construction in Traunstein, a quantification of block dimensions according to real rockfall field tests was possible. After having determined the three main block axes for over 300 rocks, rockfall modelling were accomplished applying the 3D rockfall codes Rockyfor3D and Ramms::Rockfall. One part of the parameter studies covers the main proportion of the detected block sizes using Rockyfor3D. The second part of the study presents a comparison of the Rockyfor3D and Ramms::Rockfall outcomes, taking the same block class for both codes into account. This paper demonstrates the limits and possibilities of using different 3D rockfall codes taking detailed field data into account.
Application of three‐dimensional rockfall modelling to rock face engineering
Authors: Wendeler Corinna , Bühler Yves , Bartelt Perry , Glover James 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMany problems in engineered rock faces involve evaluation of the efficiency of rockfall mitigation measures, specifically rockfall dams, embankments and catch nets. Existing rockfall trajectory models are not suited for this purpose because they do not consider the non‐linear dynamics of rock motion, which is highly dependent on rock size, shape and impact configuration. In this paper, we discuss the application of the new 3D rockfall modelling tool Ramms::Rockfall, which computes rock‐ground interactions using hard‐contact impact mechanics. The model is applied to evaluate the effectiveness of a rockfall bank at the Geobrugg/WSL test site in Walenstadt, Switzerland.