bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associating ground magnetometer observations with current or voltage generators
Authors: Hartinger M. D. , Xu Z. , Clauer C. R. , Yu Y. , Weimer D. R. , Kim H. , Pilipenko V. , Welling D. T. , Behlke R. , Willer A. N. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractA circuit analogy for magnetosphere‐ionosphere current systems has two extremes for drivers of ionospheric currents: ionospheric electric fields/voltages constant while current/conductivity vary—the “voltage generator”—and current constant while electric field/conductivity vary—the “current generator.” Statistical studies of ground magnetometer observations associated with dayside Transient High Latitude Current Systems (THLCS) driven by similar mechanisms find contradictory results using this paradigm: some studies associate THLCS with voltage generators, others with current generators. We argue that most of this contradiction arises from two assumptions used to interpret ground magnetometer observations: (1) measurements made at fixed position relative to the THLCS field‐aligned current and (2) negligible auroral precipitation contributions to ionospheric conductivity. We use observations and simulations to illustrate how these two assumptions substantially alter expectations for magnetic perturbations associated with either a current or a voltage generator. Our results demonstrate that before interpreting ground magnetometer observations of THLCS in the context of current/voltage generators, the location of a ground magnetometer station relative to the THLCS field‐aligned current and the location of any auroral zone conductivity enhancements need to be taken into account.
African Anti‐Colonialism
Authors: Adesokan Akin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
African anti‐colonialism was one of the defining political experiences of the twentieth century. Between 1935 and 1945, through the work of African political activists and diasporic African intellectuals in Europe and the United States, the ground was prepared for the eventual independence of a majority of African colonies in the following decades. The struggle had political, cultural, artistic, and economic dimensions, and the sense of identity that now seems natural to most Africans was a result of the anti‐colonial struggle.
Anthropophagy
Authors: Marsal Meritxell Hernando 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Anthropophagy is a cultural trope that takes a practice colonially attributed to indigenous Brazilians (a statement of abjection and a justification for conquest) and redefines it as a mechanism of cultural appropriation and redistribution, which questions dependence and allows for action from the periphery. In this sense, anthropophagy is linked to other notions that allude to processes of cultural assimilation such as transculturation and hybridity. Anthropophagy was defined in 1928 by Oswald de Andrade and formed an avant‐garde movement that left profound marks on Brazilian literature and art. This movement continues to be discussed today because it involves central questions of Brazilian culture, with contributions from Roberto Schwarz, Silviano Santiago, Eduardo Viveiros de Castro, and the actions taken on the periphery of São Paulo.
Bâ, Mariama
Authors: Edwin Shirin 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This entry describes the life and work of the legendary Senegalese writer Mariama Bâ. In many respects, Bâ is considered to be a pioneer: she began writing at a time when few other African women were producing written works; she became one of the first African Francophone writers to reflect on the future of African writing; and, most significantly, she made a lasting contribution to African literature with her classic novel
Une Si Longue Lettre
(
So Long a Letter
). This entry briefly dwells on the major themes of Bâ's small, albeit influential, literary corpus.
Bennett‐Coverly, Louise (Miss Lou)
Authors: Weir‐Soley Donna Aza 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Louise Coverly‐Bennett (1919–2006), or Miss Lou, as she was fondly called, was a Jamaican poet, a performance artist, a folklorist, and a comedian. She became a strong proponent of the African influence on Jamaican culture and championed the Jamaican Creole language as an artistic medium long before it was popular to do so. Her body of work, which focuses on issues of both national and global import, has been instrumental in the formation of Jamaican identity at home and in the promotion and dissemination of Jamaican culture abroad.
Biko, Steve
Authors: Napolitano Joe 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Bantu Stephen Biko (more commonly, Steve Biko) is the intellectual and political figure most closely identified with the Black Consciousness Movement in South Africa. Emerging to fill the void created by the banning of the African National Congress (ANC) and Pan Africanist Congress (PAC) by the apartheid government in the 1960s, black consciousness as articulated by Biko involved both a rejection of white liberal paternalism and a rehabilitation or revaluation of blackness, guided by the recognition, in the most commonly quoted phrase of Biko's, that “the most potent weapon in the hands of the oppressor is the mind of the oppressed.”
Cabrera Infante, Guillermo
Authors: González Eduardo 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Alongside José Martí (1843–98), exiled apostle of Cuba's drawn‐out struggle for independence from Spanish colonial rule (1868–98) and the war's iconic martyr, Guillermo Cabrera Infante (1929–2005) stands as the embodiment of exile consciousness and banishment from the nation's insular territorial boundaries. Earthly boundaries are spiritual as well as territorial and are often traced by obsession and courage, and not exclusively by the sovereign agencies of state rule. It is on such grounds of dissensus that the questionable inclusion of Cabrera Infante in postcolonial studies is welcome. It provokes renewed debate on who belongs or does not belong, who lies inside the nation's political body, and who remains banished from it and from the nation's covenant, which in Cuba's case has for long been dictated by the sole authority of the Communist Party.
Caribbean Indigenous Cultures
Authors: Castanha Antonio 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Indigenous cultures and traditions of the Caribbean region are rich and diverse, dating back thousands of years. The European contact era, beginning in 1492, would see an acute disruption to ways of life, fierce resistance to colonialism, and subsequent production of mythologies strongly embedded over time. Both colonial and postcolonial narratives have been importantly responsible for erasing Amerindian populations from history by justifying alternative epistemologies and presences. While substantial ethnic, cultural, sociopolitical, and economic changes and modification occurred, indigenous peoples in numerous parts of the region survived and many of their cultural traditions live on. Some are now responding about their experience.
Caribbean Popular Culture
Authors: Lantz Victoria Pettersen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Caribbean popular culture is the production and reception of a variety of visual and written texts that illustrate the complex hybrid identity of the Caribbean people. It is both regionally specific and part of a pan‐Caribbean experience. The performative traditions of music, dance, and carnival are three forms of popular culture that read particularly pan‐Caribbean as representations of artistic, commercial aspects of society. Examining specific historical and aesthetic foundations for these three aspects of Caribbean popular culture allows for an in‐depth understanding of the hybridity and diasporic social structure of the Caribbean. Carnival, initially formed through recasting European and African religious traditions and continuing to change in order to fit shifting societal needs of Caribbean populations, inherently carries with it the elements of popular culture. Like carnival, music from the Caribbean mixes European and African traditions into forms original to the islands, and different nations have created varied music and dance forms such as salsa, reggae, calypso, and rumba.
Conrad, Joseph
Authors: Mallios Peter Lancelot 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Joseph Conrad, a Polish‐born British writer of fiction, is one of the major generative novelists in English of the twentieth century. His novels, a form of world literature distinctive for the planetary scope of world contact to which they lay claim, practice a highly controversial engagement with questions of race, coloniality, and imperialism. Conrad's writings have elicited a vast latitude of literary responses and rewritings from diverse authors throughout the postcolonial world, especially in Africa, the Caribbean and Latin America, and Southeast Asia, and among cosmopolitan and transnational writers generally. Conrad has also been of theoretical and scholarly interest in postcolonial studies from its inception as an academic field.
Dependency in Latin America
Authors: Russo Michela 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The question of dependency has been a recurring concern within the Latin American intellectual community since the nineteenth century, when the discussion over national independence was initiated. This concept refers to a situation in which the economy of certain countries is conditioned by the development and expansion of another country's economy to which the former is subjected, originating a situation of dependency based on the center–periphery and metropolitan–satellite dualistic models that result in unequal forms of development. Studies on dependency emerged in Latin America in the late 1960s; they became predominant during the Cold War and rapidly diffused among Third World theorists. Understood in this context, the idea of dependency appeared to be more than a simply heuristic tool or a methodology of study of development and underdevelopment, as it bore a sort of counterdiscourse, not just economic but one that also accounted for sociopolitical phenomena.
Devy, G. N.
Authors: Malekar Anosh 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

G. N. Devy is a linguist, literary scholar, cultural activist, and institution builder for the cause of India's
adivasis
or indigenous peoples. He is founder of Bhasha Research and Publication Centre for the conservation of adivasi languages, and fights for the rights of India's nomadic tribes declared “criminals” by the British colonizers.
Environmentalism
Authors: Whalen Ken 
Published: June 2017

AbstractEnvironmentalism is a movement promoting the conservation and preservation of nature for the sake of both human and nonhuman beings. Its origins lie in the modern paradigm and, arguably, in Western imperialism. Both tend to reinforce the perception that nature is Other, often as adversary, but mostly as resource for human profit and/or progress. There are a number of environmental organizations, groups, and philosophies all in one way or another caught up in the Western dualism of nature/culture. This makes environmentalism an extraordinarily rich topic for postcolonial studies, especially since this assumption influences political, economic, and cultural relationships between core and peripheral countries of the colonial present.
Ezekiel, Nissim
Authors: Qadeer Haris 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Nissim Ezekiel (December 24, 1924 – January 9, 2004) was an Indian Jewish poet, a playwright, a noted journalist, an academician, and an art critic, who occupies an important position in the canon of postcolonial Indian writings in English. He is often referred to as the father of modern Indian poetry in English. He was among the first few poets who opted to write in English in postcolonial India.
Decolonization
Authors: Gray Ros 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Decolonization refers to the withdrawal of colonial powers from their colonies and to the achievement of political, economic, and cultural independence by those former colonies. The term was first used in the 1930s, though it did not come into frequent use until the 1960s. Its usage has thus chiefly referred to the decolonization of former European colonies in Africa and Asia that took place over a period of roughly 50 years in the twentieth‐century, from the late 1940s to the late 1990s. While formally achieved when a government of a newly independent country is recognized internationally as a sovereign state, decolonization is also understood as a revolutionary process that continues after independence. In this sense, decolonization refers to social and cultural transformations aimed at overcoming colonial hierarchies and at achieving ambitions of development that were promised, but not fulfilled, by colonial regimes.
Feminism in Latin America
Authors: Garrigós Cristina 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
It is a common belief that Latin American feminism owes much to European and North American ideas, but it developed its own idiosyncrasies, since, as opposed to what happened in other places, it was less concerned with issues such as the right to vote, more with the larger goal of attaining legal and social equality. However, many feminists nowadays believe that the history of Latin American feminism has to be considered independently from any external influence, and that we can find examples of early feminism even in the precolonial period.
Eurocentrism and Orientalism
Authors: Xypolia Ilia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Eurocentrism is the discourse that emphasizes European concerns, culture, and values at the expense of others. It uses Europe as a cultural rather than a cartographical expression, which incorporates the so‐called “West,” in other words, Western Europe and North America. Eurocentrism assumes that Europe is civilized and has been throughout history and that European civilization has a unique historical advantage that leads to its permanent superiority over all other cultures. Eurocentrism sanitizes European history neglecting its dark sides by considering them as mere aberrations. At the same time, Eurocentrism understates the achievements and contributions of other cultures. Orientalism, the theory and the practice of representing “the Orient” in Western thought, is a controversial concept. In the aftermath of the decolonization period in the second half of the twentieth century an increasing body of academic literature produced by scholars of orientalism has challenged the authoritative claims and knowledge that have been produced in the discipline.
Galeano, Eduardo
Authors: Longo Teresa V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Eduardo Galeano (1940– ) is a journalist, essayist and storyteller. His work locates Latin America's colonial and postcolonial history in a global context and links storytelling to resistance. Galeano is known for his critiques of imperialism, his creative approach to history, and for his emphasis on the promise of humanity.
Gandhi, Mohandas Karamchand
Authors: Siddique Soofia 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

This entry includes a broad survey of M. K. Gandhi's life, focusing more particularly on his political philosophy of nonviolence. Exploring the essential connections between Gandhian politics, lifestyle, and writing, it lays out his elaboration of concepts such as Satyagraha and Swaraj, which are essential to the vocabulary of the Indian national movement. His rejection of the terrorist model of revolutionary action and his refusal to work within binary oppositions of race or nationality were articulated in his 1909
Hind Swaraj
. Gandhi's anti‐colonial politics included both attempts to address imperialist Britain as diseased with modern civilization, as well as to invoke alternative modes of existence in India, as seen for instance in his
khadi
program. The entry then moves on to detail his debates with two significant contemporaries, Rabindranath Tagore and Bhimrao Ambedkar. In conclusion, it provides a description of some recent interests and trends in Gandhi scholarship.
Glissant, Édouard
Authors: Thomas Bonnie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Édouard Glissant is one of the most significant contributors to literary and postcolonial thought of our time. Leading a distinguished career as a poet, novelist, theoretician, and academic, Glissant has engaged in a unique way with crucial questions concerning colonialism, postcolonialism, memory, and trauma. He has made particularly powerful contributions to reconciliation with the past through his concepts of
Relation
and
Tout‐Monde
.
Guevara, Ernesto “Che”
Authors: Yaffe Helen 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Ernesto “Che” Guevara (1928–67) was an Argentinian‐born Marxist revolutionary whose contribution to anti‐imperialist struggles, in practical and political terms, has significantly influenced postcolonial discourse. Politicized during his travels throughout 1950s Latin America, he went on to play a key role in the Cuban Revolution and subsequently engaged in military operations in the Congo and Bolivia, where he was captured and executed in 1967. His “guidebook” to guerrilla warfare became known as the “
foco
theory”; that a “vanguard” of armed fighters could a spark revolution. His contribution to socialist political economy debates is less well known. Guevara served as a member of the Cuban government in charge of industry and the banking system between 1959 and 1965; he contributed to the national development strategy and represented the Cuban government overseas. He created an innovative system of economic management, as an alternative to the Soviet system, for the transition to socialism.
Guha, Ranajit
Authors: Dube Pankhuree 
Published: June 2017

Abstract

Ranajit Guha (b. 1923) is a historian of modern India, founder of the Subaltern Studies Collective, editor of the first six volumes of
Subaltern Studies
and author of seminal monographs and essays. Guha's work decisively altered the terms of debate concerning forms of domination and subordination, peasant rebellion, as well as colonial constructions and indigenous idioms. Guha's work may also be traced in the role he played from 1979 onwards as mentor to a group of junior historians based in England. He envisioned a form of disciplinary history writing that was both dialogic and yet fiercely individualist. At the same time, Guha's own writings were energized by these intellectual exchanges. Guha resists the impulse to subsume his own work, or that of the Collective, into a unified theory of postcolonial historiography. In Guha's representation, Subaltern Studies is not a theory but a project, one that that involves a set of explorations.
hooks, bell
Authors: Houten Christina Van 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
bell hooks is an American feminist, social activist, critical theorist, and author. She is a leading figure in the establishment of “second‐wave feminism,” centered on the history, experiences, and interests of women of color. Her literary works and cultural theory examine the interconnectivity of race, class, and gender, as well as the way these systems intersect to produce oppression. hooks argues for the development of an intersectional analysis of social relations, a framework in which equal weight is given to gender, race, class, and sexuality in an attempt to challenge global systems of power and inequality.
Hulme, Keri
Authors: Bushnell Cameron Fae 
Published: June 2017

AbstractKeri Hulme (b. March 9, 1947, Christchurch, New Zealand) is best known for her novelThe Bone Peoplewhich, amid controversy, won the 1985 Booker Prize; telling the story of a self‐fashioned family of Maori, white, and hybrid cultures, it is one of a handful of novels that have introduced Maori writers to an international audience. Although Hulme's fame rests on her novel, she has also written a novella,Te Kaihua/The Windeater, and her collection of poetry,Strands, has ensured her reputation as a significant New Zealand poet.
Hybridity
Authors: Ratti Manav 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Widely used in cultural, literary, and linguistic studies, hybridity began as a biological and racial term, used during the peak of nineteenth‐century colonialism to mark a clear distinction between colonizer and colonized. Hybridity can reveal and emphasize the sense of physical and social mixture and interaction among peoples, cultures, and nations and entails concepts such as diaspora, creolization, and cultural criticism. Scholars have theorized hybridity across a range of fields. Within postcolonial and cultural theory, work has been undertaken by Homi K. Bhabha and Robert J. C. Young; the work of the writer Édouard Glissant has also been influential, and the writings of Paul Gilroy and Stuart Hall have been significant for postcolonial studies, particularly in the British and Caribbean contexts. In linguistics, there is the work of Mikhail Bakhtin, and in anthropology that of Néstor García Canclini and Ulf Hannerz. As peoples and cultures continue to interact, hybridity promises to retain explanatory power for phenomena such as nationalism, multiculturalism, and cosmopolitanism.
Identity in Latin America
Authors: Castro Carolina Bruna 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Identity is a concept related to various fields. An initial approach associates identity with a national identity or with a person who has rights, a voice, and a place in society. In other words, identity is written in the law; it is the opposite of exclusion or alterity. However, in every discussion about the term “identity” there is the problem of the subject. That is, identity implies a kind of subjectivity. Thus, it is possible to present the term “identity” within the realm of cultural thought that prevails in Latin America, a type of thought that originated with the emergence of the republics. This kind of subjectivity is rooted in Latin American thought as a way of providing Latin American subjectivity with a place in the world. From this perspective, it is possible, by way of a formal approach, to say that identity is the intention to establish what is inherent in the individual, on the one hand, and, on the other, what distinguishes one individual from another. In other words, identity is what differentiates me from another person. Latin American identity is achieved by considering different positions between diverse histories and cultures and by considering the possible conflicts regarding territorial boundaries. The problem derived from logical identity is that it attempts to establish only one form of identity in which different peoples must converge. However, the postcolonial period has brought consideration of another kind of identity to the table.
Ihimaera, Witi
Authors: Fresno‐Calleja Paloma 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWiti Ihimaera is a leading New Zealand writer and a pioneer in the inscription of the Maori voice as the first writer of Maori ethnicity to have published a novel and a collection of short stories. His prolific career encompasses all genres. His works are characterized by the crossing of ethnic and cultural boundaries, generic and narrative experiments, and the use of eclectic textual sources to reflect on Maori identity from historical and contemporary perspectives.
Khoury, Elias
Authors: Head Gretchen 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe author of eleven novels and four books of criticism, Elias Khoury has become one of the most important figures in modern Arabic literature. Often charting the quotidian reality of the Lebanese civil war, Khoury has developed a highly distinctive narrative style. Digressive with overlapping temporal frames, his innovative prose is ordered by a repetition that lends it a sense of orality. Several themes frequently recur and overlap in Khoury's writing: narration as trope, memory and the Lebanese civil war, the representation of marginalization, and the Palestinian experience.