bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Role of Stimulus Specificity and Attention in the Generalization of Extinction
Authors: Barry Tom J. , Griffith James W. , Vervliet Bram , Hermans Dirk 
Published: March 2016

Exposure therapy for anxiety is effective but fear can still return afterward. This may be because the stimuli that people are exposed to are dissimilar from the stimuli to which fear was originally acquired. After pairing an animal-like image (A) with a shock stimulus (US), a perceptually similar stimulus (B) was presented without the US in extinction. Participants were then shown A (ABA), a second generalization stimulus (ABC) or B (ABB). Groups ABA and ABC evidenced a return of US expectancy relative to participants who were shown B (ABB). Participants in group ABC who self-reported high levels of attentional control evidenced greater return of expectancy relative to participants low in attentional control. Participants with a high level of attentional control also showed steeper extinction gradients. Attentional control may influence perceptions of similarity and the learning that follows. Making note of such differences may be valuable in exposure treatment for anxiety.
The Reference of Nietzsche’s Moral Philosophy to Remodel Chinese’s Personality
Authors: Yuan Zhang , Tao Yu 
Published: March 2016

<p>In China, the traditional moral is absolute holism which caused the traditional personality a blind altuism and be short of healthy individualism. And more seriously, servility in the personality of Chinese people is a severe weakness rooted in the traditional morals of China which was criticised by Chinese scholars fierecely, and this major defect of Chinese personality is the huge obstacle of the development of modern Chinese thought. To eliminate all the weakness of Chinese traditional morality and to renew the personality of Chinese, we could learn from the essence of Nietzsche’s theories of “superman morality” which advocated the independent and self-esteem strongly, thus create an independent personality for Chinese which urges people to be free, self-esteem, creative, courageous and with healthy psychology. </p>
Alkenone paleothermometry in the North Atlantic: A review and synthesis of surface sediment data and calibrations
Authors: Filippova A. , Kienast M. , Frank M. , Schneider R. R. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDespite a clear correlation of alkenone unsaturation and sea surface temperatures (SST) throughout most parts of the ocean, scatter of the regression for various calibration equations has been shown to increase significantly at low SSTs. In this study, we combine previously published (n = 101) and new (n = 51) surface sediment data from the northern North Atlantic to constrain uncertainties of alkenone paleothermometry at low SSTs and to discuss possible sources of the increased scatter in the regression. The correlation between alkenone unsaturation and SSTs is strongest, in particular at the cold end (SSTs < 10°C), when the tetra‐unsaturated alkenones (C37:4) are included in the unsaturation index (expressed as
) and regressed against spring‐summer temperature. Surface ocean salinity and sea ice cover are not correlated with
per se. However, samples located in regions of permanent winter sea ice cover exhibit a significant warm bias. Deviation from the linear regression is posited to be related to a number of additional non‐exclusive factors, such as advection of allochthonous material, local temperature stratification, and uncertainty in the absolute age of surface sediment samples assumed to be equivalent to modern conditions. We conclude that alkenone unsaturation allows accurate reconstruction of SST records from many regions of the North Atlantic if the factors confounding alkenone paleothermometry detailed here can be excluded.
Backprojection analyses from four regional arrays for rupture over a curved dipping fault: The Mw 7.7 24 September 2013 Pakistan earthquake
Authors: Wang Dun , Kawakatsu Hitoshi , Mori Jim , Ali Babar , Ren Zhikun , Shen Xuelin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe analyzed the 24 September 2013 Pakistan earthquake (Mw 7.7) with backprojection analyses using data recorded on four different regional arrays in Europe, China, and Japan (Hi‐net and F‐net). The results from all the arrays show propagation of the rupture toward the southwest for duration of about 40–50 s. Among them, results for Hi‐net and a subset of China array show a clear segment of fast rupture propagation, with a rupture speed probably faster than the local shear wave velocity. Resolutions of the results from the various arrays are investigated using bootstrap tests, backprojection of aftershocks, and numerical tests with synthetic source models. The results of those tests show differences in the quality of the results from the four arrays. The China array and the Hi‐net in Japan show the best results for this case. F‐net in Japan shows the poorest results because of the few number of stations. The locations of large amplitudes (equivalent to a M 6.8 event) have absolute uncertainties of about 20 to 30 km (ignoring the source dimension).
Tomographic Rayleigh wave group velocities in the Central Valley, California, centered on the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta
Authors: Fletcher Jon B. , Erdem Jemile , Seats Kevin , Lawrence Jesse 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIf shaking from a local or regional earthquake in the San Francisco Bay region were to rupture levees in the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta, then brackish water from San Francisco Bay would contaminate the water in the Delta: the source of freshwater for about half of California. As a prelude to a full shear‐wave velocity model that can be used in computer simulations and further seismic hazard analysis, we report on the use of ambient noise tomography to build a fundamental mode, Rayleigh wave group velocity model for the region around the Sacramento/San Joaquin Delta in the western Central Valley, California. Recordings from the vertical component of about 31 stations were processed to compute the spatial distribution of Rayleigh wave group velocities. Complex coherency between pairs of stations was stacked over 8 months to more than a year. Dispersion curves were determined from 4 to about 18 s. We calculated average group velocities for each period and inverted for deviations from the average for a matrix of cells that covered the study area. Smoothing using the first difference is applied. Cells of the model were about 5.6 km in either dimension. Checkerboard tests of resolution, which are dependent on station density, suggest that the resolving ability of the array is reasonably good within the middle of the array with resolution between 0.2 and 0.4°. Overall, low velocities in the middle of each image reflect the deeper sedimentary syncline in the Central Valley. In detail, the model shows several centers of low velocity that may be associated with gross geologic features such as faulting along the western margin of the Central Valley, oil and gas reservoirs, and large crosscutting features like the Stockton arch. At shorter periods around 5.5 s, the model's western boundary between low and high velocities closely follows regional fault geometry and the edge of a residual isostatic gravity low. In the eastern part of the valley, the boundaries of the low‐velocity zone and gravity anomaly are better aligned at longer periods (around 10.5 s) suggesting that the eastern edge of the gravity low is associated with deeper structure. There is a strong correspondence between a low in gravity near the Kirby Hills fault and low velocities from the ambient noise tomography. At longer periods, higher velocities creep in from the east and narrow the overall dimension defined by the lower velocities. Overall, there is a strong correspondence between the shape and location of low velocities in the Rayleigh wave velocity images, and geological and geophysical features.
Interannual variability of the Indonesian Throughflow: The salinity effect
Authors: Hu Shijian , Sprintall Janet 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Indonesian Throughflow (ITF) region possesses strong mixing and experiences significant freshwater input, but the role of salinity variability in the Indonesian Seas remains unclear. The goal of this study is to understand how salinity variability influences the ITF transport on interannual time scales. The ITF transport is calculated using observations and assimilation data sets and verified using direct ITF transport estimates. We find that the halosteric component of the ITF transport contributes (36 ± 7)% of the total ITF variability, in contrast to (63 ± 6)% by the thermosteric component. Thus, while not dominant, this result nonetheless implies that the salinity variability in the Indonesian Seas is of remarkable importance in determining the interannual variability of ITF transport. Correlation analysis indicates that the interannual variability of the total ITF transport is mainly influenced by the El Niño‐Southern Oscillation (ENSO) rather than the Indian Ocean Dipole. Under the ENSO cycle, the Walker Circulation shifts longitudinally resulting in fluctuations in precipitation over the Indonesian Seas that modulates salinity and subsequently influences the interannual variability of ITF transport. This result signals the importance of precipitation and the subsequent salinity effect in determining the interannual variability of the ITF transport. The role of wind forcing and oceanic planetary waves is also revisited using this newly calculated ITF transport series. ENSO‐related wind forcing is found to modulate the ITF transport via Rossby waves through the wave guide in the Indonesian Seas, which is in agreement with previous studies.
Shelfbreak current over the Canadian Beaufort Sea continental slope: Wind‐driven events in January 2005
Authors: Dmitrenko Igor A. , Kirillov Sergei A. , Forest Alexandre , Gratton Yves , Volkov Denis L. , Williams William J. , Lukovich Jennifer V. , Belanger Claude , Barber David G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe shelfbreak current over the Beaufort Sea continental slope is known to be one of the most energetic features of the Beaufort Sea hydrography. In January 2005, three oceanographic moorings deployed over the Canadian (eastern) Beaufort Sea continental slope simultaneously recorded two consecutive shelfbreak current events with along‐slope eastward bottom‐intensified flow up to 120 cm s−1. Both events were generated by the local wind forcing associated with two Pacific‐born cyclones passing north of the Beaufort Sea continental slope toward the Canadian Archipelago. Over the mooring array, the associated westerly wind exceeded 15 m s−1. These two cyclones generated storm surges along the Beaufort Sea coast with sea surface height (SSH) rising up to 1.4 m following the two westerly wind maxima. We suggest that the westerly along‐slope wind generated a surface Ekman onshore transport. The associated SSH increase over the shelf produced a cross‐slope pressure gradient that drove an along‐slope eastward geostrophic current, in the same direction as the wind. This wind‐driven barotropic flow was superimposed on the background baroclinic bottom‐intensified shelfbreak current that consequently amplified. Summer‐fall satellite altimetry data for 1992–2013 show that the SSH gradient in the southeastern Beaufort Sea is enhanced over the upper continental slope in response to frequent storm surge events. Because the local wind forcing and/or sea‐ice drift could not explain the reduction of sea‐ice concentration over the Beaufort Sea continental slope in January 2005, we speculate that wind‐driven sea level fluctuations may impact the sea‐ice cover in winter.
Spectral characterization of acid weathering products on Martian basaltic glass
Authors: Yant Marcella , Rogers A. Deanne , Nekvasil Hanna , Zhao Yu‐Yan Sara , Bristow Tom 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFor the first time, direct infrared spectral analyses of glasses with Martian compositions, altered under controlled conditions, are presented in order to assess surface weathering and regolith development on Mars. Basaltic glasses of Irvine and Backstay composition were synthesized and altered using H2SO4‐HCl acid solutions (pH 0–4). Scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy, X‐ray diffraction, Raman, and infrared spectral measurements were acquired for each reaction product. Infrared spectra were also acquired from previously synthesized and altered glasses with Pathfinder‐measured compositions. Acid alteration on particles in the most acidic solutions (pH ≤ 1) yielded sulfate‐dominated visible near infrared (VNIR) and thermal infrared (TIR) spectra with some silica influence. Spectral differences between alteration products from each starting material were present, reflecting strong sensitivity to changes in mineral assemblage. In the TIR, alteration features were preserved after reworking and consolidation. In the VNIR, hydrated sulfate features were present along with strong negative spectral slopes. Although such signatures are found in a few isolated locations on Mars with high‐resolution spectrometers, much of the Martian surface lacks these characteristics, suggesting the following: acid alteration occurred at pH ≥ 2; small amounts of sulfates were reworked with unaltered material; there is a prevalence of intermediate‐to‐high silica glass in Martian starting materials (more resistant to acid alteration); primary or added sulfur were lacking; alteration features are obscured by dust; and/or large‐scale, pervasive, acid sulfate weathering of the Martian surface did not occur. These results highlight the need to better understand the spectral properties of altered Martian surface material in order to enhance the interpretation of remote spectra for altered terrains.
Spatial and temporal variations in nitrogen export from a New Zealand pastoral catchment revealed by stream water nitrate isotopic composition
Authors: Wells Naomi S. , Baisden W. Troy , Horton Travis , Clough Tim J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractViable indicators of nitrogen (N) attenuation at the catchment scale are needed in order to sustainably manage global agricultural intensification. We hypothesized that the dominance of a single land use (pasture production) and strong ground‐to‐surface water connectivity would combine to create a system in which surface water nitrate isotopes (δ15N and δ18O of
) could be used to monitor variations in catchment‐scale attenuation. Nitrate isotopes were measured monthly over a 2 year period in four reaches along a spring‐fed, gaining stream (mean
‐N of 6 mg L−1) in Canterbury, New Zealand. The stream water
pool indicated that the highest degree of denitrification occurred in the shallow upper reaches. Moving downstream through increasingly sandy soils, the isotopic signature of denitrification became progressively weaker. The lowest reaches fell into the expected range for
produced from the nitrification of pasture N sources (urine and fertilizers), implying that the attenuation capacity of the groundwater and riparian systems was lower than the rate of N inputs. After excluding months affected by effluent spills or extreme weather (n = 4), variations in the degree of denitrification over stream distance were combined with the measured
discharge to estimate N attenuation over time in the subcatchment. Attenuation was highly responsive to rainfall: 93% of calculated attenuation (20 kg
‐N ha−1 yr−1) occurred within 48 h of rainfall. These findings demonstrate the potential for detailed
stable isotope data to provide integrative measures of catchment
loss pathways.
Effect of tillage on macropore flow and phosphorus transport to tile drains
Authors: Williams Mark R. , King Kevin W. , Ford William , Buda Anthony R. , Kennedy Casey D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractElevated phosphorus (P) concentrations in subsurface drainage water are thought to be the result of P bypassing the soil matrix via macropore flow. The objectives of this study were to quantify event water delivery to tile drains via macropore flow paths during storm events and to determine the effect of tillage practices on event water and P delivery to tiles. Tile discharge, total dissolved P (DP) and total P (TP) concentrations, and stable oxygen and deuterium isotopic signatures were measured from two adjacent tile‐drained fields in Ohio, USA during seven spring storms. Fertilizer was surface‐applied to both fields and disk tillage was used to incorporate the fertilizer on one field while the other remained in no‐till. Median DP concentration in tile discharge prior to fertilizer application was 0.08 mg L−1 in both fields. Following fertilizer application, median DP concentration was significantly greater in the no‐tilled field (1.19 mg L−1) compared to the tilled field (0.66 mg L−1), with concentrations remaining significantly greater in the no‐till field for the remainder of the monitored storms. Both DP and TP concentrations in the no‐till field were significantly related to event water contributions to tile discharge, while only TP concentration was significantly related to event water in the tilled field. Event water accounted for between 26 and 69% of total tile discharge from both fields, but tillage substantially reduced maximum contributions of event water. Collectively, these results suggest that incorporating surface‐applied fertilizers has the potential to substantially reduce the risk of P transport from tile‐drained fields.
Calibration of soil moisture sensing with subsurface heated fiber optics using numerical simulation
Authors: Benítez‐Buelga Javier , Rodríguez‐Sinobas Leonor , Sánchez Calvo Raul , Gil‐Rodríguez María , Sayde Chadi , Selker John S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe heat pulse probe method can be implemented with actively heated fiber optics (AHFO) to obtain distributed measurements of soil water content (θ) by using reported soil thermal responses measured by Distributed Temperature Sensing (DTS) and with a soil‐specific calibration relationship. However, most reported applications have been calibrated to homogeneous soils in a laboratory, while inexpensive efficient in situ calibration procedures useful in heterogeneous soils are lacking. Here we employed the Hydrus 2‐D/3‐D code to define a soil‐specific calibration curve. We define a 2‐D geometry of the fiber optic cable and the surrounding soil media, and simulate heat pulses to capture the soil thermal response at different soil water contents. The model was validated in an irrigated field using DTS data from two locations along the FO deployment in which reference moisture sensors were installed. Results indicate that θ was measured with the model‐based calibration with accuracy better than 0.022 m3 m−3.
On the use of SRTM and altimetry data for flood modeling in data‐sparse regions
Authors: Domeneghetti Alessio 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe growing availability of remotely sensed data has fostered the implementation of hydraulic modeling in poorly gauged regions. However, these applications suffer the lack of knowledge of river bathymetry, which cannot be directly inferred from satellite instruments. This study explores the possibility to set up, calibrate, and validate a hydrodynamic model which geometry is based on global and freely available satellite data. First, the study tests two different procedures for inferring the river bathymetry under the water surface level. Second, focusing on a Po River stretch of ∼140 km (Northern Italy), the study further assesses the suitability of spaceborne topographic and remotely sensed altimetry data (i.e., ERS‐2 and ENVISAT) for implementing and calibrating hydrodynamic models. Referring to 90 m SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topography Mission) digital elevation model for the representation of the riverbed morphology, the work analyzes the performances of different 1‐D numerical models which cross sections are modified according to two approaches: (1) Channel Bankfull depth (CB) and (2) Slope‐Break (SB) approach. The calibration and validation processes are performed by referring to extended altimetry time series (∼16 years of data), while the accuracy and trustworthiness of 1‐D models are tested with reference to a quasi‐2‐D model based on detailed geometry data. Results show that both CB and SB approaches enhance the performance of SRTM‐based models. In particular, the SB approach is completely based on satelliteborne data and shows Nash‐Sutcliffe efficiency, MAE, and RMSE values similar to those obtained with the benchmark model.
Total energy of deep low‐frequency tremor in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan
Authors: Annoura Satoshi , Obara Kazushige , Maeda Takuto 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe estimated the total seismic energy of deep low‐frequency tremor in the Nankai subduction zone, southwest Japan, over an 11 year period. For precise estimation, the continuous time sequence of tremor activity was carefully detected using a procedure designed to minimize false‐negative detections. The estimated spatial distribution of accumulated total energy of tremor indicates high‐energy area in the western Shikoku region. Tremor activity rate, defined as the yearly average of total tremor energy per unit area, was investigated in each area throughout the Nankai subduction zone. The tremor activity rate was spatially variable, being high in areas west of the Kii Channel (the channel is marked by a complex plate geometry) and low in areas east of the channel. The plate convergence rate shows the same spatial pattern as that for tremor activity. We infer that tremor activity is influenced by accumulated strain due to plate convergence.
Coseismic and early postseismic deformation due to the 25 April 2015, Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake from InSAR and GPS measurements
Authors: Sreejith K. M. , Sunil P. S. , Agrawal Ritesh , Saji Ajish P. , Ramesh D. S. , Rajawat A. S. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnalysis of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) and Global Positioning System (GPS) data reveals coseismic and early postseismic (4–88 days) surface displacements associated with the 25 April 2015, Mw 7.8 Gorkha, Nepal, earthquake. The pattern of early postseismic surface uplift and subsidence is found to be opposite to that of the coseismic motion. InSAR and GPS data were jointly inverted for coseismic and postseismic slip on the Main Himalayan Thrust (MHT). We consider a complex ramp‐flat‐ramp‐flat subsurface structure of the MHT with four connected fault planes dipping toward north from the Main Frontal Thrust (MFT). The inverted coseismic slip distribution follows an elliptical pattern, extending east‐southeastward from the hypocenter with maximum amplitude of 5.7 m above the upper edge of the midcrustal ramp. We infer early postseismic afterslip (4–16 days) of 0.2–0.47 m toward downdip of the coseismic slip asperity and another patch with 0.1–0.2 m slip toward east. The shallow portion of the MHT toward south is found to have remained unruptured during the earthquake, nor did it slip aseismically after the earthquake, suggesting possibility of large events in the future.