bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Discovery, characterization and in vivo activity of pyocin SD2, a protein antibiotic from Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Authors: McCaughey Laura C. , Josts Inokentijs , Grinter Rhys , White Paul , Byron Olwyn , Tucker Nicholas P. , Matthews Jacqueline M. , Kleanthous Colin , Whitchurch Cynthia B. , Walker Daniel 
Published: June 2016

Increasing rates of antibiotic resistance among Gram-negative pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa means alternative approaches to antibiotic development are urgently required. Pyocins, produced by P. aeruginosa for intraspecies competition, are highly potent protein antibiotics known to actively translocate across the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa. Understanding and exploiting the mechanisms by which pyocins target, penetrate and kill P. aeruginosa is a promising approach to antibiotic development. In this work we show the therapeutic potential of a newly identified tRNase pyocin, pyocin SD2, by demonstrating its activity in vivo in a murine model of P. aeruginosa lung infection. In addition, we propose a mechanism of cell targeting and translocation for pyocin SD2 across the P. aeruginosa outer membrane. Pyocin SD2 is concentrated at the cell surface, via binding to the common polysaccharide antigen (CPA) of P. aeruginosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), from where it can efficiently locate its outer membrane receptor FpvAI. This strategy of utilizing both the CPA and a protein receptor for cell targeting is common among pyocins as we show that pyocins S2, S5 and SD3 also bind to the CPA. Additional data indicate a key role for an unstructured N-terminal region of pyocin SD2 in the subsequent translocation of the pyocin into the cell. These results greatly improve our understanding of how pyocins target and translocate across the outer membrane of P. aeruginosa. This knowledge could be useful for the development of novel anti-pseudomonal therapeutics and will also support the development of pyocin SD2 as a therapeutic in its own right.
High-Output Cardiac Failure Due to Hereditary Hemorrhagic Telangiectasia: A Case of an Extra-Cardiac Left to Right Shunt
Authors: Wu Patrick , Horwith Amber , Mai Stephanie , Parikh Milind , Tyagi Gaurav , Pai Ramdas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractHigh-output cardiac failure is a rare complication of hereditary hemorrhagic telangiectasia and can potentially be mistaken for other entities. We present a case of high-output cardiac failure because of large hepatic arteriovenous malformations, review the literature regarding the cardiac manifestations of the disease, and discuss the possible differential diagnoses.
Structure and inhibition analysis of the mouse SAD-B C-terminal fragment
Authors: Ma Hui , Wu Jing-Xiang , Wang Jue , Wang Zhi-Xin , Wu Jia-Wei 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The SAD (synapses of amphids defective) kinases, including SAD-A and SAD-B, play important roles in the regulation of neuronal development, cell cycle, and energy metabolism. Our recent study of mouse SAD-A identified a unique autoinhibitory sequence (AIS), which binds at the junction of the kinase domain (KD) and the ubiquitin-associated (UBA) domain and exerts autoregulation in cooperation with UBA. Here, we report the crystal structure of the mouse SAD-B C-terminal fragment including the AIS and the kinase-associated domain 1 (KA1) at 2.8 Å resolution. The KA1 domain is structurally conserved, while the isolated AIS sequence is highly flexible and solvent-accessible. Our biochemical studies indicated that the SAD-B AIS exerts the same autoinhibitory role as that in SAD-A. We believe that the flexible isolated AIS sequence is readily available for interaction with KD-UBA and thus inhibits SAD-B activity.
Isolation of yeast candidates for efficient sophorolipids production: their production potentials associate to their lineage
Authors: Konishi Masaaki , Fujita Manako , Ishibane Yu , Shimizu Yuki , Tsukiyama Yusuke , Ishida Masashi 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEleven biosurfactant-producing strains were newly isolated from environmental samples using a drop-collapse assay and thin-layer chromatography (TLC). According to the TLC analysis, the separation patterns of the glycolipid spots of nine dominant strains corresponded to that of the sophorolipids produced by a Starmerella bombicola type strain. The retention factor values of the spot patterns of two strains were less than those of the others. Two representative major products were purified, and their molecular structures were determined. The major products were identified as diacetylated lactonic and acidic sophorolipids. The fatty acid moieties of both compounds were estimated to be 17-hydroxymethyl hexadecenoic acid. The amounts of glycolipids ranged from 5.0 to 22.9 g/L after 4 d of cultivation. According to a phylogenetic analysis, the strains were identified as Starmerella bombicola and Candida floricola.
The exercise intensity at maximal oxygen uptake (i⩒O2max): Methodological issues and repeatability
Authors: Merry Kevin L. , Glaister Mark , Howatson Glyn , Van Someren Ken 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe minimum exercise intensity that elicits ⩒O2max (i⩒O2max) is an important variable associated with endurance exercise performance. i⩒O2max is usually determined during a maximal incremental exercise test; however, the magnitude and duration of the increments used influence the i⩒O2max value produced by a given test. The aims of this study were twofold. The first was to investigate whether the i⩒O2max value produced by a single cycle ergometer test (i⩒O2max(S)) was repeatable. The second was to determine if i⩒O2max(S) represents the minimum intensity at which ⩒O2max is elicited when compared to a refined i⩒O2max value (i⩒O2max(R)) derived from repeated tests. Seventeen male cyclists (age 33.9 ± 7.7 years, body mass 80.9 ± 10.2 kg, height 1.82 ± 0.05 m; VO2max 4.27 ± 0.62 L min−1) performed four maximal incremental tests for the determination of i⩒O2max(S) and i⩒O2max(R) (3 min stages; 20 W increments). Trials 1 and 2 were identical and used for assessing the repeatability of i⩒O2max(S), trials 3 and 4 began at different intensities and were used to determine i⩒O2max(R). i⩒O2max(S) showed good test–retest repeatability for i⩒O2max (CV = 4.1%; ICC = 0.93), VO2max (CV = 6.3%; ICC = 0.88) and test duration (CV = 6.7%; ICC = 0.89). There was no significant difference between i⩒O2max(S) and i⩒O2max(R) (303 ± 40 W vs. 301 ± 42 W) (P < .05). The present results suggest that i⩒O2max determined directly during a maximal incremental test is repeatable and provides a very good estimate of the minimum exercise intensity that elicits ⩒O2max.
Titian’sChrist with the Coin: Recovering the Spiritual Currency of Numismatics in Renaissance Ferrara
Authors: Nygren Christopher J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTitian paintedChrist with the Coinfor Alfonso d’Este around 1516. The painting served as the cover piece for a collection of ancient coins and has been read as a commentary on politics and taxation. Instead, this article reveals how the painting reconfigured Alfonso’s interaction with ancient coins, transforming the everyday activity of the collector into an occasion of spiritual reformation. Reading numismatic antiquarianism against the exegetical tradition that accrued around the Gospel pericope (Matthew 22:21) reveals the painting as the nexus of two regimes of virtue — one Christian, one classical — both of which turn upon coins as manifold objects.
Hard-tail emission in the soft state of low-mass X-ray binaries and their relation to the neutron star magnetic field
Authors: Asai Kazumi , Mihara Tatehiro , Mastuoka Masaru , Sugizaki Mutsumi 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
Average hard-tail X-ray emission in the soft state of nine bright Atoll low-mass X-ray binaries containing a neutron star (NS-LMXBs) are investigated by using the light curves of MAXI/GSC (Gas Slit Camera) and Swift/BAT (Burst Alert Telescope). Two sources (4U 1820−30 and 4U 1735−44) exhibit a large hardness ratio (15–50 keV/2–10 keV: HR &gt;0.1), while the other sources distribute at HR ≲ 0.1. In either case, HR does not depend on the 2–10 keV luminosity. Therefore the difference of HR is due to the 15–50 keV luminosity, which is Comptonized emission. The Compton cloud is assumed to be around the neutron star. The size of the Compton cloud would affect the value of HR. Although the magnetic field of an NS-LMXB is weak, we could expect a larger Alfvén radius than the innermost stable circular orbit or the neutron star radius in some sources. In such cases, the accretion inflow is stopped at the Alfvén radius and would create a relatively large Compton cloud. This would result in the observed larger Comptonized emission. By attributing the difference of the size of Compton cloud to the Alfvén radius, we can estimate the magnetic fields of neutron stars. The obtained lower/upper limits are consistent with the previous results.
High-frequency excess in the radio continuum spectrum of the type-1 Seyfert galaxy NGC 985
Authors: Doi Akihiro , Inoue Yoshiyuki 
Published: June 2016

Abstract
The Seyfert galaxy NGC 985 is known to show a high-frequency excess in its radio continuum spectrum at a milli-Jansky level on the basis of previous observations at 1.4–15 GHz; a steep spectrum at low frequencies (a spectral index, α = −1.10 ± 0.03) changes at ∼10 GHz into an inverted spectrum at higher frequencies (α = +0.86 ± 0.09). We conduct new observations at 15–43 GHz using the Very Large Array and at 100 GHz using the Nobeyama Millimeter Array. As a result, the high-frequency excess has been confirmed as continuing at even higher radio frequencies, up to 43 GHz. The non-detection at 100 GHz was not so strong a constraint, and therefore the spectral behavior above 43 GHz remains unclear. The astrometric position of the high-frequency excess component coincides with the optical position of the Seyfert nucleus and the low-frequency radio position to an accuracy of 0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$1, corresponding to ∼80 pc; the radio source size is constrained to be &lt;0${^{\prime\prime}_{.}}$02, corresponding to &lt;16 pc. We discuss the physical origin of the observed high-frequency excess component. Dust emission at the Rayleigh–Jeans regime, free–free emission from X-ray radiating high-temperature plasma, free–free emission from the ensemble of broad-line region clouds, or thermal synchrotron from hot accretion flow cannot be responsible for the observed radio flux. Compact jets under synchrotron self-absorption may be unlikely in terms of observed time scales. Alternatively, we cannot rule out the hypotheses of synchrotron jets free–free absorbed by a circumnuclear photo-ionized region, and self-absorbed nonthermal synchrotron from disk corona, as the origin of the high-frequency excess component.
Management of rhinosinusitis: an evidence based approach
Authors: Para Andrew J. , Clayton Elisabeth , Peters Anju T. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
The most recent recommendations for the management of both acute (ARS) and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) based on the strongest data available for each treatment modality are summarized in this review. The clinical relationships between CRS and its comorbidities are also discussed.

Recent findings
The most promising advances in rhinosinusitis management involve the use of mAbs (anti-IgE, anti-IL-5, anti-IL-4Rα) in trials of CRS with nasal polyposis. Otherwise, the mainstays of treatment for both ARS and CRS have largely remained the same over the past several years.

Summary
The treatment of ARS primarily involves symptomatic control with intranasal corticosteroids and nasal saline irrigation; antibiotics should be reserved for the patients who are believed to have bacterial rhinosinusitis. Treating CRS effectively involves using intranasal corticosteroids and irrigation, systemic corticosteroids, and potentially systemic antibiotics. Biologics (mAbs) have shown benefit in clinical studies. Providers should also be aware of concomitant disease processes that may afflict patients with CRS.
Emerging evidence of the role of gut microbiota in the development of allergic diseases
Authors: Simonyte Sjödin Kotryna , Vidman Linda , Rydén Patrik , West Christina E. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
The purpose is to review recent studies examining the role of gut microbiota in allergic diseases and asthma.

Recent findings
Work in experimental models gives further evidence that a disturbed gut microbiota influences the propensity to develop allergic manifestations, and that changing the gut microbiota by dietary means (high fiber/acetate or prebiotics) in pregnancy may reduce the risk of allergic airways disease and food allergy in the offspring, respectively. The gut microbiome in established allergic disease and prior to disease onset has also been assessed in clinical trials. One study demonstrated a strong association between high abundance of Faecalibacterium prausnitzii and decreased levels of butyrate and propionate, and established eczema. Lower relative abundance of Ruminococcaceae appears to be implicated in food sensitization and to precede the development of atopic eczema. Decreased relative abundance of Lachnospira, Veillonella, Faecalibacterium, and Rothia in early infancy was reported to be associated with increased asthma risk. Inoculation of germ-free mice with these genera decreased airway inflammation in their offspring thereby proposing a causal role of bacteria in preventing allergic airways disease.

Summary
Gut microbiome research is an actively developing field. Although candidate bacterial taxa have been reported it still remains unclear which bacteria (or other microbes), in which numbers and combinations, and when during the gut colonization process may prevent allergic diseases and asthma. There is still a call for standardized approaches that will enable direct comparison of different studies.
The difficult management of anaphylaxis in the elderly
Authors: González-de-Olano David , Lombardo Carla , González-Mancebo Eloína 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of reviewIn this article, an overview of the main characteristics of the anaphylaxis in the elderly, a subset of the population with particular clinical and physiological features that might influence the presentation and management of this entity, is performed.Recent findingsLife expectancy of the population is increasing and so is the prevalence of allergic diseases in the elderly, including anaphylaxis. Older people present higher risk of fatalities after anaphylaxis, and some comorbidities and pharmacological treatments they may use might also increase that risk.SummaryRecognition of the main triggers, the risk factors, and the wide variety of presenting symptoms of anaphylaxis is therefore helpful in its management, as well as a prompt initiation of the treatment and a complete follow-up.
Development of nanostructures in the diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions
Authors: Mayorga Cristobalina , Perez-Inestrosa Ezequiel , Molina Noemi , Montañez Maria I. 
Published: June 2016

Purpose of review
This article provides an overview of novel nanoscale structures potentially applicable to the field of allergy, and to discuss the required properties, advantages, and disadvantages of those nanostructures for clinical application focusing on diagnosis of drug hypersensitivity reactions.

Recent findings
Advances in the development of different nanostructures are favoring their biomedical applications. One area of interest is the interaction between nanostructures and the immune system, including their ability to emulate carrier molecules and their potential use for the diagnosis of allergic reactions.

Summary
Immunoassays are the most widely used in-vitro test for evaluating immunoglobulin E (IgE)-mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions. However, they have important technical limitations affecting their sensitivity. A wide variety of nanostructures have been designed to quantify specific IgE, with the aim of diagnosing different kinds of allergies. Nanoparticles-based colloidal immunoassay employed in microdevices and/or miniaturized systems are improving IgE detection sensitivity. Dendrimers have shown immense potential for the design and development of sensor platforms for evaluating IgE-mediated drug hypersensitivity reactions, due to the increase in hapten density and IgE accessibility. In this sense, a variety of dendritic structures as well as their hybridization to different solid supports have been shown to be successful when applied in the diagnosis of drug allergy. Moreover, the knowledge of the complete antigenic determinants would allow their inclusion and therefore further improvement of the sensitivity.
Pain Experiences of Children and Adolescents With Osteogenesis Imperfecta
Authors: Nghiem Tracy , Louli Julie , Treherne Stephanie C. , Anderson Charlotte E. , Tsimicalis Argerie , Lalloo Chitra , Stinson Jennifer N. , Thorstad Kelly 
Published: June 2016

Objective:
Pain is a commonly experienced symptom for children and adolescents diagnosed with osteogenesis imperfecta (OI). The purpose of this integrative review was to describe the pain experience of children and adolescents with OI as well as critically appraise the content and methods of studies assessing OI pain.

Methods:
Five electronic bibliographic databases were searched. Published quantitative, qualitative, and/or mixed-method studies assessing pain in children and adolescents with OI were included and appraised. Constant comparison of the extracted data was used to synthesize themes.

Results:
A total of 783 titles were identified, and 19 studies that met the inclusion criteria were included in this review. Study appraisal scores ranged from 25.0% to 83.3% using the Quality Assessment Tool. The majority of studies included assessed pain as a secondary outcome (63%) and less than half used moderately established or well-established tools (42%). Two themes were uncovered: “Pain is Present and Problematic” and “Issues with Pain Assessment.” Key findings under each theme include: (1) the negative impacts of pain and the substandard use of pain management strategies; and (2) the lack of multidimensional and consistent pain assessments, as well as difficulties in assessing pain in younger children.

Discussion:
Research on OI has focused very little on pain experience in children and adolescents, and there is no standard method of assessing pain. To better describe the pain experience of these patients, future research should focus on better characterizing OI pain with the use of age-appropriate valid, reliable, and multidimensional pain assessment tools.
Prevalence of Chronic Neck Pain, Low Back Pain, and Knee Pain and Their Related Factors in Community-Dwelling Adults in Iran
Authors: Noormohammadpour Pardis , Mansournia Mohammad Ali , Koohpayehzadeh Jalil , Asgari Fereshteh , Rostami Mohsen , Rafei Ali , Kordi Ramin 
Published: June 2016

Background:
Chronic musculoskeletal pain (CMP) is increasing in prevalence rapidly. Over the past 2 decades low back pain has been ranked globally as the primary cause of years lived with disability. The primary objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence of chronic neck pain (CNP), chronic low back pain (CLBP), and chronic knee pain (CKP) and their related risk factors in the national Iranian population.

Methods:
We analyzed data obtained through a cross-sectional, population-based survey of 7889 Iranians who were aged between 30 and 70 years.

Results:
The prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and CKP was 15.34%, 27.18%, and 29.97%, respectively. Female sex, aging, body mass index≥25, Lur or Arab ethnicity, illiteracy, passive smoking, positive osteoporosis history, and low or high physical activity levels were risk factors for CLBP, CNP, and CKP after adjustment for potential confounders. For example, in participants with a body mass index≥30, odds ratios for CNP, CLBP, and CKP adjusted for age, sex, ethnicity, living area, education, employment status, smoking, and physical activity levels were 1.26 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.04-1.52), 1.37 (95% CI, 1.17-1.59), and 1.64 (95% CI, 1.41-1.91), respectively.

Conclusions:
This is the first study investigating the prevalence of CNP, CLBP, and CKP in the national population of Iran. It shows some modifiable risk factors for CMP, and suggests that affordable planning for these risk factors can be valuable in preventing CMP globally. However, this is a cross-sectional study and future longitudinal studies in this field are necessary.
Descriptive Analysis of Spinal Neuroaxial Injections, Surgical Interventions, and Physical Therapy Utilization for Degenerative Lumbar Spondylolisthesis Within Medicare Beneficiaries from 2000 to 2011
Authors: Sclafani Joseph A. , Constantin Alexandra , Ho Pei-Shu , Akuthota Venu , Chan Leighton 
Published: June 2016

Study Design.
A retrospective, observational study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to determine the utilization of various treatment modalities in the management of degenerative spondylolisthesis within Medicare beneficiaries.

Summary of Background Data.
Degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis is a condition often identified in symptomatic low back pain. A variety of treatment algorithms including physical therapy and interventional techniques can be used to manage clinically significant degenerative spondylolisthesis.

Methods.
This study utilized the 5% national sample of Medicare carrier claims from 2000 through 2011. A cohort of beneficiaries with a new International Classification of Diseases 9th edition (ICD-9) diagnosis code for degenerative lumbar spondylolisthesis was identified. Current procedural terminology codes were used to identify the number of procedures performed each year by specialty on this cohort.

Results.
A total of 95,647 individuals were included in the analysis. Average age at the time of initial diagnosis was 72.8 ± 9.8 years. Within this study cohort, spondylolisthesis was more prevalent in females (69%) than males and in Caucasians (88%) than other racial demographics. Over 50% of beneficiaries underwent at least one injection, approximately one-third (37%) participated in physical therapy, one in five (21%) underwent spinal surgery, and one-third (36%) did not utilize any of these interventions. Greater than half of all procedures (124,280/216,088) occurred within 2 years of diagnosis. The ratio of focal interventions (transforaminal and facet interventions) to less selective (interlaminar) procedures was greater for the specialty of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation than for the specialties of Anesthesiology, Interventional Radiology, Neurosurgery, and Orthopedic Surgery. The majority of physical therapy was dedicated to passive treatment modalities and range of motion exercises rather than active strengthening modalities within this cohort.

Conclusion.
Interventional techniques and physical therapy are frequently used treatment modalities for symptomatic degenerative spondylolisthesis. Understanding utilization of these techniques is important to determine relative clinical efficacies and to optimize future health care expenditures.

Level of Evidence: N/A