bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Piperacillin Sodium: Antibacterial Spectrum, Pharmacokinetics, Clinical Efficacy, and Adverse Reactions
Authors: Fortner Clarence L. , Finley Rebecca S. , Schimpff Stephen C. 
Published: December 2015

Piperacillin sodium is a beta lactam antibiotic with a broad range of antibacterial activity that includes gram‐negative bacilli, gram‐positive cocci (except penicillinase‐producing S. aureus) and anaerobic pathogens such as Clostridium difficile, and Bacteroides fragilis. Piperacillin inhibits many of the members of the Enterobacteriaceae, including Klebsiella sp and Pseudomonas, at lower concentrations than required for carbenicillin and ticarcillin.Piperacillin sodium is administered by intramuscular and intravenous injection and is widely distributed throughout body fluids and tissues. Like other newer penicillins, piperacillin is excreted by both renal and biliary mechanisms. The primary route of elimination is by glomerular filtration, which results in high urinary concentrations of the unchanged compound. Piperacillin has been approved for patients with serious infection caused by susceptible strains of specific organisms in intra‐abdominal, urinary tract, gynecologic, lower respiratory tract, skin and skin structure, bone and joint, and gonococcal infections and septicemia. As with other penicillins, piperacillin has a low frequency of toxicity. The usual dose of piperacillin in adults with serious infections with normal renal function is 3–4 g every 4–6 hr as a 20–30 min infusion, with a maximum dose of 24 g per day. It is stable in most large volume parenteral solutions. Less serious infections (requiring smaller dosages) may be treated by intramuscular injection; however, no more than 2 g should be given at any one injection site.Overall, piperacillin has a greater degree of activity than other penicillins. Evidence from prospective studies indicates that piperacillin is a highly effective agent for the treatment of patients with infections caused by susceptible organisms.
Drug Therapy of Inflammatory Bowel Disease
Authors: Sack David M. , Peppercorn Mark A. 
Published: December 2015

Although the etiology of inflammatory bowel disease is unknown and specific therapy is unavailable, enough information on existing empiric agents is availble to allow rational therapy. These agents include sulfasalazine, steroids, immunosuppressive drugs, metronidazole and cholestyramine.Sulfasalazine is a two‐part molecule that depends on bacterial cleavage in the colon to deliver locally acting 5‐aminosalicylate, whose mechanism of action may relate to inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis. The other half of the molecule, sulfapyridine, is responsible for most of the side effects of the drug. While the efficacy of sulfasalazine in the treatment and prevention of attacks of ulcerative colitis is well established, its use in Crohn's disease appears to be limited to patients with active colitis and ileo‐colitis. Sulfasalazine is of major benefit in preventing relapses in patients with ulcerative colitis in remission. New formulations of 5‐aminosalicylate may allow delivery of the apparently active moiety to the small bowel and colon without concomitant sulfapyridine toxicity.Corticosteroids are highly effective in acute attacks of ulcerative colitis and Crohn's ileitis and ileo‐colitis; the mechanism of antiinflammatory action remains speculative. However, maintenance therapy with steroids is ineffective in preventing relapses or recurrent attacks of either ulcerative colitis or Crohn's disease. Steroid enemas allow topical administration to patients with distal colitis and proctitis with few systemic side effects. In children with growth failure associated with active Crohn's disease, amelioration by steroid therapy may actually restore normal growth.Immunosuppressive agents such as azathioprine and 6‐mercaptopurine are of little value in active Crohn's disease when administered alone; however, in combination with other agents they may help diminish steroid dose, close fistulae and prevent relapse. Their mode of action likely depends on long‐term cytostatic effects on immune effector cells. Concern for leukopenia and the development of late malignancy has limited their use to patients not responding to other therapies.Metronidazole, an antimicrobial agent that is effective against anaerobes, has recently been shown useful in Crohn's disease involving the colon and perianal area. Its mechanism of action is uncertain, but may be related to its antibacterial actions on anaerobes.Cholestyramine can be successfully used to control bile salt‐induced diarrhea in Crohn's patients with terminal ileal resections.Effective drug therapy of inflammatory bowel disease is only part of a total program of management including reassurance, frequent explanations, well‐timed use of surgery, and an understanding physician.
Enhanced Daily Sperm Production in the Remaining Testis of Aged Rats Following Hemicastration
Authors: JOHNSON LARRY , NEAVES WILLIAM B. 
Published: December 2015

To investigate the effects of age and hemicastration on daily sperm production (DSP), testes from adult (6 to 10 months) and aged (22 to 24 months) Sprague‐Dawley rats were evaluated before and four months after hemicastration. Testes were weighted, decapsulated, homogenized in a Waring Blender, and evaluated for the number of maturation‐phase spermatids in the homogenates. DSP per testis was calculated by dividing the number of spermatids in the homogenates by the estimated life span of the spermatids (6.3 days). The same testicular traits, along with plasma LH and FSH levels, were determined in a second group of aged rats. Considering both testes in the first experiment, neither DSP per testis nor DSP per g parenchyma were significantly affected by age. However, the age testis interaction was significant (P < 0.01) in both parameters. DSP per g of the testis removed at hemicastration was slightly lower (P < 0.05) in the aged group, and DSP per g in the aged rat was enhanced (P < 0.05) in the hemicastrates. Unlike the adults, aged rats had enhanced (P < 0.01) DSP per testis in the remaining testis posthemicastration. In the second experiment, testicular weight, DSP per g, and DSP per testis were enhanced (P < 0.01) after hemicastration. Plasma FSH levels were significantly (P < 0.01) elevated within one week after hemicastration and remained elevated four months later. Plasma LH levels were not elevated within one week after hemicastration but were significantly (P < 0.01) elevated four months following hemicastration.We concluded that: 1. measured by DSP, no decline in spermatogenesis was found between 6 to 10 and 22 to 24 months of age; 2. aged rats were capable of hemicastration‐induced testicular enlargement and enhancement of DSP, 3. rats in the adult group were not capable of these hemicastration‐induced changes, 4. posthemicastration testicular enlargement was accompanied by an increased number of germ cells; 5. immediate and continued elevation of plasma FSH suggests its involvement in hemicastration‐induced testicular enlargement of aged rats.
Testicular Responsiveness to a Single Dose of hCG During Chronic Hyper‐ and Hypoprolactinemia in Aged Men
Authors: MARTIKAINEN HANNU , HUHTANIEMI ILPO , MYLLYLÄ VILHO , SOTANIEMI KYÖSTI , NUMMI KARI , VIHKO REIJO 
Published: December 2015

In order to characterize the long‐term effects of elevated or lowered serum prolactin levels on testicular endocrine function, peripheral serum FSH, LH, prolactin, testosterone, 17‐hydroxyprogesterone, and estradiol concentrations were determined in hyper‐ and hypoprolactinemic men (treated with neuroleptics versus dopamine agonists), 50 to 80 years of age, in the basal state and after a single intramuscular injection of 5000 IU hCG. Prior to hCG injection, the concentrations of testosterone and 17‐hydroxyprogesterone were significantly lower in hyper‐ than in hypoprolactinemic men (P < 0.02); but estradiol, LH, and FSH levels were not significantly different between the two groups investigated. In hyperprolactinemic men, hCG induced a significant increase (196 ± 40%, SE,P < 0.05) in the mean maximum serum testosterone concentration at 2 to 4 days; whereas in the hypoprolactinemia group, the maximum androgen response was 162 ± 11%. The significant androgen response seen during chronic hyperprolactinemia was associated with a smaller increase in estradiol concentration (274 ± 44% versus 472 ± 78%, P0.05) at 1 to 2 days after hCG injection as compared with the hypoprolactinemia group. The behavior of 17‐hydroxyprogesterone was similar in both groups. Following hCG injection, serum FSH showed a tendency to decrease in both groups.The present results suggst differences in testicular function during hyper‐ and hypoprolactinemia, and indicate that prolactin may regulate testicular androgen synthesis at several steps. In the basal state (before hCG administration), testosterone output of hyperprolactinemic men appears to be reduced by inhibition of one or more steps, as yet unidentified, in the biosynthetic pathway proximal to C21 steroid side‐chain cleavage. During hCG challenge, however, partial inhibition by hyperprolactinemia of testicular aromatization may offer an explanation for the major testicular androgen response to gonadotropin stimulation, when compared with the low pretreatment levels of testosterone.
Orchiectomy in Young Rats Results in Differential Regulation of Follicle‐Stimulating Hormone and Luteinizing Hormone Content
Authors: VOGEL DONNA L. , SHERINS RICHARD J. , STATON RICHARD C. , RODBARD DAVID 
Published: December 2015

While it is generally accepted that GnRH stimulates release of pituitary gonadotropins, it is not clear what regulates synthesis. The orchiectomized immature rat, with sustained high plasma levels of LH and FSH, provides an opportunity to study how gonadotropin biosynthesis responds to loss of the gonad.We have measured plasma and pituitary LH and FSH in castrate and sham operated rats after orchiectomy at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days of age. Plasma FSH and LH concentrations by RIA were markedly elevated in castrates within one to three days after castration, and they remained elevated in all groups. By contrast, pituitary content measurements revealed differences between the two gonadotropins: while LH content in castrates consistently exceeded that in controls, FSH content in castrates was lower. Pituitary LH excess was evident by seven to ten days after castration. The pituitary FSH deficit in younger animals was similarly apparent by seven to ten days. In the older groups, however, FSH content decreased as early as three days, but returned toward normal by 21 days.In orchiectomized young rats, pituitary LH is elevated, but FSH content is depressed. This discrepancy is delayed, but more marked, in younger rats. In view of sustained high plasma levels after castration, our findings imply differential regulation of synthesis, processing, or storage of the two gonadotropins.
Whole Cell and Nuclear Androgen Uptake in Skin Fibroblasts from Infertile Men
Authors: EIL CHARLES , GAMBLIN GEORGE T. , HODGE JOHN W. , CLARK RICHARD V. , SHERINS RICHARD J. 
Published: December 2015

In order to reexamine the hypothesis that a high percentage of infertile men with oligo/azoospermia have androgen resistance due to androgen receptor abnormalities, both whole cell and nuclear uptake of [3H]R1881 (a synthetic, nonmetabolizable androgen) were measured in intact, dispersed fibroblasts cultured from pubic skin biopsy specimens of 15 men selected because of infertility associated with varying degrees of oligozoospermia. Eight men had sperm densities ≤ 2 × 106/ml; 7 were > 2 × 106/ml. Serum levels of FSH and LH were elevated in the severely oligo/azoospermic group, but normal in the other infertile men; concentrations of testosterone, estradiol, and prolactin were normal in both groups. The controls were six normal, age‐matched, fertile males.There was no difference in binding capacity or dissociation constant for androgen uptake either into whole cells (3940 ± 940 [mean ± SE] sites/cell vs. 4700 ± 1120 sites/cell, P = NS) or into nuclei (1360 ± 340 sites/cell vs. 1460 ± 340 sites/cell, P = NS) of the fibroblasts from the patients vs. the controls, respectively. Furthermore, there was no correlation between patient sperm densities and fibroblast whole cell or nuclear uptake binding capacities. Finally, there was no difference in any androgen binding parameter when only the fibroblasts from the men with severe oligozoospermia or azoospermia were compared with the controls.The authors conclude that the infertility of men with severe testicular germ cell depletion cannot be accounted for by a quantitative androgen receptor abnormality in their pubic skin fibroblasts. The possibility of a subtle, qualitative abnormality of the patients' androgen receptors or a postreceptor defect cannot be excluded even though the normal nuclear androgen uptake of the patients' cells suggests that the receptors are functionally intact.
Memorial Tribute to Griff T. Ross, M.D., Ph.D.
Authors: ROSEMBERG EUGENIA 
Published: December 2015

On July 1, 1985, we lost a dear friend: Griff T. Ross, who lived neither in the past nor in the future but, who let each day's work and interest in the work of others absorb all of his energies. Throughout his life, he dedicated his whole being to any and all personal and professional tasks he ever undertook. His dedication was a gift that made his life extremely rich, not only for what he received, but for what he gave to his family, his friends, and fellow scientists around the world.Born in Texas on July 17, 1920, Griff's heart was as open as the land of his native state. He received a bachelor's degree from the Stephen F. Austin State Teachers College in 1939, and attended graduate school at the University of Texas in Austin, before earning in 1945, a Medical Degree at the University of Texas, Medical Branch, at Galveston.
Poverty Mapping Based on First‐Order Dominance with an Example from Mozambique
Authors: Arndt Channing , Hussain Azhar M. , Salvucci Vincenzo , Tarp Finn , Østerdal Lars Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe explore a novel first‐order dominance (FOD) approach to poverty mapping and compare its properties to small‐area estimation. The FOD approach uses census data directly, is straightforward to implement, is multidimensional allowing for a broad conception of welfare and accounts rigorously for welfare distributions in both levels and trends. An application to Mozambique highlights the value of the approach, including its advantages in the monitoring and evaluation of public expenditures. We conclude that the FOD approach to poverty mapping constitutes a useful addition to the toolkit of policy analysts. © 2015 UNU‐WIDER. Journal of International Development published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Role of 18‐Fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐computed tomography and subsequent panendoscopy in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma of unknown primary
Authors: Mani Navin , George Manish M. , Nash Laura , Anwar Bilal , Homer Jarrod J. 
Published: December 2015

Objectives/HypothesisHead and neck squamous cell carcinomas of unknown primary (HNSCCUP) accounts for up to 10% of presenting head and neck squamous cell carcinomas. Identification of the primary site allows for directed therapy. Where initial investigations have failed to locate the primary site, 18‐fludeoxyglucose positron emission tomography‐computed tomography (PET/CT) has emerged as a useful tool with improved sensitivity over positron emission tomography alone. Following PET/CT scan, the role of subsequent panendoscopy ± biopsy has not been fully assessed. We aim to evaluate and quantify the role of PET/CT and subsequent panendoscopy in HNSCCUP.Study DesignRetrospective cohort study.MethodsPatients with HNSCCUP presenting between January 2005 and December 2010 at a regional oncology referral center were studied. All patients who presented with a metastatic neck node and unknown primary who had undergone PET/CT prior to panendoscopy were included. The accuracy of PET/CT was calculated and compared with panendoscopy and histopathological findings.ResultsFifty‐two patients were included. Twenty‐seven PET/CT scans suggested a primary site. Calculated diagnostic parameters were 83% sensitivity, 87% specificity, positive predictive value 89%, and negative predictive value 80%. Three false‐positive PET/CT scans were noted after panendoscopy and normal histology. Importantly, three confirmed tongue base tumors were found on panendoscopy, which were undetected on PET/CT.ConclusionsPET/CT is a valuable resource for locating tumors in HNSCCUP. It helps direct biopsy and aids in the detection of local and distant metastases along with synchronous primary tumors. Importantly, due to both false‐positive and false‐negative PET/CT rates, panendoscopy and biopsy remains an essential adjunct investigation irrespective of PET/CT results.Level of Evidence4 Laryngoscope, 126:1354–1358, 2016
Folic‐Acid‐Modified Conducting Polymer: Electrochemical Detection of the Cell Attachment
Authors: Azak Hacer , Barlas Firat Baris , Yildiz Huseyin Bekir , Gulec Kadri , Demir Bilal , Demirkol Dilek Odaci , Timur Suna 
Published: December 2015

Here, postfunctionalization and bioapplication of a π‐conjugated polymer named 4‐[4H‐dithieno(3,2‐b:2′,3′‐d)pyrrol‐4‐yl]aniline (DTP‐aryl‐NH2) are reported, which is successfully synthesized via electropolymerization onto the glassy carbon electrode. Folic acid (FA) is used to modify the amino functional polymer via N‐(3‐dimethylaminopropyl)‐N′‐ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride/N‐hydroxysuccinimide chemistry for the further steps. The selective adhesion of folate receptor positive cells on the surface is followed by the electrochemical methods. Cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy have been used to characterize stepwise modification of the electroactive surface. After optimization studies such as scan rate during the polymer deposition, FA amount for the efficient surface targeting, incubation time with the cells etc., analytical characterization is carried out. The surface morphologies at each step are imaged by using fluorescence microscopy.
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Die Dampfspannung von Lösungen, Gesättigt an Kaliumrhodanid und an Kaliumchlorid: (bzw. ‐Bromid und ‐Jodid)
Authors: Dingemans P. 
Published: December 2015

Im Jahre 1937 wurden nach einer statischen Methode die Dampfspannungen von wässerigen Lösungen, gesättigt an zwei DihydroxybenzenenP. Dingemans, Rec. trav. chim. 56, 839 (1937).
, gemessen. Die drei erhaltenen Linien sind die ersten Fälle von vollständig gemessenen P‐T‐Linien von Lösungen, die an zwei festen Stoffen gesättigt sind.Nach derselben Methode sind jetzt die vollständigen P‐T‐Linien von an Kaliumrhodanid, an Kaliumrhodanid + Kaliumchlorid, an Kaliumrhodanid + Kaliumbromid und an Kaliumrhodanid + Kaliumjodid gesättigten wässerigen Lösungen untersucht worden.Diese Dampfspannungen wurden gemessen von 10° C an bis zum Schmelzpunkt von Kaliumrhodanid bzw. bis an die eutektischen Temperaturen des Systems KCNS + KCl (bzw. KBr und KJ).
Preparative metallation of norbornene and norbornadiene
Authors: Verkruijsse H. D. , Brandsma L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractNorbornene and norbornadiene have been successfully metallated with the complex BuLi ·t‐BuOK in tetrahydrofuran and a number of derivatives prepared by reaction of the metallic intermediates with electrophilic reagents.
A study directed towards the preparation of nucleopeptide fragments containing covalently linked L‐serine or L‐threonine
Authors: Kuyl‐Yeheskiely E. , van der Klein P. A. M. , Visser G. M. , van der Marel G. A. , van Boom J. H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe synthesis of the nucleopeptides H‐Ala‐Ser(Thr)‐pTpT will be described. The results we obtained indicated that the protective groups so far developed for the preparation of nucleic acids are not satisfactory for a successful assemblage of nucleopeptides.
Studies on borate esters IV. Structural analysis of borate esters of polyhydroxycarboxylates in water using 13C and 1H NMR spectroscopys
Authors: van Duin M. , Peters J. A. , Kieboom A. P. G. , van Bekkum H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractA combined 13C and 1H NMR study on borate esters of a series of polyhydroxycarboxylates is presented. 13C substituent effects upon borate ester formation, as obtained from a set of model compounds, established that borate esters of the threo‐3,4‐diol functions of gluconate, glucarate, idarate and probably also of gulonate are preferred. The conformations of the free polyhydroxycarboxylates and the corresponding borate esters were determined using vicinal proton coupling constants. Both in 1H and 13C NMR spectra, peak doubling, due to diastereomerism in borate diesters, is observed.
The structure of some overcrowded potassium polymethylbenzenesulfonates
Authors: Koeberg‐Telder Ankie , Cerfontain Hans , Stam Casper H. , Kreuning Gertjan 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe crystal structures of the dipotassium tetramethylbenzene‐1,2‐ (1b), ‐1,3‐ (2b) and ‐1,4‐disulfonate (4b) have been determined. The overcrowding of the six substituents in the three isomers is reflected in the puckering of the benzene rings (the degree of which increases in the order 2b < 4b < 1b) and, to some extent, in the somewhat greater lengths of the CCH3 and CS bonds (as compared to those in dipotassium 2,4,6‐trimethylbenzene‐1,3‐disulfonate (3b), a compound which allows a larger bond‐angle deformation of the benzene ring).A comparison of the observed 1H and 13C NMR data of 1b–4b with those calculated on the basis of additivity of the substituent chemical shifts (SCS's) of the methyl and sulfonate groups failed to reveal any specific information concerning the (degree and type of local) overcrowding of the polymethylbenzenedisulfonates.
Calibration weighting in survey sampling
Authors: Kott Phillip S. 
Published: December 2015

Calibration weighting was introduced as a tool for reducing the standard errors of many, if not most, finite‐population estimates produced from a survey sample by mildly adjusting the sample's inverse‐probability weights. Calibration weighting does this by forcing the weighted sums of certain ‘calibration’ variables to equal their known (or better‐estimated) population totals. In the absence of unit (element‐level) nonresponse, the weight‐adjustment function produces an adjustment factor for each inverse‐probability weight that tends to unity in large samples. When thereisunit nonresponse in a survey, however, the weight‐adjustment factor in calibration weighting need no longer be near unity. Instead, it can implicitly estimate the inverse of each unit's probability of response under an assumed response model. As a result, calibration weighting can remove, or at least greatly reduce, the potential for nonresponse bias in the resulting estimates. Moreover, if the survey variable of interest is assumed to be random variable with an expectation linear in the calibration variables and unaffected by whether or not the unit responds when selected, then calibration weighting produces an unbiased estimator for the survey‐variable's population total whether or not the selection model implied by the weight‐adjustment function holds. When the response model contains variables with values known only for respondents, the situation is a bit more complicated.WIREs Comput Stat2016, 8:39–53. doi: 10.1002/wics.1374This article is categorized under:Statistical and Graphical Methods of Data Analysis > Sampling
Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Bleikammerprozesses. I. Über das System Nitrosylschwefelsäure, Schwefelsäure und Wasser
Authors: Berl E. , Saenger H. H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAuf statischem Wege werden die Dampfdrucke von Lösungen der Nitrosylschwefelsäure in wäßrigen Schwefelsäuren in dem für den Bleikammerprozeß wichtigen Konzentrationsbereich von 64–80% (51‐60° Bé) für Temperaturen von 30‐150° gemessen.