bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
High Diversity Revealed in Leaf‐Associated Protists (Rhizaria: Cercozoa) of Brassicaceae
Authors: Ploch Sebastian , Rose Laura E. , Bass David , Bonkowski Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe largest biological surface on earth is formed by plant leaves. These leaf surfaces are colonized by a specialized suite of leaf‐inhabiting microorganisms, recently termed “phyllosphere microbiome”. Microbial prey, however, attract microbial predators. Protists in particular have been shown to structure bacterial communities on plant surfaces, but virtually nothing is known about the community composition of protists on leaves. Using newly designed specific primers targeting the 18S rDNA gene of Cercozoa, we investigated the species richness of this common protist group on leaves of four Brassicaceae species from two different locations in a cloning‐based approach. The generated sequences revealed a broad diversity of leaf‐associated Cercozoa, mostly bacterial feeders, but also including known plant pathogens and a taxon of potential endophytes that were recently described as algal predators in freshwater systems. This initial study shows that protists must be regarded as an integral part of the microbial diversity in the phyllosphere of plants.
Favela in Replica: Iterations and Itineraries of a Miniature City
Authors: Angelini Alessandro M. 
Published: March 2016

ResumenEm uma investigação etnográfica de como a repetição produz a diferença, bem como mesmice, este artigo apresenta uma brincadeira que virou projeto cultural, conhecido como Morrinho, criado e mantido pelo coletivo de jovens de uma favela carioca. Focalizando nas maquetes que têm construído em exposições internacionais de arte, o artigo conta sobre encontros entre artistas, curadores e colaboradores no Rio, Veneza e Londres. A valorização do Morrinho como obra de arte aborda debates antropológicos sobre a iteração e a mimesis bem como a história estética e política da periferia urbana brasileira. Morrinho juventude brincam ironicamente quem ou o que constitui a criatividade e autoria, desafiando a sua identidade adquirida como artistas. Uma colaboração em Londres com jovens imigrantes inverte a ordem simbólica da cidade, levando traços da marginalidade ao centro. [afro‐brasileiros, arte, Brasil, urbano, juventude]
CAST your vote: is calpain inhibition the answer to ALS?
Authors: Wright Amanda L. , Vissel Bryce 
Published: March 2016

A publication in the Journal of Neurochemistry by Rao et al. (2016) suggests that the overexpression of the calpain inhibitor, calpastatin (CAST) rescues neuron loss and increases survival of the amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) mouse model, hSOD1G93A. The findings of Rao et al. (2016) provide an insight into the mechanisms that lead to neuronal loss in ALS and suggest a cell loss pathway common to several neurodegenerative disorders that may be therapeutically targeted. Here, we highlight the findings of Rao et al. (2016) and discuss some key considerations required prior to assessing the potential use of calpain inhibitors in the clinic.Read the highlighted article ‘Calpastatin inhibits motor neuron death and increases survival in hSOD1G93A mice’ on page 253.
Why are there apes? Evidence for the co‐evolution of ape and monkey ecomorphology
Authors: Hunt Kevin D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractApes, members of the superfamily Hominoidea, possess a distinctive suite of anatomical and behavioral characters which appear to have evolved relatively late and relatively independently. The timing of paleontological events, extant cercopithecine and hominoid ecomorphology and other evidence suggests that many distinctive ape features evolved to facilitate harvesting ripe fruits among compliant terminal branches in tree edges. Precarious, unpredictably oriented, compliant supports in the canopy periphery require apes to maneuver using suspensory and non‐sterotypical postures (i.e. postures with eccentric limb orientations or extreme joint excursions). Diet differences among extant species, extant species numbers and evidence of cercopithecoid diversification and expansion, in concert with a reciprocal decrease in hominoid species, suggest intense competition between monkeys and apes over the last 20 Ma. It may be that larger body masses allow great apes to succeed in contest competitions for highly desired food items, while the ability of monkeys to digest antifeedant‐rich unripe fruits allows them to win scramble competitions. Evolutionary trends in morphology and inferred ecology suggest that as monkeys evolved to harvest fruit ever earlier in the fruiting cycle they broadened their niche to encompass first more fibrous, tannin‐ and toxin‐rich unripe fruits and later, for some lineages, mature leaves. Early depletion of unripe fruit in the central core of the tree canopy by monkeys leaves a hollow sphere of ripening fruits, displacing antifeedant‐intolerant, later‐arriving apes to small‐diameter, compliant terminal branches. Hylobatids, orangutans,Panspecies, gorillas and the New World atelines may have each evolved suspensory behavior independently in response to local competition from an expanding population of monkeys. Genetic evidence of rapid evolution among chimpanzees suggests that adaptations to suspensory behavior, vertical climbing, knuckle‐walking, consumption of terrestrial piths and intercommunity violence had not yet evolved or were still being refined when panins (chimpanzees and bonobos) and hominins diverged.
OVERBIDDING AND HETEROGENEOUS BEHAVIOR IN CONTEST EXPERIMENTS: A COMMENT ON THE ENDOWMENT EFFECT
Authors: Chowdhury Subhasish M. , Moffatt Peter G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe revisit the meta‐analysis of Sheremeta on overbidding in contest experiments and focus on the effect of endowment on overbidding. Sheremeta assumes, and finds evidence of, an increasing linear relationship between endowment and overbidding, Quantal Response Equilibrium (QRE) predicts an increasing concave relationship, while Baik and colleagues find an inverted U‐shaped relationship in their analysis of a single experiment. We use the same data as in Sheremeta, but employ a different econometric model which leads to support for both QRE and the inverted U‐shaped relationship. Following Baik and colleagues, we posit that the inverted‐U relationship may be interpreted in terms of a wealth effect.
Relation between time interval from antenatal corticosteroids administration to delivery and neonatal outcome in twins
Authors: Kosinska‐Kaczynska Katarzyna , Szymusik Iwona , Urban Paulina , Zachara Maria , Wielgos Miroslaw 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to evaluate the perinatal outcome in twins, who were administered one complete course of antenatal corticosteroids (ACS) depending on the time interval from corticosteroids to delivery.MethodsWe carried out a retrospective analysis of medical data of women with twins who received a course of ACS and delivered before 34 weeks within or beyond 7 days after ACS were given. Among 652 twin deliveries between 2006 and 2014, 106 met the criteria (50 patients delivered <7 days and 56 ≥ 7 days after ACS administration).ResultsThere were no differences in the mean gestational age at labor, mean birthweight, perinatal mortality or newborns' general condition between women who delivered <7 and ≥7 days after corticosteroids. Newborns in the ≥7 days group suffered from respiratory disorders significantly more often (74.1% vs 54.5%, P = 0.003) and were hospitalized longer (42.6 ± 19.1 vs 33.4 ± 21.7 days, P < 0.001). Significantly more infants in the <7 days group were administered antibiotics (55.6% vs 25%, P = 0.001). In the multiple logistic regression analysis, the only factors significantly influencing the incidence of respiratory complications in twins were delivery following ACS therapy within 7 days (adjusted odds ratio, 0.16; 95% confidence interval, 0.02–0.90) and female sex (adjusted odds ratio, 0.71; 95% confidence interval 0.40–0.90).ConclusionThere is a relation between neonatal outcomes in twins and time interval between ACS administration and birth. Therefore, a single ACS course should be administered with caution in order to allow for the completion of the treatment without exceeding an interval of 7 days to delivery. © 2016 Japan Society of Obstetrics and Gynecology
A Degree‐Distance‐Based Connections Model with Negative and Positive Externalities
Authors: MÖHLMEIER PHILIPP , RUSINOWSKA AGNIESZKA , TANIMURA EMILY 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe develop a modification of the connections model by Jackson and Wolinsky that takes into account negative externalities arising from the connectivity of direct and indirect neighbors, thus combining aspects of the connections model and the coauthor model. We consider a general functional form for agents' utility that incorporates both the effects of distance and of neighbors' degree. Consequently, we introduce a framework that can be seen as a degree‐distance‐based connections model with both negative and positive externalities. Our analysis shows how the introduction of negative externalities modifies certain results about stability and efficiency compared to the original connections model. In particular, we see the emergence of new stable structures, such as a star with links between peripheral nodes. We also identify structures, for example, certain disconnected networks, that are efficient in our model but which could not be efficient in the original connections model. While our results are proved for the general utility function, some of them are illustrated by using a specific functional form of the degree‐distance‐based utility.
Role of indoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase in an inflammatory model of murine gingiva
Authors: Qin X. , Liu J. Y. , Wang T. , Pashley D. H. , Al‐Hashim A. H. , Abdelsayed R. , C Yu J. , Mozaffari M.S. , Baban B. 
Published: March 2016

Background and ObjectiveIndoleamine 2,3‐dioxygenase (IDO) is one of the major pathways for metabolism of tryptophan in a variety of cells, including immune cells. Increasing evidence indicates that IDO is a critical player in establishing the balance between immunity and tolerance and ultimately in the maintenance of homeostasis. By inducing inflammation in gingival tissue, we tested the hypothesis that IDO is a pivotal player in regulating the immune and inflammatory responses of gingiva.Material and MethodsWe utilized the IDO knockout mouse model in conjunction with lipopolysaccharide (LPS)‐induced inflammation. Accordingly, wild‐type and IDO knockout mice were injected with LPS or vehicle in the anterior mandibular gingiva, twice over a 2‐wk period, which was followed by procurement of gingival tissue for histopathology and preparation of tissue for flow cytometry‐based studies.ResultsClinical and histological examinations revealed a marked adverse impact of IDO deficiency on gingival inflammation. These observations were consistent with a more marked increase in the number of cells positive for the proinflammatory cytokine interleukin (IL)‐17, but no significant change in the number of cells positive for the anti‐inflammatory cytokine IL‐10, in LPS‐treated IDO knockout mice. Consistent with the more marked proinflammatory impact of IDO deficiency, the percentage of regulatory T cells was much reduced in gingival tissue of LPS‐treated IDO knockout mice than in gingival tissue of wild‐type mice. These proinflammatory changes were accompanied with a prominent increase in apoptotic and necrotic cell death in gingival tissue of IDO knockout mice compared with wild‐type mice.ConclusionCollectively, our findings support a major role for IDO in the development of gingival inflammation, as an example of an inflammatory condition, and lay the foundation for subsequent studies to explore it as a novel immunotherapy target.
Assessing torsion of the medial cortex of the canine tibia using computed tomography multiplanar reconstruction
Authors: Hette Khadije , Anderson A. A. , Barnes D. M. 
Published: March 2016

OBJECTIVESTo describe a protocol for the measurement of tibial rotational alignment usingCTmultiplanar reconstructions. To establish the feasibility of producing general guidelines for the amount of torsional contouring to apply to a bone plate applied to the medial aspect of the tibia during repair of a non‐reducible tibial fracture.METHODSCTscans of the pelvic limbs of 15 chondrodystrophic and 34 non‐chondrodystrophic dogs were studied. Medial tibial cortex torsion angle and distal medial tibial cortex angle were determined fromCTmultiplanar reconstructions. Medial plate application was simulated using a plate contoured to the group mean medial tibial cortex torsion angle and post‐simulation tibial rotational alignment was assessed.RESULTSMean medial tibial cortex torsion angles were 23° (chondrodystrophic) and 26° (non‐chondrodystrophic). Following simulated plate application the change in medial tibial cortex torsion was less than 10° in 73% of chondrodystrophic and 93% of non‐chondrodystrophic tibias. In total, 93% of chondrodystrophic and 97% of non‐chondrodystrophic tibias had post‐simulation distal medial tibial cortex angle less than 10° from the group mean pre‐simulation distal medial tibial cortex angle.CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCEMedial tibial cortex torsion and tibial rotational alignment can be measured using the protocol described in this study. 26° of internal torsional tibial plate pre‐contouring may be appropriate for non‐chondrodystrophic dogs, but further clinical validation is required.
Molecular typing of environmental Cryptococcus neoformans/C. gattii species complex isolates from Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil
Authors: Alves Gleica Soyan Barbosa , Freire Ana Karla Lima , Bentes Amaury dos Santos , Pinheiro José Felipe de Souza , de Souza João Vicente Braga , Wanke Bodo , Matsuura Takeshi , Jackisch‐Matsuura Ani Beatriz 
Published: March 2016

SummaryCryptococcus neoformans and Cryptococcus gattii are the main causative agents of cryptococcosis, a systemic fungal disease that affects internal organs and skin, and which is acquired by inhalation of spores or encapsulated yeasts. It is currently known that the C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex has a worldwide distribution, however, some molecular types seem to prevail in certain regions. Few environmental studies of Cryptococcus have been conducted in the Brazilian Amazon. This is the first ecological study of the pathogenic fungi C. neoformans/C. gattii species complex in the urban area of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. A total of 506 samples from pigeon droppings (n = 191), captive bird droppings (n = 60) and tree hollows (n = 255) were collected from June 2012 to January 2014 at schools and public buildings, squares, pet shops, households, the zoo and the bus station. Samples were plated on niger seed agar (NSA) medium supplemented with chloramphenicol and incubated at 25°C for 5 days. Dark‐brown colonies were isolated and tested for thermotolerance at 37°C, cycloheximide resistance and growth on canavanine‐glycine‐bromothymol blue agar. Molecular typing was done by PCR‐RFLP. Susceptibility to the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, fluconazole, itraconazole and ketoconazole was tested using Etest® strips. In total, 13 positive samples were obtained: one tree hollow (C. gattiiVGII), nine pigeon droppings (C. neoformansVNI) and three captive bird droppings (C. neoformansVNI). The environmental cryptococcal isolates found in this study were of the same molecular types as those responsible for infections in Manaus.
Unusual case of tacrolimus vascular toxicity after deceased donor renal transplantation
Authors: Sugitani Atsushi , Takahashi Chihiro , Naka Takuji , Hisamitsu Kazunori , Yamamoto Osamu , Taniguchi Kenjiro , Kobayashi Naoto , Kimura Mari , Yoshida Haruhiko , Hamazoe Ryuichi 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe report a case of tacrolimus vascular toxicity found on a protocol biopsy shortly after a deceased donor renal transplantation. The patient was immunologically high‐risk and acute antibody‐mediated rejection during post‐transplant dialysis phase was suspected on the protocol biopsy. Although the patient was stable after treatment of rejection, a further examination showed a very rare but specific side‐effect of tacrolimus. It is sometimes difficult to make a differential diagnosis during postoperative dialysis period among AMR, primary non‐functioning, drug toxicity, infection or just prolonged recovery from the damage of a long agonal phase on the non‐heart beating donor. Although the possibilities of coexistence of rejection or other causes such as infection have not been completely excluded, it is important to be aware of this unusual side effect of tacrolimus.
Invasive Streptococcus mutans induces inflammatory cytokine production in human aortic endothelial cells via regulation of intracellular toll‐like receptor 2 and nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain 2
Authors: Nagata E. , Oho T. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryStreptococcus mutans, the primary etiologic agent of dental caries, can gain access to the bloodstream and has been associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the roles of S. mutans in inflammation in cardiovascular disease remain unclear. The aim of this study was to examine cytokine production induced by S. mutans in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs) and to evaluate the participation of toll‐like receptors (TLRs) and cytoplasmic nucleotide‐binding oligomerization domain (NOD) ‐like receptors in HAECs. Cytokine production by HAECs was determined using enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assays, and the expression of TLRs and NOD‐like receptors was evaluated by real‐time polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry and immunocytochemistry. The involvement of TLR2 and NOD2 in cytokine production by invaded HAECs was examined using RNA interference. The invasion efficiencies of S. mutans strains were evaluated by means of antibiotic protection assays. Five of six strains of S. mutans of various serotypes induced interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 production by HAECs. All S. mutans strains upregulated TLR2 and NOD2 mRNA levels in HAECs. Streptococcus mutans Xc upregulated the intracellular TLR2 and NOD2 protein levels in HAECs. Silencing of the TLR2 and NOD2 genes in HAECs invaded by S. mutans Xc led to a reduction in interleukin‐6, interleukin‐8 and monocyte chemoattractant protein‐1 production. Cytokine production induced by invasive S. mutans via intracellular TLR2 and NOD2 in HAECs may be associated with inflammation in cardiovascular disease.
Extra‐oral drainage of submandibular abscess under local anaesthetic: review of the literature and case series
Authors: French K. , Brown E. , Collin J. , Bell C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundExtra‐oral drainage of odontogenic abscesses is commonly performed by oral and maxillofacial surgeons. It is a potentially hazardous and expensive procedure, but in selected cases can be carried out under local anaesthetic, avoiding some of the risks and costs associated with general anaesthesia.AimTo evaluate the management options for odontogenic abscesses.MethodA review of the literature with respect to radiological, anaesthetic and surgical techniques that facilitate extra‐oral incision and drainage under local anaesthetic.ResultsA case series demonstrates the value of imaging, the Vazirani–Akinosi mandibular nerve block, a specific forcep technique and local anaesthetic extra‐oral drainage of the submandibular space.ConclusionsOral surgeons can utilise their specialist knowledge of head and neck anatomy, local anaesthetic technique, surgical skills and specialist equipment to deliver quick and definitive treatment for odontogenic abscesses. To our knowledge, extra‐oral incision and drainage of dental abscesses is not regularly carried out under local anaesthetic. However, if removal of the causative tooth and abscess drainage can be undertaken under local anaesthetic, the risks and costs of general anaesthesia can be avoided.
Post‐traumatic pseudolipoma of the chin: a case report and review of the literature on post‐traumatic craniofacial fatty tumours
Authors: Serror K. , Simon F. , Schouman T. , Charlotte F. , Khonsari R.H. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPost‐traumatic pseudolipoma and lipoma are uncommon complications of facial trauma appearing in the first months following the initial injury. Post‐traumatic buccal fat pad herniation is generally confused with post‐traumatic lipoma but often occurs in younger patients and appears immediately after the trauma. Here, we report an unusual case of post‐traumatic pseudolipoma of the chin and underline the differences between pseudolipoma and buccal fat pad herniation based on an extensive review of the literature. Post‐traumatic fatty tumours of the craniofacial region can be separated into (1) post‐traumatic pseudolipoma and lipoma and (2) post‐traumatic buccal fat pad herniation, with distinct histories and clinical presentations. Post‐traumatic lipoma can require surgical excision in cases with aesthetic impairment.
Ribosomal P3 protein AtP3B of Arabidopsis acts as both protein and RNA chaperone to increase tolerance of heat and cold stresses
Authors: Kang Chang Ho , Lee Young Mee , Park Joung Hun , Nawkar Ganesh M. , Oh Hun Taek , Kim Min Gab , Lee Soo In , Kim Woe Yeon , Yun Dae‐Jin , Lee Sang Yeol 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe P3 proteins are plant‐specific ribosomal P‐proteins; however, their molecular functions have not been characterized. In a screen for components of heat‐stable high‐molecular weight (HMW) complexes, we isolated the P3 protein AtP3B from heat‐treated Arabidopsis suspension cultures. By size‐exclusion chromatography (SEC), SDS‐PAGE and native PAGE followed by immunoblotting with anti‐AtP3B antibody, we showed that AtP3B was stably retained in HMW complexes following heat shock. The level of AtP3B mRNA increased in response to both high‐ and low‐temperature stresses. Bacterially expressed recombinant AtP3B protein exhibited both protein and RNA chaperone activities. Knockdown of AtP3B by RNAi made plants sensitive to both high‐ and low‐temperature stresses, whereas overexpression of AtP3B increased tolerance of both conditions. Together, our results suggest that AtP3B protects cells against both high‐ and low‐temperature stresses. These findings provide novel insight into the molecular functions and in vivo roles of acidic ribosomal P‐proteins, thereby expanding our knowledge of the protein production machinery.