bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Benford’s Distribution in Complex Networks
Authors: Morzy Mikołaj , Kajdanowicz Tomasz , Szymański Bolesław K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractMany collections of numbers do not have a uniform distribution of the leading digit, but conform to a very particular pattern known as Benford’s distribution. This distribution has been found in numerous areas such as accounting data, voting registers, census data, and even in natural phenomena. Recently it has been reported that Benford’s law applies to online social networks. Here we introduce a set of rigorous tests for adherence to Benford’s law and apply it to verification of this claim, extending the scope of the experiment to various complex networks and to artificial networks created by several popular generative models. Our findings are that neither for real nor for artificial networks there is sufficient evidence for common conformity of network structural properties with Benford’s distribution. We find very weak evidence suggesting that three measures, degree centrality, betweenness centrality and local clustering coefficient, could adhere to Benford’s law for scalefree networks but only for very narrow range of their parameters.
Multiple cellobiohydrolases and cellobiose phosphorylases cooperate in the ruminal bacterium Ruminococcus albus 8 to degrade cellooligosaccharides
Authors: Devendran Saravanan , Abdel-Hamid Ahmed M. , Evans Anton F. , Iakiviak Michael , Kwon In Hyuk , Mackie Roderick I. , Cann Isaac 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDigestion of plant cell wall polysaccharides is important in energy capture in the gastrointestinal tract of many herbivorous and omnivorous mammals, including humans and ruminants. The members of the genus Ruminococcus are found in both the ruminant and human gastrointestinal tract, where they show versatility in degrading both hemicellulose and cellulose. The available genome sequence of Ruminococcus albus 8, a common inhabitant of the cow rumen, alludes to a bacterium well-endowed with genes that target degradation of various plant cell wall components. The mechanisms by which R. albus 8 employs to degrade these recalcitrant materials are, however, not clearly understood. In this report, we demonstrate that R. albus 8 elaborates multiple cellobiohydrolases with multi-modular architectures that overall enhance the catalytic activity and versatility of the enzymes. Furthermore, our analyses show that two cellobiose phosphorylases encoded by R. albus 8 can function synergistically with a cognate cellobiohydrolase and endoglucanase to completely release, from a cellulosic substrate, glucose which can then be fermented by the bacterium for production of energy and cellular building blocks. We further use transcriptomic analysis to confirm the over-expression of the biochemically characterized enzymes during growth of the bacterium on cellulosic substrates compared to cellobiose.
Cascading failures in coupled networks: The critical role of node-coupling strength across networks
Authors: Liu Run-Ran , Li Ming , Jia Chun-Xiao 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe robustness of coupled networks against node failure has been of interest in the past several years, while most of the researches have considered a very strong node-coupling method, i.e., once a node fails, its dependency partner in the other network will fail immediately. However, this scenario cannot cover all the dependency situations in real world, and in most cases, some nodes cannot go so far as to fail due to theirs self-sustaining ability in case of the failures of their dependency partners. In this paper, we use the percolation framework to study the robustness of interdependent networks with weak node-coupling strength across networks analytically and numerically, where the node-coupling strength is controlled by an introduced parameter α. If a node fails, each link of its dependency partner will be removed with a probability 1−α. By tuning the fraction of initial preserved nodes p, we find a rich phase diagram in the plane p−α, with a crossover point at which a first-order percolation transition changes to a second-order percolation transition.
Spectromicroscopy of C60 and azafullerene C59N: Identifying surface adsorbed water
Authors: Erbahar Dogan , Susi Toma , Rocquefelte Xavier , Bittencourt Carla , Scardamaglia Mattia , Blaha Peter , Guttmann Peter , Rotas Georgios , Tagmatarchis Nikos , Zhu Xiaohui , Hitchcock Adam P. , Ewels Chris P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractC60 fullerene crystals may serve as important catalysts for interstellar organic chemistry. To explore this possibility, the electronic structures of free-standing powders of C60 and (C59N)2 azafullerenes are characterized using X-ray microscopy with near-edge X-ray adsorption fine structure (NEXAFS) spectroscopy, closely coupled with density functional theory (DFT) calculations. This is supported with X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) measurements and associated core-level shift DFT calculations. We compare the oxygen 1s spectra from oxygen impurities in C60 and C59N, and calculate a range of possible oxidized and hydroxylated structures and associated formation barriers. These results allow us to propose a model for the oxygen present in these samples, notably the importance of water surface adsorption and possible ice formation. Water adsorption on C60 crystal surfaces may prove important for astrobiological studies of interstellar amino acid formation.
Lifetime attributable risk of radiation-induced secondary cancer from proton beam therapy compared with that of intensity-modulated X-ray therapy in randomly sampled pediatric cancer patients
Authors: Tamura Masaya , Sakurai Hideyuki , Mizumoto Masashi , Kamizawa Satoshi , Murayama Shigeyuki , Yamashita Haruo , Takao Seishin , Suzuki Ryusuke , Shirato Hiroki , Ito Yoichi M. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
To investigate the amount that radiation-induced secondary cancer would be reduced by using proton beam therapy (PBT) in place of intensity-modulated X-ray therapy (IMXT) in pediatric patients, we analyzed lifetime attributable risk (LAR) as an in silico surrogate marker of the secondary cancer after these treatments. From 242 pediatric patients with cancers who were treated with PBT, 26 patients were selected by random sampling after stratification into four categories: (i) brain, head and neck, (ii) thoracic, (iii) abdominal, and (iv) whole craniospinal (WCNS) irradiation. IMXT was replanned using the same computed tomography and region of interest. Using the dose–volume histograms (DVHs) of PBT and IMXT, the LARs of Schneider et al. were calculated for the same patient. All the published dose–response models were tested for the organs at risk. Calculation of the LARs of PBT and IMXT based on the DVHs was feasible for all patients. The means ± standard deviations of the cumulative LAR difference between PBT and IMXT for the four categories were (i) 1.02 ± 0.52% (n = 7, P = 0.0021), (ii) 23.3 ± 17.2% (n = 8, P = 0.0065), (iii) 16.6 ± 19.9% (n = 8, P = 0.0497) and (iv) 50.0 ± 21.1% (n = 3, P = 0.0274), respectively (one tailed t-test). The numbers needed to treat (NNT) were (i) 98.0, (ii) 4.3, (iii) 6.0 and (iv) 2.0 for WCNS, respectively. In pediatric patients who had undergone PBT, the LAR of PBT was significantly lower than the LAR of IMXT estimated by in silico modeling. Although a validation study is required, it is suggested that the LAR would be useful as an in silico surrogate marker of secondary cancer induced by different radiotherapy techniques.
Variable protostellar mass accretion rates in cloud cores
Authors: Gao Yang , Lou Yu-Qing 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Spherical hydrodynamic models with a polytropic equation of state (EoS) for forming protostars are revisited in order to investigate the so-called luminosity conundrum highlighted by observations. For a molecular cloud (MC) core with such an EoS with polytropic index γ &gt; 1, the central mass accretion rate (MAR) decreases with increasing time as a protostar emerges, offering a sensible solution to this luminosity problem. As the MAR decreases, the protostellar luminosity also decreases, meaning that it is invalid to infer the star formation time from the currently observed luminosity using an isothermal model. Furthermore, observations of radial density profiles and the radio continua of numerous MC cores evolving towards protostars also suggest that polytropic dynamic spheres of γ &gt; 1 should be used in physical models.
Expansion measurements of supernova remnant RX J1713.7−3946
Authors: Tsuji Naomi , Uchiyama Yasunobu 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Supernova remnant (SNR) RX J1713.7−3946 is well known for its bright TeV gamma-ray emission with a shell-like morphology. Strong synchrotron X-ray emission dominates the total X-ray flux in SNR RX J1713.7−3946 and the X-ray morphology is broadly similar to the TeV gamma-ray appearance. The synchrotron X-ray and TeV gamma-ray brightness allows us to perform detailed analysis of the acceleration of TeV-scale particles in this SNR. To constrain the hydrodynamical evolution of RX J1713.7−3946, we have performed six observations of the northwestern (NW) shell with the Chandra X-ray Observatory from 2005 to 2011, and measured the proper motion by using these data and the first epoch observation taken in 2000. The blast-wave shock speed at the NW shell is measured to be (3900 ± 300)(d/ kpc) km s−1 with an estimated distance of d = 1 kpc, and the proper motions of other structures within the NW shell are significantly less than that. Assuming that the measured blast-wave shock speed is representative of the remnant's outer shock wave as a whole, we have confronted our measurements, as well as a recent detection of thermal X-ray lines, with the analytic solution of the hydrodynamical properties of SNRs. Our hydrodynamical analysis indicates that the age of the remnant is 1580–2100 yr, supporting the association with SN393. A model with supernova kinetic energy of E = 1051 erg, ejecta mass of Mej = 3 M⊙, and ambient density at the current blast wave location of n2 = 0.015 cm−3, provides a reasonable explanation for our measurements and previous findings at the X-ray and gamma-ray wavelengths. We find that the transition to the Sedov–Taylor phase is incomplete for any reasonable set of parameters, implying that the current maximum energy of accelerated protons in RX J1713.7−3946 would not correspond to the maximum attainable energy for this remnant.
Role of low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis
Authors: Scanzello Carla R. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose of review
Inflammatory changes in joint tissues can be detected by modern imaging techniques in osteoarthritis patients, but may be clinically subtle compared with many other types of arthritis. These changes associate with disease progression and clinical severity, and many inflammatory mediators may have biomarker utility. Moreover, a number of inflammatory mechanisms play a role in animal models of disease, but it is still not clear which mechanisms predominate and might be therapeutically manipulated most effectively. This review highlights specific examples of recent advances published in the past 18 months that have advanced this field.

Recent findings
Clinical investigators now show that synovial inflammation is associated with pain sensitization, and similar to knee osteoarthritis, is a common and important feature of hand osteoarthritis. In addition, recent advances in basic studies demonstrate inflammatory markers and mechanisms related to leukocyte activity, innate immune mechanisms, and the chondrocyte-intrinsic inflammatory response that might provide better opportunities for early detection, prognosis, or therapeutic intervention.

Summary
Inflammation plays a central role in osteoarthritis pathogenesis, but additional translational work in this field is necessary, as are more clinical trials of anti-inflammatory approaches.
Fracture Pattern Assessment of Tibial Pilon Fractures
Authors: Siegel Jodi , Tornetta Paul 
Published: October 2016

Tibial plafond fractures are difficult to treat successfully because of the many factors that must be addressed accurately for a patient to have an optimal outcome. A thorough understanding of the fracture patterns requires careful evaluation of the injury and traction radiographs and the traction CT scan. Recognizing the consistent fracture patterns and fragments will assist with choosing a surgical approach, affecting a fracture reduction, and optimizing patient outcomes.
Level of Evidence: Diagnostic Level V, expert opinion. See Instructions for Authors for a complete description of levels of evidence.
Subtenon Injections of Ranibizumab Arrest Growth in Early Recurrent Pterygium
Authors: Rose Linda , Byrd Julia M. , Qaseem Yousuf 
Published: October 2016

Importance:
Currently the only treatment for recurrent pterygium is surgery. This is a phase 1 trial investigating ranibizumab as a medical treatment for recurrent pterygium.

Objective:
To assess the safety and efficacy of subtenon Ranibizimab for recurrent pterygia.

Design:
Subjects with recurrent pterygium received subtenon ranibizumab and were followed for 1 year. Safety parameters were measured. Photographs were taken and quantitatively analyzed to measure the short-term (2 months) and long-term (5–26 months) response to treatment.

Setting:
University of New Mexico Eye Clinic.

Participants:
Eight subjects with recurrent pterygia.

Interventions:
Subtenon delivery of 0.5 to 2 mg of ranibizumab, at day 0, month 1, and month 2.

Main Outcome Measures:
Safety parameters included visual acuity, intraocular pressure, and assessment of ocular surface. Efficacy was assessed by comparing photographs taken at day 0 with a short-term follow-up photograph taken at month 2 and a long-term follow-up image taken at the final patient visit (range 5–26 months). Quantitative analysis of photographs was performed to measure vascularity in the treated zone.

Results:
Four subjects had an arrest of pterygium growth with a visual reduction in vascularity and a quantitative reduction in the area of vascularization (average vascularized area in short-term follow-up images was 51% of the baseline photos at day 0, and in the long-term photos was 36% of day 0). The other four subjects had a less marked reduction in their vascularity in the short-term photos (69% of their baseline photos). This resulted in two subjects withdrawing from the study early. Long-term quantitative analysis for the two remaining “nonresponders,” who completed the study, showed an average vascularized area that was 71% of that in their baseline photos. The long-term photos in these subjects did not appear to have a clinically relevant difference from the short-term photos.

Conclusions:
In half of the subjects, subtenon ranibizumab appeared to arrest growth. Although the response is variable, this may warrant the drug's use when attempting to control growth of recurrent pterygia, and may prevent consecutive surgery for some patients.
The Impact of Infectious Diseases Consultation on the Choice of Antifungal Therapy in Patients With Candidemia
Authors: Amado Cristina , Blair Paul , Keiser John , Siegel Marc Oliver 
Published: October 2016

Background
Candidemia is the fourth most common cause of nosocomial bloodstream infections in the United States. Delay in starting appropriate antifungal therapy in patients with candidemia has been associated with increased mortality rates. The goal of this study was to evaluate the impact of infectious diseases (ID) consultation on the class of antifungal therapy used and on all-cause 90-day mortality in patients with candidemia.

Methods
Candidemic subjects were retrospectively identified by reviewing our hospital's blood culture log books. Medical records of each subject were reviewed for class and length of antifungal agent used, length of hospitalization, evidence of an ID consultation, and 90-day mortality.

Results
One hundred sixty-three patients with 182 episodes of candidemia were identified during a 6-year period from January 1, 2008, to December 31, 2013. Infectious diseases consultation resulted in significantly greater use of azole therapy compared with no ID consult (67.7% vs 26.3%, P < 0.0001) and comparable durations of therapy (15.3 vs 12.3 days, P = 0.0885).

Conclusions
Infectious diseases consultation in patients with candidemia results in a significantly higher rate of fluconazole use and minimally longer durations of antifungal therapy, thereby helping to reduce pharmacy costs.
Practices, Challenges, and Opportunities to Improving Pneumococcal Immunization in Working-Age, At-Risk Adults Through Community Pharmacies
Authors: Kulczycki Andrzej , Wensel Terri M. , Hogue Michael 
Published: October 2016

Background
Pneumococcal vaccination is an effective preventative measure. However, adult coverage rates remain very low, especially for working-age adults with chronic morbid conditions. Community pharmacists have the potential to improve such vaccination rates, but very little is known about their practices or perspectives.

Methods
Semistructured interviews were conducted with pharmacists at 12 independently owned community pharmacies purposefully selected from across Alabama. Transcript data were analyzed to identify community pharmacists' knowledge, practices, and perspectives on pneumococcal vaccination for at-risk working-age adults.

Results
Six major themes were identified regarding community pharmacists' knowledge and practice patterns. Multiple challenges and opportunities to improving vaccination coverage levels were also identified. Several knowledge gaps were noted, and very few pharmacists had provided pneumococcal vaccinations to at-risk adults aged 19 to 64. Most did not fully utilize patient data to identify vaccine candidates, and seldom adopted proactive approaches to promote pneumococcal vaccination. The vaccine was rarely recommended outside of flu season despite year-round vaccine availability. Challenges to increasing vaccination included pharmacy-specific barriers, advocacy, public misperceptions, limited collaboration with area physicians, and resource constraints. Opportunities included capitalizing on the growing acceptance of pharmacy-based immunization, the business case for pneumococcal vaccination, and pharmacists' interest in receiving continuing education. Improving record-keeping systems, pharmacist-patient communication, advocacy, and outreach, and building stronger collaborations with community stakeholders to facilitate the pharmacists' role as immunization advocates were additional areas for improvement.

Conclusions
Multiple challenges impede increased involvement by community pharmacists in pneumococcal vaccination services; however, opportunities can be exploited to affect such change.
Validity of Salivary Polymerase Chain Reaction in Diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori Among Egyptian Patients
Authors: Medhat Eman , Marzaban Raghda N. , Dwedar Reham A. , Reda Alaa M. , Rashid Laila , Al-Enezi Taref 
Published: October 2016

Objective

Helicobacter pylori is highly endemic in Egypt. Salivary polymerase chain reaction (PCR) offers an easy and safe approach for disease detection as saliva contains an abundance of its biomolecules.

Aim of the Work
To evaluate the validity of salivary PCR as a quantitative method in diagnosis of H. pylori.

Methods
This study included 50 attendant patients of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy Unit, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Egypt. They all proved histologically to have H. pylori–induced gastric and/or duodenal pathology. Another 50 patients negative for H. pylori were included as control group. All patients underwent stool antigen test and salivary PCR.

Results
Prevalence of H. pylori in clinically manifested Egyptian patients was 62.5%. The commonest endoscopic findings were gastric affection (90%), and third of cases (34%) showed definite ulcerative lesions. Salivary PCR test was significantly (P < 0.001) higher in H. pylori patients (mean, 10179.0 ± 20244.1 copies/dL) with wide range than in control group (mean, 99.2 ± 17.9 copies/dL), with sensitivity 100%, specificity 82%, and overall accuracy of 91%. Among the common complaints, it was significantly related to heartburn.

Conclusions
Salivary PCR proved to be a reliable diagnostic test, with sensitivity 100%, and accuracy reached 99% at cutoff level = 130 copies/dl (area under the curve was 0.998 at confidence interval = 0.993–1).
Randomized Crossover Study of the Natural Restorative Environment Intervention to Improve Attention and Mood in Heart Failure
Authors: Jung Miyeon , Jonides John , Northouse Laurel , Berman Marc G. , Koelling Todd M. , Pressler Susan J. 
Published: October 2016

Background:
In heart failure (HF), attention may be decreased because of lowered cerebral blood flow and increased attentional demands needed for self-care.

Objective:
Guided by the Attention Restoration Theory, the objective was to test the efficacy of the natural restorative environment (NRE) intervention on improving attention and mood among HF patients and healthy adults.

Methods:
A randomized crossover pilot study was conducted among 20 HF patients and an age- and education-matched comparison group of 20 healthy adults to test the efficacy of the NRE intervention compared with an active control intervention. Neuropsychological tests were administered to examine attention, particularly attention span, sustained attention, directed attention, and attention switching, at before and after the intervention. Mood was measured with the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule.

Results:
No significant differences were found in attention and mood after the NRE intervention compared with the control intervention among the HF patients and the healthy adults. In analyses with HF patients and healthy adults combined (n = 40), significant differences were found. Compared with the control intervention, sustained attention improved after the NRE intervention (P = .001) regardless of the presence of HF. Compared with the healthy adults, HF patients performed significantly worse on attention switching after the control intervention (P = .045).

Conclusions:
The NRE intervention may be efficacious in improving sustained attention in HF patients. Future studies are needed to enhance the NRE intervention to be more efficacious and tailored for HF patients and test the efficacy in a larger sample of HF patients.