bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Impedance Behavior of Controllers for Compliant Positioning of a Pneumatically Actuated System
Authors: Daepp Hannes G. , Book Wayne J. 
Published: January 2016

Pneumatic actuators are frequently selected for use in machines intended for human interaction because of their clean operation and natural compliance. However, the compliance, coupled with friction, can also make motion control difficult, leading to the use of more aggressive controllers, such as high-gain PID or sliding mode control, which result in stiff closed-loop system behavior. Model-based options are needed to obtain behavior that provides a better trade-off of compliance and accurate position control. In particular, Model Predictive Control (MPC) is suggested; through the use of constrained optimal control, it offers a framework for minimizing tracking error while enforcing force constraints that ensure low impedance behavior.
This paper assesses the suitability of controllers for pneumatic systems to positioning applications in which human-machine interaction is anticipated. MPC is compared against commonly-used alternatives for such scenarios: sliding mode, PID, and impedance control. Results are shown in simulation, and use spectral analysis of the impedance and closed loop tracking to characterize the balance of compliance and accuracy for each of the controllers.
Modeling and Simulation of Residential Power Demand Including Transportation
Authors: Maiorino Mario , Stockar Stephanie , Sorrentino Marco , Rizzoni Giorgio 
Published: January 2016

Personal transportation has a significant impact on the residential electric energy usage due to the interaction of alternative fueled vehicles with the electric grid. This phenomenon is projected to grow significantly, as several studies confirm that the market penetration of alternative fueled vehicles will steadily increase in the future.
This paper presents a control-oriented model that predicts the daily residential power demand considering multiple energy carriers and different types of alternative fueled vehicles for personal transportation. The model has been used to perform an energy analysis on a large sample of homes with the objective of evaluating the impact of personal transportation on the residential electric power demand. Two penetration levels are considered in the study and the results are evaluated based on several metrics.
Control of the Intake Air Dynamics on a Single-Cylinder Engine, to Replicate Multi-Cylinder Engine Dynamics
Authors: Moskwa John J. , Murphy Mark B. 
Published: January 2016

Single-cylinder test engines are used extensively in engine research, and sparingly in engine development, as an inexpensive way to test or evaluate new concepts or to understand in-cylinder motion or combustion. They also allow good access to the cylinder for instrumentation, however, these single-cylinder engines differ significantly in rotational dynamics, gas intake dynamics, heat transfer dynamics, dynamic coupling between cylinders, and in other areas. Charge motion within the cylinder, even during the closed period differs from the multi-cylinder engine because of the differences in both instantaneous flow and momentum.
Researchers in the Powertrain Control Research Laboratory (PCRL) at the University of Wisconsin-Madison have developed single-cylinder engine transient test systems that control the instantaneous dynamic cylinder boundary conditions to replicate those in the target multi-cylinder engine. The overall goal is to exploit the benefits of the single-cylinder engine, while eliminating the negative aspects of this device, and to have the single-cylinder “think” it is dynamically operating within a multi-cylinder engine.
This paper describes the latest developments in controlling the intake gas dynamics of the single-cylinder engine to meet these goals. A combination of both rotary and proportional valves are used to accurately replicate the instantaneous intake airflow that exists in the multi-cylinder engine, including during transients. A Fourier-based approach instead of the previous time-based trajectory control is used to accomplish these goals. This is a third generation of intake air simulator (IAS3) that is a significant step forward in both simplifying the system, and in significantly expanding the operating envelop of the engine to include the full engine operating range of the multi-cylinder engine. A brief introduction of the entire transient test system will show the reader how rotational, heat transfer, and gas dynamics are controlled, and how the IAS3 fits into this overall system.
Postprimary Tuberculosis and Macrophage Necrosis: Is There a Big ConNECtion?
Authors: Wong Ka-Wing , Jacobs William R. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTAdult or postprimary tuberculosis (TB) accounts for most TB cases. Its hallmark is pulmonary cavitation, which occurs as a result of necrosis in the lung in individuals with tuberculous pneumonia. Postprimary TB has previously been known to be associated with vascular thrombosis and delayed-type hypersensitivity, but their roles in pulmonary cavitation are unclear. A necrosis-associated extracellular cluster (NEC) refers to a cluster of drug-tolerantMycobacterium tuberculosisattached to lysed host materials and is proposed to contribute to granulomatous TB. Here we suggest that NECs, perhaps due to big size, produce a distinct host response leading to postprimary TB. We propose that vascular thrombosis and pneumonia arise from NEC and that these processes are promoted by inflammatory cytokines produced from cell-mediated delayed-type hypersensitivity, such as interleukin-17 and gamma interferon, eventually triggering necrosis in the lung and causing cavitation. According to this view, targeting NEC represents a necessary strategy to control adult TB.
Molecular and Structural Analysis of the Helicobacter pylori
cag
Type IV Secretion System Core Complex
Authors: Frick-Cheng Arwen E. , Pyburn Tasia M. , Voss Bradley J. , McDonald W. Hayes , Ohi Melanie D. , Cover Timothy L. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Bacterial type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) can function to export or import DNA, and can deliver effector proteins into a wide range of target cells. Relatively little is known about the structural organization of T4SSs that secrete effector proteins. In this report, we describe the isolation and analysis of a membrane-spanning core complex from the
Helicobacter pylori
cag
T4SS, which has an important role in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer. We show that this complex contains five
H. pylori
proteins, CagM, CagT, Cag3, CagX, and CagY, each of which is required for
cag
T4SS activity. CagX and CagY are orthologous to the VirB9 and VirB10 components of T4SSs in other bacterial species, and the other three Cag proteins are unique to
H. pylori
. Negative stain single-particle electron microscopy revealed complexes 41 nm in diameter, characterized by a 19-nm-diameter central ring linked to an outer ring by spoke-like linkers. Incomplete complexes formed by Δ
cag3
or Δ
cagT
mutants retain the 19-nm-diameter ring but lack an organized outer ring. Immunogold labeling studies confirm that Cag3 is a peripheral component of the complex. The
cag
T4SS core complex has an overall diameter and structural organization that differ considerably from the corresponding features of conjugative T4SSs. These results highlight specialized features of the
H. pylori cag
T4SS that are optimized for function in the human gastric mucosal environment.

IMPORTANCE
Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) are versatile macromolecular machines that are present in many bacterial species. In this study, we investigated a T4SS found in the bacterium
Helicobacter pylori
.
H. pylori
is an important cause of stomach cancer, and the
H. pylori
T4SS contributes to cancer pathogenesis by mediating entry of CagA (an effector protein regarded as a “bacterial oncoprotein”) into gastric epithelial cells. We isolated and analyzed the membrane-spanning core complex of the
H. pylori
T4SS and showed that it contains unique proteins unrelated to components of T4SSs in other bacterial species. These results constitute the first structural analysis of the core complex from this important secretion system.
C-reactive protein point-of-care testing in acutely ill children: a mixed methods study in primary care
Authors: Van den Bruel Ann , Jones Caroline , Thompson Matthew , Mant David 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundPoint-of-care C-reactive protein (CRP) testing of adults with acute respiratory infection in primary care reduces antibiotic prescribing by 22%. The acceptability and impact of CRP testing in children is unknownObjectiveTo determine the acceptability and impact of CRP testing in acutely ill children.DesignMixed methods study comprising an observational cohort with a nested randomised controlled trial and embedded qualitative study.Subjects and settingChildren presenting with an acute illness to general practice out-of-hours services; children with a temperature ≥38°C were randomised in the nested trial; parents and clinical staff were invited to the qualitative study.Main outcomesInformed consent rates; parental and staff views on testing.ResultsConsent to involvement in the study was obtained for 200/297 children (67.3%, 95% CI 61.7% to 72.6%); the finger-prick test might have been a contributory factor for 63 of the 97 children declining participation but it was cited as a definite factor in only 10 cases. None of the parents or staff raised concerns about the acceptability of testing, describing the pain caused as minor and transient. General practitioner views on the utility of the CRP test were inconsistent.ConclusionsCRP point-of-care testing in children is feasible in primary care and is likely to be acceptable. However, it will not reduce antibiotic prescribing and hospital referrals until general practitioners accept its diagnostic value in children.Trial registration numberISRCTN 69736109.
Determinants of never having tested for HIV among MSM in the Netherlands
Authors: den Daas Chantal , Doppen Martine , Schmidt Axel J , Op de Coul Eline 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesMen who have sex with men (MSM) who are unaware of their HIV infection are more likely to infect others, and unable to receive treatment. Therefore, we aimed to identify the proportion and characteristics of Dutch MSM who never tested for HIV.MethodsIn 2010, the European MSM Internet Survey (EMIS) recruited 174 209 men from 38 countries through an anonymous online questionnaire in 25 languages. We analysed data from participants living in the Netherlands (N=3787). The outcome we investigated was having never (lifetime) been tested for HIV.ResultsA total of 770 MSM (20.4%) had never been tested for HIV. In multivariate regression analyses, not being from Amsterdam (adjusted OR, aOR 1.54, CI 1.17 to 2.03), with low education (aOR 1.28, CI 1.04 to 1.57) and low knowledge on HIV-testing (aOR 2.23, CI 1.37 to 3.64) were significantly associated with never having tested. Lower sexual risk (including having fewer sexual partners (aOR 2.19, CI 1.57 to 3.04) and no anal intercourse (aOR 5.99, CI 3.04 to 11.77)), and less social engagement (including being less out (aOR 1.93, CI 1.55 to 2.40)) were also associated with having never been tested. Additionally, 36.1% of MSM who never tested for HIV reported high-risk sexual behaviour that may have put them at HIV risk.ConclusionsMSM make their own risk assessments that inform their choices about HIV-testing. Nevertheless, MSM who were never tested may have been at risk for HIV, and remain important to target for HIV interventions.
The relationship between affective symptoms and hypertension—role of the labelling effect: the 1946 British birth cohort
Authors: Tikhonoff Valérie , Hardy Rebecca , Deanfield John , Friberg Peter , Muniz Graciela , Kuh Diana , Pariante Carmine M , Hotopf Matthew , Richards Marcus 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesTo investigate the association between repeated measures of affective symptoms collected over 2 decades and hypertension (clinically ascertained or self-report); to test whether, among people with hypertension, affective symptoms are associated with awareness of hypertension, and to evaluate the longitudinal effects of the label of hypertension on affective symptoms.MethodsMultivariable logistic regression, accounting for confounders and mediators, were used to test the aforementioned associations in 1683 participants from a national British cohort.ResultsWeak evidence of a cumulative impact of affective symptoms across adulthood on self-reported hypertension at age 60–64 years was observed (OR 1.40 (95% CI 1.10 to 1.78) and 1.19 (0.79 to 1.80) for symptoms at 1–2 time points and at 3–4 time points vs no symptoms, respectively). Study members with affective symptoms in recent times were more likely to have self-reported hypertension at age 60–64 years than those without symptoms (OR 1.47 (1.10 to 1.96)). Similar results were observed for awareness of hypertension (OR 2.00 (1.30 to 3.06)). Conversely, no associations were found with clinically ascertained hypertension. The act of labelling someone as hypertensive at age 53 years was associated with affective symptoms at age 60–64 years, independently of antihypertensive treatment and affective symptoms at the time of the diagnosis (OR 2.40 (1.32 to 4.36)).ConclusionsOur findings suggest that elevated risk of hypertension in participants with affective symptoms might be explained by awareness of hypertension and by exposure to medical attention, though not by a direct effect of affective symptoms on blood pressure. Conversely, long-term psychological consequences of the label of hypertension are observed.
ENHANCING STUDENTS' LEARNING IN SOCIAL WORK FIELD PRACTICUM
Authors: CHEUNG SANDRA OI-NGOR 
Published: January 2016

Social work education comprises an indispensable part ߝ the field practicum, as revealed in the curricula of social work degree programmes all over the world. Here the question is about the positivist curriculum design and fieldwork assessment, which reduces human understanding to matters of technicality. There is a growing discussion about the reflective paradigm – practice wisdom – in human professions, which may be deemed to be more desirable for accommodating the nature of social work practice. A four-dimension framework is developed for the epistemological understanding of practice wisdom, in order to guide research on unravelling how practice teachers exercise pedagogical practice wisdom in advancing students' learning. The findings reveal student factor that might hinder or facilitate practice teachers in bringing pedagogical practice wisdom to their teaching. Implications for those concerned with the enhancement of students' learning in social work field practicum, particularly social work educators, are discussed. 實習是全球社會工作訓練的核心一環，實証主義為本的課程設計及實習評估被受質疑。近年，另一個知識樣式 —— 實務智慧，於人本專業被廣泛討論。它較能兼容社會工作實務特性。作者建立一個四維知識概念架構，展示對實務智慧的理解，並研究實習導師如何使用教學實務智慧，從而為學生帶來良好學習。本文討論一些可促進或阻礙實習導師使用教學實務智慧的學生因素，目的是促進學生在實務上的學習。
種族歧視與社會工作
Authors: 甘 炳光 , 王 惠芬 
Published: January 2016

本文的目的是剖析香港的種族歧視情況，並從歷史、文化、政治及社會服務發展等四個範疇去探討其出現的原因。本文更建議社會工作者應多推動哪些方面的工作，才能有助少數族裔人士得到公平的待遇和平等的機會，為消除種族歧視作出貢獻。 This article aims at analyzing the situation of racial discrimination in Hong Kong. From the perspectives of history, culture, politics and the development of social services, this article identifies the reasons for the existence of racial discrimination and suggests what social workers could do to help ethnic minority people acheive equal treatment and equal opportunities, and to contribute to the eradication of racial discrimination in Hong Kong.
Small-Molecule Prodigiosin Restores p53 Tumor Suppressor Activity in Chemoresistant Colorectal Cancer Stem Cells via c-Jun-Mediated ΔNp73 Inhibition and p73 Activation
Authors: Prabhu Varun V. , Hong Bo , Allen Joshua E. , Zhang Shengliang , Lulla Amriti R. , Dicker David T. , El-Deiry Wafik S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Tumor suppressor p53 is frequently mutated or inactivated in colorectal cancer. In contrast, p53 family member p73 is rarely mutated in colorectal cancer and p73 activation elicits p53-like tumor suppression. Colorectal cancer stem cells (CRCSC) comprise a rare self-renewing subpopulation that contributes to tumor maintenance and chemoresistance. p53 restoration is known to target CRCSCs, but p73 restoration in CRCSCs has not been examined. In this study, we investigated the effects of the small-molecule prodigiosin, which restores the p53 pathway in tumor cells via p73 activation, on CRCSCs in vitro and in vivo. Prodigiosin prevented colonosphere formation independent of p53 status and reduced the viability of self-renewing, 5-fluorouracil-resistant Aldefluor positive [Aldefluor(+)] CRCSCs in vitro. Furthermore, prodigiosin inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors initiated with Aldefluor+ cells without toxic effects and limited the tumorigenic potential of these cells. Consistently, prodigiosin induced activation of a p53-responsive luciferase reporter in colonospheres, Aldefluor(+) cells, and tumor xenografts. Mechanistic studies revealed that prodigiosin increased the levels of p73 and reduced levels of the oncogenic N-terminally truncated isoform ΔNp73 in Aldefluor(+) cells. Accordingly, p73 knockdown or ΔNp73 overexpression suppressed prodigiosin-mediated inhibition of colonosphere formation. Moreover, prodigiosin increased levels of the transcription factor c-Jun, a regulator of p73 and ΔNp73, in both the cytoplasm and nucleus. c-Jun knockdown attenuated prodigiosin-mediated p53-reporter activation, ΔNp73 downregulation, p73 activation, and cell death. Collectively, our findings highlight the previously uncharacterized use of p73-activating therapeutics to target CRCSCs. Cancer Res; 76(7); 1989–99. ©2016 AACR.
Dual HER2 Targeting with Trastuzumab and Liposomal-Encapsulated Doxorubicin (MM-302) Demonstrates Synergistic Antitumor Activity in Breast and Gastric Cancer
Authors: Espelin Christopher W. , Leonard Shannon C. , Geretti Elena , Wickham Thomas J. , Hendriks Bart S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Trastuzumab is the standard of care for HER2-positive breast cancer patients, markedly improving disease-free and overall survival. Combined with chemotherapy, it enhances patient outcomes, but cardiotoxicity due to the trastuzumab treatment poses a serious adverse effect. MM-302 is a HER2-targeted PEGylated liposome that encapsulates doxorubicin to facilitate its delivery to HER2-overexpressing tumor cells while limiting exposure to nontarget tissues, including the heart. In this study, we evaluated the feasibility and preclinical activity of combining MM-302 with trastuzumab. MM-302 and trastuzumab target different domains of the HER2 receptor and thus could simultaneously bind HER2-overexpressing tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, trastuzumab did not disrupt the mechanism of action of MM-302 in delivering doxorubicin to the n0ucleus and inducing DNA damage. Reciprocally, MM-302 did not interfere with the ability of trastuzumab to block prosurvival p-Akt signaling. Interestingly, coadministration of the two agents acutely increased the deposition of MM-302 in human xenograft tumors and subsequently increased the expression of the DNA damage marker p-p53. Finally, the combination of MM-302 and trastuzumab induced synergistic antitumor activity in HER2-overexpressing xenograft models of breast and gastric cancer. Collectively, our findings highlight a novel combination therapy that efficiently targets HER2-overexpressing cells through multiple mechanisms and support the ongoing investigation of combined MM-302/trastuzumab therapy for HER2-positive metastatic breast cancer in a randomized phase II clinical trial. Cancer Res; 76(6); 1517–27. ©2016 AACR.
Neutrophil Extracellular Traps Promote the Development and Progression of Liver Metastases after Surgical Stress
Authors: Tohme Samer , Yazdani Hamza O. , Al-Khafaji Ahmed B. , Chidi Alexis P. , Loughran Patricia , Mowen Kerri , Wang Yanming , Simmons Richard L. , Huang Hai , Tsung Allan 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Risks of tumor recurrence after surgical resection have been known for decades, but the mechanisms underlying treatment failures remain poorly understood. Neutrophils, first-line responders after surgical stress, may play an important role in linking inflammation to cancer progression. In response to stress, neutrophils can expel their protein-studded chromatin to form local snares known as neutrophil extracellular traps (NET). In this study, we asked whether, as a result of its ability to ensnare moving cells, NET formation might promote metastasis after surgical stress. Consistent with this hypothesis, in a cohort of patients undergoing attempted curative liver resection for metastatic colorectal cancer, we observed that increased postoperative NET formation was associated with a &gt;4-fold reduction in disease-free survival. In like manner, in a murine model of surgical stress employing liver ischemia-reperfusion, we observed an increase in NET formation that correlated with an accelerated development and progression of metastatic disease. These effects were abrogated by inhibiting NET formation in mice through either local treatment with DNAse or inhibition of the enzyme peptidylarginine deaminase, which is essential for NET formation. In growing metastatic tumors, we found that intratumoral hypoxia accentuated NET formation. Mechanistic investigations in vitro indicated that mouse neutrophil–derived NET triggered HMGB1 release and activated TLR9-dependent pathways in cancer cells to promote their adhesion, proliferation, migration, and invasion. Taken together, our findings implicate NET in the development of liver metastases after surgical stress, suggesting that their elimination may reduce risks of tumor relapse. Cancer Res; 76(6); 1367–80. ©2016 AACR.
Arginine Methylation of SREBP1a via PRMT5 Promotes De Novo Lipogenesis and Tumor Growth
Authors: Liu Liu , Zhao Xiaoping , Zhao Li , Li Jiajin , Yang Hao , Zhu Zongping , Liu Jianjun , Huang Gang 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Dysregulation of the sterol regulatory element-binding transcription factors sterol regulatory element-binding protein (SREBP) and SREBF activates de novo lipogenesis to high levels in cancer cells, a critical event in driving malignant growth. In this study, we identified an important posttranslational mechanism by which SREBP1a is regulated during metabolic reprogramming in cancer cells. Mass spectrometry revealed protein arginine methyltransferase 5 (PRMT5) as a binding partner of SREBP1a that symmetrically dimethylated it on R321, thereby promoting transcriptional activity. Furthermore, PRMT5-induced methylation prevented phosphorylation of SREBP1a on S430 by GSK3β, leading to its disassociation from Fbw7 (FBXW7) and its evasion from degradation through the ubiquitin–proteasome pathway. Consequently, methylation-stabilized SREBP1a increased de novo lipogenesis and accelerated the growth of cancer cells in vivo and in vitro. Clinically, R321 symmetric dimethylation status was associated with malignant progression of human hepatocellular carcinoma, where it served as an independent risk factor of poor prognosis. By showing how PRMT5-induced methylation of SREBP1a triggers hyperactivation of lipid biosynthesis, a key event in tumorigenesis, our findings suggest a new generalized strategy to selectively attack tumor metabolism. Cancer Res; 76(5); 1260–72. ©2016 AACR.