bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
IV.—The Occurrence of Cell Division in the Endodermis
Authors: Bond George 
Published: June 2016

Summary1. Endodermal cells frequently show considerable increase in tangential dimension at a late stage in their existence, as a result of which the continuity of the endodermis may be maintained, despite the rapid expansion of the intra-endodermal cylinder following secondary growth.2. This tangential increase in size of the endodermal cells is usually accompanied by their division. The divisions may actually cause the increase in size of the cells, that is, there is active growth of the cells. Or they may follow a passive stretching. In either case the new walls fulfil a mechanical function, lending added strength to the stretched walls of the original cell.3. Two types of division are distinguishable:(a) Those occurring in primary endodermal cells. The new walls soon develop Caspary strips, linking up with those of the parent cells.(b) Divisions in tertiary endodermal cells. The new walls here show neither Caspary strip nor suberin lamella.4. It is pointed out that in neither case does the development of new walls interfere with the impermeability of the endodermis.5. The occurrence of the divisions is considered in relation to the supposed impermeability of the suberin lamella of the secondary endodermal cell, and to the conditions resulting in the deposition of the Caspary strip.
XIV.—Maturity in the Female Mouse
Authors: Mirskaia L. , Crew F. A. E. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryPuberty is defined as that stage of individual development characterised by the ability to elaborate functional gametes and by the physical ability to and the desire to play the appropriate rôle in mating. Maturity is defined as that stage of individual development characterised by the exhibition of the maximum fertility ratio and by the ability to produce viable offspring and to rear them.It is shown that the age at attainment of puberty varies with different stock and with different conditions of husbandry, and that there can be no generally applicable standard. Each worker must standardise his own stock and his own environment.There are considerable individual differences in the age at maturity, and these are referable to dissimilarities in genetic constitution and to differences in husbandry. In this experiment two groups of animals were involved, coloured and albino. The albinos reached puberty much earlier, showed a longer duration of the cornified stage before mating, a higher proportion of matings at first œstrus, a greater proportion of pregnancies following mating at first œstrus, and a slightly longer interval between first and second œstrus.
XIX.—On Radiative Diffusion in the Atmosphere
Authors: Roberts O. F. T. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe processes of long-wave low-temperature radiation in the atmosphere have been studied with a view to investigating the extent to which they may be regarded as diffusion-like; the decrease of water-vapour with height is taken to be exponential, that of temperature to be constant up to the tropopause, and then to be zero. Full allowance is made for the radiation being diffuse, involving the functions; such properties of these functions as are required in the further work are studied. The expression for the upward flow of radiation is obtained in the form of a power series in the temperature gradient in the troposphere; the coefficient of the first power of the temperature gradient is defined as the “coefficient of radiative diffusion.” There is shown to be a certain amount of ambiguity about the coefficient so defined.A model atmosphere resembling fairly well the conditions in N.W. Europe is considered: the upward flow of radiation and the coefficient of radiative diffusion are calculated; for this purpose we require Hettner's measurements of water-vapour absorption as modified by Simpson.The effect of the heating of the ground during the day to a temperature above that of the air near by is then considered; it is shown that the study of the results of this factor which are of importance in the interpretation of continuous temperature records near the ground requires measurements of the absorption of water-vapour for the wave-lengths for which it is particularly opaque; these do not appear to exist.
XXI.—The Climate during the Pleistocene Period
Authors: Simpson G. C. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryIt is assumed that the glaciation of Northern Europe during the great Ice Age was due to a shift of the pole associated with appreciable variations of solar radiation.The shift of the pole brought Europe into sufficiently high latitudes to permit of the formation of an ice-sheet; but the large variations of climate during the Ice Age, as shown by the interglacial epochs, were due to the oscillations of the solar energy.If two complete cycles of solar radiation occurred during the Pleistocene Period, it is possible to account for four advances of the ice in the Alps as demonstrated by Penck and Brückner, but the interglacial epochs were not all warm. The Günz-Mindel and the Riss-Würm interglacial epochs occurred at the maximum of the solar radiation and were, therefore, warm interglacial epochs; but the Mindel-Riss interglacial epoch occurred at a minimum of solar radiation and was, therefore, a cold interglacial epoch.At a maximum of solar radiation—that is, during a warm interglacial epoch—the climate of North-West Europe was warm and very wet, with a relatively small annual variation of temperature. As the intensity of solar radiation decreased, the mean temperature fell and the annual variation of temperature increased. At the same time the amount of precipitation decreased. The fall of temperature occurred sufficiently rapidly compared with the decrease in precipitation to cause the glaciers of the Alps to advance and for an ice-sheet to form over Scandinavia. As the solar radiation still further decreased, the lack of precipitation caused the glaciers of the Alps to retreat. At the minimum of solar radiation there was a cold interglacial epoch with low mean temperature, a large annual variation of temperature and very low precipitation; in fact, a truly continental climate.With these changes of climate went a corresponding change in the flora, the sequence being: park land, forest, tundra, grass with sparse trees, and steppe. In this way it has been found possible to determine a sequence of climates and of fauna and flora for the whole Pleistocene Period, which is supported by the geological and archæological evidence available. In particular it is possible to arrange the sequence of human culture, the geological strata of East Anglia, and the history of the ice in the Alps into the scheme of climate change.The two maxima of solar radiation were accompanied by increased precipitation in all parts of the world, so accounting for the two pluvial periods which are known to have occurred during the Pleistocene Period.
3. On some Phenomena of Indistinct Vision
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

If an exceedingly small luminous object be placed in front of the eye, but out of the range of distinct vision, it appears to be a roundish bright disc traversed by various markings, and most of these markings are found to be permanent for the same eye, but different for the two eyes. The subject of the present paper is a modification of this appearance.Instead of a luminous point let us take a very narrow luminous line, such as a small slit in the window-shutter, or the reflection of the light of a fire from a polished metallic rod, and let us put this out of focus by means of a pair of convex spectacles. On regarding the luminous line, without any attempt to adjust the eye to distinct vision, we perceive a long luminous band, the breadth of which varies with the distance of the line. When the luminous line is brought into focus, the apparent breadth becomes zero; it increases as the line is moved beyond or within the distance for distinct vision.
3. Note on the Reality of the Roots of the Symbolical Cubic which expresses the Properties of a Self-conjugate Linear and Vector Function
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

Hamilton has shown that ifwhere α and β are given vectors, and A a given scalar, we havewhere m, m1, m2, are scalars depending only on φ.When the function φ is its own conjugate, i.e., whenρ and σ being any vectors whatever, the vectors for whichform in general a real and definite rectangular system. This, of course, may in particular cases degrade into one definite vector, and any pair of others perpendicular to it; and cases may occur in which the equation is satisfied for every vector.
1. On the Nature and Character of European Winter Storms, with the best means of giving Warning of their Approach
Authors: Russell R. 
Published: June 2016

The object of this paper was to show the true character of storms, illustrated by those of 2d, 3d, and 4th December 1863. It was pointed out that the mode usually adopted of laying down the isobarometric lines was calculated to present an erroneous view of their figure or form. The laying down representative lines in round numbers of 5 millemetres in each, or in two-tenths of an inch of barometric readings, lead deceptively to the conclusion that the areas of least pressure were circular or elliptical.It was then shown that the lines of equal pressures were ribbed into the latitudinal line of minimum barometer, which was usually found running north and south, sometimes nearly straight, but often curved, with its convex side towards the east. The minimum line of barometer was easily fixed by consulting the self-registering barometers. The minimum line of barometer was shown to have been on the meridian of London at 8 a.m. of the 3d December, and apparently nearly straight from Algiers to the Orkney Islands.
3. On the Radiant Spectrum
Authors: Brewster David 
Published: June 2016

I have given the name of Radiant Spectrum to a phenomenon which I discovered in 1814, and which I described to this Society in the early part of that year.It will be understood from fig. 1, which represents the brilliant radiation which surrounds a very small image of the sun, when it is formed either by reflection or refraction, or otherwise.
4. A Preliminary Notice of the Akazga Ordeal of West Africa, and of its Active Principle
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: June 2016

This ordeal poison is referred to in the works of Du Chaillu and Winwood Reade; and several of its toxic properties have been described by MM. Pecholier et Saintpierre. A few specimens were sent to this country in 1864 by the Rev. A. Bushnell of Baraka, and these were very kindly given to the author by Mr Thomson of Glasgow; and a further supply came from the same quarter in 1865. These gentlemen, and Dr Nassau of Bonita, supplied valuable and interesting information regarding its employment.The poison is known in Africa as Akazga, Boundou (or M'Boundou), Ikaja, and Quai; Akazga being probably derived from nkazga, which signifies pain or hurt. It is used as an ordeal for the detection of real and superstitious crimes on the West Coast of Africa, in a large district which extends north and south of the equator, and many miles inland, and also in the adjacent island of Corisco.
1. Observations relative to the desirableness of transporting from Alexandria to Britain the prostrate Obelisk presented to George IV. by Mahomed Ali Pacha
Authors: Alexander J. E. 
Published: June 2016

In the month of September last (1867), when visiting the Great Exhibition in Paris, I was particularly struck with the fine appearance of the obelisk of Luxor in the Place de la Concorde, and I thought that as the French had taken the trouble and gone to the expense of moving this highly interesting monolith, it was a reflection on our nation and on the engineering skill of Britain that the prostrate obelisk at Alexandria (one of Cleopatra's needles, as it is commonly termed), was not occupying a place of honour in England or Scotland.This obelisk was presented to George IV. many years ago by Mahomed Ali Pacha, who also generously offered to move it on rollers to the sea, from which it is 200 or 300 yards distant, and embarking it on rafts and lighters, convey it to a vessel for transport to England.
2. Note on a Recent High Tide on the East Coast of Britain
Authors: Robertson George 
Published: June 2016

The greatest height to which the tide has ever been known to rise at any given place is of the utmost consequence to the marine engineer. It forms an important element in the design and in the estimate for any works in the sea; and any error on this point might lead to the most lamentable results both to life and property, especially in the construction of embankments for the reclamation of land.I have therefore thought that a notice of the tide of the 8th of last month might not be uninteresting to the Society, as it is one of the highest, if not indeed the highest, that has ever been recorded with accuracy on the east coast of Britain, and the most remarkable example with which I am acquainted of the effect of wind in raising the level of high water on that coast.
1. Notice of Works designed by Sir Charles Hartley, C.E. for the Improvement of the Danube
Authors: Stevenson David 
Published: June 2016

Having received from Sir Charles Hartley an interesting record of the works executed for the improvement of the Danube, to be presented to one of the Public Libraries in Edinburgh, I think its fittest destination is the Royal Society; and, on behalf of Sir Charles Hartley, I have to present the volumes on the table for the Society's acceptance.It may not be uninteresting, in presenting these books, to describe, in a very few sentences, the work that has been executed for the improvement of the Danube, and the results that have been obtained.
2. Note on the Determination of Heights, chiefly in the Interior of Continents, from Observations of Atmospheric Pressure
Authors: Buchan Alexander 
Published: June 2016

The weight or pressure of the atmosphere is ascertained by the mercurial barometer, the aneroid, or from the temperature of the boiling point of water. The height of a hill is measured barometrically, from observations made simultaneously at its base and top, and the application of certain well-known formulæ. The height of a place at no great distance from another place whose height is known, and at which observations are made about the same time, may similarly be ascertained with a close approximation to the truth.But, with regard to places far from any place of known elevation, or from any place at which meteorological observations are made, it is plain that the height can only be computed by assuming a certain pressure as the sea-level pressure at that place.
Some Observations on Free, An-atomic, or Transmissible Power
Authors: Wyld R. S. 
Published: June 2016

This is an abstract of the first of two papers on the subject, prepared for the Society.Physical bodies may be held, in accordance with chemical science, to consist of aggregations, either of material atoms, or of atomic circles, or centres of force.There are certain exhibitions of physical power observed in connection with those atomic bodies, the laws and actions of which are in the highest degree worthy of study. Mr Wyld calls power exhibited in this way, free an-atomic or tranmissible power.
On the Boulder-Clay of Europe
Authors: Milne-Home D. 
Published: June 2016

It was explained that this deposit, known in Scotland as Till or Boulder-Clay, prevails also in Ireland, the Isle of Man, England (north of the Thames), Denmark, and Sweden, though much less abundantly in these last countries. It exists also in the Hudson's Bay districts, and at the south extremity of South America.It had been a subject of perplexity to geologists ever since attention was drawn to it, fifty years ago, by Sir James Hall of Dunglass, whose papers are in the Transactions of this Society.About the year 1840 a theory was started to account for the boulder-clay, and other phenomena allowed to be connected with it, by the action of glaciers.
Preliminary Note on the Antagonism between the Actions of Physostigrna (Calabar Bean) and Belladonna
Authors: Fraser Thomas R. 
Published: June 2016

In this paper the author described a number of observations which appear to demonstrate that the fatal action of certain doses of physostigma may be prevented by the administration of atropia.The following plan was adopted for the investigation:—After the minimum fatal dose of each poison bad been approximately determined for rabbits and dogs of different weights, a fatal dose of one of the poisons was administered along with a certain dose of the other, and, if death did not result, the same animal was subsequently killed by a dose of one of the poisons equal to or less than that given in the combination.
3. Algebra of Relationship.—Part II
Authors: Macfarlane A. 
Published: June 2016

At the end of my previous paper on the Algebra of Relationship (Proc. Roy. Soc. Edinb., vol. x. p. 224), I promised to return to the investigation of the subject, as it seemed capable of further extension. This anticipation has proved correct, and I have now the honour of bringing before the Society the further developments I have made.In this investigation we consider a particular class of objects, and that class is in its widest extent mankind, by which term I mean the entire number of men who have existed, exist, or will exist. The universal properties of the symbols are deduced from the universal properties of mankind. In our consideration of this universe of mankind, we restrict our attention to the classes into which it is divided by qualities depending on ties of anterior or of posterior relationship, that is, of consanguinity or of affinity.
1. On Dust, Fogs, and Clouds
Authors: Aitken John 
Published: June 2016

Dust, fogs, and clouds seem to have but little connection with each other, and we might think they could be better treated of under two separate and distinct heads. Yet I think we shall presently see that they are more closely related than might at first sight appear, and that dust is the germ of which fogs and clouds are the developed phenomena.This was illustrated by an experiment in which steam was mixed with air in two large glass receivers; the one receiver was filled with common air, the other with air which had been carefully passed through a cotton-wool filter and all dust removed from it. In the unfiltered air the steam gave the usual and well-known cloudy form of condensation, while in the filtered air no cloudiness whatever appeared. The air remained supersaturated and perfectly transparent.
2. Solar Eclipse, 31st December 1880
Authors: Sang E. 
Published: June 2016

The elements for the compution of eclipses are given in the “Nautical Almanac” with precision sufficient for all ordinary purposes; but, when we wish to compare the lunar ephemeris with actual observation for the purpose of verifying or of improving our data, we must go somewhat more minutely into the investigation.Thus, in the List of Elements, p. 403, the changes in the right-ascension and declination of the sun and moon are supposed to be proportional to the times, while the moon's geocentric semidiameter, as well as the horizontal parallax, is supposed to be constant during the eclipse. In this way some exceedingly small errors are introduced into the calculation.
7. Note on the Temperature Changes due to Compression
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The author described the results of a number of experiments, made during the examination of the “Challenger” Deep-Sea Thermometers, with the view of testing, at pressures of 3 tons weight per square inch and upwards, Thomson's formula for the heat developed by compression (Proc. Roy. Soc., 1857, p. 568).When, for instance, the bulb of one of the thermometers was surrounded by a shell of lard upwards of half an inch thick, the total effect produced by a pressure of 3½ tons weight was 5° F.; while for the same pressure, without the lard, the effect was only l°·8 F. The temperature of the water in the compression apparatus was 43° F., so that the temperature effect due to the compression of water was less than 0°·2 F. In obtaining this number it was assumed from Kopp's experiments that the coefficient of expansion of water at a temperature t° C., near its maximum density point (roughly, 4° C.), . Hence the effect due to the compression of the lard was 3°·4 F., or about 1° F. per ton weight. This is subject to corrections (which will increase its value) depending on the heat developed by friction in the pump and in the narrow connecting tubes, and on another cause not yet fully ascertained.
2. Stilbite, from Kerguelen's Island
Authors: Liversidge A. 
Published: June 2016

I am indebted to the kindness of my friend Mr J. Y. Buchanan, M.A., the chemist and physicist to the “Challenger” expedition for the specimen which forms the subject of this note.In speaking of the geology of Kerguelen Island, Mr Buchanan thus describes the occurrence of this zeolite (vide Proc. Roy. Soc., vol. xxiv. p. 617).“The horizontal beds which form the mass of the land are basaltic, and vary from 10 to 20 feet in thickness, being generally compact; but, in ascending the hill, beds are met with frequently, which contain large amygdaloidal cavities filled with zeolites, principally analcite and heulandite (stilbite). These minerals are very plentiful in this part of the island, and when rounded by the action of the water they form remarkable white pebbles on the otherwise darkcoloured volcanic sand. Up to the summit the alternation of beds of compact sub-columnar rock of amygdaloid is pretty regular.
3. On a Simple Form of Selenium Cell, and Experiments therewith
Authors: Blyth James 
Published: June 2016

The cell is constructed as follows:—Take a brass crop-comb of the kind usually worn by little girls. Cut off from it two equal parts, each about 4 inches long. From each part cut out each alternate tooth, and bend round each part in the form of a cylinder, soldering the ends together with hard solder. Take a glass tube about 4 inches long and having a diameter equal to the diameter of the cylinder. Place the brass cylinders upon the glass tube, with the teeth facing each other, and adjust them so that each tooth left takes the place of one which has been cut out, taking care that the teeth do not touch each other nor the solid parts of the cylinder.
4. Dust, Fogs, and Clouds
Authors: Aitken John 
Published: June 2016

Since I made my first communication to this Society on Dust, Fogs, and Clouds, most of the experiments have been repeated under different conditions.Taking advantage of the late extremely cold weather, the apparatus was placed in the open air, and experiments made with it, the temperature of the air at the time being 8° Fahr. The result was the same as at higher temperatures. Cloudy condensation with dusty air; no condensation with filtered air.The experiment in which dustless gas was burned in dustless air was repeated. The glass jet which was used for burning the gas in the first experiment, being now replaced by a platinum one, as it was thought possible the dust produced when the glass jet was used might be the result of the decomposition of the glass by the heat. Before makiug the experiment, the platinum jet was highly heated, to cleanse and make it inactive. The result, however, was as before. Dense fogging whenever the gas was lit, and the fogging continued so long as the gas was kept burning.