bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
When Is White Evangelical Politics Illiberal?
Authors: Pally Marci 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter looks at white evangelical populism in the US and explores the conditions under which activism becomes a challenge to the liberal script. As those conditions are consistent with those prodding strong populism, the chapter proceeds as follows: (1) descriptions of cases in which white evangelical populism has posed an “external” challenge to liberal democracy; (2) a minimal definition of populism as a response to economic, way-of-life, and status-loss duresses that seeks solution in us–them binaries, where notions of “us” and “them” are drawn from historico-cultural notions of society (who’s in, who’s not) and government (its proper size and role). Tracing each step of our minimal definition, section 3 looks at the duresses confronting white evangelicals, section 4 explores the psychology of us–them shift, section 5 looks at white evangelical politics resulting from us–them shift, and section 6 looks at the religio-historical notions of society and government from which current populism draws.
Religious Perspectives on Population Justice
Authors: Maguire Daniel C. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Early on in the Holocene, our species discovered its capacity to over-reproduce, straining available resources, and raising issues of just distribution and fertility management. In non-systematic forms, all religions embody moral philosophies. Because of this, and because of their prodigious motivational power for both good and for ill, they must be considered in any sophisticated demographic or ecological ethic.
Protestant Perspectives on Procreation and Parenting
Authors: Shuman Joel James 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Although Protestantism is inherently protean, the author describes in this chapter several of its fundamental moral and theological impulses concerning begetting and rearing children. By displacing the clerically based ecclesial authority of Catholicism from the center of Christian life, the Reformers created a space that was filled by the Christian family, which was understood as both building block and microcosm of Christian society. In granting this role to the family, the Reformers established the conditions for later debates among Protestants over what constituted the ideal Christian family and the appropriate role of so-called reproductive technologies in its establishment. In this chapter the author treats a debate from the late twentieth century between two Protestant thinkers, Joseph Fletcher and Paul Ramsey, as illustrative of both Protestantism’s diversity and moral uncertainty with regard to these matters.
Religious Perspectives on Gay Parenting
Authors: Krutzsch Brett 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter will explore religious perspectives on gay parenting from the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries, including how diverse religious communities have influenced public debates about same-sex parenting in the United States. Specifically, the chapter will examine ideas about gay parenting in evangelical and mainline Protestant Christianity, Roman Catholicism, and Judaism. The chapter’s focus begins in 1977 with Anita Bryant’s “Save Our Children” campaign. While the “Save Our Children” movement was not limited to issues of gay parenting, the campaign created national dialogue about children in the presence of gays and lesbians that led to a long-lasting stereotype of gays as sexual predators of children that prospective gay and lesbian parents had to overcome. The chapter concludes with a discussion of how several religiously affiliated adoption agencies, following the legalization of same-sex marriage, lobbied to enact “religious freedom” laws to ensure they will not be required to work with gay and lesbian couples.
Jewish Perspectives on Gamete Use, Donation, and Surrogacy
Authors: Dorff Elliot N. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter discusses how Jewish law and morality respond to using donor sperm or eggs and, conversely, to donating one’s sperm or eggs. It also discusses Jewish legal and moral responses to serving as an ovum or gestational surrogate. The issues discussed include how Jewish identity is determined when donor gametes are used; whether using donor gametes constitutes adultery or licentiousness; ascription of priestly status to the offspring; whether the commandment to procreate is satisfied through donor insemination; the varying ways and senses in which the biological and social parents are the child’s father or mother; the role of Jewish demographic concerns in evaluating these procedures; single parenthood; and the responsibilities of sperm or egg donors.
Jewish Ethics
Authors: Newman Louis E. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to Jewish ethics, its conceptual foundations, textual sources, and historical development. It explains some of the religious beliefs that define the way Jews have traditionally approached ethical questions, as well as the way that the modern era led to radical theological changes. The chapter surveys three major approaches found among contemporary Jewish ethicists and has a concluding section that spells out the interpretive problems faced by all contemporary Jewish ethicists who wish to mine this ancient and multi-faceted tradition for normative guidance on the moral issues of our day.
Biblical Contexts for Adoption and Surrogacy
Authors: Smolin David M. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter analyzes Biblical materials relevant to adoption and surrogacy. As to adoption, the chapter concentrates on the Biblical treatment of terms translated as adoption and orphan, and associated Biblical narratives and teachings. While contemporary methods of assisted reproductive technology of course did not exist in Biblical times, nonetheless narratives in Genesis are commonly cited as precursors of surrogacy. Hence, the chapter analyzes these purportedly “surrogacy” narratives. The chapter cautions against reading contemporary assumptions and practices related to adoption and surrogacy into the ancient Scriptural texts. Whether the Scriptures are viewed simply as historically influential precedents, or as religiously authoritative, reading our presuppositions and practices into the texts inappropriately supplies contemporary practices with a false patina of legitimacy.
Islamic Perspectives on Adoption
Authors: Kutty Faisal 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In Islamic law, the topic of adoption is complex and contentious. While many practicing Muslims believe that traditional adoption, as commonly practiced in the West, is prohibited (haram), they also consider caring for orphans and abandoned children as a religious duty. The classical consensus among Sunni jurists is that adoption, known as al-tabanni, is not allowed. Al-tabanni refers to a practice where a child is made the legal child of the adoptive parents, with all rights and responsibilities, while the biological parents lose their rights. This prohibition is derived from the Qur'an and Prophetic traditions, as scholars interpret the primary sources to reject the idea of non-biological parents becoming legal parents with equal rights. Medieval scholars saw al-tabanni as divinely prohibited due to its potential drawbacks, although it might have served as a means of caring for orphans and foundlings in the past. To address the needs of orphans and abandoned children without resorting to al-tabanni, Islamic jurists devised alternative practices. These alternatives included raadah (establishing milk bonds through suckling), istilhaq (acknowledging paternity, genuine or fraudulent), and kafala (sponsorship or legal fostering). These mechanisms allowed for the care of vulnerable children while adhering to the prohibition of al-tabanni. The chapter delves into the reasoning behind the adoption prohibition, the significance of caring for orphans and foundlings, the alternative practices proposed by Islamic jurists, and an assessment of their strengths and weaknesses. By exploring these aspects, a deeper understanding of the complex dynamics surrounding adoption in Islam is achieved.
Protestant Sources of Moral Knowledge
Authors: Lebacqz Karen L. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The diversity of Protestant denominations means that there will never be a unified approach to moral knowledge. However, all Protestants seek to do the will of God and utilize four key resources in order to discern that will: Scripture, tradition, reason, and experience. Just how to utilize each of these, however, is a contested arena. Interpretations of Scripture differ dramatically, as do interpretations of what history and experiences are relevant. Over time, one can discern a shift in emphasis from drawing heavily on Scripture and tradition to allowing more nuanced influence from reason and experience. This shift is particularly notable in arenas such as bioethics or new reproductive technologies.
Adorno’s Negative Philosophy of History
Authors: Jaeggi Rahel , Schuhmacher Isette 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The philosophy of history is a centerpiece of Theodor W. Adorno’s oeuvre. Adorno advocates a negative philosophy of history as opposed to Hegel’s concept of history as a progression toward freedom, without breaking completely with the Hegelian tradition. According to Adorno, universal history has to be constructed as well as denied. In this chapter, the authors explicate in which respect Adorno follows the classical philosophy of history and for which reason he criticizes it as a false principle of construction. The authors argue then for a turn to natural history—Adorno’s own approach which he understands as an answer to the problems the universal history raises. Finally, the authors give attention to Adorno’s negative dialectical concept of progress and outline a universal-historical as well as a natural-historical understanding of progress.
The Zambian Economy
Authors: Chitonge Horman , Marewo Malvern , Kabinga Mundia , Fundanga Caleb M. , Songwe Vera 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In this chapter we look at the performance of the Zambian economy relative to other lower middle-income countries in Africa, focusing on economic growth rates, poverty rates, composition of GDP, and GDP per capita trends. The chapter has selected six other lower middle-income countries (Cameroon, Ghana, Kenya, Lesotho, Senegal, and Tanzania) to situate economic trends in Zambia relative to other countries. What is clear from this analysis is that although the Zambian economy was among the highest growing economies in Africa, especially between 2000 and 2014, this growth has not translated into falling rate of poverty as we have seen in other countries especially Ghana, Cameroon, and Senegal where poverty rates have sharply declined compared to Zambia’s. The chapter shows that in Zambia poverty rates increased at the time when the country recorded highest economic growth rates, suggesting that the growth experienced has not be inclusive.
The Climate Change–Sustainable Development Nexus in Zambia
Authors: Chibamba Douty , Nyanga Progress H. , Muvundika Alick B. , Shitima Ephraim Mwepya , Sambo Pamela Towela , Nyambe Akabiwa 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The aim of this chapter is to unpack Zambia’s climate change–sustainable development nexus. This nexus links environmental concerns with social equity and poverty issues, as well as being intrinsically connected to issues such as biodiversity, deforestation, income generation, and health. For example, severe droughts, frequent late onset or early cessation of rain seasons, or frequent and prolonged dry spells within a growing season have led to increased shortage of water resources in Zambia. This has negatively impacted food production and food security, and disrupted livelihoods for 70% of the country’s rural population who depend on rain-fed agriculture, with limited capacity to cope with the consequences of climate variability. Moreover, the droughts’ frequency and magnitude have significantly increased in recent years, bringing to the fore the consequences of relying heavily on hydroelectricity, epitomized by the debilitating power cuts that have stagnated economic growth and disrupted urban and rural livelihoods. To alleviate these problems, a sustained gross domestic product growth rate of about 10% per annum for at least a decade is urgently needed. This entails burning more fossil fuels to supply energy for generating electricity for powering agricultural production, industrial production processes, transportation, domestic heating, and cooling. However, these processes inadvertently produce greenhouse gases that are responsible for climate change. The challenge for Zambia, like any other developing country, is how to manage the trade-offs that simultaneously maximize benefits and minimize undesirable outcomes in the pursuit of sustainable economic development under a changing climate.
Gender Dynamics in the Zambian Economy
Authors: Umar Bridget Bwalya 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter reviews gender inequality and how it plays into the economy of Zambia. Literature review results suggest that patriarchal gender norms have limited women’s participation in productive activities. The chapter notes strides made in achieving gender parity in the attainment of primary and secondary education but argues that more needs to be done to extend this achievement to tertiary education. Despite aspirations expressed in national policies and development plans, very slow progress has been towards empowering women to participate in productive activities and in achieving gender equality in this arena. The chapter contends that attempts to empower women have not been bold enough to transform entrenched gender norms and address the related gender inequalities. In order to increase gender equitable outcomes, development activities by both state and nonstate actors ought to explicitly aspire for gender transformative outcomes and not simply brush over the sources of inequalities. This would require long-term commitments to programmes that address gender gaps, including investments in educational, market, and transport infrastructure in rural and peri-urban areas.
The Tourism Sector in the Zambian Economy
Authors: Nchito Wilma S. , Sichimwa Clement 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Tourism in Zambia extends to the post-colonial period, at a time when leisure activities were mostly informal. Zambia is richly endowed with an array of natural and cultural resources that provide a unique tourism potential. Tourism in Zambia is dominated by nature-based activities, with the key attractions being wildlife and the Mosi-oa-Tunya (Victoria Falls). The Government of the Republic of Zambia (GRZ) in the National Tourism Policy of 2015 describes Zambia’s vast wildlife estate as ‘consisting of twenty National Parks and thirty-six game management areas (GMAs) which cover 236,376 square kilometres, equivalent to 31.4% of the country’s national territory’. The tourism industry has been pivotal for the Zambian government in recent years as it seeks to diversify the economy in view of the struggling mining sector, which previously supported the Zambian economy. In this vein, tourism is recognized as an economic sector with enormous potential to contribute to national development and stimulate economic growth. The Zambian tourism industry is flaunted for employment creation, foreign currency generation, rural development and entrepreneurship stimulation, incorporation of the local populace into the mainstream economy, social cohesion, and the pursuit of sustainable development. The contribution of travel and tourism to Zambia’s GDP was reported to be in excess of 6.3% in 2018, making it the fastest and bullish economic sector in the country.
Economic Structural Transformation in Zambia
Authors: Chitonge Horman , Songwe Vera 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Economic structural transformation, as a process of reallocating resources from low- to high-productivity activities, is central to economic growth, especially in low-income countries. When factors move from low- to high-productivity activities, aggregate productivity in the economy rises, contributing to higher economic growth. But in most developing countries, such as Zambia, the challenge is that opportunities for factors (mainly labour) to move from low- to high-productivity activities are limited. To illustrate this, this chapter looks at the nature of structural changes occurring in the Zambian economy since independence. Using labour productivity decomposition estimates, the chapter shows that while the economy recorded positive structural transformation between 2000 and 2010, this trend has weakened after 2010, mainly due to declining labour productivity in key sectors. Given the large share of agricultural in total employment, raising productivity in this sector should be a key strategy to attain sustained positive structural change.
The Agro-processing Sector in the Zambian Economy
Authors: Chitonge Horman , Kabinga Mundia 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The agro-processing sector has been recognized in most of Zambia’s development policy documents as a priority sector. It is acknowledged that the sector has great potential to contribute to economic structural transformation, diversification, poverty reduction, and promotion of inclusive growth. In this chapter, we look at the role of the agro-processing sector in the Zambian economy. The chapter shows that the sector has potential to contribute to the transformation of the economy by tapping into the growing regional markets. The chapter illustrates that Zambia currently enjoys revealed comparative advantage in several agro-processing products, including animal feed, essential oils, cereals and milled flour, soya cake, nonalcoholic beverages, sugar, and confectioneries, and a huge untapped potential (latent comparative advantage) in wood and wood products, fabrics, synthetic fibre, footwear, and manufactured tobacco products. However, to realize the sector’s potential, the country must address some of the enduring challenges which make local agro-processing firms less competitive.
The Construction Sector in Zambia
Authors: Musonda Innocent , Zulu Sambo , Muleya Franco 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The construction industry in Zambia is an important sector of the economy. From 2000, the industry’s contribution to GDP has been consistently higher than 10%. The sector contributes almost 4% of the total labour force, making it one of the largest employers. Between 2000 and 2010, the Zambian construction industry’s production output increased and saw sustainable growth. Notwithstanding the impressive growth, the industry has not seen an increase in productivity of labour and influx of skills which are critical measures of structural transformation. This chapter evaluates factors that impact the construction sector. The chapter will discuss the construction industry structure, policies, role players, and means of production. In addition, the chapter presents challenges and opportunities of the sector for economic growth and structural transformation.
The Energy Sector
Authors: Kabinga Mundia , Kruger Wikus , Maboshe Mashekwa , Mate Lyatitima 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Piecemeal and incomplete reforms in Zambia’s electricity sector have resulted in suboptimal tariffs, underinvestment, and persistent power supply disruptions. This chapter examines how incomplete sector transitions affected reliability, accessibility, and pricing in Zambia between 2001 and 2021. We also look at how emergency and independent power purchases, as well as a sole off-taker business model, have saddled the national electric utility with unsustainable debt that prevents it from participating in future capacity expansions, and how renewable energy auctions can be quickly deployed and facilitate additional sector reconfiguration options. We also consider the effects of electricity subsidies on households and long-term development goals, as well as alternative industry configurations required to enable scaled-up electricity generation, mining production and beneficiation, and industrialization.
Zambia’s Political Landscape
Authors: Momba Jotham C. 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The chapter examines the issues that have shaped Zambia’s political landscape since the country became independent. First are the changes in institutional arrangements that accompanied regime change or leadership changes that have taken place since independence: from the time of the First Republic when the country inherited a multisystem on becoming independent, through the period of the one-party system when UNIP was the only legal party, to the multiparty politics of the Third Republic. The chapter then looks at the nature political participation and the economic direction in each of these periods. In particular it deals with the role that elections as a form of political participation have played in promoting democracy and in exacerbating ethnicity. In all of this are the political actors that have determined the direction of Zambian politics, and these include political parties, leaders of these political parties, and civil society organizations.
The Informal Sector in Zambia
Authors: Simuchimba Bupe , Mudenda Dale S. , Phiri-Mumba Rudo 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The informal economy is an important part of economic, social, and political life. In countries with high rates of population growth or urbanization, the informal economy tends to absorb most of the growing labour force or economically in active population. This is despite the low wages, small returns, low productivity, and poor working conditions that are key features of this economy. In Zambia, the informal economy is very large in comparison to the formal economy, and has over the years continued to grow. It offers employment for approximately 70% of the employed population. It dominates the rural areas with 77% of the rural employed population operating in this economy. The economy also offers an environment where workers, traders, and employers can earn an income and possibly alleviate poverty. This chapter offers insight into this economy by utilizing various surveys. It captures the structure of the Zambian informal economy and highlights the major actors and interlinkage with the formal economy.
Digital Religion and the Negotiation of Gender/Sex Norms
Authors: Tsuria Ruth 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This chapter outlines various ways religious communities have been using the internet to negotiate feminist issues related to gender and sexuality. The chapter combines an extended literature review with insight from a 6-years-long research project. These various sources examine issues related to gender and sexuality in five major world religions (Islam, Christianity, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Judaism). Using these case studies, the chapter offers a dialectic approach between viewing digital media as a liberating force and a view of digital media as a tool for enforcing traditional sexual norms. The chapter focuses on three areas of study: LGBTQIA+, female sexuality, and heteronormative behaviors. This comprehensive review of the literature in this field shows the complexities of digital religion: how anonymity might enable minority voices and perspectives to be heard; and how participatory culture might “cancel” these alternative voices by strengthening traditional, and even fundamental, approaches to gender and sexual norms.