bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Invasive Eupatorium catarium and Ageratum conyzoides benefit more than does a common native plant from nutrient addition in both competitive and non‐competitive environments
Authors: Huang Qiao Q. , Shen Yi D. , Li Xiao X. , Li Shao L. , Fan Zhi W. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractWe explored the roles of phenotypic plasticity and competition in contributing to the success of Eupatorium catarium, a recently invasive noxious annual forb in South China. We compared the growth and functional traits of E. catarium with those of a common native plant, Vernonia cinerea, and a long‐term historic invader, Ageratum conyzoides, along a nutrient gradient under both competitive and non‐competitive conditions. Under non‐competitive conditions, biomass differed little between species under low‐nutrient conditions. However, nutrient addition resulted in a greater increase in biomass of the two invasive species than that of V. cinerea. The greater increase in biomass in the two invasive plants may be partly explained by their greater plasticity in specific leaf area. The competition experiments involved different combinations of species: plants of E. catarium were grown with either a plant of A. conyzoides or with a plant of V. cinerea, or individual plants of all three species were grown in competition with a grassland sward grown from 1.5 g seeds of Digitaria radicosa. Relative to non‐competitive conditions, competition further increased the biomass difference between the two invasive plants and V. cinerea under high nutrient conditions. A. conyzoides outcompeted E. catarium in terms of biomass production under high nutrient conditions. Overall, these results indicate that A. conyzoides and E. catarium tend to outperform V. cinerea under high nutrient conditions and in both competitive and non‐competitive environments. However, E. catarium cannot outperform A. conyzoides in terms of biomass production under each of the nutrient and competitive conditions.
The Effect of Methanol on the Micellar Properties of Dodecyltrimethylammonium Bromide (DTAB) in Aqueous Medium at Different Temperatures
Authors: Shah Sujit Kumar , Chatterjee Sujeet Kumar , Bhattarai Ajaya 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThe micellar properties of dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide (DTAB) in water and methanol water mixtures at different temperatures have been studied by conductivity and surface tension measurements. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC), degree of ionization (α), standard Gibbs free energy of micellization (), standard enthalpy of micellization (), standard entropy of micellization () and free energy of transfer () were evaluated from conductivity data. The CMC, maximum excess surface concentration (
), area occupied per surfactant molecule (
), surface pressure at the CMC (
), packing parameter (P) and standard free energy interfacial adsorption ) were estimated from surface tension measurements. The CMC of DTAB was found to increase with increasing volume fraction of methanol and increasing temperature. Thermodynamic parameters and surface properties revealed that the addition of methanol changes the relevant physicochemical properties which affect the process of micellization.
New Nollywood: A Sketch of Nollywood’s Metropolitan New Style
Authors: Ryan Connor 
Published: November 2015

Abstract:Recent experimentation by Nollywood producers has encouraged increasing differentiation of film practices as a strategy for contending with a demanding video market. “New Nollywood” refers to a select group of aesthetically sophisticated films intended for a new tiered distribution method, beginning with theatrical release and ending with DVD release. Nigeria’s upscale multiplex cinemas are therefore a starting point for examining what is new—and not so new—in Nollywood. This article argues that New Nollywood films and the cinemas in which they appear appeal directly to spectators’ senses by promising not only a movie and shopping, but also an affective experience closely bound up with global consumerism. The films exhibit a metropolitan vantage point that emphasizes subjects such as airline travel, trendy technology, consumer culture, global pop culture, lifestyle brands, high fashion, and luxury goods. These films advertise their “modernity,” which is not presented as a consolidated order of knowledge and values, but rather as an assemblage of signifiers of city life. Whereas mainstream Nollywood continues to produce strong narratives that resonate with its intended audience, New Nollywood—with its emphasis on images and style—is a direct expression of the cultural and economic forces shaping life in Lagos today.
Virginity Testing, History, and the Nostalgia For Custom in Contemporary South Africa
Authors: Thornberry Elizabeth 
Published: November 2015

Abstract:Over the past twenty years, South African civil society has engaged in an extended debate over the appropriate role of “custom” in public life, focusing on issues of gender and sexuality. The history of virginity testing in the Eastern Cape region shows that the nostalgia for custom points to the loss of sexual autonomy that accompanied colonialism. While the rhetoric that justified virginity testing in the precolonial and early colonial era was deeply patriarchal, the practice itself protected female sexual autonomy and provided protections that were undermined by the colonial legal regime and have yet to be effectively replaced.
Short- and Long-Intracortical Inhibition in Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury
Authors: Mi Yiqun P. , Bailey Aaron Z. , Nelson Aimee J. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractBackground: Short- (SICI) and long-interval intracortical inhibition (LICI) are involved in the control of movement and movement initiation. Alterations to the two circuits can result in direct alterations to the physiology of the muscles and can be used to explain the physiological changes to individuals with spinal cord injury (SCI). Objective: To probe changes in GABAergic function by characterizing the recruitment curves of SICI and LICI interval intracortical inhibition in an upper limb muscle in chronic SCI participants with injury between C3 and C7. Methods: Recruitment curves were elicited with conditioning stimulus intensities determined as a percentage of active motor threshold (AMT) (SICI, 60% to 110% AMT; LICI, 90% to 130% AMT) and recorded from the flexor carpi radialis muscle during an isometric contraction equal to 15% to 20% of maximum voluntary contraction. Results: AMT was greater and motor-evoked potential sizes were lower in SCI compared with uninjured controls. SICI magnitude was not different between groups, although the range of conditioning stimulus intensities to evoke SICI was unique to each group. LICI was reduced in the control group during active contraction and remained present in SCI. Discussion: LICI was increased in the actively contracted flexor carpi radialis muscle in individuals with SCI compared with age-matched controls. These findings indicate that GABAB function mediating LICI is different in SCI versus controls. Conclusions: Increased LICI in SCI may be attributed to the medication baclofen or to changes in the neural mechanisms controlling contraction-related modulation of the LICI circuit.
Responding to mental health statutory drivers: experience of a low intensity cognitive behavioural therapy programme
Authors: Mills R. , Mowlds W. , Dyer K. F. W. , Corr P. , Kavanagh M. 
Published: November 2015

ObjectivesStress control (SC), a brief psycho-education course, was implemented to increase access to psychological therapies in line with Northern Irish mental health service statutory drivers. The first aim of this study was to gauge the efficacy of SC in a robust manner with clinical significance testing. The second aim was to assess whether demographics traditionally ‘hard-to-reach’ – males, younger adults and those from deprived areas – accessed SC. The third aim was to elucidate what prompted their access and the experiences of attendees at SC.MethodsAttendees at SC were 170 adults over six iterations of the course. Pre- and post-questionnaires included the Depression Anxiety Stress Scales – 21, captured demographic details and qualitative feedback, which was subject to a mixed-methods analysis.ResultsSC attendees reported significant decreases on depression, anxiety and stress sub-scales post-intervention. Moreover, 38.71% (n=36) of attendees who completed SC exhibited clinically significant improvement afterwards on one or more sub-scale. Attendance figures for males, younger adults and those classified as socioeconomically deprived were modest. Patterns within the data suggested prospective success for targeting these cohorts.ConclusionsSC attracted people in need of mental healthcare input and affected quantifiable change within those people’s lives, while satisfying statutory demands for service delivery in an accessible community context. Recommendations to increase engagement with those traditionally ‘hard-to-reach’ for psychological services are provided, which, if implemented, have the potential to achieve further compliance with Northern Irish mental health statutory drivers.
The stability of oceanic fronts in a shallow water model
Authors: Chanona Melanie , Poulin F. J. , Yawney J. 
Published: November 2015

We investigate mechanisms through which energy cascades from the mesoscale, $O(100~\text{km})$, to the submesoscale, $O(10~\text{km})$, for oceanic fronts in a reduced gravity shallow water model using two different profiles. The first idealization of an ocean front has an interfacial depth that is a smooth hyperbolic tangent profile and is an extension of the piecewise constant potential vorticity profile studied in Boss et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 315, 1996, pp. 65–84). By considering a range of minimum depths, all of which have the same velocity profile, we are better able to isolate the effect of vanishing layer depths. We find that the most unstable mode exists in a one-layer model and does not need two layers, as previously speculated. Moreover, we find that even without a vanishing layer depth there are other modes that appear at both larger and smaller length scales that have a gravity wave structure. The second profile is the parabolic double front from Scherer & Zeitlin (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 613, 2008, pp. 309–327). We find more unstable modes than previously presented and also categorize them based on the mode number. In particular, we find there are pairs of unstable modes that have equal growth rates. We also study the nonlinear evolution of these oceanic fronts. It is determined that vanishing layer depths have significant effects on the unstable dynamics that arise. First, stronger gravity wave fields are generated. Second, cyclonic fluid that moves into the deeper waters is stretched preferentially more in comparison to the deep water scenario and destabilizes more easily. This results in smaller scale vortices, both cyclones and anticyclones, that have length scales in the submesoscale regime. Our results suggest that the nonlinear dynamics of a front can be very efficient at generating submesoscale motions.
The stability of a rising droplet: an inertialess non-modal growth mechanism
Authors: Gallino Giacomo , Zhu Lailai , Gallaire François 
Published: November 2015

Prior modal stability analysis (Kojimaet al.,Phys. Fluids, vol. 27, 1984, pp. 19–32) predicted that a rising or sedimenting droplet in a viscous fluid is stable in the presence of surface tension no matter how small, in contrast to experimental and numerical results. By performing a non-modal stability analysis, we demonstrate the potential for transient growth of the interfacial energy of a rising droplet in the limit of inertialess Stokes equations. The predicted critical capillary numbers for transient growth agree well with those for unstable shape evolution of droplets found in the direct numerical simulations of Koh & Leal (Phys. Fluids, vol. 1, 1989, pp. 1309–1313). Boundary integral simulations are used to delineate the critical amplitude of the most destabilizing perturbations. The critical amplitude is negatively correlated with the linear optimal energy growth, implying that the transient growth is responsible for reducing the necessary perturbation amplitude required to escape the basin of attraction of the spherical solution.
A NEW MAGNA CARTA FOR THE EARLY MODERN COMMON LAW: AN 800TH ANNIVERSARY ESSAY
Authors: Witte John 
Published: November 2015

AbstractThis article examines the influence of the Magna Carta on the development of rights and liberties in the Anglo-American common law tradition, especially in the seventeenth century. Originally issued by King John of England in 1215, the Magna Carta set forth numerous prototypical rights and liberties that helped to shape subsequent legal developments in England, America, and the broader Commonwealth. The Magna Carta served as an inspiration for seventeenth-century English jurists, like Sir Edward Coke, and Puritan pamphleteers, like John Lilburne, who advocated sweeping new rights reforms on the strength of the charter. It also inspired more directly the new bills of rights and liberties of several American colonies, most notably the expansive 1641 Body of Liberties of Massachusetts crafted by Nathaniel Ward, which anticipated many of the constitutional rights formulations of eighteenth- and nineteenth-century America.
Realization of Resonance of a Diaphragm at Any Desired Frequency
Authors: Zhang Y. , Huang L. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIn noise control, the reactance of a mechanical system needs to be minimized while the resistance is chosen suitably. This work illustrates the possibility of and the ease at which such design tasks may be accomplished by utilizing strong electromechanical coupling. Moving-coil loudspeaker is chosen as the vehicle of illustration and it is considered as a simple spring-mass system when operated below its first diaphragm mode. It is shown that the system mechanical property may be tuned easily by a simple R-LC circuit. In addition to the assigned resonance frequency, there can be a maximum of two other resonances. It is argued that the ability to tune the system mechanical resonance to any frequency, such as the ones at very low frequencies, can be very useful for noise and vibration control applications.
Fuzzy Solutions for Two-Dimensional Navier-Stokes Equations
Authors: Chen Y.-Y. , Hsiao R.-J. , Huang M.-C. 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA new methodology via using an adaptive fuzzy algorithm to obtain solutions of “Two-dimensional Navier-Stokes equations” (2-D NSE) is presented in this investigation. The design objective is to find two fuzzy solutions to satisfy precisely the 2-D NSE frequently encountered in practical applications. In this study, a rough fuzzy solution is formulated with adjustable parameters firstly, and then, a set of adaptive laws for optimally tuning the free parameters in the consequent parts of the proposed fuzzy solutions are derived from minimizing an error cost function which is the square summation of approximation errors of boundary conditions, continuum equation and Navier-Stokes equations. In addition, elegant approximated error bounds between the exact solution and the proposed fuzzy solution with respect to the number of fuzzy rules and solution errors have also been proven. Furthermore, the error equations in mesh points can be proven to converge to zero for the 2-D NSE with two sufficient conditions.
A new taxon of a primitive moth (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Eolepidopterigidae) from the latest Middle Jurassic of northeastern China
Authors: Zhang Wei-Ting , Shih Chung-Kun , Labandeira Conrad C. , Ren Dong 
Published: November 2015

AbstractA new genus and species, Aclemus patulus n. gen. n. sp., is described based on a new specimen collected from the latest Middle Jurassic Jiulongshan Formation in Inner Mongolia, China. Based on a combination of characters from this fossil, including a homonomous fore- and hindwing, a 3-branched media vein, wings lacking long cilia on their margins; and a cross-vein absent between subcosta and radius, we establish a new genus assigned to the Eolepidopterigidae. In addition, the diagnosis of Longcapitalis excelsus Zhang, Shih, Labandeira and Ren 2013, is emended based on new fossil material.
Genotyping ofGiardia duodenalisisolates in asymptomatic children attending daycare centre: evidence of high risk for anthroponotic transmission
Authors: OLIVEIRA-ARBEX A. P. , DAVID E. B. , OLIVEIRA-SEQUEIRA T. C. G. , BITTENCOURT G. N. , GUIMARÃES S. 
Published: November 2015

SUMMARYGiardia duodenalisis a common intestinal parasite infecting children attending daycare centres. This study aimed to verifyGiardiaoccurrence and the genotypes of isolates infecting children aged 0–6 years and workers at a daycare centre in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The families of children who tested positive forGiardia, were asked to provide stool samples from household members and their dogs. Samples (123 children, 14 centre employees, 44 household members, 19 children after treatment, and 20 dogs) were examined for intestinal parasites using concentration methods. DNA extracted from all samples was submitted for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) testing and the amplicons generated were used for multilocus sequence typing of beta-giardin (bg), triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) and glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) genes.Giardiawas detected in 15·9% and 28·6% of the 220 samples by microscopy and PCR, respectively. Analysis of sequences retrieved from 29 isolates revealed both assemblages A (31%) and B (69%). Sub-assemblages AII, BIII and BIV were identified and the alignment of thebg, gdhandtpisequences revealed the presence of some single nucleotide polymorphisms, especially in assemblage B sequences. The higher predominance of assemblage B and the identification of the AII type support the view that anthroponotic transmission appears to be an important route of transmission in environments that concentrate children at an age when poor hygiene practices make them more vulnerable to such infection.
Evaluation of Bag-Valve-Mask Ventilation by Paramedics in Simulated Chemical, Biological, Radiological, or Nuclear Environments
Authors: Schumacher Jan , Weidelt Lena , Gray Stuart A. , Brinker Andrea 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroduction:Bag-valve-mask ventilation is a key component of life support, but only one handheld resuscitator is designed to operate in contaminated or toxic atmospheres.Methods:After Institutional Review Board approval, the efficacy of this device was evaluated. The distal trachea of a LaerdalTM Airway Management Trainer was connected to a mechanical Draeger Volumeter 3000TM to enable determination of the minute volume delivered by BVM ventilation. Nineteen paramedics wearing chemical, biological, radiological, or nuclear (CBRN) protective equipment were asked to ventilate this modified airway trainer, either with or without a CBRN filter attached to the inlet filtration system of the AMBUTM Mark III Resuscitator. The maximum levels of minute ventila-tion achieved were compared. Values are given as mean ±SD. A paired t-test was used to detect any differences between the two groups, p-values of <0.05 were defined to show statistical significance.Results:The described model allowed a reproducible and reliable measurement of the delivered minute ventilation. All paramedics were able to operate the device without prior CBRN training. The maximum minute volume achieved without the filter was 9.5 ±2.7 l/min. Use of the inlet CBRN filtra-tion system reduced the maximum minute volume to 6.3 ±2.0 l/min, reduction: 23%. The achieved maximum minute volumes ranged from 15 to 4.9 l/min in the controls and from 9.8 to 1.4 l/min in the CBRN group. Four paramedics were unable to achieve a minute volume >5 l/min in the CBRN group, one participant failed to achieve that value in the control group. The inherent breathing resistance of the CBRN filter appears to reduce the inflow of air into the self-inflatable bag. This delay in refilling may have resulted in a reduced achievable minute volume.Conclusions:The range of maximum minute volumes observed in both groups highlights the need for continuous BVM ventilator training.
A Reassessment and Review of the Bam Earthquake Five Years Onward: What Was Done Wrong?
Authors: Motamedi Mohammad Hosein Kalantar , Saghafinia Masoud , Bafarani Azadeh Hassani , Panahi Farzad 
Published: November 2015

AbstractIntroduction:An earthquake measuring 6.6 on the Richter scale on 23 December 2003 devastated the city of Bam in southeastern Iran. During the response and recovery phases, considerable shortcomings were discovered. The dire situation in the affected area, a variety of urgently required interventions, and the large number of aid organizations involved brought about difficulties in management, coordination, and communication among authorities and aid organizations. This article highlights flaws in management in the var-ious aspects of this disaster in order to assess what was done, and what should be done to overcome these shortcomings in future disasters.Methods:A retrospective review of the various aspects of management related to the Bam disaster was done via the assessment of files, multi-center studies, governmental data, and available literature from 2003–2008.Results:A review of the available data relevant to search and rescue (S&R) operations and short-term aid provision revealed flaws in different aspects of disaster management including personnel, the transfer of the injured, availability medical supplies, treatment planning, problems concerning the composition of treatment forces dispatched to the region, distribution of tasks among treatment workers, transferring of equipment, availability of facilities, and lack of coordination among the organizations responsible for the management of the disaster. Most of the aforementioned issues have been addressed.Conclusions:A comprehensive disaster management plan must not be limited only to the response phase, but rather must include: preparedness, recovery with optimal legislation and budgeting, improvement of healthcare facilities, and organized communication channels between the different governmental departments. This important issue has been addressed, and a disaster management organization under the supervision of the President has been established, developing a national S&R strategy and protocol for unified managerial organization, an alert system, an international disaster command system (under which S&R and emergency medical service teams can be deployed, increasing the efficacy and coordination of the arrival of foreign teams and the con-struction field hospitals), and developing a flowchart to coordinate international agencies and the domestic authorities in charge. Continuous education, training of the general population, conducting periodic exercise drills, and provision for prepared task force mobilization in disaster management all are important aspects of the management of disasters due to natural hazards.