bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Synthesis and Characterization of Diorganocobalt Chlorides by Aliphatic Vinylic C–Cl Bond Activation
Authors: Niu Qingfen , Zhang Shumiao , Li Xiaoyan , Sun Hongjian , Fuhr Olaf , Fenske Dieter 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThree diorganocobalt chlorides [CoClMe(PMe3)2–{(C5H6)–CH=O}] (4), [CoClMe(PMe3)2–{(C6H8)–CH=O}] (5), and [CoClMe(PMe3)2–{(C6H7Memeta)–CH=O}] (6) were synthesized through cyclometalation reactions with aldehyde as an anchoring group involving aliphatic vinylic C–Cl bond activation. Complexes 4–6 were characterized by IR and NMR spectroscopy. The crystal and molecular structures of complexes 4 and 5 were determined by single‐crystal X‐ray diffraction. Complexes 4–6 are stable in solution at room temperature, but they decompose at above 30 °C affording C,C‐couplings products with the formation of [Co(PMe3)3Cl]. The results of this work will be important for people to deepen the understanding of the C–Cl bond activation mechanism.
Neurological soft signs in Chinese adolescents with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality traits
Authors: Wang Xin , Cai Lin , Li Lingyan , Yang Yanjie , Zhu Xiongzhao 
Published: July 2016

AbstractObjectiveNeurological soft signs (NSSs) may reflect neurodevelopmental anomalies in association with the spectrum of schizophrenia disorders. We examined NSSs in Chinese adolescents with schizophrenia and schizotypal personality traits.MethodsEighty‐seven schizophrenic adolescents (SCH group), 85 adolescents with only schizotypal personality traits (SPT group), and 88 healthy controls (HC group) were enrolled. The NSS subscales of the Cambridge Neurological Inventory (CNI) were administered to all 260 participants.ResultsThe NSS prevalence rates were higher in the SCH group than in the other two groups for both hands in the fist‐edge‐palm, Oseretsky, and graphesthesia tests. Relative to HCs, the SCH group also showed higher NSS prevalence rates in the right finger agnosia and right mirror movement of finger opposition tests. SCH > SPT > HC trends were observed for all NSS subscale scores and for the left, right, and total NSS scores.ConclusionsTo our knowledge, the present study is the first to examine NSSs in adolescents with schizophrenia and adolescents with schizotypal personality traits. These results provide preliminary findings suggesting that schizophrenia spectrum disorders may be characterized by developmental abnormalities in the central nervous system, and support the notion that NSSs may be schizophrenia spectrum disorder biomarkers.
Feeding behavior and dietary intake of male children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder: A case‐control study
Authors: Castro Kamila , Faccioli Larissa Slongo , Baronio Diego , Gottfried Carmem , Perry Ingrid Schweigert , Riesgo Rudimar 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAutism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder associated with restrictive or repetitive behaviors and difficulties with verbal and interpersonal communication, in which some problems involving nutrition may be present. This study aims to evaluate dietary intake and identify feeding behavioral problems in male children and adolescents with ASD when compared to matched controls, as well as parents or caregivers' feelings about strategies for dealing with eating problems. A 3‐day food record was performed and nutrient intake was compared to the Dietary Reference Intake according to age. To evaluate children feeding behavior and parents or caregivers' feelings, the Behavior Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFA) was used. ASD patients consumed in average more calories than controls (though with a high patient's frequency above and below calorie range references), had a limited food repertoire, high prevalence of children with inadequate calcium, sodium, iron vitamin B5, folate, and vitamin C intake. BPFA scores were also higher in the ASD group when compared to controls for all frequencies (child behavior, parents and total). These findings lead us to endorse the importance of evaluating feeding problems in the clinical routine, considering also the singular features of the patients.
Demand forecasting and order planning for humanitarian logistics: An empirical assessment
Authors: van der Laan Erwin , van Dalen Jan , Rohrmoser Michael , Simpson Rob 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHumanitarian aid organizations are most known for their short‐term emergency relief. While getting aid items to those in need can be challenging, long‐term projects provide an opportunity for demand planning supported by forecasting methods. Based on standardized consumption data of the Operational Center Amsterdam of Médecins Sans Frontières (MSF‐OCA) regarding nineteen longer‐term aid projects and over 2000 medical items consumed in 2013, we describe and analyze the forecasting and order planning process. We find that several internal and external factors influence forecast and order planning performance, be it indirectly through demand volatility and safety markup. Moreover, we identify opportunities for further improvement for MSF‐OCA, and for humanitarian logistics organizations in general.
Effects of 8-Year Treatment of Long-Acting Testosterone Undecanoate on Metabolic Parameters, Urinary Symptoms, Bone Mineral Density, and Sexual Function in Men with Late-Onset Hypogonadism
Authors: Permpongkosol Sompol , Khupulsup Kalayanee , Leelaphiwat Supatra , Pavavattananusorn Sarawan , Thongpradit Supranee , Petchthong Thanom 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
The long-term effects of long-acting testosterone undecanoate (TU) and androgen receptor CAG repeat lengths in Thai men with late-onset hypogonadism (LOH) have not been reported.

Aim
To analyze the 8-year follow-up effects of intramuscular TU therapy on metabolic parameters, urinary symptoms, bone mineral density, and sexual function and investigate CAG repeat lengths in men with LOH.

Methods
We reviewed the medical records of 428 men with LOH who had been treated with TU and 5 patients were diagnosed with prostate cancer during TU therapy. There were 120 patients (mean age = 65.6 ± 8.9 years) who had 5 to 8 years of continuous TU supplementation and sufficiently completed records for analysis. Genomic DNA was extracted from peripheral blood and the CAG repeat region was amplified by polymerase chain reaction. Fragment analysis, sequencing, electropherography, and chromatography were performed.

Main Outcome Measures
The main outcome measure was dynamic parameter changes during testosterone supplementation.

Results
TU did not improve all obesity parameters. A statistically significant decrease was found in waist circumference, percentage of body fat, glycated hemoglobin, cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein, and International Prostate Symptom Score (P &lt; .05). TU did not produce differences in body mass index, high-density lipoprotein, triglyceride, or the Aging Male Symptoms score from baseline. However, a statistically significant increase was found in the level of testosterone, prostate-specific antigen, hematocrit, International Index of Erectile Function score, and vertebral and femoral bone mineral density (P &lt; .05). No major adverse cardiovascular events or prostate cancer occurred during this study. The CAG repeat length was 14 to 28 and the median CAG length was 22. There was no association between CAG repeat length and any of the anthropometric measurements.

Conclusion
Long-term TU treatment in men with LOH for up to 8 years appears to be safe, tolerable, and effective in correcting obesity parameters.
The Road to Rio: Medical and Scientific Perspectives on the 2016 Paralympic Games
Authors: Blauwet Cheri , Lexell Jan , Derman Wayne , Idrisova Guzel , Kissick James , Stomphorst Jaap , Wosornu Yetsa Tuakli , Van de Vliet Peter , Webborn Nick 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn August and September of this year, the world will turn its attention to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, for the 2016 Summer Olympic and Paralympic Games. Of interest to physiatrists, the Paralympic Games will take place from September 7 to 18, with an estimated total of 4 billion viewers. In the United States, for the first time in history, the Summer Games will be broadcast over a total of 66 hours on NBCUniversal. The Paralympic Games represent the pinnacle of elite sport for athletes with disabilities while also changing perceptions around the importance of grassroots sport and physical activity opportunities for the disability community more broadly.
A high-precision calibration of the AD radiocarbon time scale
Authors: Stuiver Minze 
Published: July 2016

A high-precision calibration curve, derived from the radiocarbon age determinations of 195 decade samples spanning the AD 1 to 1950 interval, is presented.Though derived for the Pacific Northwest and California, the curve can be used for a large part of the northern hemisphere. This is proven by the radiocarbon ages of contemporaneous sample pairs which are, in most instances, identical within the quoted precision. Two sets of single-year data reveal no evidence for an 11-year cycle with an amplitude beyond the 12-year measuring precision. This indicates that the calibration curve is also applicable for single-year 14C samples.Analysis of the Seattle data sets and comparison with those published by the Belfast, La Jolla, and Heidelberg laboratories show that the total variability in a radiocarbon age determination is often larger than that predicted from the quoted errors. Upper limits for the error multiplier (ie, the factor with which the quoted error has to be multiplied to obtain the overall laboratory variability) are estimated at 1.5 for Seattle and Belfast, 1.1 to 1.4 for La Jolla, and 2.0 for Heidelberg.The comparisons with Belfast, La Jolla, and Heidelberg also reveal offsets with the Seattle calibration curve of, respectively, 4, 27 to 55, and 58 years. These offsets are most likely due to laboratory bias. An improvement of the present calibration curve by combining data sets from other laboratories will only be possible when offsets and error multipliers are precisely known through interlaboratory calibration.
The Temporal Distribution of ‘Bomb’ 14C in a Forest Soil
Authors: Harkness D D , Harrison A F , Bacon P J 
Published: July 2016

Patterns of 14C enrichment in the superficial plant debris and mineral soil horizons of an established woodland have been monitored at regular intervals during the past 15 years. These data are compared with a model evaluation of carbon turnover based on the recorded changes in atmospheric 14C concentration since AD 1900.Leaf litter and decomposing plant debris are characterized by steady-state turnover values of ca 2 and ca 8 years, respectively. A two-component system of ‘fast’ (≤20 yr) and ‘slow’ (ca 350 yr) cycling carbon is indicated for the surface (0–5cm) soil humus; below 10cm, the “fast’ component is rare (<5%).Selective microbal humification of leaf litter, branch, and root debris is proposed to explain a delay of several years in the peak transfer of ‘bomb’ 14C to the soil carbon pool.
A Study of Errors in14C Dates of Peat and Sediment
Authors: Olsson Ingrid U 
Published: July 2016

It is a well-established fact that14C dates from lake sediments are usually too old because of contamination with allochthonous material and/or due to discrete reservoir effects. The latter can occur in soft water lakes and may be examined by the14C measurement of aqueous plants or the carbon dissolved and suspended in the water column.Some plants assimilate CO2from the sediment. Their14C activity is then dependent on the sediment accumulation rate and nutrients stored in the root system may also contribute misleading results. If water is filtered through ultra-fine membranes and then treated chemically, several fractions can be isolated for dating. The present study shows that the14C activity of such fractions varies widely but with the weighted mean indicating an overall deficiency. Even the water from a raised bog evidences a14C deficiency relative to contemporary atmospheric CO2.Charcoal from an archaeologic site and peat from corresponding layers in a nearby bog have yielded significantly different ages. The fact that theCladiumpeat was from a very calcareous area is significant. The risk of contamination by younger root material is also documented.
14C in Extractives from Wood
Authors: Olsson Ingrid U 
Published: July 2016

Two Pinus aristata samples submitted by C W Ferguson were separated in different fractions, as was done earlier with Pinus silvestris L from Sweden, to yield different fractions for studies of the pretreatment. One sample in this new series consisted of heartwood and the second of sapwood.The treatment performed in the radiocarbon laboratory involved an acid treatment by boiling, washings, an hydroxide treatment at 80°C, washings and, finally, another acid treatment before being dried before the combustion. The sodium-hydroxide treatment was repeated to yield at least two soluble and two insoluble fractions.The treatment performed by the wood chemists involved extractions with ethanol-benzene and water. The remaining wood was dated but was also used for the production of holocellulose. The extractives were partitioned between ethyl ether and water and that from the older wood was used for the isolation of neutrals, acids, and phenols. In all, 19 fractions of these two wood samples were dated.It is confirmed that a treatment for 30 min in sodium hydroxide at 80°C is not sufficient to remove the extractives from the heartwood or the sapwood. A treatment at 80°C overnight with 1 percent NaOH yielded a sample from the older wood with a 14C content in good agreement with the results predicted from the curve presented by Stuiver (1978). The final statistical uncertainty in the present investigation was ca 4‰. The younger wood yielded results indicating a lower activity than that given by Stuiver.
Conditions Involved in Dating Terrestrial Shells
Authors: Evin Jacques , Marechal Joëlle , Pachiaudi Christiane , Puissegur J J 
Published: July 2016

Mollusks living only on ground surface can be expected to give the most reliable results in 14C dating from carbonates of continental origin. One may assume they have a homogeneous biotope and are not affected by any hard-water effect. In order to verify these assumptions and to test shells as routine dating material, results from terrestrial gastropods are compared with other 14C dates from classic biologic material, such as peat, charcoal, or bone, collected in the same archaeologic or geologic levels in miscellaneous places. Two sites were selected for which other chronologic data, such as prehistoric industries or malacologic diagrams were available.All results indicate older values for 14C shell dates. The discrepancy between “normal” and snail dates amounts to 300 to 1200 14C years and remains the same whatever the absolute age of the sample. All 13C values of perfectly cleaned shells are between —5 to —10%, versus PDB. The initial 14C content of shells that is too low may be different according to species, as suggested by 13C variations.Although fairly constant, this deviation of 14C ages generally makes such samples unreliable for most archaeologic studies, which often need more precise results. However, some measurements were performed on microfauna shells from several Würmian loess to show that dating of shells may be useful in fairly ancient geologic sediments for lack of better carbonaceous samples. Good agreement of some snail dates with expected sediment ages point to the importance of proper sample selection and pretreatment that might be checked by 13C measurements.
Hydrological Implications from 14C Profiling of UK Tufa
Authors: Thorpe P M , Otlet R L , Sweeting M M 
Published: July 2016

Tufa is a superficial, secondary deposit of calcium carbonate which accumulates on precipitation from emergent spring waters. It occurs as discrete, localized masses in regions of calcareous country rock.In the United Kingdom, deposits vary widely in structure and thickness but little is known of the rate of deposition. Some deposits contain laminae assumed to represent annual growth increments and which should contain a 14C and stable isotope record related to the original water from which it was precipitated.Investigations are reported on tufa from, three areas of different limestones in the United Kingdom (Northwest Yorkshire, South Derbyshire and North Oxfordshire).Hydrologically, the dating of tufa by 14C involves the same problems as the dating of groundwater. In the case of actively forming tufa, however, it is possible to derive a sequence of measurements, beginning with present day deposition, which clearly demonstrates the applications of age corrections.At Gordale Scar, Northwest Yorkshire, a profiling study of laminated tufa appears to show bomb trial 14C to a depth of 18mm below the surface, with almost constant values around 50 percent modern (raw data) from 18 to 48mm below the surface. The 14C content of surface tufa lies within the seasonal range of 14C measurements from the parent stream waters.Results of 50 percent modern in the sequence are consistent with the simplest correction procedures based on δ13C balance and the observed δ13C change on tufa precipitation is a practical demonstration of the fractionation factor ∊13. However, the application of corrections to active, surface tufa and parent waters collected monthly over a period of study (14 months) from all three sites, produce results higher than would be expected from published world 14C levels.
Washington State University Natural Radiocarbon Measurements I
Authors: Chatters Roy M. 
Published: July 2016

The College of Engineering Research Division radiocarbon dating laboratory began operating in November 1962 employing a Sharp Laboratories, Inc., CDL-14 system based upon the methane method of Fairhall, Shell, and Takashima (1961).Dates reported herein are calculated using a 5568 yr C14 half-life. The modern standard is taken as 95% of the NBS oxalic acid C14 standard which is converted to CO2 followed by conversion to CH4 in the manner of Fairhall et al. The errors quoted are the 1 σ statistical errors.
Probability and Dating
Authors: Ramsey Christopher Bronk 
Published: July 2016

Statistical analysis is becoming much more widely used in conjunction with radiocarbon dating. In this paper I discuss the impact of Bayesian analysis (using computer programs such as OxCal) on archaeological research. In addition to simple analysis, the method has implications for the planning of dating projects and the assessment of the reliability of dates in their context.A new formalism for describing chronological models is introduced here: the Chronological Query Language (CQL), an extension of the model definitions found in the program OxCal.New methods of Bayesian analysis can be used to overcome some of the inherent biases in the uncertainty estimates of scientific dating methods. Most of these methods, including 14C, uranium series and thermoluminescence (TL), tend to favor some calendar dates over others. 14C calibration overcomes the problem where this is possible, but a Bayesian approach can be used more generally.
AMS 14C Dating of Equipment from the Iceman and of Spruce Logs from the Prehistoric Salt Mines of Hallstatt
Authors: Rom Werner , Golser Robin , Kutschera Walter , Priller Alfred , Steier Peter , Wild Eva M 
Published: July 2016

This paper summarizes radiocarbon measurements of mainly botanical samples from the Iceman (“Ötzi”) and from his discovery site, an Alpine glacier at the Austrian-Italian border. The results were obtained by accelerator mass spectrometry (AMS) at 3 different laboratories (Vienna, Austria; Uppsala, Sweden; Gif-sur-Yvette, France) between 1992 and 1997. All the dates, except 2, are consistent with the time period 3360–3100 BC, as previously determined from bone and tissue samples from the Iceman himself. The 2 exceptional dates from wooden artifacts suggest that the site of the Iceman was used as a mountain pass for millennia prior to and after the lifetime of “Ötzi”.For a 2nd sample complex, we studied logs from the beginning of salt mining in the world's oldest salt mines at Hallstatt in Upper Austria. 14C AMS measurements were performed in Vienna on spruce samples found in the prehistoric mines and from a log-house on the surface. Data evaluation included “wiggle matching” of different sets of tree rings. The results suggest that salt mining in the Hallstatt region took place in the 14th–13th century BC, well before the so-called Hallstatt period.We discuss in some detail the chemical pretreatment of the samples and the data evaluation. We also present a comprehensive survey of 14C dates available in the literature concerning both botanical remains from the vicinity of the Iceman and from the earliest salt mining in Hallstatt.
University of Lund Radiocarbon Dates I
Authors: Håkansson Soren 
Published: July 2016

Plans for a radiocarbon dating laboratory at the University of Lund were initiated by Tage Nilsson and Holger Arbman in 1962. Work was begun in 1964 and at the end of 1965 most of the dating equipment was installed. Dating began in 1966 after careful testing of counting electronics and counters.The dating system has two 1-L copper-walled proportional counters of Östlund-Engstrand construction (for details see Stockholm V. p. 204, Fig. 1) surrounded by 2.5 cm of selected lead, followed by a ring of 23 cosmic-ray Geiger counters (model HZ-100, Zentralwerkstatt Göttingen). On all sides are at least 20 cm of iron. Above and on both long sides of the counters are 10 cm of paraffin wax with about 12% boric acid between the iron layers.
Use of Bomb-Produced 14C to Evaluate the Amount of CO2 Emanating from Two Peat Bogs in Finland
Authors: Jungner Högne , Sonninen Eloni , Possnert Göran , Tolonen Kimmo 
Published: July 2016

We used moss increment counting to obtain well-defined samples of the topmost peat layers of two Sphagnum fuscum hummocks. The two ombrotrophic bogs, Lakkasuo in central Finland and Korvinsuo in eastern Finland, are of different ages, covering 3 and 9 ka, respectively. Using AMS dating, we traced bomb-produced 14C through the topmost parts of the two peat profiles. A well-defined 14C activity peak was found in both sequences dating the corresponding layer to ad 1965. A comparison between the maximum peat activities and the corresponding atmospheric values for the period of interest provides an opportunity to evaluate the amount of CO2 emanating from the decaying peat bog, and taken up by the living sphagnum plants.Considerable variations in δ13C values were also observed. These variations indicate, at least partly, annual variations in the emission rate of CO2 from decomposition of older peat in the bog, and are connected with climatic factors such as temperature and precipitation.
Calibration Introduction
Authors: Scott E M , Reimer P J 
Published: July 2016

There are 2 fundamental assumptions in radiocarbon dating, which were known early in the method development to be approximations, and which lead directly to the need to calibrate 14C dates:
1.The rate of formation of 14C in the upper atmosphere has been constant over the entire applied 14C dating timescale (approximately the last 65,000 yr).2.The 14C activity of the atmosphere has been in equilibrium with the biosphere and ocean over the applied timescale.