bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Influence of a Humectant on the Retention by Humans of Solanesol from Cigarette Smoke (Part 1, Propylene Glycol)
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Coleman WM III 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Propylene glycol (PG) is a common humectant added to the tobacco used in cigarettes, and part of this compound is transferred to smoke. The influence of this additive on the retention of solanesol by smokers has been evaluated in the present study for two cigarettes having the same tobacco blend except for the 3% addition of PG on one of them. The cigarette with no PG was a commercial brand, and the experimental one was made using the same tobacco blend as the commercial cigarette, but adding 3% of PG. The construction of the cigarette with 3% PG allowed to match as close as possible the ‘tar’ [as measured by Federal Trade Commission (FTC) regimen], pressure drop (open and closed), and nicotine level of the commercial cigarette. The number of human subjects taking the test was ten smokers for each of the two evaluated products. The sample collection was performed from three cigarettes smoked within one hour. The same human subject smoked the regular cigarette and then the one with added PG. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted procedure that avoids strain in exhaling, and the solanesol was analyzed using an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and also analyzed for solanesol. The results obtained for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of solanesol in the smoke delivered to the human subject, based on calibration curves. These curves were generated separately by analyzing the solanesol in smoke and in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. Knowing the delivered amount of solanesol and that in the exhaled smoke it was possible to calculate the retention of this compound from mainstream smoke for the two cigarette types. The levels of solanesol delivered to the smoker from Cigarette A was in the range between 350.4 ìg/cig and 504.8 ìg/cig for the cigarette with no PG, and between 401.5 ìg/cig and 614.1 ìg/cig for the cigarette with 3% PG added. The amount of solanesol retained by the smoker (per cigarette) was on an average 309 ìg/cig with 15.8% relative standard deviation for the cigarette with no PG, and an average of 348 ìg/cig with 20.4% relative standard deviation for the 3% PG cigarette. An ANOVA single factor analysis showed that the results between the two cigarettes were not statistically different for 95% confidence. The retention of solanesol from the commercial cigarette showed an average of 72.5% with 11.7% relative standard deviation, and the cigarette with 3% added PG showed an average retention of 70.8% with 14.5% relative standard deviation. ANOVA single factor analysis indicated no significant differences in the retention % of solanesol for the two cigarettes at 95% confidence. No correlation was found between the amount of solanesol delivered from the cigarette to the smoker and the solanesol retained %.
A Robust Method for Estimating Human Smoked Cigarette Yields from Filter Analysis Data
Authors: St. Charles FK , Ashley M , Shepperd CJ , Clayton P , Errington G 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
The analysis of spent filters from human-smoked (HS) cigarettes has been used to estimate cigarette yields for over three decades. Until recently, the whole filter was used for estimation; however a part-filter method has been shown to improve the accuracy of estimated HS yields. The part-filter method uses only the mouth-end portion of the filter, downstream of the ventilation holes, for analysis. In this portion, the filtration efficiency is relatively constant irrespective of typical puff flow rates of humans and also minimizes butt length effects (e.g. nicotine condensation) on filtration efficiency. Therefore, the estimations of HS cigarette yields are more robust to human smoking conditions than previous whole-filter methods.
British American Tobacco has adopted this method to obtain better understanding of how smokers actually use their products in their everyday environment. This can give information to help understand approaches to harm reduction. Since adopting this method, modifications and quality control features have been added to improve the accuracy of the estimation. This paper will describe in detail the methodology currently in use, along with sources of error, storage studies, quality control, repeatability and reproducibility.
The Chemical Components Identified in Tobacco and Tobacco Smoke Prior to 1954: A Chronology of Classical Chemistry
Authors: Rodgman A , Perfetti TA 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Because of the excellent fractionation and identification technologies developed during the early-1950s, the compositions of tobacco and tobacco smoke, both classified as highly complex mixtures, have been defined more completely than the composition of any other highly complex commercial product such as coffee. By year-end 1953, the many years of research by scientists using classical chemical techniques to define the composition of tobacco and its smoke provided meaningful information on the nature of over 300 tobacco components and fewer than 100 tobacco smoke components. Those involved in the pre-1954 research not only provided the cornerstone of our knowledge of the two compositions but also deserve the gratitude of their successors for the early information generated on tobacco and its smoke. This article is our tribute to those researchers who generated much meaningful knowledge on the composition of tobacco and tobacco smoke prior to 1954 despite the now known fractionation and analytical limitations of the so-called classical chemical techniques. It also notes the similarity of some of the early and more recent research results obtained on the chemical and biological properties of smoke condensate and several of its components from tobacco with those obtained by Roffo in the 1930s on a destructive distillate of tobacco.
A Study of the Reaction Between Quinone and 2R4F Cigarette Smoke Condensate
Authors: Coleman WM 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
A study using atomic emission detection (AED) as an approach to explore the fate of quinone added into 2R4F cigarette smoke condensate (CSC) have been performed. Both natural isotope quinone and 13C labeled quinone were used in the study. When coupled with a gas chromatographic separation (GC/AED), the AED provided informative new data on 13C isotope enriched products generated following reactions between 2R4F CSC and the quinone. Two 13C containing species were detected by GC/AED. Matching chromatographic separation using gas chromatography/mass selective detection (GC/MSD) allowed for a structural assignment of a relatively minor CSC 13C 6quinone reaction product as nitrohydroquinone (13C6NO2HQ). The chemical mechanism accounting for the formation of 13C6NO2HQ in the CSC was envisioned to be a reaction product between HONO and 13C 6Quinone (13C6Q) to form 13C6NO2Q, followed by reduction of 13C6NO2Q to 13C6NO2HQ. The amount of 13C6NO2HQ accounted for ~6% of the added 13C6Q. Identical trends in reaction chemistries were found for experiments with 12C6Q. The major reaction product detected upon addition of 13C6Q to the 2R4F CSC sample was 13C6HQ. 13C6HQ accounted for, on average, ~47% of the initial 13C6Q concentration. Identical trends in reaction chemistries were found for experiments with 12C6Q. No additional 13C containing species were detected. A 13C AED compound independent calibration (CIC) approach under the operating conditions was not possible. This work further expands the knowledge regarding possible reactions of quinone and hydroquinone in CSC.
The Influence of a Humectant on the Retention by Humans of Solanesol from Cigarette Smoke (Part 2, Glycerin)
Authors: Moldoveanu SC , Coleman WM III 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Two common humectants are used as additives in the cigarette manufacturing process, propylene glycol (PG) and glycerin. The humectants may influence the deposition of cigarette smoke in the human respiratory tract by affecting the hygroscopic properties and growth of smoke particles. This study examines the influence of glycerin addition on the retention of solanesol by smokers. The influence of PG addition has been previously reported (7). The first cigarette used in the study (control) was a commercially available brand containing no additives in the blend (with a measured level of glycerin of 0.19%). The other cigarette (test) had an identical tobacco blend to the control, but had 2.3% added glycerin. The construction of the cigarette with 2.3% glycerin (test) was selected to match as closely as possible the ‘tar’ (as measured by Federal Trade Commission regimen), pressure drop (open and closed), and nicotine level of the commercial cigarette (control). Twelve smokers evaluated both products. The sample collection was performed using three cigarettes smoked within one hour. Each human subject smoked the control cigarette and then the test cigarette in two separate sessions. The exhaled smoke was collected using a vacuum assisted procedure designed to avoid strain in exhaling, and solanesol was analyzed using an high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) technique. The cigarette butts from the smokers were collected and also analyzed for solanesol. The results obtained for the cigarette butts from the smokers were used to calculate the level of solanesol in the smoke delivered to the human subject, based on calibration curves. These curves were generated separately by analyzing the solanesol in smoke and in the cigarette butts obtained by machine smoking under different puffing regimes. Knowing the levels of delivered amount of solanesol and that in the exhaled smoke it was possible to calculate the retention of this compound from mainstream smoke for the two cigarette types. The amount of solanesol retained by the smoker (per cigarette) was on average 314.8 µg/cig with 18.9% relative standard deviation for the commercial cigarette, and 302.6 µg/cig with 20.3% relative standard deviation for the cigarette with 2.3% added glycerin. The retention % of solanesol from the commercial cigarette showed an average of 69.5% with 9.4% relative standard deviation, and the cigarette with 2.3% added glycerin showed an average retention of 69.4% with 10.5% relative standard deviation. Applying the paired t-test to the data it was found that there were no significant differences in the retention amount of solanesol, or in the retention % of solanesol for the two cigarettes. No correlation was found between the amount of solanesol delivered to the smoker (in µg/cig) and the solanesol retention % by the smoker.
Active soldering of aluminum–graphite composite to aluminum using Sn3.5Ag4Ti0.5Cu active filler
Authors: Tsao Lung-Chuan , Hsieh Ming-Jer , Chen Ting-Yu , Cheng Shih-Ying , Chen Chih-Wei 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
In this work, 6061–Al alloy–graphite (Al–Gr) composites were fabricated via the squeeze casting method. Al/Al–Gr joints were formed by direct active soldering with Sn3.5Ag4Ti0.5Cu active filler. The joint microstructures were examined using optical microscopy and scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive spectrometry. The Sn3.5Ag4Ti0.5Cu active filler can successfully join Al–Gr composite to 6061–Al alloy at a temperature of 250°C. During direct active soldering, Al dissolves into the active filler zone to form a coarse Al–Ag–Sn solid solution around the active filler. The shear-tested bonding strengths were 14.30 ± 1.57 MPa for Al/Al, 8.45 ± 1.37 MPa for Al–Gr/Al, and 8.15 ± 1.43 MPa for Al–Gr/Al–Gr joints. In the Al/Al–Gr joints, the fractures occurred through the active filler/Al–Gr interface.
Assessment of the contact behavior of a soft hemispherical finger tip in curved profile grasping
Authors: Yuvaraj S. , Malayalamurthi R. , Raja K. Venkatesh 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a finite element study on the contact parameters of a soft hemispherical finger tip pressed against curved surface. The variation in magnitudes of contact radius, contact pressure and vertical displacement are estimated using two-dimensional finite element models. The special effects of geometry using a wide range of normal force on soft finger tips are presented with the aid of a dimensionless parameter, curve factor (R/a). It addresses the effects of the load–contact relationship for ten different fingertip combinations. From close observations it can be concluded that a higher magnitude of contact radius can be obtained with a lower curve factor and vice-versa. Also, it is evident that the radius of contact is higher for a curved object when compared with a flat one for a particular combination. However, there is a significant reduction in the magnitudes of vertical depression and contact pressure.
Spheroidal graphite cast iron property enhancement by heat treatment
Authors: Pullan Thankachan T. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Ductile iron, popularly known as spherodized graphite iron (SGI), is a special variety of cast iron having carbon content more than 3 wt.% and has graphite present in compact, spherical shapes. These compact spheroids hamper the continuity of the matrix much less than graphite flakes, which results in higher strength and toughness with a structure that resembles gray cast iron, thus imparting superior mechanical properties. The high ratio of performance to cost which they offer to the designer and end user makes them used extensively for industrial applications. The basic chemical elements such as carbon, silicon, manganese, magnesium, copper etc. play an important role in the SGI casting process. The behavior of these elements in molten metal of the ductile iron varies because of their different mechanical and chemical properties. However, to extend the consistency and range of properties of SGI castings beyond its properties in the as-cast condition, heat treatment is a necessary operation. In this research specimens are prepared with different combinations of alloying elements. On these specimens studies are performed with various tests to understand the effect of heat treatment operations such as tempering and austempering to transform the brittle behavior to ductile behavior.
Nanoparticle analysis sheds budding insights into genetic drivers of extracellular vesicle biogenesis
Authors: Hurwitz Stephanie N. , Conlon Meghan M. , Rider Mark A. , Brownstein Naomi C. , Meckes David G. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundExtracellular vesicles (EVs) are important mediators of cell‐to‐cell communication in healthy and pathological environments. Because EVs are present in a variety of biological fluids and contain molecular signatures of their cell or tissue of origin, they have great diagnostic and prognostic value. The ability of EVs to deliver biologically active proteins, RNAs and lipids to cells has generated interest in developing novel therapeutics. Despite their potential medical use, many of the mechanisms underlying EV biogenesis and secretion remain unknown.MethodsHere, we characterized vesicle secretion across the NCI‐60 panel of human cancer cells by nanoparticle tracking analysis. Using CellMiner, the quantity of EVs secreted by each cell line was compared to reference transcriptomics data to identify gene products associated with vesicle secretion.ResultsGene products positively associated with the quantity of exosomal‐sized vesicles included vesicular trafficking classes of proteins with Rab GTPase function and sphingolipid metabolism. Positive correlates of larger microvesicle‐sized vesicle secretion included gene products involved in cytoskeletal dynamics and exocytosis, as well as Rab GTPase activation. One of the identified targets, CD63, was further evaluated for its role in vesicle secretion. Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 knockout of the CD63 gene in HEK293 cells resulted in a decrease in small vesicle secretion, suggesting the importance of CD63 in exosome biogenesis.ConclusionThese observations reveal new insights into genes involved in exosome and microvesicle formation, and may provide a means to distinguish EV sub‐populations. This study offers a foundation for further exploration of targets involved in EV biogenesis and secretion.
Roman Money and Numerical Practice
Authors: Bailey Melissa 
Published: July 2016

This paper addresses the intersection of money and number in the Roman Empire. I trace two main contexts of numerical practice, using material evidence from the Roman town of Pompeii as well as literary sources. These two kinds of practice were linked the different physical forms in which money was expressed, specifically coins or written units of account. Uses of number related to coins tended to foreground singular amounts and lack of numerical manipulation, suggesting a simple numeracy based on low, round, or repetitive numbers. Amounts in written money of account,
sestertii, could be quite round as well, but a different set of numerical practices also took shape here, centered on forms of calculation such as the abacus or finger numbers, and on the use of written tables and fractions. Money in written units of account was conceived as a mass and a single number to be divided or manipulated, and was conceptually related to specific categories of transactions, such as inheritance, property, and loans.
Charles Potvin (1818-1902) en de progressistische politieke cultuur
Authors: de Spiegeleer Christoph 
Published: July 2016

Charles Potvin (1818-1902) and the Progressive Political Culture
An analysis of the life and work of the Belgian writer and political philosopher Charles Potvin (1818-1902) and his (inter) national contacts/ networks enables us to gain a more in-depth knowledge of the progressive liberal mentality and organisational culture in Belgium during the years 1850-1900 and the blurred boundaries between culture and politics in those days. Progressive liberals discussed and wrote about education, suffrage and nationality. They confronted the Church and conservative liberals with radical ideas on moral and political citizenship. They made use of pre-electoral meetings, pamphlets, public manifestations, funerals and historical studies. This article gives a valuable insight in the ideological and organizational culture that preceded the establishment of a separate progressive party in 1887.
La pensée et le mouvant. La frontière du Rhin dans les Commentaires de César
Authors: Dignef Anthony 
Published: July 2016

Political Thoughts and Change. The Border of the Rhine in Caesar’s Gallic War
The Gallic War, written by Julius Caesar, is generally considered to lie at the origins of the concept of the “ Border of the Rhine”. A more critical and in-depth reading however, reveals that the description of the river varies according to the needs of narrative and the author’s political thoughts underlying it. On the other hand, the constant changes in the world or worlds which Caesar encountered in Gaul are clear demonstrations of the concepts of “ branch connection” and “ tribal zone” developed by scholars in human and social sciences.
La frontière entre Bar et Champagne dans l’espace ardennais, sous Thiebaut II de Bar (1221-1291)
Authors: Harter Jean-Gabriel 
Published: July 2016

De grens tussen Bar en Champagne in de Ardennen, onder Thibaut II de Bar (1221-1291)
Op het einde van de Middeleeuwen vormden de ‘ vier rivieren’ de oostelijke grens van het koninkrijk Frankrijk met het Heilige Roomse Rijk. Tijdens de Hoge Middeleeuwen stroomde één van deze rivieren, de Maas, echter doorheen het grondgebied van het Rijk, waarbij de eigenlijke grens meer ten westen lag, in de diocese van Reims. Tegen het einde van de dertiende eeuw ondernam de graaf van Bar, Thibaut II (Theobald II), een langdurige campagne om de eigen grenzen zo ver mogelijk voorbij de Maas uit te breiden. Deze campagne, die enkel kortstondig succes had, hield een aanval op de vazallen van de graaf van Champagne in, Rethel en Grandpré. Het veroveringsbeleid van Thibaut II, dat zowel gediversifieerd als volhardend van aard was, zorgde ervoor dat hij de hand wist te leggen op meer dan een dozijn adellijke landgoederen in de regio. Zijn territoriale uitbreidingsdrift wekte echter dezelfde soort verlangens op bij de koning van Frankrijk, die door zijn huwelijk de zeggenschap had over het graafschap Champagne totdat de campagne van zijn tegenstander hem dit ontnam. Het hieruit voortvloeiende conflict stelde Filips de Schone in staat om de grens tussen Frankrijk en het Rijk op de Maas te plaatsen.
Pour préparer « l'école de l'an 2000 » une formation en mutation. L'École Normale de Livry-Gargan
Authors: Zay Danielle 
Published: July 2016

L'École Normale de Livry-Gargan se veut ancrée sur la réalité dynamique des besoins et des nécessités d'une formation d'enseignants aptes à construire une école du futur, solide, ouverte, en prise sur la culture qui la porte, et dont elle fait partie.
Professeur dans cet établissement, D. Zay nous propose un article rigoureux et cohérent.
... Ainsi se dessine la silhouette vive de l'École Normale : ses concertations internes pour une population nouvelle et diversifiée d'enseignants en formation, ses prises en charge de l'environnement, sa participation à la recherche. ... Ainsi se campe le métier actuel du «professeur» d'École Normale : les performances de l'enseignant de lycée ne sont plus de mise, les visées d'une formation initiale enclose sont dépassées.
On s'interroge alors sur le sens de ces efforts et de ces projets à la lumière des considérations actuelles sur les Écoles Normales et des obstacles qu'elles
rencontrent ; quel devenir pour « l'école de l'an 2000 » ?
An Unconditional Test for Change Point Detection in Binary Sequences with Applications to Clinical Registries
Authors: Friede Tim , Ellenberger David 
Published: July 2016

SummaryObjectives: Methods for change point (also sometimes referred to as threshold or breakpoint) detection in binary sequences are not new and were introduced as early as 1955. Much of the research in this area has focussed on asymptotic and exact conditional methods. Here we develop an exact unconditional test.Methods: An unconditional exact test is developed which assumes the total number of events as random instead of conditioning on the number of observed events. The new test is shown to be uniformly more powerful than Worsley’s exact conditional test and means for its efficient numerical calculations are given. Adaptions of methods by Berger andBoos are made to deal with the issue that the unknown event probability imposes a nuisance parameter. The methods are compared in a Monte Carlo simulation study and applied to a cohort of patients undergoing traumatic orthopaedic surgery involving external fixators where a change in pin site infections is investigated.Results: The unconditional test controls the type I error rate at the nominal level and is uniformly more powerful than (or to be more precise uniformly at least as powerful as) Worsley’s exact conditional test which is very conservative for small sample sizes. In the application a beneficial effect associated with the introduction of a new treatment procedure for pin site care could be revealed.Conclusions: We consider the new test an effective and easy to use exact test which is recommended in small sample size change point problems in binary sequences.