bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Multiple Scattering in Discrete Random Media Using First‐Order Incoherent Interactions
Authors: Muinonen K. , Markkanen J. , Väisänen T. , Peltoniemi J. I. , Penttilä A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe consider scattering of electromagnetic waves by a finite discrete random medium composed of spherical particles. The size of the random medium can range from microscopic sizes of a few wavelengths to macroscopic sizes approaching infinity. The size of the particles is assumed to be of the order of the wavelength. We extend the numerical Monte Carlo method of radiative transfer and coherent backscattering (RT‐CB) to the case of dense packing of particles. We adopt the ensemble‐averaged first‐order incoherent extinction, scattering, and absorption characteristics of a volume element of particles as input for the RT‐CB. The volume element must be larger than the wavelength but smaller than the mean‐free path length of incoherent extinction. In the radiative transfer part, at each absorption and scattering process, we account for absorption with the help of the single‐scattering albedo and peel off the Stokes parameters of radiation emerging from the medium in predefined scattering angles. We then generate a new scattering direction using the joint probability density for the local polar and azimuthal scattering angles. In the coherent backscattering part, we utilize amplitude scattering matrices along the radiative‐transfer path and the reciprocal path and utilize the reciprocity of electromagnetic waves to verify the computation. We illustrate the incoherent volume element scattering characteristics and compare the dense‐medium RT‐CB to asymptotically exact results computed using the Superposition T‐matrix method (STMM). We show that the dense‐medium RT‐CB compares favorably to the STMM for the current cases of sparse and dense discrete random media studied.
SWMF Global Magnetosphere Simulations of January 2005: Geomagnetic Indices and Cross‐Polar Cap Potential
Authors: Haiducek John D. , Welling Daniel T. , Ganushkina Natalia Y. , Morley Steven K. , Ozturk Dogacan Su 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe simulated the entire month of January 2005 using the Space Weather Modeling Framework (SWMF) with observed solar wind data as input. We conducted this simulation with and without an inner magnetosphere model and tested two different grid resolutions. We evaluated the model's accuracy in predictingKp,SYM‐H,AL, and cross‐polar cap potential (CPCP). We find that the model does an excellent job of predicting theSYM‐Hindex, with a root‐mean‐square error (RMSE) of 17–18 nT.Kpis predicted well during storm time conditions but overpredicted during quiet times by a margin of 1 to 1.7Kpunits.ALis predicted reasonably well on average, with an RMSE of 230–270 nT. However, the model reaches the largest negativeALvalues significantly less often than the observations. The model tended to overpredict CPCP, with RMSE values on the order of 46–48 kV. We found the results to be insensitive to grid resolution, with the exception of the rate of occurrence for strongly negativeALvalues. The use of the inner magnetosphere component, however, affected results significantly, with all quantities except CPCP improved notably when the inner magnetosphere model was on.
Salinisphaera
Authors: Antunes André , Simões Marta F. , Crespo‐Medina Melitza , Vetriani Costantino , Shimane Yasuhiro 
Published: October 2017

Sa.li.ni.sphae'ra, L. adj.salinus, saline; N.L. fem. n.sphaera, a sphere;Salinisphaera, coccoid microorganism, capable of growth at high salt.Proteobacteria / Gammaproteobacteria / Chromatiales / Halothiobacillaceae / SalinisphaeraThe genusSalinisphaera, classified within the familySalinisphaeraceae, orderXanthomonadalesin the classGammaproteobacteria, consists of Gram‐negative cocci‐ or short rod‐shaped cells. Strains produce colonies with a variety of pigmentations. Strains are either strictly aerobic or facultative anaerobic and heterotrophic.Salinisphaera hydrothermalisandS. shabanensisare also capable of growth onn‐alkanes and acetate as sole carbon and energy sources and chemolithoautotrophically in the presence of thiosulfate. Some are facultative chemolithoautotrophic or able to grow withn‐alkanes as sole carbon and energy sources. Members of this genus usually do not reduce nitrate.Salinisphaeraspp. are halophilic or halotolerant and mesophilic. Furthermore,S. shabanensishas been reported as piezotolerant andS. japonicaas acidophilic. Poly‐β‐hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is produced by several strains. All strains possess ubiquinone Q‐8. The major fatty acids (detected at >10% in at least two species) are C14:0, C16:0, C18:0, C18:1ω7c, and C19:0ω8ccyclo. The major polar lipids include diphosphatidylglycerol, phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylethanolamine, and phosphatidylglycerol. Six species of the genusSalinisphaerahave been described to date; all of them isolated from hypersaline and marine environments.DNA G + C content (mol%): 61.8–69.5 (HPLC/ fluorimetry).Type species:Salinisphaera shabanensisAntunes, Eder, Fareleira, Santos and Huber 2003b, 1219VP(Effective publication: Antunes, Eder, Fareleira, Santos and Huber 2003a, 32).
Failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) for Gamma Knife radiosurgery
Authors: Xu Andy Yuanguang , Bhatnagar Jagdish , Bednarz Greg , Flickinger John , Arai Yoshio , Vacsulka Jonet , Feng Wenzheng , Monaco Edward , Niranjan Ajay , Lunsford L. Dade , Huq M. Saiful 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPurposeGamma Knife radiosurgery is a highly precise and accurate treatment technique for treating brain diseases with low risk of serious error that nevertheless could potentially be reduced. We applied the AAPM Task Group 100 recommended failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) tool to develop a risk‐based quality management program for Gamma Knife radiosurgery.MethodsA team consisting of medical physicists, radiation oncologists, neurosurgeons, radiation safety officers, nurses, operating room technologists, and schedulers at our institution and an external physicist expert on Gamma Knife was formed for the FMEA study. A process tree and a failure mode table were created for the Gamma Knife radiosurgery procedures using the Leksell Gamma Knife Perfexion and 4C units. Three scores for the probability of occurrence (O), the severity (S), and the probability of no detection for failure mode (D) were assigned to each failure mode by 8 professionals on a scale from 1 to 10. An overall risk priority number (RPN) for each failure mode was then calculated from the averaged O, S, and D scores. The coefficient of variation for each O, S, or D score was also calculated. The failure modes identified were prioritized in terms of both the RPN scores and the severity scores.ResultsThe established process tree for Gamma Knife radiosurgery consists of 10 subprocesses and 53 steps, including a subprocess for frame placement and 11 steps that are directly related to the frame‐based nature of the Gamma Knife radiosurgery. Out of the 86 failure modes identified, 40 Gamma Knife specific failure modes were caused by the potential for inappropriate use of the radiosurgery head frame, the imaging fiducial boxes, the Gamma Knife helmets and plugs, the skull definition tools as well as other features of the GammaPlan treatment planning system. The other 46 failure modes are associated with the registration, imaging, image transfer, contouring processes that are common for all external beam radiation therapy techniques. The failure modes with the highest hazard scores are related to imperfect frame adaptor attachment, bad fiducial box assembly, unsecured plugs/inserts, overlooked target areas, and undetected machine mechanical failure during the morning QA process.ConclusionsThe implementation of the FMEA approach for Gamma Knife radiosurgery enabled deeper understanding of the overall process among all professionals involved in the care of the patient and helped identify potential weaknesses in the overall process. The results of the present study give us a basis for the development of a risk based quality management program for Gamma Knife radiosurgery.
Thermogelling, ABC Triblock Copolymer Platform for Resorbable Hydrogels with Tunable, Degradation‐Mediated Drug Release
Authors: Gupta Mukesh K. , Martin John R. , Dollinger Bryan R. , Hattaway Madison E. , Duvall Craig L. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractClinical application of injectable, thermoresponsive hydrogels is hindered by lack of degradability and controlled drug release. To overcome these challenges, a family of thermoresponsive, ABC triblock polymer‐based hydrogels has been engineered to degrade and release drug cargo through either oxidative or hydrolytic/enzymatic mechanisms dictated by the “A” block composition. Three ABC triblock copolymers are synthesized with varying “A” blocks, including oxidation‐sensitive poly(propylene sulfide), slow hydrolytically/enzymatically degradable poly(ε‐caprolactone), and fast hydrolytically/enzymatically degradable poly(d,l‐lactide‐co‐glycolide), forming the respective formulations PPS135‐b‐PDMA152‐b‐PNIPAAM225 (PDN), PCL85‐b‐PDMA150‐b‐PNIPAAM150 (CDN), and PLGA60‐b‐PDMA148‐b‐PNIPAAM152 (LGDN). For all three polymers, hydrophilic poly(N,N‐dimethylacrylamide) and thermally responsive poly(N‐isopropylacrylamide) comprise the “B” and “C” blocks, respectively. These copolymers form micelles in aqueous solutions at ambient temperature that can be preloaded with small molecule drugs. These solutions quickly transition into hydrogels upon heating to 37 °C, forming a supra‐assembly of physically crosslinked, drug‐loaded micelles. PDN hydrogels are selectively degraded under oxidative conditions while CDN and LGDN hydrogels are inert to oxidation but show differential rates of hydrolytic/enzymatic decomposition. All three hydrogels are cytocompatible in vitro and in vivo, and drug‐loaded hydrogels demonstrate differential release kinetics in vivo corresponding with their specific degradation mechanism. These collective data highlight the potential cell and drug delivery use of this tunable class of ABC triblock polymer thermogels.
Incorporation of a Ligand Peptide for Immune Inhibitory Receptor LAIR‐1 on Biomaterial Surfaces Inhibits Macrophage Inflammatory Responses
Authors: Kim Yoon Kyung , Chu Shu‐Hui , Hsieh Jessica Y. , Kamoku Cody M. , Tenner Andrea J. , Liu Wendy F. , Wang Szu‐Wen 
Published: October 2017

AbstractLeukocyte‐associated immunoglobulin‐like receptor‐1 (LAIR‐1) is an inhibitory receptor broadly expressed on immune cells, with its ligands residing within the extracellular matrix protein collagen. In this study, surfaces are modified with a LAIR‐1 ligand peptide (LP), and it is observed that macrophages cultured on LAIR‐1 LP‐conjugated surfaces exhibit significantly reduced secretion of inflammatory cytokines in response to proinflammatory stimuli that reflect an injured environment. These downregulated mediators include TNF‐α, MIP‐1α, MIP‐1β, MIP‐2, RANTES, and MIG. Knockdown of LAIR‐1 using siRNA abrogates this inhibition of cytokine secretion, supporting the specificity of the inhibitory effect to this receptor. These results are the first to demonstrate that integration of LAIR‐1 ligands with biomaterials could suppress inflammatory responses.
Iridium‐Based Multimetallic Porous Hollow Nanocrystals for Efficient Overall‐Water‐Splitting Catalysis
Authors: Feng Jianrui , Lv Fan , Zhang Weiyu , Li Peihao , Wang Kai , Yang Chao , Wang Bin , Yang Yong , Zhou Jinhui , Lin Fei , Wang Gui‐Chang , Guo Shaojun 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe development of active and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting is mandatory for renewable energy conversion. This study reports a general method for controllable synthesis of a class of IrM (M = Co, Ni, CoNi) multimetallic porous hollow nanocrystals (PHNCs), through etching Ir‐based, multimetallic, solid nanocrystals using Fe3+ ions, as catalysts for boosting overall water splitting. The Ir‐based multimetallic PHNCs show transition‐metal‐dependent bifunctional electrocatalytic activities for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in acidic electrolyte, with IrCo and IrCoNi PHNCs being the best for HER and OER, respectively. First‐principles calculations reveal a ligand effect, induced by alloying Ir with 3d transition metals, can weaken the adsorption energy of oxygen intermediates, which is the key to realizing much‐enhanced OER activity. The IrCoNi PHNCs are highly efficient in overall‐water‐splitting catalysis by showing a low cell voltage of only 1.56 V at a current density of 2 mA cm−2, and only 8 mV of polarization‐curve shift after a 1000‐cycle durability test in 0.5 m H2SO4 solution. This work highlights a potentially powerful strategy toward the general synthesis of novel, multimetallic, PHNCs as highly active and durable bifunctional electrocatalysts for high‐performance electrochemical overall‐water‐splitting devices.
Fully Inkjet‐Printed Thin‐Film Transistor Array Manufactured on Paper Substrate for Cheap Electronic Applications
Authors: Mitra Kalyan Yoti , Polomoshnov Maxim , Martínez‐Domingo Carme , Mitra Dana , Ramon Eloi , Baumann Reinhard R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOver the past decade, inkjet technology has been well recognized for the manufacturing of products that include “printing beyond colors.” This micrometer‐scale precise technology provides a straightforward approach toward judicious deposition of electronically functional material inks on various substrates over relatively large areas, for printed/flexible electronics. The technology promotes upscalability and has become a renowned process tool for fabricating electronic devices in the field of printed/flexible electronics. Here, the fabrication of printed thin‐film transistors (TFT) on cheap coated paper substrate using inkjet technology is reported. For developing the TFT layer stack conductive nanoparticle inks, a polymeric dielectric ink and a p‐type organic semiconductor ink are employed. The coating on the paper provides several advantages for fabrication process of TFTs; for example, control over ink spreading. This control of ink spreading can directly influence the fabrication of interdigitated source/drain (S/D) electrodes for TFTs, when a top gate bottom contact architecture is considered. This results in better manufacturing yields and promising electrical performance, which are also the focus of this research. The all inkjet‐printed TFTs on paper exhibit electrical performance with maximum S/D current ranging to 170 nA, charge carrier mobility of 0.087 cm2 V−1 s−1, and current on/off ratio of 330.
The applicability of dental wear in age estimation for a modern American population
Authors: Faillace Katie E. , Bethard Jonathan D. , Marks Murray K. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesThough applied in bioarchaeology, dental wear is an underexplored age indicator in the biological anthropology of contemporary populations, although research has been conducted on dental attrition in forensic contexts (Kim et al.,, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 45, 303; Prince et al.,, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 53, 588; Yun et al.,, Journal of Forensic Sciences, 52, 678). The purpose of this study is to apply and adapt existing techniques for age estimation based on dental wear to a modern American population, with the aim of producing accurate age range estimates for individuals from an industrialized context.Materials and methodsMethodologies following Yun and Prince were applied to a random sample from the University of New Mexico (n = 583) and Universidade de Coimbra (n = 50) cast and skeletal collections. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) and linear regression analyses were conducted to examine the relationship between tooth wear scores and age.ResultsApplication of both Yun et al. () and Prince et al. () methodologies resulted in inaccurate age estimates. Recalibrated sectioning points correctly classified individuals as over or under 50 years for 88% of the sample. Linear regression demonstrated 60% of age estimates fell within ±10 years of the actual age, and accuracy improved for individuals under 45 years, with 74% of predictions within ±10 years.DiscussionThis study demonstrates age estimation from dental wear is possible for modern populations, with comparable age intervals to other established methods. It provides a quantifiable method of seriation into “older” and “younger” adult categories, and provides more reliable age interval estimates than cranial sutures in instances where only the skull is available.
High‐resolution mitochondrial DNA analysis sheds light on human diversity, cultural interactions, and population mobility in Northwestern Amazonia
Authors: Arias Leonardo , Barbieri Chiara , Barreto Guillermo , Stoneking Mark , Pakendorf Brigitte 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectivesNorthwestern Amazonia (NWA) is a center of high linguistic and cultural diversity. Several language families and linguistic isolates occur in this region, as well as different subsistence patterns, with some groups being foragers and others agriculturalists. In addition, speakers of Eastern Tukanoan languages are known for practicing linguistic exogamy, a marriage system in which partners are taken from different language groups. In this study, we use high‐resolution mitochondrial DNA sequencing to investigate the impact of this linguistic and cultural diversity on the genetic relationships and population structure of NWA groups.MethodsWe collected saliva samples from individuals representing 40 different NWA ethnolinguistic groups and sequenced 439 complete mitochondrial genomes to an average coverage of 1,030×.ResultsThe mtDNA data revealed that NWA populations have high genetic diversity with extensive sharing of haplotypes among groups. Moreover, groups who practice linguistic exogamy have higher genetic diversity, while the foraging Nukak have lower genetic diversity. We also find that rivers play a more important role than either geography or language affiliation in structuring the genetic relationships of populations.DiscussionContrary to the view of NWA as a pristine area inhabited by small human populations living in isolation, our data support a view of high diversity and contact among different ethnolinguistic groups, with movement along rivers probably facilitating this contact. Additionally, we provide evidence for the impact of cultural practices, such as linguistic exogamy, on patterns of genetic variation. Overall, this study provides new data and insights into a remote and little‐studied region of the world.
Efficient Water Reduction with sp3‐sp3 Diboron(4) Compounds: Application to Hydrogenations, H–D Exchange Reactions, and Carbonyl Reductions
Authors: Flinker Mathias , Yin Hongfei , Juhl René W. , Eikeland Espen Z. , Overgaard Jacob , Nielsen Dennis U. , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: October 2017

AbstractA series of crystalline sp3‐sp3 diboron(4) compounds were synthesized and shown to promote the facile reduction of water with dihydrogen formation. The application of these diborons as simple and effective dihydrogen and dideuterium sources was demonstrated by conducting a series of selective reductions of alkynes and alkenes, and hydrogen–deuterium exchange reactions using two‐chamber reactors. Finally, as the water reduction reaction generates an intermediate borohydride species, a range of aldehydes and ketones were reduced by using water as the hydride source.
Lead‐ and Iodide‐Deficient (CH3NH3)PbI3 (d‐MAPI): The Bridge between 2D and 3D Hybrid Perovskites
Authors: Leblanc Antonin , Mercier Nicolas , Allain Magali , Dittmer Jens , Fernandez Vincent , Pauporté Thierry 
Published: October 2017

Abstract3D and 2D hybrid perovskites, which have been known for more than 20 years, have emerged recently as promising materials for optoelectronic applications, particularly the 3D compound (CH3NH3)PbI3 (MAPI). The discovery of a new family of hybrid perovskites called d‐MAPI is reported: the association of PbI2 with both methyl ammonium (MA+) and hydroxyethyl ammonium (HEA+) cations leads to a series of five compounds with general formulation (MA)1−2.48x(HEA)3.48x[Pb1−xI3−x]. These materials, which are lead‐ and iodide‐deficient compared to MAPI while retaining 3D architecture, can be considered as a bridge between the 2D and 3D materials. Moreover, they can be prepared as crystallized thin films by spin‐coating. These new 3D materials appear very promising for optoelectronic applications, not only because of their reduced lead content, but also in account of the large flexibility of their chemical composition through potential substitutions of MA+, HEA+, Pb2+ and I− ions.
Rational Design of Single Molybdenum Atoms Anchored on N‐Doped Carbon for Effective Hydrogen Evolution Reaction
Authors: Chen Wenxing , Pei Jiajing , He Chun‐Ting , Wan Jiawei , Ren Hanlin , Zhu Youqi , Wang Yu , Dong Juncai , Tian Shubo , Cheong Weng‐Chon , Lu Siqi , Zheng Lirong , Zheng Xusheng , Yan Wensheng , Zhuang Zhongbin , Chen Chen , Peng Qing , Wang Dingsheng , Li Yadong 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe highly efficient electrochemical hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) provides a promising pathway to resolve energy and environment problems. An electrocatalyst was designed with single Mo atoms (Mo‐SAs) supported on N‐doped carbon having outstanding HER performance. The structure of the catalyst was probed by aberration‐corrected scanning transmission electron microscopy (AC‐STEM) and X‐ray absorption fine structure (XAFS) spectroscopy, indicating the formation of Mo‐SAs anchored with one nitrogen atom and two carbon atoms (Mo1N1C2). Importantly, the Mo1N1C2 catalyst displayed much more excellent activity compared with Mo2C and MoN, and better stability than commercial Pt/C. Density functional theory (DFT) calculation revealed that the unique structure of Mo1N1C2 moiety played a crucial effect to improve the HER performance. This work opens up new opportunities for the preparation and application of highly active and stable Mo‐based HER catalysts.
Soft Electrochemical Probes for Mapping the Distribution of Biomarkers and Injected Nanomaterials in Animal and Human Tissues
Authors: Lin Tzu‐En , Lu Yu‐Jen , Sun Chia‐Liang , Pick Horst , Chen Jyh‐Ping , Lesch Andreas , Girault Hubert H. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMonitoring biomarkers and injected theranostic nanomaterials in tissues and organs plays a pivotal role in numerous medical applications ranging from cancer diagnostics to drug delivery. Scanning electrochemical microscopy has been demonstrated as a powerful tool to create highly resolved maps of the distributions of relevant biomolecules in cells and tissues without suffering from the optical interferences of conventional microscopy. We demonstrate for the first time the application of soft microelectrodes brushing in contact mode over large and thick tissues as well as organs that were immersed in an electrolyte solution. Amperometric currents were recorded based on the local flux of redox‐active species locally and specifically generated by the biomarkers and nanomaterials to create maps of the biodistribution of graphene oxide nanoribbons in mouse livers, prognostic protein biomarkers in human melanoma and redox‐active proteins in mouse heart.