bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Detailed anatomy of the braincase ofMacelognathus vagansMarsh, 1884 (Archosauria, Crocodylomorpha) using high resolution tomography and new insights on basal crocodylomorph phylogeny
Authors: Leardi Juan Martin , Pol Diego , Clark James Matthew 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundMacelognathus vagansMarsh, 1884 from the Late Jurassic Morrison Fm. of Wyoming was originally described as a dinosaur by Marsh and in 1971 Ostrom suggested crocodilian affinities. In 2005, Göhlich and collaborators identified new material of this species from Colorado as a basal crocodylomorph. However, a partial skull found in association with mandibular and postcranial remains was not described.MethodsDue to the small size and delicate structures within the braincase, micro CT studies were performed on this specimen. The new anatomical information was incorporated in a phylogenetic dataset, expanding both character and taxon sampling.ResultsThis new material reinforces the non-crocodyliform crocodylomorph affinities ofMacelognathusas it bears a large otic aperture, unfused frontals and lacks ornamentation on the dorsal cranial bones. The internal structures also support these affinities as this specimen bears traits (i.e., heavily pneumatized and expanded basisphenoid; the presence of additional pneumatic features on the braincase; and the otoccipital-quadrate contact) not present in most basal crocodylomorphs. Furthermore, the presence of a wide supraoccipital and a cranioquadrate passage are traits shared withAlmadasuchusfrom the early Late Jurassic of Argentina.Macelognathuswas recovered as one of the closest relatives of crocodyliforms, forming a clade (Hallopodidae) with two other Late Jurassic taxa (AlmadasuchusandHallopus).DiscussionThe clade formed byAlmadasuchus+Hallopus+Macelognathus, the Hallopodidae, is characterized by a higher degree of suturing of the braincase, posteriorly closed otic aperture (paralleled in mesoeucrocodylians) and cursorial adaptations. Also, the phylogenetic position of this lineage of derived crocodylomorphs as the sister group of Crocodyliformes implies a large amount of unsampled record (ghost lineage), at least 50 million years.
The impact of meteorological persistence on the distribution and extremes of ozone
Authors: Sun Wenxiu , Hess Peter , Liu Chengji 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCASTNET (Clean Air Status and Trends Network) ozone and temperature data and large‐scale meteorological analysis are used to quantify the extent to which meteorological events and their persistence impact ozone with an emphasis on the high end of the ozone distribution (greater than the 90th percentile). Ozone increases with each successive stagnation day in all regions of the U.S., with the highest increase in the Northeastern U.S. (0.4 standard deviation or ∼4.7 ppb per successive stagnation day). Ozone increases with days since cyclone passage only in the Northeastern and Mid‐Atlantic regions of the U.S., but on average not enough to reach the 90th percentile concentration. Persistent high temperature does not result in further ozone increases in any region. On the interannual timescale there is little evidence that summers with large numbers of the above events increase ozone preferentially on the high end of the ozone distribution.
Improved modeling of cloudy‐sky actinic flux using satellite cloud retrievals
Authors: Ryu Young‐Hee , Hodzic Alma , Descombes Gael , Hall Samuel , Minnis Patrick , Spangenberg Douglas , Ullmann Kirk , Madronich Sasha 
Published: January 2017

AbstractClouds play a critical role in modulating tropospheric radiation and thus photochemistry. We develop a methodology for calculating the vertical distribution of tropospheric ultraviolet (300–420 nm) actinic fluxes using satellite cloud retrievals and a radiative transfer model. We demonstrate that our approach can accurately reproduce airborne‐measured actinic fluxes from the 2013 Studies of Emissions and Atmospheric Composition, Clouds and Climate Coupling by Regional Surveys (SEAC4RS) campaign as a case study. The results show that the actinic flux is reduced below moderately thick clouds with increasing cloud optical depth and can be enhanced by a factor of 2 above clouds. Inside clouds, the actinic flux can be enhanced by up to 2.4 times in the upper part of clouds or reduced up to 10 times in the lower parts of clouds. Our study suggests that the use of satellite‐derived actinic fluxes as input to chemistry‐transport models can improve the accuracy of photochemistry calculations.
Defining uncertainty and error in planktic foraminiferal oxygen isotope measurements
Authors: Fraass A. J. , Lowery C. M. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractForaminifera are the backbone of paleoceanography. Planktic foraminifera are one of the leading tools for reconstructing water column structure. However, there are unconstrained variables when dealing with uncertainty in the reproducibility of oxygen isotope measurements. This study presents the first results from a simple model of foraminiferal calcification (Foraminiferal Isotope Reproducibility Model; FIRM), designed to estimate uncertainty in oxygen isotope measurements. FIRM uses parameters including location, depth habitat, season, number of individuals included in measurement, diagenesis, misidentification, size variation, and vital effects to produce synthetic isotope data in a manner reflecting natural processes. Reproducibility is then tested using Monte Carlo simulations. Importantly, this is not an attempt to fully model the entire complicated process of foraminiferal calcification; instead, we are trying to include only enough parameters to estimate the uncertainty in foraminiferal δ18O records. Two well‐constrained empirical data sets are simulated successfully, demonstrating the validity of our model. The results from a series of experiments with the model show that reproducibility is not only largely controlled by the number of individuals in each measurement but also strongly a function of local oceanography if the number of individuals is held constant. Parameters like diagenesis or misidentification have an impact on both the precision and the accuracy of the data. FIRM is a tool to estimate isotopic uncertainty values and to explore the impact of myriad factors on the fidelity of paleoceanographic records, particularly for the Holocene.
Low trabecular bone density in recent sedentary modern humans
Authors: Chirchir Habiba , Ruff Christopher B. , Junno Juho‐Antti , Potts Richard 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesResearch on a limited number of samples suggests that trabecular bone density (i.e., bone volume fraction, BVF) within specific articulations is lower among more sedentary Holocene agricultural populations compared with Holocene foragers, implying that activity levels have a significant effect on trabecular BVF. However, it is unclear to what extent BVF differs among groups with varying activity levels and how general this phenomenon is across multiple limb articulations. Here, we test two hypotheses that: (i) sedentary populations have lower BVF compared with active populations across limb articulations; and (ii) these declines are more uniform in the lower limb (because of its more direct relationship to mobility), and more variable in the upper limb.Materials and MethodsWe estimated BVF in seven lower and upper limb articulations of five Holocene population samples with subsistence strategies spanning from foraging through horticultural to industrial using pQCT (peripheral Quantitative Computed Tomography).ResultsBoth hypotheses are largely supported. First, the most active groups have significantly greater BVF in most limb elements compared with more sedentary groups. Second, all sedentary groups have relatively similar (and lower) BVF in the lower limb but show more variation in upper limb articulations.ConclusionsThese results suggest that a decline in activity levels associated with the adoption of agriculture and industrialization significantly contributed to the reduction in BVF in recent modern humans, but specific behavioral changes, particularly in the upper limb, also affected these patterns.
A muscular imprint on the anterolateral surface of the proximal femurs of the Krapina Neandertal collection
Authors: Belcastro Maria Giovanna , Mariotti Valentina 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to report and interpret a feature on the anterolateral surface of the proximal femurs of the Krapina hominid collection that we briefly described in 2006 (Periodicum Biologorum, 108, 319–329).Materials and MethodsWe recorded the presence or absence of the feature in all the proximal femurs of the Krapina collection (six specimens recordable) and in 622 modern human adult femurs.ResultsThe feature consists in a series of crests delimitating three raised or depressed areas. This feature has been found in three out of four adult Neandertal femurs observable. The two observable subadult Neandertal femurs do not show this character. None of the modern femurs displayed the feature.ConclusionWe interpret this feature as a muscular imprint, probably representing them. vastus intermediusorigin and discuss a possible interpretation. We did not find any other references for such imprint in the existing literature regarding the Neandertal femurs.
The peopling of the Americas and the origin of the Beringian occupation model
Authors: Mulligan Connie J. , Szathmáry Emőke J.E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe current model for peopling of the Americas involves divergence from an ancestral Asian population followed by a period of population isolation and genetic diversification in Beringia, and finally, a rapid expansion into and throughout the Americas. Studies in the 1970s sought to characterize the biological relationships between different indigenous populations and first proposed an occupation of Beringia. More recent studies using molecular genetic markers often neglect to reference early works that laid the groundwork for current colonization models. We address this matter, and briefly summarize the literature and technological advances that contributed to our current understanding of the peopling of the Americas. Furthermore, we argue that describing the process of peopling of the Americas as “migrations from Asia” minimizes the significant genetic diversification that occurred outside of Asia, and offends indigenous Americans by discounting their origin narratives and land rights. Rather than referring to the indigenous peoples of the Americas as “migrants” or “immigrants,” we recommend consistency in the language used to describe all post‐glacial expansions of people into Asia, Europe and the Americas.
Repeat hepatectomy is independently associated with favorable long‐term outcome in patients with colorectal liver metastases
Authors: Neal Christopher P. , Nana Gael R. , Jones Michael , Cairns Vaux , Ngu Wee , Isherwood John , Dennison Ashley R. , Garcea Giuseppe 
Published: January 2017

AbstractUp to three‐quarters of patients undergoing liver resection for colorectal liver metastases (CRLM) develop intrahepatic recurrence. Repeat hepatic resection appears to provide the optimal chance of cure for these patients. The aim of this study was to analyze short‐ and long‐term outcomes following index and repeat hepatectomy for CRLM. Clinicopathological data were obtained from a prospectively maintained database. Perioperative variables and outcomes were compared using the Chi‐squared test. Variables associated with long‐term survival following index and second hepatectomy were identified by Cox regression analyses. Over the study period, 488 patients underwent hepatic resection for CRLM, with 71 patients undergoing repeat hepatectomy. There was no significant difference in rates of morbidity (P = 0.135), major morbidity (P = 0.638), or mortality (P = 0.623) when index and second hepatectomy were compared. Performance of repeat hepatectomy was independently associated with increased overall and cancer‐specific survival following index hepatectomy. Short disease‐free interval between index and second hepatectomy, number of liver metastases >1, and resection of extrahepatic disease were independently associated with shortened survival following repeat resection. Repeat hepatectomy for recurrent CRLM offers short‐term outcomes equivalent to those of patients undergoing index hepatectomy, while being independently associated with improved long‐term patient survival.
Development and characterization of anti‐glycopeptide monoclonal antibodies against human podoplanin, using glycan‐deficient cell lines generated by CRISPR/Cas9 and TALEN
Authors: Kaneko Mika K. , Nakamura Takuro , Honma Ryusuke , Ogasawara Satoshi , Fujii Yuki , Abe Shinji , Takagi Michiaki , Harada Hiroyuki , Suzuki Hiroyoshi , Nishioka Yasuhiko , Kato Yukinari 
Published: January 2017

AbstractHuman podoplanin (hPDPN), which binds to C‐type lectin‐like receptor‐2 (CLEC‐2), is involved in platelet aggregation and cancer metastasis. The expression of hPDPN in cancer cells or cancer‐associated fibroblasts indicates poor prognosis. Human lymphatic endothelial cells, lung‐type I alveolar cells, and renal glomerular epithelial cells express hPDPN. Although numerous monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) against hPDPN are available, they recognize peptide epitopes of hPDPN. Here, we generated a novel anti‐hPDPN mAb, LpMab‐21. To characterize the hPDPN epitope recognized by the LpMab‐21, we established glycan‐deficient CHO‐S and HEK‐293T cell lines, using the CRISPR/Cas9 or TALEN. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the minimum hPDPN epitope, in which sialic acid is linked to Thr76, recognized by LpMab‐21 is Thr76–Arg79. LpMab‐21 detected hPDPN expression in glioblastoma, oral squamous carcinoma, and seminoma cells as well as in normal lymphatic endothelial cells. However, LpMab‐21 did not react with renal glomerular epithelial cells or lung type I alveolar cells, indicating that sialylation of hPDPN Thr76 is cell‐type‐specific. LpMab‐21 combined with other anti‐hPDPN antibodies that recognize different epitopes may therefore be useful for determining the physiological function of sialylated hPDPN.
Activated macrophages as key mediators of capsule formation on adipose constructs in tissue engineering chamber models
Authors: Zhan Weiqing , Lu Feng 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn plastic and reconstructive field, it would be much beneficial to fabricate an engineered adipose tissue substitute allowing reliable and complete fat tissue regeneration. Tissue engineering chamber (TEC) holds the promise to optimize an adipogenic configuration that is efficacious as well as reproducible. A frequently occurring complication involves the adipose tissue flap encapsulation and, effectively, its shielding, by a thick fibrous membrane, which hinders development into the proliferative stage. The reason for the deposition of the collagen capsule remains unclear. Numerous studies have highlighted that macrophages play a key role in adipogenesis in a TEC model using a silicone chamber enclosing the fat flap with a superficial epigastric pedicle. As a verification of the role of macrophages in capsule formation, we propose the inhibition of transforming growth factor β1 (TGF‐β1) synthesis by macrophage populations in the local microenvironment by administrating tranilast into the TEC. We hypothesize that upon reduction of TGF‐β1 levels, capsule formation and inhibition of new adipose tissue development will decrease. Furthermore, we propose that a tissue engineering chamber model in which macrophages are closely related to both neo‐adipogenesis and capsule formation.
Fever of unknown origin due to intrahepatic wooden toothpick
Authors: Currò Giuseppe , Lazzara Salvatore , Cogliandolo Andrea , Latteri Saverio , Navarra Giuseppe 
Published: January 2017

Key Clinical MessageIngestion of foreign bodies is a common clinical problem, but intrahepatic migration is an exceptional occurrence. Clinical history is not helpful. Abdominal ultrasonography and CT are fundamental to exclude surgical causes of fever of unknown origin. Laparoscopic segmental liver resection is recommendable to avoid generalized peritonitis.
Cobalt‐Doped K‐OMS‐2 Nanofibers: A Novel and Efficient Water‐Tolerant Catalyst for the Oxidation of Carbon Monoxide
Authors: Yang Jie , Zhou Hao , Wang Lei , Zhang Yexin , Chen Chunlin , Hu Hualei , Li Guozheng , Zhang Yajie , Ma Yuping , Zhang Jian 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCobalt‐doped manganese octahedral molecular sieves with an ordered cryptomelane structure (OMS‐2) were synthesized by a one‐step hydrothermal method. The cobalt precursor was directly added into the solution before crystallization to allow its incorporation into the mixed‐valent framework of K‐OMS‐2. The structure, redox properties, and surface hydrophobicity of Co‐doped K‐OMS‐2 were examined by X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, TEM, N2 sorption, temperature‐programmed reduction by H2, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and water contact‐angle system. The incorporation of Co induced a morphological change in K‐OMS‐2 from nanorods to nanofibers and an increase in the specific surface area from 70.6 to 188.3 m2 g−1. Co‐doped K‐OMS‐2 was shown to be able to completely convert CO at 100 °C in the presence of approximately 3 % water vapor. The promotion effect of Co on the catalytic activity is believed to originate from the enhanced redox capacity and surface area of K‐OMS‐2, whereas the improved surface hydrophobicity may induce superior water‐tolerant performance.
Structurally Stable Attractive Nanoscale Emulsions with Dipole–Dipole Interaction‐Driven Interdrop Percolation
Authors: Shin Kyounghee , Gong Gyeonghyeon , Cuadrado Jonas , Jeon Serim , Seo Mintae , Choi Hong Sung , Hwang Jae Sung , Lee Youngbok , Fernandez‐Nieves Alberto , Kim Jin Woong 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThis study introduces an extremely stable attractive nanoscale emulsion fluid, in which the amphiphilic block copolymer, poly(ethylene oxide)‐block‐poly(ϵ‐caprolactone) (PEO‐b‐PCL), is tightly packed with lecithin, thereby forming a mechanically robust thin‐film at the oil‐water interface. The molecular association of PEO‐b‐PCL with lecithin is critical for formation of a tighter and denser molecular assembly at the interface, which is systematically confirmed by T2 relaxation and DSC analyses. Moreover, suspension rheology studies also reflect the interdroplet attractions over a wide volume fraction range of the dispersed oil phase; this results in a percolated network of stable drops that exhibit no signs of coalescence or phase separation. This unique rheological behavior is attributed to the dipolar interaction between the phosphorylcholine groups of lecithin and the methoxy end groups of PEO‐b‐PCL. Finally, the nanoemulsion system significantly enhances transdermal delivery efficiency due to its favorable attraction to the skin, as well as high diffusivity of the nanoscale emulsion drops.
Microwave‐Assisted Rapid Synthesis of Self‐Assembled T‐Nb2O5 Nanowires for High‐Energy Hybrid Supercapacitors
Authors: Yang Huiling , Xu Henghui , Wang Libin , Zhang Lei , Huang Yunhui , Hu Xianluo 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRecently ion‐intercalation hybrid supercapacitors, with high energy density at high power density, have been widely investigated to meet ever‐increasing practical demands. Here, a unique hybrid supercapacitor has been designed and fabricated using self‐assembled orthorhombic‐phase niobium oxide@carbon (T‐Nb2O5@C) nanowires as an anode and commercially available activated carbon as a cathode. The 3D‐interconnected T‐Nb2O5@C nanowires have been synthesized through a highly efficient microwave‐solvothermal method, combined with subsequent thermal treatment. The experimental parameters (e.g., time and temperature) can be easily programmed, and the synthesis time can be significantly shortened, thus enabling the buildup of abundant recipes for the engineering of scaled‐up production. The Li‐ion intercalation pseudocapacitance electrode, made from the as‐formed self‐assembled T‐Nb2O5@C nanowires, shows excellent charge storage and transfer capability. When assembled into a hybrid supercapacitor with a cathode of activated carbon, a high energy density of 60.6 Wh kg−1 and a high power density of 8.5 kW kg−1 with outstanding stability are achieved. In virtue of easy optimization and programmability of the synthetic strategy, and the remarkable electrochemical performance, the self‐assembled T‐Nb2O5@C nanowires offer a promising anode for asymmetric hybrid supercapacitors.
Local site differences in survival and parasitism of periwinkles (Littorina sitkana Philippi, 1846)
Authors: Ayala‐Díaz Mónica , Richardson Jean M. L. , Anholt Bradley R. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe periwinkle, Littorina sitkana, is found throughout the intertidal zone, often in isolated subpopulations. The majority of trematode parasites use snails as intermediate hosts, and decreased survivorship is often observed in snails infected with trematodes. Sampling L. sitkana from four sites in Barkley Sound, British Columbia, Canada, we test the effects of parasitic infection on snail survival using maximum likelihood and Bayesian approaches using the software MARK and WinBUGS. We found that survival of periwinkles and trematode community composition differed among sites, but survival and trematode prevalence were uncorrelated. WinBUGS performed better than MARK in two ways: (1) by allowing the use of information on known mortality, thus preventing survival overestimation; and (2) by giving more stable estimates while testing the effect of body size on snail survival. Our results suggest that snail survival depends heavily on local environmental factors that may vary greatly within a small geographical region. These findings are important because the majority of experimental studies on survival are done on snails from a single location.
Approach for Modulation of the Permselective Properties of Ni(II) Porphyrin Polymers
Authors: Carballo Romina R. , Rezzano Irene N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe electropolymerization of Ni(II) Protoporphyrin (polyNiPP) onto glassy carbon electrodes is performed in different experimental conditions, varying the supporting electrolytes, solvent, and oxidative potentials. The AFM images show different average thickness for each polymer, polyNiPP(TBAP) (0.6 μm) and polyNiPP(LiClO4) (0.1μm). The polyNiPP(LiClO4) describes a straight line plot of EMF versus log (C) for NO2−, with the slope of 37 mV per concentration decade while the same film is not sensitive to the thiocyanate concentration. For polyNiPP(TBAP) the slope for thiocyanate progressively increase when is oxidized in aqueous solution. A sub‐Nernstian response (59 mV /decade) is obtained at 1000 mV. The Nyquist plots confirm that the method of preparation establishes the properties of films related to the movement of the ions.