bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
THE DYNAMICS OF TOTAL FACTOR PRODUCTIVITY OFMEDIUM AND LARGE MANUFACTURING IN INDONESIA
Authors: Surjaningsih Ndari , Permono Bayu Panji 
Published: January 2017

This paper calculates and decomposes the Total Factor Productivity (TFP) for large and medium scale industry in Indonesia covering the period of 2000-2009. By using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method, the result shows there is a shift of the supporting factors on the growth of TFP on manufacturing sector within the 2 (two) sample period. In the period of 2000-2004, efficiency change becomes the main contributor on the growth of TFP. Whereas in the period of 2005-2009, technical change becomes the main supporting factor of TFP,however it goes along with the growth of negative efficiency change or the decline of the company’s catching-up effect ability to adapt with the more advance technology. The grouping of the sample across subsectors, technical change and also efficiency change shows the declining amount of manufacture industry with superior productivity. Furthermore, the number of low and weakening catching-up industry is increasing. Keywords: Indonesian manufacturing, total factor productivity, technical change, efficiency change, economic scale change, Data Envelopment AnalysisJEL Classification: L6, M11
ANALISIS TRIWULAN II - 2014
Authors: Bank Indonesia Tim Penulis Laporan Triwulanan 
Published: January 2017

Perekonomian Indonesia pada triwulan II 2014 menunjukkan bahwa proses penyesuaian struktur perekonomian ke arah yang lebih seimbang masih terus berlangsung dengan ditopang oleh stabilitas makro ekonomi yang tetap terjaga. Kondisi ini tercermin dari permintaan domestik yang terkendali dan inflasi yang berada dalam tren menurun, meskipun defisit transaksi berjalan meningkat antara lain karena pola musiman triwulan II 2014. Walaupun mengalami peningkatan defisit dibanding triwulan sebelumnya akibat pola musiman, kinerja transaksi berjalan triwulan II 2014 lebih baik dibandingkan dengan periode yang sama tahun sebelumnya. Sementara itu, stabilitas sistem keuangan masih solid ditopang oleh ketahanan sistem perbankan dan relatif terjaganya kinerja pasar keuangan. Di sisi lain, sistem pembayaran juga berjalan lancar dalam menopang perekonomian
PENGARUH INFRASTRUKTUR TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN EKONOMI INDONESIA
Authors: Maryaningsih Novi , Hermansyah Oki , Savitri Myrnawati 
Published: January 2017

The disparity on per capita income is evident between Java and outside Java in Indonesia. This paper confirms this evidence using σ-convergence statistic. Furthermore, this paper identify the determinant of per capita income by adopting the Solow growth model and β-convergence model. The result emphasize confirms the availability of basic infrastructure including electricity, road and sea transport are a necessary condition to gain high and sustainable growth. In addition, the result shows the existence of β-convergence, which represents the pace of regions with lower per capita income catching up other regions with higher per capita income, in Indonesia with 1,75% speed of convergence; or equivalent with half-life of 41.14 years. Furthermore, the openness will increase the region’s productivity due to higher technology spillover. Keywords: σ-convergence, β-convergence, Solow growth model, income distribution, Gini coefficient,disparity.JEL Classification: O47, O11, O18, R11
PENGARUH MISALIGNMENT NILAI TUKAR TERHADAP KEBIJAKAN SAFEGUARDS DI ASEAN-5
Authors: Vindayani Dila , Hakim Dedi Budiman , Asmara Alla 
Published: January 2017

The purposes of this study are to analyze the occurence of exchange rate misalignment and its effect on non-tariff policy in ASEAN-5. We use Panel Dynamic OLS to estimate the equilibrium real exchange rate, while for determining the opportunities of the Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) such as safeguards measures;we use Conditional Fixed-Effects Logistic Regression. The results shows that the magnitude of exchange rate misalignment tends to be large when specific country has a domestic turmoil. In addition, undervalued currrency of exporting country will increase the chances of safeguards measures enforcement from partner countries.
PENGARUH “KEJUTAN” DARI BERITA MAKRO EKONOMI TERHADAP PERGERAKAN NILAI TUKAR RUPIAH
Authors: Untoro Untoro 
Published: January 2017

Salah satu penyebab terjadinya gejolak nilai tukar adalah adanya “kejutan” yang timbul dari perbedaan persepsi dari pelaku pasar dengan pihak otoritas yang bertanggung jawab terhadap data makro ekonomi baik data makro ekonomi Amerika maupun data makro ekonomi Indonesia. “Kejutan” yang terjadi dari setiap pengumuman data makro ekonomi pada dasarnya mencerminkan sentimen pasar atas data makro ekonomi yang dikeluarkan.Dalam kajian menunjukkan bahwa tidak semua berita makro ekonomi menimbulkan “kejutan” yang berdampak kepada gejolak nilai tukar Rupiah. Gejolak nilai tukar Rupiah secara signifikan terjadi ketika diumumkan data makro ekonomi Amerika berupa data GDP, trade balance, dan consumer confidence, serta ketika diumumkannya data makro ekonomi Indonesia yaitu M1, M2, CPI, WPI dan GDP. Terbatasnya data makro ekonomi Amerika yang mempengaruhi gejolak nilai tukar Rupiah, terjadi karena pelaku pasar sudah melakukan antisipasi terhadap besarnya data makro ekonomi yang dimumkan, dimana waktu pelaksanaan pengumuman data makro ekonomi Amerika mengalami perbedaan waktu dengan beroperasinya pasar valas Jakarta.Keywords : nilai tukar, newsJEL Classification : C51, D80, F31
HUBUNGAN KAUSAL DINAMIS ANTARA VARIABEL-VARIABEL MONETER UTAMA DAN OUTPUT: KASUS INDONESIA DI BAWAH SISTEM NILAI TUKAR MENGAMBANG DAN MENGAMBANG TERKENDALI
Authors: Kharie Latif 
Published: January 2017

The objective of the study is to analyze the dynamic causal relationship pattern and the characteristic among the primary monetary variables and output under a different exchange rate systems, i.e the floating and managed floating exchange rate system. The model formulated on this study is based on Taylor rule, state contingent rule, and some theories such as monetary transmission mechanism, exchange rate determination, and Keynes’s demand for money and its augmented models.The type of the study is explanatory research. Variables analyzed consists of real interest rates of Sertifikat Bank Indonesia, real money supply, real exchange rates of rupiah to American dollar, prices and real output. The data used was monthly time series. Sources of data are Bank Indonesia, Badan Pusat Statistik and International Monetary Fund reports, and analyzed for two different periods of observation. The vector error correction model is used as a quantitative model, focuses on the impulse response function analysis.The results of impulse response function indicate that: (i) the response of monetary policy to changes of real output and price under the floating exchange rate system is positive, and to changes of real exchange rate and price under the managed floating exchange system is also positive; (ii) the response of price to changes of real interest rate, real money supply, real exchange rate and real output under the floating exchange rate system are negative, negative, positive and negative respectively, whereas under the managed floating exchange rates system are negative, positive, negative and positive respectively; and (iii) the response of real output to change of real interest rate under the floating exchange rates system is positive but it is negative under the managed floating exchange rates system.Keywords: dynamic causal relation, primary monetary variables, output, floating rates system, managed floating exchange rates systemJEL Classification: C32, E52, O24
PEMBAYARAN PINJAMAN LUAR NEGERI KORPORASI DAN PERGERAKAN RUPIAH
Authors: Setiawan Iwan , Indira Diah , Paundralingga Angsoka Yorintha 
Published: January 2017

The shifting of the exchange rate regime toward the free floating system in Indonesia, have changed the nature of the Indonesian Rupiah fluctuation, both in its magnitude and direction. Public opinion tends to believe that the high corporate demand on foreign exchange to fulfill their foreign debt repayment is one of the major depreciating factors of the Rupiah against the US dollar.This paper analyzes the response of public opinion by analyzing the effect of corporate foreign debt repayments and their general behavior on the foreign exchange demand and supply. This paper also analyzes the impact of the non-oil and gas imports, the international oil price, the interest rate differential, and the country risk.Based on the survey of selected highly leverage corporates in Indonesia, the result shows a unique dependency of the corporate»s foreign exchange demand and supply on the corporate»s earning characteristics and its business sector orientation. The fact that corporations are virtually in the position of excess demand for foreign exchange have prompted persistent pressure on the Rupiah. Furthermore, using the Johansen Cointegration Test and the Error Correction Model verifies that the corporate foreign debt service merely affects the Rupiah exchange rate in the long-run. In the short-run, the movement of Rupiah is highly affected by other factors such us the global oil price, interest rate differentials, and country risks.Keyword: Debt Service, exchange rate, cointegration, Error Correction Model, Indonesia.JEL Classification: JEL Classification: F31, F34, H63
Effectiveness of Natural Apophyseal Glides Versus Grade I and II Maitland Mobilization in Non Specific Neck Pain
Authors: Hussain Shahzada Iftikhar , Ahmad Ashfaq , Amjad Freaha , Shafi Tariq , Shahid Hassan Anjum 
Published: January 2017

<p>Abstract</p><p>Background and Introduction: Mechanical mal-function of cervical spine is the usual cause of neck pain. Even though varied procedures have been suggested for maximizing neck movements and decreasing neck pain but mobilization of joints has been validated the most efficacious technique. The outcome of two manual therapy procedures i.e. Mulligan natural apophyseal glides and grade I and II Maitland mobilization in non-specific neck pain to reduce pain and recovery of function had been assimilated in this recent research.</p><p>Methods: It was a single blinded randomized control clinical trial. 50 patients having NSNP were chosen via simple number table and arranged into two groups as guided by CONSORT (Consolidated Standards of Reporting Trials) guidelines. In group A Mulligan mobilization NAGS was applied and in group B Grade 1 and II Maitland mobilizations were applied. Both groups also received conventional therapy Ultrasonic Therapy (ITO US – 100) in Continuous mode, frequency 1MHz, intensity 1.0 W/cm<sup>2</sup> with 70% for 5 minutes and Short wave diathermy (ENRAF NONIUS Curaplus 970) in co-planer, continuous mode, frequency 27.12 MHz, wavelength 11 meters, for 15 minutes. Therapy was offered 4 times a week for absolute<br /> 4 weeks. Pain, disability were evaluated by NPRS (Numeric pain rating scale), NDI (neck disability index) scale. Assessment was done at 0, after 2 and 4 weeks of treatment. Independent-Sample T Test was applied. Level of significance was set at 0.05% rank.</p><p>Results: The results exhibited that The P-value for NDI in group A using Mulligan mobilization NAGS was 0.018 and for NPRS was 0.014 after four weeks of treatment which was less than the level of significance 0.05. So Mulligan mobilization NAGS was more effective than Grade 1 and II Maitland mobilization in nonspecific neck pain to decrease pain and restoration of function.</p><p>Conclusion: It was concluded that mobilization of Mulligan i.e. NAGS was more effective compared with mobilization of Maitland in Grade 1 and II in progressing NPRS and NDI scores in sufferers with nonspecific neck pain.</p><p>Key Words: Nonspecific neck pain, Maitland mobilization, Mulligan mobilization, NPRS, NDI.</p>
Instructional Strategies to Manage Cognitive Load in Orthodontics
Authors: Asad Saad 
Published: January 2017

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Medical Education has recently taken its position in Health professional education, however still it is not very popular in Dentistry, though professional are working hard to apply its principals. In the recent past Orthodontic education has been revolutionized and instructional strategies and designs to reduce the cognitive load and improve learner’s germane load have been employed. However literature discusses educationist`s perspective while student`s perspective regarding this have not been explored much. Aim of this study is to assess student`s perspective about different instructional strategies discussed through examples used to manage cognitive load in Orthodontic Education.</p><p><strong>Materials and Method: </strong>The study was conducted through a 14 instrument questionnaire on a sample consisted of Sixty Six final year BDS students (12 males and 44 females) from University College of Dentistry, The University of Lahore.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Student`s perspective through orthodontic examples for instructional strategies to manage cognitive load was assessed. Dental students reported positively to all questions in the questionnaire except the question regarding Goal free principle.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Different instructional strategies to reduce extrinsic load, manage intrinsic load and optimize germane load through examples from orthodontic syllabi have been given.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Student`s perspective as assessed thro-ugh questionnaire is mostly in accordance with the literature, except for goal free principle where only 25.75% student responded that this instructional strategy will improve learning.</p>
Chemical Biomarker Study of Negative Physiological Effects of Insecticides on Pakistani Farm Workers Health in the Central Punjab
Authors: Shahzad Muhammad , Yaqub Atif , Shaukat Mehmood , Fida Muhammad Kashif , Ali Nazish Mazhar , Hussain Tanveer , Sheeraz Muhammad 
Published: January 2017

AbstractBackground:Â Â InÂ recentÂ decades,Â useÂ ofÂ pesticidesÂ inÂ agricultural practices hasÂ posedÂ threatÂ toÂ humanÂ popu-lation.Objectives:Â Â PresentÂ researchÂ wasÂ designedÂ toÂ exploreÂ theÂ adverseÂ effectsÂ ofÂ insecticidesÂ onÂ 339Â individualsÂ (studyÂ groupÂ farmersÂ nÂ =Â 256Â andÂ controlÂ nÂ =Â 83)Â selectedÂ fromÂ 62Â differentÂ sitesÂ ofÂ central Punjab. TheÂ sampleÂ wasÂ matchedÂ onÂ socio-economicÂ statusÂ andÂ age.Methodology:Â Â AÂ structuredÂ questionnaireÂ wasÂ usedÂ to obtainÂ theÂ demographicsÂ andÂ pesticideÂ relatedÂ details.Â ForÂ biochemicalÂ analysisÂ bloodÂ samplesÂ wereÂ collectedÂ fromÂ bothÂ groups.Results:BiochemicalÂ analysisÂ showsÂ that,Â farmersÂ exposedÂ with pesticidehaveÂ significantÂ elevatedÂ levelsÂ ofÂ UreaÂ (pÂ =Â 0.05)Â andÂ alanineÂ transaminaseÂ (ALT)Â (p=Â 0.01)Â asÂ comparedÂ withÂ control.Â OnÂ contrary,Â lowÂ levelsÂ ofÂ BChE,Â albuminÂ andÂ totalÂ proteinÂ (TP)Â levelsÂ (pÂ =Â 0.001;Â pÂ =Â 0.05Â andÂ pÂ =Â 0.001Â respectively)Â wereÂ foundÂ inÂ pesticideÂ exposedÂ subjectsÂ thanÂ controls.Â Also,Â significantÂ increaseÂ inÂ serumÂ creatinineÂ (pÂ =Â 0.01),Â aspartateÂ transaminaseÂ (AST)Â (pÂ =Â 0.01)Â andÂ notableÂ decreaseÂ inÂ theÂ albumin,Â TPÂ andÂ BChEÂ (pÂ =Â 0.001)Â wereÂ evidentÂ inÂ farmersÂ withÂ poorÂ protectiveÂ measures.Â HoweverÂ theÂ statisticalÂ differenceÂ isÂ notÂ correlatedÂ withÂ clinicalÂ difference.Conclusions:Â Â SeveralÂ biomarkersÂ haveÂ shownÂ theÂ possibleÂ hazardsÂ ofÂ pesticidesÂ toÂ farmerâ€™sÂ healthÂ thanÂ controls.Â ItÂ wasÂ furtherÂ exploredÂ thatÂ healthÂ indicatorsÂ alsoÂ associatedÂ withÂ otherÂ factorsÂ likeÂ durationÂ ofÂ ex-posureÂ toÂ pesticides,Â tobaccoÂ smokingÂ andÂ poorÂ hand-lingÂ practicesÂ amongstÂ theÂ studiedÂ population.Â
Frequency of Positive Results of Bacille Calmette Gurein and Mantoux Skin Tests in Suspected Cases of Childhood Pulmonary Tuberculosis
Authors: Usman Muhammad , Aleem Asif , Raza Hassan 
Published: January 2017

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p><strong>Objective:</strong> To determine the frequency of positive results of Bacille Calmette Gurein and Mantoux skin tests in suspected cases of childhood pulmonary tuberculosis.</p><p><strong>Patients and Methods:</strong> This prospective interventional study was conducted on 160 children from out-patient and inpatient departments of Pediatrics in Services institute of medical sciences, Lahore. An informed consent was taken from their parents for using their data in research and to keep the results confidential. Cases were diagnosed on the basis of history, examination and investigations. Each patient was giv-en 0.1 ml BCG intradermally on left shoulder and 5 IU of PPD intradermally on volar aspect of right forearm. The results were observed after 48 hours of application in the form of induration (in mm). The diagnostic BCG &gt;8 and Mantoux test &gt;10 after 48hrs was taken</p><p>(45%) patients showed positive response to both man-toux test and BCG. While alone BCG test was positive in 56 (35%) patients. Both BCG and mantoux tests were negative in rest of 32 (20%) patients. 131(81.9%) patients had variable degree of malnutrition. Severe malnutrition was present in 54 patients; out of these, 50 (92.6%) patients were BCG positive while only 10 (18.5%) patients showed positive response to mantoux test.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong> BCG is more reliable than the tuberculin test in the diagnosis of childhood pulmonary tubercu-losis.</p><p><strong>Keywords:</strong> Bacilli calmette gurein (BCG), Mantoux test, Tuberculosis (TB), Tuberculous meningitis (TBM), Antituberculous treatment (ATT).</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: .25in;"><span style="font-size: 19pt;" lang="IT"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify; tab-stops: .25in;"><strong><span style="font-size: 18.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; color: #1f497d;" lang="IT">Frequency of Positive Results of Bacille Calmette Gurein and Mantoux Skin Tests in Suspected Cases of Childhood Pulmonary Tuberculosis</span></strong></p>
Hemodynamic Changes in Portal Vein and Frequencies of Acute and Chronic Portal Vein Thrombosis in Pediatric Patients Presenting with Hematemesis
Authors: Imran Ahmad , Tariq Amna , Qureshi Abid Ali 
Published: January 2017

<p><strong>Objective:</strong> The objective of the study is to calculate the frequency of portal vein thrombosis in pediatric patients presenting with hematemesis and to estimate the frequency of acute and chronic portal vein thrombosis in these cases.</p><p><strong>Patients and Methods:</strong><strong> </strong>Pediatric patients of 1 – 15 years of age of either sex, presenting to emergency or gastroenterology department with complaint of hematemesis were included. Informed consent was taken from parents/guardians. This is a Descriptive cross sectional study conducted in department of pediatric radiology, Children Hospital and Institute of child Health Lahore from 11-12-2012 to 10-6-2013. Doppler ultrasound of these patients was performed at Core Vision pro SSA 350-A Doppler machine (Toshiba, Japan) using standard imaging protocols. The data was analyzed using SPSS version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., IL, Chicago, USA)</p><p><strong>Results:</strong><strong> </strong>In this study, 41% (n = 41) between 1 – 5 years, 38% (n = 38) between 6 – 10 years and only 21% (n = 21) between 11 – 15 years of age, 64%( n = 64) were male and remaining 36% (n = 36) were females, frequency of portal vein thrombosis in pediatric patients presenting with hematemesis reveals in 37% (n = 37) while 63% (n = 63) had no findings of PVT, frequency of acute and chronic forms in patients positive for portal vein thrombosis was 40.54% (n = 15) had acute and 59.46% (n = 22) had chronic portal vein thrombosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion:</strong><strong> </strong>We concluded that the frequency of portal vein thrombosis in pediatric patients presenting with hematemesis and frequency of acute and chronic forms in patients positive for portal vein thrombosis is in accordance with other studies while color Doppler ultrasound is a useful diagnostic modality being noninvasive and cost effective.</p>
SMOG: Causes, Effects and Preventions
Authors: Arif Fizzah 
Published: January 2017

<p>Dear Editor,</p><p>Recently many cities of Pakistan have been struck by the havoc of smog. Smog is formed when pollutants like nitrogen oxide, carbon monoxide and volatile organic compounds that are released from automobiles, industries and burning of fossil fuels interact with sunlight. These photochemical reactions usually occur in summers and leads to the development of ground level ozone or bad ozone (O<sup>3</sup>) which is an important smog causing pollutant. This ozone adversely affects human health specially respiratory and cardiovascular system and is among the cause of premature deaths.<sup>1</sup> Fine particulates of 2.5 micrometer or less are also among the pollutants found in smog and haze.<sup>2</sup></p><p> Mechanism behind the damaging effect of ozone on cardiopulmonary system is explained to be due to high oxidizing power of ozone that forms free radicals exposing body to oxidative stress. Also, ozone and fine particulate air pollution are found to cause acute arterial vasoconstriction normally.<sup>2</sup> Moreover, Ozone causes reduction in vital capacity and forced expiratory volume in 1s, increase in lung resistance along with worsening of asthma in summers. It increases the release of allergens from pollens leading to respiratory allergy symptoms<sup>3</sup> and making the respiratory problems even worse. Reactive oxygen species like hydroxyl and superoxide anion radicals produced in body by ozone and other pollutants increases the susceptibility of cancer in a person due to mutagenic properties of reactive oxygen species and their damaging effect on body cells.<sup>3</sup></p><p> Knowledge about Secondary preventive measures that one should take during smog must be spread as it will help people to cope up from the situation in a better way next time. These measures are minimal exposure to outdoor air but if exposure is inescapable than a facemask should be worn. Elderly and people experiencing any cardiac or respiratory illness are more prone to harmful effects of smog. These patients should increase the dosage of medication on their physician’s advice to prevent worsening of disease. Supplements and food containing antioxidants like omega 3 fatty acids when added to diet may help against oxidative stress caused by pollutants.<sup>4</sup></p><p> Steps should be taken to avoid the recurrence of this calamity. Media campaign for public awareness regarding the sources of pollutants causing smog should be launched. Banning deforestation and promotion of tree implantation is required nationwide as trees transpire and decreases temperature by cooling effect which indirectly prevents photochemical reactions to occur and minimizing the formation of air pollutants.<sup>3</sup> Recycling of solid waste is a good alternative to open burning of waste and garbage. Using low emission, low carbon fuels and combustion free power sources like wind and solar powerare important for primary prevention as these are safer for health and are also low cost and energy efficient.<sup>1</sup></p>