bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Measuring Discrimination against Females: Is the “Non-Discriminatory” Wage the Male or the Female Wage?
Authors: Robinson Michael D. 
Published: March 2016

Typically, when using Oaxaca's decomposition to measure discrimination against females, either the wage regression for males or the wage regression for females is used as the “non-discriminatory” wage. The appropriate method for estimating discrimination depends upon whether discrimination consists of a bias against females, a bias for males, or some combination of both. This paper uses a wage frontier approach to estimate the “true” wage regression for both males and females. This approach for measuring discrimination does not require the assumption that the “non-discriminatory” wage is either the male or the female wage.
The Propensity to Itemize in the Context of a Human Capital Model
Authors: Izraeli Oded , Kellman Mitchell 
Published: March 2016

The decision whether or not to utilize the “long-form” and itemize deductions depends on income and non-income factors. The distribution of these factors among the various States tends to be stable over long periods of time. It follows that the federal individual income tax (FIIT) may be associated with a systematic deviation from location—neutrality. This is argued to be especially germane in periods associated with major reforms in the tax codes. It is suggested that this phenomenon is explicable in terms of a human capital model. The decision in any given year to itemize is a function of past accumulation of specific and specialized human capital. The effect of a tax reform is a large scale destruction of such capital. Therefore, certain predictions concerning the time path of the “propensity to itemize deductions” (PID) follow. Empirical support for this model is found from cross-section data at the State level, from years both preceding and following the 1986 Tax Reform and Simplification Act (TRA).
Using an Empirically Estimated Production Function for Major League Baseball to Examine Worker Disincentives Associated with Multi-Year Contracts
Authors: Woolway Mark D. 
Published: March 2016

This paper uses cross-sectional data from the 1993 Major League Baseball season to derive the production function for the industry. Using that function, the hypothesis that employee productivity drops in response to the job security of a multi-year contract is test ed by comparing the marginal products of players in the year preceding and the year following the signing of a multi-year contract. I find that the production function for Major League Baseball exhibits increasing returns to scale and, contrary to the popular belief of observers of the sport, hitting is more important to team success than pitching. I also find compelling, statistically significant evidence of worker disincentives associated with multi-year contracts.
Correlation Analysis of SOX9, -5, and -6 as well as COL2A1 and Aggrecan Gene Expression of Collagen I Implant–Derived and Osteoarthritic Chondrocytes
Authors: Zwickl Hannes , Niculescu-Morzsa Eugenia , Halbwirth Florian , Bauer Christoph , Jeyakumar Vivek , Reutterer Angelique , Berger Manuela , Nehrer Stefan 
Published: March 2016

Objective Matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation is frequently applied to replace damaged cartilage in order to support tissue regeneration or repair and to prevent progressive cartilage degradation and osteoarthritis. Its application, however, is limited to primary defects and contraindicated in the case of osteoarthritis that is partially ascribed to dedifferentiation and phenotype alterations of chondrocytes obtainable from patients’ biopsies. The differentiation state of chondrocytes is reflected at the level of structural gene (COL2A1, ACAN, COL1A1) and transcription factor (SOX9, 5, 6) expression. Methods/Design We determined the mRNA abundances of COL2A1, ACAN, and COL1A1as well as SOX9, -5, and -6 of freshly isolated and passaged collagen I implant–derived and osteoarthritic chondrocytes via reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction. Moreover, we analyzed the correlation of structural and transcription factor gene expression. Thus, we were able to evaluate the impact of the mRNA levels of transcription factors on the expression of cartilage-specific structural genes. Results Significant differences were obtained (1) for freshly isolated osteoarthritic versus collagen I implant–derived chondrocytes, (2) due to passaging of the respective cell sources, (3) for osteoarthritic versus nonosteoarthritic chondrocytes, and (4) for COL2A1 versus ACAN expression with respect to the coherence with SOX9, -5, and -6 transcript levels. Conclusion Our results might contribute to a better understanding of the transcriptional regulation of structural gene expression of chondrocytes with implications for their use in matrix-assisted autologous chondrocyte implantation.
An overview of rare-earth recovery by ion-exchange leaching from ion-adsorption clays of various origins
Authors: Moldoveanu G. A. , Papangelakis V. G. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractContinuous development of advanced technologies has created increasing demand for rare-earth elements (REE), with global emphasis on identifying new alternate sources to ensure adequate supply. Ore deposits containing physically adsorbed lanthanides are substantially lower grade than other REE deposit types; however, the low mining and processing costs make them economically attractive as sources of REE. To evaluate the commercial potential for the recovery of REEs from ion-adsorption deposits in a systematic manner, a standardized procedure for REE leaching was developed previously. Using this procudure it was found that, regardless of variations in ore origin and REE content, all REE consistently reached peak extraction levels under ambient conditions with fast kinetics. Various techniques to improve the REE extraction through process variations were also investigated: it was found that decreasing the L:S ratio, re-using leachate on fresh ores and counter-current leaching were all capable of increasing REE concentrations in the resultant leachate, albeit at the expense of REE extraction levels. In addition, the water content trapped in the leached material was found to contain significant amounts of REE and residual lixiviant requiring thorough washing of the solid residue.
Fractionation of rare-earth elements during magmatic differentiation and weathering of calc-alkaline granites in southern Myanmar
Authors: Sanematsu Kenzo , Ejima Terumi , Kon Yoshiaki , Manaka Takayuki , Zaw Khin , Morita Sayaka , Seo Yuna 
Published: March 2016

AbstractGeochemical characteristics and rare-earth element (REE)-bearing minerals of calc-alkaline granites in southern Myanmar were investigated to identify the minerals controlling fractionation between light and heavyREE(LREE and HREE) during magmatic differentiation and weathering. The granites were classified on the basis of the mineral assemblages into two contrasting groups: allanite-(Ce)- and/or titanite-bearing granites; and more HREE-enriched granites characterized by hydrothermal minerals including synchysite(Y), parisite-(Ce), bastnäsite-(Ce), xenotime-(Y), monazite-(Ce), Y-Ca silicate, waimirite-(Y) and fluorite. This suggests that allanite-(Ce) and titanite are not stable in differentiated magma and HREE are eventually preferentially incorporated into the hydrothermal minerals. The occurrence of theREE-bearing minerals is constrained by the degree of magmatic differentiation and the boundary of two contrasting granite groups is indicated by SiO2contents of ∼74 wt.% or Rb/Sr ratios of ∼3–8. Fractionation between LREE and HREE during weathering of the granites is influenced by weathering resistance of theREE-bearing minerals, i.e. allanite-(Ce), titanite, theREEfluorocarbonates and waimirite-(Y) are probably more susceptible to weathering, whereas zircon, monazite-(Ce) and xenotime-(Y) are resistant to weathering. Ion-exchangeableREEin weathered granites tend to be depleted in HREE relative to the whole-rock compositions, suggesting that HREE are more strongly adsorbed on weathering products or that HREE remain in residual minerals.
Rare-earth element distribution and genesis of manganese ores associated with Tethyan ophiolites, Iran: A review
Authors: Zarasvandi Alireza , Rezaei Mohsen , Sadeghi Martiya , Pourkaseb Houshang , Sepahvand Masoume 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Zagros orogenic and metallogenic belt is characterized by the widespread occurrence of manganese and ferromanganese deposits. These deposits are spatially associated with radiolarian cherts and basaltic rocks, which cap the ophiolite sequences. The present work provides a review on the rare-earth element (REE) geochemistry coupled with major- and trace-element geochemical characteristics of the Nasirabad and Abadeh Tashk manganese deposits (associated with the Neyriz ophiolite), and Sorkhvand manganese deposit (associated with the Kermanshah ophiolite). These data are used to gain an insight into the primary ore-forming processes that control the deposition of manganese ores. All of the selected manganese deposits have consistently high Ba contents and low concentrations of trace elements (Co, Cu and Ni) with high Mn/Fe ratios typical of hydrothermal activity. A relatively low REE abundance, Lan/Ndn ratios (>3), and position on a Lan/Cen vs. Al2O3/(Al2O3 + Fe2O3) discrimination plot indicate a distal hydrothermal source for almost all of the selected manganese deposits. Most of the deposits are characterized by Ceanom < –0.1 which reflects the prevailing oxidative conditions during the deposition of manganese ores. Importantly, this is consistent with the occurrence of non-sulfide oxic Mn mineralization in all the manganese deposits of the Zagros orogeny. The comparison of the Sorkhvand, Abadeh Tashk and Nasirabad manganese deposits with other manganese deposits elsewhere in the world indicates that major- and trace-element characteristics, as well as the REE composition of the Zagros manganese deposits are analogous to those typical of hydrothermal deposits.
Meta-analysis of the diagnostic accuracy of laparoscopic ultrasonography and intraoperative cholangiography in detection of common bile duct stones
Authors: Jamal KN , Smith H , Ratnasingham K , Siddiqui MR , McLachlan G , Belgaumkar AP 
Published: March 2016

Introduction During laparoscopic cholecystectomy, intraoperative cholangiography (IOC) is currently regarded as the gold standard in the detection of choledocholithiasis. Laparoscopic ultrasonography (LUS) is an attractive alternative with several potential advantages. Methods A systematic review was undertaken of the published literature comparing LUS with IOC in the assessment of common bile duct (CBD) stones. Results Twenty-one comparative studies were analysed. There were 4,566 patients in the IOC group and 5,044 in the LUS group. The combined sensitivity and specificity of IOC in the detection of CBD stones were 0.87 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 0.83–0.89) and 0.98 (95% CI: 0.98–0.98) respectively with a pooled area under the curve (AUC) of 0.985 and a diagnostic odds ratio (OR) of 260.65 (95% CI: 160.44–423.45). This compares with a sensitivity and specificity for LUS of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.87–0.92) and 0.99 (95% CI: 0.99–0.99) respectively with a pooled AUC of 0.982 and a diagnostic OR of 765.15 (95% CI: 450.78–1,298.76). LUS appeared to be more successful in terms of coming to a clinical decision regarding CBD stones than IOC (random effects, risk ratio: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.98, df=20, z=-3.7, p<0.005). Furthermore, LUS took less time (random effects, standardised mean difference: 0.95, 95% CI: 0.93–0.98, df=20, z=-3.7, p<0.005). Conclusions LUS is comparable with IOC in the detection of CBD stones. The main advantages of LUS are that it does not involve ionising radiation, is quicker to perform, has a lower failure rate and can be repeated during the procedure as required.
Postmarket Surveillance of Point-of-Care Glucose Meters through Analysis of Electronic Medical Records
Authors: Schroeder Lee F , Giacherio Don , Gianchandani Roma , Engoren Milo , Shah Nigam H 
Published: March 2016

Abstract

BACKGROUND
The electronic medical record (EMR) holds a promising source of data for active postmarket surveillance of diagnostic accuracy, particularly for point-of-care (POC) devices. Through a comparison with prospective bedside and laboratory accuracy studies, we demonstrate the validity of active surveillance via an EMR data mining method [Data Mining EMRs to Evaluate Coincident Testing (DETECT)], comparing POC glucose results to near-in-time central laboratory glucose results.

METHODS
The Roche ACCU-CHEK Inform II® POC glucose meter was evaluated in a laboratory validation study (n = 73), a prospective bedside intensive care unit (ICU) study (n = 124), and with DETECT (n = 852–27 503). For DETECT, the EMR was queried for POC and central laboratory glucose results with filtering based on of bedside collection timestamps, central laboratory time delays, patient location, time period, absence of repeat testing, and presence of peripheral lines.

RESULTS
DETECT and the bedside ICU study produced similar estimates of average bias (4.5 vs 5.0 mg/dL) and relative random error (6.3% vs 5.6%), with overlapping CIs. For glucose &lt;100 mg/dL, the laboratory validation study estimated a lower relative random error of 3.6%. POC average bias correlated with central laboratory turnaround times, consistent with 4.8 mg · dL−1 · h−1 glycolysis. After glycolysis adjustment, average bias was estimated by the bedside ICU study at −0.4 mg/dL (CI, −1.6 to 0.9) and DETECT at −0.7 (CI, −1.3 to 0.2), and percentage POC results occurring outside Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute quality goals were 2.4% and 4.8%, respectively.

CONCLUSIONS
This study validates DETECT for estimating POC glucose meter accuracy compared with a prospective bedside ICU study and establishes it as a reliable postmarket surveillance methodology.
Riesgos psicosociales derivados de la precariedad laboral en la CAV: posibles líneas de actuación
Authors: López Cabrera Aida 
Published: March 2016

Los cambios socioeconómicos de los últimos años han dado lugar a una reconfiguración del mundo laboral tendente a flexibilizar el mercado de trabajo. Estos cambios no solo disminuyen la calidad y cantidad de empleo, sino que también merman la salud mental de los trabajadores y aumenta la probabilidad de exposición a riesgos psicosociales. Para entender este cambio y contextualizar la precariedad latente en la actualidad, se abordarán las distintas transformaciones de las relaciones laborales desde el siglo xvi hasta nuestros días.Se analizará el término de precariedad y se estudiaran las distintas dimensiones de este complejo fenómeno: flexibilidad externa, flexibilidad interna, calidad y seguridad. Junto a esto, se explicará de manera breve los cambios normativos introducidos por el ejecutivo en aras a fomentar los empleos precarios.De la misma forma, se contextualizarán y se definirán los riesgos psicosociales, como también los factores de los mismos relacionados con la precariedad, prestando especial atención al estrés como riesgo psicosocial predominante en el caso que nos ocupa. Se analizará la regulación existente en materia de riesgos psicosociales a nivel europeo y estatal con la finalidad de identificar sus posibles deficiencias.La falta de regulación a cerca de los riesgos psicosociales, la poca concienciación social y el modelo productivo que promueve la maximización de beneficios a cualquier precio, generan una despreocupación por los trabajadores y su salud. Se vislumbra pues, la necesidad de crear una nueva cultura socioeconómica y una serie de ajustes legislativos para poder combatir la generación emergente de riesgos de carácter psicosocial en el ámbito laboral.
Identifikasi Alih Fungsi Lahan Pertanian dan Kondisi Sosial Ekonomi Masyarakat Daerah Pinggiran di Kecamatan Gunungpati Kota Semarang
Authors: Dewi Nurma Kumala , Rudiarto Iwan 
Published: March 2016

<p class="Abstract">Pertambahan penduduk dan perkembangan Kota Semarang yang mengarah hingga ke daerah pinggiran (wilayah peri-urban) menyebabkan kebutuhan lahan di area pinggiran kota semakin meningkat. Adanya alih fungsi lahan terutama lahan pertanian tentunya menyebabkan terjadinya perubahan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat disana. Dari alih fungsi lahan tersebut sangat dimungkinkan terjadi perubahan matapencaharian penduduk. Dari yang semula menjadi petani, menjadi bukan petani, atau bahkan menjadi pengangguran. Jika dibiarkan terus-menerus, hal tersebut dapat mengancam keberlanjutan sistem livelihood masyarakat peri-urban khususnya petani. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi perkembangan alih fungsi lahan pertanian menjadi lahan terbangun (non-pertanian) dan menganalisis kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat terkait alih fungsi lahan pertanian di sana. Pendekatan penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif. Penelitian ini menggunakan analisis spasial untuk menghitung luas perubahan lahan dan menggambarkan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat di tiap lokasi, serta analisis deskriptif kuantitatif dan analisis deskriptif komparatif untuk menggambarkan kondisi sosial ekonomi masyarakat terkait alih fungsi lahan. Teknik sampling yang dipakai menggunakan Metode Stratified Random Sampling yang membagi populasi menjadi kelompok berdasarkan jenis pekerjaan yaitu petani dan bukan petani dengan jumlah sampel 69 responden. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, alih fungsi lahan pertanian terjadi secara progresif pada aera-area pengembangan seperti pada area dekat pusat kota, pada kawasan pendidikan, dan pada koridor yang merupakan pintu masuk ke Kecamatan Gunungpati. Bagi petani yang kehilangan lahan sawahnya mayoritas mengalami penurunan pendapatan. Hal ini dikarenakan tingkat pendidikan dan ketrampilan para petani yang terbatas atau tergolong rendah sehingga mereka tidak dapat mengakses pekerjaan formal. Selain itu, karena hilangnya lahan pertanian, saat ini mereka mencari kegiatan ekonominya masing-masing secara berbeda. Adanya perbedaan aktivitas ekonomi dan didorong masuknnya penduduk pendatang pada area mereka membuat kekerabatan antar warga menjadi memudar.</p><strong></strong>
Die frühesten türkischen Übersetzungen von Tausendundeiner Nacht und deren Bedeutung für die arabische Textgeschichte
Authors: Thomann Johannes 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Despite the shoreless output of scholarly publications on the Thousand and One Nights in general, research on the textual history is comparatively limited. Given the small number of early Arabic manuscripts, evidence from early translations is crucial for any reconstruction of the Mamluk version of the Thousand and One Nights, written approximately between 1425 and 1500 CE. For some time, the existence of an early Turkish translation, extant in two manuscripts and dated to the fifteenth century CE on linguistic grounds, has been known. The two manuscripts cover the first 56 nights of the work. A later Turkish version, written in the seventeenth century CE, extant in a nine volume manuscript, has been known for a long time too. In this contribution, the discovery of further parts of the oldest Turkish translation is indicated for the first time. Text samples are edited, translated and compared to the oldest Arabic version of the Thousand and One Nights. A collation with the nine volume manuscript has shown that parts of it contain the earlier translation of the fifteenth century. Furthermore, some Turkish versions of single stories also belonging to the Thousand and One Nights are discussed. Among these are the story of the Queen of the serpents (Cāmaspnāme) and the story of Sayf al-Mulūk. Based on the new evidence from Turkish manuscripts and their numbering of the nights, an overall view on the puzzle of fragments is given. The same is done for the early Arabic manuscripts. As a result, it has turned out that both groups show the same sequence of stories. There are inserted stories, but no reversed order of stories is found. This suggests that a stable tradition of the overall structure of the work existed. Finally, the contribution contains an inventory of 62 Turkish manuscripts of the Thousand and One Nights and of single stories.
An Interpretation of the Relationship between Chan-Buddhism and the State with Reference to the Monastic Code at the End of the Yuan Era
Authors: Fritz Claudia 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Based on the monastic code entitled Chixiu Baizhang qinggui (Imperial Edition of Baizhang’s Rule of Purity), this article discusses the relations between Chan-monasteries and the state during the Yuan dynasty. The first chapter shows the state’s attitude towards religion and the ranking of the different Buddhist schools as well as the liturgical ceremonies for the emperor and the State and their rewards in form of financial and land donations. The second chapter explores to what extent the state’s veto in the elections of an abbot, its financial restrictions, and limited edition of ordination certificates could have been part of a repressive policy towards Buddhism. Conclusively, the inability of the monastic management to cope with their increased social and financial responsibilities impaired the Essential Teaching and further development of Chan-Buddhism.
Fliehende Objekte: Rey Chows Beiträge zur postkolonialen Theorie
Authors: Riemenschnitter Andrea 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Based on her sharp, cutting-edge analyses of a wide range of theoretical and aesthetic texts, Rey Chow deconstructs the ideological surface of the world’s configuration of political power structures and social processes under the global neoliberal capitalist world order. In particular, her attention is directed to the objects of aesthetic reflection, which according to her reside both within and beyond the film, literary text, or work of art. Lost, found or fleeting, these objects ground human consciousness and are a major constitutive of cultural memory, knowledge production, and creativity. Her work includes analyses of the interventions of postcolonial intellectuals, who after decades of anticolonial struggles still find themselves confronted with the West’s colonial-imperialist attitudes, policies and poetics. Studying the objects of postcolonial world-making, Chow concentrates on the peripheries and contact zones, where ethnic inequalities cannot fully be hidden underneath glossy transcultural fassades. In order to shed light on the unintended side effects of western universalizing theories, she scrutinizes the displaced meanings of widely used concepts such as language, translation, mimesis, melancholy, visuality, or entanglement when applied in postcolonial aesthetic contexts. New meanings are unearthed from modernist, post-colonial, post-structuralist and other theories when shifted onto the plane of alternative models of worlding and community formation in sinophone writers’ and film directors’ works.