bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Homeostatic response to sleep/rest deprivation by constant water flow in larval zebrafish in both dark and light conditions
Authors: Aho Vilma , Vainikka Maija , Puttonen Henri A. J. , Ikonen Heidi M. K. , Salminen Tiia , Panula Pertti , Porkka‐Heiskanen Tarja , Wigren Henna‐Kaisa 
Published: March 2017

SummarySleep—or sleep‐like states—have been reported in adult and larval zebrafish using behavioural criteria. These reversible quiescent periods, displaying circadian rhythmicity, have been used in pharmacological, genetic and neuroanatomical studies of sleep–wake regulation. However, one of the important criteria for sleep, namely sleep homeostasis, has not been demonstrated unequivocally. To study rest homeostasis in zebrafish larvae, we rest‐deprived 1‐week‐old larvae with a novel, ecologically relevant method: flow of water. Stereotyped startle responses to sensory stimuli were recorded after the rest deprivation to study arousal threshold using a high‐speed camera, providing an appropriate time resolution to detect species‐specific behavioural responses occurring in a millisecond time‐scale. Rest‐deprived larvae exhibited fewer startle responses than control larvae during the remaining dark phase and the beginning of the light phase, which can be interpreted as a sign of rest homeostasis—often used as equivalent of sleep homeostasis. To address sleep homeostasis further, we probed the adenosinergic system, which in mammals regulates sleep homeostasis. The adenosine A1 receptor agonist, cyclohexyladenosine, administered during the light period, decreased startle responses and increased immobility bouts, while the adenosine antagonist, caffeine, administered during the dark period, decreased immobility bouts. These results suggest that the regulation of sleep homeostasis in zebrafish larvae consists of the same elements as that of other species.
Quantitative and qualitative approaches to early‐modern networks: The case of George Herbert (1593–1633) and his imitators
Authors: Townend Jenna 
Published: March 2017

AbstractDuring the last two decades, studies of early‐modern networks (whether literary, social, religious, or intellectual) have often used the analytical concept of the network as a convenient metaphor. As a result, studies have not always recognized the benefits of analysing these structures through the methodologies of network analysis. The theoretical approaches and tools of network analysis have been employed in disciplines including social sciences, but only recently have scholars explored the usefulness of such quantitative methodologies within literary‐historical studies. Using a case study of the network of imitators surrounding the devotional poet, George Herbert, this essay reconsiders scholarly approaches to early‐modern literary and intellectual networks. It demonstrates how, when combined with qualitative data from textual analysis, the visual and mathematical tools of quantitative network analysis offer new ways of understanding the configurations of such groups. By moving away from using the term “network” as a metaphor, the essay shows how the perspective provided by quantitative network analysis can complement more familiar scholarly approaches of close textual analysis. Ultimately, its explication and application of these combined qualitative and quantitative research methods challenges scholars to consider how appropriating scientific methods from the field of network analysis can provide answers not only to questions about social relationships but also about questions of aesthetic practices and influence within early‐modern texts.
Estimating the Treatment Effect on the Treated Under Time-Dependent Confounding in an Application to the Swiss HIV Cohort Study
Authors: Gran Jon Michael , Hoff Rune , Røysland Kjetil , Ledergerber Bruno , Young James , Aalen Odd O. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryWhen comparing time varying treatments in a non-randomized setting, one must often correct for time-dependent confounders that influence treatment choice over time and that are themselves influenced by treatment. We present a new two-step procedure, based on additive hazard regression and linear increments models, for handling such confounding when estimating average treatment effects on the treated. The approach can also be used for mediation analysis. The method is applied to data from the Swiss HIV Cohort Study, estimating the effect of antiretroviral treatment on time to acquired immune deficiency syndrome or death. Compared with other methods for estimating the average treatment effects on the treated the method proposed is easy to implement by using available software packages in R.
Professional commitment: Does it buffer or intensify job demands?
Authors: Nesje Kjersti 
Published: March 2017

The purpose of this study is to investigate whether professional commitment can be seen as a moderator in the relationship between job demands and emotional exhaustion among Norwegian nurses. Inspired by the job demands‐resources model, this study explores whether having a strong commitment to the nursing profession can be seen as a resource that buffers the effect of job demands on emotional exhaustion or, conversely, intensifies the impact of job demands. A survey that comprised Norwegian nurses who had graduated three years previously (N = 388) was conducted. Multiple regression was performed to test the hypothesis. The results provide support to a buffering effect; thus, individuals with a higher degree of professional commitment conveyed a weaker association between job demands and emotional exhaustion compared with nurses with a lower degree of commitment. Developing a better understanding of the potential buffering effect of professional commitment is of great interest. The present study is the first to utilize professional commitment as a resource within the job demands‐resources framework.
The Ability of the Landing Error Scoring System to Detect Changes in Landing Mechanics: A Critically Appraised Topic
Authors: Pointer Claire E. , Reems Tyler D. , Hartley Emily M. , Hoch Johanna M. 
Published: March 2017

Clinical Question:Is there evidence to suggest that the Landing Error Scoring System (LESS) is able to detect functional changes in landing mechanics in healthy individuals after participation in an injury prevention program (IPP)?Clinical Bottom Line:In a healthy, physically active population, there is strong evidence to support the use of the LESS as an outcome measure for changes in landing mechanics after the implementation of IPPs. Clinicians should consider the LESS as an evaluative tool for measuring the efficacy of IPPs in clinical practice.
The Relationship Between Training Load and Injury in Men’s Professional Basketball
Authors: Weiss Kaitlyn J. , Allen Sian V. , McGuigan Mike R. , Whatman Chris S. 
Published: March 2017

Purpose:To establish the relationship between the acute:chronic workload ratio and lower-extremity overuse injuries in professional basketball players over the course of a competitive season.
Methods:The acute:chronic workload ratio was determined by calculating the sum of the current week’s session rating of perceived exertion of training load (acute load) and dividing it by the average weekly training load over the previous 4 wk (chronic load). All injuries were recorded weekly using a self-report injury questionnaire (Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Injury Questionnaire20). Workload ratios were modeled against injury data using a logistic-regression model with unique intercepts for each player.
Results:Substantially fewer team members were injured after workload ratios of 1 to 1.49 (36%) than with very low (≤0.5; 54%), low (0.5–0.99; 51%), or high (≥1.5; 59%) workload ratios. The regression model provided unique workload–injury trends for each player, but all mean differences in likelihood of being injured between workload ratios were unclear.
Conclusions:Maintaining workload ratios of 1 to 1.5 may be optimal for athlete preparation in professional basketball. An individualized approach to modeling and monitoring the training load–injury relationship, along with a symptom-based injury-surveillance method, should help coaches and performance staff with individualized training-load planning and prescription and with developing athlete-specific recovery and rehabilitation strategies.
Effects of Taping on Achilles Tendon Protection and Kendo Performance
Authors: Tsai Feng-Hua , Chu I-Hua , Huang Chun-Hao , Liang Jing-Min , Wu Jia-Hroung , Wu Wen-Lan 
Published: March 2017

Context: It has been reported that there is a high rate of Achilles tendon injury among kendo athletes. For protection and to support the area, kendo athletes habitually use taping during practice or games. Objective: To investigate the effect of various taping techniques on injury prevention and functional performance in kendo athletes. Design: Case-control study. Setting: Laboratory. Participants: 15 University Kendo Team athletes with at least 2 y kendo experience. Main Outcome Measures: Athletes completed 5 stepping backwards and striking cycles under 4 taping conditions: no taping, athletic taping of ankle joint (AT-Ankle), athletic taping of Achilles tendon (AT-Achilles), and Kinesio-Tex taping of Achilles tendon (KT-Achilles). Jump distance, lower limb angular motion, left foot-ground contact time, Achilles tendon force (ATF), and soleus and medial gastrocnemius muscle activities were measured. Results: Lowest peak ATF was found in AT-Achilles during heel-down phase, with statistically significant difference from KT-Achilles peak force. Significant decline of soleus muscle electromyography amplitude was also found when compared to no taping during heel-down phase and other conditions during pushing phase. Conversely, KT-Achilles showed significant decrease in foot-ground contact time compared with no taping and greater ankle range of motion than in AT-Ankle. Conclusion: To protect the Achilles tendon, AT-Achilles taping is recommended since it tends to decrease ATF. Conversely, to enhance athlete performance, we recommend KT-Achilles taping to speed up kendo striking motion. However, the Achilles tendon must withstand greatest forces concurrently. This finding implies that AT-Achilles taping can protect the injured Achilles tendon and KT-Achilles taping can enhance performance on the kendo striking motion.
Real-Time Electronic Tracking of Diarrheal Episodes and Laxative Therapy Enables Verification of Clostridium difficile Clinical Testing Criteria and Reduction of Clostridium difficile Infection Rates
Authors: Truong Cynthia Y. , Gombar Saurabh , Wilson Richard , Sundararajan Gopalakrishnan , Tekic Natasa , Holubar Marisa , Shepard John , Madison Alexandra , Tompkins Lucy , Shah Neil , Deresinski Stan , Schroeder Lee F. , Banaei Niaz 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Health care-onset health care facility-associated
Clostridium difficile
infection (HO-CDI) is overdiagnosed for several reasons, including the high prevalence of
C. difficile
colonization and the inability of hospitals to limit testing to patients with clinically significant diarrhea. We conducted a quasiexperimental study from 22 June 2015 to 30 June 2016 on consecutive inpatients with
C. difficile
test orders at an academic hospital. Real-time electronic patient data tracking was used by the laboratory to enforce testing criteria (defined as the presence of diarrhea [≥3 unformed stools in 24 h] and absence of laxative intake in the prior 48 h). Outcome measures included
C. difficile
test utilization, HO-CDI incidence, oral vancomycin utilization, and clinical complications. During the intervention, 7.1% (164) and 9.1% (211) of 2,321
C. difficile
test orders were canceled due to absence of diarrhea and receipt of laxative therapy, respectively.
C. difficile
test utilization decreased upon implementation from an average of 208.8 tests to 143.0 tests per 10,000 patient-days (
P
< 0.001). HO-CDI incidence rate decreased from an average of 13.0 cases to 9.7 cases per 10,000 patient-days (
P
= 0.008). Oral vancomycin days of therapy decreased from an average of 13.8 days to 9.4 days per 1,000 patient-days (
P
= 0.009). Clinical complication rates were not significantly different in patients with 375 canceled orders compared with 869 episodes with diarrhea but negative
C. difficile
results. Real-time electronic clinical data tracking is an effective tool for verification of
C. difficile
clinical testing criteria and safe reduction of inflated HO-CDI rates.
Porcine Deltacoronavirus nsp5 Antagonizes Type I Interferon Signaling by Cleaving STAT2
Authors: Zhu Xinyu , Wang Dang , Zhou Junwei , Pan Ting , Chen Jiyao , Yang Yuting , Lv Mengting , Ye Xu , Peng Guiqing , Fang Liurong , Xiao Shaobo 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Porcine deltacoronavirus (PDCoV) is an emerging swine enteropathogenic coronavirus. The first outbreak of PDCoV was announced from the United States in 2014, followed by reports in Asia. The nonstructural protein nsp5 is a 3C-like protease of coronavirus, and our previous study showed that PDCoV nsp5 inhibits type I interferon (IFN) production. In this study, we found that PDCoV nsp5 significantly inhibited IFN-stimulated response element (ISRE) promoter activity and transcription of IFN-stimulated genes (ISGs), suggesting that PDCoV nsp5 also suppresses IFN signaling. Detailed analysis showed that nsp5 cleaved signal transducer and activator of transcription 2 (STAT2) but not Janus kinase 1 (JAK1), tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2), STAT1, and interferon regulatory factor 9 (IRF9), key molecules of the JAK-STAT pathway. STAT2 cleavage was dependent on the protease activity of nsp5. Interestingly, nsp5 cleaved STAT2 at two sites, glutamine 685 (Q685) and Q758, and similar cleavage was observed in PDCoV-infected cells. As expected, cleaved STAT2 impaired the ability to induce ISGs, demonstrating that STAT2 cleavage is an important mechanism utilized by PDCoV nsp5 to antagonize IFN signaling. We also discussed the substrate selection and binding mode of PDCoV nsp5 by homologous modeling of PDCoV nsp5 with the two cleaved peptide substrates. The results of our study demonstrate that PDCoV nsp5 antagonizes type I IFN signaling by cleaving STAT2 and provides structural insights for comprehending the cleavage mechanism of PDCoV nsp5, revealing a potential new function for PDCoV nsp5 in type I IFN signaling.

IMPORTANCE
The 3C-like protease encoded by nsp5 is a major protease of coronaviruses; thus, it is an attractive target for development of anticoronavirus drugs. Previous studies have revealed that the 3C-like protease of coronaviruses, including PDCoV and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV), antagonizes type I IFN production by targeting the NF-κB essential modulator (NEMO). Here, for the first time, we demonstrate that overexpression of PDCoV nsp5 also antagonizes IFN signaling by cleaving STAT2, an essential component of transcription factor complex ISGF3, and that PDCoV infection reduces the levels of STAT2, which may affect the innate immune response.
Immunization with DNA Plasmids Coding for Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus Capsid and Envelope Proteins and/or Virus-Like Particles Induces Protection and Survival in Challenged Mice
Authors: Hinkula Jorma , Devignot Stéphanie , Åkerström Sara , Karlberg Helen , Wattrang Eva , Bereczky Sándor , Mousavi-Jazi Mehrdad , Risinger Christian , Lindegren Gunnel , Vernersson Caroline , Paweska Janusz , van Vuren Petrus Jansen , Blixt Ola , Brun Alejandro , Weber Friedemann , Mirazimi Ali 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is a bunyavirus causing severe hemorrhagic fever disease in humans, with high mortality rates. The requirement of a high-containment laboratory and the lack of an animal model hampered the study of the immune response and protection of vaccine candidates. Using the recently developed interferon alpha receptor knockout (IFNAR
−/−
) mouse model, which replicates human disease, we investigated the immunogenicity and protection of two novel CCHFV vaccine candidates: a DNA vaccine encoding a ubiquitin-linked version of CCHFV Gc, Gn, and N and one using transcriptionally competent virus-like particles (tc-VLPs). In contrast to most studies that focus on neutralizing antibodies, we measured both humoral and cellular immune responses. We demonstrated a clear and 100% efficient preventive immunity against lethal CCHFV challenge with the DNA vaccine. Interestingly, there was no correlation with the neutralizing antibody titers alone, which were higher in the tc-VLP-vaccinated mice. However, the animals with a lower neutralizing titer, but a dominant cell-mediated Th1 response and a balanced Th2 response, resisted the CCHFV challenge. Moreover, we found that in challenged mice with a Th1 response (immunized by DNA/DNA and boosted by tc-VLPs), the immune response changed to Th2 at day 9 postchallenge. In addition, we were able to identify new linear B-cell epitope regions that are highly conserved between CCHFV strains. Altogether, our results suggest that a predominantly Th1-type immune response provides the most efficient protective immunity against CCHFV challenge. However, we cannot exclude the importance of the neutralizing antibodies as the surviving immunized mice exhibited substantial amounts of them.

IMPORTANCE
Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus (CCHFV) is responsible for hemorrhagic diseases in humans, with a high mortality rate. There is no FDA-approved vaccine, and there are still gaps in our knowledge of the immune responses to infection. The recently developed mouse models mimic human CCHF disease and are useful to study the immunogenicity and the protection by vaccine candidates. Our study shows that mice vaccinated with a specific DNA vaccine were fully protected. Importantly, we show that neutralizing antibodies are not sufficient for protection against CCHFV challenge but that an extra Th1-specific cellular response is required. Moreover, we describe the identification of five conserved B-cell epitopes, of which only one was previously known, that could be of great importance for the development of diagnostics tools and the improvement of vaccine candidates.
Application of the subsequent injury categorisation model for longitudinal injury surveillance in elite rugby and cricket: intersport comparisons and inter-rater reliability of coding
Authors: Moore Isabel S , Mount Stephen , Mathema Prabhat , Ranson Craig 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundWhen an athlete has more than one injury over a time period, it is important to determine if these are related to each other or not. The subsequent injury categorisation (SIC) model is a method designed to consider the relationship between an index injury and subsequent injury(ies).ObjectiveThe primary aim was to apply SIC to longitudinal injury data from two team sports: rugby union and cricket. The secondary aim was to determine SIC inter-rater reliability.MethodsRugby union (time-loss; TL) and cricket (TL and non-time-loss; NTL) injuries sustained between 2011 and 2014 within one international team, respectively, were recorded using international consensus methods. SIC was applied by multiple raters, team clinicians, non-team clinicians, and a sports scientist. Weighted kappa and Cohen’s kappa scores were calculated for inter-rater reliability of the rugby union TL injuries and cricket NTL and TL injuries.Results67% and 51% of the subsequent injuries in rugby union and cricket respectively were categorised as injuries to a different body part not related to an index injury (SIC code 10). At least moderate agreement (weighted and Cohen kappa ≥0.60) was observed for team clinicians and the non-team clinician for both sports. Including NTL and TL injuries increased agreement between team clinician and non-team clinician, but not between clinician and sports scientist.ConclusionThe most common subsequent injury in both sports was an injury to a different body part that was not related to an index injury. The SIC model was generally reliable, with the highest agreement between clinicians working within the same team. Recommendations for future use of SIC are provided based on the proximity of the rater to the team and the raters’ level of clinical knowledge.
Awareness, knowledge and practice of dyslipidaemia management among postgraduate primary care trainees in Malaysia: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Said Abdul Hadi , Chia Yook Chin 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesDyslipidaemia is one of the main risk factors for cardiovascular disease, the leading cause of death in Malaysia. This study assessed the awareness, knowledge and practice of lipid management among primary care physicians undergoing postgraduate training in Malaysia.DesignCross sectional study.SettingPostgraduate primary care trainees in Malaysia.Participants759 postgraduate primary care trainees were approached through email or hard copy, of whom 466 responded.MethodA self-administered questionnaire was used to assess their awareness, knowledge and practice of dyslipidaemia management. The total cumulative score derived from the knowledge section was categorised into good or poor knowledge based on the median score, where a score of less than the median score was categorised as poor and a score equal to or more than the median score was categorised as good. We further examined the association between knowledge score and sociodemographic data. Associations were considered significant when p<0.05.ResultsThe response rate achieved was 61.4%. The majority (98.1%) were aware of the national lipid guideline, and 95.6% reported that they used the lipid guideline in their practice. The median knowledge score was 7 out of 10; 70.2% of respondents scored 7 or more which was considered as good knowledge. Despite the majority (95.6%) reporting use of guidelines, there was wide variation in their clinical practice whereby some did not practise based on the guidelines. There was a positive significant association between awareness and the use of the guideline with knowledge score (p<0.001). However there was no significant association between knowledge score and sociodemographic data (p>0.05).ConclusionsThe level of awareness and use of the lipid guideline among postgraduate primary care trainees was good. However, there were still gaps in their knowledge and practice which are not in accordance with standard guidelines.
Plasmablastic lymphoma versus plasmablastic myeloma: an ongoing diagnostic dilemma
Authors: Ahn Janice S , Okal Ryan , Vos Jeffrey A , Smolkin Matthew , Kanate Abraham S , Rosado Flavia G 
Published: March 2017

AimsTo determine the utility of clinical, morphological and phenotypical features in the differential diagnosis of plasmablastic lymphoma and myeloma with plasmablastic features.MethodsAll plasmablastic neoplasms identified from a 15-year retrospective search were reviewed and classified into ‘lymphoma’, ‘myeloma’ or ‘indeterminate’. The classification was then compared with the previously established clinical diagnosis. Lessons learned from this review were used to design a diagnostic algorithm for pathologists to use in the absence of known clinical history.ResultsThe classification was possible in 10 of 11 cases, 8 lymphomas and 2 myelomas (n=2). No distinctive morphological or phenotypical features were identified. The most useful histopathological parameter was a positive Epstein-Barr virus in situ hybridisation. Presence of associated lymphadenopathy and/or oral mass in the absence of complete myeloma-defining signs was used to favour a diagnosis of lymphoma in 4 of 8 cases.ConclusionsThe distinction between plasmablastic lymphoma from plasmablastic myeloma warrants detailed knowledge of clinical, radiological and laboratorial findings. New studies identifying distinctive phenotypical or genetic features are needed to improve the histopathological differentiation of plasmablastic neoplasms.