bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
On the Development of the Flower of Pinguicula vulgaris, L., with Remarks on the Embryos of P. vulgaris, P. grandiflora, P. lusitanica, P. caudata and Utricularia minor
Authors: Dickson Alexander 
Published: June 2016

The affinities of the order Lentibulariaceæ having hitherto been somewhat obscure, the author undertook the investigation of the floral organogeny of P. vulgaris, in the hope of being able to throw some light on the subject.A plant of P. vulgaris, examined during the flowering season, exhibits a short axis with “radical” leaves spreading as a rosette, and terminated by an unstalked umbel of ebracteate flowers.
Note on Electrolytic Polarisation
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

The following note refers to some experiments instituted at the request of Mr Dewar, who asked me to determine the polarisation of the Palladium electrodes whose singular behaviour he recently described to the Society.I had just obtained one of Sir W. Thomson's most recent forms of quadrant electrometer, and it occurred to me that this must be the proper instrument for determining polarisation, as its indicacations are not affected by electric resistance, and give directly—that is, without assuming the truth of Ohm's law for reverse electromotive forces, and the consequent necessary determinations of resistance—the quantities required.
2. On Equidifferent Multiples of Irrational Quantities
Authors: Sang E. 
Published: June 2016

Our attention, naturally, is most drawn to the difficult parts of an inquiry; the easier steps are apt to be overlooked. Thus, while much attention and deep thought have been bestowed on the solution of equations, on the computation of logarithms, on the construction of astronomical canons; such a simple process as the repeated addition of some known quantity, has not been considered worthy of the notice of arithmeticians. Yet the tables constructed by help of this process are much more numerous, and are as important as the others, often indeed serving as their foundation.The case when the quantity to be added is expressed accurately in numbers, needs no remark; but when that quantity is represented only approximately, we have to consider the accumulation of that part which is unavoidably left off, and to see that this does not lead to an error of so much as the half of unit in the last place that is to be retained.
5. Theory to account for certain movements exhibited by low forms of Animal Life, and termed Amœboid
Authors: Haycraft John B. 
Published: June 2016

A large number of unicellular plants and animals, and many of the cellular units which make up the complex tissues of man and more evolved animals, exhibit certain movements. These are termed “Amœboid,” as they are well seen, and were at an early period studied in the Amœba.If an amœba or a white blood corpuscle of the newt be examined with a good lens, the following facts, among others, may be made out. The corpuscle looks like a granular lump of jelly containing two or three nuclei, and it is, we will suppose, spherical to begin with. Soon the shape changes, for a little process is seen to protrude at one side, which may become retracted, or go on elongating. In the substance of the cell and in the processes, movements may be observed, consisting evidently of a flowing of the protoplasm, as indicated by the embedded granules which are carried along. The little processes are termed pseudopodia, and vary much in shape, some being thick and either pointed or club-shaped, others are filamentous, as in the perforated Foraminiferæ, where large numbers of these are seen radiating from the test. These movements may be automatic, and they are modified by various external forces; for example, heat and electricity.
5. On the Action of Haloid Compounds of Hydrocarbon Radicals on Phosphide of Sodium and on the Salts of Tetra-Benzyl-Phosphonium
Authors: Letts  , Collie N. 
Published: June 2016

The difficulty of preparing tertiary phosphines either by heating alcohols with phosphonium iodide or by acting on zinc ethers with terchloride of phosphorus, of which we have had much experience, induced us to seek for other and less troublesome methods for obtaining these bodies in considerable quantity.The ease with which phosphorus combines with certain metals, and the readiness with which the resulting compounds react on haloid ethers of hydrocarbon radicals led us to think that, if only comparatively pure metallic phosphides could be obtained by a simple process, we should have no difficulty in preparing the tertiary phosphines and phosphonium compounds.
6. Notice of an Easy Method for determining the Position of the Principal Focus of an Object-Glass
Authors: Sang Edward 
Published: June 2016

Just as the past progress of astronomy has, in a great measure, been due to the improved construction of our instruments, so its future progress must depend much on the accurate confection of our telescopes, and most of all on the excellence of the object-glasses.In the actual formation of a compound lens, after the thicknesses and curvatures have been fixed, we have to make the tools to the proper shapes and with those to grind and polish the glass. It is impossible, even with the greatest care, to bring the workmanship so close to the computations as that appreciable differences may not be found, and hence the finished lens hardly ever comes so near to our expectations as that it may not be necessary to test it by actual trial. One important matter to be so settled is the exact position of the principal focus, since that is needed for determining the length of the tube.
2. On an Iodine Battery
Authors: Laurie A. P. 
Published: June 2016

This is a one fluid battery. The two plates are zinc and carbon. The solution is a solution of iodide of potassium in water, in which iodine is dissolved. The usual strength I use is 1 oz. of iodide of potassium in 2 oz. of water. In this dissolve ½ oz. of iodine, but the strength of the iodine and of the iodide of potassium can be considerably varied without affecting the electromotive force.The iodine is meant to prevent polarization by uniting with the nascent hydrogen to form hydriodic acid, which will then unite with the caustic potash, to form iodide of potassium and water. In this way the iodide of potassium acts as a carrier of iodine, from the iodine in solution, to the zinc plate.
3. On Comenic Acid
Authors: Dott D. B. 
Published: June 2016

In continuation of a short paper on meconic acid previously communicated to the Society, I submit the following notice of some of the salts of comenic acid.As is well known, comenic acid is formed from meconic acid by elimination of carbonic anhydride, according to the equation -C7H4O7=C6H4O5+CO2. This change may be effected by heat alone, but a better product is obtained by the action of boiling aqueous hydrochloric acid. It was by the latter method that the acid used in my experiments was prepared. Comenic acid is easily purified by crystallisation from boiling water, in which it is sparingly soluble, and by conversion into ammonium salt, which is likewise purified by recrystallisation. Comenate of ammonia forms long well-defined prisms, which are much less soluble in water than the corresponding salt of meconic acid.
1. On a Particular Case of the Symbolic Cubic
Authors: Plarr Gustav 
Published: June 2016

§ 1. The method by which Hamilton has established the symbolical cubicand more particularly the relationis founded on a generalisation of the resultwhere ϕ represents a linear and vector function, and ϕ' its conjugate according to the definitionIn the most general case of ϕρ the expression of this function is reducible to a vector sum of three terms of the form αSα1ρ, and the directions which ϕρ is susceptible of representing are generally not limited in space.
2. On Mirage
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

While seeking for a good elementary illustration of Hamilton's general methods in optics, the author was led to consider, from a somewhat novel point of view, the path of light in a medium whose refractive index is a function of the distance from a plane. This is, at least approximately, the case of the peculiar atmospheric arrangements to which are due the phenomena of Mirage, so long as the curvature of the earth can be neglected.A considerable improvement in the usual theoretical treatment of this subject was introduced by Professor J. Thomson in 1872, and afterwards developed by Professor Everett in Phil. Mag., 1873.The main feature of this improvement is the study of the curvature of the ray in terms of the rate of change of refractive index in the medium.
3. Chapters on the Mineralogy of Scotland. Chapter VII
Authors: Heddle  
Published: June 2016

In the present chapter Dr. Heddle considers the ores of manganese, iron, chromium, and titanium.He finds that almost all the manganese in Scotland occurs in the form of an ore of little value—psilomelane.Iron, he has observed in minute laminable specks, in the free or metallic condition, at two localities, but sheathed in both cases in magnetite. The quantity was too small for determining the presence or absence of nickėl, but he conjectures that these specks may have been minute meteorites, which had fallen into the ocean in which the rock was being formed.He has found two ores of iron new to Britain,—turgite and martite,—the one near Oban, the other in Bute.
3. On some Points in the Anatomy of the Nervous System of the Pond Snails, Planorbis and Lymnæus
Authors: Beddard F. E. 
Published: June 2016

The best figures of the nervous system of these animals are those of Lacaze-Duthiers, in his Paper Sur les Otocystes des Mollusques, and in that Sur le Système Nerveux des Gastéropodes. By a careful study of the nervous system of these two gasteropods, chiefly by cutting sections, I have discovered one or two small points in their anatomy which, as far as I can make out, have hitherto escaped attention.These two types, though so closely allied, differ to a considerable extent in the arrangement and structure of certain of their ganglia; compare the figures given by Lacaze-Duthiers of the nervous system of Lymnæus on Plate xvii. in Volume i. of his Archives with that cf Planorbis on Plate iii. of the same volume. It will be seen at once that the cerebral ganglion of Lymnæus is far more complicated than that of Planorbis, consisting of five separate lobes, while that of Planorbis appears to be made up of not more than two.
5. The Heats of Combination of the Metals with the Halogens
Authors: Laurie A. P. , Burton C. I. 
Published: June 2016

Professor Chrystal, in his article on “Electricity” in the Encyclopœdia Britannica, mentions the following formula of Sir William Thomson's, connecting the heats of combination in a voltaic cell with the EMF of the cell.(Where E = EMF of the cell; J = Joule's equivalent; e = amount of zinc, dissolved by unit current in unit time; θ = heat of combination of one grm. of the metal in the cell.)This formula has been tested for the Daniell and other cells.It occurred to me that it was peculiarly applicable to the cuprous chloride cell and to the iodine cell recently described to the Society, on account of the simplicity of the reactions in both these cells, and that it could in this way he used as a simple method for the determination of the heats of combination of the metals with the halogens, by determining their electromotive forces, as the active elements in one or other of these cells. Mr. Burton and I accordingly set to work to investigate the matter.
2. On the Rotation of the Plane of Polarization by Quartz, and its relation to Wave-Length
Authors: Peddie W. 
Published: June 2016

The angular rotation of the plane of polarization of light-rays in their passage through quartz is a function of the wave-length, and is roughly represented by the formulawhere A is a constant depending on the quartz. This formula is only approximate, however, and one object of the experiments described below was to ascertain how closely the rotation might be represented by three terms of the equation
On Properties of the Parabola
Authors: Anglin  
Published: June 2016

In the following pages we propose to obtain expressions for the several parts of a parabola (axis, focus, vertex, directrix, tangent at vertex, and parameter), whose equation is expressed in the most general form in Cartesian co-ordinates.Some of the results obtained have already appeared, in which cases we shall supply alternative proofs. We shall also endeavour to complete the investigation of the whole subject.
On the Intrinsic Nature of the Quaternion Method
Authors: Tait  
Published: June 2016

My title is purposely ambiguous, because it has to represent two things—I intend to treat not only of what a quaternion really is, but also of its self-containedness, or independence.Professor Cayley has just stated that “while co-ordinates are applicable to the whole science of geometry, and are the natural and appropriate basis and method in the science, Quaternions seem to me a particular and very artificial method for treating such parts of the science of three-dimensional Geometry as are most naturally discussed by means of the rectangular co-ordinates x, y, z.”
Occlutech® muscular ventricular septal defect device: the first reported human use
Authors: Morgan Gareth J. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPercutaneous closure of muscular ventricular septal defects has been well described and has not attracted the same controversy or scrutiny as perimembranous defect closure. Therefore, the development of specifically designed devices has been limited. We report the first use of the Occlutech® muscular ventricular septal defect device. Does its design add any significant benefit?
Paediatric presentation of cardiac involvement in hypereosinophilic syndrome
Authors: Massin Martial M. , Jacquemart Caroline , Damry Nasroolla 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEosinophilic endomyocarditis is extremely rare in paediatrics. This case report aims to present the sequential changes from thrombotic to fibrotic stages of the cardiac involvement in a child with hypereosinophilic syndrome. Endomyocardial fibrosis progressively aggravated the severity of the mitral regurgitation. Bioprosthetic valve replacement was finally performed without recurrence of cardiac complications despite a late relapse of the underlying disease.
Social patterning of overeating, binge eating, compensatory behaviours and symptoms of bulimia nervosa in young adult women: results from the Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health
Authors: Koupil Ilona , Tooth Leigh , Heshmati Amy , Mishra Gita 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo study social patterning of overeating and symptoms of disordered eating in a general population.DesignA representative, population-based cohort study.SettingThe Australian Longitudinal Study on Women’s Health (ALSWH), Survey 1 in 1996 and Survey 2 in 2000.SubjectsWomen (n12 599) aged 18–23 years completed a questionnaire survey at baseline, of whom 6866 could be studied prospectively.ResultsSeventeen per cent of women reported episodes of overeating, 16 % reported binge eating and 10 % reported compensatory behaviours. Almost 4 % of women reported symptoms consistent with bulimia nervosa. Low education, not living with family, perceived financial difficulty (OR=1·8 and 1·3 for women with severe and some financial difficulty, respectively, compared with none) and European language other than English spoken at home (OR=1·5 for European compared with Australian/English) were associated with higher prevalence of binge eating. Furthermore, longitudinal analyses indicated increased risk of persistent binge eating among women with a history of being overweight in childhood, those residing in metropolitan Australia, women with higher BMI, smokers and binge drinkers.ConclusionsOvereating, binge eating and symptoms of bulimia nervosa are common among young Australian women and cluster with binge drinking. Perceived financial stress appears to increase the risk of binge eating and bulimia nervosa. It is unclear whether women of European origin and those with a history of childhood overweight carry higher risk of binge eating because of genetic or cultural reasons.
Economic evidence for the clinical management of major depressive disorder: a systematic review and quality appraisal of economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials
Authors: Karyotaki E. , Tordrup D. , Buntrock C. , Bertollini R. , Cuijpers P. 
Published: June 2016

Aims.The aim of this systematic review of economic evaluations alongside randomised controlled trials (RCTs) was to provide a comprehensive overview of the evidence concerning cost-effectiveness analyses of common treatment options for major depression.Methods.An existing database was used to identify studies reporting cost-effectiveness results from RCTs. This database has been developed by a systematic literature search in the bibliographic databases of PubMed, PsychINFO, Embase and Cochrane library from database inception to December 2014. We evaluated the quality of economic evaluations using a 10-item short version of the Drummond checklist. Results were synthesised narratively. The risk of bias of the included RCTs was assessed, based on the Cochrane risk of bias assessment tool.Results.Fourteen RCTs were included from the 5580 articles screened on titles and abstracts. The methodological quality of the health economic evaluations was relatively high and the majority of the included RCTs had low risk of bias in most of Cochrane items except blinding of participants and personnel. Cognitive behavioural therapy was examined in seven trials as part of a variety of treatment protocols and seems cost-effective compared with pharmacotherapy in the long-term. However cost-effectiveness results for the combination of psychotherapy with pharmacotherapy are conflicting and should be interpreted with caution due to limited comparability between the examined trials. For several treatments, only a single economic evaluation was reported as part of a clinical trial. This was the case for comparisons between different classes of antidepressants, for several types of psychotherapy (behavioural activation, occupational therapy, interpersonal psychotherapy, short-term psychotherapy, psychodynamic psychotherapy, rational emotive behavioural therapy, solution focused therapy), and for transcranial magnetic stimulationv. electroconvulsive therapy. The limited evidence base for these interventions means generalisations, based on economic evaluation alongside clinical trials, cannot easily be made.Conclusions.There is some economic evidence underpinning many of the common treatment options for major depression. Wide variability was observed in study outcomes, probably attributable to differences in population, interventions or follow-up periods. For many interventions, only a single economic evaluation alongside clinical trials was identified. Thus, significant economic evidence gaps remain in the area of major depressive disorder.
Two-dimensional shape memory graphene oxide
Authors: Chang Zhenyue , Deng Junkai , Chandrakumara Ganaka G. , Yan Wenyi , Liu Jefferson Zhe 
Published: June 2016

AbstractDriven by the increasing demand for micro-/nano-technologies, stimuli-responsive shape memory materials at nanoscale have recently attracted great research interests. However, by reducing the size of conventional shape memory materials down to approximately nanometre range, the shape memory effect diminishes. Here, using density functional theory calculations, we report the discovery of a shape memory effect in a two-dimensional atomically thin graphene oxide crystal with ordered epoxy groups, namely C8O. A maximum recoverable strain of 14.5% is achieved as a result of reversible phase transition between two intrinsically stable phases. Our calculations conclude co-existence of the two stable phases in a coherent crystal lattice, giving rise to the possibility of constructing multiple temporary shapes in a single material, thus, enabling highly desirable programmability. With an atomic thickness, excellent shape memory mechanical properties and electric field stimulus, the discovery of a two-dimensional shape memory graphene oxide opens a path for the development of exceptional micro-/nano-electromechanical devices.
Effect of Transition Metal Ions on the B Ring Oxidation of Sterols and their Kinetics in Oil-in-Water Emulsions
Authors: Lu Baiyi , Hu Yinzhou , Huang Weisu , Wang Mengmeng , Jiang Yuan , Lou Tiantian 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThis study investigated the effect of metal ions on the oxidation of sterols and their kinetics in oil-in-water emulsions. Sterol substrates were added with different metal ions (Cu2+, Fe2+, Mn2+, Zn2+, Na+, and Mg2+) of five concentrations and investigated after 2 h of heating at 90 °C. The substrates added with Fe2+ and Cu2+ were heated continuously to evaluate the kinetics of four sterols and their corresponding sterol oxidation products (SOPs). Sterol oxidation increased as the metal ion concentration increased and the heating time was prolonged. The capability of the metal ions oxidizing sterols ranked as followed: Fe2+ > Cu2+ > Mn2+ > Zn2+ > Mg2+ ≈ Na+. 7-Ketosterol, 7β/7α-Hydroxysterol, 5β,6β/5α,6α-Epoxysterol, and Triols were the main oxides on the B ring, whereas 6β-Hydroxysterol was not or only slightly influenced. The acceleration of sterol degradation induced by Fe2+ and Cu2+, as well as the formation of oxidation products, followed first-order formation/elimination kinetics. The acceleration effect may be partly ascribed to the increase in elimination rate constant and formation rate constant. Transition metal ions can significantly induce sterol oxidation, which reduces food nutritional quality and triggers the formation of undesirable compounds, such as SOPs.
Rapid differentiation of sexual signals in invasive toads: call variation among populations
Authors: Yasumiba Kiyomi , Duffy Richard L. , Parsons Scott A. , Alford Ross A. , Schwarzkopf Lin 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAdvertisement calls tend to differ among populations, based on morphological and environmental factors, or simply geographic distance, in many taxa. Invasive cane toads (Rhinella marina) were introduced to Australia in 1935 and their distribution has expanded at increasing rates over time. Rapid evolution occurred in morphological and behavioural characters that accelerate dispersal, but the effects of rapid expansion on sexual signals have not been examined. We collected advertisement calls from four populations of different ages since invasion and analysed the geographic differentiation of seven call parameters. Our comparisons indicate that the calls of R. marina differ among Australian populations. The signal variation was not simply clinal with respect to population age, climate, or morphological differentiation. We suggest that selection on signalling among populations has been idiosyncratic and may reflect local female preferences or adaptation to environmental factors that are not clinal such as energy availability.