bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Dermatological diseases in palliative care patients: a prospective study of 271 patients
Authors: Neloska Lenche , Damevska Katerina , Kuzmanova Andjelka , Pavleska Lidija , Kostov Milenko , Zovic Biljana Petreska 
Published: May 2017

SummaryBackgroundNumerous risk factors place palliative care patients at an increased risk of skin infections, dermatitis, and pressure sores. Furthermore, worsening of chronic skin disorders can be expected, as well as the development of treatment‐induced and malignancy‐related dermatoses. The objective of the present study was to investigate the prevalence and treatment of dermatological conditions in patients receiving hospital‐based palliative care.MethodsTwo hundred seventy‐one palliative patients were enrolled. All assessments were conducted by dermatologists. Skin lesions were classified into seven categories: infections, skin tumors, dermatitis, chronic wounds, nail and hair disorders, pruritus, and other unclassified conditions. Treatment modalities were classified as topical only or systemic.ResultsOverall, 1,267 dermatological conditions were recorded, 49 % of which were hospital‐acquired. All patients had at least one dermatological condition, and more than 50 different dermatological disorders were noted. The most common group of skin disorders was dermatitis (18.3 % of all dermatological conditions), followed by nail and hair disorders (17.5 %). Almost 16 % of dermatological conditions were treated systemically.ConclusionsDermatological conditions are a common and clinically significant problem for palliative patients. The inclusion of dermatologists in multidisciplinary palliative teams should prove helpful in the management of these patients.
The views of ethics committee members and medical researchers on the return of individual research results and incidental findings, ownership issues and benefit sharing in biobanking research in a South Indian city
Authors: Vaz Manjulika , Vaz Mario , K Srinivasan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe return of individual research results and incidental findings from biobanking research is a much debated ethical issue globally but has extensive relevance in India where the burden of out of pocket health care expenses is high for the majority. The views of 21 ethics committee (EC) members and 22 researchers from Bengaluru, India, concerning the ethics of biobanking research were sought through in‐depth interviews using an unfolding case vignette with probes. A shared view among most was that individual research results which are ‘actionable’ or have ‘clinical significance’ should be returned to the sample contributors through their treating physicians. This was seen as an ethical obligation and a moral duty on the side of the researcher to “give back” to the person who contributed to the research. The challenges foreseen were that of resources, both financial and personnel, for the time and counseling needed to accompany the disclosure of results. Perceptions of ‘ownership’ appear to influence the concept of benefit sharing. While benefit sharing in financial terms was considered ethically challenging, certain researchers and ethics committee members made a case for “two way altruism” where the researcher in return for the altruistic ‘valuable contribution’, shares with the contributor/ community, benefits of the research which could include research findings, improved patient care, and more affordable access to the new diagnostic tests or products arising from the research. This defines the emerging ethic of “giving back” which goes beyond individual rights and ensures reciprocity and distributive justice.
How do educators in one New Zealand undergraduate Bachelor of Oral Health course teach and nurture professionalism?
Authors: Smith L. , Adam L. , Moffat S. , Meldrum A. , Ahmadi R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIntroductionResearch on integrated dental hygiene and dental therapy courses is scarce; studies reporting on how staff in these combined scope courses teach professionalism are even more scarce. This study aimed to partially fill these research gaps.Method and materialsIn 2016, online surveys were sent to 34 staff members who taught into the integrated Bachelor of Oral Health (BOH) course at the University of Otago's Faculty of Dentistry; 13 were returned. Two focus groups were conducted with six BOH educators.ResultsAspects of professionalism were taught and nurtured in the formal curriculum, the clinic and the informal curriculum. In the formal curriculum, policies outlining the professional standards of behaviour expected of oral health practitioners and students in New Zealand and the Faculty were discussed. In the clinic, educators taught professionalism through modelling clinical skills, assessing students' performance and commenting on their reflective logbooks. In the informal curriculum, BOH teachers nurtured professionalism through discussions about standards of behaviour outside of the university. Role modelling was the most common method that participants reported they taught or nurtured professionalism in their students.DiscussionProfessionalism is a complex concept that is taught and nurtured in a number of ways over all aspects of the course.ConclusionOral Health educators need to maintain a high standard of professionalism when interacting with students and patients, as well as in public spaces, in order to model professionalism to their students.
Sexual selection, speciation and constraints on geographical range overlap in birds
Authors: Cooney Christopher R. , Tobias Joseph A. , Weir Jason T. , Botero Carlos A. , Seddon Nathalie 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe role of sexual selection as a driver of speciation remains unresolved, not least because we lack a clear empirical understanding of its influence on different phases of the speciation process. Here, using data from 1306 recent avian speciation events, we show that plumage dichromatism (a proxy for sexual selection) does not predict diversification rates, but instead explains the rate at which young lineages achieve geographical range overlap. Importantly, this effect is only significant when range overlap is narrow (< 20%). These findings are consistent with a ‘differential fusion’ model wherein sexual selection reduces rates of fusion among lineages undergoing secondary contact, facilitating parapatry or limited co‐existence, whereas more extensive sympatry is contingent on additional factors such as ecological differentiation. Our results provide a more mechanistic explanation for why sexual selection appears to drive early stages of speciation while playing a seemingly limited role in determining broad‐scale patterns of diversification.
Within‐patch oviposition site shifts by spider mites in response to prior predation risks decrease predator patch exploitation
Authors: Otsuki Hatsune , Yano Shuichi 
Published: May 2017

AbstractIn egg‐laying animals with no post‐oviposition parental care, between‐ or within‐patch oviposition site selection can determine offspring survival. However, despite the accumulation of evidence supporting the substantial impact predators have on oviposition site selection, few studies have examined whether oviposition site shift within patches (“micro‐oviposition shift”) reduces predation risk to offspring. The benefits of prey micro‐oviposition shift are underestimated in environments where predators cannot disperse from prey patches. In this study, we examined micro‐oviposition shift by the herbivorous mite Tetranychus kanzawai in response to the predatory mite, Neoseiulus womersleyi, by testing its effects on predator patch exploitation in situations where predatory mites were free to disperse from prey patches. Adult T. kanzawai females construct three‐dimensional webs on leaf surfaces and usually lay eggs under the webs; however, females that have experienced predation risks, shift oviposition sites onto the webs even in the absence of current predation risks. We compared the predation of eggs on webs deposited by predator‐experienced females with those on leaf surfaces. Predatory mites left prey patches with more eggs unpredated when higher proportions of prey eggs were located on webs, and egg survival on webs was much higher than that on leaf surfaces. These results indicate that a micro‐oviposition shift by predator‐experienced T. kanzawai protects offspring from predation, suggesting adaptive learning and subsociality in this species. Conversely, fecundity and longevity of predator‐experienced T. kanzawai females were not reduced compared to those of predator‐naïve females; we could not detect any costs associated with the learned micro‐oviposition shift. Moreover, the previously experienced predation risks did not promote between‐patch dispersal of T. kanzawai females against subsequently encountered predators. Based on these results, the relationships of between‐patch oviposition site selection and micro‐oviposition shift are discussed.
An overview of fatigue in aircraft structures
Authors: Tavares S. M. O. , de Castro P. M. S. T. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractFrom safe‐life to fail‐safe and damage‐tolerance approaches, the last one emerged as the main design philosophy for aerostructures, allowing weight savings and at the same time increasing reliability and structural integrity in the presence of damages which may have occurred during the manufacturing process or during service. The application of damage‐tolerance philosophy requires extensive know‐how of the fatigue and fracture properties, corrosion strength, potential failure modes and non‐destructive inspection techniques, particularly minimum detectable defect and inspection intervals.To face scatter in material properties, conservative approaches considering the worst scenario or statistical methods dealing with the variability of material have been employed in the fatigue assessment of structures. The fatigue life estimation can display substantial variability, illustrating the need for a probabilistic assessment in practical applications. As an example, the variation in the fatigue life for the common scenario of a through crack in an Al alloy plate was evaluated taking into account scatter of properties.The 2010 FAA rule establishing a limit of validity (LOV) puts a bound in the indefinite operational life allowed for by earlier regulations. This requirement, together with the diminishing role of aluminium in airframes, will certainly shape the directions of fatigue, fracture and damage mechanics research in years to come, expanding the knowledge base upon which substantiation of LOV values is made, and ensuring safety under sustainable conditions.
Constitutive and damage modelling of H11 subjected to low‐cycle fatigue at high temperature
Authors: Ma L. , Luo Y. , Wang Y. , Du W. , Zhang J. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHot‐work tool steel H11 is extensively applied in extrusion industries as extrusion tools. The understanding of its mechanical properties and damage evolution as well as failure is crucial for its implementation. In this paper, a finite element (FE) model employing Chaboche unified constitutive model and ductile damage rule is proposed to simulate the mechanical responses of H11 subjected to low‐cycle fatigue (LCF). Accumulated inelastic hysteresis energy is adopted to demonstrate the impact on damage initiation and evolution rules. A series of tension and LCF experiments were conducted to investigate H11's mechanical properties and its deterioration processes. In addition, to deeply understand the deformation and damage mechanism, scanning electron microscope (SEM) investigations were performed on the fracture section of gauge‐length part of the specimen after failure. Furthermore, the parameters in both constitutive model and damage rule are identified based on experimental data. The comparison of the hysteresis loop of the first cycle and stable cycle with different strain amplitudes demonstrates that the Chaboche constitutive model provides high precision to predict the evolution of mechanical properties. Based on the reliable achieved constitutive model, LCF behaviour prediction with damage rule was executed successfully using FE model and gains a good agreement with the experiments. It is believed that the proposed FE method lays the foundation of structure analysis and rapid design optimization in further applications.
Interest of variations in microRNA‐152 and ‐122 in a series of hepatocellular carcinomas related to hepatitis C virus infection
Authors: Miquelestorena‐Standley Elodie , Tallet Anne , Collin Christine , Piver Eric , De Muret Anne , Salamé Ephrem , Bourlier Pascal , Kervarrec Thibault , Guyétant Serge , Pagès Jean‐Christophe 
Published: May 2017

AimHepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a common outcome of chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection and constitutes the main burden of this disease. The molecular mechanisms underlying the development of HCC are multiple and might involve certain microRNA (miR). As discordant results have been reported concerning the detection of expression of miR‐152 and miR‐122 in HCC, our aim was to measure the levels of both miRs in serum and liver samples.MethodsWe analyzed miR‐152 and miR‐122 expression by reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction in a serum cohort from 14 HCV‐infected patients who developed HCC, 20 HCV+ patients without HCC, and 19 control patients. We also studied miR‐152 and miR‐122 in an independent tissue cohort from 11 normal livers, and from paired HCC and non‐tumor adjacent livers of 11 HCV‐infected patients and 12 non‐infected patients.ResultsIn serum samples, higher levels of miR‐122 were found in non‐HCC HCV+ compared to HCC HCV+ and control groups, whereas miR‐152 was detectable in a lower range in HCC HCV+ compared to non‐HCC HCV+ and control groups. We found higher signals for miR‐122 and miR‐152 in non‐tumor liver and HCC tissues compared to control tissues. Hepatocellular carcinoma etiology had no detectable influence on miR‐122 expression, whereas miR‐152 was increased in HCV+ tissue samples.ConclusionsDetection of low values of circulating miR‐152 is a potentially interesting marker of hepatocarcinogenesis in HCV+ patients, in contrast to miR‐122, which varies according to hepatocyte damage.
A cluster randomized theory‐guided oral hygiene trial in adolescents—A latent growth model
Authors: Aleksejūnienė J , Brukienė V 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectives(i) To test whether theory‐guided interventions are more effective than conventional dental instruction (CDI) for changing oral hygiene in adolescents and (ii) to examine whether such interventions equally benefit both genders and different socio‐economic (SES) groups.MethodsA total of 244 adolescents were recruited from three schools, and cluster randomization allocated adolescents to one of the three types of interventions: two were theory‐based interventions (Precaution Adoption Process Model or Authoritative Parenting Model) and CDI served as an active control. Oral hygiene levels % (OH) were assessed at baseline, after 3 months and after 12 months.ResultsA complete data set was available for 166 adolescents (the total follow‐up rate: 69%). There were no significant differences in baseline OH between those who participated throughout the study and those who dropped out. Bivariate and multivariate analyses showed that theory‐guided interventions produced significant improvements in oral hygiene and that there were no significant gender or socio‐economic differences.ConclusionsTheory‐guided interventions produced more positive changes in OH than CDI, and these changes did not differ between gender and SES groups.
A comparative study of physico‐chemical properties and antioxidant activity of freeze‐dried mung bean (Vigna radiata) and adzuki bean (Vigna angularis) sprout hydrolysate powders
Authors: Sangsukiam Thasanporn , Duangmal Kiattisak 
Published: May 2017

SummaryMung bean (MB) and adzuki bean (AZB) sprouts were hydrolysed with Flavourzyme® at four different concentrations for 6 h. Nongerminated beans subjected to each enzyme concentrations were set as the control. For both bean sprouts, the highest amounts of free amino group, total free amino acids and total phenolic content (TPC) were obtained with 7% (w/w) Flavourzyme®. Each bean sprout hydrolysate was subjected to freeze‐drying in absence and presence of 5% maltodextrin (w/v). The addition of maltodextrin resulted in a decrease in the free amino group, TPC, surface hydrophobicity and hygroscopicity in resulting freeze‐dried powders. Gallic acid, p‐coumaric acid and vitexin were identified in all freeze‐dried powders, while catechin and rutin were detected only in freeze‐dried AZB hydrolysate powder. Freeze‐dried AZB hydrolysate powder contained higher antioxidant activities. DPPH radical scavenging activity of all samples measured using electron spin resonance spectrometry was higher than that obtained by the colorimetric method.
Early childhood caries and psychological perceptions on child's oral health increase the feeling of guilt in parents: an epidemiological survey
Authors: Carvalho Thiago Saads , Abanto Jenny , Pinheiro Elayne Cristina Morais , Lussi Adrian , Bönecker Marcelo 
Published: May 2017

AimTo assess whether parents feel guilty for their children's oral problems, associating this feeling with socio‐economic, demographic, and psychological factors.DesignWe included 1313 parent‐and‐child pairs in this study. The children were 2–4 years old. Parents answered questionnaires on socio‐economic and demographic data, and on psychological variables. Sixteen trained dentists (κ > 0.8) examined the children for oral hygiene (the presence and absence of plaque), early childhood caries (ECC; no caries, low and high severity), malocclusion (the presence and absence), and traumatic dental injuries (TDI; the presence and absence). We analysed the data with a hierarchical regression.ResultsTwenty‐four percentage of parents reported feeling guilty for the oral problems in their children; 26.3% of the children presented with caries, 39.8% malocclusion, 22.9% TDI. Of the parents who felt guilty, 54% thought that their children had problems in their teeth, and most of them (82%) thought that the problem could have been avoided. The feeling of guilt in parents was significantly associated with ECC and the psychological variables: the thought that the child had problems in his/her teeth and the thought that the problem could have been avoided.ConclusionParents feel more guilty with increased caries severity in their children, and the likelihood of feeling guilty increases when parents believe that their child has an oral problem or that this problem could have been avoided.
Processing YAG/α‐Al2O3 composites via reactive sintering Y2O3/Al2O3 NP mixtures. A superior alternative to bottom up processing using atomically mixed YAlOx NPs
Authors: Laine Richard M. , Taylor Nathan J. , Stangeland‐Molo Sandra 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis effort contrasts “bottom‐up” processing of YAG/α‐Al2O3 composites where both elements (as 40‐50 nm APSs nanopowders) are present at close to atomic mixing with reactive sintering where ball‐milled mixtures of the individual nanopowders (40‐50 nm APSs) give uniform elemental mixing at length scales closer to 100‐800 nm with correspondingly much longer diffusion distances. In contrast to expectations, densification with control of final grain sizes is best effected using reactive sintering. Thus, reactive sintering to densities ≥95% occurs at only 1500°C with final grain sizes of ≈1000 nm for all samples. In contrast “bottom up” processing to ≥95% densities is only achieved at 1600°C, and with final grain sizes of 1700 nm. The reason for this unexpected behavior is that YAG phase forms early in the bottom up approach greatly inhibiting diffusion promoted densification. In contrast, in reactive sintering, YAG is prevented from forming because of the longer diffusion distances such that densification occurs prior to full conversion of the Y2O3 component to YAG. The found hardness values are statistically superior to literature values for composites near the known eutectic composition. In an accompanying paper, the addition of a third component reverses this behavior.
Bioactive monetite‐containing whisker‐like fibers reinforced chitosan scaffolds
Authors: Mesgar Abdorreza S. , Mohammadi Zahra , Rasouli‐Disfani Fariba 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop bioactive chitosan scaffolds reinforced with monetite‐containing whisker‐like fibers. The fibers synthesized by homogeneous precipitation were characterized as monetite/hydroxyapatite short fibers (MAFs), using XRD, FTIR and SEM. The pure chitosan and MAFs/chitosan composite scaffolds were produced by freeze‐drying, and characterized with respect to porosity, pore size, swelling behavior, compressive strength and modulus, and in vitro bioactivity. The incorporation of MAFs in chitosan matrices led to increase the pore size, according to the evaluation by FE‐SEM, and decrease the porosity of composite scaffolds. The swelling ratio decreased as MAFs content of scaffolds increased. The compressive strength and modulus of scaffolds were improved by an increase in MAFs content. The noncross‐linked scaffolds with a chitosan: MAFs weight ratio of 1:1 (CW3) showed a porosity of 75.5%, and the strength and modulus of 259 kPa and 2.8 MPa in dry state, respectively. The crosslinking by glutaraldehyde resulted in improved mechanical properties. The strength and modulus of cross‐linked CW3 scaffolds in wet state reached to 345 kPa and 1.8 MPa, respectively. The in vitro bioactivity of the reinforced scaffolds, evaluated by FE‐SEM/EDS, XRD, and ATR‐FTIR, was confirmed by the formation of a carbonated apatite layer on their surfaces when they soaked in simulated body fluid (SBF). The results of this initial study indicate that the monetite‐containing whisker‐like fibers may be an appropriate reinforcement of chitosan scaffolds.
Drawing as Social Play: Shared Meaning‐Making in Young Children's Collective Drawing Activities
Authors: Kukkonen Tiina , Chang‐Kredl Sandra 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe ability to construct shared meaning with peers is important for young children's social and linguistic development. Previous studies have mainly focused on shared meaning‐making within cooperative pretend play with little mention of other childhood activities that might promote intersubjectivity. This study investigated the group play that occurs within young children's open‐ended drawing activities and how this encourages the development of shared meaning. One preschool class of 4–5 year‐old children was observed over eight 1 hour free play sessions. During each session, the children were presented with a variety of drawing materials and large drawing surfaces. No restrictions were placed on the number of children that could participate, or the subject matter of the drawings. The findings support the notion that group drawing can be understood through theories of socio‐dramatic play. The children initiated and maintained shared meaning through the use of common knowledge, and applied various verbal and non‐verbal communication strategies to advance the joint theme. This study supports the integration of open‐ended drawing activities in early childhood environments.