bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cause‐specific neonatal mortality of white‐tailed deer in Wisconsin, USA
Authors: Warbington Camille H. , Van Deelen Timothy R. , Norton Andrew S. , Stenglein Jennifer L. , Storm Daniel J. , Martin Karl J. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTSpecies’ population dynamics are tied to neonatal survival. White‐tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) fawn survival varies according to spatially explicit patterns of natural (e.g., starvation, predation) and human‐caused mortalities (e.g., vehicle collision). Our objective was to compare fawn survival under different, though representative, ecological conditions in Wisconsin USA. We identified 2 ecologically distinct study areas: the northern forest (NF) and the eastern farmland (EF). Beginning in May (2011–2013), we fitted fawns in both areas with radio‐collars and tracked their survival daily until 31 August of the capture year. We obtained daily weather data for each study area to model weather effects on survival. We captured 89 (NF), and 139 (EF) fawns, and observed 42 (NF) and 43 (EF) mortalities. Predation mortality was higher than other mortality causes in the NF, and mortality due to natural causes other than predation was higher for fawns in the EF. Female fawns had higher survival than males, and fawns in 2011 in the NF had lower survival than fawns in 2012 or 2013. During the first 40 days of life, occurrence of precipitation associated with a threefold increase in daily hazard of death in the EF, but effects of daily low temperatures were trivial. In the NF, precipitation had little effect, but a decrease in daily low temperature by 0.56°C increased the daily hazard of mortality by 5%. Because risks facing fawns vary with ecological context, understanding specific factors that affect fawn survival is important for predicting local outcomes of white‐tailed deer management. © 2017 The Wildlife Society.
Surgical repair of spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks: A systematic review
Authors: Lobo Brian C. , Baumanis Maraya M. , Nelson Rick F. 
Published: April 2017

ObjectivesTo review the safety and efficacy of surgical management for spontaneous cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) leaks of the anterior and lateral skull base.Data SourcesA systematic review of English articles using MEDLINE.Review MethodsSearch terms included spontaneous, CSF, cerebrospinal fluid, endoscopic, middle fossa, transmastoid, leak, rhinorrhea. Independent extraction of articles by 3 authors.ResultsPatients with spontaneous CSF leaks are often obese (average BMI of 38 kg/m2) and female (72%). Many patients also have obstructive sleep apnea (∼45%) and many have elevated intracranial pressure when measured by lumbar puncture. In addition to thinning of the skull base, radiographic studies also demonstrate cortical bone thinning. Endoscopic surgical repair of anterior skull base leaks and middle cranial fossa (MCF) approach for repair of lateral skull base leaks are safe and effective with an average short‐term failure rate of 9% and 6.5%, respectively. Long‐term failure rates are low. One randomized trial failed to show improved success of anterior leak repairs with the use of a lumbar drain (LD) (95% with vs. 92% without; P = 0.2). In a large retrospective cohort of MCF lateral skull base repairs, perioperative LD use was not necessary in >94% of patients.ConclusionsSpontaneous CSF leaks are associated with female gender, obesity, increased intracranial hypertension, and obstructive sleep apnea. Endoscopic repair of anterior skull base leaks and MCF or transmastoid approaches for lateral skull base leaks have a high success rate of repair. In most cases, intraoperative placement of lumbar drain did not appear to result in improved success rates for either anterior or lateral skull base leaks.Level of Evidence2a, Systematic Review.
Specular and Diffuse Reflectance of Phase‐Separated Polymer Blend Films
Authors: Nallapaneni Asritha , Shawkey Matthew D. , Karim Alamgir 
Published: April 2017

Diffuse reflectors have various applications in devices ranging from liquid crystal displays to light emitting diodes, to coatings. Herein, specular and diffuse reflectance from controlled phase separation of polymer blend films, a well‐known self‐organization process, are studied. Temperature‐induced spinodal phase separation of polymer blend films in which one of the components is selectively extracted is shown to exhibit enhanced surface roughness as compared to unextracted films, leading to a notable increase of diffuse reflectance. Diffuse reflectance of UV–visible light from such selectively leached phase‐separated blend films is determined by a synergy of varying lateral scale of phase separation (≈200 nm to 1 μm) and blend film surface roughness (0–40 nm). These critical parameters are controlled by tuning annealing time (0.5–3 h) and temperature (140, 150, 160 °C) of phase separation. Angle‐resolved diffuse reflection studies show that the surface‐roughened polymer films exhibit diffuse reflectance up to 40° from normal incident light in contrast to optically uniform as‐cast films that exhibit largely specular reflectance. Furthermore, the intensity of the diffusively reflected light can be enhanced (300–700 nm) or reduced (220–300 nm) significantly by coating the leached phase‐separated films with a thin silver over layer.
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Induced plant defences in biological control of arthropod pests: a double‐edged sword
Authors: Pappas Maria L , Broekgaarden Colette , Broufas George D , Kant Merijn R , Messelink Gerben J , Steppuhn Anke , Wäckers Felix , van Dam Nicole M 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBiological control is an important ecosystem service delivered by natural enemies. Together with breeding for plant defence, it constitutes one of the most promising alternatives to pesticides for controlling herbivores in sustainable crop production. Especially induced plant defences may be promising targets in plant breeding for resistance against arthropod pests. Because they are activated upon herbivore damage, costs are only incurred when defence is needed. Moreover, they can be more specific than constitutive defences. Nevertheless, inducible defence traits that are harming plant pest organisms may interfere with biological control agents, such as predators and parasitoids. Despite the vast fundamental knowledge on plant defence mechanisms and their effects on natural enemies, our understanding of the feasibility of combining biological control with induced plant defence in practice is relatively poor. In this review, we focus on arthropod pest control and present the most important features of biological control with natural enemies and of induced plant defence. Furthermore, we show potential synergies and conflicts among them and, finally, identify gaps and list opportunities for their combined use in crop protection. We suggest that breeders should focus on inducible resistance traits that are compatible with the natural enemies of arthropod pests, specifically traits that help communities of natural enemies to build up. © 2017 The Authors.Pest Management Sciencepublished by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.
A novel mass spectrometric method for formaldehyde in children's personal‐care products and water via derivatization with acetylacetone
Authors: Backe Will J. 
Published: April 2017

RationaleNew legislation in the state of Minnesota prohibits the sale of children's personal‐care products (PCPs) that contain more than 500 ng/mg formaldehyde. Previous attempts to quantify formaldehyde in PCPs use nonspecific derivatization procedures that employ harsh reagents and/or nonspecific detection. Derivatization of formaldehyde by acetylacetone occurs under mild conditions and is specific for formaldehyde but it has not been investigated using high‐performance liquid chromatography/tandem mass‐spectrometry (HPLC/MS/MS).MethodsTo determine formaldehyde, PCPs were dissolved and then interferences were minimized by graphitized‐carbon solid‐phase extraction. Formaldehyde was derivatized to 3,5‐diacetyl‐1,4‐dihydrolutidine (DDL) using an acetylacetone solution. Post‐derivatization, samples were diluted and analyzed by HPLC/MS/MS. Quantification was performed by isotopic dilution. Product‐ion spectra were acquired for DDL and D12‐DDL. The mass shifts between the two product‐ion spectra were used to assign fragment structures. To confirm molecular formulas, high‐resolution accurate‐mass analysis of the DDL product ions was performed by quadrupole time‐of‐flight MS.ResultsStructures were proposed for all product ions of DDL above 10% relative intensity. Method accuracy ranged between 96–104% for all matrices at all concentrations tested. Method precision was less than 4% relative standard deviation. The reporting limit was 10 ng/mg in PCPs and 100 μg/L in water. Twenty children's PCPs were tested to demonstrate the method and formaldehyde was reported in five from 23–1500 ng/mg. Of those five, two samples contained formaldehyde above the Minnesota regulatory limit.ConclusionsThe developed method allows for the accurate quantification of formaldehyde in PCPs at levels below those required by a new regulation on children's products in Minnesota. The method includes a derivatization procedure that is newly adapted to HPLC/MS/MS; therefore, structures were proposed for the product ions of the derivative (DDL). Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
An adaptive and fully automatic method for estimating the 3D position of bendable instruments using endoscopic images
Authors: Cabras Paolo , Nageotte Florent , Zanne Philippe , Doignon Christophe 
Published: April 2017

AbstractBackgroundFlexible bendable instruments are key tools for performing surgical endoscopy. Being able to measure the 3D position of such instruments can be useful for various tasks, such as controlling automatically robotized instruments and analyzing motions.MethodsAn automatic method is proposed to infer the 3D pose of a single bending section instrument, using only the images provided by a monocular camera embedded at the tip of the endoscope. The proposed method relies on colored markers attached onto the bending section. The image of the instrument is segmented using a graph‐based method and the corners of the markers are extracted by detecting the color transitions along Bézier curves fitted on edge points. These features are accurately located and then used to estimate the 3D pose of the instrument using an adaptive model that takes into account the mechanical play between the instrument and its housing channel.ResultsThe feature extraction method provides good localization of marker corners with images of the in vivo environment despite sensor saturation due to strong lighting. The RMS error on estimation of the tip position of the instrument for laboratory experiments was 2.1, 1.96, and 3.18 mm in the x, y and z directions, respectively. Qualitative analysis in the case of in vivo images shows the ability to correctly estimate the 3D position of the instrument tip during real motions.ConclusionsThe proposed method provides an automatic and accurate estimation of the 3D position of the tip of a bendable instrument in realistic conditions, where standard approaches fail.
Decentralized minimal‐time planar formation control of multi‐agent system
Authors: Ou Linlin , Zou Chao , Yu Xinyi 
Published: April 2017

SummaryIn this paper, the problems of decentralized minimal‐time planar formation control are investigated for both static and dynamic cases. For the static one, the discrete‐time dynamics of multi‐agent system in which each agent exchanges information according to a complex weighted network is studied. On the basis of a minimal polynomial, a decentralized minimal‐time static formation method is proposed to compute the final formation positions of the agents in the minimal number of steps without global coordinates. The proposed method allows an arbitrarily chosen agent in the network to compute its final formation position. For the dynamic one in a leader–follower framework, the path information of the agents satisfies linear regression equations that are determined by interaction topology and input signals. In order to obtain the coefficients of such linear regression equations, a Kronecker‐theorem‐based algorithm is presented. Similar to the results for the static case, any agent is allowed to use the minimum number of successive history state values to compute the future dynamic formation track. The minimal number of steps can be computed by checking the rank condition of the Hankel matrix constructed in terms of the path information. Meanwhile, the simulation examples are given to demonstrate the validity of the proposed minimal‐time planar formation control methods. The results in the paper combine the matrix polynomial analysis into the framework of formation control design and show how to predict the motion of the agents in a decentralized manner. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Data‐driven fault diagnosis and robust control: Application to PEM fuel cell systems
Authors: Ocampo‐Martinez Carlos , Sánchez‐Peña Ricardo , Bianchi Fernando , Ingimundarson Ari 
Published: April 2017

SummaryA data‐driven methodology that includes the unfalsified control concept in the framework of fault diagnosis and isolation (FDI) and fault‐tolerant control (FTC) is presented. The selection of the appropriate controller from a bank of controllers in a switching supervisory control setting is performed by using an adequate FDI outcome. By combining simultaneous online performance assessment of multiple controllers with the fault diagnosis decision from structured hypothesis tests, a diagnosis statement regarding what controller is most suitable to deal with the current (nominal or faulty) mode of the plant is obtained. Switching strategies that use the diagnosis statement are also proposed. This approach is applied to a nonlinear experimentally validated model of the breathing system of a polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. The results show the effectiveness of this FDI–fault‐tolerant control data‐driven methodology. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Controllability and observability of ann‐link robot with multiple active links
Authors: Hao Yuqing , Duan Zhisheng , Wen Guanghui 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThis paper considers ann‐link planar robot moving in the vertical plane with multiple active links. The controllability and observability of the robot around the upright equilibrium point, which are important for the existence of an output‐feedback controller, are investigated in detail. Specific properties of the mechanical parameters are extracted to demonstrate that when there are adjacent active links, the robot is strongly structurally controllable and observable around the upright equilibrium point. When the active links are not adjacent to each other, a necessary and sufficient condition is established to ensure the linear controllability and observability. Finally, the theoretical results are illustrated via several practical examples. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
We need more replication research – A&nbsp;case for test-retest reliability
Authors: Leppink Jimmie , Pérez-Fuster Patricia 
Published: April 2017

Following debates in psychology on the importance of replication research, we have also started to see pleas for a more prominent role for replication research in medical education. To enable replication research, it is of paramount importance to carefully study the reliability of the instruments we use. Cronbach’s alpha has been the most widely used estimator of reliability in the field of medical education, notably as some kind of quality label of test or questionnaire scores based on multiple items or of the reliability of assessment across exam stations. However, as this narrative review outlines, Cronbach’s alpha or alternative reliability statistics may complement but not replace psychometric methods such as factor analysis. Moreover, multiple-item measurements should be preferred above single-item measurements, and when using single-item measurements, coefficients as Cronbach’s alpha should not be interpreted as indicators of the reliability of a single item when that item is administered after fundamentally different activities, such as learning tasks that differ in content. Finally, if we want to follow up on recent pleas for more replication research, we have to start studying the test-retest reliability of the instruments we use.
Extending the theoretical framework for curriculum integration in pre-clinical medical education
Authors: Vergel John , Stentoft Diana , Montoya Juny 
Published: April 2017

Introduction Curriculum integration is widely discussed in medical education but remains ill defined. Although there is plenty of information on logistical aspects of curriculum integration, little attention has been paid to the contextual issues that emerge from its practice and may complicate students’ knowledge integration. Therefore, we aimed to uncover how curriculum integration is manifested through context.
Methods We collected data from the official curriculum and interviewed ten participants (including curriculum designers, facilitators, and students) in the bachelor’s medical program at Aalborg University. We observed various learning activities focused on pre-clinical education. Inspired by grounded theory, we analyzed the information we gathered.
Results The following theoretical constructs emerged after the inductive analysis: 1) curriculum integration complexity is embedded in the institutional learning perspectives; 2) curriculum integration is used to harmonize conflicting learning perspectives in curriculum practice; 3) curriculum integration creates tensions that self-organize its structure; and 4) curriculum integration becomes visible in collaborative learning spaces.
Discussion These constructs provide a framework for analyzing curriculum integration in the context in which it is meant to appear, which may assist educationalists to gain a more specific understanding of the term. This may enable effective curriculum integration since contextual issues are addressed in addition to the goals specified in the official curriculum.
A&nbsp;qualitative study of undergraduate clerkships in the intensive care unit: It’s a&nbsp;brand new world
Authors: O’Connor Enda , Moore Michael , Cullen Walter , Cantillon Peter 
Published: April 2017

Introduction While ICU clerkships are commonplace in undergraduate medical education, little is known about how students learn there. This study aimed to explore students’ perceptions of the ICU as a learning environment, the factors influencing their learning and any perceived differences between learning in the ICU and non-ICU settings.
Methods We used interpretivist methodology, a social cognitive theoretical framework and a qualitative descriptive strategy. Ten medical students and four graduate doctors participated in four semi-structured focus group discussions. Data were analyzed by six-step thematic data analysis. Peer debriefing, audit trail and a reflexive diary were used.
Results Social cognitive influences on learning were apparent in the discussions. Numerous differences emerged between ICU and non-ICU clinical clerkships, in particular an unfamiliarity with the environment and the complex illness, and difficulty preparing for the clerkship. A key emergent theme was the concept of three phases of student learning, termed pre-clerkship, early clerkship and learning throughout the clerkship. A social cognitive perspective identified changes in learner agency, self-regulatory activities and reciprocal determinism through these phases. The findings were used to construct a workplace model of undergraduate intensive care learning, providing a chronological perspective on the clerkship experience.
Conclusions The ICU, a rich, social learning environment, is different in many respects to other hospital settings. Students navigate through three phases of an ICU clerkship, each with its own attendant emotional, educational and social challenges and with different dynamics between learner and environment.
Disinfection of the Radiologist Workstation and Radiologist Hand Hygiene: A Single Institution Practice Quality Improvement Project
Authors: Quon Jeffrey S. , Dilauro Marc , Ryan John G. 
Published: April 2017

Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the workstation disinfection rates and hand hygiene of radiologists and trainees at shared departmental workstations and assess the impact of education and reminder placards on daily habits. Methods A 10-question survey was administered to all staff radiologists, fellows, and residents at our institution. The questions pertained to workstation disinfection, hand hygiene habits, and accessibility to disinfectant wipes and hand sanitizer stations. Subsequently, a short educational PowerPoint presentation was emailed to the department and small reminder placards were placed at each workstation. A follow-up survey was administered. Chi-square and Wilcoxon signed-rank tests were used to analyse the results. Results The percentage of participants who disinfect their workstations 1-2 times/week, 3-4 times/week or everyday increased from 53.4% (45 of 84 participants) to 74.3% (55 of 74 participants; P = .01), while the number who disinfect their workstation <1 time/week or never decreased from 46.4% (39 of 84 participants) to 25.7% (19 of 74 participants; P = .01). Hand washing before working at the workstation increased from 41.6% (35 of 84 participants) to 48.7% (36 of 74 participants; P = .76) and hand washing after working at the workstation increased from 50.0% (42 of 84 participants) to 56.8% (42 of 74 participants; P = .49). Conclusions At our institution, the implementation of daily reminder placards at each workstation and the administration of an educational PowerPoint presentation improved the rate of radiologist workstation disinfection.
Protein Array-Based Approaches for Biomarker Discovery in Cancer
Authors: Huang Yi , Zhu Heng 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Biomarkers are deemed to be potential tools in early diagnosis, therapeutic monitoring, and prognosis evaluation for cancer, with simplicity as well as economic advantages compared with computed tomography and biopsy. However, most of the current cancer biomarkers present insufficient sensitivity as well as specificity. Therefore, there is urgent requirement for the discovery of biomarkers for cancer. As one of the most exciting emerging technologies, protein array provides a versatile and robust platform in cancer proteomics research because it shows tremendous advantages of miniaturized features, high throughput, and sensitive detections in last decades. Here, we will present a relatively complete picture on the characteristics and advance of different types of protein arrays in application for biomarker discovery in cancer, and give the future perspectives in this area of research.