bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
To compare the efficacy of two probiotics in acute non bloody diarrhea
Authors: Kumar Mohitesh , Ahmed Minhajuddin , Vohra Pankaj , Warsi Sumbul 
Published: December 2016

Background: According to WHO watery diarrhea is defined as passage of 3 or more loose stools without blood during preceding 24 hrs. End point of diarrhea was defined as passage of 3 stools of formed consistency. The objective of this study was tocompare the efficacy of two groups of commercially available probiotics in treating children hospitalized with acute non-bloody diarrhea on the basis of duration of stay in hospital, frequency of stool per day and duration of requirement for intravenous fluid. And to compare the results of probiotics in Rotavirus antigen positive children.Methods: A prospective interventional study was conducted in Holy Family Hospital, New Delhi in children aged between 6 months - 5 years hospitalized with acute non bloody diarrhea with 30 children in each group.Results: Total 123 children (6 months - 5 years) admitted in hospital with acute diarrhea, out of which 6 turned out to be bloody, 5 could not be followed up and 3 went LAMA. Finally 109 children with 68 males (62%) with male:female ratio of 1.65. Total 109 children (68 males) were included - Group A (33), 48 in Group B (48) and 28 in Group C (28). In a lateral study, Group A (11), Group B (23) and Group C (10) were Rotavirus positive. 49 children (45%) admitted with stool frequency of 5-10 times per day. Majority of children presented with symptoms like vomiting (68%), fever (55%), decrease oral intake (45%), decrease urine output (25%). Majority of patients 92 children (84%) were between 6 months to 2 years. 44 children (40%) were Rotavirus antigen positive.Conclusions: There is no statistical significant advantage of adding probiotics for treating acute non bloody diarrhea including Rotaviral.
Validation of language evaluation scale Trivandrum in children aged 3 -6 years attending well baby clinic in a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Singraiah Avinash , Hegde Pavan , Mendonsa Hazel D. 
Published: December 2016

Background: Delay in language development is often an early and most sensitive indicator of intellectual disability. Language delay should be detected in early stages for early intervention, so our study is to validate a simple screening tool to assess language and speech delay in a tertiary care setting. Present study was conducted to validate LEST to use in pediatric clinics to identify delay in language development among children of 3-6years, and to compare LEST and extended receptive expressive emergent scale (Extended REELS).Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study done in children aged 3-6 years attending well baby clinic at a tertiary care hospital. Total sample size was 100. After the written informed consent, LEST was applied to all children initially and then extended REELS was administered in the department of speech and hearing.Results: The prevalence of language and speech delay in the present study was 16%. When one item delay was taken as ‘LEST delay’ (test positive), the sensitivity and specificity of LEST was found to be 25% and 80% respectively with a negative predictive value of 85% and Likelihood ratio (LR - negative) of 0.9. When two item delay was taken as ‘LEST delay, sensitivity and specificity, was found to be 44% and 99% respectively with a negative predictive value of 91% and LR (negative) of 0.5.Conclusions: The 16% prevalence of language delay in the children indicates the need for an early identification and for it a simple screening tool like LEST is a must during the routine evaluation of young children in pediatric clinics.
Clinico-etiological pattern of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children
Authors: Dubey Shiv Ram Krishna , Bhadauria Neha , Shukla Mukesh , Mittal Purvi , Arya Arun Kumar , Singh R. P. 
Published: December 2016

Background: Upper GI bleeding (UGIB) is defined as bleeding occurring proximal to ligament of treitz. Upper gastrointestinal bleeding (UGIB) can lead to potentially serious and life-threatening clinical situation in children. Globally, the cause of UGIB differs significantly depending on variations in patient population and the presence of comorbid conditions. The objective of this study was to understand the clinico-etiological pattern of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in children in the age group 5-18 years, at a tertiary care centre in central India.Methods: This prospective study was carried out at a tertiary health care centre between January 2011 and August 2012. We consecutively enrolled all patients in the age group 5-18 years who came to our centre with hematemesis or hematemesis and malena both. Blood sample for CBC, stool sample for occult blood was taken and Ultrasonography of abdomen for liver echotexture, portal vein diameter/pressure and splenomegaly, done. Then, all patients underwent upper gastro intestinal endoscopy (Olympus GIF-V70 upper GI video endoscope).Results: Total 112 patients were included in the study during the study period. UGIB is most common in the age group 5-10 years (71.4%), followed by 10-14 years (26.8%). Hematemesis is the most common presenting symptom (75%) followed by both hematemesis and melena (25%). The most common causes of UGIB on EGD were oesophageal or gastric varices (91.1%) followed by erosive gastritis (5.3%), gastric ulcer (1.8%) and esophagitis (1.8%). Most common finding on ultrasonography (USG) abdomen was extra-hepatic portal venous obstruction (EHPVO) 75%, followed by liver cirrhosis (16.1%). No abnormality was detected on USG in 8.9% of patients.Conclusions: We conclude that Upper GI bleeding is more common in 5-10 years age group with hematemesis as the main presenting symptom. The causes of upper GI bleeding in children in developing countries are different from those in developed countries (variceal bleeding due to extra hepatic portal venous obstruction is the most common cause and peptic ulcer is rare).
To study the frequency, etiology and predisposing factors of urinary tract infection in children with nephrotic syndrome in Eastern Odisha Region: a hospital based study
Authors: Dash Dillip Kumar , Bisoi Swarup Kumar , Mohanty Mamata Devi , Dash Mrutunjaya , Acarya Naresh Chandra 
Published: December 2016

Background: The increased prevalence of infection in nephrotic syndrome is due to immunoglobulin loss, defective T cell function, and presence of ascites, relative malnutrition, and immunosuppressive therapy and associated with other factors. The objective of this study was to study the incidence, aetiology and the antibiotic sensitivity pattern of urinary tract infections (UTI) in children at presentation of nephrotic syndrome (NS).Methods: A retrospective hospital-based study carried out in IMS and SUM Hospital, Bhubaneswar, India. Seventy six children aged between two to twelve years with a diagnosis of NS at the time of were studied from April 2014 to March 2016.Results: The mean age of males was 5.9±0.5years and females are 6.2±0.8years. Pyuria was noted in 44 (57.89%) of the patients. Boys were more commonly affected with urinary tract infection than girls with a ratio of 1.9:1. UTI is the most common encountered infection and was predominantly caused by E. Coli in 18 (39%), Klebsiella species 7 (15.21%) and culture negative in 8 (17.28%) cases. There was high in vitro resistance of these organisms to cefixime and ampicillin but sensitive to cefotaxime, amikacin, ceftriazone , piperacillin- tazobactum and vancomycin.Conclusions: It is recommended that UTI should be sought for in patients with nephrotic syndrome and treatment should be prompt and appropriate taking into account of etiology and predisposing factors. UTI is one of the most common infections accompanying NS due to many factors. A high index of suspicion and early institution of appropriate antibiotics will help in reducing morbidity and mortality.
Clinical profile of children presenting with acute abdomen in a tertiary care centre of South Tamilnadu: a retrospective observational study
Authors: Rajma Jenish , A. C. Arun , R. V. Jeyabalaji , S. Natarajarathinam , G. Mathevan 
Published: December 2016

Background: Acute abdominal pain is a common presentation in both outpatient visits and emergency room. It can be organic or functional, medical or surgical. We did an observational study to evaluate the clinical profile of children presenting with acute abdominal pain <7 days duration and analyse the various medical and surgical causes for this clinical presentation.Methods: Children <15 years presenting with acute onset pain abdomen <7 days with or without fever, vomiting, loose stools or urinary symptoms and admitted in pediatric ward were included in the study. Out of the 205 children enrolled in the study, 120 were males and 85 were females.Results: Only 15.6% of cases were of surgical etiology requiring elective or emergency surgical interventions. Among the 173 children diagnosed with variety of medical conditions, the most common condition presenting with pain abdomen was acid peptic disease (16%) followed by acute gastro enteritis(14%) and Urolithiasis(13%). Increasing prevalence of acute pancreatitis and type 1 diabetes mellitus (13 cases each) in children were observed.Conclusions: Long term follow up of children presenting with mesenteric adenopathy without other significant pathology is warranted to avoid unnecessary empirical antituberculous treatment. Our study helped us to identify the different spectrum of etiologies across the three age groups (1-5 years, 6-10 years, 11-15 years) and some diseases were showing male or female predilection.
Clinico-epidemiological profile of acute respiratory infections and malnutrition in urban and rural population of central India
Authors: Jawade Pranav G. , Sukhsohale Neelam D. , Jawade Gayatri G. , Khan Binish Z. A. , Kakani Pratik K. , Aklujkar Saurabh P. , Dudhe Rajkumar K. , Bhagwat Aditya S. 
Published: December 2016

Background: Acute respiratory infections (ARI) and Malnutrition in children have tremendous burden on the health care sector of developing nations including India. The intensity with which these conditions are holding grip in the community is indeed a matter of concern and hence developing nations should develop an insight to assess the severity of it has become a necessity.Methods: A hospital based cross sectional study was carried out in children aged 0-14 years. Children were clinically assessed and diagnosis was made as URTI or LRTI Also anthropometry was performed and accordingly children were divided into categories of no malnutrition (NM), severe acute malnutrition (SAM) and moderate acute malnutrition (MAM) in ‘under 5’ years age children according to WHO guidelines, whereas children aged ‘above 5’ years were categorized as per the IAP guidelines.Results: It was observed that most of the mothers of children were illiterate with inadequate or absent ventilation and use of biomass fuels (chulha) for cooking purpose in households of rural children. The proportion of malnutrition was found to be equal in Under 5 children. In ‘above 5 years’ age study subjects, 52.4% of urban study subjects were normal as compared to 16.7% of rural study subjects.Conclusions: Our study implies that ARI and Malnutrition definitely is more prevalent in the pediatric population. Prevalence of URTI was found to be on a higher side in the rural population and LRTI prevalence was found to be higher in the urban population. Similarly, the prevalence of malnutrition was almost similar in ‘Under 5’ aged children, whereas the prevalence of malnutrition in ‘Above 5’ aged children was higher in the rural population than urban population.
How good are the examination findings in predicting the chest radiographic abnormalities amongst children with LRTI?
Authors: Goel Ishank , Kher Anjali , Vagha Jayant 
Published: December 2016

Background: Acute lower respiratory tract infections are an important cause of mortality and morbidity in children below five years of age. Plain chest radiograph remains the most accessible and commonly used radiological tool. The present study is thus designed to clinically evaluate children with pneumonia, to identify the risk factors and correlate them with the X-ray findings.Methods: Our study was an observational and Analytical study. A total of 250 patients from the age group of 2 months to 5 years, admitted in paediatrics wards with respiratory complaints suggestive of involvement of lower respiratory tract whose X-rays were done were included in our study. All the patients were examined by the clinical experts every day and the findings were being confirmed by at least two experts. Radiologists/residents in the department made the first assessment during their daily practice through online database. The radiologist, who was not informed about the results of the first assessment, re-examined the radiographs. X-ray findings were then compared with clinical features.Results: Out of 250 children, 137 patients had normal radiographs and 113 had abnormal radiographs. Pallor, intercostal retractions, subcostal retractions, grunt, nasal flaring, decreased breath sounds and crepts had a sensitivity of 80.53%, 84.07%, 76.99%, 70.80%, 76.99%, 73.45%, 62.83% and specificity of 30.66%, 35.77%, 67.88%, 82.48%, 36.50%, 88.32%, 49.64% respectively, in predicting the chest X-ray abnormalities in LRTI.Conclusions: Tachypnea, pallor, retractions, grunt, nasal flaring, decreased breath sounds and crepitations were the main indicators of ALRI confirmed by X-ray. Inspection and Auscultation were two more important pillars of Respiratory system examination in children, where we could predict abnormal X-ray findings.
Study of perinatal factors in children with developmental delay
Authors: Charan Goli Sri , Vagha Jayant 
Published: December 2016

Background: Birth history gives important information in children with developmental delay. Developmental challenge in children is an emerging problem across the globe, which is largely associated with improved neonatal survival. The present study highlights the importance of birth history in children with developmental delay in our hospital. The objective of this study was to study the perinatal events in children with developmental delay.Methods: Observational descriptive study was conducted on children between 6 months to 5 years who were admitted in Pediatric wards with suspected history of developmental delay. DDST II scale was performed on these children and children who failed on Denver II scale were recruited into the study. Birth history was noted in detail, if available, documentation of birth events was asked for and noted. Developmental history with developmental quotient (DQ), were noted in detail.Results: 135 children had developmental delay, 113 (83.70%) were born by vaginal delivery and 22 (16.30%) were born by caesarian section, 46 (34.18%) had no cry at birth and remaining 89 (65.92%) had normal cry at birth. 104 (77.04%) were born by term gestation and 31 (22.96%) were born preterm. Birth weight was normal in 78 (57.7%) children, LBW was seen 47 (34.81%) and 5 children each with VLBW and ELBW and 35 (25.93%) were IUGR. On comparing the children born gestational age and birth body weight with all four domains, there was no significant difference.Conclusions: Global developmental delay was more common in children born at preterm, low birth weight, IUGR and children who had birth asphyxia. Birth weight and gestational age did not significantly affect any particular domain of development.
Study of ecology of malnutrition with respect to infection, infestation pattern, immunization and feeding practices in children attending tertiary care hospital
Authors: Kabbin Gautam M. , Chavan Vinod P. 
Published: December 2016

Background: It often quipped that half of the world is starving and other half is tyring to lose weight!!.Unfortunately India is in the former half of the world. Out of 667 million children under age five worldwide, 151 million children are stunted and 50 million children are wasted.Methods: The present study showed a very poor immunization status of malnourished children only 7.26% were completely immunized and 74.39% and 8.47% of malnourished children were partially immunized and unimmunized respectively. Study also showed a high incidence of wrong feeding practices like early weaning, prolonged exclusive breast feeding without adequate supplementation, and top feeding in the malnourished cohort. Study also showed a high prevalence of bronchopneumonia, UTI, GI infections in the study group. Tubercular meningitis, pyogenic meningitis, aspiration pneumonia contributed to majority of deaths. Malnourished children are more likely to have anemia, xerophthalmia, bacteremia, bacteriuria, pneumonia, GI infection and tuberculosis. The study was conducted in the Department of Pediatrics, VIMS and Head Quarters Hospital Bellary from December 2006 to December 2007.Results: In this study out of 8 HIV positive children 6 children had been breast fed and 2 were top fed. Study also showed a high prevalence of bronchopneumonia, UTI, GI infections in the study group. Tubercular meningitis, pyogenic meningitis, aspiration pneumonia contributed to majority of deaths. Malnourished children are more likely to have anemia, xerophthalmia, bacteremia, bacteriuria, pneumonia, GI infection and tuberculosis. In cases with severe malnutrition, screening for HIV infection must be done.Conclusions: Education regarding early initiation of breast feeding within one hour of birth, exclusive breast feeding for 4 to 6 months and continued breast feeding for 2 years or beyond with adequate supplementation must be emphasized. Last but not the least, the importance of immunization in breaking the vicious cycle of infection and malnutrition should be made known to the community at large through effective usage of mass media.
A study on the awareness of the weaning practices and the determinants affecting them in a rural hospital based pediatric outpatient clinic of Maval Taluka, Maharashtra
Authors: Ambike Deepali , Bhavari Vijay , Poker Faisal , Ahmed Kaenat 
Published: December 2016

Background: Malnutrition and micronutrient deficiencies is a very common cause of late weaning and improper weaning practices. There are many factors affecting the weaning practices in developing countries like India which may act as hindrance to the proper weaning methods. The objective of this study was to know the awareness about weaning or complementary feeding practices in the mothers of children attending the pediatric OPD. And to study the various determinants affecting the weaning or Complementary feeding practices in this rural population.Methods: This study is a cross-sectional study conducted in pediatric immunization outpatient clinic of M.I.M.E.R medical college, Talegaon (D) during the period from May to September 2016.About 300 parents were interviewed with a semi open questionnaire.Results: Out of total 304 respondents, total unawareness regarding weaning was the reason for not starting complimentary feeding at 6-months in 64 respondents (21.1%). Majority of the respondents (210, 69.1%) revealed that they prefer home based complimentary feeding. A total of 125 respondents (41.1%) admitted that they stopped the feeding in the event of illness.Conclusions: Incorrect weaning practices, withholding breastfeeding and improper feeding during illnesses are the major deterrents which can hamper proper weaning techniques and are major contributory factors in increasing Malnutrition.
Etiological profile of respiratory distress in first day of life of a newborn baby
Authors: Rao Gavara Chinna , Rao Marpi Surya Prasada 
Published: December 2016

Background: Respiratory distress in neonates is one of the important clinical manifestations of a variety of disorders of the respiratory system and non-respiratory disorders. It has been estimated that 40-50% of all the perinatal deaths occur following respiratory distress. The objective of this study was to estimate the proportion of respiratory distress in the new-born period. And know the etiological factors of respiratory distress in first day of life and to study the first day of life morbidity and mortality of respiratory distress in NICU.Methods: All newborn babies admitted to King George Hospital NICU during a period of 1 year from July 2014 to July 2015 who developed respiratory distress in first day of life were studied.Results: The present study is descriptive in nature where clinical spectrum of respiratory distress in neonates and its outcome were studied. 1500 Neonates were admitted in NICU during the study period, among them 200(13.3%) Developed respiratory distress in first day of life. In the overall study 97.5% Survived with 5 deaths. 3 Deaths were due to preterm with RDS, 2 due to CDH. Most of the deaths were due to RDS.Conclusions: MAS was the main cause of respiratory distress followed by RDS in first day of life. Immediate clinical outcome of new-born respiratory distress in term of mortality rate is variable.
Serum sodium as a prognostic marker in dengue fever cases admitted to PICU in Navodaya hospital, Raichur, India
Authors: Reddy A. Akshay , Reddy T. Prashanth , G. M. Pranam , Pranam Usha , Manjunath G. A. 
Published: December 2016

Background: Dengue fever is an arboviral infection which is mosquito transmitted, most common in tropical and subtropical countries. Worldwide around 2.5 billion population are at the risk of developing dengue infection.Methods: The study was carried out in a 5 bedded (high dependency unit) PICU of Navodaya Medical College and Hospital, Raichur, Karnataka, India. The study was approved by the ethical committee of the hospital. The study was performed over a period of 12 months from August 2015 - August 2016. The study group included individuals from the age group of 1 month to 18 years, who were diagnosed with dengue fever. Results: Out of the total 99 cases, 36 cases had no variation in serum sodium levels, 33 cases were mild hyponatremic, 12 cases were moderate hyponatremic and 18 cases were severely hyponatremic. Out of the 36 cases with normal serum sodium levels, only 1 case progressed to bleeding complications. Out of the 33 cases with mild serum sodium levels, 2 cases progressed to complications out of which 1 case having bleeding manifestations and 1 case having both bleeding and central nervous system (CNS) complications.Conclusions: Hyponatremia is the most common electrolyte disturbance in dengue fever as well as dengue associated complications. The lower the serum sodium levels the higher is the incidence of complications associated with dengue fever. The incidence of CNS and bleeding complications is more as compared to the RS and hepatobiliary complications. The incidence of RS and hepatobiliary complications is high with moderate and severe hyponatremia. Thus serum sodium plays a most important role in the prognosis of dengue fever and associated complications.