bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A New Formula for Estimating the Threshold Wind Speed for Snow Movement
Authors: He Siwei , Ohara Noriaki 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThreshold wind speed for snow movement is one of the most important parameters describing the wind‐transport snow process. A majority of previous studies used empirical and constant threshold wind speeds while the variations of atmosphere condition and snow age seem to greatly affect the snow settlement process. This study tested the hypothesis that the threshold wind speed for snow transport increases as deposition time passed since last snowfall by introducing a new formula of the threshold wind speed for snow movement. It was theoretically derived based on the sintering process modeling and the moment balance of a snow particle. Through this formula, the influences of snow particle size, temperature, and deposition time on the threshold wind speed were explicitly taken into consideration. However, two empirical parameters in the sintering process modeling remained in the new formula, and they were determined by a calibration‐validation procedure using the field observed snow flux data. The snow flux and meteorological data collected at the ISAW stations (http://www.iav.ch) including large number of snow transport events during five winter seasons were used to test this formula. It was shown that the new formula qualitatively described the threshold wind speed required for the incipient motion of snow under various conditions in the natural environment of the Alps.
Path Analysis
Authors: Seneta Eugene 
Published: September 2017

AbstractPath analysis may be consistently developed in terms of the notion of a best linear predictor for one random variable in terms of a number of others. The residual of such a prediction has zero expectation and is uncorrelated with the predictor variables. The basic tools for path analysis of standardized random variables are a correlation table (possibly estimated) of all nonresidual random variables and a causal scheme (path diagram). The direct causes of each endogenous random variable are regarded as its predictor variables and the residuals added to the diagram as exogenous variables. Allowance must be made for possible correlation between every pair of exogeneous variables. Matrix methods may be used to check recursiveness, and a matrix formulation of decomposition of correlation is presented.
Causal Diagrams
Authors: Greenland Sander , Pearl Judea 
Published: September 2017

AbstractFrom their inception, causal systems models (more commonly known as structural equations models) have been accompanied by graphical representations or path diagrams that provide compact summaries of qualitative assumptions made by the models. These diagrams can be reinterpreted as probability models, enabling use of graph theory in probabilistic inference, and allowing easy deduction of independence conditions implied by the assumptions. They can also be used as a formal tool for causal inference, such as predicting the effects of external interventions. Given that the diagram is correct, one can see whether the causal effects of interest (target effects or causal estimands) can be estimated from available data, or what additional observations are needed to validly estimate those effects. One can also see how to represent the effects as familiar standardized effect measures. This article gives an overview of the following: (i) components of causal graph theory; (ii) probability interpretations of graphical models; and (iii) methodological implications of the causal and probability structures encoded in the graph, such as sources of bias and the data needed for their control.
Medical Ethics and Statistics
Authors: Hutton Jane L. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractEthical choice and behavior in health care practice and research require an understanding of uncertainty and the contribution that can be made by statistical methods. Various criteria for judging what is “best” are discussed in relation to routine medical practice, the perception of “normality”, screening for disease, epidemiological research, and the communication of uncertainty. Attention is given to the ethics of reproducible research, medical research in developing countries, informed and uninformed consent, and cluster randomized trials. Guidelines provided by various national and international organizations are described.
Causation
Authors: Greenland Sander 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The concepts of cause and effect are central to most areas of scientific research, so it is not surprising that the literature on them could fill a small library. What may be surprising, given their importance, is that consensus about basic definitions and methods for causation and causal inferences remains limited. This article focuses on major concepts that have entered modern statistical practice, chiefly in the form of counterfactual analysis and potential outcome models.
Classical Statistical Inference: Practice Versus Presentation
Authors: Harris Richard J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractClassical statistical inference is a useful tool in determining whether sufficient evidence has been marshaled to establish the direction of a population effect. Ifp(the probability that a sample effect as large as or larger than the observed effect size would be obtained when sampling from a population in which the effect size is zero) is very low, we conclude that the population effect goes in the same direction as the sample effect. Otherwise, we conclude that there is insufficient evidence to be confident of the direction of the effect in the population. Misunderstanding and misrepresentation of this logic has a number of unfortunate consequences against which I attempt to inoculate the reader.
Transitional Ordinal Modeling
Authors: Ganjali Mojtaba , Baghfalaki Taban , Ghahrodi Zahra R. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractLongitudinal ordinal response data are pervasive and investigating the effect of previous responses along with considering the effect of covariates on the current response need major concern. Hence, to look at the change of response over time, some issues about the choice of transition model, the appropriate order of the transition model, the methods of estimation, and initial condition problem are discussed. Researches toward each of these issues are also mentioned. In the end, two real data sets are analyzed using transition models.
Finite Element Methods
Authors: Brenner Susanne C. , Carstensen Carsten 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis introductory chapter on the mathematical theory of finite element methods (FEMs) discusses itsh‐version for elliptic boundary value problems in the displacement formulation. Topics addressed range froma prioritoa posteriorierror estimates and also include weak forms of elliptic partial differential equations, Galerkin schemes, finite element spaces, and adaptive local mesh refinement. Nonconformities and variational crimes, as well as algorithmic aspects, conclude the chapter.
Delivering decision making support to people with cognitive disability — What has been learned from pilot programs in Australia from 2010 to 2015
Authors: Bigby Christine , Douglas Jacinta , Carney Terry , Then Shih‐Ning , Wiesel Ilan , Smith Elizabeth 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe UNCRPD has generated debate about supported decision making as a way to better enable people with cognitive disability to participate in decision making. In Australia, between 2010–2015, a series of projects have piloted various models of delivering decision making support. A critical review was conducted on the program documents and evaluations of these pilot projects. The pilots were small scale, conducted by both statutory and non‐statutory bodies, and adopted similar designs centred on supporting a decision maker/supporter dyad. Primarily, participants were people with mild intellectual disability. Themes included: positive outcomes; uncertain boundaries of decision support; difficulty securing supporters; positive value of program staff and support to supporters; limited experience and low expectations; and varying value of written resources. The lack of depth and rigour of evaluations mean firm conclusions cannot be reached about program logics, costs or outcomes of the pilots. The pilots demonstrate feasibility of providing support for decision making rather than resolving issues involved in delivering support. They suggest that some form of authority may facilitate the role of decision supporters, help to engage others in a person's life, and integrate decision making support across all life domains.
Enantioselektive Totalsynthese von 3β‐Hydroxy‐7β‐kemp‐8(9)‐en‐6‐on, ein aus höheren Termiten isoliertes Diterpen
Authors: Wang Yuzhou , Jäger Anne , Gruner Margit , Lübken Tilo , Metz Peter 
Published: September 2017

AbstractDie erste Totalsynthese des Titelditerpens wurde ausgehend vom Wieland‐Miescher‐Keton erreicht. Eine diastereoselektive Sulfa‐Michael‐Addition ermöglichte die Erzeugung der empfindlichen β,γ‐ungesättigten Ketoneinheit, während das tetracyclische Kempan‐Gerüst problemlos durch Dominometathese aufgebaut wurde.
Modification of tung oil–based polyurethane foam by anhydrides and inorganic content through esterification process
Authors: Shirke Amit G. , Dholakiya Bharatkumar Z. , Kuperkar Ketan 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIn this study, we have reported the synthesis of modified polyol from tung oil. The synthesis involves three steps: first, conversion of tung oil to hydroxylated tung oil by hydroxylation; second, alcoholysis with triethanolamine; and finally, the esterification of polyester polyol when reacted with phthalic anhydride (PA) or maleic anhydride (MA). Boric acid is also introduced into the polyol by chemical modification, which enhances the thermal properties of polyurethane foam (PUF). PUF is formulated by the reaction between polyol and isocyanate. A systematic comparison of flame retardancy and mechanical and thermal properties of modified PUF has been examined. The structural properties of modified polyol were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, proton NMR spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography, while the thermal and mechanical properties of the formulated PUF were studied by scanning electron microscopy, limiting oxygen index, differential scanning calorimetry, Izod impact, and flexural and compression strength. Thus PUF prepared from modified polyol with a proper distribution of soft and hard segments possesses better mechanical and thermal properties. The PA‐modified foams show better properties compared to unmodified and MA‐modified foams due to the aromaticity and crosslinking behavior of PA. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 45786.
Boron and Boron‐Containing Catalysts for the Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Propane
Authors: Grant Joseph T. , McDermott William P. , Venegas Juan M. , Burt Samuel P. , Micka Jack , Phivilay Somphonh P. , Carrero Carlos A. , Hermans Ive 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe front cover artwork for Issue 19/2017 is provided by the Hermans Laboratory at UW‐Madison (USA). The image shows the Swedish Chef who, being offered the scientific freedom to explore new recipes, discovered that boron is the most efficient catalyst for the oxidative upgrading of natural gas‐derived alkanes to highly‐desired olefins. It is a good reminder to the scientific community that despite decades of systematic research on ODH, serendipitous breakthroughs are still possible and can lead to new insights and applications. See the Communication itself at https://doi.org/10.1002/cctc.201701140.
A Highly Efficient Electrocatalyst Derived from Polyaniline@CNTs−SPS for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction
Authors: Xu Jingjing , Lu Shiyao , Zhou Han , Chen Xu , Wang Yuankun , Xiao Chunhui , Ding Shujiang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIt is of vital importance to develop novel, low‐cost, and high‐efficiency electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), which have a considerable impact on electrochemical energy conversion and storage devices, such as fuel cells and metal−air batteries. In this work, we demonstrate highly active nitrogen‐doped carbons with uniform hierarchical structures through sulfonated polystyrene (SPS), regulating the distribution of the PANI covering on carbon nanotubes (CNTs), prepared by using a reliable and controllable route. The as‐prepared electrocatalyst shows outstanding activity towards the ORR in alkaline media, manifesting comparable or even better performance compared to commercial Pt/C. The optimized nitrogen‐doped CNTs exhibit an onset potential (Eonset) of 0.94 V (vs. reversible hydrogen electrode (RHE)) and half‐wave potential (E1/2) of 0.83 V (vs. RHE) in 0.1 M KOH with superior stability, durability, and methanol tolerance, suggesting their promising applications in fuel cells and metal−air batteries. The significantly improved electrochemical properties demonstrate that the unique SPS layer anchoring on the surface of CNTs in the as‐designed PANI@CNTs‐SPS contributes to a uniform distribution of nitrogen sites throughout the catalyst.
Generation of Multicomponent Molecular Cages using Simultaneous Dynamic Covalent Reactions
Authors: Drożdż Wojciech , Bouillon Camille , Kotras Clément , Richeter Sébastien , Barboiu Mihail , Clément Sébastien , Stefankiewicz Artur R. , Ulrich Sébastien 
Published: September 2017

AbstractCage compounds are very attractive structures for a wide range of applications and there is ongoing interest in finding effective ways to access such kinds of complex structures, particularly those possessing dynamic adaptive features. Here we report the accessible synthesis of new type of organic cage architectures, possessing two different dynamic bonds within one structure: hydrazones and disulfides. Implementation of three distinct functional groups (thiols, aldehydes and hydrazides) in the structure of two simple building blocks resulted in their spontaneous and selective self‐assembly into aromatic cage‐type architectures. These organic cages contain up to ten components linked together by twelve reversible covalent bonds. The advantage provided by the presented approach is that these cage structures can adaptively self‐sort from a complex virtual mixture of polymers or macrocycles and that dynamic covalent chemistry enables their deliberate disassembly through controlled component exchange.
Inside Back Cover: Cu(II)‐Catalyzed Ligand‐Free Oxidation of Diarylmethanes and Second Alcohols in Water (Chin. J. Chem. 9/2017)
Authors: Wu Jianglong , Liu Yan , Ma Xiaowei , Liu Ping , Gu Chengzhi , Dai Bin 
Published: September 2017

The inside back cover picture shows a simple and efficient Cu(II)‐catalyzed ligand‐free oxidation of diarylmethanes and secondary alcohols using 70% TBHP in water. A series of diarylmethanes were directly oxidized into diaryl ketones in 67%–98% yields. Additionally, various secondary alcohols were also transformed into the desired products in 48%–98% yields. Importantly, the catalytic system in the absence of any organic solvent, surfactant, or phase transfer agent, had a wide substrate scope and a high tolerance for various functional groups. More details are discussed in the article by Liu et al. on page 1391–1395.
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A statistical approach to virtual server resource management
Authors: Kontoudis Dimitris , Fouliras Panayotis 
Published: September 2017

SummaryResource management is of key importance in a wide array of computer and network environments. Failure to effectively allocate resources necessary for smooth infrastructure operation may result in impediments in successful service provisioning. This is especially prominent in environments whose workloads present fluctuating resource demand, such as in Cloud‐based infrastructures. The mathematical science of statistics offers an extensive theoretical and practical toolbox that can be of potential use in tackling such problems in the information technology domain. We propose a novel approach to resource management of virtualized data center components. We have worked toward creating a mechanism that allows for dynamic resource allocation, adapting to the changing demand patterns. Our system incorporates a resource controller, based on Statistical Process Control, which permits the online management of a virtual machine's processor and memory capacity through real‐time analysis of its observed performance. We successfully demonstrate our approach, with real data, on an architecture running the core banking environment of a financial institution. The controller successfully manages the resource allocation of the virtual machine and stabilizes its performance while business workloads are being processed. Our approach can be extended to realize different workload models and to manage other types of hypervisor provisioned resources.
Selectively screen the antibacterial peptide from the hydrolysates of highland barley
Authors: Pei Jinjin , Feng Zhenzhen , Ren Ting , Jin Wengang , Li Xinsheng , Chen Dejing , Tao Yanduo , Dang Jun 
Published: September 2017

AbstractHighland barley is one of the most important industrial crops in Tibetan plateau. Previous research indicated that highland barley has many medical functions. In this work, the antibacterial abilities of highland barley were investigated. The protein solutions hydrolyzed by trypsin for 4 h exhibited the highest antibacterial activity. An antibacterial peptide, barleycin, was screened and purified by magnetic liposome extraction combining with the protein profiles of reversed‐phase high‐performance liquid chromatography (RP‐HPLC). Structure, characterization, and safety evaluation of barleycin were further investigated. Amino acids sequence was determined as Lys‐Ile‐Ile‐Ile‐Pro‐Pro‐Leu‐Phe‐His by N‐sequencing. Circular dichroism spectra indicated the a‐helix conformation of barleycin. The activity spectrum included Bacillus subtilis, Staphylcoccus aureus, Listeria innocua and Escherichia coli and the MICs were from 4 to 16 μg/mL. Safety evaluations with cytotoxicity and hemolytic suggested this antibacterial peptide could be considered as safe at MICs. Finally, mode of action of barleycin on sensitive cells was primarily studied. The results suggested the damage of cell membrane.
Emotion Recognition in Face and Body Motion in Bulimia Nervosa
Authors: Dapelo Marcela Marin , Surguladze Simon , Morris Robin , Tchanturia Kate 
Published: September 2017

AbstractSocial cognition has been studied extensively in anorexia nervosa (AN), but there are few studies in bulimia nervosa (BN). This study investigated the ability of people with BN to recognise emotions in ambiguous facial expressions and in body movement. Participants were 26 women with BN, who were compared with 35 with AN, and 42 healthy controls. Participants completed an emotion recognition task by using faces portraying blended emotions, along with a body emotion recognition task by using videos of point‐light walkers. The results indicated that BN participants exhibited difficulties recognising disgust in less‐ambiguous facial expressions, and a tendency to interpret non‐angry faces as anger, compared with healthy controls. These difficulties were similar to those found in AN. There were no significant differences amongst the groups in body motion emotion recognition. The findings suggest that difficulties with disgust and anger recognition in facial expressions may be shared transdiagnostically in people with eating disorders. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
An Adjunctive Multi‐family Group Intervention with or without Patient Participation during an Inpatient Treatment for Adolescents with an Eating Disorder: A Pilot Study
Authors: Depestele Lies , Claes Laurence , Dierckx Eva , Colman Roos , Schoevaerts Katrien , Lemmens Gilbert M.D. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis study reports on a pilot study of a family group intervention with or without patient participation adjunctive to a specialized inpatient treatment for eating disorders (EDs). Participants were 112 female adolescent ED inpatients and one or both of their parents. The parents were invited to participate in an adjunctive multi‐family group with patient (MFT) or in a similar multi‐parent group without patient participation (MPT). Questionnaires assessing ED symptoms, family functioning and caregiving experiences were administered before and after intervention. Post‐intervention results obtained from both patient and parent(s) indicated that improvement in ED symptoms and parental burden occurred after both types of interventions. Family functioning improved differently according to the informant: fathers reported an improvement of general family functioning, patients reported an improvement of problem solving and mothers reported a decrease in problem solving across both formats. This study emphasized the importance of including a multi‐informant approach in family interventions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and Eating Disorders Association.
The Role of Epigenomics in Aquatic Toxicology
Authors: Brander Susanne M. , Biales Adam D. , Connon Richard E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract

Over the past decade, the field of molecular biology has rapidly incorporated epigenetic studies to evaluate organism–environment interactions that can result in chronic effects. Such responses arise from early life stage stress, the utilization of genetic information over an individual's life time, and transgenerational inheritance. Knowledge of epigenetic mechanisms provides the potential for a comprehensive evaluation of multigenerational and heritable effects from environmental stressors, such as contaminants. Focused studies have provided a greater understanding of how many responses to environmental stressors are driven by epigenetic modifiers. We discuss the promise of epigenetics and suggest future research directions within the field of aquatic toxicology, with a particular focus on the potential for identifying key heritable marks with consequential impacts at the organism and population levels. Environ Toxicol Chem 2017;36:2565–2573. © 2017 SETAC
On gradient‐based optimization strategies for inverse problems in metal forming
Authors: Landkamer P. , Söhngen B. , Steinmann P. , Willner K. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn the context of metal forming, optimization issues typically lead to inverse problems with a least‐squares minimization as the objective. Due to the nonlinearities in forming simulations, iterative optimization approaches have to be considered. Gradient‐based solution strategies for two inverse problems are proposed and compared to each other. Firstly, the identification of elasto‐plastic material parameters is regarded. Secondly, a recently developed approach for the determination of an optimal workpiece design is investigated. As a special feature, both approaches can be coupled in a non‐invasive fashion to arbitrary external finite element software via subroutines.
Simulation of Cutting processes by the Particle Finite Element Method
Authors: Sabel Matthias , Müller Ralf , Sator Christian 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe cutting process is characterised by large deformations and large configurational changes. Especially the formation of chips and burrs pushes established modeling techniques to their limits. To overcome these difficulties, the particle finite element method (PFEM) combines the benefits of discrete modeling techniques and methods based on continuum mechanics. In this work an outline of the PFEM algorithm is provided and the method is tested in a comparison to the standard finite element method (FEM). The influence of the boundary detection within the PFEM algorithm on the structural integrity of the material is studied and the numerical examples include a tensile test as well as cutting simulations, and parameter studies on important process parameters in cutting.