bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Embryonic stem‐like cells from rabbit blastocysts cultured with melatonin could differentiate into three germ layers in vitro and in vivo
Authors: Wei Ruxue , Zhao Xueming , Hao Haisheng , Du Weihua , Zhu Huabin 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYThe rabbit is considered an important model animal from which to obtain embryonic stem cells because of the utility of this animal in physiology and reproductive research. Here, we derived rabbit ES‐like (rES‐like) cells from blastocysts of superovulated Japanese white rabbits using culture medium containing 10−7 M melatonin, 10 ng/mL basic fibroblast growth factor, and 1,000 IU/mL human leukemia inhibitory factor. This concentration of melatonin had the most significant positive effects on the proliferation inner cell mass‐derived cells (improving rates from 19.97% to 34.57%) and the longevity of passaging rES‐like cells. Melatonin also enhanced the expression of pluripotent genes—including alkaline phosphatase, Pou5f1, Sox2, Klf4, c‐Myc, Nanog, Line28a, and surface marker proteins—in fifth‐passage rES‐like cells. In vitro, these rES‐like cells could spontaneously differentiate into some somatic cells, such as beating cardiomyocytes; formed embryoid bodies; expressed markers of the three germ layers after differentiation; and formed teratomas after injection into non‐obese diabetic‐severe combined immune deficient (NOD‐SCID) mice. Thus, melatonin helped coax ES‐like cells from rabbit blastocysts, which raises intriguing questions about the relationship between pluripotency and proliferation in rabbit embryonic stem cells. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 83: 1003–1014, 2016 © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Patient‐centered benefit–risk assessment in duchenne muscular dystrophy
Authors: Hollin Ilene L. , Peay Holly L. , Apkon Susan D. , Bridges John F.P. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionThis study quantified caregiver and patient preferences for a therapeutic agent with demonstrated pulmonary benefits for Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Caregiver and patient differences were also explored.MethodsA best–worst scaling survey (BWS) was administered to caregivers and patients. Across 9 profiles, respondents selected the best and worst attributes. Utility scores were estimated using mixed logistic regression.ResultsRespondents indicated greatest preference for therapies that maintain their current level of cough strength for 10 years or for 2 years. Preference scores for risks were low: 50% chance of diarrhea and 4 additional blood draws per year.ConclusionThere is a strong preference for pulmonary benefit and willingness to trade off risks and burden to achieve these benefits. In exchange for maintaining cough strength for 10 years, respondents were willing to tolerate high probabilities of diarrhea and additional blood draws. Muscle Nerve 55: 626–634, 2017
Selectivity of conventional electrodes for recording motor evoked potentials: An investigation with high‐density surface electromyography
Authors: Gallina Alessio , Peters Sue , Neva Jason L. , Boyd Lara A. , Garland S. Jayne 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe objective of this study was to determine whether motor evoked potentials (MEPs) elicited with transcranial magnetic stimulation and measured with conventional bipolar electromyography (EMG) are influenced by crosstalk from non‐target muscles.MethodsMEPs were recorded in healthy participants using conventional EMG electrodes placed over the extensor carpi radialis muscle (ECR) and high‐density surface EMG (HDsEMG). Fifty MEPs at 120% resting and active motor threshold were recorded. To determine the contribution of ECR to the MEPs, the amplitude distribution across HDsEMG channels was correlated with EMG activity recorded during a wrist extension task.ResultsWhereas the conventional EMG identified MEPs from ECR in >90% of the stimulations, HDsEMG revealed that spatial amplitude distribution representative of ECR activation was observed less frequently at rest than while holding a contraction (P < 0.001).ConclusionsMEPs recorded with conventional EMG may contain crosstalk from non‐target muscles, especially when the stimulation is applied at rest. Muscle Nerve 55: 828–834, 2017
Wave filtering through a selective perfectly matched layer in multiscale couplings with dynamically incompatible models
Authors: Marchais J. , Chamoin L. , Rey C. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryIn this paper, we develop a strategy that enables a consistent wave transfer when coupling mechanical models exhibiting various description scales under dynamic loading. Incompatibilities between concurrent models are addressed by a selective filtering based on the perfectly matched layer framework and involving a dedicated projection operator. This filtering, performed in the vicinity of the coupling interface, aims at avoiding spurious wave reflections by automatically killing part of the signal with wavelength range not compatible with the downstream (coarser scale) model while the relevant complementary part is transferred. Performances of the proposed approach are evaluated in details by conducting one‐dimensional and two‐dimensional numerical experiments. The definition of the projection operator, which is a key point of the method, is particularly tackled by analyzing and comparing several possible choices. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Small weight gains during obesity treatment: normative or cause for concern?
Authors: Schumacher Leah M. , Gaspar Monika , Remmert Jocelyn E. , Zhang Fengqing , Forman Evan M. , Butryn Meghan L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryObjectivesThe objectives of the study are to characterize the frequency and size of small weight gains during behavioural weight loss treatment and to evaluate the relationship between small weight gains and weight loss outcomes.MethodsParticipants (n = 281) in a year‐long behavioural weight loss programme were weighed at treatment sessions, and between‐session weight gains were classified into several categories based on size. The occurrence of different gain magnitudes and their relation to weight loss were examined during both the active weight loss (months 1–6) and weight loss maintenance (months 7–12) phases of treatment.ResultsWeight gains were common during both phases of treatment, with smaller gains occurring more frequently than larger gains. Greater frequency of all gain magnitudes was associated with lesser weight loss during both phases. Additionally, participants who had just one or two weight gains of the smallest size examined (1.0–1.9 lb) lost less weight than those who had no gains.ConclusionsSmall gains appear to reflect true weight gain due to poor adherence to behavioural recommendations and are associated with worse weight loss outcomes, even when limited in number. Future research should examine how best to prevent small weight gains from occurring and how clinicians and participants should respond when a weight gain does occur to promote weight control success.
Designer Peptide Dendrons and Dendrimers Based Soft Materials Through Self‐Assembly
Authors: Haridas V. , Kumar P. P. Praveen , Dhawan Sameer , Devaki Sudha J 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA series of new aspartic and glutamic acid based peptide dendrons and dendrimers were designed and synthesized. The supramolecular assembly of these novel molecules were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), and attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared (ATR‐FTIR) spectroscopy. The dendrons and dendrimers formed gel in aqueous or in organic phase with excellent storage modulus as measured by rheometry. Glutamic acid‐based higher generation dendrons and dendrimers showed a minimum gelation concentration as low as 1 wt/v (%) in CHCl3. Interestingly, the higher generation dendrimers 5 d, 6 d, and 7 d gelated even polar solvent DMSO. The lipidated peptide dendrons showed thermotropic liquid crystalline behavior with the formation of columnar and smectic phase as confirmed by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarization optical microscopy (POM). These lipidated peptides exhibited well‐ordered specific modes of self‐assembly and hence could be exploited for several applications such as drug delivery vehicles and in tissue engineering.
Concise Review: The Malignant Hematopoietic Stem Cell Niche
Authors: Yao Juo-Chin , Link Daniel C. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) proliferation, self-renewal, and trafficking are dependent, in part, upon signals generated by stromal cells in the bone marrow. Stromal cells are organized into niches that support specific subsets of hematopoietic progenitors. There is emerging evidence that malignant hematopoietic cells may generate signals that alter the number and/or function of specific stromal cell populations in the bone marrow. At least in some cases, the resulting alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment confer a competitive advantage to the malignant HSC and progenitor cells and/or render them less sensitive to chemotherapy. Targeting these signals represents a promising therapeutic strategy for selected hematopoietic malignancies. In this review, we focus on two questions. How do alterations in bone marrow stromal cells arise in hematopoietic malignancies, and how do they contribute to disease pathogenesis?
The role of stable isotopes in understanding rainfall interception processes: a review
Authors: Allen Scott T. , Keim Richard F. , Barnard Holly R. , McDonnell Jeffrey J. , Renée Brooks J. 
Published: September 2016

The isotopic composition of water transmitted by the canopy as throughfall or stemflow reflects a suite of processes modifying rainfall. Factors that affect isotopic composition of canopy water include fractionation, exchange between liquid and vapor, and selective transmittance of temporally varying rainfall along varying canopy flowpaths. Despite frequent attribution of canopy effects on isotopic composition of throughfall to evaporative fractionation, data suggest exchange and selection are more likely the dominant factors. Temporal variability in canopy effects is generally consistent with either exchange or selection, but spatial variability is generally more consistent with selection. However, most investigations to date have not collected data sufficient to unambiguously identify controlling processes. Using isotopic data for improved understanding of physical processes and water routing in the canopy requires recognizing how these factors and processes lead to patterns of isotopic variability, and then applying this understanding toward focused data collection and analysis. WIREs Water 2017, 4:e1187. doi: 10.1002/wat2.1187This article is categorized under:

Science of Water > Methods
Corrosion of the Head-Stem Taper Junction—Are We on the Verge of an Epidemic?
Authors: Morlock Michael , Bünte Dennis , Gührs Julian , Bishop Nicholas 
Published: September 2016

Background The modular head taper junction has contributed to the success of total hip arthroplasty (THA) greatly. Taper corrosion and wear problems reported for large and extra-large metal-on-metal bearings as well as for bi-modular THA stems have cast doubt on the benefit of the taper interface. Presently, corrosion problems are being reported for nearly all kinds of artificial hip joints incorporating metal heads, questioning taper connections in general. Questions/purposes This study aimed to review the mechanical and electrochemical relationships that may lead to taper corrosion, which have been reported more commonly in recent literature, and to also review the contribution of patient characteristics and surgical techniques involved in taper assembly that may contribute to the problem. Methods The search criteria “(corrosion) AND (hip arthroplasty) AND (taper OR trunnion)” and “(hip arthroplasty) AND ((pseudotumor) OR (pseudo-tumor))” in PubMed and the JAAOS were used for the literature search. In addition, the arthroplasty registers were considered. Results Most studies acknowledge the multifactorial nature of the problem but concentrate their analysis on taper and implant design aspects, since this is the only factor that can be easily quantified. The sometimes conflicting results in the literature could be due to the fact that the other two decisive factors are not sufficiently considered: the loading situation in the patient and the assembly situation by the surgeon. All three factors together determine the fate of a taper junction in THA. There is no single reason as a main cause for taper corrosion. The combined “outcome” of these three factors has to be in a “safe range” to achieve a successful long-term taper fixation. Conclusion No, this is not the beginning of an epidemic. It is rather the consequence of disregarding known mechanical and electrochemical relationships, which in combination have recently caused a more frequent occurrence—and mainly reporting—of corrosion issues.
Mixed Micellization of Polyoxyethylene (20) Oleyl Ether with Cetylpyridinium Chloride at the Air–Water Interface
Authors: Desai Shobha , Bhagwat Sunil S. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAdsorption and micellization behaviour of binary surfactant mixtures containing a nonionic surfactant, polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether (C18‐1E20), and a cationic surfactant, cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC), was studied at the air–water interface using the Wilhelmy plate method. A pseudo‐phase separation model was used to analyse mixed micellization. A Margules equation with one constant (interaction parameter, β) was fitted to the nonideal behaviour of the mixed surfactant system. This system shows synergism (β = −6.0) for micellization. The dynamic behaviour and foamability of binary mixtures at the same bulk concentration and at different mole fractions were also studied using drop volume and horizontal impinging jet methods, respectively. It was found that with an increase in the mole fraction of C18‐1E20, the foamability of a mixture increases and t* value decreases.
Metropolitan Governance and Metropolitan Cities in Italy: Outdated Solutions For Processes of Urban Regionalisation?
Authors: Fedeli Valeria 
Published: September 2016

A form of metropolitan government in Italy was originally introduced in 1990. After 25 years, the approval of Law 56/2014 has opened a new season of experimentation, full of expectations but at the same time not exempt from critique. The paper presents and discusses the elements of innovation and path-dependency that have shaped the current normative framework, explaining in particular the climate under which the new law was adopted. The author critically focuses on three main problematic aspects of the law that institutes the new città metropolitana, i. e. the definition of boundaries, the nature of the new institution, and its competences and tools for action, considering their ability to deal with the challenges related to the processes of regional urbanisation affecting contemporary Italy.
Measuring informed consent capacity in an Alzheimer's disease clinical trial
Authors: Guarino Peter D. , Vertrees Julia E. , Asthana Sanjay , Sano Mary , Llorente Maria D. , Pallaki Muralidhar , Love Susan , Schellenberg Gerard D. , Dysken Maurice W. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionAccurately and efficiently determining a participant's capacity to consent to research is critically important to protect the rights of patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD).MethodsUnderstanding of the informed consent document was assessed in 613 community‐dwelling patients with mild‐to‐moderate AD enrolled in a randomized, placebo‐controlled trial. Associations were examined between clinically determined capacity to consent and (1) patient demographics and clinical characteristics and (2) the Informed Consent Questionnaire (ICQ), an objective measurement of a participant's factual understanding and perceived understanding.ResultsA total of 453 (74%) participants were determined to have capacity to consent by clinical judgment. ICQ perceived understanding, race, measures of cognitive function, and caregiver time were all significantly associated with the determination of capacity in multivariate analyses.DiscussionWe found a significant association between capacity and disease severity level, caregiver time, race, and ICQ perceived understanding.
L’espionnage en temps de paix en droit international public
Authors: NAVARRETE IÑAKI 
Published: September 2016

RésuméAvec la récente affaire d’espionnageTimor-Leste c Australieportée devant la Cour internationale de justice, les opérations de cyberespionnage telle GhostNet ou encore la mise sur écoute d’Angela Merkel, déterminer le statut de l’espionnage en temps de paix (ETP) est devenu un enjeu pressant. Or, celui-ci ne fait l’objet d’aucune définition et encadrement précis en droit international. La doctrine demeure quant à elle plutôt silencieuse. Face à cette situation, il est nécessaire de déterminer la légalité de l’ETP par un examen poussé des notions classiques du droit international public. C’est ce que la présente contribution tente de réaliser.
Psychological and Physical Impacts of Extreme Events on Older Adults: Implications for Communications
Authors: McClelland Erin , Amlôt Richard , Rogers M. Brooke , Rubin G. James , Tesh John , Pearce Julia M. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn recent years, a series of large-scale, high-profile natural disasters and terrorist attacks have demonstrated the need for thorough and effective disaster preparedness. While these extreme events affect communities and societies as a whole, they also carry specific risks for particular population groups. Crises such as Hurricane Katrina and the 2011 earthquake and tsunami disaster in Japan have illustrated the risk of significant and disproportionate morbidity and mortality among older adults during disasters. Age does not necessarily equate to vulnerability, but many physical and psychological consequences of the aging process can increase the risk of adverse outcomes. As the older population grows, so too does the need to ensure that adequate, practical, and appropriate measures exist to offset the specific risks from extreme events associated with this subpopulation. Effective risk and crisis communication plays a key role in mitigating the extent to which older adults are differentially affected during extreme events. By identifying the specific issues affecting older adults, this review highlights important areas for action for practitioners and policy-makers, particularly in the realm of crisis communication. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:127–134)
Instability and transition mechanisms induced by skewed roughness elements in a high-speed laminar boundary layer
Authors: Groskopf Gordon , Kloker Markus J. 
Published: September 2016

The disturbance evolution in a Mach-4.8 zero-pressure-gradient flat-plate boundary-layer flow altered by discrete three-dimensional roughness elements is investigated including a laminar breakdown scenario. Direct numerical simulation (DNS), as well as the biglobal linear stability theory based on two-dimensional eigenfunctions in flow cross-sections, are applied. Roughness elements with high ratios of spanwise width to streamwise length are compared at varying height and skewing angles with respect to the oncoming flow. For an oblique roughness, the element’s height is varied between 27 % and 68 % of the undisturbed boundary-layer thickness. Compared to a symmetric roughness element an obliquely placed element generates a more pronounced low-speed streak in the roughness wake. The linear stability analysis reveals the occurrence of eigenmodes that can be associated with the first and second modes in the flat-plate flow. At identical roughness height, larger amplification is found for the eigenmodes of the oblique set-up. The results are confirmed by unsteady DNS showing very good agreement with stability theory; transient-growth behaviour in the near wake of the roughness is of minor importance. The comparison of the results gained for adiabatic wind-tunnel flow conditions with those for atmospheric-flight conditions with wall cooling reveals significant differences in the wake vortex system with subsequent impact on the stability properties of the flow. The hot-flow cases are less unstable at identical roughness Reynolds numbers. A variation of the wall cooling shows that the roughness-wake first- and second-mode behaviour is similar to that of the flat-plate flow: wall cooling stabilizes the first-mode and destabilizes the second-mode instabilities of the roughness wake.
PROPERTY IN HUMAN BIOMATERIALS: A NEW METHODOLOGY
Authors: Douglas Simon , Goold Imogen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn disputes over the use and possession of the human body and its parts, there has been a marked reliance on property law concepts. Judges frequently resort to the language of “ownership”, “gifts”, “donations”, “trusts” and so on, in order to resolve disputes over the use of human biomaterials. When this happens, however, we observe certain recurring mistakes. Judges and academics writing in this area have sometimes misunderstood the basic rules governing the creation and operation of property rights. We do not seek to take a stance on the normative matters at stake. Our aim is to provide an accurate account of how property law could operate when applied in the context of human tissue use. We hope to redress some misconceptions, but our bigger goal is to provide a new methodology of how to work through the various questions that must be considered when determining how to regulate human tissue, by explaining how property principles would work at each stage. In this way, we seek to enable those who wish to debate whether property principles should be applied to human tissue the means to have accurate debates.
Co-infections of haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites in a North American songbird
Authors: SOARES LETÍCIA , ELLIS VINCENZO A. , RICKLEFS ROBERT E. 
Published: September 2016

SUMMARYHosts frequently harbour multiple parasite infections, yet patterns of parasite co-occurrence are poorly documented in nature. In this study, we asked whether two common avian blood parasites, one haemosporidian and one trypanosome, affect each other's occurrence in individuals of a single host species. We used molecular genotyping to survey protozoan parasites in the peripheral blood of yellow-breasted chats (Aves: Passeriformes [Parulidae]:Icteria virens) from the Ozarks of Southern Missouri. We also determined whether single and co-infections differently influence white blood cell and polychromatic erythrocyte counts, the latter being a measure of regenerative anaemia. We found a positive association between the haemosporidian and trypanosome parasites, such that infection by one increases the probability that an individual host is infected by the other. Adult individuals were more likely than juveniles to exhibit haemosporidian infection, but co-infections and single trypanosome infections were not age-related. We found evidence of pathogenicity of trypanosomes in that infected individuals exhibited similar levels of regenerative anaemia as birds infected with haemosporidian parasites of the genusPlasmodium. Counts of white blood cells did not differ with respect to infection status.