bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Making better sense of the mosaic of environmental measurement networks: a system-of-systems approach and quantitative assessment
Authors: Thorne Peter W. , Madonna Fabio , Schulz Joerg , Oakley Tim , Ingleby Bruce , Rosoldi Marco , Tramutola Emanuele , Arola Antti , Buschmann Matthias , Mikalsen Anna C. , Davy Richard , Voces Corinne , Kreher Karin , De Maziere Martine , Pappalardo Gelsomina 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. There are numerous networks and initiatives concerned with the non-satellite-observing segment of Earth observation. These are owned and operated by various entities and organisations often with different practices, norms, data policies, etc. The Horizon 2020 project GAIA–CLIM is working to improve our collective ability to use an appropriate subset of these observations to rigorously characterise satellite observations. The first fundamental question is which observations from the mosaic of non-satellite observational capabilities are appropriate for such an application. This requires an assessment of the relevant, quantifiable aspects of the measurement series which are available. While fundamentally poor or incorrect measurements can be relatively easily identified, it is metrologically impossible to be sure that a measurement series is correct. Certain assessable aspects of the measurement series can, however, build confidence in their scientific maturity and appropriateness for given applications. These are aspects such as that it is well documented, well understood, representative, updated, publicly available and maintains rich metadata. Entities such as the Global Climate Observing System have suggested a hierarchy of networks whereby different subsets of the observational capabilities are assigned to different layers based on such assessable aspects. Herein, we make a first attempt to formalise both such a system-of-systems networks concept and a means by which to, as objectively as possible, assess where in this framework different networks may reside. In this study, we concentrate on networks measuring primarily a subset of the atmospheric Essential Climate Variables of interest to GAIA–CLIM activities. We show assessment results from our application of the guidance and how we plan to use this in downstream example applications of the GAIA–CLIM project. However, the approach laid out should be more widely applicable across a broad range of application areas. If broadly adopted, the system-of-systems approach will have potential benefits in guiding users to the most appropriate set of observations for their needs and in highlighting to network owners and operators areas for potential improvement.
Methanesulfonic acid (MSA) migration in polar ice: data synthesis and theory
Authors: Osman Matthew , Das Sarah B. , Marchal Olivier , Evans Matthew J. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract. Methanesulfonic acid (MSA; CH3SO3H) in polar ice is a unique proxy of marine primary productivity, synoptic atmospheric transport, and regional sea-ice behavior. However, MSA can be mobile within the firn and ice matrix, a post-depositional process that is well known but poorly understood and documented, leading to uncertainties in the integrity of the MSA paleoclimatic signal. Here, we use a compilation of 22 ice core MSA records from Greenland and Antarctica and a model of soluble impurity transport in order to comprehensively investigate the vertical migration of MSA from summer layers, where MSA is originally deposited, to adjacent winter layers in polar ice. We find that the shallowest depth of MSA migration in our compilation varies over a wide range (∼ 2 to 400 m) and is positively correlated with snow accumulation rate and negatively correlated with ice concentration of Na+ (typically the most abundant marine cation). Although the considered soluble impurity transport model provides a useful mechanistic framework for studying MSA migration, it remains limited by inadequate constraints on key physico-chemical parameters – most notably, the diffusion coefficient of MSA in cold ice (DMS). We derive a simplified version of the model, which includes DMS as the sole parameter, in order to illuminate aspects of the migration process. Using this model, we show that the progressive phase alignment of MSA and Na+ concentration peaks observed along a high-resolution West Antarctic core is most consistent with 10−12 m2 s−1 < DMS < 10−11 m2 s−1, which is 1 order of magnitude greater than the DMS values previously estimated from laboratory studies. More generally, our data synthesis and model results suggest that (i) MSA migration may be fairly ubiquitous, particularly at coastal and (or) high-accumulation regions across Greenland and Antarctica; and (ii) can significantly change annual and multiyear MSA concentration averages. Thus, in most cases, caution should be exercised when interpreting polar ice core MSA records, although records that have undergone severe migration could still be useful for inferring decadal and lower-frequency climate variability.
“Men are made of the dust of the earth”: Time, Space, Matter, and Meaning in Cormac McCarthy's Blood Meridian
Authors: Hanssen Ken R. 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
While the narrative of Cormac McCarthy's novel Blood Meridian is expansive and involved, suggesting an unearthly realm of deeply resonant symbolic meaning, the lack of a reflective consciousness at the mimetic level leaves description the only form of convincing representation, opening up on an evolutionary vista beyond human valuation. But description in the novel is not wholly disembodied, outside time and space; it receives its impetus from the movement of characters through the landscape, the world of natural and cultural phenomena. Through his engagement with the exhaustive particularity of this chronotopic continuum, McCarthy is able to go beyond both metaphysical speculation and evolutionary determinism and offer a view of the individual in his proper relation to human history and the natural world, harnessing his ostensibly senseless narrative of violence to an ongoing struggle for meaning and moral articulation.
Introducció al mètode neosocràtic i el seu ús en educació
Authors: Casacuberta Sevilla David 
Published: November 2017

Presentem aquí de forma resumida l’anomenat mètode neo-socràtic, un mètode d’inspiració
filosòfica que facilita la descoberta del coneixement en un procès de diàleg on es descobreixen els principis centrals d’una disciplina aplicada treballant des d’un exemple concret. El mètode neo-socràtic té moltes aplicacions i pot ser en moltes ocasions una bona alternativa a les classes
magistral.
We present here a summary of the so-called neo-Socratic method, a method of philosophical inspiration that facilitates the discovery of knowledge in a process of dialogue where one discovers the core principles of an applied discipline working from a specific example. The neo-Socratic method has many applications and can often be a good alternative to lectures.
Noves estratègies per a un raonament crític sobre la ciutat
Authors: Franquesa Sànchez Jordi 
Published: November 2017

La intervenció sobre els entorns urbans i sobre la ciutat en termes generals requereix, a més de disposar d'una específica capacitat de lectura i comprensió de la mateixa, l'habilitat per trobar la resposta adequada que implica, necessàriament, una interpretació subjectiva i una aportació personal de l'arquitecte en el disseny urbà. Aquest escrit pretén mostrar una efectiva estratègia docent, l'e-portafoli, per poder garantir que l'alumne obté les competències específiques i també les transversals necessàries per a poder abordar un projecte urbà amb un suficient background instrumental i cognitiu davant la complexitat urbana que ha d'afrontar.
The intervention in urban environments and the city in general need, we also have a special ability to read and understand it, the ability to find the right answer that necessarily implies a subjective interpretation and personal contribution of the architect in urban design. This paper aims to show an effective teaching strategy, e-portfolio, to ensure that students get the specific skills and transversal necessary in order to address an urban project with a sufficient background instrumental and cognitive complexity facing urban must confront.
Diario de una arquitecta: formas para la disidencia en la Universidad de Alicante
Authors: Francés Verónica , Nieto Fernández Enrique José , Torres Nadal José Maria 
Published: November 2017

Desde su aparición, el Proyecto Fin de Carrera (PFC) se ha constituido en un documento fundamental para la articulación entre escuelas, estudiantes y la propia arquitectura en su calidad de materia universitaria. La Universidad de Alicante ha trabajado en la definición de un PFC que abandone progresivamente su papel pacificador par asumir el potencial crítico y creativo que su condición de falsa frontera entre el momento universitario y el profesional le otorgan. Aparece así la idea del Proyecto Inicio de Carrera (PIC). Esto implica una transformación arriesgada tanto de los modos docentes como de los sistemas de evaluación. También exige el diseño de debates en torno a los límites de la institución
universitaria o el papel del estudiante en su proceso formativo. Se presenta como estudio de caso el PFC de Verónica Francés, titulado Diario de una Arquitecta, con calificación de Matrícula de Honor en la convocatoria de
septiembre 2013.
Since its appearance, the Final Career Project (FCP) has become a key document in the articulation between schools, students and the architecture in its condition of matter of concern. The University of Alicante has worked on the definition of a FDP that progressively abandons its peacekeeping role just to assume the critical and creative potential that imposes the false condition of iterface between university and professional time. In this way appears the idea of an Early Career Project (ECP). This transformation involves risky methodologies and evaluation systems. It also requires the design of debates about the boundaries of the university or the student's role in their learning process. It is presented as a case study the PFC of Veronica Francés, entitled Diary of a Woman Architect qualified with Honors in September 2013.
A New Method to Detect Driver Fatigue Based on EMG and ECG Collected by Portable Non-Contact Sensors
Authors: Wang Lin , Wang Hong , Jiang Xin 
Published: November 2017

Recently, detection and prediction on driver fatigue have become interest of research worldwide. In the present work, a new method is built to effectively evaluate driver fatigue based on electromyography (EMG) and electrocardiogram (ECG) collected by portable real-time and non-contact sensors. First, under the non-disturbance condition for driver’s attention, mixed physiological signals (EMG, ECG and artefacts) are collected by non-contact sensors located in a cushion on the driver’s seat. EMG and ECG are effectively separated by FastICA, and de-noised by empirical mode decomposition (EMD). Then, three physiological features, complexity of EMG, complexity of ECG, and sample entropy (SampEn) of ECG, are extracted and analysed. Principal components are obtained by principal components analysis (PCA) and are used as independent variables. Finally, a mathematical model of driver fatigue is built, and the accuracy of the model is up to 91%. Moreover, based on the questionnaire, the calculation results of model are consistent with real fatigue felt by the participants. Therefore, this model can effectively detect driver fatigue.
An Event-based Simulation Model for Analysing the Utilization Levels of a Railway Line in Urban Area
Authors: Singhania Vatsal , Marinov Marin 
Published: November 2017

This paper offers a simulation model for analysing the utilization levels of a section of a railway line between Edinburgh Waverley and Glasgow Queen Street. Specifically, a segment of this line situated in the urban area of Edinburgh has been simulated using SIMUL8 to study the impacts of further inclusion of freight trains on the scheduled passenger trains. The utilisation levels of this segment have been observed in three scenarios: utilisation existing state where all scheduled passenger trains and a few freight trains are observed; utilisation in future state where more freight trains are input in available time gaps running at their actual speed; and utilisation future state where freight trains are input in available time gaps running at speed equivalent to a passenger train. A decomposition approach is implemented. The results suggest that extra freight trains can be input into the current timetables without impeding the current scenario, allowing a reasonable increase in utilisation of the rail line.
Impact and Implementation of Higher‐Order Ionospheric Effects on Precise GNSS Applications
Authors: Hadas T. , Krypiak‐Gregorczyk A. , Hernández‐Pajares M. , Kaplon J. , Paziewski J. , Wielgosz P. , Garcia‐Rigo A. , Kazmierski K. , Sosnica K. , Kwasniak D. , Sierny J. , Bosy J. , Pucilowski M. , Szyszko R. , Portasiak K. , Olivares‐Pulido G. , Gulyaeva T. , Orus‐Perez R. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHigh precision Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) positioning and time transfer require correcting signal delays, in particular higher‐order ionospheric (I2+) terms. We present a consolidated model to correct second‐ and third‐order terms, geometric bending and differential STEC bending effects in GNSS data. The model has been implemented in an online service correcting observations from submitted RINEX files for I2+ effects. We performed GNSS data processing with and without including I2+ corrections, in order to investigate the impact of I2+ corrections on GNSS products. We selected three time periods representing different ionospheric conditions. We used GPS and GLONASS observations from a global network and two regional networks in Poland and Brazil. We estimated satellite orbits, satellite clock corrections, Earth rotation parameters, troposphere delays, horizontal gradients, and receiver positions using global GNSS solution, Real‐Time Kinematic (RTK), and Precise Point Positioning (PPP) techniques. The satellite‐related products captured most of the impact of I2+ corrections, with the magnitude up to 2 cm for clock corrections, 1 cm for the along‐ and cross‐track orbit components, and below 5 mm for the radial component. The impact of I2+ on troposphere products turned out to be insignificant in general. I2+ corrections had limited influence on the performance of ambiguity resolution and the reliability of RTK positioning. Finally, we found that I2+ corrections caused a systematic shift in the coordinate domain that was time‐ and region‐dependent and reached up to −11 mm for the north component of the Brazilian stations during the most active ionospheric conditions.
Modeling North Atlantic Nor'easters With Modern Wave Forecast Models
Authors: Perrie Will , Toulany Bechara , Roland Aron , Dutour‐Sikiric Mathieu , Chen Changsheng , Beardsley Robert C. , Qi Jianhua , Hu Yongcun , Casey Michael P. , Shen Hui 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThree state‐of‐the‐art operational wave forecast model systems are implemented on fine‐resolution grids for the Northwest Atlantic. These models are: (1) a composite model system consisting of SWAN implemented within WAVEWATCHIII® (the latter is hereafter, WW3) on a nested system of traditional structured grids, (2) an unstructured grid finite‐volume wave model denoted “SWAVE,” using SWAN physics, and (3) an unstructured grid finite element wind wave model denoted as “WWM” (for “wind wave model”) which uses WW3 physics. Models are implemented on grid systems that include relatively large domains to capture the wave energy generated by the storms, as well as including fine‐resolution nearshore regions of the southern Gulf of Maine with resolution on the scale of 25 m to simulate areas where inundation and coastal damage have occurred, due to the storms. Storm cases include three intense midlatitude cases: a spring Nor'easter storm in May 2005, the Patriot's Day storm in 2007, and the Boxing Day storm in 2010. Although these wave model systems have comparable overall properties in terms of their performance and skill, it is found that there are differences. Models that use more advanced physics, as presented in recent versions of WW3, tuned to regional characteristics, as in the Gulf of Maine and the Northwest Atlantic, can give enhanced results.
What Controls Springtime Fine Dust Variability in the Western United States? Investigating the 2002–2015 Increase in Fine Dust in the U.S. Southwest
Authors: Achakulwisut Pattanun , Shen Lu , Mickley Loretta J. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe use empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis to investigate the role of meteorology in controlling the interannual variability of fine dust concentrations in the western United States during 2002–2015 March–May. We then develop a prediction model to explore the causes of an observed increase in fine dust concentrations during March in the Southwest. For each spring month, 54–61% of the total variance in fine dust anomalies can be explained by the first two leading EOF modes, which consist of a coherent pattern of covariability across the West and a dipole northwest‐southwest pattern. We identify the key meteorological controlling factors to be regional precipitation, temperature, and soil moisture, which are in turn mostly driven by large‐scale changes in sea surface temperature and/or atmospheric circulation patterns, including the El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO). In addition, fluctuations in the trans‐Pacific transport of Asian dust likely contribute to fine dust variability in March and April. We find that March fine dust concentrations have increased from 2002 to 2015 in the Southwest (0.06 ± 0.04 μg m−3 a−1, p < 0.05). Multiple linear regression analysis suggests that these increases are associated with the following: (1) regionally drier and warmer conditions driven by constructive interference between ENSO and PDO, (2) soil moisture reductions in areas spanning the North American deserts, and (3) enhanced trans‐Pacific transport. Our results provide an observational basis for improving dust emission schemes and for assessing future dust activity under climate change.
Estimates of the Size Distribution of Meteoric Smoke Particles From Rocket‐Borne Impact Probes
Authors: Antonsen Tarjei , Havnes Ove , Mann Ingrid 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIce particles populating noctilucent clouds and being responsible for polar mesospheric summer echoes exist around the mesopause in the altitude range from 80 to 90 km during polar summer. The particles are observed when temperatures around the mesopause reach a minimum, and it is presumed that they consist of water ice with inclusions of smaller mesospheric smoke particles (MSPs). This work provides estimates of the mean size distribution of MSPs through analysis of collision fragments of the ice particles populating the mesospheric dust layers. We have analyzed data from two triplets of mechanically identical rocket probes, MUltiple Dust Detector (MUDD), which are Faraday bucket detectors with impact grids that partly fragments incoming ice particles. The MUDD probes were launched from Andøya Space Center (69°17'N, 16°1'E) on two payloads during the MAXIDUSTY campaign on 30 June and 8 July 2016, respectively. Our analysis shows that it is unlikely that ice particles produce significant current to the detector, and that MSPs dominate the recorded current. The size distributions obtained from these currents, which reflect the MSP sizes, are described by inverse power laws with exponents of k∼ [3.3 ± 0.7, 3.7 ± 0.5] and k∼ [3.6 ± 0.8, 4.4 ± 0.3] for the respective flights. We derived two k values for each flight depending on whether the charging probability is proportional to area or volume of fragments. We also confirm that MSPs are probably abundant inside mesospheric ice particles larger than a few nanometers, and the volume filling factor can be a few percent for reasonable assumptions of particle properties.
A Dynamic Enhancement With Background Reduction Algorithm: Overview and Application to Satellite‐Based Dust Storm Detection
Authors: Miller Steven D. , Bankert Richard L. , Solbrig Jeremy E. , Forsythe John M. , Noh Yoo‐Jeong , Grasso Lewis D. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis paper describes a Dynamic Enhancement Background Reduction Algorithm (DEBRA) applicable to multispectral satellite imaging radiometers. DEBRA uses ancillary information about the clear‐sky background to reduce false detections of atmospheric parameters in complex scenes. Applied here to the detection of lofted dust, DEBRA enlists a surface emissivity database coupled with a climatological database of surface temperature to approximate the clear‐sky equivalent signal for selected infrared‐based multispectral dust detection tests. This background allows for suppression of false alarms caused by land surface features while retaining some ability to detect dust above those problematic surfaces. The algorithm is applicable to both day and nighttime observations and enables weighted combinations of dust detection tests. The results are provided quantitatively, as a detection confidence factor [0, 1], but are also readily visualized as enhanced imagery. Utilizing the DEBRA confidence factor as a scaling factor in false color red/green/blue imagery enables depiction of the targeted parameter in the context of the local meteorology and topography. In this way, the method holds utility to both automated clients and human analysts alike. Examples of DEBRA performance from notable dust storms and comparisons against other detection methods and independent observations are presented.
Do Lateral Flows Matter for the Hyperresolution Land Surface Modeling?
Authors: Ji Peng , Yuan Xing , Liang Xin‐Zhong 
Published: November 2017

AbstractHyperresolution land surface modeling provides an unprecedented opportunity to simulate locally relevant water and energy cycle, but lateral surface and/or subsurface flows that are essential at fine scale are often neglected by most one‐dimensional land surface models (LSMs). To analyze effects of lateral flows across scales, a Conjunctive Surface‐Subsurface Process model, which considers soil moisture‐surface flow interaction and quasi‐three‐dimensional subsurface flow, is implemented over a mountainous HyperHydro test bed in southwestern USA at different resolutions. Validation over more than 70 International Soil Moisture Network stations shows that there are significant improvements in soil moisture simulations from 30 km to 4 km as finer soil property and precipitation data are used, with correlation increased by 5%–16% and error decreased by 5%. Lateral surface flow has a significant influence on surface soil moisture and ground evaporation even at coarse resolution. Effect of lateral subsurface flow on soil moisture is nontrivial at 1 km or finer resolution especially over wet areas. At 100 m resolution, topography‐induced lateral subsurface flow causes drier peaks and wetter valleys, decreases latent heat by 8% at peaks, while increases it by 12% at valleys. Furthermore, influences of lateral subsurface flow on ground evaporation and vegetation transpiration are more significant during dry season due to a stronger coupling between soil moisture and evapotranspiration. Therefore, it is worthy to incorporate lateral flow processes in hyperresolution LSMs to better represent water and energy heterogeneity even with limited hyperresolution meteorological and surface data.