bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Effect of Input Enhancement and Concordance-based Activities on Iranian EFL Learners' Acquisition and Retention of Phrasal Verbs
Authors: BEHZADIAN KHATEREH 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
Phrasal verbs are commonly used in spoken English but they are difficult for learners to acquire. This is mainly because such verbs, in their combinations with various prepositional/adverbial particles, often exhibit figurative senses not readily clear to the learner. Due to the problems experienced by Iranian EFL learners in acquiring phrasal verbs, this study was designed to investigate the effectiveness of reading with input enhancement and concordance-based materials on 60 Iranian EFL learners' acquisition and retention of phrasal verbs. To this end, three intact classes were assigned to: 1) reading with input enhancement group, 2) concordance-based group, and 3) a control group. These classes had equal numbers of participants and prior to the treatment, participants were asked to complete a pre-test to ascertain their unfamiliarity with the target phrasal verbs. After a ten- session treatment period, the production and retention of the target phrasal verbs were tested through a post-test and a delayed posttest. The results of the ANOVA revealed the superiority of the reading with input enhancement group over concordance-based group in both acquisition and retention of phrasal verbs. In addition, through Pearson Correlation it was found that the knowledge of phrasal verbs has a positive relationship with learners' cloze reading comprehension. The study concluded with some pedagogical implications.
Pascal's Wager and the Long Conversation: Preserving the Scholarly Record in the Academic Library
Authors: BLACK DOUGLAS M 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACT
This essay explores ubiquity and transience in information resources, raising questions about the nature of a work and how researchers and librarians may need to adjust our assumptions about the nature of the scholarly record. In the academic library, keeping up with the accelerating pace of information production and the development of formats has become extremely difficult. While one of the long-assumed functions of libraries is to preserve the human record, the task has reached impossible proportions. Our current environment challenges our basic notions of what constitutes the human record. As information online moves into formats less fixed but more accessible, along with the format shifts have come significant changes in ownership and access models, forcing us to reconsider how we interact with information. Today's information ubiquity helps us see that we have created far more material documenting human experience than libraries have ever captured and preserved, and we may not have been preserving the human record as comprehensively as we have believed. The concurrent transience of information—the increasing pace at which it is changing and even becoming deliberately changeable—points to the difficulty of continuing to believe that content is static and that preservation is what research libraries do. We may need to begin thinking differently about what constitutes the scholarly record and how we create, evaluate, and use it. We may need to begin accepting that our lives and their documentation are more transitory than we have ever wanted to think.
Developing a predictive risk model for first‐line antiretroviral therapy failure in South Africa
Authors: Rohr Julia K , Ive Prudence , Horsburgh C Robert , Berhanu Rebecca , Shearer Kate , Maskew Mhairi , Long Lawrence , Sanne Ian , Bassett Jean , Ebrahim Osman , Fox Matthew P 
Published: September 2016

IntroductionA substantial number of patients with HIV in South Africa have failed first‐line antiretroviral therapy (ART). Although individual predictors of first‐line ART failure have been identified, few studies in resource‐limited settings have been large enough for predictive modelling. Understanding the absolute risk of first‐line failure is useful for patient monitoring and for effectively targeting limited resources for second‐line ART. We developed a predictive model to identify patients at the greatest risk of virologic failure on first‐line ART, and to estimate the proportion of patients needing second‐line ART over five years on treatment.MethodsA cohort of patients aged ≥18 years from nine South African HIV clinics on first‐line ART for at least six months were included. Viral load measurements and baseline predictors were obtained from medical records. We used stepwise selection of predictors in accelerated failure‐time models to predict virologic failure on first‐line ART (two consecutive viral load levels >1000 copies/mL). Multiple imputations were used to assign missing baseline variables. The final model was selected using internal‐external cross‐validation maximizing model calibration at five years on ART, and model discrimination, measured using Harrell's C‐statistic. Model covariates were used to create a predictive score for risk group of ART failure.ResultsA total of 72,181 patients were included in the analysis, with an average of 21.5 months (IQR: 8.8–41.5) of follow‐up time on first‐line ART. The final predictive model had a Weibull distribution and the final predictors of virologic failure were men of all ages, young women, nevirapine use in first‐line regimen, low baseline CD4 count, high mean corpuscular volume, low haemoglobin, history of TB and missed visits during the first six months on ART. About 24.4% of patients in the highest quintile and 9.4% of patients in the lowest quintile of risk were predicted to experience treatment failure over five years on ART.ConclusionsAge, sex, CD4 count and having any missed visits during the first six months on ART were the strongest predictors of ART failure. The predictive model identified patients at high risk of failure, and the predicted failure rates over five years closely reflected actual rates of failure.
Correlation Between Standardize Patients’ Perceptions of Osteopathic Medical Students and Students’ Self-Rated Empathy
Authors: McTighe Adam J. , DiTomasso Robert A. , Felgoise Stephanie , Hojat Mohammadreza 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Context: The use of standardized patients (SPs) promotes and enhances interpersonal skill sets of medical students and provides a critical opportunity for students to display their relational competence during simulated patient encounters.

Objective: To investigate whether SPs’ ratings of osteopathic medical students’ empathy and interpersonal skills correlate with students’ self-rated empathy.

Methods: The study used a cross-sectional quantitative design. After SP encounters, first-, second-, and third-year osteopathic medical students self-rated empathy using the Jefferson Scale of Empathy medical student version. Standardized patients also assessed students’ empathy using the Jefferson Scale of Patient Perceptions of Physician Empathy and interpersonal skills using the Professionalism Assessment Ratings Scale.

Results: Of 780 first-, second-, and third-year students, 717 students returned the survey (91.9%). In total, 383 students were women (53.4%) and 334 were men (46.6%). Of 717 SP encounters, SPs returned surveys for 648 encounters (90.3%). Ratings from SPs regarding their perceptions of osteopathic medical students’ empathetic abilities and interpersonal skills did not correlate with students’ self-rated empathy scores. Second- and third-year students were perceived by SPs as having better-developed empathetic and interpersonal skill sets when compared with first-year students. Results of SPs’ ratings indicated that the higher the interpersonal skills, the higher the SP-perceived empathy for students across all years (r=0.66; P<.001).

Conclusion: Students’ self-rated empathy did not correlate with SP-perceived empathy. However, the findings validated that students’ core relational competencies increase as they progress through medical school.
Improvement of voltage deficit of Ge-incorporated kesterite solar cell with 12.3% conversion efficiency
Authors: Kim Shinho , Kim Kang Min , Tampo Hitoshi , Shibata Hajime , Niki Shigeru 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We demonstrate the improved efficiency of a Cu2Zn(Sn1−

x
Ge
x
)Se4 (CZTGSe) thin-film solar cell with a conversion efficiency of 12.3%; this cell exhibits a greatly improved open-circuit voltage (V
OC) deficit of 0.583 V and a fill factor (FF) of 0.73 compared with previously reported CZTGSe cells. The V
OC deficit was found to be improved through a reduced band tailing via the control of the Ge/(Sn + Se) ratio. In addition, the high FF was mainly induced by a reduced carrier recombination at the absorber/buffer interface and/or in the space charge region, whereas parasitic resistive effects on FF were very small.
Rising atmospheric methane: 2007–2014 growth and isotopic shift
Authors: Nisbet E. G. , Dlugokencky E. J. , Manning M. R. , Lowry D. , Fisher R. E. , France J. L. , Michel S. E. , Miller J. B. , White J. W. C. , Vaughn B. , Bousquet P. , Pyle J. A. , Warwick N. J. , Cain M. , Brownlow R. , Zazzeri G. , Lanoisellé M. , Manning A. C. , Gloor E. , Worthy D. E. J. , Brunke E.‐G. , Labuschagne C. , Wolff E. W. , Ganesan A. L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractFrom 2007 to 2013, the globally averaged mole fraction of methane in the atmosphere increased by 5.7 ± 1.2 ppb yr−1. Simultaneously, δ13CCH4 (a measure of the 13C/12C isotope ratio in methane) has shifted to significantly more negative values since 2007. Growth was extreme in 2014, at 12.5 ± 0.4 ppb, with a further shift to more negative values being observed at most latitudes. The isotopic evidence presented here suggests that the methane rise was dominated by significant increases in biogenic methane emissions, particularly in the tropics, for example, from expansion of tropical wetlands in years with strongly positive rainfall anomalies or emissions from increased agricultural sources such as ruminants and rice paddies. Changes in the removal rate of methane by the OH radical have not been seen in other tracers of atmospheric chemistry and do not appear to explain short‐term variations in methane. Fossil fuel emissions may also have grown, but the sustained shift to more 13C‐depleted values and its significant interannual variability, and the tropical and Southern Hemisphere loci of post‐2007 growth, both indicate that fossil fuel emissions have not been the dominant factor driving the increase. A major cause of increased tropical wetland and tropical agricultural methane emissions, the likely major contributors to growth, may be their responses to meteorological change.
Regional‐scale jet waviness modulates the occurrence of midlatitude weather extremes
Authors: Röthlisberger Matthias , Pfahl Stephan , Martius Olivia 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSeveral studies have attributed the occurrence of recent weather extremes to an amplified waviness of the upper tropospheric jet stream. Although trends in jet waviness are still under discussion, it is crucial to better understand the mechanisms through which jet waviness affects weather extremes. Here we show that variations in jet waviness on regional scales effectively modulate the occurrence of daily weather extremes but in regionally different ways. The jet waviness over the North Atlantic and the North Pacific mainly affects where wind, precipitation and cold extremes occur, while a wavy jet over Eurasia strongly favors the occurrence of hot extremes in summer. This is because regional variations of jet waviness are intrinsically linked to the occurrence and tracks of synoptic‐scale weather systems, which can trigger the extremes. We conclude that potential jet waviness changes would affect the occurrence of weather extremes differently depending on where these changes occur.
Comment on “Atmospheric ionization by high‐fluence, hard spectrum solar proton events and their probable appearance in the ice core archive” by A. L. Melott et al.
Authors: Duderstadt K. A. , Dibb J. E. , Jackman C. H. , Randall C. E. , Schwadron N. A. , Solomon S. C. , Spence H. E. 
Published: September 2016

Key Points

It is necessary to include preexisting stratospheric HNO3 in an analysis of nitrate deposition from SPEs
SPE‐produced nitrate is negligible compared to the stratospheric background
Motivational Factors for Remaining in or Exiting a Cooperative
Authors: Nilsson Lovisa , Hansson Helena , Lagerkvist Carl Johan 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTCooperative attributes were incorporated into a push–pull framework to explain exit/remain behavior for dairy farmers delivering to dairy cooperatives. The exit behavior meant establishing a marketing or processing operation in parallel to cooperative deliveries or the planning such an action. Scale development to measure cooperative attributes resulted in six latent variables: A need to restructure the farm business, the membership role in the cooperative, opportunity, fear of negative evaluation, self‐efficacy, and cooperative (dis)loyalty. The latent variables identified were tested against behavioral intentions in two logistic regressions where the dairy farmers’ plans for remaining or exiting the cooperative and their plans for postfarm gate entrepreneurial activities were the dependent variables. Two latent variables emerged as significant predictors: restructuring the farm business and the membership role. These predictors were push factors in the model, suggesting that dissatisfaction with delivery to existing dairy cooperatives, rather than job or life satisfaction from setting up their own business, acted as farmers’ motive to exit. These results can be used in developing communication and strategies for more viable dairy cooperatives and in understanding the incentives behind the ongoing restructuring of the dairy market from a supply perspective. [EconLit citations: Q130, J230, D810].
Ontogeny of modern human longitudinal body and transverse shoulder proportions
Authors: Frelat Mélanie A. , Coquerelle Michael , Trinkaus Erik 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesWhereas variation of modern human adult body size and shape has been widely studied in the context of ecogeographical clines, little is known about the differential growth patterns of transverse and longitudinal dimensions among human populations. Our study explored the ontogenetic variation of those body proportions in modern humans.MethodsWe compared results from four different approaches to study cross‐sectional skeletal samples of Africans (n = 43), Amerindians (n = 69) and Europeans (n = 40) from 0 to 14 years of age. Clavicle, humerus, and femur intermetaphyseal lengths, and femoral distal metaphyseal breadth, were measured. Average ontogenetic trajectories were computed in order to compare the growth patterns of the three groups.ResultsOur findings demonstrated that the three geographical groups shared similar absolute and relative patterns of change with age for the four dimensions considered. Although interpopulation differences existed in transverse to longitudinal as well as in interlimb proportions, those differences did not seem to remain constant throughout ontogeny, similar to what has been shown for intralimb proportions. Growth rates of transverse shoulder proportions differed between populations from different regions after 10 years, whereas those for longitudinal proportions were very similar.ConclusionsThe ontogeny of transverse shoulder proportions is more complex than what is observed for bi‐iliac breadth, suggesting that transverse shoulder to limb proportions are not solely influenced by ecogeographical conditions. Our analysis demonstrates that methodologies that incorporate critical dimensions of body form could shed new light on human adaptation in both paleontological and neontological contexts.
Uncommon complications of monochorionic twin pregnancies: Twin reversed arterial perfusion sequence
Authors: Fisher Katie E , Welsh Alec W , Henry Amanda 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionTwin reversed arterial perfusion (TRAP) sequence occurs when there is one non‐viable twin without cardiac structures and a viable pump twin that perfuses the acardiac mass. This study aims to investigate the management and immediate neonatal outcomes for monochorionic multiple pregnancies complicated by TRAP referred to the NSW Fetal Therapy Centre (NSW FTC).MethodsRetrospective cohort study of multiple pregnancies referred to NSW FTC between April 2006 and April 2014, reviewing data for cases of TRAP sequence (n = 19, including two triplet cases) compared to a timeframe matched sample of uncomplicated monochorionic diamniotic (MCDA) twin pregnancies managed in the unit (n = 45).ResultsPrimary management of the 19 TRAP cases was expectant management in 10 (53%), radiofrequency ablation (RFA) in 6 (32%), and bipolar cord coagulation, amniodrainage and termination of pregnancy in 1 case each. 1 of 6 RFA cases had pump twin demise <1 week post‐procedure. Average gestation at birth (35.1 ± 5.0 vs. 35.0 ± 2.8 weeks) and mean birthweight (2157 ± 1019 g vs. 2245 ± 537 g) were similar between TRAP pump fetuses and uncomplicated MCDA cases. Pump twin survival was 81% (twins only) compared to 98% for uncomplicated MCDA twins (P = 0.02), and in 5 of 19 (26%) TRAP pregnancies the pump fetus had a congenital anomaly.ConclusionMean gestational age at birth and mean birthweight were similar for both TRAP and uncomplicated MCDA pregnancies. TRAP cases, however, had higher perinatal mortality, and high rates of congenital anomaly. The overall neonatal outcome at NSW FTC for TRAP cases is similar to reported international outcomes.
Reply to “Comment on ‘Super‐resolution microscopy by movable thin‐films with embedded microspheres: Resolution analysis’ [Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 527, 513 (2015)]”
Authors: Allen Kenneth W. , Li Yangcheng , Astratov Vasily N. 
Published: September 2016

In a comment [A. Darafsheh, Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 528 (2016)] on our paper [K. W. Allen et al., Ann. Phys. (Berlin) 527, 513–522 (2015)], the results and conclusions of our work were doubted along two directions. The first is related to the methodology of our resolution quantification and use of confocal microscopy. The second is related to the mathematical treatment of our magnification measurements aimed at estimating the gap between the microsphere and the object which is relevant to the mechanisms of super‐resolution imaging. We explain that both our estimates of the object resolution and gap are valid. The comment brings out points that are of rather secondary relevance, does not offer a worthwhile improvement of the mathematical treatment, and misrepresents our estimation procedure for the gap size. We also discuss general factors and problems involved in the quantification of resolution in microsphere‐assisted microscopy.
image
Discovery of a Superconducting Cu–Bi Intermetallic Compound by High‐Pressure Synthesis
Authors: Clarke Samantha M. , Walsh James P. S. , Amsler Maximilian , Malliakas Christos D. , Yu Tony , Goedecker Stefan , Wang Yanbin , Wolverton Chris , Freedman Danna E. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA new intermetallic compound, the first to be structurally identified in the Cu−Bi binary system, is reported. This compound is accessed by high‐pressure reaction of the elements. Its detailed characterization, physical property measurements, and ab initio calculations are described. The commensurate crystal structure of Cu11Bi7 is a unique variation of the NiAs structure type. Temperature‐dependent electrical resistivity and heat capacity measurements reveal a bulk superconducting transition at Tc=1.36 K. Density functional theory calculations further demonstrate that Cu11Bi7 can be stabilized (relative to decomposition into the elements) at high pressure and temperature. These results highlight the ability of high‐pressure syntheses to allow for inroads into heretofore‐undiscovered intermetallic systems for which no thermodynamically stable binaries are known.
A Programmable Signaling Molecular Recognition Nanocavity Prepared by Molecular Imprinting and Post‐Imprinting Modifications
Authors: Horikawa Ryo , Sunayama Hirobumi , Kitayama Yukiya , Takano Eri , Takeuchi Toshifumi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractInspired by biosystems, a process is proposed for preparing next‐generation artificial polymer receptors with molecular recognition abilities capable of programmable site‐directed modification following construction of nanocavities to provide multi‐functionality. The proposed strategy involves strictly regulated multi‐step chemical modifications: 1) fabrication of scaffolds by molecular imprinting for use as molecular recognition fields possessing reactive sites for further modifications at pre‐determined positions, and 2) conjugation of appropriate functional groups with the reactive sites by post‐imprinting modifications to develop programmed functionalizations designed prior to polymerization, allowing independent introduction of multiple functional groups. The proposed strategy holds promise as a reliable, affordable, and versatile approach, facilitating the emergence of polymer‐based artificial antibodies bearing desirable functions that are beyond those of natural antibodies.
Difference between Extra‐ and Intracellular T1 Values of Carboxylic Acids Affects the Quantitative Analysis of Cellular Kinetics by Hyperpolarized NMR
Authors: Karlsson Magnus , Jensen Pernille Rose , Ardenkjær‐Larsen Jan Henrik , Lerche Mathilde H. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIncomplete knowledge of the longitudinal relaxation time constant (T1) leads to incorrect assumptions in quantitative kinetic models of cellular systems, studied by hyperpolarized real‐time NMR. Using an assay that measures the intracellular signal of small carboxylic acids in living cells, the intracellular T1 of the carboxylic acid moiety of acetate, keto‐isocaproate, pyruvate, and butyrate was determined. The intracellular T1 is shown to be up to four‐fold shorter than the extracellular T1. Such a large difference in T1 values between the inside and the outside of the cell has significant influence on the quantification of intracellular metabolic activity. It is expected that the significantly shorter T1 value of the carboxylic moieties inside cells is a result of macromolecular crowding. An artificial cytosol has been prepared and applied to predict the T1 of other carboxylic acids. We demonstrate the value of this prediction tool.
Electron Delocalization in Perylene Diimide Helicenes
Authors: Schuster Nathaniel J. , Paley Daniel W. , Jockusch Steffen , Ng Fay , Steigerwald Michael L. , Nuckolls Colin 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWe report two new helicenes derived from the double fusion of an acene with two perylene diimide (PDI) subunits. These PDI‐helicene homologs exhibit very different structural and electronic properties, despite differing by only a single ring in the link between the PDI units. The shorter inter‐PDI link brings the two PDI subunits closer together, and this results in the collision of their respective π‐electron clouds. This collision facilitates intramolecular through‐space electronic delocalization when the PDI‐helicene is reduced.