bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Formoterol attenuates increased oxidative stress and myosin protein loss in respiratory and limb muscles of cancer cachectic rats
Authors: Salazar-Degracia Anna , Busquets Sílvia , Argilés Josep M. , López-Soriano Francisco J. , Barreiro Esther 
Published: December 2017

Muscle mass loss and wasting are characteristic features of patients with chronic conditions including cancer. Therapeutic options are still scarce. We hypothesized that cachexia-induced muscle oxidative stress may be attenuated in response to treatment with beta2-adrenoceptor-selective agonist formoterol in rats. In diaphragm and gastrocnemius of tumor-bearing rats (108 AH-130 Yoshida ascites hepatoma cells inoculated intraperitoneally) with and without treatment with formoterol (0.3 mg/kg body weight/day for seven days, daily subcutaneous injection), redox balance (protein oxidation and nitration and antioxidants) and muscle proteins (1-dimensional immunoblots), carbonylated proteins (2-dimensional immunoblots), inflammatory cells (immunohistochemistry), and mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) complex activities were explored. In the gastrocnemius, but not the diaphragm, of cancer cachectic rats compared to the controls, protein oxidation and nitration levels were increased, several functional and structural proteins were carbonylated, and in both study muscles, myosin content was reduced, inflammatory cell counts were greater, while no significant differences were seen in MRC complex activities (I, II, and IV). Treatment of cachectic rats with formoterol attenuated all the events in both respiratory and limb muscles. In thisin vivomodel of cancer-cachectic rats, the diaphragm is more resistant to oxidative stress. Formoterol treatment attenuated the rise in oxidative stress in the limb muscles, inflammatory cell infiltration, and the loss of myosin content seen in both study muscles, whereas no effects were observed in the MRC complex activities. These findings have therapeutic implications as they demonstrate beneficial effects of the beta2agonist through decreased protein oxidation and inflammation in cachectic muscles, especially the gastrocnemius.
Sr‐Nd‐Hf Isotopic Analysis of <10 mg Dust Samples: Implications for Ice Core Dust Source Fingerprinting
Authors: Újvári Gábor , Wegner Wencke , Klötzli Urs , Horschinegg Monika , Hippler Dorothee 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCombined Sr‐Nd‐Hf isotopic data of two reference materials (AGV‐1/BCR2) and 50, 10, and 5 mg aliquots of carbonate‐free fine grain (<10 μm) separates of three loess samples (Central Europe/NUS, China/BEI, USA/JUD) are presented. Good agreement between measured and reference Sr‐Nd‐Hf isotopic compositions (ICs) demonstrate that robust isotopic ratios can be obtained from 5 to 10 mg size rock samples using the ion exchange/mass spectrometry techniques applied. While 87Sr/86Sr ratios of dust aluminosilicate fractions are affected by even small changes in pretreatments, Nd isotopic ratios are found to be insensitive to acid leaching, grain‐size or weathering effects. However, the Nd isotopic tracer is sometimes inconclusive in dust source fingerprinting (BEI and NUS both close to ɛNd(0) –10). Hafnium isotopic values (<10 μm fractions) are homogenous for NUS, while highly variable for BEI. This heterogeneity and vertical arrays of Hf isotopic data suggest zircon depletion effects toward the clay fractions (<2 μm). Monte Carlo simulations demonstrate that the Hf IC of the dust <10 μm fraction is influenced by both the abundance of zircons present and maturity of crustal rocks supplying this heavy mineral, while the <2 μm fraction is almost unaffected. Thus, ɛHf(0) variations in the clay fraction are largely controlled by the Hf IC of clays/heavy minerals having high Lu/Hf and radiogenic 176Hf/177Hf IC. Future work should be focused on Hf IC of both the <10 and <2 μm fractions of dust from potential source areas to gain more insight into the origin of last glacial dust in Greenland ice cores.
Observations of Dramatic Enhancements to the Mesospheric K Layer
Authors: Jiao J. , Yang G. , Wang J. , Feng W. , Plane J. M. C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractHighly concentrated layers of atomic K have been observed in the mesosphere above Yanqing near Beijing (40°N, 116°E). The K density in these narrow layers exceeds 1,100 cm−3 (at least 4 times higher than reported elsewhere), and the K/Na ratio is superchondritic by a factor of 3–4. A model with detailed metal ion chemistry, supported by ancillary measurements from a nearby ionosonde and meteor radar, is used to show that these sporadic K layers can be produced from a strong sporadic E layer (critical frequency > 11 MHz) that descends from above 100 km at a velocity of 1–2 km h−1. This allows most of the Na+ ions to be neutralized before the remaining ions are dumped around 90 km, where the higher pressures and colder temperatures facilitate the formation of K+.N2 and K+.CO2 cluster ions. These cluster ions then undergo dissociative recombination with electrons to form K.
An Optimally Stable and Accurate Second‐Order SSP Runge‐Kutta IMEX Scheme for Atmospheric Applications
Authors: Rokhzadi Arman , Mohammadian Abdolmajid , Charron Martin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe objective of this paper is to develop an optimized implicit‐explicit (IMEX) Runge‐Kutta scheme for atmospheric applications focusing on stability and accuracy. Following the common terminology, the proposed method is called IMEX‐SSP2(2,3,2), as it has second‐order accuracy and is composed of diagonally implicit two‐stage and explicit three‐stage parts. This scheme enjoys the Strong Stability Preserving (SSP) property for both parts. This new scheme is applied to nonhydrostatic compressible Boussinesq equations in two different arrangements, including (i) semiimplicit and (ii) Horizontally Explicit‐Vertically Implicit (HEVI) forms. The new scheme preserves the SSP property for larger regions of absolute monotonicity compared to the well‐studied scheme in the same class. In addition, numerical tests confirm that the IMEX‐SSP2(2,3,2) improves the maximum stable time step as well as the level of accuracy and computational cost compared to other schemes in the same class. It is demonstrated that the A‐stability property as well as satisfying “second‐stage order” and stiffly accurate conditions lead the proposed scheme to better performance than existing schemes for the applications examined herein.
Nonlocality of Tropical Cyclone Activity in Idealized Climate Simulations
Authors: Frisius T. , Abdullah S. M. A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe response of tropical cyclone activity in the predicted warmer future climate is still a topic of scientific research. However, by the nonlocality hypothesis, tropical cyclone activity depends rather on relative than absolute sea surface temperature (SST). This hypothesis is investigated through idealized experiments performed with the global atmospheric climate model PlaSim. The model includes a prescribed SST and adopts a spectral resolution of T170 for resolving tropical cyclones. An idealized land‐sea configuration with two oceans and two continents has been used to study the nonlocality mechanism. The sensitivity experiments WARMBASIN and COLDBASIN include a positive and negative SST anomaly of 2.5 K in the northeastern basin. The tropical cyclone activity in the control run is similar in all four ocean basins while experiment WARMBASIN simulates a striking local increase of tropical cyclones. However, they nearly vanish in the other three ocean basins. The response is weaker and in the opposite way in COLDBASIN with a local reduction and a nonlocal increase. Analysis of well‐known cyclogenesis indices shows that nonlocality could be explained by the vorticity, relative humidity, and upper tropospheric temperature changes in experiment WARMBASIN while only vorticity is in agreement with nonlocality in experiment COLDBASIN. The vorticity anomalies determine the presence or absence of a steady state large‐scale low at the location where tropical cyclones favorably form. This low is modified by an SST‐induced change of a Walker‐like planetary circulation.
Identity and Intercultural Communication
Authors: Kim Young Yun 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIdentity has been investigated extensively from a variety of perspectives. The extant literature reveals four main theoretical ideas concerning how an individual's identity orientation influences, and is influenced by, intercultural communication experiences: (a) the collective dimension of identity, or cultural identity, engenders conflict; (b) a unitary identity comprised of both cultural and personal dimensions contributes to conflict as well as affiliation; (c) prolonged experiences of intercultural conflict facilitate identity development beyond the parameters of a single culture; and (d) the resulting complexity of identity fosters intercultural affiliation. Despite differing perspectives and research foci, the existing theories generally converge in suggesting that individuals can help reduce conflict and foster affiliation through an identity orientation that is more individuated and less categorical, more secure and less defensive, more flexible and less resistant to change, and more complex beyond the boundaries of a single culture.
Constructivist Approach to Intercultural Communication
Authors: Bennett Milton J. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractConstructivism is an epistemology in which knowledge and experience of the world is constructed, not discovered. When intercultural communication is understood in these terms, culture is a dynamic process of collective meaning‐making and intercultural communication is the conscious exercise of empathy with alternative worldviews. This is the constructivist perspective used by Edward T. Hall in his seminal bookThe Silent Language, where the term “intercultural communication” was coined. A constructivist approach to intercultural communication contrasts with purely relativist approaches that stress the incomparability of cultures and with positivist approaches that attribute personality‐like qualities to cultures. The ultimate goal of a constructivist approach is to generate alterative cultural experience that allows one to communicate appropriately and effectively in different cultural contexts. An important part of such intercultural adaptation is ethicality—how one avoids ethnocentric value judgments and handles cultural differences in the assignment of “goodness.”
Cultural Attachment Theory
Authors: Hong Ying‐yi 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCultural attachment theory addresses the general question of how individuals experience and find security and comfort in different cultures, be it their own native culture and/or other cultures they have extensive exposure to. The theory postulates that the adaptive solution of acculturation is analogous to infants' attachment to their caregivers, whereby forming secure attachment to the native and/or host cultures can help individuals to cope with anxiety and stress and to gain a sense of safe haven. Cultural attachment theory borrows heavily from the classic attachment theory proposed by John Bowlby, which has underscored the role of infant–caregiver relationships in human development from the cradle to the grave. This entry reviews research evidence that shows that similar processes observed in child attachment can be extrapolated to cultural attachment. Implications and future research directions are discussed.
Cultural Humility
Authors: Hook Joshua N. , Davis Don E. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry provides an introduction to cultural humility, which is an important aspect of effective counseling with clients from different cultural backgrounds. Cultural humility involves an awareness of one's limitations to fully understand the cultural background and experience of another individual. Cultural humility also involves an interpersonal stance that is other‐oriented (or open to the other) rather than self‐focused in regard to another individual's cultural background and experience. Research linking cultural humility to counseling outcomes is presented, and strategies to work on cultural humility are discussed.
Culture, Definitions of
Authors: Cobley Paul 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry on definitions of culture identifies two broad traditions. In the first, there is a view of culture as an attribute to be attained through artistic processes deemed to be above everyday life; in the second, there is a perspective on culture as a unitary phenomenon which has been at different stages of development in different societies across the globe. The first tradition stems from Matthew Arnold; the second from Edward B. Tylor. Extension of the two broad definitions, along with revisions and criticisms of them, have led to further definitions of culture which sometimes illuminate intercultural communication.
Embodiment
Authors: Cargile Aaron Castelán , Rich Marc D. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
In a globalized world saturated with voice and messaging technologies, it is easy for scholars to overlook the role of the body in intercultural communication. Even so, we remain constituted by bodies and this simple fact has encouraged continued scholarship in the area of embodied communication. Within the communication discipline, performance studies scholars have provided important insights about the many different roles that bodies play in marking, enacting, understanding, and co‐constructing culture. In addition, an embodied appreciation of human communication and culture has also been cultivated in other disciplines, including anthropology, linguistics, and cognitive science. According to a communicative theory of gesture, the body helps to accomplish thought because gesture and language are one system. The body is thus more than a vehicle for communication; it is also a mode of understanding and cultural production.
English as an International Language
Authors: Sharifian Farzad 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
The globalization of English has taken the language to many parts of the world. Rather than being a language owned and used mainly by speech communities that claim it as their mother tongue, it is increasingly being used as a language for international and intercultural communication. The notion of “English as an International Language” is a proactive response to this situation and is reconceptualizing English in relevant theoretical and practical domains.
Ethnicity, Definitions of
Authors: van de Vijver Fons J. R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
An overview is given of models of ethnicity. The concept has been studied in various disciplines, such as anthropology, sociology, epidemiology, and psychology. Four types of definitions are discussed: primordialist/essentialist, epiphenomenal, situational, and experiential. In the primordialist definition, ethnicity is often used as the historical successor of the concept of race. Recent models of ethnicity emphasize the constructivist, experiential nature of the concept. A model of children's development of ethnicity and race has important similarities with how the concept of ethnicity has been historically used in science.
Identity, Bicultural and Multicultural
Authors: Liu Shuang 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
This entry reviews theories and research on bicultural and multicultural identities. Globally, a sizable population lives in bicultural or multicultural environments. However, research on the relationship between exposure to bicultural or multicultural environments and identity formation has yielded inconsistent findings. Some studies relate multicultural exposure to identity confusion whereas other studies argue that mixed cultural affiliations are conducive to developing intercultural competence. The entry emphasizes that cultural identity is not given and fixed, but rather, it is constantly negotiated and reconstructed.
Identity, Cultural
Authors: Chen Guo‐Ming 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Cultural identity is a universal problem all human societies must face. It refers to the collective consciousness of a group based on the use of common symbols and the co‐creation of shared meanings among its members. While different cultures may perceive identity in various ways, cultural identity shares five common characteristics across cultures: developmental, spatial, distinct, relational, and multifaceted. However, the development of human society instigated by the convergence of the globalization trend and new media, especially the emergence of the virtual community caused by the compression of time and space, has challenged different aspects of the traditional sense of cultural identity. How to deal with the redefinition and reconstruction of cultural identity in the newly formed global community remains a great challenge for scholars from different disciplines to explore.
Identity Management Theory
Authors: Merrigan Gerianne 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Identity management theory (IMT) explains how people from different cultures may negotiate a shared relationship identity, by balancing one another's face wants and needs across three phases: trial, enmeshment, and renegotiation. Incompetent communication is presumed at first. So, if the parties cannot balance their face needs over time, they are likely to end their relationship while still in the trial phase. But competent communicators may find appropriate, effective ways to balance their own and the other person's needs. If so, they may develop their own unique relational identity (enmeshment). Over time, they may come to regard their own cultural identities as changed by the relationship, so that their own identities now include some aspects of their partner's culture (renegotiation). Since face is broadly accepted as a universal human need, albeit with culture‐specific norms for face‐giving and face‐threatening behaviors, IMT provides a powerful heuristic for understanding and navigating intercultural interactions.
Identity Negotiation Theory
Authors: Ting‐Toomey Stella 
Published: December 2017

AbstractIdentity negotiation theory (INT) concerns the importance of negotiating sociocultural membership identity and personal identity issues in intergroup communication situations. The term identity refers to an individual's multifaceted identities of cultural, ethnic, spiritual/religious, social class, gender, age, sexual orientation, professional, family, and relational role, and personal images based on mutual meaning‐construction level. Sociocultural identities can include ethnic membership identity to family role conceptions, and personal identities can include any unique attributes that we associate with our individuated self in comparison to those of others. Understanding identity complexity is critical as an individual's polygonal identity shapes her/his social cognition, motivational drive, affective being, and communicative tendencies. Individuals acquire their composite identity through sociocultural conditioning process and their individual lived experiences. The INT emphasizes the dialectical tensions that immigrants and minorities experience as they cross cultural boundaries from the familiar to the unfamiliar.
Intercultural Communication in Families
Authors: Baldwin John R. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract

The intersection of culture, communication, and family occurs in several ways. First, families reflect and pass on the surrounding culture, leading to cross‐cultural differences between families. Family is the place where culture is learned, and families, in a small way, develop their own “cultures.” Second, intercultural communication—that is, communication
between
members of different cultures—can occur in families in several instances: in cases where the parents are from different cultures; when the children learn a different culture from the family, such as in cases of immigration or globalization (through media use etc.); or in colonized or diasporic cultures. And third, culture impacts families through external stigma toward certain familial relationships. Intergroup research considers societal opposition to families or family members which can occur on different grounds: society opposes the ethnic or religious group of the family; society opposes intermarriage between in‐ and outgroup members; or society opposes the type of union (e.g., same‐sex couple).
Intercultural Communication in International Negotiation
Authors: Liu Leigh Anne , Adair Wendi L. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis entry reviews research on intercultural communication in international negotiations through the perspectives of the individual negotiator, the interactions between and among negotiators, and the phenomenology of culture in the time frames of past, present, and future. Past research has focused on individuals' values and norms, negotiator styles and behavioral adjustment, and culture as a relatively static characteristic that creates clashes and barriers to mutual understanding. Present studies address cognitive schemas and communication experience as well as situational factors at the individual level, negotiation process and consensus building during interactions, and culture as a dynamic influence with many contextual moderators. Future research should include negotiator competence, identity, and improvisation; technology and coalition analysis during interactions; and culture as both a dynamic and multilevel phenomenon.
Intercultural Experience and Creativity
Authors: Cheng Chi‐Ying , Tan Yi Wen 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCreativity, commonly defined as a production of novel and useful ideas, has long been considered as a type of individual difference that is highly associated with personality traits and intellectual intelligence, which cannot be changed easily. Recently, it has been demonstrated that creativity can occur as a result of cognitive, emotional, and motivational processes that are driven by intercultural experiences, which can be acquired. In line with the creative cognition approach, individuals with direct intercultural experiences exhibit higher individual creativity. Specifically, those who adopt biculturalism as their acculturation strategy and develop a high level of integration between their bicultural identities can reap the creative benefit of their intercultural experiences. Individuals with indirect intercultural experiences also exhibit higher creativity, and the underlying psychological mechanisms are the use of a comparison mindset and perceived cultural distance between the cultures. Advantageous features of intercultural experiences for enhancing individual creativity are discussed.
Intercultural Intimate Relationships
Authors: Wilczek‐Watson Marta 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
As transnational social networks expand, people increasingly form intimate relationships with partners from a different sociocultural background. While intercultural intimate relationships are not a new phenomenon, they have attracted research only recently due to their global proliferation. Scholars are particularly interested in how such mixed relationships communicate and how their interculturality impacts on partners' (and their offspring's) identities. Some studies have been criticized for overemphasizing cultural differences and identification problems of intercultural partners. This depiction of intercultural coupledom as problematic in early research echoed initial societal perceptions of it. Contrastingly, recent works explore how intercultural partners can effectively communicate and negotiate their complex sociocultural repertoires. The hybrid cultural forms and meanings that intercultural couples create are shown as empowering rather than debilitating. This new approach is also reflected in society and the media, which increasingly represent intercultural families in a positive light, gradually normatizing or even endorsing them.