bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial trend analysis of Hawaiian rainfall from 1920 to 2012
Authors: Frazier Abby G. , Giambelluca Thomas W. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTSpatial patterns of rainfall in Hawai‘i are among the most diverse in the world. As the global climate warms, it is important to understand observed rainfall variations to provide context for future changes. This is especially important for isolated oceanic islands where freshwater resources are limited, and understanding the potential impacts of climate change on the supply of freshwater is critical. Utilizing a high‐resolution gridded data set of monthly and annual rainfall for Hawai‘i from January 1920 to December 2012, seasonal and annual trends were calculated for every 250‐m pixel across the state and mapped to produce spatially continuous trend maps. To assess the stability of these trends, a running trend analysis was performed on 34 selected stations. From 1920 to 2012, over 90% of the state experienced drying trends, with Hawai‘i Island, and in particular the western part of the island, experiencing the largest significant long‐term declines in annual and dry season rainfall. The running trend analysis highlighted the multi‐decadal variability present in these trends, and revealed that the only region in the state with persistent annual and dry season trends through the study period is the western part of Hawai‘i Island; for most other regions, the drying trends were not significant until the most recent part of the record was included. These results support previous studies that indicate drying across the state over recent decades, and reveal the timing of upward and downward trends as well as important spatial details for natural resource management in Hawai‘i.
Myoclonus dystonia and muscular dystrophy: ɛ‐sarcoglycan is part of the dystrophin‐associated protein complex in brain
Authors: Waite Adrian J. , Carlisle Francesca A. , Chan Yiumo Michael , Blake Derek J. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTBackgroundMyoclonus‐dystonia is a neurogenic movement disorder caused by mutations in the gene encoding ɛ‐sarcoglycan. By contrast, mutations in the α‐, β‐, γ‐, and δ‐sarcoglycan genes cause limb girdle muscular dystrophies. The sarcoglycans are part of the dystrophin‐associated protein complex in muscle that is disrupted in several types of muscular dystrophy. Intriguingly, patients with myoclonus‐dystonia have no muscle pathology; conversely, limb‐girdle muscular dystrophy patients have not been reported to have dystonia‐associated features. To gain further insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying these differences, we searched for evidence of a sarcoglycan complex in the brain.MethodsImmunoaffinity chromatography and mass spectrometry were used to purify ubiquitous and brain‐specific ɛ‐sarcoglycan directly from tissue. Cell models were used to determine the effect of mutations on the trafficking and assembly of the brain sarcoglycan complex.ResultsUbiquitous and brain‐specific ɛ‐sarcoglycan isoforms copurify with β‐, δ‐, and ζ‐sarcoglycan, β‐dystroglycan, and dystrophin Dp71 from brain. Incorporation of a muscular dystrophy‐associated β‐sarcoglycan mutant into the brain sarcoglycan complex impairs the formation of the βδ‐sarcoglycan core but fails to abrogate the association and membrane trafficking of ɛ‐ and ζ‐sarcoglycan.Conclusionsɛ‐Sarcoglycan is part of the dystrophin‐associated protein complex in brain. Partial preservation of ɛ‐ and ζ‐sarcoglycan in brain may explain the absence of myoclonus dystonia‐like features in muscular dystrophy patients. © 2016 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
Patterning protein complexes on DNA nanostructures using a GFP nanobody
Authors: Sommese R. F. , Hariadi R. F. , Kim K. , Liu M. , Tyska M. J. , Sivaramakrishnan S. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDNA nanostructures have become an important and powerful tool for studying protein function over the last 5 years. One of the challenges, though, has been the development of universal methods for patterning protein complexes on DNA nanostructures. Herein, we present a new approach for labeling DNA nanostructures by functionalizing them with a GFP nanobody. We demonstrate the ability to precisely control protein attachment via our nanobody linker using two enzymatic model systems, namely adenylyl cyclase activity and myosin motility. Finally, we test the power of this attachment method by patterning unpurified, endogenously expressed Arp2/3 protein complex from cell lysate. By bridging DNA nanostructures with a fluorescent protein ubiquitous throughout cell and developmental biology and protein biochemistry, this approach significantly streamlines the application of DNA nanostructures as a programmable scaffold in biological studies.
Global diversification discount and its discontents: A bit of self‐selection makes a world of difference
Authors: Chang Sungyong , Kogut Bruce , Yang Jae‐Suk 
Published: August 2016

Research summary: The documented discount on globally diversified firms is often cited, but a correlation is not per se evidence that global diversification destroys firm value. Firms choose to globally diversify based on their firm attributes, some of which may be unobservable. Given these exogenous firm attributes, the decision to diversify globally is endogenous and self‐selected. Our study offers a replication of an earlier study. Using the same specifications save for the Heckman selection instrument, our results contradict past research that did not address endogeneity. We posit that the global premium should reflect the value of multinational operating flexibility. We use the 2008–2009 financial crisis as creating exogenous variation to permit a test for the positive change in firm valuation due to global diversification. During the 2008–2009 financial crisis, the premium associated with global diversification became larger and more significant than before the 2008–2009 financial crisis. The churn of subsidiaries entering and exiting countries increased during the crisis, pointing to the value of an operating flexibility to restructure the geography of the multinational network. In all, the results contradict past findings and provide evidence that operating flexibility is more valued during times of high volatility, thus generating the diversification premium.Managerial summary: There are thousands of multinational corporations that have been international for decades and some even longer. They undoubtedly learned that there is money to be made in international markets. Yet, the recent academic literature has found that foreign diversification destroys firm economic value. Our article uses a statistical technique that corrects for an obvious problem. Some firms invest overseas because they are facing troubles, for example, they are experiencing slowing growth and are exiting bad home markets. Once we correct for this “selection bias,” we find that global diversification, at worst, has no negative effect on value. However, during the financial crisis, the value of multinational companies increased. This finding is consistent with the option theory of multinational investment whereby operating in multiple countries permits firms to shift their activities among countries. Overall, our results indicate that there is a reason for why firms globalize: It is profitable. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Botulinum Toxin Injection for Treatment of Chronic Anal Fissure: Is There Any Dose‐Dependent Efficiency? A Meta‐Analysis
Authors: Bobkiewicz Adam , Francuzik Wojciech , Krokowicz Lukasz , Studniarek Adam , Ledwosiński Witold , Paszkowski Jacek , Drews Michal , Banasiewicz Tomasz 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundChronic anal fissure (CAF) is a linear split of the anoderm. The minimally invasive management of CAF such as botulinum toxin (BT) injection is recommended. However, the exact efficient dose of BT, number of injections per session and the injection sites are still debatable. The aim of this analysis was to assess the dose‐dependent efficiency of botulinum toxin injection for CAF.MethodsPubMed and Web of Science databases were searched for terms: “anal fissure” AND “botulinum toxin.” Studies published between October 1993 and May 2015 were included and had to meet the following criteria: (1) chronic anal fissure, (2) prospective character of the study, (3) used simple BT injection without any other interventions and (4) no previous treatment with BT.ResultsA total of 1577 patients from 34 prospective studies used either Botox or Dysport formulations were qualified for this meta‐analysis. A total number of BT units per session ranged from 5 to 150 IU, whereas the efficiency across analyzed studies ranged from 33 to 96 %. Surprisingly, we did not observe a dose‐dependent efficiency (Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient, ρ = 0.060; p = 0.0708). Moreover, there were no BT dose‐dependent postoperative complications or fecal incontinence and significant difference in healing rates compared BT injection into the anal sphincter muscles.ConclusionsBT injection has been an accepted method for the management of CAF. Surprisingly, there is no dose‐dependent efficiency, and the postoperative incontinence rate is not related to the BT dosage regardless the type of formulation of botulinum neurotoxin used. Moreover, no difference in healing rate has been observed in regard to the site and number of injections per session.
Prevalence of Internet addiction and its association with social support and other related factors among adolescents in China
Authors: Wu Xiao‐Shuang , Zhang Zhi‐Hua , Zhao Feng , Wang Wen‐Jing , Li Yi‐Feng , Bi Linda , Qian Zhen‐Zhong , Lu Shan‐Shan , Feng Fang , Hu Cai‐Yun , Gong Feng‐Feng , Sun Ye‐Huan 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTA cross‐sectional study design was applied amongst a random sample (n = 10158) of Chinese adolescents. Self‐completed questionnaires, including demographic characteristics, Internet use situation, Youth Internet Addiction Test, Youth Social Support Rating Scale and Zung Self‐rating Depression Scale were utilized to examine the study objectives. Among the study population, the prevalence rate of Internet addiction was 10.4%, with 1038 (10.2%) moderately and 21 (0.2%) severely addicted to the Internet. Results from the multivariate logistic regression analyses suggested that a variety of related factors have significant effects on Internet addiction (parental control, per capita annual household income, academic performance, the access to Internet, online activities). The correlation coefficients showed that Internet addiction was negatively correlated with social support and positively associated with depression. Social support had a significant negative predictive effect on Internet addiction. The mediating effect of depression between social support and Internet addiction was remarkable.
THE ORIGINS OF RECUSANCY IN ELIZABETHAN ENGLAND RECONSIDERED
Authors: SMITH FREDERICK E. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractMost historians now acknowledge that Catholic recusancy existed in small pockets throughout 1560s and early 1570s England thanks to the sporadic efforts of a handful of former Marian priests. However, it is widely agreed that the influx of continentally trained seminarians and missionaries from abroad after 1574 was responsible for transforming the ‘curious and confused’ activities of these Marian clergymen into a fully fledged, intellectually justified campaign in favour of nonconformity. This article challenges this consensus through investigation of a neglected group of clerics – the cathedral clergy of Mary I's reign. Drawing on insights emerging from recent research into the nature of Mary's church, it demonstrates how these clerics became key agents in the so-called ‘invention of the Counter-Reformation’ in Marian England. It suggests that this ‘upbringing’ gave these priests the determination and skills to become leaders of a co-ordinated campaign in favour of principled nonconformity following Elizabeth's accession. Far from lacking the zeal of their seminary and missionary counterparts, this article sees the former cathedral clergy imitating the practices of their adversaries and anticipating the strategies of the later English mission in order to promote recusancy throughout England from as early as 1560.
Genetic polymorphisms affecting antioxidant enzymes are present in tympanosclerosis patients
Authors: Akyigit A , Yalcin Ş , Etem E Ö , Kaygusuz İ , Karlidag T , Keles E , Celik Z B , Tektemur A 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackground:This study investigated genetic polymorphisms affecting the inducible nitric oxide synthase, superoxide dismutase and catalase enzymes in chronic otitis media patients with and without tympanosclerosis, and the role of genetic susceptibility in the disease aetiology.Methods:A total of 162 patients who underwent surgery for chronic otitis media were divided into two study groups: a tympanosclerosis group and a chronic otitis media group. A third, the control, group comprised 188 healthy volunteers. Venous blood samples were evaluated using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction.Results:There was a significant difference in GG genotype distribution of the −277A>G polymorphism in theNOS2gene between the tympanosclerosis and control groups (p <0.05). However, there were no significant between-group differences in the CC genotype distribution of the p.Ala16Val (C>T) polymorphism in theSOD2gene (p> 0.05). There were significant differences in the TT genotype distribution of the −21A>T polymorphism in theCATgene between the tympanosclerosis and control groups, and between the chronic otitis media and control groups (p <0.05).Conclusion:These results suggest that genetic predisposition may play a role in the aetiopathogenesis of tympanosclerosis.
The longitudinal mental health impact of Fukushima nuclear disaster exposures and public criticism among power plant workers: the Fukushima NEWS Project study
Authors: Tanisho Y. , Shigemura J. , Kubota K. , Tanigawa T. , Bromet E. J. , Takahashi S. , Matsuoka Y. , Nishi D. , Nagamine M. , Harada N. , Tanichi M. , Takahashi Y. , Shimizu K. , Nomura S. , Yoshino A. ,   Fukushima NEWS Project Collaborators
Published: August 2016

BackgroundThe Fukushima Daiichi and Daini Nuclear Power Plant workers experienced multiple stressors as both victims and onsite workers after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and subsequent nuclear accidents. Previous studies found that disaster-related exposures, including discrimination/slurs, were associated with their mental health. Their long-term impact has yet to be investigated.MethodA total of 968 plant workers (Daiichi, n = 571; Daini, n = 397) completed self-written questionnaires 2–3 months (time 1) and 14–15 months (time 2) after the disaster (response rate 55.0%). Sociodemographics, disaster-related experiences, and peritraumatic distress were assessed at time 1. At time 1 and time 2, general psychological distress (GPD) and post-traumatic stress response (PTSR) were measured, respectively, using the K6 scale and Impact of Event Scale Revised. We examined multivariate covariates of time 2 GPD and PTSR, adjusting for autocorrelations in the hierarchical multiple regression analyses.ResultsHigher GPD at time 2 was predicted by higher GPD at time 1 (β = 0.491, p < 0.001) and discrimination/slurs experiences at time 1 (β = 0.065, p = 0.025, adjusted R2 = 0.24). Higher PTSR at time 2 was predicted with higher PTSR at time 1 (β = 0.548, p < 0.001), higher age (β = 0.085, p = 0.005), and discrimination/slurs experiences at time 1 (β = 0.079, p = 0.003, adjusted R2 = 0.36).ConclusionsHigher GPD at time 2 was predicted by higher GPD and discrimination/slurs experience at time 1. Higher PTSR at time 2 was predicted by higher PTSR, higher age, and discrimination/slurs experience at time 1.
La conjoncture économique de la Belgique
Authors: Woitrin Michel 
Published: August 2016

Au cours des cinq premiers mois de 1950, l'économie belge a continué à bénéficier du mouvement de reprise qui s'est dessiné en Belgique et dans le monde depuis le second semestre de 1949.Elle a poursuivi avec succès son adaptation aux conditions nouvelles nées des dévaluations de septembre 1949, comme le montrent les progrès de la production et des échanges extérieurs, qui se situent spécialement dans l'industrie textile.Cependant, les difficultés rencontrées depuis le milieu de 1949 par les grandes industries de base telles que la sidérurgie, les industries chimique, charbonnière et cokière n'ont pas pris fin : le niveau d'activité dans ces industries n'a pu être maintenu ou développé que moyennant de larges concessions sur les prix.
Les mécanismes monétaires beiges
Authors: Lettenhove Albert Kervyn de 
Published: August 2016

II y a un an, l'auteur publiait dans ce Bulletin une critique des mécanismes monétaires beiges : se basant sur cette analyse, le présent article avance des suggestions pour leur amélioration.Le sujet est d'actualité: la Banque Nationale de Belgique appuie de toute son autorité la nécessite d'une réforme; elle a même défini les grandes lignes des objectifs que celle-ci devrait s'assigner. II peut exister bien des maniéres de les atteindre, dont aucune sans doute n'est parfaite. Le présent projet vise avant tout a apporter une contribution au debat en precisant certaines pos-sibilités et en analysant les conséquences que certaines mesures auraient sur le fonctionnement des marchés.
Les finances publiques belges depuis la libération
Authors: Janssen Albert E. 
Published: August 2016

Depuis près de deux ans, la Belgique a traversé une des périodes les plus mouvementées et les plus décisives de son histoire financière.Après cinquante-deux mois d’occupation allemande, au cours desquels les ressources économiques et financières du pays furent systématiquement mises à sac par l’ennemi, la Belgique recouvrait, en septembre 1944, sa souveraineté et sa liberté d’action. Tandis que la guerre se poursuivait et connaissait même une recrudescence en décembre 1944, les autorités avaient à résoudre une série de problèmes urgents et particulièrement délicats. Il fallait assurer le ravitaillement, remettre l’industrie en marche, participer militairement, économiquement et financièrement à l’effort de guerre allié, et, en même temps, assainir la monnaie et les finances, combattre l’inflation et préparer la reconstruction du pays.
Les finances privées
Authors: Mallien Emile 
Published: August 2016

Lé volume des dépôts au moment de la libération reflétait l’inflation monétaire provoquée par plus de quatre années d’occupation. Au 30 septembre 1944, les dépôts à vue et à terme atteignaient un total de frs 43.631 millions, soit une augmentation d’environ 245 % sur le chiffre du 31 décembre 1939.La mise en application des mesures de blocage et d’assainissement monétaire par les arrêtés du 6 octobre 1944, modifia profondément cette situation.Les dépôts bancaires furent scindés en «comptes nouveaux libres», «comptes provisoirement bloqués» et «comptes définitivement bloqués». Les comptes libres furent alimentés par les versements nouveaux et par certains transferts des comptes anciens autorisés par la loi. Etaient libres, au choix des intéressés, soit 10 % du montant des comptes anciens au 8 octobre 1944, soit l’équivalent des dépôts existant en date du 9 mai 1940, soit 1.000 frs par membre de personnel d’une personne physique ou morale titulaire d’un registre de commefce.
Le mouvement social en 1945
Authors: Woronoff André 
Published: August 2016

L’ampleur de la législation sociale promulguée en Belgique au cours de l’année, ne permet d’en donner ici qu’un aperçu tout à fait succinct et très incomplet.Dans ses grandes lignes, cette législation se caractérise par le souci d’assurer aux travailleurs un revenu minimum de base. Ainsi qu’on s’en rendra compte à l’analyse des arrêtés relatifs à la Sécurité sociale, le législateur n’a pas seulement visé à remédier à telle ou telle situation particulièrement pénible, mais il a surtout cherché à couvrir, dans la mesure du possible, l’ensemble des risques auxquels sont exposés les travailleurs «économiquement faibles».Un second trait distinctif de la politique sociale de 1945, se trouve dans le fait que les pouvoirs publics ont été amenés à inclure dans leur sphère d’activité les questions relatives à la fixation du montant des rémunérations. Cette nouvelle orientation s’explique davantage peut-être par des considérations économiques que par des nécessités sociales.
L’adaptation des comptabilités à la dépréciation monétaire et à la hausse des prix
Authors: Sterkendries René 
Published: August 2016

Depuis les bouleversements économiques provoqués par la première guerre mondiale, la plupart des bilans des sociétés n’ont plus, en Belgique et dans d’autres pays, qu’une valeur toute relative.Rares sont ceux qui répondent encore à ce qu’en théorie ils devraient être : une image sincère et exacte de la situation réelle des entreprises. La cause de ce défaut ne réside pas tant dans une volonté délibérée de dissimulation. Son origine est plus simple et plus naturelle : attachées aux routines comptables, les entreprises ne songent guère à modifier, une’fois qu’elles ont été comptabilisées, les évaluations des éléments permanents de leur actif, tels que terrains, immeubles, outillage industriel. Il en résulte que la plupart des bilans des sociétés, qui existent depuis un certain temps, additionnent pêle-mêle des valeurs déterminées au moyen d’instruments de mesure différant les uns des autres : la valeur de tel terrain est mesurée en francs de 1913, la valeur de tel immeuble en francs de 1923, de tel outillage en francs de 1926, celle de tel autre élément en francs de 1944 et ainsi de suite.
Base mathématique de la théorie de l’intérêt
Authors: Beumier Albert 
Published: August 2016

On peut diverger d’avis sur l’opportunité de construire une théorie mathématique conduisant, à partir de principes judicieusement choisis, aux définitions classiques de l’intérêt simple et de l’intérêt composé.Il faut bien reconnaître qu’une construction de ce genre est pur jeu de mathématicien; d’ailleurs, les principes sur lesquels on peut l’édifier doivent nécessairement être choisis en fonction des résultats imposés à l’avance. Dès lors, définitions pour définitions, pourquoi ne pas se donner d’emblée les définitions désirées?Cependant, il est un fait que pareille théorie est développée dans nombre d’ouvrages traitant des opérations financières. La question du principe de son utilité mise à part, on constate qu’elle n’est pas toujours exempte de critique, du point de vue purement mathématique; c’est sans doute une des raisons pour lesquelles son opportunité a été mise en cause.
Niveaux et manifestations de culture chez les ouvriers de la grande industrie
Authors: Lagasse Charles 
Published: August 2016

Le but de l’étude entreprise est de relever par voie d’enquête et de décrire aussi exactement que possible les manifestations culturelles de la population ouvrière, d’atteindre ainsi l’objet propre de la sociologie et, le cas échéant, de fournir un instrument de travail adéquat à tout spécialiste de la politique sociale. Par culture ouvrière, il faut entendre, par opposition aux valeurs purement matérielles qui représenteraient le « standing » de vie des travailleurs, toutes les valeurs humaines immatérielles, individuelles ou sociales, professionnelles ou intellectuelles présentes au sein de la population laborieuse dont le travail se caractérise apparemment par la seule fonction manuelle.Afin de mieux asseoir les résultats de cette enquête, on s’est efforcé d’atteindre les valeurs culturelles par leurs manifestations externes qui se prêtent mieux que d’autres à une description objective. Pour en saisir les premiers contours, l’auteur a partagé, à l’usine comme dans le quartier, la vie quotidienne des travailleurs.