bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Denitrification in freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems: Ecological and geochemical significance
Authors: Seitzinger Sybil P. 
Published: August 2016

Denitrification occurs in essentially all river, lake, and coastal marine ecosystems that have been studied. In general, the range of denitrification rates measured in coastal marine sediments is greater than that measured in lake or river sediments. In various estuarine and coastal marine sediments, rates commonly range between 50 and 250 µmol N m−2 h−1, with extremes from 0 to 1,067. Rates of denitrification in lake sediments measured at near‐ambient conditions range from 2 to 171 µmol N m−2 h−1. Denitrification rates in river and stream sediments range from 0 to 345 µmol N m−2 h−1. The higher rates are from systems that receive substantial amounts of anthropogenic nutrient input. In lakes, denitrification also occurs in low oxygen hypolimnetic waters, where rates generally range from 0.2 to 1.9 µmol N liter−1 d−1. In lakes where denitrification rates in both the water and sediments have been measured, denitrification is greater in the sediments.The major source of nitrate for denitrification in most river, lake, and coastal marine sediments underlying an aerobic water column is nitrate produced in the sediments, not nitrate diffusing into the sediments from the overlying water. During the mineralization of organic matter in sediments, a major portion of the mineralized nitrogen is lost from the ecosystem via denitrification. In freshwater sediments, denitrification appears to remove a larger percentage of the mineralized nitrogen. N2 fluxes accounted for 76–100% of the sediment‐water nitrogen flux in rivers and lakes, but only 15–70% in estuarine and coastal marine sediments. Benthic N2O fluxes were always small compared to N, fluxes.The loss of nitrogen via denitrification exceeds the input of nitrogen via N2 fixation in almost all river, lake, and coastal marine ecosystems in which both processes have been measured.Denitrification is also important relative to other inputs of fixed N in both freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. In the two rivers where both denitrification measurements and N input data were available, denitrification removed an amount of nitrogen equivalent to 7 and 35% of the external nitrogen loading. In six lakes and six estuaries where data are available, denitrification is estimated to remove an amount of nitrogen equivalent to between 1 and 36% of the input to the lakes and between 20 and 50% of the input to the estuaries.
Differential remineralization of major and trace elements in sinking diatoms
Authors: Twining Benjamin S. , Nodder Scott D. , King Andrew L. , Hutchins David A. , LeCleir Gary R. , DeBruyn Jennifer M. , Maas Elizabeth W. , Vogt Stefan , Wilhelm Steven W. , Boyd Philip W. 
Published: August 2016

Macronutrients in sinking phytoplankton are typically remineralized at different rates, but less is known about the fate of micronutrient metals associated with sinking cells. Scavenging, the presence of co‐occurring abiotic particles, and inadvertent contamination limit the utility of bulk analytical approaches to study remineralization of trace metals in sinking phytoplankton. We used synchrotron x‐ray fluorescence mapping to measure macronutrients (P, S, and Si) and trace metals (Fe, Ni, and Zn) in individual cells of the diatom Asterionellopsis glacialis during a spring bloom in subtropical waters off New Zealand. P, S, Zn, and Ni were released significantly faster than Fe and Si from sinking cells in the upper 200 m. Bulk particulate element fluxes to sediment traps indicated similar trends, but biogenic silica flux was attenuated much faster than Si was lost from intact sinking cells collected in the traps. The metals were spatially co‐located with P and S in upper ocean cells, but this association with P and S (based on a spatial resolution of 450 nm) was largely absent in sinking cells. In contrast, Fe retained a weak spatial association with Si, suggesting that remineralized Fe may be re‐scavenged onto cell surfaces. As a result, dissolved Fe : macronutrient stoichiometries in the water column likely underestimate stoichiometries in sinking cells. We propose linkages between the selective loss of diatom cellular components (e.g., ribosomes or phospholipid membranes, Zn‐finger proteins, and urease) and the observed recycling of specific elements (P, Zn, and Ni, respectively), which set the stoichiometry of macro‐ and micronutrient supply to surface waters.
Comparison of land–atmosphere interaction at different surface types in the
mid- to lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley
Authors: Guo Weidong , Wang Xueqian , Sun Jianning , Ding Aijun , Zou Jun 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The mid- to lower reaches of the Yangtze River valley are located within the typical East Asian monsoon zone. Rapid urbanization, industrialization, and development of agriculture have led to fast and complicated land use and land cover change in this region. To investigate land–atmosphere interaction in this region where human activities and monsoon climate have considerable interaction with each other, micrometeorological elements over four sites with different surface types around Nanjing, including urban surface at Dangxiao (hereafter DX-urban), suburban surface at Xianling (XL-suburb), and grassland and farmland at Lishui County (LS-grass and LS-crop), are analyzed and their differences are revealed. The impacts of surface parameters of different surface types on the radiation budget and land surface–atmosphere heat, water, and mass exchanges are investigated and compared. The results indicate the following. (1) The largest differences in daily average surface air temperature (Ta), surface skin temperature (Ts), and relative humidity (RH), which are found during the dry periods between DX-urban and LS-crop, can be up to 3.21 °C, 7.26 °C, and 22.79 %, respectively. The diurnal ranges of the above three elements are the smallest at DX-urban and the largest at LS-grass, XL-suburb, and LS-crop. (2) Differences in radiative fluxes are mainly reflected in upward shortwave radiation (USR) that is related to surface albedo and upward longwave radiation (ULR) that is related to Ts. When comparing four sites, it can be found that both the smallest USR and the largest ULR occur at the DX-urban site. The diurnal variation in ULR is same as that of Ts at all four sites. (3) The differences in daily average sensible heat (H) and latent heat (LE) between DX-urban and LS-crop are larger than 45 and 95 Wm−2, respectively. The proportion of latent heat flux in the net radiation (LE/Rn) keeps increasing with the change in season from the spring to summer. (4) Human activities have obvious effects on microclimate. The urban heat island (UHI) effect results in a Ta 2 °C higher at the urban site than other sites in the nighttime. At the crop site, LE is dominant due to irrigation, and negative H is observed since evaporation cooling leads to low Ts. Although Ts is higher at XL-suburb than that at LS-grass, there is no large difference in Ta between the two sites due to the distinct effects of the planted forest.
Planetary boundary layer height from CALIOP compared to radiosonde over
China
Authors: Zhang Wanchun , Guo Jianping , Miao Yucong , Liu Huan , Zhang Yong , Li Zhengqiang , Zhai Panmao 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Accurate estimation of planetary boundary layer height (PBLH) is key to air quality prediction, weather forecast, and assessment of regional climate change. The PBLH retrieval from the Cloud-Aerosol Lidar with Orthogonal Polarization (CALIOP) is expected to complement ground-based measurements due to the broad spatial coverage of satellites. In this study, CALIOP PBLHs are derived from combination of Haar wavelet and maximum variance techniques, and are further validated against PBLHs estimated from ground-based lidar at Beijing and Jinhua. Correlation coefficients between PBLHs from ground- and satellite-based lidars are 0.59 at Beijing and 0.65 at Jinhua. Also, the PBLH climatology from CALIOP and radiosonde are compiled over China during the period from 2011 to 2014. Maximum CALIOP-derived PBLH can be seen in summer as compared to lower values in other seasons. Three matchup scenarios are proposed according to the position of each radiosonde site relative to its closest CALIPSO ground tracks. For each scenario, intercomparisons were performed between CALIOP- and radiosonde-derived PBLHs, and scenario 2 is found to be better than other scenarios using difference as the criteria. In early summer afternoon over 70 % of the total radiosonde sites have PBLH values ranging from 1.6 to 2.0 km. Overall, CALIOP-derived PBLHs are well consistent with radiosonde-derived PBLHs. To our knowledge, this study is the first intercomparison of PBLH on a large scale using the radiosonde network of China, shedding important light on the data quality of initial CALIOP-derived PBLH results.
The Impact of the Application of Social Responsibility on the Creation of a Competitive Advantage for Jordanian Private Universities
Authors: Magatef Sima Ghaleb 
Published: August 2016

<p>This study seeks to identify the impact of the application of social responsibility on the creation of a competitive advantage. The study has been applied on Jordanian private universities. 200 copies of the questionnaire were distributed over managers and officials at these institutions. 82% of the 164 questionnaires which were distributed over the study sample ware recovered. A group of social responsibility dimensions represented by the local community, employees, customers (students at private universities), the environment and studying its impact level on the creation of competitive advantage for Jordanian private universities have been focused upon.</p><p>The hierarchical cluster has been used, where universities have been divided into groups. The results show that the first group of private universities uses social responsibility at a high and notable scale, while the second group uses social responsibility at a low scale. The results show that the group using social responsibility at a high scale, its competitive advantage is high, while the second group which uses social responsibility at a low scale, its competitive advantage is low.</p><p>The study demonstrates the importance of social responsibility and the interest of Jordanian private universities to apply it for its positive and clear impact on the creation of a competitive advantage in the market.</p><p> </p>
Teologia e literatura: bases para um diálogo
Authors: Manzatto Antonio 
Published: August 2016

<p>A presente comunicação visa apresentar as linhas gerais do trabalho realizado pelo Grupo de Pesquisa em Literatura, Religião e Teologia (LERTE – PUC SP) e indica brevemente como o estudo das relações entre teologia e literatura tem-se intensificado nos últimos tempos, sobretudo em trabalhos realizados na zona de confluência entre as realidades literárias e religiosas. Trabalha-se mais relacionando a literatura, e a arte em geral, com religião que propriamente com a teologia, alguns encarando a confessionalidade da teologia como um impedimento para um diálogo frutuoso entre elas. Será preciso, então, esclarecer os pontos sobre os quais se baseia o trabalho teológico de aproximação com o universo literário, bem como o porquê de tal empreendimento. O presente texto parte da convicção, básica para a teologia e a fé cristã, de que Deus se revela na história da humanidade, e daí argumenta em favor de uma compreensão ampla da questão, no sentido de que tal Revelação nos chega através de histórias narradas sobre figuras de humanidade com densidade literária. Com isso visa estabelecer uma ponte real entre literatura e teologia, afirmando aspectos epistemológicos no horizonte da teologia que demonstram seu real interesse em dialogar com a literatura. Tais aspectos enfatizam a interpretação da história feita pelas narrativas e a perspectiva de humanidade que nelas se faz presente, propondo à teologia caminhos promissores para a reflexão que quer compreender melhor a Deus que é afirmado pela confissão de fé.</p><p> </p>
Interventions to improve the rate or timing of initiation of antiretroviral therapy for HIV in sub‐Saharan Africa: meta‐analyses of effectiveness
Authors: Fox Matthew P , Rosen Sydney , Geldsetzer Pascal , Bärnighausen Till , Negussie Eyerusalem , Beanland Rachel 
Published: August 2016

IntroductionAs global policy evolves toward initiating lifelong antiretroviral therapy (ART) regardless of CD4 count, initiating individuals newly diagnosed with HIV on ART as efficiently as possible will become increasingly important. To inform progress, we conducted a systematic review of pre‐ART interventions aiming to increase ART initiation in sub‐Saharan Africa.MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase and the ISI Web of Knowledge from 1 January 2008 to 1 March 2015, extended in PubMed to 25 May 2016, for English language publications pertaining to any country in sub‐Saharan Africa and reporting on general adult populations. We included studies describing interventions aimed at increasing linkage to HIV care, retention in pre‐ART or uptake of ART, which reported ART initiation as an outcome. We synthesized the evidence on causal intervention effects in meta‐analysis of studies belonging to distinct intervention categories.Results and discussionWe identified 22 studies, which evaluated 25 interventions and included data on 45,393 individual patients. Twelve of twenty‐two studies were observational. Rapid/point‐of‐care (POC) CD4 count technology (seven interventions) (relative risk, RR: 1.26; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.02–1.55), interventions within home‐based testing (two interventions) (RR: 2.00; 95% CI: 1.36–2.92), improved clinic operations (three interventions) (RR: 1.36; 95% CI: 1.25–1.48) and a package of patient‐directed services (three interventions) (RR: 1.54; 95% CI: 1.20–1.97) were all associated with increased ART initiation as was HIV/TB service integration (three interventions) (RR: 2.05; 95% CI: 0.59–7.09) but with high imprecision. Provider‐initiated testing (three interventions) was associated with reduced ART initiation (RR: 0.91; 95% CI: 0.86–0.97). Counselling and support interventions (two interventions) (RR 1.08; 95% CI: 0.94–1.26) had no impact on ART initiation. Overall, the evidence was graded as low or moderate quality using the GRADE criteria.ConclusionsThe literature on interventions to increase uptake of ART is limited and of mixed quality. POC CD4 count and improving clinic operations show promise. More implementation research and evaluation is needed to identify how best to offer treatment initiation in a manner that is both efficient for service providers and effective for patients without jeopardizing treatment outcomes.
Comorbidity and Disease Activity in Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Salter Amber , Lancia Samantha , Kowalec Kaarina , Fitzgerald Kathryn C. , Marrie Ruth Ann 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceMultiple studies suggest that comorbidity worsens clinically relevant outcomes in multiple sclerosis (MS), including the severity of disability at diagnosis and rate of disability worsening after diagnosis. However, less is known regarding the association of comorbidity with measures of disease activity, such as relapse rate and magnetic resonance imaging lesion accrual, which are relevant to clinicians and clinical trialists.ObjectiveTo evaluate the association of comorbidities with disease activity in clinical trials of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) in populations with MS.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsA 2-stage meta-analytic approach was used in this cohort study of individual participant data from phase 3 clinical trials of MS DMTs that had 2 years of follow-up and were conducted from November 2001 to March 2018. Data were analyzed from February 2023 to June 2024.ExposureComorbidity burden and individual comorbidities present at trial enrollment, including hypertension; hyperlipidemia; functional cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart, cerebrovascular, and peripheral vascular disease; diabetes; autoimmune thyroid and miscellaneous autoimmune conditions; migraine; lung and skin conditions; depression; anxiety; and other psychiatric disorders.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe main outcome was evidence of disease activity (EDA) over 2 years of follow-up, defined as confirmed relapse activity, disability worsening, or any new lesions on magnetic resonance imaging.ResultsA total of 16 794 participants with MS were included from 17 clinical trials (67.2% female). Over the 2-year follow-up, 61.0% (95% CI, 56.2%-66.3%; I2 = 97.9%) of the pooled trials had EDA. After adjusting for multiple factors, the presence of 3 or more comorbidities was associated with an increased hazard of EDA (adjusted hazard ratio [AHR], 1.14; 95% CI, 1.02-1.28) compared with no comorbidity. Presence of 2 or more cardiometabolic conditions was also associated with an increased hazard of EDA (AHR, 1.21; 95% CI, 1.08-1.37) compared with no cardiometabolic comorbidity. Presence of 1 psychiatric disorder was associated with an increased hazard of EDA (AHR, 1.07; 95% CI, 1.02-1.14).Conclusions and RelevanceIn this study, a higher burden of comorbidity was associated with worse clinical outcomes in people with MS, although comorbidity could potentially be a partial mediator of other negative prognostic factors. Our findings suggest a substantial adverse association of the comorbidities investigated with MS disease activity and that prevention and management of comorbidities should be a pressing concern in clinical practice.
Suicidality Calls to a National Helpline After a Terror Attack and War
Authors: Benatov Joy , Itzhaky Liat , Daniels Shiri , Zalsman Gil 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceChanges in suicide rates after a nationwide trauma may be different from changes in psychiatric symptoms or general distress after such events. However, very few studies have examined short-term suicide-related reactions after such an event.ObjectiveTo evaluate the short-term outcome of the events in Israel on October 7, 2023, a large-scale terror attack and unfolding war, on changes in suicidality as reflected in percentages of suicide-related calls in relation to all calls to a national mental health first aid helpline, the Israeli Association for Emotional First Aid (ERAN).Design, Setting and ParticipantsThe data included all interactions via the various ERAN helpline services between January 1, 2022, and December 31, 2023.ExposuresThe October 7, 2023, terror attack on Israel.Mean Outcomes and MeasuresChanges in the numbers of overall calls and suicide-related calls to the ERAN helpline using an interrupted time-series analysis.ResultsA total of 602 323 calls were received by the ERAN helpline. The number of calls reflecting psychological distress in the 3 months before October 7, 2023, was 67 555 compared with 89 445 calls in the 3 months after. Analysis indicated that overall calls increased significantly on October 7 (β = 2089.16; 95% CI, 1918.97-2259.35). In addition, the daily trajectory of all calls changed significantly after October 7 (β = −22.77; 95% CI, −33.37 to −12.16), such that there was a decrease in the number of calls per day (β = −11.34; SE = 1.213; t = −9.35; P &amp;lt; .001). The number of suicide-related calls in the 3 months before October 7 was 1887, whereas 1663 suicide-related calls were registered in the 3 months after. Analysis showed that there were no changes in the daily number of suicide-related calls from before October 7 (β = −0.001; 95% CI, −0.005 to 0.03) or on October 7 (β = −0.22; 95% CI, −3.69 to 3.25). Therefore, the percentage of suicide-related calls decreased significantly on October 7 (β = −1.42; 95% CI, −1.92 to −0.92) and gradually increased in the following period (β = 0.016; 95% CI, 0.006-0.026).Conclusions and RelevanceThe findings of this cohort study suggest that although short-term emotional distress increased after national trauma, the percentage of suicide-related calls decreased. These results support previous studies suggesting that suicidality is not one of the immediate reactions to such traumas.
Optoelectronics of Lead‐Free Antimony‐ and Bismuth‐Based Metal Halides for Sensitive and Low‐Noise Photodetection
Authors: Jia Zhenglin , Davydova Maria P. , Sukhikh Taisiya S. , Liu Hailin , Liu Yong , Artem'ev Alexander V. , Lin Qianqian 
Published: September 2024

AbstractOrganic–inorganic hybrid halide perovskites have emerged as the most promising optoelectronic materials for next‐generation solution‐processed devices, primarily attributed to their distinctive properties such as cost‐effectiveness, facile fabrication process, high light absorption coefficient, tunable bandgap, and relatively high charge carrier mobility. Nevertheless, the presence of Pb elements is inevitable in most high‐performance perovskite optoelectronic devices, posing environmental pollution concerns and impeding their commercialization. In this study, two novel non‐toxic bismuth‐ and antimony‐based perovskite materials with environmentally conscious approaches are developed. Their structures and optoelectronic properties have been systematically characterized. Subsequently, photoconductive‐ and photodiode‐type photodetectors are designed and fabricated. Notably, the photodiode configuration exhibits exceptionally low dark current and noise, superior detection sensitivity, fast response speed, and good device stability. Owing to these superior performance metrics, the devices demonstrate great potential for real applications. Furthermore, this study furnishes a theoretical framework and design perspectives for the solution‐processed semiconductor materials.
Linkage Regulation of Back‐To‐Back Connected Dimers as Guest Acceptors Enables Organic Solar Cells with Excellent Efficiency, Stability and Flexibility
Authors: You Shiyong , Zhang Youhui , Huang Bin , Jeong Sang Young , Shuai Xiaozhong , Huang Shuiyuan , Woo Han Young , Wu Feiyan , Chen Lie 
Published: September 2024

AbstractHigh efficiency, stability, and flexibility are key prerequisites for the commercial applications of organic solar cells (OSCs). Herein, three back‐to‐back connected dimers (2Qx‐TT, 2Qx‐C3, 2Qx‐C6) are developed as the guest acceptors for OSCs with improved comprehensive performance. By regulating the linkage from rigid bithiophene to flexible alkyl chain, the back‐to‐back connected dimers display quite different molecular geometry and intermolecular interactions, consequently influencing their packing arrangement, film‐forming process, carrier mobilities, and the device efficiency, stability, and flexibility. By introducing these dimer acceptors as the guest into active layer, these dimers form alloy phases with the host acceptor, promoting film‐forming process and charge dynamics. All ternary devices exhibit improved PCEs of over 18% than the control binary device. Among them, 2Qx‐C3‐based ternary device obtains the best efficiency of as high as 19.03%. Moreover, thanks to the stronger entanglement favored by the dimers with flexible linkage, the PM6:BTP‐eC9:2Qx‐C3‐based device shows outstanding stability and flexibility. The flexible device displays an improved PCE of 16.09% with a crack‐onset strain of 15.0%, showing excellent mechanical robustness close to the all‐polymer devices. This work demonstrates the potential of the back‐to‐back connected dimer acceptors as the guest for highly efficient, stable and flexible OSCs.