bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
ChemInform Abstract: HETEROCYCLIC KETENE THIOACETAL DERIVATIVES. IX. REACTIONS OF 1‐(2,2‐BIS(METHYLTHIO)VINYL)PYRIDINIUM IODIDES WITH ACTIVE METHYLENE COMPOUNDS
Authors: TOMINAGA Y. , FUJITO H. , MIZUYAMA K. , MATSUDA Y. , KOBAYASHI G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie l‐(2,2‐Bis‐ (methylthio)vinyl)pyridiniumjodide (I) reagieren mit den aktiven Methylenverbindungen (II) in siedendem Äthanol in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin zu den N‐Allyliden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REACTION OF PYRIDINIUM N‐YLIDES WITH KETENE THIOACETAL DERIVATIVES
Authors: TOMINAGA Y. , MIYAKE Y. , FUJITO H. , KURATA K. , AWAYA H. , MATSUDA Y. , KOBAYASHI G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Pyridiniumsalze (I) reagieren mit den Ketenthioacetalderivaten (II) in siedendem Äthanol in Gegenwart von Triäthylamin zu den Pyridinium‐N‐allyliden (III).
ChemInform Abstract: REISSERT COMPOUND CHEMISTRY. PART 5. FORMATION OF PYRROLO(1,2‐A)QUINOLINES AND PYRROLO(2,1‐A)ISOQUINOLINES
Authors: UFF B. C. , BUDHRAM R. S. , CONSTERDINE M. F. , HICKS J. K. , SLINGSBY B. P. , PEMBLINGTON J. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Reissert‐Verbindungen (I) reagieren als Anionen mit Acrylnitril bei 0°C bzw. Raumtemperatur unter Umlagerung zu den Aroylchinoli‐ nen (II), bei ‐30°C dagegen unter Bildung der Pyrrolochinoline (III).
ChemInform Abstract: MESOIONIC REACTIONS OF FIVE MEMBERED HETEROCYCLES WITH O‐QUINOID COMPOUNDS
Authors: FRIEDRICHSEN W. , SCHWARZ I. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractMünchnone (I) reagieren über ihre tautomere Form (II) mit o‐Chinonen oder mit entsprechenden Iminen (III) über diskutierte Zwischenstufen zu den Addukten (IV) in hohen Ausbeuten.
ChemInform Abstract: STUDIES ON THE HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS. XXI. A NEW ALKYLATION OF PYRIDAZINES WITH NITROMETHANE AND NITROETHANE
Authors: YANAI M. , TAKEDA S. , NISHIKAWA M. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn einer neuartigen Alkylierungsreaktion werden aus den in den Formeln wiedergegebenen Pyridazinderivaten durch Umsetzung mit Nitromethan bzw. Nitroäthan in siedendem Tetrahydrofuran oder in Dimethylsulfoxid bei Raumtemperatur (3 Tage Reaktionszeit) in Gegenwart von Kaliumcarbonat oder Triäthylamin die entsprechenden Methyl‐ bzw. Äthylpyridazine erhalten.
ChemInform Abstract: PLATELET AGGREGATION INHIBITORS. IX. CHEMICAL TRANSFORMATION OF ADENOSINE INTO 2‐THIOADENOSINE DERIVATIVES
Authors: KIKUGAWA K. , SUEHIRO H. , YANASE R. , AOKI A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAusgehend von Adenosin (I) wird über das N‐Oxid (II), das Perchlorat (III) und die Verbindung (IV) mit Schwefelkohlenstoff /Methanol/ Pyridin bei Raumtemperatur das Thioadenosin (V) erhalten, aus dem durch 4‐tägiges Erhitzen in wäßrigem Äthanol das Thioadenosin‐N‐oxid (VI) entsteht.
ChemInform Abstract: NITRATION OF 7‐SUBSTITUTED 1,3,5‐TRIAZA‐ADAMANTANES
Authors: EDWARDS A. , WEBB G. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Nitrierungen der 7‐substituierten Triazaadamantane (II) und einiger Analogen (X: ‐NH‐Ac und ‐N=CH° ‐C6H4‐p‐OMe) mit verschiedenen Nitrierungsgemischen werden untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF VALENCE‐BOND ISOMERS OF HEXAKIS(TRIFLUOROMETHYL)OXEPIN
Authors: KOBAYASHI Y. , HANZAWA Y. , NAKANISHI Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHexakistrifluormethyl‐benzvalenoxid (I) liefert bei der Reduktion mit Triphenylphosphin das Diketon (II), aus dem mit weiterem Phosphin die beiden Cyclisierungsprodukte (III) und (IV) erhalten werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND REACTION OF DIETHYL‐P‐TOLYLMETHYLPROPARGYLOXYSILANE
Authors: MOVSUM‐ZADE E. M. , NASIROV YA. F. , ZAIDOV G. YU. , SHIKHIEV I. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSynthese und Umsetzung von Diäthyl‐methyl‐p‐tolyl‐propargyloxy‐silanen.
ChemInform Abstract: INVESTIGATIONS OF PHOSPHORANES WITH PHOSPHORUS‐HYDROGEN BOND DURING THE REACTION OF AMINOPHOSPHINE WITH ALCOHOLS
Authors: BOISDON M. T. , MALAVAUD C. , MATHIS F. , BARRANS J. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractUmsetzungen und Gleichgewichtsreaktionen zwischen Aminophosphinen und Alkoholen, z.B. im Sinne der angegebenen Formelgleichung, werden beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: ARSACYCLOHEXADIENONE‐ARSAPHENOL REARRANGEMENT. 2‐ARYL‐4‐ACETOXYARSENINES
Authors: MAERKL G. , RAMPAL J. B. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Dialkin (I) erhält man bei der Behandlung mit Arylarsinen (II) die Cyclisierungsprodukte (III), die mit Braunstein nach Hydrolyse zu den Ketonen (IV) oxidiert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: OXIDATION OF IRON(II) PORPHYRINS AND HEMOPROTEINS BY NITRO AROMATICS
Authors: ONG J. H. , CASTRO C. E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractNitroaromaten oxidieren high‐spin Eisen(II)‐Porphyrine in l : l v/v N‐Methylpyrrolidon‐ Essigsäure bei Raumtemperatur.
ChemInform Abstract: FORMATION OF TRANSIENT DIMETHYLZINC, DIMETHYLCADMIUM, AND DIMETHYLLEAD SPECIES VIA METHYLATION OF ZINC(2+), CADMIUM(2+), AND LEAD(2+) BY A TRANS‐DIMETHYLCOBALT COMPLEX
Authors: WITMAN M. W. , WEBER J. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBei der Methylierung von Zn‐,Cd‐ und Pb‐Ionen in Isopropanol durch den Co‐Komplex (I) bilden sich bei einem Verhältnis von Komplex: Metall gleich 2:1 in einer schnellen Reaktion die Produkte (II) und (IVa).
ChemInform Abstract: BINUCLEAR CRYPTATES. SYNTHESIS AND BINUCLEAR CATION INCLUSION COMPLEXES OF BIS‐TREN MACROBICYCLIC LIGANDS
Authors: LEHN J.‐M. , PINE ST. H. , WATANABE E. , WILLARD A. K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Darstellung eines makrobicyclischen Kryptanden wird beschrieben und seine Komplexbildung untersucht.
ChemInform Abstract: HINDERED ROTATION ABOUT THE METAL‐NITROGEN BOND IN TRANS‐DICHLORODIHYDRAZONEPALLADIUM(II) COMPLEXES AND X‐RAY CRYSTAL STRUCTURE OF TRANS‐BIS(ACETONE METHYLPHENYLHYDRAZONE)DICHLOROPALLADIUM(II)
Authors: NATILE G. , GASPARRINI F. , MISITI D. , PEREGO G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie trans‐Dichlorodihydrazon‐Pd(II)‐Komplexe (I) werden durch die 1:2‐molare Umsetzung von trans‐Dichlorodibenzonitril‐ Pd(II) mit den entsprechenden Hydrazonen in Benzol synthetisiert und IR‐ sowie NMR‐spektroskopisch charakterisiert.
ChemInform Abstract: (20S)‐3β‐HYDROXY‐5α‐CHOLESTANE 18,20‐LACTONE
Authors: HABERMEHL G. , MIYAHARA K. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Ausgangsverbindung 20‐Oxo‐5‐ pregnenßß‐ylacetat (I) wurde nach bekannten Methoden über (II) in das Lacton (IIIa) übergeführt, das nach Oxidation zu (IIIb) und Schutz der so erhaltenen Oxogruppe als Dioxolan in (IIIc) zum Diol (IV) reduziert wurde.
ChemInform Abstract: STEROIDS AND RELATED STUDIES. PART 41. SCHMIDT REACTION WITH 3β‐ACETOXYPREGN‐5‐ENE‐7,20‐DIONE
Authors: SINGH H. , BHARDWAJ T. R. , PAUL D. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Behandlung der Titelverbindung (I) mit Carbazinsäure‐B‐trifluorid ergibt ein komplexes Gemisch, aus dem die 7a‐Aza‐B‐homoandrost‐5‐eno[7a,7‐d,]tetrazol‐3β‐ole (IIa) und (IIb) als Hauptprodukte isoliert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: UNSATURATED CARBOHYDRATES. PART 20. DIRECT CONVERSION OF PHENYL 1‐THIOHEXOSIDE ESTERS INTO PHENYL 1‐THIOHEX‐1‐ENOPYRANOSID‐3‐ULOSE ESTERS
Authors: FERRIER R. J. , FURNEAUX R. H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Behandlung von Phenyl‐1‐thiohexosidestern mit einem Überschuß an N‐Bromsuccinimid in siedendem Tetrachlorkohlenstoff und in hellem sichtbaren Licht führt zur Umwandlung in die entsprechenden Phenyl‐1‐thiohex‐1‐enopyranosid‐3‐uloseester.
ChemInform Abstract: PHENYLOXAZOLINE DERIVATIVES OF AMINO‐SUGARS. PART 3. PREPARATION OF INTERMEDIATES FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SPHINGOGLYCOLIPIDS
Authors: GIGG R. , CONANT R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDas Mesylat (IIb) des aus dem Oxazolin (Ia) erhältlichen Allylglucosids (IIa) wird über die Stufen (III), (IVa), (IVb) und (IVc) in das talo‐Anhydrid (V) übergeführt, dessen Hydrolyse das talo‐Diol (VI) liefert.
ChemInform Abstract: A SIMPLE STEREOSELECTIVE SYNTHESIS OF (R)‐RECIFEIOLIDE BY ADOPTION OF (R)‐METHYLOXIRANE AS A CHIRAL SOURCE
Authors: UTIMOTO K. , UCHIDA K. , YAMAYA M. , NOZAKI H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus dem Alkin (I) erhält man mit Disobutylalanat das Addukt (II), das mit dem optisch aktiven Propylenoxid (III) zum Addukt (IV) reagiert.
ChemInform Abstract: AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS OF GEOLOGICAL ORIGIN. NEW FOSSIL AROMATIC CAROTENOIDS
Authors: SCHAEFLE J. , LUDWIG B. , ALBRECHT P. , OURISSON G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus geologischen Formationen werden die den gesättigten Vertretern (V), (VII) und (XII) entsprechenden Carotinoide mit einer konjugierten aliphatischen Kohlenwasserstoffkette isoliert, die zu den gesättigten Verbindungen hydriert werden.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS OF 6,9α‐OXIDO‐11α,15α‐DIHYDROXYPROSTA‐(E)5,(E)13‐DIENOIC ACID, AN ISOMER OF PGI2 (VANE′S PGX)
Authors: COREY E. J. , SZEKELY I. , SHINER C. S. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus der bekannten Brom‐Verbindung (Ia) entsteht ein Gemisch isomerer Carbinole (Ib), das getrennt und in Form des Methylesters in das Mesylat (Ic) übergeführt wird.
ChemInform Abstract: SYNTHESIS AND GASTRIC ANTISECRETORY PROPERTIES OF 15‐DEOXY‐16‐HYDROXYPROSTAGLANDIN E ANALOGS
Authors: COLLINS P. W. , DAJANI E. Z. , DRISKILL D. R. , BRUHN M. S. , JUNG C. J. , PAPPO R. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Synthese sowie die Inhibierung der Magensaft‐Sekretion wird für verschiedene modifizierte Prostaglandin‐E‐Analoga beschrieben.
ChemInform Abstract: AMINOGLYCOSIDE ANTIBIOTICS‐ SYNTHESIS OF NEBRAMINE, TOBRAMYCIN AND 4′′‐EPI‐TOBRAMYCIN
Authors: TANABE M. , YASUDA D. M. , DETRE G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDie Herstellung von Nebramin‐ (VI) , Tobramycin‐(IVa) und 4′‐Epi‐tobramycin‐(IVb) Derivaten erfolgt in der angegebenen Weise aus (I).
ChemInform Abstract: C2‐SPIROAZIRIDINO‐CEPHALOSPORINS
Authors: SPRY D. O. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractAus den exo‐Methylen‐cephalosporinen (I) erhält man mit Diphenylsulfilimin (II) die kondensierten Aziridine (III), die mit Phosphortrichlorid zu (IV) gespalten werden.
An Examination of the Impact of Racial and Ethnic Identity, Impostor Feelings, and Minority Status Stress on the Mental Health of Black College Students
Authors: McClain Shannon , Beasley Samuel T. , Jones Bianca , Awosogba Olufunke , Jackson Stacey , Cokley Kevin 
Published: April 2016

This study examined ethnic identity, racial centrality, minority status stress, and impostor feelings as predictors of mental health in a sample of 218 Black college students. Ethnic identity was found to be a significant positive predictor of mental health, whereas minority status stress and impostor feelings were significant negative predictors. Although ethnic identity was the strongest predictor of mental health, racial centrality represented a nonsignificant, negative predictor. Counseling implications for Black college students are discussed.Este estudio examinó la identidad étnica, la centralidad racial, el estrés por estatus de minoría y los sentimientos de impostor como indicadores de salud mental en una muestra de 218 estudiantes universitarios negros. Se halló que la identidad étnica es un indicador positivo significativo de salud mental, mientras que el estrés por estatus de minoría y los sentimientos de impostor fueron indicadores negativos significativos. Aunque la identidad étnica fue el indicador más fuerte de salud mental, la centralidad racial representó un indicador negativo no significativo. Se discuten las implicaciones para la consejería de estudiantes universitarios negros.
A Person‐Centered Perspective on Multidimensional Perfectionism in Canadian and Chinese University Students: A Multigroup Latent Profile Analysis
Authors: Smith Martin M. , Saklofske Donald H. , Yan Gonggu , Sherry Simon B. 
Published: April 2016

This study investigated the generalizability of the tripartite model of perfectionism across Canadian and Chinese university students. Using latent profile analysis and indicators of perfectionistic strivings, perfectionistic concerns, and neuroticism in both groups, the authors derived a 3‐profile solution: adaptive perfectionists, maladaptive perfectionists, and nonperfectionists. Furthermore, multigroup latent profile analysis supported the construct equivalence of the 3‐profile solution across groups. Results further suggested that a greater proportion of Chinese students could be classified as adaptive perfectionists.Este estudio investigó la generalizabilidad del modelo tripartito de perfeccionismo entre estudiantes universitarios canadienses y chinos. Usando un análisis de perfil latente e indicadores de esfuerzos perfeccionistas, preocupaciones perfeccionistas y neuroticismo en ambos grupos, los autores desarrollaron una solución de 3 perfiles: perfeccionistas adaptados, perfeccionistas inadaptados y no perfeccionistas. Además, el análisis de perfil latente multigrupo confirmó la equivalencia de constructo de la solución de 3 perfiles en estos grupos. Los resultados sugieren también que una mayor proporción de estudiantes chinos podría clasificarse como perfeccionistas adaptados.
Testing and Pushing the Limits of Super‐Resolution Microscopy
Authors: Schmied Jürgen 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn recent years, the spatial resolution in fluorescence microscopy has seen a dramatic improvement due to the invention of several super‐resolution techniques which break the diffraction limit. However, validating and testing these new techniques remains challenging due to the lack of reliable test‐structures providing well‐defined mark‐to‐mark distances. Newly developed nanostructures allow to position dye molecules with nanometer precision and can be produced in a highly parallel fashion. These structures can be used to test the achievable spatial resolution of super‐resolution but also of conventional fluorescence microscopes. Furthermore, a new type of ideal fiducial marker will be presented, which helps to push the resolution of localization based microscopes to its limits.
Evaluating different physician's prescribing preference based instrumental variables in two primary care databases: a study of inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonist use and the risk of myocardial infarction
Authors: Uddin Md. Jamal , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , de Boer Anthonius , Afonso Ana S. M. , Primatesta Paola , Becker Claudia , Belitser Svetlana V. , Hoes Arno W. , Roes Kit C. B. , Klungel Olaf H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeInstrumental variable (IV) analysis with physician's prescribing preference (PPP) as IV is increasingly used in pharmacoepidemiology. However, it is unclear whether this IV performs consistently across databases. We aimed to evaluate the validity of different PPPs in a study of inhaled long‐acting beta2‐agonist (LABA) use and myocardial infarction (MI).MethodsInformation on adults with asthma and/or COPD and at least one prescription of beta2‐agonist, or muscarinic antagonist was extracted from the CPRD (UK) and the Mondriaan (Netherlands) databases. LABA exposure was considered time‐fixed or time‐varying. We measured PPPs using previous LABA prescriptions of physicians or proportion of LABA prescriptions per practice. Correlation (r) and standardized difference (SDif) were used to assess assumption of IV analysis.ResultsFor time‐fixed LABA, the IV based on 10 previous prescriptions outperformed the other IVs regarding strength of the IV (r ≥ 0.15) and balance of confounders between IV categories (SDif < 0.10). None of the IVs we considered appeared to be valid for time‐varying LABA. In CPRD (n = 490 499), which included approximately 18 times more subjects than Mondriaan (n = 27 459), IVs appeared more valid. LABA was not associated with MI; hazard ratios ranged from 0.86 to 1.18 for conventional analysis, and from 0.61 to 1.24 for the IV analyses with apparent valid IVs.ConclusionsThe validity of physician's prescribing preference as IV strongly depends on how this IV is defined and in which database it is applied. Hence, general recommendations cannot be made, other than to generate several plausible IVs, assess their validity, and report the estimate(s) from apparently valid IVs. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Risk of acute liver injury associated with use of antibiotics. Comparative cohort and nested case–control studies using two primary care databases in Europe
Authors: Brauer Ruth , Douglas Ian , Garcia Rodriguez Luis Alberto , Downey Gerald , Huerta Consuelo , de Abajo Francisco , Bate Andrew , Feudjo Tepie Maurille , de Groot Mark C. H. , Schlienger Raymond , Reynolds Robert , Smeeth Liam , Klungel Olaf , Ruigómez Ana 
Published: April 2016

AbstractPurposeTo assess the impact of varying study designs, exposure and outcome definitions on the risk of acute liver injury (ALI) associated with antibiotic use.MethodsThe source population comprised of patients registered in two primary care databases, in the UK and in Spain. We identified a cohort consisting of new users of antibiotics during the study period (2004–2009) and non‐users during the study period or in the previous year. Cases with ALI were identified within this cohort and classified as definite or probable, based on recorded medical information. The relative risk (RR) of ALI associated with antibiotic use was computed using Poisson regression. For the nested case–control analyses, up to five controls were matched to each case by age, sex, date and practice (in CPRD) and odds ratios (OR) were computed with conditional logistic regression.ResultsThe age, sex and year adjusted RRs of definite ALI in the current antibiotic use periods was 10.04 (95% CI: 6.97–14.47) in CPRD and 5.76 (95% CI: 3.46–9.59) in BIFAP. In the case–control analyses adjusting for life‐style, comorbidities and use of medications, the OR of ALI for current users of antibiotics was and 5.7 (95% CI: 3.46–9.36) in CPRD and 2.6 (95% CI: 1.26–5.37) in BIFAP.ConclusionGuided by a common protocol, both cohort and case–control study designs found an increased risk of ALI associated with the use of antibiotics in both databases, independent of the exposure and case definitions used. However, the magnitude of the risk was higher in CPRD compared to BIFAP. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Methodological comparison of marginal structural model, time‐varying Cox regression, and propensity score methods: the example of antidepressant use and the risk of hip fracture
Authors: Ali M. Sanni , Groenwold Rolf H. H. , Belitser Svetlana V. , Souverein Patrick C. , Martín Elisa , Gatto Nicolle M. , Huerta Consuelo , Gardarsdottir Helga , Roes Kit C. B. , Hoes Arno W. , de Boer Antonius , Klungel Olaf H. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractBackgroundObservational studies including time‐varying treatments are prone to confounding. We compared time‐varying Cox regression analysis, propensity score (PS) methods, and marginal structural models (MSMs) in a study of antidepressant [selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)] use and the risk of hip fracture.MethodsA cohort of patients with a first prescription for antidepressants (SSRI or tricyclic antidepressants) was extracted from the Dutch Mondriaan and Spanish Base de datos para la Investigación Farmacoepidemiológica en Atención Primaria (BIFAP) general practice databases for the period 2001–2009. The net (total) effect of SSRI versus no SSRI on the risk of hip fracture was estimated using time‐varying Cox regression, stratification and covariate adjustment using the PS, and MSM. In MSM, censoring was accounted for by inverse probability of censoring weights.ResultsThe crude hazard ratio (HR) of SSRI use versus no SSRI use on hip fracture was 1.75 (95%CI: 1.12, 2.72) in Mondriaan and 2.09 (1.89, 2.32) in BIFAP. After confounding adjustment using time‐varying Cox regression, stratification, and covariate adjustment using the PS, HRs increased in Mondriaan [2.59 (1.63, 4.12), 2.64 (1.63, 4.25), and 2.82 (1.63, 4.25), respectively] and decreased in BIFAP [1.56 (1.40, 1.73), 1.54 (1.39, 1.71), and 1.61 (1.45, 1.78), respectively]. MSMs with stabilized weights yielded HR 2.15 (1.30, 3.55) in Mondriaan and 1.63 (1.28, 2.07) in BIFAP when accounting for censoring and 2.13 (1.32, 3.45) in Mondriaan and 1.66 (1.30, 2.12) in BIFAP without accounting for censoring.ConclusionsIn this empirical study, differences between the different methods to control for time‐dependent confounding were small. The observed differences in treatment effect estimates between the databases are likely attributable to different confounding information in the datasets, illustrating that adequate information on (time‐varying) confounding is crucial to prevent bias. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Particulate delivery systems for vaccination against bioterrorism agents and emerging infectious pathogens
Authors: Fan Yuchen , Moon James J. 
Published: April 2016

Bioterrorism agents that can be easily transmitted with high mortality rates and cause debilitating diseases pose major threats to national security and public health. The recent Ebola virus outbreak in West Africa and ongoing Zika virus outbreak in Brazil, now spreading throughout Latin America, are case examples of emerging infectious pathogens that have incited widespread fear and economic and social disruption on a global scale. Prophylactic vaccines would provide effective countermeasures against infectious pathogens and biological warfare agents. However, traditional approaches relying on attenuated or inactivated vaccines have been hampered by their unacceptable levels of reactogenicity and safety issues, whereas subunit antigen‐based vaccines suffer from suboptimal immunogenicity and efficacy. In contrast, particulate vaccine delivery systems offer key advantages, including efficient and stable delivery of subunit antigens, co‐delivery of adjuvant molecules to bolster immune responses, low reactogenicity due to the use of biocompatible biomaterials, and robust efficiency to elicit humoral and cellular immunity in systemic and mucosal tissues. Thus, vaccine nanoparticles and microparticles are promising platforms for clinical development of biodefense vaccines. In this review, we summarize the current status of research efforts to develop particulate vaccine delivery systems against bioterrorism agents and emerging infectious pathogens. WIREs Nanomed Nanobiotechnol 2017, 9:e1403. doi: 10.1002/wnan.1403This article is categorized under:

Therapeutic Approaches and Drug Discovery > Nanomedicine for Infectious Disease
Biology-Inspired Nanomaterials > Protein and Virus-Based Structures
Dysregulated axonal RNA translation in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Authors: Yasuda Kyota , Mili Stavroula 
Published: April 2016

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is an adult‐onset motor neuron disease that has been associated with a diverse array of genetic changes. Prominent among these are mutations in RNA‐binding proteins (RBPs) or repeat expansions that give rise to toxic RNA species. RBPs are additionally central components of pathologic aggregates that constitute a disease hallmark, suggesting that dysregulation of RNA metabolism underlies disease progression. In the context of neuronal physiology, transport of RNAs and localized RNA translation in axons are fundamental to neuronal survival and function. Several lines of evidence suggest that axonal RNA translation is a central process perturbed by various pathogenic events associated with ALS. Dysregulated translation of specific RNA groups could underlie feedback effects that connect and reinforce disease manifestations. Among such candidates are RNAs encoding proteins involved in the regulation of microtubule dynamics. Further understanding of axonally dysregulated RNA targets and of the feedback mechanisms they induce could provide useful therapeutic insights. WIREs RNA 2016, 7:589–603. doi: 10.1002/wrna.1352This article is categorized under:

Translation > Translation Regulation
RNA Export and Localization > RNA Localization
RNA in Disease and Development > RNA in Disease