bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Novel distribution pattern between coexisting sexual and obligate asexual variants of the true estuarine macroalga Ulva prolifera
Authors: Hiraoka Masanori , Higa Motoki 
Published: April 2016

AbstractWhere sexual and asexual forms coexist within a species, the asexuals are often found to be prevalent in marginal habitats. This asexual distribution pattern has received evolutionary attention linked to the paradox of sex. In many marine species, there is a distributional trend of asexual modes being more common in lower salinity waters regarded as the ecogeographic marginal, being explained by negative effects of low salinities on sexual reproductive success. However, the distribution pattern of estuarine species recently adapted to low salinity waters has remained unknown. The brackish macroalga Ulva prolifera being a major benthic component of estuarine ecosystems includes a sexual variant and obligate asexual variants by means of motile spores. We examined the sexual–asexual distribution pattern of this alga along a salinity gradient in river estuaries. Surprisingly, opposite to the distributional trend of marine organisms, the results clearly showed the persistent predominance of sexuals in the lower salinity reaches than the asexuals. In addition, a frequent alternating of dioecious gametophytes and sporophytes in the sexual population was observed, suggesting the sexual reproductive process would be robustly performed in the low salinity waters. Considering U. prolifera had evolved from the ancestral marine species to become a true estuarine species of which the core habitat is the low salinity reaches, in a broad sense its sexual–asexual distribution pattern would be involved in asexual marginal occupations of the species range previously reported in other organisms. Based on the frozen niche variation model, we can give a concise explanation for the evolutionary process of this pattern; multiple asexuals with frozen genotypic variation had arisen from sexual ancestors undergoing low salinity adaptation and share the estuarine habitat with the sexuals at present.
Bed scour by debris flows: experimental investigation of effects of debris‐flow composition
Authors: Haas Tjalling de , Woerkom Teun van 
Published: April 2016

AbstractDebris flows can grow greatly in size by entrainment of bed material, enhancing their runout and hazardous impact. Here, we experimentally investigate the effects of debris‐flow composition on the amount and spatial patterns of bed scour and erosion downstream of a fixed to erodible bed transition. The experimental debris flows were observed to entrain bed particles both grain by grain and en masse, and the majority of entrainment was observed to occur during passage of the flow front. The spatial bed scour patterns are highly variable, but large‐scale patterns are largely similar over 22.5–35° channel slopes for debris flows of similar composition. Scour depth is generally largest slightly downstream of the fixed to erodible bed transition, except for clay‐rich debris flows, which cause a relatively uniform scour pattern. The spatial variability in the scour depth decreases with increasing water, gravel (= grain size) and clay fraction. Basal scour depth increases with channel slope, flow velocity, flow depth, discharge and shear stress in our experiments, whereas there is no correlation with grain collisional stress. The strongest correlation is between basal scour and shear stress and discharge. There are substantial differences in the scour caused by different types of debris flows. In general, mean and maximum scour depths become larger with increasing water fraction and grain size, and decrease with increasing clay content. However, the erodibility of coarse‐grained experimental debris flows (gravel fraction = 0.64) is similar on a wide range of channel slopes, flow depths, flow velocities, discharges and shear stresses. This probably relates to the relatively large influence of grain‐collisional stress to the total bed stress in these flows (30–50%). The relative effect of grain‐collisional stress is low in the other experimental debris flows (<5%), causing erosion to be largely controlled by basal shear stress. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Bright Field Microscopy to Detect Decoy Cells Due to BK Virus Infection in the Fresh and Unstained Urine Sediment in Kidney Allograft Recipients
Authors: Poloni José A. T. , Pinto Gabriel G. , Giordani Maria S. B. , Keitel Elizete , Inocente Nadiana , Voegeli Carlos F. , Fogazzi Giovanni B. , Pasqualotto Alessandro C. , Rotta Liane N. 
Published: April 2016

BackgroundBK virus (BKV) may reactivate in kidney allograft recipients ultimately leading to BKV nephropathy and graft loss. Decoy cells (DCs) are one of the early marks of BKV reactivation, and these can be detected in the urine sediment.MethodsA cohort of 102 kidney transplant patients was followed during months 3 and 6 after the transplant procedure. Urine samples were obtained to detect the presence of DC in the fresh and unstained urine sediment under bright field microscopy (BFM), in concomitance to the determination of the amount of BK viruria by qPCR.ResultsDecoy cells were found in 14.7% of patients (15/102). There was a strong agreement (P < 0.001) between qualitative DC detection by two experienced analysts and by qPCR. The positive predictive value, negative predictive value, specificity, and accuracy of BFM were 80%, 75%, 97%, and 75%, respectively. Test sensitivity was 16%. The comparative method was the qPCR.ConclusionsDespite its limited sensitivity, BFM of unstained urine sediment is an easily available, fast and cheap method to identify DCs in the population of kidney allograft recipients. The diagnostic performance of BFM on the hands of less experienced analysts deserves further investigation.
A Pilot Study of Tailored Cognitive–Behavioral Resilience Training for Trauma Survivors With Subthreshold Distress
Authors: Zalta Alyson K. , Tirone Vanessa , Siedjak Jennifer , Boley Randy A. , Vechiu Catalina , Pollack Mark H. , Hobfoll Stevan E. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis pilot study evaluated the feasibility, acceptability, and preliminary effectiveness of tailored cognitive–behavioral resilience training (TCBRT) for trauma‐exposed individuals with a variety of subsyndromal psychological symptoms. TCBRT is a brief, flexible intervention that allows individuals to select the areas they wish to target using common cognitive–behavioral change principles. There were 14 individuals (78.6% female) who were recruited from a major medical center and enrolled in the 5‐session intervention. There were 12 (85.7%) who completed all TCBRT sessions, and 2 (14.3%) who dropped out after 3 sessions. All participants reported that they received benefit from, were engaged in, and were satisfied with the intervention. Of the 12 with postintervention data, 5 of the participants demonstrated reliable increases in resilience and 6 demonstrated reliable decreases in anxiety. These improvements appeared to be maintained at 2‐month follow‐up; of the 11 participants with follow‐up data, 5 demonstrated reliable increases in resilience and 6 demonstrated reliable decreases in anxiety. Our findings suggested that TCRBT was acceptable to trauma‐exposed individuals with varying types of subthreshold distress.
Asset ownership and incentives in early shareholder capitalism: Liverpool shipping in the eighteenth century
Authors: Silverman Brian S. , Ingram Paul 
Published: April 2016

Research summary: We explore captain‐ownership and vessel performance in eighteenth‐century transatlantic shipping. Although contingent compensation often aligned incentives between captains and shipowners, one difficult‐to‐contract hazard was threat of capture during wartime. We exploit variation across time and routes to study the relationship between capture threat and captain‐ownership. Vessels were more likely to have captain‐owners when undertaking wartime voyages on routes susceptible to privateers. Captain‐owned vessels were less readily captured than those with nonowner captains, but more likely to forgo voyage profits to preserve the vessel's safety. These results are consistent with multitask agency, where residual claims to asset value rather than control rights influence captain behavior. This article is among the first to empirically isolate mechanisms distinguishing among major strands of organizational economics regarding asset ownership and performance.Managerial summary: Organizations face an enduring challenge: Owners hire an executive to act on their behalf, but it is difficult to ensure that the executive indeed acts in their interests. In this study, we exploit a useful historical context—eighteenth‐century transatlantic shipping from Liverpool—to explore the cause and effect of a captain's becoming part‐owner of his vessel. Captains became part‐owners for voyages likely to encounter enemy privateers. Captain‐owners were less likely to be captured, but were more willing to forgo cargo profits to preserve the vessel's safety. Our results provide a useful analogy to modern firm owners who must determine whether to award equity to executives, and to managers who must determine whether to provide assets to employees or rely on employee self‐provision of assets (e.g., tools for tradespeople). Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Titer improvement and pilot-scale production of platensimycin from Streptomyces platensis SB12026
Authors: Shi Jun , Pan Jian , Liu Ling , Yang Dong , Lu Songquan , Zhu Xiangcheng , Shen Ben , Duan Yanwen , Huang Yong 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Platensimycin (PTM) and platencin (PTN), isolated from several strains of Streptomyces platensis are potent antibiotics against multi-drug resistant bacteria. PTM was also shown to have antidiabetic and antisteatotic activities in mouse models. Through a novel genome-mining method, we have recently identified six PTM and PTN dual-producing strains, and generated several mutants with improved production of PTM or PTN by inactivating the pathway-specific transcriptional repressor gene ptmR1. Among them, S. platensis SB12026 gave the highest titer of 310 mg/L for PTM. In this study, we now report titer improvement by medium and fermentation optimization and pilot-scale production and isolation of PTM from SB12026. The fermentation medium optimization was achieved by manipulating the carbon and nitrogen sources, as well as the inorganic salts. The highest titer of 1560 mg/L PTM was obtained in 15-L fermentors, using a formulated medium mainly containing soluble starch, soybean flour, morpholinepropanesulfonic acid sodium salt and CaCO3. In addition, a polyamide chromatographic step was applied to facilitate the purification and 45.14 g of PTM was successfully obtained from a 60 L scale fermentation. These results would speed up the future development of PTM as human medicine.
Back to Basics: Flexible Endoscope Processing
Authors: Spruce Lisa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractFlexible endoscopes are important tools in patient care, yet recent outbreaks of infections in patients who have undergone endoscopic procedures have increased awareness of how the complex design of these instruments makes them difficult to clean. This Back to Basics article focuses on flexible endoscope processing and provides sterile processing, endoscopy, and perioperative team members with strategies for successful processing of these instruments.
Developing a Clinical Prediction Rule for First Hospital-Onset Clostridium difficile Infections: A Retrospective Observational Study
Authors: Press Anne , Ku Benson S , McCullagh Lauren , Rosen Lisa , Richardson Safiya , McGinn Thomas 
Published: April 2016

BACKGROUNDThe healthcare burden of hospital-acquired Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) demands attention and calls for a solution. Identifying patients’ risk of developing a primary nosocomial CDI is a critical first step in reducing the development of new cases of CDI.OBJECTIVETo derive a clinical prediction rule that can predict a patient’s risk of acquiring a primary CDI.DESIGNRetrospective cohort study.SETTINGLarge tertiary healthcare center.PATIENTSTotal of 61,482 subjects aged at least 18 admitted over a 1-year period (2013).INTERVENTIONNone.METHODSPatient demographic characteristics, evidence of CDI, and other risk factors were retrospectively collected. To derive the CDI clinical prediction rule the patient population was divided into a derivation and validation cohort. A multivariable analysis was performed in the derivation cohort to identify risk factors individually associated with nosocomial CDI and was validated on the validation sample.RESULTSAmong 61,482 subjects, CDI occurred in 0.46%. CDI outcome was significantly associated with age, admission in the past 60 days, mechanical ventilation, dialysis, history of congestive heart failure, and use of antibiotic medications. The sensitivity and specificity of the score, in the validation set, were 82.0% and 75.7%, respectively. The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve was 0.85.CONCLUSIONThis study successfully derived a clinical prediction rule that will help identify patients at high risk for primary CDI. This tool will allow physicians to systematically recognize those at risk for CDI and will allow for early interventional strategies.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:896–900
Sex-biased response in activity to light sources with different spectral composition in geometrid moths with flightless females (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)
Authors: Kadlec T. , Pikner M. , Piknerova G. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGeometrid moths occurring in late autumn and early spring in temperate forest habitats are often harmful defoliators of deciduous stands. Their populations can cause locally cyclic outbreaks and thus preventive monitoring actions have been developed, mainly based on pheromone attraction of males. Females are mostly flightless with reduced or lost wings and reduced senses associated with flying. Males are standard flyers with well-developed eyes and must be able to deal with rapidly changing light conditions during their activity. Although such differences indicate sex-biased differences in reactions to light, this has been insufficiently tested. In conditions of an experimental arena and using light-emitting diodes, we tested the different reactions of the sexes for nine species to precisely defined short segments of the electromagnetic spectrum in the range 360–660 nm. Across all species, males preferred shorter wavelengths up to 500 nm, while females were nonselective and generally less active. The sexes differed by eye size and body mass, with males having significantly larger eyes and lower body mass. Between brachypterous and apterous females, the former had larger eye size, while body mass differences were statistically insignificant. There were differences between the sexes in move-to-light reactions and changes in eye size and body mass in line with wing reduction. While males preferred a relatively distinct range of shorter wavelengths, a method of attraction to lights with distinct narrow spectra could be used markedly to enhance the established methods of forest pest monitoring, either alone or in combination with chemical male attraction.
From China to the Big Top: Chinese Acrobats and the Politics of Aesthetic Labor, 1950–2010
Authors: Zhang Tracy Y. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractSince the mid-1980s, North American circus shows have imported jaw-dropping acrobatic acts from the People's Republic of China. This article examines the shifting politics of body and labor that facilitate the international recruitment of Chinese acrobats. Drawing on oral history interviews and archival materials, this study analyzes how a socialist labor hierarchy and ideas of ownership shape acrobats’ relationships with the Chinese state. Since the 1980s, these politics of labor and body have shifted in accordance with the accelerated commercialization of acrobatics, facilitating the international export of acrobats’ labor. This historical investigation sheds light on an overlooked chapter in the history of temporary foreign workers.
Gender and Precarious Labor in a Historical Perspective: Italian Women and Precarious Work between Fordism and Post-Fordism
Authors: Betti Eloisa 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThis article investigates the historical relationship between gender and precarious labor by analyzing the case study of Italian women in the second half of the twentieth century. A gendered historical approach shows that different production modes and working conditions were simultaneously present in Fordist and post-Fordist societies, and women, as well as migrants, experienced a significant level of precariousness even in the so-called golden age of the twentieth century. Sexual division of labor and sex-based discrimination seem to lie at the very heart of the gendered nature of precarious work, a long dureé nexus that has characterized industrial and postindustrial societies, as the article shows, in regard to the Italian case. By approaching the question of job precariousness as a multifaceted phenomenon, it is claimed that the subsequent spread of precarious work in the second half of the twentieth century was directly affected by labor and women's movement struggles, on the one hand, and by the role of the state and politics in defining and redefining the labor law relationship, on the other.
Factors associated with nutritional outcomes in the mother–child dyad: a population-based cross-sectional study
Authors: Géa-Horta Tatiane , Silva Rita de Cássia Ribeiro , Fiaccone Rosemeire Leovigildo , Barreto Maurício Lima , Velásquez-Meléndez Gustavo 
Published: April 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo estimate factors associated with double burden of nutritional outcomes in the mother–child dyad at the household level (child stunting and/or maternal overweight).DesignCross-sectional study using the Brazilian Demographic and Health Survey. Nutritional outcomes were: mother with normal weight and child with normal height; overweight mother and child with normal height; mother with normal weight and short-stature child; and overweight mother and child with short stature (double burden). The child was classified as short when height-for-ageZ-score was <−2 and the mother as overweight when BMI was ≥25·00 kg/m2. Socio-economic status, environment, social vulnerability, maternal characteristics and the child’s food intake were the exposure factors. The hierarchical approach for multinomial logistic regression modelling was used to assess the associations.SettingNational Demographic and Health Survey of Children and Women conducted in Brazil, 2006–2007.SubjectsMother–child dyads (n3676).ResultsAfter adjustments, lower maternal educational level (OR=3·53; 95 % CI 1·33, 9·33) and inadequate household (non-masonry house; OR=2·54; 95 % CI 1·39, 4·66) were associated with the double burden of malnutrition. Mother’s short stature (OR=3·41; 95 % CI 1·76, 6·61), child’s vegetable intake on less than or equal to 4 d/week (OR=2·21; 95 % CI 1·03, 4·75) and inadequate household (non-masonry house; OR=2·29; 95 % CI 1·36, 3·87) were associated with child’s short stature. The lack of breast-feeding (OR=2·00; 95 % CI 1·07, 3·72) was associated with maternal overweight.ConclusionsThe present findings contribute to establishing strategies promoting health and healthy diets, by considering the growth deficit and overweight/obesity concomitantly.
The hnRNP-Htt axis regulates necrotic cell death induced by transcriptional repression through impaired RNA splicing
Authors: Mao Y , Tamura T , Yuki Y , Abe D , Tamada Y , Imoto S , Tanaka H , Homma H , Tagawa K , Miyano S , Okazawa H 
Published: April 2016

AbstractIn this study, we identify signaling network of necrotic cell death induced by transcriptional repression (TRIAD) by α-amanitin (AMA), the selective RNA polymerase II inhibitor, as a model of neurodegenerative cell death. We performed genetic screen of a knockdown (KD) fly library by measuring the ratio of transformation from pupa to larva (PL ratio) under TRIAD, and selected the cell death-promoting genes. Systems biology analysis of the positive genes mapped on protein–protein interaction databases predicted the signaling network of TRIAD and the core pathway including heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins (hnRNPs) and huntingtin (Htt). RNA sequencing revealed that AMA impaired transcription and RNA splicing of Htt, which is known as an endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-stabilizing molecule. The impairment in RNA splicing and PL ratio was rescued by overexpresion of hnRNP that had been also affected by transcriptional repression. Fly genetics with suppressor or expresser of Htt and hnRNP worsened or ameliorated the decreased PL ratio by AMA, respectively. Collectively, these results suggested involvement of RNA splicing and a regulatory role of the hnRNP-Htt axis in the process of the transcriptional repression-induced necrosis.
Tumor suppression in mice lacking GABARAP, an Atg8/LC3 family member implicated in autophagy, is associated with alterations in cytokine secretion and cell death
Authors: Salah F S , Ebbinghaus M , Muley V Y , Zhou Z , Al-Saadi K R D , Pacyna-Gengelbach M , O'Sullivan G A , Betz H , König R , Wang Z-Q , Bräuer R , Petersen I 
Published: April 2016

AbstractGABARAP belongs to an evolutionary highly conserved gene family that has a fundamental role in autophagy. There is ample evidence for a crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis as well as the immune response. However, the molecular details for these interactions are not fully characterized. Here, we report that the ablation of murine GABARAP, a member of the Atg8/LC3 family that is central to autophagosome formation, suppresses the incidence of tumor formation mediated by the carcinogen DMBA and results in an enhancement of the immune response through increased secretion of IL-1β, IL-6, IL-2 and IFN-γfrom stimulated macrophages and lymphocytes. In contrast, TGF-β1 was significantly reduced in the serum of these knockout mice. Further, DMBA treatment of these GABARAP knockout mice reduced the cellularity of the spleen and the growth of mammary glands through the induction of apoptosis. Gene expression profiling of mammary glands revealed significantly elevated levels of Xaf1, an apoptotic inducer and tumor-suppressor gene, in knockout mice. Furthermore, DMBA treatment triggered the upregulation of pro-apoptotic (Bid, Apaf1, Bax), cell death (Tnfrsf10b, Ripk1) and cell cycle inhibitor (Cdkn1a, Cdkn2c) genes in the mammary glands. Finally, tumor growth of B16 melanoma cells after subcutaneous inoculation was inhibited in GABARAP-deficient mice. Together, these data provide strong evidence for the involvement of GABARAP in tumorigenesisin vivoby delaying cell death and its associated immune-related response.