bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Systematic Evaluation of Noah‐MP in Simulating Land‐Atmosphere Energy, Water, and Carbon Exchanges Over the Continental United States
Authors: Ma Ning , Niu Guo‐Yue , Xia Youlong , Cai Xitian , Zhang Yinsheng , Ma Yaoming , Fang Yuanhao 
Published: November 2017

AbstractAccurate simulation of energy, water, and carbon fluxes exchanging between the land surface and the atmosphere is beneficial for improving terrestrial ecohydrological and climate predictions. We systematically assessed the Noah land surface model (LSM) with mutiparameterization options (Noah‐MP) in simulating these fluxes and associated variations in terrestrial water storage (TWS) and snow cover fraction (SCF) against various reference products over 18 United States Geological Survey two‐digital hydrological unit code regions of the continental United States (CONUS). In general, Noah‐MP captures better the observed seasonal and interregional variability of net radiation, SCF, and runoff than other variables. With a dynamic vegetation model, it overestimates gross primary productivity by 40% and evapotranspiration (ET) by 22% over the whole CONUS domain; however, with a prescribed climatology of leaf area index, it greatly improves ET simulation with relative bias dropping to 4%. It accurately simulates regional TWS dynamics in most regions except those with large lakes or severely affected by irrigation and/or impoundments. Incorporating the lake water storage variations into the modeled TWS variations largely reduces the TWS simulation bias more obviously over the Great Lakes with model efficiency increasing from 0.18 to 0.76. Noah‐MP simulates runoff well in most regions except an obvious overestimation (underestimation) in the Rio Grande and Lower Colorado (New England). Compared with North American Land Data Assimilation System Phase 2 (NLDAS‐2) LSMs, Noah‐MP shows a better ability to simulate runoff and a comparable skill in simulating Rn but a worse skill in simulating ET over most regions. This study suggests that future model developments should focus on improving the representations of vegetation dynamics, lake water storage dynamics, and human activities including irrigation and impoundments.
Global Anthropogenic Phosphorus Loads to Freshwater and Associated Grey Water Footprints and Water Pollution Levels: A High‐Resolution Global Study
Authors: Mekonnen Mesfin M. , Hoekstra Arjen Y. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe estimate the global anthropogenic phosphorus (P) loads to freshwater and the associated grey water footprints (GWFs) for the period 2002–2010, at a spatial resolution of 5 × 5 arc min, and compare the GWF per river basin to runoff to assess the P‐related water pollution level (WPL). The global anthropogenic P load to freshwater systems from both diffuse and point sources is estimated at 1.5 Tg/yr. More than half of this total load was in Asia, followed by Europe (19%) and Latin America and the Caribbean (13%). The domestic sector contributed 54% to the total, agriculture 38%, and industry 8%. In agriculture, cereals production had the largest contribution to the P load (31%), followed by fruits, vegetables, and oil crops, each contributing 15%. The global total GWF related to anthropogenic P loads is estimated to be 147 × 1012 m3/yr, with China contributing 30%, India 8%, USA 7%, and Spain and Brazil 6% each. The basins with WPL > 1 (where GWF exceeds the basin's assimilation capacity) together cover about 38% of the global land area, 37% of the global river discharge, and provide residence to about 90% of the global population.
A Data‐Driven Approach for Repairing the Hydrological Catchment Signal Damage Due to Filtering of GRACE Products
Authors: Vishwakarma Bramha Dutt , Horwath Martin , Devaraju Balaji , Groh Andreas , Sneeuw Nico 
Published: November 2017

AbstractOne of the major sources of uncertainty in mass change estimates from level 02 grace products comes from the signal degradation due to filtering of noisy gravity field products. Filtering suppresses noise but also changes the signal via attenuation and leakage. Therefore, many methods have been devised to tackle the unavoidable signal loss due to filtering. However, most of these methods lack mathematical analysis that is essential for understanding the cause and effect of filtering. Furthermore, they use hydrological models to compute correction terms, such as leakage, bias, or scale factor, for repairing the damage due to filtering. Recently, a data‐driven method was proposed for improving the filtered grace products, which was shown to be superior to three widely used model‐based methods. However, the method works efficiently only for catchments above a minimum size. This limitation is due to the usage of a uniform layer approximation for deriving a scale factor, which is used to counter the attenuation of the catchment‐confined signal. In this contribution, we avoid this approximation, and therefore the usage of scale factor, which lifts the limitation and provides a better mathematical relation. The new data‐driven method is able to restore the signal loss due to filtering independent of the catchment size. We validate the method in a realistic grace‐type closed‐loop simulation environment and compare it with other popular approaches. We show that for 22 out of 32 catchments (small to large size and located in different climatic zones) the improved data‐driven method outperforms other methods.
Disability in a Global Context
Authors: Albrecht Gary L. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDisability is a condition that directly involves over 15% of the global population with reverberations throughout every nation and level of society. The World Bank, World Health Organization, and Gates Foundation emphasize that this population has serious social and economic effects on the stability and development of nations and well‐being of individuals touched by disability. This essay places disability in a global context and details the foundational work in the field. Cutting edge research combining biomedical advances, smartphone and computer technology, robotics, artificial intelligence and analysis of social networks and cultural contexts, disability activism and agency, and physical, social, political, and economic environments are examined. Looking to the future, the essay explores the consequences of global population growth, migration, environmental changes, and increased demand for services and technological innovation on the world's disabled population, their social networks, and nations. Lastly, the importance of exploring global disability in all areas of the world while being open to similarities and differences is emphasized.
Motivational Changes Across Adulthood: The Role of Goal Representations for Adult Development and Aging
Authors: Freund Alexandra M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe importance of goals for understanding behavior and performance over time and across situations, for a sense of purpose and psychological well‐being, has been acknowledged in the areas of motivation and lifespan development for more than a quarter‐century (Baltes & Baltes, 1990). More recently, the field of motivated cognition has pointed to the role of the cognitive representation of goals for self‐regulation, affect, and goal achievement (Fujita & Carnevale, 2012). Owing to the decline in the perceived availability of goal‐relevant resources across adulthood, I argue that the representation of goals and their effects on behavior, performance, and well‐being changes across adulthood. More specifically, I propose that goal representations change dynamically as a response to—and help managing—the developmental gains and losses regarding (i) the orientation toward achieving gains, maintaining performance, or avoiding losses, and (ii) the focus on the means or the outcome of goal pursuit.
Cooperative Relationships
Authors: Hruschka Daniel J. , Silk Joan B. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractCooperative relationships arise from a history of mutually beneficial interactions between individuals, and they enable cooperation among a range of entities, including biological organisms, business firms, and nation‐states. As one of the simplest of emergent social forms, cooperative relationships can possess higher level properties (e.g., common expectations and rules of interaction, shared communication protocols) that are more than the sum of individual interactions. As such, cooperative relationships can become “things” in their own right, shaping how partners treat each other and how others treat partners within a relationship. Many open questions remain about how the emergent properties of cooperative relationships arise and how they foster future beneficial interactions while mitigating the risk of exploitation. Here, we frame these diverse findings and emerging questions in terms of the inputs and algorithms that partners use in forming models of each other and in guiding behaviors toward each other. We finish by outlining areas ripe for future exploration.
The Egg Freezing Revolution? Gender, Technology, and Fertility Preservation in the Twenty‐First Century
Authors: Inhorn Marcia C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEgg freezing is the “newest” new reproductive technology, a form of flash‐freezing that allows human eggs to be successfully stored in egg banks. Touted as a “revolution in the way women age,” egg freezing is being heralded as a way for older career women to “rewind the biological clock.” This essay will examine the many factors in American women's lives—education, career, financial stability, relationship status, medical diagnosis and prognosis—that affect their egg freezing and disposition decisions. “Medical” egg freezing is being used by cancer patients, while “social” or “elective” egg freezing is being used by professional women in their late 30s and early 40s, both of whom face the threat of future infertility. Egg freezing among professional women represents a technological concession to ongoing gender inequalities in American society. These include employment constraints facing career women, the growing demographic surplus of college‐educated women who cannot find college‐educated male partners, and women's resultant delays in marriage and childbearing. Ultimately, egg freezing reveals a new and important interface of science and society—one with major implications for human reproduction, women's lives, and family formation in the twenty‐first century.
Skill Production Regimes and Immigrant Labor Market Integration
Authors: Kogan Irena 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn recent years, Western countries have been experiencing a significant increase in both humanitarian and economic immigration. With the number of migrants, the challenges of integration have also surged. In consequence, host countries have invested a considerable amount of resources in comprehensive and effective immigrant integration policies. Various integration measures, such as foreign credential recognition or education and (re‐)training, have been implemented to help immigrants with their transition into the host country's labor market. The success of such policies, we argue, depends not only on their extent and coverage but also on whether they are compatible with other institutional characteristics of the host countries. This contribution hence asks to what extent host countries' immigrant integration policies aligned with these countries' skill production regimes channel immigrants into the labor market and consequently are responsible for the cross‐national differences in immigrants' economic integration. We expect that immigrants, particularly those with a less marketable status (e.g., refugees or asylum seekers), should have higher incentives to acquire host‐country‐specific education or to have their source country education recognized in countries that lay a stronger emphasis on highly specific vocational skills. They also should have higher labor market returns on their investments in countries with more vocationally oriented education systems (such as in Germany and Austria) as opposed to countries with more generally oriented education systems (such as Ireland and the United Kingdom).
The Economics of Conflict and Peace
Authors: Rohner Dominic 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This essay takes stock of the existing literature in economics on the costs, consequences and causes of armed conflicts. The existing literature has put a particular focus, among others, on the impact of ethnic diversity, natural resource abundance and high poverty levels on the likelihood of conflict. Drawing on this, the current essay highlights several broad emerging trends in this literature. First of all, more and more papers use newly created, very fine‐grained data. Second, there is a trend towards linking more closely the empirical analysis to underlying theoretical frameworks. Third, there is a growing awareness of the importance of being policy relevant. Studying the impact of particular policies and institutions is likely to take a more central importance in this literature in the coming years.
Introduction to the Corporate Governance of Religion
Authors: Rost Katja 
Published: November 2017

AbstractStationed at the border between the past and the present, the corporate governance of religion is concerned with the governance mechanisms by which religious organizations are controlled and directed. Building on similarities between contemporary organizations and their predecessors in Roman Catholic monasticism, this essay illustrates that studying the past can be of enormous benefit. It allows us to see familiar problems in a new light: for example, bureaucratic rules—nowadays no longer linked to efficiency—that emerged in Catholic orders and enabled organizational learning, innovations, and survival in uncertain environments. The study of the past is also an appreciation for the kind of governance mechanisms that have staying power: Catholic orders can be viewed as pioneers of corporate governance and show what kind of governance is suitable to reduce agency problems. Finally, when abstract organizational theories are presented in a historical context, it makes them more palatable, more understandable, and more interesting: the theory of the optimal colocation of decision rights within the specific knowledge framework of organizations is supported in Catholic orders. They decentralize their local communities the higher the ratio of credence goods produced, and centralize their local communities the higher the ratio of search/experience goods produced.
The Role of Death Denial in Culture and Consciousness
Authors: Solomon Sheldon 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIndependent lines of theoretical inquiry in evolutionary psychology and existential psychodynamic psychology propose that the awareness of the inevitability of one's death would undermine the viability of consciousness as an adaptive form mental organization in the absence of death‐denying cultural and psychological affectations. In accord with this view, empirical research derived from terror management theory demonstrates that intimations of mortality have a pervasive effect on a wide range of human beliefs and behaviors.
Early Childhood Education and Care Services and Child Development: Economic Perspectives for Universal Approaches
Authors: Spiess C. Katharina 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis essay analyses universal early childhood education and care (ECEC) services from an economic perspective focusing on universal ECEC approaches. First, it examines the effectiveness of ECEC expansions, reviewing research using quasi‐experimental approaches. It then discusses the possible mechanisms underlying the measured effects. These are related to both direct effects from ECEC services on children and indirect ones occurring via maternal employment and well‐being. When ECEC‐positive effects are detected, they mostly pertain to children from lower socioeconomic backgrounds. This raises the question as to whether this group of children is reached by universal ECEC services. The second part of the essay focuses on this issue, describing differences in ECEC attendance by socioeconomic background, distinguishing between different age groups and different aspects of ECEC attendance. The challenges for future research are summarized at the end.
Macroeconomic Effects on Mortality: Issues, Controversies, and Directions for Research
Authors: Granados José A. Tapia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis essay examines the development of ideas on the macroeconomic effects on mortality. It surveys some nineteenth century views, the early twentieth century contributions of Ogburn and Thomas, the 1970s–1980s debates of Brenner and Eyer, and the modern views, contributions, and controversies involving Ruhm and other authors who have tried to demonstrate the empirical support—or the lack of it—for the contentious hypothesis of the procyclical oscillation of mortality. That is the pattern, now clearly established for many, but unproved for more than a few skeptics, that once long‐term trends are taken away, mortality oscillates with the business cycle, rising in expansions and declining in recessions. Potential sources of discrepancies, hypothesized or proven mechanisms for procyclical mortality, and related policy issues are discussed, and the essay concludes by suggesting five questions that future research should aim to answer.To the memory of Joe Eyer, 1944–2017
Cultural Psychology, Socialization, and Individual Development in Changing Contexts
Authors: Trommsdorff Gisela 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
This essay discusses two major emerging trends in the study of culture and psychology. One trend can be observed in the reconciliation of cross‐cultural and culture‐indigenous approaches due to conceptualizing culture in a value‐ and norm‐oriented framework of cultural meaning and cultural minds. A second trend is based on questions of culture learning and socialization, reconciling the nature–nurture debate. Developmental studies integrating biological and socialization conditions in cultural contexts are complemented by selected studies on culture‐specificities of self‐regulation, prosocial behavior, caretaker's implicit theories on parenting, and intergenerational relations. The meaning‐making function of socialization is seen as a major process in culture learning and the development of cultural mindsets. I conclude with questions regarding socioeconomic, demographic, and cultural changes, suggesting a major research goal for an emerging science of cultural psychology: to provide a scientific basis for better understanding culture‐psychological conditions and consequences of fundamental ongoing changes related to cultural diversity and to accelerating intercultural connections.
Complex Religion: Toward a Better Understanding of the Ways in which Religion Intersects with Inequality
Authors: Wilde Melissa J. , Tevington Patricia 
Published: November 2017

AbstractSociologists have long known that religion is deeply interconnected with race, class, and ethnicity in the United States. However, modern sociologists typically study religion as if it is independent from other social structures. Profound class differences remain between American religious groups. Jews, Mainline Protestants and new immigrant groups such as Hindus are at the top of the socioeconomic ladder. Conservative Protestants, both Black and White remain at the bottom. We therefore argue that religion is not independent of class and race and should almost always be examined in interaction with these and other social structures. We call this, theoretical approach “complex religion.”
Evidence of Causation—The Contribution of Life Course Research, Part I: Dominant Models of Causal Inference and Their Limitations in Life Course Research
Authors: Blossfeld Hans‐Peter 
Published: November 2017

Abstract

Life course research has been increasingly criticized for relying only on observational data where processes by which subjects select themselves (or are selected) into the states of a causal variable are not under the control of the researcher. The primary objectives of this essay,
the first in a two‐part set
, are to discuss two dominant models of causal inference and to identify the uses and limitations of randomized control trials (RCTs) and quasi‐experimental designs for answering life course questions.
Evidence of Causation—The Contribution of Life Course Research, PartII: Causation as Generative Process
Authors: Blossfeld Hans‐Peter 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis is thesecond part in a pair of essayson causal inference in life course research. The first part presented the dominant models of causal inference and their limitations in life course research. This essay develops the idea of “causation as generative process,” offering a quite promising model for inferences in life course research.
Polymerase I Transcription
Authors: Sáez‐Vásquez Julio , Echeverría Manuel 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionOrganization ofrRNAGenesRibosomalRNATranscription and the NucleolusrRNAGene Promoters and Transcription FactorsRNApolIHoloenzymes: Evidence and ControversiesCouplingrDNATranscription and Processing of Pre‐rRNAGrowth and Hormonal Control ofRNApolITranscriptionNucleolar DominanceFinal RemarksAcknowledgment
Networks of Transcriptional Regulation Underlying Plant Defense Responses toward Phytopathogens
Authors: Somssich Imre E. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionDefense TranscriptomeRegulatory Sequences Mediating Defense Gene ExpressionTranscription Factors Involved in Defense Gene RegulationTranscriptional NetworksDefense Gene Suppression by PathogensSummary and OutlookAcknowledgments
Modulation of Transcriptional Networks in Crop Plants
Authors: Zhu Tong 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionGenes, Regulatory Factors, Regulatory Pathways, Regulatory Nodes, and Regulatory NetworksFunctional Characterization of Transcription Factor GenesReverse Engineering of Transcription Regulatory NetworkTranscription Network in Crop PlantsTranscription Factors as Gene Switches for Genetic EngineeringPerspectives
Cryptochromes
Authors: Batschauer Alfred , Banerjee Roopa , Pokorny Richard 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The sections in this article are

Introduction

Cryptochrome Genes and Their Evolution

Cryptochrome Domains, Chromophores and Structure

Cryptochrome Biochemistry and Spectroscopy

Expression and Biological Activity of Cryptochromes

Cryptochrome Signalling

Summary

Acknowledgements
Photoreceptor Biotechnology
Authors: Hudson Matthew 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroduction and BackgroundApproaches to Modification of Photomorphogenic Responses in Crop PlantsModification of Photomorphogenesis Using Genetic Transformation – The State of the ArtModification of Photomorphogenesis by Utilizing Genetic DiversityPhotoreceptor Biotechnologyex plantaFuture Directions in Photoreceptor BiotechnologyAcknowledgments
Mitochondrial Dynamics: The Control of Mitochondrial Shape, Size, Number, Motility, and Cellular Inheritance
Authors: Scott Iain , Logan David C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionEndosymbiosis and Mitochondrial EvolutionChondriome Structure and Organisation – The Discontinuous WholeControl of Mitochondrial Number, Size, and Gross MorphologyMitochondrial Movement and Cellular InheritanceOther Plant Mitochondrial Dynamics MutantsMetabolic Control of Mitochondrial Morphology and MotilityConcluding RemarksAcknowledgements
Expression of the Plant Mitochondrial Genome
Authors: Gagliardi Dominique , Binder Stefan 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe sections in this article areIntroductionIdentification of the Pentatricopeptide Repeats Protein Family: A Key Discovery toward the Understanding of Plant Mitochondrial Gene ExpressionTranscription in Higher Plant MitochondriaSplicingExchange of Nucleotide Identity byRNAEditing5′ and 3′ Processing of Plant Mitochondrial TranscriptsStabilization and Degradation ofRNATranslation and Posttranslational ControlConcluding RemarksAcknowledgements