bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Mother Tongue in Psychotherapy
Authors: Carlson Richard J. 
Published: April 2017

The psychotherapy of three women with neurotic and adaptational problems was conducted using their mother tongue, German, and emphasis is placed on the facilitation of the therapeutic process by this method. It is felt that transference may be readily formed, there is less resistance to examining conflict areas, and the use of the acquired language as a defense against anxiety can be avoided. Several other authors have noted similar effects of therapy in the mother tongue. Various aspects of the literature are discussed, particularly focusing on the affective and cognitive differences between the primary and acquired languages as they may influence the psychotherapy.
General Papers
Authors: Gauthier Yvon 
Published: April 2017

This paper summarizes the results of a longitudinal study on young asthmatic children and particularly on the mother-child relationship in this illness: At both observation times— 14 to 30 months and 4 to 6 years — the majority of the children appeared to be developing in a very adequate manner, both in the area of autonomy and opposition. Similarly, in most situations, the mothers appeared quite adequate in the face of their child's illness, and mother-child relationships, generally, seemed harmonious. However, a certain vulnerability in the area of opposition was more marked in a few cases, more frequently between 4–6 years than between 14–30 months. The author attempts a brief history of the development of the concept of the “bad mother” who has become a scapegoat not only in childhood asthma but also in many illnesses encountered in child psychiatry. In questioning the role which may have been played by dynamic theories in this evolution, psychoanalytic writings are reviewed (for example, S. Freud, M. Klein, Spitz, Brody) and it is hypothesized that psychoanalytic theory has had more of a catalytic than a causal influence in relation with a strong tendency in our culture to the eclosion of negative attitudes toward the mother in her relationship with her child. The emphasis placed by North American culture on the nuclear family, the hypertrophy of the maternal function coupled with a paternal role much reduced in time, as well as the almost complete disappearance of maternal substitutes, have all probably greatly influenced the development of this concept of the “bad mother”. The author notes however, that happily, in recent years some child development theories insist on the concept of mother-child interaction and on the mutual role that mother and child have on one another in their exchanges. A review is made of the work of Sander, Bowlby, Schaffer, Lewis and Rosenblum which demonstrates this new trend. The author also studies the question of vulnerability within parent-child relationships, leading to the appearance of child psychopathology, and discusses the development of methods which could help in its early detection. Recent attempts in this direction are reviewed, particularly those of Broussard, Gray et al., Lézine. The importance of Thomas and Chess’ work is particularly underlined, which emphasizes the specific interaction between the temperamental characteristics of the child and the parents’ specific responses to them, at all levels of development. More recent studies by Brazelton et al. and by Korner are also reviewed, suggesting a very early interaction between mother and child. The author concludes by briefly developing the preventive implications of these works and stressing the importance of closely following the efforts made at pre- and post-natal levels which may have much influence in the early prevention of psychopathology in parent-child relationships.
Teaching Psychotherapy: Learning Objectives in Individual Psychotherapy
Authors: Waiters W.W. , Rubenstein J.S. , Bellissimo A. 
Published: April 2017

This paper constitutes an initial attempt to establish specific end-point objectives for the teaching (and learning) of individual psychotherapy skills. A working framework for teaching psychotherapy, which includes intrapsychic as well as interactional phenomena, is articulated. The framework also tries to achieve an integration of basic concepts of psychotherapy and specific skills for clinical practice. It draws on concepts derived from communication theory, psychoanalytic theory, adaptational theory (ego theory), learning theory, and transactional theory. In presenting these objectives three classes of skills are articulated: perceptual, conceptual, and executive. The end-point objectives are described for the following categories: 1) therapeutic stance, 2) history and mental status, 3) models and concepts, 4) communication channels, 5) patient's affect, 6) therapist's affect, 7) acceptance of affect, 8) interpretation, 9) transactions and 10) reinforcement and adaptation. This framework is truly eclectic in nature and effects a healthy compromise between the technique oriented “ABC's of psychotherapy” school and proponents of the view that psychotherapy is an art that cannot be taught. By drawing from more than one model it encourages the student to recognize early the distinction between theoretical formulation and ideological commitment in psychotherapy. It presents these objectives in the form of an instrument that can, with continuous refinement and testing, be used to evaluate student's progress in a psychotherapy training program.
Genetic Factors in Obsessive-Compulsive Neurosis? : A Rare Case of Discordant Monozygotic Twins
Authors: Hoaken Paul C.S. , Schnurr Rosina 
Published: April 2017

There has been considerable interest in the strength of genetic predisposition to obsessive-compulsive neurosis in spite of the tendency in North America to view this disorder as entirely psychogenic. Both American and British papers have remarked on the rarity of the coincidence of obsessive-compulsive neurosis and the occurrence of MZ twins. An analysis of published reports indicates that, of those cases for which both zygosity and diagnosis can be firmly established, ten are concordant and only four discordant. Errors in previous studies that disqualify them from serious consideration include: failure of the investigators to establish zygosity with some degree of certainty; failure to distinguish between obsessive-compulsive neurosis and a mixed neurosis; and a tendency to confuse obsessive-compulsive neurosis with obsessive-compulsive personality or “obsessive traits”. MZ female twins discordant for obsessive-compulsive neurosis are presented and their life histories are discussed. Although the twins were very similar in early childhood, their personality characteristics diverged remarkably, beginning at age 11, with the result that the symptomatic twin became shy, sensitive, cautious, conservative, and religious; whereas her asymptomatic sister became outgoing, confident, and adventuresome. The findings on psychiatric examination and on detailed psychological testing indicate that the obsessive-compulsive neurosis in the affected twin was clearly a psychogenic disorder.
Intimacy and Emotional Illness in the General Population
Authors: Waring Edward M. , Mcelrath Debbie , Mitchell Paul , Derry Mary Ellen 
Published: April 2017

Ninety married couples in the general population received a structured interview to assess their level of intimacy. The couples also completed self-report questionnaires to assess non-psychotic emotional illness and marital adjustment. High levels of intimacy were associated with marital adjustment. Low ratings of marital intimacy were significantly associated with non-psychotic emotional illness and psychiatric help-seeking. These findings are discussed in relationship to recent studies which explore the role of lack of marital intimacy as a vulnerability fact or in the development of non-psychotic emotional illness. Implications for treatment of non-psychotic emotional illness in married individuals is briefly discussed.
Institutional Care of the Mentally Disordered in Canada — a 17th Century Record
Authors: Griffin John D. , Greenland Cyril 
Published: April 2017

“General hospitals” for the care of the helpless poor, the aged and infirm, lunatics and idiots, which were developed in the mid-17th century by Louis XIV of France, soon spread to the colony in New France. Francois Charon, a wealthy businessman, built the Hôpital Général de Ville Marie, Montreal, which was opened in 1694 to care for impoverished and helpless men. The Hospital Register, discovered in the Archives of the Soeurs Grises, Montreal, provides details of the patients’ names, dates of and reasons for admission and the dates of discharge or death. An analysis of the Register, covering the 45 years of the Charon period, reveals that among the 66 boys and men admitted, from 1694 to 1738, at least seven inmates suffered from some form of mental disorder or retardation. This suggests that the Hôpital Général de Ville Marie, together with the Hôpital Général de Québec, were the first Canadian institutions to provide care for the mentally disordered. Pierre Chevallier, who was retarded, lived in the hospital for 44 years until his death at the age of 85. The length of stay in the hospital indicates that the early settlers of New France were men of robust constitution and that the regime provided by the Frères Charon was physically as well as spiritually sustaining.
D. Ewen Cameron's Day Hospital and the Day Hospital Movement
Authors: Goldman D.L. , Arvanitakis K. 
Published: April 2017

D. Ewen Cameron founded the first day hospital in the Western World at the Allan Memorial Institute in 1946. The present article deals with the historical development of the day hospital through an understanding of Dr. Cameron's era and his pursuits. The post- World War II period was one of great advancement in psychiatry. Growing understanding of the patient from the psychosocial, biological and interpersonal points of view helped bring this discipline into the arena of the general hospital. Dr. Cameron's ability to integrate these different levels, stimulated by his earlier collaboration with Adolf Meyer, laid the groundwork for the modern day hospital. The defining principles of the day hospital as advanced by Cameron are considered as they relate to the Allan Memorial Day Hospital of the 1950's. A setting with no beds, a daily routine that allows the patient to return home, as well as group and family interaction were developments that would set the stage for the expansion of the day hospital movement in Canada, the United States and Great Britain. This growth culminated in professional and legislative recognition of partial hospitalization as an important treatment modality. Despite underutilization, the day hospital approach remains flexible and responsive to the needs of today's psychiatric patients.
Civil Commitment: Operational Definition of New Criteria
Authors: Page Stewart 
Published: April 2017

The present study is the last in a planned series of studies concerning effects of current psychiatric legislation. Samples of ninety-seven commitment certificates (Form 3s) and seventy-nine assessment applications (Form 1s) were analyzed, following procedures validated in several previous studies. The 1978 criteria, in the author's opinion, have yet precipitated no substantive or sizeable change in “operational definition,” that is, in types of persons being committed.
The Teaching and Learning of Psychotherapy in a General Hospital
Authors: Greben S.E. , Berger D.M. , Book H.E. , Freebury D.R. , Silver D. , Taylor G.J. 
Published: April 2017

A general teaching hospital provides an excellent setting for the teaching of psychiatric residents. The Canadian model for a teaching network, including general and specialty hospitals, allows for special interests to develop within given hospitals. A department of psychiatry which chooses the teaching of psychotherapy as a special interest is examined. The teaching occurs in all areas of the department (ambulatory, inpatient, consultation-liaison) and is backed up by appropriate seminars. Individual supervision provides the backbone of the teaching program. The special interest exists within a department which must answer all of the psychiatric needs of a general hospital population. From the university point of view, the network is strengthened by the existence of various areas of concentrated interest within various component units of the network.
Clinical Patterns in a Behaviour Modification Unit
Authors: Dahl G. , Merskey H. 
Published: April 2017

The principles and practice of a Behaviour Modification Unit in a psychiatric hospital are described. A simple but consistent program of rewards related to privileges is employed together with attention to individual counselling and family therapy. A consecutive series of 56 patients is reported. They had a high frequency of personality disorders, behaviour disorders and past psychiatric treatment irrespective of diagnosis. Improvement was measured in terms of success, three months after discharge, in staying out of hospital and maintaining an independent existence in the community. By this criterion 42 out of 56 patients (75%) were improved. Patients who improved had had less past treatment of various types and this relationship was highly significant. The justification for this type of program is briefly discussed.
La psychothérapie de groupe des schizophrènes chroniques en milieu externe
Authors: Filotto Jean-FrançOis 
Published: April 2017

The long term management of chronic ambulatory schizophrenic patients represents a problem in spite of the advent of neuroleptics. The most appropriate regimen seems to be group therapy combined with pharmacotherapy. In this paper we suggest that the group is more easily managed by co-therapists (usually a psychiatric nurse and a psychiatrist). This permits a transference dilution and helps the therapists to maintain a constant motivation. We describe such a group functioning on a long term period of over six years. We also comment on the characteristics of these patients, on the criteria we use to include them in the group and on the technique we learned to use. We discuss the fact that, in our view, it is possible to induce some structural changes in these patients and that the technique is not simply supportive.
Delirium Post-Chirurgie Cardiaque avec Circulation Extra-Corporelle: Aspects Cliniques et Observations dans un Centre Spécialisé
Authors: Morin Pierre , Coupal Pierre 
Published: April 2017

Delirium following heart surgery with extra-corporeal circulation recently has been the subject of several studies that show a syndrome with variable diagnostic criteria and incidence which tend to confuse the entity. The diagnostic criteria proposed by the recent DSM-III of the American Psychiatric Association allow a better circumscription of the syndrome but exclude a group of patients manifesting visual hallucinations, sometimes paranoid features and cognitive functions that are less disturbed. Heller's and Kornfeld's less rigid criteria, on the other hand, have the disadvantage of including functional psychotic states that can arise after surgery without a true delirium with organic brain syndrome. We suggest the use of standard criteria that could include only delirium following cardiac surgery with E.C.C. and subdivision of the patients following the kind of surgery. In a retrospective study of the last four years at the Montreal Heart Institute, our clinical observations show an incidence of delirium after heart surgery with E.C.C. of 3%, a finding much lower than that reported in other centres which show an incidence between 13 and 67%. The more important factors found, were the kind of surgery (valve replacement more than coronary bypass), the age of the patients, and the degree of sickness after surgery during the stay in the intensive care unit. Those risk factors were also found in other recent studies. We describe the clinical syndrome and discuss its etiology in reviewing the more common risk factors before, during and after surgery. We underline the importance of the quality of the relationship with the patient before and after surgery in discussing prevention and treatment.
Examen psychiatrique sous ordonnance de cour à propos des patients qui refusent de se soumettre à un examen psychiatrique
Authors: Grunberg Frédéric , Moamai Nasrollah , Desmarais Gilbert , Gagné Et Esther 
Published: April 2017

In this retrospective study 52 patients who had not committed any offence were examined against their will by Court order in the emergency department of a psychiatric hospital. They were compared with a control group of patients reflecting the usual clientele attending without compulsion the emergency department of the same hospital. This research reveals it is the immediate family rather than medico-social agencies that took the initiative in arranging the Court-ordered psychiatric examination. Such patients were no different than the usual patients seen in the emergency department as to age, sex, marital status and past psychiatric history. It was at the level of symptomatology and diagnosis that such patients differed from patients in the control group. The patients refusing to submit to a psychiatric examination not only were more agitated and aggressive, but they were more disorganized, more delusional, and had more hallucinations than the patients in the control group. They were in fact grossly psychotic patients with paranoid and manic features dominating the clinical picture. Our study demonstrated that as far as Montreal is concerned flagrant abuse of civil rights is far more the exception than the rule. Furthermore, if society had to abandon compulsory measures in some cases, it would be the seriously mentally ill who would suffer.
Depressive Syndromes in Grossly Obese Women
Authors: Hopkinson G. , Bland R.C. 
Published: April 2017

Seventy-three consecutive female candidates for intestinal bypass surgery because of gross obesity, were evaluated for the presence or history of affective disorder. Fourteen patients gave a history of depressive disorder fulfilling Feighner et al. (1) criteria, giving treated expectancy (age 15–60) of about 28%, much higher than that found in the general population. A second syndrome of depressed moods of short duration, carbohydrate craving and weight gain was found in fifty-seven (78%) of the patients. This syndrome is similar to the carbohydrate craving and weight gain found in patients suffering from depressed mood and premenstrual fluid retention.
Teaching Individual Psychotherapy: Learning Objectives in Communication
Authors: Waiters W.W. , Bellissimo A. , Rubenstein J.S. 
Published: April 2017

Communication is the essence of the process of psychotherapy. Understanding the parameters of communication conform the foundations for the development of psychotherapeutic skills in the student therapist. Using learning objectives within the context of teaching psychotherapy, the process of communication in individual psychotherapy is explored in this paper. With the aim of offering a practical framework to assist in the analysis of the communication process involved in individual psychotherapy, the following concepts are first examined: 1) channels of communication; 2) modes of functioning; 3) interaction between channels of communication and modes of functioning. Following this exploration, the learning objectives in communication are discussed. Using clinical examples, the relationship between the communication process and other concepts of individual psychotherapy are illustrated. Finally, some pedagogic reasons for teaching students the analysis of the communication process early in their psychotherapy training are presented.
Co-therapy in a Clinic for Schizophrenia
Authors: Seeman Mary V. , Pyke Jennifer , Denberg David , Blake Pamela , Freire Marlinda 
Published: April 2017

In the outpatient treatment of schizophrenia, the routine practice of providing each patient with two co-therapists results in several benefits: reduced dependency, increased expertise, objective monitoring, added support and morale for the therapists, more obvious and therefore more reversible countertransference, more obvious and therefore more treatable “splitting” and “projecting.” Despite these benefits, problems arise in the two-therapist arrangement. They are discussed under the following headings: loyalty conflicts; limit setting; crisis management; family work. The authors report on techniques of co-therapy problem prevention and problem resolution. Though not always successful, co-therapy continues to be a useful model of service delivery to schizophrenic outpatients.
The Psychiatric Certification Examination in Canada and the United States: Views of Two Recent Candidates
Authors: Goldman David L. , Burnstein Michael H. 
Published: April 2017

The psychiatry certification process in both Canada and the United States is compared. Three important and interrelated areas are delineated: 1) the role of mandatory certification in Canada versus voluntary certification in the United States; 2) the differing emphasis of neurology and the medical model in the two exam procedures; and 3) the effect of the speciality exam on professional development. Compulsory certification in Canada has the potential to steer candidates in a direction that may not be immediately consonant with career plans and population needs. On the other hand, the American Board examination by its optional character does not seem to reach a large percentage of psychiatrists, an issue that has implications for the education of medical professionals. The ambiguity of the American Board's quasi-public position is portrayed. Competence in neurology appears as a distinct area for evaluation in the American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology examination. The emphasis on neurology in the Canadian Royal College exam is less marked. These issues lead to a discussion of psychiatry in Canada as a discipline in its own right as contrasted to the mixed loyalties to neurology and psychotherapy perceived in the American system. Finally, this paper sheds light on how the certification examination of both countries plays an important role in the passage to full professional status.
Is Arson an Aggressive Act or a Property Offence? A Controlled Study of Psychiatric Referrals
Authors: Hill R.W. , Langevin R. , Paitich D. , Handy L. , Russon A. , Wilkinson L. 
Published: April 2017

Arsonists seen for psychiatric assessment were compared to property offenders and to violent offenders on a number of clinical measures. It was found that arsonists were a mixture of the two groups but the majority aligned with property offenders in personality, diagnosis, criminal and violence history, family background, alcohol and drug use as well as in sexual behaviour. Significantly 18% of arsonists were mentally retarded. The act of arson was examined in detail using reliable ratings. While there was no obvious motive in two-fifths of the cases, revenge with underlying anger was most frequently a recognized motive for arson. The provocateur for the act of arson was not always readily identifiable and in over half the cases more than one person or an institution was the stimulus for the fire. Direct ions for future study were discussed.
The Age of Passion Man
Authors: Millar Thomas P. 
Published: April 2017

Many observers from various disciplines of thought have commented upon the relatively recent appearance of a breed of individual characterized by impatient hedonism, relative psychopathy, and unstable self image. The author, feeling these individuals to be characteristic of the declining phase of this Sensale culture, christens this individual, The Age of Passion Man. The author describes this childhood precursor to the Age of Passion Man, the omnipotent child, and shows how such children and persons have been characteristic of the declining phase of previous world cultures. Finally, the author examines modern speculation concerning the need for a moral reformation, the construction of an ethical state, if mankind is not to be destroyed by Age of Passion Man.