bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Differentiated Goods Model of the Effects of European Policies in International Poultry Markets
Authors: Alston Julian M. , Scobie Grant M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe Common Agricultural Policy increases European poultry production costs, prohibits imports, increases domestic prices, and subsidizes exports. This policy has displaced some U.S. exports. However, the net impact in the U.S. has been quite modest, even assuming poultry is homogeneous, independent of source country. Costs to U.S. producers are almost entirely offset by gains to U.S. consumers. Effects in the U.S. are even smaller when imperfect substitutability between poultry from different countries is accounted for. A retaliatory U.S. export subsidy would have more dramatic effects in U.S. markets.
Factor Demands of Louisiana Rice Producers: An Econometric Investigation
Authors: McLean-Meyinsse Patricia E. , Okunade Albert Ade. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA Diewert-flexible (dual) cost function was used to derive a system of conditional factor demand equations for Louisiana rice producers. Generalized Leontief cost and factor share equations were fitted for the 1955-87 period using Zellner's SURE system estimation procedure. The Aitken parameter estimates reveal that: (1) the optimal input mix of rice farmers varies with production scale, (2) the factor-augmenting technical change is labor and chemical saving but seed using, (3) pairwise input substitutions are limited, and (4) factor demands are own-price inelastic. An implication is that Louisiana rice farmers will not appreciably alter their factor utilizations when relative input prices change.
Southern Economic Development: Some Views on Research Needs
Authors: Tyner Fred H. 
Published: July 2016

The purpose of this paper is to present some ideas on research needs in the area of Southern Economic Development. Discussion is centered on subtopics of agricultural development, industrial development, and research orientation. Exposition is generally in terms of questions posed but unanswered.The traditional role of agricultural development has been to provide for food and fiber needs with fewer and fewer resources, thus, freeing resources for use in producing other goods and services associated with a higher standard of living.
Machinery Replacement, Multiple Optima, and the 1986 Tax Reform Act
Authors: Lynne Gary D. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe 1986 Tax Reform Act established a first year $10,000 expensing option and, for most farm equipment, a 7-year depreciation schedule. Under a profit maximization criterion, these tax law features can lead to multiple optima dependent upon discount and marginal tax rates. For example, the economically efficient time to reinvest under a 2 percent after-tax discount rate is at 4, 8, and 30 years for the grower in a 33 percent tax bracket. Thus, the profit maximization behavioral rule needs to be supplemented with knowledge about a farmer's objectives in order to select the “correct” optimal reinvestment interval.
Homeomorphy in Paleozoic bryozoans: a search for explanations
Authors: Blake Daniel B. 
Published: July 2016

Many apparent homeomorphs have been recognized among genera assigned to the Paleozoic stenolaemate bryozoan orders Trepostomata and Cryptostomata. Morphologies are evaluated to determine whether such homeomorphy should be expected, or is likely to have resulted from incomplete taxonomic analysis. Historical and constructional constraints prevalent in the phylum appear to provide ample opportunity for adaptive convergence, a conclusion supported by the occurrence of similar morphologies in distantly related post-Paleozoic bryozoans.Cryptostomes are distinguished in part by the presence of restricted budding loci. Loci pattern is hypothesized to be the key innovation in the establishment of the clade and the pattern also is considered critical to the evolution of the relatively slender branches and short zooecia typical of cryptostomes.Loci development does not provide a taxonomic panacea. This is because the hypothesis does not preclude convergent evolution of broadly similar restricted loci in Paleozoic non-cryptostome groups, although presumably the cryptostomes in general would have been best equipped to succeed under conditions favoring restricted loci.Environmental conditions for the cryptostomes in general and changing life history strategies for rhabdomesoids in particular provide possible controlling factors for the evolution of these bryozoans.
Modes of evolution and their chronostratigraphic significance: evidence from Devonian invertebrates in the Michigan Basin
Authors: Fagerstrom J. A. 
Published: July 2016

The origin and evolutionary histories of the two most abundant and diverse genera of invertebrates (Prosserella: Brachiopoda and Syringostroma: Stromatoporoidea) in the Detroit River Group and associated rocks in the vicinity of the Michigan Basin appear to support the models of either allopatric speciation and punctuated equilibria (Eldredge and Gould, 1972) or quantum evolution (Simpson, 1944; 1953). Four morphotypes of Prosserella arose almost simultaneously (a “burst”) just below the base of the Detroit River in sandstone deposited near the axis of the Findlay Arch and persisted without evidence of significant progressive evolutionary change (a “trend”) until their almost simultaneous extinction by lineage termination near the top of the Detroit River. Neither ancestors nor descendants of Prosserella have been recognized and even the familial placement of the genus is uncertain. The genus, its species and morphotypes probably arose by means of very profound genetic or chromosomal “revolutions” that probably took place in small allopatric populations; each population quickly increased in abundance and geographic range and persisted without further significant morphologic modification until its extinction.S. ristigouchense from the Lower Devonian of New Brunswick is the probable ancestor to six (or seven) species of Syringostroma that appear almost simultaneously (another “burst”) in lower Detroit River carbonate rocks deposited near the eastern margin of the Michigan Basin. Two of these new species are known only from reefs of early Detroit River age (a “crash”), four species persist without significant morphological change to at least the end of Detroit River deposition, and one of these was the probable ancestor to yet another newly evolved species that is abundantly represented in the conformably overlying Columbus Limestone.The “founding fathers” of chronostratigraphy were pre-Darwinian and based their concepts and methods on assemblages of co-occurring taxa of unknown phylogenetic relations (assemblage-zones, concurrent range-zones and Oppel-zones) rather than on the range-zones of successional species in the same phylogenetic lineage (lineage-zones). Assumptions of these early biostratigraphers concerning the temporal relations of taxa are in close accord with the premises of punctuated equilibria and quantum evolution. The development of the chronostratigraphic system during the 19th century attests to the success of these early methods which depend for their precision on the number of taxa used and determination of the significance of morphologic differences among these taxa and their geographic and stratigraphic distributions.
Asexual colony multiplication by fragmentation: an important mode of genet longevity in the Carboniferous bryozoan Archimedes
Authors: McKinney Frank K. 
Published: July 2016

Bases of attachment of Archimedes colonies are very rare, but many colonies show evidence of origination from a pre-existing set of branches. The evidence consists of spiralled supports (axial screws) originating from fragments of pre-existing sets of branches, proximal taper of colonies or axial screws to a diameter smaller than that of bases of attachment, early stages of new colonies originating from the whorl margins of older colonies, and sets of laterally fused colonies. In the most favorable environments Archimedes populations were dominated by a few genets that consisted of hundreds to perhaps thousands of genetically identical colonies.The ability to reproduce by colony fragmentation was probably an important cause of Archimedes' abundance in the Chesterian seas of eastern North America, especially where it occurred in dense populations in the lee of submarine carbonate shoals. Colony fragmentation, the importance of which is becoming increasingly recognized in modern corals and bryozoans, was also of importance in Paleozoic seas.
The role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of Chesapeake Group bivalves
Authors: Kelley Patricia H. 
Published: July 2016

Discriminant function analysis is used to examine the role of within-species differentiation in macroevolution of four Miocene bivalve genera. According to the punctuational model, macroevolution is decoupled from microevolution; within-species trends may be unrelated to between-species differences. The reductionist alternative suggests that intraspecific (primarily geographic) differentiation is the basis of macroevolution. If macroevolution depends on within-species differentiation, discriminant function analysis should separate interspecific and intraspecific populations of a genus using the same set of characters.Chesapecten macroevolution apparently involved within-species differentiation. Shell length, height, and posterior auricle length differentiate geographic populations within species as well as interspecific populations. Results for Astarte, Anadara, and Eucrassatella are more consistent with the punctuational model. Characters which readily separate species of a genus are much less successful at differentiating intraspecific populations. Rank correlation techniques indicate that, for all three genera, the order of importance of characters in interspecific discrimination is not significantly related to their order in intraspecific discrimination. Decoupling of macroevolution from microevolution is implied for these taxa.
Delayed recovery and the spacing of major extinctions
Authors: Stanley Steven M. 
Published: July 2016

Approximate periodicity for peak rates of global extinction during the past 250 m.y. may have resulted from delayed recovery following major extinction events. Two components can be envisioned for such delays: persistence of inimical environmental conditions for some time after the onset of the crisis, and slow restoration of vulnerable taxa. This general hypothesis is consistent with statistical evidence of linkage between measured rates of extinction of marine invertebrate genera for contiguous stages and substages of the geologic column. The nine broad valleys between the “periodic” peak rates for the past 250 m.y. exhibit only three trivial secondary peaks, indicating that, if the pattern is not artifactual, trends in global rates of extinction have not readily been abruptly reversed. Moreover, the smooth observed trends reflect the fact that regional crises tend to remove many species but few genera. To some degree, high rates of extinction that precede peak rates must represent bias of the incomplete fossil record (the Signor-Lipps effect). High rates that immediately follow peak rates also may, to a degree, reflect biological legacy: (1) final extinction of weakened genera or (2) extinction of new genera that contain few species or represent failed evolutionary “experiments.” Nonetheless, there is evidence that protracted intervals of stressful environmental conditions contributed to high rates of extinction preceding or following certain peak intervals, including the Scythian, Cenomanian, Early Paleocene, and Early Oligocene. The reef-building rudists, for example, suffered heavy extinction during both Cenomanian and Turonian time and then failed to recover quickly.The late Neogene record of bivalve molluscs in the Western Atlantic offers a more detailed picture of delayed recovery. Here early intervals of glacial expansion caused heavy extinction, leaving an impoverished, eurythermal fauna that was virtually unaffected by late Pleistocene glacial episodes. The episode of heavy extinction in Late Eocene time exhibits a similar phenomenon on a worldwide scale. Among the planktonic foraminifera, warm-adapted stenothermal species died out, and eurythermal forms predominated throughout Oligocene time; restoration of vulnerable, stenothermal species proceeded gradually during the Miocene Epoch. This example of delayed recovery and others like it following earlier global crises may have prevented such crises from following one another in rapid succession, yielding an appearance of periodicity.
Fractal geometry of ammonoid sutures
Authors: Lutz Timothy M. , Boyajian George E. 
Published: July 2016

Interior chamber walls of ammonites range from smoothly undulating surfaces in some taxa to complex surfaces, corrugated on many scales, in others. The ammonite suture, which is the expression of the intersection of these walls on the exterior of the shell, has been used to assess anatomical complexity. We used the fractal dimension to measure sutural complexity and to investigate complexity over evolutionary time and showed that the range of variation in sutural complexity increased through time. In this paper we extend our analyses and consider two new parameters that measure the range of scales over which fractal geometry is a satisfactory metric of a suture. We use a principal components analysis of these parameters and the fractal dimension to establish a two-dimensional morphospace in which the shapes of sutures can be plotted and in which variations and evolution of suture morphology can be investigated. Our results show that morphospace coordinates of ammonitic sutures correspond to visually perceptible differences in suture shape. However, three main classes of sutures (goniatitic, ceratitic, and ammonitic) are not unambiguously discriminated in this morphospace. Interestingly, ammonitic sutures occupy a smaller morphospace than other suture types (roughly one-half of the morphospace of goniatitic and ceratitic sutures combined), and the space they occupied did not change dimensions from the Jurassic to the late Cretaceous.We also compare two methods commonly used to measure the fractal dimension of linear features: the Box method and the Richardson (or divider) method. Both methods yield comparable results for ammonitic sutures but the Richardson method yields more precise results for less complex sutures.
Nontriviality results for the characteristic algebra of a DGA
Authors: RIZELL GEORGIOS DIMITROGLOU 
Published: July 2016

AbstractAssume that we are given a semifree noncommutative differential graded algebra (DGA for short) whose differential respects an action filtration. We show that the canonical unital algebra map from the homology of the DGA to its characteristic algebra, i.e. the quotient of the underlying algebra by the two-sided ideal generated by the boundaries, is a monomorphism. The main tool that we use is the weak division algorithm in free noncommutative algebras due to P. Cohn.
Bibliographic instruction for graduate art history students
Authors: Irvine Betty Jo 
Published: July 2016

Given the complexity and diversity of resources in art history, the research student needs a thorough and systematic programme to guide him through the range of information sources from catalogues and indexes to esoteric and elusive art works and individuals. Such a programme is described in detail and also a survey made of the literature on bibliographic instruction in art history.Special thanks are extended to Phillip Heagy for bibliographic assistance and manuscript preparation and to Sue Ramage for manuscript review.
Videodiscs and art documentation
Authors: Sorkow Janice 
Published: July 2016

Optical videodisc technology is a very effective tool for art research, archival preservation and the presentation of visual materials. In fact, this new technology has the potential to revolutionise the current methods of conducting research and the storage and retrieval of art documentation. There are, however, many issues concerning videodisc technology which should be identified before disc can become a practical reality for the art world.This paper outlines:(1) How a videodisc works, including specific advantages and limitations of the technology for the field of art librarianship, and, (2) How the videodisc may be applied to visual resources and art documentation from the collection manager’s point of view. Various art related videodisc projects completed between 1980 and 1983 will be used as illustrations, and the videodisc done at the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston (MFA) will be used as a case study.The paper was delivered to the IFLA Section of Art Libraries, Munich, 1983.
10 Jahre Graphotek in der Stadtbibliothek Bremen
Authors: Patz Gerd-Peter 
Published: July 2016

Although the idea of lending works of art originated in Germany in 1885, the first library to actually do so was that of Newark, U.S.A., through the initiative of John Cotton Dana in 1903-4. Other countries followed suit - Britain before the end of the Second World War, Scandinavia by the late 1950s, and France, where in recent years over 30 picture libraries have been established with state support under Mitterand’s Minister for Culture, Jack Lang.While in East Germany there are over 100 picture libraries lending mainly reproductions, in West Germany there are 61, lending exclusively original works. The Graphotek in Bremen Public Library is the third largest of these, and all citizens over 16 can borrow from its collection of over 2,200 works for eight weeks at a time, choosing either directly or, at any of the six branch libraries, from colour slides and catalogues.The Bremen Graphotek has set out to build up a representative collection of German and international art from all periods, with special emphasis on contemporary art; prints make up the greater part of the collection, and reproductions are excluded. 720 artists are represented; 50% of funding is reserved for Bremen artists. Over 33,000 loans have been made in the Graphotek’s first ten years, with 75%-80% of the collection being out on loan at any given time. There has been a gradual trend towards more borrowing by schools, hospitals, etc.The Graphotek has promoted 88 exhibitions. The last of these, on the occasion of the Graphotek’s 10th anniversary, displayed work by 70 artists illustrative of new directions in art since 1970.The Graphotek also functions as a centre for information on art, artists, art galleries, etc., with reference books and art journals available for consultation.
Les centres de documentation du patrimoine
Authors: Herbouze Renée 
Published: July 2016

La Direction du Patrimoine, qui relève du Ministère de la Culture et de la Communication, a pour missions ‘de conserver, de protéger et de mettre en valeur le patrimoine national de la France’, le patrimoine étant entendu comme le bien reçu des générations qui nous ont précédés et que nous avons la volonté de transmettre aux suivantes.Le mouvement de déconcentration mis en oeuvre par l’administration française a eu pour effet de confier la prise en charge opérationnelle de ces missions aux Directions régionales des Affaires culturelles (DRAC). Ainsi, dans les 26 régions de France, chaque DRAC compte en principe en son sein quatre services régionaux du patrimoine: respectivement, de l’Archéologie, des Monuments historiques, de l’Ethnologie et de l’Inventaire, la Direction centrale assumant le rôle de définir la politique générale, d’impulser les actions et de les coordonner, enfin de les évaluer.
La bibliothèque du Musée des Beaux-Arts de Lyon
Authors: Dumas Dominique 
Published: July 2016

La rénovation du Musée des Beaux-Arts est arrivée à terme au début de cette année, après 8 ans de travaux effectués par tranches successives. La bibliothèque faisait partie de la deuxième tranche, inaugurée fin 1993.Située à l’entresol du bâtiment, côté administration, les locaux se répartissent de la façon suivante:
•une salle de lecture de 90m2 (18 places de lecteurs), avec en libre accès les usuels, fichiers (manuels) et photocopieur•trois salles de magasins (90m2 au total, équipées de compactus) situées au même niveau (accès indirect), plus deux salles de magasins en sous-sol d’une superficie de 65 m2 (rayonnages classiques).
On the existence of a saturated solution of the differential equation x′ = f (t, x)
Authors: Walter Johann 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisLet (1) x′ = f(t, x) be any differential equation and S0 the set of solutions of (1) with open domain. It is known that for every g ∊ S0 a non-continuable (= saturated) ∊ S0 exists which is an extension of g. Usually is represented in the form is a sequence in S0 defined by some sort of a variant of what is called ‘recursive definition’ in set theory. It will be shown that a functionexists (P(S0) is the power set of S0) such that the above-mentioned variant can be given the form: There exists a sequence in S0 such that
24.—Mean-square Convergence of Non-harmonic Trigonometrical Series
Authors: Cossar J. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThe series considered are of the form , where Σ | cn |2 is convergent and the real numbers λn (the exponents) are distinct. It is known that if the exponents are integers, the series is the Fourier series of a periodic function of locally integrable square (the Riesz-Fischer theorem); and more generally that if the exponents are not necessarily integers but are such that the difference between any pair exceeds a fixed positive number, the series is the Fourier series of a function of the Stepanov class, S2, of almost periodic functions.We consider in this paper cases where the exponents are subject to less stringent conditions (depending on the coefficients cn). Some of the theorems included here are known but had been proved by other methods. A fuller account of the contents of the paper is given in Sections 1-5.
A note on the spaces FP,µ
Authors: McBride Adam C. 
Published: July 2016

SynopsisThis note is concerned with the spaces F'p,µ of generalised functions introduced in a previous paper. A necessary and sufficient condition for an inclusion of the formto hold is established. The case p = ∞ leads to consideration of a class G''∞µ whose simple properties are noted. Some consequences of relevance to fractional integrals and Hankel transforms are indicated.
Myasthenia Gravis Associated with Diphenylhydantoin Therapy For Epilepsy
Authors: Brumlik Joel , Jacobs Robert S. 
Published: July 2016

SUMMARYA young woman with epilepsy developed myasthenic symptoms while taking diphenylhydantoin. The clinical, electromyographic and pharmacologic findings were consistent with myasthenia gravis. Symptoms of myasthenia ceased on withdrawal of the drug, and recurred on readministration, with little apparent relationship to serum phenytoin levels. This unusual effect is discussed with reference to the known effects of diphenylhydantoin at the neuromyal junction.