bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Penguatan dan Hukum Pengaruh Terhadap Hasil Belajar IPS Siswa Kelas V Sekolah Dasar
Authors: S Uus Yusmantara 
Published: August 2016

<p>Abstrak</p><p>Pendidikan Sebagai usaha normatif, memiliki kriteria keberhasilan tertentu, pada setiap proses pembelajaran dijumpai dua sisi yang berbeda, yakniterdapat sejumlah siswa yang tidak mampu dengan cepat mencapai tujuan pembelajaran yang disebabkan bukan karena rendahnya kemampuan intelektual, melaikan karena prilaku negatif yang kerap ditampilkan sehingga dapat mengganggu norma edukatif dan pencapaian tujuan pembelajaran/kompetensi dasar yang diharapkan. Terhadap kondisi tersebut, menuntut kompetensi keterampilan guru dalam masalah mengelola pembelajaran melalui pengimplementasian delapan keterampilan dasar mengajar. Salah satu dari keterampilan dasar mengajar antara lain keterampilan memberi penguatan ( reinforcement), bahkan memberi hukuman (funishment).</p><p>Dalam proses pembelajaran, penguatan dan hukuman dapat berperan sebagai pendorong sosialisasi dan penguat perubahan prilaku siswa. penguat berperan mempertahankan prilaku positif siswa dan terdorong untuk mengulangi prilaku yang sama, sedangkan hukuman manpu memotivasi siswa untuk menghentikan prilaku negatif, dan terdorong untuk mengubah prilaku negatif menjadi prilaku positif. </p><p> </p><p> </p>
LITERASI KIMIA MAHASISWA PGSD DAN GURU IPA SEKOLAH DASAR PADA TEMA UDARA
Authors: Sujana Atep 
Published: August 2016

<p>This study aims to determine the chemical literacy of primary school teachers and students on the theme PGSD air. The method used is descriptive method, the research subjects totaling 61 people, 41 people came from PGSD students and 20 people from elementary school teachers. The instrument used is a matter of chemistry literacy tests are 40 multiple -choice questions that include reason or other information to strengthen the answers given, questionnaires, and interviews. Data processing techniques performed included determination of the limits of chemical literacy achievement, scoring each question,<br />changing the score values, grouping study subjects based on the values obtained, and the analysis and conclusions. From the research data showed that only 26 people (63.41 %) students who have achieved literacy PGSD chemistry, whereas only 10 elementary school teachers (50 %) who had reached chemical literacy. Literacy chemical that has not reached most of the research subject primarily determine the chemical formula of constituent gases of air and to write the equation.</p><p>Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui literasi kimia guru SD dan mahasiswa PGSD pada tema udara. Metode yang digunakan adalah metode deskriptif, dengan subyek penelitian berjumlah 61 orang, 41 orang berasal dari mahasiswa PGSD serta 20 orang dari guru SD. Instrumen yang digunakan berupa soal tes literasi kimia berjumlah 40 soal berbentuk pilihan berganda yang dilengkapi alasan atau keterangan lainnya untuk memperkuat jawaban yang diberikan, angket, serta wawancara. Teknik pengolahan data yang dilakukan meliputi penentuan batas ketercapaian literasi kimia, pemberian skor<br />setiap soal, pengubahan skor menjadi nilai, pengelompokkan subyek penelitian berdasarkan nilai yang diperoleh, serta analisis dan kesimpulan. Dari hasil penelitian diperoleh data bahwa hanya 26 orang (63,41%) mahasiswa PGSD yang telah mencapai literasi kimia, sedangkan guru SD hanya 10 orang (50%) yang sudah mencapai literasi kimia. Literasi kimia yang belum tercapai kebanyakan subyek penelitian terutama menentukan rumus kimia gas penyusun udara serta menuliskan persamaan reaksi.</p>
Ulcer Healing Mechanism of Ethanolic Extract of Talinium triangulare in Male Wistar Rats
Authors: Ayodeji Folorunsho Ajayi  , Abiola Moshood Folawiyo  , Temitope Adeola Salami  
Published: August 2016

Talinium triangulare have been proven to offer promising antiulcer properties which could validate its’folkoric use for the treatment of gastric ulcer in various part of Nigeria. This study investigates the role of methanolic extract of Talinium triangulare (METT) in gastric ulcer healing and the possible mechanisms involved. Twenty-eight male wistar rats (160-180gm, n=7) were grouped into; A-control, B-ulcerated untreated, C-ulcerated treated with Omeprazole (20 mg/kg b.w.) and D-ulcerated treated with METT (100 mg/kg b.w.). Gastric ulcer was induced by injecting 0.2 MLs of 40% acetic acid into the glandular part of the stomach for 45 seconds after which it was withdrawn, and the stomach surface cleaned with normal saline. Stomach samples were collected by day 14 post ulceration and assessed for ulcer score; a section of it was fixed for histological evaluation and immunohistochemical (Avidin-Biotin Immunoperoxidase method) analysis. Stomach tissue homogenates were used for enzymatic activities. Results were subjected to statistical analysis using analysis of variance method. There was a significant reduction in the ulcer area of the METT treated group compared with other ulcerated treated and untreated groups. Malondialdehyde concentration of the gastric tissue homogenate was significantly lower in METT treated group compared to other groups. The METT treated group significantly increased the level of superoxide dismutase and catalase compared to other test groups. Histological study showed that only METT treated rats produces predominantly normal mucosa, METT treated rats also expressed CD31 (a marker of angiogenesis) and EGFR (a marker of proliferation) more than the other rats, while the expressions of Ki67 (proliferation) and p53 (Apoptosis) by METT group were not different from other groups. Methanolic extracts of Talinum triangulare accelerated the healing of gastric ulcers in rats probably through reduced oxidative stress, increased cell proliferation, and angiogenesis.
Reservoir Simulation of Hydrogen Sulfide Production During a Steam-Assisted-Gravity-Drainage Process by Use of a New Sulfur-Based Compositional Kinetic Model
Authors: Ayache Simon V. , Lamoureux-Var Violaine , Michel Pauline , Preux Christophe 
Published: August 2016

Summary
Steam injection is commonly used as a thermal enhanced-oil-recovery (EOR) method because of its efficiency for recovering hydrocarbons, especially from heavy-oil and bitumen reservoirs. Reservoir models simulating this process describe the thermal effect of the steam injection, but generally neglect the chemical reactions induced by the steam injection and occurring in the reservoir. In particular, these reactions can lead to the generation and production of the highly toxic and corrosive acid gas hydrogen sulfide (H2S).
The overall objective of this paper is to quantitatively describe the chemical aquathermolysis reactions that occur in oil-sands reservoirs undergoing steam injections and to provide oil companies with a numerical model for reservoir simulators to forecast the H2S-production risks.
For that purpose, a new sulfur-based compositional kinetic model has been developed to reproduce the aquathermolysis reactions in the context of reservoir modeling. It is derived from results gathered on an Athabasca oil sand from previous laboratory aquathermolysis experiments. In particular, the proposed reactions model accounts for the formation of H2S issued from sulfur-rich heavy oils or bitumen, and predicts the modification of the resulting oil saturate, aromatic, resin, and asphaltene (SARA) composition vs. time.
One strength of this model is that it is easily calibrated against laboratory-scale experiments conducted on an oil-sand sample. Another strength is that its calibration is performed while respecting the constraints imposed by the experimental data and the theoretical principles. In addition, in this study no calibration was needed at reservoir scale against field-production data.
In the paper, the model is first validated with laboratory-scale simulations. The thermokinetic modeling is then coupled with a 2D reservoir simulation of a generic steam-assisted gravity drainage (SAGD) process applied on a generic Athabasca oil-sand reservoir. This formulation allows investigating the H2S generation at reservoir scale and quantifying its production. The H2S- to bitumen-production ratio against time computed by the reservoir simulation is found to be consistent with production data from SAGD operations in Athabasca, endorsing the proposed methodology.
Conical Diamond Element Technology Delivers Step Change in Directional Drilling Performance
Authors: Radhakrishnan Venkataramanan , Chuttani Anil , Anggrani Fauzia , Nan Huang , Onkvisit Poy Sirikanya 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The Sin Pu Horm Field is challenging in terms of formation and well location. Past experiences from offset wells in the field and nearby fields showed that drilling has been challenging due to several issues, including hole instability, severe lost circulation zones in shallow depths, steering difficulties, shock, vibration, bit and BHA damage caused by hard, dense, and abrasive formation in the deeper interval. The best strategy to optimize drilling performance and minimize drilling risk is to drill this interval with minimal steering requirements and move all directional requirements to the deeper interval. With this strategy, the main challenge now is to achieve the directional requirement through the hard, dense, and abrasive sandstones. The service company proposed drilling the section with a new-technology bit that utilizes conical diamond elements (CDEs) on the bit blade with a 7:8-lobe 5.0-stage motor. The objectives were completing the build section through the hard, dense, and compact sandstone and enabling smoother toolface control to complete the directional work. The rock strength of the formation ranges from 18,000 to 36,000 psi.
The PDC bit has CDEs with an ultrathick synthetic diamond layer that gives extra durability for drilling at higher ROP. The bit can withstand more weight on bit compared with conventional PDC bits of the same size, resulting in more mechanical energy to fail the formation more efficiently. The CDEs protect the PDC bit and makes it more stable, resulting in better toolface control.
The 8½-in directional section was successfully built from 10° to 49° with excellent toolface control and an average ROP of 3.5 m/h. The strategically placed CDEs on the bit blades in conjunction with conventional PDC cutters not only increased the point loading but also enabled smoother torque control, leading to smoother toolface control. None of the offset wells achieved the feet of drilling directional profile through this interval. The bit achieved the directional objectives and came out in good dull condition. By putting the directional requirement in the deeper section, the operator finished its well in 80 days, compared with an average of 100 days required by offset wells.
The operator accepted that the bits with CDEs are not only more durable but enable drilling directional profiles better than conventional PDC bits. The operator changed the drilling strategy to put all directional work in the 8½-in section. This strategy will increase drilling efficiency and lower the drilling risk of having directional work in the 12¼-in section that poses a challenge to formation stability. The next well is planned with the same bit with CDEs to minimize the number of runs.
Formulating Water-Based Muds for High Temperature Wellbores Using Potassium Formate Brine and Synthetic Polymers: A Design of Experiment Approach
Authors: Ofei Titus Ntow , Al Bendary Rami Mohamed 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The use of water-based mud (WBM) in drilling applications under extreme reservoir temperatures has been increasing rapidly in the drilling industry over the past few years. It is now more crucial than ever to close the technological gap that present challenges towards developing an environmentally friendly and cost effective high performance WBMs. Synthetic polymers such as sodium salt of sulfonated acrylamide and vinyl lactam (DD) and sodium salt of sulfonated acrylamide, acrylic amide, sodium acrylate and vinyl lactam (DT) are commonly used as primary viscosifiers and fluid loss agents in WBM systems for HPHT fluids. Potassium formate brine (KCHO2) is usually used to stabilize the drilling fluid's performance under HPHT conditions as it helps in decreasing the flocculation of rheological properties of WBM under extreme temperature including the degradation of their rheolo s. It is known that WBMs experience many challenges when exposed to extreme temperatures gical properties over a long period of time. This study aims to developing a water-based drilling mud that is stable at elevated temperatures up to 300°F, while maintaining sufficient inhibitive and good rheological performances. Various drilling mud additives such as synthetic polymers (DD and DT), KCHO2 and other fluid loss additives were investigated in the formulation of the stable WBM. A total of sixteen (16) drilling fluid samples with different concentrations of synthetic DD (1 ppb to 4 ppb), DT (1 ppb to 4 ppb), and KCHO2 (0 wt.% to 10 wt.%) were formulated using the Taguchi design of experiment (DOE), prepared and tested before and after dynamic aging. The experimental results obtained showed that the following drilling mud formulations had their rheological property (PV/YP) values stabilised even after dynamic aging at 300°F: (a) 3.2 wt.% KCHO2, 3 ppb DD, and 4 ppb DT, (b) 6.7 wt.% KCHO2, 2 - 4 ppb DD, and 2 - 4 ppb DT, and (c) 10.0 wt.% KCHO2, 1 - 4 ppb DD, and 1 - 4 ppb DT. This study provides an optimisation guide for the formulation of stable synthetic polymers and potassium formate brine WBMs at elevated temperatures up to 300°F, thus, saving time and cost by eliminating various laboratory tests.
Managing BHA Integrity with BHA Design Based on Bending Moment and Stress Analysis
Authors: Harmer Richard , Suryadi Hendrik , Tao Yu , Qian Wang , Mohd. Ridzuan Abd Mokhti 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
As a general trend the complexity of drilling operations and bottom hole assemblies (BHAs) is increasing. It has become common to rotary drill directional wells with higher dogleg severity (DLS), more aggressive parameters are being used to improve drilling performance, and hole-opening while drilling tools are being used more frequently. The implication of these trends is an increased risk of BHA and drillstring failures due to higher component stresses accelerating fatigue rates. On other hand, with increasing sensitivity to rig spread cost and operations efficiency, there is an increased focus on reducing operational nonproductive time (NPT). Drillstring failures can cause significant NPT as the drilling operation needs to stop and time must be spent fishing to recover a failed BHA component downhole or, potentially, the well must be abandoned and the hole sidetracked to continue drilling. Therefore, addressing fatigue failure concerns at the BHA design stage is critical; mitigating the risk of BHA and drillstring failures is less costly than recovering from drillstring and BHA failure while drilling. Proper design can also increase the service life of the BHA components.
Conventionally, an assessment of the BHA component fatigue failure risk has not been a standard automated part of the BHA design process during the well design stage, but rather mitigated via the inspection of tubulars as per industry standards. A new automated workflow for modeling BHA static loads has been developed and used to deliver a more comprehensive solution for BHA design. The workflow is implemented within a well design software application that enables a drilling engineer to efficiently evaluate the effect of different borehole curvature magnitudes at a range of wellbore inclinations, to understand the risk associated with the plan and deviation from the plan in the execution phase. The modeling results help a drilling engineer to ensure that from the planning stage the BHA components bending moment and bending stress levels remain below the recommended thresholds at the execution and provide theoretically infinite component life. Using this information a drilling engineer can optimize the BHA or other parameters to reduce the risk, and formulate a better plan & contingency.
This modeling approach has been evaluated through several case studies which demonstrate how it can help to optimize BHA design and minimize or avoid fatigue failures. The case studies presented in this paper are some examples of downhole BHA component failures that could have been avoided through early planning phase identification of the risk.
Integrity Assessment and Countermeasures of Wells through Reactivated Faults in a Uganda Oilfield
Authors: Li Jinxiang , Yin Fei , Gao Deli , Yang Zhi , Xiang Ming , Huang Chuanchao 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Fault reactivation is an unfavorable incident during petroleum well drilling and production because the reactivated fault imperils the well integrity potentially. Coring and rock mechanics experiments are performed to obtain the rock properties of the fault in a Uganda oilfield. The three-dimensional finite element model of directional wells passing through reactivated faults is established. The mechanical behaviors of wells under various scenarios are analyzed by numerical simulation. The influence rules of slip displacement of fault, well inclination angle, wall thickness of casing, steel grade of casing and property of cement sheath on mechanical state of wells through faults are revealed. Research results indicate that decreasing the intersection angle between directional well and fault plane and employing cement sheath with low elastic modulus can enhance well integrity effectively. The research achievements provide the integrity assessment method and mitigation measures for the directional wells through reactivated faults.
Investigating the Benefits of Rotating Liner Cementing and Impact Factors
Authors: Song Quek Khang , Wang Hao , Dong Weicun , Bradshaw Roger , Cui Wei , Njoku Johnson 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Effective primary cementing in the wellbore is critical to achieve positive wellbore isolation for the life of the well. This paper discusses an expandable liner hanger (ELH) system, which provides liner rotation during the liner deployment and the cementing operation while also providing a hydraulically energized liner-top seal on setting.
The wells in this case study were drilled and 7″ liners installed using an expandable liner hanger system. This paper demonstrates the cementing result of the cemented liners in 30 wells during a 2 ½-year period. The wells consisted of two types of liner installations: liner jobs in which rotation was planned and achieved and liner jobs in which rotation was not planned due to equipment limitations (cementing results prompted a change to a high torque rotating liner system). The study evaluates the quality of cement bond with the effects of liner rotation, standoff, displacement rate, openhole inclination, openhole exposure time, and dogleg severity (DLS).
In hostile well environments, the cementing of liners has always presented a challenge to conventional cementing liner operations. Well designs are inherently more complex because the targets are deeper, and the downhole conditions are uncertain. Highly deviated and extended reach well configurations require much more planning when developing the drilling and completion design. An ELH system has been developed to address the challenges in the conventional cementing liner operation, which can increase the probability of achieving overall operational success. The result of this study shows that rotating the liner during the cementing operation achieved better cement quality.
The case histories of the wells using the expandable liner system verify the key consideration factors presented in this paper, which helps to improve the quality of liner cementing bond.
Taking the Heat: Logging While Drilling at Extreme Temperatures
Authors: Parker Timothy , Cooper Paul 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
As hydrocarbon reserves become scarcer, exploration and development efforts are increasing in locations where the downhole environment is hostile. This paper introduces a new measurement and logging while drilling (MLWD) system capable of operating at up to 200°C (392°F).
In some areas of the world, operators are developing fields in which the great depth of the reservoir results in extremely high pressure. In other areas, the primary concern is the extremely high reservoir temperature. Such environments present challenges when running tools containing any type of electronics. These electronics must be protected from pressure and be either protected from heat or designed to tolerate high temperatures.
High-temperature (HT) wireline logging tools have existed for many years. These tools mostly use flasking technology to insulate the electronics from high reservoir temperatures. The short duration of most wireline runs makes flasking a practical solution, but MLWD tools operate in the well for too long for this technology to remain effective. Instead, the electronics must be designed to operate at high temperatures without insulation. This requirement has previously limited the range of temperatures in which operators use measurement-while-drilling (MWD) and logging-while-drilling (LWD) tools. The new system contains electronics designed to operate at up to 200°C. It has undergone extensive field testing and has demonstrated its reliability over long periods of sustained high temperatures. The system comprises a base-services collar, providing real-time measurements of well trajectory, borehole pressure, drillstring dynamics, and natural formation gamma ray emissions. It also includes a set of additional collars, providing resistivity, density, and neutron-porosity measurements in zones where these have traditionally been unavailable.
The new system has been used in multiple regions in multiple HT wells, delivering significant time and cost savings to operators. It has allowed the wells to be drilled more quickly as a result of the reduced need for temperature mitigation and has further reduced costs by eliminating or reducing the need for dedicated wireline logging runs.