bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fabrication of crystalline Ge thin films by co-deposition of Au and Ge at low substrate temperatures (<200 °C) without post annealing
Authors: Sugiyama Takatoshi , Mishiba Naoya , Kamiko Masao , Kyuno Kentaro 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Crystalline Ge thin films with (111) orientation are obtained by co-depositing Au and Ge on a substrate heated to ∼170 °C, with Au segregating at the film surface, which is desirable for selective etching. Although in the conventional metal-induced crystallization method using Au as a catalyst, a bilayer of Au and amorphous Ge layers have to be annealed for Ge to crystallize, the film in this study is already crystalline in the as-deposited state. The effective crystallization process implies the existence of a supercooled liquid alloy layer at the growth front.
Open boundary conditions for tidally and subtidally forced circulation in a limited‐area coastal model using the Regional Ocean Modeling System (ROMS)
Authors: Liu Zhiqiang , Gan Jianping 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn limited‐area ocean models, open boundary conditions (OBCs) often create dynamic inconsistencies and perform poorly in resolving tidal or subtidal flow when both forces exist. Orlanski‐type radiation OBCs are reasonably efficient at treating the subtidally forced flow, and Flather‐type OBCs are commonly adapted for the tidally forced flow. However, neither of them performs well when tidal and subtidal forces simultaneously drive the flows. We have developed a novel OBC that integrates the active OBC in Gan and Allen (2005) and a Flather‐type OBC. This new OBC accommodates the concurrent Tidal and Subtidal (TST) forcing, and the respective tidal or subtidal forcing, at the open boundary of a limited‐area model. This new TST‐OBC treats the tidal component with a Flather‐type OBC, and it separates subtidal barotropic and baroclinic components into local (forced) and global (unforced) components. Then an unforced Orlanski‐type OBC can be applied to the global part. We applied the TST‐OBC to all model variables to reduce dynamic inconsistence. Using the Regional Ocean Modeling System, we applied the TST‐OBC to the shallow East China Sea shelf where strong tidal and subtidal forces over complex topography govern the circulation. Our numerical experiments and analyses suggest that the TST‐OBC was robust for both concurrent tidal‐subtidal forcing and solely tidal or subtidal forcing at the open boundary. It reduced spurious energy reflection, and, overall, it performed better than an Orlanski‐type or Flather‐type OBC in reproducing realistic tidal and subtidal shelf circulation.
Critical Approaches to the Study of Emotions in English Language Teaching and Learning
Authors: Benesch Sarah 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
This entry discusses emotions in English language teaching and learning from a critical perspective, meaning that emotions are theorized as contextual, relational, and shifting. This is a departure from the dominant cognitive perspective, which theorizes emotions as innate, universal, monolithic, and tied to particular outcomes. The small but growing literature on emotions in critical applied linguistics is reviewed, with implications for future research.
Immobilization of Penicillin Acylase on Macroporous Adsorption Resin CLX1180 Carrier
Authors: Liu Donglei , Chen Zhenbin , Long Jiapeng , Zhao Yingyu , Du Xueyan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis work reported a novel immobilization method of penicillin acylase (PA) using nucleophilic substitution reaction between benzyl chloride on macroporous adsorption resin (MAR) and amino groups on PA. Nucleophilic substitution reaction of benzyl chloride was reported for the first time in enzyme immobilization. The work was conducted as follows: Firstly, an apolar MAR, LX1180, was chemically modified, that is, chloromethylated, to prepare benzyl chloride LX1180 (CLX1180). Then, CLX1180 was used as a support to immobilize PA through nucleophilic substitution. The influence of reaction conditions, such as immobilization time, temperature, pH, and the amount of PA, on the loading ratio and catalytic activity were investigated and optimized. Besides, this study indicated that the immobilization reaction was a diffusion‐controlled reaction. Finally, the structure of immobilized PA was characterized using FTIR, and the stability for catalyst activity was explored by investigating the reusability of the sample, and the result indicated that PA was immobilized on the surface of CLX1180 successfully and presented an excellent stability of catalyst activity. It proposed a simple and promising way to immobilize PA for enzyme catalysis.
Eine einfache und vielseitige dirigierende Amidgruppe zur Funktionalisierung von C‐H‐Bindungen
Authors: Zhu Ru‐Yi , Farmer Marcus E. , Chen Yan‐Qiao , Yu Jin‐Quan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDie selektive C‐H‐Aktivierung an einer einzigen und strategisch wichtigen Position in Gegenwart von zahlreichen weiteren C‐H‐Bindungen kann einen leistungsfähigen und allgemein nützlichen Schritt in der Syntheseplanung darstellen. In diesem Zusammenhang dient die dirigierende Gruppe als ein “Kompass”, um – mittels Abständen und Geometrien als Erkennungsparameter zur Unterscheidung zwischen proximalen und distalen C‐H‐Bindungen – das Übergangmetall an C‐H‐Bindungen zu lenken. Die Einführung und Abspaltung dirigierender Gruppen ist allerdings ein Nachteil für die Synthesepraxis. Um diese Ansätze nützlicher zu gestalten, kann man in drei Richtungen nach Lösungen suchen. Erstens, durch Vereinfachung der dirigierenden Gruppe; zweitens, durch Verwendung von gängigen funktionellen Gruppen oder Schutzgruppen als dirigierende Gruppen; drittens, durch Anbindung der dirigierenden Gruppe an Substrate über eine transiente kovalente Bindung, um die dirigierende Gruppe zu einem Katalysator zu machen. Dieser Aufsatz beschreibt die rationale Entwicklung einer sehr einfachen und dennoch breit anwendbaren dirigierenden Gruppe für PdII‐, RhIII‐ und RuII‐Katalysatoren, nämlich die N‐Methoxyamidgruppe (CONHOMe). Eine Vielzahl von Transformationen unter C‐H‐Aktivierung wurde mithilfe dieser einfachen dirigierenden Gruppen bereits entwickelt.
Organotin(IV) complexes derived from proteinogenic amino acid: synthesis, structure and evaluation of larvicidal efficacy on Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae
Authors: Basu Baul Tushar S. , Kehie Pelesakuo , Höpfl Herbert , Duthie Andrew , Eng George , Linden Anthony 
Published: August 2016

Five new organotin(IV) complexes of composition [Bz2SnL1]n (1), [Bz3SnL1H⋅H2O] (2), [Me2SnL2⋅H2O] (3), [Me2SnL3] (4) and [Bz3SnL3H]n (5) (where L1 = (2S)‐2‐{[(E)‐(4‐hydroxypentan‐2‐ylidene)]amino}‐4‐methylpentanoate, L2 = (rac)‐2‐{[(E)‐1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)methylidene]amino}‐4‐methylpentanoate and L3 = (2S)‐ or (rac)‐2‐{[(E)‐1‐(2‐hydroxyphenyl)ethylidene]amino}‐4‐methylpentanoate) were synthesized and characterized using 1H NMR, 13C NMR, 119Sn NMR and infrared spectroscopic techniques. The crystal structure of 2 reveals a distorted trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry around the tin atom where the oxygen atoms of the carboxylate ligand and a water ligand occupy the axial positions, while the three benzyl ligands are located at the equatorial positions. On the other hand, the analogous derivative of enantiopure L3H (5) consists of polymeric chains, in which the ligand‐bridged tin atoms adopt the same trans‐Bz3SnO2 trigonal‐bipyramidal configuration and are now coordinated to a phenolic oxygen atom instead of H2O. In 2, the OH hydrogen of the ketoimine substituent has moved to the nearby nitrogen atom while in the salicylidene derivative 5, the OH is located almost midway between the phenolic oxygen atom and the nitrogen atom of the CN group. For the dibenzyltin derivative 1, a polymeric chain structure is observed as a result of a long intermolecular Sn⋅⋅⋅O bond involving the exocyclic carbonyl oxygen atom from the tridentate ligand of a neighbouring tin‐complex unit. The tin atom in this complex has distorted octahedral coordination geometry. In contrast, the racemic dimethyltin(IV) complexes 3 and 4 display discrete monomeric structures with a distorted octahedral‐ and trigonal‐bipyramidal geometry, respectively. The structures show that the coordination mode of the Schiff base ligand depends primarily on the number of bulky benzyl ligands (R) at the tin atom, as indeed found in the structures of related complexes where R = phenyl. With three bulky R groups, the tridentate chelating O,N,O coordination mode is preferred, whereas with fewer or less bulky R ligands, only the carboxylate and hydroxy groups are involved, which leads to polymers. Larvicidal efficacies of two of the new tribenzyltin(IV) complexes (2 and 5) were assessed on the second larval instar of Anopheles stephensi mosquito larvae and compared with two triphenyltin(IV) analogues, [Ph3SnL1H]n and [Ph3SnL3H]n. The results demonstrate that the compounds containing Sn–Ph ligands are more effective than those with Sn–Bz ligands. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Evaluation of nanoemulsions based on silicone polyethers for demulsification of asphaltene model emulsions
Authors: da Fraga Assis Koppe , Oliveira Priscila F. , Oliveira Luis Fernando S. , Magalhães Jennifer , Mansur Claudia R. E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTAsphaltenes are considered the main agents responsible for stabilizing petroleum emulsions. However, due to the complex chemical nature of crude oil, it is necessary to extract these molecules and prepare model solutions to investigate the effects of the various asphaltenes separately. In this study, the demulsification efficiency of oil‐in‐water (O/W) nanoemulsions based on silicone polyethers was evaluated using asphaltene model emulsions. The interfacial properties of the model emulsions were evaluated, with and without the presence of the nanoemulsions, by interfacial tension and inerfacial rheology measurements and correlating them with the ability and/or speed of diffusion to the interface. Dispersion/flocculation tests of the asphaltenes were performed to assess whether the nanoemulsions were modifying the aggregation state of the asphaltenes during the process of destabilizing the model emulsions. Through the interfacial rheology tests of the model asphaltene/saltwater system, with or without addition of the systems used in the demulsification tests, it was possible to determine the influence of the nanoemulsions on the mechanical properties of the interfacial film. The results of the water/oil gravitational separation tests showed that the nanoemulsions had separation efficiency between 80 and 95%, depending on the composition of the water/surfactant/oil/asphaltene system. The nanoemulsions containing xylene as the oil phase destabilized the emulsions the fastest. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44174.
Synthesis and self‐assembly study of zwitterionic amphiphilic derivatives of chitosan
Authors: Franciane Gonçalves Barbosa Hellen , Margarete Furuyama Lima Aline , Roberto Taboga Sebastião , Cesar Fernandes Júlio , Aparecida de Oliveira Tiera Vera , José Tiera Marcio 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTNew zwitterionic derivatives of chitosan (CH) were synthesized through the Michael addition reaction of 1‐(3‐sulfopropyl)‐2‐vinylpyridine hydroxide (SPP) with primary amines of deacetylated CHs (with weight‐average molecular weights of 46 and 216 kDa) to obtain SPP‐substituted CHs. The hydrophilic derivatives were subsequently modified with 2.1, 4.6, and 9.7% of dodecyl groups [degree of substitution by dodecyl groups (DSDod)]. The SPP‐substituted CH derivatives were characterized by 1H‐NMR, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and gel permeation chromatography. Aqueous solutions of SPP‐substituted CH samples remained clear, independently of the pH (3.0 < pH < 12.0). The self‐association study of the amphiphilic derivatives was performed in aqueous buffered solution at pH 5.0 and 7.4, and the critical aggregation concentration values varied from 5.6 × 10−3 to 0.02 g/L. The measurements of dynamic light scattering and ζ potentials showed that the self‐assembly behavior was dependent on the pH and DSDod. At pH 7.4, the measured ζ potentials were near zero, and colloidal stability was provided by the hydrated zwitterionic shell of the aggregates. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherelike microsized particles of broad distribution. The amphiphilic SPP‐substituted CH samples were shown to be nontoxic with a 3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay performed with HeLa cells. The remarkable water solubility and nontoxicity displayed by the new SPP‐substituted CH derivatives showed promising properties for the design of CH‐based biomaterials and nanoparticles. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44176.
Assessment of efficiency and impacts of gillnets on fish conservation in a tropical freshwater fishery
Authors: Silvano Renato A.M. , Hallwass Gustavo , Juras Anastácio A. , Lopes Priscila F.M. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract

Gillnets are commonly used in tropical multi‐species fisheries and there is a need to investigate the comparative efficiency and impacts of this gear on fish populations and diversity. The efficiency and the impact of gillnets of distinct mesh sizes were compared in the Lower Tocantins River (Brazilian Amazon).
Fish sampling was conducted in 12 floodplain lakes using gillnets of distinct mesh sizes and 345 fish landings were recorded. Indicators of gillnet efficiency were: (1) catch per unit of effort (CPUE) of total fish sampled; (2) CPUE of fish caught by fishers; (3) CPUE of commercial fish sampled; and (4) proportion of biomass of commercial fish sampled. Indicators of impact were: (1) the number of non‐commercial fish (by‐catch); (2) the proportion of fish above the length at first maturity; (3) mean fish size (length); (4) total number of fish species and of rare fish species caught.
Gillnets of 8 cm mesh size showed a higher CPUE in fish samples and fish landings. This mesh size also showed reduced impacts (lower numbers of non‐commercial fish caught and higher proportion of adult fish).
Gillnets of 6 cm mesh size caught a smaller proportion of adult fish, smaller fish, more species and more rare species. Therefore, intensive use of these gillnets could increase the risk of regional species extinctions and impair the provision of ecosystem services by target fish.
Gillnets of 8 cm mesh size could improve fish catches while minimizing adverse effects of gillnet fishing. The practical management recommendation would be to replace the more damaging small mesh gillnets by gillnets with intermediate mesh size. This recommendation could simultaneously protect small‐sized rare species and larger fish, being broadly applicable to other small‐scale and multi‐species fisheries that use gillnets intensively in tropical countries with high fish diversity.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The Reinforcing Value of Lottery Tickets, and the Synergetic Effect of Distinct Reinforcements
Authors: Luria Adi , Erev Ido , Haruvy Ernan 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe present two experiments that explore the reinforcing value of lottery tickets. Participants are faced with a repeated choice task between a safe alternative and a risky prospect that provides a chance to win a lottery ticket to be played at the end of the study. Study 1 considers situations in which the risky option leads to a slightly higher expected value than the safe alternative. It shows that the risk‐taking rate increases with the probability to win the lottery ticket, but it is below 50% even when this probability is high. Study 2 shows limited sensitivity to the expected value of the risky prospect. The results can be explained with the assumption that participants rely on small samples of past experiences, and that their reaction to lottery tickets reflects large variability. The relationship between the current results and previous research on the synergetic effect of distinct reinforcements and the “pat on the back paradox” is discussed. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
A DIRECT ESTIMATION METHOD FOR THE RUSSELL FLUID FACTOR BASED ON STOCHASTIC SEISMIC INVERSION
Authors: Rui‐Ying SUN , Xing-Yao YIN , Bao-Li WANG , Guang-Zhi ZHANG 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn this paper we propose Russell fluid factor direct estimation method based on stochastic seismic inversion. It is a Monte Carlo based strategy for non‐linear inversion, which can effectively integrate the high‐frequency information of well‐logging data and have a higher resolution. And the method is formulated in a Bayesian framework. Firstly, we can calculate the Russell fluid factor using well‐logging data and get the a priori information of fluid factor through sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS). Then we construct the likelihood function. Finally, we apply Metropolis algorithm in order to obtain an exhaustive description of the posteriori probability density. In this paper, we use the sequential Gaussian simulation (SGS) in a new implementation way, which can improve the computation speed. According to the numerical calculations, we can conclude that the final results match the model and real well‐logging data well and have a higher resolution. In addition, Russell fluid factor we inverted is a sensitive indicator for reservoir fluid identification.
Genomic characterization of response to chemoradiation in urothelial bladder cancer
Authors: Desai Neil B. , Scott Sasinya N. , Zabor Emily C. , Cha Eugene K. , Hreiki Joseph , Sfakianos John P. , Ramirez Ricardo , Bagrodia Aditya , Rosenberg Jonathan E. , Bajorin Dean F. , Berger Michael F. , Bochner Bernard H. , Zelefsky Michael J. , Kollmeier Marisa A. , Ostrovnaya Irina , Al‐Ahmadie Hikmat A. , Solit David B. , Iyer Gopa 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDThe authors characterized the genetic landscape of chemoradiation‐treated urothelial carcinoma of the bladder (UCB) with the objective of identifying potential correlates of response.METHODSPrimary tumors with (n = 8) or without (n = 40) matched recurrent tumors from 48 patients who had non‐metastatic, high‐grade UCB and received treatment primarily with chemoradiation were analyzed using a next‐generation sequencing assay enriched for cancer‐related and canonical DNA damage response (DDR) genes. Protein expression of meiotic recombination 11 homolog (MRE11), a previously suggested biomarker, was assessed in 44 patients. Recurrent tumors were compared with primary tumors, and the clinical impact of likely deleterious DDR gene alterations was evaluated.RESULTSThe profile of alterations approximated that of prior UCB cohorts. Within 5 pairs of matched primary‐recurrent tumors, a median of 92% of somatic mutations were shared. A median 33% of mutations were shared between 3 matched bladder‐metastasis pairs. Of 26 patients (54%) who had DDR gene alterations, 12 (25%) harbored likely deleterious alterations. In multivariable analysis, these patients displayed a trend toward reduced bladder recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.32; P = .070) or any recurrence (hazard ratio, 0.37; P = .070). The most common of these alterations, ERCC2 (excision repair cross‐complementation group 2) mutations, were associated with significantly lower 2‐year metastatic recurrence (0% vs 43%; log‐rank P = .044). No impact of MRE11 protein expression on outcome was detected.CONCLUSIONSA similar mutation profile between primary and recurrent tumors suggests that pre‐existing, resistant clonal populations represent the primary mechanism of chemoradiation treatment failure. Deleterious DDR genetic alterations, particularly recurrent alterations in ERCC2, may be associated with improved chemoradiation outcomes in patients with UCB. A small sample size necessitates independent validation of these observations. Cancer 2016;122:3715‐23. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Hyper‐CVAD plus ponatinib versus hyper‐CVAD plus dasatinib as frontline therapy for patients with Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia: A propensity score analysis
Authors: Sasaki Koji , Jabbour Elias J. , Ravandi Farhad , Short Nicholas J. , Thomas Deborah A. , Garcia‐Manero Guillermo , Daver Naval G. , Kadia Tapan M. , Konopleva Marina Y. , Jain Nitin , Issa Ghayas C. , Jeanis Vicki , Moore Haim G. , Garris Rebecca S. , Pemmaraju Naveen , Cortes Jorge E. , O'Brien Susan M. , Kantarjian Hagop M. 
Published: August 2016

BACKGROUNDThe clinical efficacy of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (HCVAD) plus ponatinib has not been compared with that of HCVAD plus dasatinib in patients with Philadelphia chromosome‐positive acute lymphoblastic leukemia (Ph+ ALL) in a randomized clinical trial.METHODSThe authors analyzed 110 patients with newly diagnosed Ph+ ALL who were enrolled in 2 consecutive, prospective, phase 2 clinical trials of frontline HCVAD with either dasatinib (63 patients) or ponatinib (47 patients). Propensity score analysis with 1:1 matching with the nearest neighbor matching method and inverse probability of treatment weighting (IPTW) analysis based on the propensity scores were performed to assess response rates, event‐free survival (EFS), and overall survival (OS) between the cohorts.RESULTSPropensity score matching identified 41 patients in each cohort. With propensity score matching, the 3‐year EFS rates for patients treated with HCVAD plus ponatinib and HCVAD plus dasatinib were 69% and 46%, respectively (P =.04), and the 3‐year OS rates were 83% and 56%, respectively (P =.03). IPTW analysis using prematching cohorts demonstrated that patients treated with HCVAD plus ponatinib had significantly higher rates of minimal residual disease negativity by flow cytometry on day 21, complete cytogenetic response at complete response, major molecular response at complete response and at 3 months, and complete molecular response at 3 months. IPTW confirmed that treatment with HCVAD plus ponatinib was associated with longer EFS (P =.003) and OS (P =.001) compared with treatment with HCVAD plus dasatinib.CONCLUSIONSThe clinical outcome of patients treated with HCVAD plus ponatinib appears to be superior to that of patients treated with HCVAD plus dasatinib among individuals with Ph+ ALL. Cancer 2016;122:3650‐6. © 2016 American Cancer Society.
Immunoblotting and Immunodetection
Authors: Ni Duojiao , Xu Peng , Gallagher Sean 
Published: August 2016

AbstractImmunoblotting (western blotting) is used to identify specific antigens recognized by polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies. This unit provides protocols for all steps, starting with solubilization of the protein samples, usually by means of SDS and reducing agents. Following solubilization, the material is separated by SDS‐PAGE and the antigens are electrophoretically transferred to a membrane, a process that can be monitored by reversible staining with Ponceau S. The transferred proteins are bound to the surface of the membrane, providing access to immunodetection reagents. After nonspecific binding sites are blocked, the membrane is probed with the primary antibody and washed. The antibody‐antigen complexes are tagged with fluorophores, horseradish peroxidase, or alkaline phosphatase coupled to a secondary anti‐IgG antibody, and detected using appropriate fluorescent imaging technologies or with chromogenic or luminescent substrates. Finally, membranes may be stripped and reprobed. © 2016 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.