bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The last and first frontier – emerging challenges for HIV treatment and prevention in the first week of life with emphasis on premature and low birth weight infants
Authors: Cotton Mark F , Holgate Sandi , Nelson Aurelie , Rabie Helena , Wedderburn Catherine , Mirochnick Mark 
Published: December 2015

IntroductionThere is new emphasis on identifying and treating HIV in the first days of life and also an appreciation that low birth weight (LBW) and preterm delivery (PTD) frequently accompany HIV‐related pregnancy. Even in the absence of HIV, PTD and LBW contribute substantially to neonatal and infant mortality. HIV‐exposed and ‐infected infants with these characteristics have received little attention thus far. As HIV programs expand to meet the 90‐90‐90 target for ending the HIV pandemic, attention should focus on newborn infants, including those delivered preterm or of LBW.DiscussionIn high prevalence settings, infant diagnosis of HIV is usually undertaken after the neonatal period. However, as in utero infection may be diagnosed at birth, earlier initiation of therapy may limit viral replication and prevent early damage. Globally, there is growing awareness that preterm and LBW infants constitute a substantial proportion of births each year. Preterm infants are at high risk for vertical transmission. Feeding difficulties, apnoea of prematurity and vulnerability to sepsis occur commonly. Feeding intolerance, a frequent occurrence, may compromise oral administration of medications. Although there is growing experience with post‐exposure prophylaxis for HIV‐exposed term newborn infants, there is less experience with preterm and LBW infants. For treatment, there are even fewer options for preterm infants. Only zidovudine has adequate dosing recommendations for treating term and preterm infants and has an intravenous formulation, essential if feeding intolerance occurs. Nevirapine dosing for prevention, but not treatment, is well established for both term and preterm infants.HIV diagnosis at birth is likely to be extremely stressful for new parents, more so if caring for preterm or LBW infants. Programs need to adapt to support the medical and emotional needs of young infants and their parents, where interventions may be lifesaving.ConclusionsNew focus is required for the newborn baby, including those born preterm, with LBW or small for gestational age to consolidate gains already made in early diagnosis and treatment of young children.
Hardness of Cr(N,O) thin films on (001)-, (011)-, and (111)-oriented MgO substrates
Authors: Ikeyama Suguru , Suzuki Kazuma , Suzuki Tsuneo , Nakayama Tadachika , Suematsu Hisayuki , Niihara Koichi 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
The epitaxial growth of Cr(N,O) thin films on (001)- and (011)-oriented MgO substrates as well as a (200)-oriented polycrystalline Cr(N,O) thin film on MgO(111) were performed using pulsed laser deposition. Data obtained from Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy and electron energy loss spectroscopy indicated that Cr(N,O) on (001)-, (011)-, and (111)-oriented MgO substrates contained chromium, nitrogen and oxygen. Nano-indentation showed negligible differences in the hardness values of Cr(N,O) films on (001)-, (011)-, and (111)-oriented MgO substrates, the two former having values of approximately 36 GPa. These results indicate that the hardness of Cr(N,O) is independent of both the growth morphology brought about by the substrate orientation and grain boundary effects. Finally, Cr(N,O) films on all substrates exhibited greater hardness than a comparison specimen consisting of epitaxial CrN on MgO(001).
Scintillation properties of undoped CdS for ionizing radiation detectors
Authors: Yanagida Takayuki , Koshimizu Masanori , Okada Go 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
In the present study, nondoped CdS crystal with a size of 5 × 5 × 0.5 mm3 was investigated on the optical and scintillation properties. The optical transmittance was 70% at wavelength longer than 500 nm, and the absorption edge was around 490 nm. The photoluminescence emission peak appeared around 490 nm under 340 nm excitation with 6.6 ns fast decay time. In X-ray induced radioluminescence spectrum over the temperature range of 7–300 K, it showed four emission bands around 490, 500–540 with several peaks, 600, and 750 nm. Temperature dependences of each emission band were different. The scintillation decay time was reproduced by two exponential decay components of 8 and 67 ns, and that for X-ray induced afterglow was approximately 0.1% at 20 ms after switching of the X-ray irradiation.
Snow cover on Arctic sea ice in observations and an Earth System Model
Authors: Blanchard‐Wrigglesworth E. , Farrell S. L. , Newman T. , Bitz C. M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSpring snow depth on Arctic sea ice is assessed in observations and an Earth System Model. In both, snow depth is mainly driven by the ice type on which the snow lies. Snow depths on multiyear ice are approximately double snow depths on first‐year ice. In the model spring snow depths are greater on multiyear ice compared to first‐year ice primarily because multiyear ice begins to accumulate snow earlier in the fall but also due to snow cover survival through the summer on multiyear ice. The model simulates a decline in spring snow depth driven mainly by a transition from a multiyear to first‐year ice regime throughout the Arctic. Agreement in the loss of multiyear ice in the model with estimates from observations suggests that declining snow depths in observations mainly result from the loss of multiyear sea ice.
Effect of air‐sea coupling on the frequency distribution of intense tropical cyclones over the northwestern Pacific
Authors: Ogata Tomomichi , Mizuta Ryo , Adachi Yukimasa , Murakami Hiroyuki , Ose Tomoaki 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEffect of air‐sea coupling on the frequency distribution of intense tropical cyclones (TCs) over the northwestern Pacific (NWP) region is investigated using an atmosphere and ocean coupled general circulation model (AOGCM). Monthly varying flux adjustment enables AOGCM to simulate both subseasonal air‐sea interaction and realistic seasonal to interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability. The maximum of intense TC distribution around 20–30°N in the AGCM shifts equatorward in the AOGCM due to the air‐sea coupling. Hence, AOGCM reduces northward intense TC distribution bias seen in AGCM. Over the NWP, AOGCM‐simulated SST variability is large around 20–30°N where the warm mixed layer becomes shallower rapidly. Active entrainment from subsurface water over this region causes stronger SST cooling, and hence, TC intensity decreases. These results suggest that air‐sea coupling characterized by subsurface oceanic condition causes more realistic distribution of intense TCs over the NWP.
Head‐of‐tide bottleneck of particulate material transport from watersheds to estuaries
Authors: Ensign Scott H. , Noe Gregory B. , Hupp Cliff R. , Skalak Katherine J. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractWe measured rates of sediment, C, N, and P accumulation at four floodplain sites spanning the nontidal through oligohaline Choptank and Pocomoke Rivers, Maryland, USA. Ceramic tiles were used to collect sediment for a year and sediment cores were collected to derive decadal sedimentation rates using 137Cs. The results showed highest rates of short‐ and long‐term sediment, C, N, and P accumulation occurred in tidal freshwater forests at the head of tide on the Choptank and the oligohaline marsh of the Pocomoke River, and lowest rates occurred in the downstream tidal freshwater forests in both rivers. Presumably, watershed material was mostly trapped at the head of tide, and estuarine material was trapped in oligohaline marshes. This hydrologic transport bottleneck at the head of tide stores most available watershed sediment, C, N, and P creating a sediment shadow in lower tidal freshwater forests potentially limiting their resilience to sea level rise.
Higher surface Bowen ratios ineffective at increasing updraft intensity
Authors: Hansen Zachary R. , Back Larissa E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractThe sensitivity of various metrics of convective intensity to changes in boundary layer depth via changes in the surface Bowen ratio is explored with radiative‐convective equilibrium (RCE) and initial condition simulations in the System for Atmospheric Modeling, a cloud‐resolving model. In the RCE simulations, high‐percentile updrafts showed little change in response to changes in the surface Bowen ratio. Initial condition simulations showed low surface Bowen ratios having stronger updrafts than high surface Bowen ratios. A parcel model was used to explore whether RCE results could be explained with an entrainment parameter independent of boundary layer depth. It was found that for every set of simulations in RCE, entrainment rates independent of boundary layer depth could explain the lack of change in updraft velocities with boundary layer depth. Given the indifference of high‐percentile updraft velocities in our simulations to changes in the surface Bowen ratio, we conclude that convective intensity as measured by this quantity in the cloud‐resolving model is not sensitive to this forcing.
Subseasonal prediction of Australian summer monsoon anomalies
Authors: Marshall Andrew G. , Hendon Harry H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractSubseasonal prediction of Australian summer monsoon anomalies is assessed using 30 years of retrospective forecasts from version 2 of the Predictive Ocean Atmosphere Model for Australia. Active and break monsoon rainfall episodes are associated with large‐scale cyclonic westerly and anticyclonic easterly winds, respectively, for which the Madden‐Julian oscillation (MJO) makes a dominant contribution and thus is a source of predictability. Although the forecast model can predict the local large‐scale zonal wind anomalies for lead times beyond 4 weeks, predictive skill of the monsoon rainfall anomalies is limited to about 2 weeks. We show that improving the prediction of the MJO and its local expression in the summer monsoon leads to improved monsoon rainfall predictions at multiweek timescales.
Corking Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon Nanotube Cups with Gold Nanoparticles for Biodegradable Drug Delivery Applications
Authors: Burkert Seth C. , Star Alexander 
Published: December 2015

AbstractCarbon nanomaterials have been proposed as effective drug delivery devices; however their perceived biopersistence and toxicological profile may hinder their applications in medical therapeutics. Nitrogen doping of carbon nanotubes results in a unique “stacked‐cup” structure, with cups held together through van der Waals forces. Disrupting these weak interactions yields individual and short‐stacked nanocups that can subsequently be corked with gold nanoparticles, resulting in sealed containers for delivery of cargo. Peroxidase‐catalyzed reactions can effectively uncork these containers, followed by complete degradation of the graphitic capsule, resulting in effective release of therapeutic cargo while minimizing harmful side effects. The protocols reported herein describe the synthesis of stacked nitrogen‐doped carbon nanotube cups followed by effective separation into individual cups and gold nanoparticle cork formation resulting in loaded and sealed containers. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Chemical Synthesis of Ubiquitin Chains
Authors: Hemantha Hosahalli P. , Bondalapati Somasekhar , Singh Sumeet K. , Brik Ashraf 
Published: December 2015

AbstractChemical synthesis of complex biomolecules such as proteins is a challenging adventure, yet rewarding in driving various biochemical and biophysical research activities. Over the years, the refinement of peptide synthesis and invention of ligation methodologies have led to the successful synthesis of several complex protein targets. Ubiquitin bioconjugates, which are being studied intensively by many groups due to their involvement in numerous biological processes, represent a fine example where chemistry is greatly aiding these studies. In this article, we describe the synthetic routes and strategies to prepare different ubiquitin analogs with desired modifications, as well as di‐ubiquitin chains. © 2015 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Social Penetration Theory
Authors: Carpenter Amanda , Greene Kathryn 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Social penetration theory describes the role of disclosure in relationship development, focusing specifically on how self‐disclosure functions in developing relationships. The onion model serves as a framework for describing the process of social penetration. In developing relationships, people use self‐disclosure to increase intimacy including through breadth, depth, and the norm of reciprocity. Social penetration progresses through several stages to develop relationships. The theory also incorporates rewards and costs in relation to social penetration and has influenced the development of a number of theories in relationship development and information management.
Online Disclosure
Authors: Bazarova Natalya N. 
Published: December 2015

Abstract
Online disclosure refers to revealing personal information to others in an online context. While it is common to share online disclosure in dyadic interactions, social media technologies have facilitated online disclosure to social networks consisting of large and diverse audiences. To advance understanding of online disclosure, it is important to account for the dynamic interplay of people's individual characteristics, media affordances, and social network characteristics, as well as the interpersonal dynamics that governs social interactions. Understanding the interplay among these forces will help address key questions about online disclosure production, online disclosure perceptions, and its effects on personal relationships and well‐being, as these questions re‐emerge with each new technology offering novel ways to share self with the world.
Effects of Policies on Yam Production and Consumption in Nigeria
Authors: Felicia Adesiyan Oluwafunmilola , Titus Adesiyan Adewumi , Bamire Adebayo Simeon , Ousmane Coulibaly , Asiedu Robert 
Published: December 2015

ABSTRACTSeveral efforts have been made through research, government programs and Non‐Governmental Organisations (NGO) interventions to improve yam production in Nigeria. In addition, some policies targeted at improving agricultural production have weakened the production and consumption of different commodities, especially yam. This study analyzed the effects of policy changes on yam production and consumption in Nigeria. A multi‐stage sampling technique was used to select 700 respondents for the study. Primary data was collected using pre‐tested structured questionnaire while interview guide was used to collect information in a Focus Group Discussion. Data were analyzed using Multi‐Market Model.The results showed that that policy changes on yam substitutes, particularly rice, sometimes have negative effects on yam production, prices, land share and real income among yam farming households in Nigeria depending on the nature of the policy.
Diastereoselective Synthesis of β‐Ether Derivatives of Artemisinin, an Antimalarial Drug: The Effect of Nitrile on Stereoselectivity
Authors: Chand Hemender R. , Bhattacharya Asish K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractMalaria is a life‐threatening disease affecting a major portion of the world's population with considerable loss of human life. Artemisinin, isolated from Artemisia annua, its oil‐ and water‐soluble derivatives, and other known antimalarials are recommended for artemisinin combination therapy by the World Health Organization. We have established a method for the stereoselective synthesis of β‐ether derivatives of dihydroartemisinin in high yield and high diastereoselectivity. The reaction either in acetonitrile or dichloromethane/trichloroacetonitrile (6:1) mixtures at 0 °C or room temperature, respectively, furnished the antimalarial drugs artemether 3 or arteether 4 in high yield with a high diastereomeric ratio. The effect the nitrile has on the yield and stereoselectivity is mechanistically explained.
Enzyme‐Mediated Modification of Single‐Domain Antibodies for Imaging Modalities with Different Characteristics
Authors: Rashidian Mohammad , Wang Lu , Edens Jerre G. , Jacobsen Johanne T. , Hossain Intekhab , Wang Qifan , Victora Gabriel D. , Vasdev Neil , Ploegh Hidde , Liang Steven H. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAntibodies are currently the fastest‐growing class of therapeutics. Although naked antibodies have proven valuable as pharmaceutical agents, they have some limitations, such as low tissue penetration and a long circulatory half‐life. They have been conjugated to toxic payloads, PEGs, or radioisotopes to increase and optimize their therapeutic efficacy. Although nonspecific conjugation is suitable for most in vitro applications, it has become evident that site specifically modified antibodies may have advantages for in vivo applications. Herein we describe a novel approach in which the antibody fragment is tagged with two handles: one for the introduction of a fluorophore or 18F isotope, and the second for further modification of the fragment with a PEG moiety or a second antibody fragment to tune its circulatory half‐life or its avidity. Such constructs, which recognize Class II MHC products and CD11b, showed high avidity and specificity. They were used to image cancers and could detect small tumors.
Free Superoxide is an Intermediate in the Production of H2O2 by Copper(I)‐Aβ Peptide and O2
Authors: Reybier Karine , Ayala Sara , Alies Bruno , Rodrigues João V. , Bustos Rodriguez Susana , La Penna Giovanni , Collin Fabrice , Gomes Cláudio M. , Hureau Christelle , Faller Peter 
Published: December 2015

AbstractOxidative stress is considered as an important factor and an early event in the etiology of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Cu bound to the peptide amyloid‐β (Aβ) is found in AD brains, and Cu‐Aβ could contribute to this oxidative stress, as it is able to produce in vitro H2O2 and HO. in the presence of oxygen and biological reducing agents such as ascorbate. The mechanism of Cu‐Aβ‐catalyzed H2O2 production is however not known, although it was proposed that H2O2 is directly formed from O2 via a 2‐electron process. Here, we implement an electrochemical setup and use the specificity of superoxide dismutase‐1 (SOD1) to show, for the first time, that H2O2 production by Cu‐Aβ in the presence of ascorbate occurs mainly via a free O2.− intermediate. This finding radically changes the view on the catalytic mechanism of H2O2 production by Cu‐Aβ, and opens the possibility that Cu‐Aβ‐catalyzed O2.− contributes to oxidative stress in AD, and hence may be of interest.
An Amidinohydrolase Provides the Missing Link in the Biosynthesis of Amino Marginolactone Antibiotics
Authors: Hong Hui , Samborskyy Markiyan , Lindner Frederick , Leadlay Peter F. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractDesertomycin A is an aminopolyol polyketide containing a macrolactone ring. We have proposed that desertomycin A and similar compounds (marginolactones) are formed by polyketide synthases primed not with γ‐aminobutanoyl‐CoA but with 4‐guanidinylbutanoyl‐CoA, to avoid facile cyclization of the starter unit. This hypothesis requires that there be a final‐stage de‐amidination of the corresponding guanidino‐substituted natural product, but no enzyme for such a process has been described. We have now identified candidate amidinohydrolase genes within the desertomycin and primycin clusters. Deletion of the putative desertomycin amidinohydrolase gene dstH in Streptomyces macronensis led to the accumulation of desertomycin B, the guanidino form of the antibiotic. Also, purified DstH efficiently catalyzed the in vitro conversion of desertomycin B into the A form. Hence this amidinohydrolase furnishes the missing link in this proposed naturally evolved example of protective‐group chemistry.
Interacting Carbon Nitride and Titanium Carbide Nanosheets for High‐Performance Oxygen Evolution
Authors: Ma Tian Yi , Cao Jian Liang , Jaroniec Mietek , Qiao Shi Zhang 
Published: December 2015

AbstractFree‐standing flexible films, constructed from two‐dimensional graphitic carbon nitride and titanium carbide (with MXene phase) nanosheets, display outstanding activity and stability in catalyzing the oxygen‐evolution reaction in alkaline aqueous system, which originates from the Ti–Nx motifs acting as electroactive sites, and the hierarchically porous structure with highly hydrophilic surface. With this excellent electrocatalytic ability, comparable to that of the state‐of‐the‐art precious‐/transition‐metal catalysts and superior to that of most free‐standing films reported to date, they are directly used as efficient cathodes in rechargeable zinc–air batteries. Our findings reveal that the rational interaction between different two‐dimensional materials can remarkably promote the oxygen electrochemistry, thus boosting the entire clean energy system.
Catalytic, Stereoselective Dihalogenation of Alkenes: Challenges and Opportunities
Authors: Cresswell Alexander J. , Eey Stanley T.‐C. , Denmark Scott E. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAlthough recent years have witnessed significant advances in the development of catalytic, enantioselective halofunctionalizations of alkenes, the related dihalogenation of olefins to afford enantioenriched vicinal dihalide products remains comparatively underdeveloped. However, the growing number of complex natural products bearing halogen atoms at stereogenic centers has underscored this critical gap in the synthetic chemist’s arsenal. This Review highlights the selectivity challenges inherent in the design of enantioselective dihalogenation processes, and formulates a mechanism‐based classification of alkene dihalogenations, including those that may circumvent the “classical” haliranium (or alkene‐dihalogen π‐complex) intermediates. A variety of metal and main group halide reagents that have been used for the dichlorination or dibromination of alkenes are discussed, and the proposed mechanisms of these transformations are critically evaluated.
Direct Observation of the Distribution of Gelatin in Calcium Carbonate Crystals by Super‐Resolution Fluorescence Microscopy
Authors: Fu Meifang , Wang Anhe , Zhang Xiaoming , Dai Luru , Li Junbai 
Published: December 2015

AbstractBiological organic–inorganic hybrid materials often achieve excellent properties and provide inspiration for the design of advanced materials. The organic phase plays a key role in determining the properties of biogenic materials, and the spatial arrangement of organic and inorganic phases provides direct evidence for interaction between the two phases. Super‐resolution fluorescence microscopy was used to visualize the gelatin distribution in two different crystalline polymorphs of calcium carbonate (vaterite and calcite) and to investigate the process by which gelatin is excluded from the crystals. The results demonstrated that gelatin is distributed through vaterite microspheres in the form of nanoparticles, whereas it tends to accumulate on the edges of the calcite rhombohedra.