bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vibration of Centrally Stiffened Rectangular Plate
Authors: Kirk C. L. 
Published: July 2016

Natural frequencies of free flexural vibration of rectangular plates may, in many cases, be considerably increased by attaching to the plate one or more elastic stiffening ribs parallel to one edge, or by casting or machining the plate and stiffeners integrally.Hoppmann has determined by a semi-empirical method the natural frequencies of an integrally stiffened simply-supported square plate, using the concept of a homogeneous orthotropic plate of uniform thickness having elastic compliances which are equivalent to those of the stiffened plate. Filippov has obtained the exact solution for the fundamental frequency of a simply-supported square plate having a number of equally spaced stiffeners and has considered the effect of point loads applied to the stiffeners in a direction perpendicular to the plane of the plate.
A Review of Current Developments in Agricultural Aviation
Authors: Ripper W. E. 
Published: July 2016

The increasing importance of agricultural aviation can best be judged by a table setting out the area treated in the U.S.A., U.S.S.R., U.K. and other countries, which was compiled from recent publications. Fig. 1 shows how important a sector of aviation agricultural aviation has become.Like other aircraft operations, agricultural aviation is not particularly profitable. Therefore a certain amount of work has gone into economic studies and into development work on methods for improving the service rendered to agriculture in order to improve the economy of aircraft operation.
Flow Fields Connected by Moving Waves
Authors: Woods W. A. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryThe significance of joining flow regions with moving waves is discussed and a generalised treatment of simple, one dimensional, moving shock waves is presented analytically and in chart form. The problem is next considered with the shock wave replaced by different types of non-steep waves and their corresponding charts given.Possible and impossible flow configurations are examined and the results presented in the form of a diagrammatic table. An alternative shock wave chart is described in an appendix and worked examples, showing the use of the charts, are presented.
Stress Distribution Around Edge Slits in a Plate Loaded in Tension —the Effect of Finite Width of Plate
Authors: Dixon J. R. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryTwo-dimensional photoelastic tests have been carried out on uni-axially loaded flat-plate specimens with two collinear edge slits, to investigate the effect of finite plate width on the elastic stress distribution. It was found that the effect of slitlength/ plate-width ratio on the elastic stress concentration at the end of the edge slit of lengthlwas virtually the same as that for a central slit of length2lin a plate of the same width, and could be adequately expressed by existing theories.
Rain Erosion Aspects of Aircraft and Guided Missiles
Authors: Fyall A. A. , King R. B. , Strain R. N. C. 
Published: July 2016

Summary“All-weather” operational requirements have added considerably to aircraft and missile design problems as the effects of various meteorological hazards, predominantly rain, are aggravated by high speed flight. The problem of rain erosion is reviewed with regard to the functional requirements of the components, the flight plan of the vehicle and the occurrence of rain over the geographical terrain of operation. The factors affecting rain erosion characteristics such as type of material, surface finish, shape of component, speed and rainfall intensity are discussed and empirical data derived. The influences on the problem of radar limitation in rain, the probability of rain occurrence and the effect of wind and wind-shear are mentioned. Details given of equipment for the simulation of rain erosion are concerned principally with the R.A.E. “whirling arm” and rocket runway high speed sled techniques. Correlation of test results from these facilities and flight tests are briefly discussed.Degree of erosion of a material is defined in relation to the particular application of the material and details are given of the characteristics of numerous materials, both metals and non-metals. The utilisation of these materials for such applications as radomes, transparencies, high temperature materials, de-icing systems are briefly discussed together with methods of extending the rain erosion “life” of materials by design or by use of protective coatings.
Lessons Gained in Helicopter Air Traffic Control from Federal Aviation Agency Activities
Authors: Fitzek R. A. 
Published: July 2016

I should like to express my gratitude to the Society, on behalf of the Federal Aviation Agency of the United States, for the opportunity of participating in this meeting.Before speaking of the lessons gained in Helicopter Air Traffiic Control some background information is necessary on the types of helicopter operations which are being conducted in the United States.As in many countries, helicopter operations are conducted by both the military services and civil operators. The military operations are primarily those of a tactical training nature and search and rescue work. Civil helicopter operations are conducted mainly for transport and utility purposes.In addition to numerous civil air taxi operators providing transport by helicopter, we have three commercial scheduled helicopter airlines; New York Airways, Chicago Airways, and Los Angeles Airways. These three helicopter airlines serve the aerodromes and residential communities in the metropolitan areas of the cities from which they derive their names. Utility helicopter flying includes such services as forest fire fighting, insecticide spraying of farm crops, power line inspection, and construction work, just to name a few.
Crime in Aircraft
Authors: Wilberforce Richard 
Published: July 2016

The Inaugural Lecture of the Air Law Group of the Society “Crime in Aircraft” by the Hon. Mr. Justice Wilberforce was given in the Lecture Theatre, 4 Hamilton Place, London W.l. on 31st October 1962. Mr. L. A. Wingfield, M.C., D.F.C., A.R.Ae.S., Solicitor to the Society, presided. Introducing the lecturer Mr. Wingfield said that the Hon. Mr. Justice Wilberforce was a Judge of the Supreme Court (Chancery Division). He had also been the leader for the United Kingdom at no less than four diplomatic Conferences on Air Law—Geneva in 1948, Rome in 1952, The Hague in 1955 and Guadalajara in 1961—he had also been the Chief United Kingdom member of the Legal Committee of I.C.A.O.; to find a more distinguished contribution to air law than Sir Richard's would be difficult.The Society's Air Law Group arose indirectly from a lecture to the Society in January 1961 by Mr. H. Caplan on “The Law versus Science in Aeronautics”. The Group was formed in September of that year, and since its inception Sir Richard had acted as Chairman. One of the first tasks tackled by the Group had been the study of the draft convention adopted by I.C.A.O. at Munich in September 1959 on offences occurring on board aircraft. At the request of the Ministry of Aviation the Steering Committee of the Group, voicing an independent view, reported on the draft convention.Not only was this the Group's inaugural lecture, it was also the first occasion in the Society's 96 years that it had been addressed by one of Her Majesty's Judges.Before beginning his lecture the Hon. Mr. Justice Wilberforce congratulated the Society on its initiative in forming the Air Law Group and paid tribute to the Secretary of the Society, Dr. A. M. Ballantyne, T.D., B.Sc, F.R.Ae.S., F.A.I.A.A., Hon.F.C.A.S.I., for the work he had done and the assistance he had given in organising the Group.The following report is taken from the tape recording of the lecture.
The Development of the “Radio Altimeter–Trailing Static” Method of Measuring Aircraft Static Pressure Errors
Authors: McDaniel John D. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryDuring the flight development of a high altitude bomber some difficulty was encountered in the measurement of static pressure error, due, in the main, to the relatively high ceiling and Mach number limits of the aircraft.There was found to be a need for a method that was self-contained within the test aircraft, allowing a complete flexibility of test conditions. This report describes the method evolved which requires the use of ai radio altimeter and a low speed trailing static head.
Agricultural Aviation in the U.S.S.R.
Authors: Smirnov E. A. 
Published: July 2016

Summary:
The 21st lecture to be given before the Agricultural Aviation Group of the Society, “Agricultural Aviation in the U.S.S.R.” by Mr. E. A. Smirnov of Aeroflot, was given in the Lecture Theatre on 17th October 1962. Air Commodore A. H. Wheeler, C.B.E., M.A., F.R.Ae.S., Chairman of the Agricultural Aviation Group Committee, presided.Introducing the lecturer, Air Commodore Wheeler said how grateful the Group was to Mr. Smirnov for agreeing to talk on this subject which was of great interest to the members of the Group. Mr. Smirnov served as a pilot in the Second World War and afterwards went to the Construction and Technology Institute in Moscow and became a scientific engineer at the Engineering and Scientific Institute of Aeroflot. He was Station Manager at London Airport for two years, later becoming General Manager of Aeroflot in the United Kingdom. Mr. Smirnov was a Companion member of the Society.
Stresses in a Plate Pierced by two Unequal Circular Holes
Authors: Davies G. A. O. , Hoddinott J. R. 
Published: July 2016

The problem of two identical circular holes in an infinite sheet has been solved by Ling using bipolar co-ordinates and taking advantage of the double symmetry.The case of any two unequal holes is of interest in that one common situation is that of a small circular hole close to a relatively larger one. In this case it is tempting merely to use the classical single hole solution, first for the larger hole and then for the small hole situated in the “uniform” stress field produced by the larger one. The accuracy of this simple method of superposition is examined.The notation of Muskhelishvili is followed where the problem consists of finding two functions of the complex variable z=x+iy which are analytic in the region and satisfy the boundary conditions on both holes and at infinity.
The Choice of a Hodograph Boundary for Contracting Ducts
Authors: Gibbincs J. C. 
Published: July 2016

A recent paper on the potential incompressible flow through two-dimensional contracting ducts raises some interesting points that are relevant to the hodograph technique for solving this problem.In this paper, Lau obtains a contraction shape by placing a source in a uniform flow that is contained in a doubly infinite strip. The resulting flow pattern is sketched in Fig. 1. The flow is from a region of unit velocity to one of velocity R, where R is the contraction ratio. A streamline, intermediate in position between ψ = 0 and ψ=1.0, is adopted as the contraction profile.
The Development of Legislation for Hovercraft
Authors: Barrowclouch A. R. 
Published: July 2016

I proprose to consider some of the problems which arise in fitting the hovercraft into our legal system and to suggest in a tentative way, not so much the solution to these problems, but rather the lines on which I feel that solutions should be approached. It is unnecessary to emphasise that the views I express are entirely my own; for whose else could they be?Now it will be noticed that the title of this lecture, “The Development of Legislation for Hovercraft”, assumes that legislation will be necessary to deal with hovercraft; but a moment’s thought, or a single example, will show how well justified the assumption is.
Legal Liabilities Arising out of Crop Spraying Operations
Authors: Brooks J. L. 
Published: July 2016

This subject is one that seems to have received more consideration in agricultural, legal and insurance circles in the U.S.A., Australia and New Zealand than in England which is, perhaps, understandable in view of the differences in terrain, crops and aircraft operating facilities between the various countries.There are a number of American legal reports touching upon crop spraying liability and several Australian and New Zealand cases, but few English cases. Certainly there have been a number of claims in this country for damage to persons and property arising from crop spraying operations, but it is seldom that these claims proceed to trial and perhaps the reasons for this will become apparent as the various aspects of liability are considered.
Some Factors Affecting Fares
Authors: Courtney A. L. 
Published: July 2016

As one of the first speakers at this Symposium, with no particular axe to grind and no panacea to offer, I think my most useful contribution will be to provide some sort of backcloth for later contributors. I therefore propose to discuss the relative effects of some of the factors affecting the design efficiency and operating costs of short-range aircraft so as to try to arrive at some impression of what are the more important things to concentrate on. This has been done before at various times, but I think it is worth doing again as a starting point for this discussion. The views expressed are my own and not necessarily those of RAE or MoA.I shall be talking mainly in terms of generalised long-term effects, and the factors and exchange rates quoted will be the overall effects on an aircraft still in the design stage, assuming that it is re-optimised if necessary as each factor is varied. Without implying any preference one way or the other, I will assume a conventional wing-plus-body design with jet or fan engines; other contributors will be dealing with the possibilities of all-wing layouts and with the question of propellers versus jets for short ranges. I assume that we are thinking in terms of stage lengths of the order of 250-500 miles, and the costs and exchange rates will be quoted for this sort of range; so far as relative sensitivities are concerned the precise value is not very important once one is in this bracket (as compared with 1000-1500 miles, for instance).
Notes about Terminology and Nomenclature
Authors: Kurti N. 
Published: July 2016

There seems to be a disturbing rate of increase in new scientific and technical terms. The purpose of these notes is to stimulate a discussion of this trend.When inventing or introducing new terms the following points should be borne in mind: (1) is a new word necessary or desirable, (2) is it apt and well-constructed?As regards (1) the usual justification is that science and engineering are developing so fast that in order to communicate new ideas and new concepts an increase in the vocabulary is essential. This, however, can be overdone. The very act of coining a new word implies a theoretical assessment, almost an acknowledgment of the fact that a concept or phenomenon, or particle has a well defined identity. The following, somewhat exaggerated examples, illustrate this point. It would have been most unfortunate if spectroscopists at the end of the last century had insisted on giving one and the same chemical element different names according to the wavelength of the light they emitted. I wonder whether the many names allocated to elementary particles today may not become an embarrassment should it turn out that they are in many cases just excited states of one and the same particle. Conversely, one must applaud the restraint of the nuclear physicists for not giving separate names to various radioactive isotopes. After all, as far as nuclear properties go, many isotopes (e.g.57Co, 58Co, 60Co) have very little in common. And, although we have a separate name for the heavy hydrogen isotope (deuterium), physicists and chemistsi have so far resisted the temptation to give the light isotope of helium (3He) a name and we are still spared “trelium”.
Instruments and Equipment for Testing
Authors: Bingham A. E. 
Published: July 2016

Just after the turn of the century, after many struggles, the heavier-than-air flying machine first rose from the earth, part of the success being due to the development of the comparatively light internal combustion engine. The materials of the airframe being mainly wood, including bamboo, and a few pieces of mild steel plate.For a few years the materials of construction altered only a little and the knowledge of those materials and their behaviour was limited and confined to that which had been established during the course of mechanical engineering.The mechanical engineers had been able to include fairly substantial factors of safety in their calculations which covered many variations and possible errors in materials, loads and workmanship and also—probably unknowingly —problems which could arise from fatigue.
The First Ten Years
Authors: Green F. M. 
Published: July 2016

The Royal Aeronautical Society has a history of 100 years. I can look back over a membership of more than half that time, since I was made a Fellow in 1911.My start in the aeronautical world began in 1910. I was appointed Engineer in charge of Design at Farn-borough by its chief, Mervyn O'Gorman. He was a far-sighted and inspiring man, under whom it was a pleasure to work. The War Office had lost faith in aeroplanes and our work was to be confined to lighter-than-air craft. Sam Hiscocks was the able chief draughtsman of a very small drawing office with whose help we managed to make three airships. The latest was called the Delta, and had a speed of 45 miles an hour. This may seem absurdly slow but it was faster than many aeroplanes flying at the time. The Delta was eventually taken over by the Naval Air Service and was used for submarine spotting during the First World War.
Lift Characteristics of Asymmetric Exhaust Nozzles at High
Flight Speeds
Authors: Lewis W. G. E. , Herd R. J. , Herbert M. V. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryIf a supersonic nozzle is designed for less than complete expansion of the flow, some lift force can be produced without downwards deflection of the nozzle. A theoretical analysis has been made, by the method of characteristics, for a two-dimensional nozzle consisting of an upper wedge and lower parallel shroud. General trends of lift performance with the main variables have been obtained.
Resurrecting the chimera: Progressions in parenting and peer processes
Authors: Forgatch Marion S. , Snyder James J. , Patterson Gerald R. , Pauldine Michael R. , Chaw Yvonne , Elish Katie , Harris Jasmine B. , Richardson Eric B. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis report uses 6-year outcomes of the Oregon Divorce Study to examine the processes by which parenting practices affect deviant peer association during two developmental stages: early to middle childhood and late childhood to early adolescence. The participants were 238 newly divorced mothers and their 5- to 8-year-old sons who were randomly assigned to Parent Management Training—Oregon Model (PMTO®) or to a no-treatment control group. Parenting practices, child delinquent behavior, and deviant peer association were repeatedly assessed from baseline to 6 years after baseline using multiple methods and informants. PMTO had a beneficial effect on parenting practices relative to the control group. Two stage models linking changes in parenting generated by PMTO to children's growth in deviant peer association were supported. During the early to middle childhood stage, the relationship of improved parenting practices on deviant peer association was moderated by family socioeconomic status (SES); effective parenting was particularly important in mitigating deviant peer association for lower SES families whose children experience higher densities of deviant peers in schools and neighborhoods. During late childhood and early adolescence, the relationship of improved parenting to youths' growth in deviant peer association was mediated by reductions in the growth of delinquency during childhood; higher levels of early delinquency are likely to promote deviant peer association through processes of selective affiliation and reciprocal deviancy training. The results are discussed in terms of multilevel developmental progressions of diminished parenting, child involvement in deviancy producing processes in peer groups, and increased variety and severity of antisocial behavior, all exacerbated by ecological risks associated with low family SES.
Understanding the interplay of individual and social–developmental factors in the progression of substance use and mental health from childhood to adulthood
Authors: Jones Tiffany M. , Hill Karl G. , Epstein Marina , Lee Jungeun Olivia , Hawkins J. David , Catalano Richard F. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThis study examines the interplay between individual and social–developmental factors in the development of positive functioning, substance use problems, and mental health problems. This interplay is nested within positive and negative developmental cascades that span childhood, adolescence, the transition to adulthood, and adulthood. Data are drawn from the Seattle Social Development Project, a gender-balanced, ethnically diverse community sample of 808 participants interviewed 12 times from ages 10 to 33. Path modeling showed short- and long-term cascading effects of positive social environments, family history of depression, and substance-using social environments throughout development. Positive family social environments set a template for future partner social environment interaction and had positive influences on proximal individual functioning, both in the next developmental period and long term. Family history of depression adversely affected mental health functioning throughout adulthood. Family substance use began a cascade of substance-specific social environments across development, which was the pathway through which increasing severity of substance use problems flowed. The model also indicated that adolescent, but not adult, individual functioning influenced selection into positive social environments, and significant cross-domain effects were found in which substance-using social environments affected subsequent mental health.
Transactional effects among maternal depression, neighborhood deprivation, and child conduct problems from early childhood through adolescence: A tale of two low-income samples
Authors: Shaw Daniel S. , Sitnick Stephanie L. , Reuben Julia , Dishion Thomas J. , Wilson Melvin N. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe current study sought to advance our understanding of transactional processes among maternal depression, neighborhood deprivation, and child conduct problems (CP) using two samples of low-income families assessed repeatedly from early childhood to early adolescence. After accounting for initial levels of negative parenting, independent and reciprocal effects between maternal depressive symptoms and child CP were evident across both samples, beginning in early childhood and continuing through middle childhood and adolescence. In addition, neighborhood effects were consistently found in both samples after children reached age 5, with earlier neighborhood effects on child CPandmaternal depression found in the one exclusively urban sample of families with male children. The results confirm prior research on the independent contribution of maternal depression and child CP to the maintenance of both problem behaviors. The findings also have implications for designing preventative and clinical interventions to address child CP for families living in high-risk neighborhoods.