bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Klart plan- og byggespråk <br>– tekstarbeid som opplæring og motivasjon
Authors: Nordberg Marianne Bugge 
Published: January 2018

Plan- og bygningsetaten i Oslo satte i gang et toårig klarspråksprosjekt i 2014. I løpet av prosjektperioden har vi blant annet kartlagt tekster, skrivevaner og interne holdninger. Vi har brukertestet tekstene våre, utviklet språkprofil og kurset alle ansatte. Men det skal mer til for å endre etablerte skrivevaner, og språket blir ikke klart selv om språkprofilen vår står i hylla til statsråd Jan Tore Sanner28. Hvordan arbeider vi med å omskrive tekster, og hvordan kan selve arbeidsprosessen bidra til å endre skrivekulturen? SummaryIn 2014, the Agency for Planning and Building Services in Oslo started a two-year plain language project. During the project period, we have surveyed texts, writing habits and internal attitudes. We have also user-tested our texts, developed a writer’s guide and held courses for all employees. But it takes more than this to change established writing habits. This article sums up how we work on re-writing texts and looks at how this work process in itself can contribute to changing the writing culture.
Makt genom myndighetsspråk – myt och verklighet
Authors: Tiililä Ulla 
Published: January 2018

Myndighetsspråk är i många avseenden förknippat med makt, men ofta på ett annat sätt än man i allmänhet tror. I denna artikel talar jag om de maktskikt som finns inom myndighetsspråk; hierarkin inom den offentliga makten bygger till exempel på kedjor av texter. Å andra sidan visar jag att vissa språkdrag som anses vara uttryck för maktbruk kan vara befogade till exempel av textuella skäl. Jag visar också att i en finsk kontext kan talet om ett klart myndighetsspråk innebära problem. Den finländska förvaltningslagen kräver att myndighetsspråket inte enbart ska vara klart utan också sakligt och begripligt. Tyvärr finns det problem på alla nivåer, inte enbart när det gäller klarhet. SummaryAspects of power in the language of public administration – myth and reality The language of public administration is profoundly tied up with power, but often in a different way than we generally think. In this article I will first examine the power aspects of the language of administration; the hierarchy and the power relationships within administration are based on language and on chains of texts. I will then concentrate on some phenomena which are often thought to be a matter of power but which may also be textually motivated. Finally, I will discuss the concept of clarity in a Finnish context: the Finnish Administrative Procedure Act states that the language of administration should not only be clear but also comprehensible and appropriate. Unfortunately, the problems of administrative language are not confined to the area of clarity.
Om forholdet mellem sprog og magt i statsadministrationen
Authors: Tynell Jesper 
Published: January 2018

Sproglige spidsfindigheder spiller en central rolle, når danske embedsmænd skærer tal, jura og faktuelle oplysninger til, så de bedst muligt understøtter regeringens politik udadtil. Det fremgår af bogen ’Mørkelygten’, der bygger på emails, notater og op mod hundrede samtaler med embedsmænd om konkrete sager, hvor Folketinget og befolkningen er blevet præsenteret for mere eller mindre vildledende oplysninger. Men også embedsværkets interne sprogbrug vidner om en vis normalitet i denne praksis. SummaryLinguistic hair-splitting plays a central role when Danish officials carve up figures and legal and factual information in ways that best suit the Government’s public policy. This emerges from the book ‘Mørkelygten’ (‘The Dark Light’), which is based on emails, notes and almost a hundred conversations with officials on specific matters where Parliament and the public have been presented with more or less misleading information. But the use of language within the civil service also bears witness to a certain normality in this practice.
True German and phony English laughter: Schmidt-Hidding was still Schmidt
Authors: Hempelmann Christian F. 
Published: January 2018

Schmidt-Hidding’s (b. 1903, d. 1967) lexical field study on the area of Humor und Witz [humor and wit/jokes] (1963b) receives attention in humor research to this day, especially in German-speaking countries. His diamond-shaped illustration of the two dimensions of the field of humor, not least in its aim to distinguish “earthy” German from “courteous” English humor, has become well-known. In view of this continued interest in the final write-up of Schmidt-Hidding’s work on humor (1963a, 1963b), in which he consistently ignores his earlier related publications under the name of Schmidt, this paper aims to discourage researchers from basing their work on it for two reasons. The more important one is the flawed, or at least muddled and definitely outdated, methodology of his study. The more delicate one that is focused on here is that the motivation for and the ideological direction of the study are strongly influenced by its author’s National Socialist ideology, which Schmidt-Hidding had possibly assumed for opportunistic reasons and abandoned after World War II. I will first document this ideological alignment with National Socialism from Schmidt’s earlier work, basically a prelude to his Schlüsselwörter (1963a). Then I’ll briefly present the methodological flaws, to the degree that Schmidt-Hidding was sufficiently explicit about his method to make that possible. This approach of interpreting a complex issue in its historical and social contexts, along with showing what the issue is in contrast to analogous issues, is the important research agenda that Davies brought to humor research.
“Make love, not war…Get married and do both”: Negative aspects of marriage in anti-proverbs and wellerisms
Authors: T. Litovkina Anna 
Published: January 2018

In the present study I am going to explore negative aspects of marriage and the ways it is viewed and conceptualized in the body of Anglo-American anti-proverbs (i.e., deliberate proverb innovations (also known as alterations, parodies, transformations, variations, wisecracks, mutations, or fractured proverbs) and wellerisms (a form of folklore normally made up of three parts: 1) a statement, 2) a speaker who makes this remark, and 3) a phrase that places the utterance into an unexpected, contrived situation. The meaning of the proverb, proverbial phrase or other statement is usually distorted by being placed into striking juxtaposition with the third part of the wellerisms). Another aim of the study is also to depict those who adhere to the institution of marriage, that is, wives and husbands, and analyse their nature, qualities, attributes and behaviours as revealed through Anglo-American anti-proverbs and wellerisms. My discussion is organized in two parts. The anti-proverbs and wellerisms discussed in the present study were taken primarily from American and British written sources. The texts of anti-proverbs were drawn from hundreds of books and articles on puns, one-liners, toasts, wisecracks, quotations, aphorisms, maxims, quips, epigrams, and graffiti collected in two dictionaries of anti-proverbs compiled by Anna T. Litovkina and Wolfgang Mieder (see Mieder & Tóthné Litovkina 1999; T. Litovkina & Mieder 2006). The texts of wellerims are primarily quoted from the dictionary of wellerisms (see Mieder & Kingsbury 1994).
Domestic carnivore interactions with wildlife in the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, Chile: husbandry and perceptions of impact from a community perspective
Authors: Schüttler Elke , Saavedra-Aracena Lorena , Jiménez Jaime E. 
Published: January 2018

BackgroundHundreds of millions of domestic carnivores worldwide have diverse positive affiliations with humans, but can provoke serious socio-ecological impacts when free-roaming. Unconfined dogs (Canis familiaris) and cats (Felis catus) interact with wildlife as predators, competitors, and disease-transmitters; their access to wildlife depends on husbandry, perceptions, attitudes, and behaviors of pet owners and non-owners.MethodsTo better understand husbandry and perceptions of impacts by unconfined, domestic carnivores, we administered questionnaires (n = 244) to pet owners and non-owners living in one of the last wilderness areas of the world, the Cape Horn Biosphere Reserve, located in southern Chile. We used descriptive statistics to provide demographic pet and husbandry information, quantify free-roaming dogs and cats, map their sightings in nature, and report experiences and perceptions of the impact of free-roaming dogs and cats on wildlife. We corroborated our results with an analysis of prey remains in dog feces (n = 53). With generalized linear models, we examined which factors (i.e., food provisioning, reproductive state, rural/village households, sex, and size) predicted that owned dogs and cats bring wildlife prey home.ResultsThirty-one percent of village dogs (n = 121) and 60% of dogs in rural areas (n = 47) roamed freely day and/or night. Free-roaming dog packs were frequently observed (64% of participants) in the wild, including a feral dog population on Navarino Island. Dogs (31 of 168) brought home invasive muskrats (Ondatra zibethicus) and avian prey, and over half of all cats (27 of 51) brought home mainly avian prey. Birds were also the most harassed wildlife category, affected by one third of all dogs and cats. Nevertheless, dog-wildlife conflicts were hardly recognized (<9% of observed conflicts and suspected problems), and only 34% of the participants thought that cats might impact birds. Diet analysis revealed that dogs consumed livestock (64% of 59 prey occurrences), beavers (Castor canadensis, 14%), and birds (10%). The probability that dogs brought prey to owners’ homes was higher in rural locations and with larger dogs. There was also evidence that cats from rural households and with an inadequate food supply brought more prey home than village cats.DiscussionAlthough muskrat, beavers, and birds were brought home, harassed, or found in dog feces, free-roaming dogs and, to a lesser extent, cats are perceived predominantly in an anthropogenic context (i.e., as pets) and not as carnivores interacting with wildlife. Therefore, technical and legal measures should be applied to encourage neutering, increase confinement, particularly in rural areas, and stimulate social change via environmental education that draws attention to the possibility and consequences of unconfined pet interaction with wildlife in the southernmost protected forest ecoregion of the globe.
Survey highlights the need to expand offerings of introductory pharmacy practice experiences in psychiatry and neurology: Benefits and example experiences
Authors: Bostwick Jolene R. , Leung Gillian P. , Smith Tawny L. , Ahmed Uzma , Bainbridge Jacquelyn L. , Peyronnet Jean-Xavier 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Introductory pharmacy practice experiences (IPPEs) are 1 requirement schools and colleges of pharmacy must fulfill to meet accreditation standards. The purpose of this manuscript is to report existing IPPEs in psychiatry and neurology across the United States.

Methods:
Two separate electronic surveys were administered to individual College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists members with board certification in psychiatric pharmacy with an academic affiliation and academic institutions in the 2014-15 academic year to assess the neuropsychiatric curriculum in pharmacy programs. Results focusing on IPPEs were summarized using descriptive statistics.

Results:
Academic institutional data reveal only 37.3% offered IPPEs in psychiatry, and 6.7% offered neurology. The number of available IPPEs is low even if a program offered an available rotation. The majority of College of Psychiatric and Neurologic Pharmacists member respondents (69.9%) did not offer IPPEs in psychiatry in the 2014-15 academic year, and none offered an IPPE in neurology. More than half of individual respondents feel their institution should increase IPPEs in psychiatry and neurology in order to enhance their curriculum.

Discussion:
To expand IPPE availability, pharmacy programs should increase early exposure of pharmacy students to patients with psychiatric and neurologic conditions. Longitudinal experiences may allow students to engage in hands-on experiences, which may impact future career aspirations and reduce stigma. Current example IPPEs at the authors' institutions are included to stimulate discussion and action among readers on how IPPEs in these practice areas may be developed. Implementation of IPPEs in psychiatry and neurology is needed for students to gain experience working with these patients.
Surveys of substance use disorders education in US pharmacy programs
Authors: Thomas Kelan , Muzyk Andrew J. 
Published: January 2018

Abstract

Introduction:
Substance use disorders (SUDs) are a significant US health problem affecting roughly 20 million Americans, but there continues to be limited access to SUD treatment and inadequate addiction medicine training. Therefore, it is important to understand how SUD education is being delivered to US health professionals, including pharmacists.

Methods:
A recent survey of US pharmacy programs' neuropsychiatry curricula was evaluated to identify any progress made toward increasing SUD education since the last national survey in 2004 and determine any remaining gaps between what is currently being taught and American Association of Colleges of Pharmacy (AACP) curricular guidelines for SUD education updated in 2010. A survey of psychiatric pharmacists, regarding what they thought should be taught, was also evaluated and compared with the 2010 AACP curricular guidelines.

Results:
Our survey of US pharmacy programs demonstrated that 94% of programs reported teaching SUD content in 2014-15, which has increased from 81% reported in a survey study from 2004. There was also an increase for average hours of SUD didactic instruction, which increased from 2.2 hours in 2004 to 2.7 hours in 2015. The majority of members (84%) recommended at least 2 hours of SUD instruction, and 27% recommended teaching ≥4 hours.

Discussion:
There was an overall increase in SUD instruction, but the average hours taught still falls short of 2010 AACP curricular guideline recommendation suggesting ≥4 hours. Furthermore, a majority of the psychiatric pharmacists we surveyed did not agree with the AACP curricular guideline recommendation because only 27% of members recommended ≥4 hours of SUD instruction, and the average hours recommended was only 2.7 hours.
Trends and Variability of Global Fire Emissions Due To Historical Anthropogenic Activities
Authors: Ward Daniel S. , Shevliakova Elena , Malyshev Sergey , Rabin Sam 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGlobally, fires are a major source of carbon from the terrestrial biosphere to the atmosphere, occurring on a seasonal cycle and with substantial interannual variability. To understand past trends and variability in sources and sinks of terrestrial carbon, we need quantitative estimates of global fire distributions. Here we introduce an updated version of the Fire Including Natural and Agricultural Lands model, version 2 (FINAL.2), modified to include multiday burning and enhanced fire spread rate in forest crowns. We demonstrate that the improved model reproduces the interannual variability and spatial distribution of fire emissions reported in present‐day remotely sensed inventories. We use FINAL.2 to simulate historical (post‐1700) fires and attribute past fire trends and variability to individual drivers: land use and land cover change, population growth, and lightning variability. Global fire emissions of carbon increase by about 10% between 1700 and 1900, reaching a maximum of 3.4 Pg C yr−1 in the 1910s, followed by a decrease to about 5% below year 1700 levels by 2010. The decrease in emissions from the 1910s to the present day is driven mainly by land use change, with a smaller contribution from increased fire suppression due to increased human population and is largest in Sub‐Saharan Africa and South Asia. Interannual variability of global fire emissions is similar in the present day as in the early historical period, but present‐day wildfires would be more variable in the absence of land use change.
Patterns of Urban Housing Shape Dengue Distribution in Singapore at Neighborhood and Country Scales
Authors: Seidahmed Osama M. E. , Lu Deng , Chong Chee Seng , Ng Lee Ching , Eltahir Elfatih A. B. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDengue is the most important human arboviral disease in Singapore. We classified residential areas into low‐rise and high‐rise housing and investigated the influence of urban drainage on the distribution of dengue incidence and outdoor breeding at neighborhood and country scales. In Geylang area (August 2014 to August 2015), dengue incidence was higher in a subarea of low‐rise housing compared to high‐rise one, averaging 26.7 (standard error, SE = 4.83) versus 2.43 (SE = 0.67) per 1,000 people. Outdoor breeding drains of Aedes aegypti have clustered in the low‐rise housing subarea. The pupal density per population was higher in the low‐rise blocks versus high‐rise ones, 246 (SE = 69.08) and 35.4 (SE = 25.49) per 1,000 people, respectively. The density of urban drainage network in the low‐rise blocks is double that in the high‐rise ones, averaging 0.05 (SE = 0.0032) versus 0.025 (SE = 0.00245) per meter. Further, a holistic analysis at a country‐scale has confirmed the role of urban hydrology in shaping dengue distribution in Singapore. Dengue incidence (2013–2015) is proportional to the fractions of the area (or population) of low‐rise housing. The drainage density in low‐rise housing is 4 times that corresponding estimate in high‐rise areas, 2.59 and 0.68 per meter, respectively. Public housing in agglomerations of high‐rise buildings could have a positive impact on dengue if this urban planning comes at the expense of low‐rise housing. City planners in endemic regions should consider the density of drainage networks for both the prevention of flooding and the breeding of mosquitoes.
Decline in Antarctic Ozone Depletion and Lower Stratospheric Chlorine Determined From Aura Microwave Limb Sounder Observations
Authors: Strahan Susan E. , Douglass Anne R. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAttribution of Antarctic ozone recovery to the Montreal protocol requires evidence that (1) Antarctic chlorine levels are declining and (2) there is a reduction in ozone depletion in response to a chlorine decline. We use Aura Microwave Limb Sounder measurements of O3, HCl, and N2O to demonstrate that inorganic chlorine (Cly) from 2013 to 2016 was 223 ± 93 parts per trillion lower in the Antarctic lower stratosphere than from 2004 to 2007 and that column ozone depletion declined in response. The mean Cly decline rate, ~0.8%/yr, agrees with the expected rate based on chlorofluorocarbon lifetimes. N2O measurements are crucial for identifying changes in stratospheric Cly loading independent of dynamical variability. From 2005 to 2016, the ozone depletion and Cly time series show matching periods of decline, stability, and increase. The observed sensitivity of O3 depletion to changing Cly agrees with the sensitivity simulated by the Global Modeling Initiative chemistry transport model integrated with Modern Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications 2 meteorology.
The Effects of Solar Wind Dynamic Pressure Changes on the Substorm Auroras and Energetic Electron Injections on 24 August 2005
Authors: Li L. Y. , Wang Z. Q. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractAfter the passage of an interplanetary (IP) shock at 06:13 UT on 24 August 2005, the enhancement (>6 nPa) of solar wind dynamic pressure and the southward turning of interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) cause the earthward movement of dayside magnetopause and the drift loss of energetic particles near geosynchronous orbit. The persistent electron drift loss makes the geosynchronous satellites cannot observe the substorm electron injection phenomenon during the two substorm expansion phases (06:57–07:39 UT) on that day. Behind the IP shock, the fluctuations (~0.5–3 nPa) of solar wind dynamic pressure not only alter the dayside auroral brightness but also cause the entire auroral oval to swing in the day‐night direction. However, there is no Pi2 pulsation in the nightside auroral oval during the substorm growth phase from 06:13 to 06:57 UT. During the subsequent two substorm expansion phases, the substorm expansion activities cause the nightside aurora oval brightening from substorm onset site to higher latitudes, and meanwhile, the enhancement (decline) of solar wind dynamic pressure makes the nightside auroral oval move toward the magnetic equator (the magnetic pole). These observations demonstrate that solar wind dynamic pressure changes and substorm expansion activities can jointly control the luminosity and location of the nightside auroral oval when the internal and external disturbances occur simultaneously. During the impact of a strong IP shock, the earthward movement of dayside magnetopause probably causes the disappearance of the substorm electron injections near geosynchronous orbit.
Lightning Evolution In Two North Central Florida Summer Multicell Storms and Three Winter/Spring Frontal Storms
Authors: Caicedo J. A. , Uman M. A. , Pilkey J. T. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe present the first lightning evolution studies, via the Lightning Mapping Array (LMA) and radar, performed in North Central Florida. Parts of three winter/spring frontal storms (cold season) and two complete summer (warm season) multicell storms are studied. Storm parameters measured are as follows: total number of flashes, flash‐type classification, first flashes, flash initiation altitude, flash initiation power, flash rate (flashes per minute), charge structure, altitude and temperature ranges of the inferred charge regions, atmospheric isotherm altitude, radar base reflectivity (dBZ), and radar echo tops (EET). Several differences were found between summer multicell and winter/spring frontal storms in North Central Florida: (1) in winter/spring storms, the range of altitudes that all charge regions occupy is up to 1 km lower in altitude than in summer storms, as are the 0°C, −10°C, and −20°C isotherms; (2) lightning activity in summer storms is highly correlated with changes in radar signatures, in particular, echo tops; and (3) the LMA average initiation power of all flash types in winter/frontal storms is about an order of magnitude larger than that for summer storms. In relation to storms in other geographical locations, North Central Florida seasonal storms were found to have similarities in most parameters studied with a few differences, examples in Florida being (1) colder initiation altitudes for intracloud flashes, (2) charge regions occupying larger ranges of atmospheric temperatures, and (3) winter/spring frontal storms not having much lightning activity in the stratiform region.