bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The role of driving factors in historical and projected carbon dynamics of upland ecosystems in Alaska
Authors: Genet Hélène , He Yujie , Lyu Zhou , McGuire A. David , Zhuang Qianlai , Clein Joy , D'Amore David , Bennett Alec , Breen Amy , Biles Frances , Euskirchen Eugénie S. , Johnson Kristofer , Kurkowski Tom , (Kushch) Schroder Svetlana , Pastick Neal , Rupp T. Scott , Wylie Bruce , Zhang Yujin , Zhou Xiaoping , Zhu Zhiliang 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIt is important to understand how upland ecosystems of Alaska, which are estimated to occupy 84% of the state (i.e., 1,237,774 km2), are influencing and will influence state‐wide carbon (C) dynamics in the face of ongoing climate change. We coupled fire disturbance and biogeochemical models to assess the relative effects of changing atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2), climate, logging and fire regimes on the historical and future C balance of upland ecosystems for the four main Landscape Conservation Cooperatives (LCCs) of Alaska. At the end of the historical period (1950–2009) of our analysis, we estimate that upland ecosystems of Alaska store ~50 Pg C (with ~90% of the C in soils), and gained 3.26 Tg C/yr. Three of the LCCs had gains in total ecosystem C storage, while the Northwest Boreal LCC lost C (−6.01 Tg C/yr) because of increases in fire activity. Carbon exports from logging affected only the North Pacific LCC and represented less than 1% of the state's net primary production (NPP). The analysis for the future time period (2010–2099) consisted of six simulations driven by climate outputs from two climate models for three emission scenarios. Across the climate scenarios, total ecosystem C storage increased between 19.5 and 66.3 Tg C/yr, which represents 3.4% to 11.7% increase in Alaska upland's storage. We conducted additional simulations to attribute these responses to environmental changes. This analysis showed that atmospheric CO2 fertilization was the main driver of ecosystem C balance. By comparing future simulations with constant and with increasing atmospheric CO2, we estimated that the sensitivity of NPP was 4.8% per 100 ppmv, but NPP becomes less sensitive to CO2 increase throughout the 21st century. Overall, our analyses suggest that the decreasing CO2 sensitivity of NPP and the increasing sensitivity of heterotrophic respiration to air temperature, in addition to the increase in C loss from wildfires weakens the C sink from upland ecosystems of Alaska and will ultimately lead to a source of CO2 to the atmosphere beyond 2100. Therefore, we conclude that the increasing regional C sink we estimate for the 21st century will most likely be transitional.
Detection of barriers to dispersal is masked by long lifespans and large population sizes
Authors: Hoffman Jordan R. , Willoughby Janna R. , Swanson Bradley J. , Pangle Kevin L. , Zanatta David T. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractPopulation genetic analyses of species inhabiting fragmented landscapes are essential tools for conservation. Occasionally, analyses of fragmented populations find no evidence of isolation, even though a barrier to dispersal is apparent. In some cases, not enough time may have passed to observe divergence due to genetic drift, a problem particularly relevant for long‐lived species with overlapping generations. Failing to consider this quality during population structure analyses could result in incorrect conclusions about the impact of fragmentation on the species. We designed a model to explore how lifespan and population size influence perceived population structure of isolated populations over time. This iterative model tracked how simulated populations of variable lifespan and population size were affected by drift alone, using a freshwater mussel,Quadrula quadrula(mapleleaf), as a model system. In addition to exhibiting dramatic lifespan variability among species, mussels are also highly imperiled and exhibit fragmentation by dams throughout the range of many species. Results indicated that, unless population size was small (<50 individuals) or lifespan short (<22 years), observing genetic divergence among populations was unlikely. Even if wild populations are isolated, observing population structure in long‐lived mussels from modern damming practices is unlikely because it takes longer for population structure to develop in these species than most North American dams have existed. Larger population sizes and longer lifespans increase the time needed for significant divergence to occur. This study helps illuminate the factors that influence genetic responses by populations to isolation and provides a useful model for conservation‐oriented research.
Eggshells as hosts of bacterial communities: An experimental test of the antimicrobial egg coloration hypothesis
Authors: Dearborn Donald C. , Page Symmantha M. , Dainson Miri , Hauber Mark E. , Hanley Daniel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractOviparous animals have evolved multiple defenses to prevent microbes from penetrating their eggs and causing embryo mortality. In birds, egg constituents such as lysozyme and antibodies defend against microbial infestation, but eggshell pigments might also impact survival of bacteria. If so, microbes could exert an important selective pressure on the evolution of eggshell coloration. In a previous lab experiment, eggshell protoporphyrin caused drastic mortality in cultures of Gram positive, but not Gram negative, bacteria when exposed to light. Here, we test this “photodynamic antimicrobial hypothesis” in a field experiment. In a paired experimental design, we placed sanitized brown, protoporphyrin‐rich chicken eggs alongside white eggs that lack protoporphyrin. We deployed eggs for 48 hr without incubation, as can occur between laying and incubation, when microbial infection risk is highest. Eggs were placed on the open ground exposed to sunlight and in dark underground storm‐petrel burrows. We predicted that the proportion of Gram‐positive bacteria on brown eggs should be lower when exposed to sunlight than when kept in the dark, but we expected no such difference for white eggs. Although our data revealed variation in bacterial community composition, the proportion of Gram‐positive bacteria on eggshells did not vary by egg color, and there was no interaction between egg color and location. Instead, Gram‐positive bacteria were proportionally more common on eggs on the ground than eggs in burrows. Overall, our experiment did not support the photodynamic antimicrobial hypothesis. The diverse range of avian egg colors is generated by just two pigments, but over 10 hypotheses have been proposed for the evolution of eggshell color. If our results are generalizable, eggshell protoporphyrin might not play a substantial role in defending eggs against microbes, which narrows the field of candidate hypotheses for the evolution of avian eggshell coloration.
A model for catchment soil erosion management in humid agricultural environments
Authors: Peñuela Andrés , Sellami Haykel , Smith Hugh G. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIntensive agricultural practices have critically contributed to the global increase in soil erosion and sediment fluxes. To reduce the impact of these practices, models able to represent the effect of changes in agricultural land‐use, farming and conservation practices are needed. Moreover, simulations spanning multi‐decadal periods can overcome the potentially confounding influence of climate variability on shorter‐term studies of impacts from agricultural change. Conceptual erosion models, such as the Morgan–Morgan–Finney (MMF) model, allow simulation of soil erosion rates and sediment fluxes over longer periods, while still retaining a general description of runoff and sediment generation processes. In addition, the modified‐MMF (MMMF) model offers improved representation of vegetation cover effects through measurable plant properties. However, as an annual model, the MMF model does not capture seasonal variability in climate, hydrology and land cover. Here, we propose a new model for humid environments based on the MMF model to address its limitations and improve its predictive ability, while retaining its simplicity and low computational and parameterization requirements. This includes monthly computation, representation of catchment hydrology based on delineation of saturated areas according to the topographic wetness index (TWI), and improved representation of ground and vegetation cover effects. The proposed model, MMF‐TWI, was applied in an agricultural catchment in the UK and performance compared to published data and MMMF simulation results. Land cover spatial and temporal variability, crop type as well as farming and conservation practices were found to have a significant influence on simulated sediment yields. Our findings demonstrate: (a) that MMF‐TWI model improves predictive ability compared to the MMMF model in humid environments, (b) the importance of capturing sub‐annual variability in climate, saturated areas and land cover, (c) the ability of MMF‐TWI model to represent impacts from farming and conservation practices, and (d) the potential for MMF‐TWI model to be applied as a soil erosion management tool. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Factors associated with patients with gestational diabetes in Japan being at increased risk of requiring intensive care
Authors: Yamashita Hiroshi , Yasuhi Ichiro , Kugishima Yukari , Sugimi So , Umezaki Yasushi , Suga Sachie , Fukuda Masashi , Kusuda Nobuko 
Published: October 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo investigate factors associated with high‐risk gestational diabetes (GDM) among patients with GDM.MethodsThe present retrospective study included women with singleton pregnancies diagnosed with GDM using International Association of Diabetes and Pregnancy Study Group criteria at a single tertiary perinatal care center in Japan between July 1, 2010, and October 31, 2014. High‐risk GDM was defined as patients who required at least 20 units of insulin therapy a day, delivering a large‐for‐gestational age neonate regardless of insulin therapy, or both. Maternal characteristics and diagnostic test results were investigated to identify associations with the high‐risk criteria, and odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.ResultsAmong 217 patients, 95 (43.8%) were categorized as high risk. After adjusting for confounders, a fasting plasma glucose level at diagnosis of at least 4.66 mmol/L (adjusted OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.51–5.58) and pre‐pregnancy body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters) of at least 24 (adjusted OR 3.27, 95% CI 1.60–6.90) were independently associated with meeting the high‐risk criteria.ConclusionAmong Japanese patients with GDM, pre‐pregnancy body mass index and fasting plasma glucose levels could be used to identify high‐risk patients requiring intensive care during pregnancy.
Three dimensional printed calcium phosphate and poly(caprolactone) composites with improved mechanical properties and preserved microstructure
Authors: Vella Joseph B. , Trombetta Ryan P. , Hoffman Michael D. , Inzana Jason , Awad Hani , Benoit Danielle S. W. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBiphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds formed via three dimensional (3D) printing technology to exhibit porosity and chemical resorbability to promote osseointegration often lack the strength and toughness required to withstand loading in bone tissue engineering applications. Herein, sintering and CaP:poly(caprolactone) (PCL) composite formation were explored to improve 3D printed scaffold strength and toughness. Hydroxyapatite and α‐tricalcium phosphate (α‐TCP) biphasic calcium powders were printed using phosphoric acid binder, which generated monetite and hydroxyapatite scaffolds. Upon sintering, evolution of β‐TCP was observed along with an increase in flexural strength and modulus but no effect on fracture toughness was observed. Furthermore, scaffold porosity increased with sintering. Additionally, two techniques of PCL composite formation were employed: postprint precipitation and 3D print codeposition to further augment scaffold mechanical properties. While both techniques significantly improved flexural strength, flexural modulus, and fracture toughness under most conditions explored, precipitation yielded more substantial increases in these properties, which is attributed to better continuity of the PCL phase. However, precipitation also compromised surface porosity due to PCL passivation of the calcium phosphate surface, which may subsequently hinder scaffold integration and bone regeneration. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 106A: 663–672, 2018.
Understanding the client's perspective of helpful and hindering events in psychotherapy sessions: A micro‐process approach
Authors: Swift Joshua K. , Tompkins Kelley A. , Parkin Susannah R. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to bridge the methodologies of significant events and micro‐process research to gain a better understanding of clients’ perceptions of helpful and hindering events in psychotherapy. A total of 16 clients were asked to review a recent psychotherapy session and, while watching, complete a moment‐by‐moment rating of helpful/hindrance using a dial rating system. They were also asked to describe the most helpful and hindering segments that were rated as such. The moment‐by‐moment ratings suggest that clients perceive a significant amount of variability within a single session. The qualitative results suggest that clients perceive both specific treatment and common factors techniques as being helpful. Further, some of the same therapist actions were rated as both helpful and hindering, but they differed in the timing and the client's experience of feeling heard and understood versus judged or given advice that was not perceived as relevant to them. These results have important implications for clinical practice.
Dealginated seaweed waste for Zn(II) continuous removal from aqueous solution on fixed‐bed column
Authors: Cardoso Saulo Luiz , Costa Camila Stefanne Dias , da Silva Meuris Gurgel Carlos , Vieira Melissa Gurgel Adeodato 
Published: October 2017

AbstractBACKGROUNDThe alginate extraction residue from Brazilian Sargassum filipendula was employed as biosorbent for Zn(II) removal through a fixed‐bed column in order to explore its adsorptive properties and to establish a new use for this waste.RESULTSThe best operating conditions were 0.5 mL min‐1 and 1.0 mmol L‐1 (inlet concentration), providing lower mass transfer zone and higher uptake. Elution percentages of 52 and 73% were obtained for the first and second desorption cycles, respectively, using CaCl2 as eluent. The Yan et al. model was more representative of the experimental data. Characterization revealed that ion exchange is involved between zinc ions and light metals (Ca, Na, K and Mg). A decrease was observed in real and apparent densities of biomass, with an increase in particle porosity of the residue after process.CONCLUSIONThe study revealed that this biomass has potential for Zn removal from aqueous solution, encouraging its application as a biosorbent in future studies involving multicomponent systems. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry
Morphological changes of the optic lobe from late embryonic to adult stages in oval squids Sepioteuthis lessoniana
Authors: Liu Yung‐Chieh , Chung Wen‐Sung , Yu Chun‐Chieh , Hsu Su‐Ting , Chan Fung‐Lan , Liu Tsung‐Han , Su Chia‐Hao , Hwu Yeukuang , Marshall N. Justin , Chiao Chuan‐Chin 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe optic lobe is the largest brain area within the central nervous system of cephalopods and it plays important roles in the processing of visual information, the regulation of body patterning, and locomotive behavior. The oval squid Sepioteuthis lessoniana has relatively large optic lobes that are responsible for visual communication via dynamic body patterning. It has been observed that the visual behaviors of oval squids change as the animals mature, yet little is known about how the structure of the optic lobes changes during development. The aim of the present study was to characterize the ontogenetic changes in neural organization of the optic lobes of S. lessoniana from late embryonic stage to adulthood. Magnetic resonance imaging and micro‐CT scans were acquired to reconstruct the 3D‐structure of the optic lobes and examine the external morphology at different developmental stages. In addition, optic lobe slices with nuclear staining were used to reveal changes in the internal morphology throughout development. As oval squids mature, the proportion of the brain making up the optic lobes increases continuously, and the optic lobes appear to have a prominent dent on the ventrolateral side. Inside the optic lobe, the cortex and the medulla expand steadily from the late embryonic stage to adulthood, but the cell islands in the tangential zone of the optic lobe decrease continuously in parallel. Interestingly, the size of the nuclei of cells within the medulla of the optic lobe increases throughout development. These findings suggest that the optic lobe undergoes continuous external morphological change and internal neural reorganization throughout the oval squid's development. These morphological changes in the optic lobe are likely to be responsible for changes in the visuomotor behavior of oval squids from hatching to adulthood.
Potential of marshes to attenuate storm surge water level in the Chesapeake Bay
Authors: Glass Emma M. , Garzon Juan L. , Lawler Seth , Paquier Eleonore , Ferreira Celso M. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractStorm surges from tropical and extratropical storms frequently impact coastal communities globally. While the potential of natural and nature‐based features for coastal defenses has gained increased attention as a viable option for coastal flood protection, the lack of in situ measurements of storm surge attenuation has delayed their widespread utilization. We present the findings of a 3‐yr water level monitoring campaign that resulted in a large collection (52 flood events) of attenuation rates from marsh transects located in two natural preserves in the U.S. mid‐Atlantic region. Results show that the overall marsh attenuated water levels, exhibiting values up to 0.02 cm/m at Eastern Shore of Virginia National Wildlife Refuge (ES) and 0.03 cm/m at Magothy Bay Natural Preserve (MGB). In general, the greatest attenuation rates were observed at the marsh edge section. The reach close to the coastline revealed an amplification of the water level followed by water level attenuation toward the backside of the marsh. However, analyses of five major storms at ES demonstrated that, within each event, the ability of the upper marsh to attenuate water level decreased with higher inundation heights. Additionally, small spatial scales of the marsh platform, geomorphological features such as channels, elevated surrounding forests and levees seem to play a major role in reducing the attenuation rates provided by the marshes. These results indicate that, while this type of marshland would provide storm surge attenuation during low inundation heights, these ecosystems would be less effective attenuating higher water depths from extreme events.
Key Production Parameters to Obtain Transparent Nanocellular PMMA
Authors: Martín‐de León Judith , Bernardo Victoria , Rodríguez‐Pérez Miguel Ángel 
Published: October 2017

AbstractTransparent nanocellular polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) with relative density around 0.4 is produced for the first time by using the gas dissolution foaming technique. The processing conditions and the typical characteristics of the cellular structure needed to manufacture this novel material are discovered. It is proved that low saturation temperatures (−32 °C) combined with high saturation pressures (6, 10, 20 MPa) allow increasing the solubility of PMMA up to values not reached before. In particular, the highest CO2 uptake ever reported for PMMA, (i.e., 48 wt%) is found for a saturation pressure of 20 MPa and a saturation temperature of −32 °C. Due to these processing conditions, cell nucleation densities of 1016 nuclei cm−3 and cell sizes clearly below 50 nm are achieved. The nanocellular polymers obtained, with cell sizes ten times smaller than the wavelength of visible light and very homogeneous cellular structures, show a significant transparency.
Predictors of long‐term bladder management in spinal cord injury patients—Upper extremity function may matter most
Authors: Zlatev Dimitar V. , Shem Kazuko , Elliott Christopher S. 
Published: October 2017

IntroductionClean intermittent catheterization (CIC) is the gold standard for neurogenic bladder management in most patients with spinal cord injury (SCI). There is nonetheless a lack of long‐term adherence to CIC, with up to 50% discontinuance at 5‐year follow‐up. We hypothesize that limitations in upper extremity (UE) motor function represent a strong predictor for long‐term CIC adoption.MethodsWe assessed Forms I and II data from the 2000‐2013 National SCI Database. Bladder management was determined at initial discharge and 1‐year follow‐up. Upper extremity (UE) motor scores were transformed using a previously published algorithm to predict a patient's ability to independently self‐catheterize. Uni‐ and multivariable logistic regression modeling was performed to assess risk factors affecting: a) a lack of CIC adoption at rehabilitation discharge, b) CIC discontinuance by 1‐year follow‐up (CIC “dropout”), and c) adherence to management with an indwelling catheter rather than conversion to CIC at 1‐year follow‐up.ResultsFor all three modeled scenarios, UE motor function represented the most significant predictor for lack of CIC adoption (OR range 2.1‐6.3, P ≤ 0.003 for all). Other predictors included increasing age (OR 1.01‐1.02, P ≤ 0.001 for all models) and female gender (OR 1.6‐1.7, P < 0.001 for lack of CIC adoption at discharge).ConclusionsAmong physically limiting factors, impairment in UE motor function appears to be the most significant predictor of a lack of long‐term CIC adoption at 1‐year follow‐up.
A Systematic Review of Calorie Labeling and Modified Calorie Labeling Interventions: Impact on Consumer and Restaurant Behavior
Authors: Bleich Sara N. , Economos Christina D. , Spiker Marie L. , Vercammen Kelsey A. , VanEpps Eric M. , Block Jason P. , Elbel Brian , Story Mary , Roberto Christina A. 
Published: October 2017

ObjectiveEvidence on the effects of restaurant calorie labeling on consumer and restaurant behavior is mixed. This paper examined: (1) consumer responses to calorie information alone or compared to modified calorie information and (2) changes in restaurant offerings following or in advance of menu labeling implementation.MethodsSearches were conducted in PubMed, Web of Science, Policy File, and PAIS International to identify restaurant calorie labeling studies through October 1, 2016, that measured calories ordered, consumed, or available for purchase on restaurant menus. The reference lists of calorie labeling articles were also searched.ResultsFifty‐three studies were included: 18 in real‐world restaurants, 9 in cafeterias, and 21 in laboratory or simulation settings. Five examined restaurant offerings.ConclusionsBecause of a lack of well‐powered studies with strong designs, the degree to which menu labeling encourages lower‐calorie purchases and whether that translates to a healthier population are unclear. Although there is limited evidence that menu labeling affects calories purchased at fast‐food restaurants, some evidence demonstrates that it lowers calories purchased at certain types of restaurants and in cafeteria settings. The limited data on modified calorie labels find that such labels can encourage lower‐calorie purchases but may not differ in effects relative to calorie labels alone.