bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
1.1.1 Historical Perspectives: Paving the Way for the Future
Authors: Servi S. , Tessaro D. , Hollmann F. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter describes the evolution of modern biocatalysis, focusing on the application of both whole-cell biocatalysts and isolated enzymes in organic synthesis. Milestones in this process are the application to β-lactam and amino acid chemistry, the preparation of chiral synthons as single enantiomers for the synthesis of pharmaceutical intermediates, the modification of carbohydrates and the synthesis of value-added products from lipids. The application of hydrolytic enzymes (lipases, proteases, esterases, and nitrile hydratases) has evolved in time toward more complex enzymatic systems such as oxidoreductases involving cofactor recycling or aminotransferases (transaminases) leading to the formation of chiral amines. The recently developed techniques of molecular biology and directed evolution toward the preparation of better enzymatic catalysts are dramatically improving the availability and efficiency of the enzymes and thus significantly increasing the role of biocatalysis in organic synthesis.
1.2 Strategies and Methods in Biocatalysis
Authors: Díaz-Rodríguez A. , Lavandera I. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe use of biocatalysts in organic synthesis and, particularly, in the preparation of optically pure chemicals offers major advantages in terms of selectivity, efficiency, safety, and sustainability. Thus, research groups are becoming more interested in biocatalysis as a tool for challenging synthetic routes. Herein we focus on the different strategies and methods that chemists have designed in order to obtain enantioenriched compounds starting from prochiral or racemic derivatives using enzymes or whole cells as catalysts. In the first part of the chapter, enzymatic desymmetrizations are presented, followed by other established systems dealing with racemates to attain a single or two enantiopure derivatives in the same reaction vessel. Then, the preparation of optically pure compounds in excellent yields and enantiomeric excesses by means of deracemization techniques is discussed. Finally, some recent examples where the combination of enzymes with other (bio)catalysts has provided high-added-value targets are shown.
1.3.1 Resolution of Alcohols, Acids, and Esters by Hydrolysis
Authors: Bertau M. , Jeromin G. E. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis chapter reviews the use of enzymes, principally esterases and lipases, as catalysts for the resolution of racemic carboxylic acid derivatives via hydrolysis. The resolution of esters of chiral primary, secondary, and tertiary alcohols, as well as diols, are examined. Biocatalytic hydrolytic methods for the desymmetrization of prochiral substrates and meso-compounds are also considered.
1.6.1 Glycosidases and Glycosynthases
Authors: Cobucci Ponzano B. , Moracci M. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractEnzymatic synthesis of glycans, as an alternative to classical chemical synthesis, is of great interest due to the exquisite stereospecificity and improved processivity and regioselectivity of the biological catalysts, and for the possibility of using reagents less toxic to the environment. Nonetheless, the limitations intrinsic to the natural enzymes promoting sugar synthesis, namely glycoside hydrolases and glycosyltransferases, have prompted efforts to engineer the former catalysts, obtaining glycosynthases that promote the synthesis of oligosaccharides, polysaccharides, and glycoconjugates in quantitative yields from inexpensive substrates. In this chapter we survey methods that exploit glycosidases and glycosynthases to allow the efficient and reliable preparation of glycans of synthetic relevance.
The effects of language immersion on the bilingual lexicon
Authors: Mok Peggy P.K. , Yu Alan C.L. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Previous studies have consistently found an asymmetry where priming in the L1-L2 direction is stronger than that in the L2-L1 direction. However, some studies showed that an L2 immersion environment could attenuate bilingual speakers’ access to the L1 and result in a ‘bilingual disadvantage’. This study investigated how language immersion modulates the priming effects of late adult bilingual speakers. We compared late Chinese-English bilingual speakers with high L2 (English) proficiency in an L1 environment and those in an L2 immersion environment. Both semantic and translation priming in same-language and cross-language conditions were investigated. The results showed no ‘bilingual disadvantage’ of the immersed participants. The priming asymmetry was weakened for the immersed participants who were more comparable in their reaction time to different language conditions. Both semantic and translation priming were found in L1-L2 and L2-L1 directions, suggesting that both types of priming are similar in nature in the bilingual lexicon.
Teasing apart factors influencing executive function performance in bilinguals and monolinguals at different ages
Authors: Gathercole Virginia C. Mueller , Thomas Enlli Môn , Viñas Guasch Nestor , Kennedy Ivan , Prys Cynog , Young Nia , Roberts Emily J. , Hughes Emma K. , Jones Leah 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
This study attempts to tease apart a variety of factors that may contribute to performance on executive function tasks. Data from the Simon task is re-examined to determine the contributions of age, SES, language proficiency/vocabulary, general cognitive performance, and bilingualism on performance. The results suggest influence from a variety of factors, with a major contribution from relative age and from language proficiency, as measured by vocabulary. Bilingualism showed some effect in relation to older adults’ accuracy of performance, in both congruent and incongruent conditions, but not to reaction time.
Gender Differences in the Predictive Validity of a Violence Risk Screening Tool: A Prospective Study in an Acute Psychiatric Ward
Authors: Eriksen Bjørn Magne S. , Bjørkly Stål , Færden Ann , Friestad Christine , Hartvig Pål , Roaldset John Olav 
Published: May 2016

In this one-year prospective, naturalistic study in an acute psychiatric facility, we explored gender differences between 230 men and 284 women regarding the predictive validity of the Violence risk screening-10 (V-RISK-10). Hospital staff recorded violent incidents during hospital stays (range 1–176 days; median: 5.5 days) resulting in 50 men (22%) and 30 women (11%) being recorded for violence. The predictive validity was significant for both genders, with ROC-AUCs of .79 for males and .80 for females. Scoring at cut-off or beyond indicated a two-fold increased risk of becoming violent for men and a three-fold risk for women. A lower score indicated a five-fold decrease in risk for both genders. Estimates of explained variance for the prediction model were higher for men. Findings indicate gender differences for risk factors of violence and highlight the need of further research on this issue.
Long-Distance Transport of Thiamine (Vitamin B1) Is Concomitant with That of Polyamines
Authors: Martinis Jacopo , Gas-Pascual Elisabet , Szydlowski Nicolas , Crèvecoeur Michèle , Gisler Alexandra , Bürkle Lukas , Fitzpatrick Teresa B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThiamine (vitamin B1) is ubiquitous and essential for cell energy supply in all organisms as a vital metabolic cofactor, known for over a century. In plants, it is established that biosynthesis de novo is taking place predominantly in green tissues and is furthermore limited to plastids. Therefore, transport mechanisms are required to mediate the movement of this polar metabolite from source to sink tissue to activate key enzymes in cellular energy generating pathways but are currently unknown. Similar to thiamine, polyamines are an essential set of charged molecules required for diverse aspects of growth and development, the homeostasis of which necessitates long-distance transport processes that have remained elusive. Here, a yeast-based screen allowed us to identify Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) PUT3 as a thiamine transporter. A combination of biochemical, physiological, and genetic approaches permitted us to show that PUT3 mediates phloem transport of both thiamine and polyamines. Loss of function of PUT3 demonstrated that the tissue distribution of these metabolites is altered with growth and developmental consequences. The pivotal role of PUT3 mediated thiamine and polyamine homeostasis in plants, and its importance for plant fitness is revealed through these findings.
Predator–prey mass ratio revisited: does preference of relative prey body size depend on individual predator size?
Authors: Tsai Cheng‐Han , Hsieh Chih‐hao , Nakazawa Takefumi 
Published: May 2016

Summary

Quantifying predator–prey body size relationships is key to understanding food webs. Food web models often assume that all individuals of predator species prefer the same relative body size of prey, using a single constant called preferred predator–prey mass ratio (preferred PPMR). In contrast, empirical studies have shown that relative prey body size in diet varies with individual predator size, challenging the food web models based on size‐invariant preferred PPMR and their predictions.

We point out that this apparent inconsistency arises because empirical PPMR in those previous studies has been measured only through dietary data (i.e. realized PPMR rather than preferred PPMR) without considering the effects of environmental prey availability, suggesting the possibility that preferred PPMR may be in fact independent of individual predator size.

Here, we present a new approach to revisit the assumption of size‐invariant preferred PPMR in food web models. The approach compares two measures of PPMR calculated from prey compositions in predator diet and environmental prey composition, respectively (i.e. realized PPMR vs. environmental PPMR). The deviations between realized and environmental PPMRs are considered as a proxy of individual variations in relative prey size preference (i.e. preferred PPMR). We apply this idea to long‐term dietary data of an omnivorous predatory fish species collected from a lake ecosystem over four decades.

Our results showed that the preferred PPMR is independent of individual predator size when the foraging mode (i.e. the major prey type) of the predator is considered while the realized PPMR is size‐dependent regardless of the foraging mode, especially when analysed analogously to previous empirical studies.

We suggest that the apparent inconsistency between theoretical assumption and empirical observation of PPMR is due to the conceptual and methodological confusion and could be resolved by distinguishing between preferred and realized PPMRs. Further, in contrast to the previous arguments based on realized PPMR, we provide the first empirical support for size‐invariant preferred PPMR. Future studies are encouraged to apply our ideas to other species/systems to test the robustness of size‐invariant preferred PPMR and to better describe food web models.

A lay summary is available for this article.
Using functional responses to quantify interaction effects among predators
Authors: Wasserman Ryan J. , Alexander Mhairi E. , Dalu Tatenda , Ellender Bruce R. , Kaiser Horst , Weyl Olaf L. F. 
Published: May 2016

SummaryPredator diversity alterations have been observed in most ecosystems as a result of the loss and/ or addition of species. This has implications for predator–prey dynamics as non‐trophic interactions among predators, so‐called multiple predator effects (MPE), are known to influence predation success. In addition, there is often a density‐dependent relationship between prey availability and prey consumption (functional response). WhileMPEinvestigations are common in the literature, functional responses have rarely been incorporated into this field of predation ecology.Here, we outline an experimental procedure that incorporates functional responses into multiple predator effect studies. Using three fish species with different functional traits as model predators (bluegillLepomis macrochirus,southern mouthbrooderPseudocrenilabrus philanderand banded tilapiaTilapia sparrmanii), we assess intra‐ and interspecific predator interaction outcomes on predator–prey dynamics. This was done by contrasting observed functional responses of heterospecific and conspecific combinations of predators with expected responses based on those of individual predators.Multipredator combinations produced variable results. Bluegill were the only species in which observed conspecific multipredator functional responses matched those of expected based on individual performance (prey risk neutral effects). In contrast, prey risk reduction was observed for both mouthbrooder and tilapia conspecific multipredator trials. Heterospecific combinations revealed strong prey risk reduction effects for mouthbrooder–tilapia and bluegill–tilapia trials, while mouthbrooder–bluegill multipredator functional responses combined additively. These results are discussed within the context of behavioural traits of the species and the development of a trait‐based predictive framework.Using a functional response approach allowed for the assessment of multiple predator effects across a range of prey densities. We propose that the incorporation of within‐guild predator combinations into classic functional response investigations will enhance predictive capacity development in competition and predation ecology.Alay summaryis available for this article.
A Validation Study of Bullet and Cartridge Case Comparisons Using Samples Representative of Actual Casework
Authors: Smith Tasha P. , Andrew Smith G. , Snipes Jeffrey B. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe foundation of firearm and tool mark identification is that no two tools should produce the same microscopic marks on two separate objects that they would be inaccurately or wrongly identified. Studies addressing the validity of identification infrequently employ tests that mirror realistic casework scenarios. This study attempted to do so using a double‐blind process, reducing test‐taking bias. Test kits including bullets and cartridge cases but not the associated firearms were completed by 31 analysts from 22 agencies. Analysis of the results demonstrated an overall error rate of 0.303%, sensitivity of 85.2%, and specificity of 86.8%. Variability in performance across examiners is addressed, and the effect of examiners’ years of experience on identification accuracy is explored. Finally, the article discusses the importance of studies using realistic case work scenarios when validating the field's performance and in providing courts with usable indicators of the accuracy of firearm and tool mark identification.
Does the diversification rate of endemic birds of mainland China follow abrupt, gradual shifting or constant patterns?
Authors: CHEN Youhua 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this brief report, time‐varying (including both gradual and abrupt change) and time‐constant diversification models are fitted on a phylogeny of endemic birds of mainland China to test the diversification patterns of endemic birds in the region. The results show that phylogeny of endemic birds is best quantified by a constant‐rate diversification model through model comparison. Limitations of the study are discussed. In particular, ignorance of non‐endemic taxa and the limited sampling of endemic taxa could influence the conclusions of the study.
Effects of low‐oxygen conditions on embryo growth in the painted turtle, Chrysemys picta
Authors: CORDERO Gerardo A. , KARNATZ Matthew L. , SVENDSEN Jon C. , GANGLOFF Eric J. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLow‐oxygen conditions (hypoxia; <21% O2) are considered unfavorable for growth; yet, embryos of many vertebrate taxa develop successfully in hypoxic subterranean environments. Although enhanced tolerance to hypoxia has been demonstrated in adult reptiles, such as in the painted turtle (Chrysemys picta), its effects on sensitive embryo life stages warrant attention. We tested the hypothesis that short‐term hypoxia negatively affects growth during day 40 of development in C. picta, when O2 demands are highest in embryos. A brief, but severe, hypoxic event (5% O2 for 0.5 h) moderately affected embryo growth, causing a 13% reduction in mass (relative to a normoxic control). The same condition had no effect during day 27; instead, a nearly anoxic event (1% O2 for 72 h) caused a 5% mass reduction. All embryos survived the egg incubation period. Our study supports the assumption that reptilian embryos are resilient to intermittently low O2 in subterranean nests. Further work is needed to ascertain responses to suboptimal O2 levels while undergoing dynamic changes in developmental physiology.
Distinctive diet‐tissue isotopic discrimination factors derived from the exclusive bamboo‐eating giant panda
Authors: HAN Han , WEI Wei , NIE Yonggang , ZHOU Wenliang , HU Yibo , WU Qi , WEI Fuwen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractStable isotope analysis is very useful in animal ecology, especially in diet reconstruction and trophic studies. Differences in isotope ratios between consumers and their diet, termed discrimination factors, are essential for studies of stable isotope ecology and are species‐specific and tissue‐specific. Given the specialized bamboo diet and clear foraging behavior, here, we calculated discrimination factors for carbon and nitrogen isotopes from diet to tissues (tooth enamel, hair keratin and bone collagen) for the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca), a species derived from meat‐eating ancestors. Our results showed that carbon discrimination factor obtained from giant panda tooth enamel (ε 13Cdiet‐enamel = 10.0‰) and nitrogen discrimination factors from hair keratin (Δ15Ndiet‐hair = 2.2‰) and bone collagen (Δ15Ndiet‐collagen = 2.3‰) were lower, and carbon discrimination factors from hair keratin (Δ13Cdiet‐hair = 5.0‰) and bone collagen (Δ13Cdiet‐collagen = 6.1‰) were higher than those of other mammalian carnivores, omnivores and herbivores. Such distinctive values are likely the result of a low‐nutrient and specialized bamboo diet, carnivore‐like digestive system and exceptionally low metabolism in giant pandas.
Evaluation of crown discoloration induced by endodontic sealers and colour change ratio determination after bleaching
Authors: Gürel Mügem Aslı , Kivanç Bağdagül Helvacioğlu , Ekici Adil , Alaçam Tayfun 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to evaluate tooth discoloration after the use of root canal sealers and the effect of internal bleaching on sealer discoloration. The crowns of 56 incisors were cut and randomly filled with four sealers (n = 14): Pulpispad, AH26, MTA Fillapex, EndoREZ. The colour measurement was taken with a spectrophotometer prior and after placement of sealers. Colour changes (ΔE) were recorded after 4 weeks then sealers were removed and an internal bleaching treatment was performed. After bleaching treatment colour changes (ΔE) were measured. Data were analysed using ANOVA and Tukey’s test (α = 0.05). All tested sealers induced varying chromatic alterations. Pulpispad showed statistically more discoloration than other sealers (P < 0.05). After bleaching, EndoREZ showed statistically more bleaching ratio than MTA Fillapex and AH26 (P < 0.05). Internal bleaching was efficient in discoloured teeth induced by root canal sealers.
Bioecological characteristics of Chrysodeixis includens (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) fed on different hosts
Authors: Andrade Karine , Bueno Adeney de Freitas , da Silva Débora Mello , Stecca Cristiane dos Santos , Pasini Amarildo , de Oliveira Maria Cristina Neves 
Published: May 2016

AbstractChrysodeixis includens (Walker 1858), also known as soybean looper, is a polyphagous pest with increasing economic significance in various crops. The rate of infestation and its distribution can be influenced by feeding through direct and indirect effects on their life cycles. Thus, this study aimed to examine the biological characteristics, food preference and leaf consumption of C. includens on soybean (BRS 284), cotton (FMT 701), sunflower (BRS 323) and common morning glory leaves (Ipomoea sp.) as possible host plants. The experiments were conducted with specimens obtained from mass rearing in the laboratory. C. includens larval and larval‐adult stages were shorter in sunflower and longer in cotton. Also, larval preference was greater for sunflower and lower for cotton leaves. Soybean leaves were consumed the least in contrast to sunflower and common morning glory leaves, which were consumed the most. These results suggest that soybean, sunflower or common morning glory leaves were favourable hosts for C. includens development, whereas cotton leaves are less nutritionally adequate for insect development. In addition, sunflower leaves reduce C. includens development time and promotes a survival rate greater than 95%, and the leaves are more attractive to larvae when compared with the other tested hosts. This indicates sunflower is the most favourable host among the tested plants for C. includens.
Unintended pregnancy amongst an early pregnancy clinic cohort: Identifying opportunities for preventative health interventions
Authors: Cheney Kate , Sim Kyra A. , D'souza Mario , Pelosi Marilena , Black Kirsten I. 
Published: May 2016

BackgroundA relationship between maternal weight and unintended pregnancy has previously been reported. Researchers have found women who are overweight and obese women are less likely to use contraception, and more likely to have unplanned pregnancies, thus limiting their ability to optimise their health before conception.AimsThis study sought to examine the relationship between pregnancy intention and body mass index (BMI) amongst women attending a service managing early pregnancy complications.Materials and MethodsThe cross‐sectional descriptive study (n = 550) was conducted from November 2013 to February 2015 in Sydney, Australia. It documented women's pregnancy intention using a self‐completed questionnaire incorporating a validated pregnancy intention scale and measuring women's height and weight to calculate their BMI using the WHO classification of anthropometry and adjusting for cut‐offs in Asian populations. Socio‐demographic characteristics were also documented.ResultsThe respondents were ethnically diverse with over a third defining themselves as Asian (36%; 196). Forty‐four per cent of women (239) had clearly intended their pregnancy, 39% (212) were ambivalent and 18% (99) had not intended to conceive. Forty‐nine per cent (263) of women were overweight or obese. No relationship was found between pregnancy intention and BMI.ConclusionsFewer than half the women with early pregnancy complications clearly intended to be pregnant. Contrary to previous research, pregnancy intention was not associated with maternal weight. Underutilised opportunities for lifestyle and preconception education exist to address the impact of modifiable maternal behaviours on future pregnancies and to provide contraception counselling to those not wishing to conceive.