bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a Parenting Support Program to Prevent Abuse of Adolescents in South Africa
Authors: Cluver Lucie D. , Lachman Jamie M. , Ward Catherine L. , Gardner Frances , Peterson Tshiamo , Hutchings Judy M. , Mikton Christopher , Meinck Franziska , Tsoanyane Sibongile , Doubt Jenny , Boyes Mark , Redfern Alice A. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose: Violence against children increases in adolescence, but there is a research and practice gap in research-supported child abuse prevention for the adolescent years. A pilot program for low-resource settings was developed in collaboration with nongovernmental organizations, government, and academics in South Africa, using research-supported principles. Method: This study used a pre-post design to test initial effects of a 10-session parenting program with 60 participants (30 caregiver–adolescent dyads) in high-poverty rural South Africa. Areas requiring further testing and adaptation were also identified. Results: Pre-post findings show medium to large program effects in reducing child abuse and adolescent problem behavior, as well as large effects in improvements of positive parenting, and perceived parent and adolescent social support. Discussion: There is potential to reduce child abuse, improve parenting, and reduce adolescent problem behavior in rural South Africa through parenting programs. Further development, testing and longer term follow-up are required to ascertain potential for scale-up.
Gutter Impingement in Total Ankle Arthroplasty
Authors: Schuberth John M. , Wood David A. , Christensen Jeffrey C. 
Published: February 2016

Gutter pain and impingement are recognized entities following total ankle arthroplasty (TAA). However, little concrete information is available in the existing literature regarding the etiology, potentiating factors, treatment and prevention of gutter disease. This comprehensive monograph discusses this problem in expansive detail and provides insight to surgeons who perform TAA, such that these complications can be minimized in the future. Levels of Evidence: Level V: Expert opinion
Generating functions for stoichiometry and structure of single- and double-layer sheet-silicates
Authors: Hawthorne Frank C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTwo-dimensional nets may be used to generate the stoichiometry and structure of single-layer and double-layer sheet-silicate minerals. Many sheet-silicate minerals are based on the 3-connected plane nets 63, 4.82, (4.6.8)2(6.82)1and (52.8)1(5.82)1, and some more complicated nets, e.g. (5.6.7)4(5.72)1(62.7)1, (4.122)2(42.12)1, (52.8)1(5.62)1(5.6.8)2(62.8)1,have one or two representative structures. Many complicated sheet-silicate minerals are based on sheets of 2-, 3- and 4-connected tetrahedra that may be developed from 3- and 4-connected plane nets by a series of oikodoméic operations on 3- or 4-connected nets that change the topologyof the parent net. There are three classes of oikodoméic operations: (1) insertion of 2- and 3-connected vertices into 3- and 4-connected plane nets; (2,3) replication of single-layer sheets by topological mirror or two-fold-rotation operators, and condensation of the resulting twosingle-layer sheets to form double-layer sheets. The topological aspects of these sheet structures may be described by functions that express stoichiometry in terms of tetrahedron connectivities (formula-generating functions) and functions that associate these formula-generating functionswith specific two-dimensional nets. Using these functions, we may generate formulae and structural arrangements of single-layer and double-layer silicate structures with specific local and long-range topological features.
Method to represent the distribution of QTL additive and dominance effects associated with quantitative traits in computer simulation
Authors: Sun Xiaochun , Mumm Rita H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundComputer simulation is a resource which can be employed to identify optimal breeding strategies to effectively and efficiently achieve specific goals in developing improved cultivars. In some instances, it is crucial to assessin silicothe options as well as the impact of various crossing schemes and breeding approaches on performance for traits of interest such as grain yield. For this, a means by which gene effects can be represented in the genome model is critical.ResultsTo address this need, we devised a method to represent the genomic distribution of additive and dominance gene effects associated with quantitative traits. The method, based on meta-analysis of previously-estimated QTL effects following Bennewitz and Meuwissen (J Anim Breed Genet 127:171–9, 2010), utilizes a modified Dirichlet process Gaussian mixture model (DPGMM) to fit the number of mixture components and estimate parameters (i.e. mean and variance) of the genomic distribution. The method was demonstrated using several maize QTL data sets to provide estimates of additive and dominance effects for grain yield and other quantitative traits for application in maize genome simulations.ConclusionsThe DPGMM method offers an alternative to the over-simplified infinitesimal model in computer simulation as a means to better represent the genetic architecture of quantitative traits, which likely involve some large effects in addition to many small effects. Furthermore, it confers an advantage over other methods in that the number of mixture model components need not be knowna priori. In addition, the method is robust with use of large-scale, multi-allelic data sets or with meta-analyses of smaller QTL data sets which may be derived from bi-parental populations in precisely estimating distribution parameters. Thus, the method has high utility in representing the genetic architecture of quantitative traits in computer simulation.
Feasibility and safety of low-flow extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal to facilitate ultra-protective ventilation in patients with moderate acute respiratory distress syndrome
Authors: Fanelli Vito , Ranieri Marco V. , Mancebo Jordi , Moerer Onnen , Quintel Michael , Morley Scott , Moran Indalecio , Parrilla Francisco , Costamagna Andrea , Gaudiosi Marco , Combes Alain 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
Mechanical ventilation with a tidal volume (VT) of 6 mL/kg/predicted body weight (PBW), to maintain plateau pressure (Pplat) lower than 30 cmH2O, does not completely avoid the risk of ventilator induced lung injury (VILI). The aim of this study was to evaluate safety and feasibility of a ventilation strategy consisting of very low VT combined with extracorporeal carbon dioxide removal (ECCO2R).

Methods
In fifteen patients with moderate ARDS, VT was reduced from baseline to 4 mL/kg PBW while PEEP was increased to target a plateau pressure – (Pplat) between 23 and 25 cmH2O. Low-flow ECCO2R was initiated when respiratory acidosis developed (pH < 7.25, PaCO2 > 60 mmHg). Ventilation parameters (VT, respiratory rate, PEEP), respiratory compliance (CRS), driving pressure (DeltaP = VT/CRS), arterial blood gases, and ECCO2R system operational characteristics were collected during the period of ultra-protective ventilation. Patients were weaned from ECCO2R when PaO2/FiO2 was higher than 200 and could tolerate conventional ventilation settings. Complications, mortality at day 28, need for prone positioning and extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, and data on weaning from both MV and ECCO2R were also collected.

Results
During the 2 h run in phase, VT reduction from baseline (6.2 mL/kg PBW) to approximately 4 mL/kg PBW caused respiratory acidosis (pH < 7.25) in all fifteen patients. At steady state, ECCO2R with an average blood flow of 435 mL/min and sweep gas flow of 10 L/min was effective at correcting pH and PaCO2 to within 10 % of baseline values. PEEP values tended to increase at VT of 4 mL/kg from 12.2 to 14.5 cmH2O, but this change was not statistically significant. Driving pressure was significantly reduced during the first two days compared to baseline (from 13.9 to 11.6 cmH2O; p < 0.05) and there were no significant differences in the values of respiratory system compliance. Rescue therapies for life threatening hypoxemia such as prone position and ECMO were necessary in four and two patients, respectively. Only two study-related adverse events were observed (intravascular hemolysis and femoral catheter kinking).

Conclusions
The low-flow ECCO2R system safely facilitates a low volume, low pressure ultra-protective mechanical ventilation strategy in patients with moderate ARDS.
Mild versus moderate stages of Alzheimer's disease: three-year outcomes in a routine clinical setting of cholinesterase inhibitor therapy
Authors: Wattmo Carina , Minthon Lennart , Wallin Åsa K. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Background
There is an increasing interest in cognitive and functional outcomes in the respective stages of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) and in novel therapies particularly for the milder phases of AD. Our aim was to describe and compare various aspects of disease progression in patients with mild versus moderate AD in routine clinical practice of cholinesterase inhibitor (ChEI) therapy.

Methods
This 3-year, prospective, observational, multicentre study included 1021 participants. Of these, 734 had mild AD (Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) score, 20–26) and 287 had moderate AD (MMSE score, 10–19) at the start of ChEI treatment. At baseline and every 6 months, patients were assessed using cognitive, global, instrumental and basic activities of daily living (ADL) scales. Potential predictors of deterioration in moderate AD were analysed using mixed-effects models.

Results
The change from baseline between participants with mild and moderate stages of AD after 3 years of ChEI therapy differed significantly on the Alzheimer’s Disease Assessment Scale-cognitive subscale (ADAS-cog) and basic ADL, but not using the MMSE and instrumental ADL scales. Protective independent factors for better cognitive long-term outcome in the group with moderate AD were older age, higher instrumental ADL ability, no antipsychotics, usage of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs/acetylsalicylic acid, living with family member, lower education and a higher mean dose of ChEI. Apolipoprotein E genotype did not influence the rates of disease progression or the longitudinal outcomes. Prediction models were provided for moderate AD.

Conclusions
More sensitive cognitive measures, such as the ADAS-cog scale, are required to detect a possibly faster deterioration among the participants with moderate AD. This study highlighted the clinical importance of instrumental ADL evaluations in patients at a mild stage of AD, and the importance of optimizing the ChEI dose even for individuals with moderate AD. Solitary living was a risk factor for faster cognitive decline, and probably expanded the need for formal care in the group with moderate AD. The patients with more advanced AD and presumably more pronounced neuroinflammation might have additional cognitive benefits from longer-term treatment with anti-inflammatory drugs.
Meeting report: GenBank microbial genomic taxonomy workshop (12–13 May, 2015)
Authors: Federhen Scott , Rossello-Mora Ramon , Klenk Hans-Peter , Tindall Brian J. , Konstantinidis Konstantinos T. , Whitman William B. , Brown Daniel , Labeda David , Ussery David , Garrity George M. , Colwell Rita R. , Hasan Nur , Graf Joerg , Parte Aidan , Yarza Pablo , Goldberg Brittany , Sichtig Heike , Karsch-Mizrachi Ilene , Clark Karen , McVeigh Richard , Pruitt Kim D. , Tatusova Tatiana , Falk Robert , Turner Seán , Madden Thomas , Kitts Paul , Kimchi Avi , Klimke William , Agarwala Richa , DiCuccio Michael , Ostell James 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMany genomes are incorrectly identified at GenBank. We developed a plan to find and correct misidentified genomes using genomic comparison statistics together with a scaffold of reliably identified genomes from type. A workshop was organized with broad representation from the bacterial taxonomic community to review the proposal, the GenBank Microbial Genomic Taxonomy Workshop, Bethesda MD, May 12–13, 2015.
Final Results of the Sunbelt Melanoma Trial: A Multi-Institutional Prospective Randomized Phase III Study Evaluating the Role of Adjuvant High-Dose Interferon Alfa-2b and Completion Lymph Node Dissection for Patients Staged by Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy
Authors: McMasters Kelly M. , Egger Michael E. , Edwards Michael J. , Ross Merrick I. , Reintgen Douglas S. , Noyes R. Dirk , Martin Robert C.G. , Goydos James S. , Beitsch Peter D. , Urist Marshall M. , Ariyan Stephan , Sussman Jeffrey J. , Davidson B. Scott , Gershenwald Jeffrey E. , Hagendoorn Lee J. , Stromberg Arnold J. , Scoggins Charles R. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose The Sunbelt Melanoma Trial is a prospective randomized trial evaluating the role of high-dose interferon alfa-2b therapy (HDI) or completion lymph node dissection (CLND) for patients with melanoma staged by sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. Patients and Methods Patients were eligible if they were age 18 to 70 years with primary cutaneous melanoma ≥ 1.0 mm Breslow thickness and underwent SLN biopsy. In Protocol A, patients with a single tumor-positive lymph node after SLN biopsy underwent CLND and were randomly assigned to observation versus HDI. In Protocol B, patients with tumor-negative SLN by standard histopathology and immunohistochemistry underwent molecular staging by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Patients positive by RT-PCR were randomly assigned to observation versus CLND versus CLND+HDI. Primary end points were disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). Results In the Protocol A intention-to-treat analysis, there were no significant differences in DFS (hazard ratio, 0.82; P = .45) or OS (hazard ratio, 1.10; P = .68) for patients randomly assigned to HDI versus observation. In the Protocol B intention-to-treat analysis, there were no significant differences in overall DFS (P = .069) or OS (P = .77) across the three randomized treatment arms. Similarly, efficacy analysis (excluding patients who did not receive the assigned treatment) did not demonstrate significant differences in DFS or OS in Protocol A or Protocol B. Median follow-up time was 71 months. Conclusion No survival benefit for adjuvant HDI in patients with a single positive SLN was found. Among patients with tumor-negative SLN by conventional pathology but with melanoma detected in the SLN by RT-PCR, there was no OS benefit for CLND or CLND+HDI.
A Randomized, Open-Label, Multicenter, Phase III Study of Epoetin Alfa Versus Best Standard of Care in Anemic Patients With Metastatic Breast Cancer Receiving Standard Chemotherapy
Authors: Leyland-Jones Brian , Bondarenko Igor , Nemsadze Gia , Smirnov Vitaliy , Litvin Iryna , Kokhreidze Irakli , Abshilava Lia , Janjalia Mikheil , Li Rubi , Lakshmaiah Kuntegowda C. , Samkharadze Beka , Tarasova Oksana , Mohapatra Ranjan Kumar , Sparyk Yaroslav , Polenkov Sergey , Vladimirov Vladimir , Xiu Liang , Zhu Eugene , Kimelblatt Bruce , Deprince Kris , Safonov Ilya , Bowers Peter , Vercammen Els 
Published: February 2016

Purpose An open-label, noninferiority study to evaluate the impact of epoetin alfa (EPO) on tumor outcomes when used to treat anemia in patients receiving chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer. Methods Women with hemoglobin ≤ 11.0 g/dL, receiving first- or second-line chemotherapy for metastatic breast cancer, were randomly assigned to EPO 40,000 IU subcutaneously once a week or best standard of care. The primary end point was progression-free survival (PFS). Secondary end points included overall survival, time to tumor progression, overall response rate, RBC transfusions, and thrombotic vascular events. Results In 2,098 patients randomly assigned, median PFS (based on investigator-determined disease progression [PD]) was 7.4 months in both groups (hazard ratio [HR], 1.089; 95% CI, 0.988 to 1.200); upper bound exceeded prespecified noninferiority margin of 1.15. Median PFS per independent review committee–determined PD was 7.6 months in both groups (HR, 1.028; 95% CI, 0.922 to 1.146); upper bound did not exceed prespecified noninferiority margin. Median overall survival at clinical cutoff (1,337 deaths) was 17.2 months in the EPO and 17.4 months in the best standard of care group (HR, 1.057; 95% CI, 0.949 to 1.177), median time to tumor progression was 7.5 months in both groups (HR, 1.094; 95% CI, 0.991 to 1.209), and overall response rate was 50% versus 51% (odds ratio, 0.950; 95% CI, 0.799 to 1.130). RBC transfusions were 5.8% versus 11.4% (P < .001), and thrombotic vascular events were 2.8% versus 1.4% (P = .038), respectively. Conclusion The primary end point, PFS based on investigator-determined PD, did not meet noninferiority criteria. As a consistency assessment with the primary finding, PFS based on independent review committee–determined PD met noninferiority criteria. Overall, this study did not achieve noninferiority objective in ruling out a 15% increased risk in PD/death. RBC transfusion should be the preferred approach for the management of anemia in this population.
Longitudinal Assessment of Neurocognitive Outcomes in Survivors of Childhood Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia Treated on a Contemporary Chemotherapy Protocol
Authors: Jacola Lisa M. , Krull Kevin R. , Pui Ching-Hon , Pei Deqing , Cheng Cheng , Reddick Wilburn E. , Conklin Heather M. 
Published: February 2016

Purpose Survivors of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) treated with CNS-directed chemotherapy are at risk for neurocognitive deficits. Prospective longitudinal studies are needed to clarify the neurodevelopmental trajectory in this vulnerable population. Methods Patients enrolled in the St. Jude Total Therapy Study XV, which omitted prophylactic cranial radiation therapy in all patients, completed comprehensive neuropsychological assessments at induction (n = 142), end of maintenance (n = 243), and 2 years after completion of therapy (n = 211). We report on longitudinal change in neurocognitive function and predictors of neurocognitive outcomes 2 years after completing therapy. Results Neurocognitive function was largely age appropriate 2 years after completing therapy; however, the overall group demonstrated significant attention deficits and a significantly greater frequency of learning problems as compared with national normative data (all P ≤ .005). Higher-intensity CNS-directed chemotherapy conferred elevated risk for difficulties in attention, processing speed, and academics (all P ≤ .01). The rate and direction of change in performance and caregiver-reported attention difficulties differed significantly by age at diagnosis and sex. End-of-therapy attention problems predicted lower academic scores 2 years later, with small to moderate effect sizes (│r│= 0.17 to 0.25, all P ≤ .05). Conclusion Two years after chemotherapy-only treatment, neurocognitive function is largely age appropriate. Nonetheless, survivors remain at elevated risk for attention problems that impact real-world functioning. Attention problems at the end of therapy predicted decreased academics 2 years later, suggesting an amplified functional impact of discrete neurocognitive difficulties. Age at diagnosis and patient sex may alter neurocognitive development in survivors of childhood ALL treated with chemotherapy-only protocols.
Developmental Programming, a Pathway to Disease
Authors: Padmanabhan Vasantha , Cardoso Rodolfo C. , Puttabyatappa Muraly 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAccumulating evidence suggests that insults occurring during the perinatal period alter the developmental trajectory of the fetus/offspring leading to long-term detrimental outcomes that often culminate in adult pathologies. These perinatal insults include maternal/fetal disease states, nutritional deficits/excess, stress, lifestyle choices, exposure to environmental chemicals, and medical interventions. In addition to reviewing the various insults that contribute to developmental programming and the benefits of animal models in addressing underlying mechanisms, this review focuses on the commonalities in disease outcomes stemming from various insults, the convergence of mechanistic pathways via which various insults can lead to common outcomes, and identifies the knowledge gaps in the field and future directions.
Legal and professional boundaries: a case study
Authors: Hodgson Ruth 
Published: February 2016

There are multiple legal issues which dominate the work of paramedics and healthcare professionals alike. For those professionally registered, such as paramedics, there is an added obligation of professional boundaries. This article will examine possible legal and issues within a hypothetical case study and discuss the possible conflicts associated with these issues. The article considers a range of legal and professional aspects which may crop up in the pre-hospital care environment including capacity to consent, informed consent, acting in the best interests of a patient, rights of a foetus, infant preservation, duty of care and negligence. Within pre-hospital care there is a necessity to make rapid decisions based upon these laws, and therefore it is important that all practitioners consider these.
Explanators of Sarcopenia in Individuals With Diabesity: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
Authors: Bittel Adam J. , Bittel Daniel C. , Tuttle Lori J. , Strube Michael J. , Mueller Michael J. , Cade W. Todd , Sinacore David R. 
Published: February 2016

Background and Purpose:
Excess lower extremity intermuscular adipose tissue (IMAT), reduced strength, and functional limitations are common in obese individuals with and without diabetes (the former termed diabesity). Individuals with diabesity are particularly susceptible to accelerated sarcopenia, which may be underdiagnosed. The purpose of this study was to determine critical values for leg IMAT volume, plantar flexor (PF) muscle strength, and physical performance that help identify individuals with diabesity who have sarcopenia.

Methods:
Forty-three age- and sex-matched obese adults were studied: 12 with type 2 diabetes, 21 with diabetes and peripheral neuropathy, and 10 nondiabetic controls. Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry–derived skeletal muscle index determined classification of sarcopenia. Leg fat (% IMAT), ankle (PF) peak torque, and power while ascending 10 steps, were used as explanators of sarcopenia. Receiver operating curves identified critical values for each explanator individually. Logistic regression models using all 3 explanators, and only PF torque and stair power, were also created. Receiver operating curve analyses identified the predicted probability that maximized each model's sensitivity and specificity. A leave-one-out cross validation was used to simulate the models' performance in an independent sample.

Results and Discussion:
Thirty-two participants were sarcopenic, and 11 were not. Critical values for individual explanators were 21% IMAT, 68 Nm PF torque, and 441 watts of stair power. Predicted probabilities of .76 and .67 were chosen as the optimal cutoff probabilities for the model combining all 3 explanators, and the model combining PF torque and stair power, respectively. The cross-validation analysis produced an accuracy of 82.4%, using the cutoff probability of .5, and an accuracy of 76.5% using the cutoff of 0.76. The area under the curve for the cross validation receiver operating curve analysis was 0.82. Critical values of leg % IMAT, PF torque, and stair power can classify individuals with diabesity as sarcopenic. The results of the cross validation give us confidence that the sample used in this study was representative of the target population, and suggests models created from this sample may perform well in externally derived data sets.

Conclusion:
Clinicians may be able to use these critical values to select interventions that specifically target sarcopenia. Measures of % IMAT, PF torque, and stair power may offer a customized alternative to traditional sarcopenic classification systems, which may not be optimally suited to the common impairments among individuals with diabesity.