bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Immediate versus delayed initiation of the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system following medical termination of pregnancy – 1 year continuation rates: a randomised controlled trial
Authors: Korjamo R , Mentula M , Heikinheimo O 
Published: June 2017

ObjectiveTo assess the 1‐year continuation rates and new pregnancies following immediate versus delayed insertion of the levonorgestrel‐releasing intrauterine system (LNG‐IUS) after medical termination of pregnancy (MTOP) up to 20 weeks of gestation.DesignA randomised controlled trial.SettingHelsinki University Hospital, Finland, January 2013 to December 2014.PopulationA total of 267 women requesting MTOP and planning LNG‐IUS for post‐MTOP contraception.MethodsInsertion of LNG‐IUS occurred immediately (0–3 days) or after a delay (2–4 weeks) following MTOP. Follow‐up visits were at 3 months and 1 year after MTOP.Main outcome measuresLNG‐IUS use at 1 year after MTOP.ResultsWomen were randomised to immediate (n = 134) or delayed (n = 133) insertion of the LNG‐IUS, and 133 and 131 were analysed; 127 (95.5%) women received immediate insertion and 111 (84.7%) women had delayed insertion of the LNG‐IUS (risk ratio [RR] 1.13, 95% CI 1.04–1.22). The verified numbers of women continuing the LNG‐IUS use at 1 year were 83 (62.4%) and 52 (39.7%) (RR 1.57, 95% CI 1.23–2.02). The numbers of new pregnancies were 6 (4.5%) and 16 (12.2%) (RR 0.37, 95% CI 0.15–0.91), and numbers of subsequent TOPs were 4 (3.0%) and 5 (3.8%) (RR 0.79, 95% CI 0.22–2.87).ConclusionsImmediate insertion of the LNG‐IUS following MTOP resulted in higher 1‐year continuation rates compared with delayed insertion. In addition, those receiving immediate insertion demonstrated a decreased new pregnancy rate, but no difference in the numbers of another TOP.Tweetable abstractImmediate LNG‐IUS insertion after MTOP results in a higher 1‐year continuation compared with delayed insertion.
Cross‐platform compatibility of de novo‐aligned SNPs in a nonmodel butterfly genus
Authors: Campbell Erin O. , Davis Corey S. , Dupuis Julian R. , Muirhead Kevin , Sperling Felix A. H. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractHigh‐throughput sequencing methods for genotyping genome‐wide markers are being rapidly adopted for phylogenetics of nonmodel organisms in conservation and biodiversity studies. However, the reproducibility of SNP genotyping and degree of marker overlap or compatibility between datasets from different methodologies have not been tested in nonmodel systems. Using double‐digest restriction site‐associated DNA sequencing, we sequenced a common set of 22 specimens from the butterfly genus Speyeria on two different Illumina platforms, using two variations of library preparation. We then used a de novo approach to bioinformatic locus assembly and SNP discovery for subsequent phylogenetic analyses. We found a high rate of locus recovery despite differences in library preparation and sequencing platforms, as well as overall high levels of data compatibility after data processing and filtering. These results provide the first application of NGS methods for phylogenetic reconstruction in Speyeria and support the use and long‐term viability of SNP genotyping applications in nonmodel systems.
Dynamic Holocene glacial history of St. Jonsfjorden, Svalbard
Authors: Farnsworth Wesley R. , Ingólfsson Ólafur , Noormets Riko , Allaart Lis , Alexanderson Helena , Henriksen Mona , Schomacker Anders 
Published: June 2017

Evidence of a dynamic Holocene glacial history is preserved in the terrestrial and marine archives of St. Jonsfjorden, a small fjord‐system on the west coast of Spitsbergen, Svalbard. High‐resolution, remotely sensed imagery from marine and terrestrial environments was used to construct geomorphological maps that highlight an intricate glacial history of the entire fjord‐system. The geomorphology and stratigraphy indicate an early Holocene local glacier advance constrained to the Lateglacial–early Holocene transition. Identification and 14C dating of the thermophilous bivalve mollusc Modiolus modiolus to 10.0±0.12 cal. ka BP suggest a rapid northward migration of the species shortly after deglaciation. Further evidence enhances the understanding of the onset and subsequent climax of the Neoglacial‐Little Ice Age in inner St. Jonsfjorden. The present‐day terminus of Osbornebreen, the dominating glacier system in St. Jonsfjorden, is located over 8.5 km up‐fjord from its Neoglacial maximum extent. Cross‐cutting relationships suggest subsequent advances of all the smaller glaciers in the area following the break‐up of Osbornebreen. Glacial deposits, landforms and their cross‐cutting relationships observed in both terrestrial and marine settings imply a complex and highly dynamic environment through the later part of the Holocene.
Visual Complexity and Its Effects on Referring Expression Generation
Authors: Elsner Micha , Clarke Alasdair , Rohde Hannah 
Published: June 2017

AbstractSpeakers’ perception of a visual scene influences the language they use to describe it—which objects they choose to mention and how they characterize the relationships between them. We show that visual complexity can either delay or facilitate description generation, depending on how much disambiguating information is required and how useful the scene's complexity can be in providing, for example, helpful landmarks. To do so, we measure speech onset times, eye gaze, and utterance content in a reference production experiment in which the target object is either unique or non‐unique in a visual scene of varying size and complexity. Speakers delay speech onset if the target object is non‐unique and requires disambiguation, and we argue that this reflects the cost of deciding on a high‐level strategy for describing it. The eye‐tracking data demonstrate that these delays increase when speakers are able to conduct an extensive early visual search, implying that when speakers scan too little of the scene early on, they may decide to begin speaking before becoming aware that their description is underspecified. Speakers’ content choices reflect the visual makeup of the scene—the number of distractors present and the availability of useful landmarks. Our results highlight the complex role of visual perception in reference production, showing that speakers can make good use of complexity in ways that reflect their visual processing of the scene.
Bioactivity and biomineralization ability of calcium silicate‐based pulp‐capping materials after subcutaneous implantation
Authors: Hinata G. , Yoshiba K. , Han L. , Edanami N. , Yoshiba N. , Okiji T. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractAimTo evaluate the abilities of three calcium silicate‐based pulp‐capping materials (ProRoot MTA, TheraCal LC and a prototype tricalcium silicate cement) to produce apatite‐like precipitates after being subcutaneously implanted into rats.MethodologyPolytetrafluoroethylene tubes containing each material were subcutaneously implanted into the backs of Wistar rats. At 7, 14 and 28 days post‐implantation, the implants were removed together with the surrounding connective tissue, and fixed in 2.5% glutaraldehyde in cacodylate buffer. The chemical compositions of the surface precipitates formed on the implants were analysed with scanning electron microscopy–electron probe microanalysis (SEM‐EPMA). The distributions of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) at the material–tissue interface were also analysed with SEM‐EPMA. Comparisons of the thicknesses of the Ca‐ and P‐rich areas were performed using the Friedman test followed by Scheffe's test at a significant level of 5%.ResultsAll three materials produced apatite‐like surface precipitates containing Ca and P. For each material, elemental mapping detected a region of connective tissue in which the concentrations of Ca and P were higher than those in the surrounding connective tissue. The thickness of this Ca‐ and P‐rich region exhibited the following pattern: ProRoot MTA > prototype tricalcium silicate cement ≥ TheraCal LC. ProRoot MTA had a significantly thicker layer of Ca and P than the other materials at all time‐points (P < 0.05), and a significant difference was detected between the prototype cement and TheraCal LC at 28 days (P < 0.05).ConclusionAfter being subcutaneously implanted, all of the materials produced Ca‐ and P‐containing surface precipitates and a Ca‐ and P‐rich layer within the surrounding tissue. The thickness of the Ca‐ and P‐rich layer of ProRoot MTA was significantly thicker than that of the other materials.
Vasopressin: physiology, assessment and osmosensation
Authors: Bankir L. , Bichet D. G. , Morgenthaler N. G. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractVasopressin (AVP) plays a major role in the regulation of water and sodium homeostasis by its antidiuretic action on the kidney, mediated by V2 receptors. AVP secretion is stimulated by a rise in plasma osmolality, a decline in blood volume or stress. V1a receptors are expressed in vascular smooth muscle cells, but the role of vasopressin in blood pressure regulation is still a matter of debate. AVP may also play a role in some metabolic pathways, including gluconeogenesis, through its action on V1a receptors expressed in the liver.It is now understood that thirst and arginine vasopressin (AVP) release are regulated not only by the classical homeostatic, intero‐sensory plasma osmolality negative feedback, but also by novel, extero‐sensory, anticipatory signals.AVP measurement is time‐consuming, and AVP level in the blood in the physiological range is often below the detection limit of the assays. Recently, an immunoassay has been developed for the measurement of copeptin, a fragment of the pre‐provasopressin molecule that is easier to measure. It has been shown to be a good surrogate marker of AVP.
Contrasting species boundaries between sections Alternaria and Porri of the genus Alternaria
Authors: Ozkilinc H. , Rotondo F. , Pryor B. M. , Peever T. L. 
Published: June 2017

The fungal genus Alternaria comprises a large number of asexual taxa with diverse ecological, morphological and biological modes ranging from saprophytes to plant pathogens. Understanding the speciation processes affecting asexual fungi is important for estimating biological diversity, which in turn affects plant disease management and quarantine enforcement. This study included 106 isolates of Alternaria representing five phylogenetically defined clades in two sister sub‐generic groups: section Porri (A. dauci, A. solani and A. limicola) and section Alternaria (A. alternata/tenuissima and A. arborescens). Species in section Porri are host‐specific while species in section Alternaria have wider host ranges. For each isolate, DNA sequences of three genes (Alt a1, ATPase, Calmodulin) were used to estimate phylogenies at the population and species levels. Three multilocus haplotypes were distinguished among A. dauci isolates and only one haplotype among A. solani and A. limicola isolates, revealing low or no differentiation within each taxon and strong clonal structure for taxa in this section. In contrast, 37 multilocus haplotypes were found among A. alternata/tenuissima isolates and 21 multilocus haplotypes among A. arborescens isolates, revealing much higher genotypic diversity and multiple clonal lineages within taxa, which is not typical of asexual reproducing lineages. A species tree was inferred using a Yule Speciation model and a strict molecular clock assumption. Species boundaries were well defined within section Porri. However, species boundaries within section Alternaria were only partially resolved with no well‐defined species boundaries, possibly due to incomplete lineage sorting. Significant association with host specificity seems a driving force for speciation.
Tracking the effect of emotional distraction in working memory brain networks: Evidence from an MEG study
Authors: García‐Pacios Javier , Garcés Pilar , del Río David , Maestú Fernando 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThe active maintenance of information in visual working memory (WM) is known to rely on the sustained activity over functional networks including frontal, parietal, occipital, and temporal cortices. Previous studies have described interference‐based disturbances in the functional coupling between prefrontal and posterior cortices, and that such disturbances can be restored for a successful WM performance after the presentation of the interfering stimulus. However, very few studies have applied functional connectivity measures to the analysis of the brain dynamics involved in overriding emotional distraction, and all of them have limited their analysis to the particular connections between the amygdala and prefrontal cortex. In this study, we used magnetoencephalography (MEG) to characterize the mutual information–based functional connectivity dynamics among regions of interest located over the prefrontal, the parietal, the temporal, and the occipital cortex. Our results show that the detection of emotional distraction at early latencies (50–150 ms) induces a reduction of functional connectivity involving parietal and temporal cortices that are part of the frontoposterior WM network, while functional coupling among prefrontal areas and between them and posterior cortices is strengthened during the detection of emotional distractors. Later in the processing of the distractor (250–350 and 360–460 ms), the frontoposterior coupling is reestablished for a successful performance, while the orbitofrontal and ventrolateral prefrontal cortex become strongly connected to posterior cortices as a mechanism to cope with emotional distractors.
Grammatical Constructions as Relational Categories
Authors: Goldwater Micah B. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis paper argues that grammatical constructions, specifically argument structure constructions that determine the “who did what to whom” part of sentence meaning and how this meaning is expressed syntactically, can be considered a kind of relational category. That is, grammatical constructions are represented as the abstraction of the syntactic and semantic relations of the exemplar utterances that are expressed in that construction, and it enables the generation of novel exemplars. To support this argument, I review evidence that there are parallel behavioral patterns between how children learn relational categories generally and how they learn grammatical constructions specifically. Then, I discuss computational simulations of how grammatical constructions are abstracted from exemplar sentences using a domain‐general relational cognitive architecture. Last, I review evidence from adult language processing that shows parallel behavioral patterns with expert behavior from other cognitive domains. After reviewing the evidence, I consider how to integrate this account with other theories of language development.
Weak amenability is stable under graph products
Authors: Reckwerdt Eric 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWeak amenability of discrete groups was introduced by Haagerup and co‐authors in the 1980s. In particular, weak amenability in known to be stable under taking direct products and free products. In this paper we show that weak amenability (with Cowling–Haagerup constant 1) is stable under taking graph products of discrete groups. Along the way we will construct a wall space associated to the word length structure of a graph product and also give a method of extending completely bounded functions on discrete groups to a completely bounded function on their graph product.
p‐adic heights of Heegner points and Beilinson–Flach classes
Authors: Castella Francesc 
Published: June 2017

AbstractWe give a new proof of Howard's ‐adic Gross–Zagier formula Compos. Math. 141 (2005) 811–846. MR 2148200 (2006f:11074)], which we extend to the context of indefinite Shimura curves over attached to nonsplit quaternion algebras. This formula relates the cyclotomic derivative of a two‐variable ‐adic ‐function restricted to the anticyclotomic line to the cyclotomic ‐adic heights of Heegner points over the anticyclotomic tower, and our proof, rather than inspired by the influential approaches of Gross–Zagier [Invent. Math. 84 (1986) 225–320. MR 833192 (87j:11057)] and Perrin‐Riou [Invent. Math. 89 (1987) 455–510. MR 903381 (89d:11034)], is via Iwasawa theory, based on the connection between Heegner points, Beilinson–Flach elements, and their explicit reciprocity laws.
Empathic Differences in Men Who Witnessed Animal Abuse
Authors: Daly Beth , Morton L.L. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis study draws on diverse research results from investigating the relationship between experiences with nonhuman animal abuse and empathy. We examined whether 108 men with a history of animal abuse showed differences between cognitive (perspective-taking) and affective (emotional) empathy. The effects related to three levels (never, once, multiple times) of witnessing the killing of animals and witnessing the torture of animals. Individuals who witnessed abuse were higher in cognitive empathy than affective empathy. This supports previous findings for a “dissociation hypothesis,” which suggests exposure to animal abuse may mediate between emotional and cognitive empathy. Therefore, it may be beneficial for an individual to have the ability to detach cognitive from emotional empathy—particularly those in careers related to animal welfare and veterinary care. An absence of emotional empathy may also lead to a callous or dismissive attitude to people in need. We sought an appropriate balance of the two.
Efficacy of a Multicomponent Intervention with Animal-Assisted Therapy for Socially Withdrawn Youth in Hong Kong
Authors: Wong Paul W.C. , Yu Rose W.M. , Li Tim M.H. , Lai Steven L.H. , Ng Henry Y.H. , Fan William T.W. 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis is an evaluation study of a pilot multicomponent program with animal-assisted therapy (AAT) for socially withdrawn youth with or without mental health problems in Hong Kong. There were fifty-six participants. Decreased level of social anxiety, and increased levels of perceived employability and self-esteem across two withdrawn groups were observed. When comparing those who did and did not receive the AAT component(s), however, AAT did not seem to have additional impacts on outcomes. The qualitative data collected through interviews with ten participants reflected that the AAT component was attractive because the nonhuman animals made them feel respected and loved. This pilot study showed that a multicomponent program with a case management model correlated with increased levels of self-esteem and perceived employability, and a decreased level of social interaction anxiety. In addition, using nonhuman animals in a social service setting appears to be a good strategy to engage difficult-to-engage young people.
Can you snooze your way to an ‘A’? Exploring the complex relationship between sleep, autonomic activity, wellbeing and performance in medical students
Authors: Cvejic Erin , Huang Shiny , Vollmer-Conna Uté 
Published: June 2017

Objective: Medical training brings with it multiple stressors, including demanding workloads in highly competitive environments, with well-documented impact on psychiatric morbidity. This study evaluated the impact of sleep-related factors on psychological wellbeing, cognitive task performance and academic standing in medical students. Methods: A total of 59 undergraduate medical students took part in this cross-sectional study over two consecutive days. Participants responded to questionnaires about their physical and psychological health, sleep, functioning and academic performance at the initial visit. Participants then wore an ambulatory bioharness overnight (to derive heart rate variability measures), before returning to complete a computerised battery of cognitive tasks. A sleep diary was completed for the next 7 days. Results: Poor sleep quality in the month preceding assessment correlated with psychological distress ( p < 0.001) and reduced nocturnal heart rate variability ( p = 0.007). Psychological distress also correlated with reduced nocturnal heart rate variability ( p = 0.031) and less refreshing sleep during the monitoring week ( p < 0.001), but not with sleep timing parameters. A greater increase in heart rate variability during the transition from awake to sleep significantly predicted better spontaneous cognitive performance ( p = 0.021). Better academic standing was predicted by consistently short, less refreshing sleep (all p < 0.001), along with earlier bedtimes ( p = 0.004) and greater psychological wellbeing ( p = 0.009). Conclusion: Unrefreshing, short-duration sleep and psychological distress are prevalent in medical students during university training and were associated with reduced nocturnal parasympathetic autonomic activity. Achieving higher academic grades was associated with high psychological wellbeing despite consistently short, unrefreshing sleep. The long-term repercussions of such sleep behaviours on later professional functioning remain unclear, warranting further research.
Accuracy of the diagnostic evaluation of hepatocellular carcinoma with LI-RADS
Authors: Liu Weimin , Qin Jie , Guo Ruomi , Xie Sidong , Jiang Hang , Wang Xiaohong , Kang Zhuang , Wang Jin , Shan Hong 
Published: June 2017

Background There are few studies about the Liver Imaging Reporting and Data System (LI-RADS), which was developed with the purpose of standardizing the interpretation and reporting of liver imaging examinations in patients at risk for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Purpose To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of HCC diagnosis using LI-RADS. Material and Methods The computed tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), and clinical data of 297 lesions in 249 patients between June 2012 and August 2013 were retrospectively analyzed. Using LI-RADS 2014, two radiologists evaluated the lesions and a LI-RADS category was retrospectively assigned to each nodule. Results The final diagnoses of 297 nodules in 249 patients consisted of 191 malignant and 106 benign lesions. Out of 44 LI-RADS category 1 lesions, none were HCCs. However, 2/25 category 2 lesions, 3/35 category 3 lesions, 16/25 category 4 lesions, 151/156 category 5 lesions, and 3/12 category LRM/OM (probable malignancy, not specific for HCC/other malignancy) lesions were HCCs. The Kappa value was 0.44 (95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.39–0.49) between two observers during LI-RADS grading. Conclusion The negative predictive value of LI-RADS category 1 was 100%. In addition, a relevant proportion of lesions categorized as category 2 or 3, or even as other malignancies, were HCCs. LI-RADS category 5 had a high specificity for HCC. LI-RADS was not able to give a differential diagnosis for the false-positive lesions of LI-RADS category 5.