bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Optical coherence tomography of actinic keratoses and basal cell carcinomas – differentiation by quantification of signal intensity and layer thickness
Authors: Schuh S. , Kaestle R. , Sattler E. C. , Welzel J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundPrevious studies have shown that actinic keratoses (AKs) and basal cell carcinomas (BCCs) can be diagnosed by optical coherence tomography (OCT) based on morphological characteristics. There is a lack of systematic studies that give standardized information on signal intensity and layer thickness of AKs and BCCs.ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to find out if AKs and BCCs can be objectively diagnosed through standardized measurement of signal intensity and layer thickness and to use OCT as a non‐invasive objective method for the diagnosis and evaluation of AKs and BCCs. Additionally, tumour and skin layer thickness were investigated in correlation with histology.MethodsIn this experimental study, 301 lesions (188 BCCs and 113 AKs) of 125 patients were clinically as well as dermoscopically diagnosed and investigated with OCT before therapy. Normal perilesional skin served as control.ResultsIt is possible to differentiate BCCs and AKs from normal skin in OCT due to the decrease of local signal intensity in affected skin layers in relation to adjacent healthy skin. In AKs, a strong thickness increase of the stratum corneum and epidermis compared to normal skin were observed. For the distinction between AKs and BCCs, a drop of signal intensity in the dermis of AKs towards BCCs and a thicker epidermis of AKs in contrast to BCCs were registered. All results are statistically highly significant (P < 0.0001). Besides, a strong correlation of tumour and skin layer thickness of BCCs and AKs in OCT with histology was found.ConclusionThrough standardized measurement of signal intensity and layer thickness, BCCs and AKs can be objectively diagnosed and distinguished from each other with OCT. This will further improve the use of OCT as a non‐invasive objective method for the diagnosis and treatment monitoring of these diseases.
The impact of adverse reactions to injectable filler substances on quality of life: results from the Berlin Injectable Filler Safety (IFS) – study
Authors: Düker D. , Erdmann R. , Hartmann V. , Nast A. , Rzany B. , Bachmann F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackgroundInjectable filler substances are commonly used in aesthetic medicine. Adverse reactions are rare, but may cause severe impact on quality of life (QoL). To the best of our knowledge, data on the impact of adverse reactions caused by injectable filler substances on QoL is missing.ObjectiveTo evaluate the impact of adverse filler reactions on the QoL.Material and methodsThe Injectable Filler Safety (IFS) – study is a partially population‐based registry for adverse reactions due to injectable filler substances. In 2008, the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI) questionnaire was added to the questionnaires of the IFS study. For this analysis, only patients with a completed DLQI were included in the analysis.ResultsOne hundred and four patients of the IFS study were analysed. A total of 88.5% were female with an average age of 49.2 years. Here, 50.0% were treated with biodegradable and 40.4% with permanent fillers. The most common adverse reactions were nodule formation and hardening. Most patients experienced mild to moderate adverse reactions. Impact on QoL was moderate with an average of 8.9 (±8.4 SD) in patients with adverse reactions to biodegradable and 10.5 (±9.4 SD) to permanent products. However, 24.0% and 13.4% showed a large or a very large impact on QoL.ConclusionAdverse reactions to injectable filler products can have a considerable impact on the QoL, comparable to severe chronic inflammatory skin diseases such as psoriasis.
Pain during embryo transfer is independently associated with clinical pregnancy in fresh/frozen assisted reproductive technology cycles
Authors: Saravelos Sotirios H. , Wong Alice WY. , Kong Grace WS. , Huang Jin , Klitzman Robert , Li Tin‐Chiu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAimTo assess whether pain experienced during embryo transfer (ET) is associated with the chance of clinical pregnancy in assisted reproductive technology cycles.MethodsThis was a prospective observational study of 284 women conducted betweenJuly2011 andJanuary2014. Women under 40 years undergoingin vitrofertilization/intracytoplasmic sperm injection (IVF/ICSI) cycles followed by fresh/frozen ET were recruited. Pain was measured using a 100‐mm visual analogue scale. Several factors relating to both pain and also the nature of the ET procedure were recorded: use of vulsellum, uterine contractility, depth of ET, duration of ET catheter insertion, urgency of micturition, psychological profile tests, salivary α‐amylase and salivary cortisol. Primary outcome was the achievement of clinical pregnancy.ResultsWomen who experienced pain during ET had a significantly lower clinical pregnancy rate compared with women who did not (42.2% vs 53.8%;P= 0.03). Non‐pregnant women also had significantly higher pain scores compared with pregnant women (10.3 vs 6.4;P= 0.01). Pain was independent of >20 variables relating to (i) the nature of the ET procedure; (ii) psychological testing; and (iii) potential confounding factors inherent to IVF/ICSI. On binary logistic regression analysis, pain was an independent predictor for the chance of clinical pregnancy (OR, 0.59; 95%CI: 0.37‐0.94;P= 0.03).ConclusionsPain during ET is independently associated with the chance of clinical pregnancy. The underlying mechanism could involve factors other than nature of the ET and the psychological state of the patient, and warrants further investigation.
Selling Issues with Solutions: Igniting Social Intrapreneurship in for‐Profit Organizations
Authors: Alt Elisa , Craig Justin B. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe offer an explanation of the issue selling process when issues deviate from the dominant logic of organizations. Our main objective is to articulate the multiple ways in which socially oriented innovations can be legitimated in for‐profit organizations through the work of bottom‐up change agents, also known as social intrapreneurs. To unpack this multiplicity, we draw on both institutional theory and the framing perspective in social movements. Specifically, we propose how sellers may advance social issues with solutions by drawing on the logic composite of both organizations and selling targets. By providing an account of the social issue selling process in for‐profit organizations, we consider how the nature of an issue shapes selling efforts when it diverges from the dominant logic, and we shed light on how the content choices of sellers relate to the meaning systems of organizations and targets.
Intergenerational Fairness and the Crowding Out Effects of Well‐Intended Environmental Policies
Authors: Hunt Richard A. , Fund Bret R. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSustainability involves the drive to ensure intergenerational fairness. However, the results of actions taken to achieve sustainability often lie far into the future and efforts to promote the welfare of distant generations may or may not ultimately be successful. While both governmental policies and entrepreneurial innovation have been cited as being indispensable to the achievement of sustainability, the manner in which they co‐exist and interact over very long periods of time remains unclear. Using a computational model spanning more than two centuries, this study asks: Do well‐intended environmental policies facilitate or inhibit environmental entrepreneurship? By simultaneously considering both the ethical and economic consequences of efforts to arrest environmental degradation, our study answers the call to develop multi‐disciplinary perspectives and integrative frameworks when addressing the challenges of sustainable existence. Contrary to widely held perceptions, our findings suggest that policy actions may, in the long run, result in less intergenerational fairness by crowding out environmentally desirable innovations and organizations. Our examination of the long‐term interactions between policies and markets offers insights and opportunities for scholars, entrepreneurs, environmentalists, ethicists and policymakers to develop solutions that preserve and extend the essential contributions of both policy actions and entrepreneurial innovations.
Interaction between Nanofibrillated Cellulose with Guar Gum and Carboxy Methyl Cellulose in Low‐Fat Mayonnaise
Authors: Golchoobi Laleh , Alimi Mazdak , Shokoohi Shirin , Yousefi Hossein 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTo investigate the physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics of a new formulation proposed for low‐fat mayonnaise, nine mayonnaise samples containing different compositions of NFC (nanofibrillated cellulose), guar gum and CMC (carboxy methyl cellulose) were prepared and compared to commercial low‐fat mayonnaise (30% fat) as the control sample. The stability of emulsions containing NFC or NFC/CMC was observed to be lower than the commercial control sample where NFC/guar, due to its viscosifying effect, presented higher stability levels. Regarding to the diffraction behavior of particles, samples containing (0.5%/0.25%/0%), (0%/0.5%/0%) and (0%/0%/1%) NFC/guar/CMC were observed to have the smallest particle sizes and consequently lightest colors. No significant difference was recognized between the taste of treated mayonnaise samples and commercial control sample. The positive effect of NFC on the mouth‐feel features in organoleptic properties was also confirmed. As expected, firmness and cohesiveness in the emulsion samples with smaller droplet sizes and higher levels of monodispersity were observed to be higher. NFC/guar (0.5%/0.25%) sample presented higher elastic properties compared to NFC/CMC (0.5%/0.5%) which was ascribed to the neutral nature of guar adsorbed on NFC.Practical ApplicationsOver the past few decades, along with the growing public awareness of the health risks associated with saturated fat (overweight, heart and blood vessel diseases or cancer), the accepted dietary wisdom has been shifted to low‐fat dieting through minimizing the intake of fat in particular. This has led to a dramatic increase in the demand for low‐fat food products. Physically Modified Cellulose, i.e., NFC and MCC, are conventionally used in reduced‐calorie food products to improve rheological and texture characteristics. This study investigates physicochemical, rheological and sensory characteristics of low fat mayonnaise by addition of NFC, guar gum and carboxy‐methyl cellulose.
“Oral” Tribological Study on the Astringency Sensation of Red Wines
Authors: Brossard Natalia , Cai Huifang , Osorio Fernando , Bordeu Edmundo , Chen Jianshe 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAstringency is a specific oral sensation dominated by a dryness and puckering feeling and is one of the main quality factors for red wines, teas as well as some fruit products. Various hypotheses have been proposed to explain the mechanisms of the astringency sensation; however which prevails is still unknown. Here we used a tribological system to determine if the astringency is predominantly a physical perception. Mixtures of whole human saliva and typical astringent compounds such as tannins and red wines were evaluated for their lubrication behavior. Friction coefficient was measured over a wide range of lubrication speed. By comparing friction coefficient with human sensory results of astringency, a positive correlation was found. In particular the highest correlation was observed (R2 = 0.93) at a sliding speed of 0.075 mm/s. Results from this work demonstrate that astringency of polyphenol‐rich products is a sensory perception via a physical stimulus and can be quantified using tribology techniques.Practical ApplicationsThere is an increasing interest in sensory astringency, particularly its signaling process in oral cavity and the quantitative assessment of its intensity. This is due to the fact that astringency is an important quality characteristic which strongly influences consumer's acceptability for many polyphenol‐rich foods. This research achieved the first experimental approach to sensory astringency determination on red wines by using a tribological technique. Results from this work positively confirm the hypothesis that astringency is a tactile sensation. The method established in this work provides a useful tool for efficient determination of astringent intensity both as industrial quality control and for the prediction of consumer's sensory perception.
Acute Toxicity of Ammonia and Nitrite to Painted River Prawn, Macrobrachium carcinus, Larvae
Authors: Gomes Rivaldo Siqueira , de Lima João Paulo Viana , Cavalli Ronaldo Olivera , Correia Eudes de Souza 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated the toxicity of ammonia and nitrite to different larval stages of Macrobrachium carcinus. Three replicated groups of larvae in the zoea stages II, V, and VIII (hence named Z2, Z5, and Z8, respectively) were exposed separately to five ammonia (5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mg total ammonia nitrogen [TAN]/L) and six nitrite concentrations (5, 10, 20, 40, 80, and 160 mg NO2‐N/L), plus a control treatment with no addition of ammonia and nitrite, at a salinity of 20 g/L. The ammonia LC50 values at 96 h for Z2, Z5, and Z8 were 8.34, 13.84, and 15.03 mg TAN/L (0.50, 0.71, and 0.92 mg NH3‐N/L), respectively, and the nitrite LC50 values at 96 h for Z2, Z5, and Z8 were 3.28, 9.73, and 34.00 mg NO2‐N/L, respectively. The estimated LC50 values for NO2‐N were lower than those for TAN in most of the stages evaluated. This observation suggests that M. carcinus larvae are more tolerant to ammonia, except at Z8, in which larvae had a higher tolerance to nitrite. Based on the lethal concentrations at 96 h, it may be concluded that the tolerance of M. carcinus to ammonia and nitrite increases with larval development. Safe levels were estimated to be 0.834 mg TAN/L (0.05 mg NH3‐N/L) and 0.328 mg NO2‐N/L; therefore, efforts should be made to maintain lower concentrations of these compounds throughout the larval rearing of M. carcinus.
Assessing the Effects of Dietary Inclusion of Hydrolyzed Soy Protein on the Growth, Nutrient Retention, Body Composition, and Serum Hormone of Juvenile Starry Flounder, Platichthys stellatus
Authors: Song Zhidong , Wang Jiying , Qiao Hongjin , Zhang Limin , Li Peiyu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractEnzymatic hydrolysis of soy protein has the potential to be an excellent protein source in marine fish feeds. Here we assessed the effects of different inclusion levels of hydrolyzed soy protein (HSP) on growth performance, nutrient retention, body composition, and serum hormone levels in juvenile starry flounder to define HSP utilization. Five isoenergetic and isoprotein diets were formulated with 0 (control), 10, 20, 30, and 40% HSP (SP10–40) to replace 0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% soy protein concentrate (SPC), respectively. At the end of the feeding trial, fish fed diets SP20 and SP30 had significantly increased weight gain, percent weight gain, and feed efficiency (FE) compared with fish fed the control diet (P < 0.05). Diets SP20 and SP30 supported significantly higher levels of protein retention, and diet SP20 significantly increased energy retention (P < 0.05) in the fish offered these diets. In terms of nutritional composition of whole fish, feeding diets SP20 and SP30 increased crude protein content (P < 0.05) and diets SP10, SP20, and SP30 increased ash content (P < 0.05). Fish fed diets SP20 and SP30 had higher serum insulin‐like growth factor 1 (IGF‐1) level than that of the control treatment (P < 0.05). When SPC was included at 40% of the diet, 20–30% HSP (43% soluble nitrogen) is recommended to replace 50–75% SPC for maximal growth performance and FE of starry flounder.
Clinical characteristics and potential aetiologies of non‐B non‐C hepatocellular carcinoma in hepatitis B virus endemic area
Authors: Lee Seung Bum , Kim Kang Mo , An Jihyun , Lee Danbi , Shim Ju Hyun , Lim Young‐Suk , Lee Han Chu , Chung Young‐Hwa , Lee Yung Sang 
Published: February 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsWe investigated potential aetiologies, clinical characteristics and prognosis of non‐B non‐C (NBNC) hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) patients in hepatitis B virus (HBV) endemic area, according to potential causes such as previous HBV exposure, chronic alcohol intake and metabolic syndrome.Patients and MethodsAmong 4690 HCC patients treated at Asan Medical Center between 2007 and 2009, 523 were newly diagnosed with NBNC HCC, and their medical records and survival data were analyzed retrospectively.ResultsAmong 321 NBNC HCC patients whose hepatitis B core antibody (anti‐HBc) test results were available, 81.0%, 37.1% and 15.5% had anti‐HBc positivity, chronic alcohol intake and metabolic syndrome respectively. One‐hundred and fifty‐two patients (47.4%) had previous exposure to HBV without chronic alcohol intake or metabolic syndrome. Hepatitis B surface antibody (anti‐HBs) was positive in 48.0% of the 523 NBNC HCC patients, which was much lower than that in general Korean population, and 52.3% of anti‐HBc‐positive NBNC HCC patients were negative for anti‐HBs. Anti‐HBc‐negative alcoholic patients presented with more advanced cirrhosis with Child‐Pugh class B/C liver function than anti‐HBc‐positive patients (P = 0.002). In multivariate analysis, baseline liver function, alpha‐foetoprotein levels and tumour stage were significant prognostic factors and aetiology did not affect patient survival.ConclusionsPrior HBV infection could be a potential aetiology in over 40% of NBNC HCC patients in HBV endemic area. Positivity for anti‐HBc and negativity for anti‐HBs may be a serologic surrogate marker for occult HBV infection in these area. The prognosis of NBNC HCC was determined by tumour stage and underlying liver function.
Assessing the performance of DNA barcoding using posterior predictive simulations
Authors: Barley Anthony J. , Thomson Robert C. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAccurate estimates of biodiversity are required for research in a broad array of biological subdisciplines including ecology, evolution, systematics, conservation and biodiversity science. The use of statistical models and genetic data, particularly DNA barcoding, has been suggested as an important tool for remedying the large gaps in our current understanding of biodiversity. However, the reliability of biodiversity estimates obtained using these approaches depends on how well the statistical models that are used describe the evolutionary process underlying the genetic data. In this study, we utilize data from the Barcode of Life Database and posterior predictive simulations to assess the performance of DNA barcoding under commonly used substitution models. We demonstrate that the success of DNA barcoding varies widely across DNA substitution models and that model choice has a substantial impact on the number of operational taxonomic units identified (changing results by ~4–31%). Additionally, we demonstrate that the widely followed practice of a priori assuming the Kimura 2‐parameter model for DNA barcoding is statistically unjustified and should be avoided. Using both data‐based and inference‐based test statistics, we detect variation in model performance across taxonomic groups, clustering algorithms, genetic divergence thresholds and substitution models. Taken together, these results illustrate the importance of considering both model selection and model adequacy in studies quantifying biodiversity.
A novel regulator controls Clostridium difficile sporulation, motility and toxin production
Authors: Edwards Adrianne N. , Tamayo Rita , McBride Shonna M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryClostridium difficile is an anaerobic pathogen that forms spores which promote survival in the environment and transmission to new hosts. The regulatory pathways by which C. difficile initiates spore formation are poorly understood. We identified two factors with limited similarity to the Rap sporulation proteins of other spore‐forming bacteria. In this study, we show that disruption of the gene CD3668 reduces sporulation and increases toxin production and motility. This mutant was more virulent and exhibited increased toxin gene expression in the hamster model of infection. Based on these phenotypes, we have renamed this locus rstA, for regulator of sporulation and toxins. Our data demonstrate that RstA is a bifunctional protein that upregulates sporulation through an unidentified pathway and represses motility and toxin production by influencing sigD transcription. Conserved RstA orthologs are present in other pathogenic and industrial Clostridium species and may represent a key regulatory protein controlling clostridial sporulation.
Function of the genetic element ‘Mona’ associated with fungicide resistance in Monilinia fructicola
Authors: Chen Shuning , Yuan Nannan , Schnabel Guido , Luo Chaoxi 
Published: February 2016

SummaryThe genetic element ‘Mona’ has been shown previously to be associated with resistance to demethylation inhibitors (DMIs) in Monilinia fructicola. In this study, the promoter activity of the ‘Mona’ element was demonstrated genetically and the activity was narrowed down to a 20‐bp active region through a series of deletions. ‘Mona’ knockout transformants (ΔMona) were generated from DMI‐resistant isolate Bmpc7, and EC50 values and expression of the MfCYP51 gene were found to be reduced in transformants compared with the parental isolate. When the ‘Mona’ element was inserted into the upstream region of the MfCYP51 gene of the DMI‐sensitive isolate HG3, the EC50 values and expression of the MfCYP51 gene increased in the transformants compared with the parental sensitive isolate. These results indicate that the ‘Mona’ element determines the DMI fungicide resistance through the up‐regulation of the expression of the downstream MfCYP51 gene. No fitness penalty was observed in knockout and insertion transformants, i.e. transformants showed similar mycelial growth rate, sporulation and ability to cause lesions on fruit compared with their parental isolates, suggesting that the ‘Mona’ element does not affect basal life activities.
Chaos, Language, and Logos: How the Poet Participates in the Creating Activity of the Word in the Thought of Andrey Bely
Authors: Paretsky Albert 
Published: February 2016

AbstractAndrey Bely was an important member of the Russian symbolist movement of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. This essay presents a summary of the development of his ideas regarding the origins of image and symbol in poetic language. For Bely language organizes chaos. The poet finds images in the internal world of dreams. Music has an organizing power beyond that of language, which language attempts to imitate. Under the influence of Vladimir Solovyov he looked to the union of Divine Wisdom or Sophia with the Eternal Logos as the principle behind symbolic images. Later, under the spell of Rudolf Steiner, he found the source of inspiration in the eternal dwelling of the Logos from which the human ego descends into flesh. The task of the poet is to recover the memory of the time before he left the realm of the Logos and to return to that realm by participating in Christ's ascent to the Cross. The autobiographical novel Kotik Letaev gives an account of recovering memory from before birth and the need to be joined with Christ crucified.