bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Responses to depression in unipolar depressed
patients: an investigation of Nolen-Hoeksema's
response styles theory
Authors: KUEHNER CHRISTINE , WEBER IRIS 
Published: July 2002

Background. The response styles theory suggests that rumination in response to depressed mood
exacerbates and prolongs depression, while distraction ameliorates and shortens it. Gender
differences in response styles are said to contribute to the observed gender differences in the
prevalence of unipolar depression. While empirical support for the theory has been found from a
variety of non-clinical studies, its generalizability to clinically depressed patient populations remains
unclear.Methods. A cohort of 52 unipolar depressed in-patients was assessed with the Response Styles
Questionnaire during in-patient stay (T1) and 4 weeks after discharge (T2). The patients were
followed up 4 months after discharge (T3). Clinical assessment included the SCAN-PSE-10.Results. Moderate and statistically significant retest-stabilities for rumination and distraction were
found, comparable for patients with stable and changing depression status from T1 to T2. A cross-sectional diagnosis of a major depressive episode was associated with rumination, while gender was
not. Post-discharge baseline rumination (T2), adjusted for concurrent depression, predicted follow-up levels of depression (T3), and, in patients who were non-remitted at post-discharge baseline, it
predicted presence of a major depressive episode at follow-up (T3). Results on distraction were
more ambiguous.Conclusions. Our results suggest that rumination is likely to have a deteriorating impact on the
course of clinical episodes of depression in unipolar depressed patients. Larger longitudinal patient
studies are needed to validate these findings.
The association between childhood feeding problems
and maternal eating disorder: a community study
Authors: WHELAN ELIZABETH , COOPER PETER J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. A possible association between childhood feeding problems and maternal eating
disorder has been suggested by a clinic-based self-report questionnaire study. A community study
was conducted, using standardized psychiatric interviews, to investigate the strength and specificity
of this putative association.Methods. Four-year-old children were screened using a self-report version of the Behaviour
Screening Questionnaire, completed by mothers, and the Pre-School Behaviour Checklist,
completed by teachers. Three groups of children were identified for follow-up: children with feeding
problems (N = 42), children with a non-feeding form of disturbance (i.e. shyness, fearfulness or
behavioural disturbance; N = 79), and a random sample of children with no disturbance (N = 29).
The presence of feeding problems was confirmed by assessment of a filmed family meal, with ratings
made blind to child group and maternal mental state. Maternal current and past affective disorder
and current and past eating disorder were systematically assessed, blind to child status, using the
Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule and the Eating Disorder Examination respectively.Results. Compared with the mothers of the two comparison groups of children, the mothers of the
children with feeding problems had no raised rate of any affective disorder, either current or past,
but they did have a markedly raised rate of both current and past DSM-IV eating disorder. The
odds ratio of maternal eating disorder for the children with feeding problems was significantly
raised at 11·1 (CI 1·4–91·8).Conclusion. There is a strong and specific association between childhood feeding problems and
maternal eating disorder.
The power and omnipotence of voices: subordination
and entrapment by voices and significant others
Authors: BIRCHWOOD M. , MEADEN A. , TROWER P. , GILBERT P. , PLAISTOW J. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Cognitive therapy for psychotic symptoms often embraces self-evaluative beliefs (e.g.
self-worth) but whether and how such beliefs are related to delusions remains uncertain. In previous
research we demonstrated that distress arising from voices was linked to beliefs about voices and
not voice content alone. In this study we examine whether the relationship with the voice is a
paradigm of social relationships in general, using a new framework of social cognition, ‘ranking’
theory.Method. In a sample of 59 voice hearers, measures of power and social rank difference between
voice and voice hearer are taken in addition to parallel measures of power and rank in wider social
relationships.Results. As predicted, subordination to voices was closely linked to subordination and
marginalization in other social relationships. This was not the result of a mood-linked appraisal.
Distress arising from voices was linked not to voice characteristics but social and interpersonal
cognition.Conclusion. This study suggests that the power imbalance between the individual and his
persecutor(s) may have origins in an appraisal by the individual of his social rank and sense of group
identification and belonging. The results also raise the possibility that the appraisal of voice
frequency and volume are the result of the appraisal of voices' rank and power. Theoretical and
novel treatment implications are discussed.
Evaluation of treatment and intermediate and long-term outcome of adolescent eating disorders
Authors: STEINHAUSEN H.-C. , SEIDEL R. , WINKLER METZKE C. 
Published: July 2002

Background. A cohort of 60 adolescent eating-disordered patients that was consecutively admitted between 1979 and 1988 to a child and adolescent psychiatric university department in Berlin, Germany was followed up at a mean of 5·0 years and for a second time at a mean of 11·5 years.Methods. Each patient was personally interviewed and findings dealing with eating disorder symptoms and psychosocial functioning were rated on four-point scales. In addition, the duration of both in-patient and out-patient treatment and the Body Mass Index (BMI) were recorded.Results. Patients were in treatment for a mean of 33% of the initial 5-year follow-up period, but this has dropped to a mean of 17% of the entire 11-year follow-up period. No predictors of treatment duration were found. The mortality rate was 8·3% at the second follow-up. The distribution of abnormal BMIs (<17·5) reflected a trend of improvement with increasing duration of follow-up. In comparison to the 5-year follow-up, fewer patients suffered from symptoms of the full clinical picture of an eating disorder at the 11-year follow-up. Among the surviving patients 80% recovered during the long-term course. There were few specific predictors of three different outcome criteria.Conclusion. This outcome study of adolescent eating disorders provides further evidence that the long-term course of the disorders in terms of the eating pathology is better than can be expected after a few years. Very little can be said with regard to individual prognosis.
The prevalence of depression in relation to cerebral
atrophy and cognitive performance in 70- and 74-year-old women in Gothenburg. The Women's
Health Study
Authors: PÁLSSON S. , LARSSON L. , TENGELIN E. , WAERN M. , SAMUELSSON S. , HÄLLSTRÖM T. , SKOOG I. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Hospital-based studies report that depression in the elderly is associated with brain
atrophy. This notion could not be confirmed in a population study on 85-year-olds. We aimed to
assess depression in relation to brain atrophy and cognition in 70- and 74-year-old women.Methods. A representative sample of 70- and 74-year-old women (N = 501) was examined with a
psychiatric examination including the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), measuring global
cognitive function, and computerized tomography (CT) of the brain (N = 268). Depression was
diagnosed according to DSM-III-R. Previous depression was diagnosed by history and by
information from previous examinations in this 24-year longitudinal study.Results. The prevalence of depression was 11·6%, including 8·4% with major depression (MDD).
Among those who were currently mentally healthy, 43·0% had a history of previous depression.
Women with current MDD had lower scores on the MMSE than the mentally healthy women. This
association was only found in women with a lower level of education. Current depressives, previous
depressives and mentally healthy women without a history of depression did not differ on CT with
regard to brain atrophy or white matter lesions. The association between MDD and lower cognitive
performance was independent of the association of cognitive performance with structural brain
changes on CT.Conclusions. Brain atrophy on CT is not associated with depression in the general population,
despite the fact that individuals with depression have a worse cognitive performance. The finding
that cognitive performance was not decreased in individuals with previous depression suggests that
cognitive dysfunction is a state phenomenon in depression.
Assessing the ability of people with a learning
disability to give informed consent to treatment
Authors: ARSCOTT K. , DAGNAN D. , STENFERT KROESE B. 
Published: July 2002

Background. People with a learning disability are increasingly being encouraged to take a more
active role in decisions about their psychological and medical treatment, raising complex questions
concerning their ability to consent. This study investigates the capacity of people with a learning
disability to consent in the context of three treatment vignettes, and the influence of verbal and
memory ability on this capacity.Methods. Measures of verbal ability, memory ability and ability to consent to treatment (ACQ) were
administered to 40 people with a learning disability. The ACQ consisted of three vignettes depicting
a restraint, psychiatric or surgical intervention. These were followed by questions addressing
people's ability to understand the presenting problem; the nature of the proposed intervention; the
alternatives, risks and benefits; their involvement in the decision-making process; and their ability
to express a clear decision with a rationale for treatment.Results. Five people (12·5%) could be construed as able to consent to all three vignettes; 26 (65%)
could be construed as able to consent to at least one. The questions that were most difficult to
answer concerned a participants' rights, options and the impact of their choices. Verbal and
memory ability both influenced ability to consent.Conclusions. This study introduces a measure that may enable clinicians to make more systematic
assessments of people's capacity to consent. A number of issues surrounding the complex area of
consent to treatment are also raised.
Attempted suicide in west London, I. Rates across
ethnic communities
Authors: BHUGRA D. , DESAI M. , BALDWIN D. S. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Two previous studies from the United Kingdom have suggested that rates of attempted
suicide in Asian women are higher than in the native population.Method. Over a 1-year period we identified 434 patients presenting from one catchment area to four
hospitals, after episodes of self-harm. These patients were assessed using the GHQ, CIS-R, and Life
Events Inventory, and by collecting details of the attempt itself.Results. Asian women had the highest overall rates ; 1·6 times those in White women and 2·5 times
the rate among Asian men. The rates were lowest among older women. Among younger Asian
women (less than 30 years) the rates were 2·5 times those of White women and seven times those
of Asian men. The rates among black groups were lower than expected. Self-poisoning was the
commonest method of self-harm.Conclusions. Younger Asian women are vulnerable to increased rates of attempted self-harm and
deserve to be studied further.
Triplex-forming oligonucleotides: principles and applications
Authors: Vasquez Karen M. , Glazer Peter M. 
Published: July 2002

1. Triple-helical nucleic acids 891.1 History 891.2 Use of oligomers in triplex formation 902. Modes of triplex formation 902.1 Intermolecular triplexes 902.2 Intramolecular triplexes (H-DNA) 922.3 R-DNA (recombination DNA) 922.4 PNA (peptide nucleic acids) 933. Triplex structural models 933.1 YR-Y triplexes 943.2 GT-A base triplets 943.3 TC-G base triplets 943.4 TA-T and C+G-C base triplets 943.5 RR-Y triplexes 944. Modifications of TFOs 954.1 Backbone modification of oligonucleotides 954.2 Modification of the ribose in oligonucleotides 964.3 Base modification of oligonucleotides 975. Gene targeting and modification via triplex technology 985.1 Transcription and replication inhibition 995.2 TFO-directed mutagenesis 995.3 TFO-induced recombination 1005.4 Future challenges in triplex-directed genome modification 1006. References 101The first description of triple-helical nucleic acids was by Felsenfeld and Rich in 1957
(Felsenfeld et al. 1957). While studying the binding characteristics of polyribonucleotides by
fiber diffraction studies, they determined that polyuridylic acid [poly(U)] and polyadenylic
acid [poly(A)] strands were capable of forming a stable complex of poly(U) and poly(A) in
a 2:1 ratio. It was therefore concluded that the nucleic acids must be capable of forming a
helical three-stranded structure. The formation of the three-stranded complex was preferred
over duplex formation in the presence of divalent cations (e.g. 10 mm MgCl2). The reaction
was quite specific, since the (U-A) molecule did not react with polycytidylic acid [(poly(C)],
polyadenylic acid or polyinosinic acid [(poly(I)] (Felsenfeld et al. 1957). It was later found that
poly(dT-dC) and poly(dG-dA) also have the capacity to form triple-stranded structures
(Howard & Miles, 1964; Michelson & Monny, 1967). Other triple helical combinations of
polynucleotide strands were identified from X-ray fiber-diffraction studies including,
(A)n.2(I)n and (A)n.2(T)n (Arnott & Selsing, 1974). X-ray diffraction patterns of triple-stranded
fibers of poly(A).2poly(U) and poly(dA).2poly(dT) showed an A-form
conformation of the Watson–Crick strands. The third strand was bound in a parallel
orientation to the purine strand by Hoogsteen hydrogen bonds (Hoogsteen, 1959; Arnott &
Selsing, 1974). In 1968, the first potential biological role of these structures was identified by
Morgan & Wells (1968). Using an in vitro assay, they found that transcription by E. coli RNA
polymerase was inhibited by an RNA third strand. Thus, the recent developments identifying
the potential of triplex formation for gene regulation and genome modification came more
than 20 years after this first study of transcription inhibition by triplex formation.
TRANSACTIONS OF THE ROYAL HISTORICAL SOCIETY PRESIDENTIAL ADDRESS
Authors: Marshall P.J. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractTHESE addresses have been trying to explore the obvious paradox in eighteenth-century Britain's fortunes overseas: a North American empire, as I suggested last year, deeply rooted in the rich soil of a close-knit transatlantic community, was to come crashing down in the gale unleashed by the new imperial anxieties and ambitions of Britain's rulers. A British empire was, however, to be successfully planted in the unpromising terrain of alien Asian peoples. It is to the creation of this new Indian empire that I wish now to turn.
IRELAND, INDIA AND THE EMPIRE: 1780–1914
Authors: Bayly C.A. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractROY Foster remarks in Paddy and Mr Punchthat a nodding acquaintance with Irish history, which one of his English commentators claimed to have, is ‘the most dangerous type of acquaintance.’ My own growing alarm at attempting to reinvent the wheel for the purpose of this conference has been allayed only slightly by reading a remark of John Stuart Mill: ‘Those Englishmen who know something about India, are even now those who understand Ireland best.
Dementia in a socio-cultural context: an idea whose time has come
Authors: DOWNS MURNA 
Published: July 2002

Dementia studies are currently dominated by biomedical and
psychological models that focus on the individual without regard to
their socio-cultural context (Bond 1992, 1999; Lyman 1989; Harding
and Palfry 1997; Whitehouse et al. 2000). There is now a growing
interest in how socio-cultural factors may mediate the experience of,
and response to, dementia (Holstein 1998). The purpose of this review
is to examine this growing interest in the socio-cultural context of
dementia with reference to earlier developments in disability studies
(Oliver 1990; Thomas 1999) and ageing research in general (Estes et al.
1984). The implications of placing dementia in a socio-cultural context
for research, policy and practice will be discussed.Most of the theoretical work on dementia has been devoted to
pointing out the inadequacies of biomedical and psychological models
in which problems are attributed solely to an individual's neuropathology
with a simultaneous neglect of socio-cultural factors (Binney
and Swan 1991; Lyman 1989; Harding and Palfry 1998; Kitwood
1998). The study of dementia, it is argued, has been limited by the
broader ‘biomedicalisation of ageing’ whereby problems of ageing
have been attributed to the ‘tragedy’ of the individual's pathology
rather than as a function of an inadequate societal response. Robertson
(1991) describes how people so labelled are referred to as ‘victims’ or
‘sufferers’. All difficulties in the person's life are attributed to their
underlying disease with a consequent neglect of social and environmental
factors that may ameliorate or prevent such ‘symptoms’.
Music and the Internet
Authors: Jones Steve 
Published: July 2002

The fact is, if you want to make a difference in music, you have to change the machine. (Christie 1998)In my book Rock Formation I borrowed from Walter Ong and Jacques Attali when I noted that, ‘The ability to record sound is power over sound.’ (Jones 1992, p. 51) I continue to believe that statement to be true. Arguments that I then made about the increasing role computers would play in the production of music have been borne out. They were not hard forecasts to make: one only had to imagine that the processing power of computer chips would continue to increase according to Moore's Law and then extrapolate the possibilities such increases would create for sound recording and reproduction. Even comments I made, vaguely tongue-in-cheek, expecting that we would have, in addition to the ability to record high-quality digital audio in the home, the ability to press CDs at home, and print colour inserts for CD jewel boxes, thus creating not only home studios but home pressing plants, have become a reality. However, with but a few years' hindsight, I want to append to these an argument that recording sound matters less and less, and distributing it matters more and more, or, in other words, the ability to record and transport sound is power over sound. Consequently, technology is an even more important element to which popular music scholars must attend.
Growth and photosynthesis of seedlings of four tree species from a dry tropical afromontane forest
Authors: FETENE MASRESHA , FELEKE YONAS 
Published: July 2002

Growth, photosynthesis and carbon allocation pattern were studied in four dry afromontane forest tree
species (Olea europea subspecies cuspidata, Podocarpus falcatus, Hagenia abyssinica and Juniperus procera) under
varied light regimes in a greenhouse. The objective of the study was to assess the potential of the species for growth
under forest canopies and to identify their habitat preferences. The light regimes were created using shade cloth and
they corresponded with deep forest understoreys (2% of the light in the open gap); moderate shade (10%), slight shade
as is found in edges of forest gaps (20%) and 100% representing open gaps.Seedling biomass was significantly influenced by light regimes for all species as were total leaf area and relative
growth rate. H. abyssinica had the highest growth rate but the lowest survival rate in shade. There was a consistent
trend for higher specific leaf area (SLA) and leaf area ratio (LAR) at lower growth light regimes in O. europea and P.
falcatus. O. europea and P. falcatus had similar allocation patterns whereby between 20-40% of the total biomass was
allocated to stem, 20-30% to roots and 50-60% to leaves. In H. abyssinica up to 80% was allocated to leaves and only
a small percentage to stem and to roots.Within species there were significant differences in the light saturated rate of photosynthesis (Amax) per unit area
among the plants grown at the lowest light level and in the open. For plants grown in the open there were very little
among species differences in Amax per unit area. However, there were significant differences in the Amax of the
different species grown at the lowest light level. Chlorophyll fluorescence measurements indicated that open-grown P.
falcatus and O. europea experienced moderate photoinhibition. From the growth and photosynthesis results P. falcatus
and O. europea appeared to be non-pioneer, shade-tolerant species, while J. procera and to a larger extent H. abyssinica
showed pioneer, light-demanding characteristics. The results are discussed in terms of the occurrence of the species
in the mosaic climaxes of afromontane forests.
Effects of rainfall and grazing on vegetation yield and cover of two arid rangelands in Kuwait
Authors: ZAMAN SAMEEHA 
Published: July 2002

Increasing human pressure has presumably led to a decrease in the cover and herbage yield of Kuwaiti desert vegetation, but, to date, there has been little detailed study on such human impacts. A study of Rhanterium epapposum (local name arfaj) and Haloxylon salicornicum (local name remeth) steppe was therefore effected to determine the seasonal variation in above-ground phytomass and percentage cover, and to investigate differences between protected and adjacent grazed areas.An average seasonal precipitation of 90 mm supported a mean of 223 kg ha-1 in arfaj steppe in 1979–1989, whereas an average mean seasonal precipitation of 73 mm during 1983–1989 maintained a mean phytomass of 102 kg ha-1 in the remeth steppe. Annual forbs and perennial shrubs were the greatest producers of dry matter per kg of phytomass in the arfaj and remeth steppes, respectively. The seasonal production of dry matter was related directly to the seasonal precipitation in the arfaj steppe, whereas the remeth steppe did not show an obvious relationship to the precipitation. The plant cover was 83% and 70% less, and herbage production was 76% and 91% less in grazed areas than in protected areas in the arfaj and remeth steppes, respectively.
Local attitudes toward community-based conservation policy and programmes in Nepal: a case study in the Makalu-Barun Conservation Area
Authors: MEHTA JAI N. , KELLERT STEPHEN R. 
Published: July 2002

Community-based conservation (CBC) has been projected as the most practical approach to stem biodiversity loss in developing countries. Since CBC is 'people-centred' and experience with it is relatively new, it is important to know the views of local communities regarding implemented policies and programmes. This paper examines the attitudes of local communities toward policy and programmes implemented by a project under the CBC approach in the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area of Nepal, based on a 1996 survey of 400 people living in it.Overall, respondents did not have a particularly favourable perception of the community development programmes implemented. Strong support existed for ecotourism development in the Conservation Area. Respondents overwhelmingly endorsed community forestry. Wildlife protection remained a low priority amongst a significant majority of respondents. Some demographic and socio-economic factors exerted important influences on the attitudes of respondents. This study suggests that the project should continue addressing local development needs, encourage women's participation in community forestry, work toward dispute settlement of community forest-user groups, and allow hunting of pest wild animals, if it wants to win the support of local communities for long-term biodiversity conservation goals.