bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Increased anxiety‐like phenotype in female guinea pigs following reduced neurosteroid exposure in utero
Authors: Cumberland Angela L. , Palliser Hannah K. , Crombie Gabrielle K. , Walker David W. , Hirst Jonathan J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNeurosteroids are essential for aiding proper fetal neurodevelopment. Pregnancy compromises such as preterm birth, prenatal stress and intrauterine growth restriction are associated with an increased risk of developing behavioural and mood disorders, particularly during adolescence. These pathologies involve the premature loss or alteration of trophic steroid hormones reaching the fetus leading to impaired neurodevelopment. While the specific programming mechanisms are yet to be fully elucidated, in adult life, dysfunctions of allopregnanolone action are prevalent in individuals with depression, post‐traumatic stress disorder and anxiety disorders. The objective of this study was to assess if changes in concentrations of the neurosteroid, allopregnanolone, may be a fetal programming factor in priming the brain towards a negative behavioural phenotype during the childhood to adolescent period using a guinea pig model. Pregnant guinea pigs received either vehicle (45% (2‐hydroxypropyl)‐β‐cyclodextrin) or the 5α‐reductase inhibitor, finasteride (25 mg/kg maternal weight) from gestational age 60 until spontaneous delivery (∼71 days gestation). Male and female offspring from vehicle and finasteride treated dams were tested at postnatal day 20 (juvenile‐equivalence) in an open field arena, and hippocampus and amygdala subsequently assessed for neurological changes in markers of development and GABA production pathways 24 h later. Females with reduced allopregnanolone exposure in utero displayed increased neophobic‐like responses to a change in their environment compared to female controls. There were no differences in the neurodevelopmental markers assessed; MAP2, NeuN, MBP, GFAP or GAD67 between intrauterine finasteride or vehicle exposure, in either the hippocampus or amygdala whereas GAT1 staining was decreased. This study indicates that an intrauterine reduction in the supply of allopregnanolone programs vulnerability of female offspring to anxiety‐like disorders in juvenility without impacting long term allopregnanolone concentrations.
Psychosocial determinants of clustering health-compromising behaviors among Saudi male adolescents
Authors: Alzahrani Saeed G. , Sheiham Aubrey , Tsakos Georgios , Watt Richard G. 
Published: February 2017

Background and objectives:
To assess whether the clustering of six specific health-compromising behaviors, namely, low fruit consumption, high sweet consumption, infrequent tooth brushing, physical inactivity, fighting and smoking, varied by different psychosocial determinants such as life satisfaction, peer relationships, self-confidence, and future orientation among male adolescents in Saudi Arabia.

Patients and methods:
A representative stratified cluster random sample of 1335 Saudi Arabian male adolescents living in the city of Riyadh answered a questionnaire on health-related behaviors. Poisson regression models were constructed separately for younger (13-14-years-old) and older (17-19-years- old) adolescents to assess variations between explanatory psychosocial variables and the clustering of six health-compromising behaviors, adjusting for father's education.

Results:
Older adolescents who perceived high levels of life satisfaction had a lower rate of clustering of multiple health-compromising behaviors compared to those reporting lower levels (RR: 1.22; 95%CI: 1.09–1.37), and the respective difference between those with high and those with middle levels of satisfaction was marginally non-significant (RR: 1.08; 95%CI: 0.98–1.19). Younger adolescents who reported that they felt "less than always” self-confident were more likely to have high clustering of health compromising behaviors compared to those who were always confident (RR: 1.08; 95%CI: 1.01–1.21). The clustering of multiple health-compromising behaviors was marginally associated with the frequency of evening meetings among older adolescents (RR: 1.03; 95%CI: 1.01–1.04 for each extra meeting), while the respective association among younger adolescents was marginally non-significant (RR: 1.02; 95%CI: 0.99–1.05). The association between clustering of health-compromising behaviors and future orientation was non-significant among both younger and older adolescents.

Conclusions:
Clustering of health-compromising behaviors was found to be associated with perceived life satisfaction and peer relationships among older male Saudi adolescents and with self-confidence among younger male Saudi adolescents in Riyadh.
Prevalence of celiac disease in Saudi children with Down syndrome
Authors: AlRuwaily Fawzah , Kattan Hoda A. , AlMehaidib Ali M. , AlDekhail Wajeeh 
Published: February 2017

Celiac disease (CD) is an immune-mediated disease affecting the small intestine secondary to gluten exposure. The currently available treatment is lifelong adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). Several disorders are known to be associated with celiac disease, including Down syndrome (DS). In several studies, the prevalence of CD in DS ranged between 4 and 17%.CD is prevalent in Arabs; however, few studies have been performed to determine the prevalence of CD in DS patients. Our study aimed to determine the prevalence of CD in Saudi Down syndrome patients using serological markers and small bowel biopsy.This is a retrospective study in which files relating to Down syndrome patients who were followed up in a general pediatric clinic at King Faisal Specialist Hospital and Research Center were reviewed regarding demographic data, serological markers and biopsy results.Of the total number of patients reviewed (91), 7 were excluded because data were missing; the remaining 84 patients included 35 females and 49 males. The age range of the patients at the time of screening was from 1 to 18 years. Patient demographic data are shown in Table 1. Among the studied patients, antigliadin antibody (AGA) IgA was high in 27 patients (32.14%), and AGA IgG was high in 44 patients (52.38%). Twelve patients (14.28%) tested positive and 58 (69.04%) tested negative for anti- endomysial antibodies. Anti-tissue glutaminase antibody IgA was found to be high in 13 patients (15.5%) and normal in 54 patients (64.28%). Serum IgA levels were normal in 36 patients (43%) and low in 1 patient (1.2%). Biopsy was performed in 22 patients who tested positive for anti-endomysial or antitissue transglutaminase antibodies. The biopsies provided positive results in 9 patients (10.7%).Our study showed a confirmed prevalence of 10.7% for celiac disease in Saudi patients with Down syndrome based on serology and biopsy; together with previous cases reported in the literature, this result indicates a need to screen these patients for celiac disease.
Homogenization of almost periodic monotone operators
Authors: Braides Andrea , Chiadò Piat Valeria , Defranceschi Anneliese 
Published: February 2017

We determine some sufficient conditions for the G-convergence of sequences of quasi-linear monotone operators, together with an asymptotic formula for the G-limit. We then prove a homogenization theorem for quasiperiodic monotone operators and, eventually, extend this result to general almost periodic monotone operators using an approximation result and a closure lemma.

Résumé
Nous déterminons quelques conditions suffisantes pour la G-convergence de suites d’opérateurs monotones quasi linéaires, avec une formule asymptotique pour la G-limite. Ensuite nous démontrons un théorème d’homogénéisation pour les opérateurs monotones quasipériodiques et, enfin, nous extendons ce résultat aux opérateurs monotones presque périodiques en utilisant un résultat d’approximation.
Applying Hospital Evidence to Paramedicine: Issues of Indirectness, Validity and Knowledge Translation
Authors: Bigham Blair , Welsford Michelle 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe practice of emergency medicine (EM) has been intertwined with emergency medical services (EMS) for more than 40 years. In this commentary, we explore the practice of translating hospital based evidence into the prehospital setting. We will challenge both EMS and EM dogma—bringing hospital care to patients in the field is not always better. In providing examples of therapies championed in hospitals that have failed to translate into the field, we will discuss the unique prehospital environment, and why evidence from the hospital setting cannot necessarily be translated to the prehospital field. Paramedicine is maturing so that the capability now exists to conduct practice-specific research that can inform best practices. Before translation from the hospital environment is implemented, evidence must be evaluated by people with expertise in three domains: critical appraisal, EM, and EMS. Scientific evidence should be assessed for: quality and bias; directness, generalizability, and validity to the EMS population; effect size and anticipated benefit from prehospital application; feasibility (including economic evaluation, human resource availability in the mobile environment); and patient and provider safety.
Comparative drilling predation on time-averaged phosphatized and nonphosphatized assemblages of the minute clypeasteroid echinoidEchinocyamus stellatusfrom Miocene offshore sediments (Globigerina Limestone Formation, Malta)
Authors: Grun Tobias B. , Kroh Andreas , Nebelsick James H. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractFossilized tests of 1,053Echinocyamus stellatus(Capeder, 1906) from the Miocene Globigerina Limestone Formation exposed on the northern coast of Gozo (Maltese Islands) were analyzed for predation traces. Specimens mixed by time-averaging processes can be clearly separated into two distinct samples according to their preservation as phosphatized or nonphosphatized individuals. Overall, 11.1% of the tests reveal holes that are referred to the ichnospeciesOichnus simplex(Bromley, 1981). Because of the hole morphology and diameter, the holes are interpreted as predatory drill holes, most likely produced by cassid gastropods. Redeposited phosphatized echinoids derived from an earlier period of reduced sedimentation rates show drilling frequencies of 20.5%. Younger, autochthonous, nonphosphatized echinoids show drilling frequencies of 8.1%. In both samples, predators predominantly targeted the aboral side of the echinoid test, particularly on the petalodium.
Phylogeny and morphologic evolution of the Ordovician Camerata (Class Crinoidea, Phylum Echinodermata)
Authors: Cole Selina R. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe subclass Camerata (Crinoidea, Echinodermata) is a major group of Paleozoic crinoids that represents an early divergence in the evolutionary history and morphologic diversification of class Crinoidea, yet phylogenetic relationships among early camerates remain unresolved. This study conducted a series of quantitative phylogenetic analyses using parsimony methods to infer relationships of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera (52 taxa), establish the branching sequence of early camerates, and test the monophyly of traditionally recognized higher taxa, including orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida. The first phylogenetic analysis identified a suitable outroup for rooting the Ordovician camerate tree and assessed affinities of the atypical dicyclic family Reteocrinidae. The second analysis inferred the phylogeny of all well-preserved Ordovician camerate genera. Inferred phylogenies confirm: (1) the Tremadocian genera Cnemecrinus and Eknomocrinus are sister to the Camerata; (2) as historically defined, orders Monobathrida and Diplobathrida do not represent monophyletic groups; (3) with minimal revision, Monobathrida and Diplobathrida can be re-diagnosed to represent monophyletic clades; (4) family Reteocrinidae is more closely related to camerates than to other crinoid groups currently recognized at the subclass level; and (5) several genera in subclass Camerata represent stem taxa that cannot be classified as either true monobathrids or true diplobathrids. The clade containing Monobathrida and Diplobathrida, as recognized herein, is termed Eucamerata to distinguish its constituent taxa from more basally positioned taxa, termed stem eucamerates. The results of this study provide a phylogenetic framework for revising camerate classification, elucidating patterns of morphologic evolution, and informing outgroup selection for future phylogenetic analyses of post-Ordovician camerates.
The Non-Identical Twins in UK Public Law: Reasonableness and Proportionality
Authors: Nehushtan Yossi 
Published: February 2017

Ever since the Wednesbury decision in 1947 (Associated Provincial Picture Houses Ltd v Wednesbury Corporation [1948] 1 KB 223) courts and public law scholars in the United Kingdom (UK) have been struggling to comprehend the meaning of ‘reasonableness’ and its relation to ‘proportionality’. The main purpose of this article is to promote conceptual clarity in UK public law by describing the nature of reasonableness and proportionality as grounds of judicial review and by highlighting the overlooked similarities and differences between them.The main arguments of this article are that: (i) reasonableness is, in essence, an exercise in balancing and weighing; (ii) proportionality adds very little to the existing grounds of judicial review in UK public law; (iii) this addition is not necessarily focused on the administrative weighing and balancing process; and (iv) since proportionality adds very little to the existing grounds of judicial review, there is no conceptual or normative reason to prevent having proportionality as a general ground of judicial review in UK public law.
Management of inverted papilloma: review
Authors: Attlmayr B , Derbyshire S G , Kasbekar A V , Swift A C 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground:Inverted papilloma is the most common benign tumour affecting the nose. There is a high rate of recurrence and a potential of malignant transformation. This review article aimed to identify the best available management of this pathology today.Method:A systematic review of the current English-language literature was performed. Only original articles with a minimum follow up of one year and an average follow up of two years were included.Results:A total of 1385 patients from 16 case series were identified. The total recurrence rate for all patients was 11.5 per cent. Significantly lower recurrence rates were found for procedures using an attachment-oriented excision (recurrence of 6.9 per cent;p= 0.0001) and utilising frozen sections (recurrence of 7.0 per cent;p= 0.0001).Conclusion:There is a general trend towards endoscopic surgery. There may be some benefit to the use of attachment-oriented surgery and frozen sections. Multi-centred randomised controlled trials are required.
Endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation for acute idiopathic epistaxis. Do anatomical variation and a limited evidence base raise questions regarding its place in management?
Authors: Ellinas A , Jervis P , Kenyon G , Flood L M 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground:Endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation is widely accepted as effective and safe for acute spontaneous epistaxis that is unresponsive to conservative management. As with many new procedures, it has been progressively adopted as common practice, despite a limited evidence base for its efficacy. Early reviews called for comparative trials to support its adoption, but subsequent literature largely consists of case series and narrative reviews. These have attempted to derive an algorithm to establish its place in management, but consensus is still lacking. Intuitively, although there are theoretical objections, an operation regarded as relatively simple, fast and safe hardly seems to demand high-level evidence of efficacy. Rhinologists may be influenced by years of personal experience and success with the technique. However, estimates of the effect size and the added contribution to traditional surgical management are lacking. If the procedure could be shown to dramatically influence outcome, it should be standard practice and indispensable for all patients requiring operative intervention.Objectives:This paper systematically examined the literature, appraising the anatomical basis for such an approach and evidence for its efficacy. It questions whether any units unable to consistently offer endoscopic sphenopalatine artery ligation should be undertaking surgical management of acute epistaxis.
Permian neogondolellids from south China: significance for evolution of the serrata and carinata groups in North America
Authors: Clark David L. , Cheng-Yuan Wang 
Published: February 2017

TheNeogondolella serrata(Clark and Ethington) group was originally reported as a North American provincial conodont lineage. More or less complete Permian sequences now recognized in China include species originally thought to be part of the North American provincial fauna as well as species reported previously from other parts of the world. Comparison of Chinese and North American species may be useful in correlation of series and stage boundaries between the two areas. The Chinese conodont succession demonstrates that most Permian neogondolellids were not provincial but attained worldwide distribution. Late Permian ancestors of Early TriassicNeogondolellaspecies were apparently widespread in the Tethyan Sea and the sudden appearance of TriassicNeogondolellaspecies in North America without Permian ancestors is only the consequence of the absence of the latest Permian marine rocks in North America.Of particular regional stratigraphic interest is the occurrence of the North American speciesN. wilcoxiClark and Behnken in the Chinese late Guadalupian-Dzhulfian. This occurrence supports a late Guadalupian (post-Lamar) age for the uppermost Gerster Formation in Utah.
Hosts and vectors of Trypanosoma cruzi discrete typing units in the Chagas disease endemic region of the Paraguayan Chaco
Authors: ACOSTA NIDIA , LÓPEZ ELSA , LEWIS MICHAEL D. , LLEWELLYN MARTIN S. , GÓMEZ ANA , ROMÁN FABIOLA , MILES MICHAEL A. , YEO MATTHEW 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYActive Trypanosoma cruzi transmission persists in the Gran Chaco region, which is considered hyperendemic for Chagas disease. Understanding domestic and sylvatic transmission cycles and therefore the relationship between vectors and mammalian hosts is crucial to designing and implementing improved effective control strategies. Here we describe the species of triatomine vectors and the sylvatic mammal reservoirs of T. cruzi, in different localities of the Paraguayan and Bolivian Chaco. We identify the T. cruzi genotypes discrete typing units (DTUs) and provide a map of their geographical distribution. A total of 1044 triatomines and 138 sylvatic mammals were captured. Five per cent of the triatomines were microscopically positive for T. cruzi (55 Triatoma infestans from Paraguay and one sylvatic Triatoma guasayana from Bolivia) and 17 animals (12·3%) comprising eight of 28 (28·5%) Dasypus novemcinctus, four of 27 (14·8%) Euphractus sexcinctus, three of 64 (4·7%) Chaetophractus spp. and two of 14 (14·3%) Didelphis albiventris. The most common DTU infecting domestic triatomine bugs was TcV (64%), followed by TcVI (28%), TcII (6·5%) and TcIII (1·5%). TcIII was overwhelmingly associated with armadillo species. We confirm the primary role of T. infestans in domestic transmission, armadillo species as the principal sylvatic hosts of TcIII, and consider the potential risk of TcIII as an agent of Chagas disease in the Chaco.
The Politics of Poetics: Nonnus' Dionysiaca and the World of Late Antiquity
Authors: Shorrock Robert 
Published: February 2017

Over the last thirty years or so our understanding of the world of late antiquity has undergone a radical transformation. In addition to the important contributions by historians such as Peter Brown (on the body and society) and Averil Cameron (on the evolution of Christian discourse), new perspectives have also been opened up on the material culture of the later empire. In the arena of literary criticism, however, signs of any analogous transformation have been much less obvious. Though, of course, it is easy to overstate the case, it is nevertheless clear from the bibliographic record that the literature of the late antique period has not yet been subject to the intense critical attention of other epochs, such as the Second Sophistic. This article will attempt on a necessarily modest scale to address this lack of critical attention.My primary focus is the fifth-century CE epic poem, the Dionysiaca of Nonnus, a product of Roman Egypt, written in Greek in forty-eight chapter-length books. It runs to over 21,000 hexameter lines—some five thousand lines longer than Homer's Iliad—and tells the story of the wine-loving Dionysus, the hero whose destiny it is to become a god. Though its influence on the wider literary culture of late antiquity was profound, it has remained a marginalised and neglected text within the history of modern classical scholarship. The Dionysiaca exists as an often quoted yet rarely read compendium of obscure mythological information, and is periodically mined for allusions to earlier and implicitly ‘better’ poets whose works have only survived in fragmentary form, but it is rarely considered on its own terms.
Diophantine approximation on polynomial curves
Authors: SCHLEISCHITZ JOHANNES 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn a paper from 2010, Budarina, Dickinson and Levesley studied the rational approximation properties of curves parametrised by polynomials with integral coefficients in Euclidean space of arbitrary dimension. Assuming the dimension is at least three and excluding the case of linear dependence of the polynomials together with P(X) ≡ 1 over the rational number field, we establish proper generalisations of their main result.
Not the same for everyone: Community views of Mexico's payment for environmental services programmes
Authors: ALMEIDA-LEÑERO LUCIA , REVOLLO-FERNÁNDEZ DANIEL , CARO-BORRERO ANGELA , RUIZ-MALLÉN ISABEL , CORBERA ESTEVE , MAZARI-HIRIART MARISA , FIGUEROA FERNANDA 
Published: February 2017

SUMMARYConservation policies have often been designed and implemented assuming that targeted communities are socially and politically homogeneous. Payment for environmental services (PES) programmes have often overlooked intra-community differences, which affect the understanding of implementation requirements and access to benefits, thus underestimating their effects on the programme's legitimacy and impacts. We explore how the views of local communities about the socio-environmental performance and dynamics of Mexico's PES differ within forest communities, considering two groups: local community authorities and the remaining beneficiaries in two different PES programmes. Informed by a nationwide survey, we constructed 35 indicators and found significant differences between these groups for 10 indicators. Local community authorities concentrated knowledge and information, relations with outside actors and control over benefit distribution. We found that community authorities and beneficiaries diverged in their views about the extent to which PES knowledge is shared across community members, how related implementation decisions are pursued and the fairness of benefit distribution, which we argue suggests this is a form of ‘elite capture’ favoured by PES design and implementation. Efforts should be invested in ensuring that PES programme benefits are equitably distributed in order to avoid widening pre-existing social and political asymmetries.