bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Surgical Management of Omphalophlebitis and Long Term Outcome in Calves: 39 Cases (2008–2013)
Authors: Marchionatti Emma , Nichols Sylvain , Babkine Marie , Fecteau Gilles , Francoz David , Lardé Hélène , Desrochers André 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo describe and evaluate the surgical management of omphalophlebitis and to report the short and long term outcomes in calves.Study DesignRetrospective case series.AnimalsCalves (n = 39).MethodsMedical records (2008–2013) of calves diagnosed with omphalophlebitis and that underwent surgical correction were reviewed. Short term (hospital discharge) and long term (≥6 months after surgery) survival rates were obtained. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the population and a Fisher's exact test was used to evaluate the relationship between clinical signs, surgical management, and outcome.ResultsThirty‐nine calves (median age 30 days) were included in the study. Eleven calves had septic arthritis associated with omphalophlebitis and 18 had evidence of liver abscesses on ultrasound. Complete surgical en bloc resection was achieved in 18 calves and umbilical vein marsupialization was performed on the other 21 calves. Thirty‐five calves were discharged from the hospital and long term followup was obtained for 30 of them. Twenty‐nine animals were performing according to the owner's expectation at least 6 months after surgery (14 for marsupialization and 15 for en bloc resection). A better prognosis was detected when en bloc resection was performed (100% survival); however, when marsupialization was performed, the prognosis was good (74%;P = .05). Septic arthritis had a significant negative effect on overall survival (P < .001).ConclusionThe overall survival is good with both surgical options, and even calves with liver involvement and septic arthritis associated can be successfully treated with a combination of long term antibiotics and umbilical vein marsupialization.
Diagnostic Accuracy of Ultrasound to Predict the Location of Solitary Hepatic Masses in Dogs
Authors: Wormser Chloe , Reetz Jennifer A. , Giuffrida Michelle A. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveTo determine the sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value of ultrasonography for localizing hepatic masses in dogs and to identify patient factors associated with diagnostic accuracy.Study DesignRetrospective cross‐sectional study.AnimalsClient‐owned dogs (n = 137).MethodsMedical records of dogs diagnosed with a solitary hepatic mass on abdominal ultrasound and confirmed by laparotomy or laparoscopy were reviewed. Location of the mass predicted by ultrasound was compared to mass location identified at surgery. Ultrasound exams were performed by or under the supervision of a board certified radiologist. Sensitivity, specificity, and positive predictive values were calculated. Patient factors associated with accurate localization were identified using logistic regression.ResultsUltrasound correctly localized liver masses in 71/137 dogs (51.8%). The sensitivity of ultrasound localization was 55% for left and right division masses and 29% for central division masses. The specificity was 98% for left division masses, 87% for central division masses, and 89% for right division masses. Correct localization was 3.2 times more likely when the mass arose from the right or left division compared to the central division (odds ratio [OR] 3.2; 95% confidence intervals [CI] 1.1, 9.0;P = .030). Correct localization was significantly less likely when diffuse or multifocal hepatic disease was present (OR 0.32; 95% CI 0.15, 0.70;P = .004).ConclusionUltrasound was specific but not sensitive for localizing hepatic masses, and localization accuracy was influenced by mass location and the presence of concurrent liver pathology. These findings should be taken into consideration by veterinary surgeons using ultrasound examination to guide patient treatment and surgical planning.
A systematic review of low‐level light therapy for treatment of diabetic foot ulcer
Authors: Tchanque‐Fossuo Catherine N. , Ho Derek , Dahle Sara E. , Koo Eugene , Li Chin‐Shang , Isseroff R. Rivkah , Jagdeo Jared 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDiabetes mellitus (DM) is a significant international health concern affecting more than 387 million individuals. A diabetic person has a 25% lifetime risk of developing a diabetic foot ulcer (DFU), leading to limb amputation in up to one in six DFU patients. Low‐level light therapy (LLLT) uses low‐power lasers or light‐emitting diodes to alter cellular function and molecular pathways, and may be a promising treatment for DFU. The goal of this systematic review is to examine whether the clinical use of LLLT is effective in the healing of DFU at 12 and 20 weeks in comparison with the standard of care, and to provide evidence‐based recommendation and future clinical guidelines for the treatment of DFU using LLLT. On September 30, 2015, we searched PubMed, EMBASE, CINAHL, and Web of Science databases using the following terms: “diabetic foot” AND “low level light therapy,” OR “light emitting diode,” OR “phototherapy,” OR “laser.” The relevant articles that met the following criteria were selected for inclusion: randomized control trials (RCTs) that investigated the use of LLLT for treatment of DFU. Four RCTs involving 131 participants were suitable for inclusion based upon our criteria. The clinical trials used sham irriadiation, low dose, or nontherapeutic LLLT as placebo or control in comparison to LLLT. The endpoints included ulcer size and time to complete healing with follow‐up ranging from 2 to 16 weeks. Each article was assigned a level of evidence (LOE) and graded according to the Oxford Center for Evidence‐based Medicine Levels of Evidence Grades of Recommendation criteria. Limitations of reviewed RCTs include a small sample size (N < 100), unclear allocation concealment, lack of screening phase to exclude rapid healers, unclear inclusion/exclusion criteria, short (<30 days) follow‐up period, and unclear treatment settings (wavelength and treatment time). However, all reviewed RCTs demonstrated therapeutic outcomes with no adverse events using LLLT for treatment of DFU. This systematic review reports that LLLT has significant potential to become a portable, minimally invasive, easy‐to‐use, and cost effective modality for treatment of DFU. To enthusiastically recommend LLLT for treatment of DFU, additional studies with comparable laser parameters, screening period to exclude rapid healers, larger sample sizes and longer follow‐up periods are required. We envision future stringent RCTs may validate LLLT for treatment of DFU. Systematic review registration number: PROSPERO CRD42015029825.
Statins may be associated with six‐week diabetic foot ulcer healing
Authors: Fox Joshua D. , Baquerizo‐Nole Katherine L. , Macquhae Flor , Herskovitz Ingrid , Freedman Jeremy B. , Vileikyte Loretta , Margolis David J. , Kirsner Robert S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractDiabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) affect 1.5 million Americans annually, of which only a minority heal with standard care, and they commonly lead to amputation. To improve care, investigations are underway to better understand DFU pathogenesis and develop more effective therapies. Some currently used medications may improve healing. One small, randomized clinical trial found statins improve DFU healing. In this secondary analysis of a large multisite prospective observational cohort of 139 patients with DFUs receiving standard care, we investigated whether there was an association between 6‐week DFU wound size reduction and use of a variety of medications including alpha‐blockers, beta‐blockers, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) and statins. We found no significant (p < 0.05) association between six‐week wound reduction and use of any of the evaluated drugs; however, statins did trend toward an association (p = 0.057). This suggests a potential benefit of statins on DFU healing, and larger, targeted studies are warranted.
Microsensor and transcriptomic signatures of oxygen depletion in biofilms associated with chronic wounds
Authors: James Garth A. , Ge Zhao Alice , Usui Marcia , Underwood Robert A. , Nguyen Hung , Beyenal Haluk , deLancey Pulcini Elinor , Agostinho Hunt Alessandra , Bernstein Hans C. , Fleckman Philip , Olerud John , Williamson Kerry S. , Franklin Michael J. , Stewart Philip S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBiofilms have been implicated in delayed wound healing, although the mechanisms by which biofilms impair wound healing are poorly understood. Many species of bacteria produce exotoxins and exoenzymes that may inhibit healing. In addition, oxygen consumption by biofilms and by the responding leukocytes, may impede wound healing by depleting the oxygen that is required for healing. In this study, oxygen microsensors to measure oxygen transects through in vitro cultured biofilms, biofilms formed in vivo within scabs from a diabetic (db/db) mouse wound model, and ex vivo human chronic wound specimens was used. The results showed that oxygen levels within mouse scabs had steep gradients that reached minima ranging from 17 to 72 mmHg on live mice and from 6.4 to 1.1 mmHg on euthanized mice. The oxygen gradients in the mouse scabs were similar to those observed for clinical isolates cultured in vitro and for human ex vivo specimens. To characterize the metabolic activities of the bacteria in the mouse scabs, transcriptomics analyses of Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms associated with the db/db mice wounds was performed. The results demonstrated that the bacteria expressed genes for metabolic activities associated with cell growth. Interestingly, the transcriptome results also indicated that the bacteria within the wounds experienced oxygen‐limitation stress. Among the bacterial genes that were expressed in vivo were genes associated with the Anr‐mediated hypoxia‐stress response. Other bacterial stress response genes highly expressed in vivo were genes associated with stationary‐phase growth, osmotic stress, and RpoH‐mediated heat shock stress. Overall, the results supported the hypothesis that bacterial biofilms in chronic wounds promote chronicity by contributing to the maintenance of localized low oxygen tensions, through their metabolic activities and through their recruitment of cells that consume oxygen for host defensive processes.
Collagen structural alterations contribute to stiffening of tissue after split‐thickness skin grafting
Authors: Rosin Nicole L. , Agabalyan Natacha , Olsen Katherine , Martufi Giampaol , Gabriel Vincent , Biernaskie Jeff , Di Martino Elena S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe gold standard treatment for full thickness injuries of the skin is autologous split‐thickness skin grafting. This involves harvesting the epidermis and superficial dermis from healthy skin and transplanting it onto the prepared wound bed. The donor site regenerates spontaneously, but the appendages and cellular components from the dermal layer are excluded from the graft. As a result, the new tissue is inferior; the healed graft site is dry/itchy, has decreased elasticity, increased fragility, and altered sensory function. Because this dermal layer is composed of collagen and other extracellular matrix proteins, the aim was to characterize the changes in the dermal collagen after split thickness grafting that could contribute to a deficit in functionality. This will serve as a baseline for future studies designed to improve skin function using pharmacological or cell‐based therapies for skin repair. A xenograft model whereby human split‐thickness grafts were implanted into full‐thickness defects on immunocompromised (athymic Nu/Nu) mice was used. The grafts were harvested 4 and 8 weeks later. The collagen microstructure was assessed with second harmonic generation with dual‐photon microscopy and light polarization analysis. Collagen fiber stiffness and engagement stretch were estimated by fitting the results of biaxial mechanical tensile tests to a histo‐mechanical constitutive model. The stiffness of the collagen fibril–proteoglycan complex increased from 682 ± 226 kPa/sr to 1016 ± 324 kPa/sr between 4 and 8 weeks postgrafting. At the microstructural level there were significant decreases in both thickness of collagen fibers (3.60 ± 0.34 μm vs. 2.10 ± 0.27 μm) and waviness ratio (2.04 ± 0.17 vs. 1.43 ± 0.08) of the collagen fibers postgrafting. The decrease of the macroscopic engagement stretch from 1.19 ± 0.11 to 1.09 ± 0.08 over time postgrafting mirrored the decrease in waviness measured at the microscopic level. This suggested that the integrity of the collagen fibers was compromised and contributed to the functional deficit of the skin postgrafting.
Substance P enhances EPC mobilization for accelerated wound healing
Authors: Um Jihyun , Jung Nunggum , Chin Sukbum , Cho Younggil , Choi Sanghyuk , Park Ki‐Sook 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWound healing is essential for the survival and tissue homeostasis of unicellular and multicellular organisms. The current study demonstrated that the neuropeptide substance P (SP) accelerated the wound healing process, particularly in the skin. Subcutaneous treatment of SP accelerated wound closing, increased the population of α‐smooth muscle actin positive myofibroblasts, and increased extracellular matrix deposition at the wound site. Moreover, SP treatment enhances angiogenesis without a local increase in the expression levels of vascular endothelial growth factor and stromal cell‐derived factor‐1. Importantly, SP treatment increased both the population of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in the peripheral blood and in CD31 positive cells in Matrigel plugs. The tube forming potential of endothelial cells was also enhanced by SP treatment. The results suggested that the subcutaneous injection of SP accelerated the wound healing in the skin via better reconstitution of blood vessels, which possibly followed an increase in the systemic mobilization of endothelial progenitor cells and a more effective assembly of endothelial cells into tubes.
PLGA based drug delivery systems: Promising carriers for wound healing activity
Authors: Chereddy Kiran Kumar , Vandermeulen Gaëlle , Préat Véronique 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWound treatment remains one of the most prevalent and economically burdensome healthcare issues in the world. Current treatment options are limited and require repeated administrations which led to the development of new therapeutics to satisfy the unmet clinical needs. Many potent wound healing agents were discovered but most of them are fragile and/or sensitive to in vivo conditions. Poly(lactic‐co‐glycolic acid) (PLGA) is a widely used biodegradable polymer approved by food and drug administration and European medicines agency as an excipient for parenteral administrations. It is a well‐established drug delivery system in various medical applications. The aim of the current review is to elaborate the applications of PLGA based drug delivery systems carrying different wound healing agents and also present PLGA itself as a wound healing promoter. PLGA carriers encapsulating drugs such as antibiotics, anti‐inflammatory drugs, proteins/peptides, and nucleic acids targeting various phases/signaling cycles of wound healing, are discussed with examples. The combined therapeutic effects of PLGA and a loaded drug on wound healing are also mentioned.
Are Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors a viable therapeutic target for the treatment of cerebellar ataxia?
Authors: Power Emmet M. , English Natalya A. , Empson Ruth M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe cerebellum is a key brain structure for accurate coordination of sensory and motor function. Compared with other brain regions, the cerebellum expresses a particularly high level of Type 1 metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluR1). In this review we aim to explore the significance of these receptors for cerebellar synapse function and their potential for treating cerebellar ataxia, a poorly treated degenerative motor disorder that is often hereditary. We find a significant and historical literature showing pivotal mechanisms linking mGluR1 activity with healthy cerebellar synaptic function and motor coordination. This is best illustrated by the impaired motor behaviour in mGluR1 knockout mice that bears strong resemblance to human ataxias. More recent literature also indicates that an imbalance of mGluR1 signalling is as critical as its removal. Too much, as well as too little, mGluR1 activity contributes to ataxia in several clinically relevant mouse models, and perhaps also in humans. Given the availability and ongoing refinement of selective pharmacological tools to either reduce (negative allosteric modulation) or boost (positive allosteric modulation) mGluR1 activity, our findings suggest that pharmacological manipulation of these receptors should be explored as an exciting new approach for the treatment of a variety of human cerebellar ataxias.
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Proton detection and breathing regulation by the retrotrapezoid nucleus
Authors: Guyenet Patrice G. , Bayliss Douglas A. , Stornetta Ruth L. , Ludwig Marie‐Gabrielle , Kumar Natasha N. , Shi Yingtang , Burke Peter G. R. , Kanbar Roy , Basting Tyler M. , Holloway Benjamin B. , Wenker Ian C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe discuss recent evidence which suggests that the principal central respiratory chemoreceptors are located within the retrotrapezoid nucleus (RTN) and that RTN neurons are directly sensitive to [H+]. RTN neurons are glutamatergic. In vitro, their activation by [H+] requires expression of a proton‐activated G protein‐coupled receptor (GPR4) and a proton‐modulated potassium channel (TASK‐2) whose transcripts are undetectable in astrocytes and the rest of the lower brainstem respiratory network. The pH response of RTN neurons is modulated by surrounding astrocytes but genetic deletion of RTN neurons or deletion of both GPR4 and TASK‐2 virtually eliminates the central respiratory chemoreflex. Thus, although this reflex is regulated by innumerable brain pathways, it seems to operate predominantly by modulating the discharge rate of RTN neurons, and the activation of RTN neurons by hypercapnia may ultimately derive from their intrinsic pH sensitivity. RTN neurons increase lung ventilation by stimulating multiple aspects of breathing simultaneously. They stimulate breathing about equally during quiet wake and non‐rapid eye movement (REM) sleep, and to a lesser degree during REM sleep. The activity of RTN neurons is regulated by inhibitory feedback and by excitatory inputs, notably from the carotid bodies. The latter input operates during normo‐ or hypercapnia but fails to activate RTN neurons under hypocapnic conditions. RTN inhibition probably limits the degree of hyperventilation produced by hypocapnic hypoxia. RTN neurons are also activated by inputs from serotonergic neurons and hypothalamic neurons. The absence of RTN neurons probably underlies the sleep apnoea and lack of chemoreflex that characterize congenital central hypoventilation syndrome.
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Sensor Fusion for Vibration Suppression Implemented on Arduino and Raspberry Pi
Authors: Krauss Ryan W. 
Published: January 2016

Arduino microcontrollers are popular and easy-to-program and can be a great option for student-owned control hardware or other embedded control applications. This paper investigates whether or not an Arduino microcontroller has the computational power to implement a sensor fusion observer/controller for vibration suppression of a slewing beam. An additional approach based on combining the Arduino with a Raspberry Pi is also investigated.
Somewhat surprisingly, an Arduino microcontroller is experimentally shown to be capable of implementing a sensor fusion observer and state-space controller for a system with seven states. The floating-point matrix calculations are completed in roughly 2 milli-seconds, implying that real-time feedback control could have update frequencies in the range of 100–400 Hz. Additionally, sensor fusion leads to slight performance improvements over using just one sensor.
Organized Sports and Unstructured Active Play as Physical Activity Sources in Children From Low-Income Chicago Households
Authors: Appelhans Bradley M. , Li Hong 
Published: January 2016

Purpose:This study tested associations of organized sports participation and unstructured active play with overall moderate and vigorous physical activity (MVPA) in low-income children and examined factors associated with participation frequency.Method:Research staff visited 88 low-income Chicago households with children ages 6–13 years. MVPA was assessed through 7-day accelerometry. Researchers documented the home availability of physical activity equipment. Caregivers reported on child participation in organized sports and unstructured active play, family support for physical activity, perceived neighborhood safety, and access to neighborhood physical activity venues.Results:Despite similar participation in organized sports and unstructured active play, boys accumulated more MVPA than girls. MVPA was predicted by an interaction between gender and unstructured active play. Boys accumulated 23–45 additional minutes of weekday MVPA and 53–62 additional minutes of weekend MVPA through unstructured active play, with no such associations in girls. Higher reported neighborhood safety and family support for physical activity were associated with engagement in unstructured active play for both genders, and with participation in organized sports for girls.Conclusion:Physical activity interventions for low-income, urban children should emphasize unstructured active play, particularly in boys. Fostering family support for physical activity and safe play environments may be critical intervention components.
Analysis of Noncanonical Calcium-Dependent Protein Kinases in Toxoplasma gondii by Targeted Gene Deletion Using CRISPR/Cas9
Authors: Long Shaojun , Wang Qiuling , Sibley L. David 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT

Calcium-dependent protein kinases (CDPKs) are expanded in apicomplexan parasites, especially in
Toxoplasma gondii
where 14 separate genes encoding these enzymes are found. Although previous studies have shown that several CDPKs play a role in controlling invasion, egress, and cell division in
T. gondii
, the roles of most of these genes are unexplored. Here we developed a more efficient method for gene disruption using CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas9 (CRISPR-associated protein 9) that was modified to completely delete large, multiexonic genes from the genome and to allow serial replacement by recycling of the selectable marker using Cre-loxP. Using this system, we generated a total of 24 mutants in type 1 and 2 genetic backgrounds to ascertain the functions of noncanonical CDPKs. Remarkably, although we were able to confirm the essentiality of CDPK1 and CDPK7, the majority of CDPKs had no discernible phenotype for growth
in vitro
or infection in the mouse model. The exception to this was CDPK6, loss of which leads to reduced plaquing, fitness defect in a competition assay, and reduced tissue cyst formation in chronically infected mice. Our findings highlight the utility of CRISPR/Cas9 for rapid serial gene deletion and also suggest that additional models are needed to reveal the functions of many genes in
T. gondii
.