bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Tissue Preservation with Natural Fixatives: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation
Authors: Majumdar Barnali 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
The search for formalin substitute has been enduring from the time it was proven as a carcinogen. The natural sweetener, jaggery, as a tissue fixative has already been established and its compatibility with special stains demonstrated in our previous study. Hence, in the present study, the efficacy of jaggery, along with honey, was further evaluated using immunohistochemical procedures.

Materials and methods
A cross-sectional study with 30 samples of commercially available fresh goat oral mucosa, fixed with 10% buffered formalin (positive control), 20% honey, and 30% jaggery solution was conducted. After 24 hours of fixation, tissue sections were subjected to immunohistochemical stains pan-cytokeratin and desmin. Following which blinded evaluation was done by two examiners. Statistical analysis was accomplished using Kruskal—Wallis analysis of variance, Mann—Whitney U test, chi-square test, and Kappa statistics.

Results
The pan-cytokeratin staining intensity of jaggeryfixed tissues (2.67 ± 0.488) was observed to be more intense than honey (1.60 ± 0.507, p < 0.001) and formalin (2.13 ± 0.352, p = 0.003)-fixed tissues. Jaggery (2.33 ± 0.617) and formalin (2.40 ± 0.632) showed comparable results with respect to desmin.

Conclusion
Based on the findings, the fixative properties of jaggery surpassed honey and was found to be on par with formalin.

How to cite this article
Majumdar B, Rao RS, Patil S. Tissue Preservation with Natural Fixatives: An Immunohistochemical Evaluation. World J Dent 2016;7(2):87-91.
Spectroscopic evidence of large aspherical β-NAT
particles involved in denitrification in the December 2011 Arctic
stratosphere
Authors: Woiwode Wolfgang , Höpfner Michael , Bi Lei , Pitts Michael C. , Poole Lamont R. , Oelhaf Hermann , Molleker Sergej , Borrmann Stephan , Klingebiel Marcus , Belyaev Gennady , Ebersoldt Andreas , Griessbach Sabine , Grooß Jens-Uwe , Gulde Thomas , Krämer Martina , Maucher Guido , Piesch Christof , Rolf Christian , Sartorius Christian , Spang Reinhold , Orphal Johannes 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. We analyze polar stratospheric cloud (PSC) signatures in airborne MIPAS-STR (Michelson Interferometer for Passive Atmospheric Sounding – STRatospheric aircraft) observations in the spectral regions from 725 to 990 and 1150 to 1350 cm−1 under conditions suitable for the existence of nitric acid trihydrate (NAT) above northern Scandinavia on 11 December 2011. The high-resolution infrared limb emission spectra of MIPAS-STR show a characteristic “shoulder-like” signature in the spectral region around 820 cm−1, which is attributed to the ν2 symmetric deformation mode of NO3− in β-NAT. Using radiative transfer calculations involving Mie and T-Matrix methods, the spectral signatures of spherical and aspherical particles are simulated. The simulations are constrained using collocated in situ particle measurements. Simulations assuming highly aspherical spheroids with aspect ratios (AR) of 0.1 or 10.0 and a lognormal particle mode with a mode radius of 4.8 µm reproduce the observed spectra to a high degree. A smaller lognormal mode with a mode radius of 2.0 µm, which is also taken into account, plays only a minor role. Within the scenarios analyzed, the best overall agreement is found for elongated spheroids with AR  =  0.1. Simulations of spherical particles and spheroids with AR  =  0.5 and 2.0 return results very similar to each other and do not allow us to reproduce the signature around 820 cm−1. The observed “shoulder-like” signature is explained by the combination of the absorption/emission and scattering characteristics of large highly aspherical β-NAT particles. The size distribution supported by our results corresponds to ∼ 9 ppbv of gas-phase equivalent HNO3 at the flight altitude of ∼ 18.5 km. The results are compared with the size distributions derived from the in situ observations, a corresponding Chemical Lagrangian Model of the Stratosphere (CLaMS) simulation, and excess gas-phase HNO3 observed in a nitrification layer directly below the observed PSC. The presented results suggest that large highly aspherical β-NAT particles involved in denitrification of the polar stratosphere can be identified by means of passive infrared limb emission measurements.
Predicting carbon dioxide and energy fluxes across global FLUXNET sites with
regression algorithms
Authors: Tramontana Gianluca , Jung Martin , Schwalm Christopher R. , Ichii Kazuhito , Camps-Valls Gustau , Ráduly Botond , Reichstein Markus , Arain M. Altaf , Cescatti Alessandro , Kiely Gerard , Merbold Lutz , Serrano-Ortiz Penelope , Sickert Sven , Wolf Sebastian , Papale Dario 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Spatio-temporal fields of land–atmosphere fluxes derived from data-driven models can complement simulations by process-based land surface models. While a number of strategies for empirical models with eddy-covariance flux data have been applied, a systematic intercomparison of these methods has been missing so far. In this study, we performed a cross-validation experiment for predicting carbon dioxide, latent heat, sensible heat and net radiation fluxes across different ecosystem types with 11 machine learning (ML) methods from four different classes (kernel methods, neural networks, tree methods, and regression splines). We applied two complementary setups: (1) 8-day average fluxes based on remotely sensed data and (2) daily mean fluxes based on meteorological data and a mean seasonal cycle of remotely sensed variables. The patterns of predictions from different ML and experimental setups were highly consistent. There were systematic differences in performance among the fluxes, with the following ascending order: net ecosystem exchange (R2 < 0.5), ecosystem respiration (R2 > 0.6), gross primary production (R2> 0.7), latent heat (R2 > 0.7), sensible heat (R2 > 0.7), and net radiation (R2 > 0.8). The ML methods predicted the across-site variability and the mean seasonal cycle of the observed fluxes very well (R2 > 0.7), while the 8-day deviations from the mean seasonal cycle were not well predicted (R2 < 0.5). Fluxes were better predicted at forested and temperate climate sites than at sites in extreme climates or less represented by training data (e.g., the tropics). The evaluated large ensemble of ML-based models will be the basis of new global flux products.
Isotopic exchange on the diurnal scale between near-surface snow and lower atmospheric water vapor at Kohnen station, East Antarctica
Authors: Ritter François , Steen-Larsen Hans Christian , Werner Martin , Masson-Delmotte Valérie , Orsi Anais , Behrens Melanie , Birnbaum Gerit , Freitag Johannes , Risi Camille , Kipfstuhl Sepp 
Published: July 2016

Abstract. Quantifying the magnitude of post-depositional processes affecting the isotopic composition of surface snow is essential for a more accurate interpretation of ice core data. To achieve this, high temporal resolution measurements of both lower atmospheric water vapor and surface snow isotopic composition are required. This study presents continuous measurements of water vapor isotopes performed in East Antarctica (Kohnen station) from December 2013 to January 2014 using a laser spectrometer. Observations have been compared with the outputs of two atmospheric general circulation models (AGCMs) equipped with water vapor isotopes: ECHAM5-wiso and LMDZ5Aiso. During our monitoring period, the signals in the 2 m air temperature T, humidity mixing ratio q and both water vapor isotopes δD and δ18O are dominated by the presence of diurnal cycles. Both AGCMs simulate similar diurnal cycles with a mean amplitude 30 to 70 % lower than observed, possibly due to an incorrect simulation of the surface energy balance and the boundary layer dynamics. In parallel, snow surface samples were collected each hour over 35 h, with a sampling depth of 2–5 mm. A diurnal cycle in the isotopic composition of the snow surface is observed in phase with the water vapor, reaching a peak-to-peak amplitude of 3 ‰ for δD over 24 h (compared to 36 ‰ for δD in the water vapor). A simple box model treated as a closed system has been developed to study the exchange of water molecules between an air and a snow reservoir. In the vapor, the box model simulations show too much isotopic depletion compared to the observations. Mixing with other sources (advection, free troposphere) has to be included in order to fit the observations. At the snow surface, the simulated isotopic values are close to the observations with a snow reservoir of  ∼ 5 mm depth (range of the snow sample depth). Our analysis suggests that fractionation occurs during sublimation and that vapor–snow exchanges can no longer be considered insignificant for the isotopic composition of near-surface snow in polar regions.
Impact of Cultivation Conditions, Ethylene Treatment, and Postharvest Storage on Selected Quality and Bioactivity Parameters of Kiwifruit “Hayward” Evaluated by Analytical and Chemometric Methods
Authors: Park Yong Seo , Polovka Martin , Ham Kyung-Sik Ham , Park Yang-Kyun , Vearasilp Suchada , Namieśnik Jacek , Toledo Fernando , Arancibia-Avila Patricia , Gorinstein Shela 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Organic, semiorganic, and conventional “Hayward” kiwifruits, treated with ethylene for 24 h and stored during 10 days, were assessed by UV spectrometry, fluorometry, and chemometrical analysis for changes in selected characteristics of quality (firmness, dry matter and soluble solid contents, pH, and acidity) and bioactivity (concentration of polyphenols via Folin-Ciocalteu and p-hydroxybenzoic acid assays). All of the monitored qualitative parameters and characteristics related to bioactivity were affected either by cultivation practices or by ethylene treatment and storage. Results obtained, supported by statistical evaluation (Friedman two-way ANOVA) and chemometric analysis, clearly proved that the most significant impact on the majority of the evaluated parameters of quality and bioactivity of “Hayward” kiwifruit had the ethylene treatment followed by the cultivation practices and the postharvest storage. Total concentration of polyphenols expressed via p-hydroxybenzoic acid assay exhibited the most significant sensitivity to all three evaluated parameters, reaching a 16.5% increase for fresh organic compared to a conventional control sample. As a result of postharvest storage coupled with ethylene treatment, the difference increased to 26.3%. Three-dimensional fluorescence showed differences in the position of the main peaks and their fluorescence intensity for conventional, semiorganic, and organic kiwifruits in comparison with ethylene nontreated samples.
Sentinel Lymph Nodes for Breast Carcinoma: A Paradigm Shift
Authors: Maguire Aoife , Brogi Edi 
Published: July 2016

Context.—Sentinel lymph node biopsy has been established as the new standard of care for axillary staging in most patients with invasive breast carcinoma. Historically, all patients with a positive sentinel lymph node biopsy result underwent axillary lymph node dissection. Recent trials show that axillary lymph node dissection can be safely omitted in women with clinically node negative, T1 or T2 invasive breast cancer treated with breast-conserving surgery and whole-breast radiotherapy. This change in practice also has implications on the pathologic examination and reporting of sentinel lymph nodes.Objective.—To review recent clinical and pathologic studies of sentinel lymph nodes and explore how these findings influence the pathologic evaluation of sentinel lymph nodes.Data Sources.—Sources were published articles from peer-reviewed journals in PubMed (US National Library of Medicine) and published guidelines from the American Joint Committee on Cancer, the Union for International Cancer Control, the American Society of Clinical Oncology, and the National Comprehensive Cancer Network.Conclusions.—The main goal of sentinel lymph node examination should be to detect all macrometastases (&gt;2 mm). Grossly sectioning sentinel lymph nodes at 2-mm intervals and evaluation of one hematoxylin-eosin–stained section from each block is the preferred method of pathologic evaluation. Axillary lymph node dissection can be safely omitted in clinically node-negative patients with negative sentinel lymph nodes, as well as in a selected group of patients with limited sentinel lymph node involvement. The pathologic features of the primary carcinoma and its sentinel lymph node metastases contribute to estimate the extent of non–sentinel lymph node involvement. This information is important to decide on further axillary treatment.
Invasive Micropapillary Carcinoma of the Breast: An Update
Authors: Yang Yi-Ling , Liu Bing-Bing , Zhang Xinmin , Fu Li 
Published: July 2016

Context.—Invasive micropapillary carcinoma (IMPC) is a distinct variant of mammary carcinoma in which tumor cells are arranged in morulelike clusters devoid of fibrovascular cores and situated within empty stromal spaces. Identification of IMPC can be achieved by the assessment of morphologic features in conjunction with the characteristic “inside-out” staining pattern of epithelial membrane antigen and sialyl Lewis X highlighted by immunohistochemical analysis. Although recognizing micropapillary architecture is often not challenging, the criteria for distinguishing between mixed and pure IMPC remain imprecise. Some mucin-producing carcinomas can also have micropapillary histology, but there is no consensus on whether these tumors are variants of IMPC or mucinous carcinomas. The molecular genetic studies demonstrate that IMPCs have distinct molecular genetic profiles, supporting the theory that they constitute distinct pathologic entities. However, genomic analyses have not identified any specific genomic aberration that may explain the distinctive morphology and clinical behavior of IMPC.Objective.—To provide an overview on the current concepts in the diagnosis and pathogenesis of IMPC of the breast, incorporating recent molecular genetic advances and prognosis-based reclassification.Data Sources.—PubMed search and the cited references were reviewed.Conclusions.—The recent evolution of prognosis-based reclassification and molecular genetic advances has enhanced our knowledge of the pathogenesis of IMPC of the breast. Additional studies might reveal consistent molecular alterations that underlie the formation of the inside-out growth pattern, and they might elucidate the molecular mechanisms responsible for the unfavorable clinical behavior of IMPC.
Fabrication of branched β-Ga2O3 nanowires by post deposition annealing with Au seeds
Authors: Lee Su Yong , Lee Miseon , Kang Hyon Chol 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We report the fabrication of branched β-Ga2O3 nanowires (NWs) by a post deposition-annealing process of host β-Ga2O3 NWs with Au catalyst seeds. The host β-Ga2O3 NWs grown by powder sputtering were decorated by Au thin films and then annealed at temperatures greater than 800 °C in vacuum, oxygen, and nitrogen atmospheres. No significant morphological changes were observed in the samples annealed under the oxygen atmosphere, while the dissociation of Ga2O3 into Ga and O species occurred in the samples annealed in vacuum and nitrogen atmosphere. In the case of annealing under the nitrogen atmosphere, however, branched β-Ga2O3 NWs were formed through a vapor–liquid–solid process with Au seeds, indicating that nitrogen atmosphere facilitates the supersaturation of Ga and O vapors into catalytic Au seeds. We observed that the photoluminescence peak intensity of branched NWs was increased by a factor of 20 compared with that of the host NWs. The peak position was also shifted from ∼500 to ∼640 nm.
First-principles calculations of semiconducting TiMgN2
Authors: Irokawa Yoshihiro , Usami Mamoru 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
We investigated semiconducting TiMgN2 by a density functional approach. As a result, we found that the L11 structure was more stable than the L10 and CH structures. The band gap of L11 TiMgN2 calculated using the generalized gradient approximation was 0.27 eV, indicating an indirect band gap. Here, we show that a N vacancy introduces a donor level, but Ti and Mg vacancies introduce an acceptor level, suggesting the possibility of obtaining either n- or p-type semiconductors by introducing a specific vacancy. Since L11 TiMgN2 is a layered structure, it could be epitaxially grown by layer-by-layer deposition.
Barriers to Surgical Care and Health Outcomes: A Prospective Study on the Relation Between Wealth, Sex, and Postoperative Complications in the Republic of Congo
Authors: Lin Brian M. , White Michelle , Glover Ana , Wamah Greta Peterson , Trotti Davi L. , Randall Kirstie , Alkire Blake C. , Cheney Mack L. , Parker Gary , Shrime Mark G. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundApproximately thirty percent of the global burden of disease is comprised of surgical conditions. However, five billion people lack access to surgery, with complex factors acting as barriers. We examined whether patient demographics predict barriers to care, and the relation between these factors and postoperative complications in a prospective cohort.MethodsParticipants included people presenting to a global charity in Republic of Congo with a surgical condition between August 2013 and May 2014. The outcomes were self‐reported barrier to care and postoperative complications documented by medical record. Logistic regression was used to adjust for covariates.ResultsOf 1237 patients in our study, 1190 (96.2 %) experienced a barrier to care and 126 (10.2 %) experienced a postoperative complication. The most frequently reported barrier was cost (73 %), followed by lack of provider (8.2 %). Greater wealth was associated with decreased odds of cost as a barrier (OR 0.72 [0.57, 0.90]). Greater wealth (OR 1.52 [1.03, 2.25]) and rural home location (OR 3.35 [1.16, 9.62]) were associated with increased odds of no surgeon being available. Cost as a barrier (OR 2.82 [1.02, 7.77]), female sex (OR 3.45 [1.62, 7.33]), and lack of surgeon (OR 5.62 [1.68, 18.77]) were associated with increased odds of postoperative complication. Patient wealth was not associated with odds of postoperative complication.ConclusionsBarriers to surgery were common in Republic of Congo. Patient wealth and home location may predict barriers to surgery. Addressing gender disparities, access to providers, and patient perception of barriers in addition to removal of barriers may help maximize patient health benefits.
Multi-output optimization of tribological characteristics control factors of thermally sprayed industrial ceramic coatings using hybrid Taguchi-grey relation analysis
Authors: Yunus Mohammed , Alsoufi Mohammad S. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Lasma-sprayed thermal barrier coatings (TBCs) are gaining wide popularity and becoming more attractive for many industrial applications due to their high strength, thermal barrier/fatigue characteristics at elevated temperatures, resistance to chemical degradation, wear resistance, and environmental corrosion protection provided when coated on the surface of engineering components. To characterize the tribological properties of TBCs, a better understanding of their failure mechanisms and a thorough investigation of their performance are required. In this research, we used Taguchi-based grey relational analysis (GRA) to optimize the process parameters of various tribological characteristics of ceramic coatings applied via an atmospheric plasma spray process. Using Taguchi L16 factorial mixed-level experimental design, we also evaluated tribological characteristics such as wear loss and the coefficient of friction. Using GRA, we successfully performed a multiple output optimization and ranking of the control factors. Based on ANOVA results, we evaluated the significance of each process parameter and validated our findings in tests using the obtained optimum set of process parameters. Our study results will help to minimize wear loss and the coefficient of friction and to maximize TBC life.
Influence of inter‐parental conflict on adolescent delinquency via school connectedness: Is impulsivity a vulnerability or plasticity factor?
Authors: Liu Sha , Yu Chengfu , Zhen Shuangju , Zhang Wei , Su Ping , Xu Yang 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTThis study examined the mediating effect of school connectedness on the relationship between inter‐parental conflict and adolescent delinquency, and impulsivity's moderation of the conditional effect of school connectedness. In total, 1407 Chinese students (mean age = 12.74 years, SD = 0.57) from 4 middle schools completed anonymous questionnaires regarding inter‐parental conflict, impulsivity, school connectedness, and delinquency. Path analysis revealed school connectedness was a mediator in the relationship between inter‐parental conflict and adolescent delinquency. Furthermore, impulsivity moderated the indirect effect of school connectedness in the relationship between inter‐parental conflict and adolescent delinquency. A simple slope plot, together with a proportion affected (PA) index, indicated that impulsivity functioned more as a plasticity, rather than a vulnerability, factor in school connectedness. When school connectedness was low, high impulsivity was associated with more delinquent behaviors; however, when it was high, high impulsivity was associated with fewer delinquent behaviors.
Patient-Reported Esthetic and Functional Outcomes of Primary Total Laparoscopic Intestinal Vaginoplasty in Transgender Women with Penoscrotal Hypoplasia
Authors: Bouman Mark-Bram , van der Sluis Wouter B. , van Woudenberg Hamstra Leonora E. , Buncamper Marlon E. , Kreukels Baudewijntje P.C. , Meijerink Wilhelmus J.H.J. , Mullender Margriet G. 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACT

Introduction
Puberty-suppressing hormonal treatment may result in penoscrotal hypoplasia in transgender women, making standard penile inversion vaginoplasty not feasible. For these patients, intestinal vaginoplasty is a surgical alternative, but knowledge on patient-reported postoperative outcomes and quality of life is lacking.

Aims
To assess patient-reported functional and esthetic outcomes, quality of life, satisfaction, and sexual well-being after primary total laparoscopic intestinal vaginoplasty in transgender women.

Methods
A survey study was performed on transgender women who underwent primary total laparoscopic intestinal vaginoplasty with at least 1 year of clinical follow-up. Thirty-one transgender women completed the questionnaires (median age at time of surgery = 19.1 years, range = 18.3–45.0) after a median clinical follow-up of 2.2 years (range = 0.8–7.5). Consenting women were asked to complete a combined questionnaire of the Subjective Happiness Scale, the Satisfaction With Life Scale, Cantril's Ladder of Life Scale, the Female Sexual Function Index, the Female Genital Self-Imaging Scale, the Amsterdam Hyperactive Pelvic Floor Scale—Women, and a questionnaire addressing postoperative satisfaction.

Main Outcome Measures
Patient-reported functional and esthetic outcomes and postoperative quality of life.

Results
Patients graded their life satisfaction a median of 8.0 (range = 4.0–10.0) on Cantril's Ladder of Life Scale. Patients scored a mean total score of 27.7 ± 5.8 on the Satisfaction With Life Scale, which indicated high satisfaction with life, and a mean total score of 5.6 ± 1.4 on the Subjective Happiness Scale. Functionality was graded a median score of 8.0 of 10 (range = 1.0–10.0) and esthetics a score of 8.0 out of 10 (range = 3.0–10.0). The mean Female Sexual Function Index total score of sexually active transgender women was 26.0 ± 6.8.

Conclusion
This group of relatively young transgender women reported satisfactory functional and esthetic results of the neovagina and a good quality of life, despite low Female Sexual Function Index scores.