bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Transbody against virus core protein potently inhibits hepadnavirus replication in vivo: evidence from a duck model of hepatitis B virus
Authors: Li Yiping , Liu Zhengwen , Hui Lingyun , Liu Xi , Feng Ai , Wang Wei , Zhang Lin , Li Na , Zhou Guoqing , Wang Quanli , Han Qunying , Lv Yi , Wang Quanying , Yang Guangxiao , Wang Yawen 
Published: April 2017

Background and PurposeThe therapeutic management of hepatitis B virus (HBV) infections remains challenging, and novel antiviral strategies are urgently required. The HBV transbody, a monoclonal antibody (MAb) against human HBcAg coupled with the trans‐activator of transcription protein transduction domain (TAT PTD), was previously shown to possess cell‐penetrating ability and potent antiviral activity in vitro. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the antiviral activity of the HBcMAb‐TAT PTD conjugate in vivo in a duck model of HBV.Experimental ApproachFemale Peking ducks were injected i.p. with 0.03‐0.3 mg·kg−1·day−1 of the DHBV transbody (DHBcMAb‐TAT PTD conjugate) for 30 days. Serum DHBV DNA levels and liver DHBV DNA and covalently closed circular DNA (cccDNA) loads were determined at scheduled time points. Immunohistological examination of DHBcAg in the duck liver was also performed.Key ResultsThe DHBV transbody significantly reduced the serum and liver DHBV DNA levels at doses of 0.1 and 0.3 mg·kg−1·day−1 and liver cccDNA levels at a dose of 0.3 mg·kg−1·day−1 after 30 days of treatment. The suppressive effects of the DHBV transbody at 0.3 mg·kg−1·day−1 on the serum and liver DHBV DNA and liver cccDNA levels remained significant, even at 15 days after treatment cessation. Similarly, immunohistochemistry of liver sections revealed decreased DHBcAg levels within hepatocytes 15 days after treatment termination.Conclusions and ImplicationsThe DHBV transbody inhibits DHBV replication and possesses potent anti‐DHBV activities in vivo. The cell‐permeable antibody against the virus core antigen may be developed as a novel treatment for patients with hepadnavirus infections.
The PD‐1 expressing immune phenotype of T cell exhaustion is prominent in the ‘immunoreactive’ microenvironment of colorectal carcinoma
Authors: Prall Friedrich , Hühns Maja 
Published: April 2017

AimsThis study was designed to test programmed cell death 1 (PD‐1) expression of T cells, the hallmark of T cell exhaustion, in different ‘immune‐classes’ of colorectal carcinoma microenvironments as delineated by unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis.Methods and resultsA tissue microarray was made with punches from the invasive margins of 40 microsatellite‐unstable and 34 microsatellite‐stable colorectal carcinomas. Immune cells were phenotyped by CD8, granzyme B, CD4, FoxP3, CD68, S‐100, PD‐1 and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD‐L1) immunohistochemistry; tumour area per tissue spot was quantified by cytokeratin (CK)18 immunohistochemistry. For each tissue spot, intra‐epithelial immune cells were counted and densities of the various immune cells were calculated. Unsupervised hierarchical cluster analysis with these data yielded a group of ‘anergic/immune‐naive’ microenvironments (47.3%), a group of ‘intermediates’ (27.0%) and a group of ‘immunoreactives’ (25.7%) in which PD‐1 expressing T cells were prominent. Sixteen of 19 tissue spots representing immunoreactive microenvironments derived from microsatellite‐unstable tumours and three were from microsatellite‐stable tumours. Further phenotyping of intra‐epithelial T cells by sequential immunohistochemistry showed frequent granzyme B/CD8 co‐expression, whereas PD‐1/CD8 co‐expression was more variable. Using receiver operating curve (ROC) analysis, assignment to immune classes was seen to be feasible with good sensitivity and specificity by CD8 counts only.ConclusionA subset of colorectal carcinoma microenvironments is distinguished from the rest by an immune cell composition suggestive of active host anti‐tumour immune defence, but this appears to be antagonized by a brisk undercurrent of T cell exhaustion. This observation may have implications for selecting colorectal carcinoma patients for immune checkpoint therapy.
Characterization of three new HLA Class I Alleles in Spanish Caucasians, HLA‐A*02:620, HLA‐B*27:150 and HLA‐B*07:05:01:02
Authors: Balas A. , Planelles D. , Montesinos P. , Solano C. , Vicario J. L. 
Published: April 2017

SummaryThree new HLA class I alleles, HLA‐A*02:620, HLA‐B*27:150 and HLA‐B*07:05:01:02, were described in the Spanish Caucasoid population.
Cellular and extracellular miRNAs are blood‐compartment‐specific diagnostic targets in sepsis
Authors: Reithmair Marlene , Buschmann Dominik , Märte Melanie , Kirchner Benedikt , Hagl Daniel , Kaufmann Ines , Pfob Martina , Chouker Alexander , Steinlein Ortrud K. , Pfaffl Michael W. , Schelling Gustav 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSeptic shock is a common medical condition with a mortality approaching 50% where early diagnosis and treatment are of particular importance for patient survival. Novel biomarkers that serve as prompt indicators of sepsis are urgently needed. High‐throughput technologies assessing circulating microRNAs represent an important tool for biomarker identification, but the blood‐compartment specificity of these miRNAs has not yet been investigated. We characterized miRNA profiles from serum exosomes, total serum and blood cells (leukocytes, erythrocytes, platelets) of sepsis patients by next‐generation sequencing and RT‐qPCR (n = 3 × 22) and established differences in miRNA expression between blood compartments. In silico analysis was used to identify compartment‐specific signalling functions of differentially regulated miRNAs in sepsis‐relevant pathways. In septic shock, a total of 77 and 103 miRNAs were down‐ and up‐regulated, respectively. A majority of these regulated miRNAs (14 in serum, 32 in exosomes and 73 in blood cells) had not been previously associated with sepsis. We found a distinctly compartment‐specific regulation of miRNAs between sepsis patients and healthy volunteers. Blood cellular miR‐199b‐5p was identified as a potential early indicator for sepsis and septic shock. miR‐125b‐5p and miR‐26b‐5p were uniquely regulated in exosomes and serum, respectively, while one miRNA (miR‐27b‐3p) was present in all three compartments. The expression of sepsis‐associated miRNAs is compartment‐specific. Exosome‐derived miRNAs contribute significant information regarding sepsis diagnosis and survival prediction and could serve as newly identified targets for the development of novel sepsis biomarkers.
p53 regulates ERK1/2/CREB cascade via a novel SASH1/MAP2K2 crosstalk to induce hyperpigmentation
Authors: Zhou Ding'an , Kuang Zhongshu , Zeng Xing , Wang Ke , Ma Jiangshu , Luo Huangchao , Chen Mei , Li Yan , Zeng Jiawei , Li Shu , Luan Fujun , He Yong , Dai Hongying , Liu Beizhong , Li Hui , He Lin , Xing Qinghe 
Published: April 2017

AbstractWe previously reported that three point mutations in SASH1 and mutated SASH1 promote melanocyte migration in dyschromatosis universalis hereditaria (DUH) and a novel p53/POMC/Gαs/SASH1 autoregulatory positive feedback loop is regulated by SASH1 mutations to induce pathological hyperpigmentation phenotype. However, the underlying mechanism of molecular regulation to cause this hyperpigmentation disorder still remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular mechanism undergirding hyperpigmentation in the dyschromatosis disorder. Our results revealed that SASH1 binds with MAP2K2 and is induced by p53‐POMC‐MC1R signal cascade to enhance the phosphorylation level of ERK1/2 and CREB. Moreover, increase in phosphorylated ERK1/2 and CREB levels and melanogenesis‐specific molecules is induced by mutated SASH1 alleles. Together, our results suggest that a novel SASH1/MAP2K2 crosstalk connects ERK1/2/CREB cascade with p53‐POMC‐MC1R cascade to cause hyperpigmentation phenotype of DUH.
Predicting Concentrations of Ultrafine Particles and Volatile Organic Compounds Resulting from Desktop 3D Printer Operation and the Impact of Potential Control Strategies
Authors: Azimi Parham , Fazli Torkan , Stephens Brent 
Published: April 2017

SummaryRecent studies have shown that potentially hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) are emitted from many desktop three‐dimensional printer and filament combinations. We use recently published measurements of UFP and speciated VOC emission rates from a number of desktop 3D printers and filaments to predict the magnitudes of human exposures to airborne pollutants that would be expected in multiple locations within a typical small office environment. We also model the impacts of several control strategies for reducing occupational exposures. Results demonstrate that UFP and VOC concentrations within close or moderate proximity (i.e., within 3 and 3 to 18 meters, respectively) to some desktop 3D printer and filament combinations with the highest emissions can exceed recommended exposure levels (RELs) for some VOCs and typical indoor concentrations for both UFPs and VOCs. Concentrations of caprolactam within close proximity to a printer using some nylon‐based filaments are predicted to exceed both acute and chronic RELs set by the California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment. UFP concentrations are predicted to reach as high as 80,000 particles per cubic centimeter in close proximity to the highest emitting printer and filament combinations. The printer and filament combinations with the lowest UFP and VOC emission rates are not expected to yield concentrations at levels of concern. The most effective control strategies for reducing both UFP and VOC concentrations included installing a high‐flow spot ventilation system and operating the printer in a sealed enclosure with high‐efficiency gas and particle filtration.
Nurses' Experiences With Patients Who Die From Failure to Rescue After Surgery
Authors: Bacon Cynthia Thornton 
Published: April 2017

AbstractPurposeTo describe the lived experiences of hospital nurses caring for surgical patients who died from failure to rescue (FTR).DesignA qualitative phenomenologic approach was used. Methods to ensure rigor and trustworthiness were incorporated into the design.MethodsThe investigator conducted one‐on‐one semistructured interviews with 14 nurses, and data were analyzed using Colaizzi's methods.FindingsSix themes were identified: (a) the environment surrounding the FTR was unexpected; (b) FTR was unexpected but not preventable; (c) nurses were emotionally ill‐prepared for the FTR; (d) nurse outcomes are different in unexpected versus expected death; (e) nurses' roles as protectors are important; and (f) FTR effects future nursing practice.ConclusionsNurses' reactions after an FTR surgical death may be different when there is no identified nursing error contributing to the event. There may be key differences between deaths that are simply unexpected and those that involve FTR. The importance of mentoring junior nurses in protective surveillance skills is vital.Clinical RelevanceDeveloping an understanding of nurses' experiences with FTR can assist nurse leaders to better support nurses who experience FTR deaths. Insight into the environment surrounding FTR deaths provides a foundation for future research aimed at improving patient safety and quality through an improved working environment for nurses.
Effectiveness of a Playground Intervention for Antisocial, Prosocial, and Physical Activity Behaviors
Authors: Mayfield Carlene A. , Child Stephanie , Weaver Robert G. , Zarrett Nicole , Beets Michael W. , Moore Justin B. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDWe examined the effectiveness of Peaceful Playgrounds™ (P2) to decrease antisocial behaviors (ASB) while increasing physical activity (PA) and prosocial behaviors (PSB) in elementary school children.METHODSA longitudinal, cluster‐randomized design was employed in 4 elementary school playgrounds where students (third to fifth) from 2 intervention and 2 control schools were observed during recess periods. The intervention included environmental changes (eg, marked surfaces) and student education. Data were collected using systematic observations of youth behavior and semistructured interviews conducted with key informants. Mixed‐effects regression models controlling for scans nested within days nested within schools estimated the interaction of measurement period and treatment condition on children's PA, PSB, and ASB. It was hypothesized that children in intervention, but not control schools, would demonstrate increased PA/PSB and decreased ASB.RESULTSContrary to the hypotheses, intervention and control schools showed favorable changes for all dependent variables except for PSB, but 1 intervention and 1 control school drove these effects. Follow‐up interviews indicated variability in implementation and lack of adherence to the control condition.CONCLUSIONSP2 may promote increased PA during recess, but these results demonstrate the complexity of intervention implementation and the need for rigor when measuring intervention fidelity in real‐world settings.
Improving School Experiences for Adolescents With Type 1 Diabetes
Authors: Kise Saori S. , Hopkins Amanda , Burke Sandra 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDDiabetes mellitus (diabetes) is one of the most common metabolic diseases in children worldwide and the incidence of type 1 diabetes (T1D) is growing. T1D is complicated to manage and adolescents with diabetes face unique, age‐specific challenges. The purpose of this article is to discuss ways in which schools can create a positive environment and improve the experiences and outcomes for adolescents with T1D.METHODSThe Cumulative Index of Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed databases were searched and yielded a total of 27 articles that were used in this integrative literature review.RESULTSCommon concerns identified by students with T1D and their parents included a lack of full‐time school nurses, lack of teacher knowledge of diabetes, lack of access to diabetes tools, lack of freedom to perform diabetes self‐care, lack of nutritional information in cafeterias, and lack of communication between parents and school personnel. Students who are unable to attend school on a daily basis may not be able to achieve their academic potential.CONCLUSIONSImplications for school health including specifics for school nurses, teachers, students, and school environment were identified.
Cerebrospinal Fluid Analysis in Recumbent Adult Dairy Cows With or Without Spinal Cord Lesions
Authors: Achard D. , Francoz D. , Grimes C. , Desrochers A. , Nichols S. , Babkine M. , Fecteau G. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundDiagnosis of central nervous system (CNS) lesions in recumbent dairy cattle (RDC) is challenging because neurologic examination is limited and medical imaging often is challenging or unrewarding. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is useful in the diagnosis of CNS disorders in cattle. However, its utility in identifying spinal cord lesions inRDCremains to be evaluated.Hypothesis/ObjectivesWe hypothesized thatCSFanalysis would discriminate betweenRDCwith and without spinal cord lesions.AnimalsTwenty‐one RDC with spinal cord lesions (RDC+) and 19 without (RDC−) were evaluated.MethodsSpinal cord lesions were confirmed at necropsy. Signalment, clinical findings, andCSFresults were compared retrospectively. Total nucleated cell count and differential, protein concentration, and red blood cell count inRDC+ andRDC− were compared.ResultsNeoplasia, trauma, and infectious processes were the most frequent spinal cord lesions identified. Cerebrospinal fluid protein concentrations andTNCCwere significantly higher inRDC+ compared toRDC− (P= .0092 andP= .0103, respectively). Additionally,CSFprotein concentrations andTNCCinRDC− were lower than previously published reference ranges. Using an interpretation rule based onCSFprotein concentration andTNCC, it was possible to accurately identify 13RDCwith spinal cord lesions and 6RDCwithout lesions. It was not possible to determine spinal cord status in the remaining 18RDC.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceCerebrospinal fluid analysis is valuable in the evaluation of spinal cord status inRDC. The prognosis associated with these findings remains to be determined.
Thyroid Cysts in Cats: A Retrospective Study of 40 Cases
Authors: Miller M.L. , Peterson M.E. , Randolph J.F. , Broome M.R. , Norsworthy G.D. , Rishniw M. 
Published: April 2017

BackgroundThyroid cysts are rare in cats and poorly documented.ObjectivesTo report distinguishing clinical features and treatment responses of cats with thyroid cysts.AnimalsForty client‐owned cats.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records for cats with thyroid cysts confirmed by scintigraphy, ultrasound, magnetic resonance imaging, or necropsy at 4 referral centers between 2005 and 2016. Signalment, clinical findings, diagnostic testing, treatment, and outcome were recorded.ResultsCats ranged in age from 8 to 20 years with no apparent breed or sex predilection. 37 of 40 (93%) cats were hyperthyroid (duration, 1–96 months). Clinical findings included palpable neck mass (40/40, 100%), weight loss (15/40, 38%), dysphagia (8/40, 20%), decreased appetite (5/40, 13%), and dyspnea (4/40, 10%). Cysts were classified as small (≤8 cm3) in 16 (40%) and large (>8 cm3) in 24 (60%) cats. Of 25 cats treated with radioiodine, hyperthyroidism resolved in 23 (92%), whereas thyroid cysts resolved in 12 (50%). Radioiodine treatment resolved small cysts in 8 of 13 (62%) cats and large cysts in 4 of 11 (36%) cats. Eight cats, including 2 euthyroid cats, underwent thyroid‐cystectomy; 3 with bilateral thyroid involvement were euthanized postoperatively for hypocalcemia. Excised cystic thyroid masses were identified as cystadenoma (4) and carcinoma (4).Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThyroid cysts are encountered in hyperthyroid and euthyroid cats with benign and malignant thyroid tumors. Radioiodine treatment alone inconsistently resolved thyroid cysts. Thyroid‐cystectomy could be considered in cats with unilateral thyroid disease or when symptomatic cysts persist despite successful radioiodine treatment of hyperthyroidism.
Is three a crowd? Small group provision of a public good
Authors: Vicary Simon 
Published: April 2017

AbstractSuppose a group of individuals within a large community trust one another sufficiently to be able to co‐ordinate their contributions to a public good. The alternative is to accept a Nash equilibrium. We show that under a wide range of reasonably plausible circumstances a relatively small group size (in many cases just three) suffices for this to be beneficial to group members.
Resemblance
Authors: Cowling Sam 
Published: April 2017

AbstractOur ordinary judgments and our metaphysical theories share a common commitment to facts about resemblance. The nature of resemblance is, however, a matter of no small controversy. This essay examines some of the pressing questions that arise regarding the status and structure of resemblance. Among those to be discussed in what follows: what kinds of resemblance relations are there? Can resemblance be analyzed in terms of the sharing of properties? Is resemblance an objective or subjective matter? What, if any, resemblance facts are fundamental? How does resemblance relate to naturalness?
Relative expertise affects N170 during selective attention to superimposed face‐character images
Authors: Ip Chengteng , Wang Hailing , Fu Shimin 
Published: April 2017

AbstractIt remains unclear whether the N170 of ERPs reflects domain‐specific or domain‐general visual object processing. In this study, we used superimposed images of a face and a Chinese character such that participants' relative expertise for the two object types was either similar (Experiment 1 and 2) or different (Experiment 3). Experiment 1 showed that N170 amplitude was larger when participants attended to the character instead of the face of a face‐character combination. This result was unchanged in Experiment 2, in which task difficulty was selectively increased for the face component of the combined stimuli. Experiment 3 showed that, although this N170 enhancement for attending to characters relative to faces persisted for false characters with recognizable parts, it disappeared for unrecognizable characters. Therefore, N170 amplitude was significantly greater for Chinese characters than for faces presented within a combined image, independent of the relative task difficulty. This result strongly calls N170 face selectivity into question, demonstrating that, contrary to the expectations established by a domain‐specific account, N170 is modulated by expertise.
Short‐ and long‐term stability of alpha asymmetry in infants: Baseline and affective measures
Authors: Brooker Rebecca J. , Canen Mara J. , Davidson Richard J. , Hill Goldsmith H. 
Published: April 2017

AbstractAsymmetry in cortical activity was tested for short‐ and long‐term stability during the first year of life. Infants (N = 129) completed a total of four laboratory visits: two visits occurred about 1 week apart when infants were 6 months old, and two visits occurred about 1 week apart when infants were 12 months of age. At each laboratory visit, EEG readings were taken during five 1‐min, neutral baselines as well as during a negative and a positive emotion‐eliciting task. The stability of hemispheric asymmetry was assessed at midfrontal (F3/4, F7/8) and parietal (P3/4) electrode sites. Asymmetry in baseline and fear‐eliciting episodes showed moderate short‐term stability. Long‐term stability was apparent when assessments were composited at 6 months and 12 months. Frontal asymmetry was greater than parietal asymmetry for baseline recordings. There was minimal evidence for stability in asymmetry during positive emotion tasks. Results are discussed with regard to the collection and interpretation of alpha asymmetry measures during infancy.
Lymphatic invasion is a more significant prognostic factor than visceral pleural invasion in non‐small cell lung cancer with tumours of 3 cm or less
Authors: Moon Youngkyu , Park Jae Kil , Lee Kyo Young , Sung Sook Whan 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackground and objectiveVisceral pleural invasion is an upstaging factor that increases cancer staging from stage IA to IB for tumours of 3 cm or less. However, lymphatic invasion has not been associated with the tumour–node–metastasis (TNM) staging system. The purpose of this study was to compare visceral pleural invasion and lymphatic invasion as prognostic factors.MethodsWe retrospectively reviewed 353 consecutive patients who underwent curative resection for stage I non‐small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) tumours of 3 cm or less. Patients were divided into three groups and compared. Group A contained no invasions; group B contained visceral pleural invasion only and group C had lymphatic invasion only.ResultsGroup A patients had stage IA, but group B patients had stage IB tumours. However, group C patients had stage IA tumours. The 5‐year recurrence‐free survival for the three groups was 86.2%, 71.5% and 48.0%, respectively. There was a significant difference in survival between groups A and C (P = 0.001).Survival was not different between groups A and B (P = 0.547). In a multivariate analysis conducted to determine risk factors for recurrence, lymphatic invasion was a significant independent risk factor for recurrence (hazard ratio = 2.570, P = 0.006). Pleural invasion was not a significant risk factor for recurrence.ConclusionLymphatic invasion is a more significant prognostic factor than visceral pleural invasion in NSCLC of 3 cm or less.