bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Connecting Sacred and Mundane: From Bilingualism to Hermeneutics in Hebrew Epitaphs
Authors: Nosonovsky Michael 
Published: August 2017

AbstractGravestones with Hebrew inscriptions are the most common class of Jewish monuments still present in such regions as Ukraine or Belarus. Epitaphs are related to various Biblical, Rabbinical, and liturgical texts. Despite that, the genre of Hebrew epitaphs seldom becomes an object of cultural or literary studies. In this paper, I show that a function of Hebrew epitaphs is to connect the ideal world of Hebrew sacred texts to the world of everyday life of a Jewish community. This is achieved at several levels. First, the necessary elements of an epitaph – name, date, and location marker – place the deceased person into a specific absolute context. Second, the epitaphs quote Biblical verses with the name of the person thus stressing his/her similarity to a Biblical character. Third, there is Hebrew/Yiddish orthography code-switching between the concepts found in the sacred books and those from the everyday world. Fourth, the epitaphs occupy an intermediate position between the professional and folk literature. Fifth, the epitaphs are also in between the canonical and folk religion. I analyze complex hermeneutic mechanisms of indirect quotations in the epitaphs and show that the methods of actualization of the sacred texts are similar to those of the Rabbinical literature. Furthermore, the dichotomy between the sacred and profane in the epitaphs is based upon the Rabbinical concept of the ‘Internal Jewish Bilingualism’ (Hebrew/Aramaic or Hebrew/Yiddish), which is parallel to the juxtaposition of the Written and Oral Torah.
Environmental risk assessment as a new basis for evaluation of soil contamination in Polish law
Authors: Karczewska Anna , Kabała Cezary 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This paper discusses new regulations on the assessment of soil contamination and the principle rules for remediation of contaminated sites included in the Environmental Protection Act, amended in 2014., as well as in related implementing legislation of 2016. In place of soil quality standards and the requirement to bring soil to the state that meets the standards, the new rules of contamination assessment and new remediation criteria have been introduced, based on environmental risk assessment. Similar rules are becoming increasingly common in many countries. This article provides general knowledge on the principles for the assessment of environmental risks associated with soil contamination, taking into account its two fundamental aspects: human health risk and environmental risk. On this background, the paper presents the principles of the assessment on soil contamination contained in the Regulation 1395 (2016) of the Minister of the Environment, as well as the rules for the choice of remediation method and design of remedial actions that should be basically aimed to eliminate the risk to human health and the environment.
The effect of municipal sewage sludge on the content, use and mass ratios of some elements in spring barley biomass
Authors: Kępka Wojciech , Antonkiewicz Jacek , Gambuś Florian , Witkowicz Robert 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Municipal sewage sludge contains considerable amounts of macro and microelements essential for plant nutrition. With decreasing use of natural and organic fertilizers, there is a need to search for alternative sources of organic matter (which is a substrate for humus reproduction). In a field experiment carried out on heavy soil with neutral reaction, the effect of single application of municipal sewage sludge in a dose of 5.34 Mg·ha−1 DM was compared to an equivalent dose of mineral fertilizers. The test plant was spring barley. After application of municipal sewage sludge, slight positive changes in the chemical properties of the soil were observed. The sewage sludge increased the yield of spring barley grain and straw by, respectively, 14 and 13% in relation to treatment with mineral fertilization. Spring barley fertilized with sewage sludge contained more elements than barley grown only on mineral fertilizers. It was shown that application of municipal sewage sludge to the soil had a significant effect on increase in nutrient uptake by spring barley. Fe was taken up in the highest amount, followed by Al and Mn, and Co was taken up in the smallest amounts. Utilization of Fe, Mn, Co and Al from sewage sludge by spring barley was at 6.0, 4.7, 0.7 and 0.7%, respectively of the amount applied to the soil with this waste. The mass ratios (Fe:Mn, Fe:Al, Mn:Co) analyzed in spring barley biomass were much wider in straw than in grain. In terms of grain feed value, Fe:Mn ratio in grain and straw was greater than optimum.
The Sea of Marmara: New Locality for Lepeophtheirus europaensis Zedam, Berrebi, Renaud, Raibaut and Gabrion, 1988 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae) from Turkey
Authors: Alaş Ali , Öktener Ahmet , Türker Dilek 
Published: August 2017

Abstract

Lepeophtheirus europaensis Zeddam, Berrebi, Renaud, Raibaut and Gabrion, 1988 (Copepoda, Siphonostomatoida, Caligidae) an ectoparasite of flatfishes, was reported for the first time in the Sea of Marmara Coasts.
Some morphological characters of this parasitic copepod are given using original photographs and drawings. The general morphology, the mouth parts (antenna, mandible, maxillule, maxilla, and maxilliped), the outgrowth developed between the post-antennary process and the antenna, the setal and spinal formula from first leg to fourth leg in this study are compatible according to the specific literature.
Fish Composition and Diversity in Perak, Galas and Kelantan Rivers (Malaysia) after the Major Flood of 2014
Authors: Mohamad Radhi Amonodin , Rohasliney Hashim , Zarul Hazrin 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Fish from three major rivers, namely the Kelantan River (KR) and the Galas River (GR) in Kelantan, and the Perak River (PR) in Perak, Malaysia, were caught using gill nets with different mesh sizes, cast nets, and the electroshock method. There were 14 fishes representing five families and five fish species were collected from the Kelantan systems in February 2015. While the Galas system holds more fish, 48 individual fishes comprising of four families and 10 fish species were found there. A total of 213 fish specimens representing 10 families and 22 species were captured in PR in May 2015. For diversity index, PR had the highest value due to the catchment area and the environmental condition: Shannon-Weiner index (H’) (2.54), Species Evenness (J’) (0.73) and Simpson’s Dominance (D’) (8.93), compared to GR (H’) (2.09) (J’) (0.603) (D’) (6.52) and KR (H’) (1.62) (J’) (0.47) (D’) (5.62).
Fish Fauna Status of the Natura 2000 Sites Proposed as New or for Extension in the Rivers Someș and Mureș (Romania)
Authors: Năstase Aurel , Oţel Vasile 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
In autumn 2015 the fish fauna of river watersheds from six sites of community interest (SCI) Natura 2000 were investigated as follows: river Mureș (two SCIs) and Someș River in four SCIs from Someșul Mic, Someșul Mare and Someș. The researches were focused on the fish species of community interest (Annex II of Habitats Directive), its position in the ichthyocoenose (fish species richness, abundance and ecological parameters) and anthropogenic pressure. In investigated SCIs rivers researchers found 27 fish species including 11 species of community interest. IBI index shows moderate to good, or excellent levels of the evaluation integrity degree in fish fauna ecosystems.
Acute Toxicity of Butachlor toRutilus rutilus caspicusandSander luciopercain Vivo Condition
Authors: Forouhar Vajargah Mohammad , Hedayati Aliakbar 
Published: August 2017

AbstractHerbicides are used to control weeds and are usually targeted to sites that are specific to plants. Butachlor is an herbicide of the acetanilide class, which is widely used in agricultural fields. At the present study, lethal concentration (LC50) of butachlor was calculated forRutilus rutilus caspicusandSander luciopercawith a mean weight of 4 ± 1 g (mean ± SD). Our results indicated that LC50 96 h butachlor forR. rutilus caspicusandS. luciopercawere 0.342 and 0.760 ppm respectively. These findings suggest that butachlor is moderately toxic and moderately irritating for these two species. Clinical symptoms included irregular protrusion of the eyes and irregular swimming.
Thermocyclic Boroaluminizing of Low Carbon Steels in Pastes
Authors: Mishigdorzhiyn U. , Polyansky I. , Sizov I. , Vetter B. , Schlieter A. , Heinze S. , Leyens C. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
This paper studied isothermal and thermocyclic boroaluminizing in pastes on low carbon steels (0.2 wt.% carbon) through Thermodynamic evaluation of potential reactions in Boron Carbide and aluminum saturating pastes. The microstructure, microhardness, elemental, and phase composition of the boroaluminized layer were examined. Oxidation resistance tests of boroaluminized steels, and correlation between paste composition and structure of the layers obtained was carried out. It was found that the combination of chemical and thermocyclic treatments favorably affects the formation of the boroaluminized layer coated in pastes. In particular, it provided higher aluminum content in the diffusion layer, which lead to higher oxidation resistance at high temperatures. It also is established that thermocyclic processing contributes to structure refinement of the substrate material, which has a positive effect on the mechanical properties of the base metal.
Study of Surface Properties of Plasma Nitrided Ferritic Stainless Steel 430L
Authors: Gautam D. , Ganguli B. , Sharma S. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Glow discharge plasma nitriding has been carried out on AISI 430L steel samples by varying mixture ratios of hydrogen to nitrogen (from 1∶4 to 4∶1) and process temperature (500°C–550°C). The treated samples were characterized using micro-hardness tester, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The results show that the hardness has increased by a factor ranging from 4.79 to 5.71. The maximum hardness has been obtained for the case of process temperature 550°C, mixture ratio N2∶H2 = 1∶4, while the least hardness increase was seen for process temperature of 525°C, N2∶H2 = 4∶1. Case depth was also measured using an optical microscope. It ranged from 69 to 78 μm; minimum for process temperature 525°C, N2∶H2 = 4∶1, and maximum for process temperature 550°C, N2:H2 = 1∶4, respectively. XRD analysis showed the presence of Fe3 N, Fe4 N, and CrN when nitrogen was more than hydrogen, but only CrN were present when hydrogen was more than nitrogen in the gas mixture. The treated samples were also tested for dry wear using a pin-on-disk wear tester. The results show that weight loss of the untreated sample is from 3.8 to 5.7 times compared to treated samples under an applied load of 5 N and sliding distance of 25.4 km. The least weight loss was observed for process temperature of 550°C, mixture ratio N2∶H2 = 1∶4, and maximum weight loss was measured for process temperature of 525°C, mixture ratio N2∶H2 = 4∶1. SEM images show clear wear tracks for the untreated sample as compared to those that are barely visible for the treated samples.
A Study on Boronizing Kinetics of an Interstitial-Free Steel
Authors: Erdem Şeşen F. , Serdar Özgen Ö. , Kelami Şeşen M. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Boronizing (boron diffusion) is an important surface modification treatment applied to improve surface properties of metals, especially steels. An interstitial-free (IF) steel was boronized in this study. Boronizing was carried out electrothermochemically at 900, 960, and 1020°C temperatures by applying an electric current at 0.10, 0.20, 0.30, and 0.40 A/cm2 current densities for 15, 30, 45, 60, and 90 min in a salt bath containing 100 % Na2B4O7. The microstructures of the generated boride layers were investigated by utilizing an optical microscope and a scanning electron microscope equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer, while the phase analyses were carried out using an X-ray diffractometer (XRD). Thickness of the boride layers was measured visually on the micrographs that were taken during the microstructural investigations. Square thickness of boride layer versus time was derived for selected temperature-current density parameters. Coefficient of diffusion was calculated for the experimental conditions by applying the related equation. Change of coefficient of diffusion with temperature was presented in a diagram for given current density values; by using the slope of the line in this diagram, diffusion activation energy was evaluated to be between 80.70 and 100.16 kJ per mole depending on the current density applied during boronizing.
Characterization and Wear Performance of Borided AISI 304 and UNS S31254 Stainless Steels
Authors: Mariani F. E. , Aureliano R. T. , Casteletti L. C. , Lombardi A. N. , Totten G. E. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Austenitic stainless steels form the largest family of alloys in terms of number and applications. They are characterized by having good toughness, weldability, cold formability, and corrosion resistance in various situations. However, because they cannot harden by heat treatment, they exhibit low wear resistance. Suitable coatings can increase their wear resistance and expand their usability range. Boride coatings, with their high hardness and wear resistance are a good candidate for this purpose. In this work, samples of stainless steels, AISI 304 and UNS S31254, were subjected to liquid boriding at 950°C for 2 and 4 h. Optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and Vickers hardness tests were performed, along with tests for micro-adhesive wear (fixed-ball type). The boriding treatment resulted in the formation of layers with high hardness, in the range of 1800 to 2000 HV, which is typical for boride layers. Micro-adhesive wear tests demonstrated the great increase in wear resistance obtained through this treatment.
Hard Surface Layers by Pack Boriding and Gaseous Thermo-Reactive Deposition and Diffusion Treatments
Authors: Christiansen T. L. , Bottoli F. , Dahl K. V. , Gammeltoft-Hansen N. B. , Laursen M. B. , Somers M. A. J. 
Published: August 2017

Abstract
Thermo-reactive deposition and diffusion (TRD) and boriding are thermochemical processes that result in very high surface hardness by conversion of the surface into carbides/nitrides and borides, respectively. These treatments offer significant advantages in terms of hardness, adhesion, tribo-oxidation, and high wear resistance compared to other conventional surface hardening treatments. In this work, 4 different materials, ARMCO, AISI 409, Uddeholm ARNE® (AISI O1 equivalent), and VANADIS® 6 PM steel representing different classes of alloys, i.e., pure iron, stainless steel, and tool steels, were subjected to TRD (chromizing and titanizing) and boriding treatments. For the steels with low carbon content, chromizing results in surface alloying with chromium, i.e., formation of a (soft) “stainless” surface zone. Steels containing higher levels of carbon form chromium carbide (viz. Cr23C6, Cr7C3) layers with hardnesses up to 1800 HV. Titanizing of ARNE tool steel results in a surface layer consisting of TiC with a hardness of approximately 4000 HV. Duplex treatments, where boriding is combined with subsequent (TRD) titanizing, result in formation of hard TiB2 on top of a thick layer of Fe-based borides. The obtained surface layers were characterized with X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, reflected light microscopy, and micro-indentation.
Reliability of Examination Findings in Suspected Community-Acquired Pneumonia
Authors: Florin Todd A. , Ambroggio Lilliam , Brokamp Cole , Rattan Mantosh S. , Crotty Eric J. , Kachelmeyer Andrea , Ruddy Richard M. , Shah Samir S. 
Published: August 2017

BACKGROUND:
The authors of national guidelines emphasize the use of history and examination findings to diagnose community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) in outpatient children. Little is known about the interrater reliability of the physical examination in children with suspected CAP.

METHODS:
This was a prospective cohort study of children with suspected CAP presenting to a pediatric emergency department from July 2013 to May 2016. Children aged 3 months to 18 years with lower respiratory signs or symptoms who received a chest radiograph were included. We excluded children hospitalized ≤14 days before the study visit and those with a chronic medical condition or aspiration. Two clinicians performed independent examinations and completed identical forms reporting examination findings. Interrater reliability for each finding was reported by using Fleiss’ kappa (κ) for categorical variables and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for continuous variables.

RESULTS:
No examination finding had substantial agreement (κ/ICC &gt; 0.8). Two findings (retractions, wheezing) had moderate to substantial agreement (κ/ICC = 0.6–0.8). Nine findings (abdominal pain, pleuritic pain, nasal flaring, skin color, overall impression, cool extremities, tachypnea, respiratory rate, and crackles/rales) had fair to moderate agreement (κ/ICC = 0.4–0.6). Eight findings (capillary refill time, cough, rhonchi, head bobbing, behavior, grunting, general appearance, and decreased breath sounds) had poor to fair reliability (κ/ICC = 0–0.4). Only 3 examination findings had acceptable agreement, with the lower 95% confidence limit &gt;0.4: wheezing, retractions, and respiratory rate.

CONCLUSIONS:
In this study, we found fair to moderate reliability of many findings used to diagnose CAP. Only 3 findings had acceptable levels of reliability. These findings must be considered in the clinical management and research of pediatric CAP.
Prognostic significance of micro RNA 150 marker in BCR-ABL positive chronic myeloid leukaemia patients on imatinib mesylate
Authors: Ezeanosike Obumneme B. , Afonne Onyenmechi J. 
Published: August 2017

Background: Micro-RNAs control gene expression by destabilizing targeted transcripts and inhibiting their translation. In chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML), abnormal expressions of miRNAs have been described. The current treatment for newly diagnosed cases of CML is imatinib mesylate which produces rapid haematological responses. It is currently impossible to predict whether a patient will develop resistance to imatinib mesylate. This makes identification of predictors of resistance to imatinib an important goal in management of patients with CML. MicroRNA expression patterns can be used to predict outcome which can be remission or relapse. This study therefore, was set to assess the possible use of microRNA 150 for prognostication.Methods: Fifty peripheral blood samples previously collected from CML patients who were being treated with imatinib mesylate and stored in the refrigerator at +4°C were analyzed for the expression of microRNAs 150. Total RNA was extracted from guanidium isothiocynate (GITC) lysate of the blood samples using RNeasy mini spin column. The total RNA was converted to complimentary DNA by random hexamer priming using Murine Moloney Leukaemia Virus Reverse Transcriptase. Real time Multiplex PCR was used for detecting Breakpoint Cluster Region-Abelson Murine Leukaemia (BCR-ABL) transcript type.Results: The patients’ samples showed an expression of miRNA-150. Correlation of BCR-ABL ratio with miRNA-150 was done and the Spearman correlation coefficient (Rho) between BCR-ABL1 and miRNA-150 was 0.442 (p = 0.001; CI = 0.18-0.65) showing that there was a positive correlation between BCR-ABL1 and miRNA-150. The coefficient of determination was 20% (CI = 3-42%), which implies that about 20% of BCR-ABL1 ratio could be accounted for by the miRNA-150 values.Conclusions: Therefore, once patients who are on imatinib achieve molecular remission of the CML, the miRNA-150 can be useful in predicting outcome which could be relapse or complete molecular remission but is weak at diagnosis in predicting such outcome.
Clinical study of lower respiratory tract infections in children attending a tertiary care hospital
Authors: Munagala Venkata Krishna , Uma Mahesh Ramisetty M. , Kandati Jithendra , Ponugoti Munilakshmi 
Published: August 2017

Background: WHO estimated burden of respiratory tract infections in 2010, estimates four and half million deaths due to respiratory tract infections among children every year. In India, 1.2 million deaths have been reported among children due to RTI among 5.9 million deaths globally. Lower respiratory tract infections are most common causes of death than upper respiratory tract infections. Pneumonia and Bronchiolitis are most common types of LRTI in children. Pneumonia accounts for most of the deaths in children < 5 years of age. The present study was undertaken with an objective to know the various types of lower respiratory tract infections in children less than 12 years of age. The study also aims to know the various bacterial agents causing respiratory tract infections with their antibiotic susceptibility.Methods: Hospital based, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted for a period of one year and 375 children were enrolled. Demographic, clinical history and examination was done and signs and symptoms noted. All necessary investigations were performed and followed regularly for management and outcome.Results: Incidence of LRTI in the study was 9.76% with male preponderance (65.33%) and most common among children in 1-4 years age group. Ratio of males to females was 1.9:1. 73.6% of cases were in low socio-economic group, 35.2% were found with PEM-I grade and 18.13% had no immunization coverage. Cough and breathlessness were the major symptoms and respiratory distress and clubbing were major signs in the study. Bronchopneumonia was the commonest cause (38.7%) followed by bronchiolitis and Allergic bronchitis. 18.45 of cases had anemia and Leucocytosis was also present. Pulmonary infiltration was the major finding in the X-ray of chest. Streptococcus pneumoniae and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the common bacterial pathogens isolated.Conclusions: To conclude, our study clearly highlighted the various types of clinical presentations, risk factors and different types of LRTI in children <12 years of age. Understanding a clear knowledge of the etiology and bacterial pathogens clearly provides guidance for the physician in management and clinical outcome.
Assessment of missed opportunities of immunization in children visiting health facility
Authors: Verma Suresh Kumar , Mourya Harish Kumar , Yadav Anita , Mourya Saroj , Dabi D. R. 
Published: August 2017

Background: A missed opportunity of immunization is one of the important contributing factors for poor immunization status of western desert part of India. The present study is aimed to know the prevalence of MOI in children visiting the Health facility.Methods: Immunization status was assessed via interview method using standard protocols recommended by the WHO, in a total of 600 children aged less than two years (200 indoor and 400 outdoor patients) enrolled randomly. The children who had missed an immunization opportunity were compared with those who had not, for socio-demographic variables and reasons for same were determined.Results: 45.64% of children had missed an opportunity for immunization in health care visit Illiteracy, higher birth order, rural residence; poor socioeconomic status emerged as the risk factors. Failure to assess Immunization during health visit was found in 82.39%, lack of knowledge of the parents regarding immunization schedule in 79.40% and false contraindications (mild acute illness in 21%, current antimicrobial therapy in 8.22%, convalescent phase of illness in 7.86%, recent exposure to infectious disease in 5.24%, fever precipitating seizures in 1.12%, pre-maturity 0.74% in that order) were the main causes.Conclusions: Immunization is an important but yet neglected part of child health visits. Each child’s immunization status should be assessed at every health care visit to avoid missed opportunities.