bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The cost‐effectiveness of testing for NS5a resistance‐associated polymorphisms at baseline in genotype 1a‐infected (treatment‐naïve and treatment‐experienced) subjects treated with all‐oral elbasvir/grazoprevir regimens in the United States
Authors: Elbasha E. H. , Robertson M. N. , Nwankwo C. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryBackgroundThe presence of baseline NS5A resistance‐associated variants (RAVs) impacted treatment response in HCV genotype 1a (GT1a)‐infected patients treated with elbasvir/grazoprevir (EBR/GZR) for 12 weeks, but not patients treated with EBR/GZR and ribavirin (RBV) for 16 weeks.AimsTo assess the cost‐effectiveness of baseline testing for NS5A RAVs in EBR/GZR‐treated patients compared without testing, and with current treatments for GT1a patients.MethodsWe simulated the course of treatment with EBR/GZR, ledipasvir/sofosbuvir (LDV/SOF) and ombitasvir/paritaprevir/ritonavir+dasabuvir (3D) with or without RBV and natural history of disease of GT1a patients. Treatment‐related data from clinical trials were used in a state‐transition model of the natural history of chronic HCV GT1a infection and liver disease to project lifetime costs (US$2015) and quality‐adjusted life years (QALY). Other clinical and economic inputs were estimated from published sources. We conducted base case and sensitivity analyses.ResultsRAVs testing‐guided treatment with EBR/GZR resulted in more QALYs than EBR/GZR without testing, 3D+RBV, or LDV/SOF8. This strategy was cost‐saving relative to 3D+RBV or LDV/SOF8 and was cost‐effective compared with EBR/GZR without testing. LDV/SOF12 was not cost‐effective compared with the EBR/GZR RAVs testing‐based strategy. Treatment with EBR/GZR guided by RAVs testing is the most effective regimen among treatment‐experienced patients without cirrhosis and cirrhotic patients. In sensitivity analysis, RAVs testing was cost‐effective in 48–55% and 63–85% among noncirrhotic and cirrhotic patients respectively.ConclusionsRAVs testing before treatment with EBR/GZR is likely to be a cost‐effective alternative to the use of EBR/GZR without testing, LDV/SOF, or 3D among GT1a treatment‐naïve or treatment‐experienced patients.
Effects of dietary heme iron and exercise training on abdominal fat accumulation and lipid metabolism in high‐fat diet‐fed mice
Authors: Katsumura Masanori , Takagi Shoko , Oya Hana , Tamura Shohei , Saneyasu Takaoki , Honda Kazuhisa , Kamisoyama Hiroshi 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAnimal by‐products can be recycled and used as sources of essential nutrients. Water‐soluble heme iron (WSHI), a functional food additive for supplementing iron, is produced by processing animal blood. In this study, we investigated the effects of dietary supplementation of 3% WSHI and exercise training for 4 weeks on the accumulation of abdominal fat and lipid metabolism in mice fed high‐fat diet. Exercise‐trained mice had significantly less perirenal adipose tissue, whereas WSHI‐fed mice tended to have less epididymal adipose tissue. In addition, total weight of abdominal adipose tissues was significantly decreased in the Exercise + WSHI group. Dietary WSHI significantly increased the messenger RNA (mRNA) levels of lipoprotein lipase and hormone‐sensitive lipase. WSHI‐fed mice also tended to show increased mRNA levels of adipose triglyceride lipase in their epididymal adipose tissue. Dietary WSHI also significantly decreased the mRNA levels of fatty acid oxidation‐related enzymes in the liver, but did not influence levels in the Gastrocnemius muscle. Exercise training did not influence the mRNA levels of lipid metabolism‐related enzymes in the epididymal adipose tissue, liver or the Gastrocnemius muscle. These findings suggest that the accumulation of abdominal fat can be efficiently decreased by the combination of dietary WSHI and exercise training in mice fed high‐fat diet.
Meat quality and intramuscular fatty acid composition of Catria Horse
Authors: Trombetta Maria Federica , Nocelli Francesco , Pasquini Marina 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn order to extend scientific knowledge on autochthonous Italian equine meat, the physical–chemical parameters of Catria Horse Longissimus thoracis (LT) muscle and its nutritional characteristics have been investigated. Ten steaks of Catria foal raised at pasture and fattened indoors for 2 months were dissected, and LT muscle was analyzed for chemical composition, total iron, drip loss, colorimetric characteristics, intramuscular fat, fatty acid profile and nutritional indexes. Steak dissection showed that LT muscle accounted for 36.78% and fat accounted for 9.19% of weight of steak. Regarding chemical composition, protein and fat content was 20.31% and 2.83%, respectively. Total iron content (1.95 mg/100 g) was lower than data reported in the literature. Color parameters showed a luminous and intense red hue muscle. The sum of unsaturated fatty acid composition (50.3%) was higher than the sum of saturated fatty acids (46.64 %). The fatty acid profile and nutritional values of Catria Horse meat could be modified adopting extensive rearing systems and grazing. The data suggests that further investigation on the composition of Catria Horse meat should be carried out to valorize this autochthonous breed, reared in sustainable livestock systems, and its meat in local short‐chain systems.
The structure of anoline (Reptilia: Dactyloidae: Anolis) toe pads in relation to substratum conformity
Authors: Russell Anthony P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAdhesive toe pads of geckos house modified components of vascular and/or connective tissues that promote conformity of the setal fields with the locomotor substratum. Similar modifications have been claimed for the digits of Anolis, but evidence for them is not compelling. Angiographic and histological investigations of Anolis failed to identify any evidence of either an intralamellar vascular reticular network or a central sinus. Instead, their vascularity more closely resembles that of lizards in general than that of pad‐bearing geckos. The loose connective tissue of the toe pads likely contributes to their general pliability and flexibility, promoting localized compliance with the substratum. Through the shedding cycle, the lamellae change shape as the replacing setae elongate. The outer epidermal generation lacunar cells on the inner lamellar faces simultaneously hypertrophy, providing for compatibility between overlapping lamellae, enabling reciprocity between them. This contributes to continuing compliance of the setal fields with the substratum. Overall, digital structure and attachment and release kinematics of the toe pads of Anolis are very similar to those of geckos exhibiting an incipient adhesive mechanism. Both lack major anatomical specializations for promoting conformity of the setae with the locomotor substratum beyond those of the seta‐bearing portions of the epidermis.
Restructuring development expertise and labour in the CIDA‐DFAIT merger
Authors: Essex Jamey , Carmichael Logan 
Published: December 2016

Key Messages

In 2013, the Canadian federal government amalgamated its development, foreign, and trade policy institutions into a single department.
We examine this merger by focusing on development experts from the Canadian International Development Agency who have moved into the amalgamated department.
The merger is producing far‐reaching changes in institutional culture, bureaucratic structures, and labour relations as the new department takes shape.
Slow science, the geographical expedition, and Critical Physical Geography
Authors: Lane Stuart N. 
Published: December 2016

Key Messages

Isabelle Stengers' critique of 21st‐century science points to the need to change how we relate to the subjects that we study, under the umbrella of “slow science.”
Human geographer William Bunge's notion of geographical expedition may be a means of doing this, even if “expedition” is a term to be used cautiously.
Slow science may allow a more creative and critical Physical Geography centred on the very curiosity that makes being a scientist so interesting.
Graph theoretical analysis, insilico modeling, design, and synthesis of compounds containing benzimidazole skeleton as antidepressant agents
Authors: Theivendren Panneerselvam , Subramanian Arumugam , Murugan Indhumathy , Joshi Shrinivas D. , More Uttam A. 
Published: December 2016

In this study, drug target was identified using KEGG database and network analysis through Cytoscape software. Designed series of novel benzimidazoles were taken along with reference standard Flibanserin for insilico modeling. The novel 4‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)‐N‐(substituted phenyl)‐4‐oxobutanamide (3a–j) analogs were synthesized and evaluated for their antidepressant activity. Reaction of 4‐(1H‐benzo[d]imidazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐oxobutanoic acid (1) with 4‐(1H‐benzo [d] imidazol‐2‐yl)‐4‐oxobutanoyl chloride (2) furnished novel 4‐(1H‐benzo [d] imidazol‐2‐yl)‐N‐(substituted phenyl)‐4‐oxobutanamide (3a–j). All the newly synthesized compounds were characterized by IR, 1H‐NMR, and mass spectral analysis. The antidepressant activities of synthesized derivatives were compared with standard drug clomipramine at a dose level of 20 mg/kg. Among the derivatives tested, most of the compounds were found to have potent activity against depression. The high level of activity was shown by the compounds 3d, 3e, 3i, and it significantly reduced the duration of immobility time at the dose level of 50 mg/kg.
Leaving foster or residential care: a participatory study of care leavers' experiences of health and social care transitions
Authors: Liabo K. , McKenna C. , Ingold A. , Roberts H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundYoung people in residential or foster care experience multiple transitions around their 18th birthday without the long term and consistent support from their family of origin that most of their peers can expect. We report a mixed methods qualitative study of transitions across health and social care services for children leaving care, providing narratives of what young people described as positive, and what they and professionals think might be improved.MethodsData were collected in participatory meetings and individual interviews between young people and researchers (n = 24) and individual interviews with practitioners (n = 11). In addition to discussion and interview techniques, we used pictorial and other participatory methods. Interviews were coded by three members of the team and differences resolved with a fourth. Our analysis draws on thematic and framework approaches.ResultsHealth was rarely at the top of any young person's agenda, although gaps in health care and exceptional care were both described. Housing, financial support and education took priority. Young people and professionals alike emphasized the importance of workers prepared to go the extra mile; of young people being able to contact professionals; and professionals being able to contact one another.ConclusionsPolicy and practice aspirations for care leavers recommend gradual change but transfer rather than transition continues to be described by care leavers. Our data support the need for transition as a long‐term process, with children and young people having early opportunities to prepare for citizenship.
Infant Attention Is Dynamically Modulated With Changing Arousal Levels
Authors: de Barbaro Kaya , Clackson Kaili , Wass Sam V. 
Published: December 2016

Traditional accounts of developing attention and cognition emphasize static individual differences in information encoding; however, work from Aston‐Jones et al. suggests that looking behavior may be dynamically influenced by autonomic arousal. To test this model, a 20‐min testing battery constituting mixed photos and cartoon clips was shown to 53 typical 12‐month‐olds. Look duration was recorded to index attention, and continuous changes in arousal were tracked by measuring heart rate, electrodermal activity, and movement levels. Across three analyses, we found that continuous changes in arousal tracked simultaneous changes in attention measures, as predicted by the Aston‐Jones model. It was also found that changes in arousal tended to precede (occur before) subsequent changes in attention. Implications of these findings are discussed.
The Representation of an Action: Tragedy between Kant and Hegel
Authors: Cooper Andrew 
Published: December 2016

AbstractHegel's theory of tragedy has polarized critics. In the past, many philosophers have claimed that Hegel's theory of tragedy removes Kant's critical insights and returns to pre‐critical metaphysics. More recently, several have argued that Hegel does not break faith with tragic experience but allows philosophy to be transformed by tragedy. In this paper I examine the strength of this revised position. First I show that it identifies Hegel's insightful critique of Kant's theoretical assumptions. Yet I then argue that it fails to note the practical importance of Kant's separation of knowledge and aesthetics. I propose an alternative approach to tragedy that builds from the revised view and yet maintains the autonomy of aesthetics. Tragedy represents an action, a set of events that are internally unified and yet cannot be reduced to theory. This is to say that tragedy confronts us with an aesthetic sphere of making and doing that, while constrained, is incessantly open and free.
Nutritional considerations for horses with colitis. Part 2: Parenteral nutrition, new nutritional considerations and specific dietary recommendations
Authors: Magdesian K. G. , Bozorgmanesh R. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryHorses with colitis often do not have adequate voluntary intake of feeds to support recovery. In addition, they may not tolerate forced enteral feeding, due to ileus, abdominal distention, or colic. Parenteral nutrition is the appropriate form of nutritional support in these cases. This review provides guidelines for selection of cases for parenteral nutrition (PN), as well as steps to institute it. Guidelines for dextrose and insulin therapy are also provided. New nutritional considerations, as well as probiotics, for critically ill horses are discussed. Recommendations are provided for specific forms of colonic disorders.
Density‐dependent effects on reproductive performance in a recovering population of White‐tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla
Authors: Heuck Christian , Herrmann Christof , Schabo Dana G. , Brandl Roland , Albrecht Jörg 
Published: December 2016

Understanding the mechanisms that shape density‐dependent processes and population dynamics is often essential for species conservation. Two key mechanisms of density‐dependent reductions in reproductive performance are a limited access to foraging habitats (the habitat heterogeneity hypothesis) and territorial aggression towards conspecifics (the interference competition hypothesis) at high population densities. Disentangling the relative importance of these mechanisms within populations below their carrying capacity is important for the evaluation of the success of conservation measures. However, relatively few studies have attempted to quantify the relative importance of both mechanisms for the reproductive performance of a population. Many raptor populations are ideal model systems to investigate density‐dependent effects because they are currently recovering from human‐induced reductions during the last decades. Using a 14‐year dataset, we combined analyses of individual reproductive performance with a mechanistic population model to investigate early signs of density‐dependent regulation in a population of White‐tailed Eagles Haliaeetus albicilla in north‐east Germany. We found a negative effect of the number of neighbouring breeding pairs and a positive effect of water surface area (as a proxy for the availability of favourable foraging habitat) on breeding success and on the average number of nestlings. The mean nearest neighbour distance between breeding pairs has decreased, and the mean distance of nests to the nearest water body has increased over the last 14 years. Moreover, the population model indicates that even though the population is still growing, carrying capacity could be reached at about 500–950 territorial pairs. These results suggest that the selection of nesting sites is determined by a trade‐off between the distance to favourable foraging habitat and the distance to neighbouring breeding pairs. To avoid increasing competition with conspecifics, due to continued population growth, breeding pairs seem to select increasingly suboptimal habitats. Therefore, our results suggest that the habitat heterogeneity and interference competition hypotheses are not necessarily mutually exclusive as mechanisms of density‐dependent population regulation, but can determine the reproductive performance of a raptor population simultaneously. Thus, a future decline in breeding success does not necessarily reflect a decrease in habitat quality but may rather be a consequence of density‐dependent mechanisms. This information may be useful for the interpretation of population trends and for the development of appropriate management strategies for recovering raptor populations.
From threat to gradual lifestyle changes: Iranians’ experiences with chronic illnesses
Authors: Vahedparast H. , Mohammadi E. , Ahmadi F. 
Published: November 2016

AimThis study aimed to explore and describe the experience of making a healthy lifestyle change among the patients with chronic illness.BackgroundDespite the existence of different evidence on the critical role of lifestyle in the prevention and management of chronic diseases, many people face challenges in terms of starting and maintaining a healthy lifestyle.MethodsA descriptive qualitative study with in‐depth semi‐structured interviews was carried out in 2015 in Iran. Thirty‐four patients with common chronic illnesses were invited to the study using purposive sampling. The collected data were analysed by content analysis.FindingsThe main themes were: trying to remove the perceived threat, considering and trying to do physical activities, considering and planning for a healthy diet, striving to manage stress and having gradual acceptance of new habits and coping with them.LimitationsThe participants were selected from among those with chronic illness. However, there is also a need to assess the family and healthcare providers’ perspectives.Conclusion and implications for nursingThe perceived threat of the disease plays an important role in the process of changing to a healthy lifestyle in Iranian with chronic illnesses. It is necessary for healthcare providers, especially nurses, to use this threat as a golden opportunity to accelerate changes in patients’ behaviours.Implications for nursing policyFindings may help policy makers become aware of the need for nurses to create community‐based nursing in Iran. Community nurses can remind patients of perceived threats to their health to motivate them for continued healthy behaviours. Therefore, nursing curricula should be revised and educational programs utilise a community‐based health approach.
A policy analysis of teamwork as a proposal for healthcare humanization: implications for nursing
Authors: da Silva R.N. , de Freitas F.D. da S. , de Araújo F.P. , Ferreira M. de A. 
Published: November 2016

AimTo analyse the implications of the political devices of the Brazilian National Humanization Policy, Singular Therapeutic Project and Reference Team and Matrix Support, for nursing as a professional discipline.BackgroundThe Brazilian Unified Health System, SUS‐Brazil, has as its principles regarding health care: universal access at all levels of care; equality and non‐discrimination; integrality; community participation; and political and administrative decentralization, regionalization, and hierarchization. The National Humanization Policy is a public health policy that serves as the methodological apparatus for the application of the SUS‐Brazil principles. Reference Teams refers to inter‐ and transdisciplinary/professional teams. These team approaches are associated with increased quality of care.MethodsQualitative lexical content policy analysis of the official documents for the Brazilian National Humanization Policy.FindingsThe Reference Team model that is used to carry out Singular Therapeutic Projects leads to discussion of disciplinary boundaries in the context of health care.Conclusion and implications for nursing and health policyThe Brazilian National Humanization Policy demands inclusion of various kinds of knowledge and networking. Research is needed to elucidate the nature of nursing care and its distinctive character in relation to the work objectives of other professional disciplines.
Metaphors in managerial and employee sensemaking in an information systems project
Authors: Hekkala Riitta , Stein Mari‐Klara , Rossi Matti 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis longitudinal study looks at the metaphors used in a public sector information systems development project from the perspective of cognitive metaphor theory (Lakoff & Johnson, ). We examine the use of metaphors by project team members, including representatives of the users, software developers and the managers guiding the project work. The findings indicate that project team members and managers use a rich set of metaphors to make sense of the project and the records management system they are working on. Notably, distinct sets of metaphors are used in different project phases and among the project personnel and management. As the differences in the metaphors also coincide with key events in the trajectory of the project, we contend that metaphors have significant power in sensemaking, influencing action and project outcomes. In particular, we find that in highly ambiguous, knowledge‐intensive situations, metaphor use with unclear intentions and purpose hinders learning and creates more chaos than order. From a practical perspective, our study highlights the relevance of metaphor use for project management. We suggest that intentional selection of metaphors by management could be beneficial for many complex information systems projects. © 2016 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
An unusual presentation of postaxial polydactyly of the foot
Authors: López‐López Daniel , Becerro‐de‐Bengoa‐Vallejo Ricardo , Losa‐Iglesias Marta Elena , Bautista Casasnovas Adolfo Laureano 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTA 6‐month‐old Caucasian baby is described with a postaxial polydactyly of the letf foot. Radiographic examination revealed the accessory digit was composed of soft tissue, some with a tiny osseous element, originated from around the metatarsophalangeal joint, defined by floating type (FT). The parents had consistent difficulty putting shoes. We encountered an exceedingly rare presentation of FT, to our inspection, had neither been previously related in published studies. To the best of our knowledge, this represents the unusual case of congenital deformity lesion on the left foot to be reported in the medical literature.
Global Sport Power Europe? The Efficacy of the European Union in Global Sport Regulation
Authors: García Borja , Meier Henk Erik 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe effectiveness of the European Union (EU) as global regulator is controversial. Some scholars characterize the EU as one of the most important shapers of global regulations; others argue that the EU's effectiveness critically depends on its regulatory cohesion, the political opportunity structure and regulatory capacity of its interlocutors. Since global sport represents a regionally segmented industry and is governed by private actors of diverse regulatory capacity, global sport regulation represents an excellent domain to study these propositions systematically. Comparative case studies on global sport regulation support the idea that the EU can impose its regulatory ambitions on sport governing due to market size and regulatory capacity. However, the broader political opportunity structure is found to be relevant and the EU does not appear as a strong regulator of global sports.