bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
How Accurately do Thermoluminescence and Photoluminescence Dosimetry Systems Indicate the New ICRU Dose Quantities for Individual Monitoring?
Authors: Böhm J. , Piesch E. , Regulla D.F. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In 1985, the German-Swiss radiation protection association and the PTB organised an intercomparison programme for individual monitoring systems to find out whether these systems are able to measure the new dose equivalents H'(10) and H'(0.07) specified in ICRU Report 39. Twelve laboratories from Switzerland, Austria, England and the Federal Republic of Germany participated with 30 dosimetry systems including TLD systems for whole-body monitoring (13), TLD systems for extremity dosimetry (5), PLD systems (2), and film dosimetry systems (6). The dosemeters were irradiated with photons on the surface of an Alderson human phantom or an ICRU sphere. The range of the mean photon energy was 26 keV to 662 keV. It was observed that there are already some dosimetry systems of every type (TLD, PLD, etc) whose response, with respect to H'(10) and H'(0.07), does not vary appreciably with photon energy. However, in general, special effort is needed to implement the new dose quantities in routine monitoring.
Radiophotoluminescent Glass Reader
Authors: Barthe J.R. , Prigent R. , Chapuis J.C. , Chuiton R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In spite of the fact that phosphate glasses have pre-dose levels higher than those of thermoluminescent materials, they are still used for certain specific applications in dosimetry and in particular for criticality dosimetry. Because of the non-availability of readers suitable for measurements of this type corresponding to doses ranging from a few tens of milligrays up to several grays, we designed and realised a laboratory reader. The reader resembles a conventional fluorimeter with optimised elements. Procedures such as the stabilisation of UV flux, limiting excitation times, temperature corrections, sequential reading etc. are ensured by an internal microprocessor. The resulting reader is compact. It has a high performance and level of reliability. A double readout procedure, before and after irradiation, enables doses to be estimated with a high degree of precision. Accuracy depends on the specific characteristics of the glass and in particular on its background noise.
LiF-TLD in the Microgray Dose Range Via Computerised Glow Curve Deconvolution and Background Smoothing
Authors: Horowitz Y.S. , Moscovitch M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A computerised glow curve deconvolution technique (CGCD) and its application to the ultralow dose thermoluminescence (TL) glow curve of LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-100) are described. The benefits in precision and minimum measurable dose (MMD) applied to TLD-100 are considerable. The CGCD analysis interpolatively estimates the background signal under peaks 4 and 5 which greatly reduces the errors introduced by inaccurate background subtraction due to second readout as well as eliminating the need for second readout. In addition, the error introduced via inaccurate separation of peak 3 is reduced and post-irradiation annealing is rendered unnecessary. An additional important feature of the CGCD method is the ability to reject/correct outliers in the glow curve. Assuming a MMD criterion of ±20% (1 SD) precision yields a MMD of 1.9 µGy (0.19 mrad) and 27 µGy (2.7 mrad) for CGCD and routine analysis respectively, i.e. an improvement in MMD of a factor 14.2.
Role of Alkaline Earth Sulphide Phosphors in Solid State Dosimetry
Authors: Rao R.P. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
With the increasing use of nuclear energy, there is a need for a wider range of efficient dosemeters for radiation detection and assessment. There has been a tremendous growth in the development of radiation detectors and devices in the past few decades. In recent years, the development of new materials for radiation dosimetry has progressed significantly. Alkaline earth sulphides (AES) have been known for a long time as excellent and versatile phosphor materials. In the present investigation, a number of phosphor samples such as mono, binary and ternary sulphides of alkaline earths (IIa-VIb) have been prepared and their TL properties have been studied with respect to exposure (X ray) response and fading. In this paper, some results on MgS:Eu,Sm, (Ba, Ca)S:Cu and (Ba, Ca, Sr)S:Cu,Bi phosphors are presented. The possibilities of using these materials in practical solid state dosimetry are discussed.
The Control of Background in the Production of TL Dosemeters
Authors: Lucas A.C. , Kapsar B.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
As ALARA becomes more and more real in personnel dosimetry, TL dosemeters have assumed the role of low level detectors. While, for earlier years, intrinsic backgrounds were considered a necessary part of the dosemeter, identification and control of background sources is presently an important part of TLD technology. Typical radioactive interferences have been identified for starting chemicals for calcium fluoride. Screening methods have been devised with quantitative limits which are related to dosemeter performance criteria. Residual strain and radiation exposure also produce both fixed backgrounds and background rates. The time and temperature dependence of the interferences have been reviewed and methods for minimising their magnitude devised.
Radiolyoluminescence Studies of Mannose
Authors: O'Hagan J.B. , Pearson A.J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Radiolyoluminescence is the emission of light from an irradiated solid upon dissolution. Mannose is closely tissue-equivalent for both high and low LET radiations. Results are reported on the batch to batch variations in sensitivity and dose thresholds for mannose powder. Absorbed dose-response curves are presented. Methods of increasing sensitivity and lowering dose thresholds and the potential use of mannose for practical dosimetry are discussed.
Incorporation of Monte Carlo Electron Interface Studies into Photon General Cavity Theory
Authors: Horowitz Y.S. , Moscovitch M. , Mack J.M. , Hsu H. , Kearsley E. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Electron Monte Carlo calculations using CYLTRAN and a new PHSECE (photon produced secondary electrons) technique were carried out to estimate electron fluences and energy deposition profiles near LiF/Al and LiF/Pb material interfaces undergoing 60Co irradiation. Several interesting and new features emerge: (i) Although the build-up of the secondary electron fluences at the interfaces of the irradiated media is approximately exponential, the value of the electron mass fluence build-up coefficient, ?, is not equal to the electron mass fluence attenuation coefficient, ß. (ii) The ß value of the attenuation of the gamma generated electron fluences at the cavity-medium interfaces is strongly dependent on the Z of the adjacent material. (iii) For LiF/Pb there is a significant 'intrusion' energy deposition mode arising from 'side-scattering' in the wall (Pb) material. These new features of interface dosimetry (at least (i) and (ii)) are incorporated into photon general cavity theory and compared with experimental data.
Ion Dose Response of TSEE of SiC Films
Authors: Huzimura R. , Miyagawa S. , Miyagawa Y. , Shimazu K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
TSEE curves of CVD ß-SiC films were measured in a high vacuum system after 100 keV He+ or Ar+ bombardment in the dose range between 10-9 and 10-2 C.mm-2. The main peak around 150 oC increases sublinearly up to 10-4 C.mm-2 and then begins to decrease, while the broad peak centred around 200 oC continues to grow until 10-2 C.mm-2. Based on the Lindhard theory, the experimental dependence of the main peak intensity on the He+ incident energy is analysed to attribute the peak mainly to exoelectron sources produced by electron excitation. Further, an exponential relation between the main peak quenching and the broad peak increase is found and disturbances due to nuclear collisions are suggested as the origin of this effect. We conclude that the quenching of glow peaks of electronic origin and the growing of peaks due to disturbances can be used as a measure of collision energy deposited in solids.
TL and TSEE in Crystallised Li2B4O7:Cu Glass
Authors: Kutomi Y. , Tomita A. , Takeuchi N. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
X ray irradiated crystallised Li2B4O7:Cu glass shows TL glow peaks at about (I) 90 oC, (II) 160 oC, (III) 200 oC, (IV) 260 oC and (V) 320 oC by heating at the rate of 20 oC.min-1. All the glow peaks show an emission spectrum peaked at 360 nm, which is due to 3d94s-3d10 transition in Cu+. By heating at 300 oC and cooling to RT followed by illumination with white light, peaks I, III and IV were repopulated, but peak II disappeared. TSEE from the X ray irradiated samples also showed peaks at temperatures corresponding to peaks I, II, III, IV and V, but peak II was missing. These facts suggest for peaks I, IV and V the reaction, Cu2+ + electron®Cu+*®Cu+ + h?, and for peak II Cuo + hole®Cu+*®Cu+ + h?.
Performance Tests of a CaSO4:Dy Based Thermoluminescence Personal Dosemeter
Authors: Azorin J. , Gutierrez A. , Niewiadomski T. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In order to replace LiF commercial thermoluminescence dosemeters (TLDs) now used in personnel monitoring, we developed a TLD personnel monitoring badge based on pellets of CaSO4:Dy bound in pure KBr placed in plastic holders provided with 0.8 mm Pb filters to compensate for the energy dependence of CaSO4:Dy. Performance tests, based on the proposals of international standards for TLDs intended to be used as general deep tissue personal dosemeters, were done by developing the detailed test methods both for the tests required by the International Atomic Energy Agency (fading, linearity, effect of fluorescent light and sunlight and stability under standard climatic condition) and to meet the requirements of the International Electrotechnical Commission (batch homogeneity, detection threshold, stability of zero point repeatibility and residual). Initial tests showed a high residual and an increase of inhomogeneity. However, these drawbacks were overcome by changing the annealing procedure and the readout conditions. Using these new conditions TLDs met all the requirements for personal dosemeters.
Results of a Comparative Study on Different Personnel Dosemeters
Authors: Pitt E. , Schalch D. , Scharmann A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The response of thermoluminescence, radiophotoluminescence, thin-film exoelectron, pocket (pocket ion chamber) and film dosemeters were examined in gamma fields of different qualities, including mixed fields. The dosemeters were exposed to realistic radiation fields in nuclear plants. Nuclide spectra and radiation field quantities were determined by various measurements, e.g. by spectrometry, by dose rate measurements and by calculations. Thermoluminescence and exoelectron dosemeters provided by far the best results, particularly in the lower dose range. Throughout, the accordance of thermoluminescence and exoelectron dosemeter readings with respect to whole body exposure was better than ±20% between about 0.1 and 2 mSv. Larger discrepancies were observed in the presence of low energy ß radiation when using 7 to 15 mg.cm-2 detector window thicknesses.
A General Theory of DNA Strand Break Production by Direct and Indirect Effects
Authors: Chatterjee A. , Holley W.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
A general theory of the production of strand breaks by energetic electrons and heavy charged particles has been developed. This theory is based on chemical and biochemical mechanisms and does not require adjustable parameters. In order to avoid the complexities of a cellular system, we have referenced our calculations to systems consisting of aqueous solutions of SV40 DNA containing different amounts of tris-HCl buffer. It appears from the calculations that at 500 mM tris, the strand break yields are similar to those observed in a cellular complex when normalised to account for DNA length. Furthermore, the results indicate that the indirect action is not negligible in creating strand breaks. The difference between DNA breaks with and without histones has also been analysed.
Comparison Between Indirect and Direct Effects for High and Low LET Radiations in SV40 DNA Strand Break Induction
Authors: Stanton J. , Taucher-Scholz G. , Schneider M. , Kraft G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Using the OH radical scavengers Tris[hydroxymethyl] aminomethane (Tris) and ß-mercaptoethanol (MEth), we studied indirect and direct radiation effects of DNA in solution. SV40 DNA was exposed to low LET X rays and to heavy ion beams (11.4 MeV.u-120Ne, 12.5 MeV.u-1131Xe and 16 MeV.u-1238U) varying in LET. Cross sections for strand break induction were calculated from dose-effect curves in the presence and absence of protector. We found MEth was a more efficient OH radical scavenger than Tris. We also showed differences in the ability of each scavenger to protect against single and double strand breaks. The role of Tris radical formation as a possible explanation of these differences is discussed.
Spatial Distribution Patterns of Energy Deposition and Cellular Radiation Effects in Lung Tissue Following Simulated Exposure to Alpha Particles
Authors: Hofmann W. , Nösterer M. , Crawford-Brown D.J. , Hutticher A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Randomly oriented sections of rat tissue have been digitised to provide the contours of tissue-air interfaces and the locations of individual cell nuclei in the alveolated region of the lung. Sources of alpha particles with varying irradiation geometrics and densities are simulated to compute the resulting random pattern of cellular irradiation, i.e. spatial coordinates, frequency, track length, and energy of traversals by the emitted alpha particles. Probabilities per unit track length, derived from experimental data on in vitro cellular inactivation and transformation, are then applied to the results of the alpha exposure simulations to yield an estimate of the number of both dead and viable transformed cells and their spatial distributions. If lung cancer risk is linearly related to the number of transformed cells, the carcinogenic risk for hot particles is always smaller than that for a uniform nuclide distribution of the same activity.
Calculations of Physical and Chemical Reactions with DNA in Aqueous Solution from Auger Cascades
Authors: Wright H.A. , Hamm R.N. , Turner J.E. , Howell R.W. , Rao D.V. , Sastry K.S.R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Monte Carlo calculations are performed of the physical and chemical interactions in liquid water by electrons produced during Auger cascades resulting from the decay of various radionuclides. Estimates are also made of the number of direct physical and indirect chemical interactions that would be produced on DNA located near the decay site.
The Implications of Non-Linearity for Excitation Transfer in DNA
Authors: Baverstock K.F. , Cundall R.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Non-linear effects which arise from the coupling of anharmonic interactions can completely change excitation transport through molecular chains. The consequences of this for an understanding of the effect of ionising radiation on DNA are discussed. We consider that these effects should be taken into account in the interpretation of experimental data.
The Radiation Chemistry of Glycylglycine in Aqueous Solutions
Authors: Yoshida H. , Bolch W.E. , Turner J.E. , Jacobson K.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
This research was initiated to test the validity of predictions based on Monte Carlo calculations of the effects of ionising radiation on a simple dipeptide in aqueous solutions. The yields of the major radiolytic products resulting from the interactions of free radicals produced in water with glycylglycine were quantitatively analysed for X irradiated solutions. As reported in a companion paper by Bolch et al at this Symposium, excellent agreement was obtained between the results of the experiments and the Monte Carlo calculations. In this paper, the product yields were compared with those reported in 1973 by Garrison et al, who used 60Co gamma rays at much higher dose rates than the X rays in this study. As expected, yields in the two experiments were somewhat different, reflecting the differences in LET and dose rate. The glycylglycine concentration effect, the stoichiometric relationships and contribution of the primary and the secondary radicals in the formation of products are discussed.
Measurements of the Distributions of Separations Between Paired Ions After Passing Through Mylar Foils
Authors: Marino S.A. , Harvey J.R. , Brenner D.J. , Rossi H.H. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Measurements of the distributions of interatomic separations for 3.7 MeV diatomic deuterons after passing through Mylar foils 6.4, 10.2 and 19.0 µm thick have been made. CR-39 etched track plastic was used to register the particle tracks. After etching, the resulting pits were photographed using a scanning electron microscope and measurements of the track separations were made at a depth of 5 to 6 µm in the CR-39, with a minimum resolvable separation of 200 to 300 nm. Comparisons made with separation distributions calculated using previous measurements of multiple scattering angular distributions and a simplified version of the scattering theory of Marion and Zimmerman show reasonable agreement, especially for the thicker Mylar.
Electron-Hole Traps and Thermoluminescence of the LaCl3:TR Single Crystals
Authors: Kuzakov S.M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
LaCl3:TR single crystals can be effectively used in thermoluminescence dosimetry of X and gamma radiation. By means of thermoluminescence and thermo-current methods (77 - 600 K) we have studied the electron and hole traps, thermoluminescence spectra and mechanisms of recombination in LaCl3-TRCl3 crystals after X irradiation or selective photo-excitation. In undoped LaCl3 we have found the hole centres with activation energy E = 0.13 eV (the peak TL at 111 K) which can be attributed to the self-trapped holes (Vk). The glow curves of LaCl3-TR crystals contain high temperature peaks at 460, 575 and 590 K. These peaks may be used as dosimetric ones and can be attributed to the electron excess impurity centres. In LaCl3 doped with TR3+ ions we have observed TL peaks at 117, 142 and 156 K which are associated with holes located in an environment of Pr, Dy and Sm ions respectively (VkA centres).
Photoluminescence Dosimetry: Progress and Present State of Art
Authors: Piesch E. , Burgkhardt B. , Vilgis (INVITED) M. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The considerable progress in the readout technique for photoluminescent glass dosemeters is examined with emphasis on the application potential for individual monitoring. Radiophotoluminescence dosimetry (PLD) systems using a narrow pulsed UV laser excitation of flat glass detectors and an automatic readout are now commercially available and show improved dosimetric properties, in particular an internal pre-dose suppression, a dose range of 0.03 mSv to 10 Sv, a photon energy range extended down to 15 keV, a simultaneous indication of different dose quantities such as exposure Hx and directional dose equivalent H'(10) and the possibility of an estimation of radiation quality and incidence. Recent progress in PLD is reviewed with respect to the pulsed UV laser excitation, the improvement of the dosimetric properties by using an optimised flat glass dosemeter and the automatic readout which allows large scale evaluation and the application of different modes of evaluation, in particular vertical and horizontal scanning of the glass. The modern Toshiba readout systems FGD-10 and FGD-20 for glass dosemeters, prototype tested at KfK, are expected to be reliable dosimetry systems for large scale application in personnel and environmental monitoring, showing dosimetric properties which are comparable if not superior to those of TLD systems.
Thermoluminescence of High Temperature Glow Peaks of LiF at Various Irradiation Temperatures
Authors: Kitis G. , Charalambous S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The variation of TL response of the high temperature glow peaks of LiF:Mg,Ti has been studied as a function of irradiation temperature and dose. The irradiation temperature range was from 77 to 473 K and the dose range from 1 to 104 Gy. The results show that there is strong dependence of the thermoluminescence response on irradiation temperature and dose.
Sensitised TLD-700 for Neutron-Gamma Ray Dosimetry at Radiation Protection Dose Levels
Authors: Horowitz Y.S. , Shachar B.B. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Computerised glow curve deconvolution (CGCD) has been used to study the TL dose response and the relative intensity of the high temperature peaks in both sensitised and 'as received' LiF:Mg,Ti (TLD-700). The 60Co gamma induced dose response of peak 7 is supralinear down to the lowest dose measurable (~2.5 mGy) and the supralinearity is strongly dependent on photon energy. In the sensitised material (the sensitisation procedure included 1000 Gy 60Co irradiation followed by a 340 oC, 30 min anneal), although the gamma induced dose response of peak 7 is linear, an intense high temperature background limits the minimum measurable dose to 500 µGy and 100 µGy for gamma and neutron irradiation respectively. We conclude that the method of peak 7/peak 5 ratios in both non-sensitised and sensitised TLD-700 is not suitable for neutron-gamma ray dosimetry at personal radiation protection dose levels.
Characterisation of LiF:Cu,Mg,P (GR-200) for Personnel Thermoluminescence Dosimetry
Authors: Horowiz Y.S. , Horowitz A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
We report the results of our dosimetric characterisation of hot-pressed GR-200 LiF:Cu,Mg,P chips for personnel radiation protection. The TL sensitivity was studied as a function of the maximum temperature of glow curve readout and heating rate. In order to achieve acceptable re-usability we recommend a maximum temperature of 240 ± 2 oC or alternatively 235 ± 5 oC, although the latter choice will lead to a significantly higher residual signal. The TL sensitivity is not a function of glow curve heating rate. We have also studied the dependence of the residual TL signal (TMAX = 240 ± 2 oC) on a large number of experimental and radiation field parameters. Our main conclusion is that the ratio of the second and subsequent readouts to first readout is, to a good approximation, independent of all parameters except for TMAX and its duration, LET and possibly the time between readouts. The dependence on LET arises from the preferential population of the high temperature peak at 270 oC in alpha particle and neutron irradiation. The use of 'unannealed' LiF:Cu,Mg,P individually calibrated dosemeters is thus possible in personnel dosimetry applications if the prior irradiation history of the dosemeters is permanently recorded and the proper corrections (of the order of 10%) are applied. This represents a serious shortcoming of the currently available dosemeters for personnel dosimetry applications.
Infrared Thermoluminescence Signals of TLD-300 (CaF2:Tm) Detectors
Authors: Jacob M. , Meissner P. , Rassow J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In these experiments a silicon semiconductor photodiode was used to measure the TL signal of TLD-300 (CaF2:Tm) detectors irradiated with 60Co gamma rays, 226Ra alpha particles and fast neutrons (CIRCE, Essen). The applied dose values varied from 0.12 Gy to 14.3 Gy for gamma rays and from about 50 to 300 Gy for alpha particles and for neutrons the value was 5.9 Gy. Because of the high infrared sensitivity of the photodiode a high IR TL signal could be detected in addition to the infrared emission of the planchet. The infrared TL signal with a peak intensity at a wavelength of about 800 nm exhibited the same dose dependences as the visible one, but the amplitude was much higher with respect to the visible signal. Measurements showed that the IR and the visible emission must be caused by the same trap type.