bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Could Miscanthus replace maize as the preferred substrate for anaerobic digestion in the United Kingdom? Future breeding strategies
Authors: Purdy Sarah J. , Maddison Anne L. , Nunn Christopher P. , Winters Ana , Timms‐Taravella Emma , Jones Charlotte M. , Clifton‐Brown John C. , Donnison Iain S. , Gallagher Joe A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFodder maize is the most commonly used crop for biogas production owing to its high yields, high concentrations of starch and good digestibility. However, environmental concerns and possible future conflict with land for food production may limit its long‐term use. The bioenergy grass, Miscanthus, is a high‐yielding perennial that can grow on marginal land and, with ‘greener’ environmental credentials, may offer an alternative. To compete with maize, the concentration of non‐structural carbohydrates (NSC) and digestibility may need to be improved. Non‐structural carbohydrates were quantified in 38 diverse genotypes of Miscanthus in green‐cut biomass in July and October. The aim was to determine whether NSC abundance could be a target for breeding programmes or whether genotypes already exist that could rival maize for use in anaerobic digestion systems. The saccharification potential and measures of N P and K were also studied. The highest concentrations of NSC were in July, reaching a maximum of 20% DW. However, the maximum yield was in October with 300–400 g NSC plant−1 owing to higher biomass. The digestibility of the cell wall was higher in July than in October, but the increase in biomass meant yields of digestible sugars were still higher in October. Nutrient concentrations were at least twofold higher in July compared to November, and the abundance of potassium showed the greatest degree of variation between genotypes. The projected maximum yield of NSC was 1.3 t ha−1 with significant variation to target for breeding. Starch accumulated in the highest concentrations and continued to increase into autumn in some genotypes. Therefore, starch, rather than sugars, would be a better target for breeding improvement. If harvest date was brought forward to autumn, nutrient losses in non‐flowering genotypes would be comparable to an early spring harvest.
Granulomatosis With Polyangiitis‐Associated Hypertrophic Pachymeningitis Mimicking Spontaneous Intracranial Hypotension: A Case Report
Authors: Jung Young Hee , Lee Mi Ji , Lee Chungbin , Cha Jihoon , Chung Chin‐Sang 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundDural enhancement is a characteristic finding in both spontaneous intracranial hypotension and hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Positional headache is the most important feature that distinguishes the two diseases. We report a patient with granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener's granulomatosis) who initially manifested like spontaneous intracranial hypotension.Case presentationWe report here the case of a 63‐year old man who presented with severe positional headache. The patient had typical symptoms, symmetric dural enhancement, and a recent history of nontraumatic subdural hygroma which led to the diagnosis of spontaneous intracranial hypotension, but was finally diagnosed as granulomatosis with polyangiitis‐associated secondary hypertrophic pachymeningitis. Cyclophosphamide therapy was effective for the maintenance of remission.ConclusionsHypertrophic pachymeningitis associated with granulomatosis with polyangiitis can present with positional headache and subdural hygroma, mimicking spontaneous intracranial hypotension. Granulomatosis with polyangiitis should be suspected when patients with spontaneous intracranial hypotension or hypertrophic pachymeningitis show atypical features.
The prevalence of ALK rearrangement in pulmonary adenocarcinomas in an unselected Caucasian population from a defined catchment area: impact of smoking
Authors: Skov Birgit G , Clementsen Paul , Larsen Klaus R , Sørensen Jens B , Mellemgaard Anders 
Published: December 2016

AimsTo assess the prevalence of EML4–ALK rearrangement gene measured by immunohistochemistry in an unselected population‐based consecutive cohort of patients with adenocarcinoma of the lung (ACL), and the correlation with smoking history, thyroid transcription factor 1 (TTF1), gender and age.Methods and resultsAll patients diagnosed in the population of the greater Copenhagen area were included, irrespective of gender, age, smoking habits, stage or type of available diagnostic material. Tumours were stained with immunohistochemistry (clone 5A4). Immunohistochemistry‐positive tumours were tested by fluorescence in‐situ hybridization (FISH). During a 16‐month period, 760 patients in the population were diagnosed with ACL. In 2.6% there was insufficient material for ALK testing (20 of 760). Eleven per cent of the remaining 740 ACL patients were never smokers, 43% were ex‐smokers smokers and 46% were current smokers. Fourteen patients [1.9%, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.1–3.2] were ALK‐positive by immunohistochemistry. Nine of 82 never‐smokers (11%, 95% CI = 5.9–19.6) and five of 652 ex‐ or current smokers (0.8%, 95% CI = 0.4–2.1) were ALK‐positive. Only two ALK‐positive patients were found among 586 heavy smokers (> 15 pack‐years) (0.3%, 95% CI = 0.09–1.2). Thirteen of the 14 immunohistochemistry‐positive patients were FISH‐positive. All ALK‐positive tumours were TTF1‐positive. The number needed to test (NNT) to identify one ALK positive patient was 9, 22 and 293 among never smokers, light and heavy smokers, respectively.ConclusionsImmunohistochemical analysis of ALK rearrangement was possible in 97.4% of patients. ALK rearrangement was found primarily in never smokers. NNT to identify one ALK‐positive patient was 9, 22 and 293 among never smokers, light and heavy smokers, respectively.
Pore orientation of the gadolinia‐doped ceria cathode interlayer for a tubular SOFC using dip‐coating
Authors: Liang Bo , Zhang Silong , Lu Shengguo , Sui Sheng , Shang Jinlei 
Published: December 2016

AbstractAn active region of cathode interlayer in a tubular solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) is structurally analyzed using a dual‐beam focused ion beam/scanning electron microscope (FIB/SEM). The GDC (10 mol% gadolinia‐doped ceria) cathode interlayer (about 1 μm in thickness) is dip‐coated, and then sintered on YSZ (8 mol% yttria‐stabilized zirconia) electrolyte. At 1150°C sintering temperature, the pores oriented more along the axial direction than the radial direction. The anisotropy of pore shape is accounted for the withdrawal force during the dip‐coating of the GDC interlayer.
Barriers to spousal contribution to childbirth pain relief in Nigeria
Authors: Emelonye A.U. , Pitkäaho T. , Aregbesola A. , Vehviläinen‐Julkunen K. 
Published: December 2016

AimThe aim of this study was to investigate the barriers inhibiting the use of spousal presence for childbirth pain relief in health facilities and recommendations from three perspectives: the midwife, the woman, and the spouse.BackgroundSpousal presence is a non‐invasive, participatory and inexpensive technique used in pain management during childbirth. Although it contributes to a large extent in relieving childbirth pain, it is underutilized in Nigerian hospitals. Overcoming the challenges impeding spousal presence and participation during childbirth will improve maternal outcome, satisfaction and midwifery care practices.MethodA cross‐sectional survey conducted in four hospitals in Nigeria involving midwives (n = 100), women (n = 142) and their spouses (n = 142) from June to December 2014 using pretested questionnaires.ResultsFive themes were identified: poor infrastructural facility, lack of adequate pain management policy, lack of midwife pain management practices, midwives' attitudes towards spousal presence during childbirth and feelings about spousal presence during childbirth pain relief.ConclusionInfrastructural defects in the health facilities resulting in the lack of privacy in maternity units for both spouses and partners negatively influence the presence of a spouse during childbirth and pain relief. Adopting effective strategies such as good infrastructural facilities, staff training and spouse‐friendly hospital policies will encourage spouses to fully participate in and contribute to childbirth pain relief.Implications for nursing and health policyThis study identified poor staff attitudes towards pain relief and spousal presence during childbirth as barriers. Providing adequate policies on pain management, continuous staff education and orientation on spousal relationship will improve active spousal participation and maternal satisfaction during childbirth.
Nurses’ attitudes towards enforced measures to increase influenza vaccination: A qualitative study
Authors: Pless Anina , Shaw David , McLennan Stuart , Elger Bernice S. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundDespite studies demonstrating that the annual influenza vaccination of healthcare workers reduces morbidity and mortality among vulnerable patients, vaccination rates remain very low, particularly in nursing staff. Educational programmes have failed to improve rates, which has led to a diverse range of enforced approaches being advocated and implemented.ObjectivesTo examine the attitudes of non‐vaccinated nursing staff towards various enforced measures aimed at increasing rates of influenza vaccination.MethodsSemi‐structured qualitative interviews with a purposive sample of 18 non‐vaccinated nurses, working in units with high‐risk patients at two hospitals in Switzerland. Analysis of interviews was done using conventional content analysis.ResultsNurses were critical of enforced measures. However, measures that include an element of choice were perceived as more acceptable. Declination forms and mandatory vaccinations as part of the employment requirements were found to be the most accepted measures.ConclusionThe perception of choice is crucial to the acceptance of a measure. Respect for choice and autonomy has a positive effect on behavioural change.Mandatory influenza vaccination as a condition of new (and perhaps ongoing) employment could be a feasible, effective and ethical measure to increase vaccination rates among nurses who oppose vaccination.
Spicule and flagellated chamber formation in a growth zone of Aphrocallistes vastus (Porifera, Hexactinellida)
Authors: Kahn Amanda S. , Leys Sally P. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThree species of glass sponges (Class Hexactinellida) form massive deep‐water reefs by growing on the skeletons of past generations, with new growth largely vertical and away from sediment that buries the lower portions. Growth is therefore essential for reef health, but how glass sponges produce new skeleton or tissue is not known. We used fluorescence, light, and electron microscopy to study skeletal and tissue growth in the reef‐forming glass sponge Aphrocallistes vastus. The sponge consists of a single large tube (the osculum), usually with several side branches, each of which can function as an effective excurrent vent. New tissue forms at the tips of each of these extensions, but how this occurs in a syncytial animal, and how the tubes expand laterally as the sponge gets larger, are both unknown. The fluorescent dye PDMPO labeled more spicule types in the tips of the sponge than elsewhere, indicating growth that was concentrated at the edge of the osculum. New tissue production was tracked using the thymidine analog EdU. EdU‐labeled nuclei were found predominantly at the edge or lip of the osculum. In that region new flagellated chambers were formed from clusters of choanoblasts that spread out around the enlarging chamber. In cellular sponges clusters of choanocytes form flagellated chambers through several rounds of mitotic divisions, and also by immigration of mesohyl cells, to expand the chamber to full size. By contrast, chambers in glass sponges expand as choanoblasts produce enucleate collar bodies to fill them out. Growing chambers with enucleate structures may be an adaptation to life in the deep sea if chambers with cells, and therefore more nuclei, are costly to build.
Epistemic Privilege and Victims’ Duties to Resist their Oppression
Authors: Vasanthakumar Ashwini 
Published: December 2016

AbstractVictims of injustice are prominent protagonists in efforts to resist injustice. I argue that they have a duty to do so. Extant accounts of victims’ duties primarily cast these duties as self‐regarding duties (say, of Kantian self‐respect) or duties based on collective identities and commitments. I provide an account of victims’ duties to resist injustice that is grounded in the duty to assist. I argue that victims are epistemically privileged with respect to injustice and are therefore uniquely positioned to assist fellow victims. Primarily, they discharge this duty through testimony: victims alert other actors to the need for assistance and initiate and coordinate resistance efforts. I briefly provide an account of oppression that ranges from persecution to structural injustice. Through the examples of torture and ‘manterrupting’, I illustrate the duty and its limits. I outline shortcomings in victims’ epistemic privilege and explore means by which these can be overcome. I respond to objections from demandingness and fairness, arguing that victims have an essential, albeit circumscribed, role to play in defeating injustice.
Education, Sufficiency, and the Relational Egalitarian Ideal
Authors: Macfarlane Kirsty 
Published: December 2016

AbstractIn recent decades political philosophers have increasingly been engaged with the issue of educational equality. However, egalitarians typically focus on achieving equality in the distribution of education, and ignore the relevance of an alternative, relational conception of equality. An exception to this is Elizabeth Anderson, who applies relational egalitarian principles to education in her 2007 article ‘Fair Opportunity in Education: A Democratic Equality Perspective’. Although Anderson remains one of the few relational egalitarians to consider what this ideal requires in education, her arguments have received less attention than they deserve. In this article I examine Anderson's theory of fair educational opportunities for a democratic society of equals and develop an internal critique of her approach. I suggest that the sufficientarian standard Anderson proposes for education has the propensity to undermine the process of integration and the relations of equality she aspires to. Even if all children receive a sufficient education, inequality above the threshold could result in social divisions and status differentials that encourage informal segregation because people typically prefer to associate with other people who are similar to themselves. The article will finish by considering what implications this has for Anderson's relational egalitarian approach to education.
Annual Research Review: Breaking cycles of violence – a systematic review and common practice elements analysis of psychosocial interventions for children and youth affected by armed conflict
Authors: Brown Felicity L. , de Graaff Anne M. , Annan Jeannie , Betancourt Theresa S. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundGlobally, one in 10 children live in regions affected by armed conflict. Children exposed to armed conflict are vulnerable to social and emotional difficulties, along with disrupted educational and occupational opportunities. Most armed conflicts occur in low‐ and middle‐income countries (LMICs), where mental health systems are limited and can be further weakened by the context of war. Research is needed to determine feasible and cost‐effective psychosocial interventions that can be delivered safely by available mental health workforces (including nonspecialists). A vital first step toward achieving this is to examine evidence‐based psychosocial interventions and identify the common therapeutic techniques being used across these treatments.MethodsA systematic review of psychosocial interventions for conflict‐affected children and youth living in LMICs was performed. Studies were identified through database searches (PsycINFO, PubMed, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, PILOTS and Web of Science Core Collection), hand‐searching of reference lists, and contacting expert researchers. The PracticeWise coding system was used to distill the practice elements within clinical protocols.ResultsTwenty‐eight randomized controlled trials and controlled trials conducted in conflict‐affected settings, and 25 efficacious treatments were identified. Several practice elements were found across more than 50% of the intervention protocols of these treatments. These were access promotion, psychoeducation for children and parents, insight building, rapport building techniques, cognitive strategies, use of narratives, exposure techniques, and relapse prevention.ConclusionsIdentification of the common practice elements of effective interventions for conflict‐affected children and youth can inform essential future treatment development, implementation, and evaluation for this vulnerable population. To further advance the field, research should focus on identifying which of these elements are the active ingredients for clinical change, along with attention to costs of delivery, training, supervision and how to sustain quality implementation over time.
Effects of a Safe Transportation Educational Program for Older Drivers on Driving Exposure and Community Participation: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Coxon Kristy , Chevalier Anna , Brown Julie , Clarke Elizabeth , Billot Laurent , Boufous Soufiane , Ivers Rebecca , Keay Lisa 
Published: December 2016

ObjectivesTo ascertain whether a safe‐transportation program can change driving exposure while maintaining community participation of older drivers.DesignRandomized controlled trial.SettingNorthwest Sydney.ParticipantsDrivers aged 75 and older (mean 80 ± 4) (n = 380).InterventionIntervention group participated in an individualized, one‐on‐one safe‐transportation program adapted from the Knowledge Enhances Your Safety curriculum. A registered occupational therapist delivered the intervention in two sessions held approximately 1 month apart.MeasurementsAn in‐vehicle monitoring device hardwired into participants’ vehicles measured driving exposure. Community participation was measured using the Keele Assessment of Participation. A staging algorithm based on the Precaution Adoption Process Model measured behavior change toward increased and sustained driving self‐regulation. Main outcomes were distance driven per week over 12 months and community participation. Secondary outcomes were behavior change, depressive symptoms, and alternate transportation use. Generalized estimating equations were used to model effect on driving exposure, adjusting for weekly measures, and ordinal regression was used to analyze differences in behavior change profiles between groups using an intention‐to‐treat approach.ResultsParticipants were randomized after baseline assessment—190 each to the intervention and control groups. One hundred eighty‐three of 190 completed the intervention and 366 of 380 completed the study. On average, participants drove 140 ± 167 km/wk. Although there was no significant difference between the groups in distance driven per week over 12 months (between‐group difference −5.5 km, 95% confidence interval (CI) = −24.5–13.5 km, p = .57), intervention group participants showed greater readiness to engage in self‐regulatory driving practices, such as reporting avoiding driving at night or at rush hours, than control group participants (odds ratio (OR) = 1.6, 95% CI = 1.1–2.3, P = .02). At 12 months, use of alternate transportation was similar (between‐group difference 0.1, 95% CI = −1.4–1.6, P = .90). Although there was no difference in community participation (between‐group difference −0.1, 95% CI = −0.6–0.3, P = .59), older drivers with low function in the intervention group were 3.1 times as likely to report depressive symptoms (95% CI = 1.04–9.2, P = .04) than those with low function in the control group.ConclusionAn individualized safe‐transportation program can promote behavior change but did not translate to significant differences in weekly mileage after 12 months. Longer follow‐up may detect changes over time.
An isogenic blood–brain barrier model comprising brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells
Authors: Canfield Scott G. , Stebbins Matthew J. , Morales Bethsymarie Soto , Asai Shusaku W. , Vatine Gad D. , Svendsen Clive N. , Palecek Sean P. , Shusta Eric V. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe blood–brain barrier (BBB) is critical in maintaining a physical and metabolic barrier between the blood and the brain. The BBB consists of brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMECs) that line the brain vasculature and combine with astrocytes, neurons and pericytes to form the neurovascular unit. We hypothesized that astrocytes and neurons generated from human‐induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) could induce BBB phenotypes in iPSC‐derived BMECs, creating a robust multicellular human BBB model. To this end, iPSCs were used to form neural progenitor‐like EZ‐spheres, which were in turn differentiated to neurons and astrocytes, enabling facile neural cell generation. The iPSC‐derived astrocytes and neurons induced barrier tightening in primary rat BMECs indicating their BBB inductive capacity. When co‐cultured with human iPSC‐derived BMECs, the iPSC‐derived neurons and astrocytes significantly elevated trans‐endothelial electrical resistance, reduced passive permeability, and improved tight junction continuity in the BMEC cell population, while p‐glycoprotein efflux transporter activity was unchanged. A physiologically relevant neural cell mixture of one neuron: three astrocytes yielded optimal BMEC induction properties. Finally, an isogenic multicellular BBB model was successfully demonstrated employing BMECs, astrocytes, and neurons from the same donor iPSC source. It is anticipated that such an isogenic facsimile of the human BBB could have applications in furthering understanding the cellular interplay of the neurovascular unit in both healthy and diseased humans.
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Takotsubo cardiomyopathy after cesarean section: A case report and literature review
Authors: Ruiz Sara , Martinez‐Marin Miguel , Luque Pilar , Nassar Nadia , Oros Daniel 
Published: December 2016

AbstractTakotsubo cardiomyopathy (TCM) is clinically identical to acute myocardial infarction. We report an unusual case of TCM and review similar cases in pregnant women. A young woman with no pre‐existing cardiovascular risk factors suffered sudden dyspnea during a cesarean section. Electrocardiography (ECG) showed T‐wave inversion. We observed acute lung edema and left ventricular systolic dysfunction on echocardiography. A cardiac catheterization diagnosed TCM. We reviewed 20 cases of TCM; 17 cases occurred during the post‐partum period and three during pregnancy. Five of these cases had vaginal deliveries and the remaining cases had cesarean sections. Within the latter group, five cases appeared intraoperatively. With the exception of one patient with normal ECG results, all other patients progressed, with changes in ECG readings and elevation of cardiac enzyme serum levels. However, cardiac catheterization revealed that coronary arterial damage did not occur in any of the cases. After three months, each patient fully recovered.