bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fragmented sovereignty: Iraq as a Model
Authors: Al-Arabawi Salah Hassan 
Published: October 2024

The theory that the sovereignty is a single unite that cannot be divided has become outdated, or at least it is confined to the framework of a simple state, not a federal one. Sovereignty in the federal state can be divided into shares where the center and its regions each have a share. The new perspective is an American innovation as a result of its historical circumstances, where its states gathered to form a federal state, moving from Confederation to Federalism. In Iraq after its liberation in 2003, the form of the state became a new mode, more commensurate with federal mode. This gave sovereignty a new commensurate with the new perspective and the new form of the state. The relationship between the center in the region (Kurdstan) is not so good. Based on that , the researcher in this paper aims to shed light on this issue in an attempt to discuss the limits of each other’s sovereignty without one of them encroaching on the other.
Effect of Project Planning on Implementation of Mobile Banking Projects in Commercial Banks in Kenya
Authors: Wambui Mugo Damaris , Ngugi Lucy 
Published: October 2024

Mobile banking technology has been widely implemented by commercial banks in Kenya as a tool for market penetration, without massive investment in physical infrastructure. The technology has been instrumental in serving a wide and ever-growing customer base with fast, efficient, and convenient quality services. Mobile banking has therefore become one of the key success factors in the banking industry as empirical evidence links its adoption to wide customer base and enhanced number of transactions. The aim of the study was to determine the effect of project planning on implementation of mobile banking project in commercial banks in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The target population was mobile banking projects from six Tire one commercial banks in Nairobi County. The unit of observation comprised of 244 project officers. Stratified random sampling method was used to select 149 respondents. Primary data was obtained using semi- structured questionnaires. In analyzing qualitative data, thematic analysis was applied. Quantitative data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results indicate that project planning and implementation of mobile banking project in commercial banks are directly and significantly associated (r=0.754, p=0.000). The study concluded that project planning has a direct and significant effect on project implementation. It is therefore imperative for commercial banks’ management to ensure proper planning within the organization, proper monitoring of mobile-banking projects, clear mobile-banking project deliverables and clear timeframes on achieving the mobile-banking projects objectives. These will result to improved mobile banking project implementation.
Entrepreneurial Competence and Growth of Micro-Small Enterprises in Kiambu County, Kenya
Authors: Muchiri Gathoni Barbara , Gichunge Evangeline , Mutegi Doreen 
Published: October 2024

Micro and small enterprises sector in Kenya is characterized by high mortality rate, three out of five fail within the first few months of operation, over 60% fail each year; and most do not survive to their third anniversary. Despite the significance of entrepreneurial competence in small business, it is not clear the influence of entrepreneurial competence on growth micro and small enterprises. Therefore, this study assessed the effect of entrepreneurial competence on growth of micro and small enterprises in Kiambu County. The specific objectives were; to establish the effect of innovation competency, leadership competency, networking competency, and risk-taking competency on the growth of micro and small enterprises. Descriptive research design was used and data collected from 1274 micro and small enterprises owners or managers. Stratified random and simple sampling was used to arrive at 304 micro and small enterprises. The collection of data was done via questions emailed online by the researcher to micro and small enterprises owners. Descriptive measures and regression analysis were used to explain the relationship between variables. It was discovered that the majority of respondents used various innovative technologies in their businesses, including Mshwari and KCB-Mpesa mobile banking technology. The findings also revealed that majority of micro and small enterprises have adopted various leadership competency facets such as results and performance-based traits, listening and engaging with workers, employee engagement (rewarding and facilitating their wellness), avoidance of unethical behavior (drugs and alcohol abuse), and supporting staff teamwork. As part of their network strategies, the majority of the respondents partnered up with other vendors for joint sales, approached former clients, and created multiple revenue streams. Cautious decision-making, taking manageable risks, careful risk analysis, and measured moves all had an effect on a company's growth. The study concluded that innovation, leadership, networking and risk-taking competencies have a positive and significant effect on growth of micro and small enterprises. The recommendation was that micro and small enterprises should embrace innovation competency as a means of enhancing their development, owners should improve their leadership skills, which, according to the results, is a critical component of firm growth and success, entrepreneurs should accept networking as a means of gaining a competitive edge and should follow risk-taking strategies by making calculated moves in their operations and carefully analyzing the available options in order to maximize their chances of landing on the best option.
Service Differentiation Strategy and Performance of Cement Manufacturing Companies in Kenya
Authors: Mung’asia Carolyne Midecha , Rugami Maina 
Published: October 2024

Cement companies in Kenya have had a dwindling sales performance between 2016 to 2019 despite the construction sector flourishing. This has caused some companies to go into receivership while others recorded a profit warning. This study sought to determine the effect of service differentiation strategy on performance of cement manufacturing companies in Kenya. The study was guided by the resource-based theory and adopted a descriptive survey design. Target population comprised 375 employees of cement companies. The respondents’ sample was reached by calculating 30% of the total population to bring a total of 112 employees. Questionnaires were the data collection instrument. Data analysis was arrived at through descriptive statistics and correlation analysis. Results showed that service differentiation (r=0.682, p=0.000) was positively and significantly correlated with performance of cement companies. The study concluded that service differentiation increases company efficiency as well as company loyalty. The study recommends that the companies’ management should devise steps and directives that will ensure effective implementation of feedback received on service improvement.
Effect of Strategic CSR Communication on the Brand Image of Selected Public Universities in Kenya
Authors: Mutwiri Sarah Gatwiri , Kubaison, Ph.D Dr. Simon Thiaine , Lyria, Ph.D Dr. Rita 
Published: October 2024

The objective of the study was to determine the effect of strategic CSR communication on the brand image of selected public universities in Kenya. The study adopted a descriptive research design. The unit of analysis was five public universities that have been in existence for more than 15 years. The study targeted the 1410 employees in these universities. The sample size was 206 employees in public universities. The study used stratified random sampling to select the sample. Primary data was collected in this research. Sourced data was mainly gathered by administering structured questionnaires. Excel and Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) version 21 was used to analyse data. Data was analysed using inferential and descriptive statistics. Data was presented using means, standard deviation, and distribution tables in tables and figures. Regression of coefficients showed that there was a positive and significant relationship between strategic CSR communication and brand image. The study further concluded that most Kenyan universities had an interactive form of communication that enhanced their brand image. In addition, the use of media channels during corporate social responsibility activities enhances the brand image of the institution. Further, giving true and honest messages during corporate social responsibility activities enhances the brand image of the institution. The Kenyan government, university partners, and university collaborators should offer support to the universities in their corporate image initiatives. It is also important for the Commission of University Education (CUE) as the regulatory body to ensure that universities in Kenya operate in a favorable learning environment necessary for satisfactory service provision.
Effect of Decision-making on Growth of Youth-Owned Enterprises in Kenya
Authors: Mwangi Robert Maina , Ngugi Patrick K. , Kihonge Ephantus 
Published: October 2024

Youth enterprises play a key role in poverty alleviation and if they are run based on entrepreneurial management skills. Despite their significance, statistics, however, show that in Kenya, three out of five youth run small enterprises fail within the first three years of operation, and among those that continue 80 percent fail before the fifth year. This study sought to investigate the effect of decision-making on the growth of youth-owned enterprises in Kenya. The research design used followed a cross-sectional survey. The target population included 55,300 youth-led micro and small enterprises in Kenya. A sample size of 397 youth-led micro and small enterprises was used. Data was analyzed using descriptive statistics, correlation, and linear regression analysis. The findings indicated that decision-making (β=.501, P <.000) had a positive and significant influence on the growth of youth-owned enterprises in Kenya. The study concluded that decision-making contributes positively to the growth of youth-owned enterprises in Kenya.
Examining the Impact of Resource Mobilization on the Performance of NHIF in Machakos County Kenya
Authors: Munyao Anne Ngina , Maina Samuel 
Published: October 2024

Health insurance programs are frequently regarded as noteworthy social advances and significant avenues for industrial expansion. Nevertheless, the task of improving NHIF coverage and performance continues to present challenges, despite the existence of several motivating considerations. Presently, the NHIF provides coverage to around 15.8% of the population in Kenya; or almost 80% of individuals who own some type of health insurance. The performance of the NHIF has been a subject of criticism, despite its extensive coverage. The1main objective1of this1paper is1to1 examine the effects of resource mobilization on the functioning of the NHIF in Machakos County. The study used a descriptive design. The target population consisted of 93 staff of the NHIF from two of its branches and three satellite offices located in Machakos County. The researchers employed the random stratified sampling procedure to acquire a sample size of 76 participants. Primary data was gathered through the utilization of questionaries. A preliminary investigation was undertaken to evaluate the dependability and accuracy of the research tool. This pilot study involved the participation of nine employees from Machakos County. Moreover, the application of descriptive statistics was employed to calculate the mean deviation. The findings of the assessment were systematically arranged, succinctly précised, effectively offered, and comprehensively comprehended through the utilization of tables that distinctly illustrate the percentages and frequency. The study established that financing of NHIF in Kenya was majorly based on premium collection, Government budget allocation, tax financing, employer contributions, public-private partnerships, donor funding, and the development of an efficient administration framework. The study concludes that resource mobilization has a positive significant impact on the performance of the NHIF in Machakos County. NHIF should develop a long-term resource mobilization strategy that aligns with the NHIF's strategic goals and objectives.
Organizational Performance as an Outcome of Strategic Leadership in the Context of Selected Churches Affiliated with Evangelical Alliance of Kenya
Authors: Ouma Emmanuel Otieno , Muthimi Janet 
Published: October 2024

This study aimed to examine how strategic leadership affects the performance of churches affiliated with the Evangelical Alliance of Kenya (EAK) by establishing the relationship between balanced organizational controls as an aspect of strategic leadership and the performance of churches affiliated with the EAK in Nairobi City County. The research design that was considered entailed a mixed-method approach that utilized a descriptive survey research design to investigate a sample size of 153 participants to help with the study. Quantitative and qualitative data were gathered using semi-structured questionnaires administered by respondents, including leaders, pastors, administrators, and personnel in churches affiliated with EAK. A pilot study that involved 16 respondents from Agape Fellowship Church was considered to establish the reliability using the Cronbach alpha value of above 0.7 as the acceptable threshold. The study determined validity of the data collection instrument. Quantitative data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics techniques and presented in tables and figures, whereas qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis. The findings of this study revealed a statistically significant positive correlation between organizational performance and balanced organizational controls. Regression analysis indicates that balanced organizational controls collectively explain 52.8 percent of the variance in organizational performance. The study concludes that strategic leadership significantly influences the performance of churches affiliated with EAK. Therefore, drawing from the findings, recommendations have been fronted for strategic management to leverage this study's findings to comprehend balanced organizational controls, involving long-term focus, alignment of processes with goals, and continuous monitoring significantly contribute to improved performance in EAK-affiliated churches.
THE ELDERLY PEOPLES’ PERCEPTION REGARDING THEIR PSYCHOSOCIAL WELLBEING IN SELECTED MAINSTREAM CHURCHES IN AFFLUENT KAREN-LANGATA, KENYA
Authors: Gachuri Esther Wangari , Wambugu Ann 
Published: October 2024

There is a global concern about the exponential growth of the aging population, which must be put into perspective. By 2019, there were one billion people who were 60 years of age or older. This study investigated the elderly peoples’ perception of their subjective wellbeing in selected mainstream churches in affluent Karen-Langata, Nairobi, Kenya. The study used a qualitative descriptive phenomenological approach. Purposeful sampling method was used to select 11 respondents in the in-depth interviews and 12 respondents in the focus group discussions (FGDs). The population of the study was the category of the young-old who were 60-75 years old. Verbatim data was transcribed, and descriptive themes were generated to show individual perspectives. The study established those changes in family relationships, elderly autonomy, and environmental mastery impacted the elderly perception of their psychosocial wellbeing. Some older children who lived with their parents supported them financially and with daily tasks, this had a positive effect on their psychosocial wellbeing. The National government should spearhead policies that ensure workers are given financial education to help them set goals while in employment to prepare for old age. To help the elderly improve their psychosocial wellbeing, mental health professionals like psychologists, counsellors, and marriage and family therapists should be availed to them. The church can organize talks and forums on healthy aging, healthy grieving mechanisms, and setting up structures and programmes for better support to the elderly.
Integration of the Principles of Social Cohesion and Peaceful Coexistence in TVET Institutions: A Case of Kenya School of TVET
Authors: Kariuki Dr. Samson Ikinya , Kiende Dr. Hellen 
Published: October 2024

The purpose of this paper was to review TVET teachers’ employability and transferable skills, Occupational Standards and Curriculum to integrate principles of Social Cohesion and Peaceful coexistence in TVET institutions. This was in the context of the realization that social cohesion is an integral component of a stable TVET institution. The objective that guided the study was to tease out aspects of social cohesion and integrate them into the employability module to be used in TVET institutions in Kenya. The study adopted a participatory approach that engaged Kenya Technical trainers who were involved in the whole process in a bid to enhance their capacity in the curriculum development process. The target population was the KTTC trainers who taught the employability module. This study established that inclusion of social cohesion aspects into the curriculum had potential to produce a stable workforce that will bring about positive change into the society.The study also found that digitization of the employability curriculum assisted the Kenya School of TVET to deliver the course online thus attaining flexibility in the trainees learning.This study recommends that Kenya School of TVET retools all Technical and Vocational trainers in Kenya with a view to sensitize them on critical aspects of social cohesion among them inclusion which has the potential to transform the mindset of the trainers when dealing with trainees in their respective institutions.
Effect of Training and Development on Organizational Commitment in Insurance Companies in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Authors: Mandago Dr. Rael , Tarus Johnstone Kipcumba 
Published: October 2024

Purpose: To assess the effect of training and development on organizational commitment in insurance companies in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya
Research Methodology: In a bid to effectively achieve these objectives, the study adopted a descriptive research design based on samples drawn from across the insurance companies in Uasin Gishu County. The target population was 754 insurance companies’ employees. A two-stage sampling technique was adopted where stratified random sampling was used to select the insurance companies after which simple random sampling was used to select respondents within the insurance companies. The study used the Krejcie and Morgan table (1970) to calculate the sample size which was 260 respondents from the target population of 754 respondents. The sample size was distributed proportionally to the insurance companies according to Neyman’s allocation formula to maximize survey precision. Data was collected by use of self-administered questionnaires which was tested for validity and reliability after piloting 26 questionnaires at Kisumu city insurance companies. Data was analyzed by use of both inferential and descriptive statistics using SPSS version 25.
Results: There is a significant effect of training and development on organizational commitment in insurance companies in Uasin Gishu County, Kenya.
Conclusion and Recommendations: The availability, accessibility, and relevance of training programs in an organization is critical for organizational commitment. The insurance companies should therefore ensure that employees working in the organization are highly skilled and motivated by developing training and development programs that are accessible, relevant, frequently provided, and improved on to meet the dynamic requirements of the organization for organizational commitment. The organization should provide training on new work methods and regularly conduct a training needs assessment for relevant and satisfying training. In this regard, the insurance companies should invest in this HIWS as information sharing, team-based support, incentives and training for maximal organizational commitment.
Effect of E-Recruitment on Employee Performance: A Case of Kajiado County Government
Authors: Ronkoine Pauline Sopilal , Nzioki Susan , Kiama Michael 
Published: October 2024

Purpose: The widespread use of information systems in a variety of activities and departments for organizational competitive advantage and success has been aided by businesses' widespread acceptance of technology. Despite this, the Kajiado county government has been facing inadequate service delivery, which is exacerbated by personnel performance that falls short of deadlines or timeframes in reaching targets. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of e-recruitment on employee performance in Kenya's Kajiado County Government. The technological acceptability model supported the study.
Methodology: This study utilized a descriptive research design. A total of 1689 employees, including supervisors and unionized workers, were part of the study's target demographic. A sample size of 313 was chosen by stratified random sampling. Questionnaires were used to compile data. Quantitative data was analyzed using thematic analysis, while qualitative data was analyzed using statistical analysis. The data was analyzed with descriptive and inferential statistics.
Results: Regression of coefficients showed that e-recruitment had a positive and significant effect on employee performance in Kajiado county (β=0.287, p=0.000).
Conclusion: The study concluded that e-recruitment had a positive and significant effect on employee performance in Kajiado County. The government of Kenya should encourage all the counties to embrace the e-recruitment process. This is because e-recruitment minimizes paperwork recruitment and also minimizes costs. Counties should also use digital databases for their employees to minimize forgery and also for easier tracking of the applicants.
Relationship Between Risk-Taking and the Growth of Youth Owned Enterprises in Kenya
Authors: Mwangi Robert Maina , Ngugi Patrick K. , Kihonge Ephantus 
Published: October 2024

Purpose: Youth businesses play a key role in poverty alleviation when run based on entrepreneurial orientation. However, these micro and small enterprises face a mix of achievement and frustration, with previous findings showing that three out of five companies fail within the first few long periods of activity, despite government efforts to improve the sector. This study aimed to examine the relationship between risk-taking and the growth of youth-owned enterprises in Kenya.
Methodology: The study is supported by expected utility theory. A cross-sectional survey methodology was utilized which incorporated qualitative and quantitative research methods. A stratified sampling technique was employed to obtain 397 SMEs from 55,300 SMEs registered by the seven selected counties in Kenya namely; Nairobi, Murang’a, Nakuru, Machakos, Mombasa, Kisii, and Isiolo counties. Data was analyzed using descriptive and regression analysis.
Results: The study findings demonstrate that risk-taking had a positive association with the growth of youth-owned enterprises in Kenya.
Conclusion: The study concluded that risk-taking helps youth-owned businesses in Kenya to expand. The study suggested that owners of youth businesses should focus on how to carry out a thorough risk assessment and oppose any risk related to financial, social, and psychological risk respectively.