bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Experimental Use of Fibrin Tissue Adhesive in Middle Ear Surgery
Authors: Siedentop Karl H. , Harris David M. , Loewy Arthur 
Published: February 2017

The biocompatibility of a new tissue adhesive was tested. Its major advantages are adhesions, hemostasis, and the promotion of wound healing. In experimental surgery on 43 middle ears of chinchillas, documented by histological evidence obtained 45 days after operation, the validity of the following two hypotheses was established.1. That fibrin tissue adhesive placed upon the footplate of the stapes is biologically compatible, biodegradable and does not cause toxic, inflammatory or foreign body reactions, or other tissue damage to middle ear structures.2. That a small piece of bone glued on the long process of the incus with fibrin tissue adhesive shows permanent tissue union.In addition, in cases where the inner ear was accidentally opened by surgically subluxating the stapes and adhesive was free to enter the vestibule, evidence was obtained that there was no damage to inner ear structures. This finding deserves further investigation.
Diagnosis and Management of the Opacified Sphenoid Sinus
Authors: Kron Thomas K. , Johnson Charles M. 
Published: February 2017

The growing number of surgical procedures at the base of the skull makes a clear understanding of sphenoid disease and its anatomic relationships important for the modern otolaryngologist. We present five cases demonstrating the spectrum of sphenoid sinus disease, its systemic as well as local complications, and its surgical management.Pertinent anatomic and embryologic relations are reviewed and their diagnostic evaluation is discussed. Pitfalls in the diagnosis and management of these diseases are reviewed noting possible complications and significant danger points. The necessity for cooperation among the otolaryngologist, neurosurgeon, and ophthalmologist in the management of these entities is also demonstrated.
Endo‐Extralaryngeal Needle Carrier Instrument
Authors: Lichtenberger György 
Published: February 2017

The author reports on an instrument which is suitable for stitching from inside to outside under laryngomicroscopic control without opening the larynx.The instrument, as well as the operation techniques based on the instrument, permit the simple treatment of vocal cord synechiae and of laryngostenosis consequent to bilateral paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve.
Sternohyoid Myofascial Flap Reconstruction Of The Larynx For Vertical Partial Laryngectomy
Authors: Calcaterra Thomas C. 
Published: February 2017

Reconstruction of the larynx for vertical partial laryngectomy is of paramount importance in eventual voice and deglutition rehabilitation. Many different methods of laryngeal reconstruction have been tried attesting to the challenge of minimizing hoarseness and aspiration after this type of surgery.During the past decade the scope of partial laryngeal surgery has broadened, mandating more extensive reconstructive procedures in order to acceptably rehabilitate upper aerodigestive function. During the past 6 years the author has employed a superiorly‐based sternohyoid myofascial flap to reconstruct the larynx after vertical partial laryngectomy in 31 patients.Swallowing was resumed in all patients without significant aspiration. Although decannulation was delayed in 8 patients, all patients were eventually extubated. Voice quality was considered far superior to other reconstructive methods formerly used by the author.
Immunobiologic Staging of Patients with Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Katz Arnold E. 
Published: February 2017

For decades immunologic deficiencies have been documented in patients with carcinoma, and many investigators have attempted to utilize this information in determining prognosis more accurately. Determining prognosis more accurately would be most helpful with Stage III patients, since at present there are no useful guidelines as to which Stage III patients would benefit from aggressive surgery and/or radiation therapy and which would not.Assays of cellular immunity — such as skin testing, determining peripheral T‐lymphocyte counts, and assessing lymphocyte reactivity — have achieved extremely limited clinical application. These assays are too expensive and/or too difficult to perform in the routine clinical setting. Total lymphocyte counts, however, are readily available in the clinical setting and can be helpful in determining prognosis.Other readily available clinical information, such as age and pretreatment serum immunoglobulin levels, can also be of value in determining prognosis.In this study, logistic regression was utilized to determine the prognostic implications of stage, age, and pretreatment total lymphocyte counts in 132 patients with carcinoma of the head and neck. Although each variable determined prognosis accurately less than 70% of the time, the stage, age, lymphocyte prognostic index (SALPI) accurately predicted outcome at 3 year follow‐up (Pr. <.0001).Discriminant function analysis was utilized to determine the prognostic implications of pretreatment serum immunoglobulins in 243 patients with head and neck carcinoma. A serum immunoglobulin prognostic index (SIPI) was derived which was based on the observations that elevated levels of immunoglobulin A (IgA) indicated a poor prognosis, while elevated levels of immunoglobulin E (IgE) and immunoglobulin D (IgD) indicated a favorable prognosis (Pr. <.009). The SIPI was not as accurate as the SALPI in determining prognosis; however, when the indices were used simultaneously, concurring indices predicted the outcome of Stage III patients correctly 86% of the time.
Serial Section Reconstruction of the Neural Poles of Hair Cells in the Human Organ Of Corti. I. Inner Hair Cells
Authors: Nadol Joseph B. 
Published: February 2017

Study of the anatomy of the cochlea, and in particular the morphology of synaptic relationships between hair cells and cochlear neurons, is essential for elucidation of the mechanisms of transduction of mechanical acoustic signals into electrical neural events. Because considerable gaps remain in our understanding of the microscopic anatomy of these synapses, particularly in the human, a reconstruction of the neural pole of inner hair cells of the human organ of Corti was performed. The data are based on 526 serial sections from the basal turn (10 mm region) and 356 serial sections from the middle turn (26 mm region). This provided complete data on 3 and partial data on 5 inner hair cells.Afferent terminals on inner hair cells were variable in size, ranging 1 to 20 µm in diameter. Branching of large fibers to produce multiple terminals innervating from 1 to 3 inner hair cells was common. Each inner hair cell received approximately 6 to 8 different nerve terminals. In addition, each terminal possessed a variable number of synaptic contacts.Junctional membrane specialization consisted of synapses, desmosomes, coated vesicles and arrays of microtubules and membrane cisternae. Specialization at synapses consisted of asymmetrical membrane thickening. At inner hair cells the postsynaptic membrane was thicker than the presynaptic membrane. Eighty‐three percent of synapses had presynaptic bodies. Vesiculated efferent terminals synapsed on afferent fibers at the base of inner hair cells, but never directly on the inner hair cell.These anatomical data demonstrate distinct differences between the human and animal inner ear, which are important in the interpretation of neurophysiological data in animals and the formulation of hypotheses that involve assumptions crossing species.
Identification of Rhinoscleroma by Immunoperoxidase Technique
Authors: Gumprecht Thomas F. , Nichols Peter W. , Meyer Paul R. 
Published: February 2017

Rhinoscleroma is a chronic disease of the respiratory system. Its onset is insidious and its symptoms are often nonspecific. Yet rhinoscleroma is a progressive disease that can lead to significant disability.The proper diagnosis is difficult because of the nonspecific presentation and rarity of rhinoscleroma. Biopsy tissue often is not properly cultured. Diagnostic histologic features may not be readily apparent or may be overlooked by the unsuspecting pathologist.A case of rhinoscleroma is reported in which an immunoperoxidase technique was applied to retrospectively confirm the diagnosis. The usefulness of this new technique in the diagnosis of rhinoscleroma is discussed.
Tumors and Surgery of the Parapharyngeal Space
Authors: Olsen Kerry D. 
Published: February 2017

The parapharyngeal space, an area of complex anatomic relationships, is involved in a wide variety of benign and malignant neoplasms. Because primary parapharyngeal space tumors are rare, it is difficult to obtain surgical experience in this region. This paper reviews the anatomy, presentation, evaluation, surgical approaches, and pathologic features and complications reported in managing patients with parapharyngeal space neoplasms.Two surgical procedures have been used by the author to treat 44 tumors in the parapharyngeal space. The cervical‐parotid approach was used in 35 patients, and the cervical‐parotid approach with midline mandibulotomy was used in 9 patients. Of the 44 tumors, 32 were benign lesions and 12 were malignant neoplasms. Forty tumors were primary parapharyngeal space tumors, and 4 cases represented isolated metastases to parapharyngeal nodes. Recurrent tumors accounted for 12 of the 44 cases. Discussion of the indications, surgical technique, and select points pertinent to using these two operative procedures is based on the operative experience gained from these 44 patients. The use of these two operations resulted in low morbidity and provided a safe, efficacious approach to the management of all parapharyngeal space neoplasms encountered.
Anesthesia for Microlaryngeal Surgery: The Case for Subglottic Jet Ventilation
Authors: Hunsaker Darrell H. 
Published: February 2017

Although the techniques for surgery on the endolarynxusing suspension and the operating microscope have been fully developed,1–4 the safest, and least obtrusive anesthetic technique has yet to be manifested, as evidenced by more than 200 references to anesthesia for microlaryngoscopy in the world literature. This study reviews the physiology, physics, and problems of each anesthetic technique. In light of this review, animal and human studies are reported demonstrating the utility and safety of subglottic ventilation when provided with proper monitoring using an automatic ventilator. A modified Ben‐Jet tube is reported,5 which has a 1‐mm ID channel to monitor Pco2 and tracheal pressure. This self‐centering 3.0‐mm tube, which extends 6 to 8 cm below the glottis, is unobtrusive for the surgeon. The subglottic tube, which is much less likely to be malaligned, is much more acceptable to the anesthesiologist. Anesthesia, by intravenous sedation, utilizes neuromuscular blockade while ventilating through the jet tube powered by an automatic ventilator with an automatic shutdown feature attached to the monitor tube to prevent inadvertent barotrauma.The third phase of this study compared fluoroplastic, used in a prototype jet ventilation tube, with 6‐mm Silastic®, Red Rubber, and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) tubes when struck by maximum power of CO2, Nd‐YAG, and K‐532 lasers. The test was performed in a closed chamber in which concentrations of oxygen and nitrogen were controlled. Although damaged by the CO, laser beam, the fluoroplastic tubes did not continue burning when the laser was turned off in 100% oxygen, even when coated by blood. The other three tubes continued to burn in 23% oxygen. Neither the KTP nor Nd‐YAG laser damaged the Teflon tube, while they ignited a sustained flame in 30% oxygen.This study supports the use of fluoroplastic for a laser safe jet ventilation tube. It also demonstrates the danger of tube fires, even in low oxygen concentrations, when using Silastic, rubber, and PVC tubes in laser laryngeal surgery. There was no difference in the flammability of Silastic, rubber or PVC when struck by these lasers in this study.For these reasons, subglottic ventilation using a fluoroplastic, monitored, self‐centering, subglottic, jet ventilation tube driven by an automatic ventilator with a shutdown feature, in the event of excessive pressure buildup, is proposed for anesthetizing healthy patients undergoing suspension microlaryngoscopy, and who have no airway obstructing lesion. A large tube with inflatable cuff is indicated when a supraglottic lesion may obstruct the airway.
Contrasting Effects of Aridity and Grazing Intensity on Multiple Ecosystem Functions and Services in Australian Woodlands
Authors: Vandandorj Sumiya , Eldridge David J. , Travers Samantha K. , Delgado‐Baquerizo Manuel 
Published: February 2017

AbstractGlobal change is expected to reduce the provision of multiple ecosystem services in drylands, the largest biome on Earth. Understanding the relative importance of climate change and overgrazing on ecosystems services is critical for predicting the effects of global change on ecosystem well‐being. We generated a system‐level understanding of the effects of climate (aridity intensity) and land use intensification (herbivore grazing intensity) on four regulating ecosystem services (C‐storage, N‐availability and P‐availability, and organic matter decomposition) and one provisioning service (plant production) in wooded drylands from eastern Australia. Climate change and grazing intensity had different effects on multiple ecosystem services. Increasing aridity from 0·19 (dry subhumid) to 0·63 (arid) had consistent suppressive effects on C‐storage, N‐availability, decomposition and plant biomass services, but not on P‐availability. The magnitude of these suppressive effects was greater than any effects due to grazing. All sites showed evidence of kangaroo grazing, but the heaviest grazing was due to cattle (dung: range 0–4545 kg ha−1; mean 142 kg ha−1). Any effects of grazing on ecosystem services were herbivore specific and ranged from positive to neutral or negative. Sheep, and to a lesser extent cattle, were associated with greater N‐availability. Rabbits, however, had a greater effect on P‐availability than aridity. Our study suggests that increases in livestock grazing may fail to sustain ecosystem services because of the generally stronger negative effect of increasing aridity on most ecosystem services in our model dryland. These services are likely therefore to decline with global increases in aridity. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reactive Oxygen, Nitrogen, and Sulfur Species (RONSS)‐Responsive Polymersomes for Triggered Drug Release
Authors: Deng Zhengyu , Hu Jinming , Liu Shiyong 
Published: February 2017

Reactive oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur species (RONSS) are cross‐reacting and involved in a myriad of physiological and pathological processes. Similar to acidic pH, overexpressed enzymes, and other specific stimuli found in pathological microenvironments, RONSS are recognized as a category of emerging triggering events and have been employed to design activatable theranostic nanomaterials. In this regard, a plethora of RONSS‐responsive nanovectors including polymeric micelles and vesicles (also referred to as polymersomes) are constructed. In comparison with micelles, polymersomes comprising aqueous interiors enclosed by hydrophobic membranes show intriguing applications in synergistic delivery of both hydrophobic and hydrophilic drugs, nanoreactors, and artificial organelles. This feature article focuses on the recent developments in the fabrication of RONSS‐responsive polymersomes and their potential biomedical applications in terms of triggered drug delivery.
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Neurophysiological recovery 5 years after carpal tunnel release in patients with diabetes
Authors: Thomsen Niels O.B. , Andersson Gert S. , Björk Jonas , Dahlin Lars B. 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroduction: The long‐term results of neurophysiological recovery after carpal tunnel release in patients with diabetes have not been studied. Methods: Thirty‐five patients with diabetes and carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) were matched with 31 patients without diabetes who had idiopathic CTS, and 27 and 30 patients, respectively, participated in this follow‐up study. Nerve conduction results at 5 years were compared with previously published results at baseline and 1 year. Results: Significant neurophysiological improvement continued from 1 to 5 years after carpal tunnel release for patients with and without diabetes. However, wrist–palm sensory conduction velocity was still abnormal for 85% and 43% of patients with and without diabetes, respectively. Although diabetes had an impact on 4 of 10 measured neurophysiological parameters, the influence of peripheral neuropathy seemed insignificant. Discussion: After carpal tunnel release, significant long‐term neurophysiological improvement is possible for patients with diabetes, and it is not influenced by the presence of peripheral neuropathy. Muscle Nerve 56: E59–E64, 2017
A multiscale framework for the simulation of the anisotropic mechanical behavior of shale
Authors: Li Weixin , Rezakhani Roozbeh , Jin Congrui , Zhou Xinwei , Cusatis Gianluca 
Published: February 2017

SummaryShale, like many other sedimentary rocks, is typically heterogeneous and anisotropic and is characterized by partial alignment of anisotropic clay minerals and naturally formed bedding planes. In this study, a micromechanical framework based on the lattice discrete particle model is formulated to capture these features. Material anisotropy is introduced through an approximated geometric description of shale internal structure, which includes representation of material property variation with orientation and explicit modeling of parallel lamination. The model is calibrated by carrying out numerical simulations to match various experimental data, including the ones relevant to elastic properties, Brazilian tensile strength, and unconfined compressive strength. Furthermore, parametric study is performed to investigate the relationship between the mesoscale parameters and the macroscopic properties. It is shown that the dependence of the elastic stiffness, strength, and failure mode on loading orientation can be captured successfully. Finally, a homogenization approach based on the asymptotic expansion of field variables is applied to upscale the proposed micromechanical model, and the properties of the homogenized model are analyzed. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Reduced skeletal muscle secreted frizzled‐related protein 3 is associated with inflammation and insulin resistance
Authors: Pachori Alok S. , Madan Meenu , Nunez Lopez Yury O. , Yi Fanchao , Meyer Christian , Seyhan Attila A. 
Published: February 2017

ObjectiveTo investigate the role of secreted frizzled‐related protein 3 (Sfrp3) in insulin sensitivity (ISi) and β‐cell function in humans across a spectrum of glucose homeostasis.MethodsSubjects included those with normal glucose homeostasis (NGT; n = 18), prediabetes (PD; n = 11), or type 2 diabetes (T2D; n=12). Serum and skeletal muscle (SkM) Sfrp3 levels were measured by ELISA and qPCR, respectively, and insulin signaling pathway was assessed by Western blot. IS and β‐cell function were assessed by indices derived from frequently sampled intravenous glucose tolerance test.ResultsSkM Sfrp3 mRNA levels were significantly reduced in PD and T2D versus NGT. Similarly, serum Sfrp3 levels tended to be decreased in PD and T2D versus NGT. SkM Sfrp3 mRNA levels correlated negatively with circulating proinflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IFN‐γ) and positively with IS. In vitro‐differentiated myotubes from lean insulin‐sensitive subjects treated with either lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or recombinant IL‐6 demonstrated a dose‐dependent reduction in Sfrp3 gene expression. Treatment of myotubes with recombinant Sfrp3 restored LPS‐ and IL‐6‐induced attenuation of insulin‐stimulated Akt phosphorylation.ConclusionsInflammation‐induced reduction in SkM Sfrp3 expression may contribute to insulin resistance, and this effect may be prevented by addition of exogenous Sfrp3. Thus, Sfrp3 may be a novel target for insulin sensitization.
Light and pH dual‐sensitive biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles for controlled release of cargos
Authors: Xia Yingchun , Zeng Yunxiong , Hu Ding , Shen Huihui , Deng Jianru , Lu Yanbing , Xia Xinnian , Xu Weijian 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIn this article, a light and pH dual‐sensitive block copolymer PEG‐b‐poly(MPC‐Azo/DEA) was facilely prepared for the first time by azide‐alkyne click chemistry between amphiphilic block copolymer bearing pendant alkynyl group poly(ethylene glycol)‐poly(5‐methyl‐5‐propargylxycarbonyl‐1,3‐dioxane‐2‐one) (PEG‐b‐poly(MPC)) and two azide‐containing compounds azobenzene derivative (Azo‐N3) and 2‐azido‐1‐ethyl‐diethylamine (DEA‐N3). Light response of the polymeric nanoparticles benefits from the azobenzene segments and pH responsiveness is attributed to DEA moieties. The prepared copolymer could self‐assemble into spherical micelle particles. The morphological changes of these particles in response to dual stimuli were investigated by UV/vis spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering (DLS), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nile Red (NR) was utilized as probe, and fluorescence spectroscopy was served as an evidence for the enhanced release of cargos from polymeric nanoparticles under combined stimulation. Anticancer drug, DOX was loaded into the nanoparticles and the loaded‐DOX could be released from these nanoparticles under dual stimuli. MTT assays further demonstrated that PEG‐b‐poly(MPC) and PEG‐b‐poly(MPC‐Azo/DEA) were of biocompatibility and low toxicity against HepG2 cells as well as SMCC‐7721 cells. More importantly, the prepared DOX‐loaded nanoparticles exhibited good anticancer ability for the two cells. The synthesized light and pH dual‐sensitive biodegradable polymeric nanoparticles were expected to be platforms for precisely controlled release of encapsulated molecules. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1773–1783
Donor–acceptor conjugated copolymers incorporating tetrafluorobenzene as the π‐electron deficient unit
Authors: Nitti Andrea , Debattista Federico , Abbondanza Luigi , Bianchi Gabriele , Po Riccardo , Pasini Dario 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTWe present the synthesis and characterization of a new family of perfectly alternating conjugated polymers, obtained through different methodologies (Stille, Direct Arylation, and Horner–Wadsworth–Emmons polymerizations). The polymers comprise either 2,5‐dialkoxybenzene or benzodithiophene electron rich units, and 1,2,4,5‐tetrafluorobenzene as the electron‐deficient unit, eventually separated by a vinylene bridge, if suitable monomers and HWE polymerization procedures are used. As shown by NMR spectroscopy, the introduction of the fluorinated aromatic units brings complications in the polymer stereodefinition in the HWE polymerization, and regiodefinition in the case of the Direct Arylation. The polymers show moderate degrees of polymerization (up to 10 repeating alternating units in the backbone), which are however significant enough to unravel interesting properties such as energy HOMO–LUMO gaps and aggregation behavior in solution at room temperature. In depth calculations fully confirmed the aggregation tendency, highlighting the key role of the benzodithiophene as the donor component when in combination with the tetrafluorobenzene unit. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2017, 55, 1601–1610