bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Guidelines for Defining Biologically Important Bat Roosts: A Case Study from Colorado
Authors: Neubaum Daniel J. , Navo Kirk W. , Siemers Jeremy L. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Conservation of roosts is regularly recommended as a strategy to decrease the risk of threats to local bat populations (e.g., white-nose syndrome). Determining whether a roost site plays a meaningful role in maintaining a local bat population can be difficult given the variability found in roost structure type, and use by season, duration, and sex. Here we provide land managers and biologists with guidelines to aid in the decision process for determining which roosts are biologically important in maintaining healthy bat populations at a local scale. We define methods for determining biologically important roost sites and provide a case study of their use on bat roosts in Colorado. To be considered biologically important, we suggest that a roost meet two primary criteria: 1) it is considered a hibernaculum, maternity roost, transient roost, colonial bachelor roost, or fall swarming site used by bat species that are gregarious roosters, hibernators, or are known to swarm, and 2) if the site is disturbed or lost, it could affect 5% or more of the local population of the species, as defined by the investigator. Additive measures to further evaluate the importance of the roost and assign higher conservation value include: 1) a roost used by a special status species and 2) large aggregations of bats where an estimated 20% or more of the local population is roosting or swarming at the site. We also provide definitions for the seasonality of roost types, examples of several real-life scenarios where management decisions have been made for roosts, and a worksheet that helps guide users through the process.
The effect of cold storage of mass-reared codling moths (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) on subsequent flight capacity
Authors: Matveev E. , Kwon J.J. , Judd G.J.R. , Evenden M.L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFlight capacity of codling moths, Cydia pomonella (Linnaeus) (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), was measured with computer-linked flight mills following exposure to one of two temperature regimes. Codling moth adults were held for 24 hours before flight under either chilled (2 °C) or unchilled (24 °C) conditions. The chilling treatment emulated conditions that codling moths are exposed to pre-release in the Okanagan Sterile Insect Release (SIR) Programme. Moths were assayed on flight mills for eight hours to obtain a measure of flight capacity based on total flight distance. Energy use was assessed by weight loss during flight and post-flight body lipid content compared with similarly treated moths that did not fly. Flight distance did not vary with pre-flight temperature treatment, however moth pre-flight weight influenced flight capacity; heavier moths flew further. Moths chilled before the bioassay used less energy based on reduced weight loss and higher lipid content post bioassay as compared with unchilled moths. The current cold storage procedure used in the SIR Programme does not negatively influence subsequent flight capacity and reduces energy use during flight. Codling moths can fly on average between 7–10km in an eight-hour flight mill bioassay and lipids, at least in part, are used to fuel flight.
Distinct Expression and Function of FcεRII in Human B Cells and Monocytes
Authors: Peng Wenming , Grobe William , Walgenbach-Brünagel Gisela , Flicker Sabine , Yu Chunfeng , Sylvester Marc , Allam Jean-Pierre , Oldenburg Johannes , Garbi Natalio , Valenta Rudolf , Novak Natalija 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
FcεRII is a multifunctional low-affinity IgER that is involved in the pathogenesis of allergic, inflammatory, and neoplastic diseases. Although discrepancies in FcεRII-mediated functions are being increasingly recognized, the consequences of FcεRII activation are not completely understood. In this study, we evaluated the expression of FcεRII on human blood cells and found that it was primarily expressed on monocytes and B cells. Although IL-4 promoted expression of the FcεRIIb isoform on B cells and monocytes, the expression of the FcεRIIa isoform was not dependent on IL-4. Furthermore, FcεRII predominantly bound allergen–IgE complexes on B cells but not on monocytes. FcεRII-mediated allergen–IgE complex uptake by B cells directed Ags to MHC class II–rich compartments. FcεRII-bearing monocytes and B cells expressed high levels of the FcεRII sheddase a disintegrin and metalloproteinase 10, which implies that they are important sources of soluble FcεRII. Moreover, we identified that IgE immune complex stimulation of FcεRII activated intracellular tyrosine phosphorylation via Syk in B cells but not in monocytes. Importantly, FcεRII-mediated signaling by allergen–IgE immune complexes increased IFN-γ production in B cells of allergic patients during the build-up phase of allergen-specific immunotherapy. Together, our results demonstrate that FcεRII mediates cell type-dependent function in allergic reactions. In addition, the results identify a novel allergen–IgE complex/FcεRII/Syk/IFN-γ pathway in allergic responses and suggest that FcεRII may play a role in regulating allergic reactions via modulating IFN-γ production in B cells.
NK Cells Alleviate Lung Inflammation by Negatively Regulating Group 2 Innate Lymphoid Cells
Authors: Bi Jiacheng , Cui Lulu , Yu Guang , Yang Xiaolu , Chen Youhai , Wan Xiaochun 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Group 2 innate lymphoid cells (ILC2s) play an important role in orchestrating type II immune responses. However, the cellular mechanisms of group 2 innate lymphoid cell regulation remain poorly understood. In this study, we found that activated NK cells inhibited the proliferation of, as well as IL-5 and IL-13 production by, ILC2s in vitro via IFN-γ. In addition, in a murine model of ILC2 expansion in the liver, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid, an NK cell–activating agent, inhibited ILC2 proliferation, IL-5 and IL-13 production, and eosinophil recruitment. Such effects of polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid were abrogated in NK cell–depleted mice and in IFN-γ–deficient mice. Adoptively transferring wild-type NK cells into NK cell–depleted mice resulted in fewer ILC2s induced by IL-33 compared with the transfer of IFN-γ–deficient NK cells. Importantly, during the early stage of papain- or bleomycin-induced lung inflammation, depletion of NK cells resulted in increased ILC2 numbers and enhanced cytokine production by ILC2s, as well as aggravated eosinophilia and goblet cell hyperplasia. Collectively, these data show that NK cells negatively regulate ILC2s during the early stage of lung inflammation, which represents the novel cellular interaction between two family members of ILCs.
Fire Enhances Whitebark Pine Seedling Establishment, Survival, and Growth
Authors: Perkins Judy L. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractPeriodic fire is thought to improve whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulisEngelm.) regeneration by reducing competition and creating openings, but the mechanisms by which fire affects seedling establishment are poorly understood. I compared seedling vegetation production in adjacent sites, one last burned in 1880 and the other in 1988, to test the hypothesis that recent fire increases whitebark pine seedling growth. I experimentally tested effects of fire on seedling recruitment and growth by planting seeds in prescribed burned and nearby unburned sites. Experimental results showed nearly three times greater seed germination and seedling survival in recently prescribed burn plots. Seedling vegetation production in the 1880 and 1988 burn sites were measured using stem diameter and number of new needle bundles. Stem diameter was approximately 26 % greater after the more recent fire in the 1988 burn site, and new needle bundle production was approximately 40 % greater in this site relative to seedlings in the adjacent site that was last burned in 1880. Seedling growth, measured as both above- and belowground biomass, was approximately 57 % greater in a recently prescribed burn site relative to growth in an adjacent site that was unburned since 1910. Higher growth rates after prescribed fire corresponded with greater soil NO3−and soil-available P concentrations relative to unburned controls. However, high N concentrations in leaves of seedlings in unburned plots indicated that whitebark pine seedlings were not N-limited. Higher P, increased light availability, and earlier snowmelt after fire may be important factors in general postfire success of whitebark pine.
Soil Carbon and Nutrient Recovery after High-Severity Wildfire in Mexico
Authors: Quintero-Gradilla Shatya D. , García-Oliva Felipe , Cuevas-Guzmán Ramón , Jardel-Peláez Enrique J. , Martínez-Yrizar Angelina 
Published: March 2017

AbstractFire severity can increase above historical levels due to factors such as human-derived fire suppression and climate change. Studies about the effects of high-severity fires on soil carbon and nutrients in pine forest at tropical latitudes are still rare. We analyzed the changes in carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) contents in the organic layer and the top mineral soil layer in a post-fire chronosequence of Pinus douglasiana Martínez-dominated forest stands in central-western Mexico 8 yr, 28 yr, and 60 yr following a high-severity fire. We found that fire significantly affected the total C, N, and P contents in the organic layer, explained mainly by mass losses. We did not detect differences in C, N, and P contents (Mg ha−1) in the mineral soil, but C and N concentrations (mg g−1) increased with stand age. This can be explained by the high levels of tree mortality that occur during high-severity fires, depleting litter inputs to the soil. We observed a fast recovery of C, N, and P, perhaps resulting from the high capacity of Pinus douglasiana to regenerate following high-severity fires. This can be associated with high metabolic rates of forests in tropical latitudes, which, given their climate and soil conditions, favor higher rates of vegetation growth and, thus, faster rates of organic C inputs and soil organic C accumulation.
Approximation of Fire-Return Intervals with Point Samples in the Southern Range of the Coast Redwood Forest, California, USA
Authors: Jones Gregory A. , Russell Will 
Published: March 2017

AbstractA legacy of past fires is evident in the form of blackened basal hollows found throughout the southern range of the coast redwood (Sequoia sempervirens [D. Don] Endl.) forest. A deeper look reveals cambial scars dating back centuries, telling a story of low- to moderate-intensity fires that burned periodically across California’s Central Coast bioregion. While attempts have been made to reconstruct the fire history of this forest type, estimates of the fire-return interval vary widely, and the relationship of the fire-return interval to varying cultural influences is not fully understood. We analyzed 373 fire scars from 70 cross-sections removed from stumps, downed logs, and live trees in the coastal Santa Cruz Mountains of California, USA, in order to estimate fire-return intervals (FRI) for individual trees, mean FRI across samples, and seasonality of historical fires. The mean FRI, averaged across point samples, was 60.6 yr with a median of 40.1 yr. Fire scars were most prevalent in the dormant and latewood portions of annual growth rings. A sub-sample of 19 cross-sections, for which we were able to determine approximate fire years, exhibited a high degree of variation between samples with individual tree FRIs ranging from 10.4 yr to 128 yr. The mean FRI of 43.3 yr was marginally higher for the pre-settlement period (1352 to 1849) compared to 30.7 yr for the settlement period (1850 to 1924) and 32.3 yr for the recent period (1925 to 2013). While our results suggest a longer estimate of fire-return intervals than previously documented for this forest type, high variation within and between samples clouded distinctions and illustrates a culturally constructed fire regime characterized by temporal and spatial heterogeneity.
A Case Study Comparison of LANDFIRE Fuel Loading and Emissions Generation on a Mixed Conifer Forest in Northern Idaho, USA
Authors: Hyde Josh , Strand Eva K. , Hudak Andrew T. , Hamilton Dale 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe use of fire as a land management tool is well recognized for its ecological benefits in many natural systems. To continue to use fire while complying with air quality regulations, land managers are often tasked with modeling emissions from fire during the planning process. To populate such models, the Landscape Fire and Resource Management Planning Tools (LANDFIRE) program has developed raster layers representing vegetation and fuels throughout the United States; however, there are limited studies available comparing LANDFIRE spatially distributed fuel loading data with measured fuel loading data. This study helps address that knowledge gap by evaluating two LANDFIRE fuel loading raster options—Fuels Characteristic Classification System (LANDFIRE-FCCS) and Fuel Loading Model (LANDFIRE-FLM) layers—with measured fuel loadings for a 20 000 ha mixed conifer study area in northern Idaho, USA. Fuel loadings are compared, and then placed into two emissions models—the First Order Fire Effects Model (FOFEM) and Consume—for a subsequent comparison of consumption and emissions results. The LANDFIRE-FCCS layer showed 200%* higher duff loadings relative to measured loadings. These led to 23% higher total mean total fuel consumption and emissions when modeled in FOFEM. The LANDFIRE-FLM layer showed lower loadings for total surface fuels relative to measured data, especially in the case of coarse woody debris, which in turn led to 51% lower mean total consumption and emissions when modeled in FOFEM. When the comparison was repeated using Consume model outputs, LANDFIRE-FLM consumption was 59% lower relative to that on the measured plots, with 58% lower modeled emissions. Although both LANDFIRE and measured fuel loadings fell within the ranges observed by other researchers in US mixed conifer ecosystems, variation within the fuel loadings for all sources was high, and the differences in fuel loadings led to significant differences in consumption and emissions depending upon the data and model chosen. The results of this case study are consistent with those of other researchers, and indicate that supplementing LANDFIRE-represented data with locally measured data, especially for duff and coarse woody debris, will produce more accurate emissions results relative to using unaltered LANDFIRE-FCCS or LANDFIRE-FLM fuel loadings. Accurate emissions models will aid in representing emissions and complying with air quality regulations, thus ensuring the continued use of fire in wildland management.
Bromine atom production and chain propagation during springtime Arctic ozone depletion events in Barrow, Alaska
Authors: Thompson Chelsea R. , Shepson Paul B. , Liao Jin , Huey L. Greg , Cantrell Chris , Flocke Frank , Orlando John 
Published: March 2017

Abstract. Ozone depletion events (ODEs) in the Arctic are primarily controlled by a bromine radical-catalyzed destruction mechanism that depends on the efficient production and recycling of Br atoms. Numerous laboratory and modeling studies have suggested the importance of heterogeneous recycling of Br through HOBr reaction with bromide on saline surfaces. On the other hand, the gas-phase regeneration of bromine atoms through BrO–BrO radical reactions has been assumed to be an efficient, if not dominant, pathway for Br reformation and thus ozone destruction. Indeed, it has been estimated that the rate of ozone depletion is approximately equal to twice the rate of the BrO self-reaction. Here, we use a zero-dimensional, photochemical model, largely constrained to observations of stable atmospheric species from the 2009 Ocean–Atmosphere–Sea Ice–Snowpack (OASIS) campaign in Barrow, Alaska, to investigate gas-phase bromine radical propagation and recycling mechanisms of bromine atoms for a 7-day period during late March. This work is a continuation of that presented in Thompson et al. (2015) and utilizes the same model construct. Here, we use the gas-phase radical chain length as a metric for objectively quantifying the efficiency of gas-phase recycling of bromine atoms. The gas-phase bromine chain length is determined to be quite small, at  <  1.5, and highly dependent on ambient O3 concentrations. Furthermore, we find that Br atom production from photolysis of Br2 and BrCl, which is predominately emitted from snow and/or aerosol surfaces, can account for between 30 and 90 % of total Br atom production. This analysis suggests that condensed-phase production of bromine is at least as important as, and at times greater than, gas-phase recycling for the occurrence of Arctic ODEs. Therefore, the rate of the BrO self-reaction is not a sufficient estimate for the rate of O3 depletion.
On the Suffering of Animals in Nature: Legal Barriers and the Moral Duty to Intervene
Authors: Johnson Lisa 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Human beings have a moral duty to intervene to prevent or to mitigate the suffering of free-living animals. This article focuses on that duty, particularly as it exists when an animal asks for help and when animals who need help are within the zone of a person’s ability and willingness to help. As such, people should be free to help if they choose to do so, unencumbered by legal restrictions that outlaw such conduct. However, federal and state laws in the United States remain an obstacle, because they designate some activities that are necessary to help free-living animals as unlawful. Laws should not interfere with human beings’ benign interactions with nature and, in particular, people should be legally permitted to help free-living animals. People should actually assist the individual animals who want or need help, rather than trading individual assistance in favor of ecosystem “management,” policy concerns that favor expediency and budget limitations, or any other tangential issues.
Between the Boundaries: The Athletic Citizenship Quest of Carlota Gooden
Authors: Ariail Cat 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
What is the relationship between sport and citizenship? By tracing the experiences of Carlota Gooden, a West Indian Panamanian sprinter, this article explores the possibilities and limitations of athletic citizenship, a form of symbolic social citizenship that confers material advantages. Born and raised in the U.S.-controlled Canal Zone, Gooden competed for Panama at multiple regional and international sporting events in the 1950s. Even though she successfully represented Panama, her achievements did not grant her uncontested national belonging. Gooden instead had to navigate constantly boundaries of race, gender, and nation to secure opportunities in sport. Her strategies resemble those employed by West Indian Panamanians and other populations of the African Diaspora who sought citizenship in the 1950s Americas. Yet the athletic opportunities Gooden found provided her with rights and recognitions otherwise unavailable. Sport, thus, allowed Gooden actively to claim a greater degree of citizenship.
The British Athlete “is born not made”: Transatlantic Tensions over Sports Coaching
Authors: Day Dave 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
During the latter stages of the nineteenth century and well into the twentieth, the trajectory of organized sports followed significantly different paths in North America and Great Britain. Nowhere was this more evident than in the field of professional coaching where the American model of full-time coaches in universities and athletics clubs contrasted with the ever-increasing preference for amateur coaches in many British sports. While the American model was adopted enthusiastically in many European countries, there was considerable resistance to this approach in Britain. This paper utilizes contemporary media commentary to contrast the characteristics of coaching practice and philosophy that typified American and British approaches during the Victorian period and explores some of the arguments offered in Britain against the adoption of specialized American coaching methods.
Allen Guttmann’s Alter Ego: Sébastien Darbon and the Definition of “Sport”
Authors: Holt Richard 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Allen Guttmann’s seven-point characterization of modern sport in From Ritual to Record (1978) has arguably been the most useful working definition of sport. It was based on a Weberian “modernization” model of secular, rational, and bureaucratic regulation, which Guttmann defended in the afterword to the 2004 reissued edition of his book. In Les fondaments du système sportif (2014), the French anthropologist Sébastien Darbon reworked Guttmann’s definition to incorporate its stress on rules and organization but giving greater emphasis to the creation of specific sporting spaces and to the role of precise timing, as well as insisting on their interdependence and mutual reinforcement. An activity can only be genuine “sport” when it is part of such a “network.” In a series of historical studies of the origins of British sports, Darbon shows how this new “sports system” involves a complete break with the past in response to new historical conditions.
Ancient Sport and Allen Guttmann
Authors: Decker Wolfgang 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Five of Allen Guttmann’s eleven sport history monographs examine sport in antiquity or at least touch upon the subject. They include From Ritual to Record (1978), Sports Spectators (1986), Women’s Sport (1991), The Erotic in Sports (1996), and Sports: The First Five Millennia (2004). Ancient history is a multifaceted subject with many subfields. This essay appraises Guttmann’s work on ancient sport history and concludes that it is admirable how intensively Guttmann (an American studies scholar) has written about various ancient cultures after having nearly mastered the scholarship on the subject, which is written in several different languages.
Is This the Road All Runners Run?
Authors: Vertinsky Patricia 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
In this tribute to Allen Guttmann’s long and venerable career as a sport historian and literary critic, I borrow from his insightful and poignant analysis of long-distance runners in an analysis of poems and novels to examine the scholarly roads he has run and those races in which he has both joined and parted from his colleagues. I examine his determination to follow a modernization framework in his historical work and comment on his distaste for feminist and postmodernist theorizing. I conclude with a deep admiration for his finely crafted and interesting writing and his steadfast determination to keep running on roads of his choice.
Allen Guttmann, Cross-Disciplinary Champion of an Interdisciplinary Field
Authors: Kelly William W. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
With erudite scholarship, lively writing, and daring leaps across topics, eras, and disciplines, Allen Guttmann has earned a champion’s laurels in global sports studies. This essay is an appreciation of but one of his many accomplishments, his weaving together the multiple strands of Japanese sporting practices into a historical tapestry of indigenization and sportification. His coauthored book with Lee Thompson, Japanese Sports (2001), is an original contribution to our understanding of modern Japan and an influential argument about sports globalization.
New Light on Old Treasures
Authors: Stone Daniel 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
This article examines two aspects of the prolonged sojourn in Canada of Polish artistic and historical treasures from their arrival in 1940 until their repatriation in 1960–1961. Part One, “A Tale of Two Curators,” examines contrasting evaluations of the character and contributions of the two Wawel curators, Stanisław Świerz Zaleski and Józef Krzywda Polkowski, who took sharply different paths after the war. Part Two, “Quebec, the Church, and the Polish Treasures,” shows that the Quebec Catholic Church played a leading role in keeping the treasures in Canada until 1960–1961.