bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
44. Astronomical Observations From Outside The Terrestrial Atmosphere
Authors: Code A. D. 
Published: July 2016

Commission 44 is by title technique oriented. The following statement of the role of the commission was prepared for use by the General Secretary in responding to requests by non-astronomers with respect to the activities of IAU commissions.‘The Earth’s atmosphere is opaque to radiation throughout most of the electromagnetic spectrum. The light reaching the surface of the Earth from celestial objects is confined primarily to the visual region of the spectrum and a larger window in the radio region. Much of the infrared and all the far ultraviolet, X-ray and γ-ray radiation are absorbed in the upper atmosphere. Thus astronomers must carry their telescopes and auxiliary instrumentation above the Earth’s atmosphere to unlock the clues on the structure of the universe revealed by the light at these wavelengths. Furthermore the light in the accessible region of the spectrum that does reach the surface of the Earth is distorted and scattered in such a manner that the spatial resolution and details of the radiating source is seriously degraded.
Commision 14: Atomic and Molecular Data (Donnees Atomiques Et Moleculaires)
Authors: Nicholls R.W. , Sahal S. , Gabriel A.H. , Kato T. , Lovas F.J. , Mandel’shtam S.L. , Nussbaumer H. , Parkinson W.H. , Rudzigas Z.R. , Wiese W.L. 
Published: July 2016

The Commission has, since its inception, been devoted to the continually increasing needs of astronomy and astrophysics for reliable atomic and molecular data a) for diagnostic interpretation of astronomical observations, and b) for support of theoretical modelling of astrophysical situations. At the 1985 Delhi General Assembly, the Commission reviewed the scope of its subject matter, and considered whether it should be extended to include higher energy physical processes than are commonly treated by atomic and molecular data. It was concluded that there was no strong demand for this change, which, if implemented, would make the work of the Commission too diffuse. The appropriateness of the past working group structure was also carefully reviewed in the light of contemporary needs. The following working groups, which have evolved from those of past years, together with their chairmen was approved:
1:Atomic Spectra and Wavelength Standards (excluding primary standards): W.C. Martin2:Atomic Transition Probabilities: W.L Wiese3:Collision Processes: A. Dalgarno4:Line Broadening: N. Feautrier5:Molecular Structure and Transition Data: W.H. Parkinson
41. History of Astronomy (Histoire De L’astronomie)
Authors: Eddy J.A. , North J.D. , Debarbat S. , Eelsalu H. , Pedersen O. , Ze-Zong Xi 
Published: July 2016

Commission 41 has been involved in one colloquium and one symposium since the last report:IAU Colloquium 91 on “The History of Oriental Astronomy” was held in New Delhi, November 13-16, 1985, preceding the XlXth General Assembly. Members of the scientific organizing committee were S.M.R. Ansari, E.S. Kennedy, D. King, R. Mercier, O. Pedersen, D. Pingree, G. Saliba, Xi Ze-Zong and K. Yabuuti. The colloquium was co-sponsored by the International Union for the History and Philosophy of Science, and by a number of organizations in India: the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi, the Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, the Indian Institute of Astrophysics, Bangalore, the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bombay, and the University Grants Commission, New Delhi. The local organizing committee, chaired by G. Swarup, made possible a number of local excursions, including a conducted tour of the great stone open air observatory, built in the city by the enlightened Maharadjah Jai Singh in the 18th century. The colloquium brought 84 participants from 19 countries. 46 papers were presented of which 10 were invited, covering aspects of astronomy in the far east and middle east since the earliest civilizations. Papers from Colloquium 91 have now been published in book form: History of Oriental Astronomy, G. Swarup, A.K. Bag, and K.S. Shukla, editors, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, England, 1987. Contributions are divided into three broad categories: ancient astronomy and its characteristics, ancient elements and planetary models, and medieval astronomy. Within these are papers on the characteristics and achievements of early astronomy in the eastern half of the world, including inter-regional development and mutual influences, ancient data relating to eclipses, supernovae and comets, medieval astronomical developments, instruments and early observatories, and the interplay between observational and theoretical astronomy. A short introductory paper by the revered historian E.S. Kennedy opens the book, as it set the stage for the colloquium in New Delhi: “We find (astronomy) originating a few centuries before the Christian era in two disparate cultures, Mesopotamia and the Hellenistic world. From the Mediterranean it passed to India, there to flourish. Thence the centroid of activity moved westward, residing in the lands of Islam during medieval times, more recently in Europe. Now astronomical research is carried out throughout the entire world.”
31. Commission De l’Heure
Authors: Sampson R. A. 
Published: July 2016

A brief review of the present position will explain the questions which are named in the Agenda at the end of the Report, as proposed for discussion or notice at the forthcoming Assembly.The most responsible part of the duties of the Commission is the general review of the work and outlay of funds by the Bureau de l’Heure. This obligation is expressed in the Regulations, as a Report from the Director of the Bureau (M. Bigourdan) to the President, and further in the approval of the Director’s estimate of expense by the President and the Commission. The Reports have been issued annually up to and including that for 1924, and the estimates for the Budget, including the current year, have been approved. The latter has not varied during the triennium. The duties incumbent on the Commission have, therefore, been performed. None the less, at the meetings of the Commission, opportunity will be offered for general comment in adjustment of policy on the occasion of preferring a request to the Union to renew for the next triennium the present subvention of 50,000 francs per annum.
13. Commission Des Eclipses De Soleil
Authors: Mitchell S. A. 
Published: July 2016

Since the date of the 1938 Stockholm meeting, there has been vast progress from eclipses both on the observational and the theoretical sides. In the interval there have been five total eclipses: 1940, October 1; 1941, September 21; 1944, January 25; 1945, July 9; and 1947, May 20. In spite of the war and of the ever-present enemy of eclipse observers, clouds, valuable observations were secured from each of the five eclipses.It is becoming increasingly difficult to draw a line of delimitation between the work of Commission 13 (Eclipses) and of Commission 11 (Chromospheric Phenomena) and Commission 12 (Solar Radiation and the Solar Spectrum). Spectacular developments by the use of coronagraphs at the high-altitude stations in France, in Switzerland and in the United States (Harvard Station at 11,532 ft.) and also by the improved motion-picture techniques developed at the McMath-Hulbert and the Mt Wilson Observatories have made it possible for refined observations of prominences and of the corona to be made outside of a total eclipse.
17. Commission Du Mouvement Et De La Figure De La Lune
Authors: Banachiewicz T. 
Published: July 2016

The discussions of observations of occultations have been published annually in the Astronomical Journal. The publication, dealing with the observations in the year 1942, which appeared in A. J. 51, 144–5 (1945), concludes the series of annual discussions made at the Yale Observatory. Beginning with the observations in the year 1943, the British Nautical Almanac Office has assumed the responsibility for the reduction and discussion of occultations of stars by the Moon.A discussion of the Moon’s motion based upon about 5000 occultations in the eleven years, 1932–42, and about 1000 Washington meridian circle observations in the years 1933–44 was made by D. Brouwer and A. J. Watts, A. J. 52, 169–76 (1947). Both series were reduced to the FK3 system and corrections for limb error were applied, based upon Hayn’s charts. In the case of the occultations the tables by Watts, A. J. 48, 170 (1940), were used for a partial elimination of the systematic limb effect from the lunation solutions. The meridian circle observations were corrected individually.
30. Commission Des Vitesses Radiales Stellaires
Authors: Pearce M. J. A. 
Published: July 2016

Since the last meeting of the Union, this Commission has lost two valued members, Dr W. E. Harper and Dr J. S. Plaskett, a past-President of this Commission. Both Harper and Plaskett made extensive contributions in the field of stellar radial velocities.The recent war seriously hindered research at all observatories, many of the institutions carrying on with reduced staffs and greatly diminished resources. The most serious blow to the work of this Commission was the destruction of the Pulkova and Simeis Observatories. The sympathy of the Commission is extended to our Russian colleagues for the loss of their splendid equipment and the destruction of their accumulated photographs. The hope is expressed that their important spectroscopic researches, so tragically interrupted, may soon be resumed.
38. Commission Pour L’Echange Des Astronomes
Authors: Stratton M. F. J. M. 
Published: July 2016

1. At the Meeting of the Executive Committee of the Union held at Copenhagen in March 1946 the following resolutions were adopted:(a)That a standing Commission be appointed for facilitating the exchange of astronomers.(b)That the attention of U.N.E.S.C.O. be drawn to the existence of this Commission as an advisory body to whom U.N.E.S.C.O. could refer questions of the exchange of astronomers.
16. Commission Pour les Observations Physiques des Planétes, des Cométes et des Satellites
Authors: Phillips T. E. R. , Andrea MM. , Antoniadi  , Armellini  , Baldet  , Campbell L. , Delporte  , Donitch  , Gastardi  , Harwood Mile , Jarry-Desloges MM. , Lampland  , Luplau-Janssen  , Lyot  , Maggini  , Mascari  , Nicholson  , Pickering W. H. , Quénisset  , Ross  , Slipher E. C. , Steavenson  , Stroobant  , Wright  
Published: July 2016

The following works embodying researches coming within the scope of this Commission have been published since the last meeting of the Union:1. “Recherches sur la polarisation de la lumière des planètes et de quelques substances terrestres,” by B. Lyot, Annales de l’Observatoire de Paris, Section de Meudon, 3, Fase. i. Characteristic curves are found representing the fraction of light polarized in the case of the Moon and several of the planets for the angles Sun-Moon or planet-Earth and compared with curves obtained in the laboratory for light reflected by a number of terrestrial substances. Some of the conclusions arrived at are referred to in the notes below.2. La Planète Mars 1656-1929, by E. M. Antoniadi. This is based mainly on the author’s own telescopic observations with the 0.83 m. Meudon refractor in 1909 and the following years, and contains the author’s conclusions therefrom. The work of numerous earlier and contemporary observers is also summarized and compared with the Meudon observations.3. The Moon, by W. Goodacre. Contains a description of the lunar surface formations, numerous drawings, charts and photographs, and the author’s revised Map of the Moon in 25 sections.4. “Ricerche Polarigrafiche sui Pianeti. La Polarizzazione sul Disco di Giove,” by M. Maggini, Mem. della Soc. Astron. Italiana, 4.5. La Constitution des Comètes, by F. Baldet. Paris, Hermann et Cie. 1930.6. “ Halley’s Comet in its Apparition of 1909-1911,” by Nicholas T. Bobrovnikoff, Pub. of the Lick Observatory, 17, pt 11, 1931.7. “Absorptionsspektren und Atmosphären der grossen Planeten,” by R. Wildt, Nach, von der Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Göttingen, Math.-Phys. Klasse, 1932.
20. Commission Pour l’Observation des Positions et le Calcul des Éphémérides des Petites Planètes, des Comètes, et des Satellites
Authors: Leuschner M. A. O. , Aitken MM. , Banachiewicz  , Brown E. W. , Solâ Comas y , Crommelin  , Delporte  , Fabry L. , Fayet  , Heinrich  , Hirayama K. , Kamieński  , Kepiński  , Lagrula  , Merton  , Peters G. H. , Silva  , Strömgren E. , Biesbroeck Van , Bilt Van der , Volta  , Wood  
Published: July 2016

In accordance with suggestions made by members of the Commission further consideration of the following topics is proposed:(1)Improvement of the present plan for distribution of observations and computations relating to minor planets and comets, with special reference to those which depart considerably from their ephemerides.(2)Designation of a central bureau to supervise any accepted plan for coordination of observations and computations. It is suggested that separate bureaus be established for Minor Planets and for Comets.(3)Systematic investigations of the orbits of the recently discovered objects designated as minor planets: Reinmuth 1932 HA, and Delporte 1932 EA1( and other objects of similar interest.(4)Financing of proposals (2) and (3).(5)Standard equinoxes as proposed by Comrie (1950.0) and by Bower (1900.0).(6)Designation of published residuals as observed residuals rather than referring to the epoch of the comparison star.(7)Greater adherence to the convention “That the dates used in giving the osculation epochs of elements for comets and minor planets shall be the midnight following an integral Julian date which is exactly divisible by 40, and for ephemerides, divisible by 8 (or 4, etc.),” to facilitate intercomparison of ephemerides and elements.(8)Inauguration of complete residuals of comets, similar to those of minor planets with provision for their continuation.(9)Inclusion in astronomical telegrams of some information of a descriptive nature to indicate the accuracy of the measured position, in confirmation of previous action.(10)Greater emphasis on accurate rather than on approximate positions, particularly in (9), or preliminary orbits.
Commission 4. (Ephemerides.)
Authors: Brown E. W. , Kopff A. 
Published: July 2016

1. Miss Vinter Hansen’s proposal that the equation of time be given with the same sign in all almanacs was referred to the directors of the national ephemerides.2. There was a discussion of the proposal by Dr L. J. Comrie that efforts be made to eliminate duplicate printing in the national ephemerides. It was moved and carried “That the question of duplicate printing be referred to the directors of the principal almanacs, and that they be requested to report at the next meeting of the Union.”3. The possibility of adopting a uniform system for star positions was also referred to the directors.
Commission 5. (Bibliography.)
Authors: Bosler M. J. , Williams K. 
Published: July 2016

M. Bosler in the absence of Prof. Stroobant, presented the President’s report as printed in the reports (pp. 21-23).A resolution presented by Mr F. de Roy, on behalf of the Belgian National Committee of Astronomy, on the question of filling the gap between the Bibliographie générale of Houzeau and Lancaster (1880) and the Astronomischer Jahresbericht (1899) was endorsed and adopted.The Commission further expressed a hope that Prof. Stroobant would be enabled to complete and publish his work of bringing the “Vade Mecum” of Houzeau (1882) up to the date of the Astronomischer Jahresbericht.
Commission 16. (Planets, Comets and Satellites.)
Authors: Phillips T. E. R. , Harwood M. 
Published: July 2016

Two meetings of Commission 16 were held. The Commission met also with Commission 22 to confer concerning the advisability of transferring the Physical Observation of Comets to Commission 22. It was decided not to recommend any change.The Draft Report was amended and approved.It was voted that the President of the Commission appoint a secretary to circulate information or requests for co-operative work on comets. It was agreed that the President appoint a special committee from the members who are observers of Mars to consult on Martian nomenclature and to report recommendations to the next meeting of the International Astronomical Union.
Commission 17. (Lunar Nomenclature.)
Authors: Brown E. W. , Wright F. E. 
Published: July 2016

The report of the President of the Commission was read and accepted without change.On the motion of Sir Frank Dyson, seconded by Dr W. S. Adams, it was unanimously voted that:“Commission 17 recommends to the Executive Committee that the list of designations for lunar formations agreed upon by the Commission (item 5 of the President’s report) be printed and that an appropriation not to exceed two hundred pounds be made for the purpose.
Commission19. (Variation of Latitude.)
Authors: Lambert W. D. , Schilt J. 
Published: July 2016

Mr Lambert stated that the Committee was a mixed one, the members being appointed by the I.A.U. and by the Association de Géodésie and the present session would be considered as a meeting of the entire Committee.In connection with Dr Kimura’s report the chairman recommended the resolution passed by the National Committee of Astronomy in Italy and moved that the Union should be asked to grant a small sum of money for the full publication of Kimura’s reductions of the international latitude observations. Mr Bowie suggested that at the present time such action involving expenditure should be delayed. Dr Schlesinger seconded the motion of the chairman and elucidated the Italian proposal. He read a cablegram from Dr Kimura stating the number of pages to be printed and the price. On the basis of these figures it was estimated that the total cost involved would be about five hundred dollars. The motion was carried unanimously.
Commission 25. (Photométrie Stellaire.)
Authors: Baillaud M. Jules , Payne Cecilia H. 
Published: July 2016

The Committee expressed its appreciation of the value of the work done by Prof. Seares, while President of the Commission, in the direction of establishing the relations between various other catalogues and the International System.The relations given by Prof. Seares, in the Draft Report, between the International System and the catalogues that have appeared during the last four years, form a new and very important contribution to this fundamental problem. But nothing in science can be definitive. The formulae given by Seares will be subject to modification by more extended discussion: they must be regarded as provisional; the Committee decided to place them in an appendix to the main report.
Commission 26. (Double Stars.)
Authors: Hertzsprung E. , Van Biesbroeck G. 
Published: July 2016

It was agreed to send a message of congratulation to Dr R. G. Aitken on the occasion of the completion of the A .D.S., a copy of which was for inspection on the table of the chairman.Aside from minor alterations and additions which were discussed in reading the Draft Report, the Committee adopted this report as printed and designated a subcommittee for the purpose of working out a short list of double stars situated between + 10° and − 10° declination for the investigation of personal errors. C. P. Olivier, who initiated this proposal, will act as chairman of the sub-committee, which will include R. G. Aitken, H. N. Russell, and G. Van Biesbroeck.
Commission 33. (Stellar Statistics.)
Authors: Oort J. H. , Lindblad B. 
Published: July 2016

A few questions relating to the observing programme of parallax observers and to catalogues of proper motions for fainter stars were discussed and the following recommendations were passed:(1)“That parallax observers are requested to publish the basis of selection of the stars of their observing programmes.”(2)“That the authors of lists of large proper motions should give more attention to the problem of identifying difficult and interesting stars (for instance by sketches of the surroundings).”
3. Commission des Notations, des Unités et de l’économie des Publications
Authors: Strömgren M. E. , Bosler MM. , Chant  , De Vos van Steenwijk  , Grabowski  , d’Arturo Horn , Ludendorff  , Russell  , Schlesinger  , Stroobant  
Published: July 2016

At the Cambridge meeting in 1932 the following resolutions of Commission 3 were adopted by the Union:1.Que l’équinoxe de 1900.0 soit adopté pour tous catalogues qui ne sont pas catalogues de précision et que quand on désirera plus tard de changer l’équinoxe celui de 2000.0 soit adopté.2.Que les abréviations (à 4 lettres) des noms des astérismes qui se trouvent dans le Catalogue of Bright Stars (Schlesinger) soient approuvées à l’exception de cinq astérismes qui seront représentés par Arie, Cane, Dlph, Tria, Tr Au (v. Trans. LA.U. 4, 221, 1932).3.Que la Commission favorise l’établissement d’une notation uniforme dans l’astronomie, à moins qu’il n’y ait pas de conflit avec de notations semblables dans les sciences alliées.With the publication of the volume Délimitation Scientifique des Constellations and the Atlas Céleste, and the adoption of standard sets of three-letter abbreviations (Rome 1922) and four-letter abbreviations (Cambridge 1932) for the constellations, important work was brought to a close. The main task now before Commission 3 appears to be the working out and publication of a set of notations covering the whole field of astronomy.
4. Commission des Éphémérides
Authors: Comrie M. L. J. , Brouwer MM. , Brown  , Lobo Da Costa , Fayet  , Fukumi  , Hagihara  , Herrero  , Kopff  , Peters  , Robertson  , Volta  
Published: July 2016

At the 1932 meeting three proposals before the Commission were referred to the directors of the national ephemerides (Trans. I.A.U. 4, 222, 282).(1)That the equation of time be given with the same sign in all almanacs.(2)The question of duplicate printing.(3)The possibility of adopting a uniform system for star positions.Although the directors have discussed these by correspondence, they wish to take the opportunity of verbal discussion in Paris before presenting their final report. The proposal that duplicate printing of apparent places of stars should be eliminated has been favourably received. A joint meeting with Commission 8 is being arranged for the purpose of discussing the selection and positions of future fundamental stars; at present the general trend of opinion favours the adoption of the FK3 of the Berliner Jahrbuch.
8. Commission de l’Astronomie Méridienne
Authors: Jackson M. J. , Armellini MM. , Boss  , Camera  , Chandon Mme , Courvoisier MM. , da Gama  , Danjon  , Dneprovski  , Dyson  , Fayet  , Gyllenberg  , Hins  , Jeffers  , Jones  , Kopff  , Lambert A. , Moreau  , Morgan  , Schorr  , Stewart  , Zimmer  
Published: July 2016

Since the last meeting of the Union, Sir Frank Dyson, who for forty years had devoted himself to the advancement of meridian astronomy, has resigned the position of president of the Commission. The Executive Committee have done me the honour of inviting me to fill the vacancy.I have sent a circular letter to all members of the Commission asking for a report on the meridian astronomy being carried on in the institutions with which they are connected, and for suggestions of subjects which might be discussed in Paris. In some countries, particularly Germany and U.S.S.R., there are a number of observatories carrying on meridian astronomy but not represented on the Commission, and I have asked the representatives of these countries to send me details of the work of the various institutions in their countries. The following report is largely based on the replies I have received.