bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Abstract ID: 4444
Authors: Marchant Elizabeth , Bywater Jean , Dias Esther , Neal Keith , de Burgh Jane , Bishop Louise , Mifsud Albert , Mackay Andrew , Kearns Angela , Cordery Rebecca 
Published: September 2016

Introduction Routine follow-up of a teenage child with a microbiologically confirmed Panton-Valentine Leucocidin-associated Staphylococcus aureus (PVL-SA) skin infection in January 2015 showed the child was a diver and that other children in the competitive club had had similar infections. The club confirmed that 5–10 children and a coach had been affected; at least two children remained symptomatic and the latest case was a new onset, suggesting ongoing transmission. Methods Information was sent to all parents of children attending the diving school. A site visit was undertaken and an online questionnaire was sent to all parents to allow case finding and to further elucidate risk factors for acquisition and transmission. Results and discussion Three confirmed cases (all spa type t034 PVL-MSSA), two probable and five possible cases, all with soft-tissue infection were identified in this outbreak. All confirmed and probable cases had onset in spring 2014 except one, with onset in January 2015. Ninety-nine questionnaires were completed (269 clients were emailed). Whilst numbers of cases were too small to allow multivariable analysis, several likely routes of transmission were identified: Sharing of shammy (diving) towels Piling shammy towels at poolside Infrequent washing of shammy towels Shared equipment, e.g. harnesses in dry gym, with no cleaning between use Control measures centred on reducing spread of infection by improving cleaning in the dry gym and at poolside. Further infection control measures focussed on education around washing and personalisation of shammy towels. Outcomes of the investigation were shared with the pool management team and diving club with a view to wider dissemination at national competitions.
Emergency treatment on facial laceration of dog bite wounds with immediate primary closure: a prospective randomized trial study
Authors: Rui-feng Chen , Li-song Huang , Ji-bo Zheng , Li-qiu Wang 
Published: September 2016

Abstract

Background
To investigate the emergency treatment on facial laceration of dog bite wounds and identify whether immediate primary closure is feasible.

Methods
Six hundred cases with facial laceration attacked by dog were divided into two groups randomly and evenly. After thorough debridement, the facial lacerations of group A were left open, while the lacerations of group B were undertaken immediate primary closure. Antibiotics use was administrated only after wound infected, not prophylactically given. The infection rate, infection time and healing time were analyzed.

Results
The infection rate of group A and B was 8.3% and 6.3% respectively (P>0.05); the infection time was 26.3±11.6h and 24.9±13.8h respectively (P>0.05), the healing time was 9.12±1.30d and 6.57±0.49d respectively (P<0.05) in taintless cases, 14.24±2.63d and 10.65±1.69d respectively (P<0.05) in infected cases.
Compared with group A, there was no evident tendency in increasing infection rate (8.3% in group A and 6.3% in group B respectively) and infection period (26.3±11.6h in group A and 24.9±13.8h in group B respectively) in group B. Meanwhile, in group B, the wound healing time was shorter than group A statistically in both taintless cases (9.12±1.30d in group A and 6.57±0.49d in group B respectively) and infected cases (14.24±2.63d in group A and 10.65±1.69d in group B respectively).

Conclusion
The facial laceration of dog bite wounds should be primary closed immediately after formal and thoroughly debridement. And the primary closure would shorten the healing time of the dog bite wounds without increasing the rate and period of infection. There is no potentiality of increasing infection incidence and infection speed, compared immediate primary closure with the wounds left open. On the contrary, primary closure the wounds can promote its primary healing. Prophylactic antibiotics administration was not recommended. and the important facial organ or tissue injuries should be secondary reconditioned.
A method for identification of highly conserved elements and evolutionary analysis of superphylum Alveolata
Authors: Rubanov Lev I. , Seliverstov Alexandr V. , Zverkov Oleg A. , Lyubetsky Vassily A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Background
Perfectly or highly conserved DNA elements were found in vertebrates, invertebrates, and plants by various methods. However, little is known about such elements in protists. The evolutionary distance between apicomplexans can be very high, in particular, due to the positive selection pressure on them. This complicates the identification of highly conserved elements in alveolates, which is overcome by the proposed algorithm.

Results
A novel algorithm is developed to identify highly conserved DNA elements. It is based on the identification of dense subgraphs in a specially built multipartite graph (whose parts correspond to genomes). Specifically, the algorithm does not rely on genome alignments, nor pre-identified perfectly conserved elements; instead, it performs a fast search for pairs of words (in different genomes) of maximum length with the difference below the specified edit distance. Such pair defines an edge whose weight equals the maximum (or total) length of words assigned to its ends. The graph composed of these edges is then compacted by merging some of its edges and vertices. The dense subgraphs are identified by a cellular automaton-like algorithm; each subgraph defines a cluster composed of similar inextensible words from different genomes. Almost all clusters are considered as predicted highly conserved elements. The algorithm is applied to the nuclear genomes of the superphylum Alveolata, and the corresponding phylogenetic tree is built and discussed.

Conclusion
We proposed an algorithm for the identification of highly conserved elements. The multitude of identified elements was used to infer the phylogeny of Alveolata.
Quantitative estimation of intrinsic induced polarization and superparamagnetic parameters from airborne electromagnetic data
Authors: Macnae James 
Published: September 2016

The primary aim of my research is to improve the characterization of induced polarization (IP) responses in airborne electromagnetic (AEM) survey data. The principal objectives are to test alternative methodologies for quantitative modeling and inversion to extract the spatial variation of IP parameters using the inductively thin-sheet model. The methods tested first fit, by nonnegative least squares, an AEM decay to the early delay time data, using thin-sheet basis functions. This modeled AEM decay is assumed to represent the IP source. It is then convolved with a few Cole-Cole models spanning the range of parameter sensitivity to get IP basis functions appropriate for the AEM excitation. Method 1 fits a linear sum of several AEM basis functions plus one IP basis function at a time and chooses the model with least-fitting error at late delay times. Method 2 fits a linear sum of several IP and several AEM basis functions. Both methods fit IP affected airborne data well, with normalized fitting errors being reduced by a significant factor when IP affects the data and is taken into account. Using penalty weights, superparamagnetic (SPM) effects can be simultaneously estimated in the fitting process. Without such weighting, SPM and IP parameter estimations are unstable. Cole-Cole models predict that the sensitivity of inductive airborne IP collected at 25 or 30 Hz base frequency indicates little overlap with galvanic ground IP collected with a 0.125 Hz waveform. Many easy IP sulfide targets with IP physical properties determined by ground surveys are predicted not to have a detectable airborne IP response. Clays, however, are predicted to have a small detectable background response that for airborne data would not be well-fitted by a single Cole-Cole response.
“what Is Your Mother’s Name?”: Maternal Disavowal and the Reverberating Aesthetic of Black Women’s Pain in Black Nationalist Literature
Authors: Yates-Richard Meina 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Building on black women’s critical negotiations of black nationalist discourse, this essay names the matrix of black maternal sounds, songs, and approximated womb-spaces as the site of production for black nationalist ideologies and black male identity. Listening to audible traces of black maternity in Frederick Douglass’s 1845 Narrative, Frances E. W. Harper’s Iola Leroy (1892), Ralph Ellison’s Invisible Man (1952), and Toni Morrison’s Song of Solomon (1977), the essay unearths the sonic frameworks through which black male subjectivity and ideologies of black nationalism are formulated. Masculinist black nationalist texts use black women’s sounds to enact the subjective rebirths of men, who then abandon black women, thereby erasing their labors in the constitution of black nationalist ideology. However, embedded within these texts are the resonant echoes of black women’s pain, which both haunt and structure their respective nationalist discourses. The article reveals the extended history of maternal disavowal in black male-authored nationalistic texts, and counterpoises black women authors’ critical responses to these texts in order to reveal that maternal sacrifice proves endemic to masculinist forms of black nationalism.
Industrial Applications of Energy Dispersive X-ray Fluorescent Analyzers
Authors: Петришин  , Petrishin Aleksey 
Published: September 2016

Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence analysis (ED XRF) enables the qualitative and quantitative elemental material composition to be determined, as well as thicknesses of multilayer coatings to be measured. Nowadays this method has been implemented in modern equipment, which is widely used both in laboratory measurements and in industry. The article describes the basic principles of the method and gives an overview of its different applications. Special attention is paid to the following industrial applications: thickness measurement of immersion gold on circuit boards; thickness measurement and composition of electroless Nickel; thickness measurements of electroplated tin; measurements of silicate coatings; measurements of turbine blade heat-resistant coatings. Experimental researches were carried out; measurements were made with the FISCHERSCOPE X-RAY analyzer manufactured by the company “HELMUT FISCHER GmbH” (Germany). The experimental results for different samples are presented as well as the ways of solving the arising problems. The ED XRF method has proven to be highly efficient for abovementioned industrial applications.
The growth of scientific and technological progress is creating new possibilities for wider application of the ED XRF method including problems of non-destructive testing.
Calibrating and Cross-Sectional Equalizing of the Sensitivity of Ultrasonic Phased Array Inspection of Welds
Authors: Нурматов  , Nurmatov Islam , Лапидус  , Lapidus Aleks , Пасси  , Passi Garri 
Published: September 2016

Introduction. The approach and practical implementation for the sensitivity calibration and its equalizing within entire insonified cross-section of the material have been presented in the article for 3 most common reference artificial reflectors, namely the flat bottom hole (FBH) situated at parallel to the weld bevel plane, the EDM notch (N), and the side drilled hole (SDH).
The method. The issue of inhomogeneous sensitivity over cross-section covered through phased array (PA) sectorial scan plan is due to several factors, which are highlighted and explained. 5 of them are independent on the reference reflector’s shape. In addition the FBH and N reference reflectors are characterized by the strong dependency of the echo amplitude on the angle, under which the ultrasonic wave hits their surface (factor 6, which differs the FBH and N from the omnidirectional SDH). The approach for equalizing the sensitivity over sectorial-scan-insonified cross-section of the material for all types of reference reflectors has been proposed and explained. It is based on the ability of ultrasonic PA flaw detector to implement each pulsing-receiving cycle among the plurality of the scan-plan-forming set of focal laws with individually and independently settled gain and other key settings including Distance Amplitude Correction / Time Corrected Gain (DAC / TCG). The Sonotron NDT’s ISONIC Series PA instruments (ISONIC 3510, ISONIC 2010, and ISONIC 2009 UPA Scope) are featured with the said ability uniquely: in the said units the DAC / TCG mechanism is used purely for compensating the dependency of echo amplitude on the material travel distance while the feature of varying Gain per Focal Law is utilized just for the forming of easy-reproducible Angle Gain Compensation (AGC) plan. Both the DAC / TCG and AGC plans are created independently on each other with use of the same reference reflectors.
The results. Combining of the independent DAC / TCG and AGC mechanisms for the first time ever provides the equalizing of the sensitivity for all types of reference reflectors independently on their X, Y position over the entire cross-section of the material — this is confirmed by a number of experimental results presented.
Conclusion. At last the single group sectorial scan only becomes sufficient for the complete coverage of the whole cross-section of the weld. This allows reducing the dimensions of required PA probes and wedges in use and the width of the area for the scanning along the fusion line. And finally this increases the maximal possible speed of scanning along with reducing of the inspection cost.
Validation of an Ultrasonic-Phased Array Method for Testing of Circumferential Welds at Thin-Walled Pipes
Authors: Бросиус  , Brosius David , Шуберт  , Schubert Frank , Хильманн  , Hillmann Susanne , Бор  , Bor Zsolt 
Published: September 2016

Introduction. For testing of circumferential welds at thin-walled pipes with wall thickness lower than 6 mm using ultrasonic methods no standardization is available at the moment. Nevertheless, there are newest technologies available such as ultrasonic-phased-array technique and semi-automated handheld-scanner for pipes, with which it is possible to achieve promising and reliable results in that area. In order to bring the technique in operation in the field of coal-fired power plants or petrochemical industry a validation is needed, which will be approved by the inspecting authorities.
Method. In that article we will present a successful validation of an ultrasonic-phased- array method for testing circumferential welds at thin-walled pipes with a wall thickness lower than 6 mm. Therefore, the complete geometry area was divided into several clusters, and single elements of that matrix were validated. The procedure conforms to the guideline VGB R-516 and other established standards. Besides theoretical analysis including simulations of the sound paths and reflections, extensive practical tests were performed. For this purpose six typical types of defects were analyzed by using a large number of test samples and the probability of detection was determined using this practical method.
Result. The result of this work is a report for validation for each geometry cluster of the pipes including an inspection instruction and a qualification instruction for the testing equipment and the calibration samples.
Conclusion. Based on that validations the ultrasonic-phased-array method was accepted by the inspecting authorities and thereby allowed to use in the regulated area of coal-fired power plants by a NDT-service provider and was applied very successful at several thousand welds.
The Added Value of Infrared Thermography to Impact Damaging Assessment of Carbon Fibre Reinforced Composites
Authors: Карломаньо  , Carlomagno Giovanni , Монако  , Monako Ernesto , Боффа  , Boffa Natalino , Боккарди  , Bokkardi Simone , Меола  , Meola Carosena , Риччи  , Ricci Fabrizio 
Published: September 2016

Introduction. The weakness of composites to impact load is a well known problem. In particular, their impact damaging happens through complex mechanisms which are still not completely understood also because of the multitude of materials that can be created by changing: matrix, reinforcement and/or stacking sequence. It is enough to change the direction of a layer of fibres to have a new composite material. Once a new material is created, it is important to assess its performance under impact, or its impact resistance. The scope of this work is to show how advantageous may be to use infrared thermography to monitor impact tests, which are performed to ascertain the resistance-to-impact of a new composite material.
Methods. Infrared thermography (IRT) and phased array ultrasonic testing (PAUT) are used. IRT is used with a twofold function:
•	on-line monitoring the impact event to visualize thermal signatures which bear the witness for the existence of any occurred damage;
•	non-destructive evaluation with lock-in thermography (LT) of the impacted specimens.
Results. Some results are reported in terms of:
•	thermal images taken during impact tests on carbon/epoxy specimens;
•	phase images taken on the impacted specimens with lock-in thermography;
•	C-scan images taken with PAUT on the impacted surface of one specimen are compared with phase images obtained with lock-in thermography and also with thermal images taken during the impact.
Discussion. Both LT and PAUT are effective in detecting the impact damage; LT is fast and more effective to map large surfaces, conversely PAUT is better to get information along the thickness especially in case of thick parts. Then, an integrated use of both techniques would be advantageous. However, they are characterized by some uncertainty in discriminating very thin delaminations when they are compared with the thermal signatures visualized during monitoring of the impact event, especially in presence of composites with complex stacking sequence.
Conclusion. The obtained results show that, if the aim is to assess the performance under impact of composite materials for design purposes, monitoring the impact with an infrared imaging device appears to be the fastest and better solution.
Metal Coercivity as a Measure of Microdamages for Evaluation of Fatigue and Recovery of Mechanical Properties
Authors: Сорочинский  , Sorochinskiy Sergey , Казак  , Kazak Irina , Вакуленко  , Vakulenko Karina , Безлюдько  , Bezlyudko Gennadiy , Соломаха  , Solomakha Roman 
Published: September 2016

Introduction. The problem of determining the current state of metal parts mechanical properties is always relevant. For its solution a simple, cheap and sufficiently informative NDT method is needed. Today the method of magnetic coercive force seems to be the most suitable. The purpose of this work was to determine patterns of change in a coercive force after cyclic loading of steel samples in the initial state and after surface plastic deformation (work hardening).
Method. Two batches of 40X steel cylindrical samples in the delivery condition were put to cyclic tests. The both batches were tested in the same range of tension amplitudes but for the second batch the tests were carried out in two steps with intermediate surface plastic deformation. The change in the level of accumulated fatigue damage was determined by the coercive force method.
Results. The most significant coercive force increase (up to 1.5%) was observed in the initial stages of the specimens’ elongation. For samples subjected to preliminary cyclic loading, surface plastic deformation leads to lower coercive force values (by 9%–17%) and to 2.8–3.4 times longer operating life. This effect can be explained by “healing” the accumulated defects by the surface treatment.
Discussion. The results indicate high sensitivity of the coercive force to changes in structural state of the metal as a result of both fatigue damage accumulation and partial recovery of the metal structure due to defect “healing”.
EquineReview
Authors: Fiske-Jackson Andy 
Published: September 2016

Introduction: This edition of Equine Review considers the link between sesamoiditis and suspensory ligament branch desmitis, outcome following arthrodesis of the proximal interphalangeal joint, reasons for failure of neurectomy of the deep branch of the lateral plantar nerve and plantar fasciotomy for management of proximal suspensory desmitis, and the effect of perfusate volume during regional limb perfusion.
High corrosion resistance Ni-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite coating
Authors: Hosseini Khorasani Seyed Ali , Sanjabi Sohrab 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis paper presents a high corrosion resistance Ni-graphene composite coating fabricated by co-electrodeposition on Cu substrate. First, GO was synthesized by improved Hummers’ method, and then different concentrations of GO aqueous solution were introduced to Ni Watt’s bath. During electrodeposition, GO and Ni ions were reduced simultaneously to form composite coating. The phase structure and morphology were covered by X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy analysis, respectively. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) was employed to identify the surface topography of the coatings. Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) were used to study the synthesis of GO and its reduction during the plating process. Corrosion resistance of nanocomposite and that of pure Ni coating were compared by applying potentiodynamic polarization spectroscopy (PDS). The results showed that by increasing the amount of graphene oxide in solution, there has been a significant reduction in corrosion current density. As the EIS result showed, the high amount of GO reduction was obtained in GO concentration of 0.6 mg ml−1and current density of 8 A dm−2. It is in a good agreement with data obtained from PDS. Analyses showed that the corrosion current density of corresponding coating was improved up to 0.2 μA cm−2, which means an improvement of about 100 times compared to pure Ni coating.
Imaginaries and invariant types in existentially closed valued differential fields
Authors: Rideau Silvain 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We answer three related open questions about the model theory of valued differential fields introduced by Scanlon.
We show that they eliminate imaginaries in the geometric language introduced by Haskell, Hrushovski and Macpherson and that they have the invariant extension property. These two results follow from an abstract criterion for the density of definable types in enrichments of algebraically closed valued fields. Finally, we show that this theory is metastable.
Sustainable wood waste management in Nigeria
Authors: Owoyemi Jacob Mayowa , Zakariya Habeeb Olawale , Elegbede Isa Olalekan 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
Wood industries produce large volumes of residues which must be utilized, marketed or properly disposed of. Heaps of wood residues are common features in wood industries throughout the year. In Nigeria, this residue is generally regarded as waste and this has led to open burning practices, dumping in water bodies or dumping in an open area which constitutes environmental pollution. Sawmills in Nigeria generated over 1,000,000 m3 of wood waste in 2010 while about 5000 m3 of waste was generated in plywood mills. Nigeria generates about 1.8 million tons of sawdust annually and 5.2 million tons of wood wastes. The impact of improper disposal of waste wood on the environment affects both the aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Also burning of waste wood releases greenhouse gases into the atmosphere causing various health issues. Reuse/recycling of these wood residues in Nigeria will reduce the pressure on our ever decreasing forests, reduce environmental pollution, create wealth and employment. The literature available on this subject was reviewed and this article, therefore, focuses on the various methods of wood waste disposal and its utilization in Nigerian wood industries, the effects of wood waste on the environment as well as on human health and the benefits of proper wood waste management practices.