bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spontaneous and CRH-Induced Excitability and Calcium Signaling in Mice Corticotrophs Involves Sodium, Calcium, and Cation-Conducting Channels
Authors: Zemkova Hana , Tomić Melanija , Kucka Marek , Aguilera Greti , Stojilkovic Stanko S. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Transgenic mice expressing the tdimer2(12) form of Discosoma red fluorescent protein under control of the proopiomelanocortin gene's regulatory elements are a useful model for studying corticotrophs. Using these mice, we studied the ion channels and mechanisms controlling corticotroph excitability. Corticotrophs were either quiescent or electrically active, with a 22-mV difference in the resting membrane potential (RMP) between the 2 groups. In quiescent cells, CRH depolarized the membrane, leading to initial single spiking and sustained bursting; in active cells, CRH further facilitated or inhibited electrical activity and calcium spiking, depending on the initial activity pattern and CRH concentration. The stimulatory but not inhibitory action of CRH on electrical activity was mimicked by cAMP independently of the presence or absence of arachidonic acid. Removal of bath sodium silenced spiking and hyperpolarized the majority of cells; in contrast, the removal of bath calcium did not affect RMP but reduced CRH-induced depolarization, which abolished bursting electrical activity and decreased the spiking frequency but not the amplitude of single spikes. Corticotrophs with inhibited voltage-gated sodium channels fired calcium-dependent action potentials, whereas cells with inhibited L-type calcium channels fired sodium-dependent spikes; blockade of both channels abolished spiking without affecting the RMP. These results indicate that the background voltage-insensitive sodium conductance influences RMP, the CRH-depolarization current is driven by a cationic conductance, and the interplay between voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels plays a critical role in determining the status and pattern of electrical activity and calcium signaling.
Long-term Metformin Use and Vitamin B12 Deficiency in the Diabetes Prevention Program Outcomes Study
Authors: Aroda Vanita R. , Edelstein Sharon L. , Goldberg Ronald B. , Knowler William C. , Marcovina Santica M. , Orchard Trevor J. , Bray George A. , Schade David S. , Temprosa Marinella G. , White Neil H. , Crandall Jill P. ,   the Diabetes Prevention Program Research Group
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Context:
Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur with metformin treatment, but few studies have assessed risk with long-term use.

Objective:
To assess the risk of B12 deficiency with metformin use in the Diabetes Prevention Program (DPP)/DPP Outcomes Study (DPPOS).

Design:
Secondary analysis from the DPP/DPPOS. Participants were assigned to the placebo group (PLA) (n = 1082) or the metformin group (MET) (n = 1073) for 3.2 years; subjects in the metformin group received open-label metformin for an additional 9 years.

Setting:
Twenty-seven study centers in the United States.

Patients:
DPP eligibility criteria were: elevated fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, and overweight/obesity. The analytic population comprised participants with available stored samples. B12 levels were assessed at 5 years (n = 857, n = 858) and 13 years (n = 756, n = 764) in PLA and MET, respectively.

Interventions:
Metformin 850 mg twice daily vs placebo (DPP), and open-label metformin in the metformin group (DPPOS).

Main Outcome Measures:
B12 deficiency, anemia, and peripheral neuropathy.

Results:
Low B12 (≤ 203 pg/mL) occurred more often in MET than PLA at 5 years (4.3 vs 2.3%; P = .02) but not at 13 years (7.4 vs 5.4%; P = .12). Combined low and borderline-low B12 (≤ 298 pg/mL) was more common in MET at 5 years (19.1 vs 9.5%; P &lt; .01) and 13 years (20.3 vs 15.6%; P = .02). Years of metformin use were associated with increased risk of B12 deficiency (odds ratio, B12 deficiency/year metformin use, 1.13; 95% confidence interval, 1.06–1.20). Anemia prevalence was higher in MET, but did not differ by B12 status. Neuropathy prevalence was higher in MET with low B12 levels.

Conclusions:
Long-term use of metformin in DPPOS was associated with biochemical B12 deficiency and anemia. Routine testing of vitamin B12 levels in metformin-treated patients should be considered.
Pricing Variation Within Dual-Distribution Chains: The Different Implications of Externalities and Signaling for High- and Low-Quality Brands
Authors: Kalnins Arturs 
Published: February 2016

Within many of the multioutlet branded chains that dominate the retail and services landscape, the organizational form (e.g., company management, franchising) used to manage an outlet varies from site to site, as do the prices charged at those sites. I propose that organizational form and prices may be systematically related as a result of brand externalities. In particular, I develop logic that the relevant form of externality should differ for upper quality tier brands and lower tier brands. Using panel data on price and organizational form from more than 6,700 branded U.S. hotels affiliated with 40 “dual-distribution” brands—those brands that simultaneously company manage and franchise individual outlets—I find that, consistent with the brand externality arguments, company-managed locations have higher prices within high-quality chains, whereas franchisees price higher in the lower tiers. This paper was accepted by Bruno Cassiman, business strategy.
Effect of public health expenditure on health status in Ghana
Authors: Boachie Micheal Kofi , Ramu K. 
Published: February 2016

Health is an outcome indicator of economic growth and development of a country. Healthcare is a major factor for health status. In this regard, healthcare expenditure is a vital input for the health production function. In this context, this study examined the effect of public health expenditure on health status in Ghana. Annual time-series data on infant mortality rate, real per capita income, literacy levels and female labour force participation rate for the period 1990-2012 have been used. Infant mortality rate was used as the output variable. To test the relationship between input-output variables, Ordinary Least Squares and Newey-West regression techniques were used. The regression estimates suggest that real per capita income, public health expenditure, education and female presence in the labour market were negatively related to infant mortality rate. However, the elasticity coefficients of female participation in the labour market and real per capita income were statistically insignificant at 5% level. This study concludes that public health expenditure and literacy/education improve health status by reducing infant mortality. The favourable effect of education or literacy on health is greater than that of public health spending whereas the effect of real per capita come on health was found to be weak. The findings provide the impetus for government to raise literacy level and its health spending in the country to promote health.
The Effect of Strong Start Social Emotional Learning Program on social and emotional development of five-year-old children<p>Güçlü Başlangıç Sosyal Duygusal Öğrenme Programı’nın 5 yaş çocuklarının duygusal gelişimleri üzerine etkisi
Authors: Özdemir Beceren Burcu , Zembat Rengin 
Published: February 2016

In this study, it is aimed to determine the effectiveness of the Strong Start Social Emotional Learning Program on emotional development of the five-year-old children attending at preschool institutions. The study is conducted with pre-test and post-test control grouped experimental design. The study group consists of 40 five-year-old children attending at the two pre-school groups. Half of participants are attained to one control group and to one experimental group. Strong Start Social Emotional learning program is taught to children in experimental group once a week for 12 weeks in addition to their curriculum. Children in the control group continue to study their preschool education program. In the study, Personal Information Form, the Scale of Assessment of Children’s Emotion Skills (ACES) were employed as data gathering instruments. In statistical data analysis, Mann Whitney U-Test, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test, and Friedman Test are used.The results indicate that there is a statistically significant difference between the experiment and control group regarding their scores on emotional skills. Depending on the results obtained, it is concluded that Strong Start Social Emotional Learning Program has a positive effect on the emotional development of five-year-old children. ÖzetBu araştırmada, Güçlü Başlangıç Sosyal Duygusal Öğrenme Programı’nın okul öncesi eğitime devam eden beş yaş çocuklarının duygusal gelişimleri üzerine etkililiğinin belirlenmesi amaçlanmıştır. Araştırma, öntest-sontest kontrol gruplu deneysel desende gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırmanın çalışma grubunu beş yaş grubundaki 20 deney grubu, 20 kontrol grubu olmak üzere toplam 40 çocuk oluşturmuştur. Deney grubundaki çocuklara okul öncesi eğitim programlarına ek olarak oniki hafta süreyle haftada bir kez Güçlü Başlangıç Sosyal Duygusal Öğrenme Programı uygulanmıştır. Kontrol grubundaki çocuklar ise okullarında uygulanan okul öncesi eğitim programına devam etmişlerdir. Araştırmada veri toplama aracı olarak “Kişisel Bilgi Formu” ve “Çocukların Duygusal Becerilerinin Değerlendirilmesi Testi” kullanılmıştır. Verilerin analizinde, Mann Whitney U-Testi, Wilcoxon İşaretli Sıralar Testi ve Friedman Testi kullanılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda deney ve kontrol grubundaki çocukların duygusal beceri puan ortalamaları arasında anlamlı düzeyde farklılık olduğu belirlenmiştir. Elde edilen sonuçlar doğrultusunda, Güçlü Başlangıç Sosyal Duygusal Öğrenme Programı’nın beş yaş çocuklarının duygusal gelişimleri üzerinde etkili olduğu tespit edilmiştir.
Family Communication and its Effects on Child Developmental Progression
Authors: Rainforth Paige 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Because divorce rates are high in the United States, the current paper assesses how stepchildren may respond to the introduction of a stepparent, and at what age this introduction may make the most impact. The current study seeks to assess the relationship between family communication in a divorced family with the recent introduction of a stepparent and a stepchild’s subsequent developmental progression through Sigmund Freud’s and Erik Erikson’s life stages. This study also observes the association between reported closeness and levels of satisfaction within the stepparent and stepchild relationship. </span></p><p><span>It was hypothesized that participants who were introduced to a stepparent at an older age, such as adolescence or young adult, would be more impacted in their development. Results did not indicate a significant relationship between age at introduction to stepparent and subsequent relational satisfaction </span><span>F</span><span>(5, 45) = .84, </span><span>p </span><span>&gt; .05. This study makes contributions toward further study in the subject of age at introduction and subsequent relational satisfaction while making suggestions for the introduction of a stepchild and stepparent. </span></p></div></div></div>
"Feminism" and Feminism: A Rhetorical Criticism of Emma Watson's Address to the U.N.
Authors: Batterson Courtney 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>This analysis uses metaphor criticism to decipher how metaphors function in Emma Watson’s address to the UN. Metaphor criticism proves useful in this critique because it can be used to determine the rhetor’s motive, to evaluate the effectiveness of the message, and to decipher the rhetor’s perspective on a particular subject. This critique uncovers two types of metaphors: those that describe “gender stereotypes” and those that describe “feminism.” The first subgroup of metaphors describes gender stereotypes as evil, oppressing entities that can be overcome or defeated. The second, more complex subgroup of metaphors for feminism suggests the term “feminism” has a negative connotation; one that conflicts with the true definition of the term. In addition, Watson’s inconsistent use of the “fight” metaphor suggests she is hesitant to use “feminism” to describe gender equality. In attempt to make the feminist movement more inclusive of men, Watson resists using the term and instead replaces it with phrases such as “he for she.” Watson’s metaphors suggest she is an advocate for gender equality but that she recognizes the stigma behind the term “feminism” and thus she uses metaphors for “feminism” instead of using the term directly. Since her speech aims to galvanize men and boys for change, she may ultimately be trying to create a new label for gender equality that is inclusive of men. </span></p></div></div></div>
Wireline Tractors and Mechanical Services Tools: Comparative Study of Technical Solutions
Authors: Sheiretov Todor 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Numerous lessons have been learned from the use of a wide selection of technological elements in the construction of wireline tractors and mechanical services tools. It is well-known that downhole tool design is challenging and requires the use of the latest developments in physics, material science, electronics, mechanical engineering, and software because the tools operate in very harsh environments characterized by extreme pressures, high temperatures, and corrosive fluids. Wireline tractor and mechanical services tools face not only all of these difficulties but also some unique challenges. For example, the tools operate at much higher power levels compared with other wireline tools. The efficient delivery and use of power downhole is an active area of technology development. Another challenge is that the tools interact intensively with the borehole walls or elements of the well completion by exerting very large mechanical forces to tractor along the well, exercise completion elements, mill or cut tubing, remove and collect debris, set or pull plugs, and fish stuck tools. They are also subjected to high shock levels from explosive devices. All of these lead to heavily stressed components.
A comparative study has been conducted of a broad range of technologies, from the evaluation of single components such as electric motors to entire systems such as the selection of a drive mechanism, power delivery scheme, or traction control system. The study discusses single- and three-phase AC and DC motors, AC and DC power delivery schemes, reciprocation versus continuous drive mechanisms, power efficiency of downhole systems, downhole electronics challenges, traction control mechanisms, and the impact of technology selection on functional performance and reliability. The choice of components and technologies is not purely a technical decision, and difficulties and best practices related to selection are discussed. Selection criteria also include rigorous qualification testing.
The advantages and disadvantages of a broad selection of technological elements have been identified. The value of instrumentation, real-time data acquisition, control, and automation is emphasized. Additionally, the importance of proper job planning is discussed and recommendations made for types of simulations that must be included in job planner software.
New Method for Milling Flapper Valves on E-line in Dry Environments
Authors: Dulic Almir 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In 2012, for the first time ever in North Africa, a well in a dry environment utilized e-line milling technology to mill out a failed flapper. With this paper the author will describe the actual process from preparation to completion of a world's first operation.
A gas well experienced a malfunctioning 7″×4.56″ 13 Cr. steel downhole flapper valve. Due to several operational challenges including limited well site access and temperatures over 150°C, there was a need for an alternative solution to mill the valve and allow access below it for future well interventions. Furthermore, due to the fact that the well was a gas producer, there was a need to avoid, or minimise introduction of any fluids in the well.
The method of choice was an e-line tractor and milling assembly. Because of the size of the offshore platform this was the only feasible solution. Heavier intervention methods like coiled tubing were not possible to mobilize because of the weather conditions plus the risk of reservoir damage if introducing fluids. The e-line tractor conveyed the toolstring to target depth (2,916 m MD) where the e-line milling tool was activated and milled through the flapper valve in approximately 40 minutes.
After the completion of the milling phase of the operation, another run was performed to set an access sleeve in the milled out flapper valve utilizing an electromechanical setting tool. This access sleeve ensured that entry/re-entry through the milled flapper valve would be easily accomplished each time. The installation of the access sleeve was confirmed by running a 3.25″ gauge through it.
Milling of flapper valves and other well bore obstructions on electric line offers a cost efficient alternative technology to existing methods. Furthermore, it provides HSE benefits and logistical advantages by reducing the amount of required equipment and personnel.
Validation of Injection and Production Rates in a Gas Cavern Obtained from Memory Data Collected Simultaneously at Several Points Over 275-m Distance
Authors: Babin Jacques , Martens Gezinus , Spark Grant 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
The storage of natural gas in underground caverns is a common storage method. However, subsurface performance during injection and production rates differ from what is observed on surface. This paper reviews a unique well intervention solution conducted in The Netherlands that enabled the placement of downhole pressure and temperature gauges, with the successful simultaneous acquisition of accurate data from multiple depths during a 40-day period in a salt dome gas cavern.
This intervention was performed to obtain pressure and temperature data during injection and production of gas in and out of the gas cavern. The data was acquired by installing five memory gauges spaced out with 0.160-in. slickline at various intervals over 275 m. This arrangement enabled the customer to gather data from multiple depths while continuing to inject and produce gas at very high rates through the 9⅝-in. production tubing above the gauges. The unique assembly needed to perform such a job while under pressure required a specific rig-up process to install and retrieve long assemblies.
The purpose of the test was to verify the accuracy of the model with subsurface data for an extended period to predict gas behavior during injection and production. Although real-time data transmission through a cable to a surface-readout system was the preferred method of data acquisition, this was not possible because the cable would cross the tubing retrievable safety valve, rendering it inoperable during the test period. After 40 days, the memory gauges were successfully retrieved from the cavern. The acquired data was then entered into the production software to validate the model and, ultimately, to optimize gas injection and production rates. The suspension of the memory gauges in this manner provided an accurate pressure profile across the gas cavern that was not affected by the injection and production flow.
Equipment was specifically designed and developed to enable memory gauges to be hung below the end of the tubing. This assembly provided minimal restriction to gas flow and a platform to enable the installation of memory gauges suspended more than 275 m below the end of the tubing. Because the rates of injection and production change as the level of gas varies within the facility, collecting relative data at multiple points simultaneously is very desirable.
Pushing the Limits of Tractor Technology to Rejuvenate Steam Injection Wells in Canada
Authors: Feliu Rodrigo , Giem Greg 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Using steam injection to produce wells has been a common practice in Canada for several decades. Steam injected into the well causes heavy oils to flow more freely, increasing or even enabling production. There are several methods for stimulating a well with steam. A common practice is to drill two horizontal wells on a vertical plane and inject steam into the top well. This promotes oil flow to the bottom well, where it can be produced. The horizontal wells can have extremely high temperatures. As wells age, it may be necessary to revisit the steam injection strategy. Cost efficiency plays a role in these wells; thus, wireline is a good operations candidate. However, performing wireline measurements and services, such as perforating, in these wells can be difficult due to the high temperatures and challenging environments, such as in horizontal wells.
New tractor technology enables wireline tractors to go into uncharted territory. Several jobs have been performed at temperatures above 175°C, which is the temperature rating for standard industry tractors. In some jobs, temperatures above 210°C have been reported. Logging while tractoring can obtain a temperature baseline as the tools are run in hole. From these temperature logs, injection profiles can be obtained for optimization.
Pushing the limits of tractor technology facilitates the optimization of steam injection wells. High-temperature tractoring and logging while tractoring provide critical information for changing the steam injection strategy of older wells. The ability to perforate at high temperature is also advantageous because the steam injection does not have to be shut down for very long, if at all. The result is increased production efficiency and reduced downtime.
This paper will describe a tractor concept that has been used successfully in steam injection wells.