bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Efficacy in the use of local anesthesia in patients with surgical intervention for the resolution of anorectal pathologies
Authors: Dowling Victoria , Cortez Julio 
Published: January 2018

AbstractA prospective, comparative, longitudinal study was conducted in the period from April 2016 to January 2017 in order to determine the efficacy of local anesthesia for the surgical resolution of anorectal pathologies in surgically operated patients who attended the General University Hospital “Luis Gomez Lopez. Thus, the population was composed of patients with anorectal pathologies of low complexity, with no previous anorectal surgical history (Hemorrhoids, anal fissure, perianal fistula, hypertrophic anal papilla, perianal condyloma acuminata), which were agreed to be included in this study, without contraindications for use of local anesthesia. A non-probabilistic, intentional sample was made up of 30 patients and the anesthetic protocol was administered following an anesthetic protocol of perianal local anesthesia using anesthetic mixture (70% of 2% lidocaine + 30% of 0.5% bupivacaine) quantifying pain tolerance during the intraoperative period on the first and fifth postoperative days, as well as any adverse effects. The results were expressed in absolute numbers and percentages; a good tolerance to pain was observed with some differences related to the sex of the individuals studied; no complications were observed.
Electro‐tactile stimulation (ETS) enhances cochlear‐implant Mandarin tone recognition
Authors: Huang Juan , Chang Janice , Zeng Fan‐Gang 
Published: January 2018

ObjectiveElectro‐acoustic stimulation (EAS) is an effective method to enhance cochlear‐implant performance in individuals who have residual low‐frequency acoustic hearing. To help the majority of cochlear implant users who do not have any functional residual acoustic hearing, electro‐tactile stimulation (ETS) may be used because tactile sensation has a frequency range and perceptual capabilities similar to that produced by acoustic stimulation in the EAS users.MethodsFollowing up the first ETS study showing enhanced English sentence recognition in noise,1 the present study evaluated the effect of ETS on Mandarin tone recognition in noise in two groups of adult Mandarin‐speaking individuals. The first group included 11 normal‐hearing individuals who listened to a 4‐channel, noise‐vocoded, cochlear‐implant simulation. The second group included 1 unilateral cochlear‐implant user and 2 bilateral users with each of their devices being tested independently. Both groups participated in a 4‐alternative, forced‐choice task, in which they had to identify a tone that was presented in noise at a 0‐dB signal‐to‐noise ratio via electric stimulation (actual or simulated cochlear implants), tactile stimulation or the combined ETS.ResultsWhile electric or tactile stimulation alone produced similar tone recognition (∼40% correct), the ETS enhanced the cochlear‐implant tone recognition by 17–18 percentage points. The size of the present ETS enhancement effect was similar to that of the previously reported EAS effect on Mandarin tone recognition. Psychophysical analysis on tactile sensation showed an important role of frequency discrimination in the ETS enhancement.ConclusionTactile stimulation can potentially enhance Mandarin tone recognition in cochlear‐implant users who do not have usable residual acoustic hearing. To optimize this potential, high fundamental frequencies need to be transposed to a 100–200 Hz range.
“Disgusting Details Which Are Best Forgotten”: Disclosures of Child Sexual Abuse in Twentieth-Century Britain
Authors: Delap Lucy 
Published: January 2018

AbstractFor those who by the end of the twentieth century came to be termed “survivors” of child sexual abuse, different genres and forms have been available to narrate and evaluate that abuse. This article explores the reception and practical results of such disclosures: the unpredictable effects of telling, and the strategies of containment, silencing, or disbelief that greeted disclosures. I make note of the ethical challenges of writing the history of child sexual abuse and conclude that twenty-first-century observers have been too ready to perceive much of the previous century as a period of profound silence in relation to child sexual abuse. At the same time, historical and sociological accounts have also been too ready to claim the final third of the twentieth century as a period of compulsive disclosure and fluency in constructing sexual selves. The history of child sexual abuse reveals significant barriers to disclosure in the 1970s and 1980s, despite new visibility of child sexual abuse in the media and through feminist sexual politics. Attention to such obstacles suggests the need to rethink narratives of “permissive” sexual change to acknowledge more fully the ongoing inequities and hierarchies in sexual candor and voice.
SHELTERING GOVERNMENT SUPPORT TO ‘GREEN’ ELECTRICITY: THE EUROPEAN UNION AND THE WORLD TRADE ORGANIZATION
Authors: Marín Durán Gracia 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSince theCanada – Renewable Energy (2013)dispute at the World Trade Organization (WTO), the WTO Agreement on Subsidies and Countervailing Measures (SCM) has been the focal point of academic debate on the trade-environment interface, with a growing consensus that WTO subsidy rules need to be revisited with a view to securing ‘policy space’ for government support for renewable energy. This article explores whether, as suggested by some scholars, the European Union (EU)’s system of justifications for renewable energy aid could serve as a source of inspiration for the WTO. While this proposition may appear attractive at first sight, it is hardly conceivable, or even desirable, that the EU's approach to sheltering government support for renewable energy could be transposed to the WTO. This is because the two systems of subsidy control are fundamentally different in both substantive and procedural terms and, importantly, these differences reflect distinct objectives and political/institutional contexts. Nonetheless, this comparative analysis sheds light on where the key challenges lie for the WTO in ensuring that international trade rules and climate change mitigation objectives are mutually supportive. It is argued that the case for reviewing the SCM Agreement cannot be made by simply forging parallels with the EU's regulatory model, but needs to be carefully construed on the basis of a proper understanding of whether and how green policy space is actually constrained under the current WTO subsidy and trade remedy rules. However, this requires better information on existing WTO members’ practice in relation to renewable energy subsidies, as well as on their environmental effectiveness and possible trade-distortive impact. In this sense, the most valuable lesson that the WTO can draw from the EU's regulatory experience is the imperative of improving the transparency and knowledge-enhancing elements of its subsidy control system.
Appellate Body Report onEU−Biodiesel: The Future of China's State Capitalism under the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement
Authors: ZHOU WEIHUAN 
Published: January 2018

AbstractChina's unique economic system poses increasing challenges to the world trading system and attracts growing academic and policy debate. WTO members have frequently resorted to antidumping measures in dealing with price distortions caused by the Chinese government's influence on the economy. The Appellate Body's decision in the recentEU–Biodieseldispute starts to remove the flexibility of condemning state intervention and price distortions under the WTO Anti-Dumping Agreement through antidumping measures. This decision, read with the relevant WTO jurisprudence on the ‘ordinary course of trade’ test and subsidies, suggests that price distortions resulting from state intervention should be addressed under other WTO rules. Therefore, it is necessary for WTO members to shift their focus to, and explore the capacity of, the other rules to overcome the challenges arising from China's state capitalism.
The poverty of numbers: reflections on the legitimacy of global development indicators
Authors: Goodwin Morag 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIt is no surprise that development institutions and actors have taken to indicators with such enthusiasm. Where indicators are both a form of knowledge production and simultaneously a technology of governance, they are a form of soft powers that allow such actors to set the standards for what it is to be developed in the twenty-first century. Such measures of civilisation have been dominant throughout a history of Global North–South encounters: measurement was central to the many forms of colonial control, from map-making to craniometry, to the global ‘discovery’ of poverty in the 1940s. This paper seeks to place development indicators in this colonial context by focusing on the issue of comparability or the global claim that underpins global development indicators.
Fast intensity adaptation enhances the encoding of sound in Drosophila
Authors: Clemens Jan , Ozeri-Engelhard Nofar , Murthy Mala 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTo faithfully encode complex stimuli, sensory neurons should correct, via adaptation, for stimulus properties that corrupt pattern recognition. Here we investigate sound intensity adaptation in the Drosophila auditory system, which is largely devoted to processing courtship song. Mechanosensory neurons (JONs) in the antenna are sensitive not only to sound-induced antennal vibrations, but also to wind or gravity, which affect the antenna’s mean position. Song pattern recognition, therefore, requires adaptation to antennal position (stimulus mean) in addition to sound intensity (stimulus variance). We discover fast variance adaptation in Drosophila JONs, which corrects for background noise over the behaviorally relevant intensity range. We determine where mean and variance adaptation arises and how they interact. A computational model explains our results using a sequence of subtractive and divisive adaptation modules, interleaved by rectification. These results lay the foundation for identifying the molecular and biophysical implementation of adaptation to the statistics of natural sensory stimuli.
Mapping the microscale origins of magnetic resonance image contrast with subcellular diamond magnetometry
Authors: Davis Hunter C. , Ramesh Pradeep , Bhatnagar Aadyot , Lee-Gosselin Audrey , Barry John F. , Glenn David R. , Walsworth Ronald L. , Shapiro Mikhail G. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a widely used biomedical imaging modality that derives much of its contrast from microscale magnetic field patterns in tissues. However, the connection between these patterns and the appearance of macroscale MR images has not been the subject of direct experimental study due to a lack of methods to map microscopic fields in biological samples. Here, we optically probe magnetic fields in mammalian cells and tissues with submicron resolution and nanotesla sensitivity using nitrogen-vacancy diamond magnetometry, and combine these measurements with simulations of nuclear spin precession to predict the corresponding MRI contrast. We demonstrate the utility of this technology in an in vitro model of macrophage iron uptake and histological samples from a mouse model of hepatic iron overload. In addition, we follow magnetic particle endocytosis in live cells. This approach bridges a fundamental gap between an MRI voxel and its microscopic constituents.
Unidirectional spin density wave state in metallic (Sr1−xLa
x
)2IrO4
Authors: Chen Xiang , Schmehr Julian L. , Islam Zahirul , Porter Zach , Zoghlin Eli , Finkelstein Kenneth , Ruff Jacob P. C. , Wilson Stephen D. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractMaterials that exhibit both strong spin–orbit coupling and electron correlation effects are predicted to host numerous new electronic states. One prominent example is the Jeff = 1/2 Mott state in Sr2IrO4, where introducing carriers is predicted to manifest high temperature superconductivity analogous to the S = 1/2 Mott state of La2CuO4. While bulk superconductivity currently remains elusive, anomalous quasiparticle behaviors paralleling those in the cuprates such as pseudogap formation and the formation of a d-wave gap are observed upon electron-doping Sr2IrO4. Here we establish a magnetic parallel between electron-doped Sr2IrO4 and hole-doped La2CuO4 by unveiling a spin density wave state in electron-doped Sr2IrO4. Our magnetic resonant X-ray scattering data reveal the presence of an incommensurate magnetic state reminiscent of the diagonal spin density wave state observed in the monolayer cuprate (La1−xSr
x
)2CuO4. This link supports the conjecture that the quenched Mott phases in electron-doped Sr2IrO4 and hole-doped La2CuO4 support common competing electronic phases.
Link between concentrations of sediment flux and deep crustal processes beneath the European Alps
Authors: Garefalakis Philippos , Schlunegger Fritz 
Published: January 2018

AbstractLarge sediment fluxes from mountain belts have the potential to cause megafans to prograde into the neighbouring sedimentary basins. These mechanisms have been documented based from numerical modelling and stratigraphic records. However, little attention has been focused on inferring temporal changes in the concentrations of supplied sediment from coarse-grained deposits. Here, we extract changes of this variable in the field from a Late Oligocene, c. 4 km-thick suite of fluvial conglomerates situated in the North Alpine foreland basin, which evolved in response to the tectonic and erosional history of the Alps. We measure a decrease in channel depths from >2 m to <1 m and an increase in the largest grain sizes from <15 cm to >20 cm from the base to the top of the suite. These constraints are used to calculate an increase in fan surface slopes from <0.3° to >1.0° based on the Shields criteria for sediment entrainment. We combine slope and bulk grain size data with the Bagnold equation for sediment transport to infer higher concentrations of the supplied sediment. We use these shifts to propose a change towards faster erosion and a steeper landscape in the Alpine hinterland, driven by mantle-scale processes beneath the Alps.
Multiple mutations and overexpression of the MdaE7 carboxylesterase gene associated with male-linked malathion resistance in housefly, Musca domestica (Diptera: Muscidae)
Authors: Zhang Yi , Li Jing , Ma Zhuo , Shan Chao , Gao Xiwu 
Published: January 2018

AbstractTwo unique housefly strains, MSS and N-MRS, were selected and used to clarify mechanisms of sex-associated malathion resistance in the housefly, Musca domestica. Compared with the lab-susceptible CSS strain, susceptible females and resistant males were observed in the malathion-susceptible MSS strain, while the malathion-resistant near-isogenic line, N-MRS, achieved similar resistance level between genders. Significant synergistic effect of the esterase-inhibitor DEF on resistant houseflies pointed to the important involvement of esterase in this specific malathion resistance. Examination of the carboxylesterase gene MdαE7 in malathion resistant housefly populations found seven, non-synonymous SNP mutations (Ser250-Thr, Trp251-Ser, Met303-Ile, Leu354-Phe, Ser357-Leu, Trp378-Arg and Ser383-Thr), not found in susceptible houseflies, revealing a strong correlation between these mutations and the development of malathion resistance. Further genetic analysis conducted with bioassays by topical application and nucleotide polymorphism detection provided a first line of molecular evidence for a linkage between a male-determining factor and MdαE7 gene in the MSS and N-MRS males. This linkage results in a much higher level of malathion resistance for males than females in the MSS strain. Lastly, quantitative real-time PCR showed that MdαE7 was over expressed in the resistant strain due to the increased transcription level of mRNA rather than gene duplication.
Shrinkable silver diffraction grating fabricated inside a hydrogel using 522-nm femtosecond laser
Authors: Machida Manan , Nakajima Yasutaka , Torres-Mapa Maria Leilani , Heinemann Dag , Heisterkamp Alexander , Terakawa Mitsuhiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThe integration of metal microstructures and soft materials is promising for the realization of novel optical and biomedical devices owing to the flexibility and biocompatibility of the latter. Nevertheless, the fabrication of three-dimensional metal structures within a soft material is still challenging. In this study, we demonstrate the fabrication of a silver diffraction grating inside a biocompatible poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) hydrogel by using a 522-nm femtosecond laserviamulti-photon photoreduction of silver ions. The optical diffraction pattern obtained with the grating showed equally spaced diffraction spots, which indicated that a regular, periodic silver grating was formed. Notably, the distance between the diffraction spots changed when the water content in the hydrogel was reduced. The grating period decreased when the hydrogel shrank owing to the loss of water, but the straight shapes of the line structures were preserved, which demonstrated the optical tunability of the fabricated structure. Our results demonstrate the potential of the femtosecond laser-based photoreduction technique for the fabrication of novel tunable optical devices as well as highly precise structures.
A genome-wide association study identifies only two ancestry specific variants associated with spontaneous preterm birth
Authors: Rappoport Nadav , Toung Jonathan , Hadley Dexter , Wong Ronald J. , Fujioka Kazumichi , Reuter Jason , Abbott Charles W. , Oh Sam , Hu Donglei , Eng Celeste , Huntsman Scott , Bodian Dale L. , Niederhuber John E. , Hong Xiumei , Zhang Ge , Sikora-Wohfeld Weronika , Gignoux Christopher R. , Wang Hui , Oehlert John , Jelliffe-Pawlowski Laura L. , Gould Jeffrey B. , Darmstadt Gary L. , Wang Xiaobin , Bustamante Carlos D. , Snyder Michael P. , Ziv Elad , Patsopoulos Nikolaos A. , Muglia Louis J. , Burchard Esteban , Shaw Gary M. , O’Brodovich Hugh M. , Stevenson David K. , Butte Atul J. , Sirota Marina 
Published: January 2018

AbstractPreterm birth (PTB), or the delivery prior to 37 weeks of gestation, is a significant cause of infant morbidity and mortality. Although twin studies estimate that maternal genetic contributions account for approximately 30% of the incidence of PTB, and other studies reported fetal gene polymorphism association, to date no consistent associations have been identified. In this study, we performed the largest reported genome-wide association study analysis on 1,349 cases of PTB and 12,595 ancestry-matched controls from the focusing on genomic fetal signals. We tested over 2 million single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for associations with PTB across five subpopulations: African (AFR), the Americas (AMR), European, South Asian, and East Asian. We identified only two intergenic loci associated with PTB at a genome-wide level of significance: rs17591250 (P = 4.55E-09) on chromosome 1 in the AFR population and rs1979081 (P = 3.72E-08) on chromosome 8 in the AMR group. We have queried several existing replication cohorts and found no support of these associations. We conclude that the fetal genetic contribution to PTB is unlikely due to single common genetic variant, but could be explained by interactions of multiple common variants, or of rare variants affected by environmental influences, all not detectable using a GWAS alone.
Unraveling Individual Differences In The HIV-1 Transgenic Rat: Therapeutic Efficacy Of Methylphenidate
Authors: McLaurin Kristen A. , Li Hailong , Booze Rosemarie M. , Fairchild Amanda J. , Mactutus Charles F. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractDespite the heterogeneity of HIV-1 associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND), assignment of categorical diagnoses based on the level of impairment (e.g., Frascati criteria) obfuscates the well-acknowledged variability observed within the population of HIV-1+ individuals. The present study sought to elucidate the natural heterogeneity in adult HIV-1 transgenic (Tg) rats using three interrelated aims. First, heterogeneity of the HIV-1 transgene was examined using a pretest-posttest design to assess therapeutic efficacy of oral self-administration (OSA) of methylphenidate (MPH; 2.4 ± 0.2 mg/kg), targeting neurotransmitter alterations in HIV-1, on temporal processing. Approximately 42% of HIV-1 Tg animals displayed an improvement in temporal processing following OSA of MPH. Second, repeated OSA of MPH (22–27 days) altered dendritic spine morphology in layer II-III pyramidal neurons in the medial prefrontal cortex. HIV-1 Tg animals exhibited a population shift towards longer spines with decreased head diameter on lower order branches; a shift associated with temporal processing impairment. Third, in HIV-1 Tg animals, dendritic spine backbone length (µm) was associated with temporal processing impairment; a brain/behavior relationship not observed in control animals. Assessing the therapeutic efficacy of MPH revealed heterogeneity in the neural mechanisms underlying neurocognitive impairments, providing a key target for individualized therapeutic and diagnostic approaches for HAND.
Predicting inhibitory and activatory drug targets by chemically and genetically perturbed transcriptome signatures
Authors: Sawada Ryusuke , Iwata Michio , Tabei Yasuo , Yamato Haruka , Yamanishi Yoshihiro 
Published: January 2018

AbstractGenome-wide identification of all target proteins of drug candidate compounds is a challenging issue in drug discovery. Moreover, emerging phenotypic effects, including therapeutic and adverse effects, are heavily dependent on the inhibition or activation of target proteins. Here we propose a novel computational method for predicting inhibitory and activatory targets of drug candidate compounds. Specifically, we integrated chemically-induced and genetically-perturbed gene expression profiles in human cell lines, which avoided dependence on chemical structures of compounds or proteins. Predictive models for individual target proteins were simultaneously constructed by the joint learning algorithm based on transcriptomic changes in global patterns of gene expression profiles following chemical treatments, and following knock-down and over-expression of proteins. This method discriminates between inhibitory and activatory targets and enables accurate identification of therapeutic effects. Herein, we comprehensively predicted drug–target–disease association networks for 1,124 drugs, 829 target proteins, and 365 human diseases, and validated some of these predictionsin vitro. The proposed method is expected to facilitate identification of new drug indications and potential adverse effects.