bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Editorial
Authors: Rautenbach Christa 
Published: June 2016

When PER (acronym for the Afrikaans journal title Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regstydskrif, but also suggesting the Latin connotations of causation, durability and facilitation) first appeared in November 1998, there was an awareness of the incongruity of the notion of a law journal not being published in tangible form by an established law publisher on the one hand, and on the other of the inevitability of things to come. The editorial stated:
"In this era of an unstoppable increase in information on offer and improved means of communication, it is inevitable that the exchange of juristic ideas should develop and escalate electronically, by internet. A problem already challenging the time starved legal user of the electronic medium, is to separate the wheat from the chaff. For many people it is relatively easy to publish something on the Web. It is, however, just as demanding to produce quality in this manner as through any other medium, be it primitive or avant garde."
From the outset the Potchefstroomse Elektroniese Regstydskrif (PER) / Potchefstroom Electronic Law Journal (PELJ) was focused on maintaining high editorial standards, producing material for legal scholars worth reading. Probably still the most widely cited contribution to PER/PELJ (on Ubuntu by Justice Yvonne Mokgoro) appeared in the first volume. Papers delivered (referred to as orationes) by prominent scholars and judges are often published in PER/PELJ, and double-blind peer review practices are maintained throughout, except for the orationes.
From time to time guest editors are invited to produce single or special editions. Renowned South African and foreign scholars are regularly approached to review submissions to PER/PELJ, and the editorial board is composed of prominent internationally recognised academics and judges.
Since 2003, PER/PELJ has taken its place among a range of renowned internationally accredited journals, currently listed and indexed inter alia by IBSS, DOAJ, SSRN, AJOL, Boloka, SciELO, HeinOnline, and Web of Knowledge.
In 2016, PER/PELJ migrated to this online journal system, and contributions accepted for publication are now published continuously as soon as the finally edited version becomes available.
We are entirely grateful to our authors, reviewers and readers who have always believed in the scholarly quality of the contributions. You have been instrumental in the phenomenal growth of the journal over the last 18 years.
We are proud to announce the first contribution of 2016 entitled “Remedial Principles and Meaningful Engagement in Education Rights Disputes” by the renowned author, Sandy Liebenberg, who is a distinguished professor and HF Oppenheimer Chair in Human Rights Law, University of Stellenbosch, South Africa.
Editor-in-Chief: Christa RautenbachandFounding Editor: Francois Venter
INCIDÊNCIA E IMPACTO CLÍNICO DA FALHA DE EXTUBAÇÃO EM UNIDADE DE TERAPIA INTENSIVA
Authors: Amaral Euclides Roberto Freitas do , Reis Helena França Correia dos 
Published: June 2016

Objetivo: Determinar a incidência e o impacto clínico da falha de extubação em pacientes internados em Unidade de Terapia Intensiva (UTI). Métodos: Estudo observacional, retrospectivo, realizado no período de julho de 2010 a dezembro de 2012, com pacientes extubados após tolerarem teste de respiração espontânea. Os pacientes foram divididos em dois grupos: sucesso e falha de extubação. Sendo definida falha de extubação a necessidade de reintubação dentro de 48h após extubação. Resultados: a análise foi composta por 116 pacientes, com idade média de 68,1 ± 16,2 anos, sendo 52,6% do sexomasculino. A incidência de falha de extubação foi 32,8%. A mediana do tempo de ventilação mecânica foi de 4 (3 – 6) dias. Os pacientes que tiveram falha de extubação apresentaram piores desfechos clínicos. A mortalidade na UTI foi, respectivamente, de 57,9% e 32,1% nos pacientes com falência e com sucesso de extubação (p=0,007). A mortalidade hospitalar foi mais frequente no grupo de falha de extubação (71,1% vs. 39%; p<0,001). A realização de traqueostomia foi significativamente maior nos pacientes com falha do que naqueles com sucesso da extubação (34,2% vs. 12,8%; p=0,008). Os pacientes que falharam extubação utilizaram mais suporte ventilatório não invasivo, 44% vs. 9%; p<0,001. Conclusão: A incidência de falha de extubação foi superior ao valor apontado pela literatura como aceitável. Os pacientes que falharam na extubação necessitaram de maior número de traqueostomias, apresentaram mais complicações pulmonares, permaneceram mais tempo internados na UTI, assim como, maior mortalidade na UTI e hospitalar.
EFEITOS DA ACUPUNTURA NA REDUÇÃO DA DOR LOMBAR: UMA REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA
Authors: Rosa Roberta , Dias Caroline Pieta , Roncada Cristian 
Published: June 2016

Introdução: a acupuntura tem se destacado no meio científico como coadjuvante no tratamento da dor lombar sendo considerada um método eficaz e seguro devido à inexistência de efeitos adversos. Objetivo: identificar os efeitos da acupuntura na redução da dor lombar. Métodos: uma revisão sistemática foi realizada para identificar estudos sobre a eficácia da acupuntura em pacientes com lombalgia crônica. Foi aplicada uma lógica de pesquisa nas bases de dados PubMed, SciELO e ScienceDirect. Para seleção dos artigos, dois pesquisadores analisaram de forma independente os critérios de inclusão e exclusão, sendo os mesmos analisados por outros dois revisores. Resultados: os artigos incluídos no presente trabalho demonstram que a acupuntura é eficaz no tratamento da dor lombar causando principalmente redução da mesma. Além disso, é considerada uma terapia que pode ser aplicada em conjunto com a intervenção convencional sem prejuízos a saúde do paciente. Conclusão: o uso da acupuntura pode contribuir para redução da dor, proporcionando uma vida melhor para os pacientes que sofrem dessa doença.
OCORRÊNCIA DE INTERNAÇÕES HOSPITALARES POR DOENÇAS DO APARELHO CIRCULATÓRIO NO ESTADO DA BAHIA
Authors: Coelly Vieira Emmily , Costa Cardoso Augusto Cesar , Bilitário Macêdo Luciana , Carvalho Costa Dias Cristiane Maria 
Published: June 2016

Introdução: As Doenças do Aparelho Circulatório (DAC) em 2009 estavam entre as responsáveis por 28,7% dos óbitos em países em desenvolvimento e 26,6% nos países desenvolvidos. O custo direto relacionado ao manejo das DAC no Brasil é elevado, com impacto significativo no orçamento dos órgãos financiadores da saúde, especialmente quanto ao gasto com medicamentos, internações e na atenção secundária e terciária. Objetivo: Descrever as características sociodemográficas e o maior índice de internações hospitalares por doenças do aparelho circulatório no estado da Bahia. Materiais e métodos: Natureza quantitativa, do tipo descritiva, fundamentada em dados secundários, baseada em informações de saúde com dados coletados no Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde (DATASUS), no período entre 2008 à 2013. A população alvo é de indivíduos com doenças do aparelho circulatório, com morbidade hospitalar, sendo incluídos no estudo pessoas de ambos os sexo, cor/raça, idade entre 40 e 79 anos, dos quais foram coletadas ocorrências envolvendo o aparelho circulatório. Resultados: Os maiores números de ocorrência da internação hospitalar geral por DAC no Sistema Único de Saúde na envolveram as cidades de Salvador e Feira de Santana, com destaque para a insuficiência cardíaca e hipertensão essencial na população entre 70 a 79 anos. Conclusão: A maior ocorrência de DAC foi insuficiência cardíaca na faixa etária de 70 a 79 anos, o sexo masculino teve maior morbidade hospitalar e, em relação à cor/raça observou-se homogeneidade na sua distribuição.
APLICABILIDADE DO IMC DE TREFETHEN EM ESCOLARES
Authors: Ribas Junior Miguel Altamir , Mascarenhas Luis Paulo Gomes , Cordova Michele , Lima Valderi Abreu de , Grzelczak Marcos Tadeu , Souza William Cordeiro de 
Published: June 2016

Introdução: Vários métodos antropométricos vêm sendo desenvolvidos com o intuito de avaliar o estado nutricional tanto de adultos, quanto de crianças e adolescentes. Objetivo: Verificar o nível de aplicabilidade do IMC proposto por Trefethen, comparado a outras técnicas indiretas de avaliação da composição corporal. Métodos: A amostra foi constituída por 58 escolares (28 meninos e 30 meninas) de 10 a 14 anos de idade, do município de São Bento do Sul-SC. Para avaliação do estado nutricional foi avaliado a massa corporal e a estatura. Através desses dados foi calculado o IMC utilizado às formulas: IMC Quetelet= Massa Corporal/Estatura2 e IMC Trefethen= Massa corporal (Kg) x1,3/altura (m)2,5. Coletaram-se as dobras cutâneas do tríceps e subescapular para avaliar o %G, para isso utilizado o protocolo de Lohman (1986). A normalidade dos dados foi realizada pelo teste de Kolmogorov Smirnov. Após, realizou-se a estatística descritiva e o fator de correlação de Pearson (r) foi realizado para verificar as associações entre o IMC (Trefethen), IMC (Quetelet) e o %G. Foi adotado um nível de significância de p<0,05. Resultados: Foi encontrada uma relação muito forte e significante entre o IMC de Trefethen e o IMC de Quetelet (r= 0,97; p= <0,001). Já entre o IMC de Trefethen e o %G foi verificada uma relação forte e significante (r= 0,72; p= <0,001). Conclusão: Diante disso, conclui-se que a nova equação do IMC pode ser considerada como um novo método para avaliar o estado nutricional de crianças e adolescentes.
Analysis of environmental impact caused from diesel passenger cars in Tirana district by using PEMS method: cases of Lancia and Citroen
Authors: Malka Lorenc , Dhoska Klodian 
Published: June 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Road transportation is the major fuel consumer and greenhouse gas emitter in the Tirana district. Emission and fuel consumption estimation models play a key role in the evaluation of the environmental emission impact caused from diesel passenger cars. Tirana as a metropolitan city of Albania is facing a serious problem that continues to be critical for the high uncontrolled level of pollution caused from this sector. Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) and Nitrogen oxides (NOx) are important pollutants caused by internal combustion diesel engine which simultaneously influence in ambient air quality. Analysis of the environmental impact in Tirana district for measuring HC, NOx and CO<sub>2</sub> were briefly described in this paper.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The emission level of the diesel passenger cars was measured by using E8500 gas analyser device in Tirana District. Emissions were measured over urban zone and extra urbane highway Tirana-Durrës, in total more than 50 hours of operation and 500 kilometers driven.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> The values outside of the optimal speeds simultaneously increase the CO<sub>2</sub> by increasing the fuel consumption and vice versa. The HC and NOx content is increased by increasing the speed regime.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> This study can be concluded that various factors influence the emission level of HC, NOx, CO<sub>2</sub> and the use of average speed is the explanatory variable which is insufficient for estimating cars fuel consumption and especially HC and NOx emissions. </p>
Prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in women with gestational diabetes mellitus in Ardabil: North West of Iran
Authors: Iranparvar-Alamdari Manouchehr , Ghorbani Behrooz Hosein , Alidousti Mostafa 
Published: June 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Gestational diabetes is the most common metabolic disorder during pregnancy and postpartum thyroiditis is a destructive thyroiditis that can cause serious complications for the mother and her child. The purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of postpartum thyroiditis in women with gestational diabetes.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> In this cross-sectional study, 86 cases satisfy inclusion criteria and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and were evaluated for postpartum thyroiditis with thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), T4, anti-TPO, T3RU tests. The groups with and without thyroiditis were compared and data was analyzed by statistical methods.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> There were 17 patients (19.8%) with postpartum thyroiditis, of whom 4 patients (23.5%) had hyperthyroidism, 9 patients (52.9%) were in the age group of 21 to 30 years, and 9 patients (52.9%) had a family history of diabetes. Five patients (29.4%) with high anti-TPO level (P=0.022) and mean TSH and anti-TPO respectively, 2.8 (4.8) and 17.2 (35.9).</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The results showed that higher level of anti TPO titer and family history of diabetes can be associated with a higher rate of postpartum thyroiditis, so it is recommended that postpartum thyroiditis to be examined in women with gestational diabetes who have these mentioned items.</p>
Physiological response of wheat seeds grown under NaCl and HgCl2 stress
Authors: Ibrahim Jibrin Ashiru , Auwal Aisha , Sinha Vimlendu Bhushan 
Published: June 2016

<p class="abstract"><strong>Background:</strong> Plants are continuously exposed to various abiotic and biotic stresses like cold, high temperature, drought, salinity and exposure to heavy metals. However, it is also argued that the effect of these stresses on the germination of seeds represents the most critical aspect of plant survival. The aim of the study was to observe the differences in germination potential of seeds in the presence of salt and heavy metal stress.</p><p class="abstract"><strong>Methods:</strong> The seeds were germinated under the effect of NaCl (0, 25, 50, 75, 100mM) and HgCl<sub>2</sub> (0.001, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 ppm), Timson’s index was calculated as a growth identifier, average shoot length and RWC was calculated for surviving seedlings. </p><p class="abstract"><strong>Results:</strong> Germination rate was observed to decrease with increasing concentrations of the NaCl and HgCl<sub>2</sub>. The maximum germination (100%) was recorded in NaCl (25 Mm,) treatment and the minimum percentage of germination was observed as 84% in HgCl<sub>2</sub> (1 mg/ml). The maximum shoot length was observed in HgCl<sub>2</sub> (0.001 mg/ml) with average shot length of 16.50 cm and 13.92 cm of NaCl (25 mM) respectively. It was also observed that the seedlings having high RWC were more resistant against salinity stress.</p><p><strong>Conclusions:</strong> The use of both genetic modification as well as traditional breeding approaches are to be needed so as to unravel the mechanisms to salinity tolerance and at the same time to involve in the development of salt-tolerant cultivars that are better to adapt with any increase in soil salinity constraints. </p>
SOCCER CASUALS: A SLIGHT RETURN OF YOUTH CULTURE
Authors: Redhead Steve 
Published: June 2016

This essay reports from a long-term research project<a href="http://journals.uvic.ca/index.php/ijcyfs/author/submit/3?articleId=10474#_edn1">1</a> which interviewed participants in a post-war U.K. youth culture called “casuals” about all aspects of its history, especially the styles of music and fashion and its connection to British soccer spectatorship from the late 1970s to the present day. Original interview and ethnographic material from the project is presented and discussed, and situated within a context of the sociology of youth culture in general and soccer fandom in particular. The essay suggests some theoretical and methodological signposts for the future study of youth culture whilst outlining some specific aspects of the research conducted. This new work on youth culture also rethinks earlier work on rave culture and football hooligan subcultures in the light of appreciation and critique of such work in various recent youth subcultural theory debates. The research reported on here mapped the history of the “moments” of the birth of casual in the late 1970s and the coming together of the football hooligan and rave subcultures in the late 1980s and early 1990s, as well as the later remixing, recycling and “mash up” of these moments in a present in which “pop culture” is said by some to be “addicted to its own past” (Reynolds, 2011).
PEDAGOGICAL ENCOUNTERS OF THE CASE-BASED KIND
Authors: Sanrud Heather , Ranahan Patti 
Published: June 2016

Child and youth care (CYC) practice is diverse, complex, and contextualized. Pedagogical approaches to preparing CYC professionals in pre-service education programs require learning activities that recognize the “inter-subjective, contingent, and context dependent character of everyday CYC work” (White, 2007, p. 241). Case-based learning activities are advantageous in preparing future professionals for the complexities of everyday CYC work. These activities provide students with an opportunity to explore CYC practice in an authentic way while being supported by instructors who model, coach, and engage students throughout the process. This paper describes the organic evolution of the case of “Allan” at the beginning of a year-long CYC course facilitated by a team of instructors. The case of Allan continued to develop throughout the course in an authentic fashion mirroring the realities of CYC work with individuals and families over time. Allan provided a way of situating course content as well as supporting students’ application of new knowledge and skills to practice situations.
DANCING TOGETHER: A CONVERSATION ABOUT YOUTH AND ADULT RELATIONAL AUTHORITY IN THE CONTEXT OF EDUCATION
Authors: Linds Warren , Sammel Alison , Goulet Linda 
Published: June 2016

<p class="Normal1"><span style="font-family: Times New Roman; color: #000000; font-size: small;">Some ideas about authority in educational settings assume that authority is something that teachers possess and students don’t. Like others, the authors of this article conceive authority as shared. Shared authority occurs when the teacher recognizes students’ history and uses her or his authority to bring students’ knowledge, and thus their authority of knowing, to the learning. In this way, authority emerges in dialogical relationships between teachers and students. As three university educators in different contexts, we teach adults who will work with youth. Through dialogue and reflection of our attempts to implement the philosophies and practices that promote more meaningful interactions between adults and youth, we have come to recognize that each of us use authority differently at different times depending on the context. So we now use the term situational authority to describe how we seek to share authority. We invite those who work with youth to join us in these conversations and reflections as we investigate the sharing of authority within youth-adult interactions. We believe situational authority can transform </span><span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: small;">power relations between adults and youth, while encouraging the emergence of new emancipatory relationships within, and amongst, youth. Together we explore ways in which situational authority invites, and supports, emancipatory practice.</span></p>
Novas diretrizes para saneamento básico: desafios da gestão pública para sua implementação
Authors: Martins Flavia Burmeister , Lersch Elton Machado , Guimarães Ênio 
Published: June 2016

O trabalho apresenta algumas considerações sobre a extensa tarefa imposta aos gestores municipais e estaduais na implementação dos Planos de Saneamento Básico, tendo em vista o atendimento à Lei de Saneamento, Lei n. 11.445/07. Considerando os objetivos intrínsecos do Plano Nacional de Saneamento, de promoção da saúde, da qualidade de vida e da cidadania, com ênfase em uma visão estratégica de futuro, as ações devem ser planejadas a partir de um contexto social, econômico e político, tendo em vista atender aos princípios de universalidade, integralidade, sustentabilidade e equidade. Estabelece-se, portanto, que o atendimento aos objetivos do PlanSab apresenta uma complexidade que abrange diversos setores, e se inter-relaciona com outras políticas públicas, como de educação e saúde, e almeja um estado de justiça social. Portanto, enquanto Controle Externo, o trabalho de auditoria dedicado a avaliar os esforços Municipais e Estaduais visando ao atendimento à Política Nacional de Saneamento, deve buscar, além da análise formal das contas públicas, compreender as complexidades e a amplitude da implementação do Plano Nacional de Saneamento, a partir do que poderá avaliar os esforços desenvolvidos pelos entes federados.
Simultaneous Implant Placement and Guided Bone Regeneration Using a Platelet‐Rich Fibrin Membrane: Case Report
Authors: Hsu Yung‐Ting , Chou Yu‐Hsiang , Yang Tzu‐Hsuan , Wu Yi‐Min , Huang Chiung‐Lin , Ho Kun‐Yen 
Published: June 2016

Introduction: Ridge deformities in implant sites are common challenges that clinicians face. Great benefits, including reduced treatment cost and time, can be achieved if simultaneous implant placement and guided bone regeneration are feasible. This case report presents an innovative approach using platelet‐rich fibrin (PRF) and autografts to correct an atrophic ridge in conjunction with implant placement.Case Presentation: A 48‐year‐old male patient lost a molar tooth due to severe chronic periodontitis. Because of severe and active infection, socket augmentation was not feasible at the time of tooth extraction, resulting in prominent bone loss in the buccal plate. After implant placement, an autograft was applied for ridge augmentation along with a PRF membrane serving as a barrier. There were no adverse events during healing. An implant prosthesis was delivered 8 months postoperatively. After 1 year of function, both clinical and radiographic examinations revealed promising and stable treatment outcomes.Conclusion: Within the limitations of this case report, application of a PRF membrane may be a feasible approach to serve as a barrier membrane when performing simultaneous implant placement and ridge augmentation procedures.
Novice Explanations Of Hurricane Formation Offer Insights Into Scientific Literacy And The Development Of Expert-Like Conceptions
Authors: Arthurs Leilani A. , Van Den Broeke Matthew S. 
Published: June 2016

The ability to explain scientific phenomena is a key feature of scientific literacy, and engaging students’ prior knowledge, especially their alternate conceptions, is an effective strategy for enhancing scientific literacy and developing expertise. The gap in knowledge about the alternate conceptions that novices have about many of Earth’s complex phenomena (National Research Council, 2012), however, makes this type of engagement in geoscience courses challenging. This study helps to fill this gap by identifying and describing how novices to geoscience explain a complex scientific phenomenon, hurricane formation. Using a pragmatism methodology, 326 students in introductory-level geoscience courses at two public universities in the United States of America, in Georgia (n=168) and Nebraska (n=158), were surveyed. The questionnaire was designed to target and collect novices’ explanations of a single complex Earth phenomenon – hurricane formation. Constant comparative analyses of textual content and diagrams revealed a variety of alternate conceptions. The data suggess that novices seldom invoke scientific first principles, which students matriculating through the education system are expected to learn before college, in their explanations. Two theoretical models synthesize the alternate conceptions and illustrate pathways of conceptual change along which students might move from more novice-like to more expert-like ways of scientific thinking. Our findings provide a basis for the development of instructional activities that aid students in developing more expert-like conceptions of hurricane formation and other complex Earth phenomena.