bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Comparison of Probability Distribution Function in Determining Minimum Annual and Monthly Streamflow
Authors: Finkler Nícolas Reinaldo , Mendes Ludmilson Abritta , Schneider Erwin Henrique Menezes , Bortolin Taison Anderson , Schneider Vania Elisabete 
Published: November 2015

In this study it was aimed to provide the foundation studies of water availability in the Arroio Belo basin, in Caxias do Sul/RS. Therefore, this study aimed to analyze the application of Weibull, Normal, LogNormal, Gumbel (minimum), LogPearson and Pearson theoretical probability functions to data of minimum streamflows for seven consecutive days of the basin. The analysis had two approaches: application in annual data, and then on monthly data, considering seasonality. To verify the adherence to the estimated probabilities of observed frequencies, we applied three tests: Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Anderson-Darling and Chi-Squared. The results show that the Log-Pearson III distribution shows greater accuracy in representing the annual data of the series and reach the best fit of the minimum streamflow. The monthly data analysis indicated the use of the distribution Pearson III, which showed higher suitability to the minimum streamflow data. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p42
Gray Water Footprint of Pigs Slaughtered in Corede Serra/RS - Brazil
Authors: Zanella Carra Sofia Helena , Schneider Vania Elisabete 
Published: November 2015

The pig activity, as well as other livestock activities, is directly dependent on natural resources and therefore the lack of knowledge about the impact on water resources in the cattle industry could compromise the sector's growth. In this context, the water footprint comes as a comprehensive indicator of water use that evaluates which is the fuel used, directly or indirectly, to produce a particular product throughout the supply chain. In this context, this study aimed to evaluate the gray water footprint for pigs slaughtered in 2014 in Corede Serra/RS, in the confinement process. The gray water footprint in Corede Serra was 0.1346 km3. The municipalities of Parai (0.0142 km3), Nova Prata (0.0133 km3) and Serafina Correa (0.0103 km3) showed the largest footprints while the municipalities of São Marcos (0.00001 km3) and Bento Gonçalves (0.00002 km3) presented the smallest footprints. Because of the concentration of phosphorus in pig manure have presented a significant value (1.65 kg animal year-1) when evaluated under the total number of animals slaughtered in each municipality and considering the phosphorus concentration provided for in Conama Resolution n° 357/05, the demand is observed a large volume of water to phosphorus load assimilation. The gray water footprint can be reduced through the use of more efficient technologies for processing of manure, so that phosphorus is removed or reduced to low concentrations. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p55
The Effect of Counterpart Material on the Sliding Wear of TiAlN Coatings Deposited by Reactive Cathodic Pulverization
Authors: Ordoñez Michell Felipe Cano , Paruma Johan Steeven Restrepo , Osorio Federico Sequeda , Farias María Cristina Moré 
Published: November 2015

This work aims to study the effect of the counterpart materials (100Cr6, Al2O3 and WC-Co) on the tribological properties of TiAlN thin films deposited on AISI H13 steel substrate by reactive magnetron co-sputtering. The structural characterization of the TiAlN films, performed by X-ray diffraction, showed (220) textured fcc crystalline structure. The values of hardness and elastic modulus obtained by nanoindentation were 27 GPa and 420 GPa, respectively, which resulted in films with a relatively high resistance to plastic deformation. Ball-on-disk sliding tests were performed using normal loads of 1 N and 3 N, and 0.10 m/s of tangential velocity. The wear coefficient of the films was determined by measuring the worn area using profilometry every 1000 cycles. The mechanical properties and the chemical stability of the counterpart material, debris formation and the contact stress influences the friction and the wear behavior of the studied tribosystems. Increasing the hardness of the counterpart decreases the coefficient of friction (COF) due to lower counterpart material transference and tribofilm formation, which is able to support the contact pressure. High shear stress concentration at the coating/substrate interface was reported for higher load promoting failure of the film-substrate system for all tribopairs. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p59
Proposal of Environmental Sensibilization through elaborations of Alternatives of Reuse of Rainwater at the Polytechnic School of Santa Maria - RS
Authors: Machado Gabriella Eldereti , Vestena Natana Pozzer , Da Silveira Djalma Dias 
Published: November 2015

The water is available in many forms in nature, covering approximately 70% of the planet's surface, it is critical for the survival of living beings, because all organizations need the same, however, for their use is essential that water resources are in appropriate physical and chemical conditions. While it is demonstrated plenty of water on the planet, not all its elements is used by man. In the research site, the water that is used has the underground source, serving for human consumption, sanitary discharges and cleaning of buildings and machinery. Therefore, in this place, it becomes important to the preservation of natural resources to decrease and care for the consumption of ground water, leading to a preservation path of the environment and promoting environmental awareness among its students, staff and community. This research was conducted at the Polytechnic School of the Federal University of Santa Maria, in which he sought to know the alternatives that have been made for the (re) use of water. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p67
The Importance of Detail and Organization of Technical Drawings for the Project Management
Authors: Avila Diego de , Júnior Amilton Rogério de Morais , Schaefer Eduardo 
Published: November 2015

This research takes into account the process of technical improvement through the development and interpretation of technical drawing with the appropriate software. However, it’s known that the technical design, no longer being new in business, tends to effect the production process in a clear and objective way, but there is a concern for the training and use of this standardized form tool. This article presents a case study detailing the use of standardized technical drawing by CAD system and continuously. Seeking to meet the improvement of quality control, production flexibility, reduced costs, documentation and even security, in a company in the northern region of the State of Rio Grande do Sul. http://dx.doi.org/10.18226/23185279.v3iss2p73
Removability Efficiency of Heavy Metals with Modified Humate from Aqueous Media
Authors: Taubayeva A.S. , Dzhusipbekov U.Z. , Nurgalieva G.О. , Shakirova A.K. , Temel H. , Pasa S. 
Published: November 2015

<p>The main aim of this work was to study the possibility of using amine-modified humate as a sorbent for the purification of water from heavy metal ions (Cu&amp;Co). One of the effective methods of creating new sorbents of humic acids is chemical modification based on the high reactivity of the functional groups in the composition of humic acids. The possibility of modification of humic acid with bis(3-aminopropyl) amine was illustrated. Modification was carried out with the aim of increasing its sorption capacity. Metal-humate complexes were also obtained by an ion-exchange procedure with modified humate (Mod-Hum) by employing metal salts such as Cu(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·H<sub>2</sub>O, Co(CH<sub>3</sub>COO)<sub>2</sub>·4H<sub>2</sub>O. Maximum sorption percentages of Mod-Hum achieved were about 99.2% for Cu (II) and 90% for Co (II). The sorption degree depending on pH changes was studied in the range of 2 to 8, the sorption ability of the sorbents was stated to increase with the increase in pH. The degree of sorption of copper (ІІ) on Mod-Hum in the studied range of рН 5 was higher and of cobalt (II) for which the sorption is optimal at higher values (рН 7-8). It is stated that sorption degree increases with the increase in time from 15 min to 2 h. The adsorption of toxic metal ions with Mod-Hum was measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS). The experimental results on determination of the adsorption isotherm were evaluated with the Langmuir equation. It is shown that the sorbent develops a high sorption capacity in regard to ions of Cu (18.42 mg/g) and Со (16.25 mg/g). All the obtained complex compounds were analyzed and characterized by FT infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM).</p>
Effect of Solid Fuel Mineral Composition on the Formation of Sour Pulp in Hydro-Slug Removal System of Thermal Power Plants
Authors: Idrissova K.S. , Tumanova A.A. 
Published: November 2015

<p>Researches have been conducted into the causes of acidity of pulp formed in the system of circulating hydraulic ash and slag removal in thermal power plants (TPP) when using coals of Ekibastuz and Karaganda coal fields of the Republic of Kazakhstan. We have carried out a comparative study of combustion of Karazhyra and Maikube coals at the two RK TPPs with BKZ-75-39FB and BKZ-160-100FB steam boilers. For ash collection, wet ash collectors with remounted Venturi tube coagulators have been installed on TPP. In them, a chemical interaction of irrigating water with flue gases occurs, which include CO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>3</sub> and ash particles. The ash pulp formed moves to the pipeline, mixes with the slag pulp and is further transported along a tract to the ash dump. We have defined the relationship between the composition of the products of coal combustion and the formation of acidic pulp in the scrubber. Qualitative and quantitative composition of coals and their combustion products have been determined by the methods of X-ray and X-ray fluorescence analysis. As the analysis showed, the main components of ash and slag materials are the oxides SiO<sub>2</sub>, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, CaO, MgO, K<sub>2</sub>О, Na<sub>2</sub>O. In the wet ash collectors gaseous substances present in flue gases, are dissolved and hydrolysed in irrigating water. While hydroremoving ash and slag, the compounds are dissolved in water and undergo hydrolysis. Oxides SiO<sub>2</sub>, SO<sub>2</sub>, TiO<sub>2</sub>, P<sub>2</sub>O<sub>5</sub> are hydrolyzed into acid, oxides CaO, MgO, K<sub>2</sub>O and Na<sub>2</sub>O – into base, Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>, Fe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3 </sub>– into amphoteric compounds. Chemical analysis of ash and slag pulp formed after Karazhyra coal combustion has been carried out. Calculation of the acidity of ash and slag material has been performed. Karazhyra coal ash is more acidic in nature. A lower content of amphoteric oxides in Maikube coal appears to be the cause of the pulp formation, with a higher pH. With X-ray diffraction method, the nature of combinations of metal oxides in the samples of coal, slag and ash have been determined. </p>
Photocatalytic Activity of ZnO-Biochar Hybrid Composites
Authors: Matos J. , Montaña R. , Rivero E. , Velasco J. , Ledezma G. 
Published: November 2015

<span>Photodegradation of methylene blue (MB) was studied on ZnO in presence of home-made biochars </span><span>prepared by different methods. MB photodegradation was performed under UV-visible irradiation to verify </span><span>the scaling-up of ZnO-AC hybrid materials. It was verified that oxygenated surface groups on carbon were </span><span>photochemically active in the photodegradation of MB and a synergy effect between both solids has been </span><span>estimated from the first-order apparent rate-constants. This effect enhances the photoactivity of ZnO up to </span><span>a factor about 2.5 and the difference in photoactivity in the binary materials was associated to the surface </span><span>properties of AC.</span>
Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis of Silicon Carbide and Silicon Nitride Nanopowders Composition using Sodium Azide and Halides
Authors: Titova Yu.V. , Amosov A.P. , Bichurov G.V. , Maidan D.A. 
Published: November 2015

<p>Regularities of self-propagating high-temperature synthesis (SHS) or combustion synthesis (CS) by using “silicon – sodium azide – ammonium hexafluorosilicate – carbon – aluminum” powder mixture in the nitrogen atmosphere were investigated. The thermodynamic analysis of the combustion synthesis was performed. Experimental investigation of the combustion process: the measurement of linear rates of the combustion front propagation and the maximum combustion temperatures was conducted in a laboratory reactor with working volume 4.5 liters. The influence of the components ratio in the initial mixture on the combustion temperature, combustion rate and composition of reaction product was studied. The phase composition of the product synthesized was determined with an X-ray diffractometer. It was disclosed that the SHS product consists of the composition (mixture) of silicon carbide nanopowder with silicon nitride whiskers and a final halide. Investigation of surface topography and morphology of the product particles was carried out with a scanning electron microscope. Optimal mixture for the synthesis of nanoscale composition based on silicon carbide was determined: “14Si+6NaN<sub>3</sub>+(NH<sub>4</sub>)<sub>2</sub>SiF<sub>6</sub>+15C+Al”. In this case, the SHS product consists of four phases: silicon carbide (β-SiC) – 48.57 wt.%, α-silicon nitride (<em>α</em>-Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) – 27.04 wt.%, β-silicon nitride (β-Si<sub>3</sub>N<sub>4</sub>) – 5.83 wt.%, and sodium hexafluoroaluminate (Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub>) – 18.56 wt.%. The average particle size of the composition was in the range of 70–130 nm. It was shown that the composition of the silicon carbide with silicon nitride and the final halide Na<sub>3</sub>AlF<sub>6</sub> playing a role a flux can be used as a modifier of castable aluminum alloys and as a reinforcing phase of aluminomatrix composites.</p>
Features of Structural and Phase Transformations in Mo–Si–B and Сr–Al–Si–B Systems During Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis
Authors: Potanin A.Yu. , Pogozhev Yu.S. , Levashov E.A. , Kovalev D.Yu. , Novikov A.V. 
Published: November 2015

<p>This study is dedicated to investigation of the combustion mechanisms during the SHS of ceramic materials in multicomponent Mo–Si–B and Cr–Al–Si–B systems. It is concluded that the following processes are defined the SHS for Si-rich Mo–Si–B compositions: Si melting, its spreading over the surfaces of the solid Mo and B particles, followed by B dissolution in the melt, and formation of intermediate Mo<sub>3</sub>Si-phase film. The subsequent diffusion of Si into Mo results in the formation of MoSi<sub>2</sub> grains and MoB phase forms due to the diffusion of Mo into B-rich melt. The formation of MoB phase for B-rich compositions may occur via gas-phase mass transfer of MoO<sub>3</sub> gaseous species to B particles and B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> to Mo particles. In Cr–Al–Si–B system firstly, the Al–Si eutectic mixture undergoes contact melting followed by formation of the reactionary surface as the eutectic melt spreads over the Cr and B particles surface. An increase in Al content increases the proportion of the Al–Si eutectic melt. The dissolution of Cr particles in this melt becomes the rate-limiting stage of the combustion process. The melt is saturated with these elements followed by crystallization of CrB and Cr(Si,Al)<sub>2</sub> grains. In the Cr- and B-rich areas and low melt concentration, the formation of CrB may occur via gas-phase mass transfer of B<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> gaseous species to Cr particles. Consecutive formation of chromium and molybdenum borides and silicides is established by means of dynamic X-ray diffraction analysis. Compact ceramic samples were produced using forced SHS pressing technique. Their structural investigations were conducted by XRD and SEM.</p>
The Laser Active Element Based on Dye on Porous Alumina
Authors: Zeinidenov A.K. , Ibrayev N.Kh. , Aimukhanov A.K. 
Published: November 2015

<p>Luminescent properties of Rhodamine 6G in porous alumina matrix have been investigated. From the SEM images the pore diameter is determined to be ~ 50 nm and the distance between the pores to be about 250 nm. Specific surface area of nanoporous alumina films measured by gas adsorption (BET method) was 6 m<sup>2</sup>/g. Absorption and fluorescence spectra of Rhodamine 6G embedded in pores of anodic alumina oxide were measured. Decreasing of absorbance of monomers was observed upon increasing of Rhodamine 6G concentrations. At the same time appearing of new maximum at the short-wavelength part as a result of formation of dimer of dye was registered. Increasing of concentration of dye molecules in the pores leads to quenching of fluorescence of Rhodamine 6G. The lasing characteristics were examined upon excitation of the samples by second harmonic Nd: YAG laser λ<sub>gen</sub> = 532 nm, Е<sub>imp</sub> = 90 mJ, τ = 10 ns in the longitudinal form. The dye generation spectra in nanoporous alumina under different power densities of the pump source were measured. It is established that when the pumping source power is 0.4 MW/cm<sup>2</sup> on the background spectrum of laser - induced fluorescence the narrow strip of the laser emission with a peak wavelength of 572 nm appears. Further increase in the power density of the pumping source leads to a narrowing of the band of generation and an increase in its intensity. The obtained results demonstrate the potential of using nanoporous alumina for creating the active elements of quantum electronics.</p>
Non-Catalytic NOx Removal from Gas Turbine Exhaust with Cyanuric Acid in a Recirculating Reactor; Small Scale Evaluation and Industrial Application
Authors: Streichsbier M. , Dibble R.W. , Perry R.A. 
Published: November 2015

<p>A novel SNC technique to remove oxides of nitrogen (NO<sub>x</sub>) from stationary gas turbine exhaust has been investigated and applied. The technique employs the use of cyanuric acid (CYA), a non-toxic, dry powder, combined with the injection of auxiliary turbine fuel and recirculation. During the initial investigation, exhaust, generated by a 150 kW gas turbine, was treated in an insulated recirculation reactor, with a mean residence time of 0.65 to 0.71 seconds and a pressure drop of 660 Pa. In the reactor, autoignition of injected auxiliary gas turbine fuel raises the flue gas temperature to between 700 and 800 ºC. CYA slurry is injected. Temperature rise and NOx reduction occur simultaneously. Load following has been achieved. At all temperatures, significant NO<sub>x</sub> reduction from initial concentrations of 106 to 124 ppm to as low as 18 ppm at 15% O<sub>2</sub> have been observed. However, the process generates N<sub>2</sub>O emissions, which vary from 45 to 163 ppm, increasing with increasing CYA/NOx ratio. The ratio of N<sub>2</sub>O formed to NO removed was found to be between 1 to 1.5 to 1. The performance of CYA ((HNCO)<sub>3</sub>) is compared to that of ammonia (NH<sub>3</sub>) and urea ((NH<sub>2</sub>)<sub>2</sub>CO). A numerical model, which combines a detailed chemical kinetic mechanism with recirculation, has been developed. The model captures all observed trends well and is an invaluable guide to improved understanding of the interactive NO<sub>x</sub> removal process. The process was then successfully scaled up and applied to a variety of industrial 3.7 MW gas turbines and similarly significant NO<sub>x</sub> reduction has been achieved.</p>
Soot and Nanomaterials Formation in Flame
Authors: Mansurov Z.A. 
Published: November 2015

<p>The seventieth anniversary of Professor Jürgen Warnatz is an important event for the scientific community of investigators of chemical kinetics and computation of combustion. His brilliant research in the field of combustion, particularly in the chemical kinetics reactions should be noted. His manuscript «Combustion»<br />with co-authors is a handbook for specialists in the field of combustion and under my supervision was translated to Kazakh. Professor J.Warnatz contributed much to the development of combustion processes modeling and education of scientists from various countries, including Kazakhstan. The general scheme of conversion of hydrocarbon fuels with new experimental data on the formation of fullerenes and graphenes, taking into account the pressure effect is proposed for the fuel-rich flames. It is shown that the formation of fullerenes is important to the corresponding spatial orientation of PAH, possible at low pressures. The formation of hydrophobic soot surface on silicon and nickel substrates during combustion of propane-oxygen flame was studied. It is stated that the hydrophobic properties are due to the presence of soot particles in the form of nanobeads.</p><p> </p>
Quantification of the Local Heat Release Rate During Flame-Vortex Interactions at Different Lewis Numbers and Equivalence Ratios
Authors: Denev J.A. , Naydenova I. , Bockhorn H. 
Published: November 2015

<p>The present work aims at the detailed understanding of the local processes in premixed combustion of hydrogen, methane and propane flames at unsteady conditions. The methodology consists of the analysis of simulations of two-dimensional flame-vortex interactions as well as statistical data obtained from threedimensional Direct Numerical Simulations (DNS) of the flame front interacting with a set of vortexes. Special attention is given to the relationship between the Lewis number (<em>Le</em>) of the fuel and the flame front stretch in terms of both curvature and strain rate. A large single vortex bends the flame front thus creating both positive and negative curvatures, which in turn enhance the heat release rate in some locations of the flame front and decrease it in others. The resulting effect is called “polarisation effect”. The occurrence and the strength of the polarisation effect of curvature are tightly bound up with the Lewis number of the fuel. The polarisation effect is quantified by the ratio of maximum to minimum heat release rates along the flame front, which defines the Polarisation Effect Number (PEN). The more the Lewis number of a fuel deviates from unity, the stronger the polarisation effect is. Strong polarisation effects lead finally to local flame extinction. This is demonstrated for hydrogen flames with<em> Le</em> = 0.29 (lean) and Le = 2.2 (rich) as well as for artificially designed cases with <em>Le</em> = 0.1 and <em>Le</em> = 10.0. Therefore, flame extinction can occur for both thermodiffusively stable and unstable flames. It is shown that choosing an appropriate mixture of real fuels with different Lewis numbers, the homogeneity of the heat release rate along the flame front could be considerably enhanced. This relatively uniform heat release rate is not sensitive to curvature, which consequently decreases the occurrence of local extinction.</p><p> </p>