bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Is two days of intermittent energy restriction per week a feasible weight loss approach in obese males? A randomised pilot study
Authors: Conley Marguerite , Le Fevre Lauren , Haywood Cilla , Proietto Joseph 
Published: August 2017

AimThe 5:2 diet (two non‐consecutive days of 2460 KJ (600 calories) and 5 days of ad libitum eating per week) is becoming increasingly popular. This pilot study aimed to determine whether the 5:2 diet can achieve ≥5% weight loss and greater improvements in weight and biochemical markers than a standard energy‐restricted diet (SERD) in obese male war veterans.MethodsA total of 24 participants were randomised to consume either the 5:2 diet or a SERD (2050 KJ (500 calorie) reduction per day) for 6 months. Weight, waist circumference (WC), fasting blood glucose, blood lipids, blood pressure and dietary intake were measured at baseline, 3 and 6 months by a blinded investigator.ResultsAfter 6 months, participants in both groups significantly reduced body weight (P = <0.001), WC (P = <0.001) and systolic blood pressure (P = 0.001). Mean weight loss was 5.3 ± 3.0 kg (5.5 ± 3.2%) for the 5:2 group and 5.5 ± 4.3 kg (5.4 ± 4.2%) for the SERD group. Mean WC reduction for the 5:2 group was 8.0 ± 4.5 and 6.4 ± 5.8 cm for the SERD group. There was no significant difference in the amount of weight loss or WC reduction between diet groups. There was no significant change in diastolic blood pressure, fasting blood glucose or blood lipids in either dietary group.ConclusionsResults suggest that the 5:2 diet is a successful but not superior weight loss approach in male war veterans when compared to a SERD. Future research is needed to determine the long‐term effectiveness of the 5:2 diet and its effectiveness in other population groups.
Infants with prenatally diagnosed kidney anomalies have an increased risk of urinary tract infections
Authors: Rasmussen Maria , Sunde Lone , Andersen René F. , Petersen Olav B. ,   Danish Fetal Medicine Research Group, Olsen Morten S. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractAimThis study estimated the urinary tract infection (UTI) risk in a nationwide cohort of infants prenatally diagnosed with parenchymal kidney anomalies compared with a comparison cohort.MethodsA Danish population‐based nationwide cohort of foetuses diagnosed with parenchymal kidney anomalies between 2007 and 2012 had previously been identified. These were compared with foetuses without kidney anomalies who were prenatally scanned the same year. Live born infants were followed from birth until the diagnosis of UTI, emigration, death or two years of age. Cumulative incidences of UTIs were computed. Mortality was estimated using the Kaplan–Meier method.ResultsWe identified 412 foetuses with parenchymal kidney anomalies out of 362 069 who underwent ultrasound scans and 277 were born alive. The overall risk of a UTI before the age of two years was 19%, and it was 14% among infants without prenatally diagnosed co‐occurring urinary tract malformations. The corresponding risk in the 4074 controls was 1%. After two years, mortality was 2.2% in infants with prenatally diagnosed parenchymal kidney anomalies and 0.2% in the controls.ConclusionInfants prenatally diagnosed with parenchymal kidney anomalies had a substantially increased risk of UTI. Awareness of this increased risk may facilitate earlier diagnosis of UTIs in this population.
Utilising Accounting and Accountants in the Management of Water Efficiency
Authors: Egan Matthew 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis paper explores how five Australian organisations utilised accounting techniques and accountants as they developed an increasing focus on water efficiency during a period of drought. In those cases where top management were responsive to developing community logics that argued for the importance of efforts to maximise water efficiency, non‐accountants found space to experiment with a diversity of decision‐useful accounting initiatives. While initially bypassed, accountants ultimately became important for their ability to link evolving initiatives to core organisational concerns. Alternatively, in those organisations where senior responsiveness to evolving community concerns about water efficiency was limited, accountants dominated from the outset, presiding over a limited range of responses that offered an appearance, but little substance, of change.
The Business Model in Integrated Reporting: Evaluating Concept and Application
Authors: Tweedie Dale , Nielsen Christian , Martinov‐Bennie Nonna 
Published: August 2017

AbstractA key feature of the International Integrated Reporting Council's (IIRC) agenda to improve corporate reporting is to encourage companies to use Integrated Reports to disclose their underlying business models. However, extant research suggests that the IIRC's distinctive business model concept is not well understood. This paper aims to unpack and critically evaluate the core features of the IIRC's business model concept. To unpack the IIRC's business model, the paper conducts a structured comparative analysis of the IIRC's model against eight influential alternatives in prior business model research. The paper then evaluates the extent to which Integrated Reporting's distinctive business model is: (1) internally coherent and consistent; and, (2) consistent with the IIRC's broader reporting objectives. The paper identifies tensions in both these areas. Since the IIRC's business model is central to its agenda to improve corporate reporting, these tensions are relevant to both Integrated Reporting research and broader discussions about whether, or how, disclosing business models advances mainstream reporting frameworks.
Infants preferentially approach and explore the unexpected
Authors: Sim Zi L. , Xu Fei 
Published: August 2017

Looking time experiments based on the violation‐of‐expectation (VOE) method have consistently demonstrated that infants look longer when their expectations are violated. However, it remains an open question whether similar effects will be observed in infants’ approach behaviours. Specifically, do infants selectively approach and explore sources that violate their expectations? In this study, we address this question by examining how infants’ looking times are related to their approach and exploration behaviours. Using a traditional VOE method and a crawling paradigm, we demonstrate a strong correspondence between looking time and approach behaviours, which indicates that 13‐month‐old infants preferentially explore sources of unexpected events. Such spontaneous exploration may provide learning opportunities and allow infants to play an active role in driving their own development.
Statement of contribution

What is already known on this subject?

Infants look longer when their expectations are violated.

There is some evidence that infants also preferentially explore objects that violate their ‘core’ physical expectations.

What the present study adds?

There is a clear correspondence between infants’ looking behaviour and their approach behaviour.

Expectancy violations involving non‐core knowledge can similarly influence infants’ exploration.
Two‐year‐olds can socially learn to think divergently
Authors: Hoicka Elena , Powell Stephanie , Knight Jenny , Norwood Megan 
Published: August 2017

This study aimed to discover whether 2‐year‐olds can socially learn to think divergently. Two‐year‐olds (N = 22) who saw an experimenter model a high level of divergent thinking on the Unusual Box Test (modelling 25 different actions, once each) went on to demonstrate a higher level of divergent thinking themselves than (N = 22) children who saw a low level of modelling (five different actions, once each), where divergent thinking was measured by the number of different actions children produced that had not been modelled by the experimenter. Additionally, all children in both High and Low Divergence conditions had higher divergent thinking than imitation scores, where imitation involved copying the experimenter's previous actions. This is the first experiment to show that 2‐year‐olds' divergent thinking can be increased, and that 2‐year‐olds do so by socially learning to think more divergently.Statement of contributionWhat is already known on this subjectRecent research found that children as young as 1 year can think divergently, and that this is influenced by parents' own divergent thinking.What does this study add?This paper is important as it provides the first method to increase divergent thinking in toddlers. It also shows that social learning can directly affect individual learning processes, which suggests current theories of social and individual learning should be revised to be more iterative.
Logistic regression in large rare events and imbalanced data: A performance comparison of prior correction and weighting methods
Authors: Maalouf Maher , Homouz Dirar , Trafalis Theodore B. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to use the truncated Newton method in prior correction logistic regression (LR). A regularization term is added to prior correction LR to improve its performance, which results in the truncated‐regularized prior correction algorithm. The performance of this algorithm is compared with that of weighted LR and the regular LR methods for large imbalanced binary class data sets. The results, based on the KDD99 intrusion detection data set, and 6 other data sets at both the prior correction and the weighted LRs have the same computational efficiency when the truncated Newton method is used in both of them. A higher discriminative performance, however, resulted from weighting, which exceeded both the prior correction and the regular LR on nearly all the data sets. From this study, we conclude that weighting outperforms both the regular and prior correction LR models in most data sets and it is the method of choice when LR is used to evaluate imbalanced and rare event data.
Learning over subconcepts: Strategies for 1‐class classification
Authors: Sharma Shiven , Somayaji Anil , Japkowicz Nathalie 
Published: August 2017

AbstractIn machine learning research and application, multiclass classification algorithms reign supreme. Their fundamental property is the reliance on the availability of data from all known categories to induce effective classifiers. Unfortunately, data from so‐called real‐world domains sometimes do not satisfy this property, and researchers use methods such as sampling to make the data more conducive for classification. However, there are scenarios in which even such explicit methods to rectify distributions fail. In such cases, 1‐class classification algorithms become the practical alternative. Unfortunately, domain complexity severely impacts their ability to produce effective classifiers. The work in this article addresses this issue and develops a strategy that allows for 1‐class classification over complex domains. In particular, we introduce the notion of learning along the lines of underlying domain concepts; an important source of complexity in domains is the presence of subconcepts, and by learning over them explicitly rather than on the entire domain as a whole, we can produce powerful 1‐class classification systems. The level of knowledge regarding these subconcepts will naturally vary by domain, and thus, we develop 3 distinct methodologies that take the amount of domain knowledge available into account. We demonstrate these over 3 real‐world domains.
Global Review of Social Indicators used in Protected Area Management Evaluation
Authors: Corrigan Colleen , J. Robinson Catherine , Burgess Neil D. , Kingston Naomi , Hockings Marc 
Published: August 2017

AbstractSocial considerations in conservation are increasingly recognized as important for successful environmental outcomes. However, social measures lack consistency and may underreport key issues. This article analyzes social indicators and well‐being dimensions used in protected area effectiveness tools, with specific attention to local communities and Indigenous peoples’ contexts. Using the Global Protected Area Management Effectiveness database, we reviewed 2,736 indicators from 38 methodologies applied in over 180 countries. We analyzed: (1) representation of human well‐being dimensions, (2) direction of impacts, and (3) level of neutrality in indicators. We found limited diversity and representation of important well‐being dimensions such as health and governance. While impacts on communities and nature are similarly measured, positive wording is used three times more often than negative, which may unintentionally bias evaluations. We recommend using and developing indicators with greater diversity, increased clarity, and reduced bias to enhance management and policy responses for biodiversity and human well‐being.
Advanced three‐dimensional culture of equine intestinal epithelial stem cells
Authors: Stewart A. Stieler , Freund J. M. , Gonzalez L. M. 
Published: August 2017

SummaryBackgroundIntestinal epithelial stem cells are critical to epithelial repair following gastrointestinal injury. The culture of intestinal stem cells has quickly become a cornerstone of a vast number of new research endeavours that range from determining tissue viability to testing drug efficacy for humans. This study aims to describe the methods of equine stem cell culture and highlights the future benefits of these techniques for the advancement of equine medicine.ObjectivesTo describe the isolation and culture of small intestinal stem cells into three‐dimensional (3D) enteroids in horses without clinical gastrointestinal abnormalities.Study designDescriptive study.MethodsIntestinal samples were collected by sharp dissection immediately after euthanasia. Intestinal crypts containing intestinal stem cells were dissociated from the underlying tissue layers, plated in a 3D matrix and supplemented with growth factors. After several days, resultant 3D enteroids were prepared for immunofluorescent imaging and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis to detect and characterise specific cell types present. Intestinal crypts were cryopreserved immediately following collection and viability assessed.ResultsIntestinal crypts were successfully cultured and matured into 3D enteroids containing a lumen and budding structures. Immunofluorescence and PCR were used to confirm the existence of stem cells and all post mitotic, mature cell types, described to exist in the horse intestinal epithelium. Previously frozen crypts were successfully cultured following a freeze‐thaw cycle.Main limitationsTissues were all derived from normal horses. Application of this technique for the study of specific disease was not performed at this time.ConclusionsThe successful culture of equine intestinal crypts into 3D “mini‐guts” allows for in vitro studies of the equine intestine. Additionally, these results have relevance to future development of novel therapies that harness the regenerative potential of equine intestine in horses with gastrointestinal disease (colic).
The role of DNA polymerase chain reaction, culture and histopathology in the diagnosis of cutaneous tuberculosis
Authors: Agarwal Puneet , Singh Elangbam Nelson , Agarwal Uma Shankar , Meena Ramsingh , Purohit Saroj , Kumar Surendra 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundCutaneous tuberculosis (TB) is re‐emerging as a significant problem in India due to increased incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), other immunosuppressive states/factors like drugs, and emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR‐TB). Proper diagnosis is warranted as there is varied clinical presentation and similarity with many other diseases.ObjectiveTo assess the sensitivities of DNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR), culture, and histopathology for the diagnosis of cutaneous TB in clinically suspected skin lesions.MethodsClinically suspected cases of cutaneous TB were enrolled in the study. Two skin punch biopsies were taken from each patient and sent for histopathology examination and DNA PCR with culture, respectively.ResultsOf the total 70 cases enrolled, 49 were detected as cutaneous TB by the above tests. The sensitivities of DNA PCR, culture, and histopathology were 24.5, 16.3, and 91.8%, respectively.ConclusionDNA PCR and culture should be advised in cases of cutaneous TB with inconclusive histopathology. DNA PCR should be considered in preference over culture if facilities are available as it gives rapid results and has a higher sensitivity.
Participation in Workplace Pension Schemes and the Effect of Provision: Evidence from the United Kingdom*
Authors: Nunes Bernardo Fonseca 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of public policies enforcing workplace pension plan provision on participation rates. Using British data covering almost two decades (1992–2009), I identify the potential opt‐in rate among private sector workers who have not been offered a workplace pension plan, had they been offered the opportunity to join such a saving scheme. I find that universal provision of workplace pension schemes alone could generate a major impact on pension coverage.
ECG morphology of premature ventricular contractions predicts the presence of myocardial fibrotic substrate on cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in patients undergoing ablation
Authors: Oebel Sabrina , Dinov Borislav , Arya Arash , Hilbert Sebastian , Sommer Philipp , Bollmann Andreas , Hindricks Gerhard , Paetsch Ingo , Jahnke Cosima 
Published: August 2017

AbstractBackgroundThe most likely origin of premature ventricular contractions (PVCs) may be deduced from surface electrocardiogram (ECG) analysis while planning an electrophysiological study (EPS). Apart from purely benign forms of increased ventricular ectopy, myocardial substrate (e.g., regional fibrosis) may be present in certain cases, which will significantly impact the ablation approach. Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) imaging can reliably identify fibrotic target lesions and, hence, may assist in adequate patient selection and procedural planning.Methods and resultsWe analyzed 101 patients (59% males, mean age 57.15 ± 15.5 years, mean PVC count 19,801 ± 14,021 per 24 hours) referred for ablation of PVCs. The CMR (1.5T, Philips Ingenia, Best, The Netherlands) protocol included cine and three‐dimensional‐delayed enhancement imaging using standard cardiac geometries.On surface, ECG right bundle branch block (RBBB) morphology was present in 43% of patients. Twenty‐one patients showed the fibrotic substrate on CMR. On univariate analysis, both RBBB morphology (P < 0.001) and presence of multiple PVC morphologies (≥2) significantly predicted the presence of fibrotic substrate (P = 0.01), which various baseline characteristics including left ventricular ejection fraction (45.7 ± 12.6% vs. 50.6 ± 11.0%, P = 0.08) failed to do. CMR‐identified fibrosis was associated with the site of origin of the clinical PVCs during EPS and was successfully treated by radiofrequency ablation in 93% (PVC reduction >95%).ConclusionIn patients with RBBB morphology and/or multiple PVC patterns, CMR imaging before ablation may be helpful due to the increased prevalence of fibrotic lesions with regard to patient stratification and periprocedural management.
Granulocytes as models for human protein marker identification following nicotine exposure
Authors: Mulcahy Matthew J. , Lester Henry A. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractNicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) are pentameric cation channels expressed in the mammalian CNS, in the peripheral nervous system, and in skeletal muscle. Neuronal‐type nAChRs are also found in several non‐neuronal cell types, including leukocytes. Granulocytes are a subtype of leukocytes that include basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils. Granulocytes, also known as polymorphonuclear leukocytes, are characterized by their ability to produce, store, and release compounds from intracellular granules. Granulocytes are the most abundant type of leukocyte circulating in the peripheral blood. Granulocyte abundance, nAChR expression, and nAChR upregulation following chronic nicotine administration makes granulocytes interesting models for identifying protein markers of nicotine exposure. Nicotinic receptor subunits and several non‐nAChR proteins have been identified as protein markers of granulocyte nicotine exposure. We review methods to isolate granulocytes from human tissue, summarize present data about the expression of nAChRs in the three granulocyte cell types (basophils, eosinophils, and neutrophils), describe current knowledge of the effects of nicotine exposure on human granulocyte protein expression, and highlight areas of interest for future investigation.This is an article for the special issue XVth International Symposium on Cholinergic Mechanisms.
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Redox properties of transitional milk from mothers of preterm infants
Authors: Minić Simeon , Ješić Miloš , Đurović Dijana , Miletić Srdjan , Lugonja Nikoleta , Marinković Vesna , Nikolić‐Kokić Aleksandra , Spasić Snežana , Vrvić Miroslav M 
Published: August 2017

AimThere is a discrepancy between the amount of transitional milk produced by mothers of preterm infants and the low capacity of premature infants to consume it. This milk can be used in milk banks, but previous studies found that there are large variations in the level of host‐defence proteins in individual samples of milk from mothers of premature infants, which implies that large individual variations in antioxidative defence composition are also possible.MethodsMilk samples were collected from 20 healthy mothers of preterm infants. We determined the values for non‐enzymatic antioxidative capacity parameters (oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC)), static oxidation–reduction potential (ORP), activities of antioxidant defence enzymes and the amount of vitamin C in whole milk, skim and whey fractions of transitional milk.ResultsThe main low‐molecular‐weight antioxidant in transitional milk is vitamin C and most of it is contained in whey. ORAC is higher in whole transitional milk than in skim milk and whey, and ORP is lower in whole transitional milk than that in skim milk and whey. Antioxidative enzyme activities are similar in all individual samples of transitional milk from mothers of preterm infants.ConclusionsOur results indicate that transitional milk of mothers of preterm infants shows slow individual variations in antioxidative defence composition; therefore, it can be used in human milk banks.
Exocuticular hyaline layer of sea scorpions and horseshoe crabs suggests cuticular fluorescence is plesiomorphic in chelicerates
Authors: Rubin M. , Lamsdell J. C. , Prendini L. , Hopkins M. J. 
Published: August 2017

AbstractThe cuticle of scorpions (Chelicerata: Arachnida) fluoresces under long‐wave ultraviolet (UV) light due to the presence of beta‐carboline and 7‐hydroxy‐4‐methylcoumarin in the hyaline layer of the exocuticle. The adaptive significance of cuticularUVfluorescence in scorpions is debated. Although several other chelicerate orders (e.g. Opiliones and Solifugae) have been reported to fluoresce on exposure toUVlight, the prevalence of cuticularUVfluorescence has not been confirmed beyond scorpions. A systematic study of living chelicerates revealed thatUVfluorescence of the unsclerotized integument is ubiquitous across Chelicerata, whereas only scorpions and horseshoe crabs (Xiphosura) exhibit cuticularUVfluorescence. Scanning electron microscopy and histological sectioning confirmed the presence of a hyaline layer in taxa exhibiting cuticular fluorescence. The hyaline layer is absent in all other chelicerates except sea scorpions (Eurypterida) in which a taphonomically altered hyaline layer, that may have fluoresced underUVlight, was observed in exceptionally preserved cuticle. CuticularUVfluorescence appears to be associated with the presence of a hyaline layer, as has long been recognized in scorpions, and may be plesiomorphic among chelicerates. The presence of a hyaline layer in horseshoe crabs and sea scorpions suggests that several putative functions for cuticularUVfluorescence in scorpions can be discounted.