bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cirrus Clouds
Authors: Heymsfield Andrew J. , Krämer Martina , Luebke Anna , Brown Phil , Cziczo Daniel J. , Franklin Charmaine , Lawson Paul , Lohmann Ulrike , McFarquhar Greg , Ulanowski Zbigniew , Van Tricht Kristof 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
The goal of this chapter is to synthesize information about what is now known about one of the three main types of clouds, cirrus, and to identify areas where more knowledge is needed. Cirrus clouds, composed of ice particles, form in the upper troposphere, where temperatures are generally below −30°C. Satellite observations show that the maximum-occurrence frequency of cirrus is near the tropics, with a large latitudinal movement seasonally. In situ measurements obtained over a wide range of cirrus types, formation mechanisms, temperatures, and geographical locations indicate that the ice water content and particle size generally decrease with decreasing temperature, whereas the ice particle concentration is nearly constant or increases slightly with decreasing temperature. High ice concentrations, sometimes observed in strong updrafts, result from homogeneous nucleation. The satellite-based and in situ measurements indicate that cirrus ice crystals typically differ from the simple, idealized geometry for smooth hexagonal shapes, indicating complexity and/or surface roughness. Their shapes significantly impact cirrus radiative properties and feedbacks to climate. Cirrus clouds, one of the most uncertain components of general circulation models (GCM), pose one of the greatest challenges in predicting the rate and geographical pattern of climate change. Improved measurements of the properties and size distributions and surface structure of small ice crystals (about 20 μm) and identifying the dominant ice nucleation process (heterogeneous versus homogeneous ice nucleation) under different cloud dynamical forcings will lead to a better representation of their properties in GCM and in modeling their current and future effects on climate.
Retrieval of Vertical Air Motion in Precipitating Clouds Using Mie Scattering and Comparison with In Situ Measurements
Authors: Fang Ming , Albrecht Bruce , Jung Eunsil , Kollias Pavlos , Jonsson Haflidi , PopStefanija Ivan 
Published: November 2016

AbstractFor the first time, the Mie notch retrieval technique is applied to airborne cloud Doppler radar observations in warm precipitating clouds to retrieve the vertical air velocity profile above the aircraft. The retrieval algorithm prescribed here accounts for two major sources of bias: aircraft motion and horizontal wind. The retrieval methodology is evaluated using the aircraft in situ vertical air velocity measurements. The standard deviations of the residuals for the retrieved and in situ measured data for an 18-s time segment are 0.21 and 0.24 m s−1, respectively; the mean difference between the two is 0.01 m s−1. For the studied cases, the total theoretical uncertainty is less than 0.19 m s−1 and the actual retrieval uncertainty is about 0.1 m s−1. These results demonstrate that the Mie notch technique combined with the bias removal procedure described in this paper can successfully retrieve vertical air velocity from airborne radar observations with low spectral broadening due to Doppler fading, which enables new opportunities in cloud and precipitation research. A separate spectral peak due to returns from the cloud droplets is also observed in the same radar Doppler spectra and is also used to retrieve vertical air motion. The vertical air velocities retrieved using the two different methods agree well with each other, and the correlation coefficient is as high as 0.996, which indicates that the spectral peak due to cloud droplets might provide another way to retrieve vertical air velocity in clouds when the Mie notch is not detected but the cloud droplets’ spectral peak is discernable.
Most of the tight positional conservation of transcription factor binding sites near the transcription start site reflects their co-localization within regulatory modules
Authors: Acevedo-Luna Natalia , Mariño-Ramírez Leonardo , Halbert Armand , Hansen Ulla , Landsman David , Spouge John L. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundTranscription factors (TFs) form complexes that bind regulatory modules (RMs) within DNA, to control specific sets of genes. Some transcription factor binding sites (TFBSs) near the transcription start site (TSS) display tight positional preferences relative to the TSS. Furthermore, near the TSS, RMs can co-localize TFBSs with each other and the TSS. The proportion of TFBS positional preferences due to TFBS co-localization within RMs is unknown, however. ChIP experiments confirm co-localization of some TFBSs genome-wide, including near the TSS, but they typically examine only a few TFs at a time, using non-physiological conditions that can vary from lab to lab. In contrast, sequence analysis can examine many TFs uniformly and methodically, broadly surveying the co-localization of TFBSs with tight positional preferences relative to the TSS.ResultsOur statistics found 43 significant sets of human motifs in the JASPAR TF Database with positional preferences relative to the TSS, with 38 preferences tight (±5 bp). Each set of motifs corresponded to a gene group of 135 to 3304 genes, with 42/43 (98%) gene groups independently validated by DAVID, a gene ontology database, with FDR < 0.05. Motifs corresponding to two TFBSs in a RM should co-occur more than by chance alone, enriching the intersection of the gene groups corresponding to the two TFs. Thus, a gene-group intersection systematically enriched beyond chance alone provides evidence that the two TFs participate in an RM. Of the 903 = 43*42/2 intersections of the 43 significant gene groups, we found 768/903 (85%) pairs of gene groups with significantly enriched intersections, with 564/768 (73%) intersections independently validated by DAVID with FDR < 0.05. A user-friendly web site athttp://go.usa.gov/3kjsHpermits biologists to explore the interaction network of our TFBSs to identify candidate subunit RMs.ConclusionsGene duplication and convergent evolution within a genome provide obvious biological mechanisms for replicating an RM near the TSS that binds a particular TF subunit. Of all intersections of our 43 significant gene groups, 85% were significantly enriched, with 73% of the significant enrichments independently validated by gene ontology. The co-localization of TFBSs within RMs therefore likely explains much of the tight TFBS positional preferences near the TSS.
Successful pregnancy with donor eggs in-vitro fertilization after premature ovarian insufficiency in a tertiary hospital in a low-income setting: a case report
Authors: Egbe Thomas Obinchemti , Wafo Carine Youta , Bollo Berthe Bebey , Pany Christian , Onomo Monique Jong , Sandjon Guy 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Background
Premature Ovarian Insufficiency (POI) is classically defined as 4–6 months of cessation of menses (amenorrhea) in women under 40, associated with menopausal level of serum gonadotropins FSH > 40 IU/L and hypo-estrogenism and is also referred to as hypergonadotropic hypogonadism. This disorder can manifest as primary amenorrhea without the onset of menses (menarche), or as secondary amenorrhea after menarche and pubertal development. The diagnosis of this condition in Cameroon is sometimes difficult because of the high cost of hormonal assays and the few laboratories offering these services.

Case presentation
The patient was a 38-year-old G2P0020, blood group O Rh positive, genotype AA and BMI 19 kg/m2 who came to our service because of secondary amenorrhea and infertility of 2 years’ duration. She has a history of pulmonary tuberculosis that was treated in Cameroon. After laparoscopy and hormonal profile, the diagnosis of premature ovarian insufficiency was reached. The woman underwent a successful donor egg in-vitro fertilization cycle and delivered a female fetus. Two years later YE requested IVF with autologous eggs, which was not possible, and since then she has remained with one child.

Conclusion
The diagnosis of premature ovarian insufficiency is difficult in Cameroon because of the high cost of laboratory investigations and difficult access to the tests. In-vitro fertilization with donor egg is a better treatment option. Unfortunately, it is not accessible to most Cameroonians because of lack of technical ability and the existence of cultural and financial barriers.
Markers of Islet Endothelial Dysfunction Occur in Male B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J Mice and May Contribute to Reduced Insulin Release
Authors: Hogan Meghan F. , Liu Amy W. , Peters Michael J. , Willard Joshua R. , Rabbani Zaheen , Bartholomew Erik C. , Ottley Adam , Hull Rebecca L. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Islet endothelial cells produce paracrine factors that support β-cell function and growth. Endothelial dysfunction underlies diabetic microvascular complications; thus, we hypothesized that in diabetes, islet endothelial cells become dysfunctional, which may contribute to β-cell secretory dysfunction. Islets/islet endothelial cells were isolated from diabetic B6.BKS(D)-Leprdb/J male (db/db) mice, treated with or without the glucose-lowering agent phlorizin, or from C57BL/6J mice fed a high-fat diet for 18 weeks and appropriate controls. Messenger RNA (mRNA) and/or the protein levels of the cell adhesion molecule E-selectin (Sele), proinflammatory cytokine interleukin-6 (Il6), vasoconstrictor endothelin-1 (Edn1), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Nos3; Nos3) were evaluated, along with advanced glycation end product immunoreactivity. Furthermore, an islet endothelial cell line (MS-1) was exposed to diabetic factors (glucose, palmitate, insulin, and tumor necrosis factor-α) for six days. Conditioned media were collected from these cells, incubated with isolated islets, and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and insulin content were assessed. Islet endothelial cells from db/db mice exhibited increased Sele, Il6, and Edn1 mRNA levels, decreased Nos3 protein, and accumulation of advanced glycation end products. Phlorizin treatment significantly increased Nos3 protein levels but did not alter expression of the other markers. High-fat feeding in C57BL/6J mice resulted in increased islet Sele, Il6, and Edn1 but no change in Nos3. Exposure of islets to conditioned media from MS-1 cells cultured in diabetic conditions resulted in a 50% decrease in glucose-stimulated insulin secretion and 30% decrease in insulin content. These findings demonstrate that, in diabetes, islet endothelial cells show evidence of a dysfunctional phenotype, which may contribute to loss of β-cell function.
Saga Bwoys and Rude Bwoys: Migration, Grooming, and Dandyism
Authors: McMillan Michael 
Published: November 2016

I have been always struck by how men of my father’s generation were so well dressed in those iconic black-and-white documentary photographs depicting their arrival after a three-week transatlantic journey by sea. They wore neatly pressed suits with a white breast pocket handkerchief, polished brogue shoes, white starched shirt with throat-strangling tie, and a trilby hat cocked at an angle. In Eastern Caribbean vernacular they were saga bwoys, or sweet bwoys, masculine personas who, in my rite of passage from a short-pants “colored” boy to a black British young man, I saw as exemplars of good grooming in their sartorial attention to detail as words for the ladies danced off their tongues like Lord Kitchener’s calypso. These “lonely Londoners” would later become Jamaican rude bwoys, swaggering as if to a ska or reggae beat in their two-tone mohair suits, with the attitude and creole chat of the best-dressed chicken on the street. Saga bwoys and rude bwoys are constituents of the contemporary ragamuffin geneology of subcultural black masculine practices that have been self-fashioned in the rhizoid network of racial, transcultural, and diaspora exchange and transfer.
Yet limited focus has been given to how and what postwar Caribbean migrant men contributed to a diasporic understanding of black dandyism through the material culture and performativity of the saga bwoys and rude bwoys. Using Carol Tulloch’s “style-fashion-dress,” among other conceptual frameworks, this essay begins to explore the ontology and materiality of a process that saw the aesthetic embodiment and reconstruction of diasporic Caribbeanness in a British context of the dressed black male body—a body that would come to reconfigure the streets of urban Britain with fresh, dynamic masculinities in motion.
Ditadura civil-militar no Brasil e a ordem de gênero: masculinidades e feminilidades vigiadas
Authors: De Freitas Silva Natanael 
Published: November 2016

O objetivo deste texto é refletir sobre algumas práticas censórias em torno de determinadas performances de gênero consideradas subversivas pelos defensores da “moral e dos bons costumes” durante o período da ditadura civil-militar brasileira. E para isso, apresento uma breve discussão historiográfica em torno da questão de gênero e sexualidade na historiografia sobre esse período, em seguida, menciono alguns exemplos dessas práticas e, por fim, concluo que as noções de masculinidade e feminilidade são constructos social e culturalmente forjados, rizomáticos, relacionais, interdependentes e de múltipla definição. Por isso, o caráter histórico, datado e político do gênero.
Teacher’s Role in Working with Gifted Schoolchildren in Computer Skills in the Olympiad Training Environment
Authors: Кирюхин  , Kiryukhin V. , Цветкова  , Tsvetkova Marina 
Published: November 2016

Now progress of participants of the All-Russian Olympiad in informatics is important criterion for evaluation of work of the teacher with talented
children. If earlier only the small group of teachers in the country successfully was engaged in this work, then now, in connection with implementation of
the new Federal state educational standard, development of infrastructure of the All-Russian Olympiad of school students, expansion of availability of
a school stage of the Olympiad to any motivated school student from the 5th class, forming of new models of integration of schools and universities, an
opportunity to each teacher appeared to organize work with talented school students at any school. The main areas of work of the teacher of informatics
for identifi cation of talented school students and their further development in system of the All-Russian Olympiad in informatics are shown in this article.
Risk-Oriented Approach to the Realization of Monitoring and Supervising Activity in the Educational Sector
Authors: Ладнушкина  , Ladnushkina N. , Фёклин  , Feklin Sergey 
Published: November 2016

In accordance with the Federal Law of 13.07.2015 N 246-FZ “On Amendments to the Federal Law “On protection of rights of legal entities and individual
entrepreneurs in monitoring of state control (supervision) and municipal control “occurred amendments in the organization of checks, including
education.
Director of the school, who observes the legislation and (or) does not allow violations may learn that his institution is not included in the planned
inspection in the coming year and (or) subsequent years.
The article describes and comments the changes in the legislation concerning the most important aspects of the planned inspections of educational
institutions and organizations engaged in training.
The authors describe an approach to the implementation of control and supervisory activities in the fi eld of education in terms of the current legislation
and draft law on the control of the Russian Federation.
A randomised controlled trial assessing the efficacy of co-phenylcaine nasal spray in flexible transnasal pharyngolaryngoscopy
Authors: Javed F , Parmar A , Hussain A , Hajioff D , Pinder D 
Published: November 2016

INTRODUCTION The aim of this study was to assess whether using co-phenylcaine nasal spray before flexible transnasal pharyngolaryngoscopy results in reduced pain and discomfort during the procedure. METHODS This was a randomised controlled trial. Eighty-four patients were randomised to receive either co-phenylcaine nasal spray or placebo nasal spray before performing transnasal flexible pharyngolaryngoscopy. Patient reported outcome measures included pain, discomfort, unpleasantness and willingness to repeat the procedure while clinician reported outcome measures comprised ease of examination and quality of view obtained during the procedure. RESULTS There was no statistically significant difference in scores for pain, discomfort, unpleasantness and willingness to repeat the procedure between the co-phenylcaine and placebo groups. On the other hand, ease of examination scores were significantly better for the co-phenylcaine group than for the placebo group. CONCLUSIONS The majority of patients do not find flexible pharyngolaryngoscopy unpleasant or painful with or without topical nasal anaesthesia. However, the spray does appear to help the examiner in completing a satisfactory assessment.
A systematic review of the prognostic value of lymph node ratio, number of positive nodes and total nodes examined in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma
Authors: Elshaer M , Gravante G , Kosmin M , Riaz A , Al-Bahrani A 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is the most common pancreatic cancer. Five-year overall survival is currently 3.3–6.0%. The aim of this review was to evaluate the prognostic value of lymph node ratio, number of positive nodes and total nodes examined on overall survival rate following pancreatic resection. MATERIALS AND METHODS A literature search was conducted of MEDLINE, EMBASE, the Cochrane Library and Central Register of Controlled Trials and the Cochrane Database of Systematic Review databases, from January 1996 to January 2016. RESULTS Overall, 19 studies including 4,883 patients examined the relationship between lymph node ratio and overall survival. A high lymph node ratio was associated with decreased overall survival in 17 studies. A total of 12 studies examined the relationship between the number of positive nodes and overall survival, and 11 studies revealed that an increase in the number of positive nodes was associated with decreased overall survival. In 15 studies examining the relationship between the total nodes examined and overall survival, there was no association with overall survival in 12 studies. CONCLUSIONS Lymph node ratio and number of positive nodes are factors associated with overall survival in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, but not total nodes examined.
Laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy in the elderly: experience from a UK centre
Authors: Tandon A , Rajendran I , Aziz M , Kolamunnage-Dona R , Nunes QM , Shrotri M 
Published: November 2016

BACKGROUND Gastric cancer has a high incidence in the elderly in the UK, with a significant number of patients aged 75 years or more. While surgery forms the mainstay of treatment, evidence pertaining to the management of gastric cancer in the Western population in this age group is scarce. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed the outcomes of laparoscopy-assisted total and distal gastrectomies at our centre from 2005 to 2015. Patients aged 70 years or above were included in the elderly group. RESULTS A total of 60 patients underwent laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy over a 10-year period, with a predominance of male patients. There was no significant difference in the rate of overall surgical and non-surgical complications, in-hospital mortality, operation time and length of hospital stay, between the elderly and non-elderly groups. Univariate analysis, performed for risk factors relating to anastomotic leak and surgical complications, showed that age over 70 years and higher American Association of Anesthesiologists grades are associated with a higher, though not statistically significant, number of anastomotic leaks (P = 1.000 and P = 0.442, respectively) and surgical complications (P = 0.469 and P = 0.162, respectively). The recurrence rate within the first 3 years of surgery was significantly higher in the non-elderly group compared with the elderly group (Log Rank test, P = 0.002). There was no significant difference in survival between the two groups (Log Rank test, P = 0.619). CONCLUSIONS Laparoscopy-assisted gastrectomy is safe and feasible in an elderly population. There is a need for well-designed, prospective, randomised studies with quality of life data to inform our practice in future.
Congenital diaphragmatic hernia causing cardiac arrest in a 30-year-old woman
Authors: Manson HJ , Goh YM , Goldsmith P , Scott P , Turner P 
Published: November 2016

Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) usually presents in infancy with respiratory failure requiring urgent surgical correction. Mortality in this group of patients remains poor and persistent pulmonary hypertension is a significant contributor. It is therefore rare for patients to reach adulthood undiagnosed. CDH is often identified incidentally in adults but when symptoms arise, they relate to the organ involved, and include gastrointestinal symptoms of dyspepsia and obstruction, as well as respiratory complaints such as dyspnoea. We present the case of a 30-year-old woman who was admitted with non-specific symptoms of upper abdominal discomfort but whose deteriorating condition culminated in a cardiac arrest, as an unreported presentation of CDH. The patient presented initially with severe left upper quadrant pain. Her chest x-ray on admission suggested a raised left hemidiaphragm. She went on to have computed tomography (CT) of the thorax and abdomen as well as oesophagogastroduodenoscopy, which raised the suspicion of diaphragmatic eventration. Repeat CT was performed after the patient collapsed on the ward five days following admission, revealing tracheal deviation, and a strangulated Bochdalek hernia containing stomach and spleen. After transfer to the anaesthetic room, she suffered a cardiac arrest. Advanced life support was required to return spontaneous cardiac function. She was intubated and ventilated, and a needle thoracostomy was performed to decompress the tension gastrothorax. Emergency laparotomy revealed a gangrenous stomach and spleen. Total gastrectomy with primary Roux-en-Y reconstruction, splenectomy and insertion of a feeding jejunostomy were performed. The patient recovered well postoperatively and was discharged two weeks following surgery.
Enucleation versus hepatectomy for giant hepatic haemangiomas: a meta-analysis
Authors: Cheng WL , Qi YQ , Wang B , Tian L , Huang W , Chen Y 
Published: November 2016

INTRODUCTION Hepatic haemangiomas are the most common benign liver tumours. They can be treated with surgical resection such as enucleation or hepatectomy if necessary. However, controversy remains over the clinical outcome and safety of these two methods. In this study, we performed a comprehensive meta-analysis to compare the efficacy of liver resection with enucleation for giant haemangiomas. METHODS The online databases PubMed, Embase and CNKI (China National Knowledge Infrastructure) were searched for relevant original articles. We compared operation time, blood loss, transfusion requirements, inflow occlusion time and postoperative complications between enucleation and hepatectomy. RESULTS Seven controlled clinical trials met the predefined inclusion criteria. Analysis indicated that the enucleation group had significantly shorter operation time (weighted mean difference, WMD –28.22, 95% confidence interval, CI, –54.82 to –1.62), less blood loss (WMD –395.92, 95% CI –521.25 to –270.58) and fewer complications (odds ratio, OR, 0.47, 95 % CI 0.34 to 0.65). There were no significant differences between enucleation and hepatectomy with regard to transfusion requirements (OR 0.61, 95% CI 0.22 to 1.68) and inflow occlusion time (WMD 7.91, 95% CI –5.62 to 21.44). CONCLUSIONS Enucleation has advantages over hepatectomy in relation to operation time, blood loss and complications. Enucleation is a safe and effective treatment for giant hepatic haemangioma.