bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
International Financial and Monetary Law
Authors: Lastra Rosa M 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This book studies the international monetary and financial system from a legal perspective. The new edition has been renamed to reflect the book's breadth of coverage, which includes an in-depth study of central banking, a fresh look at supervision, regulation and crisis management after the global financial crisis and updated material on the law of the European Central Bank (and its responses to the twin banking and sovereign debt crisis in the eurozone), Banking Union, the law of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and work undertaken by international standard-setters, in particular the Financial Stability Board (FSB) and the Basel committee on Banking Supervision. The book is divided into three parts. The first part focuses on national developments, the second part deals with EU developments, and the third part examines international developments. There is a certain symmetry among the three parts of the book (which has been preserved in the second edition) each one of them commencing with a historical chapter, analyzing then the framework of the ‘monetary architecture’ and ending up with a consideration of the ‘financial architecture’ with regard to the functions of financial supervision (micro and macro) and surveillance, regulation, and crisis management, including lender of last resort and resolution.
The Duty to Retreat in Self-Defense Law and Violence against Women
Authors: Gruber Aya 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This article explores the complicated relationship between the duty to retreat in self-defense law and violence against women. It first provides an overview of self-defense law in the United States, with particular emphasis on the duty to retreat, before discussing the feminists’ position regarding self-defense law in the context of battered women who kill abusers, along with the so-called “no-retreat” rules. It then traces the history of no-retreat in U.S. law and argues that it is a complex doctrine, both liberationist and discriminatory. It also examines the tension in feminist theorizing on retreat by focusing on recent stand-your-ground controversies. The article concludes by proposing distributional analysis as a framework for feminists and other theorists to resolve the persistent tensions between the duty to retreat and gender justice.
Diabetic ketoacidosis
Authors: Alois Corinne I. , Rizzolo Denise 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Despite advances in diabetes management, diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) continues to be a leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Up to one-third of children may present with DKA as the original presentation of type 1 diabetes. These children develop clinical manifestations of DKA including hyperglycemia, acidosis, and ketosis. Clinicians must be able to identify those patients at risk, recognize common signs and symptoms, and start prompt management.
No shortcuts: new findings reinforce why nuance is the rule in genetic autoinflammatory syndromes
Authors: Tsoukas Paul , Canna Scott W. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose of review
Practitioners dazed by the evolving concept of autoinflammation are in good company. Despite the clinical challenges autoinflammatory patients present, their study has been fundamental to our understanding of basic human inflammation. This review will focus on the ways in which recent discoveries in genetically mediated autoinflammation broaden and refine the concept.

Recent findings
Major developments in pyrin inflammasome biology, defective ubiquitination, and the hyperferritinemic syndromes will be highlighted.

Summary
We offer a brief discussion of discordance, convergence, genotype, and phenotype in autoinflammation. Additionally, we introduce the concepts of mutation dose effect and hybrid nomenclature. Overall, we hope to provide an update on developments in the field of autoinflammation, some conceptual tools to help navigate the rising tide of discovery, and some encouragement that keeping up with developments in autoinflammation is both exciting and necessary.
Risk Factors and Prognosis for Acute Progression of Myelopathic Symptoms in Patients Ossification of the Posterior Longitudinal Ligament After Minor Trauma
Authors: Jung Jong-myung , Chung Chun Kee , Kim Chi Heon , Choi Yunhee 
Published: June 2017

Study Design.
A retrospective cohort study.

Objective.
The aim of this study was to identify the risk factors for acute progression of myelopathic symptoms (PMS) associated with ossification of the posterior longitudinal ligament (OPLL) after minor trauma and to compare the prognosis between an acute PMS group and a chronic PMS group.

Summary of Background Data.
Although the prevalence of OPLL among patients with cervical myelopathy is high, few studies have been published regarding the risk factors for acute PMS associated with OPLL after minor trauma.

Methods.
Patients with OPLL who had histories of minor trauma and had undergone surgery were divided according to clinical course into an acute (within 48 hours, n = 38) and a chronic PMS group (n = 32). The type of trauma and the clinical and radiologic characteristics were compared. The clinical outcomes were also compared at admission and at 1 and 2 years postoperatively.

Results.
The types of trauma were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05). Univariate analysis revealed that older age, a narrower space available for the cord, and a higher rate of stenosis in the spinal canal were associated with acute PMS after minor trauma (P = 0.014, 0.020, and 0.006, respectively). However, the rate of stenosis in the spinal canal was the only risk factor that was identified in a multivariate analysis (P = 0.023; odds ratio, 0.872; 95% confidence interval, 0.774–0.982). The Japanese Orthopedic Association scores at the initial visit and at postoperative years 1 and 2 were significantly lower in the acute PMS group than in the chronic PMS group (P < 0.001, P < 0.001, and P < 0.001, respectively).

Conclusion.
One risk factor for acute PMS in patients with OPLL after minor trauma is a higher rate of stenosis of the spinal canal. Patients with acute PMS exhibited unfavorable neurologic outcomes. Preventive surgical treatment may be recommended for patients with significant OPLL with mild cervical myelopathy.

Level of Evidence: 3
A Microstructural Investigation of Disc Disruption Induced by Low Frequency Cyclic Loading
Authors: Schollum Meredith L. , Wade Kelly R. , Robertson Peter A. , Thambyah Ashvin , Broom Neil D. 
Published: June 2017

Study Design.
Microstructural investigation of low frequency cyclic loading and flexing of the lumbar disc.

Objective.
To explore micro-level structural damage in motion segments subjected to low frequency repetitive loading and flexing at sub-acute loads.

Summary of Background Data.
Cumulative exposure to mechanical load has been implicated in low back pain and injury. The mechanical pathways by which cyclic loading physically affects spine tissues remain unclear, in part due to the absence of high quality microstructural evidence.

Methods.
The study utilized seven intact ovine lumbar spines and from each spine one motion segment was used as a control, two others were cyclically loaded. Ten motion segments were subjected to 5000 cycles at 0.5 Hz with a peak load corresponding to ∼30% of that required to achieve failure. An additional small group of segments subjected to 10,000 or 30,000 cycles was similarly analyzed. Following chemical fixation and decalcification samples were cryosectioned along one of the oblique fiber angles and imaged in their fully hydrated state using differential interference contrast optical microscopy. Structural damage obtained from the images was organized into an algebraic shell for analysis.

Results.
At 5000 cycles the disc damage was limited to inner wall distortions, evidence of stress concentrations at bridging-lamellae attachments, and small delaminations. The high-cycle discs tested exhibited significant mid-wall damage. There was no evidence of nuclear material being displaced.

Conclusion.
At this low frequency and without the application of sustained loading or a more severe loading regime, or maintaining a constant flexion with repetitive loading, it seems unlikely that actual nuclear migration occurs. It is possible that the inner-annular damage shown in the low dose group could disrupt pathways for nutrient diffusion leading to earlier cell death and matrix degradation, thus contributing to a cascade of degeneration.

Level of Evidence: N/A
Further Standardization in the Aneurysm Clip
Authors: Rong Hui , Liu Yue , Zhao Zhibin , Feng Jiying , Sun Rao , Ma Zhengliang , Gu Xiaoping 
Published: June 2017

Study Design.
Experimental study.

Objective.
To evaluate the relationship between clip occlusal depth and functional and histological outcome measures in a rat model of thoracic spinal cord injury (SCI).

Summary of Background Data.
Aneurysm clip compression is a proven model of contusion-compression SCI, but the relationship between clip depth and outcomes in thoracic SCI is unknown.

Methods.
A single aneurysm clip was applied to the spinal cord at thoracic vertebra 10 for 1 minute with an occlusal depth of 2, 6, or 10 mm. The actual compression force was measured using a self-made pulling method. Locomotor function was assessed for 28 days using Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) and inclined plane test (IPT) scores. We then used hematoxylin-eosin and Luxol fast blue staining to histologically quantify cavitation formation, preserved white matter, and preserved grey matter.

Results.
Greater occlusal compression depths caused greater actual compression forces and worsened functional and histological recovery. The 2- and 10-mm clip injury groups had significantly different BBB and ITP scores; cavitation, preserved white matter, and preserved grey matter volumes; and actual force measures (P < 0.05).

Conclusion.
Our findings show that the occlusal depth of clip compression correlates with actual compression force and recovery impairment.

Level of Evidence: 1
Spirituality As a Coping Mechanism for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease
Authors: Reynolds Diane 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT:
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that can render individuals totally disabled. Spiritual practices can help mitigate stress and provide a source of strength in PD. This article demonstrates a gap that exists between PD and spiritual coping specific research; discusses existing spiritual coping research in chronic illness; and explores the use of spirituality in managing PD care. Healthcare providers need to provide holistic care and explore mechanisms to assist individuals to manage the demands of living with PD.
Increasing Cervical Cancer Screening in Underserved Populations
Authors: Dorsainvil Merlyn A. 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT:
The incidence of cervical cancer has declined dramatically due to Papanicolaou smear testing. However, some minority populations continue to suffer with high incidences and/or death rates of cervical cancer, due to lack of screening. This article updates on cervical cancer screening and prevention and discusses cultural impacts on screening. Knowledge deficits disproportionately affect ethnic minority groups and contribute to cancer incidence, whereas lack of healthcare coverage and low socioeconomic status contribute to screening disparities. Although minority women have cultural beliefs and practices that influence screening, recommendation and/or education from a provider often lead to screening.
Analysis of the Variables Influencing Valproic Acid Concentration in the Serum and Cerebrospinal Fluid of Chinese Patients After Craniotomy
Authors: Li Zhihong , Gao Weiqi , Liu Guifen , Chen Weihong 
Published: June 2017

Background:
Valproic acid (VPA) has been widely used in Chinese patients after craniotomy. Many studies have focused on the influencing factors of VPA serum concentration, but conclusions are sometimes paradoxical. Furthermore, the concentration of VPA in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) has been rarely reported. In the present study, VPA CSF concentrations were measured, and the potential factors influencing serum concentration and CSF distribution of VPA were investigated. In addition, the functional relationship between serum and CSF concentration was explored.

Methods:
Subjects were patients who underwent craniotomy and were administrated with VPA and had a lumbar puncture. Serum and CSF VPA concentrations were measured by use of the Abbott i1000 system. CYP2C9 (430 C>T, 1075 A>C, 1076 T>C, 1080 C>G), UGT1A6 (541 A>G, 552 A>C), UGT2B7 (211 G>T, 802 C>T), and ABCB1 (1236 C>T, 2677 G>T/A, 3435 C>T) genotypes were determined by direct sequencing. Information, such as age, gender, and height, was collected, and their effect on serum and CSF VPA concentrations was investigated by univariate analysis and multiple linear regression analysis.

Results:
First, the concomitant use of carbapenems (β′ = −0.422) and UGT1A6 (552 AA → AC) (β′ = −0.249) had a significant negative correlation with the weight-adjusted VPA serum concentration (C:W ratio), whereas CYP2C9 (1075 AA → AC) (β′ = 0.186) and gender (female compared with male) (β′ = 0.322) showed a positive correlation with VPA serum C:W ratio. The coefficient of determination (R
2) was only 0.348. Second, the relationship between the serum concentration and the CSF square root of the concentration (R
2 = 0.705) had a better linear fit. Third, serum VPA concentration (β′ = 0.810), concomitant use of glycerol fructose (β′ = 0.160), and age (≥65 compared with <65) (β′ = 0.118) showed a positive correlation (R
2 = 0.748) with the variability of square root of the concentration of the CSF.

Conclusions:
In Chinese patients, after craniotomy, female patients with 1 or more of CYP2C9 (1075 AC) and UGT1A6 (552 AA) genotypes required a lower VPA dosage compared with male patient. There was a better-fitted linear relationship between VPA serum and the square root of CSF concentrations. CSF VPA concentrations were relatively stable, with only age and the use of glycerol fructose having a small influence.
Impact of CYP2C19 Genotype and Liver Function on Voriconazole Pharmacokinetics in Renal Transplant Recipients
Authors: Li Zi-Wei , Peng Feng-Hua , Yan Miao , Liang Wu , Liu Xiao-Lei , Wu Yan-Qin , Lin Xiao-Bin , Tan Sheng-Lan , Wang Feng , Xu Ping , Fang Ping-Fei , Liu Yi-Ping , Xiang Da-Xiong , Zhang Bi-Kui 
Published: June 2017

Background:
Invasive fungal infection (IFI) is one of the leading causes of early death after renal transplantation. Voriconazole (VRC) is the first-line drug of IFI. Because of the large inter- and intraindividual variability in VRC plasma concentrations and the narrow therapeutic window for treating patients with IFIs, it is crucial to study the factors which could influence pharmacokinetic variability. We performed a population pharmacokinetics (PPK) study of VRC for personalized medicine.

Methods:
A total of 125 trough concentrations (Cmin) from 56 patients were evaluated, retrospectively. Nonlinear mixed effect model was used to describe a PPK model that was internally validated by bootstrap method. Potential covariates included demographic characteristics, physiological and pathological data, concomitant medications, and CYP2C19 genotype.

Results:
A 1-compartment model with first-order absorption and elimination was fit to characterize the VRC pharmacokinetics in renal transplant recipients (RTRs). Aspartate aminotransferase (AST) had a significant influence on clearance (CL) while CYP2C19 genotype had a major impact on the volume of distribution (V). The parameters of CL and V were 4.76 L/h and 22.47 L, respectively. The final model was V (L) = 22.47 × [1 + 2.21 × (EM = 1)] × [1 + 4.67 × (IM = 1)] × [1 + 3.30 × (PM = 1)] × exp (0.96); CL (L/h) = 4.76 × (AST/33)^(−0.23) × exp (0.14). VRC Cmin in intermediate metabolizers was significantly higher than in extensive metabolizers.

Conclusions:
Liver function and CYP2C19 polymorphism are major determinants of VRC pharmacokinetic variability in RTRs. Genotypes and clinical biomarkers can determine the initial scheme. Subsequently, therapeutic drug monitoring can optimize clinical efficacy and minimize toxicity. Hence, this is a feasible way to facilitate personalized medicine in RTRs. In addition, it is the first report about PPK of VRC in RTRs.
HIGH-DOSE HIGH-FREQUENCY AFLIBERCEPT FOR RECALCITRANT NEOVASCULAR AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION
Authors: You Qi Sheng , Gaber Raouf , Meshi Amit , Ramkumar Hema L. , Alam Mostafa , Muftuoglu Ilkay Kilic , Freeman William R. 
Published: June 2017

Purpose:
To determine the efficacy of monthly (0.1 mL/4 mg) aflibercept for refractory neovascular age-related macular degeneration (wet age-related macular degeneration).

Methods:
This was a retrospective interventional case series in which patients with wet age-related macular degeneration were treated with stepwise dose escalation. Nonvitrectomized patients resistant to monthly (Q4W) ranibizumab/bevacizumab were switched to 2 mg aflibercept every 8 weeks. With resistance, they were escalated to Q4W 2 mg aflibercept, then Q4W 4 mg (high dose high frequency, 4Q4W) aflibercept. Resistance was defined as ≥2 recurrences after being dry following ≥3 injections or persistent exudation on treatment of ≥5 injections.

Results:
Thirty-three eyes of 28 patients were treated with 4Q4W aflibercept and followed for a mean of 16 months. A dry retina (no intraretinal or subretinal fluid) was achieved after initiating 4Q4W aflibercept treatment at a mean of 3.8 months. Central foveal thickness, maximum foveal thickness, intraretinal fluid, subretinal fluid, and retinal pigment detachment height decreased significantly at 1 month after initiating the 4Q4W aflibercept, and the morphologic therapeutic effect was sustained until the last visit. Forty-five percent of eyes had one or more lines of vision improvement. New geographic atrophy developed in 9% of eyes during follow-up. No ocular or systemic adverse events occurred after initiating 4Q4W aflibercept.

Conclusion:
Intravitreal high-dose high-frequency aflibercept is an effective treatment for patients with refractory wet age-related macular degeneration.
Subjective Visual Vertical in Idiopathic Bilateral Vestibular Hypofunction: Enhanced Role of Vision, Neck, and Body Proprioception
Authors: Toupet Michel , Van Nechel Christian , Hautefort Charlotte , Duquesne Ulla , Heuschen Sylvie , Bozorg Grayeli Alexis 
Published: June 2017

Introduction:
We aimed to study the participation of proprioceptive and visual inputs in subjective visual vertical (SVV) in bilateral vestibular hypofunction and in normal subjects.

Study Design:
Prospective case-control study.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Materials and Methods:
SVV (six replicates) was measured on a tiltable rehabilitation seat in 26 adult patients with idiopathic bilateral vestibular hypofunction (IBVH) and 33 adult controls. Subjects were asked to place vertically a 45 degrees-tilted red line on a screen (three replicates to left and three to right alternatively) using a remote control in total darkness and in seven body positions: vertical, head, and body left- and right-tilts to 12 and 24 degrees, and then body left- and right-tilt to 24 degrees with the head upright.

Results:
In the vertical position, SVV did not differ between IBVH and controls. Patients with IBVH were more sensitive to body tilt than controls (SVV: −8.1 ± 4.66 degrees for IBVH versus −0.2 ± 3.23 for control at 24 degrees body and head left-tilt, p < 0.0001, unpaired t test). The visual attraction effect defined by a deviation of the SVV to the side of the initial line presentation appeared to be higher in the IBVH than in controls suggesting higher visual dependence in IBVH. Placing the head upright while the body was still tilted significantly reduced this difference. Similar results were observed for the right-tilts.

Conclusion:
Not only otolithic function but also visual plus body and neck proprioceptive entries participate in SVV. The influence of vision and proprioception appears to be enhanced in case of IBVH.
Drill-induced Cochlear Injury During Otologic Surgery: Intracochlear Pressure Evidence of Acoustic Trauma
Authors: Banakis Hartl Renee M. , Mattingly Jameson K. , Greene Nathaniel T. , Farrell Nyssa F. , Gubbels Samuel P. , Tollin Daniel J. 
Published: June 2017

Hypothesis:
Drilling on the incus produces intracochlear pressure changes comparable to pressures created by high-intensity acoustic stimuli.

Background:
New-onset sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL) following mastoid surgery can occur secondary to inadvertent drilling on the ossicular chain. To investigate this, we test the hypothesis that high sound pressure levels are generated when a high-speed drill contacts the incus.

Methods:
Human cadaveric heads underwent mastoidectomy, and fiber-optic sensors were placed in scala tympani and vestibuli to measure intracochlear pressures (P
IC). Stapes velocities (V
stap) were measured using single-axis laser Doppler vibrometry. P
IC and V
stap were measured while drilling on the incus. Four-millimeter diamond and cutting burrs were used at drill speeds of 20k, 50k, and 80k Hz.

Results:
No differences in peak equivalent ear canal noise exposures (134–165 dB SPL) were seen between drill speeds or burr types. Root-mean-square P
IC amplitude calculated in third-octave bandwidths around 0.5, 1, 2, 4, and 8 kHz revealed equivalent ear canal (EAC) pressures up to 110 to 112 dB SPL. A statistically significant trend toward increasing noise exposure with decreasing drill speed was seen. No significant differences were noted between burr types. Calculations of equivalent EAC pressure from V
stap were significantly higher at 101 to 116 dB SPL.

Conclusion:
Our results suggest that incidental drilling on the ossicular chain can generate P
IC comparable to high-intensity acoustic stimulation. Drill speed, but not burr type, significantly affected the magnitude of P
IC. Inadvertent drilling on the ossicular chain produces intense cochlear stimulation that could cause SNHL.
How to Avoid a Learning Curve in Stapedotomy: A Standardized Surgical Technique
Authors: Kwok Pingling , Gleich Otto , Dalles Katharina , Mayr Elisabeth , Jacob Peter , Strutz Jürgen 
Published: June 2017

Objective:
To evaluate, whether a learning curve for beginners in stapedotomy can be avoided by using a prosthesis with thermal memory-shape attachment in combination with a standardized laser-assisted surgical technique.

Study Design:
Retrospective case review.

Setting:
Tertiary referral center.

Patients:
Fifty-eight ears were operated by three experienced surgeons and compared with a group of 12 cases operated by a beginner in stapedotomy.

Intervention:
Stapedotomy.

Main Outcome Measures:
Difference of pure-tone audiometry thresholds measured before and after surgery.

Results:
The average postoperative gain for air conduction in the frequencies below 2 kHz was 20 to 25 dB and decreased for the higher frequencies. Using the Mann-Whitney-U test for comparing mean gain between experienced and inexperienced surgeons showed no significant difference (p = 0.281 at 4 kHz and p > 0.7 for the other frequencies). A Spearman rank correlation of the postoperative gain for air- and bone-conduction thresholds was obtained at each test frequency for the first 12 patients consecutively treated with a thermal memory-shape attachment prosthesis by two experienced and one inexperienced surgeon. This analysis does not support the hypothesis of a “learning effect” that should be associated with an improved outcome for successively treated patients.

Conclusion:
It is possible to avoid a learning curve in stapes surgery by applying a thermal memory-shape prosthesis in a standardized laser-assisted surgical procedure.