bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Seasonal responses of terrestrial ecosystem water‐use efficiency to climate change
Authors: Huang Mengtian , Piao Shilong , Zeng Zhenzhong , Peng Shushi , Ciais Philippe , Cheng Lei , Mao Jiafu , Poulter Ben , Shi Xiaoying , Yao Yitong , Yang Hui , Wang Yingping 
Published: December 2015

AbstractEcosystem water‐use efficiency (EWUE) is an indicator of carbon–water interactions and is defined as the ratio of carbon assimilation (GPP) to evapotranspiration (ET). Previous research suggests an increasing long‐term trend in annual EWUE over many regions and is largely attributed to the physiological effects of rising CO2. The seasonal trends in EWUE, however, have not yet been analyzed. In this study, we investigate seasonal EWUE trends and responses to various drivers during 1982–2008. The seasonal cycle for two variants of EWUE, water‐use efficiency (WUE, GPP/ET), and transpiration‐based WUE (WUEt, the ratio of GPP and transpiration), is analyzed from 0.5° gridded fields from four process‐based models and satellite‐based products, as well as a network of 63 local flux tower observations. WUE derived from flux tower observations shows moderate seasonal variation for most latitude bands, which is in agreement with satellite‐based products. In contrast, the seasonal EWUE trends are not well captured by the same satellite‐based products. Trend analysis, based on process‐model factorial simulations separating effects of climate, CO2, and nitrogen deposition (NDEP), further suggests that the seasonal EWUE trends are mainly associated with seasonal trends of climate, whereas CO2 and NDEP do not show obvious seasonal difference in EWUE trends. About 66% grid cells show positive annual WUE trends, mainly over mid‐ and high northern latitudes. In these regions, spring climate change has amplified the effect of CO2 in increasing WUE by more than 0.005 gC m−2 mm−1 yr−1 for 41% pixels. Multiple regression analysis further shows that the increase in springtime WUE in the northern hemisphere is the result of GPP increasing faster than ET because of the higher temperature sensitivity of GPP relative to ET. The partitioning of annual EWUE to seasonal components provides new insight into the relative sensitivities of GPP and ET to climate, CO2, and NDEP.
Anthocyanin contents in the seed coat of black soya bean and their anti‐human tyrosinase activity and antioxidative activity
Authors: Jhan J.‐K. , Chung Y.‐C. , Chen G.‐H. , Chang C.‐H. , Lu Y.‐C. , Hsu C.‐K. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractObjectiveThe seed coat of black soya bean (SCBS) contains high amount of anthocyanins and shows antioxidant and anti‐mushroom tyrosinase activities. The objectives of this study were to analyse the anthocyanins in SCBS with different solvents and to find the relationship between anthocyanin profile with anti‐human and anti‐mushroom tyrosinase activities.MethodsSCBS was extracted with hot water, 50 and 80% ethanol, 50 and 80% acetone and 50 and 80% acidified acetone. Total phenol and total flavonoid contents in the extracts were determined. Anthocyanins in the extracts were analysed using HPLC and LC/MS/MS. A genetically engineered human tyrosinase was used to evaluate the anti‐tyrosinase potential of the extracts from SCBS.Results80% acetone extract from SCBS obtained the highest total phenol, total flavonoid and cyanidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (C3G) contents among all the extracts, whereas the hot water extract showed the lowest antioxidant contents. Three anthocyanin compounds were found in all the extracts from SCBS, and the analysis of HPLC and LC/MS/MS indicated that they were C3G, delphinidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (D3G) and peonidin‐3‐O‐glucoside (P3G). The ratios of C3G (2.84 mg g−1), D3G (0.34 mg g−1) and P3G (0.35 mg g−1) in 80% acidified acetone extract were 76.6, 9.1 and 9.3%, respectively. All the extracts from SCBS possessed anti‐human tyrosinase activity. Moreover, a good correlation was found between the anti‐human tyrosinase activities and C3G contents in the extracts.ConclusionAntioxidants in SCBS also possess anti‐human and anti‐mushroom tyrosinase activities.
Effects of the addition of nanoparticulate calcium carbonate on setting time, dimensional change, compressive strength, solubility and pH of MTA
Authors: Bernardi A. , Bortoluzzi E. A. , Felippe W. T. , Felippe M. C. S. , Wan W. S. , Teixeira C. S. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimTo evaluate nanoparticulate calcium carbonate (NPCC) using transmission electron microscopy and the effects of NPCC addition to MTA in regard to the setting time, dimensional change, compressive strength, solubility and pH.MethodologyThe experimental groups were G1 (MTA), G2 (MTA with 5% NPCC) and G3 (MTA with 10% NPCC). The tests followed ISO and ADA standards. The specimens in the dimensional change and compressive strength tests were measured immediately after setting, after 24 h and after 30 days. In the solubility test, rings filled with cement were weighed after setting and after 30 days. The pH was measured after 24 h and 30 days. The data were analysed with the ANOVA, Tukey's and Kruskal–Wallis tests (α = 5%).ResultsThe setting time was reduced (P < 0.05) in samples from G2 and G3 compared to G1. After 24 h, the dimensional change was similar amongst the groups, and after 30 days, G2 was associated with less alteration than G1 and G3. There was a difference in the compressive strength (P < 0.001) after 24 h and 30 days (G1 > G2 > G3). The solubility test revealed a difference amongst the groups when the specimens were hydrated: G2 > G1 > G3 and dehydrated: G3 > G2 > G1. The pH of the groups was similar at 24 h with higher values in each group after 30 days (P < 0.05), and G2 and G3 had similar mean pH values but both were higher than G1.ConclusionsNanoparticulate calcium carbonate had a cubic morphology with few impurities. The addition of nanoparticulate calcium carbonate to MTA accelerated the setting time, decreased compressive strength and, after 30 days, resulted in lower dimensional change (G2), higher solubility and a higher pH.
Mixture of alkaline tetrasodium EDTA with sodium hypochlorite promotes in vitro smear layer removal and organic matter dissolution during biomechanical preparation
Authors: Tartari T. , Oda D. F. , Zancan R. F. , da Silva T. L. , de Moraes I. G. , Duarte M. A. H. , Bramante C. M. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimThe aim of this study was to determine the following: (i) the quantity of free chlorine in mixtures of equal proportions of sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) with trisodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTAHNa3) and alkaline tetrasodium ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTANa4); (ii) organic matter dissolution; and (iii) the time necessary to remove the smear layer by these irrigants alone and when mixed.MethodologyThe solutions were mixed in a 1 : 1 ratio and then iodometrically titrated over time to determine the quantity of free available chlorine. The capability of organic matter dissolution by the solutions alone and the mixtures of irrigants was analysed by weighing bovine muscle tissue specimens before and after submission to the following groups (n = 10): G1 – 0.9% saline solution (control), G2 – 2.5% NaOCl, G3 – 17% EDTAHNa3, G4 – 10% EDTANa4, G5 – 20% EDTANa4, G6 – 5% NaOCl + 17% EDTAHNa3, G7 – 5% NaOCl + 10% EDTANa4 and G8 – 5% NaOCl + 20% EDTANa4. The times necessary for smear layer removal were determinated on discs of bovine dentine with a standardized smear layer produced with SiC papers using a scanning electron microscope that did not require the samples to be sputter coated. The dentine discs were submitted to the same experimental groups previously described (n = 10) over several time periods, and the photomicrographs acquired were scored for the presence of smear layer. The parametric data of tissue dissolution were analysed using two‐way anova and one‐way anova with Tukey's post hoc tests (α < 0.05), whilst nonparametric data of smear layer removal were analysed by Friedman test (α < 0.05) and the Kruskal–Wallis test with Dunn's post hoc (α < 0.05).ResultsEDTAHNa3 caused an almost complete and immediate loss of free available chlorine from NaOCl, whilst EDTANa4 promoted a slow and concentrat‐ion‐dependent decline. The organic matter was not dissolved in the control group, EDTA groups or the mixture of NaOCl + 17% EDTAHNa3 group (P > 0.05). NaOCl alone and the associations of NaOCl + EDTANa4 dissolved tissue at all periods analysed (P < 0.05). The smear layer was not removed in the control and NaOCl groups (P > 0.05). The smear layer was removed at 1 min in the NaOCl + 17% EDTAHNa3 group (P < 0.05); 2 min in 17% EDTAHNa3 group (P < 0.05); and 5 min in 10% EDTANa4, 20% EDTANa4, 5% NaOCl + 10% EDTANa4 and 5% NaOCl + 20% EDTANa4 groups (P < 0.05).ConclusionsAlkaline EDTANa4 was slower in removing the smear layer than EDTAHNa3, but when mixed with NaOCl during biomechanical canal preparation promoted organic matter dissolution and smear layer removal simultaneously. However, the mixing of NaOCl and EDTANa4 should be performed immediately before use to prevent the reduction of free available chlorine.
Development of ready‐to‐eat rice starch‐based puffed products by coupling freeze‐drying and microwave
Authors: Jiamjariyatam Rossaporn 
Published: December 2015

SummaryThe rice starch mixtures with varying amylose contents (AC) of 0.12–19.00% weight were prepared by mixing waxy and nonwaxy rice starches. The 5% rice bran oil shortening was added in the starch paste. After gelatinisation, thin slabs of starch pastes were aged at 4 °C for 24 h. The aged slabs were dried by freeze‐drying to obtain 25% moisture content. A microwave oven set to 600 J s−1 for 90 s was then used for puffing. The crucial factors affecting the snack purchase were texture and nutrition. The relative crystallinity and retrogradation enthalpy (∆Hr) of freeze‐dried pellets increased with increasing the AC. From using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), endotherms of pellets were shown only when AC > 0.12%. An amylose–lipid complex was shown in pellets with AC ≥ 9.00%. Relationships between the AC and all puffed product properties were linear. Increasing AC provided greater hardness, fracturability, bulk density, but lower expansion ratio. From the sensory evaluation, the panellists preferred the puffed products with 9.00% AC. Increasing the AC gave higher crispness, hardness, brittleness, air cell opacity and density, but resulted in less puffiness. Thus, the microwave drying has the potential to puff a healthy expanded snack but giving the desirable properties depends on AC.
Detection of Salmonella spp., Yersinia enterocolitica,Listeria monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. by real‐time multiplex PCR using amplicon DNA melting analysis and probe‐based assay
Authors: Skerniškytė Jūratė , Armalytė Julija , Kvietkauskaitė Raimonda , Šeputienė Vaida , Povilonis Justas , Sužiedėlienė Edita 
Published: December 2015

SummarySyto9 and probe‐based multiplex real‐time PCR assays for simultaneous detection of a group of foodborne pathogens (named SYLC group), targeting Salmonella spp. (invA gene), Yersinia enterocolitica (ystA gene), Listeria monocytogenes (hly gene) and Campylobacter spp. (rrna gene), have been developed. The Syto9 assay generates amplicon DNA melting curve with four peaks of 86.5 ± 0.5, 84 ± 0.5, 81.5 ± 0.5 and 90.5 ± 0.5 °C corresponding Salmonella spp., Y. enterocolitica, L. monocytogenes and Campylobacter spp. targets, respectively. The sensitivities of the Syto9 and TaqMan assays in artificially inoculated chicken wing rinses were in a range of 3.2 × 102 to 3.1 × 104 and 9.8 × 102 to 1.9 × 104 colony‐forming units per millilitre, respectively, depending on the pathogen. All tested target strains (n = 100) were correctly detected by the both assays, whereas nontarget strains (n = 100) demonstrated no cross‐reactivity representing 100% specificity. The assays are suitable for application in qualitative and quantitative detection of SYLC group pathogens in food matrices.
Erectile function status is highly associated with prostate‐specific antigen bounce in localized prostate cancer patients treated with permanent prostate brachytherapy
Authors: Matsushima Masashi , Kikuchi Eiji , Matsumoto Kazuhiro , Kosaka Takeo , Mizuno Ryuichi , Ohashi Toshio , Mikami Shuji , Miyajima Akira , Shigematsu Naoyuki , Oya Mototsugu 
Published: December 2015

ObjectivesTo examine the relationship between erectile function status and prostate‐specific antigen bounce after prostate brachytherapy for localized prostate cancer.MethodsWe identified 154 patients who were followed up for at least 24 months after brachytherapy. Erectile function status was assessed prospectively before brachytherapy (baseline), and 3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months postoperatively using the International Index of Erectile Function‐15 questionnaire. Prostate‐specific antigen bounce was defined as an increase of at least 0.4 ng/mL from a previous prostate‐specific antigen level with a subsequent decline equal to, or less than, the initial nadir without treatment. A logistic regression analysis was used to identify a significant set of independent predictors of prostate‐specific antigen bounce after brachytherapy.ResultsProstate‐specific antigen bounce was observed in 38 (24.7%) men. The prostate‐specific antigen bounce group had a higher erectile function domain score, higher orgasmic function domain score, and higher total International Index of Erectile Function‐15 score before (at baseline) and after brachytherapy (3, 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 months after brachytherapy) than their counterparts (P < 0.05). Of the 77 patients who completed the International Index of Erectile Function‐15 questionnaire 18 months after brachytherapy (the median time of prostate‐specific antigen bounce), sexual desire and intercourse satisfaction domain scores, and total International Index of Erectile Function scores 18 months after brachytherapy correlated with the occurrence of prostate‐specific antigen bounce. A multivariate analysis identified the intercourse satisfaction domain score 18 months after brachytherapy as an independent indicator for the occurrence of prostate‐specific antigen bounce (P = 0.008).ConclusionsInternational Index of Erectile Function‐15 score seems to be correlated with the prostate‐specific antigen bounce in prostate cancer patients undergoing brachytherapy, and an occurrence of prostate‐specific antigen bounce seems to be more likely in those who are more sexually active.
Association between hepatitis B virus infection and risk of multiple myeloma: a systematic review and meta‐analysis
Authors: Li Y. , Bai O. , Liu C. , Du Z. , Wang X. , Wang G. , Li W. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundHepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a major global public health concern. Although recent findings suggest an inverse relationship between HBV infection and multiple myeloma (MM), the true relationship between these two conditions remains unclear.AimThe primary aim of this meta‐analysis was to evaluate the association between HBV infection, defined as hepatitis B surface antigen positivity, and the incidence of MM.MethodsWe searched the PubMed/Medline, Cochrane Library and EMBASE databases from January 1975 to July 2014 and reviewed the reference lists of all retrieved articles. Odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated using fixed‐ and random‐effects models.ResultsWe identified nine case–control studies involving 30 646 patients with MM and 379 837 controls. HBV infection was not significantly associated with the development of MM (OR = 1.3; 95% CI: 0.92–1.82; P = 0.14). A similar risk of developing MM was present in different HBV‐prevalent countries. However, significant heterogeneity was observed among studies (P = 0.01). A statistically significant relationship between HBV infection and increased MM risk was detected in sub‐analyses evaluating high‐quality studies and those with hospital‐based controls (P < 0.05).Conclusion
HBV infection may be associated with an increased risk of MM. However, confirmation of this relationship and the specific molecular mechanisms involved in the association between HBV infection and the development of MM require further exploration.
Inaccurate risk perceptions contribute to treatment gaps in secondary prevention of cardiovascular disease
Authors: Thakkar J. , Heeley E. L. , Chalmers J. , Chow C. K. 
Published: December 2015

BackgroundAll patients with cardiovascular disease (CVD) are at high risk of recurrent events. Despite strong evidence, large treatment gaps exist in CVD secondary prevention. We hypothesise that patients' self‐perception and general practitioner's (GP) assessment of future cardiovascular (CV) risk may influence secondary prevention behaviours.AimTo examine in patients with known CVD the perceived risk of future CV events and its relationship with use of secondary prevention medications and risk factor control.MethodsWe examined patient and practitioner's perceived risk and its relationship with the uptake of secondary prevention recommendations in adults with CVD participating in the Australian Hypertension and Absolute Risk Study.ResultsAmong the 1453 participants, only 11% reported having a high absolute risk and 29% reported high relative risk of recurrent events. The GP categorised only 30% as having a 5‐year risk ≥15%. After adjusting for covariates, hospitalisation within the preceding 12 months was the only significant predictor of patients' accurate risk perception. Conventional CV risk factors were predictive of the GP’s risk estimates. Patients who accurately understood their risk reported higher smoking cessation rates (7 vs 3%, P = 0.003) and greater use of antiplatelet, blood pressure lowering therapy and statins (P ≤ 0.01). However, there was no relationship between GP’s risk perception and secondary prevention treatments.ConclusionBoth patients and GP have optimistic bias and underestimate the risk of future CV events. Patients' accurate self‐perception, but not GP risk perception, was associated with improved secondary preventative behaviours. This suggests that helping patients to understand their risk may influence their motivation towards secondary prevention. Providing support to GP or programmes to help patients better understand their risks could have potential benefit on secondary prevention behaviours.
Natural killer group 2D and CD28 receptors differentially activate mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin to alter murine effector CD8+ T‐cell differentiation
Authors: McQueen Bryan , Trace Kelsey , Whitman Emily , Bedsworth Taylor , Barber Amorette 
Published: December 2015

SummaryMemory CD8+ T cells are an essential component of anti‐tumour and anti‐viral immunity. Activation of the mammalian/mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway has been implicated in regulating the differentiation of effector and memory T cells. However, the mechanisms that control mTOR activity during immunity to tumours and infections are not well known. Activation of co‐stimulatory receptors, including CD28 and natural killer group 2D (NKG2D), activate phosphatidylinositol‐3 kinase and subsequently may activate the mTOR pathway in CD8+ T cells. This study compared the activation of the mTOR signalling pathway after co‐stimulation through CD28 or NKG2D receptors in murine effector CD8+ T cells. Compared with CD28 co‐stimulation, activation through CD3 and NKG2D receptors had weaker activation of mTORc1, as shown by decreased phosphorylation of mTORc1 targets S6K1, ribosomal protein S6 and eukaryotic initiation factor 4E binding protein 1. NKG2D co‐stimulation also showed increased gene expression of tuberous sclerosis protein 2, a negative regulator of mTORc1, whereas CD28 co‐stimulation increased gene expression of Ras homologue enriched in brain, an activator of mTORc1, and hypoxia‐inducible factor‐1α and vascular endothelial growth factor‐α, pro‐angiogenic factors downstream of mTORc1. Strong mTORc1 activation in CD28‐co‐stimulated cells also increased expression of transcription factors that support effector cell differentiation, namely T‐bet, B lymphocyte‐induced maturation protein (BLIMP‐1), interferon regulatory factor 4, and inhibitor of DNA binding 2, whereas low levels of mTORc1 activation allowed for the expression of Eomes, B‐cell lymphoma 6 (BCL6), and inhibitor of DNA binding 3 during NKG2D stimulation, and increased expression of memory markers CD62 ligand and CD127. These data show that compared with CD28, co‐stimulation through the NKG2D receptor leads to the differential activation of the mTOR signalling pathway and potentially supports memory CD8+ T‐cell differentiation.
Selecting Adaptive Survey Design Strata with Partial R‐indicators
Authors: Schouten Barry , Shlomo Natalie 
Published: December 2015

SummaryRecent survey literature shows an increasing interest in survey designs that adapt data collection to characteristics of the survey target population. Given a specified quality objective function, the designs attempt to find an optimal balance between quality and costs. Finding the optimal balance may not be straightforward as corresponding optimisation problems are often highly non‐linear and non‐convex. In this paper, we discuss how to choose strata in such designs and how to allocate these strata in a sequential design with two phases. We use partial R‐indicators to build profiles of the data units where more or less attention is required in the data collection. In allocating cases, we look at two extremes: surveys that are run only once, or infrequent, and surveys that are run continuously. We demonstrate the impact of the sample size in a simulation study and provide an application to a real survey, the Dutch Crime Victimisation Survey.
A bridge too far: dispersal barriers and cryptic speciation in an Arabian Peninsula grouper (Cephalopholis hemistiktos)
Authors: Priest Mark A. , DiBattista Joseph D. , McIlwain Jennifer L. , Taylor Brett M. , Hussey Nigel E. , Berumen Michael L. 
Published: December 2015

AbstractAimWe use genetic and age‐based analyses to assess the evidence for a biogeographical barrier to larval dispersal in the yellowfin hind, Cephalopholis hemistiktos, a commercially important species found across the Arabian Peninsula.LocationRed Sea, Gulf of Aden, Gulf of Oman and Arabian Gulf.MethodsMitochondrial DNA cytochrome‐c oxidase subunit‐I and nuclear DNA (S7) sequences were obtained for C. hemistiktos sampled throughout its distributional range. Phylogeographical and population‐level analyses were used to assess patterns of genetic structure and to identify barriers to dispersal. Concurrently, age‐based demographic analyses using otoliths determined differences in growth and longevity between regions.ResultsOur analyses revealed significant genetic structure congruent with growth parameter differences observed across sampling sites, suggesting cryptic speciation between populations in the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden versus the Gulf of Oman and Arabian Gulf. Coalescence analyses indicated these two regions have been isolated for > 800,000 years.Main conclusionsOur results indicate historical disruption to gene flow and a contemporary dispersal barrier in the Arabian Sea, which C. hemistiktos larvae are unable to effectively traverse. This provides yet another example of a (cryptic) species with high dispersive potential whose range is delimited by a lack of suitable habitat between locations or an inability to successfully recruit at the range edge.