bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Costs of Coexistence Measures for Genetically Modified Maize in Germany
Authors: Venus Thomas J. , Dillen Koen , Punt Maarten J. , Wesseler Justus H. H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractWe estimate the perceived costs of legal requirements (‘coexistence measures’) for growing genetically modified (GM) Bt maize in Germany using a choice experiment. The costs of the evaluated ex‐ante and ex‐post coexistence measures range from zero to more than €300 per measure and most are greater than the extra revenue the farmers in our survey expect from growing Bt maize or than estimates in the literature. The cost estimates for temporal separation, the highest in our evaluation, imply that the exclusion of this measure in Germany is justified. The costliest measures of the ones that are currently applied in Germany are joint and strict liability for all damages. Our results further show that neighbours do not cause a problem and opportunities for reducing costs through agreements with them exist. Finally, we find that farmers’ attitudes towards GM crops affect the probability of adoption of Bt maize. Our results imply that strict liability will deter the cultivation of Bt maize in Germany unless liability issues can be addressed through other means, for example, through neighbours agreements.
Beneficial effect of corticosteroids for patients with severe drug‐induced liver injury
Authors: Hu Ping Fang , Wang Pei Qin , Chen Han , Hu Xiao Fan , Xie Qiu Ping , Shi Jian , Lin Lin , Xie Wei Fen 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveThe efficacy of corticosteroids in drug‐induced liver injury (DILI) remains controversial. We aimed to determine whether corticosteroids were beneficial for severe DILI.MethodsThis was a single‐center retrospective study of patients with DILI enrolled between January 2010 and May 2015.ResultsOf the 203 patients enrolled, 53 were treated with corticosteroids. The baseline characteristics of patients received corticosteroids were more severe than that of the non‐corticosteroid group. Subgroup analyses indicated that almost all patients who died had the higher 50% quartile of total bilirubin (TB) levels. Among the 50–75% quartile of TB level, no patient in the corticosteroids group but 3 (15.0%) of 20 patients in the non‐corticosteroid group died (P = 0.261). With the highest 25% quartile of TB level, four patients in the corticosteroids group and four in the non‐corticosteroids group died (P = 0.405). Corticosteroid therapy improved the recovery rate from 77.4% to 87.9% in the higher 50% quartile of TB values (P = 0.331). More interestingly, corticosteroid administration hastened the resolution of liver injury by shortening the duration of peak TB to 50% reduction from 17 to 12 days (P < 0.05). Additionally, multivariate analysis revealed that the TB levels and cholestatic injury type were the two independent factors associated with a poor outcome of DILI.ConclusionsCorticosteroids are not detrimental to DILI, but instead ameliorate liver injury and improve patient survival. Short‐time use of corticosteroids is strongly recommended for severe DILI patients with hyperbilirubinemia.
‘A Little Old‐China Mad': Lady Dorothea Banks (1758‐1828) and Her Dairy at Spring Grove
Authors: Leis Arlene 
Published: July 2016

AbstractLady Dorothea Banks (1758‐1828), wife of the eminent botanist and President of the Royal Society Sir Joseph Banks, was – like her husband – an avid collector. Shortly after she married, she transformed the dairy building at the Bankses' home in Spring Grove into an exquisite china cabinet. All that remains of the collection today, however, is a manuscript describing some of Lady Banks's best wares; it explains the collection and her collecting methodologies. Focusing on the manuscript, this article considers the many ways in which, science, sociability and the practice of collecting were physically intermingled within the Bankses' country estate.
Exome capture from the spruce and pine giga‐genomes
Authors: Suren H. , Hodgins K. A. , Yeaman S. , Nurkowski K. A. , Smets P. , Rieseberg L. H. , Aitken S. N. , Holliday J. A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractSequence capture is a flexible tool for generating reduced representation libraries, particularly in species with massive genomes. We used an exome capture approach to sequence the gene space of two of the dominant species in Canadian boreal and montane forests – interior spruce (Picea glauca x engelmanii) and lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta). Transcriptome data generated with RNA‐seq were coupled with draft genome sequences to design baits corresponding to 26 824 genes from pine and 28 649 genes from spruce. A total of 579 samples for spruce and 631 samples for pine were included, as well as two pine congeners and six spruce congeners. More than 50% of targeted regions were sequenced at >10× depth in each species, while ~12% captured near‐target regions within 500 bp of a bait position were sequenced to a depth >10×. Much of our read data arose from off‐target regions, which was likely due to the fragmented and incomplete nature of the draft genome assemblies. Capture in general was successful for the related species, suggesting that baits designed for a single species are likely to successfully capture sequences from congeners. From these data, we called approximately 10 million SNPs and INDELs in each species from coding regions, introns, untranslated and flanking regions, as well as from the intergenic space. Our study demonstrates the utility of sequence capture for resequencing in complex conifer genomes, suggests guidelines for improving capture efficiency and provides a rich resource of genetic variants for studies of selection and local adaptation in these species.
Designing occupancy studies when false‐positive detections occur
Authors: Clement Matthew J. 
Published: July 2016

Summary

Recently, estimators have been developed to estimate occupancy probabilities when false‐positive detections occur during presence–absence surveys. Some of these estimators combine different types of survey data to improve estimates of occupancy. With these estimators, there is a trade‐off between the number of sample units surveyed, and the number and type of surveys at each sample unit. Guidance on efficient design of studies when false positives occur is unavailable.

For a range of scenarios, I identified survey designs that minimized the mean square error of the estimate of occupancy. I considered an approach that uses one survey method and two observation states and an approach that uses two survey methods. For each approach, I used numerical methods to identify optimal survey designs when model assumptions were met and parameter values were correctly anticipated, when parameter values were not correctly anticipated and when the assumption of no unmodelled detection heterogeneity was violated.

Under the approach with two observation states, false‐positive detections increased the number of recommended surveys, relative to standard occupancy models. If parameter values could not be anticipated, pessimism about detection probabilities avoided poor designs. Detection heterogeneity could require more or fewer repeat surveys, depending on parameter values. If model assumptions were met, the approach with two survey methods was inefficient. However, with poor anticipation of parameter values, with detection heterogeneity or with removal sampling schemes, combining two survey methods could improve estimates of occupancy.

Ignoring false positives can yield biased parameter estimates, yet false positives greatly complicate the design of occupancy studies. Specific guidance for major types of false‐positive occupancy models, and for two assumption violations common in field data, can conserve survey resources. This guidance can be used to design efficient monitoring programmes and studies of species occurrence, species distribution or habitat selection, when false positives occur during surveys.
Associations Between the Phosphatidylethanol Alcohol Biomarker and Self‐Reported Alcohol Use in a Sample of HIV‐Infected Outpatient Drinkers in Western Kenya
Authors: Papas Rebecca K. , Gakinya Benson N. , Mwaniki Michael M. , Keter Alfred K. , Lee Hana , Loxley Michelle P. , Klein Debra A. , Sidle John E. , Martino Steve , Baliddawa Joyce B. , Schlaudt Kathryn L. , Maisto Stephen A. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundTo counteract the syndemics of HIV and alcohol in Sub‐Saharan Africa, international collaborations have developed interventions to reduce alcohol consumption. Reliable and accurate methods are needed to estimate alcohol use outcomes. A direct alcohol biomarker called phosphatidylethanol (PEth) has been shown to validate heavy, daily drinking, but the literature indicates mixed results for moderate and nondaily drinkers, including among HIV‐infected populations. This study examined the associations of the PEth biomarker with self‐report alcohol use at 2 time points in 127 HIV‐infected outpatient drinkers in western Kenya.MethodsParticipants were consecutively enrolled in a randomized clinical trial to test the efficacy of a behavioral intervention to reduce alcohol use in Eldoret, Kenya. They endorsed current alcohol use, and a minimum score of 3 on the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test‐Consumption or consuming ≥6 drinks per occasion at least monthly in the past year. Study interviews and blood draws were conducted at baseline and at 3 months post treatment from July 2012 through September 2013. Alcohol use was assessed using the Timeline Followback questionnaire. Blood samples were analyzed for the presence of the PEth biomarker and were compared to self‐reported alcohol use. We also conducted semistructured interviews with 14 study completers in February through March 2014.ResultsBaseline data indicated an average of moderate–heavy alcohol use: 50% drinking days and a median of 4.5 drinks per drinking day. At baseline, 46% of women (31 of 67) and 8% of men (5 of 60) tested negative for PEth (p < 0.001). At the 3‐month follow‐up, 93% of women (25 of 27) and 97% of men (30 of 31) who reported drinking tested positive, while 70% of women (28 of 40) and 35% of men (10 of 29) who denied drinking tested negative for PEth. Interviews were consistent with self‐reported alcohol use among 13 individuals with negative baseline results.ConclusionsThese results add to the growing literature showing lack of agreement between self‐report and PEth results among unhealthy and nondaily drinkers, particularly women. More research is needed to determine at what level of consumption over what period of time PEth becomes a reliable and accurate indicator of alcohol use.
Treatment Utilization Among Adolescent Substance Users: Findings from the 2002 to 2013 National Survey on Drug Use and Health
Authors: Haughwout Sarah P. , Harford Thomas C. , Castle I‐Jen P. , Grant Bridget F. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundAdolescent substance users face serious health and social consequences and benefit from early diagnosis and treatment. The objectives of this study were to observe trends in treatment utilization; examine correlates of treatment utilization and treatment types/settings among adolescent substance users with and without substance use disorder (SUD); and assess gender differences.MethodsNational Survey on Drug Use and Health data were pooled across 2002 to 2013, with a combined sample of 79,885 past‐year substance users ages 12 to 17 (17,510 with SUD and 62,375 without SUD). Treatment was defined as receiving treatment or counseling for use of alcohol or any drug, not counting cigarettes. Trends were assessed by joinpoint linear regression, and multivariable logistic regression assessed odds ratios of treatment utilization.ResultsPercentages of past‐year treatment use did not change in 2002 to 2013. Treatment utilization was more prevalent among adolescents with SUD than without (11.4% vs. 1.4%) and among males than females. Among adolescents with and without SUD, criminal justice involvement and perceiving a need for treatment increased adolescent treatment utilization, while SUDs other than alcohol abuse, older age, and talking to parents increased treatment use among adolescents with SUD, and polysubstance use and male gender increased treatment among those without SUD. Treatment gaps persisted among non‐Hispanic Blacks for both groups with and without SUD, male Hispanics with SUD, female non‐Hispanic Asians without SUD, and private insurance coverages. Gender differences were observed in SUD, race/ethnicity, and insurance coverage. Most adolescents received treatment for both alcohol and drug use, and self‐help group and outpatient rehabilitation facility were the most used treatment settings.ConclusionsTreatment utilization among adolescents with past‐year substance use remained low and unimproved in 2002 to 2013. Treatment gaps among minority populations, insurance coverage, and in educating adolescents on seeking relevant treatment must be addressed. Using screening processes such as Screening, Brief Intervention, and Referral to Treatment, health professionals can help prevent lifelong SUD by recognizing and addressing substance misuse early.
Mandating Treatment Based on Interlock Performance: Evidence for Effectiveness
Authors: Voas Robert B. , Tippetts A. Scott , Bergen Gwen , Grosz Milton , Marques Paul 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundVehicle alcohol ignition interlocks reduce alcohol‐impaired driving recidivism while installed, but recidivism reduction does not continue after removal. It has been suggested that integrating alcohol use disorder (AUD) treatment with interlock programs might extend the effectiveness of interlocks in reducing recidivism beyond their removal. This study evaluated the first implementation of a Florida policy mandating AUD treatment for driving under the influence (DUI) offenders on interlocks. Treatment was required when the offender accumulated 3 violations (defined as 2 “lockouts” within 4 hours; a lockout occurs when the device prevents a drinking driver from starting the vehicle).MethodsCox regression was used to compare alcohol‐impaired driving recidivism during the 48 months following the interlock removal between 2 groups: (i) 640 multiple DUI offenders who received AUD treatment while interlocks were installed; and (ii) 806 matched offenders not mandated to treatment while interlocks were installed.ResultsThe ignition interlock plus treatment group experienced 32% lower recidivism, 95% confidence interval [9, 49], following the removal of the interlock during the 12 to 48 months in which they were compared with the nontreatment group. We estimated that this decline in recidivism would have prevented 41 rearrests, 13 crashes, and almost 9 injuries in crashes involving the 640 treated offenders over the period following interlock removal.ConclusionsThis study provides strong support for the inclusion of AUD treatment for offenders in interlock programs based on the number of times they are “locked out.” The offenders required to attend treatment demonstrated a one‐third lower DUI recidivism following their time on the interlock compared to similar untreated offenders.
Public knowledge, attitudes, social distance and reported contact regarding people with mental illness 2009–2015
Authors: Henderson C. , Robinson E. , Evans‐Lacko S. , Corker E. , Rebollo‐Mesa I. , Rose D. , Thornicroft G. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveTo investigate whether public knowledge, attitudes, desire for social distance and reported contact in relation to people with mental health problems have improved in England during the Time to Change (TTC) programme to reduce stigma and discrimination 2009–2015.MethodsUsing data from an annual face‐to‐face survey of a nationally representative sample of adults, we analysed longitudinal trends in the outcomes with regression modelling using standardised scores of the measures overall and by age and gender subgroups.ResultsThere were improvements in all outcomes. The improvement for knowledge was 0.17 standard deviation units in 2015 compared to 2009 (95% CI 0.10, 0.23); for attitudes 0.20 standard deviation units (95% CI 0.14, 0.27) and for social distance 0.17 standard deviation units (95% CI 0.11, 0.24). Survey year for 2015 vs. 2009 was associated with a higher likelihood of reported contact (OR 1.32, 95% CI 1.13, 1.53). Statistically significant interactions between year and age suggest the campaign had more impact on the attitudes of the target age group (25–45) than those aged over 65 or under 25. Women's reported contact with people with mental health problems increased more than did men's.ConclusionThe results provide support for the effectiveness of TTC.
Changes in attitudes, intended behaviour, and mental health literacy in the Swedish population 2009–2014: an evaluation of a national antistigma programme
Authors: Hansson L. , Stjernswärd S. , Svensson B. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivePublic stigma of mental illness is still a major problem where numerous population studies during the last decade have mainly shown no improvements. A Swedish national antistigma campaign has been running 2010–2014. The aim of this study was to investigate changes in public stigma during this period as compared to baseline in 2009.MethodsYearly population surveys were made between 2009 and 2014 including assessments of mental health literacy, attitudes, and intended future behaviour. Two surveys were made, one including a nationally representative sample and one including a representative sample from three original campaign regions. Multiple regression analyses, also including age, gender, education, and familiarity with mental illness were made to investigate yearly changes in public stigma compared to baseline.ResultsMental health literacy improved significantly in the campaign regions between 2009 and 2014, as did intended future behaviour. Attitudes toward mental illness also improved significantly. Improvements were also shown in the national population surveys, but the time pattern of these compared to that of the original campaign regions indicated that these changes took place mainly after the campaign had been extended to a further five Swedish regions.ConclusionThe results of our surveys suggest that a campaign primarily based on social contact theory and involving people with lived experience of mental illness may, even in a rather short‐term perspective, have a significant positive impact on mental health literacy, attitudes, and intentions of social contact with people with mental illness.
A grounded theory model for reducing stigma in health professionals in Canada
Authors: Knaak S. , Patten S. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectiveThe Mental Health Commission of Canada was formed as a national catalyst for improving the mental health system. One of its initiatives is Opening Minds (OM), whose mandate is to reduce mental health‐related stigma. This article reports findings from a qualitative study on antistigma interventions for healthcare providers, which includes a process model articulating key stages and strategies for implementing successful antistigma programmes.MethodThe study employed a grounded theory methodology. Data collection involved in‐depth interviews with programme stakeholders, direct observation of programmes, a review of programme documents, and qualitative feedback from programme participants. Analysis proceeded via the constant comparison method. A model was generated to visually present key findings.ResultsTwenty‐three in‐depth interviews were conducted representing 18 different programmes. Eight programmes were observed directly, 48 programme documents were reviewed, and data from 1812 programme participants were reviewed. The analysis led to a four‐stage process model for implementing successful antistigma programmes targeting healthcare providers, informed by the basic social process ‘targeting the roots of healthcare provider stigma’.ConclusionThe process model developed through this research may function as a tool to help guide the development and implementation of antistigma programmes in healthcare contexts.
The large pine weevil Hylobius abietis (L.) as a potential vector of the pathogenic fungus Diplodia sapinea (Fr.) Fuckel
Authors: Drenkhan Tiia , Voolma Kaljo , Adamson Kalev , Sibul Ivar , Drenkhan Rein 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Diplodia sapinea, an important pathogen of various conifer species, was recently recorded in the northern Baltic region. The pathogen can disperse over short distances via rain or wind, whereas long range dispersal occurs via movement of contaminated plant material and seeds by humans, as well as by insects.
Hylobius abietis is one of the most important forest pests over large areas of Europe. Adult weevils feed on the bark of seedlings of young conifers, causing injury and often death.
Weevils were collected from fresh clear‐cut areas and near the symptomatic conifer stands to analyze the presence of D. sapinea. Entire weevils collected from natural environments were crushed without surface washing.
The identity of D. sapinea and the fungal DNA extraction from the insects was confirmed by species‐specific polymerase chain reaction priming. Eight H. abietis individuals were determined to be infected with D. sapinea. In a laboratory experiment, pine branches were infected with D. sapinea and were fed to adult H. abietis.
The results show that the pathogen survived in the digestive tract of H. abietis in the laboratory experiment, and also that the isolation of fungus from the faeces was successful. In addition, the results demonstrate that the large pine weevil may be a potential vector of pathogenic fungus D. sapinea.
Characterization of the NLRC5 promoter in chicken: SNPs, regulatory elements and CpG islands
Authors: Guo X. M. , Liu X. P. , Chang G. B. , Xu L. , Bi Y. L. , Wang H. Z. , Zhang Y. , Zhu P. F. , Wu Y. , Chen G. H. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryNLRC5 plays an important role in the innate immunity and cellular immunity in many species, but the regulatory mechanism of NLRC5 expression in chickens remains unclear. In this study, a series of deletion fragments of the NLRC5 promoter region were constructed and dual‐luciferase assay was performed. Then, we detected the SNP in the core region and its function. Important transcriptional regulatory elements were predicted and identified. Methylation of CpG islands was measured. The results revealed that the two core regions of −4372 to −3756 and −2925 to −2265 in the NLRC5 promoter were essential for NLRC5 mRNA expression in which a SNP (A/G), located at −2470, was found to have an effect on the transcriptional activity. Also, the STAT1 element in the second core region of the NLRC5 promoter was identified to bind with the STAT1 transcription factor, which was necessary for the transcriptional activity. In addition, many other elements in the NLRC5 promoter, including YY1 and CEBP, may contribute significantly to the expression activity of NLRC5. Moreover, two CpG islands were searched. Part of one was located in the first core region, which suggests that epigenetic modification may regulate the activity of the first promoter region, and the other was mostly in an unmethylated state. Collectively, these results suggest the complex regulation of NLRC5 expression includes SNPs, transcription factors and methylation.