bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Spatial determinants of the mandibular curve of Spee in modern and archaic Homo
Authors: Laird Myra F. , Holton Nathan E. , Scott Jill E. , Franciscus Robert G. , Marshall Steven D. , Southard Thomas E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesThe curve of Spee (COS) is a mesio‐distally curved alignment of the canine through distal molar cusp tips in certain mammals including modern humans and some fossil hominins. In humans, the alignment varies from concave to flat, and previous studies have suggested that this difference reflects craniofacial morphology, including the degree of alveolar prognathism. However, the relationship between prognathism and concavity of the COS has not been tested in craniofacially variant populations. We tested the hypothesis that greater alveolar prognathism covaries with a flatter COS in African‐American and European‐American populations. We further examined this relationship in fossil Homo including Homo neanderthalensis and early anatomically modern Homo sapiens, which are expected to extend the amount of variation in the COS from the extant sample.Methods and MaterialsThese hypotheses were tested using three‐dimensional geometric morphometrics. Landmarks were recorded from the skulls of 166 African‐Americans, 123 European‐Americans, and 10 fossil hominin mandible casts. Landmarks were subjected to generalized Procrustes analysis, principal components analysis, and two‐block partial least squares analysis.ResultsWe documented covariation between the COS and alveolar prognathism such that relatively prognathic individuals have a flatter COS. Mandibular data from the fossil hominin taxa generally confirm and extend this correlation across a greater range of facial size and morphology in Homo.DiscussionOur results suggest that the magnitude of the COS is related to a suite of features associated with alveolar prognathism in modern humans and across anthropoids. We also discuss the implications for spatial interactions between the dental arches.
The role of leaf toughness on foraging efficiency in Angola black and white colobus monkeys (Colobus angolensis palliatus)
Authors: Dunham Noah T. , Lambert Alexander L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectivesExamining the relationships among foraging behavior, food mechanical properties, and masticatory morphology is a bourgeoning research topic among behavioral ecologists and functional morphologists. The purpose of this study was to assess the degree to which leaf toughness influences foraging efficiency with regard to ingestion rate, masticatory investment, and masticatory rate.MethodsDiet and feeding data were collected on adults from three groups of Colobus angolensis palliatus in the Diani Forest, Kenya, from July 2014 to December 2015. Ingestion rates were estimated by counting the number of items consumed during feeding bouts and multiplying this value by the mean mass of a particular food item. The number of mastications was also counted during 3–5 minute focal periods. Mechanical toughness of commonly eaten young leaves (n = 27 species) and mature leaves (n = 13 species) was recorded using a toughness tester equipped with a razor blade.ResultsIngestion rates (g/min) negatively correlated with leaf toughness (r2 = 0.73; p < 0.01) while masticatory investment (chews/g) positively correlated with leaf toughness (r2 = 0.72; p < 0.01). Chewing rate (chews/min) was remarkably consistent regardless of leaf species and toughness values (r2 = 0.09; p = 0.07).DiscussionOur findings highlight the degree to which toughness values can vary among leaves and how this variation can dramatically influence ingestion rates and chewing efficiency in black and white colobus monkeys. Studies that link food mechanical properties with oral processing behaviors will ultimately provide important context for understanding craniofacial and dentognathic traits in primates.
Rhinovirus infection in murine chronic allergic rhinosinusitis model
Authors: Lee Sung Bu , Song Jeong‐Ah , Choi Go‐Eun , Kim Hun Sik , Jang Yong Ju 
Published: June 2016

BackgroundPatients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) commonly experience aggravation of their symptoms after viral upper respiratory infection (URI). Rhinovirus (RV) is the most common URI‐causing virus. However, there is a lack of a mouse model of RV infection and in vivo studies investigating the effect of RV infection on CRS.MethodsA mouse model of chronic allergic rhinosinusitis (CARS) was established by sensitizing to ovalbumin (OVA) through intraperitoneal injection followed by nasal challenges with OVA for 5 weeks. Both control and CARS mice were euthanized at 48 hours after infection with minor group RV serotype 1B (RV1B). Sinonasal complex samples were evaluated histologically; and interleukin (IL)‐6, macrophage inflammatory protein (MIP)‐2, IL‐13, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, and interferon (IFN)‐γ were measured in the nasal lavage fluid. The RV1B‐infected areas in control and CARS mice were identified using immunofluorescence.ResultsIn the infected control mice group, RV1B increased secretory hyperplasia in the sinonasal mucosa and the production of proinflammatory cytokines including INF‐γ, MIP‐2, and IL‐13. Immunohistochemical analysis of nasal mucosa from RV1B‐infected mice presented abundant RV1B staining, which was distributed between the epithelium and the lamina propria. In the CARS group, the RV1B‐infected area per unit was significantly higher than that in control mice. However, RV1B infection neither increased the proinflammatory cytokine secretion nor worsened the histology significantly.ConclusionWe successfully established a mouse model of upper airway RV infection by nasal inoculation with RV1B. Although there was histologically‐proven increased RV infection in the CARS model, the infection did not intensify sinonasal inflammation.
Catalytic Asymmetric Synthesis of Dihydropyrido[1,2‐a]indoles from Nitrones and Allenoates
Authors: Pace Wiktoria H. , Mo Dong‐Liang , Reidl Tyler W. , Wink Donald J. , Anderson Laura L. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn asymmetric method for the synthesis of dihydropyrido[1,2‐a]indoles from mixtures of nitrones and allenoates has been developed. This transformation showcases the use of squaramide catalysis in a complicated cascade system that has been shown to be highly sensitive to reaction conditions and substituent effects. The new method provides access to enantiomerically enriched dihydropyridoindoles from modular, non‐indole reagents. The optimization and scope of the new transformation is discussed in addition to initial mechanistic experiments that indicate the role of the catalyst.
Electrostatics and Intrinsic Disorder Drive Translocon Binding of the SRP Receptor FtsY
Authors: Lakomek Nils‐Alexander , Draycheva Albena , Bornemann Thomas , Wintermeyer Wolfgang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntegral membrane proteins in bacteria are co‐translationally targeted to the SecYEG translocon for membrane insertion via the signal recognition particle (SRP) pathway. The SRP receptor FtsY and its N‐terminal A domain, which is lacking in any structural model of FtsY, were studied using NMR and fluorescence spectroscopy. The A domain is mainly disordered and highly flexible; it binds to lipids via its N terminus and the C‐terminal membrane targeting sequence. The central A domain binds to the translocon non‐specifically and maintains disorder. Translocon targeting and binding of the A domain is driven by electrostatic interactions. The intrinsically disordered A domain tethers FtsY to the translocon, and because of its flexibility, allows the FtsY NG domain to scan a large area for binding to the NG domain of ribosome‐bound SRP, thereby promoting the formation of the quaternary transfer complex at the membrane.
Totalsynthese von Nosiheptid
Authors: Wojtas K. Philip , Riedrich Matthias , Lu Jin‐Yong , Winter Philipp , Winkler Thomas , Walter Sophia , Arndt Hans‐Dieter 
Published: June 2016

AbstractEine Totalsynthese des bismakrocyclischen Thiopeptidantibiotikums Nosiheptid gelang durch den Aufbau einer voll funktionalisierten linearen Vorstufe und konsekutive Makrocyclisierungen. Schlüsselmerkmale waren eine kritische Makrothiolactonisierung und eine milde Entschützungsstrategie für den 3‐Hydroxypyridin‐Kern. Der Naturstoff war mit isoliertem authentischem Material im Hinblick auf spektroskopische Daten und antimikrobielle Aktivität identisch.
Hydrostatic Pressure Studies Distinguish Global from Local Protein Motions in C−H Activation by Soybean Lipoxygenase‐1
Authors: Hu Shenshen , Cattin‐Ortolá Jérôme , Munos Jeffrey W. , Klinman Judith P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe proposed contributions of distinct classes of local versus global protein motions during enzymatic bond making/breaking processes has been difficult to verify. We employed soybean lipoxygenase‐1 as a model system to investigate the impact of high pressure at variable temperatures on the hydrogen‐tunneling properties of the wild‐type protein and three single‐site mutants. For all variants, pressure dramatically elevates the enthalpies of activation for the C−H activation. In contrast, the primary kinetic isotope effects (KIEs) for C−H activation and their corresponding temperature dependencies remain unchanged up to ca. 700 bar. The differential impact of elevated hydrostatic pressure on the temperature dependencies of rate constants versus substrate KIEs provides direct evidence for two distinct classes of protein motions: local, isotope‐dependent donor–acceptor distance‐sampling modes, and a more global, isotope‐independent search for productive protein conformational sub‐states.
Engaging Allene‐Derived Zwitterions in an Unprecedented Mode of Asymmetric [3+2]‐Annulation Reaction
Authors: Sankar Muthukumar G. , Garcia‐Castro Miguel , Golz Christopher , Strohmann Carsten , Kumar Kamal 
Published: June 2016

AbstractCatalytic addition of chiral phosphine, that is, (R)‐ or (S)‐SITCP, to an α‐substituted allene ester generated a zwitterionic dipole. Under optimized reaction conditions, this dipole could engage isatine‐derived N‐Boc‐ketimines in a novel mode of [3+2] annulation reaction. Pyrrolinyl spirooxindoles are thus afforded in high yields and with excellent enantioselectivities. The unprecedented annulation reaction successfully facilitated the construction of sp3‐rich and highly substituted 3,2′‐pyrrolidinyl spirooxindoles supporting many chiral centers.
Direct Access to α,α‐Difluoroacylated Arenes by Palladium‐Catalyzed Carbonylation of (Hetero)Aryl Boronic Acid Derivatives
Authors: Andersen Thomas L. , Frederiksen Mette W. , Domino Katrine , Skrydstrup Troels 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA palladium‐catalyzed carbonylative coupling of (hetero)aryl boronates or boronic acid salts with carbon monoxide and α‐bromo‐α,α‐difluoroamides and bromo‐α,α‐difluoroesters is described herein. The method is useful for the synthesis of a diverse selection of (hetero)aryl α,α‐difluoro‐β‐ketoamides and α,α‐difluoro‐β‐ketoesters, which are useful building blocks for the generation of functionalized difluoroacylated and difluoroalkyl arenes. The method could be further extended to a one‐pot protocol for the formation of difluoroacetophenones.
Total Synthesis of Nosiheptide
Authors: Wojtas K. Philip , Riedrich Matthias , Lu Jin‐Yong , Winter Philipp , Winkler Thomas , Walter Sophia , Arndt Hans‐Dieter 
Published: June 2016

AbstractTotal synthesis of the bismacrocyclic thiopeptide antibiotic nosiheptide was achieved through the assembly of a fully functionalized linear precursor followed by consecutive macrocyclizations. Key features are a critical macrothiolactonization and a mild deprotection strategy for the 3‐hydroxypyridine core. The natural product was identical to isolated authentic material in terms of spectral data and antibiotic activity.
Microwave‐assisted polymerization: Inert addition and surface coating of superabsorbent polymer for improved physical properties
Authors: Azad Michael M. , Sandros Marinella G. 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTTwo different polymerization techniques, microwave‐assisted polymerization and free radical solution polymerization, were utilized in the syntheses of superabsorbent polymers with varying amounts of acrylic acid (31–50%). Degrees of neutralization were in the range of 68–80 mol %, and clay level was varied between 0 and 5%. The base polymer produced with microwave‐assisted polymerization had higher absorbency under low load (0.3 psi) than those with the free radical solution polymerization. To improve its absorbency under higher loads (0.6 and 0.9 psi), the surface coating step was implemented by using ethylene glycol diglycidyl ether as a surface crosslinking agent. Properties such as capacity, permeability, and absorbency under different loads were tested in 0.9% sodium chloride solution for the base and the surface‐coated polymers. In addition, extractables and residual acrylic acid were measured to determine the reaction's efficiency. In conclusion, surface coating improved polymer properties, and the incorporation of clay imparted permeability to the polymer. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43990.
Improving photoluminescence of poly(9‐vinylcarbazole)/4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline/tris‐(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum fibers via coaxial electrospinning
Authors: Mondragón Margarita , Garzón Amanda‐Stephanie , Caro Rubén 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTSolutions of poly(9‐vinylcarbazole)/4,7‐diphenyl‐1,10‐phenanthroline (PVK/Bphen) and poly(9‐vinylcarbazole)/tris‐(8‐hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (PVK/Alq3) were individually delivered either to the inner or the outer needle of a coaxial spinneret for electrospinning to prepare green luminescent PVK/Bphen/Alq3 composite fibers. The influence of both flow rate and applied voltage on the photoluminescence of the composite fibers was evaluated. Scanning electron microscopy showed ribbon‐like fibers with uneven surfaces and thickness of about 5 µm. Raman spectroscopy and fluorescence microscopy revealed that Bphen was homogenously dispersed in the PVK fibers; Alq3 was not. Photoluminescence shows strong evidence that there are marked conditions where emission of the co‐electrospun PVK/Bphen/Alq3 fibers significantly improved as compared with those produced by simple electrospinning. It is suggested that the enhanced dispersion of the Alq3 allowed a more efficient energy transfer from the PVK to the Alq3. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 44019.
Achieving Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 to improve the performance of protected areas and conserve freshwater biodiversity
Authors: Juffe‐Bignoli Diego , Harrison Ian , Butchart Stuart HM , Flitcroft Rebecca , Hermoso Virgilio , Jonas Harry , Lukasiewicz Anna , Thieme Michele , Turak Eren , Bingham Heather , Dalton James , Darwall William , Deguignet Marine , Dudley Nigel , Gardner Royal , Higgins Jonathan , Kumar Ritesh , Linke Simon , Milton G Randy , Pittock Jamie , Smith Kevin G , van Soesbergen Arnout 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

The Strategic Plan for Biodiversity (2011–2020), adopted at the 10th meeting of the Conference of the Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity, sets 20 Aichi Biodiversity Targets to be met by 2020 to address biodiversity loss and ensure its sustainable and equitable use. Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 describes what an improved conservation network would look like for marine, terrestrial and inland water areas, including freshwater ecosystems.
To date, there is no comprehensive assessment of what needs to be achieved to meet Target 11 for freshwater biodiversity. Reports on implementation often fail to consider explicitly freshwater ecosystem processes and habitats, the pressures upon them, and therefore the full range of requirements and actions needed to sustain them.
Here the current progress and key gaps for meeting Aichi Target 11 are assessed by exploring the implications of each of its clauses for freshwater biodiversity.
Concerted action on Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 for freshwater biodiversity by 2020 is required in a number of areas: a robust baseline is needed for each of the clauses described here at national and global scales; designation of new protected areas or expansion of existing protected areas to cover known areas of importance for biodiversity and ecosystem services, and a representative sample of biodiversity; use of Other Effective Area‐Based Conservation Measures (OECMs) in places where designating a protected area is not appropriate; and promoting and implementing better management strategies for fresh water in protected areas that consider its inherent connectivity, contextual vulnerability, and required human and technical capacity.
Considering the specific requirements of freshwater systems through Aichi Biodiversity Target 11 has long‐term value to the Sustainable Development Goals discussions and global conservation policy agenda into the coming decades.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Freshwater conservation potential of protected areas in the Tennessee and Cumberland River Basins, USA
Authors: Thieme Michele L. , Sindorf N. , Higgins J. , Abell R. , Takats J. A. , Naidoo R. , Barnett A. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

The ability of existing protected areas (PAs) to conserve freshwater species and ecosystems has been little investigated. In this study the freshwater conservation potential of PAs was evaluated based on their geospatial attributes and spatial relationship to threats.
Specifically, the following questions were addressed: (a) to what extent, if any, do PA drainage network location and size affect the potential of PAs to conserve freshwater species and habitats within them?; (b) how are the factors that limit or promote conservation potential distributed in relation to PAs across a region?; and (c) what are the broader implications for how PAs can be designed and managed to contribute to freshwater conservation around the world?
Eight factors that affect freshwater conservation potential for 297 PAs within the Tennessee and Cumberland River Basins (US) were analysed. Four of these attributes (connectivity, impervious surface area, agricultural land cover, and upstream storage) showed enough variation across PAs such that the effect of PA size, drainage network position, and their interaction on those attributes, was able to be modelled.
The results support the hypothesis that PA drainage network location and size affect freshwater conservation potential of PAs. Both have a statistically significant effect on each of the four conservation potential attributes, either as a main effect, or through an interaction, although the direction of these relationships is not always intuitive. Of the factors that limit or promote conservation potential, PAs appear to be most often affected by land conversion to agriculture and a loss of connectivity.
This study underscores the importance of PA managers understanding key internal and external threats so that they can take mitigating or minimizing action, and the need to define PA locations and boundaries within a larger basin context.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
The role of protected areas for freshwater biodiversity conservation: challenges and opportunities in a rapidly changing world
Authors: Hermoso Virgilio , Abell Robin , Linke Simon , Boon Philip 
Published: June 2016

Abstract1. Declaring protected areas (PAs) stands out as one of the main conservation strategies worldwide and there are clear commitments to expand their extent under the auspices of the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD; Aichi targets for 2020). This conservation strategy has also received increasing attention in a freshwater context in the last two decades.2. Despite increasing conservation efforts, the effectiveness of PAs for freshwater purposes is questioned and freshwater biodiversity continues to decline. There are many reasons for this poor effectiveness: a lack of consideration of freshwater needs when designing and declaring protected areas, fewer resources devoted to freshwater conservation management than to other actions, and poor understanding of complex management problems beyond the limits of the protected area.3. This supplement compiles some examples from around the world on implementing and managing PAs, assessing their effectiveness, and demonstrating their important role not only in preserving biodiversity but also human well‐being and in meeting future challenges to achieve the CBD targets for freshwater biodiversity.4. Here the challenges of establishing effective PAs for freshwater biodiversity in a rapidly changing world are reviewed. We advocate better monitoring programmes to assess the effectiveness of PAs for freshwater biodiversity, in which the unique characteristics of freshwater systems, such as the important role of connectivity and the close links with the rest of the landscape they drain, are considered.5. There are new conservation opportunities to enhance the value of PAs for freshwater biodiversity under the new conservation paradigm of ‘people and nature’. The imperative of finding solutions that generate co‐benefits alongside biodiversity conservation, and the clear reliance of human communities on freshwater services, has created an environment that may be more favourable to PAs focused in whole or part on fresh waters. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Construction of Supramolecular Assemblies from Self‐Organization of Amphiphilic Molecular Isomers
Authors: Li Zhaohua , Yang Yuntian , Wang Yanqiu , Chen Tie , Jin Long Yi , Lee Myongsoo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAmphiphilic coil‐rod‐coil molecules, incorporating flexible and rigid blocks, have a strong affinity to self‐organize into various supramolecular aggregates in bulk and in aqueous solutions. In this paper, we report the self‐assembling behavior of amphiphilic coil‐rod‐coil molecular isomers. These molecules consist of biphenyl and phenyl units connected by ether bonds as the rod segment, and poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) with a degree of polymerization of 7 and 12 as the flexible chains. Their aggregation behavior was investigated by differential scanning calorimetry, thermal optical polarized microscopy, small‐angle X‐ray scattering spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The results imply that the molecular structure of the rod building block and the length of the PEO chains dramatically influence the creation of supramolecular aggregates in bulk and in aqueous solutions. In the bulk state, these molecules self‐organize into a hexagonal perforated lamellar and an oblique columnar structure, respectively, depending on the sequence of the rod building block. In aqueous solution, the molecule with a linear rod segment self‐assembles into sheet‐like nanoribbons. In contrast, its isomer, with a rod building block substituted at the meta‐position of the aryl group, self‐organizes into nanofibers. This is achieved through the control of the non‐covalent interactions of the rod building blocks.
All‐spherical telescope with extremely wide field of view
Authors: Terebizh V. Yu. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAn all‐spherical catadioptic telescope with the angular field of view of several tens of degrees in diameter and spherical focal surface is proposed for the monitoring of large sky areas. We provide a few examples of such a system with the apertures up to 800 mm and the field of view 30° and 40° in diameter. The curvature of the focal surface is repaid by high performance of the telescope. In particular, the diameter of a circle that includes 80% of energy in the polychromatic image of a star is in the range 1.″4–1.″9 across the field of 30° size and 2.″2–2.″9 for the field of 40° size. Some ways of working with curved focal surfaces are discussed. (© 2016 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)