bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The simple emerging from the complex
Authors: Goldshtein Yonatan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter examines the system of nominal number in Juba Arabic. Its complexity is compared with its superstrate language, Sudanese Arabic, and its substrate, the Nilotic language Bari. It also compares its similarity with a number of creoles, Nilotic languages and Arabic dialects. Both Arabic and Nilotic languages are notorious for their complex systems of nominal number, making Juba Arabic an interesting case for the study of creole complexity. Following Bakker et al. (2011), I use computational phylogenetic tools to look at the linguistic similarity of the languages under examination. The findings show that Juba Arabic is simpler than its constrates, and that it is more similar to unrelated creoles than the languages from which it emerged.
Dutch creoles compared with their lexifier
Authors: Bakker Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In this chapter, we compare lexical and grammatical data from three Dutch-based creoles: Virgin Islands Creole Dutch, Berbice Creole and Skepi Dutch of Guyana. We consider the lexicons, as well as phonological and typological patterns, and both synchronic and diachronic comparisons are made. Typologically, Berbice Creole appears closer to Dutch than the other two creoles, but lexically it is the farthest from Dutch. For some of the analyses, phylogenetic software was used to visualize connections and distances between each of the creoles and the lexifier Dutch. The conclusion is that the three creoles came into being independently. From a diachronic perspective, the documented forms of Virgin Islands Creole Dutch show mostly a gradual move away from Dutch and toward a more creole-like profile in the 20th century.
Lexicalization patterns in core vocabulary
Authors: Levisen Carsten , Aragón Karime 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The study of semantic domains is important for creolistics, given the complex label-meaning configuration in creoles vis-à-vis the European lexifiers. Due to the lexical semantic creativity in the creolization process as well as the subsequent developments and contacts with lexifiers, substrates, and other contact varieties, each domain seems to have its own history, its own configuration. Comparing words in four different semantic domains, we contrast the labels and lexicalizations of social concepts, body-part terms, environmental concepts, and abstract categories, with an anchor in core categories in conceptual semantics. Based on findings from cross-linguistic investigations into core vocabularies: semantic molecules and semantic primes, we study the lexicalizations of the following meanings in creoles: ‘children’, ‘women’, ‘men’, ‘mother’, ‘father’, ‘wife’, ‘husband’ (social molecules), ‘head’, ‘eyes’, ‘ears’, ‘mouth’, ‘nose’, ‘hands’, ‘legs’ (body-part molecules), ‘sun’, ‘sky’, ‘ground, ‘water’, ‘fire’, ‘day’, ‘night’ (environmental molecules), and ‘not’, ‘maybe’, ‘can’, ‘because’, ‘if’, ‘very’ and ‘more’ (semantic primes – abstract concepts). We utilize phylogenetic networks to compare and contrast lexicalization patterns between domains. Our study suggests that these core semantic-conceptual constructs tend to cluster with their lexifiers, but that there are important differences across domains – the label-meaning configurations of the social domain stand out as the most diverse, and the environmental domain as the most homogenous.
The semantics of Englishes and Creoles
Authors: Levisen Carsten , Priestley Carol , Nicholls Sophie , Goldshtein Yonatan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter provides a lexical-semantic comparison of a selection of Englishes and English-related creoles in the Australia-Pacific area. Faced with the conundrum in sociolinguistic classificatory practice and its contested categories: “language”, “creole”, “dialect”, “variety”, and “English(es)”, we will attempt to circumvent the problematic of metavocabulary by taking a new, two-pronged approach. Firstly, we rely on semantic primes, simple words meanings such as I, you, people, body, big, small, know, think, see, hear as our comparandum, and compare and contrast the lexicalizations of these basic meanings across our sample. Secondly, we utilize phylogenetic networks for visualizing our results and as a tool for forming new hypotheses. Our results provide counter-evidence to the claim that Melanesian and Australian creoles are “varieties of English”. In our sample, we find three basic types of relations. “Shared-core” types (Australian English v. New Zealand English); “closely related core” types (Hawai’i Creole v. Anglo Englishes); and “distantly related core” types (Tok Pisin v. Anglo English, Kriol v. Anglo English, or Yumplatok v. Anglo English). We measure our results against Scandinavian languages in order to explore the language-dialect question, and against Trinidadian – a Caribbean creole, in order to explore the extent of lexical-semantic areality. We conclude that current sociolinguistic metavocabulary is inadequate for representing the complexity of the new ways of speaking in the Australia-Pacific region, and we suggest a principled areal-semantic investigation of words based on semantic principles.
Assessment of valence, arousal and subjective frequency of the use of a battery of affective words related to death / Evaluación de la valencia, activación y frecuencia subjetiva de uso de una batería de palabras afectivas relacionadas con la muerte
Authors: Fernández-Alcántara Manuel , Martí-García Celia , Cruz-Quintana Francisco , Pérez-García Miguel , Catena-Martínez Andrés , Pérez-Marfil Mª Nieves 
Published: June 2017

This study presents the values of valence, arousal, subjective frequency of use and degree of relationship with death of 125 words of an affective nature, assessed by university students and including words related to death ( N = 65). The values of these words were found to be different to words of pleasant, unpleasant and neutral natures.
Distribution, Density, and Size of Migratory and Fluvial Sculpins in Relation to Barriers in Puget Sound Lowland Streams
Authors: Tabor Roger A. , Waterstrat Frithiof T. , Lantz Daniel W. , Berge Hans B. , Liermann Martin C. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
We examined the effects of potential barriers on populations of migratory sculpins (Coastrange Sculpin Cottus aleuticus and Prickly Sculpin C. asper) and fluvial sculpins (Riffle Sculpin C. gulosus, Shorthead Sculpin C. confusus, and Torrent Sculpin C. rhotheus). Barriers can alter sculpin distribution because migratory sculpins have pelagic larvae that drift downstream to calm waters and juveniles and adults migrate upstream. We compared sculpin populations upstream and downstream of a barrier in 19 lowland streams in the Puget Sound region, Washington. Within each stream, we examined the farthest downstream barrier that would be most likely to impact the upstream movements of migratory sculpins. All study streams had populations of migratory sculpins in stream reaches downstream of the barrier. In 8 of the 19 streams with a barrier, at least one species of fluvial sculpin was also present. We also documented the relative distribution of migratory sculpins and fluvial sculpins in one reference stream without a barrier. In all streams examined, the density of migratory sculpins upstream of the barrier was lower than that downstream of the barrier and the differences were statistically significant. In 12 of the 19 streams, migratory sculpins were not present upstream of the barrier. In streams with fluvial sculpin populations, fluvial sculpins were usually rare downstream of barriers and were statistically less abundant than upstream of the barrier. The migratory sculpins collected upstream of barriers were statistically larger than those collected downstream of barriers. In the reference stream, migratory sculpin species dominated the lower stream reaches and were gradually replaced by fluvial sculpin species in more upstream reaches. Overall, barriers appear to have an important effect on the distribution of both migratory sculpins and fluvial sculpins, which should be taken into account when assessing habitat modifications and fish communities in Puget Sound lowland streams.
Received November 4, 2016; accepted March 25, 2017 Published online June 12, 2017
Multi-locus and long amplicon sequencing approach to study microbial diversity at species level using the MinION™ portable nanopore sequencer
Authors: Benítez-Páez Alfonso , Sanz Yolanda 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The miniaturized and portable DNA sequencer MinION™ has demonstrated great potential in different analyses such as genome-wide sequencing, pathogen outbreak detection and surveillance, human genome variability, and microbial diversity. In this study, we tested the ability of the MinION™ platform to perform long amplicon sequencing in order to design new approaches to study microbial diversity using a multi-locus approach. After compiling a robust database by parsing and extracting the rrn bacterial region from more than 67000 complete or draft bacterial genomes, we demonstrated that the data obtained during sequencing of the long amplicon in the MinION™ device using R9 and R9.4 chemistries were sufficient to study 2 mock microbial communities in a multiplex manner and to almost completely reconstruct the microbial diversity contained in the HM782D and D6305 mock communities. Although nanopore-based sequencing produces reads with lower per-base accuracy compared with other platforms, we presented a novel approach consisting of multi-locus and long amplicon sequencing using the MinION™ MkIb DNA sequencer and R9 and R9.4 chemistries that help to overcome the main disadvantage of this portable sequencing platform. Furthermore, the nanopore sequencing library, constructed with the last releases of pore chemistry (R9.4) and sequencing kit (SQK-LSK108), permitted the retrieval of the higher level of 1D read accuracy sufficient to characterize the microbial species present in each mock community analysed. Improvements in nanopore chemistry, such as minimizing base-calling errors and new library protocols able to produce rapid 1D libraries, will provide more reliable information in the near future. Such data will be useful for more comprehensive and faster specific detection of microbial species and strains in complex ecosystems.
New approach for modelling size selectivity in shrimp trawl fisheries
Authors: Larsen Roger B , Herrmann Bent , Sistiaga Manu , Brinkhof Jesse , Tatone Ivan , Langård Lise 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
In the deep sea trawl fishery targeting shrimp (Pandalus borealis) and other cold-water shrimp species, fishers often use a Nordmöre sorting grid ahead of a small mesh codend to avoid bycatch. However, small fish can pass through the grid and are subsequently retained in the codend. This makes shrimp size selection complex and the size-dependent curve for both the shrimp and the bycatch species often exhibits a bell-shaped signature. In this study we developed a new model and method to estimate size selection in this fishery, conducted fishing trials in the Northeast Barents Sea, and applied the new method to quantify the individual and combined size selection of the Nordmöre grid and codend for deep water shrimp and two bycatch species. The size selectivity for both bycatch species showed the expected bell-shaped signature with low retention probability of very small and larger fish. The Nordmöre grid had high passage probability for all sizes, although it decreased slightly for the largest shrimps. The smallest shrimps were released by the codend.
The use of the PICC in arbitration
Authors: Scherer Matthias 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Preamble II of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), with particular emphasis on the use of the PICC in arbitration. It discusses the application of the PICC as the lex contractus, including the agreement of the parties on their contract being governed by the PICC; references to general principles of law, lex mercatoria, or usages; application of the PICC when the parties have not chosen any law to govern their contract; and choice of law other than the PICC. It also addresses the use of the PICC to supplement or interpret the contract law; the use of the PICC by arbitral tribunals in situations not dealt with in the Preamble; the role of the PICC where arbitrators decide ex aequo et bono; challenge and enforcement of arbitral awards based on the PICC rather than on a domestic law; and application of the PICC to arbitration agreements.
Authors: Cuniberti Gilles 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 1.5, which recognizes that the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) are, with some exceptions, default rules that may be modified and, indeed, excluded, by the parties. In other words, the parties may exclude the application of the PICC or derogate from or vary the effect of any of their provisions, except as otherwise provided in the Principles. Art 1.5 does not mention any formal requirements for excluding or modifying the PICC. Thus, in accordance with Art 1.2 PICC, it must be concluded that exclusion or modification of the PICC may be either express or implied. Art 1.5 covers complete exclusion of the application of the PICC, derogation from or variation of particular provisions of the PICC, providing for the application of several legal regimes, and mandatory provisions of the PICC.
Authors: Vogenauer Stefan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 1.7, which obliges the parties to a contract to ‘act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing’. The imposition of this duty corresponds to a global trend towards an increasing role for the standard of good faith in contract law that has been emerging for several decades. To a certain extent, the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) help to reinforce this trend. Art 1.7 spells out the scope of the obligation to act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing; standard of good faith and fair dealing, including ethical standard and standard employed ‘in international trade’; consequences of failure to act in accordance with good faith and fair dealing; and burden of proof.
Authors: Vogenauer Stefan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 1.11, which sets out some definitions of key terms of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC), namely, ‘court’, ‘place of business’, ‘obligor’, ‘obligee’, and ‘writing’. The definitions are largely self-explanatory. The drafters' preference for the term ‘court’ as referring to both state courts and arbitral tribunals may, at first, seem somewhat misleading but this is justified by the intention of avoiding unduly heavy language. The terms ‘obligor’ and ‘obligee’ are unfamiliar to most users but they are useful for identifying the obliged party and the entitled party, irrespective of the nature of the performance due.
Authors: Zuloaga Rios Isabel 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 2.1.15 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning negotiations in bad faith. Art 2.1.15 establishes liability for pre-contractual conduct in general terms. It stipulates that a party is free to negotiate and is not liable for failure to reach an agreement. However, a party who negotiates or breaks off negotiations in bad faith is liable for the losses caused to the other party. In particular, it is bad faith for a party to enter into or continue negotiations when intending not to reach an agreement with the other party. This commentary also discusses the consequences of failure to observe the principle of good faith and fair dealing, with particular emphasis on damages and the right to request performance of the obligation to negotiate in good faith, along with exclusion or limitation of liability and burden of proof.
Authors: Krebs Thomas 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 2.2.5 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning agents acting without, or exceeding their, authority. Art 2.2.5 stipulates that where an agent acts without authority or exceeds its authority, its acts do not affect the legal relations between the principal and the third party. However, where the principal causes the third party reasonably to believe that the agent has authority to act on behalf of the principal and that the agent is acting within the scope of that authority, the principal may not invoke against the third party the lack of authority of the agent. This commentary discusses apparent authority and its requirements and consequences, along with the burden of proof relating to apparent authority.
Authors: Huber Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.4 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning remedies for non-performance. Art 3.2.4 solves the notorious conflict between the rules on mistake and the rules on non-performance in favour of the latter. It stipulates that a party is not entitled to avoid the contract on the ground of mistake if the circumstances on which that party relies afford, or could have afforded, a remedy for non-performance. This commentary discusses the requirements for exclusion of the right of avoidance for mistake, consequences of non-performance, and burden of proof relating to non-performance.
Authors: du Plessis Jacques 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning threat as a reason for invalidity. Under Art 3.2.6, a party may avoid the contract when it has been led to conclude the contract by the other party's unjustified threat which, having regard to the circumstances, is so imminent and serious as to leave the first party no reasonable alternative. In particular, a threat is unjustified if the act or omission with which a party has been threatened is wrongful in itself; or it is wrongful to use it as a means to obtain the conclusion of the contract. This commentary discusses the requirements for the threat, the consequences of the threat, threats involving third parties, and exclusion of liability for threat.
Authors: Huber Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.11 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning notice of avoidance. Under Art 3.2.11, the right of a party to avoid the contract is exercised by notice to the other party. The purpose of Art 3.2.11 is twofold. First, it makes clear that avoidance of the contract for mistake, fraud or threat will not operate ipso facto, but will have to be declared by the mistaken (defrauded, or threatened) party. Secondly, it makes clear that there is no need for court intervention and that the mistaken (defrauded, or threatened) party may avoid the contract simply by making a unilateral declaration. This commentary discusses the scope of application of Art 3.2.11, how to give notice to the other party, and whether the other party has a duty to reply to the notice.
Authors: Huber Peter 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 3.2.16 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning damages. Art 3.2.16 adopts a ‘neutral’ approach to the issue of damages by simply stating under which conditions a claim for damages may arise and what kinds of damages are recoverable. It does not distinguish between the case where the avoiding party seeks damages and the inverse case where the other party seeks damages. Irrespective of whether or not the contract has been avoided, the party who knew or ought to have known of the ground for avoidance is liable for damages so as to put the other party in the same position in which it would have been if it had not concluded the contract. This commentary discusses the liability of the party entitled to avoid and of the other party in cases where contract is avoided and not avoided, along with the allocation of the burden of proof.
Authors: Vogenauer Stefan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 4.3 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning relevant circumstances, factors, aspects, or criteria that are to be used in establishing the intention of the parties or the understanding of reasonable persons. Relevant circumstances that are important in contractual interpretation include words used by the parties, internal context of the contract, preliminary negotiations between the parties, practices established between the parties, subsequent conduct of the parties, nature and purpose of the contract, meaning commonly given to terms and conditions in the trade concerned, usages, and policy arguments. This commentary also discusses the weight of the relevant circumstances and the burden of proof of the party that wishes to rely on a relevant circumstance in support of a particular interpretation.
Authors: Vogenauer Stefan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 4.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the contra proferentem rule. According to the contra proferentem rule, in cases of doubt contractual terms are to be interpreted against the party supplying them. Art 4.6 can be understood as an attempt to prevent bad drafting from the outset and to educate the parties to pay attention to the drafting process. This commentary discusses the requirements for the contra proferentem rule, with particular emphasis on irremediable ambiguity and contract terms supplied by one party. It also considers contractual interpretation against the supplier and the burden of proof of the party wishing to rely on an interpretation against another party under Art 4.6.
Authors: Vogenauer Stefan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary focuses on Article 5.2.6 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning the renunciation of a beneficiary's right. The rationale of Art 5.2.6 is to protect a person who is not a party to a contract against the unwanted conferral of a right by the contracting parties. It corresponds to the maxim that even benefits may not be imposed on another: beneficia non obtruduntur. As Art 5.2.6 is intended to protect third parties, the promisee and the promisor should not be permitted to exclude or derogate from it as they wish. Art 5.2.6 is therefore one of the provisions of the PICC in which the mandatory character is implicit. This commentary discusses the consequences of renunciation and the burden of proof relating to renunciation.
Authors: Atamer Yesim 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This commentary analyses Article 6.1.8 of the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts (PICC) concerning payment by funds transfer. According to Art 6.1.8, payment may be made by a transfer to any of the financial institutions in which the obligee has an account. In case of payment by a transfer, the obligor's obligation is discharged when the transfer to the obligee's financial institution becomes effective. From the moment the funds transfer to the obligee's financial institution becomes effective, the obligation becomes extinct and the obligor's liability for loss or delay ends. This commentary discusses place of performance for fund transfers,, time when the obligation is discharged, timely performance, countermand, and delay or loss in the process of transferring funds.