bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A review on prediction models for full‐scale fire behaviour of building products
Authors: Vermina Lundström Frida , van Hees Patrick , Guillaume Éric 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThis study aims to give an overview over different reaction‐to‐fire prediction models developed over the last decades by finding similarities and differences between models, as well as identifying their robustness in scaling. The models have been divided into four categories – empirical, thermal, polynomial and comprehensive – depending on how pyrolysis is modelled. Empirical models extrapolate bench‐scale test results to larger scales. These models are pertinent to applications that they have been validated for, but surfacic parameters used may not be scalable. In thermal models, pyrolysis is represented by heat transfer rates. The models are feasible for materials with high activation energies and where little pyrolysis occur before ignition. Polynomial models are empirical models that also take the environment into account. The validity of scaling is yet to be established. The comprehensive methodology includes chemical kinetics in the condensed phase. It has the potential to be used for any application; however, many parameters are needed. This increases the degrees of freedom versus data available for the description of the problem. Consequently, possible errors are introduced, and uncertainty is increased. A comprehensive multi‐scale methodology is a way forward, where many steps of validation are possible. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Effect of different salt and fat levels on the physicochemical properties and sensory quality of black pudding
Authors: Fellendorf Susann , O'Sullivan Maurice G. , Kerry Joseph P. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBlack pudding, also known as blood sausages or blood pudding, is a kind of meat product made by blood, popular in Asia, Europe, and America. Twenty‐five black pudding formulations with varying fat contents of 2.5%, 5%, 10%, 15%, and 20% (w/w) and sodium contents of 0.2%, 0.4%, 0.6%, 0.8%, and 1.0% (w/w) were manufactured. Sensory acceptance and ranking descriptive analyses as well as compositional and physicochemical analyses were conducted. Samples high in sodium (0.6–1.0%) were scored higher in juiciness, toughness, saltiness, fatness, and spiciness. These samples were the most accepted, whereas samples containing 0.2% sodium were the least accepted. Black pudding samples containing 0.6% sodium and 10% fat displayed a positive (P < 0.05) correlation to liking of flavor and overall acceptability. This meets the sodium target level set by the Food Safety Authority of Ireland and shows additionally that a fat reduction in black pudding products is more than achievable.
Atypical granular cell tumor in the maxilla: The first report of primary intraosseous granular cell tumor
Authors: Oh Kyu‐Young , Kang Kyung‐Rim , Yoon Hye‐Jung , Lee Jae‐Il , Hong Sam‐Pyo , Hong Seong‐Doo 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundGranular cell tumor (GCT) is a benign soft tissue tumor of neural origin and is characterized by eosinophilic granular cells showing positivity for neuronal markers. Herein, we report the first case of primary intraosseous GCT arising in the maxilla of an adolescent girl.Methods and ResultsA 16‐year‐old female patient presented with palatal swelling. Radiographic findings revealed a well‐defined radiolucent lesion centrally located in the right maxilla. Mass excision was performed, and histopathologic examination showed sheets and cords of eosinophilic granular cells with cellular pleomorphism. Tumor cells were strongly positive for vimentin, S‐100 protein, and CD56, and negative for cytokeratin, desmin, smooth muscle actin, and c‐kit. High expression of p53 and Ki‐67 was found. The final diagnosis was atypical GCT.ConclusionWhen evaluating an intraosseous radiolucent lesion with histopathologic features of granular cells, clinicians and pathologists should include GCT in the differential diagnosis. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Head Neck 38:E2467–E2470, 2016
How much water do Chilean forests use? A review of interception losses in forest plot studies
Authors: Soto‐Schönherr Sylvia , Iroumé Andrés 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAfter several years of decreased annual rainfall and water shortages, the Chilean society is demanding that forest plantations take accountability of their role in consuming scarce water resources. Evidence has shown that interception losses are considerable when determining water production in watersheds. The aim of this study was to determine if site and stand variables explain interception losses by Chilean forests for the development of an empirical model that could predict the potential impacts of forest management practices and land‐use change. A total of 127 data from annual water balance plot studies in Chile were compiled to derive relationships between interception and precipitation, species composition, plantation age and other stand and site variables. The reviewed data indicated that annual interception losses are mainly explained by annual rainfall and basal area of the forest stands, with a clear difference between the northern (dryer) and southern (wetter) regions of Chile. For a wide latitudinal gradient, forest composition and age, annual interception accounted for approximately 21% of incoming precipitations. Broadleaved forest stands (including native broadleaved and eucalypt forests) generally presented higher interception losses than conifers. Interception was higher in northern zones, indicating that forests have greater impacts on water resources in dryer regions. Our results were compiled in empirical models, which can be used to estimate forest interception in a latitudinal gradient in Chile and to support policy making. These results are also proposed as an approximate analogue of the changes in forest interception losses, which may occur as vegetation belts shift latitudinally as a result of the impact of climate change. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Minimum Power Dominating Sets of Random Cubic Graphs
Authors: Kang Liying , Wormald Nicholas 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe present two heuristics for finding a small power dominating set of cubic graphs. We analyze the performance of these heuristics on random cubic graphs using differential equations. In this way, we prove that the proportion of vertices in a minimum power dominating set of a random cubic graph is asymptotically almost surely at most 0.067801. We also provide a corresponding lower bound of using known results on bisection width.
Factors causing climatologically high temperatures in a hottest city in Japan: a multi‐scale analysis of Tajimi
Authors: Takane Yuya , Kusaka Hiroyuki , Kondo Hiroaki , Okada Maki , Takaki Midori , Abe Shiori , Tanaka Shota , Miyamoto Kenji , Fuji Yukino , Nagai Toru 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn this study, multi‐scale climatological features of extreme high temperature (EHT) events in Tajimi, the hottest cities in Japan, were investigated using observational data collected by the Japan Meteorological Agency over the past 23 years, and original data observed by the authors over the last 3 years. Results revealed the background factors that lead to climatologically high temperatures in Tajimi: the occurrence of a characteristic pressure pattern called ‘whale’: the synoptic‐scale factors, and the urbanization of Tajimi: the meso‐γ‐scale factors. In addition, the high temperatures measured in Tajimi are affected by the foehn‐like westerly airflow coming from the mountains located in the northwest/west towards the Nobi Plain where Tajimi is located at the east end: the meso‐β‐scale factors, and the location of the Tajimi observation site, which is within an urbanized area where the highest temperatures tend to be observed: the micro‐scale factors. In contrast, statistical analysis demonstrated that the small‐scale basin effects and soil dryness around Tajimi were of lesser importance than aforementioned factors, in the occurrence of EHT
events in Tajimi.
Novel Polyamide 6/Polystyrene In Situ Microfibrillar Blends Prepared by Anionic Polymerization of ε‐Caprolactam via Reactive Extrusion
Authors: Yan Dongguang , Li Jiao , Li Jianghong , Liu Hongzhi , Zhou Haijun , Shen Guochun 
Published: June 2016

In this study, polyamide 6/polystyrene in situ microfibrillar blends are prepared via anionic polymerization of ε‐caprolactam in a twin screw extruder. Scanning electron microscope analysis reveals that microfibrillated PA6 dispersed phase, which is continuous and preferentially oriented parallel to the extrusion direction, is in situ formed within polystyrene (PS) matrix during reactive extrusion at the content PS equal to 30 and 40 wt%. Mechanical properties analysis shows that the yield strength and elongation at break of PA6/PS (70/30 and 60/40) microfibrillar blends are remarkably increased with respect to those of pure PS. Also, the in situ fibrillation mechanisms are investigated by the analysis of morphological evolution. This work demonstrates a facile and efficient route to fabricate the microfibrillar blends with relatively high contents of polymer microfibrils.image
Living Nitroxide‐Mediated Radical Terpolymerization: General Concept and Synthetic Possibilities
Authors: Zaremski Mikhail Yu. , Plutalova Anna V. , Eremeev Innokentiy 
Published: June 2016

The general concept for nitroxide‐mediated radical terpolymerization is advanced. This concept is based on activation‐deactivation equilibria for terminal polymer‐nitroxide adducts. Depending on monomer activity and the stability of terminal nitroxide adducts, terpolymerization can be equilibrium living, quasi‐equilibrium (gradient) living, decaying living, decaying gradient, or non‐living. Expressions for the effective activation‐deactivation equilibrium constant, Kef, and the rate of terpolymerization are derived from theoretical speculations on equilibrium living and decaying living terpolymerization. For quasi‐equilibrium living terpolymerization, various types of gradient terpolymers are predicted. When activity of the active monomer M1 is, at least, one order of magnitude different from that of the two other monomers, the effective constant Kef is shown to approach K1 of the most active monomer. Experimental kinetic and equilibrium constants agree with the advanced concept for the equilibrium living terpolymerization of styrene with methyl methacrylate, and acrylonitrile in the presence of nitroxide SG1, as well as for decaying living terpolymerization in the same system in the presence of nitroxide TEMPO.
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Enhanced M2 macrophage polarization in high n‐3 polyunsaturated fatty acid transgenic mice fed a high‐fat diet
Authors: Song Mi‐Young , Wang Jie , Lee Youngyi , Lee Juhyung , Kwon Keun‐Sang , Bae Eun Ju , Park Byung‐Hyun 
Published: June 2016

ScopeDiet‐induced obesity and consequent insulin resistance are caused, in part, by macrophage polarization and accumulation in peripheral tissues. Here, we examined the effects of endogenously synthesized n‐3 PUFAs on macrophage chemotaxis and polarization.Methods and resultsFat‐1 mice and wild‐type (WT) littermates were fed a 60% calorie high‐fat diet (HFD) for 10 weeks. Bone marrow macrophages (BMMs) from fat‐1 and WT mice were used in in vitro chemotaxis assays and macrophage polarization studies. WT mice fed a HFD exhibited glucose intolerance, insulin resistance, and lipid accumulation and macrophage infiltration in liver and adipose tissue. However, these metabolic and inflammatory phenotypes were not observed in HFD‐fed fat‐1 mice. In flow cytometric analysis, M1 macrophage infiltration into adipose tissue was markedly attenuated in fat‐1 mice. Consistently, results from in vitro experiments indicated that n‐3 PUFAs prevented adipocyte conditioned medium‐mediated macrophage chemotaxis, stimulated M2 polarization, and suppressed M1 polarization. The inhibition of macrophage migration by n‐3 PUFAs was associated with suppression of multiple kinases, such as IκB kinase, AKT, and focal adhesion kinase.ConclusionOur results indicate that n‐3 PUFAs play a crucial role in macrophage polarization and chemotaxis, and thus regulate the development of HFD‐induced tissue inflammation and metabolic derangements.
Field‐gradient partitioning for fracture and frictional contact in the material point method
Authors: Homel Michael A. , Herbold Eric B. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryContact and fracture in the material point method require grid‐scale enrichment or partitioning of material into distinct velocity fields to allow for displacement or velocity discontinuities at a material interface. A new method is presented in which a kernel‐based damage field is constructed from the particle data. The gradient of this field is used to dynamically repartition the material into contact pairs at each node. This approach avoids the need to construct and evolve explicit cracks or contact surfaces and is therefore well suited to problems involving complex 3‐D fracture with crack branching and coalescence. A straightforward extension of this approach permits frictional ‘self‐contact’ between surfaces that are initially part of a single velocity field, enabling more accurate simulation of granular flow, porous compaction, fragmentation, and comminution of brittle materials. Numerical simulations of self contact and dynamic crack propagation are presented to demonstrate the accuracy of the approach. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Inequalities in cancer screening participation: examining differences in perceived benefits and barriers
Authors: Smith S.G. , McGregor L.M. , Raine R. , Wardle J. , von Wagner C. , Robb K.A. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractObjectiveInequalities exist in colorectal cancer (CRC) screening uptake, with people from lower socioeconomic status backgrounds less likely to participate. Identifying the facilitators and barriers to screening uptake is important to addressing screening disparities. We pooled data from 2 trials to examine educational differences in psychological constructs related to guaiac fecal occult blood testing.MethodsPatients (n = 8576) registered at 7 general practices in England, within 15 years of the eligible age range for screening (45‐59.5 years), were invited to complete a questionnaire. Measures included perceived barriers (emotional and practical) and benefits of screening, screening intentions, and participant characteristics including education.ResultsAfter data pooling, 2181 responses were included. People with high school education or no formal education reported higher emotional and practical barriers and were less likely to definitely intend to participate in screening, compared with university graduates in analyses controlling for study arm and participant characteristics. The belief that one would worry more about CRC after screening and concerns about tempting fate were strongly negatively associated with education. In a model including education and participant characteristics, respondents with low emotional barriers, low practical barriers, and high perceived benefits were more likely to definitely intend to take part in screening.ConclusionsIn this analysis of adults approaching the CRC screening age, there was a consistent effect of education on perceived barriers toward guaiac fecal occult blood testing, which could affect screening decision making. Interventions should target specific barriers to reduce educational disparities in screening uptake and avoid exacerbating inequalities in CRC mortality.
Herpetic tracheitis in association with rituximab therapy
Authors: Thong Lorraine , Plant Barry J , McCarthy Julie , Murphy Desmond M 
Published: June 2016

AbstractA 58‐year old lady under active follow‐up with the respiratory services at our institution for bronchiectasis secondary to hypogammaglobulinaemia presented with hoarseness and haemoptysis. She was also receiving rituximab maintenance therapy for follicular lymphoma. Bronchoscopy demonstrated vesicular lesions on her vocal cords and trachea, confirmed as herpes simplex virus (HSV) on cytological analysis of brushings. She responded well to intravenous valacyclovir. Rituximab is increasingly utilised in the treatment of haematological and auto‐immune disorders. This case highlights the potential of this drug to potentiate susceptibility to infection in an already immunocompromised individual.
Boerhaave's syndrome – tension hydropneumothorax and rapidly developing hydropneumothorax: two radiographic clues in one case
Authors: Nguyen Ho Lam , Tran Van Ngoc , Le Thuong Vu 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBoerhaave's syndrome is a rare and severe condition with high mortality partly because of its atypical presentation resulting in delayed diagnosis and management. Diagnostic clues play an important role in the approach to this syndrome. Here, we report a 48 year‐old male patient hospitalized with fever and left chest pain radiating into the interscapular area. Two chest radiographs undertaken 22 h apart showed a rapidly developing tension hydropneumothorax. The amylase level in the pleural fluid was high. The fluid in the chest tube turned bluish after the patient drank methylene blue. The diagnosis of Boerhaave's syndrome was suspected based on the aforementioned clinical clues and confirmed at the operation. The patient recovered completely with the use of antibiotics and surgical treatment. In this case, we describe key findings on chest radiographs that are useful in diagnosing Boerhaave's syndrome.
Appendicitis complicated by appendiceal metastasis via peritoneal dissemination from lung cancer
Authors: Shiota Naoki , Furonaka Makoto , Kikutani Kazuya , Haji Keiko , Fujisaki Seiji , Nishida Toshihiro 
Published: June 2016

AbstractPeritoneal disseminations from lung cancer are difficult to detect during the patient's clinical course. Therefore, complications of this condition are unclear. We report a case in which peritoneal dissemination from lung cancer complicated appendicitis.A 74‐year‐old man with lung cancer who was receiving maintenance therapy presented at our hospital because of abdominal pain. It was the seventh day after the 14th cycle of maintenance therapy with bevacizumab. He was diagnosed with acute appendicitis. The resected appendix showed acute appendicitis complicated by appendiceal metastasis from lung cancer. Adenocarcinoma was observed predominantly in the serous membrane from the neck to the tail of the appendix. The distribution of the adenocarcinoma was diffuse. Peritoneal dissemination was considered the route of metastasis. He was admitted to the palliative care unit 10 months after appendectomy. Appendiceal metastasis via peritoneal dissemination from lung cancer complicated appendicitis in our patient who had been receiving bevacizumab.
Distinctive Interactions of Cesium and Hexaniobate in Water
Authors: Sures Dylan J. , Sahu Sulata K. , Molina Pedro I. , Navrotsky Alexandra , Nyman May 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe Cs‐effect states Cs+ has more covalent character in bonding interactions than the lighter alkalis. It is exploited in organic synthesis and influences behavior in water, most notably radioactive 137Cs in nuclear wastes or the environment. Niobium polyoxometalates (Nb‐POMs) provide a unique opportunity to probe aqueous phase ion‐pairing responsible for cesium's solution behavior, because Nb‐POMs are most soluble in conditions of maximum ion‐association. Moreover, POMs broadly resemble metal‐oxide surfaces representative of interfaces found in the environment and industrial processes. Aqueous dissolution calorimetry reveals that Cs−Nb‐POM exhibits greater concentration dependence in its endothermic dissolution, compared to the lighter alkali analogues. This phenomenon is attributed to persistent ion‐pairs upon dissolution, even in very dilute and otherwise ion‐free solutions. While dissociation of these cation‐anion interactions in the crystalline lattice is the dominant endothermic step of dissolution, deprotonation of the Nb‐POM is the most exothermic. These studies highlight the importance of the competing effects of aqueous ion association and acid‐base chemistry that control solubility of compounds from simple oxoanions to metal‐oxo clusters to supramolecular assemblies to solid metal oxides.
Experimental and Quantum Chemical Approaches to Develop Highly Selective Nanocatalysts for CO2‐free Power Circulation
Authors: Yamauchi Miho , Ozawa Nobuki , Kubo Momoji 
Published: June 2016

AbstractRenewable electricity must be utilized to usefully suppress the atmospheric CO2 concentration and slow the progression of global warming. We have thus proposed a new concept involving CO2‐free electric power circulation systems via highly selective electrochemical reactions of alcohol/carboxylic acid redox couples. Design concepts for nanocatalysts able to catalyze highly selective electrochemical reactions are provided from both experimental and quantum mechanical perspectives.
Distributed trigger counting algorithms for arbitrary network topology
Authors: Chang Che‐Cheng , Tsai Jichiang 
Published: June 2016

AbstractThe distributed trigger counting (DTC) problem is a fundamental block for many distributed applications. Particularly, such a problem is to raise an alert while the number of triggers received by the whole system reaches a pre‐defined amount. There have been a few algorithms proposed to solve the DTC problem in the literature. However, these existing algorithms are all under the assumption that each process knows what kind of network topology the whole system forms as well as playing distinct kind of role in the system. The foregoing assumption is not practical for wireless sensor networks because the network topology of a wireless sensor network cannot be obtained in advance, and the roles of all processes are basically identical during the computation. In this paper, we propose a novel distributed algorithm to solve the DTC problem, free of any aforementioned global assumption. Moreover, in order to reduce the message complexity of our algorithm, we further propose a more message‐efficient version, only with one extra requirement that all processes have learned ahead the number of processes in the system. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Encoding individuals in language using syntax, words, and pragmatic inference
Authors: Srinivasan Mahesh , Barner David 
Published: June 2016

How does linguistic structure relate to how we construe reality? In many languages, countable individuals like objects are typically labeled by count nouns (e.g.,tworabbits,everytruck, etc.), while unindividuated masses like substances are typically labeled by mass nouns (e.g.,muchmud,barrel ofoil, etc.) (Quine WVO.Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press; 1960). These facts have led researchers to propose that learning mass–count syntax affects how speakers perceive objects and substances or alternatively that an understanding of this distinction—or one between individuals and nonindividuals—scaffolds the acquisition of mass and count nouns. Here, we evaluate these ideas and describe how recent developments in the literature have fundamentally changed our understanding of the mass–count distinction and how it relates to individuation. Across three sections, we show that a simple distinction between countable individuals and nonindividuals cannot provide a foundation for the mass–count distinction (e.g., because many mass nouns likefurnitureandluggagecan denote individuals). Furthermore, we show that mass–count syntax does not shape whether items are construed as individuals or not, but instead allows speakers to select from a set of universally available meanings (e.g., because speakers of all languages quantify objects and substances similarly). We argue that a complete understanding of how mass–count syntax encodes reality requires understanding how different aspects of language—syntax, lexical roots, word meanings, and pragmatic inference—interact to encode abstract, countable individuals.WIREs Cogn Sci2016, 7:341–353. doi: 10.1002/wcs.1396This article is categorized under:Linguistics > Language AcquisitionLinguistics > Linguistic TheoryPsychology > Language