bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Education Preferences of People With Gout: Exploring Differences Between Indigenous and Nonindigenous Peoples from Rural and Urban Locations
Authors: Treharne Gareth J. , Richardson Aimee C. , Neha Tia , Fanning Niamh , Janes Ronald , Hudson Ben , Judd Andrea , Pitama Suzanne , Stamp Lisa K. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveGout typically responds well to medications, but adherence might be improved by education that meets individuals’ needs in a way that is inclusive of their ethnicity and rurality. The aim of this study was to compare education preferences of Māori and New Zealand European (NZEuropean) individuals with gout, and of those living in rural or urban areas.MethodsPeople with gout managed in primary care were recruited from 2 rural regions and 1 city within Aotearoa/New Zealand. Focus groups were held with 26 Māori and 42 NZEuropean participants (44 rural, 24 urban). Participants discussed education preferences for diet, medication, and ways of communicating. The nominal group technique was employed, whereby the group compiled a list of ideas and then participants individually ranked the 3 most important ideas for each topic.ResultsThe most frequently prioritized ideas for the 3 topics were knowing one's own food triggers, knowing side effects of medications, and communicating via a general practitioner (GP) or specialist. More Māori participants prioritized natural remedies, easy to understand information, and communicating via television. More NZEuropean participants prioritized knowing the kinds of alcohol that trigger gout, communicating via GP/specialist, and receiving written information. More urban participants prioritized knowing to stay hydrated and medication doses as important information.ConclusionMāori and NZEuropean individuals with gout report different understandings and education preferences around personal triggers of gout, treatment options, and ways of receiving information about gout. Further research is required to develop ethnicity‐specific gout education resources internationally.
Effect of blast furnace slag content on mechanical and slurry abrasion behavior of needle‐punched nonwoven fabric reinforced epoxy composites
Authors: Patnaik Prabina Kumar , Biswas Sandhyarani 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThis article reports on mechanical and slurry abrasion response of a new class of material developed by reinforcement of blast furnace slag (BFS) in needle‐punched nonwoven polyester fabric epoxy composites. These epoxy‐based composites are prepared by the hand‐lay‐up technique with the variation of BFS content (0, 5, 10, and 15 wt. %) and at constant fiber loading. It is observed that the mechanical properties of the composites are improved significantly with the incorporation of filler. However, the properties like tensile, flexural and inter‐laminar shear strength are reduced beyond 10 wt. % of filler loading. Abrasive wear behavior of these composites is studied in the slurry environment by a slurry abrasion test rig (ASTM G105). The specific wear rate of composites under a steady‐state condition with respect to normal load and sliding velocity is found to decrease with the increase in filler loading. Further, experimental design through Taguchi's L16 orthogonal array is applied to determine the optimal parametric combination which reduces the wear rate. The parametric combination among sliding velocity of 0.93 m/s, normal load of 30 N, sliding distance of 600 m, silica sand size of 100 μm and filler loading of 5 wt. %, produces an optimum specific wear rate. The morphological study is conducted on abraded composite surfaces by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and possible wear mechanisms responsible for wear have been discussed.
Investigation of Promising Air Electrode for Realizing Ultimate Lithium Oxygen Battery
Authors: Luo Wen‐Bin , Gao Xuan‐Wen , Chou Shu‐Lei , Kang Yong‐Mook , Wang Jia‐Zhao , Liu Hua‐Kun , Dou Shi‐Xue 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe non‐aqueous lithium oxygen battery has been considered as one of the most promising energy storage systems owing to its potentially high energy density, exceeding that of any other existing storage system for storing sustainable and clean energy. The success of Li‐O2 batteries could efficiently reduce greenhouse gas emissions and the consumption of non‐renewable fossil fuels. How to achieve high round‐trip efficiency, high capacity, and satisfactory cycling performance, however, is still a great challenge for the lithium oxygen battery. Thus, this report will point out what factors will affect the electrochemical performance and will aim to describe how to increase the electrochemical performance by air electrode optimization. Based on recent achievements, several approaches to solving this problem, such as synthesizing electrocatalysts with high catalytic activity and designing appropriate air electrode structures, are described in details. Also, recent progress associated with novel air electrode designs and understanding the reaction process is discussed.
Convenient Access to C4‐Dicarbonylation of Anilines by Iodine‐Promoted Oxidative Cross‐Coupling Reactions
Authors: Wang Panpan , Fu Yajie , Wu Ping , Guo Xin , Chen Baohua 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAn innovative route for the construction of C4‐dicarbonylation of anilines from simple and readily available anilines and phenyl acetylene has been developed. The iodine‐promoted oxidative cross‐coupling reaction performed well and the highlight of this protocol was not N−H functionalization but C−H functionalization of unprotected anilines.
The postcranial skeletal maturation ofAustralopithecus sediba
Authors: Cameron Noel , Bogin Barry , Bolter Debra , Berger Lee R. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectivesIn 2008, an immature hominin defined as the holotype of the new speciesAustralopithecus sedibawas discovered at the 1.9 million year old Malapa site in South Africa. The specimen (MH1) includes substantial post‐cranial skeletal material, and provides a unique opportunity to assess its skeletal maturation.MethodsSkeletal maturity indicators observed on the proximal and distal humerus, proximal ulna, distal radius, third metacarpal, ilium and ischium, proximal femur and calcaneus were used to assess the maturity of each bone in comparison to references for modern humans and for wild chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).ResultsIn comparison to humans the skeletal maturational ages forAu. sedibacorrespond to between 12.0 years and 15.0 years with a mean (SD) age of 13.1 (1.1) years. In comparison to the maturational pattern of chimpanzees theAu. sedibaindicators suggest a skeletal maturational age of 9–11 years. Based on either of these skeletal maturity estimates and the body length at death of MH1, an adult height of 150–156 cm is predicted.DiscussionWe conclude that the skeletal remains of MH1 are consistent with an ape‐like pattern of maturity when dental age estimates are also taken into consideration. This maturity schedule in australopiths is consistent with ape‐like estimates of age at death for the NariokotomeHomo erectusremains (KMN‐WT 15000), which are of similar postcranial immaturity to MH1. The findings suggest that humans may have distinctive and delayed post‐cranial schedules from australopiths andH. erectus, implicating a recent evolution of somatic and possibly life history strategies in human evolution.
Structure‐Selective Cation Exchange in the Synthesis of Zincblende MnS and CoS Nanocrystals
Authors: Fenton Julie L. , Schaak Raymond E. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe ability to selectively form one crystal structure among several options in a polymorphic system is an important goal in solid‐state synthesis. Nanocrystal cation exchange, which proceeds rapidly under mild conditions, can retain key structural features and yield otherwise inaccessible phases, but the extent to which crystal structure can be retained and therefore selectively targeted during such reactions has been limited. Here, we show that nanocrystals of digenite Cu2−xS transform to zincblende MnS and CoS upon cation exchange. Zincblende MnS and CoS, which are metastable in bulk, retain both the tetrahedral cation coordination and cubic close packed anion sublattice of digenite Cu2−xS. Comparison with wurtzite MnS and CoS, which have been accessed previously through analogous cation exchange of roxbyite Cu2−xS, demonstrates the selective formation of the related zincblende vs. wurtzite polymorphs by cation exchange of structurally distinct templates.
Fullerene C70 as a Nanoflask that Reveals the Chemical Reactivity of Atomic Nitrogen
Authors: Morinaka Yuta , Zhang Rui , Sato Satoru , Nikawa Hidefumi , Kato Tatsuhisa , Furukawa Ko , Yamada Michio , Maeda Yutaka , Murata Michihisa , Wakamiya Atsushi , Nagase Shigeru , Akasaka Takeshi , Murata Yasujiro 
Published: May 2017

AbstractTo investigate the intrinsic reactivity of atomic nitrogen, which had previously been accomplished only by examining its decay in the gas phase using special equipment, a nitrogen atom was inserted into a series of molecule‐encapsulating C60 and C70 fullerenes. Among the studied endofullerenes, H2@C70 was able to encapsulate an additional nitrogen atom within the fullerene cage under radiofrequency plasma conditions. The product was analyzed by ESR spectroscopy and mass spectrometry in solution, which revealed that the nitrogen atom with a quartet ground state does not react but weakly interact with the H2 molecule, thus demonstrating the utility of such fullerenes as “nanoflasks”.
Tyrosine or Tryptophan? Modifying a Metalloradical Catalytic Site by Removal of the Cys–Tyr Cross‐Link in the Galactose 6‐Oxidase Homologue GlxA
Authors: Chaplin Amanda K. , Bernini Caterina , Sinicropi Adalgisa , Basosi Riccardo , Worrall Jonathan A. R. , Svistunenko Dimitri A. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe concerted redox action of a metal ion and an organic cofactor is a unique way to maximize the catalytic power of an enzyme. An example of such synergy is the fungal galactose 6‐oxidase, which has inspired the creation of biomimetic copper oxidation catalysts. Galactose 6‐oxidase and its bacterial homologue, GlxA, possess a metalloradical catalytic site that contains a free radical on a covalently linked Cys–Tyr and a copper atom. Such a catalytic site enables for the two‐electron oxidation of alcohols to aldehydes. When the ability to form the Cys–Tyr in GlxA is disrupted, a radical can still be formed. Surprisingly, the radical species is not the Tyr residue but rather a copper second‐coordination sphere Trp residue. This is demonstrated through the introduction of a new algorithm for Trp‐radical EPR spectra simulation. Our findings suggest a new mechanism of free‐radical transfer between aromatic residues and that the Cys–Tyr cross‐link prevents radical migration away from the catalytic site.
Preparation of Waterproof Organometal Halide Perovskite Photonic Crystal Beads
Authors: Chen Kun , Schünemann Stefan , Tüysüz Harun 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHerein, we report on an innovative method for the preparation of a series of organometal halide perovskite (OHP) photonic crystal beads with pronounced and tunable photonic stop bands by using self‐assembled polystyrene spheres as a mold. After infiltration of the mold with OHP precursor solution and slow drying, the OHPs crystallized in the voids of the polystyrene arrays. By controlling the diameter of the polystyrene spheres, the photonic stop band of the OHPs could be precisely tuned. The overlap between the photonic stop band of the beads and the band gap of the OHPs enhances the light harvesting of the perovskite because of the slow photon effect, which arises from the photonic crystal beads. Moreover, the stability of the composite was greatly enhanced by coating with the transparent polymer PDMS without blocking the light propagation. The coated OHP photonic beads kept their composition even after having been in contact with water for 24 h.
A Hybrid Nanomaterial for the Controlled Generation of Free Radicals and Oxidative Destruction of Hypoxic Cancer Cells
Authors: Shen Song , Zhu Chunlei , Huo Da , Yang Miaoxin , Xue Jiajia , Xia Younan 
Published: May 2017

AbstractAnticancer modalities based on oxygen free radicals, including photodynamic therapy and radiotherapy, have emerged as promising treatments in the clinic. However, the hypoxic environment in tumor tissue prevents the formation of oxygen free radicals. Here we introduce a novel strategy that employs oxygen‐independent free radicals generated from a polymerization initiator for eradicating cancer cells. The initiator is mixed with a phase‐change material and loaded into the cavities of gold nanocages. Upon irradiation by a near‐infrared laser, the phase‐change material is melted due to the photothermal effect of gold nanocages, leading to the release and decomposition of the loaded initiator to generate free radicals. The free radicals produced in this way are highly effective in inducing apoptosis in hypoxic cancer cells.
Facile Access to NaOC≡As and Its Use as an Arsenic Source To Form Germylidenylarsinidene Complexes
Authors: Yao Shenglai , Grossheim Yves , Kostenko Arseni , Ballestero‐Martínez Ernesto , Schutte Stefan , Bispinghoff Mark , Grützmacher Hansjörg , Driess Matthias 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA facile, one‐pot synthesis of [Na(OC≡As)(dioxane)x] (x=2.3–3.3) in 78 % yield is reported through the reaction of arsine gas with dimethylcarbonate in the presence of NaOtBu and 1,4‐dioxane. It has been employed for the synthesis of the first arsaketenyl‐functionalized germylene [LGeAsCO] (2, L=CH[CMeN(Dipp)]2; Dipp=2,6‐iPr2C6H3) from the reaction with LGeCl (1). Upon exposure to ambient light, 2 undergoes CO elimination to form the 1,3‐digerma‐2,4‐diarsacyclobutadiene [L2Ge2As2] (3), which contains a symmetric Ge2As2 ring with ylide‐like Ge=As bonds. Remarkably, the CO ligand located at the arsenic center of 2 can be exchanged with PPh3 or an N‐heterocyclic carbene iPrNHC donor (iPrNHC=1,3‐diisopropyl‐4,5‐dimethylimidazol‐2‐ylidene) to afford the novel germylidenylarsinidene complexes [LGe‐AsPPh3] (4) and [LGe‐As(iPrNHC)] (5), respectively, demonstrating transition‐metal‐like ligand substitution at the arsinidene‐like As atom. The formation of 2–5 and their electronic structures have been studied by DFT calculations.
Enantioselective Dearomative Difunctionalization of Indoles by Palladium‐Catalyzed Heck/Sonogashira Sequence
Authors: Liu Ren‐Rong , Wang Yong‐Gang , Li Ying‐Long , Huang Bing‐Bing , Liang Ren‐Xiao , Jia Yi‐Xia 
Published: May 2017

AbstractPalladium‐catalyzed enantioselective dearomative arylalkynylation of N‐substituted indoles, through a Heck/Sonogashira sequence, was established using a new BINOL‐based phosphoramidite as the chiral ligand. A wide range of 2,3‐disubstituted indolines, bearing vicinal quaternary and tertiary stereocenters, were efficiently constructed in one step with excellent enantioselectivities (up to 97 % ee) and diastereoselectivities (>20:1).
Self‐Optimization of the Active Site of Molybdenum Disulfide by an Irreversible Phase Transition during Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution
Authors: Wang Longlu , Liu Xia , Luo Jinming , Duan Xidong , Crittenden John , Liu Chengbin , Zhang Shuqu , Pei Yong , Zeng Yunxiong , Duan Xiangfeng 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe metallic 1T‐MoS2 has attracted considerable attention as an effective catalyst for hydrogen evolution reactions (HERs). However, the fundamental mechanism about the catalytic activity of 1T‐MoS2 and the associated phase evolution remain elusive and controversial. Herein, we prepared the most stable 1T‐MoS2 by hydrothermal exfoliation of MoS2 nanosheets vertically rooted into rigid one‐dimensional TiO2 nanofibers. The 1T‐MoS2 can keep highly stable over one year, presenting an ideal model system for investigating the HER catalytic activities as a function of the phase evolution. Both experimental studies and theoretical calculations suggest that 1T phase can be irreversibly transformed into a more active 1T′ phase as true active sites in photocatalytic HERs, resulting in a “catalytic site self‐optimization”. Hydrogen atom adsorption is the major driving force for this phase transition.
Resistance Controllability in Alkynylgold(III) Complex‐Based Resistive Memory for Flash‐Type Storage Applications
Authors: Wang Peng , Fang Yu , Jiang Jun , Ji Yujin , Li Youyong , Zheng Junwei , Xu Qingfeng , Lu Jianmei 
Published: May 2017

AbstractOwing to the demands of state‐of‐the‐art information technologies that are suitable for vast data storage, the necessity for organic memory device (OMD) materials is highlighted. However, OMDs based on metal complexes are limited to several types of transition‐metal complex systems containing nitrogen‐donor ligands. Herein, attempts are made to introduce novel alkynylgold(III) materials into memory devices with superior performance. In this respect, an alkynyl‐containing coumarin gold(III) complex, [(C19N5H11)Au−C≡C−C9H5O], has been synthesized and integrated into a sandwiched Al/[(C19N5H11)Au−C≡C−C9H5O]/indium tin oxide device. By precisely controlling the compliance current (Icc), the devices show different switching characteristics from flash‐type binary resistance switching (Icc≤10−3 A) to WORM‐type (WORM=write once read many times) ternary resistance switching (Icc=10−2 A). This work explores electrical gold(III) complex based memories for potential use in organic electronics.
Enhanced Fluorescence Imaging and Photodynamic Cancer Therapy Using Hollow Mesoporous Nanocontainers
Authors: Hong Suk ho , Kim Hyunjin , Choi Yongdoo 
Published: May 2017

AbstractHere we show that “off‐on” type of photodynamic therapy agents could be developed using hollow mesoporous silica nanoparticles (HMSNPs), which can be used not only for enhancing delivery of photosensitizers to cancer cells but also for enabling switchable optical properties of the photosensitizers. Fluorescence and singlet oxygen generation of the photosensitizer‐loaded HMSNP are turned off in its native state. In vitro cell studies showed that this HMSNP‐based “off‐on” agent may have potential utility in selective fluorescence detection and photodynamic therapy of cancers.
Lateral Extension of a Benzodithiophene System: Construction of Heteroacenes Containing Various Chalcogens
Authors: Wei Jichang , Meng Dong , Zhang Lei , Wang Zhaohui 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA series of linear acenes with five fused rings, which contain thiophene, selenophene, and tellurophene as the outmost rings, have been synthesized from well‐known benzodithiophene (BDT). It was found that the optical, electrochemical properties and crystal packing motifs could be modulated by changing heteroatoms in the outmost rings.
Joint analysis of longitudinal and survival AIDS data with a spatial fraction of long‐term survivors: A Bayesian approach
Authors: Martins Rui , Silva Giovani L. , Andreozzi Valeska 
Published: May 2017

AbstractA typical survival analysis with time‐dependent covariates usually does not take into account the possible random fluctuations or the contamination by measurement errors of the variables. Ignoring these sources of randomness may cause bias in the estimates of the model parameters. One possible way for overcoming that limitation is to consider a longitudinal model for the time‐varying covariates jointly with a survival model for the time to the event of interest, thereby taking advantage of the complementary information flowing between these two‐model outcomes. We employ here a Bayesian hierarchical approach to jointly model spatial‐clustered survival data with a fraction of long‐term survivors along with the repeated measurements of CD4+T lymphocyte counts for a random sample of 500 HIV/AIDS individuals collected in all the 27 states of Brazil during the period 2002–2006. The proposed Bayesian joint model comprises two parts: on the one hand, a flexible model using Penalized Splines to better capture the nonlinear behavior of the different CD4 profiles over time; on the other hand, a spatial cure model to cope with the set of long‐term survivor individuals. Our findings show that joint models considering this set of patients were the ones with the best performance comparatively to the more traditional survival approach. Moreover, the use of spatial frailties allowed us to map the heterogeneity in the disease risk among the Brazilian states.
Development of an optical system for the non‐invasive tracking of stem cell growth on microcarriers
Authors: Odeleye Akinlolu Oyekunle Oluseun , Castillo‐Avila Sara , Boon Mathew , Martin Haydn , Coopman Karen 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTThe emergence of medicinal indications for stem cell therapies has seen a need to develop the manufacturing capacity for adherent cells such as mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). One such development is in the use of microcarriers, which facilitate enhanced cell densities for adherent stem cell cultures when compared with 2D culture platforms. Given the variety of stem cell expansion systems commercially available, novel methods of non‐invasive and automated monitoring of cell number, confluence, and aggregation, within disparate environments, will become imperative to process control, ensuring reliable and consistent performance. The in situ epi‐illumination of mouse embryonic fibroblasts and human mesenchymal stem cells attached to Cytodex 1 and 3 microcarriers was achieved using a bespoke microscope. Robust image processing techniques were developed to provide quantitative measurements of confluence, aggregate recognition, and cell number, without the need for fluorescent labeling or cell detachment. Large datasets of cells counted on individual microcarriers were statistically analyzed and compared with NucleoCounter measurements, with an average difference of less than 7% observed from days 0 to 6 of a 12‐day culture noted, prior to the onset of aggregation. The developed image acquisition system and post‐processing methodologies were successfully applied to dynamically moving colonized microcarriers. The proposed system offers a novel method of cell identification at the individual level, to consistently and accurately assess viable cell number, confluence, and cell distribution, while also minimizing the variability inherent in the current invasive means by which cells adhered to microcarriers are analyzed. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2017;114: 2032–2042. © 2017 The Authors. Biotechnology and Bioengineering Published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.