bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Le stress scolaire au collège et au lycée : différences entre filles et garçons
Authors: Esparbès-Pistre Sylvie , Bergonnier-Dupuy Geneviève , Cazenave-Tapie Pascal 
Published: January 2016

L’objectif de cette étude transversale est d’analyser le stress scolaire au collège et au lycée selon la classe et le sexe, pour améliorer les conditions de travail des élèves et leur bien-être scolaire. Les classes dites de transition (6eet 2de) sont-elles plus stressantes que celles dites d’évaluation (3e, 1reet terminale)? Les filles, supposées plus émotives que les garçons, sont-elles plus stressées à chaque niveau d’études? Une population de 1130 élèves (704 filles et 426 garçons), de la sixième (de 10 à 11 ans) à la terminale (18 à 20 ans), a répondu à un questionnaire socioculturel et à l’Échelle toulousaine de stress perçu. Les résultats montrent qu’un élève sur trois est très stressé par le collège ou le lycée, et l’on observe une augmentation du degré de stress de la sixième à la terminale. Les filles sont plus stressées par la situation scolaire que les garçons, quelle que soit la classe, et leur niveau de stress est bien plus fort. Des études complémentaires éclairant les ressorts d’un tel constat devraient conduire à l’adoption de mesures appropriées visant à prévenir le stress scolaire et à améliorer le bien-être à l’école de tous les élèves.
Stress scolaire, soutien social et burnout à l’adolescence : quelles relations?
Authors: Meylan Nicolas , Doudin Pierre-André , Curchod-Ruedi Denise , Antonietti Jean-Philippe , Stephan Philippe 
Published: January 2016

Récemment décrit comme un syndrome d’épuisement, de cynisme et d’inadéquation à l’école, le burnout scolaire suscite un intérêt grandissant parmi les professionnels de l’école. Ce phénomène a été associé à plusieurs variables comme le stress scolaire et le soutien social fourni par les parents et les enseignants. Cependant, nous en savons encore peu sur la façon dont ces variables interagissent. L’objectif de notre étude est d’explorer les effets modérateurs et médiateurs du stress scolaire et du soutien social afin de mieux comprendre leurs liens avec le burnout scolaire. Un questionnaire évaluant ces variables a été rempli par 441 adolescents de Suisse francophone. Tout d’abord, les analyses montrent que le soutien social ne modère pas l’effet du stress sur le burnout scolaire. Ensuite, il apparaît que le stress scolaire a un effet médiateur dans la relation entre le soutien social et le burnout scolaire. De plus, cet effet varie selon la source de soutien. D’une part, le stress médiatise partiellement la relation entre le soutien des parents et le burnout scolaire. D’autre part, le stress médiatise complètement le lien entre le soutien des enseignants et le burnout scolaire. Ainsi, il semblerait que les adolescents bénéficiant d’un bon niveau de soutien des parents et des enseignants perçoivent les exigences scolaires comme moins stressantes, ce qui diminue le risque de burnout.
Chemicals without Harm
Authors: Geiser Ken 
Published: January 2016

A proposal for a new chemicals strategy: that we work to develop safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals rather than focusing exclusively on controlling them.
Today, there are thousands of synthetic chemicals used to make our clothing, cosmetics, household products, electronic devices, even our children's toys. Many of these chemicals help us live longer and more comfortable lives, but some of these highly useful chemicals are also persistent, toxic, and dangerous to our health and the environment. For fifty years, the conventional approach to hazardous chemicals has focused on regulation, barriers, and protection. In Chemicals without Harm, Ken Geiser proposes a different strategy, based on developing and adopting safer alternatives to hazardous chemicals rather than focusing exclusively on controlling them.
Geiser reviews past government policies focused on controlling chemicals, describes government initiatives outside the United States that have begun to implement a more sustainable chemical policy, and offers an overview of the chemicals industry and market. He develops a safer chemicals policy framework that includes processes for characterizing, classifying, and prioritizing chemicals; generating and using new chemical information; and promoting transitions to safer chemicals.
The shift in strategy described by Geiser will require broad changes in science, the chemicals economy, and government policy. Geiser shows that it is already beginning, identifying an emerging movement of scientists, corporate managers, environmental activists, and government leaders who are fashioning a new, twenty-first-century approach to chemicals.
Situated Intervention
Authors: Zuiderent-Jerak Teun 
Published: January 2016

An exploration of sociological research that is neither “detached” nor “engaged”; a new approach to sociological knowledge production, with examples from health care.
In this book, Teun Zuiderent-Jerak considers how the direct involvement of social scientists in the practices they study can lead to the production of sociological knowledge. Neither “detached” sociological scholarship nor “engaged” social science, this new approach to sociological research brings together two activities often viewed as belonging to different realms: intervening in practices and furthering scholarly understanding of them.
Just as the natural sciences benefited from broadening their scholarship from theorizing to experiment, so too could the social sciences. Additionally, Zuiderent-Jerak points out, rather than proceeding from a pre-set normative agenda, scholarly intervention allows for the experimental production of normativity. Scholars are far from detached, but still may be surprised by the normative outcomes of the interactions within the experiment.
Zuiderent-Jerak illustrates situated intervention research with a series of examples drawn from health care. Among the topics addressed are patient compliance in hemophilia home care, the organization of oncology care and the value of situated standardization, the relationship between standardization and patient centeredness, the development of patient-centered pathways, value-driven and savings-driven approaches to the construction of health care markets, and multiple ontologies of safety in care for older adults.
Finally, returning to the question of normativity in sociological research, Zuiderent-Jerak proposes an ethics of specificity according to which research adapts its sociological responses to the practices studied. Sociology not only has more to offer to the practices it studies; it also has more to learn from them.
Characterization of molecular beam epitaxy grown β-Nb2N films and AlN/β-Nb2N heterojunctions on 6H-SiC substrates
Authors: Nepal Neeraj , Katzer D. Scott , Meyer David J. , Downey Brian P. , Wheeler Virginia D. , Storm David F. , Hardy Matthew T. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
β-Nb2N films and AlN/β-Nb2N heterojunctions were grown by molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) on 6H-SiC. The epitaxial nature and β-Nb2N phase were determined by symmetric and asymmetric high-resolution X-ray diffraction (HRXRD) measurements, and were confirmed by grazing incidence diffraction measurements using synchrotron photons. Measured lattice parameters and the in-plane stress of β-Nb2N on 6H-SiC were c = 5.0194 Å, a = 3.0558 Å, and 0.2 GPa, respectively. The HRXRD, transmission electron microscopy, and Raman spectroscopy revealing epitaxial growth of AlN/β-Nb2N heterojunctions have identical orientations with the substrate, abrupt interfaces, and bi-axial stress of 0.88 GPa, respectively. The current finding opens up possibilities for the next generation of high-power devices that cannot be fabricated at present.
Collimated microfiber spectroscopy for optical characterization of disordered porous anodic alumina
Authors: Yoneda Satoshi , Kimura Saho , Yamaguchi Akira , Kimura Daiki , Ohkoshi Yutaka , Yamanaka Shigeru , Usami Hisanao 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
A novel collimated microfiber spectroscopy technique using an optical fiber probe with microball lens was developed to observe the photonic crystalline characteristics of porous anodized alumina (PAA) slabs with disordered arrays of holes. Transmittance spectra of the PAA slab observed by the microfiber probe with ball lens showed a broad valley at ∼410 nm; conversely, no significant valley was observed by an ordinary microfiber spectroscope without ball lens. The broad valley was comparable with that observed in a spectrum simulated for a model based on a scanning electron microscopy image of the PAA slab by using the finite-difference time-domain method.
Construction of coaxial ZnSe/ZnO p–n junctions and their photovoltaic applications
Authors: Zhang Xiwei , Meng Dan , Hu Dan , Tang Zhenjie , Niu Xiaoping , Yu Fengjun , Ju Lin 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Coaxial ZnSe/ZnO nanostructures were fabricated by coating a ZnO thin film on the surface of presynthesized p-type ZnSe 1D nanostructures by a sputtering method. Owing to the n-type behavior of ZnO resulting from intrinsic defects, coaxial ZnSe/ZnO p–n junctions were realized and showed a pronounced rectifying behavior. Photovoltaic devices based on the coaxial ZnSe/ZnO p–n junction showed a power conversion efficiency of 1.24% and a large open-circuit voltage of 0.87 V under UV light. The large bandgaps of ZnSe and ZnO and the high quality of the ZnSe/ZnO interface were considered to be related to the high performance of the devices.
Focusing dynamics of finite-sized particles in confined microfluidic channels
Authors: Xiang Nan , Huang Di , Cheng Jie , Chen Ke , Zhang Xinjie , Tang Wenlai , Ni Zhonghua 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We investigated the focusing dynamics of finite-sized particles in spiral microfluidic channels. The experimental results demonstrated that, unlike for the dynamics of point-sized particles, the Dean flow contributes little to the lateral migration of finite-sized particles. With interests in applying inertial focusing to biomedical applications, the dynamics of finite-sized tumor cells with an added deformability feature were explored and compared with the dynamics of rigid particles. It was found that the deformation of the cells would slow down the inward shifting of the focused cell array. This improved understanding may serve as an important supplement to the knowledge of existing inertial focusing mechanisms.
Low-temperature annealing behavior of iron-related deep levels in n-type silicon wafers
Authors: Onaka-Masada Ayumi , Kadono Takeshi , Mitsugi Noritomo , Kurita Kazunari 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The iron-related deep levels in n-type silicon and their thermal stabilities were investigated by deep-level transient spectroscopy (DLTS). Three deep energy levels at E
c − 0.35, E
c − 0.41, and E
c − 0.48 eV were observed and classified into two types from the annealing behavior at room temperature and a low temperature of 200 °C. We found for the first time that only one iron-related deep level at E
c − 0.35 eV was highly stable at room temperature and 200 °C, while other iron-related deep levels were unstable. We also found that the concentration of the deep energy level at E
c − 0.41 eV gradually decreased at room temperature. These results suggest that the origin of the thermally stable level at E
c − 0.35 eV is attributed to the substitutional iron-related level, and those of the thermally unstable levels at E
c − 0.41 and E
c − 0.48 eV are attributed to interstitial iron-related complexes such as iron-acceptor pairs in p-type silicon.
Ex Vivo Assessment of Sentinel Lymph Nodes in Breast Cancer Using Shear Wave Elastography
Authors: Kilic Fahrettin , Velidedeoglu Mehmet , Ozturk Tulin , Kandemirli Sedat Giray , Dikici Atilla Suleyman , Er Mehmet Emin , Aydogan Fatih , Kantarci Fatih , Yilmaz Mehmet Halit 
Published: January 2016

ObjectivesAxillary lymph node status is one of the important prognostic factors in early‐stage breast cancer. Despite the combined use of sonography, fine‐needle aspiration, and sentinel lymph node (SLN) dissection, there is a gap between the potential effectiveness of those techniques and current success to determine the axillary lymph node status. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the baseline accuracy of shear wave elastography for differentiation of benign versus malignant SLNs in an ex vivo artifact‐free environment.MethodsThirty patients with breast cancer scheduled for SLN dissection were enrolled prospectively after informed consent and Institutional Review Board approval were obtained. After dissection, lymph nodes were embedded in ultrasound gel and examined with grayscale sonography and shear wave elastography. Findings were compared to histopathologic results.ResultsA total of 64 SLNs obtained from the 30 patients were evaluated. Twelve of them (18.8%) were metastatic, and 52 (81.2%) were benign. The mean cortical thickness (benign versus metastatic, 1.6 versus 4.4 mm), short‐axis length (4.63 versus 7.50 mm), cortical stiffness (10.7 versus 25.5 kPa), and hilar stiffness (7.5 versus 11.3 kPa) were statistically higher in metastatic lymph nodes (P ≤ .02). Area under the receiver operator characteristic curve values for these variables were 0.814, 0.768, 0.786, and 0.759, respectively. Cortical thickness was found to have the highest diagnostic performance, followed by cortical stiffness.ConclusionsShear wave elastography can be used with grayscale sonography for evaluation of cases to decide on needle biopsy sampling. However, it cannot be used as a replacement for fine‐needle aspiration or SLN dissection.
The northward march of summer low cloudiness along the California coast
Authors: Clemesha Rachel E. S. , Gershunov Alexander , Iacobellis Sam F. , Williams A. Park , Cayan Daniel R. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractA new satellite‐derived low cloud retrieval reveals rich spatial texture and coherent space‐time propagation in summertime California coastal low cloudiness (CLC). Throughout the region, CLC is greatest during May–September but has considerable monthly variability within this summer season. On average, June is cloudiest along the coast of southern California and northern Baja, Mexico, while July is cloudiest along northern California's coast. Over the course of the summer, the core of peak CLC migrates northward along coastal California, reaching its northernmost extent in late July/early August, then recedes while weakening. The timing and movement of the CLC climatological structure is related to the summer evolution of lower tropospheric stability and both its component parts, sea surface temperature and potential temperature at 700 hPa. The roughly coincident seasonal timing of peak CLC with peak summertime temperatures translates into the strongest heat‐modulating capacity of CLC along California's north coast.
Reconstruction of long‐term aerosol optical depth series with sunshine duration records
Authors: Sanchez‐Romero A. , Sanchez‐Lorenzo A. , González J. A. , Calbó J. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe report the suitability of sunshine duration (SD) records as a proxy for the reconstruction of atmospheric aerosol content, for which little information exists, especially prior to the 1980s. Specifically, we have treated cloudless summer days in 16 stations throughout Spain. For almost all sites we find statistically significant relationships between aerosol optical depth (AOD) and daily SD. The correlation coefficient presents a mean value of −0.72, and slope values of the linear regressions are within the range [−0.11, −0.36]. The relationships are used to generate AOD series back to the 1960s (to the 1920s for Madrid). These reconstructed series show an increase in AOD from the mid‐1960s to the 1980s, followed by a decrease until the present, in agreement with changes in anthropogenic aerosol emissions and with opposite trends of solar irradiance. The method can be used to reconstruct AOD from the late nineteenth century at many stations worldwide.
Unsolved problems in plasmasphere refilling
Authors: Gallagher D. L. , Comfort R. H. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe plasmasphere is a cold (~1 eV) plasma at middle to low magnetic latitudes surrounding the Earth. Its shape is dominated by Earth's magnetic field and its cross‐field motion is dominated by electric fields. It is a highly coupled part of the inner magnetosphere. Storm time conditions erode the outer plasmasphere, transporting that plasma into the dayside magnetosheath region, leaving behind a region of greatly reduced plasma density that will refill from ionospheric outflow. The processes involved in refilling remain incompletely understood. In this commentary, outstanding questions about plasmaspheric refilling are summarized in the context of recent publications.
Baseline results of the NeuroNEXT spinal muscular atrophy infant biomarker study
Authors: Kolb Stephen J. , Coffey Christopher S. , Yankey Jon W. , Krosschell Kristin , Arnold W. David , Rutkove Seward B. , Swoboda Kathryn J. , Reyna Sandra P. , Sakonju Ai , Darras Basil T. , Shell Richard , Kuntz Nancy , Castro Diana , Iannaccone Susan T. , Parsons Julie , Connolly Anne M. , Chiriboga Claudia A. , McDonald Craig , Burnette W. Bryan , Werner Klaus , Thangarajh Mathula , Shieh Perry B. , Finanger Erika , Cudkowicz Merit E. , McGovern Michelle M. , McNeil D. Elizabeth , Finkel Richard , Kaye Edward , Kingsley Allison , Renusch Samantha R. , McGovern Vicki L. , Wang Xueqian , Zaworski Phillip G. , Prior Thomas W. , Burghes Arthur H.M. , Bartlett Amy , Kissel John T. ,   the NeuroNEXT Clinical Trial Network and on behalf of the NN101 SMA Biomarker Investigators
Published: January 2016

AbstractObjectiveThis study prospectively assessed putative promising biomarkers for use in assessing infants with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA).MethodsThis prospective, multi‐center natural history study targeted the enrollment of SMA infants and healthy control infants less than 6 months of age. Recruitment occurred at 14 centers within the NINDS National Network for Excellence in Neuroscience Clinical Trials (NeuroNEXT) Network. Infant motor function scales and putative electrophysiological, protein and molecular biomarkers were assessed at baseline and subsequent visits.ResultsEnrollment began November, 2012 and ended September, 2014 with 26 SMA infants and 27 healthy infants enrolled. Baseline demographic characteristics of the SMA and control infant cohorts aligned well. Motor function as assessed by the Test for Infant Motor Performance Items (TIMPSI) and the Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders (CHOP‐INTEND) revealed significant differences between the SMA and control infants at baseline. Ulnar compound muscle action potential amplitude (CMAP) in SMA infants (1.4 ± 2.2 mV) was significantly reduced compared to controls (5.5 ± 2.0 mV). Electrical impedance myography (EIM) high‐frequency reactance slope (Ohms/MHz) was significantly higher in SMA infants than controls SMA infants had lower survival motor neuron (SMN) mRNA levels in blood than controls, and several serum protein analytes were altered between cohorts.InterpretationBy the time infants were recruited and presented for the baseline visit, SMA infants had reduced motor function compared to controls. Ulnar CMAP, EIM, blood SMN mRNA levels, and serum protein analytes were able to distinguish between cohorts at the enrollment visit.
A cross‐sectional survey of occupational history as a wildland firefighter and health
Authors: Semmens Erin O. , Domitrovich Joseph , Conway Kathrene , Noonan Curtis W. 
Published: January 2016

BackgroundLittle is known regarding the impact of long‐term wildland firefighting on health. Our objective was to investigate associations between duration of wildland firefighting experience and the prevalence of self‐reported health outcomes.MethodsWe ascertained employment, health, and demographic information on 499 current wildland firefighters (WLFFs) via questionnaire.ResultsRelative to those with less than 10 years of experience as a WLFF, those with 10–19 years of experience had significantly greater odds of having ever been diagnosed with hypertension, as did those with 20 or more years of experience. Significant associations were observed for report of physician‐diagnosed heart arrhythmia and previous knee surgery.ConclusionsWe observed significant links between a greater number of years as a WLFF and self‐report of two subclinical cardiovascular risk factors as well as markers of musculoskeletal health. Additional studies are needed to determine if findings can be generalized to all WLFFs. Am. J. Ind. Med. 59:330–335, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Dissolution of starch in urea/NaOH aqueous solutions
Authors: Hu JianBo , Cheng Fei , Lin Yi , Zhao Kang , Zhu PuXin 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTDissolution of starch in urea/NaOH aqueous solutions was studied by using polarizing microscope and viscometry. The experimental results revealed that starch could dissolve in urea (2–20 wt %) and NaOH (10–1 wt %) aqueous solutions at temperature ranging from −12 to 25 °C, where the optimized dissolution condition was in the aqueous solution of mixed urea 14% and NaOH 4% at 0 °C for 30 min or above. Under the conditions, the starch solubility could be 99.0 and 92.1% as the starch weight percent was 1 and 10%, respectively. Measurements for the molecular weight and amylose content of the starch before and after the dissolution indicated that there was no serious degradation during the process. The results from determinations of X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared, and rapid visco analysis revealed that the recovered starch from the starch solutions was an amorphous solid with a part of V‐type pattern (single‐helix). The urea/NaOH aqueous solvent may have potential significance for starch processing and modification. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43390.
Solid‐state polymerization and characterization of a copolyamide based on adipic acid, 1,4‐butanediamine, and 2,5‐furandicarboxylic acid
Authors: Endah Yohana Kurnia , Han Sang Hoon , Kim Jae Hoon , Kim Nak‐Kyoon , Kim Woo Nyon , Lee Hong‐Shik , Lee Hyunjoo 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT2,5‐Furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) is a promising biobased alternative material to terephthalic acid. In this study, three types of poly(butylene adipamide) (PA‐4,6) containing 10, 20, and 30 mol % of poly(butylene‐2,5‐furandicarboxylamide) (PA‐4,F) were synthesized through consecutive prepolymerization and solid‐state polymerization (SSP). The incorporation of a 10 mol % PA‐4,F component into PA‐4,6 resulted in slight increases in the intrinsic viscosity (IV) and glass‐transition temperature (Tg) after 12 h of SSP at 220 °C. When the SSP temperature and reaction time increased, IV increased proportionally. The highest IV value of 0.75 was obtained by 48 h of SSP at 240 °C, whereas increases in the PA‐4,F content to 20 and 30 mol % gave rise to decreases in IV, Tg, and melting temperature; this interrupted the increase in SSP temperature. The thermal decomposition temperature of the PA‐4,F‐incorporated polyamide was lower than that with PA‐4,6 because of the lower thermal stability of the FDCA component. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2016, 133, 43391.