bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence at Verteba Cave, Ukraine: New insights into the Late Neolithic intergroup conflict
Authors: Madden G.D. , Karsten J.K. , Ledogar S.H. , Schmidt R. , Sokhatsky M.P. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMany researchers have pointed to the huge “megasites” and construction of fortifications as evidence of intergroup hostilities among the Late Neolithic Tripolye archaeological culture. However, to date, very few skeletal remains have been analysed for the types of traumatic injury that serve as direct evidence for violent conflict. In this study, we examine trauma on human remains from the Tripolye site of Verteba Cave in western Ukraine. The remains of 36 individuals, including 25 crania, were buried in the gypsum cave as secondary interments. The frequency of cranial trauma is 30–44% among the 25 crania, 6 males, 4 females, and 1 adult of indeterminate sex displayed cranial trauma. Of the 18 total fractures, 10 were significantly large and penetrating, suggesting lethal force. Over half of the trauma is located on the posterior aspect of the crania, suggesting that the victims were attacked from behind. Sixteen of the fractures observed were perimortem and 2 were ante‐mortem. The distribution and characteristics of the fractures suggest that some of the Tripolye individuals buried at Verteba Cave were victims of a lethal surprise attack. Resources were limited due to population growth and migration, leading to conflict over resource access. It is hypothesised that during this time of change, burial in this cave aided in development of identity and ownership of the local territory.
Insulin injections and exercise scheduling for individuals with diabetes: An optimal control model
Authors: Al Helal Zahra , Rehbock Volker , Loxton Ryan 
Published: October 2017

SummaryThe aim of this paper is to promote the development of new biological models and the application of optimization methods to these models. Fast and cheap computing power allows for the ready implementation of increasingly complex dynamic models in biology. However, these models are normally developed in isolation, and their highly coupled nature can make it difficult to incorporate features from one model into another. In addition, there are many recent advances in numerical optimal control, which have not yet been applied to biological models. In this paper, we illustrate how an existing biological model can be extended to incorporate features from other models, and we demonstrate that numerical optimal control techniques can readily determine optimal strategies for managing the resulting system. In particular, we develop a new composite dynamic model for the blood glucose regulatory system by incorporating the effects of exercise and insulin injections into an existing model with 8 state variables. We formulate an optimal control problem, in which the aim is to determine optimal injection times, optimal injection volumes, and an optimal exercise regime to regulate the blood glucose level. A numerical approach, based on the concept of control parameterization and a time‐scaling transformation, is then developed for solving the optimal control problem. Numerical results for 5 scenarios show that optimal treatment regimes can be readily determined via the proposed approach.
Culturally responsive practice and the role of school administrators
Authors: Minkos Marlena L. , Sassu Kari A. , Gregory Jess L. , Patwa Shamim S. , Theodore Lea A. , Femc‐Bagwell Michele 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIn recent years, student populations within public schools in the United States have become increasingly diverse, both culturally and linguistically, and are projected to continue to grow in diversity in the future. Consequently, educators must be prepared to support the needs and education of students with multicultural backgrounds who may differ from them. School administrators play an important role in creating safe, accepting school environments and guiding the education of diverse student populations. However, there is a need for additional guidance for school leaders in cultivating schools that promote equity for all students. Using the National Policy Board for Educational Administration (NPBEA) Professional Standards for Educational Leaders as a guiding framework, this paper provides practical suggestions regarding culturally responsive strategies and practices that school administrators might employ in leading diverse school communities.
Trials and tribulations of designing multitasking catalysts for olefin/thiophene block copolymerizations
Authors: Souther Kendra D. , Leone Amanda K. , Vitek Andrew K. , Palermo Edmund F. , LaPointe Anne M. , Coates Geoffrey W. , Zimmerman Paul M. , McNeil Anne J. 
Published: October 2017

ABSTRACTBlock copolymers containing both insulating and conducting segments have been shown to exhibit improved charge transport properties and air stability. Nevertheless, their syntheses are challenging, relying on multiple post‐polymerization functionalization reactions and purifications. A simpler approach would be to synthesize the block copolymer in one pot using the same catalyst to enchain both monomers via distinct mechanisms. Such multitasking polymerization catalysts are rare, however, due to the challenges of finding a single catalyst that can mediate living, chain‐growth polymerizations for each monomer under similar conditions. Herein, a diimine‐ligated Ni catalyst is evaluated and optimized to produce block copolymer containing both 1‐pentene and 3‐hexylthiophene. The reaction mixture also contains both homopolymers, suggesting catalyst dissociation during and/or after the switch in mechanisms. Experimental and theoretical studies reveal a high energy switching step coupled with infrequent catalyst dissociation as the culprits for the low yield of copolymer. Combined, these studies highlight the challenges of identifying multitasking catalysts, and suggest that further tuning the reaction conditions (e.g., ancillary ligand structure and/or metal) is warranted for this specific copolymerization. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part A: Polym. Chem. 2018, 56, 132–137
High‐Fidelity Microstructural Characterization and Performance Modeling of Aluminized Composite Propellant
Authors: Kosiba Graham D. , Wixom Ryan R. , Oehlschlaeger Matthew A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractImage processing and stereological techniques were used to characterize the heterogeneity of composite propellant and inform a predictive burn rate model. Composite propellant samples made up of ammonium perchlorate (AP), hydroxyl‐terminated polybutadiene (HTPB), and aluminum (Al) were faced with an ion mill and imaged with a scanning electron microscope (SEM) and x‐ray tomography (micro‐CT). Properties of both the bulk and individual components of the composite propellant were determined from a variety of image processing tools. An algebraic model, based on the improved Beckstead‐Derr‐Price model developed by Cohen and Strand, was used to predict the steady‐state burning of the aluminized composite propellant. In the presented model the presence of aluminum particles within the propellant was introduced. The thermal effects of aluminum particles are accounted for at the solid‐gas propellant surface interface and aluminum combustion is considered in the gas phase using a single global reaction. Properties derived from image processing were used directly as model inputs, leading to a sample‐specific predictive combustion model.
Non‐linear Realizations and Higher Curvature Supergravity
Authors: Farakos F. , Ferrara S. , Kehagias A. , Lüst D. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractWe focus on non‐linear realizations of local supersymmetry as obtained by using constrained superfields in supergravity. New constraints, beyond those of rigid supersymmetry, are obtained whenever curvature multiplets are affected as well as higher derivative interactions are introduced. In particular, a new constraint, which removes a very massive gravitino is introduced, and in the rigid limit it merely reduces to an explicit supersymmetry breaking. Higher curvature supergravities free of ghosts and instabilities are also obtained in this way. Finally, we consider direct coupling of the goldstino multiplet to the super Gauss–Bonnet multiplet and discuss the emergence of a new scalar degree of freedom.
Interpreting geometric preferences in π‐stacking interactions through molecular orbital analysis
Authors: Lutz Patricia B. , Bayse Craig A. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractThe preference of π‐stacking interactions for parallel‐displaced (PD) and twisted (TW) conformations over the fully eclipsed sandwich (S) in small π‐stacked dimers of benzene, pyridine, pyrimidine, 1,3,5‐trifluorobenzene, and hexafluorobenzene are examined in terms of enhancement of the inter‐ring density through mixing of the monomer orbitals (MOs). PD and/or TW conformations are consistent with a non‐zero “stack bond order” (SBO), defined in analogy to the bond order of conventional MO theory, as the difference in the occupation of bonding and antibonding π‐type dimer MOs. In the S conformation, the equal number of bonding and antibonding MOs cancel overall stack bonding character between the monomers for an SBO of zero and an overall repulsive interaction. PD from the S shifts the character of at least one antibonding combination of monomer π‐type MOs with nodes perpendicular to the coordinate for PD to bonding, leading to an attractive nonzero SBO. The inter‐ring density measured through the Wiberg bond index analysis shows an enhancement at the PD conformations consistent with greater interpenetration of the monomer densities. This intuitive bonding model for π‐stacking interactions is complementary to highly accurate calculations of π‐stacking energies and allows a predictive understanding of relative stability using cheaper quantum chemical methods.
Strontium carbonate precipitation as a sample preparation technique for isotope ratio analysis of Sr in mineral water and wine by quadrupole‐based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Dronov Michail , Koza Tim , Schwiers Alexander , Schmidt Torsten C. , Schram Jürgen 
Published: October 2017

RationaleThe defined origin of food products is nowadays often seen as a marker of quality. Stontium (Sr) isotope ratio determination can be used to verify the origin of such food products and it has thus become an important technique. Wine samples in particular are often investigated using this technique. Sr isotopic ratio measurements are often disturbed by isobaric Rb interference, making a separation procedure necessary. In this investigation a very simple and effective procedure for the separation of Rb+ and Sr2+ ions for Sr isotope ratio determination in mineral water and wine samples was developed.MethodsThe classical Sr‐carbonate precipitation reaction for the separation of Sr2+ ions from highly soluble Rb+ ions was used. For liquid samples, such as mineral water or wine, a prior digestion is not required. This sample preparation procedure was successfully applied for Sr isotope measurements on a widely available quadrupole‐based inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP‐MS) device in combination with the Concentration‐Gradient‐Method (CGM).ResultsThe separation achieved Sr/Rb concentration ratios of 50,000 to 150,000 in water and wine samples. The addition of Ca2+ ions to co‐precipitate with the traces of Sr improved the Rb separation and the reproducibility of isotope ratio determination to an uncertainty of ±0.4 ‰ (single standard deviation). This sample preparation approach achieved 2 to 6 times better Rb separation than the commonly applied ion‐exchange resin materials.ConclusionsThe quality of the separation is only limited by the number of precipitation repetitions. Moreover, the applicability of quadrupole‐based ICP‐MS for the characterisation of samples with respect to their origin by means of Sr isotope ratio determination was demonstrated.
Feasibility of desorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for diagnosis of oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma
Authors: D'Hue Cedric , Moore Michael , Summerlin Don‐John , Jarmusch Alan , Alfaro Clint , Mantravadi Avinash , Bewley Arnaud , Gregory Farwell D. , Cooks R. Graham 
Published: October 2017

RationaleDesorption electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (DESI‐MS) has demonstrated utility in differentiating tumor from adjacent normal tissue in both urologic and neurosurgical specimens. We sought to evaluate if this technique had similar accuracy in differentiating oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) from adjacent normal epithelium due to current issues with late diagnosis of SCC in advanced stages.MethodsFresh frozen samples of SCC and adjacent normal tissue were obtained by surgical resection. Resections were analyzed using DESI‐MS sometimes by a blinded technologist. Normative spectra were obtained for separate regions containing SCC or adjacent normal epithelium. Principal Component Analysis and Linear Discriminant Analysis (PCA‐LDA) of spectra were used to predict SCC versus normal tongue epithelium. Predictions were compared with pathology to assess accuracy in differentiating oral SCC from adjacent normal tissue.ResultsInitial PCA score and loading plots showed clear separation of SCC and normal epithelial tissue using DESI‐MS. PCA‐LDA resulted in accuracy rates of 95% for SCC versus normal and 93% for SCC, adjacent normal and normal. Additional samples were blindly analyzed with PCA‐LDA pixel‐by‐pixel predicted classifications as SCC or normal tongue epithelial tissue and compared against histopathology. The m/z 700–900 prediction model showed a 91% accuracy rate.ConclusionsDESI‐MS accurately differentiated oral SCC from adjacent normal epithelium. Classification of all typical tissue types and pixel predictions with additional classifications should increase confidence in the validation model.
High‐precision determination of lithium and magnesium isotopes utilising single column separation and multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry
Authors: Bohlin Madeleine S. , Misra Sambuddha , Lloyd Nicholas , Elderfield Henry , Bickle Mike J. 
Published: October 2017

RationaleLi and Mg isotopes are increasingly used as a combined tool within the geosciences. However, established methods require separate sample purification protocols utilising several column separation procedures. This study presents a single‐step cation‐exchange method for quantitative separation of trace levels of Li and Mg from multiple sample matrices.MethodsThe column method utilises the macro‐porous AGMP‐50 resin and a high‐aspect ratio column, allowing quantitative separation of Li and Mg from natural waters, sediments, rocks and carbonate matrices following the same elution protocol. High‐precision isotope determination was conducted by multi‐collector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC‐ICPMS) on the Thermo Scientific™ NEPTUNE Plus™ fitted with 1013 Ω amplifiers which allow accurate and precise measurements at ion beams ≤0.51 V.ResultsSub‐nanogram Li samples (0.3–0.5 ng) were regularly separated (yielding Mg masses of 1–70 μg) using the presented column method. The total sample consumption during isotopic analysis is <0.5 ng Li and <115 ng Mg with long‐term external 2σ precisions of ±0.39‰ for δ7Li and ±0.07‰ for δ26Mg. The results for geological reference standards and seawater analysed by our method are in excellent agreement with published values despite the order of magnitude lower sample consumption.ConclusionsThe possibility of eluting small sample masses and the low analytical sample consumption make this method ideal for samples of limited mass or low Li concentration, such as foraminifera, mineral separates or dilute river waters.
Habitat fragmentation has interactive effects on the population genetic diversity and individual behaviour of a freshwater salmonid fish
Authors: Van Leeuwen Casper H.A. , Dalen Kristine , Museth Jon , Junge Claudia , Vøllestad L. Asbjørn 
Published: October 2017

AbstractSufficient genetic diversity can aid populations to persist in dynamic and fragmented environments. Understanding which mechanisms regulate genetic diversity of riverine fish can therefore advance current conservation strategies. The aim of this study was to investigate how habitat fragmentation interacted with population genetic diversity and individual behaviour of freshwater fish in large river systems. We studied a population of the long‐distance migratory, iteroparous freshwater salmonid European grayling (Thymallus thymallus) in south‐eastern Norway. Genotyping (n = 527) and radio‐tracking (n = 54) of adult fish throughout a 169‐km river section revealed three major migration barriers limiting gene flow and depleting genetic diversity upstream. Individuals from upstream areas that had dispersed downstream of barriers showed different movement behaviour than local genotypes. No natal philopatry was found in a large unfragmented river section, in contrast to strong fidelity to spawning tributaries known for individuals overwintering in lakes. We conclude that (a) upstream sub‐populations in fragmented rivers show less genetic variation, making it less likely for them to adapt to environmental changes; (b) fish with distinct genotypes in the same habitat can differ in their behaviour; (c) spawning site selection (natal philopatry) can differ between fish of the same species living in different habitats. Together this implies that habitat loss and fragmentation may differently affect individual fish of the same species if they live in different types or sections of habitat. Studying behaviour and genetic diversity of fish can unravel their complex ecology and help minimize human impact.
Formation of N‐Doped Carbon‐Coated ZnO/ZnCo2O4/CuCo2O4 Derived from a Polymetallic Metal–Organic Framework: Toward High‐Rate and Long‐Cycle‐Life Lithium Storage
Authors: Niu Ji‐Liang , Zeng Cheng‐Hui , Peng Hai‐Jun , Lin Xiao‐Ming , Sathishkumar Palanivel , Cai Yue‐Peng 
Published: October 2017

AbstractMetal–organic frameworks (MOFs) are very promising self‐sacrificing templates for the large‐scale fabrication of new functional materials owing to their versatile functionalities and tunable porosities. Most conventional metal oxide electrodes derived from MOFs are limited by the low abundance of incorporated metal elements. This study reports a new strategy for the synthesis of multicomponent active metal oxides by the pyrolysis of polymetallic MOF precursors. A hollow N‐doped carbon‐coated ZnO/ZnCo2O4/CuCo2O4 nanohybrid is prepared by the thermal annealing of a polymetallic MOF with ammonium bicarbonate as a pore‐forming agent. This is the first report on the rational design and preparation of a hybrid composed of three active metal oxide components originating from MOF precursors. Interestingly, as a lithium‐ion battery anode, the developed electrode delivers a reversible capacity of 1742 mAh g−1 after 500 cycles at a current density of 0.3 mA g−1. Furthermore, the material shows large storage capacities (1009 and 667 mAh g−1), even at high current flow (3 and 10 A g−1). The remarkable high‐rate capability and outstanding long‐life cycling stability of the multidoped metal oxide benefits from the carbon‐coated integrated nanostructure with a hollow interior and the three active metal oxide components.
Finding an effective classification technique to develop a software team composition model
Authors: Gilal Abdul Rehman , Jaafar Jafreezal , Capretz Luiz Fernando , Omar Mazni , Basri Shuib , Aziz Izzatdin Abdul 
Published: October 2017

AbstractIneffective software team composition has become recognized as a prominent aspect of software project failures. Reports from results extracted from different theoretical personality models have produced contradicting fits, validity challenges, and missing guidance during software development personnel selection. It is also believed that the technique/s used while developing a model can impact the overall results. Thus, this study aims to (1) discover an effective classification technique to solve the problem and (2) develop a model for composition of the software development team. The model developed was composed of 3 predictors: team role, personality types, and gender variables; it also contained 1 outcome: team performance variable. The techniques used for model development were logistic regression, decision tree, and rough sets theory (RST). Higher prediction accuracy and reduced pattern complexity were the 2 parameters for selecting the effective technique. Based on the results, the Johnson algorithm (JA) of RST appeared to be an effective technique for a team composition model. The study has proposed a set of 24 decision rules for finding effective team members. These rules involve gender classification to highlight the appropriate personality profile for software developers. In the end, this study concludes that selecting an appropriate classification technique is one of the most important factors in developing effective models.
Analysis of morphological variability in the clam shrimp Eosestheria middendorfii (Crustacea, Spinicaudata) from the Lower Cretaceous of China, and its implications for spinicaudatan taxonomy
Authors: Hethke Manja , Fürsich Franz T. , Morton Jacob D. , Jiang Baoyu 
Published: October 2017

AbstractUnresolved taxonomic issues regarding spinicaudatans, clam shrimps that formed the most abundant faunal element in the lacustrine Barremian to Aptian Yixian Formation, have hampered palaeoecological and evolutionary interpretations of this key fossil group. Here, we analyse morphological variability in East Asian clam‐shrimp taxa by quantifying: (1) size and shape; and (2) ornamental features (radial lirae distances). Intergeneric variability was examined using 51 specimens of various East Asian Mesozoic taxa, 16 of which were chosen for a taxonomic revision of the 10 species described from the Yixian Formation of western Liaoning. Geometric morphometrics proved to be effective for the separation of genera, while the quantification of ornamental features was species‐diagnostic. Various authors have previously indicated the possibility that East Asian clam‐shrimp species have been split excessively, a criticism that has been confirmed by our analyses. According to our results, four of the ten species described from the Yixian Formation are valid, of which one might represent a junior synonym of Diestheria jeholensis; five taxon names represent junior synonyms of Eosestheria middendorfii (Jones), and one a nomen dubium. According to lirae distances and analysis of shape, Eosestheria fuxinensis, the original type species of Eosestheria, is synonymous with the type of Diestheria. Therefore, a new type species for Eosestheria is warranted and here fixed as E. middendorfii. This taxonomic revision questions the high level of clam‐shrimp diversity recognized within the Yixian Formation, and indicates that many of the species described in fact represent various ontogenetic stages of E. middendorfii.