bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Addressing the Senate’s “Triple-Deficit”: The Senate as Driver of its own Reform
Authors: Dodek Adam 
Published: June 2017

Instead of arguing for or against a “Triple-E” Senate, I argue that, whatever one’s position on the Senate (short of abolition), the Senate suffers from a “Triple Deficit”: (1) an integrity deficit; (2) a legitimacy deficit; and (3) a democratic deficit. It suffers from an integrity deficit because of the reputation that the Senate has for not being a particular demanding job, and, more importantly, because of recent scandals that are a continuation of a history of scandal which the Senate has never taken concrete steps to address. The Senate suff ers from a legitimacy deficit because of the integrity deficit and because of its history of patronage appointments. Finally, it suffers from a democratic deficit for more than the obvious reason that it is unelected. As the Supreme Court stated in the Quebec Secession Reference, democracy as it has come to be understood in Canada means more than simply respect for majority will: “to be accorded legitimacy, democratic institutions must rest, ultimately, on a legal foundation. That is, they must allow for the participation of, and accountability to, the people, through public institutions created under the Constitution. The system must be capable of refl ecting theaspirations of the people.” Rather than allowing for public participation and accountability, the Senate has allowed itself to become isolated from the Canadian people. This sense of isolation has exacerbated the Senate’s democratic deficit and has led Canadians to view it as distant, elitist, andout of touch with the people.
A Constitutional Discussion of Participatory Democracy in Greece
Authors: Margaritis Konstantinos 
Published: June 2017

A high level of mistrust toward institutions of representative democracy occurs within Greece, dramatically increasing in recent years. As indicated in the 2013 European Commission’s Standard Eurobarometers, the tendency to trust the Parliament has reached 10-12%, while the respective percentage of trust toward the government is only 9-10%. Unavoidably, the severe economic crisis in Greece and its consequences have influenced the country’s citizenry.
Klasifikasi Penerimaan Mahasiswa Baru Menggunakan Algortima C4.5 Dan Adaboost (Studi Kasus : STMIK XYZ)
Authors: Agustin Yoga Handoko , . Kusrini , Luthfi Emha Taufiq 
Published: June 2017

<em>Setiap perguruan tinggi ingin mendapatkan mahasiswa yang memiliki kualitas yang baik serta dengan kwantitas yang sesuai dengan kuota yang di tetapkan dari perguruan tinggi tersebut.Kualitas calon mahasiswa baru dapat diketahui secara dini dengan mengenali pola dari karakteristik mahasiswa yang sudah ada di tahun-tahun sebelumnya dan memperhatikan lama masa studi.Algoritma C4.5 merupakan model untuk membangun sebuah pohon keputusan, algortima ini ditujukan untuk supervised learning: memberikan nilai atribut pada dataset yang digambarkan oleh koleksi atribut dan termasuk salah satu dari serangkaian kelas yang saling berhubungan. Untuk meningkatkan ketelitian dalam proses klasifikasi dan prediksi dengan caramembangkitkan kombinasi dari suatu model, maka digunakan pemodelan boosting yaitu Adaboost.Ekperimen dilakukan terhadap 546 dataset menggunakan Algortima C4.5 berbasis adaboost untuk menghasilkan akurasi. Dari eksperimen yang dilakukan menghasilkan nilai akurasi yang sama antara Algoritma C4.5 dan Algoritma C4.5 berbasis Adaboost yaitu sebesar Precision 77.33%, Accuracy 90.28%, Recall 45.54% akan tetapi terjadi perbedaan pada nilai AUC untuk Algoritma C4.5 sebesar 0.683 sedangkan untuk Algoritma C4.5 berbasi Adaboost sebesar 0,717. Pola tersebut dapat membantu untuk mengambil keputusan penerimaan mahasiswa baru yang dapat lulus tepat waktu dan mahasiswa yang lulus terlambat dapat terprediksi lebih awal.</em>
Implementasi Algoritma A Stars, Tilebase Collision Dan Fuzzy Logic Pada Game Strategy
Authors: Kurniadi Harso , . Kusrini 
Published: June 2017

<em>Implementasi algoritma A-Stars, Tilebase Collision dan Fuzzy Logic pada arsitektur dan perilaku tempur dalam game strategy menggunakan visual basic 6.0 dengan penelitian perilaku dan gambar karakter yang diambil dari game Red Alert2. Metode penelitian yang digunakanadalah Research and Development. Karena metode ini dapat membuktikan kemampuan algoritma yang digunakan dapat diterapkan pada game strategi. Kegiatan dalam mengukur kemampuan algoritma yang diterapkan pada aplikasi game strategi, dihasilkan formulasi untuk gerak multi direction dari pengembangan formulasi algoritma Steering Behavior. Formulasi multi direction dapat membuat karakter bergerak ke segala sudut mengikuti arah target. Perilaku cerdas karakter dalam game strategi merupakan bagian dari kecerdasan buatan (Artificial Intelligence) yang dibangun dari beberapa algoritma yaitu A-Stars sebagai solusi untuk menentukan pathfinding, Tilebase Collision sebagai solusi untuk mendeteksi tumbukan antara objek satu dengan objek lain, dan Fuzzy Logic menjadi solusi untuk membuat strategi perang dalam game.</em>
Auditors and Disclosure Quality: The Case of Major Customer Disclosures
Authors: Legoria Joseph , Reichelt Kenneth J. , Soileau Jared S. 
Published: June 2017

SUMMARY
Little is known about the relationship between disclosure quality and auditor quality. We measure disclosure quality as the likelihood of a firm fully disclosing the identity of their major customers in the Form 10-K filing. We also measure voluntary disclosure by exempt smaller reporting companies (SRCs) disclosing, and all firms disclosing the identity in the audited notes, or affirming no major customers. We expect that firms are more likely to disclose when they engage higher-quality auditors who have specialized knowledge of 10-K regulations. We hand-collect a sample of more than 26,000 (34,000) major customer disclosures that we use for our main tests (voluntary disclosure tests). We find that firms are more likely to mandatorily disclose their major customers' identity when audited by either an office- or national-level specialist whose clientele consists largely of firms with major customers. We corroborate these results with other higher-quality auditor measures: Big N, second tier, and office size. We also show that SRCs are more likely to voluntarily disclose when they engage a higher-quality auditor. We provide further evidence of an association between voluntary disclosure and a higher-quality auditor by ranking disclosure quality on audited disclosure, nonaudited disclosure, and no disclosure.
JEL Classifications: M42; M41; D23.
Data Availability: All data are available from public sources identified in the text.
The Path to Independence: Board Cohesion, Cognitive Conflict, and Information Sharing
Authors: Du Fei , Xu Kehan 
Published: June 2017

ABSTRACT
Corporate boards in America are dominated currently by outside directors because of the belief that they are more effective at monitoring management. There continues to be debate, however, concerning whether regulators should dictate board composition using input-based attributes of directors such as outside status. Opponents contend that board independence is best established through applying voluntary best practices to board processes. In this research, we study board processes and examine how the group task cohesion that is determined by directors' social similarity affects outside directors' reports that the CEO influences their beliefs, a key element of director independence. We propose that the degree of social similarity (similarity as to backgrounds) between outside directors and other directors is positively related to the degree of commitment directors have toward the board's tasks. We show that this task commitment (cohesion) has a positive effect on directors' efforts to obtain and receive information from the firm and CEO. Additional analyses show that the effect of information sharing on the level of CEO influence of outside directors depends on the presence of cognitive conflict—constructive discussion among directors regarding differing viewpoints—between the outside directors and the inside directors. We test our hypotheses using a survey, which was developed based on in-depth field interviews, and the archival data on directors' attributes as well as firm-level outcomes. Results support the hypotheses, and have implications for regulators and boards.
Rewriting King Lear in a Diasporic Context, Rewriting the Nation: Second Generation and Life Goes On
Authors: García Periago Rosa María 
Published: June 2017

Abstract: this article explores two film adaptations of King Lear located in London in a diasporic community: Second Generation (Jon Sen 2003) and Life Goes On (SangeetaDatta 2009). This paper examines the ways in which King Lear has to be modified to suit Non-Resident Indians. Following a diasporic framework, this articlesheds light on the striking parallelisms and connections between both movies via the presence of a mother figure, two nostalgic Lears, the appearance of Muslim charactersand the transformation of an extremely tragic dénouement by a happy ending. The role of the mother is especially significant since it hints at the Indian nation and the long-held association between the mother figure and India in mainstream Hindi cinema. The main hypothesis of this paper is that Second Generation and Life Goes On use Shakespeare’s King Lear, which deals with the division of the kingdom, as a prism through which to approach partition. Both films relocate the action to the UK, more specifically London, since it has one of the largest Indian diasporic communities. Alluding to the colonial legacy of partition and Shakespeare and being made by diasporic filmmakers, they become postcolonial – or rather transnational works. Curiously enough, not only is King Lear rewritten and reinvented, but also Shakespeare, partition, and, ultimately, the nation,although the films offer different – and contradictory – perspectives and alternatives. Resumen: este artículo analiza dos adaptaciones cinematográficas del Rey Lear que tienen lugar en Londres en una comunidad diaspórica: SecondGeneration(Jon Sen 2003) y LifeGoesOn(SangeetaDatta 2009). El artículo examina las diferentes formas en las que El Rey Lear se tiene que modificar para adaptarse a la diáspora india. Gracias a un marco teórico de la diáspora, el artículo se centra en los paralelismos entre las dos películas a través de la presencia de la madre, dos “reyes” caracterizados por la nostalgia, la aparición de musulmanes y la transformación de un final trágico en uno feliz. El papel de la madre es especialmente relevante, ya que hace alusión a la India y a la asociación entre la figura materna y la India en el cine de Bollywood. La hipótesis principal es queSecondGenerationy LifeGoesOnutilizan El Rey Lear, que trata sobre la división del reino,como un prisma a través del cual aproximarse a la partición en la India. Ambas localizan la acción en Reino Unido, más concretamente en Londres, ya que tiene una de las comunidades diaspóricasindias más extensas. Las películas, al aludir al legado colonial de la partición y de Shakespeare y al ser realizadas por directores diaspóricos, se convierten en trabajos postcoloniales e incluso transnacionales. Lo curioso es que no sólo se reescribe y reinventa Shakespeare a través del Rey Lear, sino también la partición en la India y, en última instancia, la nación, a pesar de que las películas ofrecen perspectivas y alternativas diferentes – e incluso contradictorias.
Effect of Plant Preservative Mixture Ppmtm on the Shoot Regeneration of Watercress (Nasturtium Officinale)
Authors: Faizy Hadar S. , AL-Zubaydi Sami R. , Nair Muraleedharan 
Published: June 2017

Plant Preservative Mixture™ (PPM), a relatively new broad-spectrum preservative and biocide for use in plant tissue culture, was evaluated as an alternative to the use of conventional antibiotics and fungicides in plant tissue culture. Culture inoculated in MS media supplemented with PPM (1.5 ml/l) was the effective concentration which gave the best values. The top values were recorded for all studied characters using apical buds compared with lateral buds. The combination between apical buds and (1.5 ml/l ) PPM concentration showed the superior values of all studied parameters( 33.25%,19.40%, 14.46%,20.53% and 79.46%)(60.55%,39.80%,20.97%,45.33% and 54.44%) and (31.20%, 20. 06%, 12.33%, 35.13% and 81.06 %) for contamination, %bacterial contamination, % offungi contamination, dead explants% and survival explants% respectively. Different concentrations of PPM (0, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0 and 2.5 ml/l) were tested using single node and apex explants of watercress (Nasturtium officinale). PPM at (1.5ml/l) had significant effect on the studied characters; shoots height, shoots number, leaf pairs number, fresh and dry weight which they reaches (4.16, 4.62, 42.00,0.524 and 0.063 g, respectively ). Apex bud explants showed the greatest effect on shoots height shoots number, leaf pairs number, fresh and dry weight and their values were 3.52, 32.02, 3.38, 0.405 and 0.036 g, respectively. The best parameter were recorded on MS media supplemented with PPM at (1.5ml/l) with apex buds explant (4.55, 5.34, 46.28, 0.570 and 0.085, respectively) for shoots height, shoots number, leaf pair number, fresh and dry weight. Current study aimed to determine the best concentration of PPM for limiting the contamination of watercress and micro shoot regeneration.
Influence of smoking on aneurysm recurrence after endovascular treatment of cerebrovascular aneurysms
Authors: Futchko John , Starr Jordan , Lau Darryl , Leach Matthew R. , Roark Christopher , Pandey Aditya S. , Thompson B. Gregory 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVESmoking is a known risk factor for aneurysm development and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage, as well as subsequent vasospasm in both untreated individuals and patients who have undergone surgical clipping of cerebrovascular aneurysms. However, there is a lack of data in the current scientific literature about the long-term effects that smoking has on the integrity of endovascular repairs of cerebral aneurysms. This study was designed to determine if any smoking history increased the risk of poorer outcomes and/or aneurysm recurrence in patients who have had endovascular repair of cerebral aneurysms.METHODSThe authors retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients admitted to the University of Michigan Health System from January 1999 to December 2011 with coiled aneurysms and angiography, CT angiography, or MR angiography follow-up. Patients were identified and organized based on many criteria including age, sex, smoking history, aneurysm recurrence, aneurysm location, and Hunt and Hess grade. Analysis was targeted to the patient population with a history of smoking. Bivariate chi-square tests were used to analyze the association between a positive smoking history and documented aneurysm recurrence and were adjusted for potential confounders by fitting multivariate logistic regression models of recurrence.RESULTSA total of 247 patients who had undergone endovascular treatment of 296 documented cerebral aneurysms were included in this study. The recurrence rate among all patients treated with endovascular repair was 24.3%, and the average time to the most recent follow-up imaging studies was 1.62 years. Smokers accounted for 232 aneurysms and were followed up for an average of 1.57 years, with a recurrence rate of 26.3%. Never smokers accounted for the remaining 64 aneurysms and were followed up for an average of 1.82 years, with a recurrence rate of 17.2%. Multivariate analysis revealed that, after controlling for potential confounders, a history of smoking—whether current or former—was associated with a significantly increased risk of aneurysm recurrence. The odds ratios for aneurysm recurrence for current and former smokers were 2.739 (95% CI 1.127–7.095, p = 0.0308) and 2.698 (95% CI 1.078–7.212, p = 0.0395), respectively, compared with never smokers.CONCLUSIONSA positive smoking history is associated with a significantly increased risk of aneurysm recurrence in patients who have undergone endovascular repair of a cerebral aneurysm, compared with the risk in patients who have never smoked.
Safety and cost efficiency of a restrictive transfusion protocol in patients with traumatic brain injury
Authors: Ngwenya Laura B. , Suen Catherine G. , Tarapore Phiroz E. , Manley Geoffrey T. , Huang Michael C. 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVEBlood loss and moderate anemia are common in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). However, despite evidence of the ill effects and expense of the transfusion of packed red blood cells, restrictive transfusion practices have not been universally adopted for patients with TBI. At a Level I trauma center, the authors compared patients with TBI who were managed with a restrictive (target hemoglobin level > 7 g/dl) versus a liberal (target hemoglobin level > 10 g/dl) transfusion protocol. This study evaluated the safety and cost-efficiency of a hospital-wide change to a restrictive transfusion protocol.METHODSA retrospective analysis of patients with TBI who were admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) between January 2011 and September 2015 was performed. Patients < 16 years of age and those who died within 24 hours of admission were excluded. Demographic data and injury characteristics were compared between groups. Multivariable regression analyses were used to assess hospital outcome measures and mortality rates. Estimates from an activity-based cost analysis model were used to detect changes in cost with transfusion protocol.RESULTSA total of 1565 patients with TBI admitted to the ICU were included in the study. Multivariable analysis showed that a restrictive transfusion strategy was associated with fewer days of fever (p = 0.01) and that patients who received a transfusion had a larger fever burden. ICU length of stay, ventilator days, incidence of lung injury, thromboembolic events, and mortality rates were not significantly different between transfusion protocol groups. A restrictive transfusion protocol saved approximately $115,000 annually in hospital direct and indirect costs.CONCLUSIONSTo the authors’ knowledge, this is the largest study to date to compare transfusion protocols in patients with TBI. The results demonstrate that a hospital-wide change to a restrictive transfusion protocol is safe and cost-effective in patients with TBI.
Spine stereotactic radiosurgery for metastatic sarcoma: patterns of failure and radiation treatment volume considerations
Authors: Bishop Andrew J. , Tao Randa , Guadagnolo B. Ashleigh , Allen Pamela K. , Rebueno Neal C. , Wang Xin A. , Amini Behrang , Tatsui Claudio E. , Rhines Laurence D. , Li Jing , Chang Eric L. , Brown Paul D. , Ghia Amol J. 
Published: June 2017

OBJECTIVEGiven the relatively lower radiosensitivity of sarcomas and the locally infiltrative patterns of spread, the authors sought to investigate spine stereotactic radiosurgery (SSRS) outcomes for metastatic sarcomas and to analyze patterns of failure.METHODSThe records of 48 patients with 66 sarcoma spinal metastases consecutively treated with SSRS between 2002 and 2013 were reviewed. The Kaplan-Meier method was used to estimate rates of overall survival (OS) and local control (LC). Local recurrences were categorized as occurring infield (within the 95% isodose line [IDL]), marginally (between the 20% and 95% IDLs), or out of field.RESULTSMedian follow-up time was 19 months (range 1–121 months), and median age was 53 years (range 17–85 years). The most commonly treated histology was leiomyosarcoma (42%). Approximately two-thirds of the patients were treated with definitive SSRS (44 [67%]) versus postoperatively (22 [33%]). The actuarial 1-year OS and LC rates were 67% and 81%, respectively. Eighteen patients had a local relapse, which was more significantly associated with postoperative SSRS (p = 0.04). On multivariate modeling, receipt of postoperative SSRS neared significance for poorer LC (p = 0.06, subhazard ratio [SHR] 2.33), while only 2 covariates emerged as significantly correlated with LC: 1) biological equivalent dose (BED) > 48 Gy (vs BED ≤ 48 Gy, p = 0.006, SHR 0.21) and 2) single vertebral body involvement (vs multiple bodies, p = 0.03, SHR 0.27). Of the 18 local recurrences, 14 (78%) occurred at the margin, and while the majority of these cases relapsed within the epidural space, 4 relapsed within the paraspinal soft tissue. In addition, 1 relapse occurred out of field. Finally, the most common acute toxicity was fatigue (15 cases), with few late toxicities (4 insufficiency fractures, 3 neuropathies).CONCLUSIONSFor metastatic sarcomas, SSRS provides durable tumor control with minimal toxicity. High-dose single-fraction regimens offer optimal LC, and given the infiltrative nature of sarcomas, when paraspinal soft tissues are involved, larger treatment volumes may be warranted.
The Survey of Lines in M31 (SLIM): The Drivers of the [C ii]/TIR Variation
Authors: Kapala Maria J. , Groves Brent , Sandstrom Karin , Jarrett Thomas , Cunha Elisabete da , Croxall Kevin , Dalcanton Julianne , Draine Bruce , Glover Simon , Schinnerer Eva 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The ratio of the [C ii]

emission line over the total infrared emission (TIR) is often used as a proxy for the photoelectric (PE) heating efficiency (

) of the far-ultraviolet (FUV) photons absorbed by dust in the interstellar medium. In the nearby galaxy M31, we measure a strong radial variation of [C ii]/TIR that we rule out as being due to an intrinsic variation in

. [C ii]/TIR fails as a proxy for

, because the TIR measures all dust heating, not just the contribution from FUV photons capable of ejecting electrons from dust grains. Using extensive multi-wavelength coverage from the FUV to far-infrared, we infer the attenuated FUV emission (

), and the total attenuated flux (

). We find [C ii]/TIR to be strongly correlated with

/

, indicating that, in M31 at least, one of the dominant drivers for [C ii]/TIR variation is the relative hardness of the absorbed stellar radiation field. We define

, [C ii]/

which should be more closely related to the actual PE efficiency, which we find to be essentially constant (

) in all explored fields in M31. This suggests that part of the observed variation of [C ii]/TIR in other galaxies is likely due to a change in the relative hardness of the absorbed stellar radiation field, caused by a combination of variations in the stellar population, dust opacity, and galaxy metallicity, though PE efficiency may also vary across a wider range of environments.