bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Morphological sharpening of color images
Authors: Skoneczny S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to morphological contrast sharpening of image using the multilevel toggle operator. The concept presented here is a generalization of toggle based contrast operator for gray-level images. The multilevel toggle operator is used to enhance the contrast of multivalued images. In order to perform necessary morphological operations the modified pairwise ordering (MPO) algorithm is proposed. It gives the total order of color pixels. For comparison four other ordering methods are used. The main advantage of the proposed sharpener is its significant contrast enhancing ability when using MPO. Theoretical considerations as well as practical results are shown. Experimental results show its applicability to low-contrast color images.
Improving the Quality of Nonwoven Materials Manufacturing based on Analysis of its Water Permeability
Authors: Walczak Renata , Neumann Paweł 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Composite nonwoven materials such as polypropylene are widely used for medical purposes due to their unique properties. During the production process, polymer fibers are created using multiple extruders; the material is formed from a web of polypropylene fibers bonded together by cooling and rolling out between cylinders. The production process is often unreliable; hence properties such as water resistance vary across the length of the composite. The nonwovens are often used to manufacture medical attire, which further needs to be sterilized, and in order to choose the optimal method, one needs to know the cloth's water resistance. The aim of the study was to investigate the statistical distribution of permeability in composite nonwovens and its relevance to business decisions. Investigation was performed on multiple samples at different stages of production. It was found that water resistance is strictly correlated with the quality of the material and is increased in the sterilization process. The statistical analysis of water resistance in nonwoven material, both raw and processed, can be used by medical manufacturers in order to optimize costs in the production process.
Exponential Objects
Authors: Riccardi Marco 
Published: March 2016

Summary
In the first part of this article we formalize the concepts of terminal and initial object, categorical product [4] and natural transformation within a free-object category [1]. In particular, we show that this definition of natural transformation is equivalent to the standard definition [13]. Then we introduce the exponential object using its universal property and we show the isomorphism between the exponential object of categories and the functor category [12].
当代汉语 “遭” 字句的特点及其与 “被” 字句的差异
Authors: 晏斌 刁 
Published: March 2016

摘 要
当代汉语中有越来越多的被动句开始以 “遭” 为被动标记，这种 “遭” 字句与传统的 “被” 字句相比，有以下几个方面的明显差异，由此也表现出其非常鲜明的个性特点：一是只用于表示不幸、不如意的事件或遭遇，二是具有较为明显的实义即［＋蒙受、逆意、意外］的语义特征，三是结构形式相对简单，四是分布范围（包括语法功能、表达功能、语体和时体等方面）有限。以上四个方面显示，上述两种被动句在相当程度上呈互补分布，而被动标记 “遭” 是一个虚实相交的 “半实半虚” 词，它正处在由实到虚的语法化过程之中。
Selective Hydrogenation of 4’,4”(5”)-Di-Tert-Butyldibenzo-18-Crown-6 Ether over Rh/γ-Al2O3 Nanocatalyst
Authors: Suryawanshi Yogeshwar R. , Chakraborty Mousumi , Jauhari Smita , Mukhopadhyay Sulekha , Shenoy Kalsanka T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRh/γ-Al2O3nanocatalysts with different metal loading were synthesized by two different techniques i. e. microemulsion and microwave irradiated solvothermal technique. Synthesized nanocatalysts were then successfully implemented for the hydrogenation of 4’,4”(5”)-di-tert-butyldibenzo-18-crown-6 ether (DTBuB18C6) at 70 bar, 353–393 K temperature and 5 h. It was observed that 3 wt% nanocatalyst obtained by microemulsion technique exhibited higher catalytic activity and resulted 40 % conversion with high selectivity towards cis-syn-cis di-tert-dicyclohexano-18-crown-6ether (CSC DTBuCH18C6).
Bacteriocin Produced from Lactobacillus plantarum ATM11: Kinetic and Thermodynamic Studies
Authors: Thirumurugan A. , Ramachandran S. , Sivamani S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In the present study, the effect of heat treatment on the activity of bacteriocin from Lactobacillus plantarum ATM11 was studied. The kinetic and thermodynamic parameters were calculated for the thermal inactivation of the bacteriocin over a time–temperature combinations in the range of 30, 45, 60 and 90 min and 60, 65, 70, 75 and 80 °C. Understanding the thermal inactivation of biopreservatives in a food matrix is essential to allow their proper utilization in food industry, enabling the reduction of heating times and optimization of heating temperature. The results indicate the different thermal stabilities with k-values between 0.0159 and 0.0225 min−1. D-values decreased with increase in temperature, indicating faster inactivation of the bacteriocin at higher temperatures. These results suggest that bacteriocin is relatively heat stable with a z-value of 22.85 °C.
Probability Density Functions of Vorticities in Turbulent Channels with Effects of Blowing and Suction
Authors: Liu Can , Chen Xi 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
This paper presents direct numerical simulation (DNS) result of the Navier–Stokes equations for turbulent channel flows with blowing and suction effects. The friction Reynolds number is

R

e

τ

=
394

${\rm{R}}{{\rm{e}}_\tau} = 394$

and a range of blowing and suction conditions is covered with different perturbation strengths, i. e.

A
=
0.05
,

$A = 0.05, $

0.1, 0.2. While the mean velocity profile has been severely altered, the probability density function (PDF) for (spanwise) vorticity – depending on wall distance

(

y
+

)

$({y^ +})$

and blowing/suction strength (A) – satisfies the generalized hyperbolic distribution (GHD) of Birnir [The Kolmogorov-Obukhov statistical theory of turbulence, J. Nonlinear Sci. (2013a), doi: 10.1007/s00332-012-9164–z; The Kolmogorov-Obukhov theory of turbulence, Springer, New York, 2013b] in the bulk of the flow. The latter leads to accurate descriptions of all PDFs (at

y
+

=
40
,

${y^ +} = 40, $

200, 390 and

A
=
0.05
,

$A = 0.05, $

0.2, for instance) with only four parameters. The result indicates that GHD is a general tool to quantify PDF for turbulent flows under various wall surface conditions.
BCH Codes for Coherent Star DQAM Systems with Laser Phase Noise
Authors: Leong Miu Yoong , Larsen Knud J. , Jacobsen Gunnar , Zibar Darko , Sergeyev Sergey , Popov Sergei 
Published: March 2016

AbstractCoherent optical systems have relatively high laser phase noise, which affects the performance of forward error correction (FEC) codes. In this paper, we propose a method for selecting Bose–Chaudhuri–Hocquenghem (BCH) codes for coherent systems with star-shaped constellations and
Rational diagnostic work-up of anemia
Authors: Hastka Jan , Metzgeroth Georgia 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Anemia is defined as a decrease in the hemoglobin concentration below the age- and sex-specific lower limit, established by WHO as 130 g/L in men and 120 g/L in women. In principle, there are many differential diagnoses which must be considered. The diagnostic evaluation furthermore is complicated by the fact that anemias are often multicausal. A rational evaluation of anemia should always take into account the epidemiological data and also the individual patient’s history. The classification according to the size and the hemoglobin content of the red blood cells based on the erythrocyte indices still plays a central diagnostic role. The worldwide most important cause of a hypochromic-microcytic anemia is iron deficiency. Anemia of chronic disease (ACD) and thalassemia are to be considered as differential diagnoses. Disorders of vitamin B12 and folic acid metabolism are clinically the most important causes of hyperchromic-macrocytic anemia. The normochromic-normocytic group includes most forms of anemias. In these cases one should not try to cover all possible causes by a fully comprehensive laboratory panel within the first blood sample already. It is more appropriate to proceed step-by-step to evaluate the most frequent and clinically most important reasons first. This especially applies to geriatric and multimorbid patients where the diagnostic effort must be adjusted to the individual needs and prognosis of the patient, not only from economical but also from ethical reasons. In unexplained anemias, consultation of a hematologist should be considered. In case of doubt, bone marrow biopsy is required to precisely evaluate the hematopoiesis and to exclude a hematological disorder.
Performance Qualification of Two Processor-controlled Dosing Pumps for the Production of Mixed Infusion Solutions in a Closed System
Authors: Hennache Terry , Clabaut Gwénaëlle , Mustapha Lina , Dubaele Jean-Marc , Marçon Frédéric 
Published: March 2016

Abstract: The aim of this study is to carry out performance qualifications of 2 processor-controlled dosing pumps for the production of mixed infusion solutions in a closed system.: Two dosing pumps have been qualified regarding their use: a processor-controlled dosing pump MediMix: The mean relative biases found with different products used for the qualifications of the two controllers were below the manufacturer’s specifications. When pumping operations were performed outside the manufacturer’s recommended ranges of volumes, relative bias remained below 10 %. Low relative bias (<3 %) and relative standard deviation (<1 %) were also found with routine controls (weight, osmolality, sodium concentration, potassium concentration) performed on test batches produced with the 12-pumps automated compounding device (ACD).: The single pump controller MediMix
Spanning Trees of the Generalised Union Jack Lattice
Authors: Chen Lingyun , Yan Weigen 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The Union Jack lattice UJL(n, m) with toroidal boundary condition can be obtained from an n×m square lattice with toroidal boundary condition by inserting a new vertex v

f
to each face f and adding four edges (v

f
, u

i
(f)), where u
1(f), u
2(f), u
3(f), and u
4(f) are four vertices on the boundary of f. The Union Jack lattice has been studied extensively by statistical physicists. In this article, we consider the problem of enumeration of spanning trees of the so-called generalised Union Jack lattice UD

n
, which is obtained from the Aztec diamond

A

D
n
t

$AD_n^t$

of order n with toroidal boundary condition by inserting a new vertex v

f
to each face f and adding four edges (v

f
, u

i
(f)), where u
1(f), u
2(f), u
3(f) and u
4(f) are four vertices on the boundary of f.
Prediction and clarification of structures of (bio)molecules on surfaces
Authors: Schön J. Christian , Oligschleger Christina , Cortes Juan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe design of future materials for biotechnological applications via deposition of molecules on surfaces will require not only exquisite control of the deposition procedure, but of equal importance will be our ability to predict the shapes and stability of individual molecules on various surfaces. Furthermore, one will need to be able to predict the structure patterns generated during the self-organization of whole layers of (bio)molecules on the surface. In this review, we present an overview over the current state of the art regarding the prediction and clarification of structures of biomolecules on surfaces using theoretical and computational methods.
Development of Modulus and Fatigue Test Protocol for Fine Aggregate Matrix for Axial Direction of Loading
Authors: Gudipudi P. P. , Underwood B. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
The testing of fine aggregate matrix (FAM) is rapidly gaining attention in the pavement research community because of its notable similarities with asphalt concrete (AC) and the increased testing efficiency that it affords. In most of the existing studies, FAM tests are used for characterization of relative material performance in the presence of phenomenon like moisture damage and healing. However, to better understand the fundamental properties of FAM and to establish the mechanistic connection between its properties and those of AC, proper fabrication and testing protocols need to be established. The focus of this research is to develop such standard testing protocols for both dynamic modulus and uniaxial fatigue testing. In the current effort, two FAM materials are prepared with the same gradation but two different asphalt cements (PG 64-22 and PG 76-16). Pilot studies to support the development of sample fabrication protocols are explained. Both FAM materials are tested for modulus and uniaxial fatigue, and during testing both on-specimen and machine actuator displacement are recorded. Material parameters were separately calculated using these two deformation measurements and compared to uncover the errors resulting from machine-based measurements of FAM. The percentage error in measuring dynamic modulus of FAM specimens using actuator strain ranged from 5 % to 79 %. After correcting actuator strain with a constant machine compliance factor, the percentage error changed to 10 %–32 %, which is still high. In addition, variation in time dependency and fatigue damage characterization was observed using the corrected actuator data to on-specimen data. To overcome all of the above issues and measure reliable test data for FAM, it is concluded that protocols must include measurement of on-specimen deformation.
Discussion of “Radial Strain Behaviors and Stress State Interpretation of Soil Under Direct Simple Shear” by X. Kang, Y. Cheng, and L. Ge. The Regular Article Was Published in Journal of Testing and Evaluation, Vol. 43, No. 6, 2015, pp. 1594–1601, doi:10.1520/JTE20140202. ISSN 0090–3973
Authors: Li Y. , Yang Y. M. , Roberts G. W. , Yu H. S. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
Two methods were used in determining the stress state of simple shear tests in the discussed paper. The authors stated that the second method was proposed by Oda and Konishi, based on the distribution law of contact force (Oda, M. and Konishi, J., “Rotation of Principal Stresses in Granular Material During Simple,” Soils and Foundations., Vol. 14, No. 4, 1974, pp. 39–53.). However, the relation used in the method was found by Roscoe et al. from experimental results (Roscoe, K. H., Bassett, R. H., and Cole, E. R. L., “Principal Axes Observed During Simple Shear of a Sand,” Proceedings of the Geotechnical Conference on Shear Strength Properties of Natural Soils and Rocks, Vol. 1, Norwegian Geotechnical Institute, Oslo, 1967, pp. 231–237.). In addition, the determination of the constant k, which used k = 1 − K0, was problematic in the discussed paper. First, the equation could only be deduced after some assumptions were made. Second, the value of k was not a constant if the K0 changed.
Fatigue Life Prediction of a Unidirectional Carbon Fiber Composite Under Off-Axis Spectrum Loads Using 3D Constant Life Diagram
Authors: Hussain M. S. , Anilchandra A. R. , Jagannathan N. , Manjunatha C. M. 
Published: March 2016

Abstract
In this study, a novel concept of 3D constant life diagram (CLD) for fatigue life prediction of a unidirectional (UD) polymer composite under spectrum load is proposed. Further, it is constructed and used to predict the fatigue life of a UD carbon fiber composite (CFC) subjected to a standard spectrum load sequence at an arbitrary off-axis angle. First, UD IMA/M21 CFC laminates were fabricated by an autoclave process. Static mechanical tests were conducted to determine the tensile and compressive strength at various off-axis angles ranging from 0° to 90°. Then the constant amplitude (CA) fatigue tests at three different stress ratios, R = σmin/σmax of 0.1 (tension-tension), −1.0 (tension-compression), and 10.0 (compression-compression) and at various off-axis angles between 0° and 90° at each of these stress ratios were performed to determine stress-life curves. Using the static and CA fatigue data generated, 3D CLD for UD CFC was constructed. Further, fatigue life of UD CFC subjected to a standard mini-FALSTAFF spectrum load sequence at an arbitrary off-axis angle of 20° was predicted following an empirical method using 3D CLD. Fatigue tests under the mini-FALSTAFF spectrum load sequence at an off-axis angle of 20° were also conducted at various reference stresses and compared with the predictions. A reasonably good correlation was observed between the predicted and experimental fatigue lives under off-axis spectrum loads.
‘Love’ Lost
Authors: McDonough Kelly S. 
Published: March 2016

This essay sheds light on the often contentious and always-in-process social relations among indigenous peoples of distinct social classes in colonial Mexico. Through a discourse analysis of one of Tlaxcala’s most important heritage sources, the Nahuatl-language annals of seventeenth-century Tlaxcalan noble and statesman Don Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza (Historia cronológica de la noble ciudad de Tlaxcala), I examine the subjective and objective factors that challenged Tlaxcalan noble claims to political authority, and provided the means by which indigenous commoners could advocate for themselves during the seventeenth century. A discourse analysis of this source demonstrates that tax and tribute issues as well as mestizo and/or non-indigenous interests disrupted noble hegemony. Equally, commoner recourse to the Spanish legal system and their denial of material items and labor to the nobles were mechanisms to register dissatisfaction and potentially affect change. In this way, this study advances how we understand inter-indigenous relationships of the colonial period, particularly how indigenous nobles and commoners negotiated their inherently intertwined social, political, and economic lives.
Este ensayo arroja luz sobre las relaciones sociales, a menudo polémicas y siempre en proceso, entre personas indígenas de distintas clases sociales en el México colonial. A través de un análisis del discurso de una de las fuentes más importantes del patrimonio de Tlaxcala –los anales en lengua náhuatl del noble y estadista tlaxcalteca del siglo xvii don Juan Buenaventura Zapata y Mendoza (Historia cronológica de la noble ciudad de Tlaxcala)– examino los factores subjetivos y objetivos que pusieron en vilo el reclamo de autoridad política de los nobles tlaxcaltecas, y que proporcionaron medios a los plebeyos indígenas para abogar por sí mismos durante el siglo xvii. Un análisis del discurso de esta fuente demuestra que el tema de los impuestos y el tributo, así como los intereses mestizos y/o no indígenas afectaron la hegemonía noble. De la misma manera, el recurso de los plebeyos al sistema legal español y su negativa a entregar objetos materiales y labor a los nobles fueron mecanismos que registraron la insatisfacción y afectaron potencialmente el cambio. Así, el presente estudio profundiza en la manera en que comprendemos las relaciones interindígenas del periodo colonial, particularmente la manera en que los nobles y los plebeyos indígenas ajustaron sus vidas sociales, políticas y económicas inherentemente entrelazadas.
Epidemiology of Acute Lower Respiratory Tract Infection in HIV-Exposed Uninfected Infants
Authors: Cohen Cheryl , Moyes Jocelyn , Tempia Stefano , Groome Michelle , Walaza Sibongile , Pretorius Marthi , Naby Fathima , Mekgoe Omphile , Kahn Kathleen , von Gottberg Anne , Wolter Nicole , Cohen Adam L. , von Mollendorf Claire , Venter Marietjie , Madhi Shabir A. 
Published: March 2016

BACKGROUND:
Increased morbidity and mortality from lower respiratory tract infection (LRTI) has been suggested in HIV-exposed uninfected (HEU) children; however, the contribution of respiratory viruses is unclear. We studied the epidemiology of LRTI hospitalization in HIV-unexposed uninfected (HUU) and HEU infants aged &lt;6 months in South Africa.

METHODS:
We prospectively enrolled hospitalized infants with LRTI from 4 provinces from 2010 to 2013. Using polymerase chain reaction, nasopharyngeal aspirates were tested for 10 viruses and blood for pneumococcal DNA. Incidence for 2010–2011 was estimated at 1 site with population denominators.

RESULTS:
We enrolled 3537 children aged &lt;6 months. HIV infection and exposure status were determined for 2507 (71%), of whom 211 (8%) were HIV infected, 850 (34%) were HEU, and 1446 (58%) were HUU. The annual incidence of LRTI was elevated in HEU (incidence rate ratio [IRR] 1.4; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.3–1.5) and HIV infected (IRR 3.8; 95% CI 3.3–4.5), compared with HUU infants. Relative incidence estimates were greater in HEU than HUU, for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV; IRR 1.4; 95% CI 1.3–1.6) and human metapneumovirus–associated (IRR 1.4; 95% CI 1.1–2.0) LRTI, with a similar trend observed for influenza (IRR 1.2; 95% CI 0.8–1.8). HEU infants overall, and those with RSV-associated LRTI had greater odds (odds ratio 2.1, 95% CI 1.1–3.8, and 12.2, 95% CI 1.7–infinity, respectively) of death than HUU.

CONCLUSIONS:
HEU infants were more likely to be hospitalized and to die in-hospital than HUU, including specifically due to RSV. This group should be considered a high-risk group for LRTI.
Morphometric analysis of Vanilla seeds (Orchidaceae) by microscopic techniques
Authors: Alomía Jasmín A. , Muñoz Efrén , Acosta Aleyda M. , Otero J. Tupac 
Published: March 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Se caracterizó y se comparó la morfometría de las semillas de cuatro especies de vainillas colombianas (</span><span>Vanilla odorata</span><span>, </span><span>Vanilla calyculata</span><span>, </span><span>Vanilla oroana </span><span>y </span><span>Vanilla rivasii</span><span>). Las semillas colectadas a partir de frutos maduros fueron estudiadas por microscopía óptica para caracterizar el color, la longitud y el ancho de las </span><span>semillas. Además, por medio de microscopía electrónica de barrido (MEB) se identificaron las características de la superficie de la testa. Existieron diferencias significativas en la longitud, el ancho y en la relación longitud/ </span><span>ancho entre las especies. </span><span>Vanilla oronana </span><span>tuvo las semillas más grandes (431 ± 17 μm de largo y 312 ± 27 μm de </span><span>ancho) y difirió de las otras especies por presentar la coloración parda en tono más oscuro y por la presencia de </span><span>protuberancias en la testa. </span><span>Vanilla odorata </span><span>fue la especie con semillas más pequeñas (310 ± 15 μm de longitud y 222 ± 18 μm de ancho) de color pardo claro. En general, las semillas presentaron la testa lisa y una forma elipsoide. Los caracteres evaluados en este trabajo podrían servir como marcadores taxonómicos en </span><span>Vanilla </span><span>y podrían explicar aspectos importantes de la biología de las semillas de este género. </span></p></div></div></div>