bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Giving invertebrates an eye exam: an ophthalmoscope that utilizes the autofluorescence of photoreceptors
Authors: Stowasser Annette , Owens Madeline , Buschbeck Elke K. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTOne of the most important functional features of eyes is focusing light, as both nearsightedness and farsightedness have major functional implications. Accordingly, refractive errors are frequently assessed in vertebrates, but not in the very small invertebrate eyes. We describe a micro-ophthalmoscope that takes advantage of autofluorescent properties of invertebrate photoreceptors and test the device on the relatively well-understood eyes of jumping spiders and flies. In each case, our measurements confirmed previous findings with a greater degree of accuracy. For example, we could precisely resolve the layering of the anterior median eyes and could map out the extensive retina of the anterior lateral eyes of the spider. Measurements also confirmed that fly ommatidia are focused into infinity, but showed that their focal plane is situated slightly below the receptor surface. In contrast to other approaches, this device does not rely on reflective tapeta and allows for precise optical assessment of diverse invertebrate eyes.
It's not all black and white: visual scene parameters influence optokinetic reflex performance in Xenopus laevis tadpoles
Authors: Gravot Céline M. , Knorr Alexander G. , Glasauer Stefan , Straka Hans 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
The maintenance of visual acuity during active and passive body motion is ensured by gaze-stabilizing reflexes that aim at minimizing retinal image slip. For the optokinetic reflex (OKR), large-field visual motion of the surround forms the essential stimulus that activates eye movements. Properties of the moving visual world influence cognitive motion perception and the estimation of visual image velocity. Therefore, the performance of brainstem-mediated visuo-motor behaviors might also depend on image scene characteristics. Employing semi-intact preparations of mid-larval stages of Xenopus laevis tadpoles, we studied the influence of contrast polarity, intensity, contour shape and different motion stimulus patterns on the performance of the OKR and multi-unit optic nerve discharge during motion of a large-field visual scene. At high contrast intensities, the OKR amplitude was significantly larger for visual scenes with a positive contrast (bright dots on a dark background) compared with those with a negative contrast. This effect persisted for luminance-matched pairs of stimuli, and was independent of contour shape. The relative biases of OKR performance along with the independence of the responses from contour shape were closely matched by the optic nerve discharge evoked by the same visual stimuli. However, the multi-unit activity of retinal ganglion cells in response to a small single moving vertical edge was strongly influenced by the light intensity in the vertical neighborhood. This suggests that the underlying mechanism of OKR biases related to contrast polarity directly derives from visual motion-processing properties of the retinal circuitry.
Thermal history and gape of individual Mytilus californianus correlate with oxidative damage and thermoprotective osmolytes
Authors: Gleason Lani U. , Miller Luke P. , Winnikoff Jacob R. , Somero George N. , Yancey Paul H. , Bratz Dylan , Dowd W. Wesley 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACT
The ability of animals to cope with environmental stress depends – in part – on past experience, yet knowledge of the factors influencing an individual's physiology in nature remains underdeveloped. We used an individual monitoring system to record body temperature and valve gaping behavior of rocky intertidal zone mussels (Mytilus californianus). Thirty individuals were selected from two mussel beds (wave-exposed and wave-protected) that differ in thermal regime. Instrumented mussels were deployed at two intertidal heights (near the lower and upper edges of the mussel zone) and in a continuously submerged tidepool. Following a 23-day monitoring period, measures of oxidative damage to DNA and lipids, antioxidant capacities (catalase activity and peroxyl radical scavenging) and tissue contents of organic osmolytes were obtained from gill tissue of each individual. Univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that inter-individual variation in cumulative thermal stress is a predominant driver of physiological variation. Thermal history over the outplant period was positively correlated with oxidative DNA damage. Thermal history was also positively correlated with tissue contents of taurine, a thermoprotectant osmolyte, and with activity of the antioxidant enzyme catalase. Origin site differences, possibly indicative of developmental plasticity, were only significant for catalase activity. Gaping behavior was positively correlated with tissue contents of two osmolytes. Overall, these results are some of the first to clearly demonstrate relationships between inter-individual variation in recent experience in the field and inter-individual physiological variation, in this case within mussel beds. Such micro-scale, environmentally mediated physiological differences should be considered in attempts to forecast biological responses to a changing environment.
Rethinking Financial Reporting: Reinstating the Social License of Limited Liability
Authors: Haslam Colin 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Shyam Sunder’s monograph ‘Rethinking Financial Reporting: Standards, Norms and Institutions’ explores the extent to which it is possible to deliver ‘better financial reporting’ so as to support investment decision making and valuation. In this review paper it is argued that a more fundamental and radical challenge is required in a world where financial reporting is politically and socially constructed. The institutions governing financial reporting have pursued a project that has been complicit in undermining the social license granted by limited liability. The priority is to explore how financial reporting might contribute to securing the social license granted by limited liability.
Deaf lecturers’ translanguaging in a higher education setting. A multimodal multilingual perspective
Authors: Holmström Ingela , Schönström Krister 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn a few universities around the world courses are offered where the primary language of instruction is a national sign language. Many of these courses are given by bilingual/multilingual deaf lecturers, skilled in both national sign language(s) and spoken/written language(s). Research on such deaf-led practices in higher education are lacking, and this study will contribute to a greater understanding of these practices. Drawing on ethnographically created data from a higher education setting in Sweden, this case study examines the use of different languages and modalities by three deaf lecturers when teaching deaf and hearing (signing) students in theoretic subjects. The analysis is based on video-recordings of the deaf lecturers during classroom activities at a basic university level in which Swedish Sign Language (SSL) is used as the primary language. The results illustrate how these deaf lecturers creatively use diverse semiotic resources in several modes when teaching deaf and hearing (signing) students, which creates practices of translanguaging. This is illustrated by classroom activities in which the deaf lecturers use different language and modal varieties, including sign languages SSL and ASL as well as Swedish, and English, along with PowerPoint and whiteboard notes. The characteristics of these multimodal-multilingual resources and the usage of them will be closely presented in this article.
Gold Open Access und Hybrid Open Access – Wege zur Transformation, Stakeholder, Herausforderungen
Authors: Kaier Christian , Ginther Clara 
Published: November 2017

Zusammenfassung
Um den angestrebten Wandel des wissenschaftlichen Kommunikationssystems zu Open Access herbeizuführen, haben Fördergeber, wissenschaftliche Einrichtungen und deren Bibliotheken eine breite Palette an Steuerungsmöglichkeiten, müssen aber gleichzeitig Wissenschaftler überzeugen und Verlage einbeziehen. Dieser Beitrag analysiert Vor- und Nachteile von zwei aktuell intensiv diskutierten Ansätzen, zeigt mögliche Synergien zwischen den unterschiedlichen Wegen zu Open Access auf und geht dabei auf die Bedürfnisse und Erwartungen der unterschiedlichen Stakeholder ein. Abschließend werden Herausforderungen einer Systemumstellung zu Open Access gerade auch in Hinblick auf die Rolle der Bibliotheken thematisiert.
Prevention of Diabetic Kidney Disease in the Light of Current Literature
Authors: Akar Harun , Taskiran Emin , Taskiran Dilek , Erbas Oytun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractDiabetes is a rapidly growing problem of the community health. The resulting morbidity and mortality are responsible for the complications of diabetes. Nephropathy caused by diabetes often causes serious morbidity and mortality. In this review, we discuss the current approaches to prevent diabetic nephropathy based on the available literature evidence.
Monitoring of Renal Allograft Function with Different Equations: What are the Differences?
Authors: Bushljetikj Irena Rambabova , Selim Gjulsen , Taneva Olivera Stojcheva , Dohchev Sasho , Stankov Oliver , Stavridis Sotir , Saidi Skender , Dimitrovski Kocho , Ivanovska Beti Zafirova , Jukic Nikolina Basic , Spasovski Goce 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIntroduction. Monitoring of graft function by creatinine concentrations in serum and calculated glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is recommended after kidney transplantation. KDIGO recommendations on the treatment of transplant patients advocate usage of one of the existing mathematical equations based on serum creatinine. We compared clinical application of three equations based on serum creatinine in monitoring the function of transplanted kidney. Methods. A total number of 55 adult patients who received their first renal allograft from living donors at our transplant center in between 2011-2014 were included into the study. Renal allograft GFR was estimated by the Cockroft-Gault, Nankivell and MDRD formula, and correlated with clinical parameters of donors and recipients. Results. The mean age of recipients was 35.7±9.5 (range 16-58), and the mean age of donors was 55.5±9.0 (34- 77) years. Out of this group of 55 transplant patients, 50(90.91%) were on hemodialysis (HD) prior to transplantation. HD treatment was shorter than 24 months in 37(74%) transplant patients. The calculated GFR with MDRD equation showed the highest mean value at 6 and 12 months (68.46±21.5; 68.39±24.6, respectively) and the lowest at 48 months (42.79±12.9). According to the Cockroft&Gault equation GFR was the highest at 12 months (88.91±24.9) and the lowest at 48 months (66.53±18.1 ml/min). The highest mean level (80.53±17.7) of the calculated GFR with the Nankivell equation was obtained at 12 months and the lowest (67.81±16.7 ml/min) at 48 months. The values of Pearson’s correlation coefficient between the calculated GFR and the MDRD at 2 years after transplantation according to donor’s age of r=-0.3224, correlation between GFR and the Cockfroft & Gault at 6 and 12 months and donor’s age (r=-0.2735 and r=-0.2818), and correlation between GFR and the Nankivell at 2 years and donor’s age of r=-0.2681, suggested a conclusion that calculated GFR was lower in recipients who had an older donors. Conclusion. Our analysis showed difference in the calculated GFR with different equations at the same time points. Using one mathematical equation during the total post-transplantation period would be a recommended method in order to eliminate the discrepancy in determining the stage of kidney failure.
Plasma Calcium Concentration Modifies the Blood Sodium During Hemodialysis: Lessons from Hard Water Syndrome
Authors: Viggiano Davide , Anastasio Pietro 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Introduction. Extracellular sodium (Na+) concentration is maintained within a tight physiological range due to hormonal control, that mainly modulates thirst, Na+ and water renal excretion. Extra-renal regulation of Na+ and water homeostasis is only partially understood. Recently it has been debated whether the osmotically inactive Na+ storage is fixed or variable. Methods. In the present study, fourteen End-Stage Renal Disease (ESRD) patients treated by chronic hemodialysis underwent by accident to a sharp increase in plasmatic calcium (Ca+2) levels due to the failure of the water control system, leading to the so-called hard water syndrome. The levels of plasmatic Ca+2 after 1 hr of hemodialysis were correlated with urea, Na+, potassium (K+) and creatinine levels. Eleven ESRD patients treated with hemodialysis under similar conditions were used as controls. Results. The hard water syndrome resulted in hypercalcemia, while mean plasma levels of Na+, K+ and urea were not different compared to controls. Plasma creatinine levels were slightly but significantly higher that control. A correlation analysis on the measured variables has showed a positive correlation between plasma Ca+2 and Na+ levels (Pearson=0.428, p=0.032), and the absence of any correlation with K+, creatinine and urea concentration. Conclusions. Our study suggests that acute changes in plasmatic Ca+2 levels may affect Na+ concentration in the absence of renal function; it is possible that hypercalcemia may trigger Na+ release from the osmotically inactive storage. These data further support previous observations on the interplay of sodium and calcium at extrarenal sites.
International Security Presence in Kosovo and its Human Rights Implications
Authors: Istrefi Remzije 
Published: November 2017

AbstractIn this article I will examine the powers and activities of NATO-led Kosovo forces (KFOR) and their impact on human rights protection in Kosovo. Through this examination, I seek to answer the following questions: which KFOR actions affected the human rights of Kosovars? Does KFOR carry out responsibilities and abide by the obligations normally imposed upon nation-states? And is there a solution available when the alleged violator is KFOR? KFOR is responsible for carrying out military tasks and for ‘shouldering’ UNMIK and local security forces in some civilian peace-building tasks. In the course of the exercise of its mandate, there were alleged complaints of human rights violations by KFOR. The legal implications of these alleged complaints against KFOR (in)actions will also be discussed.
Mechanism and dynamics of INPP5E transport into and inside the ciliary compartment
Authors: Kösling Stefanie Kristine , Fansa Eyad Kalawy , Maffini Stefano , Wittinghofer Alfred 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe inositol polyphosphate 5′-phosphatase E (INPP5E) localizes to cilia. We showed that the carrier protein phosphodiesterase 6 delta subunit (PDE6δ) mediates the sorting of farnesylated INPP5E into cilia due to high affinity binding and release by the ADP-ribosylation factor (Arf)-like protein Arl3·GTP. However, the dynamics of INPP5E transport into and inside the ciliary compartment are not fully understood. Here, we investigate the movement of INPP5E using live cell fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) analysis. We show that PDE6δ and the dynein transport system are essential for ciliary sorting and entry of INPP5E. However, its innerciliary transport is regulated solely by the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system, independent from PDE6δ activity and INPP5E farnesylation. By contrast, movement of Arl3 into and within cilia occurs freely by diffusion and IFT-independently. The farnesylation defective INPP5E CaaX box mutant loses the exclusive ciliary localization. The accumulation of this mutant at centrioles after photobleaching suggests an affinity trap mechanism for ciliary entry, that in case of the wild type is overcome by the interaction with PDE6δ. Collectively, we postulate a three-step mechanism regulating ciliary localization of INPP5E, consisting of farnesylation- and PDE6δ-mediated targeting, INPP5E-PDE6δ complex diffusion into the cilium with transfer to the IFT system, and retention inside cilia.
On the stability of steady-states of a two-dimensional system of ferromagnetic nanowires
Authors: Dwivedi Sharad , Dubey Shruti 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe investigate the stability features of steady-states of a two-dimensional system of ferromagnetic nanowires. We constitute a system with the finite number of nanowires arranged on the(e→1,e→2){(\vec{e}_{1},\vec{e}_{2})}plane, where(e→1,e→2,e→3){(\vec{e}_{1},\vec{e}_{2},\vec{e}_{3})}is the canonical basis ofℝ3{\mathbb{R}^{3}}. We consider two cases: in the first case, each nanowire is considered to be of infinite length, whereas in the second case, we deal with finite length nanowires to design the system. In both cases, we establish a sufficient condition under which these steady-states are shown to be exponentially stable.
Burnout and Depressive Symptomatology of the Employees in Institutions of Chronic Diseases
Authors: Brouskeli Vasiliki , Giakovis Eustathios , Loumakou Maria 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe purpose of the research is twofold: a) to determine whether the employees in Greek Institutions of Chronic Diseases show burnout and depressive symptomatology and to connect them with sociodemographic characteristics and b)to investigate the relation between these two health factors. The participants completed a Greek version of Maslach's Burnout Inventory (MBI), a Greek version of Beck's Depression Inventory (BDI), and a questionnaire regarding the socio-demographic characteristics. According to the results of the research, a significant percentage of participants show burnout and depressive symptomatology. The exhaustion was found to be associated with gender, age, employment and marital status. The scientific staff has less depressive symptoms than the auxiliaries. Finally, higher levels of burnout effect on higher levels of depressive symptomatology. Based on the results, it is necessary to make interventions on a preventive level as well as to deal with burnout problems and depression of employees on time. In conclusion, there is a need to conduct further researches that, among others, check the targeting and the effectiveness of interventions.
Policy Identification of the Working Capital Management of Medium-Sized Business
Authors: Herdinata Christian 
Published: November 2017

AbstractEnterprises use working capital to meet the needs of the organizations in order to perform operational activities. Hence, in order to produce optimal results, companies require sufficient working capital. Medium-scale industries have great potential in driving the economy through output and employment. As such, the purpose of this research is to analyze the working capital management policy of mediumsized business. This research employs literature study method by compiling relevant literature on the research problems. The data analysis process of this research is divided into three stages: (1) data reduction, which includes summarizing, classifying main points, focusing on important facts, and finding patterns; (2) data display, which includes data compilation and systematic data presentation; and (3) conclusion drawing and verification, which presents the research conclusions on the problem statements. Research findings suggest that working capital policy is dependant upon loan term and interest rate, which means that longer loan period leads to higher interest. Long-term loan of working capital requires debtors to pay bigger interest than short-term loan, because creditors must take into consideration the risks of uncertain future. Companies with short cash conversion cycle suggest fast retrieval of accounts receivable, good inventory management, and slower payment to supplier while maintaining corporate credibility.
Examining Crowding Using a Real Three-Dimensional Experimental Setup
Authors: Eberhardt Lisa Valentina , Huckauf Anke 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
The phenomenon of impaired recognition of peripherally presented visual targets, when flanked by similar stimuli, is referred to as crowding. Studies in a two-dimensional space have shown that lateral distances are critical: the extent of crowding depends on eccentricity of the target stimulus and on the spacing between target and flanking stimuli. The question of whether also distances in depth affect crowding was until now usually investigated using virtual depth. However, virtual and real depth differ, for example with respect to the accommodation-vergence alignment and to effects of blur. Thus, we made an attempt to study crowding in real depth. In our experimental setup, real depth is implemented by two screens, observed via a semi-transparent mirror. Thus, moving the two screens along the line of sight allows simultaneous stimulus presentation with real depth differences. In a first validation study with 18 participants, a fixation cross was fixed in a depth of 190 cm. Single and flanked Landolt rings were presented in 2° of eccentricity in the same depth as fixation, or in front of (170 cm), or behind (215 cm) the fixation depth. Results concerning recognition performance show a similar extent of crowding for flanked targets presented in front of, or behind the fixation depth, and flanked targets in the fixation depth. But, concerning reaction time, the difference between isolated and flanked targets was reduced in defocused depths compared to the fixation depth. That is, reaction time toward flanked targets in the fixation depth was higher than in front of, or behind the fixation depth. With the experimental setup, crowding successfully was induced in different real depths. In further studies, the influence of target and flankers in divergent depths on crowding will be investigated.
Perception of Biological Motion in Central and Peripheral Visual Fields
Authors: Laicāne Ilze , Šķilters Jurģis , Lyakhovetskii Vsevolod , Zimaša Elīna , Krūmiņa Gunta 
Published: November 2017

Abstract
Studies analysing biological motion perception based on reduced number of dots have demonstrated that biological motion can be perceived even when only the lower part of the body is visible or when the number of dots representing the object is reduced. What is the minimal amount of information that enables biological motion to be distinguished from its scrambled version? The results of the current experiment demonstrate that biological motion can be distinguished from its scrambled version when the object is formed of approximately 5 (4.7 ± 0.1) dots. Additionally, we also investigated whether the threshold value for biological motion perception differs in central and peripheral visual fields. By using stimulus magnification, we demonstrate that the number of dots sufficient for biological motion perception is similar in the central visual field and near periphery. Hence, stimulus magnification can compensate for reduced task performance in the peripheral visual field. The current results suggest that reduced performance of biological motion perception in the peripheral visual field (as demonstrated in other studies) is due to difficulties with the global perception of biological motion.