bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Histological and Cytological Analysis of Microsporogenesis and Microgametogenesis of the Invasive Species Galinsoga quadriradiata Ruiz & Pav. (Asteraceae)
Authors: Kolczyk Jolanta , Tuleja Monika , Płachno Bartosz Jan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractGalinsoga quadriradiataRuiz & Pav. is an annual weedy plant that can be found all over the world. It belongs to the Asteraceae family and is recognised as one of the invasive foreign plants in Poland, which are native to Central and South America. The aim of this study was to describe the reproductive features ofGalinsoga quadriradiatafocusing on the changes that occur during microsporogenesis and microgametogenesis along with the morphology of its pollen. As it is typical of the eudicot clade of Angiosperms, cytokinesis ofG. quadriradiatais simultaneous. The pollen grains are tricolporate with spiny outer walls and the course of the microsporogenetic process is fairly typical of the Echinatae group of weed plants. The high viability of the pollen grains, which mature unequally in the inflorescences, and the proper course of meiosis determine whether a plant has the invasive character ofGalinsoga quadriradiata.
Qa-SNARE Protein SYP22 Negatively Regulates Brassinosteroid Signaling in the Dark
Authors: Yao Ting Shan , Zhu Xiao Feng , Jung Jin Hee , Xuan Yuan Hu 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Soluble N-ethyl-maleimide sensitive factor attachment adaptor protein receptor (SNARE) domain-containing proteins were mainly involved in vesicle-associated membrane fusion. Genetic screening has revealed the function of SNARE in different aspects of plant biology. Among them, Synthaxin-22 (SYP22) a Qa-SNARE has been reported to have a pleiotropic function in plant development including regulation of leaf waving, shoot gravitropism and flowering time. In this study, we identified a new role of SYP22 in regulation of brassinosteroid (BR) signaling, especially in the dark. SYP22 interacts with BR receptor, brassinosteroid insensitive 1 (BRI1), and overexpression of SYP22 enhanced a weak BRI1 mutant bri1-5 phenotype. syp22 mutant exhibits short hypocotyl and it is sensitive to exogenously treated BR while slightly insensitive to BR-biosynthesis inhibitor propiconazole (PCZ) in the dark. Expression levels of BR signaling maker genes ACS5, SAUR15 and IAA19 were slightly higher, while BR6OX2, a BR biosynthesis marker gene, was lower in syp22 compared to the wild-type. In addition, syp22 was sensitive to 2,4-D, a synthetic auxin, in the dark. In conclusion, SYP22 is involved in BR- and auxin-mediated hypocotyl growth inhibition in the dark, which might be via interaction with BR and auxin key regulators to alter their internalization in Arabidopsis.
Electrical Changes in Deeper Cortical Structures During Balanced General Anesthesia with the Aim on Inhalation Anesthetics Effects
Authors: Fischer M , Drobny M , Saniova B , Bakosova E , Hamzik J , Schnierer M , Osinova D. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
There are many theories that attempt to explain the mechanisms of the effects of inhalation anesthetics - from simpler, pursuing individual effects of anesthetics on the level of the ion channels, to more complex that are looking for uniform global changes in brain activity common to several agents. However, we still don’t have satisfactory and adequate conclusions.
We examined a sample of 39 patients undergoing thoracic surgery at the Clinic of Thoracic Surgery under general anesthesia (GA) and we registered their electroencephalographic (EEG) signals before and during operation. After induction of GA by intravenous (i.v.), we used inhalation anesthetics to maintain GA. We used sevoflurane (SEV) in 20 patients and desflurane (DES) in 19 patients. Then we obtained the EEG data and processed them through mathematical and statistical analysis, to discover any changes of electrical activity in the brain during thoracic surgery under GA.
The era of digital recording EEG and present possibilities of modern computer techniques allow quantitative analysis of obtained data. We performed the analysis with the software LORETA (low resolution brain electromagnetic tomography). It is a relatively new research method, which in a similar way as computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) displays even deeper brain electrical activity, which is hiddeen for a classical EEG approach.
We described the general changes in brain electrical activity of the deeper cortical structures within the traditional frequency bands (d, q, a, b and g) during GA at 5 mm spatial resolution. We have shown that the source of the well-known cortical EEG changes after the effect of used inhalation anesthetics is caused by changes situated in the deeper brain structures, particularly the limbic system. Significant changes occurred in the cingulate gyrus for most of an EEG frequency ranges. When comparing the data of patients anesthetised with SEV and DES we found similar changes within the d and q rhythms and then the global changes of EEG activity followed during GA.
Analysis of Temperature Field, Heat and Fluid Flow of Two-Phase Zone Continuous Casting Cu–Sn Alloy Wire
Authors: Luo J. , Liu X. , Wang X. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Cu–4.7 wt. % Sn alloy wire with Ø10 mm was prepared by two-phase zone continuous casting technology, and the temperature field, heat and fluid flow were investigated by the numerical simulated method. As the melting temperature, mold temperature, continuous casting speed and cooling water temperature is 1200 °C, 1040 °C, 20 mm/min and 18 °C, respectively, the alloy temperature in the mold is in the range of 720 °C–1081 °C, and the solid/liquid interface is in the mold. In the center of the mold, the heat flow direction is vertically downward. At the upper wall of the mold, the heat flow direction is obliquely downward and deflects toward the mold, and at the lower wall of the mold, the heat flow deflects toward the alloy. There is a complex circular flow in the mold. Liquid alloy flows downward along the wall of the mold and flows upward in the center.
Tribological Properties of AlSi17Cu5Mg Alloy Modified with CuP Master Alloy with Various Speeds of Friction
Authors: Piątkowski J. , Wieszała R. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the influence of modification with phosphorus (CuP10) on the tribological properties of the alloy AlSi17Cu5Mg coupled abrasively with cast-iron EN GJL-350. Tests of coefficient of friction and wear of mass were conducted on tribological tester T-01. An important aspect in the assessment of the tribological properties is the analysis of initial material microstructure in reference to silumin which underwent modification with phosphorus. It was found that the difference in structure of tested materials, mainly sizes of primary silicon crystals significantly influences the tribological properties whereas the speed change of the friction knot does not have such big influence.
Al-Si and Al-Si-Mg Cast Alloys Shrinkage Porosity Estimation
Authors: Samavedam S. , Sundarrajan S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
US A356 and US 413 cast aluminium alloys shrinkage characteristic have been discussed in the present study. Specific volume reduction leads to shrinkage in castings and it can be envisaged as a casting defect. Finite difference based casting process simulation software has been used to study the shrinkage characteristic and it is quantified using mathematical formulae. The three dimensional model of the shrinkage defect has been constructed using CAD application software. Shrinkage characteristic has also been quantified through experimental validation studies and compared well with casting process simulation. Shrinkage characteristic study and control is essential for producing defect free castings. Influence of casting shape on the shrinkage characteristic has been studied in this paper.
Influence of the Reclamation Process Intensity in the REGMAS Reclaimer on the Purification Degree of the High-silica Matrix
Authors: Skrzyński M. , Dańko R. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The investigation results of the reclamation of spent moulding sands with furfuryl resin are presented in this paper. The reclamation process was performed in the secondary reclamation chamber of the REGMAS 1.5 vibratory reclaimer. 70 kg portions of moulding sands, previously subjected to the primary reclamation and dedusting, were used. The secondary reclamation was performed in two stages: the first consisted of determining the reclaimer intensity at various reclamation times (5 min, 10 min and 15 min) and various electrovibrator frequencies (40 Hz, 50 Hz and 60 Hz), the second consisted of determining the influence of additional crushing elements on the intensity of processes.
Examining the Possibilities of Analyzing the Solidification Process of Al-Si Alloy with the Infrared Camera
Authors: Władysiak R. , Kozuń A. , Pacyniak T. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the results of the crystallization process of silumin by the TDA thermographic method and the results of the cast microstructure obtained in the sampler ATD-10, that was cooling down in ambient air. The study was conducted for silumins AlSi8 and AlSi11 unmodified. The work demonstrated that the use of thermal imaging camera allows for the measurement and recording the solidification process of silumin. Thermal curve was registered with the infrared camera and derivative curve that was calculated on the base of thermal curve have both a very similar shape to adequate them TDA curves obtained from measurements using a thermocouple. Test results by TDA thermographic method enable quantitative analysis of the kinetics of the cooling and solidification process of hypo-and neareutectic silumins.
Influence of the Hardener on the Emission of Harmful Substances from Moulding Sands with Furan Resin in the Pyrolysis Process
Authors: Holtzer M. , Kmita A. , Żymankowska-Kumon S. , Bobrowski A. , Dańko R. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The furan resin offers advantages such as high intensity, low viscosity, good humidity resistance and is suitable for cast different casting alloys: steel, cast iron and non-ferrous metal casting. For hardening furan resins are used different hardeners (acid catalysts). The acid catalysts have significant effects on the properties of the cured binder (e,g. binding strength and thermal stability) [1 - 3]. Investigations of the gases emission in the test foundry plant were performed according to the original method developed in the Faculty of Foundry Engineering, AGH UST. The analysis is carried out by the gas chromatography method with the application of the flame-ionising detector (FID) (TRACE GC Ultra THERMO SCIENTIFIC).
Vapordynamic thermosyphon – heat transfer two-phase device for wide applications
Authors: Vasiliev Leonard , Vasiliev Leonid , Zhuravlyov Alexander , Shapovalov Aleksander , Rodin Aleksei 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Vapordynamic thermosyphon (VDT) is an efficient heat transfer device. The two-phase flow generation and dynamic interaction between the liquid slugs and vapor bubbles in the annular minichannel of the VDT condenser are the main features of such thermosyphon, which allowed to increase its thermodynamic efficiency. VDT can transfer heat in horizontal position over a long distance. The condenser is nearly isothermal with the length of tens of meters. The VDT evaporators may have different forms. Some practical applications of VDT are considered.
Investigation of transient heat transfer in composite walls using carbon/epoxy composites as an example
Authors: Terpiłowski Janusz , Gawron Bartosz , Woroniak Grzegorz 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The paper presents the application of similarity theory to investigations of transient heat transfer in materials with complex structure. It describes the theoretical-experimental method for identification and design of the structure of two-component composite walls based on the research of the thermal diffusivity for the composite and its matrix separately. The thermal diffusivity was measured by means of the modified flash method. The method was tested on two samples of double-layer ‘epoxy resin – polyamide’. All the investigated samples had the same diameter of 12 mm and thickness ranging from 1.39–2.60 mm and their equivalent value of thermal diffusivity ranging from (1.21–1.98)×10−7 m2/s. Testing the method and research on carbon/epoxy composites was carried out at temperatures close to room temperature.
Interrelations between Energy Security Economics and Social Cohesion: Analysis of a Lithuanian Case
Authors: Dainius Genys , Ričardas Krikštolaitis 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Growing attention to sustainable development in academic discourse fosters discussions on how energy security affects society. In most cases the discussions consider the political and economic consequences, which affect or may affect the society. The aim of the article is to assess the impact of energy security economics on social cohesion in Lithuania. To achieve this aim the interrelations between energy security, energy economics and social cohesion are discussed. The theoretical framework of social cohesion (introduced by J. Jenson and P. Bernard) is presented and applied in empirical analysis. The operationalization of empirical variables is based on economic, political and socio-cultural - activity areas, which are analyzed to verify the dichotomies between public attitudes and the actual behavior of society. These dichotomies help to distinguish six analytical dimensions, on the basis of which we created 17 empirical indicators, which analysis allows for describing the impact of Lithuanian energy security economics on social cohesion in quantitative data. The statistical analyses showed that the impact of attitudinal dimensions of energy security economics on social cohesion in Lithuania has an almost neutral effect: 3.05 (1-very negative; 3-neutral, 5-very positive). Whereas, the impact of behavioural dimensions of energy security economics on social cohesion has a negative effect: 2.47. The aggregated average of the overall impact of energy security economics on social cohesion in Lithuania has a negative effect: 2.76.
The article consists of four parts. The first part presents the interrelations between energy security, economy and social cohesion as well as discusses the theoretical framework that is used in empirical analysis. The second briefly provides the operationalization of theoretical model, concrete indicators that are used in the analysis and presents main statistic characteristics of indicators. The third part explains the results and stresses main discoveries taking into account the distribution of energy expenses for energy security among society. The fourth elaborates the noticeable differences among different social groups (in regard to age, education, income and living area).
Dry grasslands of Hippocrepido glaucae-Stipion austroitalicae in the Pollino Massif (Calabria, Italy)
Authors: Terzi Massimo , D’Amico Franceso S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Rocky pastures dominated by Stipa austroitalica in the south-east of Italy were classified within an endemic alliance, Hippocrepido glaucae-Stipion austroitalicae, originally assigned to a Balkan order (Scorzoneretalia villosae). Actually, the distribution area of S. austroitalica extends further westwards and large patches are found on the south-east side of the Pollino Massif. This study aims to describe and characterise the plant communities dominated by S. austroitalica in this area and analyse their floristic and chorological relationships with other associations of Hippocrepido-Stipion. Moreover, their syntaxonomy is discussed in the context of the Italian and south European dry grasslands biogeography. The grasslands were studied on the basis of 19 phytosociological relevés. A larger data set, including 185 relevés with S. austroitalica, was used to visualise the relationships among the associations through nonmetric multi-dimensional scaling ordination. The results allowed the description of a new association, Bupleuro gussonei-Stipetum austroitalicae, classified within Hippocrepido-Stipion. As a consequence, the alliance synrange was extended up to the Pollino Massif. The Hip pocrepido-Stipion, together with Cytiso spinescentis-Bromion erecti, was arranged in Euphorbietalia myrsinitidis, an endemic order of the Italian peninsula. The proposed scheme upgrades the syntaxonomy and nomenclature of the dry grasslands vegetation of central and southern Italy.
Selenium uptake and Se compounds in Se-treated buckwheat
Authors: Golob Aleksandra , Germ Mateja , Kreft Ivan , Zelnik Igor , Kristan Urška , Stibilj Vekoslava 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn field experiments, tartary buckwheat and hybrid buckwheat were foliarly sprayed with an aqueous solution of sodium selenate (20 mg Se L-1). In treated plants, the selenium content was significantly higher than in controls, irrespective of the plant part and taxon of buckwheat. The highest average Se concentrations in hybrid and tartary buckwheat were found in seeds. The main Se species found in seeds was Semethionine. Selenium-sprayed plants had higher photochemical efficiency of photosystem II in both taxa and higher electron transport system activity in hybrid buckwheat, suggesting a positive effect of Se on physiological characteristics. Because of the concentration of Se in both buckwheat taxa and selenomethionine as the dominant species of Se, Se-enriched buckwheat is a potential source of dietary Se for animals and humans.
Functional Traits and Plasticity of Plants in Ecological Research and Education
Authors: Masarovičová Elena , Májeková Mária , Vykouková Ivana 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Plant functional traits are any morphological, physiological and phenological features, which indirectly affect plant fitness through their three basic components of plant individual performance - growth, reproduction and survival. These features represent also a keystone for plant functional groups, which are similar in three aspects - function on the level of organism, response to environmental factors and effect on ecosystems. Functional approach in ecology and vegetation study enables to evaluate plant communities on the base of species function in a community, and to relate functional structure of plant communities to particular environmental gradients. Species plasticity has many aspects that mirror species adaptations to the environmental conditions and which then also translate into functional structuring of plant communities. This approach is thus a novel and exciting mode how to carry on plant ecology, both in research and education at universities.
The Content of Lead, Cadmium and Mercury in Sediments from Rainwater Reservoirs Situated Along the National Road 4
Authors: Niemiec Marcin 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The paper aimed at determining the pollution level of sediments collected from reservoirs receiving rainwater. The sediments were sampled from11 reservoirs on three dates: in May 2007, in April 2008 and in June 2008 in the following localities: Sulkow, Biskupice, Bodzanow and Suchoraba situated at a distance of ca 15 from each other. The contents of lead, cadmium, mercury and organic matter were assessed in the sediments. Lead content in the analysed sediments ranged from 9.87 to 61 mg · kg−2 with average for all samples 28.08 mg · kg−1. Mean cadmium concentration in the studied sediments was 0.637 mg · kg−1 and fluctuated from 0.20 to 1.58 mg Cd · kg−1. The quantities of mercury assessed in the sediments from rainwater reservoirs ranged from 0.337 to 0.864 mg · kg−1. Considerable differences between studied metal concentrations were assessed among the studied reservoirs, however the trends of differences were similar at each sampling. Generally, the levels of cadmium and mercury assessed in the analyzed sediments were comparable to the sediments from urbanized areas of various cities in the world, whereas lead level in the sediments of the analysed reservoirs was generally much lower than reported for similar materials in literature. Regularly decreasing contents of all elements with growing distance from the Krakow agglomeration was noted. The reservoir situated closest to Krakow, in Sulkow is located 7 km from the city boundaries and borders on Wieliczka town, whereas the reservoir in Suchoraba is located 17 km from Krakow. At this distance metal concentrations in the sediments from rainwater reservoirs were diminishing several times, which suggests considerable effect of urban pollution on metal level in these sediments.
Sustainable Tourism - Sensible Tourism
Authors: Zyzak Wacław 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
The article presents the issues related to travel and tourism, the development of this branch of service, and attempts to create alternative solutions to reduce this phenomenon’s dysfunctions. The introduction outlines the nineteenth century beginnings of tourism on the British Isles, including the setup of the first travel agency and the effects of increasing number of participants of mass tourism. The second section discusses the evolution from traveller to the tourist consumer of the commercial offer and social and environmental impacts of these changes. The third part presents the attempts to create alternatives to mass tourism with the adaptation of the rules resulting from the concept of sustainable development, and stressed the need for pro-environmental education.
Photocatalytic Coatings - Promising Way to Improve a Quality of Urban Building Surfaces
Authors: Sázavská Tereza , Šubrt Jan , Jakubičková Michaela , Peterka František 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
With the increasing air pollutants particularly in the cities the deteriorating conditions of the buildings accelerate. One of the non-invasive and cheap promising ways how to prevent the buildings against the aged processes caused by biological pollutants or smog exhalation is the innovation of suitable photocatalytic coatings. This work focuses on the characterization of prepared photocatalytic nanocomposite TiO2-SiO2 system to be applied on the building objects in order to improve a quality of their surfaces. The structure and the texture characterization of prepared nanocomposite were determined by electron microscopy (SEM, TEM + EDS). The photocatalytic activity of the composite was determined considering the self-cleaning ability and the antibacterial activity. For self-cleaning characterization the methylene blue degradation was measured. These self-cleaning properties were tested on the various types of supports, which are commonly used in the building facades. To estimate antibacterial and biocidal activity the Gram-negative bacterium Escherichia coli and the gram-positive bacteria Staphylococcus aureus were used. Both methods were done according to standard ISO tests. Next to the laboratory testing the application of the composite under the real condition was implemented. There were treated parts of the concrete outside wall with the composite and after more than one year the colour changed analysis of the wall surface was characterized.