bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Droop Nose With Elastic Skin
Authors: Riemenschneider Johannes , Radestock Martin , Vasista Srinivas , Huxdorf Oliver , Monner Hans Peter 
Published: November 2016

Morphing is a technology with high potential to reduce emissions in aviation by adapting the shape of the wings to varying external operating conditions. This paper is presenting results from the EU FP7 funded CHANGE project, where different concepts to adapt a UAV wing airfoil to different demands were investigated. The paper is concentrating on the design and experimental testing of a droop nose, which transforms the leading edge part of the 60 cm chord airfoil from a NACA 6510 shape for loiter and low speed to a NACA 2510 shape for a high speed mission. This paper is presenting the use of an especially soft skin, which reduces the needed force for morphing. That way the requirements for the servos driving the droop nose could be reduced significantly. This paper is showing the implications of such a soft design on the accuracy of the shape generated. For such a skin design, the driving mechanism of the system is designed as a compliant mechanism, which was generated by topology optimization, taking into account aerodynamic loads. For easy manufacturing reasons, thermoplastic polylactic acid (PLA) with zero warp property was used for the manufacturing of this compliant mechanism.
Finally deformation measurements of the morphing skin were carried out in a series of lab tests. The match between measured and numerically derived section is quite good, especially in the root region of the wing.
Finally an example of an alternative concept to the soft approach is presented. It is the metal based compliant mechanism with a rather stiff GFRP skin. A discussion on the use of different materials and the way forward towards 3D skin optimization is wrapping up the paper.
Application of Auxetic Polymeric Structures for Body Protection
Authors: Yang Chulho , Vora Hitesh D. , Chang Young B. 
Published: November 2016

Negative Poisson’s ratio (NPR) materials, also known as auxetic materials, have many promising application areas. In recent years, various auxetic material structures have been designed and fabricated for diverse applications that utilized normal materials which follow Hooke’s law but still show the properties of negative Poisson’s ratios.
In light of this, efforts are made to apply auxetic material structures to body protection pads that are comfortable to wear and effective in protecting body parts by reducing impact force and preventing injuries in high-risk individuals such as elderly people, industry workers, law enforcement and military personnel, and sport players. For those people, blunt impacts such as falls, bullets, and blast wave may reduce quality of life, increase the possibility of early death and generate an extremely high medical costs. Therefore, it is important to develop new body protectors that best combine each individual’s requirements of wearing comfort (flexible, light weight), ease of fitting (customized), ensured protection, and cost-effectiveness. The developed protection pad would be made from multilayer materials with an adaptive structure to achieve a unique multifunctional properties such as high hardness, impact toughness, light weight, excellent shock absorption, self-assembly suitable for the needs.
Particularly, an integrated computational (finite element analysis) approach is used to investigate the effect of three material structures (honeycomb or flexin structure, re-entrant hexagonal cells or reflexin structure, and arrowhead structure) in combination with three polymeric materials (Polylactic acid (PLA) and two thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) materials). Efforts are made to relate the individual and/or combined effect of auxetic structure and materials to the overall stiffness and shock-absorption performance of the body protection pads.
Initially, parametric 3D CAD models of auxetic polymeric structures are developed. Later, key structural characteristics of protectors are evaluated through static analyses of FEA models. Impact/shock analyses are conducted to validate the results obtained from the static analyses. The mechanism for ideal input force distribution or shunting is suggested for designing protectors using various shapes, thicknesses, and materials of auxetic materials to reduce the risk of injury. The results show that the auxetic material can be considered as an effective material structure for body protection pads.
De Novo
Emergence of Genetically Resistant Mutants of Mycobacterium tuberculosis from the Persistence Phase Cells Formed against Antituberculosis Drugs
In Vitro
Authors: Sebastian Jees , Swaminath Sharmada , Nair Rashmi Ravindran , Jakkala Kishor , Pradhan Atul , Ajitkumar Parthasarathi 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT

Bacterial persisters are a subpopulation of cells that can tolerate lethal concentrations of antibiotics. However, the possibility of the emergence of genetically resistant mutants from antibiotic persister cell populations, upon continued exposure to lethal concentrations of antibiotics, remained unexplored. In the present study, we found that
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
cells exposed continuously to lethal concentrations of rifampin (RIF) or moxifloxacin (MXF) for prolonged durations showed killing, RIF/MXF persistence, and regrowth phases. RIF-resistant or MXF-resistant mutants carrying clinically relevant mutations in the
rpoB
or
gyrA
gene, respectively, were found to emerge at high frequency from the RIF persistence phase population. A Luria-Delbruck fluctuation experiment using RIF-exposed
M. tuberculosis
cells showed that the
rpoB
mutants were not preexistent in the population but were formed
de novo
from the RIF persistence phase population. The RIF persistence phase
M. tuberculosis
cells carried elevated levels of hydroxyl radical that inflicted extensive genome-wide mutations, generating RIF-resistant mutants. Consistent with the elevated levels of hydroxyl radical-mediated genome-wide random mutagenesis, MXF-resistant
M. tuberculosis
gyrA de novo
mutants could be selected from the RIF persistence phase cells. Thus, unlike previous studies, which showed emergence of genetically resistant mutants upon exposure of bacteria for short durations to sublethal concentrations of antibiotics, our study demonstrates that continuous prolonged exposure of
M. tuberculosis
cells to lethal concentrations of an antibiotic generates antibiotic persistence phase cells that form a reservoir for the generation of genetically resistant mutants to the same antibiotic or another antibiotic. These findings may have clinical significance in the emergence of drug-resistant tubercle bacilli.
Frequent Cross-Resistance to Dapivirine in HIV-1 Subtype C-Infected Individuals after First-Line Antiretroviral Therapy Failure in South Africa
Authors: Penrose Kerri J. , Wallis Carole L. , Brumme Chanson J. , Hamanishi Kristen A. , Gordon Kelley C. , Viana Raquel V. , Harrigan P. Richard , Mellors John W. , Parikh Urvi M. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTA vaginal ring containing dapivirine (DPV) has shown moderate protective efficacy against HIV-1 acquisition, but the activity of DPV against efavirenz (EFV)- and nevirapine (NVP)-resistant viruses that could be transmitted is not well defined. We investigated DPV cross-resistance of subtype C HIV-1 from individuals on failing NVP- or EFV-containing antiretroviral therapy (ART) in South Africa. Plasma samples were obtained from individuals with >10,000 copies of HIV RNA/ml and with HIV-1 containing at least one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) mutation. Susceptibility to NVP, EFV, and DPV in TZM-bl cells was determined for recombinant HIV-1LAIcontaining bulk-amplified, plasma-derived, full-length reverse transcriptase sequences. Fold change (FC) values were calculated compared with a composite 50% inhibitory concentration (IC50) from 12 recombinant subtype C HIV-1LAIplasma-derived viruses from treatment-naive individuals in South Africa. A total of 25/100 (25%) samples showed >500-FCs to DPV compared to treatment-naive samples with IC50s exceeding the maximum DPV concentration tested (132 ng/ml). A total of 66/100 (66%) samples displayed 3- to 306-FCs, with a median IC50of 17.6 ng/ml. Only 9/100 (9%) samples were susceptible to DPV (FC < 3). Mutations L100I and K103N were significantly more frequent in samples with >500-fold resistance to DPV compared to samples with a ≤500-fold resistance. A total of 91% of samples with NNRTI-resistant HIV-1 from individuals on failing first-line ART in South Africa exhibited ≥3-fold cross-resistance to DPV. This level of resistance exceeds expected plasma concentrations, but very high genital tract DPV concentrations from DPV ring use could block viral replication. It is critically important to assess the frequency of transmitted and selected DPV resistance in individuals using the DPV ring.
Are Prophylactic and Therapeutic Target Concentrations Different?: the Case of Lopinavir-Ritonavir or Lamivudine Administered to Infants for Prevention of Mother-to-Child HIV-1 Transmission during Breastfeeding
Authors: Foissac Frantz , Blume Jörn , Tréluyer Jean-Marc , Tylleskär Thorkild , Kankasa Chipepo , Meda Nicolas , Tumwine James K. , Singata-Madliki Mandisa , Harper Kim , Illamola Silvia M. , Bouazza Naïm , Nagot Nicolas , Van de Perre Philippe , Blanche Stéphane , Hirt Déborah 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACT
The ANRS 12174 trial assessed the efficacy and tolerance of lopinavir (LPV)-ritonavir (LPV/r) prophylaxis versus those of lamivudine (3TC) prophylaxis administered to breastfed infants whose HIV-infected mothers were not on antiretroviral therapy. In this substudy, we assessed LPV/r and 3TC pharmacokinetics to evaluate the percentage of infants with therapeutic plasma concentrations and to discuss these data in the context of a prophylactic treatment. Infants from the South African trial site underwent blood sampling for pharmacokinetic study at weeks 6, 26, and 38 of life. We applied a Bayesian approach to derive the 3TC and LPV pharmacokinetic parameters on the basis of previously published pharmacokinetic models for HIV-infected children. We analyzed 114 LPV and 180 3TC plasma concentrations from 69 infants and 92 infants, respectively. A total of 30 LPV and 20 3TC observations were considered missing doses and discarded from the Bayesian analysis. The overall population analysis showed that 30 to 40% of the infants did not reach therapeutic targets, regardless of treatment group. The median LPV trough concentrations at weeks 6, 26, and 38 were 2.8 mg/liter (interquartile range [IQR], 1.7 to 4.4 mg/liter), 5.6 mg/liter (IQR, 3.2 to 7.7 mg/liter), and 3.4 mg/liter (IQR, 2.3 to 7.3 mg/liter), respectively. The median 3TC area under the curve from 0 to 12 h after the last drug intake were 5.6 mg · h/liter (IQR, 4.1 to 7.8 mg · h/liter), 5.9 mg · h/liter (IQR, 5.1 to 7.5 mg · h/liter), and 7.3 mg · h/liter (IQR, 4.9 to 8.5 mg · h/liter) at weeks 6, 26, and 38, respectively. Use of the therapeutic doses recommended by the WHO would have resulted in a higher proportion of infants achieving the targets. However, no HIV-1 infection was reported among these infants. These results suggest that the prophylactic targets for both 3TC and LPV may be lower than the therapeutic ones. For treatment, the WHO dosing guidelines should be suitable to maintain values above the therapeutic pharmacokinetic targets in most infants. (This study has been registered at ClinicalTrials.gov under identifier NCT00640263.)
Association of eating behaviours with diurnal preference and rotating shift work in Japanese female nurses: a cross-sectional study
Authors: Yoshizaki Takahiro , Kawano Yukari , Noguchi Osamu , Onishi Junko , Teramoto Reiko , Sunami Ayaka , Yokoyama Yuri , Tada Yuki , Hida Azumi , Togo Fumiharu 
Published: November 2016

ObjectivesOur study examines differences in eating behaviour between day workers and rotating shift workers, and considers whether diurnal preference could explain the differences.MethodsJapanese female nurses were studied (39 day workers and 123 rotating shift workers, aged 21–63 years) using self-administered questionnaires. The questionnaires assessed eating behaviours, diurnal preference and demographic characteristics. The questionnaire in the Guidelines for the management of obesity disease issued by the Japan Society for the Study of Obesity was used to obtain scores for the levels of obesity-related eating behaviours, including cognition of constitution, motivation for eating, eating as a diversion, feeling of satiety, eating style, meal contents and temporal eating patterns. The Japanese version of the Morningness–Eveningness (ME) questionnaire was used to measure self-rated preference for the degree to which people prefer to be active in the morning or the evening (ME).ResultsThe scores for meal contents and temporal eating patterns in rotating shift workers were significantly higher than those in day workers. The ME score of rotating shift workers was significantly lower, indicating greater eveningness/less morningness among rotating shift workers. Multivariate linear regression revealed that the ME score was significantly negatively associated with temporal eating patterns and showed a negative association with the score for meal contents at a trend level, while current work shift was not significantly correlated with the scores.ConclusionsThese results suggest that eating behaviours for rotating shift workers are associated with a more unbalanced diet and abnormal temporal eating patterns and that the associations may be explained by diurnal preference rather than by rotating shift work.
Molecular Pathways: Deciphering Mechanisms of Resistance to Macrophage-Targeted Therapies
Authors: Quail Daniela F. , Joyce Johanna A. 
Published: November 2016

Abstract
Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are a major cellular component of numerous tumor types. TAM-targeted therapies include depletion strategies, inhibiting their effector functions or reprogramming toward an antitumorigenic phenotype, with varying degrees of efficacy. Here, we review preclinical and clinical strategies to target macrophages in cancer and discuss potential explanations for why some strategies are effective while other approaches have shown limited success. Clin Cancer Res; 23(4); 876–84. ©2016 AACR.
Association Between Poorer Cognitive Function and Reduced Objectively Monitored Medication Adherence in Patients With Heart Failure
Authors: Dolansky Mary A. , Hawkins Misty A.W. , Schaefer Julie T. , Sattar Abdus , Gunstad John , Redle Joseph D. , Josephson Richard , Moore Shirley M. , Hughes Joel W. 
Published: November 2016

Background—
Subclinical cognitive impairment is prevalent in heart failure (HF); however, its role in important clinical outcomes, such as HF treatment adherence, is unclear. Given the complex polypharmacy in HF treatment, cognitive deficits may be important in predicting medication management. Thus, the objective of the current study was to examine the impact of cognitive function on medication adherence among community-dwelling patients with HF using objective assessments.

Methods and Results—

A prospective observational cohort design of 309 community-dwelling patients with HF (59.7% male, 68.7±9.7 years) and no history of dementia or neurological disease. Cognition was assessed using a neuropsychological battery at baseline. Medication adherence was objectively measured for 21 days using an electronic pillbox. Regression analyses tested whether attention, executive function, or memory predicted 21-day medication adherence. In unadjusted analyses, lower scores on all 3 cognitive domains predicted poorer medication adherence (
β
=0.52–85;
P
=0.001–0.009). After adjusting for demographic, clinical, and psychosocial variables, memory continued to predict medication adherence (
β
=0.51;
P
=0.008), whereas executive function (
β
=0.24;
P
=0.075) and attention were no longer a predictor (
β
=0.34;
P
=0.131).

Conclusions—
Poorer cognitive function, especially in regard to memory, predicted reduced medication adherence among patients with HF and no history of dementia. This effect remained after adjustment for factors known to predict adherence, such as depressed mood, social support, and disease severity level. Future studies should examine the link from cognitive impairment and medication nonadherence to clinical outcomes (eg, hospitalization and mortality).

Clinical Trial Registration—

URL:
http://www.clinicaltrials.gov
. Unique identifier: NCT01461629.
Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Highly Sensitive Cardiac Troponin Levels in a Preventive Medicine Cohort
Authors: DeFina Laura F. , Willis Benjamin L. , Radford Nina B. , Christenson Robert H. , deFilippi Christopher R. , de Lemos James A. 
Published: November 2016

Background

Cardiorespiratory fitness (
CRF
) and highly sensitive cardiac troponin T (hs‐
cTnT
) are associated with risk of all‐cause and cardiovascular mortality as well as incident heart failure. A link of low
CRF
to subclinical cardiac injury may explain this association. We hypothesized that
CRF
would be inversely associated with hs‐
cTnT
measured in healthy adults over age 50.

Methods and Results

We evaluated 2498 participants (24.7% female, mean age 58.7 years) from the Cooper Center Longitudinal Study between August 2008 and January 2012. Plasma specimens obtained shortly before
CRF
estimates by Balke treadmill testing were used for hs‐
cTnT
assays.
CRF
was grouped into low
CRF
(category 1), moderate
CRF
(categories 2–3), and high
CRF
(categories 4–5). Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the association of
CRF
with hs‐
cTnT
. The prevalence of measurable hs‐
cTnT
(≥3 ng/L) was 78.5%. In multivariable analyses, low‐fit individuals were significantly more likely than high‐fit individuals to have elevated hs‐
cTnT
(≥14 ng/L) (odds ratio 2.47, 95%
CI
1.10–5.36).

Conclusions

In healthy older adults,
CRF
is inversely associated with hs‐
cTnT
level adjusted for other risk factors. Prospective studies are needed to evaluate whether improving
CRF
is effective in preventing subclinical cardiac injury.
Prognostic Value of Cardiac Troponin T and Sex in Patients Undergoing Elective Percutaneous Coronary Intervention
Authors: Harada Yukinori , Michel Jonathan , Koenig Wolfgang , Rheude Tobias , Colleran Roisin , Giacoppo Daniele , Kastrati Adnan , Byrne Robert A. 
Published: November 2016

Background

In patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention, the prognostic value of high‐sensitivity cardiac troponin T (hs‐
cTnT
) and the influence of sex remain poorly defined.

Methods and Results

Consecutive patients with stable coronary artery disease who underwent elective percutaneous coronary intervention were included. Primary endpoint was all‐cause mortality. Unadjusted hazard ratio (HR) in overall and sex‐specific population and multivariable adjusted HR were calculated by using Cox proportional hazard models. In a total of 5626 patients, elevated hs‐
cTnT
levels, more than the sex‐specific 99th percentile upper reference limit of normal (
URL
), were observed in 2221 patients (39%) at baseline. During follow‐up (median, 14.5 months; 25th–75th percentiles, 6.4–27.2 months), 265 patients died. Mortality was higher in patients with the sex‐specific 99th percentile
URL
compared to those with normal hs‐
cTnT
(17.3% vs 3.4%; HR=6.10; 95% CI, 4.58–8.14;
P
<0.001). hs‐
cTnT
was an independent predictor of mortality in multivariable adjusted models. The C‐statistic was significantly increased by adding hs‐
cTnT
to the basic prediction model for mortality (0.793–0.815;
P
<0.001). There was a significant interaction between hs‐
cTnT
and sex on mortality. Differences in all‐cause mortality between patients with more than the sex‐specific 99th percentile
URL
and those with normal hs‐
cTnT
were numerically larger in male than female patients (male, HR=6.45; 95% CI, 4.68–8.87,
P
<0.001; female, HR=4.29, 95% CI, 2.36–9.03;
P
<0.001).

Conclusions

In patients with stable coronary artery disease undergoing elective percutaneous coronary intervention, preprocedural hs‐
cTnT
was a strong predictor of mortality in both men and women.
The Effects of Face Inversion and Face Race on the P100 ERP
Authors: Colombatto Clara , McCarthy Gregory 
Published: November 2016

AbstractResearch about the neural basis of face recognition has investigated the timing and anatomical substrates of different stages of face processing. Scalp-recorded ERP studies of face processing have focused on the N170, an ERP with a peak latency of ∼170 msec that has long been associated with the initial structural encoding of faces. However, several studies have reported earlier ERP differences related to faces, suggesting that face-specific processes might occur before N170. Here, we examined the influence of face inversion and face race on the timing of face-sensitive scalp-recorded ERPs by examining neural responses to upright and inverted line-drawn and luminance-matched white and black faces in a sample of white participants. We found that the P100 ERP evoked by inverted faces was significantly larger than that evoked by upright faces. Although this inversion effect was statistically significant at 100 msec, the inverted-upright ERP difference peaked at 138 msec, suggesting that it might represent an activity in neural sources that overlap with P100. Inverse modeling of the inversion effect difference waveform suggested possible neural sources in pericalcarine extrastriate visual cortex and lateral occipito-temporal cortex. We also found that the inversion effect difference wave was larger for white faces. These results are consistent with behavioral evidence that individuals process the faces of their own races more configurally than faces of other races. Taken together, the inversion and race effects observed in the current study suggest that configuration influences face processing by at least 100 msec.
Acute Exercise Modulates Feature-selective Responses in Human Cortex
Authors: Bullock Tom , Elliott James C. , Serences John T. , Giesbrecht Barry 
Published: November 2016

AbstractAn organism's current behavioral state influences ongoing brain activity. Nonhuman mammalian and invertebrate brains exhibit large increases in the gain of feature-selective neural responses in sensory cortex during locomotion, suggesting that the visual system becomes more sensitive when actively exploring the environment. This raises the possibility that human vision is also more sensitive during active movement. To investigate this possibility, we used an inverted encoding model technique to estimate feature-selective neural response profiles from EEG data acquired from participants performing an orientation discrimination task. Participants (n = 18) fixated at the center of a flickering (15 Hz) circular grating presented at one of nine different orientations and monitored for a brief shift in orientation that occurred on every trial. Participants completed the task while seated on a stationary exercise bike at rest and during low- and high-intensity cycling. We found evidence for inverted-U effects; such that the peak of the reconstructed feature-selective tuning profiles was highest during low-intensity exercise compared with those estimated during rest and high-intensity exercise. When modeled, these effects were driven by changes in the gain of the tuning curve and in the profile bandwidth during low-intensity exercise relative to rest. Thus, despite profound differences in visual pathways across species, these data show that sensitivity in human visual cortex is also enhanced during locomotive behavior. Our results reveal the nature of exercise-induced gain on feature-selective coding in human sensory cortex and provide valuable evidence linking the neural mechanisms of behavior state across species.