bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engineered Resilience for Complex Systems as a Predictor for Cost Overruns
Authors: Roberts Blake , Mazzuchi Thomas , Sarkani Shahram 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe ever‐increasing complexity of large‐scale, ubiquitous systems, and internetworked Systems of Systems (SoS), have resulted in non‐linear challenges for systems engineering and program management such as interdependent, dynamic, and emergent behaviors that influence design and development cost. In order to invest, make decisions, and effectively manage technology developments, “should‐cost” estimates are used to baseline systems to what is considered affordable over the lifecycle. In addition to a higher likelihood for overrun, complex systems traditionally require major acquisitions, budgets, and development schedules where failure results in increased cost consequences. Behavioral properties (such as emergence) can influence performance resulting in dynamic and unpredictable effects on networked platform operation, system capability, and mission effectiveness. Data analyzed from 526 major weapons programs and from subject‐matter expert judgment are explored to propose: (1) a new approach to quantify these risks using prescriptive measures related to complexity, adaptability, and resilience, (2) identify leading indicators to reduce the likelihood of cost overrun, (3) suggest measurements based on research findings and systems heuristics to improve lifecycle cost estimation, and (4) present applications of Engineering Resilience to meet the growing complexity, interdependence, and scale of systems under constrained budgets with a growing demand for affordability.
Critical Care in a Tertiary Hospital in Malawi
Authors: Prin Meghan , Itaye Takondwa , Clark Sarah , Fernando Rohesh J. , Namboya Felix , Pollach Gregor , Mkandawire Nyengo , Sobol Julia 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe provision of critical care services is essential to healthcare systems and increasingly a global health focus, but many hospitals in sub‐Saharan Africa are unable to meet this need. Intensive care unit (ICU) mortality in this region is high, but studies describing the provision of critical care services are scarce.MethodsThis was a retrospective cohort study of all patients admitted to the ICU at Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital (QECH) in Blantyre, Malawi, between September 1, 2013, and October 17, 2014. We summarized demographics, clinical characteristics, and outcomes, and analyzed factors associated with mortality.ResultsOf 390 patients admitted to ICU during the study, 44.9 % of patients were male, and the median age was 22 years (IQR 6–35) years. Although most patients (73.1 %) were admitted with surgical diagnoses, the highest mortality was among patients admitted with sepsis (59.3 %), or obstetric (44.7 %) or medical (40.0 %) diagnoses. Overall ICU mortality was high (23.6 %).ConclusionsThere is a shortage of data describing critical care in low‐resource settings, particularly in sub‐Saharan Africa. Surgical disease comprises the majority of ICU utilization in this study site, but medical and obstetric illness carried higher ICU mortality. These data may guide strategies for improving critical care in the region.
Formation Mechanism of CaS-Bearing Inclusions and the Rolling Deformation in Al-Killed, Low-Alloy Steel with Ca Treatment
Authors: Xu Guang , Jiang Zhouhua , Li Yang 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
The existing form of CaS inclusion in Ca-treated, Al-killed steel during secondary refining process was investigated with scanning electron microscopy and an energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS). The results of 12 heats industrial tests showed that CaS has two kinds of precipitation forms. One form takes place by the direct reaction of Ca and S, and the other takes place by the reaction of CaO in calcium aluminates with dissolved Al and S in liquid steel. Thermodynamic research for different precipitation modes of CaS under different temperature was carried out. In particular, CaO-Al2O3-CaS isothermal section diagrams and component activities of calcium aluminates were calculated by the thermodynamic software FactSage. By thermodynamic calculation, a precipitation-area diagram of oxide-sulfide duplex inclusion was established by fixing the sulfur content. The quantity of CaS, which was precipitated in a reaction between [Al], [S] and (CaO), can be calculated and predicted based on the precipitation-area diagram of oxide-sulfide duplex inclusion. Electron probe microanalysis and EDS were used for observing rolling deformation of different types of CaS-bearing inclusions during the rolling process. Low modification of calcium aluminates wrapped by CaS has different degrees of harm to steel in the rolling process. A thick CaS layer can prevent some fragile calcium aluminates from being crushed during the rolling process. Some oxide-sulfide duplex inclusion contains little CaS performed better deformation during the rolling process, but when CaS in oxide-sulfide duplex inclusion becomes more, it will cause the whole inclusion to lose plastic yielding ability. The plastic deformation region of CaS-bearing inclusion in a CaO-Al2O3-CaS isothermal section diagram is confirmed.
Synthesis, Surface Properties, and Corrosion Inhibition of 1‐Butyl‐3‐dodecanoylthiourea
Authors: Ullah Imdad , Shah Afzal , Khan Musharaf 
Published: May 2016

AbstractNonionic surfactants have a number of applications because they are effective in hard water, maintain their integrity in acidic, neutral, and basic media, show favorable skin compatibility, and can be formulated with ionic surfactants. Thus, spurred on by their favorable characteristics, a novel candidate of this class, 1‐butyl‐3‐dodecanoylthiourea, was synthesized in high yield. The structure was characterized by 1H‐NMR, 13C‐NMR, FTIR and UV–vis spectroscopy. This surfactant demonstrated very low solubility in water and sub‐millimolar critical micelle concentrations (CMC) in ethanol and hexane, signifying that they are reasonably amphiphobic. This thio‐urea based surfactant shows corrosion inhibition of metals like chromium and aluminum.
Learning curves of a resident surgeon performing transobturator tape procedures for stress urinary incontinence
Authors: Montera Roberto , Plotti Francesco , Ricciardi Roberto , Miranda Andrea , Venturella Roberta , Zullo Fulvio , Angioli Roberto 
Published: May 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo evaluate the number of procedures necessary for an untrained resident surgeon to learn transobturator tension‐free vaginal tape (TVT‐O) procedures for treatment of stress urinary incontinence (SUI).MethodsA prospective study was performed among patients aged 18–75 years who underwent TVT‐O procedures at a center in Rome, Italy, between March 2, 2009, and November 30, 2012. The TVT‐O procedure was performed by a right‐handed resident surgeon working under the supervision of an expert surgeon. Total and partial operative times were recorded.ResultsAmong 18 patients included in analysis, the mean operative time was 22.2 minutes (range 7–44). All total operative times fell within the confidence interval after the 10th procedure, with a difference between the mean times recorded in the first nine and the last eight procedures (29.5 vs 13.1 minutes; P < 0.001). The resident surgeon required nine procedures to learn right tunneling and 13 to learn left tunneling.ConclusionTen procedures were required for a resident surgeon to learn TVT‐O procedures for SUI.
Physicochemical parameters of deep-seated mantle plumes
Authors: Ryabchikov I.D. , Kogarko L.N. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Thermodynamic analysis of experimental data has demonstrated that FeO activity in silicate melts identical in composition to natural magmas can be described by the regular-solution model, which takes into account interactions of all cations with Si and interaction of Ca with Al. Using this model, we propose an oxygen barometer for spinel + magma phase association. In contrast to the earlier proposed methods for estimation of oxygen chemical potential, this barometer can work in the PT-domain close to the liquidus of magmatic process. The new oxygen barometer has been applied to magmas related to mantle plume activity, including Siberian meimechites, Hawaiian picrites, and picrites from the Emeishan large igneous province (LIP) and Greenland. We have shown that most magmas related to the activity of deep-seated mantle plumes are characterized by a higher relative chemical potential of oxygen than magmas of mid-ocean ridges. Thermodynamically calculated stability fields of rocks with different carbon-containing phases show that under PT-conditions of the lower mantle, the ascending mantle plumes are characterized by relatively high oxygen fugacity. Formation of diamond in the lower mantle requires more oxidizing conditions as compared with the major part of this geosphere, where the presence of Fe–Ni alloy is predicted. We have put forward a hypothesis that the main reason for the oxygen fugacity increase in particular domains of the lower mantle is a shift of redox equilibria toward a decrease in the amount of Fe–Ni alloy, up to its disappearance, with temperature growth.
Origin of high-velocity anomalies beneath the Siberian craton: A fingerprint of multistage magma underplating since the Neoarchean
Authors: Wang Qin , Bagdassarov N. , Shatsky V.S. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
Despite the violent eruption of the Siberian Traps at ~250 Ma, the Siberian craton has an extremely low heat flow (18–25 mW/m2) and a very thick lithosphere (300–350 km), which makes it an ideal place to study the influence of mantle plumes on the long-term stability of cratons. Compared with seismic velocities of rocks, the lower crust of the Siberian craton is composed mainly of mafic granulites and could be rather heterogeneous in composition. The very high Vp (&gt; 7.2 km/s) in the lowermost crust can be fit by a mixture of garnet granulites, two-pyroxene granulites, and garnet gabbro due to magma underplating. The high-velocity anomaly in the upper mantle (Vp = 8.3–8.6 km/s) can be interpreted by a mixture of eclogites and garnet peridotites. Combined with the study of lower crustal and mantle xenoliths, we recognized multistage magma underplating at the crust–mantle boundary beneath the Siberian craton, including the Neoarchean growth and Paleoproterozoic assembly of the Siberian craton beneath the Markha terrane, the Proterozoic collision along the Sayan–Taimyr suture zone, and the Triassic Siberian Trap event beneath the central Tunguska basin. The Moho becomes a metamorphism boundary of mafic rocks between granulite facies and eclogite facies rather than a chemical boundary that separates the mafic lower crust from the ultramafic upper mantle. Therefore, multistage magma underplating since the Neoarchean will result in a seismic Moho shallower than the petrologic Moho. Such magmatism-induced compositional change and dehydration will increase viscosity of the lithospheric mantle, and finally trigger lithospheric thickening after mantle plume activity. Hence, mantle plumes are not the key factor for craton destruction.
Distribution of PGE in Permo-Triassic basalts of the Siberian Large Igneous Province
Authors: Izokh A.E. , Medvedev A.Ya. , Fedoseev G.S. , Polyakov G.V. , Nikolaeva I.V. , Palesskii S.V. 
Published: May 2016

Abstract
We have revealed the spatio-temporal regularities of distribution of platinum group elements (PGE) in basaltoids related to the activity of the Siberian mantle plume. As objects of study, we chose rift and flood basalts from the Norilsk district (sampled from the SD-9 borehole), flood basalts from the central part of the Tunguska syneclise (Lower Tunguska), Kuznetsk Basin traps, and subalkalic basalt from the Semeitau volcanoplutonic structure in eastern Kazakhstan. Based on the PGE patterns of basaltoids related to the activity of the Permo-Triassic Siberian plume, we have shown that the rocks that formed in the central part of the Siberian Large Igneous Province (LIP) at the early rift stage have low contents of PGE, whereas picrites and tholeiitic flood basalts have high contents. The rift (Semeitau structure) and flood (Kuznetsk Basin traps) basalts from the peripheral regions are characterized by extremely low PGE contents. The high PGE contents in magmas of the plume head are responsible for the high productivity of ultramafic–mafic trap magmatism. The elevated K contents in magmas and the high PGE contents in the mantle plume head are probably due to the ascent of deep-seated material from the core–lower-mantle boundary, as follows from the thermochemical model of the Siberian plume.
Reliability database for unmanned aerial vehicles based on morphological analysis
Authors: Gonçalves P. , Sobral J. , Ferreira L. 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTThe certification process plays an important role in aircraft safety and operation, assuring a high degree of confidence in accomplishing their objectives. Unfortunately, in the field of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAV), there is not enough information to enable an acceptable decision-making process regarding compliance with certification requirements. To overcome this limitation, a methodology was developed based on morphological analysis principle, taking advantage of the knowledge and behaviour of similar items and affecting them with the necessary corrective factor in accordance to the differences in design, operation and environment. The objective is to establish an initial maintenance program as an important requirement to operate any kind of aircraft. This paper presents the methodology and the obtained results for a UAV under development concerning the establishment of a maintenance program regarding its certification process.
Horizontal Discrimination and Article 15(2) of the Indian Constitution: A Transformative Approach
Authors: BHATIA Gautam 
Published: May 2016

AbstractThis article explores horizontal non-discrimination rights under the Constitution of India (Indian Constitution). The Indian Constitution is unique in that it expressly prohibits private discrimination on the grounds of sex, race, caste, religion, etc. for the purpose of, inter alia, “access to … shops” (Article 15(2)). The article argues that a historically grounded understanding of the word “shops”, in the context of the transformative purposes of the Indian Constitution, necessitates a broad reading that covers all private economic transactions where goods and services are offered to the public at large. Furthermore, seemingly contrary Supreme Court precedent, if it is constitutionally justifiable, must be restricted to its own facts. In sum, Article 15(2) of the Indian Constitution provides a radical constitutional remedy that is directly horizontally applicable to private conduct, and goes far beyond remedies developed in other jurisdictions, which have often needed to turn to legislation in order to adequately combat private discrimination in the economic and social sphere.
Beyond the Binary: Rethinking Gender Neutrality in Indian Rape Law
Authors: PATHAK Harshad 
Published: May 2016

AbstractDespite expanding the definition of rape under theIndian Penal Codeto include non-penile-vaginal acts of penetration, the said definition continues to conform to a gender-specific notion of rape, based on a predetermined characterization of the victim-perpetrator framework on the basis of their genders. Herein, I will critique this idea of gender specificity in Indian rape law on the grounds that it reinforces a binary notion of gender, and results in gross underinclusion. Instead, it is more appropriate to adopt a human-rights-based approach in defining the offence of rape, and negate the role of gender in identifying the victims and perpetrators of an act of rape. The argument is pillared on a state’s obligation to not discriminate on the basis of sex, the recognition of transgender rights, and an assessment of the common grounds for opposing gender neutrality in Indian rape law.
Understanding Inpatient Perceptions of Indwelling Urinary Catheters Using the Health Belief Model
Authors: Quast Joshua , Knobloch Mary Jo , Patterson Erin , Purvis Suzanne , Shirley Daniel , Safdar Nasia 
Published: May 2016

Patient interviews using the Health Belief Model framework identified thematic patient perceptions of indwelling urinary catheters and catheter-associated urinary tract infections. Generally, patients perceived catheters as convenient and were unaware of catheter alternatives and risks for infection. Better patient education is needed to reduce urinary catheter use and infections.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:1098–1100
A comparative study of Silurian and recent deposit-feeding bivalve communities
Authors: Levinton Jeffrey S. , Bambach Richard K. 
Published: May 2016

Two communities dominated by deposit-feeding bivalves are recognized in Quisset Harbor, Massachusetts. Interference with life position and sediment preconditioning restrict the distribution of some species. The Eel Grass Community, dominated by Nucula proxima, comprises primarily non-siphonate forms which live in fecal-pellet rich, high-water-content, oxygenated sediment. The sediment texture results from active burrowing. This soft, mobile sediment readily clogs the siphons of siphonate bivalves. The Channel Community, dominated by Yoldia limatula, comprises primarily siphonate forms which live in partly compacted, low-water-content muds. Each community is characterized by abundant surface, shallow, and deep feeding species. Competition for food has generated this distinct stratification in feeding depth of the dominant species with each community.Similar competitive relationships, affecting both species occurrence and trophic stratification, are apparent in three Silurian age deposit-feeding bivalve communities from the McAdam Brook Formation of Nova Scotia. A community dominated by four non-siphonate species inhabited soupy, high-water-content muds. A community dominated by three siphonate species lived in cohesive muds. A mixed community, dominated by four species, two non-siphonate and two siphonate species (the most abundant of which are present, but not as the most abundant forms, in the other communities), characterized the mid-way point of the ecotone between the other two communities.These deposit-feeding bivalve dominated communities have similar structural patterns although separated by 400 million years and despite environmental differences and evolutionary changes. Both response to physical factors, such as sediment character, and interspecific competition impose and maintain this type of community structure.
Brachiopod Synecology in a Time of Crisis (Late Ordovician-Early Silurian)
Authors: Sheehan Peter M. 
Published: May 2016

The extinction of endemic brachiopods in North America at the end of the Ordovician and recolonization by European species has been related to glacio-eustatic lowering of sea level which disrupted conditions in epicontinental seas. North American species may have been narrowly adapted to relatively stable conditions of broad, tropical shallow seas. European invaders may have been less specialized because they were adapted to conditions in both the open ocean and in narrow European epicontinental seas. Being less narrowly adapted, European species probably were better able to cope with changing environmental conditions than were North American species.During the Lower and Middle Llandovery, shallow water, low diversity communities ofPentamerusCommunity depth were unstable and characterized by repeated extinctions and invasions. Following the crisis at the Ordovician-Silurian boundary 3 to 5 million years were needed to reestablish communities that were persistent in geologic time.
Modulus of surface families and the radial stretch in the Heisenberg group
Authors: PLATIS IOANNIS D. 
Published: May 2016

AbstractWe develop a modulus method for surface families inside a domain in the Heisenberg group and we prove that the stretch map between two Heisenberg spherical rings is a minimiser for the mean distortion among the class of contact quasiconformal maps between these rings which satisfy certain boundary conditions.
Characteristics of child daycare centres associated with clustering of major enteropathogens
Authors: PIJNACKER R. , MUGHINI-GRAS L. , VENNEMA H. , ENSERINK R. , VAN DEN WIJNGAARD C. C. , KORTBEEK T. , VAN PELT W. 
Published: May 2016

SUMMARYInsights into transmission dynamics of enteropathogens in children attending daycare are limited. Here we aimed at identifying daycare centre (DCC) characteristics associated with time-clustered occurrence of enteropathogens in DCC-attending children. For this purpose, we used the KIzSS network, which comprises 43 DCCs that participated in infectious disease surveillance in The Netherlands during February 2010–February 2013. Space–time scan statistics were used to identify clusters of rotavirus, norovirus, astrovirus, Giardia lamblia and Cryptosporidium spp. in a two-dimensional DCC characteristic space constructed using canonical correlation analysis. Logistic regression models were then used to further identify DCC characteristics associated with increased or decreased odds for clustering of enteropathogens. Factors associated with increased odds for enteropathogen clustering in DCCs were having indoor/outdoor paddling pools or sandpits, owning animals, high numbers of attending children, and reporting outbreaks to local health authorities. Factors associated with decreased odds for enteropathogen clustering in DCCs were cleaning child potties in designated waste disposal stations, cleaning vomit with chlorine-based products, daily cleaning of toys, extra cleaning of toys during a suspected outbreak, and excluding children with gastroenteritis. These factors provide targets for reducing the burden of gastrointestinal morbidity associated with time-clustered occurrence of major enteropathogens in DCC attendees.
Health-related quality of life in children with surgery for CHD: a study from the Swedish National Registry for Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Svensson Birgitta , Idvall Ewa , Nilsson Fredrik , Liuba Petru 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackgroundAs survival of children with CHD needing surgery has improved significantly, the need for follow-up in terms of health-related quality of life has become increasingly important. In this study, we sought to describe health-related quality of life in children with CHD in relation to cardiac surgery.MethodsA retrospective Swedish National Registry for Congenital Heart Disease survey measured using DISABKIDS chronic generic measure-short version included 337 children (age 9–17 years; 39% girls). The majority (n=319, 95%) of children had a biventricular heart, whereas the remaining had a univentricular heart. Cardiac surgery was performed in 197 (58%) children. Health-related quality of life was expressed as total score (100 highest) and given as medians and 10–90th percentiles.ResultsThe overall total score was 95 (88–100). Children with a biventricular heart who had undergone three or more surgeries (n=31; 9%) had the lowest total score of 81 (61–97; p<0.001). Children with two or more surgeries and those with univentricular heart were classified in NYHA II more frequently than children with one or no cardiac surgery (p=0.005 and <0.001, respectively). Children with three or more surgeries and those with univentricular heart needed more help at school (p<0.001). Compared with children with other chronic diseases, children with CHD had a high total score except for children with three or more surgeries who had comparable total scores with children with other chronic diseases.ConclusionChildren with three or more cardiac surgeries and those with a univentricular heart appear to have lower health-related quality of life, cognitive ability, and NYHA classification.