bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Fully developed viscous and viscoelastic flows in curved pipes
Authors: FAN YURUN , TANNER ROGER I. , PHAN-THIEN NHAN 
Published: July 2002

Some h-p finite element computations have been carried out to obtain solutions for
fully developed laminar flows in curved pipes with curvature ratios from 0.001 to
0.5. An Oldroyd-3-constant model is used to represent the viscoelastic fluid, which
includes the upper-convected Maxwell (UCM) model and the Oldroyd-B model as
special cases. With this model we can examine separately the effects of the fluid
inertia, and the first and second normal-stress differences. From analysis of the global
torque and force balances, three criteria are proposed for this problem to estimate
the errors in the computations. Moreover, the finite element solutions are accurately
confirmed by the perturbation solutions of Robertson & Muller (1996) in the cases
of small Reynolds/Deborah numbers.Our numerical solutions and an order-of-magnitude analysis of the governing
equations elucidate the mechanism of the secondary flow in the absence of second
normal-stress difference. For Newtonian flow, the pressure gradient near the wall
region is the driving force for the secondary flow; for creeping viscoelastic flow, the
combination of large axial normal stress with streamline curvature, the so-called hoop
stress near the wall, promotes a secondary flow in the same direction as the inertial
secondary flow, despite the adverse pressure gradient there; in the case of inertial
viscoelastic flow, both the larger axial normal stress and the smaller inertia near the
wall promote the secondary flow.For both Newtonian and viscoelastic fluids the secondary volumetric fluxes per
unit of work consumption and per unit of axial volumetric flux first increase then
decrease as the Reynolds/Deborah number increases; this behaviour should be of
interest in engineering applications.Typical negative values of second normal-stress difference can drastically suppress
the secondary flow and in the case of small curvature ratios, make the flow approximate
the corresponding Poiseuille flow in a straight pipe. The viscoelasticity of
Oldroyd-B fluid causes drag enhancement compared to Newtonian flow. Adding a
typical negative second normal-stress difference produces large drag reductions for
a small curvature ratio δ = 0.01; however, for a large curvature ratio δ = 0.2, although
the secondary flows are also drastically attenuated by the second normal-stress
difference, the flow resistance remains considerably higher than in Newtonian flow.It was observed that for the UCM and Oldroyd-B models, the limiting Deborah
numbers met in our steady solution calculations obey the same scaling criterion as
proposed by McKinley et al. (1996) for elastic instabilities; we present an intriguing
problem on the relation between the Newton iteration for steady solutions and the
linear stability analyses.
Chaotic mixing and transport in Rossby-wave critical layers
Authors: NGAN KEITH , SHEPHERD THEODORE G. 
Published: July 2002

A simple, dynamically consistent model of mixing and transport
in

Rossby-wave critical layers is obtained from the well-known

Stewartson–Warn–Warn (SWW) solution

of Rossby-wave critical-layer theory. The SWW solution is thought to be
a useful

conceptual model of Rossby-wave breaking in the stratosphere. Chaotic advection
in

the model is a consequence of the interaction between a stationary and
a transient

Rossby wave.Mixing and transport are characterized separately with a number of quantitative

diagnostics (e.g. mean-square dispersion, lobe dynamics, and spectral moments),
and

with particular emphasis on the dynamics of the tracer field itself. The

parameter dependences of the diagnostics are examined: transport tends
to

increase monotonically with increasing perturbation amplitude whereas mixing

does not. The robustness of the results is investigated by stochastically

perturbing the transient-wave phase speed.

The two-wave chaotic advection model is contrasted with a stochastic single-wave

model. It is shown that the effects of chaotic advection cannot be captured
by

stochasticity alone.
Psychiatric symptoms in patients with dementia
predict the later development of behavioural abnormalities
Authors: McSHANE R. , KEENE J. , FAIRBURN C. , JACOBY R. , HOPE T. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Cross-sectional studies of non-cognitive symptoms

in dementia show that patients
with psychotic symptoms tend to have more disturbed behaviour. However,
it is not known whether
individuals who experience psychiatric symptoms early in dementia are more
prone to develop
behavioural problems later in the illness.Method. The behaviour of 86 community-dwelling subjects with

dementia was intensively studied
for 4 years or until death, using an informant interview which was
administered every 4 months on
a median of eight occasions. The extent to which psychiatric symptoms,
age, sex and cognitive
function predicted clinically significant physical aggression
or motor hyperactivity was assessed.Results. Physical aggression was predicted by sad
appearance and motor hyperactivity was
predicted by persecutory ideas. These associations were robust,
remaining significant over 2, 3 and
4 years of follow-up and were independent of cognitive function,
age, sex and duration of illness.Conclusions. There may be two distinct longitudinal
syndromes of non-cognitive symptoms in
dementia. This suggests that important aberrant behaviours in late dementia
may share
pathophysiological mechanisms with psychiatric symptoms in early dementia.
Duration of illness and structure of
symptoms in schizophrenia
Authors: MOJTABAI RAMIN 
Published: July 2002

Background. Previous research has mainly focused on the cross-sectional structure of symptoms in
schizophrenia. This meta-analysis examined the association of duration of illness with the structure
of symptoms.Methods. Using explicit criteria, 22 studies reporting on the correlations of symptoms in 2665
schizophrenic patients were selected. From each study, symptom-pair correlations for negative
symptoms as rated by Scale for the Assessment of Negative Symptoms (SANS) and positive
symptoms as rated by the Scale for the Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS) were extracted.
Variability among symptom-pair correlations across studies was assessed using tests of
homogeneity. For symptom-pair correlations which were not found to be homogeneous, the
association of average duration of illness with the symptom-pair correlations were examined.Results. There was considerable variability in symptom-pair correlations across studies. Part of this
variability was explainable by variations in average duration of illness. Longer duration of illness
was associated with lower negative–negative symptom-pair correlations and higher negative–positive
symptom-pair correlations.Conclusions. The findings suggest that the structure of symptoms in schizophrenia evolves over
time, following a consistent pattern. In the early stages of illness, negative and positive symptoms
form cohesive dimensions. With time, these dimensions become less cohesive and the boundaries
between them, less clear.
Vector Map Data Compression with Wavelets
Authors: Ioup Juliette W. , Gendron Marlin L. , Lohrenz Maura C. 
Published: July 2002

This paper was first presented at a Symposium on ‘Advanced Moving-Map Displays’ held on
the 3rd and 4th of August 1999 by the US Naval Research Laboratory Detachment at the
NASA Stennis Space Centre, Mississippi, and is reproduced in modified form with the kind
permission of the NRL Commanding Officer, Captain Douglas H. Rau USN.Wavelets and wavelet transforms can be used for vector-map data compression. The
choice of wavelet, the level of decomposition, the method of thresholding, the height of the
threshold, relative CPU times and file sizes, and reconstructed map appearance were
investigated using the Wavelet Toolbox of MATLAB. Quantitative error measures were
obtained. For two test vector-map data sets consisting of longitude and latitude points,
compressions of 35 to 50 percent (1·5[ratio ]1 to 2[ratio ]1) were obtained with root-mean-square errors
less than 0·003 to 0·01° longitude/latitude for wavelet packet decompositions using selected
wavelets.
Disability and contact with services in very elderly people
Authors: Dening Tom , Gabe Rhian 
Published: July 2002

IntroductionAcross the world, population structures are changing, with particularly rapid growth in the numbers of very old people. For example, in the USA, the number of people aged 85 or over is now around 4.6 million, having grown at nearly 4% per annum since 1980.1 It appears that human longevity has been increasing gradually over many years, with centenarians only appearing as a relatively recent phenomenon about 1800,2 the age of 110 being reached in the mid-20th century and 115 only by 1990. There is no sign of this extension of longevity slowing down

towards a presumed biological maximum. In addition to the increase in the maximum age, there is a decrease in mortality rates in almost all age groups, and there has been a considerable rise in the chances of surviving from age 60 to 80 over the last century, which will further increase the numbers of very old people. Furthermore, the death rate in England and Wales for people aged 85 or over has decreased throughout the twentieth century.3
Optimal Construction of Edge-Disjoint Paths in Random Regular Graphs
Authors: FRIEZE ALAN M. , ZHAO LEI 
Published: July 2002

Given a graph G = (V, E) and a set of κ
pairs of vertices in V, we are interested in finding,
for each pair (ai, bi),
a path connecting ai to bi
such that the set of κ paths so found is
edge-disjoint. (For arbitrary graphs the problem is [Nscr ][Pscr ]-complete, although it is in
[Pscr ] if κ is fixed.)We present a polynomial time randomized algorithm for finding edge-disjoint paths in
the random regular graph Gn,r,
for sufficiently large r. (The graph is chosen first, then an
adversary chooses the pairs of end-points.) We show that almost every
Gn,r is such that all
sets of κ = Ω(n/log n) pairs of vertices can be joined.
This is within a constant factor of the optimum.
FASHIONING AESTHETICISM BY AESTHETICIZING FASHION: WILDE, BEERBOHM, AND THE MALE AESTHETES’ SARTORIAL CODES
Authors: Schaffer Talia 
Published: July 2002

“Strange, that a pair of silk stockings should so upset a nation.”— Oscar Wilde, quoted in Richard Ellmann’s Oscar WildeTODAY, WE TEND TO ENVISION the male Aesthete as a lanky, long-haired swain outfitted in velveteen pantaloons and clutching an outsize sunflower, an image straight from George du Maurier’s Punch cartoons or Gilbert and Sullivan’s Patience. Serious scholars of Aestheticism often prefer to resist this parodic image, insisting on the movement’s significant philosophical development in Ruskin’s and Pater’s work.1 Yet Aesthetic fashion was not just a frivolous side effect of the movement. In fact, Aesthetic fashion was the focus of late-Victorian attention because it so clearly displayed the anxieties, stresses, and formulations of the movement. It was a battlefield for competing voices within Aestheticism; it was a stage whereon the various gender notions of the movement could be displayed; and it functioned as both a critique and a form of art. This article examines the theoretical rationales for Aesthetic fashion, focusing on the paradigmatic figures of Oscar Wilde, Max Beerbohm, and George du Maurier. They demonstrate how Aesthetic men developed new visual codes to reconfigure their fear of feminization, creating a new kind of body which could be read as an essential, unchanging, scholarly, and artistic icon.
Effects of forest fragmentation, introduced Rattus rattus and the role of exotic tree plantations and secondary vegetation for the conservation of an endemic rodent and a small lemur in littoral forests of southeastern Madagascar
Authors: Ramanamanjato Jean‐Baptiste , Ganzhorn Jörg U. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractWe sought to assess the effects of forest fragmentation, introduced Rattus rattus, exotic tree plantations and secondary vegetation on the endemic rodent Eliurus webbi (Nesomyinae) and the lemur Microcebus murinus in the littoral forests of southern Madagascar. For E. webbi the number of individuals caught, the body mass of males and the percentage of females in the population were positively correlated with the size of the forest fragments. Capture rates and population characteristics of the other two species were uncorrelated with fragment size. None of the endemic species was caught outside the native forest while R. rattus inhabited all vegetation formations except for a newly planted corridor of tree saplings. Capture rates of both endemic species were uncorrelated with the number of R. rattus caught at the same site and thus did not indicate replacement of native species by R. rattus. The study demonstrated negative effects of fragmentation on capture rates of E. webbi and changes in their population characteristics. Exotic tree plantations or secondary vegetation seem to represent unsuitable or marginal habitats for the endemic species.
Gene Expression Profiling in Human Fetal Liver and Identification of Tissue- and Developmental-Stage-Specific Genes through Compiled Expression Profiles and Efficient Cloning of Full-Length cDNAs
Authors: Yu Yongtao , Zhang Chenggang , Zhou Gangqiao , Wu Songfeng , Qu Xianghu , Wei Handong , Xing Guichun , Dong Chunna , Zhai Yun , Wan Jinghong , Ouyang Shuguang , Li Li , Zhang Shaowen , Zhou Kaixin , Zhang Yinan , Wu Chutse , He Fuchu 
Published: July 2002

Fetal liver intriguingly consists of hepatic parenchymal cells and hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells. Human fetal liver aged 22 wk of gestation (HFL22w) corresponds to the turning point between immigration and emigration of the hematopoietic system. To gain further molecular insight into its developmental and functional characteristics, HFL22w was studied by generating expressed sequence tags (ESTs) and by analyzing the compiled expression profiles of liver at different developmental stages. A total of 13,077 ESTs were sequenced from a 3′-directed cDNA library of HFL22w, and classified as follows: 5819 (44.5%) matched to known genes; 5460 (41.8%) exhibited no significant homology to known genes; and the remaining 1798 (13.7%) were genomic sequences of unknown function, mitochondrial genomic sequences, or repetitive sequences. Integration of ESTs of known human genes generated a profile including 1660 genes that could be divided into 15 gene categories according to their functions. Genes related to general housekeeping, ESTs associated with hematopoiesis, and liver-specific genes were highly expressed. Genes for signal transduction and those associated with diseases, abnormalities, or transcription regulation were also noticeably active. By comparing the expression profiles, we identified six gene groups that were associated with different developmental stages of human fetal liver, tumorigenesis, different physiological functions of Itoh cells against the other types of hepatic cells, and fetal hematopoiesis. The gene expression profile therefore reflected the unique functional characteristics of HFL22w remarkably. Meanwhile, 110 full-length cDNAs of novel genes were cloned and sequenced. These novel genes might contribute to our understanding of the unique functional characteristics of the human fetal liver at 22 wk.[The sequence data described in this paper have been submitted to the GenBank data library under the accession nos. listed in Table 6 herein]
Characterization of CAX4, an Arabidopsis H+/Cation Antiporter
Authors: Cheng Ning-hui , Pittman Jon K. , Shigaki Toshiro , Hirschi Kendal D. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractIon compartmentalization is essential for plant growth and development. The Arabidopsis open reading frames for CAX1, CAX2, and CAX3 (cation exchangers 1, 2, and 3) were previously identified as transporters that may modulate ion fluxes across the vacuolar membrane. To understand the diversity and role of H+/cation transporters in controlling plant ion levels, another homolog of theCAX genes, CAX4, was cloned from an Arabidopsis cDNA library. CAX4 is 53% identical to CAX1 at the amino acid level, 42% identical to CAX2, and 54% identical to CAX3.CAX4 transcripts appeared to be expressed at low levels in all tissues and levels of CAX4 RNA increased after Mn2+, Na+, and Ni2+ treatment. An N-terminal CAX4-hemagglutinin fusion appeared to localize to both yeast and plant vacuolar membranes. When expressed in yeast, CAX4, like CAX3, failed to suppress the Ca2+ sensitivity of yeast strains deficient in vacuolar Ca2+ transport. Several modifications to CAX4 allowed the protein to transport Ca2+. Addition of amino acids to the N terminus of CAX4 and CAX3 caused both transporters to suppress the sensitivity of yeast strains deficient in vacuolar Ca2+ transport. These findings suggest that CAX transporters may modulate their ion transport properties through alterations at the N terminus.
Identification of Arabidopsis Ethylene-Responsive Element Binding Factors with Distinct Induction Kinetics after Pathogen Infection,
Authors: Oñate-Sánchez Luis , Singh Karam B. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Ethylene-responsive element binding factors (ERF) proteins are plant-specific transcription factors, many of which have been linked to stress responses. We have identified four Arabidopsis ERF genes whose expression was specifically induced by avirulent and virulent strains of the bacterial pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, with overlapping but distinct induction kinetics. However, a delay in ERFmRNA accumulation after infection with the virulent strain was observed when compared with the avirulent strain. The induction ofERF gene expression in most cases preceded the mRNA accumulation of a basic chitinase gene, a potential downstream target for one or more of these ERFs. The expression of the ERFgenes was examined among different Arabidopsis tissues, in response to the signaling molecules ethylene, methyl jasmonate, and salicylic acid (SA), and in Arabidopsis mutants with decreased or enhanced susceptibility to pathogens, and significant differences were observed. For example, in seedlings, some of the ERF genes were not induced by SA in the wild-type but were SA responsive in thepad4-1 mutant, suggesting that PAD4-1, which acts upstream of SA accumulation, is also involved in repressing the SA-induced expression of specific ERF genes. The four ERF proteins were shown to contain transcriptional activation domains. These results suggest that transcriptional activation cascades involving ERF proteins may be important for plant defense to pathogen attack and that some ERF family members could be involved in the cross-talk between SA- and jasmonic acid-signaling pathways.
The Relationship between Anatomy and Photosynthetic Performance of Heterobaric Leaves
Authors: Nikolopoulos Dimosthenis , Liakopoulos Georgios , Drossopoulos Ioannis , Karabourniotis George 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Heterobaric leaves show heterogeneous pigmentation due to the occurrence of a network of transparent areas that are created from the bundle sheaths extensions (BSEs). Image analysis showed that the percentage of photosynthetically active leaf area (Ap) of the heterobaric leaves of 31 plant species was species dependent, ranging from 91% in Malva sylvestris to only 48% inGynerium sp. Although a significant portion of the leaf surface does not correspond to photosynthetic tissue, the photosynthetic capacity of these leaves, expressed per unit of projected area (Pmax), was not considerably affected by the size of their transparent leaf area (At). This means that the photosynthetic capacity expressed per Ap(P*max) should increase with At. Moreover, the expression of P*max could be allowing the interpretation of the photosynthetic performance in relation to some critical anatomical traits. The P*max, irrespective of plant species, correlated with the specific leaf transparent volume (λt), as well as with the transparent leaf area complexity factor (CFAt), parameters indicating the volume per unit leaf area and length/density of the transparent tissues, respectively. Moreover, both parameters increased exponentially with leaf thickness, suggesting an essential functional role of BSEs mainly in thick leaves. The results of the present study suggest that although the Ap of an heterobaric leaf is reduced, the photosynthetic performance of each areole is increased, possibly due to the light transferring capacity of BSEs. This mechanism may allow a significant increase in leaf thickness and a consequent increase of the photosynthetic capacity per unit (projected) area, offering adaptive advantages in xerothermic environments.
Quantification of Free Plus Conjugated Indoleacetic Acid in Arabidopsis Requires Correction for the Nonenzymatic Conversion of Indolic Nitriles
Authors: Ilic N. , Normanly J. , Cohen J. D. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
The genetic advantages to the use of Arabidopsis thaliana mutants for the study of auxin metabolism previously have been partially offset by the complexity of indolic metabolism in this plant and by the lack of proper methods. To address some of these problems, we developed isotopic labeling methods to determine amounts and examine the metabolism of indolic compounds in Arabidopsis. Isolation and identification of endogenous indole-3-acetonitrile (IAN; a possible precursor of the auxin indole-3-acetic acid [IAA]) was carried out under mild conditions, thus proving its natural occurrence. We describe here the synthesis of 13C1-labeled IAN and its utility in the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry quantification of endogenous IAN levels. We also quantified the nonenzymatic conversion of IAN to IAA under conditions used to hydrolyze IAA conjugates. 13C1-Labeled IAN was used to assess the contribution of IAN to measured IAA following hydrolysis of IAA conjugates. We studied the stability and breakdown of the indolic glucosinolate glucobrassicin, which is known to be present in Arabidopsis. This is potentially an important concern when using Arabidopsis for studies of indolic biochemistry, since the levels of indolic auxins and auxin precursors are well below the levels of the indolic glucosinolates. We found that under conditions of extraction and base hydrolysis, formation of IAA from glucobrassicin was negligible.
Specificity of Binding of β-Glucoside Activators of Ryegrass (1-&gt;3)-β-Glucan Synthase and the Synthesis of Some Potential Photoaffinity Activators
Authors: Ng K. , Johnson E. , Stone B. A. 
Published: July 2002

Abstract
Structure-activity relationships among glycoside activators of ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum) (1–&lt;3)-β-glucan synthase were investigated using a number of natural and synthetic glycosides, including some carrying photoaffinity functions. There is an absolute requirement for a β-D-glucosyl moiety in the activator, both S- and N-glucosides are active, and the position of the glucosidic linkage in β-glucose disaccharides has a significant effect on the affinity of binding. However, the binding requirement does not extend beyond a single β-D-glucosyl residue, and β-D-oligoglucosides are less effective than disaccharides. The nature of the aglycon has a major influence on the binding affinity. Hydrophobic aglycons lower the concentration required for half-maximal stimulation of the enzyme obtained from an Eadie-Hofstee plot of kinetic data (Ka) for activation, but charged aglycons increase Ka. Relative to methyl-β-D-glucoside and cellobiose (Ka 1.1 mM), the most potent compounds tested were N-[4-(benzoyl)benzoyl]-β-D-glucosylamine and 2[prime]-[4-azidosalicylamino]ethyl-1-thio-β-D-glucoside with Kas of approximately 30 [mu]M. The latter also was tested for its potential to specifically label the β-glucoside-binding site on the synthase, but under the conditions used the binding was found to be nonspecific.