bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Separating sources of density‐dependent and density‐independent establishment limitation in invading species
Authors: Spotswood Erica N. , Mariotte Pierre , Farrer Emily C. , Nichols Liana , Suding Katharine N. 
Published: October 2016

Summary

Successful colonization by invasive species depends on both the ability to disperse seeds to a site and an ability to establish once seeds have arrived. While seed and establishment limitation are known to jointly influence colonization, decomposing establishment limitation into density‐dependent and density‐independent components has remained challenging.

Here, we couple theoretical models of recruitment with a multispecies invasion experiment conducted within a natural gradient of soil moisture and productivity to assess how variation in establishment limitation shapes outcomes for invasion.

Recruitment was affected by both density‐dependent and density‐independent sources of establishment limitation in three of four species. Soil moisture stress and productivity both increased density‐independent mortality in one species, whereas density‐dependent mortality increased in locations with favourable soil moisture.

Synthesis. Successful establishment of invading species can be limited by both density‐dependent and density‐independent mechanisms. In particular, the strength of density‐independent limitation may depend on natural gradients in abiotic factors. The varying strengths of establishment limitation suggest that patterns of invasion are likely to be uneven both in space and in time. Understanding how intraspecific competitive constraints and density‐independent limitation vary with abiotic gradients can assist with predicting when invasions are likely to occur, information that can be harnessed in the development of better methods for control.
Politicizing Undocumented Immigrants One Corner at a Time: How Day Laborers Became a Politically Contentious Group
Authors: Nicholls Walter 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThis article examines how undocumented immigrants become politicized and evolved into a relatively powerful group in the United States. It does so by examining the evolution of day laborers from their humble beginnings in a Los Angeles suburb in the early 1990s into an important component of the national immigrant rights movement today. It addresses the issue by examining the strategic importance of the ‘urban' in enabling stigmatized individuals like undocumented day laborers to overcome major barriers and establish themselves as a vocal and potent group in the public sphere. It suggests that once this group gained a foothold and a sense of itself through urban relational spaces, it experienced enhanced capacities to make rights claims in local and national political arenas. The article uses a case study of immigrant activism in Pasadena and Los Angeles, California, and draws special attention to the evolution of the National Day Labor Organizing Network (NDLON).
Characterizing Soy Sauce Moromi Manufactured by High‐Salt Dilute‐State and Low‐Salt Solid‐State Fermentation Using Multiphase Analyzing Methods
Authors: Zhang Liqiang , Zhou Rongqing , Cui Ruiying , Huang Jun , Wu Chongde 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPresent study was to characterize the physiochemical properties, free amino acids (FAAs), volatiles and microbial communities of various moromi, respectively sampled from different stages of high‐salt dilute‐state (HSDS) and low‐salt solid‐state (LSSS) fermentation, using multiphase analyzing methods. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) analysis indicated that Gram‐positive bacteria were dominant bacteria and fungi were principal microbes. For DGGE analysis, dominant microbes in moromi were mainly fell into Weissella, Tetragenococcus, Candida, Pichia, and Zygosaccharomyces. During fermentation, the dominant microbes shifted from nonhalophilic and less acid‐tolerant species to halophilic and acid‐tolerant species. Total of 15 FAAs and 44 volatiles were identified in moromi, mainly Glu, Asp, Tyr, and acids, alcohols, esters, aldehydes, respectively. Odor activity values analysis suggested that the final moromi of LSSS fermentation had more complicated odors than that of HSDS fermentation. Conclusively, technological parameters, microbial communities, raw materials and fermentation process may result in the discrepancy of HSDS and LSSS moromi.
Enrichment of Black Ripe Olives in Bioactive Compounds Using a Single Alkali Treatment
Authors: Romero Concepción , García‐García Pedro , Brenes Manuel 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe aim of this work was to develop a method for processing ripe olives with a single NaOH treatment (lye) instead of the well‐known 3 lye treatments. Olives of the Hojiblanca variety were processed according to the 2 processes and the color, firmness, flavor, and content in phenolic compounds of the final product were similar in both cases but concentration in triterpenic acids was highest in the olives from the single lye treatment. In this process the concentration of NaOH must range between 20 and 35 g/L, especially to obtain good texture when working at 20 °C. If temperature during the oxidation up to 27 °C the firmness of olives was significantly decreased. The concentration of the NaOH did not exert a high effect on the color of the final product, although firmness decreased as the strength of the lye increased. Higher contents in phenolic compounds and triterpenic acids were also found in the olives processed with the lowest NaOH concentration tested (20 g/L). This new process reduces the volume of wastewaters and energy consumption, and gives rise to a product which is richer in bioactive substances than the traditionally processed one.
Minimizing the Negative Flavor Attributes and Evaluating Consumer Acceptance of Chocolate Fortified with Peanut Skin Extracts
Authors: Dean L.L. , Klevorn C.M. , Hess B.J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn recent years, there has been increased interest in antioxidant‐rich products by consumers wanting to enhance the health benefits of their diet. Chocolate has been identified as a natural source of antioxidant compounds, which resulted in the development of polyphenol‐enriched chocolate products that are now available commercially. This study investigated the use of phenolic compounds extracted from peanut skins as a novel antioxidant source for the enrichment of milk chocolate. The extracts were encapsulated with maltodextrin to lessen their bitterness. Antioxidant potential of the encapsulated peanut skin extracts was evaluated by the 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazl radical quenching assay. Encapsulated peanut skins were found to have a corrected Trolox equivalency of 31.1 μmol/g of chocolate up to 0.8% (w/w). To produce a product with an antioxidant content similar to that of dark chocolate yet which maintained the milder flavor of milk chocolate, the best estimate threshold of encapsulated peanut skin extract in chocolate was 0.9 % (w/w) based on the standard method (American Society of Testing Materials; ASTM E‐679). Consumer liking of milk chocolate enhanced by adding subthreshold (0.8 % (w/w)) inclusion levels of encapsulated peanut skin extract was found to be at parity with milk chocolate as a control.
Significance of Forecast Precision: The Importance of Investors’ Expectations
Authors: Rupar Kathy 
Published: October 2016

AbstractI investigate whether the alignment between individual investors’ expectations about forecast precision and actual forecast precision affects their estimates of firm value, and whether this relationship is mediated by individual investors’ perceptions of management credibility and future firm growth. Experimental results confirm that when expected and actual forecast precision align, individual investors estimate higher firm stock prices than when expected and actual forecast precision do not align. I also provide evidence of a mediation path through which the misalignment between expected and actual forecast precision affects individual investors’ perceptions of management credibility, future firm growth, and estimates of firm stock price. My findings help reconcile inconsistencies in prior earnings forecast literature and inform managers and researchers about strategies that lead to higher perceptions of management credibility and firm value.
Are Increasing Volumes of Children and Young People Presenting to Emergency Departments Due to Increasing Severity of Illness?
Authors: Roland Damian , Jones Sam , Coats Tim , Davies Ffion 
Published: October 2016

BackgroundIncreasing utilization of emergency and acute care services by children and young people is a worldwide trend. This is thought to be a result of parent and carer desire for more “on‐demand” healthcare assessment and not a consequence of increasing severity of disease. A bespoke acuity assessment system in our department allowed us to test this hypothesis.MethodsThese data are based on the Paediatric Observation Priority Score, a previously published and validated assessment tool designed specifically for pediatric emergency care.1 It is scored from 0 to 16 and consists of physiologic, observational, and historical components with a unique “gut feeling” element. Data were available from November 2014 to March 2016.ResultsThere has been a 32.6% increase in the number of children with a POPS > 4 (Figure 1, total number of children with POPS 0, 1–4, and >4) with a small (nonsignificant) increase in relative acuity.ConclusionIn light of the overall total increase in attendances and relative increase in acuity it appears the general cohort of children presenting are more unwell. Given that a POPS > 4 is associated with an increased risk of admission for more than 24 hours2 it can also be concluded that a significant proportion of attendances to the department are appropriate.Total number of children with POPS 0,1‐4 and >4.image
Convergence of accounting standards and financial reporting externality: evidence from mandatoryIFRSadoption
Authors: Gao Ru , Sidhu Baljit K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractUsing mandatory adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as a natural experiment, we examine whether reporting externalities can be magnified when financial disclosures are based on a common set of accounting standards. Specifically, we investigate and find that the changes in publicly available information of mandatoryIFRSadopters (due to the convergence of accounting standards) can impact the investment efficiency of prior voluntary adopters. While we document positive externalities of mandatoryIFRS, we also observe heterogeneity in these spillover effects at the firm and the country level, suggesting that externalities increase with improvements in the comparability of accounting information.
A momentary exposures analysis of proximity to alcohol outlets and risk for assault
Authors: Morrison Christopher N. , Dong Beidi , Branas Charles C. , Richmond Therese S. , Wiebe Douglas J. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimsThis study estimated, with high spatial and temporal specificity, individuals’ risk of being assaulted relative to their momentary proximity to alcohol outlets during daily activities.DesignCase–control study.SettingPhiladelphia, PA, USA.ParticipantsCases were 194 non‐gun assault victims and 135 gun assault victims aged between 10 and 24 years. Age‐matched controls (n = 274) were selected using random‐digit dialing.MeasurementsParticipants described minute‐by‐minute movements (i.e. activity paths) during the course of the day of the assault (cases) or a recent randomly selected day within 3 days of interview (controls). The dependent measure was being an assault case compared with a non‐assault control. The main independent measures were participants’ momentary proximity to alcohol outlets. The units of analysis were 10‐minute segments beginning at 4:00 a.m.FindingsProximity to bars and restaurants was associated with decreased odds of non‐gun assault before 1 p.m. [e.g. 7 a.m. to 9:59 a.m.: odds ratio (OR) = 0.78; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.64, 0.94; P = 0.008], and increased odds after 7 p.m. (e.g. 1 a.m. to 3:59 a.m.: OR = 1.96; 95% CI = 1.24, 3.09; P = 0.004). Proximity to beer stores was associated with increased odds before 1 p.m. (e.g. 7 a.m. to 9:59 a.m.: OR = 2.34; 95% CI = 1.58, 3.46; P < 0.001) and from 4 p.m. to 6:59 p.m. (OR = 1.50; 95% CI = 1.14, 1.96; P = 0.004), but decreased odds after 7 p.m. (e.g. 1 a.m. to 3:59 a.m.: OR = 0.28; 95% CI = 0.12, 0.63; P = 0.002). Proximity to alcohol outlets was mostly unrelated to risks for gun assault.ConclusionsIndividuals in areas with greater densities of bars and restaurants and beer stores appear to be at increased risk for non‐gun assault at times when these outlets are likely to be patronized most heavily.
Subcutaneous emphysema secondary to dental extraction: A case report
Authors: Tan S , Nikolarakos D 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAlthough less frequently encountered in dental practices, subcutaneous emphysema of the face and neck has been reported in patients following dental extractions, particularly when lower molar teeth are extracted with the use of a high‐speed air‐turbine drill designed for restorative treatment, which forces air into the cervical fascial spaces. As facial swelling and pain are the most common presentations, subcutaneous emphysema can often be misdiagnosed as an allergic reaction or odontogenic infection. While usually a benign and self‐limiting condition, subcutaneous emphysema may have life‐threatening complications such as tension pneumothorax, cardiac tamponade, air embolism, tracheal compression and mediastinitis, which are important to recognize in an emergency setting. Dentists should be aware of the serious risks of inducing subcutaneous emphysema and avoid performing tooth extractions with high‐speed air‐turbine drills which are specifically designed for use for restorative treatments only.
Occupational diversification as an adaptation to rainfall variability in rural India
Authors: Skoufias Emmanuel , Bandyopadhyay Sushenjit , Olivieri Sergio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractOccupational diversification among household members in rural India is investigated as an adaptation strategy against the risks arising from the variability of local rainfall. Nationally representative household‐level survey data are combined with the coefficient of variation of rainfall constructed based on historical rainfall data at the district level. The analysis finds that high rainfall variability has significant negative effects on the agricultural specialization of within‐household occupational choices. This result is reinforced by the finding that improved access to irrigation, education, credit, roads, and postal services, is associated with a lower occupational diversification within families and a greater specialization of household members in agricultural‐related employment.
Therapeutic experience of vincristine/cyclophosphamide/melphalan or mitoxantrone/prednisone combination therapy plus thalidomide as first‐line induction therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma in a single institution of China
Authors: Wang Xiaoning , He Pengcheng , Guo Caili , Sun Chunhong , Zhang Mei 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionTo investigate the safety and efficacy of the combination regimen vincristine, cyclophosphamide, melphalan or mitoxantrone and prednisone (VCMP) plus thalidomide as first‐line induction therapy for newly diagnosed multiple myeloma (MM).MethodsThree hundred and ninety‐six symptomatic, newly diagnosed MM patients were treated with VCMP plus thalidomide in our hospital for the past 11 years, and clinical data of these patients were retrospectively analyzed.ResultsOf the 396 patients enrolled, the total response rate was 77.3%. Forty‐three patients relapsed after sCR and CR. Mean cycles to first response were six cycles (range 1–16 cycles). A total of 53% of patients achieved at least a PR within the first cycle of therapy. The actuarial 1‐year, 3‐year and 5‐year overall survival of all patients were 89.4%, 29.5% and 10.6%, respectively. The probabilities of 1‐year, 3‐year and 5‐year progression‐free survival of all patients were 84.0%, 23.1% and 8.4%, respectively. The major adverse events were gastrointestinal symptoms, electrolytes and glucose metabolism disorders, hypertension, infection, peripheral nerve disease and hematological adverse events, which were mostly below grade 3 and could be alleviated by symptomatic treatment.ConclusionWe concluded that VCMP plus thalidomide is an effective regimen with manageable side effects in the treatment of symptomatic, newly diagnosed MM including elderly patients and patients with renal failure.
The Strategic Shuffle: Ethnic Geography, the Internal Security Apparatus, and Elections in Kenya
Authors: Hassan Mai 
Published: October 2016

AbstractFor autocrats facing elections, officers in the internal security apparatus play a crucial role by engaging in coercion on behalf of the incumbent. Yet reliance on these officers introduces a principal‐agent problem: Officers can shirk from the autocrat's demands. To solve this problem, autocrats strategically post officers to different areas based on an area's importance to the election and the expected loyalty of an individual officer, which is a function of the officer's expected benefits from the president winning reelection. Using a data set of 8,000 local security appointments within Kenya in the 1990s, one of the first of its kind for any autocracy, I find that the president's coethnic officers were sent to, and the opposition's coethnic officers were kept away from, swing areas. This article demonstrates how state institutions from a country's previous authoritarian regime can persist despite the introduction of multi‐party elections and thus prevent full democratization.
Pregnancy outcome in joint hypermobility syndrome and Ehlers–Danlos syndrome
Authors: Sundelin Heléne E. K. , Stephansson Olof , Johansson Kari , Ludvigsson Jonas F. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIntroductionAn increased risk of preterm birth in women with joint hypermobility syndrome or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome is suspected.Material and methodsIn this nationwide cohort study from 1997 through 2011, women with either joint hypermobility syndrome or Ehlers–Danlos syndrome or both disorders were identified through the Swedish Patient Register, and linked to the Medical Birth Register. Thereby, 314 singleton births to women with joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome before delivery were identified. These births were compared with 1 247 864 singleton births to women without a diagnosis of joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome. We used logistic regression, adjusted for maternal age, smoking, parity, and year of birth, to calculate adjusted odds ratios for adverse pregnancy outcomes.ResultsMaternal joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome was not associated with any of our outcomes: preterm birth (adjusted odds ratio = 0.6, 95% confidence interval 0.3–1.2), preterm premature rupture of membranes (adjusted odds ratio = 0.8; 95% confidence interval 0.3–2.2), cesarean section (adjusted odds ratio = 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.7–1.2), stillbirth (adjusted odds ratio = 1.1, 95% confidence interval 0.2–7.9), low Apgar score (adjusted odds ratio = 1.6, 95% confidence interval 0.7–3.6), small for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio = 0.9, 95% confidence interval 0.4–1.8) or large for gestational age (adjusted odds ratio = 1.2, 95% confidence interval 0.6–2.1). Examining only women with Ehlers–Danlos syndrome (n = 62), we found a higher risk of induction of labor (adjusted odds ratio = 2.6; 95% confidence interval 1.4–4.6) and amniotomy (adjusted odds ratio = 3.8; 95% confidence interval 2.0–7.1). No excess risks for adverse pregnancy outcome were seen in joint hypermobility syndrome.ConclusionWomen with joint hypermobility syndrome/Ehlers–Danlos syndrome do not seem to be at increased risk of adverse pregnancy outcome.
B12 deficiency is common in infants and is accompanied by serious neurological symptoms
Authors: Irevall T , Axelsson I , Naumburg E 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimAdverse neurological symptoms have been linked to vitamin B12 deficiency in infants. This explorative study described the clinical presentation associated with vitamin B12 deficiency in this age group.MethodsThe study comprised infants who were born between 2004 and 2012 and were tested for vitamin B12 levels after they were admitted to a hospital with neurological symptoms at less than one year of age. Vitamin B12 deficiency was defined as low cobalamin in serum and/or increased homocysteine and/or increased methylmalonate. It was diagnosed according to the applicable International Classification of Diseases, 10th revision, and recorded as vitamin B12 deficiency in the medical records. All information was retrieved from medical records and compared to symptomatic infants with normal levels.ResultsOf the 121 infants tested, 35 had vitamin B12 deficiency and 86 had normal levels. Vitamin B12 deficiency was diagnosed at an average age of 1.7 months and was more common among boys. Seizures and apparent life‐threatening events were the most common symptoms among infants with B12 deficiency compared to infants with normal levels.ConclusionVitamin B12 deficiency was more common in infants than we expected and presented with severe symptoms, such as seizures and apparent life‐threatening events.
Laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy in a case of gastric cancer with situs inversus totalis: a case report
Authors: Kigasawa Yu , Takeuchi Hiroya , Kawakubo Hirofumi , Fukuda Kazumasa , Nakamura Rieko , Takahashi Tsunehiro , Wada Norihito , Kitagawa Yuko 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSitus inversus totalis (SIT) is a rare congenital condition in which abdominal and thoracic organs are transposed from normal positions. Laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy for situs inversus totalis is technically difficult and has rarely been reported. Here, we report the case of man in his 40s with situs inversus totalis and a preoperative diagnosis of stage IA gastric cancer (cT1b, cN0, cM0). We successfully performed laparoscopy‐assisted distal gastrectomy with D1+ lymph node dissection and Billroth I reconstruction. To ensure a safe procedure, we evaluated the vessels preoperatively with 3‐D CT angiography. Furthermore, we performed the surgery by reversing our surgical positions, using a two‐monitor method, and then reconstructing under direct vision through the incision. The surgery was performed with minimal blood loss, and no severe postoperative complications were observed. Histopathological examination revealed poorly to moderately differentiated stage IA (pT1b, pN0, pM0) adenocarcinoma. No recurrence has been observed as of 2 years postoperatively.