bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Constitutionality of Involuntary Civil Commitment of Opiate Addicts
Authors: Rosenthal Michael P. 
Published: November 2015

This paper deals with the constitutionality of involuntary treatment of opiate addicts. Although the first laws permitting involuntary treatment of opiate addicts were enacted in the second half of the nineteenth century, addicts were not committed in large numbers until California and New York enacted new civil commitment legislation in the 1960s. Inevitably, the courts were called upon to decide if involuntary treatment was constitutional. Both the California and New York courts decided that it was. These decisions were heavily influenced by statements made by the United States Supreme Court in Robinson v. California. The Robinson case did not actually involve the constitutionality of involuntary treatment; it involved the question of whether it was constitutional for a state to make addiction a crime. Nevertheless, the Supreme Court declared (in a dictum) that a state might establish a program of compulsory treatment for opiate addicts either to discourage violation of its criminal laws against narcotic trafficking or to safeguard the general health or welfare of its inhabitants. Presumably because the Robinson case did not involve the constitutionality of involuntary treatment of opiate addicts, the Supreme Court did not go into that question as deeply as it might have. The California and New York courts, in turn, relied too much on this dictum and did not delve deeply into the question. The New York courts did a better job than the California courts, but their work too was not as good as it should have been.
Reducing HIV Risk Behaviors: Perceptions of HIV Risk and Stage of Change
Authors: Stevens Sally J. , Estrada Antonio L. 
Published: November 2015

The HIV epidemic has had a dramatic impact on the lives of individuals, families, and communities around the world. Originally identified in homosexual men, HIV increasingly affects others, including: (1) those who inject drugs, (2) non-injection drug users who engage in unsafe sex, and (3) non-drug using heterosexuals who engage in high-risk sexual behaviors. The need for effective HIV prevention interventions is critical. All too often interventions have lacked sound theoretical frameworks. However, some attempts have been made to ground HIV risk behavior interventions in behavior theories such as: (1) the health belief model, (2) cognitive social learning theory, (3) the theory of reasoned action, and (4) the transtheoretical model of behavior change (TMBC). This paper describes an HIV prevention intervention that was developed from the TMBC model. The TMBC model hypothesizes stages of change. In this study, injection drug users (IDUs), crack cocaine users (CCUs), and female sexual partners of IDUs and CCUs identified their stage of change and were given an intervention based upon their identified stage. Baseline and post intervention follow-up data were obtained on participants' perceived stage and reported HIV sexual risk behavior. The data indicated that there was little congruence between perceived stage and reported risk. In spite of this incongruence, significant decreases in HIV risk behaviors were evidenced.
Programs, Materials, and Techniques
Authors: Brown Virginia 
Published: November 2015

Depending upon our individual perspectives, we are either delighted or depressed at the growing number of “cookbooks” available to the learning disabilities practitioner. It is assumed that cookbooks are somehow outside the realm of serious review or criticism. Sometimes this is because the more experienced and sophisticated practitioner believes that education cookbooks are not worthy of professional attention. On the other hand, a modest, homemade effort may believe itself to be immune from professional critique. Neither assumption is appropriate. If a product is created, distributed, advocated, and used, it requires serious professional attention and is subject to professional review. The column this month examines the entire role of cookbooks in learning disabilities by analyzing in some detail the original kitchen-related aspects of the term, by relating the results of this analysis to the classroom counterpart, and by suggesting a tentative brief outline to consider in evaluating cookbooks. A review of a recently submitted cookbook also is presented to show application of the considerations suggested.
Sphenopalatine Artery Ligation for Epistaxis
Authors: McDermott Ailbhe M. , O’Cathain Eadaoin , Carey Brian William , O’Sullivan Peter , Sheahan Patrick 
Published: November 2015

ObjectiveSphenopalatine artery ligation is a commonly employed surgical intervention for control of posterior epistaxis unresponsive to nasal packing. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the outcome of sphenopalatine artery ligation for control of epistaxis at our institution and the impact of timing and other factors on outcome.Study DesignCase series with chart review.SettingAcademic tertiary referral center.Subjects and MethodsCase notes were reviewed for 45 consecutive patients undergoing sphenopalatine artery ligation for control of epistaxis between October 2008 and October 2014.ResultsForty‐one patients had nasal packing prior to sphenopalatine artery ligation, with 33 undergoing ≥2 packings. Postoperatively, 6 patients had rebleeding, which was treated with repacking (n = 4) and return to the operating room (n = 2). The overall success rate of sphenopalatine artery ligation was 87% (39 of 45). Rebleeding rate was not affected by concomitant septoplasty, anterior ethmoidal artery ligation, or postoperative nasal packing. Patients undergoing SPA ligation within the first 24 hours of admission had a significantly shorter hospital length of stay (3 vs 6 days, P =. 02) and treatment cost (€5905 vs €10,001, P =. 03). Length of stay was not influenced by sphenopalatine artery ligation after ≤1 nasal pack versus ≥2 packs. Timing of sphenopalatine artery ligation did not affect blood transfusion requirement (P =. 84).ConclusionSphenopalatine artery ligation is an effective management strategy for surgical control of refractory epistaxis. Early timing of sphenopalatine artery ligation may lead to reductions in length of stay.
The Effect of Vocal Cord Paralysis on the Cricoarytenoid Joint
Authors: Colman Marc F. , Schwartz Ilsa 
Published: November 2015

Vocal cord reinnervation using neuromuscular pedicle techniques have met with variable success. One of the limiting factors in this type of surgery is the status of the cricoarytenoid joint. In this pilot study we studied the effect of immobilization secondary to deinnervation in the rat. There were no significant joint changes in the animals operated on after periods of up to 11 months. This agrees well with reported successes of reinnervation procedure 20 years after laryngeal paralysis.
Adjunctive Procedures to Maximize the Result of Cosmetic Eyelid Surgery
Authors: Dicker Ralph L. , Syracuse Victor R. 
Published: November 2015

The cosmetic blepharoplasty should be complemented by surgical procedures that augment the favorable aesthetics of the blepharoplasty. A blepharoplasty is frequently not fully satisfying to the patient or the surgeon. The plastic surgeon must recognize the need for adjunctive procedures such as eyebrow lift, blepharocanthoplasty, malar implants, dermal abrasion, chemosurgery, and temporoauricular lift to fulfill the more ideal expectations of both surgeon and patient.Evaluation of the aesthetic requirements for youthful restoration around the eye and the need for additional surgical techniques to enhance the beauty of the eye are discussed. Included in the discussion are the techniques used for the various procedures, the complications that can arise, and the reward of surgery performed in conjunction with the routine blepharoplasty or instead of it.
The Cochlear Nuclei Revisited
Authors: Dublin William B. 
Published: November 2015

The cochlear nuclei (CN) in man consist of the dorsal (DCN), superior ventral (SVCN), and inferior ventral (IVCN). The CN is located on the dorsolateral surface of the brain stem at the junction of the medulla with the pons. The DCN curves over the inferior cerebellar peduncle and forms part of its dorsolateral surface. The IVCN is found beneath the lateral portion of the DCN. The SVCN is for the most part covered by the inferior portion of the middle cerebellar peduncle.Of five types of nerve cells found in the CN in man, spheroid cells appear especially in the SVCN. They are the second‐order neurons of the main ascending neural auditory pathway. Their injury forms the basis for hearing loss of central type. The SVCN can be mapped into estimated frequency strata progressing from low frequencies ventral to high frequencies dorsal. Spheroid cells are susceptible to injury notably by anoxia and especially centering around an estimated 4,000 Hz frequency level in the SVCN. The pattern of injury of spheroid cells can be displayed in comparison with audiometric tracing on a standard audiogram chart.
Stapedectomy revision of the wire‐Gelfoam prosthesis
Authors: Lippy W.L. , Schuring A.G. 
Published: November 2015

Revision procedures in which a vein graft with a Robinson stapes prosthesis was used are reviewed in 100 patients. In all cases a wire‐Gelfoam stapes prosthesis had been used initially. The surgical findings were prosthesis malfunction, 48%; eroded incus, 16%; negative findings, 14%; footplate not removed, 11%; oval window fistula, 7%; and incus problems, 4%. Postoperatively, hearing in 70.5% of the patients with conductive hearing loss was within 10 dB and 84.5% within 20 dB. The high success rate is affected by the fact that patients with conductive hearing loss were separated from those with sensorineural hearing loss, a piston prosthesis on tissue was used in the revision surgical procedure, and patients with otosclerosis regrowth did not undergo revision. Surgical directives to minimize hearing loss included use of a tissue seal over the oval window; not reopening the oval window; monitoring the patient for dizziness; performing audiometric tests during surgery; leaving the wire in place in certain cases; and not revising the prosthesis in patients with otosclerosis regrowth.
Elevated Serum Secretory Immunoglobulin a Levels in Patients with Head and Neck Carcinoma
Authors: Watanabe Tsuneo , Iglehart J. Dirk , Bolognesi Dani P. , Cox Edwin B. , Vaughn Anna , Hudson William R. 
Published: November 2015

Secretory immunoglobulin A (SlgA) is a major component of the secretory immune system and has been demonstrated in the sera of patients with various pathologic conditions. Current studies were undertaken to quantitate secretory components (SC) in sera of patients with squamous cell carcinoma in the head and neck region by means of a sensitive double‐antibody radioimmunoassay. Patients with head and neck carcinoma were found to have threefold higher levels of SC (1.54 ± 0.74 mg/ml) compared to normal controls (0.51 ± 0.22mg/ml, P <. 0001). Of interest was that the sera of patients who had successfully been treated 2 to 6 months prior to the study demonstrated statistically lower levels than those of patients with untreated carcinoma or recurrent disease. SC in sera appears to be in the form of SlgA. The origin and diagnostic significance of SC are briefly discussed.
Labyrinthine Cryosurgery for Meniere's Disease‐Present Status
Authors: Wolfson Robert J. 
Published: November 2015

When surgery is required to control attacks of vertigo caused by Meniere's disease, total labyrinthectomy performed by the transcanal or transmastoid approach is the procedure of choice when the disease is unilateral and has permanently damaged hearing to the point that only a distorted remnant remains and amplification would not be effective. For patients with bilateral Meniere's disease or unilateral cases with sufficient hearing to warrant its preservation, a surgical procedure is required that eliminates the vertigo and either improves or at least does not adversely affect the hearing. Labyrinthine cryosurgery has been used clinically since 1965 in an attempt to achieve this goal. The results of 225 procedures followed for 1 year or longer indicated that vertigo is controlled in 73% but not in the remaining 27%. Hearing seemed unaffected by cryosurgery. If hearing fluctuated prior to surgery, it generally continued to fluctuate afterward. Improved or decreased hearing could therefore not be interpreted as a direct result of surgery but rather as a continuation of the fluctuation in hearing that commonly occurs in this disorder.
Tympanic Membrane Changes Secondary to Tympanostomy Tube Insertion in Chinchillas
Authors: Meyerhoff William L. , Shea Donald A. 
Published: November 2015

Tympanostomy tubes were inserted in 16 chinchillas to study the effect on tympanic membrane morphology. Tympanic membranes were examined with an operating microscope after 72 hours and at weekly intervals thereafter. Three ears developed postoperative otorrhea. Except for the ears with otorrhea, all tympanic membranes remained gray and translucent. Histologically, granulation tissue and polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration occurred around the tympanostomy tube by 7 days. With time this was replaced by a mature fibrous ring, which explained the tissue band observed otoscopically. In those tympanic membranes where the tympanostomy tube had extruded, healing occurred with an overly developed membrana propria. The middle ears of all experimental animals remained free of pathologic changes except for the three ears with otorrhea.
Resistance of the Auditory Brain Stem Response to High Barbiturate Levels
Authors: Marsh Roger R. , Frewen Timothy C. , Sutton Leslie N. , Potsic William P. 
Published: November 2015

In the comatose patient the auditory brain stem response may be one of the few indices of CNS function available. Because barbiturates may be administered to control intracranial pressure and its sequelae, demonstration of the effect of barbiturates on the brain stem response is desirable. In cats preloaded with 63 mg/kg of pentobarbital, intravenous injection of an additional 60 mg/kg reduced, but did not abolish, the later waves of the response. One cat that survived a cumulative dose of 183 mg/kg continued to show a well‐defined brain stem response. Even doses of barbiturate nearly incompatible with survival do not abolish this response.
Beta Endorphin Enhances in Vitro Lymphokine Production in Patients with Squamous Carcinoma of the Head and Neck
Authors: Wolf Gregory T. , Peterson Karen A. 
Published: November 2015

Recent studies of the effects of endorphins and other neuropeptides on immune mechanisms suggest that immune reactive cells have specific opioid‐like and nonopioid endorphin receptors, and indicate that neuropeptides may participate in regulating in vivo immune functions. Earlier demonstrations of impaired cellular immunity and impaired lymphokine production in patients with cancer of the head and neck prompted an investigation of the in vitro effects of β‐endorphin on the production of leukocyte migration inhibitory factor (LIF) in 29 patients with head and neck cancer and in 45 normal subjects. LIF production in response to phytohemagglutinin was significantly less in the cancer patients compared to normal subjects (p <. 001). β‐Endorphin significantly enhanced LIF production in the cancer patients (p =. 01) to levels that did not differ significantly from normal levels. A correlation of levels of lymphocyte subpopulations in the cancer patients suggested that enhancement of lymphokine production by β‐endorphin was related to levels of T8 (suppressor/cytotoxic) cells. The results confirm earlier demonstrations of impaired lymphokine production in patients with head and neck cancer and indicate that β‐endorphin can modulate in vitro lymphokine responses in such patients. These findings suggest that neuroendocrine peptides may play an important role in regulating immune function. Further study of the role of neuropeptides in the immune response should provide additional insight into the characterization of cellular immune dysfunction associated with head and neck cancer and should lead to the development of innovative immunotherapeutic treatment strategies.
The Beneficial Effect of Triamcinolone Acetonide on Nerve Repair with Autogenous Grafts
Authors: Upton Richard , McCaffrey Thomas V. , Ellis John 
Published: November 2015

Bilateral nerve cable graft repairs were made in the sciatic nerves of Wistar rats. One group of repairs was treated locally with triamcinolone acetonide (0.5 mg), one group was exposed to the systemic effects of the drug, and one group was left untreated. Nerve regeneration was measured by nerve‐stimulated muscle twitch strength, as well as several electrophysiologic parameters of the compound action potential conducted through the graft. Results suggest that nerve regeneration through an autogenous graft is significantly improved by local treatment with triamcinolone acetonide. Further studies are indicated to determine appropriate dosage necessary to maximize the beneficial local effects.
Influence of cisplatin on wound healing—an experimental model
Authors: Stiernberg Charles M. , Williams R. Mark , Hokanson James A. 
Published: November 2015

Recent clinical studies have shown that adjuvant chemotherapy may improve response rates to treatment for advanced head and neck carcinomas. Given preoperatively, some chemotherapeutic agents adversely affect wound heallng. The specific purpose of this study was to evaluate the Influence of cisplatin on wound healing when it is given preoperatively. Forty‐four Swiss outbred mice were divided into control and treatment groups. One week before surgery, the treatment group received cisplatin (2 mg/ kg body weight) by subcutaneous injections on 2 consecutive days. Each control animal was given an equal volume of normal saline. A 1.5 cm transverse incision was made in each animal, and wounds were closed with surgical staples. The mean woundbreaking strength was determined for a minimum of 5 treatment and 5 control mice on postoperative days 6, 10, 13, and 16. Serum creatinine, blood cell counts, and changes in weight were also monitored. Results showed wound strength on postoperative day 10 to be significantly reduced in mice treated with cisplatin (P < 0.05). There was no significant difference for wound strength on any other days and all other variables were simllar between both groups. In conclusion, cisplatin has an adverse effect on wound healing, the peak of which probably occurs during the proliferative stage of wound healing. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal time for surgery after preoperative chemotherapy. All new chemotherapeutic agents, particularly those being considered in a preoperative regimen, should be tested in this manner.
Chronic Perilymphatic Fistula: Experimental Model in the Guinea Pig
Authors: Flint Paul , Duckert Larry G. , Dobie Robert A. , Rubel Edwin W. 
Published: November 2015

Chronic perilymphatic fistulas were created in guinea pig cochleas using silicone rubber tubing placed into the scala tympani through the round window. Fistula patency was determined by fluorescein perfusion into cerebral spinal fluid. Fistulas were found to be patent in 6 of 6 animals at 7 days and 8 of 13 animals at 28 days. Analysis of ABRs revealed threshold increases of 10 to 15 dB across all frequencies at 1 hour and 7 days. However, thresholds returned to pre‐fistula levels by 28 days. Animals with acute fistulas (simple laceration of the round window) had similar threshold increases at 1 hour; however, recovery to baseline levels occurred by day 7. Control animals with intact round windows did not have threshold shifts. Scanning electron microscopy revealed hair cell loss localized to the apical and basal turns of the cochlea. The morphologic changes observed occurred acutely (within 7 days) and were not progressive, despite the presence of a fistula. Hair cell loss or degeneration did not correlate with hearing loss.
Bacterial Findings in Middle Ear Effusion in Children
Authors: Qvarnberg Yrjö , Kantola Olli , Valtonen Hannu , Vuori Esa , Salo Juha , Toivanen Meri 
Published: November 2015

During 1983–87, tympanostomy tubes were inserted in a total of 4952 ears of 2575 children remitted to the ENT Department of our hospital because of chronic or recurrent otitis media problems. The children were included in a prospective study and referred to one of three groups for comparison of findings. Group 1 included all 6‐ to 12‐month‐old infants undergoing primary tube treatment; group 2, all children 1 year or older who had their first ventilation tube(s) inserted in connection with adenoidectomy; and group 3, all children in whom tympanostomy had been performed one or more times previously. Middle ear effusion was aspirated from 2392 ears (48%); 67.6% of all ears were negative for bacteria and 22.1% of the ears with effusion grew pathogenic bacteria. S. pneumoniae was the most frequently cultured pathogen among the 6 to 12 month olds in group 1, but in groups 2 and 3 H. influenzae occurred more frequently than S. pneumoniae. Beta‐lactamase–producing strains of pathogenic bacteria were formed in only 4% of all ears with effusion: H. influenzae in 1.2% and B. catarrhalis in 2.8%. Compared with figures from the United States, the frequency of beta‐lactamase–producing strains is low in the present series. This is probably explained by differences in antimicrobial treatment practices; in Finland and the Scandinavian countries, penicillin V is the primary drug for acute otitis media. In light of present results, it seems well‐suited for treatment of otitis media in young children.
Treatment of Radiation‐ and Chemotherapy‐Induced Stomatitis
Authors: Carnel Shirley B. , Blakeslee Don B. , Oswald Stephen G. , Barnes Margaret 
Published: November 2015

Severe stomatitis is a common problem encountered during either radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Most therapeutic regimens are empirical, with no scientific basis. The purpose of this study is to determine the efficacy of various topical solutions in the treatment of radiation‐ or chemotherapy‐induced stomatitis. Eighteen patients were entered into a prospective double‐blinded study to test several topical solutions: (1) viscous lidocaine with 1% cocaine; (2) dyclonine hydrochloride 1.0% (Dyclone); (3) kaolin‐pectin solution, diphenhydramine plus saline (KBS); and (4) a placebo solution. Degree of pain relief, duration of relief, side effects, and palatability were evaluated. The results showed that Dyclone provided the most pain relief. Dyclone and viscous lidocaine with 1% cocaine provided the longest pain relief, which averaged 50 minutes This study provides objective data and defines useful guidelines for treatment of stomatitis.