bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Kesalahan Siswa SMP dalam Memahami Masalah Matematika Bentuk Soal Cerita
Authors: Saparwadi Lalu 
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kesalahan siswa SMP dalam memahami masalah soal cerita. Desain penelitian yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah deskriptif kualitatif dengan jenis penelitian studi kasus. Penelitian ini dilakukan pada siswa kelas VII di MTsN Selong. Teknik pengumpulan data pada penelitian ini menggunakan metode tes tertulis, think aloud, dan wawancara. Pengambilan subjek pada penelitian ini dilakukan dengan purposive sampling. Analisis data dalam penelitian ini meliputi yaitu reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Uji keabsahan data pada peneliti menggunakan triangulasi. Hasil penelitian ini diperoleh tiga bentuk kesalahan siswa dalam memahami matematika. Kesalahan pertama yaitu siswa kurang teliti dalam melihat dan memahami soal. Kesalahan kedua yaitu ketidakmampuan dalam berpikir reversibel ketika memahami masalah matematika. Kesalahan ketiga yaitu tidak membuat permisalan dari setiap informasi yang diperoleh, sehingga menyebabkan siswa tidak mampu melakukan proses penyelesaian dengan baik. Oleh karena itu, ada tiga poin yang perlu dilakukan dalam mengatasi kesalahan siswa dalam memahami masalah, yaitu (1) melatih siswa dalam mengidentifikasi semua informasi penting pada masalah, (2) melatih berpikir sebaliknya, (3) membiasakan siswa dalam membuat simbol untuk menandai semua informasi penting khususnya pada soal yang berbentuk serita.Kata Kunci: kesalahan siswa, memahami masalah, marematika, soal cerita.
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Kooperatif Tipe Probing Prompting dalam Meningkatkan Hasil Belajar Matematika Siswa
Authors: Mukhtar Muhammad , Rosyidah Ummi , Setyawati Astri 
Published: October 2024

Matematika sering dikeluhkan sebagai mata pelajaran yang amat berat, sulit, membosankan bahkan menakutkan bagi sebagian besar siswa. Hal ini dapat mengakibatkan hasil belajar matematika siswa sangat rendah bila dibandingkan dengan mata pelajaran lain. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah (1) untuk mengetahui bagaimana hasil belajar siswa pada kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol yang diajar dengan menerapkan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe probing prompting, (2) untuk mengetahui bagaimana perbedaan rata-rata hasil belajar siswa kelas kontrol dengan siswa kelas eksperimen. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Quasi Eksperimen. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah kelas XI IPS MA Ma’arif Nu 8 Taman Cari, sampel dalam penelitian ini diambil 2 kelas yakni kelas eksperimen dan kelas kontrol. Teknik yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini yaitu purposive sampling yang dipilih berdasarkan pada arahan guru dan nilai rata-rata kelas pada materi sebelumnya. Instrumen yang yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini berupa tes pilihan ganda. Analisis data dilakukan dengan menggunakan uji-t melalui program SPSS 16.0 for windows yaitu dengan menggunakan Paired Sampel T test. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe probing-prompting sangat membantu proses pembelajaran. Hal ini terlihat dari rata-rata posttest kategori eksperimen 81,97 dan rata-rata kelas manajemen 70,19. analisis data hasil penelitian diperoleh pada tes akhir (post test) nilai signifikansi (2-tailed) adalah 0,000. Oleh karena itu nilai signifikansinya < 0,05, dapat disimpulkan bahwa secara keseluruhan terdapat perbedaan rata-rata hasil belajar peserta didik kelas eksperimen yang proses pembelajaranya dengan menggunakan model pembelajaran kooperatif tipe probing prompting dengan peserta didik kelas kontrol sebelum perlakuan pada saat pre test. Sedangkan peningkatan hasil belajar peserta didik pada kelas kontrol yaitu sebesar 66,75. Setelah diberi perlakuan, skor rata – rata hasil posttest mengalami peningkatan yaitu sebesar 82,50. Sehingga diperoleh N-gain hasil belajar pada kelas eksperimen yaitu sebesar 0,48 (0,48<0.50).Kata Kunci: Pembelajaran Kooperatif , Probing Prompting, hasil belajar peserta didik
Penerapan Model Pembelajaran Probing Prompting untuk Meningkatkan Keaktifan Belajar Matematika Kelas X MA Ahsanul ’Ibad Taman Fajar
Authors: Nurjanah Siti , Mutmainah Siti , Wati Astri Setya 
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui penerapan model pembelajaran Probing Prompting untuk meningkatkan keaktifan belajar matematika kelas X MA Ahsanul ‘Ibad Taman Fajar. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh siswa kelas X MA Ahsanul ‘Ibad Taman Fajar yang berjumlah 21 siswa. Jenis penelitian ini Penelitian Tindakan Kelas. Teknik pengumpulan data yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah observasi. Pengamatan digunakan untuk memperoleh data tentang keaktifan belajar matematika siswa dan keterlaksanaan proses pembelajaran materi persamaan dan pertidaksamaan linear satu variabel yang memuat nilai mutlak menggunakan model Probing Prompting. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan analisis keaktifan belajar matematika. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukan adanya peningkatan keaktifan belajar matematika menggunakan model Probing Prompting. Peningkatan yang terjadi yaitu, (1) pada tahap awal persentase keaktifan belajar matematika sebesar 38,8%,(2) pada siklus I persentase keaktifan belajar matematika sebesar 56,8%,(3) pada siklus II persentase keaktifan belajar matematika sebesar 70,8%. Dapat disimpulkan bahwa Model Probing Prompting dapat meningkatkan keaktifan belajar matematika siswa pada materi persamaan dan pertidaksamaan nilai mutlak linear satu variabel kelas X MA Ahsanul ‘Ibad Taman Fajar Tahun Pelajaran 2020/2021.
Metakognisi Dalam Pemecahan Masalah Matematika Pada Siswa Kelas VIII SMP
Authors: Wulansari Kanaya Tabitha , Rohana Rohana , Marhamah Marhamah 
Published: October 2024

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan metakognisi siswa yang berkemampuan matematika tinggi, sedang, dan rendah dalam pemecahan masalah matematika pada pokok bahasan statistika. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif kualitatif. Subjek pada penelitian ini adalah siswa kelas VIII.5 SMP Negeri 15 Palembang. Terdapat 3 subjek penelitian yang mewakili kategori metakognisi tinggi, sedang, dan rendah. Teknik pengumpulan data menggunakan metode tes, wawancara, observasi, dan dokumentasi. Hasil tes, observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi dianalisis dengan mengacu pada aspek-aspek metakognisi. Keabsahan data dilakukan dengan triangulasi metode dengan membandingkan data hasil tes, wawancara, observasi dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data dilakukan dengan tahapan reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian diperoleh dengan melihat model metakognisi siswa ketika menyelesaikan soal pemecahan masalah matematika. Setelah penelitian ini dilakukan didapatkan hasil bahwa: 1) siswa berkemampuan matematika tinggi dapat menggunakan keterampilan metakognisi aspek planning, monitoring, dan evaluation dengan maksimal, 2) siswa berkemampuan matematika sedang dapat menggunakan keterampilan metakognisi aspek planning dengan maksimal, tetapi belum dapat menggunakan keterampilan metakognisi aspek monitoring dan evaluation dengan maksimal, 3) siswa berkemampuan matematika rendah belum dapat menggunakan keterampilan metakognisi aspek planning, monitoring, dan evaluation dengan maksimal.
Studi Etnomatematika Geometri pada Artefak Peninggalan Sejarah di Kota Malang
Authors: Safitri Rizky Romadhonah , Sulistyorini Yunis 
Published: October 2024

Kerajaan Singosari merupakan salah satu dari budaya di Indonesia. Jika dipandang dalam perspektif matematika terdapat konsep matematika pada artefak Candi Singosari. Salah satu konsep matematika tersebut adalah geometri. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengeksplorasi konsep geometri yang terdapat pada Candi Singosari. Penelitian ini adalah penelitian deskriptif dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Menggunakan metode pengumpulan data observasi, wawancara, dan dokumentasi. Teknik validasi data dalam penelitian ini yaitu menggunakan triangulasi sumber dan triangulasi metode. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian pada Candi Singosari terdapat konsep matematika geometri dan implementasi bentuk bangun geometri pada struktur bangunan Candi Singosari seperti, adanya beberapa bangun datar, bangun ruang, sudut dan geometri transformasi (refleksi dan translasi).Kata Kunci: artefak, candi Singosari, etnomatematika, geometri.
Keterampilan Berpikir Kritis Siswa dalam Menyelesaikan Masalah Matematika Ditinjau dari Perbedaan Gender
Authors: Wahyuningtiyas Kharisma , Sudirman Sudirman , Subanji Subanji 
Published: October 2024

Keterampilan berpikir kritis merupakan kemampuan yang harus dikembangkan dan harus dimiliki seseorang dalam penyelidikan dimana melibatkan Interpretation, Analysis, Evaluation, Inference, Explanation, dan Self-Regulation. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mendeskripsikan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah matematika ditinjau dari perbedaan gender. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian kualitatif dan jenis penelitian yang digunakan adalah deskriptif dimana metode ini digunakan untuk menganalisis keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa dalam menyelesaikan masalah matematika ditinjau dari perbedaan gender. Subjek dalam penelitian ini adalah siswa SMP Negeri 4 Malang kelas akselerasi yang berjumlah 30 siswa, 20 siswa perempuan dan 10 siswa laki-laki, setelah melalui pertimbangan diambil subjek berdasarkan gender yaitu dua siswa laki-laki dan dua siswa perempuan yang dianalisis dengan perbandingan tetap. Teknik dalam pengumpulan data adalah observasi, tes dan wawancara. Teknik analisis yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah reduksi data, penyajian data dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil dalam penelitian ini bahwa terdapat perbedaan keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa perempuan dan siswa laki-laki dalam menyelesaikan masalah matematika dimana siswa perempuan mampu memenuhi keterampilan berpikir kritis secara baik dan rinci sehingga memenuhi indikator Interpretation, Analysis, Evaluation, Inference, Explanation, dan Self-Regulation. Sedang siswa laki-laki dalam menyelesaikan masalah tidak terlalu rinci dan tidak melakukan pengecekan dikarenakan siswa laki-laki lebih memikirkan pekerjaan yang praktis dan lebih berfokus ke hasil akhir sehingga dalam keterampilan berpikir kritis siswa laki-laki hanya memenuhi indikator Interpretation, Analysis, Evaluation dan Inference.
Ghrelin is essential for lowering blood pressure during torpor
Authors: Matsui Kazuma , Ida Takanori , Oishi Kanae , Kojima Masayasu , Sato Takahiro 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionDaily torpor is an active hypothermic phenomenon that is observed in some mammals and birds during fasting. A decrease in blood pressure has also been observed in torpor; however, there remains a lack of knowledge of the underlying mechanism. We have previously reported that ghrelin, an orexigenic hormone, has a hypothermic effect and is essential for the induction and maintenance of torpor. It is also known that the ghrelin secretion is enhanced during fasting and that ghrelin receptors are distributed in the cardiovascular system. Therefore, this study was conducted to test the hypothesis that ghrelin is actively involved in the regulation of blood pressure during torpor induction.MethodsMale wild-type and ghrelin gene-deficient mice were generated by homologous recombination as previously reported. Mice, 10 weeks old, were included in this study and housed five per cage. The mice were maintained on a 12-h light/dark cycle (lights on from 7:00 to 19:00) with access to food and water ad libitum.ResultsThe continuous measurement of blood pressure using a telemetry system showed that induction of torpor by fasting did not decrease blood pressure in ghrelin gene-deficient mice. The analysis of heart rate variability revealed that sympathetic nerve activity was predominant in ghrelin-deficient mice during fasting. Furthermore, these features were cancelled by administration of a ghrelin receptor agonist and were comparable to those in wild-type mice.DiscussionIn this study, we showed that blood pressure was elevated in ghrl-/- mice and that the blood pressure rhythm was abnormal. Furthermore, we showed that the ghrelin gene deficiency does not cause sufficient blood pressure reduction upon entry into the torpor, and that the administration of the ghrelin receptor agonist, GHRP-6, causes blood pressure reduction associated with torpor. Thus, we have shown for the first time that the active role of ghrelin is essential for active blood pressure reduction associated with torpor, and that this action is mediated by the inhibition of sympathetic nerve activity by ghrelin.
Counting the costs of expensive tissues: mating system, brain size, and IGF-1 affect the ecological costs of transport in mammals
Authors: Husak Jerry F. , Sorlin Mahaut V. , Lailvaux Simon P. 
Published: October 2024

Although sexual selection can be a powerful evolutionary force in shaping the phenotype, sexually selected traits do not evolve in isolation of other traits or without influence from other selective pressures. Expensive tissues, such as brains, can constrain the evolution of sexually selected traits, such as testes, as can other energetically expensive processes, like the costs of locomotion. However, simple linear or binary analyses of specific traits of interest can prevent detection of important links within the integrated phenotype and obfuscate the importance of multiple selective forces. We used phylogenetically informed path analysis to determine causal links among mating system type, pace of life history, costs of locomotion, brain size, and testis size across 48 mammal species that exhibit a wide range of body sizes, life-history strategies, and types of locomotion. We found species with non-monogamous mating systems were associated with larger testes, faster life histories, and lower costs of locomotion compared to monogamous species. Having a larger brain was associated with a slower life history and, surprisingly, larger testes. In addition to highlighting the non-intuitive nature of certain causal relationships, our results also emphasize the utility of including multiple traits in studies of sexually selected traits, as well as considering the constraints imposed by linked traits and selection on those linked traits.
Human dental pulp stem cells modulate pro-inflammatory macrophages both through cell-to-cell contact and paracrine signaling
Authors: Maccaferri Monia , Pisciotta Alessandra , Carnevale Gianluca , Salvarani Carlo , Pignatti Elisa 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionMacrophages play a key role in most of the inflammatory diseases such as Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA), but the mechanism underlying their pathogenesis is still under study. Among stem cells, human dental pulp stem cells (hDPSCs) have attracted attention due to their easy accessibility and immunomodulatory properties, making them a promising adjuvant therapy. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the capacity of hDPSCs to modulate the phenotypes of primary human macrophages. Additionally, we sought to observe the differences induced on macrophages when cultured directly with hDPSCs or through a cell culture insert, mimicking the paracrine communication pathway.MethodsMonocytes, isolated from buffy coats, were differentiated into pro-inflammatory M1 and anti-inflammatory M2 macrophages. Subsequently, they were cultured with hDPSCs either directly or via a cell-culture insert for 48 hours. Finally, they were analyzed for protein, gene expression, cytokines levels and immunofluorescence.ResultsIn our study, we have demonstrated that, hDPSCs, even without priming, can reduce TNFα levels and enhancing IL-10 release in pro-inflammatory macrophages, both through direct contact and paracrine signaling. Furthermore, we found that their effects are more pronounced when in cell-to-cell contact through the decrease of NF-kB and COX-2 expression and of CD80/PD-L1 colocalization. HDPSCs, when in contact with macrophages, showed enhanced expression of NF-kB, COX-2, ICAM-1, PD-L1, FAS-L, TNFα and IFNγ.ConclusionWe showed that hDPSCs exert immunomodulatory effects on pro-inflammatory macrophages, with cell-to-cell contact yielding a more pronounced outcome compared to paracrine signaling. Our work highlights the immunomodulatory properties of hDPSCs on activated pro-inflammatory macrophages and the potential therapeutic role in inflamed tissue.
Understanding bladder cancer risk: Mendelian randomization analysis of immune cell and inflammatory factor influence
Authors: Un Hiocheng , Wusimanjiang Wumier , Zhan Wenhao , Zhang Xinxin , Li Minghao , Lei Jiahao , Lin Renxuan , Zhang Yuliang , Chen Junxing , Wang Zongren 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionThe intricate roles of immune cells and inflammatory factors in cancer, particularly their association with the risk of bladder cancer, are not well understood.MethodsThis study aimed to clarify potential causal relationships between these elements and the development of bladder cancer using genome-wide association study (GWAS) summary statistics for 731 immune cell phenotypes and 91 circulating inflammatory factors (cases=2,053; controls=287,137). The primary analytical approach was Inverse Variance Weighting (IVW), supplemented by MR-Egger regression, weighted median, and weighted mode analyses. Sensitivity analyses included Cochran Q test, MR-Egger intercept test, and Leave-one-out test.ResultsThe findings indicated that monocytes are positively correlated with an increased risk of bladder cancer. On the contrary, double-negative (DN) T cells, HLA DR+CD8br, and CD28 on CD28+CD45RA+CD8br T cells exhibited an inverse correlation, suggesting a possible protective effect. Furthermore, inflammatory factors IL-20, IL-22RA1, and Eotaxin were significantly associated with an increased risk of bladder cancer.DiscussionThese results suggest that certain immune cell phenotypes and inflammatory factors may play a role in the development of bladder cancer and could serve as potential biomarkers for assessing tumor risk. The findings also offer new insights into the pathogenesis of bladder cancer, indicating a need for further investigation.
Comparison of HBV-specific T cell reactivity across the pregnant, postpartum and non-pregnant women with chronic HBV infection
Authors: Wang Genju , Yue Fangping , Zhang Ziyue , Wu Yandan , Ji Ruixue , Zhou Guanlun , Ji Ying , Shen Chuanlai 
Published: October 2024

ObjectiveTo investigate the features of HBV-specific T cell reactivity across the pregnant, postpartum or non-pregnant women with chronic HBV infection.MethodsA total of 283 patients with chronic HBV infection were enrolled in this study, including 129 patients during pregnancy, 58 patients during postpartum less than 6 months and 96 non-pregnant patients at childbearing age. A universal ELISpot assay was set up using a broad-spectrum T-cell epitope peptide library which containing 103 functionally validated CD8+ T-cell epitopes derived from overall HBsAg, HBc/eAg, HBx and HBpol proteins and fitting to the human leukocyte antigen polymorphisms of Chinese population. Then, The functional HBV-specific T cells in peripheral blood were detected.ResultsThe spot-forming units (SFUs) of HBV-specific T cells in the pregnant group showed no statistical difference from the postpartum group, but significantly less than that in the non-pregnant group (p = 0.046). In the untreated patients, the pregnant group displayed HBe/cAg-specific T cells (SFUs) less than the non-pregnant group (P = 0.025) and the postpartum group (P = 0.045). Meanwhile, in the NUCs-treated patients, the three groups presented similar HBV-specific T cell reactivity. Furthermore, the SFUs in the NUCs-treated pregnant group were similar to that in the NUCs-untreated pregnant group. Importantly, ROC analysis demonstrated that the HBV-specific T cells (SFUs) (AUC = 0.742) and combined with HBsAg levels (AUC = 0.775) or with HBeAg level (AUC = 0.78) had a good predictive performance for hepatitis progression during pregnancy group.ConclusionPregnancy can reduce HBV-specific T cell reactivity in the women with chronic HBV infection, and NUCs treatment cannot improve their HBV-specific T cells reactivity. Routine monitoring of HBV-specific T cells during pregnant and postpartum period can provide precise evaluation for immune function and valuable guidance for treatments.
A novel strategy of co-expressing CXCR5 and IL-7 enhances CAR-T cell effectiveness in osteosarcoma
Authors: Hui Xinhui , Farooq Muhammad Asad , Chen Yiran , Ajmal Iqra , Ren Yaojun , Xue Min , Ji Yuzhou , Du Bingtan , Wu Shijia , Jiang Wenzheng 
Published: October 2024

BackgroundSolid tumors are characterized by a low blood supply, complex stromal architecture, and immunosuppressive milieu, which inhibit CAR-T cell entry and survival. CXCR5 has previously been employed to increase CAR-T cell infiltration into CXCL13+ cancers. On the other hand, IL-7 improves the survival and persistence of T cells inside a solid tumor milieu.MethodsWe constructed a novel NKG2D-based CAR (C5/IL7-CAR) that co-expressed CXCR5 and IL-7. The human osteosarcoma cell lines U-2 OS, 143B, and Mg63 highly expressed MICA/B and CXCL13, thus presenting a perfect avenue for the present study.ResultsNovel CAR-T cells are superior in their activation, degranulation, and cytokine release competence, hence lysing more target cells than conventional CAR. Furthermore, CXCR5 and IL-7 co-expression decreased the expression of PD-1, TIM-3, and TIGIT and increased Bcl-2 expression. Novel CAR-T cells show enhanced proliferation and differentiation towards the stem cell memory T cell phenotype. C5/IL7-CAR-T cells outperformed conventional CAR-T in eradicating osteosarcoma in mouse models and displayed better survival. Additionally, CXCR5 and IL-7 co-expression enhanced CAR-T cell numbers, cytokine release, and survival in implanted tumor tissues compared to conventional CAR-T cells. Mechanistically, C5/IL7-CAR-T cells displayed enhanced STAT5 signaling.ConclusionThese findings highlight the potential of CXCR5 and IL-7 co-expression to improve CAR-T cell therapy efficacy against osteosarcoma.
Transition from acute kidney injury to chronic kidney disease in a long-term murine model of Shiga toxin-induced hemolytic-uremic syndrome
Authors: Wegener Jamila , Dennhardt Sophie , Loeffler Ivonne , Coldewey Sina M. 
Published: October 2024

IntroductionUp to 40% of patients with typical hemolytic–uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia and acute kidney injury (AKI), develop long-term consequences, most prominently chronic kidney disease (CKD). The transition from AKI to CKD, particularly in the context of HUS, is not yet fully understood. The objective of this study was to establish and characterize a Shiga toxin (Stx)-induced long-term HUS model to facilitate the study of mechanisms underlying the AKI-to-CKD transition.MethodsC57BL/6J mice were subjected to 5, 10, 15, or 20 ng/kg Stx on days 0, 3, and 6 of the experiment and were sacrificed on day 14 or day 21 to identify the critical time of turnover from the acute to the chronic state of HUS disease.ResultsAcute disease, indicated by weight loss, plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) and urea, and renal neutrophils, diminished after 14 days and returned to sham level after 21 days. HUS-associated hemolytic anemia transitioned to non-hemolytic microcytic anemia along with unchanged erythropoietin levels after 21 days. Renal cytokine levels indicated a shift towards pro-fibrotic signaling, and interstitial fibrosis developed concentration-dependently after 21 days. While Stx induced the intrarenal invasion of pro-inflammatory M1 and pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages after 14 days, pro-fibrotic M2 macrophages were the dominant phenotype after 21 days.ConclusionIn conclusion, we established and characterized the first Stx-induced long-term model of HUS. This tool facilitates the study of underlying mechanisms in the early AKI-to-CKD transition following HUS and allows the testing of compounds that may protect patients with AKI from developing subsequent CKD.