bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sex, polyps, and medusae: Determination and maintenance of sex in cnidarians
Authors: Siebert Stefan , Juliano Celina E. 
Published: August 2016

SUMMARYMechanisms of sex determination vary greatly among animals. Here we survey what is known in Cnidaria, the clade that forms the sister group to Bilateria and shows a broad array of sexual strategies and sexual plasticity. This observed diversity makes Cnidaria a well‐suited taxon for the study of the evolution of sex determination, as closely related species can have different mechanisms, which allows for comparative studies. In this review, we survey the extensive descriptive data on sexual systems (e.g., gonochorism and hermaphroditism) and the plasticity of sex in various cnidarian taxa. Within Cnidaria, hydrozoans (e.g., Hydra, Hydractinia, and Clytia) are the best understood in regard to mechanistic determination and maintenance of sex, largely due to the discovery of the interstitial stem cells, which give rise to the germ cells. We also present a hypothesis for the evolution of the various sexual systems that are observed in Hydra. Finally, given the rapid advances in genome sequencing and editing, several exciting possible future directions for increasing our understanding of sex determination mechanisms in cnidarians are discussed. Mol. Reprod. Dev. 84: 105–119, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Speckle tracking as a method to measure hemidiaphragm excursion
Authors: Goutman Stephen A. , Hamilton James D. , Swihart Blake , Foerster Bradley , Feldman Eva L. , Rubin Jonathan M. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTIntroduction: Diaphragm excursion measured via ultrasound may be an important imaging outcome measure of respiratory function. We developed a new method for measuring diaphragm movement and compared it to the more traditional M‐mode method. Methods: Ultrasound images of the right and left hemidiaphragms were collected to compare speckle tracking and M‐mode measurements of diaphragm excursion. Speckle tracking was performed using EchoInsight (Epsilon Imaging, Ann Arbor, Michigan). Results: Six healthy subjects without a history of pulmonary diseases were included in this proof‐of‐concept study. Speckle tracking of the diaphragm is technically possible. Unlike M‐mode, speckle tracking carries the advantage of reliable visualization and measurement of the left hemidiaphragm. Conclusions: Speckle tracking accounted for diaphragm movement simultaneously in the cephalocaudad and mediolateral directions, unlike M‐mode, which is 1‐dimensional. Diaphragm speckle tracking may represent a novel, more robust method for measuring diaphragm excursion, especially for the left hemidiaphragm. Muscle Nerve 55: 125–127, 2017
Chemical O‐Glycosylations: An Overview
Authors: Das Rituparna , Mukhopadhyay Balaram 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe development of glycobiology relies on the sources of particular oligosaccharides in their purest forms. As the isolation of the oligosaccharide structures from natural sources is not a reliable option for providing samples with homogeneity, chemical means become pertinent. The growing demand for diverse oligosaccharide structures has prompted the advancement of chemical strategies to stitch sugar molecules with precise stereo‐ and regioselectivity through the formation of glycosidic bonds. This Review will focus on the key developments towards chemical O‐glycosylations in the current century. Synthesis of novel glycosyl donors and acceptors and their unique activation for successful glycosylation are discussed. This Review concludes with a summary of recent developments and comments on future prospects.
2015 President's Plenary International Psycho‐oncology Society: psychosocial care as a human rights issue—challenges and opportunities
Authors: Travado Luzia , Breitbart William , Grassi Luigi , Fujisawa Daisuke , Patenaude Andrea , Baider Lea , Connor Stephen , Fingeret Michelle 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThe International Psycho‐Oncology Society (IPOS) Human Rights Task Force has been working since 2008 to raise awareness and support, for the relevance of psychosocial cancer care as a human rights issue. In 2014 the “Lisbon Declaration: Psychosocial Cancer Care as a Universal Human Right” was fully endorsed by IPOS. Subsequently, the IPOS Standard on Quality Cancer Care, endorsed by 75 cancer organizations worldwide, has been updated and now includes 3 core principles: Psychosocial cancer care should be recognised as a universal human right; Quality cancer care must integrate the psychosocial domain into routine care; Distress should be measured as the 6th vital sign. The President's plenary held at the 2015 World Congress of Psycho‐Oncology in Washington DC was devoted to discussing psychosocial care as a human rights issue. Many challenges and opportunities are illustrated in different continents and contexts: from Africa where resources for basic cancer treatment are scarce and children and their parents face significant difficulties with hospital detention practices; to Europe where for many countries psychosocial care is still seen as a luxury; and the Middle East where Muslim women face stigma and a culture of silence over cancer. We further discuss how to move the Lisbon Declaration forward towards its implementation into clinical practice globally, using the successful example of the World Health Assembly resolution supporting palliative care as a human right which has achieved widespread approval, and identifying the vital role the IPOS Federation of National Psychoncology Societies plays worldwide to move this agenda forward.
Spirituality is associated with less treatment regret in men with localized prostate cancer
Authors: Mollica Michelle A. , Underwood Willie , Homish Gregory G. , Homish D. Lynn , Orom Heather 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundSome patients with prostate cancer regret their treatment choice. Treatment regret is associated with lower physical and mental quality of life. We investigated whether, in men with prostate cancer, spirituality is associated with lower decisional regret 6 months after treatment and whether this is, in part, because men with stronger spiritual beliefs experience lower decisional conflict when they are deciding how to treat their cancer.MethodsOne thousand ninety three patients with prostate cancer (84% white, 10% black, and 6% Hispanic; mean age = 63.18; SD = 7.75) completed measures of spiritual beliefs and decisional conflict after diagnosis and decisional regret 6 months after treatment. We used multivariable linear regression to test whether there is an association between spirituality and decisional regret and structural equation modeling to test whether decisional conflict mediated this relationship.ResultsStronger spiritual beliefs were associated with less decisional regret (b = −0.39, 95% CI = −0.53, −0.26, P < .001, partial η2 = 0.024, confidence interval = −0.55, 39%, P < .001, partial η2 = 0.03), after controlling for covariates. Decisional conflict partially (38%) mediated the effect of spirituality on regret (indirect effect: b = −0.16, 95% CI = −0.21, −0.12, P < .001).ConclusionsSpirituality may help men feel less conflicted about their cancer treatment decisions and ultimately experience less decisional regret. Psychosocial support post‐diagnosis could include clarification of spiritual values and opportunities to reappraise the treatment decision‐making challenge in light of these beliefs.
Experiences of “openness” between mothers and daughters during breast cancer: implications for coping and healthy outcomes
Authors: Fisher Carla L. , Wolf Bianca M. , Fowler Craig , Canzona Mollie Rose 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveMother‐daughter communication is central to how women adjust to breast cancer. They may be aided by models of healthy communication that illustrate both women's perspectives. Families establish normative communication patterns that inform how they cope. We used family communication patterns theory to examine correlations between openness/avoidance and health. We extended this by capturing mother‐daughter open/avoidant narratives to illustrate how these behaviors function in helpful (health‐promoting) and unhelpful ways.MethodsPhase 1 of this mixed‐method study involved 41 patients and 37 mothers/daughters (N = 78) completing surveys on mother‐daughter openness, avoidant coping, and quality of life. Phase 2 involved interviews with 40 patients and 38 mothers/daughters (N = 78) to ascertain what diagnosed women share (or do not share) with their mother/daughter and their reasons.ResultsDiagnosed women reporting more open mother‐daughter bonds had better relational health (r = .730,P < .001). Those who engaged in more avoidant coping reported poorer physical health (r = −.431,P = .01). Mothers and daughters talked about treatment side effects and procedures, disease risk and prevention, and medical decisions. They avoided discussions about distressing emotions and topics as well as uncertainty about the future. Motivations to disclose/avoid centered on protecting themselves and/or their mother/daughter. Qualitative findings illustrate the tension between openness and avoidance. Developmental differences and relational role perspectives illustrate women's diverse needs.ConclusionsA history of openness is linked with relational health, but coping is not as simple as “be open.” Both openness/avoidance are helpful and unhelpful depending on age, topic, and responses.
Does a peer‐led exercise intervention affect sedentary behavior among breast cancer survivors?
Authors: Pinto Bernardine , Dunsiger Shira , Stein Kevin 
Published: August 2016

AbstractObjectiveSedentary behavior is recognized as an independent risk factor for chronic diseases. Cancer survivors report high levels of sedentary behavior. In secondary analyses, we examined the effects of an exercise intervention on sedentary behavior (sitting time) among breast cancer survivors.MethodsSeventy‐six breast cancer survivors (mean age = 55.62 y, mean 1.1 y since diagnosis) were randomized to receive either a 12‐week telephone‐delivered exercise intervention from peer volunteers or a contact control condition. The intervention did not specifically address sitting time. Participants' sedentary behavior was assessed for 7 days at baseline, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks via self‐report and objective measurement (accelerometer).ResultsAt baseline, our sample reported sitting for 7.75 hours/day (10.98 h/d by accelerometer data). Spearman rank correlations showed significant positive correlations at baseline between sitting time measured by self‐report and accelerometer (ρ = 0.37; P = .002) in the entire sample. There were no significant changes over time within group nor were there any significant intervention effects on sitting time (self‐report and objective) at 12 and 24 weeks (all P's > .05).ConclusionsAn exercise intervention that did not focus specifically on sitting time did not affect sedentary behavior among breast cancer survivors. Intervention components that specifically target sitting behavior are needed to reduce this risk behavior among survivors.
Carboxylic ester hydrolases: Classification and database derived from their primary, secondary, and tertiary structures
Authors: Chen Yingfei , Black Daniel S. , Reilly Peter J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWe classified the carboxylic ester hydrolases (CEHs) into families and clans by use of multiple sequence alignments, secondary structure analysis, and tertiary structure superpositions. Our work for the first time has fully established their systematic structural classification. Family members have similar primary, secondary, and tertiary structures, and their active sites and reaction mechanisms are conserved. Families may be gathered into clans by their having similar secondary and tertiary structures, even though primary structures of members of different families are not similar. CEHs were gathered from public databases by use of Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST) and divided into 91 families, with 36 families being grouped into five clans. Members of one clan have standard α/β‐hydrolase folds, while those of other two clans have similar folds but with different sequences of their β‐strands. The other two clans have members with six‐bladed β‐propeller and three‐α‐helix bundle tertiary structures. Those families not in clans have a large variety of structures or have no members with known structures. At the time of writing, the 91 families contained 321,830 primary structures and 1378 tertiary structures. From these data, we constructed an accessible database: CASTLE (CArboxylic eSTer hydroLasEs, http://www.castle.cbe.iastate.edu).
Characterization of metformin by‐products under photolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation and chlorination by high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry
Authors: Quintão Frederico Jehár Oliveira , Freitas Julia Raquel Lino , de Fátima Machado Célia , Aquino Sérgio Francisco , de Queiroz Silva Silvana , de Cássia Franco Afonso Robson José 
Published: August 2016

RationaleMetformin (MTF) is the most widely prescribed drug for the treatment of patients with type 2 diabetes. Studies involving the removal of MTF from aqueous solutions and detailed information regarding the overall degradation process are scarce.MethodsThe degradation of MTF in aqueous solution induced by direct photolysis, photocatalysis, ozonation and chlorination was evaluated. The process was continuously monitored focusing on the identification and monitoring of the by‐products formed by applying high‐performance liquid chromatography coupled to high‐resolution mass spectrometry in positive ion mode. The cytotoxicity of metformin by‐products was evaluated with an MTT assay.ResultsThe results from the chlorination and ozonation tests indicate metformin removal efficiencies of 60% after 30 min of exposure. On the other hand, direct photolysis (UV‐C) and heterogeneous photocatalysis (TiO2/UV‐C) led to a lower degree of metformin degradation, with removal efficiencies of 9.2% and 31%, respectively, after 30 min of exposure. The mineralization rates varied from 20% for ozonation to 0.72% for photolysis, thereby indicating there was accumulation of degradation by‐products in all experiments. Mass spectrometric analysis indicated the presence of five metformin by‐products. It was not possible to identify any by‐product generated in the photolysis, and, in all oxidative assays, the treated samples were nontoxic to HepG2 cells.ConclusionsIt is also observed that all systems exhibited low mineralization rates, with the chlorination process being slightly more efficient in promoting the degradation, whereas the ozonation was more efficient in promoting the mineralization of metformin. Based on these results a route for the chlorination, photodegradation and ozonation of MTF, which comprised of its successive oxidation in the aqueous medium, could be proposed. It could also be concluded that the treated samples were not cytotoxic to HepG2 cells in a MTT assay. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of organochlorine compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls Promotes hepatic steatosis in male Ob/Ob mice
Authors: Mulligan Charlee , Kondakala Sandeep , Yang Eun‐Ju , Stokes John V. , Stewart James A. , Kaplan Barbara L. F. , Howell George E. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTHepatic steatosis is recognized as an independent risk factor for the development of cardiovascular disease. While obesity and type 2 diabetes are well‐established risk factors in the development of hepatic steatosis, recent studies have revealed exposure to mixtures of persistent organic pollutants (POPs), which are environmental contaminants in various fatty foods, can promote steatosis. Thus, the present study was designed to determine if exposure to a defined mixture of prevalent polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine (OC) pesticides or their metabolites promote hepatic steatosis in a genetically induced model of type 2 diabetes, the leptin‐deficient ob/ob mouse. Male C57BL/6J wild type (WT) or ob/ob mice were administered an environmentally relevant mixture of PCBs and OCs for 7 weeks via oral gavage. Exposure to POPs did not significantly alter fasting serum glucose or insulin levels. However, POPs exposure significantly increased hepatic triglyceride content in ob/ob animals, while decreasing serum triglyceride levels. This POPs‐mediated increase in hepatic triglyceride content did not appear to be associated with significantly increased inflammation in either the liver or adipose. Exposure to POPs significantly induced the expression of cytochrome P450 3a11 in WT animals, yet the expression of this cytochrome was significantly downregulated in ob/ob animals regardless of POPs exposure. Taken together, the present data indicate exposure to an environmentally relevant mixture of both PCBs and OC pesticides in ob/ob mice promotes hepatic steatosis while decreasing hypertriglyceridemia, which demonstrates exposure to a defined mixture of POPs alters systemic lipid metabolism in a genetically induced model of obesity and type 2 diabetes. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Environ Toxicol 32: 1399–1411, 2017.
Calibrating minimum counts and catch‐per‐unit‐effort as indices of moose population trend
Authors: DeCesare Nicholas J. , Newby Jesse R. , Boccadori Vanna J. , Chilton‐Radandt Tonya , Thier Tim , Waltee Dean , Podruzny Kevin , Gude Justin A. 
Published: August 2016

ABSTRACTMonitoring wildlife population trends often involves indices assumed to correlate in proportion to abundance. We used aerial count data and harvest statistics for moose (Alces alces) populations in 16 hunting districts of Montana, USA, spanning 32 years (1983–2014) to assess population trends, drivers of uncertainty about those trends, and the relationship between aerial counts and hunter catch‐per‐unit‐effort (CPUE). We found a great deal of statistical uncertainty surrounding population trends of moose measured with aerial minimum‐count data, despite time series averaging >15 annual counts/district. State‐space models of count‐based trends suggested declining populations in 11 of 16 districts, yet 95% credible intervals overlapped 0 in all cases. The precision of count‐based trends improved with increases in the number of years spanned by the time series (β = −0.003, P < 0.001) and average number of moose counted per survey (β = −0.0006, P = 0.002). Calibration of CPUE with count data showed positive correlations in only 5 of 16 (31%) districts and a catchability exponent (β) significantly <1. This indicated a generally poor level of agreement between these 2 indices, and evidence of “hyperstability,” wherein declines measured by aerial counts were not reflected by proportionate declines in CPUE. Additionally, long‐term trends measured with CPUE were not correlated to those in aerial counts (P = 0.61). We encourage explicit attention to the precision of trend estimates and local calibration of population indices to ensure both positive and proportionate relationships to underlying patterns of abundance. © 2016 The Wildlife Society.
Effects of co‐overexpression of secretion helper factors on the secretion of a HSA fusion protein (IL2‐HSA) in pichia pastoris
Authors: Guan Bo , Chen Fengxiang , Su Shuai , Duan Zuoying , Chen Yun , Li Huazhong , Jin Jian 
Published: August 2016

AbstractPichia pastoris is generally considered as an expression host for heterologous proteins with the coding gene under control of the alcohol oxidase 1 (AOX1) promoter. The secretion of heterologous proteins in P. pastoris can be potentially affected by many factors. Based on our previous results, the secretion levels of human albumin (HSA) fusion protein IL2‐HSA were only around 500 mg/L or less in fermentor cultures, which decreased more than 50% compared with that of HSA (>1 g/L). In this study, we selected five potential secretion helper factors, in which Ero1, Pdi1 and Kar2 were involved in protein folding and Sec1 and Sly1 were involved in vesicle trafficking. We evaluated the possible effects of individual overexpression of these secretion helper factors on the secretion of IL2‐HSA in P. pastoris. Constitutive overexpression of the five selected secretion factors did not have an obvious negative effect on cell growth of the IL2‐HSA secreting strain. Individual co‐overexpression of Ero1, Kar2, Pdi1, Sec1 and Sly1 improved the secretion level of IL2‐HSA to ~2.3‐, 1.9‐, 2.2‐, 2.5‐ and 1.9‐fold that in the control strain respectively in shake flasks. We evaluated the changes in mRNA and protein levels of the intracellular IL2‐HSA, as well as the secretion helper factor genes in the co‐overexpressing strains. Our results indicated that manipulating the expression level of ER resident protein Pdi1, Ero1, Kar2 and SM protein Sec1 and Sly1 could improve the secretion level of IL2‐HSA fusion protein in P. pastoris, which provided new candidates for combinatorial engineering in future study. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Rating a Sports Medicine Surgeon's “Quality” in the Modern Era: An Analysis of Popular Physician Online Rating Websites
Authors: Nwachukwu Benedict U. , Adjei Joshua , Trehan Samir K. , Chang Brenda , Amoo-Achampong Kelms , Nguyen Joseph T. , Taylor Samuel A. , McCormick Frank , Ranawat Anil S. 
Published: August 2016

Background Consumer-driven healthcare and an increasing emphasis on quality metrics have encouraged patient engagement in the rating of healthcare. As such, online physician rating websites have become mainstream and may play a potential role in future healthcare policy. Questions/Purposes The purpose of this study was to evaluate online patient ratings for US sports medicine surgeons, determine predictors of positive ratings and analyze for inter-website scoring correlation. Methods The American Orthopedic Society for Sports Medicine (AOSSM) member directory was sampled. Surgeon demographic and rating data were searched on three online physicians rating websites: HealthGrades.com (HG), RateMDs.com (RM) and Vitals.com (V). Written rating comments were categorized as relating to the following: surgeon competence, surgeon affability and process of care. Bivariate linear regression, Pearson correlation and multivariable analyses were used to determine factors associated with positive ratings. Results Two hundred seventy-five sports medicine surgeons were included. Two hundred seventy-one (99%) had ratings on at least one of the three websites. Sports surgeons were rated highly across all three websites (mean >4.0/5); however, there was only a low to moderate degree of correlation among websites. On HG, female surgeons and surgeons in academia were more likely to receive higher overall ratings. Across all three websites, increased number of years in practice inversely correlated with ratings; this relationship neared significance for HG and was significant for RM. A surgeon's online presence or geographic location was not associated with higher ratings. In multivariable regression analysis for ratings on HG, female sex was the only significant predictor of higher ratings. Two thousand three hundred forty-one written comments were analyzed: perceived surgeon competence and communication influenced the direction of ratings for the top and bottom tier surgeons. Conclusion There was a low degree of correlation among online websites for surgeon ratings. Female surgeons and those with fewer years in practice appear to have higher ratings on these websites; comment content analysis suggests that high and low ratings are influenced by perceived surgeon competence and affability.