bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reservoir‐Driven Heterogeneous Distribution of Recorded Human Puumala virus Cases in South‐West Germany
Authors: Drewes S. , Turni H. , Rosenfeld U. M. , Obiegala A. , Straková P. , Imholt C. , Glatthaar E. , Dressel K. , Pfeffer M. , Jacob J. , Wagner‐Wiening C. , Ulrich R. G. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryEndemic regions for Puumala virus (PUUV) are located in the most affected federal state Baden‐Wuerttemberg, South‐West Germany, where high numbers of notified human hantavirus disease cases have been occurring for a long time. The distribution of human cases in Baden‐Wuerttemberg is, however, heterogeneous, with a high number of cases recorded during 2012 in four districts (H districts) but a low number or even no cases recorded in four other districts (L districts). Bank vole monitoring during 2012, following a beech (Fagus sylvatica) mast year, resulted in the trapping of 499 bank voles, the host of PUUV. Analyses indicated PUUV prevalences of 7–50% (serological) and 1.8–27.5% (molecular) in seven of eight districts, but an absence of PUUV in one L district. The PUUV prevalence differed significantly between bank voles in H and L districts. In the following year 2013, 161 bank voles were trapped, with reduced bank vole abundance in almost all investigated districts except one. In 2013, no PUUV infections were detected in voles from seven of eight districts. In conclusion, the linear modelling approach indicated that the heterogeneous distribution of human PUUV cases in South‐West Germany was caused by different factors including the abundance of PUUV RNA‐positive bank voles, as well as by the interaction of beech mast and the proportional coverage of beech and oak (Quercus spec.) forest per district. These results can aid developing local public health risk management measures and early warning models.
Prediction of Cutting Forces of Solid End Mills With Differential Helix Angles: A Numerical Approach
Authors: Westermann Hans-Henrik , Thorenz Benjamin , Müller Robert , Steinhilper Rolf 
Published: December 2016

Solid end mills with multi-section cutting edges and variable helix angles are available for application. New types of solid end mills for low energy consumption have recently been developed. These so-called Low Power Cutting (LPC)-Tools are characterized by differential helix angles.
Compared to solid end mills with variable helix angles, the new differential helix angles change their pitch continuously over the cutting edge length. Due to this fact the cutting conditions are not in a constant state during the revolution of the cutting tool. Existing mathematical approaches for the calculation of cutting forces only consider constant helix angles in milling operations.
This paper describes an approach for the prediction of cutting forces for differential helix angles. The developed mathematical model is based on geometrical considerations. Due to a continuously changing pitch over the cutting edge length a numerical approach for the mathematical model is chosen.
Model-Based Hazard an Propagation Assessment of Product Changes
Authors: Roth Michael , Gantenbein Felix 
Published: December 2016

The current markets are characterized by an increasing demand for individual products, increasing product complexity and stricter safety regulations. This results in large hazard and safety analysis efforts for each individual product variant. One possible solution to reduce these efforts is the automation of analyses and a preliminary assessment of individual changes.
Therefore, several approaches are published to e.g. model safety aspects or evaluate change propagations. However, the approaches fail to directly establish the connection between product changes and safety aspects by a common model.
This paper develops a method to identify and assess the potential hazard impact of product changes through a common static model. It builds on a graph-based product model and graph-rewriting. From the state of the art, suitable methods tools and principles are identified and evaluated. Based on this, requirements are derived. The capabilities of existing methods are assessed and the most suitable ones adapted and integrated to the method to assess the potential hazard impact of product changes (MBHPA).
The MBHPA reduces the complexity by providing two independent interconnected analyses. To evaluate the product changes, a static propagation analysis is provided. It uses defined graph-rewriting patterns to trace propagations and extract a propagation tree. The affected components in a second step can then be evaluated on their hazard potential. Again graph-rewriting patterns are applied to identify the connected hazards which are visualized in a hazard potential portfolio.
The MBHPA is implemented and evaluated with the industrial case of an automated coffee machine. The evaluation underlines that the MBHPA successfully identifies possible propagations and their effect on hazards from a static perspective. It helps to improve safety awareness and traceability and reduces the required experience.
Wearable On-Demand Oxygen Therapy
Authors: Hebbale Chandan , Fu Katherine 
Published: December 2016

Oxygen concentration devices currently on the market have many shortcomings. They are bulky and difficult to carry. They alter a patient’s outward image with a visual mark of disability. They do not change oxygen delivery in any way to adjust to the patient’s health. They also lack indicators to help the patient decide when to begin or end a therapy session. Some patient’s decide not to take oxygen therapy as a result of these shortcomings. Those that use these devices may receive over oxygenation or under oxygenation due to the mentioned pitfalls. Any of the shortcomings described can be life threatening to the patient.
The present innovation is a proposed system for oxygen delivery that adjusts flowrate based on the patient health and requires no user input to begin or end a therapy session. This paper presents a unique wearable device design for delivering oxygen in a pressure based concentration system.
A UNITY Sketch Based Modelling Environment for Virtual Assembly and Machining to Evaluate DFMA Metrics
Authors: Read Avery , Ritchie James , Lim Theodore 
Published: December 2016

Current tools used to carry out design for manufacture and assembly (DFMA) evaluations are time consuming to use. This increases the cost of bringing a product to market by extending the length of the design process. The steps that comprise the design, analysis and redesign process are typically carried out in series over long periods of time using different tools. Introducing concurrent engineering practices could significantly reduce the time taken to complete this process and improve workplace DFMA learning. An opportunity exists to create and test an integrated real-time DFMA tool using the UNITY game engine, which could potentially address these problems. If this approach can be achieved it has the potential to decrease the time taken for the design process and enable a greater number of solutions to be considered potentially leading to a more optimal design solution. Having a more optimal design could lead to major cost reduction in later stages of product development by reducing the work needed to plan and carry out the manufacturing process and creating a product that is easier and less costly to maintain.
This paper reports on a pilot haptic sketch-based system to investigate its feasibility to conduct concurrent DFMA. .
On the Linearization of Multibody Dynamics Formulations
Authors: González Francisco , Masarati Pierangelo , Cuadrado Javier 
Published: December 2016

The dynamics equations of multibody systems are often expressed in the form of a system of highly nonlinear Differential Algebraic Equations (DAEs). Some applications of multibody dynamics, however, require a linear expression of the equations of motion. Such is the case of the plant representations demanded by a wide variety of control algorithms and the system models needed by state estimators like Kalman filters.
The choice of generalized coordinates used to describe a mechanical system greatly influences the behavior of the resultant linearized models and the way in which they convey information about the original system dynamics. Several approaches to arrive at the linearized dynamics equations have been proposed in the literature. In this work, these were categorized into three major groups, defined by the way in which the kinematic constraints are handled. The properties of each approach and the differences between them were studied through the linearization of the dynamics of a simple example with a method representative of each class.
A Null Space Projection Approach for Modally Reduced Flexible Multibody Systems
Authors: Winkler Robert G. , Plakomytis Dimitrios , Gerstmayr Johannes 
Published: December 2016

Light-weight structures and high-performance mechanical systems lead to an increasing amount of vibrations. In order to comply with standards in noise and vibration limits, the simulation of flexible multibody systems is inevitable. Due to the size of the finite element models of real-life mechanical systems, a model order reduction is necessary for the efficient simulation of such large scale flexible multibody systems. Currently, the most widely used technique for modelling and simulation of large scale flexible multibody systems is based on the Floating Frame of Reference Formulation (FFRF) of the modally reduced bodies. Recently, alternatives to the FFRF have been proposed, e.g. the Generalized Component Mode Synthesis (GCMS) which uses an absolute or inertial description of the modes. GCMS leads to a concise form of the equations of motion and a constant mass matrix. Within the context of the GCMS method, the rigid body motion is described with twelve coordinates while the deformation of the body is represented with nine coordinates for each flexible mode.
The main drawback of the GCMS method is that the number of flexible coordinates is nine times higher as compared to the classic FFRF and therefore when more modes are needed the efficiency of the method can be impaired. Therefore, the objective of the present paper is the further reduction of the new flexible coordinates by means of a null space projection method. Null space methods have been extensively used in order to develop efficient integration algorithms for rigid bodies, flexible beams and shells; however their applicability to modally reduced flexible multibody systems has not been studied intensively. In the paper herein, we develop a new formulation for modally reduced flexible multibody systems which involves a projection onto the null space of properly defined (internal) constraint conditions imposed to the flexible coordinates. It is important to note that focus is put on the description of the projection in the continuous case rather than the discrete which will be addressed in later developments. The proposed formulation is derived in great detail and it is shown that the simple form of the equations of motion of the GCMS method is almost retained. Finally, the applicability and performance of the method is assessed by means of a numerical example.
Solution Space Exploration of the Process Design for Continuous Casting of Steel
Authors: Sabeghi Maryam , Shukla Rishabh , Allen Janet K. , Mistree Farrokh 
Published: December 2016

Continuous casting is the process of solidifying molten metal to produce different products such as billet, bloom, or slab. This process can be formulated mathematically in terms of conflicting objectives including productivity, yield, quality and production costs to satisfy sets of constraints such as oscillation mark depth, metallurgical length and center line segregation. The objectives are conflicting in the sense that, if the productivity is increased, there is a reduction in other performance measures. These performance specifications are greatly influenced by operating conditions such as casting speed, superheat, mold oscillation frequency, and secondary cooling conditions. The process of identifying the set points for the continuous casting operation is iterative and expensive. The uncertainties inherent in modeling the phenomena computationally behooves exploration of the solution space to determine the quality of the solution and gain insight.
In this paper, a method to explore the solution space is introduced. The method includes weight sensitivity and constraint sensitivity analysis. This analysis allows a designer to ascertain to what extent the solution is insensitive to uncertainties inherent in the modeling of the decision problem. This is a crucial step towards determining robust solutions for performance measures. The utility of the method is illustrated in providing decision support for the continuous casting operation in presence of variability in the operating parameters and conflicting end requirements, such as productivity and quality parameters.
This method can be instantiated for exploring the solution space for ladle, tundish, rolling and annealing and thereby facilitating the exploration of the solution space for critical unit operations associated with steel product manufacturing. This development has the potential to reduce the number of plant trials necessary to determine the set points for manufacturing a new product mix with a new grade of steel using the existing equipment in a steel mill. The focus in this paper is on the method and not the results per se.
A Method to Assess the Environmental Profile of In-House Machining Processes
Authors: Germani Michele , Mandolini Marco , Marconi Marco , Mengarelli Marco 
Published: December 2016

A growing interest toward sustainability actions at every level is characterizing the industrial sector. Following the environmental trend, further developments and improvements regarding the sustainability assessment of manufacturing processes is needed. With a particular focus on machining processes, the optimization of working parameters can represent a valid step forward in sustainable manufacturing.
This paper aims to provide companies with the needed tool to independently asses the environmental performance of their customized machining operations. The purpose of the presented work is then to demonstrate that energy consumption calculated with empirical mathematical models available in literature, gives the greatest contribution to the environmental impact for a selection of machining processes by means of Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). Such objective lead to a clear need of specific models for the calculation of environmental impact of machining processes instead of available LCA datasets. Available mathematical models are adopted to provide a realistic energy consumption profile by using processing time variables. Such values are calculated through 3D models whose are used to recognize the needed manufacturing operations together with relative processing times.
In order to validate the previous assumption, a couple of machining processes have been selected as reference and analyzed by setting up a detailed Life Cycle Inventory (LCI) model. Results shown that among the different inputs and outputs, the energy consumption carries the highest impact. Over 90% of the total impact for the chosen impact categories (Global Warming Potential and Eco-Costs) is attributable to the energy consumption meaning that, for the sake of simplification, the environmental profile of such operations is overlapped by its energy consumption.
Disassembly Knowledge Classification and Potential Application: A Preliminary Analysis on a Washing Machine
Authors: Favi Claudio , Germani Michele , Mandolini Marco , Marconi Marco 
Published: December 2016

Circular economy is largely recognized as the univocal economic model that guarantees a long-term sustainability, decoupling the economic growth and the finite resources consumption. As a prerequisite, it requires to realize product closed-loop lifecycles. However, the management of the EoL phase during the design process is a complex task, due to the fact that it is the most far away phase, in terms of time, from the moment of the product conception. For this reason, usually, manufacturers and EoL stakeholders do not actively collaborate in optimizing the product lifecycle performances.
This paper wants to overcome this lack proposing a method to formalize, collect and classify the EoL knowledge. The main outcome is a structured database containing positive and negative knowledge about best practices and disassembly problems faced during dismantling activities. The knowledge classification rules are based both on product characteristics (e.g. product families, target components, assembly methods, etc.) and on other more general aspects (e.g. motivations of the disassembly, handling difficulties, etc.). Through the sharing of this knowledge, the gap between design departments and EoL stakeholders can be reduced with the aim to improve EoL performances and the overall resource efficiency.
This work is focused on an out-of-service washing machine case study. The product has been manually disassembled by expert operators, observing and rating the significant problems. Their interpretation has allowed to create a set of specific design guidelines, organized according to the defined rules. The classified knowledge has been used by non-expert designers (undergraduate students) as a tool to guide the re-design activities. Different design solutions (e.g. homogenization of screws, reduction of component number, etc.) have been implemented to configure a new washing machine version, improved from the disassemblability point of view. The obtained results have confirmed the usefulness of the disassembly knowledge sharing in supporting Design for EoL activities and, furthermore, in non-skilled operators training.
In conclusion, this research work contributes to the state of the art linking stakeholders involved in the Beginning of Life (BoL) with stakeholders responsible of the EoL management. Furthermore, the proposed work leads to relevant improvements in product lifecycle performances. The proposed knowledge database represents the needed resource to effectively extend the producer responsibility and to close the current gap between manufacturers and dismantlers.
Nonlinear Phenomena in the Single-Mode Dynamics in an AFM Cantilever Beam
Authors: Ruzziconi Laura , Lenci Stefano , Younis Mohammad I. 
Published: December 2016

This study deals with the nonlinear dynamics arising in an atomic force microscope cantilever beam. After analyzing the static behavior, a single degree of freedom Galerkin reduced order model is introduced, which describes the overall scenario of the structure response in a neighborhood of the primary resonance. Extensive numerical simulations are performed when both the forcing amplitude and frequency are varied, ranging from low up to elevated excitations. The coexistence of competing attractors with different characteristics is analyzed. Both the non-resonant and the resonant behavior are observed, as well as ranges of inevitable escape. Versatility of behavior is highlighted, which may be attractive in applications. Special attention is devoted to the effects of the tip-sample separation distance, since this aspect is of fundamental importance to understand the operation of an AFM. We explore the metamorphoses of the multistability region when the tip-sample separation distance is varied. To have a complete description of the AFM response, comprehensive behavior charts are introduced to detect the theoretical boundaries of appearance and disappearance of the main attractors. Also, extensive numerical simulations investigate the AFM response when both the forcing amplitude and the tip-sample separation distance are considered as control parameters. The main features are analyzed in detail and the obtained results are interpreted in terms of oscillations of the cantilever-tip ensemble. However, we note that all the aforementioned results represent the limit when disturbances are absent, which never occurs in practice.
Here comes the importance of overcoming local investigations and exploring dynamics from a global perspective, by introducing dynamical integrity concepts. To extend the AFM results to the practical case where disturbances exist, we develop a dynamical integrity analysis. After performing a systematic basin of attraction analysis, integrity profiles and integrity charts are drawn. The curves of constant percentage of integrity measure are detected, highlighting that they provide valuable quantitative information about the changes in the structural safety. Robustness as well as vulnerability to disturbances is examined. The practical range of existence of each branch is observed to be smaller, and sometimes remarkably smaller than the theoretical one. The issue of the dynamical integrity analysis in the AFM design is addressed, showing that these curves may be used to establish safety factors in order to operate the AFM according to the desired outcome, depending on the expected disturbances. Physical meaning and practical relevance of the nonlinear phenomena in the AFM engineering design are discussed.
Validating a Method for Turbocharging Single Cylinder Four Stroke Engines
Authors: Buchman Michael R. , Winter Amos G. 
Published: December 2016

This paper presents a method for turbocharging single cylinder four stroke internal combustion engines, an experimental setup used to test this method, and the results from this experiment. A turbocharged engine has better fuel economy, cost efficiency, and power density than an equivalently sized, naturally aspirated engine. Most multi-cylinder diesel engines are turbocharged for this reason. However, due to the timing mismatch between the exhaust stroke (when the turbocharger is powered) and the intake stroke (when the engine intakes air), turbocharging is not used in commercial single cylinder engines. Single cylinder engines are ubiquitous in developing world off-grid power applications such as tractors, generators, and water pumps due to their low cost. Turbocharging these engines could give users a lower cost and more fuel efficient engine. The proposed solution is to add an air capacitor, in the form of a large volume intake manifold, between the turbocharger compressor and the engine intake to smooth out the flow.
This research builds on a previous theoretical study where the turbocharger, capacitor, and engine system were modeled an-alytically. In order to validate the theoretical model, an experimental setup was created around a single cylinder four stroke diesel engine. A typical developing world engine was chosen and was fitted with a turbocharger. A series of sensors were added to this engine to measure pressure, temperature, and power output. Our tests showed that a turbocharger and air capacitor could be successfully fitted to a single cylinder engine to increase intake air density by forty-three percent and peak power output by twenty-nine percent.