bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Plasma Sheet Pressure Variations in the Near‐Earth Magnetotail During Substorm Growth Phase: THEMIS Observations
Authors: Sun W. J. , Fu S. Y. , Wei Y. , Yao Z. H. , Rong Z. J. , Zhou X. Z. , Slavin J. A. , Wan W. X. , Zong Q. G. , Pu Z. Y. , Shi Q. Q. , Shen X. C. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe investigate the plasma sheet pressure variations in the near‐Earth magnetotail (radius distance, R, from 7.5 RE to 12 RE and magnetic local time, MLT, from 18:00 to 06:00) during substorm growth phase with Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) observations. It is found that, during the substorm growth phase, about 39.4% (76/193) of the selected events display a phenomenon of equatorial plasma pressure (Peq) decrease. The occurrence rates of Peq decrease cases are higher in the dawn (04:00 to 06:00) and dusk (18:00 to 20:00) flanks (> 50%) than in the midnight region (20:00 to 04:00, < 40%). The mean values of the maximum percentages of Peq decrease during the substorm growth phases are larger in the dawn and dusk flanks (~ −20%) than in the midnight region (~ > −16%). The mean value of Peq increase percentages at the end of substorm growth phase is the highest (~ 40%) in the premidnight MLT bin (22:00 to 00:00) and is almost unchanged in the dawn and dusk flanks. Further investigations show that 13.0% of the events have more than 10% of Peq decrease at the end of substorm growth phase comparing to the value before the growth phase, and ~ 28.0% of the events have small changes (< 10%), and ~ 59.0% events have a more than 10% increase. This study also reveals the importance of electron pressure (Pe) in the variation of Peq in the substorm growth phase. The Pe variations often account for more than 50% of the Peq changes, and the ratios of Pe to ion pressure often display large variations (~ 50%). Among the investigated events, during the growth phase, an enhanced equatorial plasma convection flow is observed, which diverges in the midnight tail region and propagates azimuthally toward the dayside magnetosphere with velocity of ~ 20 km/s. It is proposed that the Peq decreases in the near‐Earth plasma sheet during the substorm growth phase may be due to the transport of closed magnetic flux toward the dayside magnetosphere driven by dayside magnetopause reconnection. Both solar wind and ionospheric conductivity effects may influence the distributions of occurrence rates for Peq decrease events and the Peq increase percentages in the investigated region.
A Full‐Maxwell Approach for Large‐Angle Polar Wander of Viscoelastic Bodies
Authors: Hu H. , van der Wal W. , Vermeersen L. L. A. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractFor large‐angle long‐term true polar wander (TPW) there are currently two types of nonlinear methods which give approximated solutions: those assuming that the rotational axis coincides with the axis of maximum moment of inertia (MoI), which simplifies the Liouville equation, and those based on the quasi‐fluid approximation, which approximates the Love number. Recent studies show that both can have a significant bias for certain models. Therefore, we still lack an (semi)analytical method which can give exact solutions for large‐angle TPW for a model based on Maxwell rheology. This paper provides a method which analytically solves the MoI equation and adopts an extended iterative procedure introduced in Hu et al. (2017) to obtain a time‐dependent solution. The new method can be used to simulate the effect of a remnant bulge or models in different hydrostatic states. We show the effect of the viscosity of the lithosphere on long‐term, large‐angle TPW. We also simulate models without hydrostatic equilibrium and show that the choice of the initial stress‐free shape for the elastic (or highly viscous) lithosphere of a given model is as important as its thickness for obtaining a correct TPW behavior. The initial shape of the lithosphere can be an alternative explanation to mantle convection for the difference between the observed and model predicted flattening. Finally, it is concluded that based on the quasi‐fluid approximation, TPW speed on Earth and Mars is underestimated, while the speed of the rotational axis approaching the end position on Venus is overestimated.
Spectral Behavior of Irradiated Sodium Chloride Crystals Under Europa‐Like Conditions
Authors: Poston Michael J. , Carlson Robert W. , Hand Kevin P. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractF‐ and M‐color center formation (decay) was observed during (after) irradiation of sodium chloride crystal grains with 10 keV electrons as a function of temperature, radiation dose rate, and radiation dose. The F centers (peak center: 460 nm) were found to form and decay at a faster rate than the M centers (peak center: 720 nm). These effects were influenced by temperature and possibly by irradiation dose rate. Tracking the band depth ratio of the color center features during irradiation could enable age determination of geologically very young features on the surface of Europa and other icy ocean worlds.
PartialWh‐Movement
Authors: Fanselow Gisbert 
Published: November 2017

AbstractVarious strategies for questioning constituents of an embedded clause can be found in natural languages. The chapter focuses on the partial displacement ofwh‐phrases, in which thewh‐phrase moves to the left but fails to reach its scope position. Constructions with partial movement are often characterized by further properties, such as the additional appearance of a scope marker or of the most unmarkedwh‐phrase in the scope position, or the leftward movement of the CP containing the partially movedwh‐phrase to the scope position. The chapter presents a cross‐linguistic overview of the central characteristics of these constructions in the world's languages.One central theoretical issue that arises for partial movement is whether the construction is formed by means that are very similar to standard chain formation in the context ofwh‐movement, or whether the (near) synonymy of partial movement constructions and questions formed bywh‐movement up to the scope position must be explained in a more indirect way. Another issue is whether the partial displacement of thewh‐phrase is effected bywh‐movement proper or by focus movement. The various theoretical proposals are presented in detail and evaluated against the cross‐linguistic generalizations about partial movement.
Middles
Authors: Ackema Peter , Schoorlemmer Maaike 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis chapter provides an overview of the properties of a particular type of diathesis alternation known as themiddle. The most salient property of a middle is that the internal argument of the verb appears as the subject of the construction, as in a passive. The semantics of a middle differs from that of passives in that middles cannot be episodic, but are generic statements about the subject. In the first part of the chapter, middles are compared with a number of other diathesis alternations that are similar in their structure and/or semantics. This comparison teases out the properties that set middles apart as a distinct category. It is shown that two different types of middle should be distinguished. In one type, the middle is parasitic on a passive construction in the language; in the other type, the verb retains its active form. In the second part of the chapter, possible analyses of the middle are discussed. Two distinct types of analysis are discussed, one in which the rules linking argument structure to syntactic positions allow for some flexibility, and one in which the middle results from a purely syntactic derivation.
MultipleWh‐Questions
Authors: Dayal Veneeta 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThis study starts by highlighting the special role that multiplewh‐questions play in our understanding of the syntax‐semantics interface.Wh‐phrases require clausal scope under most semantic accounts but there is variation in whether this scope taking can be overt or covert. Multiplewh‐questions are important because they can provide evidence of these two possibilities within a single language. On the semantic side, the survey pays attention to differences between functional, single‐pair, and multiple‐pair answers, as well as to the role of number morphology onwh‐phrases. List answers have been particularly important as a diagnostic in claims regarding covertwh‐movement out of syntactic islands. The survey examines this issue from two perspectives, one involving covert movement and one disallowing such movement. It draws attention to the configuration dubbed thewh‐triangle and its central role in allowing list answers across islands. The two syntactic possibilities for scope taking have very different implications for semantics, which are explored here. Along with single and multiple pair answers, the survey also discusses the recently discovered trapped list answers. Another topic that is explored is the phenomenon of superiority and the role that D‐linking can play in ameliorating potential superiority violations. Intervention effects, where certain quantifiers block covert scope taking bywh‐phrases, are discussed. Various studies have tried to account for the attested cross‐linguistic variation in both superiority and intervention and in this study we look at several of them.
Applicatives
Authors: McGinnis Martha 
Published: November 2017

AbstractApplicative constructions involve the addition of a non‐core, usually optional nominal argument to a clause. In some languages an applicative affix may be added to the verb, or an applied argument may have a characteristic case making. An applied argument can have one of several thematic roles, such as benefactive, instrumental, locative, source, recipient, or experiencer. Applicative constructions shed important light on a variety of theoretical issues. For example, they provide evidence that complex words are generated by the syntax, not in a presyntactic lexicon, and that locality in syntactic movement is relativized to syntactic features and subject to the possibility of equidistance.
Catalytic Three‐Component Machinery: Control of Catalytic Activity by Machine Speed
Authors: Paul Indrajit , Goswami Abir , Mittal Nikita , Schmittel Michael 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThree supramolecular slider‐on‐deck systems DS1–DS3 were obtained as two‐component aggregates from the sliders S1–S3 and deck D with its three zinc porphyrin (ZnPor) binding sites. The binding of the two‐footed slider to the deck varies with the donor qualities of and the steric hindrance at the pyridine/pyrimidine (pyr) feet, and was effected by two Npyr→ZnPor interactions. Accordingly, the sliders move over the three zinc porphyrins in the deck at different speeds, namely with 32.2, 220, and 440 kHz at room temperature. The addition of N‐methylpyrrolidine as an organocatalyst to DS1–DS3 generates catalytic three‐component machineries. By using a conjugate addition as a probe reaction, we observed a correlation between the operating speed of the slider‐on‐deck systems and the yields of the catalytic reaction. As the thermodynamic binding of the slider decreases, both the frequency of the sliding motion and the yield of the catalytic reaction increase.
Protein‐polyisoprene rubber composites
Authors: DeButts Barbara L. , Hanzly Laura E. , Barone Justin R. 
Published: November 2017

ABSTRACTHydrolyzed proteins previously shown to aggregate in aqueous solution were compounded into synthetic polyisoprene rubber (IR). Modulus increases of up to 232% resulted from protein reinforcement of IR. Increased hydrogen bonding on amine groups and the presence of β‐sheets in the protein phase were observed via Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The total β‐sheet amount relative to the IR content strongly correlated to the modulus and varied with the protein concentration, protein aggregation state, and compounding conditions. Isotropic protein aggregates on the order of hundreds of nanometers were observed by scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive x‐ray spectroscopy (SEM‐EDX). The aggregates were evenly dispersed throughout the rubber matrix after compounding. The composite glass transition temperature (Tg) was unchanged from the control, which indicated that the protein and rubber existed as two discrete phases. Remarkably, protein β‐sheet structures were observed in FTIR even after rubber compounding under harsh conditions. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci.2018,135, 46026.
Chemical Polymorphism of Essential Oils of Artemisia vulgaris Growing Wild in Lithuania
Authors: Judzentiene Asta , Budiene Jurga 
Published: November 2017

Compositional variability of mugwort (Artemisia vulgaris L.) essential oils has been investigated in the study. Plant material (over ground parts at full flowering stage) was collected from forty‐four wild populations in Lithuania. The oils from aerial parts were obtained by hydrodistillation and analyzed by GC(FID) and GC/MS. In total, up to 111 components were determined in the oils. As the major constituents were found: sabinene, 1,8‐cineole, artemisia ketone, both thujone isomers, camphor, cis‐chrysanthenyl acetate, davanone and davanone B. The compositional data were subjected to statistical analysis. The application of PCA (Principal Component Analysis) and AHC (Agglomerative Hierarchical Clustering) allowed grouping the oils into six clusters. AHC permitted to distinguish an artemisia ketone chemotype, which, to the best of our knowledge, is very scarce. Additionally, two rare cis‐chrysanthenyl acetate and sabinene oil types were determined for the plants growing in Lithuania. Besides, davanone was found for the first time as a principal component in mugwort oils. The performed study revealed significant chemical polymorphism of essential oils in mugwort plants native to Lithuania; it has expanded our chemotaxonomic knowledge both of A. vulgaris species and Artemisia genus.
Clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery aneurysm after the first generation drug‐eluting stent implantation
Authors: Joo Hyung Joon , Woong Yu Cheol , Choi RakKyeong , Park Jinsik , Lee Hyun Jong , Kim Je Sang , Choi Young Jin , Park Jae Hyoung , Hong Soon Jun , Lim Do Sun 
Published: November 2017

AbstractObjectivesWe sought to investigate the long‐term clinical outcomes of patients with coronary artery aneurysm (CAA) after drug‐eluting stent (DES) implantation, compared with patients without CAA.BackgroundCAA developed after DES implantation is a rare but associated with poor clinical outcome.MethodsWe retrospectively compared 78 patients with CAA after DES implantation with 269 patients without CAA who underwent DES implantation for complex lesions (controls). The primary endpoint was defined as major adverse cardiac events (MACE), the composite of all‐cause death, nonfatal myocardial infarction (MI), and target lesion revascularization (TLR).ResultsMorphologically, CAAs were saccular (32%), fusiform (13%), or microform (55%). The stent types involved were Cypher (n = 56, 71.8%) and Taxus (n = 22, 28.2%). During a median follow‐up period of 1164 days, the incidence of MACE was significantly higher in the CAA group (26.9 vs. 2.2%, P < 0.001); the difference was driven mainly by nonfatal MI (11.5 vs. 0%, P < 0.001) and TLR (20.5 vs. 1.9%, P < 0.001). The incidence of stent thrombosis was higher in the CAA group (12.8 vs. 0.74%, P < 0.001), irrespective of the maintenance of dual antiplatelet therapy. In the CAA group, Cox regression analysis showed significantly higher hazard ratios of CAA for MACE during the follow‐up period. Further analyses after propensity‐score matching of 65 pairs also showed similar results.ConclusionsThe incidence of MACE was higher in patients with CAA compared with patients without CAA after DES implantation. This difference was driven by TLR and nonfatal MI and widened over time.
Identification of a novel deletion within ALDH3A2 gene in an Iranian Family with Sjögren–Larsson Syndrome
Authors: Taghdiri Maryam , Kashef Atie , Fardaei Majid , Miryounesi Mohammad 
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical MessageSjögren–Larsson syndrome (SLS) is a rare type of congenital ichthyosis with neurological problems and intellectual disability. Homozygous mutations in ALDH3A2 gene are known to be responsible for this syndrome. Here, we report an Iranian family with congenital SLS bearing a novel two‐base‐pair deletion within ALDH3A2 genomic sequence. Our finding expands the mutation spectrum of ALDH3A2 that is applicable for further molecular studies and management of SLS.
Liver injury secondary to chest tube placement: a case report of conservative management and review of literature
Authors: Serji Badr , Mirali Houda , Chablou Mohammed , Kamaoui Imane , El Harroudi Tijani 
Published: November 2017

Key Clinical MessageChest tube placement is a routine procedure performed in different medical departments. Liver injury is a very rare complication that can occur but can be life‐threatening. Conservative management can be proposed in stable patient. Following guidelines and training physicians should decrease the incidence of such complications.
Total Synthesis of Disciformycin A and B: Unusually Exigent Targets of Biological Significance
Authors: Kwon Yonghoon , Schulthoff Saskia , Dao Quang Minh , Wirtz Conny , Fürstner Alois 
Published: November 2017

AbstractThe first total synthesis of the potent antibiotic disciformycin B (2) is described, which is exceptionally isomerization‐prone and transforms into disciformycin A (1) even under notably mild conditions. To outweigh this bias, the approach to 2 hinged on the use of a silyl residue at C4 to lock the critical double bond in place and hence insure the integrity of the synthetic intermediates en route to 2. This tactic was instrumental for the preparation of the building blocks and formation of the macrocyclic ring via ring closing alkyne metathesis (RCAM). To make the end game successful, however, it proved necessary to cleave the C‐silyl protecting group off; it was at this stage that the exceptional sensitivity of the target became fully apparent.
Clinical investigation of left ventricular pacing using coronary sinus in patients with mechanical prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement
Authors: Zha Kelan , Cui Kaijun , Liu Xingbin , Fang Yuan 
Published: November 2017

BackgroundAlthough transvenous right ventricular (RV) endocardial lead placement is routine practice in clinical pacing, RV inaccessibility in certain clinical situations mandates the search for other sites.HypothesisThis study is aimed to verify whether left ventricular lead through coronary sinus is safe and efficient.MethodsBased on a retrospective analysis of a single‐center series of 4 patients with inaccessibility for RV pacing, we report on the feasibility and reliability of coronary sinus (CS) pacing via left ventricular (LV) lead, which usually is used in cardiac resynchronization therapy. Four patients with valvular heart disease and bradycardias post–mechanical prosthetic tricuspid valve replacement were studied. The LV leads were implanted into the lateral vein or great cardiac vein of the CS, and all parameters were programmed postprocedure.ResultsIn all cases procedures yielded favorable parameters, with 1 CS dissection. At long‐term follow‐up, there was no threshold increase or lead dislocation.ConclusionsLV lead implantation through the CS appears safe and efficacious in patients with inaccessibility for RV pacing.
A power‐efficient current‐mode neural/muscular stimulator design for peripheral nerve prosthesis
Authors: Liu Xu , Yao Lei , Ng Kian Ann , Li Peng , Wang Wensi , Je Minkyu , Xu Yong Ping 
Published: November 2017

SummaryThis paper presents a 16‐channel power‐efficient neural/muscular stimulation integrated circuit for peripheral nerve prosthesis. First, the theoretical analysis is presented to show the power efficiency optimization in a stimulator. Moreover, a continuous‐time, biphasic exponential‐current‐waveform generation circuit is designed based on Taylor series approximation and implemented in the proposed stimulation chip to optimize the power efficiency. In the 16‐channel stimulator chip design, each channel of the stimulator consists of a current copier, an exponential current generator, an active charge‐balancing circuit, and a 24‐V output stage. Stimulation amplitude, pulse width, and frequency can be set and adjusted through an external field‐programmable gate array by sending serial commands. Finally, the proposed stimulator chip has been fabricated in a 0.18‐μm advanced complementary metal‐oxide‐semiconductor process with 24‐V laterally diffused metal oxide semiconductor option. The maximum stimulation power efficiency of 95.9% is achieved at the output stage with an electrode model of 10‐kΩ resistance and 100‐nF capacitance. Animal experiment results further demonstrate the power efficiency improvement and effectiveness of the stimulator.
Quantitative performance evaluation of a back‐illuminated sCMOS camera with 95% QE for super‐resolution localization microscopy
Authors: Wang Yujie , Zhao Lingxi , Hu Zhe , Wang Yina , Zhao Zeyu , Li Luchang , Huang Zhen‐Li 
Published: November 2017

AbstractScientific Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor (sCMOS) cameras were introduced into the market in 2009 and are now becoming a major type of commercial cameras for low‐light imaging. sCMOS cameras provide simultaneously low read noise, high readout speed, and large pixel array; however, the relatively low quantum efficiency (QE) of sCMOS cameras has been a major limitation for its application in single molecule imaging, especially super‐resolution localization microscopy which requires high detection sensitivity. Here we report the imaging performance of a newly released back‐illuminated sCMOS camera (called Dhyana 95 from Tucsen) which is claimed to be the world's first 95% QE sCMOS camera. The imaging performance evaluation is based on a new methodology which is designed to provide paired images from two tested cameras under almost identical experimental conditions. We verified that this new 95% QE sCMOS camera is able to provide superior imaging performance over a representative front‐illuminated sCMOS camera (Hamamatsu Flash 4.0 V2) and a popular back‐illuminated EMCCD camera (Andor iXon 897 Ultra) in a wide signal range. We hope this study will inspire more studies on using sCMOS cameras in super‐resolution localization microscopy, or even single molecule imaging. © 2017 International Society for Advancement of Cytometry
Sex and rank affect how infant rhesus macaques look at faces
Authors: Paukner Annika , Slonecker Emily M. , Murphy Ashley M. , Wooddell Lauren J. , Dettmer Amanda M. 
Published: November 2017

AbstractWe investigated how differences in infant sex and mothers’ dominance status affect infant rhesus macaques’ (Macaca mulatta) interest in visually exploring emotional facial expressions. Thirty‐eight infants were presented with animated avatars of macaque facial expressions during the first month of life. Sons of high‐ranking mothers looked more at faces, especially the eye region, than sons of low‐ranking mothers, but no difference in looking duration was found for daughters. Males looked significantly more at eyes than females, but this effect was reversed in infants who were reared without mothers in a primate nursery facility. In addition, in mother‐infant interactions, mothers of sons were more likely to gaze at their infant's face compared to mothers of daughters. Combined with previous research indicating that rhesus macaque mothers interact differently with infants based on their own rank and infant's sex, these results support the view that social experiences shape early face preferences in rhesus macaques.