bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Small-for-gestational-age versus appropriate-for-gestational-age
Authors: Lobo Limmy Loret , Kumar H. Uday , Mishra Tejeswita , Sundari Tripura , Singh Archana , Kumar C. Vijai , Rao G. Kondal , Jahangir B. , Misale Vijay , Prashant Poonam , Gajiwala Nirlep L. , Thakkar Ashok S. 
Published: December 2016

Background & objectives:
The genesis of atherosclerotic lesions, a major cardiovascular risk factor starts in the early stage of life. If the premature development of cardiovascular risk factors can be anticipated during childhood, cardiovascular events can be prevented effectively by taking appropriate measures. This study was carried out to assess the role of in utero malnutrition in cardiovascular disease development by comparing cord blood lipid profiles and serum insulin levels between small-for-gestational-age (SGA) and appropriate-for-gestational-age (AGA) term newborns.

Methods:
Consecutive full-term infants who were born between June 20 and August 19, 2013, at the Obstetric Unit of a Hospital at Secunderabad, India, were enrolled in this study. Participating newborns were divided into SGA group (n = 51; test group) and AGA group (n = 52; control group) based on their gestational age and body weight. Cord blood lipid profile and insulin levels were compared between these two groups.

Results:
As compared to the newborns in AGA group, SGA group of newborns had significantly (P<0.01) higher levels of cholesterol, triglyceride and low-density lipoprotein. No difference was observed between the groups for high-density lipoprotein and insulin levels. Mild and moderate anaemia was observed among mothers of both groups, while severe anaemia was seen in mothers of SGA group only.

Interpretation & conclusions:
SGA newborns exhibited elevated lipid profiles as compared to AGA newborns. Hence, SGA newborns should be closely monitored for cardiovascular morbidities during childhood, adolescence and early adult life.
Derivation & validation of glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) cut-off value as a diagnostic test for type 2 diabetes in south Indian population
Authors: Mohan Alladi , Reddy S. Aparna , Sachan Alok , Sarma K.V.S. , Kumar D. Prabath , Panchagnula Mahesh V. , Rao P.V.L.N. Srinivasa , Kumar B. Siddhartha , Krishnaprasanthi P. 
Published: December 2016

Background & Objectives:
Glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c) has been in use for more than a decade, as a diagnostic test for type 2 diabetes. Validity of HbA1c needs to be established in the ethnic population in which it is intended to be used. The objective of this study was to derive and validate a HbA1c cut-off value for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in the ethnic population of Rayalaseema area of south India.

Methods:
In this cross-sectional study, consecutive patients suspected to have type 2 diabetes underwent fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and 2 h post-load plasma glucose (2 h-PG) measurements after a 75 g glucose load and HbA1c estimation. They were classified as having diabetes as per the American Diabetes Association criteria [(FPG ≥7 mmol/l (≥126 mg/dl) and/or 2 h-PG ≥11.1 mmol/l (≥200 mg/dl)]. In the training data set (n = 342), optimum cut-off value of HbA1c for defining type 2 diabetes was derived by receiver-operator characteristic (ROC) curve method using oral glucose tolerance test results as gold standard. This cut-off was validated in a validation data set (n = 341).

Results:
On applying HbA1c cut-off value of >6.3 per cent (45 mmol/mol) to the training data set, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV) and negative predictive value (NPV) for diagnosing type 2 diabetes were calculated to be 90.6, 85.2, 80.8 and 93.0 per cent, respectively. When the same cut-off value was applied to the validation data set, sensitivity, specificity, PPV and NPV were 88.8, 81.9, 74.0 and 92.7 per cent, respectively, although the latter were consistently smaller than the proportions for the training data set, the differences being not significant.

Interpretation & conclusions:
HbA1c >6.3 per cent (45 mmol/mol) appears to be the optimal cut-off value for the diagnosis of type 2 diabetes applicable to the ethnic population of Rayalaseema area of Andhra Pradesh state in south India.
Feedback and Assessment Tools for Handoffs: A Systematic Review
Authors: Davis Joshua , Roach Catherine , Elliott Cater , Mardis Matthew , Justice Ellen M. , Riesenberg Lee Ann 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Resident handoff communication skills are essential components of medical education training. There are no previous systematic reviews of feedback and evaluation tools for physician handoffs.

Objective
We performed a systematic review of articles focused on inpatient handoff feedback or assessment tools.

Methods
The authors conducted a systematic review of English-language literature published from January 1, 2008, to May 13, 2015 on handoff feedback or assessment tools used in undergraduate or graduate medical education. All articles were reviewed by 2 independent abstractors. Included articles were assessed using a quality scoring system.

Results
A total of 26 articles with 32 tools met inclusion criteria, including 3 focused on feedback, 8 on assessment, and 15 on both feedback and assessment. All tools were used in an inpatient setting. Feedback and/or assessment improved the content or organization measures of handoff, while process and professionalism measures were less reliably improved. The Handoff Clinical Evaluation Exercise or a similar tool was used most frequently. Of included studies, 23% (6 of 26) were validity evidence studies, and 31% (8 of 26) of articles included a tool with behavioral anchors. A total of 35% (9 of 26) of studies used simulation or standardized patient encounters.

Conclusions
A number of feedback and assessment tools for physician handoffs in several specialties have been studied. Limited research has been done on the studied tools. These tools may assist medical educators in assessing trainees' handoff skills.
Perceptions of Unprofessional Social Media Behavior Among Emergency Medicine Physicians
Authors: Soares William , Shenvi Christina , Waller Nikki , Johnson Reuben , Hodgson Carol S. 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACTBackground Use of social media (SM) by physicians has exposed issues of privacy and professionalism. While guidelines have been created for SM use, details regarding specific SM behaviors that could lead to disciplinary action presently do not exist.Objective To compare State Medical Board (SMB) directors' perceptions of investigation for specific SM behaviors with those of emergency medicine (EM) physicians.Methods A multicenter anonymous survey was administered to physicians at 3 academic EM residency programs. Surveys consisted of case vignettes, asking, “If the SMB were informed of the content, how likely would they be to initiate an investigation, possibly leading to disciplinary action?” (1, very unlikely, to 4, very likely). Results were compared to published probabilities using exact binomial testing.Results Of 205 eligible physicians, 119 (58%) completed the survey. Compared to SMB directors, EM physicians indicated similar probabilities of investigation for themes involving identifying patient images, inappropriate communication, and discriminatory speech. Participants indicated lower probabilities of investigation for themes including derogatory speech (32%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 24–41 versus 46%, P &lt; .05); alcohol intoxication (41%, 95% CI 32–51 versus 73%, P &lt; .05); and holding alcohol without intoxication (7%, 95% CI 3–13 versus 40%, P &lt; .05). There were no significant associations with position, hospital site, years since medical school, or prior SM professionalism training.Conclusions Physicians reported a lower likelihood of investigation for themes that intersect with social identity, compared to SMB directors, particularly for images of alcohol and derogatory speech.
Learning Through Experience: Influence of Formal and Informal Training on Medical Error Disclosure Skills in Residents
Authors: Wong Brian M. , Coffey Maitreya , Nousiainen Markku T. , Brydges Ryan , McDonald-Blumer Heather , Atkinson Adelle , Levinson Wendy , Stroud Lynfa 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
Residents' attitudes toward error disclosure have improved over time. It is unclear whether this has been accompanied by improvements in disclosure skills.

Objective
To measure the disclosure skills of internal medicine (IM), paediatrics, and orthopaedic surgery residents, and to explore resident perceptions of formal versus informal training in preparing them for disclosure in real-world practice.

Methods
We assessed residents' error disclosure skills using a structured role play with a standardized patient in 2012–2013. We compared disclosure skills across programs using analysis of variance. We conducted a multiple linear regression, including data from a historical cohort of IM residents from 2005, to investigate the influence of predictor variables on performance: training program, cohort year, and prior disclosure training and experience. We conducted a qualitative descriptive analysis of data from semistructured interviews with residents to explore resident perceptions of formal versus informal disclosure training.

Results
In a comparison of disclosure skills for 49 residents, there was no difference in overall performance across specialties (4.1 to 4.4 of 5, P = .19). In regression analysis, only the current cohort was significantly associated with skill: current residents performed better than a historical cohort of 42 IM residents (P &lt; .001). Qualitative analysis identified the importance of both formal (workshops, morbidity and mortality rounds) and informal (role modeling, debriefing) activities in preparation for disclosure in real-world practice.

Conclusions
Residents across specialties have similar skills in disclosure of errors. Residents identified role modeling and a strong local patient safety culture as key facilitators for disclosure.
Predicting In-State Workforce Retention After Graduate Medical Education Training
Authors: Koehler Tracy J. , Goodfellow Jaclyn , Davis Alan T. , Spybrook Jessaca , vanSchagen John E. , Schuh Lori 
Published: December 2016

ABSTRACT

Background
There is a paucity of literature when it comes to identifying predictors of in-state retention of graduate medical education (GME) graduates, such as the demographic and educational characteristics of these physicians.

Objective
The purpose was to use demographic and educational predictors to identify graduates from a single Michigan GME sponsoring institution, who are also likely to practice medicine in Michigan post-GME training.

Methods
We included all residents and fellows who graduated between 2000 and 2014 from 1 of 18 GME programs at a Michigan-based sponsoring institution. Predictor variables identified by logistic regression with cross-validation were used to create a scoring tool to determine the likelihood of a GME graduate to practice medicine in the same state post-GME training.

Results
A 6-variable model, which included 714 observations, was identified. The predictor variables were birth state, program type (primary care versus non–primary care), undergraduate degree location, medical school location, state in which GME training was completed, and marital status. The positive likelihood ratio (+LR) for the scoring tool was 5.31, while the negative likelihood ratio (−LR) was 0.46, with an accuracy of 74%.

Conclusions
The +LR indicates that the scoring tool was useful in predicting whether graduates who trained in a Michigan-based GME sponsoring institution were likely to practice medicine in Michigan following training. Other institutions could use these techniques to identify key information that could help pinpoint matriculating residents/fellows likely to practice medicine within the state in which they completed their training.
Unmaking a Criminal: Representations of Appalachia and the Failed Mobilization of the Edith Maxwell Trials
Authors: Huff Jamie 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This article analyzes public responses to the murder trials of Edith Maxwell in 1935–1936. Discourses surrounding the case largely relied on stereotypical views of Appalachia to frame the case and the larger issues of domestic violence and gender-exclusionary jury laws. Edith Maxwell was a young teacher from a small town in Appalachian Virginia tried for the murder of her father, who she claimed was abusive. Using newspaper coverage, petitions for pardon, and materials circulated by the National Woman’s Party (NWP) in support of Maxwell, the article demonstrates that each group used Appalachian stereotypes to displace the problem of domestic violence onto the region. Ultimately, this displacement allowed for Maxwell’s pardon. However, the persistent focus on Appalachia resulted in a failure of the case to induce more lasting legal change concerning domestic violence and gender-exclusionary jury laws.
The Long-Term Effects of a Coal Waste Disaster on Social Trust in Eastern Kentucky Updated
Authors: Scott Shaunna L. , Westgate Philip M. , McSpirit Stephanie 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
This research note follows up a study of the immediate impact of an October 2000 coal waste disaster on social trust, community attachment, and risk perception in Martin County, Kentucky. This research study explores whether the negative social impacts of the October 2000 disaster in Martin County have persisted in the longer term. Specifically, it analyzes two waves of survey data Martin County (2001 and 2011) and Perry County, Kentucky (2001 and 2013), which served as the comparison or ‘control’ in the original study. This study finds that even though the disaster-stricken county’s trust levels have not rebounded to the level of the ‘control’ case, levels of trust in the directly impacted community have increased significantly over the ten-year time period. Trust levels in the non-impacted area have not increased, with the exception of trust in corporations, which increased in both communities.
George Orwell’s 1984: The Polish Chapter in Light of the PIASA Archives
Authors: Dorosz Beata 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
The article reveals an unknown fact of the Polish translation of the famous political novel 1984 by George Orwell and its radio adaptation by Polish émigré poet, Jan Lechoń. (The manuscript of the translation along with the adaptation is deposited in Jan Lechoń’s archives at the PIASA.) This radio program appeared on the air of ‘The Voice of America’ in November 1949. Notwithstanding the fact that Juliusz Mieroszewski’s translation of the novel (issued in Paris in 1953) is still perceived as its first presentation in Polish, the article clearly proves that Lechoń’s translation and adaptation had preceded the Paris edition by four years. The article discusses complex reasons why Lechoń decided on working on this piece of literature and arrives at the conclusion that it was political motivation that prevailed. It demonstrates some analogies of the novel’s threads and the poet’s personal life. It argues how important this piece of the author’s unknown work is for literary researchers.
European Visitors in Native Spaces: Using Paleography to Investigate Early Religious Dynamics in the New World
Authors: Samson Alice V. M. , Cooper Jago , Caamaño-Dones Josué 
Published: December 2016

AbstractRecent archaeological fieldwork on Isla de Mona in the Caribbean has led to the discovery of a substantial corpus of early colonial inscriptions inside the darkzone of one of the 200 cave systems on the island. Cave 18, like multiple others on Isla de Mona, was a well-established indigenous spiritual realm in the centuries leading up to European colonization. Christian symbols, individual names, written dates, and Spanish and Latin religious commentaries are located in direct association with preexisting indigenous iconography and activities. This paper applies paleographic (handwriting) analysis to establish the authenticity, authorship, and chronology of the inscriptions and to interpret the nature of this early spiritual encounter. We conclude that these sixteenth-century inscriptions represent visits to the cave by first-generation Europeans, including Spanish royal officials in Puerto Rico, and reflect their reactions to native religious landscapes. The inscriptions on Isla de Mona capture personal, face-to-face encounters with native religion and represent Christian commentaries and reactions to indigenous spaces and worldview in the early colonial period.
El Cuy (CaviaSp.), Un Recurso Alimenticio Clave en Aguazuque, Un Sitio Arqueológico de la Sabana de Bogotá, Colombia
Authors: Martínez-Polanco María Fernanda 
Published: December 2016

ResumenLos cuyes (Caviasp.) son roedores que fueron domesticados en la Zona Andina de América. Su consumo aún sigue siendo importante en países como Ecuador y Perú, así como en el sur de Colombia. En épocas prehispánicas, el aprovechamiento de Cavia se realizaba a lo largo de la cordillera de los Andes en Colombia; sin embargo, en la actualidad solo es consumido en Nariño, al sur del país. En Colombia existen dos especies silvestres (Cavia anolaimaeyCavia guianae) y una doméstica (Cavia porcellus) y en el área de la Sabana de Bogotá fue una fuente proteica muy importante. Existen evidencias de cuyes domésticos en sitios precerámicos como Tequendama 1, Checua y Nemocón 4. El objetivo de este trabajo es entender el papel que jugaron los cuyes dentro de las estrategias de subsistencia de los grupos cazadores-recolectores y agricultores de la Sabana de Bogotá, a partir de un estudio zooarqueológico y tafonómico de los restos encontrados en el sitio arqueológico Aguazuque. El consumo de Cavia a lo largo de las ocupaciones de dicho sitio, determinó las estrategias de subsistencia de estos grupos humanos. Se consumieron cuyes silvestres (C. anolaimae), así como también cuyes domésticos (C. porcellus). Asimismo, se identificaron modificaciones antrópicas relacionadas con el procesamiento y consumo de estos animales.
Optomechanical characterization of freestanding stretchable nanosheet based on polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene copolymer
Authors: Kumagai Hayato , Sato Nobutaka , Takeoka Shinji , Sawada Kazuaki , Fujie Toshinori , Takahashi Kazuhiro 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
In this study, we fabricated a stretchable freestanding ultrathin sheet based on a polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene (SBS) copolymer with entropy-driven elasticity and evaluated its optomechanical properties. The freestanding SBS sheet had a thickness of 675 nm and a size of 10.4 × 10.4 mm2 on a through hole of a poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) sheet. The measurement of the reflection spectra of the optical interference peaks of the stretched sheets revealed that the SBS nanosheet had a Poisson’s ratio of 0.5–0.68 for a 38% elastic strain, which is one order of magnitude greater than that of parylene.
Output power enhancement in AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors with multilevel metallization
Authors: Oh Seung Kyu , Jang Taehoon , Pouladi Sara , Jo Young Je , Ko Hwa-Young , Ryou Jae-Hyun , Kwak Joon Seop 
Published: December 2016

Abstract
To improve wafer utilization efficiency and heat dissipation performance, this paper proposes multilevel metallization-structured, lateral-type AlGaN/GaN heterostructure field-effect transistors (HFETs) on a 150 mm Si substrate using photosensitive polyimide (PSPI) as the intermetal dielectric layer. The maximum drain current of the HFETs is 46.3 A, which is 240% higher than that of conventional AlGaN/GaN HFETs with the same die size. Furthermore, the drain current drop of the HFETs under high-bias operation is reduced from 14.07 to 8.09%, as compared to that of conventional HFETs.
Reduced Southern Hemispheric circulation response to quadrupled CO2 due to stratospheric ozone feedback
Authors: Chiodo Gabriel , Polvani Lorenzo M. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractDue to computational constraints, interactive stratospheric ozone chemistry is commonly neglected in most climate models participating in intercomparison projects. The impact of this simplification on the modeled response to external forcings remains unexplored. In this work, we examine the importance of including interactive stratospheric ozone chemistry on the Southern Hemispheric circulation response to an abrupt quadrupling of CO2. We find that including interactive ozone significantly reduces (by 20%) the response of the midlatitude jet to CO2, even though it does not alter the surface temperature response. The reduction of the tropospheric circulation response is due to CO2 induced ozone changes and their effects on the meridional temperature gradient near the tropopause. Our findings suggest that neglecting this stratospheric ozone feedback results in an overestimate of the circulation response to increased CO2. This has important implications for climate projections of the Southern Hemispheric circulation response to CO2.
Dynamics of the flares in the active polar region of Jupiter
Authors: Bonfond B. , Grodent D. , Badman S. V. , Gérard J.‐C. , Radioti A. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe duskside of the polar region of Jupiter's UV aurorae, called the active region, sometimes exhibits quasiperiodic (QP) flares on timescales of 2–3 min. Based on Hubble Space Telescope Far‐UV time‐tag images, we show for the first time that the Northern Hemisphere also displays QP flares. The area covered by these flares can reach up to 2.4 × 108 km2 (i.e., the whole active region) but often only involves an area an order of magnitude smaller. Using a magnetic field mapping model, we deduced that these areas correspond to the dayside outer magnetosphere. In our data set, quasiperiodic features are only seen on half of the cases, and even on a given observation, a region can be quiet for one half and blinking on the other half. Consecutive observations in the two hemispheres show that the brightening can occur in phase. Combined with the size and location of the flares, this behavior suggests that the QP flares most likely take place on closed magnetic field lines.
Mechanisms of secondary convection within a Mei‐Yu frontal mesoscale convective system in eastern China
Authors: Xu Xin , Xue Ming , Wang Yuan , Huang Hao 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe generation of secondary convection, following an earlier episode of convection, within a heavy‐rain‐producing mesoscale convective system (MCS) along a Mei‐Yu front in eastern China on 6–8 July 2013 is studied based on convection‐permitting Weather Research and Forecasting simulations. The initiation of the secondary convection is found to be directly linked to the downward development of a mesoscale convective vortex (MCV) spawn by the MCS. In the early and mature stage, the MCV center is located at the middle troposphere; it descends gradually with time as the parent MCS began to decay, with the associated convection transitioning from deep to shallow convection. The descent of the MCV occurs in response to the lowering of the maximum diabatic heating within the convective system, which increases positive potential vorticity down below. When the MCV reaches the lower troposphere, it becomes coupled with the prefrontal southwesterly low‐level jet (LLJ). The confluence of the MCV rotational flow with the LLJ notably enhances the convergence on the southern flank of the MCV, where the secondary convection is triggered and swapped through the southeastern flank of the MCV. Unlike that found in the MCV of the U.S. Central Plains, the cold pool produced by the Mei‐Yu frontal MCS is rather weak and shallow and appears to play only a minor role in promoting convection. The balanced isentropic lifting by the MCV circulation is also weak, although the MCV circulation does help localize the secondary convection.