bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Wettability of pear leaves from three regions characterized at different stages after flowering using the OWRK method
Authors: Gao Yue , Guo Ruifeng , Fan Renjun , Liu Zhongfang , Kong Weina , Zhang Pengjiu , Du Feng‐pei 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBACKGROUNDA better understanding of leaf surface wettability is critical to improve the adhesion of liquid pesticides. Leaf surface wettability is dependent on the property of the liquid as well as the physical and chemical properties of the leaf, which vary with climate and growth stage. The aim of this study was to characterize the wettability of pear leaves from three different climatic regions at different stages after flowering.RESULTSThe contact angles of different test liquids were measured on both adaxial and abaxial pear leaf surfaces and the Owens–Wendt–Rabel–Kaelble (OWRK) method was used to calculate surface free energy (SFE) and its polar and non‐polar components. The results demonstrated that the SFE of both the adaxial and abaxial surface of the pear leaf, and the proportion of polar component, increased with increasing time after flowering. At early growth stages, pear leaves were highly hydrophobic, similar to a polytetrafluoroethylene surface, whereas at later growth stages, pear leaves were hydrophobic, more similar to a polymethylmethacrylate surface. Also, the SFE differed with climatic region. Factors influencing these changes are discussed.CONCLUSIONChanges in contact angles and SFE correlated with the change of the leaf surface wettability. Leaves became easier to wet (higher SFE), with an overall increasing polar component to the surface, with increasing age after flowering. As expected, changes in wettability were found in pear leaves at different stages after flowering and in different regions (P < 0.05). Pear leaves from Yuanping were easier to wet than leaves from Yuci and Linyi, and adaxial surfaces were easier to wet than abaxial surfaces. These results provide beneficial information for the application of agrochemicals for improved wetting and spreading behavior. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry
Trophic Niche Separation between Sympatric Sibling Flatfishes in Relation to Gill Raker Morphology
Authors: Rohan Sean K. , Buckley Troy W. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractArrowtooth Flounder Atheresthes stomias and Kamchatka Flounder A. evermanni are upper‐trophic‐level predators that have been considered trophically equivalent in their sympatric range. Here, we present evidence against trophic equivalence of these sibling species based on flounder size and space‐stratified analyses of stomach content data from 5,724 flounder sampled from the eastern Bering Sea (EBS) during summer 2007–2016. We found that interspecific trophic niche separation occurred at sizes up to 39 cm FL before convergence at larger size‐classes. Our findings are consistent with the hypothesis that foraging efficiency differences arise due to divergence in gill raker counts. Arrowtooth Flounder, which have more gill rakers than Kamchatka Flounder, consistently consumed more zooplankton than Kamchatka Flounder, while Kamchatka Flounder typically consumed more benthic fishes. Although a benthivory–zooplanktivory axis of resource partitioning is common among sympatric trophic polymorphs in freshwater ecosystems, our findings are novel for marine sibling species and flatfishes (Pleuronectiformes). Abundance estimates for both Arrowtooth Flounder and Kamchatka Flounder have substantially increased in Alaska during recent years, and we suggest that trophic niche separation alleviates interspecific competition, which may buffer sympatric carrying capacities for these two flatfishes.
Health Endowment at Birth and Variation in Intergenerational Economic Mobility: Evidence From U.S. County Birth Cohorts
Authors: Robertson Cassandra , O’Brien Rourke 
Published: February 2018

Abstract
New estimates of intergenerational economic mobility reveal substantial variation in the spatial distribution of opportunity in the United States. Efforts to explain this variation in economic mobility have conspicuously omitted health despite it being a key pathway for the transmission of economic position across generations. We begin to fill this gap in the literature by examining the relationship between health endowment at birth and intergenerational economic mobility across county birth cohorts in the United States, drawing on estimates from two population-level data sets. Exploiting variation across counties and over time, we find a negative relationship between the incidence of low-weight births and the level of economic mobility as measured in adulthood for the county birth cohorts in our sample. Our results build on a large and growing literature detailing the role of early childhood health in the transmission of economic status across generations and suggest that the incidence of low-weight births is negatively associated with intergenerational economic mobility.
Current practices in clinical neurofeedback with functional MRI—Analysis of a survey using the TIDieR checklist
Authors: Randell Elizabeth , McNamara Rachel , Subramanian Leena , Hood Kerenza , Linden David 
Published: February 2018

AbstractBackgroundA core principle of creating a scientific evidence base is that results can be replicated in independent experiments and in health intervention research. The TIDieR (Template for Intervention Description and Replication) checklist has been developed to aid in summarising key items needed when reporting clinical trials and other well designed evaluations of complex interventions in order that findings can be replicated or built on reliably. Neurofeedback (NF) using functional MRI (fMRI) is a multicomponent intervention that should be considered a complex intervention. The TIDieR checklist (with minor modification to increase applicability in this context) was distributed to NF researchers as a survey of current practice in the design and conduct of clinical studies. The aim was to document practice and convergence between research groups, highlighting areas for discussion and providing a basis for recommendations for harmonisation and standardisation.MethodsThe TIDieR checklist was interpreted and expanded (21 questions) to make it applicable to neurofeedback research studies. Using the web-based Bristol Online Survey (BOS) tool, the revised checklist was disseminated to researchers in the BRAINTRAIN European research collaborative network (supported by the European Commission) and others in the fMRI-neurofeedback community.ResultsThere were 16 responses to the survey. Responses were reported under eight main headings which covered the six domains of the TIDieR checklist: What, Why, When, How, Where and Who.ConclusionsThis piece of work provides encouraging insight into the ability to be able to map neuroimaging interventions to a structured framework for reporting purposes. Regardless of the considerable variability of design components, all studies could be described in standard terms of diagnostic groups, dose/duration, targeted areas/signals, and psychological strategies and learning models. Recommendations are made which include providing detailed rationale of intervention design in study protocols.
Lymph node ratio as an alternative to pN staging for predicting prognosis after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in breast cancer
Authors: Cho Dong Hui , Bae Soo Youn , You Ji Young , Kim Hong Kyu , Chang Young Woo , Choi Yoo Jin , Woo Sang Uk , Son Gil Soo , Lee Jae Bok , Bae Jeoung Won , Jung Seung Pil 
Published: February 2018

AbstractAxillary nodal status is one of the most important prognostic factors in breast cancer. The lymph node ratio (LNR) has been suggested as an independent prognostic factor because the number of dissected and involved lymph nodes might differ across institutions. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) has been the preferred treatment method for reducing tumor mass in the breast and axillary area. However, NAC can reduce total number of excised lymph nodes compared with upfront surgery. Therefore, an emerging question is whether axillary nodal status and LNR following NAC can accurately predict prognosis. We evaluated the prognostic value of axillary nodal status and LNR after NAC. A total of 236 patients were enrolled. Patients were divided into four groups according to the following cut‐off values for LNR: 0 (n = 107), 0.01–0.20 (n = 68), 0.21–0.65 (n = 50) and >0.65 (n = 11). Pathologic complete responses were observed in 16.9% of the overall cohort. In univariate analysis, pathologic N stage was a significant prognostic factor of disease free survival (DFS, p = 0.013) and overall survival (OS, p = 0.004). However, in multivariate analysis, hormone receptor status (p = 0.043) and LNR (p = 0.028) were significantly associated with DFS and LNR (p = 0.017) showed statistical significance for OS; however, pathologic N stage was no longer significantly associated with DFS or OS. Traditional nodal staging has been accepted as an important prognostic factor; however, our result indicated that the nodal ratio could be an alternative to pN staging as a prognostic factor after NAC in breast cancer.
Simplified scoring system for prediction of mortality in acute suppurative cholangitis
Authors: Yıldız Barış Doğu , Özden Sabri , Saylam Barış , Martlı Fahri , Tez Mesut 
Published: February 2018

AbstractOur objective in this study was to identify the factors contributing to mortality in acute suppurative cholangitis which could be tested easily in every emergency clinic. This is a retrospective study enrolling 104 patients with acute suppurative cholangitis. Demographic and laboratory data were collected for analysis. In univariant analysis red cell distribution width, total bilirubin level, intensive care unit admission was identified as statistically significant (p < 0.05) to predict mortality. Three variables were statistically significant in multivariate analysis: total bilirubin level equal to or more than 6.9 mg/dl, red cell distribution width equal to or more than 14.45%, and admission to intensive care unit. We found a new scoring system for prediction of mortality in acute suppurative cholangitis utilizing only three variables. This would serve as a simplified, rapid way to direct patients for advanced interventions instead of wasting time with more complicated and time consuming multi‐variable scoring systems.
Efficacy of Injected Corticosteroid Type, Dose, and Volume for Pain in Large Joints: A Narrative Review
Authors: Cushman Daniel M. , Bruno Benjamin , Christiansen Jacob , Schultz Andrew , McCormick Zachary L. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractCorticosteroid injections are commonly used in the treatment of disorders of the large joints. This review assimilates the available literature on corticosteroid injections into the glenohumeral joint, subacromial space, hip joint, and knee joint. A systematic method to review available literature revealed 84 articles that fit the inclusion criteria. For each injection location, four items were examined: overall efficacy of injection, superior type of steroid, superior dose of steroid, and superior volume of injectate. Most research demonstrates positive short‐term outcomes in pain and function for corticosteroid injections of the large joints. Methylprednisolone and triamcinolone seem similar in efficacy, with minor differences seen in specific studies. Larger doses may last longer, but need to be balanced with the systemic effects from higher doses. Volume has not been studied extensively. Due to heterogeneity in study types, subject populations, and outcomes, it is not possible to identify a single defining trend for a superior type, dose, or volume of steroid. Future prospective studies examining these factors may better reveal the optimum regimen for each injection location.Level of EvidenceIII
The Political Economy of Aid Allocation in Africa: Evidence from Zambia
Authors: Masaki Takaaki 
Published: February 2018

Abstract:This article utilizes a newly available dataset on the geographical distribution of development projects in Zambia to test whether electoral incentives shape aid allocation at the subnational level. Based on this dataset, it argues that when political elites have limited information to target distributive goods specifically to swing voters, they allocate more donor projects to districts where opposition to the incumbent is strong, as opposed to districts where the incumbent enjoys greater popularity.
A multifractal model for the velocity gradient dynamics in turbulent flows
Authors: Pereira Rodrigo M. , Moriconi Luca , Chevillard Laurent 
Published: February 2018

We develop a stochastic model for the velocity gradient dynamics along a Lagrangian trajectory in isotropic and homogeneous turbulent flows. Comparing with different attempts proposed in the literature, the present model, at the cost of introducing a free parameter known in turbulence phenomenology as the intermittency coefficient, gives a realistic picture of velocity gradient statistics at any Reynolds number. To achieve this level of accuracy, we use as a first modelling step a regularized self-stretching term in the framework of the recent fluid deformation (RFD) approximation that was shown to give a realistic picture of small-scale statistics of turbulence only up to moderate Reynolds numbers. As a second step, we constrain the dynamics, in the spirit of Girimaji & Pope (Phys. Fluids A, vol. 2, 1990, p. 242), in order to impose a peculiar statistical structure to the dissipation seen by the Lagrangian particle. This probabilistic closure uses as a building block a random field that fulfils the statistical description of the intermittency, i.e. multifractal, phenomenon. To do so, we define and generalize to a statistically stationary framework a proposition made by Schmitt (Eur. Phys. J. B, vol. 34, 2003, p. 85). These considerations lead us to propose a nonlinear and non-Markovian closed dynamics for the elements of the velocity gradient tensor. We numerically integrate this dynamics and observe that a stationary regime is indeed reached, in which (i) the gradient variance is proportional to the Reynolds number, (ii) gradients are typically correlated over the (small) Kolmogorov time scale and gradient norms over the (large) integral time scale, (iii) the joint probability distribution function of the two non-vanishing invariants$Q$and$R$reproduces the characteristic teardrop shape, (iv) vorticity becomes preferentially aligned with the intermediate eigendirection of the deformation tensor and (v) gradients are strongly non-Gaussian and intermittent, a behaviour that we quantify by appropriate high-order moments. Additionally, we examine the problem of rotation rate statistics of (axisymmetric) anisotropic particles as observed in direct numerical simulations. Although our realistic picture of velocity gradient fluctuations leads to better results when compared to the former RFD approximation, it is still unable to provide an accurate description for the rotation rate variance of oblate spheroids.
Asymptotic formulae for flow in superhydrophobic channels with longitudinal ridges and protruding menisci
Authors: Kirk Toby L. 
Published: February 2018

This paper presents new asymptotic formulae for flow in a channel with one or both walls patterned with a longitudinal array of ridges and arbitrarily protruding menisci. Derived from a matched asymptotic expansion, they extend results by Crowdy (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 791, 2016, R7) for shear flow, and thus make no restriction on the protrusion into or out of the liquid. The slip length formula is compared against full numerical solutions and, despite the assumption of small ridge period in its derivation, is found to have a very large range of validity; relative errors are small even for periods large enough for the protruding menisci to degrade the flow and touch the opposing wall.
Emancipatory Indigenous social innovation: Shifting power through culture and technology
Authors: Henry Ella , Newth Jamie , Spiller Chellie 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the emancipatory impulse of Indigenous social innovation and social enterprise. Indigenous approaches to solving social disparities reflect a perpetual search for innovative ways to change the circumstances of Māori. Power is an understudied dimension of social innovation and social enterprise. This paper explores the power dynamics that structure the disadvantage and marginalisation that cause populations to be underserved by markets and that limit their access to resources. We highlight that it is not power per se that enables social change: rather, it is power shifts. Through a single, richly contextualised case study of a well-known Māori social innovator, Dr Lance O’Sullivan, we reveal and illustrate the nuances of Indigenous entrepreneurship in the Far North of Aotearoa New Zealand. The case epitomises the transformative impact a social entrepreneur can have on the provision of healthcare amid market and policy failures.
Muttonbirding: Loss of executive authority and its impact on entrepreneurship
Authors: Rout Matthew , Reid John , Te Aika Benjamin , Davis Renata , Tau Te Maire 
Published: February 2018

AbstractThis paper explores the influence of institutions on indigenous entrepreneurship within the muttonbird economy of Ngāi Tahu (a New Zealand Māori tribe). It determines that colonisation removed the traditional Ngāi Tahu institution of executive authority which once regulated muttonbird exchange. Without this regulatory functionwhānau(family) birders compete against each other at their own expense and to the benefit of traders. As a consequence the birders are constrained in applying their birding knowledge and abilities to realise market opportunity. Furthermore, declining returns and harvesting pressure is in some cases reducing the financial and natural capital ofwhānau, whilst threats to continuing birding culture potentially undermines the socio-human capital contained within inherited traditions and the maintaining of kinship connections. It is argued that the development of a contemporary executive authority to regulate exchange and market product may reinvigorate entrepreneurial birding activities.
Dietary assessment in UK Biobank: an evaluation of the performance of the touchscreen dietary questionnaire
Authors: Bradbury Kathryn E. , Young Heather J. , Guo Wenji , Key Timothy J. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractUK Biobank is an open access prospective cohort of 500 000 men and women. Information on the frequency of consumption of main foods was collected at recruitment with a touchscreen questionnaire; prior to examining the associations between diet and disease, it is essential to evaluate the performance of the dietary touchscreen questionnaire. The objectives of the present paper are to: describe the repeatability of the touchscreen questionnaire in participants (n 20 348) who repeated the assessment centre visit approximately 4 years after recruitment, and compare the dietary touchscreen variables with mean intakes from participants (n 140 080) who completed at least one of the four web-based 24-h dietary assessments post-recruitment. For fish and meat items, 90 % or more of participants reported the same or adjacent category of intake at the repeat assessment visit; for vegetables and fruit, and for a derived partial fibre score (in fifths), 70 % or more of participants were classified into the same or adjacent category of intake (κweighted > 0·50 for all). Participants were also categorised based on their responses to the dietary touchscreen questionnaire at recruitment, and within each category the group mean intake of the same food group or nutrient from participants who had completed at least one web-based 24-h dietary assessment was calculated. The comparison showed that the dietary touchscreen variables, available on the full cohort, reliably rank participants according to intakes of the main food groups.
Ramadan during pregnancy and birth weight of newborns
Authors: Savitri Ary I. , Amelia Dwirani , Painter Rebecca C. , Baharuddin Mohammad , Roseboom Tessa J. , Grobbee Diederick E. , Uiterwaal Cuno S. P. M. 
Published: February 2018

AbstractPrevious studies suggest that Ramadan exposure during pregnancy might affect the health of women and their babies, particularly through the effect of fasting. This study aimed to evaluate the association between Ramadan exposure and fasting during pregnancy on the birth weight of newborns. This study concerned 1351 pregnant women from a prospective cohort in Jakarta, Indonesia. Ramadan exposure was based on the actual overlap between Ramadan and pregnancy. Women's fasting behaviour was recorded among 139 women who came for antenatal care between 10 July 2013 and 7 August 2013, and those who had fasted for at least 1 d (n 110) were classified as exposed to Ramadan fasting. Furthermore, a 24 h dietary recall was performed and repeated 1 month later. Birth weight of newborns who were exposed to Ramadan during pregnancy did not significantly differ from those who were not, both in the total and trimester-specific analysis. Maternal fasting did not seem to affect the birth weight of newborns (−72 (95 % CI −258, 114) g; P = 0·44), although there was a non-significant trend towards lower birth weight with fasting in the second and third trimester. Women who fasted had significantly lower total energy, macronutrient and water intake as compared with women who did not. Women's intake was also lower during Ramadan (regardless of their fasting behaviour) as compared with 1 month later. Lifestyle changes that occur with Ramadan and fasting during pregnancy are associated with lower reported energy intake. We cannot conclude on the effect of fasting on birth weight due to low statistical power.
Association analysis of rare and common variants with multiple traits based on variable reduction method
Authors: CHEN LILI , WANG YONG , ZHOU YAJING 
Published: February 2018

SummaryPleiotropy, the effect of one variant on multiple traits, is widespread in complex diseases. Joint analysis of multiple traits can improve statistical power to detect genetic variants and uncover the underlying genetic mechanism. Currently, a large number of existing methods target one common variant or only rare variants. Increasing evidence shows that complex diseases are caused by common and rare variants. Here we propose a region-based method to test both rare and common variant associated multiple traits based on variable reduction method (abbreviated as MULVR). However, in the presence of noise traits, the MULVR method may lose power, so we propose the MULVR-O method, which jointly analyses the optimal number of traits associated with genetic variants by the MULVR method, to guard against the effect of noise traits. Extensive simulation studies show that our proposed method (MULVR-O) is applied to not only multiple quantitative traits but also qualitative traits, and is more powerful than several other comparison methods in most scenarios. An application to the two genes (SHBG and CHRM3) and two phenotypes (systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure) from the GAW19 dataset illustrates that our proposed methods (MULVR and MULVR-O) are feasible and efficient as a region-based method.