bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
NO PRECISE LOCALIZATION FOR FRB 150418: CLAIMED RADIO TRANSIENT IS AGN VARIABILITY
Authors: Williams P. K. G. , Berger E. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
Keane et al. have recently claimed to have obtained the first precise localization for a fast radio burst (FRB) thanks to the identification of a contemporaneous fading slow (∼week-timescale) radio transient. They use this localization to pinpoint the FRB to a galaxy at

z
≈
0.49

that exhibits no discernible star formation activity. We argue that the transient is not genuine and that the host candidate, WISE J071634.59−190039.2, is instead a radio variable: the available data did not exclude this possibility; a random radio variable consistent with the observations is not unlikely to have a redshift compatible with the FRB dispersion measure; and the proposed transient light curve is better explained as a scintillating steady source, perhaps also showing an active galactic nucleus (AGN) flare, than a synchrotron-emitting blastwave. The radio luminosity of the host candidate implies that it is an AGN and we present new late-time Very Large Array observations showing that the galaxy is indeed variable at a level consistent with the claimed transient. Therefore the claimed precise localization and redshift determination for FRB 150418 cannot be justified.
THE APPARENT CRITICAL DECAY INDEX AT THE ONSET OF SOLAR PROMINENCE ERUPTIONS
Authors: Zuccarello F. P. , Aulanier G. , Gilchrist S. A. 
Published: April 2016

ABSTRACT
A magnetic flux rope (MFR) embedded in a line-tied external magnetic field that decreases with height as

z

−
n

is unstable to perturbations if the decay index of the field n is larger than a critical value. The onset of this instability, called torus instability, is one of the main mechanisms that can initiate coronal mass ejections. Since flux ropes often possess magnetic dips that can support prominence plasma, this is also a valuable mechanism to trigger prominence eruptions. Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations of the formation and/or emergence of MFRs suggest a critical value for the onset of the instability in the range [1.4−2]. However, detailed observations of prominences suggest a value in the range [0.9−1.1]. In this Letter, by using a set of MHD simulations, we show why the large discrepancy between models and observations is only apparent. Our simulations indeed show that the critical decay index at the onset of the eruption is

n
=
1.4
±
0.1

when computed at the apex of the flux rope axis, while it is

n
=
1.1
±
0.1

when it is computed at the altitude of the topmost part of the distribution of magnetic dips. The discrepancy only arises because weakly twisted curved flux ropes do not have dips up to the altitude of their axis.
Checklist of British and Irish Hymenoptera - Proctotrupoidea
Authors: Broad Gavin 
Published: April 2016

A revised checklist of the British and Irish Heloridae and Proctotrupidae (Proctotrupoidea) substantially updates the previous comprehensive checklist, dating from 1978. Country level data (i.e. occurrence in England, Scotland, Wales, Ireland and the Isle of Man) is reported where known.
A total of three Heloridae and 39 Proctotrupidae (including only certainly recorded species) represents a 27% increase in the British list since 1978. Most species are still poorly known and there has been a dearth of taxonomic and faunistic work on the British and Irish fauna.
Properties of Transmetric Density Estimation
Authors: Hovda Sigve 
Published: April 2016

Transmetric density estimation is a generalization of kernel density estimation that is proposed in Hovda(2014) and Hovda (2016), This framework involves the possibility of making assumptions on the kernel of the distribution to improve convergence orders and to reduce the number of dimensions in the graphical display. In this paper we show that several state-of-the-art nonparametric, semiparametric and even parametric methods are special cases of this formulation, meaning that there is a unified approach. Moreover, it is shown that parameters can be trained using unbiased cross-validation. When parameter estimation is included, the mean integrated squared error of the transmetric density estimator is lower than for the common kernel density estimator, when the number of dimensions is larger than two.
L’intégration des préoccupations d’environnement
dans les projets de construction, d’aménagement
et d’urbanisme, en France
Authors: Mesnard André-Hubert 
Published: April 2016

La prise en compte de l’environnement s’impose de plus en plus en France, pour des raisons de sécurité, de qualité de vie et de développement durable dans un contexte d’urbanisation forte, dans des zones localisées et souvent sensibles sur le plan écologique. La législation et le droit reflètent cette généralisation des préoccupations d’environnement depuis la loi du 10 juillet 1976 qui fait de la protection du patrimoine naturel un objectif « d’intérêt général », c’est-à-dire un objectif général, tant public que privé, individuel que collectif.
Cette obligation concerne aussi bien les contractants de droit privé (propriétaires, exploitants) que les industries et les pouvoirs publics (permis de construire, plans d’urbanisme...). Tous les projets doivent intégrer les préoccupations d’environnement, et le droit de l’urbanisme les impose d’une façon expresse, autant dans le contenu de la planification de l’occupation du territoire, que lors de la délivrance des autorisations d’occupation des sols... Les études d’environnement (dont les études d’impact) sont de plus en plus exigeantes et nombreuses. Enfin la jurisprudence des tribunaux, administratifs, ou pénaux, « responsabilise » de plus en plus les acteurs publics de la construction et de l’urbanisme, en matière de défense de l’environnement.
The Problem of Anti-Personnel Landmines and the Ottawa Treaty: Illusion or Reality?
Authors: Yoon Joseph J. H. 
Published: April 2016

The indiscriminate use of landmines in modern warfare has created a serious humanitarian challenge that individual countries cannot solve all by themselves. The signing of the Ottawa Treaty represents a major step in the progress of international humanitarian law. Nevertheless, there are many obstacles that the international community has to overcome in order that the spirit of the Ottawa Treaty can become effective and meaningful.
This article will deal with the dangers posed by the use of anti-personnel landmines and the major difficulties that arise from it. In the first part, the study will determine the nature of landmines and the outcome that results from their use. The second part analyses the main ideas of the Ottawa Treaty and the existing Protocol II of the Weapons' Convention. Finally, the article concludes with an analysis of the practical difficulties that should be considered in the enforcement of international rules.
Les clauses financières restreignant la concurrence dans les contrats de licence : le droit américain, canadien et européen
Authors: Carniaux Anton 
Published: April 2016

Le choix des modalités financières qui accompagnent tout contrat de transfert de technologie n’est jamais innocent. Il peut être tentant pour un donneur de licence d’imposer au licencié, par exemple, un prix de vente de sa technologie, ou encore d’exiger des modes particuliers de versement des redevances dues par le licencié. Ce dernier peut lui-même y trouver son compte. Toutefois, les droits de la concurrence américain, canadien et européen, encadrent plus ou moins la discussion sur ces aspects financiers. Sous cet angle particulier, ces droits font l’objet ici d’une étude comparée.
Ces droits reflètent un compromis, variable selon les pays, entre les intérêts du fournisseur de la technologie, qui a le mérite de l’effort créatif, et la libre concurrence, qui peut être entravée par certaines clauses financières. Le régime juridique américain obéit à une tradition de sévérité, remise en cause depuis quelques années. Le Canada offre l’exemple d’un droit incertain ayant connu très peu d’applications jurisprudentielles. L’Union européenne, de son côté, développe un droit de la concurrence particulièrement interventionniste pour préserver les conditions d’une saine concurrence inter-étatique.
Ces diverses conceptions ne sont pas ancrées définitivement dans le contexte économique et politique qui leur est propre. Bien au contraire, les différents régimes juridiques des clauses financières restrictives connaissent une mutation commune, dans le sillage de la mondialisation économique. On entrevoit, en effet, une libéralisation progressive de ces régimes, notamment sous l’influence d’auteurs se réclamant de l’École de Chicago.
Malgré tout, l’auteur doute du bien-fondé d’une libéralisation totale, en particulier lorsqu’une intégration économique régionale est en jeu, comme le montre le droit européen.
The Human Foetus as a Legal Person
Authors: Remington Graham John 
Published: April 2016

This article is meant to amplify and update the author's article published as "Natural Law, our Constitutions, and the Unborn", (1996) 27 Revue générale de droit, 21-53.
Particular emphasis is laid on the judicial revolution initiated by the Supreme Court of Canada in the Montréal Tramways Co. case in 1933, and led by the American legal scholar, William Prosser. By about 1955, courts across North America generally came to recognize in the field of torts, and in private litigation generally, the existence of unborn children as legal persons from and after conception.
The author shows that this judicial revolution was nothing but a recognition of an ancient rule of the civil law of Rome, restated by Tribonian in the 6th century, and acknowledged also by the common law of England on repeated occasions before and after the American Revolution.
The author shows furthermore that this rule should have prevented the decision of the United States Supreme Court in Roe v. Wade and its Canadian progeny, but was ignored.
The author allows that humanity and justice, no less than legal tradition, may necessitate some concessions in criminal proceedings. But he illustrates, by reference to recent and tragic decisions in the United States and Canada, why the civil liberties of us all, demand a reaffirmation of the ancient rule that, in all private ligitation, the human foetus must be protected as a legal person from and after conception.
La revendication individuelle face à la mort : approche comparatiste des questions posées par l’interruption de traitement, l’euthanasie et l’aide au suicide
Authors: Byk Christian 
Published: April 2016

Aujourd’hui, avec la reconnaissance des droits individuels, la question de la revendication de l’autonomie de la personne au moment de sa mort revêt une importance particulière et soulève la controverse.
Le débat juridique sur la scène internationale tend à la reconnaissance du droit à refuser des traitements qui prolongent artificiellement la vie, et les textes internationaux soulignent bien cette reconnaissance, en précisant qu’il est du devoir du médecin de prolonger la vie mais aussi de soulager les souffrances. L’évolution de cette conception fut facilitée grâce à l’apport des opinions émises par les Églises et par la nécessité économique de fixer des limites aux coûts des soins de santé. Mais ce droit ne saurait être absolu, et le problème est particulièrement délicat lorsqu’il s’agit de décider de la vie de personnes incapables de s’exprimer.
La réponse en Amérique du Nord est de reconnaître deux systèmes par lesquels il est permis à la personne intéressée de revendiquer à l’avance la cessation des traitements ou de confier à une tierce personne le soin de la décision en cas d’inaptitude. Concernant les personnes ab initio incapables de faire connaître leur volonté, les critères de décision seront un jugement substitué ou encore le meilleur intérêt du patient, représenté par les membres de sa famille.
Le problème se pose toutefois différemment en ce qui concerne le débat sur l’euthanasie active et le suicide assisté. Les Codes pénaux de certains pays et les textes internationaux sur l’éthique médicale condamnent ces pratiques, les qualifiant d’homicides volontaires, certains pays admettant toutefois que le consentement de la victime puisse constituer une excuse atténuante. Mais devant les diverses formes de traitement que visent en pratique les poursuites engagées, la question se pose souvent de savoir si l’euthanasie active ne rencontre pas malgré tout quelque tolérance... Il semble qu’aujourd’hui, elle soit acceptée à certaines conditions.
Au Royaume-Uni, la Chambre des lords propose d’approuver le droit au refus des traitements et, pour les décisions concernant les personnes incapables, d’adopter une procédure judiciaire particulière. Les Pays-Bas, quant à eux, légalisent la procédure de déclaration des décès par euthanasie, quoique celle-ci n’en soit pas dépénalisée pour autant.
Le refus de l’acharnement thérapeutique est donc admis en principe. Mais pour bien prendre en considération toutes les circonstances particulières, il semble que la meilleure solution soit le recours au bon sens du juge, dont le rôle permettra au débat d’évoluer.
Le droit d’être entendu et l’évocation
Authors: Bergeron Viateur 
Published: April 2016

L’objectif de cette étude consiste à présenter la règle audi alteram partem dans certains de ses aspects les plus fondamentaux. L’auteur estime que des moyens comme la représentation par avocat et une audience publique se rattachent au droit d’être entendu et en assurent l’application et le respect.
Quant aux limites au droit d’être entendu, elles peuvent être envisagées sur trois plans : 1) intenter le recours dans un délai raisonnable; 2) suivre le chemin tracé par le législateur jusqu’au bout du processus administratif ou quasi judiciaire avant de recourir à l’évocation; 3) exercer un véritable droit d’appel.
L’auteur suggère une nouvelle approche : les tribunaux supérieurs devraient faire droit à l’évocation si la règle audi alteram partem a été violée, peu importe les autres recours possibles. Cette façon de juger aurait probablement un effet bénéfique en ce sens qu’elle indiquerait la voie à suivre aux instances inférieures.
L’article 835.1 C.p.c. adopté pour assurer, sans délai indu, un caractère définitif aux décisions des instances inférieures a engendré un nombre élevé de litiges qui portent souvent et principalement sur la seule question du délai raisonnable. Même en face d’un manquement grave à la règle audi alteram partem, les cours rejettent le recours en évocation sur une question de délai dont l’appréciation demeure aléatoire et imprévisible. L’auteur propose une nouvelle version de l’article 835.1 C.p.c. qui serait plus conforme à l’esprit de la justice naturelle et au respect du droit d’être entendu.
L’auteur termine son texte en tirant des enseignements des affaires Ferland c. Lachance et Université du Québec c. Larocque à la lumière des modifications qu’il préconise.
Structural and optical properties of Eu-doped GaN nanocolumns on (111) Si substrates grown by RF-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy
Authors: Sekiguchi Hiroto , Nishikawa Satoshi , Imanishi Tomohiko , Ozaki Kohei , Yamane Keisuke , Okada Hiroshi , Kishino Katsumi , Wakahara Akihiro 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
Eu-doped GaN (GaN:Eu) shows a sharp line emission and the thermal stability of the emission wavelength. To improve their optical properties, GaN:Eu nanocolumns were grown on GaN nanocolumn platforms with high crystalline quality by RF-plasma-assisted molecular beam epitaxy. The GaN:Eu growth temperature strongly affected the nancolumn configuration. Although a high growth temperature of more than 700 °C enhanced lateral growth, a low growth temperature of 600 °C led to independent GaN:Eu nanocolumns. Although it was revealed that an increase in Eu concentration brought about polycrystalline growth, the optically active site concentration increased with increasing Eu concentration without concentration quenching, which suggests that the nanocolumn crystal is a valuable material for developing the novel optical devices utilizing GaN:Eu.
Realization of high-performance hetero-field-effect-transistor-type ultraviolet photosensors using p-type GaN comprising three-dimensional island crystals
Authors: Yamamoto Yuma , Yoshikawa Akira , Kusafuka Toshiki , Okumura Toshiki , Iwaya Motoaki , Takeuchi Tetsuya , Kamiyama Satoshi , Akasaki Isamu 
Published: April 2016

Abstract
High-performance AlGaN/AlGaN hetero-field-effect-transistor (HFET)-type photosensors with high photosensitivity were fabricated using p-type GaN comprising three-dimensional island crystals. The p-type GaN layers were grown on AlGaN layers at a high AlN molar fraction, and the area of p-type GaN comprising three-dimensional island crystals increased as the thickness of the p-type GaN film decreased, resulting in a reduced p-type GaN coverage ratio. The p-type GaN layers comprising three-dimensional island crystals and showing low coverage ratios were then used to fabricate HFET-type photosensors with high photosensitivity. A high light sensitivity of 1.5 × 104 A/W was obtained at a source–drain voltage (V
SD) of 0.5 V for a photosensor with a p-type GaN thickness of 20 nm. Moreover, the dark current was suppressed to 10−10 A/mm and the photosensor achieved an extremely high photocurrent to dark current density ratio.
Convective transport and scavenging of peroxides by thunderstorms observed over the central U.S. during DC3
Authors: Barth M. C. , Bela M. M. , Fried A. , Wennberg P. O. , Crounse J. D. , St. Clair J. M. , Blake N. J. , Blake D. R. , Homeyer C. R. , Brune W. H. , Zhang L. , Mao J. , Ren X. , Ryerson T. B. , Pollack I. B. , Peischl J. , Cohen R. C. , Nault B. A. , Huey L. G. , Liu X. , Cantrell C. A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractOne of the objectives of the Deep Convective Clouds and Chemistry (DC3) field experiment was to determine the scavenging of soluble trace gases by thunderstorms. We present an analysis of scavenging of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and methyl hydrogen peroxide (CH3OOH) from six DC3 cases that occurred in Oklahoma and northeast Colorado. Estimates of H2O2 scavenging efficiencies are comparable to previous studies ranging from 79 to 97% with relative uncertainties of 5–25%. CH3OOH scavenging efficiencies ranged from 12 to 84% with relative uncertainties of 18–558%. The wide range of CH3OOH scavenging efficiencies is surprising, as previous studies suggested that CH3OOH scavenging efficiencies would be <10%. Cloud chemistry model simulations of one DC3 storm produced CH3OOH scavenging efficiencies of 26–61% depending on the ice retention factor of CH3OOH during cloud drop freezing, suggesting ice physics impacts CH3OOH scavenging. The highest CH3OOH scavenging efficiencies occurred in two severe thunderstorms, but there is no obvious correlation between the CH3OOH scavenging efficiency and the storm thermodynamic environment. We found a moderate correlation between the estimated entrainment rates and CH3OOH scavenging efficiencies. Changes in gas‐phase chemistry due to lightning production of nitric oxide and aqueous‐phase chemistry have little effect on CH3OOH scavenging efficiencies. To determine why CH3OOH can be substantially removed from storms, future studies should examine effects of entrainment rate, retention of CH3OOH in frozen cloud particles during drop freezing, and lightning‐NOx production.
Laboratory measurements of heterogeneous CO2 ice nucleation on nanoparticles under conditions relevant to the Martian mesosphere
Authors: Nachbar Mario , Duft Denis , Mangan Thomas Peter , Martin Juan Carlos Gomez , Plane John M. C. , Leisner Thomas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractClouds of CO2 ice particles have been observed in the Martian mesosphere. These clouds are believed to be formed through heterogeneous nucleation of CO2 on nanometer‐sized meteoric smoke particles (MSPs) or upward propagated Martian dust particles (MDPs). Large uncertainties still exist in parameterizing the microphysical formation process of these clouds as key physicochemical parameters are not well known. We present measurements on the nucleation and growth of CO2 ice on sub‐4 nm radius iron oxide and silica particles representing MSPs at conditions close to the mesosphere of Mars. For both particle materials we determine the desorption energy of CO2 to be ΔFdes = (18.5 ± 0.2) kJ mol−1 corresponding to ΔFdes = (0.192 ± 0.002) eV and obtain m = 0.78 ± 0.02 for the contact parameter that governs heterogeneous nucleation by analyzing the measurements using classical heterogeneous nucleation theory. We did not find any temperature dependence for the contact parameter in the temperature range examined (64 K to 73 K). By applying these values for MSPs in the Martian mesosphere, we derive characteristic temperatures for the onset of CO2 ice nucleation, which are 8–18 K below the CO2 frost point temperature, depending on particle size. This is in line with the occurrence of highly supersaturated conditions extending to 20 K below frost point temperature without the observation of clouds. Moreover, the sticking coefficient of CO2 on solid CO2 was determined to be near unity. We further argue that the same parameters can be applied to CO2 nucleation on upward propagated MDPs.
Atmospheric absorption model for dry air and water vapor at microwave frequencies below 100 GHz derived from spaceborne radiometer observations
Authors: Wentz Frank J. , Meissner Thomas 
Published: April 2016

AbstractThe Liebe and Rosenkranz atmospheric absorption models for dry air and water vapor below 100 GHz are refined based on an analysis of antenna temperature (TA) measurements taken by the Global Precipitation Measurement Microwave Imager (GMI) in the frequency range 10.7 to 89.0 GHz. The GMI TA measurements are compared to the TA predicted by a radiative transfer model (RTM), which incorporates both the atmospheric absorption model and a model for the emission and reflection from a rough‐ocean surface. The inputs for the RTM are the geophysical retrievals of wind speed, columnar water vapor, and columnar cloud liquid water obtained from the satellite radiometer WindSat. The Liebe and Rosenkranz absorption models are adjusted to achieve consistency with the RTM. The vapor continuum is decreased by 3% to 10%, depending on vapor. To accomplish this, the foreign‐broadening part is increased by 10%, and the self‐broadening part is decreased by about 40% at the higher frequencies. In addition, the strength of the water vapor line is increased by 1%, and the shape of the line at low frequencies is modified. The dry air absorption is increased, with the increase being a maximum of 20% at the 89 GHz, the highest frequency considered here. The nonresonant oxygen absorption is increased by about 6%. In addition to the RTM comparisons, our results are supported by a comparison between columnar water vapor retrievals from 12 satellite microwave radiometers and GPS‐retrieved water vapor values.
Extraordinary NO2 Removal by the Metal–Organic Framework UiO‐66‐NH2
Authors: Peterson Gregory W. , Mahle John J. , DeCoste Jared B. , Gordon Wesley O. , Rossin Joseph A. 
Published: April 2016

AbstractHere we discuss the removal of nitrogen dioxide, an important toxic industrial chemical and pollutant, from air using the MOF UiO‐66‐NH2. The amine group is found to substantially aid in the removal, resulting in unprecedented removal capacities upwards of 1.4 g of NO2 /g of MOF. Furthermore, whereas NO2 typically generates substantial quantities of NO on sorbents, the amount generated by UiO‐66‐NH2 is significantly reduced. Of particular significance is the formation of a diazonium ion on the aromatic ring of the MOF, and the potential reduction of NO2 to molecular nitrogen.