bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Adipocyte‐Specific Enhancement of Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor‐Associated Protein Ameliorates Diet‐Induced Visceral Obesity and Insulin Resistance
Authors: Azushima Kengo , Ohki Kohji , Wakui Hiromichi , Uneda Kazushi , Haku Sona , Kobayashi Ryu , Haruhara Kotaro , Kinguchi Sho , Matsuda Miyuki , Maeda Akinobu , Toya Yoshiyuki , Yamashita Akio , Umemura Satoshi , Tamura Kouichi 
Published: March 2017

Background

The renin–angiotensin system has a pivotal role in the pathophysiology of visceral obesity. Angiotensin
II
type 1 receptor (
AT
1R) is a major player in the signal transduction of the renin–angiotensin system, and the overactivation of this signaling contributes to the progression of visceral obesity. We have shown that the
AT
1R‐associated protein (
ATRAP
) promotes
AT
1R internalization from the cell surface into cytoplasm along with the suppression of overactivation of tissue
AT
1R signaling. In this study, we examined whether the enhancement of adipose
ATRAP
expression could efficiently prevent diet‐induced visceral obesity and insulin resistance.

Methods and Results

We generated adipocyte‐specific
ATRAP
transgenic mice using a 5.4‐kb adiponectin promoter, and transgenic mice and littermate control mice were fed either a low‐ or high‐fat diet for 10 weeks. Although the physiological phenotypes of the transgenic and control mice fed a low‐fat diet were comparable, the transgenic mice exhibited significant protection against high‐fat diet–induced adiposity, adipocyte hypertrophy, and insulin resistance concomitant with an attenuation of adipose inflammation, macrophage infiltration, and adipokine dysregulation. In addition, when mice were fed a high‐fat diet, the adipose expression of glucose transporter type 4 was significantly elevated and the level of adipose phospho‐p38 mitogen‐activated protein kinase was significantly attenuated in the transgenic mice compared with control mice.

Conclusions

Results presented in this study suggested that the enhancement in adipose
ATRAP
plays a protective role against the development of diet‐induced visceral obesity and insulin resistance through improvement of adipose inflammation and function via the suppression of overactivation of adipose
AT
1R signaling. Consequently, adipose tissue
ATRAP
is suggested to be an effective therapeutic target for the treatment of visceral obesity.
Physical Activity and Sedentary Behavior in Children With Congenital Heart Disease
Authors: Voss Christine , Duncombe Stephanie L. , Dean Paige H. , de Souza Astrid M. , Harris Kevin C. 
Published: March 2017

Background

Children with congenital heart disease (
CHD
) are thought to have low levels of physical activity (
PA
), but few studies have used objective measures of
PA
in this population.

Methods and Results

We recruited patients with mild, moderate, and severe
CHD
and cardiac transplant recipients, aged 8 to 19 years, from pediatric cardiology clinics throughout British Columbia and Yukon, Canada. Participants were fitted with an ActiGraph accelerometer to be worn over the right hip for 7 days. Daily means were estimated for a variety of accelerometry‐derived metrics, including moderate‐to‐vigorous
PA
and percentage of sedentary time if they had at least 3 valid days of accelerometry data. Participants also completed a
PA
questionnaire. We included 90 participants (aged 13.6±2.7 years; 54% male), of which 26 had mild
CHD
, 26 had moderate
CHD
, 29 had severe
CHD
, and 9 were cardiac transplant recipients. Median daily moderate‐to‐vigorous PA was 43 min/day (interquartile range: 28.9–56.9 min/day), and 8% met
PA
guidelines of 60 minutes of moderate‐to‐vigorous PA at least 6 days a week. There were no significant differences in any accelerometry‐derived metric according to
CHD
severity. Boys were significantly more active and less sedentary than girls. Activity declined and sedentary behaviors increased with age in both sexes. Sports participation was common, including competitive out‐of‐school clubs (57%).
PA
restrictions from cardiologists were rare (15%).

Conclusions

We found normal age–sex patterns of
PA
in children with
CHD
. There were no differences in
PA
by
CHD
severity, suggesting that sociocultural factors are likely important determinants of
PA
in these children.
Embolic Stroke of Undetermined Source
Authors: Hart Robert G. , Catanese Luciana , Perera Kanjana S. , Ntaios George , Connolly Stuart J. 
Published: March 2017

Background and Purpose—
Embolic stroke of undetermined source (ESUS) designates patients with nonlacunar cryptogenic ischemic strokes in whom embolism is the likely stroke mechanism. It has been hypothesized that anticoagulation is more efficacious than antiplatelet therapy for secondary stroke prevention in ESUS patients. We review available information about ESUS.

Methods—
Systematic literature review to assess the frequency of ESUS, patient features, and prognosis using PubMed from 2014 to present, unrestricted by language.

Results—
On the basis of 9 studies, the reported frequency of ESUS ranged from 9% to 25% of ischemic strokes, averaging 17%. From 8 studies involving 2045 ESUS patients, the mean age was 65 years and 42% were women; the mean NIH stroke score was 5 at stroke onset (4 studies, 1772 ESUS patients). Most (86%) ESUS patients were treated with antiplatelet therapy during follow-up, with the annualized recurrent stroke rate averaging 4.5% per year during a mean follow-up of 2.7 years (5 studies, 1605 ESUS patients).

Conclusions—
ESUS comprises about 1 ischemic stroke in 6. Patients with ischemic stroke meeting criteria for ESUS were relatively young compared with other ischemic stroke subtypes and had, on average, minor strokes, consistent with small emboli. Retrospective methods of available studies limit confidence in stroke recurrence rates but support a substantial (>4% per year) rate of stroke recurrence during (mostly) antiplatelet therapy. There is an important need to define better antithrombotic prophylaxis for this frequently occurring subtype of ischemic stroke.
Overview of Ice Nucleating Particles
Authors: Kanji Zamin A. , Ladino Luis A. , Wex Heike , Boose Yvonne , Burkert-Kohn Monika , Cziczo Daniel J. , Krämer Martina 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Ice particle formation in tropospheric clouds significantly changes cloud radiative and microphysical properties. Ice nucleation in the troposphere via homogeneous freezing occurs at temperatures lower than −38°C and relative humidity with respect to ice above 140%. In the absence of these conditions, ice formation can proceed via heterogeneous nucleation aided by aerosol particles known as ice nucleating particles (INPs). In this chapter, new developments in identifying the heterogeneous freezing mechanisms, atmospheric relevance, uncertainties, and unknowns about INPs are described. The change in conventional wisdom regarding the requirements of INPs as new studies discover physical and chemical properties of these particles is explained. INP sources and known reasons for their ice nucleating properties are presented. The need for more studies to systematically identify particle properties that facilitate ice nucleation is highlighted. The atmospheric relevance of long-range transport, aerosol aging, and coating studies (in the laboratory) of INPs are also presented. Possible mechanisms for processes that change the ice nucleating potential of INPs and the corresponding challenges in understanding and applying these in models are discussed. How primary ice nucleation affects total ice crystal number concentrations in clouds and the discrepancy between INP concentrations and ice crystal number concentrations are presented. Finally, limitations of parameterizing INPs and of models in representing known and unknown processes related to heterogeneous ice nucleation processes are discussed.
Western Boundary Sea Level: A Theory, Rule of Thumb, and Application to Climate Models
Authors: Minobe Shoshiro , Terada Mio , Qiu Bo , Schneider Niklas 
Published: March 2017

AbstractTo better understand coastal sea level variability and changes, a theory that predicts sea levels along a curved western boundary using interior ocean sea level information is proposed. The western boundary sea level at a particular latitude is expressed by the sum of contributions from interior sea levels propagating onto the western boundary by long Rossby waves between that latitude and a higher latitude, and from the western boundary sea level at the higher latitude. This theory is examined by using a linear, reduced gravity model. A comparison between the theory and the model shows good agreement. A simple scaling law (or rule of thumb) derived from the theory provides a measure of the higher-latitude sea level and ocean interior sea level contributions. The theory is then tested using data from 34 climate models in phase 5 of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP5) for dynamic sea level changes between the end of the twentieth and twenty-first centuries. The theory captures the nearly uniform sea level rise from the Labrador Sea to New York City (NYC), with a reduction in the increase of sea level farther south toward the equator, qualitatively consistent with the CMIP5 multimodel ensemble, even though the theory underestimates the equatorward reduction rate. Along the South American east coast, the theory successfully reproduced the spatial pattern of the sea level change. The theory suggests a strong link between a sea level rise hot spot along the northeastern coast of North America and the sea level increase in the Labrador Sea, consistent with the result that rates of NYC sea level rise are highly correlated to those in the Labrador Sea in CMIP5 models.
Investigation of the luminescence, mechanical, and thermal properties of ZnO-entrapped poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide) gels
Authors: Celebioglu Nesrin , Yilmaz Yasar 
Published: March 2017

ZnO nanoparticles were synthesized in the pores that are formed inside the PNIPAm (poly(N-isopropyl acrylamide)) gels during polymerization. Different pore regions were obtained with changing the cross-linker concentrations of gels. We concluded from the SEM results that when the cross-linker concentration of the gels is increased, the average size of the pores becomes narrower. Thus, depending on the internal porosity of the gel, the size and distribution of ZnO nanoparticles were changed and accordingly it ranged in the fluorescence spectra. It is observed that fluorescence spectra of ZnO nanoparticles released from PNIPAm gel with low cross-linker concentration have only UV emission, while the nanoparticles released from PNIPAm gel with high cross-linker concentration have both the UV and the green emissions of ZnO. The size distributions of these nanoparticles were measured by Stabino-Nanoflex analyzer and it clearly indicates that the width of the size distribution decreases with increasing cross-linker concentration. To see the effect of ZnO nanoparticles on the properties of the gel, we investigated the luminescence, mechanical, and thermal properties of these ZnO/PNIPAm composites and plain gels of which the internal morphology was set by changing the cross-linker concentration. The nature of interactions between the nanoparticles and polymer strands affects both mechanical and thermal behaviors. Compared to plain gels, entrapping ZnO nanoparticles into the gels cause an increased compressive elastic modulus and strength. We proved that ZnO nanoparticles improve considerably the mechanical properties of PNIPAm gels.
Extremes in Otolaryngology Resident Surgical Case Numbers: An Update
Authors: Baugh Tiffany P. , Franzese Christine B. 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study is to examine the effect of minimum case numbers on otolaryngology resident case log data and understand differences in minimum, mean, and maximum among certain procedures as a follow‐up to a prior study.Study DesignCross‐sectional survey using a national database.SettingAcademic otolaryngology residency programs.Subjects and MethodsReview of otolaryngology resident national data reports from the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education (ACGME) resident case log system performed from 2004 to 2015. Minimum, mean, standard deviation, and maximum values for total number of supervisor and resident surgeon cases and for specific surgical procedures were compared.ResultsThe mean total number of resident surgeon cases for residents graduating from 2011 to 2015 ranged from 1833.3 ± 484 in 2011 to 2072.3 ± 548 in 2014. The minimum total number of cases ranged from 826 in 2014 to 1004 in 2015. The maximum total number of cases increased from 3545 in 2011 to 4580 in 2015. Multiple key indicator procedures had less than the required minimum reported in 2015.ConclusionDespite the ACGME instituting required minimum numbers for key indicator procedures, residents have graduated without meeting these minimums. Furthermore, there continues to be large variations in the minimum, mean, and maximum numbers for many procedures. Variation among resident case numbers is likely multifactorial. Ensuring proper instruction on coding and case role as well as emphasizing frequent logging by residents will ensure programs have the most accurate data to evaluate their case volume.
Developing a metformin prescribing tool for use in adults with mental illness to reduce medication-related weight gain and cardiovascular risk
Authors: Smith Cassie , Myles Hannah , Galletly Cherrie 
Published: March 2017

Objectives: There is considerable evidence that metformin reduces weight gain associated with antipsychotic medication. The aim of this study was to develop an easy-to-use metformin prescribing tool in order to enable clinicians to prescribe metformin safely and confidently. Methods: The authors undertook a survey of clinicians and reviewed the published literature and existing guidelines concerning the use of metformin to reduce weight gain in adults with mental illness. Results: A metformin prescribing tool was devised based on the literature, national cardiovascular and diabetes guidelines and Australian metformin prescribing recommendations. The metformin prescribing tool guides clinicians through the considerations required for appropriate selection of the target patient population and safe prescription of metformin. Conclusions: A novel, easy-to-use, one-page reference has been developed for busy clinicians that can be laminated and displayed in consulting rooms and psychiatric inpatient units to address weight gain and obesity associated with antipsychotic medications in people with mental illness.
Genomic stability of pulmonary artery endothelial colony‐forming cells in culture
Authors: Drake Kylie M. , Federici Chiara , Duong Heng T. , Comhair Suzy A. , Erzurum Serpil C. , Asosingh Kewal , Aldred Micheala A. 
Published: March 2017

Pulmonary vascular remodeling, including proliferation and migration of pulmonary artery endothelial cells (PAEC), is a pathologic hallmark of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Multiple studies have shown evidence of increased levels of DNA damage and lineage‐specific genetic changes in PAH lung vascular cells, suggesting increased genomic instability. Highly proliferative endothelial colony‐forming cell (ECFC) clones can be isolated from PAEC. Here we utilized ECFC to track chromosomal copy number of 20 PAH and eight control clones across serial passages using genome‐wide microarrays. All PAH clones were genomically stable for at least 20–22 population doublings. At very late passages, ECFC developed a highly aneuploid karyotype, but this was generally associated with senescence and was common to both PAH and controls. We also utilized ECFC to isolate the chromosomally abnormal cells from a mixed population of PAH PAEC. Analysis of PAEC harboring two different changes affecting chromosomes 1 and X demonstrated that both abnormalities were present in the same clone, indicating they originated in a common ancestral cell. In a second case, with a partial duplication of chromosome 17, clones carrying the duplication were more frequent at later passages than chromosomally normal clones from the same PAEC culture, suggesting the rearrangement may confer a proliferative advantage. Overall, this small study suggests that endothelial cells from PAH lungs are stable in culture, but that when chromosome abnormalities do occur, they may confer a selective advantage that allows expansion of the abnormal cell population and could contribute to lung vascular remodeling in vivo.
Steroid tape: A promising adjunct to scar management
Authors: Goutos Ioannis , Ogawa Rei 
Published: March 2017

Introduction: Intralesional steroid administration is a popular adjunct to scar management with numerous reports in the literature appraising this modality in hypertrophic and keloid scars. The percutaneous delivery of steroids using adhesive tape is an alternative modality, which was first described in the dermatological literature in the 1960s. It is infrequently used in most countries apart from the Orient, where it represents one of the mainstays of specialist scar management protocols. Methods: An English and Japanese literature review was performed and reports were stratified using the Joanna Briggs Institute Levels of Evidence. Data were extracted relating to the maximum dose of steroid that can be delivered safely, the reported therapeutic efficacy, as well as the side effects associated with the percutaneous delivery of steroids. Discussion: Steroid tape has the potential to be a safe and patient-friendly adjunct to scar management for carefully selected cases of keloid and hypertrophic scars. The main limitation for its widespread adoption is the lack of data to enable the determination of safe exposure thresholds in adult and paediatric patients. Conclusion: Despite the existing encouraging reports regarding the potential to be a useful adjunct in scar management, steroid tape is not widely used apart from a limited number of scar services worldwide. Further research is warranted to delineate the role of this modality in specialist scar management protocols.
Epidemiology and Impact of Abdominal Oblique Injuries in Major and Minor League Baseball
Authors: Camp Christopher L. , Conte Stan , Cohen Steven B. , Thompson Matthew , D’ Angelo John , Nguyen Joseph T. , Dines Joshua S. 
Published: March 2017

Background: Oblique injuries are known to be a common cause of time out of play for professional baseball players, and prior work has suggested that injury rates may be on the rise in Major League Baseball (MLB). Purpose: To better understand the current incidence of oblique injuries, determine their impact based on time out of play, and to identify common injury patterns that may guide future injury prevention programs. Study Design: Descriptive epidemiological study. Methods: Using the MLB Health and Injury Tracking System, all oblique injuries that resulted in time out of play in MLB and Minor League Baseball (MiLB) during the 2011 to 2015 seasons were identified. Player demographics such as age, position/role, and handedness were included. Injury-specific factors analyzed included the following: date of injury, timing during season, days missed, mechanism, side, treatment, and reinjury status. Results: A total of 996 oblique injuries occurred in 259 (26%) MLB and 737 (74%) MiLB players. Although the injury rate was steady in MiLB, the MLB injury rate declined ( P = .037). A total of 22,064 days were missed at a mean rate of 4413 days per season and 22.2 days per injury. The majority of these occurred during batting (n = 455, 46%) or pitching (n = 348, 35%), with pitchers losing 5 days more per injury than batters ( P < .001). The leading side was injured in 77% of cases and took 5 days longer to recover from than trailing side injuries ( P = .009). Seventy-nine (7.9%) players received either a corticosteroid or platelet-rich plasma injection, and the mean recovery time was 11 days longer compared with those who did not receive an injection ( P < .001). Conclusion: Although the rate of abdominal oblique injuries is on the decline in MLB, this is not the case for MiLB, and these injuries continue to represent a significant source of time out of play in professional baseball. The vast majority of injuries occur on the lead side, and these injuries result in the greatest amount time out of play. The benefit of injections for the treatment of oblique injuries remains unknown.
RETRACTED ARTICLE: miR-484 suppresses proliferation and epithelial–mesenchymal transition by targeting ZEB1 and SMAD2 in cervical cancer cells
Authors: Hu Yang , Xie Hong , Liu Yankun , Liu Weiying , Liu Min , Tang Hua 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) play important roles in cancer initiation and development. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a form of cellular plasticity that is critical for embryonic development and metastasis. The purpose of the study was to determine the function and mechanism of miR-484 in initiation and development of cervical cancer (CC).

Methods
We determined the expression levels of miR-484 in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines with RT-qPCR. Prediction algorithms and EGFP reporter assay were performed to evaluate the targets for miR-484. MTT assay, colony formation assay, flow cytometric analysis, transwell cell migration and invasion assays, and detection of EMT markers were employed to investigate the roles of miR-484 and the targets in regulation of cell proliferation and EMT process. We also used rescue experiments to confirm the effect of miR-484 on CC cells through directly regulating the expression of its targets.

Results
Firstly we found miR-484 was down-regulated in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines compared with their matched non-cancerous tissues or normal cervical keratinocytes cells. Further studies revealed that overexpression of miR-484 suppressed the cell proliferation, while exacerbates apoptosis. Besides, miR-484 suppressed cellular migration, invasion and EMT process of CC cells. EGFP reporter assay showed that miR-484 binds to ZEB1 and SMAD2 3′UTR region and reduced their expression. The expression of miR-484 had reverse correlation with SMAD2/ZEB1, and SMAD2/ZEB1 had positive correlation with each other in cervical cancer tissues and cell lines. Furthermore, the ectopic expression of ZEB1 or SMAD2 could rescue the malignancies suppressed by miR-484, suggesting that miR-484 down-regulates ZEB1 and SMAD2 to repress tumorigenic activities.

Conclusion
We found miR-484 inhibits cell proliferation and the EMT process by targeting both ZEB1 and SMAD2 genes and functions as a tumor suppressor, which may served as potential biomarkers for cervical cancer.
Proline dehydrogenase promotes senescence through the generation of reactive oxygen species
Authors: Nagano Taiki , Nakashima Akio , Onishi Kengo , Kawai Kosuke , Awai Yuto , Kinugasa Mizuki , Iwasaki Tetsushi , Kikkawa Ushio , Kamada Shinji 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACT
Cellular senescence is a complex stress response characterized by permanent loss of proliferative capacity and is implicated in age-related disorders. Although the transcriptional activity of p53 (encoded by TP53) is known to be vital for senescence induction, the downstream effector genes critical for senescence remain unsolved. Recently, we have identified the proline dehydrogenase gene (PRODH) to be upregulated specifically in senescent cells in a p53-dependent manner, and the functional relevance of this to senescence is yet to be defined. Here, we conducted functional analyses to explore the relationship between PRODH and the senescence program. We found that genetic and pharmacological inhibition of PRODH suppressed senescent phenotypes induced by DNA damage. Furthermore, ectopic expression of wild-type PRODH, but not enzymatically inactive forms, induced senescence associated with the increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the accumulation of DNA damage. Treatment with N-acetyl-L-cysteine, a ROS scavenger, prevented senescence induced by PRODH overexpression. These results indicate that PRODH plays a causative role in DNA damage-induced senescence through the enzymatic generation of ROS.