bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Effects of traditional pastoralism on grasshopper (Caelifera) assemblages in East Africa
Authors: Uyehara Isaac K. , Sisanya Martin , Hemp Claudia , Rubenstein Daniel I. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn East Africa, traditional pastoralists increase landscape heterogeneity by creating traditional livestock corrals (bomas). When these bomas are abandoned, they serve as long‐term hot spots of increased nutrients and unique vegetation. However, the effect of bomas on insect populations is unclear. Grasshopper (Suborder Caelifera) assemblages are thought to reflect vegetation, and within Caelifera, the subfamily Oedipodinae is known to be associated with degraded areas. We sampled vegetation and collected grasshoppers inside of abandoned bomas, 50 m from abandoned bomas and 250 m from abandoned bomas. Bomas had significantly lower grass abundance than background vegetation. Total grasshopper abundance was positively correlated with grass and forb abundance, while the proportion of grasshoppers in the subfamily Oedipodinae was negatively correlated with grass abundance. Grasshopper abundance was significantly lower inside of bomas than outside of them, but the proportion of grasshoppers in the subfamily Oedipodinae was significantly higher inside of bomas than outside of them. This suggests that the decreased vegetation in abandoned bomas supports fewer grasshoppers, but a higher fraction of the grasshopper assemblage in abandoned bomas is composed of Oedipodinae. Thus, traditional pastoralists can have long‐term effects on the size and composition of grasshopper assemblages through the use of bomas.
Tragedy of the Partnership: A Critique of Elinor Ostrom
Authors: Block Walter , Jankovic Ivan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractElinor Ostrom thinks she has discovered a third way apart from private and government property: the commons. In her view, there is no “tragedy” associated with this third option. The present article takes strong issue with her. Our claim is that she has not properly distinguished between a commons and partnership arrangements. In the former case, outsiders cannot be excluded from entry; in the latter, they can. The reason for this confusion between the commons and private property in Ostrom's work is that she believes private property is possible only if government protects and enforces it. We show by using various historical examples that this assumption is wrong, and hence the central tenet of Ostrom's model of the commons fails.
The Meaning, Prospects, and Future of the Commons: Revisiting the Legacies of Elinor Ostrom and Henry George
Authors: Obeng‐Odoom Franklin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractElinor Ostrom's work on the commons has convinced mainstream economists that “collective” governance of the commons can overcome the “tragedy of the commons” and “free‐rider problems.” Yet, a more systematic appraisal of Ostrom's work shows that it contains no concept of justice. Her idea of rights is extremely limited, often tied to the notion of joint, rather than equal, rights. Indeed, for Ostrom, the notion of the commons is socially separatist and not ecological. Ostrom uses historical examples, but without analyzing how common possession historically evolved and was undermined by external forces. Hence her proposed “collective action” to save the commons actually accelerates the real threats to the commons. A strikingly different and more holistic approach to the commons is offered by Henry George, who posits the commons as the most important path to social, economic, and ecological sustainability. Unlike Ostrom, who studied the commons “scientifically” to show that some goods are neither private, public, nor club‐based, George studied the commons to understand and remove injustice at the roots. His approach is more critical and certainly more relevant today in showing that another world is possible. However, George's work too, requires significant changes to update its framing of the meanings, prospects, and future of the commons.
The CO‐City: Sharing, Collaborating, Cooperating, and Commoning in the City
Authors: Iaione Christian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis article introduces an innovative, experimental, adaptive, and iterative approach to creating legal and institutional frameworks based on urban polycentric governance to foster commons‐based urban policies. First, the theory of urban/local governance is introduced, based on an urban co‐governance matrix. A new type of regulatory system is then described that aims at transforming people in distributed nodes of collective action. Citizens and institutions can be myriad nodes of designing and problem solving in the public interest. Urban co‐governance aims at taking advantage of this galaxy of networks. I then examine design principles and a methodology to implement the urban co‐governance matrix. The concluding question concerns the need for a new research methodology to investigate the ongoing process of state transformation and institutional genesis at the urban level.
The role of ORMDL proteins, guardians of cellular sphingolipids, in asthma
Authors: Paulenda T. , Draber P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA family of widely expressed ORM‐like (ORMDL) proteins has been recently linked to asthma in genomewide association studies in humans and extensively explored in in vivo studies in mice. ORMDL proteins are key regulators of serine palmitoyltransferase, an enzyme catalyzing the initial step of sphingolipid biosynthesis. Sphingolipids play prominent roles in cell signaling and response to stress, and they affect the mechanistic properties of cellular membranes. Deregulation of sphingolipid biosynthesis and their recycling has been proven to support and even cause several diseases including allergy, inflammation, and asthma. ORMDL3, the most extensively studied member of the ORMDL family, has been shown to be important for endoplasmic reticulum homeostasis by regulating the unfolded protein response and calcium response. In immune cells, ORMDL3 is involved in migration and in the production of proinflammatory cytokines. Furthermore, changes in the expression level of ORMDL3 are important in allergen‐induced asthma pathologies. This review focuses on functional aspects of the ORMDL family proteins, which may serve as new therapeutic targets for the treatment of asthma and some other life‐threatening diseases.
Drug allergies documented in electronic health records of a large healthcare system
Authors: Zhou L. , Dhopeshwarkar N. , Blumenthal K. G. , Goss F. , Topaz M. , Slight S. P. , Bates D. W. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe prevalence of drug allergies documented in electronic health records (EHRs) of large patient populations is understudied.ObjectiveWe aimed to describe the prevalence of common drug allergies and patient characteristics documented in EHRs of a large healthcare network over the last two decades.MethodsDrug allergy data were obtained from EHRs of patients who visited two large tertiary care hospitals in Boston from 1990 to 2013. The prevalence of each drug and drug class was calculated and compared by sex and race/ethnicity. The number of allergies per patient was calculated and the frequency of patients having 1, 2, 3…, or 10+ drug allergies was reported. We also conducted a trend analysis by comparing the proportion of each allergy to the total number of drug allergies over time.ResultsAmong 1 766 328 patients, 35.5% of patients had at least one reported drug allergy with an average of 1.95 drug allergies per patient. The most commonly reported drug allergies in this population were to penicillins (12.8%), sulfonamide antibiotics (7.4%), opiates (6.8%), and nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) (3.5%). The relative proportion of allergies to angiotensin‐converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors and HMG CoA reductase inhibitors (statins) have more than doubled since early 2000s. Drug allergies were most prevalent among females and white patients except for NSAIDs, ACE inhibitors, and thiazide diuretics, which were more prevalent in black patients.ConclusionFemales and white patients may be more likely to experience a reaction from common medications. An increase in reported allergies to ACE inhibitors and statins is noteworthy.
High levels of omega‐3 fatty acids in milk from omega‐3 fatty acid‐supplemented mothers are related to less immunoglobulin E‐associated disease in infancy
Authors: Warstedt Kristina , Furuhjelm Catrin , Fälth‐Magnusson Karin , Fagerås Malin , Duchén Karel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAimWe previously reported a protective effect of maternal omega‐3 fatty acid supplements on the development of immunoglobulin E (IgE)‐associated disease in infancy. This study assessed omega‐3 long‐chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) in maternal milk in relation to omega‐3 LCPUFA supplementation and the development of allergic disease in their infants.MethodsThis study randomised 95 pregnant women at risk of having an allergic infant, to daily supplements of 2.6 g omega‐3 LCPUFA or a placebo of 2.7 g soya bean oil from gestational week 25 until 3 months of lactation. Breast milk samples were collected as colostrum, at one and 3 months. Milk fatty acids were related to allergic outcome in the infants at 24 months.ResultsOmega‐3 milk fatty acids were higher in women who received omega‐3 supplements than the placebo group (p < 0.01). Higher proportions of milk eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid and a lower arachidonic/eicosapentaenoic acid ratio were associated with an absence of IgE‐associated disease in the infants. None of the children developed IgE‐associated atopic eczema above a level of 0.83 mol% eicosapentaenoic acid in colostrum. [Correction added on 7 July 2016, after online publication: In the preceding sentence, the correct word should be “above” instead of “below” and this has been amended in this current version.]ConclusionHigh omega‐3 LCPUFA milk levels in mothers who received omega‐3 LCPUFA supplements were related to fewer allergies in their children.
Exploring the function of online narratives to develop critical thinking and localisation of knowledge in an international science program
Authors: Hicks Marianne , Tham Melissa , Brookes Rowan 
Published: March 2016

Abstracte‐learning practitioners have long recognised the benefits of using online training to achieve knowledge transfer, less is understood about facilitating the sharing of values, attitudes, critical thinking, and localisation using online platforms. In this article an online learning platform in the context of an international scientific program was evaluated. The platform uses a narrative approach to convey stories with the explicit aim of developing critical thinking and localisation. The platform embeds formative assessment within the stories to transfer the tacit understandings of the program to project site staff. Some of the challenges this approach encounters, particularly with regard to the expression of localisation was explored.
iPad versus traditional tools in art and design: A complementary association
Authors: Souleles Nicos 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThere is continuous debate on the role of digital media tools in art and design Higher Education, and in particular their potential contribution towards teaching and learning. The related literature indicates that there is a dichotomy between digital and traditional tools. This study investigates the views of a cohort of art and design students who undertook a specific instructional task, but instead of using paper and pencil, they used iPads. It is claimed that this computer tablet has considerable potential to enhance teaching and learning, and this study sought to investigate this claim. Inductive qualitative content analysis was used to analyse the interviews provided by 32 (n = 32) students. Based on the categories that emerged from the analysis of interviews, and within the parameters of this study, the main inference is that the relationship between digital and traditional tools can be better understood as complementary rather than as a dichotomy.A video abstract of this article can be viewed at https://youtu.be/Ws‐nTXb_BrY
Impact of HIV infection on the haemostatic response during sepsis and malaria
Authors: Huson Michaëla A. M. , Kalkman Rachel , Hoogendijk Arie J. , Alabi Abraham S. , van ‘t Veer Cornelis , Grobusch Martin P. , Meijers Joost C. M. , van der Poll Tom 
Published: March 2016

AbstractPatients positive for the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are more susceptible to sepsis and malaria, two conditions known to activate the coagulation system. As chronic HIV infection also influences haemostatic mechanisms, we determined the influence of HIV co‐infection on coagulation, anticoagulation and the endothelium during sepsis or malaria. We performed a prospective observational study in 325 subjects with or without HIV infection (103 with sepsis, 127 with malaria and 95 asymptomatic controls) in an HIV endemic area in Central Africa. We measured plasma biomarkers indicative of activation of distinct haemostatic mechanisms. Sepsis and malaria had similar effects with elevated markers of coagulation, reduced anticoagulation markers and activation of endothelium. In particular, asymptomatic HIV infection reduced the plasma levels of the anticoagulant co‐factor free protein S, and increased activation of the vascular endothelium, which were not normalized by combination antiretroviral therapy. HIV co‐infection during sepsis and malaria caused more profound changes in free protein S and von Willebrand factor in sepsis and malaria, and ADAMTS13 in sepsis, while not influencing sepsis‐ or malaria‐induced coagulation activation. These results show for the first time that HIV infection augments selective haemostatic changes during sepsis and malaria, which may contribute to the enhanced morbidity of these conditions in HIV patients.
Assessment of energy density usage during 180W lithium triborate laser photoselective vaporization of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia. Is there an optimum amount of kilo‐Joules per gram of prostate?
Authors: Valdivieso Roger , Meyer Christian P , Hueber Pierre‐Alain , Meskawi Malek , Alenizi Abdullah M. , Azizi Mounsif , Trinh Quoc‐Dien , Misrai Vincent , Rutman Matthew , Te Alexis E. , Chughtai Bilal , Barber Neil J. , Emara Amr M. , Munver Ravi , Zorn Kevin C. 
Published: March 2016

ObjectivesTo assess the effect of energy density (kJ/mL) applied on adenoma during photoselective vaporization of the prostate (PVP) treatment for benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH) on functional outcomes, prostate‐specific antigen (PSA) reduction and complications.Patients and MethodsAfter exclusions, a total of 440 patients who underwent GreenLight
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laser XPS‐180W lithium triborate PVP for the treatment of BPH were retrospectively reviewed. Data were collected from seven different international centres (Canada, USA, UK and France). Patients were stratified into four energy density groups (kJ/mL) according to intra‐operative energy delivered and prostate volume as determined by preoperative transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS): group 1: <3 kJ/mL; group 2: 3–5 kJ/mL; group 3: 5–7 kJ/mL; and group 4: ≥7 kJ/mL. Energy density groups were chosen arbitrarily. PSA reduction and functional outcomes (International Prostate Symptom Score, quality of life, post‐void residual urine volume, maximum urinary flow rate) were compared at 6, 12 and 24 months. Peri‐operative complications and retreatment rates were also compared among the groups.ResultsThe PSA reduction rates at 24 months after the procedure were 51, 61, 79 and 83% for the energy density groups <3, 3–5, 5–7 and ≥7 kJ/mL, respectively (P ≤ 0.01). This held true after accounting for baseline confounders. Energy density was not associated with higher complication rates, including haematuria, stricture formation, incontinence, refractory urinary retention, urinary tract infection and conversion to transurethral resection of the prostate. Functional outcomes at 2 years of follow‐up were equivalent among the groups (P > 0.05 for all) and similar retreatment rates were observed (P = 0.36).ConclusionHigher energy usage per cc of prostate was associated with a more significant reduction in PSA level (>50%) at 6, 12 and 24 months, suggesting increased vaporization of adenoma tissue; however, this did not translate into differences in functional outcomes at 2‐year follow‐up.
Patterns of plant phenology in Amazonian seasonally flooded and unflooded forests
Authors: Hawes Joseph E. , Peres Carlos A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractFew studies have successfully monitored community‐wide phenological patterns in seasonally flooded Amazonian várzea forests, where a prolonged annual flood pulse arguably generates the greatest degree of seasonality of any low‐latitude ecosystem on Earth. We monitored the vegetative and reproductive plant phenology of várzea (VZ) floodplain and adjacent terra firme (TF) forests within two contiguous protected areas in western Brazilian Amazonia, using three complementary methods: monthly canopy observations of 1056 individuals (TF: 556, VZ: 500), twice monthly collections from 0.5‐m2 litterfall traps within two 100‐ha plots (1 TF, 1 VZ; 96 traps per plot), and monthly ground surveys of residual fruit‐fall along transect‐grids within each 100‐ha plot (12 km per plot). Surveys encompassed the entire annual flood cycle and employed a floating trap design to cope with fluctuating water levels. Phenology patterns were generally similar in both forest types. Leaffall peaked during the aquatic phase in várzea forest and the dry season in terra firme. Flowering typically followed leaffall and leaf flush, extending into the onset of the terrestrial phase and rainy season in várzea and terra firme, respectively. Abiotic seed dispersal modes were relatively more prevalent in várzea than terra firme; the main contrast in fruiting seasonality was more likely a result of differences in community composition and relative abundance of seed dispersal modes than differences within individual genera. We emphasize the difficulty in distinguishing the role of the flood pulse from other seasonal environmental variables without multiannual data or spatially replicated studies across the spectrum of Amazonian forest types.
Hennig's semaphoront concept and the use of ontogenetic stages in phylogenetic reconstruction
Authors: Sharma Prashant P. , Clouse Ronald M. , Wheeler Ward C. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA new practice in systematics, “semaphoront” coding, treats developmental stages as terminals, and it derives from Hennig's concept of the same name. Semaphoront coding has been implemented recently by Lamsdell and Selden (BMC Evol. Biol., 2013, 13:98) and Wolfe and Hegna (Cladistics, 2014, 30:366) in an effort to understand the relationships of fossil taxa of unknown developmental stage. We submit that this approach is antithetical to cladistic practice and constitutes a gross misunderstanding of Hennig's original idea. Here we review the concept of the semaphoront and clarify the role of the semaphoront in phylogenetic systematics. We contend that treating ontogenetic stages as terminals both violates tenets of phylogenetic systematics and oversimplifies the complexity of developmental processes. We advocate Hennig's alternative of including data from as many semaphoronts as possible, but implemented using the superior total evidence framework. Finally, we contend that the application of semaphoront coding to any palaeontological question requires invoking multiple, unjustified assumptions, and ultimately will not yield a possible phylogenetic solution. A total evidence approach can grapple with the placement of fossil developmental stages, if only imperfectly.
Comparison of patient‐centered outcomes after routine implant placement, teeth extraction, and periodontal surgical procedures
Authors: Yao Jie , Lee Koon Kay , McGrath Colman , Wu Yu Nong , Li Kar Yan , Mattheos Nikos 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectivesTo compare patient‐centered outcome assessments (POAs) over a 2‐week period after five categories of dento‐alveolar surgical procedures.MethodsA total of 339 patients in need of dento‐alveolar surgical procedures such as simple tooth extraction (SE), transalveolar extraction (TE), straightforward implant placement (I), implant placement with guided bone regeneration (IGBR), and periodontal surgery (P) in Hong Kong (51.3%) and Nanjing dental clinic were consecutively recruited (2013–2015). POAs in terms of bleeding, swelling, pain, and bruising were obtained using 10 cm visual analog scale (VAS) on each day of the first week and the 14th day postsurgery. Clinical examinations were recorded on the 7th day postoperation.ResultsFor the first 3 days of healing, area‐under‐the‐curve (AUC) analyses showed that transalveolar extraction (TE) resulted in significantly higher overall bleeding and pain (AUC: Bleeding Mean = 5.6, Pain Mean = 7.5). However, implant placement with GBR (IGBR) resulted in significant higher level of swelling (AUC: Mean = 9.1) and bruising (Mean = 4.2) for the same period with also the highest use of painkillers. Healing outcomes of straightforward implant placement (I) were comparable to that of a simple extraction (SE). Two‐week overall experience showed the symptoms quickly subsided for all groups. Prevalence for complications 1 week postoperatively was IGBR (20%), P (15.6%), I (12.7%), SE (4.8%), TE (1.5%), respectively.ConclusionsThe highest extent of swelling and bruising was observed in patients who got implant placement with GBR (IGBR), while healing events of straightforward implants were similar to these of simple extraction. The VAS scores for all POAs parameters were generally low and decreased to nearly zero over the study period following all five surgical procedures. Low prevalence of postsurgical complications was reported.
Healing at implants installed concurrently to maxillary sinus floor elevation with Bio‐Oss® or autologous bone grafts. A histo‐morphometric study in rabbits
Authors: De Santis Enzo , Lang Niklaus P. , Ferreira Sabrina , Rangel Garcia Jr Idelmo , Caneva Marco , Botticelli Daniele 
Published: March 2016

AbstractObjectiveTo compare the healing at elevated sinus floors augmented either with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) or autologous bone grafts and followed by immediate implant installation.Material and methodsTwelve albino New Zealand rabbits were used. Incisions were performed along the midline of the nasal dorsum. The nasal bone was exposed. A circular bony widow with a diameter of 3 mm was prepared bilaterally, and the sinus mucosa was detached. Autologous bone (AB) grafts were collected from the tibia. Similar amounts of AB or DBBM granules were placed below the sinus mucosa. An implant with a moderately rough surface was installed into the elevated sinus bilaterally. The animals were sacrificed after 7 (n = 6) or 40 days (n = 6).ResultsThe dimensions of the elevated sinus space at the DBBM sites were maintained, while at the AB sites, a loss of 2/3 was observed between 7 and 40 days of healing. The implants showed similar degrees of osseointegration after 7 (7.1 ± 1.7%; 9.9 ± 4.5%) and 40 days (37.8 ± 15%; 36.0 ± 11.4%) at the DBBM and AB sites, respectively. Similar amounts of newly formed mineralized bone were found in the elevated space after 7 days at the DBBM (7.8 ± 6.6%) and AB (7.2 ± 6.0%) sites while, after 40 days, a higher percentage of bone was found at AB (56.7 ± 8.8%) compared to DBBM (40.3 ± 7.5%) sites.ConclusionsBoth Bio‐Oss® granules and autologous bone grafts contributed to the healing at implants installed immediately in elevated sinus sites in rabbits. Bio‐Oss® maintained the dimensions, while autologous bone sites lost 2/3 of the volume between the two periods of observation.