bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Putting susceptibility on the map to improve conservation planning, an example with terrestrial mammals
Authors: Polaina Ester , Revilla Eloy , González‐Suárez Manuela 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimTo propose a general approach to spatially synthesize known predictors of vulnerability at the species level in order to identify areas directly associated with specific conservation problems. Under this problem‐detection framework, the coincidence or divergence of main strengths and weaknesses can be used to propose tailor‐made conservation strategies. This approach is illustrated for terrestrial mammal species evaluating two of their main components of vulnerability: life‐history traits and land‐use pressure.LocationGlobal.MethodsWe determine, at the species level, the relationships between extinction risk and two well‐known predictors of vulnerability: life‐history traits (intrinsic) and land use (extrinsic). Transferring these findings into the spatial domain, we identify the areas of the world where one of these two facets is predominant and those areas where both coincide.ResultsThe proposed approach allows us to recognize four types of areas: (1)double‐susceptibility areas: where both the characteristics of the species and the existing human activities pose a threat, therefore the simultaneous management of both species/habitats and human activities are needed; (2)intrinsic‐susceptibility areas: where species are naturally fragile and human presence is scarce, thus species‐specific management plans would be particularly efficient; (3)extrinsic‐susceptibility areas: where human pressure is high but species are not intrinsically vulnerable; which requires special attention to human activities; and (4)low‐susceptibility areas: where there are not remarkable threats for existing terrestrial mammals, which additionally are not particularly fragile.Main conclusionsOur approach can spatially synthesize known predictors of vulnerability identifying areas where different factors predispose species to become extinct. This method builds on conservation planning approaches by targeting actions based on known strengths and weaknesses of a given area, and offering a new implementation of comparative studies of extinction risk. This approach may be applied to different species and to particular regions, focusing on different drivers, and complemented by incorporating social and economic trade‐offs.
Neoliberalism Redux: The Global Health Policy Agenda and the Politics of Cooptation in Latin America and Beyond
Authors: Birn Anne‐Emanuelle , Nervi Laura , Siqueira Eduardo 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTThis article explores the neoliberal cooptation of social justice‐oriented global health policies over the last three decades, from primary health care and ‘health for all’ to various contemporary so‐called ‘health equity’ initiatives, such as Universal Health Coverage and ‘health convergence’. The authors illustrate and contextualize the different periods and approaches with examples from a range of Latin American countries, drawing on diverse political experiences and social struggles in the health arena. The analysis concludes with reflections about the region's experiences of resisting and challenging the neoliberal health agenda, in spite of domestic and global environments that have constrained these efforts, past and present. In this sense, the struggle for bona fide equity in health and health policy remains an important and ongoing priority.
Brain‐derived neurotrophic factor prevents dendritic retraction of adult mouse retinal ganglion cells
Authors: Binley Kate E. , Ng Wai S. , Barde Yves‐Alain , Song Bing , Morgan James E. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWe used cultured adult mouse retinae as a model system to follow and quantify the retraction of dendrites using diolistic labelling of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) following explantation. Cell death was monitored in parallel by nuclear staining as ‘labelling’ with RGC and apoptotic markers was inconsistent and exceedingly difficult to quantify reliably. Nuclear staining allowed us to delineate a lengthy time window during which dendrite retraction can be monitored in the absence of RGC death. The addition of brain‐derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) produced a marked reduction in dendritic degeneration, even when application was delayed for 3 days after retinal explantation. These results suggest that the delayed addition of trophic factors may be functionally beneficial before the loss of cell bodies in the course of conditions such as glaucoma.
How mutualisms arise in phytoplankton communities: building eco‐evolutionary principles for aquatic microbes
Authors: Kazamia Elena , Helliwell Katherine Emma , Purton Saul , Smith Alison Gail 
Published: June 2016

AbstractExtensive sampling and metagenomics analyses of plankton communities across all aquatic environments are beginning to provide insights into the ecology of microbial communities. In particular, the importance of metabolic exchanges that provide a foundation for ecological interactions between microorganisms has emerged as a key factor in forging such communities. Here we show how both studies of environmental samples and physiological experimentation in the laboratory with defined microbial co‐cultures are being used to decipher the metabolic and molecular underpinnings of such exchanges. In addition, we explain how metabolic modelling may be used to conduct investigations in reverse, deducing novel molecular exchanges from analysis of large‐scale data sets, which can identify persistently co‐occurring species. Finally, we consider how knowledge of microbial community ecology can be built into evolutionary theories tailored to these species’ unique lifestyles. We propose a novel model for the evolution of metabolic auxotrophy in microorganisms that arises as a result of symbiosis, termed the Foraging‐to‐Farming hypothesis. The model has testable predictions, fits several known examples of mutualism in the aquatic world, and sheds light on how interactions, which cement dependencies within communities of microorganisms, might be initiated.
Defensive insect symbiont leads to cascading extinctions and community collapse
Authors: Sanders Dirk , Kehoe Rachel , van Veen FJ Frank , McLean Ailsa , Godfray H. Charles J. , Dicke Marcel , Gols Rieta , Frago Enric 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAnimals often engage in mutualistic associations with microorganisms that protect them from predation, parasitism or pathogen infection. Studies of these interactions in insects have mostly focussed on the direct effects of symbiont infection on natural enemies without studying community‐wide effects. Here, we explore the effect of a defensive symbiont on population dynamics and species extinctions in an experimental community composed of three aphid species and their associated specialist parasitoids. We found that introducing a bacterial symbiont with a protective (but not a non‐protective) phenotype into one aphid species led to it being able to escape from its natural enemy and increase in density. This changed the relative density of the three aphid species which resulted in the extinction of the two other parasitoid species. Our results show that defensive symbionts can cause extinction cascades in experimental communities and so may play a significant role in the stability of consumer‐herbivore communities in the field.
MILLENARIANISM IN BROMLEY‐BY‐BOW:QUIRINUS KUHLMANN AND THE STUARTS
Authors: Linton Anna 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn October 1689 Quirinus Kuhlmann, a Silesian poet laureate, millenarian and admirer of Jakob Boehme, met a heretic's end in Moscow, one of many cities visited by this self‐styled ‘son of the Son of God’, ‘Jesuel’, in his attempt to establish his ‘Kühlmonarchie’, which would usher in the Last Days. His travels took him to Amsterdam, Paris, London, Edinburgh, and Turkey, where he hoped to convert the Sultan and enlist him in his campaign to overthrow the Roman Catholic Church. In the 1670s and 1680s Kuhlmann spent extended periods in England and Scotland, visiting York and Edinburgh, and lived for several years in Bromley‐by‐Bow, drawing on common ground shared with various English Nonconformist groups. These groups flourished not least because of the political upheavals following the Civil War, the execution of Charles I, the Interregnum, the Popish Plot of 1678, and the ensuing Exclusion Crisis. This article analyses the poems Kuhlmann wrote on the death of Charles II and the accession of his brother James to the throne in 1685, locating them within the Kühlpsalter, his poetic account of and commentary on his physical and spiritual journeys, and drawing links with his wider millenarian vision.Im Oktober 1689 wurde der schlesische Dichter und Chiliast Quirinus Kuhlmann in Moskau als Ketzer verbrannt. Der Anhänger Jakob Böhmes, der sich selbst als ‘Sohn des Sohnes Gottes’ und ‘Jesuel’ bezeichnete, reiste herum, um seine ‘Kühlmonarchie’ einzuleiten, die der Endzeit vorausgehen sollte. Er hielt sich in Amsterdam, Paris und London auf, und reiste sogar in die Türkei, um die Bekehrung des Sultans herbeizuführen, die unter Chiliasten als eine Vorbedingung für den Sturz der römischen Kirche galt. In den 1670er und 1680er Jahren war Kuhlmann dreimal in England und Schottland. Er besuchte York und Edinburgh, und wohnte in Bromley‐by‐Bow. In London waren chiliastische Sekten, die Aspekte seiner Mission teilten. Diese Sektierer profitierten sowohl von den politischen Umbrüchen des Bürgerkriegs und des Interregnums, als auch von der sogenannten Papistenverschwörung (1678) und den darauf folgenden Versuchen, den katholischen Herzog von York als Thronfolger zu enterben. 1685 schrieb Kuhlmann Gedichte auf den Tod von Charles II. und die Thronbesteigung von James II., die als Anhang eines 1681 geschriebenen Kühlpsalms über James im fünften Buch seines Kühlpsalters erschienen. Sie werden hier im Kontext seiner breiteren chiliastischen Mission analysiert.
FEMALE DESIRE AND THE MIND‐BODY BINARY IN FIN DE SIÈCLE FICTION BY HEDWIG DOHM, LOU ANDREAS‐SALOMÉ AND GABRIELE REUTER
Authors: Woodford Charlotte 
Published: June 2016

ABSTRACTIn the late nineteenth century, women writers seek to emancipate the feminine subject from the plots of a phallocentric tradition which transmitted repressive models of femininity. The short stories ‘Werde, die Du bist’ (1894) by Hedwig Dohm, ‘Eine Ausschweifung’ (1898) by Lou Andreas‐Salomé, and Gabriele Reuter's Ellen von der Weiden (1900) show how women writers of the fin de siècle engaged with the binary opposition of body and mind in Western philosophy and thus with the problem of the patriarchal identification of the mind with the masculine and the body with the feminine. In stories juxtaposing male doctors with women whose gendered identity is placed under scrutiny, the authors criticise the contemporary medicalisation of female sexual desire, and they explore the gender anxiety of modernity, drawing, inter alia, on Nietzsche's critique of bourgeois morality. Analysing these works against the background of feminist theory, I argue that they powerfully reveal the connection between contemporary social discourses and women's experience of desire.Die Geschlechterstereotype der bürgerlichen Literatur, die die bestehenden Machtverhältnisse unterstützten, wurden im ausgehenden 19. Jahrhundert häufig in den Werken von Schriftstellerinnen in Frage gestellt. Auf der Grundlage von Analysen von Hedwig Dohms ‘Werde, die Du bist’ (1894), ‘Eine Ausschweifung’ (1898) von Lou Andreas‐Salomé und Gabriele Reuters Ellen von der Weiden (1900) zeigt dieser Beitrag, wie sich Autorinnen mit der binären Opposition von Körper und Seele auseinandersetzen und darüber hinaus auch das binäre System der Geschlechter problematisieren. Unter Rückgriff auf Nietzsches Kritik der abendländischen Kultur beleuchten diese Erzählungen die Geschlechterkrise der Moderne. Durch die Figurenkonstellationen von (männlichen) Ärzten und ihren Patientinnen verweisen Dohm, Andreas‐Salomé und Reuter kritisch auf die Medikalisierung der weiblichen Sexualität um die Jahrhundertwende und gehen der Frage nach, wie die weibliche Körperwahrnehmung über soziale Diskurse beeinflusst wurde.
Development, feasibility, and efficacy of a customized exercise device to deliver intradialytic resistance training in patients with end stage renal disease: Non‐randomized controlled crossover trial
Authors: Chan Danwin , Green Simon , Fiatarone Singh Maria , Barnard Robert , Cheema Birinder S. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractIntroduction This study assessed the feasibility and efficacy of a novel resistance training device used within an intradialytic progressive resistance training (PRT) intervention.Methods Non‐randomized, within‐subjects crossover design with outcomes assessed at baseline (week 0), postcontrol (week 13) and post‐PRT intervention (week 26). Twenty‐two hemodialysis patients (59% men, 71 ± 11 years) performed PRT three sessions per week for 12 weeks. The resistance training device was developed to enable the performance of 2 upper body and 3 lower body exercises, unilaterally and bilaterally, both before and during dialysis, with loads of 2.5 to 59 kg. Feasibility outcomes included adverse events, adherence and training load progression. Changes in upper and lower body muscular strength, six‐minute walk, aspects of health‐related quality of life (HRQoL) and depression were evaluated.Findings The PRT intervention was delivered without serious adverse events, resulted in 71.2% ± 23.3% adherence and significant adaptation of all training loads from pre to mid to post training (83.8%–185.6%, all P < 0.05). Lower body strength (P < 0.001) and HRQoL subscales (Role‐Physical, Social Functioning, Role‐Emotional) significantly increased (all P < 0.01) and a trend toward reduced depression was noted (P = 0.06). No significant changes were noted in other outcomes.Discussion PRT using the novel resistance training device was feasible and improved measures of physical and psychological health. This device can be utilized in most dialysis centers. Future studies are required to evaluate dose‐response effects of PRT prescriptions in subpopulations, and the translation of PRT to standard dialysis practice.
Projecting the impact of hypothetical early life interventions on adiposity in children living in low‐income households
Authors: Nianogo Roch A. , Wang May C. , Wang Aolin , Nobari Tabashir Z. , Crespi Catherine M. , Whaley Shannon E. , Arah Onyebuchi A. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryBackgroundIt is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions aimed at reducing early childhood obesity using randomized trials.ObjectiveTo illustrate how observational data can be analysed using causal inference methods to estimate the potential impact of behavioural ‘interventions’ on early childhood adiposity.MethodsWe used longitudinal data from 1054 children 1–5 years old enrolled in the Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants and Children and followed (WIC) from 2008 to 2010 for a mean duration of 23 months. The data came from a random sample of WIC families living in Los Angeles County in 2008. We used the parametric g‐formula to estimate the impact of various hypothetical behavioural interventions.ResultsAdjusted mean weight‐for‐height Z score at the end of follow‐up was 0.73 (95% CI 0.65, 0.81) under no intervention and 0.63 (95% CI 0.38, 0.87) for all interventions given jointly. Exclusive breastfeeding for 6 months or longer was the most effective intervention [population mean difference = −0.11 (95% CI −0.22, 0.01)]. Other interventions had little or no effect.ConclusionsCompared with interventions promoting healthy eating and physical activity behaviours, breastfeeding was more effective in reducing obesity risk in children aged 1–5 years. When carefully applied, causal inference methods may offer viable alternatives to randomized trials in etiologic and evaluation research.
Prediction of genetic gain in finite populations with heterogeneous predicted breeding values accuracies
Authors: Elsen J.‐M. 
Published: June 2016

SummaryThe algebraic expression of the genetic selection differential (expected genetic superiority of breeders after a selection on their Predicted Breeding Values) was derived when a limited number of individuals were selected from a limited sample of candidates on the basis of their predicted genetic value, with heterogeneous reliabilities. A formula is proposed for situations in which these reliabilities can be clustered in a few classes. We show that the expected genetic selection differential increases with the number of classes, the mean reliability being constant. In the panel of cases simulated, this increase reached up to 18% of the values obtained in the homogeneous situation. We used the proposed formulae to estimate selection differentials and compared it numerically with performing simulations. In terms of speed of computation, our algebraic formulae performed better than simulations in populations of limited size.
Quality of life and disease severity in patients with atopic dermatitis
Authors: Holm J.G. , Agner T. , Clausen M.‐L. , Thomsen S.F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractBackgroundAtopic dermatitis (AD) affects quality of life (QoL) negatively in patients and their families. We examined the relationship between disease severity and QoL in patients with AD.MethodsConsecutive, newly referred outpatients with AD, 4 years of age or older, were assessed from January 2012 onwards by means of the dermatology life quality index (DLQI, range 0–30), the Scoring of AD (SCORAD) disease severity score (range 0–103), filaggrin gene (FLG) mutation status and paraclinical tests related to allergy.ResultsA total of 250 patients with a mean age of 26.0 years were identified with complete data on DLQI; 148 (59.2%) females and 102 (40.8%) males. Of these 45.6% had asthma, 46.8% had hay fever, 22.7% had a loss‐of‐function mutation in FLG, and 61.9% had one or more inhalant allergic sensitizations. The correlation between SCORAD and DLQI was 0.42 (P < 0.001). After multivariate adjustment there was an increasing mean DLQI score with increasing disease severity measured by SCORAD (DLQI in mild = 5.30, moderate = 8.59 and severe = 11.94 AD), P‐value for difference between groups <0.001; a higher mean DLQI among females than males (9.73 vs. 8.34), P = 0.028; and among patients reporting facial eczema (9.88 vs. 6.24), P = 0.012. No statistically significant influence on DLQI was found for hand or foot eczema, age, blood eosinophil count, allergic sensitization, asthma, hay fever, FLG mutation status and smoking. FLG null mutation status was not significantly associated with SCORAD.ConclusionAD impacts negatively on the QoL, proportional to the severity of the disease. Furthermore, female sex and facial eczema are associated with low QoL. Positive FLG null mutation status is not associated with QoL or disease severity.
Effects of mechanical and chemical surface treatments on the resin‐glass ceramic adhesion properties
Authors: Sattabanasuk Vanthana , Charnchairerk Paleenee , Punsukumtana Lada , Burrow Michael F. 
Published: June 2016

AbstractAimIntraoral repair of fractured ceramic restorations using resin composite is practical for dental treatment. In the present study, we investigated whether differences in surface treatments for glass ceramic would affect resin adhesion.MethodsLeucite‐reinforced glass ceramic plates (IPS Empress Esthetic) were ground with 320‐grit silicon carbide paper, cleaned using phosphoric acid, and then etched with hydrofluoric acid (IPS Ceramic Etching Gel) or left unetched, and silanized using silane coupling agent (RelyX Ceramic Primer) or kept unsilanized. Either conventional (Adper Scotchbond Multi‐Purpose) or universal (Scotchbond Universal) adhesive was used to bond the resin composite to ceramic surfaces. Specimens were subjected to microshear test after 37°C water storage for 24 h, and fractured surfaces were examined. Ceramic surface hydrophobicity after treatments was verified with contact angle measurements. Data were analyzed using anova and Tukey's tests.ResultsRegardless of the adhesive tested, hydrofluoric acid‐etched ceramics showed higher bond strengths. Ceramic primer application improved resin bonding, even in non‐etched groups, and also influenced fractography (P < 0.001). Contact angles on ceramics treated with ceramic primer were higher than those treated with silane‐containing universal adhesive (P < 0.001).ConclusionsMechanical and chemical retentions contribute to resin adhesion to glass ceramic. Universal adhesive seems to not function in the same manner as a silane coupling agent.
On the Oral Health and Chewing Enjoyment of the Elderly: A Review from the Point of Mechanics
Authors: Xu Xianzhong 
Published: June 2016

AbstractWith the advent of an aging society, the biggest challenge for the study of food science and technology is how to provide the best diet for older people with reduced chewing ability. General health is usually associated with oral health and healthy ageing is affected by what humans eat. Foods for the elderly should give them the maximum masticatory pleasure while satisfying their nutritional needs. It is well known that food oral processing is not only dominated by oral cavity structure and physiological state of human body, but also affected by the mechanical processes of food destruction in the mouth. Perception of food texture is thought to be the cognition of the human brain to the information of food deformation and fracture during oral processing. Increasing chewing difficulty due to the impaired dental functions is an major problem affecting the ability of food intake for many older people. From the viewpoint of mechanics, the manner of the deformation or breaking of an object is strongly dominated by its mechanical and geometrical properties of the materials and the conditions in which the object is loaded. It is therefore suggested that the food destruction process in the mouth might be investigated using the methods established in the engineering field. In this review, the main factors that affecting chewing behaviors of the elderly are analysed and discussed. The possibility of applying fracture mechanics theory and material structural optimization techniques to the design and production of food structures for older people is proposed.Practical ApplicationsPopulation aging means that the food industry is required to provide best diet for older consumers who may encounter chewing difficulty and dysphagia problems. People with deficient oral strategy need foods not only having easy‐to‐chew/swallow feature, but also can satisfy their chewing pleasure. Food structure design is a new direction of food science for the development of food products. The fundamental issue is to have a proper understanding how designed food is formed and fractured in the mouth. This work analyses the main factors that influence the chewing behaviors of the elderly and introduces fracture mechanics theory into the field of food oral processing. It will provide a new view‐angle to understand both the food destruction process and the texture perception mechanism in the mouth.