bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Development of a minipig physical phantom from CT data
Authors: Park Sooyeun , Lee Pilsoo , Ha Wi-Ho , Kim Han Sung , Park Byeong Ryong , Kim Jae Seok , Shim Sehwan , Park Sunhoo , Kim Young-su , Kim Chan Hyeong , Jin Young-Woo 
Published: July 2017

ABSTRACT
Quantification of pathological progression of radiation-induced injury is essential in development of treatment methods, and a proper animal model is necessary for relevant radiological and medical studies. A minipig is a current animal model selected because of its similarities to humans in anatomy and pathology. In the present study, a minipig physical phantom was developed using computed tomography (CT) data. For dosimetry purposes, the minipig physical phantom was constructed on a slice-by-slice basis, with an array of holes to accommodate dosimeters. The phantom is constituted of three major organs, i.e. bone, lung, and remaining soft tissue, and the organs are clearly distinguishable on each 20-mm-thick axial slice. The quality of the tissue-equivalent (TE) substitutes was analyzed in terms of the atomic compositions and Hounsfield units (HUs). The density (in g/cm3) and effective atomic number of TE substitutes for the bone, lung, and soft tissue are 1.4 and 7.9, 0.5 and 10.0, and 1.0 and 5.9, respectively. Although the TE substitutes have slightly different physical properties, we think the phantom is acceptable because the HU values of the TE substitutes lie in the HU range of real tissues.
Circumbinary discs from tidal disruption events
Authors: Coughlin Eric R. , Armitage Philip J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Tidal disruption events, which occur when a star is shredded by the tidal field of a supermassive black hole (SMBH), provide a means of fuelling black hole accretion. Here we show, using a combination of three-body orbit integrations and hydrodynamic simulations, that these events are also capable of generating circumbinary rings of gas around tight SMBH binaries with small mass ratios. Depending on the thermodynamics, these rings can either fragment into clumps that orbit the binary, or evolve into a gaseous circumbinary disc. We argue that tidal disruptions provide a direct means of generating circumbinary discs around SMBH binaries and, more generally, can replenish the reservoir of gas on very small scales in galactic nuclei.
Arteriovenous Malformations of the Temporalis Muscle: A Comprehensive Review
Authors: Ros de San Pedro Javier , Cuartero Pérez Beatriz , Ferri Ñíguez Belén , Villanueva San Vicente Víctor 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Arteriovenous malformations of the temporalis muscle (TM-AVMs) are rare lesions commonly considered as a variant of scalp AVMs. A study was designed in order to analyze TM-AVMs features and to confirm them as a certain entity different from scalp AVMs. Seven TM-AVMs cases (5 from literature plus 2 from our database) were studied. Clinical, epidemiological, radiological, and therapeutic data were analyzed and compared to common scalp AVMs features. All TM-AVMs presented as large soft tumor-like masses on the temporal region (mean diameter: 6 cm). Pain was referred in half of cases, while overlying cutaneous stigmas were described only once. No masticatory malfunction was reported. TM-AVMs tend to appear in young patients (mean: 29 yr), commonly as longstanding and slow-evolving lesions (mean evolution time before diagnosis: 5 yr). All cases displayed a diffuse slow-flow blush on angiogram. All TM-AVMs were completely located within the TM, with no involvement of scalp or bone. The pathological analysis of all cases demonstrated the presence of striate muscular bundles intermingled with fairly mature arterial and venous vessels. No clearly distorted vessel was found within the TM-AVMs. Surgery was performed for all cases with complete removal. Preoperative embolization was done in 4 cases to reduce blood loss during surgery. No clinical/radiological recurrence was reported. Opposite to TM-AVMs, scalp AVMs commonly present as high-flow lesions with no evident tumor mass, mainly located in the subcutaneous tissue. TM-AVMs present clearly distinct features compared to scalp AVMs, for which they should be considered as a certain pathological entity and not as a variant of scalp AVMs.
The derivations into the interfaces
Authors: Lobina David J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The structure of a given linguistic expression and the structure of the derivation that generates such an expression are two very different things; hence, they need not bear an isomorphic relationship. This chapter shows that the derivations of linguistic expressions are not recursive in the sense of computer science: there are no self-calls, and thus no deferred operations. Instead, the combination of merge, interface conditions, lexical items, and general computational properties brings about an iterative process, even if every stage of a derivation is recursively generated, keeping to the subtle distinction discussed in chapter 1 between recursively specified algorithms and the actual computational processes being executed at any particular point—in other words, a distinction between procedures and processes.
The universality and uniqueness of recursion-in-language
Authors: Lobina David J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The role of recursion in language is universal and unique. It is universal because the (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) geometry is the type of structuring that all phrases and all languages unequivocally adhere to, and complexes of such phrases constitute a general recursive structure. It is unique because the asymmetric nature of [(Specifier)-[Head-Complement(s)]] structures is unattested in other domains of human cognition or in the cognition of other animal species. The common claim that not all languages manifest recursive structures is usually couched in terms of self-embedded sentences, a particular sub-type of the (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) geometry. The increasingly common claim that certain representations in human general cognition or in the animal kingdom are isomorphic to language’s recursive structures is the result of great simplification of the representations under comparison, which undercuts the force of the argument. Linguistic structures in the form of bundles of (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) remain quirky through and through—and universal in language.
On recursive parsing
Authors: Lobina David J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The processing of a linguistic expression, when viewed as a complex of (Specifier)-Head-Complement(s) phrases (SHCs), whilst suggestive of a recursive solution—that is, a sentence is a matrix SHC (subject-verb-object) composed of internal SHCs and the completion of the overall task is divisible into smaller but equivalent subtasks—in fact proceeds iteratively. This is here shown by manipulating the memory load of processing SHCs and measuring the reaction times of participants to extraneous tones placed at specific places within a sentence. The results show that there is a decreasing tendency in reaction times across a sentence, this pattern being explained in terms of two different types of uncertainty, a linguistic type and a more perceptual type. The results are discussed in the context of classic results with the tone-monitoring technique and future work along these lines is announced.
Probing recursion
Authors: Lobina David J. 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The experimental probing of recursion in human performance is fraught with non-trivial problems. Here, a number of case studies from the literature are analysed that contrast with the approach set out in chapter 5, and it is proposed that they give little information about the underlying mental processes at play within each of these domains. Among the questions discussed are whether experimental participants employ recursive rules in parsing artificial strings of nonsense syllables, the role of self-embedded structures in reasoning and general cognition, and the reputed connection between structural features of a visuospatial object and the corresponding recursive rules needed to represent or generate it. What a recursive process would actually look like and how one could go about probing its presence in human behaviour is then re-emphasized.
Special Relativity
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter is about Einstein’s theory of special relativity, which is constructed around the premise that there is a maximum speed of interaction, the speed of light, a notion that leads naturally to the unification of space and time into 4-dimensional Minkowski space. The chapter opens with a discussion of the need for a coordinate independent description of physics, invariant intervals and Lorentz transformations. The Michelson–Morley experiment is described. The coordinate transformations that describe rotations and boosts in 4-dimensional spacetime are derived. The relativistic dynamics of point particles is analysed and this leads to the identification of mass and energy. Maxwell’s equations of electromagnetism are rewritten in 4-vector notation and this sheds further light on the physical content of the equations. The action principle for electromagnetism is discussed and a relativistic action for point particles is presented.
Curved Space
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter develops the mathematical technology required to understand general relativity by taking the reader from the traditional flat space geometry of Euclid to the geometry of Riemann that describes general curved spaces of arbitrary dimension. The chapter begins with a comparison of Euclidean geometry and spherical geometry. The concept of the geodesic is introduced. The discovery of hyperbolic geometry is discussed. Gaussian curvature is defined. Tensors are introduced. The metric tensor is defined and simple examples are given. This leads to the use of covariant derivatives, expressed in terms of Christoffel symbols, the Riemann curvature tensor and all machinery of Riemannian geometry, with each step illustrated by simple examples. The geodesic equation and the equation of geodesic deviation are derived. The final section considers some applications of curved geometry: configuration space, mirages and fisheye lenses.
General Relativity
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter presents the physical motivation for general relativity, derives the Einstein field equation and gives concise derivations of the main results of the theory. It begins with the equivalence principle, tidal forces in Newtonian gravity and their connection to curved spacetime geometry. This leads to a derivation of the field equation. Tests of general relativity are considered: Mercury’s perihelion advance, gravitational redshift, the deflection of starlight and gravitational lenses. The exterior and interior Schwarzschild solutions are discussed. Eddington–Finkelstein coordinates are used to describe objects falling into non-rotating black holes. The Kerr metric is used to describe rotating black holes and their astrophysical consequences. Gravitational waves are described and used to explain the orbital decay of binary neutron stars. Their recent detection by LIGO and the beginning of a new era of gravitational wave astronomy is discussed. Finally, the gravitational field equations are derived from the Einstein–Hilbert action.
Nuclear Physics
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

AbstractThe chapter gives an overview of nuclear physics from the discovery of the neutron to ongoing research topics. General properties of atomic nuclei are considered: the valley of stability, the nuclear potential, the pairing of nucleons and the strong force. The semi-empirical liquid drop model is presented as a description of relatively large atomic nuclei. The nuclear shell model is described, along with its relationship to magic numbers and beta decay, and is then refined to produce the Nilsson model. Gamow tunnelling is used to explain alpha decay and the Geiger–Nuttall law. It is then applied to nuclear fission and used to calculate rates for thermonuclear fusion in stars. ITER and controlled nuclear fusion are also discussed. Production of superheavy nuclei is detailed and the existence of exotic nuclei, such as halo nuclei, is considered. The Yukawa theory of the strong force is discussed, including its relationship to QCD.
Particle Physics
Authors: Manton Nicholas , Mee Nicholas 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
This chapter offers a brief introduction to quantum field theory and an outline of modern particle physics. The fundamental particles of the Standard Model are introduced. The quantization of fields is described, first the electromagnetic, then the Klein–Gordon and Dirac fields, followed by the prediction and discovery of antimatter. The importance of the action in QFT is outlined, along with its relationship to Feynman diagrams, particle interactions and QED. The path from the strong force to quarks, gluons and QCD is presented. The weak force is discussed, along with the subsequent discoveries of the neutrino and parity violation. The unified electroweak theory is described, including the Higgs mechanism. The discoveries of the W and Z bosons and the Higgs boson are discussed. Quark mixing and the CKM matrix are explained. The experimental determination of the number of generations is discussed. Neutrino oscillation experiments and their theoretical explanation are described.
Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
A postulate of locality permeates through the special and general theories of relativity. First, Lorentz invariance is extended in a pointwise manner to actual, namely, accelerated observers in Minkowski spacetime. This hypothesis of locality is then employed crucially in Einstein’s local principle of equivalence to render observers pointwise inertial in a gravitational field. Field measurements are intrinsically nonlocal, however. To go beyond the locality postulate in Minkowski spacetime, the past history of the accelerated observer must be taken into account in accordance with the Bohr-Rosenfeld principle. The observer in general carries the memory of its past acceleration. The deep connection between inertia and gravitation suggests that gravity could be nonlocal as well and in nonlocal gravity the fading gravitational memory of past events must then be taken into account. Along this line of thought, a classical nonlocal generalization of Einstein’s theory of gravitation has recently been developed. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. A significant observational consequence of this theory is that the nonlocal aspect of gravity appears to simulate dark matter. The implications of NLG are explored in this book for gravitational lensing, gravitational radiation, the gravitational physics of the Solar System and the internal dynamics of nearby galaxies as well as clusters of galaxies. This approach is extended to nonlocal Newtonian cosmology, where the attraction of gravity fades with the expansion of the universe. Thus far only some of the consequences of NLG have been compared with observation.
Acceleration-Induced Nonlocality
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The locality postulate of the standard relativity theory is exact when dealing with phenomena involving classical point particles and rays of radiation, but breaks down for electromagnetic fields, as field properties cannot be measured instantaneously. Furthermore, Bohr and Rosenfeld pointed out in 1933 that only spacetime averages of the classical electric and magnetic fields have immediate physical significance. This assertion acquires the status of a physical principle when the intrinsic acceleration scales of observers are taken into account. To incorporate acceleration-induced nonlocality into relativity theory, a general integral relation is postulated between the field as measured by an accelerated observer and the instantaneous field measurements of the momentarily comoving inertial observers along the past world line of the observer. This nonlocal ansatz involves an acceleration kernel and leads to nonlocal special relativity once the kernel is determined.
Acceleration Kernel
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The phenomenon of spin-rotation coupling provides the key to the determination of the kernel. Imagine an observer rotating in the positive sense about the direction of propagation of an incident plane monochromatic electromagnetic wave of positive helicity. Using the locality postulate, the field as measured by the rotating observer can be determined. If the observer rotates with the same frequency as the wave, the measured radiation field loses its temporal dependence. By a mere rotation, observers could in principle stay at rest with respect to an incident positive-helicity wave. To avoid this possibility, we assume that a basic radiation field cannot stand completely still with respect to an accelerated observer. This basic principle eventually leads to the determination of the kernel and a nonlocal theory of accelerated systems that is in better agreement with quantum mechanics than the standard theory based on the hypothesis of locality.
Extension of General Relativity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
Nonlocal general relativity (GR) requires an extension of the mathematical framework of GR. Nonlocal GR is a tetrad theory such that the orthonormal tetrad frame field of a preferred set of observers carries the sixteen gravitational degrees of freedom. The spacetime metric is then defined via the orthonormality condition. The preferred frame field is used to define a new linear Weitzenböck connection in spacetime. The non-symmetric Weitzenböck connection is metric compatible, curvature-free and renders the preferred (fundamental) frame field parallel. This circumstance leads to teleparallelism. The fundamental parallel frame field defined by the Weitzenböck connection is the natural generalization of the parallel frame fields of the static inertial observers in a global inertial frame in Minkowski spacetime. The Riemannian curvature of the Levi-Civita connection and the torsion of the Weitzenböck connection are complementary aspects of the gravitational field in extended GR.
Field Equation of Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
In extended general relativity (GR), Einstein’s field equation of GR can be expressed in terms of torsion and this leads to the teleparallel equivalent of GR, namely, GR||, which turns out to be the gauge theory of the Abelian group of spacetime translations. The structure of this theory resembles Maxwell’s electrodynamics. We use this analogy and the world function to develop a nonlocal GR|| via the introduction of a causal scalar constitutive kernel. It is possible to express the nonlocal gravitational field equation as modified Einstein’s equation. In this nonlocal gravity (NLG) theory, the gravitational field is local, but satisfies a partial integro-differential field equation. The field equation of NLG can be expressed as Einstein’s field equation with an extra source that has the interpretation of the effective dark matter. It is possible that the kernel of NLG, which is largely undetermined, could be derived from a more general future theory.
Linearized Nonlocal Gravity
Authors: Mashhoon Bahram 
Published: July 2017

Abstract
The only known exact solution of the field equation of nonlocal gravity (NLG) is the trivial solution involving Minkowski spacetime that indicates the absence of a gravitational field. Therefore, this chapter is devoted to a thorough examination of NLG in the linear approximation beyond Minkowski spacetime. Moreover, the solutions of the linearized field equation of NLG are discussed in detail. We adopt the view that the kernel of the theory must be determined from observation. In the Newtonian regime of NLG, we recover the phenomenological Tohline-Kuhn approach to modified gravity. A simple generalization of the Kuhn kernel leads to a three-parameter modified Newtonian force law that is always attractive. Gravitational lensing is discussed. It is shown that nonlocal gravity (NLG), with a characteristic galactic lengthscale of order 1 kpc, simulates dark matter in the linear regime while preserving causality.
Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention for Substance Use Disorders: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis
Authors: Grant Sean , Colaiaco Benjamin , Motala Aneesa , Shanman Roberta , Booth Marika , Sorbero Melony , Hempel Susanne 
Published: July 2017

Objectives:
Substance use disorder (SUD) is a prevalent health issue with serious personal and societal consequences. This review aims to estimate the effects and safety of Mindfulness-based Relapse Prevention (MBRP) for SUDs.

Methods:
We searched electronic databases for randomized controlled trials evaluating MBRP for adult patients diagnosed with SUDs. Two reviewers independently assessed citations, extracted trial data, and assessed risks of bias. We conducted random-effects meta-analyses and assessed quality of the body of evidence (QoE) using the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation approach.

Results:
We identified 9 randomized controlled trials comprising 901 participants. We did not detect statistically significant differences between MBRP and comparators on relapse (odds ratio [OR] 0.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.46–1.13, low QoE), frequency of use (standardized mean difference [SMD] 0.02, 95% CI −0.40 to 0.44, low QoE), treatment dropout (OR 0.81, 95% CI 0.40 to 1.62, very low QoE), depressive symptoms (SMD −0.09, 95% CI −0.39 to 0.21, low QoE), anxiety symptoms (SMD −0.32, 95% CI −1.16 to 0.52, very low QoE), and mindfulness (SMD −0.28, 95% CI −0.72 to 0.16, very low QoE). We identified significant differences in favor of MBRP on withdrawal/craving symptoms (SMD −0.13, 95% CI −0.19 to −0.08, I
2 = 0%, low QoE) and negative consequences of substance use (SMD −0.23, 95% CI −0.39 to −0.07, I
2 = 0%, low QoE). We found negligible evidence of adverse events.

Conclusions:
We have limited confidence in estimates suggesting MBRP yields small effects on withdrawal/craving and negative consequences versus comparator interventions. We did not detect differences for any other outcome. Future trials should aim to minimize participant attrition to improve confidence in effect estimates.