bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Hesiod's Metanastic Poetics
Authors: Martin Richard P. 
Published: August 2016

The received wisdom about Hesiod's poetics is simple: he is no Homer. His poetry is supposedly rough, awkward, unsophisticated, repetitive, disjointed, a second-best versifier's striving after effect. Too often the rhetoric even of those who respect Hesiodic poetry damns it with faint praise. Readers of thePrinceton Encyclopedia of Poetry and Poetics—to take just one easily available reference that students might consult—learn that Hesiod's ‘didactic epics’ were meant forthe peasant of Boeotia rather than the Ionian aristocrat, being concerned with the morality and beliefs of the small farmer toughly confronting a life of ceaseless labor and few rewards. While they cannot be compared to Homer's works in scope or genius, they often display much poetic power.
Elektra: Sophokles, Von Hofmannsthal, Strauss
Authors: Ewans Michael 
Published: August 2016

The Romantics usually placed originality at a high premium, downplaying or disguising wherever possible their debts of theme and form to previous literature. But in other periods the ideal of imitation, of re-creating for the new poet's own generation the essence of a great drama from the past, has been more highly regarded; and where the Greek tragedians are the source on which the more modern playwright draws, the results are always of interest, whether they be a deliberate narrowing from the scope of the original to a precise contemporary purpose such as Anouilh'sAntigone, or a complex reshaping like Racine'sPhèdre, which places the values of Louis XIV's France in a stimulating dialogue with the tragic vision of the Greeks.In this essay on the relationship between theElektraof Richard Strauss and that of Sophokles, the idea of dialogue is central. The relationship of Hofmannsthal'sElektrato Sophokles' has been treated by only a handful of writers; only one of these (Hans-Joachim Newiger) exhibits a knowledge of Greek and a familiarity with the range of twentieth century Sophoklean scholarship; and the relationship with Sophokles discussed in these works is always that of Hofmannsthal's play, never that of Strauss's opera.
Vergil's Georgics and the Pastoral Ideal
Authors: Davis P. J. 
Published: August 2016

The concept of otium (peace) is central to Vergil's pastoral vision in the Eclogues. Not only is it a necessary condition for the well-being of the shepherd poets but also an ideal whose realisation would transform the world into a more joyous, more peaceful and less deceitful place. As well as pastoral, otium has philosophical associations for it is a key concept in the philosophy of Epicurus. It is not in the Eclogues, however, but in the Georgics that Vergil's most mature examination of otium is to be found.Having depicted in the first book the farmer's life of unrelenting toil and the horrors of Rome's civil wars, Vergil turns in the second book of the Georgics to a world in which the necessity for work is balanced by the land's natural fertility, and the martial quality of the Italian peoples by their land's potentiality for peace. Whereas in Book I the farmer is represented as a military figure, in Book II he is presented under two aspects: as the embodiment of both military and pastoral ideals. Since it is with the farmer as the expression of pastoral ideals that we are primarily concerned let us turn to the classic description of the life of otium, the conclusion of the second Georgic.
Catullus 45 and Horace Odes 3.9: The Glass House
Authors: Nielsen Rosemary M. 
Published: August 2016

Late in the fifties Munro's long-standing and influential verdict on the Acme and Septimius poem (‘the most charming picture in any language of a light and happy love’) suddenly came under fire. A flurry of scholarly reaction arose, and strangely enough, almost as quickly subsided, to support, then condemn, and finally to modify beyond recognition S. Baker's proposition that Catullus ‘never wrote about love without some irony’. A rehearsal of the various responses to Baker's assessment is especially illustrative both of the particular difficulties in this poem and, more importantly, of the misconceptions which have for years plagued interpretations of the love poetry of Horace as well as Catullus. Indeed, it is fortunate that the frequently observed relationship between Odes 3.9 and its predecessor enables us to examine comprehensively what is symptomatic of general critical approaches to both poets.Baker's doubt of the idyllic proportions of the love portrait presented in Carmen 45 is certainly not unfounded. However, his arguments in favor of an overriding ironic tension result, if correctly understood, from his conviction that, since elsewhere Catullus cannot ‘speak of love directly and simply for many lines running’, the lovers' bliss is therefore immediately suspect. The poems used in corroboration of this view are nearly all drawn from the so-called Lesbia cycle (2, 5, 7, 51, together with the two epithalamia, 61-62). While in a very restricted sense Catullus' ofttimes exaggerated declaration of passionate love for Lesbia may seem a unifying feature of these pieces, it is incorrect to assume that any single modulation of the love experience is an automatic cipher for all others.
Prometheus Bound
Authors: Ewans Michael 
Published: August 2016

In this paper I shall outline a possible new interpretation of Aeschylus' Prometheus Bound. I find that despite universal agreement that this drama has immediate and deep relevance to our lives, there is no available reading which comes closely to grips with the rich, specific details of the play as well as its broad outline. Prometheus Bound is neither a symbolist drama nor an allegory, since the Olympian gods and their predecessors were immediate, shared reality for the Greeks of the early fifth century. So we should begin by asking what Aeschylus meant by his choice of scene and subject, and in particular what issues would have been evoked for the Athenian audience by the confrontation between Prometheus and Zeus.The manuscripts place before this drama an excerpt from the History of Poetry attributed to Dionysius the younger. Singling out Aeschylus' Prometheus plays for special praise, the author comments that ‘the dramas are filled with the most senior of the gods, and all the masks, both on the stage and in the orchêstra, are divine’.
Obscenity in Catullus
Authors: Lateiner Donald 
Published: August 2016

For the artist, obscenity is an aesthetic, not a legal, problem. I wish to analyze the uses to which Catullus puts obscenity and comment on the nature of obscenity in poetry. Catullus comments on his obscene subject matter in three poems. These furnish a starting point for an anatomy of the obscenity of Catullus. Poem 50 describes an afternoon of light verse composition (versiculi) with a friend. ‘We played around a lot, each toying in verse’ (lusimus, ludebat) suggests competition, also banter and ridicule (cf.Cic.de Orat.1.12.50).Leporin speech is wit more than charm or pleasantness (Cic.Brut.38. 143; also,iocumandfacetiae). No doubt, then as today, a fine insult or obscenity was more immediately appreciated than a magnificent simile or compliment. No mention is made of versifying obscenity in 50, but we learn of Catullus' attitude towards writing light, and probably passionate, poetry. It is fun (lusimus), it is metrically exciting (numero modo hoc modo illoc, ‘now in this metre, now in that’), it is competitive (tuo lepore/incensus, ‘aroused by your charm’), it encourages audacity (audax), and it can leave one physically aroused.In poem 104, Catullus claims to have been unable to insult (maledicere) his love. To ensure that no one might think him unable to write nasty, obscene poems, the fourth line insults the unknown addressee:Sed tu cum Tappone omnia monstra facis(‘But you perform every monstrosity with Bozo’).
Introduction
Authors: Boyle A. J. 
Published: August 2016

The Poet deuised the Eglogue long after the other dramatick poems, not of purpose to counterfait or represent the rusticall manner of loues and communication, but vnder the vaile of homely persons and in rude speeches to insinuate and glaunce at greater matters, and such as perchance had not bene safe to haue beene disclosed in any other sort, which may be perceiued by the Eglogues of Virgill, in which are treated by figure matters of greater importance than the loues of Titirus and Corydon. These Eglogues came after to containe and enforme morall discipline, for the amendment of mans behauiour, as be those of Mantuan and other moderne Poets.George Puttenham, The Arte of English Poesie (1589)The modern attitude to ancient pastoral — that is to say, the attitude of the contemporary reader of ancient poetry, in which I naturally include the contemporary teacher of ancient poetry — is in need of reformation. Misformed by the preciosity of eighteenth century bucolic and the reductive strictures of Johnsonian rationalism, misshaped by the nineteenth century's post-Romantic aversion to ‘imitation” and ‘artifice” (the aberrations of Conington and Page — ‘The Eclogues idealise reality and render it artificial” — are still in evidence) and by its limited conceptions — ‘misconceptions” would be more accurate — of ‘originality’, ‘spontaneity’, ‘sincerity’, ‘reality” and ‘truth’, misfashioned by the hierarchical imperatives of the theory of literary kinds, the prevalent contemporary attitude (there are distinguished exceptions) to ancient pastoral poetry is distancing, trivialising, condescending and cosy — ‘cosy” because unaffected by the spiritual life of the poems themselves, their intellectual, moral and aesthetic stringency, determination, significance.
Myth and Mediation in the Attis Poem of Catullus
Authors: Rubino Carl A. 
Published: August 2016

Il y a plus affairs à interpréter les interprétations qu'à interpréter les choses.MontaigneThe ninety-three line galliambic narrative of the story of Attis and his encounter with Cybele occupies an important position in theoeuvreof Catullus, yet it has received relatively little attention from Catullan scholars and critics. One reason for this inattention may be traced to the fact that Poem 63, one of thecarmina maiora, seems to contain little or no biographical information; thus it has been passed over by critics and scholars of the biographical persuasion and by those who tend in that direction, in favor of the shorter poems which are more closely connected to Catullus' personal life and experience. The old but tenacious belief in the ‘spontaneous Catullus’ has also served to divert attention from thecarmina maioraas a group, since these poems are such obvious products of adoctus poetawriting in the neoteric and Alexandrian fashion. Critics like Elder and Quinn have done well to demonstrate that the so-called ‘spontaneous’ poems are often full of the same carefully calculated artistic effects and subtledoctrinawhich characterize the long poems, and such efforts have led to renewed consideration of thecarmina maiora, especially of Poem 64. Moreover, the demonstration of stylistic connections between the long poems and the rest of the Catullanoeuvrehas provided the impetus for Ross's recent study, which argues that there are closer links between thecarmina maioraand the polymetrics than between the polymetrics and the epigrams which make up the last part of theliber Catulli. Despite all this, however, I would maintain that serious critical discussion of Poem 63 still lags behind some of the work being done on other poems of Catullus, that consideration of the Attis is still hampered by its distance from the poet's ‘experience’ or by misguided and forced attempts to make it somehow connect with that experience.
Catullus 11: The Ironies of Integrity
Authors: Putnam Michael C. J. 
Published: August 2016

Furi et Aureli, comites Catulli,sive in extremos penetrabit Indos,litus ut longe resonante Eoa tunditur unda,sive in Hyrcanos Arabasve molles,seu Sagas sagittiferosve Parthos,sive quae septemgeminus colorat aequora Nilus,sive trans altas gradietur Alpes,Caesaris visens monimenta magni,Gallicum Rhenum horribile aequor ultimosque Britannos,omnia haec, quaecumque feret voluntascaelitum, temptare simul parati,pauca nuntiate meae puellae non bona dicta.cum suis vivat valeatque moechis,quos simul complexa tenet trecentos,nullum amans vere, sed identidem omnium ilia rumpens;nee meum respectet, ut ante, amorem,qui illius culpa cecidit velut pratiultimi flos, praetereunte postquam tactus aratro est.(Furius and Aurelius, companions of Catullus, whether he will make his way into the farthest Indi, where the shore is beaten by the far-resounding eastern wave, or into the Hyrcani or the soft Arabians, whether to the Sagae or arrow-bearing Parthians, whether into the waters which sevenfold Nile dyes, whether he will cross over the lofty Alps, viewing the memorials of mighty Caesar, the Gallic Rhine, bristling water and remotest Britons — all these things, prepared to test together whatever the will of the gods shall bring: announce a few words to my girl, words not pleasant. Let her live and flourish with her adulterers, whom three hundred at once she holds in her embrace, loving no one of them truly, but again and again breaking the strength of all. And let her not look for my love, as before, which by her fault has fallen like a flower of the remotest meadow after it has been touched by a passing plough.)
Vergil's de Rerum Natura
Authors: Nethercut William R. 
Published: August 2016

The first lines of Vergil's Georgics make clear the literary debt:
Vos, o clarissima mundilumina, labentem caelo quae ducitis annum;Liber et alma Ceres … (G.1.5-7)(You, brightest lights of the firmament, who lead the year as it glides its course through the heavens, Bacchus and nurturing Ceres …)The reader recalls immediately Lucretius' invocation to Venus:
Aeneadum genetrix hominum divumque voluptasalma Venus caeli subter labentia signa …(De Return Natura 1.1-2)(Mother of Aeneas' sons, delight of gods and of men, nurturing Venus, who, beneath the gliding standards of the heavens …)Parallels of subject are obvious. Lucretius' famous pessimism about the earth's ability to renew herself, at the conclusion of his second book, is behind Vergil's insistence, in Georgics I, that the farmer prepare all his resources to bolster a faltering soil; the famous picture of rustic celebration and the pleasures of soft grass and jovial interchange with which Georgics II ends is an elaboration of Lucretius' spring-time, when men stretch at leisure on greening grass inter se prostrati (‘relaxing with each other’); the hideous account of Athens' plague in Lucretius, Book VI, is matched by Vergil's description of Noricum at the end of his third book.
Classical Literature: The Critical Task Ramus Ten Years
Authors: Boyle A. J. 
Published: August 2016

We shall not cease from explorationAnd the end of all our exploringWill be to arrive where we startedAnd to know the place for the first time.T. S. Eliot, Little Gidding (1942)It has been a busy decade. Approximately a hundred essays on Greek and Roman literature, from Homer to Nonnus, from Plautus to Claudian, a monograph on Euripides, thematic issues on Ancient Pastoral and Virgil's Georgics, work informed by a vigorous — and one hopes invigorating — sense of the humane value of classical literature and its analysis, but exhibiting in discussion of the ancient texts themselves considerable diversity of approach, emphasis, method. It would be obvious to the most casual reader that Ramus has eschewed the sterile path of the construction of its own methodological orthodoxy. The formal parameters for inclusion have been far more demanding — and important — than methodological consonance: substantiality of subject-matter and treatment; stringency, relevancy and coherence of argumentation; centrality and concentration of critical focus; significant and significantly original illumination of text; soundness of philological and historical scholarship; judiciousness of critical eye. The issue of critical focus, that is to say, of discrimination, merits emphasis. It is a truism to say that relegation of the peripheral to the peripheral, of the ancillary to the ancillary, are necessary conditions for the elucidation of any literary work. But it is a truism often ignored.
The Polis in Homer: A Definition and Interpretation
Authors: Scully Stephen 
Published: August 2016

The position of thepolisin theIliadand theOdysseyis equivocal. Because there is a great span in time between the formal subject material of the poems (ca. 1250 BC) and the time of their composition (ca. 750-700 BC, by convention), the poems present a hybrid world picture with varying and occasionally contradictory systems of social organization. As much as the poems are part of a long epic and formulaic tradition which looks back to an ancestral Mycenaean past, they also have been adapted to the conditions of Homer's lifetime. In political organization, theIliadand theOdysseylook back through the small tribal groupings and warrior aristocracy of the Dark Ages, to a highly centralized and bureaucratic society governed by divinely ordained kings; but they also look forward to that form of social organization which Homer saw emerging about him — thepolis. With this wide disparity in socio-political orientation apparent in the poems, one scholar can say, ‘For Homer and his audience thepolisis regarded as the typical form of human community’, whereas another can argue that the significance of thepolisis masked and superseded by that of theoikos(the means of social unification preeminent in the Dark Ages). And even if the polis were agreed to be the typical form of human habitation, it is nevertheless argued that the focus in the poems upon the individualistic warrior aristocracy prevents thepolisfrom playing a significant dramatic role in the poems as a higher coercive power: ‘die Stadt habe für die fuhrende Schicht nur an der Peripherie des Daseins gestanden.’ More extensively the same critic writes (p. 164):Der adlige Herr mag häufig in seinem Kreis besondere Formen des Lebens pflegen, an denen die übrige Menge keinen Teil hat, für ihn mag eine, nur ihm bemässe, ritterliche Ethik geben, der er sich verpflichtet fühlt, aberer kann sich im grund nicht von dem Boden der Stadt lösen, die seine Heimat ist.
Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus: Interstate Spread of Nosocomial Infections with Emergence of Gentamicin-Methicillin Resistant Strains
Authors: Saroglou George , Cromer Margaret , Bisno Alan L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractA methicillin-resistant strain of Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA, phage type 84/85) was introduced into City of Memphis Hospital by a burn patient who had recently been treated for MRSA bacteremia in another institution 500 miles distant. Despite prompt recognition of the problem and institution of isolation procedures, six other patients developed secondary colonization during the ensuing six months, and five of these experienced clinically significant infections with MRSA. Three of the patients originally infected with MRSA, as well as two additional patients, subsequently developed colonization with staphylococcal strains of phage type 84/85 that were resistant to both methicillin and gentamicin (MRGRSA). Spread of the staphylococcal strains was most likely accomplished primarily via passive transfer from person to person. The hydrotherapy unit, which became contaminated with both MRSA and MRGRSA, may have played a secondary role. As illustrated by this outbreak, patients carrying potentially dangerous bacterial strains should be identified and informed of the problems posed by such carriage. It may be imprudent to admit such patients to hospitals that are free of the potential pathogen.The outbreak described here exemplifies a number of potential problems associated with control of nosocomial staphylococcal infections: (a) interhospital spread of methicillin-resistant strains; (b) secondary patient-to-patient intrahospital spread; and (c) emergence of even more resistant strains, possibly associated with selective pressures exerted by widespread use of broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents.
Surveillance for Nosocomial Infections: Can the Sources of Data Be Reduced?
Authors: Gross Peter A. , Beaugard Amy , Antwerpen Carole Van 
Published: August 2016

AbstractWith the goal of achieving economy in infection control surveillance we tested the relative efficiency of the various surveillance sources for detecting nosocomial infections (NIs). We reviewed the initial and final surveillance sources of 415 NIs at Hackensack Hospital during an 11-month period; cultures were taken on most of the patients with NIs. Positive microbiology cultures were the initial sources in 64.8% of NIs and secondary sources in 23.6%. Chart review of patients with positive cultures added another 2.9%. Therefore, 91.3% of NIs could have been detected by positive culture reports. The remainder were discoverable by notification from nurses, or by studying admission cards or temperature rounds. Although the NIs missed by lack of a positive culture report often were significant infections, these alternate methods of surveillance did not help to detect any clusters of infections that could be traced to a particular source among the staff or the environment.
Nosocomial Klebsiella Infection in a Neonatal Unit: Identification of Risk Factors for Gastrointestinal Colonization
Authors: Mayhall C. Glen , Lamb V. Archer , Bitar Cynthia M. , Miller Kathy B. , Furse Elisabeth Y. , Kirkpatrick Barry V. , Markowitz Sheldon M. , Veazey James M. , Macrina Francis L. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractSequential outbreaks of infection due to gentamicin-resistantKlebsiella pneumoniae(GRKP) types 30 and 19 occurred in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU) at the Medical College of Virginia in 1977 and 1978. The extensive epidemiologic investigation carried out included a case-control study, careful review of aseptic technique, and cultures from nursery staff and environment. The gastrointestinal (GI) tracts of the patients were the reservoirs for GRKP, and the epidemic strain was transmitted by hands of personnel. The case-control study showed a significant relationship between acquisition of GRKP by patients and oropharyngeal and GI instrumentation, including use of bag resuscitation, oropharyngeal suctioning, and use of nasogastric feeding tubes. The findings of the case-control study were supported by observation of the patient care techniques practiced by NICU staff. Institution of control measures based on results of the epidemiologic investigation of the first outbreak rapidly brought the second outbreak under control, even though cohorting or use of routine isolation was not possible. Whereas GI colonization and hand transmission have been described previously in outbreaks ofK. pneumoniaeinfections in NICUs, this study is the first to document the mode of inoculation of patients' GI tracts by contaminated hands of personnel.
Hospital-Acquired Myiasis
Authors: Jacobson Jay A. , Kolts Robert L. , Conti Marlyn , Burke John P. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractIn three years we encountered two patients with hospital-acquired myiasis, a rarely reported nosocomial problem. Both patients were elderly and had lengthy thoracic surgery in August in the same operating room. Larvae removed from the nares of one patient and from the chest incision of the other were of the same species, Phaenicia serricata. There was no evidence of tissue destruction or invasion in either case. Investigation revealed several factors that contributed to the presence of flies in the operating room. After a presumed environmental access site was closed and insecticide spraying was augmented, no additional cases occurred. This experience illustrates an unusual problem that may confront those responsible for infection control programs.