bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Influence of Cocoa Hybrids on Volatile Compounds of Fermented Beans, Microbial Diversity during Fermentation and Sensory Characteristics and Acceptance of Chocolates
Authors: Magalhães da Veiga Moreira Igor , Gabriela da Cruz Pedrozo Miguel Maria , Lacerda Ramos Cíntia , Ferreira Duarte Whasley , Efraim Priscilla , Freitas Schwan Rosane 
Published: December 2016

AbstractMicrobial diversity, final concentration of volatiles compounds during fermentation and the characterization and acceptability of chocolates of three cocoa hybrids (PH 9, PH 15 and PH 16) were evaluated. Hanseniaspora uvarum, Pichia kluyveri, Pichia caribbica and Saccharomyces cerevisiae were the predominant yeasts in the three fermentations. Lactobacillus plantarum, Acetobacter pasteurianus, Bacillus cereus and Lysinibacillus fusiformis were the common bacterial species isolated from the fermentations. The PH 9 hybrid showed highest diversity of lactic acid bacteria and acetic acid bacteria. Twenty‐seven volatile compounds were identified during the cocoa fermentation of all hybrids. Chocolate from PH 9 hybrid had most desirable flavors and obtained the most ideal score in acceptance test. Chocolate from PH 15 hybrid was considered the most bitter, acidic and astringent. Chocolates produced by different cocoa hybrids showed differences in sensory attributes and acceptance. Therefore, special management is required for the different hybrid fermentations to obtain high‐quality chocolate.Practical ApplicationsAs a solution to the recovery of the cocoa crop in Brazil, many hybrids resistant to the disease called “witches’ broom” were developed, but the impact of these crosses on cocoa quality, consequently in chocolate is not known. The producers’ cooperatives and farmers of cocoa have no technical or scientific information about the behavior of cocoa hybrids during spontaneous fermentation process, which, oftentimes give rise to an uncontrolled fermentation of cocoa hybrids mixture. The results of this paper could be used among the producers’ cooperatives and cocoa farmers for guidance about the influence of genetic improvement on the quality of cocoa fermented beans and chocolates, particularly among the three hybrids evaluated in this study.
A systematic investigation of the charging effect in scanning electron microscopy for metal nanostructures on insulating substrates
Authors: FLATABØ R. , COSTE A. , GREVE M.M. 
Published: December 2016

SummaryScanning electron microscopy is perhaps the most important method for investigating and characterizing nanostructures. A well‐known challenge in scanning electron microscopy is the investigation of insulating materials. As insulating materials do not provide a path to ground they accumulate charge, evident as image drift and image distortions. In previous work, we have seen that sample charging in arrays of metal nanoparticles on glass substrates leads to a shrinkage effect, resulting in a measurement error in the nanoparticle dimension of up to 15% at 10 kV and a probe current of 80 ± 10 pA. In order to investigate this effect in detail, we have fabricated metal nanostructures on insulating borosilicate glass using electron beam lithography. Electron beam lithography allows us to tailor the design of our metal nanostructures and the area coverage. The measurements are carried out using two commonly available secondary electron detectors in scanning electron microscopes, namely, an InLens‐ and an Everhart–Thornley detector. We identify and discriminate several contributions to the effect by varying microscope settings, including the size of the aperture, the beam current, the working distance and the acceleration voltage. We image metal nanostructures of various sizes and geometries, investigating the influence of scan‐direction of the electron beam and secondary electron detector used for imaging. The relative measurement error, which we measure as high as 20% for some settings, is found to depend on the acceleration voltage and the type of secondary electron detector used for imaging. In particular, the Everhart–Thornley detectors lower sensitivity to SE1 electrons increase the magnitude of the shrinkage of up to 10% relative to the InLens measurements. Finally, a method for estimating charge balance in insulating samples is presented.
Pasireotide prevents nuclear factor of activated T cells nuclear translocation and acts as a protective agent in aminoglycoside‐induced auditory hair cell loss
Authors: Bodmer Daniel , Perkovic Adrijana , Sekulic‐Jablanovic Marijana , Wright Matthew B. , Petkovic Vesna 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHearing impairment is a global health problem with a high socioeconomic impact. Damage to auditory hair cells (HCs) in the inner ear as a result of aging, disease, trauma, or toxicity, underlies the majority of cases of sensorineural hearing loss. Previously we demonstrated that the Ca2+‐sensitive neuropeptide, somatostatin (SST), and an analog, octreotide, protect HCs from gentamicin‐induced cell death in vitro. Aminoglycosides such as gentamicin trigger a calcium ion influx (Ca2+) that activates pro‐apoptotic signaling cascades in HCs. SST binding to the G‐protein‐coupled receptors (SSTR1‐SSTR5) that are directly linked to voltage‐dependent Ca2+ channels inhibits Ca2+ channel activity and associated downstream events. Here, we report that the SST analog pasireotide, a high affinity ligand to SSTRs 1–3, and 5, with a longer half‐life than octreotide, prevents gentamicin‐induced HC death in the mouse organ of Corti (OC). Explant experiments using OCs derived from SSTR1 and SSTR1and 2 knockout mice, revealed that SSTR2 mediates pasireotide's anti‐apoptotic effects. Mechanistically, pasireotide prevented a nuclear translocation of the Ca2+‐sensitive transcription factor, nuclear factor of activated T cells (NFAT), which is ordinarily provoked by gentamicin in OC explants. Direct inhibition of NFAT with 11R‐VIVIT also prevented the gentamicin‐dependent nuclear translocation of NFAT and apoptosis. Both pasireotide and 11R‐VIVIT partially reversed the effects of gentamicin on the expression of downstream survival targets (NMDA receptor and the regulatory subunit of phosphatidylinositol‐4,5‐bisphosphate 3‐kinase, PI3K). These data suggest that SST analogs antagonize aminoglycoside‐induced cell death in an NFAT‐dependent fashion. SST analogs and NFAT inhibitors may therefore offer new therapeutic possibilities for the treatment of hearing loss.
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Impact of Clinical Presentation on Early Vascular Healing After Bioresorbable Vascular Scaffold Implantation
Authors: Baquet Moritz , Brenner Christoph , Wenzler Maximilian , Eickhoff Madeleine , David Jochheim , Brunner Stefan , Theiss Hans , Massberg Steffen , Guagliumi Giulio , Mehilli Julinda 
Published: November 2016

BackgroundOptimal strut coverage and early vascular healing are important factors to reduce the risk of stent thrombosis. Data on early vascular healing with the new bioresorbable vascular scaffolds (BVS) are lacking. Further, healing response after BVS implantation in different clinical presentation has not been fully investigated.Methods and ResultsWe assessed with optical coherence tomography (OCT) the early vascular response to BVS implantation in 26 consecutive patients presenting with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) or stable angina (SA). Images from 16 BVSs (17,166 struts) in ACS patients and 17 BVSs (23,045 struts) in SA patients were analyzed. The mean implanted BVS diameter and length was 3.1 ± 0.4 mm and 20.4 ± 5.8 mm. At mean 47.6 ± 6.3 days, overall 99% of BVS struts were covered. There were no differences between ACS and SA on the amount of tissue coverage per strut (0.09 ± 0.02 mm vs. 0.09 ± 0.01 mm; P = 0.86, respectively) and lumen area stenosis (24.2 ± 19.3% vs. 22.3 ± 22.0%; P = 0.78, respectively). However, a numerically higher proportion of protruding (ACS 1.2 ± 2.7%; SA 4.2 ± 6.5%; P = 0.11) and malapposed (ACS 0.4 ± 0.5%; SA 2.4 ± 5.8%; P = 0.18) struts were observed in SA compared to ACS, with trendy better healing score in ACS (1.87 ± 1.67 vs. 5.28 ± 7.28, P = 0.08).ConclusionEarly after BVS implantation almost complete scaffold strut coverage without any thrombi was observed by OCT, independent by the clinical presentation at index coronary intervention. However, BVS in ACS lesions were associated with easier strut penetration and a trendy better healing score compared with SA.
Hemorrhagic, Hemostatic, and Thromboelastometric Disorders in 35 Dogs with a Clinical Diagnosis of Leptospirosis: A Prospective Study
Authors: Barthélemy A. , Magnin M. , Pouzot‐Nevoret C. , Bonnet‐Garin J.‐M. , Hugonnard M. , Goy‐Thollot I. 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundLeptospirosis in dogs is occasionally associated with a hemorrhagic syndrome, the pathophysiology of which is not fully understood.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo characterize hematologic, hemostatic, and thromboelastometric abnormalities in dogs with leptospirosis and to study their association with hemorrhagic diatheses and outcomes.AnimalsThirty‐five client‐owned dogs.MethodsA prospective observational single cohort study was conducted. Results from theCBC, coagulation tests (prothrombin, activated partial thromboplastin and thrombin times, fibrinogen, fibrin(ogen) degradation products, and D‐dimer concentrations), rotational thromboelastometry (TEM), signalment, hemorrhagic diatheses, occurrence of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) at admission, and survival to discharge were recorded.ResultsThe most common hematologic and hemostatic abnormalities were anemia (30/35), thrombocytopenia (21/35), and hyperfibrinogenemia (15/35). Eight dogs were diagnosed withDIC. A normalTEMprofile was found in 14 dogs, a hypercoagulable profile in 14 dogs, and a hypocoagulable profile in 7 dogs. The 8 dogs with hemorrhagic diatheses at admission had significantly decreased platelet counts (P= .037) and increased D‐dimer concentrations (P= .015) compared with other dogs. Dogs with a hypocoagulable profile exhibited more hemorrhagic diatheses compared with the dogs that had normal and hypercoagulable profiles (P= .049). The mortality rate was lower in dogs with a hypercoagulable profile than in those with a hypocoagulable profile (21% vs 57%;P= .043). Disseminated intravascular coagulation was not a significant prognostic factor.Conclusions and Clinical ImportanceThromboelastometric parameters were altered in dogs with both hypercoagulable and hypocoagulable profiles. A hypocoagulable profile was significantly correlated with hemorrhagic diathesis and higher mortality rate.
Feeding behaviors during home‐based treatment of moderate acute malnutrition using corn‐soy blends or lipid‐based nutrient supplements
Authors: Iuel‐Brockdorf Ann‐Sophie , Ouedraogo Albertine , Ritz Christian , Draebel Tania Aase , Ashorn Per , Filteau Suzanne , Michaelsen Kim F. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractFeeding behaviors have an important impact on children's nutritional status and are essential to consider when implementing nutrition programs. The objective of this study was to explore and compare feeding behaviors related to supplementary feeding with corn‐soy blends (CSB) and lipid‐based nutrient supplements (LNS) based on best practice feeding behaviors. The study was conducted as part of a randomized controlled trial assessing the effectiveness of new formulations of CSB and LNS and comprised 1,546 children from 6 to 23 months. The study included a mixed methods approach using questionnaires, focus group discussions and home visits and interviews with a subsample of 20 caretakers of trial participants.We found that LNS, compared to CSB, were more likely to be mixed into other foods (OR [95% CI] 1.7 [1.3–2.2], p = <.001), served with a meal (OR [95% CI] 1.6 [1.1–2.3], p = <.018)or between meals (OR [95% CI] 1.5 [1.1–1.9], p = <.005), and fed using an encouraging feeding style (mean difference in percentage points [95% CI] 23% [6%:40%], p = .01). CSB were more likely to be fed using a forced feeding style (mean difference in percentage points [95% CI] 18% [3%:33%], p = .02) and were often observed to be served unprepared.The main differences in feeding behaviors between the two diet groups were linked to how and when supplements were served. Educational instructions should therefore be adapted according to the supplement provided; when providing CSB, efforts should be made to promote an encouraging feeding style, and emphasis should be made to ensure preparations are made according to recommendations.
Anorectal manometry: Should it be performed in a seated position?
Authors: Wu G.‐j. , Xu F. , Lin L. , Pasricha P. J. , Chen J. D. Z. 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundAnorectal manometry (ARM) is typically preformed in a lateral position. This non‐physiological testing position has produced an unexpected negative rectoanal pressure gradient (RAPG, i.e. difference between rectal and anal pressure) with normal defecation. This study was designed (i) to study differences in ARM parameters between water‐perfused and solid‐state sensors and between lateral and seated positions and (ii) to investigate the roles of ARM parameters in predicting balloon expulsion.MethodsARM was performed in 18 healthy volunteers (HV) and 60 patients with functional constipation (FC) under three randomized conditions: water‐perfused in lateral position, solid‐state in lateral position, and solid‐state in seated position, followed by a balloon expulsion test in seated position.Key Resultsi) Under the same lateral position, solid‐state sensors produced higher rectal resting pressure and RAPG than water‐perfused sensors. ii) Using the solid‐state sensors, ARM in the seated position revealed higher resting rectal pressure (34.9 vs 10.9 mmHg in HV, 30.9 vs 10.6 mmHg in FC, both P<.001) and higher RAPG (22.6 vs −6.2 mmHg in HV, 17.1 vs −8.1 mmHg in FC, both P<.001) than the lateral position. iii) When ARM was performed using solid‐state sensors in seated position, RAPG was predictive of balloon expulsion; using 10 mmHg as a threshold, RAPG could predict balloon expulsion with specificity of 82% and sensitivity 77%.Conclusions and InferenceARM performed in a seated position using solid‐state sensors seems more accurate in assessing rectal pressure, and the RAPG measured under these conditions is predictive of balloon expulsion in FC patients.
Use of Heart Rate Variability and Photoplethysmograph‐Derived Parameters as Assessment Signals of Radiofrequency Therapy Efficacy for Chronic Pain
Authors: Ye Jing‐Jhao , Chuang Chiung‐Cheng , Tai Yu‐Ting , Lee Kuan‐Ting , Hung Kuo‐Sheng 
Published: December 2016

AbstractBackgroundRadiofrequency therapy (RFT) generates molecular motion and produces heat and electromagnetic effects on tissues, which attenuate pain sensation and thereby relieve pain. This study was to observe the altering trend of physiological parameters after RFT for chronic cervical or lumbar pain.MethodsThis study recruited 66 patients with chronic cervical or lumbar pain and recorded their physiological parameters before and after RFT using heart rate variability (HRV) and photoplethysmography (PPG) to explore the feasibility of RFT efficacy assessment.ResultsThe patients' visual analog scale scores significantly decreased after RFT and the HRV parameters that represented parasympathetic activity significantly changed (HR decreased, and R‐R interval and low‐ and high‐frequency power increased significantly). Meanwhile, the PPG parameters that represented sympathetic activity also increased (PPG amplitude and autonomic nervous system state significantly decreased).ConclusionsThis study showed significant efficacy of RFT in patients with chronic cervical or lumbar pain. The changes of HRV and PPG parameters may explain part of the mechanisms of RFT.
The Philosopher's Baedeker: Wittgenstein's Tractatus as Guidebook
Authors: MacNeil Kevin 
Published: December 2016

AbstractThe Wittgenstein of the Tractatus is committed to four central and interlocking claims: a limit to sense and nonsense can be drawn in logic; a limit to meaningful and meaningless language – to meaningful and meaningless nonsense – cannot be drawn in logic; whether nonsense is meaningful is shown in its use rather than its form; the Tractatus consists largely of meaningful nonsense. Undergirding these commitments is an account of language‐to‐world picturing in which shared “mathematical multiplicities” play a key role. Picturing as a global phenomenon – language‐to‐world, rather than proposition‐to‐fact – has not been well understood. The Tractatus is not a textbook. No doctrines are developed in it. No problems solved. Instead, it is a kind of Baedeker, a guidebook for those who want “to see the world aright.”
Motivational factors associated with physical activity and quality of life in people with severe mental illness
Authors: Farholm Anders , Sørensen Marit , Halvari Hallgeir 
Published: December 2016

BackgroundThere has been increasing interest for investigating the role of motivation in physical activity among people with severe mental illness (SMI). Autonomous motivation has been suggested to have a potentially important role in adoption and maintenance of physical activity. However, the knowledge about factors that facilitate autonomous motivation among people with SMI is scarce.AimThe aim of this study was to examine factors associated with motivation for physical activity as well as the relationships between motivation, physical activity and health‐related quality of life in individuals with SMI that were currently physically active.MethodsA cross‐sectional design was used, and 88 participants were recruited from a public health network promoting physical activity for people with SMI. They answered a questionnaire package consisting of scales measuring psychological need support – psychological need satisfaction – and motivation for physical activity, physical activity and health‐related quality of life.ResultsThe majority of participants reported to be in regular physical activity. Associations between variables were tested according to the self‐determination theory process model. Structural equation modelling yielded good fit of the process model to the data. Specifically, a need‐supportive environment was positively associated with psychological need satisfaction, while psychological need satisfaction was positively associated with autonomous motivation and mental health‐related quality of life, and negatively associated with controlled motivation and amotivation. Physical activity was positively associated with autonomous motivation and physical health‐related quality of life, and negatively associated with amotivation.ConclusionThis study indicates that individuals with SMI can be regularly physically active when provided with suitable opportunities. Furthermore, the present results suggest that it is vital for health‐care practitioners to emphasise creating a need‐supportive environment when organising physical activity because such an environment is associated with both increased autonomous motivation for physical activity and mental health‐related quality of life.
Functional magnetic resonance imaging for in vivo quantification of pulmonary hypertension in the Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse
Authors: Breen Ellen C. , Scadeng Miriam , Lai N. Chin , Murray Fiona , Bigby Timothy D. 
Published: November 2016

New Findings
What is the central question of this study?
Non‐invasive, quantitative methods to assess right cardiac function in mice with pulmonary hypertension have not been demonstrated.

What is the main finding and its importance?
This study shows the potential of magnetic resonance imaging to estimate right ventricular ejection fraction and measure spatial, dynamic changes in cardiac structure in the Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse model of pulmonary hypertension.

Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by elevated pulmonary artery pressures and right heart failure. Mouse models of PAH are instrumental in understanding the disease pathophysiology. However, few methods are available to evaluate right cardiac function in small animals. In this study, magnetic resonance imaging was used to measure in vivo cardiac dimensions in the Sugen 5416/hypoxia mouse model. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) was induced in C57BL/6 mice by 3 weeks of exposure to 10% oxygen and vascular endothelial growth factor receptor inhibition (20 mg kg−1 SU5416). Control mice were housed in room air and received vehicle (DMSO). Right ventricular pressures were recorded with a pressure‐conductance transducer. Short‐axis contiguous 1‐mm‐thick slices were acquired through the heart and great vessels using a fast low‐angle shot (FLASH)‐cine sequence. Thirteen images were collected throughout each cardiac cycle. Right ventricular systolic pressure was elevated in PH mice (23.6 ± 6 versus 41.0 ± 11 mmHg, control versus PH, respectively; P < 0.001, n = 5–11). Right ventricular wall thickness was greater in PH than in control mice at end diastole (0.30 ± 0.05 versus 0.48 ± 0.06 mm, control versus PH, respectively; P < 0.01, n = 6), but measurements were not different at end systole (control versus PH, 0.59 ± 0.11 versus 0.70 ± 0.11 mm, respectively). Right ventricular ejection fraction was decreased in PH mice (72 ± 3 versus 58 ± 5%, control versus PH, respectively; P < 0.04, n = 6). These data demonstrate that magnetic resonance imaging is a precise method to monitor right ventricular remodelling and cardiac output longitudinally in mouse models of PH.
Adipose tissue inflammation by intermittent hypoxia: mechanistic link between obstructive sleep apnoea and metabolic dysfunction
Authors: Ryan Silke 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObstructive sleep apnoea (OSA) is a highly prevalent condition and recognized as a major public health burden conveying a significant risk of cardiometabolic diseases and mortality. Type 2 diabetes (T2D), insulin resistance (IR) and glucose tolerance are common in subjects with OSA and this association is at least in part independent of the effects of obesity. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) is the treatment of choice for the majority of patients with OSA but the benefit of CPAP on glycaemic health is uncertain. Thus, a greater understanding of the mechanisms by which OSA leads to metabolic dysfunction might identify novel therapeutic approaches. Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark feature of OSA, likely plays a key role in the pathogenesis and experimental studies using animal and in vitro models suggest that IH leads to pancreatic β‐cell dysfunction and to insulin resistance in the insulin target organs liver, skeletal muscle and adipose tissue. In particular, IH induces a pro‐inflammatory phenotype of the visceral adipose tissue with polarization of adipose tissue macrophages towards a M1–pro‐inflammatory subtype, upregulation and secretion of numerous pro‐inflammatory adipokines and subsequent impairment of the insulin‐signalling pathway, changes which bear a striking similarity to adipose tissue dysfunction seen in obesity. In this review, the available evidence linking IH with metabolic dysfunction is explored with a special emphasis on the adipose tissue in this process.
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