bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The DUX4 homeodomains mediate inhibition of myogenesis and are functionally exchangeable with the Pax7 homeodomain
Authors: Bosnakovski Darko , Toso Erik A. , Hartweck Lynn M. , Magli Alessandro , Lee Heather A. , Thompson Eliza R. , Dandapat Abhijit , Perlingeiro Rita C. R. , Kyba Michael 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is caused by inappropriate expression of the double homeodomain protein DUX4. DUX4 has bimodal effects, inhibiting myogenic differentiation and blocking MyoD at low levels of expression, and killing myoblasts at high levels. Pax3 and Pax7, which contain related homeodomains, antagonize the cell death phenotype of DUX4 in C2C12 cells, suggesting some type of competitive interaction. Here, we show that the effects of DUX4 on differentiation and MyoD expression require the homeodomains but do not require the C-terminal activation domain of DUX4. We tested the set of equally related homeodomain proteins (Pax6, Pitx2c, OTX1, Rax, Hesx1, MIXL1 and Tbx1) and found that only Pax3 and Pax7 display phenotypic competition. Domain analysis on Pax3 revealed that the Pax3 homeodomain is necessary for phenotypic competition, but is not sufficient, as competition also requires the paired and transcriptional activation domains of Pax3. Remarkably, substitution mutants in which DUX4 homeodomains are replaced by Pax7 homeodomains retain the ability to inhibit differentiation and to induce cytotoxicity.
EFA6 regulates selective polarised transport and axon regeneration from the axon initial segment
Authors: Eva Richard , Koseki Hiroaki , Kanamarlapudi Venkateswarlu , Fawcett James W. 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACT
Central nervous system (CNS) axons lose their intrinsic ability to regenerate upon maturity, whereas peripheral nervous system (PNS) axons do not. A key difference between these neuronal types is their ability to transport integrins into axons. Integrins can mediate PNS regeneration, but are excluded from adult CNS axons along with their Rab11 carriers. We reasoned that exclusion of the contents of Rab11 vesicles including integrins might contribute to the intrinsic inability of CNS neurons to regenerate, and investigated this by performing laser axotomy. We identify a novel regulator of selective axon transport and regeneration, the ARF6 guanine-nucleotide-exchange factor (GEF) EFA6 (also known as PSD). EFA6 exerts its effects from a location within the axon initial segment (AIS). EFA6 does not localise at the AIS in dorsal root ganglion (DRG) axons, and in these neurons, ARF6 activation is counteracted by an ARF GTPase-activating protein (GAP), which is absent from the CNS, ACAP1. Depleting EFA6 from cortical neurons permits endosomal integrin transport and enhances regeneration, whereas overexpressing EFA6 prevents DRG regeneration. Our results demonstrate that ARF6 is an intrinsic regulator of regenerative capacity, implicating EFA6 as a focal molecule linking the AIS, signalling and transport.
This article has an associated First Person interview with the first author of the paper.
Fragger: a protein fragment picker for structural queries
Authors: Berenger Francois , Simoncini David , Voet Arnout , Shrestha Rojan , Zhang Kam Y.J. 
Published: September 2017

Protein modeling and design activities often require querying the Protein Data Bank (PDB) with a structural fragment, possibly containing gaps. For some applications, it is preferable to work on a specific subset of the PDB or with unpublished structures. These requirements, along with specific user needs, motivated the creation of a new software to manage and query 3D protein fragments. Fragger is a protein fragment picker that allows protein fragment databases to be created and queried. All fragment lengths are supported and any set of PDB files can be used to create a database. Fragger can efficiently search a fragment database with a query fragment and a distance threshold. Matching fragments are ranked by distance to the query. The query fragment can have structural gaps and the allowed amino acid sequences matching a query can be constrained via a regular expression of one-letter amino acid codes. Fragger also incorporates a tool to compute the backbone RMSD of one versus many fragments in high throughput. Fragger should be useful for protein design, loop grafting and related structural bioinformatics tasks.
New evidence of mating swarms of the malaria vector, Anopheles arabiensis in Tanzania
Authors: Kaindoa Emmanuel W. , Ngowo Halfan S. , Limwagu Alex , Mkandawile Gustav , Kihonda Japhet , Masalu John Paliga , Bwanary Hamis , Diabate Abdoulaye , Okumu Fredros O. 
Published: September 2017

Background: Malaria mosquitoes form mating swarms around sunset, often at the same locations for months or years. Unfortunately, studies of Anopheles swarms are rare in East Africa, the last recorded field observations in Tanzania having been in 1983. Methods: Mosquito swarms were surveyed by trained volunteers between August-2016 and June-2017 in Ulanga district, Tanzania. Identified Anopheles swarms were sampled using sweep nets, and collected mosquitoes killed by refrigeration then identified by sex and taxa. Sub-samples were further identified by PCR, and spermatheca of females examined for mating status. Mosquito ages were estimated by observing female ovarian tracheoles and rotation of male genitalia. GPS locations, types of swarm markers, start/end times of swarming, heights above ground, mosquito counts/swarm, and copulation events were recorded. Results: A total of 216 Anopheles swarms were identified, characterized and mapped, from which 7,142 Anopheles gambiae s.l and 13 Anopheles funestus were sampled. The An. gambiae s.l were 99.6% males and 0.4% females, while the An. funestus were all males. Of all An. gambiae s.l analyzed by PCR, 86.7% were An. arabiensis, while 13.3% returned non-amplified DNA. Mean height (±SD) of swarms was 2.74±0.64m, and median duration was 20 (IQR; 15-25) minutes. Confirmed swarm markers included rice fields (25.5%), burned grounds (17.2%), banana trees (13%), brick piles (8.8%), garbage heaps (7.9%) and ant-hills (7.4%). Visual estimates of swarm sizes by the volunteers was strongly correlated to actual sizes by sweep nets (R=0.94; P=<0.001). All females examined were nulliparous and 95.6% [N=6787] of males had rotated genitalia, indicating sexual maturity. Conclusions: This is the first report of Anopheles swarms in Tanzania in more than three decades. The study demonstrates that the swarms can be identified and characterized by trained community-based volunteers, and highlights potential new interventions, for example targeted aerosol spraying of the swarms to improve malaria control.
Considering ‘Impermanent Durations: On Painting and Time’
Authors: Thomas David 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
This article is an annotated response to the group discussions that occurred during the installation and exhibition of ‘Impermanent Durations: On Painting and Time’, held at LASALLE’s Institute of Contemporary Arts (ICA) Singapore in June 2016. The text includes an edited transcript of a panel discussion at the ICA Singapore, chaired by Guo-Liang Tan. This is supplemented by issues raised during the floor talk, chaired by Claire Watson at the second iteration of the project, which was exhibited at the Bundoora Homestead Art Centre, Melbourne (BHAC) in August 2016.
The Ethical and Legal Case Against Autonomy in Weapons Systems
Authors: Amoroso Daniele , Tamburrini Guglielmo 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
In order to be counted as autonomous, a weapons system must perform the critical functions of target selection and engagement without any intervention by human operators. Human rights organizations, as well as a growing number of States, have been arguing for banning weapons systems satisfying this condition – that are usually referred to as autonomous weapons system (AWS) in this account – and for maintaining meaningful human control (MHC) over any weapons systems. This twofold goal has been pursued by leveraging on ethical and legal arguments, which spell out a variety of deontological or consequentialist reasons. Roughly speaking, deontological arguments support the conclusion that by deploying AWS one is likely or even bound to violate moral and legal obligations of special sorts of agents (military commanders and operators) or moral and legal rights of special sorts of patients (AWS potential victims). Consequentialist arguments substantiate the conclusion that prohibiting AWS is expected to protect peace and security, thereby enhancing collective human welfare, more effectively than the incompatible choice of permitting their use. Contrary to a widespread view, this paper argues that deontological and consequentialist reasons can be coherently combined so as to provide mutually reinforcing ethical and legal reasons for banning AWS. To this end, a confluence model is set forth that enables one to solve potential conflicts between these two approaches by prioritizing deontological arguments over consequentialist ones. Finally, it is maintained that the proposed confluence model significantly bears on the issue of what it is to exercise genuine MHC on existing and future AWS. Indeed, full autonomy is allowed by the confluence model in the case of some anti-materiel defensive AWS; it is to be curbed instead in the case of both lethal AWS and future AWS which may seriously jeopardize peace and stability.
Zur Funktionalität des Ausdrucks also in der deutschen Wissenschaftssprache
Authors: Hinzmann Friederike 
Published: September 2017

Zusammenfassung
In dem vorliegenden Beitrag geht es um die Funktionalität des zunächst unauffälligen Ausdrucks also in der deutschen Wissenschaftssprache. Die Analyse authentischen Datenmaterials, bestehend aus Transkriptausschnitten aus einer Lehrveranstaltung einer deutschen Hochschule und zwei wissenschaftlichen Artikeln, zeigt jedoch deutlich, dass also der Bearbeitung von spezifischen Wissenskomplexen dient. Die Analyse des Seminardiskurses hat zum einen ergeben, dass die Funktionalität von also darin besteht, zuvor vermitteltes Wissen zu refokussieren und sodann auf spezifische Weise zu bearbeiten. Aus der Analyse geht zum anderen hervor, dass also in wissenschaftlichen Artikeln besonders an Nahtstellen verwendet wird, an denen neues Wissen gegenüber bekanntem versucht wird durchzusetzen. Es handelt sich folglich um eine durch den Ausdruck ausgelöste wissenschaftstypische Bearbeitung von propositionalen Gehalten, die sowohl in wissenschaftlichen Diskursen (Lehrveranstaltungen) als auch Texten (wissenschaftlichen Artikeln) nachgewiesen werden konnte. Im Schlussteil wird hervorgehoben, dass die aus den Analysen gewonnenen Erkenntnisse damit unmittelbar einschlägig für die Didaktik des Deutschen als fremde Wissenschaftssprache sind. Hierbei sollten sich didaktische Überlegungen sowohl auf die diskursive sowie textuelle Rezeption als auch Produktion beziehen.
Leseförderung durch integriertes Lesen und Schreiben am Beispiel der Deutschlehrerausbildung in der Türkei
Authors: Heppınar Gülay , Uzuntaş Aysel 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungDie Lesekompetenz stellt eine grundlegende Voraussetzung sowohl für den Erfolg im Studium als auch für den Erfolg im zukünftigen Lehrerberuf der Studierenden der fremdsprachlichen Deutschlehreraubildung in der Türkei dar und sollte gezielt gefördert werden. Ziel dieses Aufsatzes ist es, ein Unterrichtskonzept zur Förderung der Lesekompetenz im Fachbereich Deutsch als Fremdsprache in der Türkei (Deutschlehrerausbildung) vorzustellen und die Auswirkungen des eingesetzten Instrumentariums auf die Entwicklung der Lesekompetenz empirisch darzustellen. Zu diesem Zweck wurde eine Interventionsstudie durchgeführt, die in Form eines Förder-Kontroll-Vergleichs angelegt ist. Zur Erfassung der Leseleistung wurden in der Förder- und Kontrollgruppe Lesetests (Vortest-Endtest) aus der Deutschen Sprachprüfung für den Hochschulzugang (DSH) eingesetzt. Aus den Ergebnissen geht hervor, dass sich die Lesekompetenz der Studierenden der Fördergruppe durch das Unterrichtskonzept „Leseförderung durch integriertes Lesen und Schreiben“ im Vergleich zu den Studierenden der Kontrollgruppe signifikant verbessert hat.
Examining the Feasibility of a Short Intervention for Improving Exercise Imagery Ability
Authors: Weibull Fredrik , Cumming Jennifer , Cooley Sam J. , Williams Sarah E. , Burns Victoria E. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
The primary aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of combining layered stimulus response training (LSRT) with one week of imagery rehearsal on exercise imagery ability. Further aims were to investigate pre- to post-intervention changes in exercise related feeling states and interest/enjoyment, and determine if imagery ability at post-intervention was associated with these variables. Forty-five women aged 19 to 50 years (M = 30.53; SD = 10.08) performed LSRT and were randomly assigned to either rehearsal or no rehearsal conditions of an imagery script describing a brisk walk. Both groups significantly improved their ability to image different types of exercise imagery from pre- to post-intervention, but the rehearsal group improved their imagery accuracy significantly more than the control group. Both groups significantly improved on interest/enjoyment, physical exhaustion and positive engagement, but not revitalization or tranquility. For the rehearsal group, post-intervention exercise imagery ability correlated significantly and positively with post-intervention interest/enjoyment, positive engagement, and tranquility. Results indicate that it is feasible to improve exercise imagery ability through a brief imagery intervention and that this increase was associated with better affective responses to exercise.
Financing of Low-Rent Housing REITs in China
Authors: Liu Xiaoxin , Wu Di , Li Xiuting , Dong Jichang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTaking the special features of the Chinese real estate market and financial market into account, this paper explores the application of real estate investment trusts (REITs) in low-rent housing and introduces an agent-based simulation model for low-rent housing REITs in the issuing and trading markets. Overcoming the difficulty of lacking relevant REITs models and data in China, We find that how the rental income and government subsidy, market fixed interest rate, dividend proportion of low-rent housing REITs and market surplus fund influence the financing of low-rent housing REITs.
Transformation of Characteristic Function in Dynamic Games
Authors: Gao Hongwei , Petrosyan Leon , Qiao Han , Sedakov Artem , Xu Genjiu 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe problem of transformation of characteristic function, using a transformation matrix and connected with associated consistency of a solution concept, was investigated for the class of so-called “one-shot” games. The same problem also arises in dynamic games when players move step by step along the cooperative trajectory. In this case the evolution of characteristic function is, in general, unpredictable and may lead to time-inconsistency of a fixed cooperative solution concept. There are different approaches to overcome this problem based on transformation of characteristic function. In this paper, the step-wise transformation is used, which is a generalization of similar transformation of characteristic function for dynamic games with perfect information, and it leads to the time-consistent solution. The general form of such transformation is proposed.
Abrupt Changes of Global Oil Price
Authors: Chai Jian , Wang Shubin , Xiao Hao 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAiming to shed light on the predominant variations or events that lead to the abrupt change of oil price that affect the Chinese macro economy growth, this paper performs product partition model to identify and analyze world historic abrupt change of oil price and related variations as well as the identification of the structural change point of crude oil market equilibrium structure during the investigation stage using a MSBVAR model. We found out that abrupt change of oil price occurred time and again from 1991 to 2011. Yet the change of equilibrium structure of oil market emerged only once.
The Empirical Research on Macro Decision-Making Factors of Implementing Countervailing Policy
Authors: Qiao Xiaoyong 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAt present, with the rapid development of foreign trade, trade friction of China has transformed from the microcosmic aspects of enterprise to the macroscopical aspects of government. Countervailing policy as a trade policy has a profound effect on many aspects. Based on constructing Binary Choice Model of the influencing factors of macro decision-making, this paper tries to carry out an empirical study on the influencing factors of macro decision-making form foreign countries against China with the data of the 38 countervailing files initiated by the United States, Canada, Australia, South Africa and India from 2004 to 2009. This paper makes contributions to provide reference to China’s macro decision-making sectors.
An Architectural Approach for Capability Mapping and Gap Analysis
Authors: Yang Kewei , Ge Bingfeng , Zhao Qingsong , Jiang Jiang 
Published: September 2017

AbstractTo cope with the increasing complexity and constantly changing capability requirements of system-of-systems, an architectural approach for capability mapping and gap analysis is proposed. Firstly, a more specific architecture framework is presented. Secondly, on the basis of the analysis of the semantic relationships between constituent architecture data elements, a capability mapping approach is proposed to manage the relations between capabilities and systems based on the mapping matrixes representing associations of core entities. Then, a four-step capability mapping process for the mapping from capabilities to systems is suggested. Moreover, the capability gap analysis on how to identify and fill the capability gaps is also studied. Finally, an example of specific Net-Centric Warfare mission of Precision Engagement is used to illustrate the feasibility of the approach.
From lapis lazuli to ultramarine blue: investigating Cennino Cennini’s recipe using sulfur K-edge XANES
Authors: Ganio Monica , Pouyet Emeline S. , Webb Samuel M. , Schmidt Patterson Catherine M. , Walton Marc S. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
As one of the most desired and expensive artists’ materials throughout history, there has long been interest in studying natural lapis lazuli. The traditional method of extracting the blue component, lazurite, from lapis lazuli, as outlined in Cennini’s Il Libro dell’Arte, involves a lengthy purification process: (1) finely grind the rock; (2) mix with pine rosin, gum mastic, and beeswax; (3) massage in water to collect the lazurite. Repeating the process produces several grades of the pigment, typically referred to as ultramarine blue. Here, we investigate the sulfur environment within the aluminosilicate framework of lazurite during its extraction from lapis lazuli. The sulfur XANES fingerprint from samples taken at the different stages in Cennini’s extraction method were examined. All spectra contain a strong absorption peak at 2483 eV, attributable to sulfate present in the lazurite structure. However, intensity variations appear in the broad envelope of peaks between 2470 and 2475 eV and the pre-peak at 2469.1 eV, indicating a variation in the content of trisulfur (S3
−˙) radicals. By studying the effect of each step of Cennini’s process, this study elucidates the changes occurring during the extraction and the variability within different grades of the precious coloring material. The increasing application of XANES to the study of artist’s materials and works of art motivated extending the research to assess the possibility of X-ray induced damage. Direct comparison of micro-focused and unfocused beam experiments suggests an increase of the S3
−˙ radicals with prolonged exposure. Analysis indicates that induced damage follows first-order kinetics, providing a first assessment on the acceptable amount of radiation exposure to define the optimal acquisition parameters to allow safe analyses of lapis lazuli and ultramarine pigments.
Artemin promotes oncogenicity, metastasis and drug resistance in cancer cells
Authors: Hezam Kamal , Jiang Jiahao , Sun Fumou , Zhang Xinrong , Zhang Juan 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Artemin (ARTN) is a member of glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) family of ligands, and its signaling is mediated via a multi-component receptor complex including the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored GDNF family receptors a (GFRa1, GFRa3) and RET receptor tyrosine kinase. The major mechanism of ARTN action is via binding to a non-signaling co-receptor. The major function of ARTN is to drive the molecule to induce migration and axonal projection from sympathetic neurons. It also promotes the survival, proliferation and neurite outgrowth of sympathetic neurons in vitro. ARTN triggers oncogenicity and metastasis by the activation of the AKT signaling pathway. Recent studies have reported that the expression of ARTN in hepatocellular carcinoma is associated with increased tumor size, quick relapse and shorter survival. Furthermore, ARTN promotes drug resistance such as antiestrogens, doxorubicin, fulvestrant, paclitaxel, tamoxifen and trastuzumab. Moreover, ARTN also stimulates the radio-therapeutic resistance. This review highlights the proposed roles of ARTN in cancer cells and discusses recent results supporting its emerging role as an oncogenic, metastatic and drug-resisting agent with a special focus on how these new insights may facilitate rational development of ARTN for targeted therapies in the future.
Polar questions, social actions and epistemic stance
Authors: Hennoste Tiit , Rääbis Andriela , Laanesoo Kirsi 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis article describes the relationships between epistemic stance, social actions and form variants of polar questions in Estonian institutional information-seeking dialogues and compares the results with ordinary conversation in English, Dutch, and Danish. Estonian and English use a polarized system where the unknowing stance is formulated by particles and/or inversion, and knowing stance by declaratives and sentence-final markers. Dutch and Danish use an asymmetrical system where unknowing stance uses an inversion and knowing stance uses frequently all question formats. Information-seeking dialogues contain a large number of questions used to establish resources necessary to implement the second-pair-part of the adjacency pair in the interaction.
Diverse bioactive compounds from Sarcophtyton glaucom: structure elucidation and cytotoxic activity studies
Authors: Shaaban Mohamed , El-Hagrassi Ali M. , Abdelghani Mohamed A. , Osman Abeer F. 
Published: September 2017

Abstract
Chemical investigation of the Red Sea soft coral Sarcophyton glaucom collected at the coasts of Hurghada, Egypt, led to the isolation of one new naturally occurring 4-oxo-1,1′-pentanoic acid anhydride (1), along with four diterpenes; sarcophinone (2a), 8-epi-sarcophinone (2b), (+)-7α,8β-dihydroxydeepoxysarcophine (3), sinumaximol G (4), (+)-sarcophine (5), sesquiterpene; prostantherol (6), sterol; 3β,24S-ergost-5-en-ol (7) and hexadecanoic acid. The structures of the obtained compounds were established using diverse spectroscopic techniques including 1D and 2D NMR and HRMS. Biologically, in vitro cytotoxic activities of diterpenes 2–5 and prostantherol (6) were studied against the liver cancer HEPG2 cell line in comparison with the soft coral extract and doxorubicin as reference (IC50: 4.28 μg/mL). Compounds 2–6 exhibited potent–moderate cytotoxicity of IC50 between 9.97 μg/mL [for sinumaximol G (4)] and 17.84 μg/mL [for (+)-7α,8β-dihydroxydeepoxysarcophine (3)], whereas that for soft coral extract was determined at 24.71 μg/mL.