bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Modeling the ocean and atmosphere during an extreme bora event in northern Adriatic using one-way and two-way atmosphere–ocean coupling
Authors: Ličer M. , Smerkol P. , Fettich A. , Ravdas M. , Papapostolou A. , Mantziafou A. , Strajnar B. , Cedilnik J. , Jeromel M. , Jerman J. , Petan S. , Malačič V. , Sofianos S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract. We have studied the performances of (a) a two-way coupled atmosphere–ocean modeling system and (b) one-way coupled ocean model (forced by the atmosphere model), as compared to the available in situ measurements during and after a strong Adriatic bora wind event in February 2012, which led to extreme air–sea interactions. The simulations span the period between January and March 2012. The models used were ALADIN (Aire Limitée Adaptation dynamique Développement InterNational) (4.4 km resolution) on the atmosphere side and an Adriatic setup of Princeton ocean model (POM) (1°∕30 × 1°∕30 angular resolution) on the ocean side. The atmosphere–ocean coupling was implemented using the OASIS3-MCT model coupling toolkit. Two-way coupling ocean feedback to the atmosphere is limited to sea surface temperature. We have compared modeled atmosphere–ocean fluxes and sea temperatures from both setups to platform and CTD (conductivity, temperature, and depth) measurements from three locations in the northern Adriatic. We present objective verification of 2 m atmosphere temperature forecasts using mean bias and standard deviation of errors scores from 23 meteorological stations in the eastern part of Italy. We show that turbulent fluxes from both setups differ up to 20 % during the bora but not significantly before and after the event. When compared to observations, two-way coupling ocean temperatures exhibit a 4 times lower root mean square error (RMSE) than those from one-way coupled system. Two-way coupling improves sensible heat fluxes at all stations but does not improve latent heat loss. The spatial average of the two-way coupled atmosphere component is up to 0.3 °C colder than the one-way coupled setup, which is an improvement for prognostic lead times up to 20 h. Daily spatial average of the standard deviation of air temperature errors shows 0.15 °C improvement in the case of coupled system compared to the uncoupled. Coupled and uncoupled circulations in the northern Adriatic are predominantly wind-driven and show no significant mesoscale differences.
Trail impact monitoring in Rocky Mountain National Park, USA
Authors: Svajda J. , Korony S. , Brighton I. , Esser S. , Ciapala S. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract. This paper examines impacts of increased visitation leading to human trampling of vegetation and soil along several trails in Rocky Mountain National Park (RMNP) to understand how abiotic factors and level of use can influence trail conditions. RMNP is one of the most visited national parks in the USA, with 3.3 million visitors in 2012 across 1075 km2 and 571 km of hiking trails. 95 % of the park is designated wilderness, making the balance between preservation and visitor use challenging. This research involves the application of trail condition assessments to 56 km of trails to determine prevailing factors and what, if any, connection between them exist. The study looked at a variety of inventory and impact indicators and standards to determine their importance and to develop a baseline condition of trails. The data can be used for future comparison and evaluation of development trends. We found that trail widening (mean trail width 88.9 cm) and soil loss (cross-sectional area 172.7 cm2) are the most visible effects of trail degradation. Further statistical analyses of data identified the role and influence of various factors (e.g., use level and topography). Insights into the influence of these factors can lead to the selection of appropriate management measures to avoid or minimize negative consequences from increased visitation.
Tree species and functional traits but not species richness affect interrill erosion processes in young subtropical forests
Authors: Seitz S. , Goebes P. , Song Z. , Bruelheide H. , Härdtle W. , Kühn P. , Li Y. , Scholten T. 
Published: January 2016

Abstract. Soil erosion is seriously threatening ecosystem functioning in many parts of the world. In this context, it is assumed that tree species richness and functional diversity of tree communities can play a critical role in improving ecosystem services such as erosion control. An experiment with 170 micro-scale run-off plots was conducted to investigate the influence of tree species and tree species richness as well as functional traits on interrill erosion in a young forest ecosystem. An interrill erosion rate of 47.5 Mg ha−1 a−1 was calculated. This study provided evidence that different tree species affect interrill erosion differently, while tree species richness did not affect interrill erosion in young forest stands. Thus, different tree morphologies have to be considered, when assessing soil erosion under forest. High crown cover and leaf area index reduced interrill erosion in initial forest ecosystems, whereas rising tree height increased it. Even if a leaf litter cover was not present, the remaining soil surface cover by stones and biological soil crusts was the most important driver for soil erosion control. Furthermore, soil organic matter had a decreasing influence on interrill erosion. Long-term monitoring of soil erosion under closing tree canopies is necessary, and a wide range of functional tree traits should be considered in future research.
Experimental observation of spin-to-charge current conversion at non-magnetic metal/Bi2O3 interfaces
Authors: Karube Shutaro , Kondou Kouta , Otani YoshiChika 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Here, we demonstrate interfacial spin-to-charge current conversion by means of spin pumping from a ferromagnetic permalloy (Py: Ni80Fe20) to a Cu/Bi2O3 interface. A clear peak owing to the spin-to-charge current conversion was observed in the voltage spectrum of a Py/Cu/Bi2O3 trilayer film, whereas no peak was observed in Py/Cu and Py/Bi2O3 bilayer films. We also found that the conversion coefficient strongly depended on the Cu thickness, reflecting the thickness-dependent momentum relaxation time for the Cu layer.
Room-temperature hard coating of ultrananocrystalline diamond/nonhydrogenated amorphous carbon composite films on tungsten carbide by coaxial arc plasma deposition
Authors: Naragino Hiroshi , Egiza Mohamed , Tominaga Aki , Murasawa Koki , Gonda Hidenobu , Sakurai Masatoshi , Yoshitake Tsuyoshi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Ultrananocrystalline diamond (UNCD)/nonhydrogenated amorphous carbon (a-C) composite films were deposited on unheated WC containing Co by coaxial arc plasma deposition. The hardness of the film is 51.3 GPa, which is comparable with the highest values of hard a-C films deposited on nonbiased substrates. The deposited film is approximately 3 µm thick, which is one order larger than that of hard a-C films. The internal compressive stress is 4.5 GPa, which is evidently smaller than that of comparably hard a-C films. The existence of a large number of grain boundaries in the UNCD/a-C film might play a role in the release of the internal stress.
Development of a compact compression test stage for synchrotron radiation micro-Laue diffraction measurements of long-period stacking-ordered phases in Mg–Zn–Y alloys
Authors: Kimura Shigeru , Kajiwara Kentaro , Shimura Takayoshi 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
We have developed a compact compression test stage for synchrotron radiation (SR) micro-Laue diffraction (MLD) measurements to investigate the deformation behavior of Mg–Zn–Y alloys with long-period stacking-ordered (LPSO) structures. The stage can compress a small sample with a size of 0.3 × 0.3 × 1.0 mm3. The loading can be changed from 0 to 100 N. Using this compression test stage, MLD experiments were performed on a directionally solidified Mg85Zn6Y9 alloy polycrystal with a single 18R-type LPSO phase. We succeeded in revealing the change in the grain boundaries with increasing compression loading.
Submesoscale streamers exchange water on the north wall of the Gulf Stream
Authors: Klymak Jody M. , Shearman R. Kipp , Gula Jonathan , Lee Craig M. , D'Asaro Eric A. , Thomas Leif N. , Harcourt Ramsey R. , Shcherbina Andrey Y. , Sundermeyer Miles A. , Molemaker Jeroen , McWilliams James C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe Gulf Stream is a major conduit of warm surface water from the tropics to the subpolar North Atlantic. Here we observe and simulate a submesoscale (<20 km) mechanism by which the Gulf Stream exchanges water with subpolar water to the north. Along isopycnals, the front has a sharp compensated temperature‐salinity contrast, with distinct mixed water between the two water masses 2 and 4 km wide. This mixed water does not increase downstream despite substantial energy available for mixing. A series of streamers detrain this water at the crest of meanders. Subpolar water replaces the mixed water and resharpens the front. The water mass exchange accounts for a northward flux of salt of 0.5–2.5 psu m2 s−1, (large‐scale diffusivity O (100 m2 s−1)). This is similar to bulk‐scale flux estimates of 1.2 psu m2 s−1 and supplies fresher water to the Gulf Stream required for the production of 18° subtropical mode water.
Ice‐melt rates during volcanic eruptions within water‐drained, low‐pressure subglacial cavities
Authors: Woodcock D. C. , Lane S. J. , Gilbert J. S. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSubglacial volcanism generates proximal and distal hazards including large‐scale flooding and increased levels of explosivity. Direct observation of subglacial volcanic processes is infeasible; therefore, we model heat transfer mechanisms during subglacial eruptions under conditions where cavities have become depressurized by connection to the atmosphere. We consider basaltic eruptions in a water‐drained, low‐pressure subglacial cavity, including the case when an eruption jet develops. Such drained cavities may develop on sloping terrain, where ice may be relatively shallow and where gravity drainage of meltwater will be promoted. We quantify, for the first time, the heat fluxes to the ice cavity surface that result from steam condensation during free convection at atmospheric pressure and from direct and indirect radiative heat transfer from an eruption jet. Our calculations indicate that the direct radiative heat flux from a lava fountain (a “dry” end‐member eruption jet) to ice is c. 25 kW m−2 and is a minor component. The dominant heat transfer mechanism involves free convection of steam within the cavity; we estimate the resulting condensation heat flux to be c. 250 kW m−2. Absorption of radiation from a lava fountain by steam enhances convection, but the increase in condensing heat flux is modest at c. 25 kW m−2. Overall, heat fluxes to the ice cavity surface are likely to be no greater than c. 300 kW m−2. These are comparable with heat fluxes obtained by single phase convection of water in a subglacial cavity but much less than those obtained by two‐phase convection.
Combining GOSAT XCO2 observations over land and ocean to improve regional CO2 flux estimates
Authors: Deng Feng , Jones Dylan B. A. , O'Dell Christopher W. , Nassar Ray , Parazoo Nicholas C. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractWe used the GEOS‐Chem data assimilation system to examine the impact of combining Greenhouse Gases Observing Satellite (GOSAT) XCO2 data over land and ocean on regional CO2 flux estimates for 2010–2012. We found that compared to assimilating only land data, combining land and ocean data produced an a posteriori CO2 distribution that is in better agreement with independent data and fluxes that are in closer agreement with existing top‐down and bottom‐up estimates. Adding XCO2 data over oceans changed the tropical land regions from a source of 0.64 Pg C/yr to a sink of −0.60 Pg C/yr and produced a corresponding reduction in the estimated sink in northern and southern land regions by 0.49 Pg C/yr and 0.80 Pg C/yr, respectively. This highlights the importance of improved observational coverage in the tropics to better quantify the latitudinal distribution of the terrestrial fluxes. Based only on land XCO2 data, we estimated a strong source in northern tropical South America, which experienced wet conditions in 2010–2012. In contrast, with the land and ocean data, we estimated a sink for this wet region in the north, and a source for the seasonally dry regions in the south and east, which is consistent with our understanding of the impact of moisture availability on the carbon balance of the region. Our results suggest that using satellite data with a more zonally balanced observational coverage could help mitigate discrepancies in CO2 flux estimates; further improvement could be expected with the greater observational coverage provided by the Orbiting Carbon Observatory‐2.
Evidence for nonuniform permafrost degradation after fire in boreal landscapes
Authors: Minsley Burke J. , Pastick Neal J. , Wylie Bruce K. , Brown Dana R. N. , Andy Kass M. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractFire can be a significant driver of permafrost change in boreal landscapes, altering the availability of soil carbon and nutrients that have important implications for future climate and ecological succession. However, not all landscapes are equally susceptible to fire‐induced change. As fire frequency is expected to increase in the high latitudes, methods to understand the vulnerability and resilience of different landscapes to permafrost degradation are needed. We present a combination of multiscale remote sensing, geophysical, and field observations that reveal details of both near‐surface (<1 m) and deeper (>1 m) impacts of fire on permafrost. Along 11 transects that span burned‐unburned boundaries in different landscape settings within interior Alaska, subsurface electrical resistivity and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicate locations where permafrost appears to be resilient to disturbance from fire, areas where warm permafrost conditions exist that may be most vulnerable to future change, and also areas where permafrost has thawed. High‐resolution geophysical data corroborate remote sensing interpretations of near‐surface permafrost and also add new high‐fidelity details of spatial heterogeneity that extend from the shallow subsurface to depths of about 10 m. Results show that postfire impacts on permafrost can be variable and depend on multiple factors such as fire severity, soil texture, soil moisture, and time since fire.
3‐Iodo‐2‐propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) [MAK Value Documentations, 2011]
Authors: Laube B. , Bartsch R. , Grebenstein R. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated 3‐iodo‐2‐propynyl butylcarbamate (IPBC) to establish a maximum concentration at the workplace (MAK value), considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail.IPBC is irritating to the eyes and respiratory tract and has a skin sensitizing potential. New data have substantiated the previous designation with “Sh”.In a 5‐day aerosol inhalation study in rats, hyperplasia, squamous metaplasia and necrosis of the underlying cartilage of the larynx were observed at 1 mg/m3and above. These effects were observed to an increased extent in the 13‐week study, in which the NOAEC was 0.23 mg/m3and the LOAEC 0.3 mg/m3. Since the laryngeal irritation is the most sensitive endpoint, a MAK value of 0.1 mg/m3(0.01 ml/m3) is established. IPBC has been attributed Peak Limitation Category I for local effects with an excursion factor of 2, since there was no direct sensory irritation but rather a tissue alteration and the NOAEC of the 5‐day study was 3 times the MAK value.In rats IPBC caused no tumours in an oral 2‐year carcinogenicity study. Increased number of liver adenomas in male mice might have been caused by liver enzyme induction. Available studies in vitro and in vivo provided no evidence of a specific genotoxic effect. Therefore IPBC is not classified as carcinogen or germ cell mutagen.In rats and mice, there was a sufficiently high difference between the oral NOAEL for developmental toxicity scaled to a concentration at the work place and the MAK value. Therefore IPBC is classified in Pregnancy Risk Group C.Skin contact will not significantly contribute to the systemic toxicity of 3‐iodo‐2‐propynyl butylcarbamate.
Mercury and inorganic mercury compounds [MAK Value Documentations, 2011]
Authors: Meischner V. , Schriever-Schwemmer G. , Reuter U. , Greim H. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2016

The German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of mercury and inorganic mercury compounds of 0.1 mg Hg/m3, considering all toxicological endpoints. For mercury and inorganic mercury compounds biological monitoring (biological tolerance or BAT value) is indicated to correlate exposure and inner burden. Based on the reduction of the BAT value to 25 µg mercury/g creatinine in 2007, the MAK value is reduced to 0.02 mg/m3(calculated as mercury). Due to the systemic effects and the long half‐life, classification in Peak Limitation Category II with excursion factor 8 is retained.Mercury and inorganic mercury compounds remain classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans as epidemiological studies show no conclusive carcinogenicity of mercury. However, in male rats at high doses squamous cell papillomas develop in the forestomach, and in male mice renal tubular adenomas and carcinomas increase. The mode of action and the relevance of these findings to humans is still unknown.Inorganic mercury compounds are clastogenic in vitro, and the clastogenic effect could be confirmed in one animal study starting at 2 mg/kg body weight, which is at least 500 times above the MAK value of 0.02 mg/m3. Therefore mercury and inorganic mercury compounds are not classified in a category for Germ Cell Mutagens.Data in humans are inconsistent and data in animals are insufficient to obtain a reliable statement as to whether the MAK value of 0.02 mg/m3protects from prenatal toxicity. Thus, mercury and inorganic mercury compounds are classified in Pregnancy Risk Group D.Skin contact may contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and mercury and inorganic mercury compounds are designated with an “H” notation.Sensitization and contact allergic reactions to mercury or inorganic mercury compounds in humans have been confirmed in other publications. Data on respiratory sensitization are not available. Mercury and its inorganic compounds continue to be designated with “Sh”, but not with “Sa”.
Methacrylsäure [MAK Value Documentation in German language, 2016]
Authors: Wiench K. , Bartsch R. , Leibold E. , Jahnke G. , Hartwig A. ,   MAK Commission
Published: January 2016

MAK Value Documentation for Methacrylic acidThe German Commission for the Investigation of Health Hazards of Chemical Compounds in the Work Area has re‐evaluated the maximum concentration at the work place (MAK value) of methacrylic acid of 5 ml/m3, considering all toxicity endpoints. Available unpublished study reports and publications are described in detail. The critical effects of methacrylic acid are goblet cell hyperplasia/hypertrophy in the respiratory epithelia and reduced body weight gain in rats, which is probably a secondary effect of the irritation at 350 ml/m3in a 90‐day study. Since 2014 the Commission uses an empirical approach to set MAK values for substances with critical effects on the upper respiratory tract or the eyes. According to this approach, the NOAEC of 100 ml/m3corresponds to a work place air concentration of 33 ml/m3. As the goblet cell hyperplasia is judged to be adaptive and its incidence is not significantly increased, the MAK value is elevated to 50 ml/m3. Since local effects are critical, the assignment to Peak Limitation Category I and the excursion factor 2 are confirmed. Studies with the read‐across methyl methacrylate which is cleaved to methacrylic acid show that damage to the embryo or foetus is unlikely when the MAK value for methacrylic acid is observed, and the assignment to Pregnancy Risk Group C is confirmed. Methacrylic acid and methyl methacrylate are not genotoxic. Carcinogenicity studies with methacrylic acid are lacking but methyl methacrylate is not carcinogenic. Skin contact does not contribute significantly to systemic toxicity and sensitization is not expected.
Reasons for Treatment Choices in Knee and Hip Osteoarthritis: A Qualitative Study
Authors: Selten Ellen M. , Vriezekolk Johanna E. , Geenen Rinie , van der Laan Willemijn H. , van der Meulen‐Dilling Roelien G. , Nijhof Marc W. , Schers Henk J. , van den Ende Cornelia H. 
Published: January 2016

ObjectiveConservative treatment modalities in osteoarthritis (OA) of the hip or knee are underused, whereas the demand for surgery is rising substantially. To improve the use of conservative treatment modalities, a more in‐depth understanding of the reasons for patients’ treatment choices is required. This study identifies the reasons for choice of treatment in patients with hip or knee OA.MethodsSemistructured in‐depth interviews with 24 OA patients were held. Stratified purposive sampling was used to enrich data variation. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and subsequently coded using a thematic approach. Two independent researchers reflected on, compared, discussed, and adjusted the coding.ResultsVarious treatment modalities were discussed by respondents: medication, exercise, physical therapy, injections, surgery, complementary, and alternative treatment. Four key themes underlying the choice for or against a treatment modality for OA were identified: 1) treatment characteristics: expectations about its effectiveness and risks, the degree to which it can be personalized to a patient's needs and wishes, and the accessibility of a treatment; 2) personal investment in terms of money and time; 3) personal circumstances: age, body weight, comorbidities, and previous experience with a treatment; and 4) support and advice from the patient's social environment and health care providers.ConclusionThe 4 identified key themes enhance the insight of health care providers into the widespread reasons influencing patients’ treatment choices for knee or hip OA. This knowledge can be used in clinical practice to aid shared decision making, which may lead to optimized treatment choices for both conservative and surgical treatment.