bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
AS-OCT as a Rescue Tool During Difficult Lenticule Extraction in SMILE
Authors: Titiyal Jeewan S. , Rathi Anubha , Kaur Manpreet , Falera Ruchita 
Published: May 2017

PURPOSE:
To report a case of lenticule adherent to the anterior cap during small incision lenticule extraction (SMILE) and its subsequent management aided by anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT).

METHODS:
Case report.

RESULTS:
A 24-year-old woman presented with high myopia of −8.00 −0.50 @ 180° in the right eye and −8.00 −0.25 @ 180° in the left eye and underwent SMILE. In the right eye, difficulty was experienced in separating the lenticule from adjacent stroma. AS-OCT examination confirmed the presence of the lenticule adherent to the anterior stromal cap with the plane of dissection visible posterior to the lenticule. A Sinskey hook was used to lift off the peripheral edge of the lenticule from the anterior cap and the stripping of the lenticule was continued in a centripetal fashion until a small edge of the lenticule was rolled over. The lenticule was then completely separated from the overlying stromal cap and extracted through the side cut using forceps. Postoperative AS-OCT confirmed complete removal of the lenticule. Postoperative uncorrected distance visual acuity was 20/40 on day 1 and 20/20 on day 30 with a clear interface.

CONCLUSIONS:
AS-OCT–guided identification of the retained lenticule followed by Sinskey hook–assisted lenticule extraction aids in completion of the surgical procedure in the same sitting with optimal visual and anatomical outcomes.

[
J Refract Surg.
2017;33(5):352–354.]
Analysis of the Closure Approximation for a Class of Stochastic Differential Equations
Authors: Cai Yunfeng , Li Tiejun , Shao Jiushu , Wang Zhiming 
Published: May 2017

AbstractMotivated by the numerical study of spin-boson dynamics in quantum open systems, we present a convergence analysis of the closure approximation for a class of stochastic differential equations. We show that the naive Monte Carlo simulation of the system by direct temporal discretization is not feasible through variance analysis and numerical experiments. We also show that the Wiener chaos expansion exhibits very slow convergence and high computational cost. Though efficient and accurate, the rationale of the moment closure approach remains mysterious. We rigorously prove that the low moments in the moment closure approximation of the considered model are of exponential convergence to the exact result. It is further extended to more general nonlinear problems and applied to the original spin-boson model with similar structure.
Runge-Kutta Discontinuous Local Evolution Galerkin Methods for the Shallow Water Equations on the Cubed-Sphere Grid
Authors: Kuang Yangyu , Wu Kailiang , Tang Huazhong 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe paper develops high order accurate Runge-Kutta discontinuous local evolution Galerkin (RKDLEG) methods on the cubed-sphere grid for the shallow water equations (SWEs). Instead of using the dimensional splitting method or solving one-dimensional Riemann problem in the direction normal to the cell interface, the RKDLEG methods are built on genuinely multi-dimensional approximate local evolution operator of the locally linearized SWEs on a sphere by considering all bicharacteristic directions. Several numerical experiments are conducted to demonstrate the accuracy and performance of our RKDLEG methods, in comparison to the Runge-Kutta discontinuous Galerkin method with Godunov's flux etc.
A Hybrid Spectral Element Method for Fractional Two-Point Boundary Value Problems
Authors: Sheng Changtao , Shen Jie 
Published: May 2017

AbstractWe propose a hybrid spectral element method for fractional two-point boundary value problem (FBVPs) involving both Caputo and Riemann-Liouville (RL) fractional derivatives. We first formulate these FBVPs as a second kind Volterra integral equation (VIEs) with weakly singular kernel, following a similar procedure in [16]. We then design a hybrid spectral element method with generalized Jacobi functions and Legendre polynomials as basis functions. The use of generalized Jacobi functions allow us to deal with the usual singularity of solutions att= 0. We establish the existence and uniqueness of the numerical solution, and derive a hptype error estimates underL2(I)-norm for the transformed VIEs. Numerical results are provided to show the effectiveness of the proposed methods.
Hydrogen Environment Assisted Cracking of a Modern Ultra-High Strength Martensitic Stainless Steel
Authors: Pioszak Greger L. , Gangloff Richard P. 
Published: May 2017

A modern martensitic stainless steel (Ferrium® PH48S™) resists hydrogen environment assisted cracking (HEAC) in aqueous NaCl at ultra-high yield strengths (1,400 MPa to 1,600 MPa). HEAC is transgranular, because of increased steel purity and La addition, compared to severe intergranular HEAC in Custom® 465-H900 without rare earth elements. Minimum threshold for HEAC (KTH) is low (8 MPa√m to 17 MPa√m) for each steel under substantial cathodic polarization. Transgranular HEAC occurs along martensite packet and {110}α′-block interfaces in PH48S, likely a result of H decohesion enabled by localized plasticity. Martensite transformation produces a large area of coincident site lattice interfaces in the refined microstructure of PH48S. However, a susceptible network of random packet/block interfaces is connected in 3D to limit interface engineering. Nanoscale strengthening precipitates in PH48S reduce effective H diffusivity to the mid-10−10 cm2/s range, because of reversible H trapping with a binding energy of 12 kJ/mol. This diffusivity reduces the Stage II growth rate by 1 to 3 orders of magnitude compared to C465 and carbide strengthened ultra-high strength steels. PH48S and C465 are nearly immune to HEAC when cathodically polarized by 50 mV to 500 mV, attributed to a minimum in occluded-crack tip overpotential for H production. The breadth of this protective-potential window increases with decreasing steel strength. Increased Cr does not degrade HEAC resistance, suggesting that crack passivity dominates cation acidification to reduce H production and/or uptake. A quantitative decohesion model effectively predicts the potential dependence of da/dtII using crack tip H solubility reverse calculated from a KTH model.
A glaciochemical study of the 120 m ice core from Mill Island, East Antarctica
Authors: Inoue Mana , Curran Mark A. J. , Moy Andrew D. , van Ommen Tas D. , Fraser Alexander D. , Phillips Helen E. , Goodwin Ian D. 
Published: May 2017

Abstract. A 120 m ice core was drilled on Mill Island, East Antarctica (65°30′ S, 100°40′ E) during the 2009/2010 Australian Antarctic field season. Contiguous discrete 5 cm samples were measured for hydrogen peroxide, water stable isotopes, and trace ion chemistry. The ice core was annually dated using a combination of chemical species and water stable isotopes. The Mill Island ice core preserves a climate record covering 97 years from 1913 to 2009 CE, with a mean snow accumulation of 1.35 m (ice-equivalent) per year (mIE yr−1). This northernmost East Antarctic coastal ice core site displays trace ion concentrations that are generally higher than other Antarctic ice core sites (e.g. mean sodium levels were 254 µEq L−1). The trace ion record at Mill Island is characterised by a unique and complex chemistry record with three distinct regimes identified. The trace ion record in regime A displays clear seasonality from 2000 to 2009 CE; regime B displays elevated concentrations with no seasonality from 1934 to 2000 CE; and regime C displays relatively low concentrations with seasonality from 1913 to 1934 CE. Sea salts were compared with instrumental data, including atmospheric models and satellite-derived sea-ice concentration, to investigate influences on the Mill Island ice core record. The mean annual sea salt record does not correlate with wind speed. Instead, sea-ice concentration to the east of Mill Island likely influences the annual mean sea salt record. A mechanism involving formation of frost flowers on sea ice is proposed to explain the extremely high sea salt concentration. The Mill Island ice core records are unexpectedly complex, with strong modulation of the trace chemistry on long timescales.
Single penile incision for combined hypospadias and inguinal surgery: A comparative study
Authors: Chua Michael E. , Alqarni Naif , Ming Jessica M. , Alyami Fahad , Dos Santos Joana , Iglesias Lopes Roberto , Farhat Walid A. , Koyle Martin A. 
Published: May 2017

Introduction: We sought to compare the surgical outcomes of hypospadias repair with correction of inguinal pathology using a single penile incision vs. conventional approach using two incisions.Methods: This is a retrospective study that reviewed all patients who underwent concurrent surgical repair for both hypospadias and inguinal pathologies between January 2003 and November 2015. Patients were classified into Group A, conventional (inguinal or scrotal and penile incision) approach; or Group B, single penile incision approach. Baseline characteristics, including age, degree of hypospadias, type and laterality of inguinal pathology, operative time, and surgical outcomes, were collected. Between groups, variable comparisons were analyzed using Mann-Whitney U-Test and Fisher-exact test. Statistical significant set at <0.05.Results: Seventy-six patients (Group A: 40; Group B: 36) were eligible for study. Baseline characteristics of both groups were comparable, with no significant statistical difference. Overall meanoperative time for Group A was 139.3 ± 56.2 minutes, while Group B was 107.8 ± 46.7 minutes (Z=2.6; U=470.5; p=0.009). Two patients in Group A and two patients in Group B had testicularascension, all of which also had hypospadias-related complications (p=1.0). Hypospadias-related complications in Group A included seven urethrocutaneous fistulae and two repair dehiscence. Eighturethrocutaneous fistulae, one urethral stricture, and two repair dehiscence occurred in Group B (p=0.448). Surgical outcome appearance in both groups were comparable, with no statisticallysignificant difference (p=0.466).Conclusions: Single penile incision for both hypospadias repair and correction of inguinal pathology is a feasible technique and comparable to the conventional approach, with similar surgical outcomes and shorter overall operative time.
Impact of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio on effects of targeted therapy for metastatic renal cell carcinoma patients with extrapulmonary metastasis
Authors: Teishima Jun , Ohara Shinya , Sadahide Kousuke , Fujii Shinsuke , Kitano Hiroyuki , Kobatake Kohei , Shinmei Shunsuke , Hieda Keisuke , Inoue Shogo , Hayashi Tetsutaro , Mita Koji , Matsubara Akio 
Published: May 2017

Introduction: The aim of our present study was to investigate the impact of the pretreatment neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) on the antitumour effects of targeted agents in patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC).Methods: The NLRs in 283 cases of molecular targeted therapy for mRCC were measured before starting the prescription of the molecular targeted agent. The significance of pretreatment NLR on the site of metastatic organs and on progression-free survival (PFS)in each case was analyzed.Results: Metastases other than lung, which is defined as “extrapulmonary metastasis,” were observed in 190 cases (67.1%). The median of pretreated NLR was 2.39 (0.49‒68.7). In 97 of the 283 cases,pretreated NLR was 3.0 or higher. These cases were categorized as the high NLR group and the rest as the low NLR group. When the cases with extrapulmonary metastasis were investigated and classifiedbased on their pretreated NLR, 50% PFS in the high NLR and low NLR groups was 6.7 months and 12 months (p=0.0001), respectively. Multivariate analysis revealed that high NLR (>3.0) was an independent predictive factor for PFS in the cases with extrapulmonary metastasis (hazard ratio 2.762; p<0.0001), while there was no significant difference between PFS in the high and low NLR groups in cases with no extrapulmonary metastasis (p=0.3457).Conclusions: Our data indicate that the predictive significance of the NLR in mRCC cases involving targeted therapy depends on the metastatic organs. NLR is an independent predictive factor of PFS in cases of mRCC with extrapulmonary metastasis treated with targeted therapy.
Modified C index: Novel predictor of postoperative renal functional loss of laparoscopic partial nephrectomy
Authors: Ito Hiroki , Makiyama Kazuhide , Kawahara Takashi , Osaka Kimito , Izumi Koji , Yokomizo Yumiko , Nakaigawa Noboru , Yao Masahiro 
Published: May 2017

Introduction: We aimed to develop a scoring system to quantify the distance between the renal hilum and renal tumour, termed the modified C index (m-CI), and to predict renal functional loss (RFL)following laparoscopic partial nephrectomy (LPN).Methods: The m-CI was measured by using computed tomography in 113 patients who underwent LPN between May 2003 and June 2014. The RFL following LPN was calculated by examining the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and radioisotope renography one year postoperatively. The Pythagorean theorem was used to calculate the distance from the tumour centre to the renal hilum. The distance was divided by the tumour radius to obtain the m-CI. The correlation between the m-CI and the postoperative RFL were evaluated using Pearson’s coefficient values. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to assess the potential predictive factors of RFL following LPN. The correlation between the m-CI and the operative time, ischemia time, and blood loss during LPN were also evaluated by the unpaired t-test.Results: Pearson’s coefficient values between the postoperative RFL and the m-CI and C index were 0.294 and 0.173, respectively. In the multivariate analysis, the resected volume (p=0.031) and m-CI (p=0.036) significantly correlated with the postoperative RFL following LPN. The operative time (p<0.001), ischemia time (p=0.028), and blood loss (p=0.047) during LPN was significantly longer and larger, respectively, in the group with shorter m-CI (≤4.5) than in the group with the longer m-CI (>4.5).Conclusions: The present study demonstrates that the m-CI can predict RFL following LPN, as well as the surgical difficulty.
Running wheel training does not change neurogenesis levels or alter working memory tasks in adult rats
Authors: Acevedo-Triana Cesar A. , Rojas Manuel J. , Cardenas Fernando P. 
Published: May 2017

Background
Exercise can change cellular structure and connectivity (neurogenesis or synaptogenesis), causing alterations in both behavior and working memory. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of exercise on working memory and hippocampal neurogenesis in adult male Wistar rats using a T-maze test.

Methods
An experimental design with two groups was developed: the experimental group (n = 12) was subject to a forced exercise program for five days, whereas the control group (n = 9) stayed in the home cage. Six to eight weeks after training, the rats’ working memory was evaluated in a T-maze test and four choice days were analyzed, taking into account alternation as a working memory indicator. Hippocampal neurogenesis was evaluated by means of immunohistochemistry of BrdU positive cells.

Results
No differences between groups were found in the behavioral variables (alternation, preference index, time of response, time of trial or feeding), or in the levels of BrdU positive cells.

Discussion
Results suggest that although exercise may have effects on brain structure, a construct such as working memory may require more complex changes in networks or connections to demonstrate a change at behavioral level.
Synthesis, Crystal Structure, Catalytic Properties, and Luminescent of a Novel Eu(III) Complex Material with 4-Imidazolecarboxaldehyde-pyridine-2-carbohydrazone
Authors: Wang Li-Hua , Liang Lei , Li Peng-Fei 
Published: May 2017

A novel Eu(III) complex, [Eu(L)2(H2O)4]·(NO3)·(H2O)4 (1) (H2L = 4-imidazolecarboxaldehyde-pyridine-2-carbohydrazide), was synthesized. Its structure has been characterized by elemental analysis, IR, and X-ray single crystal diffraction analysis. Complex 1 is of orthorhombic, space group Fdd2 with a = 29.471(6) A˚, b = 10.287(2) A˚, c = 24.340(5) A˚, V = 7379(3) A˚3, Z = 8, Mr = 902.58, Dc = 1.625 µg·m-3, µ = 1.789 mm-1, F(000) = 3656, GOOF = 1.099, the final R= 0.0517, ωR= 0.1292 for 3043 observed reflections with I > 2σ(I). The A3 coupling reaction has been investigated using the complex 1 as catalyst. The luminescent spectrum of the complex 1 gives two weak peaks (448 nm and 491 nm) and two strong peaks (596 nm and 620 nm) from excitation at 279 nm.
Esterification of Benzyl Alcohol with Acetic Acid over Mesoporous H-ZSM-5
Authors: Kusumaningtyas Desy Tri , Prasetyoko Didik , Suprapto Suprapto , Triwahyono Sugeng , Jalil Aishah Abdul , Rosidah Afifah 
Published: May 2017

In this study, the performance of mesoporous ZSM-5 has been studied on the esterification of acetic acid (AA) with benzyl alcohol (BA). The mesoporous ZSM-5 catalyst has been synthesized with the variation of aging time i.e. 6, 12, and 24 hours at the same temperature, 70 °C. The cation exchange of Na-ZSM-5 to H-ZSM-5 was performed before the catalytic activity test. The acidity type and amount of solids were determined by FT-IR spectroscopy using pyridine as a probe molecule. The characterization by pyridine adsorption showed that at a higher mesoporous surface area, the number of Lewis acid was increased. The highest mesoporous surface area, Lewis, and Brönsted acid sites were obtained by sample which has the lowest crystallinity, i.e. 255.78 m2/g, 0.2732 mmol/g, and 0.20612 mmol/g, respectively. Influence of mesoporous volume was studied on the catalytic activity of the mesoporous ZSM-5 in the esterification reaction. Conversion of acetic acid in the esterification reaction for samples of HZ-6, HZ-12, and HZ-24 were obtained by titration methods, i.e. 39.59, 36.39, and 32.90 %, respectively. Hence, the reaction temperature of 393 K, molar ratio 1:4 (AA:BA) and catalyst loading 5 % were selected as an optimum reaction parameters.
Impacts of ENSO on air‐sea oxygen exchange: Observations and mechanisms
Authors: Eddebbar Yassir A. , Long Matthew C. , Resplandy Laure , Rödenbeck Christian , Rodgers Keith B. , Manizza Manfredi , Keeling Ralph F. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractModels and observations of atmospheric potential oxygen (APO ≃ O2 + 1.1 * CO2) are used to investigate the influence of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on air‐sea O2 exchange. An atmospheric transport inversion of APO data from the Scripps flask network shows significant interannual variability in tropical APO fluxes that is positively correlated with the Niño3.4 index, indicating anomalous ocean outgassing of APO during El Niño. Hindcast simulations of the Community Earth System Model (CESM) and the Institut Pierre‐Simon Laplace model show similar APO sensitivity to ENSO, differing from the Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory model, which shows an opposite APO response. In all models, O2 accounts for most APO flux variations. Detailed analysis in CESM shows that the O2 response is driven primarily by ENSO modulation of the source and rate of equatorial upwelling, which moderates the intensity of O2 uptake due to vertical transport of low‐O2 waters. These upwelling changes dominate over counteracting effects of biological productivity and thermally driven O2 exchange. During El Niño, shallower and weaker upwelling leads to anomalous O2 outgassing, whereas deeper and intensified upwelling during La Niña drives enhanced O2 uptake. This response is strongly localized along the central and eastern equatorial Pacific, leading to an equatorial zonal dipole in atmospheric anomalies of APO. This dipole is further intensified by ENSO‐related changes in winds, reconciling apparently conflicting APO observations in the tropical Pacific. These findings suggest a substantial and complex response of the oceanic O2 cycle to climate variability that is significantly (>50%) underestimated in magnitude by ocean models.
Halophiles
Authors: DasSarma Shiladitya , DasSarma Priya 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Halophiles, salt‐loving organisms that flourish in saline environments, are classified as slight, moderate or extreme, depending on their requirement for sodium chloride. While most marine organisms are slight halophiles, moderate and extreme halophiles are generally more specialised microbes inhabiting hypersaline environments found all over the world in arid, coastal and deep‐sea locations, underground salt mines and artificial salterns. Halophilic microorganisms include heterotrophic, phototrophic and methanogenic archaea, photosynthetic, lithotrophic and heterotrophic bacteria and photosynthetic and heterotrophic eukaryotes. Examples of extremely halophilic microorganisms include
Halobacterium
sp. NRC‐1, an archaeon;
Aphanothece halophytica
, a cyanobacterium; and
Dunaliella salina
, a green alga. Common multicellular halophilic eukaryotes include brine shrimp and brine fly larvae that serve as an important food source for birds. In order to balance the osmotic stress of hypersaline environments, halophilic microorganisms either accumulate organic compatible solutes internally, produce acidic proteins to increase solvation and improve function in high salinity, or use a combination of strategies.

Key Concepts

Halophiles are salt‐loving organisms that inhabit saline and hypersaline environments and include prokaryotic (archaeal and bacterial) and eukaryotic organisms.

Halophiles may be classified as slight, moderate or extreme, and as obligate halophiles or halotolerant.

Many halophiles accumulate compatible solutes in cells to balance the osmotic stress in their environment.

Some halophiles produce acidic proteins that function in high salinity by increasing solvation and prevent protein aggregation, precipitation and denaturation.

Halophiles and their biomolecules are useful for applications in biotechnology, medicine and industry.
Ubiquitin Pathway
Authors: Peschiaroli Angelo , Lam Y Amy , Pickart Cecile M , Barlev Nickolai A , Melino Gerry , Bernassola Francesca 
Published: May 2017

Abstract

Ubiquitination is an enzymatic process that involves the covalent attachment of the conserved protein ubiquitin to a substrate. Protein ubiquitination is carried out by the sequential and coordinate actions of three enzymes and can be removed by deubiquitinases. Modification of proteins by addition of ubiquitin exerts both proteolytic‐dependent and proteolytic‐independent functions. Polyubiquitin chains act as a signal for 26S proteasome‐mediated degradation. Ubiquitination plays a central regulatory role in a number of cellular processes such as receptor endocytosis, cell cycle control, transcription, DNA repair, gene silencing and stress response. The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) is critical for the proper turnover of both oncoproteins and tumour suppressor molecules. As a result, it is not surprising that aberrations within the UPS often result in a neoplastic phenotype.

Key Concepts

Ubiquitination is an ATP‐dependent and reversible process through which ubiquitin is covalently attached to a polypeptide.

The topology of the polyubiquitin chains dictates the fate of the modified protein.

Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are proteases that reversely modify proteins by removing ubiquitin.

The RING finger type E3 ligases crucially control cell cycle entry and progression.

The proteasome is a proteolytic ‘machinery’ that digests proteins into short polypeptides.

The ubiquitin proteasome system (UPS) degrades 80–90% of all intracellular proteins.

The UPS regulates the timing and extent of protein turnover.