bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Profile Distributions and Controls of Soil Inorganic Carbon along a 150‐Year Natural Vegetation Restoration Chronosequence
Authors: Wang Kai-Bo , Ren Zong-Ping , Deng Lei , Zhou Zheng-Chao , Shangguan Zhou-Ping , Shi Wei-Yu , Chen Yi-Ping 
Published: February 2016

Core Ideas
Topsoil SIC storage decreased with restoration age, but subsoils were unchanged.
SOC was the main driving force of SIC storage in the topsoil.
Sand and silt contents were the controlling factors of SIC storage in subsoils.
Soil total C storage remained stable across the restoration sequence.
Soil inorganic C (SIC) comprises approximately a third of the global soil C pool, which plays an important role in global C cycling. However, there is still considerable disagreement on the direction and magnitude of changes in SIC stocks following vegetation restoration. We conducted a study comparing SIC at different succession stages along a 150‐yr natural vegetation restoration chronosequence to examine the effect of long‐term natural vegetation restoration on the distribution of SIC and to identify the factors that control changes in SIC. The results showed that SIC storage in the top 10 cm gradually decreased (0.092 Mg ha−1 yr−1) along the vegetation restoration chronosequence but was basically unchanged in the subsoil (10–100 cm). The soil total C storages remained stable across the restoration sequence, with the redistribution of the total soil C pool from SIC to soil organic C (SOC) the dominant forms. The controlling factors of SIC were different in the top‐ and subsoils along the chronosequence. In the top 30‐cm soil layers, SOC was a good predictor of SIC; however, for soils below 30 cm, soil sand and silt contents and pH were better predictors of SIC. Therefore, we can conclude that the variations in SOC induced by vegetation restoration were the main driving force for SIC changes in the topsoil, while the genetic soil features (i.e., sand and silt contents) were the controlling factors that determined the amount of SIC in the subsoil.
The Contagion Effect of Low-Quality Audits at the Level of Individual Auditors
Authors: Li Liuchuang , Qi Baolei , Tian Gaoliang , Zhang Guochang 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
This study examines the relation between the audit failures of individual auditors and the quality of other audits performed by these same auditors. Employing a Chinese setting where audit reports reveal the identities of engagement auditors, we find that auditors who have performed failed audits also deliver lower-quality audits on other audit engagements, with this “contagion” effect spreading both over time and to other audits performed by these same auditors in the same year. However, we find little evidence that an audit failure also casts doubt on the quality of audits performed by “non-failed” auditors who are same-office colleagues of a “failed” auditor. We further discover that the contagion effect is attenuated for female auditors, auditors holding a master's degree, and auditors with more auditing experience. Our results underscore the usefulness of disclosing the identity and personal characteristics of individual auditors to investors and regulators.
Creating New Knowledge Assisted by Computational Devices
Authors: Andrášik Ladislav 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In contemporary global knowledge based society there are scorching needs for new knowledge and unprecedented vision of future development. Author is focuses attention to new possibilities of fostering creative abilities and gaining new socio-economic knowledge by the assistance of ICT, Internet and mainly by using products and services of computational intelligence. His method used is prevailingly new knowledge creation by experimentation in virtual laboratories. In using conventional methods, he combines inductive and deductive methods as set up for developing mental models from up to down and bottom to up. Because in socio-economic branches it is very difficult and even almost wholly impossible to do experiments in objective reality the experimentation by the assistance of computational intelligence is promising advance in gaining new socioeconomic knowledge in contemporary complex world. Using such new approaches, methods and tools is the main scientific aim of the author. He uses convictive demonstration of successful using these unprecedented possibilities in gaining deeper knowledge about complex evolutionary phenomena. The distinction of such knowledge is against conventional one is consisting in very deep understanding of complex socio-economic dynamics. Using meant knowledge acquisition approaches is promising in quality and in abiding knowledge and skill of single individuals but the extraordinary progress of creative knowledge based society fostered by using them in advanced webs is useful for whole society.
The Slovak Republic Regional Development through Cluster Iniciative
Authors: Littvova V. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

The current market environment is defined by constant financial and global changes. For companies operating in market business activities it has been increasingly difficult to adapt and remain competitive in such environment. In accordance with the exclusive survey among young entrepreneurs, one in four of them starts their business without training and about a one third has no idea how to get to the customers. Constant financial and global changes cause that existing organizations realizing business activity adapt and remain competitive ability with increasing difficulties. Several organizations, as self-employed units are not able to cope with handicaps or use the positives that globalization brings on the world's markets. The process of globalization requires highly flexible receiving of innovative solutions which often especially SMEs are not able to carry out. One of the possible strategies which organization can receive to maintain its competitive advantage is the “cluster” formation.
“Crawling Out of the Cocoon”: Patients' Experiences of a Physical Therapy Exercise Intervention in the Treatment of Major Depression
Authors: Danielsson Louise , Kihlbom Birgitta , Rosberg Susanne 
Published: February 2016

Abstract

Background
Although the effectiveness of physical exercise for depression has been studied for many years, few studies have described patients' experiences of what exercise means to them, beyond the biological focus. Moreover, exercise as a treatment for depression is rarely explored in a physical therapy context.

Objectives
The purpose of this study was to explore a physical therapy exercise intervention, as experienced by people with major depression.

Design
This study had an inductive approach and used qualitative content analysis.

Methods
Semistructured interviews were conducted with 13 people who participated in physical therapist–guided aerobic exercise in a randomized controlled trial. All participants were diagnosed with major depression according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. Data were collected and analyzed in an inductive manner using qualitative content analysis according to Graneheim and Lundman.

Results
Four categories emerged: (1) struggling toward a healthy self, (2) challenging the resistance, (3) feeling alive but not euphoric, and (4) needing someone to be there for you. The participants experienced that although the exercise intervention was hard work, it enhanced the feeling of being alive and made them feel that they were doing something good for themselves. These feelings were a welcome contrast to the numbness and stagnation they experienced during depression.

Limitations
The study was conducted in Swedish primary care. Transferability of results must be viewed in relation to context.

Conclusions
Exercise in a physical therapy context can improve the patients' perception of their physical ability and create a sense of liveliness, improving their depressed state. The therapeutic relationship is essential for supporting the patient's vulnerability and ambiguity in an empathic and perceptive way.
Augmented PMMA distribution: improvement of mechanical property and reduction of leakage rate of a fenestrated pedicle screw with diameter-tapered perforations
Authors: Tan Quan-chang , Wu Jian-wei , Peng Fei , Zang Yuan , Li Yang , Zhao Xiong , Lei Wei , Wu Zi-xiang 
Published: February 2016

OBJECTIVE
This study investigated the optimum injection volume of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to augment a novel fenestrated pedicle screw (FPS) with diameter-tapered perforations in the osteoporotic vertebral body, and how the distribution characteristics of PMMA affect the biomechanical performance of this screw.

METHODS
Two types of FPSs were designed (FPS-A, composed of 6 perforations with an equal diameter of 1.2 mm; and FPS-B, composed of 6 perforations each with a tapered diameter of 1.5 mm, 1.2 mm, and 0.9 mm from tip to head. Each of 28 human cadaveric osteoporotic vertebrae were randomly assigned to 1 of 7 groups: FPS-A1.0: FPS-A+1.0 ml PMMA; FPS-A1.5: FPS-A+1.5 ml PMMA; FPS-A2.0: FPS-A+2.0 ml PMMA; FPS-B1.0: FPS-B+1.0 ml PMMA; FPS-B1.5: FPS-B+1.5 ml PMMA; FPS-B2.0: FPS-B+2.0 ml PMMA; and conventional pedicle screws (CPSs) without PMMA. After the augmentation, 3D CT was performed to assess the cement distribution characteristics and the cement leakage rate. Axial pullout tests were performed to compare the maximum pullout force thereafter.

RESULTS
The CT construction images showed that PMMA bone cement formed a conical mass around FPS-A and a cylindrical mass around FPS-B. When the injection volume was increased from 1.0 ml to 2.0 ml, the distribution region of the PMMA cement was enlarged, the PMMA was distributed more posteriorly, and the risk of leakage was increased. When the injection volume reached 2.0 ml, the risk of cement leakage was lower for screws having diameter-tapered perforations. The pullout strengths of the augmented FPS-A groups and FPS-B groups were higher than that of the CPS group (p < 0.0001). All FPS-B groups had a higher pullout strength than the FPS-A groups.

CONCLUSIONS
The diameter of the perforations affects the distribution of PMMA cement. The diameter-tapered design enabled PMMA to form larger bone-PMMA interfaces and achieve a relatively higher pullout strength, although statistical significance was not reached. Study results indicated 1.5-ml of PMMA was a conservative volume for PMMA augmentation; more cement injection would significantly increase the risk of cement leakage.
Models and Data Sources Used in Systems Medicine
Authors: Löpprich M. , Karmen C. , Ganzinger M. , Gietzelt M. 
Published: February 2016

SummaryBackground: Systems medicine is a new approach for the development and selection of treatment strategies for patients with complex diseases. It is often referred to as the application of systems biology methods for decision making in patient care. For systems medicine computer applications, many different data sources have to be integrated and included into models. This is a challenging task for Medical Informatics since the approach exceeds traditional systems like Electronic Health Records. To prioritize research activities for systems medicine applications, it is necessary to get an overview over modelling methods and data sources already used in this field.Objectives: We performed a systematic literature review with the objective to capture current use of 1) modelling methods and 2) data sources in systems medicine related research projects.Methods: We queried the MEDLINE and ScienceDirect databases for papers associated with the search term systems medicine and related terms. Papers were screened and assessed in full text in a two-step process according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement guidelines.Results: The queries returned 698 articles of which 34 papers were finally included into the study. A multitude of modelling approaches such as machine learning and network analysis was identified and classified. Since these approaches are also used in other domains, no methods specific for systems medicine could be identified. Omics data are the most widely used data types followed by clinical data. Most studies only include a rather limited number of data sources.Conclusions: Currently, many different modelling approaches are used in systems medicine. Thus, highly flexible modular solutions are necessary for systems medicine clinical applications. However, the number of data sources included into the models is limited and most projects currently focus on prognosis. To leverage the potential of systems medicine further, it will be necessary to focus on treatment strategies for patients and consider a broader range of data.
THE GRISM LENS-AMPLIFIED SURVEY FROM SPACE (GLASS). III. A CENSUS OF Lyα EMISSION AT
FROM HST SPECTROSCOPY
Authors: Schmidt K. B. , Treu T. , Bradač M. , Vulcani B. , Huang K.-H. , Hoag A. , Maseda M. , Guaita L. , Pentericci L. , Brammer G. B. , Dijkstra M. , Dressler A. , Fontana A. , Henry A. L. , Jones T. A. , Mason C. , Trenti M. , Wang X. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a census of Lyα emission at

, utilizing deep near-infrared Hubble Space Telescope grism spectroscopy from the first six completed clusters of the Grism Lens-Amplified Survey from Space (GLASS). In 24/159 photometrically selected galaxies we detect emission lines consistent with Lyα in the GLASS spectra. Based on the distribution of signal-to-noise ratios and on simulations, we expect the completeness and the purity of the sample to be 40%–100% and 60%–90%, respectively. For the objects without detected emission lines we show that the observed (not corrected for lensing magnification) 1σ flux limits reach 5 × 10−18 erg s−1 cm−2 per position angle over the full wavelength range of GLASS (0.8–1.7 μm). Based on the conditional probability of Lyα emission measured from the ground at

, we would have expected 12–18 Lyα emitters. This is consistent with the number of detections, within the uncertainties, confirming the drop in Lyα emission with respect to

. Deeper follow-up spectroscopy, here exemplified by Keck spectroscopy, is necessary to improve our estimates of completeness and purity and to confirm individual candidates as true Lyα emitters. These candidates include a promising source at z = 8.1. The spatial extent of Lyα in a deep stack of the most convincing Lyα emitters with

is consistent with that of the rest-frame UV continuum. Extended Lyα emission, if present, has a surface brightness below our detection limit, consistent with the properties of lower-redshift comparison samples. From the stack we estimate upper limits on rest-frame UV emission line ratios and find

and

, in good agreement with other values published in the literature.
TRIANGULUM II: A VERY METAL-POOR AND DYNAMICALLY HOT STELLAR SYSTEM
Authors: Martin Nicolas F. , Ibata Rodrigo A. , Collins Michelle L. M. , Rich R. Michael , Bell Eric F. , Ferguson Annette M. N. , Laevens Benjamin P. M. , Rix Hans-Walter , Chapman Scott C. , Koch Andreas 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACT
We present a study of the recently discovered compact stellar system Triangulum II. From observations conducted with the DEIMOS spectrograph on Keck II, we obtained spectra for 13 member stars that follow the CMD features of this very faint stellar system and include two bright red giant branch stars. Tri II has a very negative radial velocity (

) that translates to

and confirms it is a Milky Way satellite. We show that, despite the small data set, there is evidence that Tri II has complex internal kinematics. Its radial velocity dispersion increases from

in the central

to

outwards. The velocity dispersion of the full sample is inferred to be

. From the two bright RGB member stars we measure an average metallicity

, placing Tri II among the most metal-poor Milky Way dwarf galaxies. In addition, the spectra of the fainter member stars exhibit differences in their line widths that could be the indication of a metallicity dispersion in the system. All these properties paint a complex picture for Tri II, whose nature and current state are largely speculative. The inferred metallicity properties of the system however lead us to favor a scenario in which Tri II is a dwarf galaxy that is either disrupting or embedded in a stellar stream.
Hydrology and hydrochemistry of marble aquifer with point recharge from two deep sinkholes, Menderes Massive, western Turkey
Authors: Şimşek Celalettin , Kaya Birol , Alkan Ahmet , Büyüktopçu Fatih , Türk Necdet , Arisoy Yalçın 
Published: February 2016

Menderes Massive is a NE–SW-trending metamorphic terrain in western Anatolia. The massive is composed of regionally metamorphosed rocks of mica-schist and marble. The Bozdag Mountain is the main horst system in Kucuk Menderes river basin. It is composed of several N-S oriented small horsts and grabens and contains important karst features, such as poljes and sinkholes. Ayvacik and Subatan Poljes are typical closed depressions draining into Ayvacik and Subatan sinkholes (ponors). Both are developed along the N-S directed fault system. The main objective of this study is to determine the karstification and hydrogeochemical features of water circulating in marble terrain and controlled by deep sinkholes in the Bozdag Mountain. Detailed speleological studies demonstrated that the degree of karstification of marble rock depends on the regional tectonic structure, the mineralogy of marble and the water recharge rate into the sinkholes. Tritium isotope and tracer tests indicate very fast flow and connection between Subatan surface water and a spring in lower elevations with high Ca and Mg ion concentration at the south of the study area. Hidrogeologija in hidrokemija marmornega vodonosnika s ponornim točkovnim napajanjem (Masiv Meredes, zahodna Turčija)Masiv Menderes je območje metamorfnih kamnin v zahodni Anatoliji, Turčija. Razteza se v smeri SV–JZ in je sestavljeno predvsem iz regionalno metamorfiziranih sljudnih skrilavcev in marmorjev. Goro Bozdag sestavlja sistem manjših grud in tektonskih jarkov, orientiranih v smeri sever-jug. Masiv je delno zakrasel, s tipičnimi kraškimi oblikami, med katere spadata tudi polji Ayvacik in Subatan, ki se drenirata skozi istoimenske ponore. Obe polji sta razviti v prelomni coni orientirani v smeri sever-jug. Glavni namen opisane raziskave je določiti stopnjo zakraselosti območja in hidrokemične lastnosti vode, ki teče skozi marmornati masiv. Podrobne speleološke raziskave so pokazale, da je zakraselost močno pogojena z regionalno geološko strukturo, mineraloško sestavo marmorja in velikostjo dotokov v ponore. Izotopske analize tritija in sledenje podzemnih voda kažejo na hiter tok in povezavo med poljem Subatan in visoko mineraliziranimi izviri na jugu obravnavanega območja.
Gill histopathology and micronucleus test of Astyanax jacuhiensis (Cope, 1894) (Teleostei, Characidae) to evaluate effects caused by acute exposure to aluminum
Authors: Dalzochio Thaís , Goldoni Angélica , Zimmermann Prado Rodrigues Gabriela , Petry Ismael Evandro , Basso da Silva Luciano , Gehlen Günther 
Published: February 2016

http://dx.doi.org/10.5007/2175-7925.2016v29n1p75A contaminação de ecossistemas aquáticos por alumínio (Al) é geralmente ocasionada por várias atividades antropogênicas. Diversas alterações morfológicas, fisiológicas e bioquímicas observadas em organismos aquáticos podem ser atribuídas à exposição ao Al. Neste contexto, o objetivo desse estudo foi investigar os efeitos da exposição aguda de peixes da espécie Astyanax jacuhiensis a diferentes concentrações de Al através da histologia de brânquias e frequência de micronúcleos (MN) e anormalidades nucleares (AN) em eritrócitos. Os animais foram expostos às concentrações subletais de 0.3 mg/L e 30 mg/L de alumínio em pH neutro por 72 h. Um grupo controle foi mantido em água filtrada. As alterações branquiais foram caracterizadas por hiperplasia e hipertrofia de células epiteliais, fusão lamelar, edema, descolamento epitelial, aneurisma e necrose. Um aumento significativo (p<0.05) foi observado na frequência de lamelas alteradas nos grupos expostos às duas concentrações de Al em comparação aos animais controle. No entanto, não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas frequências de MN e AN. Embora não tenham sido encontradas evidências de genotoxicidade, os resultados encontrados na análise morfológica sugerem que o Al foi tóxico para os peixes nas duas concentrações testadas em pH neutro.
A compact receiver system for simultaneous measurements of mesospheric CO and O3
Authors: Forkman P. , Christensen O. M. , Eriksson P. , Billade B. , Vassilev V. , Shulga V. M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract. During the last decades, ground-based microwave radiometry has matured into an established remote sensing technique for measuring vertical profiles of a number of gases in the stratosphere and the mesosphere. Microwave radiometry is the only ground-based technique that can provide vertical profiles of gases in the upper stratosphere and mesosphere both day and night, and even during cloudy conditions. Except for microwave instruments placed at high-altitude sites, or at sites with dry atmospheric conditions, only molecules with significant emission lines below 150 GHz, such as CO, H2O, and O3, can be observed. Vertical profiles of these molecules can give important information about chemistry and dynamics in the middle atmosphere. Today these measurements are performed at relatively few sites; more simple and reliable instrument solutions are required to make the measurement technique more widely spread. This need is urgent today as the number of satellite sensors observing the middle atmosphere is about to decrease drastically. In this study a compact double-sideband frequency-switched radiometer system for simultaneous observations of mesospheric CO at 115.27 GHz and O3 at 110.84 GHz is presented. The radiometer, its calibration scheme, and its observation method are presented. The retrieval procedure, including compensation of the different tropospheric attenuations at the two frequencies and error characterization, are also described. The first measurement series from October 2014 until April 2015 taken at the Onsala Space Observatory, OSO (57° N, 12° E), is analysed. The retrieved vertical profiles are compared with co-located CO and O3 data from the MLS instrument on the Aura satellite. The data sets from the instruments agree well with each other. The main differences are the higher OSO volume mixing ratios of O3 in the upper mesosphere during the winter nights and the higher OSO volume mixing ratios of CO in the mesosphere during the winter. The low bias of mesospheric winter values of CO from MLS compared to ground-based instruments was reported earlier.