bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A Novel Evaluation of In-Situ Wettability in IRAQi Oil Fields; Case Studies
Authors: Al-Hilali Mazin Mohlab , Al-Abideen Mohammed Jawad , Li Weidong , Jebutu Segun , Perederii Artur 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Optimizing Oil Recovery requires understanding of formation wettability; numerous characteristics of reservoir performance influenced by the oil versus water wetting preferences mainly in Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) practices and water flooding assuming a water-wet reservoir, if it is not, a permanent reservoir damage is expected.
Oil Companies depend on the Core-Measured-wettability. The practice of transferring the samples from the formation to the lab may lead to wettability alteration during core cutting operations and sample preparation; additional laboratory issues include surface adsorption equilibrium and optimal interface-ageing time, if a smooth surface is used it will not account for the rock surface roughness. The biggest disadvantage of the laboratory methods is that of scaling to entire reservoir extent downhole condition.
Adding up, all of these processes are time-consuming, consequently a technique to evaluate in-situ wettability is desired.
The in-situ wettability of rocks from Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) log is a representative of the entire interval at the reservoir condition. A derived spin-lattice function from the fundamental NMR relaxation time T2 is directly related to the interfacial tension and the surface wetting fluid properties, as a result, an in-situ wettability index could be computed from the function.
Rock wettability may explain some apparent discrepancies that occur in defining water-oil contacts by Reservoir Characterization Instrument (RCI) and logging measurements.
Analyzing these discrepancies using the RCI Pressure Data makes it possible to estimate the In-Situ Wettability state of the reservoir.
Case Studies from two different Giant Oil Fields located in the South of IRAQ are included in this paper, and each field has various sets of Data, varied from Pressure Test and NMR to only Full-Set of Wire line data. These fields were selected to represent various applications scenarios of Carbonate and Shaly-Sand Oil Bearing Formations of In-Situ Wettability using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) log and Reservoir Characterization Instrument (RCI) Pressure Data.
The novelty of this study offered advance integrated petrophysical evaluation for In-Situ Wettability to support the field development plans and improve the reservoir characterization.
The Infrared Method of Determining The Water-Cut of a Nonhomogeneous Water-Gaz-Oil Stream
Authors: Zaitcev E. V. , Grigoriev B. V. , Mikhailov P. Y. , Nikulin S. G. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
A perspective method of water cut determination the for water-oil flux based on the optical measurement method using NIR spectrometry is considered in this paper. The laboratory studies on the implementation of the method on a double-beam NIR spectrometer have been carried out. Water-oil emulsions with different moisture contents have been used as test specimen. Optimal ranges of wavelengths to analyze the emulsion composition at different thicknesses of a translucent mixture have been determined. It has been shown that an optical path length has a significant influence on the choice of operating wavelength ranges.
It has been found that the dispersion value in a water-oil emulsion is a key factor for the accuracy of measurements.
A calculation method describing absorption and scattering of NIR radiation by water/oil emulsions has been proposed. The comparison of calculated and experimental data has been carried out. The possibility of the presented calculation method application for analysis of water cut of a water-oil emulsion has been proved.
Multistage Refracture in a Horizontal Well Using Flow-Diverting Technology
Authors: Astafyev Vladimir , Lahman Matthew , Chaburdo Pavel , Mast Michael , Mazitov Marat , Makienko Vladimir , Valiullin Albert 
Published: October 2016

Summary
Development of hard-to-recover reserves in Russia necessitates the development of new technologies and use of those technologies for efficient production of hydrocarbons. One such technology is multistage fracturing in horizontal wells. Beginning in 2010, such technologies have been widely used in many regions. A liner with swellable or hydraulic packers for separation of intervals and fracture ports opened with balls or actuated with the help of coiled tubing is the simplest and most economically effective method for completion of horizontal sections of boreholes. Well production using multistage fracturing helps maximize initial flow rates and hydrocarbon extraction; however, production declines over time can be significant and, in some cases, it is necessary to perform repeated reservoir stimulation treatments to maintain an economic production level. Refracturing wells with shifting sleeves is complicated because it is necessary to perform selective interval isolation for the target interval treatment. Mechanical isolation involves special tools for well treatment and fracturing, which significantly increases the cost and duration of treatment. Multistage fracturing fluid diversion, with the help of biodegradable diverting agents, is widely used in unconventional reservoirs but has not been used effectively in reservoirs with relatively high permeability. The method discussed in this work is based on injection of a degradable diverting agent, sealing of highly permeable intervals, recovery of permeability of existing fractures, and formation of new hydraulic fractures. This technology does not require any special tools and substantially reduces treatment time. However, such specific technology requires adjustment and calibration to particular formation conditions and completion types. This paper describes the flow diversion multistage refracturing technology tested at Las-Eganskoye field. The technology was tested in formations with relatively high permeability. Results of well treatment and testing allowed for assessing key process procedures and developing measures aimed at adjusting the method to field conditions.
Advancements of Fracturing Technique Implementation to Jurassic Formations of Uvat Region
Authors: Yudin Alexey , Tetyuk Dmitry , Nizamova Nasima , Miklin Yuri , Savelyeva Irina 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
To provide designed oil production and to minimize non-productive time new approaches in hydraulic fracturing have been tried and introduced for several years in Uvat project. During this optimization process, several new technologies were pilot tested including fiber-laden fluid, rod-shaped proppant and channel fracturing technique. The main goal was to improve fracturing fluid reliability and to decrease the risk of premature screen-outs in combination with more aggressive fracturing design to maximize oil production.
Uvat project oil field is located in Western Siberia. Jurassic formation is the main oil producer from the field, presented by significant net height (up to 45 m), relatively high permeability which varies in wide range from 2 md to more than 50 mD. The formation temperature is 80-90°C. The requirements to fracture geometry is gradually increase in these conditions. The greater fracture width must be accompanied with sufficient effective fracture half-length. This goal cannot be achieved with standard hydraulic fracturing techniques because of limitations in proppant pack conductivity. Besides, the more aggressive design is associated with the higher risk of premature job screen-out that consequently results in non-productive time.
Paper describes the results of pilot projects for the following new technologies introduction: fibers that allow better proppant distribution in the fracture and decrease polymer concentration without sacrificing proppant transportation ability of the fluid (the new generation of fibers was implemented which is for low temperature formation); rod-shaped proppant to prevent particles flowback and to increase fracture conductivity; channel fracturing technology that allows to decrease treatment costs and risk of premature screen-out while keeping or even increasing the flow capacity of the fracture. In channel fracturing application a proppant is added in short pulses alternated with clean fluid pulses. This becomes even more vital in remote locations as the same stimulation result can be achieved with less proppant amount replaced by clean fluid pulses that leads to decrease in spending on logistics and time optimization for fracturing job.
The manuscript describes the candidate selection methods for re-fracturing jobs and states the main success criteria (such as presence of formation energy and current skin calculation). The authors represent comparative analysis of horizontal wells and multistage fracturing effectiveness in low productive regions resulted in high incremental oil rate when compared to vertical wells with a single fracture.
Use of Comprehensive Analysis for Improvement of Development Design Quality
Authors: Prisyazhnjuk M. A. , Filatov M. A. , Nikulin S. E. , Sabelnikov I. S. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
In the conditions of the current economic situation many oil fields face the acute problem of achievement of economic profitability for new well drilling and commissioning. Well drilling at the absence of required studies and detail analysis of the current condition of development in the situation of multi-layered and heterogeneous oil strata can fail to provide the expected increase of oil yield and even reduce the oil recovery factor of strata significantly. Comprehensive analysis of all available information about the field (laboratory, seismic, geophysical, hydrodynamic surveys) with further specification of the geological and hydrodynamic model are required for improvement of the quality of design and efficiency of drilling of designed wells. The main purpose of this work is justification of well drilling direction with horizontal laying on the basis of a permanent geological and technological model (PGTM).
Promoting Safe Work Environment and Good HSE Culture by Reporting Leading Indicators: Case Study in Oil & Gas Industry
Authors: Egbevurie Benson , Mustapha Adetoun , Chine Okey , Amadi Amadi 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) reporting is defined as the recording of all unwanted or unplanned events/occurrences whether or not they resulted in injuries to people, damage to assets, harm to environment or have the potential to do so. In Nigeria, recording and reporting of accidents and ill health at work is a legal requirement under the Mineral Oil Safety Regulations (MOSR) 1997 and internationally, under the Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR) 2013.
In HSE reporting, there are leading (proactive) and lagging (reactive) indicators. "Leading" indicators are preferred because they record performance before the top event and therefore helps create a safer work place, reduce lost time, increase productivity and improve company reputation. Identification of situations/actions that can lead to actual incidents /accidents in the work place and removing them ahead of time is key; It also helps to identify weak links and provide focus areas and efficient channelling of resources and creates learning opportunities in the workplace and proactively prevents actual incidents from occurring.
These leading indicators include Unsafe Acts (UA), Unsafe Conditions (UC) and Near Misses (NM.
This paper will discuss contributions of proactive reporting in relation to good HSE performance and learnings, over a couple of years in Oil & Gas Company. It will also demonstrate how application of LEAN methodology (an efficiency minded and quality-oriented process) helped to overcome the challenges with reporting and hence improved the quantity, quality and learning from past incidents. The outcome of this project, has been critical in creating a culture of pro active safety management and reduction in significant safety incidents
Pilot Plant Bioremediation of Hydrocarbon Contaminated Drill Mud - Case Study in Ghana
Authors: Osei-Twumasi D.. , Fei-Baffoe B.. , Darkwah L.. , Adomako F.. , Boateng D. A. , Johnson W. B. , Yartel R.. , Ennin K.. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Hydrocarbon-contaminated drill mud waste associated with oil and gas activities constitutes a major risk to the environment, but current conventional treatment methods have not been effective in removing Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon (TPH). In this study, the remedial potential of nutrients addition to stimulate the growth of indigenous microbes was harnessed to treat drill mud contaminated with hydrocarbons as an alternative to the conventional treatment methods.
Baseline study of the hydrocarbon contaminated drill mud was carried out to establish the inherent physicochemical and biological characteristics. Homogenized sample of the hydrocarbon contaminated drill mud was inoculated with adequate amount of nutrient and bulking agent into various ratios of contaminated drill mud/nutrients/bulking agent. The specification for each microcosm experiment was 0.2 m × 0.5 m × 1.5 m for depth, breadth and length respectively.
The experimental results showed a high TPH level of 8.88 × 105 mg/kg, low nitrogen content of 0.4% and low microbial load of 1.34 × 103 CFU/100ml for the drill mud. TPH degraded sharply, averaging 98% after three weeks and 99.5% after seven weeks augmentation with nutrients. The trends of the other measured parameters supported that the degradation was due to the enhanced microbial activities.
The high rate of degradation achieved in this study supports the proposition that bioremediation of drill mud is a feasible approach to effectively remove TPH components from the hydrocarbon contaminated drill mud. This study therefore paves way for scalable studies to be pursued in similar and/or different industrial situations.
Making an E&P - Fisheries Management Plan Work in Ghana - A Multi-Stakeholder Approach towards Addressing Implementation Challenges
Authors: Babanawo R.. , Boakye-Agyei K.. , Amoyaw-Osei Y.. , Buchman A.. 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The objective of this paper is to describe the process and results of the multi-stakeholder approach to solving marine zone conflicts which could serve as a reference for managing impacts of offshore E&P in other countries. Ghana's fishers and coastal communities had raised many concerns over the potential adverse impacts of offshore oil exploration and production prior to the development of the giant Jubilee field nearly a decade ago. Government officials have worked to filter the noise and misperceptions from the legitimate concerns in an effort to focus management efforts and communications on addressing actual impacts.
In 2014, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) of Ghana in collaboration with other stakeholders initiated an Independent Study to ascertain the impacts of Exploration and Production on fisheries and the Marine environment as an important step in defining the way forward. The study included extensive interview and consultation with various stakeholders and produced series of recommendations that were carefully vetted with these stakeholders.
Implementing these recommendations in a manner that is inclusive of broad stakeholder interests to ensure peaceful coexistence between the fisheries and oil and gas sectors and harmonious utilization of the marine environment is inherently associated with critical challenges. To address these critical challenges, the Ministry of Fisheries, with support from offshore E&P operators and the Independent Study team launched a multi-stakeholder Marine Fisheries Advisory Committee with a specific charter and work plan for implementing recommended actions of the Independent Study.
Under the guidance of the Marine Fisheries Advisory Committee, a Coastal and Marine Sector Action Plan with activities categorized into seven priority areas was developed to address the main concerns of stakeholders. An Inter-Ministerial Oversight Committee (IMOC) is to be established to provide leverage for the implementation of the Action plan.
Ghana's Response to National Emergencies and Disaster Management: An Advocacy for a Multisectoral Approach
Authors: Teddy Gina , Akoriyea Samuel Kaba 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
The past two decades have seen an increasing trend in national disasters in Ghana resulting from natural catastrophes and human activities. In the past few years however, the range of threats have dramatically shifted to human activities leading to environmental degradation, infectious diseases and other public health hazards, technological and chemical hazards, and conflicts with consequences to public health and climate change. Across the country but largely in cities and towns, the threat for disaster are created through poor sanitation and building plans, mining and forestry practices, poor regulation and enforcement, lack of education, corruption and greed, and poor health and safety practices. Response to disaster and emergencies such as floods, bushfires, drought, deforestation, collapsed buildings, infectious disease outbreaks, unsafe food and water contamination, and road accidents have been adhoc, haphazardly planned and poorly supported. There is a lack of collaboration and partnership among the institutions responsible for managing these risks and disasters. The efforts of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), National Disaster Management Organisation (NADMO), ministries of health, agriculture, mines and natural resources, ambulatory and fire services are all independent of each other on the one hand and isolated from the community, NGOs, civil societies and research institutes on the other.
These had led them to operate in silos, pursue individual policies at the detriment of maximising the scarce resources and capacities available to support risk management. Sordidly, providing relief to disaster victims is currently politicised by governments and political parties for campaign and voting purposes, leading to political inteference and manipulations. These short term approaches to disaster management had been the cause of recurrent preventative catastrophes, public health challenges and rapid environmental degradation experienced in Ghana. We are advocating for a multi-sectoral approach to emergency and disaster management in Ghana by all sectors and partners involved to ensure adequate prediction, regulation, prevention, and lessons for mitigation and monitoring, information and education to the public. NADMO cannot continue to haphazardly support disaster victims, nor the EPA overwhelmed with the growing challenges. We are calling for clear national policy direction and systems approach to disaster, risk and emergency management that allow for effective partnership, encourage capacity strengthening and resource collaboration among all partners for effective measures towards prevention, mitigation, preparedness, response and recovery.
CABGOC Process Safety Risk Management Challenges – Process Safety Effectiveness and Performance Improvement by Effective Process Implementation and Verification & Validation of Critical Safeguards
Authors: Shanmugavelu Rajasekaran , Ramos Joao A 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Many accidents in oil industries have occurred in spite of investment in Risk Management (RM) Process because of ineffective safeguards verification & validation and improper critical RM corrective actions implementation. Risk assessment action closure based on risk severity and effective implementation of safeguard verification & validation are especially more important in low oil price regime to meet the company Operation Excellence objectives. This manuscript presents how Cabinda Gulf Oil Company Limited (CABGOC), Health, Environment and safety (HES) - Process safety team effectively re-orienting itself to address the challenges in meeting the risk reduction goals.
To implement RM process, it is required to develop and maintain the Company Risk Management database with qualified baseline RM studies and effective risk based recommendation action closure process. The article provides organized strategies to manage historical RM studies qualify for its reference and maintain the baseline studies for future revalidation as per Corporate RM processes and document the new processes for continuous improvement. It also enumerates the process of field safeguard verification & validation with information on Management of Change (MOC) and Non-Conformance Report and engagement of all stockholders for a complete process safety information understanding before carrying out the RM studies. Continual monitoring of the status of various facilities critical safeguards accredited for the RM process and improving the team competencies to meet the expectation are part of the strategy. The verification and the validation, as per corporate guidance, are being taken on all critical safeguards by field verification on condition, control status, adequacy based on MOC process or any other modification and Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) gaps in relation to effective implementation. How are these safeguards verification and validation data used in calibrating the quantitative studies input data for revalidation and study effectiveness is also explained. The strategies provide cost effective risk based RM process implementation, well managed RM database, compliance to corporate guidance and incident free operation.
Exposure to Gestational Diabetes Mellitus: Impact on the Development of Early-Onset Type 2 Diabetes in Canadian First Nations and Non–First Nations Offspring
Authors: Sellers Elizabeth A.C. , Dean Heather J. , Shafer Leigh Anne , Martens Patricia J. , Phillips-Beck Wanda , Heaman Maureen , Prior Heather J. , Dart Allison B. , McGavock Jonathan , Morris Margaret , Torshizi Ali A. , Ludwig Sora , Shen Garry X. 
Published: October 2016

OBJECTIVE
Type 2 diabetes is increasing in children worldwide, with Canadian First Nations (FN) children disproportionally affected. The prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) also is increasing. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of GDM exposure in utero and FN status on the subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in offspring in the first 30 years of life.

RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS
In this population-based historical prospective cohort study, we used administrative databases linked to a clinical database to explore the independent association and interaction between GDM and FN status on the subsequent development of type 2 diabetes in offspring.

RESULTS
Among 321,008 births with a median follow-up of 15.1 years, both maternal GDM and FN status were independently associated with subsequent risk of type 2 diabetes in offspring in the first 30 years of life (hazard ratio 3.03 [95% CI 2.44–3.76; P &lt; 0.0001] vs. 4.86 [95% CI 4.08–5.79; P &lt; 0.0001], respectively). No interaction between GDM and FN status on type 2 diabetes risk was observed. FN status had a stronger impact on the development of type 2 diabetes in offspring than GDM.

CONCLUSIONS
GDM is an important modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes, and its prevention may reduce the prevalence of subsequent type 2 diabetes in offspring. This study adds unique and rigorous evidence to the global public health debate about the impact of GDM on the long-term health of offspring.