bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Cyrenaican Prehistory Project 2010: the fourth season of investigations of the Haua Fteah cave and its landscape, and further results from the 2007–2009 fieldwork
Authors: Barker Graeme , Antoniadou Annita , Armitage Simon , Brooks Ian , Candy Ian , Connell Kate , Douka Katerina , Drake Nicholas , Farr Lucy , Hill Evan , Hunt Chris , Inglis Robyn , Jones Sacha , Lane Christine , Lucarini Giulio , Meneely John , Morales Jacob , Mutri Giuseppina , Prendergast Amy , Rabett Ryan , Reade Hazel , Reynolds Tim , Russell Natalie , Simpson David , Smith Bernard , Stimpson Chris , Twati Mohammed , White Kevin 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe paper reports on the fourth (2010) season of fieldwork of the Cyrenaican Prehistory Project, and on further results of analyses of artefacts and organic materials collected in the 2009 season. Ground-based LiDar has provided both an accurate 3D scan of the Haua Fteah cave and information on the cave's morphometry or origins. The excavations in the cave focussed on Middle Palaeolithic or Middle Stone Age ‘Pre-Aurignacian’ layers below the base of the Middle Trench beside the McBurney Deep Sounding (Trench D) and on Final Palaeolithic ‘Oranian’ layers beside the upper part of the Middle Trench (Trench M). Although McBurney referred to the upper part of the Deep Sounding as more or less sterile, the 2010 excavations found evidence for small-scale but regular human presence in the form of stone artefacts and debitage, though given the sedimentary context the latter are unlikely to represent in situ knapping. The excavations of Trench M extended from the basal Capsian layers investigated in 2009 through Oranian layers to the transition with the Dabban Upper Palaeolithic. Some 17,000 lithic pieces have been studied from the Capsian and Oranian layers excavated in Trench M, in an area measuring less than 2 m by 1 m by 1.1 m deep, along with numerous animal bones, molluscs, and macrobotanical remains, as well as occasional shell beads. Preliminary studies of the lithics, bones, molluscs, and plant remains are revealing the changing character of late Pleistocene (Oranian) and early Holocene (Capsian) occupation in the Haua Fteah. Alongside the work in the Haua Fteah, the project continued its assessment of the Quaternary and archaeological sequences of the Cyrenaican coastland and completed a transect survey of surface lithic materials and their landform contexts from the pre-desert across the Gebel Akhdar to the coast, with a new focus on the al-Marj basin. Significant differences are emerging in patterns of Middle Palaeolithic and later hominin occupation and palaeodemography.
DMP X: Survey and Landscape Conservation Issues around the Tāqallit headland
Authors: Mattingly David , al-Aghab Salah , Ahmed Muftah , Moussa Farès , Sterry Martin , Wilson Andrew , Cole Franca , Leitch Victoria , Radini Anita , Savage Toby , Schörle Katia , Veldhuis Djuke 
Published: February 2016

AbstractSurvey by the DMP Burials and Identity team around the Tāqallit headland in 2009–2010 has revealed in exceptional detail a well-preserved Garamantian landscape, comprising extensive cemeteries, foggara irrigation systems and numerous oasis settlements. However, this remarkable survival of the Garamantian landscape was found in 2010 to be under direct and imminent threat of destruction. This report describes the landscape features recorded and the steps taken to try to preserve the evidence from obliteration in the face of modern agricultural development. Important new information was recorded about the date and furnishing of some key types of Proto-Urban tombs, linking with a refined view of the relationship of these cemeteries to contemporary foggara construction and the creation of pioneer farming settlement in the Tāqallit region. Significant additional details of the foggara systems were recorded through a combination of satellite image interpretation, surface observation and selective descent into rock-cut shafts. The discovery of an unexpected number of ancient settlements and structures of Garamantian date represents another major achievement of the work. The composite picture of the Garamantian landscape encompassing cemeteries, foggaras and settlements is arguably the most complete yet recorded in the FP/DMP work.
Notes on the Tauorga Project
Authors: Speetzen Heinrich 
Published: February 2016

From the 12 April 1974 to the 26 April 1974 the Libyan Society made it possible for me to visit the new irrigation project in Tauorga, Libya. The visit was a great help in completing a vital part of my Ph.D. research. It gave me the opportunity of studying the marketing situation for the planned output of the project, the working ability of the settlers, who are at present living in the decaying Tauorga oasis, and the expansion possibilities for agricultural production. I was also able to collect a great deal of statistical and peripheral information which has given me a much better understanding of the specific problems inherent in the project. The main results of my work in Libya are summarized below.The basis for the income of the settlers in the Tauorga project is a 10 ha farm for each of the 300 families to be settled. The cropping pattern of each of these farms is 3·8 ha cereals, 2·2 ha beets, 2·0 ha alfalfa and 2·0 ha vegetables. Further, the farmers will keep on each farm 2 cows, 1 ox, 2 donkeys, 5 sheep and 10 to 15 fowls. The labour demand for these agricultural activities per farm per annum is estimated to be as follows:The above table shows clearly that for a daily working time of 8 hours, at least 4 permanent full-time labourers will be required. Increasing the working day to 12 in order to reduce the number of labourers to 3, becomes unrealistic since the labourers would migrate to easier jobs, which are available in the urban centres. But it is unlikely that the 8-member families will have 4 able bodied workmen and much of the farmwork will probably have to be done by hired labour.
Excavations at El-Medeinah, Ancient Surt 1977
Authors: Abdussaid Abdulhamid , Shaglouf Masoud , Fehérvári Géza 
Published: February 2016

Excavations at El-Medeinah, ancient Surt (in previous reports erroneously called Medinat Sultan) took place between July 11 and August 6th 1977. The excavations were financed by the Department of Antiquities of Libya and by the Society for Libyan Studies. Participants of the excavations were Mr. Abdulhamid Abdussaid, Technical Director of the Department of Antiquities, Libya, Mr. Masoud Shagluf, Controller of Antiquities, Benghazi, Dr. Géza Fehérvári, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London on behalf of the Society for Libyan Studies, Mr. Idris Ahmad Badi, Inspector of Antiquities, Benghazi, Mr. Michael Blyth and Mrs. Marta Kozary Blyth, Architects, Miss Marga Foley, Conservation student, Institute of Archaeology, University of London, Miss Caroline Ballingal, student, School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London and Mrs. Iren Fehérvári.The aims of the season's work were:1. to prepare an overall survey map of the site,2. to prepare for publication the previously excavated pottery, and3. to open a trial trench in the mosque area in order to investigate earlier occupation levels, and a second one inside the mosque to establish the existence of a ṗre-Fāṭimid mosque.With regard to the survey of the site, Professor Lucien Golvin of the University of Aix-en-Provence began such work on the site in June, 1975 and laid down a number of reference points on a 50 m grid. It was decided that the present survey should be based on Professor Golvin's grid, and implemented as necessary. A new reference system was evolved which will be used in future excavations. A contour map of 1:1000 was produced which extends beyond the suggested line of the city walls as they were set by the Department of Antiquities under the direction of Dr. Mohammad Mostafa. The map depicts the contours at 50 cm intervals and includes all the previously excavated areas and visible features of the site (Fig.1).
Neo-Punic Tombs near Leptis Magna
Authors: Abouhamed Mahmoud Saddiq 
Published: February 2016

On May 1, 1973 Sayyed Mohamed A. Sarria informed the controller of the office at Leptis that there was a large cavity on the construction site of an Indian contracting company working on an electrical project. The Controller went to inspect the cavity on May 15th. The site is located near an old castle, named Gasr Gelda, and about 500 metres north-west of the Moah family residence, which is about 2.5 km south of Leptis. When the cavity was examined it was identified as the courtyard of an ancient tomb, 3 m deep. After cleaning the courtyard, the workmen found the main entrances of two tombs which were closed by two big stones. Each tomb (Fig.1) consists of a small underground chamber with a gently curving ceiling and plastered walls (see plates 1 and 2).Many important objects were found in Tomb 1 and these were transferred to the Leptis museum store (see plate 3). The second was found empty, having probably not been used. It seems to have been dug in the rock and it had several niches.
Groundwater resources of Eastern Libya (Cyrenaica)
Authors: Wright E. P. 
Published: February 2016

Cyrenaica, excluding the Jebel Akhdar, forms part of the Libyan Sahara. It is a true desert with a mean annual rainfall generally less than 20 mm, and a land surface of sand, gravel or rock, largely devoid of vegetation (Plate 1). Yet a few thousand years ago, the Libyan Sahara, as elsewhere in North Africa, enjoyed an abundant rainfall and supported a varied flora and fauna as can be seen from pre-historic rock paintings. The abundant rainfall filled huge subterranean reservoirs which since then have been slowly draining to the Mediterranean Sea or low lying sabkhats and inland lakes. In consequence of the moderate relief of the Sahara and the wide regional extent and uniform structure of the sedimentary basins which form the reservoirs, the groundwater bodies occur in huge flow systems which may extend over several hundreds of miles. The reservoirs' thicknesses vary but the two most important series, the Continental Intercalaire or Nubian, and the Continental Terminal of mid-Tertiary to recent age, frequently exceed 3000 feet. Two major flow systems occur in Cyrenaica, in the Sirte and Kufra basins (Fig.1).Until oil was discovered in the late nineteen fifties, groundwater development in Cyrenaica was mainly concentrated in coastal areas where the prevailing rainfall is sufficient to permit some recharge, and in a few interior scattered oases — Giarabub, Jalo-Augila, Kufra and Tazerbo, where the ground surface lies close to the upper phreatic (water table) surface of regional groundwater systems.Oil exploration requires fairly large supplies of water for the main drilling operations. During exploration in the Sirte basin it was discovered that water of variable quality could be found virtually anywhere at moderate depths between 100 and 500 feet below ground level. Oil company practice to obtain temporary water supplies is to drill two or three simply constructed water wells to a few hundred feet below the water table, and to pump by air lift. The wells are subsequently capped, when no longer required.
Crowe's Tomb at Benghazi – a Postscript
Authors: Bailey D. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis note is a sequel to an earlier article concerning a tomb discovered at Benghazi in 1860 by F. H. Crowe. Further papers relating to the discovery (including a plan of the tomb) have come to light and are published here. Additional comments can also now be advanced on some of the artifacts found in the tomb.
Stratigraphy of the Qasr Al Haj Formation, Fan-gravel Deposits of Quaternary Age, Tripolitania, S.P.L.A.J.
Authors: Anketell J. M. , Ghellali S. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Qasr Al Haj Formation, comprised of alluvial fan gravels and sands with calcrete horizons, is subdivided into five members separated one from the other by surfaces of discontinuity. These surfaces, defined primarily by erosion and soil formation, can be followed northwards into the Jifarah Formation thus allowing detailed correlation of the fan-gravel deposits with the finer fluvio-aeolian sands and silts of the floodplain. Thick deposits of cemented and uncemented gravels at Wadi Ghan contain at least two horizons of basaltic lava flows. Previously reported finds of artifacts from this gravel sequence together with the possibility of radiometric dating of the lavas, may provide a much-needed chronostratigraphic framework for the Quaternary deposits of the north-west Tripolitanian region.
The UNESCO Libyan Valleys Survey XXI: Geomorphological Studies of the Romano-Libyan Farm, its Floodwater Control Structures and Weathered Building Stone at Site Lm4, at the Confluence of Wadi el Amud and Wadi Umm el Bagul in the Libyan Pre-desert
Authors: Gilbertson D. D. , Hunt C. O. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe Romano-Libyan farm Lm4 includes a ‘barrage’, water control walls and farm buildings. These were built as part of an agro-hydrological farm system at the confluence of the Wadi el Amud and the Wadi Umm el Bagul in the Libyan pre-desert. The farm appears to have functioned in a geomorphological environment not dissimilar to that which prevails today — with occasional rain storms producing overland flow and floods interrupting a dominance of aeolian processes. Field mapping revealed that substantial scatters of midden made up of abraded pottery, bone, and animal dung occur around the buildings. Animals appear to have been kept near to these buildings, which lead to coprolites becoming a very important component of these anthropogenic sediments. Such activity gave rise to significant bioturbation of the sediments, and a notable former vegetation cover. The petrology of the building stones used in the farm buildings is described using petrographic thin section studies. Cavernous weathering and case-hardening are shown to have developed after the stone was incorporated within the building. The size and distribution of these features are shown to relate to the nature of the bedrock used — especially the form and distribution of joints and sedimentary parting planes — as well as the distribution and thickness of the surficial soils and sediments, and the shape and form of the building.
Architectural Details from the Asklepeion at Balagrae (Beida)
Authors: Wright G. R. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDrawings made in 1958 of the Beida Sanctuary peristyle afford a basis for comment on characteristic architectural developments in Cyrenaica, seen as part of the Oriental Hellenistic world.Since this complex is dated epigraphically to Hadrianic times it offers information on the chronological compass of forms and motifs which are well established at a much earlier period (3rd century BC). Notable features are the mixing of elements from different orders and the use of the cordiform angle pier often in association with the Rhodian-type peristyle.The emergence of these devices can be seen in the Apollo Temple at Bassae, and they are subsequently formalised in the so-called Argolid School. This style was spread about the Hellenised Orient in the wake of Alexander's conquests. It can be seen particularly in Ptolemaic Alexandria, but owing to the destruction of almost all the free-standing building at Alexandria the bulk of the evidence comes from the Ptolemaic provinces, notably Cyrenaica, Cyprus and Southern Palestine/Arabia.The details of the Balagrae peristyle also show the retention of some old established Cyrenaican regional manners (Doric Capital with moulded abacus, simplified Ionic Capital, etc) and the complete absence of any specifically Roman innovations either of design or construction.
An Analysis of Eocene Mass Movements in the Wadi Athrun, Cyrenaica
Authors: Ammar Ammar A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study examines the evidence for mass movement activity in the Eocene deposits of Wadi Al Athrun. Slump and debris flow features were identified and analysed using fold orientation, slip plane separation and angles and mean vector methods. Results indicate that the palaeoslope of the Eocene continental slope was N20W, with a palaeostrike of N70E. Mass movements are separated into two units according to deformation intensity. The lower unit is primarily composed of slumped Bathyal Realm sediments of the Apollonia Formation, while the upper unit evidences slump and debris flow features incorporating nummulite-rich Neritic Realm deposits of the Darnah Formation. These observations represent further insight into the sedimentary history of the continental margins of North Africa.
Warrington's 1827 Discoveries in the Apollo Sanctuary at Cyrene
Authors: Thorn James Copland 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn the summer of 1827 Colonel Hanmer Warrington, British Consul General in Tripoli, sent his son H. G. Warrington to Cyrene to search for antiquities which the Bashaw of Tripoli had offered to Britain. The article contains copies of the original letters on this subject and gives a description of the antiquities which were discovered during his excavations in the Apollo Sanctuary. Also given is the subsequent history of their journey from Cyrene to London, and then to Edinburgh, where they are now exhibited.
Utilisation of Groundwater in Jebel el Akhdar, North-East Libya, as a Basis of Agricultural Improvement with Special Emphasis on the El Marj Plain
Authors: Bukechiem A. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe critical criteria for regional agricultural development are water and heat. The Jebel el Akhdar region has a semi-arid climate with a marked water shortage except in the winter months. In this paper estimates are made of the runoff which offsets the dry spring and summer and of the storage in the aquifers.The water level records in such regions as El Marj confirm gradual and regular lowering of the water level in the main aquifer. The associated rise of the salt water/fresh water interface is alarming. Great attention must be paid to variation of such storage reservoirs. This situation in the El Marj area is relatively stable compared with other regions of Libya, reflecting the limited demand and relative storage, particularly when water is utilised from the El Gharigh flood.The imbalance in the hydrological basin needs more care in its management and use.
A Funeral Offering near Euesperides
Authors: Wright G. R. H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractImmediately following the conclusion of the Ashmolean Excavations at Euesperides (Spring 1954) investigations were made at a locality c. 1 km to the south of the site and close by the (then) modern road to Benina Airport in order to determine possible survivals of undisturbed burials in a region long known as an ancient cemetery area. These investigations immediately lighted on an interesting deposit of pottery and terracotta jewellery from the later part of the fourth century BC. The deposit was placed on the rock floor in front of a cutting which had produced a vertical face c. 1 m high. Yet although a flat stone had been set against the rock face no chamber had been cut into the scarp, and no evidence of funerary practice survived in the area excavated.Editor's Note: this short paper is printed purely as a salvage operation concerning an exploratory sondage carried out in 1954 and written up at that time. It was handed over for publication by the author in Athens to Llewellyn Brown of the Ashmolean Museum, but never actually appeared; the original text, together with photographs and drawings of the objects, cannot now be found: possibly with this publication they may be identified. Mr Wright is one of the few people now living who was involved in archaeological work in Libya at that period, and even in its largely unillustrated form it would be unfortunate to entirely lose the 1954 record printed below.
Preliminary report on fieldwork at Euesperides (Benghazi) in October 1994
Authors: Hayes Peter P. , Mattingly David J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn October 1994, a small Anglo-Libyan team carried out a short field season on the site of Euesperides in the suburbs of Benghazi. The work was intended as the prelude to the renewal of excavation and more detailed investigation of this important Greco-Libyan town of the sixth to third century BC. Through selective recording of trenches dug recently by the Department of Antiquties on the north side of the site and of exposed sections in a redevelopment site close by, some important data on the nature of activity in this area has been gained. Palaeobotanical samples from these trenches have also yielded significant new information. In addition, surface collection of artefacts from the hill of Sidi Abeid and the northern part of the site will provide an opportunity to assess the phasing and zoning of Euesperides. Finally, a new theodolite survey of the site in its modern urban context demonstrates all too clearly the degradation of the ancient city in the face of intense modern development since the 1950s.
The Politics of Geography and the Italian Occupation of Libya
Authors: Atkinson David 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis article adopts a broad view of geography to examine some of the roles which geographical knowledges, of various kinds, played in constituting Libya in the Italian geographical imagination. After problematising geography as a situated form of knowledge with a long tradition of pro-imperial activities, it considers some of the ways in which geographical discourses laid the foundations for Italian imperialism in Libya. In particular the article considers how Italian geography played a crucial role in the ‘colonial science’ by which Fascist Italy attempted symbolically and intellectually to capture Libya and recast it as a controlled, knowable colonial domain.
Lepcis Magna Excavations Autumn 1995: report on surveying, archaeology and pottery
Authors: Walda H. M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractExcavation continued on the peristyle house encountered in the previous seasons, and new areas were opened. Late period walls of inferior workmanship were encountered in various places, many of which had collapsed on to the occupation levels. The water supply of the house was examined and consisted of a deep well and two very large cisterns; a small room appeared to be a private lavatory. Pottery and coins suggest a main occupation of the fourth and fifth centuries, with very little from later on. First- and possibly second-century pottery was found in one place, but the lack of definite second- and third-century pottery may indicate a gap in occupation. Detailed study of the pottery was made, and many artefacts, including coins, beads, glass, gems and bronzes were found. Environmental evidence was collected and an experimental trial was made of a 3D recording system, using EDM readings in conjunction with the project's CAD programme. The excavation of a substantial private house in a city known almost entirely for its public architecture is proving to be a very exciting and worthwhile project, and future work in earlier levels is anticipated with great interest.
‘Marmaric’ wares: some preliminary remarks
Authors: Hulin Linda 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis paper presents some information on Libyan pottery from Marmarica, based on the results of recent fieldwork in the vicinity of Marsa Matruh and Zawiyet umm-el Rakham. The local coarsewares are hard to date, but some New Kingdom period sherds can be identified. In the Graeco-Roman periods shell-tempered wares are found, in the form of a bag-shaped jar, production of which continues until at least the 7th century AD, to judge from the association of some of these sherds with amphorae of Riley's type Late Roman 13.