bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A survey of direct-to-consumer teledermatology services available to US patients: Explosive growth, opportunities and controversy
Authors: Fogel Alexander L , Sarin Kavita Y 
Published: January 2016

Introduction Direct-to-consumer (DTC) teledermatology is radically changing the way patients obtain dermatological care. Now, with a few clicks, patients can obtain dermatological consultations and prescription medications without a prior physician-patient relationship. To analyse all DTC teledermatology services available to US patients. Methods We performed Internet searches to identify DTC teledermatology services available through Internet webpages or through smartphone applications. For each service, the scope of care provided, cost, wait times, prescription policies and other relevant information were recorded. Results Twenty-two DTC teledermatology services are available to US patients in 45 states. Six (27%) services offer care from international physicians. Sixteen (73%) services allow patients to seek care for any reason, while six (27%) limit care to acne or anti-aging. The median reported response time for DTC teledermatology services is 48 hours from the time of patient request. The median consultation fee for companies providing care from US board-certified physicians is US$59. Across all services, consultation fees range from US$1.59 to US$250. Conclusions DTC teledermatology services are readily available to patients in most states. These services may reduce the cost of patient visits, expand access to care and increase patient convenience. However, the presence of services staffed by physicians who are not US board-certified, as well as the use of incautious language regarding prescription medications, is concerning.
ChainRank, a chain prioritisation method for contextualisation of biological networks
Authors: Tényi Ákos , de Atauri Pedro , Gomez-Cabrero David , Cano Isaac , Clarke Kim , Falciani Francesco , Cascante Marta , Roca Josep , Maier Dieter 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Background
Advances in high throughput technologies and growth of biomedical knowledge have contributed to an exponential increase in associative data. These data can be represented in the form of complex networks of biological associations, which are suitable for systems analyses. However, these networks usually lack both, context specificity in time and space as well as the distinctive borders, which are usually assigned in the classical pathway view of molecular events (e.g. signal transduction). This complexity and high interconnectedness call for automated techniques that can identify smaller targeted subnetworks specific to a given research context (e.g. a disease scenario).

Results
Our method, named ChainRank, finds relevant subnetworks by identifying and scoring chains of interactions that link specific network components. Scores can be generated from integrating multiple general and context specific measures (e.g. experimental molecular data from expression to proteomics and metabolomics, literature evidence, network topology). The performance of the novel ChainRank method was evaluated on recreating selected signalling pathways from a human protein interaction network. Specifically, we recreated skeletal muscle specific signaling networks in healthy and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) contexts. The analysis showed that ChainRank can identify main mediators of context specific molecular signalling. An improvement of up to factor 2.5 was shown in the precision of finding proteins of the recreated pathways compared to random simulation.

Conclusions
ChainRank provides a framework, which can integrate several user-defined scores and evaluate their combined effect on ranking interaction chains linking input data sets. It can be used to contextualise networks, identify signaling and regulatory path amongst targeted genes or to analyse synthetic lethality in the context of anticancer therapy. ChainRank is implemented in R programming language and freely available at https://github.com/atenyi/ChainRank.
Molecular adsorbent recirculating system and single-pass albumin dialysis in liver failure – a prospective, randomised crossover study
Authors: Sponholz Christoph , Matthes Katja , Rupp Dina , Backaus Wolf , Klammt Sebastian , Karailieva Diana , Bauschke Astrid , Settmacher Utz , Kohl Matthias , Clemens Mark G. , Mitzner Steffen , Bauer Michael , Kortgen Andreas 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackgroundThe aim of extracorporeal albumin dialysis (ECAD) is to reduce endogenous toxins accumulating in liver failure. To date, ECAD is conducted mainly with the Molecular Adsorbents Recirculating System (MARS). However, single-pass albumin dialysis (SPAD) has been proposed as an alternative. The aim of this study was to compare the two devices with a prospective, single-centre, non-inferiority crossover study design with particular focus on reduction of bilirubin levels (primary endpoint) and influence on paraclinical and clinical parameters (secondary endpoints) associated with liver failure.MethodsPatients presenting with liver failure were screened for eligibility and after inclusion were randomly assigned to be started on either conventional MARS or SPAD (with 4 % albumin and a dialysis flow rate of 700 ml/h). Statistical analyses were based on a linear mixed-effects model.ResultsSixty-nine crossover cycles of ECAD in 32 patients were completed. Both systems significantly reduced plasma bilirubin levels to a similar extent (MARS: median −68 μmol/L, interquartile range [IQR] −107.5 to −33.5,p = 0.001; SPAD: −59 μmol/L, −84.5 to +36.5,p = 0.001). However, bile acids (MARS: −39 μmol/L, −105.6 to −8.3,p < 0.001; SPAD: −9 μmol/L, −36.9 to +11.4,p = 0.131), creatinine (MARS: −24 μmol/L, −46.5 to −8.0,p < 0.001; SPAD: −2 μmol/L, −9.0 to +7.0/L,p = 0.314) and urea (MARS: −0.9 mmol/L, −1.93 to −0.10,p = 0.024; SPAD: −0.1 mmol/L, −1.0 to +0.68,p = 0.523) were reduced and albumin-binding capacity was increased (MARS: +10 %, −0.8 to +20.9 %,p < 0.001; SPAD: +7 %, −7.5 to +15.5 %,p = 0.137) only by MARS. Cytokine levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 and hepatic encephalopathy were altered by neither MARS nor SPAD.ConclusionsBoth procedures were safe for temporary extracorporeal liver support. While in clinical practice routinely assessed plasma bilirubin levels were reduced by both systems, only MARS affected other paraclinical parameters (i.e., serum bile acids, albumin-binding capacity, and creatinine and urea levels). Caution should be taken with regard to metabolic derangements and electrolyte disturbances, particularly in SPAD using regional citrate anti-coagulation.Trial registrationGerman Clinical Trials Register (www.drks.de)DRKS00000371. Registered 8 April 2010.
Extensions of almost-F and F-Suzuki contractions with graph and some applications to fractional calculus
Authors: Budhia Lokesh Budhia , Kumam Poom , Martínez-Moreno Juan , Gopal Dhananjay 
Published: January 2016

AbstractIn this paper, we introduce the two new concepts of an α-type almost-F-contraction and an α-type F Suzuki contraction and prove some fixed point theorems for such mappings in a complete metric space. Some examples and an application to a nonlinear fractional differential equation are given to illustrate the usability of the new theory.
The complete genome sequence and analysis of a plasmid-bearing myxobacterial strain Myxococcus fulvus 124B02 (M 206081)
Authors: Chen Xiao-jing , Han Kui , Feng Jing , Zhuo Li , Li Ya-jie , Li Yue-zhong 
Published: January 2016

AbstractMyxobacteria, phylogenetically located in the delta division of the Proteobacteria, are well known for characterized social behaviors and large genomes of more than 9 Mb in size. Myxococcus fulvus is a typical species of the genus Myxococcus in the family Myxococcaceae. M. fulvus 124B02, originally isolated from a soil sample collected in Northeast China, is the one and only presently known myxobacterial strain that harbors an endogenous autonomously replicating plasmid, named pMF1. The endogenous plasmid is of importance for understanding the genome evolution of myxobacteria, as well as for the development of genetic engineering tools in myxobacteria. Here we describe the complete genome sequence of this organism. M. fulvus 124B02 consists of a circular chromosome with a total length of 11,048,835 bp and a circular plasmid of 18,634 bp. Comparative genomic analyses suggest that pMF1 has a longstanding sustention within myxobacteria, and probably contributes to the genome expansion of myxobacteria.
Does drug treatment reduce the risk of further self-harm or suicide?
Authors: Smith Katharine , Attenburrow Mary Jane 
Published: January 2016

SummarySelf-harm is a significant social and healthcare problem, with substantial morbidity and healthcare costs. It has strong links to further self-harm and to suicide. The current review is one of three that investigate interventions in preventing recurrence of self-harm, and it focuses on pharmacological treatment. The conclusions are limited by the small number and size of trials identified, and the low quality of evidence. No benefit on recurrence of self-harm was detected in three small trials of antidepressants, but the types studied are ones that are now less commonly used. A small trial of flupentixol suggested a possible benefit on repetition, but this has not been replicated. One small trial of lithium showed no benefit, but this was in contrast to a recent large meta-analysis showing a significant anti-suicidal effect of lithium when used to treat mood disorder. The review highlights important areas for further research.
Gaining approvals for mental health research in the NHS
Authors: Cooper Miriam , Eyre Olga , Doherty Joanne , Jones Rhys Bevan 
Published: January 2016

SummaryWhen embarking on mental health research it is often necessary to apply for approvals from one or more review bodies to ensure that the research is ethical and that the safety and well-being of participants are safeguarded. This can be complicated and time consuming, particularly to those unfamiliar with the process. In this article we describe the approvals commonly required for National Health Service-based research involving patients and endeavour to clearly explain what is involved at each stage. We then highlight some of the main considerations, including ethical aspects, which are particularly pertinent to conducting research in the field of mental health, and finish with general advice and considerations for future developments in the area.
Towards a more just insanity defence: recovering moral wrongfulness in the M'Naghten Rules
Authors: Rix Keith J. B. 
Published: January 2016

SummaryThis article describes how the M'Naghten Rules, which govern the law of insanity in England and Wales, came into existence. In relation to knowledge of the wrongfulness of the alleged act, the article reveals how the Court of Appeal has sought to limit the defence, whereas the courts of first instance, and a number of other jurisdictions, have adopted interpretations of the Rules that accord more closely with the law of insanity as it existed at the time of Daniel McNaughtan's trial and that the Rules were probably meant to formulate. Three cases are used to illustrate the difficulties resulting from the position adopted by the Court of Appeal. It is suggested that in cases where the insanity defence is raised, justice is likely to be better served by addressing specifically and separately the accused's understanding or appreciation of the moral wrongfulness of the alleged act and their knowledge as to whether the alleged act is contrary to the law of the land.
Role of Hypothalamic VGF in Energy Balance and Metabolic Adaption to Environmental Enrichment in Mice
Authors: Foglesong Grant D. , Huang Wei , Liu Xianglan , Slater Andrew M. , Siu Jason , Yildiz Vedat , Salton Stephen R. J. , Cao Lei 
Published: January 2016

Abstract
Environmental enrichment (EE), a housing condition providing complex physical, social, and cognitive stimulation, leads to improved metabolic health and resistance to diet-induced obesity and cancer. One underlying mechanism is the activation of the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis with hypothalamic brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) as the key mediator. VGF, a peptide precursor particularly abundant in the hypothalamus, was up-regulated by EE. Overexpressing BDNF or acute injection of BDNF protein to the hypothalamus up-regulated VGF, whereas suppressing BDNF signaling down-regulated VGF expression. Moreover, hypothalamic VGF expression was regulated by leptin, melanocortin receptor agonist, and food deprivation mostly paralleled to BDNF expression. Recombinant adeno-associated virus-mediated gene transfer of Cre recombinase to floxed VGF mice specifically decreased VGF expression in the hypothalamus. In contrast to the lean and hypermetabolic phenotype of homozygous germline VGF knockout mice, specific knockdown of hypothalamic VGF in male adult mice led to increased adiposity, decreased core body temperature, reduced energy expenditure, and impaired glucose tolerance, as well as disturbance of molecular features of brown and white adipose tissues without effects on food intake. However, VGF knockdown failed to block the EE-induced BDNF up-regulation or decrease of adiposity indicating a minor role of VGF in the hypothalamic-sympathoneural-adipocyte axis. Taken together, our results suggest hypothalamic VGF responds to environmental demands and plays an important role in energy balance and glycemic control likely acting in the melanocortin pathway downstream of BDNF. (Endocrinology 157: 983-996, 2016)
The kindlin family: functions, signaling properties and implications for human disease
Authors: Rognoni Emanuel , Ruppert Raphael , Fässler Reinhard 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACT
The kindlin (or fermitin) family of proteins comprises three members (kindlin-1,-2 and -3) of evolutionarily conserved focal adhesion (FA) proteins, whose best-known task is to increase integrin affinity for a ligand (also referred as integrin activation) through binding of β-integrin tails. The consequence of kindlin-mediated integrin activation and integrin-ligand binding is cell adhesion, spreading and migration, assembly of the extracellular matrix (ECM), cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. Another hallmark of kindlins is their involvement in disease. Mutations in the KINDLIN-1 (also known as FERMT1) gene cause Kindler syndrome (KS) – in which mainly skin and intestine are affected, whereas mutations in the KINDLIN-3 (also known as FERMT3) gene cause leukocyte adhesion deficiency type III (LAD III), which is characterized by impaired extravasation of blood effector cells and severe, spontaneous bleedings. Also, aberrant expression of kindlins in various forms of cancer and in tissue fibrosis has been reported. Although the malfunctioning of integrins represent a major cause leading to kindlin-associated diseases, increasing evidence also point to integrin-independent functions of kindlins that play an important role in the pathogenesis of certain disease aspects. Furthermore, isoform-specific kindlin functions have been discovered, explaining, for example, why loss of kindlins differentially affects tissue stem cell homeostasis or tumor development. This Commentary focuses on new and isoform-specific kindlin functions in different tissues and discusses their potential role in disease development and progression.
Optimal Provision-After-Wait in Healthcare
Authors: Braverman Mark , Chen Jing , Kannan Sampath 
Published: January 2016

We investigate computational and mechanism design aspects of allocating medical treatments at hospitals of different costs to patients who each value these hospitals differently. The payer wants to ensure that the total cost of all treatments is at most the budget, B. Access to overdemanded hospitals is rationed through waiting times. We first show that optimizing social welfare in equilibrium is NP-hard. But if the number of hospitals is small and the budget can be relaxed to (1 + ɛ)B for arbitrarily small ɛ, the optimum under budget B can be achieved efficiently. Next, we show waiting times emerge endogenously from the dynamics between hospitals and patients and the payer doesn’t have to explicitly enforce them; all it needs to do is enforce the amount of money paid to each hospital, and the dynamics will converge to the desired waiting times in finite time. Going beyond equilibrium solutions, we investigate the optimization problem over a much larger class of mechanisms. With two hospitals and concave preference profiles of the patients, optimal welfare is actually attained by the randomized assignment, which allocates patients at random and avoids waiting times. Finally, we discuss potential policy implications of our results, followup directions, and open problems.
Strategies for reducing peri-operative blood loss in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Su E. P. , Su S. 
Published: January 2016

During the last ten years, greater attention has been given to the management of peri-operative blood loss after total knee arthroplasty (TKA), as it is a modifiable outcome that has a significant effect on the rate of complications, the recovery, and the economic burden. Blood loss after TKA has been greatly reduced during this time, thereby dramatically reducing the rates of allogeneic transfusion. This has significantly reduced the complications associated with transfusion, such as fluid overload, infection, and increased length of stay. The greatest advent in lowering peri-operative blood loss after TKA has been the introduction of tranexamic acid, which reduces blood loss without increasing the risk of thromboembolic events. This paper discusses the ways of reducing blood loss after TKA, for which a multimodal algorithm, with pre-, intra- and post-operative measures, has been adopted at our institution. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):98–100.
Treatment of nonunions in fractures of the humeral shaft according to the Diamond Concept
Authors: Miska M. , Findeisen S. , Tanner M. , Biglari B. , Studier-Fischer S. , Grützner P. A. , Schmidmaier G. , Moghaddam A. 
Published: January 2016

Methods Between 2005 and 2012, 50 patients (23 female, 27 male) with nonunion of the humeral shaft were included in this retrospective study. The mean age was 51.3 years (14 to 88). The patients had a mean of 1.5 prior operations (sd 1.2;1 to 8). All patients were assessed according to a specific risk score in order to devise an optimal and individual therapy plan consistent with the Diamond Concept. In 32 cases (64%), a change in the osteosynthesis to an angular stable locking compression plate was performed. According to the individual risk an additional bone graft and/or bone morphogenetic protein-7 (BMP-7) were applied. Results A successful consolidation of the nonunion was observed in 37 cases (80.4%) with a median healing time of six months (IQR 6). Younger patients showed significantly better consolidation. Four patients were lost to follow-up. Revision was necessary in a total of eight (16%) cases. In the initial treatment, intramedullary nailing was most common. Discussion The use of locking compression plates in combination with autologous cancellous bone graft has been shown to be a safe and effective treatment. In more complex cases, the use of the Masquelet technique and BMP-7 may be indicated at the first revision operation. Take home message: Our results suggest the Diamond Concept is a successful treatment strategy for nonunions of the humeral shaft. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:81–7.
Smoking status and the Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand score are early predictors of symptomatic nonunion of displaced midshaft fractures of the clavicle
Authors: Clement N. D. , Goudie E. B. , Brooksbank A. J. , Chesser T. J. S. , Robinson C. M. 
Published: January 2016

AimsThis study identifies early risk factors for symptomatic nonunion of displaced midshaft fractures of the clavicle that aid identification of an at risk group who may benefit from surgery.MethodsWe performed a retrospective study of 88 patients aged between 16 and 60 years that were managed non-operatively.ResultsThe rate of symptomatic nonunion requiring surgery was 14% (n = 13). Smoking (odds ratio (OR) 40.76, 95% confidence intervals (CI) 1.38 to 120.30) and the six week Disabilities of the Arm Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score (OR 1.11, 95% CI 1.01 to 1.22, for each point increase) were independent predictors of nonunion. A six week DASH score of 35 or more was identified as a threshold value to predict nonunion using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. Smoking and the threshold value in the DASH and were additive risk factors for nonunion, when neither were present the risk of nonunion was 2%, if one or the other were present the nonunion rate was between 17% to 20%, and if both were present the rate increased to 44%.DiscussionPatients with either of these risk factors, which include approximately half of all patients sustaining displaced midshaft fractures of the clavicle, are at an increased risk of developing a symptomatic non-union. Take home message: Smoking and failure of functional return at six weeks are significant predictors of nonunion of the midshaft of the clavicle. Such patients warrant further investigation as to whether they would benefit from early surgical fixation in order to avoid the morbidity of a nonunion. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B:125–30.
The epidemiology of failure in total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Khan M. , Osman K. , Green G. , Haddad F. S. 
Published: January 2016

Total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a cost effective and extremely successful operation. As longevity increases, the demand for primary TKA will continue to rise. The success and survivorship of TKAs are dependent on the demographics of the patient, surgical technique and implant-related factors. Currently the risk of failure of a TKA requiring revision surgery ten years post-operatively is 5%. The most common indications for revision include aseptic loosening (29.8%), infection (14.8%), and pain (9.5%). Revision surgery poses considerable clinical burdens on patients and financial burdens on healthcare systems. We present a current concepts review on the epidemiology of failed TKAs using data from worldwide National Joint Registries. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):105–12.
The surgical approach for revision total knee arthroplasty
Authors: Abdel M. P. , Della Valle C. J. 
Published: January 2016

A key to the success of revision total knee arthroplasty (TKA) is a safe surgical approach using an exposure that minimises complications. In most patients, a medial parapatellar arthrotomy with complete synovectomy is sufficient. If additional exposure is needed, a quadriceps snip performed through the quadriceps tendon often provides the additional exposure required. It is simple to perform and does not alter the post-operative rehabilitative protocol. In rare cases, in which additional exposure is needed, or when removal of a cemented long-stemmed tibial component is required, a tibial tubercle osteotomy (TTO) may be used. Given the risk of post-operative extensor lag, a V-Y quadricepsplasty is rarely indicated and usually considered only if TTO is not possible. Cite this article: Bone Joint J 2016;98-B(1 Suppl A):113–15.