bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Betamethasone improved near‐term neonatal lamb lung maturation in experimental maternal asthma
Authors: Robinson Joshua L. , Roff Andrea J. , Hammond Sarah J. , Darby Jack R. T. , Meakin Ashley S. , Holman Stacey L. , Tai Andrew , Moss Tim J. M. , Dimasi Catherine G. , Jesse Sarah M. , Wiese Michael D. , Davies Andrew N. , Muhlhausler Beverly S. , Bischof Robert J. , Wallace Megan J. , Clifton Vicki L. , Morrison Janna L. , Stark Michael J. , Gatford Kathryn L. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractMaternal asthma is associated with increased rates of neonatal lung disease, and fetuses from asthmatic ewes have fewer surfactant‐producing cells and lower surfactant‐protein B gene (SFTPB) expression than controls. Antenatal betamethasone increases lung surfactant production in preterm babies, and we therefore tested this therapy in experimental maternal asthma. Ewes were sensitised to house dust mite allergen, and an asthmatic phenotype induced by fortnightly allergen lung challenges; controls received saline. Pregnant asthmatic ewes were randomised to receive antenatal saline (asthma) or 12 mg intramuscular betamethasone (asthma+beta) at 138 and 139 days of gestation (term = 150 days). Lambs were delivered by Caesarean section at 140 days of gestation and ventilated for 45 min before tissue collection. Lung function and structure were similar in control lambs (n = 16, 11 ewes) and lambs from asthma ewes (n = 14, 9 ewes). Dynamic lung compliance was higher in lambs from asthma+beta ewes (n = 12, 8 ewes) compared to those from controls (P = 0.003) or asthma ewes (P = 0.008). Lung expression of surfactant protein genes SFTPA (P = 0.048) and SFTPB (P < 0.001), but not SFTPC (P = 0.177) or SFTPD (P = 0.285), was higher in lambs from asthma+beta than those from asthma ewes. Female lambs had higher tidal volume (P = 0.007), dynamic lung compliance (P < 0.001), and SFTPA (P = 0.037) and SFTPB gene expression (P = 0.030) than males. These data suggest that betamethasone stimulates lung maturation and function of near‐term neonates, even in the absence of impairment by maternal asthma.
A New Cutting Mechanics Model for Improved Shear Angle Prediction in Orthogonal Cutting Process
Authors: Kazemi Farshad , Song Chunlei , Clare Adam T. , Jin Xiaoliang 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In metal cutting processes, accurately determining the shear angle is essential, as it governs chip formation and cutting force generation. Despite extensive research conducted on this topic, the accurate prediction of the shear angle remains a subject of ongoing investigation. This paper presents a new analytical model for predicting the shear angle, taking into account the direction difference between the shear stress at the boundary of the primary shear zone and the maximum shear stress. The constitutive property of the workpiece material with respect to the strain, strain rate, and temperature is considered in predicting the shear angle. The results show that the solution for the shear angle is not unique for a given rake and friction angle, and is highly dependent on the flow stress response of the workpiece material. Orthogonal cutting experiments were conducted on steel and aluminum alloys under various uncut chip thicknesses, cutting speeds, and tool rake angles to characterize the chip thickness and shear angle. Based on a comparison between model predictions, experimental results, and data from the literature for various workpiece materials and cutting conditions, it is shown that the proposed model results in an improved prediction for shear angle by considering the stress transformation within the primary shear zone.
Nuclear Fusion Proposal Using the Explosive Power of Magnesium
Authors: Morishige Haruo , Kitamura Yasufumi 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper examines the possibility of fusion between deuterium (D) and tritium (T) utilizing the explosive force of magnesium. When 1 gram of DT undergoes 100% fusion, it generates 3.4 × 1011 joules of energy. To ignite 1 gram of DT, it is required to heat it to about 100 million degrees Kelvin (above 10 keV), necessitating 1.2 × 109 joules of energy [1].
On the other hand, magnesium combusts with carbon dioxide above 830 K, providing an explosive energy of 24.7 kJ/g of magnesium. For reference, this explosive energy is 5.6 times more than trinitrotoluene at 4.4 kJ/g [2]. Harnessing the explosive force of magnesium and carbon dioxide for fusion involves launching a magnesium shell filled with dry ice that contains DT into a chamber with 1200 K carbon dioxide. Initially, the outside of the magnesium shell and the carbon dioxide burn, followed by a detonation of magnesium and carbon dioxide inside the shell to compress and heat the low-density DT contained within, achieving extremely high temperature and pressure to induce fusion. As a result, it is concluded that fusion using a magnesium shell meets the Lawson criterion, an indicator of fusion ignition. This evaluation also estimates the unit cost of electricity generation, concluding that economic feasibility is achieved with magnesium, DT, and dry ice as fuel components.
The Experimental Integration of Photovoltaic Systems With Aeration Tanks in Wastewater Treatment
Authors: Al Nawafah Hamza , Kada Cheikh , Habash Omar , Abdel Hadi Ahmad , Amano Ryoichi S. 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
This paper presents a novel approach to enhancing energy efficiency in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) by integrating solar photovoltaic (PV) technology. Recognizing that WWTPs are major energy consumers, largely due to their aeration tanks, this study explores the potential of PV panels installed above these tanks. This innovative setup serves a dual purpose: the PV panels act as insulation, particularly in colder months, reducing heating energy needs, and the generated electricity powers the plant’s turbomachinery, potentially cutting a significant portion of energy demand. This strategy aims to reduce operational costs and support environmental sustainability. A prototype system was built to empirically test this hypothesis, focusing on the thermal interaction between PV modules and aeration tanks during winter and assessing energy savings and efficiency gains. Preliminary thermal models, created using MATLAB, guided the prototype’s design and implementation. The results indicated a 0.56% increase in PV panel efficiency due to the cooling effect of the aeration tanks and an overall improvement in the WWTP’s energy efficiency. These findings confirm the viability and advantages of integrating renewable energy into wastewater treatment. Future research will investigate the impact of this PV integration on water quality within the aeration tanks, which is crucial for determining the treatment process’s effectiveness under altered environmental conditions.
Dynamic Modeling and Performance Evaluation of Thermal Storage Tank With Packed Bed of Phase Change Capsules During Charging Processes
Authors: Wang Chang , Xu Can , Liu Ming , Yan Junjie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
In order to address the issues of global energy crisis and environmental pollutions, renewable energies are being rapidly developed. However, solar energy and wind energy are intermittent, and energy storage should be applied to amid the imbalance between energy supply and demand sides. Thermal storage technology is an effective and potential way for large-scale and long-term energy storage, which can improve the stability and efficiency of power generation system driven by solar energy. To obtain the dynamic behaviors of thermal storage tank with packed-bed of phase change capsules, dynamic models of heat transfer fluid (HTF) and phase change capsules were developed based on a modified one-dimensional discrete concentric model. The governing equations were programed and validated. Then, the dynamic behaviors of the charging processes of thermal energy storage tank under variable operation conditions were simulated and analyzed. The effects of packed-bed characteristics, such as capsule diameter and porosity, on temperature distribution, thermal and exergy storage, energy and exergy efficiency during charging processes of thermal energy storage tank were studied. Moreover, influences of inlet temperature and mass flow rate variations of heat transfer fluid on charging behaviors was also studied to compare the dynamic variations of its energy and exergy efficiencies. These factors have affected the charging time, maximum heat storage capacity and efficiency to varying degrees. It is worth noting that the exergy efficiency of the charging process increases over time. The present work can provide insights into optimizing the operational strategies of thermal storage systems to achieve high charging efficiency.
A Rapid Wet-Dry State Conversion Method of the Ultra-Supercritical Coal-Fired Power Plant by Optimizing the Recirculation Water Control Strategy
Authors: Liu Zefeng , Wang Chaoyang , Liu Ming , Yan Junjie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Switching between wet and dry states occurs frequently when the ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant operates between 15% and 30% rated load. How to keep wet-state operation stable and switching between wet and dry states rapidly becomes an increasing concern. This study established a detailed dynamic model of a 660MW ultra-supercritical coal-fired power plant, including the boiler recirculation system in low-load. During the state conversion process, the boiler components’ safe operation limitations were also considered as boundary conditions. Based on the developed model, the change trends of the key parameters were simulated when the wet-state operation and the energy distribution characteristics were analyzed during the conversion process. The results show that the temperature of separated recirculation water is greater than that of feedwater before converging, which has great potential to shorten the conversion time. The control scheme of recirculation water was revised by reconstructing the curve between the water level of the separator storage tank and the opening of the recirculation valve. The subcooling degree of feedwater entering the water wall decreased by regulating the recirculation of separated water on time and reasonably. The duration required for saturation decreased considerably with a constant water flow rate. By implementing the optimized control scheme, the operating mode switches from wet to dry in advance, and the corresponding unit load can decrease from 24.5% to 23.1% rated load. Based on the boiler components’ safe operation, the state-conversion time can be shortened by 30% at most. This research will guide the low-load flexibility and safe operation optimization.
Dielectric Nanofluid Jet-Impingement Cooling of Laptop CPU Package
Authors: Yucel Erkin , Pilipovich Sabina V. , Matos Nate C. , Sobhansarbandi Sarvenaz 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Semiconductors form the cornerstone of innovation, however, to maintain optimal performance and longevity of these devices, efficient thermal management is essential. Phase-I of this study aims to investigate the heat transfer potential of three different Jet Impingement (JI) flow topologies (uniflow, loopflow, and crossflow) as potential thermal solutions for use in high-powered personal laptops. The three JI flow topologies were tested using distilled water as a heat transfer fluid (HTF) at flowrates of 3 m/s, 6 m/s and 9 m/s. A computational simulation software, Ansys Fluent 2023 R1, was used to compare the performance of all three designs under various operating conditions. Of the three designs tested, uniflow showed the best cooling performance, outperforming the other two designs by an average of 20% across multiple flowrates, while keeping the chip temperature well below the threshold. In Phase-II, the thermal performance of the uniflow design was further evaluated using several different HTFs with and without nanoparticles at a flowrate of 3 m/s. The results indicate that utilizing a uniflow design with pure silicone liquid with 2% Al2O3 yielded the lowest chip temperature of 37.56 °C among all the other HTFs tested. Therefore, the said configuration can be used as a viable direct-contact thermal solution for high-power processors within personal laptops.
Extension of Solid Particle Erosion Models for the Calculation of Erosion of Pneumatic Equipment Due to Pulverized Coal
Authors: Berg Lawrence D. , Baghernejad Peyman , Grue Ann , Perera Anura , Sedrez Thiana A. , Shirazi Siamack A. , Karimi Soroor 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The application of a state-of-the-art erosion model applied to the problem of erosion of pneumatic transport hardware at Pulverized Coal (PC) Power stations was previously examined and it was demonstrated numerically that erosion is being over-predicted by a factor of about 100. In this paper, jet-impingement experiments are performed using sand and coal for a development of a novel erosion model and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is used for verification and validation of the model. This work is a result of the last two years collaboration between RJM Corporation and the Erosion/Corrosion Research Center (E/CRC) at the University of Tulsa. To accomplish the research, one experimental test facility capable of testing sand, PC, or a mixture of sand and PC was designed and fabricated. In parallel, pulverized fuel were sourced, tested (proximate and ultimate), minerals characterized, and particle distribution determined. Using the new erosion facility, experiments were accomplished that demonstrated the sudden change in erosion rate (ER) as a result of an increase in particle concentration. Additional experiments allowed for characterization of the erosion phenomena and an empirical correlation was developed and is presented in the paper. The coal was examined using Mineral Liberation Analysis (MLA) for two different particle sizes. The larger size particles were shown to have a high percentage of mineral matter distributed into the particles and smaller particles had significant “free” minerals. Testing showed that the small particles with high amounts of free minerals had a nearly ten-fold increase in ER. Finally, an empirical methodology was developed to account for variations in mineral properties. When applied to the coal analyzed, predicted material losses decreased by a factor of ten. The aggregate of the three corrections is shown to bring erosion material loss calculations closer to the approximate life expectancy (2–4 years) observed with the commercially utilized PC nozzle.
Dynamic Modeling and Frequency Regulation Performance Evaluation of a Combined Heat and Power Unit Supplying Industrial Steam
Authors: Xiong Yongsheng , Wang Na , Liu Ming , Yan Junjie 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
To establish a sustainable energy system, renewables, such as wind and solar energy, have been developed rapidly. However, renewable power has strong time-varying characteristics, which undoubtedly affects the safe and stable operation of the power grid. Combined heat and power plants (CHP) have higher energy efficiency than the condensing power plants that only generate power, but have restricted operational flexibility. The primary frequency regulation capacity of the CHP unit is normally smaller that the condensing power unit. To evaluate the frequency regulation performance of the CHP plants, the dynamic model of a CHP unit was developed based on the GSE software and validated with a 660 MW CHP plant as the reference case. Then, variations of the power grid frequency of the CHP unit were obtained with the step disturbances of power unit’s power load in different degrees. Besides, the frequency regulation performances of the CHP unit assisted by the heat storage of heat network pipelines were evaluated. Results show the use of combined valve regulation can shorten the primary frequency regulation time, and improve the primary frequency regulation efficiency. Under the step disturbance of 5 MW and 10 MW power loads, the combined use of heating extraction valve and high-pressure regulation valve can improve the efficiency of primary frequency regulation by 8.5% and 18.8% compared with that using the high-pressure regulation valve alone.
Different Approaches for Hybridization Between Solid Oxide Fuel Cells and Internal Combustion Engines
Authors: Elkafas Ahmed G. , Rivarolo Massimo , Mantelli Luca , Barberis Stefano , Colón Rodríguez José , Zhou Nana , Tucker David 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The paper explores the hybridization of Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) and Internal combustion Engine (ICE), It addresses design point analysis for SOFC-ICE hybrid system applications, considering the early adoption of technology. The study investigates different design cases for a 1 MW turbocharged SOFC-ICE system for marine applications in which the SOFC’s power contribution is fixed at 20% to reduce the risk and expenses associated with early technology adoption. The results show that the maximum efficiency of the SOFC-ICE system is 49.4% at 70% fuel utilization and 1.1% methane concentration at the anode inlet of SOFC. This integration provides an efficiency improvement of 5% over the standalone ICE. Moreover, the results demonstrated that the SOFC-ICE system might provide a maximum reduction in CO2 emissions of 17.6% over existing marine natural gas engines. However, the results prove the insensitivity of system efficiency to both SOFC fuel utilization and methane composition in the anode inlet. Because the system efficiency variation is no more than 1.41% or 1.1% when varying fuel utilization from 70% to 90% or varying methane concentration from 1.1% to 30.7%, respectively. Based on these findings, a SOFC-ICE hybrid system with complete external reforming and very low fuel consumption can be designed for optimal performance. Both would lengthen the SOFC stacks’ lifetime and lower SOFC design complexity and cost. These results are compared to an optimized hybrid design for stationary applications where the SOFC represented between 78% and 93% of the total system power. Intuitively, optimizing the power split in the system design at the highest fuel utilization (90%) provides higher efficiencies by 13% than fixing the SOFC power share at 20%.
Comparison of Ceramic Electrolyte Materials in Solid Oxide Fuel Cells for Emission Reduction
Authors: Willsey Aliza M. , Welles Thomas S. , Ahn Jeongmin 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Fuel cells are a renewable energy technology that directly convert chemical energy into electrical energy. Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are a type of fuel cell that are composed of ceramic materials and consist of two dissimilar electrodes separated by an electrolyte layer. The components of the positive electrode on a SOFC allow for the reduction of oxygen in a typical reaction. However, this mechanism also allows for nitric oxide (NO) to be separated at the positive electrode surface. NO is a toxic pollutant released by internal combustion engines due to incomplete combustion. Although exhaust cleaning technologies are implemented into internal combustion engines, current methods of removing NO from exhaust are insufficient. Catalytic converters can break down NO, however in lean conditions the catalytic converters fail to clean exhaust. A lean nitrogen oxide trap can be implemented in lean conditions, however once the storage capacity is reached it is no longer useful in removing NO from exhaust. SOFCs are a more efficient catalyst for cleaning exhaust, as operation for breaking down NO does not depend on equivalence ratio and the fuel cell separates nitrogen and oxygen rather than capturing NO, so there is no storage capacity. Previous work has shown the SOFC’s ability to break down NO using lanthanum strontium cobalt ferrite-gadolinium doped ceria (LSCF-GDC) for the positive electrode material. This work will investigate other types of ceramics to use for the positive electrode material. This will help to find the ideal material for the catalyst to clean exhaust and will lead to a deeper understanding of the reaction occurring at the positive electrode.
Assessment of the Feasibility of District Heating Networks Crossing Multiple Cost Areas Using Profitability Maps
Authors: Balan Claudia Florentina , Zaccaria Valentina , Kyprianidis Konstantinos , Vadiee Amir 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
District Heating Networks have evolved in recent years, moving from transporting high-temperature heat produced in Cogeneration Heat and Power Plants, to nowadays using heat from low-temperature renewable heat sources, driving the sustainable transition in the heating sector. The percentage of heat transported by district heating networks varies widely across Europe, from 1% in Ireland to 64% in Denmark. GIS-based algorithms have emerged as design and decision tools to identify renewable heat sources, heat users, and to determine the district heating networks size to connect them.
Most of the current methods assume a constant installation cost for the entire network (Single Cost Area). However, this may not hold true for transmission lines crossing Multiple Cost Areas, such as cities, countryside, rivers, and natural reserves, which have significantly different installation costs.
This paper presents a GIS-based methodology developed in Python to adapt the existing methods to lines crossing Multiple Cost Areas. The system’s profitability is evaluated in terms of Total Investment Cost, Levelized Cost of Heat, and the Maximum Profitable Distance. The result is that using a constant average cost for a Multiple Cost Area region can lead to an error of 11–71 % on the estimation of the maximum profitable distance.
To summarize the results a newly developed concept, the Profitability Map, is introduced to highlight the regions where is profitable to transport the heat. Two case studies (100 MW waste heat, 5 MW low temperature geothermal) are presented to demonstrate the use of Profitability Maps, highlighting the advantages of the new methodology as a decision-support tool.
The Concept PATMI: A Breakthrough in High-Efficient Low-Emissions Thermo-Mechanical Power Generation, Leading to the Rapid Decarbonization of the Energy Sector
Authors: Fernando Kamal P. , Oryshchyn Danylo B. , Tucker David 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
The PATMI concept (Power Amplifying Thermo-Mechanical Inverter) focuses on producing AC electricity thermo-mechanically with rotational generators, even if DC electricity is produced within the system. This is achieved by powering the compressors in a Brayton-based cycle with a motor instead of mechanically coupling the compressors to the turbines. This approach could provide the next generation of thermal power plants with high efficiency, leading to low-emissions power generation in the foreseeable future. This work illustrates that a solid-oxide fuel cell (SOFC) recuperated gas turbine (GT) hybrid cycle could be modified such that the fuel cell-generated electricity is used to drive the compressor with a minimal efficiency loss over the original SOFC-GT cycle. Comparisons herein show an efficiency change of only 2.9 percentage points for 100% rotational power. Further, maximizing the portion of the power generated to the main power grid by rotary generators eliminates many issues related to inertia-less electronic inverters, bolstering voltage and frequency control during the transition to a renewable energy sector. The approach presented could enable higher part-load power generation efficiencies as well.