bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
N-Acyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamides: highly selective and efficient reagents for acylation of amines in water
Authors: Ebrahimi Sara , Saiadi Safoura , Dakhilpour Simin , Mirsattari Seyed Nezamoddin , Massah Ahmad Reza 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
A variety of N-acyl-N-(4-chlorophenyl)-4-nitrobenzenesulfonamides (1a–e) were synthesized in one pot from 4-chloroaniline under solvent-free conditions and have been developed as chemoselective N-acylation reagents. Selective protection of primary amines in the presence of secondary amines, acylation of aliphatic amines in the presence of aryl amines, and monofunctionalization of primary-secondary diamines as well as selective N-acylation of amino alcohols using these reagents are described. All of the acylation reactions were carried out in water as a green solvent. High stability and easy preparation of these acylating reagents are other advantages of this method.
Dialysis Method to Control Exchangeable Sodium and Remove Excess Salts From Bentonite
Authors: Sample-Lord Kristin M. , Shackelford Charles D. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractControl of the cation species on the exchange complex of bentonite and removal of excess soluble salts may be desirable when preparing specimens for research focused on fundamental clay behavior as well as for improving containment properties of bentonite (e.g., swell, hydraulic conductivity, diffusion, and membrane behavior). The dialysis method has been used extensively by soil scientists to prepare homo-ionized clays (i.e., clays with a single cation species on the exchange complex) and to rinse soils of excess salts. However, achievement of homo-ionization and removal of soluble salts often is assumed without verification via measurement of the exchangeable and soluble cations after dialysis. Therefore, a dialysis procedure was evaluated as a method to prepare bentonite with a controlled exchangeable sodium percentage (ESP) and a low concentration of soluble salts, as verified by measurement of the ESP and soluble cations before and after dialysis. The procedure consisted of two stages: (1) dialysis with strong (≥ 0.1 M) NaCl solution to increase the percentage of Na+ on the exchange complex, and (2) subsequent removal of excess soluble salts via dialysis with de-ionized water (DIW). The ESP of the bentonite increased from 47 % for the untreated bentonite to 69 %, 80 %, and 89 % after dialysis with 0.1 M, 0.5 M, and 1.0 M NaCl solutions, respectively. Dialysis with DIW also removed soluble salts within a shorter time frame than other methods currently used to flush bentonite specimens of excess salts for testing (2 weeks versus several months).
Characterization of Non-Crimp Fabric Laminates: Loss of Accuracy Due to Strain Measuring Techniques
Authors: Sánchez-Heres Luis F. , Ringsberg Jonas W. , Johnson Erland 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In mechanical characterization methods, the mechanical properties of multiple material test specimens are measured to determine the probabilistic characteristics of the material's properties through statistical inference. Several of these methods require the measurement of deformations, and to do so, they rely on local strain measuring techniques, such as bonded strain gages and extensometers. In this study, we show that for non-crimp fabric laminates, local strain measurements acting as proxies of global laminate strain contain a random strain measurement error. Furthermore, we demonstrate that this strain measurement error can significantly reduce the accuracy of characterization methodologies for non-crimp fabric laminates. The strain measurement error pollutes the mechanical property measurements on laminate test specimens, leading to inaccurate statistical inferences. Because the strain measurement error is random, the inferences regarding the mechanical properties may occasionally be conservative or non-conservative with respect to the inference that would have been made if there was no strain measurement error. The results presented in this study are of importance because over-conservative mechanical properties can lead to unnecessarily heavy structures, and non-conservative ones may lead to unsafe structures, endangering life property and the environment. Both scenarios were discussed along with their likelihood and possible consequences.
Influence of Steel Rebar Position on Concrete Double-K Fracture Toughness
Authors: Fan Xiangqian , Hu Shaowei , Lu Jun 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Fracture mechanica is typically used to analyze the crack progration of a concrete material. It can help explore the microscopic crystallographic defects and predict the macroscopic mechanical failure of various solid materials. In this study, rebar positions and notch characteristics effects on the crack progrations were investigated. It was found that the initial fracture toughness values were not related to the rebar positions, but rather the unstable fracture toughness values were slightly associated to the rebar positions. In addition, rebars positions affected the properties of reinforced concrete resistance to the cracking. Moreover, rebars not only improved the ductility of the concrete, but also increased its ultimate bearing capacity.
Performance Optimization of Vehicle Handling and Stability Using Multiple Surrogate Models
Authors: Shi Tianze , Chen Shuming , Wang Dengfeng , Chen Jing 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Handling and stability are key performances characteristics of vehicles. A vehicle with good handling performance can be controlled precisely by drivers and help avoid accidents. In this paper, the handling and stability optimization was conducted based on a multi-body dynamic vehicle model. Considering the large computational assumption numerical model calculation, surrogate modeling techniques were introduced in this study. The non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm version II (NSGA-II) method was applied in the optimization of each surrogate model. A comparison study on three different surrogate models was conducted to understand their performance in engineering problems. It showed that the simultaneous usage of different surrogate models was essential for obtaining the best possible design.
Tire–Pavement Contact Stress with 3D Finite-Element Model—Part 1: Semi-Steel Radial Tires on Light Vehicles
Authors: Cao P. , Zhou C. , Jin F. , Feng D. , Fan X. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Vehicles pass their loads through tires onto pavements. Traditionally, the vertical contact pressure is assumed to uniformly distribute in a rectangle or circular area, whereas the shear contact pressure is ignored in pavement design. Experiments have demonstrated that the interaction between the tire and the pavement surface is very complicated. The contact area is not a regular shape and the distribution of contact pressure is not uniform. However, experimental approaches to measure contact pressure are usually time and energy consuming, whereas the results are subject to errors introduced by measurement sensors. On the other hand, numerical simulation can describe the interaction between tire and pavement surface under all circumstances, such as various driving conditions, different tread types, and so on. In this paper, a three-dimensional finite-element model for tires was developed. The model was validated by the static test data. Then the interactions of different tires with pavement were analyzed, including the vertical and shear contact-pressure distributions on tires and on pavement surfaces. The influences of pavement friction and load level on the contact-pressure distributions of tires and pavement were investigated as well. It was found that vertical and shear contact pressures on tires and pavement were quite different when the type of tire or the friction changed. The contact-pressure distribution was found not uniform and the shape of contact area changed as the load level varied. The complicated interactions between different tires and pavement indicate that sophisticated tire models are necessary to obtain more accurate pavement responses.
Efecto hepatoprotector del extracto hidroetanólico atomizado del maíz morado (Zea mays L.) en lesiones hepáticas inducidas en ratas.
Authors: Hañari Quispe Renán , Arroyo Jorge , Herrera Calderón Oscar , Herrera Moran Hernán 
Published: February 2016

Objetivos: Evaluar el efecto hepatoprotector del extracto hidroetanólico atomizado de Zea mays variedad morado sobre lesiones hepáticas inducidas en ratas. Diseño: Experimental. Institución: Laboratorio de Farmacología Experimental, Facultad de Medicina Humana, Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima, Perú. Material biológico: Extracto hidroetanólico atomizado de maíz morado (EAM). Intervenciones: Se formó seis grupos de ratas machos (n=10, por cada grupo), se les administró fenobarbital a concentración de 0,5 g/L en agua potable ad líbitum por 15 días; posteriormente se administró tetracloruro de carbono (CCl4) a una dosis de 0,2 mL/kg, por vía oral. El diseño experimental fue el siguiente: G1: suero fisiológico (SSF); G2: CCl4 0,2 mL/kg (T); G3: T+silimarina 25 mg/kg; G4: T + EAM 500 mg/kg; G5: T + EAM 1 000 mg/kg; G6: T + EAM 2 000 mg/kg. Principales medidas de resultados: Perfil hepático, especies reactivas al ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) en suero, índice hepático, observación histológica. Resultados: Se observó aumento significativo (p&lt;0,05) en la actividad de alanina amino transferasa (ALT) entre el grupo G2 y los grupos G3 y G4 (p&lt;0,001). Hubo disminución significativa (p&lt;0,05) de fosfatasa alcalina (FAL) en el grupo G2 con respecto G1. El nivel de TBARS fue menor en el grupo que recibió 1 000 mg/kg de EAM con respecto al control. Las actividades de HDL-C y triglicéridos no mostraron diferencias significativas. Se ha observado la reducción de 60% de la lesión hepática, evidenciado con menor daño del hepatocito al estudio histológico. Conclusiones: El extracto hidroetanólico atomizado de maíz morado a la dosis de 1 000 mg/kg disminuyó las lesiones hepáticas inducidas en ratas.
Conversation with Bryan Smale, University of Waterloo
Authors: Muhajarine Nazeem , Smale Bryan 
Published: February 2016

In the Exchanges, we present conversations with scholars and practitioners of community engagement, responses to previously published material, and other reflections on various aspects of community-engaged scholarship meant to provoke further dialogue and discussion. We invite our readers to offer in this section their own thoughts and ideas on the meanings and understandings of engaged scholarship, as practiced in local or faraway communities, diverse cultural settings, and various disciplinary contexts. We especially welcome community-based scholars’ views and opinions on their collaboration with university-based partners in particular and on engaged scholarship in general. In this issue, Nazeem Muhajarine talks with Dr. Bryan Smale about his work on the Canadian Index of Wellbeing. Dr. Smale is Professor, Recreation and Leisure Studies, Faculty of Applied Health Science, University of Waterloo, and Director of the Canadian Index of Wellbeing.
Community-Based Action Research in Vancouver Public Schools: Improving the Quality of Children’s Lives through Secure and Sustainable School Food Systems and Experiential Learning
Authors: Rojas Alejandro , Orrego Elena , Shulhan Stephanie 
Published: February 2016

The “key players in a community-based action research project in Vancouver Public Schools study” is a part of the Think&EatGreen@School (TEGS) project that aims to document the experiences of important actors within the movement towards healthy and sustainable Vancouver public school food systems and related learning opportunities. By interviewing key players in the Vancouver school food movement, we found that meaningful collaboration is a critical component in creating rich learning experiences that result in a more holistic and integrated perspective on food systems and improved quality of life. The TEGS Project is guided by principles of community-based action research (CBAR), an iterative process using community-university collaboration to identify opportunities, generate knowledge, and devise and implement locally-appropriate action to create desired change. Capturing the stories and experiences of key players represents an important step in articulating the learning emerging from this collaboration. Key Players commented on important networks, challenges, “success stories,” and styles of leadership that facilitate successes. The Key Players study has assisted the Think&EatGreen@School community of learners to better understand practices that constitute ‘ seeds of change,’ to use these seeds to replicate positive actions, and to refine and strengthen the direction of the project.
AMO-DATA en la taxonomía y en el manejo de colecciones
Authors: Hágsater Eric , Sánchez-Saldaña Luis M. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>A</span><span>MO</span><span>-D</span><span>ATA </span><span>es un sistema de bancos de datos, rela- cionados todos ellos entre sí, para el manejo de colec- ciones botánicas y taxonomía. Reúnen información de familias, géneros, especies, localidades, tipos de vegetación y nomenclatorial, entre otros; en sí, toda la información necesaria para los trabajos de tipo taxo- nómico de la familia Orchidaceae </span></p></div></div></div>
Hacia un catálogo actualizado de las Orchidaceae de Cuba
Authors: Mújica Benítez Ernesto 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Desde el siglo pasado las especies de orquídeas que habitan el territorio cubano han estado en el punto de mira de los estudiosos del tema por ser la isla de Cuba la mayor de las Antillas. </span></p></div></div></div>
Costa Rican Orchidaceae types (CROTYPES) digital imaging documentation at AMES, Harvard University
Authors: Pupulin Franco , Romero-González Gustavo A. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Botanical collections in developed countries are not always restricted to their native plants. Many herbaria in those countries also host large collections from tropical and subtropical floras as the result of floristic projects carried out by leading European and North American botanical institutions in the past three cen- turies </span></p></div></div></div>
Sistemática, filogenia y biogeografía de Myrmecophila
Authors: Carnevali Germán , Tapia José Luis , Williams Norris H. , Whitten W. Mark 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>El género </span><span>Myrmecophila </span><span>Rolfe ha sido tradicional- mente incluido dentro de un concepto amplio de </span><span>Schomburgkia </span><span>Lindl. Sin embargo, recientes recons- trucciones filogenéticas basadas en secuencias de ADN indican que el grupo es basal dentro del com- plejo de taxa alrededor de </span><span>Cattleya </span><span>Lindl. </span><span>s.l. </span><span>y sólo lejanamente relacionado con las verdaderas </span><span>Schomburgkia </span><span>(las que están relacionadas con </span><span>Laelia </span><span>Lindl., un género restringido a elevaciones por enci- ma de 1000 m en México central). </span></p></div></div></div>
Filogenia del complejo Heterotaxis Lindl. (Maxillariinae): evolución de la arquitectura vegetativa y los síndromes de polinización
Authors: Ojeda Isidro , Carnevali Germán , Williams Norris H. , Whitten W. Mark 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Heterotaxis </span><span>Lindl. comprises about 11 primarily epiphytic species ranging from the southeastern U.S.A. (Florida) and the Greater Antilles to Brazil, with most of the species occurring in Central and South America. This complex is characterized by a sympodial growth habit, with short rhizomes, lateral- ly compressed oblong pseudobulbs (unifoliate), and subtended by various leaf-bearing sheaths </span></p></div></div></div>
Anatomía vegetativa de Mexipedium xerophyticum (Soto, Salazar & Hágsater) V.A. Albert & M.W. Chase y géneros relacionados (Orchidaceae, Cypripedioideae)
Authors: Sandoval Esthela , Terrazas Teresa , Salazar Gerardo , Vallejo Alejandro , Estrada Bárbara 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>La subfamilia Cypripedioideae incluye los géneros </span>Cypripedium, Selenipedium, Phragmipedium, Paphiopedilum y Mexipedium (Albert 1994). Este último recién identificado como género monoespecí- fico, xerofítico, de hábito rupícola y endémico de Oaxaca, México </p></div></div></div></div></div></div>
La subtribu Stanhopeinae: sus notables mecanismos de polinización, la química de sus aromas florales e implicaciones en sistemática y taxonomía
Authors: Gerlach Günter 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Las flores de las especies de la subtribu Stanhopeinae pertenecen a las más fascinantes y extravagantes de todas las orquídeas. No son de las más bellas, pero debido a su polinización tan particu- lar a veces han creado flores bizarras con mecanismos de polinización muy extraños. </span></p></div></div></div>
Variación en germinación simbiótica entre semillas de Tolumnia variegata y entre hongos micorrízicos
Authors: Otero J. Tupac , Bayman Paul , Ackerman James D. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Desde hace cien años se sabe que las semillas de las orquídeas necesitan hongos micorrízicos para germi- nar. Todavía no se sabe si las orquídeas pueden evolucionar para aprovechar mejor los hongos micor- rízicos, y si las micorrizas han contribuido en la diversidad de las orquídeas. </span></p></div></div></div>
Tres en uno, ¿o son más? Historia de Epidendrum dichotomum Lindl., non Presl.
Authors: Romero-González Gustavo A. , Carnevali Fernández-Concha Germán 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>El siguiente ensayo dio inicio cuando uno de los autores (G.C.) localizó un ejemplar no identificado de </span><span>Epidendrum </span><span>de Guyana en el herbario del Smithsonian (US). El ejemplar fue trasladado en prés- tamo a AMES y luego de un breve análisis llegamos a la conclusión de que era muy parecido a una especie que John Lindley había descrito en 1838 como </span><span>Epidendrum dichotomum</span><span>. </span></p></div></div></div>
La investigación en el Jardín Botánico Lankester
Authors: Warner Jorge 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Desde su donación a la Universidad de Costa Rica (U.C.R.) en marzo de 1973, el Jardín Botánico Lankester ha tenido un destacado y trascendente papel en la tarea de preservar y estudiar las epífitas de Costa Rica. El trabajo se ha centrado desde el princi- pio en el cultivo y el estudio taxonómico de las fami- lias Orchidaceae, Bromeliaceae y Araceae. En la actualidad, la colección de más de 10000 especímenes y alrededor de 1000 especies de orquídeas está compuesta principalmente por especies nativas, así como numerosos táxones de otras regiones del mundo. </span></p></div></div></div>
Additions to the orchid flora of Belize, Central America
Authors: Sayers Brendan , Du Plooy Heather 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>L o s J a r d i n e s B o t á n i c o s N a c i o n a l e s d e G l a s n e v i n , D u b l í n , I r l a n d a , h a n r e a l i z a d o c i n c o e x p e d i - ciones a Belice, América Central, con el objetivo principal de recolectar especímenes vivos de Orchidaceae. Cuatro de las expediciones se realizaron en conjunto con el Jardín Botanico de Belice. Cómo resultado de estas expediciones se añadieron a las floras publicadas 17 nuevos registros de Orchidaceae. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Oncidium zelenkoanum (Orchidaceae), an unusual new species from Panama
Authors: Dressler Robert L. , Pupulin Franco 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>S e d e s c r i b e u n a n u e v a e s p e c i e , </span><span>O n c i d i u m z e l e n k o a n u m </span><span>, d e P a n a m á o c c i d e n t a l . P a r e c e s e r u n a especie aislada, sin parientes cercanos conocidos en Centroamérica. Las alas de la columna tienen lóbulos su-bulados, porrectos, que recuerdan las “aristas” o “cirros” de algunas especies de </span><span>Odontoglossum</span><span>. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Tipos de orquidáceas brenesianas, descritas por R. Schlechter, en el Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica
Authors: Lobo Silvia 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Esta nota revela la existencia, en el Herbario Nacional de Costa Rica (CR), de siete tipos de orquídeas brenesianas descritas por R. Schlechter, que no habían sido comunicados previamente. </span></p></div></div></div></div>
Notes on the Caribbean orchid flora. V. New species, combinations and records
Authors: Ackerman James D. 
Published: February 2016

<div class="page" title="Page 1"><div class="section"><div class="layoutArea"><div class="column"><p><span>Tres especies de Orchidaceae se describen como nuevas para la ciencia: un </span><span>Telipogon </span><span>y una </span><span>Lankesterella </span><span>de República Dominicana y una </span><span>Encyclia </span><span>de Cuba. </span><span>Telipogon niri </span><span>se basa en material recolec- tado por Donald Dod en la Cordillera Central. Una especie rara, </span><span>T. niri </span><span>había sido determinada como </span><span>Stellilabium minutiflorum </span><span>(Kraenzl.) Garay, una especie distinta de Centro América. El nombre del género ha cambiado debido a la evidencia molecular inequívoca presentada por Norris Williams, y el epíteto especí- fico honra al Dr. Mark Nir, un ávido estudioso de las orquídeas del Caribe. </span><span>Lankesterella glandula </span><span>se basa también en material recolectado por Dod en la Cordillera Central. Hasta ahora se conoce solamente el ejem- plar tipo, y es el segundo representante del género en la Isla Española. </span><span>Encyclia monteverdensis </span><span>se describe de ejemplares de Charles Wright recolectados en el siglo XIX en Monte Verde, Cuba. La combinación </span><span>Dendrophylax filiformis </span><span>(Sw.) Carlsward &amp; Whitten es un homónimo posterior y se reemplaza por el próxi- mo nombre disponible en la nueva combinación </span><span>Dendrophylax monteverdi </span><span>(Rchb. f.) Ackerman &amp; Nir. </span><span>Cyclopogon miradorensis </span><span>Schltr. se registra en la isla Dominica; </span><span>Cranichis ricartii </span><span>Ackerman en la isla Guadalupe; </span><span>Cranichis ovata </span><span>Wickstr. y </span><span>Psilochilus macrophyllus </span><span>(Lindl.) Ames en Montserrat, y Trinidad es otra localidad de </span><span>C. ovata</span><span>. Además, </span><span>Eurystyles domingensis </span><span>Dod y dos especies de </span><span>Malaxis </span><span>se añaden a la flora de Cuba: </span><span>M. apiculata </span><span>Dod y </span><span>M. hispaniolae </span><span>(Schltr.) L.O. Williams. </span></p></div></div></div></div>