bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Return to Play and Decreased Performance After Anterior Cruciate Ligament Reconstruction in National Football League Defensive Players
Authors: Read Connor R. , Aune Kyle T. , Cain E. Lyle , Fleisig Glenn S. 
Published: May 2017

Background:Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries occur commonly in football. Recent work has reported ACL reconstruction (ACLR) as one of several orthopaedic procedures with unfavorable outcomes for professional athletes. The performance impact to defensive players after surgery has not been quantified.Purpose:To quantify the effect of ACLR on the performance of defensive players by comparing them to a cohort of matched controls as well as to measure the effect of ACLR on athletes’ career length in the National Football League (NFL).Study Design:Case-control and cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Thirty-eight NFL defensive players with a history of ACLR from 2006 to 2012 were identified. For each injured player, a matched control player was identified. Demographic and performance statistics were collected from the online NFL player database. Players who returned after ACLR (n = 23) were compared with players who did not return (n = 15) using t tests and chi-squared analyses. Similarly, players who returned after ACLR (n = 23) were compared with their matched controls with t tests and chi-squared analyses. Two-way repeated-measures analysis of variance was utilized to test for significant differences between performance before and after the season of the injury for the players in the ACLR group who returned (n = 23) and for their matched controls. Kaplan-Meier analysis was performed to test for differences in the rate of retirement between the groups. For all analyses, P values <.05 were considered significant.Results:Approximately 74% (28/38) of athletes who underwent ACLR returned to play at least 1 NFL game, and 61% (23/38) successfully returned to play at least half a season (ie, 8 games). Athletes in the ACLR group who returned retired from the NFL significantly sooner and more often after surgery than their matched controls. In the seasons leading up to their injury, athletes who successfully returned to play started a greater percentage of their games (81%) and made more solo tackles per game (3.44 ± 1.47) compared with athletes in the ACLR group who did not return to play (54% and 1.82 ± 1.17, respectively) and compared with healthy control players (52% and 1.77 ± 1.19, respectively). After the season of surgery, athletes in the ACLR group who returned to play decreased to 57% games started and 2.38 ± 1.24 solo tackles per game, while their matched controls suffered no significant decreases.Conclusion:Players who successfully returned were above-average NFL players before their injury but comparatively average after their return.
Effects of the Decrease in Sensory Variability on Body Scheme
Authors: Azima H. , Cramer-Azima Fern J. 
Published: May 2017

1. The disorganizing effects of sensory isolation on animals and normal human subjects led the authors to study this problem in mental patients for the purpose of gaining some information about the therapeutic value of the disorganization-reorganization sequence of the psychic events and about the problem of depersonalization and body scheme. 2. Two hebephrenics, 5 depressions, 2 obsessive neuroses, and 6 neurotic anxiety states were subjected to a partial sensory and expressive isolation for an average period of 4 days (eyes covered, arms maintained in a cardboard cylinder, and verbal communications only twice a day for interviewing.) 3. Two sets of changes occurred: (a) Disorganization: this consisted of the appearance of a depersonalization state in 8 cases; of visual, auditory, and gustatory hallucinoses, and of paresthesias. The two obsessional neuroses developed acute psychotic episodes, were treated with electric shock with subsequent improvement of both paranoid and obsessional states. (b) Reorganization: this consisted of a marked change in mood in almost all of the depressed cases, two of which showed lasting recovery and were discharged without any other therapy. In addition, constructive aggression occurred in most cases with an increasing tendency to association, surely and relationships-undertaking. 4. The common emergent dynamic process during isolation which was concomitant with the changes in body scheme was found to be related to the quantity and direction of aggressive tendencies. It appeared that repression and aggression turned against the self led to the depersonalization syndrome. 5. The theoretical aspect of the problem is discussed from three different points of view: organic, dynamic and organo-dynamic (relationship).
Clinical Investigation of Azocyclonol Hydrochloride: An alleged antihallucinatory, anticonfusional agent
Authors: Sarwer-Foner G. J. , Koryanyi E. K. 
Published: May 2017

The effects of azocyclonol hydrochloride were tested on 19 carefully selected patients. Results were completely negative, no evidence being found for this drug's alleged antihallucinatory, anticonfusional, antidelusional role. The literature on this drug was reviewed, and possible reasons for the discrepancies as to results were suggested. The allegedly “Model Psychoses” are not the same as schizophrenia, but are rather toxic psychoses. Blocking effects on them, though interesting, are not necessarily an open door to the treatment of schizophrenia. The importance of attempting to control all the known factors involved in the curative process in psychiatry, in doing drug research, is stressed. This must include the role of psychological factors which is too often ignored.
Human Iris Pigment: I—A Concept of Individual Reactivity with Implications in Health and Disease
Authors: Kent Ian , Galsworthy John 
Published: May 2017

1. Assessment of the visible iris pigments for a given individual may serve as a reliable guide to many of his physiological as well as psychological characteristics. 2. The author's iris pigment scale which dynamically presents the iris colors from blue to deeply pigmented black is arranged in a spectrum-like continuum. This scale is presented in relation to human health and disease for the first time. 3. This frame of reference provides for a genetically determined guide to certain aspects of the basic selective reactivity of each individual to his environment in relation to the specific appearance of the iris pigment. 4. It is felt that the principle of individual reactivity may facilitate a more appropriate and efficient application and use of those chemical agents and therapeutic procedures already available. 5. Some aspects of the application of the iris pigment scale, as a new frame of reference, to the normal variants of temperament, the genetically determined mental deficiency and the schizophrenic process, have been delineated.
Considerations Générales sur la Psychiatrie D'Hier Et D'Aujourd'Hui
Authors: La Rue Lucien 
Published: May 2017

The author reviews the major changes and advances which have taken place in psychiatry over the last fifty years, particularly the impact of these on and upon his own professional thinking. He points out the neglect of genetic studies but is encouraged by the greater accent upon biological sciences in psychiatric research. A note of warning is issued that short term inpatient treatment and outpatient care may permit persons to be in society who would be better protected for their own sake and that of others if they remained in the hospital. The essential medical nature of psychiatric practice and the need for thorough basic training of the psychiatrist in internal medicine and neurology and a comprehensive experience in a mental hospital is stressed.
Psychiatric and Psychological Observations in a Geriatric Clinic
Authors: Kral V.A. , Wigdor B.T. 
Published: May 2017

1. A report is given on 47 patients seen during the first 10 months of operation of a multidisciplinary geriatric clinic. 2. Psychological tests were performed on 42 of these patients. They revealed a low average I.Q. and E.Q. of the group as a whole probably due, in part, to the life long low socio-economic status of the patients, and more so to the fact that about two-thirds of those tested showed “organic signs” on psychological tests. 3. In spite of this, only 19% of the group showed clinical signs of organic brain disease. This is taken as an indication of a remarkable capacity to compensate for organic deficits even at advanced age. It is suggested that “personal factors” may be responsible for this capacity. 4. Therapeutic measures to be taken with the different diagnostic groups are suggested.
Article
Authors: Panet-Raymond Jean 
Published: May 2017

This study deals with 2,200 electroencephalograms recorded in a mental hospital. We have found that 576 of these EEG's gave an epileptiform activity (26%) whereas 1,624 (74%) did not show any epileptiform activity. Among the 576 epileptiform activity cases, 296 were of a localized form in one of the cortical areas and 280 were of a non localized form. Among the localized forms the most important were the temporal localizations which could be equally divided in left or right temporal regions. Among the non localized forms, the outstanding ones were of the centrencephalic origin including the idiopathic type or the non idiopathic type. The usual technique in the recordings comprises monopolar and bipolar explorations during rest and followed by reactivation by hyperventilation or photic stimulation and in some cases by gradual intravenous injection of metrazol. The explorations by the naso-pharyngeal electrode are routinely made in each case. It is to be emphasized that on this total of 2,200 cases, 827 had been referred to us as clinical cases of epilepsy. These were confirmed only in 69.5% meaning that the EEG was of no value in 30.5%. These figures would compare rather sharply with those of Gibbs, Gibbs & Lennox in a study made in 1943, where they confirmed a clinical diagnosis of epilepsy in 58%. These authors concluded that the EEG was of no value in 42% of clinical epilepsy whereas we found that 30.5% were not confirmed in our study. Among these cases that were not confirmed by the EEG, we suspect that we could still break down this figure by the cortical recording as we have seen in some recent publications that many of those silent scalp recordings could give paroxysmal epileptiform activity through a cortical or a depth recording. We have seen many examples of these subcortical paroxysmal discharges during a quiet recording of the surface. We have also found that in some routine examinations among non-epileptic psychotics, we had about 10% of those cases that would show epileptiform activity. This would not necessarily mean that this 10% will absolutely give epileptiform seizures in the future but we might keep in mind that, even in a normal population, these cases might be susceptible of giving such abnormal seizures according to multiple exterior factors.
The “Sleep” Threshold. a Simple Form of the Sedation Threshold for Clinical Use
Authors: Shagass Charles , Kerenyi Albert 
Published: May 2017

1. This study was conducted for two purposes: (a) To determine the relationship between the sedation threshold, derived from EEG changes, and the amount of amobarbital required to induce “sleep”, which was defined as unresponsiveness to verbal stimulation, (b) To determine the relationships between the “sleep” threshold and psychiatric diagnosis. 2. In 91 patients, the correlation between the “sleep” and sedation thresholds was +0.66. 3. In the 91 patients with “sleep” thresholds and 110 additional patients, whose “sleep” thresholds were not reached, but were more than 7mgm./Kg., the relationships between the “sleep” threshold and psychiatric diagnosis were generally similar to those obtained with the sedation threshold. The finding that both thresholds provided an equally high degree of differentiation between neurotic and psychotic depression was of particular interest. 4. The “sleep” threshold appears to provide a simple clinical test for psychiatric diagnosis, as no apparatus is required. The discovery of a critical threshold point in relation to diagnosis further simplifies the procedure, insofar as it would not be necessary to reach the “sleep” point in all patients, but only to give more amobarbital than the critical point. However, the “sleep” threshold may possibly be influenced by variations in environment and observer, and it was suggested that investigators, wishing to use the “sleep” threshold test, should determine standards for their own test setting.
Article
Authors: Coulombe M. , Gosselin J.-Y. 
Published: May 2017

Forty-three institutionalized female patients were treated with a combination of Largactil and anti-epileptic drugs over periods ranging from three to 39 months (mean: 12.8 months). There have been no accidents. As to incidents, there have been a few cases of mild gastro-intestinal intolerance, a number of cases of galactorrhea, and a few extrapyramidal symptoms. Blood tests, which were made regularly, showed a lowering of the BC (from 7000 to 4000), but without any clinical signs. Treatment was effective in every patient. In chronic conditions, two or three weeks were sometimes sufficient to produce notable improvement of mood; on the other hand, some of the patients began to show a consistently calm mood only after five to seven months. From a total of 43 patients, 12 were markedly improved; 27 were improved and 4 were slightly improved. It can be concluded that Largactil is undoubtedly effective in the behavioral disturbances of institutionalized epileptics. Moreover, the combination of Largactil with anti-epileptic drugs produces a notable reduction in the incidence of convulsive seizures.
Amnesia and the Amnestic Syndrome
Authors: Kral V. A. 
Published: May 2017

A close relationship seems to exist both clinically and psychopathologically between impairment of consciousness and its consequence in memory function-circumscribed amnesia-and the amnestic or Korsakow syndrome. In many cases an amnestic syndrome develops out of conditions of loss or impairment of consciousness or it initiates a clinical course which leads to impairment or loss of consciousness and eventually even to death. Although in such cases the amnestic syndrome is usually of short duration, numerically they seem to be more frequent than the chronic symptomatologically unchanging cases which one sees in alcoholics and seniles. Psychopathologically amnesia represents an unselective loss of memory for a limited period of time, due to lack or impairment of perceptual awareness. The amnestic syndrome on the other hand represents a selective type of memory dysfunction whereby recent personal memories cannot be recalled. It seems to be due to impairment of an integrative function other than perceptual awareness namely awareness of the personal meaning of events which is necessary for the registration of events as personal experiences available for future recall. Intact perceptual awareness is an essential pre-requisite for awareness of personal meaning but the latter is also dependent on the emotional charge of the situation. Consequently lesions and processes involving those structures of the brain functionally responsible for perceptual awareness and/or for emotional functions may be expected to lead to an amnestic syndrome. This is born out by neuropathological findings which demonstrate pathological changes in the hypothalamus in cases with impairment of consciousness and in the mammillary bodies with Korsakow's syndrome. The mammillary bodies form part of the activating system responsible for conscious perceptual awareness as well as of Papez' harmonious mechanism of the emotions.
Considerations Sur Le Placement En Emploi Des Deficients Mentaux
Authors: Lambert Jules , Racine Henri 
Published: May 2017

Mont St-Aubert is a small medico-pedagogic institute in its first years of organization, which is located near Quebec city and is administered by the Brothers of St-Jean-de-Dieu. Twenty-nine educable mental defectives, from 12 to 18 years of age with an I.Q. of between 50 and 80 are accepted in this institution. In the last 10 years or since 1948, more than 100 defective boys have been discharged from Mont St-Aubert, of which 20 were returned to their family, the others being orphans for whom home and employment had to be provided. 50% work in a farm; 19.3% as labourers; and 36% as dish-washers. The others are helpers, messengers, specialized workmen, taxi drivers, soldiers, shoe shiners, etc. Their adaptation has been judged excellent in 56.7% of cases, fair in 14.4% and bad in 28.9%. In 79.4% of these children, one, two or three changes of jobs were necessary, while for the others we had to do four or more attempts. Criteria for putting them on a job are, to our mind, a good conduct, a good morality, the capacity to do the job offered, a good health and fairly good looks. Intellectual quotient, regularity to work, behavior in the institution, character and emotional stability must be evaluated. A fairly good number of mental defectives have some intellectual potential and particularly with character and behavior stability and fairly good physical resistance can be socially adapted in satisfactory condition. They must be provided with sustained help and in that respect the invaluable assistance given by social agencies, such as in Quebec the “Sauvegarde de l'Enfance” is to be recognized, because of their help and protection to defective children. The sheltered workshops, which have become quite extensively used in the U.S.A., appear to be a very interesting solution to the problem, by the patient on his own, as well as that who is in an institution. The future of the mental defective represents a medico-pedagogic problem when medecine must be of assistance to pedagogy.
Therapeutic Aspects of the Mental Hospital Organization
Authors: Clancey I. L. W. 
Published: May 2017

Admission to a Mental Hospital implies that the admitted individual is in need of specialized care. Care involves a relationship between the “caretaker” and “cared for”. The type of care received depends on the type of relationship established. According to Paterson (1) “All forms of human relationship involve authority, and this authority is one or more of five forms, depending on the purpose of the group and its structuring of functions to achieve the goal of the group”, Authority being the entitlement to do something by reason of certain attributes or combination of attributes. In the author's view, there are three main types of institutional care each involving differing types of relationship and therefore different types of authority. For our immediate purpose we can confine ourselves to three types of authority, Structural, Sapiential and Moral. The three types of Care, Custodial, Moral and Therapeutic are defined in terms of authority, purpose and dangers. The administrative organization fulfilling each is outlined and changes that must be made in moving from Custodial to Therapeutic care are detailed. The reasons for these changes are discussed and their implications for the function of Nurses and Doctors are outlined. The institution of therapeutic care is difficult. Our quandary is how to produce a social system in which the right and the good are the same and yet one in which we are able to introduce new techniques that are good for the patient without causing a value system conflict, i.e.; a conflict between what is right and what is good. It is relatively easy to introduce new physical treatments but difficult to introduce new inter-personal techniques because in the former the social values of the Nurses are not involved, whereas in the latter they are. In broader terms in a stable and unchanging society, Tightness and goodness are largely interchangeable; in an unstable society there will be a wide distinction between Tightness and goodness and therefore a greater amount of conflict between the individual and society. Two administrative techniques have been instituted in order to facilitate the continuation of this type of society: — 1) The Ward Staff Meeting:—The purpose of this meeting is to assist Nursing Staff to express their feelings about patients and inter-staff conflicts for without such expression, rational discussion of methods of handling the patient cannot be accepted and therefore applied. 2) Resolution of conflicts between individuals in order to avoid or correct the covert disagreement situation as defined by Stanton through the simple procedure of interviewing the protagonists separately to get their respective stories and following this with a joint interview at which the interviewer states the grievances of both parties and asks for their comments and discussion. Such interviews follow a consistent predictable pattern.
Evaluation of Reserpine in Three Different Grades of Distress in Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Tischler Isaak 
Published: May 2017

1. Reserpine seems to be effective in all three grades of distress with slightly better results in the 1st and 2nd grade, and there it will be most useful. Reserpine suppresses the affective component of the various psychopathological symptoms, thus often making it possible for the symptoms to take a favorable course. 2. Methyl-phenidyl acetate was useful in counterbalancing depressive factor induced in some patients by reserpine. 3. 3-phenyl-3 (βdiethylaminoethyl)-2-6-dioxopiperidine hydrochloride is very useful in combatting the complication of the extrapyramidal syndrome induced by high dosage of reserpine. 4. It is the author's experience that a large number of patients can receive proper dosages of reserpine, provided the side effects are counterbalanced symptomatically, and this would be preferable to abandoning therapy or reducing the dosage below the beneficial levels. The toxicity of reserpine is reversible. 5. The percentage of patients who showed a meaningful improvement in psychological testing (Wechsler Bellevue and Bender Gestalt) are interesting. 22% of those on reserpine showed consistent meaningful improvement in combined scores and 22% of those on placebo showed meaningful improvement in combined scores. Among individuals, however there was generally a greater degree of improvement in the reserpine patients than in the placebo patients. 6. The post E.E.G. records do not show significant improvement except in a few records on the reserpine group. 7. Our study also confirms the findings in other papers that in some patients the good results last only as long as the drug is administered. The period of observation covered by this report is a brief one. Therefore there are still a number of questions incompletely answered.