bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A state of limbo: the politics of waiting in neo‐liberal Latvia
Authors: Ozoliņa‐Fitzgerald Liene 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis article presents an ethnographic study of politics of waiting in a post‐Soviet context. While activation has been explored in sociological and anthropological literature as a neo‐liberal governmental technology and its application in post‐socialist context has also been compellingly documented, waiting as a political artefact has only recently been receiving increased scholarly attention. Drawing on ethnographic fieldwork at a state‐run unemployment office in Riga, this article shows how, alongside activation, state welfare policies also produce passivity and waiting. Engaging with the small but developing field of sociological literature on the politics of waiting, I argue that, rather than interpreting it as a clash between ‘neo‐liberal’ and ‘Soviet’ regimes, we should understand the double‐move of activation and imposition of waiting as a key mechanism of neo‐liberal biopolitics. This article thus extends the existing theorizations of the temporal politics of neo‐liberalism.
Milking machine test survey of British installations: An update
Authors: Berry Elizabeth A , Scrivens Mark , Hillerton J Eric 
Published: September 2016

A review of milking machine tests on 640 dairy farms in England and Wales between 2012 and 2014 suggests more machines now comply with installation and operation standards than 10 years ago. However, approximately 60% of systems tested failed to meet the milking machine requirements of the farm assurance standards in the UK, with most failing to reach operational requirements on one aspect. The most common problem (47%) was that the systems had excessive vacuum line losses, with other vacuum/airline losses also common. Many machines failed on more than one aspect.
An improved culturing method for opiine fruit fly parasitoids and its application to parasitoid monitoring in the field
Authors: Masry Ayad , Furlong Michael J. , Clarke Anthony R. , Cunningham John Paul 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGood culturing methods play an important role in the study of insect behavior and its application to pest management. Here, we describe and validate a new method for rearing the parasitoid wasp, Diachasmimorpha kraussii, which attacks some of the world's worst fruit fly pests and is an internationally used biological control agent. Our method differs from standard culturing approaches by presenting adult wasps with host‐infested artificial media within a “culturing bag,” which mimics a natural (fruit) oviposition substrate. In laboratory trials using wild collected D. kraussii, the culturing bag method was compared to the use of host‐infested nectarines, and a commonly used laboratory method of presenting host‐infested artificial media within Petri dishes. The culturing bag method proved to be a significant improvement on both methods, combining the advantages of high host survival in artificial media with parasitism levels that were the equivalent to those recorded using host‐infested fruits. In our field study, culturing bags infested with the Queensland fruit fly, Bactrocera tryoni, and hung in a mixed peach and nectarine orchard proved to be effective “artificial fruits” attracting wild D. kraussii for oviposition. Significantly more adult wasps were reared from the culturing bags compared to field collected fruits. This was shown to be due to higher fruit fly larval density in the bags, as similar percentage parasitism rates were found between the culturing bags and ripe fruits. We discuss how this cheap, time‐efficient method could be applied to collecting and monitoring wild D. kraussii populations in orchards, and assist in maintaining genetic variability in parasitoid laboratory cultures.
Beer Clarification by Novel Ceramic Hollow‐Fiber Membranes: Effect of Pore Size on Product Quality
Authors: Cimini Alessio , Moresi Mauro 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this work, the crossflow microfiltration performance of rough beer samples was assessed using ceramic hollow‐fiber (HF) membrane modules with a nominal pore size ranging from 0.2 to 1.4 μm. Under constant operating conditions (that is, transmembrane pressure difference, TMP = 2.35 bar; feed superficial velocity, vS = 2.5 m/s; temperature, T = 10 °C), quite small steady‐state permeation fluxes (J*) of 32 or 37 L/m2/h were achieved using the 0.2‐ or 0.5‐μm symmetric membrane modules. Both permeates exhibited turbidity <1 EBC unit, but a significant reduction in density, viscosity, color, extract, and foam half‐life with respect to their corresponding retentates. The 0.8‐μm asymmetric membrane module might be selected, its corresponding permeate having quite a good turbidity and medium reduction in the aforementioned beer quality parameters. Moreover, it exhibited J* values of the same order of magnitude of those claimed for the polyethersulfone HF membrane modules currently commercialized. The 1.4‐μm asymmetric membrane module yielded quite a high steady‐state permeation flux (196 ± 38 L/m2/h), and a minimum decline in permeate quality parameters, except for the high levels of turbidity at room temperature and chill haze. In the circumstances, such a membrane module might be regarded as a real valid alternative to conventional powder filters on condition that the resulting permeate were submitted to a final finishing step using 0.45‐ or 0.65‐μm microbially rated membrane cartridges prior to aseptic bottling. A novel combined beer clarification process was thus outlined.
Deodorization of Garlic Breath by Foods, and the Role of Polyphenol Oxidase and Phenolic Compounds
Authors: Mirondo Rita , Barringer Sheryl 
Published: September 2016

AbstractGarlic causes a strong garlic breath that may persist for almost a day. Therefore, it is important to study deodorization techniques for garlic breath. The volatiles responsible for garlic breath include diallyl disulfide, allyl mercaptan, allyl methyl disulfide, and allyl methyl sulfide. After eating garlic, water (control), raw, juiced or heated apple, raw or heated lettuce, raw or juiced mint leaves, or green tea were consumed immediately. The levels of the garlic volatiles on the breath were analyzed from 1 to 60 min by selected ion flow tube mass spectrometry (SIFT‐MS). Garlic was also blended with water (control), polyphenol oxidase (PPO), rosemarinic acid, quercetin or catechin, and the volatiles in the headspace analyzed from 3 to 40 min by SIFT‐MS. Raw apple, raw lettuce, and mint leaves significantly decreased all of the garlic breath volatiles in vivo. The proposed mechanism is enzymatic deodorization where volatiles react with phenolic compounds. Apple juice and mint juice also had a deodorizing effect on most of the garlic volatiles but were generally not as effective as the raw food, probably because the juice had enzymatic activity but the phenolic compounds had already polymerized. Both heated apple and heated lettuce produced a significant reduction of diallyl disulfide and allyl mercaptan. The presence of phenolic compounds that react with the volatile compounds even in the absence of enzymes is the most likely mechanism. Green tea had no deodorizing effect on the garlic volatile compounds. Rosmarinic acid, catechin, quercetin, and PPO significantly decreased all garlic breath volatiles in vitro. Rosmarinic acid was the most effective at deodorization.
Sparing healthy lung by focusing the radiation beam flow onto the emphysematous regions in the treatment of lung cancer
Authors: Jumeau Raphael , Peguret Nicolas , de Bari Berardino , Moeckli Raphael , Soares‐Rodrigues Joao‐Luis , Durham Andrea Dante , Hojnowski Sophie , Bourhis Jean , Ozsahin Mahmut , Beigelman‐Aubry Catherine 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionCurrently, routine radiotherapy (RT) planning for locally advanced lung cancer (LC) does not take into consideration the functional state of the lung. The goal of this study was to determine if it is technically feasible to integrate the sites of pulmonary emphysema (PE) into the RT planning process.MethodsTen patients with LC and PE treated with helical Tomotherapy© were retrospectively included. After extraction by Myrian© software based on diagnostic CT (DCT), the PE data were transferred to the treatment planning system (TPS). PE‐optimized plans were performed for patients with significant PE, where the dose was focused onto the PE. We compared the PE‐optimized RT plans to the initial RT plans.ResultsThe median dose to the planning target volume (PTV) was 52 Gy (range, 36–66) in fractions of 2–3 Gy. The median PE volume was 220 cm3 (range: 12–1394), and six patients were eligible for a PE‐optimized RT plan. Considering the lung without PE, the V20 and V30 variations were not significant (P > 0.05), the V5 decreased from 50% to 44% after re‐planning (P < 0.05). The mean PTV D98 was 50 Gy versus 48 Gy (P < 0.05).ConclusionFocusing the RT beam flow on the PE structure rather than the healthy lung appears feasible, and may be a promising technique to help preserve pulmonary function and minimize RT‐related pulmonary toxicity.
Uncovering behavioural states from animal activity and site fidelity patterns
Authors: Mahoney Peter J. , Young Julie K. 
Published: September 2016

Summary

Space use by animals has important implications for individual fitness. However, resource requirements often vary throughout the course of a lifetime and are a reflection of the demands associated with daily tasks or specific life‐history phases, from food acquisition to reproduction, and emphasize the need to classify resource selection relative to specific behavioural states. Site fidelity is often indicative of behaviours important for individual maintenance (e.g. foraging), species' life history (e.g. seasonal site selection), social communication (e.g. scent‐marking) and species interactions (e.g. predation, competition). Thus, resolving site fidelity patterns associated with key behaviours is essential to accurately quantify behavioural‐dependent resource needs and the fitness consequences of space use.

We propose a novel method for identifying site fidelity patterns in animal location data using a convex hull clustering program called R Animal Site Fidelity (rASF). We also provide a means of integrating activity as a measure of behavioural state. We demonstrate the utility of the approach in identifying cougar (Puma concolor) predation events, coyote (Canis latrans) den and rendezvous sites, and coyote territorial boundaries.

We parameterized rASF based on site fidelity characteristics that best characterized the clustering behaviour of interest and estimated behavioural state from either dual‐axial accelerometer data or movement trajectory statistics. When behaviour was used in conjunction with cluster‐specific metrics (duration, proportion of diurnal fixes and landscape composition), we could accurately predict prey species associated with cougar kills and differentiate pup‐rearing from scent‐marking sites in coyotes.

Site fidelity patterns and activities associated with animal revisitation will be key to identifying the behavioural motivations behind observed patterns of space use. Our approach provides an efficient, rigorous and repeatable means of identifying site fidelity patterns associated with specific behavioural states without the need for direct observations, which are often impossible to collect at large spatial scales and in dense habitat. As such, this framework has significant potential to inform theory in behavioural ecology while providing managers with better resolution on appropriate management targets associated with key aspects of a species' life history.
Bringing Economics Back into Assimilation: The Select Committee of Inquiry into the Grievances of The Yirrkala Aborigines 1963
Authors: Watson Virginia 
Published: September 2016

This article takes as its starting point Marcia Langton's argument for a clearer understanding of the role of economic history in Australian Indigenous affairs in order to examine the testimony presented to the Select Committee established to respond to the Bark Petitions in 1963. The testimony is discussed in four categories, dealing with questions of (a) land and land use; (b) employment, education and training; (c) infrastructure, water, health and housing, and (d) the distinct perspective of the Indigenous witnesses and those sympathetic to their viewpoint. I highlight the various ways in which the economic dimensions of the Yirrkala community's relationship to land were systematically ignored and suppressed, despite the claim among proponents of assimilation to be seeking the incorporation of Australian Aborigines into mainstream economic activity. I conclude by identifying the light thrown by the Select Committee's testimony on the ways in which Aboriginal Australians have been ignored as economic actors, thus systematically undermining the aims of assimilation policy rather than advancing them.“We would not mind the natives standing on the banks and watching the shovels work if they want to do so.”
Leather quality of beefalo‐Nellore cattle in different production systems
Authors: Ítavo Luís Carlos Vinhas , Mateus Rodrigo Gonçalves , Ítavo Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira , Dias Alexandre Menezes , Gomes Fabio Candal , da Silva Fabiano Ferreira , Schio Alex Resende , Nogueira Eriklis , Petit Hélène Véronique 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe aim was to compare the effects of two production systems on performance, carcass traits and physical‐mechanical characteristics of leather from Beefalo‐Nellore steers and heifers and to determine if the response to the production system was similar for both genders. A total of 40 Beefalo‐Nellore cattle, 20 steers and 20 heifers, were evaluated. Animals were divided into two production systems: slaughtered at 15 (intensive system) or 26 (extensive system) months of age. In the intensive system, all animals received a ration containing 600 g/kg corn silage and 400 g/kg concentrate. In the extensive system, animals were kept on a pasture predominantly based on Brachiaria sp. and supplemented with 2 kg/day concentrate. In the intensive system, there was no difference in slaughter weight (470 kg body weight) between steers and heifers but steers in the extensive system had greater slaughter weight than heifers (463 and 428 kg body weight, respectively). Leather weight was higher for animals in the intensive than extensive system but there was no difference in leather weight once excess fat was removed. Leather quality from Beefalo‐Nellore cattle slaughtered at 15 or 26 months of age is similar although carcass yield is higher for cattle slaughtered at a younger age.
Long‐term functional outcome of colonic resections: how much does faecal impairment influence quality of life?
Authors: Magdeburg J. , Glatz N. , Post S. , Kienle P. , Rickert A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimOlder data suggest that colonic resection has a negative impact on continence and quality of life. The aim of this study was to evaluate the functional outcome of colonic resections for colonic cancer and diverticulitis and its influence on quality of life.MethodsPatients who underwent colonic resection between 2005 and 2013 were identified from a prospective database. A survey with two questionnaires [Faecal Incontinence Quality of Life (FIQL) scale, Short Form 12 (SF‐12)] and additional questions concerning bowel function was sent to all patients.ResultsColonic resection was performed in 362 patients in the study period; 297 patients returned the questionnaires (response rate 82.0%). Faecal urgency or incontinence more than once a month was present in 15% of patients and 25% of patients reported that bowel symptoms limited their quality of life. The mean total FIQL score for all patients was 3.58. The SF‐12 score was comparable to a reference population without prior colonic resection. Patients after right‐sided resections had liquid stool more often than others (45.3% vs 38.7%, P = 0.011). No differences in bowel function and quality of life were detected between resections for colonic cancer and diverticulitis.ConclusionMost patients experience no limitation in bowel function after segmental colectomy. Those with limitations in bowel function still seem to cope well, as the quality of life is not severely affected. Nevertheless, most patients with lower functional scores also had lower quality of life scores. Whether surgery is a relevant factor has to be questioned, as the prevalence of faecal incontinence in a comparable population without prior surgery is almost identical.
A clinical tool to risk stratify potential kidney transplant recipients and predict severe adverse events
Authors: Nygaard Rachel M. , Sirany Anne‐Marie , Wyman Elizabeth A. , Bodner Jennifer , Richardson Chad J. , Ney Arthur L. , Odland Mark D. , Hill Mark J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPreoperative risk assessment of potential kidney transplant recipients often fails to adequately balance risk related to underlying comorbidities with the beneficial impact of kidney transplantation. We sought to develop a simple scoring system based on factors known at the time of patient assessment for placement on the waitlist to predict likelihood of severe adverse events 1 year post‐transplant. The tool includes four components: age, cardiopulmonary factors, functional status, and metabolic factors. Pre‐transplant factors strongly associated with severe adverse events include diabetic (OR: 3.76, P<.001), coronary artery disease (OR: 3.45, P<.001), history of CABG/PCI (OR 3.1, P=.001), and peripheral vascular disease (OR 2.74, P=.008).The score was evaluated by calculation of concordance index. The C statistic of 0.74 for the risk stratification group was considered good discrimination in the validation cohort (N=127) compared to the development cohort (N=368). The pre‐transplant risk group was highly predictive of severe adverse events (OR 2.36, P<.001). Patients stratified into the above average‐risk group were four times more likely to experience severe adverse events compared to average‐risk patients, while patients in the high‐risk group were nearly 11 times more likely to experience severe adverse events. The pre‐transplant risk stratification tool is a simple scoring scheme using easily obtained preoperative characteristics that can meaningfully stratify patients in terms of post‐transplant risk and may ultimately guide patient selection and inform the counseling of potential kidney transplant recipients.
Milestone achievement in emerging adulthood in spina bifida: a longitudinal investigation of parental expectations
Authors: Holbein Christina E , Zebracki Kathy , Bechtel Colleen F , Lennon Papadakis Jaclyn , Franks Bruno Elizabeth , Holmbeck Grayson N 
Published: September 2016

AimTo assess changes over time in parents' expectations of adult milestone achievement (college attendance, full‐time job attainment, independent living, marriage, parenthood) for young people with spina bifida, to examine how expectancies relate to actual milestone achievement, and to compare milestone achievement in emerging adults with spina bifida with that of peers with typical development.MethodSixty‐eight families of children with spina bifida (mean age 8y 4mo, 37 males, 31 females) and 68 families of children with typical development (mean age 8y 6mo, 37 males, 31 females) participated at Time 1. At all subsequent timepoints, parents of young people with spina bifida were asked to rate their expectations of emerging adulthood milestone achievement. At Time 7, when participants were 22 to 23 years old, milestone achievement was assessed.ResultsParents of young people with spina bifida lowered their expectations over time for most milestones; parents of children with higher cognitive ability reported decreases of lower magnitude. Parent expectancies were optimistic and unrelated to actual milestone achievement. Emerging adults with spina bifida were less likely than individuals with typical development to achieve all milestones.InterpretationOptimistic parental expectations may be adaptive for children with spina bifida and their families, although it is important for families to set realistic goals. Healthcare providers serve a key role in helping families of young people with spina bifida prepare for emerging adulthood.
Application of Rasch analysis in the development and psychometric evaluation of dental undergraduates preparedness assessment scale
Authors: Ali K. , Slade A. , Kay E. J. , Zahra D. , Chatterjee A. , Tredwin C. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAimsThe aim of this study was to develop a valid and reliable scale to measure preparedness of new dental graduates.MethodsThe scale development and validation was carried out using the Rasch measurement model. Following a pilot and pre‐testing of the scale, a national study was undertaken with undergraduate students from all dental schools as well as foundation dentists in UK.ResultsTo examine the internal validity of the scale, we conducted a Rasch analysis. External validity of the scale was checked through validation with a range of stakeholders. An excellent fit to the Rasch model provided evidence of internal construct validity. The scale demonstrated invariance, ordered thresholds and lack of differential item functioning. Unidimensionality of the scale was confirmed by independent t‐tests. The PSI value was 0.877, indicating a good degree of person separation and internal consistency. Test–retest reliability of the scale was also established.ConclusionsThe preparedness scale developed in this project reflects innovative research using a systematic approach and employment of modern psychometric methods. The scale can be used for assessment of the preparedness of undergraduate students by dental educators and potential employers as well as by the student for self‐assessment.
Positive influence of a dental anaesthesia simulation model on the perception of learning by Mexican dental students
Authors: López‐Cabrera C. , Hernández‐Rivas E. J. , Komabayashi T. , Galindo‐Reyes E. L. , Tallabs‐López D. , Cerda‐Cristerna B. I. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionThis study evaluated the influence of three‐repetition training with a dental anaesthesia simulation model (DASM) on the perception of learning by dental students.Materials and methodsDental students who had never used a dental anaesthesia technique were randomly divided into two groups that were taught the anterior superior alveolar nerve infiltrative anaesthesia technique. Group 1 (G1; N = 10) followed a three‐stage learning method: (i) theoretical lecture, (ii) clinical demonstration and (iii) DASM training, including three repetitions of the anaesthesia technique. Group 2 (G2; N = 10) followed only the 1st and 2nd stages. The students in both groups then performed the anaesthesia technique. The perception of the students was evaluated by four learning concepts. Each was evaluated with a 5‐point Likert scale questionnaire. The average score of each item of the questionnaire for G1 was compared with that of G2. Statistically significant differences were identified with the Mann–Whitney test. The average working time of each group was timed and compared by Student's t‐test to identify possible statistically significant differences.ResultsStudents in G1 showed higher average scores of perception in controlling the handling of the dental syringe and confidence in performing the injection (P < 0.05) and showed an average working time shorter than that of the students in G2 (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe DASM positively influenced the perception learning of the dental students; it increased their confidence and syringe handling ability, as well as skills to perform the injection of anaesthesia more quickly.