bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Environmental Law for Citrus Processors: Problems, Procedures, Pitfalls and Possibilities of Permitting Pollutants
Authors: Schwenke Roger D. 
Published: January 2018

Before going any further, those hearing and reading these comments may well wonder — why have any attorney address a program on the engineering problems of the citrus industry? Certainly this is a reasonable question and yet there are at least four reasons why such consideration is not only proper but may well be profitable.
Paper published with permission.
Cogeneration Systems and the Utility Interface
Authors: Wetherington Thomas I. 
Published: January 2018

Cogeneration is defined as the simultaneous production of electricity and useful thermal energy. This production of electricity and thermal energy from the common source is more efficient than separate production of thermal energy and electrical energy. Because of the need for both thermal and electrical energy, cogeneration systems have been a part of industrial energy systems since early in this century. In fact, until the early 1950s, over half of industrial electrical energy use was produced from cogeneration systems. A favorable balance between thermal energy needs and electrical needs exists in many industries, and this balance serves as the driving force for the use of cogeneration systems.
Several things led to the change of balance between the thermal and electrical requirements of industry which led to a general decline in the use of cogeneration over the next thirty years. The increase in the amount of electrical energy in the energy equation and the development of industry without associated thermal requirements were major factors in the development of a market for electricity from central generating plants. These large special-purpose generating plants could approach the efficiency and cost of cogeneration plants because of economies of scale and the variety of fuels acceptable in these plants. The availability of electricity from utilities at a reasonable price, combined with low fuel prices, allowed efficient plant operation independent of a balance between thermal and electrical energy. This reduction in the use of cogeneration systems in industrial plants continued into the early 1970s when the Arab oil embargo caused a precipitous rise in the cost of fuel and reduced growth of electrical use, new environmental restrictions and inflation began to eat into the economies of scale that had been realized with the construction of larger and more efficient electrical plants.
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Automated Storage and Retrieval Systems and the Citrus Industry
Authors: Gulardo Robert E. 
Published: January 2018

“Automate to survive” has become an industrial cliché. Like all clichés, it contains a kernel of truth. But, again, like all clichés, it needs to be periodically reexamined to see if it really fits the situation to which it’s being applied. Automation is not an end in itself. It is a means to an end. Simple as that proposition is, surprisingly it is not one that is always immediately recognized. Just as it was once an up-hill effort to convince management that operations ought to be automated, it can now be a difficult task to persuade them they ought not to automate. The “factory of the future” — the completely automated, labor-free plant — is an appealing concept. However, it can also be misleading.
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Citrus Canker: Impacts of Research on Eradication and Control
Authors: Kender Walter J. 
Published: January 2018

Citrus Bacterial Canker Disease (CBCD), caused by Xanthomonas campestris pv. citri, occurs in many citrus areas of the world. It has been reported in 40 different countries, on 5 continents (Asia, South Africa, Australia, South America and North America). Prior to the 1984 outbreak in Florida, the 4 known strains of the bacterium were A, B, C and Mexican bacterioses. Canker-A or Strain-A, endemic in Asia, was reported in China, India and Java in the early 1800’s, found in Japan in 1899 and in the Philippines in 1914. It affects most citrus species and hybrids. Grapefruit is especially susceptible. Strain-A was introduced into the United States from Japan on trifoliate orange seedlings in 1910. An eradication program was started in 1915 in Florida and the disease was eradicated in 1927. In South America, the Asiatic form was not found until 1957 in Brazil and 1972 in Argentina. In 1979, the A Strain broke out in the commercial citrus area of Sao Paulo State, Brazil.
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Heat Exchanger Application and Theory
Authors: Meholick James G. 
Published: January 2018

One of the most basic duties in the processing of fruit juices and drinks involves the economical, sanitary heating or cooling of products. These may be liquids or fluids of high viscosity or those containing particulate matter or pulp. The most commonly used forms of heat transfer equipment for these duties are the plate and tubular heat exchangers. Each is available in many different configurations and designs. Each is tailored to perform a variety of process duties while reducing fuel, water, and power consumption in keeping with the urgent need for better management of natural resources.
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The T.A.S.T.E. Evaporator, Continuing Progress in Evaporator Technology
Authors: Welch Stanford Brett 
Published: January 2018

The term T.A.S.T.E. is an acronym for Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator, which describes the primary advantages of this unique evaporator design. The combination of high temperatures, large heat transfer rates, and very short residence times are a direct result of the accelerated turbulent mist generated in the TASTE system.
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Citrus Packaging and the Environment
Authors: McDonald John 
Published: January 2018

Say the word “environment” today, and most likely you will generate some sort of a response. It’s one of our society’s hot issues and we have seen Washington, from President Bush on down, and many of our states and cities jumping on the environmental issue because there are real problems that need to be solved and, in addition, it appears to be good politics. Solid waste is part of the environmental issue and packaging is part of solid waste. So, I would like to take you through how we, at Continental Can, are looking at this. We are one of the leading packaging producers with seven domestic divisions producing aluminum cans, steel and bi-metal cans, PET plastic bottles, extrusion blow molded plastic bottles from HDPE, PP, PVC, with multilayers and multimaterial barriers, and thermo formed microwave trays and tubs and aseptic cups mostly made from plastic multimaterial barrier sheet which we extrude. Continental also annually produces over 6 billion metal vacuum “twist off” closures, some plastic closures and our Bondware division produces paper and plastic coated paper containers mostly or fast food outlets.
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Status Update of the Worldwide Citrus Industry
Authors: Fox Kenneth 
Published: January 2018

The evolution of the World Citrus Processing industry is reviewed and current citrus production statistics are discussed. The world production of citrus, the Florida citrus outlook, and the Brazilian citrus outlook are reviewed in some detail giving the latest statistics. The production of FCOJ in Brazil is outlined and various innovative technologies that have been introduced by the Brazilian citrus industry are reviewed. Brazil’s introduction of the use of sugarcane bagasse, alcohol production from citrus as well as methods of fruit conveying are discussed in some detail. Changes in citrus juice markets over the last decade have caused new products to be introduced and the trend toward more fresh tasting less processed forms of commercial citrus juice is examined. The current trend towards not-from-concentrate in the United States and Japan is emphasized and analyzed. Finally new technologies such as freeze concentration, membrane concentration, production automation, juice quality enhancement technology, and by-product recovery technology are reviewed and their impact on world consumption patterns is addressed.
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TQM: The Quality Imperative
Authors: Smitley William , Yanovitch Teri 
Published: January 2018

A wide variety of methods, tools, and techniques currently exist to assist companies enhance quality. However, many of them do not bring about substantiative improvement. The reasons are varied but usually begin with a lack of senior executive commitment and leadership. This paper explores the concepts and actions that are needed to change the culture of an organization to one of continuous quality improvement. It provides the outline for successful implementation of Total Quality Management (TQM) in any corporation.
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Mass Flow Meters and the Citrus Industry
Authors: Zarikian Avedis N. 
Published: January 2018

Units of mass, length, and time constitute the basis of all physical measurement. As a fundamental standard of measurement, mass does not derive its units of measure from any other source. A pound is always a pound and is not affected by changes in temperature, pressure, density, or viscosity. This consistency makes mass an ideal property to measure.
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Ammonia Refrigeration and Osha Process Safety Management Programs
Authors: Tyler Steven J. 
Published: January 2018

Developing an effective Process Safety Management Program involves the same four elements necessary for developing any other major piece of work. Proper fulfillment of any program relies on proper usage of all four of these elements. These elements are: planning, organizing, implementing and controlling. Planning sets the stage for the process by identifying the current status and establishing how progress will be checked. Organizing defines the resources that will be used in order to establish the program. Implementing is working with the people selected for the program and ensuring that all tasks associated with the program are fulfilled. Controlling is making adjustments to the original plan in order to achieve the desired results. Although identifying objectives is one phase of the planning process, it is necessary to first talk about this regulation and what it means for the ammonia refrigeration industry.
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Water Use and Wastewater Flow Reduction in the Citrus Processing Industry
Authors: Jones Richard H. , Keough David A. 
Published: January 2018

The Citrus Processing Industry is faced with increased pressures from a number of different sources to reduce water consumption and wastewater discharges. The Florida Water Management Districts are moving toward more restrictive limits on consumptive use permits. The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Florida Department of Environmental Protection (DEP) are moving toward zero discharge limits for industry wastewater discharges to surface waters, wherever possible. The cost of water consumption and wastewater treatment and disposal are increasing, therefore, there is a significant cost incentive for industry to reduce water consumption and wastewater discharge. A logical and economical approach to addressing this issue is by reduction of:
• In-plant water use
• Wastewater volume
• Wastewater concentrations
Implementation of a water use and waste reduction program establishes a pro-active environmental image for the corporations and industry as a whole.
Paper published with permission.
Variable Speed Drives
Authors: Snyder Harold T. 
Published: January 2018

The 3 C’s Cash - Control - and Coordination based on the use of variable speed drives in the Citrus Industry is covered in this paper. Proper use of variable speed drives results in more money (CASH) from Energy Savings, Reduced Maintenance cost, and Improved Efficiencies. By regulating the speed of pumps and conveyor belts, less problems from mismatched speeds occur (CONTROL). The timing of the material reaching the correct location through proper speeds of equipment means improved COORDINATION. The various types of variable speed drives and their manufacturers are discussed. The type of drives covered range from simple eddy current, with minimum control features, to electronic AC and DC drives with unlimited control functions.
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Deregulation in the Electric Power Industry
Authors: Rudolph Steven G. 
Published: January 2018

The Electric Power Industry has begun an unprecedented transformation caused by changes in regulation, generation and utilization technology. These changes will forever change the way consumers purchase electricity.
The Electric Power industry is the most capital intensive industry in the world. As such, it has also traditionally been the most regulated industry. Pricing and regulatory pressures have begun a process that will dissect the industry and greatly complicate the relationship between the electric supplier and the electric user.
This paper will endeavor to outline how we got here and where the industry is moving with these changes.
Paper published with permission.
Warehouse Configuration Analysis to Achieve Productivity and Cube Utilization
Authors: Schieler Richard F. 
Published: January 2018

There are many factors which influence profitability for a Citrus Industry processor. Demand and raw product quality/availability surely are near the top of the list. The process itself gets a lot of attention relative to cost reduction. One area which does not get a lot of attention, however, is warehousing. The warehouse has historically been a “foster child” so to speak.
If warehousing continues to be considered a necessary evil, its effect on profitability of total operations will obviously be negative. If warehousing is given some much needed attention, the negative effect can be minimized and, in fact, can even help improve profitability. An example might demonstrate this claim: A processing plant is relatively land-locked and needs to expand to meet plan goals. Thirty (30) to forty (40) percent of existing plant area is utilized for warehousing. In many cases, productivity in these existing warehouses is poor, maintenance costs are higher than they might be, and cube utilization can be poor. A land-locked plant which must expand suggests big capital costs or debt service for additional land and buildings. Why not zero in on the relatively unproductive utilization of 30 to 40 percent of existing space. If we can improve cube utilization alone, we might free up enough space to accommodate process expansion on the site. If we can do this with a corresponding productivity increase, we effectively lower operating cost and capital cost or debt service. In the profit equation, lower cost means higher profits.
Product is stored as concentrate in tank farms, as concentrate in drums, in totes in some cases, as frozen single-strength slabs or in the many finished package configurations. There is not much we can do about improving tank farm space utilization, so we will concentrate on storage of unit loads (drums, frozen single-strength slabs or palletized finished unit loads).
Given the time we have to address the topic, we will zero in on drum storage. The principles discussed can be applied on any unit load configuration.
To adequately address warehouse optimization, product storage configuration and method of operation must be evaluated. These two (2) variables cannot be independently developed. To a degree, each is affected by changes in the other.
SORA has developed a systematic approach to the analysis of warehousing operations that recognizes this interrelationship. This analysis in general consists of a series of proprietary computer programs and algorithms that are individually customized to suit the particular needs of a client while at the same time maintaining the inter-linked relationship.
This methodology is further explained and the date collection requirements are defined in this paper. An example is provided which demonstrates the results of proper analysis and provides sufficient budgetary and “rule-of-thumb” data for implementation of preliminary analysis of your own needs.
Paper published with permission.
Deoiling Single-Strength Orange Juice
Authors: Puglia Joseph A. , Harper Douglas P. 
Published: January 2018

Deoiling single-strength orange juice extracted from FMC extractors utilizing a centrifugal separator has traditionally been a difficult task. New technology utilizing hermetic separators has proven very successful for this application. Processors are able to use maximum yield recovery settings in the extractors and hold the separator accountable for reducing the oil content and defects in the juice to acceptable levels.
With the demand for Not-From-Concentrate premium orange juice rapidly increasing in the United States, the processor must be able to recover as much juice from the fruit as they can. During certain periods of the production season, the oil in the juice exceeds the USDA grade standards of 0.035%. In order to maintain this high quality juice throughout the processing season, the demand for new technology in oil reduction was required. New technology, utilizing hermetic separators for deoiling, has lead to significant gains in juice yields.
Paper published with permission.
Aseptic Processing and Storage of Citrus Juices
Authors: Raasch Jeffrey B. 
Published: January 2018

The citrus industry in general has adapted to tremendous changes in the past 50 years. Consumers’ demand for ready to serve products have challenged processors to adopt new manufacturing techniques and processing skills. The Institute of Food Technologist reported the Top 10 innovations in 1991 as:
10. Ultra high temperature (UHT) short term sterilization of milk and other products
9. Food fortification
8. Understanding of water activity in foods
7. Frozen meals
6. Freeze drying
5. Atmosphere controlled packages for fresh fruits and vegetables
4. Frozen concentrated citrus juices
3. The microwave oven
2. Minimum safe canning processes for vegetables
1. Aseptic processing and packaging
Paper published with permission.
VOC Emissions From Citrus Processing Plants
Authors: Buff David A. 
Published: January 2018

The Florida citrus industry currently consists of approximately 25 citrus processing plants located in 12 counties. Historically, peel dryers have been the only regulated sources of air emissions at citrus plants. Particulate matter (PM) and sulfur dioxide (S02) emissions have been historically the only pollutant regulated from peel dryers. These emissions have generally been addressed in permit applications for peel dryers, along with emissions due to fuel combustion, which include carbon monoxide (CO), volatile organic compounds (VOC) and nitrogen oxides (NOx).
Recently, the question of the magnitude of VOC emissions from citrus peel dryers as well as from citrus processing plants has arisen because federal operating permit regulations and prevention of significant deterioration (PSD) regulations would apply if VOC emissions exceed certain levels. In preparing Title V permit applications, several citrus processors have obtained air emission data from peel dryers, including VOC data. These limited data have indicated that VOC emissions can be significant. The citrus industry is planning to obtain additional VOC data in the upcoming processing season in order to better quantify such emissions.
This paper presents available industry data in regard to VOC emissions from citrus plants and peel dryers. Test data are presented, summarized, and evaluated. Test methods are also identified and discussed in relation to results obtained. Potential VOC emissions based on mass balance are presented. The citrus peel drying process and operation is discussed in relation to the VOC emissions data.
Finally, potential air permitting implications of VOC emissions are discussed. Based on the information gathered in this study, it is concluded that VOC emissions from peel dryers and from citrus processing plants are significant. Most plants would likely be considered as major sources for Title V purposes, and larger plants could be major sources for PSD new source review purposes.
Paper published with permission.
Citrus Plant and Process Ventilation
Authors: Ousley Peter K. 
Published: January 2018

Plant Ventilation, by definition, is the change of air within a manufacturing plant utilizing unducted ventilators. It is accomplished by bringing outside air in and exhausting it back outdoors. The degree of air change is based on how many exchanges of air per minute are required to provide an ambient temperature within the plant close to or equal to outside shade conditions. Air changes, within citrus plant operations, will vary in requirement depending on heat load, moisture content, number of workers and the degree of hazardous or noxious fumes. The following outlines various air changes often required in different areas of citrus plant operations.
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Simulation Modeling: Risk Free Evaluation of Performance Alternatives
Authors: Schaffer Dennis A. 
Published: January 2018

Computer simulation is not a new technology; it has been used extensively by military, academic, and industrial organizations since the 1950’s for everything from critical strategic planning to validation of black hole and expanding universe theories. Early projects were hampered by excessive cost, cumbersome hardware, and complex programming but recent advances in personal computer power and application software have provided a basis for rapid advancement of simulation as a powerful, cost effective, risk free tool that can be used to analyze and improve any operating system. Computer simulation modeling is now used throughout the world as a primary decision making tool by all major automotive manufactures, can makers, financial institutions, pharmaceutical companies, and food processors.
The Florida citrus industry is faced with a continuous challenge to cut operating costs while improving quality and service, and we are asked to meet the challenge on a severely limited budget with utmost speed. We know changes must be made, and we even have a good idea what they are, but we are not sure which changes should be made first, or if they will really work as well as we think. We also know that trial and error methods of testing changes can be financially risky and disruptive to the existing process. A wrong decision to proceed with trial and error testing can have extreme consequences for both the decision-maker and the business, and many excellent ideas are never implemented due to a justified “fear of failure”.
Simulation allows many ideas to be tested in a greatly compressed time frame without committing capital, wasting time, or disrupting the process. Simulation promotes creative thinking and provides credible data for informed decision-making at all levels of an operation that cannot be obtained by any other method.
Paper published with permission.
Citrus Tank Farm Level Control
Authors: Groh Doug 
Published: January 2018

Level control is an increasingly important issue for a variety of industries involved in the production, processing, or packaging of liquids or bulk solids, such as the citrus industry. The growing importance of level control is driven by several factors. First, many companies simply have not had adequate methods of level control, relying on rough measurements of inflow and outflow, or purely manual methods. These companies have been ‘flying blind’ and unable to accurately ascertain their inventory conditions, resulting in a host of operational problems. As these companies invest in automated systems, level is one of many inputs that need to be properly monitored. Second, more companies are seeking to manage and reduce their inventory levels in order to reduce both the capital and tax costs of inventory holding.
Paper published with permission.