bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Physical Activity in Rheumatoid Arthritis: A Systematic Review
Authors: Tierney Marie , Fraser Alexander , Kennedy Norelee 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical activity is associated with improved health outcomes in many populations. It is assumed that physical activity levels in the rheumatoid arthritis (RA) population may be reduced as a result of symptoms of the disease. The objective of this review is to establish the current evidence base for levels of physical activity in the RA population.Methods:A systematic review was performed of 7 databases (Ema-base, MEDLINE, AMED, Biomedical Reference Collection Expanded, CINAHL, Nursing and Allied Health Collection, and SportsDiscus) up to February 2011 to examine the evidence in the area.Results:One hundred and thirty-six studies were identified through electronic searching. One hundred and six were excluded based on title and/or abstract analysis and a further 14 were excluded based on full text analysis. Sixteen studies meeting the criteria were deemed suitable for inclusion. The results of the included studies indicate that the level of physical activity may be lower among individuals with RA when compared with healthy controls or normative data.Conclusions:There are a number of methodological considerations at play within the studies reviewed which prohibits definitive conclusion on the physical activity levels of this population group. Given the known health benefits of physical activity, further research in this area appears indicated.
Validation and Comparison of 3 Accelerometers for Measuring Physical Activity Intensity During Nonlocomotive Activities and Locomotive Movements
Authors: Hikihara Yuki , Tanaka Shigeho , Ohkawara Kazunori , Ishikawa-Takata Kazuko , Tabata Izumi 
Published: August 2016

Background:The current study evaluated the validity of 3 commercially-available accelerometers to assess metabolic equivalent values (METs) during 12 activities.Methods:Thirty-three men and thirty-two women were enrolled in this study. The subjects performed 5 nonlocomotive activities and 7 locomotive movements. The Douglas bag method was used to gather expired air. The subjects also wore 3 hip accelerometers, a Lifecorder uniaxial accelerometer (LC), and 2 triaxial accelerometers (ActivTracer, AT; Actimarker, AM).Results:For nonlocomotive activities, the LC largely underestimated METs for all activities (20.3%–55.6%) except for desk work. The AT overestimated METs for desk work (11.3%) and hanging clothes (11.7%), but underestimated for vacuuming (2.3%). The AM underestimated METs for all nonlocomotive activities (8.0%–19.4%) except for hanging clothes (overestimated by 16.7%). The AT and AM errors were significant, but much smaller than the LC errors (23.2% for desk work and –22.3 to –55.6% for the other activities). For locomotive movements, the 3 accelerometers significantly underestimated METs for all activities except for climbing down stairs.Conclusions:We conclude that there were significant differences for most activities in 3 accelerometers. However, the AT, which uses separate equations for nonlocomotive and locomotive activities, was more accurate for nonlocomotive activities than the LC.
Screen Time and Physical Activity in Youth: Thief of Time or Lifestyle Choice?
Authors: Sandercock Gavin R.H. , Ogunleye Ayodele , Voss Christine 
Published: August 2016

Background:This study aimed to examine the relationship between screen time and physical activity (PA) in children and adolescents but also to determine specific elements of PA that were most closely associated with screen time.Methods:We studied a cross-sectional sample of 6176 10.0–15.9 year olds (53% boys, 12.9 ± 1.5 years) who completed the Physical Activity Questionnaire for Children/Adolescents and reported daily screen time. Differences in total PA and specific elements of PA were examined between groups reporting: < 2 h, 2–4 h, and > 4 h daily screen time.Results:There were significant differences between screen time groups in: total PA, number of bouts of PA reported, after school PA, evening PA and weekend PA (P < .0001). There was a graded, negative association between higher screen time and lower free-time PA. Participants reporting < 2 h screen time were also significantly more active during school lunch breaks than those reporting > 2 h. Boys reporting > 4 h screen time were less active during physical education lessons.Conclusions:Screen time is significantly and negatively associated with PA in British youth. Screen time may displace active pursuits out of school but is also associated with lower PA during school. Daily screen time should be limited to < 2 h in line with current recommendations.
Differences in Physical Activity Among Adults in Households With and Without Children
Authors: Candelaria Jeanette I. , Sallis James F. , Conway Terry L. , Saelens Brian E. , Frank Lawrence D. , Slymen Donald J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The study aim was to assess the relation of parent status to physical activity (PA) and the impact of parental roles, age and number of children on PA.Methods:Data for 909 women and 965 men, aged 20–57, were analyzed. Mixed Models were used to assess differences in PA between parents and adults without children, with analyses stratified by sex. The primary outcome was accelerometer-measured total daily minutes of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA).Results:Parenthood was not related to MVPA, but mothers reported more total PA than nonmothers. For mothers and fathers, self-reported household activity was higher and sitting time lower, compared with nonparents. Both men and women with children aged 0–5 reported the highest household activity and the lowest sitting time, with household PA higher and sitting time lower with more children. There was no evidence that leisure, transport, or occupational activity varied by parenthood.Conclusions:Considering the potential impact of child-rearing on parent time demands, there was little difference in parents’ objectively measured MVPA compared with nonparents. Educational interventions or extracurricular programs for students and parents could target families with school-aged children. Development of tools to obtain parent reports of child care-specific PA behaviors would be useful.
The Influence of Neighborhood Socioeconomic Status and Walkability on TV Viewing Time
Authors: Coogan Patricia F. , White Laura F. , Evans Stephen R. , Palmer Julie R. , Rosenberg Lynn 
Published: August 2016

Background:Influences on TV viewing time, which is associated with adverse health outcomes such as obesity and diabetes, need clarification. We assessed the relation of neighborhood socioeconomic status (SES) and walkability with TV viewing time in the Black Women’s Health Study, a prospective study of African American women.Methods:We created neighborhood SES and walkability scores using data from the U.S. census and other sources. We estimated odds ratios for TV viewing 5+ hours/day compared with 0–1 hours/day for quintiles of neighborhood SES and walkability scores.Results:Neighborhood SES was inversely associated with TV viewing time. The odds ratio for watching 5+ hours/day in the highest compared with the lowest quintile of neighborhood SES was 0.66 (95% CI 0.54–0.81). Neighborhood walkability was not associated with TV viewing time.Conclusions:Neighborhood SES should be considered in devising strategies to combat the high levels of sedentariness prevalent in African American women.
A Systematic Approach to Selecting an Appropriate Measure of Self-Reported Physical Activity or Sedentary Behavior
Authors: Sternfeld Barbara , Goldman-Rosas Lisa 
Published: August 2016

Context:Numerous instruments to measure self-reported physical activity (PA) exist, but there is little guidance for determining the most appropriate choice.Objective:To provide a systematic framework for researchers and practitioners to select a self-reported PA instrument.Process:The framework consists of 2 components: a series of questions and a database of instruments. The questions encourage users to think critically about their specific needs and to appreciate the strengths and limitations of the available options. Instruments for the database were identified through existing literature and expert opinion.Findings:Ten questions, ranging from study aim and study design to target population and logistical consideration, guide the researcher or practitioner in defining the criteria for an appropriate PA instruments for a given situation. No one question on its own determines the optimal choice, but taken together, they narrow the potential field. The database currently includes 38 different self-reported PA instruments, characterized by 18 different parameters.Conclusions:The series of questions presented here, in conjunction with a searchable database of self-report PA instruments, provides a needed step toward the development of guiding principles and good practices for researchers and practitioners to follow in making an informed selection of a self-reported PA instrument.
Bilateral Strength Comparisons among Injured and Noninjured Competitive Flatwater Kayakers
Authors: Lovell Geoff , Lauder Mike 
Published: August 2016

Context:Anecdotal evidence suggests a relationship between strength imbalances and injury incidence.Objective:To examine the relationship between bilateral strength imbalance and incidence of injury.Participants and Design:Thirty national- or international-standard flatwater kayakers were classified as noninjured, trunk injured, or upper-limb injured based on the number of days lost from training over the last 6 months. Bilateral strength imbalance was measured using a kayak ergometer, producing data for peak force and force impulse for each side of each stroke. Bilateral strength imbalance was then compared between the noninjured, trunk-injured, and upper-limb-injured groups by means of 2 one-way ANOVAs. No participants reported training days lost through lower-limb injury.Results:A significantly elevated bilateral peak-force strength imbalance was observed between the upper-limb-injured and the noninjured groups.Conclusion:These data support the existence of a relationship between strength imbalance and incidence of injury.
The Immediate Effects of Lidocaine Iontophoresis on Trigger-Point Pain
Authors: Evans Todd A. , Kunkle Jennifer R. , Zinz Krista M. , Walter Jessica L. , Denegar Craig R. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To assess the efficacy of lidocaine iontophoresis on myofascial trigger-point pain.Setting:University athletic training facility.Design:Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, repeated-measures.Subjects:Twenty-three subjects with sensitive trigger points over the trapezius.Intervention:Placebo iontophoresis treatment without current or lidocaine, control treatment using distilled water and normal current dose, medicated treatment using 1% lidocaine and normal current dose.Main Outcome Measure:Trigger-point pressure threshold assessed with an algometer.Results:ANOVA revealed a significant difference among treatments (F2,40= 7.38,P< .01). Post hoc comparisons revealed a significant difference in pressure threshold between the lidocaine treatment and the control (P= .01) and placebo (P= .001) treatments. Effect sizes of .28 and .39, respectively, were found for these comparisons.Conclusions:Although the data revealed significant differences between treatments, the small effect sizes and magnitude of the pressure-sensitivity deviation scores suggest that iontophoresis with 1% lidocaine is ineffective in treating trigger points.
Acute Effect of 2 Topical Counterirritant Creams on Pain Induced by Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness
Authors: Hill Janeen M. , Sumida Ken D. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The effectiveness of topical counterirritants in relieving pain remains unproven.Objective:To examine the effectiveness of 2 topical counterirritant creams in reducing DOMS.Design:Subjects performed eccentric contractions of the non-dominant elbow-flexor muscles. 48 hours later they were randomly assigned to the following groups (n = 18 per group): placebo cream, capsaicin cream, or menthol/methyl salicylate cream.Measures:Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before the exercise, 48 hours afterward, and 15 minutes after the cream was removed.Results:All groups demonstrated a significant (P < .05) elevation in their VAS scores 48 hours after the eccentric exercise, 0.12 ± 0.04 vs 2.79 ± 0.22. Only the subjects in the menthol/methyl salicylate group indicated a significant (P < .05) reduction in the perception of pain after treatment; their VAS declined to 1.22 ± 0.25.Conclusions:A single application of the menthol/methyl salicylate cream is effective in relieving DOMS.
Test–Retest Reliability of Lower Extremity Functional Tests after a Closed Kinetic Chain Isokinetic Testing Bout
Authors: Manske Robert C. , Smith Barbara , Wyatt Frank 
Published: August 2016

Context:Athletes are often examined for return to sports using a functional-testing algorithm. No research has determined whether a closed kinetic chain (CKC) isokinetic testing bout influences the reliability of functional tests.Objective:To determine whether a concentric CKC isokinetic test bout alters test–retest reliability of lower extremity functional testing.Design:Subjects participated in velocity-spectrum CKC isokinetic bouts on 2 days 1 week apart.Setting:Hospital-based clinic.Participants:28 normal subjects (mean age 26.7 years, height 27.2 cm, weight 75.8 kg).Analysis and Results:Means and SDs were determined. Intraclass correlation coefficients were used to calculate test–retest reliability and between days 1 and 2 ranged from .91 to .98.Conclusions:Even after a CKC isokinetic test bout, test–retest reliability of functional tests is very high. Future research should determine test–retest reliability of functional tests for patients with lower extremity pathology.
Rehabilitation for Functional Ankle Instability
Authors: Madras Diane , Barr J. Bradley 
Published: August 2016

Objective:The article presents a focused review of the literature surrounding training methods for addressing the proprioceptive loss and subsequent balance problems that result from inversion ankle sprains.Data Sources:The authors searched the MEDLINE and CINAHL databases for the period 1985 through December 2001 using the key wordsankle, ankle sprain,andrehabilitation.Study Selection:Any study investigating a rehabilitation or prevention program for the proprioceptive or balance aspects of ankle instability was included.Data Synthesis:Key components of the training regimen used in each study are described, and major findings are summarized.Conclusions:Based on the literature reviewed, there is evidence to suggest that training programs for individuals with ankle instability that include ankle-disk or wobble-board activities help improve single-leg-stance balance and might decrease the likelihood of future sprains.
Hot Gel Packs and Reduction of Delayed-Onset Muscle Soreness 30 Minutes after Treatment
Authors: Sumida Ken D. , Greenberg Marcia B. , Hill Janeen M. 
Published: August 2016

Context:The effectiveness of thermal modalities on pain relief should be short lived.Objective:To examine the effectiveness of hot and cold gel packs in reducing de-layed-onset muscle soreness (DOMS) 30 min after treatment.Design:Participants performed eccentric contractions of the nondominant elbow flexors, returned 48 hr later, and were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments (n = 17–18 per group): a 20-min application of a hot, cold, or room-temperature gel pack or no treatment.Measures:Pain was assessed using a visual analog scale (VAS) before and 48 hr after exercise and 30 min after the treatment.Results:All groups demonstrated a significant (P < .05) elevation in their VAS 48 hr after the exercise, 0.10 ± 0.04 cm (initial) vs. 3.27 ± 0.24 cm (48 hr later). Only the hot-pack treatment group indicated a significant (P < .05) reduction in pain: 1.66 ± 0.30 cm (after treatment).Conclusion:Superficial heat can attenuate DOMS 30 min after treatment.
Use of Mental Imagery to Limit Strength Loss after Immobilization
Authors: Newsom Johanna , Knight Peter , Balnave Ronald 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To assess whether mental imagery of gripping prevents the loss of grip strength associated with forearm immobilization.Design:Pretest–posttest randomized-group design.Setting:Laboratory.Participants:13 female and 5 male university students, age between 17 and 30 years, randomly assigned into 2 groups—1 control and 1 experimental.Interventions:Both groups had their nondominant forearms immobilized for 10 days. The experimental group undertook three 5-min mental-imagery sessions daily, during which they imagined they were squeezing a rubber ball.Main Outcome Measures:Wrist-flexion and -extension and grip strength before and after immobilization.Results:There was no significant change in wrist-flexion or -extension strength in the mental-imagery group. The control group experienced a significant decrease in wrist-flexion and -extension strength during the period of immobilization (P < .05).Conclusions:Despite study limitations, the results suggest that mental imagery might be useful in preventing the strength loss associated with short-term muscle immobilization
Altered Ankle-Muscle Activation during Jump Landing in Participants with Functional Instability of the Ankle Joint
Authors: Caulfield Brian , Crammond Tara , O’Sullivan Angela , Reynolds Susan , Ward Tomas 
Published: August 2016

Context:Identification of motor control deficit associated with Functional Instability (FI) of the ankle joint.Objective:T o compare patterns of ankle muscle activation during jump landing in participants with FI and a control group.Design:Cross-sectional comparison.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:Twelve participants with FI (6 m, 6 f; age, 26.4 ± 4.6 years) and 10 control subjects (5 m, 5 f; age 24.9 ± 2.5 years).Main Outcome Measures:Integrated electromyographic (IEMG) activity of ankle musculature in the 150-millisecond period immediately prior to and post impact during 2 different jump landing activities.Results:Participants with FI demonstrated a significant reduction in pre-impact peroneus longus IEMG activity during both jumping activities compared to controls (P < .05). There were no significant differences between the groups’ soleus or tibialis anterior IEMG activity during the pre- or post-impact periods.Conclusions:These results help to further our understanding of changes in control of ankle movement during dynamic activity in participants with FI.
Self-Efficacy, Imagery Use, and Adherence to Rehabilitation by Injured Athletes
Authors: Milne Marcia , Hall Craig , Forwell Lorie 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To evaluate the factorial validity of the Athletic Injury Self-Efficacy Questionnaire (AISEQ) and the predictive relationships among self-efficacy, imagery use, and rehabilitation adherence.Design and Setting:Survey administered in an outpatient physiotherapy clinic.Participants:270 injured athletes.Main Outcome Measures:AISEQ, Athletic Injury Imagery Questionnaire, and an adherence measure.Results:A confirmatory factor analysis of the AISEQ revealed a 2-factor model. Athletes were higher in task efficacy than coping efficacy and used more cognitive and motivational imagery than healing imagery. In addition, athletes rated their frequency and duration of exercise performance higher than their quality of exercise performance. Cognitive imagery significantly predicted task efficacy, task efficacy predicted quality of exercise, and coping efficacy predicted frequency of exercise. Both task and coping efficacy were predictors of duration of exercise.Conclusions:Results support a 2-factor solution of the AISEQ. In addition, task and coping self-efficacy appear to be key aspects in rehabilitation adherence.
Patterns of Dynamic Malalignment, Muscle Activation, Joint Motion, and Patellofemoral-Pain Syndrome
Authors: Earl Jennifer E. , Hertel Jay , Denegar Craig R. 
Published: August 2016

Context:Dynamic malalignment (DM), abnormal muscle activation, and static malalignments all might lead to patellofemoral pain (PFP) but have not been examined using a multifactorial approach.Objective:To determine which measures of static malalignment, DM, and muscle-onset times best predict PFP.Design and Setting:Between-subjects, laboratory.Subjects:2 groups (PFP and uninjured) of 16 subjects each.Interventions:EMG and 3-D kinematic data were recorded during a step-down. Five static-alignment assessments were performed.Measurements:Three discriminant analyses using injury as the grouping variable and static measures, joint angles, and EMG onsets as the predictor variables. A final combined discriminant analysis using the most predictive variables from each set.Results:The static-alignment discriminant function was most predictive (81.3% correct), followed by the kinematic (69%) and the EMG (67%) functions. The final discriminant function included iliotibial-band flexibility, navicular drop, pronation, knee flexion, hip adduction, gluteus medius, and vastus medialis obliquus onset time and correctly classified 92.3% of PFP subjects.Conclusions:PFP can most accurately be predicted when multiple measures of lower extremity function are considered together.
Etiology of Patellar Tendinopathy in Athletes
Authors: Hale Sheri A. 
Published: August 2016

Objective:To review the etiology of patellar tendinopathy as it relates to clinical management of chronic patellar-tendon disease in athletes.Data Sources:Information was gathered from a MEDLINE search of literature in English using the key wordspatellar tendinitis, patellar tendonitis, patellar tendinosis, patellar tendinopathy,andjumper’s knee.Study Selection:All relevant peer-reviewed literature in English was reviewed.Data Synthesis:The etiology of patellar tendinopathy is multifactorial, incorporating both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Age, muscle flexibility, training program, and knee-joint dynamics have all been associated with patellar tendinopathy. The roles of gender, body morphology, and patellar mobility in patellar tendinopathy are unclear.Conclusions:The pathoetiology of patellar tendinopathy is a complex process that results from both an inflammatory response and degenerative changes. There is a tremendous need for research to improve our understanding of the pathoetiology of patellar tendinopathy and its clinical management.
Hip-Abductor Fatigue, Frontal-Plane Landing Angle, and Excursion during a Drop Jump
Authors: Carcia Christopher , Eggen Jim , Shultz Sandra 
Published: August 2016

Context:The influence of hip-muscle function on knee-joint kinematics during landing has been inadequately investigated.Objective:To determine the effect of bilateral hip-abductor fatigue on frontal-plane tibiofemoral landing characteristics and vertical ground-reaction force (vGRF) during the landing phase of a drop jump.Design:Experimental, pretest–posttest.Setting:Research laboratory.Participants:20 recreationally active college-age students.Intervention:Isometric bilateral hip-abductor-fatigue protocol.Main Outcome Measures:Frontal-plane tibiofemoral landing angle, excursion, and vGRF during landing from a drop jump under prefatigue, postfatigue, and recovery conditions.Results:After the fatigue protocol, participants landed in a greater valgus orientation than in the prefatigued state. No differences in frontal-plane excursion or vGRF were noted.Conclusions:Isolated bilateral hip-abductor fatigue alters frontal-plane lower extremity orientation during a double-leg landing. Because an increase in valgus orientation has been observed at or near the time of noncontact anterior cruciate ligament injuries, we recommend improving hip-abductor muscle performance to lessen the risk of such injuries.