bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Contesting competence
Authors: Marjoribanks Timothy , Farquharson Karen 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to contribute to the debate around conceptualising competence in sport organisations by analysing club leadership and management in the Australian Football League (AFL) at a time of professionalisation. The paper asks: what were considered appropriate activities for newly professionalised AFL clubs, and how was the role of the Chief Executive Officer (CEO) as a competent leader in delivering these activities conceptualised in the clubs?Design/methodology/approach– Semi-structured in-depth qualitative interviews were conducted with 38 senior club managers in the AFL. A thematic analysis was undertaken.Findings– The paper finds that perceptions of core activities of clubs expanded with professionalisation, and that the role of the CEO emerged as the outcome of internal organisational contests. CEO competence is not only a set of technical skills, but is social, relational and “essentially contested” (Good, 1998, p. 205).Research limitations/implications– The qualitative methodology adopted means findings cannot be generalised to other sporting leagues, however, because all clubs participated they do reflect conceptualisations in the AFL at the time. The findings are suggestive of issues that may be relevant to other sporting competitions.Practical implications– The paper provides evidence that CEOs in sporting organisations should not be appointed only on the basis of technical skills. Social and relational skills are critical to organisational success.Originality/value– This paper enriches understandings of AFL clubs and of CEOs as leaders in sport organisations, and contributes to theoretical debates around the organisational construction of competence.
Forecasting sponsorship costs: marketing intelligence in the athletic apparel industry
Authors: Jensen Jonathan A. , Wakefield Lane , Cobbs Joe B. , Turner Brian A. 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– Due in large part to the proprietary nature of costs, there is a dearth of academic literature investigating the factors influencing the costs for sport marketing investments, such as sponsorship. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to provide an analytical framework for market intelligence that enables managers to better predict and forecast costs in today’s ever-changing sport marketing environment.

Design/methodology/approach
– Given the dynamic and ultra-competitive nature of the athletic apparel industry, this context was chosen to investigate the influence of four distinct factors on sponsorship costs, including property-specific factors, on-field performance, and market-specific factors. A systematic, hierarchical procedure was utilized in the development of a predictive empirical model, which was then utilized to generate predicted values on a per property basis.

Findings
– Results demonstrated that both property-specific and performance-related factors were significant predictors of costs, while variables reflecting the attractiveness of the property’s home market were non-significant. Further analysis revealed the potential for agency conflicts in the allocation of resources toward properties near the corporate headquarters of sponsors, as well as evidence of overspending by challenger brands (Adidas, Under Armour) in their quest to topple industry leader Nike.

Originality/value
– Though the context of apparel sponsorships of US-based intercollegiate athletic programs limits the generalizability of the results, this study represents one of the few in the literature to empirically investigate the determinants of sponsorship costs, providing much-needed guidance to aid decision making in a highly volatile, unpredictable industry.
Tourism, ecotourism and sport tourism: the framework for certification
Authors: Singh Satyendra , Dash Tapas R. , Vashko Irina 
Published: March 2016

Purpose
– The purpose of this paper is to develop a framework for identifying the need for ecotourism certification within ecotourism and sport tourism (EST) by discussing the overlapping characteristics on the dimensions of EST.

Design/methodology/approach
– Qualitatively, the Social Exchange Theory was used to discover segments of tourists based on the two dimensions: EST.

Findings
– The findings discovered four strategic segments (namely; vacation, green, action oriented and active tourists), their related activities, and the level of need for eco certification.

Practical implications
– EST activities offer a unique opportunity for tourism managers to positively influence conservation in and around communities, protected areas and sport events. Applying and implementing a global eco certification is paramount to attract tourists and enhance credibility of sport tourism.

Originality/value
– Identification of the four tourists segments and their relative need for certification is the novelty of the study. The labels of the identified tourist segments are: vacation tourist (low on ecotourism and low on sport tourism); green tourist (high on ecotourism and low on sport tourism); action-oriented tourist (high on ecotourism and high on sport tourism); and active tourist (low on ecotourism and high on sport tourism). The certification needs for green and action-oriented tourists are HIGH, for active tourist is MEDIUM, and for vacation tourist is LOW.
An exploratory examination of the strategic direction of the Gaelic Athletic Association via the application of sports marketing segmentation bases
Authors: Gallagher Damian , O'Connor Christina , Gilmore Audrey 
Published: March 2016

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to go beyond the predominantly conceptual or normative approach found in the market segmentation literature and focus not only on its actual application but to review the empirical findings themselves (Foedermayr and Diamantopoulos, 2008) so as to provide the basis for identifying and understanding new segments and assessing the strategic development of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA) in Ireland in order to ensure its continued survival, growth and prosperity.Design/methodology/approach– An exploratory methodology is operationalised in this study using qualitative data obtained from 27 participants possessing relevant knowledge and experience of Gaelic football via a range in-depth interviews and focus groups.Findings– This study identifies those existing segmentation bases that are both applicable and non-applicable, to the indigenous amateur game of Gaelic football in Ireland, whilst additionally identifying and developing an understanding of new segmentation bases. Furthermore, it highlights the challenges and opportunities that will require strategic management if the GAA is to successfully maintain and develop its domestic market whilst simultaneously developing its overseas markets.Research limitations/implications– The findings of this study are limited to the indigenous amateur game of Gaelic football in Ireland. They reaffirm the need to develop segmentation bases for individual sports markets. They highlight issues that will have a strategic impact upon the operations of the GAA and make recommendations for addressing and realising the opportunities that these will present.Originality/value– This study addresses a research gap in the knowledge in regards to the strategic development and application of existing sports marketing segmentation bases to indigenous amateur sport.
Assessment of Important Sensory Attributes of Millet Based Snacks and Biscuits
Authors: McSweeney Matthew B. , Duizer Lisa M. , Seetharaman Koushik , Dan Ramdath D. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThere is an increasing push by consumers for new food products that can provide health benefits. To develop these products, sometimes it is necessary to look to alternative crops, 1 of which is millet. For millet to be successfully adopted by consumers, it is necessary to identify and develop product types that are acceptable to North Americans. Biscuits and extruded snacks were produced using varying amounts of refined proso millet flour (0%, 25%, 75%, and 100%). Sensory analysis was conducted on 8 products (4 types of biscuits and 4 types of extruded snack) in 2 separate tests (1 for biscuits and 1 for snacks). Preferred Attribute Elicitation (PAE), a relatively new sensory method, was used to determine attributes affecting liking of the products. Results indicated that as the amount of millet in the biscuits and extruded snacks increased, the liking of the flavor, texture and overall liking decreased. Millet contributed to a bitter taste and bitter aftertaste, and resulted in gritty and dry food products. Further work is required to refine the products tested as well as to identify further products that can be added to the diet in order to take advantage of the health benefits that millet provides.
Oliguria without serum creatinine increase after living donor liver transplantation is associated with adverse post‐operative outcomes
Authors: Mizota T. , Minamisawa S. , Imanaka Y. , Fukuda K. 
Published: March 2016

BackgroundAcute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after liver transplantation and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. Although clinical guidelines recommend defining AKI based on serum creatinine increase and oliguria, the validity and utility of the oliguric component of AKI definition remains largely unexplored. This study examined the incidence and the impact on clinical outcomes of oliguria meeting the urine output criterion of AKI in patients undergoing liver transplantation. The authors hypothesised that oliguria was an independent risk factor for adverse post‐operative outcomes.MethodsThis study retrospectively examined 320 patients who underwent living donor liver transplantation at our centre. AKI stages were allocated according to recent guidelines based on serum creatinine or urine output within 7 days of surgery.ResultsThe incidence of oliguria meeting the urine output criterion of AKI was 50.3%. Compared with creatinine criterion alone, incorporating oliguria into the diagnostic criteria dramatically increased the measured incidence of AKI from 39.7% to 62.2%. Compared with patients diagnosed without AKI using either criterion, oliguric patients without serum creatinine increase had significantly longer intensive care unit stays (median: 5 vs. 4 days, P = 0.016), longer hospital stays (median: 60 vs. 49 days, P = 0.014) and lower chronic kidney disease‐free survival rate on post‐operative day 90 (54.2% vs. 73.3%, P = 0.008).ConclusionOliguria is common after liver transplantation, and incorporating oliguria into the diagnostic criteria dramatically increases the measured incidence of AKI. Oliguria without serum creatinine increase was significantly associated with adverse post‐operative outcomes.
The effectiveness and safety of amisulpride in Chinese patients with schizophrenia: An 8‐week, prospective, open‐label, multicenter, single‐arm study
Authors: Liang Ying , Cao Changan , Zhu Cheng , Wang Chuanyue , Zhang Congpei , Dong Fang , Yang Fude , Deng Hong , Yu Jingjie , Tang Jisheng , Su Lei , Xin Limin , Hong Ling , Gao Minglong , Tang Muni , Xie Shiping , Lu Shuiping , Liu Tiebang , Xu Xiaojin , Wang Xijin , Li Xuanzi , Wang Xueyi , Li Yi , Zhang Yong , Chen Zhiyu , Yu Xin 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIntroductionThis study evaluated the effectiveness and safety of amisulpride in Chinese schizophrenia patients.MethodsA multicenter, single‐arm Phase IV study (NCT01795183). Chinese patients with schizophrenia received amisulpride for 8 weeks. The primary endpoint was ≥50% decrease in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score from Baseline to Week 8.ResultsA total of 316 patients were enrolled; 295 were included in the effectiveness analysis; 66.8% (197/295) achieved ≥50% decrease in Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale total score from Baseline to Week 8. Nine patients discontinued treatment because of adverse events.DiscussionAmisulpride had clinical effectiveness and was relatively well tolerated in Chinese patients with schizophrenia.
EUROmediCAT signal detection: an evaluation of selected congenital anomaly‐medication associations
Authors: Given Joanne E. , Loane Maria , Luteijn Johannes M. , Morris Joan K. , de Jong van den Berg Lolkje T.W. , Garne Ester , Addor Marie‐Claude , Barisic Ingeborg , de Walle Hermien , Gatt Miriam , Klungsoyr Kari , Khoshnood Babak , Latos‐Bielenska Anna , Nelen Vera , Neville Amanda J. , O'Mahony Mary , Pierini Anna , Tucker David , Wiesel Awi , Dolk Helen 
Published: March 2016

AimsTo evaluate congenital anomaly (CA)‐medication exposure associations produced by the new EUROmediCAT signal detection system and determine which require further investigation.MethodsData from 15 EUROCAT registries (1995–2011) with medication exposures at the chemical substance (5th level of Anatomic Therapeutic Chemical classification) and chemical subgroup (4th level) were analysed using a 50% false detection rate. After excluding antiepileptics, antidiabetics, antiasthmatics and SSRIs/psycholeptics already under investigation, 27 associations were evaluated. If evidence for a signal persisted after data validation, a literature review was conducted for prior evidence of human teratogenicity.ResultsThirteen out of 27 CA‐medication exposure signals, based on 389 exposed cases, passed data validation. There was some prior evidence in the literature to support six signals (gastroschisis and levonorgestrel/ethinylestradiol (OR 4.10, 95% CI 1.70–8.53; congenital heart disease/pulmonary valve stenosis and nucleoside/tide reverse transcriptase inhibitors (OR 5.01, 95% CI 1.99–14.20/OR 28.20, 95% CI 4.63–122.24); complete absence of a limb and pregnen (4) derivatives (OR 6.60, 95% CI 1.70–22.93); hypospadias and pregnadien derivatives (OR 1.40, 95% CI 1.10–1.76); hypospadias and synthetic ovulation stimulants (OR 1.89, 95% CI 1.28–2.70). Antipropulsives produced a signal for syndactyly while the literature revealed a signal for hypospadias. There was no prior evidence to support the remaining six signals involving the ordinary salt combinations, propulsives, bulk‐forming laxatives, hydrazinophthalazine derivatives, gonadotropin releasing hormone analogues and selective serotonin agonists.ConclusionSignals which strengthened prior evidence should be prioritized for further investigation, and independent evidence sought to confirm the remaining signals. Some chance associations are expected and confounding by indication is possible.
Behavioural, ecological, and evolutionary aspects of diversity in frog colour patterns
Authors: Rojas Bibiana 
Published: March 2016

ABSTRACTThe role of colours and colour patterns in behavioural ecology has been extensively studied in a variety of contexts and taxa, while almost overlooked in many others. For decades anurans have been the focus of research on acoustic signalling due to the prominence of vocalisations in their communication. Much less attention has been paid to the enormous diversity of colours, colour patterns, and other types of putative visual signals exhibited by frogs. With the exception of some anecdotal observations and studies, the link between colour patterns and the behavioural and evolutionary ecology of anurans had not been addressed until approximately two decades ago. Since then, there has been ever‐increasing interest in studying how colouration is tied to different aspects of frog behaviour, ecology and evolution. Here I review the literature on three different contexts in which frog colouration has been recently studied: predator–prey interactions, intraspecific communication, and habitat use; and I highlight those aspects that make frogs an excellent, yet understudied, group to examine the role of colour in the evolution of anti‐predation strategies and animal communication systems. Further, I argue that in addition to natural‐history observations, more experiments are needed in order to elucidate the functions of anuran colouration and the selective pressures involved in its diversity. To conclude, I encourage researchers to strengthen current experimental approaches, and suggest future directions that may broaden our current understanding of the adaptive value of anuran colour pattern diversity.
Evidence for Intuitive Morality: Preverbal Infants Make Sociomoral Evaluations
Authors: Van de Vondervoort Julia W. , Hamlin J. Kiley 
Published: March 2016

AbstractTraditional views of morality and moral development rooted in rationality and demonstrations of explicit reasoning suggest that moral evaluations emerge in childhood. In contrast, definitions of morality rooted in intuition allow scholars to examine the emergence of moral evaluations among those who cannot reason this way, such as human infants. Consistent with an intuition‐based view of morality, infants evaluate prosocial individuals positively and evaluate antisocial individuals negatively. These evaluations are sensitive to the intent and epistemic states of the person who is helping or hindering, and to the previous behavior of the person who is being helped or hindered. Early‐emerging intuitions regarding others' morally relevant behaviors may have evolved to support wide‐scale cooperation in human societies.
Influence of vitamin C on the elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis to p‐phenylenediamine
Authors: Basketter David A. , White Ian R. , Kullavanijaya Preya , Tresukosol Poohglin , Wichaidit Mingkwan , McFadden John P. 
Published: March 2016

SummaryBackgroundHair dyes represent one of the most important causes of allergic contact dermatitis resulting from the use of cosmetic products. The principal causative chemistry is associated with oxidation products of p‐phenylenediamine (PPD) and closely related substances.ObjectivesTo examine whether prior application of the antioxidant vitamin C to the skin was able to reduce the cutaneous allergic response to PPD.MethodsTwenty eight volunteers with a proven history of contact allergy to PPD were recruited. Each was tested with a range of PPD doses and PPD‐containing hair dye on untreated skin and skin pretreated for 10 min with a vitamin C formulation.ResultsPretreatment of skin sites with vitamin C led to a reduction in the intensity, or even ablation, of the cutaneous allergic reaction to PPD in ∼75% of cases as compared with untreated skin.ConclusionsThe results suggest that treatment of the skin adjacent to the hair‐bearing area with antioxidant could form part of a strategy to reduce the burden of cosmetic allergic contact dermatitis caused by hair dyeing.
Generation of bioengineered feather buds on a reconstructed chick skin from dissociated epithelial and mesenchymal cells
Authors: Ishida Kentaro , Mitsui Toshiyuki 
Published: March 2016

Various kinds of in vitro culture systems of tissues and organs have been developed, and applied to understand multicellular systems during embryonic organogenesis. In the research field of feather bud development, tissue recombination assays using an intact epithelial tissue and mesenchymal tissue/cells have contributed to our understanding the mechanisms of feather bud formation and development. However, there are few methods to generate a skin and its appendages from single cells of both epithelium and mesenchyme. In this study, we have developed a bioengineering method to reconstruct an embryonic dorsal skin after completely dissociating single epithelial and mesenchymal cells from chick skin. Multiple feather buds can form on the reconstructed skin in a single row in vitro. The bioengineered feather buds develop into long feather buds by transplantation onto a chorioallantoic membrane. The bioengineered bud sizes were similar to those of native embryo. The number of bioengineered buds was increased linearly with the initial contact length of epithelial and mesenchymal cell layers where the epithelial‐mesenchymal interactions occur. In addition, the bioengineered bud formation was also disturbed by the inhibition of major signaling pathways including FGF (fibroblast growth factor), Wnt/β‐catenin, Notch and BMP (bone morphogenetic protein). We expect that our bioengineering technique will motivate further extensive research on multicellular developmental systems, such as the formation and sizing of cutaneous appendages, and their regulatory mechanisms.
Unexpected but welcome. Artificially selected traits may increase fitness in wild boar
Authors: Fulgione Domenico , Rippa Daniela , Buglione Maria , Trapanese Martina , Petrelli Simona , Maselli Valeria 
Published: March 2016

AbstractArtificial selection affects phenotypes differently by natural selection. Domestic traits, which pass into the wild, are usually negatively selected. Yet, exceptionally, this axiom may fail to apply if genes, from the domestic animals, increase fertility in the wild. We studied a rare case of a wild boar population under the framework of Wright's interdemic selection model, which could explain gene flow between wild boar and pig, both considered as demes. We analysed the MC1R gene and microsatellite neutral loci in 62 pregnant wild boars as markers of hybridization, and we correlated nucleotide mutations on MC1R (which are common in domestic breeds) to litter size, as an evaluation of fitness in wild sow. Regardless of body size and phyletic effects, wild boar sows bearing nonsynonymous MC1R mutations produced larger litters. This directly suggests that artificially selected traits reaching wild populations, through interdemic gene flow, could bypass natural selection if and only if they increase the fitness in the wild.
Land‐use change affects water recycling in Brazil's last agricultural frontier
Authors: Spera Stephanie A. , Galford Gillian L. , Coe Michael T. , Macedo Marcia N. , Mustard John F. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractHistorically, conservation‐oriented research and policy in Brazil have focused on Amazon deforestation, but a majority of Brazil's deforestation and agricultural expansion has occurred in the neighboring Cerrado biome, a biodiversity hotspot comprised of dry forests, woodland savannas, and grasslands. Resilience of rainfed agriculture in both biomes likely depends on water recycling in undisturbed Cerrado vegetation; yet little is known about how changes in land‐use and land‐cover affect regional climate feedbacks in the Cerrado. We used remote sensing techniques to map land‐use change across the Cerrado from 2003 to 2013. During this period, cropland agriculture more than doubled in area from 1.2 to 2.5 million ha, with 74% of new croplands sourced from previously intact Cerrado vegetation. We find that these changes have decreased the amount of water recycled to the atmosphere via evapotranspiration (ET) each year. In 2013 alone, cropland areas recycled 14 km3 less (−3%) water than if the land cover had been native Cerrado vegetation. ET from single‐cropping systems (e.g., soybeans) is less than from natural vegetation in all years, except in the months of January and February, the height of the growing season. In double‐cropping systems (e.g., soybeans followed by corn), ET is similar to or greater than natural vegetation throughout a majority of the wet season (December–May). As intensification and extensification of agricultural production continue in the region, the impacts on the water cycle and opportunities for mitigation warrant consideration. For example, if an environmental goal is to minimize impacts on the water cycle, double cropping (intensification) might be emphasized over extensification to maintain a landscape that behaves more akin to the natural system.