bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Empirical Sediment Transport Models Based on Indoor Rainfall Simulator and Erosion Flume Experimental Data
Authors: Aksoy Hafzullah , Eris Ebru , Tayfur Gokmen 
Published: May 2016

AbstractLand degradation processes start with accelerated runoff and sediment delivery. In this study, rainfall‐runoff induced sediment transport is investigated using data from an indoor laboratory experimental setup consisting of a rainfall simulator and an erosion flume. The data are analysed to develop empirical models using sediment discharge, slope, flow discharge, rainfall intensity and sediment size. Fine and medium sands are considered as bare soil in experiments. Four rainfall intensities (45, 65, 85 and 105 mm h−1) are applied with combinations of lateral and longitudinal slopes of 5%, 10%, 15% and 20%. Eighty experiments are conducted. Flow is measured, and sediment within flow is separated and weighted. Experimental data are used for developing empirical models through multiple regression with parameters optimized by genetic algorithm. Results show that slope is the main contributing variable to the sediment transport over hillslopes. Accommodating variables among slope, rainfall intensity, flow discharge and median diameter of sediment as independent variables, one‐variable, two‐variable and four‐variable models are developed considering also that higher number of parameters increases the performance of the model with higher cost of parameterization. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Social Justice for Children — A Capability Approach
Authors: Schweiger Gottfried , Graf Gunter 
Published: May 2016

AbstractIn this chapter, we will outline a concept of social justice for children based on the capability approach. So far, this issue has received much less attention than it deserves given the particular social and political status of children in today’s world. The capability approach, as well as most other theories of justice, has not dealt with children thoroughly, although more and more literature on important questions in this regard is being published. We seek to answer two important questions that every concept of justice has to deal with: what is the right currency of justice, and what is its right principle? To phrase the questions slightly differently: what kinds of things are children entitled to as a matter of justice, and how should they be distributed? Our answer to the first question is that children are entitled to the achievement of important functionings; only as they develop is it adequate to provide them with capabilities. Hence, the capability approach to justice for children we want to defend is in large part a functioning approach. In regard to the second question, we defend a sufficientarian approach. In a nutshell, each and every child is entitled to reach a certain threshold in all these important functionings, and failing to do so constitutes an injustice. Since the main target of this book is child poverty in affluent societies and welfare states, we will model our concept of justice on children living within these societies, although we believe that many of our claims hold universally and could serve as the basis for a concept of global justice.
Key role of heat shock protein 90 in leptin‐induced STAT3 activation and feeding regulation
Authors: Hosoi Toru , Kohda Toshiko , Matsuzaki Syu , Ishiguchi Mizuho , Kuwamura Ayaka , Akita Tomoyuki , Tanaka Junko , Ozawa Koichiro 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground and PurposeLeptin, an important regulator of the energy balance, acts on the brain to inhibit feeding. However, the mechanisms involved in leptin signalling have not yet been fully elucidated. Heat shock protein 90 (HSP90) is a molecular chaperone that is involved in regulating cellular homeostasis. In the present study, we investigated the possible involvement of HSP90 in leptin signal transduction.Experimental ApproachHEK293 and SH‐SY5Y cell lines stably transfected with the Ob‐Rb leptin receptor (HEK293 Ob‐Rb, SH‐SY5Y Ob‐Rb) were used in the present study. Phosphorylation of JAK2 and STAT3 was analysed by western blotting. An HSP90 inhibitor was administered i.c.v. into rats and their food intake was analysed.Key ResultsThe knock‐down of HSP90 in the HEK293 Ob‐Rb cell line attenuated leptin‐induced JAK2 and STAT3 signalling. Moreover, leptin‐induced JAK2/STAT3 phosphorylation was markedly attenuated by the HSP90 inhibitors geldanamycin, radicicol and novobiocin. However, these effects were not mediated through previously known factors, which are known to be involved in the development of leptin resistance, such as suppressor of cytokine signalling 3 or endoplasmic reticulum stress. The infusion of an HSP90 inhibitor into the CNS blunted the anorexigenic actions of leptin in rats (male Wister rat).Conclusions and ImplicationsHSP90 may be a novel factor involved in leptin‐mediated signalling that is linked to anorexia.
Phosphatidylserine on blood cells and endothelial cells contributes to the hypercoagulable state in cirrhosis
Authors: Wu Xiaoming , Yao Zhipeng , Zhao Lu , Zhang Yan , Cao Muhua , Li Tao , Ding Wenbo , Liu Yan , Deng Ruijuan , Dong Zengxiang , Chen He , Novakovic Valerie A. , Bi Yayan , Kou Junjie , Tian Ye , Zhou Jin , Shi Jialan 
Published: May 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsThe mechanism of thrombogenicity in cirrhosis is largely unknown. Our objective was to study the relationship between phosphatidylserine on blood cells and endothelial cells and the hypercoagulable state in cirrhotic patients.MethodsPatients with cirrhosis and healthy controls were studied. Lactadherin was used to quantify phosphatidylserine exposure on blood cells and endothelial cells. Procoagulant activity of cells was evaluated using clotting time and purified coagulation complex assays. Fibrin production was determined by turbidity. Phosphatidylserine exposure, fibrin strands and FVa/Xa binding on cells were observed using confocal microscopy.ResultsOur study showed that phosphatidylserine exposure on erythrocytes, platelets and leucocytes in cirrhotic patients increased progressively with Child–Pugh categories. In addition, we found that endothelial cells treated with cirrhotic serum in vitro exposed more phosphatidylserine than those exposed to healthy serum. The exposed phosphatidylserine supported a shorter coagulation time and increased FXa, thrombin and fibrin formation. Notably, phosphatidylserine+ erythrocytes also promoted shorter coagulation times and more fibrin generation in cirrhotic microparticle‐depleted plasma, regardless of Child–Pugh categories. Confocal microscopy data showed that the FVa/FXa complex and fibrin fibrils colocalized with phosphatidylserine on endothelial cells. Lactadherin significantly inhibited FXa and thrombin generation and consequently decreased fibrin production in normal or cirrhotic plasma.ConclusionsThese results lead us to believe that exposed phosphatidylserine on activated or injured erythrocytes, platelets, leucocytes and endothelial cells plays an important role in the hypercoagulable state in cirrhotic patients. Thus, blocking phosphatidylserine binding sites might be a new therapeutic target for preventing thrombosis.
World Englishes and creative idioms in English as a lingua franca
Authors: PITZL MARIE‐LUISE 
Published: May 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough language contact is usually long‐term and extensive in the postcolonial contexts of world Englishes, it also takes place in situations where English is used as a lingua franca (ELF) for international communication. The particulars and conceptualization of this transient type of language contact in ELF are the focus of the present paper. Building upon previous studies on the creative use and variation of idioms in ELF, this paper looks at creative idioms in ELF interactions as emblematic instances of such transient language contact and multilingual creativity.
Session II: Cells and Extracellular Matrices of the Dental Pulp — C.T. Hanks, Chairman
Authors: Linde A. 
Published: May 2016

The dental pulp is a loose connective tissue, characterized by its specific anatomical location. Its extracellular components are obvious subjects for study, since such components are largely responsible for the physiological properties of the tissue. Several clinically important processes occur ex-tracellularly, e.g., defense mechanisms such as inflammatory reactions and formation of calcified tissue. The dental mesenchyme has a crucial role during early tooth morphogenesis. The dental pulp, or rather the dental papilla, seems to have only an indirect role during dentinogenesis. This review discusses proteoglycans and glycosaminoglycans, fibronec-tin and other non-collagenous proteins, and the different types of collagen that have been studied in pulp connective tissue. With regard to its biochemical constituents, the pulp is similar to other loose connective tissues. Collagen type I is the major fibrous component, but collagen type III also constitutes a large portion. Fibronectin is present, as is a high content of proteoglycan. In the proteoglycans, all normally occurring connective tissue glycosaminoglycans can be demonstrated. The composition of the pulpal extracellular matrix during tooth development is quite different from that of the mature tooth. Thus, it is important not to draw any too-far-reaching conclusions about the situation in human pulp from results obtained by studying pulp from animal teeth with ongoing dentinogenesis. In spite of their common ancestry, pulp and dentin differ considerably in extracellular matrix composition. Proteoglycans and collagen type I are present in dentin. No type III collagen or fibronectin can be found in the dentin, although it is present in the dental pulp. In contrast, the unusual type I trimer collagen is synthesized by odontoblasts. A group of anionic non-collagenous proteins, such as phosphoproteins and γ-car-boxyglutamate-containing proteins, constitutes a considerable portion of the dentin organic matrix, but is absent from the pulp.
Crosslinguistic influence in the acquisition of a third language: The Linguistic Proximity Model
Authors: Westergaard Marit , Mitrofanova Natalia , Mykhaylyk Roksolana , Rodina Yulia 
Published: May 2016

Aims and Objectives: The main goal of the present study is to investigate effects of crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition by simultaneous bilinguals. We address the following research questions: Do both languages contribute to crosslinguistic influence in third language acquisition, or is one of them chosen as the sole source of influence? Is crosslinguistic influence always from the typologically more similar language? Is crosslinguistic influence always facilitative, or can it also be non-facilitative? Methodology: The paper reports on a grammaticality judgment task with two word order conditions, both related to verb movement (verb-second in Norwegian and subject-auxiliary inversion in English). Data and Analysis: An experiment was carried out with three groups of 11-14-year-old participants, Norwegian-Russian bilinguals ( n=22), Norwegian-speaking monolinguals ( n=46), and Russian-speaking monolinguals ( n=31). The data were analyzed using a generalized linear mixed effects logistic regression allowing us to estimate the effects of condition ( Adv-V, Aux-S), language (Norwegian, Norwegian-Russian, Russian) and their interaction on the correctness of judgments. Findings: The analysis reveals that while L1 Norwegian children over-accept ungrammatical sentences in English with a word order that reflects verb movement (V2), bilingual Norwegian-Russian children notice these errors significantly more often, just like L1 Russians. At the same time, the bilinguals score lower than L1 Russian children on grammatical trials, suggesting the presence of non-facilitative influence from Norwegian. Originality: This study argues for the Linguistic Proximity Model, which proposes incremental property-by-property learning and allows for both facilitative and non-facilitative influence from one or both of the previously acquired languages. Significance: The Linguistic Proximity Model and supporting experimental data contribute to existing models in third language acquisition by indicating that not just typological proximity but also structural similarity at an abstract level should be considered an important factor in third language acquisition.
Social work and the two cultures: The art and science of practice
Authors: Cornish Sally 
Published: May 2016

Summary Recent explorations of the nature of contemporary social work, tending to differentiate managerial and techno-rational practices from ‘real’ relationship-based interventions, are suggestive of there being an art and a science of social work, echoing Snow’s argument in his ‘Two Cultures’ lecture of 1959 about the especially English tendency to damaging divisions in academia. The concept, and the dangers Snow identified, are revisited and applied to social work in this theoretical article, with the science of practice being located in evidence-informed approaches and its art in relationship-based work. Findings Social work has long incorporated approaches which draw on the strengths of the humanities and science ‘cultures’ respectively, and recognises what each has to offer; it may also be considered to some extent as belonging to a ‘Third Culture’, along with other applied fields. Common to any culture, however, as applied within the profession, must be its ethical base. Applications As Snow noted, polarity between art and science can lead to common ground being lost which in social work may ultimately disadvantage service users. The professional value base provides the basis for a ‘social work culture’ as long as this is not itself divided by unconstructive schisms.
Tenecteplase vs Alteplase for Patients With Acute Ischemic Stroke
Authors: Meng Xia , Li Shuya , Dai Hongguo , Lu Guozhi , Wang Weiwei , Che Fengyuan , Geng Yu , Sun Minghui , Li Xiyan , Li Hao , Wang Yongjun 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceTenecteplase is a bioengineered variant of alteplase with greater fibrin specificity and a longer half-life, allowing single-bolus administration. Evidence on the treatment effect of tenecteplase 0.25 mg/kg in Chinese patients with acute ischemic stroke (AIS) is limited.ObjectiveTo establish the noninferiority of tenecteplase to alteplase in patients with AIS within 4.5 hours of symptom onset.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThe ORIGINAL study was a multicenter, active-controlled, parallel-group, randomized, open-label, blinded end point, noninferiority trial conducted between July 14, 2021, and July 14, 2023. Participants were recruited from 55 neurology clinics and stroke centers in China and were eligible if they had AIS with a National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 1 to 25 with measurable neurologic deficit and were symptomatic for at least 30 minutes without significant improvement.InterventionsPatients were randomized (1:1) within 4.5 hours of symptom onset to receive intravenous tenecteplase (0.25 mg/kg) or intravenous alteplase (0.9 mg/kg).Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was the proportion of patients with a modified Rankin Scale (mRS) score of 0 or 1 (no symptoms or no significant disability) at day 90, tested for noninferiority (risk ratio [RR] margin, 0.937). Safety end points included symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage (per European Cooperative Acute Stroke Study III definition) and 90-day all-cause mortality.ResultsAmong the 1489 patients randomized, 1465 patients were included in the full analysis set (732 in the tenecteplase group; 733 in the alteplase group) and 446 (30.4%) were female. The primary outcome occurred in 72.7% (532/732) of patients receiving tenecteplase and 70.3% (515/733) receiving alteplase (RR, 1.03 [95% CI, 0.97-1.09]; noninferiority threshold met). Symptomatic intracerebral hemorrhage occurred in 9 patients (1.2%) in each group (RR, 1.01 [95% CI, 0.37-2.70]). The 90-day mortality rate was 4.6% (34/732) in the tenecteplase group and 5.8% (43/736) in the alteplase group (RR, 0.80 [95% CI, 0.51-1.23]).Conclusions and RelevanceIn patients with AIS eligible for intravenous thrombolysis within 4.5 hours after stroke onset, tenecteplase was noninferior to alteplase with respect to excellent functional outcome (mRS score of 0 or 1) at 90 days and had a similar safety profile. Findings from this study support tenecteplase as a suitable alternative to alteplase in this setting.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT04915729
Kidney Outcomes Following Angiotensin Receptor-Neprilysin Inhibitor vs Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitor/Angiotensin Receptor Blocker Therapy for Thrombotic Microangiopathy
Authors: Li Jianbo , Liu Qinghua , Lian Xingji , Yang Shicong , Lian Rong , Li Wenchuan , Yu Jianwen , Huang Fengxian , Chen Wenfang , He Feng , Chen Wei 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceThrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) on kidney biopsy is a pattern of endothelial injury commonly seen in malignant hypertension (mHTN), but treatment strategies are not well established.ObjectiveTo evaluate the kidney outcomes of angiotensin receptor-neprilysin inhibitor (ARNI), specifically sacubitril/valsartan, vs angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) or angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) therapy for patients with mHTN-associated TMA.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis single-center cohort study enrolled consecutive patients in China diagnosed with mHTN-associated TMA through kidney biopsy from January 2008 to June 2023. Follow-up was conducted until the conclusion of the study period. Data were analyzed in September 2023.ExposuresTreatment with sacubitril/valsartan or ACEI/ARBs during hospitalization and after discharge.Main Outcomes and MeasuresThe primary outcome was a composite of kidney recovery: a 50% decrease in serum creatinine level, decrease in serum creatinine levels to the reference range, or kidney survival free from dialysis for more than 1 month. The secondary and tertiary outcomes were a 15% increase in the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) relative to baseline and kidney survival free from dialysis, respectively. Propensity score matching (PSM) and Cox proportional hazards regression analysis were used to evaluate the association between sacubitril/valsartan and ACEI/ARB therapy with kidney recovery outcomes.ResultsAmong the 217 patients (mean [SD] age, 35.9 [8.8] years; 188 men [86.6%]) included in the study, 66 (30.4%) received sacubitril/valsartan and 151 (69.6%) received ACEI/ARBs at baseline. Sacubitril/valsartan treatment was associated with shorter time to the primary outcome compared with ACEI/ARB treatment (20 of 63 [31.7%] vs 38 of 117 [32.5%]; adjusted hazard ratio [aHR], 1.85; 95% CI, 1.05-3.23). Sacubitril/valsartan treatment was independently associated with shorter time to a 15% increase in eGFR (15 of 46 [32.6%] vs 46 of 83 [55.4%]; aHR, 2.13; 95% CI, 1.09-4.17) and kidney survival free from dialysis (11 of 23 [47.8%] vs 16 of 57 [28.1%]; aHR, 2.63; 95% CI, 1.15-5.88) compared with ACEI/ARB treatment. These differences remained significant in the PSM comparison.Conclusions and RelevanceIn this cohort study, sacubitril/valsartan treatment was associated with a potential kidney function benefit in patients with mHTN-associated TMA compared with ACEI/ARB treatment. The findings suggested that sacubitril/valsartan could be a superior therapeutic approach for managing this serious condition in terms of kidney recovery.
Mortality and Function After Widowhood Among Older Adults With Dementia, Cancer, or Organ Failure
Authors: Rodin Rebecca , Smith Alexander K. , Espejo Edie , Gan Siqi , Boscardin W. John , Hunt Lauren J. , Ornstein Katherine A. , Morrison R. Sean 
Published: September 2024

ImportanceThe widowhood effect, in which mortality increases and function decreases in the period following spousal death, may be heightened in older adults with functional impairment and serious illnesses, such as cancer, dementia, or organ failure, who are highly reliant on others, particularly spouses, for support. Yet there are limited data on widowhood among people with these conditions.ObjectiveTo determine the association of widowhood with function and mortality among older adults with dementia, cancer, or organ failure.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis longitudinal cohort study used population-based, nationally representative data from the Health and Retirement Study database linked to Medicare claims from 2008 to 2018. Participants were married or partnered community-dwelling adults aged 65 years and older with and without cancer, organ failure, or dementia and functional impairment (function score &amp;lt;9 of 11 points), matched on widowhood event and with follow-up until death or disenrollment. Analyses were conducted from September 2021 to May 2024.ExposureWidowhood.Main Outcomes and MeasuresFunction score (range 0-11 points; 1 point for independence with each activity of daily living [ADL] or instrumental activity of daily living [IADL]; higher score indicates better function) and 1-year mortality.ResultsAmong 13 824 participants (mean [SD] age, 70.1 [5.5] years; 6416 [46.4%] female; mean [SD] baseline function score, 10.2 [1.6] points; 1-year mortality: 0.4%) included, 5732 experienced widowhood. There were 319 matched pairs of people with dementia, 1738 matched pairs without dementia, 95 matched pairs with cancer, 2637 matched pairs without cancer, 85 matched pairs with organ failure, and 2705 matched pairs without organ failure. Compared with participants without these illnesses, widowhood was associated with a decline in function immediately following widowhood for people with cancer (change, −1.17 [95% CI, −2.10 to −0.23] points) or dementia (change, −1.00 [95% CI, −1.52 to −0.48] points) but not organ failure (change, −0.84 [95% CI, −1.69 to 0.00] points). Widowhood was also associated with increased 1-year mortality among people with cancer (hazard ratio [HR], 1.08 [95% CI, 1.04 to 1.13]) or dementia (HR, 1.14 [95% CI, 1.02 to 1.27]) but not organ failure (HR, 1.02 [95% CI, 0.98 to 1.06]).Conclusions and RelevanceThis cohort study found that widowhood was associated with increased functional decline and increased mortality in older adults with functional impairment and dementia or cancer. These findings suggest that persons with these conditions with high caregiver burden may experience a greater widowhood effect.
An All‐Polarized Elastic Topological Metamaterial for Ultrasonic Energy Conveying and Harvesting
Authors: Chen Yafeng , Fan Lei , Zhu Jie , Su Zhongqing 
Published: September 2024

AbstractMicroelastic topological metamaterials (METMs) are of great use in the robust conveying and harvesting of high‐frequency ultrasonic energies. However, current METMs only hold topological edge states of a single flexural mode, restricting their capacity to convey ultrasonic energies of other polarized elastic waves. Moreover, the potential of METMs for ultrasonic energy harvesting remains unexplored. To address these challenges, an all‐polarized elastic topological metamaterial (AETM) is developed, capable of simultaneous conveying and harvesting of ultrasonic energies from elastic waves of all polarizations. This AETM supports broadband topological edge states for both out‐of‐plane and in‐plane modes, enabling the robust conveying of ultrasonic energies from all‐polarized elastic waves. Subsequently, by integrating the AETM with a piezoelectric energy harvester, efficient harvesting of ultrasonic energies conveyed by the AETM is achieved. Notably, the developed AETM with structural simplicity can be easily integrated into micro‐electromechanical systems (MEMSs) for on‐chip ultrasonic wave communication and energy harvesting. This work advances the development of topological metamaterials that can concurrently convey and harvest ultrasonic energies from all‐polarized elastic waves, offering significant potential for various MEMS applications.