bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Engrailed 1 shapes the dopaminergic and serotonergic landscape through proper isthmic organizer maintenance and function
Authors: Kouwenhoven Willemieke M. , Veenvliet Jesse V. , van Hooft Johannes A. , van der Heide L. P. , Smidt Marten P. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe isthmic organizer (IsO) is a signaling center that specifies the correct and distinct embryonic development of the dopaminergic midbrain and serotonergic hindbrain. The IsO is a linear boundary between the two brain regions, emerging at around embryonic day 7-8 of murine embryonic development, that shapes its surroundings through the expression of instructive signals such as Wnt and growth factors. Homeobox transcription factor engrailed 1 (En1) is present in midbrain and rostral hindbrain (i.e. rhombomere 1, R1). Its expression spans the IsO, and it is known to be an important survival factor for both dopaminergic and serotonergic neurons. Erroneous composition of dopaminergic neurons in the midbrain or serotonergic neurons in the hindbrain is associated with severe pathologies such as Parkinson's disease, depression or autism. Here we investigated the role of En1 in early mid-hindbrain development, using multiple En1-ablated mouse models as well as lineage-tracing techniques, and observed the appearance of ectopic dopaminergic neurons, indistinguishable from midbrain dopaminergic neurons based on molecular profile and intrinsic electrophysiological properties. We propose that this change is the direct result of a caudal relocation of the IsO as represented by ectopic presence of Fgf8, Otx2, Wnt1 and canonical Wnt-signalling. Our work suggests a newly-discovered role for En1: the repression of Otx2, Wnt1 and canonical Wnt-signaling in R1. Overall, our results suggest that En1 is essential for proper IsO maintenance and function.
Cdk4 functions in multiple cell types to controlDrosophilaintestinal stem cell proliferation and differentiation
Authors: Adlesic Mojca , Frei Christian , Frew Ian J. 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTThe proliferation of intestinal stem cells (ISCs) and differentiation of enteroblasts to form mature enteroendocrine cells and enterocytes in the Drosophila intestinal epithelium must be tightly regulated to maintain homeostasis. We show that genetic modulation of CyclinD/Cdk4 activity or mTOR-dependent signalling cell-autonomously regulates enterocyte growth, which influences ISC proliferation and enteroblast differentiation. Increased enterocyte growth results in higher numbers of ISCs and defective enterocyte growth reduces ISC abundance and proliferation in the midgut. Adult midguts deficient for Cdk4 show severe disruption of intestinal homeostasis characterised by decreased ISC self-renewal, enteroblast differentiation defects and low enteroendocrine cell and enterocyte numbers. The ISC/enteroblast phenotypes result from a combination of cell autonomous and non-autonomous requirements for Cdk4 function. One non-autonomous consequence of Cdk4-dependent deficient enterocyte growth is high expression of Delta in ISCs and Delta retention in enteroblasts. We postulate that aberrant activation of the Delta–Notch pathway is a possible partial cause of lost ISC stemness. These results support the idea that enterocytes contribute to a putative stem cell niche that maintains intestinal homeostasis in the Drosophila anterior midgut.
A new hypothesis: some metastases are the result of inflammatory processes by adapted cells, especially adapted immune cells at sites of inflammation
Authors: Shahriyari Leili 
Published: February 2016

There is an old hypothesis that metastasis is the result of migration of tumor cells from the tumor to a distant site. In this article, we propose another mechanism for metastasis, for cancers that are initiated at the site of chronic inflammation. We suggest that cells at the site of chronic inflammation might become adapted to the inflammatory process, and these adaptations may lead to the initiation of an inflammatory tumor. For example, in an inflammatory tumor immune cells might be adapted to send signals of proliferation or angiogenesis, and epithelial cells might be adapted to proliferation (like inactivation of tumor suppressor genes). Therefore, we hypothesize that metastasis could be the result of an inflammatory process by adapted cells, especially adapted immune cells at the site of inflammation, as well as the migration of tumor cells with the help of activated platelets, which travel between sites of inflammation. If this hypothesis is correct, then any treatment causing necrotic cell death may not be a good solution. Because necrotic cells in the tumor micro-environment or anywhere in the body activate the immune system to initiate the inflammatory process, and the involvement of adapted immune cells in the inflammatory processes leads to the formation and progression of tumors. Adapted activated immune cells send more signals of proliferation and/or angiogenesis than normal cells. Moreover, if there were adapted epithelial cells, they would divide at a much higher rate in response to the proliferation signals than normal cells. Thus, not only would the tumor come back after the treatment, but it would also grow more aggressively.
Carleman estimates for singular parabolic equations with interior degeneracy and non-smooth coefficients
Authors: Fragnelli Genni , Mugnai Dimitri 
Published: February 2016

AbstractWe establish Carleman estimates for singular/degenerate parabolic Dirichlet problems with degeneracy and singularity occurring in the interior of the spatial domain. Our results are completely new, since this situation is not covered by previous contributions for degeneracy and singularity on the boundary. In addition, we consider non-smooth coefficients, thus preventing the use of standard calculations in this framework.
Conformal Willmore tori in ℝ4
Authors: Lamm Tobias , Schätzle Reiner M. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
For every two-dimensional torus

T
2

{T^{2}}

and every k

∈

\in

ℕ

\mathbb{N}

,

k
≥
3

{k\geq 3}

, we construct a conformal Willmore immersion f :

T
2

T^{2}

→

\to

ℝ
4

\mathbb{R}^{4}

with exactly one point of density k and Willmore energy 4πk. Moreover, we show that the energy value

8
⁢
π

{8\pi}

cannot be attained by such an immersion. Additionally, we characterize the branched double covers

T
2

T^{2}

→

\to

S
2

S^{2}

×

\times

{

\{

0

}

\}

as the only branched conformal immersions, up to Möbius transformations of

ℝ
4

{\mathbb{R}^{4}}

, from a torus into

ℝ
4

{\mathbb{R}^{4}}

with at least one branch point and Willmore energy

8
⁢
π

{8\pi}

. Using a perturbation argument in order to regularize a branched double cover, we finally show that the infimum of the Willmore energy in every conformal class of tori is less than or equal to

8
⁢
π

{8\pi}

.
Preparation of TiC by carbothermal reduction in vacuum and acid leaching using blast furnace slag bearing titania
Authors: Hu Meilong , Wei Ruirui , Qu Zhengfeng , Yin Fangqing , Xu Yuzhou , Deng Qingyu 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA combined process of carbothermal reduction in vacuum and acid leaching is proposed to produce TiC from titanium bearing blast furnace (BF) slag from Pan Steel in Panzhihua city in China. Thermodynamics calculation shows that TiC can be obtained in the appropriate temperature and pressure range. Moreover, the results of the experiment indicate that TiC can be prepared by the combined process. The optimized parameters include particle size of original slag ideally below 200 mesh, reduction temperature of 1400°C, pressure of 1~10 Pa and mass ratio of slag and reduction (carbon powder) of 100/38. The x value in TiC
Mehr als Mythos und Konstruktion? Die römische Königszeit
Authors: Walter Uwe 
Published: February 2016

Zusammenfassung
Das frühe römische Königtum wird in der Forschung wegen der bekannten Quellensituation entweder ausgeklammert oder spezialistisch behandelt. Der Aufsatz umreißt zunächst wesentliche Konzeptionen und Narrative – antike wie moderne –, um dann einige vielleicht halbwegs zu erhärtende Züge der frühen römischen Monarchie herauszustellen. Dabei sind verschiedene methodische Pfade zu beschreiten, unter anderem die Kritik der überlieferten Erzählungen, der Blick auf den italischen und aristokratischen Kontext des 7. bis 5. Jahrhunderts, die Auswertung der archäologischen und urbanistischen Befunde sowie das Durchspielen verschiedener Entwicklungsmodelle. Bereits die antike Überlieferung betont, wie wenig institutionalisiert dieses Königtum war, obgleich es zur Ausbildung von Staatlichkeit im frühen Rom offenbar wesentlich beitrug. Die „Könige“ waren offenbar eher warlords mit Gefolgschaften, die in verschiedenen Konstellationen Stadtherrschaften unterschiedlichen Zuschnitts etablieren konnten. Auch nachdem sich in Rom kein Einzelherrscher mehr auf längere Zeit etablieren konnte, dauerte die fluide, experimentelle Gestaltung der Position an der Spitze bis zur Schaffung des Doppelkonsulats im Jahr 367 v. Chr. fort. Mochte freilich das frührömische Königtum im typologischen Vergleich antiker Monarchien auch ein Nebengleis darstellen, so wirkte es doch in den späteren Prozessen der Konstruktion und Tradition von historisch-politischer Identität stark nach. Es stellte ferner einige wichtige Weichen für den Fortgang der römischen Geschichte bis hin zur Etablierung einer neuen Monarchie.
Comparative Study of Quick Lime and CaO as Catalysts of Safflower Oil Transesterification
Authors: Camacho Jesus N. , Natividad Reyna , Galvan Muciño Gabriel E. , García-Orozco Ivan , Baeza Ramiro , Romero Rubi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis work aimed to contrast the performance of quicklime and CaO reagent grade as heterogeneous catalysts for the safflower oil transesterification reaction. Quicklime was characterized by TGA analysis, XRD, atomic absorption, nitrogen physisorption and by Hammett method. In the safflower transesterification reaction, four main variables were studied: addition reagents order, reagents dosage, type of catalyst and methanol-oil molar ratio. The addition reagents order was not found to be determinant on time for reaching equilibrium or maximum methyl esters yield. On the contrary, reagents dosage was found to negatively affect reaction rate and methyl esters yield. It was found that quicklime performs better than CaO and this was ascribed to an increased basicity found in the former. From the results can also be inferred that the use of quicklime as catalyst of the transesterification reaction allows the decrease of the process cost by reducing both, the reaction time and the required amount of alcohol.
Experimental Study and Mathematical Modeling of Propane-SCR-NOx Using Group Method of Data Handling and Artificial Neural Network
Authors: Ghasemian N. , Nourmoradi H. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
In this study, the catalytic behavior of protonated clinoptilolite in propane-SCR-NOx was investigated. The experiments were carried out in the temperature range of 200–500 °C as a function of zeolite mesh size 20, 35 and 70 at different weights of zeolite (0.45–1 g) and flow rates (300–600 ml/min) and consequently at various gas hourly space velocities (GHSV). Group method of data handling (GMDH) and artificial neural network (ANN) system were applied for mathematical modeling of NOx conversion to N2 in propane-SCR-NOx. The operating temperature (T), volumetric flow rate (F) and the weight of clinoptilolite zeolite (W) and the conversion of NOx to N2 (X) were considered as the inputs and output, respectively. In order to evaluate the models performance, conversions of NOx obtained from the GMDH and ANN systems were compared with those obtained from the experimental method. It is concluded that the ANN could successively estimate the conversion and the results were in a good agreement with the experimental data.
On a Rational Performance Evaluation for the Development of Inorganic Membrane Technology in Gas Separation and Membrane Reactors
Authors: Avila Adolfo M. , Arancibia Eleuterio L. 
Published: February 2016

Abstract
Inorganic membranes can be made of different materials. However, there have been only few reports on membrane evaluation to convert lab-scale membranes into a prototype for industrial applications. In order to fill this significant gap, new approaches for the development and optimization of membrane products are required. This work focuses on the different aspects related to the performance assessment of membranes used for gas separation and membrane reactors. This approach can be visualized as an algorithm consisting of three specific loops involving different aspects of the overall membrane evaluation. Several factors that have an impact on membrane performance are discussed. These factors are divided into two categories: directly affecting the measurements (setup leakage, concentration polarization, repeatability, pressure gradient) and related to the intrinsic characteristics of permeation flux across the membrane (single and mixture permeation, transport modeling, defect flux, microstructure flexibility). This evaluation protocol includes a literature review with the most recent breakthroughs in this research area.
Robust Spatial Approximation of Laser Scanner Point Clouds by Means of Free-form Curve Approaches in Deformation Analysis
Authors: Bureick Johannes , Alkhatib Hamza , Neumann Ingo 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn many geodetic engineering applications it is necessary to solve the problem of describing a measured data point cloud, measured, e. g. by laser scanner, by means of free-form curves or surfaces, e. g., with B-Splines as basis functions. The state of the art approaches to determine B-Splines yields results which are seriously manipulated by the occurrence of data gaps and outliers.Optimal and robust B-Spline fitting depend, however, on optimal selection of the knot vector. Hence we combine in our approach Monte-Carlo methods and the location and curvature of the measured data in order to determine the knot vector of the B-Spline in such a way that no oscillating effects at the edges of data gaps occur. We introduce an optimized approach based on computed weights by means of resampling techniques. In order to minimize the effect of outliers, we apply robust M-estimators for the estimation of control points.The above mentioned approach will be applied to a multi-sensor system based on kinematic terrestrial laserscanning in the field of rail track inspection.
Measurement of Deflection in Concrete Beams During Fatigue Loading Test Using the Microsoft Kinect 2.0
Authors: Lahamy Herve , Lichti Derek D. , Steward Jeremy , El-Badry Mamdouh , Moravvej Mohammad 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThis study focuses on 3 Hz fatigue load testing of a reinforced concrete beam in laboratory conditions. Three-dimensional (3D) image time series of the beam’s top surface were captured with the Microsoft time-of-flight Kinect 2.0 sensor. To estimate the beam deflection, the imagery was first segmented to extract the top surface of the beam. The centre line was then modeled using third-order B-splines. The deflection of the beam as a function of time was estimated from the modeled centre line and, following past practice, also at several witness plates attached to the side of the beam. Subsequent correlation of the peak displacement with the applied loading cycles permitted estimation of fatigue in the beam. The accuracy of the deflections was evaluated by comparison with the measurements obtained using a Keyence LK-G407 laser displacement sensors. The results indicate that the deflections can be recovered with sub-millimetre accuracy using the centreline profile modelling method.
Raman Amplification in WDM Optical Communication Systems: A System Perceptive
Authors: Raghuwanshi Sanjeev Kumar , Srinivas Talabattula 
Published: February 2016

AbstractStatistical study on stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) crosstalk has been done by many researchers while ignoring pulse walk-off effect due to analytically unsolvable nonlinear coupled equations. To our knowledge there is no treatise, which deals with pulse walk-off effect except statistically for few cases in case of wideband WDM Raman amplification systems. In this paper, we investigate the effect of group velocity dispersion induced crosstalk. We have tried to solve nonlinear coupled Raman gain equations for few channels by using the numerical technique called finite difference method. Finally we have provided results of the simulation for few cases. It is ever known that pulse walk-off effect (time-dependent effect) is responsible for transient effects hence the modeling has also done in this paper to simulate the effect of abrupt channel addition and removal response.
Estrogen maintains myometrial tumors in a lymphangioleiomyomatosis model
Authors: Prizant Hen , Taya Manisha , Lerman Irina , Light Allison , Sen Aritro , Mitra Soumya , Foster Thomas H , Hammes Stephen R 
Published: February 2016

AbstractLymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a rare disease in women. Patients with LAM develop metastatic smooth-muscle cell adenomas within the lungs, resulting in reduced pulmonary function. LAM cells contain mutations in tuberous sclerosis genes (TSC1orTSC2), leading to up-regulation of mTORC1 activity and elevated proliferation. The origin of LAM cells remains unknown; however, inactivation ofTsc2gene in the mouse uterus resulted in myometrial tumors exhibiting LAM features, and approximately 50% of animals developed metastatic myometrial lung tumors. This suggests that LAM tumors might originate from the uterine myometrium, possibly explaining the overwhelming prevalence of LAM in female. Here, we demonstrate that mouseTsc2-null myometrial tumors exhibit nearly all the features of LAM, including mTORC1/S6K activation, as well as expression of melanocytic markers and matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). Estrogen ablation reduces S6K signaling and results inTsc2-null myometrial tumor regression. Thus, even without TSC2, estradiol is required to maintain tumors and mTORC1/S6K signaling. Additionally, we find that MMP-2 and -9, as well as neutrophil elastase (NE), are overexpressed inTsc2-null myometrial tumors in an estrogen-dependent fashion.In vivofluorescent imaging using MMP- or NE-sensitive optical biomarkers confirms that protease activity is specific to myometrial tumors. Similar to LAM cells, uterineTsc2-null myometrial cells also overexpress melanocytic markers in an estrogen-dependent fashion. Finally, we identify glycoprotein NMB (GPNMB) as a melanocytic marker up-regulated inTsc2-null mouse uteri and human LAM samples. Our data highlight the potential importance of estradiol in LAM cells, suggesting that anti-estrogen therapy may be a treatment modality. Furthermore, proteases and GPNMB might be useful LAM biomarkers.
The Representation of Culture in English Textbooks Prescribed for High Schools in Indonesia
Authors: Silvia Arnis 
Published: February 2016

This study investigated the culture representation of two prescribed English textbooks suggested by the Indonesian Curriculum and Publishing Centre (Puskurbuk) used in high schools in Indonesia. Its aim was to investigate whether the representation of culture supported the main goal of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) teaching, which is intercultural communicative competence (ICC). For this purpose, culture was classified as source, target, and international target culture (Cortazzi & Jin, 1990). A classification on the level of ICC was also conducted to these textbooks. It was found that the prescribed English textbooks portrayed the culture of local (Indonesia), the culture of target countries (American and British), and the culture of other international countries in a quantitatively similar portion. However, qualitatively, the presented culture tended to be artificial instead of substantial. Comparison and contrast among cultures were not found, therefore, intercultural competence was not achieved.
PENDIDIKAN MULTIKULTURAL INTERRELIGIUS: UPAYA MENYEMAI PERDAMAIAN DALAM HETEROGENITAS AGAMA PERSPEKTIF INDONESIA
Authors: Iqbal Mahathir Muhammad 
Published: February 2016

This article was written with the purpose to obtain a picture of interreligious conception of multicultural education as an attempt to create peace in the livelihood of the Indonesian nation that is multicult ural. Conception of multicultural education were developed through in-depth and intensive literature studies. The aut hor emphasizes the idea of multireligious and interreligious education models, not monoreligius, so that each eleme nt in different nations and religious beliefs in this country will show the inclusive character including attitude o f brotherhood, mutual tolerance for differences, respect for differences, and to avoid a culture of violence.
MODEL KERUKUNAN SOSIAL PADA MASYARAKAT MULTIKULTURAL CINA BENTENG (KAJIAN HISTORIS DAN SOSIOLOGIS)
Authors: Arif Muhamad 
Published: February 2016

This study was conducted to gain an overview of the historical and sociological perspective of the model of social harmony in a multicultural society of Cina Benteng, Tangerang. It used descriptive qualitative research method using an inductive approach in conducting the analysis. Data collection techniques mainly emphasize on library research techniques, interview, observation, and documentation. There are two important c onclusions generated in this study. The fi rst, models of social cohesion in a multicultural society of Cina Ben teng has historically formed since their arrival in the watershed Cisedane. Historical process has made Cina Ben teng society has a unique blend, namely their persistence in holding the customs of their ancestors already hundreds of years old, as well as their fl exibility to enable them to carry out the process of amalgamation, assimilation, and acculturation with the local community and culture as well. Second, in a sociological perspective, the model of social harmony in Cina Benteng society is not just happening in the fi eld of art, but also occurs in settle ment patterns, language of communication, traditional wedding procession, traditional clothes, gambang kromong musi c, and cokek dance.
Hypoxia Challenge Testing in Neonates for Fitness to Fly
Authors: Vetter-Laracy Susanne , Osona Borja , Peña-Zarza Jose Antonio , Gil Jose Antonio , Figuerola Joan 
Published: February 2016

BACKGROUND:Preflight hypoxia challenge testing (HCT) in a body plethysmograph has previously been done only on infants &gt;3 months of corrected gestational age (CGA). This study aims to determine the earliest fit-to-fly age by testing neonates &lt;1 week old.METHODS:A prospective observational study was carried out on 3 groups of infants: healthy term infants ≤7 days old, preterm infants (≥34 weeks CGA) 2 to 3 days before discharge, and preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). HCT was conducted using a body plethysmograph with a 15% fraction of inspired oxygen. The oxygen saturation (Spo2) test fail point was &lt;85%.RESULTS:Twenty-four term (mean CGA 40 weeks), 62 preterm (37 weeks), and 23 preterm with BPD (39.5 weeks) infants were tested. One term infant (4.2%) and 12 preterm infants without BPD (19.4%) failed. Sixteen (69.3%) preterm infants with BPD failed (P &lt; .001), with a median drop in Spo2 of 16%. At 39 weeks CGA, neither preterm infants without BPD nor term infants had an Spo2 &lt;85%. However, 7 of 12 term infants with BPD failed the HCT.CONCLUSIONS:Term and preterm infants without BPD born at &gt;39 weeks CGA do not appear to be likely to desaturate during a preflight HCT and so can be deemed fit to fly according to current British Thoracic Society Guidelines.