bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The impact of parental investment on lifetime reproductive success in Iceland
Authors: Lynch Robert F. , Lynch Emily C. 
Published: January 2017

BackgroundDemonstrating the impact that parents have on the fitness of their children is a crucial step towards understanding how parental investment has affected human evolution. Parents not only transfer genes to their children, they also influence their environments. By analyzing reproductive patterns within and between different categories of close relatives, this study provides insight into the genetic and environmental effects that parents have on the fitness of their offspring.MethodsWe use data spanning over two centuries from an exceptionally accurate Icelandic genealogy, Íslendingabók, to analyze the relationship between the fertility rates of close relatives. Also, using genetic data, we determine narrow sense heritability estimates (h2) to further explore the genetic impact on lifetime reproductive success. Finally, we construct four simulations to model the expected contribution of genes and resources on reproductive success.ResultsThe relationship between the reproduction of all full sibling pairs was significant and positive across all birth decades (r = 0.19) while the reproductive relationship between parents and offspring was often negative across many decades and undetectable overall (r = 0.00) (Fig. 1 and Table 1). Meanwhile, genetic data among 8,456 pairs of full siblings revealed a narrow sense heritability estimate (h2) of 0.00 for lifetime reproductive success. A resources model (following the rule that resources are transmitted from parents to children, distributed equally among siblings, and are the only factor affecting reproductive success) revealed a similar trend: a negative relationship between parent and offspring reproduction (r = − 0.35) but a positive relationship among full siblings (r = 0.28). The relationship between parent and offspring lifetime reproductive success (LRS) and full sibling LRS was strongly and positively correlated across time (r = 0.799,p < 0.001). Similarly, the LRS among full siblings was positively correlated with both the LRS among half siblings (r = 0.532,p = 0.011) and the relationship between the LRS of aunts and uncles with their nieces and nephews (r = 0.438,p = 0.042).DiscussionWe show that an individual’s lifetime reproductive success is best predicted by the reproduction of their full and half siblings, but not their parents, grandparents or aunts and uncles. Because all siblings share at least one parent, we believe parental investment has had an important impact on fitness. Overall, these results indicate that direct parental investment, but not genes, is likely to have had an important and persistent impact on lifetime reproductive success across more than two centuries of Icelandic history.
Bounds on the calving cliff height of marine terminating glaciers
Authors: Ma Yue , Tripathy Cory S. , Bassis Jeremy N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIncreased calving and rapid retreat of glaciers can contribute significantly to sea level rise, but the processes controlling glacier retreat remain poorly understood. We seek to improve our understanding of calving by investigating the stress field controlling tensile and shear failure using a 2‐D full‐Stokes finite element model. Using idealized rectangular geometries, we find that when rapidly sliding glaciers thin to near buoyancy, full thickness tensile failure occurs, similar to observations motivating height‐above‐buoyancy calving laws. In contrast, when glaciers are frozen to their beds, basal crevasse penetration is suppressed and calving is minimal. We also find that shear stresses are largest when glaciers are thickest. Together, the tensile and shear failure criteria map out a stable envelope in an ice‐thickness‐water‐depth diagram. The upper and lower bounds on cliff height can be incorporated into numerical ice sheet models as boundary conditions, thus bracketing the magnitude of calving rates in marine‐terminating glaciers.
Effects of topographic smoothing on the simulation of winter precipitation in High Mountain Asia
Authors: Cannon Forest , Carvalho Leila M. V. , Jones Charles , Norris Jesse , Bookhagen Bodo , Kiladis George N. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractNumerous studies have projected future changes in High Mountain Asia water resources based on temperature and precipitation from global circulation models (GCMs) under future climate scenarios. Although the potential benefit of such studies is immense, coarse grid‐scale GCMs are unable to resolve High Mountain Asia's complex topography and thus have a biased representation of regional weather and climate. This study investigates biases in the simulation of physical mechanisms that generate snowfall and contribute to snowpack in High Mountain Asia in coarse topography experiments using the Weather Research and Forecasting model. Regional snowpack is event driven, thus 33 extreme winter orographic precipitation events are simulated at fine atmospheric resolution with 6.67 km resolution topography and smoothed 1.85° × 1.25° GCM topography. As with many modified topography experiments performed in other regions, the distribution of precipitation is highly dependent on first‐order orographic effects, which dominate regional meteorology. However, we demonstrate that topographic smoothing enhances circulation in simulated extratropical cyclones, with significant impacts on orographic precipitation. Despite precipitation reductions of 28% over the highest ranges, due to reduced ascent on windward slopes, total precipitation over the study domain increased by an average of 9% in smoothed topography experiments on account of intensified extratropical cyclone dynamics and cross‐barrier moisture flux. These findings identify an important source of bias in coarse‐resolution simulated precipitation in High Mountain Asia, with important implications for the application of GCMs toward projecting future hydroclimate in the region.
Elemental Sulfur and Molecular Iodine as Efficient Tools for Carbon‐Nitrogen Bond Formation through Redox Reactions
Authors: Nguyen Thanh Binh 
Published: January 2017

AbstractCarbon‐nitrogen bonds are ubiquitous in organic chemistry. This review focuses on the formation of these important linkages and describes some recent advances in redox reactions that involve elemental sulfur and molecular iodine as excellent reagents and catalysts.
Early medieval stone‐lined graves in Southern Germany: analysis of an emerging noble class
Authors: Rott Andreas , Turner Nils , Scholz Ulrike , von Heyking Kristin , Immler Franziska , Peters Joris , Haberstroh Jochen , Harbeck Michaela 
Published: January 2017

AbstractObjectivesStone‐lined graves, which first appear in Bavarian territory during the 7th century AD, are assumed to be tombs of emerging nobility. While previous research on stone‐lined grave goods supports their status as elite burials, an important factor defining nobility—kinship—has not been examined so far.Materials and methodsMorphological analysis of the commingled skeletal remains of 21 individuals from three archaeological sites was carried out. Radiocarbon dating was conducted on these individuals to gain information on usage intervals of these graves. To test whether stone‐lined graves can be considered family graves, analyses of mitochondrial HVR I, Y‐chromosomal and autosomal STRs were carried out.ResultsMorphological examination revealed a surplus of males buried in stone‐lined graves and radiocarbon dating points to usage of the tombs for several generations. According to aDNA analysis, kinship can be assumed both between and within stone‐lined graves.DiscussionTaken together, these results hint at burials of family members with high social status being inhumed at the same site, in some cases even the same grave, for several generations. They also suggest, for the first time, that an early medieval linear cemetery was structured according to biological kinship.
Comparing early liver graft function from heart beating and living‐donors: A pilot study aiming to identify new biomarkers of liver injury
Authors: Yang Qi Joy , Kluger Michael , Goryński Krzysztof , Pawliszyn Janusz , Bojko Barbara , Yu Ai‐Ming , Noh Keumhan , Selzner Markus , Jerath Angela , McCluskey Stuart , Pang K. Sandy , Wąsowicz Marcin 
Published: January 2017

AbstractThe liver and kidney functions of recipients of liver transplantation (LT) surgery with heart beating (HBD, n = 13) or living donors (LD, n = 9) with different cold ischemia times were examined during the neohepatic phase for the elimination of rocuronium bromide (ROC, cleared by liver and kidney) and tranexamic acid (TXA, cleared by kidney). Solid phase micro‐extraction and LC–MS/MS was applied to determine the plasma concentrations of ROC and TXA, and creatinine was determined by standard laboratory methods. Metabolomics and the relative expressions of miR‐122, miR‐148a and γ‐glutamyltranspeptidase (GGT), liver injury biomarkers, were also measured. The ROC clearance for HBD was significantly lower than that for LD (0.147 ± 0.052 vs. 0.265 ± 0.148 ml·min−1·g−1 liver) after intravenous injection (0.6 mg·kg−1). The clearance of TXA, a compound cleared by glomerular filtration, given as a 1 g bolus followed by infusion (10 mg·kg−1·h−1), was similar between HBD and LD groups (~ 1 ml·min−1·kg−1). The TXA clearance in both groups was lower than the GFR, showing a small extent of hepatorenal coupling. The miR‐122 and miR‐148a expressions were similar for the HBD and LD groups, whereas GGT expression was significantly increased for HBD. The lower ROC clearance and the higher GGT levels in the HBD group of longer cold ischemia times performed worse than the LD group during the neophase. Metabololmics further showed clusters of bile acids, phospholipids and lipid ω‐oxidation products for the LD and HBD groups. In conclusion, ROC CL and GGT expression, and metabolomics could serve as sensitive indices of early graft function. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Increasing incidence of invasive and in situ cervical adenocarcinoma in the Netherlands during 2004–2013
Authors: van der Horst Judith , Siebers Albert G. , Bulten Johan , Massuger Leon F. , de Kok Inge MCM 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn the developed world, the incidence of cervical squamous cell carcinoma has decreased, however, the incidence of adenocarcinoma in situ (AIS) and invasive adenocarcinoma increased, predominantly in young females. The goal of this study was to evaluate the most recent incidence rates of AIS, adenocarcinoma, and squamous cell carcinoma of the uterine cervix in the Netherlands in 2004–2013. By using Dutch national pathology and cancer registries, we calculated European standardized incidence rates (ESR) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) for AIS during 2004–2013 and for invasive cervical carcinomas during 1989–2013. For AIS, presence or absence of concomitant cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) was explored. The estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of squamous cell carcinoma decreased significantly in 1989–2013, predominantly in 1989–2003. The EAPC of invasive adenocarcinoma decreased in 1989–2003, but remained stable in 2004–2013. The EAPC of AIS increased significantly, predominantly in women of 25–39 years old. Of these AIS cases, 58.9% had concomitant CIN and AIS with concomitant CIN showed a significantly higher EAPC compared to AIS without CIN. Our conclusion is that despite a nationwide screening program for cancer of the uterine cervix, the incidence of adenocarcinoma in the Netherlands remained stable during 2004–2013 and the incidence of adenocarcinoma in situ increased. This was most predominant in cases with concomitant CIN and in younger females. The incidence of squamous cell carcinoma decreased in the same timeframe.
Synthesis of Hierarchically Porous Nitrogen‐Doped Carbon for Sodium‐Ion Batteries
Authors: Liu Yang , Gao Zhiqiang 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIn this work, a facile synthetic strategy is developed for the preparation of nitrogen‐doped (N‐doped) hierarchically porous carbon materials. During the preparation process, sodium citrate and urea serve as carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, without any template or additional activation reagents. Both the microstructure and nitrogen dopant content of the porous carbon can be tuned. The as‐prepared porous carbon materials are tested as anodes in sodium‐ion batteries. The porous N‐doped carbon prepared at 650 °C shows a high reversible capacity of 305.7 mA h g−1 at a current density of 0.1 A g−1. Even at a higher current density of 8.0 A g−1, a specific capacity of 164.5 mA h g−1 is obtained. After 500 cycles, the specific capacity of the electrode remains as high as 219 mA h g−1 at a current density of 1.0 A g−1. This synthetic strategy provides a simple and efficient approach for preparing heteroatom‐doped porous carbon in energy storage and other fields.
The mechanism of texture formation during crystallization process of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films
Authors: Yin Qixun , Chen Leng 
Published: January 2017

In this work, we determined the grain growth mode and texture formation process experimentally and theoretically in crystallization process of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films, which were prepared by ion beam sputtering using Ge2Sb2Te5 alloy target. Experiment results demonstrated that crystalline grains had a trend of island growth during annealing, the texture components of cube {100}<001> and rotation cube {100}<011> are present in 250 °C annealed thin films, and {0001} basal texture component was produced in 400 °C annealed thin films. Theoretical analysis proved the mechanism and driving forces of grain growth and cubic texture formation: grains gathered in the basal surface as island because of large lattice mismatch, meanwhile, the preferred orientation of thin films was triggered by the minimization of lattice mismatch strain energy. The calculation results were in conformance with the experimental results. Researches about grain growth mode and texture formation of Ge2Sb2Te5 thin films may provide an advice to increase the crystallization rate of phase change material.
Electrochemical Reduction of Oxygen in Aprotic Ionic Liquids Containing Metal Cations: A Case Study on the Na–O2 system
Authors: Azaceta Eneko , Lutz Lukas , Grimaud Alexis , Vicent‐Luna Jose Manuel , Hamad Said , Yate Luis , Cabañero German , Grande Hans‐Jurgen , Anta Juan A. , Tarascon Jean‐Marie , Tena‐Zaera Ramon 
Published: January 2017

AbstractMetal–air batteries are intensively studied because of their high theoretical energy‐storage capability. However, the fundamental science of electrodes, electrolytes, and reaction products still needs to be better understood. In this work, the ionic liquid N‐butyl‐N‐methylpyrrolidinium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (PYR14TFSI) was chosen to study the influence of a wide range of metal cations (Mn+) on the electrochemical behavior of oxygen. The relevance of the theory of Lewis hard and soft acids and bases to predict satisfactorily the reduction potential of oxygen in electrolytes containing metal cations is demonstrated. Systems with soft and intermediate Mn+ acidity are shown to facilitate oxygen reduction and metal oxide formation, whereas oxygen reduction is hampered by hard acid cations such as sodium and lithium. Furthermore, DFT calculations on the energy of formation of the resulting metal oxides rationalize the effect of Mn+ on oxygen reduction. A case study on the Na–O2 system is described in detail. Among other things, the Na+ concentration of the electrolyte is shown to control the electrochemical pathway (solution precipitation vs. surface deposition) by which the discharge product grows. All in all, fundamental insights for the design of advanced electrolytes for metal–air batteries, and Na–air batteries in particular, are provided.
Size‐Dependent Activity of Palladium Nanoparticles: Efficient Conversion of CO2 into Formate at Low Overpotentials
Authors: Rahaman Motiar , Dutta Abhijit , Broekmann Peter 
Published: January 2017

AbstractRemarkable size‐dependent activity of palladium nanoparticles (PdNPs) towards formate production is evident at very low overpotentials (−0.1 to −0.5 V vs. RHE). Size‐selective PdNPs, chemically synthesized at sizes of 3.8–10.7 nm, effected an electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction in aqueous 0.5 m NaHCO3. The faradaic efficiency of formate production (FEformate) on 3.8 nm PdNPs exceeded 86 % at E=−0.1 V versus RHE, whereas on 6.5 nm PdNPs an even higher FEformate of 98 % was observed. However, FEformate decreased for larger PdNPs. The superior efficiency towards formate production at low overpotentials is rationalized in terms of a changed catalytic pathway through PdH phases. The observed maximum in the formate efficiency for a mean particle size of about 6.5 nm is discussed in terms of counterbalancing the size‐dependent effects of a competing CO2 reduction reaction and a parasitic hydrogen evolution reaction. Production rates of formate are also remarkably high at −0.3 V versus RHE with 539.9 and 452.3 ppm h−1 mgPd−1 for the 6.5 and 3.8 nm PdNPs, respectively.
Benefit of tolvaptan in the management of hyponatraemia in patients with diuretic‐refractory congestive heart failure: the SEMI‐SEC project
Authors: Pose Antonio , Almenar Luis , Gavira Juan José , López‐Granados Amador , Blasco Teresa , Delgado Juan , Aramburu Oscar , Rodríguez Avelino , Manzano Luis , Manito Nicolás 
Published: January 2017

AbstractAimsHyponatraemia is an electrolyte disorder that occurs in advanced congestive heart failure (HF) and worsens prognosis. We explored the usefulness of tolvaptan, which has shown promising results in the treatment of this condition.Methods and resultsThis study is based on a retrospective national registry (2011–15) of patients hospitalized with refractory HF and hyponatraemia who agreed to receive tolvaptan when standard treatment was ineffective. The benefit of tolvaptan was analysed according to the following criteria: normalization ([Na+] ≥ 135 mmol/L) or increased sodium levels [Na+] ≥ 4 mEq/L on completion of treatment, and increase in urine output by 300 or 500 mL at 48 h. Factors associated with tolvaptan benefit were explored. A total of 241 patients were included, 53.9% of whom had ejection fraction <40%. All patients received concomitant loop diuretics. Initial tolvaptan dose was 17.2 ± 6.1 mg, and end dose was 26.4 ± 23.2 mg (duration 7.8 ± 8.6 days). Serum sodium concentrations increased significantly at 24–48 h, from 126.5 ± 6.2 mEq/L at baseline to 134.1 ± 6.1 mEq/L at the end of treatment (P < 0.0001). Weight fell by ~5 kg before discharge (P < 0.0001) and urine output increased 1.3‐fold (P < 0.0001). Normal sodium levels and/or increases of 500 mL in urine output were achieved by 90.8% of patients (35.7% achieved both) and 94.8% increased to [Na+] ≥ 4 mEq/L and/or +300 mL in urine output (54.4% both).ConclusionsAn increase in sodium levels and/or improvement in urine output was observed in patients admitted for HF and refractory hyponatraemia under tolvaptan treatment. Tolvaptan may be useful in this setting, in which no effective proven alternatives are available.
The relationship between climate and adult body size in redback salamanders (Plethodon cinereus)
Authors: McCarthy Thomas , Masson Philippe , Thieme Alison , Leimgruber Peter , Gratwicke Brian 
Published: January 2017

Several biogeographic studies of salamanders have described relationships between salamander body size and climate. We specifically selected Plethodon cinereus as a widely distributed species that was well represented in museum collections to investigate the effects of warming climate on adult body size. We found a positive correlation between mean maximum July temperature and body size, and a negative correlation between precipitation of the driest month and body size. Surface‐collected adult P. cinereus were 2.3% larger in warmer counties on the coastal plain compared with cooler counties in the Appalachian Mountains. We compared salamanders collected between 1950 and 1970 versus those collected between 1980 and 2000 and found that body size increased 1.8% in counties on the coastal plain where mean maximum July temperatures had also increased by 0.5–1.2 °C. Warming temperatures alone, however, did not adequately account for the observed size increases, because body size also increased 1.3% in places that experienced less than 0.25 °C warming, but that difference was not statistically significant.
Cellular crosstalk between airway epithelial and endothelial cells regulates barrier functions during exposure to double‐stranded RNA
Authors: Blume Cornelia , Reale Riccardo , Held Marie , Loxham Matthew , Millar Timothy M. , Collins Jane E. , Swindle Emily J. , Morgan Hywel , Davies Donna E. 
Published: January 2017

AbstractIntroductionThe epithelial and endothelial barriers of the airway mucosa are critical for regulation of tissue homeostasis and protection against pathogens or other tissue damaging agents. In response to a viral infection, epithelial cells must signal to the endothelium to initiate immune cell recruitment. This is a highly temporal regulated process; however, the mechanisms of this cross‐talk are not fully understood.MethodsIn a close‐contact co‐culture model of human airway epithelial and endothelial cells, cellular crosstalk was analyzed using transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) measurements, immunofluorescence, electron microscopy, and ELISA. Viral infections were simulated by exposing airway epithelial cells apically to double‐stranded RNA (Poly(I:C)). Using a microfluidic culture system, the temporal release of mediators was analyzed in the co‐culture model.ResultsWithin 4 h of challenge, double‐stranded RNA induced the release of TNF‐α by epithelial cells. This activated endothelial cells by triggering the release of the chemoattractant CX3CL1 (fractalkine) by 8 h post‐challenge and expression of adhesion molecules E‐selectin and ICAM‐1. These responses were significantly reduced by neutralising TNF‐α.ConclusionBy facilitating kinetic profiling, the microfluidic co‐culture system has enabled identification of a key signaling mechanism between the epithelial and endothelial barriers. Better understanding of cell–cell cross‐talk and its regulatory mechanisms has the potential to identify new therapeutic strategies to control airway inflammation.
Fluorescent Probes for HOCl Imaging
Authors: Hu Jun Jacob , Ye Sen , Yang Dan 
Published: January 2017

AbstractSmall‐molecule fluorescent probes for hypochlorous acid (HOCl), one of the poorly understood reactive oxygen species (ROS), help to unveil HOCl functions in health and disease. Numerous small‐molecule HOCl fluorescent probes have been developed in the past decade. Nevertheless, only a portion of them demonstrated their practical applications in biomedical research because of common problems in selectivity, sensitivity, chemostability, and photostability, etc. The problems could be addressed by a combination of rational probe design and careful selection of fluorophore templates. In this review, we describe several classes of representative HOCl fluorescent probes based on their fluorophore templates, and we discuss their design strategies, photophysical properties, and biological applications. A comprehension of their strengths, weaknesses, and common uses will facilitate the development of ideal HOCl assays and the discovery of novel biological processes.