bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Violence by Psychiatric Patients: The Impact of Archival Measurement Source on Violence Base Rates and Risk Assessment Accuracy
Authors: Douglas Kevin S , Ogloff James R 
Published: January 2017

Objective: This study examined the impact of using various archival sources of violence data on the recorded base rate of violence and on the accuracy of violence risk assessments in a sample of civil psychiatric patients. Method: Violence in the community, after release from involuntary hospitalization, was measured with 3 types of archival data: criminal records, psychiatric hospital readmission records, and readmission records from multiple general hospitals. Results: Findings indicated that the different measurement sources each identified unique incidents of violence, which were correlated moderately or not at all with one another, and that the estimated base rate of violence varied substantially as a function of outcome source. Not surprisingly, using a combination of sources identified the highest base rate of violence. Predictive validity estimates also varied widely under different measurement procedures and were more stable when a combination of sources was used. Conclusions: It is important in practical and research terms for studies of psychiatric patient violence to use multiple sources of outcome data.
Test Wisconsin chez les patients souffrant de schizophrénie, et leurs frères et soeurs
Authors: Hamaoui Youssef El , Elyazaji Meryem , Yaalaoui Sakina , Rachidi Linda , Saoud Mohamed , d'Amato Thierry , Moussaoui Driss , Dalery Jean , Battas Omar 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Le premier objectif de ce travail est de confirmer que les patients souffrant de schizophrénie et leurs frères et sœurs non malades partagent un même déficit des fonctions exécutives, lorsqu'on les compare à des sujets témoins sains. Le deuxième objectif est d'étudier les relations entre les performances au test de classification catégorielle de cartes du Wisconsin (WCST) et la durée et l'intensité des symptômes cliniques, ainsi que les différentes dimensions cliniques. Méthode: Quatre-vingt dix sujets ont participé à cette étude, répartis en 3 groupes de 30: un groupe de patients souffrant de schizophrénie, un groupe formé de leurs frères et sœurs, et un groupe témoin. L'intensité des symptômes a été évaluée par l'échelle des symptômes positifs et négatifs (PANSS), et le fonctionnement social par l'échelle globale du fonctionnement (EGF). Le WCST a été administré aux 3 groupes. Résultats: Les patients souffrant de schizophrénie et leurs frères et soeurs présentaient des performances significativement plus faibles au WCST que celles des témoins. L'analyse statistique a montré que le groupe des patients présentait un déficit des performances au WCST significativement plus important que les 2 autres groupes. Les frères et sœurs présentaient également des performances significativement plus faibles que celles des témoins. D'autre part, aucune relation significative n'a été trouvée entre la performance au WCST et les autres variables, notamment l'âge, le sexe, le niveau d'instruction, la durée de la maladie, le traitement, et les différents scores PANSS et EGF. Conclusion: Les patients souffrant de schizophrénie et leurs frères et sœurs non malades partagent les mêmes déficits des fonctions exécutives. Ces résultats suggèrent que les performances au WCST peuvent être considérées comme un marqueur de vulnérabilité à la schizophrénie chez les frères et sœurs de patients atteints de schizophrénie.
Serum Monitoring of Antipsychotic Drug Levels during Concomitant Administration of Sertraline and Antipsychotic Medication
Authors: Pierson Kathleen , Addington Donald , Addington Jean , Patten Scott 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To assess whether pharmacokinetic drug interactions occur when sertraline is added to antipsychotic medications. Method: Forty-eight patients with remitted DSM-IV schizophrenia and comorbid major depression were randomized to placebo for 6 weeks or sertraline 50 mg for 4 weeks followed by sertraline 50 mg to 100 mg for 2 weeks for nonresponders. Treatment with the patients' usual antipsychotic continued. Weekly clinical outcome assessments occurred for 6 weeks, and serum samples for drug monitoring were collected at Weeks 1, 5, and 6. Serum concentrations of sertraline and antipsychotics were measured with standard assays. Results: In both placebo- and sertraline-treated groups, most patients displayed minor fluctuations in antipsychotic serum levels over 6 weeks. There was no clinical evidence of drug interactions in the sertraline-treated group. Conclusions: Clinically significant adverse effects did not occur despite variable antipsychotic serum levels with or without sertraline. Concern about pharmacokinetic interactions should not deter the use of sertraline for depression in individuals with schizophrenia.
Forgetfulness: A Role in Noncompliance with Antidepressant Treatment
Authors: Bulloch Andrew G , Adair Carol E , Patten Scott B 
Published: January 2017

Objectives: To determine the degree of noncompliance with antidepressant treatment in the Alberta population and to investigate the reasons for noncompliance. Method: We used data from the Alberta Mental Health Survey, a telephone survey conducted in 2003 ( n = 5323 adults), to produce population-based estimates of the frequency of noncompliance and the reported reasons for noncompliance. Results: Reported noncompliance was 41.7% (95% confidence interval [CI], 36.9% to 46.6%) for respondents taking 1, 2, or 3 antidepressants. Noncompliance for those taking 1 antidepressant was 42.0% (95%CI, 36.9% to 47.2%), whereas noncompliance for those taking 2 or 3 antidepressants was 39.4% (95%CI, 26.7% to 53.6%). Among respondents currently taking at least one antidepressant, 64.9% (95%CI, 57.4% to 71.7%) reported that forgetfulness was the most common reason for noncompliance. Of respondents taking 1 medication, 64.1% (95%CI, 56.0% to 71.4%) reported forgetfulness as did 71.3% (95%CI, 48.3% to 86.8%) of those taking 2 or 3 medications. Both the frequency of noncompliance and the reported reasons for noncompliance were independent of sex and age. Conclusion: Our study replicates prior reports that indicate that noncompliance is common with antidepressant treatment. Forgetting to take medication is the most important reported reason for this noncompliance.
Personality Disorders and the Five-Factor Model among French Speakers in Africa and Europe
Authors: Rossier Jérôme , Rigozzi Christine ,   Personality Across Culture Research Group (16 members)3
Published: January 2017

Objective: To describe the relation between personality disorders (PDs) and the Five-Factor Model (FFM)—a dimensional model describing normal personality traits known for its invariance across cultures—in 2 different cultural settings. Several authors have suggested that PDs may be more accurately described using a dimensional model instead of a categorical one. Method: Subjects from 9 French-speaking African countries ( n = 2014) and from Switzerland ( n = 697) completed both the French version of the International Personality Disorder Examination screening questionnaire, assessing the 10 DSM-IV PDs, and the French version of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, assessing the 5 domains and 30 facets of the FFM. Results: Correlations between PDs and the 5 domains of the FFM were similar in both samples. For example, neuroticism was highly correlated with borderline, avoidant, and dependent PDs in both Africa and Switzerland. The total rank-order correlation (rho) between the 2 correlation matrices was very high (rho = 0.93) and significant ( P < 0.001), as were the rhos for all domains of the FFM and all PDs, except paranoid and dependent PDs. However, the rhos for PDs across facet scales were all highly significant ( P < 0.001). Moreover, 80% of Widiger and colleagues' predictions and 70% of Lynam and Widiger's prototypes, concerning the relation between PDs and the FFM, were confirmed in both samples. Conclusions: The relation between PDs and the FFM was stable in 2 samples separated by a great cultural distance. These results suggest that a dimensional approach and in particular the FFM may be useful for describing PDs in various cultural settings. Objectif: Décrire la relation entre les troubles de la personnalité (TP) et le Modèle en cinq facteurs (MCF) — un modèle dimensionnel décrivant les traits de personnalité normaux réputé pour son invariance entre les cultures — dans 2 milieux culturels différents. Plusieurs auteurs ont suggéré que les TP peuvent être décrits plus précisément à l'aide d'un modèle dimensionnel plutôt que catégorique.
Predictors of Remission and Recovery in a First-Episode Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorder Sample: 2-Year Follow-up of the OPUS Trial
Authors: Petersen Lone , Thorup Anne , Øqhlenschlæger Johan , Christensen Torben Øqstergaard , Jeppesen Pia , Krarup Gertrud , Jørrgensen Per , Mortensen Erik Lykke , Nordentoft Merete 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To examine the frequency and predictors of good outcome for patients with first-episode schizophrenia spectrum disorder (SSD). Method: We conducted a 2-year follow-up of a cohort of patients ( n = 547) with first-episode SSD. We evaluated the patients on demographic variables, diagnosis, duration of untreated psychosis (DUP), premorbid functioning, psychotic and negative symptoms, substance abuse, adherence to medication, and service use. ORs were calculated with logistic regression analyses. Results: A total of 369 patients (67%) participated in the follow-up interview. After 2 years, 36% remitted and 17% were considered fully recovered. Full recovery was associated with shorter DUP, better premorbid adjustment, fewer negative symptoms at baseline, no substance abuse at baseline, and adherence to medication and OPUS treatment. Conclusions: Several predictive factors were identified, and focus should be on potentially malleable predictors of outcome, for example, reducing DUP and paying special attention to patients who are unlikely to achieve good outcome, for example, patients with a substance abuse problem and poor premorbid adjustment.
Systematic Services Audit of Consecutive Suicides in New Brunswick: The Case for Coordinating Specialist Mental Health and Addiction Services
Authors: Lesage Alain , Séguin Monique , Guy Andrée , Daigle France , Bayle Marie-Noëlle , Chawky Nadia , Tremblay Nancy , Turecki Gustavo 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To weight the potential of promotion, prevention, and treatment programs to help establish priorities in multipronged suicide prevention strategies. Methods: Psychological autopsy methods served to collect information on consecutive suicides over 14 months in New Brunswick ( n = 102). A panel of researchers, clinicians, provincial planners, and consumers reviewed the cases and applied a systematic needs assessment procedure to establish interventions and services received, unmet needs at the individual level, and programmatic and systemic shortcomings. Results: More than two-thirds of the individuals suffered from a depressive disorder and a similar proportion from substance (essentially alcohol) abuse or dependence; one-half also presented a personality disorder. In the last year, more than one-half had been in contact with a mental health services specialist, but less than 5% had contact with addiction services, though one-third had previous contact in their lifetime. In one-third of the cases, service gaps called for greater coordination and integration of mental health specialists and addiction services within the health care system. In one-half of the cases, system needs were found to be unmet for public awareness efforts aimed at encouraging individuals to consult health and social services professionals, and in terms of training efforts geared to improving detection, treatment, and referral for mental illness, substance-related problems, and suicidal behaviour by primary medical, social, and specialist services. Conclusion: This study supports multipronged suicide prevention strategies that should include integrated public promotion, professional development campaigns, and better program coordination. Authorities in New Brunswick have opted to favour the latter strategy component, whose development and application must be evaluated to determine its impact on suicide rates.
The Prevention of Depression in Children and Adolescents: A Review
Authors: Gladstone Tracy RG , Beardslee William R 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the recent literature on the prevention of clinical diagnoses of depression in children and adolescents. Method: Several preventive intervention programs targeting depressive diagnoses in youth were reviewed. These programs based their prevention strategies on cognitive-behavioural and (or) interpersonal approaches, which have been found to be helpful in the treatment of depression. In addition, family-based prevention strategies were reviewed. Also, nonspecific risk factors for youth depression, including poverty and child maltreatment, were discussed as important considerations in prevention programs targeting youth depression. Results: In general, successful prevention programs targeting youth depression are based on evidence-based treatment programs for youth depression, structured and outlined in manuals, involve careful training of personnel implementing the protocols, and include assessment of fidelity to the intervention protocols. The programs were consistent with cognitive-behavioural and (or) interpersonal psychotherapy traditions. Overall, it appears that there is reason for hope regarding the role of interventions in preventing depressive disorders in youth. Conclusions: Several new directions for future research on the prevention of depression in youth were outlined. Future research is needed to establish an empirical base for the prevention of depression in high-risk youth and should: focus on targeted and indicated prevention approaches, attend to moderators of intervention effects, include approaches that aim to enhance the family environment, attend to nonspecific risk factors for disorder, and focus on the dissemination phase of prevention research.
Using the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale—Revised in School Children Referred for Assessment
Authors: Charach Alice , Chen Shirley , Hogg-Johnson Sheilah , Schachar Russell J 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Predictive validity of the Conners' Teacher Rating Scale–Revised (CTRS-R) was evaluated against a semi-structured clinical teacher interview in school children referred for diagnostic assessment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). We hypothesized that extreme scale values would increase diagnostic certainty and that classification errors would be associated with comorbid conditions. Method: Children ( n = 1038), aged 6 to 12 years, were screened using the CTRS-R and their teachers were interviewed. Three levels of T scores on the 3 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV) subscales of the CTRS-R were compared with DSM-IV symptom thresholds by interview. Where subscale scores and interviews showed highest agreement, presence of comorbid disruptive behavioural disorders, reading disability, language impairment, and low IQ were investigated for children classified correctly, compared with incorrectly. Results: T scores of 60 and above on all CTRS-R DSM-IV subscales offered high sensitivity, from 91% to 94%. Only on subscales M (hyperactive–impulsive) and N (total) did T scores of less than 60 offer posttest probabilities of less than 10%, confirming that a child does not reach diagnostic threshold by interview. T scores of 80 and more offered high specificity, from 88% to 93%, but did not provide high posttest probabilities that children reach diagnostic criteria. Classification errors were associated with more language impairment among false positives than true positives on the M (18.9%, compared with 11.3%, P = 0.04) and N (19.0%, compared with 9.5%, P = 0.023) subscales, and more reading disabilities among false positives than among true positives on the N subscale (35.2%, compared with 21.6%, P = 0.009). Conclusions: The ability of the CTRS-R to predict whether clinically referred children reach DSM-IV criteria for ADHD at school is limited.
An Epidemiologic Study of Psychotropic Medication and Obesity-Related Chronic Illnesses in Older Psychiatric Patients
Authors: Kisely Stephen , Cox Martha , Campbell Leslie Anne , Cooke Charmaine , Gardner David 
Published: January 2017

Objective: Adverse effects from medication vary with age. Weight gain with several psychotropics is well known in adults but less information is available related to extent and complications of psychotropic-induced weight gain in older psychiatric patients. We determined the relative incidence of 2 obesity-related conditions (diabetes and hypertension) in older psychiatric patients receiving antipsychotics, antidepressants, and mood stabilizers. Method: A population-based case–control study of all psychiatric patients aged 67 years or older in contact with either specialist services or primary care using administrative data from Nova Scotia. Results: We identified incident cases of diabetes ( n = 608) and of hypertension ( n = 1056), as well as an equal number of control subjects for each condition. Amitryptiline, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), and olanzapine were associated with an increased risk of presenting with hypertension 6 months after initial prescription. By contrast, conventional antipsychotics were associated with a reduced incidence of hypertension. Olanzapine was also significantly associated with diabetes after 6 months (ORadj = 2.58, 95% CI 1.12 to 5.92). The findings for SSRIs and olanzapine remained significant after adjusting for potential confounders such as sociodemographic characteristics, schizophrenia, beta blockers, thiazide diuretics, and corticosteroids. Conclusions: Our results suggest that the association of psychotropics and 2 obesity-related conditions, hypertension and diabetes, applies to older psychiatric patients as well as younger populations. Within drug classes, there are drugs that have a greater association than others, and this may be a factor when choosing a specific agent.
Personality Changes in Patients with Beginning Alzheimer Disease
Authors: Pocnet Cornelia , Rossier Jérôme , Antonietti Jean-Philippe , von Gunten Armin 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To investigate personality traits in patients with Alzheimer disease, compared with mentally healthy control subjects. We compared both current personality characteristics using structured interviews as well as current and previous personality traits as assessed by proxies. Method: Fifty-four patients with mild Alzheimer disease and 64 control subjects described their personality traits using the Structured Interview for the Five-Factor Model. Family members filled in the Revised NEO Personality Inventory, Form R, to evaluate their proxies' current personality traits, compared with 5 years before the estimated beginning of Alzheimer disease or 5 years before the control subjects. Results: After controlling for age, the Alzheimer disease group presented significantly higher scores than normal control subjects on current neuroticism, and significantly lower scores on current extraversion, openness, and conscientiousness, while no significant difference was observed on agreeableness. A similar profile, though less accentuated, was observed when considering personality traits as the patients' proxies remembered them. Diachronic personality assessment showed again significant differences between the 2 groups for the same 4 domains, with important personality changes only for the Alzheimer disease group. Conclusions: Group comparison and retrospective personality evaluation are convergent. Significant personality changes follow a specific trend in patients with Alzheimer disease and contrast with the stability generally observed in mentally healthy people in their personality profile throughout their lives. Whether or not the personality assessment 5 years before the current status corresponds to an early sign of Alzheimer disease or real premorbid personality differences in people who later develop Alzheimer disease requires longitudinal studies.
A Comparative Review of New Antipsychotics
Authors: Blin Olivier 
Published: January 2017

Objective: To review the preclinical and clinical properties of various established and putative antipsychotic medications, namely clozapine, risperidone, amisulpride, olanzapine, quetiapine, sertindole, and ziprasidone. Methods: This paper proposes a decision algorithm for comparing drugs used for psychotic disorders, based on biochemical profile, experimental pharmacology, postiron emission tomography (PET) scan results, and clinical efficacy on positive, negative, anxious, depressive, and cognitive symptoms. This “quotient” aims to compare the different available drugs, regardless of their development and registration status. Results: Antipsychotic drugs have been classified in many ways, mainly according to their chemical structure, clinical effects, receptor affinity, or side effects. Preclinical data have indicated that these drugs might be effective antipsychotic agents, causing fewer extrapyramidal side effects than most of the previously marketed drugs. However, the biological basis for the putative superiority of these drugs in treating psychosis has yet to be ascertained. Conclusions: Although most antipsychotics have been shown to be at least equivalent to haloperidol on positive symptoms, they must be studied further to establish their absolute and relative efficacy on positive symptoms, negative and primary negative symptoms, cognition, psychotic anxiety, psychotic depression, suicidality, and quality of life. These drugs should be valuable in treating schizophrenia, but their merit in the long-term management of patients with schizophrenia still needs to be confirmed.
Comment prévenir l'apparition d'un trouble de stress post-traumatique avant un traumatisme?
Authors: Melançon Geoffroy , Boyer Richard 
Published: January 2017

Objectif: Faire le point sur les moyens utilisés afin deprévenir l'apparition du trouble de stress post-traumatique (TSPT) avant un traumatisme. Méthode: Recension et analyse des écrits (principalement des articles) répertoriés à l'aide des bases de données Medline, Psycinfo et Pilot. Résultats: Les recherches font surtout ressortir l'identification des facteurs de risque et le renforcement de la résistance des individus comme moyen de prévention primaire du TSPT. La gravité du traumatisme demeure de loin le facteur de risque le plus important. Les approches psychoéducatives pour renforcer les défenses des individus et empêcher le développement d'un TSPT ont été privilégiées dans l'armée. Toutefois, aucun programme de préventionpré-trauma visant d'autres métiers à risque n'a été retrouvé dans l'analyse de la documentation. Conclusion: L'utilité des facteurs de risque identifiés dans la documentation pour la prévention primaire du TSPT est limitée puisque ceux-ci, saufle traumatisme lui-même, n'influencent que faiblement le développement du TSPT en cas de traumatisme grave. Les approches psychoéducatives de renforcement de la résistance des individus à risque d'exposition apparaissent prometteuses, mais leur potentiel doit être mieux exploré par la recherche auprès de groupes de métiers à risque. Enfin, l'identification de possibles facteurs de protection, l'effet de la génétique et des variables biologiques, l'effet additif d'exposition à des stresseurs et celui des stresseurs chroniques sont d'autres pistes de recherche suggérées par les auteurs dans la prévention primaire (pré-trauma) du TSPT.