bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Depositional History of the Eocene Dammam Formation in Kuwait
Authors: Tanoli Saifullah Khan , Al-Bloushi Abrar Jumah 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The sedimentation of Eocene age Dammam Formation started as a result of sea transgression above the evaporitic sequence of the underlying Rus Formation. The transgressing sea water filled the low land in coastal areas where muddy limestone was deposited and overlying brown dolomitized limestone was deposited in shallow peritdal environments. Due to continued transgression, a stratified intrashelf basin was developed where semi-anoxic to anoxic conditions prevailed and which resulted into the deposition of dark grey to black mudstone facies. Maximum flooding surface Pg20 of the Arabian Plate is correlated to lie within this zone. As the transgression subsided, shallow open marine conditions were developed where foraminifera nummulites thrived. These nummulites made shoals and banks behind which due to low energy protected setting in place deposition of calcareous sponge, Lockhartia, and nummulites occurred. Upwards, the nummulites gradual decrease and environments further shallow up resulting into the deposition of parallel laminated bioclastic limestone in inner ramp to intertidal environments. A second transgression took place in the middle of the Dammam Formation due to which a large lagoon type set up was developed. The chalky micritic facies was deposited in this quite water lagoonal setting with intertidal influence in its upper part. The proceeding yellowish brown dolomite facies has common fenestrae structures and rubbled zones along with chert nodules and stringers. This facies is very porous and was deposited in intertidal to supratidal environments. The uppermost dolostone has common chert stringers and bands and common rubbled zones developed by collapsed dissolution cavities likely related to exposure surfaces.
The Dammam Formation displays two transgressive-regressive depositional sequences. The formation has excellent reservoir characteristics in the form of overall high porosity which exceeds 40% in some zones. Hydrocarbon shows in the form of bitumen remains are observed within the formation.
The Value of Integrated Borehole Image Analysis to Refine Geological Models: An Example from the Greater Burgan Field, Kuwait.
Authors: Kostic B.. , Foote N.. , Al-Enezi B.. , Filak J. M. , Al-Mahmeed F.. 
Published: October 2017

AbstractResistivity image logs are high-resolution tools that can help to unravel the depositional and structural organisation in a wellbore. They provide a particularly powerful dataset when calibrated against core, maximising their benefit for reservoir characterisation. This paper shows examples how very detailed image assessment from selected wells in the Greater Burgan Field has helped to constrain the stratigraphic model and depositional interpretations of the Cretaceous Burgan and Wara reservoirs.A multidisciplinary study of 123 cored wells, integrating core sedimentology, petrography, bioand chemostratigraphy, wireline well and resistivity image logs, has delivered a robust stratigraphic and depositional framework for one of the most important reservoirs in the world's largest siliciclastic oil field. A descriptive image facies scheme that has been calibrated against core and conventional well logs captures the lithological variation, sedimentary features and surfaces of the reservoir, providing a detailed proxy for the sedimentological evaluation of uncored intervals and wells.The sand-rich lower Burgan (4S) comprises fine to very coarse-grained fluvial channel sandbodies that are locally separated by laterally restricted mudrock baffles. Image and core analyses suggest that the majority of the sandstones are high-angle cross-stratified and form stacked barforms within amalgamated channel sandbodies. Their consistent orientation towards the NE-E supports a low-sinuosity (braided) fluvial system resulting in a relatively simple, sheet-like depositional architecture across the field. Although slightly finer grained, the cored middle Burgan channel sandbodies (3SM) are similar to those in the lower Burgan. However, palaeoflow data from the imaged wells show a higher directional spread in the order of c.60-90° with a dominantly N to E orientation of the sandy barforms. Careful analysis of the orientation of the bounding surfaces between the sandstone packages indicates nearly equal proportions of obliquely and roughly parallel dip orientations in some wells. This suggests the formation of at least some lateral (point) bars and possibly the presence of higher sinuosity channels implying that sandbody architecture and fluid flow pathways could be more complex in the middle Burgan relative to the lower Burgan.The examples from the Burgan and Wara Formations highlight the value of integrated image analysis for reservoir characterisation by delivering a consistent descriptive framework, embedding different datasets.
The Impact of Condensate Blockage on Gas Well Deliverability - Part 1
Authors: Khazam M. M. , Abu Grin Z. Y. , Elhajjaji R. R. , Sherik A. A. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Predicting and assuring well deliverability is often an important concern during the development of gas-condensate reservoirs, especially offshore fields. In addition, production of gas is usually bound with long-term contracts where it is necessary to assure well deliverability for a long period. Undesirably, well deliverability in gas-condensate reservoirs can be impaired by the formation of a condensate blockage once the bottomhole flowing pressure drops below the dewpoint pressure. In this case, the relative permeability of the gas phase can be significantly reduced due to this condensate accumulation around the wellbore. Therefore, quantifying this negative effect is essentially required to obtain reliable predictions of well deliverability in gas-condensate reservoirs. The evaluation of condensate blockage phenomenon requires an appropriate understanding of flow characteristics of both gas and condensate liquid through reservoir rocks.
In this study, the impact of condensate blockage on gas well deliverability was investigated by examining a number of flow parameters such as absolute permeability (K), critical condensate saturation (Scc), relative permeability shape and end-points (krgmax, kromax). A single well radial and cartesian models were both used in different simulators (modified black-oil and compositional).
The outcomes of this study showed that the condensate blockage can have a severe negative impact at low permeability reservoirs (K≈5md), while the impact can be small at moderate permeability (k≈50md) and diminishable at high permeability reservoirs (k≈200md). This negative impact can double at high critical condensate saturation (Scc&gt;30%). It was found out that the relative permeability curves applied in the model define the magnitude of the blockage, especially in low permeability reservoirs, whereas relative permeability end-points (krgmax and kromax) affect mainly the overall gas recovery. Previous lab measurements showed that gas-condensate relative permeabilities are sensitive to flow velocity only in low permeability reservoirs. This effect was modeled using a compositional model through the capillary number. Velocity-dependent relative permeability model applied in this case showed that the plateau period can be improved by a factor of two in low permeability. On the other hand, no positive effect was observed at moderate and high permeability since the blockage effect was already small or dimensionless.
Finally, the benefit of methanol injection was investigated for improving well deliverability at low permeability reservoirs. Based on this analysis, methanol treatment can improve gas well deliverability and substantially prolong the plateau period by a factor of 2-3.
Unique Carbonate Matrix Stimulation Software; Customized for KOC
Authors: AL-Othman Mohammad , Buhamad Ali , AL-Mohammad Homoud 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Acid stimulation is the means of improving the well productivity in hydrocarbon production wells. Carbonate formations are tolerance to wrong acid stimulation practices, and Kuwait reservoirs are not exception. Matrix stimulation for carbonate reservoirs is one of the most frequent operation in KOC. It is always associated with operational and technical challenges in order to select and design the proper stimulation method. The main challenges are selecting the acid type, concentration, dosage and diversion method, besides selecting the most suitable stimulation technique for each individual well and formation. It was important to create an adequate procedure to unify a solution for the faced challenges. Programming a software that provide a full acid stimulation program has been done by KOC Well Surveillance Group "First of its kind in KOC". The software is built based on KOC data base for all carbonate wells. These data went through a sequence of analysis and been grouped based on; reservoir's rock properties, fluid properties, reservoir's pressure/temperature, fluid compatibility, and formation lithology. By using the Software, the user will be able to overcome the mentioned challenges. In addition, the software is able to define the corresponding treatment radius (rs), diverter type (chemical or mechanical diversion, polymer or non-polymer based fluid), pre and post flush dosage and type, and prediction of liquid gain after the well stimulation.
As a result, the variation in stimulation designs based on different level of experience and knowledge will be eliminated. Thus, the chemical dosage will be optimized from technical and operational prospective, which will reflect on the job expenses. The software is divided to five windows: two Coiled Tubing windows and two Bullheading windows (Mechanical Diversion and Chemical Diversion), and Matrix Volume Calculator window; which helps to calculate the required treatment dosage in order to cover the desired treated radius, given the casing OD and reservoir porosity.
Design & Implementation of Renewable Energy Dashboard
Authors: Kaouri Mostafa , Al-Herz Ali 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
To compliment the vision of His Highness Sheikh Sabah AL-Ahmad AL-Sabah to cover 15% of Kuwait's peak load with renewable energy by 2030, the Kuwait Petroleum Corporation (KPC) Strategic Directions 2030 encouraged the perusal of alternative and renewable energy sources and encourage conservation efforts. KPC established the Solar Energy Technology Utilization Team (SETUT). The objective of the team was to identify improvement opportunities relevant to solar energy technologies within Kuwait's oil sector, and to enable KPC and its subsidiaries (K-Companies) to play a more active role in energy saving by developing an effective action plan for utilizing solar energy technologies in K-Companies' facilities.
Our initiative in Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) is to support the SETUT and K-Companies in their role and responsibilities to review the energy consumption and the recovered solar energy production from renewable energy projects, and to track the progress of their projects to be proactive on making decisions to achieve 15% of the total energy needs from renewable energy sources by 2030.
This paper explores the contents of design and implementation of a dashboard initiative to support on reporting the renewable energy information such as energy consumptions vs. solar energy productions, and to track related projects progress through a milestone view. Now, Stakeholders of KPC can see all the actual & planned energy consumption and production, and can track solar energy projects progress of its own and its subsidiaries, where each stakeholder of a subsidiary can see only their own one. The dashboard is not limited to only solar energy projects, however, it can be fed with other projects data such as Green Building that has good impact on the environment, and it's ready to include any organization in Kuwait who contributes in renewable energy production to cover 15% of Kuwait peak load by 2030.
Adsorption Role in Shale Gas Recovery and the Feasibility of CO2 in Shale Enhanced Gas Recovery: A Study on Shale Gas from Saudi Arabia
Authors: Eliebid Mohammed , Mahmoud Mohamed , Elkatatny Salaheldin , Abouelresh Mohamed , Shawabkeh Reyad 
Published: October 2017

AbstractAdsorption of CH4, CO2 and 10%CO2/CH4 on mature Qusaiba shale (1.81% TOC) is studied at 50, 100 and 150°C and 45 bars maximum pressure. Adsorption of CH4 was the lowest at all temperatures. As CO2 percentage increased, adsorption uptake increases concluding that CO2 is highly competitive and can be used to desorb CH4 and enhance gas recovery. Maximum adsorption uptakes were observed at 100°C because of the thermal decomposition of organic matter which opens more adsorption sites. Adsorption isotherms including Langmuir, Freundlich and BET are fitted to adsorption data. Langmuir isotherm showed the poorest fit with high errors and lowest coefficient of determination (R2). Nevertheless, Freundlich isotherm fitted the adsorption data perfectly with lowest errors and highest R2 reaching 0.999. Furthermore, adsorption thermodynamics parameters have also been determined. Heat of adsorption (ΔHads) negative values showed that adsorption is exothermic physical adsorption. Negative ΔGads showed that adsorption of CO2 is more spontaneous than CH4 with strong affinity at high temperatures. This work confirm that CO2 is viable candidate to shale gas enhanced gas recovery and Qusaiba shale can store huge amounts of CO2 especially at high temperatures.
Effects of Nitrogen and Plant Density on Competition between Two Maize Hybrids Released in Different Eras
Authors: Zhai Lichao , Xie Ruizhi , Li Shaokun , Zhang Zhengbin 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Nitrogen application rate and plant density affect competition between maize hybrids.
Competitive outcomes are invariant under different N levels and plant densities.
Nitrogen deficiency increased the competitive advantage of the superior competitor.
Higher plant density reduced the competitive advantage of the superior competitor.
Competition is a common phenomenon in plant communities, but it remains unclear whether it is influenced by soil productivity. To investigate whether N fertilization and plant density affect competition between maize (Zea mays L.) hybrids, field experiments were conducted during the 2013 and 2014 growing seasons using a de Wit replacement series design. Two maize hybrids, YD13 and ZD909, which were released in different eras were tested. In each replacement series, dry matter accumulation (DMA), grain yield, and harvest index per plant of the component hybrids decreased as the proportion of YD13 increased under contrasting N and plant density combination. Despite different N and plant density combinations, competitive outcomes was invariant (i.e.,YD13 was always the superior competitor), the yield performance of ZD909 was always higher than YD13. When the plant density was held constant, N deficiency increased both inter‐cultivar competition and the degree of competitive asymmetry between YD13 and ZD909. When the N application rate was held constant, competition intensity intensified with increasing plant density; however, the degree of competitive asymmetry was reduced, mainly because the competitive advantage of the superior competitor (YD13) diminished at higher population densities. Our results suggest that N deficiency increases the competitive advantage of a superior competitor over a weaker competitor, but this advantage decreases in response to increased plant density. This probably implies that maize hybrids with weak competitiveness should be selected in breeding programs, especially under the condition of higher soil productivity and plant density, which is designated for dense‐planting and high‐yielding production.
Cotton Root Morphology and Dry Matter Accumulation at Different Film Removal Times
Authors: Yang Xiangkun , Zhang Zhanqin , Niu Yuan , Tian Haiyan , Ma Fuyu 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Film removal at an appropriate time can increase cotton root length, surface area, and volume.
Film removal is conducive to the accumulation of root dry matter in the year with less rainfall.
Film removal treatment promotes growth of hair roots and improves the root/shoot ratio.
A field experiment was conducted to examine the influence of mulch film removal time (10 and 1 d before the first irrigation (T10 and T1, respectively) and 1 d before the second irrigation (E1) after emergence) on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) root morphology and dry matter accumulation. The control group (CK) was film mulched throughout the growth stage. In 2015, the respective root length density (RLD), root surface‐area density (RSD), and root volume density (RVD) in E1 were highest during the initial flowering stage (IFS, 3537 m m−3, 3.4819 m2 m−3, and 382 cm3 m−3) and blossoming and boll forming stage (BBFS, 2472 m m−3, 3.1307 m2 m−3, and 421 cm3 m−3). The maximum root dry matter accumulation was measured in CK (2647 kg ha−1). In 2016, which had more rainfall, RLD (1699 m m−3) and RSD (2.6877 m2 m−3) in T10 and RVD in T1 (503 cm3 m−3) were the highest during IFS. RLD in E1 (2234 m m−3), RSD (3.6770 m2 m−3) and RVD (598 cm3 m−3) in CK were the highest during BBFS. The cotton root/shoot ratio (R/T) was higher in the film‐removal treatments than in CK. E1 showed the highest proportion of fine roots thinner than 1.0 mm during any stage except for 2015 BBFS. The results indicate that film removal at an appropriate time can increase RLD, RSD, and RVD, but it is conducive to the accumulation of root dry matter only in years with lower rainfall.
Commercial Safened ALS‐herbicide Formulation Effects on ALS‐sensitive Field Corn Hybrids
Authors: Carter Oliver W. , Prostko Eric P. , Davis Jerry W. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Corn hybrid sensitivity to ALS herbicides is an issue.
Herbicide safeners may not provide complete crop safety.
Growers who want to use safened ALS herbicides on sensitive corn hybrids must be aware of yield loss potential.
Research was conducted in 2014 and 2015 to determine if two common commercial acetolactate synthase (ALS) inhibitor herbicide formulations, that contain the crop safener isoxadifen, could be used on field corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids with reported ALS sensitivity. Two ALS‐sensitive field corn hybrids (DEKALB DKC 62‐08 and DKC 64‐69) were treated 18 to 21 days after planting with nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + isoxadifen or thiencarbazone + tembotrione + isoxadifen at 1× and 2× labeled rates. No interactions were observed between herbicide treatment and field corn hybrid. When averaged over herbicide treatment, DKC 62‐08 produced less aboveground biomass and was shorter in height than DKC 64‐69. However, no difference in grain yield between hybrids was observed. When averaged over corn hybrid, only the 2× rate of tembotrione + thiencarbazone methyl + isoxadifen caused a significant reduction (19%) in aboveground biomass. Nicosulfuron + rimsulfuron + isoxadifen and tembotrione + thiencarbazone + isoxadifen, at both 1× and 2× rates, reduced plant height up to 3 inches 26 days after treatment (DAT). However, only the 2× rates of these safened herbicides caused significant height reductions 62 DAT. Both herbicide formulations at 1× and 2× labeled rates caused corn yield losses of 11 to 16 bu/acre. These data suggest that these particular commercial herbicide formulations can cause crop injury and subsequent yield loss when used on ALS‐sensitive field corn hybrids.
Potassium and Nitrogen Fertilization Effects on Jiggs Bermudagrass Herbage Accumulation, Root–Rhizome Mass, and Tissue Nutrient Concentration
Authors: Yarborough J.K. , Vendramini J.M.B. , Silveira M.L.A. , Sollenberger L.E. , Leon R.G. , Sanchez J.M.D. , Leite de Oliveira F. , Kuhawara F. , Cecato U. , Soares Filho C.V. 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
Bermudagrass K fertilization affects forage characteristics.
Bermudagrass K fertilization effects are influenced by N fertilization.
K fertilization is crucial to increase belowground reserves of bermudagrass.
Adequate supply of potassium (K) is an important factor that can affect bermudagrass [Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.] production and persistence, particularly in soils with limited nutrient holding capacity. The objectives of this study were to (i) evaluate the effects of different nitrogen (N) and K fertilization strategies on Jiggs bermudagrass herbage accumulation (HA), root–rhizome mass, and K concentration and accumulation in above‐ and belowground tissue; and (ii) identify the critical minimum tissue K concentration below which bermudagrass HA is reduced. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse at Ona, FL, from August to December, 2014 and 2015. Treatments were a factorial combination of three N (0, 45, and 90 lb/acre) and four K2O fertilization levels (0, 18, 36, and 72 lb K2O/acre, the equivalent of 0, 15, 30, and 60 lb K/acre) after every harvest, distributed in a completely randomized design with four replicates. Herbage was harvested every 6 weeks, and root and rhizome mass determined at the end of each year. There were no effects of K fertilization on HA and root–rhizome mass when no N was applied; however, Jiggs HA and root–rhizome biomass increased linearly with increasing K fertilization levels at 45 and 90 lb N/acre. For these N levels, HA increased with tissue K concentration up to 1.4%. Root and rhizome K concentrations decreased linearly with increasing levels of N. Conversely, root–rhizome K content increased with increasing levels of N fertilization. Potassium fertilization increased HA and root–rhizome mass of Jiggs bermudagrass; however, the responses were influenced by N fertilization levels.
Two Dimensional Modelling of Nitrate Flux in a Commercial Apple Orchard
Authors: Hardie Marcus 
Published: October 2017

Core Ideas
15 to 33% of rainfall was lost as runoff or drainage under rainfed conditions.
Current management of young trees resulted in loss of 46% applied nitrate.
Drip fertigation was predicted reduce drainage and nitrate leaching by 37%.
Excluding the use of green fowl manure reduced nitrate leaching by 56%.
Deficit‐based irrigation scheduling had little effect on nitrate leaching.
Extensive in situ monitoring in a young commercial apple orchard demonstrated that current management practices resulted in leaching of 56 to 84 kg ha–1 yr–1 of nitrate below the topsoil. The Hydrus 2D/3D suite of models was used to determine the effect of current management practices on nitrate leaching and explore options for reducing irrigation and nitrate loss. The models were parameterized using measured soil water retention data and calibrated using field data collected over a 596‐d period. The orchard was found to be profoundly ‘leaky’ with between 15 and 33% of the average annual rainfall being lost via runoff and deep drainage under rainfed conditions. Simulations estimated that the current management of the young trees resulted in loss of 38.1 kg N ha–1 yr–1 or 46% of the applied nitrate, and 34.6 cm yr–1 of rainfall and irrigation as drainage below 2.0 m depth. For mature trees, our model scenarios predicted that converting from sprayers to drippers, would reduce the required irrigation by 44%, reduce nitrate requirement by 21%, and reduce deep drainage and nitrate leaching by 37%. Deficit‐based irrigation and fertigation scheduling had minimal effect on the amount of deep drainage and nitrate leaching. In mature trees, excluding green fowl manure from the fertilizer regime was predicted to reduce the amount of nitrate leached below the soil profile by 12.9 kg N ha–1 yr–1 or by 73%. However rates of NPK and fertigation needed to be increased to meet tree nitrogen demand.