bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Lessons Learned From Polymer Flooding Pilots in Brazil
Authors: Melo M. A. , Lins A. G. , Silva I. P. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractEnhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) is a way to increase petroleum reserves in the short term. However, the conventional EOR methods need to be reassessed and/or modified to face the new concepts of sustainability, clean production and energy efficiency, but above all, the stricter environmental laws that now guide economic decisions. One of the most important problems in the oil industry is the large volume of produced water that must be separated from the production stream and disposed. Polymer flooding is a method that changes the swept efficiency, or, in other words, improves drainage area of the injected phase and thus can reduce the use of water. Other methods are more focused in the oil phase. Thereby, the polymer flooding is indispensable in EOR projects, alone or in combination with other methods. Motivated by this scenario, the present paper restudies polymer applications in Brazil to reevaluate the lessons learned.The first Brazilian experience with polymers was in 1969-72, in the Carmópolis Field during primary recovery (before water injection). Decades later new projects were carried out in the fields of Carmópolis (1997), Buracica (1999) and Canto do Amaro (2001), all in the Northeast of Brazil. Those three new projects were implemented in mature fields to evaluate the real potential of polymer in the context of reducing the problems related to large volumes of water production.The evaluation of EOR pilot projects has several difficulties, such as the long time collecting and processing information and the inherent difficulty to maintain continuity with a multi-disciplinary team. Another point that is critical in the evaluation of polymer flooding pilot projects is the choice of the pilot area itself. Ideally, the area must be almost confined (in terms of mass balance), because unconfined areas strongly influenced by external wells affect negatively the evaluation. In this work, to minimize the error in each of the pilot projects, an assessment was made considering the total wells and the inner wells less subject to interference from wells outside the grid of the pilot project. This consideration was made because the objective of this work is not restricted to verify whether the pilot was or not a success but to gain information about the polymer injection process in mature fields focusing on future applications. These pilots represent the extension of laboratory research on a field scale. The evaluation of the polymer application was made by comparing the total recovery with that of the injected water, not focusing only in the oil gain, but also in the use of water of each pilot. The results in terms of oil gain and reduction of water is not directly proportional to the amount of polymer injected. On the contrary, the pilot who consumed the least amount of polymer had the best performance. The challenge now is to understand the physical mechanisms governing this amazing behavior.
Improving Oil Recovery in Mature Field With Innovative Completion Solution Dumpflood Application
Authors: Devia Néstor , Aguinaga Pilar , Gonzalez Camilo , Reina John , Gil Layonel , Bonilla Fernando , Niño Luzmila 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Maximize oil production at the lowest cost, reduce the process facilities used for secondary recovery water injection projects and increase the static pressure of mature reservoirs was a need in Chichimene Field due to the challenging oil market conditions and the declining oil production rates. The legacy solution used by Ecopetrol consisted in producing water with artificial lift and then re-injecting it through horizontal pumping systems. This water injection method did not maximize oil recovery with the available resources.
Ecopetrol and Baker Hughes implemented the Dumpflood completion with electrical submersible pumping to address the challenges encountered in Chichimene field. The Dumpflood completion is a closed loop concept where water is produced and injected in a single well avoiding surface processes. This implementation allowed Ecopetrol to develop secondary oil recovery in a simplified and cost effective completion.
This paper will present the results of the first pilot of Dumpflood completion in Chichimene Field in Colombia. This Promoted enhanced oil recovery in the target injection zones, in addition, significant savings in capital expenditures were obtained due to the reduction of surface production tubing and required licenses for the oil industry in Colombia. Operating expenditures such as maintenance, water treatment, and energy costs were also reduced.
The success of the Dumpflood completion with electrical submersible pumping permitted the initiation of a change in the legacy water injection method in Chichimene field. It was demonstrated that the oil market is continuously in need of innovative completions solutions to optimize resources and oil recovery.
Exponentiation Bias in Production and Reserves Estimates Made by Use of Exponential-Decline Models
Authors: Morris Scott , Kaufman Gordon M. , Grace John D. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryThe standard method to evaluate an oil- or gas-production-decline curve estimated with an exponential function—taking the logarithms of both sides of the equation, estimating the parameters of the transformed function through linear regression, and exponentiating—leads to biased estimates of future production. The bias arises in the process of exponentiation.The direction and magnitude of exponentiation bias depend on three driver variables: the variance of the post-peak-production history; the number of post-peak observations on production; and the estimated rates of production during the forecast period. A correction factor, dependent on the confluent-hypergeometric-limit function, applied to the biased estimators produces unbiased estimates of future production. The correction factor can be quickly evaluated and introduced into the work flow for use in evaluating exponential-decline curves.The net bias in estimates of future production is more likely to be negative than positive. Negative bias understates remaining resources and reserves. The probability of negative, rather than positive net bias, is an increasing function of the maturity of production at the point of evaluation. The absolute magnitude of the bias is a direct function of both the variance of the empirical post-peak-production history and the forecasted rates of future production. It is an inverse function of the length of the post-peak-production history.A data set of 54,254 completion-level monthly production histories from the Gulf of Mexico (GOM) was used to quantify the bias and show the characteristics of production that determine its direction and magnitude. In this data set, exponentiation bias in estimates of remaining resources usually results in small absolute errors. Holding out varying fractions of the production histories of the completions analyzed, the interquartile range for errors in the estimated remaining resources (relative to unbiased estimates) extends from an underestimate of 886 to an overestimate of 2,105 BOE.However, at the extreme ends of the distribution of errors, maximum underestimates of 8.3 million BOE and overestimates as large as 22.5 million BOE were found. More than 14% of the completions analyzed had forecast errors of more than 30%. Extreme biases are predictably associated with specific ranges and combinations of values of the three driver variables. Therefore, exponentiation bias can have very large and predictable effects on the economic value of estimated remaining resources, but they can be reliably corrected.
Wellbore Geomechanics of Extended Drilling Margin and Engineered Lost-Circulation Solutions
Authors: Mehrabian Amin , Abousleiman Younane 
Published: March 2017

SummaryWellbore tensile failure is a known consequence of drilling with excessive mud weight, which can cause costly events of lost circulation. Despite the successful use of lost-circulation materials (LCMs) in treating lost-circulation events of the drilling operations, extensions of wellbore-stability models to the case of a fractured and LCM-treated wellbore have not been published. This paper presents an extension of the conventional wellbore-stability analysis to such circumstances. The proposed wellbore geomechanics solution revisits the criteria for breakdown of a fractured wellbore to identify an extended margin for the equivalent circulation density (ECD) of drilling. An analytical approach is taken to solve for the related multiscale and nonlinear problem of the three-way mechanical interaction between the wellbore, fracture wings, and LCM aggregate. The criteria for unstable propagation of existing near-wellbore fractures, together with those for initiating secondary fractures from the wellbore, are obtained. Results suggest that, in many circumstances, the occurrence of both incidents can be prevented, if the LCM blend is properly engineered to recover certain depositional and mechanical properties at downhole conditions. Under such optimal design conditions, the maximum ECD to which the breakdown limit of a permeable formation could be enhanced is predicted.
An incidental finding on ultrasound scanning for regional anaesthesia leads to the correct operation
Authors: Athanassoglou Vassilis , Morris Carl 
Published: March 2017

SummaryA 61‐yr‐old female was scheduled for an urgent below knee amputation. She declined a spinal anaesthetic and it was planned to perform a general anaesthetic together with a popliteal and saphenous nerve block under ultrasound guidance. The ultrasound scan revealed gas in the more proximal soft tissues indicating that a more proximal amputation was required than the below knee amputation the patient had been consented for. The patient was woken up, consented for the correct operation, which she had a few hours later, and was discharged home 14 days later. We discuss the issue of consent following induction of general anaesthesia as well as the ethical considerations of incidental findings on ultrasound examination performed by non‐experts.
Metaraminol‐induced Wenckebach phenomenon
Authors: Griffith Carolyn 
Published: March 2017

SummaryMetaraminol is commonly administered to counteract the hypotensive effects of anaesthetic agents. We report an unusual case of Mobitz type 1 second degree atrioventricular block or Wenckebach, occuring as a result of metaraminol used at therapeutic doses, during general anaesthesia for posterior fossa surgery. We discuss the pathophysiology of Wenckebach and postulate the likely explanation in this case.
DAMPAK PERKEBUNAN KELAPA SAWIT TERHADAP PEREKONOMIAN WILAYAH DI KABUPATEN ROKAN HULU
Authors: SIRADJUDDIN IRSYADI 
Published: March 2017

This research aims to know (1) labor absorption of oil palm farmers; and (2) the productivity of oil palm farmers, (3) farmer perception, and (4) the palm plantation contribution to the regional income. The research was conducted in September 2013 until November 2013. Location of research in sub-districts of North Tambusai, Kunto Darussalam, Tandun, and Kabun in Rokan Hulu District. The method used interviews, questionnaires, and documentation. Sampling was done by purposive. Results of this research is the most of labor absorption in sub-district Kabun (4.22 HOK / ha), followed by North Tambusai (3.30 HOK / Ha), Kunto Darussalam (3.21 HOK / ha), and Tandun (2.99 HOK / Ha). The highest productivity of palm oil in sub-district Kabun (21.16 ton/ha/ year), followed by Kunto Darussalam (19.40 ton/ha/year), North Tambusai (15.76 ton/ha/ear), and Tandun (11,97 ton/ha/year). The most reason of farmers perception on palm plantation is marketing easier, followed by production facilities are supported, easy palm cultivation, the selling price and the income of farmers is high. The most farmers perception to use the income is education of children, followed by repair and extension the house, purchase of motor vehicles, and extend of palm plantations. The largest palm plantation contribution to the regional income is North Tambusai Sub-Distric, followed by Kunto Darussalam, Kabun, and Tandun.
INDUKSI KALUS PASAK BUMI (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) MELALUI EKSPLAN DAUN DAN PETIOL
Authors: ROSMAINA ROSMAINA , ZULFAHMI ZULFAHMI , SUTEJO PROBO , ULFIATUN ULFIATUN , MAISUPRATINA MAISUPRATINA 
Published: March 2017

One of the problem of Eurycoma longifolia Jack propagation was low germination percentage due to recalcitrant seeds and slow growth of seedling from cutting propagation. To overcome this problem is required propagation of Eurycoma longifolia via in vitro culture. The objective of this research was to know the effect of Auxin (2,4-D and NAA) and Cytokines (BAP and Kinetin) on Eurycoma longifolia callus induction via leaf and petiole explants. In this study, we used plant growth regulator of 2,4 D, NAA, BAP and Kinetin in several levels. The observed variables were appearing callus time, callus color and callus texture. The results of this study showed that MS medium supplemented with 1 ppm NAA+ 1 ppm BAP was able to induce callus formation in leaf explant for 6 months after culture. While MS medium supplemented with 1 ppm 2,4-D, 1 ppm BAP, combination of 2,4-D and Kinetin and combination of 2,4-D and BAP can induce callus formation from petiole. All the callus formation has yellow color and yellow brown color. The petiole explant that is grown in MS medium supplemented with 1 ppm BAP induced of callus in short time (18 days after culture).
RESPONS FISIOLOGI, PERTUMBUHAN, PRODUKSI DAN SERAPAN P BAWANG MERAH (Allium ascalonicum L.) TERHADAP PEMBERIAN TRICHOKOMPOS TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS) TERFORMULASI DAN PUPUK P DI LAHAN GAMBUT
Authors: ARMAN ZALDI , NELVIA NELVIA , ARMAINI ARMAINI 
Published: March 2017

The study aims to determine the effect of formulated PEFB trichokompos and P fertilizers on growth, physiology, production and P uptake of onion in peatlands. This research used experimental factorial randomized completely block design and three replications. Trichokompos PEFB formulated as the first factor is composed of four levels (0, 5, 10 and 15 ton ha-1) and P fertilizers as the second factor consists of four levels (0, 120, 180 and 240 kg ha-1 P₂O5). Parameters measured were chlorophyll content, photosynthesis rate, stomataH2Oconductivity , the concentration of CO2 in the cell, transpiration rate, plant height, number of tillers, number of tubers per hill, the diameter of the bulbs, fresh weight of tuber per hill, plant dry weight and P uptake. The results showed trichokompos PEFB formulated 15 ton ha-1 can increase the response of onion production as tuber diameter and fresh weight per hill and P uptake response respectively by 25.58%, 74.92% and 76.39%. While the physiological responses seen to decrease thestomatal H2O conductivity and transpiration rate of respectively 21.43% and 28.79% compared with no PEFB formulatedtrichokompos. Provision of fertilizer P 120 P2O5 ha-1 can improve physiological responses such as H2O on stomatal conductivity, increased growth responses such as plant height, such as the production response tuber diameter and fresh weight per hill and P uptake response respectively by 7.69%, 22.25%, 26.23%, 56.21% and 44.26% compared with no fertilizer P. combination trichokompos PEFB formulated 15 ton ha-1 with manure P 120 P2O5 ha-1 is the best treatment combination, with the highest production response namely 7.65 g (1.91 ton ha-1) fresh weight per hill and increased 214.81% compared with no treatment trichokompos PEFB formulated and fertilizer P.
KUALITAS FISIK PELET AYAM BROILER PERIODE AKHIR DENGAN PENAMBAHAN FESES TERNAK DAN BAHAN PEREKAT YANG BERBEDA
Authors: Rahmana Indra , Ananda Mucra Dewi , Febrina Dewi 
Published: March 2017

The study aimed to know the physical quality of pellets for finisher period added different feces and adhesive matter. The experiment design was randomized complety block design factorial (RCBD) with two factors and three replications. The first factor was feces (goat feces, cattle feces, buffalo feces) and the second factor was adhesive matter (tapioca flour, eeg white, sago flour). Physical observation were water content, specific gravity, bulk density, compressed bulk density, angle of repose, and the durability of pellet. The result showed that addition type feces influenced water content, specific gravity, bulk density, compressed bulk density, angle of repose and the durability of pellet form. The result showed that addition adhesive matter influenced bulk density, compressed bulk density, the durability of pellet form.Interaction the addition of cattle feces and different adhesive matter in water content, specific gravity, compressed bulk density, angle of repose and the durability of pellet. Interaction buffalo feces and tapioca flour best quality.
PENGARUH ULTRA VIOLET FILLER PADA PROSES PEMBUATAN KAYU LAPIS INDAH UNTUK RUANG INTERIOR
Authors: Purwanto Djoko 
Published: March 2017

Ultra violet filler telah ditambahkan pada kayu lapis indah yang venir indahnya direndam selama 15, 30 dan 45 menit dengan konsentrasi 0,1% dan 0,2% ultra violet filler. Tujuannya agar dapat memancarkan sinar warna ungu pada interior ruang tempat pertunjukan. Venir yang direndam selama 30 menit dalam konsentrasi 0,2% ultra violet filler menghasilkan pancaran warna ungu dengan nilai 3,125 ppm pada kayu lapis indah. Hasil analisa kadar air dan delaminasinya memenuhi syarat standar IHPA.
PENGARUH UKURAN DAN KONSENTRASI PEREKAT TERHADAP SIFAT FISIK DAN MEKANIK PAPAN PARTIKEL LIMBAH ROTAN
Authors: Suroto Suroto 
Published: March 2017

Shavings rattan waste from the rattan industry can be made into particle board which the addition of glue and hot pressing. The various of the particle length compositions are, 100% of 1cm of size, mixture of 1cm and 3cm (50%,50%), 1cm and 5 cm (50%, 50%), 3 cm (100%), 3 cm and 5 cm (50%, 50%), and 5 cm (100%). Each of combination was added by 6% and 12% concentration of urea formaldehide glue (UF). All of the physical and mechanical test results are fulfil the Indonesian Standard of particle board (SNI.03-2105-2006). Those results are water content 12,36 – 12,49%, thickness increase value 12,25 – 14,15%, density 0,56 – 0,69 g/cm3, hardness 83 – 155 kg/cm2, broken strenght (MOR) 115 – 1306 kg/cm2, bending strenght (MOE) 547 – 6917 kg/cm2, The best result for Particle was shown in and 6% of the glue addition. The particle boards are classified as medium density board class which has 0,40 – 0,80 g/cm3 of density. Base on the density chriteria and the glue, the particle board can be use for parts of interior material such as cabinets, desks, bookcase, and etc. Key wood : particle board, rattan waste
FINISHING KAYU KELAPA (Cocos nucifera, L) UNTUK BAHAN INTERIOR RUANGAN
Authors: Purwanto Djoko 
Published: March 2017

Finishing of coconut wood use the polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde and ultran vernis with the spraying 1 times and 2 times. Research target for the change of performance of colour and fibre of coconut wood more interesting. Result of research indicate that the use of substance of finishing polyurethane, melamine formaldehyde and ultran vernis can change the colour and fibre. Before coconut wood done finishing have the black chocolate colour and fibre pattern rather dark. After doing finishing colour become the squeezing chocolate, fibre pattern rather look and flatten.Keywords: coconut wood, finishing, interior materi, bahan interior, polyurethane, melamine formaldehide, ultran vernis.
PEMANFAATAN HASIL HUTAN BUKAN KAYU SEBAGAI BAHAN INSEKTISIDA ALAMI
Authors: Cahyana Budi Tri , Arhamsyah Arhamsyah 
Published: March 2017

Non-timber forest products (NTFPs) such as the root of Akar Wangi (Vetiveria zizainoides), Durian’s bark (Durio zibethinus Murr), Jaringau (Acorus Calamus L.), Liligundi (Vitex trifolia), Gemor bark (Alseodaphne spp.), and Neem seeds (Azadirachta indica A. Juss.) have good potential as a natural insecticide. They can be used for anti-mosquito materials that can be prevent the development of vector-borne Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever (DHF). Disruptive effects of the plants to the insects come from the odor which produces from the plant. Judging from the compounds that contained in non-timber forest products (NTFPs), beside used as anti-mosquito repellent, it can also used as other pests repellant such as bugs, termites, ants, etc. The end product also can be diversed as insect repellent burns, topical / lotion, spray, and others.Keywords : akar wangi, durian bark, jariangau, liligundi, gemor bark, mimba, natural insecticide
PENGARUH REDESTILASI CUKA KAYU GALAM (Melaleuca leucadendron Linn) TERHADAP PENGAWETAN IKAN
Authors: Setiawati Evy 
Published: March 2017

To overcome the reduction of fish quality, almost all people preserve fish by formaldehyde. Therefore, it is necessary to find a substitute for food preservative that safe for health. One of the natural preservative is wood vinegar. The research aim was to investigate the effect of wood vinegar from wood Galam on fish preservation. Purification of wood vinegar used in this research was used redistilled based on boiling point. The making of Galam wood vinegar used temperature variation ≤100°C and 100 <x <200°C. The purification used temperature variation x≤1000C, 100<x≤1100C, and 110<x≤ 1200C. Fish preservation used redistilled vinegar by concentration of 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10%. Microbiological analysis included Total Plate Count and Fungus. Redistilled wood vinegar product were colorless clear, transparent, weak, pH from 2.52 to 2.73, specific gravity from 1.001 to 1.004, total acid from 16.75 to 42.34%. Fish preservation using 7.5% wood vinegar equal to 10%, but with different from 2.5% and 5%. Wood vinegar that had 7.5% concentration has the same effect to 10%, on the other hand, there is the greatest microbial growth treatment on 2.5% wood vinegar concentration. Based on the TPC, it can be said that the fish preservation could last up to 3 days at room temperature, and there was a significant microbial growth on the fifth day. Keywords: fish preservatives, redistilled, wood vinegar, galam wood
SIFAT FISIK MEKANIK PAPAN GYPSUM BERBAHAN PENGISI ALTERNATIF LIMBAH SERUTAN ROTAN
Authors: Amaliyah Desi Mustika , Hamdi Saibatul 
Published: March 2017

Potensi limbah dari industri pengrajin rotan menghasilkan limbah serutan rotan yang cukup besar tiap tahunnya. Oleh sebab itu diperlukan pengembangan guna memanfaatkan limbah rotan tersebut secara maksimal. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memanfaatkan limbah serutan rotan sebagai bahan pengisi alternatif papan gypsum dan menganalisa kekuatan fisik dan mekanik papan gypsum yang dihasilkan. Bahan yang digunakan terdiri dari tepung gypsum, serutan rotan, serat fiber dan boraks. Pada penelitian ini papan gypsum yang berbahan pengisi serutan rotan, serat fiber dan atau campuran antara serutan rotan dengan serat fiber menggunakan konsentrasi bahan 0,5 %; 1,0 %; 1,5 %; 2,0 % dan 2,5 % serta diameter serutan rotan 2 mm; 3 mm; 4 mm. Hasil pengujian sifat fisis dan mekanis diukur berdasarkan standar mutu SNI 03-6434-2000. Berdasarkan pengujian papan gypsum menggunakan serutan rotan menghasilkan rerata kadar air berkisar antara 4,04-6,58 %, kerapatan 0,29-0,45 g/cm3, daya serap air 17,39-24,81 %, pengembangan tebal antara 0,077-0,654 % dan keteguhan patah (MoR) berkisar antara 15,51-65,29 kg/cm2. Dari hasil pengujian sifat fisis secara keseluruhan memenuhi standar mutu dan sifat mekanik belum memenuhi standar mutu papan gypsum SNI 03-6434-2000.