bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Sport, physical activity, and other health behaviours
Authors: Trost Stewart G , Joschtel Barbara 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
It is widely believed that participation in organized sports and physical activity offers protection against the negative social influences that can lead to problem behaviour and experimentation with tobacco, alcohol, and illicit drugs. It also widely believed that youth who engage in regular physical activity are more likely to adopt other healthy lifestyle behaviours. This chapter critically evaluates these assertions by summarizing the empirical research evidence on the relationship between sport, physical activity, and nine other health behaviours in youth. It shows that sports participation and physical activity are indeed related to other health behaviours, but the strength and direction of the associations are dependent on the health behaviour under examination, the child’s age, gender, race/ethnicity, and the nature of the sport or physical activity.
Development of the young athlete
Authors: Armstrong Neil , McManus Alison M 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Success in youth sport is underpinned by a range of chronological age- and biological maturity status-related factors which affect performance in a sex- and sport-specific manner. Pubertal changes in body size, shape, composition, muscle metabolism, muscle strength, aerobic fitness, and anaerobic fitness strongly influence sport performance but biological clocks run at different rates. As selection and retention in youth sport is based on chronological age, competition is not always on a level playing field. Young athletes benefit from exercise training but there is no convincing evidence of the existence of a ‘maturation threshold’ below which the effects of training will be minimal or will not occur, or of ‘windows of opportunity’ during which training effects are enhanced. Participation in sport provides a positive environment for the promotion of personal development but evidence is accumulating that elite youth sport also presents risks to current and future health and well-being.
High-intensity interval training
Authors: Tolfrey Keith , Smallcombe James W 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
High-intensity interval training (HIIT) is characterized by brief, intermittent bursts of near- or maximal-intensity exercise, interspersed by periods of active or passive recovery. The limited available evidence suggests that HIIT is an efficacious training method for young athletes. The effect of HIIT on cardiorespiratory fitness, endurance performance, explosive strength, and sport-specific performance has been examined in a range of young athletic populations from various sports. Furthermore, promising preliminary findings suggest that HIIT may confer further benefits to a range of health outcome measures including fasting insulin, lipoproteins, systolic blood pressure, and endothelial function; obese youth may benefit particularly from this type of training. Improved cardiorespiratory fitness has been observed consistently after HIIT in athletic and non-athletic populations. Larger studies, extended over longer periods, that include valid measures of exercise compliance, tolerance, and enjoyment are required to further delineate the priority that could be afforded to this type of training.
Resistance training
Authors: Faigenbaum Avery D , Lloyd Rhodri S 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Traditional fears and misinformed concerns regarding youth resistance training have been replaced by scientific evidence that indicates regular participation in well-designed resistance-training programmes can be safe and effective for both children and adolescents. In addition to increasing muscular strength and power, regular participation in a structured resistance training-programme can increase bone mineral density, improve cardiovascular risk factors, fuel metabolic health, facilitate weight control, enhance psychosocial well-being, and prepare youth for the demands of daily physical activity and sport. An integrative approach to training, grounded in resistance exercise and motor skill development, can optimize children’s fitness potential and maximize their athletic performance while reducing the risk of sports-related injury. Qualified professionals are needed to plan, implement and progress developmentally appropriate resistance training to attain a level of muscular fitness that facilitates long-term physical development.
Physiological monitoring of elite young athletes
Authors: Armstrong Neil , Barker Alan R 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
As part of a scientific support programme, physiological monitoring has the potential to enhance knowledge and understanding of the development of elite young athletes in order to optimize their present and future sporting performance. However, the ethics of physiological testing of minors and the development of individualized, reliable, valid, and sport-specific physiological monitoring programmes are challenging. For example, the assessment of body composition, muscle strength, and anaerobic and aerobic fitness in sport-specific contexts and environments is complex. A plethora of laboratory and field tests have been developed to monitor young athletes. However, adequate interpretation of elite performance in youth can only be accomplished by procedures that satisfy rigorous criteria. Clear understanding of the merits and limitations of physiological tests is required for the development of appropriate scientist-coach-young athlete relationships.
Epidemiology and prevention of injuries in competitive contact sports
Authors: Nauta Joske , Verhagen Evert ALM 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Generally, sports injuries in contact sports are more frequent than in non-contact sports. Contact sports are those sports in which contact with the opponent is common or intentional. This chapter focuses on sport-specific injuries that occur in various contact sports, including soccer, American football, ice hockey, basketball, martial arts, and wrestling. Each sport is covered by exploring practical information concerning the particular sport, as well as the epidemiology and aetiology of sport-specific injuries, and there is also a summary containing sport-specific preventive strategies. Where possible, this chapter also covers trends that can be drawn from the literature to give a foundation on which to develop and promote injury prevention strategies.
Upper extremity and trunk injuries
Authors: Shaw Christopher M , Cil Akin , Micheli Lyle J 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
As the rate and level of youth athletic participation continues to rise, so does the frequency of injury to the trunk and upper extremities in these young athletes. Injuries are varied in severity and frequency. Additionally, injury patterns are unique to the growing musculoskeletal system and specific to the demands of the sport. The treatment of these injuries is also varied, ranging from preventative, to non-operative, to operative. Recognition of injury patterns with early activity modification and the initiation of efficacious treatment can potentially prevent invasive treatments, future deformity, or disability, and return the young athlete to sport. This chapter discusses the diagnosis and management of common upper extremity and trunk injuries in the paediatric athlete, including joint injuries, fractures, repetitive microtrauma, tendonitis, ligament injuries, and back pain.
Nutrition and eating disorders
Authors: Sundgot-Borgen Christine , Sundgot-Borgen Jorunn 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
This chapter covers the energy and nutrient requirements and the continuum of disordered eating in adolescent athletes. Studies focusing on nutrition and adolescent athletes are limited, but there is potential for nutritional improvement, especially among female adolescent athletes. Additionally for young athletes, the risk of inadequate micronutrient intake is associated with energy restriction. Abnormal vitamin-D status is reported for both genders, with lack of exposure to sunlight likely to produce the greatest risk. There is a continuum of normal to abnormal eating that ranges from a healthy body image, body weight, body composition, and energy balance to abnormal eating, including clinical eating disorders. Prevention of disordered eating should integrate education and screening for early identification. Education should target not only athletes, but also parents, volunteers, coaches, officials, and health care providers.
The angular power spectrum measurement of the Galactic synchrotron emission in two fields of the TGSS survey
Authors: Choudhuri Samir , Bharadwaj Somnath , Ali Sk. Saiyad , Roy Nirupam , Intema Huib. T. , Ghosh Abhik 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
Characterizing the diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission at arcminute angular scales is needed to reliably remove foregrounds in cosmological 21-cm measurements. The study of this emission is also interesting in its own right. Here, we quantify the fluctuations of the diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission using visibility data for two of the fields observed by the TIFR GMRT Sky Survey. We have used the 2D Tapered Gridded Estimator to estimate the angular power spectrum (Cℓ) from the visibilities. We find that the sky signal, after subtracting the point sources, is likely dominated by the diffuse Galactic synchrotron radiation across the angular multipole range 240 ≤ ℓ ≲ 500. We present a power-law fit, $C_{\ell }=A\times \big (\frac{1000}{l}\big )^{\beta }$, to the measured Cℓ over this ℓ range. We find that (A, β) have values (356 ± 109 mK2, 2.8 ± 0.3) and (54 ± 26 mK2, 2.2 ± 0.4) in the two fields. For the second field, however, there is indication of a significant residual point source contribution and for this field we interpret the measured Cℓ as an upper limit for the diffuse Galactic synchrotron emission. While in both fields the slopes are consistent with earlier measurements, the second field appears to have an amplitude that is considerably smaller compared to similar measurements in other parts of the sky.
ALMA polarization observations of the particle accelerators in the hotspot of the radio galaxy 3C 445
Authors: Orienti M. , Brunetti G. , Nagai H. , Paladino R. , Mack K.-H. , Prieto M. A. 
Published: April 2017

Abstract
We present Atacama Large Millimeter Array polarization observations at 97.5 GHz of the southern hotspot of the radio galaxy 3C 445. The hotspot structure is dominated by two bright components enshrouded by diffuse emission. Both components show fractional polarization between 30 and 40 per cent, suggesting the presence of shocks. The polarized emission of the western component has a displacement of about 0.5 kpc outward with respect to the total intensity emission and may trace the surface of a front shock. Strong polarization is observed in a thin strip marking the ridge of the hotspot structure visible from radio to optical. No significant polarization is detected in the diffuse emission between the main components, suggesting a highly disordered magnetic field likely produced by turbulence and instabilities in the downstream region that may be at the origin of the extended optical emission observed in this hotspot. The polarization properties support a scenario in which a combination of both multiple and intermittent shock fronts due to jet dithering and spatially distributed stochastic second-order Fermi acceleration processes are present in the hotspot complex.
Multiple-level Replantation in Elderly Patients: Risk Versus Benefit
Authors: Jakubietz Rafael G. , Jakubietz Michael G. , Meffert Rainer H. , Schmidt Karsten 
Published: April 2017

Summary:
Multiple-level amputations of the upper extremity represent a surgical challenge generally only attempted in young patients. This case demonstrates a successful replantation in an elderly woman. The postoperative course was complicated by disseminated intravascular coagulopathy most likely due to inadequate resuscitation. Hand trauma is often underestimated in its general severity. Upper extremity amputations need to be handled similar to polytraumatized patients.
Increased Level of Serum Hepcidin in Female Adolescent Athletes
Authors: Sandström Göran , Rödjer Stig , Jacobsson Stefan , Nelson Dick , Börjesson Mats 
Published: April 2017

Objective:
To determine the serum hepcidin concentration and standard hematological parameters in a group of female adolescent athletes, compared with a group of nonathlete females.

Design:
A case–control study.

Setting:
A senior high school for athletes in Gothenburg, Sweden.

Participants:
All female athletes (70), at the school were offered to take part. Fifty-six athletes accepted. From a random sample of age-matched nonathletes, 71 students were recruited to the control group.

Main Outcome Measures:
Iron deficiency (ID) was determined by levels of serum iron, total iron-binding capacity, transferrin saturation (TS), and ferritin. Serum hepcidin was determined by a mass spectrometry method. All samples were taken at least 12 hours after training.

Results:
The main result was the finding of a significantly elevated serum hepcidin level in the athlete group, 4.7 nmol/L compared with 3.3 nmol/L (P < 0.001) in the nonathlete group. In the athlete group, the serum iron concentration was significantly lower, 14.0 μmol/L compared with 17.6 μmol/L (P = 0.003) in the nonathlete group. No difference was found regarding TS, total iron binding capacity, and ferritin. There was no difference in the occurrence of ID or iron deficiency anaemia (IDA).

Conclusions:
These findings show an increase in serum hepcidin in a large group of female athletes. The elevated hepcidin levels may affect the iron balance of the athletes, adding to the traditional explanation of dietary intake/iron loss balance.
BTrackS Balance Test for Concussion Management is Resistant to Practice Effects
Authors: Hearn Mason C. , Levy Susan S. , Baweja Harsimran S. , Goble Daniel J. 
Published: April 2017

Objective:
Recent guidelines advocate for ongoing balance testing in the assessment of management of concussion injuries. This study sought to determine whether the Balance Tracking System (BTrackS) provides stable balance results over repeated administration and, thus, is a reliable tool for concussion management.

Design:
Repeated measures and test–retest reliability.

Setting:
University Biomechanics Laboratory.

Participants:
Random sample of 20 healthy young adults.

Interventions:
Force plate balance testing using BTrackS on days 1, 3, 8, and 15.

Main Outcome Measures:
Practice-induced changes in the average center of pressure excursion over 4 repeated administrations of the BTrackS Balance Test (BBT). Test–retest reliability of center of pressure excursion from day 1 to day 15.

Results:
No significant practice-induced balance differences were found across testing days (P > 0.4), and test–retest reliability of the BBT was excellent from day 1 to day 15 (R 0.92).

Conclusions:
These findings indicate that the BBT does not elicit a practice effect over repeat administrations. BTrackS provides excellent reliability and objectivity, which can increase clinician accuracy when monitoring sport-related concussions.
Vitamin D Status, Cardiometabolic, Liver, and Mental Health Status in Obese Youth Attending a Pediatric Weight Management Center
Authors: MacDonald Krista , Godziuk Kristine , Yap Jason , LaFrance Rena , Ansarian Mohammad , Haqq Andrea , Mager Diana R. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACTBackground:Vitamin D (VitD) deficiency and obesity are reaching epidemic proportions in North America, particularly in those with comorbid conditions such as diabetes or liver disease. The study objective was to determine the prevalence of suboptimal vitD status and interrelationships with anthropometric, cardiometabolic, liver, mental health, and lifestyle (sleep/screen time) parameters in an ambulatory population of children with obesity.Methods:Children (2–18 years) attending a pediatric weight management clinic (n = 217) were retrospectively reviewed. Variables studied included anthropometric (weight, height, body mass index, waist circumference), vitD (serum 25‐hydroxyvitamin D), cardiometabolic (systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, glucose, insulin, homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance, triglyceride, high‐density lipoprotein, low‐density lipoprotein, total cholesterol), liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase, gamma‐glutamyl transferase), and mental health (number, diagnosis) parameters.Results:Suboptimal vitD status (25‐hydroxyvitamin D <75 nmol/L was present in 76% of children with obesity (12.0 ± 2.9 years). Blood pressure categorized as prehypertension, stage I hypertension, and stage II hypertension was present in 14%, 25%, and 7% of children, respectively. Mental health diagnoses including anxiety, attention‐deficit hyperactivity disorder, mood disorders, and learning disabilities/developmental delays occurred in 18%, 17%, 10%, and 15%, of children, respectively. Waist circumferences >100 cm were associated with lower vitD levels (58 ± 18 vs 65 ± 17 nmol/L; P = 0.01). VitD status ≥50 nmol/L was associated with lower insulin (15.8 [11.7–23.1] mU/L vs 21.1 [14.3–34.2] mU/L; P < 0.01) and homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance (3.5 [2.5–4.9] vs 4.8 [3.1–6.9]; P < 0.01) values and systolic blood pressure percentiles (73.0 ± 25.8 vs 80.6 ± 17.0; P = 0.04).Conclusions:Children with obesity had a high prevalence of vitD deficiency, particularly those at risk for hypertension, reduced insulin sensitivity, and central obesity.
Specific Location of Disc Hemorrhage is Linked to Nerve Fiber Layer Defects
Authors: Yoo Young Cheol , Kim Joon Mo , Park Han Seok , Yoo Chungkwon , Shim Seong Hee , Won Yu Sam , Park Ki Ho , Chang Robert T. 
Published: April 2017

ABSTRACT

Purpose
To investigate the relationship between retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) defects and the quadrant and proximal location of disc hemorrhages (DHs) in a large population examined for health screening.

Methods
A total of 168,044 subjects older than 20 years underwent a single screening ophthalmic examination with color fundus photography as part of a comprehensive health screening program. The presence and location of DHs and RNFL defects were assessed. The DH locations were defined according to the quadrant location (inferotemporal, superotemporal, inferonasal, or superonasal) and the most proximal end of DHs relative to the disc center (cup base, cup margin, disc rim, or extrapapillary region). Using these two location descriptors as independent variables, a logistic regression analysis was conducted to explore the effects of DH location on RNFL defects.

Results
Two hundred twenty-six eyes had DH and 120 (53.1%) of them had RNFL defects. After adjusting for proximal location, DHs located in the inferotemporal quadrant accompanied RFNL defects 12 times more frequently than those in the superonasal quadrant (odds ratio [OR], 11.81; P = .004). Conversely, after adjusting for quadrant location, the ORs for an associated RNFL defect were 3.73 (P < .001), 16.54 (P < .001), and 8.91 (P = .002) for DHs with the proximal end at the disc rim, cup margin, and cup base, respectively.

Conclusions
Among the four quadrants and four proximal locations, DHs were identified most frequently in the inferotemporal quadrant and outside the disc, respectively. Some DH locations, such as the inferotemporal quadrant and the cup margin, were associated with RNFL defects, whereas others were not.
Never Events in UK General Practice: A Survey of the Views of General Practitioners on Their Frequency and Acceptability as a Safety Improvement Approach
Authors: Stocks Susan J. , Alam Rahul , Bowie Paul , Campbell Stephen , de Wet Carl , Esmail Aneez , Cheraghi-Sohi Sudeh 
Published: April 2017

Background
Never events (NEs) are serious preventable patient safety incidents and are a component of formal quality and safety improvement (Q&SI) policies in the United Kingdom and elsewhere. A preliminary list of NEs for UK general practice has been developed, but the frequency of these events, or their acceptability to general practitioner (GPs) as a Q&SI approach, is currently unknown. The study aims to estimate (1) the frequency of 10 NEs occurring within GPs' own practices and (2) the extent to which the NE approach is perceived as acceptable for use.

Methods
General practitioners were surveyed, and mixed-effects logistic regression models examined the relationship between GP opinions of NE, estimates of NE frequency, and the characteristics of the GPs and their practices.

Results
Responses from 556 GPs in 412 practices were analyzed. Most participants (70%–88%, depending on the NE) agreed that the described incident should be designated as a NE. Three NEs were estimated to have occurred in less than 4% of practices in the last year; however, two NEs were estimated to have occurred in 45% to 61% of the practices. General practitioners reporting that a NE had occurred in their practice in the last year were significantly less likely to agree with the designation as a NE compared with GPs not reporting a NE (odds ratio, 0.42; 95% CI = 0.36–0.49).

Conclusions
The NE approach may have Q&SI potential for general practice, but further work to adapt the concept and content is required.
Interactions between molecular chaperone P20 and Cyt2Ba7 toxin inBacillus thuringiensis
Authors: Shi Yongxia , Tang Mujin , Liao Yalin , Xu Wei 
Published: April 2017

AbstractP20 or 20-kilodalton protein is a molecular chaperone protein inBacillus thuringiensis(Bt) which can increase yields and facilitates crystal formation of various insecticidal crystal proteins (ICPs). In previous studies, aB. thuringiensisinsecticidal protein gene,cyt2Ba7, was cloned, expressed but its expression level is very low inB. thuringiensis. In this study, various expression vectors were constructed by incorporatingp20 in forward or reverse direction in the upstream ofcyt2Ba7 and transformed into aB. thuringiensisacrystalliferous strain 4Q7. The result showed that in the presence of P20, the expression of Cyt2Ba7 was significantly increased. Especially whenp20 gene was reversely inserted in the upstream ofcyt2Ba7 gene, the expression of Cyt2Ba7 was increased ∼3.2 times meanwhile more and bigger crystals were observed under electron microscopy. By using purified Cyt2Ba7, P20 protein and P20-specific antiserum, immunoblotting and ligand blot analysis demonstrated a strong binding affinity between P20 and Cyt2Ba7. These results reveal that P20 can promote the crystal formation and enhance the expression of Cyt2Ba7 as a molecular chaperone, which can be a powerful tool to boost the ICPs production inB. thuringiensisand help develop more effective insect control strategies.