bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
A study of reduced numerical precision to make superparameterization more competitive using a hardware emulator in the OpenIFS model
Authors: Düben Peter D. , Subramanian Aneesh , Dawson Andrew , Palmer T. N. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe use of reduced numerical precision to reduce computing costs for the cloud resolving model of superparameterized simulations of the atmosphere is investigated. An approach to identify the optimal level of precision for many different model components is presented, and a detailed analysis of precision is performed. This is nontrivial for a complex model that shows chaotic behavior such as the cloud resolving model in this paper. It is shown not only that numerical precision can be reduced significantly but also that the results of the reduced precision analysis provide valuable information for the quantification of model uncertainty for individual model components. The precision analysis is also used to identify model parts that are of less importance thus enabling a reduction of model complexity. It is shown that the precision analysis can be used to improve model efficiency for both simulations in double precision and in reduced precision. Model simulations are performed with a superparameterized single‐column model version of the OpenIFS model that is forced by observational data sets. A software emulator was used to mimic the use of reduced precision floating point arithmetic in simulations.
Hazard Change Point Estimation
Authors: Gürler Ülkü , Yenigün Deniz 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIn survival analysis or reliability and maintenance studies, hazard rate function plays an important role, as it describes the instantaneous failure probability given that the individual survived or the item has not failed up to that instance. Sudden changes in the hazard function may occur due to overhauls, treatment effects, or maintenance activities. A problem of statistical interest is the estimation of the times of the changes, as well as their sizes. It is also of interest to study the impact of covariates on the hazard rate function. In the article, we review the basic estimation methods for hazard change point models for complete and censored data. We also discuss extensions that allow for multiple change points and provide a brief exposure to Bayesian approach.
Spline Functions: Overview
Authors: Wahba Grace , Wang Yuedong 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article presents various spline models and related topics on smoothing parameter selection and inference. We start with the classical univariate polynomial splines involved in the estimates of regression and smoothing spline models. We then introduce general smoothing spline models with a reproducing kernel Hilbert space (RKHS) on an arbitrary domain as the model space. Methods for modeling multivariate functions including multivariate B‐splines, thin‐plate splines, smoothing spline ANOVA, and semiparametric models will be discussed. Other topics include penalized likelihood estimation under the RKHS framework and nonparametric nonlinear regression models. Some special spline models such as splines on the circle, splines on the sphere, partial splines, histosplines, and splines with constraints will also be presented. We describe methods for smoothing parameter selection, confidence intervals construction, and hypothesis tests. Computation and publicly available software will be discussed briefly.
Environmental Informatics
Authors: Cressie Noel , Burden Sandy , Shumack Clint , Zammit‐Mangion Andrew , Zhang Bohai 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Environmental Informatics uses a panoply of tools from the statistics, mathematics, computing, and visualization disciplines. It uses these tools to reveal, quantify, and validate scientific hypotheses in the environmental sciences, with the quantification of uncertainty central to its approach. There is now a strong recognition that scientific models need to incorporate stochastic components throughout: While it has always been recognized that data have a component of measurement error, attention is now being given to the quantification of model error, and it is becoming accepted by environmental scientists that probability models for the latter allow for a coherent way to make scientific inference. In Environmental Informatics, uncertainty may be assigned not only to data sets of measurements but also to computer‐generated climate‐model output. Methodological advances, in the form of hierarchical statistical models and the accompanying computational developments, have expanded the scope of statistical analyses into very large spatial domains. This has led to studies of the dynamical evolution of entire spatial fields of geophysical variables, where results are given in terms of predictive distributions. Environmental Informatics is not only involved in characterizing the environment, it can also be used to make decisions about mitigation and adaptation strategies. The steps taken by environmental scientists, from data to information, from information to knowledge, and from knowledge to decisions, are all taken in the presence of uncertainty. Environmental Informatics encompasses all these aspects.
Composite Likelihood/Pseudolikelihood
Authors: Yi Grace Y. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThere has been growing research interest in composite likelihood or pseudolikelihood. A great variety of applications of the composite likelihood/pseudolikelihood method have emerged rapidly since the 1998 seminal paper by Lindsay. Applications include, but are not limited to, image data, geostatistics, spatial extremes and space‐time models, survival data, clustered and longitudinal data, time series, genetic data, and survey data. In this article, we provide an overview of the composite likelihood/pseudolikelihood method and discuss some related issues.
Data Assimilation
Authors: Dowd Michael 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe article provides a statistical overview of data assimilation (DA). DA is a class of time‐dependent estimation methods that determine the state (and parameters) of a dynamic system using available observations. It is used with the complex numerical models that govern ocean and atmospheric circulation. The state space model provides a useful statistical framework for understanding DA. The two most commonly used DA approaches are detailed here: (i) variational methods (a regression approach) and (ii) the ensemble Kalman filter (a sequential Monte Carlo method).
Lindley,Dennis
Authors: McConway Kevin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDennis Lindley (1923–2013) was a leading figure in Bayesian statistics and an important leader of British and international statistics in the second half of the twentieth century. His statistical career began in the wartime British Civil Service. He held academic posts at the University of Cambridge and (as head of department) at the University of Aberystwyth and at University College London. He retired early fromUCLin 1977, but continued a very active career as a researcher, speaker, and consultant. Lindley's conversion to subjective Bayesian statistics was gradual at first and in line with his lifelong desire to provide a firm foundation for statistical inference and decision making. By the mid‐1960s, he was one of the firmest proponents of Bayesian statistics, with a reputation for a certain nonpersonal belligerence in debate. Apart from key contributions to Bayesian foundations, inference, and decision theory, he worked in applied areas, notably forensic statistics, the law, and medical decision analysis, and also (in his early career) in stochastic processes.
Phylogenetic Tools in Astrophysics
Authors: Fraix‐Burnet Didier 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMultivariate clustering in astrophysics is a recent development justified by the bigger and bigger surveys of the sky. The phylogenetic approach is probably the most unexpected technique that has appeared for the unsupervised classification of galaxies, stellar populations, or globular clusters. On one side, this is a somewhat natural way of classifying astrophysical entities, which are all evolving objects. On the other side, several conceptual and practical difficulties arise, such as the hierarchical representation of the astrophysical diversity, the continuous nature of the parameters, and the adequation of the result to the usual practice for the physical interpretation. Most of these have now been solved through the studies of limited samples of stellar clusters and galaxies. Up to now, only the maximum parsimony (cladistics) has been used as it is the simplest and most general phylogenetic technique. Probabilistic and network approaches are obvious extensions that should be explored in the future.
Altered sleep and EEG power in the P301S Tau transgenic mouse model
Authors: Holth Jerrah K. , Mahan Thomas E. , Robinson Grace O. , Rocha Andreia , Holtzman David M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveSleep disturbances are prevalent in human tauopathies yet despite the importance of sleep, little is known about its relationship with tau pathology. Here, we investigate this interaction by analyzing sleep and tau pathology throughout tauopathy disease progression in P301S human tau transgenic mice.MethodsP301S and wild‐type mice were analyzed by electroencephalography (EEG)/electromyography at 3, 6, 9, and 11 months of age for sleep/wake time, EEG power, and homeostatic response. Cortical volume and tau pathology was also assessed by anti‐phospho‐tau AT8 staining.ResultsP301S tau mice had significantly decreased rapid eye movement (REM) sleep at 9 months of age and decreased REM and non‐REM (NREM) sleep as well as increased wakefulness at 11 months. Sleep loss was characterized by fewer wake, REM, and NREM bouts, increased wake bout duration, and decreased sleep bout duration. Decreased REM and NREM sleep was associated with increased brainstem tau pathology in the sublaterodorsal area and parafacial zone, respectively. P301S mice also showed increased EEG power at 6 and 9 months of age and decreased power at 11 months. Decreased EEG power was associated with decreased cortical volume. Despite sleep disturbances, P301S mice maintained homeostatic response to sleep deprivation.InterpretationOur results indicate that tau pathology is associated with sleep disturbances that worsen with age and these changes may be related to tau pathology in brainstem sleep regulating regions as well as neurodegeneration. Tau‐induced sleep changes could affect disease progression and be a marker for therapeutic efficacy in this and other tauopathy models.
Stille and Suzuki Cross‐Coupling Reactions as Versatile Tools for Modifications at C‐17 of Steroidal Skeletons – A Comprehensive Study
Authors: Koch Vanessa , Nieger Martin , Bräse Stefan 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHerein, we report on a comparative Stille and Suzuki cross‐coupling study of steroidal vinyl (pseudo)halides with different boronic acids and tributyltin organyls. Furthermore, we have investigated the “inverse” case of those cross‐coupling reactions, i.e., the reaction of a steroidal vinylpinacolatoborane or a tributyltin steroid with various bromides. The development of both methods allows the introduction of different residues at C‐17 of steroid skeletons providing access to a broad variety of steroid analogues which are of high interest for biological screenings or natural product synthesis.magnified image
Refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS) and RARS with thrombocytosis (RARS‐T): 2017 update on diagnosis, risk‐stratification, and management
Authors: Patnaik Mrinal M. , Tefferi Ayalew 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDisease OverviewRing sideroblasts (RS) are erythroid precursors with abnormal perinuclear mitochondrial iron accumulation. Two myeloid neoplasms defined by the presence of RS, include refractory anemia with ring sideroblasts (RARS), now classified under myelodysplastic syndromes with RS (MDS‐RS) and RARS with thrombocytosis (RARS‐T); now called myelodysplastic/myeloproliferative neoplasm with RS and thrombocytosis (MDS/MPN‐RS‐T).DiagnosisMDS‐RS is a lower risk MDS, with single or multilineage dysplasia (SLD/MLD), <5% bone marrow (BM) blasts and ≥15% BM RS (≥5% in the presence of SF3B1 mutations). MDS/MPN‐RS‐T, now a formal entity in the MDS/MPN overlap syndromes, has diagnostic features of MDS‐RS‐SLD, along with a platelet count ≥ 450 × 10(9)/L and large atypical megakaryocytes (similar to BCR‐ABL1 negative MPN).Mutations and KaryotypeMutations in SF3B1 are seen in ≥80% of patients with MDS‐RS‐SLD and MDS/MPN‐RS‐T, and strongly correlate with the presence of BM RS; MDS/MPN‐RS‐T patients also demonstrate JAK2V617F, ASXL1, DNMT3A, SETBP1, and TET2 mutations; with ASXL1/SETBP1 mutations adversely impacting survival. Cytogenetic abnormalities are uncommon in both diseases.Risk stratificationMost patients with MDS‐RS‐SLD are stratified into lower risk groups by the revised‐International Prognostic Scoring System (R‐IPSS). Disease outcome in MDS/MPN‐RS‐T is better than that of MDS‐RS‐SLD, but worse than that of essential thrombocythemia. Both diseases have a low risk of leukemicTreatmentAnemia and iron overload are complications seen in both and are managed similar to lower risk MDS and MPN. Aspirin therapy is reasonable in MDS/MPN‐RS‐T, especially in the presence of JAK2V617F, but the value of platelet‐lowering drugs is uncertain.
Proteintemplat‐gesteuerte Bildung eines Inhibitors des Koagulationsfaktors Xa durch eine Amidierung ohne Hintergrundreaktion
Authors: Jaegle Mike , Steinmetzer Torsten , Rademann Jörg 
Published: February 2017

AbstractProteintemplat‐gesteuerte Reaktionen ermöglichen eine “Ziel‐geleitete Synthese” von Proteinliganden ausgehend von reaktiven Fragmenten – im Idealfall ohne jegliche Hintergrundreaktion. Hier wird die Templat‐unterstützte Bildung von Amiden untersucht. Ein nukleophiles Fragment, das an Koagulationsfaktor Xa bindet, wurde mit dem Protein und 13 unterschiedlich aktivierten Dipeptiden inkubiert. Das Protein induzierte eine nicht‐katalytische Templat‐unterstützte Reaktion des Phenyl‐ und Trifluorethylesters; für Letzteren konnte eine vollständig Hintergrund‐freie Amidierung nachgewiesen werden. Ausgehend von zwei Startfragmenten mit mm Affinität wurde ein 29 nm superadditiver Inhibitor gebildet. Die Fragmentligation wurde mit hoher Empfindlichkeit über einen Enzymaktivitätsassay und Massenspektrometrie detektiert. Der Reaktionsfortschritt und die Autoinhibierung der Templat‐gesteuerten Reaktion durch das gebildete Ligationsprodukt wurden bestimmt, und die Struktur des Protein‐Inhibitor‐Komplexes wurde aufgeklärt.
Protein‐Templated Formation of an Inhibitor of the Blood Coagulation Factor Xa through a Background‐Free Amidation Reaction
Authors: Jaegle Mike , Steinmetzer Torsten , Rademann Jörg 
Published: February 2017

AbstractProtein‐templated reactions enable the target‐guided formation of protein ligands from reactive fragments, ideally with no background reaction. Herein, we investigate the templated formation of amides. A nucleophilic fragment that binds to the coagulation factor Xa was incubated with the protein and thirteen differentially activated dipeptides. The protein induced a non‐catalytic templated reaction for the phenyl and trifluoroethyl esters; the latter was shown to be a completely background‐free reaction. Starting from two fragments with millimolar affinity, a 29 nm superadditive inhibitor of factor Xa was obtained. The fragment ligation reaction was detected with high sensitivity by an enzyme activity assay and by mass spectrometry. The reaction progress and autoinhibition of the templated reaction by the formed ligation product were determined, and the structure of the protein–inhibitor complex was elucidated.
Synthesis and characterization of metal complexes of azo dye based on 5‐nitro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline and their applications in dyeing polyester fabrics
Authors: El‐Wakiel Nadia A. , Rizk Hala F. , Ibrahim Seham A. 
Published: February 2017

New Mn(II), Ni(II), Co(II) and Cu(II) complexes of an azo dye ligand based on p‐phenylenediamine with 5‐nitro‐8‐hydroxyquinoline were synthesized and characterized using elemental analysis, inductive coupled plasma analysis, molar conductance, powder X‐ray diffraction, thermogravimetric analysis, magnetic moment measurements, and infrared, 1H NMR, electron ionization mass and UV–visible spectral studies. The spectral and analytical data reveal that the azo dye ligand acts as a monobasic bidentate ligand via deprotonated OH and nitrogen atom of the quinoline ring. The data support the formulation of all complexes with a 2:1 ligand‐to‐metal ratio, except the Mn(II) complex that has a mononuclear formula. All complexes have an octahedral structure. The molar conductance data reveal that all the metal complexes are non‐electrolytic in nature. From the X‐ray data, the average particle size of the ligand and its complexes is 0.32–0.64 nm. The colour fastness to light, washing, perspiration, sublimation and rubbing of the prepared ligand and its complexes on polyester fabrics and colorimetric properties were measured. The results reveal that the ligand and its complexes have a good to moderate affinity to polyester fibres.
Preparation and properties of poly(siloxane‐ether‐urethane)‐acrylic hybrid emulsions
Authors: Yi Tingfa , Ma Guozhang , Hou Caiying , Li Shasha , Zhang Ruofei , Wu Jianbing , Hao Xiaogang 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTPoly(siloxane‐ether‐urethane)‐acrylic (PU‐AC) hybrid emulsions were prepared by introducing different hydroxyethoxypropyl‐terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) content into the acrylic‐terminated poly(ether‐urethane) backbone and then in situ copolymerizing with methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate via emulsion process. The effects of PDMS on the particle size and viscoelastic behavior of the hybrid emulsions were investigated. Meanwhile, the hydrogen bonding, mechanical and thermal mechanical properties, water resistance, the surface gloss, and wettability of the resultant hybrid films were also studied. The results showed that all the hybrid emulsions showed shear‐thinning behaviors, and the introduction of PDMS resulted in the formation of the hybrid emulsions with increased average particle size and decreased viscosity. The chemical bonds built between PU and AC yielded higher than 73% crosslinking fraction in all the hybrid materials, but this value decreased with increasing PDMS content because PDMS reduced the hydrogen bonding interactions and enhanced the phase separation. As a result, an increase in the PDMS content led to an increase in the elongation, water resistance, surface roughness, and water hydrophobic of the films, but the tensile strength, hardness, storage modulus, and glass transitions temperature decreased. It is suggested that introduction of PDMS can provide the hybrid materials with the improved flexibility, water resistance, and surface hydrophobicity, which has potential application value in the fouling‐release coatings, biomaterials, and surface fishing. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2017, 134, 44927.
Otter occupancy in the Cape Peninsula: Estimating the probability of river habitat use by Cape clawless otters, Aonyx capensis, across a gradient of human influence
Authors: Okes Nicola C. , O'Riain M. Justin 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

The distribution of Cape clawless otters, Aonyx capensis, in South Africa and their habitat requirements in freshwater and marine systems has been well established. There is, however, a lack of information on how otters are adapting to urban development and the transformation of critical freshwater habitat.
Within the Western Cape, the Cape Peninsula exhibits substantial variation in levels of human impact over a small geographic range, offering an excellent opportunity to explore the hypothesis that otters are adversely affected by habitat transformation.
A single season occupancy model was used based on otter sign to determine the probability of otter occupancy across a gradient of habitat transformation at both landscape and local scales.
The probability of otters occupying river habitat in the Cape Peninsula was low (P = 0.29) but increased with proximity to marine protected areas (MPAs) that included estuaries and wetland habitat. Otter presence was not influenced by proximity to urban areas at the landscape scale, but declined in canalized sections of river that were heavily degraded by human activity.
Despite being heavily transformed, lowland aquatic ecosystems may still provide critical resources in the form of fresh water and breeding sites, and together with food within the marine habitat may be sustaining the peninsula's otter population.
In order for otters to persist on the peninsula, conservation authorities must maintain wetland, estuarine and river habitat in close proximity to MPAs. Further research is needed to determine the long‐term impacts on otters persisting in degraded ecosystems.
Annual single season occupancy surveys provide a rapid, cost‐effective method for monitoring changes in otter occupancy which should be incorporated into current monitoring efforts to provide much needed long‐term monitoring of a top predator in freshwater ecosystems.
The status of marine biodiversity in the Eastern Central Atlantic (West and Central Africa)
Authors: Polidoro Beth A. , Ralph Gina M. , Strongin Kyle , Harvey Michael , Carpenter Kent E. , Arnold Rachel , Buchanan Jack R. , Camara Khairdine Mohamed Abdallahi , Collette Bruce B. , Comeros‐Raynal Mia T. , De Bruyne Godefroy , Gon Ofer , Harold Antony S. , Harwell Heather , Hulley Percival A. , Iwamoto Tomio , Knudsen Steen W. , Lewembe Jean de Dieu , Linardich Christi , Lindeman Kenyon C. , Monteiro Vanda , Munroe Thomas , Nunoo Francis K.E. , Pollock Caroline M. , Poss Stuart , Russell Barry , Sayer Catherine , Sidibe Aboubacar , Smith‐Vaniz William , Stump Emilie , Sylla Mor , Tito De Morais Luis , Vié Jean‐Christophe , Williams Akanbi 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

The status of marine biodiversity in the Eastern Central Atlantic (ECA), especially of coastal and pelagic fishes, is of concern owing to a number of threats including overharvesting, habitat loss, pollution, and climate change combined with inadequate policy responses, legislation, and enforcement.
This study provides the first comprehensive documentation of the presence, status, and level of extinction risk, based on IUCN Red List assessment methodology, for more than 1800 marine species, including all taxonomically described marine vertebrates (marine mammals, sea turtles, seabirds, fishes); complete clades of selected marine invertebrates (sea cucumbers, cone snails, cephalopods, lobsters, reef‐building corals); and marine plants (mangroves, seagrasses).
Approximately 8% of all marine species assessed in the ECA are in threatened categories, while 4% are listed as Near Threatened, 73% are Least Concern, and 15% are Data Deficient. Fisheries and overharvesting are the biggest threats to living marine resources in the ECA, with 87% of threatened species across all taxonomic groups affected by both large‐ and small‐scale targeted fisheries, excessive capture as by‐catch, or unsustainable harvest.
The results of this study will transform the current state of knowledge and increase capacity for regional stakeholders to identify and enact marine conservation and research priorities, as a number of species are identified as having high conservation and/or research priorities in the region.
Through the process of marine species data collection and risk assessments conducted over the past 5 years, several key conservation actions and research needs are identified to enable more effective conservation of marine biodiversity in the ECA, including increased governance, multilateral collaboration, taxonomic training, and improved reporting of fisheries catch and effort.