bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Chemical Analysis of Casual Elements for Deterioration of Cylindrical EDLC
Authors: YOSHITAMA HIROMU , TASHIMA DAISUKE , SAKODA TATSUYA , HAYASHI NORIYUKI , YUHARA MASAMITSU , UTSUNOMIYA TAKASHI 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYChemical analysis was carried out before and after the constant voltage hold test that was an acceleration deterioration examination to clarify deterioration factors of electric double‐layer capacitor (EDLC). The results showed that the stress test slightly caused the increase of internal resistance. It was also confirmed that the range of fluorochemicals was formed on the electrode surface for approximately 10 nm in depth using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA). From the chemical analysis of the electrolyte using an inductively coupling plasma emission analyzer (ICP‐OES), it was confirmed that the electrolyte included silicon which is one of the ingredient elements of an electrode and that the increase in holding voltage in the stress test decreased the silicon density in the electrolyte.
Presence of substitute diets alters plant resistance to specialist and generalist herbivores: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Sato Yasuhiro , Kudoh Hiroshi 
Published: November 2016

AbstractHow herbivores respond to resource heterogeneity is important for predicting plant resistance to herbivores. Experimental studies thus far have revealed that herbivore responses differ depending on whether herbivores are offered single or multiple plant types, but the reports have rarely been combined. Here, we conducted a meta‐analysis of 47 publications on choice and no‐choice experiments to reveal how the presence/absence of multiple plants (i.e., choice/no‐choice conditions) alters the extent of behavioral avoidance by herbivores. The herbivore diet breadth and response traits (feeding, growth, or oviposition) explained a significantly large amount of heterogeneity in the herbivore response under choice and no‐choice conditions. In contrast, a small amount of heterogeneity was explained by the herbivore types (vertebrates, exophagous, or endophagous invertebrates), plant resistance traits (chemical or nonchemical), plant life form, and relatedness of plant pairs (intraspecific or interspecific) as well as interactions between the herbivore and plant characteristics. Compared with the no‐choice conditions, specialist herbivores further avoided suboptimal plants under choice conditions. Generalist herbivores more evenly utilized optimal and suboptimal plants under choice conditions. The avoidance of suboptimal plants under choice conditions was the most prominent in oviposition response. Thus, our meta‐analysis found that herbivore characteristics rather than plant traits were more responsible for driving behavioral avoidance by herbivores to a particular plant. The contrasting response between specialist and generalist herbivores to plant heterogeneity may be more ubiquitous than previously thought.
Microclimates mitigate against hot temperatures in dryland ecosystems: termite mounds as an example
Authors: Joseph G. S. , Seymour C. L. , Coetzee B. W. T. , Ndlovu M. , De La Torre A. , Suttle R. , Hicks N. , Oxley S. , Foord S. H. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractTermite mounds have recently been shown to protect against drought by providing refuges for plants and foci for revegetation, but whether mounds modulate temperature remains untested. Organisms tend to experience climate at finer scales than those captured by models predicting how distributions alter with global change, so microclimates represent important “climate refuges.” Using data we collected from African savanna sites, generalized linear mixed‐effects models and linear quantile regression analysis confirm for the first time that the woody species associated with large termite mounds establish microclimates that are significantly cooler than surrounding savannas, a cooling effect that is even greater at warmer extremes. As air temperatures approached 40°C, a cooling effect of up to 4°C occurred, representing a doubling from that observed at 34°C. African savannas encompass 10 million km2, and much of this harbors evenly dispersed termitaria. The temperature‐modulating effect of mounds facilitates agricultural and conservation decision‐making as global change begins to impact the integrity of both human well‐being and ecological processes.
Temporal niche differentiation of parasites sharing the same plant host: oak powdery mildew as a case study
Authors: Hamelin Frédéric M. , Bisson Anne , Desprez‐Loustau Marie‐Laure , Fabre Frédéric , Mailleret Ludovic 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPlant diseases are often caused by complexes of closely related parasite species. The coexistence of species sharing the same niche challenges the competitive exclusion principle. Here, we performed the mathematical analysis of a generic model of sibling parasite species coexistence based on seasonality. We showed that coexistence through temporal niche partitioning is biologically plausible as it occurred in a significant part of the parameter space of the model. Moreover, the reversal of species relative frequencies (i.e., the most frequent species at the beginning of the season becoming the last frequent at the end) can occur without compromising the long‐term coexistence of the two species. We provided data showing that this reversal pattern does repeat over years in the case of two sibling species responsible for oak powdery mildew (Erysiphe alphitoides and Erysiphe quercicola) in Europe. Last, the model was fitted to the data and satisfactorily described the population dynamics of oak powdery mildew species. The seasonal succession of these two plant pathogen species provides one of the few examples of coexistence by temporal niche partitioning at the scale of the season caused by exploitative competition. We discuss whether evolutionary branching may have led to temporal niche differentiation in this system.
Environmental values and fire hazard of eucalypt plantings
Authors: Jenkins Meaghan , Collins Luke , Price Owen , Penman Trent , Zylstra Phil , Horsey Bronwyn , Bradstock Ross 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe revegetation of cleared landscapes with woody plants (termed “environmental planting”) has the potential to sequester carbon (C), provide habitat, and increase biodiversity and connectivity. These environmental values are potentially offset by an increased fire hazard posed by revegetation. There is a need to understand the influence environmental planting has on landscape fire behavior and to determine how this changes as plantings age. This study examined how environmental values, regenerative capacity, fuel metrics, and potential fire behavior change with time since planting. We assessed 57 sites across the Albury‐Wodonga region (New South Wales, Australia). This included a range of environmental planting ages (4–40 yr time since planting), remnants, and pastures. Carbon storage increased with age of planting, with largest C stores found in remnants (105 tC/ha), while habitat complexity plateaued around 20 yr, with no significant difference between moderately aged plantings (14–20 yr), old plantings (>20 yr), and remnants. Modeled rate of fire spread was faster in pastures compared to environmental plantings and remnants. Flame height was slightly higher (0.5–1 m) in pastures than environmental plantings and remnants under a Very High Forest Fire Danger Index (FFDI), but this trend reversed under Extreme and Catastrophic conditions with flame heights greatest in environmental plantings and remnants albeit with slower rates of spread. This research highlights the importance of environmental plantings in the landscape in terms of C storage and environmental values and indicates the perceived hazard associated with rate of spread and flame height may not be justified at or less than Very High FFDI. However, at FFDI greater than Very High fire behavior may be significantly enhanced in environmental plantings and remnants. Further consideration needs to be given to the size and design of plantings and the type of species planted to fully develop an understanding of the complexities of fire risk. This study allows land managers to make informed decisions regarding the values and risks associated with revegetation of cleared landscapes with woody plants.
Relationships between tree biomass productivity and local species diversity
Authors: Wang Juan , Cheng Yanxia , Zhang Chunyu , Zhao Yazhou , Zhao Xiuhai , Von Gadow Klaus 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThis study evaluated the relationship between the productivity of aboveground coarse woody biomass and species richness at individual species and community levels in two large and fully stem‐mapped temperate forest plots in northeastern China. Although productivity–diversity relationships (PDRs) have been investigated for different forest ecosystems, specific patterns have rarely been documented for individual species. In our study, the PDR patterns were found to be scale dependent at the community level in both research forests. Productivity is positively linked with species richness at the 20 × 20 m sampling scale. At the 40 × 40 m scale, however, significantly positive PDRs were only observed in the mature forest. A summary statistic combining both productivity and richness characteristics was used to investigate whether and at which spatial scale individual species show positive, negative, or neutral PDRs. The results show that 66.7% of all focal species exhibited positive or negative PDRs in the near‐mature forest, while 64.3% exhibited positive or negative PDRs in the mature forest. Contrary to expectations, there were few species showing positive PDRs in either forest. PDR patterns were found to be scale dependent in both forest types: Negative PDRs dominate at close neighborhoods in the near‐mature forest, while both positive and negative PDRs were found in the mature forest. To our knowledge, this is the first analysis that evaluates the PDRs of individual species based on facilitative and competitive effects in their neighborhoods.
Demystifying governance and its role for transitions in urban social–ecological systems
Authors: Muñoz‐Erickson Tischa A. , Campbell Lindsay K. , Childers Daniel L. , Grove J. Morgan , Iwaniec David M. , Pickett Steward T. A. , Romolini Michele , Svendsen Erika S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractGovernance is key to sustainable urban transitions. Governance is a system of social, power, and decision‐making processes that acts as a key driver of resource allocation and use, yet ecologists—even urban ecologists–seldom consider governance concepts in their work. Transitions to more sustainable futures are becoming increasingly important to the management of many ecosystems and landscapes, and particularly so for urban systems. We briefly identify and synthesize important governance dimensions of urban sustainability transitions, using illustrations from cities in which long‐term social–ecological governance research is underway. This article concludes with a call to ecologists who are interested in environmental stewardship, and to urban ecologists in particular, to consider the role of governance as a driver in the dynamics of the systems they study.
Shrinking windows of opportunity for oak seedling establishment in southern California mountains
Authors: Davis Frank W. , Sweet Lynn C. , Serra‐Diaz Josep M. , Franklin Janet , McCullough Ian , Flint Alan , Flint Lorraine , Dingman John R. , Regan Helen M. , Syphard Alexandra D. , Hannah Lee , Redmond Kelly , Moritz Max A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractSeedling establishment is a critical step that may ultimately govern tree species’ distribution shifts under environmental change. Annual variation in the location of seed rain and microclimates results in transient “windows of opportunity” for tree seedling establishment across the landscape. These establishment windows vary at fine spatiotemporal scales that are not considered in most assessments of climate change impacts on tree species range dynamics and habitat displacement. We integrate field seedling establishment trials conducted in the southern Sierra Nevada and western Tehachapi Mountains of southern California with spatially downscaled grids of modeled water‐year climatic water deficit (CWDwy) and mean August maximum daily temperature (Tmax) to map historical and projected future microclimates suitable for establishment windows of opportunity forQuercus douglasii, a dominant tree species of warm, dry foothill woodlands, andQ. kelloggii, a dominant of cooler, more mesic montane woodlands and forests. Based on quasi‐binomial regression models,Q. douglasiiseedling establishment is significantly associated with modeledCWDwyand to a lesser degree with modeledTmax.Q. kelloggiiseedling establishment is most strongly associated withTmaxand best predicted by a two‐factor model includingCWDwyandTmax. Establishment niche models are applied to explore recruitment window dynamics in the western Tehachapi Mountains, where these species are currently widespread canopy dominants. Establishment windows are projected to decrease by 50–95%, shrinking locally to higher elevations and north‐facing slopes by the end of this century depending on the species and climate scenario. These decreases in establishment windows suggest the potential for longer‐term regional population declines of the species. While many additional processes regulate seedling establishment and growth, this study highlights the need to account for topoclimatic controls and interannual climatic variation when assessing how seedling establishment and colonization processes could be affected by climate change.
Platinum Nanoparticles Modified with Perfluorinated Alkylamines as a Model Cathode Catalyst for Fuel Cells
Authors: Miyabayashi Keiko , Miyake Mikio 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPlatinum nanoparticles (NPs) modified with undecafluorohexylamine (UFHA) and octylamine were synthesized as a novel model cathode catalyst for fuel cells. The modified Pt NPs were well characterized by FTIR, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and transmission electron microscopy. These NPs supported on carbon black were applied as electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction. The UFHA‐modified Pt NP catalyst showed high electrocatalytic activity and durability compared to a commercial catalyst. Besides suppression of undesired oxide formation on the Pt surface, the affinity between the perfluorinated alkyl chains of UFHA and Nafion® improved the catalyst activity by creating a desirable proton conduction path. Additionally, UFHA modification improved durability by suppressing Pt dissolution and carbon corrosion because of restricted water accessibility. The β‐oxide formation, which is responsible for Pt dissolution, was significantly attenuated by surface modification.
Spectroscopic biomarkers of motor cortex developmental plasticity in hemiparetic children after perinatal stroke
Authors: Carlson Helen L. , MacMaster Frank P. , Harris Ashley D. , Kirton Adam 
Published: November 2016

AbstractPerinatal stroke causes hemiparetic cerebral palsy and lifelong motor disability. Bilateral motor cortices are key hubs within the motor network and their neurophysiology determines clinical function. Establishing biomarkers of motor cortex function is imperative for developing and evaluating restorative interventional strategies. Proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) quantifies metabolite concentrations indicative of underlying neuronal health and metabolism in vivo. We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided MRS to investigate motor cortex metabolism in children with perinatal stroke. Children aged 6–18 years with MRI‐confirmed perinatal stroke and hemiparetic cerebral palsy were recruited from a population‐based cohort. Metabolite concentrations were assessed using a PRESS sequence (3T, TE = 30 ms, voxel = 4 cc). Voxel location was guided by functional MRI activations during finger tapping tasks. Spectra were analysed using LCModel. Metabolites were quantified, cerebral spinal fluid corrected and compared between groups (ANCOVA) controlling for age. Associations with clinical motor performance (Assisting Hand, Melbourne, Box‐and‐Blocks) were assessed. Fifty‐two participants were studied (19 arterial, 14 venous, 19 control). Stroke participants demonstrated differences between lesioned and nonlesioned motor cortex N‐acetyl‐aspartate [NAA mean concentration = 10.8 ± 1.9 vs. 12.0 ± 1.2, P < 0.01], creatine [Cre 8.0 ± 0.9 vs. 7.4 ± 0.9, P < 0.05] and myo‐Inositol [Ins 6.5 ± 0.84 vs. 5.8 ± 1.1, P < 0.01]. Lesioned motor cortex NAA and creatine were strongly correlated with motor performance in children with arterial but not venous strokes. Interrogation of motor cortex by fMRI‐guided MRS is feasible in children with perinatal stroke. Metabolite differences between hemispheres, stroke types and correlations with motor performance support functional relevance. MRS may be valuable in understanding the neurophysiology of developmental neuroplasticity in cerebral palsy. Hum Brain Mapp 38:1574–1587, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
How reliable is DFT in predicting relative energies of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon isomers? comparison of functionals from different rungs of jacob's ladder
Authors: Karton Amir 
Published: November 2016

Density functional theory (DFT) is the only quantum‐chemical avenue for calculating thermochemical/kinetic properties of large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) such as graphene nanoflakes. Using CCSD(T)/CBS PAH isomerization energies, we find that all generalized gradient approximation (GGA) and meta GGA DFT functionals have severe difficulties in describing isomerization energies in PAHs. The poor performance of these functionals is demonstrated by the following root‐mean‐square deviations (RMSDs) obtained for a database of C14H10 and C18H12 isomerization energies. The RMSDs for the GGAs range between 6.0 (BP86‐D3) and 23.0 (SOGGA11) and for the meta GGAs they range between 3.5 (MN12‐L) and 11.9 (τ‐HCTH) kJ mol−1. These functionals (including the dispersion‐corrected methods) systematically and significantly underestimate the isomerization energies. A consequence of this behavior is that they all predict that chrysene (rather than triphenylene) is the most stable C18H12 isomer. A general improvement in performance is observed along the rungs of Jacob's Ladder; however, only a handful of functionals from rung four give good performance for PAH isomerization energies. These include functionals with high percentages (40–50%) of exact Hartree–Fock exchange such as the hybrid GGA SOGGA11‐X (RMSD = 1.7 kJ mol−1) and the hybrid‐meta GGA BMK (RMSD = 1.3 kJ mol−1). Alternatively, the inclusion of lower percentages (20–30%) of exact exchange in conjunction with an empirical dispersion correction results in good performance. For example, the hybrid GGA PBE0‐D3 attains an RMSD of 1.5 kJ mol−1, and the hybrid‐meta GGAs PW6B95‐D3 and B1B95‐D3 result in RMSDs below 1 kJ mol−1. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Origination of antlerogenesis
Authors: Heckeberg Nicola S. 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTAntlers are unique appendages. They are shed and rebuilt at intervals, and are synapomorphic for all living Cervidae (except for the Chinese water deer, Hydropotes inermis, in which they have presumably been lost). The antlerogenic process is controlled by a complex interaction of fluctuating levels of several hormones, most importantly testosterone. The oldest antler remains are recorded from the early Miocene; these have been interpreted as non‐deciduous appendages because of supposed permanent skin coverage and the lack of a burr (a well‐developed osseous protuberance around the base of the antler, which is always present in extant cervids). The aim of this study is to test the hypothesis that antler shedding was possible in these early Miocene cervids. Antlers of all extant and eight Miocene cervid genera, including burr‐less antler fragments of the earliest cervids Procervulus, Ligeromeryx, and Lagomeryx were studied. An extensive comparative morphological analysis of external features of the antler, and of the abscission area and the base of the antler in particular, was undertaken. The results indicate that a regular, porous, and rugose abscission surface at the proximal end of the antler indicates antler shedding in both living and fossil cervids. The antler shedding mechanism must therefore have already been present in all early/mid Miocene cervid genera included in this study. On this basis, it is suggested that the presence of a burr is not prerequisite in order to shed antlers, that the presence of perpetual antlers has not yet been verified, and that the process of shedding and regeneration developed with the first appearance of these organs. This insight is particularly important for the systematic classification of early Miocene species as Cervidae, because the absence of the antler shedding and rebuilding mechanism would exclude them from the taxon Cervidae and from any relationship with extant cervids. J. Morphol. 278:182–202, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.
Re‐epithelialization of large wound in paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls
Authors: Huang Ting‐Yu , Chang Chun‐Che , Cheng Nai‐Chen , Wang Mu‐Hui , Chiou Ling‐Ling , Lee Kuang‐Lun , Lee Hsuan‐Shu 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTAxolotls (Ambystoma mexicanum) may heal their skin wounds scar‐free in both paedomorphs and metamorphs. In previous studies on small punch skin wounds, rapid re‐epithelialisation was noted in these two axolotl morphs. However, large wound size in mammals may affect wound healing. In this study, large circumferential full thickness excision wounds on the hind limbs were created on juvenile paedomorphic and metamorphic axolotls. The results showed re‐epithelialisation was more quickly initiated in paedomorphs than in metamorphs after wounding. The migrating rate of epidermis on the wound bed was faster in paedomorphs than in metamorphs and thus completion of re‐epithelialisation was faster in paedomorphs than in metamorphs. Within these re‐epithelialisation periods, neither basement membrane nor dermis was reformed. Epidermal cell proliferation was detected by EdU‐labelling technique. In the normal unwounded skin, epidermal proliferation rate was higher in paedomorphs than in metamorphs. After wounding, the epidermal proliferation rate was significantly lower in the migrating front on the wound bed than in the normal skin in paedomorphs. The EdU‐labelling rate between normal skin and migration front was not different in metamorphs. Lacking of more proliferating epidermal cells on the wound bed indicated that the new epidermis here derived rather from migrating epidermal cells than from cell proliferation in situ. In conclusion, re‐epithelialisation in the large wound might be fully completed in both morphs despite it was initiated earlier and with faster rate in paedomorphs than in metamorphs. The new epidermis on the wound bed derived mainly from cell migration than by cell proliferation in the re‐epithelialisation period. J. Morphol. 278:228–235, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals,Inc.