Abstract P1-08-03: Identification and characterization of a novel endoxifen substrate, PKCβ1, and its interaction with the estrogen receptor
Authors: Guo C , Kuffel MJ , Kudgus RA , Huang Z , Bode AM , Cheng J , Suman VJ , Reid JM , Bruinsma ES , Subramaniam M , Ames MM , Hawse JR , Goetz MP 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
Background: The primary mechanism by which tamoxifen (Tam) and its metabolites exert their biologic effects is through estrogen receptor (ER) binding and inhibition of ER signaling. We and others demonstrated that endoxifen (Endx) has greater antitumor activity in vitro and in vivo compared to Tam and the first-in-human Endx phase I study demonstrated its antitumor activity in patients with prior progression on Tam (Goetz SABC 2015). PKCs are a family of serine/threonine-specific protein kinases that regulate signaling pathways involved in cell proliferation and tumorigenic transformation. Our prior protein docking studies suggested endoxifen may be a substrate for PKCs. Here we report the effects of Tam and Endx on PKCβ1 binding, kinase activity, as well as interactions between PKCβ1 and ERα.
Methods: Surface Plasmon Resonance (SPR, Biacore T200, GE Healthcare) was used to evaluate binding of Tam, N-desmethyl Tam (NDMT), 4-HT, and Endx to PKCβ1 and PKCβ2. The effects of Tam and Endx on PKCβ1 kinase activity were determined. Proliferation and colony formation in MCF7 parental and PKCβ1 overexpressing cells were evaluated. siRNA silencing was used to knockdown PKCβ1 expression in the following cells: MCF7 aromatase expressing cells that were either sensitive (MCF7/AC1) or resistant to letrozole (MCF7/AC1 L-resistant); T47D; and MDA-MB-361. Coimmunoprecipitation assay and DUOlink in situ proximity ligation were used to investigate the interaction between PKCβ1 and ERα.
Results: Endx more potently inhibited PKCβ1 kinase activity compared to Tam ( IC50 350 nM vs 47.8 μM ) with KDs for PKCβ1 binding as follows: Endx (100 nM ), Tam ( 2 μM ), 4-HT ( 2 μM ) and NDMT (&gt; 7 μM ). None of the SERMs exhibited PKCβ2 binding. In the MCF7/AC1 and MCF7/AC1 L-resistant cells, PKCβ1 knockdown resulted in ERα degradation and potently inhibited cell proliferation. These results were confirmed in T47D and MDA-MB-361 cells. Notably, PKCβ1 knockdown in MCF7/AC1 cells resulted in significantly greater E2 induced proliferation comparing siRNA knockdown vs. control. To further explore these effects, we evaluated the effects of PKCβ1 overexpression in MCF7 cells and demonstrated that PKCβ1 overexpression reduced cell proliferation and colony formation compared to parental MCF-7 cells without affecting ERα protein stability. Coimmunoprecipitation assays in transient transfected MCF-7 cells with exogenous PKCβ1 as well as PKCβ1 expressing MDA-MB-231 cells transiently or stably transfected with ERα demonstrated PKCβ1 and ERα interaction, with confirmation by Duolink assay that this interaction occurs in the cytoplasm.
Conclusions: Our findings demonstrated that endoxifen binds and inhibits PKCβ1 at relevant concentrations achieved in the endoxifen clinical trial studies. PKCβ1 interacts with cytoplasmic ERα and PKCβ1 knockdown inhibits cell proliferation and enhances ERα turnover. However, in PKCβ1 overexpressing cells, PKCβ1 may exhibit tumor suppressive effects. These data suggest a complex interaction between PKCβ1 and ERα and that endoxifen's effects on PKCβ1 may alter drug response of endocrine therapy. Further studies are ongoing to characterize the role of PKCβ1 and its role in ER biology and response to endoxifen.
Citation Format: Guo C, Kuffel MJ, Kudgus RA, Huang Z, Bode AM, Cheng J, Suman VJ, Reid JM, Bruinsma ES, Subramaniam M, Ames MM, Hawse JR, Goetz MP. Identification and characterization of a novel endoxifen substrate, PKCβ1, and its interaction with the estrogen receptor [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2016 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2016 Dec 6-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2017;77(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P1-08-03.