bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advanced in situ multi-scale characterization of hardness of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic
Authors: Wang Hongxin , Masuda Hideki , Kitazawa Hideaki , Onishi Keiko , Kawai Masamichi , Fujita Daisuke 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
In situ multi-scale characterization of hardness of carbon-fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) is demonstrated by a traditional hardness tester, instrumented indentation tester and atomic-force-microscope (AFM)-based nanoindentation. In particular, due to the large residual indentation and nonuniform distribution of the microscale carbon fibers, the Vickers hardness could not be calculated by the traditional hardness tester. In addition, the clear residual microindentation could not be formed on the CFRP by instrumented indentation tester because of the large tip half angle of the Berkovich indenter. Therefore, an efficient technique for characterizing the true nanoscale hardness of CFRP was proposed and evaluated. The local hardness of the carbon fibers or plastic matrix on the nanoscale did not vary with nanoindentation location. The Vickers hardnesses of the carbon fiber and plastic matrix determined by AFM-based nanoindentation were 340 ± 30 and 40 ± 2 kgf/mm2, respectively.
Broadband light-scattering spectroscopy on fractal and non-fractal relaxors
Authors: Koreeda Akitoshi , Ogawa Tomohiro , Katayama Daisuke , Fujii Yasuhiro , Tachibana Makoto 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
We show the quasi-elastic light scattering (QELS) spectra of two groups of relaxors: the first group includes relaxors that exhibit glasslike low-temperature thermal conductivity and heat capacity, namely, Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PMN), (1 − x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3–xPbTiO3 (PMN–xPT), Pb(Zr1/3Nb2/3)O3 (PZN), and (Na1/2Bi1/2)TiO3 (NBT). The other group consists of relaxors exhibiting a normal (crystal) temperature dependence of the thermal conductivity and heat capacity, namely, K1−

x
Li
x
TaO3 (KLT) and KTa1−

x
Nb
x
O3 (KTN). The crystals of the first group yielded self-similar (power-law) QELS spectra, indicating the existence of fractal networks/clusters of polar nanoregions, while those of the second group did not show any self-similarity in the QELS spectra. These results imply that the glasslike low-temperature thermal conductivity and heat capacity in relaxors can be attributed to the vibrational modes specific to fractal networks/clusters formed by polar nanoregions.
Retrievals of ice cloud microphysical properties of deep convective systems using radar measurements
Authors: Tian Jingjing , Dong Xiquan , Xi Baike , Wang Jingyu , Homeyer Cameron R. , McFarquhar Greg M. , Fan Jiwen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThis study presents newly developed algorithms for retrieving ice cloud microphysical properties (ice water content (IWC) and median mass diameter (Dm)) for the stratiform rain and thick anvil regions of deep convective systems (DCSs) using Next Generation Radar (NEXRAD) reflectivity and empirical relationships from aircraft in situ measurements. A typical DCS case (20 May 2011) during the Midlatitude Continental Convective Clouds Experiment (MC3E) is selected as an example to demonstrate the 4‐D retrievals. The vertical distributions of retrieved IWC are compared with previous studies and cloud‐resolving model simulations. The statistics from six selected cases during MC3E show that the aircraft in situ derived IWC and Dm are 0.47 ± 0.29 g m−3 and 2.02 ± 1.3 mm, while the mean values of retrievals have a positive bias of 0.19 g m−3 (40%) and negative bias of 0.41 mm (20%), respectively. To evaluate the new retrieval algorithms, IWC and Dm are retrieved for other DCSs observed during the Bow Echo and Mesoscale Convective Vortex Experiment (BAMEX) using NEXRAD reflectivity and compared with aircraft in situ measurements. During BAMEX, a total of 63, 1 min collocated aircraft and radar samples are available for comparisons, and the averages of radar retrieved and aircraft in situ measured IWC values are 1.52 g m−3 and 1.25 g m−3 with a correlation of 0.55, and their averaged Dm values are 2.08 and 1.77 mm. In general, the new retrieval algorithms are suitable for continental DCSs during BAMEX, especially within stratiform rain and thick anvil regions.
Phytoplankton blooms weakly influence the cloud forming ability of sea spray aerosol
Authors: Collins Douglas B. , Bertram Timothy H. , Sultana Camille M. , Lee Christopher , Axson Jessica L. , Prather Kimberly A. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAfter many field studies, the establishment of connections between marine microbiological processes, sea spray aerosol (SSA) composition, and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) has remained an elusive challenge. In this study, we induced algae blooms to probe how complex changes in seawater composition impact the ability of nascent SSA to act as CCN, quantified by using the apparent hygroscopicity parameter (κapp). Throughout all blooms, κapp ranged between 0.7 and 1.4 (average 0.95 ± 0.15), consistent with laboratory investigations using algae‐produced organic matter, but differing from climate model parameterizations and in situ SSA generation studies. The size distribution of nascent SSA dictates that changes in κapp associated with biological processing induce less than 3% change in expected CCN concentrations for typical marine cloud supersaturations. The insignificant effect of hygroscopicity on CCN concentrations suggests that the SSA production flux and/or secondary aerosol chemistry may be more important factors linking ocean biogeochemistry and marine clouds.
A new approach for monthly updates of anthropogenic sulfur dioxide emissions from space: Application to China and implications for air quality forecasts
Authors: Wang Yi , Wang Jun , Xu Xiaoguang , Henze Daven K. , Wang Yuxuan , Qu Zhen 
Published: September 2016

AbstractSO2 emissions, the largest source of anthropogenic aerosols, can respond rapidly to economic and policy driven changes. However, bottom‐up SO2 inventories have inherent limitations owing to 24–48 months latency and lack of month‐to‐month variation in emissions (especially in developing countries). This study develops a new approach that integrates Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) SO2 satellite measurements and GEOS‐Chem adjoint model simulations to constrain monthly anthropogenic SO2 emissions. The approach's effectiveness is demonstrated for 14 months in East Asia; resultant posterior emissions not only capture a 20% SO2 emission reduction in Beijing during the 2008 Olympic Games but also improve agreement between modeled and in situ surface measurements. Further analysis reveals that posterior emissions estimates, compared to the prior, lead to significant improvements in forecasting monthly surface and columnar SO2. With the pending availability of geostationary measurements of tropospheric composition, we show that it may soon be possible to rapidly constrain SO2 emissions and associated air quality predictions at fine spatiotemporal scales.
Evolution of submesoscale coastal frontal waves in the East China Sea based on geostationary ocean color imager observational data
Authors: Yin Wenbin , Huang Daji 
Published: September 2016

AbstractOceanic frontal waves are frequently observed, but their life cycles are poorly understood because of the lack of time series data. In this study, the data of geostationary ocean color imager was used to explore the complete evolutionary process of submesoscale frontal waves off the southeast coast of China. Their evolution was analyzed in terms of both wave outline and ridge lines. The process lasted approximately 10 days as the waves propagated southward along the isobaths, accompanied by tidal oscillations. The life cycle comprised three stages: development, maturation, and decay. Scale estimation suggested that the onset of this process is caused by the collective effect of forced motion and unforced instability which is triggered by the passage of a tropical storm. The observed life cycle of frontal waves will provide an empirical basis for future theoretical investigations.
Statistical properties of substorm auroral onset beads/rays
Authors: Nishimura Y. , Yang J. , Pritchett P. L. , Coroniti F. V. , Donovan E. F. , Lyons L. R. , Wolf R. A. , Angelopoulos V. , Mende S. B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAuroral substorms are often associated with optical ray or bead structures during initial brightening (substorm auroral onset waves). Occurrence probabilities and properties of substorm onset waves have been characterized using 112 substorm events identified in Time History of Events and Macroscale Interactions during Substorms (THEMIS) all‐sky imager data and compared to Rice Convection Model–Equilibrium (RCM‐E) and kinetic instability properties. All substorm onsets were found to be associated with optical waves, and thus, optical waves are a common feature of substorm onset. Eastward propagating wave events are more frequent than westward propagating wave events and tend to occur during lower‐latitude substorms (stronger solar wind driving). The wave propagation directions are organized by orientation of initial brightening arcs. We also identified notable differences in wave propagation speed, wavelength (wave number), period, and duration between westward and eastward propagating waves. In contrast, the wave growth rate does not depend on the propagation direction or substorm strength but is inversely proportional to the wave duration. This suggests that the waves evolve to poleward expansion at a certain intensity threshold and that the wave properties do not directly relate to substorm strengths. However, waves are still important for mediating the transition between the substorm growth phase and poleward expansion. The relation to arc orientation can be explained by magnetotail structures in the RCM‐E, indicating that substorm onset location relative to the pressure peak determines the wave propagation direction. The measured wave properties agree well with kinetic ballooning interchange instability, while cross‐field current instability and electromagnetic ion cyclotron instability give much larger propagation speed and smaller wave period.
Effects of disturbed electric fields in the low‐latitude and equatorial ionosphere during the 2015 St. Patrick's Day storm
Authors: Kuai Jiawei , Liu Libo , Liu Jing , Sripathi S. , Zhao Biqiang , Chen Yiding , Le Huijun , Hu Lianhuan 
Published: September 2016

AbstractThe 2015 St. Patrick's Day geomagnetic storm with SYM‐H value of −233 nT is an extreme space weather event in the current 24th solar cycle. In this work, we investigated the main mechanisms of the profound ionospheric disturbances over equatorial and low latitudes in the Asian‐Australian sector and the American sector during this super storm event. The results reveal that the disturbed electric fields, which comprise penetration electric fields (PEFs) and disturbance dynamo electric fields (DDEFs), play a decisive role in the ionospheric storm effects in low latitude and equatorial regions. PEFs occur on 17 March in both the American sector and the Asian‐Australian sector. The effects of DDEFs are also remarkable in the two longitudinal sectors. Both the DDEFs and PEFs show the notable local time dependence, which causes the sector differences in the characteristics of the disturbed electric fields. This differences would further lead to the sector differences in the low‐latitude ionospheric response during this storm. The negative storm effects caused by the long‐duration DDEFs are intense over the Asian‐Australian sector, while the repeated elevations of hmF2 and the equatorial ionization anomaly intensifications caused by the multiple strong PEFs are more distinctive over the American sector. Especially, the storm time F3 layer features are caught on 17 March in the American equatorial region, proving the effects of the multiple strong eastward PEFs.
Diurnal evolution of the F region electron density local time gradient at low and middle latitudes resolved by the Swarm constellation
Authors: Xiong Chao , Zhou Yun‐Liang , Lühr Hermann , Ma Shu‐Ying 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIn this study we have provided new insights into the local time gradient of F region electron density (ΔNe) derived from the lower pair of Swarm satellites flying side by side. Our result shows that the electron density (Ne) increase starts just at sunrise, around 06:00 LT, simultaneously at low and middle latitudes due to the increased photoionization. At equatorial latitudes the increase in electron density gets even steeper after 07:00 LT, and the steepest increase of electron density (about 3 · 1010 m−3 within 6 min) occurs around 09:00 LT. We suggest that the upward vertical plasma drift in connection with the buildup of the equatorial fountain effect plays a major role. We also found that the local time variations of the equatorial ionization anomaly (EIA) crest electron density during daytime are similar to the respective evolutions at the equator, but about 1–2 h delayed. We relate this delay to the response time between the equatorial electric field and the buildup of the plasma fountain. At equinox months a fast decrease of the F region electron density is seen at the EIA trough region during the prereversal enhancement, while an increase is found meanwhile at crest regions. Afterward, a fast decrease of the EIA crest electron density occurs between 19:00 and 23:00 LT, with seasonal dependence. The local time gradient between Swarm A and C shows also prominent longitudinal wave‐4 pattern around August months, and the phase of DE3 in ΔNe is found to be delayed by 6 h compared to that in Ne.
Effect of particle entrainment on the runout of pyroclastic density currents
Authors: Fauria Kristen E. , Manga Michael , Chamberlain Michael 
Published: September 2016

AbstractPyroclastic density currents (PDCs) can erode soil and bedrock, yet we currently lack a mechanistic understanding of particle entrainment that can be incorporated into models and used to understand how PDC bulking affects runout. Here we quantify how particle splash, the ejection of particles due to impact by a projectile, entrains particles into dilute PDCs. We use scaled laboratory experiments to measure the mass of sand ejected by impacts of pumice, wood, and nylon spheres. We then derive an expression for particle splash that we validate with our experimental results as well as results from seven other studies. We find that the number of ejected particles scales with the kinetic energy of the impactor and the depth of the crater generated by the impactor. Last, we use a one‐dimensional model of a dilute, compressible density current—where runout distance is controlled by air entrainment and particle exchange with the substrate—to examine how particle entrainment by splash affects PDC density and runout. Splash‐driven particle entrainment can increase the runout distance of dilute PDCs by an order of magnitude. Furthermore, the temperature of entrained particles greatly affects runout and PDCs that entrain ambient temperature particles runout farther than those that entrain hot particles. Particle entrainment by splash therefore not only increases the runout of dilute PDCs but demonstrates that the temperature and composition of the lower boundary have consequences for PDC density, temperature, runout, hazards and depositional record.
Offspring loss after male change in wild siamangs: the importance of abrupt weaning and male care
Authors: Morino Luca , Borries Carola 
Published: September 2016

AbstractObjectivesInfanticide by males is assumed to promote permanent male–female associations, although its importance for social monogamy is still debated. We examined the consequences of male membership change in the largest socially monogamous primate, the siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus), a species that also forms polyandrous groups and where males may provide offspring care. We examine (a) the potential risk of infanticide by documenting changes in female–offspring relationships following male change, expecting abrupt weaning; and (b) the potential importance of male care and polyandry for offspring survival.MethodsWe witnessed four male changes at Way Canguk Field Station (Indonesia) in groups where the youngest offspring was estimated to be about 2 years of age. We quantified aspects of mother–offspring relationships (interindividual distance, body contact, and nipple contact) and estimated the proportion of time being carried during travel (August 2007–April 2009).ResultsIn the two groups into which new males immigrated, offspring were weaned abruptly, suggesting infanticide by males as a potential risk. Even though no attacks on infants by males were witnessed, both infants disappeared shortly after the male change. Another infant disappeared after its main carrier (a male) emigrated. Conversely, in a group where the resident subordinate male replaced the dominant male, the offspring experienced no change in care and survived the transition.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that male immigration in hylobatids increases mortality risk for infants, emphasize the importance of offspring care, and cast doubts on prior classifications of 2‐year‐old siamangs as independently traveling individuals.
Enantioresolution of (RS)‐baclofen by liquid chromatography: A review
Authors: Batra Sonika , Bhushan Ravi 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBaclofen is a commonly used racemic drug and has a simple chemical structure in terms of the presence of only one stereogenic center. Since the desirable pharmacological effect is in only one enantiomer, several possibilities exist for the other enantiomer for evaluation of the disposition of the racemic mixture of the drug. This calls for the development of enantioselective analytical methodology. This review summarizes and evaluates different methods of enantioseparation of (RS)‐baclofen using both direct and indirect approaches, application of certain chiral reagents and chiral stationary phases (though very expensive). Methods of separation of diastereomers of (RS)‐baclofen prepared with different chiral derivatizing reagents (under microwave irradiation at ease and in less time) on reversed‐phase achiral columns or via a ligand exchange approach providing high‐sensitivity detection by the relatively less expensive methods of TLC and HPLC are discussed. The methods may be helpful for determination of enantiomers in biological samples and in pharmaceutical formulations for control of enantiomeric purity and can be practiced both in analytical laboratories and industry for routine analysis and R&D activities.
Simultaneous determination of three active components in rat plasma by UPLC–MS/MS: Application to pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of Herba Sarcandrae extract
Authors: Zhang Bin , Chen Jianguo , Jiang Qichuan , Wang Xuefeng , Lu Yan , Gong Liang , Chen Dong 
Published: September 2016

AbstractA rapid, specific and sensitive ultra‐performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC‐MS/MS) method was developed and validated for determination of isofraxidin, rosmarinic acid and kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucuronide in rat plasma using warfarin as an internal standard (IS). Separation was conducted on a Thermo Hypersil GOLD C18 column with linear gradient elution using methanol and water. Mass spectrometric detection was conducted using selected reaction monitoring (SRM) via an electrospray ionization (ESI) source. All analytes exhibited good linearity within their concentration ranges (r > 0.9990). The lower limits of quantitations of isofraxidin, rosmarinic acid, and kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucuronide were 1.31, 0.67 and 0.92 ng/mL, respectively. Intra‐ and inter‐day precisions of these investigated components exhibited an RSD within 11.7%, and the accuracy ranged from −12.5 to 15.0% at all QC levels. The developed method was successfully applied to a pharmacokinetic study of isofraxidin, rosmarinic acid, and kaempferol‐3‐O‐glucuronide in rats after oral administration of Herba Sarcandrae Extract.
Human glandular organoid formation in murine engineering chambers after collagenase digestion and flow cytometry isolation of normal human breast tissue single cells
Authors: Huo Cecilia W. , Huang Dexing , Chew Grace L. , Hill Prue , Vohora Ambika , Ingman Wendy V. , Glynn Danielle J. , Godde Nathan , Henderson Michael A. , Thompson Erik W. , Britt Kara L. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractWomen with high mammographic density (MD) are at increased risk of breast cancer (BC) after adjustment for age and body mass index. We have developed a murine biochamber model in which both high MD (HMD) and low MD (LMD) tissue can be propagated. Here, we tested whether cells isolated by collagenase digestion and fluorescence‐activated cell sorting (FACS) from normal breast can be reconstituted in our biochamber model, which would allow cell‐specific manipulations to be tested. Fresh breast tissue was collected from women (n = 7) undergoing prophylactic mastectomy. The tissue underwent collagenase digestion overnight and, in some cases, additional FACS enrichment to obtain mature epithelial, luminal progenitor, mammary stem, and stromal cells. Cells were then transferred bilaterally into biochambers in SCID mice (n = 5–7) and incubated for 6 weeks, before harvesting for histological analyses, and immunohistochemical staining for cytokeratins (CK), vimentin, Ki‐67, murine macrophages, and Cleaved Caspase‐3. Biochambers inoculated with single cells after collagenase digestion or with flow cytometry contained glandular structures of human origin (human vimentin‐positive), which expressed CK‐14 and pan‐CK, and were proliferating (Ki‐67‐positive). Glandular structures from the digested tissues were smaller than those in chambers seeded with finely chopped intact mammary tissue. Mouse macrophage infiltration was higher in the chambers arising from digested tissues. Pooled single cells and FACS fractionated cells were viable in the murine biochambers and formed proliferating glandular organoids of human origin. This is among the first report to demonstrate the success of formed human glandular organoids from isolated primary mammary cells in the murine biochamber model.
Increased fatty acid accumulation following overexpression of glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase and suppression of β‐oxidation in oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina
Authors: Yang Hua , Chen Haiqin , Hao Guangfei , Mei Tiantian , Zhang Hao , Chen Wei , Chen Yong Q. 
Published: September 2016

Mortierella alpina is an industrial oleaginous fungus. Although its fatty acid synthesis pathways have been thoroughly examined, the mechanism for fatty acid accumulation is still not fully understood. In this study, we analyzed the effect of glycerol‐3‐phosphate (G3P) supply and β‐oxidation suppression during fatty acid accumulation. The NAD+‐dependent glycerol‐3‐phosphate dehydrogenase coding gene was cloned from M. alpina ATCC 32222 and overexpressed in this organism. Lipid analysis via GC‐MS revealed that overexpression of G3PD1 resulted in a 50% increase in fatty acid content, whereas G3PD2 exerted a less significant effect and G3PD3 had no effect. Simultaneous supplementation with carnitine O‐acetyltransferase inhibitor, R‐etomoxir, further improved fatty acid accumulation up to 49.4% of dry cell weight.Practical applications: Our results suggest that G3PD1 plays an important role during fatty acid accumulation in M. alpina. Suppression of β‐oxidation can significantly increase fatty acid accumulation. These findings have obvious implications for biotechnological strategies to increase the overall level of oil production. Simultaneously, overexpressing G3PD1 and inhibiting genes involved in fatty acid β‐oxidation may be a step forward to achieving further improvements in fatty acid accumulation in M. alpina.G3PD1, catalyzing G3P to DHAP conversion, plays the most important role during fatty acid accumulation in M. alpina compared to G3PD2 and G3PD3.