bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Reliability, Interfacing and Standardization Aspects in High Power AC Drive Applications
Authors: Kobi Heinz , Terens Lucien , Wikström Per 
Published: October 2016

Selecting, buying and installing an electric variable speed drive system (EVSDS) for a high power drive application is an activity with project character. It is not a product business.
In order to bring the audience to the same level of understanding, there is a chapter with an overview of different VSDS technologies. This overview also gives our opinion of what a large AC drive should be capable of. In the main part of the paper we will review the project handling process. The stages of this process cover project planning, all phases of the drive order, operation, maintenance, servicing and upgrading if needed, up to dismantlement. Focus is set on those issues that have the greatest impact on the reliability of the drive. Besides state-of-the-art technology, two important preconditions are required for a successful application of variable speed drive systems. These are proper drive integration into the drive environment and standardization based on modular structures.
By means of a case history we will report on a large AC drive project and the experience gained in this context.
This paper is in particular addressed to application engineers and persons who are involved in selection and operation of large VSDSs (from a few megawatt to hundreds of megawatt).
Developing Tolerable Risk Criteria for Gas Transmission Pipelines
Authors: Martinez Jose L. , Rodriguez Enrique 
Published: October 2016

After completing an extensive risk assessment stage, PGPB’s Risk Management Team was ready to move towards Risk Management philosophy. Comparing PEMEX’s algorithm with the typical values of the industry enabled the risk assessment approach adopted in PGPB. As a result of a comprehensive study that gathered several of the users of the same analysis tool, an optimised and normalised algorithm was obtained to support the risk assessment programme and comply with the company’s policies.
The risk assessment stage included more than 1,700 kilometres of LPG pipelines and 3,500 kilometres of natural gas. This stage was granted as final until consistent risk values were achieved in every segment section. To move into the Risk Management stage a comprehensive study was performed to define tolerable risk criteria for PGPB pipeline network.
Importance of Effective Contract Management: GasPacifico Pipeline Project — A Case Study
Authors: Marshall Robert G. , Proctor Catherine 
Published: October 2016

The GasPacífico Project involved the construction of 543 kilometres of NPS 20 and NPS 24 high pressure gas pipeline to connect the natural gas reserves in the Province of Neuquen, Argentina to the industrial and domestic demand in and near the city of Concepción, Chile. The pipeline crossed the Pampas of Argentina, the imposing Andes mountain range, the Coastal mountain range and the highly populated agricultural terrain of the Central Valley (740 individual landowners in total) leading to the west coast of Chile.
TransCanada International Ltd. was responsible for the overall project management of the GasPacifico Project which included design, construction and contract administration. In March 1998, the Project Team began the procedure to pre-qualify bidders, to prepare contract documents and to call for bids in preparation for the selection of construction contractors for the project. Contracts were awarded on July 30, 1998.
The proper selection of the Contractors was considered of paramount importance in the project because of the high degree of difficulty of the project, the budget constraints, and the very limited time available for construction.
The details of the process established for the selection of the Contractors for the GasPacífico Project as presented in this paper include:
• the criteria for the pre-qualification of the bidders;
• the technical evaluation format;
• the commercial evaluation format;
• sensitivity studies for unit rate items and extra work;
• the application of the technical/commercial evaluations to the final selection.
A Structured Approach to Supplier Performance Measurement
Authors: Coulson K. E. W. , Slimmon T. C. , Murray M. A. 
Published: October 2016

The start of the new millennium will see companies in the oil and gas industry faced with a dual challenge. Not only will they have to undertake exploration in more demanding terrain and environments, but they also face far more competition in what they previously regarded as their traditional marketplace. The goal of meeting both shareholder and customer needs, while simultaneously attempting to increase market share by becoming more competitive, will be paramount if this success is to be achieved. While a number of strategies have been developed over the last decade in an attempt to achieve and balance these financial goals, the control and reduction of costs play a significant part in all such ‘cost effective’ programs.
Past approaches have targeted the organisational structure, internal processes and strategic advantage through acquisitions, mergers and downsizing. However, any gains realised by such programs must be continuously improved upon by implementing innovative approaches to future reductions and controlling costs. Some companies have shifted the focus from internal cost scrutiny to influencing and ultimately controlling external factors of cost. The supply chain offers a tremendous opportunity to drive out costs, one such approach being to partner with the best suppliers of key components to shorten delivery times while minimizing life cycle costs. It is therefore paramount that one distinguishes between those who are simply suppliers and that smaller group who are the best suppliers, all the while fostering a win-win relationship by sharing growth and profitability.
This paper will introduce the concepts of the Supplier Performance Measurement Process (SPMP), which NOVA / TransCanada introduced in late 1997 to measure and manage its suppliers’ performance in the provision of a few strategically critical commodities. To provide context for this paper two such commodities, high pressure line pipe and high integrity pipe coatings are addressed in some detail. The application of the process to these commodities alone yielded a capital cost reduction of 6%. The paper explains in practical terms, the steps involved in the implementation of SPMP, and provides a simple process for eliciting feedback on the efficacy of the procurement process.
New Design Concepts for Pipelines Buried in Permafrost
Authors: Greenslade John G. , Nixon Derick 
Published: October 2016

This paper outlines some of the recent design developments and construction support efforts of the authors and their colleagues that reduce the capital cost and enhance the design integrity and environmental performance of pipelines buried in permafrost.
These new design concepts can significantly reduce the expected cost of a major northern gas pipeline relative to historical conceptual costs.
Recent North Slope of Alaska oil developments have successfully utilized new design concepts for warm buried crossings of major rivers to achieve certain environmental and economic objectives. The fully buried oil pipeline from Normal Wells, NWT, originally designed as a cold pipeline, has successfully operated in recent years as an ambient temperature system. These developments widen the application and improve the potential cost advantage of buried oil pipelines over above grade pipelines in permafrost.
Screw Anchor Buoyancy Control Saves an Estimated $12 Million for Enbridge Pipeline
Authors: Doering Raymond , Robertson Randy 
Published: October 2016

In today’s competitive environment, oil and gas pipeline companies must search for materials and construction methods that reduce project capital costs while maintaining the quality and integrity of the pipeline. Pipeline buoyancy control can be a major cost of large diameter pipelines, particularly for routes that cross wet terrain.
In 1999, Enbridge Pipelines (Athabasca) Inc. constructed the 541 km NPS 30 Athabasca Pipeline from Fort McMurray to Hardisty, Alberta. Because of the substantial areas of muskeg that the pipeline route traversed, Enbridge selected a pipeline anchor system as the primary means of buoyancy control for the project. This new technology saved greater than an estimated $12 million CDN when compared with the cost of concrete set-on weights, which is the traditional method of controlling buoyancy of pipelines in North America.
This paper describes the design of the anchor system selected for this project, details the calculations performed to determine anchor spacing, documents the challenges which were overcome during installation, and analyses the cost savings which were achieved by the use of this technology.
Microstructure of Microalloyed Linepipe Steels
Authors: Sharma Udit , Ivey Douglas G. 
Published: October 2016

The aim of this study was to characterize the microstructure of microalloyed linepipe steels. The steels investigated were X70 (0.04 wt% C - 0.02 wt% Ti - 0.07 wt% Nb) and X80 (0.04 wt% C - 0.025 wt% Ti - 0.09 wt% Nb) steels, where the numbers refer to their specified minimum yield strength (SMYS) in ksi. This class of steels has the advantage of high strength and good toughness combined with minimal wall thickness (15.5 mm for X70 steel). These attributes result in considerable cost savings when installation of several hundreds of kilometers of pipeline is required for oil and natural gas recovery and transport.
The present study focused on phase identification and quantification, distribution of alloying elements and inclusions and segregation effects. Both steels were primarily composed of a mixed ferrite structure, i.e., polygonal ferrite and acicular ferrite/bainite, with characteristic low angle grain boundaries and high dislocation densities. The proportion of acicular grains was higher for the X80 steel. Pockets of retained austenite, exhibiting a Kurdjumov-Sachs orientation relationship (KS-OR) with the adjoining ferrite, were found in both steels.
Five general classes of precipitates were identified in both steels: 1) Very large (2–10 μm) cuboidal TiN particles nucleated on inclusions; 2) large (0.1–1.0 μm) cuboidal TiN particles; 3) medium sized (30–50nm), irregular shaped Nb-Ti carbonitrides; 4) fine (<20nm), rounded precipitates of Nb carbonitrides with traces of Mo; 5) very fine dispersed precipitates (<5 nm in size). For X80 steels many of the large TiN precipitates were observed with Nb-rich carbonitrides precipitated epitaxially on them.
Inclusion content and morphology were analyzed in both steels. The inclusions in X70 steels were found to be primarily CaS with significant amounts of Al, O, Ti, Fe and Mn. They were essentially spherical in shape with small elliptical distortions along the rolling direction and across the width of the plate. The morphology of the inclusions in the X80 steel was very similar, however, they showed higher Mn levels.
Performance of Insulated Pipelines in Sub-Arctic Conditions
Authors: Alexander Mike , D’Agostino Carmine 
Published: October 2016

In the conditions of sub-Arctic winter it is not unusual for the ambient temperatures to drop as low as −40°C. Insulated pipes overcoated with extruded polyethylene may fail, sometimes drastically due to mechanical impact which can rupture the outer polyethylene layer and damage the polyurethane foam.
A systematic investigation into the main reasons for this failure mode was conducted, resulting in specific recommendations to permanently solve this problem.
Wear- and Corrosion-Resistant Ceramics for Protection of Pipelines and Rotating Equipment
Authors: Medvedovski Eugene , Marchant David D. 
Published: October 2016

Engineering ceramics have a growing application potential for the wear- and corrosion protection of piping systems and for manufacturing of working parts of rotating equipment in mining and -mineral industries, including oil, gas, coal, ores, and others. The alumina, zirconia, alumina-zirconia, and silicon carbide-based engineering ceramics developed and manufactured by Ceramic Protection Corporation used for extraction, processing, conveying, and dust collection equipment are reviewed. These ceramics have high hardness (greater than the majority of processed materials) and mechanical strength, moderate fracture toughness (fracture toughness of zirconia ceramics is close to metal fracture toughness), excellent wear- and corrosion resistance, ability to withstand high temperatures (greater than 1000°C) and thermal shocks. These ceramics successfully withstand various solid and liquid abrasive media transported at high velocity and turbulence, under high pressure and cavitation. In terms of wear- and corrosion resistance ceramics are significantly stronger than hard steels widely used in the piping systems, and may successfully replace hard metals such as tungsten carbide. The features of the compositions, microstructure, and properties of these ceramics are considered. The wear test results are discussed; the factors effected wear resistance are emphasized. In dependence on the working conditions and the product design, a ceramic material may be chosen or developed in each particular case.
The manufacturing processes of the considered ceramics and the installation technique are described. These ceramics are produced on the large-scale basis, and the parts may be manufactured in accordance with the customer design and requirements. The ceramic components may be manufactured as monolithic bodies, including bodies with the complicated shapes, or as tiles; in both cases they are easily installed into equipment. The main features of the ceramic product design are discussed. Pipe lining, including elbows, T- and Y-sections, cyclones and reducers, nozzles, pump parts, seals, valves, and others made from these ceramics are successfully used in the most important sections of piping systems and rotating equipment. The use of the ceramics reduces the wear- and corrosion problems, increases the life cycle of equipment without damage and shutdowns.
An Interim Approach to Determine Dynamic Ductile Fracture Resistance of Modern High Toughness Pipeline Steels
Authors: Pussegoda N. , Malik L. , Dinovitzer A. , Graville B. A. , Rothwell A. B. 
Published: October 2016

The ductile fracture toughness of steel is used to assess the ability of a pipeline to resist long running ductile fractures in a burst event. In modern low carbon clean steels with high toughness, conventional measures of ductile fracture toughness (standard Charpy and DWTT energy) are under review, and alternatives are being studied. The major factor causing concern is the inability of these tests to isolate the energy associated with crack propagation from the total energy absorbed during the specimen fracture. This is significant in modern high toughness steels because their initiation toughness is extremely high.
To resolve crack propagation energy, a novel modification was evaluated for both Charpy and DWTT specimens by employing a back-slot including a snug fitting shim to replace the removed material. In most cases, this modification was effective in curtailing the load-displacement trace when the propagating crack interacted with the slot on the backside of the specimen, without affecting the initial portion of the trace; this allowed crack propagation energies to be resolved. The propagation energy determined by this method is compared with the total energy and conventional test parameters. The crack propagation energy values inferred based on this should be validated, in future burst test.
Design, Development and Confirmation of a High Toughness Gas Line Pipe for Alliance Pipeline at Camrose Pipe Company
Authors: Afaganis Alex J. , Mitchell James R. , Carlson Lorne , Gilroy-Scott Alan 
Published: October 2016

Through 1999, Camrose Pipe Company manufactured ∼152 km (∼45 000 tonnes) of 1067 × 11.4mm pipe for Alliance Pipeline Partnership Ltd. This section of Alliance’s pipeline was manufactured to a design whose pipe fracture toughness requirements was significantly beyond those historically manufactured in Canada and initiated a major leap in plate/pipe manufacturing toughness capability. The development of line pipe toughness in Canada culminating in this order will be profiled.
Further, this high toughness design is at the far reaches of the traditional fracture arrest models. Besides the traditional Charpy energy measure, and to confirm Alliance’s confidence in their fracture arrest design, another two sets of fracture assessment tests were used on a trial and production basis: the API chevron notch drop weight tear test (CN DWTT) energy and the energy of a similar test using an Alliance notch modification. The results of these tests will be reviewed and compared.
Pipeline Maintenance in Geotechnically Unstable Areas: A Case Study
Authors: Sorensen Michelle L. 
Published: October 2016

The 22″ Alberta Oilsands Pipeline transports synthetic crude oil from Syncrude Canada Limited in Fort McMurray to Edmonton, Alberta. The pipeline crosses the House River approximately 100 kilometers south of Fort McMurray.
The slope has been monitored since 1991 by three slope indicators. A finite element stress analysis indicated that total ground movement since installation in 1977 could correspond to pipeline compressive strains in excess of 0.32%, a level of risk unacceptable to the pipeline owner.
A probability-based model was developed to determine cost and benefit of risk mitigation options. Parameters such as soil movement and pipe strain were input as probability distributions. The mitigation options included: reduce slope instability; reduce pipe stress; reduce pipe-to-soil interaction; implement long term monitoring; determine current pipe strain level (to decrease data uncertainty); do nothing.
A Monte Carlo simulation was used to establish probability of failure and probable cost distributions for each option. The results were presented as a combined cost of failure and mitigation over 10 years.
The analysis indicated that the optimum solution was to remove the existing soil traction loading on the pipe and mitigate long-term slope movement. The decision was made to relieve the pipe strain by excavating. Current pipe strain was measured in situ using residual strain measurement. Long term strain gauges were installed. Slope mitigation was deferred until the strain gauges indicate total pipeline strain levels approaching 0.32%.
Wave Propagation Versus Transient Ground Displacement as a Credible Hazard to Buried Oil and Gas Pipelines
Authors: Honegger Douglas G. 
Published: October 2016

In 1997, a research project was initiated by Southern California Gas Company, Pacific Gas and Electric Company, with support from Tokyo Gas, Osaka Gas, and Toho Gas, to investigate the cause of natural gas pipeline damage during the 1994 Northridge earthquake. As part of this research activity, extensive field and laboratory investigations were performed on a 1925 gas pipeline that suffered several girth weld failures in Potrero Canyon, a remote and unpopulated area just north of the Santa Susana Mountains. The pipeline is operated by the Southern California Gas Company, one of the principle sponsors of the gas utility research project.
The investigations into the performance of the pipeline were largely prompted by questions regarding the cause of pipeline damage. Although ground cracking and sand boils were observed in Potrero Canyon following the Northridge earthquake, there were no clear signs of permanent ground deformation near the locations of pipeline damage. Pipeline damage, consisting predominantly of girth weld tensile failure and two instances of buckling of the pipe wall, indicated that significant relative pipe-soil deformation might have occurred. Field investigations were unable to identify surface evidence of permanent ground deformation near the locations of pipeline damage and attention focused on the possibility that the damage could have been caused by wave propagation. This focus was based on the assertions of past researchers that pipelines with poor-quality oxyacetylene girth welds are susceptible to damage from wave propagation. The detailed investigation of The pipeline has concluded that wave propagation was not a significant factor in the pipeline damage and raises questions regarding wave propagation effects as a causative mechanism for pipeline damage in past earthquakes.
A simple analytical model of the transient ground deformation that may have occurred in the vicinity of the pipeline damage was found to provide insight into the cause of the ground cracking observed at the margins of Potrero Canyon, approximate magnitudes of differential ground displacements that may have occurred during the earthquake, and the reasons for the spatial distribution of pipeline damage. This model is proposed as the basis for identifying locations where similar earthquake effects can be identified in future hazard assessment studies.
Integrating GIS and GPS Into Today’s Pipeline
Authors: Hobbs David , Rummell Keith 
Published: October 2016

Today’s tools and technologies allow the pipeline industry to collect information and describe company pipeline assets in a productive way. Rooney Engineering, Inc. recently completed a 130-mile crude oil pipeline in the greater Los Angeles area of California with which wide ranges of technologies were utilized over an 8-year period. Review of all phases of this pipeline project offers a unique glimpse of managing and integrating traditional survey and Global Positioning System (GPS) techniques with a Geographic Information System (GIS). While the first portion of the project used traditional methods of photogrammetry and Computer Aided Drafting (CAD) to complete the conceptual design and construction drawings, the second portion utilized a combination of CAD, GIS and GPS technologies to assist the construction team during construction and as-built. Geographically organized data was later applied beyond the phases of pipeline construction; data was later used in one-call, contingency planning and emergency response.
This paper will give an overview of the project, including pre-construction drawing preparation, construction zones, terrain types, political jurisdictions, and original staff assignments for data collection. The paper will discuss data dictionary design and management of collected field data, equipment and personnel requirements, and accuracy trade-off. The paper will examine the verification of data for attribute integrity and assignment of positional accuracy tags, along with specific methods of GPS and traditional data collection, while also exploring data management of incoming field data from multiple sources over an extensive timeline. Additionally, the paper will focus on the use of GIS to support construction monitoring and cost reconciliation analysis. Finally, we will review preparation of final drawings, summarize lessons learned, and discuss what the future offers in enhancing pipeline-mapping productivity.