bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
20 Trace metal homeostasis in growing cattle
Authors: Daniel Jean-Baptiste , Martín-Tereso Javier 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Apparent trace metal absorption and tissue retention upon incremental levels of supplemental Zn, Cu, and Mn were studied in growing cattle. A total of 60 Holstein bulls were enrolled for the study and fed for 28 d a diet consisting of barley straw (15%), molasses (10%) and pelleted concentrate (75%; Zn = 78 ppm, Cu = 15 ppm, Mn = 91 ppm). Thereafter, 20 bulls were randomly selected and slaughtered for determination of baseline tissue trace metal composition. The remaining 40 bulls [body weight (BW) = 394 ± 20 kg] were then blocked based on BW in 8 blocks of 5 bulls each. Bulls within a block were randomly assigned one of the diets differing in supplemental levels of Zn, Cu, and Mn (all from sulfate form) with the following dietary contents of Zn, Cu and Mn, respectively: No supplement (38, 7, and 47 ppm), Dose 1 (61, 11, and 68 ppm), Dose 2 (78, 15 and 91 ppm), Dose 3 (123, 26, 136 ppm) or Dose 4 (195, 43, and 214 ppm). These diets were fed for 12 wk, and complete collection of feces and urine were performed on wk 4, 8 and 12 for assessment of trace metals balance and apparent absorption. Gastrointestinal tissues, whole organs (heart, liver, spleen, and kidney), bile, cervical vertebra, and tibia were collected at slaughterhouse from all bulls. All samples were dried, ground, and analyzed for minerals. Data were processed using dietary treatment as a continuous variable and also as categorial variable. Both approaches adjusted for the fixed effect of block (Proc Mixed, SAS 9.4). Whole-body Zn, Cu and Mn balance quadratically increased (P &lt; 0.05) with supplementation, with a significantly higher values for Dose 4 compared with all other dietary treatment (Figure 1, P &lt; 0.05). Dose 4 also led to a 2-fold increase in urinary Zn and Cu excretions (P &lt; 0.05), and a 4-fold increase in urinary Mn excretion (P &lt; 0.01). Although magnitudes of change were moderate (8 to 15%), increasing dietary Zn supply linearly increased spleen Zn content (P = 0.03), and tended to increase ruminal and hepatic Zn content (P &lt; 0.10). Hepatic Cu linearly increased from 264 to 667 mg/kg DM with increasing dietary Cu supply (P &lt; 0.01), whereas Cu concentration in bile only increased at Doses 4 and 5 (P &lt; 0.01). Increasing Mn supply resulted in quadratic increase of ruminal and biliary Mn content from 340 to 1140 mg/kg DM, and from 0.32 to 1.38 mg/L, respectively. Small intestine and cecum Mn concentrations linearly and quadratically increased (about 2-fold increase, P &lt; 0.05) with incremental supply of Mn. Homeostatic regulation mechanisms were apparently overwhelmed at the greatest Zn, Cu and Mn supplementation levels evaluated in this study.
27 Effects of particle size and trace mineral source on vitamin stability in premix
Authors: De Araujo Davi Brito , Boerboom Gavin M , Busink Ronald , Grandia Jeroen 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Trace minerals and vitamins are necessary in diets for multiple physiological processes related to structural development, catalytic and regulatory systems in the animal. They become especially important when animals are challenged. These ingredients are commonly added to commercial diets through a concentrated mix, a premix. Unfortunately, vitamins are relatively unstable, and minerals are highly reactive, leading to reduction of the vitamins by the minerals. Feeding a mineral of a different particle size can influence this mechanic, as well as a different source, for example hydroxy trace minerals. The objective of this work was to evaluate vitamin A stability in presence of different sources of trace minerals as well as premix conditions. A microcrystalline cellulose matrix was created by dissolving vitamin A in an organic solvent (IPA). A fixed amount of vitamin MCC mix was added to a sample tube per analysis, containing common premix vitamin and mineral levels. Fixed amount of moisture and antioxidant (BHT) was added to evaluate these effects. Results on the effect of moisture indicated that 10% moisture addition had a large effect on vitamin A stability, reducing it by over 50% after 11 d. Vitamin A loss in premixes containing no moisture showed no difference between MCC mixes containing no mineral and ones containing hydroxy Cu, whereas there was a significant drop in vitamin A with CuSO4. Vitamin A stability was significantly affected by a lower particle size Cu source, with CuSO4 below 75 µm showed almost full degradation after 13 d. Hydroxy Cu showed relatively low degradation for its particle size. Overall, the results showed that moisture and particle size can have a huge impact on vitamin A stability, with BHT or antioxidants only partly being able to reduce this. Feeding a higher quality trace mineral source such as hydroxy trace minerals lead to a less reactive Cu, and hence, a higher vitamin A stability.
258 Administering the maternal bovine appeasing substance improves productivity and health responses of high-risk steers during a 60-d feedlot receiving period
Authors: Pickett Autumn , Cooke Reinaldo F , Mackey Shea 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
This experiment compared health, performance, and economical responses of newly received high-risk cattle administered the maternal bovine appeasing substance (mBAS). Angus-influenced newly weaned steers (n = 120) were purchased from an auction facility. Steers arrived at the research feedyard on d -1 and an initial shrunk body weight (BW) was recorded (199 ± 1 kg). Steers were ranked by shrunk BW and assigned to 1 of 2 treatments at initial processing on d 0: a) 10 mL of a mBAS (Ferappease; FERA Diagnostics and Biologicals; College Station, TX) or b) 10 mL of mineral oil (CON; placebo). Treatments were applied topically to the nuchal skin area (5 mL) and above the muzzle (5 mL). Steers were vaccinated, dewormed, implanted, castrated, and received a metaphylaxis treatment at initial processing, and then distributed into 10 drylot pens according to BW and treatment (n = 12 steers/pen, 5 pens/treatment). Feed intake and incidence of bovine respiratory disease (BRD) were recorded daily (d 0 to 60). Blood and hair samples from the tail switch were collected on d 0, 14, 28, 42, and 60. Steers were sampled for nasal microbiota analysis via nasal swab on d 0, 14, and 28. Final shrunk BW was recorded on d 61. Values from d 0 were used as a covariate in each respective analysis. Steer BW gain and final BW did not differ between treatments (P ≥ 0.46). Incidence of BRD were also similar between mBAS and CON steers (56.7% for both treatments; P = 0.99). A greater (P = 0.04) proportion of mBAS calves diagnosed with BRD required a single antibiotic treatment to regain health (70.6 vs. 47.0%), while mortality was greater (P = 0.03) in CON calves diagnosed with BRD (17.6 vs. 2.9%). Relative abundance (%) of Mycoplasma in nasal microbiota was reduced (P &lt; 0.01) in mBAS steers compared with CON (34.7 vs. 27.4%). Cortisol concentration of in hair from the tail-switch was less (P = 0.01) on d 28 for mBAS compared with CON steers. Administering mBAS improved (P ≤ 0.05) total pen-based (“deads-in calculation”) BW change (498 vs. 309 kg) and feed efficiency (0.148 vs. 0.097 kg/kg) during the 60-d receiving period, resulting in greater (P = 0.04) profit in mBAS vs. CON pens ($-123 vs. $1,000/pen). Collectively, administration of mBAS to steers at the beginning of a 60-d receiving period decreased physiological stress markers, improved immunocompetence, reduced mortality, and increased pen-based productivity and overall economical responses.
265 Factors influencing greenhouse gas measurements in beef cattle: Understanding GreenFeed results
Authors: Guarnido-Lopez Pablo , Menendez Hector M , Tedeschi Luis O 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
The environmental impact of the livestock industry, particularly concerning greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, has become a growing concern. Addressing this challenge requires accurate and efficient measurement methods for monitoring and mitigating gas emissions. One noteworthy method is the GreenFeed (GF), developed by C-Lock Inc., designed to measure methane (CH4) emissions and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in ruminants through a real-time non-invasive monitoring device with reduced labor intensity and a high level of precision. The GF is the most used equipment to measure GHG in cattle; however, there is still considerable variability that is not explained due to the variation among animals. Thus, the objective of this work is to analyze other environmental factors influencing GF measurements in cattle to explain the variability observed. For this, a total of 127 yearling Angus steers were evaluated for GHG emissions through 6 GF units placed in 6 different pastures (n = 21 to 22 animals/pasture). Animals were evaluated from June to August (2023) at the South Dakota State University Cottonwood Field Station (Cottonwood, SD). The mean values of GHG evaluated were 174g CH4/d and 5,885 g CO2/d, showing a coefficient of variation (CV%) of 41% and 27%, respectively. To evaluate GHG variation, we used ANOVA type III (package car in R) for the following variables measured by the GF: temperature, wind speed, wind direction, variance influenced by the GF unit by itself, and animal factors as the number of visits and the duration per visit. Table 1 shows the percentage of variance explained by all these factors on the variation of CH4 and CO2; between-animal variation (13 and 15.5%), the GF unit (7.2 and 6.3%), duration of visits (2.7 and 2.8%), wind speed (1.7 and 1.3%), temperature (1.3 and 0.0%), wind direction (0.1 and 0.1%) and number of visits (0.3 and 0.0%). The residual error of the model represented 73.7% for CH4 and 73.9% for CO2, indicating the vast percentage of non-explained variance in these two gases, which, in this case, could be associated with different grazing systems or stocking density of animals in the different pastures. Results of this study demonstrate how other factors, non-related to the animal or the type of feed, may contribute to explaining the variation observed in CH4 and CO2 emissions. In future experiments, these factors should be considered to improve the accuracy of measurements and establish smaller differences between groups/individuals.
263 Public perspectives of calf handling: A survey of Canadians
Authors: Goldhawk Christy , Adams Cindy , Pajor Edmond A 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
In North American beef production handling and restraint of young calves is integral to animal welfare and management practices. This study used a mixed method approach to gather public perceptions of three handling and restraint methods common on beef operations in western Canada (RW - Roping and Wrestling, NF – roping and NordForks, and TT – Tilt Table). Canadian participants (n = 551) recruited by CloudResearch to represent the national demographics participated in an online survey that included videos of each handling method to ascertain preferences and acceptability. Prior to watching the videos, participants were given industry information about handling and restraint or generic information regarding hay as a control information statement within the topic of agriculture. The survey also collected information about knowledge of the beef industry, animal welfare, and empathy toward animals. The reasons for preferences were described as presence of a perceived positive attribute and absence of a perceived negative for most preferred methods, and inversely when explaining least preferred method. The findings focused on calf’s experience, perception of handler actions, and pragmatic balancing of handler needs and a good life for the calf. Methods were rated as more acceptable for participants that ate meat consistently, knew more about the beef industry, and, to a lesser extent, if the individual had a lower animal empathy score (Table 1). Acceptability was not affected by providing information about the practices; however, information about handling and restraint did elicit more pragmatic reasoning. Most participants preferred TT over NF and RW (P &lt; 0.001) and found TT more acceptable as well (P &lt; 0.001). The TT was the most preferred method due to calf experience and human handling, notably the absence of dragging a calf, which was predominant in why participants selected NF or RW as their least preferred method. Consistency of themes highlights that the Canadian public has a fundamental expectation of value for the quality of life of the calf, humane handling, and pragmatism which aligns with beef sustainability initiatives and represent points of connection for building trust between industry and the public.
367 Changing the conversation: Evaluating feedyard closeouts and the beef system on a carcass basis
Authors: Sperber Jessica L 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Beef cattle genetics, management, technologies and nutritional strategies are ever evolving, and current US trends favor feeding cattle to heavier carcass endpoints and optimizing quality grade. The average number of days on feed (DOF) in the US has increased year after year, averaging 195 and 183 DOF for steers and heifers, respectively, as reported by Elanco Benchmark data in 2021. As DOF increase, cattle live performance, including average daily gain and feed efficiency decline; however, hot carcass weight (HCW) becomes significantly heavier. Although a reduction in live feed conversion occurs as cattle are fed for extended DOF, the kilograms of additional live gain that result as kilograms of gain on the carcass, termed carcass transfer, increase linearly. As DOF are extended, carcass transfer has been reported to increase up to 88 %. As a result of genetic advancements, technologies, and feeding longer, HCW has trended heavier over the last 60 yr, with 2024 USDA HCW reported for April as 11.3 and 9.5 kg heavier for steers and heifers, respectively, year after year. According to mandatory price reporting data, approximately 74 % of fat cattle marketed in the US are sold as dressed beef. As we continue to feed to heavier endpoints and longer DOF, the profitability of selling on a carcass-basis increases. With the increase in carcass transfer as DOF extend, this presentation will attempt to address that cattle live performance should be adjusted to a carcass-basis for feedyards to appropriately capture the inflection point at which cost of additional gain equals the price received for the additional gain.
8 Gestational heat stress: Implications for pregnancy success and offspring development in swine
Authors: Johnson Jay S , Byrd MaryKate Harrod 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Gestating sows are particularly sensitive to heat stress due to their large mass and greater metabolic heat production associated with increased reproductive organ and fetal development. Unfortunately, the heat stress sensitivity of gestating sows has increased over the past decades due to genetic and genomic advances that have improved litter sizes and reproductive efficiency. When combined with the greater frequency and severity of heat waves and high temperatures, it is likely that reproductive issues associated with heat stress exposure will continue to be a concern for the swine industry. It is well understood that high temperatures pose a challenge to gestating sows and their developing offspring. Research from 50 to 60 yr ago demonstrated that heat exposure results in a decrease in viable embryos and an increase in embryonic mortality, particularly when gestating sows are subjected to heat stress in the first trimester. Additionally, late gestation heat stress exposure can increase the rate of stillborn piglets and reduce the total number of liveborn piglets. Although the reasons for these losses are multifactorial, the direct influence of maternal body temperature and total stress load on the intrauterine environment can play a significant role during these critical stages. For offspring that survive to birth, prospects for a healthy, productive, and stress-free life are at risk due to the long-lasting effects of in utero heat stress, which include greater postnatal stress sensitivity and decreased productivity. Therefore, understanding and mitigating gestational heat stress in pigs is of great importance to ensure the sustainability and profitability of swine production.
297 Digestibility, blood parameters, and skin barrier function of dogs fed hydrolyzed salmon proteins
Authors: Fanelli Natalia dos Santos , de Godoy Maria Regina Cattai , Mioto Julio 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Conventional pet food diets include meat meals as the primary source of protein. However, hydrolysate proteins have been used due to their improved digestibility and decreased allergic response. Novel sources of salmon protein hydrolysate have been developed, but limited information demonstrating the nutritional value of these proteins is available. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD), blood parameters, and skin barrier function of adult dogs fed two novel sources of salmon hydrolysate protein. This study was approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of the University of Illinois. The novel protein sources included one salmon protein hydrolysate concentrate (SPHC) and one salmon protein hydrolysate isolate (SPHI). Three diets were formulated to meet adult dog nutrient requirements. The first diet contained chicken meal (control), but the second and third diets contained one of the novel ingredients as the main source of protein. Thirty dogs were assigned to the experimental diets in a complete randomized design, with 10 dogs per treatment. The experimental period lasted 90 d after a 15-d adaptation period to the control diet. Fecal samples were collected during the last 5 d of the study and were used to calculate ATTD. Blood and skin parameters were collected on d 0, 45, and 90. Blood was analyzed for serum chemistry and complete blood count for 42 metabolites, and skin was examined for barrier function by evaluating hydration, sebum, and transepidermal water loss on the right and left pinas, upper back, and inguinal locations. The statistical model to assess ATTD included treatment as fixed effect and dog as random effect, while for blood and skin parameters, dog was the random effect, and day was included as a repeated measure to determine the effect of treatment by day. Results demonstrated that ATTD of dry and organic matter was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in SPHI than in the control diet, and ATTD of crude protein and gross energy were greater (P &lt; 0.05) in both salmon hydrolysates compared with the control diet. Creatinine was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in SPHI, alanine aminotransferase was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in SPHC, and cholesterol was less (P &lt; 0.05) in SPHC on d 45 and 90 compared with baseline measurements. Skin hydration in the inguinal location was greater (P &lt; 0.05) in SPHC than in control and SPHI diets. In conclusion, diets containing salmon hydrolysate were more digestible when compared with control diet. Blood parameters were within the normal range for healthy adult dogs, although reduced cholesterol was observed in the SPHC diet over time, which can be beneficial for dogs suffering from hypercholesteremia. In addition, skin barrier function was improved in the inguinal location for the SPHC diet.
307 Use of defatted black soldier fly larvae meal (BSFLM) as an alternative and functional ingredient in canine nutrition
Authors: Mioto Julio , Oba Patrícia M , Madison Sean , Adolphe Jennifer , de Godoy Maria R C 
Published: September 2024

Abstract
Black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae meal (BSFLM) is an alternative, sustainable, and nutrient-rich ingredient for pet foods. However, limited information is available on optimal inclusion levels and its functional properties. The objective of the study was to evaluate the effects of incremental levels of BSFLM (15% or 30%) as a partial or full substitute for chicken by-product meal (CM) in extruded diets. Three complete and balanced diets were formulated and extruded: Control, 15% BSFLM, and 30% BSFLM. The effects of the diets on nutrient digestibility, fecal metabolites and microbiota, and serum oxidative stress and inflammatory biomarkers in adult dogs were examined. A complete randomized design was used with adult Beagles (n = 10/treatment). The experimental period lasted 70 d, consisting of a 14-d adaptation to the control diet followed by 56-d test period. Data were analyzed using SAS Proc Mixed 9.4 with P ≤ 0.05 significance. All diets were well-accepted by the dogs; food intake and fecal output were not affected (P &gt; 0.05) by treatment. Apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter, crude protein, and fat did not differ among treatments, whereas ATTD of organic matter (81.2%) and total dietary fiber (18.9%) was less (P &lt; 0.05) for dogs fed 30% BSFLM in contrast with the Control group (83.2% and 30.3%, respectively). Fecal concentrations of total short-chain fatty acids and total phenols were less (P &lt; 0.05) for dogs fed 30% BSFLM relative to dogs fed Control. No treatment effect was observed for serum biomarkers of oxidative stress and inflammation. Fecal microbial diversity differed between Control and 30% BSFLM groups. Overall, extruded diets containing 15% or 30% were well-digested by dogs as demonstrated by similar ATTD coefficients compared with Control. Intrinsic presence of chitin in BSFLM, and other insect-derived ingredients, can behave like insoluble dietary fiber in a food matrix, which would explain the decreased ATTD for organic matter and total dietary fiber, as well as less fecal concentration of total short-chain fatty acids. The inclusion of 30% BSFLM may have decreased protein hindgut fermentation due to less fecal concentration of total phenols. Altogether, the inclusion of 15% BSFLM resulted in similar physiological responses in comparison with dogs fed the Control diet. Greater inclusion levels of BSFLM may impact ATTD, however, it also has the potential to modulate fecal metabolites and microbiota, without negatively affecting fecal microbial richness.