bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Claim Frequency analysis in Motor Insurance
Authors: Grimes T. 
Published: August 2016

It is a characteristic of motor insurance data that policies can be classified by many different factors, for example age of policyholder, No Claims Discount (N.C.D.), status, amount of voluntary excess and so on. The most ‘complete’ data on the experience of a portfolio would be a classification of each policy by the various rating factors, and by the number of claims which occur on that policy in the period of exposure. It will be shown that provided certain conditions are fulfilled, useful results can be obtained with far less information.The model selected assumes that the claim frequency of a policy (that is, the average number of claims per year) is of the formwhere α, β, γ,.. are rating factors (age of policyholder, N.C.D., status, etc.) and the subscripts range over the different values of the factor (e.g. if N.C.D. has five levels, the subscript of that factor can take five levels). The μ in the formula is a parameter whose use will be explained later.
The Taxation of Life Assurance Companies in the United Kingdom
Authors: Stewart H. M. , Brocksom C. J. 
Published: August 2016

When we were asked to present a paper to the Students' Society we were asked to bear in mind the need of the actuarial student for a simple up-to-date paper on this subject. The impossibility of this task hit us immediately—the subject is not itself simple and the currency of the paper is dependent on the whims of Government. However, we write of the current situation as we see it and we shall try to bring out the basic facts of life office taxation whilst at the same time giving, for the benefit of those without first-hand experience, some feeling for the practical as well as the theoretical aspects of the subject.We shall in sections 1–11 of the paper take the reader through the main points concerning the computations of tax for a proprietary life office, then in sections 12–18 give brief notes about some of the complications and finally in an Appendix give a simplified computation.
Some Experiments with the Emerging Costs of a Hypothetical Pension Fund
Authors: Loades D. H. 
Published: August 2016

1.1. In text-books concerned with the study of pension funds the space devoted to the calculation of emerging costs is usually small and this is probably in keeping with the number of occasions when such estimates are necessary.If, however, it is accepted that the purpose is to produce the best estimate of the emerging costs, the calculations become interesting and consideration of the appropriate bases provides a useful background to the selection of a suitable basis for valuing the capital liabilities of the fund.1.2. This paper develops some ideas generated while preparing detailed estimates of the emerging costs of several immature pension schemes with high rates of turnover of staff. A computer model is described which at the moment is in the early stage of development. Having outlined the pattern of costs derived from the model, the paper considers the effects of simplifying the original assumptions and in particular compares the results of using a traditional valuation basis.
The Actuary in South Africa (1973).
Authors: Barke P. W. 
Published: August 2016

1.1. It is over 17 years since the paper ‘The Actuary in South Africa’ (1) was discussed. In South Africa as elsewhere great changes have taken place and it was felt appropriate to bring the position up to date. Nevertheless those interested are recommended to refer to the 1957 paper and not least to Mr R. G. Mallett's introduction to the discussion. Since the decision was taken to write this paper, Mr Spedding's paper ‘The Actuary in Australia’ (2) has been presented and to facilitate comparison, I have followed the general outline of that paper.1.2. The South African currency is Rands and cents (100 cents equals one Rand). Since South Africa did not follow the United Kingdom devaluation of 1967 the parity was R. 12 equals £7 sterling but South Africa devalued at the end of 1971 and then R. 2 was almost the same as £1. At the time of writing the pound is roughly equivalent to 1·5 Rand.
Silurian Proporidae and Plasmoporidae (Anthozoa, Tabulata) from the Chaleurs Bay region, Canada
Authors: Young Graham A. , Noble James P. A. 
Published: August 2016

Six species belonging to the families Proporidae and Plasmoporidae occur in the Lower and Upper Silurian rocks of the Limestone Point and La Vieille Formations of northern New Brunswick and of the Anse à Pierre-Loiselle, La Vieille, and Gascons Formations of the Gaspé Peninsula of Québec. The three species ofProporaare widely distributed but show varying faunal affinities, while both species ofPlasmopora, Plasmopora loganiandPlasmopora corrugata, are new and are almost endemic. Revised concepts ofProporaandPlasmoporaare proposed. The holotype specimen for the type species ofCamptolithuswas examined and confirms the genus as distinct fromPropora, rather than a synonym as has been previously suggested.The facies distribution of these corals is variable. In general, the proporids, which mostly occur in facies indicating shallow carbonate banks and patch reefs, are more restricted in distribution than the plasmoporids, which occur in these facies and also in others representing a variety of open-shelf environments.
The Ordovician brachiopod genusBimuriafrom the eastern Klamath Mountains, northern California
Authors: Potter A. W. 
Published: August 2016

The genusBimuriaUlrich and Cooper, 1942, is a biogeographically important member of middle and late Ordovician brachiopod faunas of the Callahan–Gazelle area in the eastern Klamath Mountains of northern California. In middle Ordovician deposits the genus is widespread and ranges from Nevada in the west to southwestern Siberia in the east; however, in late Ordovician beds it was previously known only in Sweden and Northern Ireland. In addition to the northern California occurrence reported here, new late Ordovician occurrences are also noted in east-central Alaska–Yukon Territory and Northwest Territories. Three species ofBimuriaare described, including the new species,B. californiensis.A preliminary survey of species described in the literature suggests that the ratio of the length of the dorsal adductor field to the length of the elongate area in the brachial valve decreases from middle to late Ordovician species, and thus may be of biostratigraphic value.
Evolution of the Early Silurian rhynchonellid brachiopodFenestrirostrain the Anticosti Basin of Quebec
Authors: Jin Jisuo , Caldwell W. G. E. , Copper Paul 
Published: August 2016

Among the abundant, well-preserved rhynchonellid brachiopods in the Upper Ordovician–Lower Silurian rocks of Anticosti Island,FenestrirostraCooper, 1955, one of the earliest camarotoechiid genera to appear in the fossil record, is probably of oligorhynchiid ancestry and seemingly endemic to the Anticosti Basin. The genus differs most obviously from other camarotoechiids in its peculiar costae, which are angular and strong posteriorly and flat and weak anteriorly.Three successive species ofFenestrirostra, found in micritic mudstones and calcareous shales of the middle and upper Merrimack and Lower Gun River Formations, provide an example of gradualistic evolution. The most primitive species,F. primaeva, occurs only in the lower part of the middle Merrimack Formation; the descendant intermediate species,F. glacialis, occurs mainly in the upper part of the middle and in the upper Merrimack and in the lowermost Gun River Formations; and the descendant terminal species,F. pyrrha, occurs only in the lower Gun River Formation. Four major morphoseries distinguish the lineage: 1) change in the proportions and size of the shells; 2) increase in the number and concomitant loss of the costae from the anterior halves of the shells; 3) change in the orientation and reduction in the size of the hinge plates and hinge fossettes; and 4) change in the height of the median septum. The evolutionary modifications, estimated to have been accomplished in no more than 1 m.y., may have been adaptive responses to persistent low-energy marine conditions.Biostratigraphically, theFenestrirostralineage provides the basis for three interval or range zones that straddle the Rhuddanian–Aeronian interstage boundary in the Anticosti Basin.
Early and Middle Cambrian Hyolitha (Mollusca) from northeastern China
Authors: Malinky John M. 
Published: August 2016

The hyolithid species Hyolithes crebescens Resser and Endo, Hyolithes cybele Walcott, and Hyolithes delphus Resser and Endo from the Middle Cambrian of China are assigned respectively to the genera Nevadotheca Malinky, Novakotheca n. gen., family Hyolithidae, and Crestjahitus Syssoiev, family uncertain, all in the order Hyolithida. Recognition of Nevadotheca extends its geographic range from North America to China, and the occurrence of Crestjahitus in the Middle Cambrian of China increases its geographic and stratigraphic distribution from the Early Cambrian of the Soviet Union.Poor preservation of the type specimens of Hyolithes? aliger Resser and Endo, H.? aplatus Resser and Endo, H.? cariniferus Resser and Endo, H.? daphnis Walcott, H.? delia Walcott, H.? endoi Howell (as H. ornatus Resser and Endo), H.? mantouensis Resser and Endo, and H.? tenuis Resser and Endo renders their generic identification uncertain. Hyolithes (Orthotheca) glabrus Resser and Endo is here transferred to the hyolith order Orthothecida Marek and referred with question to Decoritheca Syssoiev, family Novitatidae.Morphology of the types of “Hyolithes” fuchouensis Resser and Endo, “H.” kuantungensis Resser and Endo, “H.” sondai Resser and Endo, “Orthotheca” daulis Walcott, and “O.” doris Walcott does not support assignment to the Hyolitha for these species; their phylogenetic affinity is uncertain.
Sinodiversograptus—Its occurrence in Australia and northern Canada
Authors: Loydell David K. 
Published: August 2016

Sinodiversograptus Mu and Chen, 1962, from theMonograptus turriculatusZone of the lower Telychian (=Upper Llandovery, Silurian), is the earliest known Silurian graptolite genus to bear thecal cladia. Only one species of sinodiversograptid is known, this beingS. lientanensis(Mu, 1948). A mature specimen of this species is illustrated in Figure 1. The genusSinodiversograptushas been portrayed as such in both theTreatise(Bulman, 1970) and in Rickards et al.'s (1977) analysis of the evolution of the Silurian and Devonian graptoloids. Mu and Chen (1962), however, in their detailed study of the astogeny of the conspecificS. multibrachiatus, noted that the development ofSinodiversograptusmay be divided into three stages.1) Streptograptid stage (Figure 2.1)—development is as in a normal monograptid, with the first theca arising from the sicula. Subsequent thecae are added sympodially. Rickards et al. (1977) noted that the thecae ofSinodiversograptusare not streptograptid in form (i.e., retroverted, with an aperture slit-like laterally, but possessing a median upturned lip—see Chen, 1986, for illustrations of chemically isolated streptograptid thecae), but are hooked (Figure 2.8), an observation also made by the present author of the thecae of Mu and Chen's (1962) specimens (housed in the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology). They most closely resemble the thecae ofMonograptus runcinatusLapworth, 1876, as illustrated, for example, by Bjerreskov (1975). This first stage of development might, therefore, more correctly be termed the monograptid stage.
Monograptus spiralisand its phylogenetic relationship to early cyrtograptids
Authors: Lenz A. C. , Melchin M. J. 
Published: August 2016

Isolated, uncompressed specimens ofMonograptus spiralisshow that the thecae become increasingly asymmetric and twisted distally and that the lateral margins of the apertures possess lobate veins and extend laterally as spatulate rostral processes. These too become increasingly asymmetric distally.Three species ofCyrtograptus, obtained uncompressed from the same and overlying strata, are compared withM. spiralis. They show little similarity in the details of proximal or distal thecal form.Cyrtograptus sakmaricuspossesses more stout, overlapping proximal thecae, while those ofC.cf.C. laqueusare slender and elongate. In both species, the thecae are moderately asymmetrical, become simpler and less strongly hooked distally, and have simple lateral margins. The third species,Cyrtograptussp., possesses proximal thecae very like those ofC. sakmaricus, but its distal thecae, while strongly twisted, are very much simpler than the type found inM. spiralis.Despite superficial rhabdosomal similarities in flattened material, the thecal details clearly indicate thatM. spiralisis very unlikely to be ancestral to any known species ofCyrtograptusowing to its unique and highly specialized thecal form. Comparison among species ofCyrtograptussuggests, however, that this genus might be polyphyletic, with its ancestors being other members of the “Spirograptus” group.
Pennsylvanian hollinacean and kirkbyacean ostracodes from the Appalachian Basin
Authors: Christopher Cranston C. , Hoare R. D. , Sturgeon M. T. 
Published: August 2016

Hollinacean and kirkbyacean ostracodes are rare to abundant components of the ostracode faunas in the Pennsylvanian marine units of the Appalachian Basin. The diversity of these two groups appears lower in the Appalachian Basin than as reported from the Eastern Interior Basin. Thirty-six taxa, nine hollinelliid and 27 kirkbyiid, are identified. Three new species, Amphissites (Amphikegelites) sohni, Kegelites cooperi, and Kirkbya causa, are proposed.Kirkbyaceans from the Morrowan–Atokan portion of the section compare favorably with those described from the Eastern Interior Basin. The Shleesha rothi Zone of the Eastern Interior Basin can be recognized in the Appalachian Basin, comprising Morrowan and Atokan units. Desmoinesian units in the Appalachian Basin contain many taxa extending up from the Atokan, but several new forms appear. Of the latter, Kegelites cooperi is the most diagnostic species and is the name bearer for the Kegelites cooperi Zone. Missourian–Virgilian faunas are significantly different from those in the Desmoinesian, but are not separable from each other. These units are grouped together into the Kegelites dattonensis Zone.
Evolutionary patterns of naticid gastropods of the Chesapeake Group: an example of coevolution?
Authors: Kelley Patricia H. 
Published: August 2016

The naticid gastropod predator–prey system has been cited as a possible example of coevolution. Previous work indicated that Miocene bivalves from the Chesapeake Group responded to naticid drilling with a predation-avoidance strategy of gradual thickness increase over evolutionary time. The present study examined whether the predators,Euspira heros(Say) andNeverita duplicata(Say), coevolved by increasing their efficiency in response to prey adaptation.Neither predator showed significant trends in most characters thought to affect predator efficiency, including measures of globosity and aperture size relative to shell height. Stasis occurred for all such characters exceptEuspiraaperture height, which showed a statistically significant decrease of 9 percent through the section. Morphologic trends occurred in two additional characters, shell thickness relative to height, and shell height.Euspiraincreased in thickness by 63 percent through the section;Neveritadecreased in thickness by 37 percent (through slightly less section) and simultaneously increased mean height by 60 percent.The size increase exhibited byNeveritacould be interpreted as a coevolutionary response to increased prey defenses. Naticids are subject to predation by other naticids, however; the trends in size and thickness may be viewed instead as an evolutionary strategy to escape naticid predation, including cannibalism. Although the possibility of coevolution is difficult to eliminate, Chesapeake Group naticids appear to have evolve more in response to their own predators than to evolution of their prey.
Candidates for Office, 1993 Annual Ballot
Authors: Wolberg Donald L. 
Published: August 2016

At its midyear meeting in Iowa City, Iowa, on 5 May 1992, Council of The Paleontological Society selected the following candidates for office from nominees proposed by the Nominating Committee:President-Elect (1993–1994): Craig C. Black, Los Angeles, CATreasurer (1993–1996): Johnny A. Waters, Carrollton, GACouncilor-at-large under 40 (1993–1995): Dana H. Geary, Madison, WI
Scale microfossils from the Early Cambrian of northwest Canada
Authors: Allison Carol Wagner , Hilgert Jerry W. 
Published: August 2016

Scale microfossils are locally abundant in rocks of the uppermost Tindir Group and basal beds of the overlying Funnel Creek Limestone in northwest Canada. Co-occurring organic-walled fossils in this microbial mat biota resemble forms described from the Upper Proterozoic but mineralized spicules of Cambrian aspect are also present. The fossils occur in chert nodules or beds in flat laminated limestones interpreted to represent accumulation in a subtidal environment.The scale microfossils are of three basic shapes: Group 1, simple imperforate scales; Group 2, thin disk-like scales with prominent, regularly arranged pores; Group 3, ring-like scales with distinct three dimensional morphology. All taxa in Groups 1 and 2 have scales of a single morphology and narrow size range; Group 3 taxa may contain one, two, or (?)three morphotypes and sizes of scales. The scales of Group 1 taxa are not closely comparable to known Chromophyta but are similar to scales of several modern Rhizopoda. Some of the Group 2 taxa can be compared to members of the Chrysophyta, whereas others have general resemblance to centric diatom valves. Most Group 3 taxa are morphologically comparable to members of the Prymnesiophyta. All scales that could be analyzed petrographically are now siliceous and none could be confirmed as polycrystalline.The scale microfossils are referred to new taxa, including 17 genera, 26 species, and 6 varieties. Newly described taxa are: Group 1) Archeoxybaphon polykeramoides n. gen., n. sp., Archeoxybaphon diminutum n. sp., Archeoxybaphon amydrum n. sp., Hyaloxybaphon monokeramoides n. gen., n. sp.; Group 2) Paleohexadictyon litosum n. gen., n. sp., Paleohexadictyon myriotrematum n. sp., Paleohexadictyon coroniforme n. sp., Paleohexadictyon coroniforme var. tetragonum n. var., Paleohexadictyon coroniforme var. delicatum n. var., Chilodictyon caliporum n. gen., n. sp., Chilodictyon caliporum var. striatimarginatum n. var., Chilodictyon myriocanthum n. sp., Characodictyon skolopium n. gen., n. sp., Characodictyon skolopium var. tetragonum n. var., Characodictyon skolopium var. soleniscum n. var., Characodictyon diskolopium n. sp., Characodictyon diskolopium var. circulare n. var., Radiocerniculum inornatum n. gen., n. sp., Spinicerniculum tribulosum n. gen., n. sp.; Group 3) Petasisquama alta n. gen., n. sp., Petasisquama versicorona n. sp., Petasisquama laciniata n. sp., Bicorniculum brochum n. gen., n. sp., Confinisquama fimbriata n. gen., n. sp., Aqualisquama centritubula n. gen., n. sp., Invaginatibalteus dimorphus n. gen., n. sp., Invaginatibalteus depressus n. sp., Paterisquama crassa n. gen., n. sp., Altarmilla multistriata n. gen., n. sp., Patinisquama cirratomarginata n. gen., n. sp., Paleocrassalimbus spinosus n. gen., n. sp., and Paleomegasquama coccolithoides n. gen., n. sp.
Conodonts, stratigraphy, and relative sea-level changes of the Tribes Hill Formation (Lower Ordovician, east-central New York)
Authors: Landing Ed , Westrop Stephen R. , Knox Leanne A. 
Published: August 2016

Tremadocian onlap is recorded by the Tribes Hill Formation. The formation is a lower Lower Ordovician (upper conodont Fauna B Interval(?)-Rossodus manitouensisZone) depositional sequence that unconformably overlies the Upper Cambrian Little Falls Formation.Depositional environments and stratigraphy indicate that the Tribes Hill was deposited on a wave-, not tide-, dominated shelf and that a uniform, “layer-cake” stratigraphy is present. The deepening-shoaling sequence of the Tribes Hill includes the: 1) Sprakers Member (new; peritidal carbonate and overlying tempestite limestone and shale); 2) Van Wie Member (new; subtidal shale and limestone); 3) Wolf Hollow Member (revised; massive carbonates with thrombolitic cap); and 4) Canyon Road Member (new; glauconitic limestone and overlying evaporitic dolostone). The shoaling half-cycle of the Tribes Hill is older than a shoaling event in western Newfoundland, and suggests epeirogenic factors in earliest Ordovician sea-level change in east Laurentia. Conodont and trilobite biofacies track lithofacies, andRossodus manitouensisZone conodonts andBellefontiaBiofacies trilobites appear in the distal, middle Tribes Hill Formation.Twenty-four conodont species are illustrated.Ansella?protoserratanew species,Iapetognathus sprakersinew species,Leukorhinion ambonodesnew genus and species, andLaurentoscandodusnew genus are described.
Pteropods (Mollusca, Gastropoda) from the Pliocene Miyazaki Group, Miyazaki Prefecture, Japan
Authors: Ujihara Atsushi 
Published: August 2016

Twenty-four species of pteropods are described from the Pliocene Miyazaki Group in the Tsuma-Takanabe district, Miyazaki Prefecture, southwest Japan. Five are new:Clio shibatainew species,Cuvierina miyazakiensisnew species,Cavolinia floridana japonicanew subspecies,C. itoigawainew species, andC. vendryesiana hyugaensisnew subspecies.The pteropod fauna of the two lower members of the Miyazaki Group consists largely of extinct species. Whereas more than one-half of the species of the two upper members are extant.Twelve species,Limacinasp.,Clio hataii(Noda, 1972),C. shibatainew species,Cuvierina miyazakiensisnew species,Bowdenatheca?sp.,Diacria digitatasubsp. indet.,Cavolinia floridana japonicanew subspecies,C.cf.C. gypsorum(Bellardi, 1873),C. itoigawainew species,C. mexicana(Collins, 1934),C. rattoneiSimonelli, 1896, andC. vendryesiana hyugaensisnew subspecies seem to serve as good index fossils for the Pliocene.
Melanosclerites: first North American report of these problematic microfossils and discussion of their affinity
Authors: Cashman P. B. 
Published: August 2016

Melanosclerites are rod-shaped, pseudochitinous microfossils of problematic affinity. They have not been widely studied. The first North American discovery of melanosclerites is here reported; Melanostylus coronifer and Melanosteus acutus (the latter with two subspecies), of Devonian (Late Siegenian) age, were discovered in the Indian Cove Formation of the Upper Gaspé Limestones from the Gaspé Peninsula, Quebec, Canada.These melanosclerites bear a strong resemblance to the modern cubomedusa polyp Carybdea alata and the planula stages of the hydrozoan Pennaria tiarella. They are interpreted as being the embryonic planula and early polyp stages of scyphozoans, cubozoans, and hydrozoans.Consequently, Semenola semen Schallreuter, 1981, is considered an early growth stage of M. acutus anceps and thus a junior synonym; similarly, Eichbaumia incus is a junior synonym of Melanostylus coronifer; while, on the basis of their three-fold symmetry, Orthopelta? femuralis Eller, 1945, and Menola os Schallreuter, 1981, are treated as junior synonyms of Melanofurca neptuni Eisenack, 1963. Melanosclerites could represent the planula and polyp stages of any of the three classes of Cnidaria; therefore, the order Melanoscleritoitidea Eisenack, 1963, and the family Melanoscleritoitidae are here rejected because the supposed family crosses the boundaries of classes. The new subspecific combinations Melanosteus acutus acutus, M. acutus filiformis, and M. acutus anceps are proposed, their diagnoses being emended; the diagnosis of Melanostylus coronifer is also emended.Melanosclerites appear to be strongly facies controlled and thus may have potential for paleoenvironmental and paleogeographical reconstructions.