bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Associations Between Breaks in Sedentary Time and Body Size in Pacific Mothers and Their Children: Findings From the Pacific Islands Families Study
Authors: Oliver Melody , Schluter Philip J. , Healy Genevieve N. , Tautolo El-Shadan , Schofield Grant , Rush Elaine 
Published: August 2016

Background:Breaks in sedentary behavior are associated with reduced body size in general populations. This study is the first to consider the relationship between objectively assessed sedentary breaks and body size in Pacific children and their mothers.Methods:Pacific children aged 6 years (n = 393) and their mothers (n = 386) residing in New Zealand were invited to participate in 2006. Sedentary time was assessed via accelerometry. Average frequency, duration, and intensity of breaks in sedentary time per hour were calculated. Waist circumference was assessed and demographic factors collected via questionnaire. Relationships between waist circumference and potential associated factors for participants were assessed using linear regression analyses.Results:Accelerometer data were obtained from 126 children (52 boys) and 108 mothers. Mean (standard deviation) waist circumference values for mothers and children were 114 cm (20.1 cm) and 59.4 cm (7.8 cm), respectively. For mothers, time spent sedentary and being an ex/nonsmoker were positively related to waist circumference. For children, watching television every day and having a mother with a high waist circumference was associated with a greater waist circumference.Conclusion:Strategies that focus on reducing sedentary time in Pacific mothers and on encouraging television free days in young Pacific children are recommended.
Reliability and Validity of a Computerized and Dutch Version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ)
Authors: Vandelanotte Corneel , De Bourdeaudhuij Ilse , Philippaerts Renaat , Sjöström Michael , Sallis James 
Published: August 2016

Background:The purpose of this study was to examine the reliability and validity of a newly developed computerized Dutch version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ).Methods:Subjects (N = 53) completed the computerized IPAQ at three specified times. Subjects wore a CSA activity monitor during seven full days and simultaneously completed a 7-d physical activity diary. Finally, respondents filled out a paper and pencil IPAQ.Results:Intraclass correlation coefficient ranged from 0.60 to 0.83. Correlations for “total physical activity” between the computerized IPAQ and the CSA activity counts were moderate (min: r = 0.38; kcal: r = 0.43). Correlations with the physical activity diary were also moderate (min: r = 0.39; kcal: r = 0.46). Correlations between the computerized and the paper and pencil IPAQ were high (min: r = 0.80; kcal: r = 0.84).Conclusions:The computerized Dutch IPAQ is a reliable and reasonably valid physical activity measurement tool for the general adult population.
Pedometer-Determined Physical Activity Levels of Youth
Authors: Le Masurier Guy C. , Beighle Aaron , Corbin Charles B. , Darst Paul W. , Morgan Charles , Pangrazi Robert P. , Wilde Bridgette , Vincent Susan D. 
Published: August 2016

Background:The purpose of this study was to describe the pedometer-determined physical activity levels of American youth.Methods:A secondary analysis of six existing data sets including 1839 (1046 females, 793 males; ages 6 to 18) school-aged, predominantly white subjects from the southwest US. Grade clusters for elementary (grades 1 to 3), upper elementary (grades 4 to 6), middle school (grades 7 to 9), and high school (grades 10 to 12) were created for statistical analysis.Results:Males in grades 1 to 3 and 4 to 6 accumulated significantly more steps/d (13,110 ± 2870 and 13,631 ± 3463, respectively; P < 0.001) than males in grades 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 (11,082 ± 3437 and 10,828 ± 3241). Females in grades 1 to 3 and 4 to 6 accumulated significantly more steps/d (11,120 ± 2553 and 11,125 ± 2923; P < 0.001) than females in grades 7 to 9 and 10 to 12 (10,080 ± 2990 and 9706 ± 3051).Conclusions:Results are consistent with those reported for other objective assessments of youth activity indicating that males are typically more active than females and physical activity is less prevalent among secondary school youth than those in elementary school. Pedometer-determined physical activity levels of youth, including secondary school youth, are higher than reported for adult populations.
Comparisons Between Rail-Trail Users and Nonusers and Men and Women’s Patterns of Use in a Suburban Community
Authors: Troped Philip J. , Saunders Ruth P. , Pate Russell R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical activity research on trails is limited. We compared rail-trail users and nonusers on demographics, physical activity, and barriers/concerns about trail use; and described use among men and women.Methods:Four hundred thirteen adults completed a physical activity survey during fall 1998. Chi-square statistics and t-tests were used to compare trail users to nonusers, and men and women on trail use.Results:More trail users (79%) performed recreational physical activity ≥ 3 d/wk, compared to nonusers (47%). Walking was the most common activity for trail users and nonusers. Both groups shared concerns about safe access to the trail and certain trail conditions. A higher percentage of female versus male users traveled to the trail by walking, walked on the trail, used the trail with a friend, and perceived that if the trail were not available their activity would decrease.Conclusions:Trail users perform more recreational physical activity than nonusers. Gender differences in trail use patterns should be considered in the design and promotion of trails.
Psychometric Properties of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Questionnaire in a Diverse Sample of Men and Women
Authors: Wilcox Sara , Sharpe Patricia A. , Hutto Brent , Granner Michelle L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Self-efficacy is a consistent correlate of physical activity, but most self-efficacy measures have not been validated in diverse populations. This study examined the construct, criterion-related, and convergent validity and internal consistency of the Self-Efficacy for Exercise Questionnaire.Methods:African American and Caucasian adults (N = 1919) from two adjacent counties in South Carolina were identified through a list-assisted random digit-dialed telephone survey. Psychometric properties of the measure were assessed by gender, race, age, education, and body weight subgroups.Results:Across all subgroups, a single-factor solution explained 93 to 98% of the common variance in an exploratory factor analysis, and all 14 items had factor loadings exceeding 0.40. Higher exercise self-efficacy was significantly associated with greater physical activity, younger age, male gender, higher education, and lower body weight, as predicted. Internal consistency was high for all subgroups (α = 0.90 to 0.94).Conclusion:The Self-Efficacy for Exercise Questionnaire appears to be a valid and reliable measure for use with diverse populations.
The Relationship Between Leisure-Time Physical Activity and the Metabolic Syndrome: An Examination of NHANES III, 1988-1994
Authors: DuBose Katrina D. , Addy Cheryl L. , Ainsworth Barbara E. , Hand Gregory A. , Durstine J. Larry 
Published: August 2016

Background:This study was performed to determine the relationship between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and the metabolic syndrome (MS) in 16,681 adults (43 ± 0.44 y) enrolled in NHANES III.Methods:LTPA was classified as regularly active (≥ 5 d/wk moderate and/or ≥ 3 d/wk vigorous), irregularly active (some LTPA), or inactive (no LTPA). The MS was positive with three or more conditions: 1) abdominal obesity, 2) low HDL-C, 3) hypertriglyceridemia, 4) elevated blood pressure, or 5) elevated glucose. Logistic regression examined the relationship between LTPA and the MS, adjusting for age, race, smoking status, and educational attainment stratified by gender.Results:In men only, irregular activity and inactivity was related to an increase in the MS (irregular: OR = 1.52 95% CI 1.11, 1.23; inactive: OR = 1.60, 95% CI 1.18, 1.98; test for trend P = 0.004). Inactivity increased the odds for abdominal obesity (P < 0.05).Conclusions:LTPA levels might influence the development of MS and abdominal obesity.
Partnering to Increase Access to Community Exercise Programs for People With Stroke, Acquired Brain Injury, and Multiple Sclerosis
Authors: Salbach Nancy Margaret , Howe Jo-Anne , Brunton Karen , Salisbury Kathryn , Bodiam Lorene 
Published: August 2016

Background:The purpose of this article is to describe the development and evaluation of a task-oriented group exercise program, delivered through a municipal recreation program, for community-dwelling people with neurological conditions.Methods:Physical therapists (PTs) at a rehabilitation hospital partnered with a municipal recreation provider to develop and evaluate a 12-week exercise program for people with stroke, acquired brain injury, and multiple sclerosis at 2 community centers. Fitness instructors who were trained and supported by PTs taught 1-hour exercise classes twice a week. In a program evaluation of the safety, feasibility and effects of the program, standardized measures of physical function were administered before and after the program.Results:Fourteen individuals (mean age: 63 years) participated and attended 92% of exercise classes, on average. Two minor adverse events occurred during 293 attendances. Improvement in mean score on all measures was observed. In people with stroke, a statistically significant improvement in mean Berg Balance Scale (mean ± SD change = 3 ± 2 points, P = .016, n = 7) and 6-minute walk test scores (change = 26 ± 26 m, P = .017, n = 9) was observed.Conclusions:This model of exercise delivery provides people with neurological conditions with access to a safe, feasible and potentially beneficial exercise program in the community.
Socioeconomic Predictors of a Sedentary Lifestyle: Results From the 2001 National Health Survey
Authors: Brown Adrienne , Siahpush Mohammad 
Published: August 2016

Background:Regular physical activity reduces the risk of a number of diseases, prevents obesity, and has positive psychological effects. Approximately one-third of the Australian population has been reported as totally sedentary. We investigated socioeconomic predictors of being sedentary in a nationally representative sample of Australian adults.Methods:We analyzed data from 8643 females and 7600 males who responded to the 2001 National Health Survey. Multivariate logistic regression was used to examine the association of being sedentary with a range of socioeconomic measures.Results:Adjusting for demographics, body-mass index, and smoking, we found that low socioeconomic status, indicated by low education level, blue-collar occupation, low income and area social disadvantage, increased the probability that people were sedentary.Conclusions:This research highlights that targeting people from lower socioeconomic backgrounds with strategies to increase participation in physical activity may reduce morbidity and mortality associated with being sedentary.
Reliability and Accuracy of the AMP 331 for Activity Monitoring and Energy Expenditure Prediction in Young Adults
Authors: Darter Benjamin J. , Janz Kathleen F. , Puthoff Michael L. , Broffitt Barbara , Nielsen David H. 
Published: August 2016

Background:A new triaxial accelerometer (AMP 331) provides a novel approach to understanding free-living activity through its ability to measure real time speed, cadence, and step length. This study examined the reliability and accuracy of the AMP 331, along with construction of prediction equations for oxygen consumption and energy cost.Methods:Young adult volunteers (n = 41) wearing two AMP units walked and ran on a treadmill with energy cost data simultaneously collected through indirect calorimetry.Results:Statistically significant differences exist in inter-AMP unit reliability for speed and step length and in accuracy between the AMP units and criterion measures for speed, oxygen consumption, and energy cost. However, the differences in accuracy for speed were very small during walking (≤ 0.16 km/h) and not clinically relevant. Prediction equations constructed for walking oxygen uptake and energy expenditure demonstrated R2 between 0.76 to 0.90 and between subject deviations were 1.53 mL O2 · kg-1 · min−1 and 0.43 kcal/min.Conclusions:In young adults, the AMP 331 is acceptable for monitoring walking speeds and the output can be used in predicting energy cost during walking but not running.
Muscle Strength and Postural Stability in Healthy, Older Women: Implications for Fall Prevention
Authors: Trudelle-Jackson Elaine J. , Jackson Allen W. , Morrow James R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Effect of muscle strength and balance on falls has not been well researched in healthy older women. The purpose of this study was to compare lower extremity strength and balance in older healthy women during each decade of life and to investigate which factors are different in women with a history of falling.Methods:We retrospectively studied 240 women age 50-89 y. Measures of muscle strength, postural stability, and incidence of falls over the past year were obtained from client charts at Texas Woman’s University’s Health Promotion & Research Center from 1996 to 2002.Results:Strength declined significantly with age in all muscle groups except knee extensors. Age, hip flexor and abductor strength, and postural stability were significantly different in women who had fallen.Conclusions:Strength decline was not consistent across muscle groups. Women who were older, had less hip flexor or abductor strength, or less balance were more likely to have fallen.
Small Business Policies Toward Employee and Community Promotion of Physical Activity
Authors: Suminski Richard R. , Poston W.S.C. , Hyder Melissa L. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Basic information is needed to develop strategies for promoting physical activity (PA) in small business. This preliminary study described small business policies encouraging PA.Methods:Interviews were completed at 98 small businesses (5–100 employees) in 2003. Business policies encouraging PA participation by employees and the public were assessed. Stage of Change was used to describe intentions to develop such policies.Results:A total of 53 PA policies (12 employee; 41 public) existed. The most common employee policy was incentives for gym memberships (41.7%). The most popular public policy was sport team sponsorships (60.1%). Most businesses (60.2%) were not thinking about creating a policy for PA while 33.7% had a policy in place (20.4% > 6 months).Conclusion:Small businesses have few PA policies and most are not thinking about such policies. Research should determine why this is the case and what approaches could stimulate the development of PA policies.
Reliability and Validity of a Brief Tool to Measure Children’s Physical Activity
Authors: Gao Shujun , Harnack Lisa , Schmitz Kathryn , Fulton Janet , Lytle Leslie , Van Coevering Pamela , Jacobs David R. 
Published: August 2016

Background:We assessed the validity and reliability of a modified Godin-Leisure-Time Exercise Questionnaire in youth in grades 6 through 8.Methods:The questionnaire was completed by 250 children twice at a 1 wk interval to assess reliability. After the second questionnaire administration the children wore an accelerometer for 7 d (criterion measure).Results:Pearson correlations between the first and second reports of frequency of participation in strenuous and moderate physical activity were 0.68 and 0.51, respectively. Self-reported participation in strenuous activity was weakly correlated with strenuous activity as measured by accelerometer (r = 0.23, P = 0.01). A weak non-significant correlation was found between reported versus measured engagement in moderate activity (r = 0.13, P = 0.07).Conclusion:Findings suggest the questionnaire evaluated in this study may be of very limited use for assessing children’s physical activity.
Reliability of the 7-Day Physical Activity Recall in a Biracial Group of Inactive and Active Adults
Authors: Pruitt Leslie A. , King Abby C. , Obarzanek Eva , Miller Michael , O’Toole Mary , Haskell William L. , Fast Laura , Reynolds Sheila , _ _ 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical activity recall (PAR) reliability was estimated in a three-site sample of African American and white adults. The sample was sedentary at baseline and more varied in physical activity 24 months later. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) were used to estimate the number of PAR assessments necessary to obtain a reliability of 0.70 at both timepoints.Methods:The PAR was administered ≤ 30 d apart at baseline (n = 547) and 24 months (n = 648). Energy expenditure ICC was calculated by race, gender, and age.Results:Baseline reliability was low for all groups with 4–16 PARs estimated to attain reliable data. ICCs at 24 months were similar (ICC = 0.54–0.55) for race and age group, with 2–3 PARs estimated to reach acceptable reliability. At 24 months, women were more reliable reporters than men.Conclusion:Low sample variability in activity reduced reliability, highlighting the importance of evaluating diverse groups. Despite evaluating a sample with greater physical activity variability, an estimated 2–3 PARs were necessary to obtain acceptable reliability.
Development of a Direct Observation Instrument to Measure Environmental Characteristics of Parks for Physical Activity
Authors: Bedimo-Rung Ariane L. , Gustat Jeanette , Tompkins Bradley J. , Rice Janet , Thomson Jessica 
Published: August 2016

Background:The study’s purpose is to describe the development and evaluate the reliability (inter-observer agreement) and validity (rater agreement with a gold standard) of a direct observation instrument to assess park characteristics that may be related to physical activity.Methods:A direct observation instrument of 181 items was developed based on a conceptual model consisting of the following domains: features, condition, access, esthetics, and safety. Fifteen pairs of observers were trained and sent to two parks simultaneously to assess two Target Areas each.Results:Overall domain reliability was 86.9%, and overall geographic area reliability was 87.5%. Overall domain validity was 78.7% and overall geographic area validity was 81.5%.Conclusions:Inter-rater reliability and validity were generally good, although validity was slightly lower than reliability. Objective items showed the highest reliability and validity. Items that are time-sensitive may need to be measured on multiple occasions, while items asking for subjective responses may require more supervised practice.
Physical Activity and Changes in Health Care Costs in Late Middle Age
Authors: Andreyeva Tatiana , Sturm Roland 
Published: August 2016

Background:Physical activity has clear health benefits but there remains uncertainty about how it affects health care costs.Objective:To examine how physical activity is associated with changes in health expenditure for a national sample age 54 to 69 y, and estimate how this association varies across people with different chronic diseases and health behaviors.Methods:Data were from the Health and Retirement Study, a national longitudinal survey of late middle age Americans.Results:Correcting for baseline differences in active and inactive groups, physical activity was associated with reduced health care costs of about 7% over 2 y (or $483 annually).Conclusions:Regular physical activity in late middle age may lower health expenditure over time, and the effect is likely to be more pronounced for the obese, smokers, and individuals with some baseline health problems. While substantially large for the health care system, our estimates are much smaller than health-unadjusted comparisons or cross-sectional effects.
Physical Activity Opportunity in K-12 Public School Settings: Nevada
Authors: Lounsbery Monica , Bungum Tim , Smith Nicole 
Published: August 2016

Objectives:We examined the status of physical activity opportunity in Nevada K-12 public schools. The focus was on determining both prevalence and nature of existing programs as well as school administrators’ perceived barriers to offering physical activity programs.Methods:A 15 item questionnaire was used to assess prevalence and nature of programs as well as perceived barriers.Results:Nevada school-age children do not have regular access to physical education. Excluding physical education, more than 30% of schools do not provide physical activity programming. Most existing programs are competitive sport related. In addition, as students matriculate through school, fewer program options and opportunities to participate throughout the school day are available. Lack of funds was the most frequently reported perceived barrier to offering physical activity programs.Conclusions:Opportunities to be physically active over the course of the school day are limited and as a result, hinder important national objectives for health-related outcomes.
Changing Social and Built Environments to Promote Physical Activity: Recommendations from Low Income, Urban Women
Authors: Taylor Wendell C. , Sallis James F. , Lees Emily , Hepworth Joseph T. , Feliz Karina , Volding Devin C. , Cassels Andrea , Tobin Jonathan N. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Middle age and older (mean = 58.7 y), racial/ethnic minority women report low levels of physical activity. Recommendations to change the social and built environments to promote physical activity in this group are underdeveloped. Two research questions guided this study: What environmental changes are recommended by racial/ethnic minority women? What policies are related to the environmental changes?Methods:The findings from nine Nominal Group Technique sessions with 45 subjects were analyzed.Results:More police protection, cleaner streets, removal of drugs from streets, more street lights, walking groups, and free gyms were prioritized by subjects as the most important recommendations. The relevant policies included municipal, police department, sanitation department, public works, and transportation department.Conclusions:Racial/ethnic minority women living in low income, urban areas recommend improvements that affect overall quality of life. Meeting basic needs may be a prerequisite for use of physical activity resources.
Objectively Measured Commute Distance: Associations with Actual Travel Modes and Perceptions to Place of Work or Study in Auckland, New Zealand
Authors: Badland Hannah M. , Schofield Grant M. , Schluter Philip J. 
Published: August 2016

Background:Little is known about the relationships between objectively measured commute distance with actual and perceived transport-related physical activity (TPA) engagement.Methods:A telephone survey assessed travel behaviors to place of work/study within an adult sample (n = 772) residing in New Zealand.Results:Overall, 50% of respondents perceived they could, and 10% of the sample actually did, use TPA modes to commute to their occupation for distances less than 5 km. Differences between TPA perceptions and engagement existed for all distance classifications, and prevalence declined as distances increased.Conclusions:Differences between TPA engagement and perceptions were evident. Actual and perceived TPA engagement levels declined as commute distance increased.