bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Progress of Nanostructured Electrode Materials for Supercapacitors
Authors: Jiang Jiangmin , Zhang Yadi , Nie Ping , Xu Guiyin , Shi Minyuan , Wang Jiang , Wu Yuting , Fu Ruirui , Dou Hui , Zhang Xiaogang 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSupercapacitors, as a type of energy storage system, bridge the power/energy gap between conventional capacitors and batteries due to attractive properties such as high power density, long cycle lifespan, and large temperature range. However, the low energy density of supercapacitors compared to lithium‐ion batteries has hindered their general application. In general, the electrochemical performance of supercapacitors is closely related to the structure of their electrode materials, electrolytes, and device design. The main materials used in electrochemical double‐layer capacitors (EDLCs) are carbon materials with various architectures. This is due to their high surface area, good electric conductivity, and intrinsic stability. In this review, recently reported carbon‐based nanostructured electrode materials with 0D, 1D, 2D, and 3D structures are systematically reviewed. The effect of nanostructuring on the properties of supercapacitors including specific capacitance, rate capability, and cycle stability is explored, the details of which may serve as a guide to electrode design for the next generation of EDLCs.
A novel process for processing aqueous insoluble 3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene
Authors: Sikder Bikash Kumar 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe present article discusses the development of aqueous dispersions of 3,4‐propylenedioxythiophene (ProDOT) with polystyrene sulfonate (PSS) for the first time in literature. Unlike 3,4‐ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT), ProDOT is solid and insoluble in water, and hence requires specific reaction condition such as acidic media and sonication to polymerize through emulsion polymerization technique to form PProDOT:PSS complex. PProDOT:PSS aqueous dispersion was characterized and studied using UV‐vis spectroscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscope. Particle size distribution, stability, and ion content of the dispersion were determined using dynamic light scattering, zeta potential, and inductive coupled plasma‐atomic emission spectrometry studies, respectively. Effect of organic solvents such as ethylene glycol, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), N‐methyl‐2‐pyrrolidone (NMP), and sorbitol on the conductivity and morphology of PProDOT:PSS films was investigated.
Characterization and mechanical properties of cellulose acetate/carbon nanotube composite nanofibers
Authors: Salama Ahmed , Mohamed Alaa , Aboamera Nada M. , Osman Tarek , Khattab Aly 
Published: December 2017

AbstractCellulose acetate/carbon nanotube composite nanofibers were prepared using electrospinning technique. The morphology, crystalline, and mechanical properties were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), and tensile test. The result indicated that the CA with 0.5 wt% CNT shows better mechanical properties among the other sample which contains lower or higher percent of CNT. In addition, the diameter of the average fibers was 415 ± 45 nm and shows good dispersions of CNT into the nanofibers. Moreover, tensile strength and Young's modulus were enhanced with an average of 67% and 78%, respectively.
Rationally Designed Hierarchically Structured Tungsten Nitride and Nitrogen‐Rich Graphene‐Like Carbon Nanocomposite as Efficient Hydrogen Evolution Electrocatalyst
Authors: Zhu Yanping , Chen Gao , Zhong Yijun , Zhou Wei , Shao Zongping 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPractical application of hydrogen production from water splitting relies strongly on the development of low‐cost and high‐performance electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). The previous researches mainly focused on transition metal nitrides as HER catalysts due to their electrical conductivity and corrosion stability under acidic electrolyte, while tungsten nitrides have reported poorer activity for HER. Here the activity of tungsten nitride is optimized through rational design of a tungsten nitride–carbon composite. More specifically, tungsten nitride (WNx) coupled with nitrogen‐rich porous graphene‐like carbon is prepared through a low‐cost ion‐exchange/molten‐salt strategy. Benefiting from the nanostructured WNx, the highly porous structure and rich nitrogen dopant (9.5 at%) of the carbon phase with high percentage of pyridinic‐N (54.3%), and more importantly, their synergistic effect, the composite catalyst displays remarkably high catalytic activity while maintaining good stability. This work highlights a powerful way to design more efficient metal–carbon composites catalysts for HER.
Natural Mentors, Social Class, and College Success
Authors: Reynolds John R. , Parrish Michael 
Published: December 2017

AbstractNatural mentors provide advice, moral support, and assistance to adolescents who aspire to obtain a postsecondary degree, but past studies of the benefits of having an informal adult mentor have yet to resolve several issues. Our analyses of a national sample of high school graduates test three hypotheses: (H1) natural mentoring increases the odds of college attendance and completion, (H2) guidance and career advice are more important for college success than encouragement or role modeling, and (H3) students from poor and working‐class families benefit more from mentoring than students from middle‐ and upper‐class families. Hypotheses 1 and 3 are clearly supported when examining the odds of attending college, while Hypothesis 2 was not supported—encouragement and role modeling boost attendance, not advice or practical help. None of the hypotheses is supported when predicting degree completion among those who matriculated. As natural mentors do not appreciably increase the odds of completing college, we conclude past studies have overstated the postsecondary educational benefits of natural mentors.
NDIS Self‐Management Approaches: Opportunities for choice and control or an Uber‐style wild west?
Authors: David Christina , West Raelene 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThis article examines the emerging challenges and opportunities presented by self‐management options in Australia's National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS). We examine the three different ways in which NDIS participants can opt to self‐manage their funding and services, including direct employment and emerging Uber‐style online platforms, and explore the potential implications of these options for NDIS participants, service providers and the disability support workforce. In particular, we focus on these options in relation to the transition to a marketised services landscape being developed alongside the NDIS, and examine both the risks and opportunities for each stakeholder group. Through this analysis, we identify implications for policy and practice, in particular around regulatory mechanisms and the role of government within this emerging market economy and transforming service landscape.
Sonnengetriebene Wasserstofferzeugung aus Lignocellulose
Authors: Kuehnel Moritz F. , Reisner Erwin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractDie photokatalytische Reformierung Lignocellulose‐haltiger Biomasse ist eine aufstrebende Methode zur Produktion von erneuerbarem H2. Dieser Prozess verbindet Photooxidation von Biomasse mit photokatalytischer Wasserstoffentwicklung bei Raumtemperatur und Atmosphärendruck. Die Umsetzung von Biomasse ist weniger energieaufwändig als Wasserspaltung und liefert dabei hochreinen H2, ohne dass sich O2 bildet. Die direkte Reformierung von unbehandelter Rohbiomasse birgt das Potenzial, weltweit lokal verfügbares Material als kostengünstige Energiequelle zu nutzen.
Rhodium‐Catalyzed Cyclization of O,ω‐Unsaturated Alkoxyamines: Formation of Oxygen‐Containing Heterocycles
Authors: Escudero Julien , Bellosta Véronique , Cossy Janine 
Published: December 2017

AbstractO,ω‐Unsaturated N‐tosyl alkoxyamines undergo unexpected RhIII‐catalyzed intramolecular cyclization by oxyamination to produce oxygen‐containing heterocycles. Mechanistic studies show that an aziridine intermediate seems to be responsible for the formation of the heterocycles, possibly via a RhV species.
Solar Hydrogen Generation from Lignocellulose
Authors: Kuehnel Moritz F. , Reisner Erwin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPhotocatalytic reforming of lignocellulosic biomass is an emerging approach to produce renewable H2. This process combines photo‐oxidation of aqueous biomass with photocatalytic hydrogen evolution at ambient temperature and pressure. Biomass conversion is less energy demanding than water splitting and generates high‐purity H2 without O2 production. Direct photoreforming of raw, unprocessed biomass has the potential to provide affordable and clean energy from locally sourced materials and waste.
Photocatalytic Aerobic Phosphatation of Alkenes
Authors: Depken Christian , Krätzschmar Felix , Rieger Rene , Rode Katharina , Breder Alexander 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA catalytic regime for the direct phosphatation of simple, non‐polarized alkenes has been devised that is based on using ordinary, non‐activated phosphoric acid diesters as the phosphate source and O2 as the terminal oxidant. The title method enables the direct and highly economic construction of a diverse range of allylic phosphate esters. From a conceptual viewpoint, the aerobic phosphatation is entirely complementary to traditional methods for phosphate ester formation, which predominantly rely on the use of prefunctionalized or preactivated reactants, such as alcohols and phosphoryl halides. The title transformation is enabled by the interplay of a photoredox and a selenium π‐acid catalyst and involves a sequence of single‐electron‐transfer processes.
Sonochemical synthesis, structural inspection and semiconductor behavior of three new nano sized Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) chelates based on tri‐dentate NOO imine ligand as precursors for metal oxides
Authors: Abdel Rahman Laila H. , Abu‐Dief Ahmed M. , El‐Khatib Rafat M. , Abdel‐Fatah Shimaa Mahdy , Adam A.M. , Ibrahim E.M.M. 
Published: December 2017

Three novel nanosized Cu(II), Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes of imine ligand attained from the condensation of 2‐amino‐3‐hydroxypyridine and 3‐methoxysalicylaldehyde have been prepared and investigated using diverse chemical methods such as NMR, CHN analysis, conductance, IR, Spectral studies, TGA and magnetic moment measurements. The obtained data confirmed that the synthesized complexes have metal: ligand ratio of 1:1 and octahedral geometry for Co(II) and Ni(II) complexes. Interestingly, The complexes are used as precursors for producing CuO, Co2O3 and NiO nanoparticles by calcination at 500 °C and their structures were described by powder x‐ray and transmittance electron microscopy. Furthermore, to investigate the feasibility of using the synthesized materials for semiconductor based nanodevices, the electrical properties of the prepared imine complexes and their corresponding metal oxides were investigated by measuring the electrical conductivity over a temperature range 373‐593 K. The data confirm that the materials are semiconductor. The electrical conduction process in the complexes is governed by intermolecular and intramolecular transfer of the charge carriers. But, the conduction mechanism arises from the contribution of the phonon‐assisted small polaron hopping in NiO nanoparticles and charge carrier hopping in CuO and Co2O3 nanoparticles. The results indicate that the complexes under study are promising candidates for wide scale of organic based semiconducting devices.
Properties of polythiourethanes prepared by thiol–isocyanate click reaction
Authors: Shin Junghwan , Lee Joonmo , Jeong Han Mo 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTPolythiourethane networks with systematic compositional variations of thiol [ethoxylated trimethylol‐propane tri(3‐mercapto‐propionate), ETTMP1300 and pentaerythritol tetra(3‐mercapto‐propionate), PETMP] and isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), i.e., IPDI/ETTMP1300/PETMP = 100/100/0, 100/80/20, 100/60/40, 100/40/60, 100/20/80, and 100/0/100, were prepared by base catalyzed thiol–isocyanate click type reaction where the base catalyst (tributylamine, TBA) was photolytically generated using photolatent amine (TBA·tetraphenylborate salt, TBA·HBPh4). The kinetics of the polythiourethane network formation investigated using real‐time infrared indicates that the thiol–isocyanate coupling reaction was successfully triggered photolytically and the conversion of both thiol and isocyanate reached near 100% in a matter of minutes. The Tg of the polythiourethane networks progressively increases (–8 to 143 °C by DMTA) as a function of the PETMP content due to the higher extent of crosslinks, also resulting in enhanced rubbery modulus. Very narrow full width at half maximum (15–28 °C) of tan δ peak was obtained for all six sets of polythiourethane networks, which is induced by the highly uniform and dense structures of thiol‐based polymeric network. Energy damping performance of polythiourethane networks measured by nondestructive impact testing exhibited remarkably high (∼95%) and the relationship with temperature was in accordance with tan δ peak. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46070.
Stability and spinnability of modified melamine–formaldehyde resin solution for centrifugal spinning
Authors: Xiong Chengdong , Li Xianglong , Hou Teng , Yang Bin 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTMelamine microfibers were first prepared by centrifugal spinning. The stability and spinnability of a melamine–formaldehyde (MF) resin solution were improved as expected by adding various modifier combinations. Considering the storage stability of solutions characterized by visual inspection, turbidity tests, and viscosity measurements and combined with the fiber morphology, the optimal modifier combination was obtained. The spun fibers manifested a good morphology and thermal stability as measured by scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and thermogravimetric analysis. Moreover, microfibers prepared by three spinning methods (centrifugal spinning, electrospinning, and centrifugal electrostatic spinning) were compared to choose the suitable spinning method for different fields in the future. This work provides systematic and scientific guidance on the synthesis of MF resin solutions and rapid mass production of melamine microfibers and also demonstrates that centrifugal spinning of melamine microfiber is a promising candidate for flame retardance and CO2 adsorption at elevated temperature. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46072.
Simultaneous determination and validation of emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir from biological samples using LC and CE methods
Authors: Gumustas Mehmet , Caglayan Mehmet Gokhan , Onur Feyyaz , Ozkan Sibel A. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA combination of antiretroviral agents is frequently used in effective treatment of the human immunodeficiency virus infection. In this study, two different separation methods are presented for the simultaneous determination of emtricitabine, rilpivirine and tenofovir from raw materials and urine samples. Developed liquid chromatography and capillary electrophoresis methods were thoroughly optimized for high analytical performances. Optimization of multiple variables at the same time by performing a minimum number of experiments was achieved by the Box–Behnken design, which is an experimental design in response surface methodology, in capillary electrophoresis. The results of the experimental design ensure minimum analysis time with well‐separated analytes. Separation conditions, such as different stationary phases, pH level, organic modifiers and temperatures in liquid chromatography method, were also optimized. In particular, among stationary phases, the core–shell column especially enhanced the effectiveness of separation in liquid chromatography. Both methods were fully validated and applied to real samples. The main advantage of the developed methods is the separation of the drug combination in a short time with high efficiency and without any time‐consuming steps.
Incidental finding of arteria lusoria during transradial coronary catheterization: Significance in interventional cardiology
Authors: Rafiq Arsalan , Chutani Surendra , Krim Nassim R. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractArteria lusoria is the most common anomaly of the aortic arch with an incidence of 0.5%–2.5%. It is mostly diagnosed incidentally while performing imaging for evaluation of other unrelated medical conditions. The aberrant right subclavian artery arises beyond the origin of the left subclavian artery from the aortic arch. This results in a complex right‐subclavian‐aortic anatomy which leads to difficulty in transradial coronary angiography. This can lead to prolonged procedure time and increased use of catheters by unaware interventionists. This is even more important if this is encountered in the setting of an acute myocardial infarction. Our review takes into account clinical significance of this uncommon anomaly in the field of interventional cardiology.
Highly Dispersed Bimetallic Nanoparticles Supported on Titanium Carbides for Remarkable Hydrogen Release from Hydrous Hydrazine
Authors: Liu Tong , Wang Qingtao , Yuan Jingzhi , Zhao Xue , Gao Guanhui 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe catalytic decomposition of hydrous hydrazine (N2H4⋅H2O) is considered a promising candidate for the fuel‐cell field, but sluggish reaction kinetics dramatically impede its practical application. In this study, bimetallic RhNi nanoparticles were successfully anchored on titanium carbides (MXene) by a one‐step wet‐chemical method to build superior catalysts for the decomposition of hydrous hydrazine (N2H4⋅H2O), a compound that can be used for chemical hydrogen storage. The synthesized RhNi/MXene catalysts were characterized by X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high‐angle annular dark‐field scanning transmission electron microscopy, and inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. As a result of the particles size and a synergistic effect, the Rh0.8Ni0.2/MXene nanocatalyst demonstrated 100 % selectivity to H2, excellent stability, and high reaction kinetics with a turnover frequency of 857 h−1 for the decomposition of N2H4⋅H2O in alkaline solution.
Polycrystalline CoP/CoP2 Structures for Efficient Full Water Splitting
Authors: Li Shanpeng , Zhang Gong , Tu Xinman , Li Jinghong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractTransition‐metal phosphides (TMPs) have attracted extensive attention for use in the field of full water splitting. Various methods have been investigated to obtain high catalytic activity, but in these synthetic processes other active materials are inevitably introduced to modify or load onto the surface of the TMP to further improve the catalytic performance. Herein, we describe a novel approach for preparing CoP/CoP2 structures (650 °C) by pyrolysis of a complex formed from Co ions crosslinked with phytic acid (PA) using 2‐methylimidazole (MeIM). The integration of CoP2 and CoP in the structures can enhance the intrinsic electrical conductivity, and facilitate electron transfer from solution to the electrode. Overpotentials of only 250 and 239 mV were required to support the current densities of 10 and 20 mA cm−2 for the oxygen evolution reaction and hydrogen evolution reaction, respectively, demonstrating the potential of the novel material for practical overall water splitting.
Evidence for a Cooperative Mechanism Involving Two Palladium(0) Centers in the Oxidative Addition of Iodoarenes
Authors: Perego Luca Alessandro , Payard Pierre‐Adrien , Haddou Baptiste , Ciofini Ilaria , Grimaud Laurence 
Published: December 2017

AbstractOxidative addition of iodoarenes (ArI) to Pd0 ligated by 1‐methyl‐1H‐imidazole (mim) in polar solvents leads to cationic arylpalladium(II) complexes [ArPd(mim)3]+. Kinetic analyses evidence that this reaction is second order with respect to the concentration of Pd0, and a mechanism involving the cooperative intervention of two Pd0 centers has been postulated to explain this finding. This unusual behavior is also observed with other nitrogen‐containing ligands and it is general for iodobenzenes substituted with electron‐donating or weakly electron‐withdrawing groups. In contrast, bromoarenes and electron‐poor iodoarenes display first‐order kinetics with respect to Pd0. Theoretical calculations performed at the density functional theory (DFT) level suggest the existence of mim‐ligated ArI‐Pd0 complexes, in which the iodoarene is bound to the metal in a halogen‐bond‐like fashion. Coordination weakens the C−I bond and facilitates the oxidative insertion of another Pd0 center across this C−I bond. This conceptually novel mechanism, involving the cooperative participation of two distinct metal centers, allows a full explanation of the experimentally observed kinetics.
Liver cancer survival in the United States by race and stage (2001‐2009): Findings from the CONCORD‐2 study
Authors: Momin Behnoosh R. , Pinheiro Paulo S. , Carreira Helena , Li Chunyu , Weir Hannah K. 
Published: December 2017

BACKGROUNDWorldwide, liver cancer is a leading cause of death for both men and women. The number of Americans who are diagnosed with and die of liver cancer has been rising slowly each year. Using data from the CONCORD‐2 study, this study examined population‐based survival by state, race, and stage at diagnosis.METHODSData from 37 statewide registries, which covered 81% of the US population, for patients diagnosed during 2001‐2009 were analyzed. Survival up to 5 years was adjusted for background mortality (net survival) with state‐ and race‐specific life tables, and it was age‐standardized with the International Cancer Survival Standard weights.RESULTSLiver cancer was diagnosed overall more often at the localized stage, with blacks being more often diagnosed at distant and regional stages than whites. 5‐year net survival was 12.2% in 2001‐2003 and 14.8% in 2004‐2009. Whites had higher survival than blacks in both calendar periods (11.7% vs 9.1% and 14.3% vs 11.4%, respectively). During 2004‐2009, 5‐year survival was 25.7% for localized‐stage disease, 9.5% for regional‐stage disease, and 3.5% for distant‐stage disease.CONCLUSIONSSome progress has occurred in survival for patients with liver cancer, but 5‐year survival remains low, even for those diagnosed at the localized stage. Efforts directed at controlling well‐established risk factors such as hepatitis B may have the greatest impact on reducing the burden of liver cancer in the United States. Cancer 2017;123:5059‐78. Published 2017. This article is a U.S. Government work and is in the public domain in the USA.