bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Thionyl Nitrate as Nitrating Agent for the Synthesis of 2‐[Butyl(nitro)amino]ethyl Nitrate (n‐BuNENA)
Authors: Bayat Yadollah , Esmailmarandi Fatemeh 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe synthesis of n‐BuNENA by reaction of N‐butylethanolamine and thionyl nitrate is reported herein. Various nitrating agents were studied and thionyl nitrate was found to be a promising nitrating agent. The reaction conditions for the nitration with thionyl nitrate were optimized and the best results were obtained with one equivalent of thionyl nitrate at 0 °C for 3 h. This method has a number of advantages such as performing the reaction in one step, easy handling and work‐up, and good yield. The reaction progress was monitored by HPLC and the product was characterized by IR and 1H NMR spectroscopy.
Footshock‐induced plasticity of GABAB signalling in the lateral habenula requires dopamine and glucocorticoid receptors
Authors: Lecca Salvatore , Trusel Massimo , Mameli Manuel 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe activity of lateral habenula (LHb) represents a substrate for the encoding of negative‐valenced events. The exposure to aversive stimuli in naïve mice is sufficient to trigger a reduction in GABAB‐mediated signaling in the LHb. This is ultimately instrumental for the hyperactivity of LHb neurons and for the establishment of depressive‐like phenotypes. However, the mechanisms responsible for the induction of this aversion‐driven plasticity are missing.Using ex‐vivo patch‐clamp recordings in slices, here we show that exposing mice to a series of inescapable footshocks (FsE) rapidly reduces baclofen‐mediated GABAB currents in the LHb. This plasticity of GABAB signaling requires the activation of the dopamine and stress pathways. Indeed, the systemic administration of dopamine and glucocorticoids receptor antagonists prevents the FsE‐induced reduction of GABAB currents in the LHb. To test whether the recruitment of these receptors occurs within the LHb, we exposed slices from control mice to either dopamine or corticosterone. Both manipulations failed to alter the amplitudes of baclofen‐mediated GABAB currents. Altogether, these data suggest that dopamine and stress signaling are necessary for the induction of FsE‐evoked GABAB plasticity in the LHb. However, the activation of these specific receptors may occur in structures different than the LHb, suggesting a circuit‐based mechanism for this form of plasticity. These findings provide mechanistic insights on aversion‐driven plasticity within the LHb.
Postoperative Complications of Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy for Acute Cholecystitis: A Comparison to the ACS‐NSQIP Risk Calculator and the Tokyo Guidelines
Authors: Massoumi Roxanne L. , Trevino Colleen M. , Webb Travis P. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundWe compared observed postoperative outcomes from laparoscopic cholecystectomy performed for acute cholecystitis (AC) to outcomes predicted by the ACS‐NSQIP risk calculator.We also noted and compared any differences in observed outcomes across the different Tokyo Guidelines (TG) levels of AC severity.We hypothesized that ACS‐NSQIP would accurately predict complications and length of stay (LOS) and that increased TG severity levels would correlate with more complications, increased conversion to open surgery, and longer LOS.MethodsA review of all patients who underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis over eighteen months was performed.ResultsACS‐NSQIP predicted a complication rate of 4.6% (11% found) and LOS of 0.73 days (2.5 found), p < 0.05. Increased TG severity had LOS of 1.89, 2.75, and 5.33, respectively, p < 0.05. The complication numbers and conversion to open cholecystectomy were insignificant between the TG classes.ConclusionACS‐NSQIP did not accurately predict complications or LOS. TG classifications did not show a significant difference in complications or conversion to open surgery, but positively correlated with LOS. ACS‐NSQIP may not accurately predict patient outcomes and the TG, originally created with the purpose of differentiating levels of inflammation and severity, may only be useful for predicting LOS.
Slow, continuous enzyme replacement via spinal CSF in dogs with the paediatric‐onset neurodegenerative disease, MPS IIIA
Authors: King Barbara , Marshall Neil R. , Hassiotis Sofia , Trim Paul J. , Tucker Justin , Hattersley Kathryn , Snel Marten F. , Jolly Robert D. , Hopwood John J. , Hemsley Kim M. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntra‐cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) injection of recombinant human lysosomal enzyme is a potential treatment strategy for several neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disorders including Sanfilippo syndrome (Mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIA; MPS IIIA). Here we have utilised the MPS IIIA Huntaway dog model to compare the effectiveness of the repeated intermittent bolus injection strategy being used in the trials with an alternate approach; slow, continual infusion of replacement enzyme (recombinant human sulphamidase; rhSGSH) into the spinal CSF using a SynchroMed II® pump attached to a spinal infusion cannula. The ability of each enzyme delivery strategy to ameliorate lesions in MPS IIIA brain was determined in animals treated from ∼three‐ to six‐months of age. Controls received buffer or no treatment. Significant reductions in heparan sulphate (primary substrate) were observed in brain samples from dogs treated via either cisternal or lumbar spinal CSF bolus injection methods and also in slow intra‐spinal CSF infusion‐treated dogs. The extent of the reduction differed regionally. Pump‐delivered rhSGSH was less effective in reducing secondary substrate (GM3 ganglioside) in deeper aspects of cerebral cortex, and although near‐amelioration of microglial activation was seen in superficial (but not deep) layers of cerebral cortex in both bolus enzyme‐treated groups, pump‐infusion of rhSGSH had little impact on microgliosis. While continual low‐dose infusion of rhSGSH into MPS IIIA dog CSF reduces disease‐based lesions in brain, it was not as efficacious as repeated cisternal or spinal CSF bolus infusion of rhSGSH over the time‐frame of these experiments.
Prospective content in the friendship conversations of young adults☆
Authors: Young Richard A. , Marshall Sheila K. , Murray John 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTProspection is cognitive processes that involve constructing, encoding, and remembering the future. Less is known about the how these processes are evident in the prospective content of conversations. This study sought to identify and describe evidence of the prospective content in the conversations of friends as they transition to adulthood. The present secondary content analysis of the videotaped conversations of 15 young adult friendship dyads (n = 30, 16 females, 14 males, mean age = 21.3 years) in Canada examined these conversations based the following characteristics of prospection: simulation, reasoning about counterfactuals, constructing multiple possible futures, and episodic memory of the past. Four categories of prospective content were evident in these conversations, these processes were used sparingly in all but one conversation, and relatively few of them were collaborative in that dyad partners did not appear to serve to augment, clarify, or disconfirm prospective content.
Adolescent trust and primary care: Help‐seeking for emotional and psychological difficulties
Authors: Corry Dagmar Anna S. , Leavey Gerard 
Published: November 2016

ABSTRACTAlthough a quarter of adolescents are likely to experience emotional and psychological difficulties, only a third of them will seek professional help. In this exploratory study we undertook focus groups with 54 adolescents between the ages of 13 and 16 in eight post‐primary schools in Northern Ireland. Young people do not trust their GPs, perceiving them as strangers, impersonal and uncaring. The basis of distrust is different among males and females. The findings are discussed in light of adolescents’ developmental challenges of identity formation and the consequent demand to be respected and taken seriously by adults.
Cognitive Remediation and Functional Improvement in Schizophrenia: is it a Matter of Size?
Authors: Bosia M. , Buonocore M. , Bechi M. , Spangaro M. , Pigoni A. , Croci M. , Cocchi F. , Guglielmino C. , Bianchi L. , Smeraldi E. , Cavallaro R. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundCognitive Remediation represents the best available tool to treat cognitive deficits in schizophrenia and evidence suggests an effect also on global functioning. However, the relationship between cognitive and functional improvement is not yet fully elucidated: do cognitive changes need to be of a definite size and/or encompass a certain number of domains in order to impact on daily functioning? This study aims to explore the role of cognitive improvement, evaluated both quantitatively and qualitatively through the use of Italian equivalent scores, on the daily functioning of patients. As secondary goal, the influence of demographic, clinical and neuropsychological variables on functional outcome was also systematically investigated.MethodsOne hundred subjects with a diagnosis of schizophrenia underwent 36 sessions of Cognitive Remediation and were evaluated at baseline and after the training with the Brief Assessment of Cognition in Schizophrenia and the Quality of Life Scale.ResultsA total of 70% of patients improved in at least one cognitive domain and over 50% obtained a normalized score. Among the clinical and neurocognitive factors examined, the only significant predictor of quality of life’s improvement was the proportion of cognitive functions that reached an equivalent score of “normal”.ConclusionsThis study suggests that improvements in daily functioning depend on the achievement of a cognitive profile as much as possible “normal”, harmonious and balanced, supporting the idea that a qualitative leap in cognition is needed in order to gain an advantage in real life activities.
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (Bdnf) and Gray Matter Volume in Bipolar Disorder
Authors: Poletti S. , Aggio V. , Hoogenboezem T.A. , Ambrée O. , de Wit H. , Wijkhuijs A.J.M. , Locatelli C. , Colombo C. , Arolt V. , Drexhage H.A. , Benedetti F. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractIntroductionBipolar Disorder (BD) is a severe psychiatric condition characterized by grey matter (GM) volumes reduction. Neurotrophic factors have been suggested to play a role in the neuroprogressive changes during the illness course. In particular peripheral brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has been proposed as a potential biomarker related to disease activity and neuroprogression in BD. The aim of our study was to investigate if serum levels of BDNF are associated with GM volumes in BD patients and healthy controls (HC).MethodsWe studied 36 inpatients affected by a major depressive episode in course of BD type I and 17 HC. Analysis of variance was performed to investigate the effect of diagnosis on GM volumes in the whole brain. Threshold for significance was P < 0.05, Family Wise Error (FWE) corrected for multiple comparisons. All the analyses were controlled for the effect of nuisance covariates known to influence GM volumes, such as age, gender and lithium treatment.ResultsBD patients showed significantly higher serum BDNF levels compared with HC. Reduced GM volumes in BD patients compared to HC were observed in several brain areas, encompassing the caudate head, superior temporal gyrus, insula, fusiform gyrus, parahippocampal gyrus, and anterior cingulate cortex. The interaction analysis between BDNF levels and diagnosis showed a significant effect in the middle frontal gyrus. HC reported higher BDNF levels associated with higher GM volumes, whereas no association between BDNF and GM volumes was observed in BD.DiscussionOur study seems to suggest that although the production of BDNF is increased in BD possibly to prevent and repair neural damage, its effects could be hampered by underlying neuroinflammatory processes interfering with the neurodevelopmental role of BDNF.
Adjustment Disorder: Empirical Study of a New Diagnostic Concept for Icd-11 in the General Population in Lithuania
Authors: Zelviene P. , Kazlauskas E. , Eimontas J. , Maercker A. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractObjectiveAdjustment disorder (AD) is one of the most debated diagnoses in psychiatry since it has been recognised as vaguely defined and causing a lot of difficulties in clinical practice. We aimed to analyse the structure of adjustment disorder based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD)–11 proposals by the WHO ICD-11 Working Group on the Classification of Disorders Specifically Associated with Stress in the general population in Lithuania. Three structural models of adjustment disorder were tested using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA).MethodData from the sample of 649 participants who experienced at least one significant stressor during the last two years was included in CFA analysis. Stressor exposure and AD symptoms were measured with the Lithuanian version of the Adjustment Disorder New Module (ADNM-20).ResultsThe CFA analysis revealed that the two core factor model of the AD with two core symptoms: preoccupation and failure to adapt fitted data the best in contrast to other two models.ConclusionThe study supports the ICD-11 proposal for the structure of adjustment disorder with two core symptoms: preoccupation and failure to adapt. Further studies are needed to analyse the structure of AD in other populations.
Institutional Abuse – Characteristics of Victims, Perpetrators and Organsations: a Systematic Review
Authors: Kamavarapu Y.S. , Ferriter Michael , Morton S. , Völlm B. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundAbuse of vulnerable adults in institutional settings has been reported from various countries; however, there has been no systematic review of the characteristics of the victims and their abusers. Our aim was to identify and synthesise the literature on victims, perpetrators and institutions where abuse occured in order to inform interventions to prevent such abuse.MethodsSearches of MEDLINE (OVID), CINHAL (EBSCO), EMBASE (OVID) and PsychINFO (OVID) databases identified 4279 references. After screening of titles and abstracts, 123 citations merited closer inspection. After applying inclusion and exclusion criteria, 22 articles were included in the review.ResultsOur review suggested that the evidence available on risk factors is not extensive but some conclusions can be drawn. Clients, staff, institutional and environmental factors appear to play a role in increasing the risk of abuse.ConclusionsVulnerable clients need closer monitoring. Clients and staff may lack the awareness and knowledge to identify and report abuse. Institutions should take proactive steps to monitor clients, train staff and devise systems that allow for the identification and prevention of incidents of abuse.There is a need for further research into the associations between the individual client, staff, institutional characteristics and abuse.
Remote magnetic catheter navigation versus conventional ablation in atrial fibrillation ablation: Fluoroscopy reduction
Authors: Lim Paul Chun Yih , Toh Joseph Jia Hong , Loh Julian Kenrick Xing Yuan , Lee Edward Chun Yi , Chong Daniel Thuan Tee , Tan Boon Yew , Ho Kah Leng , Ching Chi Keong , Teo Wee Siong 
Published: November 2016

AbstractBackgroundPercutaneous transcatheter radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation with remote controlled magnetic navigation (RMN) has been shown to reduce radiation exposure to patients and physicians compared with conventional manual (MAN) ablation techniques.MethodsCatheter ablation for atrial fibrillation was performed utilizing RMN in 214 consecutive patients and MAN ablation techniques in 229 patients. We compared the fluoroscopy and procedural times between RMN and MAN catheter ablation of atrial fibrillation. Secondary objectives included comparing acute procedural success and short‐term complication rates between both ablation strategies.ResultsFluoroscopy time was significantly shorter in the RMN group than the MAN group (53.5±30.1 vs 68.1±27.6 min, respectively; p<0.01); however, the total procedural time was longer in the RMN group (280.2±74.4 min vs 213.1±64.75, respectively; p>0.001). Further subgroup analysis of the most recent 50 ablations each from the RMN and MAN groups, to attenuate the RMN learning curve effect, showed an even greater difference in fluoroscopy time (RMN vs MAN: 53.5±30.1 vs 68.1±27.6 min), though a consistently longer procedure time with RMN (249.5±65.5 vs 186.3±65.6 min, respectively). The acute procedural success rate was comparable between the groups (98.6% vs 95.6%, respectively; p=0.07). The rates of acute complications were similar in both groups (2.3% vs 4.8%, respectively; p=0.16).ConclusionsIn radiofrequency ablation of atrial fibrillation, RMN appears to significantly reduce fluoroscopy time compared with conventional MAN ablation, though at a cost of increased total procedural time, with comparable acute success rates and safety profile. A reduction in procedure and fluoroscopy times is possible with gaining experience.
An investigation into the relationship between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c): a sex-stratified, cross-sectional analysis of the UK National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012)
Authors: Carroll Harriet A. , Betts James A. , Johnson Laura 
Published: November 2016

AbstractThe aim of this study was to analyse the association between plain water intake and glycated Hb (HbA1c) in the National Diet and Nutrition Survey (2008–2012) rolling survey. These data included diet (4-d diaries) and HbA1c (fasted blood sample) measures of 456 men and 579 women aged 44 (sd 18) years with full information on covariates of interest (age, ethnicity, BMI, smoking status, education, other beverage intake, energy intake and fibre). Data were analysed using sex-stratified linear and logistic regressions modelling the associations of cups per d (240 ml) of plain water with HbA1c, and odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %, respectively. Substitution analyses modelled the replacement of sugar-sweetened beverages, fruit juice and artificially sweetened beverages with plain water. After adjustment, 1 cup/d of plain water was associated with a −0·04 % lower HbA1c (95 % CI −0·07, −0·02) in men. In logistic regression, men had a 22 % (95 % CI 10, 32 %) reduced odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %/cup per d of plain water. There was no evidence of an association with either HbA1c or odds of HbA1c≥5·5 % in women. None of the substitution models was associated with a change in odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %. Plain water intake was associated with lower HbA1c in men but not in women. Substituting water for specific beverages was not associated with a reduced odds of HbA1c≥5·5 %, suggesting that the addition of water is the more pertinent factor. Future trials should test whether the relationships between water intake and HbA1c is causal as this could be a cost-effective and simple health intervention.
Microencapsulated bitter compounds (from Gentiana lutea) reduce daily energy intakes in humans
Authors: Mennella Ilario , Fogliano Vincenzo , Ferracane Rosalia , Arlorio Marco , Pattarino Franco , Vitaglione Paola 
Published: November 2016

AbstractMounting evidence showed that bitter-tasting compounds modulate eating behaviour through bitter taste receptors in the gastrointestinal tract. This study aimed at evaluating the influence of microencapsulated bitter compounds on human appetite and energy intakes. A microencapsulated bitter ingredient (EBI) with a core of bitter Gentiana lutea root extract and a coating of ethylcellulose–stearate was developed and included in a vanilla microencapsulated bitter ingredient-enriched pudding (EBIP). The coating masked bitterness in the mouth, allowing the release of bitter secoiridoids in the gastrointestinal tract. A cross-over randomised study was performed: twenty healthy subjects consumed at breakfast EBIP (providing 100 mg of secoiridoids) or the control pudding (CP) on two different occasions. Blood samples, glycaemia and appetite ratings were collected at baseline and 30, 60, 120 and 180 min after breakfast. Gastrointestinal peptides, endocannabinoids (EC) and N-acylethanolamines (NAE) were measured in plasma samples. Energy intakes were measured at an ad libitum lunch 3 h after breakfast and over the rest of the day (post lunch) through food diaries. No significant difference in postprandial plasma responses of gastrointestinal hormones, glucose, EC and NAE and of appetite between EBIP and CP was found. However, a trend for a higher response of glucagon-like peptide-1 after EBIP than after CP was observed. EBIP determined a significant 30 % lower energy intake over the post-lunch period compared with CP. These findings were consistent with the tailored release of bitter-tasting compounds from EBIP along the gastrointestinal tract. This study demonstrated that microencapsulated bitter secoiridoids were effective in reducing daily energy intake in humans.
Effects of thermo-photoperiod on induction and termination of hibernation inChilo partellus(Swinhoe)
Authors: Dhillon M. K. , Hasan F. , Tanwar A. K. , Bhadauriya A. S. 
Published: November 2016

AbstractDetermination of critical threshold for induction and termination of diapause (hibernation) are important for better understanding the bio-ecology and population dynamics ofChilo partellus(Swinhoe) under varying climatic conditions. We studied initiation and termination of hibernation under five temperature and photoperiod regimesviz., 27°C + 12L:12D, 22°C + 11.5L:12.5D, 18°C + 11L:13D, 14°C + 10.5L:13.5D and 10°C + 10L:14D under fixed and ramping treatments, and the observations were recorded on various phenological and developmental characteristics at weekly intervals. Present studies revealed that the induction of hibernation inC. partelluslarvae takes from 46 to 56 days depending upon temperature and photoperiod conditions. Induction of hibernation varied from 7.9 to 18.3% across treatment conditions, indicating that not allC. partelluslarvae undergo diapause under prevailing environmental conditions. Weight, length and head capsule width of diapausing larvae were found significantly lower than the non-diapausing larvae. The non-diapausingC. partelluslarvae required a thermal threshold of 1068 degree-days under ambient conditions, while in case of hibernating larvae it varied significantly across treatment conditions. Diapausing larvae underwent up to five supernumerary moults, wherein highest percentage of diapausing larvae (35.7%) exhibited two supernumerary moults. The developmental time of diapausing larvae varied from 94.9 to 160.4 days across treatments. A population loss of 17.2–28.3% was recorded inC. partellusdue to hibernation, which has implications for population buildup of post-hibernation first brood and management strategies.
The role ofPlasmodium knowlesiin the history of malaria research
Authors: BUTCHER G. A. , MITCHELL G. H. 
Published: November 2016

SUMMARYIn recent years, a malaria infection of humans in South East Asia, originally diagnosed as a known human-infecting species,Plasmodium malariae, has been identified as a simian parasite,Plasmodium knowlesi.This species had been subject to considerable investigation in monkeys since the 1930s. With the development of continuous culture of the erythrocytic stages of the human malarial parasite,Plasmodium falciparumin 1976, the emphasis in research shifted away from knowlesi. However, its importance as a human pathogen has provoked a renewed interest inP. knowlesi, not least because it too can be maintained in continuous culture and thus provides an experimental model. In fact, this parasite species has a long history in malaria research, and the purpose of this chapter is to outline approximately the first 50 years of this history.