bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Identification of the sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) bHLH gene family and the role of CsbHLH55 and CsbHLH87 in regulating salt stress
Authors: Zi Yinqiang , Zhang Mengjie , Yang Xiuyao , Zhao Ke , Yin Tuo , Wen Ke , Li Xulin , Liu Xiaozhen , Zhang Hanyao 
Published: August 2024

AbstractSalt stress is one of the primary environmental stresses limiting plant growth and production and adversely affecting the growth, development, yield, and fruit quality of Citrus sinensis. bHLH (basic helix‐loop‐helix) genes are involved in many bioregulatory processes in plants, including growth and development, phytohormone signaling, defense responses, and biosynthesis of specific metabolites. In this study, by bioinformatics methods, 120 CsbHLHgenes were identified, and phylogenetic analysis classified them into 18 subfamilies that were unevenly distributed on nine chromosomes. The cis‐acting elements of the CsbHLH genes were mainly hormone‐related cis‐acting elements. Seventeen CsbHLH genes exhibited significant differences in expression under salt stress. Six CsbHLH genes with significant differences in expression were randomly selected for quantitative real‐time polymerase chain reaction (qRT‐PCR) validation. The qRT‐PCR results showed a strong correlation with the transcriptome data. Phytohormones such as jasmonic acid (JA) are essential for biotic and abiotic stress responses in plants, and CsbHLH55 and CsbHLH87 are considered candidate target genes for sweet orange MYC2 transcription factors involved in the JA signaling pathway. These genes are the main downstream effectors in the JA signaling pathway and can be activated to participate in the JA signaling pathway. Activation of the JA signaling pathway inhibits the production of reactive oxygen species and improves the salt tolerance of sweet orange plants. The CsbHLH55 and CsbHLH87 genes could be candidate genes for breeding new transgenic salt‐resistant varieties of sweet orange.
The impact of long‐course chemoradiotherapy on the myenteric plexus, neuromuscular functions and responses to prokinetic drugs in the human rectum
Authors: Kung Victor W. S. , Broad John , Makwana Raj , Palmer Alexandra , Baidoo Nicholas , Epton Sarah , Elahi Shezan , Chin‐Aleong Joanne , Thaha Mohamed , Knowles Charles H. , Sanger Gareth J. 
Published: August 2024

AbstractBackground & AimsThe long‐term effects of chemoradiotherapy on human rectum are poorly understood. The aims were to investigate changes in inflammatory status, myenteric neuron numbers/phenotype, neuromuscular functions and prokinetic drug efficacy.MethodsMacroscopically normal proximal‐to‐mid rectum was obtained from 21 patients undergoing surgery for bowel cancer, 98 days (range: 63–350) after concurrent capecitabine and pelvic radiotherapy, and 19 patients without chemoradiotherapy. Inflammatory status was measured by H&E, CD45 staining and qPCR. Myenteric neurons were examined by immunohistochemistry. Neuromuscular functions and drug efficacy were studied using exogenous agents and electrical field stimulation (EFS) to activate intrinsic nerves.ResultsInflammation was not detected. Numbers of myenteric ganglia/neurons were unchanged (11.7 ± 2.4 vs. 10.3 ± 2.2 neurons/mm myenteric plexus with/without chemoradiotherapy) as were the numbers of cholinergic/nitrergic neurons. EFS stimulated cholinergic and nitrergic neurons so the contractile response of the muscle was the sum of both but dominated by cholinergic (causing contraction) or less often, nitrergic activity (relaxation), followed, after termination of EFS, by neuronally mediated contraction. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthase (by L‐NAME 300 μM) more clearly defined EFS‐evoked contractions. The 5‐HT4 agonist prucalopride 10 μM and the cholinesterase inhibitor donepezil 1 µM, respectively increased and greatly increased the composite contractile response to EFS (measured as ‘area‐under‐the curve’) and the contractions isolated by L‐NAME (respectively, by 22 ± 14% and 334 ± 87%; n = 11/8). After chemoradiotherapy, nitrergic‐mediated muscle relaxations occurred more often during EFS (in 29.8 ± 6.1% preparations vs. 12.6 ± 5.1% without chemoradiotherapy, n = 21/18). With L‐NAME, the ability of prucalopride to facilitate EFS‐evoked contraction was lost and that of donepezil approximately halved (contractions increased by 132 ± 36%; n = 8).ConclusionsSeveral months after chemoradiotherapy, the rectum was not inflamed and myenteric neuron numbers/phenotype unchanged. However, nitrergic activity was increased relative to cholinergic activity, and prokinetic‐like drug activity was lost or greatly reduced. Thus, chemoradiotherapy causes long‐term changes in neuromuscular functions and markedly reduces the efficacy of drugs for treating constipation.
Nonlinear free vibration analysis of the rectangular conductive elastic plate in magnetic field based on homotopy perturbation method
Authors: Gu JiaJun , Shi WeiChen 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis article tries to investigate the nonlinear free vibrations of the rectangular conductive elastic plate in uniform magnetic fields under the classic plate theory considering nonlinear strain‐displacement. The formulation of the governing equations integrates the electromagnetic forces arising from the motion of the plate. The nonlinear motion equations are dimensionless, which takes the effect of in‐plane inertia into account. The equations are solved by the Galerkin method and homotopy perturbation method (HPM). The effectiveness of the solution is verified. According to the solutions by HPM, the effects of the initial conditions, length‐to‐thickness ratio, and magnetic induction intensity on the nonlinear free vibrations behavior of conductive elastic plates are discussed.
14 Accelerating Development of Therapeutics for Preparedness, Response, and a More Secure World
Authors: Higgs Elizabeth S. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The accelerated development of therapeutics is essential to infectious disease preparedness and emergency response, just like vaccines and diagnostics. Vaccine research received more public attention than therapeutics during the COVID-19 pandemic. Still, existing drugs, monoclonal antibody cocktails, the combination drug nirmatrelvir/ritonavir (Paxlovid®), and other life-saving interventions for COVID-19 are the result of accelerated therapeutics research during the health emergency. This chapter outlines scientific, regulatory, and social factors that affect the entire therapeutics development process from “bench to bedside,” including preclinical and clinical research, regulatory review, manufacturing, and delivery of safe, effective therapeutics before and during an infectious disease outbreak with pandemic potential. There are both similarities and differences in the processes for vaccines and diagnostics. Still, in all three cases, emergency research response goals are the same: to save lives and avert suffering, accelerate the end of the outbreak, and develop measures to prevent and mitigate future outbreaks. Therapeutics preparedness and response for pathogens with epidemic and/or pandemic potential require innovation to:

Correct market failures in therapeutics development, e.g., lack of commercial investment in therapeutics for diseases that affect few people or predominantly low-income populations.

Accelerate preclinical development.

Receive approvals from oversight bodies for trials in emergencies.

Implement large-scale, well-designed randomized clinical studies following good participatory practice (GPP) guidelines, ideally structured by a master protocol so individual trials contribute to a statistically powerful whole.

Obtain regulatory authorization or approval.

Ensure that the products resulting from research are available to all those who may benefit.

Throughout the process, multitasking, or simultaneously acting on steps normally done in sequence, is a key methodology to accelerate results without compromising ethical and scientific standards. A clear, practical vision of what a therapeutics preparedness state should be is outlined here. It will require political support and human and material resources to make it possible.
2 Clinical Research on Infectious Diseases: An Overview
Authors: Keusch Gerald T. , McAdam Keith 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter offers a historical introduction and perspective for many of the subjects explored in detail in further chapters of the book. Efforts to discover which medical treatments are safe and effective and which are not date back many centuries. But it has only been 75 years since the current scientifically and ethically sound clinical research gold standard, the randomly controlled, double-blind clinical trial, was widely adopted, representing the maturation of biostatistically based trial design and the development of modern concepts of medical ethics. We are now on the cusp of another revolution as new circumstances highlight the need for innovative, adaptive research models. For example, the need to design and implement clinical trials quickly during an infectious disease outbreak is now an accepted element of response, even—or especially—in countries with limited health resources and research capacity.
The 2014–2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa clearly demonstrated a new set of constraints and the need to initiate research both swiftly and safely. Innovative trial designs such as multi-arm, adaptive trials offer great advantages in certain contexts, but require more sophisticated statistical analysis and currently are more difficult for communities and even review boards to understand. The need for community inclusion in clinical trial implementation is now universally recognized, but how to accomplish it, and the degree to which researchers are committed to it, remains a work in progress. The fundamental ethical and scientific principles of clinical research may seem well established but continue to challenge research study design and the agencies that provide funding for large clinical trials. The combined impacts of innovations in technology and trial design, the need to carry out research on an expedited basis when novel pathogens arise, and the flowering of misinformation in the current media environment make emergency research not only essential, but an exciting and challenging field as well.
16 Challenges for Emergency Research Response and Preparedness in Fragile, Weak, and Failed Nation States
Authors: Katz Rebecca , Phelan Alexandra L. , Shahpar Cyrus 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Fragile and failed nation states often harbor conditions where emerging and re-emerging infectious disease (EID) outbreaks are likely to occur. Such states may struggle to provide adequate primary health care—hindering detection of new disease events—and often are unable to mount an effective outbreak response. Active conflict and consequences like large-scale displacement of populations increase opportunities for pathogens to emerge and further hinder response. Global efforts to improve capacity for infectious disease response, especially locally based research, have been modestly successful at best in fragile states. While there has been a number of recent efforts to build capacity in fragile states, these efforts must take account of deeper humanitarian obligations, many of them laid out in treaties to which most nation states are parties. Global health actors are working on improvements in governance and EID response in the wake of COVID-19, but the outlook for preparedness and response remains uncertain, particularly in fragile and failed states.
25 Models in the COVID-19 Pandemic
Authors: Imai Natsuko , Baguelin Marc , Ferguson Neil M. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
The scale and impact of the COVID-19 pandemic have challenged policymakers globally. Decisions on implementing socially and economically disruptive control measures have often had to be made on limited quantitative evidence. Epidemiological analysis and mathematical modeling are powerful tools for systematically synthesizing the knowns and unknowns to highlight key knowledge gaps and provide quantitative insights into potential policy options. The pandemic has reinforced the role of modeling and advanced analytics in informing policy responses. This chapter explores the advanced analytics and mathematical modeling used during the COVID-19 pandemic, focusing on key retrospective analyses and prospective modeling approaches.
26 Social Science Evidence for Outbreak and Pandemic Response: Rapid Research and Analytics for Public Health Emergencies
Authors: Gobat Nina , Carter Simone , Kutalek Ruth , Rashid Sabina Faiz , Lees Shelley , Anoko Julienne Ngoundoung 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Infectious disease outbreaks are social events as much as biomedical ones. They arise and evolve in complex, unpredictable ways that are influenced by interactions within and across human, animal, and environmental ecosystems. Data and evidence from the social sciences bring visibility to the ways in which these dynamics shape outbreak trajectories, and draw attention to social, behavioral, historic, political, economic, and ecological dimensions of public health emergencies. When integrated with biomedical approaches, this evidence contributes to a rich, holistic understanding of disease transmission, prevention, and control. In the acute phase of an emergency, evidence needs to be rapidly produced, provide credible and robust findings, and be relevant to policy and response decisions that have a direct bearing on the trajectory of the outbreak. This chapter takes readers through some key considerations and points of practice for rapidly producing evidence related to social and behavioral dynamics in health emergencies. This chapter also highlights some common challenges and suggests how to overcome them.
29 International Collaboration to Advance Research Preparedness and Response
Authors: Rojek Amanda , Carson Gail 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
Pandemic preparedness and research response bring together multiple disciplines and organizations to coordinate action across geographical and specialty boundaries. At their best, these international collaborations provide rapid, robust answers to key scientific questions. But several recent pandemics, notably coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have revealed less than ideal levels of international collaboration. This chapter discusses factors that limit collaboration and some of the risks of a global research response ecosystem prone to delay and error. Using several case studies as examples, this chapter proposes measures to better prepare and implement international collaborations in future outbreaks, including the strategic allocation of funding to support well-designed, expedited clinical research to answer key clinical and public health questions.
33 Ethical Review of Clinical Research During an Emergency Response
Authors: Pierson Jerome F. 
Published: August 2024

Abstract
This chapter focuses on the ethical review of clinical research implemented in an emergency response carried out in partnership between two countries. This material could also apply to other research partnerships; the roadmap it provides for investigators and planners in an emergency research response, along with the ethical considerations described, also apply to planning and oversight in non-emergency research. Whether part of an emergency response or not, research must be fully compliant with applicable guidelines for human participant protections. It must also be scientifically sound to be ethical; putting people at risk (however minimal) without a reasonable prospect of health benefits cannot be justified. Diverting scarce clinical research capacity to substandard trials during an emergency is also arguably unethical. Establishing good ethical review for clinical research during an epidemic, especially in low-resource areas, is daunting. However, researchers should never lose sight of their goal: ethically and scientifically sound research that leads to better medical care for people suffering from disease.
The Evolution of Research and Partnership Activities in Support of Urban Transformation: The EU’s Research and Innovation Framework Programme
Authors: Kang Hanna , Kang Moon Jung , Moon Jooyeon 
Published: August 2024

AbstractRapid urbanization has been interlinked with sustainability challenges, underscoring the urgency of urban transformation. The EU has established financing initiatives to drive urban transformation actions, including through its research and innovation (R&I) funding programme. Employing a social network analysis approach, this study investigates shifts in partnerships within the programme. In particular, the study’s relevance is noteworthy in light of the EU–Republic of Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) Green Partnership established in May 2023, and therefore have implications for the forging of impactful green collaborations between the EU and Korea.
Positions of Established and Emerging Powers Towards Climate Finance: The Cases of Germany and Korea
Authors: Baydag R. Melis 
Published: August 2024

AbstractClimate finance is an increasingly important issue for international cooperation of established and emerging powers as well as their claims of leadership in the global green energy transition. This chapter explores the underpinnings of the positions of Germany and South Korea towards international climate finance from the perspective of ideational and material interest-driven domestic political dynamics.
Multilateralism and Climate Justice
Authors: Han Songhee , Kang Minah , Tosun Jale 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter investigates the climate justice principles and the mandate and scope of multilateral institutions in pursuit of sustainable and climate-resilient development. Specifically, the climate change operational framework and strategies of key multilateral development banks are analysed from the perspective of climate justice, along with implications for policymakers and practitioners and cases from the Republic of Korea (hereafter referred to as Korea) and Germany. This study sheds new light on the potential for multilateral climate governance to advance climate justice.
Testimonies of Several Hundred Witnesses and 14 Self-Admitted Maidan Snipers
Authors: Katchanovski Ivan 
Published: August 2024

AbstractThis chapter analyzes interviews and statements in the Ukrainian and other media and social media after the Maidan massacre of the Maidan protesters and the police by several hundred witnesses, primarily eyewitnesses among Maidan activists and journalists, concerning Maidan snipers, snipers in the Maidan-controlled buildings, and other evidence of the false-flag massacre in downtown Kyiv in Ukraine on February 18–20, 2014. It also examines interviews and statements by 14 self-admitted members of Maidan sniper groups, in particular, about shooting the police and the protesters in various media and the social media. Many Maidan activists and self-admitted snipers publicly stated that they witnessed involvement of specific top Maidan leaders from the oligarchic parties and far-right organizations in the massacre.
Industrieller E-Commerce. Verfügbarmachung und Transformation von Wertschöpfung in der Teilefertigungsbranche
Authors: Butollo Florian , Schneidemesser Lea , Scheffler Simon 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungIn unserem Beitrag analysieren wir distributionszentrierte Ansätze der Digitalisierung industrieller Produktion. Anhand einer Sektorstudie der Teilefertigung beschreiben wir drei Unternehmenstypen, die mit ihren Geschäftsmodellen distributionszentrierte Digitalisierungsansätze verfolgen: Online Kontraktfertiger, Digitale Fertigungsplattformen und Plattformalternativen. Empirische Grundlage sind Fallstudien und Expert*inneninterviews (insgesamt 35 Interviews) als auch ein Onlinesurvey unter 50 Teilefertigern. Im Fokus unserer Analyse stehen die Beschaffenheit neu entstehender Geschäftsmodelle, die Governance der Beziehungen zwischen Digitalunternehmen, ihren Kunden und den etablierten Unternehmen der Branche sowie die räumliche Reorganisation von Produktion und Arbeit. Aus der Perspektive der KMU der Teilefertigungsbranche birgt der Wandel Gefahren einer Verdrängung durch Online Kontraktfertiger und eines verschärften Kostenwettlaufs durch digitale Fertigungsplattformen, die eine größere Transparenz und Vergleichbarkeit der (globalen) Anbieter ermöglichen. Zugleich ermöglichen digitale Vermittlungsformen verbesserte Marktzugänge und Potenziale zur Aufwertung kleinbetrieblicher Produktionsstrukturen. Die Frage, welche Ansätze sich dabei durchsetzen und welche Regulierungsmöglichkeiten ggf. genutzt werden, hat einen hohen Stellenwert für die Entwicklung der Räumlichkeit der Produktion und die Gestaltung von Arbeitsverhältnissen innerhalb der jeweiligen Pfade.
Künstliche Intelligenz in der Praxis der Arbeit. Kontingenz und Selektivität als Merkmale einer systemischen Transformation
Authors: Heinlein Michael , Huchler Norbert 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDer Beitrag widmet sich der Spannweite des technischen Wirkens von KI in der Praxis von Arbeit und fragt, wie das Verhältnis zwischen neuen bzw. erweiterten Handlungsmöglichkeiten und neuen Einschränkungen bzw. Strukturierungen durch den Einsatz von KI einzuschätzen ist. Dazu wird eine theoretische Figur entwickelt, die Kontingenz und Selektivität als zwei Seiten des technischen Wirkens von KI in der sozialen Praxis von Arbeit beschreibt. Die These lautet, dass neuere Formen von KI (subsymbolische KI) der Arbeitspraxis einen Kontingenzschub verleihen, indem mehr und andere Dinge gewusst und getan werden können als zuvor. Zugleich sind damit aber latente Verengungen und Pfadabhängigkeiten des Wissens und Handelns verbunden. Der Beitrag greift den Aspekt einer verstärkten Durchdringung von Arbeit und Gesellschaft mit KI auf und identifiziert Öffnungen (Kontingenzen) und Schließungen (Selektivitäten) rund um mögliche Verselbständigungsprozesse.
Ironies of automation revisited. Eine experimentelle Studie zur Mensch-Technik-Interaktion bei der Arbeit mit autonomen Systemen
Authors: Krzywdzinski Martin , Wotschack Philip , Vladova Gergana , Gronau Norbert 
Published: August 2024

ZusammenfassungDer vorliegende Beitrag diskutiert den Umgang mit dem Problem der „ironies of automation“ in Industrie-4.0-Konzepten. Das Problem dieser „ironies“ liegt darin, dass sich bei der Arbeit mit autonomen technischen Systemen für die Beschäftigten die Möglichkeiten für direktes Feedback und Lernen reduzieren, während zugleich im Fall von Systemproblemen der Bedarf an menschlicher Problemlösungskompetenz zunimmt. In Industrie-4.0-Konzepten wird die Lösung oftin der Nutzung von Assistenzsystemen gesucht. Der vorliegende Beitrag untersucht, inwieweit holistisches Prozesswissen der Beschäftigten beim Einsatz von Assistenzsystemen wichtig bleibt und die Produktivität und Wahrnehmung der Arbeitsqualität beeinflusst. Konzeptionell schließt die Analyse an die Forschung über die Bedeutung von Arbeitsprozesswissen sowie an konstruktivistische Lernansätze an. Methodologisch wird ein experimentelles Forschungsdesign genutzt und erprobt. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass holistisches Prozesswissen sogar im Bereich einfacher Maschinenbedienung einen Mehrwert hat und zu weniger Fehlern und einer höheren Produktivität führt. Dies ist ein Hinweis darauf, dass digitale Assistenzsysteme allein nicht ausreichen, um die „ironies of automation“ zu beherrschen.