bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cone Beam Computed Tomographic imaging in orthodontics
Authors: Scarfe WC , Azevedo B , Toghyani S , Farman AG 
Published: March 2017

AbstractOver the last 15 years, cone beam computed tomographic (CBCT) imaging has emerged as an important supplemental radiographic technique for orthodontic diagnosis and treatment planning, especially in situations which require an understanding of the complex anatomic relationships and surrounding structures of the maxillofacial skeleton. CBCT imaging provides unique features and advantages to enhance orthodontic practice over conventional extraoral radiographic imaging. While it is the responsibility of each practitioner to make a decision, in tandem with the patient/family, consensus‐derived, evidence‐based clinical guidelines are available to assist the clinician in the decision‐making process. Specific recommendations provide selection guidance based on variables such as phase of treatment, clinically‐assessed treatment difficulty, the presence of dental and/or skeletal modifying conditions, and pathology. CBCT imaging in orthodontics should always be considered wisely as children have conservatively, on average, a three to five times greater radiation risk compared with adults for the same exposure. The purpose of this paper is to provide an understanding of the operation of CBCT equipment as it relates to image quality and dose, highlight the benefits of the technique in orthodontic practice, and provide guidance on appropriate clinical use with respect to radiation dose and relative risk, particularly for the paediatric patient.
Declining invasive prenatal diagnostic procedures: A comparison of tertiary hospital and national data from 2012 to 2015
Authors: Johnson Kristine , Kelley Joanne , Saxton Virginia , Walker Susan P. , Hui Lisa 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundIn recent years, the superior accuracy of maternal plasma cell‐free DNA‐based prenatal screening has resulted in >50% national decline in amniocenteses and chorionic villus sampling (CVS), creating new implications for specialist training.ObjectiveTo compare the annual figures on amniocenteses and CVS in a tertiary hospital with national population‐based trends between 2012 and 2015.MethodsRetrospective study examining the amniocentesis and CVS procedures performed in a tertiary hospital between 2012 and 2015. Numbers of procedures, indications for testing, type of test and diagnostic results were analysed. Trends in the annual numbers of procedures were compared to national population‐based data from Medicare Benefits Schedule database.ResultsThe annual numbers of diagnostic procedures in our tertiary centre fell from 267 to 215 over the study period, representing a 19.5% decline. This was significantly smaller than the corresponding national decline of 53.7% for the same period (P < 0.0001). In 2015, ultrasound abnormality (including nuchal translucency ≥ 3.5 mm) surpassed high‐risk screening results as the most common indication for invasive testing. Thirty percent of procedures performed for an ultrasound abnormality occurred prior to 18 weeks gestation.ConclusionOur tertiary centre experienced a relatively smaller decline in prenatal diagnostic procedures compared with national figures, largely due to an increase in testing for ultrasound abnormalities. Our results demonstrate the increasing contribution of first trimester ultrasound in the detection of fetal abnormalities in the cell‐free DNA era and the continued viability of specialist training in invasive procedures.
The aetiology of chronic vulval pain and entry dyspareunia: a retrospective review of 525 cases
Authors: Harris Victoria , Fischer Gayle , Bradford Jennifer A. 
Published: March 2017

BackgroundThere are few published data about the incidence of diagnoses or treatment outcomes, for chronic vulval pain.AimsTo document diagnoses and treatment outcomes in a cohort of chronic vulval pain presentations.Materials and methodsA retrospective case review of the patient database of a private vulval clinic between January 2011 and March 2015.ResultsFive hundred and twenty‐five out of 3360 patients (15.6%) met the criterion of vulval pain alone. Mean age was 47.1 years (range 17–86). Average duration of symptoms was 60 months (range 3–432). Overall, 277/525 (52.7%) patients had satisfactory responses to appropriate treatment and 90/525 (17%) had partial improvement. A dermatosis was identified in 322/525 (61.3%) patients and of these, 211/322 (65.5%) had satisfactory responses to appropriate dermatological treatment. In the remaining 203/525 (38.7%) the skin was normal. These patients were questioned around the possibility of a neuromuscular cause for their pain, including pre‐existing dysfunction, trauma or previous operations involving the spine, hips or lower limbs. There were 181/203 (89%) patients considered to have a neuromuscular cause for their pain and considered suitable for physiotherapy and/or neuromodulating medications. Of these patients, 63/182 (34.6%) had satisfactory responses to this treatment. One hundred and sixty‐six out of 525 (31.6%) described vulval pain only during sexual intercourse. There was no statistically significant difference between different diagnoses and responses to treatment between patients reporting dyspareunia only and those sexually active women who did not experience dysparenunia (29/525, 5.5%).ConclusionsThe majority of this cohort with chronic vulval pain had a dermatological disease with a smaller proportion caused by neuromuscular dysfunction. Both groups are potentially treatable.
A prospective, randomised trial of pre‐oxygenation strategies available in the pre‐hospital environment
Authors: Groombridge C. J. , Ley E. , Miller M. , Konig T. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryPre‐oxygenation before tracheal intubation aims to increase safe apnoea duration by denitrogenation of the functional residual capacity of the lungs, and increasing oxygen stores at the onset of apnoea. Pre‐oxygenation options in the pre‐hospital environment are limited due to oxygen availability and equipment portability. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of strategies available in this setting. This was a prospective, randomised, crossover study of 30 healthy volunteers who underwent 3‐min periods of pre‐oxygenation by tidal volume breathing with a non‐rebreather mask, a bag‐valve‐mask and a portable ventilator. The primary outcome measure was fractional expired oxygen concentration of the first exhaled breath after each technique. The secondary outcome measure was ease of breathing, assessed using a visual analogue scale. The mean (95%CI) fractional expired oxygen concentrations achieved with the non‐rebreather mask were 64 (60–68)%, bag‐valve‐mask 89 (86–92)% and portable ventilator 95 (94–96)%. Pre‐oxygenation efficacy with the non‐rebreather mask was significantly worse than with either the bag‐valve‐mask (p < 0.001) or ventilator (p < 0.001). No significant difference in ease of breathing was identified between the bag‐valve‐mask and ventilator, but both were perceived as being significantly more difficult to breathe through than the non‐rebreather mask. We conclude that, in healthy volunteers, the effectiveness of pre‐oxygenation by bag‐valve‐mask and portable ventilator was superior to pre‐oxygenation with a non‐rebreather mask, although the non‐rebreather mask was easier to breathe through than the other pre‐oxygenation devices.
Examination and visualisation of the simplifying assumption for vine copulas in three dimensions
Authors: Killiches Matthias , Kraus Daniel , Czado Claudia 
Published: March 2017

SummaryVine copulas are a highly flexible class of dependence models, which are based on the decomposition of the density into bivariate building blocks. For applications one usually makes the simplifying assumption that copulas of conditional distributions are independent of the variables on which they are conditioned. However this assumption has been criticised for being too restrictive. We examine both simplified and non‐simplified vine copulas in three dimensions and investigate conceptual differences. We show and compare contour surfaces of three‐dimensional vine copula models, which prove to be much more informative than the contour lines of the bivariate marginals. Our investigation shows that non‐simplified vine copulas can exhibit arbitrarily irregular shapes, whereas simplified vine copulas appear to be smooth extrapolations of their bivariate margins to three dimensions. In addition to a variety of constructed examples, we also investigate a three‐dimensional subset of the well‐known uranium data set and visually detect the fact that a non‐simplified vine copula is necessary to capture its complex dependence structure.
Spatial occupancy patterns and activity of arid rangeland cattle grazing small riparian pastures
Authors: Larson Larry , Johnson Douglas E. , Wilson Marie , Wilson Kerry , Louhaichi Mounir , Williams John 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe spatial occupancy patterns and activity of cattle grazing three riparian pastures was investigated in northeastern Oregon using Global Positioning System (GPS) collars logging at 1‐sec intervals. Cattle consistently selected plant communities as grazing areas that had forage in sufficient volume to meet their requirements and favored communities as resting areas that were dry and open. Cattle were stationary for more than 50% of the time in each pasture and consistently rested between dark and 04:00 hours. Interaction with stream channels was found to be 1‐2% of total occupancy time and occurred on less than 10% of channel length. Cattle were indifferent or avoided channel areas relative to their area and, when in this zone, they spent most of their time moving not resting. Cattle did not prefer the stream bank zone and spent only 2% of their time in that zone. When occupied, the stream bank zone was used as a travel corridor to gain access to water or cross the channel to access other pasture areas. These results are in contrast with the general belief that cattle are a primary occupant of the stream bank/channel area; additional research is needed to define factors influencing cattle occupancy.
Assessing mission drift at venture capital impact investors
Authors: Cetindamar Dilek , Ozkazanc‐Pan Banu 
Published: March 2017

AbstractIn this article, we consider a recent trend whereby private equity available from venture capital (VC) firms is being deployed toward mission‐driven initiatives in the form of impact investing. Acting as hybrid organizations, these impact investors aim to achieve financial results while also targeting companies and funds to achieve social impact. However, potential mission drift in these VCs, which we define as a decoupling between the investments made (means) and intended aims (ends), might become detrimental to the simultaneous financial and social goals of such firms. Based on a content analysis of mission statements, we assess mission drift and the hybridization level of VC impact investors by examining their missions (ends/goals) and their investment practices (means) through the criteria of social and financial logic. After examining eight impact‐oriented VC investors and their investments in 164 companies, we find mission drift manifest as a disparity between the means and ends in half of the VC impact investors in our sample. We discuss these findings and make suggestions for further studies.
Dual targeting of MCL1 and NOXA as effective strategy for treatment of mantle cell lymphoma
Authors: Höring Elisabeth , Montraveta Arnau , Heine Simon , Kleih Markus , Schaaf Lea , Vöhringer Matthias C. , Esteve‐Arenys Anna , Roué Gael , Colomer Dolors , Campo Elias , Ott German , Aulitzky Walter E. , van der Kuip Heiko 
Published: March 2017

SummaryImbalances in the composition of BCL2 family proteins contribute to tumourigenesis and therapy resistance of mantle cell lymphoma (MCL), making these proteins attractive therapy targets. We studied the efficiency of dual targeting the NOXA/MCL1 axis by combining fatty acid synthase inhibitors (NOXA stabilization) with the CDK inhibitor Dinaciclib (MCL1 reduction). This combination synergistically induced apoptosis in cell lines and primary MCL cells and led to almost complete inhibition of tumour progression in a mouse model. Apoptosis was NOXA‐dependent and correlated with the NOXA/MCL1 ratio, highlighting the importance of the NOXA/MCL1 balance for effective cell death induction in MCL.
How we manage iron overload in sickle cell patients
Authors: Coates Thomas D. , Wood John C. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBlood transfusion plays a prominent role in the management of patients with sickle cell disease (SCD), but causes significant iron overload. As transfusions are used to treat the severe complications of SCD, it remains difficult to distinguish whether organ damage is a consequence of iron overload or is due to the complications treated by transfusion. Better management has resulted in increased survival, but prolonged exposure to iron puts SCD patients at greater risk for iron‐related complications that should be treated. The success of chelation therapy is dominated by patient adherence to prescribed treatment; thus, adjustment of drug regimens to increase adherence to treatment is critical. This review will discuss the current biology of iron homeostasis in patients with SCD and how this informs our clinical approach to treatment. We will present the clinical approach to treatment of iron overload at our centre using serial assessment of organ iron by magnetic resonance imaging.
Sickle cell disease in Africa: an overview of the integrated approach to health, research, education and advocacy in Tanzania, 2004–2016
Authors: Tluway Furahini , Makani Julie 
Published: March 2017

SummarySickle cell disease (SCD) is the single most important genetic cause of childhood mortality globally. Tanzania has one of the highest annual births of SCD individuals in the world, estimated to reach 11 000 births a year. Without intervention, 50–90% of children will die in childhood. However, cost‐effective interventions have the potential to reduce childhood mortality by up to 70%. The effects of SCD are multi‐dimensional, ranging from causing high morbidity and mortality, and reducing the quality of life, to imposing a high socio‐economic burden on individuals, families and health systems. In the past 12 years, the SCD programme in Tanzania has developed, with local and global partnerships, a systematic framework for comprehensive research that is integrated into providing healthcare, training and advocacy in SCD. This report outlines the approach and achievements of collective initiatives for management and control of SCD in Tanzania.
High concordance of findings obtained from transgluteal magnetic resonance imaging ‐ and transrectal ultrasonography‐guided biopsy as compared with prostatectomy specimens
Authors: Steurer Stefan , Rico Sebastian Dwertmann , Simon Ronald , Minner Sarah , Tsourlakis Maria Christina , Krech Till , Koop Christina , Graefen Markus , Heinzer Hans , Adam Meike , Huland Hartwig , Schlomm Thorsten , Sauter Guido , Lumiani Agron 
Published: March 2017

ObjectivesTo determine the utility of our transgluteal magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)‐guided prostate biopsy approach.Patients and MethodsA total of 960 biopsy series, taken within the period of 1 year, were evaluated, including 301 MRI‐guided and 659 transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS)‐guided biopsies.ResultsThe positivity rate and proportion of high grade cancers were significantly higher in MRI‐guided than in TRUS‐guided biopsies. Of 301 MRI‐guided biopsies, 65.4% contained cancer while 57.2% of 659 TRUS biopsies contained cancer (P = 0.016). Gleason grade 3 + 3 = 6 disease was observed in 16.8% of 197 MRI‐guided and in 36.1% of 377 TRUS‐guided biopsies (P < 0.001). There was also a markedly higher quantity of cancer tissue in MRI‐guided biopsies. In all cancers, the mean cancer surface area was 64.8 ± 51.6 mm2 in MRI‐guided biopsies as compared with 23.0 ± 31.4 mm2 in non‐MRI‐guided biopsies (P < 0.001). With respect to the tissue quantity, superiority of MRI‐guided biopsy was highest in Gleason grade 3 + 3 = 6 cancers (20.9 ± 27.9 vs 5.1 ± 10.2 mm2; P < 0.001) and in Gleason grade 3 + 4 = 7 cancers (59.7 ± 38.0 vs 17.7 ± 18.4 mm2; P < 0.001). Comparison of biopsy Gleason grades with findings in prostatectomy specimens was possible in 80 patients with MRI‐guided and in 170 patients with non‐MRI‐guided biopsies. This comparison showed a very high but almost identical concordance of TRUS‐ and MRI‐guided biopsies with the prostatectomy specimen findings. With both approaches, undetected high‐risk cancers were present in ~10% of patients with low‐risk biopsy results. A significant difference was observed, however, in the proportion of patients who had clinically insignificant cancers and who underwent surgery. The proportion of patients with Gleason grade 3 + 3 = 6 carcinoma in their prostatectomy specimen was 11.2% in the post‐TRUS biopsy cohort, but only 2.5% in the post‐MRI biopsy cohort (P = 0.021).ConclusionMRI‐guided transgluteal prostate biopsy has a high detection rate for high‐risk carcinomas, while the risk of detecting clinically insignificant carcinomas appears to be reduced. This may by itself lead to a reduction of unnecessary prostatectomies. Overtreatment may be further avoided by better applicability of molecular testing to MRI‐guided biopsies because of the excessive amount of tissue available for analysis, especially in patients with potential low‐risk carcinomas.
One‐pot cascade synthesis and in vitro evaluation of anti‐inflammatory and antidiabetic activities of S‐methylphenyl substituted acridine‐1,8‐diones
Authors: Mallu Lavanya , Thirumalai Dhakshanamurthy , Asharani Indira Viswambaran 
Published: March 2017

Various S‐methylphenyl substituted acridine‐1,8‐dione series (4a–i) were synthesized through a one‐pot cascade synthetic approach involving the reaction of 4‐(methylthio)benzaldehyde and dimedone with a variety of amines as nitrogen source under reflux in ethanol. All the synthesized derivatives were characterized by using spectroscopic methods. In vitro evaluations of anti‐inflammatory and antidiabetic efficacies of all the synthesized compounds were investigated. The anti‐inflammatory results infer that the compounds 4c and 4d are showing excellent activity with an inhibition percentage of 80.58 ± 0.42, 81.72 ± 1.72 by membrane stabilization and 77.72 ± 0.76, 78.76 ± 0.81 by albumin denaturation methods, which is comparable with the standard diclofenac at a concentration of 100 μg/ml. Further, the antidiabetic assay revealed the moderate activity for the synthesized compounds at a concentration of 100 μg/ml with respect to their standard drug, acarbose.
Interpersonal Development in Infancy: The Interconnectedness of Emotion Understanding and Social Cognition
Authors: Reschke Peter J. , Walle Eric A. , Dukes Daniel 
Published: March 2017

AbstractUnderstanding emotion in interpersonal contexts involves appreciating others’ relations with the environment. This ability is related fundamentally to social cognition, including understanding the actions and goals of social partners. However, the significance of infants’ emotion understanding has been largely underemphasized in recent studies on infants’ social‐cognitive development. In this review, we highlight the interconnectedness of emotion understanding and social cognition in socioemotional development. We incorporate a relational view of emotion to bridge empirical and theoretical work on emotional and social‐cognitive development, and to demonstrate the utility of this approach for advancing novel areas of inquiry.
Encouraging Maternal Guidance of Preschoolers’ Spatial Thinking During Block Play
Authors: Borriello Giulia A. , Liben Lynn S. 
Published: March 2017

Spatial thinking, an important component of cognition, supports academic achievement and daily activities (e.g., learning science and math; using maps). Better spatial skills are correlated with more spatial play and more parental attention to spatial concepts. Tested here was whether informing mothers about spatial thinking and ways to encourage it would increase the spatial guidance they provide to their preschool children (N = 41;M = 5.23 years) during dyadic block play. Mothers given such instructions indeed produced more spatial language and spatial guidance than mothers asked to play as usual. In instructed dyads, children also used more spatial language; both mothers and children engaged in less pretend play. Findings offer support for designing interventions to encourage parents to foster their children's spatial skills.
Paracentral acute middle maculopathy as a finding in patients with severe vision loss following phacoemulsification cataract surgery
Authors: Creese Katarina , Ong Daini , Sandhu Sukhpal S , Ware David , Alex Harper C , Al‐Qureshi Salmaan H , Wickremasinghe Sanjeewa S 
Published: March 2017

AbstractImportanceParacentral acute middle maculopathy (PAMM) diagnosed by spectral domain optical coherence tomography (SD‐OCT) in patients with poor visual outcome post cataract surgery.BackgroundCase series of severe vision loss due to PAMM after cataract surgery.DesignRetrospective case series.ParticipantsCases from five surgical centres in Victoria, Australia.MethodsRetrospective analysis of cases with unexplained ‘patch‐off’ vision loss post cataract surgery. All patients in our cohort had PAMM and presumed diagnosis of central or transient retinal artery occlusion.Main Outcome MeasuresA review of the patient histories focusing on pre‐operative ocular and systemic vascular risk factors, anaesthetic and operative factors.ResultsTen cases were included. All patients had 6/72 Snellen visual acuity or worse noted on day one post surgery. Three patients had features of central retinal artery occlusion consisting of retinal pallor with a ‘cherry red’ macula but absent relative afferent pupillary defect. Seven had no features of retinal pallor or attenuation of retinal arterioles. On SD‐OCT, all eyes had evident PAMM. Six patients had a history of cardiovascular disease or blood dyscrasia.Conclusions and RelevancePAMM should be considered in patients with ‘patch off’ visual loss and absence of other fundal signs. We hypothesise that spasm or transient occlusion of central retinal artery leads to arterial hypoperfusion with subsequent ischaemia or infarction of the retina. Underlying arterial disease may have led to pre‐existing hypoperfusion that may have been further compromised by raised intraocular pressure during the procedure itself or via raised orbital pressure from the anaesthesia.
Neural tube closure and embryonic metabolism
Authors: Yamaguchi Yoshifumi , Miyazawa Hidenobu , Miura Masayuki 
Published: March 2017

AbstractNeural tube closure (NTC) is an embryonic process during formation of the mammalian central nervous system. Disruption of the dynamic, sequential events of NTC can cause neural tube defects (NTD) leading to spina bifida and anencephaly in the newborn. NTC is affected by inherent factors such as genetic mutation or if the mother is exposed to certain environmental factors such as intake of harmful chemicals, maternal infection, irradiation, malnutrition, and inadequate or excessive intake of specific nutrients. Although effects of these stress factors on NTC have been intensively studied, the metabolic state of a normally developing embryo remains unclear. State‐of‐the art mass spectrometry techniques have enabled detailed study of embryonic metabolite profiles and their distribution within tissues. This approach has demonstrated that glucose metabolism is altered during NTC stages involving chorioallantoic branching. An understanding of embryonic metabolic rewiring would help reveal the etiology of NTD caused by environmental factors.