bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Crowdsourcing the character of a place: Character‐level convolutional networks for multilingual geographic text classification
Authors: Adams Benjamin , McKenzie Grant 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article presents a new character‐level convolutional neural network model that can classify multilingual text written using any character set that can be encoded with UTF‐8, a standard and widely used 8‐bit character encoding. For geographic classification of text, we demonstrate that this approach is competitive with state‐of‐the‐art word‐based text classification methods. The model was tested on four crowdsourced data sets made up of Wikipedia articles, online travel blogs, Geonames toponyms, and Twitter posts. Unlike word‐based methods, which require data cleaning and pre‐processing, the proposed model works for any language without modification and with classification accuracy comparable to existing methods. Using a synthetic data set with introduced character‐level errors, we show it is more robust to noise than word‐level classification algorithms. The results indicate that UTF‐8 character‐level convolutional neural networks are a promising technique for georeferencing noisy text, such as found in colloquial social media posts and texts scanned with optical character recognition. However, word‐based methods currently require less computation time to train, so currently are preferable for classifying well‐formatted and cleaned texts in single languages.
Vaginal mesh in prolapse surgery
Authors: Campbell Patrick , Jha Swati , Cutner Alfred 
Published: January 2018

Key content

Mesh used in gynaecology can be permanent or absorbable.

According to the Amid classification, there are four types of permanent synthetic mesh. In gynaecology, type 1 monofilament polypropylene mesh is used.

Autologous, cadaveric (allograft) or porcine/bovine (xenograft) meshes are more correctly termed ‘grafts’. All are prepared so they are acellular, and free of antigens and viruses.

Mesh usage has seen a rise and subsequent decline.

When using mesh in practice, it is imperative to adhere to criteria recommended by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence.

Learning objectives

To gain an overview of the types of mesh used in gynaecological surgery and their characteristics.

To understand the origins of the use of meshes in practice, and their advantages and disadvantages.

To understand the criteria that must be fulfilled before using mesh to avoid litigation.

Ethical issues

Informed consent through shared decision making is perhaps the most important ethical issue associated with the use of vaginal mesh in prolapse surgery.

The characteristics of some patients might preclude them from accessing the best surgical approach for their problems, even if it involves the use of mesh.

The use of mesh is associated with greater litigation than native tissue repair.
Utility of zinc protoporphyrin in management of whole blood donors
Authors: Schotten Nienke , Zalpuri Saurabh , Pasker‐de Jong Pieternel C.M. , Swinkels Dorine W. , van den Hurk Katja , de Kort Wim L.A.M. , van Kraaij Marian G.J. , van Noord Paulus A.H. 
Published: January 2018

BACKGROUNDDeferral for low hemoglobin (Hb) increases the likelihood that donors do not return for future donations. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) has been described as a sensitive marker of iron‐deficient erythropoiesis, before Hb decreases. It is a relatively cheap, rapid, and easy‐to‐perform measurement in a drop of whole blood. To assess the utility of ZPP measurement in donor management we examined whether ZPP and Hb levels among first‐time donors differ from repeat donors. We further explored whether ZPP increases over subsequent donations at a donor population level and whether increasing ZPP levels coincide with decreasing Hb levels and donor deferral.STUDY DESIGN AND METHODSWe included first‐time (n = 4983) and repeat (n = 3533) whole blood donors from the ZPP and Iron in the Netherlands Cohort (ZINC) study. ZPP and Hb were measured at each subsequent donation during a 4‐year period after inclusion in the study.RESULTSMedian ZPP levels were higher in repeat than in first‐time donors. In first‐time donors, especially women, ZPP levels were increased with a corresponding decline in Hb levels over subsequent donations. ZPP levels were increased among first‐time donors deferred for low Hb.CONCLUSIONOur results suggest that adding ZPP to Hb measurements in the daily blood collection setting, especially for first‐time donors and first‐time female donors may add to the identification of a donor subpopulation with low functional iron stores.
The Effect of 12-Week Passive Aquatic Bodywork on Sympathovagal Balance of Obese Youth
Authors: Tufekcioglu Ertan , Erzeybek Mustafa Sait , Kaya Fatih , Ozan Goksel 
Published: January 2018

Background: Obesity has been identified as a global epidemic that is associated with numerous comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, cancer, cardiovascular disease. We have investigated the effects of Watsu® therapy and Immersion on HRV parameters of obese male subjects. Methods and Results: Volunteer 34 obese subjects with BMI above 30 without any other chronic health issues were included (age, 18.30±.31, height, 166.02±29.60, BMI, 36.54±5.96). Randomized controlled trial was conducted with Watsu and Immersion protocols whereas control group received no therapy in water or on land for 12 weeks. A baseline HRV was recorded 5 minutes in four different circumstances. Polar H7 heart rate sensor and digital standardized HRV signal processing software were used to record the R-R intervals in millisecond. The repeated measures were used to compare the conditions between the therapies. The HRV analyses were performed using three-way Mixed ANOVA. Multiple comparisons were done with a Bonferroni adjustment of the alpha level (0.05). The collective results of HF showed significant negative effect (13.01±1.36, 9.99±1.11) and HF laying supine value (20.62±2.22) was the highest (p<0.05). Conclusion: A significant inverse correlation was found between HRV values and both therapeutic interventions. Counterintuitively, 12-week of watsu and immersion therapies decreased LF and HF.
Problems Facing the Citrus Industry
Authors: Schwarz H. W. 
Published: January 2018

The so-called Cinderella of the citrus industry, Frozen Orange Juice Concentrate, started with a production of 226,000 gallons in 1946. Last year 67,000,000 gallons of Frozen Orange Juice concentrate were produced. In 1946 there was only one plant in operation on the product as it is known today. Today there are 24 plants operating. In considering the phenomenal growth of this product and its impact on the citrus industry, there is one very important fact to keep in mind: This is that the frozen product was originally conceived as a high quality product which would be competitive with fresh juice. Most of you will remember that the Single Strength industry got its start primarily as a by-product. The idea was that while the Single Strength product was not as good as fresh juice, it would produce some profit for the grower and would expand the use of the citrus crop. The general feeling in the Single Strength industry has been that it could not return to the grower the same profit that the fresh market would and many people considered it strictly a salvage operation. The philosophy surrounding frozen concentrate is entirely different. While the question of its comparative taste against freshly squeezed product can be debated, the fact remains that the housewife has accepted it wholeheartedly. During last season over 50% of the Florida orange crop went into orange concentrate.
Paper published with permission.
Problems Related to the Production and Distribution of Cartoned Orange Juice
Authors: Hamrick David O. 
Published: January 2018

Cartoned, or chilled orange juice as it is commonly called, is single strength orange juice which is marketed in a waxed fiberboard carton. It is prepared and treated in such a manner as to retain most of the flavor and aroma which is associated with freshly extracted orange juice. As a result it is quite perishable in nature and must be maintained under adequate refrigeration in order to reach the ultimate consumer in a palatable form. It is now produced by more than twenty processing firms in the state of Florida and marketed under more than seventy trade names or labels. In addition to the Florida producers there are several firms in the state of California producing a similar product for distribution on the West Coast. Chilled, or cartoned, orange juice produced in the state of Florida is distributed throughout the United States as far North as Canada and as far West as Oklahoma City. During the past season more than 3,000,000 boxes of Florida oranges were used in the production of this product. It is anticipated that during the current season an excess of 5,000,000 boxes will be utilized. Producers of this product range in size and investment from large citrus processing firms which have been well established in other citrus products for years, to small operators who have only two extracting machines and some used dairy equipment as a physical plant. Distribution ranges from large fleets of privately owned refrigerated trucks to once a week shipping schedules by a chartered refrigerated van.
Paper published with permission.
Handling and Packaging Trends in Fresh Fruit Operation
Authors: Perry T. R. 
Published: January 2018

The present day packinghouse for processing and shipping fresh fruit has come a long way since the machinery was driven by manpower on hand cranks and shipped by steamboat to market. Compared to some of the other automized industries of today, much of the packing and handling of fresh fruit is still done by hand labor and brute strength.
Paper published with permission.
Points to Consider in Using Natural Gas as a Fuel in Citrus Plants
Authors: Humphrey J. W. 
Published: January 2018

The construction of the Louisiana-Florida gas line will bring natural gas to the 48th state to receive this fuel. Florida is the only remaining state without natural gas according to gas suppliers. The consumption of natural gas has been steadily increasing in industry in the past and will continue to increase in the future. The ease with which gas can be handled and burned makes it an attractive fuel for most industrial needs.
Paper published with permission.
Treating and Mechanical Packaging for the Fresh Fruit Packing House
Authors: Ellison Samuel 
Published: January 2018

When an air conditioning engineer is asked to calculate the load for a room such as this, he must know how many people will occupy the room. He must know this because each one of us here is liberating about 400 BTU per hour of heat energy. That is, when we are at rest. If we dance or do some similar exercise, our heat rate goes up to as much as 700 BTU per hour.
Paper published with permission.
Electronic Brix Indication and Control - As Applied to the Citrus Concentrate Industry
Authors: Reed Francis S. 
Published: January 2018

Quality control of any product is of paramount importance to a manufacturer. The usual concept is to maintain standards to satisfy the customer and regulatory bodies in government and industry. Recently a more subtle meaning is emerging as a matter of great interest to industry. The uniformity of product is now being considered as a guidepost to the profit involved. Furthermore, the desire to maintain a uniform product has had a tremendous effect on the overall efficiency of plant operations, which in turn increase profit.
Paper published with permission.
Water Extraction of Fruit Solids From Orange Pulp
Authors: Wenzel F. W. , Huggart R. L. , Olsen R. W. 
Published: January 2018

Most of the citrus processing plants in Florida producing frozen orange concentrate are now using various types of equipment and processes, which are usually referred to as “pulp washing”, for the water extraction of fruit solids from orange pulp. Such processes, which were added for the first time in some Florida plants during the 1957–58 citrus season, have been adopted extensively during the 1958–59 season because of two reasons, (a) the increase in yield of soluble solids from fruit made possible by the water extraction of orange pulp from juice finishers and (b) the possibility for improving the quality of frozen orange concentrate by substitution of pulp washing procedures for a double juice finishing operation. That an increase in yield results from water extraction of pulp has been definitely established, but the question concerning the effect of such a process on the quality of frozen orange concentrate is still being debated by many persons in the industry.
Paper published with permission.
Electric Powered vs. Gas Powered Lift Truck Applications in the Citrus Industry
Authors: Markell G. A. 
Published: January 2018

Gentlemen, it’s a real pleasure to be here today and to have the opportunity to talk with you on “Electric vs. Gas Powered Lift Truck Applications in the Citrus Industry”. As you may know, “Gas vs. Electric” has been hotly argued in the materials handling field for over twenty years. I doubt very seriously that you can ever convert a died-in-the-wool gas truck man to electric trucks or vice versa, no matter how hard you try. However, that is not my objective here today. Rather, I would like to discuss this subject with you from the standpoint of costs, advantages and disadvantages, and applications of each in the Citrus Industry.
Paper published with permission.
A Discussion of the Methods for the Production of Essential Oils in Florida
Authors: Kesterson J. W. 
Published: January 2018

The processing of citrus fruits is a vast and important part of the Florida citrus economy today. This industry has grown to such proportions that more than half of the Florida orange and grapefruit crop is now processed. The principal and primary products that result from the processing of this huge quantity of fruit are canned single strength juice, frozen and hot pack concentrated citrus juices, and canned citrus section.
Paper published with permission.
Alcohol and Glycol Type Brines vs. Air Blast Freezing
Authors: Lohkamp A. T. 
Published: January 2018

Concentrate freezing differs quite radically from freezing water into ice. Actually, the freezing of citrus contentrate is more a process of congealing than freezing, since there is no clear heat of fusion as there is in freezing ice. When freezing water, the temperature drops almost consistantly 1° per pound for each BTU of heat removed. When the temperature reaches 32°F., no further decline of temperature takes place until 144 BTU have been removed from each pound of water and we have a change of state, or a change from liquid to solid. After water freezes to ice, additional heat can be removed as specific heat, but there is no additional heat of fusion.
Paper published with permission.
The Treatment and Disposal of Citrus Processing Waste Water
Authors: McNary Robert R. , Fiske James M. 
Published: January 2018

This presentation was originally intended to be an account of the shake-down cruise and initial operating results of the Kraft Foods, Citrus Processing Waste Water Treatment Plant. Since this plant has not yet been completed, there are no operating results; and, we will have to confine our remarks to the why’s and wherefore’s of this particular design. In order to do this logically, a quick review of waste procedures available to the citrus industry will help to orient the reader. (See Figure 1.). An explanation of each procedure follows.
Paper published with permission.
Progress in Foam-Mat Drying of Orange Juice
Authors: Veldhuis M. K. , Tatum J. H. , Wagner C. J. , Bissett O. W. , Graham Robert P. , Morgan Arthur I. 
Published: January 2018

Investigations have been undertaken at the U. S. Fruit and Vegetable Products Laboratory at Winter Haven on the application of the foam-mat drying process to orange juice. An experimental drier has been built and is being used to test various methods of preparation of powder and to investigate the properties of the products.
Paper published with permission.
Rough Handling of Filled Cans as Related to Leakage Type Spoilage
Authors: Troy V. S. 
Published: January 2018

Spoilage occurs occasionally in canned foods filled hot or thermally processed where the causative organisms are non-heat resistant types. Since these non-heat resistant organisms would not survive the heat treatment received by the product, it is obvious that the contamination entered the can subsequent to processing. In the industry, this is referred to as “leakage-type” spoilage.
Paper published with permission.
Pulp Wash System Development
Authors: McKinnis Ronald B. , Andrews Richard A. , Jones Herman L. 
Published: January 2018

The use of pulp wash as an aid in the production of citrus juice has gained acceptance since 1957. Earlier use is known, but real recognition seemed to await a certain period in the development of frozen orange juice concentrate, and a freeze. The history of this product could be divided into three time periods each approximately equal. The first period of time was certainly formative in which the product enjoyed all of the advantages of novelty. The second period of time was characterized by increasing competition and need for lowering costs. This required that the plants measure the fruit in terms of pounds of soluble solids and that they recover as product all that could be had without an unquestionable damage to quality. The demand for more recovery of the soluble solids exceeded the capability of any mechanical finishing equipment to distinguish between the juice left on a quite dry pulp and the pulp, which still had good juice on it. This brought about fresh thinking and new processing ideas, including one of gently rinsing the juice from a wet pulp. This became known as “Pulp Wash” and was developed during the third period of time.
Paper published with permission.
Improved Maintenance at Reduced Costs
Authors: Caldwell Kenneth S. 
Published: January 2018

On May 3, 1955, Hugh Schwarz of Minute Maid delivered a paper at the first Citrus Engineering Conference. In this presentation, Mr. Schwarz outlined some of the problems that faced the citrus industry. He referred to frozen orange concentrate as the “Cinderella” of the industry. Certainly he was correct as a quick look at the growth of production volume will show — from 226,000 gallons in 1946 to 67,000,000 gallons in 1954, with a peak of 116,000,000 gallons in 1962. The industry has expanded indeed in the decade since the first conference.
Paper published with permission.
Economic Justification of Capital Expenditures
Authors: Deuel J. E. 
Published: January 2018

A problem common to all managers in any business is that of investing or reinvesting capital in the business. Yearly, if not more often, the manager must select the capital investments that will insure maximum profits. This difficult selection is even more complex because of the many different choices available as the result of rapidly expanding and changing technology.
Paper published with permission.
A Procedure for Determination of Fruit Quality at Time of Receipt
Authors: Middlebrooks B. M. 
Published: January 2018

The Florida Citrus Processing Industry has the least efficient system of determining incoming fruit quality which could be employed for this purpose. The quality determination I am describing pertains to fruit condition; the number of culls; the amount of unwholesome fruit; number of splits, rots, immature fruit; plugs and the like. I am not talking about the determination of juice content, acid, or Brix. This latter test, which we usually refer to as the “State Test”, has received a great deal of attention within the Industry, and is basically an adequate test. So, let me make it perfectly clear from the start, my discussion today has no reference to the State Test as we know it, but is concerned with the procedures employed within the Citrus Industry for grading out culls, or unwholesome fruit at the time fruit is received. The so-called incoming grading at the time of fruit receipt before the bins.
Paper published with permission.
Dynamics of Agriculture
Authors: Tefertiller Ken R. 
Published: January 2018

Agriculture is one of the Nation’s most efficient industries. The cost of living for the average consumer would be considerably higher today without the low cost of food supplied by United States agriculture. This is particularly significant at a time when we hear so much about poverty in the United States and in other countries. Had it not been for the extremely low costs of food, there would be many more poverty stricken families today.
Paper published with permission.
Liquid Nitrogen Refrigeration
Authors: Jones David O. 
Published: January 2018

“The orange juice tastes a little funny this morning.” With these immortal words, the chief purchasing agent of my household was ready for a permanent, if not lethal boycott of one of the major name brands of frozen Florida orange juice concentrate. She had opened the can the same morning, and she was right — it did have a hint of “5-day old” taste. She was wrong, though, in her choice of the culprit.
Paper published with permission.
Packing House Automation in California
Authors: Johnson Maurice 
Published: January 2018

This morning I would like to take you on a picture tour through some of the packing houses in California and Arizona. Our engineering group represents approximately 106 plants and that means we have approximately 106 different ideas from managers. We have about 8, 500 growers and that means that we have approximately 8, 500 different ideas as to how things probably should be done. So, this morning, I would like to preface my remarks with the fact that you are hearing one Californian’s point of view.
Paper published with permission.
Legal Requirements and Liabilities of Canner as Well as Equipment Supplier
Authors: Wilcox Donald B. 
Published: January 2018

To undertake to speak on this subject perhaps indicates that one is in need of a mental examination, and to actually talk on the subject one needs a crystal ball and the clairvoyance and prognosticative abilities of a Jeane Dixon. However, as I often participate as an expert witness in various cases involving liability I did have the temerity to accept the invitation to talk to you about some of the liabilities you face as canners and equipment suppliers.
Paper published with permission.
Uses of Statistics in Citrus Operations
Authors: Hepburn William J. 
Published: January 2018

The subject of “Statistics for Process Control” is rather broad, therefore, I am limiting my paper to three basic topics: first, the interpretation of patterns of variation using statistical control charts, second, quick and easy statistical tests, and third, a computer approach to solving complicated mathematical problems. My purpose is to present statistical techniques that an engineer or analyst can use with a minimum of difficulty. For me, these methods have proven valuable in the analysis of a variety of problems in the Citrus Industry.
Paper published with permission.
Mid-Peninsula Future Water Requirements, Uses, Priorities and Economics
Authors: Vernon Robert O. 
Published: January 2018

“The 1970’s absolutely must be the years when America pays its debt to the past by reclaiming the purity of its air, its waters and our living environment” — President Nixon
Let us begin this discussion on future water requirements, uses, priorities and economics, by talking about population trends. The National Research Council expects the world population to double from about 3. 5 billion to 7 billion by the year 2000. Florida’s population, estimated by Kiplinger, to be in excess of 6,000,000 now, is anticipated to exceed 9,000,000 by 1980. In addition, the state now “enjoys” the visit of an additional 20 million tourists, fortunately spread rather evenly at weekly intervals throughout the year. The prospects of the future, with Disney World, Roy Roger’s Cowport, the associated supporting facilities, and an increase in commuting residents frankly scares the hell out of me.
Paper published with permission.