bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
OnabotulinumtoxinA for the Treatment of Poststroke Distal Lower Limb Spasticity: A Randomized Trial
Authors: Wein Theodore , Esquenazi Alberto , Jost Wolfgang H. , Ward Anthony B. , Pan Grace , Dimitrova Rozalina 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundPoststroke distal lower limb spasticity impairs mobility, limiting activities of daily living and requiring additional caregiver time.ObjectiveTo evaluate the efficacy, safety, and sustained benefit of onabotulinumtoxinA in adults with poststroke lower limb spasticity (PSLLS).DesignA multicenter, randomized, double‐blind, phase 3, placebo‐controlled trial (NCT01575054).SettingSixty study centers across North America, Europe, Russia, the United Kingdom, and South Korea.PatientsAdult patients (18‐65 years of age) with PSLLS (Modified Ashworth Scale [MAS] ≥3) of the ankle plantar flexors and the most recent stroke ≥3 months before study enrollment.InterventionsDuring the open‐label phase, patients received ≤3 onabotulinumtoxinA treatments (≤400 U) or placebo at approximately 12‐week intervals. Treatments were into the ankle plantar flexors (onabotulinumtoxinA 300 U into ankle plantar flexors; ≤100 U, optional lower limb muscles).Main Outcome MeasurementsThe double‐blind primary endpoint was MAS change from baseline (average score at weeks 4 and 6). Secondary measures included physician‐assessed Clinical Global Impression of Change (CGI), MAS change from baseline in optional muscles, Goal Attainment Scale (GAS), and pain scale.ResultsOf 468 patients enrolled, 450 (96%) completed the double‐blind phase and 413 (88%) completed the study. Small improvements in MAS observed with onabotulinumtoxinA during the double‐blind phase (onabotulinumtoxinA, –0.8; placebo, –0.6, P = .01) were further enhanced with additional treatments through week 6 of the third open‐label treatment cycle (onabotulinumtoxinA/onabotulinumtoxinA, –1.2; placebo/onabotulinumtoxinA, –1.4). Small improvements in CGI observed during the double‐blind phase (onabotulinumtoxinA, 0.9; placebo, 0.7, P = .01) were also further enhanced through week 6 of the third open‐label treatment cycle (onabotulinumtoxinA/onabotulinumtoxinA, 1.6; placebo/onabotulinumtoxinA, 1.6). Physician‐ and patient‐assessed GAS scores improved with each subsequent treatment. No new safety signals emerged.ConclusionsOnabotulinumtoxinA significantly improved ankle MAS, CGI, and GAS scores compared with placebo; improvements were consistent and increased with repeated treatments of onabotulinumtoxinA over 1 year in patients with PSLLS.Level of EvidenceI
Empire of Sentiment
Authors: Lewis Joanna 
Published: January 2018

This is the first emotional history of the British Empire. Joanna Lewis explores how David Livingstone's death tied together British imperialism and Victorian humanitarianism and inserted it into popular culture. Sacrifice and death; Superman like heroism; the devotion of Africans; the cruelty of Arab slavery; and the sufferings of the 'ordinary man', generated waves of sentimental feeling. These powerful myths, images and feelings incubated down the generations - through grand ceremonies, further exploration, humanitarianism, Christian teaching, narratives of masculine endeavour and heroic biography - inspiring colonial rule in Africa, white settler pioneers, missionaries and Africans. Empire of Sentiment demonstrates how this central African story shaped Britain's romantic perception of itself as a humane power overseas when the colonial reality fell far short. Through sentimental humanitarianism, Livingstone helped sustain a British Empire in Africa that remained profoundly Victorian, polyphonic and ideological; whilst always understood at home as proudly liberal on race.
Intermestic security challenges: Managing transnational bonds
Authors: Friedrichs Jörg 
Published: January 2018

AbstractIntermestic security challenges arise when there is concern in a country that a dissatisfied minority relies on transnational bonds with a foreign kin group for support. They result from ethnic and/or ideological affinities translating into foreign support seen as problematic, and they are aggravated when the dissatisfied minority is able to raise territorial claims. This can lead to complications not only in domestic politics, but also in international relations (hence, the term ‘intermestic’). Intermestic challenges can escalate into civil war and other political calamities, but they can also be managed by governments. This article develops a theoretical model and discusses it with regard to China and its Muslim-majority neighbouring countries. To the west of China, transnational bonds of Uyghur Muslims in Xinjiang with co-ethnics and coreligionists in Central Asia, Pakistan, and Afghanistan complicate Chinese relations with those countries. In the southeast, transnational bonds of ethnic Chinese in Indonesia and Malaysia with their ancestral homeland have complicated Indonesian and Malaysian relations with China. While the cases have followed different trajectories, Beijing has managed either challenge rather successfully. The theoretical model developed and the management strategies discussed are likely to be useful in other contexts.
The impact of the 2014 Ebola virus disease outbreak in Liberia on parent preferences for harsh discipline practices: a quasi-experimental, pre-post design
Authors: Green Eric , Chase Rhea M , Zayzay John , Finnegan Amy , Puffer Eve S. 
Published: January 2018

Background.This paper uses data from a cohort of parents and guardians of young children living in Monrovia, Liberia collected before and after the 2014 outbreak of Ebola virus disease (EVD) to estimate the impact of EVD exposure on implicit preferences for harsh discipline. We hypothesized that parents exposed to EVD-related sickness or death would exhibit a stronger preference for harsh discipline practices compared with non-exposed parents.Methods.The data for this analysis come from two survey rounds conducted in Liberia as part of an intervention trial of a behavioral parenting skills intervention. Following a baseline assessment of 201 enrolled parents in July 2014, all program and study activities were halted due to the outbreak of EVD. Following the EVD crisis, we conducted a tracking survey with parents who completed the baseline survey 12 months prior. In both rounds, we presented parents with 12 digital comic strips of a child misbehaving and asked them to indicate how they would react if they were the parent in the stories.Results.Parents from households with reported EVD sickness or death became more ‘harsh’ (Glass's delta = 1.41) in their hypothetical decision-making compared with non-exposed parents,t(167)=−2.3,p < 0.05. Parents from households that experienced EVD-related sickness or death not only reported significantly more household conflict and anxiety, but also reported that their child exhibited fewer difficulties.Conclusions.Results support the need for family-based interventions, including strategies to help parents learn alternatives to harsh punishment.
AMERICA'S ROLE IN THE MAKING OF JAPAN'S ECONOMIC MIRACLE
Authors: Beckley Michael , Horiuchi Yusaku , Miller Jennifer M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractJapan's remarkable postwar growth spurt in the 1960s would not have been possible without Japan's alliance with the United States. Policy makers, political scientists, economists, historians, and journalists on both sides of the Pacific have made this claim, but no study has yet tested it with modern statistical methods. In this article, we compare the economic growth trajectories of Japan and a statistically constructed “synthetic” Japan, which had a similar profile until the late 1950s but did not experience the consolidation of the US–Japan alliance, a process that began in 1958 and culminated with the signing of a formal defense pact in January 1960. We find that Japan's per capita gross domestic product (GDP) grew much faster than the synthetic Japan's from 1958 to 1968. We substantiate these results with in-depth historical analyses on how the United States facilitated Japan's economic miracle.
Review of the status and mass changes of Himalayan-Karakoram glaciers
Authors: AZAM MOHD FAROOQ , WAGNON PATRICK , BERTHIER ETIENNE , VINCENT CHRISTIAN , FUJITA KOJI , KARGEL JEFFREY S. 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTWe present a comprehensive review of the status and changes in glacier length (since the 1850s), area and mass (since the 1960s) along the Himalayan-Karakoram (HK) region and their climate-change context. A quantitative reliability classification of the field-based mass-balance series is developed. Glaciological mass balances agree better with remotely sensed balances when we make an objective, systematic exclusion of likely flawed mass-balance series. The Himalayan mean glaciological mass budget was similar to the global average until 2000, and likely less negative after 2000. Mass wastage in the Himalaya resulted in increasing debris cover, the growth of glacial lakes and possibly decreasing ice velocities. Geodetic measurements indicate nearly balanced mass budgets for Karakoram glaciers since the 1970s, consistent with the unchanged extent of supraglacial debris-cover. Himalayan glaciers seem to be sensitive to precipitation partly through the albedo feedback on the short-wave radiation balance. Melt contributions from HK glaciers should increase until 2050 and then decrease, though a wide range of present-day area and volume estimates propagates large uncertainties in the future runoff. This review reflects an increasing understanding of HK glaciers and highlights the remaining challenges.
MEASURING DEPENDENCE IN METRIC ABSTRACT ELEMENTARY CLASSES WITH PERTURBATIONS
Authors: HIRVONEN ÅSA , HYTTINEN TAPANI 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe define and study a metric independence notion in a homogeneous metric abstract elementary class with perturbations that is dp-superstable (superstable wrt. the perturbation topology), weakly simple and has complete type spaces and we give a new example of such a class based on B. Zilber’s approximations of Weyl algebras. We introduce a way to measure the dependence of a tuple a from a set B over another set A. We prove basic properties of the notion, e.g., that a is independent of B over A in the usual sense of homogeneous model theory if and only if the measure of dependence is < ε for all ε > 0. In well behaved situations, the measure corresponds to the distance to a free extension. As an example of our measure of dependence we show a connection between the measure and entropy in models from quantum mechanics in which the spectrum of the observable is discrete. As an application, we show that weak simplicity implies a very strong form of simplicity and study the question of when the dependence inside a set of all realisations of some type can be seen to arise from a pregeometry in cases when the type is not regular. In the end of the paper, we demonstrate our notions and results in one more example: a class built from the p-adic integers.
A SYNTACTIC CHARACTERIZATION OF MORITA EQUIVALENCE
Authors: TSEMENTZIS DIMITRIS 
Published: January 2018

AbstractWe characterize Morita equivalence of theories in the sense of Johnstone in terms of a new syntactic notion of a common definitional extension developed by Barrett and Halvorson for cartesian, regular, coherent, geometric and first-order theories. This provides a purely syntactic characterization of the relation between two theories that have equivalent categories of models naturally in any Grothendieck topos.
The past of dreams: gender, memory and Tuareg oneiric inspiration
Authors: Dragani Amalia 
Published: January 2018

AbstractThis article is built upon both an observation and a paradox. The observation is that the dream is nowhere to be found – at least at first glance – as a theme in Tuareg oral sources and ancient poetic tradition. The paradox expresses itself in the visceral relationship poets maintain with the dream, because oneiric inspiration – from the creative and visionary dreams of poets of the past – is pervasive in their work. Using an interdisciplinary approach at the crossroads of psychological anthropology, oral history and the ‘archival turn’, the article explores the theme of the dream in Tuareg historical sources and in relation to contemporary practices.
Chronic obsessive–compulsive disorder: prognostic factors
Authors: van Oudheusden Lucas J. B. , Eikelenboom Merijn , van Megen Harold J. G. M. , Visser Henny A. D. , Schruers Koen , Hendriks Gert-Jan , van der Wee Nic , Hoogendoorn Adriaan W. , van Oppen Patricia , van Balkom Anton J. L. M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractBackgroundThe course of illness in obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) varies significantly between patients. Little is known about factors predicting a chronic course of illness. The aim of this study is to identify factors involved in inducing and in maintaining chronicity in OCD.MethodsThe present study is embedded within the Netherlands Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Association (NOCDA) study, an ongoing multicenter naturalistic cohort study designed to identify predictors of long-term course and outcome in OCD. For this study, 270 subjects with a current diagnosis of OCD were included. Chronicity status at 2-year follow-up was regressed on a selection of baseline predictors related to OCD, to comorbidity and to stress and support.ResultsPsychotrauma [odds ratio (OR) 1.98, confidence interval (CI) 1.22–3.22,p= 0.006], recent negative life events (OR 1.42, CI 1.01–2.01,p= 0.043), and presence of a partner (OR 0.28, CI 0.09–0.85,p= 0.025) influenced the risk of becoming chronic. Longer illness duration (OR 1.46, CI 1.08–1.96,p= 0.013) and higher illness severity (OR 1.09, CI 1.03–1.16,p= 0.003) increased the risk of remaining chronic.ConclusionsExternal influences increase the risk of becoming chronic, whereas the factors involved in maintaining chronicity are illness-related. As the latter are potentially difficult to modify, treatment should be devoted to prevent chronicity from occurring in the first place. Therapeutic strategies aimed at alleviating stress and at boosting social support might aid in achieving this goal.
Nurse practitioner’s perceptions of the impact of the nurse practitioner-led clinic model on the quality of care of complex patients
Authors: Heale Roberta , James Susan , Wenghofer Elizabeth , Garceau Marie-Luce 
Published: January 2018

AimTo evaluate the organizational processes that influence the quality of care for patients with multimorbidity at nurse practitioner-led clinics (NPLCs).BackgroundPeople are living longer, most with one or more chronic diseases (mulitmorbidity) and primary healthcare for these patients has become increasingly complex. One response was the establishment of new models of primary healthcare. NPLCs are an example of a model developed in Ontario, Canada, which feature nurse practitioners as the primary care providers practicing within an interprofessional team. Evaluation of the extent to which the processes within NPLC model addressed the needs of patients with multimorbidity is warranted.MethodsEight nurse practitioners were interviewed to determine their perception of the quality of care provided to patients with multimorbidity at NPLCs. Interpretive description guided the analysis and themes were identified.FindingsThree themes arose from the analysis, each of which has an impact on the quality of care. The level of patient vulnerability at the NPLCs was high resulting in the need to address social and financial issues before the care of chronic conditions. Dynamics within the interprofessional team impacted the quality of patient care, including NP recruitment and retention, leaves of absence and turnover in staff at the NPLCs had an effect on interprofessional team functioning and patient care. Finally, coordination of care at the NPLCs, such as length of appointments, determined the extent to which attention was given to individual clinical issues was a factor. Strategies to address social determinants of health and for recruitment and retention of NPs is essential for improved quality of care. Comprehensive orientation to the interprofessional team as well as flexibility in care processes may also have positive effects on the quality of care of patients with complex clinical issues.
A new Eocene Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829 (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Baltic amber
Authors: Krzemiński Wiesław , Kania Iwona , Wojtoń Maciej 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTA new species of the genus Dicranomyia Stephens, 1829 (Diptera: Limoniidae) from Baltic amber is characterised, illustrated and described. This finding represents the second fossil of the subgenus Melanolimonia. The morphological features of the new species and the morphology comparison with its closest fossil relatives are discussed.
A peculiar leg structure in the first non-biting midge described from Cambay amber, India (Diptera: Chironomidae)
Authors: Zakrzewska Marta , Stebner Frauke , Puchalski Mateusz , Singh Hukam , Giłka Wojciech 
Published: January 2018

ABSTRACTWe present the first specific record of a chironomid of the tribe Tanytarsini from early Eocene Cambay amber, India (52–53 Ma). The oldest known extinct tanytarsine genus, Gujaratomyia Giłka & Zakrzewska, gen. nov., is described on the basis of adult males of G. miripes Giłka & Zakrzewska, sp. nov. The species displays an unusual leg structure with unique leg ratios and tibial armature. The combination of the head and genital apparatus characters supports the hypothesis that Gujaratomyia and Cladotanytarsus are members of a common group within the subtribe Tanytarsina.
Differential methylation of insulin-like growth factor 2 in offspring of physically active pregnant women
Authors: Marshall M. R. , Paneth N. , Gerlach J. A. , Mudd L. M. , Biery L. , Ferguson D. P. , Pivarnik J. M. 
Published: January 2018

AbstractSeveral studies have suggested that maternal lifestyle during pregnancy may influence long-term health of offspring by altering the offspring epigenome. Whether maternal leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) during pregnancy might have this effect is unknown. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between maternal LTPA during pregnancy and offspring DNA methylation. Participants were recruited from the Archive for Research on Child Health study. At enrollment, participants’ demographic information and self-reported LTPA during pregnancy were determined. High active participants (averaged 637.5 min per week of LTPA; n=14) were matched by age and race to low active participants (averaged 59.5 min per week LTPA; n=28). Blood spots were obtained at birth. Pyrosequencing was used to determine methylation levels of long interspersed nucleotide elements (LINE-1) (global methylation) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator (PGC1-α), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2), pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase, isozyme 4 (PDK4) and transcription factor 7-like 2 (TCF7L2). We found no differences between offspring of high active and low active groups for LINE-1 methylation. The only differences in candidate gene methylation between groups were at two CpG sites in the P2 promoter of IGF2; the offspring of low active group had significantly higher DNA methylation (74.70±2.25% methylation for low active v. 72.83±2.85% methylation for high active; P=0.045). Our results suggest no effect of maternal LTPA on offspring global and candidate gene methylation, with the exception of IGF2. IGF2 has been previously associated with regulation of physical activity, suggesting a possible role of maternal LTPA on regulation of offspring physical activity.
Geobacteraceae are important members of mercury-methylating microbial communities of sediments impacted by waste water releases
Authors: Bravo Andrea G , Zopfi Jakob , Buck Moritz , Xu Jingying , Bertilsson Stefan , Schaefer Jeffra K , Poté John , Cosio Claudia 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Microbial mercury (Hg) methylation in sediments can result in bioaccumulation of the neurotoxin methylmercury (MMHg) in aquatic food webs. Recently, the discovery of the gene hgcA, required for Hg methylation, revealed that the diversity of Hg methylators is much broader than previously thought. However, little is known about the identity of Hg-methylating microbial organisms and the environmental factors controlling their activity and distribution in lakes. Here, we combined high-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA and hgcA genes with the chemical characterization of sediments impacted by a waste water treatment plant that releases significant amounts of organic matter and iron. Our results highlight that the ferruginous geochemical conditions prevailing at 1–2 cm depth are conducive to MMHg formation and that the Hg-methylating guild is composed of iron and sulfur-transforming bacteria, syntrophs, and methanogens. Deltaproteobacteria, notably Geobacteraceae, dominated the hgcA carrying communities, while sulfate reducers constituted only a minor component, despite being considered the main Hg methylators in many anoxic aquatic environments. Because iron is widely applied in waste water treatment, the importance of Geobacteraceae for Hg methylation and the complexity of Hg-methylating communities reported here are likely to occur worldwide in sediments impacted by waste water treatment plant discharges and in iron-rich sediments in general.
Clearcutting alters decomposition processes and initiates complex restructuring of fungal communities in soil and tree roots
Authors: Kohout Petr , Charvátová Markéta , Štursová Martina , Mašínová Tereza , Tomšovský Michal , Baldrian Petr 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Forest management practices often severely affect forest ecosystem functioning. Tree removal by clearcutting is one such practice, producing severe impacts due to the total reduction of primary productivity. Here, we assessed changes to fungal community structure and decomposition activity in the soil, roots and rhizosphere of a Picea abies stand for a 2-year period following clearcutting compared to data from before tree harvest. We found that the termination of photosynthate flow through tree roots into soil is associated with profound changes in soil, both in decomposition processes and fungal community composition. The rhizosphere, representing an active compartment of high enzyme activity and high fungal biomass in the living stand, ceases to exist and starts to resemble bulk soil. Decomposing roots appear to separate from bulk soil and develop into hotspots of decomposition and important fungal biomass pools. We found no support for the involvement of ectomycorrhizal fungi in the decomposition of roots, but we found some evidence that root endophytic fungi may have an important role in the early stages of this process. In soil, activity of extracellular enzymes also decreased in the long term following the end of rhizodeposition by tree roots.
Saving seed microbiomes
Authors: Berg Gabriele , Raaijmakers Jos M 
Published: January 2018

Abstract
Plant seeds are home to diverse microbial communities whose composition is determined by plant genotype, environment, and management practices. Plant domestication is now recognized as an important driver of plant-associated microbial diversity. To what extent and how domestication affects seed microbiomes is less well studied. Here we propose a ‘back-to-the-future’ approach to harness seed microbiomes of wild relatives of crop cultivars to save and re-instate missing beneficial seed microbes for improved plant tolerance to biotic and abiotic stress.