bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Methods to identify the prey of invertebrate predators in terrestrial field studies
Authors: Birkhofer Klaus , Bylund Helena , Dalin Peter , Ferlian Olga , Gagic Vesna , Hambäck Peter A. , Klapwijk Maartje , Mestre Laia , Roubinet Eve , Schroeder Martin , Stenberg Johan A. , Porcel Mario , Björkman Christer , Jonsson Mattias 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPredation is an interaction during which an organism kills and feeds on another organism. Past and current interest in studying predation in terrestrial habitats has yielded a number of methods to assess invertebrate predation events in terrestrial ecosystems. We provide a decision tree to select appropriate methods for individual studies. For each method, we then present a short introduction, key examples for applications, advantages and disadvantages, and an outlook to future refinements. Video and, to a lesser extent, live observations are recommended in studies that address behavioral aspects of predator–prey interactions or focus on per capita predation rates. Cage studies are only appropriate for small predator species, but often suffer from a bias via cage effects. The use of prey baits or analyses of prey remains are cheaper than other methods and have the potential to provide per capita predation estimates. These advantages often come at the cost of low taxonomic specificity. Molecular methods provide reliable estimates at a fine level of taxonomic resolution and are free of observer bias for predator species of any size. However, the current PCR‐based methods lack the ability to estimate predation rates for individual predators and are more expensive than other methods. Molecular and stable isotope analyses are best suited to address systems that include a range of predator and prey species. Our review of methods strongly suggests that while in many cases individual methods are sufficient to study specific questions, combinations of methods hold a high potential to provide more holistic insights into predation events. This review presents an overview of methods to researchers that are new to the field or to particular aspects of predation ecology and provides recommendations toward the subset of suitable methods to identify the prey of invertebrate predators in terrestrial field research.
Abiotic habitat thresholds for salmonid over‐summer survival in intermittent streams
Authors: Woelfle‐Erskine Cleo , Larsen Laurel G. , Carlson Stephanie M. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntermittent streams lose surface flow during part of the year but can provide important habitat for imperiled fishes in residual pools. However, extended intermittency can drive high mortality as pool contraction decreases pool quality, and some pools dry completely. We evaluated the influence of a suite of abiotic habitat characteristics on the over‐summer survival of two imperiled salmonid fishes (coho salmon Oncorhynchus kisutch; steelhead trout Oncorhynchus mykiss) at four study sites on two tributaries of Salmon Creek (Sonoma County, California, USA) from 2012 to 2014, during deepening drought conditions. Study sites spanned an intermittency gradient from continuous flow to near‐dry conditions, and included alluvial and bedrock stream reaches. We estimated over‐summer survival at the pool scale from fish presence–absence data based on paired early‐late summer snorkel surveys. We measured pool dimensions and water quality parameters monthly (more frequently during summer dry down) and, in 2013 and 2014, recorded water quality with continuous loggers in selected pools. We performed: (1) logistic regression in a generalized linear modeling framework to identify factors limiting over‐summer survival and (2) classification trees using the random forests ensemble learning method to identify abiotic thresholds for sustaining salmonids. Results suggested that different factors governed mortality of the two species. Coho salmon, which tended to survive in large, deep pools, were limited by minimum dissolved oxygen (DO) concentrations. In contrast, steelhead trout, which tended to survive in pools with large surface area, were sensitive to pool geometry and temperature. Both species persisted for weeks in large pools with low DO levels, including in pools where at least part of the water column reached sublethal or lethal levels. Our results suggest that shallow, lateral hyporheic flow may be important for maintaining DO and temperatures suitable for sustaining salmonids in isolated pools, whereas groundwater discharge originating from deeper flow paths may generate low‐DO conditions that inhibit salmonid persistence. Geomorphically complex watersheds with a variety of pool geometries and high rates of lateral hyporheic exchange are those most likely to serve as “sanctuary reaches” for imperiled Pacific salmonid populations in semi‐arid regions in the context of a changing climate.
New application of chitosan‐grafted polyaniline in dispersive solid‐phase extraction for the separation and determination of phthalate esters in milk using high‐performance liquid chromatography
Authors: Razavi Nourolhoda , Sarafraz Yazdi Ali 
Published: February 2017

Chitosan‐grafted polyaniline was synthesized and applied as a sorbent for the preconcentration of phthalate esters in dispersive solid‐phase extraction. By coupling dispersive solid‐phase extraction with high‐performance liquid chromatography and response surface methodology (central composite design), a reliable, sensitive, and cost‐effective method for simultaneous determination of phthalate esters including dimethyl phthalate, di‐n‐butyl phthalate, and di(2‐ethylhexyl)phthalate was developed. The morphology of sorbent had been studied by scanning electron microscopy and its chemical structure confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. Under optimum condition, good linearity was observed in the range of 5.0–5000.0 ng/mL. The limits of detection (S/N = 3) and limits of quantification (S/N = 10) were 0.1–0.3 and 0.3–1 ng/mL, respectively. The relative standard deviations were less than 8.8%. Finally, this procedure was employed for extraction of trace amounts of phthalic acid esters in milk samples, the relative recoveries ranged from 82 to 103%.
Pepsin as a biomarker for laryngopharyngeal reflux in children with laryngomalacia
Authors: Luebke Kendra , Samuels Tina L. , Chelius Thomas H. , Sulman Cecille G. , McCormick Michael E. , Kerschner Joseph E. , Johnston Nikki , Chun Robert H. 
Published: February 2017

Objectives/HypothesisLaryngomalacia is a common cause of newborn stridor. Laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) has been associated with laryngomalacia. Although pepsin, a component of LPR, has been associated with inflammatory diseases of the aerodigestive tract, its presence in the airways of laryngomalacia patients is unknown.Study DesignProspective case‐control study comparing patients under age 3 years with laryngomalacia to children without laryngomalacia.MethodsChildren less than 3 years old undergoing supraglottoplasty for laryngomalacia or surgery unrelated to the airway, without a history of laryngomalacia, reflux, or respiratory disease, were offered enrollment. Supraglottic lavage samples (3 mL) were obtained from all subjects. Two‐millimeter arytenoid biopsies were collected from laryngomalacia patients. Pepsin Western blot and enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay were performed.ResultsTen laryngomalacia and five control subjects were enrolled. Pepsin was detected in lavages of laryngomalacia patients (8/10) but absent in controls (0/5; P = .007). Pepsin was observed more frequently in lavages (8/10) than biopsies (4/10; P = .046) of laryngomalacia subjects. Higher median pepsin concentration was observed in laryngomalacia than control lavages (P = .025).ConclusionsPepsin in supraglottic specimens demonstrated an association with laryngomalacia, supporting a role for refluxed pepsin in laryngomalacia. These data corroborate previous work implicating pepsin in inflammatory diseases of the upper airways. Further studies are warranted to investigate the contribution of pepsin to the pathophysiology of laryngomalacia.Level of Evidence3b. Laryngoscope, 127:2413–2417, 2017
Infections and vaccinations as possible triggers of inflammatory myopathies
Authors: Limaye Vidya , Smith Caroline , Koszyca Barbara , Blumbergs Peter , Otto Sophia 
Published: February 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionThe role of vaccinations and infections in triggering idiopathic inflammatory myopathies (IIM) has not been confirmed.MethodsAmong patients with histologically confirmed myositis, infections or vaccinations administered prior to myositis onset were determined. The characteristics of this group were compared with controls (myositis patients without prior infection or vaccination).ResultsThe frequency of IIM with a prior vaccination was 20 of 206 (9.7%), infection was 29 of 206 (14%), and either vaccination or infection was 49 of 206 (23.8%). Dermatomyositis (DM) was more frequent among patients with preceding vaccination (P = 0.03) or prior infections (P = 0.02) than among controls. Antibodies to Ro52 were more frequent among patients with preceding vaccination than among controls (P = 0.002).DiscussionAlthough causality is not shown, the occurrence of prior infection or vaccination in 24% of patients with IIM prompts further inquiry. The overrepresentation of DM in those with preceding vaccination and the possible role of antibodies to Ro52 in susceptibility to vaccine‐induced myositis require confirmation. Muscle Nerve 56: 987–989, 2017
Challenging learning goals improve performance in dynamically complex microworld simulations
Authors: Yang Miles M. , Jiang Hong , Gary Michael Shayne 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe use of microworld simulators in classrooms and in experimental research has grown rapidly in recent years. Advocates suggest microworlds enhance learning compared with traditional instructional materials alone. However, people often have difficulty understanding the dynamics of microworld simulations, and learning and performance on microworlds typically plateau far below even simple behavioral benchmarks. Research from organization psychology suggests that assigning specific goals improves task learning and performance. This paper reports the results of two laboratory studies that examine the effects of two types of goals and two levels of goal difficulty on performance outcomes in the widely used People Express Microworld. We find that challenging compared with moderate learning goals result in higher performance outcomes. In contrast, there is no difference in performance outcomes between challenging and moderate performance goals. The findings show that including challenging learning goals in microworld instructional materials in classrooms and in experimental research will increase performance. Copyright © 2017 System Dynamics Society
Advanced biofuels production by upgrading of pyrolysis bio‐oil
Authors: Fermoso Javier , Pizarro Patricia , Coronado Juan M. , Serrano David P. 
Published: February 2017

The present work is a review on the production of bio‐oils from biomass pyrolysis, with special emphasis on the different catalytic methods developed so far for the upgrading of this liquid fraction in order to significantly improve its properties, so it can be used as advanced biofuel. After a discussion of the main variables and factors affecting biomass pyrolysis, a number of processes are described here for bio‐oil upgrading, including catalytic pyrolysis, esterification, aldol condensation, ketonization, and hydrodeoxygenation (HDO). All of them are featured by the use of tailored catalysts that may play different roles, such as completing depolymerization of biomass, promoting deoxygenation reactions, and favoring CC bonds formation in order to increase the proportion of components present in the final bio‐oil within the range of liquid fuels.The review highlights the challenges that must still be faced for biomass pyrolysis/bio‐oil upgrading to become a commercial process. Among them, catalyst deactivation is a general issue to be considered as bio‐oil has a strong tendency to polymerize, forming carbonaceous deposits on the catalysts, and contains a large share of water with acidic pH that may damage the catalyst components in liquid‐phase upgrading treatments. Likewise, process integration of bio‐oil upgrading treatments, through more or less complex schemes, is an aspect that should be deeply analyzed in the future as it may be a key element determining the commercial feasibility of the overall process. WIREs Energy Environ 2017, 6:e245. doi: 10.1002/wene.245This article is categorized under:

Bioenergy > Science and Materials
Bioenergy > Systems and Infrastructure
Gamma Coherences in the Default Mode Resting State as a Measure of Consciousness Level
Authors: Jombik Peter , Drobny Michal , Saniova Beata , Fischer Martin , Kaderjakova Petra 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Recent findings indicate that the default mode resting state network (DMRSN) is closely associated with conscious awareness. Thus changes in consciousness level could be reflected in turn in the DMRSN functional state. One of the most important requirements for proper network function is connectivity within the network structural constituents. One of the measures of functional connectivity is analysis of the EEG coherences. In this study we have examined changes in the mean coherences in the gamma spectral band 30–45 Hz in the DMRSN during general anaesthesia (GA) in the open thorax surgery were investigated in twenty patients. They were compared with physiologic EEG findings in twenty alert subjects and the mathematical model of brain death. Results of this study indicate that the decrease in coherences in the physiologic EEG and the patients with one lung ventilation (OLV) groups was roughly proportional to the increasing distance between the electrodes. This created some kind of a structure in the DMRSN. In the OLV group the main finding was a decrease in the coherences in the gamma band. Ten of the anaesthetized subjects showed a clear burst suppression pattern. During this condition the coherences in the pairs connecting the posterior parts of the network decreased. Moreover, the differences between the connections of the anterior to posterior parts of the DMRSN and connections between the posterior parts of the DMRSN were almost lost. However, they showed still highly significant differences in all items when compared with the mathematical model of brain death. In summary the results suggest that the functional connectivity in the DMRSN assessed by mean coherences could be a reliable method for assessing the depth of GA and may be useful for understanding disorders of consciousness in general.
Brain Substratum Of Pathogenic Neurotic Belief In Panic Disorder: A Single Case Study
Authors: Kukleta Miloslav 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
The aim of the study was to demonstrate how recent research achievements in the neuroscience of emotions can influence practical management of anxiety disorders. Using the data obtained from analysis of psychophysiological mechanisms in one case of panic disorder, the type of threat, key threat stimuli, and the structure of the pathogenic neurotic belief were ascertained and, on this basis, an individually tailored therapeutic procedure was designed. Its application resulted in almost complete dissipation of the neurotic belief, which represented the key p athogenic mechanism in the case studied. The study called attention especially to the importance of detailed diagnostics of memory mechanisms underlying the formation of neurotic belief in the psychotherapy of anxiety disorders.
Large-Scale Synchronization Related to Structures Manifesting Simultaneous EEG Baseline Shifts in the Pre-Movement Period
Authors: Kukleta Miloslav , Bob Petr , Turak Baris , Louvel Jacques 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Several current data indicate that intracranial records of the Bereitschaftspotential from some brain loci manifest baseline shifts (EBS) in the early pre-movement period that are separated from the movement components by a distinct plateau. In this context, main purpose of this study was to assess whether structures generating the EBSs that are simultaneously widespread in various structures of the brain will be specifically linked to higher levels of large-scale integration in comparison to structures that were not involved in EBS generation. In this study were included 21 epilepsy surgery candidates (12 men, 9 women; aged from 18 to 49 years), who were measured during self-paced clenching movements of the hand. Brain activities during the task were recorded using intracerebral electrodes and were evaluated in pairs. Eighty two percent of the EBSs started in various distant brain structures at the same time, eighteen percent at different time. Approximately half of the EBSs of the first group started in the prefrontal regions; the second half was obtained from pairs located in parietal and temporal regions. The first, the second, and the third groups exhibited a special degree of activity synchronization. The simultaneous EBS onsets associated synchronization strongly suggests significantly higher functional coupling of these brain areas which is supposed to be a basic mechanism of integration of various areas of the brain participating in cognitive and intentional functions.
Developments in the Neuroscience of Dreams
Authors: Shaw Bryony 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Dreams and the act of dreaming have been subjects dismissed and discussed by great philosophers and psychologists for centuries. This paper explores developments in neuroscience as they relate to dreams, and how these developments help people in general understand better the role of dreams. The role of dreams and sleep are explored as they relate to mental health and affect regulation. Developments in neuroscience also help us understand the value of dream interpretation.
Clinical epidemiological survey of gallbladder carcinoma in northwestern China, 2009–2013: 2379 cases in 17 centers
Authors: Shen Hao‐Xin , Song Hu‐Wei , Xu Xin‐Jian , Jiao Zuo‐Yi , Ti Zhen‐Yu , Li Zhao‐Yu , Ren Bin , Chen Chen , Ma Li , Zhao Ya‐Ling , Zhang Guan‐Jun , Ma Jian‐Cang , Geng Xi‐Lin , Zhang Xiao‐Di , Shi Jing‐Sen , Wang Lin , Geng Zhi‐Min 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo analyze the clinical epidemiological characteristics of patients with gallbladder carcinoma recruited from 17 hospitals in five northwestern provinces of China (Shaanxi Province, Gansu Province, Qinghai Province, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region) from 2009 to 2013, and to summarize the clinical diagnosis and treatment data of gallbladder carcinoma.MethodsClinical information of 2379 patients with gallbladder carcinoma from 17 hospitals in five northwestern provinces of China was retrospectively collected and analyzed using the “Questionnaire for Gallbladder Carcinoma Patients in Northwestern Area of China.” All information was verified with EpiData software and analyzed with SPSS 13.0 software.Results(1) Gallbladder carcinoma accounted for 2.7% (2379/86,609) of all biliary tract diseases during the study period, which was significantly higher than that from 1986 to 1998 (P < 0.001). (2) Gallbladder carcinoma was more prone to occur in elderly women. The male:female incidence ratio was 1.0:2.1, the average age of onset of disease was 63.7 ± 11.3 years, and the incidence was higher in farmers than in other occupational groups. (3) A total of 57.2% (1360/2379) of patients with gallbladder carcinoma also had gallstones. (4) Abdominal pain (1796/2379, 75.5%) and jaundice (727/2379, 30.6%) were the most common clinical manifestations, 81.2% (1527/1881) were positive in those receiving B ultrasound examinations and 90.7% (1567/1727) were positive in those undergoing computed tomography, and 64.5% (1124/1742) of patients with gallbladder carcinoma were positive for carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19‐9. (5) The pathological type of gallbladder carcinoma was mainly moderately and poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma with a high degree of malignancy. At admission, 55.1% (1091/1981) of patients had stage IV cancer among patients with TNM staging information; 55.9% (1331/2379) had lymphatic metastasis, 29.7% (706/2379) had bile duct metastasis, and 53.1% (1263/2379) had liver metastasis. (6) A total of 283 patients (283/2379, 11.9%) had incidentally detected gallbladder carcinoma. (7) The rate of radical surgical resection was 30.4% (723/2379).ConclusionThe proportion of gallbladder carcinoma in biliary tract diseases in the northwestern area of China was significantly higher from 2009 to 2013 than from 1986 to 1998. Gallbladder carcinoma was common in older women and mainly diagnosed at an advanced stage. Compared with other surveys in different regions, the rate of metastasis in this survey was high, leading to a low resection rate. Populations at high risk should undergo B‐ultrasound examinations at regular follow‐up intervals to increase the rate of early diagnosis of gallbladder carcinoma.
The lipidome in major depressive disorder: Shared genetic influence for ether-phosphatidylcholines, a plasma-based phenotype related to inflammation, and disease risk
Authors: Knowles E.E.M. , Huynh K. , Meikle P.J. , Göring H.H.H. , Olvera R.L. , Mathias S.R. , Duggirala R. , Almasy L. , Blangero J. , Curran J.E. , Glahn D.C. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground:The lipidome is rapidly garnering interest in the field of psychiatry. Recent studies have implicated lipidomic changes across numerous psychiatric disorders. In particular, there is growing evidence that the concentrations of several classes of lipids are altered in those diagnosed with MDD. However, for lipidomic abnormalities to be considered potential treatment targets for MDD (rather than secondary manifestations of the disease), a shared etiology between lipid concentrations and MDD should be demonstrated.Methods:In a sample of 567 individuals from 37 extended pedigrees (average size 13.57 people, range = 3–80), we used mass spectrometry lipidomic measures to evaluate the genetic overlap between twenty-three biologically distinct lipid classes and a dimensional scale of MDD.Results:We found that the lipid class with the largest endophenotype ranking value (ERV, a standardized parametric measure of pleiotropy) were ether-phosphodatidylcholines (alkylphosphatidylcholine, PC(O) and alkenylphosphatidylcholine, PC(P) subclasses). Furthermore, we examined the cluster structure of the twenty-five species within the top-ranked lipid class, and the relationship of those clusters with MDD. This analysis revealed that species containing arachidonic acid generally exhibited the greatest degree of genetic overlap with MDD.Conclusions:This study is the first to demonstrate a shared genetic etiology between MDD and ether-phosphatidylcholine species containing arachidonic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid that is a precursor to inflammatory mediators, such as prostaglandins. The study highlights the potential utility of the well-characterized linoleic/arachidonic acid inflammation pathway as a diagnostic marker and/or treatment target for MDD.