bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Exploring the Impact, Challenges, and Satisfaction of Online Learning among Nursing Trainees in Northern Ghana
Authors: Mohammed Issah , Kojo Mohammed Abdulai , Bezagrebere Faustina Maayir , Iddrisu Sharifa , Abel Asabia , Bayong-Dumah Sophia , Balanjima Ibrahim , Ayeltige Patience Amopoka , Anaba Patience Atampoka , Akubori Diana 
Published: February 2025

Background: The use of technology in many fields, including teaching, learning, and computerized assessment within higher education institutions, has increased due to the rapid development of many fields in our current era, mainly information and communication technology, characterized by high speed.
Aim: This research aims to assess the impact of online learning and examination among Nurses’ and Midwives’ Training College, Tamale students.
Methods: The study used a descriptive institutional cross-sectional survey with 293 respondents selected using a stratified sampling technique. A semi-structured questionnaire was transformed into a Google form and used as the main tool for data collection. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 25, and results were presented in tables and figures.
Results: About 81.0% would accept online examinations, and 75.2% of the respondents indicated that writing exams online allows fulfilling courses. The study showed that 82.4% of the respondents agreed that online learning helps them be more productive, 77.9% were satisfied with the learning experience compared to others, and 67.9% indicated that face-to-face learning impacts their learning more. The study showed that 118(40.7%) indicated that they are inability to ask questions and express themselves, 40(13.8%) indicated that they lack instructor or tutor support, financial factors affect the use of online learning and examination, and 84(29.0%) indicated that lack of knowledge on Information Technology (IT). Also, (37.9%) indicated that the availability of required technology and adequate access to the Internet could facilitate online learning and examination (36.6%), and the provision of data (26.6%) could facilitate online learning and examination.
Conclusion: The study found that respondents accept online learning as a method they will indulge in. However, it was revealed that online learning does not impact their academic performance. Also, challenges like the unavailability of the required technology, incompatibility of some phones and laptops, lack of adequate internet access, heavy workload of online courses, and lack of enough skills to learn online exist.
REES MATRIX COVERS FOR A CLASS OF SEMIGROUPS WITH LOCALLY COMMUTING IDEMPOTENTS
Authors: Khan Tanveer A. , Lawson Mark V. 
Published: July 2002

AbstractMcAlister proved that every regular locally inverse semigroup can be covered by a regular Rees matrix semigroup over an inverse semigroup by means of a homomorphism which is locally an isomorphism. We generalize this result to the class of semigroups with local units whose local submonoids have commuting idempotents and possessing what we term a ‘McAlister sandwich function’.AMS 2000 Mathematics subject classification: Primary 20M10. Secondary 20M17
NARRATIVES OF GERMAN HISTORY AFTER THE REFORMATION
Authors: DIXON C. SCOTT 
Published: July 2002

Die katholische Konfessionalisierung. Edited by

Wolfgang Reinhard and Heinz Schilling.
‘Schriften des Vereins für Reformationsgeschichte’,
Vol. 198. Gütersloh: Gütersloher
Verlagshaus, 1995. Pp. xiii+472. ISBN 3-579-01666-0. DM 148.The Salzburg transaction: expulsion and redemption in eighteenth-century

Germany. By Mack
Walker. Ithaca and London: Cornell University Press, 1992. Pp. xvi+242.
ISBN
0-8014-2777-0. $38.50.War, state and society in Württemberg, 1677–1793.

By Peter H. Wilson. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1995. Pp. xvii+294. ISBN 0-521-47302-0. £18.95.Kaiser Maximilian II. Kultur und Politik im 16. Jahrhundert.

Edited by Friedrich Edelmayer
and Alfred Kohler. ‘Wiener Beiträge zur Geschichte der Neuzeit’,

Vol. 19. Munich:
R. Oldenbourg Verlag, 1992. Pp. 263. ISBN 3-486-0317-3. ÖS 396.Post-Reformation development in Germany has few of the features that
encourage
historians to describe an age with a catchy noun or turn of phrase. As
a land comprised of hundreds of principalities, dioceses, and free imperial cities, Germany
does not easily
lend itself to descriptions of the evolving state. Equally, as the German
lands were
divided by confessional alliance and subject to a wide range of intellectual
currents and traditions, it has proven difficult to come up with a term comprehensive
enough to
include the full sweep of social, religious, and intellectual life. Most
of the concepts we
use to define European development in this age fall short when applied
to Germany. In
view of this, historians tend either to emphasize certain aspects of the
nation's
development, or to isolate events that seem to reveal something central.
Both approaches
have been taken in the books under review.
GOVERNMENT POLICY AND THE NIGERIAN PALM

OIL EXPORT INDUSTRY, 1939–49
Authors: HINDS ALLISTER E. 
Published: July 2002

This paper examines the role of the imperial and colonial governments
in the

formulation of policy towards the Nigerian palm oil export industry between

1939 and 1949. It argues that for most of the war years colonial officials
in

Nigeria accepted that metropolitan needs and conditions should dictate

policy in the oil palm produce industry. However, towards the end of the

war, they began to question whether policies centred around the requirements

of the metropole would preserve the future competitiveness of the

industry. Thereafter, they pressed for measures which gave priority to
the

problems and necessities of the local industry and the colonial economy.

While colonial policy was sensitive to the concerns of imperial and local

government officials, for most of the period under review it was reluctant,

and on occasions, unable to accommodate the measures necessary to

harmonize imperial and colonial goals. Consequently, the anticipated

expansion in palm oil exports failed to materialize and the future

competitiveness of the industry remained in doubt.This article fills an important void in the current literature on the
Nigerian

palm oil export industry. To date insufficient attention has been paid
to the

thinking within imperial and colonial government circles which underpinned

the policies adopted in the industry during World War II and the early
post-war

years, and which led to the failure of policy makers to achieve their

objectives. Moreover, the current literature ignores the vigorous debate

between the Colonial Office and the Nigerian colonial government, and

among colonial government officials, over the best means by which the

needs of the local palm oil industry could be reconciled with the demands

of the metropole, especially between 1942 and 1949.
‘A NATION OF PORTERS’: THE NYAMWEZI AND THE LABOUR MARKET IN NINETEENTH-CENTURY TANZANIA
Authors: ROCKEL STEPHEN J. 
Published: July 2002

From the beginning of the nineteenth century, Nyamwezi long-distance
trading caravans dominated the central routes through Tanzania, stretching
from Mrima coast ports such as Bagamoyo and Saadani to Ujiji on Lake
Tanganyika. Despite the inroads of Omani Arab and Swahili trading
enterprises from the middle of the century, the Nyamwezi maintained a
position of strength. In the second half of the nineteenth century, market
relations emerged as the dominant form of economic organization along the
central routes, although the market for many commodities was clearly
fractured by transport difficulties, and non-market relations frequently
substituted for weakly developed commercial institutions and tools. Most
caravan porters in nineteenth-century Tanzania were free wage workers, and
nearly all were clearly migrant or itinerant labourers. The development of
a labour market for caravan porters was an early and significant stage in the
transition to capitalism, which began in a period of violence and political
upheaval. Clearly, this has implications for how scholars should view broader
processes of economic transformation prior to the imposition of colonial rule,
which cut short a series of significant indigenous innovations.The argument that porters were mostly wage labourers rests on evidence
that their labour was bought and sold according to fluctuating labour market
conditions. Market conditions in the second half of the nineteenth century
shows a broadly rising demand for porters, a demand that could only be met
if caravan operators offered adequate wages and observed the customs
established within porter work culture. Thus, market conditions along the
central routes contributed to the development of a free wage labour,
characterized by a unique labour culture.
Microbial resistance of caseinate films crosslinked by gamma irradiation
Authors: RESSOUANY MOHAMED , VACHON CAROLINE , LACROIX MONIQUE 
Published: July 2002

The need to improve the shelf life and quality of foods, combined with the urgency
to reduce waste generated by synthetic non-biodegradable packaging, have resulted
in an increasing interest in biodegradable or edible materials (Chen, 1995). The
challenge in the development of such materials lies in achieving controlled lifetime
together with compatibility with foods and the environment. Natural polymers or
polymers derived from natural monomers such as food proteins offer the greatest
opportunities, since their biodegradability and environmental compatibility are
assured (Krochta & de Mulder-Johnston, 1997).Milk proteins such as caseins have been formulated into coatings and films for
improving food quality (Baker et al. 1994). Unfortunately, the highly hydrophilic
nature of these proteins limits the possibility of producing films with the required
properties. Gamma irradiation, which induces the formation of crosslinks in the
protein structure, is known to improve the mechanical properties and water
resistance of such materials (Brault et al. 1997; Mezgheni
et al. 1998a; Ressouany et al. 1998), and can also sterilize materials
for possible biomedical applications (Kaetsu, 1995).Gamma irradiation is slowly becoming accepted in the food industry as a means
of safely improving the shelf life of various fruits and vegetables and eliminating
bacterial contamination in meats (Pszczola, 1997). All these features (sterility,
increased mechanical strength, controlled life time) make gamma irradiation a
promising technique for the production of commercial biodegradable films.In the present study, we have investigated the microbial resistance of calcium
caseinate films irradiated at 4 or 64 kGy. A minimum dose of 4 kGy was required to
produce complete sterility in the films without inducing many crosslinks in the
protein. A dose of 64 kGy was used to induce maximum crosslinking density
(Ressouany et al. 1998). The rate of modification of the films was evaluated using
three methods. Firstly, microbiological counts were performed on films incubated
with a strain of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This strain was chosen because it produces
a wide range of proteinases and is often implicated in the process of food spoilage.
These results were compared with those obtained for soluble N. Since conversion to
CO2 is one of the standard test procedures to assess biodegradability (El-Din Sharabi
& Bartha, 1993), we also analysed the CO2 produced by the biodegradation of the
crosslinked films using a modified version of a standard test procedure (American
Society for Testing Materials, 1992). This measures the aerobic degradation of plastic
materials inoculated with municipal sewage sludge. We have replaced the sludge by
a concentrated bacterial strain (Ps. aeruginosa) and compared these results with the
two previous methods. This last method was used to measure the resistance of the
crosslinked films to bacterial degradation.
Patterns of bubble desorption during the solidification of a multicomponent melt
Authors: ROGERSON M. A. , CARDOSO S. S. S. 
Published: July 2002

The desorption of bubbles during solidification of a melt occurs in processes as
diverse as the making of ice cubes, the formation of igneous rocks and the casting of
metals. In both the metal casting and rock formation processes, careful observation of
the final solid suggests that the desorbed bubbles often form regular spatial patterns.
Understanding and quantifying the mechanisms by which such patterns arise is
important. In the geological context, comparison between field measurements and the
predictions of a model will allow geologists to estimate in-situ magma properties. In
the metal casting context, engineers would like to be able to specify mould geometries
and cooling conditions to ensure that the distribution of bubbles will not compromise
the strength of critical sections of the casting.In the present study, we develop a detailed mathematical model to predict the
distribution of desorbed bubbles in a solidified melt. Our new model builds upon
previous knowledge on this phenomenon in the geological context (Toramaru et al.
1996, 1997). We describe desorption of a dissolved gas in a semi-infinite melt, solidified
by a one-dimensional heat flux. In the absence of convection, the transfer of heat and
solute occurs mainly by a diffusive mechanism and the crystallization proceeds most
rapidly near the cooled boundary. The crystals formed contain almost no dissolved
gas and hence the concentration of gas dissolved in the melt increases progressively
towards the cooled boundary. Diffusion of dissolved gas from the crystallizing zone is
slow and, as a result, the local melt becomes supersaturated and gas bubbles desorb.
The full equations for this coupled solidification and desorption processes are solved
numerically.We find that bubbles desorb forming a sequence of layers parallel to the cooled
boundary. The spacing between these bubble layers increases geometrically from
the cooled boundary. We give a physical interpretation for this geometric pattern
and analyse the effect of physical parameters on the layer spacing. We show that
our theoretical model captures the important physical mechanisms involved in the
solidification and desorption processes by comparing its predictions with available
measurements from a geological formation.
A new species, Callianassa poorei sp. nov. (Decapoda: Crustacea: Callianassidae) from Tasmania
Authors: Sakai K. 
Published: July 2002

As part of my ongoing studies of the Callianassidae, Dr G. Poore of the Museum of Victoria, Australia, sent me four small specimens from Tasmania. These specimens, which include two ovigerous females, are closely allied to Callianassa lewtonae from the northern Great Barrier Reef, Queensland, Australia. They differ from that species because the merus of the chelipeds bears a triangular ventral lobe in the larger cheliped and a sharp ventral spine in the smaller cheliped; and the antennular peduncle is much longer than the antennal peduncle. Only Callianassa ceramica, C. arenosa, and C. australiensis have been previously recorded from Tasmanian waters.Abbreviations used are: MV, Museum of Victoria, Australia; CL, carapace length; TL, whole length of the specimen from the tip of rostrum to the end of telson; A1, antennule; A2, antenna; P, pereiopod; Plp, pleopod.
Impaired generation and use of strategy in schizophrenia: evidence
from
visuospatial and verbal tasks
Authors: IDDON J. L. , McKENNA P. J. , SAHAKIAN B. J. , ROBBINS T. W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. The aim of this study was to investigate mnemonic

strategic deficits in schizophrenic patients.Methods. Analogous tasks were used that required the self-generation

of an efficient strategy and
its implementation in two domains: visuospatial and verbal. The tasks were
given to 20 IQ
preserved schizophrenics and 20 matched normal controls. A number of
different scores was derived
from each task including strategy, short-term memory capacity and perseveration.Results. Overall, the schizophrenic patients were significantly

impaired in their ability to generate
effective mnemonic strategies on both tasks. In addition, on the visuospatial
task there was no
difference between the groups on the memory scores, but the schizophrenic
patients made
significantly more perseverative errors than controls. They were disproportionately
worse on the
verbal strategy task, showing impairment on memory as well as on strategy
scores and were also
impaired at semantically classifying the words. Performance was similar
to the deficit seen in
patients with frontal lobe excisions and Parkinson's disease,
in terms of the inability to generate an
effective strategy. The deficit on the verbal task was similar
to patients with temporal lobe excisions
who show impaired verbal memory. However, the pattern differed in the sense
that the temporal
lobe patients were able to generate effective strategies, unlike the patients

with schizophrenia.Conclusions. High functioning schizophrenic patients are impaired

in utilizing visuospatial and
verbal mnemonic strategies. By comparing the results with those of
neurosurgical excision patients,
further evidence is provided for both frontal and temporal lobe involvement
in schizophrenia.
Predictors of change in anxiety symptoms of older
persons: results from the Longitudinal Aging Study
Amsterdam
Authors: DE BEURS E. , BEEKMAN A. T. F. , DEEG D. J. H. , VAN DYCK R. , VAN TILBURG W. 
Published: July 2002

Background. Data on the course of anxiety in late life are scarce. The present study sets out to
investigate the course of anxiety, as measured by the HADS-A (Zigmond & Snaith, 1983) in
community dwelling older persons, and to evaluate predictive factors for change over 3 years in
anxiety symptoms following the vulnerability/stress model.Method. Based on the first anxiety assessment, two cohorts were formed: subjects with and subjects
without anxiety symptoms. In the non-anxious cohort (N = 1602) we studied risk factors for the
development of anxiety symptoms; in the anxious cohort (N = 563) the same factors were evaluated
on their predictive value for restitution of symptoms. Risk factors included vulnerability factors
(demographics, health status, personality characteristics and social resources) and stressors (life
events occurring in between both anxiety assessments). Logistic regression models estimated the
effects of vulnerability factors, stress and their interaction on the likelihood of becoming anxious
and chronicity of anxiety symptoms.Results. It was indicated that the best predictors for becoming anxious were being female, high
neuroticism, hearing/eyesight problems and life-events. Female sex and neuroticism also increased
the likelihood of chronicity of anxiety symptoms in older adults, but life events were not related to
chronicity. The main stressful event in late life associated with anxiety was death of one's partner.
Vulnerability factors and stress added on to each other rather than their interaction being associated
with development or chronicity of anxiety.Conclusion. The vulnerability/stress model offers a useful framework for organizing risk factors for
development and chronicity of anxiety symptoms in older persons, but no support was attained for
the hypothesis that vulnerability and stress amplify each others effects. Finally, the results indicate
to whom preventive efforts should be directed: persons high in neuroticism, women, and those who
experience distressing life events.
Phylogenetic data bearing on the REM sleep learning connection
Authors: Siegel J. M. 
Published: July 2002

The phylogenetic data are inconsistent with the hypothesis that REM sleep duration is correlated with learning or learning ability. Humans do not have uniquely high amounts of REM sleep. The platypus, marsupials, and other mammals not generally thought to have extraordinary learning abilities have the largest amounts of REM sleep. The whales and dolphins (cetaceans) have the lowest amounts of REM sleep and may go without REM sleep for extended periods of time, despite their prodigious learning abilities.Vertes & Eastman]
Iterative processing of information during sleep may improve consolidation
Authors: Cipolli Carlo 
Published: July 2002

The relationship between sleep and memory has been controversial since the 1950s. Studies on delayed dream recall and long-term retention of pre-sleep stimuli indicate that sleep may have a positive role in the consolidation of information. This positive indication counterbalances the negative one from the studies on the effects of REM deprivation.[Vertes & Eastman]
The dramaturgy of dreams in Pleistocene minds and our own
Authors: Gunderson Keith 
Published: July 2002

The notion of simulation in dreaming of threat recognition and avoidance faces difficulties deriving from (1) some typical characteristics of dream artifacts (some “surreal,” some not) and (2) metaphysical issues involving the need for some representation in the theory of a perspective subject making use of the artifact.[Hobson et al.; Revonsuo]
Bifurcation from relative periodic solutions
Authors: WULFF CLAUDIA , S. W. LAMB JEROEN , MELBOURNE IAN 
Published: July 2002

Relative periodic solutions are ubiquitous in dynamical systems with continuous symmetry. Recently, Sandstede, Scheel and Wulff derived a center bundle theorem, reducing local bifurcation from relative periodic solutions to a finite-dimensional problem. Independently, Lamb and Melbourne showed how to systematically study local bifurcation from isolated periodic solutions with discrete spatiotemporal symmetries.In this paper, we show how the center bundle theorem, when combined with certain group theoretic results, reduces bifurcation from relative periodic solutions to bifurcation from isolated periodic solutions. In this way, we obtain a systematic approach to the study of local bifurcation from relative periodic solutions.
The crisis of postwar East Asian capitalism: American power, democracy and the vicissitudes of globalization
Authors: GILLS BARRY K. 
Published: July 2002

The debate over the East Asian crisis has thus far been led by economists who have focused on technical economic issues and policy goals at the expense of macro historical-structural questions. Foremost amongst the neglected questions is whether and under what conditions ‘Postwar East Asian Capitalism’ (PWEAC) will either continue to flourish or undergo a radical political transformation ‘after the crisis’. This question must be understood in the context of the changing geopolitical framework of the post-Cold War era. PWEAC is under great pressure for reform from both external and internal forces. Whether a ‘new political architecture’ for capitalism in East Asia is emerging is the central issue and one which will determine the future direction of Asia. The demise of authoritarian-oligarchic capitalism in Asia may have been accelerated by the economic crisis. The most enduring result of the Asian crisis is not the presumed derailing of the (re)ascent of Asia in the world economy but rather the weakening of the non-democratic state forms that have characterized East Asia's capitalism for decades. Popular demands for change represent a real challenge to both the domestic authoritarian-oligarchic power structure of PWEAC and its crucial geopolitical underpinning and external orientation.A people that has existed for centuries under a system of castes and classes can arrive at a democratic state of society only by passing through a long series of more or less critical transformations, accomplished by violent efforts, and after numerous vicissitudes, in the course of which property, opinions, and power are rapidly transferred from one to another...Alexis de TocquevilleDemocracy in America, Vol. II, 1840To reason with governments, as they have existed for ages, is to argue with brutes. It is only from the nations themselves that reforms can be expected.Thomas PaineThe Rights of Man, Preface to the French Edition, 1791