bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Conolly
Authors: Breathnach Caoimhghin S 
Published: March 2016

AbstractJohn Conolly [1774 - 1866] was born at Market Rasen into a collateral branch of the prominent Castletown, Co. Kildare, family. After graduating at Edinburgh in 1821, his efforts in clinical practice, bolstered by indifferent forays into medical journalism, were repeatedly unsuccessful. Thus, at the age of 45, over the course of four years as Resident Superintendent of Hanwell Asylum in Middlesex, he became one of the leading psychiatrists in England. Though his consulting practice blossomed thereafter, it is as the consummate, kindly administrator responsible for the introduction of non-restraint in public asylums in England and Wales that he is remembered today.
Public attitudes to depression: a national survey
Authors: McKeon Patrick , Carrick Siobhan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn a national representative survey, 1,403 people were interviewed on their attitudes to depression and its sufferers and their understanding of the causes, treatability and treatment of depression. Some two-thirds of the interviewees regarded depressives as being neither mentally ill, weak willed, nor as feeling sorry for themselves. Stress, bereavement and hereditary were considered to be the most frequent causes of depression. Seventy-three per cent said that depression could be successfully treated. While 81 per cent recommended getting professional help, only 17 per cent mentioned their GP as a source of treatment for depression. People who had depression, or who had a friend or relative who had depression and those who had visited a patient in a psychiatric hospital expressed more positive attitudes to depression and its management.
Lack of effect of electroconvulsive therapy on CSF peptide concentrations in schizophrenic patients
Authors: Cooper Stephen J , Johnston C F , King David J 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe effects of a series of 6 ECT treatments were observed on the CSF concentrations of neurotensin and substance-P in eight patients suffering from schizophrenia. Four patients were previously drug free. No significant effects of ECT were observed.
Comments on lithium treatment
Authors: Schou Mogens 
Published: March 2016

AbstractLithium treatment, employed in western countries by 1 – 1.5 persons out of every 1,000 in the population, might with advantage be used more for mania and as a supplement to antidepressants in treatment refractory depressions. Prophylactic efficacy is as good in unipolar depressive as in bipolar illness. Start and discontinuation of prophylactic treatment is decided jointly by patient, spouse and psychiatrist. Treatment intensity (dosage, serum level) should be fine-tuned to lowest effective level. Treatment safety is ensured by observation of guidelines and precautions, and again cooperation between the psychiatrist and the carefully instructed patient and family is essential.
Antidepressants: uses and attitudes among consultant psychiatrists – A questionnaire study
Authors: O'Shea Brian 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAn audit of Consultant Psychiatrists' views on and uses of antidepressant drugs is reported. At present senior prescribers largely opt for the older tricyclic antidepressants despite a knowledge of their shortcomings. MAOIs are less popular and newer drugs are viewed cautiously and apprehensively. Lofepramine is largely viewed as an alternative to dothiepin and amitriptyline. Non-drug strategies in the management of depression consist largely of support, environmental manipulation and electroconvulsive therapy. The relatively novel treatment, cognitive therapy, has a strong minority following.
Automatism — a medico-legal conundrum
Authors: d'Orbán Paul T. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDuring the past 35 years, a series of Court decisions have developed and refined the concept of automatism, defined in law as unconscious involuntary action. Two varieties of automatism have come to be recognised. In insane automatism, the absence of mens rea is caused by disease of the mind, and the defence leads to an insanity verdict with compulsory detention in hospital. In non-insane automatism, the mind is affected by some external factor and the findings result in complete acquittal. However, from the medical point of view, the distinction between exogenous and endogenous factors is naive and may lead to decisions that are contrary to natural justice and common sense. The main practical problems arise because of the mandatory commital to hospital when there is an insanity verdict and legal reform is required.
Noradrenaline and animal cognitive processes: implications for dementia
Authors: Moran Paula , Leonard Brian E. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractRecent research on the neurochemical deficits that accompany Alzheimer's disease (AD), senile dementia (SD) and Korsakoff's dementia (KD) have prompted renewed interest in the involvement of central cholinergic systems in learning and memory processes. Evidence for the role of cholinergic systems in the dementias is now overwhelming and has been reviewed in detail elsewhere, e.g. Briefly, such evidence includes findings of decreased cortical activity of the cholinergic marker enzyme choline-acetyltransferase (CAT), reduced activity of the acetylcholine degrading enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and degeneration of the cholinergic cells of the nucleus basalis of Meynert (nBM) and medial septal nucleus (MS). Pharmacotherapy based on a knowledge of these cholinergic deficits has included (i) ACh precursor therapy, e.g. choline, lecithin; (ii) anti-cholinesterase treatments e.g. physostigmine, tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA), disopropylfluorophosphate (DFP); or (iii) cholinergic synthesis agonists e.g. oxotremorine, arecholine. These have had some success, but it has only been modest. While lack of efficacy has been attributed in specific cases to the pharmacokinetics of some of these drugs e.g. physostigmine, bethanecol, a more general explanation is that SD not only results from a cholinergic deficit but also involves abnormalities in many other neurotransmitter systems.Thus, more recent findings on the neuropathology of AD and the dementias have implied that while a cholinergic hypothesis of cognitive dysfunction in dementia has strong support, dementia can be considered to be a multi-system disorder. Newer studies indicate pathologies involving serotonergic, dopaminergic, glutaminergic and noradrenergic systems. This review will focus on dysfunction of the noradrenergic system and will conclude that degeneration of this system is an important substrate of cognitive impairments found in dementia.
Coping with multiple sclerosis
Authors: Greene Sheila M. , Hickey Anne 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA questionnaire containing the Multidimensional Health Locus of Control scale, a focus of coping scale, the Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression scale, and the Hopelessness scale was posted to 50 male and 50 female Dublin members of the Multiple Sclerosis Society of Ireland. The aim of the study was to examine ways in which people with multiple sclerosis cope with their illness, and to determine whether the coping strategies used were effective or ineffective in terms of the relations between the scales that were used. Sex differences on each of the scales were also examined. Results indicated that there were some sex differences on the locus of control scale. However, no sex differences were found on the focus of coping, or on the depression and hopelessness scales. Rather, both sexes were found to have mean depression and hopelessness scores above what is considered to be the norm for both of these scales.
Aggressive behaviour among mentally handicapped females in a closed villa
Authors: McGarry Philip J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractMinor aggression is common in a closed female villa in a hospital for the mentally handicapped. In this study it occurred most frequently between 8a.m. and 10p.m. with a lunch-time peak. More incidents occurred on Saturday than on any other day. Few of the patients were psychotic and incidents were related to meal-times and reduced supervision. The most common targets for aggressive behaviour were property and the patient herself. The most common locus for aggression was outside the Sister's office. Attention to improving communication skills and providing more supervision should help to reduce the level of aggression.
Kleine-Levin Syndrome: a female case report and review
Authors: Cooney John A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe Kleine-Levin Syndrome (KLS) a rare disorder comprising of periodic bouts of hypersomnia and megaphagia is reviewed. The syndrome chiefly affects males. The four accepted female cases in the literature are reviewed and a new female case described. This patient had an IQ in the normal range, unlike the other three female cases where the IQ was measured. She showed an abnormal Cortisol rhythm during both a well and an unwell phase replicating the findings of other workers in some KLS patients. This patient showed normal dexamethasone suppression, a test not previously reported on in KLS. The patient also smoked excessively during the bouts, an occurrence not previously remarked on in this disorder.
CT and MRI Abnormalities in Schizophrenia: The New Developmental Biology of Psychosis?
Authors: Waddington John L 
Published: March 2016

AbstractDespite more than a decade of studies, biological psychiatry has yet to satisfactorily resolve the issue of whether new brain imaging technologies reliably indicate the presence of abnormal cerebral morphology in schizophrenia. The present Perspective offers an alternative view on this topic, as a counter-point to one previously offered in the Journal. It addresses several of the methodological problems inherent to such studies, and evaluates some of the more recent aspects of the literature. Those structural abnormalities which have been reported in schizophrenia appear most readily explicable as a consequence of neurodevelopmental anomalies.
Prediction of Rapid Relapse Following Lithium Discontinuation
Authors: Mander A.J. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAll twenty-nine bipolar 1 patents who satisfied DSM-111 criteria following their first hospitalisation for mania and subsequently discontinued their prophylactic lithium after a mean of 29 ± 21 months were studied. Patients were classified into poor prognosis (relapsed within 3 months of discontinuation, n = 8) and good prognosis groups (relapsed after 3 months or did not relapse, n = 21). Poor prognosis patients were more likely to have been prescribed additional psychotropic medication in the previous year (P = 0.026) and had higher serum lithium levels immediately prior to lithium discontinuation (P = 0.0043). Recent additional psychotropic medication may indicate that the patient is at an increased risk of early relapse if lithium prophylaxis is being stopped for any reason. The increased risk for those patients with higher lithium levels suggest that gradual phased reductions would be prudent.
Intentional Self Burning by Psychiatric Patients
Authors: O'Sullivan Geraldine , Kelleher Michael J 
Published: March 2016

AbstractSuicide and attempted suicide are common phenomena amongst psychiatric inpatients and outpatients. Self-immolation or self-incineration are dramatic attention seeking events which may have religious or political significance. Deliberate self burning which incorporate these may also encapsulate elements of attention seeking, parasuicidal and suicide behaviour. The present study shows that psychiatric inpatients who choose to injure themselves by self burning are a seriously disturbed group whose intention is largely suicidal and who have a previous history of attempted suicide. They tend to be female, single, suffering from either schizophrenia or personality disorder in contrast to the majority of people who take their lives by other methods who tend to suffer from depression, alcoholism or both.
Supervision of the Community Meeting Where Hospital Closure is an Issue
Authors: Duke Peter J 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper is an attempt to address issues encountered in the Supervision of a community meeting in a psychiatric unit which is scheduled for closure. An initial practical problem which took the form of difficulty in meeting for the supervisory session is examined from a psychodynamic perspective and related to difficulties encountered by the therapists in their work with the patient group and ultimately to the dynamics of the patients themselves.Material provided by patients and staff is discussed in terms of the concept of relatedness to the non-human environment as described by Searles and it is suggested that this may contribute to the understanding of the process of hospital closure as it affects patients and staff.
Obsessive compulsive disorder and multiple sclerosis: a case report implicating serotonergic dysfunction
Authors: Freyne Aideen , Shelley Rory K 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA patient who developed obsessive compulsive disorder within a year of developing multiple sclerosis is described. Possible reasons for an association between these two conditions are discussed. The role of serotonergic pathway dysfunction in obsessive compulsive disorder is also suggested by the pharmacological response in this case.
Community psychiatric nurse aftercare for alcoholics
Authors: Patterson Diana G , McCourt Maureen W , Shiels Joyce R A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractOne hundred and twenty-seven white male alcoholics, treated in a rural setting, were assigned to one of two groups. Seventy-three subjects received intensive aftercare by Community Psychiatric nurse and fifty-four control subjects received standard aftercare with outpatient appointments. Subjects were assessed one year after treatment. Fifty-four per cent of those given Community Psychiatric Nurse follow-up were completely abstinent compared with twenty per cent of those in the control group. Those receiving Community Psychiatric Nurse follow-up were less likely to have blackouts, hospital admissions or marital discord in the year following treatment. They were more likely to attend hospital meetings regularly. This form of aftercare is an effective way of maximising the benefits of expensive inpatient treatment.
Anorexia nervosa in males
Authors: Buckley Peter , Freyne Aideen , Walsh Noel 
Published: March 2016

AbstractAnorexia nervosa in males is relatively uncommon and therefore is difficult to research. Nevertheless, the study of such cases is important and may yield valuable clues to the aetiological mechanisms and expression of this disorder. This study compared the characteristics of 12 males with primary anorexia nervosa with 36 female anorectics. The pattern of the disorder was remarkably similar in both sexes. Our findings are discussed with relevance to the available literature on this topic.
Compulsive water drinking, water intoxication and alcohol abuse
Authors: Cooney John A. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractUsing urine specific gravity testing to estimate fluid intake Compulsive Water Drinking (CWD) was found to occur, without an age or sex bias, in 19.1% of rehabilitation inpatients in a Canadian psychiatric hospital. Chart review indicated that Water Intoxication had not been a major problem for these patients during their hospitalisation. Nursing opinion appeared to be a relatively weak test for CWD. In a comparison with age and sex matched control patients no significant association with alcohol abuse for the CWD patients or their relatives was found.
Moving home: the effects of residential transfer on the behaviour of adults with a mental handicap
Authors: McEvoy John 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis study examines the changes in behaviour following residential relocation in 2 groups of adults with mental handicap. Both groups were transferred (one from the community and one from psychiatric hospitals) to small bungalow dwellings in a village type setting at a centre for persons with mental handicap. Relocation had a major impact on a number of behaviours, most prominently, ‘domestic activities’. The impact of the transfer on both groups, the relevance of the findings for future transfer projects and suggestions for future research are discussed.
The prevalence of alcoholism in an Irish general hospital
Authors: Schofield Ann 
Published: March 2016

AbstractIn an Irish general hospital 82 admissions were given the MAST questionnaire and 331 patients were given the CAGE questionnaire for alcoholism. Of those who were given the CAGE 67 scored 1.0 or more, (maximum socre: 4.0), and 36 scored 2.0 or more, denoting a prevalence of probable alcoholism in this population of 11%.Of those scoring 3.0 or 4.0 on the CAGE, 38% of males and 100% of females claimed to have abstained from alcohol for at least one year and 54% and 100% respectively had a heavily drinking relative.Twenty-three per cent of patients tested with the CAGE and MAST questionnaires claimed never to have drunk alcohol.The number of patients diagnosed in the medical charts as having an alcohol problem was fewer than those detected by the CAGE questionnaire. It is suggested that the CAGE questionnaire may be a simple and efficient way of detecting excess alcohol consumption in a general hospital population.
The Charles Bonnet Syndrome associated with vascular pathology – a classical presentation with a very atypical course
Authors: Ballard Clive G , Chithiramohan Ramalingam N , Handy Sumithra 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWe present a case of the Charles Bonnet syndrome the onset of which appears to have been associated with vascular pathology. The syndrome typically involves the appearance of mute, colourful and pleasing visual images with the retention of insight into their hallucinatory nature. However, the case progressed in a very atypical way and a system of paranoid delusions developed around the visual hallucinations. The syndrome is reviewed and the possible reasons for the atypical course discussed.
Feigned psychosis - a case of factitious disorder
Authors: Buckley Peter , Campbell Aisling 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA number of psychiatric syndromes are characterised by the conscious or unconscious production of factitious symptoms. These include Munchausen Syndrome, the Ganser Syndrome and malingering. Here we describe a patient who rapidly changed her symptomatology according to material from her environment. Her presentation does not meet criteria for any of the above syndromes, but is best described as a factitious disorder (DSM-III-R). This case provides a framework for discussion of the validity of this concept.
Disulfiram neuro-toxicity: a review and report of a case of fluctuating neuro-encephalopathy
Authors: Webb Marcus 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA case of chronic disulfiram (Antabuse) toxicity is described, in the context of a literature review, apparently the first such description from Ireland. The rare combination of encephalopathy with peripheral neuropathy occurred in this case, along with other probably related features. These included a fluctuating clinical course, cerebellar ataxia, grand mal seizures, impotence and a delay in improvement on discontinuing disulfiram. It is likely that symptoms of anxiety and depression in this man were also in part induced by disulfiram toxicity, but interpretation of events is complicated by developing arteriosclerosis. The difficulties in distinguishing toxic effects of disulfiram from complications of chronic alcoholism are emphasized, with resulting delay in recognizing disulfiram toxicity.
Thinking, discourse and the denial of history: psychodynamic aspects of mental handicap
Authors: McCormack Brendan 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis paper explores the contribution of psychoanalytic theories to mental handicap and proposes that mental handicap can be seen primarily as a problem of communication with others (discourse), with oneself (thinking) and with one's own past (history).This paper also examines concepts of curiosity and thinking, knowledge of history and mental handicap as discourse. To illustrate certain points, examples from case histories are used (real names not used).
Violence and Schizophrenia — a study of the occurrence and clinical correlates of violence among schizophrenic patients
Authors: Buckley Peter , Walshe David , Colohan Hubert A , O'Callaghan Eadbhard , Mulvany Fiona , Gibson Tessa , Waddington John L , Larkin Conall 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThe relationship between mental illness and violent behaviour, particularly in schizophrenia, is an important issue both for health care professionals and the general public. Estimates of the prevalence of violence among schizophrenic patients vary according to patient selection, patient setting, and the definition of violence employed. This study investigated the occurrence and characteristics of violence and its clinical correlates among 698 schizophrenic patients who had been treated in an Irish general psychiatric hospital. Violent behaviour occurred in 16% of patients. The vast majority of acts were of a minor nature and serious physical assault was noted in only 1% of cases. Our findings are discussed with reference to the available literature.
Substance misuse among psychiatric hospital in-patients
Authors: Johnson Bankole A 
Published: March 2016

AbstractA review was made of the case notes of all patients admitted to the Psychiatric unit of an East London teaching hospital in 1975, 1980 and 1985. Over the ten year period, the total number of admissions showed little change. In contrast, admissions associated with substance dependence tripled, and those related to substance induced organic mental disorder increased sevenfold. These findings suggest that psychiatrists in acute units should be on the alert to detect cases of psychiatric disorder complicated by substance misuse.
Adinazolam sustained release formulation in the treatment of panic disorder: a pilot study
Authors: Sheehan David V. , Raj Ashok B , Harnett-Sheehan K. , Soto Sonia , Lewis Carl P. 
Published: March 2016

AbstractThis is the first report on the use of the sustained release formulation of adinazolam in the treatment of panic disorder. A six week open lable trial followed by a 1-6 week taper/discontinuation phase was used to assess the safety and efficacy of adinazolam (Deracyn-SR) in the treatment of 10 outpatients with panic disorder and agoraphobia. Adinazolam-SR was well tolerated and produced a rapid improvement in panic and limited symptom attacks, anxiety, phobias, disability, and depressive symptoms. Mean ±S.D. duration of therapeutic action of each dose of this formulation was 12.2±2.3 hours. This is longer than the duration of therapeutic action of other benzodiazepine formulations studied to date for the treatment of panic disorder. Frequency of relapse, rebound and withdrawal symptoms was similar to that found on taper/discontinuation from alprazolam.
Wilson's disease and the neuroleptic malignant syndrome
Authors: Buckley Peter , Carmody Eamonn , Hutchinson Michael 
Published: March 2016

AbstractWilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular degeneration) is an uncommon disorder of copper metabolism, characterised by excessive copper deposition in the liver, brain and eyes. Psychiatric symptoms were prominent in eight of the twelve patients originally described by Wilson some 88 years ago. Since then a wide range of psychiatric presentations have been documented including behavioural disturbances, affective psychoses, schizophrenia-like psychoses, intellectual deterioration and dementia. Here we describe a patient who presented with a psychiatric disturbance, was treated with neuroleptic medication and subsequently developed Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome (NMS).