bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Functional Anatomy of the Carpometacarpal Complex in Anthropoids and Its Implications for the Evolution of the Hominoid Hand
Authors: Selby Michael S. , Simpson Scott W. , lovejoy C. Owen 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTPreviously, we described several features of the carpometacarpal joints in extant large‐bodied apes that are likely adaptations to the functional demands of vertical climbing and suspension. We observed that all hominids, including modern humans and the 4.4‐million‐year‐old hominid Ardipithecus ramidus, lacked these features. Here, we assess the uniqueness of these features in a large sample of monkey, ape, and human hands. These new data provide additional insights into the functional adaptations and evolution of the anthropoid hand. Our survey highlights a series of anatomical adaptations that restrict motion between the second and third metacarpals (MC2 and MC3) and their associated carpals in extant apes, achieved via joint reorganization and novel energy dissipation mechanisms. Their hamate‐MC4 and ‐MC5 joint surface morphologies suggest limited mobility, at least in Pan. Gibbons and spider monkeys have several characters (angled MC3, complex capitate‐MC3 joint topography, variably present capitate‐MC3 ligaments) that suggest functional convergence in response to suspensory locomotion. Baboons have carpometacarpal morphology suggesting flexion/extension at these joints beyond that observed in most other Old World monkeys, probably as an energy dissipating mechanism minimizing collision forces during terrestrial locomotion. All hominids lack these specializations of the extant great apes, suggesting that vertical climbing was never a central feature of our ancestral locomotor repertoire. Furthermore, the reinforced carpometacarpus of vertically climbing African apes was likely appropriated for knuckle‐walking in concert with other novel potential energy dissipating mechanisms. The most parsimonious explanation of the structural similarity of these carpometacarpal specializations in great apes is that they evolved independently. Anat Rec, 299:583–600, 2016. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Production of α‐ketobutyrate using engineered Escherichia coli via temperature shift
Authors: Zhang Chenglin , Qi Junsheng , Li Yanjun , Fan Xiaoguang , Xu Qingyang , Chen Ning , Xie Xixian 
Published: February 2016

ABSTRACTAlpha‐ketobutyrate has been widely used in medicine and food additive industry. Because chemical and enzymatic methods are associated with many deficiencies, the recent focus shifted to fermentation for the production of α‐ketobutyrate. In this study, a genetically engineered strain THRDΔrhtAΔilvIH/pWSK29‐ilvA was constructed, starting from an L‐threonine‐producing strain, by overexpressing threonine dehydratase (TD), reducing α‐ketobutyrate catabolism and L‐threonine export. The shake flask cultivation of THRDΔrhtAΔilvIH/pWSK29‐ilvA allowed the production of 16.2 g/L α‐ketobutyrate. Accumulation of α‐ketobutyrate severely inhibited the cell growth. To develop a better TD expression system and avoid the usage of the expensive inducer IPTG, a temperature‐induced plasmid pBV220‐ilvA was selected to transform the strain THRDΔrhtAΔilvIH for α‐ketobutyrate production. The initial temperature was maintained at 35°C to guarantee normal cell growth, and then elevated to 40°C to induce the expression of TD. Under optimized conditions, the α‐ketobutyrate titer reached 40.8 g/L after 28 h of fermentation, with a productivity of 1.46 g/L/h and a yield of 0.19 g/g glucose, suggesting large‐scale production potential. Biotechnol. Bioeng. 2016;113: 2054–2059. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A study of the competency of third year medical students to interpret biochemically based clinical scenarios using knowledge and skills gained in year 1 and 2
Authors: S. Gowda Veena Bhaskar , Nagaiah Bhaskar Hebbani , Sengodan Bharathi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractMedical students build clinical knowledge on the grounds of previously obtained basic knowledge. The study aimed to evaluate the competency of third year medical students to interpret biochemically based clinical scenarios using knowledge and skills gained during year 1 and 2 of undergraduate medical training. Study was conducted on year 3 MBBS students at AIMST University, Malaysia. Clinical scenarios (25) were constructed and administered to student volunteers, making sure at least one question from each system of year 2 was represented. Feedback was obtained on a five‐point Likert scale regarding perception of learning biochemistry in MBBS year 1 versus 2. Mean score of test was 18 (72.11%). Performance was comparatively better in questions related to topics learnt in year 1 and reinforced in year 2 compared to those learnt for first time in year 2. In the feedback obtained, 31% strongly agreed and 56% agreed understanding the subject was helped more by learning biochemistry in year 2 than in year 1. Likewise, 36% strongly agreed and 56% agreed appreciating the importance of biochemistry in patient diagnosis was helped more by learning biochemistry in year 2 than year 1. Thirty one percent strongly agreed and 54% agreed that year 1 biochemistry would have been more relevant if case discussions were done simultaneously. Students retain basic science subjects better and appreciate the importance of basic sciences in patient diagnosis if they are reinforced in the context of clinical situations. © 2016 by The International Union of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 44:202–207, 2016.
Essential Oil Composition of Phagnalon sordidum (L.) from Corsica, Chemical Variability and Antimicrobial Activity
Authors: Brunel Marion , Vitrac Caroline , Costa Jean , Mzali Fatima , Vitrac Xavier , Muselli Alain 
Published: February 2016

The chemical composition of Phagnalon sordidum (L.) essential oil was investigated for the first time using gas chromatography and chromatography/mass spectrometry. Seventy‐six compounds, which accounted for 87.9% of the total amount, were identified in a collective essential oil of P. sordidum from Corsica. The main essential oil components were (E)‐β‐caryophyllene (14.4%), β‐pinene (11.0%), thymol (9.0%), and hexadecanoic acid (5.3%). The chemical compositions of essential oils from 19 Corsican locations were investigated. The study of the chemical variability using statistical analysis allowed identifying direct correlation between the three populations of P. sordidum widespread in Corsica and the essential oil compositions they produce. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of P. sordidum essential oil was evaluated and it exhibited a notable activity on a large panel of clinically significant microorganisms.
Chemical Composition and Allelopathic Potential of Essential Oils from Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze Cultivated in Tunisia
Authors: El Ayeb‐Zakhama Asma , Sakka‐Rouis Lamia , Bergaoui Afifa , Flamini Guido , Jannet Hichem Ben , Harzallah‐Skhiri Fethia 
Published: February 2016

In Tunisia, Tipuana tipu (Benth.) Kuntze is an exotic tree, which was introduced many years ago and planted as ornamental street, garden, and park tree. The present work reported, for the first time, the chemical composition and evaluates the allelopathic effect of the hydrodistilled essential oils of the different parts of this tree, viz., roots, stems, leaves, flowers, and pods gathered in the area of Sousse, a coastal region, in the East of Tunisia. In total, 86 compounds representing 89.9 – 94.9% of the whole oil composition, were identified in these oils by GC‐FID and GC/MS analyses. The root essential oil was clearly distinguished for its high content in sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (β‐caryophyllene, 1 (44); 24.1% and germacrene D, 2 (53); 20.0%), while those obtained from pods, leaves, stems, and flowers were dominated by non‐terpene hydrocarbons. The most important ones were n‐tetradecane (41, 16.3%, pod oil), 1,7‐dimethylnaphthalene (43, 15.6%, leaf oil), and n‐octadecane (77, 13.1%, stem oil). The leaf oil was rich in the apocarotene (E)‐β‐ionone (4 (54); 33.8%), and the oil obtained from flowers was characterized by hexahydrofarnesylacetone (5 (81); 19.9%) and methyl hexadecanoate (83, 10.2%). Principal component and hierarchical cluster analyses separated the five essential oils into three groups and two subgroups, each characterized by the major oil constituents. Contact tests showed that the germination of lettuce seeds was totally inhibited by the root essential oil tested at 1 mg/ml. The inhibitory effect on the shoot and root elongation varied from −1.6% to −32.4%, and from −2.5% to −64.4%, respectively.
Active‐Site‐Directed Inhibitors of Prolyl Oligopeptidase Abolish Its Conformational Dynamics
Authors: López Abraham , Herranz‐Trillo Fátima , Kotev Martin , Gairí Margarida , Guallar Víctor , Bernadó Pau , Millet Oscar , Tarragó Teresa , Giralt Ernest 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDeciphering conformational dynamics is crucial for understanding the biological functions of proteins and for designing compounds targeting them. In particular, providing an accurate description of microsecond–millisecond motions opens the opportunity for regulating protein–protein interactions (PPIs) by modulating the dynamics of one interacting partner. Here we analyzed the conformational dynamics of prolyl oligopeptidase (POP) and the effects of active‐site‐directed inhibitors on the dynamics. We used an integrated structural biology approach based on NMR spectroscopy and SAXS experiments complemented by MD simulations. We found that POP is in a slow equilibrium in solution between open and closed conformations, and that inhibitors effectively abolished this equilibrium by stabilizing the enzyme in the closed conformation.
Stenting of the left pulmonary artery after palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome
Authors: Noonan Patrick , Kudumula Vikram , Anderson Ben , Ramchandani Bharat , Miller Paul , Dhillon Rami , Mehta Chetan , Stumper Oliver 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundLeft pulmonary artery stenosis and hypoplasia is a well‐recognized complication following surgical palliation of hypoplastic left heart syndrome. These lesions produce increased after load in a circulation in series so need to be effectively treated.MethodsBetween 2000 and 2011, 86 patients after surgical palliation for hypoplastic left heart syndrome had left pulmonary artery stents implanted. Median age at implantation was 4.7(1.3–15.2) years and median weight was 16.4(9.3–55.2) kg. Uncovered peripheral vascular stents were implanted (median diameter 10(8–15) mm). This is a retrospective review of the incidence of in‐stent restenosis over the medium to long term.ResultsDuring primary stenting procedures, there were 2/88(2.3%) major complications of stent migration with no stroke or mortality. Follow‐up was for a median period of 4.1(0.5–13.4) years. Follow‐up catheter procedures were performed after a median time of 2.3(0.02–9.6) years in 59 patients (68.6%). 55/59(93.2%) had at most mild restenosis (≤10% loss of stent lumen) and 47/59(79.6%) had no evidence of any restenosis at all caused by neointimal in‐growth. Freedom from reintervention was 77% at 5 years including stent dilation to compensate for somatic growth. Freedom from reintervention for restenosis was 93% at 5 years. Restenosis was successfully treated with standard balloon angioplasty or restenting. There was only 1/94 (1.1%) major complication in the follow‐up catheterizations of stent embolization with successful transcatheter retrieval.ConclusionsStenting of the left pulmonary artery after Norwood/Fontan palliation is safe and effective. Stents can be redilated to match somatic growth. The incidence of neointimal proliferation is extremely low and can be addressed by balloon dilation or stent implantation. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Very late stent thrombosis with second generation drug eluting stents compared to bare metal stents: Network meta‐analysis of randomized primary percutaneous coronary intervention trials
Authors: Philip Femi , Stewart Susan , Southard Jeffrey A. 
Published: February 2016

BackgroundThe relative safety of drug‐eluting stents (DES) and bare‐metal stents (BMS) in primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PPCI) in ST elevation myocardial infarction (STEMI) continues to be debated. The long‐term clinical outcomes between second generation DES and BMS for primary percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using network meta‐analysis were compared. Methods: Randomized controlled trials comparing stent types (first generation DES, second generation DES, or BMS) were considered for inclusion. A search strategy used Medline, Embase, Cochrane databases, and proceedings of international meetings. Information about study design, inclusion criteria, and sample characteristics were extracted. Network meta‐analysis was used to pool direct (comparison of second generation DES to BMS) and indirect evidence (first generation DES with BMS and second generation DES) from the randomized trials. Results: Twelve trials comparing all stents types including 9,673 patients randomly assigned to treatment groups were analyzed. Second generation DES was associated with significantly lower incidence of definite or probable ST (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39–0.89), MI (OR 0.59, 95% CI 0.39–0.89), and TVR at 3 years (OR 0.50: 95% CI 0.31–0.81) compared with BMS. In addition, there was a significantly lower incidence of MACE with second generation DES versus BMS (OR 0.54, 95% CI 0.34–0.74) at 3 years. These were driven by a higher rate of TVR, MI and stent thrombosis in the BMS group at 3 years. There was a non‐significant reduction in the overall and cardiac mortality [OR 0.83, 95% CI (0.60–1.14), OR 0.88, 95% CI (0.6–1.28)] with the use of second generation DES versus BMS at 3 years. Conclusions: Network meta‐analysis of randomized trials of primary PCI demonstrated lower incidence of MACE, MI, TVR, and stent thrombosis with second generation DES compared with BMS. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
A rectovaginal fistula after treatment with bevacizumab. A dangerous side effect needing emergency treatment
Authors: Galanopoulos Michail , Ladias Spyridon , Tzannetakou Xanthippi , Tsigaridas Athanasios , Sarafis Alexandros , Liatsos Christos , Kalafatis Evangelos 
Published: February 2016

Key Clinical MessageDespite its effectiveness in the treatment of malignant tumors, bevacizumab is associated with a variety of side effects such as the formation of fistulas (i.e., tracheoesophageal, colovaginal, or rectovaginal). It is important to recognize immediately the emergence of this entity in order to discontinue bevacizumab permanently and treat the fistula.
One‐Pot Deoxygenation of Fructose to Furfuryl Alcohol by Sequential Dehydration and Decarbonylation
Authors: Dai Jinhang , Fu Xing , Zhu Liangfang , Tang Jinqiang , Guo Xiawei , Hu Changwei 
Published: February 2016

AbstractFructose was deoxygenated to furfuryl alcohol (FFA) by tandem dehydration and decarbonylation in one pot over the AlCl3⋅6 H2O/Pd(OAc)2 catalyst combination to give a high FFA yield of 40.6 %. AlCl3⋅6 H2O behaves as an effective Lewis acid to catalyze the dehydration of fructose to 5‐hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), and subsequently, Pd(OAc)2 catalyzes the removal of a CO moiety from HMF to produce FFA selectively. The hydroxyl group on the HMF intermediate was stabilized by poly(1‐vinyl‐2‐pyrrolidinone) through an intermolecular hydrogen bond, which accelerated the dehydration of fructose and inhibited the hydrogenation of HMF by formic acid. The decarbonylation of HMF was promoted and the unwanted decomposition of fructose was inhibited through the use of 4 Å molecular sieves. This research highlights a “one‐pot” catalytic system to transform renewable carbohydrates into fine chemicals by tandem dehydration and decarbonylation reactions without the separation or purification of HMF.
Fabrication of Chitosan Membranes with High Flux by Magnetic Alignment of In Situ Generated Fe3O4
Authors: Xing Ruisi , Wu Hong , Zhao Cuihong , Gomaa Hassan , Zhao Jing , Pan Fusheng , Jiang Zhongyi 
Published: February 2016

AbstractHybrid membranes with in situ generated Fe3O4 were fabricated by combining infiltration and magnetic alignment. Typically, a chitosan (CS) membrane containing iron ions was produced and then immediately immersed in NaOH solution. Fe3O4 was in situ generated when OH− infiltrated into the CS networks, and meanwhile a magnetic field was applied to tune their distribution. The characterization results indicated that Fe3O4 decreased the crystallinity of CS, favored the generation of a free‐volume cavity, and aligned along the magnetic lines. For comparison, hybrid membranes without application of the magnetic field were produced. When used in pervaporation for ethanol dehydration, the hybrid membrane with magnetic alignment exhibited an enhanced flux compared to that without magnetic alignment.
Effect of Additives on the Pulsed‐Galvanostatic Electrodeposition of Iron Nanoparticles from Formamide Media
Authors: Baloch Marya , López Carmen M. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIron‐based nanoparticles have many technological applications ranging from energy storage to biomedicine. Their use in energy‐storage devices depends on their efficient incorporation into functional electrodes, a purpose for which pulsed‐galvanostatic electrodeposition (PG‐ECD) is an ideal method. In this study, we used PG‐ECD to prepare Fe‐nanoparticle electrodes from formamide media, and we investigated the morphology of the electrodeposits and the electrochemical properties of the plating solutions as a function of the additives used. We found evidence of unusual behavior for the sodium dodecyl sulfate additive, which acted as a supporting electrolyte under our chosen conditions, and fairly typical behavior for acetylacetone and poly(ethylene glycol) dimethyl ether. All three additives showed that they could be used to control the morphology of the electrodeposits, albeit through mechanisms in some cases different than those typical in aqueous solutions.
Improving the Electrocatalytic Activity of Pt Monolayer Catalysts for Electrooxidation of Methanol, Ethanol and Ammonia by Tailoring the Surface Morphology of the Supporting Core
Authors: Liu Jie , Chen Bin , Ni Zhengyang , Deng Yida , Han Xiaopeng , Hu Wenbin , Zhong Cheng 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe front cover artwork is provided by the group of Dr. Cheng Zhong, Tianjin University (Tianjin, China). The image shows the presence of a high density of catalytically active defect sites such as surface atomic steps on the flower‐like Pt‐based particles, as revealed by atomic‐resolution spherical‐aberration‐corrected transmission electron microscopy. Read the full text of the Article at 10.1002/celc.201500451.
New Concepts for Increasing the Efficiency in Directed Evolution of Stereoselective Enzymes
Authors: Sun Zhoutong , Wikmark Ylva , Bäckvall Jan‐E. , Reetz Manfred T. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractDirected evolution of stereo‐ and regioselective enzymes constitutes a prolific source of catalysts for asymmetric transformations in organic chemistry. In this endeavor (iterative) saturation mutagenesis at sites lining the binding pocket of enzymes has emerged as the method of choice, but uncertainties regarding the question of how to group many residues into randomization sites and how to choose optimal upward pathways persist. Two new approaches promise to beat the numbers problem effectively. One utilizes a single amino acid as building block for the randomization of a 10‐residue site, the other also employs only one but possibly different amino acid at each position of a 9‐residue site. The small but smart libraries provide highly enantioselective epoxide hydrolase or lipase mutants, respectively.
Redox Switches for Single‐Molecule Magnet Activity: An Ab Initio Insight
Authors: Vieru Veacheslav , Chibotaru Liviu F. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractA dinuclear CoII complex (1) featuring unprecedented anodic and cathodic switches for single‐molecule magnet (SMM) activity has been recently investigated (J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2013, 135, 14670). The presence of sandwiched radicals in different oxidation states of this compound mediates magnetic coupling between the high‐spin (S=3/2) cobalt ions, which gives rise to SMM activity in both the oxidized ([1(OEt2)]+) and reduced ([1]−) states. This feature represents the first example of a SMM exhibiting fully reversible, dual ON/OFF switchability. Here we apply ab initio and broken‐symmetry DFT calculations to elucidate the mechanisms responsible for magnetic properties and magnetization blocking in these compounds. It is found that due to the strong delocalization of the magnetic molecular orbital, there is a strong antiferromagnetic interaction between the radical and cobalt ions. The lack of high axiality of the cobalt centres explains why these compounds possess slow relaxation of magnetization only in an applied dc magnetic field.
To What Extent are “Atoms in Molecules” Structures of Hydrocarbons Reproducible from the Promolecule Electron Densities?
Authors: Keyvani Zahra Alimohammadi , Shahbazian Shant , Zahedi Mansour 
Published: February 2016

AbstractThe “atoms in molecules” structures of 225 unsubstituted hydrocarbons are derived from both the optimized and the promolecule electron densities. A comparative analysis demonstrates that the molecular graphs derived from these two types of electron densities at the same geometry are equivalent for almost 90 % of the hydrocarbons containing the same number and types of critical points. For the remaining 10 % of molecules, it is demonstrated that by inducing small perturbations, through the variation of the used basis set or slight changes in the used geometry, the emerging molecular graphs from both densities are also equivalent. Interestingly, the (3, −1) critical point between two “non‐bonded” hydrogen atoms, which triggered “H−H bonding” controversy is also observed in the promolecule densities of certain hydrocarbons. Evidently, the topology of the electron density is not dictated by chemical bonds or strong interactions and deformations induced by the interactions of atoms in molecules have a quite marginal role, virtually null, in shaping the general traits of the topology of molecular electron densities of the studied hydrocarbons, whereas the key factor is the underlying atomic densities.
ChemInform Abstract: AEHNLICHKEITSTHEORIE NICHT NEWTONSCHER STROEMUNGEN 2. MITT. AUTOMORPHIE, POTENZGESETZMODELLE UND DIE REYNOLDS‐ZAHL
Authors: WEIN O. , MITSCHKA P. , ULBRECHT J. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractZwei rheologische Modelle (automorphes und Potenzgesetzmodell) werden besprochen, die die Ableitung der Reynolds‐Zahl mit gleicher physikalischer Bedeutung wie der aus der Hydrodynamik Newtonscher Flüssigkeit bekannten gestatten.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIAL‐PH‐DIAGRAMME FUER ERHOEHTE TEMPERATUREN
Authors: BROOK P. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractPotential‐pH‐Diagramme für Al‐, Cu‐, Cr‐, Pb‐, Ni‐, Sn‐ und Ti‐HzO‐Systeme wurden als eine Funktion der Temperatur zwischen 298 und 423°Kberechnet.
ChemInform Abstract: POTENTIALE VON ELEKTRODEN ZWEITER ART BEI GERINGEN KONZENTRATIONEN DES ELEKTROLYTEN MIT GEMEINSAMEN ION 1. MITT. ALLGEMEINE DISKUSSION
Authors: BAUCKE F. G. K. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractIn elektrochemischen Zellen ohne Überführung, die eine Elektrode 2. Art enthalten, wurden bei geringen Konzentrationen des gemeinsamen Elektrolyten, besonders bei Verwendung nichtwäßriger Lösungsmittel, häufig Abweichungen der gemessenen von den erwarteten Zellspannungen beobachtet.
ChemInform Abstract: IN ELEKTROLYTEN AUS SALZSCHMELZEN GEBILDETE ANODISCHE OXIDFILME AUF TITAN 1. MITT. BESTIMMUNG EINES P‐I‐N‐UEBERGANGS IM FILM
Authors: HIRATA K. , YONEYAMA H. , TAMURA H. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractTitan wurde in geschmolzenem Natriumnitrit (zum Teil mit Zugabe von 1 Mol‐% Natriumperoxid) bei 315°C galvanostatisch oxidiert.
ChemInform Abstract: ANODISCHES VERHALTEN VON ZINK IN WAESSRIGER LOESUNG 3. MITT. PASSIVIERUNG IN GEMISCHTEN KF‐KOH‐LOESUNGEN
Authors: DIRKSE T. P. , HAMPSON N. A. 
Published: February 2016

AbstractResultate über die aktive Auflösung von Zink in KOH‐Lösungen werden vorgelegt.