bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An analysis of print sizes of South African newspapers in relation to prescription of reading devices for low vision patients
Authors: Oduntan A.O. 
Published: October 2016

One of the aspirations of many low vision patients is to read newspapers. Many low vision practitioners use 1M print (Snellen equivalent 6/15 at 40 cm or 6/24 at 25 cm) as the bench-mark for prescribing low vision optical devices for patients who wish to read newspapers. There are certain sections of the newspapers, however, with print sizes that are smaller than 1M, there-fore prescriptions based on 1M print size may present difficulties to the patient. The purpose of this study was to measure the smallest print sizes of selected sections of South African newspa-pers. Based on the print size values, advice could be provided for effective prescription of reading devices for low vision patients whose desire is to read all or specific sections of newspapers. Print sizes in eight sections of 38 South African newspapers were measured using a 7x measuring magnifier with graticle. The smallest print sizes in the various sections of the newspa-pers ranged from 0.6 mm or 0.4M (6/9.5 at 25 cm or 6/6 at 40 cm) to 1.9 mm or 1.3M (6/30 at 25cm or 6/20 at 40 cm). The mean sizes of the various sections of the newspapers ranged from 0.7 ± 0.18M for the advert section to 1.12 ± 0.07M in the news section. Reading device magnification established by using 1M print size as benchmark for prescrib-ing reading aids for low vision patients may not afford the visual capability needed to read all sections of a newspaper. Such patients, thus may experience difficulty when reading certain sec-tions of newspapers. There is therefore, a need for low vision practitioners to have a specific knowledge of the print sizes of the section of newspapers that the patient wants to read and prescribe for them accordingly.
Ocular dynamics of <i>Garcinia cola</i> (Heckel) on healthy volunteers following bolus ingestion
Authors: Igwe S. A. , Akunyili D. N. 
Published: October 2016

Garcinia cola Heckel, an angiospermae belonging to the family Guttiferae, is known in commerce as bitter cola. It is a plant found in the West African subregion, mostly in moist conditions, and often in association with Cola acuminata. The seeds are highly valued ingredients in African ethonomedicine. The seeds have several social uses and applications in folk medicine. These seeds are ordinarily chewed by the local people without prescription or restriction. In an in vivo case control study, the effects of Garcinia cola on some visual functions: pupil diameter, near point of convergence (NPC), amplitude of accommodation (AA), intraocular pressure (IOP), visual acuity (VA) and habitual phoria; following bolus ingestion of 20 g was undertaken using healthy visually active volunteers. Results showed that bolus ingestion of Garcinia cola constricted the pupil by 68%, reduced the NPC by 28%, increased the AA by 17.8% at peak effect and decreased the intraocular pressure by 31% without affecting the distance and near VA. The lateral phoria at far and near tended towards esophoria. Possibly the miotic effect and reduction in IOP could be of benefit to patients with raised IOP where conventional drugs may not be effective. Also it is possible that the effects on phoria could be exploited in oculomotor function in combination with visual training.
Pediculosis palpebrarum initially diagnosed as blepharitis
Authors: Ebeigbe J. A. , Osaiyuwu A. B. 
Published: October 2016

Pediculosis is an infestation of lice. Eyelid involvement is uncommon, but can be caused by pediculus humanus capitis (head louse), rarely by pediculus humanus corporis (body louse) and commonly by phthirus pubis (pubic louse). Signs and symptoms are similar to those of blepharitis. A diagnosis of any type of pediculosis requires the finding of live specimen of lice and/or a viable nit.The immediate and effective treatment of pediculosis palpebrarum is removal of the lice and nits manually with forceps and treating the patient withvaseline, twice daily for seven to ten days. Also, fomites such as pillow cases, bedsheets, towels and hats need to be washed in hot water and dried. This is to avoid further spread of lice or reinfestation.
The perspective of optometry students of the Phelophepa train regarding its role in developing experiential skills
Authors: Hansraj R. 
Published: October 2016

Purpose: The optometry degree programme in South Africa currently includes a combination of both theoretical and clinical modules. The optometric skills required by graduates are often achieved by students’ involvement in clinical training at both in-house clinics, as well as external clinics. One of the external clinic sites for all institutions in South Africa currently offering the Optometry degree is the Phelophepa Health Care train. This study set out to investigate, from a student’s perspective, the effectiveness of experiential learning at this clinical site.Setting: The study was carried out aboard the Ph-elophepa Health Care train.Method: A questionnaire survey was completed by a saturated sample of 177 optometry students having completed at least a two week clinical rotation aboard Phelophepa. The sample comprised students from all four optometry programmes in South Africa, as well as, exchange optometry students from the University of New South Wales and Melbourne University. The questionnaire was divided into five sections that dealt with demographics, equipment and facilities, profile of refractive and pathologycases encountered, additional skills and general perceptions. The self-administered questionnaire was in English and Afrikaans, as these are the twolanguage mediums in which optometric education,in South Africa, is currently delivered.Results: A response rate of 57% was obtained. Theequipment and facilities aboard Phelophepa were found to be adequate. Just over half of all the respondents had consulted with over 50 patients onPhelophepa during their two week rotation. Communication was not reported as being a barrier to consulting with patients on Phelophepa. Respondents reported the clinical cases as being mainly interesting and ‘good learning’ cases. The majority of respondents (71%) felt that the general clinical skills they obtained on Phelophepa were better than those developed in their institutional clinics. Not all refractions and ophthalmoscopy on patients aresupervised aboard Phelophepa. There appears to be a need for the delivery of specialized optometry skills like binocular vision, paediatric vision, low vision and diagnostic techniques on Phelophepa. All the respondents agreed that Phelophepa was a useful learning site, and 99% agreed that optometry departments should continue using it as an externalclinic site.Conclusion: Despite certain shortcomings, under-graduate students perceive Phelophepa to be a useful learning experience that optometry schools in South Africa should continue to utilize.
Thin lenses of asymmetric power
Authors: Harris W. F. , Van Gool R. D. 
Published: October 2016

It is generally supposed that thin systems, including refracting surfaces and thin lenses, have powers that are necessarily symmetric. In other words they have powers which can be represented assymmetric dioptric power matrices and in the familar spherocylindrical form used in optometry and ophthalmology. This paper shows that this is not correct and that it is indeed possible for a thin system to have a power that is not symmetric and which cannot be expressed in spherocylindrical form. Thin systems of asymmetric power are illustratedby means of a thin lens that is modelled with small prisms and is chosen to have a dioptric power ma-trix that is antisymmetric. Similar models can be devised for a thin system whose dioptric power matrix is any 2 2 × matrix. Thus any power, symmetric, asymmetric or antisymmetric, is possible for a thin system. In this sense our understanding of the power of thin systems is now complete.
A review of rehabilitation of low vision patients
Authors: Oduntan O. A. 
Published: October 2016

It hasbeen estimated that in 2002, there were about 124 million people worldwide who had low vision1. These people have best visual acuity (VA) ranging from worse than 6/18 but equal or betterthan 3/60 in the better eye after treatment and or standard refraction. In terms of visual field (VF), they have VF loss of less than 20 degrees in the better eye with best possible correction2. Low vision may result from congenital or acquired diseases, trauma, uncorrected refractive error or other ocular disorders. Although such people may beamenable to medical or surgical interventions, they may be assisted to maximize their remaining vision by using optical, non-optical or electronic devices or combinations of these. Illumination control or environmental modifications may also assist. As a result of the low vision, the patient may have social, psychological, economic and other related problems which need to be addressed along withthe visual problems. For effective rehabilitation of the low vision patient therefore, a multidisciplinaryteam approach needs to be employed. In this approach, professionals from a number of disciplinesare independently involved in the assessment and management of the patient. The purpose of this review article is to highlight the importance of a multidisciplinary approach to low vision rehabilitation, the various professionals and their roles that may be involved in the rehabilitation of the low vision patient. This article will increase knowledge of rehabilitation of patients with low vision and may improve the services offered to such patients.
A comparison of intraocular pressure values obtained with the Tono-Pachymeter NT530P, iCare® rebound tonometer and Goldmann applanation tonometer
Authors: Rampersad N. , Mashige K. P. , Jhetam S. 
Published: October 2016

The purpose of this study was to compare the intraocular pressure (IOP) values measured with the Tono-Pachymeter NT530P (Tonopachy™) and the iCare® rebound tonometer (iCare®) with those obtained by the Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT). The right eyes of 105 subjects aged 18 to 82 years (mean age = 29.27 ± 14.67 years) were assessed with the three tonometers. Central corneal thickness (CCT) was measured first using the Tonopachy™ and then IOP was measured by Tonopachy™, iCare® and GAT. The data was analyzed with descriptive statistics, paired t-test, correlation and regression analysis. The Bland-Altman method of analysis was used to evaluate agreements between the sets of data from the three devices. The CCT values ranged from 440 µm to 606 µm (mean= 518.49 ± 33.01 µm). There was little or no correlation between CCT and IOP for any of the instruments used in this study (r = 0.29 for Tonopachy™, r = 0.22 for iCare®, r = 0.17 for GAT). The mean IOP measured with the Tonopachy™ was 14.31 ± 3.57 mmHg (range 8.7 mmHg to 31 mmHg) and 16.64 ± 4.38 mmHg (range 8 mmHg to 32 mmHg) using the iCare®. The mean IOP measured with the GAT was 14.79 ± 3.09 mmHg (range 8.7 mmHg to 29.7 mmHg). Using the Bland-Altman method, the upper and lower limits of agreement between the Tonopachy™ and GAT, iCare® and GAT, iCare® and Tonopachy™ were 5.1 mmHg and –4.2 mmHg, 8.6 mmHg and –4.9 mmHg, 7.5 mmHg and –2.8 mmHg respectively. In 79.1% of the eyes studied, the mean IOP difference between Tonopachy™ and GAT was less than 3 mmHg and in 20.9% of the eyes, the difference was greater than 3 mmHg. However, mean IOP differences of greater than 3 mmHg were obtained by iCare® in comparison with GAT (40%) and Tonopachy™ (34.3%) respectively. Findings of this study suggest that the Tonopachy™ yielded IOP readings that were consistent with those of GAT values while iCare® yielded higher IOP values compared to both GAT and Tonopachy™. (S Afr Optom 2011 70(3) 109-116)
Immunological and antimicrobial molecules in human tears: a review and preliminary report*
Authors: Schnetler R. , Gillan W. D. H. , Koorsen G. 
Published: October 2016

The human tear film is a multi-layered and chemically complex structure, which performs numerous functions relating to the health of the corneal surface. One of the core functions of the tear film is to protect the eye against invasion by pathogens. Thus its middle layer, the ‘core aqueous stratum’, harbours a myriad of immunologicaland antimicrobial proteins. In this review we discuss the most abundant of these proteins (immunoglobulins, toll-like receptors, cytokines, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lipocalins, surfactant protein-Aand -D and defensins). In order to illustrate how the levels of immunological/antimicrobial proteins in tears change in response to eye disease, we review literature in which levels of these proteins have been measured in tears of patients with dry eye disease (DED) and keratoconus (KC). Finally, we report results of a preliminary study to measure the concentration of secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in the tears of DED and KC patients. The study showed a significant decrease of sIgA levels in DED compared to control. Further analysis must be done to determine whether or not DED and KC may be associated with differential expression of immune proteins. (S Afr Optom 2012 71(3) 123-132)
Target refractions in bilateral monofocal pseudophakia: analysis of a mathematical model
Authors: Harris William Frith , Næser Finn Kristian , Hjortdal Jesper Østergaard 
Published: October 2016

A recent paper proposes a model for suitable target refractions for monofocal pseudophakic monovision. The purpose of this paper is to examine the mathematics that underpins the theory. The expressions for the optimal target refractions presented before are shown formally to define the minimum of the mean binocular refractive error over a range of object distances. The model is shown to be much more sensitive to errors in the distal target refraction than to errors in the proximal refraction. It is also more sensitive to the choice of proximal limit of the object range than to the distal limit. These considerations are important in selecting and evaluating suitable combinations of refractions in pseudophakic monovision. (S Afr Optom 2013 72(3) 103-109)
Clinical implications for the optometrist when assessing post LASIK patients
Authors: Hansraj R. 
Published: October 2016

Laser assisted in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) has dominated the field of refractive surgery in the new millennium with many patients opting for it as an alternative to spectacles or contact lenses. LASIK appears to have been largely successful from a patient’s perspective. Research in the area of refractive surgery has also been extensive with many studies highlighting the successes while others cautioning against its widespread use. Due to its popularity optometrists are bound to encounter patients that have had LASIK. Most often optometrists are not directly involved in the surgical process although some are involved in co-management. Irrespective of their involvement the optometrist should be knowledgeable in this field. This review highlights some aspects that all optometric clinicians should be aware of when managing post LASIK patients. (S Afr Optom 2013 72(4) 173-184)
EFFECT OF MASTICATION ON THE STRUCTURE OF MICROGEL PRESENT IN NATURAL RUBBER
Authors: Rolere Sébastien , Deme Florian , Sainte-Beuve Jérôme , Bonfils Frédéric 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT
Mechanical or thermal mastication experiments were performed on three commercial natural rubber (NR) samples of TSR10 grade made from latex of three different clones (GT1, PB235, and RRIM600). The mesostructure (different gel or aggregate fractions, structure of random coils of cis-1,4-polyisoprene) of all the NR samples was fully characterized by size exclusion chromatography coupled with multiangle light scattering (SEC-MALS), using pretreated SEC columns. This method was used to quantify and investigate the structure of the little-studied smaller microaggregates, constituting the microgel fraction smaller than 1 μm (Microgel&lt;1μ) of NR. The three unmasticated NR samples showed no difference in terms of microaggregate structure. Conversely, microaggregates appeared denser after mastication. This phenomenon was found to depend on the mastication conditions, as mechanically masticated NR samples had smaller (lower radius of gyration) and more compact microaggregates than thermally masticated samples. Macrogel also behaved differently depending on the mastication conditions. Mechanical mastication conditions allowed a higher degradation of the macrogel compared with thermal mastication conditions.
Glutathione S- Transferase M1 in the Serum of Patients with Endometriosis
Authors: Sorkhoo Zahra 
Published: October 2016

<p class="1Body">Endometriosis is a female disease with high incidence and unknown causes because of the presence of endometrial tissue outside of the uterine wall. Glutathione S- transferase (GSTs) is a key enzyme in phase I and II that catalyzes the conjugation of glutathione to genotoxic compounds. Glutathione S- transferase M1 (GSTM1) is a versatile enzyme that plays an important role in detoxification of carcinogenic metabolites. The aim of this study was to evaluate serum levels GSTM1 in patients with endometriosis. In this study, blood samples from 20 women with endometriosis and 20 healthy women were collected. The final concentration of protein in the blood of patients (TPC) and GSTM1 in serum by using "biuret" and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay "(ELISA) were measured. It was shown that the level of total protein concentration all samples are within the normal range and no significant changes between the two groups were seen. Although significant reduction in serum levels GSTM1 was observed in patients with Endometriosis compared to the control group (P = 0.002). The results of this study showed that GSTM1 is involved pathophysiology of endometriosis.</p>
Endothelial Cells Promote Expansion of Long-Term Engrafting Marrow Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells in Primates
Authors: Gori Jennifer L. , Butler Jason M. , Kunar Balvir , Poulos Michael G. , Ginsberg Michael , Nolan Daniel J. , Norgaard Zachary K. , Adair Jennifer E. , Rafii Shahin , Kiem Hans-Peter 
Published: October 2016

Abstract
Successful expansion of bone marrow (BM) hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells (HSPCs) would benefit many HSPC transplantation and gene therapy/editing applications. However, current expansion technologies have been limited by a loss of multipotency and self-renewal properties ex vivo. We hypothesized that an ex vivo vascular niche would provide prohematopoietic signals to expand HSPCs while maintaining multipotency and self-renewal. To test this hypothesis, BM autologous CD34+ cells were expanded in endothelial cell (EC) coculture and transplanted in nonhuman primates. CD34+C38− HSPCs cocultured with ECs expanded up to 17-fold, with a significant increase in hematopoietic colony-forming activity compared with cells cultured with cytokines alone (colony-forming unit-granulocyte-erythroid-macrophage-monocyte; p &lt; .005). BM CD34+ cells that were transduced with green fluorescent protein lentivirus vector and expanded on ECs engrafted long term with multilineage polyclonal reconstitution. Gene marking was observed in granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and erythrocytes. Whole transcriptome analysis indicated that EC coculture altered the expression profile of 75 genes in the BM CD34+ cells without impeding the long-term engraftment potential. These findings show that an ex vivo vascular niche is an effective platform for expansion of adult BM HSPCs.
Redaktionelt forord
Authors: Passage Passage 
Published: October 2016

Genrer styrer alle dele af det litterære kredsløb: Forfatterens skrift, forlagenes markedsføring, bibliotekernes katalogisering, læserens forventninger og kritikernes domme.Vi orienterer os hele tiden efter genrer. Litteraturhistorien sætter skel ud fra genreinddelinger, og vi anser ofte de værker, der bryder med genrekonventioner og hæver sig over formelagtig 'genrelitteratur' for at være af høj litterær kvalitet. Vores litterære forventningshorisont præges af genremærkater, og vi regner med en vis grad af generisk stabilitet. Samtidig kommer der stadig nye genrer til som 'autofiktion' og 'selvnarration', der sætter spørgsmålstegn ved grænsedragninger mellem traditionelle genrer som 'roman' og 'biografi'.Passage nr. 74 sætter fokus på genrer. Nummeret udfordrer, hvad der ofte tages for givet om emnet, og udforsker nye aspekter ved de litterære konventioner. Blandt de emner, artiklerne behandler, er spørgsmålet om, hvad litteraturvidenskaben stiller op med alle de værker, der falder uden for de 'finlitterære' genrer, litteraturhistorien traditionelt behandler. Andre spørgsmål lyder, hvad det vil sige, at en roman er en fiktionsgenre, og hvordan en veletableret genre som lyrik kan vedblive at udfordre. Endelig viser nummeret, hvordan genrer kan gå på tværs af kunstarter, det undersøger, hvordan genrer kan være knyttet til affekt, og hvorfor man i de seneste år har set en stigende brug af utraditionelle genremærkater. Dette nummer af Passage behandler således aktuelle dimensioner af et klassisk begreb. Derudover rummer nummeret en artikel uden for genretemaet om nostalgi hos den tyske forfatter W.G. Sebald.
Depression and Age at First Neurology Appointment Associated with Receipt of Behavioral Medicine Services Within 1 Year in a Multiple Sclerosis Population
Authors: Greenberg Benjamin , Fan Youran , Carriere Lucille , Sullivan Amy 
Published: October 2016

Background:
Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) newly seen by a neurologist may benefit from early psychological intervention owing to the reciprocal relationship between stress and disease progression. However, it is uncertain what factors contribute to patients' receiving these services.

Methods:
Logistic regression analysis of prospectively gathered data evaluated how demographic and disease characteristics and emotional/physical health factors contributed to referral to receive behavioral medicine (BM) services within 1 year of their first neurology appointment at the Mellen Center for Multiple Sclerosis at the Cleveland Clinic. Survival analyses then evaluated whether this resulted in earlier receipt of services.

Results:
Although many factors were associated with receiving BM services during univariate analyses (age, race, marital status, years since MS onset, depression, stress, and quality of life), when considering multivariable interactions, only two variables remained significant: age (odds ratio [OR] = 0.86, 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.80–0.92) and depression (OR = 1.56, 95% CI, 1.39–1.75). Survival analyses did not show differences in time to BM services for stratifications of age or depression scores.

Conclusions:
Younger patients and patients with more severe depression were more likely to receive BM services within 1 year of their first neurology appointment. Future research will focus on evaluating whether these are also the patients in greatest need of services or whether they are simply more open to receiving them.