bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The relationship between different dimensions of alcohol use and the burden of disease—an update
Authors: Rehm Jürgen , Gmel Gerhard E. , Gmel Gerrit , Hasan Omer S. M. , Imtiaz Sameer , Popova Svetlana , Probst Charlotte , Roerecke Michael , Room Robin , Samokhvalov Andriy V. , Shield Kevin D. , Shuper Paul A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBackground and aimsAlcohol use is a major contributor to injuries, mortality and the burden of disease. This review updates knowledge on risk relations between dimensions of alcohol use and health outcomes to be used in global and national Comparative Risk Assessments (CRAs).MethodsSystematic review of reviews and meta‐analyses on alcohol consumption and health outcomes attributable to alcohol use.For dimensions of exposure: volume of alcohol use, blood alcohol concentration and patterns of drinking, in particular heavy drinking occasions were studied. For liver cirrhosis, quality of alcohol was additionally considered. For all outcomes (mortality and/or morbidity): cause of death and disease/injury categories based on International Classification of Diseases (ICD) codes used in global CRAs; harm to others.ResultsIn total, 255 reviews and meta‐analyses were identified. Alcohol use was found to be linked causally to many disease and injury categories, with more than 40 ICD‐10 three‐digit categories being fully attributable to alcohol. Most partially attributable disease categories showed monotonic relationships with volume of alcohol use: the more alcohol consumed, the higher the risk of disease or death. Exceptions were ischaemic diseases and diabetes, with curvilinear relationships, and with beneficial effects of light to moderate drinking in people without heavy irregular drinking occasions. Biological pathways suggest an impact of heavy drinking occasions on additional diseases; however, the lack of medical epidemiological studies measuring this dimension of alcohol use precluded an in‐depth analysis. For injuries, except suicide, blood alcohol concentration was the most important dimension of alcohol use. Alcohol use caused marked harm to others, which has not yet been researched sufficiently.ConclusionsResearch since 2010 confirms the importance of alcohol use as a risk factor for disease and injuries; for some health outcomes, more than one dimension of use needs to be considered. Epidemiological studies should include measurement of heavy drinking occasions in line with biological knowledge.
Case mix adjusted variation in cesarean section rate in Sweden
Authors: Mesterton Johan , Ladfors Lars , Ekenberg Abreu Anna , Lindgren Peter , Saltvedt Sissel , Weichselbraun Marianne , Amer‐Wåhlin Isis 
Published: February 2017

AbstractIntroductionCesarean section (CS) rate is a well‐established indicator of performance in maternity care and is also related to resource use. Case mix adjustment of CS rates when performing comparisons between hospitals is important. The objective of this study was to estimate case mix adjusted variation in CS rate between hospitals in Sweden.Material and methodsIn total, 139 756 deliveries in 2011 and 2012 were identified in administrative systems in seven regions covering 67% of all deliveries in Sweden. Data were linked to the Medical birth register and population data. Twenty‐three different sociodemographic and clinical characteristics were used for adjustment. Analyses were performed for the entire study population as well as for two subgroups. Logistic regression was used to analyze differences between hospitals.ResultsThe overall CS rate was 16.9% (hospital minimum–maximum 12.1–22.6%). Significant variations in CS rate between hospitals were observed after case mix adjustment: hospital odds ratios for CS varied from 0.62 (95% CI 0.53–0.73) to 1.45 (95% CI 1.37–1.52). In nulliparous, cephalic, full‐term, singletons the overall CS rate was 14.3% (hospital minimum–maximum: 9.0–19.0%), whereas it was 4.7% for multiparous, cephalic, full‐term, singletons with no previous CS (hospital minimum–maximum: 3.2–6.7%). In both subgroups significant variations were observed in case mix adjusted CS rates.ConclusionsSignificant differences in CS rate between Swedish hospitals were found after adjusting for differences in case mix. This indicates a potential for fewer interventions and lower resource use in Swedish childbirth care. Best practice sharing and continuous monitoring are important tools for improving childbirth care.
The triglyceride and glucose index is useful for recognising insulin resistance in children
Authors: Rodríguez‐Morán M , Simental‐Mendía LE , Guerrero‐Romero F 
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimAlthough recognising insulin resistance (IR) in children is particularly important, the gold standard test used to diagnose it, the euglyceamic glucose clamp, is costly, invasive and is not routinely available in our clinical settings in Mexico. This study evaluated whether the triglyceride–glucose (TyG) index would provide a useful alternative.MethodsA total of 2779 school children aged seven to 17 years, from Durango, Mexico, were enrolled during 2015–2016. The gold standard euglyceamic‐hyperinsulinemic clamp test was performed in a randomly selected subsample of 125 children, and diagnostic concordance between the TyG index and the homoeostasis model assessment of IR was evaluated in all of the 2779 enrolled children.ResultsThe best cut‐off values for recognising IR using the TyG index were 4.65 for prepubertal girls and boys, 4.75 for pubertal girls and 4.70 for pubertal boys. Concordance between the TyG index and the homoeostasis model assessment of IR was 0.910 and 0.902 for the prepubertal girls and boys, 0.932 for the pubertal girls and 0.925 for the pubertal boys.ConclusionThe TyG index was useful for recognising IR in both prepubertal and pubertal children and could provide a feasible alternative to the costly and invasive gold standard test for IR in resource‐limited settings.
Survey of neonatal resuscitation practices showed post‐training improvements but need to reinforce preterm management, monitoring and adrenaline use
Authors: Izquierdo Montserrat , Iriondo Martín , Ruiz César , Zeballos Gonzalo , Sánchez Miguel , González Eva , Vento Máximo , Thió Marta ,   the Neonatal Resuscitation Group of the Spanish Neonatal Society (SENeo)
Published: February 2017

AbstractAimNeonatal resuscitation surveys have showed practice variations between countries, centres and levels of care. We evaluated delivery room practices after a nationwide neonatal resuscitation training programme focused on nontertiary centres.MethodsA 2012 survey sent to all Spanish hospitals handling deliveries covered staff availability and training, equipment and practices in the delivery room and during transfers to neonatal intensive care units. The results from 98 centres that had completed a previous survey in 2007 were analysed by levels of care. Pearson's chi‐square test was used to compare the proportions.ResultsThe following had significantly improved in 2012 compared to 2007: the availability of T‐piece resuscitators (71.4% vs. 41.8%), plastic wraps (69.4% vs. 31.6%), gas blenders (79.6% vs. 40.8%), pulse oximetry (92.9% vs. 61.2%), use of continuous positive airway pressure (82.7% vs. 43.9%) (all p < 0.01), the availability of instructors (55.6% vs. 83.3%, p < 0.05) and neonatal resuscitation courses (40.8% vs. 79.6%, p < 0.05) in nontertiary centres. In 2012, the use of exhaled carbon dioxide detectors was <7% and endotracheal administration of adrenaline was >90%.ConclusionNeonatal resuscitation equipment and practices improved over time, but several aspects needed to be reinforced in training programmes, namely preterm infants' management, monitoring and adrenaline administration.
Escaping Zaria's fire? The volcano resettlement problem of Manam Island, Papua New Guinea
Authors: Connell John , Lutkehaus Nancy 
Published: February 2017

AbstractMost resettlement in the Pacific, whether for political, economic or environmental reasons, has been in some respects unsuccessful, often resulting in land disputes, social conflicts, marginalisation, impoverishment and return migration. Resettlement after volcanic eruption poses particular problems because of necessary immediacy, temporal uncertainty over the duration of the displacement and the wish of most of those displaced to return, when possible. The eruption of the Manam Island volcano in 2004–2005 displaced over 9000 people to the nearby mainland. Successful resettlement, one of the largest necessitated in the Pacific region, has proved difficult, resulting in land disputes, violence, disease and inertia, as a consequence of 10 years of government inability to achieve a permanent resettlement plan or enact a plan. Despite formal opposition, and intermittent volcanicity, many Manams have chosen to return to the island. The Manam Islanders' experience provides a warning about the complex challenges inherent in population resettlement in only subtly different cultural, geographical and political contexts.
Toxicological Effects during and following Persistent Insulin‐Induced Hypoglycaemia in Healthy Euglycaemic Rats
Authors: Jensen Vivi F. H. , Mølck Anne‐Marie , Berthelsen Line O. , Alifrangis Lene , Andersen Lene , Chapman Melissa , Lykkesfeldt Jens , Bøgh Ingrid B. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractNew insulin analogues with a longer duration of action and a ‘peakless’ pharmacokinetic profile have been developed to improve efficacy, safety and convenience for patients with diabetes. During non‐clinical development, according to regulatory guidelines, these analogues are tested in healthy euglycaemic rats rendering them persistently hypoglycaemic. Little is known about the effect of persistent (24 hr/day) insulin‐induced hypoglycaemia (IIH) in rats, complicating interpretation of results in pre‐clinical studies with new longer‐acting insulin analogues. In this study, we investigated the effects of persistent IIH and their reversibility in euglycaemic rats. Histopathological changes in insulin‐infused animals included partly reversible axonal and reversible myofibre degeneration in peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle tissue, respectively, as well as reversible pancreatic islet atrophy and partly reversible increase in unilocular adipocytes in brown adipose tissue. Additionally, results suggested increased gluconeogenesis. The observed hyperphagia, the pancreatic, peripheral nerve and skeletal muscle changes were considered related to the hypoglycaemia. Cessation of insulin infusion resulted in transient hyperglycaemia, decreased food consumption and body‐weight loss before returning to control levels. The implications for the interpretation of non‐clinical studies with long‐acting insulin analogues are discussed.
Varieties of social experience: The religious cultural context of diverse spiritual exemplars
Authors: King Pamela Ebstyne , Abo‐Zena Mona M. , Weber Jonathan D. 
Published: February 2017

From cultural developmental and relational developmental systems perspectives, the current study employed an exemplar research design along with qualitative content analysis to gain deeper understanding of how adolescents perceived the social influences on their religious and spiritual development (RSD) among religiously and culturally diverse youth. The sample included interviews of 28 highly spiritual youth aged 12–21 years (M = 17.73 years) from six countries and eight different religious traditions. Analysis revealed that 96% of participants reported multiple relational influences on their RSD and that these persons impacted their religiousness and spirituality through various processes such as teaching and encouragement. Portions of the narrative are presented to reveal how the meaning and influence of these interactions are informed by cultural and religious tradition. The narratives testify to the multifaceted nature of spiritual development and how it is embedded within religious, social, and cultural contexts.
Statement of contribution

Already known

Existing research suggests that adolescent relationships are critical in shaping the religious and spiritual attitudes and practices that youth demonstrate (for reviews, see King & Boyatzis, 2015, Social and Emotional Issues; Mahoney, 2010, Journal of Marriage and Family, 72, 805; Roehlkepartain et al., 2006, The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence).

Parents and peers are significant in shaping adolescents’ involvement and beliefs in a religious system (i.e., Denton, 2012, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 5, 42; Desrosiers et al., 2011, Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 3, 39; French et al., 2011, Journal of Youth Adolescence, 40, 1623). Other studies have noted the importance of faith communities, mentors, or religious educators (see Schwartz et al., 2006, The handbook of spiritual development in childhood and adolescence; Vaidyanathan, 2011, Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 50, 366).

However, how these relationships exert influence, on what types of youth, and in what circumstances or cultures is not clear.

Current contribution

Findings demonstrate that a variety of typical individuals influence spiritual development among highly spiritual youth.

Although these influential individuals might fall into common categories (e.g., family, friends, pastors, teachers), their influences are experienced through various processes such as role modeling, teaching, and offering support.

These influences take on different meaning in different religious and cultural contexts.
Can schools reduce bullying? The relationship between school characteristics and the prevalence of bullying behaviours
Authors: Muijs Daniel 
Published: February 2017

BackgroundBullying remains a persistent phenomenon in schools, but the extent to which day‐to‐day policies and practices relate to bullying prevalence has not been widely studied. In this study, we use an educational effectiveness framework to interrogate this relationship.AimsThe aim was to study the relationship between school factors and prevalence of bullying in primary schools. We hypothesize that school conditions (e.g., size), school policies (e.g., behaviour policies), and school processes (e.g., teaching quality) are related to bullying prevalence.SampleSurveys were administered to pupils in 35 primary schools in four local authorities in England. Pupils (N = 1,411) and teachers (N = 68) in the final year of primary school (year 6) were surveyed.MethodsThis study drew on the following data sources:A pupil survey on bullying behavioursA survey of teachers on school policies and processesAnalysis of data on school processes from school inspection reportsAnalysis of secondary data on school conditions and pupil characteristics.Three‐level multilevel models were used to analyse the data.ResultsResults show a substantial school‐ and classroom‐level effect on prevalence of bullying. Effective school policies were found to be related to levels of bullying.ConclusionsThe study provides support for the importance of schools’ embedded policies and practices in relation to bullying prevalence and provides evidence for policy on the importance of focusing on a broad range of outcomes.
Exchange rate fluctuations and labour market adjustments in Canadian manufacturing industries
Authors: Bruneau Gabriel , Moran Kevin 
Published: February 2017

AbstractWe estimate the link between exchange rate fluctuations and the labour input of Canadian manufacturing industries. The analysis is based on a dynamic model of labour demand and the econometric strategy employs a panel two‐step approach for cointegrating regressions. Our data are drawn from a panel of 20 manufacturing industries from the KLEMS database and cover a long sample period that includes all cycles of appreciation and depreciation of the Canadian dollar over the last 50 years. Our results indicate that exchange rate fluctuations have significant long‐term effects on the labour input of Canada's manufacturing industries, especially for trade‐oriented industries, but that these long‐term impacts materialize very gradually following shocks.
Do South–South preferential trade agreements undermine the prospects for multilateral free trade?
Authors: Missios Paul , Yildiz Halis Murat 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDue to trade diversion, there have been concerns expressed over the proliferation of preferential trade agreements (PTAs) that include South countries. In this paper, we compare welfare across different geographic configurations of bilateral free trade agreements (FTAs) and customs unions (CUs) and examine their implications for the stability of multilateral free trade. While North–North PTAs do tend to yield higher global welfare than South–South PTAs, a single South–South FTA may make free trade more sustainable than any other single agreement. With pre‐existing North–North agreements and a large enough cost asymmetry between regions, an additional South member or a new South–South agreement always makes free trade harder to sustain.
Endogenous growth with a limited fossil fuel extraction capacity
Authors: Kollenbach Gilbert 
Published: February 2017

AbstractCampbell (1980) and following authors have discussed a limited resource extraction capacity as an augmentation of the well‐known Hotelling model. We integrate a limited extraction capacity and related investments in the endogenous growth model of Tsur and Zemel (2005) to study its effect on economic development. The capacity constraint gives rise to three effects. On the one hand, higher energy costs and the reallocation of production towards capacity investments decrease production available for consumption, research and/or capital investments (energy costs and reallocation effect). On the other hand, research investments may increase, which boosts available production (research effect). Depending on the capital endowment and the strength of the effects, long‐run consumption may be boosted or depressed. In particular, the capacity constraint may render everlasting consumption growth non‐optimal in a resource‐rich economy. Furthermore, we find that capacity investments may be postponed to later points in time if the capital endowment is high.
An economic theory of foreign interventions and regime change
Authors: Bonfatti Roberto 
Published: February 2017

AbstractI construct a theory of foreign interventions in which a home country's main trade partner may influence the course of regime change. The foreign country intervenes in support of the group that draws the largest gains from trade, since such a group is willing to concede most in trade agreements. But interventions are more than offset by the domestic political system, which supports in power the group that concedes least (economic nationalism). I allow for geopolitical competition between the main trade partner and a second foreign country as well as for domestic ideological preferences over the two and look at how geopolitical competition interacts with the economic mechanism described above. My results help interpret some of the patterns of Western interventions in the 20th century and the role of economic nationalism in regime change. Furthermore, they help explain why the Cold War strengthened the West's preference for incumbent elites, even when the oppositions did not have a strong communist ideology. I provide detailed historical evidence in favour of my arguments.
Tree mortality across biomes is promoted by drought intensity, lower wood density and higher specific leaf area
Authors: Greenwood Sarah , Ruiz‐Benito Paloma , Martínez‐Vilalta Jordi , Lloret Francisco , Kitzberger Thomas , Allen Craig D. , Fensham Rod , Laughlin Daniel C. , Kattge Jens , Bönisch Gerhard , Kraft Nathan J. B. , Jump Alistair S. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractDrought events are increasing globally, and reports of consequent forest mortality are widespread. However, due to a lack of a quantitative global synthesis, it is still not clear whether drought‐induced mortality rates differ among global biomes and whether functional traits influence the risk of drought‐induced mortality. To address these uncertainties, we performed a global meta‐analysis of 58 studies of drought‐induced forest mortality. Mortality rates were modelled as a function of drought, temperature, biomes, phylogenetic and functional groups and functional traits. We identified a consistent global‐scale response, where mortality increased with drought severity [log mortality (trees trees−1 year−1) increased 0.46 (95% CI = 0.2–0.7) with one SPEI unit drought intensity]. We found no significant differences in the magnitude of the response depending on forest biomes or between angiosperms and gymnosperms or evergreen and deciduous tree species. Functional traits explained some of the variation in drought responses between species (i.e. increased from 30 to 37% when wood density and specific leaf area were included). Tree species with denser wood and lower specific leaf area showed lower mortality responses. Our results illustrate the value of functional traits for understanding patterns of drought‐induced tree mortality and suggest that mortality could become increasingly widespread in the future.
Treatment of bleeding episodes with recombinant factor VIII Fc fusion protein in A‐LONG study subjects with severe haemophilia A
Authors: Shapiro A. D. , Mahlangu J. N. , Perry D. , Pasi J. , Quon D. V. , Chowdary P. , Tsao E. , Li S. , Innes A. , Pierce G. F. , Allen G. A. 
Published: February 2017

IntroductionThe Phase 3 A‐LONG study demonstrated the safety and efficacy of rFVIIIFc for the control and prevention of bleeding episodes in severe haemophilia A.AimTo describe the treatment of bleeding episodes with rFVIIIFc in the A‐LONG study.MethodsA‐LONG subjects (<1 IU dL−1 endogenous FVIII) were treated with individualized prophylaxis (Arm 1), weekly prophylaxis (Arm 2) or episodic treatment (Arm 3). Information recorded for each bleeding episode included type, location and dose to treat the episode.ResultsDuring A‐LONG, 757 bleeding episodes occurred during the efficacy period; the majority [456 (60%)] occurred in Arm 3 (episodic treatment). Of 93 subjects in the prophylaxis arms who entered the study with target joints, 43 (60%) in Arm 1 and 11 (52%) in Arm 2 did not experience a target joint bleed. Overall, 98% of bleeding episodes (and 98% of bleeds involving a target joint) resolved with one or two infusions; the median dose per infusion to treat a bleed was 27 IU kg−1 (27 IU kg−1 for target joints). Using population pharmacokinetic simulations, FVIII activity levels were predicted to be below the upper limit of normal (150 IU dL−1) in most patients in the event that rFVIIIFc is used to treat a bleeding episode in close proximity to a prophylactic dose.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate the efficacy of rFVIIIFc for the treatment of acute bleeding episodes in subjects with severe haemophilia A, regardless of treatment regimen.