bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Selecting representative climate models for climate change impact studies: an advanced envelope‐based selection approach
Authors: Lutz Arthur F. , ter Maat Herbert W. , Biemans Hester , Shrestha Arun B. , Wester Philippus , Immerzeel Walter W. 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTClimate change impact studies depend on projections of future climate provided by climate models. The number of climate models is large and increasing, yet limitations in computational capacity make it necessary to compromise the number of climate models that can be included in a climate change impact study. The selection of climate models is not straightforward and can be done by following different methods. Usually, the selection is either based on the entire range of changes in climatic variables as projected by the total ensemble of available climate models or on the skill of climate models to simulate past climate. The present study combines these approaches in a three‐step sequential climate model selection procedure: (1) initial selection of climate models based on the range of projected changes in climatic means, (2) refined selection based on the range of projected changes in climatic extremes and (3) final selection based on the climate model skill to simulate past climate. This procedure is illustrated for a study area covering the Indus, Ganges and Brahmaputra river basins. Subsequently, the changes in climate between 1971–2000 and 2071–2100 are analysed, showing that the future climate projections in this area are highly uncertain but that changes are imminent.
Validation of laser‐induced thermal acoustics for chemically reacting H2/air free jets
Authors: Hell A. , Förster F. J. , Weigand B. 
Published: January 2016

The scramjet engine is a promising propulsion concept for future space transportation systems. To enhance the engine efficiency, a strong understanding of combustion mechanisms is essential. Laser‐induced thermal acoustics (LITA) – a seedless, non‐intrusive measurement technique – is an auspicious technique for the investigation of supersonic combustion. Here, we present two validation cases and first LITA measurements in a chemically reacting hydrogen/air free jet. The first validation case is the investigation of premixed methane/air and hydrogen/air flames, produced with a commercially available flat flame burner. The comparison with coherent anti‐Stokes Raman spectroscopy measurements resulted in a deviation between the two measurement techniques smaller than the uncertainty of the techniques. The second validation case is the investigation of hot, supersonic air/air free jets at total temperatures of Tt = 1050 K and Tt = 1300 K. The comparison with computational fluid dynamics predictions shows a reasonable agreement with a maximum deviation of 13.9% for the free jet with a temperature of Tt = 1300 K and a good agreement with a maximum deviation of 4.4% for the free jet with a temperature of Tt = 1050 K. The LITA measurements in a chemically reacting hydrogen/air free jet showed a good reproduction of the flame position determined from an OH∗ image. For the presented investigations, we used a homodyne, resonant LITA setup with a pulsed interrogation beam. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Exfoliation of Boron Nitride Platelets by Enhanced Interfacial Interaction with Polyethylene
Authors: Tajaddod Navid , Song Kenan , Green Emily C. , Zhang Yiying , Minus Marilyn L. 
Published: January 2016

Hexagonal boron nitride (BN) platelets are used for fabrication of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)/BN composite fibers using a flow‐crystallization process. As‐spun fibers are subsequently drawn near the UHMWPE melting temperature. Interfacial crystallization of UHMWPE is observed on the surfaces of the BN platelets. Both X‐ray and Raman spectroscopy analysis of the drawn composite fibers show a significant decrease in the intensity of the signature BN peaks associated with the platelet interlayer spacing, as compared to undrawn samples. This suggests exfoliation of the BN platelets occurs during the fiber hot‐drawing process. Exfoliation of BN platelets is induced due to interfacial stress transfer between both components (i.e., UHMPWE and BN) within the composites. This stress transfer is facilitated by molecular rearrangement of polymer matrix during drawing (i.e., unfolding of the polymer chain). The changes in micro‐ and nanoscale morphologies due to unfolding of the polymer chains as well as simultaneous exfoliation of the BN platelets are fully characterized and show that these structural changes provide insight for understanding the property trends of the fibers.
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Employing Nitrogen Doping as Innovative Technique to Improve Broadband Dielectric Properties of Carbon Nanotube/Polymer Nanocomposites
Authors: Arjmand Mohammad , Ameli Amir , Sundararaj Uttandaraman 
Published: January 2016

Undoped carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and N‐CNTs are synthesized by chemical vapor deposition using Fe catalyst, and then melt‐mixed in an APAM mixer with polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) to prepare the nanocomposites. The morphology, crystallinity, aspect ratio, nitrogen content, and nitrogen bonding type of CNTs, and the broadband dielectric properties of undoped CNT/PVDF and N‐CNT/PVDF nanocomposites are analyzed. The results show that while undoped CNTs present a crystalline structure with open channels, doping with nitrogen results in CNTs with a bamboo‐like configuration, inferior crystallinity, smaller length, and larger dia­meter. The N‐CNT/PVDF nanocomposites, thus, have a higher percolation threshold (≈ 3.5 wt%) compared to that of the undoped CNT/PVDF nanocomposites (≈ 0.5 wt%). Comparison of the broadband dielectric properties of the generated nanocomposites reveals that nitrogen doping improved the dielectric properties in the insulative region. This is ascribed to the role of nitrogen atoms and their sequent defects in the nanotubes, which act as scattering centers and provide additional polarization sites. For instance, 1.0 wt% N‐CNT/PVDF nanocomposites exhibit a real permittivity of ε′ = 22 and a dissipation factor of tan δ = 0.03 at 1 kHz, a combination superior to that of 0.5 wt% undoped CNT/PVDF nanocomposite with ε′ = 11.2 and tan δ = 3.8, and 1.0 wt% undoped CNT/PVDF nanocomposites with ε′ = 40 and tan δ = 1.4 × 105.
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Discordant Lifestyle Mobilities in East Asia: Privilege and Precarity of British Retirement in Thailand
Authors: Botterill Kate 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThis paper explores the lifestyle mobilities of British retirees in Thailand, drawing on empirical research conducted in 2012. Thailand is a host to a significant number of British retirees motivated by a search for a better lifestyle in Asia. This pursuit of mobility for lifestyle reasons, rather than economic gain or work, implies a relative privilege involving a range of choices and opportunities. For many, the lifestyle achieved in Thailand is perceived as mediating negative effects of ageing and enhancing well‐being. However, the material challenges of lifestyle mobility in Thailand, such as frozen pensions, healthcare costs and property insecurity, destabilise an initial optimism and lead to feelings of entrapment and immobility in relation to state policy and practice. The paper argues for a relational framing of lifestyle mobility as a means of understanding and analysing the differential experience of privilege and precarity in semi‐colonial or post‐colonial locations. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crystallization behavior during transparent In2O3‐ZnO film growth
Authors: Jia Junjun , Nakamura Shin‐ichi , Shigesato Yuzo 
Published: January 2016

AbstractStructural evolution of transparent conductive In2O3‐ZnO (IZO) films with increasing substrate temperature during sputtering was studied using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and spectroscopic ellipsometry. Increasing the substrate temperature can induce film crystallization in the initial growth stage, and enhance the crystallization of IZO films. Extensive simulations using ellipsometry data demonstrated a decrease in the crystallization rate for IZO films deposited between 200 and 300 °C, which is attributed to the influence of the interference between nearby growing grains. TEM observations also reveal that the growth competition between different crystallites leads to an increase in the lateral grain size with increasing substrate temperature.
Two Coordination Polymers based on a Flexible Tritopic Pyridyldicarboxylate Ligand: Structures and Magnetic Properties
Authors: Liu Yong‐Liang , Chen Feng‐Ying , Di Yan‐Qing , Cao Jie , Di You‐Ying , Zhou Chun‐Sheng 
Published: January 2016

AbstractThe coordination polymers, [Ni(L)2]n (1) and [Mn2(L)2(DMF)2(H2O)]n (2) were synthesized by using a tritopic ligand 5‐(4′‐carboxylphenoxy)nicotinic acid (H2L). The structural analysis shows that compound 1 exhibits a ten‐connected three‐dimensional (3D) architecture with the point symbol 312.426.57, 2 displays an eight‐connected topology network with a point symbol of 424.64. The structures and formulas of 1 and 2 were determined by X‐ray diffraction, elemental analysis, and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). In addition, the magnetic behaviors for 1 and 2 were investigated.
Synthesis of Fatty Acid Ethyl Ester from Acid Oil in a Continuous Reactor via an Enzymatic Transesterification
Authors: Choi Nakyung , Kim Yangha , Lee Jeom‐Sig , Kwak Jieun , Lee Junsoo , Kim In‐Hwan 
Published: January 2016

AbstractSynthesis of a fatty acid ethyl ester via the lipase‐catalyzed transesterification of acid oil and ethanol was investigated in a continuous reactor. Lipozyme TL IM was employed as the immobilized lipase. This immobilized lipase derived from Thermomyces lanuginosus was purchased from Novozymes (Seoul, Korea). The acid oil was prepared by the acidification of soapstock formed as a by‐product during the refining of rice bran oil. The parameters investigated were water content, temperature, and molar ratio of substrates. The relative activity of Lipozyme TL IM was assessed during the repeated use of the immobilized lipase. The water content of the substrate had a considerable effect on the yield and the optimum water content was 4 %. The optimum temperature and molar ratio of acid oil to ethanol were 20 °C and 1:4, respectively. The maximum yield of approximately 92 % was achieved under the optimum conditions. The corresponding compositions were 92 % fatty acid ethyl esters, 3 % fatty acids, and 5 % acylglycerols. When glycerol formed during the reaction was removed by intermittent washing with ethanol, the relative activity of lipase was maintained over 82 % for a total usage of 27 cycles. For a mean residence time of 4 h, the half‐life times of Lipozyme TL IM on the control (unwashed) and treatment (washed) were 39 and 45 cycles, respectively.
Desired Fertility and Number of Children Born Across Time and Space
Authors: Günther Isabel , Harttgen Kenneth 
Published: January 2016

AbstractEconomists have often argued that high fertility rates are mainly driven by women’s demand for children (and not by family planning efforts) with low levels of unwanted fertility across countries (and hence with little room for family planning efforts to reduce population growth). We study the relationship between wanted fertility and number of children born in a panel of 200 country-years controlling for country fixed effects and global time trends. In general, we find a close relationship between wanted and actual fertility, with one desired child leading to one additional birth. However, our results also indicate that in the last 20 years, the level of unwanted births has stayed at 2 across African countries but has, on average, decreased from 1 to close to 0 in other developing countries. Hence, women in African countries are less able to translate child preferences into birth outcomes than women in other developing countries, and forces other than fertility demand have been important for previous fertility declines in many developing countries. Family planning efforts only partially explain the observed temporal and spatial differences in achieving desired fertility levels.
Long-Term Carriage of Ciprofloxacin-Resistant Escherichia coli Isolates in High-Risk Nursing Home Residents
Authors: Ismail Miriam D. , Luo Ting , McNamara Sara , Lansing Bonnie , Koo Evonne , Mody Lona , Foxman Betsy 
Published: January 2016

BACKGROUNDRates of multidrug-resistant gram-negative organisms are surpassing those of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and vancomycin-resistant enterococci in nursing homes (NHs).OBJECTIVETo characterize the incidence and duration of carriage of ciprofloxacin-resistant Escherichia coli (CipREc) in NHs and identify those in the O25b-ST131 lineage.METHODSWe collected 227 CipREc isolates obtained by routine and regular surveillance of high-risk NH residents with indwelling devices. Repetitive element palindromic (REP)–polymerase chain reaction assay and multiplex polymerase chain reaction amplification for O25b-ST131 E. coli detection were performed using (GTG)5-primers and O25pabBspe and trpA2 primer pairs, respectively.RESULTSWe found a high period prevalence of CipREc colonization (21.5%), high rates of recolonization with the same strain following clearing (0.46 recolonizations/ person/ year), and an acquisition incidence of 1.05 cases/1,000 person-days. Almost three-quarters of colonized residents carried strains in the O25b-ST131 E. coli lineage. Compared with isolates not in the lineage, O25b-ST131 isolates were carried significantly longer (10 vs 3 months). We identified 18 different REP-types; 2 occurred in 55% of the residents colonized with CipREc, and in more than 1 NH. Duration of CipREc carriage varied by REP-type and averaged 6 months.CONCLUSIONCipREc occurred frequently in NH residents and is carried for long durations, and reacquisition following clearance is commonTrial registration. ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT01062841.Infect. Control Hosp. Epidemiol. 2016;37(4):440–447
On the velocity discontinuity at a critical volume of a bubble rising in a viscoelastic fluid
Authors: Fraggedakis D. , Pavlidis M. , Dimakopoulos Y. , Tsamopoulos J. 
Published: January 2016

We examine the abrupt increase in the rise velocity of an isolated bubble in a viscoelastic fluid occurring at a critical value of its volume, under creeping flow conditions. This ‘velocity discontinuity’, in most experiments involving shear-thinning fluids, has been somehow associated with the change of the shape of the bubble to an inverted teardrop with a tip at its pole and/or the formation of the ‘negative wake’ structure behind it. The interconnection of these phenomena is not fully understood yet, making the mechanism of the ‘velocity jump’ unclear. By means of steady-state analysis, we study the impact of the increase of bubble volume on its steady rise velocity and, with the aid of pseudo arclength continuation, we are able to predict the stationary solutions, even lying in the discontinuous area in the diagrams of velocity versus bubble volume. The critical area of missing experimental results is attributed to a hysteresis loop. The use of a boundary-fitted finite element mesh and the open-boundary condition are essential for, respectively, the correct prediction of the sharply deformed bubble shapes caused by the large extensional stresses at the rear pole of the bubble and the accurate application of boundary conditions far from the bubble. The change of shape of the rear pole into a tip favours the formation of an intense shear layer, which facilitates the bubble translation. At a critical volume, the shear strain developed at the front region of the bubble sharply decreases the shear viscosity. This change results in a decrease of the resistance to fluid displacement, allowing the developed shear stresses to act more effectively on bubble motion. These coupled effects are the reason for the abrupt increase of the rise velocity. The flow field for stationary solutions after the velocity jump changes drastically and intense recirculation downstream of the bubble is developed. Our predictions are in quantitative agreement with published experimental results by Pilz & Brenn (J. Non-Newtonian Fluid Mech., vol. 145, 2007, pp. 124–138) on the velocity jump in fluids with well-characterized rheology. Additionally, we predict shapes of larger bubbles when both inertia and elasticity are present and obtain qualitative agreement with experiments by Astarita & Apuzzo (AIChE J., vol. 11, 1965, pp. 815–820).
The feasibility and efficacy of early-season releases of a generalist predator (Forficula auriculariaL.) to control populations of the RAA (Dysaphis plantagineaPasserini) in Southeastern France
Authors: Dib H. , Jamont M. , Sauphanor B. , Capowiez Y. 
Published: January 2016

AbstractAugmentative biological control is not commonly used in commercial orchards. We used an exclusion system to evaluate the potential of early-season releases of the European earwig (Forficula auriculariaL., Dermaptera: Forficulidae) for control of the rosy apple aphid (Dysaphis plantagineaPasserini, Hemiptera: Aphididae) in the spring of 2009 in two pesticide-free apple orchards. In order to conduct this experiment we successfully reared earwigs with a high survival rate of nymphs (more than 96%) which may have commercial application. There were three treatments in the study: (i) a ‘release treatment’ where we confined the released earwigs in the canopy by using a barrier system; (ii) an ‘exclusion treatment’ where we blocked free access of earwigs into the canopy using the same barrier system; and (iii) a ‘control treatment’ that represented the natural situation. Contrary to expectations, earwig releases did not reduceD. plantagineapopulations. In general, the abundance of natural enemies and their groups did not differ significantly among treatments, except for earwigs. We observed that the exclusion systems we used successfully kept both earwigs and ants away from tree canopies; total numbers on trees in the ‘exclusion treatment’ were significantly lower than on the other two treatments. Due to the complexity and difficulty of evaluating augmentative releases of natural enemies in open orchard conditions, we conclude that new technical approaches to control site conditions are needed when conducting such studies.
PITCAIRNEANA: AN ATHEIST TEXT BY ARCHIBALD PITCAIRNE
Authors: HUNTER MICHAEL 
Published: January 2016

ABSTRACTThis article presents an overtly atheistic text from the early eighteenth century that has hitherto been completely unknown. It survives in manuscript in the Houghton Library at Harvard University, to which it was presented in 1841, and is claimed to be the work of the Scottish medical theorist, satirist, and poet, Archibald Pitcairne (1652–1713). Here, its links with Pitcairne and his milieu are assessed and its content evaluated, in conjunction with the provision of an annotated edition of the text itself.
Effects of conservation agriculture on crop productivity and water-use efficiency under an irrigated pigeonpea–wheat cropping system in the western Indo-Gangetic Plains
Authors: DAS T. K. , BANDYOPADHYAY K. K. , BHATTACHARYYA RANJAN , SUDHISHRI S. , SHARMA A. R. , BEHERA U. K. , SAHARAWAT Y. S. , SAHOO P. K. , PATHAK H. , VYAS A. K. , BHAR L. M. , GUPTA H. S. , GUPTA R. K. , JAT M. L. 
Published: January 2016

SUMMARYIn search of a suitable resource conservation technology under pigeonpea (Cajanus cajanL.)–wheat (Triticum aestivumL.) system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains, the effects of conservation agriculture (CA) on crop productivity and water-use efficiency (WUE) were evaluated during a 3-year study. The treatments were: conventional tillage (CT), zero tillage (ZT) with planting on permanent narrow beds (PNB), PNB with residue (PNB + R), ZT with planting on permanent broad beds (PBB) and PBB + R. The PBB + R plots had higher pigeonpea grain yield than the CT plots in all 3 years. However, wheat grain yields under all plots were similar in all years except for PBB + R plots in the second year, which had higher wheat yield than CT plots. The contrast analysis showed that pigeonpea grain yield of CA plots was significantly higher than CT plots in the first year. However, both pigeonpea and wheat grain yields during the last 2 years under CA and CT plots were similar. The PBB + R plots had higher system WUE than the CT plots in the second and third years. Plots under CA had significantly higher WUE and significantly lower water use than CT plots in these years. The PBB + R plots had higher WUE than PNB + R and PNB plots. Also, the PBB plots had higher WUE than PNB in the second and third years, despite similar water use. The interactions of bed width and residue management for all parameters in the second and third years were not significant. Those positive impacts under PBB + R plots over CT plots were perceived to be due to no tillage and significantly higher amount of estimated residue retention. Thus, both PBB and PBB + R technologies would be very useful under a pigeonpea–wheat cropping system in this region.
Sublingual immunotherapy in patients with house dust mite allergic rhinitis: prospective study of clinical outcomes over a two-year period
Authors: Soh J Y , Thalayasingam M , Ong S , Loo E X L , Shek L P , Chao S S 
Published: January 2016

AbstractBackground:Sublingual immunotherapy in patients with allergic rhinitis sensitised to house dust mites is safe, but its efficacy is controversial and sublingual immunotherapy withBlomia tropicalishas not yet been studied. This study sought to evaluate the efficacy of sublingual immunotherapy with house dust mite extract in children and adults with house dust mite allergic rhinitis over a period of two years.Methods:A prospective observational study was conducted of children and adults diagnosed with house dust mite allergic rhinitis who were treated with sublingual immunotherapy from 2008 to 2012. Total Nasal Symptom Scores, Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life scores and medication usage scores were assessed prospectively.Results:Thirty-nine patients, comprising 24 children and 15 adults, were studied. Total Nasal Symptom Scores and Mini Rhinoconjunctivitis Quality of Life scores dropped significantly at three months into therapy, and continued to improve. Medication usage scores improved at one year into immunotherapy.Conclusion:Sublingual immunotherapy with house dust mite extracts, includingB tropicalis, is efficacious as a treatment for patients with house dust mite allergic rhinitis.
A Literature Review of Homelessness and Aging: Suggestions for a Policy and Practice-Relevant Research Agenda
Authors: Grenier Amanda , Barken Rachel , Sussman Tamara , Rothwell David , Bourgeois-Guérin Valérie , Lavoie Jean-Pierre 
Published: January 2016

RÉSUMÉLe sans-abrisme chez les personnes âgées est une préoccupation croissante à travers le Canada et devrait augmenter avec le changement démographique (Crane & Warnes, 2010; Culhane, Métraux, Byrne, Stino, et Bainbridge, 2013). Pourtant, les connaissances actuelles, les politiques et les pratiques concernant le sans-abrisme ont tendance largement de se concentrer sur des populations plus jeunes. De même, la recherche et les politiques sur le vieillissement en général négligent le sans-abrisme. Les réponses au problème de sans-abrisme chez les personnes âgées doivent répondre aux besoins complexes liés à la santé, la sécurité du revenu et le logement. Basé sur un examen exhaustif de la littérature, cet article présente les domaines de recherche afin d'éclairer les politiques, les stratégies et les services pour les divers groupes des aînés sans-abri. Nous clarifions les intersections du vieillissement et du sans-abrisme; examinons les statistiques pertinentes, y compris la prévalence estimée; discutons des voies et des variations de l'expérience; et determinons les lacunes dans les connaissances. Nous concluons par un appel à un programme de recherche inclusive qui aidera à créér des politiques et des pratiques visant à réduire et finalement à éliminer le sans-abrisme chez les personnes âgées au Canada.