bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Cvek pulpotomy – revisited
Authors: Bimstein Enrique , Rotstein Ilan 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground/AimWhile some studies support the notion that the time elapsed from coronal fracture and treatment with Cvek pulpotomy in permanent teeth plays an important role in minimizing the possibility of pain and discomfort, microbial pulp invasion, and ensuring pulp and periodontal healing, others consider that neither time between the accident and treatment nor size of exposure is critical if the inflamed superficial pulp tissue is amputated to the level of a healthy pulp. This study compares published data in an attempt to assess whether the outcome of Cvek pulpotomies is affected by these factors.Results and conclusionsEvidence in the literature suggests to treat a permanent tooth with a complicated crown fracture as soon as possible to diminish the possibility of pain and prevent necrosis and infection of the pulp. Delay of treatment by 9 days or less may have minimal effect on the outcome of Cvek pulpotomies. While the literature indicates that pulp exposures of 4 mm or less may have a good prognosis after a Cvek pulpotomy, the prognosis in teeth with pulp exposures of more than 4 mm has not yet been clarified. Although the literature is not conclusive regarding a difference in the outcomes of Cvek pulpotomies in teeth with open or closed apices, it appears that teeth with open apices have a better prognosis. The outcome of a Cvek pulpotomy may be compromised by a luxation injury that diminishes the tooth's blood supply and innervation. A good restoration that prevents bacterial penetration into the tooth is essential for the success of a Cvek pulpotomy.
Increasing metronidazole and rifampicin resistance of Helicobacter pylori isolates obtained from children and adolescents between 2002 and 2015 in southwest Germany
Authors: Regnath Thomas , Raecke Olaf , Enninger Axel , Ignatius Ralf 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackgroundIncreasing antibiotic resistance has been reported for Helicobacter pylori, but data on the prevalence of antibiotic resistance of H. pylori in pediatric patients and the development of resistance over time are sparse.MethodsData for 610 H. pylori isolates obtained between 2002 and 2015 from gastric biopsies of 582 (mainly treatment‐naïve) pediatric patients from southwest Germany were analyzed retrospectively regarding the antibiotic susceptibility determined by Etest and patients’ characteristics.ResultsOverall resistance to metronidazole, clarithromycin, and rifampicin was 28.7%, 23.2%, and 13.3%, respectively, while resistance to amoxicillin was rare (0.8%). Simultaneous resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin was observed for 7.7% of the isolates, and 2.3% were resistant to metronidazole, clarithromycin, and rifampicin. Differences between primary vs secondary resistance existed for metronidazole (24.7% vs 38.8%, P=.01) and clarithromycin (17.2% vs 54.1%, P=.0001). From 2002–2008 to 2009–2015, resistance to metronidazole increased from 20.8% to 34.4% (P=.003) and to rifampicin from 3.9% to 18.8% (P=.0001); this was not associated with increased numbers of patients previously treated for H. pylori infection in the second study period. In contrast, resistance to clarithromycin did not change significantly over time. Resistance was not associated with age, sex, or family origin in Europe.ConclusionsThe considerable antibiotic resistance of H. pylori isolates argues for standard antibiotic susceptibility testing of H. pylori in pediatric patients prior to the initiation of antibiotic therapy.
Exosomes from the tumor microenvironment as reciprocal regulators that enhance prostate cancer progression
Authors: Liu Che‐Ming , Hsieh Chia‐Ling , Shen Chia‐Ning , Lin Cheng‐Chieh , Shigemura Katsumi , Sung Shian‐Ying 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDistant organ metastasis of prostate cancer is a puzzle, and various theories have successively arisen to explain the mechanism of lethal cancer progression. While perhaps agreeable to many cancer biologists, the very statement of “seed and soil” proposed by Stephan Paget in 1881 is arguably still the major statement for organ‐specific cancer metastasis. Since recent studies showed important correlations of regulation of cancer cells and the microenvironment, exosomes from cancer and stromal cells seem to create another important niche for metastasis. Stromal cells pretreated with exosomes from metastatic cancer cells increase the potential of change stromal cells. The poorly metastatic cancer cells could also enhance malignancy through transfer of proteins, microribonucleic acid and messenger ribonucleic acid to recipient cancer cells. Herein, we reviewed extracellular exosomes as a factor involved in cross‐talk between stromal and prostate cancer epithelial cells.
Risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection following primary total hip or knee arthroplasty: a meta‐analysis
Authors: Kong Lingde , Cao Junming , Zhang Yingze , Ding Wenyuan , Shen Yong 
Published: July 2016

AbstractTo identify risk factors for periprosthetic joint infection following primary total joint arthroplasty, a systematic search was performed in Pubmed, Embase and Cochrane library databases. Pooled odds ratios (ORs) or standardised mean differences (SMDs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated. Patient characteristics, surgical‐related factors and comorbidities, as potential risk factors, were investigated. The main factors associated with infection after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) were male gender (OR, 1·48; 95% CI, 1.19–1.85), age (SMD, −0·10; 95% CI, −0.17–−0.03), obesity (OR, 1·54; 95% CI, 1·25–1·90), alcohol abuse (OR, 1·88; 95% CI, 1·32–2·68), American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) scale > 2 (OR, 2·06; 95% CI, 1·77–2·39), operative time (SMD, 0·49; 95% CI, 0·19–0·78), drain usage (OR, 0·36; 95% CI, 0·18–0·74), diabetes mellitus (OR, 1·58; 95% CI, 1·37–1·81), urinary tract infection (OR, 1·53; 95% CI, 1.09–2.16) and rheumatoid arthritis (OR, 1·57; 95% CI, 1·30–1·88). Among these risk factors, ASA score > 2 was a high risk factor, and drain usage was a protective factor. There was positive evidence for some factors that could be used to prevent the onset of infection after TJA.
Introduction: The Great Rule of Law Debate in the EU
Authors: Kochenov Dimitry , Magen Amichai , Pech Laurent 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFaced with what has been labeled ‘rule of law backsliding’ in some EU countries, EU institutions have sought to address the rise of ‘illiberal regimes’ via existing mechanisms as well as new instruments. This introductory contribution offers an overview of the problem and a brief summary of the papers to follow and which were first presented at a workshop co‐organized by the Bingham Centre for the Rule of Law and Middlesex University London.
Farewell to life on land – thoracic strength as a new indicator to determine paleoecology in secondary aquatic mammals
Authors: Ando Konami , Fujiwara Shin‐ichi 
Published: July 2016

AbstractHabitat shifts from land to water have occurred independently in several mammal lineages. However, because we do not know completely about the relationship between skeletal morphology and function, both reliable life reconstructions of each extinct taxon and the timing of those shifts in locomotor strategies are yet to be fully understood. We estimated the strengths of rib cages against vertical compression in 26 extant and four extinct mammal specimens including cetartiodactyls, paenungulates, and carnivorans, representing 11 terrestrial, six semi‐aquatic, and nine obligate aquatic taxa. Our analyses of extant taxa showed that strengths were high among terrestrial/semi‐aquatic mammals, whose rib cages are subjected to vertical compression during the support on land, whereas strengths were low among obligate aquatic mammals, whose rib cages are not subjected to antigravity force in the water. We therefore propose rib strength as a new index to estimate the ability of an animal to be supported on land while being supported by either the forelimbs or thoracic region. According to our analyses of extinct taxa, this ability to be supported on land was rejected for a basal cetacean (Cetartiodactyla:Ambulocetus) and two desmostylians (Paenungulata:PaleoparadoxiaandNeoparadoxia). However, this ability was not rejected for one desmostylian species (Desmostylus). Further study of the ribs of extant/extinct semi‐aquatic taxa may help in understanding the ecological shifts in these groups.
Does (Non‐)Meaningful Sensori‐Motor Engagement Promote Learning With Animated Physical Systems?
Authors: Pouw Wim T. J. L. , Eielts Charly , van Gog Tamara , Zwaan Rolf A. , Paas Fred 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTPrevious research indicates that sensori‐motor experience with physical systems can have a positive effect on learning. However, it is not clear whether this effect is caused by mere bodily engagement or the intrinsically meaningful information that such interaction affords in performing the learning task. We investigated (N = 74), through the use of a Wii Balance Board, whether different forms of physical engagement that was either meaningfully, non‐meaningfully, or minimally related to the learning content would be beneficial (or detrimental) to learning about the workings of seesaws from instructional animations. The results were inconclusive, indicating that motoric competency on lever problem solving did not significantly differ between conditions, nor were response speed and transfer performance affected. These findings suggest that adult's implicit and explicit knowledge about physical systems is stable and not easily affected by (contradictory) sensori‐motor experiences. Implications for embodied learning are discussed.
Perioperative morbidity in children with elastin arteriopathy
Authors: Latham Gregory J. , Ross Faith J. , Eisses Michael J. , Richards Michael J. , Geiduschek Jeremy M. , Joffe Denise C. 
Published: July 2016

SummaryBackgroundChildren with elastin arteriopathy (EA), the majority of whom have Williams–Beuren syndrome, are at high risk for sudden death. Case reports suggest that the risk of perioperative cardiac arrest and death is high, but none have reported the frequency or risk factors for morbidity and mortality in an entire cohort of children with EA undergoing anesthesia.AimThe aim of this study was to present one institution's rate of morbidity and mortality in all children with EA undergoing anesthesia and to examine patient characteristics that pose the greatest risk.MethodsWe reviewed medical records of children with EA who underwent anesthesia or sedation for any procedure at our institution from 1990 to 2013. Cardiovascular hemodynamic indices from recent cardiac catheterization or echocardiography were tabulated for each child. The incidence, type, and associated factors of complications occurring intraoperatively through 48 h postoperatively were examined.ResultsForty‐eight patients with confirmed EA underwent a total of 141 anesthetics. There were seven cardiac arrests (15% of patients, 5% of anesthetics) and nine additional intraoperative cardiovascular complications (15% of patients, 6% of anesthetics). Extracorporeal life support was initiated in five cases. There were no perioperative deaths. All children having a cardiac arrest or complication were <3 years old and had biventricular outflow tract obstruction (BVOTO). Subgroup analysis demonstrated high rates of cardiac arrest in two groups: children with BVOTO (44%) and age <3 years old (21%).ConclusionsWe have confirmed that the rate of cardiac arrest and complications is significantly elevated in children with EA undergoing anesthesia. Children <3 years old and with BVOTO were at the greatest risk in our population.
X‐ray tomography of tsunami deposits: Towards a new depositional model of tsunami deposits
Authors: Falvard Simon , Paris Raphaël 
Published: July 2016

AbstractX‐ray computed microtomography is used to obtain high resolution imagery of a historical tsunami deposit in Andalusia, Spain (1755 Lisbon tsunami). The technique allows characterization of grain‐size distribution, structures, component analysis and sedimentary fabric of fine‐grained unconsolidated tsunami deposits at resolutions down to particle scale. The results are validated by comparing to data obtained using other techniques such as laser diffraction, anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility and X‐ray microfluorescence on the same deposits. Specific technical details such as sampling, scanning and image processing methods, and further improvements are addressed. The use of X‐ray computed microtomography provides new insights into the stratigraphy of the deposits and gives access to significantly more detailed view of key sedimentary features such as mudlines, rip‐up clasts, crude laminations, convolutions, floating outsized clasts and contacts between successive units. This analysis of the 1755 tsunami deposits using X‐ray computed microtomography allows the proposal of new hypotheses for the sedimentary processes forming tsunami deposits. Deposition by settling is limited and the section analysed here is dominated by a high shear stress leading to the development of traction carpets, with laminated mudlines corresponding to the basal frictional region of these carpets. The onset of the tsunami backwash is marked by a micro‐vortex resembling Kelvin–Helmoltz instabilities.
Retrospective analysis of cutaneous lesions in 23 canine and 17 feline cases of coccidioidomycosis seen in Arizona, USA (2009–2015)
Authors: Simões Diana M. , Dial Sharon M. , Coyner Kimberly S. , Schick Anthea E. , Lewis Thomas P. 
Published: July 2016

BackgroundCoccidioidomycosis is a fungal disease caused by the dimorphic saprophytic fungus Coccidioides immitis or C. posadasii. Primary pulmonary infection can disseminate to cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues, or less commonly direct cutaneous inoculation may occur.Hypothesis/ObjectivesTo characterize the historical, clinical, diagnostic and treatment findings in dogs and cats with cutaneous manifestation of coccidioidomycosis.AnimalsTwenty three dogs and seventeen cats diagnosed between 2009 and 2015 in Arizona, USA.MethodsRetrospective review of medical records from dogs and cats from an endemic area with a confirmed diagnosis via histopathology, cytology and/or culture, and skin lesions.ResultsAge of affected dogs ranged from 14 weeks to 13 years (median = 7 years), whereas cats ranged from 3 to 17 years (median = 9 years). Subcutaneous nodules were the most common lesions in both species. Lesions were distributed widely and not often found over sites of bone infection. In 75% of dogs and 54.5% of cats with cutaneous lesions there were clinical signs of systemic illness, supporting the diagnosis of cutaneous disseminated disease. Four dogs and four cats had localized lesions with no systemic illness, consistent with possible primary cutaneous infection. The most common mode of diagnosis was cytology identification in both species. Fluconazole was the most commonly prescribed antifungal drug.Conclusions and clinical importanceCoccidioidomycosis is the most common mycosis of dogs and cats in endemic regions and cutaneous signs of the disease may be an initial presenting complaint. This study identified a variety of cutaneous manifestations of the disease in dogs and cats and should be recognized by clinicians.
Distribution Strategy of a Global Firm in an Emerging Market: The Case of 3M India
Authors: Pradhan Debasis , Kundu Niladri 
Published: July 2016

3M had an entire portfolio of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) targeted at the large industrial customers. These were high priced, premium quality products which 3M India enjoyed a dominant market share in this segment. The demand for such products was facilitated by the fact that big clients were more aware of the Occupational Health and Environmental Safety (OHES) implications at the workplace. 3M traditionally capitalised on its business strategy of differentiation. This helped it charge a premium on its products to its customers. Having catered to large industrial customers since its entry into the Indian market, 3M had developed its marketing channel to improve its revenues from this target segment. With economic liberalisation, the smaller B2B customers who belonged to the small and medium-sized enterprises (SME) category also became aware of OHES. This segment was very price conscious and did not have preference for any brand. PPE was another overhead for them and they would opt for any product that addressed the safety concerns and at the same time keep costs down. In order to build a presence among them, it was necessary to build an intensive distribution network with a strong sales force. Ubiquity of the brand was essential to gain market share. Another important consideration was competitive pricing compared to prices to the existing players. Both the factors together were expected to help 3M consolidate its position as a supplier of PPE for this segment. 3M had never been a player on the price front. The price war that 3M had to constantly indulge in while targeting the SME segment was not its forte. The decision on whether to go for a comprehensive rollout was itself questionable. Introducing low price products in the Indian market would lead to cannabilisation of the high end PPE. A pertinent question was how much of this inevitable cannibalisation would be acceptable without impacting the revenues.
The Impact of Lightning Data Assimilation on Deterministic and Ensemble Forecasts of Convective Events
Authors: Dixon Ken , Mass Clifford F. , Hakim Gregory J. , Holzworth Robert H. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA general lightning data assimilation technique is developed and tested with observations from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN). The technique nudges the water vapor mixing ratio toward saturation within 10 km of a lightning observation and is more general than other approaches that require specific model microphysics or flash rates. This approach is applied to both deterministic and ensemble forecasts of the 29 June 2012 derecho event over the eastern United States and a deterministic forecast of the 17 November 2013 convective event over the Midwest using the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model run at a convection-permitting resolution. Lightning data are assimilated over the first three hours of the forecasts, and the subsequent impact on forecast quality is evaluated. For both events, the deterministic simulations with lightning-based nudging produce more realistic predicted composite reflectivity fields. For the forecasts of the 29 June 2012 event using ensemble data assimilation, forecast improvements from lightning assimilation were more modest than for the deterministic forecasts, suggesting that lightning assimilation may produce greater improvements in convective forecasts where conventional observations (e.g., aircraft, surface, radiosonde, satellite) are less dense or unavailable.
Defining the Newborn Blood Spot Screening Reference Interval for TSH: Impact of Ethnicity
Authors: Peters Catherine , Brooke Ivan , Heales Simon , Ifederu Adeboye , Langham Shirley , Hindmarsh Peter , Cole Tim J. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract

Context:
There is variability in the congenital hypothyroidism (CH) newborn screening TSH cutoff across the United Kingdom.

Objective:
To determine the influences of year, gender, and ethnicity on screening variability and examine whether there is an optimal operational TSH cutoff.

Design and Setting:
Single center, retrospective population study using blood spot TSH cards received by the Great Ormond Street Hospital Screening Laboratory between 2006 and 2012.

Patients:
A total of 824 588 newborn screening blood spot TSH cards.

Intervention:
Blood spot TSH results were recorded with demographic data including the Ethnic Category Code.

Main Outcome Measures:
The proportions of samples exceeding different TSH cutoffs, ranked by ethnicity.

Results:
The proportion of samples exceeding the TSH cutoff increased over time, with the cutoff at 4 mU/L, but not at 6 mU/L. There was a consistent trend with ethnicity, irrespective of cutoff, with the odds ratio of exceeding the TSH cutoff lowest (∼1.0) in White babies, higher in Pakistani and Bangladeshi (&gt;2.0), and highest in Chinese (&gt;3.5).

Conclusions:
The blood spot TSH screening data demonstrate a clear ranking according to ethnicity for differences in mean TSH. This suggests that there may be ethnic differences in thyroid physiology. Ethnic diversity within populations needs to be considered when establishing and interpreting screening TSH cutoffs.
Assessing the Social Skills and Problem Behaviors of Adolescents With Severe Disabilities Enrolled in General Education Classes
Authors: Lyons Gregory L. , Huber Heartley B. , Carter Erik W. , Chen Rui , Asmus Jennifer M. 
Published: July 2016

Abstract
Although enhancing the social competence of students with severe disabilities has long remained a prominent focus of school-based intervention efforts, relatively little attention has focused on identifying the most critical social and behavioral needs of students during high school. We examined the social skills and problem behaviors of 137 adolescents with severe disabilities from the vantage point of both special educators and parents. We sought to identify areas of potential intervention need, explore factors associated with social skill and problem behavior ratings, and examine the extent to which teachers and parents converged in their assessments of these needs. Our findings indicate teachers and parents of high school students with severe disabilities rated social skills as considerably below average and problem behaviors as above average. In addition, lower social skills ratings were evident for students with greater support needs, lower levels of overall adaptive behavior, and a special education label of autism. We found moderate consistency in the degree to which teachers and parents aligned in their assessments of both social skills and problem behavior. We offer recommendations for assessment and intervention focused on strengthening the social competence of adolescents with severe disabilities within secondary school classrooms, as well as promising avenues for future research.
Prototipe Frekuensi Meter Rentang Ukur (10~2000) Hz Terkalibrasi ke Standar Primer Frekuensi
Authors: Purwowibowo Purwowibowo , Prakosa Jalu Ahmad 
Published: July 2016

Pengukuran besaran frekuensi sangat penting peranannya dalam bidang sistem pengukuran sinyal terutama untuk akuisisi data sinyal pulsa pada pengukur aliran jenis turbin. Untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pengukuran yang akurat dan menjadi mandiri secara teknologi diperlukan produk frekuensi meter lokal yang terkalibrasi. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah membuat prototipe frekuensi meter sampai rentang ukur 2000 Hz yang terkalibrasi sehingga terjamin nilai kebenaran pengukurannya secara internasional. Digunakan mikrokontroler board Arduino Uno dengan kemampuan pencacah 16 bit untuk menghitung frekuensi. Hasil pengukuran ditampilkan secara real time komunikasi serial sertapada Liquid Crystal Display (LCD). Telah dilakukan kalibrasi prototipe frekuensi meter tersebut menggunakan standar DS340 yang telah tertelusur ke satuan SI melalui standar primer frekuensi cesium Puslit Metrologi LIPI. Dari hasil kalibrasi dan pengukuran pada rentang ukur (10 ~2000) Hz didapat bahwa prototipe frekuensi meter ini memilikikemungkinan error terbesar sebanyak 0,7 Hz. Telah berhasil dibangun ketertelusuran pengukuran prototipe frekuensi meter tersebut dengan resolusi 0,1 Hz dan akurasi 0,03% relatif skala penuh.