bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Advancing Gendered Analyses of Entrepreneurship: A Critical Exploration of Entrepreneurial Activity among Gay Men and Lesbian Women
Authors: Marlow Susan , Greene Francis J. , Coad Alex 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper advances contemporary gendered analyses of entrepreneurial activity by exploring self‐employment amongst gay men and lesbian women. Within current entrepreneurial debate, heterosexual women have become the visible embodiment of the gendered subject. Our contribution is to queer this assumption when focusing upon the entrepreneurial activity of gays and lesbians. Our core question investigates if ‘there is evidence of differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals in their likelihood of being entrepreneurially active’. To address this question, we contrast competing notions of gender stereotypes and discrimination whilst drawing on findings from a large‐scale population‐based study of 163,000 UK adults. We find few differences between homosexuals and heterosexuals; this persists after examining intersectional patterns and considering if gay and lesbian entrepreneurs choose particular sectors, geographies or forms of self‐employment. As our discussion highlights, the value of this study lies within its critique of contemporary analyses of gender which assume it is an end‐point rather than a foundation for analysing gender as a multiplicity.
Choice of Structure, Business Model and Portfolio: Organizational Models of Knowledge Transfer Offices in British Universities
Authors: Sengupta Abhijit , Ray Amit S. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis paper addresses the gap in the knowledge transfer literature around how universities choose specific organizational models for their knowledge transfer offices (KTOs). Organization theory points towards strong interlinkages between strategy, structure and processes in organizations. This motivates an exploration of similar links within the organizational setup of KTOs. In doing so, the paper provides a unified theoretical framework around a university's choice of structure, business model and strategic preferences for their KTOs linked to university‐specific contextual factors. A qualitative approach is used wherein four very distinct British universities are examined as individual case studies. The authors find that strategic aims of the university around practitioner engagement, the quantity of applied research and research specialization are key factors in determining the organizational characteristics of the KTO. The theoretical framework derived from the cases makes two key contributions to the university knowledge transfer literature. First, it links the university‐level contextual factors to the local model of knowledge transfer. Second, it allows us to develop a set of generic models of knowledge transfer, which can potentially guide universities to develop their own specific models.
The Weakness Of Symbolic Boundaries: Handling Exclusion Among Montevideo's Squatters
Authors: Álvarez‐Rivadulla María José 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis article argues that material conditions limit the possibilities of symbolic boundaries becoming markers of social differentiation, especially among stigmatized groups. Using squatter settlements in Montevideo, Uruguay, as a case study, it shows that symbolic boundaries are hard to maintain when material conditions and the stigmas associated with certain places work against them. Based on participant observation and oral histories, it analyses how squatters experienced the move to a squatter settlement. It argues that, for many, it was a way to resist exclusion, a struggle to belong to the city and to protect a social position that structural changes under neoliberalism had put at risk. This required engaging in difficult symbolic boundary work to distinguish themselves from cantegriles—poor and crowded older shantytowns—and claim dignity as workers and residents of a regular city neighbourhood. Yet, there were many limits to their fight in an increasingly fragmented city. Through follow‐up visits to several settlements over almost two decades and tracking the case in the local press, through available survey data and secondary literature, this article offers a longitudinal perspective of symbolic boundaries in the making.
The structure of foreign policy attitudes in transatlantic perspective: Comparing the United States, United Kingdom, France and Germany
Authors: GRAVELLE TIMOTHY B. , REIFLER JASON , SCOTTO THOMAS J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWhile public opinion about foreign policy has been studied extensively in the United States, there is less systematic research of foreign policy opinions in other countries. Given that public opinion about international affairs affects who gets elected in democracies and then constrains the foreign policies available to leaders once elected, both comparative politics and international relations scholarship benefit from more systematic investigation of foreign policy attitudes outside the United States. Using new data, this article presents a common set of core constructs structuring both American and European attitudes about foreign policy. Surveys conducted in four countries (the United States, the United Kingdom, France and Germany) provide an expanded set of foreign policy‐related survey items that are analysed using exploratory structural equation modeling (ESEM). Measurement equivalence is specifically tested and a common four‐factor structure that fits the data in all four countries is found. Consequently, valid, direct comparisons of the foreign policy preferences of four world powers are made. In the process, the four‐factor model confirms and expands previous work on the structure of foreign policy attitudes. The article also demonstrates the capability of ESEM in testing the dimensionality and cross‐national equivalence of social science concepts.
The JOBS Act and the Costs of Going Public
Authors: CHAPLINSKY SUSAN , HANLEY KATHLEEN WEISS , MOON S. KATIE 
Published: March 2017

ABSTRACTWe examine the effects of Title I of the Jumpstart Our Business Startups Act for a sample of 312 emerging growth companies (EGCs) that filed for an initial public offering (IPO) from April 5, 2012 through April 30, 2015. We find no reduction in the direct costs of issuance, accounting, legal, or underwriting fees for EGC IPOs. Underpricing, an indirect cost of issuance that increases an issuer's cost of capital, is significantly higher for EGCs compared to other IPOs. More importantly, greater underpricing is present only for larger firms that are newly eligible for scaled disclosure under the Act. Overall, we find little evidence that the Act in its first three years has reduced the measurable costs of going public. Although there are benefits of the Act that issuers appear to value, they should be balanced against the higher costs of capital that can occur after its enactment.
Increased Lung Weights in Drug‐related Fatalities
Authors: Chen Heather I‐Hsuan , deJong Joyce 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThis study is of autopsy data for potential validation as to whether increased weights of the lungs support toxic effects of drugs as the cause of death. This retrospective study compared data from 133 deaths resulting from the toxic effects of drugs with previously reported normal lung weights (Toxicol Mech Methods, 22, 2012, 159; Am J Forensic Med Pathol 33, 2012, 368). The lung weights and their standard errors were used in a two‐sample independent t‐test comparing the average drug‐related death weight to the average control weights. To account for multiple comparisons, a Bonferroni‐adjusted alpha level of 0.0125 was used. We are 98.75% confident that the mean right lung weight for female drug‐related deaths is between 227 and 377 g greater than the mean right lung weight for female non‐drug‐related deaths. We are 98.75% confident that the mean right lung weight for male drug‐related deaths is between 245 and 378 g greater than the mean right lung weight for male non‐drug‐related deaths.
Patterns of low acuity patient presentations to emergency departments in New South Wales, Australia
Authors: Stephens Alexandre S , Broome Richard A 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObjectiveTo explore the patterns of low acuity patient (LAP) presentations to EDs in New South Wales (NSW), Australia.MethodsRetrospective study of NSW public hospital ED presentations between January 2013 and December 2014 that were registered in the NSW Emergency Department Data Collection (n = 409 035). LAPs were defined according to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW), Sprivulis and multiple ACEM methods. Multivariable logistic regression was used to assess the adjusted odds of LAP ED presentation by a suite of sociodemographic factors.ResultsThe percentage of LAPs varied considerably by definition, being as high as 54.7% (inner regional areas) and as low as 3.2% (major cities) using revised ACEM methods modified to contain unlimited consultation times or consultation times of 15 min or less, respectively. For each method, higher proportions of LAPs were observed in inner regional and remote/very remote areas relative to major cities. LAP ED presentations, based on ACEM definition with 1 h or 15 min consultation times, were greater in younger patients, increased during out of business hours and weekends, and decreased with increasing general practitioner (GP) density.ConclusionThe percentage of LAPs varied substantially by definition, and further work is required to validate the methods, particularly around the appropriateness of length of consultation time with ACEM, between different hospitals and remoteness areas. Age was strongly associated with low acuity, with substantial effects also observed for GP density, and attendances during out of hours and weekends.
Pyriproxyfen inhibits the suppressive effect of inflammatory signal on TR4 activity
Authors: Choi Hojung , Park Sung‐Soo , Kim Eungseok 
Published: March 2017

AbstractObesity causes a chronic inflammatory state by increasing secretion of proinflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), which alters signaling pathways critical for metabolic homeostasis, leading to obesity‐related metabolic disorders. Here, we demonstrate that TNFα inhibits testicular orphan nuclear receptor 4 (TR4) transcriptional activity and this TNFα inhibition of TR4 activity is reduced by treatment of Pyriproxyfen (PYR), a juvenile hormone (JH) analog. In addition, nuclear factor‐kappa B (NF‐κB), a key transcription regulator of inflammation, also suppressed TR4 transactivation by physical interaction with TR4, reducing TR4 binding affinity for TR4 response elements located in its target gene promoters. Consistently, NF‐κB‐suppressed TR4 activity was partially restored by PYR treatment. Furthermore, TNFα inhibited mRNA levels of TR4 target genes such as, FATP1 and PC with reduction of lipid accumulation in 3 T3‐L1 adipocytes while PYR suppressed TNFα inhibition of TR4 target gene expression, resulting in recovery of lipid accumulation of adipocytes, suggesting that PYR enhances lipid homeostasis disturbed by inflammatory signaling and this PYR effect could be achieved in part by stimulating TR4 transcriptional activity. Together, our data show that PYR regulates inflammatory signaling in adipocytes and thus, small molecules based on insect hormones could be an alternative approach to control obesity‐related metabolic disorders.
Complete mitochondrial genome of the black‐tailed hornet, Vespa ducalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae): Genomic comparisons in Vespoidea
Authors: Kim Jong Seok , Jeong Jun Seong , Jeong Su Yeon , Kim Min Jee , Kim Iksoo 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of the black‐tailed hornet, Vespa ducalis (Hymenoptera: Vespidae). The genome was 15,779‐bp long and contained typical sets of genes [13 protein‐coding genes (PCGs), 22 tRNAs, and 2 rRNAs]. The V. ducalis A + T‐rich region was 166‐bp long and was the shortest of all sequenced Vespoidea genomes, including Vespa. The genome was highly biased toward A/T nucleotides—80.1 % in the whole genome, 77.8 % in PCGs, 83.4–85.6 % in RNAs, and 92.8 % in the A + T‐rich region. These values are well within the typical range for genes and regions of Vespoidea mitogenomes. Start and stop codons in several Vespa species—including V. ducalis—were diversified, despite these species belonging to the same genus. In comparison with the ancestral mitogenomes, Vespa mitogenomes—including that of V. ducalis—showed substantial gene rearrangement; however, we detected no gene rearrangement among Vespa species. We conducted phylogenetic reconstruction based on concatenated sequences of 13 PCGs and two rRNAs (12,755 bp) in available species of Vespoidea—21 species in six subfamilies in two families (Vespidae and Formicidae). The Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood (ML) methods revealed that each family formed strong monophyletic groups [Bayesian posterior probability (BPP) = 1; ML, 100 %]. Moreover, V. ducalis and V. mandarinia formed a strong sister group (BPP = 1; ML, 94 %).
A novel cecropin‐like peptide from black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens: Isolation, structural and functional characterization
Authors: Park Soon‐Ik , Yoe Sung Moon 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCecropins are basic antibacterial peptides that have potent antimicrobial activities. We induced and purified a novel antimicrobial peptide exhibiting activity against Gram‐negative bacteria from the immunized hemolymph of Hermetia illucens larvae. The immunized hemolymph was extracted, and the novel cecropin‐like peptide 1 (CLP1) was purified using solid‐phase extraction and reverse‐phase chromatography. The purified CLP1 demonstrated a molecular weight of 4,840 Da, as determined by matrix‐assisted laser desorption/ionization‐time‐of‐flight (MALDI‐TOF). From analysis of CLP1 by N‐terminal amino acid sequencing using Edman degradation, combined with MALDI‐TOF and rapid amplification of cDNA ends‐polymerase chain reaction (RACE‐PCR), the amino acid sequence of the mature peptide was determined to be GWRKRVFKPVEKFGQRVRDAGVQGIAIAQQGANVLATARGGP PQQG. In NCBI BLAST, the amino acid sequence of CLP1 was found to be 60 % identical to the Drosophila melanogaster cecropin C. In silico analysis revealed that CLP1 was suggested to be part of the cecropin superfamily of AMPs characterized as cationic, linear, α‐helical, and amphipathic polypeptides. Analysis of the minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) showed that CLP1 exerted antibacterial effects against Gram‐negative bacteria. The expression of CLP1 transcripts in several tissues after bacterial challenge was measured by quantitative real‐time PCR. CLP1 expression was negligible throughout the body before immunization, and was mostly evident in the fat body after immunization.
Moisture‐Mediated Interactions Between Amorphous Maltodextrins and Crystalline Fructose
Authors: Thorat Alpana , Marrs Krystin N. , Ghorab Mohamed K. , Meunier Vincent , Forny Laurent , Taylor Lynne S. , Mauer Lisa J. 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe effects of coformulating amorphous maltodextrins (MDs) and crystalline fructose, a deliquescent solid, on the moisture sorption, deliquescence point (RH0), and glass transition temperature (Tg) behaviors were determined. Moisture sorption profiles of binary fructose:MD mixtures and individual ingredients were generated using controlled relative humidity (RH) desiccators and by dynamic vapor sorption techniques. Blends exhibited synergistic moisture uptake at RHs below the RH0 of fructose, attributed to partial dissolution of fructose in plasticized MD matrices without a significant reduction in the RH0 of the undissolved fructose. Increasing storage temperature decreased the onset RH for moisture sorption synergy. At all storage RHs, the measured Tg (2nd scan) was significantly reduced in fructose:MD mixtures compared to individual MDs, and was related to both the synergistic moisture uptake in the blends and heat‐induced ternary fructose–MD–water interactions in the differential scanning calorimeter. Differences were found between the behavior of fructose:MD blends and previous reports of sucrose:MD and NaCl:MD blends, caused in part by the lower RH0 of fructose. The enhanced moisture sorption in blends of deliquescent and amorphous ingredients could lead to problematic moisture‐induced changes if storage conditions are not controlled.
The Long and Short of Environmental Solutions
Authors: Kareiva Peter , Fuller Emma 
Published: March 2017

AbstractCapitalism, globalization, consumerism and an almost religious commitment to perpetual growth are often blamed for the world's environmental woes. But does this mean that economic stagnation and Marxism, for example, would be the friend of the environment? We need to analyze the flaws of our current socioeconomic ecosystem and work to make concrete improvements. Some improvements are short term and simply reflect improved ‘best practices’ and more flexible frameworks for implementing existing policies. These improvements can make a difference in a matter of years and are relevant to the urgency of avoiding species extinctions in the near term. These changes are analogous to ‘tuning’ a car's engine. Other improvements will require fundamental changes in how our economic system works – changes such as breaking the reliance of developing nations on cheap fossil fuels. These changes are analogous to rebuilding and redesigning a car's engine. But whatever actions are explored, they must be practical and concrete. Bemoaning the avarice and resource exploitation of capitalism and its addiction to growth is a, by‐now, stale and unactionable critique of the modern world.
Generating Sustained Political Priority for Non‐communicable Diseases: Towards a Suitable Governance Model
Authors: Huckel Schneider Carmen , Gillespie James A. , Thow Anne Marie 
Published: March 2017

AbstractThe 2011 high‐level meeting of the United Nations General Assembly on non‐communicable diseases (NCDs), and subsequent developments in global public policy on NCDs can be seen as a contemporary case study in global health governance. As the debate on what constitutes appropriate and desirable governance continues, highly contrasting models are being compared as starting points. We define these as the global health initiative model and the convention/strategy model. Each has a different strategy at its core and represents a different response to key normative challenges that are said to plague global health governance – participation, scope of action, balancing power, legitimacy and effectiveness. As the current structure of the Global Coordinating Mechanism for NCDs within the WHO emerges as a possible new model, we argue that these normative challenges need to be addressed to safeguard against potential policy ineffectiveness.
Organizational Aspect of the Global Fight against Online Child Sexual Abuse
Authors: Açar Kemal Veli 
Published: March 2017

AbstractOnline child sexual abuse is a relatively new form of crime against children which requires a more concerted action on a global scale. Intricate organizational, technical, legal and socio‐psychological issues surrounding this phenomenon make the current structure and possible solutions to organizational problems extremely complicated to analyse, evaluate and discuss. This commentary focuses on the organizational aspect by dividing the complex global response into four simple layers: governments and inter‐governmental agencies, police and judicial bodies, non‐governmental organizations and the private sector. Undoubtedly, developing more effective global policies for the fight against online child sexual abuse relies on deeper understanding of the current structure and the roles of each layer.
The Impact of Litigation Risk on Auditor Pricing Behavior: Evidence From Reverse Mergers
Authors: Abbott Lawrence J. , Gunny Katherine , Pollard Troy 
Published: March 2017

AbstractWe use reverse mergers to examine the impact of litigation risk on audit fees. In a reverse merger, a private company merges with a public company, and the private company's management takes over the resulting publicly traded firm. Reverse mergers create a unique test setting to provide estimates on the litigation risk premium because, while the litigation risk for formerly private firms whose equity becomes publicly traded increases, the remaining auditee‐ and auditor‐related characteristics remain virtually unchanged. We document a litigation risk premium of approximately 27 percent. Moreover, we document that equity dispersion impacts the audit fee pricing of litigation risk and this relation is dramatically magnified in the publicly traded realm. Finally, we find that institutional investors demand higher audit effort in the form of higher audit fees in both the private‐ and public‐equity settings.
Diagnosis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease is enhanced by adding oesophageal histology and excluding epigastric pain
Authors: Vakil N. , Vieth M. , Wernersson B. , Wissmar J. , Dent J. 
Published: March 2017

SummaryBackgroundThe diagnosis of gastro‐oesophageal reflux disease (GERD) in clinical practice is limited by the sensitivity and specificity of symptoms and diagnostic testing.AimTo determine if adding histology as a criterion and excluding patients with epigastric pain enhances the diagnosis for GERD.MethodsPatients with frequent upper gastrointestinal symptoms who had not taken a proton pump inhibitor in the previous 2 months and who had evaluable distal oesophageal biopsies were included (Diamond study: NCT00291746). Epithelial hyperplasia was identified when total epithelial thickness was at least 430 μm. Investigation‐based GERD criteria were: presence of erosive oesophagitis, pathological oesophageal acid exposure and/or positive symptom–acid association probability. Symptoms were assessed using the Reflux Disease Questionnaire and a pre‐specified checklist.ResultsOverall, 127 (55%) of the 231 included patients met investigation‐based GERD criteria and 195 (84%) met symptom‐based criteria. Epithelial hyperplasia was present in 89 individuals, of whom 61 (69%) met investigation‐based criteria and 83 (93%) met symptom‐based criteria. Adding epithelial hyperplasia as a criterion increased the number of patients diagnosed with GERD on investigation by 28 [12%; number needed to diagnose (NND): 8], to 155 (67%). The proportion of patients with a symptom‐based GERD diagnosis who met investigation‐based criteria including epithelial hyperplasia was significantly greater when concomitant epigastric pain was absent than when it was present (P < 0.05; NND: 8).ConclusionsHistology increases diagnosis of GERD and should be performed when clinical suspicion is high and endoscopy is negative. Excluding patients with epigastric pain enhances sensitivity for the diagnosis of GERD.