bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Drivers of fuel use in rock lobster fisheries
Authors: Parker Robert W. R. , Gardner Caleb , Green Bridget S. , Hartmann Klaas , Watson Reg A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Fuel consumption is a leading cost to fishers and the primary source of greenhouse gas emissions from the global fishing industry. Fuel performance varies substantially between and within fisheries, but the drivers behind this variation are unclear and inconsistent across studies. We surveyed rock lobster fishers in Australia and New Zealand to measure rates of fuel use and assess the influence of technological (e.g. vessel size, engine power), behavioural (e.g. distance travelled, speed), and managerial (e.g. catch per unit effort, fishery capacity) factors. Weighted fuel use intensity across the region was 1,890 l/t. Managerial factors were the most influential drivers of fuel use in single day trips while technological factors heavily influenced multi-day trips. Catch per unit effort was the only significant driver present across both types of fishing trips. The vast majority of surveyed fishers identified fuel use as an important aspect of fishing operations, and nearly half had already implemented changes to try to reduce consumption. Our results suggest that efforts to reduce fuel consumption, costs, and emissions in fisheries need to be tailored to the nature of individual fisheries, as the relative roles of technology, behaviour, and management vary.
Representation and coding of signal geometry
Authors: Boufounos Petros T , Rane Shantanu , Mansour Hassan 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Approaches to signal representation and coding theory have traditionally focused on how to best represent signals using parsimonious representations that incur the lowest possible distortion. Classical examples include linear and nonlinear approximations, sparse representations and rate-distortion theory. Very often, however, the goal of processing is to extract specific information from the signal, and the distortion should be measured on the extracted information. The corresponding representation should, therefore, represent that information as parsimoniously as possible, without necessarily accurately representing the signal itself.
In this article, we examine the problem of encoding signals such that sufficient information is preserved about their pairwise distances and their inner products. For that goal, we consider randomized embeddings as an encoding mechanism and provide a framework to analyze their performance. We also demonstrate that it is possible to design the embedding such that it represents different ranges of distances with different precision. These embeddings also allow the computation of kernel inner products with control on their inner product-preserving properties. Our results provide a broad framework to design and analyze embeddings and generalize existing results in this area, such as random Fourier kernels and universal embeddings.
Effects of consumer-oriented health information technologies in diabetes management over time: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials
Authors: Tao Da , Wang Tieyan , Wang Tieshan , Liu Shuang , Qu Xingda 
Published: February 2017

AbstractObjective: To reveal the effects of consumer-oriented health information technologies (CHITs) on patient outcomes in diabetes management over time through systematic review and meta-analysis.Methods: We searched 5 electronic databases (from database inception to July 2016) for studies that reported on randomized controlled trials examining the effects of CHITs on glycemic control and other patient outcomes in diabetes management. Data were analyzed using either meta-analysis or a narrative synthesis approach.Results: Eighty randomized controlled trial studies, representing 87 individual trials, were identified and included for analysis. Overall, the meta-analysis showed that the use of CHITs resulted in significant improvement in glycemic control compared to usual care (standardized mean difference = −0.31%, 95% confidence interval −0.38 to −0.23, P &lt; .001) in patients with diabetes. Specifically, improvement in glycemic control was significant at intervention durations of 3, 6, 8, 9, 12, 15, 30, and 60 months, while no significant differences were found at other time points reported. The narrative synthesis provided mixed effects of CHITs on other clinical, psychosocial, behavioral, and knowledge outcomes.Conclusions: The use of CHITs appears to be more effective than usual care in improving glycemic control for patients with diabetes. However, their effectiveness did not remain consistent over time and in other patient outcomes. Further efforts are required to examine long-term effects of CHITs and to explore factors that can moderate the effects over time.
Pragmatic (trial) informatics: a perspective from the NIH Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory
Authors: Richesson Rachel L , Green Beverly B , Laws Reesa , Puro Jon , Kahn Michael G , Bauck Alan , Smerek Michelle , Van Eaton Erik G , Zozus Meredith , Ed Hammond W , Stephens Kari A , Simon Greg E 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Pragmatic clinical trials (PCTs) are research investigations embedded in health care settings designed to increase the efficiency of research and its relevance to clinical practice. The Health Care Systems Research Collaboratory, initiated by the National Institutes of Health Common Fund in 2010, is a pioneering cooperative aimed at identifying and overcoming operational challenges to pragmatic research. Drawing from our experience, we present 4 broad categories of informatics-related challenges: (1) using clinical data for research, (2) integrating data from heterogeneous systems, (3) using electronic health records to support intervention delivery or health system change, and (4) assessing and improving data capture to define study populations and outcomes. These challenges impact the validity, reliability, and integrity of PCTs. Achieving the full potential of PCTs and a learning health system will require meaningful partnerships between health system leadership and operations, and federally driven standards and policies to ensure that future electronic health record systems have the flexibility to support research.
Comparison of multileaf collimator and conventional circular collimator systems in Cyberknife stereotactic radiotherapy
Authors: Murai Taro , Hattori Yukiko , Sugie Chikao , Iwata Hiromitsu , Iwabuchi Michio , Shibamoto Yuta 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Multileaf collimator (MLC) technology has been newly introduced with the Cyberknife system. This study investigated the advantages of this system compared with the conventional circular collimator (CC) system. Dosimetric comparisons of MLC and CC plans were carried out. First, to investigate suitable target sizes for the MLC mode, MLC and CC plans were generated using computed tomography (CT) images from 5 patients for 1, 3, 5 and 7 cm diameter targets. Second, MLC and CC plans were compared in 10 patients, each with liver and prostate targets. For brain targets, doses to the brain could be spared in MLC plans better than in CC plans (P ≤ 0.02). The MLC mode also achieved more uniform dose delivery to the targets. The conformity index in MLC plans was stable, irrespective of the target size (P = 0.5). For patients with liver tumors, the MLC mode achieved higher target coverage than the CC mode (P = 0.04). For prostate tumors, doses to the rectum and the conformity index were lowered in MLC plans compared with in CC plans (P ≤ 0.04). In all target plans, treatment times in MLC plans were shorter than those in CC plans (P &lt; 0.001). The newly introduced MLC technology can reduce treatment time and provide favorable or comparable dose distribution for 1–7 cm targets. In particular, the MLC mode has dosimetric advantage for targets near organs at risk. Therefore, the MLC mode is recommended as the first option in stereotactic body radiotherapy.
Long-term Outcomes With Planned Multistage Reduced Dose Repeat Stereotactic Radiosurgery for Treatment of Inoperable High-Grade Arteriovenous Malformations: An Observational Retrospective Cohort Study
Authors: Marciscano Ariel E. , Huang Judy , Tamargo Rafael J. , Hu Chen , Khattab Mohamed H. , Aggarwal Sameer , Lim Michael , Redmond Kristin J. , Rigamonti Daniele , Kleinberg Lawrence R. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: There is no consensus regarding the optimal management of inoperable high-grade arteriovenous malformations (AVMs). This long-term study of 42 patients with high-grade AVMs reports obliteration and adverse event (AE) rates using planned multistage repeat stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS).

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of multistage SRS with treatment of the entire AVM nidus at each treatment session to achieve complete obliteration of high-grade AVMs.

METHODS: Patients with high-grade Spetzler-Martin (S-M) III-V AVMs treated with at least 2 multistage SRS treatments from 1989 to 2013. Clinical outcomes of obliteration rate, minor/major AEs, and treatment characteristics were collected.

RESULTS: Forty-two patients met inclusion criteria (n = 26, S-M III; n = 13, S-M IV; n = 3, S-M V) with a median follow-up was 9.5 yr after first SRS. Median number of SRS treatment stages was 2, and median interval between stages was 3.5 yr. Twenty-two patients underwent pre-SRS embolization. Complete AVM obliteration rate was 38%, and the median time to obliteration was 9.7 yr. On multivariate analysis, higher S-M grade was significantly associated (P = .04) failure to achieve obliteration. Twenty-seven post-SRS AEs were observed, and the post-SRS intracranial hemorrhage rate was 0.027 events per patient year.

CONCLUSION: Treatment of high-grade AVMs with multistage SRS achieves AVM obliteration in a meaningful proportion of patients with acceptable AE rates. Lower obliteration rates were associated with higher S-M grade and pre-SRS embolization. This approach should be considered with caution, as partial obliteration does not protect from hemorrhage.
Management of Penetrating Cerebrovascular Injuries in Pediatric Trauma: A Retrospective Multicenter Study
Authors: Ravindra Vijay M. , Dewan Michael C. , Akbari Hassan , Bollo Robert J. , Limbrick David , Jea Andrew , Naftel Robert P. , Riva-Cambrin Jay K. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND: Blunt cerebrovascular injury is uncommon in the pediatric population; penetrating cerebrovascular injuries are even rarer and are thus poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the diagnosis and management of penetrating cerebrovascular injuries and describe outcomes of available treatment modalities.

METHODS: Clinical and radiographic data were collected retrospectively from a multicenter trauma registry for children screened for cerebrovascular injury during 2003 to 2013 at 4 academic pediatric trauma centers.

RESULTS: Among 645 pediatric patients evaluated with computed tomography angiography with blunt cerebrovascular injury, 130 also had a penetrating trauma indication. Seven penetrating cerebrovascular injuries were diagnosed in 7 male patients (mean age 12.4 years, range 12-18 years). Focal neurological deficit and concomitant intracranial injury were each seen in 2 patients. There were 2 intracranial carotid artery injuries, 4 extracranial carotid artery injuries, and 1 vertebral artery injury. The majority of injuries were higher than grade I (5/7; 71%): 2 were grade I, 1 grade II, 2 grade III, and 2 grade IV. The 2 patients with grade III injuries required open surgery, and 1 patient with a grade IV injury underwent endovascular treatment. Two patients suffered immediate stroke secondary to the penetrating cerebrovascular injury. There were no delayed neurological deficits from the penetrating injuries, and no patients died as a result of the injuries.

CONCLUSION: This is the largest series of penetrating cerebrovascular trauma in the pediatric literature. Although rare, penetrating cerebrovascular injuries can be high-grade injuries that require urgent recognition and may require aggressive endovascular and/or open surgery for treatment.
Forty years of research on solid metallic lithium batteries: an interview with Liquan Chen
Authors: Li Hong 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Li-ion batteries were first commercialized by Sony in 1991 and have been used widely in portable electronic devices, electric vehicles and grid applications. Although Li-ion batteries have achieved a phenomenon commercial success and become so pervasive and indispensable in our modern life, their development has been sluggish and fallen way behind the rapid advancement of electronic technologies. Batteries with a higher energy density than Li-ion batteries are highly desired for many emerging applications. It is widely recognized that solid metallic lithium batteries (SMLBs) are one of the most promising candidate technologies. The first research on SMLBs was reported by Michel Armand in 1978. At almost the same time, Liquan Chen studied lithium-ion conductors in Germany with Werner Weppner in 1977. When he came back to China in 1978, he initiated and pioneered the research on SMLBs and related fundamental studies of solid-state ionics in China for the first time. In this interview, Prof. Chen reviews his work of the past 40 years in solid lithium batteries and lithium-ion batteries, and the renaissance and future prospects of SMLBs.
Primary Outcomes From a Phase 3, Randomized, Double-Blind, Active-Controlled Trial of Surotomycin in Subjects With Clostridium difficile Infection
Authors: Boix Vicente , Fedorak Richard N. , Mullane Kathleen M. , Pesant Yves , Stoutenburgh Uschi , Jin Mandy , Adedoyin Adedayo , Chesnel Laurent , Guris Dalya , Larson Kajal B. , Murata Yoshihiko 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Although the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection (CDI) is increasing, available CDI treatment options are limited in terms of sustained response after treatment. This phase 3 trial assessed the efficacy and safety of surotomycin, a novel bactericidal cyclic lipopeptide, versus oral vancomycin in subjects with CDI.

Methods
In this randomized, double-blind, active-controlled, multicenter, international trial, subjects with CDI confirmed by a positive toxin result were randomized to receive surotomycin (250 mg twice daily) or vancomycin (125 mg 4 times daily) orally for 10 days. The primary endpoints were clinical response at end of treatment and evaluation of surotomycin safety. The key secondary endpoints were clinical response over time and sustained clinical response through a 30- to 40-day follow-up period. Clostridium difficile infection recurrence during follow-up and time to diarrhea resolution were also analyzed.

Results
In total, 570 subjects were randomized and had confirmed CDI; 290 subjects received surotomycin and 280 subjects received vancomycin. Surotomycin clinical cure rates at end of treatment (surotomycin/vancomycin: 79.0%/83.6%; difference of −4.6%; 95% confidence interval, −11.0 to 1.9]), clinical response over time (stratified log-rank test, P = .832), and sustained clinical response at end of trial (Day 40–50) (60.6%/61.4%; difference of −0.8%; 95% CI, −8.8 to 7.1) in the microbiological modified intent to treat population did not meet noninferiority or superiority criteria versus vancomycin. Both treatments were generally well tolerated.

Conclusions
Surotomycin failed to meet the criteria for noninferiority versus vancomycin for the primary and key secondary endpoints in this trial.
How Do Preoperative Antibiotics Affect Culture Yield in Diabetic Foot Infections?
Authors: Young Heather , Miller Whitney , Burnham Randy , Heard Susan , Berg Chrystal , Jenkins Timothy C. 
Published: February 2017

abstractThe impact of preoperative antibiotics on culture of diabetic foot infection samples has not been studied. We found that increasing exposure to preoperative antibiotics was associated with less frequent growth of streptococci and anaerobes and more culture-negative results. In contrast, the yield of Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacilli was unaffected.
Barriers to Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Treatment Initiation in Patients With Human Immunodeficiency Virus/HCV Coinfection: Lessons From the Interferon Era
Authors: Wansom Tanyaporn , Falade-Nwulia Oluwaseun , Sutcliffe Catherine G. , Mehta Shruti H. , Moore Richard D. , Thomas David L. , Sulkowski Mark S. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
Hepatitis C is a major cause of mortality among human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected patients, yet hepatitis C virus (HCV) treatment uptake has historically been low. Although the removal of interferon removes a major barrier to HCV treatment uptake, oral therapies alone may not fully eliminate barriers in this population.

Methods
Within the Johns Hopkins Hospital HIV cohort, a nested case-control study was conducted to identify cases, defined as patients initiating HCV treatment between January 1996 and 2013, and controls, which were selected using incidence density sampling (3:1 ratio). Controls were matched to cases on date of enrollment. Conditional logistic regression was used to evaluate factors associated with HCV treatment initiation.

Results
Among 208 treated cases and 624 untreated controls, the presence of advanced fibrosis (odds ratio [OR], 2.23; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.26–3.95), recent active drug use (OR, 0.36; 95% CI, 0.19–0.69), and non-black race (OR, 2.01; 95% CI, 1.26–3.20) were independently associated with initiation of HCV therapy. An increasing proportion of missed visits was also independently associated with lower odds of HCV treatment (25%–49% missed visits [OR, 0.49; 95% CI, 0.27–0.91] and ≥50% missed visits [OR, 0.24; 95% CI, 0.12–0.48]).

Conclusions
Interferon-free treatments may not be sufficient to fully overcome barriers to HCV care in HIV-infected patients. Interventions to increase engagement in care for HIV and substance use are needed to expand HCV treatment uptake.
Association Between Cytomegalovirus Reactivation and Clinical Outcomes in Immunocompetent Critically Ill Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Authors: Lachance Philippe , Chen Justin , Featherstone Robin , Sligl Wendy I 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

Background
The aim of our systematic review was to investigate the association between cytomegalovirus (CMV) reactivation and outcomes in immunocompetent critically ill patients.

Methods
We searched electronic databases and gray literature for original studies and abstracts published between 1990 and October 2016. The review was limited to studies including critically ill immunocompetent patients. Cytomegalovirus reactivation was defined as positive polymerase chain reaction, pp65 antigenemia, or viral culture from blood or bronchoalveolar lavage. Selected patient-centered outcomes included mortality, duration of mechanical ventilation, need for renal replacement therapy (RRT), and nosocomial infections. Health resource utilization outcomes included intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay.

Results
Twenty-two studies were included. In our primary analysis, CMV reactivation was associated with increased ICU mortality (odds ratio [OR], 2.55; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.87–3.47), overall mortality (OR, 2.02; 95% CI, 1.60–2.56), duration of mechanical ventilation (mean difference 6.60 days; 95% CI, 3.09–10.12), nosocomial infections (OR, 3.20; 95% CI, 2.05–4.98), need for RRT (OR, 2.37; 95% CI, 1.31–4.31), and ICU length of stay (mean difference 8.18 days; 95% CI, 6.14–10.22). In addition, numerous sensitivity analyses were performed.

Conclusions
In this meta-analysis, CMV reactivation was associated with worse clinical outcomes and greater health resource utilization in critically ill patients. However, it remains unclear whether CMV reactivation plays a causal role or if it is a surrogate for more severe illness.
Single Session of Functional Electrical Stimulation-Assisted Walking Produces Corticomotor Symmetry Changes Related to Changes in Poststroke Walking Mechanics
Authors: Palmer Jacqueline A. , Hsiao HaoYuan , Wright Tamara , Binder-Macleod Stuart A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Background. Recent research demonstrated that the symmetry of corticomotor drive with the paretic and nonparetic plantarflexor muscles was related to the biomechanical ankle moment strategy that people with chronic stroke used to achieve their greatest walking speeds. Rehabilitation strategies that promote corticomotor balance might improve poststroke walking mechanics and enhance functional ambulation.
Objective. The study objectives were to test the effectiveness of a single session of gait training using functional electrical stimulation (FES) to improve plantarflexor corticomotor symmetry and plantarflexion ankle moment symmetry and to determine whether changes in corticomotor symmetry were related to changes in ankle moment symmetry within the session.
Design. This was a repeated-measures crossover study.
Methods. On separate days, 20 people with chronic stroke completed a session of treadmill walking either with or without the use of FES of their ankle dorsi- and plantarflexor muscles. We calculated plantarflexor corticomotor symmetry using transcranial magnetic stimulation and plantarflexion ankle moment symmetry during walking between the paretic and the nonparetic limbs before and after each session. We compared changes and tested relationships between corticomotor symmetry and ankle moment symmetry following each session.
Results. Following the session with FES, there was an increase in plantarflexor corticomotor symmetry that was related to the observed increase in ankle moment symmetry. In contrast, following the session without FES, there were no changes in corticomotor symmetry or ankle moment symmetry.
Limitations. No stratification was made on the basis of lesion size, location, or clinical severity.
Conclusions. These findings demonstrate, for the first time (to our knowledge), the ability of a single session of gait training with FES to induce positive corticomotor plasticity in people in the chronic stage of stroke recovery. They also provide insight into the neurophysiologic mechanisms underlying improvements in biomechanical walking function.