bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Evaluation of different methods to model near-surface turbulent fluxes for a mountain glacier in the Cariboo Mountains, BC, Canada
Authors: Radić Valentina , Menounos Brian , Shea Joseph , Fitzpatrick Noel , Tessema Mekdes A. , Déry Stephen J. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract. As part of surface energy balance models used to simulate glacier melting, choosing parameterizations to adequately estimate turbulent heat fluxes is extremely challenging. This study aims to evaluate a set of four aerodynamic bulk methods (labeled as C methods), commonly used to estimate turbulent heat fluxes for a sloped glacier surface, and two less commonly used bulk methods developed from katabatic flow models. The C methods differ in their parameterizations of the bulk exchange coefficient that relates the fluxes to the near-surface measurements of mean wind speed, air temperature, and humidity. The methods' performance in simulating 30 min sensible- and latent-heat fluxes is evaluated against the measured fluxes from an open-path eddy-covariance (OPEC) method. The evaluation is performed at a point scale of a mountain glacier, using one-level meteorological and OPEC observations from multi-day periods in the 2010 and 2012 summer seasons. The analysis of the two independent seasons yielded the same key findings, which include the following: first, the bulk method, with or without the commonly used Monin–Obukhov (M–O) stability functions, overestimates the turbulent heat fluxes over the observational period, mainly due to a substantial overestimation of the friction velocity. This overestimation is most pronounced during the katabatic flow conditions, corroborating the previous findings that the M–O theory works poorly in the presence of a low wind speed maximum. Second, the method based on a katabatic flow model (labeled as the KInt method) outperforms any C method in simulating the friction velocity; however, the C methods outperform the KInt method in simulating the sensible-heat fluxes. Third, the best overall performance is given by a hybrid method, which combines the KInt approach with the C method; i.e., it parameterizes eddy viscosity differently than eddy diffusivity. An error analysis reveals that the uncertainties in the measured meteorological variables and the roughness lengths produce errors in the modeled fluxes that are smaller than the differences between the modeled and observed fluxes. This implies that further advances will require improvement to model theory rather than better measurements of input variables. Further data from different glaciers are needed to investigate any universality of these findings.
Prolonged Preoperative Weakness Affects Recovery of Motor Function After Anterior Cervical Diskectomy and Fusion
Authors: Kreitz Tyler , Huang Ronald , Beck David , Park Andrew G. , Hilibrand Alan 
Published: December 2017

Introduction:
Some patients who undergo anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion for radiculopathy or myelopathy demonstrate preoperative weakness. The purpose of this study was to determine which factors predict motor recovery in patients undergoing anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion.

Methods:
A retrospective review of our institutional database identified patients undergoing anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion between 2010 and 2013 with 2 years of clinical follow-up. Patients with substantial weakness, defined as preoperative grade ≤3 (on a scale from 0 to 5) in one or more upper extremity muscle groups, were identified. Regression analysis was used to determine risk factors associated with persistent postoperative weakness.

Results:
Of the 1,001 patients who were included, 54 (5.4%) demonstrated substantial weakness. By 2 years postoperatively, 47 of 54 patients (87%) demonstrated motor recovery. The duration of preoperative weakness was an independent predictor of recovery (median, 4 months of preoperative weakness among patients with recovery versus 10 months in patients with persistent weakness; P = 0.012).

Discussion:
Duration of preoperative motor weakness is an independent predictor of motor recovery after anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion in patients with substantial motor weakness.

Conclusion:
Patients being considered for anterior cervical diskectomy and fusion who have substantial preoperative motor deficits may benefit from earlier surgical intervention.
Classification of different erythrocyte cells by using bioimpedance surface acoustic wave and their sedimentation rates
Authors: Eldosoky Mohamed A. A. 
Published: December 2017

Abstract
Classification of the RBCs with their shapes, volumes and volume fractions is an important indicator for the normality of the healthy body. RBCs in the plasma are simulated electrically as a conductor solution with insulated particles moving through the plasma. Consequently, the impedance of the plasma-RBCs is proportional to the number and the volume of the RBCs within the plasma. This paper presents a new proposed method for studying the characteristics of the RBCs by using a surface acoustic wave sensor. Because of the free motion of the RBCs during the test of the erythrocytes sedimentation rate, the concentration of the RBCs varies from one layer to another. Consequently, the output waveform of the surface acoustic wave sensor changes from one time to another related to the behavior of the RBCs. This method shows its ability to classify not only the volume fraction and volumes of the RBCs, but also the different types of the RBCs.
La Orden de Santiago en época Trastámara: un repaso historiográfico (1971-2017)
Authors: Plaza Pedroche Milagros 
Published: December 2017

<p>En el presente artículo se concede atención al desarrollo de la producción historiográfica referente a la Orden de Santiago en el ámbito castellanoleonés y en el periodo comprendido entre 1350 y 1500. En él se realiza un balance que permite conocer los vacíos informativos que todavía perviven dentro de este campo y las líneas de investigación que de cara al futuro se abren a los medievalistas. </p>
Long‐Term Drainage Reduces CO2 Uptake and CH4 Emissions in a Siberian Permafrost Ecosystem
Authors: Kittler Fanny , Heimann Martin , Kolle Olaf , Zimov Nikita , Zimov Sergei , Göckede Mathias 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPermafrost landscapes in northern high latitudes with their massive organic carbon stocks are an important, poorly known, component of the global carbon cycle. However, in light of future Arctic warming, the sustainability of these carbon pools is uncertain. To a large part, this is due to a limited understanding of the carbon cycle processes because of sparse observations in Arctic permafrost ecosystems. Here we present an eddy covariance data set covering more than 3 years of continuous CO2 and CH4 flux observations within a moist tussock tundra ecosystem near Chersky in north‐eastern Siberia. Through parallel observations of a disturbed (drained) area and a control area nearby, we aim to evaluate the long‐term effects of a persistently lowered water table on the net vertical carbon exchange budgets and the dominating biogeochemical mechanisms. Persistently drier soils trigger systematic shifts in the tundra ecosystem carbon cycle patterns. Both, uptake rates of CO2 and emissions of CH4 decreased. Year‐round measurements emphasize the importance of the non‐growing season—in particular the “zero‐curtain” period in the fall—to the annual budget. Approximately 60% of the CO2 uptake in the growing season is lost during the cold seasons, while CH4 emissions during the non‐growing season account for 30% of the annual budget. Year‐to‐year variability in temperature conditions during the late growing season was identified as the primary control of the interannual variability observed in the CO2 and CH4 fluxes.
Collapse of Granular Columns With Fractal Particle Size Distribution: Implications for Understanding the Role of Small Particles in Granular Flows
Authors: Lai Zhiqiang , Vallejo Luis E. , Zhou Wei , Ma Gang , Espitia Jairo M. , Caicedo Bernardo , Chang Xiaolin 
Published: December 2017

AbstractAccording to field measurements, the basic character of the particle size distributions obtained from the landslide accumulations is fractal. The collapse of the granular columns with fractal particle size distribution (FPSD) is performed numerically and experimentally to form dry granular flows and the mechanism of how FPSD affects the particle movements is then investigated. Numerical and experimental analyses show that particle flow mobility increases as the fractal dimension increases. Several linear relationships exist between the fractal dimension and flow mobility parameters. By analyzing the kinetics of granular flows, it is found that a large number of small‐sized particles will form a boundary layer where the particle shearing and velocities are remarkably increased and will thus have a lubricant effect on the flow mobility. Moreover, the number of particle collisions increases, and small‐sized particles are more likely to obtain higher spreading velocities via the greater contribution of particle interactions.
Unexpected Occurrence of Mesospheric Frontal Gravity Wave Events Over South Pole (90°S)
Authors: Pautet P.‐D. , Taylor M. J. , Snively J. B. , Solorio C. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractSince 2010, Utah State University has operated an infrared Advanced Mesospheric Temperature Mapper at the Amundsen–Scott South Pole station to investigate the upper atmosphere dynamics and temperature deep within the vortex. A surprising number of “frontal” gravity wave events (86) were recorded in the mesospheric OH(3,1) band intensity and rotational temperature images (typical altitude of ~87 km) during four austral winters (2012–2015). These events are gravity waves (GWs) characterized by a sharp leading wave front followed by a quasi‐monochromatic wave train that grows with time. A particular subset of frontal gravity wave events has been identified in the past (Dewan & Picard, 1998) as “bores.” These are usually associated with wave ducting within stable mesospheric inversion layers, which allow them to propagate over very large distances. They have been observed on numerous occasions from low‐latitude and midlatitude sites, but to date, very few have been reported at high latitudes. This study provides new analyses of the characteristics of frontal events at high latitudes and shows that most of them are likely ducted. The occurrence of these frontal GW events over this isolated region strongly supports the existence of horizontally extensive mesospheric thermal inversion layers over Antarctica, leading to regions of enhanced stability necessary for GW trapping and ducting.
Three‐Dimensional Reconstruction of Cloud‐to‐Ground Lightning Using High‐Speed Video and VHF Broadband Interferometer
Authors: Li Yun , Qiu Shi , Shi Lihua , Huang Zhengyu , Wang Tao , Duan Yantao 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe time resolved three‐dimensional (3‐D) spatial reconstruction of lightning channels using high‐speed video (HSV) images and VHF broadband interferometer (BITF) data is first presented in this paper. Because VHF and optical radiations in step formation process occur with time separation no more than 1 μs, the observation data of BITF and HSV at two different sites provide the possibility of reconstructing the time resolved 3‐D channel of lightning. With the proposed procedures for 3‐D reconstruction of leader channels, dart leaders as well as stepped leaders with complex multiple branches can be well reconstructed. The differences between 2‐D speeds and 3‐D speeds of leader channels are analyzed by comparing the development of leader channels in 2‐D and 3‐D space. Since return stroke (RS) usually follows the path of previous leader channels, the 3‐D speeds of the return strokes are first estimated by combination with the 3‐D structure of the preceding leaders and HSV image sequences. For the fourth RS, the ratios of the 3‐D to 2‐D RS speeds increase with height, and the largest ratio of the 3‐D to 2‐D return stroke speeds can reach 2.03, which is larger than the result of triggered lightning reported by Idone. Since BITF can detect lightning radiation in a 360° view, correlated BITF and HSV observations increase the 3‐D detection probability than dual‐station HSV observations, which is helpful to obtain more events and deeper understanding of the lightning process.
Potential for Changing Extreme Snowmelt and Rainfall Events in the Mountains of the Western United States
Authors: Harpold A. A. , Kohler M. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe intensity of mountain precipitation is often modified by snow accumulation and melt, yet rainfall‐based observations are widely used in planning and design. Comparisons of extreme rainfall versus snowmelt intensities are needed because they have different predictability and hazard implications. Regional warming is expected to intensify not only rainfall and snowfall but also slow snowmelt, which could further challenge intensity duration frequency (IDF) techniques. We use observations from 379 mountain sites across the western U.S. to estimate the 10 and 100 year intensity at 1, 2, and 30 day durations for historical snowmelt (SM), precipitation occurring during snow cover (SCP), and precipitation during the snow‐free period (SFP). At 1 day durations, 100 year SCP was greater than SM and SFP at 40% of sites, while SM was larger than SCP and SFP at 39% of sites. At 30 day durations, SM was greater than SCP and SFP at 95% of sites. The continental sites are generally insensitive to increased water input intensity from SCP occurring as rainfall. In contrast, the maritime mountains are relatively insensitive to changes in SM but have the potential for increased water input intensity from greater SCP occurring as rainfall. Standard precipitation intensity data sets accurately estimated the 100 year, 1 day SCP and SM but underestimated SM at 78 continental sites where SM was greater than SCP and SFP. These results confirm that snow processes modify IDF estimates and highlight regional sensitivity to increased winter rainfall and slower snowmelt that may necessitate local adaptation strategies.
Actinide–Pnictide (An−Pn) Bonds Spanning Non‐Metal, Metalloid, and Metal Combinations (An=U, Th; Pn=P, As, Sb, Bi)
Authors: Rookes Thomas M. , Wildman Elizabeth P. , Balázs Gábor , Gardner Benedict M. , Wooles Ashley J. , Gregson Matthew , Tuna Floriana , Scheer Manfred , Liddle Stephen T. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe synthesis and characterisation is presented of the compounds [An(TrenDMBS){Pn(SiMe3)2}] and [An(TrenTIPS){Pn(SiMe3)2}] [TrenDMBS=N(CH2CH2NSiMe2But)3, An=U, Pn=P, As, Sb, Bi; An=Th, Pn=P, As; TrenTIPS=N(CH2CH2NSiPri3)3, An=U, Pn=P, As, Sb; An=Th, Pn=P, As, Sb]. The U−Sb and Th−Sb moieties are unprecedented examples of any kind of An−Sb molecular bond, and the U−Bi bond is the first two‐centre‐two‐electron (2c–2e) one. The Th−Bi combination was too unstable to isolate, underscoring the fragility of these linkages. However, the U−Bi complex is the heaviest 2c–2e pairing of two elements involving an actinide on a macroscopic scale under ambient conditions, and this is exceeded only by An−An pairings prepared under cryogenic matrix isolation conditions. Thermolysis and photolysis experiments suggest that the U−Pn bonds degrade by homolytic bond cleavage, whereas the more redox‐robust thorium compounds engage in an acid–base/dehydrocoupling route.
Interfacial Nanoprecipitation toward Stable and Responsive Microbubbles and Their Use as a Resuscitative Fluid
Authors: Peng Yifeng , Seekell Raymond P. , Cole Alexis R. , Lamothe Jemima R. , Lock Andrew T. , van den Bosch Sarah , Tang Xiaoqi , Kheir John N. , Polizzotti Brian D. 
Published: December 2017

AbstractA new approach has been developed to prepare stable microbubbles (MBs) by interfacial nanoprecipitation of bioabsorbable polymers at air/liquid interfaces. This facile method offers robust control over the morphology and chemophysical properties of MBs by simple chemical modifications. This approach is amenable to large‐scale manufacturing, and is useful to develop functional MBs for advanced biomedical applications. To demonstrate this, a MB‐based intravenous oxygen carrier was created that undergoes pH‐triggered self‐elimination. Intravenous injection of previous MBs increased the risk of pulmonary vascular obstruction. However, we show, for the first time, that our current design is superior, as they 1) yielded no evidence of acute risks in rodents, and 2) improved the survival in a disease model of asphyxial cardiac arrest (from 0 to 100 %), a condition that affects more than 100 000 in‐hospital patients, and carries a mortality of about 90 %.
Encapsulation of Homogeneous Catalysts in Mesoporous Materials Using Diffusion‐Limited Atomic Layer Deposition
Authors: Zhang Shufang , Zhang Bin , Liang Haojie , Liu Yequn , Qiao Yan , Qin Yong 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe heterogenization of homogeneous metal complex catalysts has attracted great attention. The encapsulation of metal complexes into nanochannels of mesoporous materials is achieved by coating metal oxides at/near the pore entrance by diffusion‐limited atomic layer deposition (ALD) to produce a hollow plug. The pore size of the hollow plug is precisely controlled on the sub‐nanometer scale by the number of ALD cycles to fit various metal complexes with different molecular sizes. Typically, Co or Ti complexes are successfully encapsulated into the nanochannels of SBA‐15, SBA‐16, and MCM‐41. The encapsulated Co and Ti catalysts show excellent catalytic activity and reusability in the hydrolytic kinetic resolution of epoxides and asymmetric cyanosilylation of carbonyl compounds, respectively. This ALD‐assisted encapsulation method can be extended to the encapsulation of other homogeneous catalysts into different mesoporous materials for various heterogeneous reactions.
The Catalytic Asymmetric Mukaiyama–Michael Reaction of Silyl Ketene Acetals with α,β‐Unsaturated Methyl Esters
Authors: Gatzenmeier Tim , Kaib Philip S. J. , Lingnau Julia B. , Goddard Richard , List Benjamin 
Published: December 2017

Abstractα,β‐Unsaturated esters are readily available but challenging substrates to activate in asymmetric catalysis. We now describe an efficient, general, and highly enantioselective Mukaiyama–Michael reaction of silyl ketene acetals with α,β‐unsaturated methyl esters that is catalyzed by a silylium imidodiphosphorimidate (IDPi) Lewis acid.
Tunability of polycaprolactone hydrophilicity by carboxymethyl cellulose loading
Authors: Alemán‐Domínguez M. E. , Ortega Z. , Benítez A. N. , Vilariño‐Feltrer G. , Gómez‐Tejedor J. A. , Vallés‐Lluch A. 
Published: December 2017

ABSTRACTCarboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is herein proposed as additive in polycaprolactone (PCL) matrices to obtain composites with tunable hydrophilicity. This composite material can be obtained by compression molding. The thermogravimetric degradation profile, the FTIR spectra, values of the water contact angle (WCA), water and phosphate‐buffered saline uptake values, and the results of a cytotoxicity assessment are presented herein. The concentrations of CMC in the groups of samples are 0, 2, 5, 10, and 20%. The WCA on the prewetted state decreases proportionally to the concentration of the additive. These results evidence the possibility of obtaining a PCL‐based composite with tunable hydrophilicity. Besides, the biological assessment does not reveal any cytotoxic effects. Therefore, the addition of CMC entails an innovative strategy to control the water affinity of PCL in biomedical applications where such feature is required to improve diffusion of biological medium through, or accelerate degradation by hydrolysis. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2018, 135, 46134.
Characterization of a Nilaparvata lugens (Stål) brummer gene and analysis of its role in lipid metabolism
Authors: Zhou Jinming , Yan Jing , You Keke , Chen Xia , Yuan Zhineng , Zhou Qiang , Lu Kai 
Published: December 2017

AbstractThe brummer (bmm) genes encode the lipid storage droplet‐associated triacylglycerols (TAG) lipases, which belong to the Brummer/Nutrin subfamily. These enzymes hydrolyze the ester bonds in TAG in lipid metabolism and act in insect energy homeostasis. Exposure to some agricultural chemicals leads to increased fecundity, which necessarily involves lipid metabolism, in some planthopper species. However, the biological roles of bmm in planthopper lipid storage and mobilization have not been investigated. Here, the open reading frame (ORF) of bmm (Nlbmm) was cloned and sequenced from the brown planthopper (BPH; Nilaparvata lugens). The ORF is 1014 bp encoding 338 amino acid residues. Nlbmm contained patatin domains and shared considerable evolutionary conservation with other insect bmms. Nlbmm is highly expressed in the fat body, consistent with its roles in lipid metabolism. Injection with Nlbmm double‐stranded RNA (dsNlbmm) led to reduced Nlbmm mRNA accumulation, but did not influence expression of several genes related to lipid synthesis including acyl‐CoA‐binding protein (ACBP), acetyl‐CoA carboxylase (ACC), and a lipophorin receptor (LpR). Nlbmm knockdown led to increased TAG contents in whole bodies, accumulation of total fat body lipid, and decreased hemolymph lipid content. Nlbmm knockdown did not influence the synthesis and distribution of glycerol. We infer that Nlbmm acts in TAG breakdown and fat metabolism in N. lugens.
Twitter communication of agri‐food chain actors on palm oil environmental, socio‐economic, and health sustainability
Authors: Ruggeri Arianna , Samoggia Antonella 
Published: December 2017

AbstractPalm oil is the world most used vegetable oil and its use as food ingredient is criticized for creating environmental, socio‐economic, and health sustainability challenges. In Europe, the debate on palm oil sustainability has strongly intensified in the latest years involving several agri‐food chain actors and stakeholders. The research explores Twitter content of key palm oil agri‐food chain actors on palm oil multiple sustainability dimensions, focusing on the European context. First, the study applied a qualitative deductive approach to categorize palm oil sustainability dimensions. Second, among the 463 palm oil agri‐food chain companies identified, 198 have an active Twitter account, including world palm oil producers, European bakery and chocolate manufacturers, and European food retailers. One hundred seven accounts tweet on palm oil. Third, a term frequency analysis and an in‐depth textual analysis of tweets on palm oil sustainability issues were carried out. Results confirms that all agri‐food chain actors communicate about palm oil sustainability, adopting a multi‐dimension outlook. Palm oil producers actively use Twitter to promote palm oil sustainability, whereas European manufacturers and retailers limit their activity to react to consumers' questioning. Whereas palm oil producers tend to shape consumers' opinion over the benefits and the opportunities of palm oil use, food manufacturers and retailers adopt a purely informative approach on sustainability certification, avoiding the engagement over sensitive issues. Health is the most mentioned sustainability dimension. The study also confirms differences between agri‐food chain actors' marketing communication. Finally, the study confirms that, in the case of sensitive issues, as for palm oil sustainability, Twitter is as able to drive companies' communication.