bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
An assessment of the climatological representativeness of IAGOS-CARIBIC trace gas measurements using EMAC model simulations
Authors: Eckstein Johannes , Ruhnke Roland , Zahn Andreas , Neumaier Marco , Kirner Ole , Braesicke Peter 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. Measurement data from the long-term passenger aircraft project IAGOS-CARIBIC are often used to derive climatologies of trace gases in the upper troposphere and lower stratosphere (UTLS). We investigate to what extent such climatologies are representative of the true state of the atmosphere. Climatologies are considered relative to the tropopause in mid-latitudes (35 to 75° N) for trace gases with different atmospheric lifetimes. Using the chemistry–climate model EMAC, we sample the modeled trace gases along CARIBIC flight tracks. Representativeness is then assessed by comparing the CARIBIC sampled model data to the full climatological model state. Three statistical methods are applied for the investigation of representativeness: the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test and two scores based on the variability and relative differences. Two requirements for any score describing representativeness are essential: representativeness is expected to increase (i) with the number of samples and (ii) with decreasing variability of the species considered. Based on these two requirements, we investigate the suitability of the different statistical measures for investigating representativeness. The Kolmogorov–Smirnov test is very strict and does not identify any trace-gas climatology as representative – not even of long-lived trace gases. In contrast, the two scores based on either variability or relative differences show the expected behavior and thus appear applicable for investigating representativeness. For the final analysis of climatological representativeness, we use the relative difference score and calculate a representativeness uncertainty for each trace gas in percent. In order to justify the transfer of conclusions about representativeness of individual trace gases from the model to measurements, we compare the trace gas variability between model and measurements. We find that the model reaches 50–100 % of the measurement variability. The tendency of the model to underestimate the variability is caused by the relatively coarse spatial and temporal model resolution. In conclusion, we provide representativeness uncertainties for several species for tropopause-referenced climatologies. Long-lived species like CO2 have low uncertainties ( ≤ 0.4 %), while shorter-lived species like O3 have larger uncertainties (10–15 %). Finally, we translate the representativeness score into a number of flights that are necessary to achieve a certain degree of representativeness. For example, increasing the number of flights from 334 to 1000 would reduce the uncertainty in CO to a mere 1 %, while the uncertainty for shorter-lived species like NO would drop from 80 to 10 %.
Implementation of the MEGAN (v2.1) biogenic emission model in the ECHAM6-HAMMOZ chemistry climate model
Authors: Henrot Alexandra-Jane , Stanelle Tanja , Schröder Sabine , Siegenthaler Colombe , Taraborrelli Domenico , Schultz Martin G. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract. A biogenic emission scheme based on the Model of Emissions of Gases and Aerosols from Nature (MEGAN) version 2.1 (Guenther et al., 2012) has been integrated into the ECHAM6-HAMMOZ chemistry climate model in order to calculate the emissions from terrestrial vegetation of 32 compounds. The estimated annual global total for the reference simulation is 634 Tg C yr−1 (simulation period 2000–2012). Isoprene is the main contributor to the average emission total, accounting for 66 % (417 Tg C yr−1), followed by several monoterpenes (12 %), methanol (7 %), acetone (3.6 %), and ethene (3.6 %). Regionally, most of the high annual emissions are found to be associated with tropical regions and tropical vegetation types. In order to evaluate the implementation of the biogenic model in ECHAM-HAMMOZ, global and regional biogenic volatile organic compound (BVOC) emissions of the reference simulation were compared to previous published experiment results with MEGAN. Several sensitivity simulations were performed to study the impact of different model input and parameters related to the vegetation cover and the ECHAM6 climate. BVOC emissions obtained here are within the range of previous published estimates. The large range of emission estimates can be attributed to the use of different input data and empirical coefficients within different setups of MEGAN. The biogenic model shows a high sensitivity to the changes in plant functional type (PFT) distributions and associated emission factors for most of the compounds. The global emission impact for isoprene is about −9 %, but reaches +75 % for α-pinene when switching from global emission factor maps to PFT-specific emission factor distributions. The highest sensitivity of isoprene emissions is calculated when considering soil moisture impact, with a global decrease of 12.5 % when the soil moisture activity factor is included in the model parameterization. Nudging ECHAM6 climate towards ERA-Interim reanalysis has an impact on the biogenic emissions, slightly lowering the global total emissions and their interannual variability.
Digital Ulcers in Ssc Treated with Oral Treprostinil: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study with Open-Label Follow-up
Authors: Seibold James R. , Wigley Fredrick M. , Schiopu Elena , Denton Christopher P. , Silver Richard M. , Steen Virginia D. , Domsic Robyn , Medsger Thomas A. , Mayes Maureen D. , Chatterjee Soumya , Chung Lorinda , Csuka Mary Ellen , Khanna Dinesh , Collier David , Frech Tracy M. , Molitor Jerry A. , Rothfield Naomi , Herrick Ariane L. , Simms Robert , Pope Janet E. , Baron Murray , Hsu Vivien M. , Peng Stanford L. , Spiera Robert , Fessler Barri J. , Kahaleh Bashar , Varga John , Laliberte Kevin , Wade Michael , Rollins Kristan 
Published: February 2017

Background Prostacyclins are routinely used to treat vascular features of systemic sclerosis (SSc, scleroderma) but require parenteral infusion or inhalation. This study evaluated the safety and efficacy of oral treprostinil in digital ulcers secondary to SSc. Methods This was a randomized (1:1) placebo-controlled, multicenter study in adults with SSc and at least one active digital ulcer at entry. Oral treprostinil was administered twice daily and titrated to maximum tolerated dose with clinical assessments at Weeks 5, 10, 15 and 20. The primary endpoint was change in net digital ulcer burden. Secondary outcomes included ulcer healing and prevention, measures of hand function, quality of life, Raynaud phenomenon and global assessments. Simplified data were gathered during open-label follow up. Results Enrolled were 147 patients (109F/38M), mean age 48.8 years with SSc of mean duration 10.5 years. At week 20, mean net ulcer burden was reduced −0.43 ulcers on treprostinil (1.80 vs. 1.37) and −0.10 ulcers on placebo (1.61 vs. 1.51; p = 0.20). There were no effects on ulcer healing or prevention, and small, inconsistent effects on Raynaud phenomenon, global assessment, hand function and quality-of-life measures. In open-label follow-up, there was a continued, small reduction in net ulcer burden (-0.52 month 3, n = 104; −0.64 month 12, n = 36). Common adverse effects were headache, nausea, diarrhea, jaw pain, flushing and other gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusions Administration of oral treprostinil twice daily over 20 weeks was associated with small and statistically insignificant reduction in net ulcer burden in comparison to placebo.
BLISTER FARMACÊUTICO: A INFLUÊNCIA DA COR E DOS TIPOS DE FILMES NO ACONDICIONAMENTO DE MEDICAMENTOS
Authors: PEREIRA Diênifer Alves Caixeta , FERREIRA Lilian Abreu 
Published: February 2017

É fundamental a seleção adequada do blister no desenvolvimento de um medicamento, de forma a garantir a sua integridade e proteção aos fatores externos, Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer através de revisão bibliográfica, o estado da arte do blister como embalagem farmacêutica à luz de sua fundamentação e os tipos de materiais e cores a ele relacionados. Alguns materiais, como o PVC, possuem baixo custo e boa termoformabilidade, entretanto não correspondem às expectativas quanto se faz necessário uma barreira maior a umidade para fármacos altamente higroscópicos. Nestes casos, é recomendado o uso de materiais com uma função de proteção maior, como os laminados combinados PVC/PVDC, PVC/COC/PVC e Aclar®. Filmes do tipo Alumino/Alumínio oferecem resultados mais satisfatórios quando se faz necessária uma alta proteção contra luz, umidade e oxigênio, porém o alto custo do filmes, equipamento e dificuldade do processo, limitam seu uso à fármacos altamente sensíveis. A coloração do blister também é uma alternativa muito utilizada para fármacos fotossensíveis, tais como a nifedipina, corticosteróides, antibióticos como a tetraciclina, e algumas preparações contendo vitaminas, podendo oferecer, dependendo da cor escolhida, uma redução de 30 a 40% no grau de fotodegradação. Diante disso, a seleção do blister farmacêutico para qualquer que seja a sensibilidade do fármaco, é fator primordial, para que a embalagem cumpra sua função precípua que é de proteger o medicamento permitindo que este chegue de forma íntegra ao consumidor.
De rollen van de wetgever bij de verdeling van schaarse vergunningen
Authors: Wolswinkel C.J. 
Published: February 2017

De rollen van de wetgever bij de verdeling van schaarse vergunningen
De wetgever vervult een essentiële rol bij de verdeling van schaarse vergunningen, omdat die de speelruimte van het verdelende bestuur bepaalt. In de praktijk blijkt de wetgever zich echter lang niet altijd bewust te zijn van die rol, waardoor het risico aanwezig is dat het reguleringspotentieel van schaarse vergunningen onvoldoende wordt benut. Deze bijdrage identificeert de verschillende houdingen die de (bijzondere) wetgever in de praktijk aanneemt ten aanzien van de verdeling van schaarse vergunningen. Deze houdingen lopen uiteen van een zwijgende wetgever die weinig tot geen richting geeft aan de verdeling tot een overijverige wetgever die het verdelende bestuur juist verhindert om maatwerk te leveren. Op basis van de vraagstukken die kenmerkend zijn voor de verdeling van schaarse vergunningen, schetst deze bijdrage vervolgens de contouren van optimale verdelingswetgeving. Daarbij wordt bepleit dat de wetgever zich breed oriënteert op het Unierecht, zelf keuzes maakt ten aanzien van kernelementen van de verdeling, tegelijk ruimte durft te laten aan het verdelende bestuur, maar in elk geval oog houdt voor de samenhang tussen verschillende verdelingen.
Verder met rechtsstatelijke toetsing van verkiezingsprogramma’s
Authors: van Lochem P.J.P.M. 
Published: February 2017

Verder met rechtsstatelijke toetsing van verkiezingsprogramma’s
Politici spelen een belangrijke rol bij de bescherming van de rechtsstaat, maar er wordt soms betwijfeld of zij die rol waarmaken dan wel voldoende serieus nemen. Het toetsen van verkiezingsprogramma’s van politieke partijen kan een goed middel zijn om in beeld te brengen hoeveel aandacht er daadwerkelijk is voor de rechtsstaat. Dat is echter geen sinecure; zoals uit deze bijdrage blijkt is het al lastig om tot een gedeelde opvatting te komen van wat de rechtsstaat inhoudt. Immers, als de onderzochte partijen zich niet herkennen in het gehanteerde concept zullen zij zich daar ook niet door aangesproken voelen. Internationaal, bijvoorbeeld binnen de VN en Europese Unie is er al enige ervaring opgedaan met het meten van rechtsstatelijkheid binnen staten. Welke indicatoren daarbij worden gebruikt zijn van groot belang voor de uitkomsten van de toetsing, waarbij het risico op versimpeling van de werkelijkheid op de loer ligt. De ervaringen van internationale organisaties hiermee kunnen als bron van inspiratie dienen voor toetsing van verkiezingsprogramma’s op rechtsstatelijkheid en tevens kunnen daar lessen uit worden getrokken. Deze vraag staat in deze bijdrage centraal.
Metodologías de planificación del uso público en espacios protegidos: Antecedentes y perspectivas futuras
Authors: Morea Juan Pablo 
Published: February 2017

<p>Los espacios protegidos se enfrentan en la actualidad a grandes problemáticas territoriales. Diversos estudios han demostrado que la efectividad de su manejo presenta importantes deficiencias asociadas a la imposibilidad de compatibilizar actividades de uso y conservación, y en los últimos años ha crecido el interés por planificar el uso público como estrategia para mejorar el manejo de estos espacios. Mediante una extensa revisión bibliográfica de experiencias en distintos países, este trabajo se propuso relevar distintas experiencias recientes para identificar los factores clave de este tipo de procesos, pero también las principales carencias evidenciadas. Las distintas visiones y aportes de las experiencias relevadas contribuyen a la construcción de una perspectiva metodológica sustentada en base a una serie de componentes clave para la planificación del uso público en estos espacios. De forma complementaria, a partir de los resultados de este estudio se han podido identificar perspectivas de planificación que podrían guiar iniciativas de esta índole en el futuro próximo.</p>
The Emergence of a New Genre: Advertising on the Internet (netvertising)
Authors: Fortanet Immaculada , Palmer Juan Carlos , Posteguillo Santiago 
Published: February 2017

This article describes the specific characteristics of internet genres. These genres are characterized by the net system, a specific interlanguage, hypertext, the multimedia effect and an interactive audience. Netvertising is analysed as a representative example of an internet genre. A set of 20 first web pages of banner ads has been studied. The parameters considered are the following ones: http linkers, images used, integration of visuals with text, objectives of the ad, register, audience, overall page length, sentence length, verb tenses, punctuation marks and personal pronouns. Results show that most net ads are short texts. This conciseness is offset by a wider use of other devices such as punctuation marks, images and http linkers. Banner ads are based on an elaboration of images, with the text used, mainly a variety of brief sentences and noun phrases.
The Comparative Study Of Efficiency Of Intravenous Heparin And Oral Aspirin On 48 Hours Beginning Primary Medication In Ischemic Stroke Patients
Authors: Asadi Seyed Ehsan 
Published: February 2017

Objective: This study was done for comparing efficiency of Intravenous Heparin and Oral Aspirin among patients who had cerebral thrombi embolitic vascular accidents. Effectives of Heparin and Aspirin on prognosis and recovery of these patients were evaluated. Method: This study was a clinical randomized trial. Patients were classified randomly in one of the heparin (n=40) and one group Aspirin (n=40) treatment. At first in the Heparin treatment group, patients were medicated by Heparin 100 IU/kg and then it was followed by 1000IU/hour for 48 hours. In the Aspirin treated group, whom took 325mg/day for 48 hours. The effectiveness of both treatments were evaluated after 48 hours on neuro-muscular, speech, vision, and sphincter function.Results: The results showed that both treatments were effective on improvement of neuro-muscular, speech, vision, and sphincter function, while Heparin effectiveness was more than Aspirin. Improvement of Nervous function in the Heparin group was 53.2% in compare of 31.2% for Aspirin (p=0.40). In addition, in the Heparin treatment group 59.6% of muscular dysfunction was attained optimum muscular function in compare of 30.7% with Aspirin (p=0.001). It was found significant relation for improvement of speech function in Heparin treatment group (P=0.01). There were not a significant finding relation for improvement of vision, and sphincter function between Heparin and Aspirin treated groups.Conclusion: Beginning primary medication with Heparin would be effective for achieving optimum function among patients with cerebral thrombi embolitic vascular accidents.
Net community production and carbon export during the late summer in the Ross Sea, Antarctica
Authors: DeJong Hans B. , Dunbar Robert B. , Koweek David A. , Mucciarone David A. , Bercovici Sarah K. , Hansell Dennis A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe phytoplankton bloom in the Ross Sea is the largest in spatial extent and one of the most productive in Antarctica, yet the fate of the summer bloom remains poorly understood. Here we present carbon system data from the first biogeochemical process cruise to be conducted in both the western and central Ross Sea during late summer (February–March 2013). Using one‐dimensional carbon budgets, we found evidence for substantial positive net community production (425 ± 204 mmol C m−2 d−1) during the late summer in Terra Nova Bay (TNB) of the western Ross Sea, which was rapidly exported to below 200 m. In addition, seasonally integrated carbon export was higher in diatom‐dominated TNB (7.3 ± 0.9 mol C m−2) compared to the Phaeocystis antarctica‐dominated central Ross Sea (3.4 ± 0.8 mol C m−2). Substantial late summer productivity and export may be a widespread phenomenon in Antarctic coastal regions that is not accounted for in regional carbon models.
Correlations of surface ocean pCO2 to satellite chlorophyll on monthly to interannual timescales
Authors: Fay Amanda R. , McKinley Galen A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractOn the mean, ocean carbon uptake is linked to biological productivity, but how biological variability impacts carbon uptake is poorly quantified. Our ability to diagnose past change, understand present variability, and predict the future state of the global carbon cycle requires improving mechanistic understanding in this area. Here we make use of colocated pCO2 and temperature data, a merged surface ocean color product, and physical fields from an ocean state estimate to assess relationships between surface ocean biology and the carbon cycle on seasonal, monthly anomaly, and interannual timescales over the period 1998–2014. Using a correlation analysis on spatial scales from local to basin‐scale biomes, we identify the timescales on which ocean productivity could be directly modifying ocean carbon uptake. On seasonal timescales outside of the equatorial Pacific, biome‐scale correlations are negative between chlorophyll and pCO2. Though this relationship is pervasive, the underlying mechanisms vary across timescales and biomes. Consistent with previous findings, biological activity is a significant driver of pCO2 seasonality only in the subpolar biomes. For monthly anomalies acting on top of the mean seasonality, productivity and pCO2 changes are significantly correlated in the subpolar North Pacific and Southern Ocean. Only in the Southern Ocean are correlations consistent with a dominant role for biology in the surface ocean carbon cycle on all timescales.
Statistical azimuthal structuring of the substorm onset arc: Implications for the onset mechanism
Authors: Kalmoni N. M. E. , Rae I. J. , Murphy K. R. , Forsyth C. , Watt C. E. J. , Owen C. J. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThe onset of an auroral substorm is generally thought to occur on a quiet, homogeneous auroral arc. We present a statistical study of independently selected substorm onset arcs and find that over 90% of the arcs studied have resolvable characteristic spatial scales in the form of auroral beads. We find that the vast majority (~88%) of auroral beads have small amplitudes relative to the background, making them invisible without quantitative analysis. This confirms that auroral beads are highly likely to be ubiquitous to all onset arcs, rather than a special case phenomena as previously thought. Moreover, as these auroral beads grow exponentially through onset, we conclude that a magnetospheric plasma instability is fundamental to substorm onset itself.
Postseismic uplift of the Andes following the 2010 Maule earthquake: Implications for mantle rheology
Authors: Li Shaoyang , Moreno Marcos , Bedford Jonathan , Rosenau Matthias , Heidbach Oliver , Melnick Daniel , Oncken Onno 
Published: February 2017

AbstractPostseismic surface deformation associated with great subduction earthquakes is controlled by asthenosphere rheology, frictional properties of the fault, and structural complexity. Here by modeling GPS displacements in the 6 years following the 2010 Mw 8.8 Maule earthquake in Chile, we investigate the impact of heterogeneous viscosity distribution in the South American subcontinental asthenosphere on the 3‐D postseismic deformation pattern. The observed postseismic deformation is characterized by flexure of the South America plate with peak uplift in the Andean mountain range and subsidence in the hinterland. We find that, at the time scale of observation, over 2 orders of magnitude gradual increase in asthenosphere viscosity from the arc area toward the cratonic hinterland is needed to jointly explain horizontal and vertical displacements. Our findings present an efficient method to estimate spatial variations of viscosity, which clearly improves the fitting to the vertical signal of deformation. Lateral changes in asthenosphere viscosity can be correlated with the thermomechanical transition from weak subvolcanic arc mantle to strong subcratonic mantle, thus suggesting a stationary heterogeneous viscosity structure. However, we cannot rule out a transient viscosity structure (e.g., power law rheology) with the short time span of observation.
Climate's watermark in the geometry of stream networks
Authors: Seybold Hansjörg , Rothman Daniel H. , Kirchner James W. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractBranching stream networks are a ubiquitous feature of the Earth's surface, but the processes that shape them, and their dependence on the climate in which they grow, remain poorly understood. Research has mainly focused on climatic controls of channel incision rates, while the climatic influence on planform geometry has often been overlooked. Here we analyze nearly one million digitally mapped river junctions throughout the contiguous United States and show that branching angles vary systematically with climatic aridity. In arid landscapes, which are thought to be dominated by surface runoff erosion, junction angles average roughly 45° in the driest places. Branching angles are systematically wider in humid regions, averaging roughly 72°, which is the theoretically predicted angle for network growth in a diffusive field such as groundwater seepage. The correlation of mean junction angle with aridity is stronger than with topographic gradient, downstream concavity, or other geometric factors that have been proposed as controls of junction angles. Thus, it may be possible to identify channelization processes from stream network geometry in relict landscapes, such as those on Mars.