bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Orofacial antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract of Annona vepretorum Mart. (Annonaceae)
Authors: Silva Juliane C. , Macedo Larissa A.R.O. , Souza Grasielly R. , Oliveira-Junior Raimundo G. , Lima-Saraiva Sarah R.G. , Lavor Érica M. , Silva Mariana G. , Souza Marilia T.S. , Bonjardim Leonardo R. , Quintans-Júnior Lucindo J. , Mendes Rosemairy L. , Almeida Jackson R.G.S. 
Published: June 2016

Abstract

Annona vepretorum Mart. (Annonaceae) is a species popularly known in Brazil as “araticum” and “pinha da Caatinga”. We have evaluated the antinociceptive effects of A. vepretorum in formalin-, capsaicin-, and glutamate-induced orofacial nociception in mice. Male Swiss mice were pretreated with either saline (p.o.), A. vepretorum ethanol extract (Av-EtOH 25, 50 and 100 mg/kg, p.o.), or morphine (10 mg/kg, i.p.), before formalin, capsaicin, or glutamate was injected into the right upper lip. Pre-treatment with Av-EtOH at all doses produced a reduction in face-rubbing behavior induced by formalin in both phases, and these pre-treatments also produced a significant antinociceptive effect in the capsaicin and glutamate tests. Pre-treatment with naloxone (1.5 mg/kg, i.p.) did not reverse the antinociceptive activity of the extract at the dose of 100 mg/kg in the first phase of this test. Our results suggest that Av-EtOH might be useful in the treatment of orofacial pain.
Neural Representation of Concurrent Vowels in Macaque Primary Auditory Cortex
Authors: Fishman Yonatan I. , Micheyl Christophe , Steinschneider Mitchell 
Published: June 2016

AbstractSuccessful speech perception in real-world environments requires that the auditory system segregate competing voices that overlap in frequency and time into separate streams. Vowels are major constituents of speech and are comprised of frequencies (harmonics) that are integer multiples of a common fundamental frequency (F0). The pitch and identity of a vowel are determined by its F0 and spectral envelope (formant structure), respectively. When two spectrally overlapping vowels differing in F0 are presented concurrently, they can be readily perceived as two separate “auditory objects” with pitches at their respective F0s. A difference in pitch between two simultaneous vowels provides a powerful cue for their segregation, which in turn, facilitates their individual identification. The neural mechanisms underlying the segregation of concurrent vowels based on pitch differences are poorly understood. Here, we examine neural population responses in macaque primary auditory cortex (A1) to single and double concurrent vowels (/a/ and /i/) that differ in F0 such that they are heard as two separate auditory objects with distinct pitches. We find that neural population responses in A1 can resolve, via a rate-place code, lower harmonics of both single and double concurrent vowels. Furthermore, we show that the formant structures, and hence the identities, of single vowels can be reliably recovered from the neural representation of double concurrent vowels. We conclude that A1 contains sufficient spectral information to enable concurrent vowel segregation and identification by downstream cortical areas.
Žodžio LIEBE lizdo indėlis į meilės konceptualizavimą vokiečių meilės lyrikoje
Authors: Drößiger Hans-Harry 
Published: June 2016

Šiame straipsnyje žodžių lizdo bendrajam žodžiui vok. Liebe, konceptualizuojant MEILĘ, skiria­mas didžiausias dėmesys. Šioje analizėje svarbiausia yra tai, kokiais būdais stipriausia iš visų taip vadinamų pozityvių emocijų buvo konceptualizuota vokiečių meilės lyrikoje ir kokia jos kalbinė išraiška kaip literatūrinio diskurso dalis. Remiantis Walterio von der Vogelweidės, svarbiausių romantizmo ir ekspresionizmo poetų bei Evos Strittmatter darbais, šiame straipsnyje aprašomas žodžio Liebe lizdas, sukuriant semantinę kognityvinę erdvę žodžiui MEILĖ kaip mūsų žinojimo kompleksinės srities erdvę. Todėl remiantis semantinių kognityvinių erdvių modeliu parodoma, kad šio žodžių lizdo kūrimas ir struktūros sudarymas yra neatskiriami nuo kitų semantinių kognityvinių procesų ir vienas kitą papildo.
Brūkšnelio reikšmė sudurtinių žodžių įsitvirtinimui kalboje
Authors: Satkauskaitė Danguolė 
Published: June 2016

Viena iš vokiečių kalbos ypatybių – gausybė kartais net itin ilgų ir sudėtingų sudurtinių žodžių. Skaitymui palengvinti kartais vartojamas brūkšnelis. Daugelis lingvistų pastebi, kad jis vartojamas pernelyg dažnai ir nevienodai, be sistemos. Išnagrinėjus dažniausiai vartojamus sudurtinius žodžius su komponentais Computer ir Web vokiečių kalboje paaiškėjo, kad visgi egzistuoja tam tikri dėsniai bei tendencijos. Įrodyta, kad brūkšnelis vartojamas dažniau, jei pats sudurtinis žodis ar jo sudeda­mosios dalys nauji, neįprasti, dar neįsitvirtinę kalboje. Ir priešingai – tie sudurtiniai žodžiai, kurie kalboje gyvuoja ilgiausiai ir vartojami dažniausiai, paprastai rašomi kartu, t. y. be brūkšnelio.
Zu einer Grammatik des Deutschen und des Litauischen im Vergleich: Bestandsaufnahme, Konzeption und Perspektiven
Authors: Geyer Klaus , Žeimantienė Vaiva 
Published: June 2016

Straipsnyje nagrinėjami konceptualieji lyginamosios vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbos gramatikos klausimai. Apžvelgiami pagrindiniai gramatikografijos ir lyginamosios kalbotyros darbai, į kuriuos reikia atsižvelgti renkantis teorinį lyginamosios gramatikos pagrindą. Straipsnio pradžioje trumpai aptariamas terminų lyginamasis (vergleichend), istorinis-lyginamasis(historisch-vergleichend), tipologinis (typologisch), kontrastyvinis (kontrastiv) ir gretinamasis(konfrontativ) metodas vartojimas. Keliami klausimai, kaip rašant lyginamąją vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbos gramatiką būtų galima taikyti įvairius lyginamuosius ar tipologinius bei kontrastyvinius aspektus. Toliau straipsnyje pristatoma diskusija, skirta pastaraisiais metais pasirodžiusioms vokiečių kalbos gramatikoms, kuriose vokiečių kalba lyginama su kitomis kalbomis, atkreipiamas dėmesys į šių gramatikų privalumus ir trūkumus. Be to, aptariamos gramatikų naudotojų grupės, gramatikų naudojimo ypatumai. Svarstoma, kokiai naudotojų grupei turėtų būti skirta vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbos lyginamoji gramatika. Straipsnyje taip pat pateikiama trumpa vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbų lyginamųjų darbų apžvalga. Straipsnio pabaigoje pristatoma vokiečių ir lietuvių kalbos lyginamosios gramatikos koncepcija ir brėžiama tolesnių darbų perspektyva.
Glutathione-S-Transferase Production in Earthworm as Tool for Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Abattoir Soil
Authors: Owagboriaye Folarin Ojo , Dedeke Gabriel Adewunmi , Ademolu Kehinde Olutoyin 
Published: June 2016

<p>The use of Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activities in earthworm tissue as tool for assessment of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soils was evaluated in this study. Five (5) replicates each of earthworm species (<em>Libyodrilus violaceous</em>, <em>Eudrilus eugeniae</em> and <em>Alma millsoni</em>), soil and rumen waste samples were collected from three (3) abattoir sites (Lafenwa, Gbonogun and Madojutimi abattoirs) and a control site located within Federal University of Agriculture Abeokuta, beside an undisturbed stream with no rumen waste. Heavy metal (Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, Cr, Ni and Mn) concentrations in rumen waste, abattoir soils and earthworm tissues were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The pH and organic matter (OM) concentrations of the rumen waste and abattoir soils were determined by standard methods. GST activities in the earthworm tissues were determined through the conjugation of 1mM reduced glutathione (GSH) with 1mM 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene (CDNB). The rumen waste recorded significantly higher (p ≤ 0.05) % OM, heavy metal concentrations and pH level than in their respective abattoir soils. The mean heavy metal concentrations of Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd and Mn were highest in the tissue of earthworm species obtained from Lafenwa abattoir. A significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher GST activities were recorded in the tissue of earthworm species obtained from Lafenwa and Gbonogun abattoirs. <em>Libyodrilous violaceus </em>obtained from Lafenwa abattoir recorded the highest GST activity (8.47±1.39) in their tissue followed by the ones from Gbonogun abattoir (8.21±0.85). A significant (p ≤ 0.05) positive correlations was observed between GST activities in earthworm tissues and heavy metal concentrations. GST activities can therefore be used to assess the level of heavy metal pollution in abattoir soils.</p><p><em>Keywords</em>: Glutathione-S-transferase, Biomarker, Earthworms, Heavy metals, Abattoir</p>
Endophytic fungi from tropical ethnoveterinary plants and their antibacterial efficacy against Pasteurella multocida Capsular Type A strain
Authors: Nath Archana 
Published: June 2016

<p>Four endophytic fungi out of six, isolated from two tropical ethnoveterinary plants-<em> Garcinia xanthochymus</em> H. and <em>Polygonum chinense</em> L. showed antimicrobial activity against <em>Pasteurella multocida </em>Capsular Type A strains. The best antibacterial activity was showed by the extract of endophytic fungi <em>Glomerella magna</em> isolated from <em>Garcinia xanthochymus</em> with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 46.9 µg/ml and minimum bactericidal concentration of 750 µg/ml. Treatment of mice with the potent fungal extract caused a considerable inhibitory effect on the growth of the pathogen in vital organs of mice. Histopathological studies of animal organs by scanning electron microscopy also confirmed these findings. These present findings indicate that the endophytic fungi<em> Glomerella magna</em> has potential to provide an effective treatment to <em>Pasteurella multocida </em>infections.</p>
A silócirok (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) szárazanyag-felhalmozása és tápelem-felvétele
Authors: Izsáki Zoltán , Németh Tamás 
Published: June 2016

Kísérleti munkánk célja volt, hogy műtrágyázási tartamkísérletben vizsgáljuk a N-, P- és K-ellátottság hatását a silócirok szárazanyag-felhalmozására és tápelem-felvételére, a silócirok trágyázási szaktanácsadásának fejlesztéséhez. A műtrágyázá-si tartamkísérletet 1989-ben állítottuk be mélyben karbonátos csernozjom réti tala-jon, 4-4 N-, P- és K-ellátottsági szinten, teljes kezelés-kombinációban, 64 kezelés-sel. A tápelem-felvételi vizsgálatokra kilenc kezelést választottunk ki. Jelen dolgo-zatban a 2002 és 2004 között végzett kísérletek eredményei szerepelnek, melyek alábbiakban foglalhatók össze:
A silócirok 7–8 leveles fejlettségében, a kelés utáni 30. napig (GS3) az összes zöldtömegnek 29%-a, míg a szárazanyagtömegnek 8%-a halmozódik fel. Az ezt követő intenzív növekedési periódusban a bugahányásig (GS5-6) a zöldtömegnek 74%-a, a szárazanyagtömegnek csak 38%-a alakul ki. Viaszérettségben (GS9) a zöldtömeg eléri maximumát. A szárazanyag-felhalmozás mintegy 60%-a a genera-tív fázisra esik.
A 2,8–3,2% humusztartalmú talajon az önmagában alkalmazott 80 kg·ha-1 adagú N-trágyázás a cirok N-tartalmát szignifikánsan nem növelte a trágyázás nélküli kezeléshez képest, de a P-kiegészítés jelentősebb nitrogénkoncentráció-növekedést eredményezett. A talaj 195–222 mg·kg-1 AL-P2O5 ellátottságánál a 80 kg·ha-1-nál nagyobb N-adag további szignifikáns nitrogéntartalom-növekedést nem váltott ki. A túlzott P- és K-ellátottság, 340 mg·kg-1 AL-P2O5 és 450 mg·kg-1 AL-K2O felett, a cirok N-tartalmát jelentősen nem módosítja.
A P-trágyázás nélküli kezeléshez képest, ahol a talaj AL-P2O5 –tartalma 120–139 mg·kg-1 volt, csak a túlzott P-ellátottság (340–360 mg·kg-1 AL-P2O5) okozott a bugahányos kezdetén és virágzáskor jelentősebb foszfortartalom-növekedést.
A jó K-ellátottságú talajon csak a cirok 7–8 leveles fejlettségében és csak a túl-zott K-ellátottság (450 mg·kg-1 AL-K2O felett) eredményezett szignifikáns kálium-koncentráció-növekedést.
A legnagyobb termést (56–58 t·ha-1 zöld) adó kezelésekben a virágzás fázisára (GS6–7) a N-nek 65–70%-át veszi fel a cirok és a szemképződésre esik az összes N-felvétel közel 1/3-a. A P-felvétel dinamikája mérsékeltebb ütemű, mint a N-felvétel. Legintenzívebb a P-felvétel a virágzás és szemképződés fázisában, amikor az összes P-nak 57%-a épült be. A cirok K-felvétele a tenyészidő első felében lé-nyegesen intenzívebb ütemű, mint a N- és P-felvétel. Virágzásban a K-felhalmozás már meghaladja az összes K-felvétel 90%-át. A vegetatív fázisban, a bugahányás kezdetéig az összes Ca-nak és Mg-nak 52%-a, míg a Fe-nak, a Mn-nak, a Zn-nek és a Cu-nek 54–58%-a halmozódik fel.
A legnagyobb zöld- (56–58 t·ha-1) és szárazanyagtermés (19–21 t·ha-1) fajlagos N-felvétele 57 kg, P-felvétele 12 kg (28 kg P2O5) és K-felvétele 55 kg (66 kg K2O) 10 t zöldtermésre számítva. A trágyázási kezelések átlagában 10 t zöldtermés elem-felvétele Na-ból 2,6 kg, Ca-ból 9,5 kg (13 kg CaO), Mg-ból 9,3 kg (15 kg MgO), Fe-ból 388 g, Mn-ból 185 g, Zn-ból 67 g és Cu-ból 21 g.
La historia del cooperativismo en Colombia: hitos y periodos
Authors: Pardo Martínez Luz Patricia , Huertas de Mora María Victoria 
Published: June 2016

La línea de investigación que soporta el presente artículo se orientó a precisar los siguientes ejes fundamentales: el primero, identificar cuáles tipos de cooperativas —y su caracterización— se han dado en Colombia, y el segundo, establecer cuáles hitos han marcado y definido momentos históricos. El énfasis centra la mirada investigativa en indagar la viabilidad, utilidad y correspondencia de las organizaciones cooperativas con la doctrina filosófica del sector; analizar el aporte de las cooperativas según sus prácticas al desarrollo y potenciación de su dimensión social, a la vez que la incidencia de sus comportamientos en la consolidación de la organización con respecto a la comunidad local y nacional; por último, establecer periodos históricos de desarrollo de las organizaciones cooperativas en Colombia.
Effects of wetting and drying cycles on the germination of nine species of the Chihuahuan Desert
Authors: Contreras-Quiroz Mariana del Rocío , Pando-Moreno Marisela , Flores Joel , Jurado Enrique 
Published: June 2016

Plants from drylands have developed strategies to germinate even in places where available humidity is sporadic with large periods of drought. Previous works determined germination of cacti species as a response to discontinuous humidity events (“seed hydration memory”). This study is aimed at assessing whether species of the Chihuahuan Desert show a seed hydration memory. Our hypothesis is that seeds of desert species can tolerate periods of dehydration after single or multiple hydration events and subsequently germinate more and faster. We evaluated nine species: Sartwellia mexicana , Echinocactus platyacanthus , Cucurbita foetidissima , Lepidium virginicum , Lesquerella berlandieri , Yucca filifera , Atriplex canescens , Nassella tenuissima , and Ferocactus pilosus , using four treatments: T1 = 24 hours hydration/5 days dehydration (HD), T2 = Three consecutive cycles of 24 hours hydration/5 days dehydration, T3 = 72 hours hydration /5 d dehydration, and T4 = Control. Echinocactus platyacanthus , Nassella tenuissima , Ferocactus pilosus , and Lepidium virginicum showed higher germination with HD treatments than the control . Ferocactus pilosus and Lepidium virginicum had the highest germination in T2, Nassella tenuissima in T3, Echinocactus platyacanthus in any HD treatment while Yucca filifera in the control and T2. Yucca filifera and F. pilosus had the lowest germination rate ( t50 ) in T2; E. platyacanthus in T1 and T2. The remaining species didn’t show differences in t50 between treatments. These results indicate that at least some desert species germinate more and faster after single or multiple hydration- dehydration events evincing the ability of those seeds to retain, during dehydration, the physiological changes produced from seed hydration.
Management compromises and the sustainability of palm populations in Mayan homegardens
Authors: Martínez-Ballesté Andrea , Caballero Javier 
Published: June 2016

The sustainability of a homegarden can be evaluated not only as its species richness and eco-systemic role, but also as the result of management practices affecting resource sustainability. Sabal spp. have been managed since Colonial times into homegardens, at present, its mature leaves are mostly used in roof building of traditional Mayan homes. Along a three-year study, we evaluated management sustainability of Sabal yapa and S. mexicana populations in two homegardens of Maxcanú, Yucatan, Mexico by the use of prospective and retrospective demographic analyses. We calculated sustainability based on population growth rate ( ? ). We used the prospective elasticity model to estimate the more sensible vital rates of the palm populations, and the retrospective analysis to calculate the effect of management practices on the annual variation of the palms population ? values. Care of young plants and occasional seed planting were among the management practices that increased the density of palms having an adequate harvesting size. The stages of the palms´ life cycle that are critical for sustainable population management are the adult and juvenile stages. An event of felling of adult palms had a negative effect in the population´s sustainability. Other practices in the homegarden such as weeding and watering of fruit trees increased the probabilities of survival. Our study showed that the management of natural resources in homegardens involves compromises, and is not always focused on the sustainability of specific resources, but rather on the integrated management of the agroforestry system.
Biochemical characteristics of AtFAR2, a fatty acid reductase from Arabidopsis thaliana that reduces fatty acyl-CoA and -ACP substrates into fatty alcohols
Authors: Doan Thuy T. P. , Carlsson Anders S. , Stymne Sten , Hofvander Per 
Published: June 2016

Fatty alcohols and derivatives are important for proper deposition of a functional pollen wall. Mutations in specific genes encoding fatty acid reductases (FAR) responsible for fatty alcohol production cause abnormal development of pollen. A disrupted AtFAR2 (MS2) gene in Arabidopsis thaliana results in pollen developing an abnormal exine layer and a reduced fertility phenotype. AtFAR2 has been shown to be targeted to chloroplasts and in a purified form to be specific for acyl-ACP substrates. Here, we present data on the in vitro and in planta characterizations of AtFAR2 from A. thaliana and show that this enzyme has the ability to use both, C16:0-ACP and C16:0-CoA, as substrates to produce C16:0-alcohol. Our results further show that AtFAR2 is highly similar in properties and substrate specificity to AtFAR6 for which in vitro data has been published, and which is also a chloroplast localized enzyme. This suggests that although AtFAR2 is the major enzyme responsible for exine layer functionality, AtFAR6 might provide functional redundancy to AtFAR2.
The Influence of Social Networks and Social Support on Health Among Older Koreans at High Risk of Depression
Authors: Jeon Haesang , Chung Yeonseung , Chung Soondool , Song Ahyoung 
Published: June 2016

Background: Despite compelling evidence showing that social networks and social support are associated with depression, relatively little research is available on this topic for older Koreans at high risk of depression. This article aimed to examine the relationship among different types of social networks (family vs. friends), social support (instrumental vs. emotional), and perceived general health among older Koreans at high risk of depression. We would then test for possible differences in pathways between two age groups (60–74 years vs. 75 years and older).Methods: Using data from the 2008 Survey of Elderly Life and Welfare Need, age 60–74 years (n = 2,815) and age 75 years and older (n = 1,784) were analyzed separately. Path analyses were used to examine the relationships among social network, support, and health among Korean older adults at high risk of depression.Results: Findings highlighted the complex associations among social networks, social support, and perceived general health within old age. Moreover, this study called attention to the negative association between instrumental support from family networks and perceived general health among older Koreans aged 60–74 years at high risk of depression.Conclusions: The work discussed in this article would help inform the design of much needed and effective social intervention programs for the growing number of Korean older adults with depression.
Gótico tropical y surrealismo. La novela negra de Caliwood
Authors: Berdet Marc 
Published: June 2016

En los años 1980, los cineastas colombianos Carlos Mayolo y Luis Ospina, emblemáticos del grupo de “Caliwood”, realizan películas de género bajo la bandera del “gótico tropical”, una estética fantástica que les permite criticar las relaciones de dominación coloniales y postcoloniales del Cono Sur. Antítesis de las fantasmagorías urbanas del capitalismo importado de Estados Unidos, estas fantasmagorías negras retoman el potencial subversivo de la novela negra inglesa tal y como fue reconocida por los surrealistas. Este texto explora su origen como un especie de reto lanzado en 1970 por Luis Buñuel a Álvaro Mutis, así como parte de la estética vampírica que ronda, en esos años, las historias del cinéfilo Andrés Caicedo.
Évolution du verlan, marqueur social et identitaire, dans les films: <i>La Haine</i> (1995) et <i>L’Esquive</i> (2004)
Authors: Black Catherine , Sloutsky Larissa 
Published: June 2016

Résumé
Vieil argot des malfaiteurs, le verlan est devenu aujourd’hui un trait distinctif du langage des jeunes français. Comme il a été mentionné dans un précédent article « Le verlan, phénomène langagier et social : récapitulatif. » (The French Review, Vol. 82, 2 : 308-324, 2008), cette pratique langagière se rencontre largement dans la banlieue, plus précisément dans les cités parisiennes. Cet article analysera la façon dont la jeunesse ethnique minoritaire se sert de cette variété de parler pour se révolter contre l’isolation socioculturelle et promulguer sa position d’identité. Nous essayerons de mettre en évidence la correspondance entre le fonctionnement du codage du verlan et son usage comme véhicule d’expression d’une culture distincte par rapport à la culture française traditionnelle.

Mots clés : Verlan, identité, banlieues, culture distincte, assignation sociale

Abstract
Old slang of robbers and the lawless, verlan has become a very distinctive trait of the language spoken today by French youth. As mentioned in a previous article (« Le verlan, phénomène langagier et social: récapitulatif. » in The French Review, Vol. 82, 2: 308-324, 2008) this so called language seems to be prevalent in the Parisian suburbs, better known as the cités. This article will examine how members of ethnic minorities use it in order to rebel against their cultural isolation and to affirm their own identity. We will try to show the relationship between the encoding and the use of this language as an expression of a distinct culture in relation to traditional French culture.

Key words: Verlan, identity, Parisian suburbs, distinct culture and social tagging