bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Health literacy, literacy, numeracy and nutrition label understanding and use: a scoping review of the literature
Authors: Malloy‐Weir L. , Cooper M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundLow health literacy, literacy and numeracy have been identified as barriers to consumer understanding and the interpretation of nutrition‐related information. To inform policy and dietetic practice, we examined the extent, range and nature of research on empirical relationships between health literacy, literacy or numeracy and the understanding and use of nutrition labels.MethodsA scoping review of the literature was conducted. A search of eight databases on 15 April 2014 and 26 May 2016 returned 651 and 173 records, respectively. After de‐duplication and two levels of relevance screening, 16 studies were deemed eligible for inclusion in the present review.ResultsThe majority of studies were conducted in the USA and focused primarily on the use of back‐of‐pack nutrition labels. Empirical relationships reported between health literacy and nutrition label use were inconsistent and, in some cases, contradictory. The findings from studies examining empirical relationships between literacy, numeracy and nutrition label use suggest that consumers with lower literacy and numeracy: (i) differ from those with higher levels in some of the judgements that they make about food and (ii) may benefit from interventions designed to improve their understanding and use of nutrition label information. Measurement‐related issues were identified, such as a reliance on self‐reports of nutrition label use, as well as a lack of independence between some measures of health literacy and nutrition label understanding and use.ConclusionsThe empirical relationships between health literacy, literacy, numeracy and nutrition label understanding and use have not been well‐studied. Additional attention is needed regarding the measurement‐related issues identified in the present review.
Effects of Using Heterogeneous Prices on the Allocation of Impacts from Electricity Use: A Mixed‐Unit Input‐Output Approach
Authors: Vendries Algarin Jorge , Hawkins Troy R. , Marriott Joe , Khanna Vikas 
Published: October 2016

SummaryEconomic input‐output life cycle assessment (IO‐LCA) models allow for quick estimation of economy‐wide greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with goods and services. IO‐LCA models are usually built using economic accounts and differ from most process‐based models in their use of economic transactions, rather than physical flows, as the drivers of supply‐chain GHG emissions. GHG emissions estimates associated with input supply chains are influenced by the price paid by consumers when the relative prices between individual consumers are different. We investigate the significance of the allocation of GHG emissions based on monetary versus physical units by carrying out a case study of the U.S. electricity sector. We create parallel monetary and mixed‐unit IO‐LCA models using the 2007 Benchmark Accounts of the U.S. economy and sector specific prices for different end users of electricity. This approach is well suited for electricity generation because electricity consumption contributes a significant share of emissions for most processes, and the range of prices paid by electricity consumers allows us to explore the effects of price on allocation of emissions. We find that, in general, monetary input‐output models assign fewer emissions per kilowatt to electricity used by industrial sectors than to electricity used by households and service sectors, attributable to the relatively higher prices paid by households and service sectors. This fact introduces a challenging question of what is the best basis for allocating the emissions from electricity generation given the different uses of electricity by consumers and the wide variability of electricity pricing.
Problem behaviour in adolescent boys with fragile X syndrome: relative prevalence, frequency and severity
Authors: Hall S. S. , Barnett R. P. , Hustyi K. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractBackgroundA large proportion of boys with fragile X syndrome (FXS), the most common known inherited form of intellectual disability (ID), exhibit problem behaviours (e.g. aggression, self‐injury, property destruction and stereotypy) that can negatively impact the health and safety of others as well as the individual concerned. However, data are limited concerning the relative prevalence, frequency and severity of problem behaviours exhibited by boys with FXS compared with those by boys with mixed‐aetiology ID who also exhibit problem behaviours.MethodAs part of a larger study on problem behaviour, we obtained survey data on 85 adolescent boys with FXS and 155 age‐matched boys with mixed‐aetiology ID who exhibited at least one form of problem behaviour.ResultsFor boys with FXS, stereotypy was reported to be more prevalent (χ2 = 4.52, P = 0.012), self‐injury was reported to more frequent (U = 2525, P = 0.010) and aggression was reported to be less severe (U = 4176, P = 0.029) than for boys with mixed‐aetiology ID. Ratings of aggression and property destruction were highly correlated in each group in terms of both frequency and severity (r = 0.60 to 0.71). Examination of the data by age indicated that the relative frequency of self‐injury decreased with age in boys with FXS (χ2 = 8.29, P = 0.040).ConclusionsTaken together, these results refine and extend previous studies concerning the specificity of the behavioural phenotype in FXS and indicate that specific forms of problem behaviour shown by boys with FXS appear to differ from those exhibited by boys with mixed‐aetiology ID in terms of prevalence, frequency and severity. Studies employing more objective measures of frequency and severity, including direct observations, are needed to confirm these findings.
Development of an evidence‐based fall risk assessment tool and evaluation of interrater reliability and nurses’ perceptions of the tool's clarity and usability
Authors: Higaonna Miki , Enobi Maki , Nakamura Shizuka 
Published: October 2016

AimTo develop and test interrater reliability of an evidence‐based fall risk assessment tool for nurses and to investigate how nurses perceived the clarity and usability of the tool.MethodsIn phase 1, an evidence‐based fall risk assessment tool was developed based on a literature review and expert discussion. The finalized tool assessed 11 risk factors and comprised 23 items. In phase 2, reliability testing was done. Two nurses out of a possible 125 participating nurses independently assessed each participating patient on admission with the assessment tool. The nurses then provided feedback on the clarity and usability of the tool. The interrater reliability was estimated by the percentage agreement, Cohen's kappa, and prevalence‐ and bias‐adjusted kappa.ResultsOf the 164 patients who were recruited, 114 patients participated. After adjustment for prevalence and bias, only “frequent urination” and “night‐time toileting” showed a less‐than‐substantial interrater agreement. Assessment of the items “cognitive impairment” and “night‐time toileting” were most frequently reported to be problematic.ConclusionThe evidence‐based fall risk assessment tool requires further modification and re‐examination of interrater reliability is warranted. In particular, the cognitive impairment items need to be reconsidered in order to enable nurses to better assess patient cognition on the admission day.
Prevalence and geographical distribution of Papio hamadryas papillomavirus 1 (PhPV1) in Kenyan baboons
Authors: Chai Daniel , Bassis Christine M. , Bergin Ingrid L. , Bell Jason D. , Nyachieo Atunga , Gathumbi Peter K. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractPapio hamadryas papillomavirus (PhPV) 1, 2, and 3, are Alphapapillomaviruses that have been detected in Kenyan Olive baboons but the distribution is unknown. Therefore, cervical screening for PhPV1 was performed in baboons from various areas in Kenya using a nested polymerase chain reaction. The prevalence rate was 33%.
Trafficking of adeno‐associated virus vectors across a model of the blood–brain barrier; a comparative study of transcytosis and transduction using primary human brain endothelial cells
Authors: Merkel Steven F. , Andrews Allison M. , Lutton Evan M. , Mu Dakai , Hudry Eloise , Hyman Bradley T. , Maguire Casey A. , Ramirez Servio H. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractDeveloping therapies for central nervous system (CNS) diseases is exceedingly difficult because of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). Notably, emerging technologies may provide promising new options for the treatment of CNS disorders. Adeno‐associated virus serotype 9 (AAV9) has been shown to transduce cells in the CNS following intravascular administration in rodents, cats, pigs, and non‐human primates. These results suggest that AAV9 is capable of crossing the BBB. However, mechanisms that govern AAV9 transendothelial trafficking at the BBB remain unknown. Furthermore, possibilities that AAV9 may transduce brain endothelial cells or affect BBB integrity still require investigation. Using primary human brain microvascular endothelial cells as a model of the human BBB, we performed transduction and transendothelial trafficking assays comparing AAV9 to AAV2, a serotype that does not cross the BBB or transduce endothelial cells effectively in vivo. Results of our in vitro studies indicate that AAV9 penetrates brain microvascular endothelial cells barriers more effectively than AAV2, but has reduced transduction efficiency. In addition, our data suggest that (i) AAV9 penetrates endothelial barriers through an active, cell‐mediated process, and (ii) AAV9 fails to disrupt indicators of BBB integrity such as transendothelial electrical resistance, tight junction protein expression/localization, and inflammatory activation status. Overall, this report shows how human brain endothelial cells configured in BBB models can be utilized for evaluating transendothelial movement and transduction kinetics of various AAV capsids. Importantly, the use of a human in vitro BBB model can provide import insight into the possible effects that candidate AVV gene therapy vectors may have on the status of BBB integrity.
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C2‐domain containing calcium sensors in neuroendocrine secretion
Authors: Pinheiro Paulo S. , Houy Sébastien , Sørensen Jakob B. 
Published: October 2016

The molecular mechanisms for calcium‐triggered membrane fusion have long been sought for, and detailed models now exist that account for at least some of the functions of the many proteins involved in the process. Key players in the fusion reaction are a group of proteins that, upon binding to calcium, trigger the merger of cargo‐filled vesicles with the plasma membrane. Low‐affinity, fast‐kinetics calcium sensors of the synaptotagmin family – especially synaptotagmin‐1 and synaptotagmin‐2 – are the main calcium sensors for fast exocytosis triggering in many cell types. Their functions extend beyond fusion triggering itself, having been implicated in the calcium‐dependent vesicle recruitment during activity, docking of vesicles to the plasma membrane and priming, and even in post‐fusion steps, such as fusion pore expansion and endocytosis. Furthermore, synaptotagmin diversity imparts distinct properties to the release process itself. Other calcium‐sensing proteins such as Munc13s and protein kinase C play important, but more indirect roles in calcium‐triggered exocytosis. Because of their higher affinity, but intrinsic slower kinetics, they operate on longer temporal and spatial scales to organize assembly of the release machinery. Finally, the high‐affinity synaptotagmin‐7 and Doc2 (Double C2‐domain) proteins are able to trigger membrane fusion in vitro, but cellular measurements in different systems show that they may participate in either fusion or vesicle priming. Here, we summarize the properties and possible interplay of (some of) the major C2‐domain containing calcium sensors in calcium‐triggered exocytosis.This article is part of a mini review series: “Synaptic Function and Dysfunction in Brain Diseases”.
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Reevaluation of the arterial blood supply of the auricle
Authors: Zilinsky Isaac , Erdmann Detlev , Weissman Oren , Hammer Niels , Sora Mircea‐Constantin , Schenck Thilo L. , Cotofana Sebastian 
Published: October 2016

AbstractThe anatomical basis for auricular flaps used in multiple aesthetic and reconstructive procedures is currently based on a random distribution of the underlying arterial network. However, recent findings reveal a systematic pattern as opposed to the present concepts. Therefore, we designed this study to assess the arterial vascular pattern of the auricle in order to provide reliable data about the vascular map required for surgical interventions. Sixteen human auricles from eight body donors (five females/three males, 84.33 ± 9.0 years) were investigated using the unique ‘Spalteholz’ method. After arterial injection of silicone, a complete transparency of the tissue was achieved and the auricular arteries and branches were visible. Qualitative and quantitative evaluation of the arterial vascular pattern was performed. The superior and the inferior anterior auricular artery provided the vascular supply to the helical rim, forming an arcade, i.e. helical rim arcade. On the superior third of the helical rim another arcade was confirmed between the superior anterior auricular artery and the posterior auricular artery (PAA), i.e. the helical arcade. The perforators of the PAA were identified lying in a vertical line 1 cm posterior to the tragus, supplying the concha, inferior crus, triangular fossa, antihelix and the earlobe. The results of this study confirmed the constant presence of the helical rim arcade (Zilinsky‐Cotofana), consistent perforating branches of the PAA, and the helical arcade (Erdman), and will help and guide physicians performing auricular surgeries toward fast and simple procedures with optimal patient satisfaction.
Factors related to fear of falling among community‐dwelling older adults
Authors: Hoang Oanh Tran Thi , Jullamate Pornchai , Piphatvanitcha Naiyana , Rosenberg Edwin 
Published: October 2016

Aims and objectivesTo investigate the relationship between age, gender, history of falls, balance and gait status, general health perception, activities of daily living and depression to fear of falling in community‐dwelling older people in Danang, Vietnam.BackgroundFear of falling is a common and consequential psychosocial problem for older people and can lead to decreased quality of life. There is only limited research on fear of falling in Vietnam.DesignThis is a cross‐sectional descriptive study.MethodsOne hundred fifty‐three community‐dwelling older people were recruited from seven communities of different districts in Danang. Data were collected using six instruments: a demographic questionnaire, the Fall Efficacy Scale‐International, the General Health Perception questionnaire, the Barthel Activities of Daily Living, the Geriatric Depression Scale and the Timed Up and Go test. Data were analysed using descriptive and correlational statistics.ResultsThe mean Fall Efficacy Scale‐International score was 35, indicating a high level of fear of falling. ADLs, general health perception and Timed Up and Go were significantly and negatively related to fear of falling (rp = −0·80, rsp = −0·77 and rp = −0·75, respectively). Age, depression and history of falls were significantly and positively related to fear of falling (rp = 0·54, rp = 0·45 and rs = 0·39, respectively). Women were significantly more likely than men to have higher fear of falling (rpb = −0·28).ConclusionFear of falling is more common in older people who are female, have a history of falls, have poor balance and gait status, have poor health perception, have greater ADL dependency, are depressed and, within the older people population, are older. Further research could examine additional correlates of fear of falling and develop/evaluate factor‐specific intervention strategies to reduce fear of falling among community‐dwelling older people.Relevance to clinical practiceUnderstanding correlates of fear of falling among older Vietnamese people contributes to healthcare professionals’ ability to develop effective cross‐cultural and culture‐specific interventions to reduce older people's fear of falling and to improve quality of life.
A qualitative study of advanced nurse practitioners’ use of physical assessment skills in the community: shifting skills across professional boundaries
Authors: Raleigh Mary , Allan Helen 
Published: October 2016

Aims and objectivesTo explore multiple perspectives on the use of physical assessment skills by advanced nurse practitioners in the UK.BackgroundPhysical assessment skills practices are embedded in advanced nursing practice roles in the UK. There is little evidence on how these skills are used by advanced nurse practitioners in the community.DesignCase study.MethodsA qualitative interpretative single‐embedded case study of 22 participants from South of England. A framework method analysed interview data collected by the researcher between March–August 2013. Participants included nurses, doctors, nurse educators and managers.FindingsPhysical assessment skills education at universities is part of a policy shift to develop a flexible workforce in the UK. Shared physical assessment practices are less to do with role substitution and more about preparing practitioners with skills that are fit for purpose. Competence, capability and performance with physical assessment skills are an expectation of advanced nursing practice.ConclusionsThese skills are used successfully by community advanced nurse practitioners to deliver a wide range of services in response to changing patient need. The introduction of physical assessment skills education to undergraduate professional preparation would create a firm foundation to develop these skills in postgraduate education.Relevance to clinical practicePhysical assessment education prepares nurses with the clinical competencies to carry out healthcare reforms in the UK. Shared sets of clinical assessment competencies between disciplines have better outcomes for patients. Levels of assessment competence can depend on the professional attributes of individual practitioners. Unsupportive learning cultures can hinder professional development of advanced nursing practice.
Usefulness of a management protocol for patients with cervical multicystic lesions: A retrospective analysis of 94 cases and the significance of GNAS mutation
Authors: Ando Hirofumi , Miyamoto Tsutomu , Kashima Hiroyasu , Takatsu Akiko , Ishii Keiko , Fujinaga Yasunari , Shiozawa Tanri 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThe proper preoperative diagnosis and management of cervical proliferative disorders presenting with multiple cysts, including minimal deviation adenocarcinoma (MDA), lobular endocervical glandular hyperplasia (LEGH), and nabothian cyst (NC), have not been fully established. We previously proposed a management protocol comprising a diagnostic approach using cytology, magnetic resonance imaging, and gastric‐type mucin and subsequent treatment. We herein evaluate the usefulness of this protocol and implications of GNAS mutations in LEGH.MethodsThe clinical courses of 94 patients with cervical multicystic lesions who visited our hospital between June 1995 and September 2014 were retrospectively analyzed. GNAS mutations were investigated in 10 LEGH, five LEGH with atypia, and two MDA cases.ResultsOf the 94 patients, the conditions of 10, 59, and 25 were clinically diagnosed as suspicious of MDA or carcinoma (S/O MDA‐Ca), suspicious of LEGH (S/O LEGH), and NC, respectively. Ten patients each with S/O MDA‐Ca and S/O LEGH underwent hysterectomy, and the correct ratio for diagnosis was 90% (18/20). Of the 42 S/O LEGH cases followed‐up for more than 12 months, three showed an increase in tumor size. After hysterectomy, two were LEGH with atypia while one was NC. The GNAS mutation was detected in two cases of LEGH with atypia, one of which showed an increase in tumor size during follow‐up.ConclusionThe management protocol we propose herein will be useful. An increase in tumor size is important to detect potentially malignant LEGH. GNAS mutations may be involved in the tumorigenesis of potentially malignant LEGH.
Duration of reproductive lifespan and age at menarche in relation to metabolic syndrome in postmenopausal Chinese women
Authors: Cao Xia , Zhou Jiansong , Yuan Hong , Chen Zhiheng 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimThis study aimed to assess the associations between menstrual characteristics and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease.MethodsA cross‐sectional study was conducted with a sample of 1625 postmenopausal women in China. Subjects were classified into three groups according to the tertiles of some variables related to the reproductive life. We assessed associations in multivariable‐adjusted analyses, using logistic regressions.ResultsAfter adjustments for confounding factors, the odds ratios (OR) for predicting the presence of MetS increased gradually: as the years of menstruation increased (18–34 years vs 35–37 years vs 38–46 years: OR [95% confidence interval (CI)] = 1 vs 1.231 [0.942–1.610] vs 1.309 [0.985–1.740], respectively); as age at menopause increased (31–48 years vs 49–51 years vs 52–59 years: OR [95%CI] = 1 vs 1.115 [0.846–1.469] vs 1.315 [0.986–1.753], respectively); and as age at menarche decrease (11–13 years vs 14–15 years vs 16–20 years: OR [95%CI] = 1 vs 0.950 [0.728–1.240] vs 0.862 [0.610–1.119], respectively). Among the components of MetS, the highest tertile of years of menstruation was significantly associated with elevated waist circumference (OR =1.401 [95%CI = 1.092–1.798]), and elevated triglyceride (OR =1.220 [95%CI = 0.934–1.593]). Nevertheless, the association between these reproductive factors and non‐alcoholic fatty liver disease was not significant.ConclusionLonger duration of menstruation and earlier age at menarche were significantly associated with a higher risk of central obesity and MetS in postmenopausal Chinese women.
Which type of placenta previa requires blood transfusion more frequently? A new concept of indiscernible edge total previa
Authors: Baba Yosuke , Takahashi Hironori , Ohkuchi Akihide , Usui Rie , Matsubara Shigeki 
Published: October 2016

AbstractAimDuring cesarean section (CS) for placenta previa (PP), the size/area/portion of the lower uterine segment occupied by the placenta may affect the bleeding amount and the subsequent need for a blood transfusion (BT). We propose a new concept, indiscernible edge total PP (IEPP), when vaginal ultrasound does not discern the lower placental edge because the placenta covers the visible lower segment. We characterized IEPP, focusing on its allogeneic BT requirement.MethodsWe classified PP (n = 307) into four types: marginal, partial, discernible edge total PP (DEPP) and IEPP: internal ostium (os)‐placental edge distance measurable or unmeasurable on vaginal ultrasound in DEPP or IEPP, respectively. We determined the clinical characteristics according to the four types; the relationship between the intraoperative blood loss and os‐edge distance in DEPP; and risk factors for allogeneic BT.ResultsThe following were significantly higher/larger in cases of IEPP: previous CS; anterior placentation; lacunae; elective cesarean hysterectomy; intraoperative blood loss; autologous BT; allogeneic BT; intensive care unit admission; and an abnormally invasive placenta (AIP). In DEPP, the os‐edge distance was weakly correlated with the bleeding amount (r = 0.214). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that previous CS, lacunae, AIP and IEPP were independent risk factors for allogeneic BT (odds ratios 3.8, 3.1, 13.8 and 4.6, respectively). After excluding patients undergoing hemostatic procedures during CS, IEPP remained the only independent risk factor for allogeneic BT (odds ratio 5.2).ConclusionsThe new concept of IEPP may be useful for predicting BT in CS for patients with PP.