bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Intensifiers between grammar and pragmatics
Authors: Fiorentini Ilaria , Sansò Andrea 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Intensification is a more pervasive phenomenon than usually thought, involving modification and scaling at different levels. Besides adjectives and adverbs, also the epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of speech acts can be modulated (Bazzanella et al. 1991; Ghezzi 2013). The strategies speakers use to weaken or intensify the speaker’s epistemic stance and the illocutionary force of the utterance include the class of so-called discourse markers (Bazzanella 1995, 2006), such as, for instance, hedges and boosters, which are hearer-oriented and “work as social and politeness markers” (Bazzanella 2006: 463), and modalizers, which modify the speaker’s commitment towards the propositional content. This article aims to investigate these strategies in a specific language contact situation, which turns out to be a privileged vantage point to tease out the manifestations of intensification in everyday language use. We will focus on the Ladin-Italian (and German) contact area in Trentino-South Tyrol (Northern Italy), with a view to identifying the strategies that bilingual speakers adopt to express intensification in their speech. The results of the investigation show that there are different borrowability rates in the adoption of intensifiers from the pragmatically dominant languages (Italian and German), whereby intensifiers with a strong intersubjective function such as those modifying the illocutionary force of the utterance are borrowed more easily than intensifiers operating at lower (i.e. propositional or subjective) levels.
Stress and tones as intensifying operators in German
Authors: Cosentino Gianluca 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Unlike the classic, most widely studied phenomena, prosody has been insufficiently investigated as form of linguistic intensification. This paper attempts to look upon some prosodic features as independent means of intensification in German. Accents, tones and contour choice may open up the possibility of distinguishing between intensified and unintensified predicates, however this differentiation cannot be described within a gradually increasing system, but it is only measurable within a bipolar, two-dimensional scale.
English exclamative clauses and interrogative degree modification
Authors: Siemund Peter 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
I here explore the relationship between interrogative degree modification (What a mess!; How awful!) and exclamative clauses like What a wonderful conference we had or How wonderful this conference was. The former are usually viewed as derived from the latter by means of ellipsis. The ellipsis account is based on the prerogative of clausal over non-clausal structures, a silent assumption behind much of contemporary grammatical reasoning. My study provides quantitative evidence that this reasoning may well have to go into the opposite direction. It is based on the British National Corpus and the International Corpus of English, British Component.
Intensifying structures of adjectives across German and Italian
Authors: Malloggi Patrizio 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Grading and intensifying are primary cognitive operations that have an important expressive function. This paper analyses examples of composition, prefix‑ and suffix-derivation as adjective formation methods that intensify the meaning of adjectives in the German (e.g. eiskalt, blitzschnell, steinreich, erzfrech, urgesund, superelegant etc.) and Italian (e.g. ricco sfondato, stanco morto; strafelice, straricco etc.) language. Both languages have wide range of possibilities for intensifying the meaning of adjectives: In the German language, research literature (Fleischer & Barz 1995; Eichinger 2000; Kirschbaum 2002) states that composition and prefix-derivation are the most used methods of adjective intensification. Italian, like other Romance languages, intensifies adjectives through the absolute superlative with the Latin-derived suffix ‑issimo or with some intensifying prefixes derived from Greek, Latin or English (iperattivo, ultranazionale, supergentile etc.) (Rainer 1983; Costa 1997; Serianni 2006). This paper focuses on the argument that even if German and Italian are two languages belonging to a different language family, they share some means to express intensity in adjectives. The data used for this analysis will be mainly extracted from the most relevant monolingual encyclopaedic dictionaries as comparative databases.
Ways to intensify
Authors: Napoli Maria , Ravetto Miriam 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Intensification has traditionally been regarded as a category that is closely related to the concept of degree, i.e., to gradability (since Bolinger 1972). However, as has been shown by, among others, Paradis (2001, 2008), intensifiers are used not only with gradable bases (as adjectives typically are), but also with non-gradable bases, including nouns and verbs. The nature of the modified base – gradable vs. non-gradable, but also bounded vs. unbounded – may influence the value of the intensifiers, which as a result do not represent a homogenous category. Italian and German confirm this state of affairs in their use of some evaluative prefixes, mainly of Greek and Latin origin, with different kinds of base and different semantic and pragmatic functions. The aim of this paper is to analyze the behaviour of the most representative of these prefixes using a corpus-based approach. We will try to illustrate how the values assumed by Italian and German prefixes cannot be accounted for only in terms of degree modification, as related to the quantity and/or quality dimensions of intensification, since these forms show an increase in their subjectivity and expressive strength, which leads them to lose their semantic specificity and to assume a more general intensifying (and emphasizing) function.
Augmentatives in Italian and German
Authors: Costa Marcella 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
The present paper deals with Italian and German augmentation, analyzed both from a contrastive linguistic and translational perspective. It explores the Italian suffixes ‑one and ‑accio as well as German formatives conveying similar meaning (AUG and PEJ) paralleling the presentation of the Italian augmentation features in their formal, semantic features and pragmatic-interactive dimensions with the equivalent features in German in order to work out similarities and differences between the two languages. In a second step the analysis focuses the parole-level and investigates the bidirectional translation strategies of augmentatives (Italian-German; German-Italian) in bilingual lexicography and in an Italian-German translation corpus. The goal is to verify what happens on the parole-level, checking different possible solutions to translate and express augmentatives in context and contrasting them with the findings of the contrastive analysis on the langue-level.
Transitivity and valency-changing operations in Huasteca Nahuatl
Authors: Peregrina Llanes Manuel , Álvarez González Albert , Estrada-Fernández Zarina 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper focuses on valency-changing operations in Huasteca Nahuatl. Regarding valency-increasing operations, it is shown that the suffix -lti/-ti/-tia is used for causativization of intransitive verbs, and that applicativization is marked by the suffix -lia/-li/-l. Regarding valency-decreasing operations, the prefix mo- shows a wide range of functions, covering reflexive, reciprocal, middle, impersonal and passive meanings. This paper also demonstrates that valency-changing operators in Huasteca Nahuatl can be used without changing the valency of the base verb, thus indicating that these markers are in fact transitivity-changing operators, not always valency-changing operators. The processes of autocausativization, antipassivization and noun incorporation in Huasteca Nahuatl are also addressed, particularly their effects on transitivity and valency.
The antipassive marking in Mocoví
Authors: Juárez Cristian , Álvarez González Albert 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
This paper presents the two different antipassive markers (suffixes -(a)ɢan and -(a)taɢan) that can be observed in Mocoví, addressing both their forms and functions. Besides the morphosyntactic, semantic and pragmatic features that are synchronically involved in Mocoví antipassive constructions, the study considers the functional overlaps between these two antipassive markings and causative, aspectual and agentive nominal meanings. Based on these characteristics, it will be proposed that the primary functions of both suffixes are to highlight the predicate activity and to downgrade the object/patient participant and thereby, as a consequence, to focus on the participant that carries out this activity, that is, the subject/agent. As Mocoví is a non-ergative language, this paper also contributes to the typological discussion about the relation between antipassives and ergativity, confirming that the marked antipassive construction is not exclusive of ergative languages.
Evaluating Headline Fungicide on Alfalfa Production and Sensitivity of Pathogens to Pyraclostrobin
Authors: Samac Deborah A. , Halfman Bill , Jensen Bryan , Brietenbach Fritz , Behnken Lisa , Willbur Jaime , Undersander Daniel , Blonde Greg , Lamb JoAnn F. S. 
Published: October 2017

Headline fungicide was recently registered for management of foliar diseases on alfalfa. The effect of disease control on yield, forage quality, and potential return on investment for fungicide application was determined for field experiments conducted at five locations in 2012, three in Wisconsin and two in Minnesota. Headline reduced defoliation in 12 out of 14 harvests and increased forage yield and return on investment in 5 out 12 harvests compared to the untreated control. Headline plus the insecticide Warrior II reduced defoliation in 10 out of 14 harvests and increased yield and return on investment in four harvests compared to Warrior II alone. Two common foliar pathogens were highly sensitive to pyraclostrobin, the active ingredient in Headline. For Phoma medicaginis, the in vitro EC50 was 2.3 ng pyraclostrobin/ml and for Stemphylium globuliferum the EC50 was 52 ng pyraclostrobin/ml. The results indicate that fungicide application can increase yields under higher disease pressure and increase crude protein when the crop is harvested at later developmental stages. Accepted for publication 25 June 2013. Published 17 September 2013.
Weed Species Not Impaired by Verticillium dahliae and Meloidogyne incognita Relationships that Damage Chile Pepper
Authors: Sanogo S. , Schroeder J. , Thomas S. , Murray L. , Schmidt N. , Beacham J. , Fiore C. , Liess L. 
Published: October 2017

The chile pepper (Capsicum annuum) crop is affected by several pests, pathogens, and weeds including Verticillium dahliae, Meloidogyne incognita, spurred anoda (Anoda cristata), Wright groundcherry (Physalis acutifolia), and tall morningglory (Ipomoea purpurea). These weed species are unimpaired hosts to V. dahliae and M. incognita. Chile plants have been found co-infected with V. dahliae and M. incognita in commercial fields. Greenhouse studies were conducted to determine the relationships among V. dahliae, M. incognita, and each of the four aforementioned plant species. Plants were either non-inoculated or inoculated with V. dahliae, M. incognita, or V. dahliae plus M. incognita. Six weeks after inoculation, plant infection by V. dahliae, M. incognita reproduction, plant height and biomass were measured. Three relationships were identified: V. dahliae was recovered from 100% of all four inoculated plant species, irrespective of M. incognita treatment; V. dahliae and M. incognita enhanced or had no effect on weed biomass but were pathogenic to chile; and co-infection by V. dahliae had no effect on nematode reproduction in the first M. incognita generation on the crop or weeds. These biological relationships suggest that the competitive impact of the weeds may increase and pathogen diversity may be affected in infested fields, ultimately impacting the efficacy of our common IPM tools. Accepted for publication 17 July 2013. Published 20 September 2013.
Ceratobasidium Root Rot: A New Disease of Watermelon in Arizona
Authors: Nischwitz Claudia , Chitrampalam Periasamy , Olsen Mary 
Published: October 2017

To our knowledge, Ceratobasidium species have never been previously reported as a pathogen of watermelon anywhere in the United States. Because of the recent reports in Italy and confirmed incidences in major watermelon production areas in Arizona, this disease should be recognized as a potential problem in watermelon. Accepted for publication 13 November 2013. Published 25 November 2013.
Differential effect of motor cortex stimulation on unit activities in the ventral posterior lateral thalamus in cats
Authors: Kobaïter-Maarrawi Sandra , Maarrawi Joseph , Saadé Nayef , Garcia-Larrea Luis , Magnin Michel 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Although motor cortex stimulation (MCS) is being increasingly used to treat chronic refractory neuropathic pain in humans, its mechanisms of action remain elusive. Studies in animals have suggested the involvement of subcortical structures, in particular, the thalamus. Most of these studies have been performed in rats, a species presenting significant differences in thalamic anatomy and function relative to primates, in particular, a very limited number of thalamic GABA interneurons. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of MCS on single-unit activities of the thalamic ventral posterior lateral (VPL) nucleus in cats, which contains substantial numbers of GABA interneurons. Spontaneous and evoked activities of VPL units were studied before and after MCS. Motor cortex stimulation induced significant depression of the wide-dynamic-range (WDR) cells' firing rate, concomitant with activity enhancement of nonnociceptive (NN) units. More than half of WDR cells showed a significant decrease in the firing rate, while a similar proportion of NN units exhibited the opposite after-effect. Maximal firing attenuation of WDR cells occurred when the MCS location matched somatotopically their receptive field. Repetition of MCS runs led to an accentuation of WDR depression. After peripheral stimulation, evoked activity in each cell showed MCS effects similar to those observed in spontaneous activity. These data demonstrate a selective top–down inhibition by MCS of nonspecific nociceptive (WDR) cells, enhanced by somatotopic concordance and stimulation repetition, in parallel to facilitation of NN cells. These 2 outcomes may play a role in the complex analgesic effect of MCS observed in neuropathic pain conditions.
Attention bias modification training for adolescents with chronic pain: a randomized placebo-controlled trial
Authors: Heathcote Lauren C. , Jacobs Konrad , Van Ryckeghem Dimitri M.L. , Fisher Emma , Eccleston Christopher , Fox Elaine , Lau Jennifer Y.F. 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
Attention bias for pain-related information is theorised to maintain chronic pain, indicating that changing this bias could improve pain-related outcomes. Modifying attention biases in adolescents, when chronic pain often first emerges, may be particularly beneficial. We report here a randomized, placebo-controlled, parallel-group trial of attention bias modification (ABM) training in adolescents with chronic noncancer pain. Adolescent patients (N = 66) were randomly assigned to complete multiple sessions of dot-probe ABM training (N = 23), placebo training (N = 22), or no training (waitlist; N = 21) across a period of 4 weeks. Patients completed all assessments at a hospital-based pediatric pain clinic and completed all training at home. We examined the relative effects of ABM on attention bias and attention control, as well as pain symptomatology (primary outcome), pain catastrophizing, anxiety and depression symptoms, and functional disability (secondary outcomes) immediately after training and 3 months later. We found no evidence that ABM changed attention bias or attention control in comparison with placebo training or no training. We also found that pain and pain-related outcomes were no different for those undergoing ABM compared with placebo training or no training when tested immediately after training or 3 months later. Overall, we found no evidence to support the efficacy of dot-probe ABM for improving pain-related outcomes in adolescents with chronic pain. This study was registered on the NIHR Clinical Research Network Portfolio in August 2014 (UK Clinical Trials Gateway: CPMS 17251) and funded by a Research Training Fellowship awarded to Lauren Heathcote by Action Medical Research for Children.
Comparison of Emergency Department Visits for Complications of Gastrostomy Versus Gastrojejunostomy Tubes in Children
Authors: Ronning Meghann Marie , Gaillard Philippe , Wey Andrew , Roback Mark G. 
Published: October 2017

Objectives
This study aims to evaluate frequency, type, and cost of gastrostomy tube (GT) versus gastrojejunostomy tube (GJT) complications in children presenting to the emergency department (ED).

Methods
Patients were selected by electronic health record search for International Classification of Diseases, Ninth Revision, and procedure codes for GTs and GJTs/jejunostomy tubes. All children aged less than 18 years with GTs or GJTs placed during a 5-year period (2007–2012) at the University of Minnesota Masonic Children's Hospital were identified for retrospective review. Comparisons were made on demographic data, number and type of complications, and interventions performed for ED visits, which were abstracted from the electronic health record. Cost data were abstracted from the financial data system.

Results
A total of 161 GT and GJT patients were identified; 31 children had 43 ED visits for complications. Ages ranged from 1 month to 17 years; median, 12 months; mean, 5.4 years; 25 (58%) were male, and 18 female (42%). Complications occurred in 15 GT (48.4%) and 16 GJT (51.6%) patients. The most common ED presenting complication was dislodgement, which occurred in 14 GTs (67%) and 18 GJTs (82%), followed by clogging 6 GTs (29%) and 1 GJTs (4.5%). Those presenting to the ED with GJT complications had higher mean overall charge (US $1987.00 vs US $913.10, P = 0.05).

Conclusions
Although GTs and GJTs had similar rates of complications and ED visits, GJT complications were more likely to result in hospital admission and intervention by radiology, require specialist involvement, and have a higher cost charged to the patient.
Mallet Finger in a Toddler
Authors: Forward Karen E. , Yazdani Arjang , Lim Rodrick 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
A mallet finger is a flexion deformity of a finger at the distal interphalangeal joint due to an injury of the extensor mechanism at the base of the distal phalanx. Most common in middle-aged men, injuries in the pediatric population are less common and rare in toddlers. We describe a case of missed mallet finger and its subsequent treatment in a female toddler.
Point-of-Care Ultrasound to Diagnose Postpericardiotomy Syndrome in a Child
Authors: Miller Andrew F. , Levy Jason A. , Rempell Rachel G. , Nagler Joshua 
Published: October 2017

Abstract
We report a case of a patient presenting with abdominal pain after cardiac surgery who was noted on point-of-care ultrasound (POCUS) to have pericardial and pleural effusion, in addition to ascites. The most notable findings were pleural and pericardial effusions, which combined with symptomatology met criteria for postpericardiotomy syndrome. Point-of-care ultrasound expedited the diagnosis of a pericardial effusion with impending tamponade and transfer for pericardiocentesis and placement of pericardial drain.
Rice paddyNitrospiraeencode and express genes related to sulfate respiration: proposal of the new genusCandidatusSulfobium
Authors: Zecchin Sarah , Mueller Ralf C. , Seifert Jana , Stingl Ulrich , Anantharaman Karthik , Bergen Martin van , Cavalca Lucia , Pester Michael 
Published: October 2017

AbstractNitrospiraespp. distantly related to thermophilic, sulfate-reducingThermodesulfovibriospecies are regularly observed in environmental surveys of anoxic marine and freshwater habitats. However, little is known about their genetic make-up and physiology. Here, we present the draft genome ofNitrospiraebacterium Nbg-4 as a representative of this clade and analyzed itsin situprotein expression under sulfate-enriched and sulfate-depleted conditions in rice paddy soil. The genome of Nbg-4 was assembled from replicated metagenomes of rice paddy soil that was used to grow rice plants in the presence and absence of gypsum (CaSO4×2H2O). Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and showed expression thereof in gypsum-amended anoxic bulk soil as revealed by parallel metaproteomics. In addition, Nbg-4 encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonia, which was expressed in bulk soil without gypsum amendment. The relative abundance of Nbg-4-related metagenome reads was similar under both treatments indicating that it maintained stable populations while shifting its energy metabolism. Further genome reconstruction revealed the potential to utilize butyrate, formate, H2, or acetate as electron donor, with the Wood-Ljungdahl pathway being expressed under both conditions. Comparison to publicly availableNitrospiraegenome bins confirmed that the pathway for dissimilatory sulfate reduction is also present in relatedNitrospiraerecovered from groundwater. Subsequent phylogenomics showed that such microorganisms form a novel genus within the phylumNitrospirae, with Nbg-4 as a representative species. Based on the widespread occurrence of this novel genus, we propose for Nbg-4 the nameCandidatusSulfobium mesophilum, gen. nov., spec. nov.ImportanceRice paddies are indispensable for food supply but are a major source of the greenhouse gas methane. If not counterbalanced by cryptic sulfur cycling, methane emission from rice paddy fields would be even higher. However, the microorganisms involved in this sulfur cycling are little understood. By using an environmental systems biology approach of Italian rice paddy soil, we could retrieve the population genome of a novel member of the phylumNitrospirae. This microorganism encoded the full pathway of dissimilatory sulfate reduction and expressed itin situunder sulfate-enriched and anoxic conditions. Phylogenomics and comparison to environmental surveys showed that such microorganisms are actually widespread in freshwater and marine environments. At the same time, they represent a yet undiscovered genus within the little exploredNitrospirae. Our results will be important to design enrichment strategies and postgenomic studies to fully understand the contribution of these novelNitrospiraeto the global sulfur cycle.