bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Gas Diffusion in the CNS
Authors: Rodriguez‐Grande Beatriz , Konsman Jan‐Pieter 
Published: May 2017

AbstractGases have been long known to have essential physiological functions in the CNS such as respiration or regulation of vascular tone. Since gases have been classically considered to freely diffuse, research in gas biology has so far focused on mechanisms of gas synthesis and gas reactivity, rather than gas diffusion and transport. However, the discovery of gas pores during the last two decades and the characterization of diverse diffusion patterns through different membranes has raised the possibility that modulation of gas diffusion is also a physiologically relevant parameter. Here we review the means of gas movement into and within the brain through “free” diffusion and gas pores, notably aquaporins, discussing the role that gas diffusion may play in the modulation of gas function. We highlight how diffusion is relevant to neuronal signaling, volume transmission, and cerebrovascular control in the case of NO, one of the most extensively studied gases. We point out how facilitated transport can be especially relevant for gases with low permeability in lipid membranes like NH3 and discuss the possible implications of NH3‐permeable channels in physiology and hyperammonemic encephalopathy. We identify novel research questions about how modulation of gas diffusion could intervene in CNS pathologies. This emerging area of research can provide novel and interesting insights in the field of gas biology.
WorldClim 2: new 1‐km spatial resolution climate surfaces for global land areas
Authors: Fick Stephen E. , Hijmans Robert J. 
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTWe created a new dataset of spatially interpolated monthly climate data for global land areas at a very high spatial resolution (approximately 1 km2). We included monthly temperature (minimum, maximum and average), precipitation, solar radiation, vapour pressure and wind speed, aggregated across a target temporal range of 1970–2000, using data from between 9000 and 60 000 weather stations. Weather station data were interpolated using thin‐plate splines with covariates including elevation, distance to the coast and three satellite‐derived covariates: maximum and minimum land surface temperature as well as cloud cover, obtained with the MODIS satellite platform. Interpolation was done for 23 regions of varying size depending on station density. Satellite data improved prediction accuracy for temperature variables 5–15% (0.07–0.17 °C), particularly for areas with a low station density, although prediction error remained high in such regions for all climate variables. Contributions of satellite covariates were mostly negligible for the other variables, although their importance varied by region. In contrast to the common approach to use a single model formulation for the entire world, we constructed the final product by selecting the best performing model for each region and variable. Global cross‐validation correlations were ≥ 0.99 for temperature and humidity, 0.86 for precipitation and 0.76 for wind speed. The fact that most of our climate surface estimates were only marginally improved by use of satellite covariates highlights the importance having a dense, high‐quality network of climate station data.
The influence of a composite hospital volume on outcomes for gastric cancer surgery: A Dutch population‐based study
Authors: Busweiler Linde A. D. , Dikken Johan L. , Henneman Daniel , van Berge Henegouwen Mark I. , Ho Vincent K. Y. , Tollenaar Rob A. E. M. , Wouters Michel W. J. M. , van Sandick Johanna W. 
Published: May 2017

BackgroundVolume‐outcome associations for complex surgical procedures have motivated centralization of care worldwide. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between overall hospital experience with complex upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancer resections and outcomes after gastric cancer surgery.MethodsData on all patients (n = 4837) who underwent a resection for non metastatic invasive gastric cancer between 2005 and 2014 were obtained from the Netherlands Cancer Registry (NCR). Annual hospital volume categories were based on the combined volume of gastrectomies, esophagectomies, and pancreatectomies (composite hospital volume). Volume‐outcome analyses were performed for lymph node yield, 30‐day mortality, and overall survival.ResultsThe proportion of gastric cancer resections performed in hospitals with an annual composite hospital volume of ≥40 upper GI cancer resections increased from 6% in 2005 to 80% in 2014. A higher composite hospital volume was univariably associated with a higher lymph node yield, lower 30‐day mortality, and increased overall survival. Statistical significance was lost after adjusting for case mix. But, sub group analysis including only elderly patients (≥75 years) showed a significant association between composite hospital volume and 30‐day mortality.ConclusionIn the Netherlands, an increasing proportion of gastric cancer resections is performed in hospitals with a high composite hospital volume of gastric, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer resections. Special attention is warranted to referral of elderly patients, as these patients might specifically benefit from this centralization.
Ultrasound‐Guided Fine‐Needle Aspiration in the Neck Region Using an Optical See‐Through Head‐Mounted Display: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Authors: Kaneko Naoki , Tsunoda Mayumi , Mitsuhashi Masatsugu , Okubo Keisuke , Takeshima Taro , Sehara Yoshihide , Nagai Mutsumi , Kawai Kensuke 
Published: May 2017

ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to examine the feasibility of an optical see‐through head‐mounted display (OST‐HMD) to improve ergonomics during ultrasound‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (FNA) in the neck region.MethodsThis randomized controlled study compared an OST‐HMD with a normal ultrasound monitor during an ultrasound‐guided FNA in the neck region. Patients with a neck tumor were recruited and randomized into one of two groups. Two practitioners performed ultrasound‐guided FNA with or without the HMD, as indicated. An independent researcher measured the procedure time, the number and time of head movements, as well as the number of needle redirections. In addition, practitioners completed questionnaires after performing the FNA on each patient.ResultsIn 93% of the sessions with the OST‐HMD, practitioners performed ultrasound‐guided FNA without turning the patients’ heads. There was no difference in procedural time and number of needle redirections between the two groups. Results from the questionnaire revealed not only good wearability and low fatigue, but also the practitioners’ preference for the HMD.ConclusionsThe OST‐HMD improved the practitioners’ ergonomics and can be adopted for performing ultrasound‐guided interventional procedures in clinical settings.
A temperature compensation method for chlorophyll and phycocyanin fluorescence sensors in freshwater
Authors: Watras C. J. , Morrison K. A. , Rubsam J. L. , Hanson P. C. , Watras A. J. , LaLiberte G. D. , Milewski P. 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThe in vivo fluorescence (IVF) of photosynthetic pigments is used widely as a proxy for phytoplankton biomass in fresh and marine waters. Although fluorescence intensity is known to decrease with rising temperature for many fluorophores, temperature quench is rarely accounted for in field studies of plankton IVF. Here, we quantified the effect of temperature on in vivo chlorophyll and phycocyanin fluorescence in the laboratory (∼ 5°C to 30°C), and we derived temperature compensation equations for IVF sensors commonly used in freshwaters. The equations reference measured fluorescence to a standard temperature, and they have the same linear form as the equation derived in an earlier study of chromophoric dissolved organic matter fluorescence: Fr = Fm/(1 + ρ(Tm – Tr)), where F is fluorescence intensity (RFU, relative fluorescence units), T is temperature (°C), ρ is the temperature coefficient at a given reference temperature (°C−1), and the subscripts r and m stand for the reference and measured values. At a reference temperature of 20°C, the temperature coefficients (ρ) for chlorophyll and phycocyanin in Wisconsin lake waters ranged from −0.008°C−1 to −0.012°C−1 and −0.006°C−1 to −0.012°C−1, respectively. For chlorophyll in a pure culture of the green alga Scenedesmus dimorphus, the value for ρ was similar to the value in natural assemblages, averaging −0.018 ± 0.003°C−1; but for phycocyanin in the blue‐green alga Synechococcus leopoliensis it was lower (more negative), averaging −0.034 ± 0.003°C−1. This disparity notwithstanding, we conclude that temperature compensation is an important component of IVF monitoring.
Directed diversity manipulations within natural phytoplankton communities
Authors: Hammerstein Sara K. , Stockenreiter Maria , Stibor Herwig 
Published: May 2017

AbstractThere is general concern about the rapid decline in biodiversity. The consequences of biodiversity declines are expected to impact ecosystem functioning. Primary production is one of the ecosystem—functions where existing data already support such expectations. However, for a mechanistic understanding of these processes more experimental investigations are needed. In terrestrial primary producer communities a directed removal of species is one important tool in the experimental portfolio to study the consequences of a decline in biodiversity. However, this is notoriously difficult in suspended aquatic primary producer communities consisting of mostly unicellular phytoplankton. As phytoplankton are responsible for about 50% of global primary production, detailed knowledge of whether and how diversity declines will impact the functioning of natural phytoplankton communities is of crucial importance. Here, we tested two different methods, dilution and disturbance—to manipulate diversity of natural freshwater plankton communities along an experimental gradient in a directed way. Dilution will alter community composition by affecting mainly rare species whereas disturbance will affect mainly stress sensitive species. Both methods resulted in distinct and replicable species richness gradients. Such gradients enable the mechanistic study of general responses to biodiversity loss in natural phytoplankton communities with shared evolutionary history in an ecological meaningful way.
Radiological biomarkers for diagnosis in PSP: Where are we and where do we need to be?
Authors: Whitwell Jennifer L. , Höglinger Günter U. , Antonini Angelo , Bordelon Yvette , Boxer Adam L. , Colosimo Carlo , van Eimeren Thilo , Golbe Lawrence I. , Kassubek Jan , Kurz Carolin , Litvan Irene , Pantelyat Alexander , Rabinovici Gil , Respondek Gesine , Rominger Axel , Rowe James B. , Stamelou Maria , Josephs Keith A. ,   for the Movement Disorder Society‐endorsed PSP Study Group
Published: May 2017

ABSTRACTPSP is a pathologically defined neurodegenerative tauopathy with a variety of clinical presentations including typical Richardson's syndrome and other variant PSP syndromes. A large body of neuroimaging research has been conducted over the past two decades, with many studies proposing different structural MRI and molecular PET/SPECT biomarkers for PSP. These include measures of brainstem, cortical and striatal atrophy, diffusion weighted and diffusion tensor imaging abnormalities, [18F] fluorodeoxyglucose PET hypometabolism, reductions in striatal dopamine imaging and, most recently, PET imaging with ligands that bind to tau. Our aim was to critically evaluate the degree to which structural and molecular neuroimaging metrics fulfill criteria for diagnostic biomarkers of PSP. We queried the PubMed, Cochrane, Medline, and PSYCInfo databases for original research articles published in English over the past 20 years using postmortem diagnosis or the NINDS‐SPSP criteria as the diagnostic standard from 1996 to 2016. We define a five‐level theoretical construct for the utility of neuroimaging biomarkers in PSP, with level 1 representing group‐level findings, level 2 representing biomarkers with demonstrable individual‐level diagnostic utility, level 3 representing biomarkers for early disease, level 4 representing surrogate biomarkers of PSP pathology, and level 5 representing definitive PSP biomarkers of PSP pathology. We discuss the degree to which each of the currently available biomarkers fit into this theoretical construct, consider the role of biomarkers in the diagnosis of Richardson's syndrome, variant PSP syndromes and autopsy confirmed PSP, and emphasize current shortfalls in the field. © 2017 The Authors. Movement Disorders published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
The use of intravesical gentamicin to treat recurrent urinary tract infections in lower urinary tract dysfunction
Authors: Abrams Paul , Hashim Hashim , Tomson Charles , Macgowan Alasdair , Skews Rachel , Warren Katherine 
Published: May 2017

AIMSTo assess the use of intravesical gentamicin to treat intractable recurrent urinary tract infections in lower urinary tract dysfunction.METHODSA two‐center retrospective cohort study of 27 patients treated with intravesical gentamicin was performed over a 2‐year period. A treatment protocol was developed, reviewed, and accepted by the clinical effectiveness committee of both hospitals. Patients were taught to instill the gentamicin into the bladder on a nightly basis. Inclusion criteria included failure to respond to standard therapy, having six or more cultured confirmed UTIs over a 12‐month period, or at least one hospital admission with sepsis. Serum gentamicin levels were taken after 7 days and the treatment was discontinued if the level was >1 mg/L. Patients were counseled about the limited evidence base for this treatment.RESULTSTwenty‐seven patients have been treated with intravesical gentamicin for an average of 26 months. Seventeen were performing ISC, five had suprapubic catheters, three were voiding, and two had ileal conduits at the time of instituting treatment. All patients started on daily 80 mg gentamicin. Twenty two patients had less frequently occurring infections after starting intravesical gentamicin treatment. Six stopped the treatment and none had side effects as a result of the instillations.CONCLUSIONSThis study has shown that in a small group of adult patients who have multiple symptomatic UTIs refractory to conventional treatment, intravesical gentamicin is effective in reducing the frequency of infections. The treatment is well tolerated with no evidence of systemic absorption.
Impact of Roux‐en‐Y gastric bypass surgery on appetite, alcohol intake behaviors, and midbrain ghrelin signaling in the rat
Authors: Sirohi Sunil , Richardson Ben D. , Lugo Janelle M. , Rossi David J. , Davis Jon F. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveRoux‐en‐Y gastric bypass (RYGB) surgery reduces appetite and stimulates new onset alcohol misuse; however, the genesis of these behavioral changes is unclear. This study is hypothesized that new onset alcohol intake is a behavioral adaptation that occurs secondary to reduced appetite and correlates with altered central ghrelin signaling.MethodsHedonic high‐fat diet (HFD) intake was evaluated prior to the assessment of alcohol intake behaviors in RYGB and control rats. Measurements were also taken of circulating ghrelin and ghrelin receptor (GHSR) regulation of neuronal firing in ventral tegmental area (VTA) dopamine (DA) neurons.ResultsRYGB rats displayed reduced HFD intake relative to controls. Sham and RYGB rats consumed more alcohol and preferred lower concentrations of alcohol, whereas only RYGB rats escalated alcohol intake during acute withdrawal. Remarkably, GHSR activity, independent of peripheral ghrelin release, set the tonic firing of VTA DA neurons, a response selectively diminished in RYGB rats.ConclusionsThis study indicates that gut manipulations lead to increased alcohol intake, whereas RYGB promotes behaviors that may maintain alcohol misuse. Reductions in hedonic feeding and diminished GHSR control of VTA firing further distinguish gut manipulation from complete bypass and present a potential mechanism linking reduced appetite with alcohol misuse after RYGB surgery.
Synthesis of inositol‐based star polymers through low ppm ATRP methods
Authors: Chmielarz Paweł 
Published: May 2017

The vitamin B8‐based macroinitiator with six 2‐bromoisobutyric initiating sites was prepared for the first time by the transesterification reaction of meso‐inositol with 2‐bromoisobutyryl bromide. A series of six‐armed (co)polymers, containing hydrophilic poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) and amphiphilic poly(di(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate)‐block‐poly(methyl methacrylate) as the arms and meso‐inositol as the core, were obtained by low ppm atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) methods, utilizing 30 ppm of catalyst complex. Under Fe0‐mediated supplemental activators and reducing agents ATRP, Cu0‐mediated supplemental activators and reducing agents ATRP, Ag0‐mediated activators regenerated by electron transfer ATRP, and simplified electrochemically mediated ATRP conditions, polymerization proceeded on to high conversion while maintaining low dispersity (Đ = 1.05–1.16) giving well‐defined six‐armed star (co)polymers. 1H NMR spectral results confirm the formation of new star‐shaped block (co)polymers. The absence of intermolecular coupling reactions during synthesis was confirmed by gel permeation chromatography analyses of the side chains of received star (co)polymers. These vitamin B8‐based star (co)polymers may find biomedical applications as thermo‐sensitive drug delivery systems, biosensors, and tissue engineering solutions. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Crossed ectopic kidney: prenatal diagnosis and postnatal follow‐up
Authors: Zajicek Michal , Perlman Sharon , Dekel Benjamin , Lahav Einat , Lotan Danny , Lotan Dor , Achiron Reuven , Gilboa Yinon 
Published: May 2017

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this study is to investigate prenatal diagnosis and postnatal outcome of fetuses with crossed ectopic kidney.MethodCases referred for an empty renal fossa and diagnosed with crossed ectopic kidney confirmed postnatally were analyzed retrospectively over a period of 10 years. Prenatal diagnosis was established following the detection of one kidney in a normal position and a second ipsilateral kidney fed by abnormal blood vessels on Doppler flowResultsBetween 2005 and 2015, 185 fetuses were referred for an empty renal fossa. Crossed ectopic kidney was diagnosed in 10 of them. Associated congenital urological anomalies included two cases of double collecting system and bilateral hydronephrosis in one. Associated extra renal findings were single umbilical artery (4/10), ventricular septal defects (1/10), and persistent left superior vena cava (1/10). On postnatal follow‐up, bilateral vesicoureteral reflux was diagnosed in a case who presented prenatally with bilateral hydronephrosis and two cases of mild hydronephrosis. All cases were managed conservatively.ConclusionCrossed ectopic kidney should be suspected in cases presenting with an empty renal fossa and a normal positioned kidney. Thorough anatomical scan should be performed as well as periodic follow‐up throughout pregnancy. Postnatal nephrological follow‐up is recommended. © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Trends of Neonatal Abstinence Syndrome Epidemic and Maternal Risk Factors in Florida
Authors: Wang Xi , Zhu Yanmin , Dave Chintan V. , Alrwisan Adel A. , Voils Stacy A. , Winterstein Almut G. 
Published: May 2017

ObjectiveThis study aimed to examine secular trends of (i) maternal prescription opioid use in late pregnancy, (ii) neonatal abstinence syndrome (NAS) stratified by late maternal prescription opioid use, and (iii) maternal risk factors among NAS deliveries.MethodsWomen with a live birth who were enrolled 90 days before and 30 days after delivery in Florida Medicaid Analytic Extract billing records linked to birth certificates from 2000 to 2010 were identified for the study. Changes in the annual prevalence of prescription opioid use during pregnancy were tested with use of the Cochran–Armitage trend test. Temporal trends of NAS deliveries were estimated with the use of Poisson regression and stratified by prescription opioid exposure in the last 90 days of pregnancy in the study period. To identify contributors to the increase in NAS cases, variations in prevalence of opioid dispensing, tobacco use, antidepressant use, and substance use disorder among NAS and non‐NAS deliveries were examined.ResultsThere were 41,968 (9.4%) deliveries exposed to at least one opioid prescription in late pregnancy, and this rate remained stable from 2000 to 2010. Among prescription opioid–exposed deliveries, frequency of NAS increased from 1.6 to 25.2 per 1000 live births during the study period (p<0.05). Although the prevalence of maternal use of prescription opioid, tobacco, and antidepressants remained stable among NAS deliveries from 2000 to 2010, the prevalence of substance use disorder diagnoses increased substantially from 38.9% in 2000 to 67.9% in 2006 (p<0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of NAS increased dramatically whereas the prevalence of major risk factors, including maternal prescription opioid use, remained stable in Florida between 2000 and 2010. The increase in substance use disorder may be responsible for the sharp increase in NAS deliveries.
The 23rd Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation Scientific Retreat report
Authors: Miyahira Andrea K. , Soule Howard R. 
Published: May 2017

IntroductionThe 23rd Annual Prostate Cancer Foundation (PCF) Scientific Retreat was convened October 27‐29, 2016, in Carlsbad, CA.MethodsThis event focuses on the latest advances in basic, translational, and clinical prostate cancer research with the greatest promise for advancing our understanding of prostate cancer biology and improving patient outcomes and quality of life.ResultsThemes highlighted at this year's meeting included: i) targeting DNA repair deficiency in prostate cancer; ii) optimizing the use of Radium‐223 and bone‐targeting agents; iii) advances in cancer immunotherapeutic approaches; iv) targeting developmental pathways in prostate cancer; v) advances in circulating tumor DNA technology and applications; vi) precision survivorship; and vii) novel treatments and treatment strategies in prostate cancer.DiscussionThis article reviews the key advances discussed at the Retreat for the purpose of disseminating this knowledge to accelerate the development of new treatments and improved outcomes for men suffering with prostate cancer.