bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Housing Equity Withdrawal: Perceptions of Obstacles among Older Australian Home Owners and associated Service Providers
Authors: JEFFERSON THERESE , AUSTEN SIOBHAN , ONG RACHEL , HAFFNER MARIETTA E. A. , WOOD GAVIN A. 
Published: February 2017

AbstractHousing wealth dominates the asset portfolios of the older population in Australia and many other countries. Given the anticipated spike in fiscal costs associated with population ageing, there is growing policy interest in housing equity withdrawal (HEW) to finance living needs in retirement. This paper sheds light on homeowners’ perceptions of the obstacles associated with two forms of HEW: mortgage equity withdrawal (where thein situhome owner increases his/her housing-related debt) and downsizing (where housing equity is released by moving to a lower-valued property). We uncover a series of age-specific barriers impeding older Australians’ use of these forms of HEW through qualitative analysis of semi-structured interviews conducted with home owners and professional service providers in related areas of policy and practice. To that end, we recommend the development of a range of safeguards that will minimise the risk exposure and other obstacles associated with HEW for older home owners.
Future war in cities: Urbanization's challenge to strategic studies in the 21st century
Authors: Evans Michael 
Published: February 2017

AbstractThis article argues that, despite an ongoing global revolution in urban demography, most Western military research into urbanization is narrowly focused and remains disengaged from the interdisciplinary expertise of urban studies. Because so many cities are sui generis in terms of their governance, architectural design and demographic composition, the art of war must seek closer interaction with the science of cities. In the coming years, in order to control armed violence and reduce casualties across an urbanizing world, military analysts must seek greater cooperation with urban specialists. The common aim must be to develop an urban-oriented strand of strategic studies that is firmly based on a sophisticated understanding of the ecology of cities. Such a cooperative approach will assist in the development of military methods of operating in cities using appropriate rules of engagement that embrace international humanitarian law.
Konzeption und erste Evaluation eines rehabilitationsbegleitenden Beratungsangebots für Angehörige von Schlaganfallpatienten
Authors: Jungbauer J. , Krieger T. , Floren M. 
Published: February 2017

Zusammenfassung
Bei dem vom BMBF geförderten Modellprojekt „Der Angehörigenlotse“ handelt sich um ein zugehendes, personales und phasenübergreifendes Beratungsangebot für Angehörige von Schlaganfallpatienten. In diesem Beitrag wird die Begleitstudie zu dessen Effekten vorgestellt.
Um Erfahrungen und Bewertungen der Angehörigen sowie Veränderungen im Beratungsverlauf zu erfassen, wurde eine Kombination aus qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden gewählt. 62 Angehörige wurden mit einem selbst entwickelten Fragebogen vor und nach der Beratung untersucht. Ferner wurden qualitative Interviews mit 30 ausgewählten Angehörigen geführt.
Es zeigten sich positive Effekte im Sinne der Projektzielsetzungen, vor allem im Hinblick auf bedarfsgerechte Information, Belastungsreduktion und Ressourcenstärkung der Angehörigen. Als besonders hilfreich wird die Begleitung durch eine feste Ansprechpartnerin erlebt, wobei die Kombination aus Sachkompetenz und emotionaler Unterstützung entscheidend ist.
Das Konzept des „Angehörigenlotsen“ ist geeignet, innovative Impulse im Hinblick auf die Weiterentwicklung von Beratungsstrukturen für pflegende Angehörige zu geben.
Geometry and network connectivity govern the mechanics of stress fibers
Authors: Kassianidou Elena , Brand Christoph A. , Schwarz Ulrich S. , Kumar Sanjay 
Published: February 2017

Significance
Actomyosin stress fiber (SF) networks transmit tension to the microenvironment, which contributes to cell shape and tissue assembly. However, virtually nothing is known about how SF geometry and network structure control the ability of an SF to generate tension. We normalized cell shape and SF length with micropatterning and used laser ablation to probe the viscoelastic properties of the resulting standardized SFs. We find that the retraction dynamics of a cut SF are strongly regulated by SF length, and this relationship may be amplified or offset by the orientation of the attached SFs in single cells as well as in a monolayer. Thus, SF force generation is controlled both locally via adhesive geometry and globally via connections to the actin network.
Dispersal assembly of rain forest tree communities across the Amazon basin
Authors: Dexter Kyle G. , Lavin Mathew , Torke Benjamin M. , Twyford Alex D. , Kursar Thomas A. , Coley Phyllis D. , Drake Camila , Hollands Ruth , Pennington R. Toby 
Published: February 2017

Significance
The Amazon is largely covered by contiguous rain forest. Nevertheless, previous studies have suggested that past geological and climatic events, as well as limited seed dispersal, may have restricted the movement of tree lineages across the Amazon. Using a phylogenetic approach, we show that dispersal into local communities and larger regions in the Amazon appears to not have been limited on evolutionary timescales, but instead, local communities have been assembled by lineages from across the Amazon. These results contrast with those from seasonally dry tropical forests, where closely related species are clustered in geographic space. Furthermore, our results suggest a role for dispersal as an initiator for geographic isolation that might lead to speciation in Amazonian trees.
Grand Challenges in the Management and Conservation of North American Inland Fishes and Fisheries
Authors: Lynch Abigail J. , Cooke Steven J. , Beard T. Douglas , Kao Yu-Chun , Lorenzen Kai , Song Andrew M. , Allen Micheal S. , Basher Zeenatul , Bunnell David B. , Camp Edward V. , Cowx Ian G. , Freedman Jonathan A. , Nguyen Vivian M. , Nohner Joel K. , Rogers Mark W. , Siders Zachary A. , Taylor William W. , Youn So-Jung 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Even with long-standing management and extensive science support, North American inland fish and fisheries still face many conservation and management challenges. We used a grand challenges approach to identify critical roadblocks that if removed would help solve important problems in the management and long-term conservation of North American inland fish and fisheries. We identified seven grand challenges within three themes (valuation, governance, and externalities) and 34 research needs and management actions. The major themes identified are to (1) raise awareness of diverse values associated with inland fish and fisheries, (2) govern inland fish and fisheries to satisfy multiple use and conservation objectives, and (3) ensure productive inland fisheries given nonfishing sector externalities. Addressing these grand challenges will help the broader community understand the diverse values of inland fish and fisheries, promote open forums for engagement of diverse stakeholders in fisheries management, and better integrate the inland fish sector into the greater water and land use policy process.
Comparative Cost and Effort of Fish Distribution Detection via Environmental DNA Analysis and Electrofishing
Authors: Evans Nathan T. , Shirey Patrick D. , Wieringa Jamin G. , Mahon Andrew R. , Lamberti Gary A. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Fisheries conservation requires accurate knowledge of species identities and distributions. Fisheries are typically assessed via capture-based sampling, but managers frequently are unable to conduct extensive surveys due to budgetary constraints. Sampling of environmental DNA (eDNA) released by fish is a potentially cost-effective approach that could improve species detection per unit effort. However, eDNA methods have not been widely adopted, in part because the cost and effort of eDNA versus traditional sampling are often unclear to managers. We compared the monetary costs and sampling effort required to assess the distribution of Brook Trout Salvelinus fontinalis in a Wisconsin watershed using both electrofishing and eDNA. We detected Brook Trout via both electrofishing and eDNA. The eDNA analysis required lower sampling effort and 67% less cost than triple-pass electrofishing. However, eDNA was more expensive than presence–absence electrofishing, and no population structure information was obtained. Our study illustrates the potential of eDNA to complement traditional sampling methods during fish surveys.
Long-Term Fish Monitoring in Large Rivers: Utility of “Benchmarking” across Basins
Authors: Ward David L. , Casper Andrew F. , Counihan Timothy D. , Bayer Jennifer M. , Waite Ian R. , Kosovich John J. , Chapman Colin G. , Irwin Elise R. , Sauer Jennifer S. , Ickes Brian S. , McKerrow Alexa J. 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
In business, benchmarking is a widely used practice of comparing your own business processes to those of other comparable companies and incorporating identified best practices to improve performance. Biologists and resource managers designing and conducting monitoring programs for fish in large river systems tend to focus on single river basins or segments of large rivers, missing opportunities to learn from those conducting fish monitoring in other rivers. We briefly examine five long-term fish monitoring programs in large rivers in the United States (Colorado, Columbia, Mississippi, Illinois, and Tallapoosa rivers) and identify opportunities for learning across programs by detailing best monitoring practices and why these practices were chosen. Although monitoring objectives, methods, and program maturity differ between each river system, examples from these five case studies illustrate the important role that long-term monitoring programs play in interpreting temporal and spatial shifts in fish populations for both established objectives and newly emerging questions. We suggest that deliberate efforts to develop a broader collaborative network through benchmarking will facilitate sharing of ideas and development of more effective monitoring programs.
Relationship Between Urinary Nitrate Excretion and Blood Pressure in the InChianti Cohort
Authors: Smallwood Miranda J. , Ble Alessandro , Melzer David , Winyard Paul G. , Benjamin Nigel , Shore Angela C. , Gilchrist Mark 
Published: February 2017

Abstract

BACKGROUND
Inorganic nitrate from the oxidation of endogenously synthesized nitric oxide (NO) or consumed in the diet can be reduced to NO via a complex enterosalivary circulation pathway. The relationship between total nitrate exposure by measured urinary nitrate excretion and blood pressure in a large population sample has not been assessed previously.

METHODS
For this cross-sectional study, 24-hour urinary nitrate excretion was measured by spectrophotometry in the 919 participants from the InChianti cohort at baseline and blood pressure measured with a mercury sphygmomanometer.

RESULTS
After adjusting for age and sex only, diastolic blood pressure was 1.9 mm Hg lower in subjects with ≥2 mmol urinary nitrate excretion compared with those excreting &lt;1 mmol nitrate in 24 hours: systolic blood pressure was 3.4 mm Hg (95% confidence interval (CI): −3.5 to −0.4) lower in subjects for the same comparison. Effect sizes in fully adjusted models (for age, sex, potassium intake, use of antihypertensive medications, diabetes, HS-CRP, or current smoking status) were marginally larger: systolic blood pressure in the ≥2 mmol urinary nitrate excretion group was 3.9 (CI: −7.1 to −0.7) mm Hg lower than in the comparison &lt;1 mmol excretion group.

CONCLUSIONS
Modest differences in total nitrate exposure are associated with lower blood pressure. These differences are at least equivalent to those seen from substantial (100 mmol) reductions in sodium intake.
Distance to invasive heart centre, performance of acute coronary angiography, and angioplasty and associated outcome in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: a nationwide study
Authors: Tranberg Tinne , Lippert Freddy K. , Christensen Erika F. , Stengaard Carsten , Hjort Jakob , Lassen Jens Flensted , Petersen Frants , Jensen Jan Skov , Bäck Caroline , Jensen Lisette Okkels , Ravkilde Jan , Bøtker Hans Erik , Terkelsen Christian Juhl 
Published: February 2017

Aims
To evaluate whether the distance from the site of event to an invasive heart centre, acute coronary angiography (CAG)/percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) and hospital-level of care (invasive heart centre vs. local hospital) is associated with survival in out-of-hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) patients.

Methods and results
Nationwide historical follow-up study of 41 186 unselected OHCA patients, in whom resuscitation was attempted between 2001 and 2013, identified through the Danish Cardiac Arrest Registry. We observed an increase in the proportion of patients receiving bystander CPR (18% in 2001, 60% in 2013, P &lt; 0.001), achieving return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) (10% in 2001, 29% in 2013, P &lt; 0.001) and being admitted directly to an invasive centre (26% in 2001, 45% in 2013, P &lt; 0.001). Simultaneously, 30-day survival rose from 5% in 2001 to 12% in 2013, P &lt; 0.001. Among patients achieving ROSC, a larger proportion underwent acute CAG/PCI (5% in 2001, 27% in 2013, P &lt; 0.001). The proportion of patients undergoing acute CAG/PCI annually in each region was defined as the CAG/PCI index. The following variables were associated with lower mortality in multivariable analyses: direct admission to invasive heart centre (HR 0.91, 95% CI: 0.89–0.93), CAG/PCI index (HR 0.33, 95% CI: 0.25–0.45), population density above 2000 per square kilometre (HR 0.94, 95% CI: 0.89–0.98), bystander CPR (HR 0.97, 95% CI: 0.95–0.99) and witnessed OHCA (HR 0.87, 95% CI: 0.85–0.89), whereas distance to the nearest invasive centre was not associated with survival.

Conclusion
Admission to an invasive heart centre and regional performance of acute CAG/PCI were associated with improved survival in OHCA patients, whereas distance to the invasive centre was not. These results support a centralized strategy for immediate post-resuscitation care in OHCA patients.
Margin estimation and disturbances of irradiation field in layer-stacking carbon-ion beams for respiratory moving targets
Authors: Tajiri Shinya , Tashiro Mutsumi , Mizukami Tomohiro , Tsukishima Chihiro , Torikoshi Masami , Kanai Tatsuaki 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Carbon-ion therapy by layer-stacking irradiation for static targets has been practised in clinical treatments. In order to apply this technique to a moving target, disturbances of carbon-ion dose distributions due to respiratory motion have been studied based on the measurement using a respiratory motion phantom, and the margin estimation given by the square root of the summation Internal margin2+Setup margin2 has been assessed. We assessed the volume in which the variation in the ratio of the dose for a target moving due to respiration relative to the dose for a static target was within 5%. The margins were insufficient for use with layer-stacking irradiation of a moving target, and an additional margin was required. The lateral movement of a target converts to the range variation, as the thickness of the range compensator changes with the movement of the target. Although the additional margin changes according to the shape of the ridge filter, dose uniformity of 5% can be achieved for a spherical target 93 mm in diameter when the upward range variation is limited to 5 mm and the additional margin of 2.5 mm is applied in case of our ridge filter. Dose uniformity in a clinical target largely depends on the shape of the mini-peak as well as on the bolus shape. We have shown the relationship between range variation and dose uniformity. In actual therapy, the upper limit of target movement should be considered by assessing the bolus shape.
Water in the upper mantle and deep crust of eastern China: concentration, distribution and implications
Authors: Xia Qun-Ke , Liu Jia , Kovács István , Hao Yan-Tao , Li Pei , Yang Xiao-Zhi , Chen Huan , Sheng Ying-Ming 
Published: February 2017

Abstract
Understanding the concentration and distribution of water in the Earth's mantle plays a substantial role in studying its chemical, physical and dynamic processes. After a decade of research, a comprehensive dataset of water content in upper-mantle samples has been built for eastern China, which is now the only place with water-content data from such diverse types of natural samples, and provides an integrated picture of the water content and its distribution in the upper mantle at a continental scale. The main findings include the following: (i) the temporal heterogeneity of the water content in the lithospheric mantle from early Cretaceous (∼120 Ma) to Cenozoic (&lt;40 Ma) was tightly connected with the stability of the North China Craton (from its destruction to its consolidation); (ii) the heterogeneous water content in the Cenozoic lithospheric mantle beneath different blocks of eastern China was not only inherited from tectonic settings from which they came, but was also affected later by geological processes they experienced; (iii) the distinct water content between the lowermost crust and lithospheric mantle of eastern China and its induced rheological contrast at the base of the crust indicate that the continental crust–mantle boundary could behave either in a coupled or decoupled manner beneath different areas and/or at different stages; (iv) the alkali basalts of eastern China demonstrate a heterogeneous distribution of water content in the mantle; local and regional comparisons of the water content between the lithospheric mantle and basalts' source indicate that the Cenozoic alkali basalts in eastern China were not sourced from the lithospheric mantle. Instead, the inferred high water contents in the mantle sources suggest that the Cenozoic eastern China basalts were likely sourced from the mantle transition zone (MTZ); and (v) both oceanic and continental crusts may carry a certain amount of water back into the deep mantle of eastern China by plate subduction. Such recycled crustal materials have not only created a local water-rich zone, but have also introduced crustal geochemical signatures into the mantle, both accounting for crustal geochemical imprints in the intra-plate magmatic rocks of eastern China.
Fever in the Emergency Department Predicts Survival of Patients With Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Admitted to the ICU*
Authors: Sundén-Cullberg Jonas , Rylance Rebecca , Svefors Jesper , Norrby-Teglund Anna , Björk Jonas , Inghammar Malin 
Published: February 2017

Objectives:
To study the prognostic value of fever in the emergency department in septic patients subsequently admitted to the ICU.

Design:
Observational cohort study from the Swedish national quality register for sepsis.

Setting:
Thirty ICU’s in Sweden.

Patients:
Two thousand two hundred twenty-five adults who were admitted to an ICU within 24 hours of hospital arrival with a diagnosis of severe sepsis or septic shock were included.

Interventions:
None.

Measurements and Main Results:
Body temperature was measured and classified according to four categories (< 37°C, 37–38.29°C, 38.3–39.5°C, ≥ 39.5°C). The main outcome was in-hospital mortality. Odds ratios for mortality according to body temperature were estimated using multivariable logistic regression. Subgroup analyses were conducted according to age, sex, underlying comorbidity, and time to given antibiotics. Overall mortality was 25%. More than half of patients had a body temperature below 38.3°C. Mortality was inversely correlated with temperature and decreased, on average, more than 5% points per °C increase, from 50% in those with the lowest temperatures to 9% in those with the highest. Increased body temperature in survivors was also associated with shorter hospital stays. Patients with fever received better quality of care, but the inverse association between body temperature and mortality was robust and remained consistent after adjustment for quality of care measures and other factors that could have confounded the association. Among vital signs, body temperature was best at predicting mortality.

Conclusions:
Contrary to common perceptions and current guidelines for care of critically ill septic patients, increased body temperature in the emergency department was strongly associated with lower mortality and shorter hospital stays in patients with severe sepsis or septic shock subsequently admitted to the ICU.
ICU Acquisition Rate, Risk Factors, and Clinical Significance of Digestive Tract Colonization With Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase–Producing Enterobacteriaceae: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis*
Authors: Detsis Marios , Karanika Styliani , Mylonakis Eleftherios 
Published: February 2017

Objective:
To evaluate the acquisition rate, identify risk factors, and estimate the risk for subsequent infection, associated with the colonization of the digestive tract with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae during ICU-hospitalization.

Data Sources:
PubMed, EMBASE, and reference lists of all eligible articles.

Study Selection:
Included studies provided data on ICU-acquired colonization with extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae in previously noncolonized and noninfected patients and used the double disk synergy test for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae phenotypic confirmation. Studies reporting extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae outbreaks or data on pediatric population were excluded.

Data Extraction:
Two authors independently assessed study eligibility and performed data extraction.

Data Synthesis:
Thirteen studies (with 15,045 ICUs-patients) were evaluated using a random-effect model and a meta-regression analysis. The acquisition rate of digestive tract colonization during ICU stay was 7% (95% CI, 5–10) and it varies from 3% (95% CI, 2–4) and 4% (95% CI, 2–6) in the Americas and Europe to 21% (95% CI, 9–35) in the Western Pacific region. Previous hospitalization (risk ratio, 1.57 [95% CI, 1.07–2.31]) or antibiotic use (risk ratio, 1.65 [95% CI, 1.15–2.37]) and exposure to beta-lactams/beta-lactamase inhibitors (risk ratio, 1.78 [95% CI, 1.24–2.56]) and carbapenems (risk ratio, 2.13 [95% CI, 1.49–3.06]) during the ICU stay were independent risk factors for ICU-acquired colonization. Importantly, colonized patients were more likely to develop an extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae infection (risk ratio, 49.62 [95% CI, 20.42–120.58]). The sensitivity and specificity of prior colonization to predict subsequent extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae infection were 95.1% (95% CI, 54.7–99.7) and 89.2% (95% CI, 77.2–95.3), respectively.

Conclusions:
The ICU acquisition rate of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae ranged from 5% to 10%. Previous use of beta-lactam/beta-lactamase or carbapenems and recent hospitalization were independent risk factors for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae colonization, and colonization was associated with significantly higher frequency of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase–producing Enterobacteriaceae subsequent infection and increased mortality.