bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Executive Dysfunctions Predict Self-Restricted Driving Habits in Elderly People with or without Alzheimer’s Dementia
Authors: Kurzthaler Ilsemarie , Kemmler Georg , Defrancesco Michaela , Moser Bernadette , Fleischhacker Wolfgang , Weiss Elisabeth 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Introduction The purpose of this study was to elucidate the impact of specific cognitive functions on self-restricted driving habits in healthy elderly drivers and patients suffering from mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and Alzheimer’s dementia (AD).
Method Our study population included 35 cognitively healthy controls, 10 MCI patients, and 16 patients with AD. All participants completed a neuropsychological examination and a self-reported questionnaire assessing driving habits and patterns.
Results In challenging driving conditions, patients with MCI or AD showed significantly more driving self-restriction than healthy subjects (effect size d=1.06, p=0.007). Ordinal regression analysis across the entire group revealed that deficits in executive functions and reaction had a higher impact on driving restriction (p=0.002) than deficits in memory functions (p=0.570). Additionally, our data showed that 40% of patients with mild to moderate AD still drive in challenging conditions.
Discussion Our results illustrate that elderly individuals use self-imposed driving restrictions as compensatory strategies. These restrictions increase with cognitive decline mainly in the field of executive functions, but they do not change once patients convert from MCI to AD.
The grammaticalization of Dutchklinken
Authors: Poortvliet Marjolein 
Published: June 2017

AbstractThis article demonstrates the diachronic development of present-day Dutchklinkenas an evidential copular verb meaning ‘to seem, based on (auditory) evidence’ from the Middle Dutch intransitive verbklinkenmeaning ‘to give off a clear sound’. I identify four semantic stages in the history ofklinken, which are divided by processes of semantic bleaching (14th–16th century, 16th–17th century) and subjectification and copularization (during the 16th century). I claim that the process of copularization is the trigger of both the evidential meaning and the subjective interpretation that copular constructions withklinkenreceive. Furthermore, I show that, unlike the development oferuitzien‘look’ andvoelen‘feel’ from cognitive perception verbs,klinkenhas developed much like the Dutch copular verbsschijnen‘seem’ andblijken‘turn out’: from an intransitive verb with a sensory-related meaning.
Early History of Illusions
Authors: Wade Nicholas J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Illusions are considered in the context of the history of vision rather than the history of psychology. For much of its long history, the study of vision has been confined to naturalistic observation, and many motion illusions were observed in the natural world. With the move to the laboratory, the oddities of visual perception multiplied, and they received ever more detailed scrutiny. This survey examines the origins of research on visual illusions in both the natural world and the laboratory. It commences with celestial illusions and pictorial representation then proceeds to subjective visual phenomena and spatial illusions like ambiguous figures and geometrical optical illusions. However, most attention is paid to motion illusions; these include visual persistence and stroboscopic motion, induced motion, motion aftereffects, visual vertigo, and autokinetic sensations. The basis for the explosion of research on visual illusions in the nineteenth century is speculated upon.
Cross-Cultural Studies of Illusions
Authors: Deręgowski J. B. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Cross-cultural studies are of interest primarily because they demonstrate the extent of perceptual variation that would not be observable if the samples were derived from a single population. They are also of interest because they show how variation of factors such as age, gender, environment, cultural background, and genetics affects perception. Topics addressed include horizontal-vertical illusions, the Muller-Lyer illusion, and the Sander parallelogram. Perceptual processes are explored including perception of depth.
An Analysis of Theoretical Approaches to Geometrical-Optical Illusions
Authors: Gillam Barbara 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The geometrical optical illusions, such as the Müller-Lyer and the Poggendorff, are simple line drawings, which demonstrate errors as large as 25% when people are asked to match their properties such as size, angles, and line collinearity. They have been tantalizing people for at least 150 years and are still not really understood. Illusion figures have been used to probe the consistency of different perceptual properties and also of perception and action with implications for the theory of two visual systems. Explanations of geometrical illusions tend to invoke either physiological processes or the functional role illusion responses may have when viewing a 3D scene. This chapter examines all of these theoretical issues, discussing evidence for and against the major theories.
Weighted Positional Averaging in the Illusions of the Müller-Lyer Type
Authors: Bulatov Aleksandr 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The limited ability to estimate properly the linear extent or spatial separation of objects is one of the well-tested and documented features of visual perception. However, despite a large amount of experimental data collected in various studies of the Müller-Lyer illusion and related visual illusions of extent, the generally accepted view concerning the origin of this phenomenon is still absent. This chapter addresses a possible role of the perceptual positional shifts of the stimulus parts in occurrence of the illusions. It also discusses the most important features of the computational model based on the hypothesis of positional coding via centroids.
Three-Dimensional Müller-Lyer Illusion
Authors: DeLucia Patricia R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Since its introduction in 1889, the Müller-Lyer illusion has incited numerous studies and explanations. Most rely on two-dimensional stimuli such as line drawings, subject to the criticism that illusions are restricted to impoverished, artificial stimuli and have little relevance to understanding of ordinary perception. The three-dimensional Müller-Lyer illusion occurs with familiar solid objects and moving observers and has been used to evaluate misapplied constancy theories, perception–action dissociations, and level of processing. The occurrence of illusions in real-world contexts, and in two-dimensional displays upon which people rely increasingly, makes them essential to understand and predict. The three-dimensional Müller-Lyer illusion has significant theoretical and practical implications and continues to be an important concern for visual science.
Why Do Hills Look So Steep?
Authors: Durgin Frank H. , Li Zhi 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
This chapter discusses the visual perception of hills. Hills look much steeper than they are. This chapter reviews current knowledge of the phenomenology of slant perception in relation to both functionalist and mechanistic accounts of this perceptual bias. Recent discoveries suggest that this misperception of the geometry of our environment may be related to useful biological information coding strategies with respect to not only slant but also other angular variables relevant to the biological measurement of surface layout. Even in the absence of hills, people misperceive the angular declination of their gaze systematically in ways that seem to contribute to the vertical expansion of the perceived environment.
A Layered Experience of Lightness and Color
Authors: Anderson Barton L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
One of the fundamental debates about our experience of lightness and color involves their representational format. Some theories assert that the visual system decomposes the input into a layered representation of separated causes, whereas other theories do not. This chapter presents a variety of phenomena that directly demonstrate that layered image decompositions can play a causal role in our experience of lightness and color and discusses the theoretical implications and unresolved issues that are raised by these effects. The issue of the relationship between transparency and occlusion is discussed, as is relevance of the transparency phenomena to the problem of lightness and color perception more generally, which is an ongoing research problem and unresolved issue.
The Reversed Contrast Necker Cube
Authors: Galmonte Alessandra , Agostini Tiziano 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Agostini and Galmonte reported a configuration showing that when grouping factors are optimized, a grey target totally surrounded by black appears darker than an equal grey target totally surrounded by white. This is called the simultaneous contrast. The theoretical assumption is that, when higher-level factors act simultaneously with lower-level factors, the former prevails over the latter. Specifically, it is assumed that the lightness induction produced by the global organization principle of perceptual belongingness prevails over retinal lateral inhibition. A reversed contrast Necker cube display with two middle grey dashed cubes is used to illustrate the effect. The first one had dark inducer corners and was placed on a light inducer background, and the second one, which had light inducer corners, was placed on a dark inducer background.lightness induction, grouping, perceptual belongingness, lateral inhibition, organization principles
The Curved Grid Non-Illusions
Authors: Geier János , Hudák Mariann 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The generally accepted explanation of the Hermann grid illusion is Baumgartner’s hypothesis that the illusory effect is generated by the response of retinal ganglion cells with concentric ON-OFF or OFF-ON receptive fields. To challenge this explanation, some simple distortions to the grid lines were introduced that make the illusion disappear totally, while all preconditions of Baumgartner’s hypothesis remained unchanged. Psychophysical experiments in which the distortion tolerance was measured showed the level of distortion at which the illusion disappears at a given type of distortion for a given subject. Statistical analysis shows that the distortion tolerance is independent of grid-line width within a wide range and of the type of distortion, except when one side of each line remains straight. The conclusion is the main cause of the Hermann grid illusion is the straightness of the edges of the grid lines. Similar results have been obtained in the scintillating grid.
Color Assimilation
Authors: Kingdom Frederick A. A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Color assimilation, also known as the Von Bezold spreading effect, is the phenomenon in which the perceived color of a region shifts toward that of its neighbor. This chapter describes the traditional form of color assimilation as well as three “special cases” where the effects are particularly dramatic: the chromatic White’s Effect, Monnier and Shevell’s ring patterns, and neon-color spreading. Three potential causes of color assimilation are discussed: neural blurring, contrast normalization, and perceptual layer decomposition. All three of these could contribute to White’s Effect, and their relation to the other two cases are also discussed. Discussion on assimilation versus contrast and the effect of simulation contrast is included, and several figures are provided that illustrate the concepts.
Second-Order Mach Bands, Chevreul, and Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet Illusions
Authors: Lu Zhong-Lin , Sperling George 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Second-order texture illusions, corresponding to Mach bands, Chevreul, and Craik-O’Brien-Cornsweet illusions in brightness perception, are generated by replacing luminance modulations in the classic stimuli with modulations of texture contrast. Whereas the classic (first-order) illusions exhibit changes in lightness or darkness near boundaries, the second-order stimuli exhibit analogous perceptual effects that are increases or decreases in apparent texture contrast with no concomitant change in apparent brightness. The magnitudes of the second-order texture-contrast changes are comparable to brightness changes in the classic first-order illusions. These results indicate that second-order (texture) illusions involve spatial interactions that are remarkably similar to those in first-order (luminance) processing.
The Freezing Rotation Illusion
Authors: Lorincz Erika N. , Dürsteler Max R. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A continuously rotating central texture (center) is presented together with a patterned surround oscillating back and forth. Generally, rotation of the surround induces misperceptions of the center’s angular velocity, which are known as induced rotational motion: a physically rotating center is perceived as turning faster when counterrotating with its surround and turning slower when co-rotating. However, during co-rotation, additional velocity misperceptions are observed: (a) a percept of motionless center (freezing rotation illusion) arises when the average angular velocity of the surround is fixed to a much higher value than that of the center and the appropriate oscillation frequency is set, and (b) a percept of the center sticking to its surround (rotational motion capture) arises when the average angular velocity of the surround is lower than the center velocity but higher than a given fraction of it.
The Aperture Problem
Authors: Shiffrar Maggie 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The accurate visual perception of an object’s motion requires the simultaneous integration of motion information arising from that object along with the segmentation of motion information from other objects. When moving objects are seen through apertures, or viewing windows, the resultant illusions highlight some of the challenges that the visual system faces as it balances motion segmentation with motion integration. One example is the barber pole Illusion, in which lines appear to translate orthogonally to their true direction of emotion. Another is the illusory perception of incoherence when simple rectilinear objects translate or rotate behind disconnected apertures. Studies of these illusions suggest that visual motion processes frequently rely on simple form cues.
Motion Illusions in Static Patterns
Authors: Zanker Johannes M. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Some paintings, and other art forms, create vivid sensations of shimmering and movement, despite the fact that they are nothing more than simple static patterns of paint on a static canvas. This is known as a motion illusion. This chapter explores this type of visual illusion and explains why such motion sensations exist in static images. Understanding such phenomena requires the careful definition of stimulus conditions in terms of space and time, consideration of the visuomotor interaction, and the resulting space-time characteristics of the input to cortical processing networks, through modeling of a quantitative model for the neural networks that generate (in this case, illusory) perception
The Hollow-Mask Illusion and Variations
Authors: Papathomas Thomas V. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
When viewers see a hollow mask, they misperceive it as a regular convex face. This is the basic form of the hollow-mask illusion, but the illusion involves misperceived motion as well. Namely, when stationary observers view a rotating hollow mask, they perceive a convex face that appears to rotate in the opposite direction; in a dual situation, moving observers perceive a stationary hollow mask as a convex face that appears to rotate as if to “follow” them. This chapter reviews the hollow-mask illusion and examines factors that enhance or weaken it, pathological responses to it, developmental and computational issues, some variants of the illusion, as well its significance in brain research.
The Bogart Effect
Authors: Gilad-Gutnick Sharon , Varma Rohan , Sinha Pawan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
While a geometry-based eye-gaze estimation strategy has been the basis of many theories regarding the direction of one’s gaze, such a strategy relies on relatively detailed curvature information and therefore functions suboptimally under low-resolution viewing conditions. Partly in response to this concern, the past decade has seen the rise of luminance-based theories of eye-gaze estimation. The idea of luminance-based estimation of gaze direction arose from the observation that contrast negation affects eye-gaze perception, and an early demonstration and possible explanation for this phenomenon was offered by Sinha and named the “Bogart effect.” The Bogart Effect is an illusion of perceived gaze reversal in contrast negated images. It provides clues regarding the heuristics the visual system uses to robustly estimate gaze in real-world settings. This chapter discusses this illusion and related concepts.
Ambiguous Figures Moving Forward
Authors: Bernstein Lori J. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
There is inherent ambiguity in visual proximal stimuli, yet only under special circumstances is this obvious. There are many explanations for how we so effortlessly disambiguate inherently ambiguous shape information. An ambiguous figure is a type of optical illusion in that it can give rise to multistable interpretations. Some famous examples of these types of two-dimensional figures include the face/vase and the Necker wire cube. This chapter reviews evidence showing that direction of motion impacts this process. Specifically, a moving ambiguous figure is more likely to be “seen” as the object that faces in the direction of perceived motion. This “heading effect” appears to hold up even when the motion is nonoptimal and is far from biologically accurate, as the accompanying demonstration shows. Some possible explanations for this effect are presented and insights from basic neuroscience, neuropsychological cases, and other behavioral studies are discussed.
The Scramble Illusion
Authors: Chubb Charles , Darcy Joseph , Landy Michael S. , Econopouly John , Jong-Ho Nam Dan Bindman , Sperling George 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
A “scramble” is a visual texture in which different gray levels are randomly mixed together. Past research has demonstrated that human vision has three dimensions of sensitivity to the different sorts of scrambles that can be created by varying the proportions of different gray levels included in the scramble. This chapter demonstrates two scrambles with dramatically different gray level histograms that appear identical unless the observer is specifically instructed to scrutinize each of them individually. It is argued that people fail to notice any difference between these two scrambles because there exist only three distinct classes of texture-sensitive neurons in the human brain that are differentially sensitive to scrambles, and in each of them these two scrambles produce identical levels of activation.
Subjective Contours
Authors: Gillam Barbara 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Subjective contours are perceived edges of surfaces in locations where there is no physical contour in the image. They cannot be regarded as a general neural filling-in process because they only occur as the edges of apparently occluding surfaces (surfaces in a scene that hide other surfaces or contours). This chapter shows how subjective contours are elicited by contextual evidence for surface stratification especially by “inducers” that signal in various ways that they are occluded in the location where the subjective contour appears. This can be two-dimensional information about figure shapes and alignments or three-dimensional information about depth relationships.
Binocular Rivalry
Authors: Blake Randolph 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
: Binocular rivalry epitomizes the essence of a perceptual illusion in that it involves a compelling dissociation of retinal stimulation and visual experience: dissimilar monocular stimuli appear and disappear reciprocally and unpredictably over time, even though retinal images of both stimuli remain unchanged. Thus binocular rivalry is instigated when dissimilar visual stimuli are imaged on corresponding areas of the two eyes. These dissimilarities can arise from differences in form (both simple and complex), color, or direction of motion. This beguiling phenomenon—binocular rivalry—affords the psychologist a potent means for probing visual processing outside of awareness and the neurophysiologist a strategy for studying neural dynamics. Related concepts including bistable perception, interocular suppression, and neural dynamics are explored.
Blur Adaptation and Induction
Authors: Webster Michael A. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The image on the retina is always blurred because of optical aberrations of the eye. Yet typically the world does not “look” blurred, and although the acuity of the eye varies dramatically from the center of gaze to the periphery, the outside world generally “feels” focused throughout the visual field. This perception of focus is one of many illusions where the brain appears unaware of its own imperfections. The perceived focus of an image can be strongly biased by prior adaptation to a blurred or sharpened image or by simultaneous contrast from a blurred or sharpened surround. Adaptation to blur can selectively adjust to the patterns of blur introduced by different optical aberrations and may reflect adjustments that help compensate spatial perception for the optical and neural sensitivity limits of the visual system.
Sacramental Theology
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Smith returns to a sacramentalist view, seeing ordinances as indispensable. Temples are central to this practice. Though often employed by Smith and his contemporaries in the generic sense to denote God’s laws and statutes as well as divinely prescribed rites and ceremonies, ordinances gradually came to signify for Mormons what other Christians would call sacraments. Sacraments (ordinances) provide moral reinforcement, are a counter to cosmic entropy, and themselves constitute eternal relationships, which are the essence of Mormonism’s heaven. Believing in a universal salvation requires the administration of vicarious ordinances, or temple work “for the dead.” Like Catholics, the membrane between the living and dead is therefore permeable for Mormons. This explains Mormonism’s genealogical program. The temple is the locus of Mormon sacramentalism, which has echoes of Masonic practice, but in a radically different framework.
Priesthood
Authors: Givens Terryl L. 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Smith bases the church on authority, which for him means priesthood and apostolic succession. He merges prophetic and ecclesiastical modes of authority based on the Book of Mormon. Principle of Common Consent was instituted as a hedge against priesthood abuse. But the tension between prophetic, hierarchical authority and personal revelation persist. In addition to administrative functions, priesthood has actual salvific power and is of eternal rather than temporal duration. It is the power by which worlds were and are created and by which individuals are initiated into the divine family. Priesthood comprises two orders, Aaronic (bishops, priests, teachers, and deacons) and Melchizedek (apostles, patriarch, high priests, elders, and seventies).