bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Haare im Fokus der forensischen Analytik
Authors: Scheufler Frank 
Published: September 2017

ZusammenfassungHaare sind anatomisch betrachtet Hautanhangsgebilde. Jedes einzelne Haar, genauer der Haarschaft, ist im Haarfollikel in der Haut verankert und mit dem Blutkreislauf verbunden. Über die Haarwurzel, teilweise auch über Schweiß, Talg und externe Kontamination, gelangen Fremdstoffe in die Haarmatrix. Der zeitliche Verlauf dieser Aufnahme in den Körper wird entsprechend in den Haaren abgebildet. Haarproben erschließen ein breiteres retrospektives Zeitfenster und sind einfacher zu gewinnen als Blut‐ und Urinproben. In der Forensik werden Haarproben meist zur Überprüfung eines Konsums von Rauschgift und Arzneimittelwirkstoffen eingesetzt oder zur Überprüfung einer chronischen Vergiftung im Zusammenhang mit einer Straftat. Viele analytische Labore nutzen die chromatografische Trennung (GC, LC) kombiniert mit massenspektrometrischer Detektion (MS, MS/MS, TOF‐MS). Die nachweisbaren Mengen reichen bei einzelnen Analyten in den ppb‐Bereich (pg/mg Haare).
Fabrication of Trimetallic Pt−Pd−Co Porous Nanostructures on Reduced Graphene Oxide by Galvanic Replacement: Application to Electrocatalytic Oxidation of Ethylene Glycol
Authors: Shahrokhian Saeed , Rezaee Sharifeh 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn present work, reduced graphene oxide nanosheets (rGO) decorated with trimetallic three‐dimensional (3D) Pt−Pd−Co porous nanostructures was fabricated on glassy carbon electrode (Pt−Pd−Co/rGO/GCE). First, GO suspension was drop‐casted on the electrode surface, then GO film reduction was carried out by cycling the potential in negative direction to form the rGO film modified GCE (rGO/GCE). Then, electrodeposition of the cobalt nanoparticles (CoNPs) as sacrificial seeds was performed onto the rGO/GCE by using cyclic voltammetry. Afterward, Pt−Pd−Co 3D porous nanostructures fabrication occurs through galvanic replacement (GR) method based on a spontaneous redox process between PtCl2, PdCl2, and CoNPs. The morphology and structure of the Pt−Pd−Co/rGO porous nanostructure film was characterized by scanning electron microscopy, energy dispersive spectroscopy and X‐ray diffraction method. The performance of the prepared electrode was investigated by various electrochemical methods including, cyclic voltammetry and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. The electrocatalytic activity of the as‐prepared modified electrode with high surface areas was evaluated in anodic oxidation of ethylene glycol. The study on electrocatalytic performances revealed that, in comparison to various metal combinations in modified electrodes, trimetallic Pt−Pd−Co/rGO/GCE exhibit a lower onset potential, significantly higher peak current density, high durability and stability for the anodic oxidation of ethylene glycol. The excellent performances are attributed to the rGO as catalysts support and resulting synergistic effects of the trimetallic and appropriate characteristics of the resulted 3D porous nanostructures. Moreover, the influence of various concentrations of ethylene glycol, the potential scan rate and switching potential on the electrode reaction, in addition, long‐term stability have been studied by chronoamperometric and cyclic voltammetric methods.
Quality evaluation of Guan‐Xin‐Ning injection based on fingerprint analysis and simultaneous separation and determination of seven bioactive constituents by capillary electrophoresis
Authors: Xu Liying , Chang Ruimiao , Chen Meng , Li Lou , Huang Yayun , Zhang Hongfen , Chen Anjia 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe purpose of this study was to develop a comprehensive, rapid and practical capillary electrophoresis (CE) method for quality control (QC) of Guan‐Xin‐Ning (GXN) injection based on fingerprint analysis and simultaneous separation and determination of seven constituents. In fingerprint analysis, a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method with a running buffer of 30 mM borate solution (pH 9.3) was established. Meanwhile, ten batches of samples were used to establish the fingerprint electropherogram and 34 common peaks were obtained within 20 min. The RSD of relative migration times (RMT) and relative peak areas (RPA) were less than 5%. In order to further evaluate the quality of GXN injection, a micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) method was developed for simultaneous separation and determination of bioactive constituents. Seven components reached baseline separation with a running buffer containing 35 mM SDS and 45 mM borate solution (pH 9.3). A good linearity was obtained with correlation coefficients from 0.9906 to 0.9997. The LOD and LOQ ranged from 0.12 to 1.50 μg/mL and from 0.40 to 4.90 μg/mL, respectively. The recoveries ranged between 99.0 and 104.4%. Therefore, it was concluded that the proposed method can be used for full‐scale quality analysis of GXN injection.
Supramolecular Analysis of Monosaccharide Derivatives Using Cucurbit[7]uril and Electrospray Ionization Tandem Mass Spectrometry
Authors: Lee Hyun Hee L. , Kim Hugh I. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIdentification of monosaccharide derivatives using an analytical technique is difficult due to their isomeric structures and similar physical properties. Although mass spectrometry (MS) has emerged as a prominent technique for this purpose, a comprehensive MS‐based method for analyzing diverse monosaccharide species is yet to be developed. Herein, we employ host‐guest chemistry using cucurbit[7]uril (CB[7]) with MS to identify four different monosaccharide derivative species. Tandem MS analysis distinguishes the monosaccharide derivatives based on the unique fragmentation pattern produced when forming gas‐phase complexes with CB[7]. The ion mobility studies combined with computational calculations reveal that subtle differences in isomers cause distinct orientations inside CB[7] cavity, resulting in different fragmentation patterns of the isomers. This unique study demonstrates that host‐guest chemistry combined with MS can be used for developing effective isomer analysis techniques.
Widespread, episodic decline of alder (Alnus) during the medieval period in the boreal forest of Europe
Authors: Stivrins Normunds , Buchan Michelle S. , Disbrey Helena R. , Kuosmanen Niina , Latałowa Małgorzata , Lempinen Janne , Muukkonen Petteri , Słowiński Michał , Veski Siim , Seppä Heikki 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTWe report pollen‐stratigraphical evidence for an abrupt, episodic and widespread population decline of alder (Alnus), one of the most common boreal tree genera, during the medieval period in northern Europe. Decline of alder pollen values was observed both in forest hollow pollen records reflecting local vegetation of pristine forests and in pollen percentage and pollen accumulation data from lake sediments. The event began roughly at AD 600 and the recovery took place at AD 1000. Human impact is an unlikely cause because the decline is specific to alder and there is no evidence for a concurrent episode of human impact. It is possible that the decline was caused or influenced by a severe drought. Another potential cause is a sudden, widespread pathogen outbreak, especially as alder is known to be sensitive to the impacts of fungal pathogens such as the oomycete Phytophthora.
Unraveling the size‐dependent optical properties of dissolved organic matter
Authors: Wünsch Urban J. , Stedmon Colin A. , Tranvik Lars J. , Guillemette François 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe size‐dependent optical properties of dissolved organic matter (DOM) from four Swedish lakes were investigated using High Performance Size Exclusion Chromatography (HPSEC) in conjunction with online characterization of absorbance (240–600 nm) and fluorescence (excitation: 275 nm, emission: 300–600 nm). The molecular size of chromophoric DOM (CDOM) was consistently higher than that of fluorescent DOM (FDOM), with an average difference of 0.37 kDa. The relative abundance of FDOM vs. CDOM ranged from 0.3 to 0.7 across lakes, and increased with decreasing average molecular size. Across sites, the CDOM spectral slopes of the large molecular size fraction were highly similar while the low molecular size fraction differed and contributed to different bulk spectral slopes. Our results indicate structural congruence of high molecular size DOM across systems while lake trophic status determined the characteristics of the low size range. Furthermore, the combination of HPSEC and parallel factor analysis (HPSEC‐PARAFAC2) allowed the decomposition of DOM fluorescence chromatograms. Three humic‐like components and one protein‐like component with broadly overlapping molecular size distributions were identified. This overlap provides further evidence for the supramolecular assembly hypothesis since fluorophores, as revealed by PARAFAC2, occur in aggregates of overlapping molecular size. Our results further suggest a link between the molecular size of these fluorophores and the associated supramolecular assemblies. This study demonstrates the potential for HPSEC and novel mathematical approaches to provide unprecedented insights into the relationship between optical and chemical properties of DOM in aquatic systems.
Optimization of beam arrangements in proton minibeam radiotherapy by cell survival simulations
Authors: Sammer Matthias , Greubel Christoph , Girst Stefanie , Dollinger Günther 
Published: September 2017

PurposeProton minibeam radiotherapy using submillimeter beam dimensions allows to enhance tissue sparing in the entrance channel by spatial fractionation additionally to advantageous proton depth dose distribution. In the entrance channel, spatial fractionation leads to reduced side effects compared to conventional proton therapy. The submillimeter sized beams widen with depth due to small angle scattering and enable therefore, in contrary to x‐ray microbeam radiation therapy (MRT), the homogeneous irradiation of a tumor. Proton minibeams can either be applied as planar minibeams or pencil shaped with an additional possibility to vary between a quadratic and a hexagonal arrangement for pencil minibeams.The purpose of this work is to deduce interbeam distances to achieve a homogeneous dose distribution for different tumor depths and tumor thicknesses. Furthermore, we aim for a better understanding of the sparing effect on the basis of surviving cells calculated by the linear‐quadratic model.MethodsTwo‐dimensional dose distributions are calculated for proton minibeams of different shapes and arrangements. For a tumor in 10–15 cm depth, treatment plans are calculated with initial beam size of σ0 = 0.2 mm in a water phantom. Proton minibeam depth dose distributions are finally converted into cell survival using a linear‐quadratic model.ResultsInter proton beam distances are maximized under the constraint of dose homogeneity in the tumor for tumor depths ranging from 4 to 15 cm and thickness ranging from 0.5 to 10 cm. Cell survival calculations for a 5 cm thick tumor covered by 10 cm healthy tissue show less cell death by up to 85%, especially in the superficial layers, while keeping the cell death in the tumor as in conventional therapy. In the entrance channel, the pencil minibeams result in higher cell survival in comparison to the planar minibeams while all proton minibeam irradiations show higher cell survival than conventional broadbeam irradiation.ConclusionThe deduced constraints for interbeam distances simplify treatment planning for proton minibeam radiotherapy applications in future studies. The cell survival results indicate that proton minibeam radiotherapy reduces side effects but keeps tumor control as in conventional proton therapy. It makes proton minibeam, especially pencil minibeam radiotherapy a potentially attractive new approach for radiation therapy.
Oxaliplatin induces muscle loss and muscle‐specific molecular changes in Mice
Authors: Feather Claire E. , Lees Justin G. , Makker Preet G.S. , Goldstein David , Kwok John B. , Moalem‐Taylor Gila , Polly Patsie 
Published: September 2017

ABSTRACTIntroductionMuscle wasting is a frequent, debilitating complication of cancer. The impact of colorectal cancer chemotherapeutic oxaliplatin on the development of muscle loss and associated molecular changes is of clinical importance.MethodsC57BL/6J male mice were treated with oxaliplatin. Total body weights were measured and behavioral studies performed. Hindlimb muscle weights (gastrocnemius and soleus) were recorded in conjunction with gene and protein expression analysis.ResultsOxaliplatin‐treated mice displayed reduced weight gain and behavioral deficits. Mice treated over a shorter course had significantly increased STAT3 phosphorylation in gastrocnemius muscles. Mice receiving extended oxaliplatin treatment demonstrated reduced hindlimb muscle mass with upregulation of myopathy‐associated genes Foxo3, MAFbx, and Bnip3.DiscussionThe findings suggest that oxaliplatin treatment can directly disrupt skeletal muscle homeostasis and promote muscle loss, which may be clinically relevant in the context of targeting fatigue and weakness in cancer patients. Muscle Nerve 57: 650–658, 2018
Analytical compressive stress–strain model for concrete confined with high‐strength multiple‐tied‐spiral transverse reinforcement
Authors: Li Yizhu , Cao Shuangyin , Jing Denghu 
Published: September 2017

SummaryThe behavior of reinforced concrete members subjected to seismic loads is mainly based on the ultimate strength of concrete and its ductility. Based on this, an additional configuration of transverse reinforcement using high‐strength multiple‐tied‐spiral was proposed to improve the strength and ductility of concrete. In this paper, an experimental study of a number of axial loading tests on reinforced concrete columns confined with high‐strength multiple‐tied‐spiral transverse reinforcement is described. The effects of spacing of circular spiral and rectangular hoop, the confined area of circular spiral and concrete strength on axial behavior of confined concrete were investigated. The formulas of confined compressive strength and corresponding axial strain, factor to control the slope of descending branch, and stress in high‐strength circular spiral at confined strength are proposed based on the test results. A stress–strain model is also proposed that is found to give reasonably good prediction of the experimental behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) columns confined by high‐strength multiple‐tied‐spiral transverse reinforcement.
Assessment of sliding‐rubber isolator effect in progressive collapse of bridges under two scenarios
Authors: Havaei GholamReza , Moayyedi Seyyed Amirhossein 
Published: September 2017

SummaryIn this study, performances of 2 types of bridges, with and without seismic isolation, are addressed in 2 damage analysis scenarios, where, in the first, the side column and, in the second, the middle column are removed from the bridge piers. The performance was assessed using nonlinear dynamic analysis, and the time history and maximum structural responses were evaluated. Initially, sliding‐rubber isolators were designed according to AASHTO guide specifications, and then the bridges were modeled in OpenSees software package. Additionally, the coefficient of friction for the isolator was considered as a variable due to sudden removal of the columns and the consequent changes in the sliding velocity and axial forces. The results indicate that use of seismic isolation systems caused an increase in all maximum structural responses except that of the base shear. Considering the frictional performance of the isolators, slides in the deck are not caused by yielding of seismic isolators, and the reason for permanent displacements of the deck may be attributed to bridge instabilities in the first scenario. However, decrease in the horizontal stiffness results in increased maximum permanent displacement. In the first scenario, uplift of the deck occurred in the case of isolated bridge.
Insights into the Dissolution Kinetics of NaLAS Tablets
Authors: Pan Bochen , Shen Rui , Guan Zhe , Li Jiapeng , Jiang Jun , Tong Yao , Dang Leping , Wei Hongyuan 
Published: September 2017

AbstractIn this work, the dissolution behaviors of a series of sodium alkylbenzenesulfonates (NaLAS) tablets with different moisture contents and neutralization degrees were investigated in aqueous solution. The ANOVA‐based, model‐independent and model‐dependent methods were employed to perform comparison analyses on dissolution profiles. The measurements of powder X‐ray diffraction patterns and mechanical properties elucidate distinct differences in each formula. The results show that ANOVA provides a possibility for finding the source of differences among different variables, and the model‐independent methods including the k values and mean dissolution time are easy to interpret and perform comparison analyses. The Hixson–Crowell model gives satisfactory correlation results for the dissolution data and the dissolution kinetics parameters are obtained. The inhibition effects of neutralization degree and moisture content on NaLAS dissolution were examined, which reveals that the increase in lamellar phase proportion leads to the reduction of dissolution rate. The comparison analyses performed in this work form part of a methodology for dissolution profile prediction and comparison.
Association of copy number variations in complement factor H‐Related genes among age‐related macular degenerative subjects
Authors: Bakri Norshakimah Md , Ramachandran Vasudevan , Kee Hoo Fan , Subrayan Visvaraja , Isa Hazlita , Ngah Nor Fariza , Mohamad Nur Afiqah , Mooi Ching Siew , Mun Chan Yoke , Ismail Patimah , Ismail Fazliana , Sukiman Erma Suryana , Wan Sulaiman Wan Alia 
Published: September 2017

AbstractAge‐related macular degeneration (AMD) is the most widely recognised cause of irreversible vision loss and previous studies have suggested that the advancement of wet AMD is influenced by both modifiable and non‐modifiable elements. Single nucleotide polymorphism (SNPs) and copy number of variations (CNVs) have been associated with AMD in various populations, however the results are conflicting. Our aim is to determine the CNVs of Complement Factor H‐Related genes among Malaysian subjects with wet AMD. 130 patients with wet AMD and 120 healthy controls were included in this research. DNA was extracted from all subjects and CNVs of CFH, CFHR1 and CFHR3 genes; determined using quantitative real‐time PCR and were compared between the two groups. A consistent association was observed between CFH gene and wet AMD susceptibility (P < 0.05). The age‐adjusted data suggests a possible increased risk of AMD disease (P < 0.05). No correlation was detected between CNVs and wet AMD for the remaining genes after we compared the frequencies of mean for that gene. An association was observed between CFH CNVs and wet AMD in the Malaysian population, however, strong evidence of a link with wet AMD was not found. Further investigative studies are needed using larger sample sizes to elucidate the role of CNVs in AMD pathogenesis.
Public Goods, Common Pool Resources, and International Law
Authors: Barkin J. Samuel , Rashchupkina Yuliya 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe concept of public goods is often operationalized in the literature as anything that demands some form of international cooperation. While this may be politically useful in generating international cooperation, it is analytically problematic for designing international law with the purpose of enhancing international cooperation. Many of the issues characterized as public goods are in fact common pool resources, which pose distinct issues for international cooperation and demand different legal architectures than public goods for effective international cooperation.
The Impact of Culture on Chinese Judges’ Decision-Making in Contractual Damages Cases
Authors: NIU Zihan , VAN DIJCK Gijs 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis research examines the impact of Chinese cultural values on the application of law on contractual damages. Following an experimental design, 43 in-depth interviews were conducted with Chinese judges in 13 cities and provinces across China. The data reveal two patterns. First, the judges took the cultural values into account when determining the amount of damages. Second, the consideration of cultural value factors reduced the judges’ consideration of legal factors. The local cultural values did not change the Chinese judges’ understanding of law. Instead, the judges compromised the legal requirements and cultural desires by using the discretion offered to them or by recommending mediation. The consideration of cultural values is not only the result of judges’ personal preferences, but also of judges seeking social approval. The motivation of Chinese judges to obtain social approval may be enhanced by the assessment criteria and the institutional constraints of Chinese courts.
What the dogs did: animal agency in the Soviet manned space flight programme
Authors: NELSON AMY 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThis paper examines the agency of the dogs used to develop the Soviet manned space flight programme by considering what the dogs did as experimental subjects, as dog technologies, and as individual dogs in the context of the historically conditioned practices of Soviet science. Looking at how Soviet space researchers refined Pavlovian behaviourism and integrated it into a complex engineering project helps clarify the conditions under which the dogs worked and the assumptions that guided the human researchers. The paper uses theoretical perspectives that contextualize animal agency in terms of relationships and then looks at those relationships from an ethological perspective. This provides a sense of what the dogs did that distinguishes between how humans understand dogs and what we know about dogs’ cognitive and social capacities. The paper proposes a model of animal agency that looks seriously at the dogs’ relationships with human researchers and suggests that the dogs’ significance as historical subjects depends as much on what they did as dogs as it does on how their contributions to the space race were perceived.
Faith as extended knowledge
Authors: SHAW KEGAN J. 
Published: September 2017

AbstractYou don't know that p unless it's on account of your cognitive abilities that you believe truly that p. Virtue epistemologists think there's some such ability constraint on knowledge. This looks to be in considerable tension, though, with putative faith-based knowledge. For at least on a popular Christian conception, when you believe something truly on the basis of faith this isn't because of anything you're naturally competent to do. Rather, faith-based beliefs are entirely a product of divine agency. Appearances to the contrary, I argue in this article that there's no deep tension between faith-based knowledge and virtue epistemology. Not if we learn to conceive of faith as a kind of extended knowledge.
Une requête (petition) au calife fatimide al-Ḥākim bi-amr Allāh (Rémondon 1, musée du Louvre)
Authors: Regourd Anne 
Published: September 2017

AbstractThe document Rémondon 1 (The Louvre) is, as yet, the only petition addressed explicitly to the Caliph al-Ḥākim bi-amr Allāh which is known to us. An edition and translation of its fragmentary text are presented, and its interest for papyrological, palaeographical and historical studies is explored.