bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Ethical Decision-Making for Self-Driving Vehicles: A Proposed Model & List of Value-Laden Terms that Warrant (Technical) Specification
Authors: Poszler Franziska , Geisslinger Maximilian , Lütge Christoph 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Self-driving vehicles (SDVs) will need to make decisions that carry ethical dimensions and are of normative significance. For example, by choosing a specific trajectory, they determine how risks are distributed among traffic participants. Accordingly, policymakers, standardization organizations and scholars have conceptualized what (shall) constitute(s) ethical decision-making for SDVs. Eventually, these conceptualizations must be converted into specific system requirements to ensure proper technical implementation. Therefore, this article aims to translate critical requirements recently formulated in scholarly work, existing standards, regulatory drafts and guidelines into an explicit five-step ethical decision model for SDVs during hazardous situations. This model states a precise sequence of steps, indicates the guiding ethical principles that inform each step and points out a list of terms that demand further investigation and technical specification. By integrating ethical, legal and engineering considerations, we aim to contribute to the scholarly debate on computational ethics (particularly in autonomous driving) while offering practitioners in the automotive sector a decision-making process for SDVs that is technically viable, legally permissible, ethically grounded and adaptable to societal values. In the future, assessing the actual impact, effectiveness and admissibility of implementing the here sketched theories, terms and the overall decision process requires an empirical evaluation and testing of the overall decision-making model.
Stitcher: A Surface Reconstruction Tool for Highly Gyrified Brains
Authors: Mynssen Heitor , Avelino-de-Souza Kamilla , Chaim Khallil , Ribeiro Vanessa Lanes , Patzke Nina , Mota Bruno 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBrain reconstruction, specially of the cerebral cortex, is a challenging task and even more so when it comes to highly gyrified brained animals. Here, we present Stitcher, a novel tool capable of generating such surfaces utilizing MRI data and manual segmentation. Stitcher makes a triangulation between consecutive brain slice segmentations by recursively adding edges that minimize the total length and simultaneously avoid self-intersection. We applied this new method to build the cortical surfaces of two dolphins: Guiana dolphin (Sotalia guianensis), Franciscana dolphin (Pontoporia blainvillei); and one pinniped: Steller sea lion (Eumetopias jubatus). Specifically in the case of P. blainvillei, two reconstructions at two different resolutions were made. Additionally, we also performed reconstructions for sub and non-cortical structures of Guiana dolphin. All our cortical mesh results show remarkable resemblance with the real anatomy of the brains, except P. blainvillei with low-resolution data. Sub and non-cortical meshes were also properly reconstructed and the spatial positioning of structures was preserved with respect to S. guianensis cerebral cortex. In a comparative perspective between methods, Stitcher presents compatible results for volumetric measurements when contrasted with other anatomical standard tools. In this way, Stitcher seems to be a viable pipeline for new neuroanatomical analysis, enhancing visualization and descriptions of non-primates species, and broadening the scope of compared neuroanatomy.
Empowering High-Throughput High-Content Analysis of Microphysiological Models: Open-Source Software for Automated Image Analysis of Microvessel Formation and Cell Invasion
Authors: Wiggin Noah , Cook Carson , Black Mitchell , Cadena Ines , Rahal-Arabi Salam , Asnes Chandler L. , Ivanova Yoanna , Hettiaratchi Marian H , Hind Laurel E , Fogg Kaitlin C 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Purpose
The primary aim of this study was to develop an open-source Python-based software for the automated analysis of dynamic cell behaviors in microphysiological models using non-confocal microscopy. This research seeks to address the existing gap in accessible tools for high-throughput analysis of endothelial tube formation and cell invasion in vitro, facilitating the rapid assessment of drug sensitivity.

Methods
Our approach involved annotating over 1000 2 mm Z-stacks of cancer and endothelial cell co-culture model and training machine learning models to automatically calculate cell coverage, cancer invasion depth, and microvessel dynamics. Specifically, cell coverage area was computed using focus stacking and Gaussian mixture models to generate thresholded Z-projections. Cancer invasion depth was determined using a ResNet-50 binary classification model, identifying which Z-planes contained invaded cells and measuring the total invasion depth. Lastly, microvessel dynamics were assessed through a U-Net Xception-style segmentation model for vessel prediction, the DisPerSE algorithm to extract an embedded graph, then graph analysis to quantify microvessel length and connectivity. To further validate our software, we reanalyzed an image set from a high-throughput drug screen involving a chemotherapy agent on a 3D cervical and endothelial co-culture model. Lastly, we applied this software to two naive image datasets from coculture lumen and microvascular fragment models.

Results
The software accurately measured cell coverage, cancer invasion, and microvessel length, yielding drug sensitivity IC50 values with a 95% confidence level compared to manual calculations. This approach significantly reduced the image processing time from weeks down to h. Furthermore, the software was able to calculate cell coverage, microvessel length, and invasion depth from two additional microphysiological models that were imaged with confocal microscopy, highlighting the versatility of the software.

Conclusions
Our free and open source software offers an automated solution for quantifying 3D cell behavior in microphysiological models assessed using non-confocal microscopy, providing the broader Cellular and Molecular Bioengineering community with an alternative to standard confocal microscopy paired with proprietary software.This software can be found in our GitHub repository: https://github.com/fogg-lab/tissue-model-analysis-tools.
Aerangis (Orchidaceae) in Madagascar, the Mascarenes, and the Comoro Islands
Authors: Hermans Johan , Schuiteman André , Rajaovelona Landy , Hervouet Jean-Michel , Cribb Phillip 
Published: October 2024

SummaryThe genus Aerangis Schltr. (Orchidaceae, subfamily Epidendroideae, tribe Vandeae, subtribe Angraecinae) in Madagascar and adjacent archipelagos is revised. Twenty-seven species have been recorded from the region, all of them endemic. Twenty of these are endemic to Madagascar, three to the Comoros only, three to the Comoros and Madagascar and one to Madagascar and Réunion. A third of all Aerangis in the area were assessed to be immediately endangered with 15% Critically Endangered (CR) and 18.5% Endangered (EN). 37% are considered Vulnerable (VU), 15% Near Threatened (NT) and 11% are of Least Concern (LC). Section Microterangis (Schltr.) Hermans is newly established. All the species are described and their typification, history, identification, pollination, distribution and habitat are discussed. The nomenclature and identity of Aerangis citrata (Thouars) Schltr., A. cryptodon (Rchb.f.) Schltr., A. ellisii (B.S.Williams) Schltr., A. hildebrandtii (Rchb.f.) P.J.Cribb & Carlsward, A. ikopana Schltr., A. modesta (Hook.f.) Schltr., A. monantha Schltr., A. polyura (Sander ex Mast.) Hermans and A. rostellaris (Rchb.f.) H.Perrier, are reassessed. Conservation assessments, illustrations and distribution maps are included for all the species. A checklist of the sections, species and a key to their identification are provided. Aerangis bursiculata Hermans is described from the Comoros for the first time.
Patterns of the Relationship Between Recurrent Laryngeal Nerve and Inferior Thyroid Artery in the Setting of Total Thyroidectomy: A Prospective Single-Surgeon Study
Authors: Gurluler Ercument 
Published: October 2024

AbstractThis study aimed to determine the anatomical position of recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) relative to inferior thyroid artery (ITA) in a consecutive total thyroidectomy series. A total of 421 patients (mean (min–max) age: 45.6 (18–78) years, 76.2% were women) who had total thyroidectomy accompanied with intraoperative exposure of the bilateral RLNs were included in this prospective single-surgeon thyroidectomy series study. Patient demographics and thyroidectomy indications (benign and malignant) were recorded in each patient. The relation of RLN to ITA was assessed bilaterally using the 3-subtype system (anterior to the ITA, posterior to the ITA, and between the branches of the ITA). Most of the thyroidectomy indications (69.1%) were related to malignant disease including papillary carcinoma in 54.9% of cases. The posterior RLN-ITA pattern was the most commonly noted pattern, regardless of the side (74.1% on the left and 68.4% on the right), followed by the anterior RLN-ITA pattern (17.3% on the left and 21.1% on the right) and the between pattern (8.6% on the left and 10.4% on the right). In conclusion, this prospective single-surgeon thyroidectomy series study regarding the position of RLN relative to ITA indicate the predominance of posterior RLN-ITA pattern, similarly, on both the right and the left sides. Accordingly, our findings do not support the higher prevalence of “anterior” or “between” RLN-ITA patterns on the right side, opposing the consideration of right RLN to be at a higher risk of iatrogenic injury.
New ammonoid records and the definition of the base of the German Hemberg-Stufe (Famennian III, Upper Devonian)
Authors: Becker R. Thomas 
Published: October 2024

AbstractIn the revised ammonoid biostratigraphy of Becker (1993), the base of the German Hemberg-Stufe (Hembergian, middle Famennian, Upper Devonian III) was defined by the entry of Pernoceras dorsatum (Wedekind, 1918). However, this taxon is an invalid junior homonym of Tornoceras simplex var. dorsata Gürich, 1900 and Wedekind`s form was poorly defined and originally not illustrated. Based on a review of Wedekind material and unpublished collections from two trenches at the Enkeberg type section, the defining taxon of the Hembergian is re-assigned to Protornoceras genulobatum (Sobolew, 1914b). The species is discussed in the context of previous records of Tornoceras dorsatum and in the taxonomic framework of the Aulatornoceratinae, especially of the genera Protornoceras and Pernoceras. In the revised regional and international zonation scheme, UD III-A becomes a regional Prot. genulobatum Zone and international Protornoceras Genozone. Some other Protornoceras, questionable Falcitornoceras, and Pernoceras are described. These include Prot. rhenicum n. sp., Prot. umbilicatoides (Sobolew, 1914a), Prot. aff. delepinei (Petter, 1975), and Prot. aff. crebriseptum (Raymond, 1909) from the Enkeberg, Prot. aff. genulobatum from Beringhauser Tunnel, the Rhenish Perno. kochi (Wedekind, 1908), and the Russian Pernoceras kirsaense n. sp.
Score test for marks in Hawkes processes
Authors: Richards Kylie-Anne , Dunsmuir William T. M. , Peters Gareth W. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractA score statistic for detecting the impact of marks in a linear Hawkes self-exciting point process is proposed, with its asymptotic properties, finite sample performance, power properties using simulation and application to real data presented. A major advantage of the proposed inference procedure is that the Hawkes process can be fitted under the null hypothesis that marks do not impact the intensity process. Hence, for a given record of a point process, the intensity process is estimated once only and then assessed against any number of potential marks without refitting the joint likelihood each time. Marks can be multivariate and serially dependent. The score function for any given set of marks is easily constructed as the covariance of functions of future intensities fits the unmarked process with functions of the marks under assessment. The asymptotic distribution of the score statistic is a Chi-squared distribution, with degrees of freedom equal to the number of parameters required to specify the boost function. Model-based or nonparametric estimation of required features of the mark’s marginal moments and serial dependence can be used. Using sample moments of the marks in the test statistic construction does not impact the size and power properties.
Landfill leachate treatment by incorporating MWCNTs assisted adsorption and coagulation process
Authors: Narendra K. R. , Shetty Shivakumar Jagadish , Prashant Shreelaxmi , Gurumurthy S. C. , Biliangadi Nagabhushan B. 
Published: October 2024

AbstractLandfill leachate generation due to unscientific solid waste management seriously threatens soil, groundwater, and surface water. The biological treatment system alone is insufficient to remediate this dark-colored liquid and requires appropriate physicochemical methods as pre-treatment. This study evaluates the efficiency of coagulation, adsorption, and a combination of both to remove color and chemical oxygen demand (COD). Two common chemicals, alum and ferric chloride, were conventionally used as coagulants and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were used as adsorbents due to their high surface-to-volume ratio. The parameters, such as pH and dosage, were optimized using the coagulation process. The effect of contact time and temperature was evaluated for adsorption using MWCNTs. In the coagulation process, about 66.67% COD and 95.77% color removal were observed for alum, whereas 77.78% COD and 99.65% color removal were observed for ferric chloride. Adsorption using MWCNTs resulted in 65.66% COD and 97.38% color removal. Combined treatment of coagulation followed by adsorption using MWCNTs resulted in 88.89% COD and 100% color removal. Overall, MWCNTs were found to be effective at removing COD and color from the stabilized landfill leachate.
Graphical abstract
Die Ein-Mann-Theorie. Reinhart Koselleck auf der Zeitenschwelle zum Klassiker
Authors: Huhnholz Sebastian , Jung Ludwig , Käppner Anton 
Published: October 2024

ZusammenfassungEin Jahrhundert nach seiner Geburt 1923 in Görlitz gilt Reinhart Koselleck (1923–2006) als Vieles: begriffsgeschichtliches Mastermind, populäre Allzweckwaffe, universeller Metaphernspender. Entsprechend ist es zunehmend schwieriger geworden, Orientierung in der Menge von Koselleck-Referenzen und Koselleckiana, insbesondere der Fülle an Veröffentlichungen, Konferenzen und Forschungsprojekten zu dessen Jubiläum, zu behalten. Der Rezensionsaufsatz arbeitet die facettenreiche neuere Rezeption Reinhart Kosellecks vor dem Hintergrund des bestehenden Korpus auf. Unsere Beobachtungen zeigen, dass der Übergang von einem in der Entstehung befindlichen zu einem genuinen, etablierten Forschungsfeld, vom geschichtswissenschaftlichen zum allgemeineren Klassiker genau jetzt vollzogen worden ist. Weiterhin oszilliert die Koselleck-Rezeption zwar zwischen tiefer Auseinandersetzung und oberflächlicher Inanspruchnahme. Doch motiviert die Strukturierungs- und Reflexionsreichweite vieler Forschungsbeiträge auch dazu, mit Koselleck über ihn hinauszugehen. Wie unsere Darstellung diverser neuerer Artikel und insbesondere der jüngsten Bücher von und über Koselleck zeigt, bietet vor allem die immer reichhaltigere Quellenlage die Basis für zahlreiche Forschungsprojekte, laufende wie potenzielle.
Composted biochar versus compost with biochar: effects on soil properties and plant growth
Authors: Mikajlo Irina , Lerch Thomas Z. , Louvel Brice , Hynšt Jaroslav , Záhora Jaroslav , Pourrut Bertrand 
Published: October 2024

AbstractBiochar is widely recognized as an amendment that enhances soil properties and sequesters carbon, particularly in degraded soils. However, biochar applied solely to soil may also hinder plant development due to toxic by-products generated during pyrolysis or nutrient retention. To mitigate these adverse effects, it has been suggested to either mix biochar with compost or to process it by composting with fresh organic materials. To date, there is a lack of comparative studies evaluating the performance of these two approaches. In this study, three types of biochar, differing in their initial feedstocks (beech wood, hornbeam/beech/oak mixture, and digestate/cereal straw mixture), were investigated. These biochars were applied solely, mixed with green waste compost, or processed as composted biochar in two soils of different fertility (a Luvisol and a gleyic Fluvisol). A pot experiment was conducted under controlled conditions where lettuce was grown for three months. After harvesting, plant biomass, and soil microbial and physicochemical properties were measured. Composted biochar and compost additives maintained a neutral soil pH, contrary to biochar applied solely or mixed with compost. The dissolved organic carbon and total nitrogen were higher in composted biochar treatments, leading to a higher proportion of humified material with a high degree of condensed aromatic groups compared to other treatments. Microbial activities were higher in the composted biochar treatments compared to those in the compost with biochar, and more specifically in the less fertile Luvisol. Finally, composted biochar increased plant growth by almost six times compared to the control without amendments, whereas the mix of biochar and compost increased it by only three times. Solely applied biochars did not affect lettuce growth. This study demonstrates that biochar composting is more beneficial than mixing biochar with compost in terms of improving soil fertility and mitigating the negative effects associated with pure biochar application.
Graphical Abstract
Plasma Volume Shifts and Acid–Base Balance After a Single Bout of Resistance Training
Authors: Schierbauer Janis , Zimmer Rebecca , Wachsmuth Nadine , Maassen Norbert , Schmidt Walter 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Purpose
Changes in plasma volume (PV), acid–base status and ventilation have rarely been investigated in relation to resistance training (RT). This study aimed to investigate the effect of a single set of exhaustive leg press exercise on these basic physiological parameters in an integrated manner.

Methods
Twenty-seven male individuals (27.1 ± 4.1 years, 1.82 ± 0.62 m, 84.4 ± 12.5 kg, BMI: 25.4 ± 3.0 k/gm2) performed a single set leg press exercise during which hemoglobin concentration ([Hb]), hematocrit (Hct), pH, oxygen (pO2) and carbon dioxide partial pressures (pCO2), hydrogen carbonate concentration ([HCO3−]), standard base excess (SBE) and lactate concentration ([La−]) were determined. Total buffer capacity was calculated based on pH, [HCO3−] and pCO2.

Results
Mean PV decreased by 559 ± 230 mL (13.7%). As a result, arterial oxygen content was significantly increased due to hemoconcentration (P < 0.001). At exhaustion, pH (7.30 ± 0.06), [HCO3−] (18.6 ± 2.0 mmol/L) and SBE (− 6.6 ± 2.4 mmol/L) were all significantly decreased (P < 0.0001). The pCO2 first remained unchanged (39.4 ± 4.3 mm Hg) but demonstrated a significant decrease one-minute post-exercise (34.4 ± 4.2 mmHg), indicating metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation, which was maintained until t+15. Non-bicarbonate buffering remained constant during recovery while the respiratory component steadily increased until 15-min post-exercise (50.2 mmol/L per pH).

Conclusion
PV shifts following a single set of leg press exercise improve post-exercise arterial oxygen content. The moderate metabolic acidosis was not compensated during exercise because of restricted breathing but partly compensated during the following 15-min recovery period. The respiratory compensation as part of the bicarbonate buffering made up 50% of total buffer capacity in the course of recovery.
On the scope of the right to explanation
Authors: Fritz James 
Published: October 2024

AbstractAs opaque algorithmic systems take up a larger and larger role in shaping our lives, calls for explainability in various algorithmic systems have increased. Many moral and political philosophers have sought to vindicate these calls for explainability by developing theories on which decision-subjects—that is, individuals affected by decisions—have a moral right to the explanation of the systems that affect them. Existing theories tend to suggest that the right to explanation arises solely in virtue of facts about how decision-subjects are affected by opaque systems. But this ignores an important part of the normative landscape: sometimes, facts about a decision-maker’s rights and freedoms can make a difference to whether she owes anyone explanations of her decisions. I illustrate the point by calling attention to examples of artistic, romantic, and supererogatory altruistic decisions; in at least some cases of this sort, even highly influential decisions can legitimately be kept entirely private and opaque,
Meeting Men Where they are: Motivators and Barriers to Accessing Health Services through a Men’s Mobile Wellness Clinic, October 2019 to March 2020, Blantyre, Malawi
Authors: Nyangulu Mtemwa , Aholou Tiffiany , Thorsen Viva , Ebrahim Shahul , Nkhoma Ernest , Payesa Chipiliro , Chipungu Getrude , Kalua Masozie , van ’t Pad Bosch Jeroen , Gibson Hannah , Buie Verita , Sindani Fidelis , Dale Helen , Behel Stephanie , Hassan Rashida , Maida Alice , Grabbe Kristina 
Published: October 2024

Abstract
Background
In Malawi approximately, 88.3% people living with HIV are aware of their HIV status. Significant gaps are among men aged 15–34 years; only 72% know their HIV status. To reach men, Jhpiego, in collaboration with the Ministry of Health (MOH), implemented the Men’s Mobile Wellness Clinic (MMWC) at workplace settings in Blantyre, Malawi between October 2019 and March 2020.

Methods
We conducted a descriptive qualitative study to understand motivators and barriers to MMWC service uptake by employees and employers. Primary data was drawn from in-depth telephone interviews from four study populations: employers who accepted or declined to host the MMWC at their worksite, and employees who accessed or did not access the services. We performed a thematic analysis using Nvivo 12 software to identify patterns and themes across the dataset.

Findings
Main reasons given for using the service among male employees were a desire to know their health status, availability of free health services at the workplace, and good quality services offered by MMWC staff, and support from their supervisor. Men who did not access services stated reasons such as work-clinic scheduling conflicts, lack of adequate promotion of the service, and miscommunication on the criteria about who should attend the MMWC. Employers who accepted to host the MMWC stated convenience and employee’s rights to know their health status. Those who declined either stated that employees did not want the services or COVID-19 preventive measures by the MOH between October 2019 and March 2020 restricted participation.

Conclusion
This study underscores the potential utility of MMWC services including HIV testing among men. The desire to know their health status, availability of free MMWC services at the workplace, good quality services offered by MMWC staff, and the endorsement of MMWC by supervisors were main motivators to access the MMWC services. Sensitizing supervisors and employees about the benefits of the MMWC services, strengthening demand creation, and clarifying eligibility are important to facilitate MMWC uptake among men in Malawi.