bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Pollinator adaptation and the evolution of floral nectar sugar composition
Authors: Abrahamczyk S. , Kessler M. , Hanley D. , Karger D. N. , Müller M. P. J. , Knauer A. C. , Keller F. , Schwerdtfeger M. , Humphreys A. M. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractA long‐standing debate concerns whether nectar sugar composition evolves as an adaptation to pollinator dietary requirements or whether it is ‘phylogenetically constrained’. Here, we use a modelling approach to evaluate the hypothesis that nectar sucrose proportion (NSP) is an adaptation to pollinators. We analyse ~ 2100 species of asterids, spanning several plant families and pollinator groups (PGs), and show that the hypothesis of adaptation cannot be rejected:NSPevolves towards two optimal values, highNSPfor specialist‐pollinated and lowNSPfor generalist‐pollinated plants. However, the inferred adaptive process is weak, suggesting that adaptation toPGonly provides a partial explanation for how nectar evolves. Additional factors are therefore needed to fully explain nectar evolution, and we suggest that future studies might incorporate floral shape and size and the abiotic environment into the analytical framework. Further, we show thatNSPandPGevolution are correlated – in a manner dictated by pollinator behaviour. This contrasts with the view that a plant necessarily has to adapt its nectar composition to ensure pollination but rather suggests that pollinators adapt their foraging behaviour or dietary requirements to the nectar sugar composition presented by the plants. Finally, we document unexpectedly sucrose‐poor nectar in some specialized nectarivorous bird‐pollinated plants from the Old World, which might represent an overlooked form of pollinator deception. Thus, our broad study provides several new insights into how nectar evolves and we conclude by discussing why maintaining the conceptual dichotomy between adaptation and constraint might be unhelpful for advancing this field.
THE ERRONEOUS USE OF CHINA'S POPULATION AND PER CAPITA DATA: A STRUCTURED REVIEW AND CRITICAL TEST
Authors: Gibson John , Li Chao 
Published: October 2016

AbstractHundreds of studies in economics misinterpret China's subnational population and per capita data. The most widely used population counts are of hukou registrations from each province, prefecture, county, or city rather than of the people living in each place and generating local gross domestic product. Over 220 million people have left their place of registration, while almost none had when reforms began, creating time‐varying errors in estimates of per capita income of subnational units. We survey empirical articles in blue ribbon journals, in development journals, and in regional and urban economics journals that use China's subnational data. Over 80% of articles use these data erroneously; most commonly the wrong population or employment counts are used to measure the size of subnational units, and per capita data are calculated with the wrong denominator for how variables are interpreted. We provide examples of errors from each group of journals, and a critical test of one highly cited study. Specifically, we show that if hukou registrations are erroneously used to measure the local population, following existing practice, conclusions about driving forces for urban area expansion are reversed. We give recommendations for more careful use of China's subnational population and per capita data.
Studying interactions between excavating sponges and massive corals by the use of hybrid cores
Authors: Fang James K. H. , Mason Robert A. B. , Schönberg Christine H. L. , Hoegh‐Guldberg Ove , Dove Sophie 
Published: October 2016

AbstractExcavating sponges often compete with reef‐building corals. To study sponge–coral interactions, we devised a design of hybrid cores that allows sponges and corals to be arranged side by side with similar size and shape, mimicking the situation of neighbouring organisms. Compared to earlier methods that attached sponge cores onto coral surfaces, hybrid cores provide an opportunity to study organism interactions under conditions more equal to the interacting partners. The use of hybrid cores was demonstrated for the excavating sponge Cliona orientalis and the massive coral Porites, which commonly interact on the Great Barrier Reef. Cliona orientalis and massive Porites were cut into half‐moon shaped explants and combined as hybrid cores under replicate conditions. After 90 days in an aquarium setting, positive growth of Cl. orientalis along with net bioerosion were observed in sponge control cores that combined Cl. orientalis with blank substrate. However, when Cl. orientalis and massive Porites were in contact in interaction cores, the sponge displayed negative growth and undetectable bioerosion, and was slightly overgrown by the coral. Cliona orientalis may have developed tissue extension beneath the living coral tissue, but growth and net calcification rates of massive Porites were apparently not affected by Cl. orientalis when comparing the interaction cores to coral control cores that combined massive Porites with blank substrate. Overall, the present work demonstrated that hybrid cores can be used to generate conditions suitable for studying sponge–coral interactions in the laboratory, which can also be applied in the field.
Symbiosis between the holothurian Scotoplanes sp. A and the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae on a featureless bathyal sediment plain
Authors: Barry James P. , Taylor Josi R. , Kuhnz Linda A. , De Vogelaere Andrew P. 
Published: October 2016

AbstractVulnerability to predation may be high for many megafaunal taxa in deep‐sea sedimentary habitats where physical heterogeneity is low. During ROV observations in a bathyal sediment plain off Central California, juveniles of the lithodid crab Neolithodes diomedeae were frequently observed on or under the holothurian (sea cucumber) Scotoplanes sp. A, and are hypothesized to benefit from this association as a nursery or refugium from predation. Ninety‐six percent (n = 574 of 599) of the juvenile N. diomedeae observed (density varied from 0.02–0.75/m2 among sites and seasons) in the study area were associated with Scotoplanes sp. A. Of the 2596 Scotoplanes sp. A observed (density varied from 0.48 to 25.90/m2), 22% were attended by at least one juvenile crab, and rarely two crabs (n = 4). Solitary N. diomedeae were rarely observed. This decapod–holothurian symbiosis appears to be largely commensal, with juvenile crabs (carapace width = 0.03–0.31 × holothurian length) observed on or beneath Scotoplanes sp. A in a habitat with few refugia from epibenthic predators. Other hypotheses may explain or enhance the potential benefits of the association for N. diomedeae, such as elevated food availability due to the activities of Scotoplanes sp. A. The relationship may be mutualistic if there is a benefit for the holothurian, including the removal of epizoic parasites. Ultimately, the nursery or other effects on the population dynamics of N. diomedeae may be minimal in low‐relief, sediment‐dominated habitats, as very few sub‐adult crabs were observed in the study area and were likely consumed upon outgrowing their refugia. While sedimentary habitats may be a sink for N. diomedeae populations, growth of juvenile crabs during their association with Scotoplanes sp. A should increase energy flow to its predator populations. This association has not been reported previously but may be expected in sediment‐dominated habitats where these species overlap.
Salmonella enterica synthesizes 5,6‐dimethylbenzimidazolyl‐(DMB)‐α‐riboside. Why some Firmicutes do not require the canonical DMB activation system to synthesize adenosylcobalamin
Authors: Mattes Theodoric A. , Escalante‐Semerena Jorge C. 
Published: October 2016

Summary5,6‐Dimethylbenzimidazolyl‐(DMB)‐α‐ribotide [α‐ribazole‐5′‐phosphate (α‐RP)] is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of adenosylcobalamin (AdoCbl) in many prokaryotes. In such microbes, α‐RP is synthesized by nicotinate mononucleotide (NaMN):DMB phosphoribosyltransferases (CobT in Salmonella enterica), in a reaction that is considered to be the canonical step for the activation of the base of the nucleotide present in adenosylcobamides. Some Firmicutes lack CobT‐type enzymes but have a two‐protein system comprised of a transporter (i.e., CblT) and a kinase (i.e., CblS) that can salvage exogenous α‐ribazole (α‐R) from the environment using CblT to take up α‐R, followed by α‐R phosphorylation by CblS. We report that Geobacillus kaustophilus CblT and CblS proteins restore α‐RP synthesis in S. enterica lacking the CobT enzyme. We also show that a S. enterica cobT strain that synthesizes GkCblS ectopically makes only AdoCbl, even under growth conditions where the synthesis of pseudoCbl is favored. Our results indicate that S. enterica synthesizes α‐R, a metabolite that had not been detected in this bacterium and that GkCblS has a strong preference for DMB‐ribose over adenine‐ribose as substrate. We propose that in some Firmicutes DMB is activated to α‐RP via α‐R using an as‐yet‐unknown route to convert DMB to α‐R and CblS to convert α‐R to α‐RP.
Dispositional optimism as predictor of outcome in short‐ and long‐term psychotherapy
Authors: Heinonen Erkki , Heiskanen Tiia , Lindfors Olavi , Härkäpää Kristiina , Knekt Paul 
Published: October 2016

ObjectivesDispositional optimism predicts various beneficial outcomes in somatic health and treatment, but has been little studied in psychotherapy. This study investigated whether an optimistic disposition differentially predicts patients’ ability to benefit from short‐term versus long‐term psychotherapy.DesignA total of 326 adult outpatients with mood and/or anxiety disorder were randomized into short‐term (solution‐focused or short‐term psychodynamic) or long‐term psychodynamic therapy and followed up for 3 years.MethodsDispositional optimism was assessed by patients at baseline with the self‐rated Life Orientation Test (LOT) questionnaire. Outcome was assessed at baseline and seven times during the follow‐up, in terms of depressive (BDI, HDRS), anxiety (SCL‐90‐ANX, HARS), and general psychiatric symptoms (SCL‐90‐GSI), all seven follow‐up points including patients’ self‐reports and three including interview‐based measures.ResultsLower dispositional optimism predicted faster symptom reduction in short‐term than in long‐term psychotherapy. Higher optimism predicted equally rapid and eventually greater benefits in long‐term, as compared to short‐term, psychotherapy.ConclusionsWeaker optimism appeared to predict sustenance of problems early in long‐term therapy. Stronger optimism seems to best facilitate engaging in and benefiting from a long‐term therapy process. Closer research might clarify the psychological processes responsible for these effects and help fine‐tune both briefer and longer interventions to optimize treatment effectiveness for particular patients and their psychological qualities.Practitioner points

Weaker dispositional optimism does not appear to inhibit brief therapy from effecting symptomatic recovery.

Patients with weaker optimism do not seem to gain added benefits from long‐term therapy, but instead may be susceptible to prolonged psychiatric symptoms in the early stages of long‐term therapy.
The host plant Pinus pinaster exerts specific effects on phosphate efflux and polyphosphate metabolism of the ectomycorrhizal fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum: a radiotracer, cytological staining and 31P NMR spectroscopy study
Authors: Torres‐Aquino Margarita , Becquer Adeline , Le Guernevé Christine , Louche Julien , Amenc Laurie K , Staunton Siobhan , Quiquampoix Hervé , Plassard Claude 
Published: October 2016

AbstractEctomycorrhizal (ECM) association can improve plant phosphorus (P) nutrition. Polyphosphates (polyP) synthesized in distant fungal cells after P uptake may contribute to P supply from the fungus to the host plant if they are hydrolyzed to phosphate in ECM roots then transferred to the host plant when required. In this study, we addressed this hypothesis for the ECM fungus Hebeloma cylindrosporum grown in vitro and incubated without plant or with host (Pinus pinaster) and non‐host (Zea mays) plants, using an experimental system simulating the symbiotic interface. We used 32P labelling to quantify P accumulation and P efflux and in vivo and in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and cytological staining to follow the fate of fungal polyP. Phosphate supply triggered a massive P accumulation as newly synthesized long‐chain polyP in H. cylindrosporum if previously grown under P‐deficient conditions. P efflux from H. cylindrosporum towards the roots was stimulated by both host and non‐host plants. However, the host plant enhanced 32P release compared with the non‐host plant and specifically increased the proportion of short‐chain polyP in the interacting mycelia. These results support the existence of specific host plant effects on fungal P metabolism able to provide P in the apoplast of ectomycorrhizal roots.
Impact of social capital on psychological distress and interaction with house destruction and displacement after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011
Authors: Tsuchiya Naho , Nakaya Naoki , Nakamura Tomohiro , Narita Akira , Kogure Mana , Aida Jun , Tsuji Ichiro , Hozawa Atsushi , Tomita Hiroaki 
Published: October 2016

AimSocial capital has been considered an important factor affecting mental‐health outcomes, such as psychological distress in post‐disaster settings. Although disaster‐related house condition and displacement could affect both social capital and psychological distress, limited studies have investigated interactions. This study aimed to examine the association between social capital and psychological distress, taking into consideration the interaction of disaster‐related house condition after the Great East Japan Earthquake of 2011.MethodsUsing data from 3793 adults living in Shichigahama, Miyagi Prefecture, Japan, we examined the association between social capital measured by generalized trust and psychological distress measured by the Kessler 6 scale. We conducted stratified analysis to investigate an interaction of house destruction and displacement. Multivariate analyses taking into consideration the interaction were performed.ResultsIn the crude analysis, low social capital (odds ratio [OR] 4.46; 95% confidence interval [CI], 3.27–6.07) and large‐scale house destruction (OR 1.96; 95%CI, 1.47–2.62) were significantly associated with psychological distress. Stratified analyses detected an interaction with house destruction and displacement (P for interaction = 0.04). Multivariate analysis with interaction term revealed that individuals with low social capital, large‐scale house damage, and displacement were at greater risk of psychological distress, corresponding to adjusted OR of 5.78 (95%CI, 3.48–9.60).ConclusionIn the post‐disaster setting, low social capital increased the risk of psychological distress, especially among individuals who had large‐scale house destruction. Among the participants with severe disaster damage, high social capital would play an important role in protecting mental health.
Paroxysmal atrioventricular block after heart transplantation in children: an early sign of rejection?
Authors: Grutter Giorgia , Alfieri Sara , Calcagni Giulio , Castelluzzo Maria Assunta , Silvetti Massimo Stefano , Parisi Francesco , Drago Fabrizio 
Published: October 2016

AbstractIn OHT recipients, pathologic evaluation of the heart during acute rejection can show involvement of both the conduction system and the myocardium. We here describe the cases of a 9‐year‐old male with DCM and a 13‐year‐old female with RCM, who developed third‐degree PAVB associated with acute rejection 36 months and 24 months after OHT, respectively. We conclude that PAVB could be considered an early sign of acute rejection after OHT in children who exhibit post‐transplantation presyncope or syncope.
Resiniferatoxin lowers TNF‐α, NO and PGE2 in the intestinal phase and the parasite burden in the muscular phase of Trichinella spiralis infection
Authors: Muñoz‐Carrillo J. L. , Muñoz‐Escobedo J. J. , Maldonado‐Tapia C. H. , Chávez‐Ruvalcaba F. , Moreno‐García M. A. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryDuring the course of infection with Trichinella spiralis, an inflammatory response is triggered at the intestinal level in the host, playing a crucial role in the expulsion and elimination of the parasite. However, several studies have demonstrated that this inflammatory response is harmful to the host; hence, the importance of studying molecules with therapeutic potential like resiniferatoxin, which is known to have an anti‐inflammatory effect both in vitro and in vivo. In this article, we evaluated the anti‐inflammatory activity of resiniferatoxin during the intestinal phase of T. spiralis infection by quantitatively determining the levels of TNF‐α, NO and PGE2 as well as the percentage of eosinophils in the blood and intestinal pathology. In addition, parasite burden was determined during the muscle infection. Our results show that resiniferatoxin lowered the serum levels of TNF‐α, NO and PGE2, as well as the percentage of eosinophils in the blood and intestinal pathology during the intestinal infection. Moreover, resiniferatoxin also lowered the parasite burden in muscle, resulting in a reduction of the humoral response (IgG) associated to treatment with resiniferatoxin. These findings suggest a potential therapeutic use of the anti‐inflammatory effect of resiniferatoxin, which also contributes to host defence against the challenge of T. spiralis infection.
Mucosal and systemic immune modulation by Trichuris trichiura in a self‐infected individual
Authors: Dige A. , Rasmussen T. K. , Nejsum P. , Hagemann‐Madsen R. , Williams A. R. , Agnholt J. , Dahlerup J. F. , Hvas C. L. 
Published: October 2016

SummaryHelminthic therapy of immune‐mediated diseases has gained attention in recent years, but we know little of how helminths modulate human immunity. In this study, we investigated how self‐infection with Trichuris (T.) trichiura in an adult man without intestinal disease affected mucosal and systemic immunity. Colonic mucosal biopsies were obtained at baseline, during T. trichiura infection, and after its clearance following mebendazole treatment. Unexpectedly, the volunteer experienced a Campylobacter colitis following T. trichiura clearance, and this served as a positive infectious control. Trichuris trichiura colonization induced equally increased expressions of T‐helper (h)1‐, Th2‐, Th17‐ and Treg‐associated cytokines and transcription factors, measured by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. We observed several indicators of modulation of systemic immunity during the T. trichiura infection. Plasma eosinophils and anti‐Trichuris antibodies rose markedly during the inoculation phase, and a shift towards a Th2‐dominated T cell response at the expense of the Th1‐response was observed in circulating T cells. Taken together, our findings corroborate that helminths modulate regional and systemic human immunity.
Contrasting environmental effects of astronomically driven climate change on three Eocene hemipelagic successions from the Basque–Cantabrian Basin
Authors: Martínez‐Braceras Naroa , Payros Aitor , Miniati Francesco , Arostegi Javier , Franceschetti Gloria 
Published: October 2016

AbstractSeveral processes can contribute to the formation of hemipelagic limestone–marl alternations as a consequence of astronomically driven climate change. The aim of this study was to decipher which environmental factors governed the formation of three Eocene hemipelagic successions of the Basque–Cantabrian Basin using a comprehensive set of physical and bulk carbonate geochemical data (bed thickness, mineralogy, %CaCO3, δ13C and δ18O). The results show that the significance of several environmental processes varied depending on the palaeogeographic setting and eccentricity‐modulated precessional seasonality. In the Sopelana starved deep‐sea basin, limestones were formed as a consequence of high pelagic carbonate productivity during periods of warm seawater and sluggish circulation, which corresponded with periods of low seasonality (summers at aphelion); conversely, marls accumulated when pelagic carbonate productivity decreased during periods with cooler waters and more vigorous circulation, which occurred when seasonality was higher (summers at perihelion). In the Gorrondatxe submarine fan fringe, marls accumulated when high seasonality produced significant continental rainfall and run‐off, causing the dilution of pelagic carbonate sedimentation with terrigenous supplies. In the Oyambre upper slope, marls also accumulated when seasonality was high, as pelagic carbonate productivity decreased due to both the expansion of low‐salinity waters on the ocean surface and the increase in continentally derived nutrients, which caused detrimental seawater conditions for calcareous plankton. Both in Gorrondatxe and Oyambre, limestones accumulated when boreal summer at aphelion caused low seasonality, which allowed relatively stable conditions to prevail. At minimum eccentricity, when precession‐driven seasonality contrast diminished, changes in pelagic carbonate productivity were significant in the three sections. On the contrary, at maximum eccentricity, when seasonality peaked due to summers occurring at perihelion, the effects of other environmental processes, such as continental and oceanic currents, became influential. However, the influence of these processes minimized when summertime coincided with aphelion at maximum eccentricity and seasonality was weakest.
Dinitrogenase-Driven Photobiological Hydrogen Production Combats Oxidative Stress in Cyanothece sp. Strain ATCC 51142
Authors: Sadler Natalie C. , Bernstein Hans C. , Melnicki Matthew R. , Charania Moiz A. , Hill Eric A. , Anderson Lindsey N. , Monroe Matthew E. , Smith Richard D. , Beliaev Alexander S. , Wright Aaron T. 
Published: October 2016

ABSTRACT

Photobiologically synthesized hydrogen (H
2
) gas is carbon neutral to produce and clean to combust, making it an ideal biofuel.
Cyanothece
sp. strain ATCC 51142 is a cyanobacterium capable of performing simultaneous oxygenic photosynthesis and H
2
production, a highly perplexing phenomenon because H
2
evolving enzymes are O
2
sensitive. We employed a system-level
in vivo
chemoproteomic profiling approach to explore the cellular dynamics of protein thiol redox and how thiol redox mediates the function of the dinitrogenase NifHDK, an enzyme complex capable of aerobic hydrogenase activity. We found that NifHDK responds to intracellular redox conditions and may act as an emergency electron valve to prevent harmful reactive oxygen species formation in concert with other cell strategies for maintaining redox homeostasis. These results provide new insight into cellular redox dynamics useful for advancing photolytic bioenergy technology and reveal a new understanding for the biological function of NifHDK.

IMPORTANCE
Here, we demonstrate that high levels of hydrogen synthesis can be induced as a protection mechanism against oxidative stress via the dinitrogenase enzyme complex in
Cyanothece
sp. strain ATCC 51142. This is a previously unknown feature of cyanobacterial dinitrogenase, and we anticipate that it may represent a strategy to exploit cyanobacteria for efficient and scalable hydrogen production. We utilized a chemoproteomic approach to capture the
in situ
dynamics of reductant partitioning within the cell, revealing proteins and reactive thiols that may be involved in redox sensing and signaling. Additionally, this method is widely applicable across biological systems to achieve a greater understanding of how cells navigate their environment and how redox chemistry can be utilized to alter metabolism and achieve homeostasis.