bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b>Pupal shape and size dimorphism in <I>Aedes albopictus</I> (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae)</b>
Authors: Sanchez Elvira , Castillo Daniel , Liria Jonathan 
Published: June 2017

Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) is a culicid mosquito associated with the transmission of pathogens causative for dengue, yellow fever, chikungunya, Mayaro and other diseases. Several recent studies have proposed that demographic surveys of dengue vector pupae are more useful than traditional larval indices for estimating populations. Geometric morphometrics is a tool for describing phenotypic variation that has been validated for characterizing sexual dimorphism. We undertook to apply this method to describe sexual and morphological dimorphism in A. albopictus pupae. Two-dimensional co-ordinates were digitalized from 60 specimens in two stages using 10 landmarks in pupae and 14 in wings. Configuration matrices were aligned by generalized procrustes analysis to extract matrix configurations and centroid size (CS). A discriminant analysis (DA) was used to test group (female or male) membership significance, and non-parametric ANOVA was used for CS differences. We found significant differences (Kruskal-Wallis P < 0.01) among pupal cephalothorax CS and adult wings; female pupae and adults were larger than males. The DA for cephalothorax and wing specimens showed significant differences (Hotelling P < 0.0001) between females and males. Through cross-validation, females and males were correctly classified with greater than 90% accuracy using the conformation characteristics described. Our study is the first description of phenotypic variation of pupal shape and size in A. albopictus laboratory colonies, and the results can be used as an additional tool in dengue entomological survey programs. More studies are necessary to confirm the variation between natural and laboratory populations.
Sugar-Incorporated Chelating Bis-N-Heterocyclic Carbene Palladium Complexes. Synthesis, Structures, and Catalytic Ability for Suzuki-Miyaura Cross-Coupling Reactions in Water
Authors: Imanaka Yosuke , Nakao Keita , Maeda Yuri , Nishioka Takanori 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Sugar-incorporated chelating bis-N-heterocyclic carbene ligand precursors 1,1′-bis(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-3,3′-ethylene-diimidazolyl ([(bisNHC-C2)H2]2+) and 1,1′-bis(2,3,4,6-tetra-O-acetyl-β-d-glucopyranosyl)-3,3′-propylene-diimidazolyl ([(bisNHC-C3)H2]2+) were synthesized and used to prepare palladium complexes [Pd(bisNHC-C2)Cl2] and [Pd(bisNHC-C3)Cl2], respectively, by direct metallation reaction using dichlorobis(acetonitrile)palladium as a metal source. Catalytic abilities of the complexes for Suzuki-Miyaura coupling in aqueous media were examined and moderate TON (85,000) and TOF (170,000 h−1) were obtained. Because the terminal chloro ligands in the complexes were substituted with solvent molecules or chloride anion and hence 1H NMR spectra of the chloro complexes were complicated, hydrosulfido complexes [Pd(bisNHC-Cn)(SH)2] (n = 2 and 3) were prepared to confirm structures in solution. Dynamic behavior of flapping-wing motion of the bisNHC ligand in [Pd(bisNHC-C3)(SH)2] in solution was evaluated using the signals of the SH protons, which are inequivalent in 1H NMR spectra attributed to the chirality of the glucopyranosyl units.
Alternative processes of nitrogen removal from wastewater — startup of nitritation reactor
Authors: Hong Ngoc Cao Thanh , Vlčková Stanislava , Drtil Miloslav 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
Efficient nitritation was tested in SBR with the aim to accumulate nitrites and to minimize nitrates production in reject wastewater with 500 mg L-1 (NH4
++ NH3)-N and with different molar ratios of HCO3
-: (NH4
++ NH3)-N (1.1-2.1). More than 80 % efficiency of nitritation and permanent inhibition of NOB were achieved at the ratios of 1.71.9 and at the loading of 0.16-0.6 kg (NH4
++ NH3)-N m-3 d-1. Under these conditions, the outflow pH was in the range of 5.9-6.5, outflow c (NO2
- + HNO2)-N increased up to 400 mg L-1 and c (NO3
-)-N dropped below 50 mg L-1. Undissociated HNO2 was confirmed as the main inhibitor of NOB.
The Effects of Bench Press Variations in Competitive Athletes on Muscle Activity and Performance
Authors: Saeterbakken Atle Hole , Mo Dag-André , Scott Suzanne , Andersen Vidar 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The aim of the study was to compare the EMG activity performing 6RM competition style bench press (flat bench-wide grip) with 1) medium and narrow grip widths on a flat bench and 1) inclined and declined bench positions with a wide grip. Twelve bench press athletes competing at national and international level participated in the study. EMG activity was measured in the pectoralis major, anterior and posterior deltoid, biceps brachii, triceps brachii and latissimus dorsi. Non-significant differences in activation were observed between the three bench positions with the exception of 58.5-62.6% lower triceps brachii activation, but 48.3-68.7% greater biceps brachii activation in the inclined bench compared with the flat and declined bench position. Comparing the three grip widths, non-significant differences in activations were observed, with the exception of 25.9-30.5% lower EMG activity in the biceps brachii using a narrow grip, compared to the medium and wide grip conditions. The 6-RM loads were 5.8-11.1% greater using a medium and wide grip compared to narrow grip width and 18.5-21.5% lower in the inclined bench position compared with flat and declined. Comparing the EMG activity during the competition bench press style with either the inclined and declined bench position (wide grip) or using a narrow and medium grip (flat bench), only resulted in different EMG activity in the biceps- and triceps brachii. The 6RM loads varied with each bench press variation and we recommend the use of a wide grip on a flat bench during high load hypertrophy training to bench press athletes.
Reproductive Phenology and Growth of Riparian Species along Phra Prong River, Sa Kaeo Province, Eastern Thailand
Authors: Moungsrimuangdee Boontida , Waiboonya Panya , Larpkern Panadda , Yodsa-Nga Prapatsorn , Saeyang Maliwan 
Published: June 2017

Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the duration of flowering and fruiting and the growth of riparian species in the natural forest along Phra Prong River, Watthana Nakhon District, Sa Kaeo province. The occurrence of flowering and fruiting was recorded every month from February 2015 to January 2016 (12 months) along a 7km distance of the riversides. Sixty six species belonging to 36 families were seen flowering and fruiting in this study. They were observed during February – April. The peak of flowering and fruiting occurred in March (early summer). Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus, Uvaria rufa, and Combretum latifolium had a long lasting flowering and fruiting period. Oxystelma esculentum, Capparis micracantha, Connarus cochinchinensis, Derris scandens, and Ficus racemosa produced flowers and fruits more than once a year. Those species may play an important role in availability of food resources for animals in the riparian forest. The appropriate time to collect seeds in Phra Prong riparian forest starts from February and lasts until August. The germination test indicated that Xanthophyllum lanceatum and Crateva magna had a high germination rate, about 70%. Growth of some riparian species, including Cinnamomum iners, Dipterocarpus alatus, Hydnocarpus anthelminthicus and Hopea odorata was monitored every three months from July 2015 to June 2016. Diameter growth of D. alatus was significantly higher during the wet season (Jul-Sep) than other seasons. In contrast, the rest of the species showed no significant differences among monitoring periods. Height growth rate of C. iners was significantly highest late in the dry period (Jan-Mar).
Reseña de Libro La diplomacia digital, la teoría y la práctica
Authors: Loría-Cambronero María Paula 
Published: June 2017

El libro Digital Diplomacy, Theory and Practise, de Corneliu Bjola y Marcus Holmes (2015), trata de la reciente aplicación y desarrollo de la llamada diplomacia digital en el ámbito de la política y la diplomacia tradicional. Sus capítulos comprenden un extenso análisis de este fenómeno, sus características, su desarrollo, así como los debates que acompañan esta nueva corriente pocoestudiada hasta el momento. Además, el libro logra, exitosamente, incorporar ejemplos de Estados, los cuales fomentan el uso y crecimiento de la diplomacia digital o e-diplomacy, como se le ha llamado en varios espacios. De forma muy completa, se presentan aspectos básicos sobre el concepto de diplomacia digital, desde su definición como “una estrategia para manejar cambios mediante herramientas digitales y colaboraciones virtuales” (2015, Corneliu Bjola), hasta la controversia que ha generado en la comunidad diplomática de inclinación tradicional. El ingreso de la diplomacia digital a la esfera diplomática se explica como un efecto de la explosión tecnológica de los años 2000. Sin embargo, los autores Bjola y Holmes realizan una aclaración en cuanto a las diferencias de los Estados, en términos de implementación de esta misma. Asimismo, en otraconstante dentro del texto se analiza la discusión sobre el nacimiento de un nuevo tipo de diplomacia y nuevos actores capaces de influir en las relaciones internacionales. Los Estados Unidos de América se mantienen presentes como el mayor ejemplar en el desarrollo de la diplomacia digital, y se expresa su apoyo hacia la necesidad de utilizar esta herramienta política. Por otra parte,se analizan las nuevas funciones, roles y efectos de las redes sociales en el mundo diplomático y sus significados para las relaciones internacionales. Finalmente, uno de los puntos fuertes en el análisis del libro son las nuevas formas de comunicación y la actual relación entre Estados, sus embajadas y personal diplomático y los actores no-gubernamentales (aclarados en el texto como la ciudadanía y la comunidad cibernética).
Yield and Yield Attributes Responses of Soybean (Glycine max L. Merrill) to Elevated CO2 and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in the Humid Transitory Rainforest
Authors: ADEYEMI Nurudeen , SAKARIYAWO Olalekan , ATAYESE Muftau 
Published: June 2017

Variations in yield components and grain yield of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) inoculated soybean varieties (Glycine max L. Merrill) grown in CO2 enriched environment in the humid rainforest were tested. A screen house trial was established with soybean varieties (‘TGx 1448-2E’, ‘TGx 1440-1E’ and ‘TGx 1740-2F’), AMF inoculation (with and without) and CO2 enrichment (350±50 ppm and 550±50 ppm) in open top chamber, arranged in completely randomised design, replicated three times. A field trial was also conducted; the treatments were arranged in a split-split plot configuration fitted into randomised complete block design. In the main plot the variant was CO2 enrichment, the sub-plot consisted of AMF inoculation (with and without), while the sub-sub plot consisted of soybean varieties, replicated three times. Both trials had significantly higher grain yield at elevated CO2 than ambient. This could be attributed to improved yield attributes, more spore count and root colonisation. In both trials, inoculated soybean had significantly higher dry pod weight than un-inoculated, which could suggest the increased grain yield observed on the field. AMF inoculated soybean varieties outperformed un-inoculated in both CO2 enriched and ambient concentrations. AMF inoculated soybean variety ‘TGx 1740-2F’ is most preferable in CO2 enriched environment, while variety ‘TGx 1448-2E’ had the most stable grain yield in all growth environments.
Editorial
Authors: Venter Francois 
Published: June 2017

The oratio of Judge Deon van Zyl (currently Inspecting Judge: Inspectorate of Correctional Services) on the Judiciary as a Bastion of the Legal Order in Challenging Times appears in this issue at a time when the independence of the judiciary, the structures of the courts and various occurrences involving judges and the rule of law are topical in the public debate in South Africa. The paper was delivered in October 2008 as the annual FW de Klerk Lecture and it closes with the words: ". . . it is what they say and do in good faith and with reference to the moral values of the community they serve, that stimulates public confidence in the judiciary as a bastion of the legal order, however challenging the times may be."
Editorial
Authors: Venter Francois 
Published: June 2017

We are pleased to publish here, as an oratio, the Ebsworth Memorial Lecture delivered by Mr Justice Louis Harms in February 2007. In his lecture he addressed a range of contentious issues regarding the challenges of judging under a (new) Bill of Rights and he inter alia raises, "without answering, the question of whether a bill of rights should reflect existing societal values or whether it should create them." He also spoke candidly of judicial activism, verbosity emanating from the bench, the judiciary and the separation of powers and (in-)consistency in constitutional adjudication. Among his conclusions he states that a Bill of Rights "is supposed to remove arbitrariness, not only of legislation but also of adjudication."
Marimuthu Munien V BMW Financial Services (SA) (PTY) LTD Unreported Case No 16103/08 (KZD)
Authors: Van Heerden Corlia , Coetzee Hermie 
Published: June 2017

Section 129(1)(a) read with section 130(1) and 130(3) of the National Credit Act 34 of 2005 (the NCA) provides that, as a required procedure before debt enforcement, a credit provider must draw the default to the consumer's notice in writing and propose that the consumer refer the credit agreement to a debt counsellor, alternative dispute resolution agent, consumer court or ombud with jurisdiction, with the intent that the parties resolve any dispute under the agreement or develop and agree on a plan to bring the payments under the agreement up to date. Even though section 129(1)(a) is silent as to the method by which the default should be brought to the consumer's notice, section 130(1)(a) provides clarity by requiring the section 129(1)(a) notice to be delivered. It appears that a credit provider who fails to comply with the provisions of section 129(1)(a) prior to debt enforcement by means of litigation will be in a procedural predicament as the credit provider will not possess a complete cause of action thus, for instance, rendering the summons excipiable. The crucial question thus appears to be whether or not in a given situation one may say that there was proper compliance with section 129(1)(a) as this directly affects the existence or absence of a complete and proper cause of action. A number of factors has to be considered in order to address this question, the most important being if the section 129(1)(a) notice was duly 'delivered'. In this regard two questions are especially relevant: a) When exactly can it be said that a section 129(1)(a) notice was 'delivered' for purposes of the NCA? b) Is it necessary for such notice to be received by the consumer in order to constitute proper compliance with the delivery requirement pertaining to section 129(1)(a)? The above questions were decided on in a recent judgment, Marimuthu Munien v BMW Financial Services (SA) (Pty) Ltd Case no 16103/08 (KZD) (unreported). This article will analyse section 129(1)(a) of the NCA by inter alia considering the above questions against the backdrop of the particular decision.
Bilingual Panama: EFL Teacher Perceptions, Study Abroad in an Immersion Environment
Authors: Vargas Dalys 
Published: June 2017

In 2014, the newly inaugurated Government of Panama launched the Panamá Bilingüe initiative, considering that sustainable development demanded taking emergency measures to improve the teaching of English in public schools. The program is designed to impact at least 250,000 students in a five-year period, gradually training approximately ten thousand pre-service and experienced English teachers. Using a narrative inquiry method, twelve teachers who sojourned for eight weeks in the United States, England, and Scotland under the program were interviewed after their return, to study their perceptions of the benefits and challenges of cultural and linguistic immersion on EFL teacher development, and how it specifically affected their teaching skills. The teachers appreciated practicing English in an immersion environment, learned new teaching techniques, and reflected on their prior knowledge and practices. Nevertheless, they felt that the ESL approach prevalent at the host universities responds to needs that differ from those they deal with in Panama, where the low proficiency of primary school teachers and inadequate school facilities are major obstacles to teaching and learning English.
Lifestyles of university students in Bosnia and Herzegovina
Authors: Brankovic Suada , Pilav Aida , Cilović-Lagarija Šeila , Pašalić Arzija , Mahmutović Jasmina 
Published: June 2017

Introduction: Currently, there is a growing interest in alcoholism-related studies among healthcare community. Cigarette smoking is five times more prevalent among adult men compared to women but these gender differences have been decreasing among young people. In developed countries, harmful effects of sedentary lifestyle and physical inactivity have led to increased rates of obesity in young population. The main aim of this study was to explore the lifestyles of students at the University of Sarajevo. We investigated the prevalence of cigarette smoking and alcohol consumption, eating habits, and physical activity in this student population.
Methods: Students from Faculty of Health Sciences [FHS], Faculty of Political Science [FPS], and Faculty of Traffic Engineering and Communications [FTEC]) voluntarily participated in this questionnaire-based study. We surveyed a total of 410 students.
Results: On average, 21.8% of participants consumed cigarettes (a significantly higher number of those who smoked cigarettes was in FPS group). The highest number of students who reported physical activity (recreational or active sport) was in FTEC group (66.5%), and the difference was statistically significant compared to FHS (48.2%) and FPS (51.9%) groups. Over 60% of participants in all three groups experienced stress occasionally. The majority of students in three groups consumed fast food while at campus. The highest number of students in all three groups reported to drink water compared to other drinks.
Conclusions: Our results indicate that the lifestyles of university students in Sarajevo are subject to concern. Frequent alcohol consumption and cigarette smoking are typical examples of behaviour that should be reduced through educative programs and workshops.
A HISTÓRIA DO BRASIL NA HISTORIOGRAFIA DE LUáS FERRAND DE ALMEIDA
Authors: SOBRAL NETO MARGARIDA 
Published: June 2017

O objetivo deste artigo é apresentar o contributo da obra historiográfica do historiador português Luá­s Ferrand de Almeida para o conhecimento da história do Brasil, em particular para a história da definição das fronteiras meridionais na época moderna. Palavras-chave: Luá­s Ferrand de Almeida. História do Brasil. Fronteiras. Colónia do Sacramento. THE HISTORY OF BRAZIL IN THE HISTORIOGRAPHY OF LUáS FERRAND DE ALMEIDAAbstract: The purpose of this article is to present the contribution of the historiography of the portuguese historian Luá­s Ferrand de Almeida for the knowledge of the of history of Brazil, particularly for the definition of the southern borders in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries.Keywords: Luá­s Ferrand de Almeida. History of Brazil . Borders. Sacramento Colony. LA HISTORIA DEL BRASIL EN LA HISTORIOGRAFáA DE LUáS FERRAND DE ALMEIDAResumen: El objetivo de este trabajo es dar a conocer la contribución de la obra historiográfica del historiador portugués Luá­s de Almeida Ferrand al conocimiento de la historia del Brasil en particular, para la definición de las fronteras del sur en los siglos XVII e XVIII.Palavras clave: Luá­s Ferrand de Almeida. Historiografia portuguesa. Borders. Colónia do Sacramento.
Corrections on Grammar, Sentence Variety and Developing Detail to Qualify Academic Essay of Indonesian Learners
Authors: Solikhah Imroatus 
Published: June 2017

This experimental research examines: (1) significant differences of corrections on grammar, sentence variety and developing details on the quality of the essay by Indonesian learners; and (2) different effect of corrections on grammar, sentence variety, and developing details on the quality of the essay. Treatments for each were served as follows: corrections on grammar for the group A (22), corrections on sentence variety for the group B (20), and corrections on the developing details for the group C (24). Data were analyzed using One-Way Anova Test. The study revealed: (1) As the teaching technique, corrections on grammar, sentence variety and developing details were significantly different; (2) Contribution on the differences respectively came from sentence variety (t=4.377), developing details (t=3.933), and grammar (t=3.756). Upon beta test, contribution varied from sentence variety (58.5%), developing details (46.5%), and grammar (38.6%). Evidently, sentence variety is the most dominant technique to improve quality of the essay up to 58.5%.
An Improved Fracability-Evaluation Method for Shale Reservoirs Based on New Fracture Toughness-Prediction Models
Authors: Yuan Junliang , Zhou Jianliang , Liu Shujie , Feng Yongcun , Deng Jingen , Xie Qingming , Lu Zhaohui 
Published: June 2017

Summary
Fracability characterizes the ease of gas shale to form a complex-fracture network with hydraulic-fracturing treatments. Previous methods of fracability evaluation take into account some mechanical properties of gas shale, such as brittleness and fracture toughness. However, very little work has been performed to verify these methods by comparing the predicted fracability against the actual result of fracturing stimulation. Moreover, the prediction models of fracture toughness used in the previous methods are derived from conventional shale rather than from gas shale, which leads to the low resolution of these methods. In this paper, new prediction models for both the Mode-I and the Mode-II fracture toughness of gas shale are developed by use of straight-notched-Brazilian-disk (SNBD) tests and logging data. Furthermore, an improved fracability-evaluation model is proposed on the basis of the new toughness models. The new fracability model takes into account the brittleness, fracture toughness, and minimum horizontal in-situ stress of the gas-shale reservoirs. Compared with the previous models, the new model has better resolution in identifying fracability. The accuracy of the proposed model is verified with the efficiency of field hydraulic-fracturing jobs.