bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
The Uyghur population and genetic susceptibility to type 2 diabetes: potential role for variants in CAPN10,APM1 and FUT6 genes
Authors: Zhao Feifei , Mamatyusupu Dolikun , Wang Youxin , Fang Honghong , Wang Hao , Gao Qing , Dong Hao , Ge Siqi , Yu Xinwei , Zhang Jie , Wu Lijuan , Song Manshu , Wang Wei 
Published: July 2016

AbstractGenome‐wide association studies have successfully identified over 70 loci associated with the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in multiple populations of European ancestry. However, the risk attributable to an individual variant is modest and does not yet provide convincing evidence for clinical utility. Association between these established genetic variants and T2DM in general populations is hitherto understudied in the isolated populations, such as the Uyghurs, resident in Hetian, far southern Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China. In this case–control study, we genotyped 13 single‐nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at 10 genes associated with diabetes in 130 cases with T2DM and 135 healthy controls of Uyghur, a Chinese minority ethnic group. Three of the 13 SNPs demonstrated significant association with T2DM in the Uyghur population. There were significant differences between the T2DM patients and controls in the risk allele distributions of rs3792267 (CAPN10) (P = 0.002), rs1501299 (APM1) (P = 0.017), and rs3760776 (FUT6) (P = 0.031). Allelic carriers of rs3792267‐A, rs1501299‐T, and rs3760776‐T had a 2.24‐fold [OR (95% CI): 1.35–3.71], 0.59‐fold [OR (95% CI): 0.39–0.91], 0.57‐fold [OR (95% CI): 0.34–0.95] increased risk for T2DM respectively. We further confirmed that the cumulative risk allelic scores calculated from the 13 susceptibility loci for T2DM differed significantly between the T2DM patients and controls (P = 0.001), and the effect of obesity/overweight on T2DM was only observed in the subjects with a combined risk allelic score under a value of 17. This study observed that the SNPs rs3792267 in CAPN10, rs1501299 in APM1, and rs3760776 in FUT6 might serve as potential susceptible biomarkers for T2DM in Uyghurs. The cumulative risk allelic scores of multiple loci with modest individual effects are also significant risk factors in Uyghurs for T2DM, particularly among non‐obese individuals. This is the first investigation having observed/found genetic variations on genetic loci functionally linked with glycosylation associated with the risk of T2DM in a Uyghur population.
Derivation and Validation of a Severity Scoring Method for the 3‐Minute Diagnostic Interview for Confusion Assessment Method‐‐Defined Delirium
Authors: Vasunilashorn Sarinnapha M. , Guess Jamey , Ngo Long , Fick Donna , Jones Richard N. , Schmitt Eva M. , Kosar Cyrus M. , Saczynski Jane S. , Travison Thomas G. , Inouye Sharon K. , Marcantonio Edward R. 
Published: July 2016

ObjectivesTo derive and validate a method for scoring delirium severity using a recently validated, brief, structured diagnostic interview for Confusion Assessment Method (CAM)‐defined delirium (3D‐CAM) and to demonstrate its agreement with the CAM Severity short form (CAM‐S SF) as the reference standard.DesignDerivation and validation analysis in a prospective cohort study.SettingTwo academic medical centers.ParticipantsIndividuals aged 70 and older enrolled in the Successful Aging after Elective Surgery Study undergoing major elective noncardiac surgery (N = 566).MeasurementsThe sample was randomly divided into a derivation dataset (n = 377) and an independent validation dataset (n = 189). These datasets were used to develop a severity scoring method using the 3D‐CAM based on the four‐item CAM‐S SF (3D‐CAM‐S) and evaluate agreement between the 3D‐CAM‐S and the traditional CAM‐S SF using weighted kappa statistics.ResultsA method for scoring severity using 3D‐CAM items was developed that achieved good agreement with the CAM‐S SF in the derivation dataset (κ = 0.94, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.93–0.95). The 3D‐CAM‐S achieved nearly identical agreement in the independent validation dataset (κ = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.92–0.95), and 100% of 3D‐CAM‐S scores were within 1 point of the CAM‐S SF score in both datasets. The 3D‐CAM‐S also strongly predicts clinical outcomes.ConclusionA newly developed method for scoring delirium severity using the 3D‐CAM (the 3D‐CAM‐S) has excellent agreement with the CAM‐S SF. This new methodology enables clinicians and researchers using the 3D‐CAM for surveillance to measure delirium severity and monitor its course simultaneously by tracking changes over time. The 3D‐CAM‐S expands the utility of the 3D‐CAM as an important tool for delirium recognition and management.
After‐School Program Implementation in Urban Environments: Increasing Engagement Among Adolescent Youth
Authors: Pelcher Allison , Rajan Sonali 
Published: July 2016

ABSTRACTBACKGROUNDAfter‐school programs (ASPs) play a crucial role in supplementing the present school day. However, implementing ASPs in the urban environment and among adolescents (grades 6‐12) poses unique challenges. The purpose of this study was to conduct a systematic literature review to identify evidence‐based barriers and facilitators to after‐school programming in urban school environments.METHODSTwenty‐five publications meeting the authors' inclusion criteria over the past 10 years were reviewed and synthesized.RESULTSResults demonstrated that the demand for ASPs is increasing. Several barriers, including staffing, funding, resources, transportation, and space, were identified. Specific challenges regarding the implementation of ASPs for adolescents in urban areas were also determined. A number of best practices were identified along with benefits for academic engagement and social‐emotional coping skill development.CONCLUSIONSEfforts to address these specific barriers and facilitators to ASP implementation may contribute to improving broader health and academic outcomes among adolescent youth.
Parent readiness for discharge from a tertiary care pediatric cardiology unit
Authors: Schuh Michelle , Schendel Sheena , Islam Sunjidatul , Klassen Keltie , Morrison Lisa , Rankin Kathryn N. , Robert Cheri , Mackie Andrew S. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractPurposeThis study aimed to measure parents’ readiness for discharge from a pediatric cardiology/cardiac surgical inpatient unit.Design and MethodsAn observational study was conducted at a single tertiary care pediatric cardiac surgical program; parents received teaching from a discharge coordinator, bedside nurse, and, if needed, dietician and pharmacist. We surveyed parents/guardians on the day of discharge and 2 weeks later.ResultsWe enrolled 181 participants, 53% with children <12 months of age. Length of hospital admission ranged from ≤7 days (54%) to >4 weeks (8%). The most common diagnoses were ventricular septal defect (n = 39), atrial septal defect (n = 28), and coarctation of the aorta (n = 20). Home enteral feeding was required for 21 (12%) children, and 167 (92%) were discharged on medications. Nearly all parents (n = 173, 96%) felt they were ready to take their child home as planned. With respect to medical needs, problems to watch for, who and when to call, what their child was allowed and not allowed to do, and knowledge about follow‐up, >90% of respondents rated their knowledge 8+ (range 0–10). Only 68% of respondents rated their knowledge ≥8 regarding services available in their community. Twenty percent experienced challenges at home for which they felt unprepared. These included infection, pain, and gastrointestinal concerns.Practical ImplicationsMost parents felt ready for discharge following multidisciplinary teaching. Greater emphasis is needed on teaching families about services available in the community. Further study is required to determine which parents need additional support and education to avoid unanticipated challenges post discharge.
Validation of Dual‐energy X‐ray Absorptiometry to Predict Body Composition of Channel Catfish, Ictalurus punctatus
Authors: Johnson Maria S. , Watts Randall J. , Hammer Hugh S. , Nagy Tim R. , Watts Stephen A. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractDual‐energy X‐ray absorptiometry (DXA) provides a noninvasive way to determine lean tissue mass (LTM), fat mass (FM), bone mineral content (BMC), and bone mineral density (BMD) in humans and small mammals. Live channel catfish (n = 74, 78–1200 g) were anesthetized and scanned in both a lateral position and a dorsa‐ventral position. Six individual fish (300–600 g) were scanned five times each to determine precision by the coefficient of variation. Precision was good for LTM (0.75–1.06%) and for BMC and BMD (2–2.6%). Precision for FM was not good (27–34%), which was due to the very low FM (0–1 g) recorded by the DXA. However, using the predicted values, FM precision improved to 5–5.5%. DXA values for LTM, FM, and BMC were significantly different from chemical analysis (P < 0.001). DXA overestimated LTM and underestimated FM and BMC. However, all three compartments were strongly correlated with carcass values (P < 0.0001). Using the prediction equations and the jackknife procedure, predicted values of LTM, FM, and BMC were not significantly different from the carcass values (P > 0.05). DXA may also be a valuable tool for evaluating body condition longitudinally in commercial or in threatened or endangered fish species, where noninvasive procedures would be invaluable.
Slow‐release Coated Copper Sulfate as an Algicide for Aquaculture
Authors: Viriyatum Rawee , Boyd Claude E. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractA coated copper sulfate algicide designed for controlled release of copper was evaluated for its effectiveness in controlling phytoplankton in hybrid catfish, ♀Ictalurus punctatus × ♂Ictalurus furcatus, ponds. Copper concentrations were greater in ponds receiving weekly treatments with copper sulfate crystals than in ponds in which the coated copper sulfate was suspended in porous bags and left in ponds during the study. However, the coated copper sulfate treatment provided a similar degree of phytoplankton control for a period of about 4 mo. Copper additions did not negatively affect catfish survival, production, or feed conversion in either the copper sulfate crystal treatment or in the coated copper sulfate treatment as compared with the control (P > 0.05). Flavor scores for fish did not differ between control and treatments (P > 0.05). The coated copper sulfate appeared to be a potentially effective method for controlling phytoplankton in aquaculture ponds. It would be easier to apply and require fewer applications, and the coated copper algicide would not present a fish toxicity issue that can arise from high copper concentration immediately following copper sulfate crystal treatment.
Threshold Anxieties: (In)hospitality, the English Novel and the Second World War
Authors: Ridge Emily 
Published: July 2016

AbstractScholarly attention to the concept of hospitality has flourished in the past decade, largely prompted by the turn‐of‐the‐century reflections of Jacques Derrida who was, in turn, following the philological and philosophical leads of Émile Benveniste, Kant, Heidegger and Levinas. Derrida's intervention was partly a response to the new spaces of hospitality opened up by technological innovations. The cross‐disciplinary surge of interest in hospitality since Derrida undoubtedly owes part of its urgency to the development of a radically altered landscape of interpersonal and political exchange in a post 9/11 digital age, in line with increasingly ubiquitous references to issues of trust, sincerity, privacy and security. This essay will give a contextual overview of the emergence of hospitality as a keyword within the humanities while honing in, more specifically, on its growing importance to literary critical scholars as part of a wider return to ethical questions in literary criticism. In particular, it will make a case for the resounding significance of hospitality as a paradigm in late modernist and post‐war English fiction, revolving around the global catastrophe of the Second World War. The trope of hospitality – more often than not, a fraught hospitality – proved an effective means of working through redefinitions of Englishness in the context of widespread refugee movements, post‐colonial immigration and the emergence of a welfare state. Troubled representations of host–guest exchanges in the fiction of this period register anxiety about national change but also, more broadly, questions of human responsibility and rights.
Intestinal gas and liver steatosis: a casual association? A prospective multicentre assessment
Authors: Maconi Giovanni , Furfaro Federica , Fries Walter , Dell'Era Alessandra , Bezzio Cristina , Costantino Giuseppe , Giuliano Vittorio , Alibrandi Angela , Guzowski Tom , Bassotti Gabrio 
Published: July 2016

AbstractBackground & AimsExcessive intestinal gas and liver steatosis are frequent sonographic findings. Both of these appear to be caused by variations of the gut microflora. We assessed the relationship between ultrasonographic detection of intestinal gas and liver steatosis.MethodsThis study included 204 consecutive patients (99 male; mean age 53.0 ± 15.6 years), who underwent ultrasonography for abdominal complaints or follow‐up of benign lesions. Body mass index, biochemical liver markers, sonographic presence of liver steatosis and/or degree of intestinal gas interfering with the examination were collected. Both sonographic findings were assessed based on standardized criteria. The association between liver steatosis and intestinal gas was evaluated by means of univariate and multivariate analyses.ResultsEighty (39.2%) of patients showed moderate to large amounts of gas preventing an accurate evaluation of the liver or pancreas and 90 (44.1%) had liver steatosis. A significant correlation between the degree of intestinal gas and liver steatosis both in obese (r=.603; P<.001) and in nonobese patients (r=.555; P<.001) was found. Univariate analysis showed that intestinal gas, body mass index, aspartate transaminase, alanine transaminase, gamma‐GT, age and sex were predictors of liver steatosis; only intestinal gas (OR 7.4; 95% CI 3.4–16.1) and body mass index (OR; 1.4, 95% CI 1.2–1.5), however, were independent predictors at multivariate analysis. The presence of excessive gas was also significantly correlated with liver steatosis coupled with elevated ALT (P = .001).ConclusionThis study shows a significant correlation between excessive intestinal gas and liver steatosis. The reasons of this finding and its clinical implications remain to be defined.
Phylogenetic position and systematics of the wood‐associate limpet genus Caymanabyssia and implications for ecological radiation into deep‐sea organic substrates by lepetelloid gastropods
Authors: Kano Yasunori , Takano Tsuyoshi , Schwabe Enrico , Warén Anders 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThe gastropod superfamily Lepetelloidea represents an extremely diverse lineage in terms of their utilization of different deep‐sea organic substrates that include sunken wood, leaves, whale and fish bones, egg cases of sharks and rays, annelid tubes and detrital cephalopod beaks among others. They also inhabit cold seeps and hydrothermal vents, thus presenting an interesting case for the evaluation of such organic substrates as ‘stepping stones’ into these chemosynthetically nourished environments. Here we show the first molecular phylogeny of the Pseudococculinidae, a primarily wood‐dwelling family and the most speciose in Lepetelloidea. Special emphasis is placed on the genus Caymanabyssia, for which the only subfamily Caymanabyssiinae has been established, and a new species Caymanabyssia solis is described herein and compared with previously known taxa in order to reconsider the morphological characteristics of lepetelloids on wood. Bayesian and likelihood trees reconstructed using four‐gene sequences reveal that Pseudococculinidae sensu auctt. is a polyphyletic taxon that is grouped by shared plesiomorphic conditions of characters including the radula, a digestive organ, the morphology of which is often governed strongly by diet and feeding ecology. The newly reinterpreted families Pseudococculinidae and Caymanabyssiidae represent reciprocal sister clades as a basal radiation in Lepetelloidea. Sunken wood might thus have served as an ancestral habitat from which species on other substrates and vent and seep taxa were derived.
Co‐evolution of marine worms and their chemoautotrophic bacterial symbionts: unexpected host switches explained by ecological fitting?
Authors: Brune A. 
Published: July 2016

Mutualistic associations of bacteria and invertebrates are widespread and encompass an enormous diversity on the side of both partners. The advantages gained from the symbiosis favour reciprocal adaptations that increase the stability of the association and can lead to codiversification of symbiont and host. While numerous examples of a strictly vertical transfer of the symbionts from parent to offspring among intracellular associations abound, little is known about the fidelity of the partners in extracellular associations, where symbionts colonize the surface or body cavity of their host. In this issue of Molecular Ecology, Zimmermann et al. () investigated the evolutionary history of the symbiotic association between a monophyletic clade of sulphur‐oxidizing Gammaproteobacteria and two distantly related lineages of marine worms (nematodes and annelids). The study supports the surprising conclusion that partner fidelity does not necessarily increase with the intimacy of the association. Ectosymbionts on the cuticle of the nematodes seem to be cospeciating with their hosts, whereas endosymbionts housed in the body cavity of the annelids must have originated multiple times, probably by host switching, from ectosymbionts of sympatric nematodes. This excellent case study on the evolutionary history of invertebrate–microbe interactions supports the emerging concept that the co‐evolutionary processes shaping such mutualistic symbioses include both codiversification and ecological fitting.
The ecology of an adaptive radiation of three‐spined stickleback from North Uist, Scotland
Authors: Magalhaes Isabel S. , D'Agostino Daniele , Hohenlohe Paul A. , MacColl Andrew D. C. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractThere has been a large focus on the genetics of traits involved in adaptation, but knowledge of the environmental variables leading to adaptive changes is surprisingly poor. Combined use of environmental data with morphological and genomic data should allow us to understand the extent to which patterns of phenotypic and genetic diversity within a species can be explained by the structure of the environment. Here, we analyse the variation of populations of three‐spined stickleback from 27 freshwater lakes on North Uist, Scotland, that vary greatly in their environment, to understand how environmental and genetic constraints contribute to phenotypic divergence. We collected 35 individuals per population and 30 abiotic and biotic environmental parameters to characterize variation across lakes and analyse phenotype–environment associations. Additionally, we usedRADsequencing to estimate the genetic relationships among a subset of these populations. We found a large amount of phenotypic variation among populations, most prominently in armour and spine traits. Despite large variation in the abiotic environment, namely in ion composition, depth and dissolved organic Carbon, more phenotypic variation was explained by the biotic variables (presence of predators and density of predator and competitors), than by associated abiotic variables. Genetic structure among populations was partly geographic, with closer populations being more similar. Altogether, our results suggest that differences in body shape among stickleback populations are the result of both canalized genetic and plastic responses to environmental factors, which shape fish morphology in a predictable direction regardless of their genetic starting point.
Trophic niche partitioning and diet composition of sympatric fin (Balaenoptera physalus) and humpback whales (Megaptera novaeangliae) in the Gulf of Alaska revealed through stable isotope analysis
Authors: Witteveen Briana H. , Wynne Kate M. 
Published: July 2016

AbstractFin and humpback whales are large consumers that are often sympatric, effectively sharing or partitioning their use of habitat and prey resources. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotopes in the skin of fin and humpback whales from two regions in the western Gulf of Alaska, Kodiak, and Shumagin Islands, were analyzed to test the hypothesis that these sympatric baleen whales exhibit trophic niche partitioning within these regions. Standard ellipse areas, estimated using Bayesian inference, suggested that niche partitioning between species is occurring in the Kodiak region but not in the Shumagin Islands. Isotopic mixing models based on stable isotopes from whales and local prey samples, were used to estimate possible diet solutions for whales in the Kodiak region. Comparison of isotopic niches and diet models support niche partitioning, with fin whales foraging primarily on zooplankton and humpback whales foraging on zooplankton and small forage fish. The results of this study show that niche partitioning between sympatric species can vary by region and may be the result of prey availability, prey preferences, or both.
The Power of Elective Affinities in Contemporary Salafism
Authors: Poljarevic Emin 
Published: July 2016

AbstractIn the minds of the general public, Salafism is a radical reactionary movement comprised of fundamentalists motivated by a nitpicking religious zeal. Bearing this in mind, one cannot help but wonder why some young Muslims are attracted to the supposed religio‐anarchism and chaos that makes up its worldview. Despite the current mass‐production of analyses and descriptions, little serious attention has been given to the affinities that some adolescent Muslims have for this kind of religious life. This article explores these affinities through a critical analysis of the discursive nexus between a regimented religious lifestyle and utopian visions of “the perfect community.” It further suggests that this nexus represents one of the central motivational forces behind much of its adherents’ current activism. This interconnection between the social agents’ desire for a specific lifestyle (manhaj) and their utopian visions of it is revealed in the elective affinities between these two “forces.” The article offers a deeper insight into the motivational dynamics and Salafi subjectivities of this global movement's emotional capital, one of its trademarks.