bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
<b> Fatores de risco e complicações em usuários cadastrados no hiperdia de São José do Rio Preto/Risk factors and complications among patients registered in the hiperdia in São José do Rio Preto <b>
Authors: Reis Andréia Francesli Negri , Cesarino Claudia Bernardi 
Published: August 2016

As condições crônicas ocupam lugar de destaque entre os problemas de saúde pública, representando as principais causas de internações e mortalidade. O objetivo deste estudo foi identificar variáveis sociodemográficas, fatores de risco e complicações dos usuários cadastrados no Sistema de Cadastramento e Acompanhamento de Hipertensos e Diabéticos (HIPERDIA) de São José do Rio Preto. Trata-se de estudo descritivo transversal que utilizou dados secundários, no qual foram estudados 45.723 cadastrados no HIPERDIA de 2002 a 2012. A análise estatística foi realizada de forma univariada (teste qui quadrado). Destes, 31.547(69%) eram hipertensos, 2867(6,27%) diabéticos e 11.309 (24,73%) hipertensos e diabéticos. A maioria era feminina, idade média 59 ± 13,8 anos, ensino fundamental incompleto, branca, e conviviam com companheiro(a) e filhos. Observou-se associação estatisticamente significante das condições clinicas com: fatores de risco; tabagismo e Sedentarismo (p<0,0001) com Diabetes e Hipertensão com diabetes; Sobrepeso (p<0,0001) nas três condições clínicas e antecedentes Familiares (p<0,0001) com hipertensão e diabetes; com as complicações: Outras coronariopatias, Infarto Agudo do Miocárdio e Doença Renal (p < 0,01) com as três condições clínicas; e Acidente Vascular Cerebral (p<0,0001) na diabetes e diabetes com hipertensão. 59,57% apresentavam fator de risco e 16,58% complicações. Os dados deste estudo darão subsídios para elaborar estratégias de intervenções na melhoria do atendimento aos hipertensos e diabeticos prevenindo assim as complicações.
Prevalence and determinants of dental anxiety among adult population in Benin City, Nigeria
Authors: Bashiru Braimoh Omoigberai , Omotola Owoturo Enere 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Objectives: Dental anxiety is a significant determinant of regular dental visits. The objectives of the study were to determine the prevalence and determinants of dental anxiety among adult patients at the dental center of the University of Benin Teaching Hospital. Subjects and Methods: A total of 390 respondents aged 16-89-year-old were interviewed for the study. The Participants were selected through a predetermined sequence of systematic random sampling and completed a questionnaire based on the Coral Dental Anxiety Scale (CDAS). Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences version 20.0 (SPSS version 20, IBM Statistics, New York, USA) and means compared using Student′s t-test and analysis of variance. Results: The prevalence of dental anxiety (CDAS ≥ 13) in the study population was 8.7% (n = 34), and the overall mean and standard deviation of CDAS was 7.81 ± 2.50. The total mean dental anxiety score and mean for each item were significantly higher in females than in males (t = 6.17 P = 0.016). There was a significant decrease in mean CDAS score with age (F = 14.51, P = 0.005). Mean CDAS score was significantly higher in respondents without formal education than those with formal education (t = 7.41, P = 0.005). The mean CDAS scores for root canal therapy were 9.66 ± 3.16; extraction, 8.84 ± 2.33; filling, 6.45 ± 2.81; and scaling, 5.12 ± 1.87. The highest and lowest means were not significantly different (t = 2.73, P = 0.07). Conclusion: The prevalence of dental anxiety in the study sample was low. Whereas dental anxiety was significantly associated with age, gender, and educational status, there was no significant relationship between dental anxiety and type of dental treatment.
Association of dental caries experience with individual and contextual variables in Brazilian children
Authors: Brizon Valeria Silva Cândido , Rojas Gabriela Christiel Soto , Ambrosano Glaucia Maria Bovi , Guerra Luciane Miranda , Pereira Antonio Carlos 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Context: There is a trend toward reduction in the caries index in populations of schoolchildren in developed and developing countries. In spite of this reduction, 53.4% Brazilian children present caries experience in primary dentition. Aims: To evaluate the association between dental caries experience in 5-year-old Brazilian and individual and contextual variables. Settings and Design: An analytical cross-sectional study was conducted. Materials and Methods: Data of a national oral health epidemiological survey - SB Brazil 2010 were taken. The outcome studied was caries experience measured by the decayed, missing, and filled teeth (dmft) index. The independent variables were classified into individual (sex, occlusion, treatment need, number of persons′ resident in the home, number of bedrooms in the residence, number of goods/assets, and family income) and contextual (family financial aid grand, national health system performance index (Índice de Desempenho do Sistema Único de Saúde [IDSUS]), Gross National Product, per capita, Human Development Index, and fluoridated water) variables. Statistical Analysis Used: The data were initially analyzed by the Chi-square test, then was applied the multilevel model. Results: Only the contextual variable that evaluates access and quality of public services (IDSUS) was observed to affect the children′s dmft index. The individual variables: male sex (P = 0.0005), occlusion (P = 0.0437), dental treatment need (P < 0.0001), number of persons′ resident in the home (P < 0.0001), number of bedrooms in the residence (P = 0.0152), number of goods/assets (P = 0.0147), and family income (P = 0.0044) were significant. Conclusions: There is an impact of social determinants on health at individual level but only the IDSUS contextual variable was associated with dmft. Are necessary development public policies to deal with caries with a focus on these determinants?
Chromatic and surface alterations in enamel subjected to brushing with desensitizing whitening toothpaste
Authors: de Melo Monteiro Gabriela Queiroz , de Oliveira Isabelle Lins Macedo , de Brito Oscar Felipe Fonseca , Guedes Brunna Paredes , de Amorim Marina Schuler Mello Lula , Maia Ana Marly Araujo 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
Aim: This study evaluated the chromatic and surface changes on enamel after toothbrushing with whitening and desensitizing toothpaste. Materials and Methods: Sixty enamel blocks were prepared, pigmented, and stratified according to initial Knoop microhardness and divided into six groups. The average roughness (Ra) was determined from two readings. After 24 h in artificial saliva, 10,000 cycles of simulated brushing were applied. The Ra was measured after 5000 and 10,000 cycles, and tooth wear was determined. The mean roughness was evaluated, and tooth color was recorded before and after treatment. Results: Brushing with dentifrices increased the roughness of enamel in all groups. It was lower for Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief + Bleaching, Colgate maximum protection anti-caries, and the control group. Greater roughness was observed in dentifrices containing silica. Greater wear was found with Sensodyne bleaching extra fresh and in the control group. The best bleaching effect was found with Colgate Sensitive Pro-Relief + Bleaching. Colgate Sensitive Whitening, Oral-B Pro-Health Whitening, and Sensodyne Whitening Extra Fresh showed major changes on surface roughness. Conclusion: The physical characteristics of the minerals of the toothpaste appear to be the major determinant of dental abrasion, not their quantity or whitening capacity, or rather their ability to remove enamel surface stains.
Significant increase of summertime ozone at Mount Tai in Central Eastern
China
Authors: Sun Lei , Xue Likun , Wang Tao , Gao Jian , Ding Aijun , Cooper Owen R. , Lin Meiyun , Xu Pengju , Wang Zhe , Wang Xinfeng , Wen Liang , Zhu Yanhong , Chen Tianshu , Yang Lingxiao , Wang Yan , Chen Jianmin , Wang Wenxing 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. Tropospheric ozone (O3) is a trace gas playing important roles in atmospheric chemistry, air quality and climate change. In contrast to North America and Europe, long-term measurements of surface O3 are very limited in China. We compile available O3 observations at Mt. Tai – the highest mountain over the North China Plain – during 2003–2015 and analyze the decadal change of O3 and its sources. A linear regression analysis shows that summertime O3 measured at Mt. Tai has increased significantly by 1.7 ppbv yr−1 for June and 2.1 ppbv yr−1 for the July–August average. The observed increase is supported by a global chemistry-climate model hindcast (GFDL-AM3) with O3 precursor emissions varying from year to year over 1980–2014. Analysis of satellite data indicates that the O3 increase was mainly due to the increased emissions of O3 precursors, in particular volatile organic compounds (VOCs). An important finding is that the emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) have diminished since 2011, but the increase of VOCs appears to have enhanced the ozone production efficiency and contributed to the observed O3 increase in central eastern China. We present evidence that controlling NOx alone, in the absence of VOC controls, is not sufficient to reduce regional O3 levels in North China in a short period.
Long-term observations of tropospheric particle number size distributions and equivalent black carbon mass concentrations in the German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN)
Authors: Birmili Wolfram , Weinhold Kay , Rasch Fabian , Sonntag André , Sun Jia , Merkel Maik , Wiedensohler Alfred , Bastian Susanne , Schladitz Alexander , Löschau Gunter , Cyrys Josef , Pitz Mike , Gu Jianwei , Kusch Thomas , Flentje Harald , Quass Ulrich , Kaminski Heinz , Kuhlbusch Thomas A. J. , Meinhardt Frank , Schwerin Andreas , Bath Olaf , Ries Ludwig , Gerwig Holger , Wirtz Klaus , Fiebig Markus 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. The German Ultrafine Aerosol Network (GUAN) is a cooperative atmospheric observation network, which aims at improving the scientific understanding of aerosol-related effects in the troposphere. The network addresses research questions dedicated to both climate- and health-related effects. GUAN's core activity has been the continuous collection of tropospheric particle number size distributions and black carbon mass concentrations at 17 observation sites in Germany. These sites cover various environmental settings including urban traffic, urban background, rural background, and Alpine mountains. In association with partner projects, GUAN has implemented a high degree of harmonisation of instrumentation, operating procedures, and data evaluation procedures. The quality of the measurement data is assured by laboratory intercomparisons as well as on-site comparisons with reference instruments. This paper describes the measurement sites, instrumentation, quality assurance, and data evaluation procedures in the network as well as the EBAS repository, where the data sets can be obtained (doi:10.5072/guan).
Stream restoration and sewers impact sources and fluxes of water, carbon,
and nutrients in urban watersheds
Authors: Pennino Michael J. , Kaushal Sujay S. , Mayer Paul M. , Utz Ryan M. , Cooper Curtis A. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract. An improved understanding of sources and timing of water, carbon, and nutrient fluxes associated with urban infrastructure and stream restoration is critical for guiding effective watershed management globally. We investigated how sources, fluxes, and flowpaths of water, carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P) shift in response to differences in urban stream restoration and sewer infrastructure. We compared an urban restored stream with two urban degraded streams draining varying levels of urban development and one stream with upland stormwater management systems over a 3-year period. We found that there was significantly decreased peak discharge in response to precipitation events following stream restoration. Similarly, we found that the restored stream showed significantly lower (p < 0.05) monthly peak runoff (9.4 ± 1.0 mm day−1) compared with two urban degraded streams (ranging from 44.9 ± 4.5 to 55.4 ± 5.8 mm day−1) draining higher impervious surface cover, and the stream-draining stormwater management systems and less impervious surface cover in its watershed (13.2 ± 1.9 mm day−1). The restored stream exported most carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus at relatively lower streamflow than the two more urban catchments, which exported most carbon and nutrients at higher streamflow. Annual exports of total carbon (6.6 ± 0.5 kg ha−1 yr−1), total nitrogen (4.5 ± 0.3 kg ha−1 yr−1), and total phosphorus (161 ± 15 kg ha−1 yr−1) were significantly lower in the restored stream compared to both urban degraded streams (p < 0.05), but statistically similar to the stream draining stormwater management systems, for N exports. However, nitrate isotope data suggested that 55 ± 1 % of the nitrate in the urban restored stream was derived from leaky sanitary sewers (during baseflow), statistically similar to the urban degraded streams. These isotopic results as well as additional tracers, including fluoride (added to drinking water) and iodide (contained in dietary salt), suggested that groundwater contamination was a major source of urban nutrient fluxes, which has been less considered compared to upland sources. Overall, leaking sewer pipes are a problem globally and our results suggest that combining stream restoration with restoration of aging sewer pipes can be critical to more effectively minimizing urban nonpoint nutrient sources. The sources, fluxes, and flowpaths of groundwater should be prioritized in management efforts to improve stream restoration by locating hydrologic hot spots where stream restoration is most likely to succeed.
Paleorrelevo pleistocênico e estimativas de dissecação vertical e volumétrica para o Holoceno em uma pequena bacia hidrográfica - Médio Vale do rio Paraíba do Sul (RJ)
Authors: Pelech André Souza 
Published: August 2016

O médio vale do rio Paraíba do Sul é marcado por diversos episódios de preenchimentos dos fundos de vale e reencaixamento da drenagem. Dentre esses episódios, o evento Manso caracteriza uma grande instabilidade na paisagem durante o início do Holoceno que gerou intensos processos erosivos nas encostas. A remobilização de sedimentos foi tão intensa, que os canais fluviais não tiveram competência para transportá-los, ocasionando um entulhamento generalizado tanto nos vales fluviais quanto nas cabeceiras de drenagem. Estudos na bacia do ribeirão dos Três Poços, tributária do rio Paraíba do Sul, estimaram que os depósitos sedimentares relacionados ao entulhamento correspondem a um volume entre 13 e 18 milhões de metros cúbicos, e mesmo após episódios de reencaixamento da drenagem, aproximadamente 70% desse volume ainda se encontra preservado dentro da bacia. O presente estudo teve como objetivos a identificação o paleorrelevo anterior ao evento Manso e a avaliação do volume sedimentar erodido principalmente durante o evento Manso. O paleorrelevo foi obtido por uma interpolação das cotas altimétricas de topos e linhas de cumeada, através de procedimentos semi-automatizados em ambiente SIG. O estudo estimou que o volume sedimentar remobilizado durante o evento Manso foi entre 100 e 230 milhões de metros cúbicos, e apenas uma quantia entre 6,5% e 15% deste montante foi responsável pelo entulhamento generalizado da paisagem durante o Holoceno
Job Satisfaction among College Student Volunteers
Authors: Nazilah A. , Rozmi I. , Fauziah I. 
Published: August 2016

<p class="a"><span lang="EN-US">Job Satisfaction is an important element to attract college student’s involvement in volunteer clubs</span><span lang="EN-US">. </span><span lang="EN-US">Most studies have looked at job satisfaction of employees and volunteers in developed countries and few studies of job satisfaction done for volunteers in developing countries. </span><span lang="EN-US">This study aims to survey job satisfaction among college student volunteers in Malaysia. </span><span lang="EN-US">A cross </span><span class="txt"><span lang="EN-US">sectional </span></span><span lang="EN-US">survey was conducted among 310 college student volunteers from four regions of peninsular Malaysia. The participants </span><span class="txt"><span lang="EN-US">were selected using stratified multistage sampling.</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> Job satisfaction was measured using </span><span class="txt"><span lang="EN-US">Job Descriptive Index (JDI).</span></span><span lang="EN-US">R</span><span class="txt"><span lang="EN-US">esults of the study revealed that</span></span><span lang="EN-US"> job satisfaction in terms of colleague, leader/leadership, tasks, opportunities for promotion and overall job satisfaction were from moderate to high level. Mean for job satisfaction toward colleague was 43.16 (s.d = 6.63), leader/leadership 41.45 (s.d = 10.19), tasks 41.04 (s.d = 6.07), opportunities for promotion 33.26 (s.d = 10.88) and overall job satisfaction 158.90 (s.d = 25.55). Job satisfaction toward colleague was the highest mean meanwhile opportunities for promotion was the lowest. The implication of college student volunteer’s systems and </span><span class="txt"><span lang="EN-US">practices are discussed. </span></span></p>
Peaceful Purposes? Governing the Military Uses of Outer Space
Authors: Freeland Steven 
Published: August 2016

Peaceful Purposes? Governing the Military Uses of Outer Space
The development of satellite technology to enhance the exploration and use of outer space has continued at a rapid rate ever since the space age began in 1957. Satellites play a vital part of many aspects of daily life, and also with respect to the conduct of armed conflict. Most military leaders regard space-related technology as an integral element of their strategic battle platform. This reflects the changing technological nature of armed conflict, which challenges many aspects of international law, including the regulation of warfare. This is particularly the case with respect to the use of satellite technology. Moreover, the continuing development of this technology challenges the core of the ‘peaceful purposes’ doctrine that underpins the international regulation of outer space. This article discusses the application of the United Nations Space Treaties and the laws of war to the use of outer space during armed conflict and offers some reflections as to what is required to properly address the issue.
Space Debris Remediation, Its Regulation and the Role of Europe
Authors: Wouters Jan , De Man Philip , Hansen Rik 
Published: August 2016

Space Debris Remediation, Its Regulation and the Role of Europe
Ever since the launch of the first space object, discarded bits and pieces ranging from disused payloads and spent upper stages to single bolts and tiny flakes of paint have been cluttering outer space, making valuable and widely used orbits and trajectories to and from earth increasingly unsafe for future use. The response of the international community to this immediate threat to the sustainable use of outer space has been slow and haphazard and remains limited to non-binding guidelines and technical recommendations for space debris mitigation. Recent events such as the 2007 Chinese ASAT test and the 2009 collision between an active American and an in-operational Russian communications satellite demonstrate that more needs to be done in order to develop a strong international regime on active debris remediation. Given the complexities of these issues and the lengthy nature of international negotiations, one should not expect a comprehensive legal regime for space debris mitigation and remediation to materialize any time soon. As it is in the own interest of its users to preserve outer space for future exploration and use, the regulation of debris mitigation by space agencies may well prove a valuable alternative as a starting point for binding remediation rules. Since new international initiatives in this respect are lacking, the present article looks at the various space actors in Europe and at the role some of them may play in developing global rules of space debris remediation.
Simultaneous Biodegradation of Phenol and n-Hexadecane by Cryogel Immobilized Biosurfactant Producing Strain Rhodococcus wratislawiensis BN38
Authors: HRISTOV ALEXANDER E. , CHRISTOVA NELLY E. , KABAIVANOVA LYUDMILA V. , NACHEVA LILYANA V. , STOINEVA IVANKA B. , PETROV PETAR D. 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The capability of the biosurfactant-producing strain Rhodococcus wratislawiensis BN38 to mineralize both aromatic and aliphatic xeno- biotics was proved. During semicontinuous cultivation 11 g/l phenol was completely degraded within 22 cycles by Rhodococcus free cells. Immobilization in a cryogel matrix was performed for the first time to enhance the biodegradation at multiple use. A stable simultaneous hydrocarbon biodegradation was achieved until the total depletion of 20 g/l phenol and 20 g/l n-hexadecane (40 cycles). The alkanotrophic strain R. wratislawiensis BN38 preferably degraded hexadecane rather than phenol. SEM revealed well preserved cells entrapped in the heterogeneous super-macroporous structure of the cryogel which allowed unhindered mass transfer of xenobiotics. The immobilized strain can be used in real conditions for the treatment of contaminated industrial waste water.
Complex Biochemical Analysis of Fruiting Bodies from Newly Isolated Polish Flammulina velutipes Strains
Authors: OSIŃSKA-JAROSZUK MONIKA , JASZEK MAGDALENA , SULEJ JUSTYNA , STEFANIUK DAWID , URBANIAK MONIKA , SIWULSKI MAREK , JANUSZ GRZEGORZ 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
The present study examined Polish strains of Flamulina velutipes as a potential source of nutraceuticals and found that their nutritional value is dependent on the fruiting bodies gathering time. To prove the above hypothesis protein, carbohydrate and phenolic substances concentration were determined. Moreover, catalase, superoxide dismutase, cellobiose dehydrogenase activities were assayed. In order to prove the healing properties of Enoki fruiting bodies the obtained extracts were tested for antioxidant and bacteriostatic abilities. We have proved that Polish F. velutipes fruiting bodies may be a rich source of antioxidants and that they are capable of inhibiting Staphylococcus aureus growth.
Prevalence of Biofilm Formation and Wide Distribution of Virulence Associated Genes among Vibrio spp. Strains Isolated from the Monastir Lagoon, Tunisia
Authors: MECHRI BADREDDINE , MEDHIOUB AMEL , MEDHIOUB MOHAMED NEJIB , AOUNI MAHJOUB 
Published: August 2016

Abstract
In the current study, 65 Vibrio spp. were isolated from the Monastir lagoon water, were characterized phenotypically and genotypically. In addition, we looked for the presence of three Vibrio parahaemolyticus virulence genes (tlh, trh and tdh) and ten Vibrio cholerae virulence genes (ctxA, vpi, zot, ace, toxR, toxT, tosS, toxRS, tcpA and cpP). We also investigated the antibiotic susceptibilities and the adherence ability of the identified strains to abiotic material and to biotic surfaces. The cytotoxicity activity against HeLa and Vero cell lines were also carried out for all tested strains. All Vibrio isolates were identified to the species level and produced several hydrolytic exoenzymes. The results also revealed that all strains were expressing high rates of resistance to tested antibiotics. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values showed that tetracycline and chloramphenicol were the most effective antibiotics against the tested bacteria. Vibrio alginolyticus and V. cholerae species were the most adhesive strains to both biotic and abiotic surfaces. Besides, V. alginolyticus isolates has the high levels of recombination of genes encoding V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus virulence factors. In vitro cytotoxic activities of several Vibrio extracellular product were also observed among HeLa and Vero cells.