bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Vascular territories of the medial upper arm—an anatomic study of the vascular basis for individualized flap design
Authors: Tinhofer Ines E. , Tzou Chieh Han , Duscher Dominik , Pollhammer Michael S. , Weninger Wolfgang J. , Huemer Georg M. , Schmidt Manfred 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundFasciocutaneous flaps supplied by discrete perforator arteries can be raised in numerous parts of the human body and are routinely used in plastic surgery. The aim of this anatomical investigation was to provide a description of the vascular supply of the medial upper arm, to localize and measure the perforator arteries and to define potential perforator flap dimensions in pendency of individual anatomical conditions.Material and MethodsA total of 20 upper limbs from 11 fresh cadavers were examined. The brachial arteries were exposed and the medial perforator arteries selectively injected with methylene blue and india ink in an alternating sequence. The size of the angiosomes, the diameter and length of the perforators' pedicles and distances between the arteries and the medial epicondyle and apex of the axilla respectively were measured.ResultsOn average, 4.55 ± 1.47 perforating arteries arose from the brachial artery and it's medial off branching arteries. Their mean diameter was 0.68 ± 0.27 mm and their pedicles had an average length of 3.62 ± 1.61 cm measured from suprafascial until arborisation. In 80% the first proximal perforator was present in an area of 4 cm radius at centre coordinates of (20/2). A constant distal perforator was found within a circle of 3 cm radius, of which the centre had the coordinates (8/1). The average size of the angiosomes was 121.1 ± 58.5 cm2. Direct branches of the brachial artery feed circular shaped vascular territories, whereas superior ulnar collateral arteries (SUCAs) feed oblong shaped territories.ConclusionThis anatomical study provides valuable data of the medial arm flap in order to be applied clinically. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Scoring of de novo Designed Chemical Entities by Macromolecular Target Prediction
Authors: Button Alexander L. , Hiss Jan A. , Schneider Petra , Schneider Gisbert 
Published: September 2016

AbstractComputational de novo molecular design and macromolecular target prediction have become routine in applied cheminformatics. In this study, we have generated populations of drug template‐derived designs using ligand‐based building block assembly, and predicted their potential targets. The results of our analysis show that the reaction‐based de novo design generated new chemical entities with similar properties and pharmacophores as that of the template drugs as well as up to 44 % of the de novo compounds receiving the correct target predictions. Keeping in mind the probabilistic nature of the methods, such a combination of fast and meaningful computational structure generation by reaction‐based design and product scoring by target class prediction may be appropriate for prospective application in medicinal chemistry.
In Situ Use of Aqueous RAFT Prepared Poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) as a Stabilizer for Preparation of CO2 Switchable Latexes
Authors: Shirin‐Abadi Abbas Rezaee , Jessop Philip G. , Cunningham Michael F. 
Published: September 2016

Poly(2‐(diethylamino)ethyl methacrylate) (PDEAEMA) macroinitiator is prepared in water by aqueous reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization under CO2 atmosphere, and then used directly as a stabilizer in emulsion polymerization, without requiring further purification, to yield CO2‐switchable latexes of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS). Chain extension of the PDEAEMA macroinitiator with styrene (S) leads to the in situ formation of poly(DEAEMA‐b‐S) diblock copolymers in a one‐pot process. The final latexes are pH and CO2‐responsive and can be coagulated by N2 bubbling and subsequently redispersed by CO2 bubbling. The effects of various parameters on the latex properties are investigated, including pH, concentration of macro‐RAFT agent, using MMA as comonomer and initiator concentration. The results show that replacing only 5 mol% MMA in emulsion polymerization of styrene eliminates the induction time and also has a significant influence on the particle size distribution.image
Leptin, acylcarnitine metabolites and development of adiposity in the Rhea mother–child cohort in Crete, Greece
Authors: Perng W. , Oken E. , Roumeliotaki T. , Sood D. , Siskos A. P. , Chalkiadaki G. , Dermitzaki E. , Vafeiadi M. , Kyrtopoulos S. , Kogevinas M. , Keun H. C. , Chatzi L. 
Published: September 2016

SummaryObjectiveThis study aims to investigate relations of serum leptin at age 4 with development of adiposity and linear growth during 3 years of follow‐up among 75 Greek children and to identify serum metabolites associated with leptin at age 4 and to characterize their associations with adiposity gain and linear growth.MethodsLinear regression models that accounted for maternal age, education and gestational weight gain and child's age and sex were used to examine associations of leptin and leptin‐associated metabolites measured at age 4 with indicators of adiposity and linear growth at age 7.ResultsEach 1‐unit increment in natural log‐(ln)‐transformed leptin corresponded with 0.33 (95% CI: 0.10, 0.55) units greater body mass index‐for‐age z‐score gain during follow‐up. Likewise, higher levels of the leptin‐associated metabolites methylmalonyl‐carnitine and glutaconyl‐carnitine corresponded with 0.14 (95% CI: 0.01, 0.27) and 0.07 (95% CI: −0.01, 0.16) units higher body mass index‐for‐age z‐score gain, respectively. These relationships did not differ by sex or baseline weight status and were independent of linear growth.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that leptin, methylmalonyl‐carnitine and possibly glutaconyl‐carnitine are associated with weight gain during early childhood. Future studies are warranted to confirm these findings in other populations.
Selective and sensitive quantification of the cytochrome P450 3A4 protein in human liver homogenates through multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometry
Authors: Cieślak Anna , Kelly Isabelle , Trottier Jocelyn , Verreault Mélanie , Wunsch Ewa , Milkiewicz Piotr , Poirier Guy , Droit Arnaud , Barbier Olivier 
Published: September 2016

This study aimed at establishing a sensitive multiple reaction monitoring‐mass spectrometry (MRM‐MS) method for the quantification of the drug metabolizing cytochrome P450 (CYP)3A4 enzyme in human liver homogenates. Liver samples were subjected to trypsin digestion. MRM‐MS analyses were performed using three transitions optimized on one purified synthetic peptide unique to CYP3A4 and the standardizing protein, calnexin. Coefficient of variations for the precision and reproducibility of the MRM‐MS measurement were also determined. The method was applied to liver samples from ten non‐cholestatic donors and 34 cholestatic patients with primary biliary cholangitis (n = 12; PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (n = 10; PSC) or alcoholic liver disease (n = 12; ALD). The established method presented high sensitivity with limit of detection lower than 5 fmol, and was successfully applied for the absolute and relative quantification of CYP3A4 in both whole liver homogenate and microsomal fractions. When all groups were analyzed together, a significant correlation was observed for the MRM‐based CYP3A4 protein quantification in homogenates and microsomes (r = 0.49, p < 0.001). No statistically significant difference was detected between CYP3A4 levels in PSC, PBC, ALD and control samples. Finally, the MRM‐MS quantification of CYP3A4 in homogenates also correlated (r = 0.44; p < 0.05) with the level of enzyme activity in the same samples, as determined by measuring the chenodeoxycholic to hyocholic acid conversion. The established method provides a sensitive tool to evaluate the CYP3A4 protein in human liver homogenates from patients with normal or chronic/severe hepatic injury.
Highly concentrated polycarbonate‐based solid polymer electrolytes having extraordinary electrochemical stability
Authors: Kimura Kento , Motomatsu Joh , Tominaga Yoichi 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTSolid polymer electrolytes (SPEs) are compounds of great interest as safe and flexible alternative ionics materials, particularly suitable for energy storage devices. We study an unusual dependence on the salt concentration of the ionic conductivity in an SPE system based on poly(ethylene carbonate) (PEC). Dielectric relaxation spectroscopy reveals that the ionic conductivity of PEC/lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) electrolyte continues to increase with increasing salt concentration because the segmental motion of the polymer chains is enhanced by the plasticizing effect of the imide anion. Fourier transfer‐infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy suggests that this unusual phenomenon arises because of a relatively loose coordination structure having moderately aggregated ions, in contrast to polyether‐based systems. Comparative FTIR study against PEC/lithium perchlorate (LiClO4) electrolytes suggests that weak ionic interaction between Li and TFSI ions is also important. Highly concentrated electrolytes with both reasonable conductivity and high lithium transference number (t+) can be obtained in the PEC/LiTFSI system as a result of the unusual salt concentration dependence of the conductivity and the ionic solvation structure. The resulting concentrated PEC/LiTFSI electrolytes have extraordinary oxidation stability and prevent any Al corrosion reaction in a cyclic voltammetry. These are inherent effects of the highly concentrated salt. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Polym. Sci., Part B: Polym. Phys. 2016, 54, 2442–2447
What do people fear about cancer? A systematic review and meta‐synthesis of cancer fears in the general population
Authors: Vrinten Charlotte , McGregor Lesley M. , Heinrich Małgorzata , von Wagner Christian , Waller Jo , Wardle Jane , Black Georgia B. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundCancer has long inspired fear, but the effect of fear is not well understood; it seems both to facilitate and to deter early diagnosis behaviours. To elucidate fear's behavioural effects, we systematically reviewed and synthesised qualitative literature to explore what people fear about cancer.MethodsWe searched Medline, Embase, PsycInfo, Web of Science, AnthroSource, and Anthrobase for studies on cancer fear in breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening and analysed 102 studies from 26 countries using thematic synthesis.ResultsFears of cancer emanated from a core view of cancer as a vicious, unpredictable, and indestructible enemy, evoking fears about its proximity, the (lack of) strategies to keep it at bay, the personal and social implications of succumbing, and fear of dying from cancer.ConclusionsThis view of cancer as ‘an enemy’ reprises the media's ‘war on cancer’ theme and may affect the acceptance of cancer early detection and prevention messages, since cancer's characteristics influenced whether ‘fight’ or ‘flight’ was considered appropriate.
Activation of bacterial lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases with cellobiose dehydrogenase
Authors: Loose Jennifer S. M. , Forsberg Zarah , Kracher Daniel , Scheiblbrandner Stefan , Ludwig Roland , Eijsink Vincent G. H. , Vaaje‐Kolstad Gustav 
Published: September 2016

AbstractLytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (LPMOs) represent a recent addition to the carbohydrate‐active enzymes and are classified as auxiliary activity (AA) families 9, 10, 11, and 13. LPMOs are crucial for effective degradation of recalcitrant polysaccharides like cellulose or chitin. These enzymes are copper‐dependent and utilize a redox mechanism to cleave glycosidic bonds that is dependent on molecular oxygen and an external electron donor. The electrons can be provided by various sources, such as chemical compounds (e.g., ascorbate) or by enzymes (e.g., cellobiose dehydrogenases, CDHs, from fungi). Here, we demonstrate that a fungal CDH from Myriococcum thermophilum (MtCDH), can act as an electron donor for bacterial family AA10 LPMOs. We show that employing an enzyme as electron donor is advantageous since this enables a kinetically controlled supply of electrons to the LPMO. The rate of chitin oxidation by CBP21 was equal to that of cosubstrate (lactose) oxidation by MtCDH, verifying the usage of two electrons in the LPMO catalytic mechanism. Furthermore, since lactose oxidation correlates directly with the rate of LPMO catalysis, a method for indirect determination of LPMO activity is implicated. Finally, the one electron reduction of the CBP21 active site copper by MtCDH was determined to be substantially faster than chitin oxidation by the LPMO. Overall, MtCDH seems to be a universal electron donor for both bacterial and fungal LPMOs, indicating that their electron transfer mechanisms are similar.
Applying bimolecular fluorescence complementation to screen and purify aquaporin protein:protein complexes
Authors: Sjöhamn Jennie , Båth Petra , Neutze Richard , Hedfalk Kristina 
Published: September 2016

AbstractProtein:protein interactions play key functional roles in the molecular machinery of the cell. A major challenge for structural biology is to gain high‐resolution structural insight into how membrane protein function is regulated by protein:protein interactions. To this end we present a method to express, detect, and purify stable membrane protein complexes that are suitable for further structural characterization. Our approach utilizes bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC), whereby each protein of an interaction pair is fused to nonfluorescent fragments of yellow fluorescent protein (YFP) that combine and mature as the complex is formed. YFP thus facilitates the visualization of protein:protein interactions in vivo, stabilizes the assembled complex, and provides a fluorescent marker during purification. This technique is validated by observing the formation of stable homotetramers of human aquaporin 0 (AQP0). The method's broader applicability is demonstrated by visualizing the interactions of AQP0 and human aquaporin 1 (AQP1) with the cytoplasmic regulatory protein calmodulin (CaM). The dependence of the AQP0‐CaM complex on the AQP0 C‐terminus is also demonstrated since the C‐terminal truncated construct provides a negative control. This screening approach may therefore facilitate the production and purification of membrane protein:protein complexes for later structural studies by X‐ray crystallography or single particle electron microscopy.
Characterisation of Ramularia collo‐cygni laboratory mutants resistant to succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors
Authors: Piotrowska Marta J , Fountaine James M , Ennos Richard A , Kaczmarek Maciej , Burnett Fiona J 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBACKGROUNDRamularia collo‐cygni (Rcc) is responsible for Ramularia leaf spot (RLS), a foliar disease of barley contributing to serious economic losses. Protection against the disease has been almost exclusively based on fungicide applications, including succinate dehydrogenase inhibitors (SDHIs). In 2015, the first field isolates of Rcc with reduced sensitivity to SDHIs were recorded in some European countries. In this study we established baseline sensitivity of Rcc to SDHIs in the United Kingdom and characterised mutations correlating with resistance to SDHIs in UV‐generated mutants.RESULTSFive SDHI‐resistant isolates were generated by UV mutagenesis. In four of these mutants a single amino acid change in a target succinate dehydrogenase (Sdh) protein was associated with decrease in sensitivity to SDHIs. Three of these mutations were stably inherited in the absence of SDHI fungicide, and resistant isolates did not demonstrate a fitness penalty. There were no detectable declines in sensitivity in field populations in the years 2010–2012 in the United Kingdom.CONCLUSIONSSDHIs remained effective in controlling Rcc in the United Kingdom in the years 2010–2012. However, given that the first isolates of Rcc with reduced sensitivity appeared in other European countries in 2015, robust antiresistance strategies need to be continuously implemented to maintain effective disease control. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry
Synthesis of 1‐Deoxy‐8,8a–di–epi–castanospermine, 1‐Deoxy‐6,7,8a–tri–epi–castanospermine and Formal Synthesis of Pumilotoxin 251D
Authors: Chacko Shibin , Ramapanicker Ramesh 
Published: September 2016

AbstractAn efficient synthesis of 1‐deoxy‐8,8a‐di‐epi‐castanospermine and 1‐deoxy‐6,7,8a‐tri‐epi‐castanospermine through the use of proline‐catalyzed asymmetric α‐aminoxylation of an N‐Boc derivative of L‐homoprolinal is reported. The configuration of the proline catalyst used for the asymmetric aminoxylation step ultimately controls the absolute configuration of three adjacent stereogenic centers in the final products. The method is also used to achieve a formal synthesis of Pumilotoxin 251D.
Overdiagnosis and rising rate of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS): time for reappraisal
Authors: Sioutis D. , Thakar R. , Sultan A. H. 
Published: September 2016

ABSTRACTObjectivesTo determine the accuracy of clinical diagnosis of obstetric anal sphincter injuries (OASIS) using three‐dimensional (3D) endoanal ultrasound (EA‐US) and to compare symptoms and anal manometry measurements between women with anal sphincters adequately repaired and those with persistent anal sphincter defects.MethodsThe EA‐US images of women with clinically diagnosed and repaired OASIS, defined as third‐ or fourth‐degree perineal tear, who attended the perineal clinic at Croydon University Hospital over a 10‐year period (2003–2013) were reanalyzed by a single expert blind to symptoms and the results of clinical examination. St Mark's Incontinence Scores (SMIS) and anal manometry measurements were obtained and compared between women with an intact anal sphincter and those with an anal sphincter scar and between those with an intact anal sphincter and those with a defect. Anal manometry measurements were compared between women with an external anal sphincter (EAS) defect and those with an internal anal sphincter (IAS) defect.ResultsThe images of 908 women were reanalyzed. No evidence of OASIS was found in 64 (7.0%) women, an EAS scar alone was detected in 520 (57.3%) and an anal sphincter defect in 324 (35.7%). Of the 324 women with a defect, 112 had an EAS defect, 90 had an IAS defect and 122 had a combined IAS and EAS defect. SMIS results were significantly higher in women with an anal sphincter defect compared with those with no evidence of OASIS (P = 0.018), but there was no significant difference in scores between women with an intact sphincter and those with an EAS scar only. Women with a defect had a significantly lower maximum resting pressure (median (range), 44 (8–106)vs55 (29–86) mmHg;P < 0.001) and maximum squeeze pressure (median (range), 74 (23–180)vs103 (44–185) mmHg;P < 0.001) compared with those in the intact group. Similar, but less marked, differences were observed in women with an EAS scar compared with those who had an intact anal sphincter. The anal length was significantly shorter in women with a defect compared with those in the intact group (median (range), 20 (10–40)vs25 (10–40) mm;P = 0.003).ConclusionsSeven percent of women with a clinical diagnosis of OASIS were wrongly diagnosed. We believe that this rate may differ from that of other units but training methods and competency assessment tools for the diagnosis and repair of OASIS need urgent reappraisal. The role of EA‐US in the immediate postpartum period needs further evaluation as the accurate interpretation of the images is dependent on the expertise of the staff involved. Copyright © 2016 ISUOG. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
Effects of smoking status and MADRS retardation factor on response to low frequency repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation for depression
Authors: Poulet E. , Galvao F. , Haffen E. , Szekely D. , Brault C. , Haesebaert F. , Brunelin J. 
Published: September 2016

AbstractBackgroundDespite growing evidence supporting the clinical interest of repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) in treatment-resistant depression (TRD), little is known regarding the effects of clinical and sociodemographic factors on the clinical outcome in patients.MethodsWe retrospectively investigated the effects of clinical (using the 3-factor model of the Montgomery-Åsberg depression rating scale [MADRS] encompassing dysphoria, retardation and vegetative symptoms) and sociodemographic characteristics of participants on clinical outcome in a sample of 54 TRD patients receiving low frequency rTMS (1 Hz, 360 pulses) applied over the right dorsolateral prefrontal cortex combined with sham venlafaxine.ResultsResponders (n= 29) displayed lower retardation baseline scores (13.6 ± 2.9) than non-responders (15.6 ± 2.9;n= 25;P= 0.02). We also observed a significant difference between the numbers of ex-smokers in responders and non-responders groups; all ex-smokers (n= 8) were responders to rTMS (P= 0.005).ConclusionLow MADRS retardation factor and ex-smoker status is highly prevalent in responders to low frequency rTMS. Further studies are needed to investigate the predictive value of these factors.
Sediments in the Gakkel Ridge rift zone (Arctic Ocean): structure and history
Authors: Rekant P.V. , Gusev E.A. 
Published: September 2016

Abstract
The available seismic and magnetic data show the Gakkel Ridge rift zone consisting of the Atlantic and Siberian segments divided by a tectonic suture at 70° E. The two segments have had different histories recorded in their sedimentary cover. Apart from the difference in its morphology, the Siberian segment differs from the Atlantic one in the existence of a series of deposition centers, which might represent a vast Paleogenic basin that formed prior to the Gakkel Ridge. The simple model of North Atlantic spreading fails to explain the long and complex history of the Gakkel Ridge rift and the existence of the depocenters. The particular structure of this zone might have resulted from the growth of rift mountains by accretion of magmatic material during the Paleogene, without significant sea floor spreading.
Mnemonic strategy training of the elderly at risk for dementia enhances integration of information processing via cross‐frequency coupling
Authors: Dimitriadis Stavros I. , Tarnanas Ioannis , Wiederhold Mark , Wiederhold Brenda , Tsolaki Magda , Fleisch Elgar 
Published: September 2016

AbstractIntroductionWe sought to identify whether intensive 10‐week mobile health mnemonic strategy training (MST) could shift the resting‐state brain network more toward cortical‐level integration, which has recently been proven to reflect the reorganization of the brain networks compensating the cognitive decline.MethodsOne hundred fifty‐eight patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) were selected and participated in 10‐week training lasting 90 min/d of memory training. They benefited from an initial and a follow‐up neuropsychological evaluation and resting‐state electroencephalography (EEG).ResultsAt follow‐up, MST revealed an extensive significant training effect that changed the network with an increase of synchronization between parietotemporal and frontal areas; frontalθ‐parietalα2 causal strengthening as part of top‐down inhibitory control; enhancement of sensorimotor connections in β band; and a general increase of cortical‐level integration. More precisely, MST induced gain as an increase of the global cost efficiency (GCE) of the whole cortical network and a neuropsychological performance improvement, which was correlated with it (r = 0.32, P = .0001). The present study unfolded intervention changes based on EEG source activity via novel neuroinformatic tools for revealing intrinsic coupling modes in both amplitude‐phase representations and in the mixed spectrospatiotemporal domain.DiscussionFurther work should identify whether the GCE enhancement of the functional cortical brain networks is a compensation mechanism to the brain network dysfunction or a more permanent neuroplasticity effect.