bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Anatomy and Biomechanics of the Native and Reconstructed Anterior Cruciate Ligament: Surgical Implications
Authors: Kraeutler Matthew J. , Wolsky Ryan M. , Vidal Armando F. , Bravman Jonathan T. 
Published: March 2017

➤ Technical errors, such as nonanatomic tunnel placement, are among the most common causes of graft failure after anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction.➤ No clinical superiority has been demonstrated for double-bundle ACL reconstruction compared with single-bundle reconstruction.➤ Single-bundle reconstruction of the anteromedial bundle has been shown to restore kinematics to the level of the intact knee, whereas reconstruction of the posterolateral bundle results in high graft forces.➤ Regardless of surgical technique (single-bundle compared with double-bundle or anteromedial portal compared with transtibial), the surgeon should avoid placement of a vertical or low femoral tunnel, as this results in abnormal knee kinematics.➤ ACL reconstruction is a patient-specific procedure, whereby surgeons should attempt to restore the native anatomy of the knee on a case-by-case basis and must take into account specific risk factors for ACL graft failure, such as younger age, higher activity level, and use of allograft, when counseling patients.
Universalising the Concept of Avatarhood: Sri Aurobindo’s Discourse in Comparing Krishna, Christ, and Buddha
Authors: Kumar S.P. Suresh , Sumathi U. 
Published: March 2017

This paper aims at exploring how and why Sri Aurobindo compares the three Avatars namely Krishna, Christ, and Buddha in his Essays on the Gita, which is one of his major works. It is a commentary on the Bhagavad Gita. Sri Aurobindo expounds his philosophy of Integral Yoga in these essays by applying it to interpret the Gita. Sri Aurobindo highlights the higher purpose of an Avatar which is the manifestation of Divine nature in human nature. This conception is beyond the generally perceived cause of preserving Dharma or fighting evil in humanity. Sri Aurobindo focuses on the two aspects of an Avatar: the descent of the Divine into human form and the divine consciousness within the human form. In describing both these aspects Sri Aurobindo draws a comparison among Krishna, Christ, and Buddha.
Differences in Perception and Diction on Two Translations Lelaki Tua dan Laut from Ernest Hemingway’s The Old Man and The Sea
Authors: Rahayu Lina Meilinawati 
Published: March 2017

Translation of literary work is never simply the business of translating the work in the source language into the target language. Translation is always culture-sensitive, as it also means translating the source culture into the target culture. This study examines two translations of the novel The Old Man and The Sea (1952) by Ernest Hemingway in the Indonesian language. Both are titled Lelaki Tua dan Laut. The earlier was published in 1973 and was translated by Sapardi Djoko Damono, while the latter was translated by Dian Vita Ellyati and was published in 2010. These two translated versions are compared with each other in order to identify differences in perception and diction. Differences in diction further influence the reader’s perception. Close examination of the two versions discovers contrasting perception and diction. The study finds that Djoko Damono’s translation builds meaning by using Indonesian equivalents to represent the concepts presented in the novel, while Ellyati’s builds meaning through description and explanation of said concepts. Djoko Damono’s translation attempts to maintain poetic expressions through the use of rhyming words; Ellyati’s translation goes for clarity of meaning. Djoko Damono’s translation uses extensive vocabulary with specific meanings, while Ellyati’s chooses to employ words with more generic meanings. These differences indicate that translation work is never final; it is an ongoing, ever changing process.
A UPLC-MS/MS METHOD DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION FOR THE ESTIMATION OF SOFOSBUVIR FROM HUMAN PLASMA
Authors: Bhatt Darshan , Rajkamal B. 
Published: March 2017

Objective: The present work aimed to develop a simple, rapid, specific and precise ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrophotometric (LC–MS/MS) validated method for quantification of sofosbuvir and internal standard (ISTD) Sofosbuvir-d3 in human plasma.Methods: Samples prepared by employing liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) using 2.5 ml of ethyl acetate. Chromatographic separation was achieved on Gemini 5µ C18, 50 x 4.6 mm column using a mixture of 0.1% (v/v) formic acid in water to methanol at a ratio of 30:70 v/v as the mobile phase. The flow rate was 0.50 ml/min. The LC eluent was split, and approximately 0.1 ml/min was introduced into Tandem mass spectrometer using turbo Ion Spray interface at 325 °C. Quantitation was performed by transitions of 428.35/279.26 (m/z) for sofosbuvir and 431.38/282.37 (m/z) for sofosbuvir-d3.Results: The concentrations of ten working standards showed linearity between 4.063 to 8000.010ng/ml (r2 ≥ 0.9985). Chromatographic separation was achieved within 2 min. The average extraction recoveries of three quality control concentrations were 75.36% for sofosbuvir and were within the acceptance limits. The coefficient of variation was ≤15% for intra-and inter-batch assays. The %CV of ruggedness ranges 0.35% and 3.09%. The % stability of short term and long term stock solution stability studies was found to be 97.25% and 98.81% respectively.Conclusion: The results obtained for specificity, linearity, accuracy, precision, ruggedness and stability studies were within the acceptance limits. Thus the validated economical method was applied for pharmacokinetic studies of sofosbuvir.
EMULGEL: A NEW APPROACH FOR ENHANCED TOPICAL DRUG DELIVERY
Authors: Yadav Sunil Kumar , Mishra Manoj Kumar , Tiwari Anupamaa , Shukla Ashutosh 
Published: March 2017

Emulgel is used to treat aches and pains caused by colds, headaches, muscle aches, backaches, arthritis and other conditions and injuries. The patient adherence to topical formulations is significant in relation to chronic skin diseases, like fungal infections, acne, psoriasis. Emulgel is one of the recent technology in NDDS used topically having characteristics of dual control release i.e. emulsion as well as gel. Emulgels have emerged as one of the most interesting topical delivery systems as it has dual release control system i.e. gel and emulsion. When gel and emulsion are used in combined form, the dosage form are referred as emulgel.
Determination of some virulence factors of Candida spp. isolated from locally produced cheese in Diyala Governorate-Iraq
Authors: Fadihl Suhail Jawdat 
Published: March 2017

Locally produced cheese which called (Gibin Al arab) is one of the most common dairy products in Iraq, it has an economic importance and great social value. This research aimed to identify yeast species from locally produced cheese (Gibin Al Arab) in Diyala city which traditionally made and sold in markets of old town in Baquba, and study some of virulence factors (Esterase production, Phospholipase and Hemolytic production) of yeasts belong to genus of Candida . All cheese samples showed contamination with varying number of yeast, total 88 yeast isolates obtained from 70 cheese samples, they were Geotrichum candidum(20.5%), Rhodotorela species(19.4%), Candida parapsilosis (18%), Candida albicans (13.6%), Candida tropicalis (10.5%), Candida krusei (8%), Saccharomyces cerevisice (3.3%) and mixed yeast (un identified) at rate of (6.7%). Species of Candida formed half of the total isolates and the most prevalent isolate of Candida spp. was Candida parapsilosis .According to the results determining of (Esterase production, Phospholipase and Hemolytic production) as a virulence factors identifying Candida spp. these activities referred that all isolates of Candida spp. show one or more of these activities and that isolates of medically important species Candida albicans were the most virulent isolates. this referred to the importance of take attention about consuming of such types of dairy products and need for applying more hygienic measures during handling, processing of milk and form of storage and/or selling of cheese.
Evaluation of The Effect of Pasak Bumi (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) to Increase Androgen Levels
Authors: Pratomo Hurip 
Published: March 2017

Abstract—Background:The ability of reproductive disorders in men and experimental male rat is characterized among other things by a decrease in androgen such as testosterone levels. Materials of pasak bumi root (Eurycoma longifolia Jack) increased libido behavior of experimental male rat. Libido associated with higher levels of testosterone, it is therefore necessary to evaluate the effect of pasak bumi on androgen levels such as testosterone. Methods: Male rats at 9.00 am treated controls and pasak bumi, then at 14.00 pm tempted with estrus female rats 10 minutes. Then, both control and pasak bumi blood samples were collected from male rat heart on day 1st and day 3rd at 14.15 pm. Measurement of testosterone levels were calculated using radioimmunoassay (RIA). Results: An increase in serum testosterone levels in the blood on day-3rd administration pasak bumi boiled water 18 mg/200 g dose significantly different than the control within day 1st to 3rd. The average levels of testosterone administration control (boiled water of aquades) day 1st = 0.50 ng/ml, day 3rd = 2.46 ng / ml, increased markedly on pasak bumi treatment day 1st = 4.00 ng / ml and day 3 = 9.73 ng / ml, (Duncan test, α=0.05). Conclusions: Testosterone levels can be increased markedly after the consumption of the pasak bumi boiled water for 3 days.Keywords—Pasak bumi, a dose of 18 mg/200 g, testosterone.
Crunch-time for the University of Papua New Guinea
Authors: MacWilliam Scott 
Published: March 2017

After a promising start as the place where many of the country’s future leaders were educated, the University of Papua New Guinea is now a shadow of its former self. With minimal international support and destructive government policies ranking tertiary education of little importance for development, UPNG now operates on a budget totally inadequate to run a contemporary university. The minimal coverage of UPNG’s decline in the national media is reflected in a poorly run journalism programme which has had a stop-start history. By comparison, the University of the South Pacific thrives and its management set targets to raise the proportion of people from member countries who attend tertiary education. International support, financial as well as supervisory, continues to make a major contribution to USP’s operations. During major crises in Fiji, where USP’s main campus is located, journalism students at the university have performed exemplary roles. Even the controversies which repeatedly surface about the programme indicate its continuing importance at USP. This essay argues that only the formation of a substantial consortium, with international donors joining a PNG government committed to a dramatic reversal of policy, can rescue what began as the country’s premier tertiary institution. The demand for skilled and managerial labour in the South Pacific’s second largest country, by population, requires a revitalised UPNG which could in turn lead a major reform of tertiary education and indeed all education.
GPS Technology and Human Psychological Research: A Methodological Proposal
Authors: Wolf Pedro S. A. , Jacobs W. Jake 
Published: March 2017

Animal behaviorists have made extensive use of GPS technology since 1991. In contrast, psychological research has made little use of the technology, even though the technology is relatively inexpensive, familiar, and widespread. Hence, its potential for pure and applied psychological research remains untapped. We describe three methods psychologists could apply to individual differences research, clinical research, or spatial use research. In the context of individual differences research, GPS technology permits us to test hypotheses predicting specific relations among patterns of spatial use and individual differences variables. In a clinical context, GPS technology provides outcome measures that may relate to the outcome of interventions designed to treat psychological disorders that, for example, may leave a person homebound (e.g. Agoraphobia, PTSD, TBI). Finally, GPS technology provides natural measures of spatial use. We, for example, used GPS technology to quantify traffic flow and exhibit use at the Arizona Sonora Desert Museum. Interested parties could easily extend this methodology some aspects of urban planning or business usage. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v1i1_wolf
Measuring Disease Severity in Duchenne and Becker Muscular Dystrophy
Authors: Davis Melinda F. , Scherer Katalin H. , Miller Timothy M. , Meaney F. John 
Published: March 2017

Medical investigations use a wide variety of outcome indicators that are often not comparable. It can be challenging to integrate results across multiple studies that do not share a common metric. Some conditions such as Duchenne and Becker muscular dystrophy have a predictable course of disease progression. Severity can be inferred from a patient's medical history. This paper describes the development of a disease severity measure using common markers of disease progression. Rasch modeling was used to estimate severity using dichotomous events that indicate disease progression. Caregivers of 34 young men with Duchenne or Becker muscular dystrophy completed structured interviews about their care and medical history. Interview questions included surgeries (tendon release, scoliosis, tracheostomy), respiratory equipment (assisted ventilation, cough assist devices), and the use of other medical equipment (e.g., braces, walkers, wheelchairs, transfer boards, hospital beds). The resulting measure had a reliability of .83. The correlation between the severity measure and the Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale (ALSFRS) was .68. Preliminary results and item calibrations are provided for the severity measure that can be estimated from caregiver reports or administrative data. DOI:10.2458/azu_jmmss_v1i1_davis
Hard X-Ray-selected AGNs in Low-mass Galaxies from the NuSTAR Serendipitous Survey
Authors: Chen (陳建廷) C.-T. J. , Brandt W. N. , Reines A. E. , Lansbury G. , Stern D. , Alexander D. M. , Bauer F. , Moro A. Del , Gandhi P. , Harrison F. A. , Hickox R. C. , Koss M. J. , Lanz L. , Luo B. , Mullaney J. R. , Ricci C. , Trump J. R. 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
We present a sample of 10 low-mass active galactic nuclei (AGNs) selected from the 40-month Nuclear Spectroscopic Telescope Array (NuSTAR) serendipitous survey. The sample is selected to have robust NuSTAR detections at

, to be at

, and to have optical r-band magnitudes at least 0.5 mag fainter than an

galaxy at its redshift. The median values of absolute magnitude, stellar mass, and 2–10 X-ray luminosity of our sample are

,

, and

erg s−1, respectively. Five objects have detectable broad Hα emission in their optical spectra, indicating black hole masses of

. We find that

of the galaxies in our sample do not show AGN-like optical narrow emission lines, and one of the 10 galaxies in our sample, J115851+4243.2, shows evidence for heavy X-ray absorption. This result implies that a non-negligible fraction of low-mass galaxies might harbor accreting massive black holes that are missed by optical spectroscopic surveys and

X-ray surveys. The mid-IR colors of our sample also indicate that these optically normal low-mass AGNs cannot be efficiently identified with typical AGN selection criteria based on Wide Field Infrared Survey Explorer colors. While the hard (

keV) X-ray-selected low-mass AGN sample size is still limited, our results show that sensitive NuSTAR observations are capable of probing faint hard X-ray emission originating from the nuclei of low-mass galaxies out to moderate redshift (

), thus providing a critical step in understanding AGN demographics in low-mass galaxies.
Asymmetric Expansion of the Youngest Galactic Supernova Remnant G1.9+0.3
Authors: Borkowski Kazimierz J. , Gwynne Peter , Reynolds Stephen P. , Green David A. , Hwang Una , Petre Robert , Willett Rebecca 
Published: March 2017

Abstract
The youngest Galactic supernova remnant (SNR) G1.9+0.3, produced by a (probable) SN Ia that exploded ∼1900 CE, is strongly asymmetric at radio wavelengths, much brighter in the north, but bilaterally symmetric in X-rays. We present the results of X-ray expansion measurements that illuminate the origin of the radio asymmetry. We confirm the mean expansion rate (2011–2015) of 0.58% yr−1, but large spatial variations are present. Using the nonparametric “Demons” method, we measure the velocity field throughout the entire SNR, finding that motions vary by a factor of 5, from

to

yr−1. The slowest shocks are at the outer boundary of the bright northern radio rim, with velocities v

s
as low as 3600 km s−1 (for an assumed distance of 8.5 kpc), much less than v

s
= 12,000–13,000 km s−1 along the X-ray-bright major axis. Such strong deceleration of the northern blast wave most likely arises from the collision of SN ejecta with a much denser than average ambient medium there. This asymmetric ambient medium naturally explains the radio asymmetry. In several locations, significant morphological changes and strongly nonradial motions are apparent. The spatially integrated X-ray flux continues to increase with time. Based on Chandra observations spanning 8.3 yr, we measure its increase at

yr−1. The SN ejecta are likely colliding with the asymmetric circumstellar medium ejected by the SN progenitor prior to its explosion.
The Effect of Aging and Mechanical Loading on the Metabolism of Articular Cartilage
Authors: Jørgensen Adam El Mongy , Kjær Michael , Heinemeier Katja Maria 
Published: March 2017

Objective.The morphology of articular cartilage (AC) enables painless movement. Aging and mechanical loading are believed to influence development of osteoarthritis (OA), yet the connection remains unclear.Methods.This narrative review describes the current knowledge regarding this area, with the literature search made on PubMed using appropriate keywords regarding AC, age, and mechanical loading.Results.Following skeletal maturation, chondrocyte numbers decline while increasing senescence occurs. Lower cartilage turnover causes diminished maintenance capacity, which produces accumulation of fibrillar crosslinks by advanced glycation end products, resulting in increased stiffness and thereby destruction susceptibility.Conclusion.Mechanical loading changes proteoglycan content. Moderate mechanical loading causes hypertrophy and reduced mechanical loading causes atrophy. Overloading produces collagen network damage and proteoglycan loss, leading to irreversible cartilage destruction because of lack of regenerative capacity. Catabolic pathways involve inflammation and the transcription factor nuclear factor-κB. Thus, age seems to be a predisposing factor for OA, with mechanical overload being the likely triggering cause.
Frises des livres d’images
Authors: Bruley Marie-Claire 
Published: March 2017

Quel pouvoir peuvent avoir sur l’enfant lecteur les frises courant autour des pages de leurs livres illustrés ? Elles apportent une contenance aux émotions fortes que l’enfant reçoit de la lecture de ses premières histoires ou de ses premiers contes. Ces bordures aux motifs répétitifs, éléments architecturaux de l’espace-page, offrent dans la régularité apaisante de leurs motifs l’expérience d’une enveloppe protectrice, d’une matrice pour les peurs et la part d’inconnu surgissant du récit. Ces traces rythmiques, portées à la fois par l’image et par le langage donnent à l’histoire sa permanence et sa stabilité, elles assurent d’aucun débordement. Elles jouent un rôle de contre-excitation à partir duquel l’enfant va déployer sa puissance créatrice.
Projections programmatiques, entamées et potentielles dans l’écrit scientifique : l’attente dans une perspective de linguistique textuelle
Authors: Herman Thierry 
Published: March 2017

Cet article se propose d’envisager la question de l’attente et de la projection au-delà d’une unité qui apparaît close, comme la phrase, la clause ou la proposition. Cette projection méso-textuelle, liée à différents facteurs dont nous proposerons une typologie, permet de créer une unité de sens à partir de différentes marques, plus ou moins contraignantes, de projection. Entre l’amorce d’énumération et la livraison d’un nom sous-spécifié, l’attente peut être « contractuellement » différente. En raison de l’influence probable du genre dans la perception du phénomène, nous prendrons ici le cas de l’article de recherche scientifique et porterons un regard particulier sur l’unité méso-textuelle du paragraphe expositif ou argumentatif.
L’impensé d’un humanisme, l’autre paradoxe de Condorcet. Considérations autour des Réflexions sur l’esclavage des Nègres
Authors: Gano Mamadou Kabirou 
Published: March 2017

Condorcet serait-il à ranger parmi les défenseurs de l’idée d’une inégalité naturelle des races humaines et de ce fait devrait-il être classé parmi les racistes malgré la généreuse et risquée plaidoirie en faveur des Nègres ? Cette question pourrait être bien curieuse pour nombre de personnes qui ne voient les philosophes des Lumières que comme des héros au-dessus de tout soupçon, des chevaliers qui ont osé engager toute leur énergie pour l’abolition du système esclavagiste. Pourtant, à la générosité de leurs principes philosophiques qui ne semble pas connaître une application universelle surtout en direction d’une catégorie d’êtres que l’on pense substantiellement autres, ils adjoignent un mépris souverain vis-à-vis de ceux qu’ils prétendent défendre. En effet, cette attitude s’accommode bien, malgré les contradictions, de la pratique d’assujettissement et de la prise de parts dans les cartels esclavagistes. On se plaît à opposer à des objections d’ordre moral et juridique des réponses anthropologiques en feignant ne rien voir de choquant dans le maintien des Noirs dans la servitude. L’ambition de notre texte vise à provoquer un début d’un autre regard vis-à-vis de cet humanisme au-dessus de tout soupçon.
Race et nation : de l’imaginaire féodal aux livres d’école de la III e République
Authors: Demeure Brigitte 
Published: March 2017

La hiérarchie dans l’impur au Moyen Àge fait place à l’époque moderne et contemporaine à une autre hiérarchie, où l’on retrouve les êtres humains qui seraient selon certains idéologues les plus proches de l’animalité : les femmes, les enfants et les sauvages. La France, nation institutrice par excellence, peut alors civiliser (et coloniser) des êtres tenus inférieurs par leur « race » supposée. Cet article retrace un parcours historique (dont les étapes ne sont ni nécessaires, ni logiques) et pose la question de la responsabilité des idéologues et de la réception de leurs textes.