bluuebunny/crossref_metadata_2025_split huggingface dataset:
Beneath the bark: associations among Sirex noctilio development, bluestain fungi, and pine host species in North America
Authors: FOELKER CHRISTOPHER J. 
Published: August 2016

1. Invasive species with global distributions encounter unique environmental and biotic variables that can greatly affect the magnitude of their impact. The European woodwasp, Sirex noctilio Fabricius, is a prime example that has invaded climatically and ecologically distinct ecosystems across the Southern Hemisphere and, more recently, North America.2. Northeastern North America presents a unique set of conditions, including pine host species, native parasitoids, a diverse assemblage of native co‐colonising insects, and fungal associates of these co‐colonisers. In North America, S. noctilio attacks both a naturalised ancestral host (Pinus sylvestris L.) from Europe and a naïve native host (P. resinosa). A large assemblage of insects and their associated bluestaining ophiostomatoid fungi colonise these pines. Competition between S. noctilio and this group is a hypothesised mechanism of biotic resistance in the invaded region of North America, possibly via superior resource capture abilities or alteration of host tissue by bluestain fungi.3. Investigating these ecological interactions is challenging because they manifest deep in the xylem tissue. To overcome this, 30 experimentally stressed trees were systematically dissected with an electric log splitter to investigate the effects of bluestain fungi and tree factors on S. noctilio development and parasitism by native hymenopterans.4. Body size and colonisation density were affected by pine species, with S. noctilio being 25% larger and densities three‐fold greater in P. sylvestris than P. resinosa. Survivorship was slightly negatively correlated with the proportional volume of bluestain infection. Interestingly, rhyssine (Rhyssa and Megarhyssa spp.) parasitism responded positively to greater S. noctilio density, but there was no density relationship with Ibalia leucospoides ensiger parasitism. Pine host species appears to play a strong role in S. noctilio development, which is important considering uninvaded regions of North America have a diversity of pine species that likely vary in their susceptibility to this woodborer.
Caterpillar assemblages on Chusquea bamboos in southern Ecuador: abundance, guild structure, and the influence of host plant quality
Authors: SEIFERT CARLO L. , LEHNER LISAMARIE , BODNER FLORIAN , FIEDLER KONRAD 
Published: August 2016

1. Information on the guild structure of foliage‐associated tropical insects is scarce, especially as caterpillars are mostly considered only as herbivores feeding on living leaves. However, many caterpillar species display alternative trophic associations, feeding on dead or withered leaves or epiphylls (‘non‐herbivores’).2. To determine the contribution of these non‐herbivores, caterpillar communities associated with Chusquea Kunth (Poaceae) in the Andes of southern Ecuador were investigated. Caterpillars were collected at two elevation levels (montane rainforest ∼2000 m and elfin forest at ∼3000 m a.s.l.) and assigned to three feeding guilds (strict herbivores, non‐herbivores, and switchers) based on feeding trials. Foliage quality and leaf area were recorded to test for their influence on guild composition and caterpillar density.3. Three hundred and eighty‐nine individuals belonging to 175 Lepidoptera species associated with Chusquea bamboos were found. The species richness of caterpillars was similarly high at both elevation levels but varied between feeding guilds. Approximately half (46.5%) displayed an alternative feeding association, i.e. were non‐herbivores (31.1%) or switchers (15.4%).4. Caterpillar density was nearly two‐fold higher in the elfin forest, but only strict herbivores and switchers increased significantly with elevation. Leaf area positively influenced the density of strict herbivores and switchers; foliage quality only affected strict herbivores. The density of non‐herbivores did not differ significantly between the forest types and was not related to leaf area or foliage quality.5. The present study underpins that non‐herbivores make up a considerable fraction of caterpillar communities in tropical mountain ecosystems and demonstrates that elevation, foliage quality and available plant biomass further shape feeding guild composition.
The preventive effects of two nutraceuticals on experimentally induced acute synovitis
Authors: van de Water E. , Oosterlinck M. , Dumoulin M. , Korthagen N. M. , van Weeren P. R. , van den Broek J. , Everts H. , Pille F. , van Doorn D. A. 
Published: August 2016

SummaryBackgroundNutraceuticals are often used in the management of equine osteoarthritis, but scientific evidence of their efficacy is lacking.ObjectivesTo study the preventive effects of two new nutraceuticals after the experimental induction of synovitis in comparison with positive and negative control treatments.Study designBlinded, controlled, randomised experiment.MethodsTwenty‐four healthy Standardbred horses were randomly allocated to supplement AT (multi‐ingredient, 28 days), supplement HP (collagen hydrolysate, 60 days), meloxicam (4 days) or placebo (60 days). Synovitis was induced in the right intercarpal joint by intra‐articular injection of 0.5 ng lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Escherichia coli while treatments were continued. Blood and synovial fluid were sampled before treatment, immediately prior to LPS injection, and at 8, 24 and 48 h post‐injection. Synovial fluid samples were analysed for total nucleated cell count (TNCC), total protein (TP) and selected biomarkers (prostaglandin E2 [PGE2], interleukin‐6 [IL‐6], glycosaminoglycans [GAGs], type II collagen synthesis [CPII], matrix metalloproteinase [MMP]). Lameness was scored by visual examination and pressure plate analysis immediately prior to LPS injection, and at 8, 24 and 48 h post‐injection. Clinical examinations were performed before treatment, immediately prior to LPS injection, at 2, 4 and 6 h post‐injection, and then twice per day during the test period.ResultsBefore treatment and intra‐articular challenge, there were no statistically significant differences among the treatment groups for any of the parameters. After intra‐articular challenge, the placebo group showed significantly higher synovial fluid TP, TNCC and PGE2 compared with the meloxicam group, although the model did not induce a relevant amount of lameness. Both nutraceuticals resulted in significantly lower synovial fluid TP, TNCC and PGE2 compared with placebo. No statistical differences in IL‐6, GAGs, CPII or MMPs were observed among treatment groups. No adverse effects were observed.Main limitationsDespite evidence of synovitis, lameness was too mild to detect.ConclusionsThe preventive administration of these nutraceuticals showed anti‐inflammatory effects in this validated synovitis model. Therefore, further studies of their clinical applicability are warranted.
French Interrogative Structures: A New Pedagogical Norm for the 21st‐Century Classroom
Authors: Antes Theresa A. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractThis study investigated interrogative structures most frequently used by native speakers of French, in an attempt to reconcile differences between language forms taught in the French as a foreign language classroom and those that are encountered in authentic input. Radio, television, and magazine interviews provided multiple examples of interrogatives in formal spoken contexts. Both yes/no and wh‐ interrogatives were identified. These were then examined for syntactic structure, the degree to which the interlocutor was implicated (event type), and pragmatic function. Based on these results, recommendations are made for the development of a pedagogical norm for presentation of interrogative structures in the French classroom. This new norm will allow instructors to consider learners’ developmental stages while at the same time mirroring the most frequent interrogative structures used by native speakers of French and observing important communicative and pragmatic distinctions between syntactic forms.
Confounding effects of spatial variation on shifts in phenology
Authors: de Keyzer Charlotte W. , Rafferty Nicole E. , Inouye David W. , Thomson James D. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractShifts in the timing of life history events have become an important source of information about how organisms are responding to climate change. Phenological data have generally been treated as purely temporal, with scant attention to the inherent spatial aspects of such data. However, phenological data are tied to a specific location, and considerations of sampling design, both over space and through time, can critically affect the patterns that emerge. Focusing on flowering phenology, we describe how purely spatial shifts, such as adding new study plots, or the colonization of a study plot by a new species, can masquerade as temporal shifts. Such shifts can look like responses to climate change but are not. Furthermore, the same aggregate phenological curves can be composed of individuals with either very different or very similar phenologies. We conclude with a set of recommendations to avoid ambiguities arising from the spatiotemporal duality of phenological data.
Interactive effects of temperature and pCO2 on sponges: from the cradle to the grave
Authors: Bennett Holly M. , Altenrath Christine , Woods Lisa , Davy Simon K. , Webster Nicole S. , Bell James J. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractAs atmospheric CO2 concentrations rise, associated ocean warming (OW) and ocean acidification (OA) are predicted to cause declines in reef‐building corals globally, shifting reefs from coral‐dominated systems to those dominated by less sensitive species. Sponges are important structural and functional components of coral reef ecosystems, but despite increasing field‐based evidence that sponges may be ‘winners’ in response to environmental degradation, our understanding of how they respond to the combined effects of OW and OA is limited. To determine the tolerance of adult sponges to climate change, four abundant Great Barrier Reef species were experimentally exposed to OW and OA levels predicted for 2100, under two CO2 Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The impact of OW and OA on early life‐history stages was also assessed for one of these species to provide a more holistic view of species impacts. All species were generally unaffected by conditions predicted under RCP6.0, although environmental conditions projected under RCP8.5 caused significant adverse effects: with elevated temperature decreasing the survival of all species, increasing levels of tissue necrosis and bleaching, elevating respiration rates and decreasing photosynthetic rates. OA alone had little adverse effect, even under RCP8.5 concentrations. Importantly, the interactive effect of OW and OA varied between species with different nutritional modes, with elevated pCO2 exacerbating temperature stress in heterotrophic species but mitigating temperature stress in phototrophic species. This antagonistic interaction was reflected by reduced mortality, necrosis and bleaching of phototrophic species in the highest OW/OA treatment. Survival and settlement success of Carteriospongia foliascens larvae were unaffected by experimental treatments, and juvenile sponges exhibited greater tolerance to OW than their adult counterparts. With elevated pCO2 providing phototrophic species with protection from elevated temperature, across different life stages, climate change may ultimately drive a shift in the composition of sponge assemblages towards a dominance of phototrophic species.
The HIV/AIDS epidemic among young people in China between 2005 and 2012: results of a spatial temporal analysis
Authors: Zhang X , Tang W , Li Y , Mahapatra T , Feng Y , Li M , Chen F , Li P , Xing J , Qian S , Ge L , Bu K , Mahapatra S , Tang S , Wang L , Wang N 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesDespite a recent increase in the HIV/AIDS epidemic among young people in China, youth‐specific HIV data are limited.MethodsIn total, 56 621 individuals with HIV/AIDS, aged 15–24 years, registered in the Case Reporting System of China between 2005 and 2012 and having complete spatial information were included in the present analysis. Spatial autocorrelation (general and local) and space−time scanning were performed using the ArcGIS 10.2 and SaTScan 9.3 software, respectively.ResultsDuring 2005−2012, the number of reported HIV/AIDS cases and the proportion of HIV cases increased while the proportion of AIDS cases decreased. Sexual contact became the predominant route of transmission in later years. Spatial analysis showed marked geographical variations in HIV infection among young people throughout China during 2005−2012. The number of new hotspots increased over time. They were mainly localized to southeastern coastal areas, southwestern frontier provinces or autonomous regions (of Guangxi, Yunnan and Sichuan) and Beijing municipality. Later these hotspots disappeared and new hotspots were found in the northeast of the country. Significant clusters of HIV‐positive cases were identified in three different time periods, which indicated high HIV transmission among young Chinese people in the recent past. The risk of HIV infection was highest in the first cluster (2009–2012; this cluster was the largest in size) covering the provinces of Guizhou and Yunnan, the Chongqing municipality, Guangxi, and the province of Sichuan. The second cluster (2010–2012) was mostly located in Shanghai, South Jiangsu, Zhejiang and South Anhui, while the third cluster (2010–2012) was located in Beijing and Tianjin.ConclusionsTarget‐specific comprehensive behavioural interventions are urgently needed to contain the HIV epidemic among young people.
Characterization of bioactive glass‐coated carbon nanotubes prepared by solgel process
Authors: Fan Fang‐Yu , Chang Chung‐Chieh , Lin Jhih‐Ni , Cai Yi‐Yun , Tsay Chien‐Yie , Suzuki Tetsuya , Takahashi Hidekazu , Pan Yung‐Ning , Lin Chung‐Kwei 
Published: August 2016

AbstractDue to its excellent bioactivity, bioactive glass (BG) is suitable for use as bone graft substitutes in biomedical applications. In this study, carbon nanotubes (CNT‐COOH) served as templates for depositing bioactive glass based on 60SiO2–36CaO–4P2O5 wt.% were synthesized via the solgel process. The BG and BG/CNT‐COOH composites were treated at 300, 500, 700, and 900°C; their properties were also examined by X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The experimental results showed that BG/CNT‐COOH composites treated at 500 and 700°C were amorphous and contained silicate nanocrystals. By altering precursor concentration, bioactive glass of various thicknesses was successfully solgel coated on CNT‐COOH. Immersion of the BG/CNT‐COOH composites in simulated body fluid solution and MG‐63 cell culture assessment showed the 500°C treated BG/CNT‐COOH exhibits excellent bioactivity.
Enriching preschool classrooms and home visits with evidence‐based programming: sustained benefits for low‐income children
Authors: Bierman Karen L. , Heinrichs Brenda S. , Welsh Janet A. , Nix Robert L. , Gest Scott D. 
Published: August 2016

BackgroundGrowing up in poverty undermines healthy development, producing disparities in the cognitive and social‐emotional skills that support early learning and mental health. Preschool and home‐visiting interventions for low‐income children have the potential to build early cognitive and social‐emotional skills, reducing the disparities in school readiness that perpetuate the cycle of poverty. However, longitudinal research suggests that the gains low‐income children make during preschool interventions often fade at school entry and disappear by early elementary school.MethodsIn an effort to improve the benefits for low‐income children, the REDI program enriched Head Start preschool classrooms (study one) and home visits (study two) with evidence‐based programming, documenting positive intervention effects in two randomized trials. In this study, REDI participants were followed longitudinally, to evaluate the sustained impact of the classroom and home‐visiting enrichments 3 years later, when children were in second grade. The combined sample included 556 children (55% European American, 25% African American, 19% Latino; 49% male): 288 children received the classroom intervention, 105 children received the classroom intervention plus the home‐visiting intervention, and 173 children received usual practice Head Start.ResultsThe classroom intervention led to sustained benefits in social‐emotional skills, improving second grade classroom participation, student–teacher relationships, social competence, and peer relations. The coordinated home‐visiting intervention produced additional benefits in child mental health (perceived social competence and peer relations) and cognitive skills (reading skills, academic performance). Significant effects ranged from 25% to 48% of a standard deviation, representing important effects of small to moderate magnitude relative to usual practice Head Start.ConclusionsPreschool classroom and home‐visiting programs for low‐income children can be improved with the use of evidence‐based programming, reducing disparities and promoting complementary benefits that sustain in elementary school.
Investigation of suitable starting doses of narrowband UVB in Asian vitiligo patients: a pilot study
Authors: Lee H. , Chu H. , Oh S.H. 
Published: August 2016

AbstractBackgroundPhototherapy is the preferred treatment modality for active and generalized vitiligo. One of the widely accepted consensus on starting dose of phototherapy is using a uniform dose of 280 mJ/cm2 regardless of patients' Fitzpatrick skin phototype (SPT). However, in many clinical experiences with Asian vitiligo patients, the protocol seems suboptimal.ObjectiveTo gather more evidence on establishing a higher starting dosage for Asian vitiligo patients undergoing phototherapy.MethodsWe enrolled generalized vitiligo patients with lesions sized adequate enough for phototest. Minimal erythema dose (MED) of vitiligo lesion and non‐lesion was measured along with melanin index (MI).ResultsRelatively, a wide range of MED and MI was observed even among patients with similar SPT. The range of MED for lesional skin was 300–700 mJ/cm2 and the MED for non‐lesion was 500–800 mJ/cm2. Correlation was noted between lesional MED and non‐lesional MI (Spearman correlation, ρ = 0.664 [P < 0.036]) and mean lesional MED was approximately 65% of mean non‐lesional MED.ConclusionResults from phototest and tolerability of patients to doses higher than 280 mJ/cm2 may indicate that higher starting doses might be appropriate for Asian vitiligo patients.
Informed Family Member Involvement to Improve the Quality of Dementia Care in Nursing Homes
Authors: Tjia Jennifer , Lemay Celeste A. , Bonner Alice , Compher Christina , Paice Kelli , Field Terry , Mazor Kathleen , Hunnicutt Jacob N. , Lapane Kate L. , Gurwitz Jerry 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo describe the extent to which nursing homes engaged families in antipsychotic initiation decisions in the year before surveyor guidance revisions were implemented.DesignMixed‐methods study based on semistructured interviews.SettingU.S. nursing homes (N = 20) from five CMS regions (III, IV, VI, VIII, IX).ParticipantsFamily members of nursing home residents (N = 41).MeasurementsFamily member responses to closed‐ and open‐ended questions regarding involvement in resident care and antipsychotic initiation. Two researchers used a content analytical approach to code open responses to themes of family involvement in behavior management, decision‐making, knowledge of risks and benefits, and informed consent.ResultsFifty‐four percent of family members felt highly involved in decisions about behavior management. Forty‐two percent recalled being asked how to manage resident behavior without medication, and 17% recalled receipt of information about antipsychotic risks and benefits. Sixty‐six percent felt highly involved in the process of initiating antipsychotic medication; 24% reported being asked for input into the antipsychotic initiation decision and knowing before the antipsychotic was started.ConclusionUnder existing federal regulations but before guidance revisions were implemented in 2013, more than 40% of families reported being involved in nonpharmacological behavior management of family members, but fewer than one in four reported being involved throughout the entire antipsychotic prescribing process. Interventions that standardize family engagement and promote adherence to existing federal regulations are needed. This discussion builds on these findings to weigh the policy options of greater enforcement of existing regulations versus enactment of new legislation to address this challenging issue.
Racial and Ethnic Differences in Initiation and Discontinuation of Antidementia Drugs by Medicare Beneficiaries
Authors: Thorpe Carolyn T. , Fowler Nicole R. , Harrigan Katherine , Zhao Xinhua , Kang Yihuang , Hanlon Joseph T. , Gellad Walid F. , Schleiden Loren J. , Thorpe Joshua M. 
Published: August 2016

ObjectivesTo examine racial and ethnic differences in initiation and time to discontinuation of antidementia medication in Medicare beneficiaries.DesignRetrospective cohort study.SettingSecondary analysis of 2009–10 enrollment, claims, and Part D prescription data for a 10% national sample of U.S. Medicare fee‐for‐service beneficiaries.ParticipantsBeneficiaries aged 65 and older with Alzheimer's disease or related dementia (ADRD) before 2009 and no fills for antidementia medications in the first half of 2009 (N = 84,043).MeasurementsInitiation was defined as having one or more fills for antidementia medication in the second half of 2009 and discontinuation as a gap in coverage of 30 days or more during the year after initiation. The Andersen Behavioral Model was used to guide covariate selection.ResultsOverall, 3,481 (4.1%) of previous nonusers initiated antidementia medication in the second half of 2009. Of those initiating one drug class (acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChEIs) or memantine), 9% later added the other class, and 2% switched classes. Of initiators, 23% discontinued within 1 month, and 62% discontinued within 1 year. Hispanic beneficiaries were more likely than white beneficiaries to initiate (adjusted odds ratio = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.10–1.41). Black and white beneficiaries did not differ in likelihood of initiation. Hispanic (adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) = 1.56, 95% CI = 1.34–1.82) and black (aHR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.08–1.44) beneficiaries discontinued at a faster rate than white beneficiaries.ConclusionInitiation of antidementia medications was no different in black and white beneficiaries and more likely in Hispanic beneficiaries; black and Hispanic beneficiaries discontinued at a faster rate. More research into reasons explaining these differences is needed.